Francis Snow Hesseltine (December 10, 1833 – February 17, 1916) was a Union Army soldier in the American Civil War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor for extraordinary heroism on December 30, 1863, while serving as the lieutenant colonel of the 13th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, at Matagorda Bay, Texas.  His Medal of Honor was issued on March 2, 1895.

Early life
Francis Hesseltine was born in Bangor, Maine, in 1833 and educated at Colby College in Waterville.  While a student at Colby, he was the first citizen of Waterville to volunteer to serve in the Union Army.   The sophomore student was elected captain of a company in the 3rd Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, a unit made up almost entirely of college students. Had the war not intervened, Hesseltine would have graduated from Colby in June 1863.

Civil War service
By February 1862 Hesseltine was a lieutenant colonel in the Thirteenth Maine Regiment.  The regiment was sent to Ship Island, Mississippi, where he was given command of Fort Jackson and Fort St. Phillip, which were located 70 miles south of New Orleans, and protected the approaches to the city.

In October 1863 concerns about Mexico possibly entering the war allied with the Confederacy caused the Thirteenth Maine to be shipped to Brownsville, Texas, at the mouth of the Rio Grande River.

Medal of Honor action
In late December 1863 Hesseltine led a detachment of 100 men in a reconnaissance of the Matagorda peninsula, which covered the approach to the harbor of Corpus Christi, Texas.  On December 28, a regiment of 1,000 Confederate cavalrymen discovered his reconnaissance detachment and attacked Hesseltine's command.

On the 28th, seven miles from the head of Matagorda peninsula all contact was cut off with the transport ship which could evacuate Hesseltine's force due to heavy surf.  The enemy was at his rear and he was, effectively, surrounded.

In Hesseltine's own words, "Soon, by the aid of my glass, I was able to discern the head of a body of cavalry moving down the peninsula … their line stretched steadily towards us … in half an hour their skirmishers were swarming up close to mine, slightly heeding the shall and shrapnel … half our skirmishers faced about and gave them a volley … I knew my men. They were cool; and determined rather than the rebels should meet the first encouragement of this campaign, that they would die there."

As of 3 p.m. on the third day, Hesseltine had located his transport ship, and his unit boarded without loss of lives or equipment.  The 100 infantrymen from Maine had inflicted significant casualties on the 1,000 Confederate cavalrymen and sank their gunboat.

Post war
After the war, Hesseltine studied law in Portland, then moved to Savannah, Georgia, and lived there until 1870, when he opened a law practice in Boston with his son.  He then moved to Melrose, Massachusetts, residing at 45 West Emerson Street.  He became involved in the public life of the growing town.

He became active in political and public endeavors, serving on the building committee for town hall, helping fund the Melrose Improvement Society.   The Melrose Improvement Society planted over 3,000 trees and cleared the town common.  In 1891, he served on the oversight committee for the building of two new schools (Livermore and Winthrop) and the addition to the high school.  In 1892 he was on the committee to study the establishment of public sewerage.  In 1895, he served on the committee to study the change from town to city government.  He presided at the municipal memorial service for President Grant.  He also served on the commission formed to pay pensions (with city funds) to Melrose's Civil War veterans.

Hesseltine was active in Republican party politics and in 1884 was Melrose campaign coordinator for Maine Governor James G. Blaine, in his unsuccessful presidential campaign against Grover Cleveland.  He ran for Mayor in 1902 but was defeated.

In 1912, Hesseltine was awarded an honorary doctorate by his alma mater, Colby College.

He is one of eight Medal of Honor recipients to be a member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts.  He was also a member of the Massachusetts Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States and the Grand Army of the Republic.

He died at the age of 82, on February 17, 1916, and was buried at the Wyoming Cemetery in Melrose.

Medal of Honor citation

See also
 13th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment
 Department of the Gulf
 Battle of Brownsville
 Battle of Mustang Island
 Battle of Fort Esperanza
 Red River Campaign
 Colby College

Notes

Further reading

External links

1833 births
1916 deaths
Military personnel from Bangor, Maine
Burials in Massachusetts
People of Maine in the American Civil War
Union Army soldiers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor

Francis S. Hesseltine


Edward Montagu Stuart Granville Montagu-Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie, 1st Earl of Wharncliffe (15 December 1827 – 13 May 1899), was a British peer and railway executive.

Early life
A member of the Stuart family headed by the Marquess of Bute, Wharncliffe was the eldest son of John Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie, 2nd Baron Wharncliffe, and his wife Lady Georgiana Elizabeth, daughter of Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby.

Career
He succeeded his father in the barony in 1855. He was Chairman of Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway, which under his leadership became the Great Central Railway. In 1876 he was created Viscount Carlton, of Carlton in the West Riding in the County of York, and Earl of Wharncliffe, in the West Riding of the County of York, with remainder to his younger brother the Hon. Francis Dudley Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie. In 1880 he assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Montagu.

Personal life
Lord Wharncliffe married Lady Susan Charlotte, daughter of Henry Lascelles, 3rd Earl of Harewood, in 1855. They had no children.

Lord Wharncliffe died in May 1899, aged 71, and was succeeded (in the viscountcy and earldom according to the special remainder) by his nephew Francis. The Countess of Wharncliffe died in May 1927.

Notes

References

|-

1827 births
1899 deaths
Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Edward
Great Central Railway people
Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria

Edward Montagu-Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie, 1st Earl of Wharncliffe


"High on You" is a song by the American rock band Survivor. It was the band's second single and first top-ten hit from their 1984 album Vital Signs.

Background
"High on You" was one of Sullivan and Peterik's compositions. "This is one song that's not brain surgery. It came from a jam. A lot of great songs come from jam sessions. I remember soundchecks with Survivor and The Ides Of March, and there's no better place to start a jam than on stage. Everything is miked-up, you're in a good mood, the lights come on, the audience isn't there yet and you start jamming. "High on You" was similar to that, only it started in rehearsal. Frankie started jamming on this really great guitar riff. I started laying my right hand on the keyboard and coming up with that very sing-song melody."

Peterik told Songfacts: "Lyrically, I've had that title ever since the CBS convention in 1977 when Sly Stone of Sly & the Family Stone - there were rumors about him being strung out on drugs - he bolts on stage all cleaned up and says, 'I want you to know, people, I am high on you." Everybody applauded. There's a title if I ever heard one, so I guess indirectly he inspired that song."

Charts
It peaked at No. 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 the week of March 23, 1985. It also reached No. 8 on the Top Rock Tracks chart.

References

1985 singles
1985 songs
Survivor (band) songs
Songs written by Frankie Sullivan
Songs written by Jim Peterik
Scotti Brothers Records singles
Song recordings produced by Ron Nevison

High on You (Survivor song)


Barnard College, officially titled as Barnard College, Columbia University, is a private women's liberal arts college in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. It was founded in 1889 by a group of women led by young student activist Annie Nathan Meyer, who petitioned Columbia University's trustees to create an affiliated college named after Columbia's recently deceased 10th president, Frederick A.P. Barnard. The college is one of the original Seven Sisters—seven liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States that were historically women's colleges.

Barnard is currently one of four Columbia undergraduate colleges with independent admission, curriculum, and financials. Students share classes, libraries, clubs, Greek life, athletic fields, and dining halls with Columbia, as well as sports teams, through the Columbia-Barnard Athletic Consortium, an agreement that makes Barnard the only women's college to offer its students the ability to compete in NCAA Division I athletics. Students receive their diploma from Columbia University.

Barnard offers Bachelor of Arts degree programs in about 50 areas of study. Students may also pursue elements of their education at Columbia, the Juilliard School, the Manhattan School of Music, and The Jewish Theological Seminary, which are also based in New York City. Its  campus is located in the Upper Manhattan neighborhood of Morningside Heights, stretching along Broadway between 116th and 120th Streets. It is directly across from Columbia's main campus.

Barnard College alumnae include leaders in science, religion, politics, the Peace Corps, medicine, law, education, communications, theater, and business. Barnard graduates have been recipients of Emmy, Tony, Grammy, Academy, and Peabody Awards, Guggenheim Fellowships, MacArthur Fellowships, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the National Medal of Science, and the Pulitzer Prize.

History

Founding

For its first 229 years, Columbia College of Columbia University admitted only men for undergraduate study. Barnard College was founded in 1889 as a response to Columbia's refusal to admit women into its institution.

The college was named after Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard, a deaf American educator and mathematician who served as the 10th president of Columbia from 1864 to 1889. He advocated for equal educational privileges for men and women, preferably in a coeducational setting, and began proposing in 1879 that Columbia admit women.

Columbia's Board of Trustees repeatedly rejected Barnard's suggestion, but in 1883 agreed to create a detailed syllabus of study for women. While they could not attend Columbia classes, those who passed examinations based on the syllabus would receive a degree. The first such woman graduate received her bachelor's degree in 1887.  A former student of the program, Annie Meyer, and other prominent New York women persuaded the board in 1889 to create a women's college connected to Columbia.

Men and women were evenly represented among the founding Trustees of Barnard College.

Barnard College's original 1889 home was a rented brownstone at 343 Madison Avenue, where a faculty of six offered instruction to 36 students.

Morningside campus
When Columbia University announced in 1892 its impending move to Morningside Heights, Barnard built a new campus nearby with gifts from Mary E. Brinckerhoff, Elizabeth Milbank Anderson and Martha Fiske. Two of these gifts were made with several stipulations attached. Brinckerhoff insisted that Barnard acquire land within 1,000 feet of the Columbia campus within the next four years. The Barnard trustees purchased land between 119th-120th Streets after receiving funds for that purpose in 1895. Anderson requested that Charles A. Rich be hired. Rich designed the Milbank, Brinckerhoff, and Fiske Halls, built in 1897–1898; these were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. The first classes at the new campus were held in 1897. Despite Brinckerhoff's, Anderson's, and Fiske's gifts, Barnard remained in debt.

Ella Weed supervised the college in its first four years; Emily James Smith succeeded her as Barnard's first dean. Jessica Finch is credited with coining the phrase "current events" while teaching at Barnard College in the 1890s.

The college received the three blocks south of 119th Street from Anderson in 1903. Rich provided a master plan for the campus, but only Brooks Hall was built, being constructed between 1906 and 1908. None of Rich's other plans were carried out. Students' Hall, now known as Barnard Hall, was built in 1916 to a design by Arnold Brunner. Hewitt Hall was the last structure to be erected, in 1926–1927. All three buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.

