The law of New Zealand uses the English common law system, inherited from being a part of the British Empire.

There are several sources of law, the primary ones being acts enacted by the New Zealand Parliament and case law made by decisions of the courts of New Zealand. At a more fundamental level, the law of New Zealand is based on three related principles: parliamentary sovereignty; the rule of law; and the separation of powers.

History

Pre-European law
Before colonisation by the British, Māori customary law (tikanga) would have served as rule of law for most tribes.

The first mention of New Zealand in British statutes is in the Murders Abroad Act of 1817, which clarified that New Zealand was not a British colony (despite being claimed by Captain Cook) and "not within His Majesty's dominions".

Treaty of Waitangi

The Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840. Although the Treaty had never been incorporated into New Zealand municipal law, its provisions were first incorporated into legislation as early as the Land Claims Ordinance 1841 and the Native Rights Act 1865. However, in the 1877 Wi Parata v Bishop of Wellington judgement, Judge Prendergast argued that the Treaty was a "simple nullity" in terms of transferring sovereignty from Māori to the United Kingdom. This remained the legal orthodoxy until at least the 1970s. Māori have since argued that Prendergast's decision, as well as laws later based on it were a politically convenient and deliberate ploy to legitimise the seizure of Māori land and other resources.

In 1975, the Treaty of Waitangi Act became law. It established the Waitangi Tribunal. The tribunal had authority to investigate post-1975 Māori grievances; to make findings of fact; and to make non-binding recommendations.  The act was amended in 1985 to enable the tribunal to consider grievances back to 1840 and to increase the tribunal's membership.

The Treaty was incorporated in a limited way into New Zealand law by the State Owned Enterprises Act 1986. Section 9 of the act said "Nothing in this Act shall permit the Crown to act in a manner that is inconsistent with the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi". The government had proposed a transfer of assets from former Government departments to state-owned enterprises, but because the state-owned enterprises were essentially private firms owned by the government, there was an argument that they would prevent assets which had been given by Māori for use by the state from being returned to Māori by the Waitangi Tribunal and through Treaty settlements. The Act was challenged in court in 1987, and the judgement of New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney-General
defined the "Principles of the Treaty" and the proposed sale of government assets was found to be in breach of this proviso. This allowed the courts to consider the Crown's actions in terms of compliance with the Treaty and established the principle that if the Treaty is mentioned in strong terms in a piece of legislation, it takes precedence over other parts of that legislation should they come into conflict. The "Principles of the Treaty" became a common topic in contemporary New Zealand politics, and in 1989, the Fourth Labour Government responded by adopting the "Principles for Crown Action on the Treaty of Waitangi" a similar list of principles to that established in the 1987 court case.

Court system

A Supreme Court was first established in 1841 (it was renamed the High Court in 1980, and is different from the current Supreme Court), and various lower courts subsequently established. Its establishment followed the arrival in New Zealand of the first chief justice, William Martin, and it heard its first case in January 1842. The magistrates' courts came into being in 1846 (replaced by district courts in 1980). The Court of Appeal was set up in 1862 and originally consisted of panels of judges from the Supreme Court. The Court of Appeal was the highest court in New Zealand, although appeals could be taken from this to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London. In 1957 the Court of Appeal was reconstituted to become separate from the Supreme Court, having its own judges. In 2004 a new Supreme Court was established, becoming New Zealand's court of last resort following the simultaneous abolition of the right to appeal to the Privy Council.

In 1865 a Native Land Court was established to "define the land rights of Māori people under Māori custom and to translate those rights or customary titles into land titles recognisable under European law". It has since been heavily criticised for acting as a device for removing Māori from their land. Some of the problems were with the court itself – holding proceedings in English and in cities far from Māori settlements, judges with inadequate knowledge of Māori custom – while others were more to do with the laws it enforced. For example, for many decades land law did not recognise that an entire hapu owned its land, and land ownership was put in the hands of a few people. In 1954 it was renamed the Māori Land Court, and has been substantially reformed since the nineteenth century. Until the mid-twentieth century it also dealt with Māori adoptions.

The New Zealand judiciary have generally been seen as independent and non-corrupt, although not always non-biased. Until recent years they have played a very minor role in developing the law, and as late as 1966 it was said that they "usually follow English decisions scrupulously". In the 1980s the judiciary played a major role in redefining the constitutional position of the Treaty of Waitangi.

New Zealand Bill of Rights Act

The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act was enacted in 1990 to affirm fundamental rights and freedoms set out in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. While the Bill of Rights Act is not a superior law to which all other laws are subject, judges are required to interpret other statutes to be consistent with it if at all possible. If there is an inconsistency, the attorney-general must inform Parliament.

Legal tradition
The New Zealand legal system is heavily based on the English law, and remains similar in many respects. As with all common law countries, English law is organised around the doctrines of precedent (like cases should be decided alike) and stare decisis. These principles dictate that lower courts must follow the decisions of the more senior courts in the judicial hierarchy. This encourages consistency of decision-making.

Contract law
New Zealand contract law was initially derived from the English model. Since 1969, however, a series of Acts of Parliament altered this, and New Zealand contract law is now 'largely... distinct from other jurisdictions'. The main distinction of New Zealand contract law is the wide discretionary power given to courts in granting relief. Although these changes were initially opposed due to fears that they would make the remedy of contractual disputes unpredictable and increase levels of litigation, it is generally agreed that this has not
happened, and that the laws are working satisfactorily.

Trusts
The Trusts Act 2019 (No 38) came into force on 30 January 2021, so far as it was not already in force. It repealed the Trustee Act 1956 (No 61).

As to charitable trusts, see the Charitable Trusts Act 1957.

See also
 Constitution of New Zealand
 The Laws of New Zealand, an encyclopaedia of law
 List of national legal systems

References

External links

New Zealand Legislation, Parliamentary Counsel Office – up-to-date versions of legislation
Early New Zealand Statutes – assent versions of New Zealand ordinances and statutes passed from 1841 to 1940
NZLII, New Zealand Legal Information Institute – includes databases of court decisions

Law of New Zealand


Long Island was a 167-ton steam trawler built as a civilian ship until purchased by the United States Navy and commissioned as USS Long Island (SP-572).

Long Island was built in 1912 by Cobb & Butler in Rockland, Maine and purchased by the US Navy 18 April 1917 from her owner, George B. Morrill. She was taken over 1 May 1917 and enrolled in the Naval Coast Defense Reserve 2 May 1917; and commissioned 8 May 1917 at Boston.

Assigned to the 1st Naval District, Long Island throughout the war served out of Boston as harbor patrol ship, minesweeper, and icebreaker. From 30 March until 18 April 1918 she escorted a submarine chaser between Boston and Bermuda. She then sailed to New London, Conn., and Newport, R.I., before returning to Boston 30 April.

Long Island departed Boston 30 January 1919 for Charleston, S.C., where she arrived 5 February. Assigned to the 6th Naval District, she served as a temporary lightship off Charleston until 25 May. Detached from the 6th Naval District 24 June, during the next 2 months she operated along the Atlantic coast from Hampton Roads to Boston. She decommissioned 13 September 1919 and was sold on 1 December 1919 to the Douglas Company in Reedville, Va.

References

External links
 Photo gallery at Naval Historical Center
 Photo gallery at Navsource.org

Long Island (SP-572)
Ships built in Rockland, Maine
1912 ships

USS Long Island (SP-572)


The Jacob Pledger House is a historic house at 717 Newfield Street in Middletown, Connecticut.  Built in 1803, it is one of only five surviving brick Federal style houses in the city.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.  It now houses professional offices.

Description
The Jacob Pledger House is located in northern Middletown, on the west side of Newfield Street at its junction with La Rosa Lane.  It is a -story masonry structure, built out of red brick and covered by a gabled roof with end chimneys.  Its main facade is five bays wide, with symmetrically arranged windows and a center entrance.  Ground floor windows are topped by brownstone lintels, and the entrance has a half-round transom window.  The interior of the house has a number of original architectural features, most notably including its carved wooden staircase.

The house was built in 1803 by Jacob Pledger, on  of land originally belonging to his father-in-law.  Pledger was an English immigrant who worked as an agent for a local brewery. The property was roughly bisected by Newfield Street, and remained in agricultural use until after World War II.  Pledger sold the property in 1813 to Samuel Miller, whose descendants kept the property until 1953, when it was sold to the city for development.  The city subsequently sold the house with covenants to protect its historic features.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Middletown, Connecticut

References

Middletown, Connecticut Historical and Architectural Resources. Volume IV, Card Number 307. John Reynolds. November, 1978.
Middletown, Connecticut inside sources, 2008.

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Houses in Middletown, Connecticut
Federal architecture in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, Connecticut

Jacob Pledger House


Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Semple (6 April 1856 – 7 January 1937) was a British Army officer who founded the Pasteur Institute at Kasauli in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. The institute later came to be known as the Central Research Institute (CRI).

Semple was born in Derry, the son of William Semple of Castlederg, County Tyrone. He was educated at Foyle College and earned his MD and MCh degrees at Queen's University Belfast, followed by his Public Health degree from Cambridge in 1892.

