Weyto is a speculative extinct language thought to have been spoken in the Lake Tana region of Ethiopia by the Weyto, a small group of hippopotamus hunters who now speak Amharic.

The Weyto language was first mentioned by the Scottish traveler James Bruce, who spoke Amharic. Bruce passed through the area about 1770 and reported that "the Weyto speak a language radically different from any of those in Abyssinia," but was unable to obtain any "certain information" on it, despite prevailing upon the king to send for two Weyto men for him to ask questions, which they would "neither answer nor understand" even when threatened with hanging.  The next European to report on the Weyto, Eugen Mittwoch, described them as uniformly speaking a dialect of Amharic (Mittwoch 1907).  This report was confirmed by Marcel Griaule when he passed through in 1928, although he added that at one point a Weyto sang an unrecorded song "in the dead language of the Wohitos" whose meaning the singer himself did not understand, except for a handful of words for hippopotamus body parts which, he says, had remained in use.

This Amharic dialect is described by Marcel Cohen (1939) as featuring a fair number of words derived from Amharic roots but twisted in sound or meaning in order to confuse outsiders, making it a sort of argot. In addition, the dialect had a small number of Cushitic loanwords not found in standard Amharic, and a large number of Arabic loanwords mainly related to Islam.  Of the substantial wordlist collected by Griaule, Cohen only considered six terms to be etymologically obscure: šəlkərít "fish-scale", qəntat "wing", čəgəmbit "mosquito", annessa "shoulder", ənkies "hippopotamus thigh", wazəməs "hippopotamus spine."  By 1965, the visiting anthropologist Frederick Gamst found "no surviving native words, not even relating to their hunting and fishing work tasks." (Gamst 1965.)

The paucity of the data available has not prevented speculation on the classification of their original language; Cohen suggested that it might have been either an Agaw language or a non-Amharic Semitic language, while Dimmendaal (1989) says it "probably belonged to Cushitic" (as does Agaw), and Gamst (1965) says "...it can be assumed that if the Wäyto did not speak Amharic 200 years ago, their language must have been Agäw..."  According to the Ethnologue, Bender et al. (1976) saw it as Cushitic, while Bender 1983 saw it as either Eastern Sudanic or Awngi.  It thus effectively remains unclassified, largely for lack of data, but possibly related to Agaw.

References

Sources
 Bender, M. L., J. D. Bowen, C. A. Cooper, and C. A. Ferguson, eds. 1976. Language in Ethiopia. Oxford University Press.
 Bender, M. L., ed. 1983.  Nilo-Saharan language studies. Dallas, Texas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 Bruce, James M. 1790.  Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile, 1768-73 (5 vols.)  Edinburgh: G. Robinson & J. Robinson. (vol. iii, p. 403)
 Cohen, Marcel.  Nouvelles Etudes d'Ethiopien Méridional. Paris: Champion.  pp. 358–371.
 Dimmendaal, Gerrit. 1989. "On Language Death in Eastern Africa", in Dorian, Nancy C. (ed.), Investigating obsolescence: Studies in language contraction and death (Studies in the Social and Cultural Foundations of Language 7.)  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
 Gamst, Frederick.  1965.  Travel and research in northern Ethiopia.  (Notes for Anthropologists and Other Field Workers in Ethiopia 2.)  Addis Ababa Institute for Ethiopian Studies, Haile Selassie I University.
 Gamst, Frederick.  1979.  "Wayto ways: Change from hunting to peasant life", in Hess (ed.), Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B.  Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago Circle.
 Gamst, Frederick.  1984.  "Wayto", in Weeks, R. V. (ed.), Muslim peoples: a world ethnographic survey, 2nd edition, (2 vols.)  Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
 Griaule, Marcel.  Les flambeurs d'hommes.  Paris 1934.
 Mittwoch, Eugen. 1907.  "Proben aus dem amharischen Volksmund", Mittheilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin 10(2), pp. 185–241.
 Sommer, Gabriele.  "A survey on language death in Africa", in Matthias Brenziger (ed.), Language Death: Factual and Theoretical Explorations with Special Reference to East Africa.  Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter 1992.

Languages of Ethiopia
Extinct languages of Africa
Unattested languages of Africa
Languages extinct in the 19th century

Weyto language


The Ireland cricket team represents all of Ireland. They participate in Test, ODI and Twenty20 matches on an international level. They are the 11th Full Member of the International Cricket Council (ICC), having been awarded Test status, along with Afghanistan, on 22 June 2017.

Ireland played their first ODI in 2006 against England. Since then, they have gone on to play 117 ODIs, resulting in 51 victories, 57 defeats, 7 no results, and 3 ties. Contracts for players were introduced in 2009, marking the transition to becoming a professional team. Cricket Ireland is the sport's governing body in Ireland.

Cricket was introduced to Ireland in the 19th century, and the first match played by an Ireland team was in 1855. Ireland toured Canada and the United States in the late 19th century, and occasionally hosted matches against touring sides. Rivalry with the Scotland national cricket team was established when the teams first played each other in 1888. Ireland's maiden first-class match was played in 1902.

In 1993 the Irish Cricket Union, the predecessor to Cricket Ireland, was elected to the ICC as an Associate member. Associates are the next level of team below those that play Test cricket. Due to their successes in the Intercontinental Cup and at the World Cup, they were labelled the "leading Associate" and stated their intention to become a full member by 2020. This intention was realised in June 2017, when the ICC unanimously decided to award Ireland and Afghanistan full Test status, which will allow them to participate in test matches.

Ireland qualified for the Cricket World Cup for the first time in 2007, and has since played in the 2011 and 2015 tournaments. They also qualified for the 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2014 World Twenty20 competitions. Ireland also play international cricket in the ICC Intercontinental Cup, which they have won four times since 2005, including the most recent competition in 2013.

ඉතිහාසය
Cricket was introduced to Ireland by the English in the towns of Kilkenny and Ballinasloe in the early 19th century. In the 1830s, the game began to spread; many of the clubs which were founded in the following 30 years are still in existence today. The first Irish national team played in 1855 against The Gentlemen of England in Dublin. In the 1850s, the Englishman Charles Lawrence was responsible for developing the game in Ireland through his coaching. In the 1850s and 1860s, Ireland was visited for the first time by touring professional teams. Ireland's first match against Marylebone Cricket Club (the M.C.C.) was in 1858.

The game gained popularity until the early 1880s. The land war in the 1880s resulting from the Irish Land Commission and a ban on playing "foreign" games, in practice, British, by the Gaelic Athletic Association set back the spread of cricket. The ban was lifted in 1970, and before then anyone playing foreign games,  such as cricket was banned from the Irish games such as hurling and Gaelic football. Irish teams toured Canada and the USA in 1879, 1888, 1892, and 1909. On top of this, Ireland defeated a touring South African side in 1904. Their first match with first-class status was played on 19 May 1902 against a London County side including W.G. Grace. The Irish, captained by Sir Tim O'Brien, won convincingly by 238 runs.

After the 1902 tour of England, where four matches yielded one win, two draws and one loss, Ireland did not play first-class cricket again for five years. Although the team had lost to the South Africans in 1894 – Ireland's first match against a Test-playing nation – Ireland defeated South Africa in 1904; it was the team's first victory against a Test side. In 1909, the first annual first-class match between Ireland and Scotland was held, and an annual match against the MCC was arranged from 1924 onwards.

The Irish played yearly first-class matches with the Scots, only interrupted by world wars, until 1999, but all their other cricket depended upon touring international sides finding it convenient to include a visit to Ireland in their schedules. However, Ireland sometimes surprised Test nations on these occasions, beating the West Indies by 60 runs in a three-day match in Dublin in 1928, for example; it was Ireland's first match against the West Indies. In 1969, in a match played at Sion Mills in County Tyrone, the team defeated a West Indian side including Clive Lloyd and Clyde Walcott by nine wickets, after bowling them out for 25. This was the last time Ireland defeated a touring side until 2003, when they beat Zimbabwe by ten wickets.

The Scots and the Irish were mostly competing with Sri Lanka for the title as the best non-Test nation at the time – indeed, Ireland drew with Sri Lanka in a rain-hit first-class match in 1979, Ireland scoring a total of 341 for 7 in two innings, while Sri Lanka made 288 for 6 in one innings. Ireland, along with Scotland and the Netherlands, has at times played in competitions for English county cricket sides, including the Benson & Hedges Cup and the Friends Provident Trophy (previously the C&G Trophy). Since there is no nationality restriction in county cricket, non-Irish people were allowed to compete for Ireland in these matches. For example, Hansie Cronje of South Africa played for Ireland in 1997, as did New Zealander Jesse Ryder in 2007.

Ireland joined the ICC as an Associate member in 1993, a year before Scotland. This meant Ireland could play in the ICC Trophy for the first time in 1994, and they finished seventh in the tournament. Three years later they progressed to the semi-finals of the competition but lost the third place play-off with Scotland, thus missing a place at the 1999 cricket World Cup. Ireland finished eighth in the 2001 tournament. After this, Adrian Birrell was hired as coach.

With the introduction of the ICC Intercontinental Cup in 2004, Ireland had a chance to play first-class on a regular basis. After failing to progress beyond the group stages in the 2004 competition, Ireland won their first Cup title in October 2005 with a six-wicket win over Kenya. The 2005 ICC Trophy, which was hosted in Ireland – the group stages in Belfast, Northern Ireland, the final stages in Dublin, Republic of Ireland – saw the Irish make the final, which they lost to Scotland. Though Ireland were runners-up, they had secured their place at the 2007 World Cup as well as an extra $500,000 over the next four years from the ICC to encourage development of Irish cricket. They also gained official ODI.

Ireland's inaugural ODI was played in front of a full house of 7,500 spectators at Stormont, Belfast, on 13 June 2006 against England. It was the first time Ireland had played the full England side. Though Ireland lost by 38 runs, they were praised by Andrew Strauss, England's stand-in captain.

August saw them participate in Division One of the European Championship, against Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands and Scotland. The games against the Netherlands and Scotland had ODI status. In the tournament, and what was the team's second ODI, Ireland recorded their first ODI win, beating fellow Associates Scotland by 85 runs after man-of-the-match Eoin Morgan made 99. Although the match against the Netherlands was a no-result, Ireland won the European Championship title. Ireland's second Intercontinental Cup title came in the 2006–2007 competition. They faced Canada in the final and won by an innings and 115 runs, the four-day match concluding within two days. This made Ireland the first team to successfully defend the Continental Cup.

