Detroit and Cleveland Navigation Company, often abbreviated as D&C, was a shipping company on the Great Lakes.

Operations
The main route was between Detroit, Michigan, and Cleveland, Ohio. Routes also lead to Buffalo, New York with the purchase of the Detroit and Buffalo Steamship Company in 1909. Charters and day-trips were also offered. Most scheduled sailings were overnight sailings, landing in the morning after departure. Each ship was painted with a black hull and white superstructure and white lettering. By 1949, the ships wore all-white paint with blue lettering. The popular line operated from 1868 to 1951 and is often referred to as the owner of many of the Great Lakes' best "floating palaces" and "honeymoon ships".

History

In its heyday, the D&C Line was among the most well-known shipping companies in business on the Great Lakes, with its vessels being among the largest and most palatial ever seen. Two of them,  and the , were both built in 1923, and were known as the largest side-wheeler passenger ships in the world.
Naval architect Frank E. Kirby designed many D&C ships. As ferry and cruise ships, all of the ships of D&C were a success, with various civic groups and companies often chartering each ship on account of their reputations for excellent services and good cuisine. Upon reaching Buffalo, happy honeymoon couples would connect to Niagara Falls. In the late 1930s, the increasing use of the automobile caused passenger numbers to slowly fall.

During World War II, Greater Buffalo was converted into training aircraft carriers for use on the Great Lakes. In the meantime, Greater Detroit and her fleetmates saw an increase in passenger revenues, with the ships being reasonably full as Americans rationed gasoline for the war effort and therefore chose to travel between cites on the D&C liners, among other lines operating then.

By the end of the war, revenues fell again. Greater Detroit and her fleetmates, the City of Cleveland III, City of Detroit III, Western States, and the Eastern States, were all that remained. On June 26, 1950, the -long City of Cleveland III was struck abaft by the Norwegian freighter Ravenfjell, and was severely damaged. Five passengers were killed in the collision, with dozens injured. The two ships survived and returned to their ports, but this incident, along with the dramatic resurgence of the automobile and truck traffic trades, finished the company. The company was formally dissolved in 1951, shortly after their old harbor terminals were condemned by the city of Detroit because of old age, and by 1959, most of the line's remaining ships had been scrapped. Greater Detroit and Eastern States in particular had their wooden upper works set afire before their steel hulls were scrapped at the Steel Company of Canada.

Western States, after finding herself laid up by 1951, was towed to Tawas City, Michigan on Lake Huron in 1955 to become a floating hotel. Overniter Inc. was her owner and the vessel was unofficially renamed Overniter. When the "flotel" idea proved to be unprofitable, Siegel Iron & Metal Company of Detroit purchased her. After a dockside fire in 1959, she was scrapped by Michigan-based Bay City Scrap Company at the old Davidson Shipyard.

Greater Buffalo was declared surplus by the United States Navy and scrapped in 1948.

One vessel built in 1883, the  long, 807 ton City of Mackinac (renamed State of New York in 1893 by the Cleveland and Buffalo Line) was sold back to D&C in 1909. The City of Mackinac was later converted into the floating clubhouse of the Chicago Yacht Club (from 1936 to 2004) and was the last known vessel of the D&C Line to survive.

The line today
When the City of Detroit III was dismantled in 1956, Frank Schmidt bought the wooden fittings from the Gothic Room aboard the steamer and had the material shipped to suburban Cleveland. After his death, the Dossin Great Lakes Museum on Belle Isle in the Detroit River acquired the woodwork and a part of the large and elegant room was preserved there as a reminder of the D&C Line's past glory days.

It was not until the arrival of the German HAPAG ship c. Columbus in 1997 that such large and well-accommodated overnight passengers ships had been seen on the Great Lakes.

Along with the Hudson River Day Line, the Georgian Bay Lines, Great Lakes Transit Company, Canada Steamship Lines, Fall River Line, Old Bay Line, among other lines, the D&C Line is considered to be among the major passenger shipping companies of America's inland and coastal waterways. It was a people mover and a catalyst for the development of numerous towns and ports at a time when better automobile and trucking routes, along with larger bridges, were yet to be built and established.

Some notable steamships
 City of Detroit III (1912–1957)
 Eastern States (1901–1957)
 Western States (1902–1959)
 City of Cleveland III (1907–1956)
  (1923–1957)
  (1923–1947)
 City of Mackinac (1883–1982)

References

Bibliography

External links

 http://www.mhsd.org/passenger/ Passenger Ships of Great Lakes
 Southwestern Ontario Digital Archive: City of Cleveland, Windsor, Ontario, Canada

Great Lakes
Defunct shipping companies of the United States
Companies based in Detroit


Charles Frederick William Illingworth  (8 May 1899 – 23 February 1991) was a British surgeon who specialised in gastroenterology. Along with a range of teaching and research interests, he wrote several surgical textbooks, and played a leading role in university and medical administration.

Born in West Yorkshire, he served as a fighter pilot in the First World War before resuming medical studies in Edinburgh. After working and teaching in the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh in the 1920s and 1930s, Illingworth was appointed Regius Professor of Surgery, Glasgow, in 1939. Over the next 25 years, he established the Glasgow School of surgery, with generations of his students influencing surgical research and teaching in Britain and abroad. His textbooks were also highly influential, including his co-authorship of Text Book of Surgical Pathology (1932). Illingworth travelled and lectured widely, and helped initiate and present a 1963 television series on postgraduate medical training. His research included early work in the 1960s on hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

Illingworth's administrative and leadership roles included his Presidency of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (1962 to 1964) and Dean of Faculties at the University of Glasgow (1978 to 1981). His honours included a knighthood (1961), Honorary Surgeon to the Queen in Scotland (1961 to 1965), and a range of honorary degrees. Honorary fellowships included those conferred by the Royal College of Surgeons of England, the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, and the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. For his devotion to surgical science, Illingworth was awarded the 1964 Lister Medal.

In retirement, Illingworth wrote biographies of William Hunter and Hector Hetherington. He also helped establish the charity Tenovus-Scotland in 1967, and was awarded the Nuffield Trust's Rock Carling Fellowship for 1970. Portraits of Illingworth by Alberto Morrocco are held at the Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery and the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, and the annual Illingworth Prize for medical students is administered by the University of Glasgow. Illingworth's autobiography, There is a History in All Men's Lives, was published in 1988.

Early life and education
Charles Frederick William Illingworth was born on 8 May 1899 in Halifax, West Yorkshire. His pre-university education took place at Heath Grammar School (sometimes referred to as Halifax Grammar School) up until 1915. In 1916, he began medical studies at the University of Edinburgh. His studies were interrupted by military service during the First World War when, in 1917, he joined the Royal Flying Corps. Illingworth saw action in France in 1918, which ended when he was shot down (forced landing) in August over the Somme and held as a prisoner-of-war at Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany. After returning home following the end of the war, he continued his studies at Edinburgh and graduated MB ChB (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery) in 1922.

Interwar years (Edinburgh)
After qualifying as a medical doctor, Illingworth undertook a period as house physician at the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary. He then continued with further training in his chosen speciality of surgery, studying and working from 1922 in the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh with Harold Stiles and David Wilkie. By 1925, Illingworth had qualified FRCSEd (Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh). In the period 1926–7, he studied abroad at the Barnes Hospital, St Louis, Missouri, USA (now the Barnes-Jewish Hospital): "During the years 1926–27 the following men arrived for various prolonged periods of study [...] C. F. W. Illingworth, of Edinburgh, Scotland, came here as a fellow of the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland and stayed a year. He obtained his fellowship under the direction and help of Professor Wilkie of Edinburgh, who sent him here. He in turn was replaced by Bruce Dick, also of the University of Edinburgh, who came on a fellowship of the International Health Board of the Rockefeller Foundation and stayed eight months. Both Dr. Illingworth and Dr. Dick co-operated with Dr. Gopher in some experimental studies." The following year (1928) Illingworth married Eleanor Mary Bennett, with whom he had four sons.