In 1911, he developed a nerve-tissue based rabies vaccine from the brains of sheep first made rabid and then killed. The 'Semple' vaccine however is known to have side-effects such as paralysis with high risk of other diseases, being just a crude form of churned brain-tissue. It needs administration around the stomach in a series of very painful injections administered over a period of seven to 14 days, a course that many do not complete. Moreover, it is not reliable and the World Health Organization (WHO) has been advocating its total disuse since 1993. (WHO literature )

He was given a knighthood in 1911, and is buried in City of Westminster Cemetery, Hanwell.

References

External links
Chiron Vaccines Rabies Information Site
Hanwell Cemetery

1856 births
1937 deaths
British immunologists
Royal Army Medical Corps officers
Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal
Knights Bachelor
British people in colonial India
Medical doctors from British India

David Semple


Rodrigo Ribeiro (born January 25, 1979 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian racing driver.

Career

Start
Ribeiro started his career in Fórmula Turismo, a popular touring race category, winning 3 races in his first year in 2000. He moved to the top category in 2001 named "Turismo N" where he was able to win four more races finishing in the top three positions. In the same year he moved from touring to formula cars entering in the Formula Ford championship winning 2 races. He raced two Formula Chevrolet races in this year achieving one second place and a retire.

Formula Three
Ribeiro competed in Formula Three Sudamericana from 2002 to 2003, winning the title at his second attempt.

In his first year in 2002, he stopped in the middle of the championship to make tests in European F3000. Raced 12 of 18 races with his own team. He was in second position in the F3 championship. After he left the championship Ribeiro dropped to fifth place.

In 2002, in his first test for European F3000 Draco team he was able to be the third one in Vallelunga circuit (Italy) when all the teams were testing new pilots.

In his second year Ribeiro raced for Cesario F3 team winning 12 of 14 races to be the champion. He left the F3 Sulamericana with the championship title and 4 races to finish. He moved to Italy to be ready for the International F3000 pre-season.

Formula 3000
Ribeiro stepped up to Formula 3000 for 2004, where he competed in four races, scoring one point in the process, before being dropped in favour of Ernesto Viso.  He has since returned to racing in his native Brazil.

Racing record

Complete International Formula 3000 results
(key)

References

Rodrigo Ribeiro career statistics at driverdb.com, retrieved 19 November 2006.

Living people
1979 births
Formula 3 Sudamericana drivers
Brazilian racing drivers
International Formula 3000 drivers
Sportspeople from Rio de Janeiro (city)

Durango drivers

Rodrigo Ribeiro (racing driver)


Samir Khalil Samir, SJ (; born Samir Khalil Kosseim), is an Egyptian Jesuit priest, Islamic scholar, Orientalist, and Catholic theologian.  A professor at the Pontifical Oriental Institute (Rome), at the Centre Sèvres (Paris), at St Joseph University (Beirut), and a visiting professor at many academic institutions.

He is the author of over 80 books in Arabic and French, and more than 1,500 articles on various topics: Christian Arab heritage, Christianity in the Middle East, Islam, and relations between Christians and Muslims. He is founder of two religious Collections, co-editor of the "Coptic Encyclopedia" and co-director of the magazine "Parole de l'Orient".

He serves on various publications editorial boards, and regularly comments on important events in the Middle East and the Muslim world in the online magazine "AsiaNews".

Biography
Samir Khalil Samir, was born Samir Khalil Kosseim on 10 January 1938 in Cairo (Egypt) to Khalil Geryes Kosseim and Gabrielle Henri Boulad. His siblings are Alex Kosseim of Connecticut, US and Rafic Kosseim of Mont Royal, Canada.

On 26 October 1955, at the age of 18, he entered the Jesuit order. After two years of Jesuit religious formation at Aix-en-Provence (France), he pursued many fields of studies in Europe: theology, philosophy, Islamology, Arabic literature, and Christianity in the Arab world. He specialized in Christian Arabic studies, with a doctorate on the Christian Arabic philosopher Abū Zakariyyā Yaḥyā Ibn 'Adī al-Takrītī (893-974).

On 6 July 1968, he was ordained a priest (of Coptic rite) and moved to Egypt. There, he opened 20 schools for disadvantaged children, and also founded the Christian Arab Research Center in Cairo, that collects ancient books and Christian Arabic manuscripts. The center was destroyed by an accidental fire in 1971 and was reopened in 1974.

In 1975, Samir was appointed professor at the Pontifical Oriental Institute (Rome), teaching there for over 39 years, and advising numerous doctoral students in the field of Arab Christianity. Attendance at the rich libraries of Europe also allowed him to gather, in microfilm format, a large collection of manuscripts of Christian Arab authors.

In October 1986, he moved to Lebanon where he taught Catholic theology and Islam at Saint Joseph University, at the Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, at the Orthodox University of Balamand, and at the National Protestant College of Lebanon.

In 1986, while in Lebanon, he also founded the Research Institute CEDRAC (Centre de Documentation et de Recherches Arabes Chretiennes), which houses and documents the Christian Arabic heritage of the Middle East.

In 2018, he returned to Egypt, to continue the work he started 50 years earlier at the Christian Arab Research Center in Cairo.

Works
 Christian Arabic Apologetics during the Abbasid Period (750-1258) by Samir Khalil (ed.), Jorgen S Nilesen (Herausgeber) Brill (December 1993)
 Cento domande sull´islam. Intervista a Samir Khalil Samir, a cura di Giorgio Paolucci e Camille Eid (Genova : Marietti, 2002), .
 Rôle culturel des chrétiens dans le monde arabe, coll. Cahiers de l´Orient chrétien 1 (Beyrouth : CEDRAC, 2003), Samir Khalil Samir, .
 Cien preguntas sobre el islam, Una entrevista a Samir Khalil Samir, realizada por Giorgio Paolucci y Camille Eid (Traduccion espanola: Miguel Montes), Madrid : Ediciones Encuentro, 2003, 223 pages = .

He also made many contributions to the Coptic Encyclopedia.

Secondary literature
 Studies on the Christian Arabic Heritage: In Honour of Father Prof Dr Samir Khalil Samir SJ at the Occasion of His Sixty-Fifth Birthday (Eastern Christian Studies) by R. Y. Ebied (ed.), Peeters (2005)
 "Der Friedensplan für den Nahen Osten von Samir Khalil Samir": L'hebdomadaire italien "L'Espresso", 28. July 2006
 "Le plan de paix en dix points du Vatican", Hervé Yannou "Le Figaro", 30. August 2006.

Awards
 Alexander von Humboldt Forschungspreis, 2005
 Vétéran de la Culture au Liban et dans le Monde Arabe, 2007

References

External links

 CEDRAC official site
 Bibliography
 Samir Khalil Samir
 On Pope Benedict and Islam
 Award: Vétéran de la Culture au Liban et dans le Monde Arabe

1938 births
Semiticists
Christian scholars of Islam
Coptologists
Georgetown University faculty
Egyptian orientalists
Syriacists
Living people
Lebanese Roman Catholics
20th-century Roman Catholic theologians
21st-century Roman Catholic theologians
Writers from Cairo
Egyptian Jesuits
Academic staff of the University of Graz
Religious leaders from Beirut
Academic staff of the Pontifical Oriental Institute
Lebanese orientalists
Academic staff of Saint Joseph University
Clergy from Cairo

Samir Khalil Samir


Charles Theodore "Tarzan" Cooper (August 30, 1907 – December 19, 1980) was an African American professional basketball player who is enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. He is mostly known for his time with the all-Black professional New York Renaissance (1929–41).

Cooper was born in Newark, Delaware. After playing at Philadelphia Central High School, Cooper turned pro in 1925. He played for the Philadelphia Panthers and Philadelphia Saints until 1929 when he joined the New York Renaissance or Rens for eleven seasons. All were independent teams because the early professional leagues were all-white.

At 6 ft 4 in (193 cm), Cooper has been called the greatest center that ever played by Hall of Famer Joe Lapchick, center for the rival Original Celtics.

Cooper died at age 73 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

External links
 "Charles T. Cooper" at the Basketball Hall of Fame.

1907 births
1980 deaths
African-American basketball players
New York Renaissance players
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
Centers (basketball)
Basketball players from Delaware
American men's basketball players
People from Newark, Delaware
Sportspeople from New Castle County, Delaware
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Central High School (Philadelphia) alumni

Tarzan Cooper


Temple Beth El, also known as Temple Beth-El, is a Reform synagogue in Madison, Wisconsin, in the United States. The synagogue was founded in 1939.

History
The synagogue's founding rabbi was Dr. Manfred Swarsensky. He was a Holocaust survivor who emigrated from Berlin, Germany, to the United States in 1939, established the synagogue, and was the rabbi of Temple Beth El for 36 years, until he retired. At the beginning, the synagogue had 12 members.

In 1950, when the synagogue had 150–200 families as members, it built the present synagogue building on land it had purchased on Arbor Drive, and dedicated the new building. By the end of Swarsensky's tenure, the synagogue had 400 families as members. The synagogue after his death created in his honor an annual lectureship, known as the "Swarsensky Weekend".

