SSL, formerly Space Systems/Loral, LLC (SS/L), of Palo Alto, California, is a wholly owned manufacturing subsidiary of Maxar Technologies.

SSL designs and builds satellites and space systems for a wide variety of government and commercial customers. Its products include high-powered direct-to-home broadcast satellites, commercial weather satellites, digital audio radio satellites, Earth observation satellites and spot-beam satellites for data networking applications.

History

The company was founded as the Western Development Laboratories (WDL) of Philco (Philco-Ford since 1966).  The Space Systems Division was made a stand-alone Division of Aeronutronic/Ford Aerospace/ and was acquired by Loral Corp. in 1990 for $715 million from Ford Motor Company, and renamed  Space Systems/Loral. All other divisions of Ford Aerospace including Western Development Labs now located in San Jose were also acquired by Loral at that time.

In 2012 Space Systems/Loral was acquired by the Canadian aerospace company MacDonald Dettwiler (now MDA) for $875 million.  MDA was renamed as Maxar Technologies in 2017.

SSL's major competitors are Boeing Satellite Systems, Lockheed Martin, Thales Alenia Space, Airbus Defence and Space and JSC Information Satellite Systems.

Projects
In 1960, the Courier 1B, built by then Philco, became the world's first active repeater satellite.

SSL has recently pioneered research in electric propulsion systems, lithium-ion power systems and the use of advanced composites on commercial satellites, which permit significant increases in the size and power of a satellite's payload and extends the satellite's on-orbit lifetime. SSL also has developed new service-enhancing technologies such as super power systems for direct-to-user applications and ground-based beam forming, a technology that uses both satellite and terrestrial assets to provide mobile users with increased coverage and capacity capabilities.

, there are 87 SSL-built geosynchronous satellites in orbit.

1300 Series Platform

SSL manufactures satellites based on its SSL 1300 series platform (previously LS-1300, FS-1300) in Palo Alto. Satellites in the series include ProtoStar I, ICO G1, SIRIUS FM-6 and SES NEW SKIES NSS-12.  there were 80 satellites based on the 1300 series platform on orbit, with 1 more ready for launch and 21 others under construction.

The company designed and built AsiaSat 8, which was launched on 5 August 2014, and AsiaSat 6, which went into orbit on 7 September 2014. The two satellite launches cost AsiaSat $110 million. The satellites were expected to last 15 years, and contain high-powered C-band transponders providing video and broadband services to the Asia-Pacific region.

COTS proposal
SSL and Constellation Services International have proposed a reusable space tug based on the 1300 platform and a pressure-fed, low-cost Aquarius Launch Vehicle. The tug would be used to bring supplies to the International Space Station as part of the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program.

NASA eventually decided to pursue another proposal for this project.  SSL, however, continues to provide Battery Orbital Replacement Units (ORUs), Battery Charge Discharge Units (BCDUs), and Sequential Shunt Units (SSUs) for the ISS.

LADEE Mission
SSL designed and delivered a propulsion system based on their 1300 platform for the NASA LADEE mission. On April 17, 2014, between 9:30 p.m and 10:22 p.m. PDT, after successfully completing its goal to collect lunar dust and study the moon's atmosphere, NASA's Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft successfully completed a planned de-orbit, bringing an end to the mission to study the structure and composition of the thin lunar atmosphere.

Robotic Servicing of Geosynchronous Satellites
In June 2017, SSL was awarded the contract to design and build the satellite servicing spacecraft vehicle for the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)'s Robotic Servicing of Geosynchronous Satellites (RSGS) program, which is designed to inspect, repair, and augment geosynchronous satellites and plans to include a refueling payload to extend the life of satellites that are low on propellant. SSL joined the Naval Research Laboratory, the Charles Draper Laboratory and Maxar's robotics divisions in Brampton, Ontario and Pasadena to develop the servicer. The servicer is designed to refuel commercial satellites, and global satellite operator SES is the first commercial customer to sign up to use the services for a satellite life extension mission.

In January 2019, SSL decided to abandon its participation in the program because of financial difficulties. Continued participation in the program required the company to fund the cost of the development by more than the typical 33%.

Psyche
The Psyche mission to asteroid 16 Psyche spacecraft's solar-electric propulsion chassis will be built by Maxar.

See also
 Aerospace manufacturer
 List of spacecraft manufacturers
 Aeronutronic

References

External links
 SSL company website

Aerospace companies of the United States
Spacecraft manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Companies based in Palo Alto, California
Manufacturing companies established in 1990
Technology companies established in 1990
1990 establishments in California
Loral Space & Communications
2012 mergers and acquisitions

SSL (company)


"Islamofascism", first described as "Islamic fascism" in 1933, is a term popularized in the 1990s drawing an analogical comparison between the ideological characteristics of specific Islamist or Islamic fundamentalist movements and short-lived European fascist movements of the early 20th century, neo-fascist movements, or totalitarianism.

History and concept

Background and origins
The term "Islamofascism" is defined in the New Oxford American Dictionary as "a term equating some modern Islamic movements with the European fascist movements of the early twentieth century".

The earliest known use of the contiguous term Islamic Fascism dates to 1933 when Akhtar Husain, in an attack on Muhammad Iqbal, defined attempts to secure the independence of Pakistan as a form of Islamic fascism. Some analysts consider Manfred Halpern's use of the phrase 'neo-Islamic totalitarianism' in his 1963 book The Politics of Social Change in the Middle East and North Africa, as a precursor to the concept of Islamofascism, in that he discusses Islamism as a new kind of fascism. Halpern's primary case was based on an analysis of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, and he argued that such Islamic movements were an obstacle to the military regimes who were in his view representatives of a new middle class capable of modernizing the Middle East. Halpern's work, commissioned by the United States Air Force from the RAND Corporation, arguably represents a mix of mid-Cold War analysis and orientalism.

In 1978, Maxime Rodinson, a distinguished Marxist scholar of Islam, responded to French avant-garde enthusiasm for Ruhollah Khomeini's revolution in a three part article in Le Monde, by arguing that, in response to successive assaults by Crusaders, Mongols, Turks and Western imperialism,  Islamic countries had come to feel embattled, and the impoverished masses had come to think of their elites, linked to foreigners, as devoid of traditional piety. Both nationalism and socialism imported from the West were recast in religious terms, in a process of political Islamicization which would be devoid of the progressive side of nationalism and revert to what he called "a type of archaic fascism" characterized by policing the state to enforce a totalitarian moral and social order.

The earliest example of the term "Islamofascism," according to William Safire, occurs in an article penned by the Scottish scholar and writer Malise Ruthven writing in 1990. Ruthven used it to refer to the way in which traditional Arab dictatorships used religious appeals in order to stay in power. Malise Ruthven, Construing Islam as a Language, The Independent 8 September 1990. "Nevertheless there is what might be called a political problem affecting the Muslim world. In contrast to the heirs of some other non-Western traditions, including Hinduism, Shintoism and Buddhism, Islamic societies seem to have found it particularly hard to institutionalise divergences politically: authoritarian government, not to say Islamo-fascism, is the rule rather than the exception from Morocco to Pakistan." Ruthven doubts that he himself coined the term, stating that the attribution to him is probably due to the fact that internet search engines don't go back beyond 1990.

After nationalizing the Suez Canal, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser was called "Hitler on the Nile" by the West.

Young Egyptian Party
The Young Egypt Party was a political party that operated between 1933 and 1953 within Egypt, following an Egyptian nationalist, pro-Islamic and corporatist agenda inspired by Italian fascism and Fascist Italy under Benito Mussolini.

Popularisation after 2001
As a neologism it was adopted broadly in the wake of the September 11 attacks to intimate that either all Muslims, or those Muslims who spoke of their social or political goals in terms of Islam, were fascists. Khalid Duran is often credited with devising the phrase at that date. He used it in 2001 to characterize Islamism generally, as a doctrine that would compel both a state and its citizens to adopt the religion of Islam. Neo-conservative journalist Lulu Schwartz is regarded as the first Westerner to adopt the term and popularise it in the aftermath of the attack on the World Trade Center. In an article in The Spectator, Schwartz used it to describe the  ideology of Osama Bin Laden. She defines it as the "use of the faith of Islam as a cover for totalitarian ideology" and alleges that various Islamist movements shares fundamental ideological features of fascism. The term was sufficiently in vogue by 2002 to lead the cultural historian Richard Webster to remonstrate with its usage, in arguing that grouping many different political ideologies, terrorist and insurgent groups, governments, and religious sects into one single idea of "Islamofascism" both grossly oversimplifies, and induces us to ignore root causes, a key one of which, in his view, was 'the history of Western colonialism in the Middle East, and above all in Palestine'.