In 1929, Illingworth's MD thesis was awarded with a Gold Medal. During this period in Edinburgh, Illingworth also wrote or co-wrote two surgical textbooks which remained in print for many years, going through many editions. Text Book of Surgical Pathology (1932) was co-authored with Bruce M. Dick, and went through twelve editions by 1979. The other textbook, Short Text Book of Surgery (1938) reached a ninth edition by 1972. In the three years before the outbreak of the Second World War, Illingworth held the position of Conservator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (1936–1939). By 1939, he had obtained his ChM (Master of Surgery) qualification.

Professor of Surgery (Glasgow)
It was in 1939, with the country facing the upheaval and uncertainties of the Second World War, that Illingworth moved from Edinburgh to take up the role of Regius Professor of Surgery, Glasgow. He was appointed to this Chair during the leadership of that university by Hector Hetherington, and he held this position for 25 years, from 1939 to 1964. Illingworth, who arrived at a low point in the history of the faculty, worked to raise and re-establish the status of the University of Glasgow Medical School, playing "a major role in establishing the University's high reputation in the practice and teaching of surgery after the Second World War". According to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "Under Illingworth's leadership, the Glasgow school achieved worldwide renown for excellence in the practice and teaching of medicine and surgery, and also in research".

Illingworth continued to write on surgical methods, with revisions to existing works along with the publication of new textbooks. Text Book of Surgical Treatment (1942) was issued in a fourth edition in 1952. He was also awarded lectureships and travelled abroad during this period, such as when he delivered the 1958 Strauss Lecture under the title 'The Endocrine Aspects of Breast Cancer'. In 1960, Illingworth was the first McLaughlin Foundation-Edward Gallie Visiting Professor, in which capacity he visited several universities and hospitals in Canada to teach and lecture. Illingworth's research included studies of the medical use of oxygen under pressure. In 1961, he gave the Legg Memorial Lecture at King's College Hospital Medical School on 17 November under the title 'Treatment of Arterial Occlusion under Oxygen at Two-atmospheres Pressure'. The Daryl Hart Lectureship of 1962 was on the same topic: 'Experimental and Clinical Observations Under Hyperbaric Oxygenation'  Illingworth's work on hyperbaric oxygenation in the early 1960s came to be seen as one of the landmarks in the development of hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

Illingworth's support of medical training extended beyond the traditional settings of universities and medical schools, and included the use of the medium of television. In 1963, he and his colleagues introduced a series of television programmes for doctors on Scottish Television. There were twelve episodes in the series (titled 'Post-Graduate Medicine'), broadcast monthly from 11 March 1963: "for hospital doctors and general practitioners and [...] in the nature of a post-graduate class". In addition to these new methods, Illingworth continued his lecturing and teaching, and in 1963 was appointed a visiting professor at the University of Sheffield. Over the course of a week in November of that year, he lectured to both the public, students and fellow doctors, and delivered the Ernest Finch Memorial Lecture in memory of Sir Ernest Finch. In 1964, Illingworth formally retired from hospital work. His retirement as Regius Professor of Surgery at the University of Glasgow was announced in December 1963 in the London Gazette by the Scottish Home and Health Department, along with the news of his appointed successor Andrew Watt Kay, though the retirement did not take effect until the following year on 30 September 1964.

Society and university administration
As well as practising, teaching and administrating as Glasgow's Regius Professor of Surgery, Illingworth also held positions within the hierarchies of a range of medical and learned societies, colleges and associations. In 1955 he was President of the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland, and President for two terms of the Society of Academic and Research Surgery (1956 and 1957).

In the early 1960s, Illingworth played a central role in the history of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, or the Glasgow Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons as it was then known. From 1960 to 1962 he served two annual terms of that organisation's Visitorship, followed from 1962 to 1964 by two annual terms as President of what was by then called the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. It was during this period, in 1963, that Illingworth was granted the title of Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Glasgow (FRCSGlas). This award followed the recent name change (instigated by Illingworth's predecessor as President) that changed the Glasgow Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons from a Faculty to a Royal College. This period also saw attempts made to standardise and consolidate the range of diplomas offered across the UK medical colleges, with some of these changes proposed and debated by Illingworth during his leadership of the College.

The following year, furthering his contributions to administration, Illingworth was one of those organising the Lister Centenary events held in Glasgow from 26 to 29 September 1965; he was also involved in appeals to raise funds during the commemorative period. The celebrations saw delegates from around the world attending a two-day scientific meeting arranged by Illingworth at the University of Glasgow. The conclusion of the event included a graduation ceremony on 29 September 1965 when honorary degrees were conferred on "twelve eminent medical men from various countries", including Illingworth himself who received an Honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree. A few days later, a similar event was held to celebrate the Moynihan Centenary at the University of Leeds. Illingworth again received an Honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree along with three others (Sir Harry Platt, Lord Brock, Jan Nuboer), with the ceremony taking place on 4 October 1965. The ceremony had been preceded by Illingworth delivering the Moynihan Centenary Lecture.

On 6 October 1965, Illingworth gave a talk at the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow titled 'Joseph Lister – Surgeon-Biologist'. On 14 October 1965, again as part of the Lister Centenary celebrations, Illingworth delivered a talk titled 'Lister's Legacy to Humanity' at the Washington Hilton Hotel, Washington DC, USA, to the Washington branch of the English-Speaking Union. This dinner and talk was attended by some 400 guests, including former US Vice-President Richard Nixon, former Governor of New Jersey and president of pharmaceutical company Warner-Lambert Alfred E. Driscoll, and Senator Joseph Lister Hill, with the wife of the latter recalling the event in her memoirs. As part of the event, Illingworth on behalf of the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, received an oil portrait of Lord Lister, commissioned by Warner-Lambert from US artist Norman Rockwell.

The Lister Centenary celebrations occurred in the year following Illingworth's formal retirement, but he continued to be active in administrative and honorary roles with colleges, societies and at the University of Glasgow well into his later years, with several of the positions reflecting his interest in the history of medicine. From 1974 to 1980, he served as Honorary Librarian of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. From 1978 to 1981 he was Dean of Faculties at the University of Glasgow. From 1979 to 1981 he was President of the Scottish Society of the History of Medicine.

Honours and awards
The contributions made by Illingworth to the surgical profession were recognised by a range of professional and civil honours. In 1946, he was appointed CBE (Commander of the Order of the British Empire). This was followed in 1961 by the title of Knight Bachelor, granted as part of the Queen's Birthday Honours List. He was also appointed Honorary Surgeon to the Queen in Scotland and held this position from 1961 to 1965. Following his retirement, Illingworth was Extra Surgeon to the Queen in Scotland from 1965 until his death.

Numerous national medical associations conferred honorary fellowships on Illingworth, both within Britain and abroad. He was made an Honorary Fellow of the American College of Surgeons ('Abdominal Surgery', 1954). Four years later, he was made an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. At the awarding ceremony on 11 June 1958, he delivered a speech addressing those starting out on their medical careers. University honours, in addition to the Honorary Doctor of Laws degrees received in 1965 during the Lister and Moynihan centenaries, included two Honorary Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) degrees, one from the University of Sheffield (1962), and one from the University of Belfast (July 1963). That same year, it was announced that Illingworth would receive the Lister Medal. The announcement of the award in the Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England stated that it was for:"...his devotion to surgical science over a long period; and in particular for his contributions to knowledge of jaundice and diseases of the biliary tract, of peptic ulcer, and of the endocrine aspects of the treatment of cancer; and for his perception of the importance of the use of oxygen in treatment under hyperbaric conditions as a field for physiological research." Illingworth's Lister Oration was delivered on 9 April 1964 at the Royal College of Surgeons of England in London under the title 'On the Interdependence of Science and the Healing Art'. The Lister Medal itself was presented following the Oration, both events taking place as part of what was then known as the Lister Festival. A few months later, Illingworth delivered the Lister Lecture of the Canadian Medical Association in Vancouver, Canada, on 24 June 1964, under the title 'Wound Sepsis—From Carbolic Acid to Hyperbaric Oxygen'.

As a recognised elder statesman of his profession, more honorary fellowships followed. One such had been conferred earlier in the year when Illingworth was made an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, together with two other surgeons: Sir Arthur Porritt and Erik Husfeldt. In 1965, Illingworth was invited by the Council of the College of Physicians, Surgeons and Gynaecologists of South Africa to give the 1965 Louis Mirvish Memorial Lecture. He was also invited as a distinguished guest to the 45th South African Medical Congress (MASA), and was made an Honorary Fellow of the College of Surgeons of South Africa. Illingworth travelled abroad again the following year to receive the Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. This was conferred on 21 January 1966 at the College's 35th Annual Convocation, held at the Place des Arts in Montreal, Canada. He was one of three honoured that year, along with Lord Brock and Sir Peter Medawar.