Rabbi Kenneth Roseman, who has a Ph.D. in Jewish history, was the rabbi of the synagogue following Swarsensky, from 1976 to 1985. He was followed by Rabbi Jan Brahms, who served for nineteen years before deciding in 2004 to take a post at a smaller congregation in The Woodlands, Texas. Brahms was known for his interfaith activities and for his many columns on religious topics for The Capital Times newspaper.  During Brahms' tenure the congregation grew from 480 families to about 700.
After Brahms,  Daryl Crystal served as rabbi on an interim basis until the current rabbi, Jonathan Biatch, took the position in 2005.

Lawrence Kohn served as Education Director for 35 years, starting in 1979. Henry James Cargas was the first Rabbi Manfred Swarsensky Scholar at the synagogue, in 1982.

In 2008, the Madison Jewish Community Day School opened in rented space at Temple Beth El. Beginning in February 2014, the synagogue hosted Beth Israel Center's after-school services while renovations were underway at Beth Israel for six months. The synagogue had to postpone a planned group trip to Israel scheduled for August 2014 due to fighting in Israel.  Rabbi Biatch said: "There's a great deal of disappointment. But there is optimism that we will go eventually."

Former National Football League player Gabe Carimi and his family attended the synagogue as he grew up. Carimi celebrated his bar mitzvah at the synagogue, and helped in the synagogue's Hebrew school when he was in high school.

In 2014, the synagogue had 650 member families. The congregation is a member of the Union for Reform Judaism.  Its members reflect Madison's demographic as the seat of state and county government, home of the University of Wisconsin, and a regional center for medical care, scientific research, and business.

References

External links
Temple Beth El – Official website

Reform synagogues in Wisconsin
Religious buildings and structures in Madison, Wisconsin
Jewish organizations established in 1939
1939 establishments in Wisconsin
Synagogues completed in 1950

Temple Beth El (Madison, Wisconsin)


Merely Players was a one-man stage show written and performed by Barry Morse.  It examined the lives of a series of actors and others from Elizabethan times up to present day. The title is derived from lines by William Shakespeare in his play As You Like It:

All the world's a stage,
and all the men and women merely players:
They have their exits and their entrances;
and one man in his time plays many parts.

The two-act drama included several vignettes from the life and career of "mere player" Barry Morse, features over a dozen characters (three of them women), and two musical numbers.  Looking for a stage piece that he could perform for benefits and fundraisers, in 1959 Morse debuted Merely Players on stage for the first time in Boston, Massachusetts.  He later performed the show in New York City in 1965 (at the height of popularity of his television series The Fugitive) and in other cities for various causes and concerns, as well as for fundraising for local and repertory theater companies in the United States and Canada.

The most recent form of Merely Players coalesced in 1984 when Morse mounted a nationwide tour of Canada to raise both publicity and funds for the Performing Arts Lodges of Canada (PAL); retirement centers for performers (actors, singers, dancers, and others) who are connected to the performing arts. Following the tour, he continued to perform the show throughout North America for the next two decades, between television and film projects, including on a number of occasions to raise both funds and awareness for Parkinson's disease treatment and research. Morse died in February 2008.

Other significant productions of Merely Players included Toronto, Ontario in 1993; Portland, Oregon and Eugene, Oregon in 1997; Calgary, Alberta in 2000; and Atlanta, Georgia; Columbus, Ohio; and Tampa, Florida in 2002. He also did a show at the King's Theater in Annapolis Royal Nova Scotia.

The book, Merely Players - The Scripts, was published in 2003.  The following year, in 2004, Morse debuted the show in London, England at the Theatre Museum in Covent Garden as a benefit for The Royal Theatrical Fund.  A new comprehensive omnibus volume Presenting Barry Morse & Merely Players, edited by Robert E. Wood and Anthony Wynn, is being readied for future publication, along with the release of the show on DVD.

External links
Website for Merely Players
Official Website of Barry Morse
Website of Robert E. Wood
Website of Anthony Wynn

Plays for one performer
Monodrama
1959 plays
British plays

Merely Players (play)


"So Much" is a 2010 single by Indo-Canadian singer Raghav featuring Canadian hip hop artist Kardinal Offishall and produced by Labrinth from Raghav's third album entitled The Phoenix. "So Much" was released on the record label Cordova Bay and was a Top 40 feature on many Canadian mainstream music stations. and at MuchMusic pan-Canadian music station. It is also available on iTunes.

This is not the first collaboration by the two artists. They had collaborated earlier on the track "Sooner or Later" featuring vocals by Kardinal Offishall, which is included on Raghav's debut 2004 album Storyteller.

Music video
The video was shot by Mid C Media at iCream, a trendy ice cream shop in Chicago, Illinois. The video was directed by Ken Koller and produced by Koller himself, Jay Chokshi, and executive producers Raghav Mathur and Ranadeb Choudhury.

The video starts with Raghav entering the ice cream store with his friend (J Niice of B96 FM Chicago). In most of the video, Raghav is following a feminine love interest (played by model Danielle Fornarelli) as she moves around the shop, or Raghav is singing and dancing with prominence of red and blue lens used in most of the video, or just black and white shots. The song's producer Labrinth does his own thing at the background of the Raghav shots. Kardinal Offishal joins in towards the end of the video dueting with Raghav. The final scene shows an ordinary man tasting his own choice order of ice cream.

Remixes
The neoDesi personality DJ Nihal premiered a remix of "So Much" on his BBC Radio One show on 22 June 2010. The Desi version of the track features Bhangra star H-Dhami who sings an electro-pop Punjabi verse. Another version of the track features grime artist Bashy.

Nominations
The song was nominated for "R&B/Soul Recording of the Year" at the Juno Awards of 2011.

References

2010 songs
2010 singles
Raghav songs
Song recordings produced by Labrinth
Kardinal Offishall songs
Cordova Bay Records singles

So Much (Raghav song)


Finn Wagle (born 19 June 1941) is a theologian and a former bishop of Nidaros in the Church of Norway. He was also the Preses (Primus inter pares, "first among equals") and thus presided over the Bishop's Conference in the Church of Norway from 2002 until 2006.

Career
Wagle enrolled as a student at MF Norwegian School of Theology in 1962, and graduated in 1968 with the cand.theol. degree. The following year he graduated from the Practical Theological Seminary at MF. He also studied in 1966-1967 in Berlin with a Willy Brandt Scholarship.

Wagle's first post was serving as an army chaplain (1970) before working as a vicar in Sørreisa in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland from 1970-1975. From 1975 until 1981, he worked as an assistant professor at the Practical Theological Seminary at MF Norwegian School of Theology, while at the same time working for the Association of Ministers in the Church of Norway. From 1981-1988 he worked as director of the institute Church Educational Center (IKO), and in 1988 he became the Dean of the Nidaros Cathedral.

In 1991, Wagle became the bishop of the Diocese of Nidaros and was succeeded by Tor Singsaas upon his retirement in July 2008.  In 2002, the Bishop's Conference of the Church of Norway elected him to be Preses, a position he held until 2006.  He retired in 2008 due to health reasons.

On 23 June 1991, Wagle was part of the consecration ceremony at the Nidaros Cathedral for the new king, Harald V.  He also led the wedding ceremony at the Nidaros Cathedral for the king's daughter Princess Märtha Louise and Ari Behn on 24 May 2002.

References

1941 births
Living people
Bishops of Nidaros
Primates of the Church of Norway
MF Norwegian School of Theology, Religion and Society alumni
Academic staff of the MF Norwegian School of Theology, Religion and Society
20th-century Lutheran bishops
21st-century Lutheran bishops
Norwegian military chaplains
Norwegian Army chaplains

Finn Wagle


Elden Heart Rowland (May 31, 1915 – February 22, 1982) was an artist in Sarasota, Florida. His wife, Katherine Rowland, wrote A Painter and His Wife: A Memoir: Elden Rowland, Painter, Katherine Rowland, Wife about their life in the arts in Sarasota, Cape Cod and Montana. It is illustrated with 50 pictures. They moved from Ohio to Florida.

Rowland was born May 31, 1915, in Cincinnati, Ohio. He married Katherine Lucile Lollar in Lebanon, Ohio, on May 13, 1939, and they moved to Florida to pursue his career as an artist. Rowland was instrumental in promoting the local arts scene including Art Center Sarasota (then the Sarasota Arts Center). In 1948 they made their home in Siesta Key. Rowland taught and painted. He is most known for his abstract expressionist work from the 1960s. He died on February 22, 1982, in Sarasota.

References

1915 births
1982 deaths
Painters from Cincinnati
People from Sarasota, Florida
Painters from Florida
20th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American male artists

Elden Rowland


Joseph Rayner Stephens (8 March 1805 – 18 February 1879) was a Methodist minister who offended the Wesleyan Conference by his support for separating the Church of England from the State. Resigning from the Wesleyan Connection, he became free to campaign for factory reform, and against the New Poor Law. He became associated with 'physical force' Chartism (although he later denied he had ever been a Chartist) and spent eighteen months in jail for his presence at an unlawful assembly and his use there of seditious language.
Born in Edinburgh in 1805, he moved to Manchester when his minister father was posted there in 1819. During his religious career, he worked in a variety of places (including Stockholm and Newcastle-upon-Tyne) before arriving in Ashton-under-Lyne in 1832. He was the brother of the philologist George Stephens.; three of his other brothers (John, Edward and Samuel) emigrated to Southern Australia and played their parts in the early years of that colony.

