Desto Records was an American record label. It was founded in 1951 by Horace Grenell who had a mail order business of selling children's records and was looking to expand genres.

The first issue was a three disc edition of The Beggars Opera. It released albums sporadically over the next decade, but in 1964 expanded to become one of the main distributors of contemporary classical music by American composers.

Artists published included Dominick Argento, Leslie Bassett, Jack Beeson, Luciano Berio, Henry Brant, Henry Cowell, George Crumb, Norman Dello Joio, Irving Fine, Lou Harrison, Charles Ives, Ulysses Kay, Ezra Laderman, Otto Luening, Peter Mennin, Gian Carlo Menotti, Douglas Moore, Lawrence Moss, Ned Rorem, Gunther Schuller, Roger Sessions, Joel Spiegelman, William Grant Still, William Sydeman, Randall Thompson, Vladimir Ussachevsky, and Charles Wuorinen.

In 1974 Grenell sold the label to the owners of CMS Records of Mount Vernon, New York. The two companies were merged and the label was discontinued in 1982.

See also
 List of record labels

References

Classical music record labels
American independent record labels
Record labels established in 1964
Companies disestablished in the 1980s

Desto Records


Tushinskaya () is a station on the Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line of the Moscow Metro. It was designed by I.G. Petukhova and V.P. Kachurinets and opened on 30 December 1975. The station was built to a modified standard design, with grey-blue marble pillars and white marble walls with inlaid zigzag friezes. Tushinskaya is one of the Metro's busiest stations, serving about 111,000 passengers per day according to a 1999 study.

Tushinskaya is located adjacent to Tushinskaya railway station on the Rizhsky suburban railway line and Line D2 of Moscow Central Diameters.

External links
metro.ru
mymetro.ru
KartaMetro.info – Station location and exits on Moscow map (English/Russian)

Moscow Metro stations
Railway stations in Russia opened in 1975
Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line
Railway stations located underground in Russia

Tushinskaya (Moscow Metro)


Ichthyas (; fl. 4th-century BCE), the son of Metallus, was a Greek philosopher and a disciple and successor of Euclid of Megara in the Megarian school. He was a colleague of Thrasymachus of Corinth in the school. Ichthyas is described as a man of great eminence, and Diogenes of Sinope is said to have addressed a dialogue to him.

According to Hilarius Emonds, correcting a previously misread passage in Tertullian's Apologeticus, Ichthyas was a leader in the oligarchic revolt in Megara in 375 BCE.

Notes

4th-century BC Greek philosophers
Classical Greek philosophers
Megarian philosophers

Ichthyas


Saint Catherine (, ; ; also spelled Saint Katrine) is a town in the South Sinai Governorate of Egypt, situated at the foot of the mountain Mount Sinai. The city is the site of Saint Catherine's Monastery. The city is  above sea level and is  from Nuweiba. In 1994, its population was 4,603 people. In 2002, The Saint Catherine area has been declared a UNESCO world heritage site.

History

Pharaonic era
Although Saint Catherine was not established as a city at that time, the area was part of the Egyptian Empire in the province of "Deshret Reithu."

In the 16th century BCE, the Egyptian pharaohs built the way of Shur across Sinai to Beersheba and on to Jerusalem. The region provided the Egyptian Empire with turquoise, gold, and copper. Well-preserved ruins of mines and temples are found not far from Saint Catherine at Serabit el-Khadim and Wadi Mukattab, the Valley of Inscription. They include temples from the 12th Dynasty, dedicated to Hathor, goddess of love, music, and beauty, and from the New Kingdom dedicated to Sopdu, the god of the Eastern Desert.

Roman and Byzantine era
Located at the foot of Mount Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery was the start of the city, constructed by the order of Emperor Justinian between 527 and 565.

Modern township
Saint Catherine City is one of the newest townships in Egypt. The city includes a high school, a hospital, a police and fire brigade, hotels, a post office, a telephone center, and a bank.

The township's oldest settlement was in Wadi El Sybaiya, east of the city's monastery, where descendants of Roman soldiers, the Jebeliya, were accommodated. It started growing into a town after the tarmac road was completed in the 1980s and the tourist trade began. Many of the nomadic Bedouins moved to small settlements around the city's monastery, which collectively make up Saint Catherine Town. The districts of El Milga, Shamiya, Raha, and Nabi Harun form the core of the town, at the end of the tarmac road where the valleys of Wadi El Arbain (Wadi El Lega), Wadi Quez, Wadi Raha, Wadi Shrayj and Wadi El Dier connect to the main valley, Wadi Sheikh. There are settlements in Wadi Sheikh that date before the town and other smaller settlements in the valleys. Saint Catherine is the capital of the Municipality of Saint Katherine, which includes these outlying areas.

The town's monastery lies in Wadi el Deir, opposite Wadi Raha (Wadi Muka'das, the Holy Valley). Mount Sinai can be reached from the monastery or, alternatively, from Wadi El Arbain where the Rock of Moses (Hagar Musa) and the Monastery of the Forty Martyrs are located.

Geography

Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies the climate as desert (BWh). Saint Catherine has the coldest nights of any city in Egypt, and its humidity is very low. The highest mountain ranges in Egypt surround the town, with many smaller valleys leading from the basin to the mountains in all directions. The township is at an elevation of . The high altitude of the town and the high mountain ranges which surround it provide a pleasant climate with mild summer nights and relatively cool winter days. The nights can get very cold on rare occasions, making it sometimes necessary to heat buildings and public places. Saint Catherine is considered to be one of the coldest towns in Egypt along with Nekhel and other locales in mountainous Sinai. Saint Catherine receives infrequent snowfalls during December, January, and February, however, snow has also occurred in late autumn and early spring.

Saint Catherine Town lies at the foot of the Sinai high mountain region, the "Roof of Egypt", where Egypt's highest mountains are found.

The town also puts pressure on the water resources, as groundwater in the valley is from the mountains. As of September 28, 2011, water from the Nile is being transported to Saint Catherine via a pipeline, built with the help of the European Union.

Nature
The city of Saint Catherine and other close towns fall within the region of Saint Katherine Protectorate, which was established in 1988.
Its unique high-altitude ecosystem with many endemic and rare species, include the world's smallest butterfly (the Sinai baton blue butterfly), flocks of Nubian ibex, and hundreds of different plants of medicinal value. The region has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Area. Some of the species are endangered.

Sinai agamas, rock hyraxes, and foxes can be seen. Harmless to people, foxes regularly visit the town at night to steal and scavenge. Rock hyraxes are often seen frequenting gardens including a wide range having migrated from Europe as well as resident species. Feral donkeys in the mountains have migrated to the region and lower-lying areas (reportedly as far as El Tur) in the winter and return to graze during the summer. Many of them belong to families and are branded. However, they put pressure on the ecosystem. There is a move to reduce their numbers by the Saint Katherine City Council.

One of the principal goals of the Protectorate is to preserve the biodiversity of the fragile ecosystem, with an emphasis on the Nubian ibex and the wild medicinal and aromatic plants. The St. Katherine Protectorate is a major job provider in the area, although the number of local Bedouins employed has fallen sharply since the initial European Union support ended.

Snow is the best source of water as it melts slowly, thus releasing water at a steady pace, replenishing the underwater catchment areas. Water from rain flows quickly in the barren mountains, which may cause flash floods.

The terrain includes views from the highest mountains in Egypt, extensive springs, creeks, water pools, narrow canyons, steep wadis with large boulders, rock formations, and barren plains with islands of vegetation. On the top of the mountains, are many interconnected basins with a unique high-altitude ecosystem, home to the world's smallest butterfly and rare plant species.

The highest mountain in Egypt is Mount Catherine, with many other peaks in the area over . Mount Catherine can be reached via Wadi El Arbain or Wadi Shaq, either way taking a full day. From the peak, are views over Mount Sinai (Jebel Musa), and on a clear day, one can see as far as Sharm el Sheikh and the Red Sea.

Jebel Abbas Basha, Mount Umm Shomar, Jebel el Bab, Bab el Donya, Jebel Ahmar, Jebel Serbal, Jebel Banat, and Jebel Sana are other hiking destinations taking multiple days to reach.

Religion
Saint Catherine is in a region holy to the world's three major Abrahamic religions (monotheistic religions), Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. It is the place where Moses is believed to have received the Ten Commandments, and a number of events recorded in the Bible took place in the area. Christian monks settled here in the 3rd century, and the Orthodox monastic tradition continues to the present day. The Prophet Mohammed took the monastery under his protection in his Letter to the Monks. There are two ancient churches, and the Monastery of Saint Catherine and the Rock of Moses.

Culture and population
The traditional people of the area, the Jebeliya Bedouin, were brought from south-eastern Europe in the 6th century AD. Originally Christians, they converted to Islam and intermarried with other nomadic tribes. Some segments of the tribe arrived relatively recently from the Arabian Peninsula. Their culture is similar to other Bedouin groups, but they have preserved some unique features. Contrary to other Bedouin tribes, the Jebeliya have always practiced agriculture and are expert gardeners, which is evident in the wadis around Saint Catherine. They continue to live in a symbiotic relationship with the monastery and its monks, and today many Bedouins work with the monastery on its compound or in its gardens.

The city also hosts a number of Greeks and Russians, who come to work at the monastery.

The Jebeliya are skilled gardeners and craftsmen who have been building gardens, houses, storerooms, water dams and other structures in the mountains for centuries.

The techniques used are similar to Byzantine methods, partly because of the natural environment, and partly because of the interaction between the Bedouin and the monastery. They received seeds from the monks to start crops. They grow vegetables and fruit in stone-walled gardens called Bustan or karm and mastered grafting, where a branch of a higher-yielding lowland variety is planted (grafted) on a more resistant but low-yielding mountain variety.

Many species of plants and crops grow here because of the moderate climate. Some fruits include the apple, pear, apricot, peach, fig, pistachio, date and grape. Walnut is rare but grown at a few locations. Mulberry grows wild in some of the wadis, and they belong to the whole tribe. Wild figs grow in many places. Olives are essential to the natives and are found in many locations. Vegetables are not grown as much as in the past because of the lack of water. Flowers and medicinal herbs are common.

The gardens are usually built on the wadi floors in the main watercourse and are encircled by massive stone retaining walls which withstand regular flash floods and protect the garden from animals. A number of gardens have water wells, but these wells freeze in winter and sometimes in spring and autumn. Today, generators are usually used to pump water, but many shadoofs can still be seen. Water is often found at higher elevations, either in natural springs or in wells made at dykes called Jidda. The Bedouins built small dams and closed off canyons to make reservoirs. In either case, water is channeled to small rock pools called birka, from where it was available for irrigation. Water runs, sometimes for miles, in narrow conduits made of flat rocks which are still visible, but today gardens rely on plastic pipes (Khartoum). These gardens are a unique feature of the high mountain area, along with other stone and rock structures.

