Ruth Tester (August 17, 1903 – March 21, 1993) was a singer and dancer in Broadway musicals of the 1920s and 1930s.

Biography
Tester was born on August 17, 1903.  She was married for 59 years to Fredrick Carothers.  In her later years, Tester and her husband, Carothers, lived in Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts.  Carothers worked as a sales executive, and predeceased Testor in 1990.  Tester sang "Sing Something Simple" in "The Garrick Gaieties" of 1930 at the Guild Theatre in New York City and performed with Rosalind Russell and Imogene Coca.  She also sang and danced in the short subject film, "Makers of Melody (1929)", with Allan Gould singing the Rodgers and Hart song "Manhattan", often called, "I'll Take Manhattan". Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart appeared in this short as themselves. Manhattan was Rodgers and Hart's first hit and started them as a team.  Tester died at the age of 89 in a nursing home in Weston, Massachusetts on March 21, 1993.

Broadway stage credits
The Gangs All Here Imperial Theatre (February 18, 1931 - March 9, 1931)... as Peggy
The Garrick Gaieties of 1930 Guild Theatre (October 16, 1930 for 10 performances), Ruth Tester... as herself
Second Little Show Royale Theatre (September 2, 1930 - October 1930)
The Garrick Gaieties of 1930 Guild Theatre (June 4, 1930), Ruth Tester... as herself
The Ramblers Lyric Theatre (September 20, 1826 - May 28, 1927)... as Jenny Wren
Bunk of 1926 Heckscher Theater and Broadhurst Theatre (February 16, 1926 - May 19, 1926)
A Lucky Break Cort Theater (August 11, 1925 - August 1925)... as Claudia
Lollipop Knickerbocker Theatre (January 21, 1924 - May 31, 1924)... in ensemble

Filmography
Makers of Melody (1929), Ruth Tester... as herself

External links

Ruth Tester singing the Rodgers and Hart song, "Manhattan" in the short "Makers of Melody" with Allan Gould https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPIgQdOoEV0
New York Times Obituatary   https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/25/obituaries/ruth-tester-carothers-singer-89.html
Sing Something Simple  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuqVk1S5uks

American female dancers
1903 births
1993 deaths
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
20th-century American dancers

Ruth Tester


The Likeaballs is a cartoon created by Jim Quick that airs on BBC One and CBBC. It began production in 2006. It was produced by Cosgrove Hall Films.

Themes
The show is about a group of ball-shaped round hounds whose home planet was destroyed. They take part in football matches. They compete against their deadly rivals The Dislikeaballs. All characters names are puns on words ending in "-able", e.g. inflatable is Inflataball etc. The only exceptions being Pam & Dan, spoofs of BBC News 24 sports reporters.

Episode titles
All episode titles are nouns or verbs, e.g. "Hat", Lucky or "Game" etc.
Only 26 episodes were made.

1. Grannits

2. Prisoner

3. Bugbots

4. Giant

5. Slimey

6. Tiddly

7. Ballbasket

8. System

9. Snowy

10. Training

11. Shield

12. Lucky

13. Monopod

14. Guilty

15. Bears

16. Cows

17. Sick

18. Lost

19. Smelly

20. Hat

21. Trophy

22. Manners

23. Scary

24. Truth

25. Robot

26. Television

External links

British children's animated sports television series
BBC children's television shows
2006 British television series debuts
2000s British animated television series
2000s British children's television series
Television series by Cosgrove Hall Films

The Likeaballs


Kolyma (, ) or Kolyma Krai () is a historical region in the Russian Far East that includes the basin of Kolyma River and the northern shores of the Sea of Okhotsk, as well as  the Kolyma Mountains (the watershed of the two). It is bounded to the north by the East Siberian Sea and the Arctic Ocean, and by the Sea of Okhotsk to the south. Kolyma Krai was never formally defined and over time it was split among various administrative units. , it consists roughly of the Magadan Oblast,  north-eastern areas of Yakutia, and the Bilibinsky District of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.

The area, part of which is within the Arctic Circle, has a subarctic climate with very cold winters lasting up to six months of the year. Permafrost and tundra cover a large part of the region. Average winter temperatures range from  (even lower in the interior), and average summer temperatures, from . There are rich reserves of gold, silver, tin, tungsten, mercury, copper, antimony, coal, oil, and peat. Twenty-nine zones of possible oil and gas accumulation have been identified in the Sea of Okhotsk shelf. Total reserves are estimated at 3.5 billion tons of equivalent fuel, including 1.2 billion tons of oil and 1.5 billion m3 of gas.

The principal town Magadan has nearly 100,000 inhabitants and is the largest port in north-eastern Siberia. It has a large fishing fleet and remains open year-round because of icebreakers. Magadan is served by the nearby Sokol Airport. There are many public and private farming enterprises. Gold mines, pasta and sausage factories, fishing companies, and a distillery form the city's industrial base.

Prehistory
During archaeological investigations of Paleolithic sites on the Angara, in 1936 the unique Stone Age site of Buret' was discovered which yielded an anthropomorphic sculpture, skulls of rhinoceroses, and surface and semisubterranean dwellings. The houses were analogous, on one hand, to Paleolithic European houses and, on the other, to ethnographically studied houses of the Eskimos, Chukchi and Koryaks.

The indigenous peoples of this region include the Evens, Koryaks, Yupiks, Chukchis, Orochs, Chuvans and Itelmens, who traditionally lived from fishing along the Sea of Okhotsk coast or from reindeer herding in the River Kolyma valley.

History

Under Joseph Stalin's rule, The Kolyma Gulag (Колыма гулаг, колымский гулаг) became the most notorious region for the Gulag labor camps. Tens of thousands or more people died en route to the area or in the Kolyma's series of gold mining, road building, lumbering, and construction camps between 1932 and 1954. It was Kolyma's reputation that caused Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, author of The Gulag Archipelago, to characterize it as the "pole of cold and cruelty" in the Gulag system. The Mask of Sorrow monument in Magadan commemorates all those who died in the Kolyma forced-labour camps and the recently dedicated Church of the Nativity remembers the victims in its icons and Stations of the Camps.

Emergence of the Gulag camps

Gold and platinum were discovered in the region in the early 20th century. During the time of the USSR's industrialization (beginning with Joseph Stalin's first five-year plan, 1928–1932) the need for capital to finance economic development was great. The abundant gold resources of the area seemed tailor-made to provide this capital. A government agency Dalstroy (, acronym for Far North Construction Trust) was formed to organize the exploitation of the area.  Prisoners were being drawn into the Soviet penal system in large numbers during the initial period of Kolyma's development, most notably from the so-called anti-Kulak campaign and the government's internal war to force collectivization on the USSR's peasantry. These prisoners formed a readily available workforce.

The initial efforts to develop the region began in 1932, with the building of the town of Magadan by forced labor. (Many projects in the USSR were already using forced labor, most notably the White Sea–Baltic Canal.) After a gruelling train ride in unheated boxcars on the Trans-Siberian Railway, prisoners were disembarked at one of several transit camps (such as Nakhodka and later Vanino) and transported across the Sea of Okhotsk to the natural harbor chosen for Magadan's construction. Conditions aboard the ships were harsh. According to a 1987 article in Time magazine: "During the 1930s the only way to reach Magadan was by ship from Khabarovsk, which created an island psychology and the term Gulag archipelago. Within the crowded prison ships thousands died during transportation. One survivor's memoir recounts that the prison ship SS Dzhurma was caught in the autumn ice in 1933 while trying to get to the mouth of the Kolyma River. When it reached port the following spring, it carried only crew and guards. All 12,000 prisoners were missing, left dead on the ice." It turns out that this incident, widely reported since it was first mentioned in a book published in 1947, could not have happened as the ship Dzhurma was not in Soviet hands until mid 1935.

In 1932 expeditions pushed their way into the interior of the Kolyma, embarking on the construction of  the Kolyma Highway, which was to become known as the Road of Bones. Eventually, about 80 different camps dotted the region of the uninhabited taiga.

The original director of the Kolyma camps was Eduard Berzin, a Cheka officer. Berzin was later removed (1937) and shot during the period of the Great Purges in the USSR.

The Arctic camps

At the height of the Purges, around 1937, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's account imagines camp commander Naftaly Frenkel as establishing the new law of the Archipelago: "We have to squeeze everything out of a prisoner in the first three months—after that we don't need him anymore." But there is no documentary evidence of this beyond Solzhenitsyn's speculation. The system of hard labor and minimal or no food reduced most prisoners to helpless "goners" (dokhodyaga, in Russian). Conditions varied depending on the state of the country.

Many of the prisoners in Kolyma were academics or intellectuals. They included Mikhail Kravchuk (Krawtschuk), a Ukrainian mathematician who by the early 1930s had received considerable acclaim in the West. After a summary trial, apparently for reluctance to take part in the accusations of some of his colleagues, he was sent to Kolyma where he died in 1942. Hard work in the labor camp, harsh climate and meager food, poor health as well as accusations and abandonment by most of his colleagues, took their toll. Kravchuk perished in Magadan in Eastern Siberia, about 4,000 miles (6,000 km) from the place where he was born. Kravchuk's last article had appeared soon after his arrest in 1938. However, after this publication, Kravchuk's name was stricken from books and journals.