By the mid-20th century Barnard had succeeded in its original goal of providing a top-tier education to women. Between 1920 and 1974, only the much larger Hunter College and University of California, Berkeley produced more women graduates who later received doctorates. In the 1970s, Barnard faced considerable pressure to merge with male only Columbia College, which was fiercely resisted by its president, Jacquelyn Mattfeld.

Academics
Barnard students are able to pursue a Bachelor of Arts degree in about 50 areas of study. Joint programs for the Bachelor of Science and other degrees exist with Columbia University, Juilliard School, and The Jewish Theological Seminary. The most popular majors at the college by 2021 graduates, were .:
Econometrics and Quantitative Economics (62)
Research and Experimental Psychology (56)
History (43)
English Language and Literature (39)
Political Science and Government (36)
Neuroscience (33)
Art History, Criticism and Conservation (33)

The liberal arts general education requirements are collectively called Foundations. Students must take two courses in the sciences (one of which must be accompanied by a laboratory course), study a single foreign language for two semesters, and take two courses in the arts/humanities as well as two in the social sciences. In addition, students must complete at least one three-credit course in the so-called "Modes of Thinking" series, and fulfill other requirements.

Admissions

Admissions to Barnard are considered "most selective" by U.S. News & World Report. It is the most selective women's college in the nation; in 2017, Barnard had the lowest acceptance rate of the five Seven Sisters that remain single-sex in admissions.

The class of 2026's admission rate was 8% of the 12,009 applicants, the lowest acceptance rate in the institution's history. The median SAT composite score of enrolled students was 1440, with median subscores of 720 in Math and 715 in Evidence-Based Reading and Writing. The median ACT Composite score was 33.

In 2015, Barnard announced that it would admit transgender women who "consistently live and identify as women, regardless of the gender assigned to them at birth" and would continue to support and enroll those students who transitioned to male after they had already been admitted.

The college practices need-blind admission for domestic first-year applicants.

Rankings

Barnard is ranked tied at 11th of 185 overall and tied for 25th of 36 for "Best Undergraduate Teaching," among U.S. liberal arts colleges by U.S. News & World Report. Forbes ranked Barnard 73rd of 500 colleges in 2023.

Campus

Library

 While Barnard students have access to the libraries at Columbia University, the college has always maintained a library of its own. The Barnard Library also encompasses the Archives and Special Collections, with material that documents Barnard's history from its founding to the present day. Among the collections are the Ntozake Shange papers.

Zine Collection

The Barnard Zine Library is a unit of the Barnard Library and Academic Information Systems (BLAIS). Zine collections target primarily female, default queer, intentionally of color, and gender expansive topics.

Student life

Student organizations

Every Barnard student is part of the Student Government Association (SGA), which elects a representative student government. SGA aims to facilitate the expression of opinions on matters that directly affect the Barnard community.

Student groups include theatre and vocal music groups, language clubs, literary magazines, a freeform radio station called WBAR, a biweekly magazine called the Barnard Bulletin, Club Q, community service groups, and others.

Barnard students can also join extracurricular activities or organizations at Columbia University, while Columbia University students are allowed in most, but not all, Barnard organizations. Barnard's McIntosh Activities Council organizes various community focused events on campus, such as Big Sub and Midnight Breakfast. There are sub-committees focussed on cultural events (Mosaic), health and wellness (Wellness), networking (Network), even-planning (Community), and service (Action).

Sororities
Barnard students participate in various sororities. , Barnard does not fully recognize the National Panhellenic Conference sororities at Columbia, but it does provide some funding to account for Barnard students living in Columbia housing through these organizations.

Traditions
Barnard Greek Games: One of Barnard's oldest traditions, the Barnard Greek Games were first held in 1903, and occurred annually until the Columbia University protests in 1968. Since then they have been sporadically revived. The games consist of competitions between each graduating class at Barnard, and events have traditionally included Greek poetry recitation, dance, chariot racing, and a torch race.

Take Back the Night: Each April, Barnard and Columbia students participate in the Take Back the Night march and speak-out. This annual event grew out of a 1988 Seven Sisters conference. The march has grown from under 200 participants in 1988 to more than 2,500 in 2007.

Midnight Breakfast marks the beginning of finals week. As a highly popular event and long-standing college tradition, Midnight Breakfast is hosted by the student-run activities council, McAC (McIntosh Activities Council). In addition to providing standard breakfast foods, each year's theme is also incorporated into the menu. Past themes have included "I YUMM the 90s," "Grease," and "Take Me Out to the Ballgame." The event is a school-wide affair as college deans, trustees and the president serve food to about a thousand students. It takes place the night before finals begin every semester.

Big Sub: Towards the beginning of each fall semester, Barnard College supplies a 700+ feet long subway sandwich. Students from the college can take as much of the sub as they can carry. The sub has kosher, dairy free, vegetarian, and vegan sections. This event is organized by the student-run activities council, McAC.

Academic affiliations

Relationship with Columbia University

The Barnard Bulletin in 1976 described the relationship between the college and Columbia University as "intricate and ambiguous". Barnard president Debora Spar said in 2012 that "the relationship is admittedly a complicated one, a unique one and one that may take a few sentences to explain to the outside community".
Outside sources often describe Barnard as part of Columbia; The New York Times in 2013, for example, called Barnard "an undergraduate women's college of Columbia University". Its front gates read "Barnard College of Columbia University."

Barnard describes itself as "both an independently incorporated educational institution and an official college of Columbia University" that is "one of the University's four colleges, but we're largely autonomous, with our own leadership and purse strings", and advises students to state "Barnard College, Columbia University" or "Barnard College of Columbia University" on résumés.

Columbia describes Barnard as an affiliated institution that is a faculty of the university or is "in partnership with" it. Both the college and Columbia evaluate Barnard faculty for tenure, and Barnard graduates receive Columbia diplomas signed by the Barnard and the Columbia presidents.

Before coeducation at Columbia
Smith and Columbia president Seth Low worked to open Columbia classes to Barnard students. By 1900 they could attend Columbia classes in philosophy, political science, and several scientific fields. That year Barnard formalized an affiliation with the university which made available to its students the instruction and facilities of Columbia. Franz Boas, who taught at both Columbia and Barnard in the early 1900s, was among those faculty members who reportedly found Barnard students superior to their male Columbia counterparts. From 1955, Columbia and Barnard students could register for the other school's classes with the permission of the instructor; from 1973 no permission was needed.

Except for Columbia College, by the 1940s, other undergraduate and graduate divisions of Columbia University admitted women. Columbia president William J. McGill predicted in 1970, that Barnard College and Columbia College would merge within five years. In 1973, Columbia and Barnard signed a three-year agreement to increase sharing classrooms, facilities, and housing, and cooperation in faculty appointments, which they described as "integration without assimilation"; by the mid-1970s, most Columbia dormitories were coed. The university's financial difficulties during the decade increased its desire to merge to end what Columbia described as the "anachronism" of single-sex education, but Barnard resisted doing so because of Columbia's large debt, rejecting in 1975 Columbia dean Peter Pouncey's proposal to merge Barnard and the three Columbia undergraduate schools. The 1973–1976 chairwoman of the board at Barnard, Eleanor Thomas Elliott, led the resistance to this takeover. The college's marketing emphasized the Columbia relationship, however, the Bulletin in 1976 stating that Barnard described it as identical to the one between Harvard College and Radcliffe College ("who are merged in practically everything but name at this point").

After Barnard rejected subsequent merger proposals from Columbia and a one-year extension to the 1973 agreement expired, in 1977, the two schools began discussing their future relationship. By 1979, the relationship had so deteriorated that Barnard officials stopped attending meetings. Because of an expected decline in enrollment, in 1980 a Columbia committee recommended that Columbia College begin admitting women without Barnard's cooperation. A 1981 committee found that Columbia was no longer competitive with other Ivy League universities without women, and that admitting women would not affect Barnard's applicant pool. That year Columbia president Michael Sovern agreed for the two schools to cooperate in admitting women to Columbia, but Barnard faculty's opposition caused president Ellen Futter to reject the agreement.

A decade of negotiations for a Columbia-Barnard merger akin to Harvard and Radcliffe had failed. In January 1982, the two schools instead announced that Columbia College would begin admitting women in 1983, and Barnard's control over tenure for its faculty would increase; previously, a committee on which Columbia faculty outnumbered Barnard's three to two controlled the latter's tenure. Applications to Columbia rose 56% that year, making admission more selective, and nine Barnard students transferred to Columbia. Eight students admitted to both Columbia and Barnard chose Barnard, while 78 chose Columbia. Within a few years, however, selectivity rose at both schools as they received more women applicants than expected.

After coeducation
The Columbia-Barnard affiliation continued. , Barnard pays Columbia about $5 million a year under the terms of the "interoperate relationship", which the two schools renegotiate every 15 years. Despite the affiliation Barnard is legally and financially separate from Columbia, with an independent faculty and board of trustees. It is responsible for its own separate admissions, health, security, guidance and placement services, and has its own alumnae association. Nonetheless, Barnard students participate in the academic, social, athletic and extracurricular life of the broader University community on a reciprocal basis. The affiliation permits the two schools to share some academic resources; for example, only Barnard has an urban studies department, and only Columbia has a computer science department. Most Columbia classes are open to Barnard students and vice versa. Barnard students and faculty are represented in the University Senate, and student organizations such as the Columbia Daily Spectator are open to all students. Barnard students play on Columbia athletics teams, and Barnard uses Columbia email, telephone and network services.

Barnard athletes compete in the Ivy League (NCAA Division I) through the Columbia/Barnard Athletic Consortium, which was established in 1983. Through this arrangement, Barnard is the only women's college offering DivisionI athletics. There are 15 intercollegiate teams, and students also compete at the intramural and club levels. From 1975 to 1983, before the establishment of the Columbia/Barnard Athletic Consortium, Barnard students competed as the "Barnard Bears". Prior to 1975, students referred to themselves as the "Barnard honeybears".

