Ignacy Tłoczyński (; 14 July 1911 – 25 December 2000) was a Polish tennis player, coach and World War II veteran.

Tłoczyński participated in 10 Davis Cup ties for Poland from 1930–1939, posting a 23–8 record in singles and a 3–9 record in doubles. He won two national titles in singles, seven in doubles and was a six-time International Polish Championship winner. He was ranked number one in Poland in 1934.

In international level he reached the third round at Wimbledon on four occasions. He was a doubles semi-finalist for the French Open with Adam Baworowski, won the Monte-Carlo tournament (now known as the Monte-Carlo Masters) in doubles with Józef Hebda, a two-times singles runner-up for the British Hard Court Championships, and three-times Scottish champion.

Early life
Ignacy Tłoczyński was born 14 July 1911, in Poznań, then part of the German Empire, and was considered a skilful young player practising at the local courts of the town. Despite being a kid he was the sparring partner of players of the Academic Sports Association. He was born to a poor family and was forced to play tennis for money. According to the amateur rules that were in effect in pre-World War II tennis organisations, only professionals could financially benefit from playing. However the Polish Lawn Tennis Association suspended his penalty. He then moved to Warsaw and found a job at an insurance company.

Tennis career
He first participated in the Polish Championship in 1929, eventually losing in the quarterfinals to national champion Max Stolarow. Later he won his first title in doubles at the Warmian Voivodeship tournament. This earned him a spot in the Poland Davis Cup team next year for the upcoming match with Romania, where he won both of his rubbers. These achievements led to him being put up for voting by the Przegląd Sportowy newspaper for the Polish Sportspersonality of the Year where he finished second, right behind track and field runner Janusz Kusociński. The same year he was crowned Polish champion after his victory over Stolarow in the final.

In September 1931 he defended his national title and paired up with Wanda Dubieńska for the mixed contest, only losing in the final to Popławski/Volkmer. Also in September at the Polish International Championships, he was only beaten by French Benny Berthet both in the
singles and doubles event. In 1932 he shared the Cannes L.T.C. trophy with Giorgio de Stefani, as their match remained unplayed. They also divided the doubles title. He lost the mixed doubles partnering Jadwiga Jędrzejowska to Swiss team of Lolette Payot and Charles Aeschlimann. He then met de Stefani again for the Nizza L.T.C. championship, unsuccessfully. He and Jędrzejowska were runners-up again for the mixed doubles. De Stefani fought him for the Nice L.T.C. as well, but Tłoczyński fell for the second time. He and Miss Jędrzejowska were beaten for the second time by Miss Payot and Hector Fisher. In 1933 he finally won the Nizza title both in singles and doubles, with his Davis Cup teammate Józef Hebda against Max Ellmer and Aeschlimann-Journu respectively. He won the Polish national championships as well without dropping a single set.

In 1934 he lost the Hungarian International Tennis Championships to Czechoslovakian Ladislav Hecht. In 1938 he repeated that feat beating Hebda and won the doubles with Adam Baworowski. In March 1939 he won the doubles of the Monte-Carlo tournament with Józef Hebda, overcoming the Belgian duo of Pierre Geelhand de Merxem and Charles Naeyaert. Just before the outbreak of World War II, in July he won the Polish international championships held in Gdynia in mixed doubles with Jadwiga Jędrzejowska and was a runner-up for the gentlemen's doubles.

In the 1946 Wimbledon Championships he represented his nation, although the Communist government of Poland protested against it because of his wartime affiliation with Anders and the partisans. He refused to remove the Polish badge from his cloth, although his nationality indication was removed from the main draw. In 1946 he won the singles title at the North of England Hard Court Championships on clay in Scarborough and retained it in 1947, he would go on to win it three more times consecutivley between 1948 and 1950. Additionally he also won the North of England Championships on grass two times from 1946 to 1947. Also in 1947 he participated in an international match between Poland and Great Britain still wearing the Polish colours. In 1947 he was defeated in straight sets at the British Hard Court Championships by South African Eric Sturgess as well as the next year also to Sturgess in straights.

In July 1950 rain prevented the doubles final to be played at the Midland Counties Championships in Birmingham where Tłoczyński and Czesław Spychała were about to be featured and the prize was shared with their opponents Jaroslav Drobný and Bill Sidwell. That same year Tłoczyński won singles titles at Bedford Open, St. Andrews, Carlisle and the covered court tournaments including the Welsh Covered Court Championships at Llandudno and the Palace Hotel Covered Courts at Torquay. In May 1951 he was victorious in the doubles event of the Sutton Coldfield Hardcourts Tournament partnering Peter Hare. Although his efforts were fruitless in the singles competition as he was subdued in the final against Peter Cawthorn.  In October he was a finalist for the Covered Court Championships of the United Kingdom facing eventual victor Geoffrey Paish. In March 1952 he won the Southdean Covered Court Championships at Middleton-on-Sea against Gerry Oakley. In 1952 he entered the Connaught Hard Court Championships tournament where he reached the doubles final together with Anthony John Mottram where they were stopped by Cawthorn-Tregonning. Between 1950–1952 he won the Scottish Hard Court Championships three consecutive years. In 1954 he captured the North of England Hard Court Championships title for the sixth time by defeating Matthew Farhang Mohtadi in three sets although Mohtadi found success in the doubles final against Tłoczyński/Pryor.

During World War II
In early November 1939 after the Invasion of Poland he was reported missing and hiding in Latvia. Later it turned out that he was working in a Warsaw Cafe with mixed doubles partner Jadwiga Jędrzejowska. During the war he was involved in the Warsaw uprising as a member of the Polish Resistance and smuggled hazardous cargoes in the city. In the first days of the uprising along with his brother Ksawery and several prominent sportsmen including Czesław Spychała, Jerzy Gottschalk, Antoni Smordowski and Tadeusz Hanke he stormed an SS barrack and occupied it. The assault, which took place on 1 August 1944 saw a one and a half-hour struggle in which the partisans threw in grenades and petrol bombs and surrendered the Germans. They took 72 SS soldiers as prisoners and seized a handful of ammunition and an armoured car. The Tłoczyński brothers and Spychała were all wounded as a result of the fight. He kept on serving as a corporal and mainly operated in the Śródmieście-Północ as a member of the battalion "Ruczaj" within the Wojskowa Służba Ochrony Powstania branch of the Sub-district I of Śródmieście. His codename was "Igo." He was wounded and transferred to a POW camp near Salzburg-Maxglan. After being liberated by the Allies he joined the 2nd Polish Corps of Władysław Anders. After the war he emigrated to Britain.

Personal life
In 1955 he officially retired from tennis and went on to coaching at the Dunlop Tennis Club in Edinburgh.
His most famous coachee was Suzi Mair.

References

External links

1911 births
2000 deaths
Polish male tennis players
Sportspeople from Poznań
Polish resistance members of World War II
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Polish emigrants to the United Kingdom
British tennis coaches

Ignacy Tłoczyński


Shmuel Zakai (; born 1963) is an Israeli Brigadier General who was forcibly discharged from the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) in November 2004 by order of chief of staff Moshe Yaalon.

Zakai resigned as commander of the IDF's Gaza Division, a position he had held since March 2004, after failing a polygraph test during an investigation into leaks to the Israeli media during the Days of Penitence operation in the northern Gaza Strip in October 2004. Zakai was accused of leaking reports to the media that the IDF wanted to end the operation before the political echelon did.

After resigning as head of the Gaza Division, Zakai was removed from the IDF altogether after 24 years of service, with Yaalon saying that his actions had constituted "an abandonment of a division during combat." He was replaced by Aviv Kochavi, a former commander of the Paratroopers Brigade.

Zakai's previous positions include:
2002–2004: Commander, Edom Division
1999–2001: Commander, Golani infantry brigade
1998–1999: Commander, Hiram Formation (Northern Command)
1995–1996: Battalion commander, IDF Officer's School
1993–1994: Deputy commander, Hiram Formation
1981–1994: Served in various positions in the Golani Brigade, up to battalion commander.

Zakai was reportedly close to Defense Minister and former chief of staff Shaul Mofaz, who promoted him to brigadier general before he attained a division command.

Zakai is a graduate of the IDF Staff College and has a degree in humanities from Tel Aviv University.

References

Living people
Israeli generals
1963 births
Tel Aviv University alumni
People from Afula

Shmuel Zakai


Pappus's area theorem describes the relationship between the areas of three parallelograms attached to three sides of an arbitrary triangle. The theorem, which can also be thought of as a generalization of the Pythagorean theorem, is named after the Greek mathematician Pappus of Alexandria (4th century AD), who discovered it.

Theorem
Given an arbitrary triangle with two arbitrary parallelograms attached to two of its sides the theorem tells how to construct a parallelogram over the third side, such that the area of the third parallelogram equals the sum of the areas of the other two parallelograms.

Let ABC be the arbitrary triangle and ABDE and ACFG the two arbitrary parallelograms attached to the triangle sides AB and AC. The extended parallelogram sides DE and FG intersect at H. The line segment AH now "becomes" the side of the third parallelogram BCML attached to the triangle side BC, i.e., one constructs line segments BL and CM over BC, such that BL and CM are a parallel and equal in length to AH. The following identity then holds for the areas (denoted by A) of the parallelograms:

The theorem generalizes the Pythagorean theorem twofold. Firstly it works for arbitrary triangles rather than only for right angled ones and secondly it uses parallelograms rather than squares. For squares on two sides of an arbitrary triangle it yields a parallelogram of equal area over the third side and if the two sides are the legs of a right angle the parallelogram over the third side will be square as well. For a right-angled triangle, two parallelograms attached to the legs of the right angle yield a rectangle of equal area on the third side and again if the two parallelograms are squares then the rectangle on the third side will be a square as well.

Proof
Due to having the same base length and height the parallelograms ABDE and ABUH have the same area, the same argument applying to the parallelograms ACFG and ACVH, ABUH and BLQR, ACVH and RCMQ. This already yields the desired result, as we have:

References
Howard Eves: Pappus's Extension of the Pythagorean Theorem.The Mathematics Teacher, Vol. 51, No. 7 (November 1958), pp. 544–546 (JSTOR)
Howard Eves: Great Moments in Mathematics (before 1650). Mathematical Association of America, 1983, , p. 37 ()
Eli Maor: The Pythagorean Theorem: A 4,000-year History. Princeton University Press, 2007, , pp. 58–59 ()
Claudi Alsina, Roger B. Nelsen: Charming Proofs: A Journey Into Elegant Mathematics. MAA, 2010, , pp. 77–78 ()

External links
The Pappus Area Theorem
 Pappus theorem

Area
Articles containing proofs
Equations
Euclidean plane geometry
Theorems about triangles

Pappus's area theorem


Belvedere 21, formerly 21er Haus or Einundzwanziger Haus (), is a modernist style steel and glass building designed by Austrian architect Karl Schwanzer (1918–1975). Originally constructed as the Austrian pavilion or temporary showroom for the Expo 58 in Brussels, it was later transferred to Vienna to house the Museum of the 20th Century, which explains why it was first nicknamed "20er Haus" (House 20). Between 1979 and 2001, the building also acted as a depository for contemporary art works. From 2009 to 2011, it was remodeled by the architect Adolf Krischanitz and consequently renamed 21er Haus to reflect the 21st century. It was renamed Belvedere 21 in 2018.

