Watchers is a 1988 science fiction horror film directed by Jon Hess and starring Corey Haim, Michael Ironside, Barbara Williams and Lala Sloatman. It is loosely based on the 1987 novel Watchers by Dean R. Koontz.

Plot
An explosion occurs in a classified research laboratory, causing an intense fire. A mutated monster known as the OXCOM (Outside Experimental Combat Mammal) escapes and chases a golden retriever from the same lab, through the surrounding woods. The dog outruns it and the OXCOM hides in a barn. In the barn, Travis Cornell is with his girlfriend Tracey. Thinking it is her father, Travis leaves. Tracey discovers the beast and screams, summoning her father who is attacked. Meanwhile, Travis finds the dog in the back of his car and a military/police force is sweeping the area for the escapees. Travis starts to realize the dog is extraordinary and decides to keep it. Meanwhile, an NSO agent named Johnson is dispatched by the corporation to retrieve the animals.

The next morning, Travis's mother informs him that there has been an accident and that Tracey is in the hospital. Travis and his mother rush to the hospital, but Agent Johnson and his partner will not allow them to see her. Travis pushes past them into Tracey's room, only to find it completely empty. The men claim that she has been transferred to a better location. Travis is puzzled as to why the men were armed. At home, Travis' mother is displeased about the dog. She allows him to keep it when Travis shows the level of intelligence that the dog possesses. While bathing the dog, Travis sees GH3 tattooed on its ear, and concludes it is a research dog, which would explain its superior intellect.

Agent Johnson stops by Travis' house to ask questions and the dog hides. The dog tracks Travis down at school, where he types 'D  ANG   ER N  S O' on a computer. Travis is given detention for bringing a pet to school. Meanwhile, three of Travis's friends are murdered by the OXCOM in the woods. The OXCOM then traces the dog to the school, where two staff members are killed. One is able to call the police. The now-suspicious sheriff and a policewoman arrive, and she is also killed. When the sheriff confronts Agent Johnson, he is forced to tell the sheriff the truth regarding the killer but asks that they move to a quieter location away from the press. He explains that it was a scientific project gone wrong and that the OXCOM is chasing the dog, which targets and kills anything it comes across or that has been in contact with the dog. He then abruptly murders the sheriff.

A family friend who is fixing the washing machine mentions that a man stopped by earlier asking if they owned a dog. Travis, realizing the NSO is after them, sneaks out of the house. His mother stops him before he can drive away, telling him that they are in it together. Back inside, they find their friend dead. They run upstairs with the dog, locking the bedroom door. The beast begins to break it down. The mother climbs onto the adjacent rooftop while Travis grabs a hunting gun. He tells her to start the truck and jumps out the window followed by the dog who is knocked down by the OXCOM. He fires, then picks up the injured dog, and the three drive to a veterinarian. Noticing the code on the dog's ear, the vet calls the authorities. Travis catches on and they leave the vet's office before the NSO agents can arrive. The next morning after the agents track them to the motel where they are staying, the mother creates a diversion, allowing Travis and the dog to escape the NSO agents. Travis takes the dog to his father's old cabin in the woods. His mother insists the NSO agents let her visit Tracey. Although Johnson claims the NSO is protecting her while she recovers, Travis's mother realizes that the sedated Tracey is unharmed and her room has no medical equipment and that the NSO is holding her as a prisoner.

The agents take the women to the cabin to use as hostages, but Travis throws a homemade Molotov cocktail at the NSO agents, allowing the two women to run into the cabin. Agent Johnson fires at them, but he is stopped by his partner who baulks at murdering a woman and two kids. Johnson then reveals that he is the corporation's third experiment, a genetically engineered assassin with no conscience, and kills his partner. In a tussle with Johnson, Travis is stabbed in the leg with his own knife. The dog jumps through the window and onto Johnson, allowing Travis to stab him through the neck. Johnson, unfazed by the stab wound, claims that they will die anyway before being shot to death by Mrs Cornell. Armed with homemade weapons, the team readies themselves for the beast. When it arrives, Travis shoots at it and it throws the dog into the truck windshield. Travis follows it into the woods, where he finds it injured and sobbing. At first, he cannot bring himself to kill it. It then attacks him and he is forced to finish it off. Travis, his mother, Tracey and the dog regroup and leave in the beat-up truck as the farmhouse burns down.

Release
The film was given a limited release in the United States by Universal Pictures in December 1988. It grossed $940,173 at the U.S. box office. It was released on VHS and LaserDisc by International Video Entertainment in 1989.

Artisan Entertainment released the film as a double feature with Watchers 2 on DVD in 2003. The DVD was presented in full frame with no bonus features and is now out of print.

Production
At the time, Watchers was the most expensive U.S. production to take advantage of Canadian Tax Shelter laws.

Reception

Critical reception for Watchers has been mostly negative. Film critic Leonard Maltin awarded the film one and a half out of a possible four stars, calling it "awful" and criticized the film's monster as being "ludicrous".

Sequels
Despite there being no sequel novels by Koontz, producer Roger Corman has released three sequels - Watchers II, Watchers 3 and Watchers Reborn.

References

External links
 EOFFTV credits, plot summary

1988 films
1988 horror films
1988 independent films
1980s science fiction horror films
American science fiction horror films
Canadian science fiction horror films
Carolco Pictures films
English-language Canadian films
Films scored by Joel Goldsmith
Films about dogs
Films based on American novels
Films based on horror novels
Films shot in Vancouver
1980s monster movies
Films based on works by Dean Koontz
American monster movies
Films produced by Damian Lee
Watchers (film series)
Films with screenplays by Damian Lee
1980s English-language films
1980s American films
1980s Canadian films

Watchers (film)


Copper(II) bromide (CuBr2) is a chemical compound that forms an unstable tetrahydrate CuBr2·4H2O. It is used in photographic processing as an intensifier and as a brominating agent in organic synthesis.

It is also used in the copper vapor laser, a class of laser where the medium is copper bromide vapour formed in-situ from hydrogen bromide reacting with the copper discharge tube. Producing yellow or green light, it is used in dermatological applications.

Synthesis
Copper(II) bromide can be obtained  by combining copper oxide and hydrobromic acid:

CuO + 2HBr → CuBr2 + H2O.

The tetrahydrate can be produced by recrystallization of solutions of copper(II) bromide at 0 °C. If heated above 18 °C, it releases water to produce the anhydrous form.

Purification
Copper(II) bromide is purified by crystallization twice from water, filtration to remove any CuBr and concentration under vacuum. This product is dehydrated using phosphorus pentoxide.

Molecular and crystal structure

In the solid state CuBr2 has a polymeric structure, with CuBr4 planar units connected on opposite sides to form chains. The crystal structure is monoclinic, space group C2/m, with lattice constants a = 714 pm, b = 346 pm, c = 718 pm, e ß = 121° 15'. CuBr2 monomeric units are present in the gas phase at high temperature. It forms bright green-blue solutions in water, and reacts with Aluminium exothermically: 3 CuBr2 + 2 Al forms 2 AlBr3 and 3 Cu.

The tetrahydrate, structurally formulated as [CuBr2(H2O)2]·2H2O, has a monoclinic crystal structure and consists of distorted square planartrans-[CuBr2(H2O)2] centres as well as two molecules of water.

Reactions
Copper(II) bromide in chloroform-ethyl acetate reacts with ketones resulting in the formation of alpha-bromo ketones. The resulting product can be directly used for the preparation of derivatives. This heterogeneous method is reported to be the most selective and direct method of formation of α-bromo ketones.

Dibromination of NPGs, n-pentenyl glycosides, using CuBr2/LiBr reagent combination was performed in order for an NPG to serve as a glycosyl acceptor during halonium-promoted couplings.
Such reaction gives high yield of the dibromides from alkenyl sugars that are resistant to a direct reaction with molecular bromine.

Usage
Copper(II) bromide lasers produce pulsed yellow and green light and have been studied as a possible treatment for cutaneous lesions. Experiments have also shown copper bromide treatment to be beneficial for skin rejuvenation.
It has been widely used in photography as its solution was used as the bleaching step for intensifying collodion and gelatin negatives.
Copper(II)bromide has also been proposed as a possible material in humidity indicator cards.

Safety
Copper(II) bromide is harmful if swallowed. It affects the central nervous system, brain, eyes, liver, and kidneys. It causes irritation to skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.

Natural occurrence
Pure copper(II) bromide is as yet (2020) unknown among minerals. However, barlowite, Cu4BrF(OH)6, contains both copper and bromide.

See also
Copper(I) bromide

References

Bromides
Metal halides
Copper(II) compounds

Copper(II) bromide


Plyskiv (, , ) is a village in Vinnytsia Raion, Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine. The population is 1,439 (2006).

History

Pliskov was first mentioned in Polish archive documents in 1552. Pliskov was settled on the banks of the river Rosen (Ros), by the German Jews who were given permission by the Polish King to settle in the Polish Kingdom (Rzeczpospolita). In 1795, this place became part of the Russian Empire ( after the partition of Poland between Russia, Prussia and Austria-Hungary), and was already named Pliskovo. The name "Pliskov" originates from the bird Pliska (Плиска) that lived in the woods around Pliskov.

Before the October 1917 Revolution, there were three synagogues, a bath house by the river, a cemetery, two drug stores, two hotels, four smithies, four mills, three water mills and a steam mill, two barber shop, a diner, and many stores and workshops inside the shtetel center. Once a week a big market was arranged at the Market Place, where peasants sold their goods and bought the goods that the Jewish shop owners and craftsmen were selling.

There were 220 houses in Pliskov, in which, according to the first census conducted in 1892, lived 1,320 Jews. The houses varied. Wealthy families lived in good quality brick houses with tin roofs. Poorer families lived in houses with thatched roofs. Pliskov was famous for its mineral spring named "Brover". In the wintertime it did not freeze, and in the summertime, even during the hottest days, water did not disappear and was always cold. All year round the water-carrier delivered water from this spring to the customers who paid a small fee for the service.

