Back to Bataan is a 1945 American black-and-white World War II war film drama from RKO Radio Pictures, produced by Robert Fellows, directed by Edward Dmytryk, that stars John Wayne and Anthony Quinn. The film depicts events (some fictionalized and some actual) that took place after the Battle of Bataan (1941–42) on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. The working title of the film was The Invisible Army.

Plot
In 1945 US Army Rangers raid the Cabanatuan Japanese prisoner-of-war camp, rescuing its POWs. The film flashes back to March, 1942, and the Bataan peninsula in the Philippines.

As U.S. Army troops under General MacArthur struggle to hold on at Bataan against the Japanese, Colonel Joseph Madden (John Wayne) orders one of his officers, Captain Andrés Bonifacio (Anthony Quinn), to shape up. Bonifacio has been under a strain because his sweetheart Dalisay Delgado (Fely Franquelli) is apparently collaborating with the Japanese, broadcasting propaganda over the radio.

Later, Madden is picked to slip through the lines to organize Filipinos to fight as guerrillas against the Japanese occupation. His commanding officer lets him know that Delgado is actually using the propaganda broadcasts to secretly transmit valuable information to them, but he is ordered to reveal that fact to no one, not even Bonifacio.

Madden makes contact with one group of Filipino resistance fighters, but as they set out on their first mission, they encounter middle-aged American school teacher Bertha Barnes (Beulah Bondi). She and her students join the guerrillas after the Japanese hang Buenaventura Bello (Vladimir Sokoloff), the principal of her school and a dear friend, for refusing to take down the American flag.

Setting out on their first mission to destroy a Japanese gasoline dump, Madden and his men stumble upon the Bataan Death March and realize that Bataan has fallen. Many of the Filipinos lose heart, so to boost their will to fight, Madden finds and engineers the rescue of Captain Bonifacio from the Death March. Bonifacio happens to be the grandson of Andrés Bonifacio, a national hero. It works. For their first mission, the guerrillas go to the Filipino village and hang the Japanese officer who ordered the killing of Bello. During the next year, Madden and his guerrillas attack Japanese outposts, supply depots, military airfields, and other installations.

Major Hasko (Richard Loo), one of the Japanese commanders, attempts to appease the local population by staging a semi-independence ceremony to reduce popular support for the Filipino resistance. Madden, Bonifacio, and the guerrillas attack the ceremony, where Dalisay finally reveals her true alliance during her radio broadcast: She urges her people to rise up against the Japanese. Most of the Japanese troops are killed in the raid, but a young Filipino boy named Maximo Cuenca (one of Barnes' students) is captured. After being beaten, he agrees to lead the Japanese to Madden's hideout. However, as they near that spot, Maximo, sitting in the front seat of a Japanese transport truck, suddenly grabs the steering wheel, sending it careening down a mountainside. He later dies in the arms of Miss Barnes.

Colonel Madden is ordered out of the field, leaving Captain Bonifacio in command of the Filipino resistance. Several months later, in October 1944, Bonifácio and his group travel to Leyte, where rumors are circulating of the impending American invasion to liberate the Philippines. After arriving on a beach in Leyte, Bonifacio is reunited with Madden who has arrived by submarine along with Lt. Commander Waite (Lawrence Tierney), a U.S. naval officer. Waite tasks Bonifacio and Madden with a mission of taking and holding a small village to block Japanese reinforcements from repelling the impending landing of American forces that are due within 24 hours.

By trickery, Madden, Bonifacio, and their men engage and defeat the Japanese garrison in a fierce pitched battle. Two enemy soldiers, however, get away on a motorcycle and spread the alarm. Japanese tanks and soldiers attack. The defenders manage to knock out most of the tanks, but are on the verge of being forced to retreat. Just when all seems lost, American reinforcements and tanks arrive and turn the tide of battle.

The film ends with another short montage, this time showing several of the actual released Americans from the Cabanatuan prison camp.

Cast

John Wayne as Col. Joseph Madden
Anthony Quinn as Capt. Andrés Bonifacio Jr.
Beulah Bondi as Bertha Barnes
Fely Franquelli as Dalisay Delgado
Richard Loo as Maj. Hasko
Philip Ahn as Col. Koroki (Japanese: 陸軍大佐コロキ, Rikugun-Taisa Koroki)
Alex Havier as Sgt. Bernessa
'Ducky' Louie as Máximo Cuenca
Lawrence Tierney as Lt. Cmdr. Waite
Leonard Strong as General Masaharu Homma (Japanese: 本間雅晴, Honma Masaharu)
Paul Fix as Bindle Jackson
Abner Biberman as Japanese captain at schoolhouse
Vladimir Sokoloff as Señor Buenaventura J. Bello

As the film opens, the credits roll over actual film clips from January 30, 1945, of POWs being freed from Cabanatuan, a Japanese prisoner of war camp.

Production
Producer and future production partner of John Wayne Robert Fellows had previously made two war films with fictional characters based on true incidents in the War in the Pacific: Bombardier, based on the Doolittle Raid, and Marine Raiders. He also produced the John Wayne western Tall in the Saddle for RKO. Fellows strongly believed that an account of the initial defeat and guerilla resistance of the American and Filipino forces, as well as MacArthur's return, would be a splendid tribute and a profitable film. Fellows contacted the Office of War Information, and the American military also agreed and provided their assistance.

The film took 130 days to shoot because of the rapidly changing Pacific war news of the time. Two thirds of the way through filming, the invasion of the Philippines occurred, forcing several script changes and rewrites in order to keep up with current events. The Raid at Cabanatuan and release of American prisoners was also rapidly incorporated into the screenplay, with scenes recreating the 6th Ranger Battalion attacking the Japanese prison camp. This action sequence is placed at the beginning of the film, while there are appearances by actual, recently released, American POWs inserted for dramatic effect at the end.

Ben Barzman's screenplay emphasized Filipino nationalism as much as American patriotism. A Filipino school principal, who reminds a Filipino schoolboy of Philippine nationalism, is later ordered by the Japanese conquerors to take down the American flag in the schoolyard. When he refuses to do so, the Japanese hang him from the same flagpole, his body draped by the stars and stripes.

During the action sequences, the soundtrack reuses large sections of Max Steiner's classic film score for RKO's King Kong (1933). In another small section of the score an instrumental fragment of  My Country, 'Tis of Thee (to the tune of British national anthem) is also used.

Back to Bataan was Wayne's first encounter during the filming with Americans with open Communist sympathies and beliefs. Barzman and director Edward Dmyrtyk were outspoken about their communist views. When Wayne heard that Barzman and Dmytryk were openly belittling the religion of the film's technical advisor, Colonel George S. Clarke (who had commanded the 57th Infantry Regiment of the Philippine Scouts during the Battle of Bataan and was roughly Wayne's real life counterpart), and mocking him with renditions of the Internationale, he confronted Dmytryk, asking him if he was a communist. Dmytryk replied that he was not, but if "the masses of the American people wanted communism, it would be good for our country". Though Dmyrtyk denied he was a communist, Wayne felt that he was by his use of the word "masses". By contrast, Barzman's wife Norma recalled Wayne being friendly with her husband, with Wayne hugging him and calling him a "goddammned communist", to which Barzman jokingly replied that Wayne was a "fascist". Wayne also developed a friendly relationship with Dmytryk, respecting his talents as a director.  The actor was genuinely perplexed as to why Dmytryk, who was well-paid and enjoying the fruits of American democracy, would have such sympathy for communism, asking him, "Jeez Eddie, what's your beef with America?"

During filming, Dmytryk and Barzman found out that Wayne had refused to use a stunt double. So they collaborated in writing scenes that they thought would force Wayne to insist on using a stunt double. Wayne was required in one scene to be lifted into the air by a leather harness, simulating being blown up by an explosion. In another, Wayne and Quinn had to enter an icy pond and remain underwater for a lengthy time, each breathing through a reed. Wayne did the stunts, but as he drank a bracing whiskey beforehand, he told Barzman, "You better be goddamn sure we don't find out this is something you dreamed up out of your little head as a parting gift".

In her book The Star-Entangled Banner, author Sharon Delmendo views Back to Bataan as Wayne acting as a stand-in for General Douglas MacArthur. He has to face the wrath of his Filipino officers asking him "where are the American forces?" He is later ordered to leave the Philippines only to return, like MacArthur, when the invasion finally happens.

Reception
Rotten Tomatoes gives Back to Bataan a rating of 86% from 42 reviews.

In popular culture
The film is referred to by characters in Martin Scorsese's Mean Streets.

See also
Bataan - a 1943 film about a small rearguard defending a bridge against the Japanese, starring Robert Taylor and Lloyd Nolan.

Further reading
, esp. pp. 44–54.

References

External links

1945 films
1940s English-language films
1940s war drama films
1945 drama films
American black-and-white films
American war drama films
Bataan Death March
Films scored by Roy Webb
Films directed by Edward Dmytryk
Films set in the Philippines
Films shot in the Philippines
Guerrilla warfare in film
Japan in non-Japanese culture
Japanese occupation of the Philippines films
Pacific War films
RKO Pictures films
World War II films made in wartime

Back to Bataan


Castore Durante, also called Castor Durante da Gualdo (Gualdo Tadino, 1529 – Viterbo, 1590) was a physician, botanist and poet of the Italian Renaissance. His father was the jurist Giovan Diletto Durante. He had five siblings, including a brother named Pollùce (Pollux).

He graduated in medicine at Perugia in 1567 and practiced as a doctor in Gualdo Tadino. He later taught at the "Archiginnasio della Sapienza" (now called the Sapienza University of Rome) and, on the recommendation of Cardinal Girolamo Rusticucci, was appointed chief physician at the court of Pope Sixtus V.

He died at Viterbo in 1590 and was buried in the church of the Franciscan monastery.

Major works
Herbario Nuovo, published in 1585, is a description of medicinal plants from Europe and the Indies (East and West). The first editions were illustrated by Leonardo Parasole da Norcia (fl.1570), while the third edition contains woodcuts by his wife, the engraver Isabella Parasole. Each species includes discussions of its habitat and medicinal uses, in both Italian and Latin. It went through eleven editions in Italian, German and Spanish. Reprints appeared occasionally for over 130 years. (Digital edition from 1602 by the University and State Library Düsseldorf)
Il Tesoro della Sanità, published in 1586, is a collection of folk-medicine remedies for the family, with practical rules for hygiene and dietary suggestions. In 1686 it was translated into English by John Chamberlayne.

References

External links
Enciclopedia Treccani: Detailed biography and bibliography

1529 births
1590 deaths
People from Gualdo Tadino
16th-century Italian botanists
16th-century Italian physicians
Herbalists

Castore Durante


Makdee (), promoted as The Web Of The Witch, in English, is a 2002 Indian comedy horror film written and directed by Vishal Bhardwaj. It stars Shabana Azmi, Makrand Deshpande, Shweta Basu Prasad and Alaap Mazgaonkar. The film tells the story of a young girl in north India and her encounter with an alleged witch in an old mansion in the locality, believed by the locals to be haunted. It also explains the belief in witches and witchcraft across modern day India. The film was screened in the Critics' Week (Spotlight on India) section at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival.

