A floating breech is a breechblock of a firearm that is not held rigidly to the barrel at the moment of firing, but instead is free to move in the opposite direction to the projectile. This can help to reduce the recoil induced in the body of the firearm so long as the subsequent motion of the breechblock is retarded in some manner - either by a spring, or by back-pressure against a piston attached to the breechblock provided by tapping the expelled propellant gases. The motion of the breech and/or the expansion of the expelled gases can also be used to power a case-ejection mechanism and/or reloading mechanism.

If the breechblock and barrel are locked for firing but the barrel is not fixed to the body, it is described as a floating action.

If the ammunition is caseless, the time required to expel the previous case is removed from the cycle time of an automatic firearm and a higher rate of fire can be obtained than with normal ammunition.

The Heckler & Koch G11 Assault rifle uses caseless ammunition, but has a rotating breech, not a floating breech. However, the barrel, breech and magazine as a whole 'float' within the housing of the weapon. Note that the breechblock in this firearm rotates about an axis perpendicular to the main axis of the barrel, whereas most other rotating breechblocks rotate about the same axis as the long axis of the barrel.

Firearm components

Floating breech


The Annenberg Foundation is a family foundation that provides funding and support to non-profit organizations in the United States and around the world. Some of the Foundation's core initiatives are the Annenberg/Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) project (now Annenberg Learner), which funds many educational television shows broadcast on Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) public television in the United States as well as The Annenberg Community Beach House, The Annenberg Space for Photography, Metabolic Studio, explore.org, Wallis Annenberg PetSpace and the Wallis Annenberg Center for Performing Arts.

Overview

The Annenberg Foundation is a family foundation established by Walter H. Annenberg in 1989 with $1.2 billion, one-third of the assets from the sale of Triangle Publications.

The Annenberg Foundation continues its programming focus, but its efforts include environmental stewardship, social justice, and animal welfare. The foundation has roots as a traditional grantmaking institution and is also involved in the community. The Annenberg Foundation promotes charitable activities through which large-scale solutions to systemic problems are pursued.

The foundation has $1.59B in assets.

The following current projects are implemented by Annenberg Foundation Trustees and guided by their philanthropic vision:

Ownership and Board of Directors
Walter H. Annenberg headed the Annenberg Foundation until his death in 2002. Leonore, his wife, ran it until her death in March 2009. Since then, the foundation's trusteeship has been led by Wallis Annenberg and three of her children: Lauren Bon, Gregory Annenberg Weingarten and Charles Annenberg Weingarten.

Chairman of the Board, President and CEO, Wallis Annenberg
Vice President and Director, Lauren Bon
Vice President and Director, Gregory Annenberg Weingarten
Vice President and Director, Charles Annenberg Weingarten

Projects
The Annenberg Foundation is involved in a number of projects, some of which are listed below.

Annenberg Alchemy
Alchemy is a free non-profit leadership development program that offers capacity building with a focus on the strength of Executive Directors and Board Chairs. Participation is open to non-profits with operating budgets of $2 million or less based in Los Angeles County, California. However, the Executive Director and Board Chairperson are asked to participate together through the duration of the training. Among the issues addressed are effective governance, fundraising, and public accountability.

The Annenberg Community Beach House
Spearheaded by Wallis Annenberg's commitment for building community spaces, The Annenberg Community Beach House at Santa Monica State Beach opened in 2009. Built on an historic site, The Beach House is a free public swim and gathering facility located on  of oceanfront property.

Annenberg Learner
Annenberg Learner, formerly Annenberg Media, is an entity of the Annenberg Foundation that creates educational resources (video, print, and Web-based) to improve teaching methods and subject-matter expertise. Their K–12 and higher education resources are distributed to schools, non-commercial community agencies, colleges and universities. Annenberg Learner delivers its materials free-of-charge through learner.org. The website, which also houses interactive activities, downloadable guides, and resources coordinated with each video series, receives more than 10 million visits per month from teachers and learners worldwide. The website offers integrated multimedia K–12 materials to teachers for in-class use and professional development.  Programs are also available for viewer's use at home.

The Annenberg Retreat at Sunnylands
The Annenberg Retreat at Sunnylands in Rancho Mirage, California, is the former private estate of Mr. and Mrs. Walter H. Annenberg. It opened in March 2012 as a historic house and visitor center. Sunnylands has been informally referred to as "Camp David West". It has been visited by numerous U.S. Presidents, heads of state, and international dignitaries. The visitor center includes a  desert garden, historical exhibitions and programming highlighting its architectural significance as well as the Annenberg's collections of art.

The Annenberg Space for Photography
The Annenberg Space for Photography, was an exhibit space for where digital and print photography. The Space held roughly two exhibits per year of digital technology or traditional prints by established and emerging photographers. It was in Los Angeles' Century City district, across the street from Century Plaza Hotel. On June 8, 2020, it was announced that the facility will not re-open following the closing in March due to pandemic.

Photographers that have been exhibited include John Baldessari, Lauren Greenfield, Timothy Greenfield-Sanders, Walter Iooss, Lynn Johnson, Douglas Kirkland, Neil Leifer, Michael Nichols, Catherine Opie, Matthew Rolston, Julius Shulman, Melvin Sokolsky, John Stanmeyer, Bert Stern, Tim Street-Porter, Tyen and Albert Watson, Harun Mehmedinovic, Gavin Heffernan.

Exhibits
 March 23, 2013 - June 2, 2013 – War/Photography: Images of Armed Conflict and Its Aftermath
 October 26, 2013 - April 27, 2014 – The Power of Photography: National Geographic 125 Years
 May 31, 2014 - September 28, 2014 – Country: Portraits of an American Sound – regarding country music
 October 24, 2015 - March 20, 2016  – Life: A Journey Through Time (Frans Lanting)
 April 23, 2016 – August 21, 2016 – Refugee
 September 24, 2016 - February 26, 2017 – Identity: Timothy Greenfield-Sanders The List Portraits
 October 22, 2016 - February 26, 2017 – #girlgaze: a frame of mind
 April 8, 2017 - August 13, 2017 – Generation Wealth by Lauren Greenfield
 September 9, 2017 - March 4, 2018 – Cuba is & Resolviendo
 April 21, 2018 – September 9, 2018 – Not an Ostrich: And Other Images from America's Library
 October 13, 2018 – January 13, 2019 – "National Geographic Photo Ark"
 April 26, 2019 – August 18, 2019 – "CONTACT HIGH: A Visual History of Hip-Hop"

Explore.org
Led by Charles Annenberg Weingarten, Explore is a multimedia organization that creates video documentaries and photographic essays about non-profit organizations around the world.

Explore.org hosts the worlds largest collection of nature livecams, streaming video of animals in their natural habitat, from around the world. Explore.org hosts the well known Bear Cams from Brooks River in Katmai National Park, home of Fat Bear Week.

The Metabolic Studio
The Metabolic Studio is Lauren Bon's practice at the intersection of art and philanthropy.  The Studio incorporates creativity and innovation to remediate brownfields, places incapable of supporting life.  Ms. Bon's signature projects include: Not A Cornfield, 2005–2006;  Farmlab, 2006–2008;  Strawberry Flag, 2009–2010;  and Silver and Water, 2006–Present.  Ms. Bon's work creates solutions to critical social issues, often engaging complex bureaucracies including the California Department of Parks and Recreation, Veterans Administration, California State Lands Commission, and the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power.

The Wallis Annenberg Heart Program
Coordinating with the Los Angeles Fire Department and the Los Angeles County Fire Department as well as private and public healthcare agencies, the Wallis Annenberg Heart Program, helped create a new paramedic system for improving the diagnosis and treatment of chest pain in thousands of Los Angeles area residents each year.  Implemented in 2005, the new method replaced previous 4-lead EKG procedures, with a more accurate and revealing 12-lead system that helps paramedics and hospital-based physicians better diagnose and treat patients with symptoms of heart attacks.

The Ballona Wetlands Restoration Project
On January 28, 2013, the Annenberg Foundation signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife and several other state agencies to explore the possibility of constructing a 46,000 square foot facility in the protected Ballona Wetlands Ecological Reserve which would have included adoption and veterinary services for domestic pets. However, on December 2, the Foundation announced that it was suspending its plans. The Los Angeles Times reported that some wetlands advocates had opposed the proposal. The Los Angeles Daily News noted that this was the Foundation's second failed attempt to construct this project on public land. The Los Angeles Times and Los Angeles Daily News editorial boards called the project "a bad fit" and "inappropriate," respectively.

Other organizations and programs of the Foundation

Annenberg Challenge: In 1993, the largest gift to public education was made by Ambassador Walter Annenberg, a $500 million grant named the Annenberg Challenge. The grant was designed to unite the resources throughout the United States and ideas of those committed to increasing the effectiveness of public schooling. Recognizing that no single gift could improve all schools, the Challenge served as a catalyst to energize and support educational reform efforts across the country.

Annenberg Institute at Brown University: The Annenberg Institute at Brown University was established in 1993 through an anonymous gift of $5 million. Several months later, a $50-million gift – part of Ambassador Walter H. Annenberg's $500-million Challenge to the Nation to improve public education in America – enabled the fledgling Institute to expand the scope of its work. In appreciation of the Ambassador's gift, the Annenberg Institute was renamed in his honor. The Institute adopted its current mission in 1998: "To develop, share, and act on knowledge that improves the conditions and outcomes of schooling in America, especially in urban communities and in schools serving disadvantaged children."

The Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania: The Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania developed FactCheck.org. Factcheck.org monitors the factual accuracy of what is said by major U.S. political players in the form of TV ads, debates, speeches, interviews and news releases.

The Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania:

The Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism of the University of Southern California: With more than 83 full-time faculty members and 120 adjunct professors, more than 2,200 undergraduate and graduate students are served. The school houses dozens of research and public interest programs, including the Norman Lear Center and the Knight Digital Media Center. USC Annenberg has become a center for discussion among scholars and professionals in journalism, communication, public policy, media, and education.

