Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site was established by the U.S. Congress to commemorate the life and accomplishments of Eleanor Roosevelt. Once part of the larger Roosevelt family estate in Hyde Park, New York, today the property includes the , buildings and other historic features that Eleanor Roosevelt called Val-Kill. It is located approximately two miles east of Springwood, the Franklin D. Roosevelt home. It is a few hundred feet east of New York State Route 9G, along which runs the Dutchess County bus route C to Tivoli.

Eleanor Roosevelt created and shared Val-Kill with her friends Nancy Cook and Marion Dickerman. At Val-Kill, they established Val-Kill Industries to employ local farming families in handcraft traditions. The Roosevelts frequently used Val-Kill's relaxed setting for entertaining family, friends, political associates, and world leaders. Nancy and Marion sold their interest in the property to Eleanor and moved to Connecticut shortly after the death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945. Val-Kill then became Eleanor Roosevelt's primary residence and the place most associated with her. After her death, Val-Kill was converted into rental units and later sold to developers. A public campaign ensued to save Val-Kill and it was declared a National Historic Site in 1977. It is now managed by the National Park Service.

History

Franklin encouraged Eleanor Roosevelt to develop this property as a place that she could promote some of her ideas for work with winter jobs for rural workers and women. She named the spot Val-Kill, loosely translated as waterfall-stream from the Dutch language common to the original European settlers of the area.  There are two buildings which are  adjacent to Fallkill Creek. Stone Cottage, the original cottage which was home to Marion Dickerman and Nancy Cook, which they sold back to Eleanor in 1947 and a large two-story stuccoed building that housed Val-Kill Industries and which would become Eleanor's home after Franklin's death. It was the only residence that she personally owned.

Eleanor Roosevelt often hosted workshops for Encampment for Citizenship here.

The larger house was converted into four rental units after Eleanor's death in 1962, and in 1970 the land was purchased by a private company for development purposes. Public reaction to this sale developed into a preservation campaign and the possibility of making the site a national memorial. In May 1977, Val-Kill was designated the Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site by an Act of Congress, "to commemorate for the education, inspiration, and benefit of present and future generations the life and work of an outstanding woman in American history."

As a historic site
In 1984 the Eleanor Roosevelt Center at Val-Kill negotiated an agreement with the National Park Service and made Stone Cottage its home. In 2008 the Eleanor Roosevelt Center moved from Stone Cottage to a new facility at Val-Kill.

In 1998, Save America's Treasures (SAT) announced Val-Kill Cottage as a new official project. SAT's involvement led to the Honoring Eleanor Roosevelt (HER) project, initially run by private volunteers and now a part of SAT. The HER project has since raised almost $1 million, which has gone toward restoration and development efforts at Val-Kill and the production of Eleanor Roosevelt: Close to Home, a documentary about Roosevelt at Val-Kill. Due in part to the success of these programs, Val-Kill was given a $75,000 grant and named one of 12 sites showcased in Restore America: A Salute to Preservation, a partnership between SAT, the National Trust and HGTV.

The site is managed by the National Park Service in conjunction with the adjacent Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site and nearby Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site. The NPS continues to partner with SAT and the Eleanor Roosevelt Center at Val-Kill in the management of the Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site.

Notes

External links

National Park Service: Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site
Eleanor Roosevelt Center at Val-Kill
First Lady of the World: Eleanor Roosevelt at Val-Kill, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan

National Historic Sites in New York (state)
Women's museums in the United States
Historic house museums in New York (state)
Homes of first ladies of the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Dutchess County, New York
Roosevelt, Eleanor
Museums in Hyde Park, New York
Houses in Hyde Park, New York
Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area
Roosevelt family residences
Monuments and memorials to Eleanor Roosevelt
Eleanor Roosevelt


The First Motion Picture Unit (FMPU), later 18th Army Air Forces Base Unit, was the movie production unit of the US Army Air Forces (USAAF) during World War II and was the first military unit made up of actors. It made more than 400 propaganda movies which were known for being informative as well as entertaining. These movies include Resisting Enemy Interrogation, Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress and The Last Bomb—all of which were released in theatres.

Veteran actors such as Clark Gable, William Holden, Clayton Moore, and Ronald Reagan and directors such as John Sturges served with the FMPU. The unit also produced training films and trained combat cameramen. FMPU personnel served with distinction during World War II.

First Motion Picture Unit is also the eponymous title of a 1943 self-produced documentary about the unit narrated by radio and television announcer Ken Carpenter.

References

World War II
United States Army

First Motion Picture Unit


Berthold, Bertholde or Bertholdus of Toul (died 25 September 1018, Toul) was a German Roman Catholic clergyman.

Life
He was the thirty-sixth bishop of Toul, succeeding Robert. The clergy of Toul confirmed his nomination by Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor due to his piety. He was consecrated on 3 October 995 by Ludolf of Trier, who proposed that he model his life on his predecessor Gerard of Toul. He held the post until his death.

At Toul, Berthold had a school for the sons of the nobility. Five-year-old Bruno of Egisheim-Dagsburg, son of Emperor Conrad II's first cousin, Count Hugo, was entrusted to Bishop Berthold to be educated. Bruno later became Pope Leo IX.

References

Sources
Dom Augustin Calmet, Histoire ecclésiastique et civile de la Lorraine, Nancy, 1728, 4 vol., in-fol.
A.D. Thiéry, Histoire de la ville de Toul et de ses évêques, suivie d'une notice de la cathédrale

Date of birth unknown
1018 deaths
Bishops of Toul

Berthold of Toul


Let  be a finite permutation group acting on a set .  A sequence

of k distinct elements of  is a base for G if the only element of  which fixes every  pointwise is the identity element of .

Bases and strong generating sets are concepts of importance in computational group theory.  A base and a strong generating set (together often called a BSGS) for a group can be obtained using the Schreier–Sims algorithm.

It is often beneficial to deal with bases and strong generating sets as these may be easier to work with than the entire group. A group may have a small base compared to the set it acts on. In the "worst case", the symmetric groups and alternating groups have large bases (the symmetric group Sn has base size n − 1), and there are often specialized algorithms that deal with these cases.

References

Permutation groups
Computational group theory

Base (group theory)


Farid Suleman has been a director of Fairway Group Holdings since 2012.  Before that, he was the chairman and CEO of Citadel Broadcasting from March 2002 until the company's acquisition by Cumulus Media in 2011.  He previously spent 16 years working for Infinity Broadcasting Corporation (now CBS Radio) and 12 years at Westwood One.

History
Suleman is a graduate of the University of Nottingham in England, and is a chartered accountant and a CPA.

Suleman was a director of Westwood One from February 1994 to February 2006, and executive vice president and CFO from February 1994 to March 2002.  Suleman was also appointed to the positions of senior vice president and chief financial officer of the CBS Station Group in June 1997.  In CBS, he was later named senior vice president, finance, in August 1998.

He was executive vice president, chief financial officer, treasurer and a director of Infinity Broadcasting, one of the largest advertising companies in the United States, from September 1998 to February 2001 when Infinity was acquired by Viacom.  From February 2001 to February 2002, Suleman was appointed president and chief executive officer of Infinity.

Suleman was the chairman and CEO of Citadel Broadcasting from March 2002 until the company's acquisition by Cumulus Media in 2011.  In late 2004, Suleman made headlines by cutting Howard Stern's radio show from four Citadel stations, citing Stern's frequent discussions regarding his upcoming move to Sirius Satellite Radio.
In 2007, he was nominated for the Group Executive of the Year award by Radio & Records magazine.

References

Living people
American chief executives in the media industry
Citadel Broadcasting chairmen
American chief financial officers
Year of birth missing (living people)

Farid Suleman


Social darwinism is a term used for different movements. Charles Darwin was the main proposer of evolution. Evolution is a concept from biology that explains how different life-forms change over time. Most offspring are not exactly like their parents. Some of the children will have different features (or traits). These features may mean that some children are better adapted to the place where they live. If so, the children will have a better chance to survive and reproduce.

Social darwinism theories try to use these ideas from biology for human society. They talk about a Struggle for survival of human societies. During the era of Nazi ideologies, the idea of Survival of the fittest combined with racism. They claimed the Aryan race was better than all the other races and therefore needed more space to live. This space was to be provided in the east (where mostly Slavs lived).
Today, this is seen as wrong. There was no evidence that Slavs were, as individuals, any better or worse than Germans.

Although Darwin's idea was revered in most of the western societies, some Russian intellectuals did not accept his ideas. They feared that accepting Darwin's ideas would cause harm. One of Darwin's biggest critic was Leo Tolstoy, who felt strongly against what he thought was Darwin's idea. In a letter from his death bed, he warned his children not to take Darwin's struggle for existence as a moral guide. Darwin never suggested his ideas were a basis for human life, just a description of what had happened in evolution.

Social darwinism takes the ideas from Darwin's theory of evolution and uses it on society. Darwin believed that people who were more able to survive were able to have kids with similar abilities. Social Darwinism says that people who have more skills will become more successful. These people can spread their influence and change the politics and society around them to make it better for themselves.

Proponents

Herbert Spencer

Herbert Spencer's ideas of evolutionary progressivism, stemmed from his reading of Thomas Malthus. His later theories were influenced by those of Darwin. However, Spencer's major work, Progress: its law and cause (1857), was released two years before the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species, and Spencer's First Principles was printed in 1860.

In The Social Organism (1860), Spencer compares society to a living organism and argues that, just as biological organisms evolve through natural selection, society evolves and increases in complexity through analogous processes.

In many ways, Spencer's theory of cosmic evolution has much more in common with the works of Lamarck and Auguste Comte's positivism than with Darwin's.

Bad use
Social darwinism may be used as a drive for political parties. For example, the Nazis during World War 2. They preferred some people over others based on ideas like race, and the amount of political control they had. They did not like the Jewish people because they thought they were less than human and were not as important as the rest of the people of Germany.

To justify war on the basis of race is common throughout history. It was very often used in the ancient world when nothing was known about heredity. Nothing that Darwin wrote ever came close to justifying warfare. Warfare has a much longer history than Darwinism. Its roots lie in the struggle for survival of groups of early humans, not in any modern science. Darwin, on the other hand, was basically a pacifist:

... Social instincts lead an animal to take pleasure in the society of its fellows, to feel a certain amount of sympathy with them, and to perform various services for them.