When the film society and distributors were initially unsure about the film, Shailendra Singh believed in the director and the film. Percept Pictures backed the film, giving Vishal his directorial debut in Bollywood and proving that films made for children could be successful .

Plot
Life in Chunni's village is all peace and quiet, and great fun. She fools the villagers including her parents with her impersonation of her twin sister, Munni.

In the village, there is a mansion that is said to be haunted and legend goes that a witch called Makdee (Shabana Azmi) resides there. The legend has it that whosoever wanders into the mansion, comes out as an animal. No one in the village dares to enter the mansion.

Things are going fine for Chunni until the day one of her pranks gets quite out of hand. Chunni, her sister and her friend Mughal-e-azam are constantly at the odds with the local butcher, Kallu (Makarand Deshpande). Once Kallu chases Munni, Chunni's docile twin to the mansion mistaking her for Chunni in a fit of rage. As a result of this, Munni, her docile sister, enters the mansion, where presumably the witch has turned the little girl into a hen. Chunni is hysterical when she discovers this. She runs from pillar to post to get help, but her credibility is at an all-time low and the entire village refuses to believe her, so Chunni finally enters the haunted mansion alone to search for her sister.

In the mansion she comes face to face with the witch, she pleads with the witch to let her poor little sister go, as it was no fault of hers. But the witch asks her to strike a deal. She will turn Munni back into a human only if Chunni can acquire for her hundred hens in exchange.

All of a sudden, Chunni is confronted with the biggest challenge of her life.

Chunni's school master visits the mansion but a small puppy is seen exiting the mansion and people presume the witch has turned him into a puppy. Mughal-e-azam after spotting the puppy realizes it is his pet dog that had entered the mansion and has disappeared ever since. Its then Chunni realises that all this was just a ruse. Makdee is not a witch and she does not really turn humans into animals; she merely locks them up and has some plans of her own. She is actually a con-woman who has been looking for a treasure that has been hidden in the village and so she abducts many children to dig up the place to find the treasure. She is accompanied by those two policemen who are actually helping in her plan all the way.

However, as soon as Chunni finds the treasure, the con-woman traps everyone including the policemen in an attempt to flee the village. She is confronted by Kallu who enters her mansion in looking for the children. The kids and other people beat up the policemen for their notoriety and helps Chunni to stop the con-woman. The con-woman and Kallu are engaged in a brief fight before Chunni shows up and traps the woman in a similar way that she did to all the people. The con-woman falls into her own trap and gets beaten by the children. All the people locked up are finally freed and the village finds a new hero in Chunni.

Cast

 Shweta Basu Prasad as Chunni/Munni
 Shabana Azmi as Makdee, the witch
 Makrand Deshpande as Kallu, the village butcher
 Daya Shankar Pandey as school teacher
 Aalap Mazgaonkar as Mughal-e-Azam
 Mohini Mathur as dadi

Awards

 Shweta Basu Prasad won the Indian National Film Award for Best Child Artist for 2003 for her role in the film.
The film won the second prize at the Chicago International Children's Film Festival.

References

External links

Makdee Advertisement

2002 films
2000s Hindi-language films
Indian children's films
Films directed by Vishal Bhardwaj
Films scored by Vishal Bhardwaj
Films set in country houses
2002 directorial debut films

Makdee


Mathias Benedict Keah (29 September 1943 – 25 July 2005) was a Kenyan politician and the Member of Parliament for Kaloleni Constituency in the Coast Province from 1988 to 2001.  During this period, he also served as an Assistant Minister in the Ministries of Finance, Land & Settlement and Transport & Communications respectively.

Early life
Keah was born on September 29, 1943, in Kizingo Village, Jibana Location in Kilifi District.  He attended primary school in Kizingo after which joined St. Georges Secondary School for his Secondary Education. Thereafter, he joined Strathmore College.

Professional life
He was an accountant by profession and was a member of the Institute of Certified Public Accountants of Kenya.  During his professional career, he worked at Accountancy & Audit firms and at a Parastatal after which he established his own Accountancy and Consultancy practice. Over the years, he sat in the  Boards of professional bodies and various international, regional and local financial and educational entities.

Political life
In 1987, Keah vied won the Kaloleni Parliamentary seat on a KANU ticket. He successfully retained the seat in the 1992 and 1997 elections before losing it to Morris Dzoro during the 2002 elections. During his political life, Keah also served as an Assistant Minister in the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Lands and Settlement and the Ministry of Transport and Communication.

References

Members of the National Assembly (Kenya)
2005 deaths
1943 births

Matthias Benedict Keah


Edward Fraunceys (c. 1566–1626) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1597 and 1626. His career was hampered by his marriage into an openly recusant family.

He came from a long-established Derbyshire family. He was the son of William Fraunceys of Ticknall and his wife Elizabeth Cotton, daughter of Sir George Cotton of Combermere Abbey, Cheshire, whose family later acquired the title Viscount Combermere. He had at least one brother Richard, who was apparently the elder of the two, and inherited the family estate in Derbyshire. Fraunceys may be the Edward Francis who was at Shrewsbury School in 1577 and at St John's College, Cambridge in 1582.

He was steward to Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland by 1594 and lived at the Earl's principal estate, Petworth, Sussex. In 1597, he was elected Member of Parliament for Beverley and re-elected for the same constituency in 1601. He was appointed, through Northumberland's influence, a Justice of the Peace for Sussex, and  paymaster to the Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners in 1603. He was knighted in 1605. In 1604 he was elected MP for Haslemere.

His promising political career was ruined by the Gunpowder Plot in 1605: his great patron Lord Northumberland was arrested on suspicion of complicity in the Plot and spent many years in the Tower of London as a result. Fraunceys, who was generally respected by his colleagues, was not personally suspected of involvement in the Plot, but the Crown could scarcely overlook the fact that his wife Elizabeth Astlowe and her father were both open Roman Catholics, and that his wife had recently been charged with recusancy, while her father's loyalty to the Crown was deeply suspect. For the rest of his life, he was forced to deny accusations that he practised the Catholic faith, or permitted his household to do so.

In 1614 he was elected MP for Steyning, and was re-elected for Steyning in 1621, 1624, 1625 and 1626, although he was troubled to the end by accusations of Roman Catholic sympathies. In his last years, he was described as being too "deathly sick" to attend Parliament.

Fraunceys married Elizabeth Astlowe, daughter of Edward Astlowe, a member of the Royal College of Physicians; their Catholic beliefs caused him a good deal of trouble in his career. He and Elizabeth had one daughter Bridget, who married Sir William Goring, 1st Baronet, by whom she had six children.

He died in May 1626 and was buried at St. Margaret's, Westminster.

References

1560s births
1628 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Place of birth missing
People from Ticknall
People from Beverley
People educated at Shrewsbury School
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
English MPs 1597–1598
English MPs 1601
English MPs 1604–1611
English MPs 1614
English MPs 1621–1622
English MPs 1624–1625
English MPs 1625
English MPs 1626

Edward Fraunceys


Roy Ellsworth Harris (February 12, 1898 – October 1, 1979) was an American composer.  He wrote music on American subjects, and is best known for his Symphony No. 3.

Life
Harris was born in Chandler, Oklahoma on February 12, 1898. His ancestry consisted of Scottish, Irish and Welsh. In 1903, his father was able to combine the proceeds of the auction of his Oklahoma homestead with his winnings from a lucky gambling streak to purchase some land near Covina in the San Gabriel Valley of southern California and move the family there.  Roy Harris grew up as a farmer in this rural, isolated environment.  He studied piano with his mother, and later clarinet. Though he studied at the University of California, Berkeley, he was still virtually self-taught when he began writing music of his own. In the early 1920s, he had lessons from Arthur Bliss (then in Santa Barbara) and the senior American composer and researcher of American Indian music, Arthur Farwell. Harris sold his farmland and supported himself as a truck-driver and delivery man for a dairy farm. Gradually, he made contacts in the East with other young composers, and, partly through Aaron Copland's recommendation, he was able to spend 1926–29 in Paris, as one of the many young Americans who received their final musical grooming in the masterclasses of Nadia Boulanger. Harris had no time for Boulanger's neoclassical, Stravinsky-derived aesthetic, but under her tutelage he began his lifelong study of Renaissance music, and wrote his first significant work: the Concerto for Piano, Clarinet and String Quartet.

After suffering a serious back injury, Harris was obliged to return for treatment to the United States, where he formed associations with Howard Hanson at the Eastman School of Music in Rochester and, more importantly, with Serge Koussevitsky at the Boston Symphony Orchestra. These associations secured performance outlets for the large-scale works he was writing. In 1934, a week after its first performance under Koussevitsky, his Symphony '1933''' became the first American symphony to be commercially recorded. His work was also part of the music event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

It was his Symphony No. 3, however, first performed by Koussevitsky in 1939, which proved to be the composer's biggest breakthrough and made him practically a household name.

During the 1930s Harris taught at Mills College, Westminster Choir College (1934–1938) and the Juilliard School of Music. He spent most of the rest of his professional career restlessly moving through teaching posts and residences at American colleges and universities. His final posts were in California, first at UCLA and then at California State University, Los Angeles. Among his pupils were William Schuman, H. Owen Reed, John Donald Robb, Robert Turner, Lorne Betts, George Lynn, John Verrall, Florence Price, Regina Hansen Willman, and Peter Schickele (best known as the creator of P.D.Q. Bach). He received many of America's most prestigious cultural awards, and at the end of his life was proclaimed Honorary Composer Laureate of the State of California.

In 1936 Harris married pianist Johana Harris (née Duffey), his junior by 14 years, who went on to a highly successful career, making numerous recordings and appearing as a soloist with almost every major American symphony orchestra. She also had a long career teaching on the piano faculty at the Juilliard School. Her name prior to their marriage was Beula Duffey, but Harris convinced her to change it to Johana after J.S. Bach. The Canadian Encyclopedia states, "Johana and Roy Harris were a tour de force in American music. Their collaboration has been compared to that of Robert and Clara Schumann. The Harrises organized concerts, adjudicated at festivals, and in 1959 founded the International String Congress. They promoted American folksong by including folksongs in their concerts and broadcasts." The couple had five children: Patricia, Shaun, Daniel, Maureen and Lane. Their two sons performed with The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band, a Los Angeles-based psychedelic rock band of the late 1960s, and Roy Harris provided string arrangements on Shaun's self-titled solo album in 1973.

Harris was among he founders of the Music Academy of the West summer conservatory in 1947.

