Jane I. Guyer (born 31 December 1943) is the George Armstrong Kelly Professor in the Department of Anthropology at Johns Hopkins University.

Biography
Before coming to Hopkins, Guyer taught at Northwestern University, Harvard University, and Boston University. She has published extensively on economic development in West Africa, on the productive economy, the division of labor, and the management of money. She was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2008 and serves on several international and national committees, including the International Advisory Group to the World Bank and the governments of Chad and Cameroon on the Chad–Cameroon Petroleum Development and Pipeline Project, the Lost Crops of Africa panel published by the National Academy, and the Board and Executive Committee of the African Studies Association. Her research has been celebrated for her contributions not just to empirical research but theoretical discourse on several topics.

Education
Guyer was born in Scotland and attended the London School of Economics, earning a bachelor's degree in sociology in 1965. She then attended the University of Rochester, where the department focused on the British social anthropological tradition, and studied under Robert Merrill and Alfred Harris. She completed her graduate training in 1972. Her dissertation was titled The Organizational Plan of Traditional Farming: Idere, Western Nigeria. Guyer earned her first teaching position at the University of North Carolina before she had completed her studies.

Major works

Publications
 Family and Farm in Southern Cameroon, 1984. Boston University, African Studies Center. Research Study #15.
 Feeding African Cities: Essays in Regional Social History (editor), 1987. Edinburgh University Press and the International African Institute.
 An African Niche Economy, 1997. Edinburgh University Press and the International African Institute.
 Time and African Land Use: Ethnography and Remote Sensing. 2007. Guyer and  Eric Lambin (eds.) Special issue of Human Ecology, vol. 35, no. 1.
 Money Matters: Instability, Values and Social Payments in the Modern History of West African Communities (editor), 1995. Heinemann.
 Money Struggles and City Life (co-editor with LaRay Denzer and Adigun Agbaje), 2002. Heinemann.
 Marginal Gains: Monetary Transactions in Atlantic Africa, 2004. University of Chicago Press.
 Cultures of Monetarism. Collected papers and abstracts

Exhibits
 To Dance the Spirit: Masks of Liberia, 1986. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.
 Living Tradition in Africa and the Americas: The Legacy of Melville J. &  Frances  S. Herskovits, 1998. Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, Northwestern University.

References

External links
 Gupta, Sujata. "Profile of Jane Guyer". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, February 14, 2012 vol. 109 no. 7, pp. 2181–2183.
 Biography at Johns Hopkins University
 A special issue of African Studies Review devoted to Marginal Gains

1943 births
Living people
Scottish anthropologists
Scottish women anthropologists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Northwestern University faculty
Harvard University faculty
Boston University faculty
Alumni of the London School of Economics
University of Rochester alumni

Jane I. Guyer


Ludruk is one of the theatrical genres in East Java.  It is a form of traditional performance presented by a troupe of actors (or comedians) on a stage, re-telling the life stories of everyday people and their struggles. Its origin is unclear, but it is believed to be dated as far back as the 13th century.

The dialogue or monologue in ludruk are mostly comedic. The actors would almost always use the Surabaya dialect of Javanese language, although sometimes there can be occasional guest stars from other areas, such as Jombang, Malang, Madura, Madiun, who each would use their own dialect. Despite the fact that many different dialects are employed in one performance, as a whole, ludruk is a simple and straightforward comedy, making ludruk easily understood by everyone. It is occasionally interspersed with jokes and accompanied by gamelan to form a musical performance.

A typical ludruk performance begins with a performance of Remo dance and followed by a portrayal Pak Sakera, a legendary 19th century Madurese hero.

Ludruk differs from ketoprak from Central Java, in that the plot in ketoprak is often drawn from Javanese history and legends. Both genres focus on delivering a particular moral message, but ludruk tells stories about everyday life, and mostly that of the underprivileged. It is a popular form of entertainment for the working-class audience.

See also

Ketoprak
Wayang

References

External links
 Soft Minded Men

Javanese culture
Theatre in Indonesia
Traditional drama and theatre of Indonesia
Dance in Indonesia
Balinese culture

Ludruk


Dirty rice is a traditional Louisiana Creole dish made from white rice which gets a "dirty" color from being cooked with small pieces of pork, beef or chicken, green bell pepper, celery, and onion, and spiced with cayenne and black pepper.  Parsley and chopped green onions are common garnishes.  Dirty rice is most common in the Creole regions of southern Louisiana; however, it can also be found in other areas of the American South and referenced as "chicken and rice," "Cajun rice," or "rice dressing".

Origins
The earliest versions of this dish trace back to the Antebellum era of southern Louisiana in the late 1700s, and fall under the category of soul food. During this period, the individuals working the slave trade  brought crops from Africa, and captives with the knowledge to cultivate them in the colonies. These crops included sweet potatoes, okra, peanuts, kidney beans, lima beans, watermelon, and rice.

Captive farmers from the coast of West Africa, who included rice in many aspects of their diets, were brought to Louisiana as enslaved people for their ability to cultivate the crop in the marshes and bayous. As a result, rice plantations became large and profitable institution's for Louisiana land owners. The plentiful nature of rice made it a inexpensive commodity allotted to enslaved people. Along with corn, beans, sorghum, succotash, and greens; rice was one of the limited foods enslaved people were allowed to eat on the plantation. Enslaved peoples were also given the "undesirable" cuts of the meat which would otherwise be thrown away by plantation owners. This generally included intestines, neck, feet, head, ears, ribcage, tail, and tongue of the hogs, cow, and chickens. Through these options, enslaved people adapted to create meals to feed themselves and their families.

The rice, combined with the organ meat provided by the slave owners, were the primary components of dirty rice. Often, the dish would be made with the hearts, livers, kidneys, gizzards, ribs, and feet of the plantation livestock provided to them. The meat would be cooked down first, then chopped into fine pieces while the rice cooked. Then, the rice would be mixed in with this meat mixture, and the broth-type "gravy" formed by the meat would give the rice its "dirty" appearance. The "dirtiness" mentioned in the meal's name is likely also due to the choice of meat traditionally included in the dish.

In the 1800s, harmful stereotypes emerged that associated black individuals with certain foods, such as fried chicken, chitterlings, watermelon, and dirty rice. These stereotypes had complex origins, but the American Civil War played a significant role in their creation. These negative ideals were reinforced through offensive portrayals in popular culture, such as minstrel shows and commercial branding. Household names like Uncle Ben and Aunt Jemima are model examples of how corporate institutions' reinforced harmful and dehumanizing grammar.

Variations

After the abolition of slavery in the late 1800s, the dish remained a traditional meal of the freed African Americans due to its affordable and easy-to-make nature. It was later adopted as a "poor man's meal" by the poor White and the Acadian "Cajun" immigrants who also populated the lower class of Southern Louisiana. These individuals would have their own farms and hunt for wild game, allowing them to make simple meals such as this one to feed their families. Thus, the dish continued to be one associated with poverty. However, as these individuals gained more wealth and with it, access to better ingredients, the recipe saw more expensive additions being incorporated, such as Andouille sausage and ground beef instead of chicken livers and pig intestines. They would also include additional spices, such as bay leaves, garlic, and cayenne pepper.

As a result, the recipe for dirty rice is one that adapts to the means of the cook and the available ingredients on hand. While ground meat and rice are the two most consistent ingredients, the types of meat vary, and a blend of vegetables such as peppers and onions are often included. The way the dish is seasoned can also vary from simple salt and black pepper, to a more elaborate blend of herbs, spices, hot sauces, and aromatics.

A well-known variation of this rice dish is another Cajun staple, jambalaya.

Modern variants
In the wake of healthy eating initiatives, the recipe has experienced some health-conscious variations that include using ground turkey over pork, as well as cooking the dish in vegetable oils instead of oils heavy in trans fats. Additionally, the addition organ meat has largely been substituted for prime cuts of ground beef, chicken and pork.

Other names
Dirty rice is frequently referred to as Cajun Rice in Louisiana and other parts of the South due to the dish's history with the Acadian immigrants of Louisiana. Cajun rice typically incorporates Andouille sausage, bell pepper, celery, and onions along with a blend of traditional Cajun spices. In some southern regions, it is also called rice dressing. Rice dressing may be prepared using ground beef or ground pork, rather than chicken liver and giblets.

Popularity
Despite its meager origins, dirty rice is considered a staple dish in the American South as an example of "authentic" Louisiana, Creole, and Cajun cooking.   The dish is served as a main course as well as a side, and is often served alongside other traditional Louisianan dishes, including étouffée and gumbo to name a few.  Prepackaged mixes of the rice, vegetables and spices are sold in grocery stores by brands such as Zatarain's, Tony Chachere's, and Louisiana Fish Fry Products—all brands that cater towards traditional Louisiana cuisine. It is a dish commonly served in Louisiana tourist spots and cooked by popular chefs, including celebrity chef and New Orleans restaurateur Emeril Lagasse. It is a well-known dish served in regions all over the South.

See also
 List of rice dishes
Cajun cuisine
Soul food

References

External links

American rice dishes
Cajun cuisine
Chicken and rice dishes
Cuisine of New Orleans
Cuisine of the Southern United States
Louisiana Creole cuisine
Soul food

Dirty rice


Arrowhead, also known as the Herman Melville House, is a historic house museum in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. It was the home of American author Herman Melville during his most productive years, 1850–1863. Here, Melville wrote some of his major works: the novels Moby-Dick, Pierre (dedicated to nearby Mount Greylock), The Confidence-Man, and Israel Potter; The Piazza Tales (a short story collection named for Arrowhead's porch); and magazine stories such as "I and My Chimney".