Accounts differ as to who popularized the term. President George Bush introduced the term officially during his presidency. According to Safire, author Christopher Hitchens was responsible for its diffusion, while Valerie Scatamburlo d'Annibale argues that its popularization is due to the work of Eliot Cohen, former counselor to Condoleezza Rice, reputed occasionally to be "the most influential neocon in academe". It circulated in neoconservative circles for some years after 2001 and came into wider currency after President George W. Bush, still grappling to find a phrase that might identify the nature of the "evil" which would define the nature of his enemy in the War on Terror, stated in 2005 that Islamofascism was an ideology synonymous with Islamic radicalism and militant jihadism, which, he then clarified, was decidedly distinct from the religion of Islam. It moved into the mainstream in August 2006.  After the arrest of Islamic terrorists suspected of preparing to blow up airlines, Bush once more alluded to "Islamic Fascists", apparently a "toned-down" variant of the word, The public use of the neologism and the analogous Islamic fascism during the run-up to the U.S. 2006 mid-term elections, perhaps with a specific focus group in mind, provoked an outcry, or storm of protest, and was quickly dropped from the president's rhetorical armory. Katha Pollitt, stating the principle that, "if you control the language, you control the debate", remarked that while the term looked "analytic", it was emotional and "intended to get us to think less and fear". David Gergen, former speechwriter for Richard Nixon, commented that the phrase "confuses more than it clarifies", for "Islamic fascism has no meaning" in the Arab world. Neoconservative writers, critics and scholars from Hitchens to Robert Wistrich however responded that the Muslim religion itself is fascistic, a view which, in identifying Islam with political fascism, was lambasted for being as offensive as the term Judeo-Nazi coined in the 1970s by Yeshayahu Leibowitz, editor of the Encyclopedia Hebraica, to characterize Messianic Jews settling in the occupied West Bank. Hitchens replied that the link is no more deleterious than that made by Leibowitz, or by left-wing analysts who wrote of clerical fascism.

Islamist perspective on fascism

Hassan al-Banna on nationalism

Hassan al-Banna, the founder of the Islamist Muslim Brotherhood, has written extensively on nationalism, militarism and Islam. In his book, Peace in Islam, he criticizes fascism, saying:

"Nazism came to power in Germany, Fascism in Italy and both Hitler and Mussolini began to force their people to conform to what they thought; unity, order, development and power. Certainly, this system led the two countries to stability and a vital international role. This cultivated much hope, reawakened aspiration and united the whole country under one leader.Then what happened? It became apparent that these seemingly powerful systems were a real disaster. The inspiration and aspirations of the people were shattered and the system of democracy did not lead to the empowerment of the people but to the establishment of chosen tyrants. Eventually after a deadly war in which innumerable men women and children died, these regimes collapsed"

He also denounced militarism, citing Quran 8:61 "If the enemy is inclined towards peace, make peace with them". When it comes to nationalism, he praises the "Nationalism of Glory", the "Nationalism of Political Community", and the "Nationalism of Discipline", while denouncing the "Nationailsm of Paganism" and "Nationalism of Aggression".

''If what is meant by "nationalism" is racial self-aggrandizement to a degree which leads to the disparagement of other races. aggression against then, and their victimization for the sake of the nation's glory and its continued existence, as preached for example by Germany and Italy; nay more. as claimed by every nation which preaches its superiority over all others - then this too is a reprehensible idea. It has no share in humanitarianism, and means that the human race will liquidate itself for the sake of a delusion with no basis in fact and embodying not the slightest good.''

According to the historian Israel Gershoni, "fascist" is an incomplete view of the Muslim Brotherhood, since it fails to understand the uniquely Muslim nature of the movement, whose primary goal was Islamic revitalism and authenticity.

Contrary to contemporary nationalist movements in Egypt, such as Pharaonism and Pan-Arabism, the Muslim Brotherhood preferred Pan-Islamism, as Islam is viewed as "above" worldy ideas such as race. For example, former Muslim Brotherhood leader Mohammed Akef said "to hell with Egypt", which lead to an outcry among Egyptian nationalists.

Impact of Julius Evola on Islamism

Julius Evola was an Italian philosopher and fascist writer. He wrote many books and articles on tradtition and modernity, supporting reactionary and traditionalist ideas. In Metaphysics of War, Evola comments on the philosophy of war in the Hindu, Islamic and Western traditions, describing the idea of jihad in Islam. In Evola's description of Islam, he praises it's traditional morality and clear social roles. Evola characterized Islam as "a tradition at a higher level both Judaism and the religious beliefs that conquered the West." Evola's esotericist beliefs and praise of Islam have led Frank Gelli to accuse him of being a crypto-Sufi. Evola has been citied as an influence of the Rusisian Islamic activist Geydar Dzhemal. Evola has also been commented on by Sheikh Abdal Hakim Murad (also known as Timothy Winter), who disagreed with his racist views but agreed with Evola's critque of modernity.

In Revolt Against the Modern World, Evola writes

"As in the case of priestly Judaism, the center in Islam also consisted of the Law and Tradition, regarded as a formative force, to which the Arab stocks of the origins provided a purer and nobler human material that was shaped by a warrior spirit"

Evola predicted a resurgence in Islam following the 1967 Arab-Israeli war, saying:

The Arabs are a great people, too, of course. Now they are in the dumps. Arab socialism does not suit them. It has sapped their energies. You can't mix atheism, Marxism and the Qur'an. The Arabs already have their own prophet in Muhammad. They'll never exchange Muhammad for Marx...Besides, Nasser has shown himself to be a dud. He deserved defeat. Arab socialism will die with him. There will soon be a resurgence of Islam. That is certain. Islam's worldwide advance has not stopped yet... When the time comes – I am sure it will be soon - they can restore the Caliphate. When the Islamic awakening comes, the Arabs will bounce back but not before.

The terrorist Fouad Ali Saleh citied Evola during his trial, reading passages from Revolt Against the Modern World.

Islamo-Fascism Awareness Week

David Horowitz developed an "Islamo-Fascist Awareness Week" consisting of 26 workshops on university campuses, between 2226 October 2007. Critics call it a (conservative) buzzword. The term has also been seen to have been popularized by the counter-jihad movement.  A number of Republicans, such as Rick Santorum, used it as shorthand for terrorists, and Donald Rumsfeld dismissed critics of the invasion of Iraq as appeasers of a "new type of fascism". In April 2008, the Associated Press reported that US federal agencies, including the State Department and the Department of Homeland Security, were advised to stop using the term Islamo-fascism in a fourteen-point memo issued by the Extremist Messaging Branch, a department of another federal body known as the National Counterterrorism Center. Aimed at improving the presentation of the War on Terrorism before Muslim audiences and the media, the memo states: "We are communicating with, not confronting, our audiences. Don't insult or confuse them with pejorative terms such as 'Islamo-fascism,' which are considered offensive by many Muslims." By 2007 Norman Podhoretz, arguing that the United States was in the midst of World War IV, identified Iran as the main center of the Islamofascist ideology he was convinced America had been fighting since 2001. Podhoretz called on the United States to bomb Iran as "soon as logistically possible".

Journalistic analysis
Schwartz's approach argues that several factors buttressed his notion of a similarity between fascism and Islamic fundamentalist terror:
Resentment by an economically frustrated middle class as feeding the rage that led to fascism, something that fitted Al-Qaeda's hold on sections of the Saudi, Pakistani, and Egyptian middle classes, and also on Hezbollah's attraction for Shia in Lebanon;
Most forms of Fascism to date have been imperialistic, as are, he claimed, Wahhabis and Hezbollah;
It was totalitarian insofar as Islamic fundamentalist may impose takfir, putting all members of global Islam who dissent with their extremism outside the Ummah;
Both have  paramilitary organizations, and not just a politically organized ideological grouping. While none of these are intrinsic to Islam, he stated, they are all part of Islamofascism, and the distortion mirrors that brand of Christian extremism which led to clerical fascism.
Although he prefers to speak of "fascism with an Islamic face", a variation on the phrase "Islam with a fascist face" deployed by Fred Halliday to describe developments in Iran after the overthrow of the Shah in 1979, Hitchens insisted that Bin Ladenism and Salafism shared similarities with clerical fascism, a term already used by Walter Laqueur to refer to the recent form a resurgent Islamic fundamentalism was taking. Such clerical fascism was, he argued, like Islamic fundamentalism, had a devotion to a charismatic leader, a point contested by Frederick W. Kagan, trusted in the authoritative power of one book, was queasy about sexual deviance, contemptuous of women, hostile to modernity. nostalgic for past glories, toxically Judeophobic, obsessed with old grievances, real and imagined, and addicted to revenge. Islamofascism was, he allowed, not perfectly congruent, with European fascism, in that the latter idealized the nation-state. Islam has no concept of a master race. On the other hand, he affirmed, the notion of a revived Caliphate might lend itself to an analogy with Hitler's Greater Germany, and Mussolini's desire to revive the Roman Empire, as Islamic rhetoric about the pure believers as opposed to the kuffār suggests a non-ethnic based form of cleansing.