 Character, reputation, and style characteristics
Harris was a champion of many causes. He founded the International String Congress to combat what was perceived as a shortage of string players in the U.S., and co-founded the American Composers Alliance.  In 1958 the U.S. State Department sent him, along with some fellow composers including Peter Mennin and Roger Sessions, to the Soviet Union as a "cultural ambassador"; he was impressed by the support for composers that the Soviet state provided, not aware at the time of how carefully his visit was managed. He was a tireless organizer of conferences and contemporary music festivals and a frequent radio broadcaster. His last symphony, a commission for the American Bicentennial in 1976, was mauled by the critics at its first performance.  This may have been due to its themes of slavery and the Civil War, which were in contrast to the celebratory mood of the country.

Although the rugged American patriotism of his works of the 1930s and 1940s is reflected in his research into and use of folk music (and to a lesser extent of jazz rhythms), Harris was paradoxically obsessed with the great European pre-classical forms, especially the fugue (which we hear in the Third Symphony) and passacaglia (as featured in the Seventh). His customary mode of musical discourse, with long singing lines and resonant modal harmonies, is ultimately based on his admiration for and development of Renaissance polyphony. He also used antiphonal effects, which he exploited brilliantly with a large orchestra. Like many American composers of his time, he was deeply impressed by the symphonic achievement of Sibelius. In Harris's best works the music grows organically from the opening bars, as if a tiny seed gives birth to an entire tree. This is certainly the case with the Third Symphony, which joined the American repertoire during the same era as works by Aaron Copland and Virgil Thomson. The first edition of Kent Kennan's The Technique of Orchestration (1952) quotes three passages from this symphony to illustrate good orchestral writing for cello, timpani, and vibraphone, respectively. The book quotes no other Harris symphonies. Few other American symphonies have acquired such a position in the standard performance repertory as has this one, due in large part to the championing of the piece by Leonard Bernstein, who recorded it twice.

Though Harris's symphonies are his greatest contribution to American music, he composed over 170 works, including many works for amateurs. His output includes works for band, orchestra, voice, chorus and chamber ensembles.

 The Symphonies

Harris composed at least 18 symphonies, though not all of them are numbered and not all are for orchestra. A full list is as follows:

 Symphony – Our Heritage (1925 rev. 1926, abandoned), sometimes referred to as Symphony No. 1 [for orchestra] – only an Andante survives
 Symphony – American Portrait (1928–29) [for orchestra]
 Symphony 1933 (1933), sometimes referred to as Symphony No. 1 [for orchestra]
 Symphony No. 2 (1934) [for orchestra]
 Symphony for Voices (1935) after Walt Whitman [for unaccompanied SATB chorus]
 Symphony No. 3 (1937–38, rev. 1939) [for orchestra]
 Folksong Symphony (Symphony No. 4) (1939 rev. 1942) [for chorus and orchestra]
 Symphony No. 5 (1940–42 rev. 1945) [for orchestra] — dedicated "to the heroic and freedom-loving people of our great ally, the Union of Soviet Republics"
 Symphony No. 6 'Gettysburg Address' after Lincoln (1943–44) [for orchestra]
 Symphony for Band 'West Point' (1952) [for US military band]
 Symphony No. 7 (1951–52, rev. 1955) [for orchestra]
 Symphony No. 8 'San Francisco' (1961–62) [for orchestra with concertante piano]
 Symphony No. 9 (1962) for Philadelphia [for orchestra]
 Symphony No. 10 'Abraham Lincoln' (1965) [for speaker, chorus, brass, 2 pianos and percussion]; revised version for speaker, chorus, piano and orchestra (1967; long thought missing, some string and woodwind parts found mis-filed in the library of the Youngstown Symphony, which premiered the orchestral version.  Those parts donated to the Library of Congress.)
 Symphony No. 11 (1967) for New York PO 125th [for orchestra]
 Symphony No. 12 'Père Marquette' (1967–69) [for tenor solo, speaker and orchestra]
 Bicentennial Symphony 1776 (1969–74), numbered by Harris as Symphony No. 14 out of superstition over the number 13 but posthumously re-numbered as No. 13 by Dan Stehman with the permission of the composer's widow [for six-part chorus and orchestra with solo voices and speakers]

In addition there is a missing (and perhaps not completed) Symphony for High School Orchestra (1937) and the following unfinished or fragmentary works:

 American Symphony (1938) [for jazz band]
 Choral Symphony  (1936) [for chorus and orchestra]
 Walt Whitman Symphony (1955–58) [baritone solo, chorus and orchestra]

In 2006 Naxos Records launched a project to record the 13 numbered symphonies, mainly with conductor Marin Alsop. As of June 2018, they had released recordings of the Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Ninth Symphonies. The recordings of the seventh and ninth symphonies are by the National Symphony Orchestra of Ukraine under Theodore Kuchar. Symphony 1933 was recorded in 1987 by the Louisville Orchestra under the baton of Jorge Mester for their First Edition Recordings series. The same orchestra has also recorded and released his Fifth Symphony 22 years prior. The Albany Symphony Orchestra, under the direction of David Alan Miller, released their recording of Harris's Symphony No. 2 (paired with Morton Gould's Third Symphony) in 2002. Harris's Eighth and Ninth Symphonies can be found on Albany Symphony Orchestra's 1999 recording titled, "The Great American Ninth".

 Piano works
 Sonata Op. 1 (1928) Prelude, Andante, Scherzo, Coda
 Little Suite for Piano (1938) Bells, Sad News, Children at Play, Slumber
 Suite for Piano (1944)
 American Ballads (1946)
 Toccata (1949), based on the withdrawn Toccata from 1939

 Other notable works

 Andante for orchestra (1925 rev. 1926) [only completed movement of Symphony 'Our Heritage']
 Epilogue to Profiles in Courage – JFK (1964)
 Fantasy for piano and orchestra (1954)
 Concerto for String Quartet, Piano, and Clarinet (1926, rev. 1927-8)
 Piano Quintet (1936)
 String Quartet No. 3 (Four Preludes and Fugues) (1937)
 Violin Concerto (1949)
 When Johnny Comes Marching Home – An American Overture (1934)
 American Portraits for orchestra (1929)
 American Creed for orchestra (1940)
 What So Proudly We Hail – ballet (1942)
 Kentucky Spring for orchestra (1949)
 Cumberland Concerto for orchestra (1951)
 Abraham Lincoln Walks at Midnight – chamber cantata (1953) Based on a poem of the same title by Vachel Lindsay.
 Give Me the Splendid Silent Sun – cantata for baritone and orchestra (1959)
 Canticle to the Sun – cantata for soprano and chamber orchestra (1961)
 Western Landscape – ballet (1940)
 Evening Piece for orchestra (1940)
 Folk Fantasy for Festivals for piano and choir (1956)

Notes

 References
 Ankeny, Jason. n.d. "Shaun Harris". AllMusic Review. www.allmusic.com Retrieved 17 June 2018.
 Anon. n.d. "Harris: Symphonies No. 3 and 4". Naxos 8.559227. Naxos Records website. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
 Canarina, John. 1995. "The American Symphony". In A Guide to the Symphony, new edition, edited by Robert Layton, Chapter 18. New York: Oxford University Press.
 Deming, Mark. n.d. "The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band". www.allmusic.com Retrieved 17 June 2018

 Hinson, Maurice. 2000. Guide to the Pianist's Repertoire. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. .
 Kennan, Kent Wheeler. 1952. The Technique of Orchestration. New York: Prentice-Hall. Second edition 1970, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall.  Third edition, with Donald Grantham, 1983, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
 Lamkin, Katherine. 2016. "Roy Harris". In Music in the 20th Century, 3 vols., edited by Dave DiMartino, 277. London and New York: Routledge. .
 Oliver, Michael. 1987. "R. Harris Symphony 3; Schuman Symphony 3". Gramophone (November).
 Slonimsky, Nicolas. 1947. "Roy Harris". The Musical Quarterly 33, no. 1 (January): 17–37.
 Stehman, Dan.  1984.  Roy Harris:  An American Musical Pioneer.  Boston:  Twayne Publishers.
 Stehman, Dan. 1991. Roy Harris: A Bio-Bibliography. Bio-Bibliographies in Music 40. New York: Greenwood Press.
 Stehman, Dan. 2001. "Harris, Roy [LeRoy] (Ellsworth)". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.

External links

 Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Harris, Roy

1898 births
1979 deaths
People from Chandler, Oklahoma
20th-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
American people of Irish descent
American people of Scottish descent
American people of Welsh descent
Musicians from Oklahoma
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
Music Academy of the West founders
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Varèse Sarabande Records artists
Olympic competitors in art competitions

Roy Harris


Michael Cassio, or simply Cassio (), is a fictional character in William Shakespeare's Othello. The source of the character is the 1565 tale "Un Capitano Moro" by Cinthio; Cassio is unnamed in Cinthio but referred to as "the squadron leader". In the play, Cassio is a young and handsome lieutenant under Othello's command who becomes one of Iago's several victims in a plot to ruin Othello.

Sources

Othello has its source in the 1565 tale "Un Capitano Moro" from Gli Hecatommithi by Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinthio. His story may have been based on a historical incident which occurred in Venice around 1508. No English translation of Cinthio was available in Shakespeare's lifetime. Gabriel Chappuy had produced a French translation in 1584, but Shakespeare's version hews more closely to the original. Cassio is based upon Cinthio's squadron leader.

Role in Othello
Cassio is a gentlemanly Florentine soldier, a man of high manners and theoretical learning, and one of Othello's chief lieutenants. There is a supposed rivalry between Cassio and the play's villain, Iago. Iago claims to resent Cassio because Othello chose Cassio rather than Iago as his lieutenant, in spite of the fact that Cassio has no practical knowledge of battle. Iago uses Cassio in his scheme to destroy Othello; Iago insinuates throughout that Cassio is having an affair with Othello's wife, Desdemona. Othello's jealousy is eventually stoked by Iago into homicidal rage.

In the second act, Cassio's life is nearly ruined by Iago's cunning and his own foolishness. Iago tricks Cassio into getting drunk and then incites his friend Roderigo to start a brawl with Cassio. The Cypriot governor Montano tries to end the fight by stepping between the two men, and Cassio, now blind drunk, strikes out at him. As a result, Cassio loses his lieutenancy.

Later in the play, Iago persuades Roderigo to assassinate Cassio, and together they arrange an ambush. Roderigo attacks Cassio by surprise. Cassio retaliates and mortally wounds Roderigo, but is himself stabbed from behind by Iago. His leg is wounded, but he survives. Iago then kills the wounded Roderigo. Before Othello commits suicide, he apologizes to Cassio for believing Iago's lies about him.

Performance history
In productions of Othello, Cassio has been portrayed by actors such as Hayden Adams, Tom Hiddleston, Jonathan Bailey, and Derek Jacobi. The latter portrayed Cassio in Laurence Olivier's version of Othello, both on stage and screen. He has also been portrayed by Nathaniel Parker in the 1995 movie production of Othello.
Omkara, which was a Bollywood adaptation of Othello, had a character named Kesu firangi, which was inspired by Cassio.