The house, located at 780 Holmes Road in Pittsfield, was built in the 1780s as a farmhouse and inn.  It was adjacent to a property owned by Melville's uncle Thomas, where Melville had developed an attachment to the area through repeated visits.  He purchased the property in 1850 with borrowed money and spent the next twelve years farming and writing there.  Financial considerations prompted his family's return to New York City in 1863, and Melville sold the property to his brother.

The house remained in private hands until 1975, when the Berkshire County Historical Society acquired the house and a portion of the original  property.  The Society restored most of the house to Melville's period and operates it as a house museum; it is open to the public during warmer months.  It has been designated a National Historic Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Construction and early history

Construction of the oldest portions of the house known as Arrowhead took place in the 1780s. Built by Captain David Bush, the wood frame and clapboard house was apparently used as an inn. The Bush family sold the property to Pittsfield doctor John Brewster in 1844, who in 1850 sold the  property to the writer Herman Melville. The house at that time consisted of a simple rectangular structure with five window bays across and two deep, with a large central chimney. There is some evidence that the house may originally have had three stories, but at the time of the Melville purchase in 1850, it only had two and a half.

Melville in Pittsfield

Herman Melville was born in New York City in 1819.  His maternal grandparents lived in Albany, New York, where his parents took their family in 1830 after a series of financial setbacks.  His uncle Thomas Melvill owned property in Pittsfield that the family had visited a few times when Melville was younger.  The first significant visit Melville made to his uncle was a brief one in August 1831.  After his father died in January 1832, Melville's mother took the family to Pittsfield to escape an outbreak of cholera in July 1832.  It is from the time of this brief stay that Melville's interest in the Berkshires developed.  In 1837 he ran his uncle's farm while the latter traveled to Illinois to pursue business opportunities.  According to Melville's cousin Priscilla, during this time his attachment to the area deepened considerably.

In the summer of 1850, Melville, his wife Lizzie, and their son Malcolm vacationed in Pittsfield.  The visit to his uncle's farm was bittersweet, for his uncle had agreed to sell the property, and it would be the family's last visit there. On August 5, 1850, Melville met Nathaniel Hawthorne for the first time, having only recently read his short story collection Mosses from an Old Manse. The two were among several invited to a picnic on Monument Mountain south of Pittsfield with a group that also included Evert Augustus Duyckinck and Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. Melville and Hawthorne struck up an instant friendship.  Attracted by the Hawthornes, and apparently unwilling to abandon the Berkshires, Melville decided on impulse to purchase the Brewster farm, which abutted his uncle's property.  According to a news report of his purchase, the property "commands one of the most extensive and splended views in Berkshire."  He secured a $3,000 loan from his father-in-law Lemuel Shaw (a Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Chief Justice who was in Lenox for a court session at the time), received a $1,500 mortgage from Brewster, and promised to pay the rest of the $6,500 purchase price when his New York lease was sold.  The sale was finalized on September 14, 1850.  To raise funds, Melville sold off  in the 1850s. Shaw assumed the mortgage in 1856, took title to the property in 1857, and transferred it to Melville's wife in 1860.

Melville at Arrowhead

Melville called his new home Arrowhead because of the arrowheads that were dug up around the property during planting season. New York publisher Evert Augustus Duyckinck wrote that its "grounds would satisfy an English nobleman—for the noble maples and elms and various seclusions and outlooks". In August 1850, he described his routine to Duyckinck:

It was at Arrowhead that Melville finished his novel Moby-Dick; though the work was not recognized during the author's lifetime, it has since become known as one of the greatest American literary masterpieces. Hawthorne's influence on Melville while writing the book is significant. Melville wrote a review of Mosses from an Old Manse, published by Duyckinck, and in it he believed that these stories revealed a dark side to Hawthorne, "shrouded in blackness, ten times black". Moby-Dick was dedicated to Hawthorne: "In token of my admiration for his genius, this book is inscribed to Nathaniel Hawthorne." Hawthorne, in turn, referenced Melville in his book A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys: "On the higher side of Pittsfield, sits Herman Melville, shaping out the gigantic conception of his 'White Wale' while the gigantic shape of Graylock looms upon him from his study-window."

Melville incorporated domestic features of Arrowhead into several stories. The piazza (or porch), after which The Piazza Tales were named, was added to the north side of Arrowhead shortly after Melville purchased the property.  Unlike the more typical Berkshires properties that located the porch facing south, Melville chose to face it toward Mount Greylock, to which he dedicated Pierre. Of the piazza he wrote:

In "I and My Chimney", published in Putnam's Monthly Magazine in 1856, he described Arrowhead's large chimney:

Melville lived, farmed, and wrote at Arrowhead for 13 years, receiving visitors including Hawthorne, Holmes, and Catharine Maria Sedgwick.  Other well-known works that he wrote there include the novels Israel Potter and The Confidence-Man, and the stories "Bartleby, the Scrivener" and "Benito Cereno" (which were collected in The Piazza Tales).  During that time, however, his writing was not providing him much income.  In order to improve the family finances, the Melvilles moved into Pittsfield in 1862, and sold Arrowhead the following year to his brother Allan.  The Melvilles then returned to New York City, where Herman eventually found work as a customs inspector.

After Herman Melville

Melville continued to visit Arrowhead occasionally during his brother's ownership of the property.  Members of the Melville family owned the house until 1927.  It remained in private hands until 1975, when the Berkshire County Historical Society purchased the house.  In the years between Melville's ownership and the historical society acquisition, major portions of the property were sold off until only  remained, although a significant amount of it remains open land; the society later acquired another .  Owners after Herman Melville made substantial additions to the house, principally two ells.  The piazza was removed in the 20th century, but a large window was added on the north side of the house to maintain the view of Mount Greylock.  Arrowhead was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962.

Museum

The Historical Society, after acquiring the property, worked to restore it to the condition it was in Melville's time. Numerous interior alterations were undone, windows that had been changed were restored to their original size and configuration, and the piazza was restored.  The Society also restored the upstairs study in which Melville did his writing to its original state.

Arrowhead is now a non-profit historic house museum operated by the Berkshire County Historical Society, which uses a portion of the house as office space. The remainder is open to the public for guided tours during the warmer months of the year. It is located at 780 Holmes Road, and is open from Memorial Day to Columbus Day.

See also
Herman Melville House, in Troy, New York, where Melville lived between 1838 and 1847
National Register of Historic Places listings in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
List of National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Two-volume biography of Melville.

External links
Arrowhead official website

Biographical museums in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Pittsfield, Massachusetts
Arrowhead
Historic house museums in Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1780
Literary museums in the United States
Museums in Pittsfield, Massachusetts
National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
Homes of American writers

Arrowhead (Herman Melville House)


Whale Adventure is a 1960 children's book by the Canadian-born American author Willard Price featuring his "Adventure" series characters, Hal and Roger Hunt.

The novel depicts Hal and Roger's journey on a whaling ship with anachronistic, nineteenth century features such as harpooning by hand, hard tack, the brig, and keel-hauling. Price borrows the setting and many key events from Herman Melville's Moby-Dick.

Plot

A scientist travels in the ship as a passenger. The captain of the ship does not agree to accommodate any more passengers, so the only way the boys may go on the journey is to join the crew.

Roger defends a captured sperm whale against a group of sharks and later a pack of killer whales. This novel also explain how clever killer whales are.

The captain of the ship is a ruthless man who tortures and punishes the crew. He is beaten by Hal in a hand-to-hand fight. When an old sailor, who is keelhauled as a punishment, is eaten by a shark, the crew takes the control of the ship, confining the captain and his henchman in the cage.

In the end of the story, their ship was destroyed by a sperm whale and they were saved by a modern whaler with a whale-spotting helicopter.

1960 American novels
Novels by Willard Price
Jonathan Cape books
1960 children's books
Fiction about whales
Children's novels about animals

Whale Adventure


Venni Karumbeswarar Temple
is a Hindu temple located at Koilvenni in Tiruvarur district, Tamil Nadu, India. The temple is dedicated to Shiva, as the moolavar presiding deity, in his manifestation as Karumbeswarar. His consort, Parvati, is known as Soundaranayagi. The historical name of the place is Tiruvenni.

Significance
It is one of the shrines of the 275 Paadal Petra Sthalams - Shiva Sthalams glorified in the early medieval Tevaram poems by Tamil Saivite Nayanars Tirugnanasambandar and
Tirunavukkarasar. It is also believed that patients suffering from diabetes will be cured of the disease if they make an offering of sugar to the main deity at this temple."Karumbu" in Tamil means sugarcane and the main linga is in the form of a bunch of sugarcane stems tied together.

Gallery

References

External links

Shiva temples in Tiruvarur district
Padal Petra Stalam

Venni Karumbeswarar Temple


The Planck constant, or Planck's constant, denoted by  is a fundamental physical constant of foundational importance in quantum mechanics: a photon's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the Planck constant, and the wavelength of a matter wave equals the Planck constant divided by the associated particle momentum.

The constant was first postulated by Max Planck in 1900 as a proportionality constant needed to explain experimental black-body radiation. Planck later referred to the constant as the "quantum of action". In 1905, Albert Einstein associated the "quantum" or minimal element of the energy to the electromagnetic wave itself.  Max Planck received the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics "in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta".

In metrology, the Planck constant is used, together with other constants, to define the kilogram, the SI unit of mass. The SI units are defined in such a way that, when the Planck constant is expressed in SI units, it has the exact value  It is often used with units of eV, which corresponds to the SI unit per elementary charge.

Significance of the value

The Planck constant is related to the quantization of light and matter. It can be seen as a subatomic-scale constant. In a unit system adapted to subatomic scales, the electronvolt is the appropriate unit of energy and the petahertz the appropriate unit of frequency. Atomic unit systems are based (in part) on the Planck constant. The physical meaning of the Planck constant could suggest some basic features of our physical world.