The American journalist and former Nixon speechwriter William Safire wrote that the term fulfilled a need for a term to distinguish traditional Islam from terrorists: "Islamofascism may have legs: the compound defines those terrorists who profess a religious mission while embracing totalitarian methods and helps separate them from devout Muslims who want no part of terrorist means." Eric Margolis denied any resemblance between anything in the Muslim world, with its local loyalties and consensus decision-making and the historic, corporative-industrial states of the West. "The Muslim World", he argued, "is replete with brutal dictatorships, feudal monarchies, and corrupt military-run states, but none of these regimes, however deplorable, fits the standard definition of fascism. Most, in fact, are America's allies."

Malise Ruthven opposed redefining Islamism as "Islamofascism," a term whose usage has been "much abused". The Islamic label can be used for legitimizing and labeling a movement, but ideology must be distinguished from the brand name associated with it. The difference between Islamic movements and fascism are more "compelling" than the analogies. Islam defies doctrinal unification. No particular order of government can be deduced from Islamic texts, any more than from Christianity. Spanish fascists drew support from traditional Catholic doctrines, but by the same token, other Catholic thinkers have defended democracy in terms of the same theological traditions.

Scholarly analysis
The widespread use in mass media of the term "Islamofascism" has been challenged as confusing because of its conceptual fuzziness. George Orwell, it has been noted in this connection, observed as early as 1946 that "[T]he word Fascism has now no meaning except in so far as it signifies 'something not desirable'", and linking Islam to that concept was more a matter of denigration than of ideological clarity. Chibli Mallat, while noting that the term is controversial, thinks it warranted but notes that there is something anomalous about Islam being singled out, since fascist practices among Jews in Israel, Buddhists in Burma, and Narendra Modi's Hindi constituencies in India do not generate the same terminology: one rarely hears of Hindu-, Buddhist- or Judeo-fascism. A number of scholars and thinkers, such as Michel Onfray, Michael Howard, Jeffrey Herf, Walter Laqueur, and Robert Wistrich have argued that the link between fascism and Islam/Islamic radicalism is sound. Many scholars who specialize in Islam and the Arabic world are skeptical of the thesis: Reza Aslan, for one, identifies the roots of jihadism not in the Qur'an, but in the writings of modern Arab anti-colonialists and, doctrinally, to Ahmad Ibn Taymiyyah  Historians like Niall Ferguson dismiss the word as an "extraordinary neologism" positing a conceptual analogy when there is "virtually no overlap between the ideology of al Qaeda and fascism".

Walter Laqueur, after reviewing this and related terms, concluded that "Islamic fascism, Islamophobia and antisemitism, each in its way, are imprecise terms we could well do without but it is doubtful whether they can be removed from our political lexicon."

Support

Manfred Halpern,  the first major thinker to characterize politicized Islam as a fascist movement, called it "Neo-Islamic Totalitarianism" in his classic 1963 study The Politics of Social Change in the Middle East and North Africa.

The French Marxist Maxime Rodinson described Islamic movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood as a "type of archaic fascism" whose goal was the establishment of a "totalitarian state whose political police would brutally enforce the moral and social order."  He accused the French left of celebrating in Islamism a religious form of fascism.

Professor David Meir-Levi wrote in his book History Upside Down that Islamofascism was "a guarantor of the movement of the destruction of Israel," and that the Palestinian cause had become "part of the Islamofascist jihad against the West."

The sociologist Saïd Amir Arjomand has argued since 1984 that Islamism and fascism share essential features, an argument he made at some length in his 1989 book The Turban for the Crown; The Islamic revolution in Iran.

American scholar Michael Howard has defended usage of the term, drawing parallels between Wahhabism and fascist ideologies in Europe. Howard has stated that he was initially "deeply opposed" to Bush's idea of a global "war on terror": it was not a war in his view, except metaphorically, and according to Howard, it is possible to wage war against an abstract concept such as terror. He further noted that giving one's adversary a belligerent status by reciprocating their idea that they are engaged in a war, as opposed to a confrontation where the question was one of "criminal disruption of civil order," would only increase their support among the civilian population. Despite this, Howard endorsed Bush's description of the adversary as "Islamic fascists", though he qualified this by stating that "although they are no more typical of their religion than the fanatics who have committed abominations in the name of Christianity", and their teachings are as much derived from Western notions as from Islamic schools of thought. Fascism is, for Howard, "the rejection of the entire legacy of the Enlightenment" with its values of "reason, toleration, open-ended inquiry and the rule of law".

Criticism
The term "Islamofascism" has been criticized by several scholars. While Islamic Fascism has been discussed as a category of serious analysis by the scholars mentioned above, the term "Islamofascism" circulated mainly as a propaganda, rather than as an analytic, term after the September 11 attacks on the United States in September 2001 but also gained a foothold in more sober political discourse, both academic and pseudo-academic. Many critics are dismissive, variously branding it as "meaningless" (Daniel Benjamin); a "figment of the neocon imagination" (Paul Krugman); and as betraying an ignorance of both Islam and Fascism (Angelo Codevilla).

Tony Judt, in an analysis of liberal acquiescence in President George W. Bush's foreign policy initiatives, particularly the War on Terror and the invasion of Iraq, argued that this policy was premised on the notion there was such a thing as Islamofascism, a notion Judt considered catastrophic. In his diagnosis of this shift he detected a decline in the old liberal consensus of American politics, and what he called the "deliquescence of the Democratic Party". Many former left-liberal pundits, like Paul Berman and Peter Beinart having no knowledge of the Middle East or cultures like those of Wahhabism and Sufism on which they descant authoritatively, have, he claimed, and his view was shared by Niall Ferguson, latched onto the war on terror as a new version of the old liberal fight against fascism, in the form of Islamofascism. In their approach there is a cozy acceptance of a binary division of the world into ideological antitheses, the "familiar juxtaposition that eliminates exotic complexity and confusion: Democracy v. Totalitarianism, Freedom v. Fascism, Them v. Us" has been revived. Judt cited many others who, once liberals have fallen in lockstep with the American idea of a global war against Islamic jihad: Adam Michnik, Oriana Fallaci; Václav Havel; André Glucksmann, Michael Ignatieff, Leon Wieseltier, David Remnick, Thomas Friedman and Michael Walzer. Christopher Hitchens was also criticized by Judt, as making unhistoric simplifications, to justify use of the term.

In 2012 a special issue of Die Welt des Islams was dedicated to surveying the issue of Islamophobia in recent Western reportage and scholarly studies, with essays on various facets of the controversy by Katajun Amirpur, Moshe Zuckerman, René Wildangel, Joachim Scholtyseck and others. Their positions were almost invariably critical of the term and the concept underlying it.

In a 2016 lecture, American historian Paul Gottfried proposed that some strains of Islam could accurately be described as Islamist or Islamic terrorist but definitely not fascist, because he maintains that the only accurate use of Fascism is to describe the government of Italy under Mussolini from 1922 to 1938.

See also

 Amin al-Husseini
 Anti-Masonry
 Clerical fascism
 Davud Monshizadeh
 Islamic extremism
 Islamic fundamentalism
 Islamism
 Islamophobia
 Islamic religious police
 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
 Jihad
 Muhammad Najati Sidqi
 Muslim Patrol incident
 Nazi SS Division Handschar (Bosnian Muslims)
 Nazi SS Division Skanderbeg (Muslim Albanians)
 Nazi SS Division Kama (Bosnian Muslims)
 Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world
 Sharia
 SUMKA
 Talibanization
 Takfiri
 Worldwide caliphate
 Wahhabi movement
 Deobandi movement

Citations

References

Landgrebe, Phillip: Arabische Muslim_innen und der Nationalsozialismus und die Bestände des International Tracing Service (ITS). In: Lernen aus der Geschichte, 31 July 2017 [in German].

Further reading

 Abdel-Samad, Hamed. Islamic Fascism, Prometheus Books, 2016 ().

 Tibi, Bassam.  From Sayyid Qutb to Hamas, The Middle-East Conflict and the Islamization of Antisemtism, in Yale Initiative for the Interdisciplinary Study of Antisemitism, online working paper, 2010
 Ignatius, David. "Toward a Definition of 'Islamic Fascism'", Daily Star (Lebanon), August 19, 2006

External links

Islam-related controversies
Islamism
Political neologisms
Far-right politics
Political pejoratives
Islamophobia
Fascists by religion
Islamic extremism
Counter-jihad

Islamofascism


Happy Madison Productions, Inc. is an American film and television production company founded in 1999 by Adam Sandler, which is best known for its comedy films. Happy Madison takes its name from the films Happy Gilmore and Billy Madison, written by Sandler and Tim Herlihy, and distributed by Universal Pictures.

In addition to various Sandler-produced films, the company has also released films produced by others, such as Steven Brill, Dennis Dugan, Frank Coraci, Fred Wolf, Tom Brady, Peter Segal, Nicholaus Goossen, and Tyler Spindel.

The 1998 films The Waterboy and The Wedding Singer helped jump start Sandler's movie career and production company. He produced The Waterboy and co-wrote the script with Tim Herlihy. The film was extremely profitable, earning over $160 million in the United States alone and made Sandler a successful actor with The Waterboy becoming his second $100 million film in a year, along with The Wedding Singer.