Bedouin houses are small, simple stone structures with cane roofing, either incorporated into the garden wall or standing alone a bit further up from the wadi floor, away from the devastating flash floods that sweep through after occasional heavy rains. Houses are often built next to huge boulders where the boulder serves as an exterior wall. Natural cracks and holes are used as shelves and candle holders inside the house.

Smaller rock shelters and store rooms are constructed under boulders and in walled-up caves and are found throughout the mountainous area. Some of them are easily-visible landmarks, such as in Abu Seila or Farsh Rummana, but most are hard to distinguish from the landscape.

Ancient leopard traps can be seen in many places, either under boulders such as in Wadi Talaa, or standing alone as on the top of Abu Geefa. A goat was placed inside as bait, and when the trap was tripped by a leopard, a large rock fell to block the entrance. Leopards are now extinct in Sinai; the last was spotted in the 1980s.

In many places, big boulders can be seen with oval-shaped marks engraved on the surface. They are marriage proposal rocks, where a lover drew a line around his foot on the rock face next to his lover's footprint. If the two marks are encircled, their wish was granted and they married.

Wishing rocks are boulders, usually a short distance from the main paths, with a flat top. According to local legend, if one throws a pebble and it stays on the top, one's wish will come true.

Planned growth

According to the governmental plans, the population of the city is expected to increase from 4,603 to 17,378 in 2017. 3,031 (75.1%) of Saint Catherine's population is formed of Jebeliya Bedouins, while the rest are Egyptians, Greeks, Russians and western Europeans. Assuming a natural growth rate of 3% by 2017, the Bedouin population would become a minority in Saint Catherine, dropping to 36% of the total population if the Egyptian Ministry of Planning targets are achieved.

Demographic breakdown
The population of Saint Catherine by settlement, according to a survey carried out by St Katherine Protectorate in 1998:

 Abo Seilah: 247
 Lower Esbaeia: 165
 Esbaeia Safha: 22
 Upper Esbaeia: 71
 Arbeien: 47
 El Oskof El Hamami: 93
 Mekhlafa: 59
 El Kharrazin: 43
 Er Raha: 166
 Rahba: 52
 Er Ramthi: 25
 Ez Zaytonah: 34
 Es Sedoud: 12
 Sheikh Awwad & Gharba: 159
 Sebaia Safha: 78
 Sebaia Soweria: 17
 Sebaia Elbasra: 61
 Noumana: 49
 Solaf: 157
 Sahab: 83
 Sheikh Mohsen: 22
 Beiar Et Tor: 178
 Lower Nasab: 30
 Upper Nasab: 84

Places of interest
In addition to Saint Catherine's Monastery and Mount Sinai, of prime historical interest is the palace of Abbas I, the Wali and self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan between 1849 and 1854. The palace was built on a mountain at the time called Jebel Tinya, but later named after him and today called Jebel Abbas Basha. The palace was never finished, as he died before it was completed, but the massive  walls made of granite blocks and granite-sand bricks stand firmly. The open quarry on the top of Jebel Somra, just opposite Jebel Abbas Basha, is still visible with many huge blocks. Other blocks were cut from Wadi Zawatin, at the beginning of the ascent to the palace. The bricks were made on site while the mortar, made of lime and water, was burnt in kilns in the surrounding valleys. To be able to carry out the work, first, a road accessible to camels and donkeys was built in order to transport the supplies. The road, starting at Abu Jeefa and going through Wadi Tubuq and Wadi Zawatin, is still used today.

Grandson and successor of the reformist Muhammad Ali Pasha (1805–1848), Abbas Pasha was in many ways the opposite. He had "a lasting distrust of foreigners, strongly opposed many of the Western-inspired changes introduced by his father Mohammed Ali Pasha, and he is remembered as a traditionalist and reactionary who undid many of his grandfather's modernizing reforms. His secretive and suspicious nature led to much speculation over his death; it is uncertain whether he was murdered or died of a stroke."

Because Abbas Pasha suffered from tuberculosis, one of the reasons he began building a palace in the high mountains was for medical reasons. On the other hand, he liked a secluded lifestyle and had other remote palaces. According to tradition, he selected the place after placing meat on the top of Mount Sinai, Mount Catherine and Mount Tinya. Where the meat took longer to decay, suggested a better environment and cleaner air. Another account recalls that this story was actually made up by the monks to keep him away from the holy peaks.

Although Abbas is "best remembered for the emancipation of the fellaheen and the construction of the Cairo-Alexandria railway line in 1851", he "had a significant influence on the immediate area around Saint Catherine. Besides the construction of the mountain-top palace, he commissioned the building of the camel path up to Mount Sinai and the Askar barracks on the way to the monastery, which now lies in ruins."

There are hundreds of ruins of Byzantine monasteries, churches, and monastic settlements in the area, some of them not much more than a pile of rocks, and others difficult to distinguish from Bedouin buildings, but there are also several very well-preserved ones. Many can be found in the Bustan el Birka area, approachable from the settlements of Abu Seila and Abu Zaituna, including churches, houses on hills overlooking gardens in the wadi floor, buildings in clusters and hermit cells under rocks.

As another example, a well-preserved church in Wadi Shrayj, can be found after passing other somewhat ruined Byzantine buildings. Further up from the church, are more ruins, some dating back to the Nabataean era ( 300 BC–AD 100).

In Wadi Mathar (Wadi Shaq) is a hermit cell under a huge boulder. The remains of the monks who died there centuries ago are in the walled-up chamber. Further up is a well-preserved monastic settlement with houses and a round building that might have been a storage room.

Byzantine Nawamis, circular prehistoric stone tombs, are found at many locations, such as at the beginning of Wadi Jebal or in Wadi Mathar. Halfway to Wadi Jebal, is a Roman well, and further on a well-preserved Byzantine church next to a walled garden and spring. Another church is at the spring of Ain Nagila, at the foot of Jebel el Bab. Ruins of other settlements and buildings can be found in Wadi Tinya, Wadi Shaq Tinya, Farsh Abu Mahashur, and other places.

The building technique of the Bedouin was taken from the Byzantine settlers, so it is often difficult to tell structures apart. Furthermore, the Bedouin often reused the ruins in later times. However, there are telling clues—Byzantine buildings were scattered close to each other in small settlements, and round buildings are most likely to be from the Byzantine period. While the Bedouin constructed storage rooms under rocks, they would have been too low for hermits to pray in an upright, kneeling position. Rounded walls, niches and shelves, and tiny doors are typical of Byzantine stone dwellings. Stones were laid without mortar and roofs were often absent.

Traces of ancient water systems or conduits can also be found which were used to direct rainwater to the settlement and for irrigation. Typical of the Byzantine era, water conduits or channels directed the mountain rains to cisterns or pools. Water conduits were constructed using natural drainage lines in granite and by cementing flat stones with natural mortar. The outdoor courtyards are thought to have been used for meeting guests and for cooking.

A bit further afield, at Serabit al-Khadim, are ancient turquoise mines and pharaonic temples from the 12th Dynasty dedicated to Hathor, goddess of love, music, and beauty, and from the New Kingdom dedicated to Sopdu, god of the Eastern Desert. It can be reached from Wadi Feiran via Wadi Mukattab (the "Valley of Inscriptions").

There is a mass of names (singular of nawamis) near the Oasis of Ain Hudra, as well as a rock with pharaonic inscriptions near the main road to Dahab, which can be found with the help of a guide.

The Blue Desert (Blue Mountain) can be seen just before reaching Saint Catherine to the left in a wide-open wadi. The display was made by Belgian artist Jean Verame in 1980–1981, who painted many of the boulders over an area of around  and a hill blue. From the air, it looks like a dove of peace.

Beyond the many religious places found around the Monastery of Saint Catherine and on the top of Mount Sinai and Jebel Safsafa are many other churches, monasteries, and holy sites.

The Chapel of Saint Catherine is on the summit of Mount Catherine, the mountain where the body of the saint from Alexandria was placed by angels, according to Christian beliefs. The saint, born Dorothea in 294 AD, was educated in pagan schools but converted to Christianity, for which she was executed. Her body vanished, but some three centuries later, monks guided by a dream found it on the mountain. It was brought down and placed in a golden casket in the Monastery, which became known in the 11th century as the Monastery of Saint Catherine.

The Monastery of Saint Catherine has been a working monastery from its creation in the 4th century to the present day. It holds one of the most religiously and historically significant libraries in the world, second only to that of the Vatican. Being of religious importance to Jews, Muslims, and Christians the area receives nearly 100,000 visitors annually. While the struggle to limit access and visiting hours has done little to preserve the monastery, it has also provided a measure of protection during political turbulence.

The Hagar Musa (Rock of Moses) in Wadi El Arbain, from which the Prophet Moses produced water, is a holy place to the monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Locals believe the twelve clefts on it represent the twelve springs mentioned in the Quran (Sura 2:60). It is also mentioned in the Exodus as the rock which sustained the children of Israel (1 Cor. 10:4). There is a small Orthodox (Christian) chapel next to it. According to Swiss orientalist Johann Ludwig Burkhardt, the Jebeliya Bedouin believe "that by making [female camels] crouch down before the rock [...] the camels will become fertile and yield more milk". There is also a Bedouin marriage proposal rock in the walled compound.

The Monastery of the Forty Martyrs in Wadi El Arbain was constructed in the 6th century in honor of the forty Christian martyrs who died in Sebaste (central Turkey). Monks relate that forty Christian soldiers from the Roman Army in the 3rd century were commanded to worship pagan gods. They refused and were put to death by being exposed at night to the cold winds off a frozen lake. Those who survived until morning were killed by the sword. On the grounds of this monastery is a chapel dedicated to the hermit Saint Onuphrius. Coming from Upper Egypt, he was said to have lived for seventy years in the rock shelter at the northern end of the garden, until he died in AD 390.

The Monastery of Cosmas and Damianos in Wadi Talaa is named after the martyred brothers who were doctors and treated locals for free in the 3rd century AD. The garden of the monastery, looked after by a Bedouin family, has a long olive grove, some tall cypress trees, and other fruit trees and vegetables. There are more gardens belonging to the monastery further down in the wadi.

