The Alabama Centennial half dollar, or Alabama half dollar, was a commemorative fifty-cent coin struck by the United States Bureau of the Mint in 1921 as a belated acknowledgement of the 100th anniversary of Alabama's admission to the Union in 1819. The coin was created by Laura Gardin Fraser, the first woman credited with designing a coin.

Alabama Congressman Lilius Bratton Rainey introduced legislation for a commemorative coin at the request of the state's centennial commission.  The bill originally provided for commemorative quarters but was amended to provide for halves instead. The bill moved quickly through the legislative process and became the Act of May 10, 1920, with the signature of President Woodrow Wilson.

The half dollars were not issued until October 1921, apparently because the initial decision to depict President Wilson, a Democrat, on the coin might be reversed depending on the results of the 1920 presidential election.  After Republican Warren G. Harding won the presidency, the sponsors of the issue chose to depict William Bibb, the State of Alabama's first governor, and Thomas Kilby, its governor at the time of the centennial, thus making Governor Kilby the first living person to appear on a U.S. coin.  To boost sales, a symbol, 2X2 (recognizing Alabama as the 22nd state) was included in the design for a minority of the coins; these are generally more expensive today.

Inception

Alabama was admitted to the Union in 1819, and celebrated its centennial in 1919. The Alabama Centennial Commission sponsored local celebrations in the state in 1919 and 1920, but was beginning to wind down its operations before it began the push for a centennial coin.  Numismatists Anthony Swiatek and Walter Breen later speculated that the members heard of other states which had received or which sought a commemorative coin, and, out of local pride, wanted the same for Alabama. The coin would also help with fundraising, and the proceeds were to be used for "historical and monumental" purposes. Commission members persuaded local congressman Lilius Bratton Rainey to push for passage of a bill authorizing a coin.

In 1920, commemorative coins were not sold by the government—Congress, in authorizing legislation, usually designated an organization which had the exclusive right to purchase them at face value and vend them to the public at a premium. Although not mentioned in the legislation, in the case of the Alabama Centennial half-dollar, the centennial commission was the authorized group.

Legislation
Rainey introduced legislation for an Alabama Centennial half-dollar in the House of Representatives on February 28, 1920, with the bill designated as H.R. 12824. It was referred to the Committee on Coinage, Weights and Measures, of which Indiana Congressman Albert Vestal was the chairman. That committee held hearings on the bill on March 26, 1920, as well as on the coinage proposal that would become the Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar, with the Alabama coin the first order of business. Congressman Rainey, in his bill, had asked for 100,000 quarter dollars, and while addressing the committee stated that the sole criticism of his coinage proposal in the Alabama press was one article suggesting he should have asked for double the amount. The choice of denomination came as a surprise to committee member William A. Ashbrook of Ohio, a coin collector, who asked why Rainey was not asking for half dollars, as other states had.  Rainey was amenable to that, and also accepted Ashbrook's discouragement when the Alabamian wanted to double the authorized number of coins.  The committee voted to recommend Rainey's bill, with an amendment to provide for half dollars instead of quarters, and then proceeded to consider the Pilgrim proposal. Vestal had two days previously written to Treasury Secretary David F. Houston about the Pilgrim coin, and Houston responded that while his department had not opposed the Maine Centennial (previously approved by the committee) or Alabama coinage bills, the Treasury had concerns that issuing large numbers of different designs would aid fraudsters. Vestal issued a report on behalf of his committee on March 27, 1920, indicating his committee's support for the Alabama bill once amended, and attaching the note from Secretary Houston.

The three coinage bills—Maine Centennial, Alabama Centennial, and Pilgrim Tercentenary—were considered in that order by the House of Representatives on April 21, 1920. As the Maine piece was considered, Ohio's Warren Gard asked questions about the bill's provisions, though he did not object to its passage. When the Alabama bill came to the floor, Vestal yielded time for a statement in favor from Rainey, which began with a brief explanation of the bill followed by a much longer paean to the glorious history of his home state, and his conclusion drew applause. Gard then questioned Vestal, and learned that another coin, the Pilgrim one, was next on the House's agenda.  Gard expressed his concerns about commemorative coins, "but for the life of me I can not see what advantage there is for a State celebration to gather up a lot of coins with a particular stamp on them. It seems to me rather to cheapen the national coin. because it looks like an old-fashioned medal at a county
fair rather than the half-dollar of the daddies, to use the old expression.  I think that these propositions are open to serious objection, which, of course, should be voiced to the Secretary of the Treasury." Vestal agreed to pass on Gard's concerns to Secretary Houston, and the Alabama bill passed without dissent, to be followed by the Pilgrim one, again after questioning from Gard.

The following day, April 22, 1920, the House notified the Senate of its passage of the Alabama bill. It was referred to the Senate Committee on Banking and Currency; on April 28, Connecticut's George P. McLean reported it back with a recommendation it pass.

On May 3, McLean asked that the three coin bills (Maine, Alabama and Pilgrim) be considered by the Senate immediately, rather than waiting their turns, but Utah Senator Reed Smoot objected: Smoot's attempt to bring up an anti-dumping trade bill had just been objected to by Charles S. Thomas of Colorado. Smoot, however, stated if the bills had not been reached by about 2:00 pm, there would probably not be any objection. When McLean tried again to advance the coin bills, Kansas' Charles Curtis asked if there was any urgency.  McLean replied that as the three coin bills were to mark ongoing anniversaries, there was a need to have them authorized and get the production process started.  All three bills passed the Senate without opposition and the Alabama bill was enacted with the signature of President Woodrow Wilson on May 10, 1920.