The company's production offices were formerly located in the Judy Garland Building on the Sony Pictures Studios lot in Culver City but the company left after completion of Sandler's final contracted film for the studio, Pixels. Happy Madison, Inc. the parent company of Happy Madison Productions is run by Adam Sandler's brother Scott and is located in Manchester, New Hampshire.

In 2002, the company expanded its operations onto television with a pilot commitment at The WB. After fifteen years, head Doug Robinson would leave the company to start its own at Sony Pictures Television.

Its subsidiary Madison 23 Productions was aimed towards the drama genre. It only produced two films Reign Over Me and Funny People, which both starred Sandler. Another subsidiary was Scary Madison Productions, which was aimed towards the horror genre and only produced the film The Shortcut.

Filmography

Film

Television

Critical reception
Happy Madison's films have, for the most part, received overwhelmingly negative reviews, with most criticism targeted towards the crude humor, excessive product placement, celebrity cameos, and a sentimental ending that contradicts the film's mostly mean-spirited tone. Some drama films (Reign Over Me, Funny People, Hustle and You Are So Not Invited to My Bat Mitzvah) received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics, with Sandler's performance garnering critical praise. The production company has put out four films considered to be some of the worst ever made, including two that have received a 0% score from Rotten Tomatoes.

References

External links
 Happy Madison page on Sandler's website

American companies established in 1999
1999 establishments in California
Film production companies of the United States
Television production companies of the United States
Companies based in Culver City, California
Mass media companies established in 1999

Happy Madison Productions


"S.O.S" is a song by American pop group Jonas Brothers. The song was released as the third single from Jonas Brothers, their second studio album, in 2007. It was also their debut international single in Europe in May 2008 and in the United Kingdom in early June 2008.

Background and composition

In an interview with Elvis Costello, Nick said that "S.O.S" was one of the songs that came to him in the middle of the night. He wrote the song in only ten minutes. In a TikTok posted on the 15-year anniversary of the song, Nick further revealed that he wrote the song alone in a hotel room at thirteen years old. He also said that the original title was "A Call I'll Never Get", but when making the track list for the album, everyone kept calling it "S.O.S", so they ended up going with that title instead.

Chart performance
In August 2007, "S.O.S" debuted at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100. In the week following its debut, the song rose to number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the band's first single to reach the top 20.

The single sold very well digitally, having peaked at number four on Billboards Hot Digital Songs chart for two consecutive weeks in September 2007. It has sold 1.5 million copies in the US.

In Australia, "S.O.S" debuted inside the top 50 at number 48 on the ARIA Charts on April 13, 2008. It has thus far peaked at number 47.

On January 3, 2008, the single gained a dramatic rise from number 85 to number 40 increasing album sales in the past few weeks. The video was also premiered on Disney Channel Asia on February 13, 2008.

"S.O.S" premiered on the German charts for the week of June 17, 2008. It was the number 38 song in Germany.

In the UK, "S.O.S" was a moderate success, entering the UK Singles Chart at number 16 and rising the next week to number 13. However, despite large amounts of video airplay, it fell 11 places to number 24 the following week. In the fourth week on the UK Singles Chart, the single dropped another eight places to number 32. The song sold 2,000,000 copies worldwide becoming one of the best-selling songs of 2007. The song was later used as the B-side to "When You Look Me in the Eyes".

Music video
The music video was filmed in June 2007 on board the , a retired ocean liner moored in Long Beach, California. It premiered in early August on the Disney Channel. It also features a cameo by Moises Arias. The song is about having troubled relationships with girlfriends. In the video, Nick is seen waiting for his significant other at a restaurant table, who then arrives with two friends. He then walks off, annoyed that she was not alone. Kevin appears, walking, when he gets a text which states, "I like u...but I don't like u ):." He then throws the phone in a wastebasket. Joe approaches a girl who appears to be waving at him, but Moises Arias appears behind him and walks off with the girl instead. In the end, the brothers see three new girls and chase after them. These scenes are intercut with footage of the Jonas Brothers performing on the ship's deck in front of an electric sign that says 'S.O.S.' The video also debuted on MTV Live in August 2019.

Track listing
US and Europe maxi CD single
 "S.O.S" (Album Version) – 2:33
 "Hello Beautiful" (Live) – 3:22
 "Year 3000" (Album Version) – 3:21
 Music video "S.O.S" – 2:33

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Release history

References

2007 singles
2007 songs
2008 singles
Hollywood Records singles
Jonas Brothers songs
Song recordings produced by John Fields (record producer)
Songs written by Nick Jonas

S.O.S (Jonas Brothers song)


The Parching Winds of Somalia (1984) is a documentary film produced by Charles Geshekter.

Subject matter
The film provides a close look at how the nomadic inhabitants of Somalia have withstood the ravages of a harsh desert environment and the encroachment of European imperial forces by synthesizing knowledge of the past, Muslim practices, and skillful livestock management in a successful fusion of traditional values with modern techniques.

Form
The Parching Winds of Somalia features extensive location footage in Somalia, historical photographs, interviews, and contemporary Somali music.

Other
The film is rated ages 14 and up in the United States. It was released on video in 1993 by PBS Video VHS.

References

Sources

1984 documentary films
1984 films
English-language Somalian films
Somalian documentary films
1980s English-language films

The Parching Winds of Somalia


Ivan Tabaković (10 December 1898, Arad – 27 June 1977, Belgrade) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Serbian painter.

Biography

Tabaković was born in Arad, then part of the Habsburg Empire, in 1898, to a Serbian family. He studied at the Budapest Academy of Fine Arts in Budapest, and afterwards, at the Royal Academy of Applied Arts in Zagreb and Academy of Fine Arts in Munich. Tabaković's education under the mentorship of Ljubo Babić in Zagreb and with Hans Hofmann in Munich, guided his painting towards the foundations of modernist painting.

In 1926, after the proclamation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, he was engaged as a part-time draftsman at the Institute of Anatomy in Zagreb. There, he spent time with Croatian artist Oton Postružnik and founded the Zagreb group "Zemlja" (1929). Zemlja paintings functioned as a critique of society, depicting rural life in Yugoslavia through local roots. This period culminated in the painting Genius (1929), the zenith of his Zagreb period (1925–1930). He moved to Novi Sad in 1930, and later became a professor at the Academy of Fine Arts in Belgrade. His Novi Sad period (1930–1938) was marked by a gradual abandonment of the Zemlja style morphologically, stylistically and partially ideologically and instead became "characterized by a multitude of extraordinary depictions of private and public spaces, still-lifes and landscapes with brilliant drawings, with elements of melancholy and sophisticated use of color, richly nuanced."

His Belgrade period (1938–1977) encompassed several experimental-creative phases. The first one (1938–1955) continued an already established melancholic-poetic procedure often permeated by elements of grotesque, irony and sarcasm. After the foundation of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's Academy of Applied Arts (in 1948), he continued his work at the Ceramics Department. This resulted with politically motivated passionate criticism of his art after World War II. A true turning point in Tabaković's opus came with the entities of "The origin and forms of visual expression" and "Sources of visual research – Analysis and photographic records," with theses that had the character of manifestos (1955). The second Belgrade period (1955–1977) was characterized by emphatic independent research into the fundamental principles of the modernist painting, chiefly its two-dimensional plane, as well as the non-mimetic approach through the use of pure, non-descriptive visual elements. His other research was aimed at the object, sculpture, collage and trick photography with the application of the visual logic of the early post-modern, aimed at the creation of super oeuvre created by the proliferation of landscapes, fragments, paintings, clippings, signs, emblems and symbols. It was this eccentric, creative and experimental period of the second half of the twentieth century that made Tabaković one of the most significant, exceptionally individual, indigenous innovators in Serbian modern art.

He became a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1965.

Tabaković won a Grand Prix for ceramics at the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne in Paris (1937), where he exhibited four panels.

Tabaković died at Belgrade on 27 June 1977.

Works
Genius (1924)
Shadows (1954)
Message (1968)

References

External links

 Webpage with Tabaković's works
ArtFacts Entry
Serbian Sculpture

1898 births
1977 deaths
People from Arad, Romania
Serbs of Romania
Serbs of Vojvodina
Romanian people of Serbian descent
Serbian painters
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
Hungarian University of Fine Arts alumni
20th-century Romanian painters

Ivan Tabaković


Anthony Eugene Campbell (born June 14, 1960) is an American former hurdler. He is the 1988 Olympic bronze medallist in the 110m Hurdles, the 1987 World Indoor champion in the 60m hurdles, and won the 1985 World Cup title in the 110m hurdles. A three-time winner of the 110 metres hurdles at the IAAF Grand Prix Final, he also won the 1987 Overall Grand Prix title, with fellow hurdler Greg Foster second and pole vaulter Sergey Bubka third.