References

Evolutionary biology

Social darwinism


Aylesham is a village in Kent. It lies about halfway between Dover and Canterbury. Dover is about two miles closer than Canterbury. The village was built in the 1920s to house people working at coal mines in the region. In 2012, 3999 people lived there. the village has a railway station on the line from London to Dover.

Villages in Kent
Civil parishes in Kent

Aylesham


The Movie Out Here is a Canadian buddy comedy film. Premiering at the 2012 Whistler Film Festival, it began a limited run at theatres in Western Canada on March 1, 2013. The film was produced by Alliance Films and funded by Kokanee, a British Columbia-based brewery owned by the Labatt Brewing Company. The concept for the film was conceived by the staff of Grip Limited, an advertising agency who had worked on various campaigns for Kokanee in the past, and served as the first foray into branded content for both Grip and Labatt. Alongside traditional product placement, the film features appearances by popular characters from Kokanee's past advertising campaigns, and was the culmination of a multi-platform marketing campaign that was intended to encourage user engagement and crowdsourcing to help promote the film.

Reception to The Movie Out Here was largely negative, with critics panning its over-reliance on product placement, lewd content, and gross-out humour. Kokanee considered the film and campaign to be successful, having increased its market share by 6%,

Plot
Adam (Robin Neilsen), a lawyer from Toronto, returns to his hometown of Fernie, British Columbia and discovers that a ski waxing business run by his friend Theo (James Wallis) is under threat by a real estate developer, prompting them to hold a party as a fundraiser.

Production
The advertising agency Grip has been involved in several major campaigns for Kokanee. In recent years, the agency had put a focus on campaigns incorporating user engagement, regional pride, and social media: in its 2008 campaign "Live or Die", users voted to have Kokanee's popular Ranger mascot killed off in an upcoming advertisement. The campaign was followed up in 2011 by a campaign featuring the Ranger's ghost encouraging users to vote via Facebook in an election to determine the new Kokanee Ranger. After Labatt requested a "big" idea for their next campaign, Grip's creative director Randy Stein suggested that they produce a film, taking advantage of the continuing narrative portrayed by Kokanee's past advertising campaigns. Stein had expressed curiosity surrounding the concept of branded content—a form of entertainment content produced in collaboration with an advertiser.  He believed that the film's target audience had become more accepting of branded entertainment, but still did not want to have advertising "shoved down their throats."

Kokanee and Alliance Films officially announced The Movie Out Here in May 2012; its title alluding to Kokanee's long-time slogan "The Beer Out Here". The Movie Out Here was produced in an unconventional manner in contrast to most feature films; the film had already received financing and promotion from Labatt before its screenplay was even completed. Aside from executive producer Jeff Sackman, the film was written, produced, and directed by Grip staff members. The film was described as a lewd, "feel-good" comedy about a group of friends who had reunited in the city of Fernie and want to "kind of go back to their roots." The film was also designed to pay tribute to life in Western Canada, including its landscape, communities, and its bars.

The release of The Movie Out Here came at a period of financial struggle for Canada's beer industry: a National Hockey League lockout that shortened the 2012-13 season reduced sales of beer in Canada by 12% overall, requiring the company to use new strategies to promote its products. The film was targeted towards males in their mid-20s, a key market for beer that has also struggled due to increasing competition from distilled beverages. Alongside traditional product placement, The Movie Out Here also incorporates popular characters from Kokanee's past advertising campaigns, such as the Ranger, the Glacier Girls, and the Sasquatch. Kokanee's brand manager Amy Rawlinson explained that the film should not be considered a "90-minute beer commercial", and was conceived from the start to be a "stand-alone" film. Rawlinson was more concerned about the emotional aspects of Kokanee's presence in the film rather than the number of times it appears.

Distribution

Promotion
Expanding on the social media campaigns that Grip had created for the brewery in the past, a multi-platform advertising campaign was built around the production and release of The Movie Out Here, with a particular emphasis on the use of engagement marketing. Elements of crowdsourcing were used as part of the film's marketing strategy: through Kokanee's website, users could upload and vote on video auditions for 5 minor roles in the film, vote on the music to be incorporated into its soundtrack, submit props, and register to be one of 3,500 people that would be listed as a "fan" in its credits. Twenty bars in Western Canada also competed to become a filming location for The Movie Out Here; voting required users to enter a code off a specially-marked coaster obtained when ordering a Kokanee, thus encouraging further sales. Some bars also used tablets on-site to encourage customers to vote immediately after their order.

Release
The Movie Out Here premiered at the Whistler Film Festival on November 30, 2012. The film began a limited release at theatres in Canada's western provinces (such as British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan) on March 1, 2013.

Reception
The Movie Out Here was critically panned for its poor storyline, reliance on gross-out humour, and its excessive product placement. John Lekich of The Georgia Straight described the film as an "abomination" consisting of "90 minutes of product placement slapped onto a foul-mouthed comedy so inherently worthless it's almost enough to make me hate beer. Not just Kokanee. Any beer."  Katherine Monk of Postmedia News gave The Movie Out Here a 1.5 out of 5; sharing similar criticisms, Monk described the film as being a product of a "Toronto boardroom" with a cliché plot, and doubted whether its writers were even trying to make it a "real" movie. She concluded that The Movie Out Here was not "[a] celebration of British Columbia's culture", but a film which "pimps it out for sudsy profits using boobies, fart jokes and sexist references to slutty girlfriends and casual intercourse."

Randy Stein believed that the response to The Movie Out Here by critics did not matter, and his staff even predicted that "hardcore film reviewers" would either "go in wanting to hate this film", or not even review it at all. He went on to report that the film had received a positive response from its target audience via social media. Among the theatres that screened the film in Vancouver, The Movie Out Here was the #4 film on its opening weekend. Kokanee's promotional efforts also had a positive impact on its beer sales; by the end of the nine-month campaign supporting the film, Kokanee had experienced a 6% increase in market share.

See also
 Secrets of the Mountain and The Jensen Project, television films produced by and featuring product placement by Procter & Gamble and Walmart

References

External links

2012 films
Canadian comedy films
English-language Canadian films
2010s buddy comedy films
Films set in British Columbia
Labatt Brewing Company
2012 comedy films
2010s English-language films
2010s Canadian films

The Movie Out Here


One Million Tomorrows is a science fiction novel by British writer Bob Shaw, first published in 1970 in magazine form by the American magazine Amazing Stories. The paperback version is somewhat different, and was published the same year by Ace Books, as illustrated by Leo and Diane Dillon.

Plot
In the 22nd century, no one has to die of old age any more. The pharmaceuticals division of a large corporation has devised a potion that bestows immortality on a single application, without any need for follow up treatments. The immortality treatment does not and cannot wear off. All it takes is a single dose, and the human will become immortal. However, it has an unusual effect on males that drink it. It effectively neuters them, causing complete cessation of sexual desire and the ability to perform sexually. In this kind of world, many men put off taking the immortality treatment for as long as possible.

However, the main character, Will Carewe, is not yet immortal, and wishes to involve his wife in questions as serious as this one. They have not yet had any children. He is a high ranking employee for a transnational corporation that one day approaches him with a confidential question relating to the discovery of an immortality potion that does the same thing that the current one does, but without the undesirable side-effect of turning off the sex drive in males. The desirability of patenting the process requires the corporation to handle related matters under a cloak of secrecy, but somewhere someone has spilled the beans; competitors will do anything for the magic recipe, especially if this can be done before the patent is filed in the US Patent Office. They will do anything, including bribery, extortion, and murder, to get the information out of the pharmaceuticals lab before the process is made public. The hero of the story, Will Carewe, says he is willing to test the new chemical, even if it backfires and results in permanent sterility and complete loss of physical desire and physical ability. But it appears there is someone out there who is willing to do anything to kill him before he does.

See also
List of science fiction novels

External links

1970 British novels
1970 science fiction novels
Books with cover art by Leo and Diane Dillon
Novels by Bob Shaw
Books illustrated by Leo and Diane Dillon
Works originally published in Amazing Stories
Ace Books books
Novels set in the 22nd century

One Million Tomorrows


The Human Resources, Science and Technology Committee of the African Union was created to deal with the issues surrounding the development of Education, Illiteracy, Information technology, Communication, Human resources and Technology in Africa.

The chairperson of the committee is Armany Asfour.

Sectoral Cluster Committees of the Economic, Social and Cultural Council

Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee


Typhoon Xangsane (international designation: 0615, JTWC designation: 18W, PAGASA name: Typhoon Milenyo) was a deadly typhoon that affected the Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand during the 2006 Pacific typhoon season. It was the fifteenth tropical storm and ninth typhoon recognized by the Japan Meteorological Agency operationally during the season, although in post-operational analysis it became the tenth typhoon of the season with the addition of Typhoon Maria. According to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, Xangsane was the sixteenth tropical storm and tenth typhoon of the season, and was a Category 4-equivalent typhoon in terms of 1-minute average wind speeds. The name Xangsane was submitted by Laos and means elephant.

Xangsane made landfall in the Philippines, battering the northern islands with torrential rains and strong winds, and causing widespread flooding and landslides. After passing over Manila and emerging over the South China Sea, the typhoon made a second landfall in central Vietnam, also causing flooding and landslides there and in Thailand. The storm was responsible for at least 279 deaths, mostly in the Philippines and Vietnam, and at least $747 million (2006 USD) in damage.

Meteorological history

Late on September 24, 2006, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, noted that an area of convection, had persisted about 460 NM to the southeast of Manila, in the Philippines. The JTWC assessed the development of a significant Tropical cyclone, as fair. This was because convection was beginning to flare up near a developing Low Level Circulation Center, the JTWC also noted that the disturbance had a broad circulation. Early the next day both the Japan Meteorological Agency and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) designated the Tropical disturbance as a Tropical Depression with PAGASA assigning the local name of Tropical Depression Milenyo, to the depression. Later that morning the JTWC reassessed the potential of the disturbance forming into a significant tropical Cyclone within 24 hours as good, and issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the developing disturbance. Early that afternoon the JTWC started to issue advisories on the disturbance and designated it as Tropical Depression 18W. Later that day the JTWC upgraded as the depression moved towards the west it was upgraded to a Tropical Storm by the JTWC. Early on September 26 the JMA also upgraded the depression to a tropical storm, and assigned the international name of Xangsane.