Preparation

Alabama Governor Thomas Kilby had a three-member commission headed by Marie Bankhead Owen decide what design the state should recommend for the coins, and it solicited proposals from the public, but rejected all submissions.  On June 1, 1920, Owen proposed to Kilby that one side have a depiction of the Alabama Capitol building and the other jugate heads of James Monroe (president at the time of Alabama's admission in 1819) and Woodrow Wilson (president in 1919). Kilby sent the proposal, which included rough sketches, to the Director of the Mint, Raymond T. Baker, who forwarded it to the Commission of Fine Arts for its opinion. Its sculptor-member, James Earle Fraser, designer of the Buffalo nickel, disliked the capitol as a subject, feeling that buildings never translated well to coins. When this went back through channels to Owen, her committee reconsidered the building, and on June 24 she wrote to Baker substituting a design based on the Seal of Alabama, focused upon the eagle that was then a part of it, and if that was not acceptable, Owen suggested the design of the half-dollar current in 1819. There the matter rested for an entire year.

Swiatek and Breen described the Alabama half-dollar as caught up in the presidential election of 1920, as a Republican administration might not be willing to put the Democrat Wilson on a coin, or might insist on the new incumbent appearing, something likely to dampen sales in Alabama, part of the Democratic Solid South. The Republican, Ohio Senator Warren G. Harding, won the election and was inaugurated in March 1921. On June 29, 1921, Owen wrote to Baker, suggesting a new pair of honorees for the coin: Kilby, the state's chief executive at the time of the 1919 centennial, and the State of Alabama's first governor, William Bibb. Cartoonist Frank Spangler of the Montgomery Advertiser prepared sketches of the new design. At James Fraser's suggestion, the plaster models were created by his wife, Laura Gardin Fraser, who was a noted sculptor in her own right. She shipped her completed work to the Commission of Fine Arts on September 22, 1921, and gained members' approval; the models were then sent to the Philadelphia Mint for use in making coinage dies. Laura Fraser thus became the first woman to design a coin, not only of the U.S., but of any country.

Design

The obverse of the coin features jugate busts of Bibb, Alabama's first governor as a state, and the incumbent in 1919, Kilby. In so appearing, Kilby became the first living person depicted on a U.S. coin. Anthony Swiatek, in his volume on commemoratives, averred that the issuance was not controversial at the time, as the Act of May 16, 1866, that forbids the depiction of living people on currency was deemed to refer to paper money only, but Q. David Bowers wrote that the portrayal caused contemporary comment, for the position of the federal government (excepting some paper money issues of the 19th century) was that living people should not appear on U.S. money. A total of 22 stars flank the busts, symbolic of Alabama being the 22nd state; a message reinforced on those pieces bearing the inscription 2X2 in the obverse field. The X in that inscription alludes to the St. Andrew's cross on the flag of Alabama. The date, the names of the governors, and various other wordings appear towards the rim of the obverse.

The reverse features an eagle, possessing arrows and a shield, but no olive branch to symbolically counter the instruments of war; matched branches and arrows are often present in heraldic depiction of eagles on coins. The eagle's beak holds an end of a ribbon on which is inscribed the Alabama state motto, "HERE WE REST" about which Swiatek and Breen, in their 1988 book jibed, "no pun intended about the sleepy Deep South".

Bowers complained that the centennial dates on the reverse, plus the 1921 for the year of striking, lead to "a bewildering confusion of dates to the casual observer". Numismatic historian Don Taxay deemed the half-dollar "one of the most successful portrait coins in the commemorative series. The heads of Bibb and Kilby are true, and yet contain more than a touch of the ideal. They are beautifully related to each other. The eagle is equally fine".

Art historian Cornelius Vermeule considered the Alabama coin "a good example of the trite motifs, partly real and partly symbolic, that go into one of these statehood commemoratives". He suggested that the use of the jugate portraits "recall that this classical device was first revived in American coinage on the Washington-Lafayette silver dollar of 1900." Vermeule concluded that "vigorous lettering has saved uninteresting portraits from weakening the reverse and the defiant eagle of the obverse is handled in a spirit worthy of Saint-Gaudens."

Production, distribution, and collecting

James Fraser had suggested to Fine Arts Commission chairman Moore that the Alabama committee be told that the Missouri Centennial half dollar issuers were having "2★4" placed on some of their coins, symbolizing Missouri being the 24th state and creating a second variety for collectors to obtain. Owen already knew of this, and "2X2" was placed on the obverse. A total of 6,006 half dollars was struck in October 1921, with six of them placed aside at Philadelphia for inspection and testing at the 1922 meeting of the annual Assay Commission.

Alabama half dollars were first placed on sale on October 26, 1921, the day of President Harding's visit to Birmingham, Alabama, where he as a Mason laid the cornerstone for the city's new Masonic temple, and as president addressed a segregated crowd, urging improvement of race relations. Coins were sold from specially-built booths constructed just off the city's sidewalks. It is uncertain whether these coins bore the 2X2 or not. Official records show that all the coins struck in October were of the 2X2 variety, and this was long accepted by numismatic historians. However, one coin collector recalled buying two of the half dollars that day, and over fifty later, all of the plain variety, and averred that none of the 2X2 could have been sold in Birmingham on the first day. As Owen wrote that the first 5,000 received bore the mark, Swiatek concluded that 1,000 of the October mintage was of the plain variety, all that was for sale in Birmingham. In December, 64,038 more were minted, with 38 set aside for assay. These were recorded to be of the plain variety.  Both 2X2 and plain coins were struck from the same die; the mark was ground off to allow coinage of plain pieces.