Controversies
In the spring of 1960, Columbia University president Grayson Kirk complained to the president of Barnard that Barnard students were wearing inappropriate clothing. The garments in question were pants and Bermuda shorts. The administration forced the student council to institute a dress code. Students would be allowed to wear shorts and pants only at Barnard and only if the shorts were no more than two inches above the knee and the pants were not tight. Barnard women crossing the street to enter the Columbia campus wearing shorts or pants were required to cover themselves with a long coat.

In March 1968, The New York Times ran an article on students who cohabited, identifying one of the persons they interviewed as a student at Barnard College from New Hampshire named "Susan". Barnard officials searched their records for women from New Hampshire and were able to determine that "Susan" was the pseudonym of a student (Linda LeClair) who was living with her boyfriend, a student at Columbia University. She was called before Barnard's student-faculty administration judicial committee, where she faced the possibility of expulsion. A student protest included a petition signed by 300 other Barnard women, admitting that they too had broken the regulations against cohabitating. The judicial committee reached a compromise and the student was allowed to remain in school, but was denied use of the college cafeteria and barred from all social activities. The student briefly became a focus of intense national attention. She eventually dropped out of Barnard.

Administration
The following lists all the presidents and deans of Barnard College from 1889 to present.

 Ella Weed (1889–1894)
 Emily James Smith (1894–1900)
 Laura Drake Gill (1901–1907)
 Virginia Gildersleeve (1911–1947)
 Millicent McIntosh (1952–1962)
 Rosemary Park (1962–1967)
 Martha Peterson (1967–1975)
 Jacquelyn Mattfeld (1976–1981)
 Ellen Futter (1981–1993)
 Judith Shapiro (1994–2008)
 Debora Spar (2008–2017)
 Sian Beilock (2017–2023)
 Laura A. Rosenbury (2023–present)

Notable people

Barnard College has graduated many prominent leaders in science, religion, politics, the Peace Corps, medicine, law, education, communications, theater, and business; and acclaimed actors, architects, artists, astronauts, engineers, human rights activists, inventors, musicians, philanthropists, and writers. They include academic Louise Holland (1914), author Zora Neale Hurston (1928), author and political activist Grace Lee Boggs (1935), television host Ronnie Eldridge (1952), Phyllis E. Grann, CEO of Penguin Putnam, U.S. Representative Helen Gahagan (1924), Spelman College's 11th President and former chair of the Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS Helene D. Gayle (1970), president of the American Civil Liberties Union Susan Herman (1968), Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals Judith Kaye (1958), chair of the National Labor Relations Board Wilma B. Liebman (1971), musician and performance artist Laurie Anderson (1969), actress, activist, and gubernatorial candidate Cynthia Nixon (1988), author of The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants Ann Brashares (1989), The New Yorker cartoonist Amy Hwang (2000), actress from Grey's Anatomy Kelly McCreary (2003), writer and director Greta Gerwig (2004), and Disney Channel actress Christy Carlson Romano (2015).

See also

 Athena Film Festival
 Barnard Center for Research on Women
 Hidden Ivies: Thirty Colleges of Excellence
 Women's colleges in the United States
 List of coordinate colleges

References

Citations

Sources

Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz (1993). Alma Mater: Design and Experience in the Women's Colleges from Their Nineteenth-Century Beginnings to the 1930s (2nd edition). Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.

External links

1889 establishments in New York (state)
Columbia University
Educational institutions established in 1889
Liberal arts colleges in New York City
Morningside Heights, Manhattan
Private universities and colleges in New York (state)
Private universities and colleges in New York City
Seven Sister Colleges
Universities and colleges in Manhattan
Women's universities and colleges in the United States
Need-blind educational institutions

Barnard College


Clover could mean:

Plants
 Clover, a genus of plants

Places
 Clover, South Carolina, a town in York County
 Clover, Virginia, a place in Halifax County

Companies
 Clover Studio, the now defunct Capcom funded game developer
 Clover (toy company), a Japanese toy company
 Clover (dairy), a South African dairy company
 Clover (basses), a German company manufacturing bass guitars
 Clover Records, a record label
 Clover G Records, a record label

Clover was also the name of a defunct discount department store owned by Strawbridge and Clothier department stores in Pennsylvania.

Rivers
 Clover Creek (Pennsylvania), a tributary of the Frankstown Branch Juniata River
 Clover Creek (Washington)

Other things
 Clover (telescope), an astronomical telescope
 Clover (detector), a gamma ray detector
 Clover (manga), a manga by CLAMP
 Clover may also refer to the symbol on the Command key for official Apple Computer keyboards (⌘, U+2318)
 The Clovers, an American R&B band
 Clover (software tool), a Java code coverage tool
 Clover, one of the three spies in the cartoon Totally Spies!.
 CLOVER, a family of modulation techniques, mainly used for data communication over HF radio links.

Clover (disambiguation)


Paul Poovathingal (born 1961), popularly known as the 'Padum Pathiri' or 'singing priest of India', is a carnatic music (Indian classical music) vocalist, composer and lyricist and is the first vocologist in India. He is an ordained priest in the religious congregation of the Carmelites of Mary Immaculate (CMI). He has composed around 1000 songs and released 35 music albums. He is a disciple of the legendary Carnatic musician and playback singer Padmabhushan K. J. Yesudas and of Chandramana Narayan Namboothiri. He is the first Indian Christian priest in the world to earn PhD in Carnatic music. He has performed classical music before A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, President of India and before Bharat Ratna M.S. Subbulakshmi.

Spirituality and music
He focuses on the spiritual dimension of Indian classical music. He is also a proponent of music yoga (nada yoga) and advocates regular practice of pranayama to improve voice and general well being. He also promotes religious harmony through the medium of music. His music repertoire encompasses devotional songs based on Christian, Muslim and Hindu religious themes. His music compositions are based on carnatic music melody (raga) using the Carnatic musical scale (swara). They have a humanistic and universal appeal. According to Poovathingal, "music is a bridge between all religions".

Inculturation of Music in Church in India
He has been an exponent of 'inculturation' or the process to express Christian faith through indigenous art forms, adapting indigenous cultural expressions. His research was in the field of ethnomusicology and focused on carnatic music and Christianity. He has popularised Indian Christian themes in Carnatic music. He introduced raga-based chanting in Christian liturgical music in Kerala and India.

Education and career
Poovathingal learnt music, during his school years, from CC Chummar, a musician of Viyyur, Thrissur. He used to win prizes in music competitions. He started studying Indian classical music at the age of 17 under Sodharan Bhagavathar of Varandarappilly, Thrissur. He started musical compositions while studying in the seminary.  While studying in Christ College, Bangalore and Dharmaram Vidyapeeth, Bangalore, he continued his music practice under Vidwan VK Krishnamurthy. He completed his priestly formation and studies in philosophy and theology and was ordained a priest in 1990. In 1996, Tarangini Music produced music album 'Snehasarovaram' with 8 Christian devotional songs composed by him and sung by K J Yesudas and Sujata.  In 1992 he joined the Sangeeth Siromani Course in Delhi University and continued his studies in music in Delhi University earning M.A. Music Degree with distinction and earning the gold medal. In Delhi, he learnt music from T.N.Krishnan, T. R. Subramaniam, Leela Omcheri, Guruvayoor T. V. Manikandan, Vasanthi Rao, Radha Venkitachalam, Deepti etc.  He continued his studies in Carnatic Music during 1996–2004 period and obtained M.Phil and PhD in Carnatic Music from University of Madras. In Chennai, he also learned music from Vaikom Jayachandran.  His doctoral thesis submitted in 2003 was guided by Karaikudi Subaramanian, and titled 'Carnatic Music and Christianity'.  He studied vocology in Columbia University in 2003 and at the National Center for Voice and Speech, Denver, Colorado in 2006.

As a music researcher, he has published 11 research papers on various aspects of Karnatic Music and its relation to religion, philosophy and Christianity.

Indian classical music concerts
He has staged Indian classical music performances in USA, Canada, European countries, UAE, Bahrain, South Africa and India.  His musical concerts have been widely acclaimed. Paul Poovathingal performed before A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, President of India, at the Rastrapati Bhavan, New Delhi on 11 June 2007. He was accompanied by Prof Abdul Aziz on the violin, Guruvayur Sanoj on the mridangam and Shornur Rajesh on the ghatam (a pot-shaped percussion instrument).  He started the concert with 'Vatapi Ganapathim' in Hamsadhvani (in praise of Ganesha, the Hindu deity symbolising the power of the Supreme Being to remove all obstacles and ensure success in one's endeavours, and also symbolising the conquest of one's ego). This was followed by 'Salathullah Salamullah' (a song in praise of Allah) in Anandha Bhairavi ragam. He then sang 'Sree Yesu Natham' in Abhogi ragam. He also sang the song 'Jai ho, Jai Ho Bharatmata Ki', a national integration song evoking patriotism, in 'Kalyani' ragam.  He ended the concert with the song 'Loka Samastha Sukhino Bhavanthu' (an invocation for harmony in all creation) in 'Madhyamavathi ragam'.  Abdul Kalaam referred to their musical troupe as a 'national integration team' uniting religions and hearts.

Chetana Sangeet Natya Academy

The Chetana group of Institutions for Performing Arts in Thrissur, Kerala, India, is managed by the CMI Congregation. Chetana Sangeet Natya Academy, Thrissur was founded by Poovathingal in April 2005. It was inaugurated by K J Yesudas and blessed by Cardinal Vithayathil. Currently he functions as Director of the Academy.

In February 2007, he produced Arnos Pathiri's Puthenpana (Life of Christ) using Indian Classical Dance form (Bharata Natyam and Mohiniattam) and Karnatic Music. He provided the concept and composed the music along with Abdul Azeez. The dance was choreographed by Kalamandalam Shobana Sajeev Kumar and Kalamandalam Husnabanu. The music was sung by Kalamandalam Rajeev. The dance was presented by teachers and students of Chetana Sangeet Natya Academy.

Chetana Music College
In 2007, Chetana Music College, Thrissur was inaugurated by K.J. Yesudas. The College is currently affiliated to the University of Madras. Poovathingal is the founder-Principal of Chetana Music College.

Chetanotsavam
Poovathingal has been organising Chetanotsavam, a national music and dance festival, at Chetana Sangeeth Natya Academy, Thrissur since 2005.
Chetanotsavam-2010 was a two-day music and dance festival organised by Chetana Sangeet Natya Academy and Chetana Music College in Thrissur.  The highlights of the festival included a two-hour Carnatic music concert by Mavelikkara P. Subramaniam, a kuchipudi dance performance by Sreelakshmi Govardhan and a contemporary dance by a Mexican artiste Abril Gomez.