Later on September 26, the JMA upgraded Xangsane to a severe tropical storm, whilst six hours later both the JMA and the JTWC upgraded Xangsane to typhoon with the JTWC reporting wind speeds equivalent to a category one typhoon. Early the next day Xangsane was upgraded to a category 2 typhoon and then over the next six hours Xangsane rapidly intensified into a category 4 typhoon with wind speeds of 115 kts (130 mph, 215 km/h). Meanwhile the JMA reported that Xangsane had reached its peak wind speeds of 85 kts (100 mph, 155 km/h). Early that afternoon the JTWC reported that Xangsane, had reached its peak wind speeds of 125 kts (145 mph, 230 km/h).

Xangsane then passed through the Philippine islands, wreaking havoc and becoming the strongest typhoon to directly impact Metro Manila in eleven years. As it entered the South China Sea as a weak typhoon, it began to re-intensify, reaching its secondary peak strength shortly before landfall at Danang, Vietnam on October 1. The JTWC ceased advisories after landfall, while the JMA carried the storm inland until it was over Thailand as a tropical depression. It remained as a low pressure area over central Indochina on the JMA's weather charts for several days, while the U.S. Navy's Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting system carried the remnants of Xangsane into the Bay of Bengal.

Preparations

Philippines

On September 27, PAGASA issued Storm Signal Number 3, a warning for winds of 100– 185 km/h (62– 115 mph), for areas of southern Luzon. Storm Signal Number 2, for winds of 60– 100 km/h (37– 62 mph), was raised for northern Samar Island and central Luzon. Storm Signal Number 1 (30– 60 km/h, 20– 37 mph) was issued for northwestern Luzon, including Metro Manila, and northern Visayas, including the rest of Samar Island. Schools in the warned area were suspended, and airports and seaports were closed. Philippine Airlines cancelled over half of its flights to and from Ninoy Aquino International Airport for September 28, and various transit services also suspended service. Metro Manila and the Tagalog provinces were warned of possible flooding and strong winds.

When it became clear that Xangsane would approach the Capital, PAGASA upgraded the warning for Manila and central Luzon to Storm Signal Number 3 on September 28. All the storm signals were discontinued later that day.

References

Other websites

 Digital Typhoon page on Xangsane

Typhoon Xangsane
Pacific typhoons
2000s in the Philippines
2000s in China
History of Vietnam
21st century in Cambodia
2000s in Thailand
Retired tropical cyclone names

Typhoon Xangsane


Arthur Henry Howe Jr. (born December 15, 1946) is an American former professional baseball infielder, coach, scout, and manager, who appeared as a player in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Pittsburgh Pirates (–), Houston Astros (–), and St. Louis Cardinals (–). Howe managed the Astros (–), Oakland Athletics (–), and New York Mets (–), compiling a career managerial record of 1,129 wins and 1,137 losses.

Playing career
Howe was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and attended Shaler Area High School. After graduating he attended the University of Wyoming on a college football scholarship, but played baseball after injuries ended his football career. He signed his first playing contract, aged 24, with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1971. He came to the major leagues as a part-time player with Pittsburgh in 1974–75, before a trade to the Astros for infielder Tommy Helms on January 6, 1976. He played all four infield positions, mostly as a third baseman and second baseman, for Houston from 1976 to 1982. While playing in only 125 games in 1977, and alternating among 2B, SS, and 3B, Howe committed just eight errors. On May 7, 1980, he suffered a fractured jaw when hit by a pitch from Expos pitcher Scott Sanderson. In the 1980 National League West tie-breaker game, he hit a home run in the third inning to increase the lead of the Astros to 4-0 against the Dodgers. He later hit a two-run single in the fourth to make it 7-0. Five innings later, the Astros won 7-1 to clinch their first division title in franchise history.

In May 1981 he won the Player of the Month Award, the only Astros third baseman to win it until Alex Bregman in June 2018. After missing the entire 1983 season with an injury, he finished his playing career with the St. Louis Cardinals (1984–85). The right-handed hitter appeared in 891 games over all or parts of 11 seasons, compiling a lifetime batting average of .260 with 43 home runs.

As a coach and manager

In 1986, Howe began his coaching career as an aide to Bobby Valentine with the Texas Rangers. After three seasons, he was hired by his old team, the Astros, as manager for 1989, succeeding Hal Lanier. Howe enjoyed a successful first season in Houston, but the team was rebuilding with young players such as Jeff Bagwell and Craig Biggio, and suffered losing years in 1990–91. In 1992 and 1993, the Astros improved to .500 and then to a winning record, but Howe was fired in favor of Terry Collins at the close of the '93 campaign. During the 1994–95 Dominican Winter League season, Howe led the Azucareros del Este to their first championship.

After a year as a Major League scout for the Los Angeles Dodgers, and spending 1995 as bench coach for the Colorado Rockies, Howe was selected to replace the high-profile Tony La Russa as manager of the Athletics for 1996. The A's suffered through three losing seasons under Howe before, in 1999, they returned to contention. In 2000, 2001 and 2002, the A's won 91, 102 and 103 games respectively and made the American League playoffs in each season.  But they did not win a playoff series, losing each time in the Division Series in five games. This included losing Game 5 at home in 2000 and 2002 and blowing a 2–0 lead in the 2001 series. Gradually, Howe and general manager Billy Beane grew estranged. At the end of 2002, despite a seven-year mark of 600–533 (.530), Howe was released from his Oakland contract to become the manager of the New York Mets.

Philip Seymour Hoffman portrayed Howe in the film Moneyball, which dramatized Billy Beane's tactics of using sabermetrics to select players. Howe said he was unhappy with his portrayal in both the film and the Michael Lewis book it was based on, as a stubborn traditionalist who refused to follow Beane's plans and a figurehead who submitted while Beane ran the A's from the clubhouse. Howe described himself as a team player despite his lingering doubts about Beane's methods. Howe was described in the press as a "good company man." Howe said it was unfortunate that Beane's lack of regard for him was that obvious.

Howe's two years in New York were unsuccessful. The Mets won only 42 percent of their games, the front office went through three general managers, and attendance at Shea Stadium fell. Likely the only bright spot was Howe winning his 1000th game as manager on April 20, 2003, in a 7–4 victory against the Florida Marlins. In September 2004, word of Howe's impending firing was leaked to the media two weeks before the season ended, but he was allowed to finish the year. Ultimately, the general manager of the club, Omar Minaya, replaced Howe with Willie Randolph, bench coach for the New York Yankees.

On October 16, 2006, Howe was hired as the third base coach and an infield instructor by the Philadelphia Phillies.  After the Texas Rangers hired Ron Washington – a former coach under Howe in Oakland – as their manager, the Phillies gave Howe permission to speak with the Rangers about any openings in the organization.  On November 7, 2006, Howe was hired by the Rangers as Washington's bench coach. He served two years in that role (2007–08) but his contract was not renewed at the end of the Rangers' disappointing 2008 season.

Managerial record

Personal life
Howe is married to his high school sweetheart, Betty. They have three children and six grandchildren. On May 14, 2020, Howe confirmed that he was in an ICU suffering from Covid-19. On May 17, 2020, he was released from the hospital, and sent home, reportedly "weak, but on the mend."

See also

 Houston Astros award winners and league leaders
 List of Major League Baseball managers by wins

References

External links

Art Howe at Astros Daily
Art Howe at Ultimate Mets Database

1946 births
Living people
Major League Baseball third basemen
Major League Baseball second basemen
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Houston Astros players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Houston Astros managers
Oakland Athletics managers
New York Mets managers
Caribbean Series managers
Major League Baseball bench coaches
Major League Baseball hitting coaches
Baseball players from Pittsburgh
Charleston Charlies players
Texas Rangers coaches
Colorado Rockies (baseball) coaches
Los Angeles Dodgers scouts
Wyoming Cowboys baseball players
Sportspeople from Pittsburgh
American expatriate baseball people in the Dominican Republic

Art Howe


The Glasspar boat-building company was started in 1947 when Bill Tritt began building small fiberglass boat hulls in his Costa Mesa, California fiberglass shop.

Origins
Bill Tritt had a keen interest in boats and cars before World War II, when he studied marine architecture and boat-building at California State Teacher's College in Santa Barbara, California. He worked for Douglas Aircraft's Production Planning and Illustration Departments during WWII, and by 1945 had built a number of catamaran sailboats. In 1947, John Green, a yachtsman friend, paid Tritt to design and build a racing sailboat in the  range. Fiberglass seemed the logical construction material, and Otto Bayer of Wizard Boats was enlisted as laminator. The boat was named the Green Dolphin, and four were built in various lengths. This was Tritt's first effort in fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP). By 1948 he was building small fiberglass sailing dinghies, and built the first ever fiberglass masts and spars for sailboats. This company became the Glasspar Company and moved to larger quarters from Industrial Way in Costa Mesa to Harbor Blvd in Costa Mesa, California, in 1950. By 1951, Glasspar moved again to larger quarters in Santa Ana, California. By the mid-1950s, Glasspar was producing 15 to 20 percent of all fiberglass boats sold in the U.S. By 1958, branch factories were operating in Nashville, Tennessee, Petersburg, Virginia, Olympia, Washington, and Sherman, Texas.

Products
Glasspar built boats in ranges from car toppers to  models and everything in between. Just prior to 1969, when Glasspar was sold off, there were even  oceangoing models. Boats were often given Mediterranean-sounding names, and the boat classes within the model were often indicated by a model type then model name, with a hyphen in between. For example, in the  range there was a model called the Lido, which came in three configurations: the Sport-Lido, Club-Lido, and Lido (standard). Another line, called the Mariner, included the Sport-Mariner, Club-Mariner, or Mariner (standard) model. Some boat models were also named for areas in and around Southern California, such as Avalon on the island of Catalina and Del Mar, a coastal community north of San Diego.