The prisoner population of Kolyma increased substantially in 1946 with the arrival of thousands of former Soviet POWs liberated by Western Allied forces or the Red Army at the close of World War II.
Those judged guilty of collaboration with the enemy frequently received ten or twenty-five year prison sentences to the gulag, including Kolyma.

There were, however, some exceptions. Rumor suggested that Soviet agents seized Léon Theremin, an inventor, in the United States and forced him to return to the Soviet Union; he actually returned voluntarily. Joseph Stalin had Theremin imprisoned at the Butyrka in Moscow; he later came to work in the Kolyma gold mines. Although rumors of his execution circulated widely, Theremin was, in fact, put to work in a sharashka (a secret research-laboratory), together with other scientists and engineers, including aircraft designer Andrei Tupolev and rocket scientist Sergei Korolyov (also a Kolyma inmate). The Soviet Union rehabilitated Theremin in 1956.

The Kolyma camps switched to using (mostly) free labor after 1954, and in 1956 Nikita Khrushchev ordered a general amnesty that freed many prisoners. Various estimates have put the Kolyma death-toll from 1930 to the mid-1950s between 250,000 and over a million people.

Dalstroy officials

Dalstroy was the agency created to manage exploitation of the Kolyma area, based principally on the use of forced labour.

In the words of Azerbaijani prisoner Ayyub Baghirov, "The entire administration of the Dalstroy—economic, administrative, physical and political—was in the hands of one person who was invested with many rights and privileges." The officials in charge of Dalstroy, i.e., the Kolyma Gulag camps were:
 Eduard Petrovich Berzin, 1932–1937
 Karp Aleksandrovich Pavlov, 1937–1939.
 Ivan Fedorovich Nikishev, 1940–1948.
 Ivan Grigorevich Petrenko, 1948–1950.
 I.L. Mitrakov, from 1950 until Dalstroy was taken over by the Ministry of Metallurgy on 18 March 1953.

Calendar of historical events

Calendar of events:
1928–1929: Gold mines established in the Kolyma River region. Commencement of regular mining operations
13 November 1931: Establishment of Dalstroy
4 February 1932: Eduard Berzin, Manager of Dalstroy, arrives with the first 10 prisoners.
1934: The headcount increases to 30,000 inmates.
1937: The number of inmates increases to over 70,000; 51,500 kg of gold mined
June 1937: Stalin reprimands the Kolyma commandants for their undue leniency towards the inmates.
December 1937: Berzin is charged with espionage and subsequently tried and shot in August 1938.
4 March 1938: Dalstroy is put under the jurisdiction of NKVD, USSR.
December 1938: Osip Mandelstam, an eminent Russian poet, dies in a transit camp en route to Kolyma.
1939: Number of inmates now 138,200.
11 October 1939: Commandants Pavlov (Dalstroy) and  (Sevvostlag) sacked from their posts. Garanin subsequently shot.
1941: Headcount of inmates reaches 190,000. Also some 3,700 Dalstroy contract workers.
23 May 1944: US Vice President Henry A. Wallace arrives for a NKVD-hosted 25-day tour of Magadan, Kolyma, and the Russian Far East.
October 1945: Camp for the Japanese prisoners of war is established in Magadan, to provide extra labour.
1952: 199,726 inmates, the highest ever in the history of the Kolyma camps and Dalstroy.
May 1952: According to commandant Mitrakov, Sevvoslag is dissolved, Dalstroy transformed into the General Board of Labour Camps
March 1953: After Stalin's death, Dalstroy transferred to the Ministry of Metallurgy, camp units come under the jurisdiction of the Soviet Ministry of Justice.
September 1953: Dalstroy camp units taken over by the newly established management board of the North-Eastern Corrective Labour Camps. Harsh camp regime gradually relaxed.
1953–1956: Period of mass amnesties and the release of most political prisoners. Some camp closures begin.
1957: Dalstroy liquidated. Many of the former prisoners continued to work in the mines with a modified status and a few new prisoners arrived, at least until the early 1970s.

Post-Dalstroy developments
The Chukot Autonomous Okrug site provides details of developments after the official closure of the camps. In 1953, the Magadan Oblast (or region) was established. Dalstroy was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Metallurgy and later to the Ministry of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy.

Industrial and economic evolution
Industrial gold-mining started in 1958 leading to the development of mining settlements, industrial enterprises, power plants, hydro-electric dams, power transmission lines and improved roads. By the 1960s, the region's population exceeded 100,000.
With the dissolution of Dalstroy, the Soviets adopted new labor policies. While the prison labor was still important, it mainly consisted of common criminals. New manpower was recruited from all Soviet nationalities on a voluntary basis, to make up for the sudden lack of political prisoners. Young men and women were lured to the frontier land of Kolyma with the promise of high earnings and better living. But many decided to leave.
The region's prosperity suffered under Soviet liberal policies in the end of the 1980s and 1990s with a considerable reduction in population, apparently by 40% in Magadan. A U.S. report from the late 1990s gives details of the region's economic shortfall citing outdated equipment, bankruptcies of local companies and lack of central support. It does however report substantial investments from the United States and the governor's optimism for future prosperity based on revival of the mining industries.

Last political prisoners
Dalstroy and the camps did not close down completely. The Kolyma authority, which was reorganised in 1958/59 (31 December 1958), finally closed in 1968. However the mining activities did not stop. Indeed, government structures still exist today under the Ministry of Natural Resources. In some cases, the same individuals seem to have stayed on over the years under new management.
There are indications that the political prisoners were gradually phased out over the years but it was only as a result of  Boris Yeltsin's far reaching reforms in the 1990s that the very last prisoners were released from Kolyma.
The Russian author Andrei Amalrik appears to have been one of the last high-profile political prisoners to be sent to Kolyma. In 1970, he published two books: Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984? and Involuntary Journey to Siberia. As a result, he was arrested for "defaming the Soviet state" in November 1970 and sentenced to hard labour, apparently in Kolyma, for what turned out to be a total of almost five years.

Accounts of the Kolyma Gulag camps

Varlam Shalamov
A detailed description of conditions in the camps is provided by Varlam Shalamov in his Kolyma Tales. In Dry Rations he writes: "Each time they brought in the soup... it made us all want to cry. We were ready to cry for fear that the soup would be thin. And when a miracle occurred and the soup was thick we couldn't believe it and ate it as slowly as possible. But even with thick soup in a warm stomach there remained a sucking pain; we'd been hungry for too long. All human emotions—love, friendship, envy, concern for one's fellow man, compassion, longing for fame, honesty—had left us with the flesh that had melted from our bodies...."

Michael M. Solomon
During and after the Second World War the region saw major influxes of Ukrainian, Polish, German, Japanese, and Korean prisoners. There is a particularly memorable account written by a Jewish Romanian survivor, Michael M. Solomon, in his book Magadan (see Bibliography below) which gives us a vivid picture of both the transit camps leading to the Kolyma and the region itself. Hungarian George Bien, author of the Lost Years, also recounts the horrors of Kolyma. His story has also led to a film.

Vladimir Nikolayevich Petrov
Soviet Gold, the first autobiographical book written by Vladimir Nikolayevich Petrov, is almost entirely a description of the author's life in Magadan and the Kolyma gold fields.

Ayyub Baghirov

In Bitter Days of Kolyma, Ayyub Baghirov, an Azerbaijani accountant who was finally rehabilitated, provides details of his arrest, torture and sentencing to eight (finally to become 18) years imprisonment in a labour camp for refusing to incriminate a fellow official for financial irregularities. Describing the train journey to Siberia, he writes: "The terrible heat, the lack of fresh air, the unbearable overcrowded conditions all exhausted us. We were all half starved. Some of the elderly prisoners, who had become so weak and emaciated, died along the way. Their corpses were left abandoned alongside the railroad tracks."

Brother Gene Thompson
A vivid account of the conditions in Kolyma is that of Brother Gene Thompson of Kiev's Faith Mission. He recounts how he met Vyacheslav Palman, a prisoner who survived because he knew how to grow cabbages. Palman spoke of how guards read out the names of those to be shot every evening. On one occasion a group of 169 men were shot and thrown into a pit. Their fully clothed bodies were found after the ice melted in 1998.

Vadim Kozin
One of the most famous political prisoners in Kolyma was Vadim Kozin, possibly Russia's most popular romantic tenor, who was sent to the camps in February 1945, apparently for refusing to write a song about Stalin. Although he was initially freed in 1950 and could return to his singing career, he was soon framed by his enemies on charges of homosexuality and sent back to the camps. Though released once again several years later, he was never officially rehabilitated and remained in exile in Magadan where he died in 1994. Speaking to journalists in 1982, he explained how he had been forced to tour the camps: "The Polit bureau formed brigades which would, under surveillance, go on tours of the concentration camps and perform for the prisoners and the guards, including those of the highest rank."
In 1993, while being interviewed by Theo Uittenbogaard for the TV documentary Gold – Lost in Siberia , he recalled how he was released from exile temporarily and flown into Yalta for a few hours, because Winston Churchill, unaware of Kozin's forced exile, had asked Stalin for the famous singer Vadim Kozin to perform, during a break in the Yalta Conference, held February 4–11, 1945.