Chetana National Institute of Vocology
Paul Poovathingal founded Chetana National Institute of Vocology in Thrissur, Kerala, India in 2005. The Institute of Vocology is the first of its kind in India. Prof Ingo Titze (known as the father of vocology) is an advisor to the Board of the Institute. The Institute has been conducting certificate courses and seminars on vocology. The Institute also has a voice clinic run by Poovathingal.

Voice clinic
Poovathingal is a pioneering vocologist of India, helping those who have voice problems.  His voice clinics and vocology seminars help to guide musicians, actors, teachers, managers, speakers, lawyers and anyone who uses voice, to improve voice delivery.  Fr. Paul Poovathingal says: "Voice is a gift from God. Every voice is unique and distinct. Voice is an inseparable part of human personality."

Recognition and awards
He has received the awards listed below:
 Fr.Paul was honoured By Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam, President Of india at Rashtrapati Bhavan( President's House) 2007
 Saraswathi Millennium Award (2006) from the Saraswathi Trust, New York City.
 Rio Grande Puraskaram (2007) from Indian Cultural Association, McAllen, Texas, USA.
 Kerala (India) Catholic Bishops Conference Award (2008) for contribution to Christian classical music.
 Kala Ratna Award (2009) from Kala Sadan, Thrissur, India.
 Senior Fellowship award from Cultural Ministry, Govt.of India, New Delhi
 Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award (2014) for Carnatic Music (Indian Classical)
 Maryvijayam Award, Thrissur, Kerala 2015
 Sander K. Thomas Cultural Award, Thrissur, Kerala 2015
 Thrichur Archdiocesan media Award, Thrissur, Kerala 2018
 J.C. Daniel Kalaratna Award 2019
 Dr.Suvarna Nalappat Trust Award, Guruvayoor 2019
 Indo-American Press Club International Award, Houston, USA 2019
 Fr.Paul was nominated as a member Fine Arts Faculty( advisory Board) of Malayalam University, Thirur, Kerala

References

Living people
20th-century Indian male classical singers
1961 births
Indian classical composers
Malayalam-language lyricists
Syro-Malabar priests
Musicians from Thrissur
Male Carnatic singers
Carnatic singers
Singers from Kerala
21st-century Indian male classical singers
20th-century Indian composers
Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award

Paul Poovathingal


Kadava was the name of a Tamil ruling dynasty who ruled parts of the Tamil country during the thirteenth and the fourteenth century. Kadavas were related to the Pallava dynasty and ruled from Kudalur near Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu. Hiranyavarman, the father of Nandivarman II Pallavamalla is said to have belonged to the Kadavakula in epigraphs. Nandivarman II himself is described as "one who was born to raise the prestige of the Kadava family". Chiefs bearing the Kadava title  figure as feudatories of the Cholas as early as the 12th century. During the reign of Kulothunga Chola II, there was a vassal called  Alappirandan Elisaimohan alias Kulottungasola Kadavaradittan. The Kadava kingdom was at the height of their power briefly during the reigns of Kopperunchinga I and Kopperunchinga II. These two rulers were powerful enough to challenge the waning Chola dynasty during the reign of Rajaraja Chola III and Rajendra Chola III. The two Kopperunchingas have left a large number of inscriptions mostly in the North and South Arcot districts and in the Chingleput district.

Origins
The title Kadava is found among the several titles assumed by Mahendravarman I, Narasimhavarman I and Narasimhavarman II. The Kadava name with Kadavarayar is found in Tamil literature to refer to the Pallavas.  The relationship of the Kadavas to the main Pallava dynasty is documented in an inscription in Kanchipuram. The kings of the collateral line of the Pallavas who were descended from Bhimavarman, the brother of Simhavishnu, are called the Kadavas.  The Pallava king Nandivarman II (Pallavamalla) is praised as "one who was born to raise the prestige of the  Kadava family."

Kadavarayar is one of the surnames of Kallar Caste.

References

External links
 South Indian Inscriptions

Tamil monarchs
Dynasties of India
Empires and kingdoms of India
Pallava kings
History of Tamil Nadu

Kadava dynasty


Erwin Aichele (5 May 1887 – 29 June 1974) was a German painter and animal artist from Baden-Württemberg in Southern Germany.

His life and work was the subject of a 1988 monograph, Der Tiermaler Erwin Aichele by Hans Schöner.

Early years

Erwin Aichele studied fine art at the State Academy of Fine Arts Karlsruhe. He continued his studies in the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, where he was taught by the celebrated animal artist Heinrich von Zügel.
In 1911, Aichele passed his art teaching diploma and started work at the jewelry school in Pforzheim, Southern Germany.

War years

In 1915, Erwin Aichele joined the army and was sent to France as part of a communications team. His talent in draughtsmanship quickly came to the notice of his commanding officer and he was given the official function of war artist.

Most of his surviving war drawings were executed in 1916 when, as part of the Third Battery FAR 185, he was stationed in Liry in Champagne.
In June 1916, the troops moved to northern France.

Aichele's drawings depict places such as Achery, Doingt, Laon, Vraignes, Soissons. On each drawing he made a precise note of place, time and subject. His preferred media included pencil, ink, charcoal and coloured pastels.
His drawings are executed with considerable skill in the tradition of the nineteenth century. They depict daily life: military convoys, soldiers' billets and views of villages, as well as ruins and landscapes.

Although he witnessed the horrors of war, little of this appears in his drawings. They are dispassionate and betray no feelings of hate, horror or despair.
Aichele's last drawing in France is dated May 1918, shortly before a wound and nervous breakdown caused him to collapse into a coma. He was transferred to a military hospital in Polzen, Pomerania, and started drawing again during his convalescence. He returned home on the signature of the armistice.

Animal Artist and Teacher

In the aftermath of the war, Erwin Aichele resumed his teaching activities at Pforzheim's jewelry school. He also began painting again, focusing on wildlife and the semi-domesticated animals he reared.

He worked in various media, including watercolours, oils, charcoal and pen and ink.

In 1934, Aichele was put in charge of the animal drawing class at the State Academy of Fine Arts Karlsruhe. He was professor of the academy between 1936 and 1944.

In 1940, Aichele left the Pforzheim jewelry school in order to teach at the town's School of Decorative Arts. His work was interrupted in the last years of the war when he was drafted into the Volksturm or Home Guard.

He avoided joining the Nazi Party for the duration of the Third Reich.

He continued to teach at the Institute of Decorative Art until 1952; he was director of the institute for some of this time.

In the 1950s, he increasingly turned towards abstraction, though still using animals as his models. These paintings, mostly watercolours, remain his most celebrated works.

The Aichele Home and Workshop

In 1931, Erwin, his wife, Marie Charlotte, and three children moved into their new home in the kuenstlerkolonie (artists colony) in the village of Eutingen, near Pforzheim.

The house had an adjoining atelier and animal enclosures. These allowed Aichele to keep all sorts of animals, which were to play an essential role in his life and work.

Exhibitions

In 1921, he participated for the first time in an exhibition at the celebrated Glaspalast (Munich), (the Glass Palace in Munich). Afterwards, he took part in many other group shows. His work was also displayed in solo exhibitions, especially in southern Germany, where he was particularly appreciated.

In 1955, his work was exhibited in Paris for the first time.

Honours

In 1974, Erwin Aichele was made honorary citizen of Eutingen. The principal road in the kuenstlerkolonie was renamed Erwin-Aichele-Strasse.

In 1988, the Society of Fine Art in Pforzheim honoured him with a retrospective: to mark the occasion, the publishing house, Hans Schöner, published a monograph with reproductions of his works.

In 2009, an exhibition in southern Germany brought together the works of Erwin Aichele, his son, Wolfram Aichele and six of his artist grandchildren, Mathias Diebold, Nikolaus Diebold, Fridolin Diebold, Irmgard Jeserick, Benedikt Aichele and Alexandra Milton.

Biography

A book by British author, Giles Milton, Wolfram: The Boy Who Went To War, is an account of the Eutingen childhood and adolescent war years of Erwin Aichele's second son, the artist Wolfram Aichele.

It includes material about Erwin Aichele's life before and during the Third Reich.

See also
 List of German painters

References

External links
 The official website of Erwin Aichele

20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German male painters
1887 births
1974 deaths
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni

Erwin Aichele


Craig F. Bohren (born 1940) - American atmospheric scientist and physicist. Bohren wrote fundamental books on light scattering, atmospheric thermodynamics, and radiative transfer, as well as popular science books on atmospheric optics. He is Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Meteorology at Pennsylvania State University. He is an author of about 100 articles mostly on atmospheric optics, radiative transfer, and light scattering. His first atmospheric radiation teacher was Bruce Barkstrom. He is married to Nanette Malott Bohren.

References

American atmospheric scientists
1940 births
Living people
Pennsylvania State University faculty
Optical physicists

Craig Bohren


Thomas Sheridan (1687 – 10 October 1738) was an Anglican divine, essayist, playwright, poet, schoolmaster and translator. He is chiefly remembered for his friendship with Jonathan Swift.

Family and early career
He was born in Cavan, Ireland, the son of James Sheridan, and grandson of The Reverend Dennis Sheridan. Two of his uncles were Church of Ireland prelates: The Rt Rev. William Sheridan, Bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh, and The Rt Rev. Patrick Sheridan, Bishop of Cloyne. After graduating from Trinity College, Dublin, he married Elizabeth MacFadden and the couple first lived in Dublin in King James's Mint. He inherited from his father-in-law a substantial property at Quilca, near Mullagh, in County Cavan. He ran a school in Capel Street, Dublin, in the 1720s, whose pupils included children of many prominent families such as Anthony Foster, the future Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer, and Philip Tisdall, the future Attorney General for Ireland. The school shut in the early 1730s, having declined in reputation as Sheridan's health failed.

He was the father of Thomas Sheridan, a celebrated actor and elocutionist, who was in his turn the father of the celebrated playwright Richard Brinsley Sheridan; he had two other sons and one daughter.

His marriage was extremely unhappy, and, though in general a cheerful and easy-going man, he spoke of his wife with something close to hatred: "I have been tied to the Devil for 24 years".