Retirement and legacy
Following his retirement in 1964, Illingworth held the title of Emeritus Professor of Surgery at the University of Glasgow, and continued to carry out locum work into his seventies. In these later years, he still travelled and lectured, with plans reported in August 1966 for a three-month stay in Kenya to co-ordinate planning in a new medical school. He gave the 14th MacEwen Memorial Lecture at the University of Glasgow on 21 November 1967, under the title 'The Advancement of Surgery'. Also in 1967, Illingworth was one of the founders of Tenovus-Scotland, a medical charity established by ten initial donors in a similar way to the Tenovus cancer charity based in Wales. Other charity fund-raising by Illingworth included organising a concert in October 1969. This was performed by the Scottish National Orchestra and conducted by Sir Arthur Bliss. This helped fund a research  unit at the University of Glasgow for kidney diseases.

Two biographies by Illingworth were published in this period. The Story of William Hunter (1967) is a first-person account and history of the 18th-century Scottish anatomist William Hunter. A review in Medical History stated that: "William Hunter has been neglected by medical historians in comparison with his brother John. Sir Charles Illingworth's book has done much to make good this deficiency and will, it is hoped, reawaken interest in him, not only as one of the leading gynaecologists of the eighteenth century but also as a pioneer in the promotion of reform and improvement in medical education." The second biography was of Hector Hetherington, the Principal of the University of Glasgow who had appointed Illingworth to the university's Regius Chair of Surgery in 1939. Illingworth's University Statesman: Sir Hector Hetherington (1971) was excerpted in The Glasgow Herald, and reviewed in The Economist.

Illingworth continued to write on healthcare training and reform, writing the monograph The Sanguine Mystery (1970), subtitled: This Bloody and Butcherly Department of the Healing Art. This work was produced for his Rock Carling Fellowship, also forming the topic of the Rock Carling Lecture for 1970 from the Nuffield Trust. An article by Illingworth on medical training was published in The Times in July 1971. The death of his wife Mary (Lady Illingworth) was announced in The Glasgow Herald in December of that year.

Many years later, Illingworth published an autobiographical account of his life, with royalties going to the Tenovus-Scotland charity he had helped found. Titled There is a History in All Men's Lives (1988), it had been previewed in The Glasgow Herald in December 1987, and was reviewed in the British Medical Journal in April 1988. Three years later, Illingworth died on 23 February 1991 in Glasgow at the age of 91.

The portrait of Illingworth held at the Hunterian Museum in Glasgow, dated 1965, was painted by Alberto Morrocco. A different portrait by Alberto Morocco, from 1966, is held at the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. Illingworth's legacy includes the University of Glasgow's Illingworth Prize, which he established in 1964, "awarded annually on the recommendation of the Regius Professor of Surgery" for displays of "scholarship and general achievement" by a third-year medical student. Illingworth and his family's connections with Tenovus-Scotland continue to be commemorated by one of its grants, the Lady Illingworth Award. The impact of Illingworth on his profession was summed up in an obituary written in 2008 for one of his students and successors: "The school of surgery founded in Glasgow by Sir Charles Illingworth came to dominate academic surgery in Britain for a generation or more. Sir Charles's pupils occupied more than 20 chairs of surgery in this country and abroad, and played an important role in shaping the mould of surgical research and teaching."

Selected publications
Lectures and papers
9 October 1950 (RCSEng) – Carcinoma of the Head of the Pancreas, Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1951 January; 8(1): 53–63.
8 October 1954 (RCSEng) – Massive Gastro-Intestinal Haemorrhage, Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1955 May; 16(5): 337–341.
William Hunter's manuscripts and letters: the Glasgow collection, Med Hist. 1971 April; 15(2): 181–186.
Some old books and ancient coins from the Hunter Collection, Med Hist. 1973 April; 17(2): 168–173.

Textbooks and books
Text Book of Surgical Pathology (1932) with Bruce M. Dick
Short Text Book of Surgery (1938)
Text Book of Surgical Treatment (1942)
Peptic Ulcer (monograph, 1953)
The Story of William Hunter (1967)
The Sanguine Mystery (1970)
University Statesman: Sir Hector Hetherington (1971)
Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (1980)
There is a History in All Men's Lives (1988)

Notes

References

External links
Images and likenesses
Two group photographs that include Illingworth, from his time at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, hosted on the SCRAN archives on behalf of the Lothian Health Services Archives: (I) Residents, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh; Summer Session 1923 (II) Surgical Clinical Tutors, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (SCRAN)
Head-and-shoulders photograph accompanying a description of his time as conservator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in the 1930s, available on page 32 of History of the Museum (Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh)
1965 portrait by Alberto Morrocco at Glasgow's Hunterian Museum (Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, University of Glasgow)
Presentation of Illingworth's 1965 portrait, published in The Scotsman (Scran ID: 000-000-531-956-C)
Illingworth being presented with a scroll at the University of Glasgow in 1965, published in The Scotsman (Scran ID: 000-000-531-188-C)
 1966 portrait by Alberto Morrocco at the Royal College of Surgeons and Physicians of Glasgow (BBC – Your Paintings)
Photograph in old age at Sir Charles Illingworth (Scottish Society of the History of Medicine)

Further reading
The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow: a short history based on the portraits and other memorabilia (Tom Gibson, Macdonald Publishers, 1983) – includes an entry on Illingworth
For more on Illingworth's role in the history of medicine in Glasgow, see The Shaping of the Medical Profession: The History of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, 1858–1999, Volume 2 by Andrew Hull and Johanna Geyer-Kordesch (Continuum International Publishing Group, 1999, second edition 2003)
For an account by a surgeon who worked under Illingworth, see "Sir Charles Illingworth, CBE A Master of Surgical Training", by Patrick Forrest, published in the Summer 2005 issue of SUMMONS, the newsletter of the Medical and Dental Defence Union of Scotland (MDDUS)

1899 births
1991 deaths
British surgeons
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Presidents of the Scottish Society of the History of Medicine
20th-century surgeons
Academics of the University of Sheffield

Charles Illingworth


Blackout refers to a foam-backed, opaque fabric used to black out light invented by Pablo Davila.  Blackout fabrics are most commonly found in hotel rooms as curtain linings or drapery fabrics, blocking much of the light that would otherwise enter through a window when the curtains are closed.  For travelers, third shift workers, and parents of babies, blackout is an essential element in the bedroom. Besides window coverings, other uses for blackout fabrics include wallpaper, movie projector screens and planetarium domes.

They are particularly popular for shift workers who sleep during the day, for nurseries where total darkness can help babies sleep better, or for homes in urban areas with significant nighttime light pollution. Beyond light control, blackout curtains can also provide insulation, helping to regulate room temperature by reducing heat transfer, and offer noise reduction, contributing to a quiet environment.

Manufacture
The process of manufacturing blackout was invented by Baltimore-based Rockland Industries, and involves coating a fabric with layers of foam, or 'passes'. A '2-pass' blackout is produced by applying two passes of foam to a fabric – first, a black layer is applied to the fabric, then a white or light-colored layer is applied on top of the black. A '3-pass' blackout is produced by applying a layer of white foam to the fabric first, then a layer of black foam followed by the third and final layer of white or light-colored foam.

Uses
A '3-pass' blackout can be used as a decorative fabric and blackout lining all in one fabric. A '2-pass' cannot be used this way, because the black foam is visible through the fabric side of the material. In addition to blocking light, blackout fabrics also insulate and have noise-dampening qualities, due to their density and opacity.

Gallery

References

Textiles

Blackout (fabric)


Pierre Théophile Victorien Marie Chaplais  (8 July 1920 – 26 November 2006) was a French historian. He was Reader in Diplomatic at the University of Oxford from 1957 to 1987.