Both varieties were sold by the centennial commission for $1, and primarily went to citizens of Alabama; banks throughout the state vended them. When they could not be sold, 5,000 of the plain variety were returned to the Mint and melted.

Although the 2X2 coins are only a tenth of the total mintage, they are considerably more common than that, as people were aware of their scarcity, with more saved and fewer spent in hard times.  Bowers suggested that the mintage figures may be incorrect, and the 2X2 nearly as common as the plain variety. According to the deluxe edition of R. S. Yeoman's A Guide Book of United States Coins published in 2015, the Alabama half lists for between $85 and $650 without 2X2 and between $170 and $850 with, dependent on condition. A specimen of the plain in exceptional condition sold for $7,344 in 2014.

See also

 Early United States commemorative coins
 Half dollar (United States coin)

Notes

References

Sources

External links

Eagles on coins
Currencies introduced in 1921
Early United States commemorative coins
Economy of Alabama
Fifty-cent coins
United States silver coins

Alabama Centennial half dollar


Leptobrama muelleri, also known as the spot-fin beachsalmon is a species of perciform fish, primarily coastal marine or brackish water, fish found in tropical coastal waters of the Western Pacific off southern  New Guinea, Queensland and Western Australia. The beachsalmon is a popular sport fish in Australia, where it is sometimes called "flat salmon", "silver salmon", "slender bream" or "skippy" (a name also applied to several species of trevallies).

Historically, Leptobrama was placed in the sweeper family Pempheridae; while the two are similar, they in fact have no more characteristics in common than "any other two arbitrarily chosen acanthopterygian forms might be expected to have," therefore justifying the placement of Leptobrama in its own family. The genus name Leptobrama may be translated from the Greek leptos, meaning "thin" and the Old French bresme, meaning "breme" or "freshwater fish", an allusion to its tendency to enter the mouths of rivers and estuaries.

Description
This species is characterized by a deep, laterally compressed, and fusiform body. The dorsal fin is also reduced and begins behind the middle of the body; it contains four spines and 16-18 soft rays. The anal fin originates at about the middle of the body and contains three spines and 26-30 soft rays. The maxillae extend well beyond the small eyes; the preorbital is serrated, and the adipose lid is present.

The lateral line is described as having long, narrow tubes and from 75 to 77 scales. It has about 10 short gill rakers. The maximum recorded standard length for the species is .

References

Percoidea
Fish described in 1878

Spot-fin beachsalmon


Acacia flocktoniae is a shrub species that is endemic to Australia.

Plants grow to between 1.5 and 3 metres high and have narrow phyllodes that are between 4 and 10 cm long. The cream to yellow flower heads appear in racemes of 4 to 10 in the axils of the phyllodes. These appear predominantly between June and September in the species' native range and are followed by straight or slightly curved seed pods which are 4 to 11 cm long and 5 to 7 mm wide.

The species occurs on sandstone in dry sclerophyll forest in the Blue Mountains in New South Wales. It was first formally described in 1916 by New South Wales Government Botanist Joseph Maiden in Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, based on specimens collected from Byrnes Gap near Yerranderie. The species epithet honours botanical artist Margaret Flockton.

References

flocktoniae
Flora of New South Wales
Fabales of Australia

Acacia flocktoniae


Robert Nelson Jacobs (born 1954) is an American screenwriter.  In 2000, he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay for Chocolat. Jacobs is a board member and past president of the Writers Guild Foundation, a non-profit organization devoted to promoting and preserving the craft of writing for the screen.

Biography
Jacobs grew up in the Pocono Mountains of Pennsylvania. He attended Yale University, where he received the Curtis Literary Prize for his short fiction and graduated with honors. He earned his master's degree from the Iowa Writers' Workshop. Jacobs began his career as a writer of short stories that were published in little, prestigious magazines that generated little, prestigious income. Jacobs' love of movies brought him to California, where it took a number of years for his work to finally start paying the rent. Jacobs' screenplay credits include Out to Sea, Dinosaur, Chocolat, The Shipping News, Flushed Away, The Water Horse, and Extraordinary Measures.

Filmography

References

External links

1954 births
American male screenwriters
Living people
Screenwriters from Pennsylvania
University of Iowa alumni
Yale University alumni

Robert Nelson Jacobs


Year 1120 (MCXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events
 By place

 Asia
 The Song Dynasty governor of the seaport of Quanzhou, Fujian, China, reports the population of his city has reached 500,000.
 August–September (the eighth month of the Chinese calendar) – Wanyan Xiyin completes the design of the first version of the Jurchen script

 Europe
 January 16 – The Council of Nablus is held in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
 June 17 – at the Battle of Cutanda, the Aragonese troops of Alfonso I defeat the Almoravid army.
 November 25 – The White Ship is wrecked in the English Channel, resulting in the death of the son of King Henry I of England.
 Walcher of Malvern creates a system of measurement for the earth using degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude and longitude.
 Construction begins on Llandaff Cathedral in Wales.
 Foundation of Freiburg in Breisgau.
 Under admirals Abu Abd Allah ibn Maymum of Almeria and Isa ibn Mayum of Sevilla, the Almoravid fleet attacks the Christian kingdom of Galicia.