Other programs and projects
Ocean Alliance's Tarr and Wonson Paint Manufactory: The foundation provided funding to help purchase, preserve and restore the Tarr and Wonson Paint Manufactory in Gloucester, Massachusetts.  This historic 1863 building at the entrance to the harbor will become the headquarters for Ocean Alliance, a nonprofit oceanographic research center.

Wallis Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts (Beverly Hills, California): This effort preserves the landmark, historic Beverly Hills Post Office (adjacent to Beverly Hills City Hall) by transforming the building into a performing arts and cultural facility for the presentation of theater, dance, music, professional children's theater and other cultural activities. The Center features a 500-seat theater, 150-seat studio theater/rehearsal hall, classrooms, café, gift shop, and sculpture garden. The center opened to the public in October 2013.

The Universally-Accessible Treehouse in Torrance, California: The first universally accessible treehouse in a public space in California was opened April 10, 2005, at Wilson Park in Torrance, California.  Nearly 30 treehouses have been built nationally.

References

Foundations based in the United States
Organizations established in 1989
1989 establishments in California
Annenberg
Non-profit organizations based in Los Angeles

Annenberg Foundation


Albert Pilát  (November 2, 1903 – May 29, 1974) was a Czech botanist and mycologist. He studied at the Faculty of Science at Charles University, under the guidance of Professor Josef Velenovský. In 1930, he joined the National Museum, eventually becoming head of the Mycological Department, and in 1960 a corresponding member of the academy. He was the author of many popular and scholarly publications in the field of mycology and mountain flora. He also served as the main editor of the scientific journal Czech Mycology, and described several species of fungi. His areas of particular interest include polypores and boletes. He explored the Carpathians looking for fungi and travelled widely. He was also a skilled photographer.

In 1934, Josef Velenovský published in Monogr. Discom. Bohem. vol.35 on page 289, a genus of fungi within the Hyaloscyphaceae family, Pilatia which was named in his honour.

In 1936, he wrote with Dr Charles Kavina - 'Atlas des champignons de l'Europe'

Pilát died suddenly of cardiac failure in 1974.

References

1903 births
1974 deaths
Czech mycologists
Charles University alumni
Czechoslovak botanists

Albert Pilát


A conference call (sometimes called an audio teleconference or ATC) is a telephone call in which someone talks to several people at the same time. The conference call may be designed to allow the called party to participate during the call or set up so that the called party merely listens into the call and cannot speak.

The more limited three-way calling is available (usually at an extra charge) on home or office phone lines. For a three-way call, the first called party is dialed. Then the hook flash button (or recall button) is pressed and the other called party's phone number is dialed. While it is ringing, flash/recall is pressed again to connect the three people together. This option allows callers to add a second outgoing call to an already connected call.

Features

Conference calls can be designed so that the calling party calls the other participants and adds them to the call; however, participants are usually able to call into the conference call themselves by dialing a telephone number that connects to a "conference bridge," which is a specialized type of equipment that links telephone lines.

Companies commonly use a specialized service provider who maintains the conference bridge, or who provides the phone numbers and PIN codes that participants dial to access the meeting or conference call. These service providers can often dial-out to participants, connecting them to call and introducing them to the parties who are on-the-line. The operators can also take additional information such as question and answer details and also enable and disable advanced conferencing features such as muting lines, muting participants and enabling a recording feature. An operator can often be summoned to conference call hosted by a service provider using a combination of keys on a users' (sometimes only the moderator) telephone keypad. The most common recall function is *0. (asterisk and the zero/operator key)

Usage

Businesses use conference calls daily to meet with remote parties, both internally and outside of their company. Common applications are client meetings or sales presentations, project meetings and updates, regular team meetings, training classes and communication to employees who work in different locations. Conference calling is viewed as a primary means of cutting travel costs and allowing workers to be more productive by not having to go out-of-office for meetings.

Conference calls are used by nearly all United States public corporations to report their quarterly results. These calls usually allow for questions from stock analysts and are called earnings calls. A standard conference call begins with a disclaimer stating that anything said in the duration of the call may be a forward-looking statement, and that results may vary significantly. The CEO, CFO, or investor relations officer then will read the company's quarterly report. Lastly, the call is opened for questions from analysts.

Conference calls are increasingly used in conjunction with web conferences, where presentations or documents are shared via the internet. This allows people on the call to view content such as corporate reports, sales figures and company data presented by one of the participants. The main benefit is that the presenter of the document can give clear explanations about details within the document, while others simultaneously view the presentation. Care should be taken not to mix video and audio source on the same network since the video feed can cause interruptions on sound quality.

Business conference calls are usually hosted or operator-assisted, with a variety of features.

Conference calls are also beginning to cross over into the world of podcasting and social networking, which in turn fosters new kinds of interaction patterns. Live streaming or broadcasting of conference calls allows a larger audience access to the call without dialing into a bridge. In addition, organizers of conference calls can publish a dial-in number alongside the audio stream, creating potential for audience members to dial in and interact.

Legislation

The UK government has changed flexible working rights since 2014, so that employees who have been working full-time for a company or organisation can lawfully request flexible working. In recent years, there have been a number of different types of flexible working options as a result of conference calling technology enabling employees to work remotely.

In November 2011, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) published a 732-page Order on InterCarrier Compensation (ICC), including rules governing revenue sharing. Citing Section 251(b)(5) of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the FCC mandated that terminating access rates for all calls (not just conference calls) be leveled in 2012 and 2013, then reduced in three increments over the subsequent three years until they reached $0 in 2017. These mostly sub-1 cent charges are replaced with an access recovery charge (ARC) that is added onto every customers' bill by their phone carriers. In other words, every phone company will get to keep the terminating access charges they had to pay out to connect each call while charging consumers more whether they make calls or not. This order has been challenged at the Federal Appeals Court by several parties.

As for revenue sharing, the order adds a measure for high volume call traffic which triggers an immediate terminating access charge reduction to the lowest rate of any carrier in that state.

In the United Kingdom, the 0870 prefix was originally used by UK-based free conference calling providers in order to receive a rebate from every call from a telephone company that owns the number. However, in April 2009 Ofcom, the independent regulator and competition authority for the UK communications industries, announced that the rebate that is payable to the telecom's supplier when an 0870 number is used would be removed. Systems were soon moved to 0844 and 0871 prefixes in order to retain the revenue sharing arrangement, this means that whilst you wouldn't pay the conference call provider directly, you would dial an expensive premium-rate number to access your conference call.

Recently in the UK, a very small number of conference call providers have begun to use 03 numbers, which are included in bundled minutes under Ofcom regulations. This has provided the option to hold conference calls without any costs whatsoever, as call are included in the minutes bundles provided by most UK network operators. There is a general trend for companies in the UK to more to 03 numbers for inbound services because these numbers are more palatable to the caller.

Costs

Flat-rate

Flat-rate conferencing services are being offered which give unlimited access to a conference bridge at a fixed monthly cost. Because telecommunication carriers offer free long-distance bundled with local service, this alternative is gaining widespread popularity for budget conscious businesses and non-profits.

In the UK, there are conference services offered on a pay-as-you-go basis where the cost of the phone calls (using 0843/0844, or 0871/0872 non-geographic revenue sharing numbers) from each of the participants covers the cost of the conference service. With this service type there is no monthly charge and usually no contracts to sign.

Prepaid

Prepaid conference call services allow businesses and individuals to purchase conferencing services online, and conduct conference calls on a pay-as-you-go basis. Typically, a conference call PIN and its associated calling instructions are displayed immediately online after being purchased and/or sent via email. Generally, prepaid conference call services are used with a landline telephone, mobile phone, or computer, and there is no need to buy additional expensive telecommunications hardware or add/switch long-distance service. Some services allow one to start or join a conference call from virtually any country worldwide—with appropriate telephone access.

Large telecommunications providers such as AT&T, Embarq (formerly Sprint), Verizon and other large to medium conferencing service providers maintain a dominant position in the conferencing niche; servicing many of the world's biggest brands. However, the Internet and improved global VoIP networks have helped to significantly reduce the barrier of entry into this niche.

Free

Free conferencing is different from traditional conference calling in that it has no organizer fees, no human operator, and allows for multiple people to connect at no cost other than that of any other phone call (local or toll). Companies that provide free conference call services are usually compensated through a revenue-sharing arrangement with the local phone company, sharing the termination charge for incoming calls to a phone carrier.

In the case of free conference calling, the conferencing company strikes an agreement with the local phone company that hosts the conferencing bridge (equipment connecting lines) to receive a share of the terminating access charge received for connecting the call. At large carriers such as AT&T and Verizon, they keep these access charges for their own conferencing services in addition to charging the customer for the conference service. With free conference calling, as mentioned above, there are no organizer fees so these services do not double-dip: the consumer pays for a regular call with the same three components – origination, transport, and termination – of any call. In other words, the call costs the same as any other call under the customer's calling plan, but the conferencing is included for free to the host and participants of the conference call.

A distinct difference between sound quality of paid and free conference calls has been noted by customers who have claimed to hear background noises when using the free conferencing services, which rarely happens on paid conference calling services.

Premium-rate

Here participants dial in on a premium-rate number such as a toll free number in the US. The conference is typically hosted by the party that perceives value in the call in order to justify the cost: this could be a business owner, a non-profit board member, an educator, lawyer, or expert in any given field. That person then usually pays for the cost of the call. Premium conferencing can also be used for charitable fundraisers.

Premium conferencing feature sets include:

 Reservationless or operator assisted conferencing
 Host PINs
 Name announce
 Roll-call (unique and superior)
 Moderator/participant codes
 Live web-based call management with mute/unmute, drop one/all, and dial out
 Recording with .wav file access through an online account
 High-quality on-demand transcriptions (with 4-hour turnaround on request)
 Customizable, "branded" greetings(unique)
 Broadcast mode
 Q&A facilitation
 Polling and polling reports
 Sub-conferencing
 Dial-out with or without requested response
 Web based screen sharing options
 24/7 availability

Standards

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) defined a technical specification (TS 24.147) for conferencing within the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) based on the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), SIP Events, the Session Description Protocol (SDP) and the Binary Floor Control Protocol (BFCP, aka RFC4582).