References

Literary characters introduced in 1603
Fictional lieutenants
Fictional Italian people in literature
Male Shakespearean characters
Othello

Michael Cassio


Civic Museum of Natural Science Enrico Caffi () is a natural history museum in Bergamo, Italy. The museum has more than 55,000 artifacts, fossils, animal and plant specimens. The museum is founded in 1918 and, after multiple moves, is currently located at Piazza Cittadella. The museum also hosts a library and provide education activities for schools in the region.

History
The origin of the museum could be traced back to the end of the 19th century. In 1871, the first exhibitions were held during public holidays, consisted of collections of memorabilia and artifacts from the Royal Technical Institute Vittorio Emanuele II. These collections made up the initial collection of the museum. At the time, the headquarters of the Royal Technical Institute was in the lower city, in the Palazzo della Pretura Nuova at Via Tasso 1. In 1873, the institute was moved to Piazza Vecchia in the Palazzo Nuovo.

On 14 July 1918, the museum was inaugurated and opened at Palazzo Nuovo. The initiative to split the museum from the institute was approved in 1917 during a meeting of the city council. On 13 January 1920, Dottore Enrico Caffi was appointed as the first director of the museum. He remained at his post until 1947. During his tenure, he initiated projects to reorganize and catalog all the findings, including the ones which the institute had added. The catalogues he had created is still important today, not only as part of the museum's collection, but because it also contains historical testimonies. As an expert in Bergamo Orobie area, he also devoted his time to study the flora and fauna of the area. He left behind massive quantities of important publications and manuscripts — scientific articles of his findings, summary lists containing systematic groups of the species in the region, geological maps of the territory as well as vocabulary lists containing terms of the animals and plants.

In 1928, during Caffi's tenure, the museum underwent two major moves. First move in 1922, was limited to the transport of artifact, specimens and memorabilia and shelves from the upper floor. The second, and more challenging, move took place between 1 August and 10 November 1927, when the museum's collections were moved to a venue on the east side of Piazza Vecchia and Via Bartolomeo Colleoni. The museum was reopened on 1 July 1928. The management and council hall, a library, a laboratory, an entomology room, a herbarium and the curator room were located on the first floor. On the second floor, there were sections dedicated to the mineral collection, fossil exhibits, ethnography as well as two other rooms for a laboratory and storage.

From 1947 to 1955 Professor Virgilio Taramelli took over from Enrico Caffi. In 1955, Professor Antonio Valle succeeded Virgilio Taramelli and remained at his post until 1979. During his tenure, great strides were made in the expansion of the museum. In addition to expanding the collections, he also created a section for scientific research. In-depth studies were made on scorpions and mites, which led to considerable knowledge on the physiology and biology of these groups, as witnessed from the rich collection of documents as well as the significant collections of scorpions and mites owned by the museum. Valle also promoted research to be done on the region with particular attention paid to aspects related to the quality of the environment, such as the study of Lake Endine, the Brembo and Serio rivers and some springs in the plains of Bergamo. In the early 1960s, an agreement was signed between the Municipality of Bergamo and the University of Milan for the opening of the Institute of Earth Sciences and, subsequently, Zoology, in Piazza Cittadella.

The considerable expansion of the museum's collections of documents, manuscripts and writings due to research, as well as the research activities themselves, led to the need for increased space for conservation and studies. In November 1957, work began on Visconti Complex at Piazza Citadella, the future site of the Civic Museum of Natural Science. The complex underwent major renovations which were led by architect Sandro Angelini.On 29 June 1960, the new headquarter for the museum, Visconti Complex, Piazza Citadella, was inaugurated. This event was attended by President of the Council of Ministers of Italy, Fernando Tambroni.

In 1973, the fossil of the oldest well known flying creature was found in Seriana Valley, Cene during an excavation. Lived more than 200 million years ago, the Eudimorphodon ranzii was first described by Rocco Zambelli, who then, was responsible for paleontology section of the museum. In 1979, Mario Guerra was appointed as the director of the museum. He took the same line of management approach as Valle and remained on his post until 1997. As an expert ornithologist, he devoted his time to study birds, not only from the region but also from East Africa. His keen interest on the study and teaching of taxidermy techniques led to workshops aimed at training young taxidermists. As a skilled illustrator, he produced large number of realistic illustrations of his subjects, characterized by his unique style and accuracy which depicted his in-depth knowledge of the subjects.

In 1980, he edited the first edition of the "Magazine of the Civic Museum of Natural Sciences E. Caffi", which since then, had published numerous articles related to natural science, with particular attention paid to the activities carried out by the museum. In 1982 he directed the reconstruction of the mammoth which currently looms over the museum entrance.

Nowadays, the exhibition is located on the first floor while the offices, laboratories and collection storage are located on the second and third floors. In recent years, new halls for temporary exhibitions have been added, as well as two laboratories for educational purposes. Sensory pathways with Braille captions for the blind have also been added.

Collections

References

External links

Official site

Gallery

Natural history museums in Italy
Museums in Bergamo

Museo Civico Scienze Naturali Enrico Caffi


Richard Symonds (1617–1660) was an English royalist and antiquary, now remembered for an eye-witness diary he wrote of events of the First English Civil War.

Life
He was the eldest son of Edward (or Edmund) Symonds of  Black Notley, Essex, where he was born in 1617. His mother, who brought the Notley property into the family, was Anne, daughter of Joshua Draper of Braintree. Like his father and grandfather, as well as several of his uncles and cousins, Symonds became a cursitor of the chancery court.

He was committed a prisoner by Miles Corbet as a delinquent on 25 March 1643, but escaping on 21 October he joined the royalist army, becoming a member of the troop of horse which formed the king's lifeguard, under the command of Lord Bernard Stuart, afterwards Earl of Lichfield. He was with the king's forces in most of his movements during the ensuing two years, being present at the engagements of Cropredy Bridge, Newbury, Naseby, and at the relief of Chester, where the Earl of Lichfield was killed.

He was subsequently with Sir William Vaughan at Denbigh and elsewhere. After the king's surrender, in the autumn of 1646, he applied on 17 December to be allowed to compound for his delinquency, On 1 January 1648 he left London and travelled, first to Paris, and then to Rome and Venice, where he stayed till about the end of 1652, when he returned again to England. In 1655 he was implicated in the abortive plot for restoring the monarchy, and was one of a batch of over seventy persons who were on that account arrested in the eastern counties, but were subsequently released on bond in October.

Works
From an early age Symonds evinced strong antiquarian tastes, and in all his wanderings he seems never to have lost an opportunity for jotting down in his notebook such topographical or genealogical memoranda as he came across. So he kept a diary of the marchings of the royal army from 10 April 1644 to 11 February 1646 (four notebooks now held in the British Library). These were frequently quoted by county historians, and in 1859 were edited for the Camden Society by Charles Edward Long, under the title Diary of the Marches of the Royal Army during the Great Civil War. Much of the interest of the diary lies in its topographical content, including detailed notes of churches, church monuments, stained glass and heraldry that Symonds had viewed. Most of his entries about the war are accurate but terse. However, his description of the second battle of Newbury is very detailed.

Three volumes of genealogical collections for the county of Essex, compiled by Symonds, were preserved at the College of Arms, to which they were presented in 1710 by Gregory King, into whose possession they came in 1685. In the second volume Symonds gives the pedigree of his own family, and near his own name is an impression, in red wax, of an engraved head in profile, probably that of Symonds himself, by Thomas Simon, the medallist. These collections were used by Philip Morant in his History of Essex. Other notes were used by Horace Walpole in his Anecdotes of Painting in England.

Notes

References
Attribution
 Thomas list his sources as:
Morant's History of Essex, ii. 302-3;
Long's Introduction to the Diary published by the Camden Society, as above;
Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting, ed. 1888, i. 324.

1617 births
1660 deaths
English diarists
English antiquarians
People from Black Notley
Cavaliers

Richard Symonds (diarist)


Structure of the Japanese Army in Mengjiang.

Commanders of the Japanese Mongolian Garrison
Yoshio Kozuki:- Commanding General, Mongolia Army
Ichiro Shichida:- Commanding General, Mongolia Garrison Army
Hajime Sugiyama:- concurrently Commanding General, Mongolia Garrison
Sadamu Shimomura:- Commander of Mongolia Garrison Army
Hiroshi Nemoto:- Commander of Mongolia Garrison Army

Chief of Staff Japanese Mongolian Garrison Army
Shinichi Tanaka:- Chief of Staff, Mongolia Garrison Army

Japanese Official Advisers in Mengjiang Government
Kanji Tsuneoka:- Japanese adviser, represented the real power in the local administration. Founder and Director of Kalgan Central Academy
Toyonori Yamauchi:- advisor on a mission to "inherit the great spirit of Genghis Khan and retake the territories that belong to Mongolia, completing the grand task of reviving the prosperity of the nationality".

Commanders and Officers in regular Armies, Japanese Mongolian Army
Hideki Tojo:- Commander, 1st Independent Mixed Brigade, Chahar Expeditionary Force
Kōji Sakai:- the direct tank commander, 1st Independent Mixed Brigade
Kitsuju Ayabe:- Colonel, engaged in Chahar area operation as Staff Officer, Kwantung Army, North China Detachment
Hiroshi Nemoto:- Commander of 18th Army (with HQ in Kalgan)

Japanese Armored Division in Mongolia

3rd Tank Division
Nicknamed "Taki" (Water Fall), it was formed in June 1942 in Mengjiang; it ended the war in China.
Tank Regiments:
8th Tank Regiment
12th Tank Regiment
13th Tank Regiment
17th Tank Regiment

Imperial Japanese Army
Mengjiang


The Stackpole, Moore, and Tryon Building is a historic commercial building at 105-115 Asylum Street in downtown Hartford, Connecticut.  Built in the mid-19th century, and extensively altered in 1896, it is a good local example of a period building with a Beaux Arts cast-iron facade.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

Description and history
The Stackpole, Moore, and Tryon Building is located on the south side of Hartford's downtown area, at the southeast corner of Asylum Avenue and Trumbull Street.  It is a timber-framed structure with a mainly brick exterior.  It is covered by a flat roof with a projecting bracketed cornice, and has a rounded corner featuring curved windows.  Most upper-floor windows are set in rectangular openings with brownstone sills and lintels, but a grouping of windows around the building corner have been replaced by a cast-iron facade with large picture windows.  The ground-floor storefronts have largely been modernized, although elements of the cast-iron facade are also evident there.

The building's exact construction date is unknown, but is believed to be mid-19th century.  Its present appearance dates to a major renovation conducted in 1896 under the auspices of architect Isaac A. Allen Jr.  The cast iron facade elements were provisioned at that time by the Phoenix Iron Works of Hartford, which also supplied elements for the Connecticut State House and buildings at Trinity College.  The building was for many years home to a clothing retailer, known for most of the 20th century as Stackpole, Moore, and Tryon; it presently houses a bank on the ground floor.  At the time of the building's listing on the National Register in 1978, it had been in continuous ownership by the same family for more than 120 years.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford, Connecticut

References

Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in Hartford, Connecticut
Buildings and structures completed in 1896
Buildings and structures in Hartford, Connecticut
1896 establishments in Connecticut

Stackpole, Moore, and Tryon Building


The national emblem of Iran () since the Iranian Revolution features four curves and a sword, surmounted by a shadda. It is very similar to the Sikh Khanda symbol. The emblem was designed by Hamid Nadimi, and was officially approved by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the first supreme leader of Iran, on 9 May 1980.