For the 2006 season, the C&G Trophy was reorganised to include a round-robin stage instead of being entirely knock-out. Whereas Ireland had only one match guaranteed in the tournament before, they now had more fixtures against English county sides. Ireland recorded one win in their nine matches. Ireland participated in the competition until it was restructured again in 2009. In that time they played 25 matches and won two. The latter of those victories was against Worcestershire; in that match Ireland bowled Worcestershire out for 58, which was their lowest ever one-day total. It was the first time that Ireland had bowled out a county for less than 100. Ireland were invited to participate in the reformatted competition from 2010 onwards, but chose not to do so, and instead focused their limited financial resources on international cricket.

January 2007 saw the start of more than three months of almost constant cricket. First was a visit to Kenya, where they took part in Division One of the ICC World Cricket League. They finished fifth in the league after four narrow defeats, and Kenya won the league. Before the World Cup, the team participated in a high-performance camp in South Africa. Ireland's performance in their inaugural World Cup in the 2007 Cricket World Cup took many pundits by surprise. In their first game, on 15 March, they tied with Zimbabwe, primarily thanks to Ireland's first ever World Cup century by man-of-the-match Jeremy Bray and economical bowling in the final overs by Trent Johnston and Andre Botha. In their second match, played on Saint Patrick's Day, they beat the fourth-ranked team in the world, Pakistan, by three wickets, thus knocking Pakistan out of the competition.

These two results were enough to advance Ireland to the Super 8 stage of the tournament.In their final group stage game, the West Indies beat them by eight wickets. In the Super 8 stage, they lost their four matches against England, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia, and Sri Lanka, but recorded a 74-run victory against Test playing nation Bangladesh, the 9th ranked team in the world. The team received a heroes' welcome in Dublin.

After the World Cup, former West Indies cricketer Phil Simmons took over the role of coach from Birrell. India were scheduled to play South Africa in a series of One Day Internationals in Ireland in June 2007. Ireland also played one-off matches at Stormont against the two teams. Missing several players from their World Cup squad, Ireland lost both games. Ireland hosted a quadrangular tournament in Dublin and Belfast in July involving the West Indies, the Netherlands, and Scotland. Ireland and the West Indies both won their games against Scotland and the Netherlands with their direct encounter ending in no result due to rain. The West Indies won the tournament because of a bonus point won against the Netherlands. Trent Johnston stepped down as captain and was replaced by William Porterfield in March 2008.

The 2007–08 ICC Intercontinental Cup began in June, with Ireland playing their first match in August. In November 2008, the team's campaign ended. After finishing second in the round-robin stage of the competition, Ireland faced Namibia in the final. Ireland won by nine wickets, securing their third consecutive Intercontinental Cup title. In March 2008 Ireland toured Bangladesh, playing three ODIs against the hosts and losing all of them. In July, Ireland played a tri-series against New Zealand and Scotland in Aberdeen but lost both matches.

Reigning champions Ireland hosted the European Cricket Championship (Division One) in late July and they won their third European title, winning every match, including the decisive encounter against Scotland by seven wickets. In early August, Ireland hosted five other Associate nations at the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier in Belfast; this was Ireland's Twenty20 International debut. Ireland would have faced the Netherlands in the final, however the match was rained off and the teams shared the trophy. By getting to the final of the tournament, Ireland qualified for the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 in England in June 2009. Later in August, Ireland were due to play three ODIs at home against Kenya. Ireland won the first game, the second game could not be finished due to rain and the last match was completely washed out. In October, the team visited Kenya for a tri-series of ODIs with the hosts and Zimbabwe. Only two of Ireland's four games in the round-robin stage could be played, the others were rained off. Ireland lost their first match to Zimbabwe, but won their second against Kenya, though they failed to qualify for the final.

In the run-up to the 2009 ICC World Twenty20, Ireland were deprived of batsman Eoin Morgan, similarly to Ed Joyce several years earlier, who was selected to play for England, making him ineligible to play for Ireland again. Ireland played their first Twenty20 International against a full ICC member side on 8 June 2009 and in their opening match of the tournament defeated Bangladesh by four wickets and knocked them out of the tournament. Ireland progressed to the second stage of the competition. They were grouped with New Zealand, Pakistan and Sri Lanka and lost all three of their matches. In 2009, Ireland played nine ODIs, winning the seven they played against Associate nations, losing their only match against a Test team (England), and one match was abandoned.

Ireland played 17 One Day Internationals in 2010, winning 11 (including a victory over Bangladesh) and losing six. Ireland were knocked out of the 2010 ICC World Twenty20, hosted by South Africa in April and May, after being beaten by the West Indies and a washed out match against England.

The 2011 Cricket World Cup was held between February and March and hosted by Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. Though Ireland did not progress beyond the first round they secured a historic victory against England. Ireland beat England by 3 wickets with Kevin O'Brien hitting the fastest century in World Cup history, managing the feat in just 50 balls. In passing England's total of 327 for victory, Ireland broke the record for the highest successful run chase in the World Cup.

Shortly after the tournament ended, the ICC announced that the World Cups in 2015 and 2019 would contain ten teams; the Associate countries, who were most likely to miss out in a tournament with fewer teams strongly objected, and, led by Ireland, urged the ICC to reconsider. In June the decision was reversed. After the World Cup Ireland played Pakistan, England, and Scotland in ODIs but lost each match. A further ODI against Sri Lanka was rained off. In all, Ireland played 12 ODIs in 2011, winning four.

Ireland qualified for the 2015 Cricket World Cup, and were promoted to the ICC ODI Championship, leaving the World Cricket League, but not the ICC Intercontinental Cup. In their first match of the World Cup, Ireland defeated the West Indies by 4 wickets, chasing down 304 runs with 25 balls to spare.

In their second match they beat the United Arab Emirates by two wickets with four balls to spare; the target was 279. Out of only five successful World Cup chases of 300 runs or more, Ireland have provided three.

In July 2016, Ireland played in its first five-match ODI series against Afghanistan which ended 2-2 with the first ODI being washed out. In September, Ireland toured South Africa for a one match ODI series against Australia and the hosts but lost both games. At the ICC's board meeting in October, Ireland was awarded first-class status for its domestic competition, the Inter-Provincial Championship.
In May 2017, Ireland travelled to England to play a two-match ODI series for the first time, though they ended up losing both games.

මුලාශ්‍ර

අයර්ලන්ත ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම


A micro-hydro power (MHP) plant is a type of hydroelectric power scheme that produces electricity using a flowing stream or a water flow. Micro-hydro systems are generally used in developing countries to provide electricity to isolated communities or rural villages where electricity grid is not available. Feeding back into the national grid when electricity production is in surplus is also evident in some cases. The micro-hydro scheme design can be approached as per household basis or at the village level often involving local materials and labor

Electricity

Micro-Hydropower


Marie Hamsun (born Marie Andersen) (19 November 1881 – 4 August 1969) was a Norwegian actress and writer.

Biography
Marie Andersen was born in Elverum, Hedmark, Norway. She was the eldest child in an affluent family. In 1897 the family moved to Christiania, where her father was involved in the property trade for twenty years until he bought the farm in Åneby in Nittedal.  She attended Ragna Nielsen's private school, where in 1901 she took final exams. Then she worked for three years as a governess and teacher. The Norwegian actor Society headed by Dore Lavik took her in as an actress. In the following years she toured around in Norway, until she was hired as a student at the National Theatre in 1907. In 1909, she became the second wife of the noted author, Knut Hamsun, with whom she had four children, sons Tore and Arild and daughters Eleanor and Cecilia.

She wrote two collections of poems and several children's books. Hamsun's work has been translated to several other languages, including Swedish, German, English, Latvian, Finnish and Dutch. She also published two biographies about her life with Knut Hamsun: Regnbuen (The Rainbow) (1953) and Under gullregnen (1959).

Marie Hamsun shared her husband's political views, and her support for the Third Reich and the German occupation forces during World War II exceeded that of her husband. She was a member of Vidkun Quisling's Nazi party Nasjonal Samling, and she frequently toured German cities reciting the works of Knut Hamsun during the early years of the war. In 1947, she was sentenced to three years of hard labor for treason, but due to a general amnesty she was jailed for only 9 months.

References

1881 births
1969 deaths
People from Elverum
Norwegian writers
Members of Nasjonal Samling
Norwegian women writers
People convicted of treason for Nazi Germany against Norway
Marie
Norwegian women in World War II
Norwegian people of World War II

Marie Hamsun


Mauro Ramos (30 August, 1930 – 18 September, 2002) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. Regarded as one of the best Brazilian centre-backs of all time and is considered to be one of the greatest defenders in the 1950s and 1960s, he was praised throughout his career for his aerial ability, marking, his leadership, long passing, blocking shots and tackling. Italian sports journalist Gianni Brera believed Mauro to be the best sweeper in the history of the game.

Club career
He made his debut in adult football in 1947, playing for the "Sanjuanense" team. With his game for this team, he attracted the attention of representatives of the coaching staff of "Sao Paulo" , which he joined in 1948. Played the next eleven seasons of his playing career for the Sao Paulo team. Most of his time with São Paulo, he was the team's main defensive player and won four São Paulo state championships with the team. In 1960, he moved to the club "Santos", nicknamed "Os Santásticos", which was considered to be one of the greatest clubs in the world, he played 7 seasons. While playing for Santos, he also mostly appeared on the field in the main team and won five more state championships, but the greatest achievement for the player was two consecutive victories in the Copa Libertadores (1962, 1963), which allowed the team to play in the Intercontinental Cup. In both draws, "Santus" defeated European rivals, becoming the strongest team in the world two years in a row. He ended his professional career as a football player with performances for the "Santos" team in 1967. He moved abroad for the first time in his career in 1967 he played for Toluca until 1968 and he retired due groin injury.

International career
In 1948, he made his debut in official matches as part of the Brazilian national team. The following year, he was part of the national team, he participated in the 1949 South American Championship in Brazil, winning the title of continental champion that year.