See also

References

Calling features
Telephone service enhanced features

Conference call


Monthon () were administrative subdivisions of Thailand at the beginning of the 20th century. The Thai word monthon is a translation of the word mandala (, literally "circle"), in its sense of a type of political formation. The monthon were created as a part of the Thesaphiban (, literally "local government") bureaucratic administrative system, introduced by Prince Damrong Rajanubhab which, together with the monthon, established step-by-step today's present provinces (changwat), districts (amphoe), and communes (tambon) throughout Thailand. Each monthon was led by a royal commissioner called Thesaphiban (เทศาภิบาล), later renamed to Samuhathesaphiban (สมุหเทศาภิบาล). The system was officially adopted by the 1897 Local Administration Act, after some monthon had been established and administrative details were sorted out.

History

Before the Thesaphiban reforms, the country consisted of partially independent cities called mueang, some directly subordinate to the capital, some subordinate to larger mueang, or to one or more of the tributary kingdoms. Before the reforms, governors inherited their posts from their family lineage, and lived on taxes they collected in their area, a practice formally called tax farming. These were converted from hereditary governors to appointed governmental posts, as had been done by Chinese Yuan, Ming, and Qing-era rulers in first recognizing Tusi (tribal leaders) as imperial officials, then replacing them with imperial appointees. The arrangement resulted in governors being appointed and paid by the central government, and mueang developed into provinces. An essential step in the ending of tax farming was the creation on 3 September 1885 of the Royal Survey Department. Though its first fruits were not obtained until 1901, the department's cadastral surveys,  i.e., surveys of specific land parcels, made possible the defining of ownership for land registration and equitable taxation. The term changwat (จังหวัด) for the provinces was first used in 1907 for the provinces in Monthon Pattani, and by 1916 had come into general use.

Resistance to reform
It took till around 1910 to implement the system throughout the country. The main reason for the slow implementation was the lack of suitably educated officials, but also the resistance of the traditional local leaders, which recalled the 1768–1770 resistance of the monk Chao Phra Faang to Thonburi reestablishment of Siamese authority. In 1902 along both banks of the Mekong, local revolts ( ) led by charismatic religious leaders called holy man or  () broke out. The most serious of these was led by east-bank rebel Ong Keo against French authority in the former Thai tributary kingdom of Champasak. On the west bank in the area of Ubon Ratchathani, a less-well known former monk and phi bun headed a millenarian sect inspired by his apocalyptic prophecies, which spread fear, uncertainty and doubt among almost all the peoples along both banks of the river. The Bangkok government put down west bank resistance with little use of force, and cooperated with French Indochina officials insofar as limiting Thai authority to the west bank, later called Isan. East bank resistance however had no definitive end and became subsumed into the Second Indochina War. Far from the Mekong, resistance to reform continued into the 21st century in the Southern Thailand insurgency.

Further development
In 1915 there were 19 monthons containing 72 provinces. Due to economic problems, several monthon were merged in 1925. Monthon Phetchabun had been dissolved in 1915. Only 14 monthon remained: Ayutthaya, Bangkok (Krung Thep), Chanthaburi, Nakhon Chaisi, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pattani, Phayap, Phitsanulok, Phuket, Prachinburi, Ratchaburi, and Udon Thani. In 1932 another four were abolished: Chanthaburi, Nakhon Chaisi, Nakhon Sawan, and Pattani. Finally in 1933 the whole monthon system was abolished by the Provincial Administration Act 2476 B.E./A.D. 1933, part of the changes made after the coup d'état, which changed from an absolute to a constitutional monarchy, and the 70 provinces to second-level administrative divisions.

List of monthons

 Monthon Lao Chiang is the same as Monthon Phayap, to ease understanding in this table but in all cases, they are the same.
 Monthon Lao Kao which became Monthon Isan, and Monthon Lao Phuan which became Monthon Udon.
 The use of the name is up to interpretation and use on case by case basis, but name changes occurs due to Rama V integration policy of minorities and achieving assimilation.
 Province merger not shown, only monthon partition and merger are

Boriwen
The larger monthon Phayap, Udon Thani, and Isan had an additional administrative level between monthon and provincial administration. Three to five boriwen (บริเวณ), each administered by a commissioner (khaluang boriwen, ข้าหลวงบริเวณ).

See also
 Administrative divisions of Thailand
 Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)
 Mueang
 Native Chieftain System
 Past provinces of Thailand
 Royal Thai Survey Department

References

Further reading

External links
History of the Bangkok Metropolitan Council

Subdivisions of Thailand
Types of administrative division

Monthon


Founded in 1840, the Kaskaskia Baptist Association is a Southern Baptist ministry centered in Patoka, Illinois and is active in ministry to people in Southern and South Central Illinois Named after the Kaskaskia River, it consists of thirty-three churches in Southern and South Central Illinois, and in recent years has become involved with the Southern Illinois Hispanic Outreach Project, a cooperative missions agency working with Hispanics throughout Southern Illinois. Bimonthly it publishes the Kaskaskia Baptist Visitor, a newsletter with a circulation of about 1,000 that reports on mission projects and church news from throughout the association.

History

The Kaskaskia Baptist Association has a unique history. It was formed as the Vandalia Baptist Association in 1840 by three converging movements: The Friends of Humanity, which was the group of Anti-slavery Baptists led by the Lemen family, the Sunday School Movement, and the Missions Movement, both of which were led by John Mason Peck, who was sent by the Northern (American) Baptists from the East. The Vandalia Baptist Association was the fifth association formed by the Friends of Humanity. Many of the churches within the present Kaskaskia Baptist Association, which predate the association, seemed to have simultaneously been formed by the Sunday School Movement and the anti-slavery movement. Neither of these movements, however, worked together at the time.

Many of the founding churches still exist today. The association has never disbanded, but rather has had three different names which were changed in order to accommodate the changes of boundaries as new areas joined. The name changed from Vandalia Baptist Association to Centralia Baptist Association to assimilate churches in Mt. Vernon and Centralia in 1880. The name of the association again changed in 1912 to the Kaskaskia Baptist Association when churches left the Northern (American) Baptist denomination to become Southern Baptist.

In the year 2007, records from the association from 1845 to 1910 will be available on the Kaskaskia Baptist Association website. Eventually all historical records will be available on the website. Also at the website there is a complete history online of the churches as well as a timeline history of the association.

External links
Official website
Kaskaskia Baptist Association Historical Archives

Protestantism in Illinois
Southern Baptist Convention
Christian organizations established in 1912
Baptist denominations established in the 20th century
1912 establishments in Illinois

Kaskaskia Baptist Association


The "Gawain Poet" (),  or less commonly the "Pearl Poet" (fl. late 14th century), is the name given to the author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, an alliterative poem written in 14th-century Middle English. Its author appears also to have written the poems Pearl, Patience, and Cleanness; some scholars suggest the author may also have composed Saint Erkenwald. Save for the last (found in BL-MS Harley 2250), all these works are known from a single surviving manuscript, the British Library holding 'Cotton MS' Nero A.x. MS Nero A X. This body of work includes some of the most highly-regarded poetry written in Middle English.

The Gawain Poet is unidentified. Various scholars have suggested that the poem is attributable to a member of the landed Massey family of Cheshire, and in particular John Massey of Cotton. This is not widely accepted, however, and the labels "Pearl Poet" or "Gawain Poet" are still preferred.

Conjectured biography
The language of the poems shows that the poet was a contemporary of Geoffrey Chaucer, John Gower, and William Langland, who are sometimes (following the suggestion of academic John Burrow) collectively called the Ricardian Poets in reference to the reign of Richard II of England. All four poems of the Cotton MS Nero A X manuscript are in the same Middle English dialect, localised to the area of north-western Staffordshire, north east Shropshire and south-eastern Cheshire, in the English Midlands. This may merely indicate the dialect of the scribe responsible for copying the poems, but there is good evidence that the dialect of poet and scribe were very similar. It is, therefore, thought most likely that the poet was a native of north Shropshire, east Cheshire or west Staffordshire and was writing in the latter part of the 14th century: based particularly on the narrative voice of Pearl, the poet is thought to have been male. Internal evidence indicates that all four works were probably written by the same author, though their similar dialect and presence in the same manuscript have usually been taken as the strongest evidence of common authorship.

Any other information must be deduced from the poems' themes, as there is neither a definite authorial attribution within them nor any 'tradition' as to the author's identity (as with Langland and Piers Plowman). The poet seems to have been well-educated; shows a deep knowledge of the technical vocabulary of hunting, as in the description of the horn signals in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight; also shows some knowledge of royal courts; vividly describes the landscape of the region; and has an interest in poverty as a Christian virtue. However, the writer of the Cotton MS Nero A X poems never refers to contemporary scholarship, as, for example, Chaucer does. The poems show a tendency to refer to materials from the past (the Arthurian legends, stories from the Bible) rather than any new learning, so it is perhaps less possible to associate the poet with universities, monasteries or the court in London. Even so, the Gawain Poet must have been educated and was probably of a certain social standing, perhaps a member of a family of landed gentry. J. R. R. Tolkien and E. V. Gordon, after reviewing the allusions, style, and themes of Gawain and the Green Knight, concluded in 1925:

The poet began writing during a time of rapid change and development in English literature. His language was arguably also influenced by 14th-century social developments, particularly the movement toward a more anglicised ruling class and political identity, and by changes in the English language, primarily driven by exposure to dialects of French. The sophistication of the poet's literary style, and his references to pursuits such as heraldry and hunting, suggest a writer aiming at a cultured audience.

In their use of Latin, Purity, Patience, and Pearl show the poet's knowledge of the Vulgate Bible. In Pearl the poet shows knowledge not only of the Book of Revelation, but also of many other parts of the Bible. It is possible that the poet consulted Latin commentaries on Revelation and Genesis. The work makes use of well-established Christian interpretations of elements in the Old Testament, such as treating Jonah's descent into the whale as a form of Christ's descent into Hell, or using Abraham's three angels as a type of the Trinity. What most interested the poet, however, seems to have been the literal sense of Biblical sources as opposed to their typological or allegorical significance.