Models included, but were not limited to;
  Sea Lion, a 12' runabout
  Sears and Roebuck car-topper (developed and built for Sears)
  Wing boats for Mantz Aircraft – carried under the wings of converted Navy PBYs
  Dincat, a 12' sailing dinghy with FG mast
  Dinkitten, an 8' sailing dinghy and popular yacht tender with FG mast
  Privateer, a 20' cat-ketch rigged sailboat with unstayed fiberglass masts
 Balboa – a  car-topper
 Superlight – a 10-foot car-topper
 Marathon – an under- runabout
 Lido Series – a-14-foot runabout
 Citation – a  runabout
 Avalon – a 16-foot runabout
 G3 – a  high-performance ski boat
 SuperG – a  high-performance ski boat
 Seafair Series – a  cruising class
 Flying V-175 – a  cruising class
 del Mar – a  cabin cruiser
 Tacoma – an under- runabout
 Ventura – a  fishing cabin cruiser
 Meridian 21 – a 21-foot fishing cabin cruiser similar to the Ventura
 Meridian 25 – a  ocean fishing boat. There was a limited quantity, and a restoration project is currently underway by the Official Glasspar Owners Association.
  30 Footer – A 30-foot flying bridge cabin cruiser that never saw production. It was designed and built at the Glasspar R&D department by Bill Tritt prior to his leaving the company in 1960. The boards short-sighted decision to not build this model, along with aircraft parts and the entire automotive line, was the reason Tritt resigned from his own company.

Automotive Forays

Glasspar was also one of the first companies to build fiberglass-bodied cars, most notably the G2 (Glasspar), but including the Woodill Wildfire, the Studebaker-based Ascot and the Volvo Sport. The G2 was a prime influence on the decision for Chevrolet to develop the Corvette.

End and legacy
The company was eventually sold to Larson Boat Works.

Restoring and preserving Glasspar boats and cars has become extremely popular in recent years. The official Glasspar Owners Association can be found at Classic Glasspars

Extensive information can be found at the Owners Association Website to include factory brochures, production data and even patents.

American boat builders
Companies based in Santa Ana, California
Costa Mesa, California

Glasspar


The Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN; ) is the maritime arm of the New Zealand Defence Force. The fleet currently consists of nine ships. The Navy had its origins in the Naval Defence Act 1913, and the subsequent purchase of the cruiser , which by 1921 had been moored in Auckland as a training ship. A slow buildup occurred during the interwar period, and then perhaps the infant Navy's most notable event occurred when  fought alongside two other Royal Navy cruisers at the Battle of the River Plate against the German ship, Graf Spee, in December 1939.

History

Pre–World War I

The first recorded maritime combat activity in New Zealand occurred off the northern tip of the South Island in December 1642. Māori in war canoes attacked and killed four seamen from Abel Tasman's party, who were at the time in low boats between the main ships.

The New Zealand Navy did not exist as a separate military force until 1941. The association of the Royal Navy with New Zealand began with the arrival of James Cook in 1769, who completed two subsequent journeys to New Zealand in 1773 and 1777. Occasional visits by Royal Navy ships were made from the late 18th century. The Royal Navy played a part in the New Zealand Wars: for example, a gunboat shelled fortified Māori pā from the Waikato River in order to defeat the Māori King Movement.

World War I and the inter-war period
In 1909, the New Zealand government decided to fund the purchase of the battlecruiser  for the Royal Navy, which saw action throughout World War I in Europe. The passing of the Naval Defence Act 1913 created the New Zealand Naval Forces, still as a part of the Royal Navy. The first purchase by the New Zealand government for the New Zealand Naval Forces was the cruiser , which escorted New Zealand land forces to occupy the German colony of Samoa in 1914. Philomel saw further action under the command of the Royal Navy in the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, and the Persian Gulf. By 1917, she was worn out and was sent back to New Zealand where she served as a depot ship in Wellington Harbour for minesweepers. In 1921 she was transferred to Auckland for use as a training ship.

The New Zealand Naval Forces passed to the control of Commander-in-Chief, China, after the Royal Navy forces in Australia came under Canberra's control in 1911. From 1921 to 1941 the force was known as the New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy. The cruiser Chatham along with the sloop Veronica arrived in 1920, Philomel was transferred to the Division in 1921, as was the sloop Torch,  arrived in 1922 and then  in 1924.  and the minesweeper HMS Wakakura arrived in 1926. Between World War I and World War II, the New Zealand Division operated a total of 14 ships, including the cruisers HMS Achilles (joined 31 March 1937) and HMS Leander, which replaced Diomede and Dunedin (replaced by Leander in 1937).

World War II

When Britain went to war against Germany in 1939, New Zealand officially declared war at the same time, backdated to 9.30 pm on 3 September local time. But the gathering in Parliament in Carl Berendsen's room (including Peter Fraser) could not follow Chamberlain's words because of static on the shortwave and waited until the Admiralty notified the fleet that war had broken out before Cabinet approved the declaration of war (the official telegram from Britain was delayed and arrived just before midnight).

 participated in the first major naval battle of World War II, the Battle of the River Plate off the River Plate estuary between Argentina and Uruguay, in December 1939. Achilles and two other cruisers,  and , severely damaged the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee. The German Captain Hans Langsdorff then scuttled Graf Spee rather than face the loss of many more German seamen's lives. This decision apparently infuriated Hitler.

Achilles moved to the Pacific, and was working with the United States Navy (USN) when damaged by a Japanese bomb off New Georgia. Following repair, she served alongside the British Pacific Fleet until the war's end.

The New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy became the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) from 1 October 1941, in recognition of the fact that the naval force was now largely self-sufficient and independent of the Royal Navy. The Prime Minister Peter Fraser reluctantly agreed, though saying "now was not the time to break away from the old country". Ships thereafter were prefixed HMNZS (His/Her Majesty's New Zealand Ship).

 escorted the New Zealand Expeditionary Force to the Middle East in 1940 and was then deployed in the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean. Leander was subjected to air and naval attack from Axis forces, conducted bombardments, and escorted convoys. In February 1941, Leander sank the Italian auxiliary cruiser  in the Indian Ocean. In 1943, after serving further time in the Mediterranean, Leander returned to the Pacific Ocean. She assisted in the destruction of the  and was seriously damaged by torpedoes during the Battle of Kolombangara. The extent of the damage to Leander saw her docked for repairs until the end of the war.

As the war progressed, the size of the RNZN greatly increased, and by the end of the war, there were over 60 ships in commission. These ships participated as part of the British and Commonwealth effort against the Axis in Europe, and against the Japanese in the Pacific. They also played an important role in the defence of New Zealand, from German raiders, especially when the threat of invasion from Japan appeared imminent in 1942. Many merchant ships were requisitioned and armed for help in defence. One of these was , which saw action against the  off Fiji in 1942. In 1941–1942, it was decided in an agreement between the New Zealand and United States governments that the best role for the RNZN in the Pacific was as part of the United States Navy, so operational control of the RNZN was transferred to the South West Pacific Area command, and its ships joined United States 7th Fleet taskforces.

In 1943, the light cruiser  was transferred to the RNZN as HMNZS Gambia. In November 1944, the British Pacific Fleet, a joint British Commonwealth military formation, was formed, based in Sydney, Australia. Most RNZN ships were transferred to the BPF, including Gambia and Achilles. They took part in the Battle of Okinawa and operations in the Sakishima Islands, near Japan. In August 1945, HMNZS Gambia was New Zealand's representative at the surrender of Japan.

Post-World War II

During April 1947 a series of non-violent mutinies occurred amongst the sailors and non-commissioned officers of four RNZN ships and two shore bases. Overall, up to 20% of the sailors in the RNZN were involved in the mutinies. The resulting manpower shortage forced the RNZN to remove the light cruiser , one of their most powerful warships, from service and set the navy's development and expansion back by a decade. Despite this impact, the size and scope of the events have been downplayed over time.

RNZN ships participated in the Korean War. On 29 June, just four days after 135,000 North Korean troops crossed the 38th parallel in Korea, the New Zealand government ordered two  frigates –  and  to prepare to make for Korean waters, and for the whole of the war, at least two NZ vessels would be on station in the theater.

On 3 July, these two first ships left Devonport Naval Base, Auckland and joined other Commonwealth forces at Sasebo, Japan, on 2 August. These vessels served under the command of a British flag officer (seemingly Flag Officer Second in Command Far East Fleet) and formed part of the US Navy screening force during the Battle of Inchon, performing shore raids and inland bombardment. Further RNZN Loch-class frigates joined these later – , ,  and , as well as a number of smaller craft. Only one RNZN sailor was killed during the conflict – during the Inchon bombardments.

The Navy later participated in the Malayan Emergency. In 1954 a New Zealand frigate, HMNZS Pukaki, carried out a bombardment of a suspected guerilla camp, while operating with the Royal Navy's Far East Fleet – the first of a number of bombardments by RNZN ships over the next five years. Jack Welch, later to become Chief of Naval Staff decades later, wrote that in 1959, the RNZN "was still very much part of the Royal Navy supported by New Zealand tax-payers. The officer corps and senior specialist ratings were very dependent on loan and exchange RN personnel, while our own [New Zealand] officers and senior ratings were almost exclusively trained in the UK. We simply borrowed the RN's administrative regulations and amended them to local conditions. The Empire was alive and well. Operationally we were still very strongly tied to the UK."

Later the Navy return to Malayan waters during the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation. These operations were the RNZN's last large-scale operation with the Royal Navy. In a security crisis and threat to Malaysia and Sarawak and Brunei, two-thirds of the Royal Navy's operational warships were deployed from 1963 to the end of 1966 with , , and , heavily involved in boarding ships, shore patrols, presence, maintaining the use of seaways and support of the RN's amphibious carriers. The commitment, wrote Welch, "involved the whole fleet, as ships rotated though Pearl Harbor for workup with the USN before deploying on to the Far East to relieve ships on station."