History

Pavilion at the Expo in Brussels
Karl Schwanzer designed the building in 1954 for the Austrian government's design competition for the national pavilion at the 1958 World's fair in Brussels. In 1955 he was awarded the first prize of the jury, which included Josef Hoffmann. Schwanzer explained that maximum effects had to be achieved with minimum effort as the Austrian budget was tighter than those of most other countries participating at Expo 58. The starting point was to put man at the centre of cultural and intellectual progress, in line with the event's motto: "Striking a balance for a human world". The building was designed as a lightweight structure, its upper 40 by 40 metre floor, six meters above the ground, resting entirely on four buttresses creating a floating effect. Schwanzer was awarded the Grand Prix d'Architecture for his visionary design. Fritz Wotruba created the monumental figural relief which was installed in front of the pavilion, for which he received the award for the Expo's best artwork.

Schwanzer's ground-breaking minimalistic design is widely regarded as a masterpiece of modern architecture, created more than ten years before Ludwig Mies van der Rohe presented his iconic version of flexible interior space and transparent walls in the form of the Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin. On 30 January 1958, the daily newspaper Die Presse described the exhibition hall as "a virtually ideal foundation for a Museum of Modern Art".

Museum of the 20th century
After the fair, the pavilion was transferred to Vienna to house the Museum of the 20th Century (M20). Hence, the building was widely referred to as "20er Haus" (House 20). Karl Schwanzer adapted the steel skeleton construction to the museum's purposes: the ground floor was glazed, the courtyard was covered with a roof, all façades were substantially modified, and the whole structure was reinstalled in the Schweizer Garten between Arsenal and the former Südbahnhof. The new museum was opened on 20 September 1962. It immediately became a hot spot of the Viennese art world.

One of the comments about the institution and its first exhibition, Art from 1900 to the Present, said that the museum represented such a break with the Viennese museum tradition "that one automatically felt as if on foreign territory when first entering the museum". The art historian Werner Hofmann wrote on the occasion of its opening: "This new building bears the signature of our age, and its spatial layout does justice to the fact that the art of this century displays a powerful and frequently aggressive self-confidence that calls for vastness and openness."

Modern art depository
Between 1979 and 2001 the building acted as a depository for contemporary art works, which were then moved to the newly established Museum of Modern Art at Museumsquartier in late 2001. The 20er Haus was finally incorporated into the Austrian Gallery Belvedere in the early summer of 2002. However, the Belvedere museum lacked the financial funds for the necessary restructuring. As a result, the building, which is a protected cultural heritage site stood empty for years.

Renovation and reopening

On 13 June 2008, renovation work started under the supervision of Adolf Krischanitz, a former student of Karl Schwanzer at Vienna University of Technology. At a cost of 31.9 million euros, the carrying capacity of the steel structure was adapted to the requirements of the building code. The ceilings were cleaned of asbestos and the original glass roof was made shatterproof. The large window profiles were replaced with energy-saving double glazing. The work also entailed providing additional space by re-erecting the 75 meter long original porch from the 1960s and by lowering the area in front of the structure, transforming it into an atrium crossed by an access bridge. A six-storey office tower on the former parking lot was added with lettering describing the building's purpose. On 20 September 2011 Federal Minister Claudia Schmied attended the celebration of the completion of the building, following the awarding of the BC21 Art Award for young, innovative artists.

On 15 November 2011, the building was reopened after Krischanitz fitted it out as a museum with well organized exhibition spaces and a cinema. The overall effect is an open museum structure with a total of 2,275 m2 (24,500 square feet) exhibition space on the ground and upper floors. The exhibition space in the basement houses the permanent exhibits from the Wotruba Foundation (with some 500 works in stone, bronze, and plaster, 2,500 drawings, 1,500 prints, and 14 oil paintings) as well as a restaurant and an art studio for children. The shop of the Museum, the "Salon für Kunstbuch" (Salon for artistbooks) is an installation by the Austrian Artist Bernhard Chella that the 21er Haus bought in 2011. The Austrian Artothèque, which allows civil servants and publicly owned corporations to take out up to four artworks on loan for up to one year, will be located in the second basement and is open to the general public since September 2012. The new cinema with the original seating and paneling from Expo 58 opened in March 2012.

The museum is a branch of the Belvedere, focusing on "Austrian art of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries and its embedding in an international context". The opening exhibition under the title: "Schöne Aussichten" () presented artworks from Lucio Fontana, Andrea Fraser, Marcus Geiger, Florian Thorsen, Lois Weinberger, Franz West und Heimo Zobernig. There will be three large exhibitions per year open five days a week.

References

External links

Art museums and galleries in Vienna
Modern art museums
Cultural infrastructure completed in 1958
Museums established in 1962
Museums in Vienna
Expo 58
Relocated buildings and structures

Belvedere 21


In mathematics, the  Pythagorean theorem or Pythagoras's theorem is a statement about the sides of a right triangle.

One of the angles of a right triangle is always equal to 90 degrees. This angle is the right angle. The two sides next to the right angle are called the legs and the other side is called the hypotenuse. The hypotenuse is the side opposite to the right angle, and it is always the longest side.

Claim of the theory
The Pythagorean theorem says that the area of a square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares on the legs. In this picture, the area of the blue square added to the area of the red square makes the area of the purple square. It was named after the Greek mathematician Pythagoras:

If the lengths of the legs are a and b, and the length of the hypotenuse is c, then, .

Types of proofs
There are many different proofs of this theorem. They fall into four categories:
 Those based on linear relations: the algebraic proofs.
 Those based upon comparison of areas: the geometric proofs.
 Those based upon the vector operation.
 Those based on mass and velocity: the dynamic proofs.

Proof

One proof of the Pythagorean theorem was found by a Greek mathematician, Eudoxus of Cnidus.

The proof uses three lemmas:
Triangles with the same base and height have the same area.
A triangle which has the same base and height as a side of a square has the same area as a half of the square.
Triangles with two congruent sides and one congruent angle are congruent and have the same area.

The proof is:
The  triangle has the same area as the  triangle, because it has the same base and height (lemma 1).
 and  triangles both have two sides equal to sides of the same squares, and an angle equal to a straight angle (an angle of 90 degrees) plus an angle of a triangle, so they are congruent and have the same area (lemma 3).
 and  triangles' areas are equal because they have the same heights and bases (lemma 1).
 triangle's area equals area of  triangle's area, because

The  triangles have the same area for the same reasons.
 and  each have a half of the area of a smaller square. The sum of their areas equals half of the area of the bigger square. Because of this, halves of the areas of small squares are the same as a half of the area of the bigger square, so their area is the same as the area of the bigger square.

Proof using similar triangles

We can get another proof of the Pythagorean theorem by using similar triangles.

From the image, add equations (1) and (2):

And we get:

Pythagorean triples
Pythagorean triples or triplets are three whole numbers which fit the equation .

The triangle with sides of 3, 4, and 5 is a well known example. If a=3 and b=4, then  because . This can also be shown as

The three-four-five triangle works for all multiples of 3, 4, and 5. In other words, numbers such as 6, 8, 10 or 30, 40 and 50 are also Pythagorean triples. Another example of a triple is the 12-5-13 triangle, because .

A Pythagorean triple that is not a multiple of other triples is called a primitive Pythagorean triple. Any primitive Pythagorean triple can be found using the expression , but the following conditions must be satisfied. They place restrictions on the values of  and .

  and  are positive whole numbers
  and  have no common factors except 1
  and  have opposite parity.  and  have opposite parity when  is even and  is odd, or  is odd and  is even.
 .

If all four conditions are satisfied, then the values of  and  create a primitive Pythagorean triple.

 and  create a primitive Pythagorean triple. The values satisfy all four conditions. ,  and , so the triple  is created.

References

Theorems in geometry

Pythagorean theorem


Thorn EMI was a major British company involved in consumer electronics, music, defence and retail. Created in October 1979, when Thorn Electrical Industries merged with EMI, it was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was once a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It demerged back to separate companies in 1996.

History
The company was formed following the board of EMI accepting a £169 million offer from Thorn Electrical Industries in November 1979 to merge the groups. Thorn saw EMI as a good fit for the future home video market with Thorn manufacturing hardware and EMI providing software. EMI chief executive Bernard Delfont, chairman Sir John Read and Capitol Records' chief Bhaskar Menon joined the Thorn EMI board, with Read becoming deputy chairman of Thorn EMI. Thorn's chairman Sir Richard Cave became chairman of the merged group.

Soon after the merger, Thorn EMI divested many of the group's leisure operations. In July 1980, seven hotels, including the Tower Hotel, London and Royal Horseguards Hotel, and 12 Angus Steakhouse restaurants were sold for £23 million to Scottish & Newcastle Breweries. In November the same year, most of the group's other leisure interests including Blackpool Tower, amusement parks, sport centres, piers, restaurants, pubs, four theatres, including the Prince Edward Theatre, and the Empire Ballroom and Cinema in Leicester Square in London were sold to Trust House Forte for £16 million. Lord Delfont became chairman and chief executive of THF's leisure division.

In May 1984, the Company attempted to merge with British Aerospace and, in July 1984, it bought the micro-chip manufacturer, INMOS.

In April 1986, Thorn EMI sold its film and video operations to businessman Alan Bond.

Thorn EMI acquired the Mullard Equipment Limited ('MEL') division of Philips in 1990.

Further divestment of operations took place during the 1990s. In 1991, its consulting, systems integration, and outsourcing service division – Thorn EMI Software, was a subject of a management buyout. In 1993, Thames Television was sold. In 1994, following a leveraged management buy-out, Thorn Lighting Ltd floated on the London Stock Exchange as TLG plc (the Thorn Lighting Group) and in 1995, the various defence businesses were sold.

On 16 August, 1996, Thorn EMI shareholders voted in favour of demerging Thorn from EMI again: the Company became EMI Group plc, and the electronics and rentals divisions were divested as Thorn plc.

Operations
Thorn EMI's wide range of business covered the following principal areas of activity; retail/rentals, electronics, defence, software, music, television broadcasting, lighting and film and cinema.

Retail and rental
Thorn Television Rentals (TTR) comprised two companies on merger, Radio Rentals and DER (Domestic Electric Rentals Ltd). The EMI group also included the HMV stores.

In 1987, Thorn EMI acquired Rent-A-Center in the United States for $594 million which had 469 stores on acquisition.

In 1989, Rumbelows was acquired by Radio Rentals and all Rumbelows' rental accounts were transferred to Radio Rentals, bolstering its market position. With its core business removed, Rumbelows sought a new identity as a more conventional (non-rental) retailer, even adding computers to the product mix.

In 1992, Thorn converted some of the remaining Rumbelows shops into DER, Multibroadcast or Radio Rentals branches. Some stores were also converted to the Fona brand.

By the 1990s, Rumbelows was making losses and Thorn closed the remaining 285 Rumbelows shops and 36 Fona stores in 1995.