Leaves Wesleyan Methodism
Stephens gave a number of talks in favour of disestablishment and became secretary of the Ashton branch of a society arguing for disestablishment.  His district conference attempted to discipline him for engaging in controversial political activity, and for taking a view on Church Establishment contrary to that of Wesleyans and of John Wesley.  Stephens was willing to accept a temporary suspension on most points, but not on deviation from the views of Wesley, in whose writings he found views matching his own.  The national conference nonetheless asserted that true Wesleyans were in favour of the existence of an Established Church and lengthened his suspension: Stephens resigned  and set up his own "Stephenite" churches in Ashton-under-Lyne and Stalybridge.

Political agitation

He became active in the movement for factory reform and in the anti-Poor Law movement. In both sermons and speeches he denounced the practices of millowners and the intentions of the new Poor Law as un-Christian and hence doomed to end in social upheaval and bloodshed.  Like Richard Oastler he held Tory views on most issues; like Oastler he advised his followers that it was legal to arm themselves and that governmenment would pay more attention to their views if they did.  He and Oastler (who saw the younger man as his natural successor) became associated with the Chartists, who also saw the new Poor Law, the rapacity and inhumanity  of employers and the poverty of workers as issues requiring urgent attention, but sought to remedy them by fundamental political change. Whereas Oastler openly opposed the constitutional aspirations of the Chartists, and did not become involved in Chartism, Stephens addressed Chartist meetings and was elected a delegate to the National Conference.  However, as he later told his congregation, he was never a Radical, let alone a 'five-point man' : "I would rather walk to London on my bare knees, on sharp flint stones to attend an Anti-poor Law meeting, than be carried to London in a coach and six, pillowed with down to present that petition - the "national petition" to the House of Commons" Nor did his advice to followers to arm themselves indicate any support for 'physical force' Chartism or the overthrow of the existing order by violence or by general strike: "My friends, never put your trust in, and never follow after, men who pretend to be able to manufacture a revolution.  A revolution, a rolling away of the whole from evil to good, from wrong to right, from injustice and oppression to righteousness and equal rule, never yet was manufactured, and never will be manufactured.  God, who teaches you what your rights are, what the blessings He has endowed you withal, will, in his own good time, if that time should come - God will teach your hands to war, and your fingers to fight"

Imprisonment
In December 1838, Stephens was arrested, charged with having participated in a tumultuous assembly at Leigh on 13 November 1838 and having incited the meeting to violence against inhabitants of the neighbourhood.  A Lancashire grand jury returned a true bill both for the Leigh meeting and for sermons preached in Ashton-under-Lyne: however Stephens was eventually tried at Chester in connection with a meeting at Hyde (then in Cheshire) on 14 November 1838. Stephens was charged with attending "an unlawful meeting , seditiously and tumultuously met together by torch-light, and with fire-arms disturbing the public peace" and two counts of speaking at the meeting.  Witnesses said attendance at the meeting had been about 5,000 mostly from outside Hyde,  firearms had been discharged, banners with slogans such as "Tyrants, believe, and tremble" and "BLOOD" had been displayed and the meeting had not broken up until midnight.  It had been successfully argued (to secure the conviction of Orator Hunt in the aftermath of the Peterloo massacre) that to be unlawful a meeting need only be one such that taking all the circumstances into consideration  cannot but endanger the public peace, and raise fears and jealousies among the king's subjects.  Stephens was convicted and sentenced to eighteen months' imprisonment.  He served his sentence in Chester Castle, under far from onerous conditions, and was released eight days early, to allow him to attend his father's funeral.

Later life

Heavy sureties had to be given for his good behaviour for the next five years, and he did not resume public speaking until participating in a campaign for better enforcement of the Ten Hours' Act (i.e. against the relay system) in 1849., explicitly holding non-compliance and non-enforcement to be responsible for social unrest and the more extreme forms that manifested itself in:  "It is the practice of injustice towards the poor which estranges them from the institutions of their country, and leads them into many wild and unreasoning projects to obtain deliverance from the intolerable yoke that has been fastened upon them"   He supported opposition to the 'Compromise Act' of 1850 and took part in abortive campaigns for legislation for a true ten-hour day enforced by stoppage of machinery.  In 1857, he looked back on his agitational heyday
History would do justice to the memory of the benevolent and heroic men who had first devoted themselves to this great work  (factory reform). Nothing gave him so much satisfaction in the retrospect, as the humble part he had been permitted to take in this good cause.  That he, with them, had been misunderstood, misrepresented, and maligned, was only what was to be expected in the nature of things.  It was a hard battle, and he had fought it; hard things had to be said and he had said them. It was no kid glove work they had to do, but work that required roughish handling. He had been impelled by a stern sense of duty in all he had done, and whilst doing it had never stayed to sigh over the sorrow, or quail before the opposition he had encountered.  He was too busy and too proud to turn aside to enter into explanations and defence, knowing well that if he died in harness his motives would receive posthumous vindication; that if he lived the battle out, he should live misrepresentation and prejudice down. And so it had proved
He campaigned on the inadequacy and mal-distribution of relief during the Cotton Famine; attention was drawn to this and to Stephens' past history when there were riots on the relief issue in Stalybridge.  In 1868 he lectured against disestablishment of the Irish Church.
Stephens is buried in St John's Church, Dukinfield and commemorated by a blue plaque placed on the remains of the former Stalybridge Town Hall and an obelisk monument in Stamford Park. Rayner Stephens High School in Dukinfield is named after him.

Bibliography

 Holyoake, George Jacob.   (1881) Life of Joseph Rayner Stephens, preacher and political orator.    London: Williams and Norgate
Issued to support the memorial appeal.  Not so much a 'Life' as a collection of extensive quotations from a few letters and sermons - furthermore Holyoake (a Radical and free-thinker) is clearly not in sympathy with Stephens' political position (and perhaps does not understand it)
Edwards, M.S. (1994). Purge This Realm – A Life of Joseph Rayner Stephens. London: Epworth Press.

Notes

References

External links
 www.thepeoplescharter.co.uk
Spartacus article on Joseph Rayner Stephens

1805 births
1879 deaths
British Methodists
Clergy from Edinburgh
Burials in Greater Manchester

Rayner Stephens


Sun Machine is the second album by Polish alternative rock band Myslovitz. The album spawned two somewhat beatlesque airplay hits - Z twarzą Marilyn Monroe ("With a Face Like...") and Peggy Brown, the latter being a cover version of a fellow Mysłowice rock band, with lyrics originally by the Irish "national bard" Turlough O'Carolan (in a translation by the Polish lyricist and translator Ernest Bryll).

Track listing

All music and lyrics by Myslovitz, except track 1 (music by Marek Jałowiecki, lyrics by Turlough O'Carolan), track 7 (music and lyrics by Marek Jałowiecki), track 9 (music by Jerzy Kossela, lyrics by Krzysztof Klenczon), track 10 (lyrics by Marcin Porczek) and track 11 (music and lyrics by David Bowie).
"Peggy Brown"
"Blue Velvet"
"Z twarzą Marilyn Monroe" (With a Face Like Marilyn Monroe)
"Jim Best"
"Amfetaminowa siostra" (Amphetamine sister)
"Pierwszy raz (z Michelle J.)" (My first time with Michelle J.)
"Bunt szesnastolatki" (A rebellion of sixteen years old girl)
"Funny Hill"
"Historia jednej znajomości" (The history of a certain acquaintance)
"Good Day My Angel"
"Memory of a Free Festival"

Personnel

Myslovitz:
 Artur Rojek - lead vocal, guitars
 Przemysław Myszor - guitars, keyboards
 Wojciech Powaga - guitars
 Jacek Kuderski - bass guitar, backing vocals, lead vocal on "Bunt szesnastolatki"
 Wojciech Kuderski - drums

and also:
 Andrzej Smolik - keyboards
 Ian Harris - lead vocals on track 10
 Andrzej Paweł Wojciechowski - producer

1996 albums
Myslovitz albums

Sun Machine


Water extraction is the process of taking water from any body of water. It either taken temporarily or permanently. It can be used to control floods or to get water for other uses. The water could also be used as drinking water after it is treated.

Water

Water extraction


The Greenland Sea is a body of water.  It borders Greenland to the west, the Svalbard archipelago to the east, Fram Strait and the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Norwegian Sea and Iceland to the south. The Greenland Sea is often defined as part of the Arctic Ocean and sometimes as part of the Atlantic Ocean.

The sea has an Arctic climate with regular northern winds and temperatures rarely rising above 0 °C.  The West Ice forms in winter in the Greenland Sea, north of Iceland, between Greenland and Jan Mayen island. It is a major breeding ground of harp seal and hooded seal.  It has been used for seal hunting for more than 200 years.

Major islands of the Greenland Sea include Svalbard archipelago, Edvards, Eila, Godfred Hansens, Île-de-France, Jan Mayen Lynns, Norske and Schnauders. Of those, only the Svalbard islands are lived on, and Jan Mayen has only seasonal military staff.