Pearl also shows the poet's understanding of mystical theology. It is pointed out that the Dreamer's definition of his vision as a 'gostly drem' (Line 790) indicates the poet's familiarity with the classification of visions used by mystical theologians and the mystics themselves. There is no need to suggest any extraordinary learning on the poet's part; most of the devotional writings were widely and easily understood.

It is difficult to find evidence that the poet shared knowledge of classical poets, such as Virgil and Ovid, with the likes of Chaucer. However, there have been claims that certain small debts can be detected in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight to Virgil and to Seneca the Younger, and it is highly likely that the poet was familiar with a wide range of Latin literature that was current among the educated class in the Middle Ages.

The chronology of the "Alliterative Revival" of which these works are a significant part, cannot be established with any precision. It is assumed that the revival began in the south-west midlands and fully flowered in the late fourteenth century. While Cheshire monasteries were not as well endowed as those in the south-west midlands, they would have included the main Latin works used as sources by the alliterative poets. Dating the works written by the Gawain-poet is most problematic because the works could have been written as early as the 1360s or as late as the manuscript itself, which dates around 1400. It is assumed that the poet was alive during the mid-1370s to mid-1380s. The British Library Cotton MS Nero A X is the only surviving Middle English manuscript collection consisting solely of alliterative poems. There is firm consensus that the dialect of the scribe and the author localises the poem to the north-west Midlands, centring on Cheshire. To present the historical background of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and associated poems is ultimately a quest to find the anonymous poet. The notion that the Gawain-poet was attached to a provincial noble household, perhaps like that of Sir Bertilak, remains attractive to a number of critics. The quest for the Green Chapel brings Sir Gawain into Cheshire from Wales. Sir Robert Grosvenor, Sheriff of Chester was born  at Hulme, Cheshire, England and is an appropriate reference-point in the investigation for the world of the poet. Grosvenor's manor house at Hulme is only a few miles north of the area pin-pointed by dialectologists, on the uplands associated with the Green Chapel mentioned in the poem.

Theories as to possible identity

John Prat, John Donne
A number of scholars have proposed that Pearl was written to commemorate the daughter of John Hastings, Earl of Pembroke, and two of his clerks, John Prat and John Donne, have been advanced as possible candidates for authorship.

"Huchoun"

A theory current in the early part of the 20th century held that a man called Huchoun ("little Hugh") may have authored the poems, having been credited with several works, including at least one known to be in the alliterative form, in the Chronicle of Andrew of Wyntoun. As Cotton MS Nero A X contains the words "Hugo de" added in a later hand, its contents were identified with some of the works mentioned by Wyntoun.

This argument, made in greatest detail by a Scottish antiquarian, George Neilson (who claimed that Hugh was a Scottish knight, Hugh of Eglington), is nowadays disregarded, mainly because the poems attributed to Hugh seem to have been composed in widely varying dialects.

John (or Hugh) Massey
The surname of Massey, that of a prominent Cheshire family, is associated with St Erkenwald, a poem occasionally claimed to be another of the Pearl poet's works; the names of Thomas Massey and Elizabeth Booth (a member of the Booth family of Dunham Massey) are written in St Erkenwalds manuscript.

In 1956, Ormerod Greenwood, working on a translation of Gawain, made the suggestion that the author of Pearl and Gawain was one of the Masseys of Sale. He suggested Hugh Massey, based on a number of puns he found incorporated in Pearl (in addition to the "Hugo de" inscription in Cotton MS Nero A X) Given the obvious link through the name "Hugh", Hugh Massey has been conflated with Huchoun by some academics.

A later suggestion is John Massey of Cotton, Cheshire; this was first put forward by Nolan and Farley-Hills in 1971. John Massey's authorship is further supported, according to Nolan, by one of Thomas Hoccleve's poems, in which Hoccleve mentions "my maister Massy", indicating him to be a fearsome critic of poetic metre. The attribution to John Massey is not, however, widely supported by modern critics of the poem.

John Stanley
Sir John Stanley (c. 1350–1414) has been suggested as a possible identity for the poet. He was a Knight of the Garter, and the presence of the Garter motto, Honi soit qui mal y pense is put forward in support. He was also familiar with hunting and armoury, as described in Gawain, and came from the appropriate part of England.

Richard Newton
Bennett (1979) suggested that Sir Gawain was written by an ancestor of the north-western landowner Humphrey Newton, who appears to have been familiar with the poem in the 16th century. Richard Newton, some of whose occasional verse in the late fourteenth century has survived, was suggested as a candidate, based on perceived stylistic similarities of his work to parts of Sir Gawain. The theory was not widely accepted.

References

Further reading
 Bowers, John M. 2012. An Introduction to the Gawain Poet. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

External links

  Pearl text & modern translation online William Graham Stanton – contains original text, literal translation, and poetic translation.
 Scholarly Introduction to Pearl, Sarah Stanbury

14th-century English poets
Middle English poets
People from Staffordshire
People from the Borough of Cheshire East
Unidentified people
Writers of Arthurian literature
Year of birth unknown

Gawain Poet


Joseph Crosby Lincoln (February 13, 1870 – March 10, 1944) was an American author of novels, poems, and short stories, many set in a fictionalized Cape Cod.

Biography

Lincoln was born in 1870 in Brewster, Massachusetts, on Cape Cod, and his mother moved the family to Chelsea, Massachusetts, a manufacturing city outside Boston, after the death of his father. Lincoln's literary career celebrating "old Cape Cod" can partly be seen as an attempt to return to an Eden from which he had been driven by family tragedy. His literary portrayal of Cape Cod can also be understood as a pre-modern haven occupied by individuals of old Yankee stock which was offered to readers as an antidote to an America that was undergoing rapid modernization, urbanization, immigration, and industrialization. Lincoln was a Republican and a Universalist.

Lincoln's work frequently appeared in popular magazines such as the Saturday Evening Post and The Delineator. Lincoln was aware of contemporary naturalist writers, such as Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser, who used American literature to plumb the depths of human nature, but he rejected this literary exercise. Lincoln claimed that he was satisfied "spinning yarns" that made readers feel good about themselves and their neighbors. Six films and a short were based on his work.

Upon becoming successful, Lincoln spent his winters in northern New Jersey, near the center of the publishing world in Manhattan, but summered in Chatham, Massachusetts. In Chatham, he lived in a shingle-style house named "Crosstrees" that was located on a bluff overlooking the Atlantic Ocean.

Lincoln died in 1944, at the age of 73, in Winter Park, Florida.

Major works

 Cape Cod Ballads and Other Verse (1902)
 Cap'n Eri: A Story of the Coast (1904) (adapted into the 2009 film The Golden Boys)
 Partners of the Tide (1905)
 Mr. Pratt (1906)
 Cape Cod Stories (1907)
 Cy Whittaker's Place (1908)
 Our Village (1909)
 Keziah Coffin (1909)
 The Depot Master (1910)
 Cap'n Warren's Wards (1911)
 The Woman-Haters: A Yarn of Eastboro Twin-Lights (1911) (adapted into the 2010 film The Lightkeepers)
 The Postmaster (1912)
 The Rise of Roscoe Paine (1912) (adopted into the 1922 film No Trespassing)
 Mr. Pratt's Patients (1913)
 Cap'n Dan's Daughter (1914)
 Kent Knowles: Quahaug (1914)
 Thankful's Inheritance (1915)
 Mary-'Gusta (1916)
 Extricating Obadiah (1917)
 "Shavings" (1918)
 The Portygee (1920)
 Galusha the Magnificent (1921)
 Fair Harbor (1922)
 Doctor Nye of North Ostable (1923) (adopted into the 1924 film Idle Tongues)
 Rugged Water (1924) (a 1925 Paramount motion picture)
 Queer Judson (1925)
 The Big Mogul (1926)
 The Aristocratic Miss Brewster (1927)
 Silas Bradford's Boy (1928)
 Blair's Attic (1929)
 Blowing Clear (1930)
 All Alongshore (1931)
 Head Tide (1932)
 Back Numbers (1933)
 The Peel Trait (1934)
 Storm Signals (1935)
 Great-Aunt Lavinia (1936)
 Storm Girl (1937)
 Christmas Days (1938)
 A. Hall & Co. (1938)
 The Ownley Inn (1939)
 Rhymes of the Old Cape (1939)
 Out of the Fog (1940)
 The New Hope (1941)
 The Bradshaws of Harniss (1943)

External links

 Biography
 Bibliography
 Joseph C. Lincoln's Presentation of Cape Cod Folks ()

1870 births
1944 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American poets
20th-century American short story writers
American male novelists
American male poets
American male short story writers
Novelists from Massachusetts
People from Brewster, Massachusetts
People from Chatham, Massachusetts
People from Winter Park, Florida
Writers from Chelsea, Massachusetts

Joseph C. Lincoln


Mike Moran is an American retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his appearances with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) under the ring name Mean Mike, teaming with "Tough Tom" as "Disorderly Conduct". He is also known for his appearances as Killer, one-half of the Texas Hangmen alongside Psycho.

Professional wrestling career

Early career (1982–1997)
Mike started his career as Mike Madigan in 1982 and wrestled for several local independent companies. Eventually he garnered enough experience, and was booked as an enhancement talent as Mike Richards working for the World Wrestling Federation and American Wrestling Association on their TV shows AWA TV, WWF Wrestling Challenge and WWF Superstars. His first territory opportunity was in 1984 working for Bob Geigel in Central States Wrestling as Mike Madigan. After several years of working as an enhancement talent, Mike and fellow enhancement talent Rick Gantner aka Bull Pain took on the personas of The Texas Hangmen Killer & Psycho under masks and wrestled for Verne Gagne in the American Wrestling Association.

In the WWC they were managed by El Profe and won the WWC Caribbean Tag Team Championship from The Super Medicos as well as being a part of an infamous hanging of Invader I angle which made them one of the most memorable teams in WWC history. The next year they lost the WWC Tag Teams Titles and left for Tennessee to work for Jerry Jarrett in the United States Wrestling Association. There they were managed by J. C. Ice and won the USWA World Tag Team Championship from Jerry Lawler and Jeff Jarrett in Memphis. Later that year after losing the belts to Jarrett and Robert Fuller in May 1991, the team split up as Psycho no longer wanted to wear the mask and developed his new persona as Bull Pain. Bull sold his portion of the gear to Mike to continue the Texas Hangmen.