Born in Châteaubriant, Loire-Inférieure (now Loire-Atlantique), France, Chaplais was educated at the Collège Saint-Sauveur in Redon and the University of Rennes, where he studied Law and Classics, with a view of becoming an academic lawyer. His education was interrupted by World War II, during which he served with the French Army until the 1940 Armistice. A member of the French Resistance, Chaplais was captured by the Gestapo and sent to Buchenwald. For his wartime activities he received the Médaille de la Résistance.

After the war he completed his education at Rennes and was admitted as an avocat. He then began a thesis on Anglo-French relations during 1259–1453 at the University of Paris. In 1946 he travelled to London to conduct research in the Public Record Office. There, under the influence of V. H. Galbraith, he registered for a PhD at the University of London instead. From 1948 to 1955 he was an editor for the Public Record Office, where he worked on the publication of treaty rolls. In 1955 he was elected Reader in Diplomatic at the University of Oxford, succeeding to Kathleen Major. In 1964 he was elected a professorial fellow of Wadham College, Oxford. He retired in 1987.

References

1920 births
2006 deaths
Academics of the University of Oxford
Fellows of Wadham College, Oxford
University of Rennes alumni
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
French expatriates in the United Kingdom
20th-century French historians
French medievalists
French palaeographers
French Resistance members
Buchenwald concentration camp survivors
Alumni of the University of London
20th-century French lawyers
French Army personnel of World War II

Pierre Chaplais


Benedictus Figulus (born December 29, 1567) of Utenhofen was a German alchemist, publisher, and Rosicrucian. He was an editor of Paracelsian texts and an important representative of Paracelsianism in the early 17th century.

Life
At the beginning of the 1610s, he was commissioned by the printer Lazare Zetzner to prepare a second edition of the great alchemical anthology, the Theatrum Chemicum, of which he projected three new volumes under the passably mystical title Théâtre d'or tout nouveau et béni, rayonnant des opulentes richesses du présent siècle d'or, rempli des ouvrages jusqu'alors inconnus, des plus excellents philosophes, tant anciens que modernes, traitant de la grande merveille bénie et du miraculeux mystère de la pierre physique et tinctoriale, de sa préparation et de son acquisition. (Theatre of gold all new and blessed, shining from its opulent riches of the present golden century, full of works even unknown, of most excellent philosophers, both ancient and modern, treating the great blessed marvel and the miraculous mystery of the physical stone and tinctorial, of its preparation and its acquisition.) This was at the time when Rosicrucianism was emerging, and Figulus's friend Adam Haslmayr, an early proponent of Rosicrucianism, was arrested. Worried, Figulus abandoned his work and fled.

Works
 Carmen heroicum, Insignia Megalandri Lutheri complectens, Stuttgart 1600
 Paraphrasis Graeco-Latina Psalmi XXIII Regii propheta Davidis carmine Alcaico expressa: Item Psalmi CIII poetica versio Trilinguis, 1603
 Pandora magnalium naturalium aurea et benedicta de Paracelse, Lazare Zetzner, Strasbourg 1608
 Paradisus aureolus hermeticus: fluens nectare et ambrosia, Frankfurt, W. Richter, 1608
 Rosarium novum olympicum et benedictum, das ist : Ein newer gebenedeyter philosophischer Rosengart, Basel 1608
 Kleine Wundarzney  de Paracelse, Strasbourg 1608
 Thesaurinella olympica aurea tripartita, Frankfurt 1608

In 1893 Arthur Edward Waite translated Pandora magnalium naturalium aurea et benedicta into English as A Golden Casket of Nature's Marvels. It contains The Book of the Revelation of Hermes interpreted by Theophrastus Paracelsus Concerning the Supreme Secret of the World, and tracts by Figulus, Alexander von Suchten, Conrad Poyselius, and others.

Sources
 Theatrum Paracelsicum: Prefaces and Dedications written by Benedictus Figulus

External links
A Golden and Blessed Casket of Nature's Marvels transcribed by Robert Nelson

1567 births
German alchemists
Paracelsians
Date of death missing
16th-century alchemists

Benedictus Figulus


Andrajos is a typical dish of Jaén province, Albacete, Granada province and Murcia, Spain.

It consists of a stew of tomato, onion, garlic, red pepper and rabbit, thickened with cake flour. It is a dish of the rural people and generally consumed in winter. Variants of the dish derive from the type of meat used. Hare and cod are often used instead of rabbit.

See also
 List of stews

References

Spanish soups and stews
Rabbit dishes

Andrajos


Stephen Peter Munisteri (born December 25, 1957) is an American attorney who served as the chairman of the Republican Party of Texas from 2010 to 2015.
In 2017, Munisteri was appointed to the White House staff as deputy assistant to the president and principal deputy director of the Office of Public Liaison.

Munisteri was elected chairman at the state convention held in Dallas on June 13, 2010, when he unseated Cathie Adams, the wife of a Dallas chiropractor, who had held the position for only eight months. He is the first challenger in modern Texas Republican history to defeat a sitting incumbent for the position of state chairman. Early in his political career, Munisteri served as state chairman of the Texas Chapter of Young Americans for Freedom and founded the Young Conservatives of Texas (YCT) in 1980.

Munisteri stepped down as party chairman to join U.S. Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky as a senior advisor to Paul's 2016 presidential campaign.

Background
Munisteri received a Bachelor of Business Administration degree from the University of Texas at Austin and a Doctor of Jurisprudence from the UT Law School, completing both degrees in five, instead of seven, years. With his degrees in hand, Munisteri returned to Houston and worked at the law offices of Funderburk and Funderburk (now Funderburk Funderburk Courtois, L.L.P.) for fourteen months before deciding to open his solo law practice, which he continued in partnership with others, for twenty-seven years. Munisteri founded the firm on November 1, 1982, the day before the defeat of Bill Clements as the first Republican governor of Texas since 1873. The firm is now known as Sprott, Rigby, Newson, Robbins & Lunceford, P.C.

In addition to his legal practice, Munisteri was also involved in numerous other businesses in his professional career. He founded Munisteri Properties, a company with interests in commercial properties and whose primary asset was a Greenway Plaza-area building built in 1961 by Gerald D. Hines, which Munisteri redeveloped in 1993. Munisteri sold the Greenway Plaza Area building in 2007. However he still owns an interest in two shopping centers and a commercial building, as well as residential property. He also founded Munisteri Exploration in 1989, and has participated as a partner in the drilling of 60 oil and natural gas wells through 2014. As a side business, Munisteri managed dozens of professional boxers from 1989 to 2009, when he fully retired from the business.

Early political involvement

Munisteri was active in politics early in his teenage years, first working as a volunteer for the campaigns of Texas Republicans Hank Grover and John Tower in 1972, though the two were bitter intraparty rivals. Munisteri then formed a conservative club at Memorial High School in Houston. In 1976, he was elected State Vice Chairman for Texas Young Americans for Freedom, was an active volunteer for Ronald Reagan and attended the Republican National Convention.  From 1977 to 1980, he served as state chairman for YAF and was also elected to YAF's national board of directors. In 1977, Texas YAF was named the most improved state organization at its 1977 national convention.  Under Munisteri's chairmanship, YAF began the practice of issuing legislative rankings for members of the Texas House of Representatives.

In 1980, after experiencing dissatisfaction with the top-down leadership of the national YAF organization at its February 1980 convention, Munisteri proposed a new Texas-based conservative organization to the Texas YAF board.  The board voted unanimously to create a new organization named Young Conservatives of Texas.  The organization was founded on Texas Independence Day, March 2, 1980, at the Driskill Hotel in Austin, Texas.  Munisteri served as the first state chairman.

Munisteri served as state chairman of Young Texans for Reagan in 1980 under Reagan Texas Chair Ernie Angelo. He continued his Republican Party (GOP) activism as a precinct chairman of precincts 213 and 133 in Harris County in the 1980s, and was also elected to the State Republican Executive Committee for Senate District 17. Munisteri has worked in over 50 campaigns in a volunteer capacity. In 1995, he worked for the Lamar Alexander presidential campaign and helped to put together the Texas volunteer organization under Alexander's state chair Robert Mosbacher Jr. He also traveled to New Hampshire, Iowa, Florida and South Carolina on behalf of the Alexander campaign in 1996. In 1999, Munisteri spent a month in Iowa to assist the George W. Bush presidential campaign in the Iowa straw poll, and then spent a month in California running a Bush campaign office in San Fernando. In 2004, Munisteri was part of the Bush legal response team in Ohio during that year's presidential race. In 2008, he traveled to Iowa to assist Texas Land Commissioner Jerry E. Patterson in supporting Fred Thompson for president. That same year, Munisteri went on to South Carolina to volunteer on behalf of Thompson, and then later spent two months in Iowa assisting John McCain Iowa director Charlie Liebschutz.