Fauna
The Greenland Sea is has many of the organisms that form the base of the oceanic food chain. Large invertebrates, fish (such as cod, herring, redfish, halibut, and plaice), birds and mammals (including various species of seals, whales, and dolphins) all feed on the smaller invertebrates and small organisms. Mosses, lichens, and scanty bushes around the coasts serve as food to the deer and musk oxen, which in turn are hunted by the polar bear.

References

Other websites

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Seas of the Arctic Ocean
Geography of Greenland
Bodies of water of Norway

Greenland Sea


Michael J. Kohut (June 8, 1943 – 2012) was an American audio engineer.  He was a seven-time Academy Award nominee for Best Sound, a BAFTA award winner for Best Sound for Fame and was President of Post Production Facilities at Sony Pictures Studios.  During his tenure at Sony Pictures Studios, he led the American team in the development of Sony Dynamic Digital Sound the discrete eight-channel playback system for motion picture sound.

Kohut was a sound rerecording mixer for over eighty feature films and several television shows. He was honored with a Career Achievement Award by the Cinema Audio Society, several Cinema Audio Society Award wins and nominations,  and was included in the "In Memoriam" tribute of the Academy Awards broadcast in 2013.

Early life and career
Michael John Kohut moved to Los Angeles from Canada, the son of Ukrainian immigrants.  He and his wife, Francine, have two sons, Tateum and Tyson. Tateum Kohut, is an Emmy-nominated sound re-recording mixer for his work on True Detective and Cinema Audio Society Award winner for The Blues.

Michael J. Kohut started his 40+ year career at MGM in 1965 as a production sound cable operator, a boom operator, and worked on location in Hawaii for the original Hawaii Five-O series on CBS.  After working on several television series, including Medical Center and several television movies, including Roe vs. Wade, Kohut transitioned from mixing for television to sound mixing for motion pictures.

Professional experience
In addition to the seven films for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing, Meteor, Fame, Pennies from Heaven, WarGames, 2010: The Year We Make Contact, RoboCop and Total Recall, Kohut was re-recording mixer for award-winning feature films Rich and Famous directed by the legendary George Cukor, Prince of Tides directed by Barbra Streisand, Dead Poets Society directed by Peter Weir, and Basic Instinct directed by Paul Verhoeven.  Among his other feature film credits are fan favorites Rocky IV directed by Sylvester Stallone, Farewell to the King directed by John Milius, The Presidio directed by Peter Hyams, and The War of the Roses and Throw Mama from the Train, both directed by Danny DeVito.

After the physical property for the MGM Studios in Culver City, California was sold to Lorimar-Telepictures in 1988 (after a brief three-month ownership by Turner), Kohut was promoted to Sound Director of Lorimar Post Production Facilities, in addition to continuing his role of lead mixer on the storied Cary Grant Theatre dub stage.  EVP, Post Production Facilities, Charles A. Silvers promoted Kohut to VP, Post Production Facilities, expanding Kohut's duties to cover post production sound and editorial, over 100 cutting rooms, 7 dub stages, 2 ADR and 2 Foley stages, in addition to his sound mixing duties.

During the Lorimar years, Kohut transitioned the sound editorial department from traditional film cutting to digital post production with the introduction of Waveframe Digital Audio Workstations. He famously designed a campaign challenging competitors to step into the digital realm by showing Dallas editor, Fred W. Berger, already in his 80s, proclaiming that it was never too late to learn new technology.

When Sony Corporation, purchased the Lorimar studio property in 1990, Silvers retired and Kohut was promoted to SVP, as Post Production Facilities continued to expand to encompass 25% of the 44-acre lot, adding dub stages and digital editing rooms and renovating existing facilities.  Sony, a leading electronics company, sought to expand its product line with the acquisition of the studio, and Kohut lead the American development team at the studio, Dana Wood, Jeffrey E. Taylor, Stanley Wiegand, Mark Koffman and Melissa J. L. Smith, in the development of the Sony Dynamic Digital Sound system, which made its debut in the Arnold Schwarzenegger hit, Last Action Hero directed by John McTiernan for Columbia Pictures, a division of Sony. The technology was rolled out in the AMC theater chain and used a laser to direct focused beams of light.  A patent for the technology was issued in 1998.

Kohut retired from post production sound mixing as his managerial workload grew when he was promoted to Executive Vice President, then President of Post Production Facilities for Sony Pictures Studios, continuing the department's expansion including the landmark William Holden Theatre.

Kohut's achievements in sound was summarized in a 1996 article in which he recounted, "I worked with Paul Verhoeven on the first Robocop.  At the end of the movie, I recall Paul saying to me: 'Mike, sound was 60% of this movie.' It was a great feeling."

Selected filmography
 Meteor (1979)
 Fame (1980)
 Pennies from Heaven (1981)
 WarGames (1983)
 2010: The Year We Make Contact (1984)
 RoboCop (1987)
 Total Recall (1990)

References

External links

1943 births
2012 deaths
American audio engineers
Best Sound BAFTA Award winners

Michael J. Kohut


Lachlan Mitchell born 30 September 1987 in Australia is a rugby union player for Melbourne Rebels in the Super Rugby competition. He plays as a centre wing and fullback.

Career

Sydney
As a student Mitchell played for Sydney University and trained with the New South Wales Waratahs.

London Wasps

Mitchell joined Wasps in 2008, from Sydney University. He made 31 appearances as a regular support player for the 1XV and strong figure in the A League side. Mitchell was signed for Wasps on a two-year deal from the New South Wales Waratahs' academy. He joined Wasps on the recommendation of former England prop Trevor Woodman who coached him at Sydney Uni. He made his Wasps debut for against London Irish on 6 September 2008.

Upon Mitchell's signing, Wasps' Director of Rugby Ian McGeechan said, "Lachlan is a player who we feel will both benefit from and add to the Wasps environment. We have been impressed with the footage we have seen of him."

As well as the playing side of Wasps, Mitchell also went out in the community. In December 2008 he took part in a visit to children at the Wexham Park Hospital giving out Christmas cards and presents.

In April 2009, Mitchell and the London Wasps team took part in The Rugby Club's 'Crossbar Challenge' on Sky Sports. Mitchell was the only player to successfully throw the rugby ball through the posts. He therefore went through to the head-to-head stage against Wales legend Scott Quinnell to see who could throw the ball the furthest. Quinnell scored 41 metres and Mitchell scored 41.2 metres, therefore meaning that he won the challenge.

On 4 October 2009, Mitchell was injured making a try-saving tackle in the Premiership match against Northampton Saints. Mitchell was knocked out cold before he landed on the ground and remained motionless as he was treated on the pitch for 10 minutes. Mitchell was stretchered off to hospital and was given the all clear – easing fears that he had sustained a broken neck. Mitchell was diagnosed as suffering from the effects of mild concussion and was monitored by the Wasps medical team and put on a strict 5-day recovery plan. Mitchell recovered from his concussion and was selected to play at fullback in the game against Racing Metro 92 on 11 October.

Wasps director of rugby Tony Hanks commented after the game, "There aren't too many braver than Lachie," he said. "And that tackle he made at the end was a try-saving tackle and a big moment for us. It personifies what this team is about. Lachie's gone to hospital but he was awake when he left. We are hoping for the moment it's all precautionary but obviously, after a collision like that, you don't want to take any chances".

Melbourne Rebels

On 15 March 2010, London Wasps announced that Mitchell would move to Australia to join the Melbourne Rebels in the Super Rugby competition, along with Wasps' teammate Danny Cipriani.

In 2011 Mitchell played in the Rebels pre-season game against Fiji, and scored an opportunist try early in the game. On 28 May 2012 Mitchell became the Rebels most capped player, when the Rebels travelled to Wellington to be trounced by the Hurricanes.

References

External links
Melbourne Rebels Player Profile
London Wasps profile
Hanks hails Mitchell heroics

Living people
1987 births
Australian rugby union players
Wasps RFC players
Melbourne Rebels players
Rugby union centres
Rugby union wings
Rugby union players from Sydney
Expatriate rugby union players in England
Australian expatriate sportspeople in England
Australian expatriate rugby union players

Lachlan Mitchell


Eli Mordechai Salzberger (Hebrew: עלי זלצברגר; born 12 March 1960), is a Law Professor at the University of Haifa Faculty of Law and former Dean of the faculty. From 2008 to 2011, he served as President of the European Association for Law and Economics.

Biography

Salzberger was born in 1960 in Jerusalem, the son of Maccabi Salzberger (well-known gynecologist and Director of the Misgav Ladach maternity hospital), and Charlotte (Wreschner) Salzberger (co-founder of the school for Social Work at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Deputy Mayor of Jerusalem 1980–1990).
He attended the Gymnasia Rehavia high school, and served as an officer in the intelligence corps of the Israel Defense Forces from 1978 to 1983. During his military service he studied Social Science at Tel Aviv University (1982–1983).
Salzberger received his LL.B from the Hebrew University Faculty of Law in 1987 (first in his class) and concomitantly obtained a B.A. in economics. Subsequently, he clerked for Justice Aharon Barak of the Israeli Supreme Court and for deputy State Attorney Dorit Beinish (both of whom later became Presidents of Israel's Supreme Court); during that time he pursued a direct program towards Ph.D. at the Hebrew University.