In 1996, Moran spent time in Big Japan Pro Wrestling as "Grey Skull", with Tom Beninghaus who was Tornado Juice working a lot of Barbed wire matches with most of Big Japan's top talent.

Moran took on two of his students he trained locally for the next two years, Midwest Indy wrestlers Rambo Robinson and Spymaster - before choosing his permanent Tag Team partner Tough Tom who was also wrestling locally in Wisconsin at the time. Moran and Beninghaus went back to Puerto Rico and won the WWC Caribbean Tag Team Championship again, this time managed by Rico Suave. They would also go on to see considerable success in Windy City Wrestling, winning their Tag Team Championships on 3 occasions.

Moran then decided to take off the mask and wrestled under the new persona as "The Mighty Kodiak" wearing a large Bear head into the ring. He primarily wrestled for Windy City Wrestling in the Midwest, working several matches against Bob Backlund, Ken Patera and Cowboy Bob Orton. Moran then returned to Puerto Rico as The Mighty Kodiak and won the WWC Television Championship from El Pulgarcito at Hiram Bithorn Stadium in San Juan. After losing the TV title to Sweet Brown Sugar aka Skip Young, he then went back to the US, donning the hoods again with Beninghaus as The Texas Hangmen.

World Championship Wrestling (1997–2001)
In 1997 Moran would team with Beninghaus as his partner and began working for World Championship Wrestling (WCW), in WCW he was renamed "Mean Mike" while his partner became "Tough Tom", collectively known as "Disorderly Conduct". On occasion, Moran and Beninghaus would continue to take on the guises of The Texas Hangmen, and later on known as The Texas Outlaws. The duo mainly worked to help other teams look good, especially younger talent, with the highlight of their time in WCW being an unsuccessful challenge for the WCW World Tag Team Championship, losing to champions The Steiner Brothers (Rick Steiner and Scott Steiner) on an episode of Monday Nitro, as well as Curt Hennig and Barry Windham for the WCW World Tag Team Championship on an episode of WCW Saturday Night in 1999. They also worked with Scott Armstrong and Steve Armstrong, The Armstrong Brothers extensively on WCW Saturday Night, and provied to be very solid hands for the company and the WCW Tag Team Division.

Late career (2001–2012)
After WCW folded, Mean Mike would work in Jimmy Harts Xcitement Wrestling Federation in 2001 before working Bubba The Love Sponge at a World Wrestling Federation House Show in Tampa, Florida in 2002. Mean Mike's final match would come in the form of a six man tag team match reuniting with Tough Tom and Bull Pain with all three of The Texas Hangmen for the first time ever, for Great Lakes Championship Wrestling in Waukesha, Wisconsin where they picked up the win. The Texas Hangmen would eventually be inducted into the Puerto Rican Wrestling Hall of Fame in 2018.

Today Mike lives in Clearwater, Florida, where he has lived for over 20 years and runs a successful Real Estate Appraisal Company.

Championships and accomplishments
Windy City Pro Wrestling
WCPW Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Strangler
World Wrestling Council
 WWC World Tag Team Championship (4 times) - with Psycho (2 times), Strangler (1 time) and Skull Von Krush (1 time)
 WWC Television Championship (2 times)
United States Wrestling Association
 USWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Psycho

References

External links

Living people
People from Milwaukee
American male professional wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from Wisconsin
Year of birth missing (living people)
USWA World Tag Team Champions
WWC Television Champions

Mean Mike


Fenerbahçe University or FBU for short, is a private university in Istanbul established by the relevant foundation of the Fenerbahçe Sports Club.

At Fenerbahçe Faruk Ilgaz Facilities in April 2016; the workshop on its establishment, management and operation started. In the first year of accepting students, Medicana Group invested ₺100M. Security of the campus network and Internet of Things technologies were carried out with Aruba, a Hewlett Packard Enterprise company. In 2020, it started to contribute to the National Combat Aircraft Project, which is carried out in cooperation with TÜBİTAK and TUSAŞ. Faculty of Communication students; In December 2019, started the social responsibility project "Neither Child Neither Adolescent" and place in the Young Spokesperson of the Environment Competition organized by the International Environment Foundation in February 2020 won the first.

References

External links

Fenerbahçe
Universities and colleges in Istanbul
Proposed buildings and structures in Turkey
Universities and colleges established in 2016
2016 establishments in Turkey

Fenerbahçe University


The 1942 National Challenge Cup was the 29th edition of the United States Football Association's annual open cup. Today, the tournament is known as the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup. Teams from the American Soccer League II competed in the tournament, based on qualification methods in their base region.

Gallatin F.C. from Gallatin, Pennsylvania won the tournament for first time defeating the defending champions, Pawtucket F.C. of Pawtucket, Rhode Island in the process.

External links
 1942 National Challenge Cup – TheCup.us

Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup
U.S. Open Cup

1942 National Challenge Cup


Although Tupoutoʻa could claim through both his father and his mother descency from the Tuʻi Kanokupolu line, in reality he was a minor chief. His father Tukuʻaho had been extremily harsh person, generally hated, an usurper who had managed to get the Tuʻi Kanokupolu title, but was murdered by a triumvirate under Tupouniua, his halfbrother Fīnau ʻUlukālala II ʻi Feletoa (Fangupō) and his half-halfbrother, Tupoutoʻa himself.

With Tongatapu in a civil war after the murder, Tupoutoʻa initially sought to become an ally of Fīnau Fangupō. This put him Haʻapai in the lap, when Fīnau after the war against Vavaʻu of 1808, thought the latter place a better residence for him than his current estates of Haʻapai. So Tupoutoʻa became a governor, but after the death of Fīnau in 1809 the high chief of the archipelago.

Meanwhile he did not stop his ambitions for Tongatapu, and finally in 1813 the mightiest chief of Tongatapu, Takai agreed that he would become the Tuʻi Kanokupolu. But it had become a hollow title by then, and when Tupoutoʻa died in 1820 no one even noticed.

Tupoutoʻa (TK)/en


The name Lisa [ lee-suh, -zuh ] is a female given name. It is a form of the name Elizabeth. Lisa is a popular name for girls that has been in use for centuries. It is a short and sweet name that is simple to pronounce and spell. The meaning of the name Lisa can vary depending on its origin. One of the most common meanings of the name Lisa is "God is my oath." This meaning comes from the Hebrew name Elisheba, which was the name of Aaron's wife in the Old Testament. Elisheba was later abbreviated to Elizabeth, and Lisa is a diminutive form of Elizabeth. Another meaning of the name Lisa is "consecrated to God." This meaning comes from the Latin name Lysa, which was a shortened version of Elizabeth. In ancient Rome, the name Lysa was given to girls who were devoted to the goddess Juno. In German, the name Lisa means "God's promise." This meaning comes from the German name Liese, which is a diminutive form of Elizabeth. In German culture, the name Liese was often bestowed upon girls who were born after a long period of waiting or difficulty. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

Across the United Kingdom, Lisa was the fifth most popular female name. Around 1996, the name fell out of Top 100. In the United States, during the 1960s and 1970s, Lisa was among the most popular feminine names. However, by around the late 1970s, the name began to decline.

People

 Lisa Loeb, American musician
 Lisa Kudrow, American actress
 Lisa Marie Presley, American singer (1968–2023)
 Lisa Sparxxx, American pornographic film actress and director

References

Given names

Lisa (given name)


Hajdar Muneka (20 March 1954 – 5 May 2022) was an Albanian journalist and diplomat.

Education
Hajdar Muneka received a Chinese language degree from the Beijing Language and Culture University, Beijing, China. He also had a master's degree in Journalism, University of Tirana, Albania.

Career
Starting in 1979, Hajdar Muneka served as journalist covering European Affairs at Albanian Radio Television, Radio Televizioni Shqiptar, in Tirana.

Muneka began his diplomatic career in 1991, when he became a Desk Officer at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Albania and latter First Secretary of the Embassy of Albania in Beijing, China. In 1997, he was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Albania in Beijing, China. In the same time Hajdar Muneka was appointed ambassador designate to Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore. In 2001 Muneka was appointed Head of Mission of the Embassy of Albania in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Muneka was the co-founder of the Council of Albanian Ambassadors.

References

 The Presidential Accreditation which appoints Hajdar Muneka as the Ambassador of Albanian in P.R.C.

1954 births
2022 deaths
Ambassadors of Albania to China
Ambassadors of Albania to Japan
Ambassadors of Albania to South Korea
Ambassadors of Albania to Australia
Ambassadors of Albania to New Zealand
Ambassadors of Albania to Singapore
Ambassadors of Albania to Malaysia
Beijing Language and Culture University alumni
University of Tirana alumni
Albanian journalists
Radio reporters and correspondents
People from Has (municipality)

Hajdar Muneka


Ion Ghica (; 12 August 1816 – 7 May 1897) was a Romanian statesman, mathematician, diplomat and politician, who was Prime Minister of Romania five times. He was a full member of the Romanian Academy and its president many times (1876–1882, 1884–1887, 1890–1893 and 1894–1895). He was the older brother and associate of Pantazi Ghica, a prolific writer and politician.

Early life and Revolution

He was born in Bucharest, Wallachia, to the prominent Ghica boyar family, and was the nephew of both Grigore Alexandru Ghica (who was to become Prince of Wallachia in the 1840s and 1850s) and Ion Câmpineanu, a Carbonari-inspired radical. His father was Dimitrie (Tache) Ghica and his mother – Maria née Câmpineanu.
Ion Ghica was educated in Bucharest and in Western Europe, studying engineering and mathematics in Mine School of Paris (France) from 1837 to 1840.

After finishing his studies in Paris, he left for Moldavia and was involved in the failed Frăția ("Brotherhood") conspiracy of 1848, which was intended to bring about the union of Wallachia and Moldavia under one native Romanian leader, Prince Mihai Sturdza. Ion Ghica became a professor on geology and mineralogy  and later professor on political economy at the Academia Mihăileană which was founded by the same Prince Sturdza in Iași (future University of Iași). He is considered the first great Roumanian economist.