Nevertheless, Ramos did not go to the 1950 World Cup the following year. The reason for this was that the head coach Flávio Costa, under pressure from the Confederation's football officials in the "confrontation" between the players from Sao Paulo (Paulistas) and Rio de Janeiro (Carioca), who made up the Brazilian national team, made his choice in favor of Carioca. However, thanks to this, Ramos was able to become a unique record holder for the generation of Brazilian "double champions". Because after losing the decisive match of the 1950 "World Cup" (Maracanazo), a total "purging of the ranks" took place in the Brazilian national team. Ramos was able to successfully pass it and later become a two-time world champion. Most of the "bi-champions" never managed to become champions of South America (including Pelé).

Four years later, at the 1954 World Cup in Switzerland, already under Zezé Moreira, Mauro Ramos was on the application list, but did not play in a single match, giving up the position of central defender to Fluminense player Pinheiro. After that, Mauro played in the 1956 South American Championship in Uruguay, finishing fourth, In 1957 Mauro was almost not named for the Copa América, but his wonderful performances at Saõ Paulo led him to play in that tournament. Brazil finished as runners-up, and by the 1958 World Cup in Sweden, Mauro Ramos had already become the idol of "São Paulo", continuing to show a great game and being in great sports shape. This could not fail to be noticed by the leadership of Brazilian football, inviting Mauro to the World Cup again. However, in Sweden, Ramos spent the entire tournament on the bench, winning the first world championship title in his career. The main pillars of the defense then were Hilderaldo Bellini and Orlando. Both are players of Vasco da Gama from Rio de Janeiro. The following year, Mauro and the national team took part in the 1959 South American Championship in Argentina, where together with the team, he won "silver", losing only one point to the hosts, the Argentines. It was not until his last World Cup in 1962 in Chile that Mauro came to the status of a main player, playing in all six matches, he made a formidable defensive duo with compatriot Zózimo, while the defender was captain of the team at that tournament. During his career in the national team, which lasted 17 years, he played 28 matches for Brazil with no goals.

Honours

Club
Campeonato Paulista: 1948, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1967
Taça Brasil: 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965
Copa Libertadores: 1962, 1963
Intercontinental Cup: 1962, 1963
Torneio Rio-São Paulo: 1959, 1963, 1964, 1966
Recopa Intercontinental: 1968

International
Brazil
 South American Championship: 1949
 South American Championship runners-up: 1953, 1957, 1959
 South American Championship fourth place: 1956
 Panamerican Championship: 1952
 Taça Oswaldo Cruz: 1950, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1962
 Copa Rio Branco: 1950
 Taça do Atlântico: 1956, 1960
 FIFA World Cup: 1958, 1962
 Roca Cup: 1957, 1960, 1963
 Taça Bernado O'Higgins: 1955, 1959, 1961
 Copa Rio Branco Runner-up: 1948

References

1930 births
2002 deaths
Brazilian footballers

Mauro Ramos


Andrew Philip Michael Ibrahim (born 25 January 1989) is a British Muslim convert, also known as Isa Ibrahim after his conversion to Islam. Ibrahim was arrested by the Avon and Somerset Police on suspicion of terrorism, and on 17 July 2009 convicted of preparing terrorist acts.

Early life
Ibrahim was born to a Coptic Christian Egyptian father and an English mother, Vicky. He is the son of an NHS consultant pathologist.

Education
Ibrahim attended four schools: Colston's School and Queen Elizabeth's Hospital in Bristol, Downside School in Somerset, and Bristol Cathedral School.  At the time of his arrest he was a student at City of Bristol College.

Arrest
Ibrahim was arrested after inquiries prompted by a tip-off from within the city's Muslim community.

After his arrest police evacuated residents in Comb Paddock, Westbury-on-Trym, a Bristol suburb, whilst soldiers from the Royal Logistic Corps carried out controlled explosions at his home/flat. The police also sealed off and searched nearby woodland.

Prosecution
On 30 April 2008 Ibrahim was charged with terrorist offences. They were: 1. possession of an explosive substance 2. intent to commit terrorism and 3. possession of articles for terrorist purposes.

He was accused of possessing the explosive substance hexamethylene triperoxide diamine, also known as HMTD, an organic chemical compound. He was also accused of possessing two home-made vests, ball bearings, air gun pellets, nails and screws, wired circuitry, batteries and electric bulb filaments.

On 30 April 2008 Ibrahim appeared at the City of Westminster Magistrates' Court. After a short hearing he was remanded in custody until 23 May. He was accused of having an explosive substance with intent and also charged with intending to commit a terrorist act by intending to construct and detonate an improvised explosive device.

On 17 July 2009 at Winchester Crown Court Ibrahim was given an indeterminate sentence, with a minimum of ten years in jail.

References and notes

1989 births
Living people
Converts to Islam
English people of Egyptian descent
English Islamists
English people of Coptic descent
Islamic terrorism in the United Kingdom
People educated at Downside School
People educated at Queen Elizabeth's Hospital, Bristol
People educated at Bristol Cathedral Choir School
People convicted on terrorism charges
People from Bristol
People imprisoned on charges of terrorism
People educated at Colston's School

Andrew Ibrahim


The Royal Institution of Great Britain (usually the Royal Institution or RI) is an organisation devoted to scientific education and research, based in London.

The Royal Institution was founded in 1799 by the leading British scientists of the age, including Henry Cavendish. Its purpose was to:
"diffuse the knowledge, and facilitate the general introduction, of useful mechanical inventions and improvements; and for teaching, by courses of philosophical lectures and experiments, the application of science to the common purposes of life".

Directors of the R.I. have included some of the greatest scientists, including Humphrey Davy, Michael Faraday, Sir William Henry Bragg and Sir William Lawrence Bragg, Max Perutz and John Kendrew. Fifteen Directors have won Nobel Prizes.

Greenfield controversy
From 1998 to 8 January 2010, the Director of the Royal Institution was Baroness Susan Greenfield, but following a review, the position was abolished for being "no longer affordable". The Royal Institution had found itself in a financial crisis following a £22m development programme led by Greenfield, which included refurbishment of the institution's main Albemarle Street building, and the addition of a restaurant and bar with an aim to turn the venue into a "Groucho club for science". The project ended £3 million in debt.

Greenfield subsequently announced that she would be suing for discrimination.
The RI's official statement stated it would "continue to deliver its main charitable objectives under the direction of chief executive officer, Chris Rofe and a talented senior team including Professor Quentin Pankhurst, the Director of the Davy Faraday Research Laboratory, Dr Gail Cardew, the Head of Programmes and Professor Frank James, Head of Collections and Heritage". Baroness Greenfield later dropped the discrimination case.

References

1799 establishments
Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
18th-century establishments in Great Britain
1790s establishments in Europe
Scientific organisations based in the United Kingdom

Royal Institution


The Athenian Treasury (Greek: Θησαυρός των Αθηναίων) at Delphi was constructed by the Athenians to house dedications and votive offerings made by their city and citizens to the sanctuary of Apollo. The entire treasury including its sculptural decoration is built of Parian marble. The date of construction is disputed, and scholarly opinions range from 510 to 480 BCE. It is located directly below the Temple of Apollo along the Sacred Way for all visitors to view the Athenian treasury on the way up to the sanctuary.

Pausanias mentions the building in his account of the sanctuary, claiming that it was dedicated from the spoils of the Battle of Marathon, fought in 490 BCE against the Persians. The Battle of Marathon can be seen in some of the images of the metopes which compare their victory to mythology. By using the founder of Athens, Theseus, to show the victories of Athens, the treasury established Athens as one of the most powerful polis (city-states) of Greece. The Athenian treasury metopes display the earliest known presence of Theseus in a large-scale sculpture. Prior to this treasury, Theseus had been depicted on vase paintings, but no architectural depictions have been found. Although Herakles was also depicted in the metopes, the added heroic character showed the Athenian's increasing devotion to Theseus. The pairing of the two heroes was a metaphor alluding to the Battle of Marathon. The metopes show Athenian identity and how they viewed their enemies both foreign or domestic.

The Athenian treasury was the first at a Panhellenic sanctuary that was dedicated by Athens. Several other city-states built treasuries at Delphi.

The building was excavated by the French School at Athens, led by Pierre de La Coste-Messelière, and reconstructed from 1903 to 1906. The structure is still visible in situ, although the metopes are reproductions; the originals are in the museum of Delphi.

Mythology and the metopes

The main characters of the metopes are from common Athenian mythology, showing these heroes undergoing their many trials. The metopes show Theseus, the mythological founder and king of Athens. His mother, though human, was possessed by Poseidon at the time of conception. The labors of Theseus began in order to claim the throne as he travels through the six entrances to the underworld. Each labor is depicted in the form of a metope, his strength metaphorically showing Athenian prowess on the international stage that was Greece at the time.

Herakles at the time was the second most mentioned and decorated hero to appear in Athens. Athens wanted to be seen as related not just to their own personal hero Theseus but to connect him to Herakles as a relation to the gods. Each metope contains a single deed done by each hero as they tried to reach their goal. This put the polis-hero on equal level to Herakles; a later version of Theseus that occurred after 460 BCE even had Theseus using his club against Periphetes, making him look similar to Herakles. The metopes also draw parallels between the two heroes with the bull which Herakles captured as his seventh labor from Crete and which later Theseus captures and sacrifices to Apollo and Athena.

Metopes

The thirty metopes of the treasury are 67 cm tall and 62–64 cm wide, nine along the long sides (north and south) and six along the short (east and west), depicted the labors of Theseus and Herakles. This is the earliest surviving juxtaposition of the two. Many of these metopes were found scattered around the surrounding area, and the order to which they would have appeared is disputed .

Thesean metopes include:
 Theseus and Athena
 Theseus and Sinis
 Theseus and the Crommyonian sow
 Theseus and Sciron
 Theseus and Cercyon
 Theseus and Procrustes
 Theseus and the Bull of Marathon
 Theseus and the Minotaur
 Theseus and the Captive Amazon

Heraklean metopes include:
 Heracles and the Nemean Lion
 Heracles and the Ceryneian Hind
 Heracles and the Centaur
 Heracles and Cycnus
 Heracles and Orthrus
 Cows of Geryon (three metopes)
 Geryon

Inscription
The platform upon which the treasury stands has a prominent inscription on its south face; it is dated internally to post-490 BCE.

ΑΘΕΝΑΙΟΙ Τ[Ο]Ι ΑΠΟΛΛΟΝ[Ι ΑΠΟ ΜΕΔ]ΟΝ ΑΚ[ΡΟΘ]ΙΝΙΑ ΤΕΣ ΜΑΡΑΘ[Ο]ΝΙ Μ[ΑΧΕ]Σ.