For 300 years Pliskov was a small Jewish town (shtetl), first in Poland than Russia, USSR and finally destroyed by Nazi Germany and local Nazi collaborators during World War II . The Jewish population of Pliskov and surrounding shtetls, such as Pogrebishche, Justingrad, Lipovets, Shpicentsy, Zhivotovo, Dashev and Tetiev were often victims of Pogroms, assaults and persecution which took place from the days when these towns came into being and until their complete disappearance after World War II (1939-1945). Khmelnickiy's Cossacks (1648-1654), Gaydamaks (1736-1768), Pogroms of late 19th and early 20th century (most notable Pliskov Pogrom of 1914), Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War (1917-1921) and finally World War II are a few of the most notable events which made Jewish life difficult in Pliskov and in Eastern Europe in general. There were pogroms organized by Petlura's and Denikin's gangs. Also pogroms and massacres of Jews in 1918-1919 organized by the White Armies as well as detachments of Red Army soldiers. In the summer of 1920, Red Cossacks of the Budenniy Army also robbed Jews. All of these pogroms, robberies and murders forced many Jews to seek refuge in the United States.

Until 1929, there were private businesses in Pliskov, but in 1930 they were confiscated and all craftsmen were forced to work in Artels. In 1926, all Jewish schools (Cheders) were closed and the study of the Torah and the Hebrew language were prohibited. The only school which taught in Yiddish was closed in 1936. Before 1930, many families and most of the younger generation of Jews had already moved to such big cities as Kiev, Moscow, Leningrad, Kharkov. The Jewish community of Plyskiv numbered about 790 people, only a few of whom survived the Holocaust.

On July 22, 1941, Pliskov was occupied by the German Army. All of the Jews of Pliskov stayed in the town, and most of the blame fell upon the Stalin regime. Before the war, when the treaty with Hitler was signed, the newspapers and radio discontinued all of the reports about the Nazi treatment of the Jews. This is the main reason the Pliskov Jews stayed in town, scared and waiting to see how the fascists treated the Jews. A German—Fric Nudel—was the Commandant of Pliskov, and he appointed a Ukrainian named Ivanko to be Head of Pliskov. Ivanko announced that all Jews of Pliskov would be deprived of all their rights and personal property, and every Ukrainian could take possession of that property except for gold, platinum, silver and other valuables which would pass to Germany. Fric Nudel formed a Ukrainian Police Force. The chief of police was a known criminal named Chirsky, who still lives in Australia after escaping from Pliskov in 1944. On October 22, 1941, Head of Gendarmery Shuster, his assistant Kinkel, officers Benkel and Kushner, together with Fric Nudel executed all of Pliskov's Jews. Together with the German fascists, the Ukrainian police took an active part in this massacre. Some of the Jews were able to hide in a basements and attics of gentile neighbors who were willing to risks their lives by doing so. Not that many people were willing to so. Some of the Jews of Pliskov were able to survive like that until 1944. But none of them were there to see the liberation of Pliskov by the Soviet Army later that year. After the War, none of the surviving Jews who fought in Soviet Army or left the town before the War returned to Pliskov. 300 years of the Jewish town of Pliskov was erased in a matter of one year. A village named Pliskov is located in the same place, but the shtetel of Pliskov is gone. Those who survived the Holocaust of 1941-1945 have moved to many countries. The Jews of Pliskov now live in Israel, Australia, United States, Germany, and the big cities of the Former Soviet Republics.
In 2019, new memorials to the victims of the Holocaust were erected and unveiled at both places where Jews were shot.

Descendants in America
Pliskovers are the descendants of the shtetel of Pliskov. Many of the former residents of Pliskov relocated to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. There is an organization in Pittsburgh called the Pliskover Cemetery Association. Former residents of Pliskov started an organization to help each other and people still in Pliskov. Founded in 1908, its first name was Pliskover Free Loan Association, where interest free loans were given to needy members/Pliskovers. In 1917, they bought some land in Coraopolis, to serve as a private cemetery. By joining the organization and paying dues, the member has a plot where they can be buried. Free loans are no longer given out, that is why the name changed to Pliskover Cemetery Association. The cemetery is still open to members and membership, and is the resting place for some of the former residents of the shtetel of Pliskov and their family members.

Gallery

References

External links
Pliskover Cemetery Association
The murder of the Jews of Plyskiv during World War II, at Yad Vashem website.
The life and Death of the Jewish community, at holocaust.kiev.ua website.

Kiev Governorate
Ukrainian Jews
Jewish Ukrainian history
Holocaust locations in Ukraine
Historic Jewish communities in Ukraine
Villages in Vinnytsia Raion

Plyskiv


Adam Norman Carroll (born 26 October 1982) is a Northern Irish professional racing driver. He last raced in the 2016–17 Formula E season for Jaguar Racing. He has also raced for Team Ireland in A1 Grand Prix, winning the series in 2009.

Career history

Early career
Carroll, who was born in Portadown, Northern Ireland, started his career in 1993 competing in karting events. He continued in karting until 1998. After winning the Elf LA FILIERE SCHOLARSHIP in 1999 he moved on to British Formula Ford, winning the Winter Series and taking 3rd in the festival. He raced in the British Formula Ford competition in 2001, before successfully making the move to British Formula 3 B-Class in 2002 with the Sweeney team. Despite driving year-old cars, Carroll was always an outright front runner and he dominated the class winning the title with a record points tally.

International racing
In 2003, Carroll moved up to Championship Class British Formula 3, but due to lack of finance, he had little stability and finished the year having driven with three different teams (8 podiums in a row with Menu), before competing in part of the Formula Three Euroseries season, where despite being new to both team, series, track and tyres, he finished in the points in his first race. He also partnered and outperformed future Formula One driver Nico Rosberg in an end of season event in South Korea. He continued in Formula Three throughout 2004, finishing as runner up to Nelson Piquet Jr. before joining the 2005 GP2 Series, replacing Hayanari Shimoda at the Super Nova Racing team just before the start of the season.

Although Carroll's pre-season preparation for GP2 left him at a disadvantage to all the other drivers due to the lateness of his race deal and consequent lack of testing with his new team, he was immediately competitive, briefly challenging for the championship before slipping back as the season progressed due to reliability setbacks and on-track incidents.

Despite continually having trouble raising a budget for his racing, he has still managed to outperform drivers who have had funding readily available to them, including 2005 team-mate, and ex F1 driver, Giorgio Pantano. His undoubted talent caught the eye of Formula One and in 2005 he was signed as a test driver for Formula One team BAR-Honda. For the 2006 GP2 season he surprised many in choosing to join the Racing Engineering team when his previous team had a better chance of picking up the title. It soon became clear that due to Carroll's continued lack of sponsorship, the Racing Engineering deal saved him from having to drop out of top line motorsport altogether. He has since removed himself from the Honda driver program sensing a lack of opportunity as Button and Barrichello would be hard to replace.

The only real high point of the 2006 season was a pole position, third place and second place combo at Silverstone. It was clear throughout the season, however, that Carroll's team was not as strong as the majority of the other teams in the series. This was highlighted many times due to car failures that cost him many points throughout the year. As well as this, the car was distinctly slower and he also had trouble with other drivers hitting him from behind. This coupled with a driver error while leading race two in Hungary cost Carroll a lot of points that, should he have gained them, he would have been in contention for at least third in the championship. As it was though, Carroll's 33 points was enough to give him eighth place (equal points with seventh-placed Gianmaria Bruni with Bruni ahead having scored more wins). Carroll scored all of his team's points, outscoring his old team Super Nova Racing.

DTM, GP2 and A1GP

For the start of the 2007 season, Carroll was driving a two-year-old Audi A4 in the German DTM series for the Futurecom TME team. On 26 June it was announced that he would replace Antônio Pizzonia in the FMS GP2 team for the event supporting the French Grand Prix. Carroll won at the Silverstone round of the GP2 series and scored 4 other points to take a total of 13 in one weekend, only his second back in GP2, in a car that had only scored one point beforehand. It was announced on 13 July that he had left the DTM due to sponsorship problems, and concentrated on GP2 for the rest of 2007. Carroll also went on to claim victory in the first race at the Hungaroring, despite starting sixth and changing all four tires during his mandatory pit stop. The season did not end so well for Carroll, as he scored only 2 points in the last three races despite being in contention for much more. However, he did finish in seventh place, ahead of many drivers who, unlike Carroll, had completed the entire season. During this time, Adam had tested the A1GP car for Ireland, impressing everyone at Silverstone and so for the second event onwards, Adam signed up to race in A1GP. His first weekend demonstrated yet again what a talent he was as he got Ireland's biggest points haul in the history of A1GP by netting a podium in his first race and despite starting 18th on the grid due to being blocked in qualifying, 6th in the feature race. Later in the season, he won the Mexico City feature race, Ireland's first win in A1GP. He also finished on the podium at Brands Hatch, en route to helping Team Ireland finish 6th overall in the championship.

Carroll began the 2008 GP2 Series season without a drive, but when Adrián Vallés was dropped by FMS International after the first round of the season, he took part in four races for his old team. He was then replaced by Marko Asmer.

For 2008/2009, Carroll returned to A1GP and Team Ireland again leading them to victory for the first time, in China. A1 Team Ireland became the fourth A1 Grand Prix champions, after a title battle which went down to the final round in Great Britain. Ireland won with 112 points, all scored by Carroll and included five race victories and three fastest laps.

Carroll announced in April 2009 that he was approached by two F1 teams in negotiation for a driver's seat for 2010. It turned out that the two teams were Campos Meta and Manor GP, both of which were new entries for the 2010 season. Carroll said that he could not raise the 4 million Euros needed to sign for Virgin. He was also in line for a drive with Lola, which was also planning to enter the sport in 2010, but the British marque's entry was turned down.

IndyCar
IndyCar Series team Andretti Autosport announced that Carroll was to take part in some races during the second half of the 2010 season. He ultimately competed in the Watkins Glen Grand Prix and the Honda Indy 200, finishing in 16th and 19th places respectively. He scored 26 points in total and finished the season 34th in the drivers' championship.

2011

On 2 July, Carroll made a one-off appearance in the Formula Renault 3.5 Series at the sixth round of the championship where he finished fourth and third in the two races. This was in place of the injured Austrian driver, Walter Grubmüller. He also drove in the Donington round of the Auto GP series taking pole and finishing 5th and 2nd in the races. He then returned to GP2 with Super Nova Racing for the German round replacing Luca Filippi.

Formula E
Carroll frequented the series during the 2015–16 season as a potential substitute driver for Mahindra and Team Aguri, neither of which came to fruition. On 19 August 2016, Carroll was listed as one of four drivers partaking with Jaguar Racing in the 2016–17 Formula E pre-season test at Donington Park, having tested with the team previously. Carroll was subsequently signed with the team.

In the 2020–21 Formula E season, Carroll was signed as NIO 333's reserve driver.