The four curves, surmounted by the shadda, are a stylized representation of the word Allah. The five parts of the emblem also symbolize the Principles of the Religion. The shape of the emblem is chosen to resemble a tulip, in memory of the people who died for Iran: it is an ancient belief in Iran, dating back to mythology, that if a young soldier dies patriotically, a red tulip will grow on his grave. In recent years, it has been considered the symbol of martyrdom.

The logo is encoded in Unicode at code point  in the Miscellaneous Symbols range. In Unicode 1.0 this symbol was known as "SYMBOL OF IRAN". However, the current name for the character was adopted as part of Unicode's merger with ISO/IEC 10646.
It also a part of the flag of Iran, which is the typical rendering of , the regional indicator symbol for Iran.

Symbols used in ancient Persia

Derafsh Shahbaz

During the Achaemenid Empire, especially at the time of Cyrus the Great, the Imperial Standard was made up of a kinglike image, Square in shape, split into four equivalent triangles. Each two of these four train triangles had the same colour.
In the excavations at Persepolis, archaeologists have found a standard, depicting Shahbaz with open wings.

Derafsh Kaviani

The name Drafš-e Kāvīān means "the standard of the kay(s)" (i.e., "kings", kias, kavis ) or "of Kāva." The latter meaning is an identification with an Iranian legend in which the Derafš-e Kāvīān was the standard of a mythological Persian blacksmith-turned-hero named Kaveh (Persian: کاوه), who led a popular uprising against the foreign demon-like ruler Zahhak (Persian: ضحاک). Recalling the legend, the 10th-century epic Shahnameh recasts Zahhak as an evil and tyrannical ruler, against whom Kaveh called the people to arms, using his leather blacksmith apron as a standard, with a spear as its hoist. In the story, after the war that called for the kingship of Fereydun (Persian: فریدون) had been won, the people decorated the apron with jewels and the flag became the symbol of Iranian nationalism and resistance against foreign tyranny.
The symbol of Derafsh Kaviani is a Lotus flower, whose history goes back to the beliefs of ancient Iran from the Achaemenid period.

Faravahar

The Faravahar is one of the best-known symbols of Zoroastrianism. This religious-cultural symbol was adopted by the Pahlavi dynasty to represent the Iranian nation, and after the Iranian revolution it has remained in use in contemporary Iranian nationalism.

The winged disc has a long history in the art and culture of the ancient Near and Middle East. Historically, the symbol is influenced by the "winged sun" hieroglyph appearing on Bronze Age royal seals (Luwian SOL SUUS, symbolizing royal power in particular). In Neo-Assyrian times, a human bust is added to the disk, the "feather-robed archer" interpreted as symbolizing Ashur.
It was only during the reign of Darius I and thereafter, that the symbol was combined with a human form above the wings, perhaps representing Darius himself.

Early modern Iran

The Lion and Sun motif is one of the better known emblems of Kingdom Of Persia, and between 1576 and 1979 was an element in the flag of Iran.

The motif, which combines "ancient Iranian, Arab, Turkish, and Mongol traditions", became a popular symbol in Iran in the 12th century. The lion and sun symbol is based largely on astronomical and astrological configurations; the ancient zodiacal sign of the sun in the house of Leo, which itself is traced backed to Babylonian astrology and Near Eastern traditions.

The motif has many historical meanings. First, it was an astrological and zodiacal symbol. Under Safvis and first Qajar kings, it received a specifically Shi'ite interpretation. In Safavid era the lion and sun stood for two pillars of the society, state and religion. It became a national emblem during the Qajar era. In the 19th century, European visitors at the Qajar court attributed the lion and sun to remote antiquity and since then it got a nationalistic interpretation.

During the reign of Fat'h Ali Shah and his successors, the motif was substantially changed. These changes were on the form of the lion, the sun. A crown was also placed on the top the symbol to represent the monarchy.

Since the reign of Fat'h Ali Shah Qajar, the Islamic component of the ruler de-emphasized. This shifting affects the symbolism of the emblem. Since this time until the 1979 revolution the meaning of the symbol elements changed many times. The lion could be the metaphor for Ali, heroes of Iran who are ready to protect the country against enemies, and finally its ancient meaning as the symbol of kingship. The Sun received various meanings including the king, Jamshid, the mythical king of Iran, and motherhomeland.

The many historical meanings of the emblem have provided the rich ground for competing symbols of Iranian identity. After the Constitutional Revolution of 1906, Parliament designed a new flag and a new coat of arms.
In the 20th century, some politicians and scholars suggested that the emblem be replaced by other symbols such as the Derafsh Kaviani. However, the emblem remained the official symbol of Iran until the Iranian Revolution, when the "Lion and Sun" symbol was removed from public spaces and government organizations and replaced by the present-day coat of arms of Iran.

Imperial State of Iran

The first version of the modern Iranian tricolour was adopted in the wake of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1906. The Supplementary Fundamental Laws of 7 October 1907 described the flag as a tricolour of green, white, and red, with a lion and sun emblem in the middle. A decree dated 4 September 1910 specified the exact details of the emblem, including the shape of the lion's tail ("like an italic S") and the position and the size of the lion, the sword, and the sun.

In 1932, seven years after the foundation of the Imperial State of Iran, Reza Shah founded the Order of Pahlavi with the official emblem of the dynasty (Mount Damavand with a rising sun) in a medallion of the Order's badge and star. The coat of arms was created with Iran's national and Pahlavi's dynastical symbols: Lion and Sun, Faravahar, Zolfaghar, Simurgh and Pahlavi's arms in the center. At the top of the coat of arms was the Pahlavi crown, created for the Coronation of Reza Shah in 1926, and the collar of the Order of Pahlavi was under the shield. The lions with scimitars were the supporters. The Imperial motto "Mara dad farmud va Khod Davar Ast" ("Justice He bids me do, as He will judge me" or, alternatively, "He gave me power to command, and He is the judge"). In 1971, some details of this Imperial achievement were changed in their colours.

Azure and Or are the colours of the imperial family.

The Imperial Standards of Iran were the personal official flags of the Shāhanshāh, Shahbānū, and Crown Prince of Iran, adopted at the beginning of 1971. The flags of Shāhanshāh consists of a pale-blue field with the flag of Iran in the upper left corner and the Pahlavi coat of arms in the center. Emblems were also created for the Shahbānū and Crown Prince of Iran, and these are at the center of their respective flags.

The Interim Government also used the lion and sun emblem during the transitional period after the revolution, and before the current emblem was adopted.

Islamic Republic of Iran
Following the Iranian Revolution, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini called for the dismantling of the lion and sun symbols during a speech on 1 March 1979. Despite the emblem's traditional Shia meanings and the lion's association with Ali, the first Imam of the Shia, the first emblem of the Islamic Republic, which consisted of several stars and fists, designed by Sadegh Tabrizi, was adopted on 30 January 1980. Finally on 9 May 1980, the current emblem was adopted.

See also

 Flag of Iran
 Lion and Sun
 Faravahar
 List of flags used by Iranian peoples
 Imperial Standards of Iran

Notes

References

Works cited

Iran
Iranian culture
National symbols of Iran

1980 establishments in Iran
Iran
Allah

Emblem of Iran


Anna Teichmüller (11 May 1861 – 6 September 1940) was a German composer and teacher who set the works of many poets, especially Carl Hauptmann, to music. She composed most of her works at the Schreiberhau artist colony.

Teichmüller was born in Göttingen, the oldest child of Anna von Cramer and Gustav Teichmüller. The family lived in Tartu, Estonia, during her childhood, where Gustav was a university professor. After his wife's death in childbirth in 1862, Gustav married her sister Lina, and they had eight more children.

Teichmüller studied music in Jena and Berlin. She met Carl Hauptmann in Jena in 1893, and he persuaded her to move to the artist colony in Schreiberhau (then in Prussia; today known as Szklarska Poręba, Poland), where she lived until the end of her life. Hauptmann dedicated his book Aus meinem Tagebuch München (From My Munich Diary) to Teichmüller.

Although Teichmüller was known as Hauptmann's "Liederbraut" (bride of song),  she composed music for the works of many writers, ranging from opus 1 through at least opus 43. The writers included Anton Alexander Graf von Auersperg (as Anastasius Grün), Ferdinand Avenarius, Hans Bethge, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Marianne Blaauw, Grete Ziegler-Bock, Wolrad Eigenbrodt, Feodora, Princess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (as F. Hugin), Friedrich Ludwig Konrad Fiedler, Friedrich Hebbel, Gottfried Keller, Nikolaus Lenau, Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, Hans Reisiger, Rainer Maria Rilke, Leopold von Schroeder, Paul Verlaine, and Friedl Zacharias.

In addition to songs, Teichmüller composed chamber music and at least one opera. Her music is published by Classical Vocal Reprints and Hildegarde Publishing Company. Her works include:

Chamber
Forest Night, opus 22 (voice, cello and piano)
Hymn to the Night, opus 23 (soprano, baritone, cello and piano)
Suite, opus 41 (violin and piano)

Mass
Missa Poetica (text by Ilse von Stach)

Songs
See an alphabetical list of Teichmüller's songs
Listen to Teichmüller's music on youtube

References

1861 births
1940 deaths
German women classical composers
German opera composers
Musicians from Göttingen
Women opera composers

Anna Teichmüller


The 2022 Victorian state election was held on 26 November 2022 to elect the 60th Parliament of Victoria, including 87 of the 88 seats in the Legislative Assembly and all 40 seats in the Legislative Council. The seat of Narracan was not up for election, with the election there being postponed due to the death of a candidate, causing a by-election. The election was conducted by the Victorian Electoral Commission (VEC).

The incumbent Labor government, led by Premier Daniel Andrews, won a third term in government, opposed by the Liberal/National Coalition, led by Matthew Guy.

The election was referred to by many as a referendum on the Andrews government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which notably involved several unpopular lockdowns. However, the Andrews government was re-elected with the Labor Party's second highest number of seats in Victorian history, despite a two-party swing against them of 2.50%.

Notes

References

Elections in Victoria
2022 elections

2022 Victorian state election


The , also known as tetsu-ken or , is a Japanese weapon that was used during the Edo period until the beginning of the 20th century. It was an iron truncheon; it could closely resemble a wakizashi-sized sword with a blunt iron blade, or it could be a cast-iron version of a kabutowari.

Tekkan became very popular during the Edo period with wealthy merchants and farmers, since such people were forbidden by law from carrying or possessing swords or other edged weapons. The tekkan, bearing no edge, had always been permitted by law.