Career
Born in Los Angeles, California, Campbell attended the University of Southern California.   He was the 1982 NCAA Indoor Champion for 60 yard hurdles.  While a sophomore at USC, he qualified for the 1980 U.S. Olympic team, but was prevented from competing in the 1980 Summer Olympics by the American-led boycott.  Campbell was the youngest member of a movement that considered circumventing the U.S. boycott by competing under the International Olympic Committee flag, in an effort to make a statement that politics and sports should not be mixed. However, threats by U.S. officials to revoke athletes' passports and visas caused the effort to fold.  Campbell noted that he would have moved forward with the effort if the group had decided to move forward: "For my age and who I was at the time, that would have been the right thing for me to do.  In the event that we were banned from coming back to the U.S., I think I would have survived. I've been around the world enough to see some incredibly wonderful places where I could have been very comfortable."

Campbell qualified and participated in the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, taking 5th in the 110m Hurdles; and again in for the 1988 Seoul Games, where he won the bronze medal.

Campbell was one of the most consistent high hurdlers of the 80s. In Track and Field News magazine's world merit rankings, he was ranked in the top ten for eleven consecutive years (1980–90) with his highest placement being number two (in 1987). He married the English hurdler Michelle Edwards. Their daughter Taylor Campbell lives in England and has also competed as a hurdler.

He coached former American footballer David Wilson in the triple jump prior to the 2016 US Olympic Trials.

International competitions

References

1960 births
Living people
American male hurdlers
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in track and field
USC Trojans men's track and field athletes
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Track and field athletes from Los Angeles
Athletes (track and field) at the 1983 Pan American Games
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
Competitors at the 1990 Goodwill Games
Medalists at the 1983 Pan American Games

Tonie Campbell


Lois Wendland Banner (born 1939) is an American author and emeritus professor of history at the University of Southern California.  She is one of the earliest academics to focus on women's history in the United States.  Her work includes biographies of Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, Marilyn Monroe and Greta Garbo as well as the textbook Women in Modern America: A Brief History.

She was born Lois Wendland on July 26, 1939, in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of Harry J. and Melba Wendland.

She received her doctorate of philosophy from Columbia University in 1970. Her doctoral dissertation was on religious benevolence and reform in the antebellum era. Realizing the many women who were leaders in that movement pointed her towards women's history when she taught in the History Department of Douglass College of Rutgers University. While at Douglass she wrote the textbook Women in Modern America: A Brief History, which is commonly used in introductory Women's Studies classes at the university level. Commencing with the second edition she included scholarship on race, class, gender, ethnicity and sexual orientation. Banner subsequently taught at Princeton, George Washington University, Stanford University, the University of Scranton, Hamilton College and UCLA before achieving tenure and a full professorship at the University of Southern California in History and Gender and Sexuality Studies.

In 1983, she released American Beauty about which scholar Ann Douglas of Columbia University wrote: "Banner is alert to several interesting aspects of the story that she chronicles. She sees the matter of the definition and marketing of beauty as a complex process: those involved were able to impose their high valuation of female good looks on a public that already equated beauty with femininity, yet they were unable to stabilize and market a single type of beauty."

In 1992 Banner published In Full Flower: Aging Women, Power, and Sexuality about which Publishers Weekly noted: "This is a masterwork of scholarship and a milestone in our understanding of how Western civilization has demeaned the older woman. … Like an archeologist, the author sifts through myth, literature and history--her Rosetta stone, the film Sunset Boulevard. … Banner turns to African American women for positive middle-aged and elder role models in a study that helps set the historical record straight."

Banner later wrote about the intellectual history of the United States and anthropology's place in that story with her 2003 book Intertwined Lives: Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, and Their Circle: "By focusing on the interplay of Benedict, Mead, their husbands, friends, lovers, and protégés, [Banner] takes readers well beyond the two women's published work and shows the genesis of their thoughts on human plasticity, diversity, potential, configurations, and patterns, all pearls on a string of shared ideas."

In Marilyn: The Passion and the Paradox she focused on the iconic American actress with an unusual angle: "Banner is less interested in definitively collapsing the poles than in teasing out the contradictions and underlying motives of a complex character. She takes us through Marilyn's nomadic childhood to her breakthrough in Hollywood and her storybook marriage to Joe DiMaggio, to her escape to Miller and acting classes in New York, to her brief and ultimately tragic return to Hollywood," wrote Zoë Slutzky of the New York Times.

She also published a book on spiritual communes in the 1970s and their connection to Christian religions and Islam, in Finding Fran (Columbia University Press, 1989). Her many awards include the Bode-Pearson Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Studies Association, of which she was the first female President.

In 1973 she and Mary S. Hartman founded the now triennial Berkshire Conference on the History of Women, Genders, and Sexualities, run by the Berkshire Conference of Women Historians.  They also edited the proceedings of that conference, Clio's Consciousness Raised: New Perspectives on the History of Women (1974), the first academic edited collection in women's history.

At 84 years old, Banner made racist public comments at the 2023 Berkshire conference that resulted in condemnation from the audience and on social media.  During a speech, Banner, an 84 year old white woman, wished she was black, claiming it would have made her career easier.

Selected publications
Books
 Ideal Beauty: The Life and Times of Greta Garbo, Rutgers University Press, 2023: .
 Marilyn: The Passion and the Paradox, Bloomsbury USA, 2012: .
 MM-Personal: From the Private Archive of Marilyn Monroe, Abrams, 2011.
 Intertwined Lives: Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, and Their Circle, Alfred Knopf, 2003.
 In Full Flower: Aging Women, Power, and Sexuality, Alfred Knopf, 1992.
 Finding Fran: History and Memory in the Lives of Two Women, Columbia University Press, 1998.
 American Beauty, Alfred Knopf, 1983.
 Elizabeth Cady Stanton: A Radical for Women's Rights. Addison-Wesley Publishers, 1979.
 Women in Modern America: A Brief History, 1974.

Articles
 "The Mystery Woman of Hollywood: Greta Garbo, Feminism, and Stardom," Feminist Media Studies, forthcoming.
 "Biography as History," American Historical Review, June, 2009.
 "The Creature from the Black Lagoon: Marilyn Monroe and Whiteness," Cinema Studies, Summer, 2008.
 "Mannish Women, Passive Men, and Constitutional Types: Margaret Mead's Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies as a Response to Ruth Benedict's Patterns of Culture," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, March 2003.
 "The Bo-Cu Plant: Gender in the Life and Writings of Ruth Benedict," in Janiewski and Banner, Reading Benedict, Reading Mead (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004).
 "The Irony of Memory: Finding a Los(t) Angeles," Pacific Historical Review, Spring, 1994.
 "Autobiography and Biography: Intermixing the Genres," Auto/Biography Studies, Fall, 1993.
 "The Meaning of Menopause:  Aging and Its Twentieth Century Contexts," Working Papers, Center for Twentieth Century Studies, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Fall 1989.

Recognition
 Berlin Prize Fellow, American Academy in Berlin, 2020
 Bode-Pearson Lifetime Achievement Award, American Studies Association, 2006-2007
 Mellon Award for Excellence in Mentoring, 2005-06
 Carl Bode-Norman Holmes Pearson Prize for lifetime achievement, American Studies Association, 2005
 Fellow, History Program, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University  Canberra, Australia, May-August, 2004
 Fulbright Chair, University of Uppsala
 Fulbright Experts Grant, New Zealand, August, 2004
 Outstanding teaching award, General Education, 2002-03
 USC Raubenheimer Outstanding Senior Faculty Award, 1996
 USC Phi Kappa Phi Faculty Recognition Award, 1990
 USC Associates Award For Creativity In Research And Scholarship, 1989
 Rockefeller Fellowship Recipient, Humanities Fellow, Rockefeller Foundation, 1978-79
 Fellow, Radcliffe Institute, 1974-75

Academic Experience
 U.S. Fulbright Commission, Distinguished Chair, University Of Uppsala, Spring, 2017
 Professor, University of Southern California    (History and Gender Studies), 1983-2014
 Adjunct Professor, Josai International University, Tokyo, 1996-99
 Director, National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Seminar for College Teachers, University of Southern California: "The New Gender Scholarship"  Summer, 1992
 Director, National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Seminar for College Teachers, George Washington University, "Men, Women, and Popular Culture" Summer, 	1984
 William Robertson Coe Professor, Stanford University, Summer, 1983
 Jane Watson Irwin Professor, Hamilton College, Spring, 1983
 Visiting Associate Professor, U.C.L.A., Summer, 1982
 Visiting Associate Professor, George Washington University, 1981-83
 Visiting Senior Lecturer, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1980-81
 National Endowment for the Humanities Professor, University of Scranton, 1979-80
 Princeton University, Lecturer, 1977-78
 Douglass College, Rutgers University, Lecturer and Assistant Professor, 1967-1977

References

External links
Ideal Beauty: The Life and Times of Greta Garbo page at Rutgers University Press
Lois Banner faculty page at USC
 Book draft, 1979: A Finding Aid. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.