The Planck constant is one of the smallest constants used in physics. This reflects the fact that on a scale adapted to humans, where energies are typical of the order of kilojoules and times are typical of the order of seconds or minutes, the Planck constant is very small. One can regard the Planck constant to be only relevant to the microscopic scale instead of the macroscopic scale in our everyday experience.

Equivalently, the order of the Planck constant reflects the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of microscopic particles. For example, green light with a wavelength of 555 nanometres (a wavelength that can be perceived by the human eye to be green) has a frequency of  (). Each photon has an energy . That is a very small amount of energy in terms of everyday experience, but everyday experience is not concerned with individual photons any more than with individual atoms or molecules. An amount of light more typical in everyday experience (though much larger than the smallest amount perceivable by the human eye) is the energy of one mole of photons; its energy can be computed by multiplying the photon energy by the Avogadro constant, , with the result of , about the food energy in three apples.

History

Origin of the constant

Planck's constant was formulated as part of Max Planck's successful effort to produce a mathematical expression that accurately predicted the observed spectral distribution of thermal radiation from a closed furnace (black-body radiation). This mathematical expression is now known as Planck's law.

In the last years of the 19th century, Max Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some 40 years earlier. Every physical body spontaneously and continuously emits electromagnetic radiation. There was no expression or explanation for the overall shape of the observed emission spectrum. At the time, Wien's law fit the data for short wavelengths and high temperatures, but failed for long wavelengths. Also around this time, but unknown to Planck, Lord Rayleigh had derived theoretically a formula, now known as the Rayleigh–Jeans law, that could reasonably predict long wavelengths but failed dramatically at short wavelengths.

Approaching this problem, Planck hypothesized that the equations of motion for light describe a set of harmonic oscillators, one for each possible frequency. He examined how the entropy of the oscillators varied with the temperature of the body, trying to match Wien's law, and was able to derive an approximate mathematical function for the black-body spectrum, which gave a simple empirical formula for long wavelengths.

Planck tried to find a mathematical expression that could reproduce Wien's law (for short wavelengths) and the empirical formula (for long wavelengths). This expression included a constant, , which is thought to be for Hilfsgrösse (auxiliary variable), and subsequently became known as the Planck constant. The expression formulated by Planck showed that the spectral radiance of a body for frequency  at absolute temperature  is given by
 ,
where  is the Boltzmann constant,  is the Planck constant, and  is the speed of light in the medium, whether material or vacuum.

The spectral radiance of a body, , describes the amount of energy it emits at different radiation frequencies. It is the power emitted per unit area of the body, per unit solid angle of emission, per unit frequency. The spectral radiance can also be expressed per unit wavelength  instead of per unit frequency. In this case, it is given by

,

showing how radiated energy emitted at shorter wavelengths increases more rapidly with temperature than energy emitted at longer wavelengths.

Planck's law may also be expressed in other terms, such as the number of photons emitted at a certain wavelength, or the energy density in a volume of radiation. The SI units of  are , while those of  are .

Planck soon realized that his solution was not unique. There were several different solutions, each of which gave a different value for the entropy of the oscillators. To save his theory, Planck resorted to using the then-controversial theory of statistical mechanics, which he described as "an act of desperation". One of his new boundary conditions was

With this new condition, Planck had imposed the quantization of the energy of the oscillators, "a purely formal assumption … actually I did not think much about it ..." in his own words, but one that would revolutionize physics. Applying this new approach to Wien's displacement law showed that the "energy element" must be proportional to the frequency of the oscillator, the first version of what is now sometimes termed the "Planck–Einstein relation":

Planck was able to calculate the value of  from experimental data on black-body radiation: his result, , is within 1.2% of the currently defined value. He also made the first determination of the Boltzmann constant  from the same data and theory.

Development and application
The black-body problem was revisited in 1905, when Lord Rayleigh and James Jeans (on the one hand) and Albert Einstein (on the other hand) independently proved that classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum. These proofs are commonly known as the "ultraviolet catastrophe", a name coined by Paul Ehrenfest in 1911. They contributed greatly (along with Einstein's work on the photoelectric effect) in convincing physicists that Planck's postulate of quantized energy levels was more than a mere mathematical formalism. The first Solvay Conference in 1911 was devoted to "the theory of radiation and quanta".

Photoelectric effect

The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons (called "photoelectrons") from a surface when light is shone on it. It was first observed by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel in 1839, although credit is usually reserved for Heinrich Hertz, who published the first thorough investigation in 1887. Another particularly thorough investigation was published by Philipp Lenard (Lénárd Fülöp) in 1902. Einstein's 1905 paper discussing the effect in terms of light quanta would earn him the Nobel Prize in 1921, after his predictions had been confirmed by the experimental work of Robert Andrews Millikan. The Nobel committee awarded the prize for his work on the photo-electric effect, rather than relativity, both because of a bias against purely theoretical physics not grounded in discovery or experiment, and dissent amongst its members as to the actual proof that relativity was real.

Before Einstein's paper, electromagnetic radiation such as visible light was considered to behave as a wave: hence the use of the terms "frequency" and "wavelength" to characterize different types of radiation. The energy transferred by a wave in a given time is called its intensity. The light from a theatre spotlight is more intense than the light from a domestic lightbulb; that is to say that the spotlight gives out more energy per unit time and per unit space (and hence consumes more electricity) than the ordinary bulb, even though the color of the light might be very similar. Other waves, such as sound or the waves crashing against a seafront, also have their intensity. However, the energy account of the photoelectric effect didn't seem to agree with the wave description of light.

The "photoelectrons" emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect have a certain kinetic energy, which can be measured. This kinetic energy (for each photoelectron) is independent of the intensity of the light, but depends linearly on the frequency; and if the frequency is too low (corresponding to a photon energy that is less than the work function of the material), no photoelectrons are emitted at all, unless a plurality of photons, whose energetic sum is greater than the energy of the photoelectrons, acts virtually simultaneously (multiphoton effect). Assuming the frequency is high enough to cause the photoelectric effect, a rise in intensity of the light source causes more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy, rather than the same number of photoelectrons to be emitted with higher kinetic energy.

Einstein's explanation for these observations was that light itself is quantized; that the energy of light is not transferred continuously as in a classical wave, but only in small "packets" or quanta. The size of these "packets" of energy, which would later be named photons, was to be the same as Planck's "energy element", giving the modern version of the Planck–Einstein relation:

Einstein's postulate was later proven experimentally: the constant of proportionality between the frequency of incident light  and the kinetic energy of photoelectrons  was shown to be equal to the Planck constant .

Atomic structure

It was John William Nicholson in 1912 who introduced h-bar into the theory of the atom which was the first quantum and nuclear atom and the first to quantize angular momentum as h/2. Niels Bohr quoted him in his 1913 paper of the Bohr model of the atom. The influence of the work of Nicholson's nuclear quantum atomic model on Bohr's model has been written about by many historians.

Niels Bohr introduced the third quantized model of the atom in 1913, in an attempt to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford's classical model. The first quantized model of the atom was introduced in 1910 by Arthur Erich Haas and was discussed at the 1911 Solvay conference. In classical electrodynamics, a charge moving in a circle should radiate electromagnetic radiation. If that charge were to be an electron orbiting a nucleus, the radiation would cause it to lose energy and spiral down into the nucleus. Bohr solved this paradox with explicit reference to Planck's work: an electron in a Bohr atom could only have certain defined energies

where  is the speed of light in vacuum,  is an experimentally determined constant (the Rydberg constant) and . Once the electron reached the lowest energy level (), it could not get any closer to the nucleus (lower energy). This approach also allowed Bohr to account for the Rydberg formula, an empirical description of the atomic spectrum of hydrogen, and to account for the value of the Rydberg constant  in terms of other fundamental constants.

Bohr also introduced the quantity , now known as the reduced Planck constant or Dirac constant, as the quantum of angular momentum. At first, Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom: this proved incorrect and, despite developments by Sommerfeld and others, an accurate description of the electron angular momentum proved beyond the Bohr model. The correct quantization rules for electrons – in which the energy reduces to the Bohr model equation in the case of the hydrogen atom – were given by Heisenberg's matrix mechanics in 1925 and the Schrödinger wave equation in 1926: the reduced Planck constant remains the fundamental quantum of angular momentum. In modern terms, if  is the total angular momentum of a system with rotational invariance, and  the angular momentum measured along any given direction, these quantities can only take on the values

Uncertainty principle

The Planck constant also occurs in statements of Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Given numerous particles prepared in the same state, the uncertainty in their position, , and the uncertainty in their momentum, , obey

where the uncertainty is given as the standard deviation of the measured value from its expected value. There are several other such pairs of physically measurable conjugate variables which obey a similar rule. One example is time vs. energy. The inverse relationship between the uncertainty of the two conjugate variables forces a tradeoff in quantum experiments, as measuring one quantity more precisely results in the other quantity becoming imprecise.

In addition to some assumptions underlying the interpretation of certain values in the quantum mechanical formulation, one of the fundamental cornerstones to the entire theory lies in the commutator relationship between the position operator  and the momentum operator :

where  is the Kronecker delta.

Photon energy

The Planck relation connects the particular photon energy  with its associated wave frequency :

This energy is extremely small in terms of ordinarily perceived everyday objects.

Since the frequency , wavelength , and speed of light  are related by , the relation can also be expressed as

de Broglie wavelength

In 1923, Louis de Broglie generalized the Planck–Einstein relation by postulating that the Planck constant represents the proportionality between the momentum and the quantum wavelength of not just the photon, but the quantum wavelength of any particle. This was confirmed by experiments soon afterward. This holds throughout the quantum theory, including electrodynamics.  The de Broglie wavelength  of the particle is given by

where  denotes the linear momentum of a particle, such as a photon, or any other elementary particle.