From 1988 to 1993, Salzberger studied at Oxford University, where he was awarded a Senior Scholarship at Lincoln College. His doctoral dissertation, "Economic Analysis of the Doctrine of Separation of Powers: The Independence of the Judiciary", included an empirical study of judicial promotions in the UK.

Salzberger was the Jerusalem branch coordinator and an elected member of the board of directors of the Association for Civil Rights in Israel (1984–1988). Other public activities include membership in the public council of the Israeli Democracy Institute, a state commission for reforming performers' rights in Israel, and membership in a Ministry of Education supervisory committee for the civics curriculum. He is a member of the University of Haifa Board of Governors, Senate, and Executive Committee.

Salzberger is married to Professor Fania Oz-Salzberger. They have twin sons.

Academic career
Salzberger has taught at the Faculty of Law at the University of Haifa since 1993 (tenured senior lecturer in 1999, associate professor in 2004 and full professor in 2011). He was elected vice Dean (2002–2005) and Dean of the Faculty of Law (2005–2008).

Salzberger was the founder and a co-director of the Center for the Study of Crime, Law, and Society. He also served as co-editor of the Haifa Law Faculty's journal "Mishpat Umimshal" (Law and Government) for four years. Recently (2012), a team led by him won a competition for a new Minerva research center on the rule of law under extreme conditions. Salzberger's research and teaching areas are legal theory and philosophy, economic analysis of law, legal ethics, intellectual property and cyberspace, and the Israeli Supreme Court. He was a visiting professor at Princeton University, the University of Connecticut School of Law, UCLA Law School and a number of European law schools including Humboldt University in Berlin, Hamburg, Utrecht, Torino, Aix-Marseilles, St. Gallen, and Munich.

He was the first Israeli to serve as a member of the steering committee, and subsequently as the President, of the European Association for Law and Economics (EALE). He also served on the EALE board of European master's degree in Law and Economics.

Salzberger received numerous fellowships and prizes, notably the Rothschild, Fulbright, and British Council Fellowships, and research grants from the Minerva Foundation, the Israel Science Foundation, EU 7th research program, and the German-Israeli Foundation. He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Hamburg in June 2019.

Published work (selection)

Books

 Law, Economics And Cyberspace: The Effects of Cyberspace on the Economic Analysis of Law (co-authored with Niva Elkin-Koren, Edward Elgar, 2004)
 Economic Analysis of Intellectual Property in the Digital Age: The Limits of Analysis (co-authored with Niva Elkin-Koren, Routledge-Cavendish, 2012)
 The Law and Economics of Innovation (ed., Edward Elger, 2012)

Academic articles

 "A Positive Analysis of the Doctrine of Separation of Powers, or: Why Do We have an Independent Judiciary?",  13 The International Review of Law and Economics (1993)
 "The Secret German Sources of the Israel Supreme Court" (co-authored with Fania Oz-Salzberger), Israel Studies (1998) (in German): 31 Kritische Justiz  (1998)
 "Judicial Independence: Some Evidence from the English Court of Appeal" (co-authored with Paul Fenn), 42 The Journal of Law and Economics  (1999)
 "Towards An Economic Theory of Unjust Enrichment Law" (co-authored with Niva Elkin-Koren), 20 International Review of Law and Economics (2000)
 "The Israeli Jurists Conspiracy – On the Israeli Bar and its Allies" 32 Mishpatim (2001)
 "On The Delegation Of Powers – With Special Emphasis on Central and Eastern Europe" (co-authored with Stefan Voigt), Constitutional Political Economy (2002)
 "Choosing Not To Choose: When Politicians Choose To Delegate Powers" (co-authored with Stefan Voigt), Kyklos 55 (2002)
 "Cyberspace, Governance and the New Economy: How Cyberspace Regulates Us and How Should We Regulate Cyberspace" in Economic Policy Issues in the New Economy (Horst Siebert, ed.) Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg (2002)
 "Temporary Appointments and Judicial Independence: Theoretical Thoughts and Empirical Findings from the Supreme Court of Israel," Israel Law Review 35 (2004)
 "The Prosecution of Public Figures and the Separation of Powers: Confusion within the Executive Branch – A Conceptual Framework" (co-authored with Anne van Aaken and Stefan Voigt), Constitutional Political Economy (2004)
 "The Independence of the Judiciary: An Economic Analysis of Law Perspective", in Judicial Integrity (Andras Sajo, ed.), Koninklijke Brill NV, (2004)
 "Judicial Appointments and Promotions in Israel – Constitution, Law and Politics", in APPOINTING JUDGES IN THE AGE OF JUDICIAL POWER: CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES (Kate Malleson, Peter Russell, eds.) Toronto University Press (2005)
 "The Effects of Cyberspace on the Economic Theory of the State", in: How to Shape A Democratic State (Alain Marciano and Jean Michel Josslin, eds.) Edward Elgar, (2005)
 "Economic Analysis of the Public Domain", in: THE FUTURE OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN (Bernt Hugenholtz, ed.), Kluwer Law International (2006)
 "The Economic Analysis of Law - The Dominant Methodology for Legal Research?!", 4 Haifa Law Review (2008)
 "Judicial Activism in Israel: Sources, Forms and Manifestations", in: Judicial Activism in Common Law Supreme Courts (Brice Dikson, ed.), Oxford University Press (2008), Oxford University Press (2008)
 "The Law and Economics Analysis of Intellectual Property: Paradigmatic Shift from Incentives to Traditional Property", Review of Law and Economics 7 (2010)

Current-Affairs and Opinion Articles
 The attorney general is not a judge – Haaretz (4.4.04)
 A constitutional blitz – Haaretz (11.7.07)
 War Crimes In Gaza – Forbes (16.9.09)

See also

 Hila Raz & Ido Baum, A profession in crisis – Haaretz (22.1.09)
 Salzberger Profile at Princeton University
 Salzberger Profile  at the University of Haifa School of Law

References

1960 births
Living people
Academic staff of the University of Haifa
Israeli Jews
Israeli legal scholars
Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Law alumni
People from Jerusalem
Intellectual property law scholars
Law and economics scholars

Eli Salzberger


Simply Market is a brand of French supermarkets formed in 2005. This brand is a new concept to eventually replace Atac supermarkets. The brand belongs to the AuchanSuper subsidiary that manages the branches of Auchan supermarkets. The group planned to open 500 Simply Market supermarkets in France by 2015.

History
 1959 : Opened first supermarket in Bagneux Doc
 1985 : Creation of the first supermarket Atac
 1996 : Selling of the Docks de France group to Auchan
 1998 : Birth of the Atac group, a sibling of the Auchan Group.
 2005 : Launch of the brand Simply Market: opening of its first supermarket in Bagneux
 2009 : Launch of website 42 stores in Ile de France, home delivery or removed
 2009/2010 : Transformation of Atac supermarkets to Simply Market
 2016-2019: Transformation from Simply Market to Auchan Supermarche

Logo Design

References

Supermarkets of France
Retail companies established in 2005
Supermarkets of San Marino
French brands

Simply Market


For Your Entertainment is the debut mainstream single by pop singer/songwriter and runner up of American Idol's 8th season Adam Lambert. It is the lead single for the album For Your Entertainment. The song was released commercially on November 3, 2009. The single was written by Claude Kelly and Dr. Luke. It's set to be his first U.K single and his third Australian single.

Background
On October 28, 2009, Lambert announced via Twitter that his lead single from his debut album would be "For Your Entertainment", a song that was produced by Dr. Luke. The following day, Lambert announced that the single would debut on Ryan Seacrest's radio show on October 30, 2009.

The song became available as a legal download in the United States on November 3, 2009 and on November 15, 2009 in the United Kingdom.

Remixes
On November 24th, 2009 UK dance music group comprising producers Lee Dagger and Marc JB and vocalist Katherine Ellis called Bimbo Jones remixed "For You Entertainment" and released it on iTunes Store. It also has a short edit for radio mainstream.

On December 1st, 2009 RCA/Jive released American producer Brad Walsh's remix of the song "For Your Entertainment" on iTunes on Adam Lambert's "Remixes" EP. The remix also opened Adam's Glam Nation tour and was on an E! commercial.

Music Video
The music video premiered on Lambert's official website on November 24, 2009. It was directed by Ray Kay. The video was filmed in a one-day shoot, on November 15 at The Alexandria, an old hotel which is now an apartment building in downtown Los Angeles.

Concept
The video opens with a nighttime street level shot in a city. As the camera pans down below the ground, Lambert is shown walking into an underground club, filled with scantily clad men and women. As he begins singing, he walks through the crowd and interacts and dances with others. Mixed with dancing are close up shots of Lambert and various dancers. Towards the end of the song, Lambert begins to play with his band and the video shows everyone in the club dancing. As the song ends, the camera pans back up to the street level where life is continuing on, completely oblivious of what is going on below the streets.