The Chapel of Saint John Klimakos (also known as "John of the Ladder"), was built in 1979 in Wadi Itlah to commemorate John Climacus's devotional work in the 6th century AD. Also spelled Saint John Climacus or Climax, the saint spent forty years in solitude in a cave above the existing chapel. "During this time, Klimakos was elected Abbot of Sinai and asked to write a spiritual guide. He composed The Ladder of Divine Ascent which likens spiritual life to the ladder seen by the Patriarch Jacob extending from earth to heaven (Genesis 28:12-17)." According to the book the ladder "consists of 30 rungs, each step corresponding to a spiritual virtue. Through silence and solitude hermits and monks sought to climb the divine ladder. The first rung instructs the renunciation of all earthly ties and the next 14 relate to human vices such as talkativeness, anger, despondency, and dishonesty. The final 15 rungs relate to virtues including meekness, simplicity, prayer, holy stillness and humility. The crowning virtue is love."

The Monastery of Wadi Feiran, with its chapel dedicated to Prophet Moses, is some  before reaching Saint Catherine. The wadi is mentioned in Genesis (21:21) "as the place where Hagar dwelt with her son after Abraham sent her away". As late as the 7th century, Feiran was a city and an important Christian center, with its own bishop.

The Monastery of El Tur was built by Emperor Justinian in the important port city, which was an early Christian center from the 3rd century AD. Today it lies in ruins but there is a new monastery in the city, as well as a church and a guest house. The Spring of Moses is reputed to have therapeutic abilities.

Other important monasteries in the region are the Monastery of Ramhan south of Mount Catherine, the Monastery of Hodra near the oasis of Ain Hodra, and several smaller, ruined monasteries and churches. Most of the best-preserved are found close to the village of Saint Catherine in Wadi Shrayj, Wadi Anshel, Bustan el Birka, Wadi Abu Zaituna, and also in the High Mountains such as at Ain Nagila and in Wadi Jebal.

Places important to local people include the tombs of local saints such as Sheikh Harun (Aaron's Tomb) and Sheikh Salah (Nebi-Salah's Tomb) in Wadi Sheikh before reaching the town, or Sheikh Awad and Sheikh Ahmed in the mountains. Some of the Bedouin gather at these tombs to celebrate "Zuara", while others consider this practice to be "bidaa", an innovation and not consistent with Islam. (In fact, most of the bidaa actually predates Islam and is rather a survival of a tradition than an innovation.)

Zuara, also known as Sheikh Day or Mulid (Moulid), "is performed by most Sinai tribes at the tombs of Sheiks, or in nearby shelters called mak'ad when a Bedouin or group of Bedouin wish to ask the Sheikh to intervene with Allah on their behalf". Zuara is the generic name for any activity of this sort. In addition to the Mulid, the bedouins often practice Zuara on a weekly basis. The sick Bedouins or their relatives, pregnant mothers looking for healthy children, or people looking for a good crop, go to a tomb. Until the 1956 war in the Sinai, the Gebeliya and the Auled-Said shared a common Mulid (the annual Zuara) at the tomb of Nebi-Saleh; however, the war caused them to conduct the ceremonies at separate locations. The tribes are still apparently close. Now the Gebeliya go to Aaron's tomb, and the Auled-Said go to Nebi Salah's tomb. Both go in the 8th month. The Garasha and Sawalha also go to Nebi-Salah's tomb for their Mulid but in the 7th Month." Some of the Jebeliya gather at the Tomb of Sheikh Awad on the second day of Eid al-Adha, the "Feast of Sacrifice".

See also

 List of cities and towns in Egypt
 North Sinai Governorate
 Nekhel
 Sharm El Sheikh
 South Sinai Governorate
 St. Catherine International Airport
 Egyptian Protectorates

References

Bibliography

External links
 http://protectorate.saintkatherinecenter.org/stk-z-website-frames.htm
 http://st-katherine.net/en/
 http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=304700097584 'Saint Katherine Photos'
 http://www.snow-forecast.com/resorts/Jabal-Katherina
 https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/egypt-saint-catherine-closer-look-most-holy-sites
 https://www.egyptimmigration.org/news/the-sandbox-music-festival-bringing-together-music-enthusiasts-from-around-the-world

Archaeological sites in Egypt
Populated places in South Sinai Governorate
Islam in Egypt
Christianity in Egypt
Judaism in Egypt

Saint Catherine, Egypt


The Forbidden Plateau is a small, hilly plateau in the east of the Vancouver Island Ranges in British Columbia, northwest of Comox Lake roughly between Mount Albert Edward to the southwest and Mount Washington to the northeast.

Geography
The plateau features gently sloping sub-alpine terrain broken up by small, rugged hills and pitted with small lakes. Much of it is contained within Strathcona Provincial Park, and a network of trails facilitate hiking, cross country skiing, and access to Mount Albert Edward.

A sub-alpine meadow on Mount Becher in the southwest corner of the plateau is one of only a few sites in Canada of the Olympic onion (Allium crenulatum).

Geology
The plateau was the epicentre of the 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake that registered 7.3 on the Richter magnitude scale, the strongest ever recorded on land in Canada.

The legend
According to the popular, though disproven, legend, when the K'ómoks faced raids from other coastal tribes, they took their women and children to the plateau for safekeeping. During a raid by the Cowichan, the women and children vanished without a trace. When a member of the tribe went looking for the women and children within the Forbidden Plateau, he found red lichen covering the snow and nearby rocks and assumed the lichen to be blood from the family members. Since then, the plateau became taboo for it was believed that it was inhabited by evil spirits who had consumed those they had sent.

This legend, however, has no basis in K'ómoks history, a fact which has been documented by sources such as Comox Valley environmentalist Ruth Masters and Pat Trask, curator at the Courtenay Museum. Clinton Wood and Ben Hughes appear to be the creators of the false legend, the first record of which can be found in an article by Hughes in The Province newspaper in 1927. In a book published in 1967, Wood takes credit for the legend, stating that he believed a bit of mystery would help publicize the attraction of the plateau.

See also
Comox Glacier
Panther Lake

Notes and references

Further reading
 Jenny Clayton, Alpine Island From the Forbidden Plateau to Mount Washington, skiing on central Vancouver Island dates to the 1920s

External links

Alberni Valley
Canadian legends
Plateaus of British Columbia
Reportedly haunted locations in British Columbia
Strathcona Provincial Park
Vancouver Island Ranges

Forbidden Plateau


A tulpie is a bulbous plaunt in the genus Tulipa.

General informaitions
It comes frae soothern Europe, North Africa, Asia an Iran, the northeist o China an aw;
It is o the same family than the lily;
It is weel kent that the Netherlands are a kintra frae whaur maist o thaim com.

Scientific name an Scots name

The Scientific name o the tulpie is tulipa (Latin name), whilka coms frae the Turkish leid: tülbend, meanin Turban;
The Scots name an spellin coms mebbe frae a pronounciation whilka is near o the oreeginal ane, sae: tulp...ie. Or is mebbe a deformation o the Inglis wird: tulip. It is noticit in mony beuks, as in som translation, an the spellin is follaein the pronounciation.

Flouers
Gairden plants
Liliaceae genera
Bulbous plants

Tulpie


William Elford Leach FRS (2 February 1791 – 25 August 1836) was an English zoologist and marine biologist.

Life and work

Elford Leach was born at Hoe Gate, Plymouth, the son of an attorney. At the age of twelve he began a medical apprenticeship at the Devonshire and Exeter Hospital, studying anatomy and chemistry. By this time he was already collecting marine animals from Plymouth Sound and along the Devon coast. At seventeen he began studying medicine at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London, finishing his training at the University of Edinburgh before graduating MD from the University of St Andrews (where he had never studied).

From 1813 Leach concentrated on his zoological interests and was employed as an 'Assistant Librarian' (what would later be called Assistant Keeper) in the Natural History Department of the British Museum, where he had responsibility for the zoological collections. Here he threw himself into the task of reorganising and modernising these collections, many of which had been neglected since Hans Sloane left them to the nation. In 1815, he published the first bibliography of entomology in Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopedia (see Timeline of entomology – 1800–1850).  He also worked and published on other invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds. and was the naturalist who separated the centipedes and millipedes from the insects, giving them their own group, the Myriapoda.  In his day he was the world's leading expert on the Crustacea and was in contact with scientists in the United States and throughout Europe.  In 1816 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society at the age of 25.

However, in 1821 he suffered a nervous breakdown due to overwork and became unable to continue his researches. He resigned from the museum in March 1822 and his elder sister Jane took him to continental Europe to convalesce. They lived in Italy and (briefly) Malta and he died from cholera in San Sebastiano Curone, near Tortona, north of Genoa on 25 August 1836.

In 1837 Dr Francis Boott, secretary of the Linnean Society of London, wrote, "Few men have ever devoted themselves to zoology with greater zeal than Dr Leach, or attained at an early period of life a higher reputation at home and abroad as a profound naturalist.  He was one of the most laborious and successful, as well as one of the most universal, cultivators of zoology which this country has ever produced."

Legacy
Despite his expertise in particular animal groups, Leach's greatest contribution was his almost single-handed modernisation of the whole of British zoology following its stagnation during the long war with post-revolutionary and Napoleonic France.

In Britain zoologists remained committed to the system of animal classification introduced by Linnaeus in the middle of the 18th century.  This was a powerful tool but its principles led to artificial groupings of species when creating larger groups such as genera and families.  For example, Linnaeus had called all animals encased in a hard outer skeleton, insects.  He therefore grouped butterflies with lobsters, scorpions, spiders and centipedes but these animals are not otherwise similar in appearance, do not live in the same environment, and do not behave in the same way.  The grouping does separate animals with hard outer skeletons from jellyfish, worms, snails, vertebrates, etc. but does not produce a group 'Insecta' with clear similarities shared by all its members.

In continental Europe in the late 18th century naturalists began to revise the way they grouped species.  They used a wider array of characters, not just one or two, and began to discern groups of species that physically resembled one another, lived in similar ways and occupied similar habitats.  They created new genera to house these coherent groups and referred to these as 'natural genera'.  They named this approach the 'natural method' or 'natural system' of classification.

Unlike many of his countrymen, Leach was aware of these developments across the English Channel. He read the French literature and, despite the war with France, corresponded with the zoologists in Paris.  He applied the new principles to his own research and brought them to the attention of other British zoologists through his publications.  Between the years 1813 and 1830 he produced more than 130 scientific articles and books.  By applying the natural method in these works he created more than 380 new genera, many of which have stood the test of time and remain valid today.