 Biography (Veteran Feminists of America)

1939 births
Living people
Feminist studies scholars
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
University of Southern California faculty
American women historians
Fulbright Distinguished Chairs
21st-century American historians
21st-century American women writers
Historians from California

Lois Banner


Youga Dogorou is one of the Dogon villages in Mali. It is one of the Youga group of villages, the others being Youga Piri and Youga Na. The village is about 12km northeast of Banani.

Status in Dogon religion

Youga Dogorou is where the sacred Sigi festival—one of the most important Dogon religious festivals—takes place every 60 years. The long procession of the Sigi starts and ends in Youga Dogorou.  The last Sigi festival took place in 1967 and lasted until in 1973. The next one is due to take place in 2027 (as of 2020).

Like the other Youga villages, it is built on a small hill opposite the falaise. The village also host some well-preserved Tellem architecture.

References

Dogon holy places
Dogon Country
Populated places in Mopti Region
Sacred sites in traditional African religions

Youga Dogorou


Gerald Schubert (born 1939) is a geophysicist and Professor Emeritus of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences at UCLA. His research has broadly dealt with modeling the structure and dynamics of the interiors and atmospheres and Earth and other planets.

He got degrees in engineering physics and aeronautical engineering from Cornell University and his Ph.D. in engineering and aeronautical sciences from the University of California, Berkeley.

Awards
He was elected as member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2002. He is a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union. He was a Guggenheim Fellow in 1972.

References

External links
Homepage

1939 births
Living people
American geophysicists
Fellows of the American Geophysical Union
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni

Gerald Schubert


Jackson Chapel is a historic A.M.E. church in Washington, Georgia. It is more than 150 years old. It located at 318 Whitehall Street, formerly known as Freedmen Road. The church was built in 1867 by former slaves including those owned by Robert Toombs. Family members of William Gaines and his brother Wesley John Gaines continue to be active in the church.

References

Churches in Georgia (U.S. state)

Jackson Chapel


Rivas is a district of the Pérez Zeledón canton, in the San José province of Costa Rica.

Geography
Rivas has an area of  km² and an elevation of  metres.

This town lies south of a mountain chain Cordillera de Talamanca result of tectonic uplift between Cocos Plate and Caribbean Plate.

The town is positioned a kilometer north of where the Buenavista River and the Chirripó Pacífico River converge to form the General River.

Demographics

For the 2011 census, Rivas had a population of  inhabitants.

Transportation

Road transportation
The district is covered by the following road routes:
 National Route 2
 National Route 242
 National Route 322
 National Route 323

Economy

Tourism
This town is on the way to the Chirripó National Park.

Archaeology
Originally discovered in the 1980s through archaeological surveys of the region by Robert Drolet,  the Rivas site is one of 15 Chiriquí Period (AD 750-1500) archaeological sites known within the river valley.  Although the site is covered with agricultural plots, numerous cobble house foundations and upright boulders are present throughout the area indicating the presence of an archaeological site.

Excavations at Rivas began in 1992 under the direction of Jeffrey Quilter of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.  His excavations identified structures similar to those found by Drolet at the site of Murciélago, Costa Rica.

Throughout the 6-year project at Rivas, Quilter identified several residential areas.  Construction of these structures consisted of river cobbles aligned in circular patterns of various sizes, typically with adjoining rectangular patios. The smallest structures measured 10m in diameter and the largest were up to 30m in diameter.  Additional architectural features including paths, causeways, plazas, and stairways were also recorded throughout the site.

It is unclear what function that these structures served within the broader context of the site as a whole.  The majority of ceramic artifacts found in these area were shattered and found on the exterior of these structures. Ceramic sherds were rarely found on the interior.  This suggests that many of these structures were living areas where refuse pottery was swept outside.

Chiriqui period cemeteries located near the site may have corresponded to specific habitation areas within the Rivas population.  Burials in these areas had no apparent pattern with regards to their placement and were distinguished by carefully placed river cobbles within a defined area.  The quality and quantity of grave goods within these burials indicates a possible status differentiation between the two cemeteries.  None of the graves contained gold or tumbaga artifacts.

A separate, possibly ceremonial, area was also found at the site.  Researchers originally thought that this area was a cemetery site because of the tomb-like concentrations of river cobbles.  However, excavations proved that it was neither a cemetery nor a habitation area. A nearby staircase may have connected this portion of the site to the Panteón de La Reina on the overlying ridge.  It was therefore concluded that this part of the site was probably an area where rituals were performed in preparation of burial on the ridge.

Artifact assemblage
Over 600,000 ceramic pot sherds were recovered at the site of Rivas.  The research team focused on diagnostic pieces, such as rims and decorated body sherds, in their collection efforts.  Further examination showed that 60% of the rims and 72% of the other sherds were decorated in the Buenos Aires Polychrome tradition.  This pottery style is generally considered to be "fiesta ware" of the Chiriquí Period in the chronology of Costa Rican art. The second-most represented ceramic style in the assemblage was classified as Red Wares composed of Sangria Red Fine and Turucaca White-On-Red styles.

A total of 8,632 examples of stone artifacts were found at the Rivas site.  Made primarily from andesite and basalt, all but 35 of these artifacts were chipped stone tools.  The majority of these tools were classified as endscrapers and perforators.  Ground stone artifacts were rarely found and consisted of one adze, 8 celts, and fractured remnants of manos and metates.

Several figurines made of solid clay and no larger than 7 cm tall were also uncovered. These figurines generally depicted women in a seated position with their legs extended and open.  Often, these figures were found with the head broken off.

The excavations also discovered examples of ceramic musical instruments.  One large fragmentary rattle was found in one of the cemeteries was shaped into the form of a squash blossom.  A ceramic bead was encased in an open hollow of the instrument to create the desired musical affect.  Two ceramic whistles were found at the site as well.  One of them was in the form of a human head and was probably intended to be worn around the neck.  The other whistle was in the form of a bird with folded wings and was one of the examples of animal figurines at the site.

References

Districts of San José Province
Populated places in San José Province
Archaeological sites in Costa Rica
Former populated places in Costa Rica
Buildings and structures in San José Province

Rivas District


New Bohemia  is an unincorporated community in Prince George County, Virginia, United States, along U.S. Route 460. It was also once known as Wells or  Wells Station.

New Bohemia was established early in the 20th century by a group of Bohemian and Slovak immigrants who had previously settled in the industrial and mining sections of western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio. In the late 19th century, over 700 Czech and Slovak families settled Prince George and neighboring counties.  They had been farmers in Europe and relocated to the area due to the availability of cheap farmland. Their success in rehabilitating worn-out farms, where production had almost vanished under monoculture tobacco production, and producing new crops such as peanuts, led to the immigration of other Bohemians and Slovaks, with a sprinkling of Germans, Austrians, Poles, Russians, and Lithuanians, many of whom came directly from their homelands. Some Bohemian and Slovak families who had homesteaded in the Midwest also moved back east and bought farms in Prince George. Historically, there was a strong connection between the Czech and Slovak communities in Baltimore and the Czech and Slovak communities in Prince George County, Virginia. The members of the two communities would often travel back and forth between Baltimore and Prince George County in order to cooperate on events.

In the late 1980s Interstate 295 was built through the area which brought commercial development to the previously rural community. Several farms were taken to construct the highway and a cloverleaf interchange at Interstate 295 and U.S. Route 460.  Due to its location along the Norfolk Southern Railway at the junction of Interstate 295 and U.S. Route 460, and its close proximity to the junction of Interstate 95 and Interstate 85 much of the remaining farmland and timberland around New Bohemia has since been sold for commercial development including a large truck stop, and intermodal freight transport facilities. Several large tracts of land including a parcel previously used as a drop zone by the U.S. Army at nearby Fort Lee were acquired in the early 21st century by Prince George County for the development of an Industrial Park.

References

Czech-American culture in Virginia
Polish-American culture in Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Prince George County, Virginia
Russian-American culture
Slovak-American culture in Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Virginia

New Bohemia, Virginia


Arturo García Bustos (August 8, 1926 – April 7, 2017) was a  Mexican painter and print maker. He is known as one of "Los Fridos" students who studied under Frida Kahlo at her home in Coyoacán.

Life

Arturo García Bustos was born in Mexico City, near the Zócalo. He grew up during the time when Mexican muralism was dominant, which drew him to art. After attending high school at the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria Núm 1, specializing in architecture, he entered the  Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas in 1941, at age fifteen. The following year (1943) he entered the Escuela de Pintura y Escultura ("La Esmeralda") where his teachers were Frida Kahlo, Feliciano Peña, Agustín Lazo and María Izquierdo, studying there for five years. During his career he studied printmaking as well, including courses in printmaking with Korean artist Wan Jon Ja in Pyongyang and Chinese printing in Beijing in 1957.

García Bustos' social life when he was younger revolved around the circles of Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo, even meeting his wife, Rina Lazo through the famous couple. He married her in 1949.