Yevgenia Ginzburg
In her autobiographical account Journey into the Whirlwind, academic Yevgenia Ginzburg details her persecution, arrest, trial, imprisonment, and exile to Kolyma. The book starts with a 4am phone call on the first of December 1934 calling for her to attend the regional committee office at six am and follows the chain of events that ultimately lead to her exile to Kolyma, arriving in Magadan in the winter of 1939. Part 2 chapters 5 to 9 cover her time in Kolyma, first working on land improvements, and then being sent to the "state farm" of Elgen, sometimes El'gen, Russian Эльген, to fell trees.

"During the 18 years of our ordeal, many times I found myself face to face with death, but it was an experience I never got used to....

To begin with, salvation from death in the Elgen forests came to me from cranberries, sour, bitter northern berries, not ripening at the end of summer as they would do in a normal climate, but remaining from the previous year, to be coaxed out of their hiding place by the timid Kolyma spring, after their ten months' sleep under the snow."

Nikolai Getman
Finally, Ukrainian prisoner Nikolai Getman who spent the years 1945–1953 in Kolyma, records his testimony in pictures rather than words. But he does have a plea: "Some may say that the Gulag is a forgotten part of history and that we do not need to be reminded. But I have witnessed monstrous crimes. It is not too late to talk about them and reveal them. It is essential to do so. Some have expressed fear on seeing some of my paintings that I might end up in Kolyma again—this time for good. But the people must be reminded... of one of the harshest acts of political repression in the Soviet Union. My paintings may help achieve this." The Jamestown Foundation provides access to all 50 of Getman's paintings together with explanations of their significance.

Estimating the number of victims

The amount of hard evidence in regard to Kolyma is extremely limited. Unfortunately, no reliable archives exist about the total number of victims of Stalinism; all numbers are estimates. In his book, Stalin (1996), Edvard Radzinsky explains how Stalin, while systematically destroying his comrades-in-arms "at once obliterated every trace of them in history. He personally directed the constant and relentless purging of the archives." That practice continued to exist after the death of the dictator.

In an account of a visit to Magadan by Harry Wu in 1999, there is a reference to the efforts of Alexander Biryukov, a Magadan lawyer to document the terror. He is said to have compiled a book listing every one of the 11,000 people documented to have been shot in Kolyma camps by the state security organ, the NKVD. Biryukov, whose father was in the Gulag at the time he was born, has begun researching the location of graves. He believed some of the bodies were still partially preserved in the permafrost.

It is therefore impossible to provide final figures on the number of victims who died in Kolyma. Robert Conquest, author of The Great Terror, now admits that his original estimate of three million victims was far too high. In his article Death Tolls for the Man-made Megadeaths of the 20th Century, Matthew White estimates the number of those who died at 500,000. In Stalin's Slave Ships, Martin Bollinger undertakes a careful analysis of the number of prisoners who could have been transported by ship to Magadan between 1932 and 1953 (some 900,000) and the probable number of deaths each year (averaging 27%). This produces figures significantly below earlier estimates but, as the author emphasizes, his calculations are by no means definitive. In addition to the number of deaths, the dreadful conditions of the camps and the hardships experienced by the prisoners over the years need to be taken into account.  In his review of Bollinger's book, Norman Polmar refers to 130,000 victims who died at Kolyma. As Bollinger reports in his book, the 3,000,000 estimate originated with the CIA in the 1950s and appears to be a flawed estimate. This number is also estimated by the last survivors.

Anne Applebaum, 2004 Pulitzer Prize winner for her book  Gulag: A History, carried out an extensive investigation of the gulags. In a lecture in 2003, she explained that it's extremely difficult not only to document the facts given the extent of the cover-up but to bring the truth home.

Ecology
This ecoregion encompasses the drainages of Arctic rivers from the Indigirka River eastward to Chaunskaya Guba Bay. In the west, the Indigirka River drainage is separated from the Khroma River and Yana rivers by the spurs of the Polousnyy Kryazh Range and the Chersky Range.

Paleoecology
During the Pleistocene the ecology of this part of Beringia was quite different from modern times, with the extinct Wooly mammoth and the wooly rhinoceros being present.

The polar bear most likely evolved here.

See also
 Gulag
 Vorkutlag
 Soviet Union

References

Further reading

External links

The Soviet Gulag Era in Pictures, 1927–1953 Photographs, several of Kolyma, collected by James Duncan
Kolyma – Stalin's Notorious Prison Camps in Siberia, Personal Account by Ayyub Baghirov in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 14:1 (Spring 2006), pp. 58–71.
Work in the Gulag  from the Stalin's Gulag section of the Online Gulag Museum with a short description and images of Kolyma
Italian-American artist Thomas Sgovio (1916–1997) created a series of drawings and paintings,  based on his life as a prisoner in the Soviet Gulag
Shalamv Kolyma Tales
Kolyma the Land of Gold and Death Private site of a former Polish prisoner, Stanislaw J. Kowalski.
 Russian map of the Gulag camps across the Soviet Union at the Memorial website

Historical regions in Russia
History of the Russian Far East
Geography of Gulag

de:Kolyma#Goldgewinnung in Straflagern

Kolyma


Sir Edward Phelips Jr. esq of Montacute (1638 – 4 April 1699) was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1661 and 1699.

Biography

Phelips was the son of Edward Phelips of Montacute House and his wife Anne Pye, daughter of Sir Robert Pye of Faringdon, Berkshire. He was baptised on 26 September 1638. He was a lieutenant of militia horse in Somerset by 1661. In 1661, he was elected Member of Parliament for Ilchester in the Cavalier Parliament. He was commissioner for assessment from 1661 to 1680, joint auditor of excise in 1662, commissioner of corporations from 1662 to 1663 and J.P. from 1662 to February 1688. He was knighted by 24 April 1666 and was lieutenant-colonel of horse in the militia in the same year. In 1675 he was a commissioner for recusants 1675. He was high steward of Ilchester from 1679 to his death and a colonel of militia horse, Somerset between 1679 and 1687. In 1680, he was foreman of the grand jury, and succeeded to Montecute on the death of his father in the same year. He was also steward of crown manors in Somerset from 1680 and Deputy Lieutenant between 1680 and 1687. He was chairman of quarter sessions from 1681 to January 1688. In 1685 he was elected MP for Ilchester again. He was restored to his positions as J.P in October 1688 and Deputy Lieutenant in 1689. He was commissioner for assessment from 1689 to 1690 and became JP again in March 1690. In 1690 he was elected MP for Somerset. He was vice admiral from 1690 to 1696. In 1698 he was elected MP for Somerset again. He died on 4 April 1699 at the age of about 60 and was buried at Montecute.

Family
Phelips married firstly in about 1667, Dorothy Bury, widow of John Bury of Colleton Barton, Chulmleigh, Devon, and daughter of Henry Cheeke of West Newton, North Petherton, Somerset. They had no children and she died on 19 November 1678. He married secondly in about 1683, Edith Blake, daughter of John Blake, ironmonger, of Langport, Somerset and had three daughters: Anne, Elizabeth and Edith. Phelips' daughter, Anne married her cousin Edward Phelips and their daughter, Bridget married Sir Gerrard Napier, 5th Baronet of Middle March.

References

1638 births
1699 deaths
English MPs 1661–1679
English MPs 1685–1687
English MPs 1690–1695
English MPs 1698–1700
Deputy Lieutenants of Somerset

Edward Phelips Jr.


is a Buddhist temple in Sakai, Osaka Prefecture, Japan and one of head temples of the Nichiren Sect. It is known as the location of the 1868 Sakai incident.

History
Myokokuji Temple (109m by 182m) was established by Nichiko Shonin in 1592 and has been rebuilt several times since then. When Osaka Castle was burnt down in 1615 during the Summer War of Osaka, Toyotomi forces also burnt down Myokokuji Temple because they had heard that their enemy, Ieyasu Tokugawa, was hiding inside. The buildings of Myokokuji were rebuilt in 1628, but were again destroyed in World War II in July 1945. In autumn of 1973 the present buildings were built again for the third time.

Sacred Tree: The Great Cycad
The cycad tree in the temple is over 1100 years old and is well known for its mysterious history. Oda Nobunaga, a major daimyō during the Sengoku era who tried to unite Japan in 1580, transplanted this cycad to Azuchi Castle in what is now Shiga prefecture. However, every night a strange voice was heard in Azuchi Castle saying "Take me back to Myokokuji", and an unnatural atmosphere covered the castle and disturbed the people there. This angered Nobunaga and he let his men cut the tree down. The tree is said to have bled from the blows, fainted from the pain and looked so much like a great snake that even brave Nobunaga became afraid and sent the tree back to Myokokuji. Upon receiving the dying cycad Nichiko Shonin felt sorry for the tree and recited 1000 Hokkekyo (sutras) for it. A god with a face of a man and a body of a snake appeared in his dream saying "Thank you for your prayers. In return, I will swear three oaths. First, I will ease the pain of childbirth. Second, I will free those from the tragedy of hardship. Third, I will give happiness to those who are poor."  Shonin named this guardian god of the temple Ugatoku-ryujin and built a hall on the location.  On December 13, 1923 the tree became a national natural monument.