Adam Lambert songs
2009 songs

For Your Entertainment (song)


Cnidoglanis macrocephalus is a species of catfish (order Siluriformes) of the family Plotosidae, and is the only species of the genus Cnidoglanis. It is commonly known as the cobbler, estuary cobbler, deteira, estuary catfish, South Australian catfish, or Swan River catfish.

Distribution
The cobbler is found from Main Beach, Queensland to Jervis Bay, New South Wales, and Kingston SE, South Australia to Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia and Duck River, Tasmania, in near-shore and reef habitats.

Description
Like other eeltail catfish, the cobbler resembles a catfish in front, but an eel behind. It can grow up to 91.0 centimetres (35.6 in) SL, 2,500 grams (5.5 lb). They may live up to 13 years. The dorsal and pectoral fins have sharp, venomous spines that can inflict painful wounds.

Treatment
Treatment of injuries by submersion of the wound in hot water is suggested though the role of heat in denaturation of toxins is debated.

However, despite this study, hot water immersion is still the recommended first aid treatment for envenomation.

Ecology
The estuary cobbler is an inshore marine species which lives in shallow bays and sandy inlets near river mouths. It is found most frequently over sand, rocks, and weeds in the clear to turbid waters. By day, the estuary cobbler is most often found in holes and on ledges in banks. Estuary cobblers stay in holes and under ledges during the day, then come out at night to feed. They are opportunistic feeders, primarily feed on molluscs (bivalves and gastropods), crustaceans (prawns and amphipods), polychaete worms, algae, and organic debris. Juveniles eat more crustaceans, often from among drifting macrophytic algae, while adults feed mainly on molluscs and polychaetes. They are prey to birds such as cormorants and pelicans.

References

External links
 Fisheries Western Australia - Estuarine Cobbler (Catfish) Fact Sheet
 Estuary Cobbler, Cnidoglanis macrocephalus (Valenciennes 1840) @ fishesofaustralia.net.au

Plotosidae
Taxa named by Achille Valenciennes
Marine fish of Australia
Venomous fish
Fish described in 1840

Cnidoglanis macrocephalus


Isaac Albalag () was a Jewish philosopher of the second half of the 13th century.

Biography
According to Steinschneider (Hebr. Uebers. pp. 299–306), Albalag probably lived in northern Spain or southern France. Graetz makes him a native of southern Spain. His liberal views, especially his interpretations of the Biblical account of the Creation in accordance with the Aristotelian theory of the eternity of the world, stamped him in the eyes of many as a heretic.

Translation work
Apart from this, he showed little originality, and was eclectic in tendency. This is illustrated by the fact that though he was an unreserved follower of Aristotle, he showed a leaning toward the Kabbalah, the excesses of which, however, he energetically opposed, especially the redaction of Biblical interpretations based on the assumed numerical values of the letters (Gematria). His most characteristic work was a translation (1292) of a part of Al-Ghazali's Maqasid al-Falasifa (Aims of the Philosophers), which embraces only two parts of the original; namely, logic and metaphysics.

Albalag did not confine himself therein to the work of a translator, but often corrected the views of other philosophers as formulated by Al-Ghazali, who intended to refute them himself in his later work entitled Tahafut al-Falasifa (Incoherence of the Philosophers). Albalag remarked that Al-Ghazali did not refute the philosophers but rather his own errors, into which he had fallen by obtaining information not from Aristotle himself, but from his commentators, such as Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and others. According to Albalag, this charge applies also to Maimonides when attempting to refute Aristotle, as, for instance, on the eternity of the world.

In the composition of his work Albalag made it his main object to counteract the widespread popular prejudice that philosophy was undermining the foundation of religion. Religion and philosophy would, for Albalag, agree on the fundamental principles of all positive religion — which are : "the belief in reward and punishment, in immortality, in the existence of a just God, and in Divine Providence" (which, of course, does not take into account any of previous materialistic philosophies, such as those of Diogenes or Democrites..).

Religions, as well as philosophy, follow the same aim; namely, to render mankind happy. It is, no doubt, quite true that philosophy, which addresses itself to the individual, differs in its mode of establishing those truths from religion, which appeals to the great masses. Philosophy demonstrates; religion only teaches.

Doctrinal assertions
Albalag, however, by no means asserts that the doctrines of the philosophers must entirely coincide with those of religion; and it is exactly in his conception of their mutual relation that his peculiar standpoint manifests itself. The idea, already expressed by Maimonides, that the naked philosophical truth is often harmful for the masses, and that therefore the Holy Scriptures had often to adapt themselves to the intellectual level of the people, was so strongly emphasized by him that it is probable he was influenced by Ibn Rushd (Averroes), who made this idea the central point of his book Theology and Philosophy — "therefore, he errs doubly who rejects a philosophical truth on account of its apparent contradiction of Scripture: first, because he misses the true meaning of Scripture; second, because thereby he declares the real arguments of philosophy to be inconclusive."

In cases where an adjustment is absolutely impossible, Albalag brings forward a very strange solution; namely, that the teaching of the philosopher is true from the speculative standpoint, and at the same time the utterance of Scripture is true from a higher, supernatural point of view — the philosophical mode of knowledge being altogether different from the prophetic. And as the philosopher is only intelligible to his compeers, so the prophet can be understood only by prophets. This view resembles the theory of double truth (the theological and the philosophical), originated and chiefly developed in the 13th century at the University of Paris (Lange, Gesch. des Materialismus, 3d ed., i. 181).

Influences
There is no evidence, however, of any direct influence of the Parisian thinkers on Albalag, as he could have come to his view by a more natural process; viz., by combining the two opposite influences of Ibn Roshd and Al-Gazzali, whose idea of the difference between philosophical and prophetical knowledge is at the bottom of the latter's work, the Munkid. Accepting these two influences, the view of the double truth necessarily follows. It may be added that Albalag interpreted the Biblical account of the Creation as signifying that the six days represent the relative order of things, while he conceives the seventh day as pointing to the world of ideals.

References

 He-Ḥaluẓ. Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen über Jüdische Geschichte, Literatur, und Alterthumskunde, IV, 1859, pp. 83-94, VI, 1861, pp. 85-94, VII, 1865, pp. 157-169.
 Heinrich Grätz, Geschiche der Juden, Vol. VII, 1863, pp. 236-237.
 Moritz Steinschneider, Die Hebräischen Übersetzungen des Mittelalters und die-Juden als Dolmetscher, etc. Berlin, 1893 pp. 299–306.
 Colette Sirat, A History of Jewish Philosophy in the Middle Ages, page 238.

External links

13th-century Sephardi Jews
Medieval Jewish philosophers
Spanish philosophers
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown

Isaac Albalag


Puli kali (Meaning: Tiger Dance) is a recreational folk art from the state of Kerala, India. It is performed by trained artists to entertain people on the occasion of Onam, an annual harvest festival, celebrated mainly in the Indian state of Kerala. On the fourth day of Onam celebrations (Naalaam Onam or chathayam), performers painted like tigers and leopards in bright yellow, red, and black shake their bellies and dance to the beats of instruments like Udukku and Thakil. The literal meaning of Pulikkali is 'The tiger dance' hence the performance revolves around the theme of tiger hunting. Folk art is mainly practiced in the Thrissur district of Kerala. The best place to watch the show is at Thrissur on the fourth day of Onam, where Pulikkali troupes from all over the district assemble to display their skills. The festival attracts thousands of people to the Thrissur city. Pulikkali is also performed during various other festive seasons.

History

The origin of Pulikkali dates back over 200 years, when the Maharaja Rama Varma Sakthan Thampuran, the then Maharaja of Cochin, is said to have introduced the folk art. They used to perform the art form decked as tigers with peculiar steps resembling the tiger, then known as 'Pulikkettikali' which was immensely enjoyed by the locals. Pulikkali in Thrissur is held in memory of this event.

Modern

Over the years, there have been changes in the adornment of Pulikali dancers. In the early days, masks were not used and participants would have themselves painted all over, on their faces as well. But now, ready-made masks, cosmetic teeth, tongues, beards, and mustaches are used by the participants along with the paint on their bodies. The tigers also wear a broad belt with jingles around their waist. The festival in Thrissur has now become an all peoples event with a huge response from people, especially youths who come forward to participate in the festival, and also from sponsors. The event is organized by the Pulikkali Co-ordination Committee, a unified council of Pulikkali groups formed in 2004 in Thrissur to preserve and propagate the art in all its true hues and tones. The Thrissur Municipal Corporation gives a grant of Rs 30,000($400) for each Pulikkali troupe.

Usually, men and children perform this art form. For the first time, 3 women among a 51-member team participated in the Pulikali at Thrissur in 2016.

Due to COVID-19 and lockdown restrictions, many Onam celebrations were put off. Under the initiative of Ayyanthole Desham Pulikkali Samithy, Pulikali was live-streamed on their Facebook page. About 17 people took part in the dance virtually from various locations.