The energy of a photon with angular frequency  is given by

while its linear momentum relates to

where  is an angular wavenumber.

These two relations are the temporal and spatial parts of the special relativistic expression using 4-vectors.

Statistical mechanics
Classical statistical mechanics requires the existence of  (but does not define its value). Eventually, following upon Planck's discovery, it was speculated that physical action could not take on an arbitrary value, but instead was restricted to integer multiples of a very small quantity, the "[elementary] quantum of action", now called the Planck constant. This was a significant conceptual part of the so-called "old quantum theory" developed by physicists including Bohr, Sommerfeld, and Ishiwara, in which particle trajectories exist but are hidden, but quantum laws constrain them based on their action. This view has been replaced by fully modern quantum theory, in which definite trajectories of motion do not even exist; rather, the particle is represented by a wavefunction spread out in space and in time. Thus there is no value of the action as classically defined. Related to this is the concept of energy quantization which existed in old quantum theory and also exists in altered form in modern quantum physics. Classical physics cannot explain either quantization of energy or the lack of classical particle motion.

In many cases, such as for monochromatic light or for atoms, quantization of energy also implies that only certain energy levels are allowed, and values in between are forbidden.

Value
The Planck constant has dimensions of angular momentum. In SI units, the Planck constant is expressed with the unit joule per hertz (J⋅Hz) or joule-second (J⋅s).

The above values have been adopted as fixed in the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units.

Since 2019, the numerical value of the Planck constant has been fixed, with a finite decimal representation.  This fixed value is used to define the Si unit of mass, the kilogram: "the kilogram [...] is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of  to be  when expressed in the unit J⋅s, which is equal to kg⋅m2⋅s−1, where the metre and the second are defined in terms of speed of light  and duration of hyperfine transition of the ground state of an unperturbed caesium-133 atom ." Technologies of mass metrology such as the Kibble balance measure refine the value of kilogram applying fixed value of the Planck constant.

Reduced Planck constant ℏ

In many applications, the Planck constant   naturally appears in combination with   as  which can be traced to the fact that in these applications it is natural to use the angular frequency (in radians per second) rather than plain frequency (in cycles per second or hertz). For this reason, is often useful to absorb that factor of  into the Planck constant by introducing the reduced Planck constant (or reduced Planck's constant ), equal to the Planck constant divided by  and denoted by  (pronounced h-bar).

Many of the most important equations, relations, definitions, and results of quantum mechanics are customarily written using the reduced Planck constant   rather than the Planck constant , including the Schrödinger equation, momentum operator, canonical commutation relation, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, and Planck units.

Because the fundamental equations look simpler when written using  as opposed to  it is usually  rather than  that gives the most reliable results when used in order-of-magnitude estimates.

History

The combination  first made its appearance in Niels Bohr's 1913 paper,  where it was denoted by  For the next 15 years, the combination continued to appear in the literature, but normally without a separate symbol. Then, in 1926, in their seminal papers, Schrödinger and Dirac again introduced special symbols for it:  in the case of Schrödinger, and  in the case of Dirac. Dirac continued to use  in this way until 1930,  when he introduced the symbol  in his book The Principles of Quantum Mechanics.

More on terminology and notation

Names

The reduced Planck constant is known by many other names: the rationalized Planck constant   (or rationalized Planck's constant   ), the Dirac constant   (or Dirac's constant  ), the Dirac  (or Dirac's  ), the Dirac  (or Dirac's   ), and h-bar. It is also common to refer to this  as "Planck's constant"  while retaining the relationship .

Symbols

By far the most common symbol for the reduced Planck constant is  . However, there are some sources that denote it by  instead, in which case they usually refer to it as the "Dirac "  (or "Dirac's ).

See also

 CODATA 2018
 International System of Units
 Introduction to quantum mechanics
 List of scientists whose names are used in physical constants
 Planck units
 Wave–particle duality

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

External links
 "The role of the Planck constant in physics" – presentation at 26th CGPM meeting at Versailles, France, November 2018 when voting took place.
 "The Planck constant and its units" – presentation at the 35th Symposium on Chemical Physics at the University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, November 3 2019.

Fundamental constants
1900 in science
Max Planck

Planck constant


BÏF§ZF+18 Simultaneità e Chimismi lirici (BÏF§ZF+18. Simultaneity and Lyrical Chemistry) is a poetry book and artist's book published in 1915 by the Italian futurist Ardengo Soffici. Despite its rarity, the book has become famous as one of the finest examples of futurist 'words-in-freedom', and has been described as 'absolutely the most important book that came out of Florentine Futurism'.

Originally printed in an edition of 300, the original book became even scarcer when the River Arno flooded in 1966, destroying many of the remaining copies.
'Of the futurist poets, Ardengo Soffici (1879–1965) produced some of the best experimental verse of the time. Painter, art and literary critic, Soffici was an active mediator between Italy and the French avant-garde.... BÏF§ZF+18 Simultaneità e Chimismi lirici, his collection of Futurist poems, is a collage of visual and auditory impressions that combine memory and sensation to give the effect of poetry in motion.' Peter Brand & Lino Pertile

Futurism
After training at the Florence Accademia, Soffici moved to Paris in 1900; during this time, his circle of friends included Guillaume Apollinaire, André Derain and Picasso. After returning to Italy, he started to write art criticism for the Italian journal La Voce. In 1911, he wrote a negative review of a Milanese Futurist exhibition, which led to him being assaulted by the Italian futurists Marinetti, Boccioni and Carrà at the Le Giubbe Rosse café in Florence.

Soffici made his peace with the group, and exhibited works in the travelling Futurist exhibition held between 1912 and 1913 in Paris, Brussels, London, Berlin and Florence. BÏF§ZF+18 marks the highpoint of his involvement with the group; by 1916 he had begun to distance himself from the group, seeing 'Futurism as a once legitimate movement that had become a spent force '.  After returning from active service in World War I, his work re-engaged with Tuscan traditionalism - in part due to his support for fascist ideology - and naturalistic landscapes became the mainstay of his art until his death in 1965.

The book

The book is divided into two roughly equal halves; the first, Simultaneita, contains 12 'simultaneous' poems laid out in standard typography; the second section, Chimismi Lirici, contains 10 poems that use multiple fonts, signs, adverts, brand names, repetition and onomatopoeiac devices that are contemporaneous to Marinetti's similar experiments in Zang Tumb Tumb, and prefigure Marinetti's later, more abstract Les Mots En Liberte Futuristes, 1919. (see )

Taken from Aeroplano

I would squeeze the joystick with a fist of air.
I hit the throttle with shoe to the sky;
Frrrrrr frrrrrr frrrrrr, drowned in the deep turquoise.
I eat violet blue,
Slices of azure;
I swallow tankards of cobalt blue,
Heavens of lapis lazuli,
Heavenly blue, light blue, celestial,
Prussian blue, dark heavenly, heavenly lumière;
I sink into a funnel of paradise.
Christ the aviator! I was made for this ascension to glorious poetic-military-sport
Rectangular angels of canvas and steel.
The black cube is the thought of return, that gate with my language turned on with the look of joy
As the white dial of the altimeter turns.

Translated from the Italian.

Later editions
The book has been reprinted a number of times - although usually without the striking collaged cover designed by Soffici himself - firstly in 1919, and most recently by Vallecchi in 2002. The work has never been published in its entirety in translation.

Notes

External links
 Images of Various Futurist Books, at the Getty Online

1915 poems
Futurist literature
Futurist book art
Artists' books

BÏF§ZF+18


Gale is a global provider of research and digital learning resources. The company is based in Farmington Hills, Michigan, United States, west of Detroit. It has been a division of Cengage since 2007.

The company, formerly known as Gale Research and the Gale Group, is active in research and educational publishing for public, academic, and school libraries, and businesses. The company is known for its full-text magazine and newspaper databases, Gale OneFile (formerly known as Infotrac), and other online databases subscribed by libraries, as well as multi-volume reference works, especially in the areas of religion, history, and social science.

Founded in Detroit, Michigan, in 1954 by Frederick Gale Ruffner Jr., the company was acquired by the International Thomson Organization (later the Thomson Corporation) in 1985 before its 2007 sale to Cengage.

History

In 1998, Gale Research merged with Information Access Company and Primary Source Media, two companies also owned by Thomson, to form the Gale Group. Thomson has acquired Information Access Company (publisher of InfoTrac) in 1995 and Primary Source Media (formerly named Research Publications) in 1979.

In 1999, Thomson Gale acquired Macmillan Library Reference (including Scribner's Reference, Thorndike Press, Schirmer, Twayne Publishers, and G. K. Hall) from Pearson (which had acquired it from Simon & Schuster in 1998; Macmillan USA was purchased by Simon & Schuster in 1994). In 2000 it acquired the Munich-based K. G. Saur Verlag, but then sold it to Walter de Gruyter in 2006.

On October 25, 2006, Thomson Corporation announced that it intended to wholly divest the Thomson Learning division, because, in the words of Thomson CEO Richard Harrington, "it does not fit with our long-term strategic vision."  Thomson has said that it expected this sale to generate approximately $5 billion. Thomson Learning was bought by a private equity consortium consisting of Apax Partners and OMERS Capital Partners for $7.75 billion and the name was changed from Thomson Learning to Cengage Learning on July 24, 2007.

Patrick C. Sommers was president of Gale from October 22, 2007, until he retired in 2010.

Products

Gale produces hundreds of products, such as Gale Academic OneFile, Biography and Genealogy Master Index, General OneFile, General Reference Center, Sabin Americana (based on Sabin's Bibliotheca Americana), and World History Collection.