Until the 1960s, the RNZN had, in common with other Dominion navies, flown the White Ensign as a common ensign. After 1945, the foreign policies of the now-independent states had become more distinctive. There was a growing wish and a need for separate identities, particularly if one Dominion was engaged in hostilities where another was not. Thus, in 1968, the RNZN adopted its own ensign, which retained the Union Flag in a top quarter but replaces the St George's Cross with the Southern Cross constellation that is displayed on the national flag.

Since 1946, the Navy has policed New Zealand's territorial waters and exclusive economic zone for fisheries protection. It also aids New Zealand's scientific activities in Antarctica, at Scott Base.

One of the best-known roles that the RNZN played on the world stage was when the frigates  and  were sent by the Labour Government of Norman Kirk to Moruroa Atoll in 1973 to protest against French nuclear testing there. The frigates were sent into the potential blast zone of the weapons, where both ships witnessed one airburst test each which forced France to then change to underground testing.

In May 1982 Prime Minister Rob Muldoon seconded the frigate Canterbury to the Royal Navy for the duration of the Falklands War. Canterbury was deployed to the Armilla Patrol in the Persian Gulf, to relieve a British frigate for duty in the South Atlantic. Canterbury was herself relieved by  in August.

Post-Cold War

At the close of the Cold War the RNZN had an escort force of four frigates (, , , and HMNZS Southland (F104)). Due to the cost of replacing four ships, the force was downsized to two. However, there was considerable political debate at times during the mid-1990s about whether a third and fourth Anzac-class frigate should be procured.

In the past three decades, the RNZN has operated in the Middle East a number of times. RNZN ships played a role in the Iran–Iraq War, aiding the Royal Navy in protecting neutral shipping in the Indian Ocean. Frigates were also sent to participate in the first Gulf War, and more recently Operation Enduring Freedom. The RNZN has played an important part in conflicts in the Pacific as well. Naval forces were utilised in the Bougainville, Solomon Islands and East Timor conflicts of the 1990s. The RNZN often participates in United Nations peacekeeping operations.

The hydrographic survey ship of the RNZN until 2012 was , succeeding the long-serving . Resolution was used to survey and chart the sea around New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. A small motor boat, SMB Adventure, was operated from Resolution. Resolution carried some of the most advanced survey technology available. HMNZS Resolution was decommissioned at Devonport Naval Base on 27 April 2012.

Ships and aircraft

Current

Naval Combat Force

The Combat Force consists of two Anzac-class frigates: HMNZS Te Kaha and HMNZS Te Mana. Initially, two more frigates were planned, but this was cancelled due to the political pressure surrounding defence expenditure following the New Zealand breakup of military relations with ANZUS. Both ships are based at the Devonport Naval Base in Auckland. HMNZS Te Kaha was commissioned on 26 July 1997 and HMNZS Te Mana on 10 December 1999. The specifications and armaments of the two ships are identical. Both ships completed refits in 2020 and 2022 respectively.

Naval Patrol Force

The Patrol Force consists of two offshore and two inshore patrol vessels. The Patrol Force is responsible for policing New Zealand's Exclusive Economic Zone, one of the largest in the world. In addition, the Patrol Force provides assistance to a range of civilian government agencies, including the Department of Conservation, New Zealand Customs and Police, Ministry of Fisheries and others. The Patrol Force consists of:
 2 s ( and )
 2 s ( and )

Naval Support Force
 , a multi-role vessel that entered service in June 2007.
 , a replenishment oiler commissioned in 2020.

Littoral Warfare Support Force
The Littoral Warfare Support Force consists of , a dive and hydrographic vessel commissioned in 2019, and HMNZS Matataua.

Hydrographic survey and clearance diving
HMNZS Matataua is a land-based unit (a stone frigate) commissioned in 2017 (previously the Littoral Warfare Support Force, the Littoral Warfare Support Group, and most recently the Littoral Warfare Unit) with two operational groups, one for military hydrographic survey and the other clearance diving, and a logistics support group. Detachments from Matataua embark on Manawanui when the ship is conducting survey and/or diving operations. Matataua is responsible for ensuring access to and the use of harbours, inshore waters and associated littoral zones through shallow water and coastal survey, mine-countermeasures and explosive ordnance disposal, beach survey and reconnaissance in support of amphibious operations, and underwater engineering. Matataua also provides underwater search and recovery support to the NZ Police, and other government and civil agencies as requested and approved through Headquarters Joint Forces New Zealand.

Aviation

The Royal New Zealand Navy operates eight Kaman SH-2G(I) Super Seasprite helicopters. These aircraft are part of No. 6 Squadron RNZAF based at RNZAF Base Auckland. The aircraft are operated by RNZN aviators and are assigned to RNZN ships as required. The roles of the helicopters include:
 Surveillance
 Surface warfare
 Underwater warfare
 Helicopter delivery services/logistics
 Search and rescue
 Medical evacuation
 Training
 Assistance to other Government agencies

Non-commissioned vessels
A number of non-commissioned auxiliary vessels are used for a number or littoral, support and training purposes.

 Three Chico 40 sail training yachts (Manga II, Mako II, Paea II).
 Two Landing Craft Mechanised landing craft (LC01, LC02) - Used aboard HMNZS Canterbury.
 Three Littoral Manoeuvre Craft.
 Two Surtees Workmate hydrographic and diving support launches (Pathfinder, Hammerhead).
 One VIP (Admiral's) Barge.
 Nine Zodiac Hurricane RHIBs.
 26 Zodiac Milpro J3 RHIBs.

Unmanned vehicles

The RNZN operates a small number of autonomous underwater vehicles.

 Six REMUS 100 autonomous underwater vehicles.
 Four REMUS 300 autonomous underwater vehicles.

The RNZN does not operate any ship-based unmanned aerial systems. However, according to a recent tender document, there exists some considerable scope for the acquisition of new systems.

Future

Role

Defence

In its Statement of Intent, the NZDF states its primary mission as:

"to secure New Zealand from external threat, to protect our sovereign interests, including in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and to be able to take action to meet likely contingencies in our strategic area of interest."

The intermediate outcomes of the NZDF are listed as:
 Secure New Zealand, including its people, land, territorial waters, exclusive economic zone, natural resources and critical infrastructure.
 Reduced risks to New Zealand from regional and global insecurity.
 New Zealand values and interests advanced through participation in regional and international security systems.
 New Zealand is able to meet future national security challenges.

The role of the navy is to fulfil the maritime elements of the missions of the NZDF.

International participation
The RNZN has a role to help prevent any unrest occurring in New Zealand. This can be done by having a presence in overseas waters and assisting redevelopment in troubled countries. For example, any unrest in the Pacific Islands has the potential to affect New Zealand because of the large Pacific Island population. The stability of the South Pacific is considered in the interest of New Zealand. The navy has participated in peace-keeping and peace-making in
East Timor, Bougainville and the Solomon Islands, supporting land-based operations.

Civilian roles

The 2002 Maritime Forces Review identified a number of roles that other government agencies required the RNZN to undertake. Approximately 1,400 days at sea are required to fulfil these roles annually.

Roles include patrolling the exclusive economic zone, transport to offshore islands, and support for the New Zealand Customs Service.

The RNZN formerly produced hydrographic information for Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) under a commercial contract arrangement, however with the decommissioning of the dedicated hydrographic survey ship HMNZS Resolution this has lapsed and the Navy now focuses on military hydrography. Hydrospatial information is still provided to LINZ but on an ad-hoc basis.

Deployments

Since 2001, both Anzac-class frigates have participated in the United States' Operation Enduring Freedom in the Persian Gulf and have conducted maritime patrol operations in support of American and allied efforts in Afghanistan.

The RNZN routinely deploys within its primary area of operations of the Southwest Pacific and Southern Ocean down to Antarctica as directed by government, and to meet New Zealand's responsibilities in its search and rescue area. Deployments further afield are conducted as required to meet the strategic intent of the Government of New Zealand.

Personnel

As of 30 June 2022, the RNZN consisted of 2,219 Regular Force personnel and 611 Naval Reserve personnel.

Reserves

Naval Reserve

All regular force personnel on discharge from the RNZN are liable for service in the Royal New Zealand Naval Reserve. The Reserve has an active and inactive list. RNZN personnel can choose to serve four years in the Reserve on discharge.

Volunteer Reserve

The primary reserve component of the RNZN is the Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNZNVR), which is organised into four units based in Auckland (with a satellite unit at Tauranga), Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin:
 HMNZS Ngapona: Naval Reserve, Auckland
 HMNZS Olphert: Naval Reserve, Wellington
 HMNZS Pegasus: Naval Reserve, Christchurch
 HMNZS Toroa: Naval Reserve, Dunedin

At present civilians can join the RNZNVR in one of three branches: Administration, Sea Service (for service on inshore patrol vessels), and Maritime Trade Organisation (formerly Naval Control of Shipping). In addition ex-regular force personnel can now join the RNZNVR in their former branch and, depending on time out of the service, rank.

Training
Naval Ratings begin an 18-week basic training course (Basic Common Training (BCT)) prior to commencing their branch training (Basic Branch Training) which focuses on their chosen trade.

Naval Officers complete 22 weeks of training in three phases (Junior Officer Common Training (JOCT)) before commencing specialist training.

Finance
Routine funding

The RNZN is funded through a "vote" of the Parliament of New Zealand. The New Zealand Defence Force funds personnel, operating and finance costs. Funding is then allocated to specific "Output Classes", which are aligned to policy objectives.

Funding allocation in each Output Class includes consumables, personnel, depreciation and a 'Capital Charge'. The Capital Charge is a budgetary mechanism to reflect the cost of Crown capital and was set at 7.5% for the 2009/2010 year.

Large projects

The Ministry of Defence is responsible for the acquisition of significant items of military equipment needed to meet New Zealand Defence Force capability requirements. Funding for the Ministry of Defence is appropriated separately.

Shore establishments

The Navy Museum

The Navy Museum of the Royal New Zealand Navy is located at 64 King Edward Parade, Devonport, Auckland, New Zealand
 and contains important collections of naval artefacts and extensive records.

Naval Communications Facility Irirangi
HMNZS Irirangi was a Naval Communication Station at Waiouru from 1943 to 1993.