In 1834, at the annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Leonard Jenyns reported on The Recent Progress and Present State of Zoology.  Discussing the science in the years before 1817 he noted the advances made on the Continent, then continued, 'England, we fear, has but little to produce as the result of her labours in zoology during the same period. Our countrymen were too much riveted to the principles of the Linnaean school to appreciate the value of the natural system ... There was a general repugnance to everything that appeared like an innovation on the system of Linnaeus; and for many years ... zoology, which was making rapid strides in France and other parts of the Continent, remained in this country nearly stationary. It is mainly to Dr Leach that we are indebted for having opened the eyes of English zoologists to the importance of those principles which had long guided the French naturalists. Whilst he greatly contributed to the advancement of the natural system by his own researches, he gave a turn to those of others, and made the first step towards weaning his countrymen from the school they had so long adhered to.'

Two years later, the year of Leach's death, the House of Commons completed a detailed investigation of the management of the British Museum.  During their interviews the MPs had received confirmation from John Edward Gray that it was Leach who, "was the first to make the English acquainted, by his works and by his improved manner of arranging the collections of the Museum, with the progress that had been made in natural science on the Continent. Thus a new impetus was given to zoology".  Edward Griffiths (translator of George Cuvier's Le Règne Animal) told the inquiry that in Britain, before Leach's work, "zoology was utterly neglected; 20 years ago it was anything but popular; certainly there were very few amateurs that paid much attention to it."  "In your judgment," the committee proposed, "Dr Leach has the eminent credit of having raised the science of zoology in England?" "Indeed I think so" replied Griffiths.

In his short career Leach had brought British zoology back to the cutting edge of the subject and as a consequence had put the next generation of British zoologists on much firmer ground.  The next generation of British zoologists contained both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace.

Despite his impact, today Elford Leach is remembered mainly in the scientific names of the many species that honour him.  In the years up to 1850 alone 137 new species were named leachii, leachiana, leachella, elfordii, elfordiana and other variants.

Leach is commemorated in the scientific names of two species of lizards, Anolis leachii and Rhacodactylus leachianus.

In the non-scientific literature he is honoured in the common names of several species.  Leach's storm-petrel was named after him by Coenraad Jacob Temminck in 1820 and the blue-winged kookaburra, Dacelo leachii, is also known as Leach's kookaburra. Leach created the genus Dacelo for the kookaburras in 1815.

Leach's nomenclature

Leach's nomenclature was often personal – he named nineteen species and one genus after his employee and friend John Cranch, who had died while collecting the species in Africa on the expedition of HMS Congo. He named nine genera after an unknown woman called Caroline, using anagrams of that name and the Latinised form Carolina, for example: Cirolana, Conilera and Rocinela. These include the marine isopod crustacean Cirolana cranchi which he named in 1818 after both Caroline and Cranch.

Bibliography
Leach's written works during his time at the British Museum include the following:
 The Zoological Miscellany (1814–1817)
 Monograph on the British Crabs, Lobsters, Prawns and other Crustacea with pedunculated eyes (1815–1820)
 Systematic catalogue of the Specimens of the Indigenous Mammalia and Birds that are preserved at the British Museum (1816)
 Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain (circulated 1820, but not published until 1852)

See also
 :Category:Taxa named by William Elford Leach

Notes

References

External links

 BHL The zoological miscellany : being descriptions of new, or interesting animals. Three volumes. 1814–1817
 BHL Malacostraca podophthalmata Britanniae. 1815
 BHL Molluscorum Britanniæ synopsis. 1852, Edited by John Edward Gray
 BHL Leach's Systematic catalogue of the specimens of the indigenous mammalia and birds in the British Museum. 1882, Edited by Osbert Salvin
 William Elford Leach and his eternal Petrel....

English zoologists
English taxonomists
1791 births
1836 deaths
British arachnologists
British carcinologists
English entomologists
English marine biologists
English ornithologists
Marine zoologists
Myriapodologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Employees of the British Museum
Employees of the Natural History Museum, London
English encyclopedists
Scientists from Plymouth, Devon
19th-century English scientists
19th-century British zoologists

William Elford Leach


Ken Schoolland është një profesor ekonomie në Hawaii Pacific University. Ai është ekonomist, akademik, autor dhe komentator politik. Schoolland është gjithashtu anëtar i Bordit të Drejtorëve tek International Society for Individual Liberty, dhe anëtar tek Students in Free Enterprise.

Edukimi
 Georgetown University, Master of Science in Foreign Service: International Economics – Washington, D.C., 1971–73
 University of Besançon, French language studies – Besançon, France, 1972
 American University, BA Political Science – Washington, D.C., 1971
 Occidental College, Diplomacy and World Affairs – Los Angeles, California, 1967–71

Libra
 Shogun's Ghost: The Dark Side of Japanese Education, botuar në anglisht dhe japonisht
 The Adventures of Jonathan Gullible, një libër për të rinj rreth ekonomisë.

Botime
 "Hugh Akston, the role of teaching, and the lessons of Atlas Shrugged" (with Stuart K. Hayashi), in Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged: A Philosophical and Literary Companion, redaktuar nga Edward W. Younkins, 2007
 "The Adventures of Jonathan Gullible: Global Fun With the Dismal Science", The International Journal of the Book, Common Ground, Australia. 2005
 "Sweeping Global Economics Education By SBH", Small Business News, Honolulu, Hawaii, 2007
 "I Volunteer," Today's News, Goldwater Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, 2006
 "Minimum Wage Fraud," The Boss, September 15, 2005, Kathmandu, Nepal
 "¿Los inmigrantes ilegales son unos criminales? ¡No!," Mi Zona Hispana, 5–11 shtator 2005, New York
 "Minimum Wage Fraud," Hawaii Reporter, March 13, 2005, Honolulu, Hawaii
 "What About Taxpayers' Freedom of Expression?," Hawaii Reporter, 19 shkurt 2005
 "Free Free Market Books Available for Hawaii's Classrooms," Small Business News, janar 2005
 "For Hawaii's Classrooms: 'Free' Free Market Books," Hawaii Reporter, janar 2005
 "Intellectuals of the Austrian School—In China," Freedom Network News, International Society for Individual Liberty, Benicia, California, Fall 2004
 "Presidential Opposition Arrested: Not in Middle East, But in America," Hawaii Reporter, 19 tetor 2004
 "Teaching Kids About Their Right to Vote," Hawaii Parent, tetor/nëntor 2004, Honolulu, Hawaii
 "Illegal Immigrants Are Criminals? Not!," Hawaii Reporter,  28 shtator 2004
 "An American Entrepreneur in Asia—Introduction," Hawaii Reporter,  7 maj 2004
 "Where Have All the Jitney's Gone: Long Time Passing," Hawaii Reporter, 27 gusht 2003
 "The Global Reach of Small Business Hawaii's Economic Education Program," Hawaii Reporter, 5 gusht 2003
 "Kodel as uz laisva imigracija," Veidas, 3 korrik 2003, Nr. 27, Vilnius, Lithuania
 "Time Bomb in the Middle East: A Long Time Ticking," Hawaii Reporter, Jan. 29, 2003
 "Exercising the Mind: An open marketplace of ideas is the best mechanism for reaching the truth," Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 3 nëntor 2002
 "Kid Strike" Foro Libre, in English/Spanish, Fall 2002, translated by Adela Marín, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
 "Immigration: An Abolitionist Cause," Hawaii Reporter, 20 shkurt 2002

Referime

Lidhje të jashtme
 Ken Schoolland's Website
 Ken Schoolland at the Hawaii Pacific University Website
 Academics for Ron Paul
 Ken Schoolland's animation, The Philosophy of Liberty
 Ken Schoolland's Curriculum Vitae

Ekonomistë amerikanë
Akademikë amerikanë
Anëtarë të Mont Pelerin Society

Ken Schoolland


Darren Brass is an American tattoo artist and television personality.  He was featured in the reality television show Miami Ink.

Information
Darren Brass cites Chris Garver, Joe Vegas, Bob Roberts, and Ed Hardy as influences. In the year of 2010, Brass co-founded a children's clothing and product label called Ruthless & Toothless. Darren Brass has been in the tattoo business for about 25 years now. Brass moved from Waterbury, Connecticut to Miami so that he could possibly further his career as a tattoo artist. Brass uses his role in Miami Ink in the LoveHate Parlour to showcase his artwork and hopefully gain clientele. While working in the Miami Ink shop, he constantly is being messed with because he has a nice attitude and charm that hides beneath his rough exterior.

Background
Darren Brass's whole name is Darren Collarado Brass.  He was born in 1972, and began his career when one of his friends introduced him to tattooing. Brass suffers from diabetes and has to take due precaution while working. He is 5 foot 4 inches and is covered in bright and colorful tattoos. He is married and has a little dog that he is known to treat like his child. Brass received his first tattoo when he turned 18 years old. It has been said that his sweet demeanor makes a majority of first time clients more at ease and less nervous. Brass is commonly mistaken to be from the Latin descent, but he is actually half Irish and half Polish.

References

External links
Darren Brass on Love Hate Tattoos

1972 births
American tattoo artists
American television personalities
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
People with type 1 diabetes

Darren Brass


Steampunk is a subgenre of speculative fiction or science fiction that emphasizes anachronistic technology, usually from the Victorian era. It is also used to refer to a trend in fashion and music.

Steampunk may also refer to:

In literature
 Steampunk (anthology), a 2008 anthology of steampunk fiction edited by Ann VanderMeer and Jeff VanderMeer
 Steampunk (comics), a comic book series by artist Chris Bachalo and writer Joe Kelly, published by Wildstorm Comics' Cliffhanger imprint
 Steampunk Magazine, an online and print semi-annual magazine devoted to the steampunk subculture

There is also a List of steampunk works.

In television
 Steam Punks!, a gameshow on Australian children's TV

See also
Cyberpunk derivatives
Neo-Victorian
Retrofuturism

Steampunk (disambiguation)


Joseph Valois (1767 – January 3, 1835) was a businessman, farmer and political figure in Lower Canada. He represented Montréal in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1820 to 1834.

He was born in Pointe-Claire, Quebec, the son of Jean Valois and Marie-Josèphe Dubois. In 1790, he married Catherine Leduc Saint-Omer. Valois generally supported the Parti patriote and voted in support of the Ninety-Two Resolutions. He died in Montreal at the age of 67.

His nephew Michel-François Valois later served in the legislative assembly for the Province of Canada.

References

1767 births
1835 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada

Joseph Valois


Golden Motors is a Russian auto racing team based in Saint Petersburg. They are best known for their efforts in the FIA World Touring Car Championship.