Texas GOP chairman

2009–2011

In September 2009, Texas GOP State Chairman Tina Benkiser announced her resignation at the quarterly State Republican Executive Committee meeting in Austin. Under Texas law, each major party must at all times have a woman as either its chairman or vice-chairman.  Since Vice-chairman Robin Armstrong did not relinquish his position to seek to succeed Benkiser as state chairman, only a woman could be elected to fill the position.  On October 24, 2009, the SREC elected Texas GOP National Committeewoman Cathie Adams as Benkiser's successor by a vote of 36–25.

On January 22, 2010, Munisteri announced his candidacy for state chairman, citing a desire to make the RPT a "more effective organization" by utilizing his "strong business administrative skills". He was the second declared challenger in the race, as former SREC member Tom Mechler of Amarillo, had announced his candidacy the previous summer. Munisteri's election marked the first time in modern history that a challenger defeated a sitting incumbent at the state convention. When Munisteri stepped down early in 2015, Mechler was elected his successor on the third secret ballot by the 62-member Republican State Executive Committee.

On the second day of the convention, delegates voted by senatorial district for the position of State Chairman.  Munisteri won 13 districts, Adams won 12 districts, and Mechler won 6 districts.  Since no candidate received a majority of districts, a vote was held in the nominations committee of the convention, and Munisteri won the second ballot by a count of 22–9.  After the nominations committee presented their results to the full convention, Adams then proceeded to force an unprecedented floor vote for the position, at which point Tom Mechler officially endorsed Munisteri's candidacy.  Munisteri then addressed the full convention and declared that his differences with Adams are "insignificant to the duty we have to our country." He placed the reelection of Perry as top priority and then the regaining of Republican majorities in the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. He added, "there's no question we have to get rid of that man in the White House," a reference to U.S. President Barack Obama. In the ensuing floor vote, Munisteri prevailed with a margin of 4,170 to 2,950 for Adams.

Munisteri has issued a monthly "Chairman's Update" email to Texas Republicans with information regarding his activities as chairman.  In December 2010, Munisteri announced that the RPT had fully retired its crippling debt and would end 2010 with zero debt, all bills paid, a record net worth, and a record positive cash balance in its accounts.

Under Munisteri's chairmanship in the 2010 general election, the Republican Party of Texas had a net gain of 324 Republican elected offices, obtained a super majority in the Texas House of Representatives, and won all statewide races on the ballot. In December 2011, Munisteri announced that for the first time in a decade, the state party had successfully recruited Republican county chairmen for the 2012 election cycle in all 254 Texas counties. In 2012, Munisteri served as a Presidential Elector for Mitt Romney and Paul Ryan.

2012–2013
Munisteri was reelected as state chairman in June 2012. Out of the over 9,000 delegates registered at the time of the 2012 convention vote, only one voted against him. The party has continued to be debt free since December 2010 and has now adopted a policy to pay down all invoices to $0 by the end of each calendar month. The party has also maintained cash reserves of at least $500,000 since November 2010. During the first three years of Munisteri's Chairmanship the party has brought in approximately $13.5 million including approximately $6.7 million in 2012 alone.

The party's improved financial condition allowed the RPT to be a major player in the 2010 and 2012 elections. This included, among other things, organizing three weekends of statewide block walk operations. This resulted in the Republican Party candidates winning 500 more offices in 2010 compared to 2008. Moreover, 75 additional office holders switched parties in 2010 for a net gain of 575 between the 2008 and 2010 election cycles. In 2012, the state party exclusively ran the Victory operations for the first time in years, resulting in the party making 2.6 million calls and sending out over 3 million pieces of mail. The state party spent a total of $2.2 million on its election efforts in 2012. Today there are currently 853 more Republicans in elected office than at the end of the elections in 2008.

Since his election, Munisteri has added a full-time youth director, outreach director, and political director. The party has also initiated an aggressive outreach program to the Hispanic, African American, and Asian American communities, which has resulted in a significant increase in the number of minority delegates to the state convention, a significant increase in the number of minority members of the SREC, and an increase in the number of minority Republican elected officials statewide. In 2012 the number of Hispanic Republican elected officials statewide increased from 58 to 78. In June 2013, Munisteri announced a partnership with the RNC to establish Victory Centers that will operate on a year-round basis and that the party would be hiring significant number of new field staff for these offices, including staffers assigned specifically to outreach to the Hispanic, African American, and Asian American communities.

2014
At the March 2014 meeting of the State Republican Executive Committee, Munisteri announced that he would seek re-election at the request of the successful Republican gubernatorial nominee Greg Abbott. Munisteri also reported at that meeting the party had brought in approximately $17 million in revenues during his tenure as chairman. He indicated that the party was in excellent financial health and has been completely debt free since November 2010. He also indicated that cash reserves had never fallen below $500,000 during that time. Munisteri also reported at that meeting that the outreach and Victory efforts continued to be expanded to include 10 full-time engagement and field staffers, include a full-time director of youth engagement, director of African American engagement, director of Hispanic engagement, and a full-time director of Asian American engagement.

The chairman reported on the great success of the Victory efforts. Specifically, he noted that the new statewide Asian American, African America, and Hispanic engagement organizations had been very active and attending numerous events around the state signing up hundreds of new contacts. Most encouraging, he also reported the engagement efforts has yielded verifiable results in the form of a February 2014 Gallup study that concluded that the Texas Republican Party had obtained 6% more support from the Hispanic community than the Republican Parties in all other 49 states. Moreover, the study indicated that Democrat support among Hispanics in Texas declined 7% over last few years. The chairman also reported that the RPT has opened permanent Victory centers in Fort Worth, Dallas, Austin, San Antonio, Houston, Corpus Christi, El Paso, and The Valley. These centers have overseen numerous block walks utilizing thousands of volunteers knocking on tens of thousands of doors.

In 2014, Munisteri was also an active member of the RNC's Commission on Convention Planning which presented its final report to the RNC in Memphis during the second week of May. Munisteri was also a member of the Rules Committee for the RNC and was appointed to a subcommittee that dealt with the Presidential Primary Process. He was an active supporter of reforming the process which included wrestling control of the debate process away from the media and giving it to the RNC. Munisteri also supported efforts to ensure that other states do not jump in front of Texas's March 1 primary date so Texas can be a major player in the 2016 presidential primary process.

At the 2014 State Convention, Munisteri was re-elected as chairman with only four votes against him out of approximately 7,000 delegates and alternates in attendance.

In November, Munisteri announced that the party had set a new record for the number of Republicans elected to office around the state. As of December 4, 2014, Republicans held 3,652 elected offices around the state. This represented an increase of 360. When Munisteri was elected to office, Republicans held 2,470 offices. Under his watch, the total increase in the number of Republicans who hold office around the state is 1,262.

The RPT also announced in November that under Munisteri's chairmanship, the party had brought in approximately $22 million and had reached the milestone of being completely debt-free for four consecutive years.

At the final quarterly meeting of the SREC, Munisteri announced that he had secured funding to maintain permanent Victory centers and staff across the state. This was the first time in the history of the party that victory operations did not cease at the conclusion of an election cycle.

2015–present
In 2015, Munisteri announced he would be joining Senator Rand Paul's team of senior advisors. According to the Republican Party of Texas his resignation is effective March 7, 2015.  In an official statement explaining his reasoning behind the decision Munisteri writes: Today I informed the SREC that I will be stepping down on March 7th. I have done so, in part, in order to accept the position of Senior Advisor to Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky. Senator Paul shares my vision of promoting the conservative values of individual freedom, limited government, a strong national defense, and defense of the Constitution in each and every community in our country.

Munisteri said he's supporting Paul, in part because of the Kentucky Republican's strategy to court nontraditional GOP voters, like African-Americans and young people.