Uniforms and insignia
Uniforms of the RNZN are very similar to those of the British Royal Navy and other Commonwealth of Nations navies. However, RNZN personnel wear the nationality marker "NEW ZEALAND" on a curved shoulder flash on the service uniform and embroidered on shoulder slip-ons. Also, the RNZN uses the rank of Ensign as its lowest commissioned rank.

Rank structure and insignia

See also
 Military history of New Zealand
 New Zealand Sea Cadet Corps
 New Zealand military ranks
 New Zealand Defence College
 Logistics ships of the Royal New Zealand Navy
 List of individual weapons of the New Zealand armed forces
 List of ships of the Royal New Zealand Navy

References

Further reading
 Defence of New Zealand Study Group, Ramparts on the Sea.
 Howard, Grant. The Navy in New Zealand: An Illustrated History, AH & AW Reed, 1981.
 Terence Herrick,  Into the blue : a New Zealander in the Royal Navy (1997; memoirs). Herrick was NOIC Auckland, 1954-56 (Dreadnought Project).

 Commodore J O'C Ross, The White Ensign in New Zealand
 Rear-Admiral Jack Welch, "New Zealand's navy seeks 'credible minimum'", International Defence Review 9/1995, Vol. 28, No. 9, pages 75–77.
 Gerry Wright, The Story of HMNZS Blackpool. 478 pages.

External links

 Royal New Zealand Naval Association website
 The Royal New Zealand Navy in World War II, Official History (online), by S D Waters
 The First New Zealand Navy in the Maori Wars (Appendix to WWII History above)
 Now-HMNZS Matataua
 Books written by Sailors – RNZN Communicators Association - Books written by Sailors

1941 establishments in New Zealand
Organizations established in 1941
New Zealand Defence Force
Organisations based in New Zealand with royal patronage

Royal New Zealand Navy


Tempel is the remnant of a lunar impact crater whose outer rim has been eroded, indented, and reshaped by subsequent impacts and lava flows. It is attached to the eastern rim of the crater Agrippa, in an area that has been resurfaced by old lava flows. To the southwest is Godin, and to the east lies the small, bowl-shaped Whewell. Its diameter is 43 km. The crater was named after German astronomer Wilhelm Tempel.

There is a gap in the northwestern rim of Tempel that forms a protrusion that follows the rim of Agrippa. Smaller gaps exist in the southern rim, and the relatively flat interior surface of the crater is joined by these valley clefts to the lava-covered exterior. From here the flow can be followed eastwards until it joins the Mare Tranquillitatis. Little of the original rim remains intact, and the formation is now a somewhat circular range of rounded, irregular ridges.

References

External links

Tempel at The Moon Wiki

Impact craters on the Moon

Tempel (crater)


Video Nation was a BBC television project in social anthropology and audience interactivity, which ended in 2011.

History
Beginning in 1993, the BBC encouraged people to record their lives on video. These video diaries were then shown on BBC TV and, from 2001 to 2011, were included on the BBC's website.

The original project was created by the Community Programme Unit with output intended for broadcast on BBC Two. Jeremy Gibson and Tony Steyger developed the original concept with Steyger drawing inspiration from the Mass-Observation Archive to propose 'an anthropology of everyday life.'  The project was co-produced between 1993 and 2001 by Chris Mohr and Mandy Rose. A diverse group of fifty people were selected from across the UK, given training in the use of camcorders and invited to record aspects of everyday life during the course of a year. From their recordings the team drew material for a range of programmes, of which the best known are the Shorts which were broadcast before BBC Two's Newsnight current affairs programme. Contributors had a right of veto over their material so that nothing was broadcast without their consent. BBC Two de-commissioned the television series in 2000 at which point a website was built from the existing archive. Hundreds of contributors then went on to make shorts for the site, and Video Nation has returned to BBC TV screens during thematic seasons.

On 24 January 2011, the BBC announced that they would be making cuts of 25% to the online budget resulting in a shortfall of £34 million from the budget. As part of this, many websites and services were closed, to achieve a "smaller fitter BBC". Video Nation was part of this category.

See also
Channel 4 – FourDocs

References

External links
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/bbcs-video-nation-faces-the-axe-1101652.html
https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/28/movies/television-do-it-yourself-autobiography-ready-for-prime-time.html

BBC
Video blogs
British video bloggers
Social anthropology
1993 British television series debuts
2011 British television series endings
1990s British television series
2000s British television series
2010s British television series
1993 establishments in the United Kingdom
2011 disestablishments in the United Kingdom

Video Nation


In semantics and pragmatics, a truth condition is the condition under which a sentence is true. For example, "It is snowing in Nebraska" is true precisely when it is snowing in Nebraska. Truth conditions of a sentence do not necessarily reflect current reality. They are merely the conditions under which the statement would be true.

More formally, a truth condition makes for the truth of a sentence in an inductive definition of truth (for details, see the semantic theory of truth). Understood this way, truth conditions are theoretical entities. To illustrate with an example: suppose that, in a particular truth theory which is a theory of truth where truth is somehow made acceptable despite semantic terms as close as possible, the word "Nixon" refers to Richard M. Nixon, and "is alive" is associated with the set of currently living things. Then one way of representing the truth condition of "Nixon is alive" is as the ordered pair <Nixon, {x: x is alive}>. And we say that "Nixon is alive" is true if and only if the referent (or referent of) "Nixon" belongs to the set associated with "is alive", that is, if and only if Nixon is alive.

In semantics, the truth condition of a sentence is almost universally considered distinct from its meaning. The meaning of a sentence is conveyed if the truth conditions for the sentence are understood. Additionally, there are many sentences that are understood although their truth condition is uncertain. One popular argument for this view is that some sentences are necessarily true — that is, they are true whatever happens to obtain. All such sentences have the same truth conditions, but arguably do not thereby have the same meaning. Likewise, the sets {x: x is alive} and {x: x is alive and x is not a rock} are identical — they have precisely the same members — but presumably the sentences "Nixon is alive" and "Nixon is alive and is not a rock" have different meanings.

See also

 Slingshot argument
 Truth-conditional semantics
 Semantic theory of truth

Notes and references

 Iten, C. (2005). Linguistic meaning, truth conditions and relevance: The case of concessives. Basingstoke, Hampshire;New York;: Palgrave Macmillan.

Semantics
Logical truth

Truth condition


The Belton Chalets are a group of historic hotel buildings in the village of West Glacier, Montana, near the western entrance to Glacier National Park. The chalet buildings were built in 1910-11 by the Great Northern Railway (GN) as the first component of the railroad's ambitious program of hotel, road, and trail construction in Glacier. The buildings featured a "Swiss Chalet" architectural style that set the style for much of the Great Northern's building program in Glacier. Ultimately, the site included five buildings, including a dining hall and a hotel facility.

During the 1910s and 1920s the Belton Chalet was operated by the Glacier Park Hotel Company, the GN subsidiary responsible for the railroad's concession operations in Glacier. The property was less successful than the GN's other Glacier facilities, however, probably due to its remoteness from the park's other railway-operated hotels, and by the 1930s it saw only intermittent use. The railway sold the chalet buildings in 1946, and the main hotel building stood empty for most of the next five decades, while a cafe and bar intermittently operated in the old dining hall. In 1997, the property was acquired by new owners who undertook a $1 million restoration of the entire complex, and the hotel reopened beginning with the 1998 summer season. The chalet buildings, together with other sites were included in the National Historic Landmark designation of Great Northern Railway Buildings in 2000.

See also
Great Northern Railway Buildings

References

Djuff, Ray, and Chris Morrison. View with a Room: Glacier's Historic Hotels and Chalets. Helena, Montana: Farcountry Press, 2001. .
 Ober, Michael J. "Enmity and Alliance: Park Service-Concessioner Relations in Glacier National Park, 1892-1961." MA Thesis, University of Montana, 1973.

National Historic Landmarks in Montana
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
National Register of Historic Places in Glacier National Park
Great Northern Railway (U.S.) hotels
Hotel buildings completed in 1907
Rustic architecture in Montana
Tourist attractions in Flathead County, Montana
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Montana
National Register of Historic Places in Flathead County, Montana
1907 establishments in Montana
Swiss Chalet Revival architecture

Belton Chalets


Marske by the Sea is a village in the borough of Redcar and Cleveland in England. It has three primary schools and one secondary school (Bydales School), a museum, and two train stations.

The village has a Methodist, Roman Catholic (St Bede's) and Church of England (St Mark's) church.

Economy
Most of the people who live in Marske do not work in the village, but work in the nearby factory or in Middlesbrough or Redcar. Marske has a decent range of local shops. The Longbeck railway station and Marske railway station, which connect to Darlington mainline station, are the only means of transport there.

Other websites
 Local history

Villages in North Yorkshire

Marske-by-the-Sea


The Australian lace-lid, Day's big-eyed tree frog or lace-eyed tree frog (Ranoidea dayi) is a tree frog from Australia.  It lives in northeastern Queensland.

The adult frog is 5.0 cm long.  Unlike other male frogs, which can sing in groups, male Australian lace-lids are always at least 1 metre apart from each other when they sing.  Scientists think that the males compete against each other for the females, that they are territorial animals.

This frog lives in rainforests, especially mountain rainforests.  It will eat almost anything it can catch, usually invertebrates, for example spiders and insects.  Its large eyes help it hunt at night.

The female frog lays eggs under rocks in streams where the water flows fast.  The eggs are clear and 3.3 to 3.5 mm in diameter.  The tadpoles have strong tails so they can swim in the fast water.  The tadpoles eat algae on the bottom of the stream.  Tadpoles that hatch early become frogs in 3-4 months.  Tadpoles that hatch in the fall may stay tadpoles through the winter and become frogs the next year.

Scientists are not sure why this frog is endangered.  One idea is that feral pigs have come to their rainforests and rip up the low plants that the frog likes to climb on and hide in.  Another idea is that the fugal disease chytridiomycosis could be killing these frogs.

References

Pelodryadidae

Australian lace-lid


Gust E. "Brick" Lundberg (February 7, 1920 – March 1977) was the founder of the Sandy's fast-food restaurant chain and Laureate of the American National Business Hall of Fame.