In 1995 Thorn EMI bought Dillons the Bookstore from Pentos and immediately closed 40 of the 140 Dillons bookstore locations. Of the remaining 100 stores, most kept the name Dillons, while the remainder were Hatchards and Hodges Figgis.

Music
The EMI label expanded greatly as part of Thorn EMI. In 1989, Thorn EMI bought a 50% interest in Chrysalis Records, buying the outstanding 50% in 1991. In one of its highest-profile and most expensive acquisitions, Thorn EMI took over Richard Branson's Virgin Records in 1992 for £510 million.

Television broadcasting
Thorn EMI was the majority shareholder in the London-based ITV broadcaster Thames Television until a share flotation in 1984.

In 1985, the company attempted to sell their stake to Carlton Communications but this was blocked by the governing body of ITV, the Independent Broadcasting Authority.

Thames Television was acquired by Pearson Television in mid-1993.

Lighting

In 1987 the purchase of the Jarnkonst group of Nordic light fitting companies by Thorn Lighting and closure of the Buckie lamp factory signalled a new drive by parent Thorn EMI to trade an export and 'colonies' mentality for a multi-cultural, international outlook, one that took account of the forthcoming Single European Act. Gaining critical mass in lighting fixtures – defined as 10% market share in any one county – was identified as a priority.

In 1988 Thorn EMI bought the French group Holophane to gain access to its luminaire subsidiary, Europhane.

In November 1990, Thorn EMI announced that it had agreed to sell its principal light source interests to GE Lighting. Under the agreement, GE acquired the lamp plants at Enfield, Leicester and Wimbledon, as well as Thorn's 51% in SIVI Illuminazione in Italy and 100% holding in Gluhlampenfabrik Jahn. Thorn EMI subsequently closed its Merthyr Tydfil lamp factory, consolidated its UK distribution centres and sold its South African business.

In 1994, following a leveraged management buy-out, Thorn Lighting Ltd floated on the London Stock Exchange as TLG plc (the Thorn Lighting Group).

Defence
From its formation until the mid-1990s, Thorn EMI was one of the United Kingdom's largest defence companies.

The MEL Division, acquired from Philips, was involved in radar, electronic warfare, and communications. The MEL communications business was sold to Thomson-CSF, now Thales.

In 1995, the various defence businesses were sold:
Thorn EMI Electro Optics to Pilkington Optronics
Thomson Thorn Missile Electronics to Thomson-CSF, now Thales
Thorn Sensors Group to Racal (to become Racal-Thorn Wells, now also part of Thales)

Machine Tools
In the early 1980s, Thorn EMI Machine Tools manufactured Computerised Numerical Controlled (CNC) machine tools at its EMI-MEC Limited factory in Chandlers Ford, Eastleigh, Hampshire.

Computer software

In the early to mid-1980s, Thorn EMI Video Programmes released a number of games for several home computer formats, initially under their own name. They received a lukewarm reception with no major hits (though Snooker and Billiards did reach No. 6 in the UK Atari Charts). These included Computer War, Tank Commander, Snooker and Billiards, 8-Ball and Tournament Pool, Darts, Cribbage and Dominoes (1981), Gold Rush, Mutant Herd, Road Racer, Volcanic Planet (1983), and River Rescue (1982). The label was later renamed to Creative Sparks.

In 1991, its consulting, systems integration, and outsourcing service division – Thorn EMI Software, was a subject of a management buyout and started to trade as a separate company named "Data Sciences Ltd". The staff and management paid £82 million for the £117 million turnover division. In 1996, IBM acquired Data Sciences plc for £95 million.

From 1981 until about 1983, Thorn EMI Video Programmes was based in the Thorn EMI head office, Orion House on Upper St Martin's Lane, near Seven Dials in central London. They moved from there to an office in Soho, and the name changed to just Thorn EMI Video. TEV later became Creative Sparks.

Fire and security systems
Thorn Security installed and serviced all types of electronic security systems from their bases around the UK, inheriting EMI's well-known AFA-Minerva lineage. The business was absorbed into ADT, soon after the EMI demerger, and; all but a handful of the famous red 'Thorn' bellboxes were replaced, mostly by ADT's hexagonal bellboxes, which were inherited by ADT's prior takeover of Modern Alarms. However, the fire products are still present in many premises, and until recently spares and complete systems of Thorn heritage continued to be manufactured by ADT. Most of Thorn's bells and sounders were rebadged Friedland, Fulleon Cooper, or Hosiden Besson products, with most of the bells made during the EMI era being based on the Friedland Master Bell (Big Bell for 8" models).

Business Communications
This division, based in Marlow, provided hotels with televisions and related equipment. It also embarked upon a project called Hotel 3000, which provided interactive set-top boxes for hotel rooms in the late 1980s.

After Thorn's demerger, this division started operating as Quadriga

Advanced Product Development Centre
This small subsidiary further developed existing products, as well as introducing new ones. It was based in St. Lawrence House, Broad Street, Bristol.

Consumer electronics
Ferguson Radio Corporation was owned by Thorn EMI. It made consumer electronics, such as TV sets and radios. TVs were designed and manufactured by Ferguson in the UK until around the early 1990s, although, before this, some Thomson-designed models were introduced to the Ferguson range of TVs for sale in the UK. Some of these Thomson-based models were even manufactured in the UK, although, in later years, these models were made outside the UK by Thomson.

By 1992, the Ferguson TV factory in Gosport had closed, ending a long period of manufacturing of Ferguson TVs in the UK.

VCRs were sourced until the early 1990s by a joint company called J2T, established by JVC, Thorn (Ferguson), and Telefunken. From around 1991, VCRs were sourced from Thomson alone.

One important aspect of Thorn EMI's business was its ability to manufacture one of its Ferguson televisions, and then make it available for rental through its rentals sector, or sell it through its retail sector.

Prism Micro Products was owned by Thorn EMI for a short period in the 1980s.

The group was in partnership with Ericsson in the UK telecommunications company Thorn Ericsson but sold its 51% stake to Ericsson in 1988.

Kenwood Limited sold small appliances and is now owned by DeLonghi.

Thorn EMI's film and video interests
Following the merger, EMI's film division was renamed Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment. The newly merged company continued the film interests EMI had acquired over the preceding decade; these had included the former Associated British Picture Corporation, and their facilities at Elstree Studios, Shenley Road, Borehamwood and ABC Cinemas.

Thorn EMI Video was established in 1981. Thorn EMI released films on video from various film companies including Orion Pictures (First Blood, The Terminator), New Line Cinema (The Evil Dead, Xtro), and Universal (Bad Boys, Frances) in the 1980s.

Thorn EMI joined HBO in November 1984 to create Thorn EMI/HBO Video.

In April 1986, Thorn EMI sold Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment and the film library, Thorn EMI Video, and ABC Cinemas to businessman Alan Bond. Bond, in turn, sold it to The Cannon Group a week later. HBO maintained an involvement the video company, which became HBO/Cannon Video. Cannon left operations and the company was eventually called HBO Video in 1987.

Leisure
Many of EMI's leisure interest were sold the year after the merger but EMI Social Centres chain of bingo halls remained with Thorn EMI.

In 1983, the Winter Gardens in Blackpool were sold to First Leisure.

After demerger
 Thorn was purchased by Nomura Principal Finance Group in 1998, which subsequently became Terra Firma Capital Partners (who also owned EMI for a period). It disposed of Thorn in 2007 to a private buyer.
 EMI announced in November 2011 that it would sell its music arm to Vivendi's Universal Music Group and its publishing business to a Sony/ATV consortium.

References

External links
Detailed Company History
Quadriga, a former division of Thorn

Avionics companies
British brands
Companies based in the City of Westminster
Retail companies established in 1979
Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
Former defence companies of the United Kingdom
Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
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EMI
Home video distributors
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1979 establishments in England
2007 disestablishments in England
Electronics companies established in 1979
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British companies established in 1979
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Smeeth is a disused railway station on the South Eastern Main Line which served the village of Smeeth in Kent, England. The station opened in 1852 and closed in 1954.

History
Smeeth, a scattered village community of a few hundred persons in the early 1840s, was initially ignored by the South Eastern Railway (SER) when it constructed its mainline through the area to reach Folkestone. Situated  from Ashford, the small village was primarily a farming community producing wheat, barley, oats, beans and peas; the grain was processed at Evegate Mill on the River Stour to the south of the railway line, which was the most substantial structure in the area. In 1850, six years after opening the South Eastern Main Line, a deputation of local tradesmen pressed the SER to open a station in the village, arguing that the potential goods traffic that could be generated would outweigh the lack of passenger receipts. Although there was little to suggest that Smeeth could justify and support a railway station, the SER agreed to the venture. A site was chosen  to the south of the village at a point where the Bonnington to Smeeth road (now the B2069) crossed the railway line. The land was owned by the Knatchbull-Hugessen family, Sir Edward Knatchbull-Hugessen being the local Member of Parliament and, in later years, a director of the SER.

Rather than the usual wooden, clapboard structures favoured in the construction of SER stations, Smeeth's main station building was instead a substantial multi-gabled brick building. Other common SER features were to be found at this station, including two staggered platforms and a weather-boarded signal box situated on the upside together with the main station building. The down platform had the minimum of facilities: only a basic wooden waiting shelter and paraffin lamps on "barley-sugar" columns. In 1873, the station facilities were enlarged and the goods yard extended involving the laying of an extra siding, indicating a respectable level of goods traffic. Timetabling of services generally saw eight up and down trains call at Smeeth on weekdays: the first service (up) at 7.25 am, and the last service (down) at 9.25 pm.

Passenger traffic began to drop following the Second World War as bus services became more popular; the East Kent Road Car Company ran buses that passed close to Smeeth on their way between Ashford and Folkestone, drawing off much of the railway's custom. Nationalisation in 1947 saw the Southern Region of British Railways (BR) take over responsibility for the station, and it began to implement a new policy of centering goods traffic at larger railhead depots, thereby sounding the death knell for many wayside stations across the country whose income was largely down to goods traffic. In 1953, BR proposed the closure of Smeeth Station, arguing that it would save nearly £10,000 in wages and other expenses linked with the renewal of the two platforms; the station, it said, brought in £10,322 in goods receipts and only £143 would be lost from withdrawing passenger services. The local Member of Parliament, Bill Deedes, encouraged villagers to fight the closure, but the local newspaper noted that most preferred to travel by bus or motor car. The station's last passenger train, therefore, departed at 9.50 pm on Sunday 3 January 1954, leaving goods traffic to last for ten more years before Smeeth closed entirely.

The goods yard was let for commercial use after its closure on 18 April 1964, and the buildings were later demolished to leave no trace that a station had ever existed on the site.

References

Bibliography

Disused railway stations in Kent
Former South Eastern Railway (UK) stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1852
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1954
1852 establishments in England
1954 disestablishments in England

Smeeth railway station


Maluku is a province of Indonesia. It is the central and southern Maluku Islands. The largest city and capital of Maluku province is Ambon on the small Ambon Island. It is next to North Maluku, Southwest Papua, and West Papua in the north, Central Sulawesi, and Southeast Sulawesi in the west, Banda Sea, Australia, East Timor and East Nusa Tenggara in the south and Arafura Sea, Central Papua and South Papua in the east. The land area is 46,150.92 km2.  1,533,506 people lived there in 2010, rising to 1,848,923 at the 2020 census.