Births
 November 28 – Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1180)
 Ioveta of Bethany, daughter of Baldwin II of Jerusalem
 Louis VII of France (d. 1180)

Deaths
 November 25 – William Adelin, son of Henry I of England (sinking of the White Ship) (b. 1103)
 September 3 – Gerard Thom (The Blessed Gerard), founder of the Knights Hospitaller (b. c. 1040)
 Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester (b. 1094)

References

1120


Ahmed Hegazi (or Ahmed Gaffer Hegazi; احمد جعفر حجازى) (born May 31, 1948) is currently a Professor of Microbiology and Immunology in the department of Zoonotic Diseases, National Research Centre, Egypt. Prof. Hegazi received his master's degree in 1979, and his PhD in 1981. Hegazi's research work has been focused lately on bee products and their therapeutic effects.

Hegazi Organized and contributed to national and international research projects since 1977 and up till now; he has been the principal investigator on multiple research projects within the National Research Center. He has published 166 scientific papers and articles in national and international journals. He also served on the board of multiple national and international scientific journals.

Dr. Hegazi is also the president of the Egyptian Environmental Society for Uses and Production of Bee Products, secretary of the Egyptian Society of Apitherapy, secretary general of the African Federation of Apiculture Associations, and a member of the International Apitherapy Commission (APIMONDIA).

Awards
First Class Decoration of Excellence, Egypt, 1995
The Senior Scientist Prize of National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt, 1996
The National Scientific Prize In Biological Sciences, Egypt, 1990
The Scientific Prize of The National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt, 1989
The Second Best Research Paper Award, International Congress of Propolis, Bones Airs, Argentina, 2000
Main Speaker Award, 10th Academic Conference, PRA and NAS (Nippon Apitherapy Soc.) Japan, 2006
2 Bronze medals from The International Innovation Fair of the Middle East, Kuwait, 2007

Patents
Patent No. 8901 at 22/08/2006: A novel drug from natural products with new therapeutic modalities in treatment of psoriasis
Patent No. 1005 at 02/01/2006: A novel drug from natural resources for controlling Fascioliasis
Patent No. 270: at 01/06/2005: A novel drug from medicinal plants with antiatherosclerotic (hypocholesterolaemic), antioxidant and cardio protective properties.
Patent No. 272: at 01/06/2005: A novel drug from natural resources with antiatherosclerotic (hypocholesterolaemic), antioxidant and cardio protective properties.

Scientific Activities
Referee  in the following International Journals:
Journal of Planta Medica, 2005
Journal of Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2006
International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2007

References
Official Web Site
Apitherapy Organizations
Bee keeping database
the Apitherapy blog
The First German Apitherapy Course Manual

1948 births
Living people
Egyptian scientists
Apitherapists

Ahmed Gaffer Hegazi


Ciro Pessoa Mendes Corrêa (12 June 1957 – 5 May 2020), also known by his Dharma name Tenzin Chöpel, was a Brazilian singer-songwriter, lyricist, guitarist, screenwriter, journalist and poet, famous for being one of the founding members of the influential rock band Titãs and for his later work with pioneering post-punk/gothic rock band Cabine C. He also formed numerous other short-lived and lesser known projects throughout the early to mid-1990s before beginning a solo career in 2003.

Early life and education
Ciro Pessoa was born in São Paulo on 12 June 1957. When he was seven years old, he learned how to play the classical guitar. At the age of 12, he began to perform in music festivals around the city. As a teenager, he studied at the Colégio Equipe, where he would meet Arnaldo Antunes, Paulo Miklos, Nando Reis, Marcelo Fromer, Branco Mello, Tony Bellotto and Sérgio Britto.

Career

1980s
Being united by the similar musical tastes of Antunes, Miklos, Reis, Fromer, Mello, Bellotto, and Britto, in 1981, they would form, alongside André Jung, the rock band Titãs do Iê-Iê, whose name would be shortened to only Titãs later on. Pessoa never recorded anything with Titãs during his stay with them, but co-wrote some of the band's most famous hits, such as "Sonífera Ilha", "Toda Cor", "Homem Primata" and "Babi Índio", among others. He left Titãs in 1983 due to creative divergences which culminated with a falling-out between him and André Jung. Shortly afterwards, Pessoa formed two concomitant new bands: Os Jetsons, with Branco Mello and Charles Gavin, and Ricotas do Harlem, a soul duo with Fernando Salem. Both bands were very short-lived however, and wouldn't record any albums or even perform any shows.

In 1984, he formed Cabine C, one of Brazil's first and most well-known gothic rock bands, alongside his then-wife Wania Forghieri, Edgard Scandurra of Ira!, Sandra Coutinho of Mercenárias (who would later leave the band and be replaced by also Ira! member Ricardo Gaspa) and Charles Gavin. They recorded some songs and performed some shows with this line-up, but with the exception of Pessoa and Forghieri, everybody would leave the band afterwards, to focus on their respective alternate projects. Scandurra, Gaspa and Gavin would be later replaced by former Akira S. e as Garotas que Erraram members Anna Ruth dos Santos and Marinella Setti. With this new line-up Cabine C released their first (and only) album, Fósforos de Oxford, in 1986; despite being well received by the critics and the public alike, it was a commercial failure. The band would come to an end in 1987 due to judicial problems with their label, RPM Discos, which was founded and managed by Paulo Ricardo and Luiz Schiavon of the eponymous band. Prior to their disbanding, Cabine C was working on a second album, which would be called Cotonetes Desconexos; four songs were already recorded for it, but the album would be eventually scrapped.