Background
Brick Lundberg was born in 1920 in Kewanee, Illinois.  He attended the University of Illinois and immediately after graduation received a commission in the Air Force.  During the war Lundberg was an adjutant with the 387th bomb group and after the war he partnered with the group's flight surgeon to buy Culligan Soft Water franchises in Kewanee and Macomb, Illinois and Kenosha, Wisconsin.  In 1948, after the death of his older brother, Brick returned to Kewanee to be near his father.  He opened a store, Kewanee Rite, to market some of his father's inventions and became actively involved in the town's civic organizations, so much so that the Kewanee Junior Chamber of Commerce named him Outstanding Young Man of the Year in 1951 and in 1955 (he received the same award for the State of Illinois that year).

Lundberg was known for his ability to inspire people to operate as part of a team and achieve more than they thought possible, as demonstrated by his success in revitalizing the local National Guard unit and achieving the building of a new armory for the town.

Career
In 1956 he partnered with three friends—Paul White, Robert C. Wenger and W.K. Davidson—to buy one of the first McDonald's franchises outside the state of California.  Although their restaurant was successful, differences with McDonald's founder Ray Kroc led the group to open their own regional restaurant chain which they called Sandy's.  The Sandy's restaurants were a smaller, less-corporate and more-personal chain; Lundberg made it a habit to visit every single Sandy's personally on a regular basis and get to know every employee.  His warmth and encouragement made everyone he encountered feel valued and inspired.

In working with the board, I used to have to do cash flow, project sales, percents of increases…and I really didn't think I could do it...(but) Brick came down and talked to me one day, and I thought (afterwards) I could do six times more than what he wanted me to do...He gave me the determination and made me feel that I was a chosen one; I really, really (felt) chosen. (Anne Bower, secretary)

They'd see other people come in big Cadillacs and Lincolns, and not talk to 'em, then there would come Brick Lundberg, Chairman of the Board and President of Sandy's in his little Rambler. He'd pull in the lot, get out, pick up a cup, pick up a wrapper, come in the store, dispose of the paper products he found in the lot that shouldn't have been there (and he'd get a message across without saying a word: your lot's dirty!), and he'd walk in and shake everybody's hand; he was really happy to see 'em all! (unknown employee)

The Sandy's chain grew from just 7 stores in 1959 to 121 in 1966, at which point Lundberg opted to step down (remaining Chairman of the Board) and spend more time with his family.  He also returned to his community responsibilities, raising $200,000 towards establishment of a community college in Kewanee and persuading Black Hawk College, a two-year school, to open a campus there.  In recognition of his efforts, the new college named its library after him (now the Gust E. Lundberg Learning Resources Center).

Brick returned to active duty with Sandy's briefly in the early 1970s to revitalize it and then oversee its merger with Hardee's.  After the merger Lundberg retired permanently, but Jack Laughery, CEO of Sandy's, accepted a position with the new expanded Hardee's, giving Lundberg the satisfaction of seeing many of his management principles adopted.

Legacy
Western Illinois University named the Gust E. Lundberg Award, a leadership award after him
Black Hawk College established the Brick Lundberg Scholarship in his name.

References
American National Business Hall of Fame: Gust E. Lundberg

External links
Out-2-Eat.com - A Resource for Sandy's Drive In

Gust E. Lundberg Learning Resources Center
Black Hawk College East Campus, Kewanee IL

American food company founders
People from Kewanee, Illinois
1920 births
1977 deaths
Fast-food chain founders
University of Illinois alumni
20th-century American businesspeople
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II

Gust E. Lundberg


0.999... (also written as 0. or 0., and read as "0 point 9 repeating") is one of the ways the number 1 (one) can be written. Even though it is written like this, no matter how many nines there are before the ellipsis, it is still equal in value to 1.

About
0.999... is a repeating decimal, which means the digit "9" is repeated forever. It is different from 0.999, which only has three 9s.

0.999... can also be written as
 or
.

It is hard for many people to understand why 0.999... is the same as 1. There are many proofs that show why they are the same number, but many of these proofs are very complex.

Examples
One simple way of showing that 0.999... and 1 are the same thing is to divide them both by the number 3. When 0.999... is divided by 3, the answer is 0.333..., which is the same as  (the fraction one third).

When 1 is divided by 3, the answer is . Since the answers are the same, that means that 0.999... and 1 are the same. Another way of thinking about it is if  and , then  therefore, as , 0.999... must also equal 1. There are many other ways of showing this.

Another way of proving that 0.999... = 1 is by accepting the simple fact that if two numbers are different, there must be at least one number between them. For example, a number between 1 and 2 is 1.5, and a number between 0.9 and 1 is 0.95. Since 0.999... has an infinite number of 9s, there cannot be another number after the "last" 9, meaning there is no number between 0.999... and 1. Therefore, they are equal.

One more common proof is such:

In popular culture
As the Internet developed, arguments about 0.999... are often on newsgroups and message boards. Even newsgroups and message boards that do not have much to do with math argue about this. In the newsgroup sci.math, arguing about 0.999... is a "popular sport". It is also one of the questions in its FAQ.

Related pages
 Limit (mathematics)

References

Other websites
 Why does 0.9999... = 1?
 Ask A Scientist: Repeating Decimals
 A Friendly Chat About Whether 0.999... = 1

Mathematics

0.999...


The swallow-tailed gull (Creagrus furcatus) is an equatorial seabird in the gull family, Laridae.  It is the only species in the genus Creagrus, which derives from the Latin Creagra and the Greek kreourgos which means butcher, also from kreas, meat; according to Jobling it would mean "hook for meat" referring to the hooked bill of this species. It was first described by French naturalist and surgeon Adolphe-Simon Neboux in 1846. Its scientific name is originally derived from the Greek word for gull, "Glaros" and via  Latin Larus, "gull" and furca "two-tined fork". It spends most of its life flying and hunting over the open ocean. The main breeding location is in the Galápagos Islands, particularly the rocky shores and cliffs of Hood, Tower and Wolf Islands, with lower numbers on most of the other islands. It is more common on the eastern islands where the water is warmer.

It is the only fully nocturnal gull and seabird in the world, preying on squid and small fish which rise to the surface at night to feed on plankton.

Description
The swallow-tailed gull has no structural or plumage differences between the male and female. In the breeding season, the adult has a black plumaged head and a bright red fleshy rim around each eye. Outside the breeding season, the head is white and the eye rim becomes black. It has a grayish upper breast, gray mantle, and black wingtips. The mostly black bill has a contrasting white tip.

Night vision
In order to see while hunting for food at night, the swallow-tailed gull's eyes are larger in size and volume than those of any other gull. They also possess a tapetum lucidum in the back of the eye that reflects light back through the retina, increasing the amount of light available to the photoreceptor cells.

Melatonin
A study of melatonin levels of swallow-tailed gulls found them to have no measurable daily melatonin rhythm, whereas a day-feeding gull that was chosen for comparison had the expected higher night time melatonin level for day active birds. High melatonin levels generally make birds sleepy. It is still unknown whether the melatonin levels are a cause or an effect of the swallow-tailed gulls' nocturnal activity.

Distribution and habitat
The swallow-tailed gull is a near-endemic breeding bird of the Galápagos Islands, although a few pairs nest on Malpelo Island off the coast of Colombia. When not breeding, it is totally pelagic, flying and hunting over the open oceans, and migrating eastward to the coasts of Ecuador and Peru.

Behaviour

Food and feeding
The swallow-tailed gull is unique among the gulls in feeding exclusively nocturnally, mostly on fish and squid  which rise to the surface at night to feed on plankton. It leaves the colony as a flock at dusk, with a great deal of screaming and display.

Calls
Calls and displays are quite different from other gulls, most resembling the vocalisations of the black-legged kittiwake and Sabine's gull. The loudest and most commonly heard call is an alarm referred to as "rattle-and-whistle", a gurgling scream made with the head moving side to side. This call is contagious, with other birds joining in without seeing the cause. A loud and rapid kweek, kweek, kweek is the greeting call between mates, made with the head and neck curved forward to the ground.

Breeding

The swallow-tailed gull breeds from about 5 years old, with pairs frequently staying together from year to year. Most breed throughout the year in mixed colonies on the cliffs of the Galápagos Islands sometimes on flat areas, and food for the young is hunted from the seas near to the nesting colonies. The nest is made on a small platform on a cliff, usually less than 10 m above sea level, by covering the rocky ground with small pieces of lava, white coral, and sea urchin spines, which prevent the egg from rolling. Nesting birds tend to face the cliff, a habit common among exclusively cliff nesting gulls, such as the black-legged kittiwake.  The female usually lays one speckled egg per breeding attempt. They are asynchronous breeders (can breed any time of the year), and follow a nine-month cycle, or less if an egg or chick is unsuccessful. The egg is generally incubated for 31–34 days. A chick takes its first flight at about 60–70 days old, and is fed by the adults until about 90 days, when it leaves the land, possibly with the adults, to live over the open seas.

Status

Population trends have not been estimated, but it is not thought to be threatened. The population was estimated to be about 35,000 individuals when it was last considered in 2004.

References

Further reading
Snow, D.W. & Snow, B.K. (1967). "The breeding cycle of the Swallow-tailed Gull (Creagrus furcatus)." Ibis 109(1):14–24
Snow, B.K. & Snow, D.W. (1968). "Behavior of the Swallow-tailed Gull of the Galapagos." Condor 70(3):

External links

swallow-tailed gull
Galápagos Islands coastal fauna
swallow-tailed gull
Taxa named by Adolphe-Simon Neboux

Swallow-tailed gull


Juan Ángel Arias (1800–1842) served as the acting Supremo Director of Honduras (24 December 1829 – 22 April 1830).

When the general Francisco Morazán arrives to take possession as the Head of State, December 4, 1829, the people of the Olancho Department and Opoteca were in revolt against the central government of the Federal Republic of Central America. Morazán addressed a proclamation to the people of Honduras, which was the first document printed in the Gaceta del Gobierno before their campaign in Olancho.
Morazán named Senator Juan Angel Arias his deputy, December 24, 1829. His time as head of state was dedicated it to submit reports on the pacificación de Olancho, highlighting the agreements with the factious, and the defeat of surveys led by the opotecan priest Antonio Rivas.