In 1725 he was appointed a royal chaplain, but preached a sermon which was considered by some to be politically suspect, and his appointment was cancelled. In compensation he was given a living at Drumlane in County Cavan, and in 1735 became headmaster of the Royal School Cavan, where he remained for three years. Other appointments he is reputed to have applied for were the position of Dean of Kilmore and the position of headmaster of the Royal School in Armagh, but neither application was successful.

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Friendship with Swift
He was friends with Jonathan Swift, and had a room permanently reserved for him in the Deanery; he was his principal collaborator and wrote his biography. Swift often stayed at Sheridan's country house in County Cavan and wrote part of Gulliver's Travels there On the much debated question of whether Swift was secretly married to Esther Johnson ("Stella"), Sheridan was a strong if not conclusive witness that the marriage did take place; according to his friends his source for the story was Stella herself.

Like so many of Swift's friends, he was ultimately fated to quarrel with him irrevocably: in 1738, following Sheridan's recovery from an illness, Swift told him that he was no longer welcome at the Deanery. Apart from Swift's increasing eccentricity, the cause of the quarrel is obscure: by one account Sheridan rebuked Swift for his growing avarice, a claim  which Swift thought unforgivable.

Death and reputation
Sheridan collapsed and died suddenly while having dinner at a friend's house in Rathfarnham, County Dublin.

Swift before their final quarrel called him the best scholar in Ireland; Sir Walter Scott in his Life of Swift calls him "good-natured and light-hearted". Why he came to dislike his wife so much is unknown; Swift and others suspected that he sought consolation with other women.

References

1687 births
1738 deaths
17th-century Irish poets
18th-century Irish poets
18th-century Irish male writers
Writers from County Cavan
Irish essayists
18th-century Irish dramatists and playwrights
Irish male poets
Irish male dramatists and playwrights
Irish educators
Irish Anglican theologians
Irish translators
18th-century translators

Thomas Sheridan (divine)


Carl Weyant (born October 4, 1983) is an American actor, writer, producer, model and musician who has appeared in Karma: Crime, Passion and Reincarnation, Elle: A Modern Cinderella Tale The Young and the Restless and recently worked with Danny Glover, Michael Rooker, and famed actor Martin Landau in the psychological thriller Mysteria

Career
Shortly after arriving in Los Angeles, Weyant received roles in numerous low-budget independent features including Stray directed by Johnny Yong Bosch, and The Memory Thief. He then appeared as Thad Warner in The Young and the Restless. Since that time, Weyant has worked steadily in Hollywood, appearing in Several films and TV show.

In 2008, Weyant made his debut as the male lead in the film Karma: Crime, Passion, Reincarnation, which showed at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2008.

In 2009, Weyant went on to portray the role of Randy Dedd in the Dark comedy Dedd Brothers directed and written by Dustin Schuetter. Weyant then produced the family movie Elle: A Modern Cinderella Tale alongside John Dunson and Sean Dunson of Frame of Mind Entertainment. Elle won an audience award at the 2010 Newport Beach Film Festival.

During the end of 2009, Weyant formed "Split | Vision| Entertainment" for the production of full-length feature films. In 2010, Weyant partnered with Dustin Schuetter to co-develop, executive produce, produce and act on the award winning dark film Samuel Bleak, which starred Deborah Kara Unger, David Zayas, James Russo, Keith David and co-producer Dustin Schuetter. Samuel Bleak premiered at Cinequest Film Festival in the historic California Theatre on March 5, 2011, showed at the Sarasota Film Festival and competed at the First Santa Catalina Film Festival in Catalina, CA. Samuel Bleak has also been nominated for the 2011 which is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, and Center for Mental Health Services.  The Voice Awards honor leaders who have done exemplary work promoting the social inclusion of individuals with behavioral health problems.

Current
Weyant is currently producing Jake Stevens: The Last Protector with Dunson Twin Films for a theatrical release late 2014. According to an interview by Movie Vine, Weyant joined rock group Dead by Choice and is currently working on an untitled E.P. Weyant starred in the feature film Ashes of Eden in which is set to come out in theaters early 2014.

Filmography

References

External links

Living people
1983 births
American male film actors
21st-century American male actors
Male actors from New York City

Carl Weyant


Dhoom 3 () is a Hindi-language 2013 action thriller movie. This movie was directed by  Sanjay Gadhvi. It is a sequel to Dhoom 2. The film was produced by Aditya Chopra.

Plot
In the year 1990, "The Great Indian Circus" owned by Iqbal Haroon Khan (Jackie Shroff) in Chicago, Illinois gets closed when he is unable to repay his loan. Sahir, his little son, pleads that the two would soon turn the corner. But Iqbal's rejected and commits suicide in front of the heartless bank leader Anderson. Twenty-three years later, Sahir (Aamir Khan) robs various branches of the Western Bank of Chicago. Despite all efforts of law enforcement, the robbery isn't foiled, and he successfully gets away. Officer Victoria (Tabrett Bethell) calls ACP Jai Dixit (Abhishek Bachchan) and his partner, Sub-Inspector Ali Akbar Fateh Khan (Uday Chopra), for help in solving the case. Jai baits Sahir into robbing again by making it known he's on the case and that the thief's an amateur. On the other hand, Sahir starts the Great Indian Circus again, which was closed due to Iqbal's death. That is where he appoints Aaliya Hussain (Katrina Kaif), a new acrobat in his circus. Sahir poses as an informant for Jai, and manages to gather information on the bank while giving Jai a lead to follow. Eventually, Sahir robs the bank and escapes, but Jai and Ali follow him. Jai, while hanging on a helicopter ladder, manages to shoot Sahir on the left shoulder before he disappears.

Sahir has a big premiere of The Great Indian Circus, with his female lead acrobat, Aaliya, involving a trick with him disappearing in one place and showing up in another. The show is a success, but afterwards, Jai, Ali, and the police surround him, knowing he's the thief. Jai says the proof will be the gunshot wound, but when Sahir is examined, there is no evidence anywhere on his body. It is then revealed that Sahir has an autistic twin brother, Samar, who helps him pull off his trick, helps him in planning and pulling of the robberies, and he also shows it was Samar who sustained the wound.

Jai is fired from the case, but is encouraged by Ali to prove Sahir's guilt. Jai eventually finds out about Samar, and sets about finding a way to corner Sahir. Samar, being mentally challenged, is kept in seclusion by Sahir. However, he allows Samar outdoors once a week, and Jai manages to befriend him during this time in order to perform his plan. Samar has fallen in love with Aaliya after performing with her in the circus, but cannot express it. This leads to a rift between the brothers. Jai tries to take advantage of this, but Sahir finds out and thwarts Jai's plan to stop them. When Sahir comes in the disguise of Samar, Jai reveals his true identity and, assuming him to be Samar, tells him to surrender since he can give them justice. When Sahir reveals himself, he ties Jai to the track of a roller coaster. He switches the roller coaster on, but Ali arrives in time to save him from being crushed. He decides the only way to catch the brothers is in the act of robbing. Sahir and Samar pull off their final bank heist, and escape. However, the following day, Jai manages to corner them as they're making their way out of town. Samar is hesitant to run when Aaliya shows up, begging him to stop. Sahir surrenders to Jai, asking him to spare Samar. Jai agrees, but right after, Sahir attempts to jump off the dam. Samar grabs Sahir's hand, refusing to let him go. Sahir begs Samar otherwise, saying he can live freely with Aaliya. But Samar says that both of them are born together and should die together. Soon Samar loses his grip, and the two of them fall into the abyss, but smiling at each other. Western Bank of Chicago is shut down as a result of the heists, while Aaliya is shown having taken over The Great Indian Circus and still performing for it.

Cast
 Abhishek Bachchan as ACP Jai Dixit, Mumbai Crime Branch
 Uday Chopra as Ali Akbar Fateh Khan
 Aamir Khan as Sahir Khan / Samar Khan (Dual Role)
 Siddharth Nigam as Junior Sahir / Samar
 Katrina Kaif as Aaliya Hussain, Samar's love interest
 Jackie Shroff as Iqbal Haroon Khan (Magician), Sahir & Samar's father
 Tabrett Bethell as Victoria Williams
 Andrew Bicknell as Mr. Warren Anderson
 Vikas Shrivastav as the Tamilian Don

References

Other websites

Movies about autism
2010s Indian movies
2010s Hindi-language movies
2010s action thriller movies
2010s black comedy movies
2010s chase movies
Movies set in Chicago
Movies about revenge

Dhoom 3


Richard Thomas Griffiths, OBE (31 July 1947 – 28 March 2013) was a British movie, stage, television, Actor and Voice actor. He appeared in many movies, plays, and television programs.

Griffiths is mostly known for his roles as Harry Potter's Uncle Vernon Dursley in the Harry Potter movie series, Uncle Monty in Withnail and I, Henry Crabbe in Pie in the Sky, and as King George II in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. He won a Laurence Olivier Award, a Drama Desk Award, and a Tony Award.

Early life
Griffiths was born in Thornaby-on-Tees, North Riding of Yorkshire, England on 31 July 1947. He lived in Manchester, England during his early adulthood. He was raised as Roman Catholic. His parents were both deaf, and he learned sign language at an early age so that he could communicate with them.

During his childhood he tried to run away from home many times. He dropped out of Our Lady & St Bede School in Stockton-on-Tees at age 15. Griffiths was educated at Stockton & Billingham College and at Manchester School of Theatre.

Career
Griffiths' movie roles were in: Gorky Park (1983), Withnail and I (1987), King Ralph (1991), The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear (1991), Guarding Tess (1994) and Sleepy Hollow (1999). Later, he played Harry Potter's cruel uncle Vernon Dursley in the Harry Potter movie series (the Philosopher's Stone, the Chamber of Secrets, the Prisoner of Azkaban, the Order of the Phoenix, and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1.)

Griffiths appeared as King George II in 2011's Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. He appeared in the first episode of the television series Episodes as Julian Bullard.

Griffiths once got a standing ovation after ejecting a female audience member from his West End play. Her ringtone sounded for the third time during Griffiths play.

In April 2012, Griffiths starred, with Danny DeVito, in a revival of the Neil Simon play The Sunshine Boys. The show was played at the Savoy Theatre from 27 April 2012, opening on 17 May and playing a limited 12-week season until 28 July.