Provinces of Indonesia

Maluku (province)


Gemini are a Swedish brother and sister duo, consisting of Karin Glenmark and Anders Glenmark. The duo released two original albums: Gemini (1985) and Geminism (1987). Both albums reached the Swedish Top 20, while their success was limited to Scandinavia. Their only truly international release was the single "Just Like That" (the chorus of which was recorded and is, as yet, officially unreleased by ABBA).

Prior to their work as Gemini, Karin and Anders formed half of the group Glenmarks (with their uncle Bruno Glenmark and aunt Ann-Louise Hanson) and also released two singles together, with 1984's "Kall som is" ("Cold As Ice") being placed 4th at Melodifestivalen (the Swedish heats for the Eurovision Song Contest). The winner of Melodifestivalen, Herreys, went on to win the Eurovision Song Contest (with "Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley") and recorded a version of "Kall som is" for their album.

Gemini's eponymous first album received an international release but was not a sales success. Much of the material was written by former ABBA members Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, who also coined the group's name. The remainder was written by Anders and his songwriting partner at that time, Ingela Forsman. The lead single, "Just Like That" reached the charts in central Europe, while the album track "Slowly" had previously been recorded by former ABBA member Frida Lyngstad on her 1984 album Shine. A Spanish cover version of Gemini's "Slowly" called "Muriendo Lento" was recorded by the Mexican group Timbiriche.

1987's Geminism album was a return to straightforward pop music and featured the singles "T.L.C.", "Wild About That Girl" and "Mio My Mio". Written by Andersson and Ulvaeus for inclusion in the Astrid Lindgren film adaptation Mio in the Land of Faraway, the Swedish-language recording "Mio min Mio" became the duo's most successful single release, reaching #3 on the Swedish charts.

Although not a Gemini recording per se, the 1994 release of Chess In Concert (by Andersson, Ulvaeus and Tim Rice) showcased their combined voices and distinctive harmonies. Anders played the role of The American and Karin played Florence.

Karin and Anders returned to the studio together in 2005 to record "Den som sa det var det" ("Those Who Said That Was That"), a new Swedish version of "Too Much Love Is Wasted", and added a new backing track to "When I Close My Eyes". The latter was originally intended to be released on their first, eponymous album but was deemed too similar to the closing track, "Another You, Another Me". All of these songs were included on the compilation album Det bästa med... (The Best Of...), which reached the Swedish Top 25.

In 2006 the duo signed a distribution deal with Sony Music Sweden, resulting in the album, Vår jul (Our Christmas). The Gemini name was dropped in favour of Glenmark & Glenmark, while all instruments and voices were provided by the duo themselves. The radio single "När vi närmar oss jul" ("As We Head Towards Christmas"), along with TV and radio interviews, successfully promoted their Christmas tour.

Discography

Albums

Singles
1985 - "Slow Emotion" (Extended Version)/"Too Much Love Is Wasted" (12" Maxi Single)
1985 - "Just Like That"/"Live On The Love" (#24 Netherlands, #30 Belgium, #79 United Kingdom)
1985 - "Just Like That"/"Live On The Love/"Slowly" (12" Maxi Single)
1985 - "Another You, Another Me"/"Slowly"
1986 - "Another You, Another Me"/"Falling"/"Copy Love" (12" Maxi Single)
1987 - "T.L.C."/"Nearly There"
1987 - "Wild About That Girl"/"I Am The Universe"
1987 - "Mio min Mio"/"Beat The Heat"
1988 - "Wild About That Girl"/"Mio Moj Mio" (Russian version)
2005 - "Den som sa det var det" (promotional/radio release only)
2005 - "When I Close My Eyes" (promotional/radio release only)
2006 - "När vi närmar oss jul" (promotional/radio release only)

References

Swedish musical groups
English-language singers from Sweden

Gemini (Swedish band)


John Aloysius Costello (20 June 1891 – 5 January 1976) was an Irish Fine Gael politician who served as Taoiseach from 1948 to 1951 and from 1954 to 1957, Leader of the Opposition from 1951 to 1954 and from 1957 to 1959, and Attorney General of Ireland from 1926 to 1932. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1933 to 1943 and from 1944 to 1969.

Early life
Costello was born on 20 June 1891, in Fairview, Dublin. He was the younger son of John Costello senior, a civil servant, and Rose Callaghan. He was educated at St Joseph's, Fairview, and then moved to O'Connell School, for senior classes, and later attended University College Dublin, where he graduated with a degree in modern languages and law. He studied at King's Inns to become a barrister, winning the Victoria Prize there in 1913 and 1914.

Costello was called to the Irish Bar in 1914, and practised as a barrister until 1922.

Irish Free State
In 1922, Costello joined the staff at the office of the Attorney General in the newly established Irish Free State. Three years later he was called to the inner bar, and the following year, 1926, he became Attorney General of Ireland, upon the formation of the Cumann na nGaedheal government, led by W. T. Cosgrave. While serving in this position he represented the Free State at Imperial Conferences and League of Nations meetings.

He was also elected a Bencher of the Honourable Society of King's Inns. Costello lost his position as Attorney General of Ireland when Fianna Fáil came to power in 1932. The following year, however, he was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Cumann na nGaedheal TD. Cumann na nGaedheal soon merged with other parties to form Fine Gael.

Blueshirts speech
On 28 February 1934, during a Dáil debate on a bill to outlaw the wearing of uniforms (a bill specifically designed to curtail the Blueshirts, a uniformed movement then associated with Fine Gael and formed to defend their candidates, meeting and rallies from IRA attack), Costello made a speech opposing the bill that has generated controversy ever since. In response to an assertion by Minister for Justice P. J. Ruttledge, that the Blueshirts had fascist leanings like the Italian Blackshirts and German Brownshirts, and that other European nations had taken similar actions against similar organisations, Costello stated:

The remark was a small part of a much longer speech whose main point was that the bill was an unconstitutional over-reaction by the Fianna Fáil government and an unfair scapegoating of the Blueshirts movement. However, the quote has since been the subject of much historical debate regarding the extent to which the Blueshirts, and by extension Fine Gael – and Costello himself – had ties to European fascist movements.

Other Dáil activity
During the Dáil debate on the Emergency Powers Act 1939, Costello was highly critical of the Act's arrogation of powers, stating that  He lost his seat at the general election of 1943, but regained it when de Valera called a snap election in 1944. From 1944 to 1948, he was the Fine Gael front-bench Spokesman on External Affairs.

1948 general election

In 1948, Fianna Fáil had been in power for sixteen consecutive years and had been blamed for a downturn in the economy following World War II. The general election results showed Fianna Fáil short of a majority, but still by far the largest party, with twice as many seats as the nearest rival, Fine Gael. It appeared that Fianna Fáil was headed for a seventh term in government.

However, the other parties in the Dáil realised that between them, they had only one seat fewer than Fianna Fáil, and if they banded together, they would be able to form a government with the support of seven Independent deputies. Fine Gael, the Labour Party, the National Labour Party, Clann na Poblachta and Clann na Talmhan joined to form the first inter-party government in the history of the Irish state.

While it looked as if cooperation between these parties would not be feasible a shared opposition to Fianna Fáil and Éamon de Valera overcame all other difficulties and the coalition government was formed.

Taoiseach (1948–1951)

Since Fine Gael was the largest party in the government, it had the task of providing a suitable candidate for Taoiseach. Naturally, it was assumed that its leader, Richard Mulcahy, would be offered the post. However, he was an unacceptable choice to Clann na Poblachta and its deeply republican leader, Seán MacBride. This was due to Mulcahy's record during the Irish Civil War. Instead, Fine Gael and Clann na Poblachta agreed on Costello as a compromise candidate. Costello had never held a ministerial position nor was he involved in the Civil War. When told by Mulcahy of his nomination Costello was appalled, content with his life as a barrister and as a part-time politician. He was persuaded to accept the nomination as Taoiseach by close non-political friends.

Declaration of the republic
During the campaign Clann na Poblachta had promised to repeal the External Relations Act of 1936, but did not make an issue of this when the government was being formed. However, Costello and his Tánaiste, William Norton of the Labour Party, also disliked the act. During the summer of 1948, the cabinet discussed repealing the act; however, no firm decision was made.

In September 1948, Costello was on an official visit to Canada when a reporter asked him about the possibility of Ireland leaving the British Commonwealth. Costello, for the first time, declared publicly that the Irish government was indeed going to repeal the External Relations Act and declare Ireland a republic. It has been suggested that this was a reaction to offence caused by the Governor General of Canada at the time, the Earl Alexander of Tunis, who was of Northern Irish descent and who allegedly arranged to have placed symbols of Northern Ireland—notably a replica of the famous Roaring Meg cannon used in the Siege of Derry—in front of Costello at an official dinner. Costello made no mention of these aspects on the second reading of the Republic of Ireland Bill on 24 November and, in his memoirs, claimed that Alexander's behaviour had in fact been perfectly civil and could have had no bearing on a decision which had already been made.

The news took the Government of the United Kingdom and even some of Costello's ministers by surprise. The former had not been consulted and, following the declaration of the Republic in 1949, the UK passed the Ireland Act that year. This recognised the Republic of Ireland and guaranteed the position of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom for so long as a majority there wanted to remain in the United Kingdom. It also granted full rights to any citizens of the republic living in the United Kingdom. Ireland left the Commonwealth on 18 April 1949, when the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 came into force. Frederick Henry Boland, Secretary of the Department of External Affairs, said caustically that the affair demonstrated that "the Taoiseach has as much notion of diplomacy as I have of astrology." The British envoy Lord Rugby was equally critical of what he called a "slipshod and amateur" move.

Many nationalists now saw partition as the last obstacle on the road to total national independence. Costello tabled a motion of protest against partition on 10 May 1949, without result.

Mother and Child Scheme
In 1950, the independent-minded Minister for Health, Noel Browne, introduced the Mother and Child Scheme. The scheme would provide mothers with free maternity treatment and their children with free medical care up to the age of sixteen, which was the normal provision in other parts of Europe at that time. The bill was opposed by doctors, who feared a loss of income, and Roman Catholic bishops, who opposed the lack of means testing envisaged and feared the scheme could lead to birth control and abortion. The cabinet was divided over the issue, many feeling that the state could not afford such a scheme priced at IR£2,000,000 annually. Costello and others in the cabinet made it clear that in the face of such opposition they would not support the Minister. Browne resigned from the government on 11 April 1951, and the scheme was dropped. He immediately published his correspondence with Costello and the bishops, something which had hitherto not been done. Derivatives of the Mother and Child Scheme would be introduced in Public Health Acts of 1954, 1957 and 1970.