Sakai Incident

On February 15, Keiō 4, (March 8, 1868) almost 100 sailors from a French warship offshore boarded boats and landed at Sakai Port. They came into Sakai for sightseeing and loitered inside temples and shrines and scared women and children who were astonished by the foreigners. The guardians of Myōkoku temple from the Tosa clan sought out the French sailors, but were unable to resolve the problem because of mass confusion and the inability to understand each other's language. When the French sailors took a flag from the Tosa clan, the samurai opened fire, killing thirteen. The French returned fire and retreated to their boat and this incident became an international problem. France pressed Japan for compensation and Japan was forced to pay a large sum of money and twenty samurai involved in the incident were ordered to commit seppuku. On February 23 in front of Myōkoku temple with witnesses from both countries present the samurai began to cut their stomachs open. The sun had already set by the time eleven samurai had committed seppuku. The French witnesses hastily left the temple and the remaining nine samurai were ordered to stop seppuku and were later exiled back to Tosa (Kochi Prefecture) by the government. Like many other samurai, these Tosa samurai died in service of their country. However, because Myōkoku temple is a designated temple by Imperial Order, the burial of the samurai was not permitted on Myōkoku temple grounds. Their remains are kept at the nearby Hojuin Temple.

See also
Sakai incident

References

Buddhist temples in Osaka Prefecture
Nichiren-shū temples

Myōkoku-ji


Oxford Show was an Australian radio program which was broadcast on Melbourne station 3KZ in the 1950s. According to an article in the 4 April 1957 issue of The Age newspaper, It was a variety series hosted by Jim Berinson, a tenor. Also featured were Laurie Wilson, pianist-organist, and Hector McLennan, banjoist.

In April 1957, the show switched to television. At the time, it was not unusual to simulcast a radio show on television, or to record the audio of a television show for radio broadcast. In the case of Oxford Show, however, the Melbourne radio version ended when the show switched to television. Nevertheless, a recording of the audio was still made for broadcast on Sydney radio (per the same article in The Age).

The television version aired from 1957 to 1958 on station HSV-7, and ran in a 15-minute timeslot. At one point it aired on Fridays at 7:15PM, preceded by Art and the Kids (a re-titled American series starring Art Linkletter), and was followed at 8:00PM by Tales of the 77th Bengal Lancers (an American adventure series).

There is no information available as to whether any of the radio recordings still exist. It is also unknown if any kinescope recordings exist of the television version.

The series was sponsored by Oxford products, including Oxford Pine-O-Cleen.

References

External links

Seven Network original programming
1957 Australian television series debuts
1958 Australian television series endings
Australian variety television shows
Black-and-white Australian television shows
Australian live television series
Australian music radio programs
English-language television shows
Television series based on radio series

Oxford Show


Geoff Baker is a Canadian-born journalist currently working as an NHL writer and columnist while also doubling as a sports enterprise and investigative reporter.

Early life and education
Baker was born in Montreal, Quebec, and raised in the suburb of Laval, Quebec. A graduate of Chomedey High School, Baker played football for the Vanier College Cheetahs (CEGEP) 1987 provincial championship football team and attended training camp with the Concordia University Stingers as a slot receiver in 1989.

Journalism career
After summer internships at the Toronto Star and The Gazette in Montreal, Baker was hired full-time by The Gazette as a night police reporter in 1991.

Awards and recognition
In Canada, Baker won the country's National Newspaper Award three times in 1994 (spot news), 1997 (sports) and 2005 (sports) and was a top-three finalist in 1992 (spot news). The final award, in 2005, was for a series on steroids use by young baseball players in the Dominican Republic. Those stories also helped Baker become the first Canadian to win an Associated Press Sports Editors (APSE) award in the highest-newspaper-circulation category.

Baker won a second APSE award, with the Seattle Times, in 2014 for a story about troubled indoor soccer owner Dion Earl. He has been a finalist for seven other APSE prizes with the Times, in 2006, 2009, 2010, 2013,. and 2015.

1998 Tim Johnson controversy and firing
Upon joining the Toronto Star in June 1998, Baker became aware that manager Tim Johnson had talked to players about serving in the U.S. Marine Corps and fighting overseas during the Vietnam War. But Baker knew Johnson had not served overseas and the manager quickly claimed he'd never told such stories to players or coaches. On September 23, 1998, Baker wrote an initial story describing a rift amongst team coaches and a heated bar argument between them over Johnson's fake Vietnam stories. A much-larger, feature-length follow-up story on October 18, 1998 quoted players on and off the record about having been told Vietnam stories by Johnson. The most damaging quotes came from former Cy Young Award winner Pat Hentgen, who described Johnson telling him about his Vietnam hardships while on the field at Fenway Park before a series with the Red Sox. Johnson had just told Hentgen he would not be starting in what was then a crucial series for the Blue Jays.

Johnson continued to deny he'd told such stories until a Boston Globe column by Will McDonough in November 1998 mentioned that Johnson had told such war stories while serving as a Red Sox bench coach a few years earlier. A few weeks later, at the 1998 baseball winter meetings in Nashville, Johnson held a press conference admitting he'd lied about serving in the war. The Blue Jays allowed Johnson to stay on as manager (he'd won 88 games his only season in 1998) but fired him in spring training when it became clear players no longer respected him.

2003 White Jays controversy
On June 28, 2003, the Toronto Star ran a Baker story and accompanying sidebar under an A-1 front-page banner titled "The White Jays?" along with accompanying headshots of the 25 players on the Toronto Blue Jays baseball team. The stories themselves were about how the team had taken a decisive turn away from Latin American players and towards U.S.-born products after international scouting cutbacks under the regime of GM J.P. Ricciardi.

The front-page treatment of the stories sparked a widespread outcry in Toronto and more than 2,000 letters to the editor, to this day a record for Canada's largest newspaper. Moneyball author Michael Lewis wrote about the series as part of a Sports Illustrated feature that was later re-published as an afterword in the paperback version of his best-selling book.

The Toronto Star's ombudsman investigated and found no issue with the content of Baker's stories, but did criticize the paper's editors for their packaging of the story and front page treatment. Baker later wrote a follow up feature on the Blue Jays and their Latin American cutbacks in October 2005. This time, without the racially charged front-page treatment of the 2003 "White Jays" stories, the work by Baker was well-received, despite containing much the same subject matter.

2004 Carlos Delgado controversy
On July 4, 2004, the Toronto Star published "Citizen Carlos": a Baker-penned feature from Puerto Rico about how Blue Jays slugger Carlos Delgado was no longer standing on the field during the playing of God Bless America. Delgado had shared with Baker that he was silently protesting the U.S. invasion of Iraq. The Baker feature described Delgado's work with activists on the Puerto Rican island of Vieques and the fact that it had been the testing ground for uranium depleted shells dropped by the U.S. military on Iraq.

The story was later picked up by the New York Times and other U.S. news outlets, causing Delgado to be booed on subsequent trips to New York to play the Yankees or Mets. Upon joining the Mets in 2006, Delgado addressed the situation and agreed to stand on the field with teammates when God Bless America was played, saying he'd made his point and did not wish to cause distractions.

2005 Dominican steroids stories
In April 2005, Baker and Toronto Star photographer Peter Power traveled to the Dominican Republic, where they spent a week touring the country's needle-ridden baseball fields to do a pair of feature stories on PED use by teenage prospects from that country. The groundbreaking series described the use of cheaper farm animal supplements as steroids alternatives and also produced an exposé of the country's "buscones"—street-level hustlers grooming prospects for bigger paydays in the U.S.

Baker won his third National Newspaper Award in Canada for the stories. He also became the first Canadian to win an APSE Award in the United States, in the highest newspaper circulation category.

The aftermath of the series led to Baker being hired by the Seattle Times. He has since traveled to Venezuela to write about steroids testing there and was invited to speak at an October 2006 sports conference in Caracas about the exploitation faced by Latin American ballplayers.

A photograph by Power from the Toronto Star series, of a young Dominican throwing a baseball in a sugar cane field, his bicycle perched against a tree in the foreground, was used by filmmaker Ken Burns to illustrate the opening of the Dominican portion of his 2010 baseball documentary, The Tenth Inning.

2010 Josh Lueke controversy
The Mariners made a blockbuster July 2010 trade of ace pitcher Cliff Lee to the Texas Rangers for Justin Smoak and three prospects, one of them a relief pitcher named Josh Lueke. There were reports all over Google about how Lueke had pleaded no contest to a charge of false imprisonment with violence after being arrested for rape and sodomy in 2008. At first, the Mariners, known for their "family friendly" image and support of a "Refuse to Abuse" campaign pertaining to violence against women, denied knowing about Lueke's background and added it was too late to reverse the trade or do anything further other than let Lueke play.

But on September 1, 2010, Baker published an A-1 story disputing that version of events. Baker quoted Rick Adair, a former Mariners pitching coach—who'd also been in charge of minor league pitchers in Texas in 2008—saying he'd warned GM Jack Zduriencik all about Lueke's troubled past before the trade was made. The story also quoted Rangers GM Jon Daniels saying he'd offered Zduriencik a chance to give Lueke back and take another player, but that he refused to do so.