The couple were married for over 60 years until Arturo died. They lived in the Coyoacán borough of Mexico City in a colonial house called Casa Colorada, on Calle de Vallarta in the La Conchita neighborhood. Their home is  said to be a residence of La Malinche. It was later a monastery, prison and hospital. After living there for more than forty years, in 2006, they opened part of it on the ground floor to house the Galería de la Casa Colorado. This gallery is run by the couple's only daughter, Rina García Lazo, who is an architect specializing in the restoration of monuments.

Bustos died in Mexico City on April 7, 2017. His last exhibition took place at Universidad Iberoamericana. This was a cooperative display by him and his wife, and was mounted by alumni from the Art History major.

Career
García Bustos career began as one of four students who went to Coyoacán to study under Frida Kahlo in the Coyoacán section of Mexico City. These students became known as Los Fridos.  He worked as an apprentice in mural painting with Diego Rivera and initially learned engraving and lithography working at the Taller de Gráfica Popular with Leopoldo Méndez. In 1958, he collaborated with graphic designer Miguel Prieto at the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes.

He had individual and collective exhibitions in various parts of Mexico and abroad. Individual exhibits include those in Mexico City, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Michoacán and Guadalajara as well as in countries such as Guatemala, El Salvador, the United States, Venezuela, Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia, Germany, the Soviet Union and North Korea. He participated in numerous collective exhibitions especially with the Taller de Gráfica Popular early in his career as well as biennials sponsored by the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes and the Salón de la Plástica Mexicana.  In 2005, a collection consisting of eleven of his paintings was exhibited at the Museo Mural Diego Rivera of the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes, in Mexico City.

While he was better known for his graphic work, he also did a number of murals. In 1947 he assisted Frida Kahlo with a mural at the Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez House in Coyoacán. Other projects include a fresco the Hotel Posada del Sol in Mexico City (1948), a fresco depicting Zapata at the Escuela Rural de Temixco, Morelos (1950), a series of seven murals at the Sociedad Cooperativa Ejidal, with Rina Lazo and Atilio Carrasco (1952), a fresco called Pobledores de las Siete Regiones de Oaxaca at the Museo Nacional de Antropología (1964), A series of sixteen print murals to decorate the Venustiano Carranza House Museum in Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila (1969), A  series of nine panels for the Casa de Obrero Mundial in Mexico City (1971), Oaxaca en la historia y en el mito at the state government building in the city of Oaxaca (1980), and a mural at the cultural center of Azcapotzalco, Mexico City.

Most of his career was spent teaching and giving lectures, seminars and conferences. He taught engraving at the Escuela de Bellas Artes in Guatemala City and founded the Taller de Grabado at the Casa del Lago in Chapultepec.  He taught fine arts at the Escuela de Bellas Artes of the Benito Juárez Autonomous University of Oaxaca, Escuela de Iniciación Artística Núm. 3 in Mexico City and drawing and painting workshops at the Casa del Lago in Chapultepec.  He conducted conferences on the history of engraving and lithography in Mexico at the state universities of Oaxaca and Sinaloa, the Galería Municipal de Veracruz and in various venues in Mexico City. Abroad he conducted conference on Mexican muralism and engraving in Germany, Italy and Guatemala.

Recognitions include first prize at a UNAM event honoring the Niños Heroes (1947), second prize at a poster contest honoring Chopin (1949), Peace Movement Gold Medal in Guatemala (1953), first prize at an event sponsored by Grupo Saker-Ti in Guatemala (1954), first prize and gold medal at the V Festival de la Juventud in Poland (1955), first prize at the Salón Annual de Grabado at the Salón de la Plástica Mexicana (1957), silver medal at an engraving event in Moscow (1957), first prize from the Consejo Nacional de Turismo, Mexico City (1962).

He became a member of the Academia de Artes in 1973, the World Peace Council in 1974 and the Salón de la Plástica Mexicana in 1974.

Artistry
García Bustos considered hieself to be an "heir to the figurative strand of Mexican art." He recalled the impact that seeing Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco at work made on him in Mexico City, prompting him to have "visual shocks" and dream that he too was painting murals.

References

External links
 Listings for over 125 works produced by Arturo García Bustos during his time at the Taller de Gráfica Popular can be viewed at Gráfica Mexciana.

1926 births
2017 deaths
20th-century Mexican painters
Mexican male painters
21st-century Mexican painters
Mexican muralists
Artists from Mexico City
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Escuela Nacional de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado "La Esmeralda" alumni
Academic staff of the Benito Juárez Autonomous University of Oaxaca
20th-century Mexican male artists
21st-century Mexican male artists

Arturo García Bustos


Mladen Vojičić (; born 17 October 1960), known professionally by his nickname/stagename Tifa (), is a Bosnian rock vocalist. He gained acclaim throughout former Yugoslavia for his brief stint as the lead singer of Bijelo Dugme in the mid-1980s.

Apart from Bijelo dugme, he sang in numerous bands with varying degrees of prominence (most notable being Teška Industrija, Vatreni Poljubac and Divlje Jagode). Undisputedly a singer with great vocal capabilities and a distinct vocal range, his impulsive personality and irrational character have often garnered controversy region-wide.

Nowadays, Tifa maintains a relatively successful solo career. He lives in his hometown of Sarajevo, but occasionally goes to Belgrade for new projects and work.

He also appeared as a waiter in a sketch of popular Yugoslav and Bosnian TV series Top lista nadrealista (1989), and as himself twice in the popular Bosnian sitcom Lud, zbunjen, normalan (2007, 2011).

Early life
Vojičić was born in Sarajevo, to a Bosnian Serb father Branko and a Bosnian Croat mother Jelena, at a time when Sarajevo was part of PR Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. He was nicknamed Tifa before reaching the age of 4 because he loved trains and would often shout "Ide lokomotifa" (properly pronounced "Ide lokomotiva" meaning "Here comes the locomotive") because he had problems pronouncing the phoneme "v".

He displayed an early propensity for singing. By the age of 5, he knew the entire repertoire of Indexi. In primary school Tifa was an excellent student. Around that time he was a fan of UK band Sweet. He completed gymnasium, but did not excel at university. To please his intellectual father, he tried to work towards a "real job" by attending a number of University of Sarajevo faculties (mechanical engineering, architecture, civil engineering, geodesy), but ultimately abandoned each of them before devoting to music full-time.

Musical career

Early years
Tifa started out as a bass guitar player in the first group he was involved with (Prvi čin). After barely a month, he moved on to Kako kad and only started singing when the lead singer didn't show up for rehearsal one day. After some time the band dissolved as everybody except Tifa lost their interest in music. Tifa's last band before conscript military service in October 1980 was called Paradox.

While in the army he stayed in touch with Zlatan Čehić, Paradox's bass player. Together, they also started working on tracks by mailing packages back and forth containing audio cassettes with Zlatan composing and Tifa writing the lyrics. Upon his return from the army, Tifa learned that Paradox had been dissolved and that Zlatan joined another band named Top, so he took back all of his lyrics and sought a new band to play with, only to eventually end up in Top also. They lasted until January 1983.

In the meantime, word spread around Sarajevo about Tifa's excellent vocal skills, so people started coming to him with offers of joining their groups. This led to engagements in a few bands, none of which existed long enough to achieve any prominence. Briefly, he was even a fringe member of the freshly re-activated Teška industrija that made use of his lyrics in 1984 to record a few tracks on their comeback album Ponovo s vama ("Again with you").

Bijelo dugme

Just as he was trying to get in touch with Milić Vukašinović for a possible stint with his band, Tifa got a dream offer very few struggling musicians would dare refuse. In early 1984, Goran Bregović invited him to join Bijelo Dugme, the biggest band in SFR Yugoslavia at the time, as replacement to recently departed Željko Bebek.

Being only 24 years old, Tifa was ill-prepared for the instant fame he was about to step into. To make matters even more difficult, his alcoholism and drug problem continued to deteriorate his character and motivation. During most of the recording sessions, Tifa was under the influence of drugs or alcohol, but despite numerous personality issues, Bregović was very much satisfied with the quality of his young singer's voice. After finishing the Bijelo Dugme (album), the band embarked on what would prove to be an extremely troublesome tour. The burden of replacing Željko Bebek as the lead vocal who spent previous 14 years with the band's various incarnations was just too heavy for Tifa to cope with. Bregović & co., all of whom were considerably older and more mature than their new vocalist, demanded discipline and professional approach, but got neither. To ease the pressure of playing in front of tens of thousands screaming fans every other night Tifa disappeared even further in his chemical addictions, making himself pretty much impossible to deal with. By October 1985, Bregović had finally had enough and kicked him out of the band. Tifa's last performance with Bijelo dugme took place in Moscow on 2 August 1985.

Post-Dugme
That same year, Tifa managed to escape criminal prosecution despite being at the wrong end of a drug bust that saw a handful of dealers get arrested. Many have since wondered about the circumstances of the takedown, especially in light of the fact that Bijelo dugme drummer Ipe Ivandić ended up serving 2 years in jail for similar drug possession offence some four years earlier. The widely circulated unofficial story claims Tifa took a snitch deal from the police whereby providing the information they wanted about his suppliers in return for having the charges wiped off.