In 1876, the Meiji government of Japan passed the Haitōrei Edict, often called the "Sword Abolishment Act". This law prohibited all Japanese people, including the former members of the knightly  samurai class, from bearing weapons in public. This prohibition led to a surge in popularity of a number of non-sword weapons, as well as disguised swords of various kinds. After the Haitōrei Edict came into effect, members of the samurai class also began carrying tekkan as self-defence weapons.

Gallery

See also
 Iaitō
 Jitte
 Kabutowari

References

Samurai clubs and truncheons
Clubs and truncheons of Japan

Tekkan


Lucia Poli (born 14 June 1940), is an Italian actress, playwright and stage director.

Life and career
Born in Florence, the sister of the actor Paolo, Poli began her career in 1970 with the children's theater. In the mid-1970s she formed her own stage company and started writing her works, characterized by social and feminist themes and by a peculiar comic verve, filled with paradoxical and satirical moods.

Poli was also active on radio, television and cinema; in 1997 she won the Nastro d'Argento for best supporting actress for her performance in the Ugo Chiti's comedy film Albergo Roma.

References

External links

Italian film actresses
Italian television actresses
1940 births
People from Treviso
Italian stage actresses
Living people

Lucia Poli


George Greene (April 15, 1817 – June 23, 1880) was a lawyer, justice of the Iowa Supreme Court, railroad entrepreneur, businessman, philanthropist, and one of the founders of Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

Early life
Greene was born in Alton, Staffordshire, England on April 15, 1817 to Robert Greene and Sefer Woodward. His parents were natives of Staffordshire, as were his two younger brothers William and Joseph. The family moved to the United States when he was two years old. They settled in Buffalo, New York. His father died in 1825, and his mother returned to England by herself, in hope of obtaining some property that she believed owned to her. She died in England in 1827 and George, at the age of 10, became an orphan with his brothers. During the next four years he had to provide for himself and his younger brothers. Then he attempted to return to England to recover the property his mother failed to secure. He had to work for his passage to England, and find employment once he got there. He did not reclaim the property and had to work for his passage back to the United States. When he returned, he decided that he would focus on his education, hoping that it would help him gain what he could not through inheritance. He studied one year at Carysville Collegiate Seminary, a year at Aurora Seminary, and two years at French's Collegiate Institute in Geneva, New York. During these four years he taught school as well, and did any other work he could find. He then took up the study of law, with the intention of making it his life profession. He studied with the Hon. George P. Baker in Buffalo, New York. He assisted in Baker's office and was bookkeeper for Dr. Chapin—whom he lived with—to meet his expenses during that time.

Career
In the spring of 1838, Greene moved to the Territory of Iowa. In Davenport, Iowa he was employed by David J. Owen, who was making a geological survey of the territory. He spent six months surveying, which helped him gain a better knowledge of the lands. After this, he moved to Ivanhoe, Iowa and taught school while continuing his law studies. In 1840, he was admitted to the bar in Iowa City, Iowa. He moved to Marion, Iowa, and began practicing law. That year, he was chosen to represent Cedar, Jones, and Linn counties in the Council of the Third Legislative Assembly as a Democrat. He was re-elected to the following year to the Fourth Legislative Assembly. In 1845, he moved to Dubuque, Iowa, and became the editor of the Miners' Express. In Dubuque he began practicing law again, this time in partnership with J. J. Dyer.

Greene's law practice was so successful that he was appointed to be a justice of the Iowa Supreme Court in 1847, to fill the vacancy left by Justice Thomas Stokeley Wilson. He served from November 1, 1847 to January 9, 1855. He was also the reporter of the Supreme Court, so he compiled the decisions of the court in the four-volume G. Greene Reports. In 1849, he became one of the founders of Cedar Rapids, Iowa by surveying and laying out the site of the town. He began living in Cedar Rapids in 1851. He also contributed to the financial development of the city. During the Panic of 1857 he was connected with the management of nine banks in the city.

In 1859, Greene formed a law partnership with Cyrus Bently in Chicago, Illinois. He practiced law and lived there for five years. In the winter of 1864 he moved to McGregor, Iowa and helped his brothers build the McGregor Western Railroad. During this time, and several years later, he helped build the Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad. He returned to Cedar Rapids after this, and began practicing law with Judge Dudley and his son-in-law A. S. Belt. The firm represented the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Greene continued to be involved with railroads, and became president of the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Minnesota Railroad, which he took an active part in building. When the railroad went bankrupt it was purchased and operated under the name Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad. He constructed several smaller railroads in Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, and Kansas.

In addition to being a successful lawyer and business man, Greene founded the Grace Episcopal Church, donated the grounds for the church and rectory, and also served as the warden of it. He served as president of the board of trustees of Coe Collegiate Institute, which was later renamed Coe College. In 1872, he changed his party affiliation from Democrat to Republican. Greene was also a mason and was first Past Master of Crescent Lodge #25, Cedar Rapids (1851–52). He died in his home in Cedar Rapids, Iowa on June 23, 1880, and is buried at Oak Hill Cemetery.

Placenames
 Greene Square Park, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
 Greene's Opera House, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
 Greene Brothers' Store, town's first major department store, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
 Greene Residence Hall at Coe College, Coe's first Board President, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
 Greene mansion, now part of Mount Mercy College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
 Greene Avenue NE, between I and J Avenue NE Cedar Rapids, Iowa
 Greene, Iowa

Family
On May 30, 1838, Greene married Harriet Merritt. Harriet was from Buffalo, New York and was the daughter of Jesse Merritt and Harriet Hilton. They had four children: George W. (b. April 4, 1839), Susan H. (b. March 3, 1841), Mary Ely (b. June 7, 1843), and Edward Merritt (b. March 29, 1845). George W. and Mary Ely died as infants. Harriet died in Dubuque on April 25, 1850; Greene remarried on January 25, 1855 to Frances R. Graves, who was from Cooperstown, New York. Her parents were Clavin Graves and Fanny Carlisle. They had eight children: Calvin G. (b. February 18, 1856), Fanny C. (b. January 19, 1858), George (b. December 28, 1859), William J. (b. November 28, 1861), Elizabeth (b. August 13, 1864), Robert C. (b. December 22, 1867), Francis (b. May 14, 1870), and Woodward K. (b. August 2, 1873).

Notes

References
 Brewer, Luther A. and Barthinius L. Wick (1911). History of Linn County Iowa Volume I Chicago: The Pioneer Publishing Company
 Gue, Benjamin F. (1903). History of Iowa from the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century Volume III New York City: The Century History Company
 Gue, Benjamin F. (1903). History of Iowa from the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century Volume IV New York City: The Century History Company

1817 births
1880 deaths
People from Alton, Staffordshire
Iowa Democrats
Iowa Republicans
Iowa lawyers
Members of the Iowa Territorial Legislature
19th-century American politicians
Justices of the Iowa Supreme Court
Politicians from Buffalo, New York
Politicians from Cedar Rapids, Iowa
British emigrants to the United States
People from Marion, Iowa
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers
American city founders

George Greene (judge)


Welaunee Plantation was a large quail hunting plantation located in central Leon County, Florida, United States established by Udo M. Fleischmann.

History
Welaunee Plantation was created from land that once belonged to several cotton plantations and smaller farms. Known plantation lands that were purchased were R. A. Whitfield's The House Place Plantation, the southern tract of the James Kirksey Plantation, and Joseph John William's La Grange Plantation.

In 1952, Udo Fleischmann died leaving the property to his wife. Under Mrs. Fleischman, the property was used for Hereford cattle. In 1962, Mrs. Fleischmann died and her nephew, John W. Mettler, Jr. of New Brunswick, New Jersey and son of John Wyckoff Mettler the founder and president of Interwoven Stocking Company. Mettler increased the size of stock cattle to 500 head.

In 1966 purchased  from his aunt, Mrs. Alfred B. Maclay. In 1967 he purchased the last acreage of Sunny Hill Plantation totaling .

Recent history
Welaunee Plantation falls within the Miccosukee Greenway project. This greenway preserves the plantation, a vast pie shaped area between Miccosukee and Centerville Roads, is still not developed. The greenway plan was carefully carried out through years of careful negotiation between the Trust for Public Land, Leon County and the Welaunee's owners preserves the Miccosukee and Centerville canopy roads. By providing a right of way transportation corridor for Welaunee Boulevard, the greenway anticipates the transportation problems associated with connecting thousands of Welaunee Plantation and other northeastern residents to Tallahassee's center.

References

Plantations in Leon County, Florida
Whitfield family residences

Welaunee Plantation, Florida


Gilli "िगल्ली" -danda "डन्डा" is a game played by children in India and Pakistan. It is usually played by using a small round stick, about as long as a baseball or cricket bat. This is the danda. There is another smaller stick, round in the middle and tapering towards the ends. This is the gilli. The game gilli-danda is similar to cricket. It is also believed to be the origin of cricket.

Players
This game is also know as Viti Dandu, Kitti Pul and by other variations as well. It is a sport originated from the Indian subcontinent and is also played in the rural areas as well as in small towns over southern Asia, Cambodia, Turkey, South Africa, Italy, Poland and in some Caribbean Islands like Cuba.

Rules
To play the game, one team uses the "danda" to hit one of the tapered ends of the "gilli" with force. This causes the "gilli" to flip through the air. While the "gilli" is airborne, the opposing team's hitter attempts to smack it like one would as if playing cricket. The one who hits the "gilli" the farthest will wins. It is played with two teams. One side pitches the "gilli" using the big "danda" (not the bare hands), to the other team's hitter. The hitter, using his "danda" then hits the "gilli". In the course of the play, if the "gilli" is caught, then those players who pitched with the big "danda" to the hitter, are out of the game.If the gilli falls on the ground the fielder closest to the gilli gets an opportunity to make the hitter out.He has to throw the gilli towards the danda if the danda is been hit by the gilli it means the striker is out if not then the fielder gains 1 point.When the striker gains 1 point he will get 3 tries to hit the danda if the gilli still doesn't hit the danda the striker is out.If he is successful,the 1 point which he gained will continue.At the end who has the maximum points wins the game.It was most popularly played around 1970 to 1980 throughout India and Pakistan and is played to this day.

Games
Indian culture
Pakistani culture

Gillidanda


Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) be group of symptoms —wey dey include abdominal pain den changes for de pattern of bowel movements insyd wey no get evidence for underlying damage. Dis symptoms dey occur ova long time, often years. Dem classify am go four main types wey dey depend for whether diarrhea be common, constipation be common, both be common, anaa neither dey occur very often (IBS-D, IBS-C, IBS-M, anaa IBS-U respectively). IBS negatively dey affect quality of life wey go fi result for missed school anaa job. Disorders lyk anxiety, major depression, den chronic fatigue syndrome be common among people plus IBS.