Sports car racing
In 2023, Carroll joined Team WRT in the GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup, driving alongside Lewis Proctor and Tim Whale in the team's #31 entry. He also added a part-time campaign in the GT World Challenge America with Esses Racing.

Racing record

Complete Formula 3 Euro Series results
(key)

Complete GP2 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

† Driver did not finish, but was classified as he completed 90% of the winner's race distance.

Complete A1 Grand Prix results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

American open–wheel results
(key)

IndyCar

Complete Auto GP results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete European Le Mans Series results

Complete British GT Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results

24 Hours of Le Mans results

Complete Formula E results

Ferrari Challenge Finali Mondiali results

References

External links
Official website

1982 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Portadown
Racing drivers from Northern Ireland
Formula Palmer Audi drivers
Formula Ford drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
Formula 3 Euro Series drivers
GP2 Series drivers
Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters drivers
A1 Team Ireland drivers
IndyCar Series drivers
People educated at Killicomaine Junior High School
World Series Formula V8 3.5 drivers
Auto GP drivers
Blancpain Endurance Series drivers
European Le Mans Series drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
24 Hours of Spa drivers
British GT Championship drivers
Formula E drivers
International GT Open drivers
Jaguar Racing drivers
Racing Engineering drivers
Super Nova Racing drivers
Kolles Racing drivers
Andretti Autosport drivers
Campos Racing drivers
Techeetah drivers
Status Grand Prix drivers
A1 Grand Prix drivers
Audi Sport drivers
Alan Docking Racing drivers
P1 Motorsport drivers
AFS Racing drivers
Scuderia Coloni drivers
W Racing Team drivers
GT4 European Series drivers
Ferrari Challenge drivers
GT World Challenge America drivers
Motorsport people from County Down
BMW M drivers

Adam Carroll (racing driver)


Cat's Cradle: Witch Mark is an original novel written by Andrew Hunt and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Seventh Doctor and Ace.

Synopsis

The TARDIS's link with the Eye of Harmony is becoming ever more tenuous and is in urgent need of repair. But the time machine takes the Doctor and Ace to a village in rural Wales, and a gateway to another world.

In this darkening and doomed other world (known to its inhabitants as Tír na nÓg), the besieged humans defend the walls of their citadel Dinorben against mythical beasts and demons.

Plot

Strange things are happening in the Welsh village of Llanfer Ceirog.  The police are investigating a coach crash which killed the driver and all passengers.  Only the driver could be identified:  Selwyn Hughes, brother of the coach's owner, Emrys Hughes, and resident of Llanfer Ceirog.  Stuart Taylor, a veterinarian, tends to a horse with a strange wound in the middle of its forehead, and discovers a tapered horn nearby.  When the Doctor and Ace arrive, they are greeted warmly until Ace is shot at by Emrys Hughes.  The Doctor is intrigued to hear a legend of a village called Dinorben that vanished hundreds of years ago.  Everything seems to be centered on the mysterious stone circle located on Emrys's land.  The Doctor and Ace investigate the circle, only to find themselves transported to another world.

The city of Dinorben has become a desperate refuge of humanity.  The head of the ruling council, Dryfid, explains that the sun mysteriously disappeared some time ago, and that they are beset by demons.  The other people of the world, including unicorns, centaurs, trolls, and short, furry-footed creatures called the Sidhe, have become hostile after learning that the humans have a means of escaping their doomed world:  the stone circle gateway to Earth.  The Doctor and Ace are sent on a quest to find the living god Goibhnie and persuade him to restore his favor.

Back in Wales, two American hitchhikers stumble upon an injured centaur.  Unable to believe what they've found, they seek help from the authorities.  Unfortunately, they find the local Constable Hughes, who douses the centaur in petrol and incinerates the corpse.  The hitchhikers, Jack and David, manage to contact Inspector Stevens of Scotland Yard's Paranormal Investigations Division.  Stevens is in the area investigating the mysterious coach, and trying to find the missing veterinarian who contacted him about the unicorn.  Meanwhile, two figures resembling the Doctor and Ace return to Llanfer Ceirog, but they are really shape-shifting demons who kill and take the forms of two local residents.

The Doctor and Ace set off on their quest.  They meet Bathsheba, a young girl with a withered arm, who tells them that her family was killed by demons while she was collecting firewood.  They agree to take her with them, and she hopes that the god Goibhnie will see fit to restore her arm.  After meeting Herne, a strange creature who apologizes to the Doctor for something that hasn't happened yet, they are captured by the Sidhe, evading execution when the Sidhe are attacked by an unseen force, allowing them to escape.  They are next attacked by a demon, but rescued by Chulainn, a human returning to Dinorben for evacuation.  Fearing for the safety of his companions, the Doctor asks Chulainn to take Ace and Bathsheba back to Dinorben with him.  Bathsheba catches the Doctor trying to leave quietly, and insists on going with him.

Ace reluctantly agrees to return to Dinorben with Chulainn.  She is contacted by Bat, a unicorn who can communicate with her telepathically.  Chulainn is distrustful of all non-human creatures, so Ace abandons him and his party.  She decides to return to Dinorben with Bat and the other unicorns, intending to force their way through the gateway and make themselves known to the Earth authorities, so that the other peoples of the dying world might also be saved.  Meanwhile, the Doctor and Bat encounter a group of Firbolg (centaurs) along with veterinarian Stuart Taylor, who was sent on the same quest to reach Goibhnie.  The Firbolg take them to Goihbnie's island, but they don't know how to contact the god.  When the Firbolg slay a dragon, the Doctor discovers that it is in fact a bio-mechanical creature, technological rather than fantastical in origin.

Ace's assault on Dinorben is successful, and passing through the gateway, she finds the hitchhikers David and Jack along with Inspector Stevens, who were investigating Emrys Hughes's role in everything.  When the soldiers of Dinorben overcome the shock of Ace's sudden attack, they regroup and follow her through the gateway, arrest Ace, David, Jack, and Stevens, and bring them all back to Dinorben.  The soldiers have overcome the unicorns and forcefully removed their horns, destroying their psychic abilities.  The Doctor gets an audience with Goibhnie, who turns out to be an alien scientist whose experiment has been completed.  The Doctor appeals to Goibhnie's scientific curiosity to extend the experiment.  Goibhnie restores the sun, and agrees to help collect the demons, which are discarded products of his experiments.

Ace discovers that General Nuada, the head of Dinorben's military, is in fact a shape-shifting demon.  Nuada summons all of the demons for a final assault on Dinorben.  David finds himself summoned by Nuada, since he was attacked by a demon when he came to Llanfer Ceirog as a child.  Goibhnie returns to Dinorben, but is mortally wounded in the battle against the demons.  David manages to hold on to his self-control and kills Nuada, and eventually with the Doctor's assistance, is restored to human form.  Goibhnie gives the Doctor his power source, which the Doctor uses to reprogram the gateway.  All of the demons are funneled into the stone circle, and transmatted to the now rejuvenated sun.

The Doctor, Ace, Jack, David, Stevens, and Taylor return to Earth, and the stone circle is destroyed.  The unicorns, now trapped on Earth, are beginning to recover.  The Doctor promises Ace that UNIT will look after them.  The Doctor uses Goibhnie's experimental material to repair his ailing TARDIS, unaware that a fleck of demonic material had contaminated the supply.

Continuity
The later New Adventure Deceit reveals that the fleck of demonic material that contaminates the TARDIS is responsible for the Doctor's moodiness over the next several novels.

The duplicates of the Doctor and Ace reappear in Return of the Living Dad.

Notes
One of the mythical races on Tír na n-Óg, Fomoir, is described as trolllike.

References

External links
The Cloister Library - Cat's Cradle: Witch Mark

1992 British novels
1992 science fiction novels
Virgin New Adventures
Seventh Doctor novels

Cat's Cradle: Witch Mark


Amref Health Africa (formerly the African Medical and Research Foundation – AMREF) was founded in 1957 by three surgeons as the Flying Doctors of East Africa. Three doctors – Sir Michael Wood, Sir Archibald McIndoe and Tom Rees – drew up a plan to provide medical care in East Africa, where they had all worked for many years as reconstructive surgeons.

History

Amref Health Africa was officially founded in 1957 to deliver mobile health services and to provide mission hospitals with surgical support. A medical radio network was developed to coordinate the service, and provide communication.

In the early 1960s, ground-based mobile medical services were added, along with 'flight clinics' for the under-served and remote areas in Kajiado and Narok districts of Kenya.

By 1975, training and education for rural health workers were already a major part of Amref Health Africa's efforts. This included the development of health learning materials.
During the late 1970s, Amref Health Africa continued providing mobile clinical and Maternal and Child Health (MCH) services. It also started to focus on community-based health care (CBHC) and training community health workers to deliver primary health care. Technical support units for CBHC, MCH, family planning and environmental health were also set up.

During the 1980s, Amref Health Africa moved into community health development, closer collaboration with the ministries of health in the region, and cooperation with international aid agencies. This set the organisation's course for the 1980s and beyond.
Greater emphasis was given to strengthening health systems and staff development, with special attention to health needs identified by communities themselves. Amref Health Africa staff gained experience in planning and the management of health services at a national level – expertise that has since been shared in-house with health ministries (the first was Uganda).

In the early 1990s Amref Health Africa established a unique year-long training course in community health. The 1990s also saw the organisation's work expand to include disease control initiatives, focusing on malaria, HIV/AIDS and TB.
During the mid 1990s, Amref Health Africa increased its focus on HIV/AIDS as it looked set to undo much of the progress made in health during the 20th century, and become a major burden to health systems in poor countries.

To meet this increased health care need, Amref Health Africa prioritised research, capacity building and advocacy relating to:

 HIV/AIDS
 TB and sexually transmitted infections
 Malaria
 Safe water and basic sanitation
 Family health
 Clinical services
 Training and health learning materials.

During the same period, in recognition of the need for partnerships at community level, Amref Health Africa engaged more with local groups to enable community-based planning, shared identification of issues and priorities, and efficient use of resources.

In 2000s, Amref Health Africa has highlighted the fact that despite huge investments by donors in health products and delivery of health services, a large percentage of Africans still have limited access to sufficient and quality health care.
Amref Health Africa's current ten-year strategy (2007–2017) focuses on finding ways to link health services to the people that need them by focusing more on people, and less on diseases – making responses tailor-made to specific community needs.