On March 7, 2015, Munisteri presided over his last meeting of the SREC and provided a final report as to the condition of the party during his term. He also provided a more detailed report in writing to supporters of the party. He reported that he was turning over the chairmanship with $959,514 cash on hand plus $148,175 in pledges coming in. He reported that all liabilities were paid to $0. He also reported that during his tenure as chairman, the RPT collected $22,839,611 including $7,798,117 in 2014 alone. He reported that as of the date he was stepping down there were 3,660 Republican officeholders across the state, totaling approximately 67% of all offices in Texas. This represented a 1,190 Republican officeholder increase as compared to the time he took over the Chairmanship. He also noted that in 2008 the party had only held 45% of the offices across the state.

Munisteri also provided a summary of the party's Victory and field operations. He reported that during his tenure, the RPT sent out 10,201,811 pieces of mail and made 8,622,336 phone calls. In 2014, RPT volunteers also knocked on over half a million doors. He noted that during his term, Republicans set the record for the most number of Republicans in the State House at 102, tied the record for most number of State Senators at 20, and set the record for the most Republican Congressmen at 25. The day before he resigned, the RPT also announced, for the second time, that the party had successfully filled all 254 county chair seats.

Munisteri was an at-large delegate to the 2016 Republican National Convention from Texas. Munisteri was one of 48 delegates from Texas bound by state party rules to support Donald Trump at the convention. As of July 13, 2016, Trump had approximately 1,542 delegates. The winner of the Republican nomination needed the support of 1,237 delegates. Trump formally won the nomination on July 19, 2016, and  the Presidential election of 2016.

Beginning in 2017, Munisteri served as deputy assistant to the president and deputy director for the Office of Public Liaison in Trump Administration. He left the Trump Administration in 2019 to help run the 2020 re-election campaign of Texas senator John Cornyn.

In December 2020, Munisteri joined the office of Governor Greg Abbott as senior adviser and policy director.

References

External links

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1957 births
2012 United States presidential electors
American people of Italian descent
American Presbyterians
American sports businesspeople
Living people
Memorial High School (Hedwig Village, Texas) alumni
McCombs School of Business alumni
Lawyers from Houston
Texas Republican state chairmen
Texas Republicans
Trump administration personnel
University of Texas School of Law alumni

Steve Munisteri


Equality is a short film by American filmmaker, Al Sutton, MD, a documentary under the genre of human rights, social issues, history and news.  The film contains rare footage of the Women's Strike for Equality, the gender equality protest of August 26, 1970, where more than fifty thousand women and men gathered in New York City to show support for the feminist movement and to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution which gave women the right to vote. It was organized by NOW, the National Organization for Women.

While it depicts a positive energy and excitement of the crowds at the 1970 women's march and rally, the film makes the statement that in spite of various attempts to codify equality, for example, the UN General Assembly Bill of Rights of 1979, the statistics related to gender inequality show that areas such as education, earnings, poverty and abuses still need effective change.

This short film, EQUALITY, released in 2010, is a simple documentation of the women's strike that moved forward the United States in terms of gender equality, and perhaps impacted the world.  Ravel's "Pavane for a Dead Princess" comprises the musical score.

References

External links

2010 films
American documentary films
Documentary films about feminism
Films about activists
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Equality (film)


Centro de Actividades Acuáticas de Alto Nivel (CAAAN) is a high performance training center for aquatic activities located in Mexico City.

CAAAN is the major center for the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social with the Unidad Morelos, who provide most of the
Olympic, Panamerican and Centroamerican medalists for swimming, diving, water polo and synchronized swimming. Many Olympic, Panamerican and Centroamerican divers train at CAAAN, including Porfirio Becerril, Carlos Girón, Jorge Mondragon, Juan Colin, Daniel Trejo, Eduardo Vaca, Eduardo Rueda, Francisco Rueda.

Sport in Mexico City

CAAAN


The GNO Multitasking Environment, also known as GNO/ME or GNO for short, is a Unix-like operating system for the Apple IIGS computer. It was developed by Procyon Enterprises and sold commercially from 1991 through August 1996, when it was released as freeware. Development continued by Devin Reade, who released the current version 2.0.6 on 15 February 1999. The source code has since been released via GitHub.

References

External links

 Current version (via FTP)

Discontinued operating systems

GNO/ME


Roxanne Goldade (born November 5, 1962 in Prelate, Saskatchewan) is a Canadian pediatrician and former country singer, most noted as a two-time Juno Award nominee for Most Promising Female Vocalist.

After appearing on local talent shows in the Calgary area, Goldade released her debut album 20 More Miles to Go on Westmount Records in 1975. Three singles were released from the album, "Listen to the Rain", "Mama Take My Hand" and a cover of Dickey Lee's "Give Me One Good Reason". "Listen to the Rain" was a Top 40 single in RPM's country charts in 1976, and "Give Me One Good Reason" was a Top 40 single in the magazine's country charts in 1978. She received her Juno Award nominations for Most Promising Female Vocalist at the Juno Awards of 1978 and the Juno Awards of 1979.

Goldade did not continue in the music business, but went to medical school and became a practicing pediatrician.

References

1962 births
Living people
Canadian women country singers
Musicians from Saskatchewan
Canadian pediatricians
Women pediatricians
20th-century Canadian women singers

Roxanne Goldade


Valentine Edward Martin "Val" Lamb (26 January 1939 – 24 April 2015) was a British sports journalist. He was editor of The Irish Field from 1970 to 2003.

Lamb was born in Coombe Bissett, Wiltshire. He was the son of the artist Henry Lamb and his wife Lady Pansy Pakenham. He was married twice and had three children.

Lamb died on 24 April 2015, aged 76.

References

1939 births
2015 deaths
English journalists
Writers from Wiltshire

Valentine Lamb


Gunathilake Bandara Senanayake (14 July 1913 – 16 March 1985) (known as G.B Senanayake) (Sinhala: ජී.බී. සේනානායක) was a prominent Sinhala author who portrayed Sinhala middle-class life in his novels. He is credited with introducing free verse poetry to Sinhala. He became blind later in his life and still managed to write 16 books with help from his sister-in-law Deemathi Senanayake and niece Dayani Senanayake.

The second stage of Sinhala short stories begins with G.B. Senanayake's short stories. Though mainly focused on short stories Senanayake also wrote Novels and Poetry as well. He introduced 'Nisandas' during a time when Sinhala poetry was in need of a different style. G.B. Senanayake was a writer who was very concerned about being grammatically correct in writing.

Biography

Born on 14 July in the year 1913 in Mulleriyawa, Colombo, Gunathilaka Bandara Senanayake was the youngest of a family of four boys.

He had his primary education at St. Joseph's College in Grandpass. Then he had his secondary education at Ananda College Colombo. Due to economic problems he gave up schooling at the age of 14.

Later he did further studies on his own. At the age of 18 he started going to the public library in Colombo which gave him the opportunity to access thousands of books. G.B. Senanayake calls the public library his own university.

Martin Wickramasinghe, then editor of the 'Dinamina' newspaper recognising G.B. Senanayake's abilities offered him a job at Lake House. For some time Senanayake worked as a professional journalist at 'Dinamina' and 'Sinhala Bauddhaya'.

Later he left Lake House and while living an unmarried life devoted his time to writing books.

G.B. Senanayake was awarded the Sahithya Shoori (literary doctrine) award by the Sri Jayawardanapura University in 1985.

During the later part of his life Senanayake started losing his eyesight. Yet notwithstanding, he didn't give up writing. 'Vinividimi Andura' is a book written during that time.

G.B. Senanayake died on 16 March 1985 in Ekala, Ja-Ela. His final resting place is Borella Cemetery, Colombo

Literary work

At the age of 19 he started writing short stories to the newspapers. Though they weren't published he didn't give up. This was how Martin Wickramasinghe got to know about Senanayake's talents.

Senanayake's first collection of short stories was 'Duppathun Nethi Lokaya' which was published in 1945. This was followed by 'Paliganima' (revenge), published in 1946. The works he included in 'Paliganima" calling works between prose and poetry is considered as the beginning of 'Nisandas' (Free Verse Poetry).

Some of his books are used as text books for Sinhala General Certificate of Education Advanced Level examination and at Universities.

Three of his novels won the Sinhala Literary Awards granted by the Ministry of Cultural Affairs.