The Mariners have never commented on the discrepancy between their initial statements and the version presented by the sources named in Baker's story. In September 2010, they fired Carmen Fusco, their head of professional scouting. Fusco has since said he was made a scapegoat in the affair.

The story finished in 4th place in voting for an APSE award for Explanatory Reporting. It won a regional SPJ award for Sports Reporting in the Pacific Northwest.

2013 Eric Wedge/Mariners controversy
After a 16-year career as an MLB beat writer, Baker launched his new career as a sports investigative reporter with a December 8, 2013 feature story about the dysfunction permeating the upper levels of the Seattle Mariners hierarchy. Baker specifically addressed the reasons why manager Eric Wedge had walked out on the team in September, leaving a $2 million contract extension on the table. Using on-the-record quotes from Wedge, Baker painted a dysfunctional situation brought about by Mariners CEO Howard Lincoln, resident Chuck Armstrong and GM Jack Zduriencik. The story also quoted former Mariners GM assistant Tony Blengino saying he'd drawn up Zduriencik's entire resume and had helped falsely portray him as an expert in advanced statistics in order to get the job.

The story was nominated for an APSE award for Explanatory Reporting. It won a regional SPJ Award for Sports Reporting in the Pacific Northwest.

2016 Controversy Over NBA Arena Reporting
Baker's reporting on the proposed SoDo arena in the Stadium District of Seattle drew criticism from the SB Nation website Sonics Rising, a group of Seattle area fans lobbying for the return of NBA basketball. The site has campaigned openly for the city to support hedge fund operator Chris Hansen in efforts to build a public-subsidized arena and private sports and entertainment development in SoDo. On February 22, 2016, Baker and the Editorial Board of The Seattle Times were accused by Seattle city councilman Tim Burgess of misreporting facts to suit personal bias against the arena. The allegation came via a memo introduced by Burgess in council after a front-page story by Baker suggesting council members delayed publicizing a report by architectural firm AECOM in 2015 that concluded KeyArena could be remodeled for NBA and NHL use. Sonics Rising and two local bloggers used the occasion to again accuse Baker of biased reporting. They referenced a story of Baker's from the previous November about M.T. Phoenix, a company that offered to help finance a KeyArena renovation. The city never responded to or investigated the legitimacy of M.T. Phoenix and claimed that it legally could not entertain offers pertaining to KeyArena. The city later rebuffed a separate offer from businessman Victor Coleman, who was interested in a KeyArena renovation. Follow up stories on M.T. Phoenix, including one by Baker, found the M.T. Phoenix website contained inconsistencies.

Following the Burgess memo claiming inaccuracies in Baker's ensuing story in February, the newspaper met with Burgess. Seattle Times editor Kathy Best afterwards issued a statement  that he'd provided no example of factual errors in Baker's reporting and that no corrections would be made. Subsequent stories by Seattle Weekly  and the national Field of Schemes  website concluded that Baker's story had been correct in finding discrepancies between the AECOM report and the city's claim that KeyArena could not be remodeled for NBA and NHL. Both also found no merit to the Burgess claim of factual inaccuracies in Baker's story. Baker, in a follow-up report in April 2016, showed city hall officials had worried ahead of time that the AECOM report on KeyArena contradicted a city-issued environmental study on Hansen's Sodo arena. On May 2, 2016, the city voted against selling a public street so Hansen could build the arena, effectively stopping the project. Baker's arena stories earned him a finalist nod for a 2016 APSE award in investigative reporting.

On September 12, 2017, the City of Seattle and Oak View Group agreed on a $600 million deal to renovate KeyArena for NBA and NHL teams.

References

1968 births
Living people
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian male journalists
Journalists from Montreal

Geoff Baker (journalist)


Tabernanthe iboga or simply iboga is a perennial rainforest shrub, native to western Central Africa. Iboga can be used as a drug; it stimulates the central nervous system when taken in small doses and induces hallucinations in larger doses.  In parts of Africa where the plant grows, the bark of the root is chewed for various pharmacological or ritualistic purposes.  Ibogaine, the active alkaloid, is also used to treat substance abuse disorders and depression. A small amount of ibogaine, along with precursors of ibogaine, are found in Voacanga africana.

Normally, the plant grows to a height of about 2m. It may eventually grow into a small tree up to 10 m tall. It has small green leaves. Its flowers are white and pink, while the fruit can be either an elongated oval shape, or a round spherical shape. Fruits are orange in color. Its yellow-colored roots contain a number of indole alkaloids, most notably ibogaine, which is found in the highest concentration in the root-bark. The root material, bitter in taste, causes anesthetic sensation in the mouth as well as systemic numbness to the skin.

Apocynaceae
Shrubs

Iboga


Hopewell is an unincorporated community in central Hopewell Township, Muskingum County, Ohio, United States.

The community is situated on U.S. Route 40, about a half mile north of Interstate 70, and about nine miles west of Zanesville at 39°57'21" north latitude, 82°10'15" west longitude. The ZIP code is 43746; the FIPS place code is 36358; and the elevation 1100 feet above sea level.

Hopewell had its start when the National Road was extended to that point. The community takes its name from Hopewell Township. A post office called Hopewell was established in 1830. The post office was moved to nearby Mount Sterling at an unknown date where it retained the name Hopewell. By 1833, Hopewell had 75 inhabitants.

References

Muskingum County
Unincorporated communities in Ohio
1830 establishments in Ohio
Populated places established in 1830

Hopewell, Muskingum County, Ohio


Yao Fen (; born January 2, 1967) is a Chinese former international level women's badminton player.

Career
A doubles specialist, Yao won a number of top tier events on the world circuit in the early 1990s. Her earliest international success came in partnership with Lai Caiqin with whom she captured women's doubles' titles at the Japan and Thailand Opens and the Badminton World Cup in 1990. In her most successful season, 1992, she paired with Lin Yanfen to win the China and Swedish Opens, the Badminton World Cup, the World Badminton Grand Prix, and the prestigious All-England Championships. Yao and Lin were bronze medalists at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona and played doubles for China's world champion 1992 Uber Cup (women's international) team. In 1993 they won the French Open women's doubles and were runners-up in defense of their title at the All England Championships.

External links
Yao Fen at databaseOlympics.com

1967 births
Living people
Chinese female badminton players
Badminton players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic badminton players for China
Olympic bronze medalists for China
Olympic medalists in badminton
Asian Games medalists in badminton
Badminton players from Hainan
Badminton players at the 1990 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Asian Games bronze medalists for China
Medalists at the 1990 Asian Games

Yao Fen


Vek Perevoda (Russian: Век Перевода, "The Age Of Translation") is a website devoted to history and practice of the Russian poetical translation from the end of the 19th century up to the present time. The website was founded in 2003 by the famous Russian writer and translator Eugen V. Witkowsky. At first it was based on the materials of the anthology "Strophes Of The Century, part 2", collected by Witkowsky since the 1960s. Conceptually, the site is a constantly updated anthology and guide. Vek Perevoda is the largest web-project in Russian devoted to foreign poetry; the works of more than 1000 Russian translators are published there. The anthology of the same name is being issued by the founder since 2005.

This website contains Russian translations of the poetical works from dozens of foreign languages including Quechua, Welsh, Romansh, Kashubian, Scottish Gaelic and other languages previously almost unknown in Russia. Among the most significant publications are: the first complete Russian translation of the "Bateau ivre" by Arthur Rimbaud (1910); translation of the works by José de Espronceda; sonnets of Michelangelo translated by Vyacheslav Ivanov etc.

Domain vekperevoda.com is registered in the United States.

References

Russian literature websites

Vek Perevoda


The Iowa Hawkeyes are the athletic teams that represent the University of Iowa, located in Iowa City, Iowa. The Hawkeyes have varsity teams in 20 sports, 7 for men and 13 for women; The teams participate in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and are members of the Big Ten Conference. Currently, the school's interim athletic director is Beth Goetz.

Historically, Iowa has been very successful in wrestling, with 37 team Big Ten championships and 24 team national championships. The Hawkeyes have also won national championships in five other sports: men's gymnastics, football, field hockey, rifle and women's track and field. In basketball, Iowa has reached the NCAA Final Four on five occasions. The men's team has done this three times, most recently in 1980, while the women's team has done it twice, in 1993 and 2023. The baseball team has reached the College World Series once, in 1972. Iowa's softball team has played in the Women's College World Series on four occasions, most recently in 2001.

Football home games are played at Kinnick Stadium, while basketball, gymnastics, volleyball, and wrestling events are held at Carver–Hawkeye Arena. The school's baseball team plays at Duane Banks Field and the softball team plays at Bob Pearl Softball Field.