Team history
The team was formed in 2004 by businessman and driver Andrey Smetsky along with Alexander Lvov, a successful driver in the Russian Touring Car Championship (RTCC). They initially ran Super Production class Honda Civic Type Rs in the RTCC, switching to the Super 2000 Honda Accord Euro R for 2007. These new cars had been prepared by the Italian World Touring Car Championship team, JAS Motorsport. Golden Motors entered one round of the WTCC at Anderstorp under the Golden Motors Honda Dealer Team banner. They returned for two rounds in 2008, at Valencia and Brno. No success was achieved and the team did not return to the WTCC in 2009. They have most recently competed in the Finnish Touring Car Championship.

The team has also competed in the European Touring Car Cup. In 2006 Lvov won the Super Production class.

References

External links
 Official website

Auto racing teams in Russia
World Touring Car Championship teams
Auto racing teams established in 2004

Golden Motors


The Gallic Wars were military campaigns waged by the Roman proconsul Julius Caesar against tribes in Gaul between 58 BC and 50 BC. The wars gave Rome rich farmlands in Gaul (roughly France and Belgium up to the Rhine).

Caesar's sub-commanders included Mark Antony, Titus Labienus, Quintus Tullius Cicero (brother of Marcus Tullius Cicero), Publius Licinius Crassus (brother of Marcus Licinus Crassus, the richest man in Rome), Decimus Brutus Albinus and Servius Sulpicius Galba (praetor 54 BC).

Julius Caesar described the Gallic Wars in his book Commentarii de Bello Gallico. This is the main source, but it makes impossible claims about the number of Gauls killed (over a million), while claiming few Roman casualties. Modern historians believe that Gallic forces were far smaller than Caesar claimed, and that they (the Romans) suffered tens of thousands of casualties. One of the leaders of the Gauls, Vercingetorix, was taken to Rome, and later executed.

The main contemporary source for the conflict is Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico. This was thought to be truthful and accurate until the 20th century. Even in 1908, Camille Jullian wrote a comprehensive history of Gaul and took Caesar's account as absolutely true. But after World War II, historians began to question if Caesar's claims stood up.

Modern estimates are that at the battle of Alesia, in 52 BC, there were about 70,000 Gauls, and the same number of Roman troops. That is still a very large number, in a world with far fewer people than is the case today.

References

Roman Republic
Wars and battles of Ancient Rome
50s BC
Gaul

Gallic Wars


Santa Maria della Mercede a Montecalvario (known also as the church of Montecalvario) is a church located on largo Montecalvario in Naples, Italy.

The church was founded in 1560, endowed by the Neapolitan aristocrat Ilaria D'Apuzzo, who donated the church to the Franciscan order. By the 1580s, the church is attached to the Congregation of the Immaculate Conception. In the 17th century, the church was enlarged and provided with a monumental entrance stairwell and portico with five arches. In 1677, the church underwent Baroque interior decoration by Gennaro Schiavo. In 1808, the church was closed, and turned into barracks. The portico became a marketplace designed by Stefano Gasse. The original baroque staircase was replaced by a nondescript stairway. A decade later, the Franciscans returned to the convent and restored the church. A school has been built at the site of the former college. In 1980, a predella with a procession of the blood of San Gennaro was restored and is now kept beneath the marble main altar.

The interior
The main altar and holy water fonts are from the studio of Fanzago. In the first chapel on the left is a 16th-century canvas depicting the Madonna of the Rosary with the Universal Judgement by Michele Cuira. The other chapels include paintings such as a Deposition by the school of Giovanni Bernardo Lama; a triptych with the Annunciation and Saint Andrew and Veronica by the school of Andrea Sabbatini. Other works in the church are by Leonardo Castellani, by Giacomo da Cosenza, and followers of Beinaschi.

Bibliography
Antonio Terraciano, Andrea Russo, Le chiese di Napoli. Censimento e brevi recensioni delle 448 chiese storiche della città di Napoli, Lorenzo Giunta, Editor, 1999.
AA.VV. Napoli: Montecalvario questione aperta, Clean edition, Naples, Italy.

External links

Churches in Naples
Baroque architecture in Naples
16th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Roman Catholic churches completed in the 1560s
Quartieri Spagnoli


Im Soo-jung (born July 11, 1979) is a South Korean actress. After modeling for teen magazines, Im made her acting breakthrough in Kim Jee-woon's horror film A Tale of Two Sisters (2003), followed by the popular television drama I'm Sorry, I Love You (2004). She has since appeared in numerous films, notably Park Chan-wook's I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK (2006), Hur Jin-ho's Happiness (2007), Lee Yoon-ki's Come Rain, Come Shine (2011), and Min Kyu-dong's All About My Wife (2012), for which she won Best Actress at the 33rd Blue Dragon Film Awards.

Career
Im Soo-jung made her debut in 1998 as a cover model for teen magazines. She then moved onto acting and debuted in the teen drama School 4, but it was Kim Jee-woon's 2003 stylish horror A Tale of Two Sisters that first drew her critical notice and newcomer awards. A year later, the hit KBS2 drama series I'm Sorry, I Love You catapulted her into stardom. With Im looking much younger than her age, those projects solidified her image as an eternal ingenue, as did touching character study ...ing, horse jockey film Lump Sugar, and Park Chan-wook's surrealist I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK.

In recent years she began shedding that image by taking on more adult roles, notable among them Hur Jin-ho's romantic melodrama Happiness, Choi Dong-hoon's blockbuster fantasy Jeon Woo-chi: The Taoist Wizard, romantic comedy Finding Mr. Destiny, and Lee Yoon-ki's minimalist breakup indie Come Rain, Come Shine. For her performance in All About My Wife, she won Best Actress at the Blue Dragon Film Awards, and the Women in Film Korea Awards.

Im and Lee Jung-jae played two artists in a post-apocalyptic environment in the short film El Fin del Mundo ("The End of the World"), which screened at the prestigious contemporary art exhibition dOCUMENTA. She also acted opposite veteran Thai actor Sorapong Chatree in Aditya Assarat's short film Phuket, which was commissioned jointly by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Association of Tourism and Hotel Operators of Phuket.

Im was previously part of the SidusHQ agency, but moved to being managed by KeyEast. KeyEast launched her official website in June 2012. According to the actress, the online space will be a place where she can converse with her fans directly.

In 2015, Im starred in Perfect Proposal, a remake of British crime thriller Woman of Straw that was partly shot in Macau. She next starred in Time Renegades, a time-hopping romantic thriller where she played dual roles.

In October 2015, her contract with KeyEast expired and she decided to sign with new management agency YNK Entertainment.

Im then starred in the female-centric indie film The Table directed by Kim Jong-kwan, which premiered at the 21st Busan International Film Festival.

In February 2017, Im was cast in the drama Chicago Typewriter alongside Yoo Ah-in. This marks Im's small screen come back after thirteen years since 2004. The same year, she was named the cultural ambassador for the UK-Korea Creative Futures mutual exchange.

She then returned to the big screen with Mothers based on the book Your Request - My Other Mother by Lee Dong-eun, who also directs the film.

In 2019, Im returned to the small screen with the series Search: WWW.

In 2020, Im joined the film Single in Seoul with Lee Dong-wook.

In 2021, Im starred in the tvN drama Melancholia alongside Lee Do-hyun.

In 2022, Im contract with King Kong by Starship expires in August, and decided not to renew the contract.

Personal life

She is a vegan and an advocate of animal rights.

Filmography

Film

Television series

Music video

Awards and nominations

References

External links

South Korean film actresses
South Korean television actresses
21st-century South Korean actresses
Actresses from Seoul
1979 births
Living people
Best New Actress Blue Dragon Film Awards winners

Im Soo-jung


Andrew Coulter Enright, born on August 9, 1979, is an American artist.  He conceived the Cover Flow visual browsing computer interface purchased by Apple Computer in 2006, for iTunes, Safari and other products.

Enright wrote the 2003 book How to Be Fashionable or Consume Like Me,
a satirical account of the New York hipster movement. He is currently employed by a commercial organization, but he produces art independently in various media and maintains a personal blog, The Treehouse and The Cave. He lives in New York City with his wife.

References

1979 births
Living people
Artists from New York City

Andrew Coulter Enright


Truman Carol Kimbro (May 27, 1919 – December 19, 1944) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.

Biography
Kimbro was drafted into the Army from Houston, Texas in December 1941, just a few days before the attack on Pearl Harbor. By December 19, 1944, he was serving as a technician fourth grade in Company C, 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion, 2nd Infantry Division. On that day, he was assigned to lead a squad in the mining of a crossroads near Rocherath, Belgium. Finding that the area was covered by enemy forces, he left his men in a protected position and went forward alone. Although wounded on his approach, he continued on his mission and successfully laid mines across the road before being killed by enemy fire. For these actions, he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor five months later, on May 24, 1945.

Kimbro was buried at the Henri-Chapelle American Cemetery in Henri-Chapelle, Belgium. His grave can be located in Plot F Row 6 Grave 28.

Medal of Honor citation
Technician Fourth Grade Kimbro's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
On 19 December 1944, as scout, he led a squad assigned to the mission of mining a vital crossroads near Rocherath, Belgium. At the first attempt to reach the objective, he discovered it was occupied by an enemy tank and at least 20 infantrymen. Driven back by withering fire, Technician 4th Grade Kimbro made 2 more attempts to lead his squad to the crossroads but all approaches were covered by intense enemy fire. Although warned by our own infantrymen of the great danger involved, he left his squad in a protected place and, laden with mines, crawled alone toward the crossroads. When nearing his objective he was severely wounded, but he continued to drag himself forward and laid his mines across the road. As he tried to crawl from the objective his body was riddled with rifle and machinegun fire. The mines laid by his act of indomitable courage delayed the advance of enemy armor and prevented the rear of our withdrawing columns from being attacked by the enemy.

Honored in ship naming
The U.S. Army ship USAT Sgt. Truman Kimbro which served in the Pacific Ocean at the end of World War II was named in his honor.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

References

1944 deaths
United States Army personnel killed in World War II
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People from Madisonville, Texas
United States Army non-commissioned officers
1919 births
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor

Truman Kimbro


Katuli is one of the most important tunes in Mazandarani music. It is a part of vocal music. Literally it means "high", "height", "big" and also "long" in Tabari. Its form is tripartite. The first part is in free meter and the third part is totally metric. The second part stands metrically in between.