1990s
Alongside Forghieri, Pessoa also composed the soundtrack of the 1993 film Oceano Atlantis, which was written by him and starred Antônio Abujamra. The film, however, never received a wide release.

As the 1990s went by, Pessoa wrote some songs which would eventually be performed by Ira!, such as "Efeito Bumerangue", "Tantas Nuvens", "A Natureza Sobre Nós", "Mistério", "Correnteza" and "Inundação de Amor" (which he originally co-wrote with Júlio Barroso of Gang 90 e as Absurdettes for Cabine C in the early 1980s, prior to Barroso's death), and in 1990 he formed Ciro Pessoa e Seu Pessoal ("Ciro Pessoa and His Personnel"), or CPSP for short, alongside Kiko Nogueira, Roger "Vapt-Vupt" Lima, former Ira! member Fábio Scattone and Abrão Levin. Contrasting with the dark, gothic sound Cabine C had developed, CPSP moved towards a brighter and more pop rock-inflected direction which was, according to Pessoa, influenced by Jovem Guarda singers such as Odair José, Roberto Carlos and Jerry Adriani. They never recorded any albums, but toured extensively around the state of São Paulo before disbanding. Pessoa also began writing some articles, travel accounts and prose poems for some magazines and newspapers around this time, such as Playboy, the Folha de S.Paulo and its weekly magazine, Superinteressante, Galileu, VIP and Viagem e Turismo; "Caminho Afora" (2002) and "O Mundo dos Sonhos" (2004), two travel accounts he wrote for the latter, the first one regarding the Camino de Santiago, were awarded the Prêmio Abril de Jornalismo. Most of Pessoa's articles and poems are compiled on his official WordPress blog, "O Mundo de Mantraman", as well as on his Tumblr page.

In the mid-1990s, Pessoa formed another short-lived project, Ciro Pessoa & Ventilador, alongside former CPSP bandmates Kiko Nogueira and Fábio Scattone, and new members Tchelo Nogueira (Kiko's brother), Laudir de Oliveira, Serjão and Boris. It retained CPSP's pop rock sonority, albeit adding more experimental elements. They recorded an album, Batuca Aqui, in 1996, but it was only released in 2019.

21st century
In 2001, Pessoa and Branco Mello wrote the music and lyrics for a children's concept album, Eu e Meu Guarda-Chuva, about a boy named Eugênio and his trustworthy umbrella. The album was adapted into a book (written by Mello alongside Hugo Possolo) in 2003 and into a full-length film (directed by Toni Vanzolini and starring Lucas Cotrim, Paolla Oliveira, Daniel Dantas and Leandro Hassum) in 2010; nor the book or the film had Pessoa's involvement, though.

In 2003, Pessoa began a solo career with the release of No Meio da Chuva Eu Grito "Help" on the Voiceprint Records imprint. In 2010 he signed with independent label Rosa Celeste to release his second album, Em Dia com a Rebeldia. A heavily psychedelic and experimental album, it was intended by Pessoa to evoke the 1960s and 1970s bands he grew up listening to, most notably The Jimi Hendrix Experience, Os Mutantes, Pink Floyd, The Beatles and Secos & Molhados, and the œuvre of Surrealist painters and poets such as Salvador Dalí, René Magritte and André Breton. A huge concert promoting the album took place at the Ibirapuera Auditorium in São Paulo in the same year.

Beginning in the mid-2010s, Pessoa became an outspoken critic of the Brazilian petista government and of left-wing politics as a whole, and started to promote a series of video chats disserting about his views on Brazilian politics, frequently accompanied by also musician Lobão and journalist Claudio Tognolli, among others.

His debut book, Relatos da Existência Caótica, came out on October 23, 2015, by Chiado Editora; it is a compilation of five poetry anthologies Pessoa wrote during his early career, but until then remained unpublished: O Labirinto do Sr. Eno, Ecos de um Encantamento Distante, Manual das Mãos, Patagônia Mentalis and Os Emblemas.

From 2010 until it was put on hold in 2016, Pessoa toured around Brazil with his live band Nu Descendo a Escada (named after Marcel Duchamp's 1912 painting "Nude Descending a Staircase"). In 2016 he formed the more pop rock-influenced project Flying Chair. They self-released a 4-track EP in December of that year, available on SoundCloud and physically released on February 11, 2017; it counted with a guest appearance by RPM drummer P. A. Pagni. A second 4-track EP was uploaded to SoundCloud on April 5, 2017, and physically released on May 2. The band's debut full-length was released on July 29, 2017. On March 9, 2018, Flying Chair released their first live album, Ao Vivo na Cena. Their final release was the 2018 single "Sem Orientação", featuring Cachorro Grande keyboardist Pedro Pelotas.

Personal life
Pessoa became a Vajrayana Buddhist in the late 1990s, thus obtaining the Dharma name Tenzin Chöpel, which he used to sign most of the articles he wrote for the magazines and newspapers for which he worked for.

Between the 1980s and 1990s, Pessoa was married to his Cabine C bandmate Wania Forghieri. He married a second time in 2011, with Isabela Johansen, having with her a daughter, Antônia (born 2013). They divorced in January 2016.

Death
On 5 May 2020, Pessoa died after contracting COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil while being treated for cancer.