Sports sponsored

The University of Iowa currently fields 20 varsity teams, competing in the Big Ten Conference. Three men's teams - gymnastics, swimming and diving, and tennis - were eliminated after the 2020–21 academic year to help address a projected $60–75 million deficit related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Men's sports

Baseball

Iowa began playing baseball in 1890, when the Hawkeyes went a combined 2–1 (two wins and one loss) against two teams, Cornell and Vinton. To date, Iowa has won eight Big Ten titles, and in 1972 Iowa earned its way to the CWS at Rosenblatt Stadium in Omaha with a 13–3 Big Ten record, which is still the best Big Ten winning percentage in Iowa baseball history. That record included another school record that still stands, an 11-game Big Ten winning streak. It was Iowa's first outright Big Ten baseball title since 1939, and the last one since, although the Hawkeyes did earn ties for the conference championship in 1974 and 1990.

But that 1972 Iowa team fought its way to Omaha the hard way, losing its first game in the regional tournament, then winning doubleheaders on consecutive days on the campus of Bowling Green University in Ohio. Lose one of those four games, and Iowa goes home. In 1972, only conference champions competed for the eight World Series berths.

The Hawkeyes opened the 1972 CWS against #1-ranked Arizona State, who entered the game with an incredible record of 60 wins and only 4 losses. But Iowa, a huge underdog, outhit the Sun Devils 8–3 only to lose, 2–1. Iowa had the tying run thrown out at the plate in the 9th inning, and left another runner at third as the final out was made. Iowa had also threatened in the 7th with a lead-off double, but could not score. The Hawkeyes then played in the losers' bracket the next day against Temple. But after taking a 6–2 lead into the sixth inning, the Hawkeyes ended up being knocked out of the Series with a 12–8 loss. Arizona State lost the championship game that year to Southern Cal, while Temple finished 3rd. The Hawkeyes finished ranked No. 9 in the nation, still the highest national ranking in the history of Iowa Hawkeye baseball. Future Major Leaguer Jim Sundberg, catcher from Galesburg, Ill., was one of the team leaders. The Hawkeyes featured several Iowans in the starting lineup, including Tom Hurn (1B – Cedar Rapids), Mike Kielkopf (2B-Ottumwa), Brad Trickey (3B-Cedar Rapids), along with the top two starting pitchers, Mark Tschopp (Cedar Rapids) and Bill Heckroth (Dysart). Iowa plays its home games at Duane Banks Field, whose namesake is the winningest baseball coach in school history. Rick Heller replaced Jack Dahm as the Hawkeyes' head baseball coach in 2013. In his first season in Iowa City, Heller helped guide the Hawkeyes to a 9–1 start—the program's best start since 1940—a Big Ten tournament berth and conference tournament win. Iowa finished the year with a 30–23 record for just the third 30-win season since 1993. The 30 victories are the most by a first-year coach in Iowa history.

Basketball

Men's basketball as a varsity sport at the University of Iowa began in 1902, but it was on January 18, 1896, that Iowa played the University of Chicago in the first five-on-five college basketball game. The Maroons won that game, 15–12. Six years later, men's basketball became a sanctioned varsity sport under head coach Ed Rule. Rule coached the Hawkeyes in four non-consecutive seasons until 1908, compiling a 37–15 record.

Iowa began competing in Big Ten games in 1909, and since then the Hawkeyes have won eight regular season Big Ten championships, the last in 1979. Iowa's first Big Ten title came in 1923, under coach Sam Barry. Barry also led the Hawkeyes to their second conference championship in 1926. Following Rollie Williams' 13 seasons, which lasted until 1942, Pops Harrison became coach. Harrison coached at Iowa until 1951, leading the Hawkeyes to their first unshared Big Ten championship in 1945.

Perhaps the most-successful time period in Iowa basketball came under head coach Bucky O'Connor, who coached at Iowa until his death in 1958. Under O'Connor, the Hawkeyes played in two Final Four events, while winning two unshared Big Ten championships. Iowa played in the national championship game against San Francisco in 1956, but lost by 12 after taking an early double-digit lead. The Hawkeyes played in a third Final Four in 1980, and have also won the Big Ten tournament thrice since its 1998 inception, in 2001, 2006, and 2022. Iowa's current coach is Fran McCaffery, who coached at Siena College before coming to Iowa in 2010. The Hawkeyes have played their home games in Carver–Hawkeye Arena since 1983; the arena can currently hold up to 15,500 people.

Cross country
The Hawkeyes' men's cross country team won team Big Ten titles in 1961 and 1966 and have also had nine individual Big Ten champions, most recently with Larry Wieczorek in 1967. Wieczorek's time in the 8,000 meter race still stands as the sixth-quickest time in school history. To date, Deacon Jones is Iowa's lone national champion, having won the award in 1957. Both Jones and Wieczorek were all-Americans for the Hawkeyes, along with Kevin Herd, Stetson Steele, and Ted Wheeler.

Football

Football at the University of Iowa dates back as far as November 27, 1872, when the Iowa Academics played a game against the University of Iowa College of Law. However, football was not officially recognized as a varsity sport until November 16, 1889, when the Hawkeyes played against and lost to Grinnell. The next year, Iowa got its first win against Iowa Wesleyan, and since then, the Hawkeyes have won 11 Big Ten championships and have played in 30 post-season bowl games. The Hawkeyes are 17–15–1 in such games, having most recently won against Southern California in the 2019 Holiday Bowl. Iowa won the 2010 Orange Bowl vs Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets 24–14. The Orange Bowl is a BCS bowl game. Iowa's first bowl game was the 1957 Rose Bowl, which ended in a 35–19 win over Oregon State. The Hawkeyes' lone claim to a national championship came after winning the Rose Bowl following the 1958 season, when they were awarded the Grantland Rice trophy by the Football Writers Association of America.

The Hawkeyes' current head coach is Kirk Ferentz. In nineteen seasons under Ferentz, the Hawkeyes have won a BCS bowl, two Big Ten titles and have played in fifteen bowl games.  Ferentz is the all time Iowa football wins leader with 151 after surpassing his predecessor, Hayden Fry, during the 2018 football season. Fry, who coached the Hawkeyes for 20 seasons, had 143 wins, three Big Ten titles, and 14 bowl trips in his tenure at Iowa. Fry also led the Hawkeyes to eight-straight bowl games from 1981–1988, the longest such streak in program history. Fry was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2003. In 2015, the Hawks made it to the Rose Bowl and lost to Stanford.

Since 1929, the Hawkeyes have played their home games in Kinnick Stadium. Renamed in 1972 in honor of Iowa's lone Heisman Trophy winner, Nile Kinnick, the stadium can currently hold up to 70,585 fans. Kinnick won the Heisman Award following the conclusion of the 1939 season, but died on June 2, 1943, in the Gulf of Paria during a World War II training flight. His face can still be seen today, on the coins that officials toss at the beginning of all Big Ten games.

Golf
Since Iowa began competing in men's golf, the Hawkeyes have won the Big Ten team title once, in 1992. Brad Klapprott won an individual Big Ten championship that year, becoming only the second Iowa men's golfer to do so. He was preceded only by John Jacobs, who achieved the individual conference championship in 1946. Sean McCarty also added to the 1992 team's accolades in winning the Big Ten Freshman of the Year award. In 1995, McCarty became Iowa's first and only men's golf all-American.

Gymnastics

Iowa's men's gymnastics team is credited with winning the first NCAA national championship in school history in 1969. This, in turn, allowed the University of Iowa to become the last of all the Big Ten schools to have won a national championship in an NCAA-sponsored sport. The Hawkeyes have also won seven Big Ten team titles, the last coming in 1998. On the individual level, 12 Hawkeyes have won national championships. Michael Reavis is Iowa's most-recent national champion, having won on vault in 2005.

Swimming and diving

Men's swimming became a sanctioned varsity sport at the University of Iowa in 1917, with David Armbruster as the team's coach. Coaching from 1917–1958, Armbruster led the Hawkeyes to one Big Ten championship, in 1936. He was followed by Robert Allen, who coached the Hawkeyes until 1975. Under Allen, Iowa's best finish in the Big Ten was fifth, on two occasions. Glenn Patton was next in the line of coaches, and during his tenure, the Hawkeyes won two Big Ten championships and finished as high as eighth on the national level. Currently, Marc Long is Iowa's men's and women's swimming coach.

On 19 occasions has a men's swimmer at Iowa won an individual national championship. Ray Walters was the Hawkeyes' first national champion, having won the 50 meter freestyle in 1936. Nine of Iowa's national championships in men's swimming, however, are credited to Artur Wojdat, who competed at the collegiate level from 1989–1992. Wojdat was an 18-time all-American, a 10-time Big Ten champion, and a four-time national champion in the 500 yard freestyle event. Wojdat also won the bronze medal in the 400 meter freestyle at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. Receiving NCAA Swimmer of the Year in 2010 & 2011 while on the University of Florida swim team, Olympian Conor Dwyer swam with the Hawkeyes swim team on scholarship for his first two collegiate seasons: the Hawkeyes were the only university to offer Dwyer a scholarship after high school.

Tennis
Men's tennis became a varsity sport at Iowa in 1939, and from that time to the present, the Hawkeyes have won the Big Ten championship once, in 1958. That year, the Hawkeyes recorded a 10–1 team record and finished third at the national level. In 1998, Tyler Cleveland won the Big Ten Freshman of the Year Award. He later won the Big Ten Player of the Year Award twice, in 2000 and 2001. Cleveland and 14 other men's tennis players have named to an all-Big Ten team; Stuart Waters is the most-recent player to have accomplished this, doing so in 2002 and 2003. The team is currently coached by Ross Wilson who is in his 7th year with the program.