He joined the Wallachian revolutionary camp, and, in the name of the Provisional Government then established in Bucharest, went to Istanbul to approach the Ottoman Imperial government; he, Nicolae Bălcescu, and General Gheorghe Magheru were instrumental in mediating negotiations between the Transylvanian Romanian leader Avram Iancu and the Hungarian Revolutionary government of Lajos Kossuth.

Prince of Samos

While in Istanbul, he was appointed Bey (governor) of Samos (1854–1859), where he proved his leadership skills by extirpating local piracy (most of which was aimed at transports supplying the Crimean War). After completing the task, Ghica was awarded the honorary title of Bey of Samos by Sultan Abd-ul-Mejid I in 1856.

Political career in Romania

In 1859, after the union of Moldavia and Walachia had been effected, Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza asked Ion Ghica to return. Later (1866), despite being trusted by Prince Cuza, Ghica took active part in the secret grouping that secured Cuza's overthrow. He was the first prime minister under Prince of Romania (afterwards King of Romania) Carol of Hohenzollern.

In 1866, Ghica became the first chairman of the newly established Bank of Romania. He is also noted as one of the first major Liberal figures in the Kingdom of Romania, and one of the leaders of the incipient Liberal Party. His group's radicalism, with its boyar leadership that had engineered the defunct Revolution, surfaced as republicanism whenever Carol approached the Conservatives; Ghica joined the anti-dynastic movement of 1870–1871 that had surfaced with the Republic of Ploiești. The matter of the Liberals' loyalty was ultimately settled 1876, with the exceptionally long Liberal Ministry of Ion Brătianu. In 1881, Ghica was appointed Romanian Minister in London, an office he retained until 1889; he died in Ghergani, Dâmbovița County.

Works
Beside his political distinction, Ion Ghica earned a literary reputation by writing his Letters, addressed to Vasile Alecsandri, his lifelong friend. Conceived and written during his residency in London, the letters depict the ancestral stage of Romanian society, as it appeared to be fading away.

He was also the author of Amintiri din pribegie ("Recollections from Exile"), in 1848, and of Convorbiri Economice ("Conversations on Economics"), dealing with major economic issues.  He was the first to advocate the favoring of local initiatives over foreign investments in industry and commerce – to a certain extent, this took the form of protectionism (a characteristic of the Liberal Party throughout the coming period, and until World War II).

Footnotes

References

1816 births
1897 deaths
Chairpersons of the National Theatre Bucharest
Ion
National Liberal Party (Romania) politicians
Political people from the Ottoman Empire
Politicians from Bucharest
Romanian people of the Crimean War
People of the Revolutions of 1848
Presidents of the Romanian Academy
Prime Ministers of the Principality of Wallachia
Prime Ministers of the Principality of Moldavia
Prime Ministers of Romania
Romanian Ministers of Foreign Affairs
Romanian Ministers of Interior
Ambassadors of Romania to the United Kingdom
19th-century Romanian economists
Romanian essayists
Romanian mathematicians
Romanian memoirists
Romanian revolutionaries
Romanian sociologists
Princes of Samos
19th-century Ottoman governors in Europe
19th-century memoirists

Ion Ghica


The Hon. Charles Hugh Lindsay  (11 November 1816 – 25 March 1889) was a British soldier, courtier and Conservative politician.

Background

Lindsay was born at Muncaster Castle, the third son of James Lindsay, 24th Earl of Crawford, and the Hon. Maria, daughter of John Pennington, 1st Baron Muncaster. The Hon. Sir James Lindsay was his elder brother.

Public life
Lindsay sat as Member of Parliament for Abingdon between 1865 and 1874. He was also a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Grenadier Guards and Colonel in the St George's Rifle Regiment and served as a Groom-in-Waiting to Queen Victoria.

Family
Lindsay married Emilia Anne, daughter of the Very Reverend the Hon. Henry Montague Browne, Dean of Lismore, in 1851. His daughter Violet Lindsay was an artist. She married Henry Manners, 8th Duke of Rutland and was the mother of Lady Diana Cooper. Emilia Anne died in February 1873. Lindsay survived her by 16 years and died in March 1889, aged 72.

References

External links

1816 births
1889 deaths
Younger sons of earls
Charles
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Abingdon
UK MPs 1865–1868
UK MPs 1868–1874

Charles Lindsay (British politician)


Ernesto José Leal Sanchez (July 28, 1945 – December 26, 2005) was a Nicaraguan politician.

Early life
Leal was born in Nicaragua's capital Managua. He became a civil engineer by profession, but was interested in politics since his youth. He graduated from the Universidad Centroamericana (UCA) in Nicaragua, and the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia.

In 1979 he supported the Sandinista revolution and became deputy Minister of Industry, but resigned in 1981 and became a critic of the government. He married Carolina Medal and than remarried Gioconda Padilla Godoy and had 3 children, Ernesto Leal Medal, Carolina Leal Medal, and Clarissa Leal Medal.

In 1990 he founded the Nicaraguan Democratic Movement and supported the election of President Violeta Chamorro. He served as deputy foreign minister in her government from 1990 to 1992 and as foreign minister of Nicaragua from 1992 to 1997. He was a strong supporter of stronger relations with other Central American countries.

In 2002, when Enrique Bolaños was elected president, Leal became one of his top aides, and became presidential chief of staff in November 2004. In 2005 he led government talks with leftist and rightest parties over constitutional changes that were to weaken the powers of the president.

Death
Leal became ill with a rare case of pneumonia early in December 2005 and was sent to the United States for medical treatment. He spent three weeks at Mount Sinai Hospital in Miami, Florida but eventually died there of his illness.

References

People from Managua
1945 births
2005 deaths
Sandinista National Liberation Front politicians
Foreign Ministers of Nicaragua
Industry ministers of Nicaragua
Nicaraguan Democratic Movement politicians
Deaths from pneumonia in Florida
People of the Nicaraguan Revolution
Central American University (Managua) alumni

Ernesto Leal


Misty Picture was a test conducted on May 14, 1987 by the United States Defense Nuclear Agency (now part of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency) involving the detonation of several thousand tons of conventional explosives to simulate the explosion of a small nuclear bomb.

From the test report:

MISTY PICTURE was the fourth test in the MISTY CASTLE series of large-scale High Explosive (HE) tests sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA). The test was run on 14 May 1987. The explosive consisted of 4685 tons of an Ammonium Nitrate and Fuel Oil (ANFO) mixture loaded in bulk into a  radius fiberglass hemisphere. This is equivalent to 3900 tons of TNT. Detonation of this charge provided an airblast and ground motion environment which was used by numerous agencies to collect basic explosive environmental data and to test a variety of systems and equipment in a simulated nuclear environment. The resulting overpressure from the detonation simulated the approximate equivalent airblast of an  nuclear device.

Objective

From the introduction to the test report:
MISTY PICTURE was sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA), with Field Command. DNA (FCDNA) being tasked with executing the event. The primary objective of the test is to provide an airblast and ground shock environment for DoD-sponsored experiments. These experiments are designed to determine the response of tactical and strategic weapon systems, communications equipment, vehicles and a variety of structures to a simulated nuclear environment. A secondary objective is to provide a thermal environment (in conjunction with the airblast) for specific experiments. A third objective is to provide a simulated nuclear precursor environment in support of the Air Force Hardened Mobile Launcher (HML) program.

A more detailed description later in the report:
MISTY PICTURE will be a High Explosive (HE) event designed to provide a blast, thermal, and shock environment for the Department of Defense (DOD), U.S. Government Agencies, and foreign governments sponsoring target experiments. For selected experiments, seven Thermal Radiation Sources (TRS) are placed at varying distances from Ground Zero (GZ) to augment the blast and shock environment by providing thermal radiation. The TRS will operate just prior to detonation of the explosive charge. Execution is currently scheduled for 14 May 1987. MISTY PICTURE will detonate 4,880 tons of Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) placed at ground level. Test objectives
are to:
 Record blast and shock environment.
 Record damage to weapons, shelters and systems.
 Record synergistic effects of blast and thermal environments.
 Increase weapons effects data base.
In addition to the before mentioned objectives, four Talos/Terrier missiles and 20 Viper rockets will be fired into the dust cloud produced by the MISTY PICTURE detonation during the T+1 minute to T+3 minute time period. The missile payloads are ballistic re-entry vehicles being tested for the effects of dust erosion on their surfaces and trajectories. The rockets are samplers to define the environment that the re-entry vehicles were exposed to.

Event description
The test was conducted at the Permanent High Explosive Test Site (PHETS) on White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), approximately  south of the Northern Range boundary.  Ground Zero (GZ) was approximately  south-southeast from the GZ used for the very similar June 1985 Minor Scale event.

Gracon Corporation (Loveland, Colorado) did the helium dispersion into the layer simulating a thermal layer in order to create the shock precursor.

See also
 List of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions
 Operation Sailor Hat

References

External links
 Misty Picture from GlobalSecurity.org
 Nuclear Effects Testing - Introduction

Explosions in 1987
1987 in the United States
Explosions in the United States
History of Socorro County, New Mexico
1987 in New Mexico

Misty Picture


Alan Francis Simpson  (27 November 1929 – 8 February 2017) was an English scriptwriter, best known for the Galton and Simpson comedy writing partnership with Ray Galton. Together they devised and wrote the BBC sitcom Hancock's Half Hour (1954–1961), the first two series of  Comedy Playhouse (1961–1963), and Steptoe and Son (1962–1974).

Early life
Simpson was born in Brixton, south London, and was educated at Mitcham County Grammar School for Boys. He was a football fan and supported Brentford and Hampton & Richmond Borough where Simpson was honorary club president. After leaving school he worked as a shipping clerk and was a member of a church concert party. He contracted tuberculosis aged 17 in 1947 and was admitted to Milford Sanatorium near Godalming in Surrey, where he spent 13 months.