De cause no be clear. Theories dey include combinations of gut-brain axis problems, gut motility disorders, pain sensitivity, infections wey dey include small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, neurotransmitters, genetic factors, den food sensitivity. Intestinal infection go fi trigger onset, anaa stressful life event. IBS be functional gastrointestinal disorder. Dem base diagnosis for symptoms top for de absence of worrisome features wey dem rule out once oda potential conditions. Worrisome features dey include onset for greater dan 50 years of age, weight loss, blood for stool insyd, anaa family history of Inflammatory bowel disease. Oda conditions wey go fi be present similarly dey include celiac disease, microscopic colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, bile acid malabsorption, den colon cancer.

Cure no dey; plus efforts make dem improve symptoms. Dis go fi include dietary changes, exercise, medication, probiotics, den counselling. Dietary measures dey include increasing soluble fiber, gluten-free diet, anaa short-term diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, den polyols (FODMAPs). Dem go fi use de medication loperamide make e help plus diarrhea while laxatives lyk polyethylene glycol go fi help plus constipation. Antidepressants, antispasmodics, den peppermint oil go fi improve overall symptoms den reduce pain. Patient education den good doctor-patient relationship be important part of care.

Dem dey believe say about 10–15% of people wey dey de developed world IBS afftect. Dem estimate say 1–45% of people globally wey IBS affect. Ebe more common for South America insyd den less common for Southeast Asia insyd. Ebe twice common for women insyd as men wey edey typically occur before age 45. De condition dey appear make e cam turn less coomon plus age. IBS no dey affect life expectancy anaa dey lead go oda serious diseases. Na de first description for de condition be for 1820 insyd while de current term irritable bowel syndrome cam into use for 1944 insyd.

References
Diseases den disorders

Irritable bowel syndrome


(992–1071) was a Japanese court noble. He succeeded his father Michinaga to the position of Sesshō in 1017, and then went on to become Kampaku from 1020 until 1068. In both these positions, he acted as Regent to the Emperor, as many of his ancestors and descendants did; the Fujiwara clan had nearly exclusive control over the regency positions for over 200 years.
Prior to succeeding to the position of Regent, Yorimichi had held the title of Naidaijin (Minister of the Center/Palace Minister, second rank range), the lowest level of state ministers. By edict, he was raised above his colleagues, to the title of Ichi no Hito, or First Subject. In addition to the reason of direct succession from his father, this edict was presumably necessary to allow Yorimichi to become Sesshō.

He is also known as the founder of Byōdō-in phoenix hall, located in Uji.

In 1072, he ordained as a Buddhist monk and took the Dharma name Rengekaku (蓮華覚), later changed to Jakukaku (寂覚).

Marriages and children

 Princess Takahime, daughter of Imperial Prince Tomohira (son of Emperor Murakami) and Princess Nakahime; married 1009; no children, but they adopted 2 daughters:
 Princess Genshi (Motoko), (1016–1039), daughter of Imperial prince Atsuyasu (eldest son of Emperor Ichijō) and Princess Naka no Kimi (Takahime's younger sister); Empress of Emperor Go-Suzaku
 Fujiwara no Kanshi (Hiroko), (1036–1121), daughter of Yorimichi by Fujiwara no Gishi
 A daughter of Minamoto no Norisada (a grandson of Emperor Murakami):
 Fujiwara no Michifusa (1024–1044)
 Fujiwara no Gishi (Masako), (died 1053) daughter of Fujiwara no Yorinari (a son of Imperial Prince Tomohira and Princess Nakahime, adopted by Fujiwara no Koresuke) and a daughter of Fujiwara no Korenori; she was then a niece of Princess Takahime:
 Priest Kakuen (1031–1098)
 Fujiwara no Kanshi (Hiroko), (1036–1121); adopted by Princess Takahime; Empress of Emperor Go-Reizei
 Fujiwara no Morozane (1042–1101)
 Fujiwara no Tadatsuna (died 1084)

References
Sansom, George (1958). A History of Japan to 1334. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
Varley, Paul (2000). Japanese Culture. Fourth Edition. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press.
Brown, Delmer Myers (tr), and Ichirō Ishida (tr) (1979). The future and the past: a translation and study of the Gukanshō: University of California Press.
Tyler, Royall (2001). The Tale of Genji, page 1165

992 births
1071 deaths
Sesshō and Kampaku
Fujiwara clan
Regents of Japan
People of Heian-period Japan
Heian period Buddhist clergy

Fujiwara no Yorimichi


The Pioneer Living History Museum is located at 3901 W. Pioneer Road in Phoenix, Arizona. The museum, also known as Pioneer Village, has 30 historic original and reconstructed buildings from the 1880s and early 1900s on its 90-acre property.

History

In 1956, a group of Arizona history enthusiasts became concerned about the razing and demolition of historical buildings in the state Arizona as a result of new construction by land developers. This group formed the "Pioneer Arizona Foundation, Inc. Among the notable founders of the foundation were former Governor Paul Fannin, Senator Barry Goldwater, Senator Carl Hayden, and Wesley Bolin.

The main goal of the foundation was to save some of the historical buildings that were built between the years 1870 and 1910. The members of the foundation believed that by saving these buildings and by creating an atmosphere of the era, future generations would benefit by learning about what the early pioneers of the west went through. The foundation purchased 90 acres of land in north Phoenix and the museum was inaugurated in February 15, 1969. Among the exhibits found in the museum is the Exhibit Hall Firearms, Tools, Locks & Keys.

In July 2010, the property where the museum is situated was put up in auction. Great Western Historical LLC outbid Phoenix in the state-land auction. According to one of the new owners, Eric Roles: "The state will not permit private lands, which the museum lands will become once the purchase transaction is closed, to serve water and wastewater from state leased lands." Therefore, the owners ordered the closure of the museum. The city purchased the land and a water line to the museum site was built and the museum was able to continue its operations.

Buildings and structures
There are 10 original historical buildings and structures including the structures of a ranch complex and a farm. The museum also has 15 reconstructed buildings and/or structures.

Historic original
The original structures are the following:

 The Sears House a.k.a. the Victorian House which was built in the early 1890s on an acre homestead in Phoenix by John Marion Sears. It was originally located in 4032 N. 7th Street.
 The  Ashurst Cabin which was built in 1878 near Prescott. This was the boyhood home of Senator Henry Fountain Ashurst, the first Arizona senator following statehood. Ashurst served in the senate from 1912 to 1942. The family cooked their food in the fireplace, however during the summer they did their cooking outside over a campfire. The family lived in the cabin until 1893.
 The Phoenix Bakery building which was built in 1881 and was originally located at 7 West Washington Street in Phoenix. Edward Elsele and Alfred Becker owned the bakery. In 1910, the bakery became the first one in the territory to try out a horseless carriage to deliver their products. In 1929, their sons decided to go wholesale and renamed their product Holsum.
 The Flying "V" Cabin which was built in 1880 and was located in Canyon Creek, Young, Arizona. The cabin has notched gun ports which were used on July 17, 1882, during the Battle of Big Dry Wash, the last Apache War in that area. John D. Tewksbury Sr., of Pleasant Valley War fame lived here with his two wives and children.

 The Gordon School which was built in 1885 in Gordon Canyon which is located east of Payson, Arizona. The school was used to teach the citizens of the area until 1930.
 The Meritt Farm House which was built in 1910 on 100 acres which John and Emma Meritt purchased in Phoenix.
 The Northern Home which was built in 1885 in Newman Canyon close to Flagstaff, Arizona. The house once belonged to Jeff Newman who lived there with his family.
 The Opera House which was built in the early 1870s in Prescott by James Howey. In 1876, the Goldwater family established their first store there. Howey sold the building to Levi Bashford who in 1882, added a stage and converted the place into an opera house. John Drew Jr. and Lillie Langtry performed in the opera house. The building ceased as an opera house in 1899.
 The Teacherage Cabin which was built in 1890 in Pleasant Valley, Payson, Arizona. This was a small cabin which served as a home and incentive for the local teacher.
 The Ranch Complex which was built in 1870 and was located at Gordon Canyon in Payson, Arizona.

Historic reconstructed
The buildings and structures which were authentically reconstructed are the following:
 The Bandstand is a reconstructed bandstand built in 1881 in Globe, Arizona.
 The Bank is a reconstructed Valley Bank built in 1884 which was located in Phoenix.
 The Blacksmith Shop is the reconstructed Middleton & Pascoe's blacksmith shop which was built c. 1870 in the town of Globe.

 The Carpenter Shop is a reconstructed shop which serviced Prescott in 1880.
 The Community Church is the reconstruction of the St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church which was built in 1880 in the town of Globe.

 The Dress Shop is what a ready made clothing shop looked like in Phoenix in 1890.
 The Mercantile is  a reconstructed 1890s store which now serves as the museums gift shop.
 The Miner's Cabin is a replica of the type of cabin in the mountains of Clifton which a miner and his family would live in.
 The Print Shop is a reconstructed 1890s Phoenix printing shop.
 The Sheriff's Office is a reconstructed adobe building which was built in 1881 in the town of Globe.
 The Southern House is a reconstructed typical "Anglo" house built in 1858 in Tucson which is located in southern Arizona.
 The Stage Stop is an exact reconstructed duplicate of the Darrell Duppa Stage Station which served the old Phoenix to Wickenburg road from 1871 to 1873. It was operated by Phillip Darrell Duppa, the pioneer credited with giving Phoenix its name.
 The Smith and Dodd's Tonsorial Parler is the reconstruction of a territorial barber shop.
 The Town Ditch is a replica of the type of ditch which was used in the towns founded by the early pioneers. The water carried by the ditches was used for drinking, cooking, washing, etc.

Fort Woods is a replica what a fort looked liked in the west in the 1860s. The first structures built were replicas of those found in Fort McDowell. After other structures were added to the fort, it was decided that the fort be named after Sergeant Brent Woods, a Buffalo Soldier of company B, 9th Cavalry who was awarded the Medal of Honor.

The Town Cemetery is a replica of a common pioneer cemetery. The graves at the time were covered with rocks with the intention of keeping wild animals away. This particular cemetery serves as a memorial to honor some of the volunteers who helped build the museum and who are now deceased. Their names and date of death are craved on the headstones.

Gallery of the original historic buildings

See also

 List of historic properties in Phoenix, Arizona
 Cave Creek Museum
 Children's Museum in Phoenix
 Pioneer and Military Memorial Park
 Martin Auto Museum
 Phoenix Police Museum
 Wells Fargo Museum
 List of museums in Arizona
 List of open-air and living history museums in the United States
 List of historic properties in Goldfield, Arizona

References

External links

 Pioneer Living History Museum

1969 establishments in Arizona
Museums in Phoenix, Arizona
Living museums in Arizona
Museums established in 1969
Ghost towns in Arizona
Cemeteries in Arizona
Blacksmith shops

Pioneer Living History Museum


Sol is a 2014 Canadian documentary film by Marie-Hélène Cousineau and Susan Avingaq about Solomon Uyarasuk, a musician/circus performer who died in police custody in Igloolik, Nunavut. The film questions the claims by the local Royal Canadian Mounted Police detachment that Uyarasuk hanged himself in his cell, and also explores the wider issue of Nunavut's very high suicide rate.