Track
In indoor track, the Hawkeyes have won three team Big Ten titles, the last coming in 1963. On the individual level, Iowa has had 64 Big Ten championships. Nine-time Big Ten champion Bashir Yamini won three of his Big Ten titles in indoor competitions. Named the 1996 Big Ten Indoor Freshman of the Year, Yamini won the indoor long jump every year from 1997 through 1999. 10 Iowa relays have also been named Big Ten champions, most-recently in 1989.

In outdoor track competition, Iowa has won team Big Ten titles in 1963, 1967, 2011, 2019, and 2021. Their 2011 championship ended a 44-year drought. Iowa jumped Minnesota on the last day of the tournament by placing ahead of the Golden Gophers in the 4x400 – the last event of the tournament. Since 1902, the Hawkeyes have had 92 separate individual Big Ten championships. Yamini currently shares the Big Ten Outdoor Championships long jump record with Ohio State's Jesse Owens. Former Iowa football player Tim Dwight also competed in track. Dwight won the 100 meter Big Ten championship in 1999 with a time of 10.51 seconds.

The men's and women's track teams have collectively produced 17 different Olympians including 6 medalists.

Wrestling

Wrestling at the University of Iowa began with the 1910–1911 season. Under coach E. G. Schroeder, the Hawkeyes wrestled and lost to one opponent that season: Nebraska. The next year, Iowa got its first dual win, over Iowa State. Soon later, in 1914, Oscar Hobbet became the Hawkeyes' first individual Big Ten champion. Iowa's first all-American and national champion came in the 1927–1928 season, with Leslie Beers achieving these honors. Beers wrestled at the 158-pound weight class.

Iowa's first Big Ten championship came in 1958, a year in which the Hawkeyes also had 10 dual wins for the first time. However, Iowa would not win another Big Ten title until 1974, under head coach Gary Kurdelmeier. Kurdelmeier led the Hawkeyes to their first national championship in 1975 and their second in 1976. Iowa lost only one dual match in those two seasons.

Following the 1976 national championship, Dan Gable took over as coach. The Hawkeyes finished third on the national level in Gable's first year, but with another national championship in 1978, Iowa began a streak that, at that time, was only matched by Yale's golf team and Southern California's track team. From 1978 through 1986, Iowa won nine consecutive national championships, a record which equals what Yale's golf team did from 1905–1913 and what Southern California's track team did from 1935 through 1943. In his career at Iowa, which lasted until 1997, Gable led the Hawkeyes to 15 national titles and 21 consecutive Big Ten championships. Gable's 355 dual wins at Iowa make him the university's all-time winningest wrestling coach.

Gable was replaced as coach by Jim Zalesky. Under Zalesky, the Hawkeyes won three straight national titles from 1998–2000 and placed ten individual national champions. However, Zalesky was fired following the 2005–2006 season, as the Hawkeyes began to fade on the national level. He was replaced by Tom Brands, who in 2008 led Iowa to its first team national title since 2000. Brent Metcalf and Mark Perry won individual national championships in 2008, with Perry becoming Iowa's 17th four-time all-American. Brands' Hawkeyes also won team NCAA championships in 2009, 2010 and 2021.

Women's sports

Basketball

Women's basketball at the University of Iowa began in 1974, under head coach Lark Birdsong. The Hawkeyes finished 5–16 that season, getting their first win over Big Ten rival, Minnesota. Birdsong would continue to coach Iowa until the 1978–1979 season, the first winning season in Iowa women's basketball history. Judy McMullen replaced Birdsong, and after coaching at Iowa for four seasons, McMullen was replaced by C. Vivian Stringer in 1983. Prior to her tenure at Iowa, Stringer coached at Cheyney University, and took the school to new heights when she led the Wolves to the national championship game in 1982.

Beginning with the 1983–1984 season, Stringer coached at Iowa for 12 seasons. In that time, the Hawkeyes won six Big Ten championships, played in nine NCAA tournaments, and reached the Final Four in 1993. Unprecedented attention was shown to the Hawkeyes under Stringer, as evidenced by the record-setting 22,157 fans that watched Iowa play Ohio State on February 3, 1985, in Carver–Hawkeye Arena. Stringer, however, left Iowa to coach at Rutgers in 1995, following the death of her husband Bill.

Angie Lee replaced Stringer, and led the Hawkeyes to a Big Ten championship in her first season. Under Lee, Iowa won another Big Ten title in 1998, but success began to wane soon thereafter. Lee's successor as head coach was Lisa Bluder, who remains Iowa's current women's basketball coach. Under Bluder, the Hawkeyes have won two regular season Big Ten championship and four Big Ten tournament championships, recently winning both titles in 2022 and the tournament championship in 2023 with a team led by superstar guard Caitlin Clark. In 2023, the team advanced to the Final Four in Dallas, TX as a #2 seed after defeating Southeastern Louisiana (#15), Georgia (#10), Colorado (#6), and Louisville (#5).  The 2022–23 season is Bluder's 23rd as head coach.

Rowing
Women's rowing became a varsity sport at the University of Iowa in 1994 at which time Mandi Kowal was hired as head coach. In 1997 and 1998 the Hawkeyes' varsity 4 (V4+) was invited to the NCAA Championships; 1997 marked the first NCAA rowing championships. The Hawkeyes made a whole team appearance at Nationals in 2001. With the combined novice and varsity teams, the Hawkeyes typically have 70–80 rowing athletes, making it the second-largest team on campus, second only to football.

Fall 2009 brought the completion of a new state-of-the-art boathouse. Prior to that time the rowing Hawkeyes had no permanent home, but instead their boats were housed in an excess area of the Iowa Advanced Technology Laboratories. The new P. Sue Beckwith, M.D. Boathouse is named after the benefactor, a former University of Iowa basketball letter-winner, who gave the seed money that made the boathouse possible. The boathouse is  and designed to withstand flooding. The building has workout facilities, team locker rooms, boat bays, indoor rowing tanks, and meeting spaces.

Softball

The Hawkeye softball team has appeared in four Women's College World Series, in 1995, 1996, 1997, and 2001. The current head softball coach of the Hawkeyes is Renee Luers-Gillispie.

Swimming and diving

Nancilea Underwood (now Foster) was a diver on the United States Olympic Team in 2008 after completing her career diving for the University of Iowa. She was a 4-time US National Champion in individual and synchronized springboard events. She placed 8th on the 3 meter springboard at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing.

Wrestling
On September 23, 2021, Iowa announced that it would add women's wrestling for the 2023–24 school year. The NCAA does not hold a championship in that sport, but recognizes it as part of the NCAA Emerging Sports for Women program. Iowa will become the first Power Five school to sponsor varsity women's wrestling.

Notable non-varsity sports

Ultimate
The Iowa Hawkeye Ultimate Club (IHUC) competes in the West Plains conference of the North Central Region. In 2010, the team tied for 9th at college nationals, while taking 3rd place in 2011.

The Iowa Women's Ultimate team, Saucy Nancy, has also been very successful in years past. In 2011 the team tied for 5th at the College Championship in Boulder, Colorado. In 2012, they accomplished the same feat, tying for 5th again in Boulder, Colorado. Then in 2013, Saucy made it back into the College Championship in Madison, Wisconsin, and this time tied for 3rd.

Rugby
The University of Iowa Rugby Football Club plays college rugby in the Big Ten Universities conference of Division I-A. Iowa rugby has had some success in recent years, finishing second at the 2014 Big Ten 7s tournament, and the 2015 Big Ten West 7s tournament.  After coming close to achieving a Top 25 ranking in 2011, Iowa would be ranked as high as 17th in the nation after their final match of their 2014 season, and being ranked 20th in the final Canterbury D1A Poll of the 2014-15 season. Iowa would go on to make the USA Rugby 7s National Championships in back-to-back years, 2015 and 2016, moving on as runners-up in their group in 2015 before falling in the elimination round. Iowa plays its matches at the University of Iowa Rugby Fields on Hawkeye Park Road. Iowa is led by Head Coach Jim Estes.

Pageantry
The University of Iowa borrowed its nickname from the state of Iowa years ago. The term "Hawkeye" originally appeared in the novel, The Last of the Mohicans, written by James Fenimore Cooper. In the book, the protagonist Natty Bumppo is given the word "Hawkeye" as a nickname from the Delaware Indians. Twelve years following the publishing of the book, the nickname was also given to people in the territory of Iowa (the state is now known as the Hawkeye State). Two men, Judge David Rorer and James G. Edwards, sought out to popularize the nickname, and were rewarded when territorial officials gave their approval.

The nickname gained a palpable symbol in 1948 when a cartoon character was created. Later named Herky, it was created by Richard Spencer III. The mascot was instantly popular among fans and gained its name through a statewide contest. A man named John Franklin suggested the Herky name. Since the mid-1950s, Herky has been a fixture at Iowa football games and has played a prominent role in all Iowa athletic events.