See also
Clinical officers, healthcare providers in Sub-saharan Africa
Healthcare in Kenya

References

External links
 Daktari: A Surgeon's Adventures with the Flying Doctors of East Africa

Health in Africa
Health charities in England
Charities based in London
Healthcare in Kenya
Religious organizations
Foreign charities operating in Kenya
Archibald McIndoe

Amref Health Africa


Achille Fortier (23 October 1864 – 19 August 1939) was a Canadian composer and music educator. His compositional output includes a modest amount of choral and chamber works, several songs and motets, and a small amount of symphonic music. A considerable portion of his compositions are religious in nature. Much of his work remains unpublished and some of his music is now lost as it was destroyed by a fire. The Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec holds more than 30 of his original scores in its collection.

Life
Born in Saint-Clet, Canada East, Fortier received his initial musical training at the Petit Séminaire de Saint-Thérèse just outside Montreal where he was a pupil of Father Sauvé. He then pursued further studies with Guillaume Couture and Dominique Ducharme in Montreal. In 1885 Fortier went to France where he studied for the next five years. Among his teachers there were André Gedalge and Ernest Guiraud (music composition). In 1889 he attended the Conservatoire de Paris, the first Canadian to be admitted as a regular student.

In 1890 Fortier returned to Canada to join the teaching staff at the Institut Nazareth in Montreal where he was an instructor for classes in counterpoint, harmony, and singing. He also taught similar courses at the Dames du Sacré-Coeur Convent, the Villa-Maria Convent, and at the Conservatoire of the Canadian Artistic Society. Some of his notable pupils included Jean-Noël Charbonneau, Gabriel Cusson, Frédéric Pelletier, and Édouard LeBel. From 1892 to 1893 he served as the choirmaster for the Notre-Dame Basilica in Montreal. He later worked in Ottawa for many years as a French to English translator for the Canadian federal government, beginning in 1900. He died in Viauville at the age of 74.

Honors
In 1926 he was awarded an Honorary doctorate from the Université de Montréal.
In 1985 the city of Montreal named a street in the Pointe-aux-Trembles district after him.
In 1988 soprano Liette Turner, cellist Alain Aubut, and pianist Réjean Coallier formed the chamber group Ensemble Achille-Fortier, an ensemble dedicated to performing music from Quebec of the 19th century and early 20th century. The group has released several CDs, many of which contain music by Fortier.

References

1864 births
1939 deaths
19th-century composers
20th-century Canadian composers
Canadian male composers
Canadian music educators
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Male composers
Musicians from Montreal
People from Montérégie
20th-century Canadian male musicians
19th-century male musicians

Achille Fortier


The Humana Building, also known as the Humana Tower, is a 1985 skyscraper in downtown Louisville, Kentucky, located at 500 West Main Street and headquarters of the Humana Corporation. It was built by The Auchter Company.

Description
The 26-story structure is headquarters of the Humana Corporation, and was designed by the Driehaus Prize winner and New Classical architect Michael Graves. Construction began in October 1982 and was completed in May 1985.

Each side of the building is designed slightly differently, up to a sloping pyramid style for the upper few floors. The building is also known for its exterior construction of flat pink granite. The north facade's loggia is respectful of the older downtown architecture, being flush with the original Main Street storefronts. The open-air front portion of the loggia contains a large fountain. The large, curved portion towards the top of the building is an open-air observation deck. The outermost point of the circle has space for a few people at a time to be surrounded by glass, allowing for views of the Ohio River and Main Street. The observation deck has not been open to the public since the September 11 terrorist attacks.

Awards
The American Institute of Architects awarded the Humana Building the National Honor Award in 1987. Time Magazine listed it as one of the ten best buildings of the 1980s.

References

External links
 The Humana Building in Louisville
 Analysis and detail pictures

Office buildings completed in 1985
Michael Graves buildings
Architecture in Kentucky
Skyscraper office buildings in Louisville, Kentucky
Postmodern architecture in the United States
New Classical architecture

Humana Building


Centurion is a 2010 British historical action film written and directed by Neil Marshall, loosely based on the disappearance of the Roman Empire's Ninth Legion in Caledonia in the early second century AD. The film stars Michael Fassbender, Dominic West and Olga Kurylenko. It received mixed reviews and performed poorly at the box office, only earning half of its $12 million budget.

Plot
The Roman Empire has been unable to fully conquer Britain, reaching a harsh stalemate in the North. The Picts engage in guerrilla warfare against the Romans along the Glenblocker forts and the Gask Ridge at the southern border of the Scottish Highlands. At the Roman outpost of Pinnata Castra, Pict warriors led by Vortix and Aeron kill the entire garrison, taking only the second-in-command, Centurion Quintus Dias, because he can speak the Pictish language. Brought before Pict king Gorlacon, who has united the northern tribes, Dias is brutally interrogated, but escapes on foot.

A messenger from the fort reaches Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman governor of Britannia, who hopes to obtain favour with the Roman Senate and transfer back to the comforts of Rome. He dispatches the Ninth Legion under General Titus Flavius Virilus to eradicate the Pict threat, providing him with a Celtic Brigantian scout, Etain. Marching north, the legion rescues Dias from his pursuers.

Etain leads them into an ambush where, surprised by flaming pitch-wood 'boulders', they are massacred and the wounded Virilus is captured. The few survivors – Dias, the legionaries Bothos, Thax, Brick, Macros and Leonidas, and the cook Tarak – set out to rescue Virilus, finding him at Gorlacon's village. Sneaking in at nightfall, they are unable to break his chains, and he orders them to return to Roman territory without him. In Gorlacon's hut, Thax suffocates the king's young son to prevent him giving them away.

The next morning, Gorlacon burns his son's body on a funeral pyre and forces Virilus to fight Etain, who as a child witnessed her parents raped and slaughtered by the Romans; she kills him with a spear through the heart. Gorlacon sends her after the legionaries at the head of a group of mounted warriors, including Vortix and Aeron, to avenge his son's death.

The Romans plan to travel north away from Roman territory, to throw the Picts off their trail, then head west and back south. After several days' pursuit, the Picts continually catch up with the fugitives, who jump off a cliff into a river to escape them; Tarak is killed before he can jump, and Macros and Thax become separated from the others. Dias' group camp for the night while their pursuers camp across the river. Dias and Brick raid the enemy camp, killing two men and wounding a third, who reveals they are being pursued because of the death of Gorlacon's son, which Thax had kept secret. Etain has launched her own attack on the Romans, and Dias and Brick return to discover Leonidas dead and Bothos wounded.

Meanwhile, Macros and Thax have washed up further down river. The two encounter a wolf pack and end up running. When Thax falls Macros returns to help him, only for Thax to cut his Achilles tendon and leave him to the wolves.

Dias, Bothos, and Brick find the forest hut of Arianne, an exiled Briton accused of witchcraft who learned Latin from a nearby Roman outpost. She gives them shelter, food, and medical attention for Bothos. When Etain and her warriors arrive, Arianne hides the Romans under her floorboards.
When Bothos, Dias, and Brick leave Arianne's in the morning; Arianne, having become fond of Dias, is saddened to see him go.

They find the outpost abandoned, with an order declaring that the Roman troops have retreated south by order of Emperor Hadrian. Seeing Etain's warriors approaching and tired of running, they set up a defensive position inside the fort. Brick is killed, as are Vortix, Aeron, and the rest of the Britons, with Dias finally killing Etain.

Taking the Picts' horses, Dias and Bothos continue south, reuniting with Thax. Reaching Hadrian's Wall, now under construction, Thax threatens Dias, afraid he will report his dishonourable actions. They fight, with Dias choking Thax to death. Bothos, joyfully riding toward the Romans, is mistaken for a charging Pict and shot by an archer. Devastated, Dias reports to Agricola, who worries that news of the legion's annihilation will lead other tribes to revolt. Fearful of his reputation being tainted by a military failure, he decides the Ninth Legion's fate should remain a mystery and Dias must be silenced. Dias foils the attempt on his life by Agricola's daughter Drusilla. Badly wounded in the thigh, he knocks Drusilla unconscious and escapes from the camp, returning to Arianne in the forest. The film ends with Arianne kissing him after he falls from his horse.

Cast
 Michael Fassbender as Quintus Dias, a centurion. His father was Scipio Dias, a renowned and later freed gladiator. Formerly the second-in-command at the Inchtuthil garrison, Quintus is the only survivor of the fort and the only Roman to escape King Gorlacon. Quintus joins the Ninth Legion's march into Caledonia and is later betrayed by Governor Agricola.
 Olga Kurylenko as Etain, a warrior, scout, hunter and tracker from the Brigantes tribe. After seeing her family raped and murdered by the Romans, Etain was raped herself and had her tongue cut out. She fled north and was taken in by the Picts, who trained her and sent her back to the Romans as a spy. Marshall said of the character, "Etain is kind of revenge incarnate. Her family were butchered by the Romans, she had her tongue cut out by the Romans, she's had a hell of a time and she's out for Roman blood ... She's quite furious because one sense is not there – she can't speak – all the others are more developed. She sees very well and hears very well: she is an animal!"
 Dominic West as Titus Flavius Virilus, the general (legate) of the Ninth Legion. Virilus is a tough veteran, far more comfortable with the ordinary soldiers, who would follow him anywhere, than with his fellow patricians.
 Liam Cunningham as Brick (Ubriculius), a veteran legionary of the Ninth Legion. He is on his last tour before settling down on a farm in Tuscany.
 David Morrissey as Bothos, a veteran legionary in Septus's century of the Ninth Legion. He joined the army as an orphan on the streets of Rome.
 JJ Feild as Thax, a self-serving legionary in Septus's century of the Ninth Legion.
 Noel Clarke as Macros, a legionary of the second cohort of the Ninth Legion. Originally from Numidia, he was a noted marathon runner in Greece before joining the army.
 Riz Ahmed as Tarak, a cook with the Ninth Legion.
 Dimitri Leonidas as Leonidas, a Greek legionary scout of the Ninth Legion.
 Ulrich Thomsen as Gorlacon, the leader of the Britons.
 Imogen Poots as Arianne, a young Briton woman exiled for witchcraft by Gorlacon.
 Lee Ross as Septus, a veteran centurion of the Ninth Legion and an old friend of General Virilus.
 Dave Legeno as Vortix, an axe-wielding Briton warrior.
 Axelle Carolyn as Aeron, a Briton archer.
 Paul Freeman as Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman governor of Britannia. This is an anachronism; the historical Julius Agricola was actually governor some 30 years before the events depicted in the film, and was already dead by the time Hadrian's Fort began construction. The governor at the time of the Pictish war, the disappearance of the Ninth Legion and the beginning of the construction of Hadrian's Wall in 119 AD was actually Quintus Pompeius Falco.
 Rachael Stirling as Drusilla, Governor Agricola's daughter.
 Michael Carter as Antoninus, one of Agricola's generals.
 Tom Mannion as Tesio, one of Agricola's generals.
 Peter Guinness as Cassius, one of Agricola's generals.
 Jake Maskall as Argos, an officer of the Ninth Legion, one of General Virilus's aides.
 Eoin Macken as Achivir, a Briton warrior.
 Neil Marshall as Archer on Hadrian's Fort, an uncredited cameo as the watchman who mistakes Bothos for a Pict.