Discography

With Cabine C

With Flying Chair

Solo

Bibliography
 Relatos da Existência Caótica (Chiado Editora, 2015)

References

External links
 "O Mundo de Mantraman" – Official blog

 Ciro Pessoa on YouTube

 Titãs official site

1957 births
2020 deaths
Brazilian Buddhists
20th-century Brazilian poets
21st-century Brazilian poets
Brazilian rock singers
Psychedelic rock musicians
Progressive rock musicians
Post-punk musicians
Brazilian male guitarists
Brazilian journalists
Brazilian screenwriters
Surrealist poets
Converts to Buddhism
Musicians from São Paulo
Writers from São Paulo
Titãs members
Brazilian male poets
Brazilian male journalists
20th-century Brazilian male singers
20th-century Brazilian singers
21st-century Brazilian male singers
21st-century Brazilian singers
Brazilian anti-communists
Brazilian male singer-songwriters
Brazilian singer-songwriters
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in São Paulo (state)

Ciro Pessoa


The Democratic Progress Party (Turkish: Demokratik Gelişim Partisi, abbreviated DGP) was a political party in Turkey which adhered to liberal conservatism. It was founded by Kütahya Member of Parliament İdris Bal on 4 November 2014. Bal had left the governing Justice and Development Party (AKP) in November 2013 after Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan fell out with Gülen following the 2013-14 anti-government protests.

Bal highlighted that the party would tackle the democratic deficit within Turkish politics, claiming that the lack of democracy and the politicisation of the judiciary by the AKP were the two largest problems facing the country. Although he said that he hadn't met Gülen before forming the party, he said that he would be open to his, as well as everyone else's involvement in the party. Amongst possibilities that other MPs who had resigned from the AKP might join the DGP, Bal remains the party's only sitting MP. 12 hours after the party's formation, co-founder Fevzi Bubilik resigned and criticised the party for not being democratic enough.

On 31 March 2015, DGP's leader and only MP İdris Bal resigned and left the party. He accused the media, in particular media linked with Gülen movement, of subjecting his party to censorship.

References

Defunct conservative parties in Turkey
Political parties established in 2014
2014 establishments in Turkey
Political parties disestablished in 2015
2015 disestablishments in Turkey
Gülen movement

Democratic Progress Party


Colorimetric analysis is a method of determining the concentration of a chemical element or chemical compound in a solution with the aid of a color reagent. It is applicable to both organic compounds and inorganic compounds and may be used with or without an enzymatic stage.  The method is widely used in medical laboratories and for industrial purposes, e.g. the analysis of water samples in connection with  industrial water treatment.

Equipment
The equipment required is a colorimeter, some cuvettes and a suitable color reagent.  The process may be automated, e.g. by the use of an AutoAnalyzer or by flow injection analysis.  Recently, colorimetric analyses developed for colorimeters have been adapted for use with plate readers to speed up analysis and reduce the waste stream.

Non-enzymatic methods

Examples

Calcium
Calcium + o-cresolphthalein complexone → colored complex

Copper
Copper + bathocuproin disulfonate → colored complex

Creatinine
Creatinine + picrate → colored complex

Iron
Iron + bathophenanthroline disulfonate → colored complex

Phosphate (inorganic)
Phosphate + ammonium molybdate + ascorbic acid → blue colored complex

Enzymatic methods
In enzymatic analysis (which is widely used in medical laboratories) the color reaction is preceded by a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme.  As the enzyme is specific to a particular substrate, more accurate results can be obtained. Enzymatic analysis is always carried out in a buffer solution at a specified temperature (usually 37°C) to provide the optimum conditions for the enzymes to act. Examples follow.

Examples

Cholesterol (CHOD-PAP method)
 Cholesterol + oxygen --(enzyme cholesterol oxidase)--> cholestenone + hydrogen peroxide
 Hydrogen peroxide + 4-aminophenazone + phenol --(enzyme peroxidase)--> colored complex + water

Glucose (GOD-Perid method)
 Glucose + oxygen + water --(enzyme glucose oxidase)--> gluconate + hydrogen peroxide
 Hydrogen peroxide + ABTS --(enzyme peroxidase)--> colored complex
In this case, both stages of the reaction are catalyzed by enzymes.

Triglycerides (GPO-PAP method)
 Triglycerides + water --(enzyme esterase)--> glycerol + carboxylic acid
 Glycerol + ATP --(enzyme glycerol kinase)--> glycerol-3-phosphate + ADP
 Glycerol-3-phosphate + oxygen --(enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase) --> dihydroxyacetone phosphate + hydrogen peroxide
 Hydrogen peroxide + 4-aminophenazone + 4-chlorophenol --(enzyme peroxidase)--> colored complex

Urea
 Urea + water --(enzyme urease)--> ammonium carbonate
 Ammonium carbonate + phenol + hypochlorite ----> colored complex
In this case, only the first stage of the reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme. The second stage is non-enzymatic.

Abbreviations
 CHOD = cholesterol oxidase
 GOD = glucose oxidase
 GPO = glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase
 PAP = phenol + aminophenazone (in some methods the phenol is replaced by 4-chlorophenol, which is less toxic)
 Perid = peroxidase

Ultraviolet methods
In ultraviolet (UV) methods there is no visible color change but the principle is exactly the same, i.e. the measurement of a change in the absorbance of the solution. UV methods usually measure the difference in absorbance at 340 nm wavelength between nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its reduced form (NADH).