The film played  at the 2014 imagineNATIVE Film + Media Arts Festival in Toronto.

The film subsequently won the Grand Prize for Best Canadian Feature at the RIDM Montreal International Documentary Festival and was included in the list of Canada's Top Ten feature films of 2014, selected by a panel of filmmakers and industry professionals organized by TIFF.

On March 8, 2016, it was named Best Documentary Program at the 4th Canadian Screen Awards.

References

External links

2014 films
2014 documentary films
Films shot in Nunavut
Inuktitut-language films
Documentary films about suicide
Documentary films about indigenous rights
Canadian documentary films
Suicide in Canada
Deaths in police custody in Canada
Documentary films about Inuit in Canada
2010s Canadian films
Films set in Nunavut

Sol (film)


John Kaizan Neptune (born November 13, 1951 in Oakland, California, United States) is an American player and builder of the shakuhachi (Japanese bamboo flute).  He is known particularly for his use of the instrument in non-traditional contexts, such as jazz and cross-cultural music.

Neptune studied ethnomusicology at the University of Hawaii, where he began to study the shakuhachi with a Japanese Buddhist priest in 1971.  In 1973, he continued his shakuhachi studies in Kyoto, Japan, returning after one year to Honolulu to complete a degree in ethnomusicology. Following his graduation, he traveled again to Kyoto for several more years of intensive study, and in March 1977 he received the "shi-han," or master's certificate, in the Tozan School of Shakuhachi. At that time he was awarded the honorary name "Kaizan," which means Sea Mountain.  He lives in Japan.

Neptune has performed in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia and recorded more than 20 albums with a variety of musicians. As a non-Japanese playing a Japanese traditional instrument, Neptune has attracted much interest from the Japanese public.  His third recording, entitled Bamboo, was named Outstanding Album of the Year for 1980 by the Cultural Affairs Agency of the Japanese Ministry of Education, the first time a jazz recording or foreign artist had been so honored.

He also makes shakuhachi and other bamboo instruments at his home workshop in the Japanese countryside.

John Kaizan Neptune has recorded 21 records since 1979.

References

External links

 The Shakuhachi World of John Kaizan Neptune (official site)

1951 births
Living people
Shakuhachi players
Musicians from Oakland, California
American expatriates in Japan
Milestone Records artists
Inner City Records artists

John Kaizan Neptune


Otis Carter Formby King (1876–1944) was an electrical engineer in London who invented and produced a cylindrical slide rule with helical scales, primarily for business uses initially.  The product was named Otis King's Patent Calculator, and was manufactured and sold by Carbic Ltd. in London from about 1922 to about 1972.

With a log-scale decade length of 66 inches, the Otis King calculator should be about a full digit more accurate than a 6-inch pocket slide rule.  But due to inaccuracies in tic-mark placement, some portions of its scales will read off by more than they should.  For example, a reading of 4.630 might represent an answer of 4.632, or almost one part in 2000 error, when it should be accurate to one part in 6000 (66"/6000 = 0.011" estimated interpolation accuracy).

The Geniac brand cylindrical slide rule sold by Oliver Garfield Company in New York was initially a relabelled Otis King; Garfield later made his own, probably unauthorized version of the Otis King (around 1959). The UK patents covering the mechanical device(s) would have expired in about 1941–1942 (i.e. 20 years after filing of the patent) but copyright in the drawings would typically only expire 70 years after the author's death.

Patents
 UK patent GB 207,762 (1922)
 UK patent GB 183,723 (1921)
 UK patent GB 207,856 (1922)
 US patent US 1,645,009 (1923)
 Canadian patent CA 241986
 Canadian patent CA 241076
 French patent FR569985
 French patent FR576616
 German patent DE 418814

See also
 Bygrave slide rule
 Fuller's cylindrical slide rule

External links
 Dick Lyon's Otis King pages
 Cylindrical rules at Museum of HP Calculators

References

1876 births
1944 deaths
English inventors
Mechanical calculators
Logarithms
English inventions
Analog computers

Otis King


Wolfgang Ullmann (18 August 1929 – 30 July 2004) was a German journalist, theologian, politician.

Life
Wolfgang Ullmann was born  in Bad Gottleuba near Dresden. From 1948 to 1954 he studied Protestant theology and also philosophy, first in Berlin and then at the University of Göttingen.

Following graduation he returned to East Germany in 1954 and became minister in Colmnitz, Saxony. In 1963 he was appointed lecturer in Church History at Naumburg.

From 1978, he was lecturer in Church History at the training centre of the Eastern Region of the then divided Evangelical Church in Berlin-Brandenburg in East Berlin.

Protected by the Protestant Church in East Germany, opposition movements against the regime in the GDR formed and in 1987 Wolfgang Ullman became a member of one of these group, the "Initiative for the Refusal of Practice and Principle of the Demarcation".

After German reunification in 1990 he was a member of parliament (Bundestag) and from 1994 to 1998 a member of the European Parliament for Alliance '90/The Greens.

He was married since 1956 and had three children including the composer Jakob Ullmann. He died during a holiday in the Ore Mountains.

Writings
 Wolfgang Ullmann: The psychological Trinitätslehre August in as a theological condition of the medieval ethics. Goettingen, Theol. F., Diss. v. 11. Nov. 1954
 Friedrich de Boor, Wolfgang Ullmann (Hrsg.): Sources: Selected texts from D. History christl. Church. Berlin, Evang. Verl. - Institute, 1980
 Wolfgang Ullmann: Preparatory school of the democracy: Church and round table. Berlin, Berlin: Evang. Verl. - Anst., 1990,
 Wolfgang Ullmann: Democracy - now or never: Perspectives of the justice. Munich, Kyrill and Method Verl., 1990,
 Bernhard Maleck, Wolfgang Ullmann: I will not be silent: Discussions with Wolfgang Ullmann, Berlin, Dietz, 1991,
 Bernhard Maleck, Wolfgang Ullmann: Condition and parliament. A contribution to the condition discussion, Berlin, Dietz, 1992,
 Wolfgang Ullmann: Future clearing-up. A stocktaking after the end of the utopias. Berlin, context Verl., 1995,
 Wolfgang Ullmann: Patience, loves Dimut!: Brussels letter. Leipzig, forum Verl., 1998,

References

External links

 Wolfgang Ullmann Biography (1929–2004)
 Timeline of Wolfgang Ullmann (German)

1929 births
2004 deaths
People from Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge
German Lutheran theologians
All-German People's Party politicians
Government ministers of East Germany
Members of the 10th Volkskammer
Members of the Bundestag for Saxony
Members of the Bundestag 1990–1994
Alliance 90/The Greens MEPs
German male non-fiction writers
20th-century German Protestant theologians
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
University of Göttingen alumni
Members of the Bundestag for Alliance 90/The Greens
20th-century Lutherans

Wolfgang Ullmann


A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that produces light from electricity. LEDs last a long time and do not break easily (compared to incandescent lightbulbs). They can produce many different colors. They are efficient - most of the energy turns into light, not heat.

An LED is a type of diode that makes one color of light when electricity is sent through it in the expected direction (electrically biased in the forward direction). This effect is a kind of electroluminescence.

The color of the light depends on the chemical composition of the semiconducting material used, and can be near-ultraviolet, visible or infrared.  The color affects how much electricity is used by the LED.  A white LED has either two or three LEDs inside, of different colors. Some white LEDs have one single-color LED inside (usually blue), combined with a phosphor that converts that single color to white.

LEDs are used in many places. Early LEDs could only emit infrared, and were used in optical fiber communication. Later ones were used as red indicator lights on many electronic devices, and in the 1980s they also made other colors. In the 21st century they are used for bright advertising signs, brake lights on cars, in TVs, and more recently, light bulbs for the home. White LEDs bright enough to illuminate rooms are usually more expensive than regular lightbulbs but they last longer and burn less electricity.

LEDs, which make their own light, should not be confused with LCDs, which block light. Some displays, however, mix the two technologies, using LEDs to backlight the LCD.

Today, some LEDs are surface-mount devices (SMD), so they can be very small.

Types
Organic light-emitting diode
Crystal light-emitting diode

References

Nikolay Zheludev 2007.  The life and times of the LED – a 100-year history. Nature Photonics. 1, 189–192. .    is a full-text version.

Electronic components

Light-emitting diode


Get Smart, Again! is a 1989 American made-for-television comedy film based on the 1965–1970 NBC/CBS sitcom Get Smart! starring Don Adams and Barbara Feldon reprising their characters of Maxwell Smart and Agent 99. It originally aired February 26, 1989 on ABC (the network that rejected the original pilot for Get Smart!).

Synopsis
Maxwell Smart, acting as a protocol officer since CONTROL was disbanded in the early 1970s, is reactivated as a counterintelligence agent by Commander Drury, of the United States Intelligence Agency. KAOS, long considered defunct, has been revitalized by a corporate takeover. Its first scheme involves turning a forgotten American scientist and using his weather control machine to extort US$250 billion from the United States Government. (This plot is similar to the one used in the 1998 Avengers movie, another film based on a 1960s TV spy series.)

Drury, convinced that only Smart has the expertise to combat KAOS, gives him carte blanche to reactivate former CONTROL agents to assist him in his task. Along with Drury's bumbling aide, Beamish, Smart recruits Larrabee, who, believing that he was under orders from Richard Nixon to stay at his post until relieved, has been living in his office in the now-abandoned CONTROL headquarters tending his office plants, Agent 13, Hymie the Robot (now employed as a crash test dummy) and ultimately, his wife, 99, to find the security leak that allowed the scientist to defect, locate the weather machine and disarm it. They are opposed by a KAOS mole (John de Lancie) within the USIA, who is able to predict Max's every move with the aid of stolen copies of 99's unpublished memoirs.

The visible head of the KAOS scheme is revealed to be Max's old nemesis, Siegfried, but he is merely the agent of a higher executive whom even he has never met. This new leader is finally revealed as Nicholas Demente, 99's publisher, who intends not only to extort the money but also to create weather that will keep people eternally indoors and interfere with television reception, forcing millions of Americans to entertain themselves by buying Demente's books and publications. Max, 99, and Beamish infiltrate KAOS with the aide of Siegfried's twin brother Doctor Helmut Schmelding. After defeating Demente's henchmen with medieval weaponry, the CONTROL agents kill Demente with his own weather machine. Max and 99 celebrate by causing it to snow.

Legacy
The relative success of the film prompted the development of a short-lived (only seven episodes) 1995 weekly series on Fox, also titled Get Smart, with Don Adams and Barbara Feldon reprising their characters.  It was dedicated to the memory of Edward Platt.

Home media
The film has been released twice on DVD.

See also
Get Smart (TV series)
Get Smart (2008 film)

References

External links

 YouTube - Get Smart, Again intro

1989 television films
1989 films
American comedy television films
American spy comedy films
Get Smart films
Spy television films
Films based on television series
Television series reunion films
Films directed by Gary Nelson
Television films based on television series
1980s spy comedy films
1980s American films

Get Smart, Again!