Personal life
Griffiths was married to Heather Gibson from 1980 until his death in 2013. He had no children.

Death
Griffiths died on 28 March 2013 during heart surgery in Coventry, West Midlands, England, aged 65. Many reactions were posted on Twitter after his death. Some were from Daniel Radcliffe, Warwick Davis, and Richard E. Grant. His funeral took place at Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire on 9 April 2013, with over four hundred mourners, including Daniel Radcliffe, Alan Bennett, Michael Palin, Richard E. Grant, Jack Whitehall and Judi Dench.

Honors
He was awarded an honorary degree from Teesside University in 2006 and was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours.

References

Other websites

1947 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Yorkshire
Deaths from surgical complications
Drama Desk Award winners
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Tony Award winning actors

Richard Griffiths


The Hong Kong Watch & Clock Fair is a timepiece trade show held annually in Hong Kong. It is organised by the Hong Kong Trade Development Council (HKTDC), Hong Kong Watch Manufacturers Association Ltd., and The Federation of Hong Kong Watch Trades and Industries Ltd. The fair showcases both Hong Kong and international labels, and  also serves a platform for participants to exchange information and market intelligence. The five-day-long trade fair is opened every year in the beginning of September at the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre.

Special highlights of the fair include Brand Name Gallery, an attractive setting for fashionable timepieces by top brands, and Pageant of Eternity, designed to highlight the beauty and craftsmanship of watches at the high end of the spectrum.

The fair was established in 1982.

Exhibit categories
	Brand Name Gallery (Brand Name Watches & Clocks)
	Complete Watches & Clocks
	Part & Components
	Machinery/ Equipment
	Packaging
Trade Services

See also
Baselworld
Watches & Wonders

References

External links

Trade fairs in Hong Kong
Horological organizations
1982 establishments in Hong Kong
Recurring events established in 1982
Annual events in Hong Kong

Hong Kong Watch & Clock Fair


Might and Magic: Heroes Kingdoms (originally Heroes of Might and Magic Kingdoms) was a real-time strategy massively multiplayer online game based on the Heroes of Might and Magic series. The game was announced in 2007 with closed betas running until 2009. It was released in France on 3 November 2009. It closed its servers on 1 September 2014.

Gameplay

Might and Magic: Heroes Kingdoms was a real-time strategy massively multiplayer online game played through an Internet browser.

Different game worlds were available, each of which could hold a limited number of players. Each game world consisted of a tiled map of regions. Players chose a game world to play on and each was given control of a city within one of the regions. Each region was itself made up of a 25 zones (5 by 5 tiles) with the city at the centre. Four of these zones contained mines which provided resources to the city while others were open ground. Each zone in a newly acquired region was populated with an army of non-player character (NPC) troops which had to be defeated before mined resources could be collected or before buildings could be constructed on the open ground.

The city housed a hero character and the player's troops. Structures could be built within the city to enable the hiring of new heroes, the training of additional troops, the researching of spells, and to provide other bonuses. Heroes could lead troops into battle, could improve mines and construct buildings in the zones surrounding a city, and could establish new cities in other regions. They gained experience points from performing these actions and, as they level up, could learn trades and skills to boost their performance in battle or the city's economy.

Players organized themselves into alliances for protection and to obtain the "Tears of Asha" which were required to win the game. Each game lasted approximately 6 months and players could then start a new game and receive bonuses in the new game world based upon their achievements in the previous game world.

The economy of the game required the collection of gold, common resources (ore and wood) and rare resources (mercury, crystals, sulfur and gems). Gold was used to recruit and maintain heroes and troops, and to pay for structures and buildings. Common resources were required to build basic city structures. Rare resources were required for specialist and magical structures and to recruit high-level troops. Since each city had only four mines, other resource-types had to be purchased or looted. Trades could be made with other players or with an NPC merchant. As players established new cities in regions with a different set of four mines, they became increasingly self-sufficient.

Each player was one of five races, Haven, Academy, Necropolis, Inferno, and Sylvan. Each race had different skills in combat and magic and required different rare resources for their respective specialist structures and troops.

Release

Asia

Ubisoft's studio producer in Chengdu, Samson Mow, was responsible for the development, launch and operations of Might and Magic: Heroes Kingdoms in China, Taiwan, and Korea.

Subscription

The game was marketed as being free-to-play but non-paying players were limited to three heroes and three towns for the first two months and were then able to recruit one extra hero and build one extra town each month. For a monthly subscription, this limit was removed and other in-game bonuses were made available. Virtual goods were also available.

Closure
On 22 January 2014 the game administration announced that the Might and Magic: Heroes Kingdoms servers would be permanently closing at the end of August 2014. The closing happened on 1 September 2014 and the servers are no longer available for play.

References

External links

2009 video games
Browser games
Browser-based multiplayer online games
Free-to-play video games
Heroes of Might and Magic
Strategy video games
Video games developed in France
Inactive massively multiplayer online games
Video game spin-offs

Might and Magic: Heroes Kingdoms


The Rheinischer Merkur (literally "Rhineland Mercury") was a nationwide conservative German weekly newspaper appearing on Thursdays. It was published in Bonn. Its managing director was Bert Günther Wegener, and the editor in chief from 1994 to 2010 was Michael Rutz. Its circulation in the third quarter of 2003 was 105,422.

The editorial board of the Rheinischer Merkur was advised by a board of publishers consisting of senior figures of public life such as Roman Herzog, Jean-Claude Juncker and Paul Kirchhof.

The last full-fledged issue was on 25 November 2010. Since December 2010, the "Merkur" has been published under the name Christ & Welt (literally "Christian & World") as a weekly supplement to Die Zeit.

See also
 Thomas Kielinger (Editor in chief 1985-1994)
 Michael Mertes (Foreign editor 1999-2002)

Notes

External links
Christ & Welt Online

German-language newspapers
Mass media in Bonn
Weekly newspapers published in Germany

Rheinischer Merkur


Trumpet Records was an American record company founded by Lillian McMurry in Jackson, Mississippi in 1951. Although it existed for only four years, it was influential.

History
The goal of Trumpet Records was to record musicians from the Mississippi Delta that did not have access to recording studios in New York City or Los Angeles. Trumpet competed with the Bihari brothers of Modern Records. Both companies recorded some of the era's best blues music, from ballads to jump blues and boogie woogie. Elmore James recorded his original "Dust My Broom" here, and the label was the first to record Sonny Boy Williamson II.

Trumpet was founded by Lillian McMurry. Her husband Willard, was in the furniture sales business, and they purchased a hardware store which they were renovating to be a furniture store. The workers were playing some unsold records left behind and one caught Lillian's attention: Wynonie Harris's All She Wants to Do is Rock. "'It was the most unusual, sincere and solid sound I'd ever heard,'' she said. ''I'd never heard a black record before. I'd never heard anything with such rhythm and freedom.'" Lillian wanted to sell records in the store (which at the time were sold everywhere from grocery stores to beauty parlors) and had the workers make up a list of records to buy. When the store opened, she quickly sold out of all those records and asked Willard if they could turn part of the store into a record store (called Record Mart).

Trumpet was located on Farish Street, the black district of Jackson, and recorded R&B, gospel and blues artists including Little Milton, Wynonie Harris, Willie Love, and James Waller. Arthur Crudup recorded at the label under the name Elmer James. In 1952, James's song "Dust My Broom" appeared on Billboard's R&B chart at No. 9. Talent scout Joe Bihari found him at the radio shop to record him at a local night club backing up Ike Turner. McMurry and the Bihari brothers ended up in a multi-year legal dispute when the Biharis tried to sign artists with exclusive agreements with Trumpet. The case made major publications and in 1954, a judge ruled in favor of McMurray.

Trumpet artists recorded at studios such as WRBC Radio's studio, Ivan Scott's Radio Service Studio in Jackson, and some historic studios of the day (such as Bill Holford's ACA Studios in Houston, Memphis Record Service with Sam Phillips, RCA Victor Studio in Chicago, and Universal Recording in Chicago). Record Mart was remodeled to be a recording studio, Diamond Recording Studio, designed by Bill Holford, in 1953. Lillian engineered based on what she learned by observing and listening to other engineers.

Williamson wrote about Lillian McMurray in two songs: "Pontiac Blues", about her car, and "309", named for her address. In the lyrics he gave out her home phone number.

Trumpet closed in 1956. Creditors sold the artists' recording contracts. Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded for Chess Records in Chicago where he released another 70 songs.

The site of the Trumpet Records's studio is commemorated by a Mississippi Blues Trail historical marker.

See also
 List of record labels

References

External links
 Trumpet Records on the Internet Archive's Great 78 Project

Record labels established in 1951
American independent record labels
Blues record labels
Mississippi Blues Trail
1951 establishments in Mississippi
Entertainment companies of the United States

Trumpet Records


The Taínos are an indigenous people that have lived in the Americas before Columbus arrived there. They came from the Caribbean coast of South America. Around 1200 CE, they moved northward to the island chain of the Lesser Antilles and the Greater Antilles.

When Christopher Columbus came to the Americas, the Taínos were living in the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico), and some islands of the northern Lesser Antilles. Their culture was different from the culture of the Arawak people (another indigenous group of South America). They were the first people that the Spanish met in the Americas.

Name
The name Taíno was given by Columbus. When he met some native men, they said "Taíno, Taíno", meaning "We are good, noble". Columbus thought that taíno was the name of the people.

Rouse divides the Taínos into three main groups. One is the Classic Taíno, from Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. Another is the Western Taíno or sub-Taíno, from Jamaica, Cuba (except for the western tip of the island) and the Bahamas. The third is the Eastern Taíno, from the Virgin Islands to Montserrat.

The Taínos of the Bahamas were known as the '"Lucayan". (At that time, the Bahamas were called the Lucayas). Lucayos were Taínos, but their culture was less developed. Archeologists call them "sub-Taínos".

Origins
The Taínos' ancestors went from the center of the Amazon Basin to the Orinoco Valley. From there, they went through Guyana and Venezuela and got to the Caribbean islands.

A different theory says that the Taínos' ancestors came from the Colombian Andes.

The Taíno culture developed in the Greater Antilles.