Gale print imprints include the reference brands Primary Source Media, Scholarly Resources Inc., Schirmer Reference, St. James Press, The TAFT Group and Twayne Publishers, among others. Five Star Publishing is Gale's fiction imprint, with hundreds of books in print in the Western, Romance, Mystery and Science Fiction & Fantasy genres. Gale also sells into the K–12 market with several imprints, including U·X·L. Gale also owns large print publishers Christian Large Print and Wheeler Publishing.

See also

Contemporary Authors published by Gale
Dictionary of Literary Biography published by Gale
Dictionary of the Middle Ages published by Scribner's
Dictionary of Scientific Biography published by Scribner's
Encyclopaedia Judaica published by Gale
Encyclopedia of Associations published by Gale
HighBeam Research owned by Gale (inactive)
New Catholic Encyclopedia published by Gale
Questia Online Library (now defunct) owned by Gale

References

External links

  of Gale

Gale-owned sites and services
 Gale Directory Library  – dozens of print directories on a digital platform
 Books & Authors – indexed database of fiction and nonfiction book titles

1954 establishments in Michigan
American companies established in 1954
Book publishing companies based in Michigan
Cengage
Companies based in Oakland County, Michigan
Bibliographic database providers
Commercial digital libraries
Online publishing companies of the United States
Publishing companies established in 1954
1985 mergers and acquisitions
American digital libraries

Gale (publisher)


Marian Lois Robinson (née Shields; July 30, 1937) is the mother of Michelle Obama and mother-in-law of President Barack Obama.  She is the only living grandparent of Malia and Sasha Obama. She also has one granddaughter, Leslie Robinson, and two grandsons, Avery and Austin Robinson, from  her son, Craig Robinson.

According to her youngest brother Steve Shields, Robinson was the fourth of seven children—five girls, followed by two boys. Her father was a house painter and her mother was a licensed practical nurse.

Robinson married Fraser Robinson on October 27, 1960. She is now a widow. In addition to their daughter Michelle, they also had a son, Craig. Craig is the current coach of the Oregon State University men's basketball team. Robinson was formerly a secretary for mail-order retailer Spiegel and at a bank. While Michelle and Barack Obama campaigned in 2008, Robinson cared for her granddaughters. Early in January 2009, it was reported that Robinson would move into the White House with the rest of the First Family (the president's family), so that she could continue to care for her granddaughters. She was the first grandmother to live in the White House since Elivera M. Doud during the Eisenhower administration.  Some news agencies have called Robinson the "First Granny."

References

Other websites
 "Marian Robinson", The New York Times
 "A Mother's Love: First Lady & Mom" , Essence magazine
 "An In-Law Is Finding Washington to Her Liking ", The New York Times

1937 births
Living people
African-American people
Obama family
People from Chicago

Marian Shields Robinson


The  is a museum in the city of Tokushima where visitors can learn about Awa Odori, watch displays of the dance and sample local products. It is located at the base of the 280m-high Mount Bizan.  The hall also acts as a gateway to neighboring Mount Bizan with the location of a ropeway station on Level five.

The building has a gift shop on its ground floor. The museum is on the third floor. Also located in the building is the hall where four daily shows of the Awa Odori are performed. The last of the shows, which begins in the late evening, is slightly more expensive than the others. One unique feature of the performances is the participation of audience members.

Until 1990, it was home to the Tokushima Prefectural Art Museum.

General information
Location
20 2-Chome Shinmachi Hashi
Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-0904
Japan

Hours of operation
9:00am – 5:00 pm (excluding Bizan ropeway, which operates until 5:30)
Closed the second and fourth Wednesday of each month, and the day after national holidays.
Closed 28 December - 1 January.

Layout

Level 1
The first floor of the hall is home to the information desk, with pamphlets and videos showing tourist information about Tokushima, and the "Arudeyo Tokushima" store with tourist goods, local produce and much more.

Level 2
The second floor is home to a dance stage that is open to performances throughout the day.

In addition to the dance hall, the second floor is also home to a library containing information relevant to the dance. Use of the library is free.

Level 3
The third level of the hall is home to an Awa Odori museum, where visitors can see clothing, instruments, and other items related to the dance. There is also an area where you can try dancing yourself, along with video instructions.

Level 4
The fourth level is an open area with rooms that can be rented for meetings, dance practice and other purposes.

Level 5
The fifth level of the hall is home to a small restaurant, and a ropeway station for those wanting to climb Mt. Bizan via cable car.

Bicycle rental

The Hall rents bicycles for sightseeing in the city.

References

Museums in Tokushima Prefecture
Performing arts museums
Culture in Tokushima Prefecture

Awa Odori Kaikan


Dr. Omar Romero-Hernandez is a Mexican academic, engineer, and researcher who currently serves as a professor at U.C. Berkeley's Haas School of Business and at the Hult International Business School. He was the recipient of the 2010 Franz Edelman Award for Achievement in Operations Research and the Management Sciences.

Education
Romero-Hernandez holds a bachelor's in chemical engineering from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and a doctorate in economics and environmental engineering from Imperial College, London. He was a Fulbright fellow.

Career
Romero-Hernandez has led several awarded energy-related projects in the field of sustainable business strategies, renewable energy and business processes through work with the United Nations, the Mexican Secretariat of the Environment, and PEMEX, among others. In 2010, he was appointed project leader of Mexico's Business Summit task force on Economic Growth and Low Carbon Emissions, which delivers recommendations to the President.

Romero-Hernandez has been a lecturer (non-tenure track) in the Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley since 2009.

Romero-Hernandez was appointed project leader of Mexico's Business Summit Task force on Economic Growth and Low Carbon Emissions in 2010, working directly under the President of Mexico, Felipe Calderón.

Since 2013, Romero-Hernandez has been a faculty member at the Hult International Business School.

Recognitions
In 2010, Romero‐Hernandez was the recipient of the Franz Edelman Award for Achievement in Operations Research and the Management Sciences, one of the most prestigious awards in operations and management in the United States.

Publications
"A Multi-objective Mathematical Programming Framework for a Sustainability Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Processes," (with A. Ponsich, S. Romero-Hernández, M. De Lascurain, and J. Aquino), International Journal of Environmental Policy and Decision-Making, 2010, 1(1): 17-39.
"Environmental Implications and Market Analysis of Soft Drink Packaging Systems in Mexico: A Waste Management Approach," (with Sergio Romero, David Muñoz, Emiliano Detta, Arturo Palacios, and Adriana Laguna), International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2009, 14(2):107-113.
"Bioenergy, Sustainability and Tradeoffs: Analysis of the Legal and Institutional Frameworks at National and Subnational Levels in Mexico," (with Omar Masera, Sergio Romero, and Miriam Grunstein), working paper, 2010.
"Environmental Cooperation System for the Steel Industry in Mexico – A Case Study" (with Tony Kingsbury, Sergio Romero, Mariana Icaza, and Emiliano Diaz), working paper, 2010.
"Renewable Energy in Mexico" (with Wood, D. and Romero, S.), USA Aid Research, 2011.
"Un video ma mi gente me encanta esta vaina"*

References

Haas School of Business faculty
Hult International Business School faculty
Alumni of Imperial College London
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Business educators
Mexican academics
Mexican business writers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Omar Romero-Hernandez


Sicovam, an acronym for Société Interprofessionnelle pour la Compensation des Valeurs Mobilières, is both a security identifier system used to identify French securities listed on French stock exchanges, as well as the company set up to assign them. Sicovam was merged into the European-wide Euroclear and as of July 1, 2003 SICOVAMs are no longer issued, ISINs being used instead.

Description
Sicovams consist of a six-digit identifier, assigned by the Sicovam group "by hand" in order of issue. For instance, Alcatel was assigned 013000.

Sicovams could be directly converted to ISINs as with other older systems, including CUSIP and SEDOL. To do so the number was padded out with three zeros on the front, then the country code "FR" was added to the front and the ISIN check digit to the end.

Security identifier types
Financial metadata

Sicovam


The Moco RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure  that is presumed to be a riboswitch that binds molybdenum cofactor or the related tungsten cofactor.  Genetic experiments support the hypothesis that the Moco RNA motif corresponds to a genetic control element that responds to changing concentrations of molybdenum or tungsten cofactor.  As these cofactors are not available in purified form, in vitro binding assays cannot be performed.  However, the genetic data, complex structure of the RNA and the failure to detect a protein involved in the regulation suggest that the Moco RNA motif corresponds to a class of riboswitches.

References

External links

Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Riboswitch

Moco RNA motif


Lowell Wayne Beineke (born 1939) is a professor of graph theory at Purdue University Fort Wayne. Beineke is known for his elegant characterization of line graphs (derived graph) in terms of the nine Forbidden graph characterization.

Beineke has taught mathematics at Purdue University Fort Wayne since 1965. He received a B.S. from Purdue University in 1961 and an M.S. from the University of Michigan in 1962 and a Ph.D., in 1965, his Ph.D. advisor was Frank Harary. Beineke holds the Jack W. Schrey chair of mathematical sciences. Beineke was the recipient of the Amoco Foundation Outstanding Teaching Award in 1978, and again in 1992.

Books
 Selected topics in graph theory, LW Beineke, R. J. Wilson, 1978, Academic Press, New York

Research work

 Topological graph theory, AT White, LW Beineke, Selected Topics in Graph Theory, 1978
 "The thickness of the complete graph", LW Beineke, Frank Harary – Canadian Journal of Mathematics, 1965, books.google.com
 Tournaments, K. B. Reid, L. W. Beineke - Selected topics in graph theory, 1978
 "Characterizations of derived graphs", LW Beineke – J. Combin. Theory Ser. B, 1970

References

  Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne

Graph theorists
Living people
University of Michigan alumni
Purdue University alumni
Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne faculty
1939 births
Purdue University Fort Wayne faculty

L. W. Beineke


The Attica Prison uprising, also known as the Attica Prison rebellion or Attica Prison riot, happened at the Attica Correctional Facility in Attica, New York, United States, in 1971.