The Athenians dedicated this to Apollo as first fruits from the Persians at the Battle of Marathon.

Construction

The Athenian Treasury in Delphi was built according to a typical distyle in antis design, with two antae framing two columns.

The ancient writer and traveler Pausanias was "emphatic that the Athenian Treasury was built [meaning financed] from the spoils from the landing of the Persian general Datis at Marathon". This means that a date later than 490 BCE, after the Battle of Marathon and accounting for time of construction would be acceptable to Pausanias.

Despite being a primary source, Pausanias on occasion may have been misguided or misinformed, and classical scholars still debate the date of construction. John Boardman notes that "on a purely archaeological, architectural and stylistic grounds the Treasury has appeared to many scholars to date around 500 BCE, and some would put it earlier."

Recent findings compiled by University of Chicago professor Richard T. Neer, referencing excavations from 1989 (summarized by Pierre Amandry in 1998), advocates for the later date:A ledge of 0.30 meters in width projects from the Treasury's stereobate along its south side only, and that this ledge helps to support the Marathon base. In other words, the plan of the Treasury takes the base into account from the earliest phase of construction. The two structures are thus integral, and both must date after the battle of Marathon in 490 BCE. With this archaeological datum, the chronology of the Athenian treasury must be considered settled. Pausanias was correct.It has been suggested to have an earlier construction date due to the late Archaic style used for the architecture. The Doric style was modeled after the use of wood to create structures. The paintings inside the treasury were dated back to the 480's BCE, making specialists believe construction started before the military win.

Votive offerings
The treasury was made to contain votive offerings such as spoils of war and kouros. This is where the famous twin kouros statues, Kleobis and Bition,  were found. They were originally made at the Temple of Athena in Argos, but were given to the Athenian Treasury as a mark of respect. Because Athens was a superpower at the time, many city-states paid it for protection. The treasury was not only an offering to the gods, but a statement of their power, showing off arms, statuettes, and other pottery. The treasury was also a statement about the wealth of their new government. After transitioning from a tyrant ruled city-state into a democracy, the Athenians sought to internationally display their increased military success, wealth and prosperity.

Votive offerings were often given after a great win, a prayer, or a funeral piece. These offerings were given by all Greeks to the gods in a sign of worship. Having a separate treasury allowed Athenians to show more of their prominent victories and achievements, establishing their identity as a people and also to show the rest of Greece that they were elites in the hierarchy.

The Battle of Marathon
The Battle of Marathon occurred in 490 BCE between the Persians and the Athenians. It was a decisive blow against Persia during the first Greco-Persian War. After the battle, the spoils of war were used to either create or upgrade the treasury and store many of the other spoils as gifts to the gods. The metope of Theseus and the Bull of Marathon shows how the Athenians tried to tie the win to their divine right to be the head polis and rule over the others. This also tied their mythology more closely to their reality.

Role at a Panhellenic sanctuary
A Panhellenic sanctuary was open to all of the city-states. The Athenians took this chance to display their civic pride and prosperity to not only the other city-states but to the gods and show them that they deserved their favor.

This treasury held and displayed the votive offerings dedicated to the god Apollo at Delphi. The amount of dedications given would determine the power, range, and existence of the god. The treasury would house and protect the most durable offerings and also precious offerings that could withstand time. The Athenian Treasury is one of the more elaborate treasuries, showing the prosperity of Athens. The dedications belonged to Apollo and were not allowed to leave the sanctuary. The offerings stay within the temenos but were buried in votive pits once they were found to no longer be practical to display. The offerings would become more elaborate as the status of the Athenians increased, especially after winning a war in which they thought Apollo had shown them favor.

The site of Delphi

It is important to note the historical and geographical importance of the area in which the Athenian treasury is located. The Athenians, Siphnians, and the Sikyonians each had their own treasury lining the pathway to the Temple of Apollo, at the site of Delphi. The geographical location of the Temple of Apollo was significant in Greek mythology as it was the destination where two eagles, placed at opposite ends of the earth by Zeus, met.

This temple was considered an oracle, where Apollo could communicate to humans through the Pythia. The Greeks, their leaders and other foreign leaders journeyed to the temple of Apollo seeking advice from the Pythia, despite misinterpretations often leading to twists in fate.

Much like the Olympics today, the site of Delphi hosted the Pythian Games as a dedication to Apollo, in the site's Greek theater. As well as athletic competitions, the Pythian Games also held poetry, dance and music contests, drawing in spectators and crowds. The presence of the oracle and the Pythian Games, allowed the Athenians to showcase their treasury on an international scale.

See also
 Siphnian Treasury

References

External links

 Michael Scott. "Delphi: The Bellybutton of the Ancient World". 39:56 minutes. BBC 4.

Ancient Greek buildings and structures in Delphi
Battle of Marathon
Votive offering
Buildings and structures in Central Greece
Culture in Classical Athens

Athenian Treasury


Mahua () or Fried Dough Twist is a Chinese dough twist that is fried in peanut oil. It has a shiny and golden look. It is prepared in various ways with different flavors, which range from sweet to spicy, and usually has a dense and crisp texture. The origin of Mahua can be traced back to thousands of years ago. Many places have a tradition of eating Mahua, and Mahua is considered a signature food of the northern Chinese city of Tianjin.

Origin
According to legend, Mahua originated two thousand years ago. At that time, people celebrated a three-day festival in which they were not allowed to use fire. The lack of access to fire meant that people were unable to cook during the festival. In order to eat, people needed to prepare food that did not spoil easily, before the festival. Thus, the original form of Mahua, which is fried dough with honey, was invented. Because the original Mahua could be kept fresh for a long time, it was a good snack for the festival.

In another tale of the origin of Mahua, Mahua was created to curse the hateful scorpion. At that time, the wild scorpions were bothering people. For revenge, people twisted wheat dough into the shape of the scorpion's tail, then fried and ate it.

Tianjin Guifaxiang 18th Street Mahua
The most famous Mahua brand is "Guifaxiang 18th Street Fried Dough Twists" from Tianjin, because the shop originated from the 18th Street of the old town. In Tianjin, people normally eat Mahua which have sweet or salty flavor. The most common ingredients used in Tianjin Mahua are flour, sesame, walnut, peanuts and sweet-scented osmanthus.

The Guifaxiang Mahua store was founded on the western side of Tianjin's Haihe River in 1927 by Laoba Liu. The name of "Guifaxiang" implies the meaning of "sweet-scented osmanthus' seeds' aroma, be diligent and be lucky"(桂子飘香,发愤图强,吉祥如意). Because the store is on the 18th Street, the Mahua is called "Guifaxiang 18th Street Mahua". The owner Laoba was a talented baker and he had invented a way to put assorted fillings into the Mahua to improve its appearance and taste. All people loved the snack. gradually, "Guifaxiang 18th street Mahua" had become one of the most famous snacks of Tianjin and it became famous around the country.

The company "Guifaxiang" has built a Museum of Mahua for visitors to learn about the history of Mahua and tour the factory line.

Chen-Mahua in Chongqing
Chen-Mahua is a kind of Mahua that is famous in Chongqing and has been popular in Chongqing since the Qing Dynasty. It is originated in Ciqikou. Chen-Mahua is normally made in ten flavors, which are original taste, black sesame, pepper salt, black rice, corn, rock sugar glutinous rice, spicy, seaweed, chocolate, and honey. The spicy flavor Mahua is a signature Mahua of Chongqing.

Mahua in Panama
The snack is extremely popular in Panama, where it has been adopted as a national dish and is referred to as mafá. It was brought over by Chinese immigrants during the nineteenth century.

There is also a savory variant which is green and gets its flavor and color from powdered algae.

See also
 Twisted doughnut
 List of doughnut varieties
 List of fried dough varieties

References

External links

 Ma Hua

Chinese doughnuts
Chinese desserts

Mahua (snack)


Harmony Headlands State Park preserves an undeveloped parcel of Pacific coast in California, United States.  Located in San Luis Obispo County on Highway 1, the park is the only public access to the coast between the towns of Cayucos and Harmony.  The  park was established in 2003. The Cayucos Land Conservancy helped facilitate and fund the park's development.

Harmony Headlands State Park is open for day-use only. Dogs and bikes are not allowed on the trails. Amenities are limited to a small parking area, portable toilet, and a  trail.  The trail leads through a marine terrace grassland with views of the Pacific Ocean.  Volunteers provide assistance and interpretation in the unstaffed park.

History
The state park is within Rancho San Geronimo, an 1842 Mexican land grant.  In 1865 an American settler bought the Rancho, and it passed through various owners until the Storni family bought a  parcel in 1912. The Stornis operated a dairy farm here until the mid 1960s. In 1975 the Storni Ranch was sold to developers, who planned to subdivide the property into home sites. The project fell through, and the property was then bought by the American Land Conservancy in 2003, who in turn sold  it to California State Parks. However bureaucratic difficulties delayed opening the park to the public until November 2008.  The Cayucos Land Conservancy facilitated overcoming the issues including providing funding for the park's development.

See also
List of California state parks

References

External links

Harmony Headlands State Park

2003 establishments in California
Parks in San Luis Obispo County, California
Protected areas established in 2003
State parks of California

Harmony Headlands State Park


Bullion (from the french word for "boiling") refers to coins, jewellery and bars made of a precious metal such as gold or silver, that are bought and stored simply as an investment in the prices of the metal(s) they are made of. Although precious metal bullion is no longer used to make coins for general circulation, it continues to be held as an investment with a reputation for stability in periods of economic uncertainty.

Unlike numismatic coins, a bullion coin is a coin, new or old, that is bought only for the price of the metal it is made of, not for its condition, age or any other value, british gold sovereigns are a common historic bullion coin, and most countries produce a coin meant solely for bullion purposes in different weights, e.g american silver eagle.

Bullion can also be in the form of bars of precious metal in different weights (and thus sizes) bars can easily be stacked and are easier to sort then coins as only the weight needs to be taken into consideration.

It may also be jewellery such as neck chains, pocket watch cases and pendants.

Typical bullion metals include:
 Silver
 Gold
 Platinum
 Palladium

Due to it's relatively small size and high value, bullion is often stolen in robberies and burglaries, as a result it is mainly stored in safes, some people who invest in bullion may choose to pay to have it stored in a safe deposit box at a local bank, rather then a safe in their own home.