Culture and lifestyle

Taíno society is divided into two classes. There are the naborias (common people) and the nitaínos (nobles). Both classes are governed by chiefs known as caciques. The caciques could be either male or female. There are also bohiques (medicine men).

The Taínos lived in villages called yucayeques.  The villages in the Bahamas were the smallest. The Taínos built large round houses called bohio, where several families lived. The cacique and his family lived in a rectangular house called caneye. People slept on cotton hammocks (hamacas).

The Taínos often played a ball game called batos. Batey was also the name of the place where they played and had dances. The cacique sat on a chair of wood called duho, or dujo.

References

South American people
Ethnic groups in North America

Taíno


In Christianity, the cantor, female chantress, sometimes called the precentor or the protopsaltes (; from ), is the chief singer, and usually instructor, employed at a church, with responsibilities for the choir and the preparation of the Mass or worship service. The term is also used for a similar task in Reform Judaism and in Ancient Egypt.

Generally, a cantor must be competent to choose and conduct the vocals for the choir, to start any chant on demand, and to be able to identify and correct the missteps of singers placed under them. A cantor may be held accountable for the immediate rendering of the music, showing the course of the melody by movements of the hand(s) (cheironomia), similar to a conductor.

Western Christianity

Roman Catholicism

Before and after the Second Vatican Council, a cantor in the Roman Catholic Church was the leading singer of the choir, a bona fide clerical role.

The medieval cantor of the papal Schola Cantorum was called Prior scholae or Primicerius. In medieval cathedrals, the cantor or precentor directed the music and chant, and was also one of the ranking dignitaries of the chapter. During the 14th century in many churches, the cantor began to delegate his instruction of the singers to a master of music. After the introduction of harmonized music, some duties naturally fell to the conductor or choirmaster. Today, the cantor is a role that can be performed by a lay person. In parishes without a choir, the cantor serves to lead the responsorial singing with the congregation.

The cantor's locality in the church is most generally to the right of the choir, and directly to his left is his assistant, formerly called the succentor. A common custom for cantors was the bearing of the staff, which was the mark of his dignity and a visual representative of his sacred role inside the church. This custom still survives in some places.

Protestantism
In Protestant churches, the role of the cantor can be lay or pastoral. In Northern European cities, especially in Germany, the title of Cantor or Kantor survived the Reformation, and referred to a musician who supervised the music in several principal churches, taught in the boys' secondary school, and provided music for civic functions. Johann Sebastian Bach ( in Leipzig) and Georg Philipp Telemann (Hamburg) were among the famous musicians employed under this system.

In cathedral churches in the Anglican Communion, the precentor or head cantor is a member of the governing chapter, second in rank to the dean. His stall is opposite the dean's and the two sides of the divided choir are accordingly known as "decani" (dean's) and "cantoris" (precentor's).

Evangelical churches
In some Evangelical churches, the ministry of the worship leader or worship pastor is to direct the worship during worship service. They also direct rehearsals with the worship team. Training in worship is offered in some Bible colleges.

Eastern Christianity

In the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Eastern Catholic Churches, a cantor, also called a chanter (; ), is a monk or a lay person in minor orders who chants responses and hymns in the services of the church. There are several titles for the psaltes, which depend on the recognition of his capabilities as a chanter, sometimes connected with an employment, by the local or Ecumenical Patriarchate. In some smaller communities it is also possible, that the community sings within an oral tradition and without any instruction by a protopsaltes, in other Orthodox Rites, there are various hierarchical offices, which can be passed during a long career, connected with a lifelong process of learning.

Byzantine tradition
Particularly in the Byzantine tradition, the cantor in charge of doing the music for a service is referred to as the protopsaltes (Gr. Πρωτοψάλτης), a term which may also refer to an office within a diocese or whole jurisdiction (see Domestikos), but this title was not used before the 12th century. The cantor or chanters sing the many hymns called for during the Divine Services and the Divine Liturgy. A chanter must be knowledgeable about the ecclesiastical modes as well as the complex structure of the services. At Constantinople the charge of a protopsaltes was prestigious and connected with Byzantine offices. In the tradition of the cathedral rite at Hagia Sophia, there was a distinction between the leader of the right choir (Domestikos) and the leader of the left choir (Lampadarios). Still during the last centuries, the usual career was to start (after serving as Protopsaltes of other cathedrals) as the "Second Domestikos of the Great Church" who assisted the first, then to proceed in the office of the teacher, and later even to the Lampadarios, who often replaced the left choir as a soloist called "monophonares" (see Kontakarion), and finally this career was sometimes continued by the promotion to the "Protopsaltes or Archon Psaltes (ἄρχοντες ψάλται) of the Great Church" of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.

Vestments in Orthodox rites
In the Greek tradition, a chanter will often wear the exorason, a black outer cassock with angel-wing sleeves. The Slavic tradition—which tends more commonly to use a choir rather than a cantor—assigns no specific vestment to the chanters, unless an individual has been ordained a Reader, in which case he would wear only the inner cassock (podryasnik) and put on the sticharion when he receives Holy Communion. In the Greek tradition, the chanters are stationed at a psalterion, a chanting podium positioned to the south and sometimes also to the north side of the sanctuary. In the Slavic tradition, the chanters are similarly positioned, and the area is referred to as the kliros.

See also

 Anglican church music
 Contemporary Catholic liturgical music
 Gregorian chant
 Mass (music)

References

Studies

External links

http://www.goarch.org/en/ourfaith/articles/article7106.asp

Byzantine music

Church music
Christian worship roles
Singing

Cantor (Christianity)


The Rajyotsava Prashasti or  Rajyotsava Awards, the second highest civilian honor of the Karnataka state of India are conferred annually by the Karnataka Government on the occasion of the establishment of the state on November 1, celebrated as the Kannada Rajyotsava.

The awards are presented in Bengaluru by the Chief Minister of Karnataka on November 1 of every year. Each award carries an amount of 100,000, a 20-gram gold medal and a citation. In addition to that, the government has in the past allotted commercial land to eligible awardees.

History
Karnataka Rajyotsava Award was instituted in 1966 to be awarded to citizens of Karnataka in recognition of their distinguished contribution in various spheres of activity including the Arts, Education, Industry, Literature, Science, Sports, Medicine, Social Service and Public Affairs. It has also been awarded to some distinguished individuals who were not citizens of Karnataka but did contribute in various ways to Karnataka. The award was not conferred in 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980 and 2009.

Award winners

2023 awards

The Government of Karnataka announced 68 names for the year 2023 on the occasion of the 68th anniversary of the awards. Additionally, the government has recognized 10 associations and organizations that have demonstrated exceptional service to the Kannada nation.

The awardees for 2023 include Prof. Dr. S. Sitharama Iyengar, Journalists Dinesh Aminmattu, Charmadi Hasanabba, and several others, highlighting their significant contributions to society.

2022 awards

The Government of Karnataka announced 67 names for the year 2022 on the occasion of the 67th anniversary of the awards.

The awardees for 2022 include former ISRO Chairman K. Sivan, writers A.R. Mitra and Krishne Gowda, Kannada actors Wing Commander H.G. Dattatreya (retd.), Avinash and Sihi Kahi Chandru.

On the occasion of the seventy fifth anniversary of Indian independence, 10 organisations, including Sri Ramakrishna Ashrama, Mysuru, Nele Foundation (for rehabilitating orphans), Amrutha Sishu Nivas have been selected for the award.

2019 awards

The Government of Karnataka announced 64 names for the year 2019 on the occasion of the 64th anniversary of the awards. The awards were given away at Ravindra Kalakshetra in Bengaluru on 1 November 2019 by Chief Minister B. S. Yeddyurappa.

The awardees for 2019 include K. Chidananda Gowda (former Vice Chancellor, Kuvempu University), V. A. Deshpande (sculptor), Mohan H Sitnoor (artist), Chandrakanth Karadalli (Children's writer), H. Kushi (young Yoga exponent), Muddu Mohan (Hindustani musician), among others.

2018 awards
The Government of Karnataka announced 63 names for the year 2018 on the occasion of the 63rd anniversary of the awards. The awards were given away at the Vidhana Soudha on 29 November 2018 by Chief Minister HD Kumaraswamy.

Nitin Hiremath From Hubli(Laxmivana), Sarvamangala, Bhargava From Mysuru, Kere Kaamegowda From Mandya Among Rajyotsava Awardees. Rajyotsava Awardees includes former Union Minister Margaret Alva, former Chief Justice of India H. L. Dattu, former Olympics sprinter Kenneth Lawrence Powell, Sandalwood actor Jai Jagadish and National Public School founder KP Gopalkrishna are among the other winners.

2016 awards

The Government of Karnataka announced 61 names for the year 2016 on the occasion of the 61st anniversary of the awards.

2015 awards
Hanumanth Hugar

The Government of Karnataka announced 60 names for the year 2015 on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the awards.

2014 awards

The Government of Karnataka announced 59 names for the year 2014 on the occasion of the 59th anniversary of the awards.  The awards were given away at the Ravindra Kalakshetra in Bangalore on 1 November 2014.  The 2014 awards saw 1924 nominations that were screened by a panel. Karnataka Chief Minister Siddaramiah announced that the government would bring out commemorative postal stamps of the 59 awardees.

The award winners for 2014 include S. Janaki (playback singer), Justice M N Venkatachalaih (former Chief Justice of India), Dr. K. Kasturirangan (former ISRO head), Dr. B.N. Suresh (ISRO scientist), M. R. Poovamma (athlete), Mamatha Poojari (kabaddi player),  M. S. Rajashekar (Kannada movie director), Vaijanath Biradar Patil (veteran Kannada actor), D Kumardas (Hindustani vocal singer), amongst others.

2013 awards

2012 awards

2011 awards

2010 awards

2008 awards

2007 awards

2006 awards

2005 awards

2004 awards

2003 awards

Azim Premji, Rahul Dravid,
Sree Ramaseva Mandali (organization), Rathnamma Hegde were some of the prominent awardees.
Gurumurthy Reddy who was CMC president bommanahalli was also awarded for his social contribution towards society.

1999 awards
Among others, K. S. Bhagawan was honoured for his contributions to the field of literature.

D. M. Shambu was honoured for his contributions to the field of Sculpting

1998 awards
Shesha Jayaram (Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering & Director of HVEL, University of Waterloo, Canada). She was given the award for her contribution to science, electrical and high voltage engineering, and academia.