It was a form of protest for demands of better living conditions and political rights. The uprising was one of the best-known and most significant flashpoints of the Prisoners' Rights Movement.

On September 9, 1971, two weeks after the killing of George Jackson at San Quentin State Prison, 1,281 of the Attica prison's about 2,200 inmates rioted and took control of the prison, taking 42 staff hostage.

During the following four days of negotiations, authorities agreed to most of the prisoners' 28 demands, but would not agree to demands for complete amnesty from criminal prosecution for the prison takeover.

By the order of Governor Nelson Rockefeller, state police took back control of the prison. When the uprising was over, at least 43 people were dead, including ten correctional officers and civilian employees, and 33 inmates.

References

1971 in the United States

Attica Prison riot


Ree Soesbee is an American game designer of collectible card games, role-playing games, and massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), as well as a writer of primarily fantasy novels.

Early life and education
After Soesbee's mother died when she was 6, a relative gave her a copy of the 1983 red box edition of Dungeons & Dragons. Her father, believing that the game led to demon worship, refused to let her play and hid it away. She became fascinated by the game as a result, and a pattern ensued where she would find it and play, and her father would hide it again. At the same time, she and her father watched episodes of Star Trek together. These two factors early in her life helped to develop an interest in both role-playing games and science fiction.

She continued to play various role-playing games through her childhood and early adulthood, including Cyberpunk, Shadowrun, and Paranoia.

Writer
Soesbee completed her MA in English Literature at UNC-Chapel Hill in North Carolina, writing her thesis on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.

While she was working on her doctoral thesis about Edo period literature, she started to write short fiction stories based on the Legend of the Five Rings Roleplaying Game. She submitted some of them to the game's publisher, Alderac Entertainment Group (AEG), and she was subsequently asked to write a sourcebook for the game, Way of the Crane. She completed that as freelance work while still working on her thesis. AEG then asked her to join their staff full-time to work on more sourcebooks as well as the Legend of the Five Rings collectible card game (CCG). She subsequently made the decision to leave school without finishing her thesis.

Alderac Entertainment Group
One of her first projects at AEG was to help her roommate Kevin Millard design the CCG Warlock.  She also wrote or provided material for many Legend of the Five Rings projects including the adventure Code of Bushido (1998), Night of a Thousand Screams (1998), and The Book of the Shadowlands (1998) in addition to continuing to write short fiction and novels for the setting.

She was also a contributor to sourcebooks and adventures for other role-playing games, including
 The Way of Kolinar (1999), a sourcebook for the Star Trek: The Next Generation Role-playing Game (Wizards of the Coast)
 7th Sea Gamemaster Guide (1999), and 7th Sea Players Handbook (2000), for the 7th Sea RPG (AEG)
 Clanbook: Tremere (2000) for Vampire: The Masquerade (White Wolf Publishing)
 Adventure II (2004), a revision of an older anthology of d20 System scenarios (AEG)

On her own, Soesbee also designed a number of different projects:
 Jerimond's Orb (2000), a generic d20 System adventure (AEG)
 Blood on White Petals (2001), a d20 System "mini-module" in a medieval Japanese setting (AEG)
 Aztecs: Empire of the Burning Sun (2002), a d20 System campaign set in the Aztec Empire (Avalanche Press)

In 2000, AEG decided to publish a series of seven Clan War novels based on Legend of Five Rings, and Soesbee was asked to write two of them, The Crane (2000) and The Dragon (2001). Tom Findlay of The Sun-Herald gave The Dragon a positive review. This was followed by the five-book Four Winds Saga series, and she again wrote two of them, Wind of Honour (2002) and Wind of Truth (2003).

In 2002, Soesbee, John Phythyon and Mike Bennighof wrote Celtic Age: Roleplaying the Myths, Heroes, and Monsters of the Celts, a d20 System sourcebook published by Avalanche Press detailing the Celtic people of Great Britain. It won the 2002 Origins Award for "Best Role-Playing Game Supplement".

Dragonlance young adult novels
Soesbee then moved from the Japanese background of the Legend of the Five Rings universe to the swords & sorcery setting of Dragonlance. Starting in 2004, Wizards of the Coast (WotC) published the New Adventures series, young adult novels set in their popular Dragonlance world of Krynn. The first eight novels, the Spellbinder Quartet and Dragon Quartet, followed the adventures of a band of eight young adventurers. Soesbee wrote the first book of the Dragon Quartet, Dragon Sword (2005).

When the two initial series finished, WotC then commissioned various authors to each produce a trilogy of novels based on one of the members of the original band of young adventurers. Soesbee wrote the "Elidor" trilogy about the elven thief Elidor: Crown of Thieves (2005), The Crystal Chalice (2006), and City of Fortune (2006). Crown of Thieves was included on Maja Beckstrom's recommended list of books about elves for young readers that appeared in the St. Paul Pioneer Press.

She then wrote the Elements Trilogy about another member of the band, the young wizard-in-training Nearra: Pillar of Flame (2007), Queen of the Sea (2007), and Tempest's Vow (2008). She also wrote one book of the eight-book Dragon Codices series, Black Dragon Codex (2008).

MMORPG gameworld designer
In 2006, Soesbee was hired by ArenaNet to work on developing campaigns for the MMORPG Guild Wars. Her first project was adding material to the Guild Wars Nightfall campaign that had been developed by Jeff Grubb, as well as material for Guild Wars: Eye of the North. She also created "hero chatter" — comments made by a player's entourage of heroes when the player enters various areas.

She then started working with Grubb on Guild Wars 2 as Narrative, Lore and Continuity Designer, creating an expanded version of the game with the Guild Wars storyline pushed 250 years into the future; after several years of development, Guild Wars 2 was released in 2012.

ArenaNet also released a line of novels based on the Guild Wars 2 setting; Soesbee wrote the third novel in that line, Sea of Sorrows.

Awards
 2002 Origins Award for "Best Role-Playing Game Supplement":  Celtic Age: Roleplaying the Myths, Heroes, and Monsters of the Celts (with John R. Phythyon Jr. and Mike Bennighof)

Publications

As sole author
Legend of the Five Rings sourcebooks
The Way of the Crane (1998)

d20 System adventures and sourcebooks
 Jerimond's Orb (2000, AEG)
 Blood on White Petals (2001, AEG)
 Aztecs: Empire of the Burning Sun (2002, Avalanche Press)

Dragonlance New Adventures sourcebooks (WotC)
Dragon Codices
 Black Dragon Codex (2008)

Novels
 Clan War series based on Legend of the Five Rings (AEG)
 The Crane (2000)
 The Dragon (2001)
 Four Winds Saga based on Legend of the Five Rings (AEG)
 Wind of Honour (2002)
 Wind of Truth (2003)
 Dragonlance New Adventures (WotC)
 Dragon Quartet
 Dragon Sword (2005)
 Elidor Trilogy
 Crown of Thieves (2005)
 The Crystal Chalice (2006)
 City of Fortune (2006)
Elements Trilogy
 Pillar of Flame (2007)
 Queen of the Sea (2007)
 Tempest's Vow (2008)
 Guild Wars 2 (ArenaNet)
 Sea of Sorrows (2013)

As primary or co-author
Legend of the Five Rings (AEG)
 Code of Bushido (1998)
 Night of a Thousand Screams (1998)
 The Way of the Lion (1998)
 The Way of the Phoenix (1998)
 The Way of the Naga (1999)
 The Way of the Minor Clans (1999)
 Winter Court: Kyuden Seppun (1999)
 Unexpected Allies (1999)
 Winter Court: Kyuden Kakita (2000)
 Legend of the Five Rings Second Edition: Player's Guide (2000)

7th Sea (AEG)
 Vodacce (2000)
 Ussura (2001)
 Sophia's Daughters (2001)

As contributor
Legend of the Five Rings (AEG)
 The Way of the Unicorn (1998)
 The Way of the Crab (1998)
 The Book of the Shadowlands (1998)
 The Way of the Scorpion (1998)
 Walking the Way (1998)
 GM's Survival Guide (1999)
 The Way of the Wolf (1999)
 The Way of Shinsei (2000)

7th Sea (AEG)
 7th Sea Player's Guide (2000)
 7th Sea Game Master's Guide (2000)
 Waves of Blood (2001)

Star Trek: The Next Generation Role-playing Game (WotC)
 The Way of Kolinar (1999)

7th Sea (AEG)
 7th Sea Gamemaster Guide (1999)
 7th Sea Players Handbook (2000)

Vampire: The Masquerade (White Wolf Publishing)
 Clanbook: Tremere (2000)
 Mind's Eye Theatre (2014)

d20 System
 Adventure II (2004, AEG)
 Celtic Age: Roleplaying the Myths, Heroes, and Monsters of the Celts (2002)

References

External links
Ree Soesbee's personal website
 Ree Soesbee - Guild Wars Wiki (GWW)

American writers
Living people
Role-playing game designers
Year of birth missing (living people)

Ree Soesbee


Umbelliferone, also known as 7-hydroxycoumarin, hydrangine, skimmetine, and beta-umbelliferone, is a natural product of the coumarin family.

It absorbs ultraviolet light strongly at several wavelengths. There are some indications that this chemical is antimutagenic, it is used in sunscreens. Umbelliferone has been reported to have antioxidant properties.

It is a yellowish-white crystalline solid that has a slight solubility in hot water, but high solubility in ethanol.

Natural occurrences and name
Umbelliferone's name is from the umbelliferae family of plants, and the plant family in turn was named for their umbrella-shaped inflorescences, each called an umbel.