Galton and Simpson

While at the Milford Sanatorium, Simpson was housed with fellow patient Ray Galton, also 17 at the time. The two found they shared similar tastes in comedy, and quickly became friends. After leaving the sanatorium, they jointly applied and got jobs at the BBC, writing sketches for its various comedians. One of the plotlines in Linda Grant's 2016 novel The Dark Circle was based on Simpson's experience of broadcasting on hospital radio with Galton during their time at the sanatorium and its role in their subsequent careers.

Following their break with the Derek Roy vehicle Happy Go Lucky, they became writers for Tony Hancock, including the Hancock's Half Hour radio show and Hancock's later television specials. Subsequently, the pair wrote several comedy series for television, including Comedy Playhouse and  Steptoe and Son. The latter became the basis for the American series Sanford and Son and the Swedish series Albert & Herbert. Many of their works were re-adopted for later production, such as the Paul Merton revival of the Hancock's Half Hour for ITV, and the 2009 audio plays Galton and Simpson's Half Hour broadcast on BBC Radio 2 to celebrate the team's 60th anniversary.

Galton and Simpson continued to write for other one-off comedies and series until Simpson's retirement in 1978, after which the two remained in contact.

Later life
Simpson retired from scriptwriting in 1978 around the time Kathleen, his first wife, died. He then concentrated on business interests and becoming an after dinner speaker. He was appointed an OBE in 2000, and he and Galton received a BAFTA Fellowship on 8 May 2016 for their comedic contributions.

Simpson died on 8 February 2017, as a result of lung disease, at the age of 87. After his death, his wife Tessa Le Bars said: "Having had the privilege of working with Alan and Ray for over 50 years, the last 40 as agent, business manager and friend, and latterly as Alan's companion and carer, I am deeply saddened to lose Alan after a brave battle with lung disease."

On 11 February 2017 BBC Two broadcast the Steptoe and Son episode "Divided We Stand" in his memory.

References

External links

1929 births
2017 deaths
English radio writers
English television writers
BAFTA fellows
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Brixton
English male writers
Deaths from lung disease
British male television writers
English comedy writers

Alan Simpson (scriptwriter)


Limited Too was a clothing and lifestyle retailer, and current brand, targeting the tween girl market, formerly owned by Tween Brands, Inc. (formerly known as Limited Too, Inc. and Too, Inc.). Since 2015, the brand has been owned by Bluestar Alliance, LLC, having lain dormant for six years after the store bearing its name converted to Justice.

Limited Too sold apparel, underwear, sleepwear, swimwear, lifestyle, accessories, and personal care products for girls age 5–15. At its peak in 2007, Tween Brands operated over 600 Limited Too stores. Three times a year, spring, fall and holiday, Limited Too offered "Too Bucks", which are received with a $50 purchase, and are worth $25 off every $50 purchase (as of 2008) and "Bonus Too Bucks", which are worth $15 off every $40 purchase. On August 12, 2008, Tween Brands announced that the nearly 600 Limited Too stores would convert to the lower-price Justice brand in early 2009, discontinuing the use of the Limited Too name; however, some Limited Too stores retained the old name into 2010.

History
Limited Too was created by The Limited, Inc. in 1987 as an infants, toddlers and younger girls' version of The Limited selling products similar to their adult oriented brand. From 1987 to 1995, the number of stores increased from two to 288 different retail locations. In 1996, a new senior management team refocused Limited Too into a preteen girls fashion store. In 1999, Limited Too, Inc. spun off to establish a strong and independent brand identity.

From 2001 to 2003, the company operated the Mishmash chain that targeted 15- to 20-year-old women and sold apparel, accessories, and gifts and competed head-to-head with chains like Gadzooks, Wet Seal, and the women's businesses of Abercrombie & Fitch, Hollister Co., and American Eagle Outfitters. The chain folded in 2003 because Too Inc. felt that they knew and understood the preteen customer better. Committed to this focus, Too Inc. launched the first Justice: Just for Girls stores in January 2004; many of the early Justice stores were converted Mishmash stores.

On July 10, 2006, Too Inc. completed its name change to Tween Brands, Inc., and began trading on the NYSE under the symbol, 'TWB'. In February 2008, there were 582 Limited Too stores in 47 states and Puerto Rico as well as 25 franchised stores in the Middle East. At its peak, Limited Too had over 600 stores; however, in August 2008, Tween Brands announced that it would discontinue its Limited Too line of 586 stores, although select stores would still offer a line of higher-quality Limited Too clothes in Justice locations. Between December 2008 and June 2010, 26 of these stores closed and 560 others were re-branded as Justice.

After being dormant for several years, the Limited Too IP and trademarks were acquired by Bluestar Alliance, LLC and revived as an online store with select clothing being sold at Amazon.com and other websites.

Criticism
While operating as The Limited Too, stores were proved to practice inverted vanity sizing, leaving inaccuracies in clothing sizes, leading girls who shop there to feel overweight (example: a girl who would wear a size 12 at other stores would wear a 16 or even an 18 at Limited Too stores).

In 2007, Slate published an article by Emily Yoffe that was critical of the clothing offered for preteen girls at several shops, including Limited Too. When she took her eleven-year-old daughter shopping for school clothes, the range available at Limited Too ran to clothing "encrusted with rhinestones or sparkling with glitter", a category Yoffe called "Nitwit Wear" (she mentions a T-shirt with the slogan "I Left My Brain In My Locker"), push-up bras for preteens, and boyshort underwear emblazoned "Buy it now! Tell Dad later!"

References

External links
Official Limited Too website

Clothing retailers of the United States
Defunct clothing retailers of the United States
Companies based in the Columbus, Ohio metropolitan area
Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Children's clothing
Retail companies established in 1987
1987 establishments in Ohio
American companies established in 1987
Retail companies disestablished in 2010
2010 disestablishments in Ohio
American companies disestablished in 2010
American companies established in 2015
Re-established companies

Limited Too


The Place is a 2017 Italian thriller drama film directed by Paolo Genovese, who also co-authored the script. The film is a cinematographic adaptation of the 2010 American television series The Booth at the End created by Christopher Kubasik. The movie features; Marco Giallini, Alessandro Borghi, Sabrina Ferilli, Giulia Lazzarini, Vinicio Marchioni, Valerio Mastandrea, Silvio Muccino, Rocco Papaleo, Vittoria Puccini, and Alba Rohrwacher. The plot centers on a seemingly random group of nine people who want to fulfill their greatest wishes, so they enter into a Faustian pact with a mysterious man who is able to give them what they want in exchange for fulfilling his own requests.

Plot
A mysterious man dressed in a business suit sits at the table in a cheap restaurant called "The Place" and is ready to listen to requests and wishes of various people coming to him. In return for the fulfillment of their requests, he makes his own demands, which often sound terrible or sometimes directly interfere with what he demanded from other visitors. While interviewing people, the man always keeps a thick, leather-covered notebook at ready, reading from it and writing the visitors' wishes with an expensive pen. Although the man declares that he does not set impossible tasks, each of his demands implies going against a number of basic ethical principles. The wishmaker also comments that the people are free to cancel the deal anytime they want.

Police officer Ettore, who needs to find the money stolen in a burglary, is asked to beat someone to blood. The nun Chiara, who has lost her faith in God and desperately wants to find it again, is invited to get pregnant. Mechanic Odoacre, in exchange for a night of sex with a model, is required to protect a child. Gigi is asked to kill this little girl to save the life of a seriously ill child. Old Marcella, in exchange for healing her Alzheimer's husband, must perpetrate a massacre in a crowded place with an explosive device that she must assemble herself. Young Martina has to commit a burglary for an exact value of 100,000 euros and 5 cents if she wants to become more beautiful. Blind Fulvio wants to regain his sight and is assigned to rape a woman. Azzurra must break up a married couple if she wants her husband to come back to her. Young Alex, the burglar whom police officer Ettore searches for, enters the deal with the man without taking it seriously and asks for his father (Ettore) to leave him alone forever.

Gradually, the lives of all the participants intertwines, sometimes making them to help each other and other times to fight with each other. The ultimate goal of the mysterious man, however, remains unknown until the café waitress Angela gets involved in the events, trying to understand the man's identity and motivation. The film ends with an episode in which the man confesses to Angela that he wants to stop doing what he does as he is very tired of his duty. Angela says that this is possible, takes his notebook, pulls out a pen, and starts writing—obviously assuming the man's role. In the last moments of the movie, the same table is shown at which the man sat the entire film. However, now the table is empty, and a page torn out from his notebook is burning in an ashtray as a symbol of his completed mission.

Cast

Release
The film premiered at the Rome Film Festival in 2017 and was released on Italian screens on 9

Reception
Vittoria Scarpa of Cineuropa wrote "It's been one of the most anticipated films of the season. Following the overwhelming success of Perfect Strangers, Paolo Genovese was in a position to do something daring and that he did, pulling an ambitious and metaphorical film out of his hat, which may not be for everyone, but in which he truly leaves comedy behind for the first time... A dialogue film, a test for its actors, and a conceptual "huis clos," which asks the audience one single yet weighty question: how far would you go to get what you want?"

References

External links

Films based on television series
2017 thriller films
2017 films
Italian thriller films
2017 drama films
Films directed by Paolo Genovese
2010s Italian-language films

The Place (film)


Human Rights Publishers is an international publishing group, founded in 2004 by three organizations: Human Rights Publishers, Prague; Izdatelstvo Prava Cheloveka, Moscow; and Izhevsk-based NGO «Redaktsiya zhurnala Pravozaschitnik» (Human Rights Defender journal).