Juan Ángel Arias opened the first elementary school in Yoro. Juan Ángel Arias married Juana López. His son was Céleo Arias. Juan Ángel Arias, was killed in Quelapa, Honduras in March 1842.

References

1800 births
1842 deaths
Presidents of Honduras

Juan Ángel Arias


Dr. Kandeh Baba Conteh (born October 15, 1958) is a Sierra Leonean politician and political scientist. He is the leader of the Peace and Liberation Party (PLP).

Conteh was appointed ambassador of the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council junta in 1997.

Conteh, as the PLP candidate, placed sixth in the presidential election held on August 11, 2007, receiving 0.57% of the vote. Following the first round, on August 27 Conteh announced his party's support for second place candidate Solomon Berewa of the ruling Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) in the second round of the election. With the All People's Congress (APC) of Berewa's rival, Ernest Bai Koroma, having already won a majority in the parliamentary election held concurrently with the first round, Conteh said that there would be "a better balance" for the country if the presidency and parliament were controlled by different parties.

References

External links
http://www.nec-sierraleone.org/index_files/List%20of%20Presidntial%20Candidates%202012.pdf

Living people
Susu people
Members of the Parliament of Sierra Leone
Peace and Liberation Party politicians
Sierra Leonean political scientists
1958 births

Kandeh Baba Conteh


Eric Hardgrave (born October 5, 1960) is a former professional baseball player who was an All-American college baseball player at Stanford University. He is currently a managing partner of the Silicon Valleybased venture capital firm, Acuity Ventures.

High school and college
Hardgrave played first base for Bullard High School in Fresno, California. He was selected with the 59th pick of the 1979 Major League Baseball Draft by the Cleveland Indians. Hardgrave did not sign with the Indians, opting to attend Stanford University, where he played for four seasons with the Cardinal. In his senior year of 1983, Hardgrave had a .360 batting average, hit 24 home runs, and batted in 81 runs, leading the Cardinal to its second straight College World Series appearance for the first time in history. That year, Hardgrave was named a first team All-American and the Pac-10 player of the year. He graduated with a degree in Economics from Stanford, and in 2005, was named to the Stanford Athletic Hall of Fame.

Professional baseball
Hardgrave was drafted by the San Diego Padres with the 142nd pick of the 1983 Major League Baseball Draft, and played for the team's minor league affiliates in Spokane, Reno, and Beaumont. He played for the affiliates of the Milwaukee Brewers and Detroit Tigers  before retiring from baseball in 1988.

Venture capitalist
Hardgrave co-founded Sand Hill Capital in the 1990s, and is currently a managing partner at the venture capital fund Acuity Ventures.

References

External links

Stanford Cardinal baseball players
1960 births
Living people
American venture capitalists
Baseball players from Fresno, California
All-American college baseball players

Eric Hardgrave


Cardenales Rugby Club, or simply Cardenales, is a rugby union and field hockey club from San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. Founded in 1944 as a rugby club, Cardenales co-founded the Unión de Rugby de Tucumán.

One of the oldest rugby clubs in Tucumán, Cardenales won the Torneo del Noroeste 4 times.

History
In 1944, rugby enthusiasts from San Miguel de Tucumán were planning on founding a provincial union in order to facilitate the practice of the sport in the region. However, at the time only 3 rugby clubs existed in the city: Tucumán Rugby Club, Universitario and Club Natación y Gimnasia; and the minimum number of clubs required to found a provincial union was four. With this in mind, students from all over the province met in Natación's club house and decided to found Cardenales Rugby Club.

Along with the other three clubs, Cardenales became a co-founder of the Unión de Rugby del Norte (today's Unión de Rugby de Tucumán) that same year. A field hockey section for women was started at the club in the 1980s.

Titles
Torneo del Noroeste (4): 1954, 1964, 2002, 2013

References

External links

Rugby union teams in Argentina
Sport in San Miguel de Tucumán
Rugby clubs established in 1944
1944 establishments in Argentina

Cardenales Rugby Club


Julien Donkey-Boy is a 1999 American experimental drama film written and directed by Harmony Korine. The story concentrates on Julien, a man with schizophrenia, played by Scottish actor Ewen Bremner, and his dysfunctional family. The film also stars Chloë Sevigny as Julien's sister, Pearl, and Werner Herzog as his father. Julien Donkey-Boy was the sixth film to be made under the self-imposed rules of the Dogme 95 manifesto, and the first non-European film to be made under the Dogme 95 "vow of chastity".

Plot
Julien, a young man with untreated schizophrenia, meets a young boy playing with several turtles in a New York City park. Fascinated by the turtles, Julien asks if he can have one. When he is denied, he strangles the boy, then buries his body in the mud before praying for mercy from God.

At home, Julien resides with his dysfunctional family, consisting of his domineering and emotionless German father; his childlike pregnant sister Pearl; his younger brother, Chris, an aspiring wrestler who spends his days exercising and practicing wrestling moves; and their paternal grandmother, who is largely disconnected from the rest of the family.

The family's father spends the majority of his time recounting national historical narratives, drinking, and inflicting psychological and physical abuse on Chris. During one of Chris's exercise sessions, his father forces him outside in the cold and hoses him down with water. He also pines for his deceased wife, going so far as begging Chris to wear his mother's wedding dress and dance with him. Meanwhile, Julien works as a teacher's aide at a school for the blind. Julien spends most of his spare time going to confession, muttering to himself on the streets, and imagining conversations with Adolf Hitler.

Julien is also riddled with grief over his mother's death, and Pearl sometimes soothes him by pretending to be their mother on the telephone. Pearl spends most of her days searching for baby clothes for her soon-to-be-born child, and making lists of her favorite baby names. Searching for other hobbies, she decides to take up learning to play the harp. Chris compulsively practices wrestling moves on trash cans, and sometimes incites matches with Julien. Their father recounts historical stories, lambasts Julien and Pearl for "artsy-fartsy" poetry and being "a dilettante and a slut" respectively, and pines for his dead wife.

Julien and Pearl accompany their father to a local Baptist church, where the sermon has a profound impact on Julien. Some time later, Pearl and Julien spend a day together going ice skating at an indoor skating rink. Julien tries to sell some homemade skates to a Hasidic boy and Pearl takes to the ice despite being heavily pregnant. She trips, landing on her abdomen and causing a miscarriage. At the hospital, Julien convinces a nurse to let him hold the baby, falsely saying it is his. She allows it, but while alone with the baby, Julien escapes home on a bus. Julien goes to his room, hides under the blankets, cradles the baby and mutters prayers.

Cast

Production
Julien Donkey-Boy was the first American film made in accordance with the Danish filmmaking collective Dogme 95. Shot in New York on MiniDV tape, the film was transferred to 16mm film before being blown up to 35mm film for the master print. Korine used this method to give the film a low-definition, grainy aesthetic. Much of the actors' dialogue was improvised.

The film utilizes several cinematographic styles, including stop-motion photography, parallel cuts, and still photographs in order to tell its story.

The film's budget of $1.5 million was mostly spent on travel and work visas for Herzog and Bremner, as well as post-production in Denmark.

Dogme 95
Korine broke a few of the Dogme 95 rules in making the film. Dogme 95's tenets stipulate all the camerawork must be handheld, but this film uses hidden cameras that are technically not handheld. There is also the use of non-diegetic music (Oval's "Mediation" from Systemisch in the ice-skating scene, same group's "Shop In Store" from 94 Diskont). Finally, the film breaks the rule that the director must not be credited; however, the film only displays Harmony Korine's name and not an official director title.

Despite these transgressions, the original Dogme 95 committee endorsed Julien Donkey-Boy. In an interview on the Epidemic DVD, Lars Von Trier, Dogme 95 co-creator, lauded Korine's ability to interpret the rules creatively.

Release
The film premiered at the Venice Film Festival in September 1999. It received a limited release in Los Angeles at a single cinema on October 15, 1999; the film showed for a month's time at the Los Angeles Theatre, and grossed a total of $80.226 by that November. It was given a wide theatrical release in European countries the following year, particularly in France and the Netherlands. The film grossed $85,400 domestically and $7,042 in other countries for a worldwide total of $92,442.

Critical reception
Julien Donkey-Boy currently holds a 29% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 38 reviews, with an average rating of 5.3 out of 10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Director Harmony Korine takes a big stylistic swing that will miss with most audiences, producing an unfocused and mean-spirited art film with a bitter aftertaste." The film has a weighted average score of 52/100 on Metacritic based on 23 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Empire said that "Despite some creditable performances, Korine's bizarre, shambling direction renders the result less ground-breakingly experimental than rectum-numbingly dull." Edward Guthmann of the San Francisco Chronicle called the film "A self-indulgent mess."

Despite a sense of negative reaction to Julien Donkey-Boy, it was praised by some critics. Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a positive review, saying the film attained a "depth of compassion and understanding ... [it] acquires a spiritual dimension that allows it ultimately to become an act of redemption". Lisa Schwarzbaum from Entertainment Weekly awarded the film a score of B+, describing the film as "an exciting artistic leap", while writing that "Korine — working with cinematographer Anthony Dod Mantle, who shot the Dogma breakthrough The Celebration — discovers visual ways to convey emotional terrain that will serve him well, I hope, even after he outgrows shock as an artistic goal."

Additional praise for the film came from Chicago Sun Times film critic Roger Ebert, who gave the film 3/4 stars, saying that "[The film] adds up to something, unlike a lot of movies where individual shots are sensational, but they add up to nothing"; Ebert did, however, note that the film had a very limited audience: "The odds are good that most people will dislike this film and be offended by it. For others, it will provoke sympathy rather than scorn. You know who you are".

References

External links

1999 films
1999 drama films
American drama films
Films directed by Harmony Korine
Films with screenplays by Harmony Korine
Camcorder films
Dogme 95 films
Films about dysfunctional families
Works about dysfunctional families
Films set in New York (state)
Films shot in New York (state)
Incest in film
American independent films
1999 independent films
Fictional portrayals of schizophrenia
1990s English-language films
1990s American films

Julien Donkey-Boy