Costello took the opportunity to reconfirm his beliefs in Catholicism on 12 April 1951, in his speech on Dr. Browne's resignation:

Coalition achievements
The Costello government had a number of noteworthy achievements. A new record was set in housebuilding, the Industrial Development Authority and Córas Tráchtála were established, and the Minister for Health, Noel Browne, with the then new Streptomycin, brought about an advance in the treatment of tuberculosis. Ireland also joined a number of organisations such as the Organization for European Economic Co-operation and the Council of Europe. However, the government refused to join NATO, allegedly because the British remained in Northern Ireland. The scheme to supply electricity to even the remotest parts of Ireland was also accelerated.

Election defeat

While the "Mother and Child" incident did destabilise the government to some extent, it did not lead to its collapse as is generally thought. The government continued; however, prices were rising, a balance of payments crisis was looming, and two TDs withdrew their support for the government. These incidents added to the pressure on Costello and so he decided to call a general election for June 1951. The result was inconclusive but Fianna Fáil returned to power. Costello resigned as Taoiseach. It was at this election that Costello's son Declan was elected to the Dáil.

Over the next three years while Fianna Fáil was in power a dual-leadership role of Fine Gael was taking place. While Richard Mulcahy was the leader of the party, Costello, who had proved his skill as Taoiseach, remained as parliamentary leader of the party. He resumed his practice at the Bar; what is arguably his most celebrated case, the successful defence of The Leader against a libel action brought by the poet Patrick Kavanagh, dates from this period. Kavanagh generously praised Costello's forensic skill, and the two men became friends.

Taoiseach (1954–1957)
At the 1954 general election Fianna Fáil lost power. A campaign dominated by economic issues resulted in a Fine Gael-Labour Party-Clann na Talmhan government coming to power. Costello was elected Taoiseach for the second time.

The government could do little to change the ailing nature of Ireland's economy, with emigration and unemployment remaining high, and external problems such as the Suez Crisis compounding the difficulty. Measures to expand the Irish economy such as export profits tax relief introduced in 1956 would take years have sizable impact. Costello's government did have some success with Ireland becoming a member of the United Nations in 1955, and a highly successful visit to the United States in 1956, which began the custom by which the Taoiseach visits the White House each St. Patrick's Day to present the US President with a bowl of shamrock. Although the government had a comfortable majority and seemed set for a full term in office, a resumption of IRA activity in Northern Ireland and Great Britain caused internal strains (see Border Campaign). The government took strong action against the republicans.

In spite of supporting the government from the backbenches, Seán MacBride, the leader of Clann na Poblachta, tabled a motion of no confidence, based on the weakening state of the economy and in opposition to the government's stance on the IRA. Fianna Fáil also tabled its own motion of no confidence, and, rather than face almost certain defeat, Costello again asked President Seán T. O'Kelly to dissolve the Oireachtas. The general election which followed in 1957 gave Fianna Fáil an overall majority and started another sixteen years of unbroken rule for the party. Some of his colleagues questioned the wisdom of Costello's decision to call an election; the view was expressed that he was tired of politics, and depressed by his wife's sudden death the previous year.

Retirement
Following the defeat of his government, Costello returned to the bar. In 1959, when Richard Mulcahy resigned the leadership of Fine Gael to James Dillon, Costello retired to the backbenches. Costello could have become party leader had he been willing to act in a full-time capacity. He remained as a TD until 1969, when he retired from politics, being succeeded as Fine Gael TD for Dublin South-East by Garret FitzGerald, who himself went onto to become Taoiseach in a Fine Gael-led government.

During his career, he was presented with a number of awards from many universities in the United States. He was also a member of the Royal Irish Academy from 1948. In March 1975, he was made a freeman of the city of Dublin, along with his old political opponent Éamon de Valera. He practised at the bar until a short time before his death, in Dublin, on 5 January 1976, at the age of 84.

Governments

The following governments were led by Costello:

5th Government of Ireland (February 1948 – June 1951)
7th Government of Ireland (June 1954 – March 1957)

See also
List of people on stamps of Ireland

Further reading
John A. Costello 1891-1976 Compromise Taoiseach, Anthony J. Jordan, Westport Books 2007.
The Reluctant Taoiseach, 2010 book, David McCullagh.

References

External links

1891 births
1976 deaths
Alumni of University College Dublin
Attorneys General of Ireland
Burials at Deans Grange Cemetery
Cumann na nGaedheal TDs
Fine Gael TDs
Irish Queen's Counsel
Members of the 8th Dáil
Members of the 9th Dáil
Members of the 10th Dáil
Members of the 12th Dáil
Members of the 13th Dáil
Members of the 14th Dáil
Members of the 15th Dáil
Members of the 16th Dáil
Members of the 17th Dáil
Members of the 18th Dáil
Members of the Royal Irish Academy
Ministers for Health (Ireland)
Politicians from County Dublin
Taoisigh
Alumni of King's Inns
People educated at St. Joseph's CBS, Fairview
People educated at O'Connell School
Lawyers from County Dublin
20th-century Irish judges

John A. Costello


The Council of State was the upper house of the legislature for British India (the Imperial Legislative Council) created by the Government of India Act 1919 from the old Imperial Legislative Council, implementing the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms. The Central Legislative Assembly was the lower house.

As a result of Indian independence, the Council of State was dissolved on 14 August 1947 and its place taken by the Constituent Assembly of India and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan.

The Council of State used to meet at the Metcalfe House. The Viceroy or Governor-General was its ex officio President.

Composition

1919 to 1937
The Council of States was created by the Government of India Act 1919. As per this Act, the Council was to have 60 members. The composition was as follows:
 Members nominated by the Governor-General (26)
 Officials (20)
 Non-officials (6), one of whom was nominated as the result of an election held in Berar.
 Elected members (34) from the provinces of British India:
 General (20): Madras (4), Bombay (3), Bengal (3), United Provinces (3), Punjab (1), Bihar & Orissa (3), Central Provinces (1), Burma (1), Assam (1)
 Muslim (10): Madras (1), Bombay (2), Bengal (2), United Provinces (2), Punjab (2), Bihar & Orissa (1)
 Chamber of Commerce (3): Bombay, Bengal, Burma
 Sikh (1)

The province-wise composition was as follows:
 Madras (5): General (4), Muslim (1)
 Bombay (6): General (3), Muslim (2) (Bombay, Sind), Bombay Chamber of Commerce (1)
 Bengal (6): General (3) (East Bengal, West Bengal (2)), Muslim (2) (East Bengal, West Bengal), Bengal Chamber of Commerce (1)
 United Provinces (5): General (3) (Central, Northern, Southern), Muslim (2) (West, East)
 Punjab (4): General (1), Muslim (2) (East, West), Sikh (1)
 Bihar & Orissa (4): General (3), Muslim (1)
 Central Provinces (1): General
 Burma (2): General (1), Burma Chamber of Commerce (1)
 Assam (1): General in rotation with Muslim

The Muslim seats of Punjab together with one General seat of Bihar and Orissa alternated to elect 2 seats for every Council of State.

The members had a tenure of 5 years. There were no women members.

The elected members were voted from an electorate consisting of persons who fulfilled either condition
 Paid an annual income tax of Rs. 10,000 or annual land revenue of Rs. 750
 Member of the Senate of any University
 Experience in any Legislative Council in India or
 Title-holder

This electorate consisted of not more than 17,000 of entire population of 24 crores (240,000,000) in 1920.

Like the Legislative Assembly, the Council of State had no members elected to represent the princely states, as they were not part of British India. On 23 December 1919, when  King-Emperor George V gave royal assent to the Government of India Act 1919, he also made a proclamation which created the Chamber of Princes, to provide a forum for the states to use to debate national questions and make their collective views known to the Government of India.

1937 to 1947
The Government of India Act 1935 introduced further reforms. The size of the Council of State was to be increased to 260 members, 156 from the provinces and 104 from the princely states. However, the first election to the federal legislature after that of 1934 was the 1945 Indian general election, in which the princely states continued to take no part.

Members of First Council of State (1921)

Nominated
 Officials: General Lord Rawlinson
 Non-Officials: Sir Dinshaw Edulji Wacha (Bombay), G. A. Natesan (Madras), Sir Leslie Creery Miller (Madras), Soshi Kanta Acharya of Mymensingh (Bengal), Sir Mohamed Muzamilullah Khan of Bhikampur (United Provinces), Sir Amiruddeen Ahmed Khan of Loharu (Punjab), Sardar Charanjit Singh (Punjab), Harnam Singh (Punjab, Indian Christian), Sir Muhammad Rafique (Delhi) Sir Purshotamdas Thakurdas (Bombay 1923)
Berar Representative: G. S. Khaparde

Elected
Assam: Chandradhar Barua
 Bengal: Sir Benode Chandra Mitter (West Bengal Non-Muhammadan), Sir Deva Prasad Sarvadhikary (West Bengal Non-Muhammadan), Raja Pramada Nath Ray of Dighapatia (East Bengal Non-Muhammadan), Haji Chowdhuri Mohammad Ismail Khan (West Bengal Muslim), Maulvi Abdul Karim (East Bengal Muslim),
Bihar & Orissa: Rameshwar Singh of Darbhanga (Non-Muhammadan), Keshav Prasad Singh of Dumraon (Non-Muhammadan), Babu Ramashray Prashad Choudhary of Dalsinghsarai (Non-Muhammadan), Saiyid Zahir-ud-din (Muhammadan),
 Bombay: Lalubhai Samaldas (Non-Muhammadan), Vaman Govind Kale (Non-Muhammadan), Pheroze Sethna (Non-Muhammadan), Raghunath Pandurang Karandikar (Non-Muhammadan), Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer (Bombay Presidency Muhammadan), Ali Baksh Muhammad Hussain (Sind Muhammadan), Ghulam Muhammad Bhurgri (Sind Muhammadan), Sir Arthur Froom (Bombay Chamber of Commerce)
 Burma: Maung Bo Pye (Non-European), Sir Edgar Holberton (Commerce)
Central Provinces: Maneckji Byramji Dadabhoy (Non-Muhammadan)
Madras: K. V. Rangaswamy Iyengar (Non-Muhammadan), V. S. Srinivasa Sastri (Non-Muhammadan), S. Rm. M. Annamalai Chettiar (Non-Muhammadan), V. Ramabhadra Naidu (Non-Muhammadan), Ahmed Tamby Maricair (Muhammadan)
 Punjab: Lala Ram Saran Das (Non-Muhammadan), Sir Malik Umar Hayat Khan (West Punjab Muhammadan), Zulfikar Ali Khan (Muhammadan), Jogendra Singh (Sikh)
United Provinces: Raja Sir Rampal Singh (UP Central Non-Muhammadan) Lala Sukhbir Sinha (UP Northern Non-Muhammadan), Raja Moti Chand (UP Southern Non-Muhammadan), Nawab Muhammad Abdul Majid (UP West Muhammadan), Saiyid Raza Ali (UP East Muhammadan)
 Other: Manindra Chandra Nandy Maharaja of Cossimbazar, Ganganath Jha, E. M. Cook, Denys Bray, H. D. Craik, B. C. Mitter, J. A. Richey, B. N. Sarma, J. R. Wood, Sevasila Vedamurti

Members of Second Council of State (1926)