Umbelliferone occurs in many familiar plants from the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family such as carrot, coriander and garden angelica, as well as in plants from other families, such as the mouse-ear hawkweed (Hieracium pilosella, Asteraceae) or the bigleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla, Hydrangeaceae, under the name hydrangine).

It is one of the components of asafoetida, the dried latex from the giant fennel (Ferula communis).

It is also found in Justicia pectoralis (Acanthaceae).

Biosynthesis
Umbelliferone is a phenylpropanoid and as such is synthesized from L-phenylalanine, which in turn is produced via the shikimate pathway. Phenylalanine is lyased into cinnamic acid, followed by hydroxylation by cinnamate 4-hydroxylase to yield 4-coumaric acid. The 4-coumaric acid is again hydroxylated by cinnamate/coumarate 2-hydroxylase to yield 2,4-dihydroxy-cinnamic acid (umbellic acid) followed by a bond rotation of the unsaturated bond adjacent to the carboxylic acid group. Finally an intramolecular attack from the hydroxyl group of C2' to the carboxylic acid group closes the ring and forms the lactone umbelliferone.

Chemical synthesis
Umbelliferone is traditionally synthesized using the Pechmann condensation, from resorcinol and formylacetic acid (generated from malic acid in situ).

A newer synthesis uses methyl propionate and a palladium catalyst.

Ultraviolet fluorescence
Umbelliferone absorbs strongly at 300, 305 and 325 nm, with log ε values of 3.9, 3.95 and 4.15 respectively, and it fluoresces blue in both ultraviolet and visible light. The powerful absorption at three different wavelengths, coupled with the fact that the energy is dissipated safely as visible light, make umbelliferone a useful sunscreen agent. The absorption changes in alkaline solution, since the phenolic hydroxyl group is deprotonated (pKa = 7.7).

Uses
The ultraviolet activity of umbelliferone led to its use as a sunscreen agent, and an optical brightener for textiles. It has also been used as a gain medium for dye lasers. Umbelliferone can be used as a fluorescence indicator for metal ions such as copper and calcium. It acts as a pH indicator in the range 6.5-8.9.

Umbelliferone is a potent inhibitor of type 3 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, the primary enzyme responsible for the conversion of 4-androstene-3,17-dione to testosterone, with IC50 of 1.4 μM.

Derivatives
Umbelliferone is the parent compound for a large number of natural products. Herniarin (7-O-methylumbelliferone or 7-methoxycoumarin) occurs in the leaves of water hemp (Eupatorium ayapana) and rupturewort (Herniaria). O-Glycosylated derivatives such as skimmin (7-O-β-D-glucopyranosylumbelliferone) occur naturally and are used for the fluorimetric determination of glycoside hydrolase enzymes. Isoprenylated derivatives are also widespread, such as marmin (found in grapefruit skin and in the bark of the Bael tree) and furocoumarins such as marmesin, angelicin, and psoralen.

Umbelliferone 7-apiosylglucoside can be isolated from the root of Gmelina arborea.

See also
 Aesculetin
 Laser dyes

References

Further reading

External links
 USDA ARS info on uses

Coumarins
Fluorescent dyes
Laser gain media
Sunscreening agents
Vinylogous carboxylic acids

Umbelliferone


A phytotron is an enclosed research greenhouse used for studying interactions between plants and the environment. It was a product of the disciplines of plant physiology and botany.

Overview

Phytotrons unified and extended earlier piecemeal efforts to claim total control of the whole environment. In both walk-in rooms and smaller reach-in cabinets, phytotrons produced and reproduced whole complex climates of many variables. In the first phytotrons each individual room was held at a constant unique temperature. The Australian phytotron, for example, had rooms maintaining 9°C, 12°C, 16°C, 20°C, 23°C, 26°C, 30°C, 34°C. Because some of the earliest controlled environment experiments showed that plants reacted differently in daytime temperatures and nighttime temperatures, the first experiments to observe the effect(s) of varying the daytime versus the nighttime temperature saw experimenters move their plants from higher to lower temperatures over the course of a daily, or any other variable or constant, routine. This rendered the variable "temperature" experimentally controllable.

Even a brute force approach that tested each successive environmental variable and every variety of plant would serve to pinpoint specific environmental conditions to maximize growth. Expecting that more knowledge would surely come from greater technology, the next generation of phytotrons expanded in technological reach, in their ranges of environmental variables, and also in the degree of control over each variable. The phytotron in Stockholm offered a humidity controlled room and a custom built computer, as well as a low temperature room that extended the temperature range down to -25°C for the study of Nordic forests. After that, phytotron technology compressed whole environments into smaller cabinets able to be set to any desired combination of environmental conditions, which are still in use today.

The first phytotron was built under the direction of Frits Warmolt Went at the California Institute of Technology in 1949. It was funded by the Harry B. Earhart Foundation, and was officially known as the Earhart Plant Research Laboratory. It acquired its more distinctive nickname evidently from a joking conversation between Caltech biologists James Bonner and Sam Wildman.  Recalling the origin sometime in 1980s Bonner noted that:

"The Earhart Plant Research Laboratory [was] called an environmentally controlled   greenhouse but my first postdoctoral fellow [Sam Wildman] and I, sitting around about 1950, having coffee, decided it deserved a better or more euphonious name [...]. We decided to call it a phytotron—phytos from the Greek word for plant, and tron as in cyclotron, a big complicated machine. Went was originally enormously annoyed by this word. But Dr. Millikan took it right up saying, 'this edifice financed by Mr. Earhart, is going to do for plant biology what the cyclotron has done for physics,' and he christened it a phytotron."

Phytotrons spread around the world between 1945 and the present day to Australia, France, Hungary, the Soviet Union, England, and the United States. Moreover, they have spurred variants such as the Climatron at the Missouri Botanical Garden, the Biotron at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the Ecotron at Imperial College London and the Brisatron at the Savannah River Ecology Laboratory.

See also
 Biotron (disambiguation)

References

David P.D. Munns, Engineering the Environment: Phytotrons and the Quest to Control Climate in the Cold War (University of Pittsburgh Press, 2017).

External links
 The NCAR Phytotron
 The Phytotron at World of Trons

Greenhouses
Atmospheric chemistry

Phytotron


Fatima Naoot ( فاطمه ناعوت ) (born September 18, 1964) is an Egyptian writer and poet. In January 2016, the Egyptian government sentenced Naoot to jail for 3 years after she wrote on Facebook about killing sheep for the Islamic feast Eladha (Sacrifice)in which Muslims slaughter sheep according to Islamic religion

Work

Naoot was a candidate for the Egyptian parliament.

Naoot wrote several books of poetry and a book of poetry analysis. She also translated collections of poems from English into Arabic.

Insulting religion
Fatima Naoot always seeks for freedom without any authority even if this authority will belong to any religion. In October she published a post on Facebook was describing "the Eid Al-Adha's tradition of slaughtering sheep as the "greatest massacre committed by human beings." Then one candidate from parliament said that "Her aim is to insult Islam". Thus she wrote through Ahram Online report "that humans justified their lust for killing and enjoying the smell of cooking game by attempting to bestow a divine meaning to their actions."

Because of the law of 1982 which stated that there is from six months to five years and fines of LE500 to LE1000 for anyone who uses religion to promote, through speech, writing, or any other medium, extremist ideas with the aim of spreading discord or to belittle one of the monotheistic religions or their different sects, or to harm national unity. she was put in jail for 3 years and fined 20.000 LE. She said in front of the court that "she did not aim to insult Islam, but she just explained her point of view. Naoot said through Middle east online "I'm not sad about the sentencing as I don't care about going to jail. I'm sad that the efforts of reformists have been wasted".

THE ARAB NETWORK FOR HUMAN RIGHTS INFORMATION issued a statement saying  ""the recent surge in the prosecution of opinion makers comes in conjunction with a fierce security campaign launched by security bodies against freedom of opinion and expression, with the aim of narrowing the overall climate of freedom of opinion and expression. Such a matter, in turn, makes Egypt one of the most Arab countries that show hostility to freedom of expression as well as press freedom, especially that about 59 journalists have remained in prison so far." Fatma is not a political figure, she is an Egyptian writer, poet, translator and journalist who always says her point of view.

References

Other websites
 Fatima Naoot (Fāṭimah Nāʻūt) on WorldCat

Living people
Egyptian poets
1964 births
Ain Shams University alumni
Animal rights activists
Egyptian activists
Architects
Egyptian journalists
Writers from Cairo

Fatima Naoot


Corscombe is a village and civil parish in the English county of Dorset, in the Dorset Council administrative area. The parish includes the small settlements of Benville and Toller Whelme to the south and in the 2011 census had a population of 445.

Corscombe village is sited "into hollows and along sunken lanes" on the northern scarp slope of the Dorset Downs, approximately  south-south-west from the town of Yeovil in Somerset. Evidence of early human occupation within the parish includes lynchets and, south of the village, three standing stones.

On the higher ground in the village stands the 15th-century parish church of St. Mary, which was restored in 1875–7. In 1905 Sir Frederick Treves described the church as a "handsome building" with an "exceedingly fine" situation. Nearby Corscombe Court dates from the 13th century and is partially surrounded by a moat. It has a 15th-century tithe barn which was once used by the monks of Sherborne Abbey.

About 2 kilometres to the south of Corscombe village, across the A356, is Toller Down, one of the highest hills in Dorset, with good views of the surrounding countryside.

The musician Polly Jean Harvey is a former resident.

References

Villages in Dorset

Corscombe


Laser Arena is an FPS PC game designed to simulate laser tag. Play modes include Free for All (Deathmatch), Team Match, Duel, Domination, and Mega Target. Players have three "health canisters", and every hit diminishes one of them. After three hits, the player counts as "dead" and has to respawn after a delay.
The game is based on a heavily modified Quake engine, and despite being a budget-title, features some elements that were unique at the time of release. For example, the game models "Lasertag Grenades" which emit a vast number of shots in all directions, tagging every player in the vicinity.