"Stacking" is an informal term for the act of collecting bullion.

Low value bullion is sometimes carried in a pocket or worn as jewellery.

References

Metals

Bullion


is a Japanese voice actress known for her role as Hercule Barton in Tantei Opera Milky Holmes, and her other major roles include Himeno Katsuragi in Da Capo III, Kuguru Uki in Future Card Buddyfight, and Neko in Recently, My Sister Is Unusual. Sasaki was chosen from thousands of people who auditioned for roles in Milky Holmes. She is a member of the singer group Milky Holmes, formed by the four main voice actresses in Tantei Opera Milky Holmes. In a recent YouTube video on her shared channel, she has stated that she would like for her display photo on Wikipedia to be changed to a more recent one.

Career
On April 10, 2020, Sasaki, Aimi, and Ayasa Itō started their own YouTube channel under the name of the Three Voice Acting Sisters [Team Y]. In a video posted in October 2020, Sasaki and the two others stated that they wished for their YouTube channel to be detailed in their Wikipedia pages.

Filmography

Anime television series
 Tantei Opera Milky Holmes (2010), Hercule Barton
 Tantei Opera Milky Holmes: Act 2 (2012), Hercule Barton
 Muv-Luv Alternative: Total Eclipse (2012), Natasha Ivanova
 Outbreak Company (2013), Kusako El
 Da Capo III (2013), Himeno Katsuragi
 Futari wa Milky Holmes (2013), Hercule Barton
 Cardfight!! Vanguard G (2014), Kumi Okazaki
 Recently, My Sister Is Unusual (2014), Neko
 Future Card Buddyfight (2014), Kuguru Uki
 Tantei Opera Milky Holmes TD (2015), Hercule Barton
 Etotama (2015), Piyotan
 PriPara (2015), Reika
 Nazotokine (2016), Natsuko Yanagisawa
 Show by Rock!!# (2016), Candy Lapin
 Kemono Friends (2017) Royal penguin (eps. 1 - 10, 12), Tasmanian Devil (ep. 2)
 Hulaing Babies (2019), Fumi
 Hulaing Babies☆Petit (2020), Fumi
 Rebirth (2020), Kurumi
 Teppen!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Laughing 'til You Cry (2022), Yuzu Hosono
 Peter Grill and the Philosopher's Time: Super Extra (2022), Gobco Ngière
 YouTuNya (2023), Kawaii ne Onee-san
 The Great Cleric (2023), Kururu

Anime films
 Neppu Kairiku Bushi Road (2013), Rin

OVAs
 Shiba Inuko-san (2012), Shiba Inuko-san
 Kamisama Kiss (2013)

Video games
Revue Starlight Re LIVE (2018-2019), Shizuha Kochō

Drama CDs
 Chatting at the Amber Teahouse (2011), customer
 Girl Friends (2011), Mariko Kumakura
 Tantei Opera Milky Holmes (2011), Hercule Barton

References

External links
Official blog
Official agency profile

1991 births
Living people
Singers from Iwate Prefecture
Voice actresses from Iwate Prefecture
Japanese video game actresses
Japanese voice actresses
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese women singers
21st-century Japanese actresses
Anime singers
Milky Holmes members

Mikoi Sasaki


Sonchis of Saïs or the Saïte (, Sō̂nkhis o Saḯtēs;  BC) was an Egyptian priest, who is mentioned in Greek writings as relating the account of Atlantis. His status as a historical figure is a matter of debate.

The Platonic dialogues Timaeus and Critias, written around 360 BC, relate (through the voice of Critias) how the Athenian statesman Solon (638–558 BC) traveled to Egypt and in the city of Sais encountered the priests of the goddess Neith. A very aged priest tells him that 9000 years earlier, Athens had been in conflict with the great power of Atlantis, which was then destroyed in a catastrophe.

Plato's dialogue does not mention a name for the priest, but Plutarch (46–120 AD), in his Life of Solon identified the aged priest as Sonchis:

Plutarch gives a more detailed description on the Greek philosophers who visited Egypt and received advice by the Egyptian priests in his book On Isis and Osiris. Thus, Thales of Miletus, Eudoxus of Cnidus, Solon, Pythagoras, (some say Lycurgus of Sparta also) and Plato, traveled into Egypt and conversed with the priests. Eudoxus was instructed by Chonupheus of Memphis, Solon by Sonchis of Saïs and Pythagoras by Oenuphis of Heliopolis.

References

Atlantis
6th-century BC clergy
Sais
Egypt in Greek mythology

Sonchis of Sais


Sven "Rocker" Decaesstecker (born 31 May 1985) is a Belgian Paralympic swimmer.

Biography

Decaesstecker has been a participant in local competitions since he was eight. As a young swimmer Decaesstecker won both regional and national titles.

At age eleven, Decaesstecker was diagnosed with bone cancer. After one year of chemotherapy and the amputation of his right foot, he started swimming again. He trained for both the disabled league and the able-bodied swimming club in Ostend. His new coach there was Stefaan Maene, an ex-Olympic swimmer that participated in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. In the Royal Ostend Swimming Club, Decaesstecker was reunited with Mathieu Fonteyn, with whom he was close friends at the beginning of his swimming career at the age of 8. There have been some changes at the Royal Ostend Swimming Club, swimmers like Mathieu Fonteyn and Brian Ryckeman that are now among the top of Belgian swimming left the club. Stefaan Maene left as head coach and Guy Verhelst followed. Two years later the new head coach was Patrick Boucquaert, it was with Boucquaert that Decaesstecker went to the 2004 Paralympic Games in Athens.

In 2005 Greg Planckaert became the club's new head coach and took Decaesstecker to the World Championships in Durban, South Africa in 2006. Decaesstecker qualified for the 2008 Paralympic Games in Beijing, and the first Paralympic Short Course World Championships in 2009.

Personal

Decaesstecker is working towards a bachelor's degree in political science with a major in national politics at Ghent University.

His studies have led him to participate in the 2006 elections for city council in his hometown of Kortemark, as a candidate for the Flemish Liberals and Democrats (VLD) and as a member of the majority.

He is a representative on the Belgian Paralympic Committee, where he was elected as chairman of the Athlete's Board.

Competitions

The first International Paralympic competition Decaesstecker went to was the European Championships in Brauwnschweig, Germany in 1999. Aged 14 he reached the finals of the 100 m breaststroke, 200 m individual medley and 400 m freestyle.

His next competition was the next European Championships in Stockholm, Sweden in 2001. Again he made the finals in the 100 m backstroke, 400 m freestyle, 200 m individual medley and won the bronze medal on 100 m breaststroke.

One year later at the World Championships in Mar del Plata, Argentina in 2002 he reached the finals in the 100 m breaststroke (5th place), 100 m backstroke (6th place) and 200 m individual medley (5th place).

2003 was the year where qualification for the next Paralympic Games in Athens was important. Decaesstecker tried to swim his qualifying time at international competitions.

At the 2004 Summer Paralympics Decaesstecker went for a medal in the 200 m individual medley and 100 m breaststroke. Again he made it to the finals in the 100 m breaststroke (5th place), 200 m individual medley (5th place) and 100 m backstroke (6th place).

At the next Paralympic Swimming World Championships in Durban, South Africa in 2006 Decaesstecker was again going for the medal. Decaesstecker again made it to the finals three times, but did not come close to his personal best time on any stroke. He finished 6th in the 200 m individual medley, 7th in the 100 m backstroke, and 8th in the 100 m breaststroke.

Decaesstecker also competed at the 2008, 2012 and 2016 Paralympics, winning no medals.

References

External links

 Video featuring Sven Decaesstecker for a Belgian Equal Rights Campaign by GRIP
 Official MySpace by Sven Decaesstecker

1985 births
Living people
Belgian male backstroke swimmers
Belgian male breaststroke swimmers
Belgian male freestyle swimmers
Belgian male medley swimmers
Paralympic swimmers for Belgium
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
People from Torhout
Medalists at the World Para Swimming Championships
Medalists at the World Para Swimming European Championships
S10-classified para swimmers
Sportspeople from West Flanders

Sven Decaesstecker


The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE; pronounced 'sib-see') is an international professional engineering association based in London, England that represents building services engineers. It is a full member of the Construction Industry Council, and is consulted by government on matters relating to construction, engineering and sustainability. It is also licensed by the Engineering Council to assess candidates for inclusion on its Register of Professional Engineers.

History
CIBSE was formed in 1976, and received a Royal Charter that same year following a merger of the Institution of Heating and Ventilation Engineers (founded in 1897) and the Illuminating Engineering Society (founded in 1909). Previously CIBS, the word 'Engineers' was added in 1985, and hence the Institution became CIBSE.

Royal Charter
Under the CIBSE Royal Charter and By-laws, the Institution's primary objects are:
 The promotion for the benefit of the public in general of the art, science and practice of such engineering services as are associated with the built environment and with industrial processes, such art, science and practice being hereinafter called "building services engineering".
 The advancement of education and research in building services engineering, and the publication of the useful results of such research.

CIBSE Regulations are informed by the Royal Charter and By-laws and cover matters relating to membership, election of the board, the chief executive, and regions and divisions.

Membership
CIBSE has seven grades of membership, with the upper four granting postnominals:
Fellow (FCIBSE)
Member (MCIBSE)
Associate (ACIBSE)
Licentiate (LCIBSE)
Graduate
Student - full and part-time
Affiliate

Members assessed by CIBSE for professional registration may be granted the following postnominals by the Engineering Council:
 Chartered Engineer (CEng)
 Incorporated Engineer (IEng)
 Engineering Technician (EngTech)

Related bodies
Four societies and one institute exist within CIBSE to reflect special areas of expertise that exist within the field of building services:
Society of Facade Engineering (SFE) was set up in 2003 as a Society of CIBSE but with the support of the IStructE and RIBA. Its aim is to advance knowledge of and practice in facade engineering.
Society of Light and Lighting (SLL) acts as the professional body for lighting in the UK. It represents the interests of those involved in the art, science and engineering of light and lighting in their widest definition and has over 3,000 members in the UK and worldwide.
Society of Public Health Engineers (SoPHE) is to provide a higher profile and focus for public health engineers within CIBSE.
Institute of Local Exhaust Ventilation Engineers (ILEVE) was established in 2011 to promote air quality in the workplace and to reduce ill health and death due to airborne contamination and hazardous substances in the working environment.
Society of Digital Engineering (SDE) was formed to provide a home for those involved in digitising the built environment, either as designers, contractors, manufacturers, clients, facility managers or software vendors.