Nominated
 Officials: Field Marshal Sir William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood (Commander-in-Chief), Sir Muhammad Habibullah (Member for Education, Health and Lands), Satish Ranjan Das (Law Member), Major General Sir Robert Charles MacWatt (Director General, Indian Medical Service), David Thomas Chadwick (Commerce Secretary), Arthur Cecil McWatters (Finance Secretary), James Crerar (Home Secretary), Arthur Herbert Ley (Secretary for Industries and Labour), John Perronet Thompson (Political Secretary), James Alexander Richey (Educational Commissioner for the Government of India), Sir Clement Hindley (Chief Commissioner, Railways), Thomas Emerson (Bengal), Kiran Chandra De (Bengal), John Austen Hubback (Bihar and Orissa), D. Weston (Bihar and Orissa), Evelyn Robins Abbott (Delhi), Sir Charles George Todhunter (Madras), H. A. B. Vernon (Madras), Dewan Tek Chand (Punjab), A. Latifi (Punjab), Pandit Shyam Bihari Misra (United Provinces), John Ernest Buttery Hotson (Bombay), G. W. Hatch (Bombay)
Non-Officials: Keshav Chandra Roy (Bengal), Sir Bijoy Chand Mahtab (Bengal), Prince Afsar-ul-Mulk Mirza Muhammad Akram Hussain (Bengal), Sir Dinshaw Edulji Wacha (Bombay), Raja Sir Harnam Singh (Punjab), Sardar Charanjit Singh (Punjab)(Indian Christians), Sir Malik Umar Hayat Khan (Punjab), Raja Nawab Ali Khan (United Provinces), Raja Ramakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili (Madras), G. A. Natesan (Madras), Major Nawab Mahomed Akbar Khan (North- West Frontier Province), Maneckji Dadabhoy (Central Provinces), G. S. Khaparde (Berar)

Elected Members
Assam: Khan Bahadur Ghulam Mustafa Chaudhury (Muhammadan), Zaminder Bhatipara Estate, founding member of All India Muslim League, active participant of Islamic Khelafat Andolon, philanthropist, legislator of Assam Legislative Council
 Bengal: Lokenath Mukherjee (West Bengal Non-Muhammadan), Rai Bahadur Nalini Nath Seth (West Bengal Non-Muhammadan), Mahmood Suhrawardy (West Bengal Muhammadan), Maulvi Abdul Karim (East Bengal Muhammadan), John William Anderson Bell (Bengal Chamber of Commerce), G. C. Godfrey (Bengal Chamber of Commerce)
 Bihar & Orissa: Rameshwar Singh (Non-Muhammadan), Anugrah Narayan Sinha (Non-Muhammadan), Mahendra Prasad (Non-Muhammadan), Shah Muhammad Zubair (Muhammadan)
Bombay: Pheroze Sethna (Non-Muhammadan), Ratansi D. Morarji (Non-Muhamaddan), Manmohandas Ramji Vora (Non-Muhammadan), Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer (Muhammadan), Mian Ali Baksh Muhammad Hussain (Sind Muhammadan), Sir Arthur Froom (Bombay Chamber of Commerce)
Burma: Pundi Chetlur Desika Chari (General), Sir Edgar Holberton (Burma Chamber of Commerce), W. A. Gray (Burma Chamber of Commerce)
 Central Provinces: Seth Govind Das (General)
Madras: Saiyed Mohamad Padshah Sahib Bahadur (Muhammadan), Dr. U. Rama Rao (Non-Muhammadan) (Swaraj), V. Ramadas Pantulu (Non-Muhammadan), Sir C. Sankaran Nair (Non-Muhammadan), S. Rm. M. Annamalai Chettiar (Non-Muhammadan)
Punjab: Lala Ram Saran Das (Punjab Non-Muhammadan), Nawab Sahibzada Sayad Mohammad Mehr Shah (East and West Punjab Muhammadan), Sardar Shivdev Singh Uberoi (Punjab Sikh)
United Provinces: Munshi Narayan Prasad Asthana (United Provinces Northern Non-Muhammadan), Raja Moti Chand (United Provinces Southern Non-Muhammadan), Prakash Narain Sapru (United Provinces Southern Non-Muhammadan), Raja Sir Rampal Singh (United Provinces Central Non-Muhammadan), Saiyid Alay Nabi (United Provinces West Muhammadan), Maharaja Sir Muhammad Ali Muhamamd Khan (United Provinces East Muhammadan), Nawab Sir Muhammad Muzammil-ullah Khan (United Provinces West Muhammadan), Sukhbir Sinha
Other: Madhav Shrihari Aney, Hussain Imam, Syed Muhammad Padshah, Raja Yuvaraj Dutta Singh, Srinarain Mehta

Members of Third Council of State (1930–1936)

Nominated
 Government of India:
Officials from Provinces: A de C. Williams, Sir Guthrie Russell, T. M. Dow (Bengal), E. F. Thomas (Madras), Gurusaday Dutt
Non-Officials: G. S. Khaparde (Berar), Khwaja Habibullah (Bengal), Maharaja Jagadish Nath Ray (Bengal), Pandit Gokaran Nath Agra (United Provinces), Shaikh Magbul Husain (United Provinces), Raja Charanjit Singh (Punjab), Nawab Malik Mohammad Hayat Khan Noon (Punjab), Major Nawab Sir Mahomed Akbar Khan (NWFP), Maharaja Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga (Bihar), Khan Bahadur Shams-ud-din Haidar (Bihar), Sir Nasarvanji Choksy (Bombay), Sir Josna Ghosal (Bombay)

Elected Members
Assam: Khan Bahadur Ghulam Mustafa Chaudhury (Muhammadan), Zaminder Bhatipara Estate, founding member of All India Muslim League, active participant of Islamic Khelafat Andolon, philanthropist, legislator of Assam Legislative Council
 Bengal: Jagadish Chandra Banerjee (East Bengal Non-Muhammadan), Nripendra Narayan Sinha (West Bengal Non-Muhammadan), Satyendra Chandra Ghose Maulik (West Bengal Non-Muhammadan), Mahmood Suhrawardy (West Bengal Muhammadan), Syed Abdul Hafeez (East Bengal Muhammadan), George Campbell (Bengal Chamber of Commerce)
 Bihar & Orissa: Babu Ramashray Prashad Choudhary of Dalshinghsarai (Non-Muhammadan), Hussain Imam (Muhammadan)
Bombay: Sardar Shri Jagannath Maharaj Pandit (Non-Muhammadan), Shantidas Askuran (Non-Muhammadan), Pheroze Sethna (Non-Muhammadan), Sir Suleman Cassum Haji Mitha (Muhammadan), Ali Baksh Muhammad Hussain (Sind Muhammadan), R. H. Parker (Bombay Chamber of Commerce)
Burma: J. B. Glass (Burma Chamber of Commerce)
 Central Provinces: V. V. Kalikar
Madras: S. Rm. M. Annamalai Chettiar (Non-Muhammadan), Yarlagadda Ranganayakulu Naidu (Non-Muhammadan), V. C. Vellingiri Gounder (Non-Muhammadan), G. N. Chetty (Non-Muhammadan), Syed Muhammad Padshah Saheb Bahadur (Muhammadan),
Punjab: Lala Ram Saran Das (Non-Muhammadan), Sardar Buta Singh (Sikh), Chaudhri Muhammad Din (East Punjab Muhammadan)
United Provinces: Lala Mathura Prasad Mehrotra (UP Central Non-Muhammadan), Lala Jagdish Prasad (UP Northern Non-Muhammadan), Prakash Narain Sapru (UP Southern Non-Muhammadan), Hafiz Muhammad Halim (UP West Muhammadan), Shaikh Mushir Hosain Kidwai (UP East Muhammadan)

Fourth Council of State

Nominated
 Officials: General Sir Claude Auchinleck, Sir Mohammad Usman, Jogendra Singh, Feroz Khan Noon, Sir Satyendranath Roy, C. E. Jones, E. Conran-Smith, G. S. Bozman, Shavax A. Lal, A de C. Williams, N. R. Pillai, Ernest Wood, B. R. Sen
Non-Officials: Sir David Devadoss (Madras), K. Ramunni Menon (Madras), Sir Josna Ghosal (Bengal), Maneckji Dadabhoy (Bombay), Raja Charanjit Singh (Punjab), Shamsuddin Haidar (Bihar), Brijlal Nandlal Biyani (Berar), A. P. Patro, Rahimtoola Chinoy, Satyendra Kumar Das, Sir Satya Charan Mukherjee, Sir Mohammad Yakub, Sardar Nihal Singh, Khurshid Ali Khan, Lt. Col. Sir S. Hissam-ud-din Bahadur, Sobha Singh, Sri Narain Mehta, Mohendra Lal Das,

Elected Members
Assam: Khan Bahadur Ghulam Mustafa Chaudhury (Muhammadan), Zaminder Bhatipara Estate, founding member of All India Muslim League, active participant of Islamic Khelafat Andolon, philanthropist, legislator of Assam Legislative Council
 Bengal: Kumarsankar Ray Chaudhury (East Bengal Non-Muhammadan), Kumar Nripendra Narayan Sinha (West Bengal Non-Muhammadan), Susil Kumar Roy Chowdhury (West Bengal Non-Muhammadan)
 Bihar: Maharaja Kameshwar of Darbhanga (Non-Muhammadan), Hussain Imam (Muhammadan)
Bombay: Shantidas Askuran (Non-Muhammadan), Govindalal Shivlal Motilal (Non-Muhammadan), Maneckji Nadirshaw Dalal (Non-Muhammadan), Sir Suleman Cassum Haji Mitha (Muhammadan), R. H. Parker (Bombay Chamber of Commerce)
 Central Provinces: V. V. Kalikar (General)
Madras: Rao Bahadur K. Govindachari (Non-Muhammadan), M. Ct. M. Chidambaram Chettyar (Non-Muhammadan), Narayandas Girdhardas (Non-Muhammadan), V. Ramadas Pantulu (Non-Muhammadan), Saiyad Mohamed Sahib Bahadur (Muhammadan)
Orissa: Nikunja Kishore Das (Non-Muhammadan),
Punjab: Lala Ram Saran Das (Non-Muhammadan), Chaudhri Ataullah Khan Tarar (East & West Punjab Muhammadan), Sardar Buta Singh (Sikh)
Sind: Ali Buksh Mohammad Hussain (Muhammadan)
United Provinces: H. N. Kunzru (UP Northern Non-Muhammadan), Prakash Narain Sapru (UP Southern Non-Muhammadan), Haji Syed Mohamed Husain (UP West Muhammadan), Chaudhri Niamatullah (UP East Muhammadan)

Presidents
Sir Henry Moncrieff Smith (1924)
Sir Montagu Sherard Dawes Butler (1924-1925)
 Sir Maneckji Byramji Dadabhoy (1933-1936) (1937-1946)

See also

 Central Legislative Assembly
 Viceroy's Executive Council
 Imperial Legislative Council
 Interim Government of India
 Elections
 1920 Indian general election
 1923 Indian general election
 1926 Indian general election
 1930 Indian general election
 1934 Indian general election
 1945 Indian general election

References

Political history of India
Imperial Legislative Council of India
National upper houses

Council of State (India)


Year of the Rabbit is a rock band assembled and fronted by Ken Andrews, formerly of Failure and ON.  After the commercial disappointment of ON, Andrews and ON's touring drummer Tim Dow (formerly of Shiner and Season to Risk) first recruited Dow's friend Jeff Garber (lead guitar/background vocals, formerly of National Skyline and Castor). Solomon Snyder (bass/background vocals, formerly of Cupcakes and Dovetail Joint) came on board shortly thereafter.  Whereas ON's material had been created mostly by Andrews as a solo project, the harder-rocking sound of Year of the Rabbit was much closer to that of his previous band, Failure.