1996 awards
Among others, C. P. Krishnakumar was given the award for his contribution to literature. Bharatanatyam exponent and dance teacher S. Narmada was awarded for Indian classical dance.

List of awardees for prior years

 List of Rajyotsava award recipients (1966–1970)
 List of Rajyotsava award recipients (1971–1976)
 List of Rajyotsava award recipients (1981–1990)
 List of Rajyotsava award recipients (1991–2000)

External links
List of Rajyotsava Awardees at the Official website of Govt of Karnataka.

References

Civil awards and decorations of Karnataka

Awards established in 1966
1966 establishments in Mysore State

Rajyotsava Prashasti


The Chicago Portage was an ancient portage that connected the Great Lakes waterway system with the Mississippi River system. Connecting these two great water trails meant comparatively easy access from the mouth of the St Lawrence River on the Atlantic Ocean to the Rocky Mountains, and the Gulf of Mexico. The approximately six-mile link had been used by Native Americans for thousands of years during the Pre-Columbian era for travel and trade.

In the summer of 1673 members of the Kaskaskia, a tribe of the Illinois Confederation, led French explorers Louis Jolliet and Father Jacques Marquette, the first known Europeans to explore this part of North America, to the portage.  A strategic location, it became a key to European activity in the Midwest, ultimately leading to the foundation of Chicago.

The Portage crossed waterways and wetlands between the Chicago River and the Des Plaines River, through a gap in the Valparaiso Moraine. In 1848, the water divide was breached by the Illinois and Michigan (I&M) Canal cutting through the portage, this was deepened and widened in 1900 by the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal which was also used to control the water's directional flow.

Created by a glacier

The history of the Chicago Portage begins at the end of the last Ice Age.  It was formed as the Wisconsin glaciation retreated northward about 10,000 years ago, leaving behind Lake Chicago (now called Lake Michigan), which was created from the glacier's meltwater.

As the glacier melted and retreated, the water in Lake Chicago rose until it overflowed the southwestern edge of the Valparaiso Moraine, which encircles the lake's southern half, creating the Chicago Outlet River. This was a substantial river, comparable to today's Niagara River, and over time it carved the channel later used by the main and south branch of the Chicago River, the Des Plaines River, and the terrain that became the Chicago Portage.

As the glacier continued to retreat, it opened another outlet far to the East that became the St Lawrence River.  This allowed the emerging lakes to drain even faster, and the Chicago Outlet River dried up leaving the gap in the moraine that created the Chicago Portage.

This process created the Chicago Portage, a link between what became known as the Chicago River and what became known as the Des Plaines River. The point at which the portage crossed the low continental divide that separated waters flowing east toward Lake Michigan from waters flowing west toward the Mississippi River was a wetland that occupied the ancient stream bed of the Chicago Outlet River.  Early settlers called this marshy area "Mud Lake".  The total length of the portage was about six miles.

Mud Lake could be wet, dry, marshy, or frozen, depending on the season and the weather, making it a difficult, albeit very valuable, transportation route.  In very wet weather the water level in both the Des Plaines River and the Chicago River would rise to the point that Mud Lake was flooded, and travelers could traverse the entire six miles by canoe.  Usually, however, particularly in late Summer, it was necessary to pull out canoes at some point and carry them and all supplies around Mud Lake.

A key to travel and trade in North America
The Chicago Portage allowed easy access, by boat, to almost all of North America, from the mouth of the St Lawrence River to the Rocky Mountains and the Gulf of Mexico.

The St Lawrence River divide

Until the second half of the 19th century water transportation was virtually the only way to move goods and people around North America. Hence, connections between strategic waterways, usually involving portages, held special importance.

The importance of the Chicago Portage lies in the fact that the channel cut by the Chicago Outlet River created an easy passage over the Saint Lawrence River Divide, the continental divide that separated what had become the Great Lakes waterway system from the Mississippi River waterway system and, as the illustration shows, opened up almost all of what was to become the United States from the Allegheny Mountains to the Rocky Mountains as far south as the Gulf of Mexico.

Early peoples
Native Americans had used the portage for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans.  They found the Chicago Portage to be a convenient transportation route between the shores of Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River in the interior.  The map shows that the most important trails in the region led to the portage and the several fords near it.

The map also shows the Old Portage Long trail that was used when there was insufficient water in Mud Lake to allow traverse by canoe.  This trail extended to the southwest to the early settlement of Ottawa on the Illinois River.  Since there was usually sufficient water in the larger Illinois River for canoeing, this "Ottawa Trail" was used in very dry conditions when there was insufficient water in the Des Plaines River.

The first Europeans

By 1673 the French had established a trading post at present day Mackinac Island at the top of Lake Michigan.  In that year, the first Intendant (administrator) of New France, having heard of reports of a great river to the West and hoping it would be the long-sought "Northwest Passage" to the Pacific Ocean, ordered a reconnaissance mission to find and explore this river.  In May of that year the group, consisting of Louis Jolliet, Father Jacques Marquette, and five voyageurs set out on their voyage of discovery.

The explorers found the Mississippi River, explored it, and then returned to Michilimakinac by a different route on the advice of  Native Americans they had encountered along the way, who told them that there was a better way to return to Lake Michigan.  Travelling by stages up the Illinois River to the Des Plaines River, in September 1673 members of the Caskaskia, a tribe of the Illinois Confederation, led Jolliet and Marquette to the western end of what became known as the Chicago Portage.

During the 18th century, the Chicago Portage was one of the most strategic locations in the interior of the North American continent for the French.  Particularly it provided an easy connection between the French cities of Montreal and New Orleans. An indication of the importance of portages that potentially could make this connection is shown in early maps of the region.  For example, this French map of the western regions of New France, published 1755, shows the "R.(iviere) et Port de Checageu" (River and Port of Checageu), the "Checageu River", and the "Portage des Chenes" (the portage of oak trees), the name the French originally attached to the Portage.

Crossing the portage

If water level in the portage was high enough to allow passage by canoe for most of the way, passage across the portage was relatively easy. Accounts from soldiers stationed at Fort Dearborn, at the mouth of the Chicago River, describe a passage from west to east.  Starting at the west end of the portage at the Des Plaines River they paddled east through Portage Creek into the marsh that would later be known as Mud Lake.  At the east end of the marsh they portaged their boats, equipment, and supplies over the low rise of land that was the St Lawrence River continental divide.  They then entered the South Branch of the Chicago River, and paddled north to the Fort.

If water levels in the portage were low, passage was difficult. In 1818 Gurdon Hubbard, then 16 years old and traveling with a "brigade" of voyageurs as an indentured clerk, crossed the Portage from East to West and left an account in his memoirs.

They had traveled down to the Portage from Mackinac Island in bateaux, heavy flat-bottomed boats.  They traveled down the South Branch of the Chicago River and pulled their boats over the St Lawrence Continental Divide into Mud Lake where the water was deep enough to float them.  Then …

Other members of the crew carried the boats' cargo, across the seven-mile-long land trail to the Des Plaines River.  Because of his status as clerk of the expedition, by virtue of his ability to read and write, Hubbard was spared this hard work.  He went on to describe the hardships of crossing the Portage in its natural state.

After a hard day of work crossing the portage, the men camped near the river at the west end of the portage.  But their discomfort was not yet over, as Hubbard's account continues.

Development

Wagon roads and today's highways
As commerce over the portage grew, local entrepreneurs developed services to help travelers using the Portage.  One such were the wagon roads that made commerce over the Portage much easier during dry periods.  An example is the Ottawa trail that started as a pathway, became a wagon road, and ultimately was paved and became part of US Route 66.

Illinois and Michigan Canal
The earliest Europeans to cross the Portage saw the potential for a canal dug along the route of the Portage.  Louis Jolliet, after his first passage, opined that a canal across "…only a few leagues of prairie.." could link the Great Lakes with the Mississippi Valley.

Eventually, Joliet's vision came to reality in the form of the Illinois and Michigan (I&M) Canal which opened in 1848.

The birthplace of Chicago, connecting the East with the West
Recognizing the strategic importance of the Chicago Portage, in 1803 the new country of the United States built Fort Dearborn at the mouth of the Chicago River to guard it.

In 1848 the opening of the I&M canal allowed water transportation from the mouth of St Lawrence River through Chicago to the Mississippi River and the vast ranch and farm lands drained by it.  The population of the City tripled in the next six years.  The Chicago Portage, established thousands of years before as the link between the two great waterway systems of America, would give birth to Chicago which would go on to become the transportation hub of the US and continue its role as the link between the East and the West.

The official flag of the City of Chicago is a stylized map of the Chicago Portage, with four red stars symbolizing the city, separating two blue stripes symbolizing the two great waters that meet at the city.

Chicago Portage National Historic Site

The Chicago Portage National Historic Site is a National Historic Site in Lyons, Cook County, Illinois, United States. Preserved within the park is the western end of the historic portage linking the Chicago River to the Des Plaines River, thereby linking the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River. The site is the only part of the historic Chicago Portage that remains in a natural and protected state more or less as it existed when revealed to French explorers Louis Jolliet  and Father Jacques Marquette by Native Americans.

The site, designated January 3, 1952 as an "affiliated area" of the National Park Service, is owned and administered by the Forest Preserve District of Cook County

The Des Plaines River today is not the river as it was in 1673 when Jolliet and Marquette first encountered the Chicago Portage. During the period 1892-1900 the original channel of the river was straightened, cutting off the part that the Jolliet and Marquette party used to reach the west end of the portage, but a visitor to the site today can still see the remnants of the old course of the river.

Gallery

See also
Chicago River
Geography of Chicago
Valparaiso Moraine
Lake Chicago
Saint Lawrence River Divide
Laurentian Divide
Eastern Continental Divide
Stevenson Expressway
Illinois and Michigan Canal
Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal

References

External links
 Chicago Portage official site
 National Park Service
 Stateparks.com
Chicago Portage Ledger: Carnegie Mellon University Libraries
Jolliet and La Salle's Canal Plans at Encyclopedia of Chicago
The Continental Divide in Oak Park
Chicago Portage History

Geography of Chicago
Great Lakes
History of Chicago
Illinois waterways
Mississippi River watershed
Portages in the United States
Transportation in Chicago
Water gaps of the United States
Valleys of Illinois

Chicago Portage