Examples

Pyruvate

Pyruvate + NADH --(enzyme lactate dehydrogenase)--> L-lactate + NAD

See also
 Blood sugar
 MBAS assay, an assay that indicates anionic surfactants in water with a bluing reaction.
 Nessler cylinder

References

Analytical chemistry
Chemical reactions
Absorption spectroscopy

Colorimetric analysis


Carpatho-Ukraine or Carpathian Ukraine (, ) was an autonomous region within the Second Czechoslovak Republic, created in December 1938 by renaming Subcarpathian Rus' whose full administrative and political autonomy was confirmed by the Constitutional law of 22 November 1938. 20 years earlier, the region which had historically belonged to Hungary, was detached from Kingdom of Hungary and attached to the newly created Czechoslovakia by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, and Hungary had sought to restore its historical borders and the revision of the Treaty of Trianon. On 2 November 1938, the First Vienna Award separated territories from Czechoslovakia, including the southern Carpathian Rus' that were mostly Hungarian-populated and returned them to Hungary. After the breakup of the Second Czechoslovak Republic, Carpatho-Ukraine proclaimed an independent republic on 15 March 1939, headed by president Avgustyn Voloshyn, who appealed to Hitler for recognition and support. Nazi Germany did not reply, and the short-lived state was invaded by the Kingdom of Hungary, crushing all local resistance by 18 March 1939.

The region remained under Hungarian control until the end of World War II in Europe, after which it was occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union. The territory is now administered as the Ukrainian Zakarpattia Oblast.

History

Political autonomy
Soon after the implementation of the Munich Agreement, signed of 30 September 1938, by which Czechoslovakia lost much of its border region to Nazi Germany, a series of political reforms were initiated, leading to creation of the Second Czechoslovak Republic, consisting of three autonomous political entities, including autonomous Slovakia, and autonomous Subcarpathian Rus' (Rusyn: Підкарпатьска Русь). First local Government of autonomous Subcarpathian Rus' was appointed on 11 October 1938, headed by prime-minister Andrej Bródy. In following days, a crisis occurred between two local fractions, pro-Rusyn and pro-Ukrainian, leading to the resignation of Bródy's government on 26 October. New regional government, headed by Avgustyn Voloshyn, adopted a pro-Ukrainian course and initiated the change of regional name, from Subcarpathian Rus''' to Carpathian Ukraine.

That proposal opened a new political debate. On 22 November 1938, authorities of the Second Czechoslovak Republic decided to adopt the Constitutional Law on the Autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus' (Czech: Ústavní zákon o autonomii Podkarpatské Rusi), officially reaffirming the self-determination rights of the Rusyn people (preamble), and also confirming full administrative and political autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus', with its own assembly and government. Such terminology was seen as a demonstration of state support for the pro-Rusyn fraction, and on 30 December 1938, local government responded by issuing a provisional decree that proclaimed the change of regional name to Carpathian Ukraine. That led to the creation of a particular terminological duality. In constitutional system of the Second Czechoslovak Republic the region continued to be formally known as the Subcarpathian Rus', while local institutions continued to promote the use of term Carpathian Ukraine.

 Political crisis
In late September 1938, Hungary was ready to mobilize between 200,000 and 350,000 men on the Czechoslovak borders in case the Czechoslovak question could not be solved on diplomatic level, in favor of the Hungarian territorial claims. After the Munich Agreement the Hungarian Army had remained poised threateningly on the Czechoslovak border. They reportedly had artillery ammunition for only 36 hours of operations, and were clearly engaged in a bluff, but it was a bluff the Germans had encouraged, and one that they would have been obliged to support militarily if the much larger, better trained and better equipped Czechoslovak Army chose to fight. The Czechoslovak army had built 2,000 small concrete emplacements along the border in places where rivers did not serve as natural obstacles.

The Hungarian minister of the interior, Miklós Kozma, had been born in Subcarpathia, and in mid-1938 his ministry armed the Rongyos Gárda ('Ragged Guard'), which began to infiltrate guerillas along the southern borders of Czechoslovakia; into Slovakia and Subcarpathia. The situation was now verging on open war, which might set the whole of Europe ablaze again. The appendix of the Munich Agreement concluded Czechoslovakia and Hungary should arrange their disputes by mutual negotiations, which could not achieve a final agreement, so the Hungarian and the Czechoslovak governments accepted the German-Italian Arbitration of Vienna as France and the United Kingdom rejected participation of no interest. This led to the First Vienna Award.

On 2 November 1938, this found largely in favor of the Hungarians and obliged the Prague government to cede 11,833 km2 of Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia to Hungary. Not only did this transfer the homes of about 590,000 Hungarians to Hungary, but 290,000 Slovaks and 37,000 Rusyns as well. In addition, it cost Slovakia its second-largest city, Košice, and left the capital, Bratislava, vulnerable to further Hungarian pressure. As a consequence, the Slovak end of the Czechoslovak Army had to be reorganized. It had lost its natural defensive positions on the Danube River, almost the entire belt of fortifications along the Hungarian border and several major depots.

On 8 November 1938, the Slovak National Unity Party received 97.5 percent of the Slovak votes, and a one-party state was instituted. Slovak autonomy was formalized by the Prague parliament on 19 November, and to symbolize this new Slovak assertiveness, the country's name was then altered to Czecho-Slovakia. Carpatho-Ukraine was also given autonomy.