Their first release, the 2003 EP Hunted, was made available only from CD Baby, the iTunes Store, and the band themselves.  It was enough to attract the attention of Elektra Records, who released their self-titled album the following July.  Unfortunately for the band, however, Elektra's parent company, Warner Music Group, was sold in February 2004 to a group of private investors, who decided to fold Elektra into Atlantic Records, and many of the labels' underperforming acts, including Year of the Rabbit, were dropped from their rosters.  Two months later, Andrews declared on his official website that due to the shakeup at their label, the band had been put on indefinite hiatus.

Andrews returned to Failure in 2014, following their reunion.

Discography
Hunted EP (2003)
Year of the Rabbit (2003)

External links
Ken Andrews - official site

American rock music groups

Year of the Rabbit (band)


The South Plains Fairgrounds, located on the east side of Lubbock, Texas, is the home of the Panhandle-South Plains Fair, which occurs in late September each year.  The fairgrounds consist of around  situated along the western edge of upper Yellow House Canyon.

History
The first Fair was held in the fall of 1914. The Fair has continued every year since 1914, except during the World War II years of 1942-1945. Today, the Panhandle-South Plains Fair is known as "The Granddaddy of West Texas Fairs," and ranks second to Dallas's State Fair of Texas in attendance and continuous history.

The South Plains Fairgrounds was the first home field for the Texas Tech Red Raiders football team. The Red Raiders (then known as the Matadors) played their home games at the fairgrounds during the 1925 season and the first game of the 1926 season against the Schreiner Institute.

At the time, the campus of Texas Technological College was still an open range without a sizable area clear of grass burrs and goat heads, so head coach Ewing Y. Freeland held the first Matadors game on the open grass fields of the fairgrounds. The Matadors did not lose a game at the Lubbock Fair Grounds, winning 5 games and tying 3. By the 1926 season, a practice field which had been cleared became the location of Tech Field. The South Plains Fairgrounds remains the only home field of the Red Raiders not located on the Texas Tech campus.

See also
American Wind Power Center
Lubbock Lake Landmark
Museum of Texas Tech University
National Ranching Heritage Center
North Fork Double Mountain Fork Brazos River
Silent Wings Museum

References

External links

Museum  of Agriculture, Lubbock, Texas
Photos of the Llano Estacado

Texas Tech Red Raiders football venues
Defunct college football venues

South Plains Fairgrounds


A ball gown, ballgown or gown is a type of evening gown worn to a ball or a formal event. Most versions are cut off the shoulder with a low décolletage, exposed arms, and long bouffant styled skirts. Such gowns are typically worn with an opera-length white gloves, vintage jewelry or couture, and a stole (a formal shawl in expensive fabric), cape, or cloak in lieu of a coat. Where "state decorations" are to be worn, they are on a bow pinned to the chest, and married women wear a tiara if they have one. Although synthetic fabrics are now sometimes used, the most common fabrics are satin, silk, taffeta and velvet with trimmings of lace, pearls, sequins, embroidery, ruffles, ribbons, rosettes and ruching.

History

1850s
In previous years, the same type of dress might have been called an evening dress, having very similar features; low-cut neckline, a tight bodice, a large skirt and (sometimes) bare arms. The ball gown at this time had similar features, a full skirt supported by a petticoat, a tight waist achieved by a corset or bodice with a stay to keep the subject upright and with perfect posture, off the shoulder style and with bare arms.

In the coming years, the introduction of the sewing machine changed the dress market. Middle-class people could now produce their own dresses and with more quality and efficiency than before when they were made by hand. Upper class members of society might still have had their dresses made by a designer but with the turn around time decreased. Around this time was also the introduction of chemical dyes. This dramatically changed the range of colors that dresses could be produced in. This time was encompassed within the Romantic period, which coincided with the Victorian era. During this time the crinoline was introduced as well as demure sleeves, which puffed up around the arm.

1860–1864
Skirts had developed an overall bell shape but with extra fullness at the back.

1865–1867
Skirts lost their front shape and were altered to lay more flat against the body while the sides and back gained fullness with pleating techniques. Oftentimes a long train was attached to the back of the skirt.

1868–1878
For the next 10 years the fullness in the back of the skirts increased further with the use of the bustle.

1878–1884
The bustle went out of style because it was not needed anymore for the fullness in the back of the dress. The material instead was gathered and fell down the back which ended with a long train.

1890–1900
The hourglass shape emerged which was known for a narrow waist. It was achieved by having a cone-shaped skirt that was narrow at the waist and gained fullness near the bottom.

After the end of World War II, in 1947, Christian Dior introduced his "New Look" of nipped-in waistlines and full skirts.

1950s
Previously, ball gowns were worn for private events and parties, but in the mid-20th century, private events turned into public ones. As the century progressed, traditional events became less important while ones like charity events took their place. In 21st century culture, galas and red carpet events are showcases for extravagant gowns to be in the public eye. In Britain, when Elizabeth II terminated formal court events in 1957, the more public events, like a charity ball, arose in popularity because they were open to anyone who could afford to buy a ticket.

Designer dresses were typically part of a designer's collection, having them altered for the wearer. Designers need to know where a dress will be worn to avoid two people from matching. But if the original wearer decides to wear the dress to another event afterwards, the possibility of matching is increased. In modern times, designers must understand that their pieces of work will be criticized and also praised as a result of the internet and paparazzi.

Gallery

Culture
The first forms of the 21st century term "debutante ball" or "cotillion" emerged in the mid 19th century with what was called a "coming out ball". These events were meant to show off the women who were now of marriageable age. Traditionally the debutantes will wear all white, but with varying styles of dress. While the style of dress can vary, strapless and sleeveless variations are popular and are typically worn with white long gloves and can be accessorized with bouquets, and sometimes a fan. For most of the 19th century, a headdress with veiling was a popular style as well as a full train attached at the waist and in later years it would attach to the shoulders.The traditional ideals of the debutante ball vary based on location in the United States. The debutantes in New Orleans could be seen wearing jeweled crowns and dresses with Medici collars with elongated trains. Texas has variations within its various regions. In Laredo, middle class debutantes wear beaded suede garments. In San Antonio, the dresses are of elaborate colors and covered in beads of different designs. The beads add extensive weight having some dresses weigh in at about 75 lbs.

Another coming of age event is the quinceañera, an event in Latin American cultures when a girl turns 15. Their gowns are often very brightly colored and resemble traditional ball gowns with very full ruffled or ruched skirts.

First Ladies Collection
In 1912, Helen Taft along with collection founders Cassie Mason Myers Julian-James, Rose Gouverneur Hoes, and the Smithsonian Institution started the "First Ladies Collection." It is customary for the first lady of the United States to donate the dress she wears to the inauguration ball but it is not required. Every first lady is represented in the collection although they are not all inaugural dresses. Taft started this tradition when she donated her dress that she wore during her husband's inauguration. Typically the dresses were added to the collection after the president in question had left office but in 1955 the public uproar to see Mamie Eisenhower's inaugural dress was so strong that the Smithsonian changed their policy and added her dress immediately, not waiting until her husband left office.

See also
Ball (dance)
Ballerina skirt
Crinoline
Clothing terminology
Dress codes

References

Further reading

19th-century fashion
20th-century fashion
21st-century fashion
Dancewear
Gowns
History of clothing (Western fashion)
Balls (dance party)

Ball gown


Miroslav Rožić (born August 31, 1956) is a Croatian right-wing politician. As a former vice-president of Croatian Party of Rights (HSP), he served as a representative in Croatian Parliament between 2001 and 2007. He was previously a member of the Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS) and is currently a member of the Croatian Peasant Party (HSS).

Rožić was born in Zagreb, as a fourth generation Agramer. His family was very well-to-do before the communists nationalised their property in 1945. His father was considered to be an Ustasha sympathizer and bourgeois, so in socialist Yugoslavia he had to accept jobs he was over-qualified for.

Rožić obtained a degree in biology from the Faculty of Mathematics and Science at the University of Zagreb and pursued a scientific career. He planned to defend his doctoral dissertation in 1991 when war erupted in Croatia. Rožić joined the Croatian Army where he served as a translator, due to his fluent use of English, German and Italian.

He was also a member of Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS), and in 1993 he was elected to Zagreb city council. In 1995, Rožić and his close friend Tonči Tadić left HSLS because of conflicts with party's president Dražen Budiša and party's positioning on the centre-left part of the political spectrum. The same year they joined the HSP.

In 1997, Rožić was elected to the now non-existing upper house of Croatian Parliament. He and Tadić became major figures in HSP and refreshed party's image. Rožić became a party leader in Zagreb and ran for mayor in 2005, finishing solid third. In September 2007, after a spat with Anto Đapić, both Rožić and Tadić left HSP.

In October 2009, Rožić joined the Zagreb branch of the Croatian Peasant Party (HSS).

References

1956 births
Living people
Politicians from Zagreb
Croatian Peasant Party politicians
Representatives in the modern Croatian Parliament
Croatian Social Liberal Party politicians
Croatian Party of Rights politicians

Miroslav Rožić


The Battle of Trafalgar was a sea battle fought on 21 October 1805 between the navies of France and Spain on one side and United Kingdom on the other. The battle took place near Cape Trafalgar, which is in southwestwen  Spain. The battle ended with a clear victory for the British forces. This allowed Britain to become the world's largest sea power for 100 years. The Battle of Trafalgar was the most important sea battle of the 19th century.

Background
The Napoleonic Wars had gone on for some time. France had built the strongest army in Europe and controlled much of the land. Because it was an island, the British had built a strong Royal Navy and used it to blockade France to prevent French ships from leaving their ports. The French leader, Napoleon Bonaparte, wanted to invade and to conquer Britain, which meant he had to sink the British Navy first to allow his army toland.

The British knew that France might try to attack them and had placed ships outside the important French ports like Toulon. The admiral in charge of the British fleet was Lord Horatio Nelson. He had become famous in Britain for his victories over the French such as at the Battle of the Nile in 1798.

However, the French navy managed to avoid Nelson's fleet and leave Toulon during a storm and met a group of Spanish ships. Spain was then an ally of France. This small fleet first sailed to the West Indies and returned across the Atlantic Ocean to the Spanish port of Cadiz. The fleet wanted to join with more French ships to make a stronger fleet. The British had chased them both ways across the ocean.

Battle
The French learned that some British ships had been seen in Gibraltar and thought that meant that the British fleet was not as strong as it had been before. The French decided that it was the best time to leave Cadiz.