Groups

Various special interest groups operate within the Institution. These are free to join either as a member or non-member.

 ASHRAE
 Building Simulation
 Chimneys and Flues
 CHP and District Heating
 Daylight
 Electrical Services
 Energy Performance
 Young Energy Performance Group
 Facilities Management
 Healthcare
 Heritage
 Homes for the Future
 HVAC Systems
 Information Technology (IT) & Controls
 Intelligent Buildings
 Lifts
 Natural Ventilation
 Resilient Cities
 School Design

Networks
 Young Engineers Network (YEN)
 Women in Building Services Engineering (WiBSE)

Patrons
CIBSE Patrons are businesses which collaborate to give financial, technical and moral backing to initiatives led by CIBSE.

Certification
In recent years, there has been an increasing focus on sustainability and green design by the UK government. The implementation of Part L (Conservation of Fuel and Power) of the U.K. Building Regulations in 2006 led CIBSE to set up the Low Carbon Consultants Register to ensure that a body of competent and trained professionals was available to implement the various requirements of the regulations, specifically in undertaking the relevant calculations to demonstrate the required reduction in carbon emissions from buildings both in design and operation. Members of the Register must undertake specific training and examinations to demonstrate their competence in various aspects of the regulations.

The CIBSE scheme further offers accreditation as a Low Carbon Energy Assessor (LCEA), again subject to specific training and examinations, who are then able to provide the Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) and Display Energy Certificates (DECs), as required under the Energy Performance in Buildings Regulations (EPB Regulations).  These certificates can only be provided by accredited energy assessors who are members of an approved scheme such as the Low Carbon Energy Assessors Register. Furthermore, assessors are required to update their training regularly to ensure that continued high standards of competency are met.

The LCC scheme has been expanded in recent years to include for the grade of Low Carbon Consultant: Energy Management Systems, these LCC's having been trained and tested by CIBSE to ensure they have the relevant competencies to assist organisations to implement BS EN 16001.

CIBSE also offers certification for Air Conditioning Inspectors, to perform inspections as required by the Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007.

Training
Many training options are available through CIBSE, with the aim of providing specialised courses, conferences and seminars for those within the building services industry. and the provision of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) training, to improve and enhance the skills required to be engineering professional.  Included are a range of courses from fire safety and mechanical and electrical services courses, to facilities management and business skills-focused training. Online modules can also be completed which can be used to contribute towards the Edexcel Advanced Professional Diploma in Building Services Engineering.

Publications
CIBSE publishes several guides to building services design, which include for various recommended design criteria and standards, some of which are cited within the UK building regulations and therefore form a legislative requirement for major building services works. The main guides are:
 Guide A: Environmental design
 Guide B: Heating, ventilating, air conditioning and refrigeration
 Guide C: Reference data
 Guide D: Transportation systems in buildings
 Guide E: Fire safety engineering
 Guide F: Energy efficiency in buildings
 Guide G: Public health and plumbing engineering
 Guide H: Building control systems
 Guide J: Weather, solar and illuminance data (now withdrawn)
 Guide K: Electricity in buildings
 Guide L: Sustainability
 Guide M: Maintenance engineering and management
In November 2011 CIBSE made its full range of published guidance (including all the CIBSE Guides, CIBSE Commissioning Codes, Applications Manuals, Technical Memoranda, Lighting Guides) available for free to its members through the Knowledge Portal.

CIBSE publishes a monthly magazine, the CIBSE Journal (formerly the Building Services Journal). Two quarterly technical journals are published in association with Sage: Building Services Engineering Research & Technology (BSERT) is free online to all CIBSE members and Lighting Research & Technology Journal (LR&T) which is free for Society of Light and Lighting members only.

Past CIBSE presidents
Past presidents (2000–present) include:

David Wood CEng FCIBSE 2000
Max Fordham OBE CEng FCIBSE FREng 2001
Doug Oughton FREng FCIBSE 2002
Terry Wyatt FCIBSE 2003
Graham Manly CEng FCIBSE MInstR 2004
Donald Leeper 2005 OBE BSc(Hons) ARCS CEng FCIBSE FIMechE FRSA FConsE
Eur Ing David Hughes CEng FCIBSE 2006
John Armstrong MPhil CEng FCIBSE MIMechE MBIFM 2007
Professor John Swaffield FRSE FCIBSE 2008
Mike Simpson BSc CEng FCIBSE FSLL FILE FIET 2009
Rob Manning CEng FCIBSE 2010
Andy Ford CEng FCIBSE 2011
Professor David Fisk CB FRAEng FCIBSE FRIBA (Hons) FIoP 2012
George Adams CEng FCIBSE 2013
Peter Kinsella CEng FCIBSE 2014
Nick Mead CEng FCIBSE 2015
John Field CEng FCIBSE MEI CMVP 2016
Peter Y Wong CEng MCIBSE 2017
Stephen Lisk FCIBSE FSLL 2018
Lynne Jack CEng FCIBSE FSoPHE 2019
Stuart MacPherson PhD CEng FCIBSE 2020
Kevin Kelly CEng FCIBSE FSLL 2021
Kevin Mitchell CEng FCIBSE 2022
Adrian Catchpole MBA B.Eng (Hons) CEng FCIBSE 2023

See also
 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
 Building engineer
 Society of Engineers
 Society of Professional Engineers UK

References

External links
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE)
CIBSE Journal – The official magazine of CIBSE
The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
The Building Services Research and Information Association (BSRIA) BSRIA

Building engineering organizations
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Engineering societies based in the United Kingdom
Building Services Engineers
ECUK Licensed Members
1976 establishments in the United Kingdom
Scientific organizations established in 1976
International professional associations
Lighting organizations


The Brundtland Commission was created  by the United Nations in 1983 to reflect about ways to save the human environment and natural resources and prevent deterioration of economic and social development.

The UN General Assembly thought that environmental problems were global in nature and determined that it was in the common interest of all nations to establish policies for sustainable development.

Brundtland Report
The Report of the Brundtland Commission was published by Oxford University Press in 1987. The full text of the Brundtland Report  can be downloaded as a copy of the UN General Assembly document A/42/427 - a 25 Mbyte [pdf] file. Also available from Wikisource Brundtland Report.

The report deals with sustainable development and the change of politics needed for achieving that. The definition of this term in the report is quite well known and often cited:

"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

Notes and references

History of the United Nations
Sustainable development
1983 establishments

Brundtland Commission


Keith A. Hall is an American lawyer. He is a graduate of Centre College in Danville, Kentucky and has his Juris Doctor degree from the University of Louisville School of Law. He has served on the University of Louisville Board of Overseers and is a benefactor to the university's athletic programs.

Hall was a Senior Vice President and Deputy General Counsel for Insight Communications prior to the company's acquisition by Time Warner Cable.

He served as a presidential elector in the 2004 United States presidential election.

Hall served in several high-level posts in the administration of Kentucky Governor Ernie Fletcher (R) and served as the Deputy Chair of gubernatorial transition under Mike Duncan, former Republican National Committee chairman and current Chairman of American Crossroads. Hall served as Kentucky's Director of Homeland Security in 2005.

In January 2006, Hall was a named defendant in the case of  Linda Wells Back v. Commonwealth of Kentucky. This case alleged that Hall and three other individuals violated Back's constitutional right of free speech and freedom of association during the Fletcher administration. Judge Amul Thapar of the United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Kentucky dismissed Hall as a defendant in 2009, citing the absence of any evidence of wrongdoing. The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit affirmed Thapar's ruling in 2010 and in 2012, Thapar confirmed that Hall was no longer a defendant in the case.

Hall was one of the senior shareholders in Insight Communications at the time of Time Warner Cable's $3 billion acquisition on February 29, 2012. He garnered a windfall of millions of dollars from the company's sale which allowed him to depart at the time of closing.

During Hall's service as a senior officer in Insight Communications he successfully defended the company against an antitrust suit by rival Knology. and had a Kentucky state tax declared unconstitutional. Insight CEO Michael Willner promoted Hall to be Insight's deputy general counsel in 2009 to serve in an expanded role.

He has made over $37,450 in contributions to candidates for federal office and $13,087 to candidates for state office in Kentucky.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Kentucky Republicans
2004 United States presidential electors
Centre College alumni
University of Louisville School of Law alumni

Keith A. Hall


In mathematics, in the representation theory of algebraic groups, a linear representation of an algebraic group is said to be rational if, viewed as a map from the group to the general linear group, it is a rational map of algebraic varieties.

Finite direct sums and products of rational representations are rational.

A rational  module is a module that can be expressed as a sum (not necessarily direct) of rational representations.

References

 Springer Online Reference Works: Rational Representation

Representation theory of algebraic groups

Rational representation


Lupinus leucophyllus is a species of lupine known by the common name velvet lupine. It is native to western North America, where it grows in many types of mountain, prairie, and plateau habitat. It is a robust, branching, erect perennial herb growing up to  tall. Each palmate leaf is divided into 7 to 11 leaflets up to  long. The herbage is coated in white woolly fibers and stiff hairs. The inflorescence is dense raceme of many flowers, each around a centimeter long. The flower is purple in color, fading brown, the patch on the banner petal yellow or brownish. The pointed sepals and the back of the banner are hairy to woolly in texture.

This is one of several poisonous lupines that are dangerous to grazing livestock. The plant contains toxic alkaloids including lupinine and the teratogenic anagyrine.

References

External links

Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery
Turner Photographics

leucophyllus
Flora of the Western United States
Flora of British Columbia
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Lupinus leucophyllus


Nikolay Petrovich Dubinin (January 4, 1907 – March 26, 1998) was a Soviet and Russian biologist and academician.

He worked under the supervision of Sergei Chetverikov.

He was a Corresponding Member of the Division of Biological Sciences from 1946 and Academician of the Division of the General Biology from 1966.

He was a founding member of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics (IC&G) in the Russian Academy of Sciences. During the two years of his directorship (1957–1959) Dubinin worked out research goals at the IC&G and assembled its early staff.