Iowa's primary school colors are black and old gold. The school's fight songs are "On Iowa!," the "Iowa Fight Song," and "Roll Along Iowa." A fourth song, the "Hawkeye Victory Polka," commonly referred to as "The Beer Song" or "In Heaven There Is No Beer," is played specifically following Iowa football and basketball victories. The school's alma mater is "Alma Mater, Iowa."

Athletic directors
Iowa has had 12 athletic directors in its history. They are:
Nelson Kellogg, 1910–1917
Howard Jones, 1917–1924
Paul Belting, 1924–1929
Edward Lauer, 1929–1934
Ossie Solem, 1934–1937
E. G. Schroeder, 1937–1947
Paul Brechler, 1947–1960
Forest Evashevski, 1960–1970
Bump Elliott, 1970–1990
Christine Grant, 1973–2000 as women's athletic director
Bob Bowlsby, 1990–2006
Gary Barta, 2006–2023
Beth Goetz (Interim), 2023-

Hall of fame

Championships

NCAA team championships

Iowa has won 26 NCAA national team Championships.

Men's (25)
Gymnastics (1): 1969
Wrestling (24): 1975, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2021
Women's (1)
Field Hockey (1): 1986
See also:
List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships
Big Ten Conference NCAA national team championships

Other national team championships
Below are seven national team titles that were not bestowed by the NCAA:

Men's
Football (5): 1921, 1922, 1956, 1958, 1960
Rifle (5): 1911, 1918, 1929, 1940, 1946
Women's
Track & Field (1): 1924

Big Ten Conference championships

The University of Iowa has 127 Big Ten Conference Championships

Men
Basketball (11): 1923, 1926, 1945, 1955, 1956, 1968, 1970, 1979, 2001, 2006, 2022
Baseball (9): 1927, 1938, 1939, 1942, 1949, 1972, 1974, 1990, 2017
Cross country (2): 1961, 1966
Football (11): 1900, 1921, 1922, 1956, 1958, 1960, 1981, 1985, 1990, 2002, 2004
Golf (1): 1992
Gymnastics (8): 1937, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1974, 1986, 1998, 2019
Indoor track & field (5): 1926, 1929, 1963, 2021, 2022
Outdoor track & field (5): 1963, 1967, 2011, 2019, 2021
Swimming (3): 1936, 1981, 1982
Tennis (1): 1958
Wrestling (37): 1915, 1916, 1958, 1962, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2020, 2021
Women
Basketball (14): 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2008, 2019, 2022, 2023
Cross country (1): 1982
Field hockey (13): 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1992, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2004, 2019, 2021
Golf (1): 1991
Softball (3): 1997, 2000, 2003
Soccer (1): 2021
Gymnastics (1): 2021
See also:
List of Big Ten Conference national championships
List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships

References

External links

Iowa Hawkeyes


Kentucky common beer is a once-popular style of ale from the area in and around Louisville, Kentucky from the 1850s until Prohibition. This style is rarely brewed commercially today. It was also locally known as dark cream common beer, cream beer or common beer. The beer was top-fermented and was krausened up to 10% making it quite highly carbonated. Like cream ale, it was consumed fresh, usually as draught beer. In 1913 it was estimated that 80% of the beer consumed in Louisville was of this type. Many local breweries made only this style of beer.

History
Before modern refrigeration, most breweries depended on ice cut the previous winter for producing beer. The Louisville area usually did not have the weather conditions to produce enough ice for this. With an influx of European immigrants into Louisville during the mid 19th century, there was an increased demand for beer in the area. Common beer was fermented at higher temperatures like an ale, but was aged for a very short period of time if at all before being consumed, thus eliminating any need to keep it cool. (Compare California common beer or "steam beer", which has similar origins due to the lack of refrigeration.) This kept overhead costs down and made it inexpensive to purchase, so it was very popular among working-class people. Assumptions that Kentucky Common was a sour beer are based on the description of the style written in 1906 however, based on brewing records, the mash lengths and hopping rates would have made sour mashing impossible as Lactobascillus delbruekii and Lactobascillus hordei used in sour mashing are both hop sensitive, lacking the HorA gene. Nonetheless, in the same work, the bacteria identified in the beer was identified as "rod shaped", which would indicate Lactobascillus, but it would more likely have been Lactobacillus plantarum, which is hop tolerant and inhabits contaminated cooperage. The slight souring would have been incidental, even if widespread, and not a defining feature of the style.

, this style is not generally available, though there are occasional attempts at revival. New Albanian Brewing Company produces one as Phoenix Kentucky Komon, Local Option from Chicago produces their own Kentucky common ale, Avenues Proper in Salt Lake City occasionally brews a Kentucky common ale called Bluegrass Brown, Abe Erb brewed a one-off, called Yee Haw Magee Kentucky Common, and the revived Falls City Brewing Company is serving their own version, called Kentucky Common, at its brew house. Darkness Brewing from Bellevue, Kentucky brews a Kentucky common called Bellevue Common. Upstate Brewing Company in New York also has one, named Common Sense. Iron Duke Brewery of Ludlow, Massachusetts produces one, named The Common. Ten Mile Brewing in Signal Hill, California also brews one called Hidden Hollow. Level Crossing Brewing in Salt Lake City, UT brews a Kentucky Common called You-Tah Uncommon. Sawstone Brewing Co. in Morehead, Kentucky brews Kentucky Common.  Ferguson Brewing Company in Ferguson, MO (metro St. Louis) brews one called Kentucky Common, Tampa Bay Brewing Company in Tampa, Florida brews one called Kentucky Uncommon. As of 9/2/2023, Shadow Puppet Brewing in Livermore CA (in the San Francisco Bay Area) is brewing Kentucky Uncommon, an American amber ale.

In 2021 the Brewers Association added the style to its updated 2021 Beer Style Guidelines.

Characteristics
This kind of beer was usually made with 6 row barley, approximately 25 to 30 percent corn grits and 1 to 2 percent each caramel or caramel malts and black malt to counteract the high bicarbonate water. It had an original gravity of 1.040-1.050, an average bitterness of 27 IBU. The beer was typically kegged and served relatively young, with a short time of 6 to 8 days from mash in to keg. The beer is an easy-drinking, slightly sweet, dark amber to light brown ale.

See also

References

 "American Handy Book of the Brewing, Malting and Auxiliary Trades," Robert Wahl and Max Henius, 1902
 "The Essentials of Beer Style," Fred Eckhard, 1989
 "Radical Brewing," Randy Mosher, 2004.
 Old American Beer Styles, Lost and Found

External links
 Kentucky's Beer Heritage
 Kentucky Common beer to stand out at BrewFest
 Old American Beer Styles, Lost and Found
 Yup - Kentucky Had a Beer Style - Kentucky Common Beer
 Kentucky Common – An Almost Forgotten Style

American beer styles
Cuisine of Louisville, Kentucky
Beer in Kentucky
1850s establishments in Kentucky
Food and drink introduced in the 1850s

Kentucky common beer


Chemical genetics is the investigation of the function of proteins and signal transduction pathways in cells by the screening of chemical libraries of small molecules. Chemical genetics is analogous to classical genetic screen where random mutations are introduced in organisms, the phenotype of these mutants is observed, and finally the specific gene mutation (genotype) that produced that phenotype is identified. In chemical genetics, the phenotype is disturbed not by introduction of mutations, but by exposure to small molecule tool compounds. Phenotypic screening of chemical libraries is used to identify drug targets (forward genetics or chemoproteomics) or to validate those targets in experimental models of disease (reverse genetics). Recent applications of this topic have been implicated in signal transduction, which may play a role in discovering new cancer treatments. Chemical genetics can serve as a unifying study between chemistry and biology. The approach was first proposed by Tim Mitchison in 1994 in an opinion piece in the journal Chemistry & Biology entitled "Towards a pharmacological genetics".

Method

Chemical genetic screens are performed using libraries of small molecules that have known activities or simply diverse chemical structures. These screens can be done in a high-throughput mode, using 96 well-plates, where each well contains cells treated with a unique compound.  In addition to cells, Xenopus or zebrafish embryos can also be screened in 96 well format where compounds are dissolved in the media in which embryos grow. Embryos are developed until the stage of interest and then the phenotype can be analyzed. Several concentrations can be tested in order to determine the toxic and the optimal concentrations.

Applications

Adding compounds to developing embryos allow comprehension of mechanism of action of drugs, their toxicity and developmental processes involving their targets. Chemical screens have been mostly performed on either wild type or transgenic Xenopus and zebrafish organisms as they produce a large amount of synchronized, fast-to-develop and transparent eggs easy to visually score. The use of chemicals in developmental biology offers two main advantages. Firstly, it is easy to perform high-throughput screen using wide spectrum or specific target compounds and reveal important genes or pathways involved in developmental processes. Secondly, it allows narrowing the time of action of a particular gene. It can also be used as a tool in drug development to test toxicity in whole organism. Procedures such as FETAX  (Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay – Xenopus) are being developed to implement chemical screenings to test toxicity. Zebrafish and Xenopus embryos have also been used to identify new drugs targeting a particular gene of interest.

See also
 Chemoproteomics
Chemical biology
 Chemogenomics

References

Genetics

Chemical genetics