When he lost this eyesight he was halfway through writing the book 'Sahithya Sithuwili Dharshana'. When he declared his fear of being unable to finish the book his sister-in-law offered to write it if dictated. Out of his 50 odd books about 20 were written after he became blind.

His last poem 'Rathriya' was written barely five hours before his death.

Contribution towards the development of Sinhala short stories

G.B. Senanayake is considered as the writer who paid special attention to the artistic side of short stories and developed Sinhala short stories from a skilled aspect.

Senanayake improved Sinhala short stories as a pleasing and flexible medium. Especially language and structure were more polished in G.B. Senanayake's works. On the other hand, the characters and incidents are allowed to develop with an interrelationship with reason and result in his stories. Likewise G.B. allows incidents and facts causing the incidents and the mental status caused by the incident and its development to come out automatically.

It can be seen that Senanayake's stories improved the composition and regulations of Sinhala short stories. G.B. Senanayake has been a person who has shown ability in drawing the language flexibly into fiction writing. He thought that written language was artificial. He didn't fancy high flown language used by intellectuals.

Critics show that it was G.B. who highlighted the importance of poetic styles in short stories.

It is said that Senanayake became more prone to artistic side of the work because he was influenced by foreign literature. Being influenced by French and Russian literature would have forced Senanayake to exceed the limits of Sinhala short stories.

G.B. was most influenced by French short story styles, especially [Guy de Maupassant]. Maupassant tried to bring out the tragedy of the high class. Likewise Senanayake tried to speak about the middle class of the middle-class people living in towns. He brought it out in a more personalised manner rather than bringing it in a subject wise manner. Because of this while bringing out feelings he also brought out signs and descriptions of the environment.

Looking at how Russian literature affected G.B. Senanayake's works it seems that Anton Chekhov's works have influenced him. Especially exploring the artistic beauty of his own short stories was a path he found from Russian literature.

Films and television productions
Films and television productions, based on G.B. Senanayake's books,

 Nidhanaya
 Awaragira
Duwata Mawaka Misa (Mother Alone)

G.B Senanayake Foundation
G.B Senanayake Foundation is an approved charitable organization by the Government of Sri Lanka. The G.B Senanayake Foundation has been established with the objectives of preservation of manuscripts, first editions of all his books, tape recording and photographs related to his life and work.

References

External links
G. B. Senanayake on Facebook
The intellectual who transcended beyond darkness

1913 births
1985 deaths
Sri Lankan poets
Sri Lankan novelists
Sinhalese writers
20th-century novelists
20th-century poets

G. B. Senanayake


Lee Cameron Gledhill is an English footballer who plays as a right back. Gledhill was born in Bury. Gledhill began his career playing professionally at Barnet before going on to play in Non-League football for St Albans City, Gravesend & Northfleet, Welling United, Metropolitan Police, Folkestone Invicta, Erith & Belvedere, Harlow Town and Maidstone United.

Career
Gledhill came through the ranks at Barnet, where he captained the youth team in the 1998–99 season, and made his first team debut in a 2–1 away win at Swansea City. Gledhill went on to play 68 times for The Bees in Division Three (now League Two) and the Football Conference before having his contract with the club mutually terminated, citing that he wanted to pursue a full-time career outside of football.

Gledhill subsequently signed for Isthmian League Premier Division outfit St Albans City, spending just over a year at the club before joining Gravesend & Northfleet (now Ebbsfleet United) in the Conference.

In the summer of 2005 Gledhill then joined Welling United and he spent a season at the club before joining Metropolitan Police. Gledhill spent two years with The Met before signing for Kent team Folkestone Invicta in 2008. After a year with Invicta Gledhill returned to Metropolitan Police before dropping down to play for Kent League club Erith & Belvedere in 2010.

At the turn of 2011 Gledhill signed for Isthmian League Division One North Harlow Town. Gledhill spent eleven months for the club before departing, citing family reasons. In December 2011 Gledhill signed for Isthmian League Division One South Maidstone United, where he joined up with old Gravesend teammates James Pinnock and Jay Saunders, the latter of whom manages the Stones. Gledhill lasted just a month at the club, making just four appearances before being released after losing his place in the first team to Sam Groombridge.

References

Barnet F.C. players
St Albans City F.C. players
Ebbsfleet United F.C. players
Welling United F.C. players
Metropolitan Police F.C. players
Folkestone Invicta F.C. players
Erith & Belvedere F.C. players
Harlow Town F.C. players
Maidstone United F.C. players
Living people
1980 births
Footballers from Bury, Greater Manchester
Men's association football defenders
English men's footballers

Lee Gledhill


Thaddeus Thomson Hutcheson (October 29, 1915 –  August 3, 1986), was a Republican attorney in his native Houston, who was an early figure in the movement to establish a competitive two-party system in the U.S. state of Texas.

Background

Born to a wealthy family, Hutcheson was the grandson of Joseph C. Hutcheson, a Virginia native who served from Houston as a Democrat in the Texas House of Representatives and the United States House of Representatives from 1893 to 1897 from  Texas's 1st congressional district. Thad Hutcheson was the middle of three sons of the attorney William Palmer "Pam" Hutcheson, Sr. (1887-1966), and the former Eleanor Lee Thomson (1890-1961). His brothers were William Palmer Hutcheson, Jr. (1913-1990), and Edward Chappell Hutcheson (1920-1986). Like his father, Hutcheson was educated at the private boarding school, The Hill School in Pottstown in Montgomery County near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hutcheson graduated in 1937 from Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey. He received his legal education from the University of Texas School of Law at Austin. He was married to the former Caroline Brownlee (1917-1984), an Austin native  and the couple had five children: Thaddeus T. Hutcheson, Jr. (born March 2, 1941), Houghton B. Hutcheson (born August 27, 1946), John Palmer Hutcheson and Thomas Taliaferro Hutcheson (twins born October 14, 1948), and Lucy Hutcheson Barrow (born October 20, 1959.)

Following service in the U.S. Navy in World War II as a Lieutenant Commander assigned to the Destroyer Escort U.S.S. Swasey, Hutcheson entered the practice of law in Houston with his father, older brother, Palmer Hutcheson, Jr., and cousin, Thomas Taliaferro. The firm was known at its founding as Hutcheson, Taliaferro & Hutcheson, and was subsequently known as Hutcheson and Grundy.

Political life

Hutcheson spoke at the 1952 Republican National Convention in Chicago, Illinois, which nominated the Eisenhower-Nixon ticket. In 1957, when U.S. Senator Price Daniel vacated his seat to become governor of Texas, Hutcheson was the Republican candidate in the special election to choose a successor. At the time, the plurality winner automatically filled the Senate vacancy. Hutcheson ran third with 23 percent of the vote. Victory in the Senate election went to Daniel's gubernatorial primary runoff opponent, Ralph Yarborough, the Democrat who received 38 percent of the ballots cast. In second place with 30 percent of the vote was conservative Democratic U.S. Representative Martin Dies, Jr., known for his House investigations into communist subversion. Had the supporters of Hutcheson and Dies been able to consolidate their votes in a second round of balloting, Yarborough would have been defeated.

So highly regarded was Hutcheson in Texas GOP circles that when a second U.S. Senate vacancy arose in 1961, when Lyndon B. Johnson resigned to become Vice President of the United States, some party leaders encouraged Hutcheson to run again, but he declined. John Tower, a Republican political science instructor at Midwestern State University  In Wichita Falls, entered the special election. Tower had received 41 percent of the vote in November 1960 in the regular general election against Senator Johnson. who sought both reelection and the vice presidency under special state legislation. Tower went on to win the special election by a narrow margin over appointed conservative Democrat William Blakley. This time, a runoff—between Tower and Blakley—was required under revised state law to guarantee a majority-vote winner. Ironically, Blakley, a wealthy Dallas businessman,  had held the Daniel Senate vacancy for three months in 1957 but did not run for the position at that time. Tower in 1961 became the first Republican senator from Texas since the 19th century and served ultimately nearly twenty-four years.  Since Tower retired from the Senate in January 1985, his former seat has remained continuously in Republican hands, a testimony to Hutcheson's vision for his party from decades past.

Hutcheson was a delegate to the 1956 and the 1960 Republican National Conventions. He was the chairman of the Texas GOP in 1958 but did not run for public office after the 1957 special Senate race.