Production
Centurion was written originally by director Neil Marshall under the working title Ninth Legion. The Ninth Legion, according to one legend, marched into Scotland from York with over 3,000 men and disappeared. In recent years, historians have disputed the fate of the legion; some believe they were disbanded, while others believe they were massacred in Germania or in the East fighting the Persians during the early years of the second century. Marshall said of his take of the story, "It's not meant to be historically perfect. I'm picking up on a legend and exploring it... it's an action thriller." The tide of academic opinion seems to be returning to the view that the Legion was probably wiped out in Britain. In a recent book, Dr Miles Russell of Bournemouth University observes that there is strong evidence for a catastrophic British war resulting in the annihilation of the legion early in the reign of Hadrian.

Filming began towards the end of February 2009. Filming locations included the Scottish locations Badenoch, Strathspey, and Glenfeshie Estate in the Cairngorms. Filming also took place at Ealing Studios in London and in Surrey locations, such as Alice Holt Forest and Hurtwood Forest in the Surrey Hills. Historical re-enactment groups were enlisted to play Britions and Roman soldiers in the practical filming at Badenoch and Strathspey. Filming was completed in March, after seven weeks. Production design was by Simon Bowles, with art direction by Jason Knox-Johnston. The sets were built by DRS Construction.

The film was screened on 18 March 2010 at the South by Southwest Film Festival as the "Super Secret TBD" film. It was also the opening night premiere for the inaugural ActionFest film festival. The film was released on 30 July 2010 as video on demand on the Xbox Live Marketplace and Amazon.com.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 60% based on 113 reviews, and an average rating of 5.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "It's a bloody geyser of Neil Marshall's typically stylish B-movie action, but Centurion is too focused on hacking and slashing to deliver original dialogue or interesting characters." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 62 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

The Birmingham Post gave the film two stars out of five saying "this hideously violent, formula one chase movie lacks the novelty of Mel Gibson's Apocalypto". Empire gave the film three stars out of five stating that the film "could have done with a lot more character-meat on those bones." Film4 gave the film two stars out of five stating "It's just a shame none of this stuff was thought through a little more carefully, because there's a talented cast here who have been hung out to dry." The Guardian gave the film two stars out of five stating that "this is exercise-bike cinema: energetic, relentless and tipping towards monotony".

See also
 The Eagle of the Ninth, 1954 historical novel by Rosemary Sutcliff, which first popularised the story of the lost Ninth Legion.
 The Eagle, an unrelated 2011 film that also involves the Ninth Legion.
 List of historical drama films
 Legio IX Hispana
 Survival film

References

External links

2010 films
2010 action films
2010s action war films
2010s historical action films
British historical action films
British action war films
Films about rape
Films directed by Neil Marshall
Films scored by Ilan Eshkeri
Films set in 2nd-century Roman Empire
Films set in Scotland
Films set in classical antiquity
Fiction set in Roman Britain
Warner Bros. films
Scottish Gaelic-language films
Historical epic films
2010s survival films
2010s English-language films
2010s British films
British epic films

Centurion (film)


Cricket may not have reached the English counties of Leicestershire and Rutland until the 18th century. A notice in the Leicester Journal dated 17 August 1776 is the earliest known mention of cricket in the area. A few years later, a Leicestershire & Rutland Cricket Club was taking part in important matches. Note that in some contemporary reports the club is called simply Leicester but the personnel involved are the same whichever title is used.

Matches
The Leicester Journal on 4 August 1781 reported Leicester v Melton Mowbray at Barrowcliffe Meadow near Leicester. Melton Mowbray won by 16 runs.

Later the same season, the first reports have been found of a match between Leicester and Nottingham Cricket Club. These two old clubs forged quite a fierce rivalry. They met at Loughborough on 17 & 18 September 1781 and the game was incomplete due to a dispute. Nottingham scored 50 & 73; Leicester had scored 73 & 9-2 when the game ended prematurely because of a dispute about wide deliveries. The repercussions dragged on and the dispute remained unresolved for some years.

In 1787, Leicester played matches against Coventry and Melton Mowbray. The Coventry game is extensively recorded in Buckley.  Leicester lost by an innings to Melton Mowbray but defeated Coventry by 45 runs. In September 1788, they defeated Coventry by 28 runs in another match which Buckley records.

In 1789, Leicester played Nottingham again in two matches at Loughborough. They won one each and full scorecards have survived.  It is evident that by this time these teams were representative of their counties and, in 1791, they were both deemed good enough to play against MCC, but they were both well beaten. This was hardly surprising as northern cricket was still developing while the southern teams had considerable match experience.

Leicester's game against MCC was played at Burley-on-the-Hill in Rutland, which was the Earl of Winchilsea's country retreat, used as his base for foxhunting parties. It is not far from the Great North Road so communication with London was relatively easy at the time.

In 1792, Burley-on-the-Hill staged "Leicestershire & Rutland v Nottingham", the home side winning by 4 wickets and providing a historical example of the fact that Leicestershire cricket encompasses Rutland.

In a further game at Leicester in 1800, Nottingham won by an innings and the old Leicestershire & Rutland club seemed to fade away after that, apart from a couple of mentions in the early 19th century.

19th century
Little more is heard of Leicestershire cricket until the formation of the present club on 25 March 1879.

Leicestershire County Cricket Club played its inaugural first-class match on 14, 15 & 16 May 1894 versus Essex County Cricket Club at Leyton. It was the initial first-class match played by either club. In 1895, Leicestershire County Cricket Club joined the County Championship.

For the history of Leicestershire cricket since the foundation of the county club, see : Leicestershire County Cricket Club.

References

Bibliography
 Derek Birley, A Social History of English Cricket, Aurum, 1999
 Rowland Bowen, Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1970
 G. B. Buckley, Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket, Cotterell, 1935
 Arthur Haygarth, Scores & Biographies, Volume 1 (1744-1826)'', Lillywhite, 1862

History of Leicestershire
History of Rutland
English cricket teams in the 18th century
Former senior cricket clubs
Cricket in Leicestershire
Cricket in Rutland

Leicestershire & Rutland Cricket Club


Lena Sings Your Requests is a 1963 studio album by Lena Horne, arranged by Bob Florence and Marty Paich. After a long and successful partnership with RCA Victor, where Horne was signed between 1955-1962, Lena Horne signed at the lesser known Charter label releasing only two albums on the label both in 1963. This the first was recorded in Hollywood on January the 15th and 17th 1963 and released in the spring of 1963 on the Charter label. For this album Horne returned to re-record many songs that she had previously recorded in the 1940s and 1950s, several of which she had performed on screen, such as "Honeysuckle Rose" and "Can't Help Lovin' That Man". The album also features the fourth studio recording of the song "Stormy Weather" by Lena Horne. The album was reissued on CD in 2008 by Fresh Sound Records together with the album Lena Like Latin.

Track listing
 "Love" (Ralph Blane, Hugh Martin) – 2:47
 "I Wish I Was Back In My Baby's Arms" (K. Goell, Duke Ellington) - 2:29
 "Why Was I Born?" (Oscar Hammerstein, Jerome Kern) - 2:19
 "Good For Nothin' Joe" (Ted Koehler, Rube Bloom) - 3:34
 "Love Me Or Leave Me" (Gus Kahn, Walter Donaldson) - 2:53
 "I Got It Bad (And That Ain't Good)" (Paul Francis Webster, Duke Ellington) - 3:43
 "Stormy Weather" (Ted Koehler, Harold Arlen) - 3.17
 "Poppa Don't Preach To Me" (Frank Loesser) - 2:20
 "Honeysuckle Rose" (Andy Razaf, T. Waller) - 2:54
 "The Lady Is A Tramp" (Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers) - 2:17
 "Lover Man" (James Edward Davis, Roger 'Ram' Ramirez, Jimmy Sherman - 3:23
 "Can't Help Lovin' That Man" (Oscar Hammerstein, Jerome Kern) - 2:43

Personnel
Performance
Lena Horne – vocals
Jack Sheldon - trumpet
Bud Shank - alto sax
Gene DiNovi - piano
Shelly Manne - drums
Marty Paich – arranger, conductor, orchestration
Bob Florence - arranger

Production
Dick Peirce - producer
Jim Malloy - recording engineer

References

1963 albums
Lena Horne albums
Albums arranged by Marty Paich
Albums conducted by Marty Paich
Albums arranged by Bob Florence

Lena Horne Sings Your Requests


Curtis Coe "C. C." Bean (January 4, 1828 – February 1, 1904) was an American businessman and politician.  Politically he served one term as Arizona Territory's Congressional delegate as well as a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives and Arizona Territorial Legislature.  He had a number of business interests over the course of his life but is best known for mining interests.

Early life and education
Bean was born to Josiah J. and Olive (Sanborn) Bean on January 4, 1828 in Tamworth, New Hampshire.  His father died while he was young and Bean relocated to Gilmanton, New Hampshire with his mother in 1837.  He received his education at Phillips Exeter Academy and Union College.

Early career
In the mid-1850s, Bean moved to New York City where he obtained a job at the custom house.  In addition to his job, Bean was involved with the brokerage business and read law.  He was admitted to the bar but rarely practiced law.  Bean had enough financial success that by 1859 he was able to donate $2,500 for creation of a private railroad.  During the American Civil War, Bean was the clerk of the New York City school board.

Career
During 1864 Bean moved to Columbia, Tennessee.  From there he went to Nashville, Tennessee.  During 1867 and 1868, Bean served as a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives.  Bean married Mary Margaret Bradshow.  The couple had three daughters: Mary, Grace, and Blanche.