The "Mega Target" game mode is rather novel in that it requires players to hit three targets strewn across the playing arena, before they are allowed to enter a "core" in which they shoot a final target to score a point. As an added element, automated defense turrets shoot at enemy players, and some can be converted to fight for your team by shooting at a sensor above the turret. This disables the turret for a few seconds and, if it's a convertible turret, makes it fight for your side until an enemy deactivates/converts it again.

The game does not feature different weapons, instead the player can collect powerups that increase the firing rate or the hit damage (thus reducing an enemy's energy canisters by two instead of one) for a limited time.

The graphics engine offers Glide, OpenGL, and software rendering. Multiplayer supports up to 8 players either competitively or against bots via LAN or GameSpy. Although not officially supported, the game is moddable, and a single mod named "LaserArena Enhanced" exists, improving textures and sounds as well as adding some useful keybinds that were not available in the original game.

References

2000 video games
2015, Inc. games
First-person shooters
Id Tech games
Laser tag
Multiplayer and single-player video games
ValuSoft games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows-only games

Laser Arena


Myles Birket Foster  (4 February 1825 – 27 March 1899) was a British illustrator, watercolourist and engraver in the Victorian period. His name is also to be found as Myles Birkett Foster.

Life and work

Foster was born in North Shields, England of a primarily Quaker family, but his family moved south to London in 1830, where his father founded M. B. Foster & sons — a successful beer-bottling company. He was schooled at Hitchin, Hertfordshire and on leaving initially went into his father's business. However, noticing his talent for art, his father secured an apprenticeship with the wood-engraver, Ebenezer Landells, where he worked on illustrations for Punch magazine and the Illustrated London News.  Foster's boss was one of the founders of Punch, and for him was tasked to make and draw woodcuts, which were crafted with great finesse.  Rural scenes taken from travels with his brother and friend Edmund Evans, could be supplemented by popular sporting events such as the early Oxford and Cambridge boat races.  Landells was working from Fleet Street when in July 1846 a famous image of Tynemouth Priory appeared with Birket Foster's own name; his apprenticeship had come to a conclusion.

On leaving Landells' employ, he continued to produce work for the Illustrated London News and the Illustrated London Almanack, landing his first exhibition at the Suffolk Street Art Gallery, Westminster during the year 1843.  His famous image of "A Christmas Holly Cart" was used by the new traders of seasonal cards, and included in the Illustrated London News by the end of 1848. He also found work as a book illustrator and, during the 1850s, trained himself to paint in watercolours. His illustrations of Longfellow's Evangeline and books of poetry by other contemporaries were a great success, and he quickly became a successful artist in watercolours. He married for the first time on 13 August 1850, a young Geordie woman, and a cousin.  Anne, the daughter of Robert Spence of North Shields, was descended from Robert Foster of Hebblethwaite Hall.  They hailed from the hilltop gentry farming stock.  Bringing a dowry and money to London, the newly-wed couple moved into a salubrious address on the edge of London at Marsden Villa, Clifton Road, on Clifton Hill in the fashionable district of St Johns Wood.  Foster's parents were residing nearby transforming the northern family into thoroughgoing Londoners.

Birket Foster became an Associate of the "Old" Watercolour Society (later the Royal Watercolour Society) in 1860 and exhibited some 400 of his paintings at the Royal Academy over more than 2 decades.
Birket Foster travelled widely, painting the countryside around Scotland, the Rhine Valley, the Swiss lakes and in Italy, especially Venice. In 1863 he moved to Witley, near Godalming in Surrey where he had an elaborate Tudor-style house ("The Hill") built. Being friendly with Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris, he had the house decorated and furnished in contemporary style, with tiles and paintings by Burne-Jones and Morris' firm, Morris and Company. The same year he published a volume of "English Landscapes," with text by Tom Taylor.

Although he had painted great numbers of landscape scenes from Scotland to the Mediterranean, it was after moving to Witley that Birket Foster produced the works for which he is best known—a sentimentalised view of the contemporary English countryside, particularly in the west Surrey area. Although criticised for their idealised view of rural life, they were recognised for their detail and execution. Birket Foster's work (along with that of other artists) was used by Cadburys, the chocolate manufacturer, on the cover of their chocolate boxes from the 1860s onwards.  Printed in 1861, The Carewes: a tale of the Civil Wars was the swashbuckling royalist family history of a gentry on the edge of Windsor Forest, illustrated with fine images and a dashing flourish; it was much appreciated in America. "the dainty water-colour drawings executed...appeal to the majority of the British public more than the works of any other."  So wrote H.M. Cundall in 1906 in the preface to a first biography.

He became ill in 1893 and moved to Weybridge. He continued painting, but died on 27 March 1899. His obituary in The Times referred to him as "certainly the most popular water-colour artist of our time". He is buried at All Saints' Church in Witley.

Friends and family
As well as Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris, his artist friends and associates included Fred Walker, Charles Keene and William Quiller Orchardson.

In 1864, he married Frances, the daughter of Dawson Watson, and sister of the artist John Dawson Watson. Their eldest son, also called Myles Birket Foster (1851–1922), was an organist and composer who studied at the Royal College of Music with Sullivan, Prout and Frederick Westlake. He was organist and choirmaster in Marylebone and at the Foundling Hospital Chapel among other places, and music director at the publisher Boosey & Hawkes. He composed symphonies, overtures, children's cantatas, a string quartet, trios and church music, and wrote a History of the Philharmonic Society (1913).

References

Bibliography
Illustrated by Foster
Beattie, James, The Minstrel; or, The Progress of Genisus, (George Routledge, 1858)
Cowper, William, The Task; A Poem, (James Nisbet & Co, 1855)
Falconer, William, The Shipwreck; A Poem, (T. Nelson, 1887)
Foster, Myles Birket. Beauties of English Landscape (Routledge, Warne & Routledge, 1862).
Gillies, Mary. The Carewes: A Tale of the Civil Wars (W. Kent & Co, 1861).
Gray, Thomas, The Poetical Works of Thomas Gray, (Bickers & Son, 1859)
Miller, Thomas, Common Wayside Flowers, (George Routledge, 1860)
Taylor, Tom. Birket Foster's pictures of English landscape (George Routledge & sons, 1874).
Wordsworth, William. The Deserted Cottage (George Routledge & Co., 1859).
Wordsworth, William. Poetical Works (G. Routledge, 1858).

About Foster
Cundall, Herbert Minton. Birket Foster, R. W. S (A & C Black, 1906); with colour plates.
Cundall, Herbert Minton. Birket Foster, sixteen examples in colour of the artist's work (A. & C. Black, 1910).
Lewis, Frank. Birket Foster (Leigh on Sea: Lewis, 1973).
Reynolds, Jan. Myles Birket Foster (London: Batsford, 1984).

External links

M B Foster online (ArtCyclopedia)
M B Foster biography and works (The Border Collie Museum)
M B Foster biography ("Exploring Surrey's Past")
Biography (Victorian Art in Britain)
Paintings by Miles Birket Foster (Art Renewal Center Museum)
An old English mill (1881 etching)

19th-century English painters
English male painters
People from North Shields
1825 births
1899 deaths
English illustrators
Landscape artists
English watercolourists
People from Witley, Surrey
19th-century English male artists

Myles Birket Foster


Detonography is a method for sculpting metal with plastic or other explosives.  Essentially a form of giant printmaking, with the explosive acting as the stamping press, it was created by Evelyn Rosenberg in 1986 with the help of the engineers of New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology in Socorro, New Mexico. The process can create complex surfaces with delicate etched designs, even welding dissimilar metals. The results are lightweight, durable indoor and out, and relatively Vandalproof.  This process essentially embosses the metal, but with a raised image instead of a depressed one.

Rosenberg has produced more than 40 detonographic works for public buildings around the United States and abroad.

See also
 Shaped charge

References

External links
Evelyn Rosenberg's website

Sculpture techniques

Detonography


Early One Morning is a 1962 sculpture by British artist Anthony Caro. It has been held by the Tate Gallery in London since 1965.

The abstract sculpture is an arrangement of metal parts painted red, with no obvious focus or representative elements.  It comprises a collection of planes and lines arranged along a horizontal axis, with an appearance of lightness that belies its heavy construction.  The work measures .  The self-supporting work rests on the floor, with no plinth, to be viewed in the round.

Caro was an assistant to Henry Moore in the 1950s, but the works of David Smith inspired Caro to move decisively away from Moore's semi-figurative sculpture towards more abstract works constructed from industrial metal elements.  The sculpture was made at Caro's home, but the large work could not be properly viewed in the confined space, so Caro and a friend took it to pieces late at night and reassembled it outside.  The name comes from Caro's first proper view of the work, early the next morning.  It was originally painted green, to unify the disparate elements into one piece.  Caro was unhappy with the result, and Caro's wife Sheila suggested painting it red instead.

The complete sculpture was first exhibited at the Whitechapel Art Gallery in the autumn of 1963, and was included in the exhibition of modern sculpture at the British Pavilion at the Venice Biennale in 1966.

It was acquired from the artist by the Contemporary Art Society in 1965, and presented to the Tate Gallery later that year.

References
 Early One Morning, Tate Gallery
 Sir Anthony Caro – Early One Morning 1962, Tate Gallery, 26 January 2005
 "Sculptor Sir Anthony Caro on Early One Morning", BBC News, 19 January 2011
 Early One Morning, Google Arts & Culture
 "My life in art: How Anthony Caro's steel works stole my heart", The Guardian, 22 October 2008

1962 sculptures
Sculptures by Anthony Caro
Sculptures in the Tate galleries

Early One Morning (Caro)