Preparations
A striking feature of this folk art is the colorful appearance of the performers. A particular combination of tempera powder and varnish or enamel is used to make the paint. First of all, the dancers remove the hair from the body, and then, the base coat of paint is applied to them. It takes two to three hours for the coating to dry. After that, the second coat of paint is applied with an enhanced design. This entire procedure takes at least five to seven hours. A large number of artists gather to apply paint on the tigers. It is a meticulous process and often starts in the wee hours of the morning. By afternoon the Pulikkali groups or 'sangams' as they are called, from all four corners of Thrissur move in a procession, dancing, bouncing and shaking their bellies to the beat of the drums through the streets to the Swaraj Round, Thrissur situated in the heart of the city through Palace Road, Karunakaran Nambiar Road, Shornur Road, A R Menon Road, and MG Road.

Scenes such as the tiger preying on an animal, and a tiger being hunted by a game-hunter are enacted beautifully in between. Thousands of spectators line the streets enjoying the dance, cheering the dancers some of them even trying to join in.
The groups assemble at Naduvilal in the Swaraj Round, Thrissur in front of the Vadakkunnathan Temple and offer a coconut each to the deity of the Ganapati shrine (Naduvilal Ganapati Kovil) here, before going on a procession around the ground. The procession also includes floats from each village. The different troupes vie with each other to make the best floats as well as the best-dressed tigers.

See also
 Hulivesha
 Onam
 Thrissur
 Kerala

References

External links

Hindu festivals in Kerala
Culture of Thrissur
Festivals in Thrissur district
1886 establishments in India
September observances
August observances
Recurring events established in 1886
Ritual animal disguise

Puli Kali


Above the Rim is a 1994 American sports drama film co-written and directed by Jeff Pollack in his directorial debut. The screenplay was written by Barry Michael Cooper, adapted from a story by Benny Medina.

The film stars Duane Martin, Tupac Shakur, Leon and Marlon Wayans. Considered the conclusion to Cooper's "Harlem Trilogy" (the preceding films being New Jack City (1991) and Sugar Hill (1994), the film tells the story about a promising New York City high school basketball star and his relationships with a drug dealer and a former basketball star, now employed as a security guard at the high school he was a promising young star at years ago.

The film mostly took place in Harlem, with various scenes filmed at the Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics in East Harlem. Some of the basketball scenes were filmed at Samuel J. Tilden High School in Brooklyn, New York.

Plot
Kyle-Lee Watson is a talented basketball player who is about to graduate from high school. While he waits to find out if he will receive a scholarship to Georgetown University, he finds himself in a difficult dilemma over a playground basketball tournament. He must decide whether to play for and follow his widely beloved basketball coach Mike Rollins or Birdie, a local drug dealer in the neighborhood. Thomas "Shep" Sheppard, a former standout player himself, now works as a high school security guard. Kyle feels resentment towards the security guard, because Kyle's own mother is falling in love with Shep.

Coincidentally, Kyle's coach also wants Shep to coach his team when he feels it is time for him to retire. It is later revealed to Kyle from Flip, a homeless crackhead and also Shep's old friend and teammate, that Shep is Birdie's older brother. The next night, Birdie humiliates Bugaloo in front of his team, then Bugaloo and Shep reveal to Kyle that Birdie had murdered Flip the night before. That same night, Shep challenges Kyle to a game of basketball, which he gets the better of Kyle and ultimately wins, trying to teach Kyle a lesson about owing himself and the others who help and care for him. Kyle makes a decision to run with Birdie's team until he decided to come back to his old team, because of Birdie's wrongful actions Kyle's friend Bugaloo and him murdering Flip. In the tournament, both Kyle's and Birdie's teams march to the finals, with Kyle's team playing solid team basketball, while Birdie's team plays a very rough & dirty style.

Before the finals, Birdie threatens Kyle, demanding Kyle to throw away the game, so that Birdie's team would win. Kyle is brutalized throughout the game, with Birdie's team having a solid lead. Shep, unable to watch any longer, joins Kyle's team. Despite being aggressively attacked throughout, Shep helps the team come back. In the final seconds, he passes the ball to Kyle, who dunks the ball and Kyle's team wins the game.

After the loss, Birdie orders Motaw, his star player and gang member, to kill Kyle. Shep protects Kyle by jumping on him and Motaw shoots Shep. A security guard then fatally shoots Motaw twice. At a club, Bugaloo walks in and shoots Birdie, killing him, as revenge for previous humiliations and for trying to have Kyle killed. In the end, Kyle is revealed to have gotten the scholarship to Georgetown University. During a televised game, Kyle hits the game winner, while a recovered Shep, Mailika and Coach Rollins watch with a smile.

Cast
 Duane Martin as Kyle-Lee Watson, a talented basketball player who is determined to be accepted to Georgetown University, to play for their basketball team, the Hoyas. He is seen as cocky and hot tempered but later changes his ways during the course of the film.
 Leon as Thomas "Shep" Sheppard, a quiet, bitter, introvert who used to be an incredible high school basketball player. He was later arrested after his best friend, Nutso, accidentally jumps off a high rise building while playing basketball.
 Tupac Shakur as Birdie Sheppard, a local thug and Shep's younger brother.
 Bernie Mac as Flip, a homeless crackhead who played basketball in high school with Shep and Nutso. He is later killed by Birdie and Motaw.
 Tonya Pinkins as Mailika Watson, Kyle's mom who tries to get him to see that there is more to life than just basketball. She develops a relationship with Shep.
 Marlon Wayans as Bugaloo, Kyle's womanizing yet goofy best friend who spent a year in juvenile detention for an unknown crime. He is often bullied by Birdie and his gang members.
 David Bailey as Mike Rollins, a respected coach for Kyle's team, who tries to get Shep to play basketball again.
 Wood Harris as Motaw, Birdie's teenaged lieutenant and star player on his team. He is a homicidal psychopath who will threaten anyone with no second thought nor remorse.
 Shawn Michael Howard as Bobby, Kyle's shy and soft-spoken friend who plays in the basketball tournament.
 Henry Simmons II as Starnes, Kyle's teammate who is disgusted by Kyle's cockiness.
 Michael Rispoli as Richard "Big Richie" Jones
 Bill Raftery as himself
 James Williams as Speedy
 John Thompson as himself

Soundtrack

Production
Filming for Above the Rim took place from October to November 1993, beginning on October 18 in Harlem, New York City. Allen Payne was the original choice to play Kyle Watson, but was rejected by Pollack in favor of Duane Martin. This was Tupac Shakur's final theatrical film to be released during his lifetime before his death two years later in 1996.

Reception

Box office
The film was released on March 23, 1994, grossing $3,738,800 on opening weekend. At the end of its theatrical run, it had grossed a total of $16,192,320.

Awards
1995 MTV Movie Awards
 Best Movie Song: "Regulate" by Warren G (nominated)

Critical
It holds a 52% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 21 reviews. Peter Travers stated "It's Shakur who steals the show. The rapper's offscreen legal problems are well known, but there's no denying his power as an actor."
Variety said "A fine cast and the movie's general energy can't overcome that mix of cliches and technical flaws, which should conspire to prevent any high flying at the box office."

See also
 Above the Rim (soundtrack)
 List of basketball films
 List of hood films

References

External links

1994 films
1994 directorial debut films
1994 drama films
1990s American films
1990s coming-of-age drama films
1990s English-language films
1990s hip hop films
1990s sports drama films
1990s teen drama films
African-American drama films
American basketball films
American coming-of-age drama films
American sports drama films
American teen drama films
Films directed by Jeff Pollack
Films scored by Marcus Miller
Films set in Brooklyn
Hood films
New Line Cinema films

Above the Rim


Notomyxine tridentiger is a species of hagfish that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off the southern coasts of South America.  It is the only member of the genus Notomyxine. It can be found in the temperate waters of the Southeast Pacific and Southwest Atlantic, as well as the southern coasts of South America. It can reach a maximum length of 57 cm.

Conservation status

Notomyxine tridentiger has been found only along the Argentinean continental shelf and southern Chile and has not been reported since 1968. Its shallow depth range and medium body size make it very likely to be exposed to extensive trawling activities throughout its range, although it has not been reported in any bycatch surveys. It is listed as data deficient by the IUCN. More research is needed to understand the distribution, population status, habitat, biology, ecology, and impact of potential major threats to this species.

Habitat

This species is located off the south coast of South America, from northern Argentina (off Buenos Aires) to southern Chile, including the Strait of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego. It is found on muddy bottoms of the continental shelf at depths from 6–143 m.

Reproduction

The copulatory organ is absent in this species. The gonads of hagfishes are situated in the peritoneal cavity. The ovary is found in the anterior portion of the gonad, and the testis is found in the posterior part. The animal becomes female if the cranial part of the gonad develops or male if the caudal part undergoes differentiation. If none develops, then the animal becomes sterile. If both anterior and posterior parts develop, then the animal becomes a functional hermaphrodite. However, hermaphroditism being characterised as functional needs to be validated by more reproduction studies (Patzner 1998). Of 11 females (405–575 mm in total length) examined by Nani and Gneri (1951), those longer than 500 mm were mature. A 507-mm female contained eggs ranging in size from 24.5 x 6.6 to 28 x 8 mm.

References

 "Notomyxine Tridentiger  (Garman, 1899)." FishBase. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 July 2013.
 Notomyxine Tridentiger IUCN Red List

Myxinidae
Southeastern South American coastal fauna
Fish described in 1899

Notomyxine tridentiger