References
Mazandarani culture

Katuli


Stanley John Olsen (24 June 1919 – 23 December 2003) was an American vertebrate paleontologist and one of the founding figures of zooarchaeology in the United States. Olsen was also recognized as an historical archaeologist and scholar of United States military insignia, especially buttons of the American Colonial through Civil War periods.  He was the father of John W. Olsen.

Early life and military service
Stanley Olsen was born in Akron, Ohio to John Mons Olsen (of Bergen, Norway) and Louise Marquardt (of Akron), the second of two sons.

After his graduation from high school in 1938, Olsen worked as a tool and die maker at the National Rubber Machinery Company in Akron until his marriage to Eleanor Louise Vinez (1917–2016) in 1942. He subsequently enlisted in the United States Navy, achieving the rank of machinist mate first class while serving aboard the , Bunker Hill and Wyoming, and at naval bases on the U.S. East Coast and at Mare Island Navy Yard, California, during the Second World War.

Career and scholarly contributions

Following his Honorable Discharge from the U.S. Navy in November 1945, Olsen found employment as a fossil preparator in the vertebrate paleontological laboratory of Alfred Sherwood Romer in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University.  Olsen's technical work as a preparator quickly evolved into his assignment as one of Professor Romer's two principal field supervisors. This opportunity led Olsen to the eastern coast of Canada where he prospected for Devonian fish fossils in Newfoundland and to the southeastern and western U.S. where he collected Tertiary fossils in Florida, Wyoming, and Montana and Permian and Triassic vertebrates in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Utah.

Herman Gunter's 1956 invitation to join the staff of the Florida Geological Survey in Tallahassee as State Vertebrate Paleontologist signaled the beginning of Olsen's scholarly career.

One of Olsen's first tasks was reopening excavations at the Thomas Farm site in Gilchrist County, Florida. The Thomas Farm locality, discovered in 1931, has produced the best known early Miocene terrestrial vertebrate fauna east of the U.S. Rocky Mountains. This unique site records predator-prey interactions of the coyote-like Metatomarctus and the ancestral horse, Parahippus, as well as a host of other species, on the margins of an 18-million-year-old wooded sinkhole and cave complex. Tens of thousands of fossils have been uncovered during more than 70 years of research at the site, ranging from frogs and bats to rhinoceroses and bears.  Olsen's work on the Thomas Farm Caninae (dog-like carnivores, including Metatomarctus and the bear-dog, Amphicyon, and their kin) in the late 1950s and early 1960s is regarded as foundational for subsequent studies of those and related species. Olsen's analysis of the Thomas Farm carnivores not only established him as a vertebrate paleontologist, but also put him in contact with like-minded scholars the world over, including China, where he nurtured contacts that ultimately came to fruition during his many research trips there beginning in 1976.

In 1963, the renowned ornithologist Pierce Brodkorb honored Olsen's work by naming the first fossil stork described from the Tertiary of North America after him. The holotype of the ciconiid, Propelargus olseni, is a partial left tarsometatarsus discovered by Olsen in August 1961 in Middle Hemingfordian Torreya Formation deposits near Tallahassee and is now in the Florida Museum of Natural History's Pierce Brodkorb Ornithology Collection (catalog number 8504).

During his tenure at the Florida Geological Survey, Olsen helped pioneer the use of both SCUBA and helmeted diving equipment to explore the rich underwater fossil deposits of central and north Florida's rivers and springs. His work with colleagues in the Ichetucknee, Aucilla, and Wacissa rivers and in Wakulla Springs is especially well known because remains of mammoths and mastodons were found in association with bone and stone artifacts of human manufacture.

His familiarity with SCUBA and a developing interest in the archaeology of the Colonial period United States led to Olsen's appointment by Governor Ferris Bryant as Director of Florida's Marine Salvage Committee in 1964. The natural conflicts between scientific inquiry and economic gain were poised to play out in 1960s Florida on a massive scale. The Gulf and Atlantic coasts' abundant shipwrecks were only beginning to be recognized as a resource for both scientific study and financial exploitation and the Salvage Committee's challenge was to initiate accommodation between these two potentially antithetical goals. Olsen's work on the Salvage Committee was tangentially responsible for kindling his interest in Colonial European exploitation of domestic animals, a research focus that proved lifelong and best exemplified by his innovative analysis of faunal remains recovered from the Spanish ship Nuestra Señora de Atocha.

While on the staff of the F.G.S., Olsen also began to publish his widely distributed and highly respected comparative osteological manuals for archaeologists. These monographs of the Peabody Museum at Harvard signaled his conscious movement away from a focus on Tertiary paleontological assemblages toward Quaternary and Holocene bone accumulations associated with archaeological sites. Under Barbara Lawrence's influence during his frequent research trips to Harvard in the late 1950s and early 1960s, Olsen began to work more and more closely with archaeologists in their then fledgling attempts to incorporate the analysis and interpretation of animal remains from anthropogenic deposits into the body of traditional archaeological literature.

In 1968, Olsen accepted Hale G. Smith's invitation to join the faculty of the Department of Anthropology at Florida State University where he established one of the first zooarchaeology teaching laboratories in the country (along with those at Harvard University, the University of Tennessee, the Field Museum in Chicago, and the University of Florida). Olsen's transition from the mainly research-oriented environments of museums and the Florida Geological Survey to a broader spectrum academic career is especially noteworthy because he accomplished that feat holding only a high school diploma. Olsen joined the Florida State faculty as a tenured associate professor and was promoted to Full Professor in 1972.

In 1973, Olsen accepted the concurrent positions of Professor of Anthropology at the University of Arizona and Curator of Zooarchaeology in the Arizona State Museum in Tucson, which he held until his retirement in 1997.

While in Arizona, Olsen focused his work on elucidating evidence for the domestication of a number of vertebrate species, especially the dog, camel, and yak.

During his half-century professional career, Olsen conducted paleontological and zooarchaeological fieldwork in the U.S., Canada, Colombia, Belize, China, Tibet, India, Italy, Cyprus, and Nepal and worked extensively with museum collections in Great Britain, Russia, Egypt, and Sweden as well as the United States.

The Arizona State Museum's comparative vertebrate skeletal collections are housed in the Stanley J. Olsen Laboratory of Zooarchaeology, and the Stanley J. Olsen Zooarchaeology Endowment Fund was created at the University of Arizona in 2004 to recognize his contributions to the field.

Memberships and scholarly service
Stanley Olsen was a member of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, the Society for American Archaeology, the Society of the Sigma Xi, the Society of Mammalogists, and the American Society of Systematic Zoologists.  He was a Fellow of both the Explorers Club and the Company of Military Historians.  He served as the 26th President of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in 1965-1966 and was elected an Honorary Member in 1996 (the 50th anniversary of his joining the Society) in recognition of Olsen's distinguished contributions to the discipline of vertebrate paleontology.

Selected publications

 1956 "The Caninae of the Thomas Farm Miocene", Breviora 66: 1-12, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.
 1958 "The fossil carnivore Amphicyon intermedius from the Thomas Farm Miocene, Part 1, Skull and Dentition", Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 116(4): 157-172.
 1959 "Fossil mammals of Florida", Florida Geological Survey Special Publication Number 6, Tallahassee.
 1960 "Postcranial skeletal characters of Bison and Bos", Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University 35(4).
 1964 "Mammal remains from archaeological sites, Part I, Southeastern and Southwestern United States", Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University 56(1).
 1968 "Fish, amphibian, and reptile remains from archaeological sites, Part I, Southeastern and Southwestern United States", Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University 56(2).
 1972 "Osteology for the archaeologist, 3, the American mastodon and woolly mammoth", Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University 56(3).
 1972 "Osteology for the archaeologist, 4, North American birds", Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University 56(4).
 1985 Origins of the Domestic Dog. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
 1990 "Fossil ancestry of the yak, its cultural significance, and domestication in Tibet", Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 142: 73-100.
 1994 "The Asian elephant, Elephas maximus, and Chinese culture", Explorer's Journal 72(1): 30-35.

References

External links
 The 2009 Stanley J. Olsen Eagle Lake Zooarchaeology Conference
 Stanley J. Olsen Laboratory of Zooarchaeology Comparative Vertebrate Collections
 JSTOR: Anthropology at the University of Arizona, 1893-2005

1919 births
2003 deaths
American paleontologists
Florida State University faculty
20th-century American archaeologists
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Harvard University staff
Presidents of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology

Stanley John Olsen


Lucius Julius L. f Vop. n. Iulus was a member of the patrician house of the Julii at ancient Rome.  He was military tribune with consular powers in 401 and 397 BC.

Family
Lucius Julius Iulus was the son of Lucius, who had been consul in BC 430, after previously serving as consular tribune and magister equitum.  His grandfather, Vopiscus, was consul in 473.  It is unclear how he was related to the Lucius Julius Iulus who was consular tribune in 388 and 379 BC, or the Gaius Julius Iulus who was dictator in 352.

Career
Consular tribune for the first time in BC 401, Julius' colleagues were Lucius Valerius Potitus, Marcus Furius Camillus, Manius Aemilius Mamercinus, Gnaeus Cornelius Cossus, and Caeso Fabius Ambustus.  The consular tribunes of the preceding year had been compelled to resign their office early, as the garrison at Anxur had been captured by the Volsci through laxity, and one of the Roman camps maintaining the siege of Veii had been lost due to the stubbornness of two of the tribunes, who had been carrying on a personal feud.  Accordingly, the tribunes for 401 took office on the kalends of October instead of the usual date, on the ides of December.

The tribunes immediately began preparing for campaigns to retake Anxur and the lost ground in the siege of Veii, as well as punitive expeditions against Falerii and Capena, whose soldiers had come to Veii's defense, and together with the Veientes defeated the Roman force.  In order to raise a large enough army to undertake all of these campaigns, the tribunes enrolled not only the young men, but conscripted men well over the age for military service to serve as a defense for the city.  To pay for the levies, the military tribunes attempted to collect a war tax from the older men who would not be serving in the expeditionary forces.  This tax proved especially onerous, and was blocked by the tribunes of the plebs; but they had their own problems, as an insufficient number of tribunes had been elected, and an attempt was made to co-opt patricians for the office, in violation of the Lex Trebonia.

The year was further marked by the trial of Manius Sergius Fidenas and Lucius Verginius Tricostus, the two military tribunes whose conduct had resulted in the loss of the fortifications at Veii.  When Sergius' position was attacked by the soldiers from Falerii and Capena, joined by a sortie from Veii itself, Verginius had refused to assist his colleague unless he asked for help, while Sergius had just as adamantly refused to call for assistance.  The two were convicted and fined 10,000 asses.  Before the end of the year, the consular tribunes Aemilius and Fabius had retaken the lost position.