Back on the music front, his first post-Dugme move was a duet with Željko Bebek for Bebek's new project Armija B – they sang on a track called "Široko nam toplo polje glamočko". Two former Bijelo dugme frontmen even went on tour together, however proving once again he doesn't function well on the road, Tifa quit right in the middle of it, reasoning that it wasn't very successful anyway.

In the autumn 1986, he finally joined Milić Vukašinović's Vatreni poljubac recording 100% Rock'n'roll album with them.

After failing to settle down there too, Tifa ended up in Divlje Jagode, fulfilling Sead Lipovača's wish of replacing Alen Islamović with someone from "Bregović's clan" as revenge for Alen's transfer to Bijelo dugme. Tifa participated in the recordings of their album titled Konji and even contributed a track of his own – "Zauvijek tvoj".

After making one album with Divlje Jagode, he left the group in 1988 and recorded new material under Tifa & Vlado moniker with keyboards player Vlado Podany (who earlier also played in Divlje Jagode and Armija B). However, no record company showed sufficient interest in releasing the album.

Solo

In 1989, he successfully released his first solo album No1 which he recorded with Tifa Band, a freshly assembled group consisting mostly of musicians from bands he previously played with: Aleksandar Šimpraga (ex Top), Vlado Podany (ex Divlje Jagode), Mustafa Čizmić (ex Bolero), and Veso Grumić (ex Top) with the help of Djordje Ilijin (ex Tako) who played keyboards during studio sessions. Tifa wrote most of the songs for the band.

In early 1990, Tifa performed concerts with new lineup of Tifa Band with Zlatan Čehić (his old collaborator from Paradox days) as one of the members. Tifa then put together a second solo album Samo ljubav postoji together with Zlatan. The executive producer of the album was Želimir Altarac Čičak.

He remained in his hometown during most of the siege of Sarajevo and even managed to record an album Šareni dan during that time. After getting viciously beaten up by some local heavies, an incident which he vehemently refuses to disclose any details about to this day, Tifa left Sarajevo in 1995 for Germany. Once there, he first caught up with Divlje Jagode again and then formed his own band. Shortly thereafter he returned to Sarajevo and carried on with his solo career.

FK Željezničar Sarajevo anthem
In 1997, Vojičić recorded the album Grbavica and his title song Grbavica became an anthem of local football club FK Željezničar Sarajevo support group The Maniacs, who sing lyrics of this song in every team's home match.

2005 Bijelo dugme reunion
In June 2005, Tifa took part in Bijelo Dugme reunion for 3 large farewell concerts, but even then the reports of trouble were not far behind. Apparently he and Bebek got into a verbal bust-up backstage at the Sarajevo concert (the first in the series). Then one day before the Belgrade concert (the final one in the series), irritated Tifa blasted Bregović and manager Raka Marić in Kurir daily tabloid: "I hear some are already talking about continuing on with the Dugme thing. No problem, but not with me. After this concert I don't wanna see them again in this or in the next life. Maybe only in the third one. They took a year and a half out of my life, my kid has forgotten what I look like."

He would reunite with the previous vocalists of Bijelo Dugme, Željko Bebek and Alen Islamović to form a group called "Kad Bi Bio Bijelo Dugme" in 2006 and go on a North American tour. They returned once again in 2007 and began their worldwide tour which lasted until the end of 2010.

Solo return (2013–present)
In 2013, Tifa released his seventh solo album by the name Spreman sam na sve.

Filmography
Television

Discography
Solo albumsNo.1 (1989)Samo ljubav postoji (1990)Dani bez tebe (1995)Grbavica (1997)Ostaću s'tobom (2000)Live – Skenderija 05. 10. 2001 (2001)Spreman sam na sve (2013)

with Bijelo DugmeBijelo dugme (1984)

with Vatreni Poljubac100% Rock 'n' Roll  (1986)

with Divlje JagodeKonji''  (1988)

References

External links

1960 births
Living people
Singers from Sarajevo
Yugoslav male singers
Bosnia and Herzegovina rock singers
Indexi Award winners
Bosnia and Herzegovina people of Serbian descent
Bosnia and Herzegovina people of Croatian descent
20th-century Bosnia and Herzegovina male singers
21st-century Bosnia and Herzegovina male singers

Mladen Vojičić Tifa


The Other House is a novel by Henry James, first published  as a serial in the Illustrated London News in 1896 and then as a book later the same year. Set in England, this book is something of an oddity in the James canon for its plot revolving around a murder. The novel was originally planned as a play called The Promise. James sketched a scenario for the play in 1893, but it didn't interest theater managers. In 1896 James converted the scenario into The Other House for publication in a popular weekly magazine. He converted the novel back into a play in 1909, but it again failed to be produced.

Plot summary
Julia Bream dies after giving birth to her only child, a daughter named Effie. Julia had a horrible stepmother, so she extracts a promise from her husband Tony never to marry again as long as Effie is alive. Several years pass. Julia's childhood friend Rose Armiger is in love with Tony though she is ostensibly engaged to Dennis Vidal. Tony has grown close to Effie's nanny, Jean Martle, who is herself pursued by Tony's neighbor, Paul Beever. After Jean rejects Paul's marriage proposal, Rose takes Effie on a walk. She returns without Effie, claiming to have left her with Jean. Later Effie's body is found, having drowned in a stream near the home.

Eventually, Rose confesses to drowning the child but everyone decides to conceal the crime. Family physician Dr. Ramage convinces the authorities that Effie died of natural causes and Rose is sent off with Dennis Vidal, all becoming, legally, accessories after the fact to murder.

Key themes
Many have speculated that this strange tale of murder and a cover-up was influenced by Ibsen's grimmer plays. There may be something to this idea, because in the 1890s James came to appreciate Ibsen as his plays became known in England.

James seems to have liked the way he dramatized his material in The Other House. In his Notebooks he plans a section of his novel The Ivory Tower "after the manner in which the first book is a prologue in The Other House. Oh, blest Other House, which gives me thus at every step a precedent, a divine little light to walk by..." But James did not include The Other House in the New York Edition of his fiction (1907–1909), one of the few later novels not to make the cut.

Critical evaluation
With near-unanimity critics have dismissed The Other House for its glaring problems in motivation and credibility. To some extent James may be the victim here of expectations concerning his fiction. Outside of this work, few of his characters murder children. So when Rose Armiger does exactly that, it's so out of line with James' usual material that critics might automatically reject it as unbelievable. But even allowing for such expectations, Rose hardly seems like a driven, semi-insane "bad heroine" out of Ibsen. She comes off like what she is, a well-bred young lady doing something that it's very hard to believe she would do.

For a more favorable view of the novel, see the link to the NYRB introduction in "External links" below. This essay begins by characterizing the book as the unfairly selected "ugly duckling" of the Jamesian canon. The author then blames Leon Edel for the novel's unfortunate status, though other critics (see the referenced books of criticism) have also dismissed The Other House as one of James' most forgettable efforts.

References
 The Novels of Henry James by Oscar Cargill (New York: Macmillan Co., 1961)
 The Novels of Henry James by Edward Wagenknecht (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1983)
 The Complete Plays of Henry James edited by Leon Edel (New York: Oxford University Press 1990)

External links

 Note on the various texts of The Other House at the Library of America web site
 Introduction to The Other House from the New York Review Books Classics edition

1896 American novels
1896 British novels
Novels by Henry James
Novels first published in serial form
Works originally published in The Illustrated London News
NYRB Classics

The Other House


The 38th Annual Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race saw 71 participating teams from the United States, Jamaica, Canada and United Kingdom. The ceremonial start was held in Anchorage on March 6. The official restart was held one day later in Willow.

On March 16, 2:59 pm, Lance Mackey arrived at the burled arch in Nome, taking the championship with a time of 8 days, 23 hours, 59 minutes and 9 seconds. He became the first musher to achieve four consecutive Iditarod victories, and the second musher to complete the trail under 9 days.

Hans Gatt arrived at 4:04 pm. He had overtaken third-place finisher Jeff King near the final stretch, after Elim. Four-time champion Jeff King was the third to finish at 5:22 pm. While King had initially held the lead in the middle stages of the race, he was overtaken by Mackey at the Kaltag checkpoint — King had stopped to rest while Mackey pushed on. If King had won, he would have tied the record set by Rick Swenson for most Iditarod races won. King has said that this would be his final Iditarod.

Incidents
On March 9, rookie musher Pat Moon collided with a tree and was knocked unconscious. Musher Sam Deltour arrived shortly after and checked on Moon and his dogs, whereupon Moon regained consciousness. Moon was flown to Lake Hood and taken to Providence Alaska Medical Center. His dogs were in good condition.

On March 10, Justin Savidis lost one of his dogs, Whitey, between Nikolai and McGrath checkpoints. He scratched in McGrath to assist in the search by volunteers and the Iditarod Air Force. Whitey was later found by McGrath residents in good health.

References

2010
March 2010 sports events in the United States
2010 in sports in Alaska

2010 Iditarod