Bean and his wife moved to Arizona Territory in June 1868, settling in Prescott.  By October, he had opened a business office and was selling grain to the military.  Bean sold corn to the military for 8¢/pound while buying it from local farmers for 7¢/pound in gold.  By 1872, his operations had expanded to the point he purchased  of corn from New Mexico Territory at 6¢/pound and transported it to Arizona via a 33‑day journey by ox cart.  In addition to Anglo settlers, Bean attempted to employ the indigenous population.  In 1873, he advertised for any Indian "willing to work and earn an honest dollar" while searching for laborers to cut hay for Fort Verde.  At the same time Bean promised to provide free vegetables if he was awarded a contract to operate a farm near Fort McDowell.  In addition to hay and grain, Bean operated a ranch near Fort Verde and a sutler store.  He was known to import items from St. Louis, Missouri to avoid the higher prices charged in San Francisco, California.

Mining became Bean's primary business interest.  After visiting a mine for the first time in January 1869, Bean began to acquire mining claims and was shipping thousands of pounds of silver ore to San Francisco by 1870.  This was expanded to include several milling operations along with the acquisition and sales of mining equipment.  Some of Bean's mining interests were held in the name of just him and his wife while others were held by partnerships.  Among the people with which Bean partnered were John C. Frémont, Charles Silent, and Thomas Fitch.  In 1880, Bean began branching out into copper mining.  He acquired an extensive portfolio of copper mines before selling most of them to Phelps Dodge.

Politically, Bean made his first attempt to be elected Territorial Delegate in 1874.  He lost the election to Hiram Sanford Stevens by a vote of 1,076 to 1,442.  The race saw several abnormalities including the disqualification of 650 Bean votes by the Yavapai County Board of Supervisors which had come from the Little Colorado and Lower Lynx Creek precincts.  Witnesses testified that no election had been held at the Lower Lynx Creek precinct.  The Little Colorado precinct has returned 385 votes to the county seat despite witnesses claiming only 106 ballots being cast.  Bean announced his intention to run for Territorial Delegate again on April 29, 1876 but withdrew his candidacy that year after being accidentally shot with his own weapon a month later.

In 1878, Bean decided to run for a seat in the territorial legislature and was elected to a council (upper house) seat during the 1879 session.  During the session, he lobbied for creation of the office of territorial mineralogist.  Governor Fremont had proposed this position, which might have had a salary as much as $3000/year, with the possibility that the Governor might hold the newly created office in addition to his position as governor.  Friends lobbied for Bean to run to become mayor of Prescott in 1880.  The matter was dropped when it was realized that Bean's home being located outside of city limits made him ineligible for the position.

Bean ran again for Territorial Delegate in 1884.  Nominated during the territorial Republican convention on September 15, he ran on a platform that mirrored the national party platform but added a call for territorial officials to be selected from territorial residents, free public education, increased territorial control of land grants to the railroads, and reductions in the size of Indian reservations and amount spent on Indians.  The Democratic challenger as Cotesworth Pinckney Head, a prominent Prescott merchant.  Bean won the election by a vote of 6,747 to 5,595.

Upon his arrival to the United States Congress, Bean was assigned to the United States House Committee on Mines and Mining.  As a delegate, Bean secured a right of way for the Southern Pacific Railroad through the Maricopa and Pima Indian reservations.  This allowed the railroad to build a spur from its main line at Maricopa to Phoenix.  He was unsuccessful however in  efforts to block the Harrison Act of 1886 which limited the territorial legislature's ability to grant subsidies to railroads and incur additional territorial debt.  Other proposals by Bean included a reward for the capture or killing of Geronimo, adding another judge to the territorial supreme court, and incentives for creation of artesian wells.

Republican's unanimously renominated Bean for a second term in 1886.  The territorial platform criticized the Cleveland administration for being too pro-Wall Street, called for Union Army veterans to be given a pension, and called for a prohibition on Chinese immigration.  Bean was defeated by the Democratic challenger, Marcus A. Smith, 4,472 to 6,355.

Death
After leaving office, Bean returned to his mining interests in Arizona.  He was seen as a potential candidate for governor in 1889 but withdrew his name due to his wife's displeasure with life on the frontier and growing financial concerns.  Bean moved to New York City in 1890 but maintained a legal address in Arizona.  He remained his home in New York for the rest of his life but made numerous trips westward to look after his business interests.  Bean died on February 1, 1904.  His body was buried in Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery.

References

External links

1828 births
1904 deaths
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
People from Tamworth, New Hampshire
Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from Arizona Territory
Union College (New York) alumni
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
New York (state) Republicans
Tennessee Republicans
Members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
Members of the Arizona Territorial Legislature
Businesspeople from New York City
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Arizona
19th-century American politicians
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
People from Gilmanton, New Hampshire
Politicians from Prescott, Arizona
19th-century American businesspeople

Curtis Coe Bean


Falkland is a town in Fife, Scotland, UK.

Falkland Palace is in the town. James IV started building it in 1500. It is the best example of French-influenced Renaissance architecture in the United Kingdom. Mary, Queen of Scots came to visit often.

A fire happened when Oliver Cromwell's troops stayed in the palace. The fire in 1654 destroyed the East Range. The Court never came back to Falkland Palace after 1665.  In the late 19th century rebuilding and restoration work began.  Today the palace and gardens are open to the public through the National Trust for Scotland.

References

Towns in Fife

Falkland, Fife


Aglibol is a god from Palmyra, originating from a north Syrian immigrant community. He is a moon god who was worshiped in the ancient Syrian city of Palmyra as part of a triad alongside Bel and Yarhibol, and associated with the sun god Malakbel.

Evidence of Aglibol's worship is primarily epigraphical. The earliest known mention of Aglibol was an inscription which dates back to 17 BCE and associates him with the sun god Malakbel. Several other inscriptions made by the Bene Komare also associate him with Malakbel, including a bilingual inscription from 122 CE in which Aglibol and Malakbel sponsor a citizen by the name of Manai for his piety.

Several second century CE inscriptions attest that Aglibol was venerated with Malakbel in a sanctuary known as the "Sacred Garden" (gnt' 'ilym), which was one of the four principal sanctuaries of the city. The Bene Komare tended to this sanctuary.

The sanctuary had two altars, a sacred cypress and a bath. One of the reliefs found in the Temple of Bel show the two altars and the two gods.

See also
 List of angels in theology
 List of lunar deities

References

Citations

Sources

External links

West Semitic gods
Lunar gods

Aglibol


The Liberal Party of Australia (South Australian Division), commonly called the SA Liberals, is the South Australian branch of the Liberal Party, a centre-right, liberal conservative political party in Australia. It is currently in Opposition. Its current leader is David Speirs and its deputy leader is John Gardner.

Political parties in South Australia
Liberal Party of Australia


Abi Kusno Nachran (1940 in Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia - July 24, 2006) was an Indonesian rainforest preservation activist.

Life
Abi Kusno Nachran was a Dayak, born in the rainforest of Kalimantan Tengah in Borneo. As a young man, he left his village to study. After dropping out of school, he worked in the municipal government of Pangkalanbun, where he participated in the widespread corruption and was also involved in the cover-up of illegal logging operations.

After a pilgrimage to Mecca, he began to feel ashamed of his behavior. He traveled the countryside and found that the forest of his childhood, among others, was destroyed. Nachran began fighting for the preservation of rainforests. As a journalist, he wrote articles against forest destruction and made inquiries against illegal loggers and dealers. He received multiple death threats. In November 2001, he was able to ensure that ships with 54,000 cubic meters of illegally harvested timber were seized.

20 days later, he was attacked in Pangkalanbun by 20 men with machetes and severely injured. His body was found in a pool of his own blood, and, believed to be dead, he was taken to a mortuary. By moving a toe on his left foot, he was able to move the shroud away and provide proof of his vitality. He was then taken to a hospital. The Indonesian doctor who treated him and studied in Hamburg and suggested that he be operated upon there. To come up with the €15,000 for the operation, Nachran sold his property and got the remainder from donors, with the hospital waiving a portion of the fee. Even after the surgery, he remained weakened by his injuries.

Nachran continued his struggle, becoming a member of the Indonesian parliament in Jakarta. In 2003, he again traveled to Germany to receive the Dr.-Goetze-Geo-Preis.

In July 2006, Abi Kusno Nachran was killed in a traffic accident

External links
 Greenpeace Magazin on Abi Kusno Nachran
 "Dr. Götze Geo-Preis" for Abi Kusno Nachran
 Greenpeace: Interview
 Obituary at Regenwald.org

Indonesian conservationists
Indonesian politicians
Indonesian journalists
2006 deaths
1940 births
Road incident deaths in Indonesia
20th-century journalists

Abi Kusno Nachran


Charles Duncan Michener (September 22, 1918 – November 1, 2015) was an American entomologist born in Pasadena, California. He was a leading expert on bees, his magnum opus being The Bees of the World published in 2000.

Biography
Much of his career was devoted to the systematics and natural history of bees. His first peer-reviewed publication was in 1934, at the age of 16. He received his BS in 1939 and his PhD in entomology in 1941, from the University of California, Berkeley. He remained in California until 1942, when he became an assistant curator of Lepidoptera at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.

In 1944 he published a classification system for bees that was soon adopted worldwide, and was in use until 1993 and 1995, when he co-authored new classifications. From 1943 to 1946, Michener also served as a first lieutenant and captain in the United States Army Sanitary Corps, where he researched insect-borne diseases, and described the life cycle of the common chigger.

Michener joined the faculty of the University of Kansas in 1948 as associate professor of entomology. He was chairman of the Entomology Department from 1949 to 1961, and then again from 1972 to 1975. He was awarded a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship in 1955, and again in 1966. He was awarded the Watkins Distinguished Professor of Entomology in 1958, won a Fulbright Scholarship to Australia in 1958, was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1965, and became director of the Snow Entomological Museum (now part of the University of Kansas Natural History Museum, itself now a division within the University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute) in 1974. In February 2001, the Association of American Publishers gave its prestigious R.R. Hawkins Award for the Outstanding Professional Reference or Scholarly Work of 2000 to Michener's opus, The Bees of the World.

Michener's work on social evolution in the Halictidae in the 1960s helped set the stage for the sociobiology revolution of the 1970s, with E. O. Wilson relying to a great degree on Michener's concepts regarding the paths from solitary to highly social life.