In 1982, Dubinin and Dmitry Belyayev  studied the genetic basis of human individuality in different populations. In 1983, they worked with V. I. Trubnikov studying the variability and heritability of neuro- and psychodynamic parameters. In 2002 the "Genetic Consequences of Emergency Radiation Situations" conference was dedicated to him.

1907 births
1998 deaths
Scientists from Vladivostok
Soviet biologists
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Lenin Prize
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Burials in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery
Soviet geneticists
Foreign members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts

Nikolay Dubinin


Uncle Frank is a 2020 American comedy-drama film written, directed, and co-produced by Alan Ball. The film stars Paul Bettany and Sophia Lillis. Set in the 1970s, Uncle Frank is a road movie about a gay man who confronts his past.

It had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 25, 2020. It was released on November 25, 2020, by Amazon Studios.

Plot
In 1973, 18-year-old Beth Bledsoe moves from her home in Creekville, South Carolina, to attend college in New York City. Her uncle Frank Bledsoe is a college professor there and is the relative she feels closest to as he is more refined and thoughtful than the rest of the family.

Beth meets a boyfriend, Bruce, and shows up with him unannounced to a party at Frank's apartment. Through events that happen at the party, she discovers that Frank is secretly gay and has been living with a man named Walid ("Wally") for over ten years. Frank rejects the sexual advance on Bruce's part, caring for Beth when she gets too drunk. He pleads with her not to tell anyone else in the family his secret, and she agrees.

The next day, Beth's grandfather and Frank's father, Daddy Mac, dies of a sudden heart attack. Frank agrees to drive Beth back to South Carolina for the funeral. Wally asks to come along and meet Frank's family, but Frank refuses, not yet ready to reveal the truth to them. However, Wally rents a car and follows them most of the way there; when Frank catches him, he agrees to let him come but stay in a motel during the funeral, fearful of what the locals might do if they discover their true relationship.

Along their journey, Frank has flashbacks to his teenage years and a sexual relationship he had with another boy named Samuel; his father caught them in bed together and called Frank an abomination against God. To cope with these memories, Frank begins secretly drinking; he asks Beth not to tell Wally as Frank is a recovering alcoholic.

Beth and Frank arrive home to attend the funeral. At the reading of the will, Frank learns he has been cut out of his inheritance, and the will bitterly exposes Frank's homosexuality to the family. An emotional Frank flees, driving away erratically while drinking heavily. A panicked Beth rushes to inform Wally, who drives them to the nearby lake where he suspects Frank went. A final flashback reveals that Frank told Samuel they could not be together as it displeased God, and Samuel drowned himself in the lake shortly after. Wally and Beth discover Frank's clothes sitting on a dock by the water, but Frank is nowhere to be seen.

Wally and Beth return to the motel, where Wally grieves for Frank's supposed death. However, a drunken Frank returns, claiming he just went for a swim. An argument ensues as Wally confronts Frank for his drinking; Frank punches Wally and calls him a faggot before fleeing again. They later reconcile at Samuel's grave as Frank expresses guilt for his death. Frank laments that he has no family left; Wally reassures him that he is Frank's family. After an impassioned speech from Beth, Frank agrees to let Wally meet his family. While Frank's brother-in-law is unable to morally accept the truth, his siblings and mother have no problem with the secret and warmly welcome Wally.

Cast
 Paul Bettany as Frank Bledsoe
 Cole Doman as young Frank Bledsoe
 Sophia Lillis as Beth Bledsoe
 Peter Macdissi as Walid "Wally" Nadeem
 Steve Zahn as Mike Bledsoe
 Judy Greer as Kitty Bledsoe
 Margo Martindale as Mammaw Bledsoe
 Stephen Root as Daddy Mac
 Lois Smith as Aunt Butch
 Jane McNeill as Neva
 Burgess Jenkins as Beau
Colton Ryan as Bruce
 Caity Brewer as Marsha
 Michael Perez as Sam Lassiter
 Zach Strum as Tee Dub

Release
It had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 25, 2020. Shortly after, Amazon Studios acquired distribution rights to the film. It was released on November 25, 2020.

Reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds  rating based on  reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critics consensus reads: "Uncle Frank finds writer-director Alan Ball still untangling the modern American family dynamic, aided by standout work from Paul Bettany and Sophia Lillis." Metacritic reports a score of 58 out of 100, based on 21 critic reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Awards and nominations

References

External links

2020 films
Amazon MGM Studios films
American road comedy-drama films
American LGBT-related films
Films set in 1973
Films shot in North Carolina
Gay-related films
Miramax films
LGBT-related comedy-drama films
2020 LGBT-related films
2020 comedy-drama films
Films about dysfunctional families
2020 independent films
Films produced by Bill Block
Films scored by Nathan Barr
Amazon Prime Video original films
2020s English-language films
2020s American films
English-language comedy-drama films

Uncle Frank (film)


Boston Manor House is an English Jacobean manor house built in 1622 with internal alterations, intensively restored in later centuries. It was the manor house of one of the early medieval-founded manors in Middlesex.  Since 1965 the manor's small part of the parish of Hanwell has been part of the London Borough of Hounslow in west London. Boston Manor Park is the publicly owned green space, including a lake, which adjoins the house.

History of the former manor of Boston
The earliest reference to Boston (or Bordwadestone as it was then spelled) was around the 1170s. Bordwad has not been identified with a group of people or physical feature and so it is assumed the first part of this word means Bord's. The final part of the word is the common ending  i.e. farmstead. It was towards the northern end its lands — its manor.  The Lord of the manor is recorded as Ralph de Brito.  There is no record as to where he built his manor house. He founded a chapel dedicated to St. Lawrence in the south of the manor on a site that is now derelict. The ecclesiastical boundary under this chapel was — or became over time — conterminous with the manor boundary.  The approximate four boundaries were the Piccadilly line from the east end of Boston Manor Underground station's sidings to the Brent, the Brent down to the Thames, the Thames to Half Acre Road, and Boston Manor Road.

The northern extent of the manor was marked by a boundary stone. Later a tree to the west of it came to be the local Gospel Oak.  Here the old pagan custom of blessing the field and crops took place whilst beating the bounds. Thus, the boundary of chapelry of St. Lawrence coexisted with that of the manor.  It was a part of the parish of Hanwell until moved into Brentford.

Then in about 1280 King Edward I granted this area of the township to the prioress of St Helen's Bishopsgate. It is at this point Boston became a recognised rural settlement.   The prioress received what amounted to "constructive possession" and ownership. The King did this to make raising tax easier and it had the benefit of deterring alienation of part, a process then called subinfeudation, keeping the land together until the dissolution of the monasteries.

The King may have favoured this particular Convent in Bishopsgate because it was full of the unmarried daughters of members of the Guild of Goldsmiths, and so by making them self-supporting by giving them the means to charge their new tenants rents and to sell the produce grown on their newly acquired demesne, he could justify taxing their fathers more heavily and collect the tax in the form of silver coinage, which was more convenient.

In 1539, Henry VIII's national reforms saw the convent dissolved and the manor (including its holdings) returned to the Crown.

The Crown granted the lands in or shortly before 1547 to Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset during the reign of Edward VI.

When the Duke was beheaded, his lands were forfeited under the Counter-Reformation of Queen Mary I to The Crown until Queen Elizabeth I granted it to her favourite Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester who immediately sold it to Sir Thomas Gresham, an internationally wealthy merchant and financier who had also bought Osterley as his summer residence. He later founded the Royal Exchange.

As Gresham died without issue, the property went to his stepson Sir William Reade who lived in Osterley so had to obtain a Patent of Possession in 1610 from James I so that he could inherit. He married Mary Goldsmith, who immediately after his death built Boston Manor House in 1622–1623. She then married Sir Edward Spencer of Althorp, who therefore gained the equitable ownership and who appears to have bought out the claim of the late William Reade's heirs so that upon her death in 1658 the lands passed to her heir John Goldsmith. In 1670 his executors sold Boston to another very wealthy city merchant: James Clitherow I. The price he paid for the house with its then  for his own use, was £5,136, 17s, 4d ().

The manor was gradually reduced by the Clitherow family for the next 250 years.  The neighbouring settlement of Brentford expanded onto the property of this manor, which largely became known as the Manor of New Brentford.

The population had grown so much by 1621 that the chapelry council assumed administrative township status known as the New Brentford Township — the letters NBT can be seen on local boundary stones.

During the 18th century the area was referred to overwhelmingly as Boston Manor in preference to New Brentford.

John Bourchier Stracey-Clitherow was the last private owner of the manor. In 1923 he sold the final part of the estate: the house and  purchased by the Brentford Urban District Council and opened as a public park in 1924.

The Green Flag Award scheme, which recognises and rewards the best green spaces in England and Wales, has given this award to Boston Manor Park in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009.

Boston Manor House

History of the manor house

The manor house was built in 1622-3 for the newly widowed, and shortly to be remarried  Dame Mary Reade, whose late husband was granted a patent of possession for Boston Manor from James I.
To the north of the house the Clitherow family added  extensions  that contained  the kitchen services and quarters for the domestic staff.

John Bourchier Stracey-Clitherow was the last private owner of Boston Manor House, which he sold in 1923. The house and the surrounding   was purchased by the Brentford Urban District Council, and was opened as a public park in  1924.

The house was badly damaged during World War II by a V1 dropping across the road.
For a time it was used as a school. After extensive restoration work, it was re-opened in 1963 by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother as a visitor centre and museum.

Due to its unique architecture and decoration it has been often used as a setting for period films.

There came a time when the south west corner was propped up by scaffolding intended to be a temporary measure but which became a feature for several years. English Heritage judged that urgent work was needed in order to consolidate the foundations to prevent further deterioration and possible collapse. The lower courses of brickwork were visibly bowing out and a vertical crack could be seen running up the wall. This has since been repaired.

An organisation called the Friends of Boston Manor now  exists with the aim of helping to restore and maintain the historical aspects of Boston Manor Park and House.

Following six years of renovation, the house reopened to the public on 7 July 2023.