The annual moot court competition for first-year students at the UT Law School is named for Hutcheson.

Hutcheson, his wife, and most other family members are interred at Glenwood Cemetery in Houston.

References

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1915 births
1986 deaths
Burials at Glenwood Cemetery (Houston, Texas)
Soling class sailors
Lawyers from Houston
Princeton University alumni
Texas Republican state chairmen
Texas Republicans
The Hill School alumni
University of Texas School of Law alumni
Soling class world champions
20th-century American lawyers

Thad Hutcheson


Joseph Eggleston (November 24, 1754February 13, 1811) was an American farmer, soldier, and politician from Amelia County, Virginia. He represented Virginia in the U.S. Congress from 1798 until 1801. He was the uncle of William S. Archer.

Joseph Eggleston was born in Middlesex County to Joseph (1721–1792) and Judith (Segar, 1729–1806) Eggleston. In 1759 his parents moved to the newly built plantation house named Egglestetton in Amelia County. Joseph was tutored at home and then attended William and Mary College where he graduated with honors in 1776. That same year he joined American Revolutionary War in the cavalry commanded by Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee.

Revolutionary War

Eggleston became a captain when Lee organized his own irregular unit (Lee's Legion) of the Continental Army in 1778. He served with them throughout the war, but earned distinction in the Southern Campaign. He was cited for gallantry for his actions in the Battle of Guilford Court House on March 15, 1781. He won praise again in the siege of Augusta in June, as well as a promotion to Major.

The initial American success in the Battle of Eutaw Springs in September came from Major Eggleston's attack of the British advance units. Unfortunately the outcome of the battle was indecisive, even though the British casualties were twice those of the American forces.

Personal life
After the war Eggleston returned home to Egglestetton, and on February 23, 1788 he married Sarah "Sally" Meade. They had three children: Joseph Everard (1790), Charles (1791) and William (1792). When his father (Joseph Sr.) died in 1792 he inherited the family seat and . Over the years he would buy land and expand his holding to .

Sally Eggleston died in 1794. In 1798, Joseph remarried, to his first cousin, Ann Cary Eggleston (daughter of his uncle John). She gave him two more children: Francis (1798) and Sarah Meade Eggleston (1802, named after his first wife.

Egglestetton was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

Political career

Eggleston was elected to the Virginia state House of Delegates several times as a representative for Amelia County. In all he served thirteen years in the House (1785–88 and 1791–99). He was in the state Senate when U.S. Congressman William B. Giles resigned that post on October 2, 1798. In a special election, Eggleston won the rest of the term. Then he won the regular election for the next term, to serve in the U.S. House in the Sixth Congress.

Eggleston declined to be nominated  in 1800, so his service in Congress extended from December 3, 1798 to March 3, 1801. He returned home, but was made a Justice of the Peace for Amelia County, and held that post until he died in 1811. Joseph died at home and was buried in the Churchyard of St. John's Episcopal Church. The church was also known as St. John's of Grub Hill, and the cemetery is now known as the Grub Hill Cemetery.

The main house at Egglestetton still stands in Egglestetton Road (Route 630) about 4 km north of Amelia Court House. The home is on the National Register of Historic Places but is a private residence. The Civil War general, Joseph Eggleston Johnston, was named for him, since Johnston's father had served in Eggleston's command in the Revolution.

External links

References

1754 births
1811 deaths
People from Middlesex County, Virginia
College of William & Mary alumni
Continental Army officers from Virginia
Virginia lawyers
American planters
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia
People from Amelia County, Virginia
18th-century American lawyers
18th-century American politicians

Joseph Eggleston


Elvin Abraham Kabat (September 1, 1914 – June 16, 2000) was an American biomedical scientist and one of the founding fathers of quantitative immunochemistry. Kabat was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University in 1977, National Medal of Science in 1991, and American Association of Immunologists Lifetime Achievement Award in 1995. He is the father of Jon Kabat-Zinn.

Elvin A. Kabat was the president of the American Association of Immunologists from 1965 to 1966, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He designed the eponymous Kabat numbering scheme for numbering amino acid residues in antibodies based on their variable regions. In 1969, he started collecting and aligning the amino acid sequences of human and mouse Bence Jones proteins and immunoglobulin light chains.

Work

While working under Michael Heidelberger at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Kabat studied the carbohydrate chemistry of embryonic-state-specific antigens and markers of white blood cells. Additionally, he discovered the chemical basis of the ABO blood group system.

During World War II, Kabat worked for the National Defense Research Committee on developing a meningitis vaccine, accurate syphilis test, and detectors for neutralizing the plant toxin ricin.

Kabat is best known for discovering the structural and genetic basis for the specificity of antibodies. After showing that antibodies are gamma globulins, he used oligosaccharides of different lengths to interfere with antibodies attempting to bind to the blood plasma substitute dextran, accurately estimating the size and shape of antibody-binding sites before the development of X-ray crystallography.

During his career, Kabat served on advisory panels for the National Research Council, Office of Naval Research, National Science Foundation, National Multiple Sclerosis Society, American Foundation for Allergic Diseases, New York Blood Center, Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, and Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, Panama. Additionally, he was a member of the World Health Organization's Advisory Panel on Immunology from 1965 to 1989.

Life

Kabat's parents arrived in the United States from Eastern Europe toward the end of the 19th century, changing their last name from Kabatchnick to Kabat. The bankruptcy of his family's dress manufacturing business during the Great Depression led to Kabat's life-long miserly attitudes toward personal and laboratory expenditures. Elvin began high school in New York City at the age of 12. Graduating in three years, he started at the City College of New York at the age of 15, graduating in 1932 with a major in chemistry at age 18.

In January 1933, Kabat began working in Michael Heidelberger's laboratory by conducting routine lab chores at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, introduced through Heidelberger's wife Nina, a customer of the Kabat family's dress business. Kabat started work on his Ph.D. in the Department of Biochemistry by taking night courses to graduate in only four years.

As part of a post-doctoral fellowship funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, Kabat studied new methods of ultracentrifugation and electrophoresis alongside Arne Tiselius and Kai Pederson in Theodor Svedberg's Uppsala University lab in Sweden to research Immunoglobulin G (IgG). In 1938, he returned to New York City to take up a position as an instructor of pathology at Cornell University Medical College, working there for three years.

Kabat spent the majority of his career as a faculty member of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. Hired as a research associate by the department of biochemistry in 1941, he joined the faculty of the department of bacteriology as an assistant professor in 1946. Kabat became an associate professor of bacteriology in 1948, and a professor in the newly renamed department of microbiology in 1952. He was named the Higgins Professor of Microbiology in 1983, and Higgins Professor of Microbiology Emeritus in 1985. Aside from publishing over 470 articles and many textbooks while affiliated with Columbia University, he also taught future Nobel Laureate Baruj Benacerraf.

Following President Harry S. Truman's 1947 Executive Order 9835 mandating loyal screenings of all federal employees, Kabat was reported by Swedish biochemist James B. Sumner for supposedly being a Communist sympathizer. Kabat was dismissed from his research position at the Bronx Veterans Administration Hospital, interfering in his study of the histochemical localization of enzymes. Additionally, he was stripped of his passport and prevented from attending international conferences until the US District Court for the District of Columbia's 1955 ruling in Boudin v. Dulles that passports could not be denied over undisclosed information.

After being selected by the National Institutes of Health as a Fogarty Scholar in 1974, Kabat continued to conduct government research alongside his teaching at Columbia University well after his 1985 emeritus appointment, maintaining a working research laboratory and remaining an active member of the Department of Microbiology until his death.

Personal life
In 1942, Kabat married Sally Lennick, a young Canadian art student. They had three children, one of whom is the American developer of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), Jon Kabat-Zinn. Since 2001, the families of Michael Heidelberger and Kabat have worked with Columbia University's Department of Microbiology and Immunology to organize a roughly annual Heidelberger-Kabat Distinguished Lecture in Immunology.

References

1914 births
2000 deaths
American immunologists
20th-century American biochemists
National Medal of Science laureates
Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
Weill Medical College of Cornell University faculty
Columbia University faculty
Jewish American scientists
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American physicians

Elvin A. Kabat