Recent Publications
 Ivan Tolstoy. Doctor Zhivago: New Facts and Discoveries from the Nobel Archive (Prague: 2010)
 Vera Vasilyeva. No Witnesses? Nevzlin Case: Eyewitness Accounts of the Extramural Trial (Prague: 2009)
 Vera Vasilyeva. The Third Trial of Alexei Pichugin. "Yukos Case" Chronicles (Prague: 2007)
 Vera Vasilyeva. How Alexei Pichugin was judged: Court reportage (Prague: 2007)
 Andrey Shary. A Prayer for Serbia. The Secret of Zoran Djindjic's Death (Prague: 2005)
 Andrey Shary. The Tribunal. Chronicles Of The Unfinished War (Moscow: 2003)

See also
 Human rights in Russia
 Moscow Helsinki Group
 International human rights instruments
 List of human rights organisations

External links
 Official website

Book publishing companies of Russia
Publishing companies established in 2004
Human rights in Russia

Human Rights Publishers


Rotterdam is the second-largest city in the Netherlands. There are about 653,000 people (2021) living in Rotterdam. It has the biggest port in Europe. The city is on several rivers, most notably the Maas. Rotterdam, like all of the Netherlands, has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

It hosts also a university: the Erasmus University Rotterdam.

On 18 March 2010, Rozenburg became a part of the municipality of Rotterdam.

Sea level
Rotterdam is built mostly behind dikes because large parts of the Rotterdam are below sea level. The Prins Alexander Polder in the northeast of Rotterdam extends 6 metres (20 ft) below sea level. The lowest point in the Netherlands (6.76 metres (22.2 ft) below NAP) is just to the east of Rotterdam. This kind of engineering may be needed in many countries as sea level rises.

History
A dam was built in 1260 across the river Rotte where the Hoogstraat is now. The name Rotterdam comes from this dam. The settlement was a regular fishing village at first, but became a thriving trading port pretty soon. The city got city rights in 1340 and city walls in 1360. Rotterdam became an important city in Holland in the middle of the 15th century, when it won little wars against Delft and Gouda. From 1449 until 1525 a Gothic church (Laurenskerk) was built. The city then hold about 10,000 people. The city revolted against Spanish occupation in 1573, becoming one of the main city's of the Eighty Years' War. The port of Rotterdam grew a lot in the late 16th century and early 17th century. In the end of the 17th century, the city hold almost 50,000 people. But the city had not built outside of the city walls. The city became very crowded.

The port of Rotterdam became bigger and bigger in the 19th century, when several new canals were dug. These were: Nieuwe Waterweg (lit: New Waterway), and Voornse Kanaal. The city grew quickly due to the enormous amount of work in the port. The population grew from 160,000 people in 1880 to 315,000 in 1900. Various new districts were built, including Cool, Crooswerk, and Nieuwe Westen. Neighbouring places also became part of Rotterdam. In 1920, the city held more than 500,000 people for the first time in its history

Second World War

Nazi Germany attacked the Netherlands in May 1940.  The Battle of the Netherlands brought heavy fighting in Rotterdam. In the Blitz of Rotterdam, the Germans bombarded Rotterdam on May 14, 1940. The damage was huge; 24,000 buildings were destroyed in only 15 minutes, and there was virtually nothing left of the old centre of Rotterdam. 800 people died instantly, and 80,000 were homeless. The bombardment also destroyed the Willemsbrigde, one of the two brigdes across the Maas at that time. The Germans repaired the bridge quickly, as it was of vital importance for the city. During the German occupation, the neighbouring places of Hillegersberg, Schiebroek, Overschie, Kralingseveer and Ijsselmonde are annexed (put by) by Rotterdam. On November 11th, 1944, a large razzia took place. About 50,000 men from 17 to 40 years old from Rotterdam were deported into working camps. The city also lost many people in the famine of 1944 (hongerwinter (lit: Winter of hunger)).

After the war

Rotterdam was quickly rebuilt after the war, but modernization led to the fact that many old buildings were not repaired, but replaced by totally new ones. This has led to the fact that the centre of Rotterdam is composed of new buildings, a thing not common in European cities. The ports of Rotterdam grew even more during the latter part of the 20th century. New areas, built right on the sea, are Botlek, Maasvlakte, and Europoort. The Euromast (185 m high) became an icon of Rotterdam. The metro of Rotterdam opened in 1968, which was the first metro in the Netherlands. The 1990s saw more skyscrapers being built. The Delftse Poort, which was ready in 1991, was the highest skyscraper in the Netherlands, with 151 m high, until the Maastoren became the highest building in 2009 with 165 m. The new Erasmusbridge, which was ready in 1996, gave Rotterdam a new symbol.

Districts
The city of Rotterdam is split up into 14 districts, each with a number of neighbourhoods. The districts are:

 Rotterdam Centrum
 Charlois
 Delfshaven
 Feijenoord
 Hillegersberg-Schiebroek
 Hoek van Holland
 Hoogvliet
 IJsselmonde
 Kralingen-Crooswijk
 Noord
 Overschie
 Pernis
 Prins Alexander
 Rozenburg

Notable people from Rotterdam
 Hans van Baalen
 Leo Beenhakker
 Thea Beckman
 Pascal Bosschaart
 Giovanni van Bronckhorst
 Willem Pieterszoon Buytewech
 Ferry Corsten
 Jules Deelder
 Julian "Bean" Delphiki (literary character)
 Edsger Dijkstra
 Royston Drenthe
 André van Duin
 Desiderius Erasmus
 Pim Fortuyn
 Ida Gerhardt
 Jacobus van 't Hoff
 Marianne Heemskerk
 Bep van Klaveren
 Rem Koolhaas
 Kruimeltje (literary character)
 Ruud Lubbers
 Paul de Leeuw
 Rie Mastenbroek
 Robin van Persie
 Hendrik Martenszoon Sorgh
 Ron Steens
 Marten Toonder

References

Rotterdam


Herbert Lionel Elvin (7 August 1905 in Buckhurst Hill – 14 June 2005 in Cambridge) was an educationist.

Elvin was the son of Herbert Henry Elvin, General Secretary of the National Union of Clerks, and brother of George, who became General Secretary of the Association of Cinematograph Television and Allied Technicians.

He studied at Southend High School for Boys, for which he wrote the lyrics for the school song, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he achieved first class honours in English and History. He was also President of the Cambridge Union Society and an accomplished athlete, representing Cambridge in the half-mile against Oxford in 1927.

After a two-year Commonwealth Fund Fellowship at Yale, Elvin returned to Trinity Hall in 1930 as the college's first Fellow with responsibility for teaching English (he was tutor to both Marshall McLuhan and Raymond Williams while he was there). He became the Senior Treasurer of the then newly formed Cambridge University Labour Club in Easter Term 1934. That same year, he married Mona Bedortha Dutton (died 1997; one son).

His interest in education was broadened by membership of Cambridge Town Council and by the work of Henry Morris, chief education officer for Cambridgeshire, who was the creator of "village colleges" in the county. Elvin was also active in the Workers' Educational Association and served as Treasurer of its Eastern District. Elvin was a man of the left, a radical and a "non-Christian"; his adherence to his principles led him to refuse numerous honours, although he did accept the honorary fellowships awarded to him by Trinity Hall and the Institute of Education. He was a person of great charm and modesty (his Who's Who entry included under recreations "most games indifferently"). He was also the first Chairman of Amnesty International.

Elvin was a tireless worker and active in numerous educational causes, for example:
President of the English New Education Fellowship
President of the Council for Education in World Citizenship
Chair of the Commonwealth Education Liaison Committee.

He had one of the most distinguished and varied careers in education of the 20th century. He was:-

Fellow, Trinity Hall, Cambridge 1930-1944, Honorary Fellow 1980
1944-1950 Principal of Ruskin College, Oxford
1950-1956 Director of Department of Education at Unesco in Paris
Professor of Education in Tropical Areas, Institute of Education, London University 1956-58
1958-1973 when he retired: Director of the Institute of Education at London University
Emeritus Professor of Education 1973-2005, Honorary Fellow 1993

His Second World War service was in the Air Ministry and in the American Division of the Ministry of Information, but in 1944 he moved to a very different environment with his appointment as Principal of Ruskin College, Oxford. His chief rival for the post was Richard Crossman. In his autobiography, Encounters with Education (1987), Elvin, who had stood unsuccessfully as the Labour parliamentary candidate for Cambridge University in the election of 1935, recorded, "I do not think any five years in my career were more enjoyable than those I spent in Ruskin."

Elvin visited the United States on numerous occasions, but his final years were spent at his home in Bulstrode Gardens, Cambridge.

Publications
1941: Men of America
1949: An Introduction to the Study of Literature
1965 Education and Contemporary Society
1977: The Place of Commonsense in Educational Thought

References

1905 births
2005 deaths
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
British educational theorists
People educated at Southend High School for Boys
People from Buckhurst Hill
Labour Party (UK) politicians
Presidents of the Cambridge Union

Lionel Elvin


Celaena haworthii, or Haworth's minor, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by John Curtis in 1829. It is found from the British Isles and France through northern Europe including Scandinavia, east to the Urals and across the Palearctic to Siberia and up to the Pacific Ocean.

Description

The wingspan is 25–30 mm. Forewing brown tinged with reddish; the lines dark, indistinct; the outer followed by a pale oblique band reaching vein 6; the submarginal line, close to margin, dentate, whitish, preceded by a dark shade containing three or four black wedge-shaped marks; orbicular small, annular, rufous, sometimes obsolete; reniform ochreous with rufous centre, in some cases all white; claviform short, black; median vein and bases of veins 3, 4, and generally vein 1 white or whitish; hindwing dull brownish, darker along the termen; cellspot and outer line dark; this British form is smaller and less brightly marked than the continental form, erupta Germ., which is velvety brown black, dusted in places with pale scales, and with all the pale markings stronger, especially the stigmata; without reddish tinge, or at least not prominently reddish; — the ab. hibernica Stph., from Ireland, is redder, with the pale markings less defined.

Biology
Adults are on wing from July to the beginning of October in one generation.

Larva pinkish ochreous to purplish brown; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale; the tubercles black; head, and thoracic plate pale reddish brown. The larvae feed on the root crowns and stems of various grasses, as well as Eriophorum and Juncus species. Adults are active during the night and day and feed on flower nectar of Calluna vulgaris, Origanum vulgare and Molinia species.

References

External links

Haworth's Minor at UKMoths

Lepiforum e.V.
Schmetterlinge-Deutschlands.de

Hadeninae
Moths of Europe
Taxa named by John Curtis
Moths described in 1829

Celaena haworthii