Description of the house

The manor house is a Grade I listed Jacobean manor house on the west-side of  Boston Manor Road, Brentford, in the London Borough of Hounslow, England. Set in  of parkland, it is Hounslow's only building of the Jacobean period. It is situated in beautiful grounds which gently slope down to the nearby River Brent, from which Brentford gets its name. The house has thick walls of red brick and stands three storeys high. The windows are set into stone architraves and a stone cornice between the second and third storeys of the house. It has three gables on the longer sides and two on the shorter with stone coping. The rainwater downpipe headers which collect from the roof gutters are each embossed with dates. The three on the original part of the house are dated 1662, this being the date that building began. Another is 1670, which was when the third gable was added, and 1915 for when improvements were made to the drainage system.

It was traditional with grand houses of this time to consider the front side of the house to be that side which looks out over an elegantly landscaped garden.  However, during the ownership of James Clitherow (IV),  the central ground floor window on the east side was converted into a doorway and a porch was added. It is fashioned from pale grit stone which  has weathered to an almost light golden colour, with Elizabethan detail, and topped with a low ornamental balustrade. Considering its design and apparent age, it is thought to have been salvaged from another building.

Going through this porch and the new front doorway one comes into the entrance hall. It extends to the west side of the house and the former front door. Halfway between, however, is a wooden divide or screen which was added around the 19th century, and the east half was given a new ceiling.
On the immediate left of the hall is the dining room. It is not very large and is painted in a bright yellow which was both popular and expensive when it was in fashion. It has a number of prints and paintings hanging on the walls of local scenes from times gone by.

Once back in the hallway and walking through the screen, there is to the left-hand side a door to the library, which is about the same size as the dining room. It has some interesting features.  Unfortunately the room now remains locked and cannot be seen by visitors due to the dangerous condition of the wall on that side of the house. Beyond the library door is the west side door to the garden.

The west side of the hall also has a mostly original left hand winding Jacobean staircase.
The angle of ascent (or rake) of the stairs is more gentle than in modern buildings, with both a lower 'rise' to the next tread and deeper 'run' to the next step. The treads are bullnosed and obediently creak to each and every footfall a visitor may place upon them.
Square carved oak newel posts support the ends of banisters with carved tapered balusters running between. The opposite side of the stairs are mirrored with a  Trompe d'œil balustrade. For this period in England, this is an extremely  rare example of this technique and so is now been preserved behind transparent sheets. The design has striking similarities to those at Hatfield House.

A 19th-century addition to the top of the newel posts are small plaster or composition castings of lions which are  sitting on their  haunches, with their bodies erect and both forepaws raised from the ground (i.e.,  holding  'sejant erect attitude'), Each animal hold a shield bearing the arms of  a different  Clitherow member. These may have been added for the visit of King William IV and Queen Adelaide; for although the Clitherows were commoners they could nevertheless trace their family tree back to the reign of Henry V.

The two landings give a fine view over the garden with its cedar trees, planted in 1754.
With the commanding view that the house provides to the south and south west, one can almost imagine a little over a hundred years before that, when the then King Charles I could have been pacing from window to window with his loyal supporter Sir Edward Spencer, watching Prince Rupert's  troops engaging  with the Parliamentarians during the Battle of Brentford. Apart from local folklore though, there is nothing to support this as having happened. It is almost equally disappointing to discover, that despite the historically rich ambience that follows one about from room to room, only one ghost has chosen to remain in residence. It is said to be that of the unquiet spirit of young master John Clitherow, who drowned at an untimely and early age.

After the second flight of stairs one arrives at the second floor. To the right is the door to a small anteroom on the west side of the house. Next to this is the state bedroom with a splendid Jacobean decorated plaster ceiling in high relief. The central panel depicts a female figure representing 'Hope'  with her cross-anchor; below is the word in Latin. This symbol pre-dates Christianity: Which hope we have as an anchor of the soul, both sure and stedfast, and which entereth into that within the veil; Hebrews 6:19 (KJV). Despite this, Dame Mary Reade died childless.

From here and though the doorway to the east side is the state drawing room; so called because this is where the ladies would withdraw after dinner, leaving the menfolk to smoke and sample the cellar. Boston Manor House is famous for this room: it is large, with a high  and magnificent Jacobean ceiling, with some elements designed by the 17th-century Dutch artist Marcus Gheeraerts, and engraved by Galle. In one corner is recorded the date of building, and Mary Reade's initials in another. An equally ornate chimney-piece over the mantel is based on a print by the Flemish-born engraver Abraham de Bruyn which depicts Abraham about to sacrifice Isaac on the Mount of Moriah. These high relief mouldings are all acknowledged to be excellent examples of the Jacobean period.

On the wall along the final top flight of stairs can be seen some 18th-century wallpaper, which was  discovered  during restoration work. While it has become distressed with time, it is considered to be among the best examples which have survived into present times.

Like most houses that have served as homes, when necessary it has been improved and modernised, by the Clitherow family. The original windows were replaced by box-sash and unfolding wooden panels or screens. These would be unfurled across the windows at dusk to keep in the heat, as well as keeping the house more secure. Central heating was also installed, as was gas for the kitchens.

The wall have been hung with hand-printed flock wallpaper.  Much of the furniture in the house has been lent by the Gunnersbury Park Museum.

The art collection includes an oil on canvas of Christopher Clitherow by Godfrey Kneller; oils of Syon House and Isleworth by James Isaiah Lewis; an oil of James Clitherow (1766–1841) by Henry William Pickersgill; and an oil of James Clitherow (1731–1805) by George Romney.

Park opening hours and events

The park is free and open to the public every day: 8am-dusk It has a modern and fully equipped children's playground, plus 3 tennis courts, and a basketball court. Friends of Boston Manor volunteers run a cafeteria at weekends. Recently a Nature Trail has been laid out. There are formal lawns and an ornamental lake with wildfowl. Car boot sales are held on the first Saturday of every month from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m.

Other historic neighbours
Boston Manor House is surrounded by other historic neighbours. To the northwest lies  Southall Manor House which is  away. To the north is Pitzhanger Manor House & Gallery which is  away. To the northeast is Gunnersbury Park
Museum which is  away. To the west is Osterley Park House which is  away. To the east is Chiswick House which is  away. To the south are Syon House which is  away, Kew Palace which is  away, and Ham House  away.

Transport and locale

Two London Buses serve the area; the 195 and the E8. The area's local London Underground station is Boston Manor, served by Piccadilly line trains.

Its post town is TW8 BRENTFORD, in the TW postcode area.

The M4 motorway overpass runs through  Boston Manor Park.

Popular culture
Boston Manor is featured in the song Girl VII on the album Foxbase Alpha by UK pop band Saint Etienne.

Bibliography
Daniel Lysons, The Environs of London (1795–1800)
Montague Sharpe, Bregantforda and the Hanweal (1904) ; Some Accounts of Bygone Hanwell and its Chapelry of New Brentford. Brentford Printing and Publishing Coy., Ltd. London. UK.
 Arthur Oswald,  1965, "Boston Manor House"  Country Life 18 March 1965, 63–7
 Janet McNamara, Boston Manor Brentford – A History and Guide
Cyrill Neaves, A history of Greater Ealing. S. R. Publishers 1971.

Notes

References

External links

Official website
Images of England on Boston Manor House: detailed architectural information
History of the house
London Metropolitan Archives holdings on Boston Manor House and the Clitherow family
Official website of the Brentford Festival

Country houses in London
Historic house museums in London
Houses in the London Borough of Hounslow
Museums in the London Borough of Hounslow
Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Hounslow
History of Middlesex
Houses completed in 1622
Grade I listed houses in London
Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Hounslow
Grade I listed museum buildings
Districts of the London Borough of Hounslow
History of the London Borough of Hounslow
Manor houses in England
Jacobean architecture in the United Kingdom
1622 establishments in England
Middlesex

Boston Manor House


Andrea Jutson is a writer who was born and raised in Auckland, New Zealand. She has published two crime novels featuring reticent medium James Paxton, Senseless (Random House, 2005) and The Darkness Looking Back (Random House, 2008). She was also short-listed for the 2011 Tessa Duder Award for New Zealand young adult literature for her unpublished manuscript, Cursed. Jutson has loved reading and writing her entire life, and was a bookseller for eight years, before working as a journalist for The Aucklander. She has also reviewed literature for the Scoop news website in New Zealand, and is now working in collection development at Auckland Libraries.

Writing
In 2005, Jutson's debut novel Senseless was published - a psychic-tinged crime thriller set in Auckland, which introduced reluctant medium and English immigrant James Paxton. Paxton finds the body of a man bludgeoned to death, a dead man who then asks him to track down his killer, for the sake of his daughter. Jutson's debut received good reviews, including a comment from major New Zealand newspaper The Sunday Star-Times comparing her to Ruth Rendell and Jeffery Deaver.

In 2008 Jutson released the follow-up to Senseless, again featuring Paxton and Detective Constable Andy Stirling. In The Darkness Looking Back, Paxton and Stirling find themselves knee-deep in another murder mystery after a pizza delivery boy stumbles across a body at a house in the Auckland suburbs. Stirling, stumped by the grisly but seemingly motiveless crime, visits Paxton, hoping for 'unofficial' help. When another bashed and stabbed body is found by another delivery-person, the case quickly takes a more sinister twist, especially when it becomes apparent a game-playing serial killer is targeting unfaithful women. Paxton's involvement is leaked to the media and public hysteria ensues – complicating both Paxton's personal life, and an already difficult investigation for Stirling and his NZ Police colleagues.

The Paxton series was cancelled after two novels. Jutson has since begun two young adult novels and two further works of crime fiction.

Crime novels
 2005: Senseless
 2008: The Darkness Looking Back

Reviews
"I loved how I could visualise every scene from the book and the locations weren't your average Auckland icons, either... Andrea Jutson writes with authority and compassion ...Senseless is a strong, thoughtful crime novel that stands out from the crowd" Clea Marshall, nzgirl magazine

"One of the best things ... is Jutson's depiction and use of Paxton and his psychic abilities. Neither contrived nor clichéd, Paxton is a fascinating and reasonably complex character - not a cardboard cutout of the average "psychic" tabloid columnist or wannabe TV celebrity... Topped off nicely by moments of humour and domesticity that provide a breather from the dark deeds, it's an enjoyable local read for crime fiction fans." Craig Sisterson, NZLawyer magazine

References

External links
 NZ Book Month blog

Writers from Auckland
Living people
New Zealand crime fiction writers
New Zealand women novelists
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century New Zealand novelists
21st-century New Zealand women writers
Women crime fiction writers
New Zealand booksellers

Andrea Jutson