Along with his research activities and teaching, Michener was the editor of the academic journals Evolution from 1962 to 1964, the associate editor of the Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics from 1970 to 1985, and the American editor of Insectes Sociaux from 1954 to 1955, again from 1970 to 1985. He served as president of the Kansas Entomological Society in 1950, president of the Society for the Study of Evolution in 1967, president of the Society of Systematic Zoology in 1968, and president of the American Society of Naturalists in 1978. In 1977 he began his term as the president of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects and organized the 9th International Congress in 1982. He is also an honorary member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences. At the time of his retirement in 1989, Michener had already published over 340 articles and books, primarily on bee systematics and biology; in the same year, a fund was started with the University of Kansas Endowment Association for a scientific lecture series in Michener's name. He continued to publish through 2015.

Michener's long career also included the training of more than 80 master's and doctoral students, among them Jim Baker, Edward M. Barrows, Suzanne W. T. Batra, Michael D. Breed, Denis Brothers, Sydney Cameron, Jim Cane, Paul R. Ehrlich, George Eickwort, Les Greenberg, William Gutierrez, Alexander Hawkins, Dwight Kamm, Robert Minckley, William Ramirez, Radclyffe Roberts, Brian H. Smith, Thomas Snyder, William Wcislo, John Wenzel, Alvaro Wille, and Douglas Yanega.

References

Selected bibliography

 Michener, C. D. (1974). The Social Behavior of the Bees. Harvard University Press. 404 pp.
 Michener, C. D. (2000). The Bees of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. 913 pp.

1918 births
2015 deaths
American entomologists
Hymenopterists
Insect-borne diseases
People associated with the American Museum of Natural History
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Scientists from Kansas
University of California, Berkeley alumni

Charles Duncan Michener


Mont-St-Hilaire is a small town in the province of Quebec. This small city is along the Richelieu River on the south shore of Montreal city. In 2011, Mont-St-Hilaire had a population of 18 000 citizens. There are many new neighborhoods on the mountain side.

History
The first Lord of Mont-St-Hilaire was Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville in 1694. Mr. Hertel bought the mountain before anyone was living there. In 1745, the first village was built. In 1768, the first road "Chemin de La Montagne" was built to give access to the first citizens.

In 1837, the Mont St-Hilaire's church was built. In 1898, a famous painter named Ozias Leduc painted the church. The sculptor Jodi Bonnet and the painters Ozias Leduc and Paul-Émile Borduas lived in the town.

Activity
Many activities are available in this small city. You could hiking in the mountain, picking apple, or to get one the bicycle on the cycle track

References

Settlements in Quebec

Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Quebec


In North Macedonia, the most common religion is Eastern Orthodox Christianity, practiced mainly by ethnic Macedonians, Serbians, Vlakhs, and Romanis. The vast majority of the Eastern Orthodox in the country belong to the Macedonian Orthodox Church, which declared autocephaly from the Serbian Orthodox Church in 1967.

Muslims are the second-largest religious group with almost one-third of the population adhering to Islam, mainly from the country's Albanian, Roma, Turkish, Bosniak, and Torbeši population. There are also many other religious groups in North Macedonia, including Catholicism, Protestantism, and Judaism.

In 2011, through a survey carried out by Ipsos MORI, the religious composition of North Macedonia was found to be 70.7% Christian, divided in 69.6% Eastern Orthodox and 0.4% Catholics and Protestants, and 28.6% Muslim, with unaffiliated Muslims making up the 25.6%.

According to the 2021 official census, the religious composition of North Macedonia was 60.44% Christian of all denominations, 32.17% Muslim, 0.59% atheist or agnostic, and 7.26% other or undefined (predominantly orthodox Macedonians as per registries).

Christianity

Eastern Orthodoxy

Eastern Orthodoxy has had a long history in North Macedonia, and remains the majority religion.  In 1019 the Archbishopric of Ohrid was established. In 1767 on order of the Sultan, the Archbishopric was abolished by the Turkish authorities and annexed to the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries there was an effort to reinstate the Archbishopric of Ohrid. The Macedonian Orthodox Church gained autonomy from the Serbian Orthodox Church in 1959 and declared the restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid. On July 19, 1967, the Macedonian Orthodox Church declared autocephaly from the Serbian Orthodox Church. Most Macedonians belong to the Orthodox faith. In 2001 the Church had about 1,350,000 adherents in North Macedonia. The Serbian Orthodox Church congregates primarily the ethnic Macedonian Serbs.

Catholicism

In 2001 the Holy See established the Byzantine Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Macedonia. Currently, members of the Macedonian Catholic Church number about 11,266. It is a Byzantine Rite sui juris particular church in full communion with Pope and the rest of the Catholic Church, alongside the Eastern Catholic Churches and uses Macedonian in the liturgy. The census of 2021 registered 6,746 Catholics.

Protestantism

There are a number of Protestants in North Macedonia. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, American missionaries converted villages in the Strumica-Petrich region to Methodism, a faith still practiced. There is also a small community of Macedonian Baptists which has existed since 1928.

Islam

Islam has had a significant influence in North Macedonia since the Ottoman conquests in the 14th and 15th centuries. Many Turks settled in the region of Macedonia and introduced aspects of Islamic culture. Most Albanians and some ethnic Macedonians converted to Islam. These Macedonian Muslims or Torbeši generally retained their Macedonian culture and customs while many were assimilated as Turks. By the 19th Century most of the cities were primarily populated by Muslims. The Šarena Džamija in Tetovo is a legacy of the country's Ottoman past. In 2002, Muslims form approximately 33.33% of the nation's total population. According to the census of 2021, the share of Muslims was 32.17% of the total (resident) population, which was slightly lower compared to 33.33% in the census of 2002.

Judaism

Jews had been present when the region now called the Republic of North Macedonia was under Roman rule in the second century AD. The population was decimated by the Crusades, but rose again following the immigration of Sephardic Jews under the Ottoman Empire. In the Second World War, North Macedonia was occupied by Bulgaria, an Axis power, and the Jews were sent to concentration camps. As in the rest of the Balkans, the Holocaust and immigration to Israel means that North Macedonia now has a much smaller Jewish community, numbering roughly 200. It is mainly based in the capital, Skopje, and has no functioning synagogue. The census of 2021 registered 74 "Members of the Jewish (Moses) community", with Jewish men forming the majority of this community (42 males compared to 32 females).

Religious freedom

The laws of North Macedonia prohibit religious discrimination and provide for equal rights for all citizens regardless religious belief, and people generally have the freedom to practice their religion without disruption. Religious organizations have complained about unfair treatment by the government around questions of building permits and property restitutions. There have been incidences of vandalism and theft against religious buildings.

In 2023, the country was scored 3 out of 4 for religious freedom.

See also
Demographics of North Macedonia
Hinduism in North Macedonia

References

Sources

Religion in North Macedonia


The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania is the main legal body used around the world by Jehovah's Witnesses to organize the religion and also to decide on its official list of beliefs. Members of Jehovah's Witnesses usually call it just as "the Society". Its headquarters are in Brooklyn, New York in the United States and its rules allow only between 300 and 500 members. All of them must be "mature, active and faithful" male Jehovah's Witnesses.

A preacher, Charles Taze Russell, started the organization in 1881 as Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society, so he could share religious pamphlets with people. In 1896, its name was changed to Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society. When Russell died in 1916, a fight started between some of the society's directors and the man who took his place, Joseph Franklin Rutherford. The fight became very bitter and many of the people who had followed Russell, who were called International Bible Students, left and started other religious groups. But Rutherford stayed as president of the society and in 1931 the Bible Student groups around the world changed their name to Jehovah's witnesses. In 1955, the corporation changed its name again to Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. From 1976, the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses began to control all the decisions and the work of the Watch Tower Society.

History
Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society was started in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on February 16, 1881 to organize the printing and sharing of pamphlets written about God and the Bible. William Henry Conley, a Pittsburgh businessman, was its first president and  Russell was its secretary-treasurer. Its main publication was Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, a Bible-based magazine first published in 1879 by Russell. On December 15, 1884, the society became officially registered and Russell was listed as its president. Russell wrote its charter, or statement of its purpose, and explained that it was for "the mental, moral and religious improvement of men and women, by teaching the Bible by means of the publication and distribution of Bibles, books, papers, pamphlets and other Bible literature, and by providing oral lectures free for the people".

Anyone who gave $10 or more to the society was told they were a member of the society and could vote at its meetings, but Russell explained that all the decisions about what the society did would still be made by only two people—him and his wife Maria, who owned most of the shares. In his magazine, Russell explained that the Watch Tower Society was not a "religious society", but just a business organization with no set of official beliefs.

In 1900 the society opened its first overseas branch office in Britain. Another one opened in Germany in 1903 and then in Australia in 1904. In 1909 the society bought some property in Brooklyn and then moved its headquarters and staff there.

After Russell died in 1916, the Watch Tower Society's lawyer, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, was elected as its next president. But within a few months most of the seven board of directors complained that he was behaving like a dictator and not sharing information. A major fight broke out, and Rutherford told the four directors who criticised him that they were no longer on the board. In June 1917, the society published a book called The Finished Mystery and said it was the last of a series of Bible study books by Russell. The book made some very strong statements about the leaders of Catholic and Protestant churches and said they were wrong for taking part in the Great War. As a result, the Watch Tower Society's president and directors were jailed as traitors under the 1917 Espionage Act, although they were later allowed to leave jail and the government dropped the charges.

Until that time each congregation of Bible Students in the world made its own decisions, although they all studied Russell's books and followed his teachings. But Rutherford decided they should all have exactly the same set of beliefs and run their congregations the same way. He told them they had to obey what the Watch Tower Society's New York headquarters told them. A director was put into each congregation, and a year later all members were told to write out a report each week of what public preaching they had done. At an international meeting held at Cedar Point, Ohio, in September 1922, Rutherford began teaching that the Bible Students' most important job was to teach people about the Bible by visiting them at their homes. Watch Tower Society books began using the name "Jehovah" much more often when writing about God, and in 1931 Rutherford decided the religion would be called Jehovah's witnesses.

When Rutherford died in 1942, Nathan H. Knorr became the new president. Two years later he changed the words in the charter, or society's rules, to say that its main purposes were to preach about God's kingdom to people in all countries, and print and share Bibles and other books and magazines that would help them learn about that. The rules about who could be a member of the society were also changed, making it open only to a maximum of 500 men who would be chosen by the leaders of the society. Knorr died in 1977 and since then the presidents have been Frederick W. Franz, Milton G. Henschel and Don A. Adams.

What it does

The Watch Tower Society is a major publisher of religious books, magazines and Bibles. By 1979, it had 39 printing branches worldwide. In 1990 it was reported that in one year the society printed 696 million copies of its magazines, The Watchtower and Awake! as well as another 35,811,000 pieces of literature worldwide, which are offered door-to-door by Jehovah's Witnesses. In 2012, the Society said it prints more than 41 million copies of each magazine each month.