Meanwhile, Camillus had no luck engaging the enemy at Falerii, nor had Cornelius at Capena.  The enemy remained secure within their towns, as the tribunes had to content themselves with plundering the surrounding countryside.  Valerius reconnoitered Anxur, but found it too well protected for a direct attack, and instead decided to besiege the town.  Julius, the only consular tribune not mentioned leading troops in the field, may have remained at Rome to see to domestic matters while his colleagues undertook their campaigns.

As a result of the burdensome levies of troops and the highly unpopular war tax, as well as the attempt to have patricians co-opted as tribunes of the plebs in violation of the Lex Trebonia, the plebeians finally succeeded in pushing through one of their candidates for consular tribune: Publius Licinius Calvus, who according to Livy was the first plebeian to hold the office.

In his second term as consular tribune, BC 397, Julius' colleagues were Lucius Furius Medullinus, Lucius Sergius Fidenas, Aulus Postumius Albinus, Publius Cornelius Maluginensis, and Aulus Manlius Vulso.  During their year of office, Tarquinii decided to take advantage of Rome's domestic turmoil to raid Roman territory.  Stung by the brazen attack, the military tribunes Julius and Postumius quickly raised a volunteer force, and managed to overtake the raiding party near Caere, recovering much of the booty.

The siege of Veii continued to drag on with no end in sight, but the previous year they had captured an elderly soothsayer from Veii, who reported that the city could not be taken unless the waters of the Alban Lake were drained.  This prophecy appeared to be confirmed, when an emissary who had been sent to inquire of the Oracle at Delphi concerning some other omens returned, giving the same answer.  The Oracle also directed the Romans to see to a series of sacred rites they had carried out incorrectly.  In order to atone for this offense, the consular tribunes, who were charged with carrying out the rites in question, were compelled to resign, and an interrex appointed until new elections could be held.

See also
Julia (gens)

Footnotes

References

Bibliography
 Titus Livius (Livy), Ab Urbe Condita (History of Rome).
 Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica (Library of History).
 "L. Julius L. f. Vop. n. Iulus" (no. 9), in the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).
 T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, American Philological Association (1952).

5th-century BC Romans
4th-century BC Romans
Lucius

Lucius Julius Iulus (consular tribune 401 BC)


The Simca 5 is a smaw Franco-Italian passenger caur designed bi Fiat engineers at Turin an commercialised in Fraunce bi Simca. It wis virtually identical tae the Fiat 500 Topolino on which it wis based, but wis first presented, at the company's new Nanterre plant, three month ahead o the Fiat equivalent on 10 Mairch 1936. Production wis delayed, houiver, bi a wave o strikes that accompanied the Juin 1936 electoral victory o Léon Blum's Popular Front govrenment.

Advanced features boasted bi the Simca 5 included independent front suspension, a fower speed gear box, hydraulically controlled drum brakes on aw fower wheels an a twal volt electrical seestem.

The caur an aa offered exceptional fuel economy:  in a test it managed tae traivel 110 kilometers on juist 5 litres o fuel.

The caur wis intendit for sale on the domestic mercat for less nor 10,000 French Francs, an aspiration that wad be overtaken bi a decline in the currency's value that gathered pace in the seicont hauf o the 1930s. The manufacturer boasted at the time o its launch o bein ahead o the plans across the Rhine:  this wis a reference tae the already rumoured launch o the Volkswagen Beetle which wad appear anerlie in 1938.

Production o the Simca 5 wis slowed doun (but did nae ever cease entirely) bi the war an the period o German occupation in the early 1940s, but resumed in 1946.   46,472 o the caurs haed been produced bi the time the caur wis delisted bi Simca in 1949.  Bi nou it haed been replaced on the company's production lines bi the seemilar but partially reskinned an slichtly mair pouerful Simca 6.

 This entry is based on a translation o the French Wikipedia corresponding entry

5
Vehicles introduced in 1936

Simca 5


Howard A. Rusk (April 9, 1901 – November 4, 1989) was a prominent physician and founder of the Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine. He is considered to be the founder of rehabilitation medicine.

Born in Brookfield, Missouri, Rusk was active in the Health for Peace movement in the 1950s and supported US efforts to participate more in rehabilitation medicine in international affairs. He was the first recipient of the Pacem in Terris award of the Pope John Paul II Center of Prayer and Study for Peace.

Education
Rusk graduated from the University of Missouri in 1923 and received his medical degree at Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1925. He completed his internship at St. Luke's hospital in St. Louis.

Early career
From 1926 to 1942, Rusk practiced internal medicine in St. Louis, becoming a teacher at Washington University School of Medicine, staff physician at Barnes-Jewish, and chairman of the Intern Committee at St. Luke's, where he had trained as an intern. In 1942, Rusk left his practice to join the Air Force. He initially served as chief of medical services at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri. He soon developed a convalescent program for those who had recovered from their illness but were not yet ready to resume their military training. In 1943, Rusk participated on rehabilitation subcommittee of the Baruch Committee on Physical Medicine. Rusk soon went on to establish the first Air Force rehabilitation center, in Pawling, New York which was to treat airmen returning from battle with physical and psychological disabilities. Rusk described it as "a combination of a hospital, a country club, a school, a farm, a vocational training center, a resort and a little bit of home as well." During the remainder of World War II, a total of 12 such centers were to be opened by the Air Force. With the influence of Bernard Baruch, Rusk convinced President Roosevelt to start rehabilitation programs for all military branches. In 1945, Rusk was part of the American entourage to attend the Potsdam conference. While on this trip, he discussed rehabilitation medicine with General Bradley. Subsequently, he provided consultation to the VA on the organization of a rehabilitation program following the war.

Rehabilitation leader
After the war, Rusk unsuccessfully tried to establish a rehabilitation institute within Washington University. Nonetheless, in December 1945 Rusk moved to New York City, accepting an offer from New York University to establish a department of Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine. He also accepted an offer, extended by Arthur Hays Sulzberger, to work for the New York Times as a weekly medical columnist. In 1947,  Rusk joined with George Deaver, another pioneer of rehabilitation medicine, to establish a rehabilitation center at Bellevue Hospital, the first of its kind for civilians. In 1951, Rusk founded the Institute of Medical Rehabilitation at New York University, at which he served for 33 years.

Legacy

 In 1950, Rusk founded the Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, New York University Medical Center.  The Institute was later renamed Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine and in 1984, NYU honored Rusk and renamed it Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine.
 In 1952, Rusk received the Albert Lasker Public Service Award (today, it is Lasker-Bloomberg Public Service Award) with G. Brock Chisholm
 In 1954, Rusk was elected as the President of the American-Korean Foundation.
 In 1955, Rusk founded the World Rehabilitation Fund.
 In 1964, Soong Mei-ling, also known as Madame Chiang Kai-shek, sent a private airplane for Rusk and four other rehabilitation experts to visit Taiwan.  Three years later, Cheng Hsin Rehabilitation Medical Center, specialized in Poliomyelitis (often called polio or infantile paralysis), was established in 1967.
 In 1977, Rusk received the Award for Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.

References

External links
 Cheng Hsin Rehabilitation Medical Center (Taiwan) 財團法人振興復健醫學中心醫院 :zh:財團法人振興復健醫學中心醫院
  (Longines Chronoscope, 9 November 1953)

American rehabilitation physicians
1989 deaths
1901 births
People from Brookfield, Missouri

Howard A. Rusk


Keith Arnold Hitchins (April 2, 1931 – November 1, 2020) was an American historian and a professor of Eastern European history at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, specializing in Romania and its history.

He was born in Schenectady, New York. After graduating from Union College, he went to Harvard University, earning a Ph.D. in history in 1964 under the direction of Robert Lee Wolff. After teaching for seven years at Wake Forest University and then for a short period at Rice University, he joined the faculty at the University of Illinois, where he spent the rest of his academic career.

Hitchins wrote or edited more than 20 books, most related to Romania. An honorary member of the Romanian Academy since 1991, he was awarded the National Order of Merit by Romanian President Klaus Iohannis.

Hitchins died on November 1, 2020, at age 89, in the Carle Foundation Hospital in Urbana, Illinois. After his death, Romanian Minister of Foreign Affairs Bogdan Aurescu wrote on Twitter:

Publications

See also
 List of members of the Romanian Academy

References

External links
Obituary of Keith Hitchins

1931 births
2020 deaths
People from Schenectady, New York
Historians from New York (state)
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Honorary members of the Romanian Academy
Recipients of the National Order of Merit (Romania)
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Union College (New York) alumni
Harvard University alumni
Wake Forest University faculty
Rice University faculty
20th-century American male writers

Keith Hitchins


Werewolf: The Apocalypse is a role-playing game of the Classic World of Darkness video game series by White Wolf Publishing. Other related products include the collectible card games named Rage and several novels (including one series). In the game, players take the role of werewolves known as "Garou". These werewolves are locked in a two-front war against both the spiritual desolation of urban civilization and supernatural forces of corruption that seek to bring the Apocalypse. Game supplements detail the other shape-shifters.

Along with the other titles in the World of Darkness, Werewolf was discontinued in 2004. Its successor title within the Chronicles of Darkness line, Werewolf: The Forsaken was released on March 14, 2005. The fifth edition of the game is in development.

The books have been reprinted since 2011 as part of the "Classic World of Darkness" line. A series of 48-page comic books was published quarterly beginning in November 2001 by Moonstone Books.

Premise
The basic premise of the game is that the player characters are Garou, or werewolves, who have undergone some training and succeeded in a rite of passage. After this, they advance in rank by working together to gain fame.

The game takes place in a fictional world where werewolves, vampires, and other legendary creatures secretly live beside humans. This setting is a dark reflection of the real world filled with corruption, apathy, violence, and hopelessness. The setting is also described as "Gothic-Punk."

The Garou battle to maintain this world before all the negativity leads to a total collapse, the titular "apocalypse". They hide it from the public eye and live in secret from humanity in general. In their war, the Garou often hunt down and kill humans and supernatural creatures that either actively pursue the apocalypse or unwittingly contribute to it, due to their parasitic nature. This includes fallen Garou, vampires, evil spirits, mages, and humans (and other creatures) possessed by demons. In doing so, the Garou regard themselves as the immune system of the planet.

Other themes of the game include the inability of the Garou to live as humans, although they were born in human form due to "the curse"; and interaction with spirits that are separated from the physical world in a realm that the Garou can enter. This is part of an ornate game mythology.