The next day, the 33 ships of the French and the Spanish fleets were met by the 27 ships of the British. Nelson had put his ships into two lines. Before the battle started, he sent a message that would become famous: "England expects that every man will do his duty".

The two British lines sailed through the French and Spanish line, split it and caused great damage to its ships by using their cannons

However, Nelson, on board his ship, HMS Victory, was hit by a musket bullet fired by a sniper from the French ship Redoutable. The bullet entered via his shoulder, went into his lung and lodged in his spine. He was taken below the deck and died shortly before 4:30pm, as the battle died down. The French and Spanish had lost 22 ships, but the British lost none.

Aftermanth
Because France was unable to invade Britain, British soldiers fought on the Continental Europe with the armies of other countries against the armies of Napoleon. In the end, Napoleon was finally defeated, in 1815, at the Battle of Waterloo. With control of the seas, Britain built up a large empire during the years that followed and its navy was the world's largest for over 100 years.

Nelson's body was brought back to Britain, and he was given a hero's funeral. In 1843, the famous Trafalgar Square and Nelson's Column were built in London to honour him.

References

1805
Trafalgar
19th century in Spain
1800s in Europe
October events

Battle of Trafalgar


John Weldon Wyckoff (February 19, 1893 – May 8, 1961) was a professional baseball pitcher. He played all or part of six seasons in Major League Baseball for the Philadelphia Athletics (1913–16) and Boston Red Sox (1917-18). Wyckoff batted and threw right-handed. In some baseball resources, he is referred as John Wyckoff.

Wyckoff attended Bucknell University and began his baseball career Wilmington in the Tri-State League in 1911. He joined the Philadelphia Athletics in 1913. His most productive season was in 1914, when he recorded career-highs with 11 wins and a 3.02 ERA. Wyckoff pitched in Game One of the World Series, surrendering a run on three hits and hitting a double in his lone career World Series plate appearance.

In 1916, he led the league with 22 losses, 165 walks and 14 wild pitches. He was sent to the Boston Red Sox in the 1916 midseason. Over parts of two seasons he appeared in only nine games and was released in 1917. He ended the year with the Buffalo Bisons of the International League and rejoined Boston in 1918, his last major league season, and retired to his taxicab business in Williamsport.

In his major league career, Wyckoff posted a 23–34 record with 299 strikeouts and a 3.55 ERA in 573.2 innings pitched.

Wyckoff died in Sheboygan Falls, Wisconsin, at the age of 69.

Notes

External links

Baseball Almanac

Major League Baseball pitchers
Boston Red Sox players
Philadelphia Athletics players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Jersey City Skeeters players
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Bucknell University alumni
Sportspeople from Williamsport, Pennsylvania
1890s births
1961 deaths
People from Sheboygan Falls, Wisconsin

Weldon Wyckoff


Mufid Said Ahmad Nashashibi (16 July 1915 – April 1999) was one of the founders of the Palestinian National Liberation League, which was established in 1942.

Born in Jerusalem, Nashashibi was educated at St. George's School in Jerusalem, the American University in Cairo and Robert College in Istanbul. In 1936, he returned to Jerusalem to work as an engineer. In 1949, he became the manager of engineering services for the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees. In 1962, he became project manager for the construction of the Kuwait Sewage System. At first, he moved to Lebanon but, in the early 1980s, he moved to California, where he died.

References

1915 births
1999 deaths
People from Jerusalem
Palestinian engineers
National Liberation League in Palestine politicians
20th-century engineers
St. George's School, Jerusalem alumni

Mufid Nashashibi


Enekbatus cryptandroides is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.

The dense shrub typically grows to a height of  and blooms between September and October producing pink-white flowers. The species shares features with Enekbatus clavifolius, both of which have to have ten stamens that are oppositely arranged to the sepals and petals. They also have tuberculate and usually often fruit containing many smooth seeds partly covered by an adherent scurfy layer.

It is found in the Mid West and Goldfields regions of Western Australia between Wiluna and east of Kalgoorlie where it grows in sandy-clay soils.

The species was first formally described as Baeckea cryptandroides by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1876 as part of the work Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. It was reclassified to the Enekbatus genera in 2010 by Barbara Rye and Malcolm Trudgen in the work Enekbatus, a new Western Australian genus of Myrtaceae with a multi-locular indehiscent fruit. as published in the journal Nuytsia

References

cryptandroides
Endemic flora of Western Australia
Myrtales of Australia
Rosids of Western Australia
Plants described in 2010
Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller

Enekbatus cryptandroides


The Baltimore Terrapins were one of the most successful teams in the short-lived Federal League of professional baseball from  to , but their brief existence led to litigation that led to an important legal precedent in baseball. The team played its home games at Terrapin Park.

1914 Baltimore Terrapins season
 Most of the professional baseball teams in Baltimore have been called the Orioles, in reference to the Baltimore oriole bird. There was already a minor league Baltimore Orioles, and the new Federal League club built their ballpark directly across the street from the Orioles park. The new club chose to call itself the Baltimore Terrapins, after the diamondback terrapin, the state reptile of Maryland. That nickname would later become primarily associated with the University of Maryland, College Park sports teams called the Maryland Terrapins.

 Baltimore gathered for spring training in Southern Pines, North Carolina at the Southern Pines Golf Club, previously used by the Philadelphia Phillies in 1909 and 1910. Terrapins manager Otto Knabe had played for these Phillies teams and trained in Southern Pines.

While the  team posted a respectable 84–70 record and finished only 4½ games out of first place under player-manager Otto Knabe, the team was less than successful at the box office, even though four of the eight teams in the league (Chicago, Brooklyn, Pittsburgh, and St. Louis) were competing with one and even two (Chicago and St. Louis) other major league teams in the same cities.

1915 Baltimore Terrapins season

In an attempt to turn this situation around and attract a marquee player to help them at the box office, the  team recruited Chief Bender of the American League champion Philadelphia Athletics.  The Athletics had sold off several future Hall-of-Famers like Eddie Plank, Eddie Collins and Frank "Home Run" Baker after being swept by the surprising Boston Braves in the 1914 World Series.

Bender had come off an impressive 17–3 season where he compiled seven shutouts and a 2.26 ERA in 1914. However, his 1915 season at Baltimore was a low point of his Hall of Fame career when he slumped to a 4–16 record, no shutouts, and a 3.99 ERA. Baltimore's collapse to a 47–107 record, 40 games out of first, was overshadowed only by the collapse of Bender's former team who went from a 99–53 league championship season to a dismal 43–109 record, 58½ games out of first in 1915. Bender and the Baltimore Terrapins never made a full recovery from 1915.

The incident did show the Federal League could compete seriously with the National League and American League on a professional baseball level and led to the buy-out truce which ended the Federal League for good. However, the Baltimore team's owners were not offered a part in this buyout.

Impact
When the Federal League started, the Terrapins severely cut into the minor league Baltimore Orioles' attendance, causing financial problems for the owner. As a result, several players, including the young left-handed pitcher Babe Ruth, were offered for sale to major league teams. Ruth's contract was purchased by the Boston Red Sox, after being turned down by Connie Mack and the Philadelphia Athletics. In 1914, Ruth began his career with the Red Sox of the rival American League. After the demise of the Federal League and the Terrapins, Baltimore would not see major league baseball again until , when the former St. Louis Browns moved into town and became the present-day Baltimore Orioles.

As the Terrapins' owners were not offered any part of the buyout offer made to most Federal League teams by the American and National Leagues, they decided to sue, alleging that the buyout was in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. The resulting case led to the U.S. Supreme Court deciding that the scheduling and playing of "base ball games" did not constitute "interstate commerce" in any sense envisioned by the Framers of the United States Constitution; therefore, the Sherman Act and other federal laws and regulations did not apply to baseball. The case, Federal Baseball Club v. National League, was not ultimately decided until 1922.

The minor league Orioles moved into Terrapin Park, a wooden ballpark. This move began a chain of events which would eventually lead to the return of major league baseball to Baltimore.

See also
 1914 Baltimore Terrapins season
 1915 Baltimore Terrapins season
 Baltimore Terrapins all-time roster

References

Baseball teams established in 1914
Baseball teams disestablished in 1915
Defunct Major League Baseball teams
Federal League teams
1914 establishments in Maryland
1915 disestablishments in Maryland
Defunct baseball teams in Maryland

Baltimore Terrapins


Catarina Ruivo (b. Coimbra, 1971), Portuguese film director.

Catarina Ruivo studied at the Escola Superior de Teatro e Cinema in Lisbon, specializing her studies in cinematography editing.

Later she directed and edited the short film Uma Cerveja no Inverno which premiered at the (Short-film Festival of Vila do Conde) in 1998, and screened at the (Oberhausen Festival), among others.

Her first feature film, André Valente, was released in Portugal, France and Spain after being presented in many festivals, such as the (Locarno Film Festival) in 2004 where it won the D. Quixote award, offered by the International Federation of Film Societies; the Gwangju Film Festival, (South Korea), winning the Critic Award and the Young Cinema Jury Award; Belfort Film Festival; Angers Film Festival; Infinity Film Festival, (Turin) winning the Albacinema Award for Best Director and the Signis Award for Best Film.

Her latest feature film is From Now On (Daqui P'ra Frente), starring Edgar Morais, Luís Miguel Cintra, Rita Durão and Adelaide de Sousa.

External links
Catarina Ruivo in Clap Filmes

Official From Now On Website.

1971 births
Living people
Portuguese film directors
Portuguese women film directors
Women screenwriters
Lisbon Theatre and Film School alumni
edy Edgar Morais 2019 2001

Catarina Ruivo


Teuscher is a chocolatier headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland.

Teuscher's main store is on Zurich's famed Bahnhofstrasse.  The flagship store is a few blocks away in Zurich's old city centre (Storchengasse 9) in a shop built in 1647.

Founded in 1932 by Dolf Teuscher, Sr., Teuscher is now run by Dolf Teuscher, Jr.  The company's CFO is Rafael Rubio, Dolf Jr.'s nephew.

In addition to its stores in Zurich, the company has outlets in Geneva, New York City, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, Portland, San Francisco, Beverly Hills, Seoul, Abu Dhabi. The Swiss confectioner hand manufactures over 200 varieties of confections and pastries.  Its signature confections are Champagne Truffles, the first of its kind.  They are made with champagne, butter cream, and surrounded by dark cream ganache made from 66% dark base chocolate. Each is enrobed in milk chocolate and dusted with confectioner's sugar, or dark chocolate and dusted with bracingly dry unsweetened cocoa powder.

As Swiss confectioners generally do not distinguish themselves from patisseries, the Teuscher brand also creates a wide range of pastries and cookies.  Controversially, the Zurich-based company bakes the famous cookies of Basel, Zurich's main rival city, the Basler Leckerli, which are somewhat similar to gingerbread cookies.

Aside from a wide-ranging selection of truffles, pralines, marzipan and other items, Teuscher also manufactures dark chocolate ranging from 55% to 99% in increments of 11%.

See also
 Swiss chocolate
 List of bean-to-bar chocolate manufacturers

References

External links
Official site

Swiss chocolate companies

Teuscher