The society has about 20,000 workers at its New York headquarters and branch offices around the world, and says its staff are volunteers rather than employees. Workers receive a small monthly wage with meals and accommodation provided by the society. The "Bethel family" in the Brooklyn headquarters includes hairdressers, dentists, doctors, housekeepers and carpenters, as well as shops for repairing personal appliances, watches, shoes and clothing without charge for labor.

The society does not give any financial figures to the public, but it said in 2011 that it had spent more than $173 million that year to care for full-time preachers and traveling overseers. Most of its money comes from donations given by people when they take magazines, and most of that is used on its preaching work.

Presidents

References

Jehovah's Witnesses
New York City
1881 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in Pennsylvania
Christian organizations based in the United States


Baihao Yinzhen (; pronounced ), also known as White Hair Silver Needle, is a white tea produced in Fujian Province in China. Amongst white teas, this is the most expensive variety and the most prized, as only top buds (leaf shoot) of the Camellia sinensis plant are used to produce the tea. Genuine Silver Needles are made from cultivars of the Da Bai (Large White) tea tree family. There are other productions that look similar with downy leaf shoots but most are green teas, and as green teas, they taste differently and have a different biochemical potency than the genuine white tea Silver Needle. It is commonly included among China's famous teas.

Possible origins

In the early years of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty (AD 1796), Baihao Yinzhen was successfully cultivated from vegetable tea in Fuding. The export of Baihao Yinzhen started in 1891. Baihao Yinzhen used to be called Luxueya (绿雪芽, literally "green snow shoots"), which is regarded as the ancestor of white tea. The mother tree is planted in Hongxue Cave on Taimu Mountain in Fuding.

Plantation
Fuding, located in the northeast of Fujian Province, has mild and warm climate and plenty of rainfall. Perennial mean temperature is 18.4 °C. It is surrounded by hills on 3 sides and the East China Sea on 1 side. The position is  26°52′~27°26′ north, 119°55′~120°43′ east.

Production

A genuine Silver Needle is a white tea. As such, it is only lightly oxidized. The most sought after productions are from the first flushes, which generally take place between late March to early April, when the year's first new buds "flush". For the production of Silver Needle, only the leaf shoots, i.e. the leaf buds before opening, are plucked. Unlike the plucking of green tea, the ideal time and weather for plucking white tea is a sunny morning when the sun is high enough to have dried any remaining moisture on the buds.

Traditionally, the plucks are laid in shallow baskets to wilt under the sun for an extended period, and the best quality produced today are still made this way. To avoid loss due to sudden rain, gusts, or other accidents, some producers are taking the plucks indoors to wilt in a chamber with artificial warm air flow. The softened shoots are then piled for the required enzyme oxidation (often incorrectly referred to as fermentation) before they are taken for a low temperature bake-dry.

Two regions, Zhenghe and Fuding, spanning the north to north-eastern parts of the Fujian province are the major and original producers of this tea, although neighboring counties have also been producing. The two major cultivars employed by these regions are Fuding Da Bai and Zhenghe Da Bai, named after their origins. These differences are important to distinguish the two major styles of Silver Needles—the Zhenghe style and the Fuding style. The former is usually a lot darker, with significantly longer piled-up time for oxidation, yielding a tea with fuller body than the latter style, which is generally lighter with shorter oxidation. The character of the tea tree leaves of the former allows for the extended piled-up time without turning bad. Both styles have their own group of followers, as taste is a rather personal preference.

Baihao Yinzhen can be harvested in spring, summer and autumn. Spring tea has the highest quality and most abundant which makes up half of annual production.

Process

Hand-picking
Baihao Yinzhen is the tender bud of the white tea. It needs to be picked up before the buds open. Tea planters pick the leaves straight from the tea bush and put them into the baskets in dry sunny days.

Withering (sun drying)
The withering of white tea leaves is a natural process which needs the tea workers to use their real skills. The freshly picked leaves and buds are left in a dormant state for a maximum of 3 days to have them dried thoroughly.

Dehydrating
Drying the Baihao Yinzhen is an essential and challenging step. The process has a strict requirement of temperature and workers' skills. If the temperature fails to be in a specific range, the taste of Baihao Yinzhen will lose its unique taste.

Brewing
As with all white teas, it is best prepared with water below boiling (at around 75 to 80 degrees Celsius or 167 to 176 degrees Fahrenheit)   and produces a slightly viscous glittering pale yellow color with evidence of floating white hairs that reflect light. Baihao Yinzhen is said to smell of "fresh-cut hay", and the flavour is described as sweet, vegetal, and delicate. Steeping should be longer than other white teas; up to 5 minutes per brew, and the volume of tea to be used can be higher. There are few parallels to be drawn as the taste is not similar to any other teas but Bai Mu Dan, except the latter is fuller but not as sweet and delicate.

Storage
Baihao Yinzhen needs to be stored with a lower amount of moisture. If the bud turns into powder after squeezing it, it means the amount of humidity is low enough. If not, the tea needs to be brewed as soon as possible. Tinfoil cylinders, porcelains, and tinted glass bottles are the best containers for Baihao Yinzhen. Cans, wooden boxes and bamboo boxes are also acceptable. Baihao Yinzhen should be stored in dry and clean containers and a ventilated area. Also, the tea cannot be stored alongside things with strong smells like camphor, medicines, cosmetics, and detergents.

See also
 Bai Mu Dan tea
Shoumei tea
 Ceylon tea (white)
 Darjeeling tea (white)

References

External links
 Linus Pauling Institute on white tea
 Countries That Produces Bai Hao Yin Zhen or usually Silver Needle most popular white tea
High-quality white tea Bai Hao Yin Zhen

Chinese tea grown in Fujian
Chinese tea grown in Yunnan
Chinese tea grown in Jiangxi
White tea
Chinese teas

Baihao Yinzhen


Katharine Fuge (born 1968) is an English soprano in concert and recital who is known for her work with John Eliot Gardiner's Bach Cantata Pilgrimage of 2000.

Career
Fuge grew up on Jersey in the Channel Islands and studied in London at City, University of London and the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.

In 2000, she was part of John Eliot Gardiner's Bach Cantata Pilgrimage, both as a choir member of the Monteverdi Choir and as a soloist. In 2001 she performed Bach's St Matthew Passion with De Nederlandse Bachvereniging across Holland. She made her debut at The Proms and the Aldeburgh Festival in 2004, singing in Bach's Mass in B minor. In 2005 she recorded Bach's Actus Tragicus with the Ricercar Consort conducted by Philippe Pierlot.

In 2008, she performed the solo in Bach's St John Passion in the Philharmonie Luxembourg, with Christoph Prégardien as the Evangelist, Andreas Pruys as the vox Christi, Robin Blaze, Peter Kooij, the choir Arsys Bourgogne and the Concerto Köln, conducted by Pierre Cao. Again with the Ricercar Consort, she recorded Bach's funeral music Trauerode and Missa in A, BWV 234, with one voice per part. She recorded the soprano solo of Ein deutsches Requiem by Brahms live in 2007 and 2008, in concerts at Usher Hall in Edinburgh, with baritone Matthew Brook, the Monteverdi Choir and the Orchestre Révolutionnaire et Romantique, conducted by Gardiner. A reviewer noted the delicacy and clarity of her sound, while another reviewer said that "the vulnerability of her tone ... does not seem out of place, considering what she is actually singing about".

References

External links

 Katharine Fuge / Soprano Impulse Art Management

British sopranos
Jersey women
Alumni of City, University of London
Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama
1968 births
Living people

Katharine Fuge


In spherical geometry, a spherical circle (often shortened to circle) is the locus of points on a sphere at constant spherical distance (the spherical radius) from a given point on the sphere (the pole or spherical center). It is a curve of constant geodesic curvature relative to the sphere, analogous to a line or circle in the Euclidean plane; the curves analogous to straight lines are called great circles, and the curves analogous to planar circles are called small circles or lesser circles.

Fundamental concepts

Intrinsic characterization

A spherical circle with zero geodesic curvature is called a great circle, and is a geodesic analogous to a straight line in the plane. A great circle separates the sphere into two equal hemispheres, each with the great circle as its boundary. If a great circle passes through a point on the sphere, it also passes through the antipodal point (the unique furthest other point on the sphere). For any pair of distinct non-antipodal points, a unique great circle passes through both. Any two points on a great circle separate it into two arcs analogous to line segments in the plane; the shorter is called the minor arc and is the shortest path between the points, and the longer is called the major arc.

A circle with non-zero geodesic curvature is called a small circle, and is analogous to a circle in the plane. A small circle separates the sphere into two spherical disks or spherical caps, each with the circle as its boundary. For any triple of distinct non-antipodal points a unique small circle passes through all three. Any two points on the small circle separate it into two arcs, analogous to circular arcs in the plane.

Every circle has two antipodal poles (or centers) intrinsic to the sphere. A great circle is equidistant to its poles, while a small circle is closer to one pole than the other. Concentric circles are sometimes called parallels, because they each have constant distance to each-other, and in particular to their concentric great circle, and are in that sense analogous to parallel lines in the plane.

Extrinsic characterization

If the sphere is isometrically embedded in Euclidean space, the sphere's intersection with a plane is a circle, which can be interpreted extrinsically to the sphere as a Euclidean circle: a locus of points in the plane at a constant Euclidean distance (the extrinsic radius) from a point in the plane (the extrinsic center). A great circle lies on a plane passing through the center of the sphere, so its extrinsic radius is equal to the radius of the sphere itself, and its extrinsic center is the sphere's center. A small circle lies on a plane not passing through the sphere's center, so its extrinsic radius is smaller than that of the sphere and its extrinsic center is an arbitrary point in the interior of the sphere. Parallel planes cut the sphere into parallel (concentric) small circles; the pair of parallel planes tangent to the sphere are tangent at the poles of these circles, and the diameter through these poles, passing through the sphere's center and perpendicular to the parallel planes, is called the axis of the parallel circles.

The sphere's intersection with a second sphere is also a circle, and the sphere's intersection with a concentric right circular cylinder or right circular cone is a pair of antipodal circles.

Applications

Geodesy
In the geographic coordinate system on a globe, the parallels of latitude are small circles, with the Equator the only great circle. By contrast, all meridians of longitude, paired with their opposite meridian in the other hemisphere, form great circles.

Notes

References

Spherical curves
Circles

Spherical circle