Player character creation
Players are given the opportunity to create Garou, the werewolves of the setting, or their allies or rivals. Lycanthropy in the World of Darkness setting is an inherited trait, and thus players are born with their abilities. However, these abilities only manifest in what is called the "first change": an event, generally occurring during puberty, that causes the character's latent powers to surface. Players are given the opportunity to have their character inherently know that the Garou exist, or be an effective "orphan" from Garou society, necessitating discovery by others. It is after this point that they join that society and cut off their ties to their previous worlds, except to make sure their blood relatives remain safe.

There are three archetypes that the player can use that define how their character was born, referred to as a "breed" in the games. A Garou's parents are generally one Garou and a non-Garou human or wolf with strong Garou heritage, referred to as kinfolk. Garou with human parentage are called "homid," and Garou of wolf parentage are "lupus." There is also the option to play as a "metis," a Garou born from the union of two Garou parents; metis are born already transformed, are infertile and deformed, and usually result in the death of the mother. Such unions are forbidden in Garou society. Each breed has its own benefits and disadvantages. In addition to these variables, players select the lunar phase under which the character was born (the "auspice") and the tribe to which the character belongs. Each of these contributes to the advantages the character may enjoy. More advanced rules include references to other "changing breeds" in this world.

Publication history

The first title in the series, Werewolf: The Apocalypse, was published by White Wolf Publishing in 1991. The game was the second to integrate the fictional universe in a game system (the Storyteller System) which had been introduced in the Vampire: The Masquerade line, released earlier in the year.

Starting in 2011, as part of the "Classic World of Darkness" series, Werewolf: The Apocalypse books have been sold digitally through DriveThruRPG. DriveThru has also made some older books available as print on demand. New titles in the series have also been released, such as the Werewolf Translation Guide in April 2012.

Werewolf: The Apocalypse is among the White Wolf properties licensed to be developed by Onyx Path Publishing.

In 2017-01-19, Paradox Interactive AB announced the a video game adaptation of the franchise with Focus Home Interactive, under the title Werewolf: The Apocalypse – The Official Video Game. The release title would become Werewolf: The Apocalypse – Earthblood around June 2019.

A fifth edition of the game is in development. It is planned to be supported by the online toolset World of Darkness Nexus, which includes rules and lore compendium, tools for creating and managing characters, matchmaking, and video chat functionality. As of February 2023, the fifth edition is scheduled for release in August 2023.

Reception
Rick Swan reviewed the game twice in the magazine pages of Dragon.
 In the April 1993 edition (Issue 192), Swan was not impressed by the editing: "Much of the book is haphazardly organized; the section on storytelling precedes the chapter on character creation, breed types are introduced in Chapter Two but not detailed until Chapter Six, and I had to search three chapters to round up all the pertinent material about Renown. Skills lack adequate descriptions; specialties are barely described at all." However, he still gave the game a thumbs up, saying, "With its emphasis on storytelling over mechanics, Werewolf gets closer to the heart of what role-playing's supposedly all about than any new game I've seen in a long time."
 However, 18 months later, in the October 1994 edition (Issue 210), Swan had revised his opinion after a long play-test. He said  "I couldn't keep track of the complicated mythology (What the heck is the Impergium?), my players weren't sure how their characters were supposed to behave (What is it you do with totems again?), and none of us were able to keep the tribes straight (Are the Shadow Lords trying to overthrow the Silver Fangs, or vice versa?). The Werewolf game was great, to be sure. But it made us feel stupid. So we gave up." Swan did give a thumbs up to the recently published Werewolf Player's Guide, which he called "a handy — make that indispensable — tome that clarifies the game's murkier concepts."

Dustin Wright reviewed 2nd Edition for Pyramid #10 (November 1994) and stated that "Overall, Werewolf: The Apocalypse 2nd Edition is much better than the first book. Bill Bridges and the pack are to be congratulated for putting out an outstanding product; I heartily recommend it to those out there already playing the first edition. For those of you who have not tried playing Werewolf yet, I suggest picking this game up and giving it a try. Go rage!"

Awards
 In 1995, Werewolf: The Apocalypse was nominated for Casus Belli award for the best role-playing game of 1994, and ended up in second place after Chimères.
 In a 1996 reader's poll conducted by Arcane magazine to determine the 50 most popular roleplaying games of all time, Werewolf: The Apocalypse was ranked 33rd. Editor Paul Pettengale commented: "Being the second game in the Storyteller series - which includes Vampire, Mage, Wraith and Changeling - Werewolf shares the same system and setting, the World of Darkness. It contains lots of background for the Garou, and their struggle to fight the forces of the Wyrm. It can be fast, vicious, or tragic and thought-provoking."

Reviews
Valkyrie #1 (Sept., 1994)
 Casus Belli #72 (Nov 1992)
Dosdediez (Número 8 - Jul 1996)
Rollespilsmagasinet Fønix (Danish) (Issue 3 - July/August 1994)
Pyramid - Revised Edition

Tie-ins and adaptations

 In 1995, White Wolf Publishing released Rage, a collectible card game based on the Werewolf property.
 A PC adventure game named Werewolf: The Apocalypse – Heart of Gaia were developed by DreamForge Intertainment and ASC Games but the companies went bankrupt before it finished.
 A PlayStation/Sega Saturn game by Capcom titled Werewolf: The Apocalypse was announced but cancelled in early 1997.
 Werewolf: The Apocalypse – Heart of the Forest, a visual novel role-playing video game developed by Different Tales, was released on October 13, 2020.
Werewolf: The Apocalypse – Earthblood, an action role-playing video game, was developed by Cyanide and released on February 4, 2021 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X.

References

External links

Werewolf video games
Role-playing games introduced in 1992

Werewolf: The Apocalypse


Galenic formulation deals with the principles of preparing and compounding medicines in order to optimize their absorption. Galenic formulation is named after Claudius Galen, a 2nd Century AD Greek physician, who codified the preparation of drugs using multiple ingredients. Today, galenic formulation is part of pharmaceutical formulation. The pharmaceutical formulation of a medicine affects the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety profile of a drug.

See also
 Formulations
 Pharmaceutical formulation
 ADME
 Pharmacology
 Medicinal chemistry
 Pesticide formulation

Medicinal chemistry

Galenic formulation


Antoine-Alexandre-Henri Poinsinet, nicknamed "le jeune", (17 November 1735 in Fontainebleau – 7 June 1769, drowned in the Guadalquivir, in Córdoba) was an 18th-century French playwright and librettist.

Born in a family long attached to the service of the House of Orleans where his father was a notary, Poinsinet deserted very young the basoche to indulge from his earliest youth to the taste of theater and poetry instead of following the example of his ancestors and take the job of his father. Although born with wit, he would not take the time to become better. Since the age of 18 when he had a parody of the opera Titon et l'Aurore (1753, in-8°) presented under the name Totinet, until his death, he continued to write and to be presented consecutively in all theaters of the capital. Some of his plays were successful, especially le Cercle, ou la Soirée à la mode (1771), which was long in the repertoire of Théâtre-Français.

He was a member of the Académie d'Arcadie and, for some time, of the Académie de Dijon.

Poinsinet worked with the composers Berton and Philidor who helped his reputation. The list of his works is very large, although his career was not long.

Main works
1757: le Faux Dervis, opéra comique;
1758: Gilles, garçon peintre z'amoureux-t-et-rival, parody;
1760: le Petit Philosophe, comedy in one act and in free verse, parody of Philosophes by Palissot
1762: Sancho Pança dans son île, opéra bouffon;
1762: Tablettes des paillards (with Pressigny fils), in-24;
1763: la Bagarre, opéra bouffon;
1764: le Sorcier, comédie lyrique,
1764: Théonis, ou le Toucher, pastorale héroïque;
1764: les Fra-maçonnes, parody of the Cercle by Palissot (1755)
1765: Lettre à un homme du vieux temps sur l'Orphelin de la Chine (by Voltaire), in-8°;
1765: Сassandre aubergiste, parody of Le Père de famille;
1765: l'Inoculation, poem, in-8°;
1765: Tоm Jones, comédie lyrique;
1766: la Réconciliation villageoise, comédie lyrique;
1767: Gabrielle d'Estrées à Henri IV, héroïde, in-8°;
1767: Ernelinde, princesse de Norvège, tragédie lyrique en 5 actes (with Sedaine);
1769: Alexis et Alix, comedy mingled with ariettes; music by J. B. de La Borde;
1771: le Cercle, ou la Soirée à la mode on Gallica
1773: Sandomir, prince de Danemark, tragédie lyrique;
 Several Epîtres in verse.

Sources
 Ferdinand Hoefer, Nouvelle Biographie universelle, t. 40, Paris, Paris, L. G. Michaud, 1862, p. 560-1.
 Chefs-d'œuvre des auteurs comiques, Paris, Firmin Didot Frères, 1846, p. 34.
 Nicolas-Toussaint Des Essarts, Les Siècles littéraires de la France, Paris, Chez l'auteur, 1801, p. 208-9.

External links
 Antoine-Alexandre-Henri Poinsinet sur le site CÉSAR
 Antoine-Alexandre-Henri Poinsinet on Data.bnf.fr

18th-century French dramatists and playwrights
French opera librettists
People from Fontainebleau
1735 births
1769 deaths
Deaths by drowning

Antoine-Alexandre-Henri Poinsinet


Pandulf II (or III), called the Black (Niger) or the Young, was the son and successor of Landulf VII of Capua in 1007. He ruled jointly with his uncle, Pandulf II of Benevento, who was originally his regent, until the latter's death in 1014.

It is recorded that he ruled jointly with his father, but from what date is unknown. In February 1016, he associated his cousin Pandulf IV with him. Thereafter, he disappears from records.

11th-century Lombard people
1022 deaths
Pandulf 2
Year of birth unknown

Pandulf II of Capua


Avalonia was a microcontinent in the Palaeozoic era. Parts of this old microcontinent lie under south-west Great Britain, southern Ireland, and the eastern coast of North America. Bits of it are in Europe, Canada, and parts of the East coast of the United States. Avalonia is named after the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland.

Avalonia started as a chain of volcanoes on the northern margin of Gondwana. It became a drifting microcontinent. The Iapetus Ocean in front of it slowly shrank.

Avalonia collided with other continents. It ended up in the middle of Pangaea. When Pangaea broke up, Avalonia's remains were divided by the rift which became the Atlantic Ocean.

That is how it came to be part in western Europe, and part in eastern North America.

Continents
Geology
Palaeozoic

Avalonia