The Arbitration of Vienna fully satisfied nobody, and there followed 22 border clashes between  and , during which five Czechoslovaks were killed and six were wounded. The Slovak national militia Hlinka Guard participated in these clashes. The ineffectiveness of the Prague government in protecting their interests stirred Slovak and Ukrainian nationalism further. On 6 January 1939 Czechoslovak troops ordered by general Lev Prchala performed a surprise attack on the city of Munkács (now Mukacheve), in which the Carpathian Sich were as well involved, but the Rongyos Gárda with the help of the local police pushed them back. After this incident Döme Sztójay, the Hungarian ambassador in Berlin transferred a message to the German government in case of the German occupation of the Czech lands and the declaration of Slovak independence Hungary will occupy the rest of Carpathian Ruthenia, regardless of German approval. On March 11, the German ambassador in Budapest outlined in the German Government's response if Hungary will maintain and uphold the economic contracts with Germany, respect the rights of the local Germans and would not persecute the members of the Volosin Cabinet, then in case of the proclamation of an independent Carpatho-Ukraine would be acquiescent regarding the Hungarian plans.

 Proclamation of Independence
Slovak and Ukrainian nationalism grew more intense. On 10 March, the Hlinka Guard and Volksdeutsche demonstrated, demanding independence from Czecho-Slovakia. In the evening of 13 March, Slovak leader Jozef Tiso and Ďurčanský met Adolf Hitler, Joachim von Ribbentrop, and Generals Walther von Brauchitsch and Wilhelm Keitel in Berlin.

Hitler made it absolutely clear: Slovakia could either declare independence immediately and associate itself with the Reich, or he would allow the Hungarians to take over the country – whom Ribbentrop reported were massing at the border. During the afternoon and night of 14 March, the Slovak parliament proclaimed independence from Czecho-Slovakia, and at 05:00 on 15 March 1939, Hitler declared the unrest in Czecho-Slovakia to be a threat to German national security. He sent his troops into Bohemia and Moravia, meeting virtually no resistance.

Following the Slovak proclamation of independence on March 14 and the Nazis' seizure of Czech lands on 15 March, Carpatho-Ukraine declared its independence as the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine, with the Reverend Avgustyn Voloshyn as head of state.. Voloshin was now supported by the population of Subcarpathia. The First Constitutional Law of Carpatho-Ukraine of 15 March 1939 defined the new country as follows:

 Carpatho-Ukraine is an independent state
 The name of the state is: Carpatho-Ukraine
 Carpatho-Ukraine is a republic, headed by a president elected by the  of Carpatho-Ukraine
 The state language of Carpatho-Ukraine is the Ukrainian language
 The colors of the national flag of the Carpatho-Ukraine are blue and yellow, blue on top and yellow on the bottom
 The state emblem of Carpatho-Ukraine is as follows: a bear on a red field on the sinister side, four blue and three yellow stripes on the dexter side, as well as the trident of Saint Volodymyr the Great
 The national anthem of Carpatho-Ukraine is "Ukraine has not perished"
 This act comes valid immediately after its promulgation

The proclaimed Carpatho-Ukrainian government was headed by President Avgustyn Voloshyn, Prime Minister Julian Révaý, Minister of Defence Stepan Klochurak, and Minister of Internal Affairs Yuriy Perevuznyk. The head of the  was Avhustyn Shtephan, his deputies were Fedir Révaý and Stepan Rosokha. The Slovak declaration of independence caused law and order to break down immediately. The Hungarians had learned that the Germans would not object to a Hungarian takeover of Carpatho-Ukraine on the same day.

Hungarian invasion

The Chief of General Staff of Hungary Henrik Werth was asking for at least a week to prepare for the invasion, instead the Royal Council gave him only 12 hours to occupy Carpathian Ruthenia before declaration of Slovak independence. Responsible for preparation to the assault was appointed chief of Munkacs garrison Lajos Béldi who commanded 1st Mountain Brigade, while Lieutenant General Ferenc Szombathelyi (commander of the 8th Corps in Kassa) was placed in charge of the Carpathian Group as an expeditionary force.

The available Hungarian forces consisted of an infantry regiment, two cavalry regiments, three infantry battalions on bicycles, one motorized battalion, two border guard battalions, one artillery battalion and two armored trains. These forces were counting for more than two World War II divisions. They were supported by Fiat CR.32 fighter aircraft amounting to one regiment. In addition to regular units, Hungarians were also aided by several irregular formations such as the Rongyos Gárda and black-shirt guards of István Fenczik, who has been accused earlier as a Magyaron by the Volosin-cabinet.A kivégzett, kárpátaljai lágerekben elhunyt magyar képviselők (1945-1949), dr. Dupka György, dr. Zubánics László, 2017, ,

The Hungarian Border Guard units stationed around Munkács, after throwing back the attacking Czecho-Slovak units on , pressed forward in turn, and took the town of Őrhegyalja (today Pidhoriany as part of Mukachevo).

On 15 March 1939, the Hungarian Army regular troops invaded Carpatho-Ukraine and by nightfall reached Szolyva. The Carpatho-Ukrainian irregular troops, the Carpathian Sich, without additional support, were quickly routed. The greatest battle between the Hungarian army and several hundreds Ukrainian soldiers (armed with light machine guns, rifles, hand grenades and pistols) took place near Khust.  About 230 Ukrainians died in the battle.

Czecho-Slovak resistance in Carpatho-Ukraine was negligible, and the advancing Hungarian troops did not have to face a well-organized and centralized resistance. The Hungarian Army also had the advantage of the First Vienna Award, which made it possible for the Hungarians to take possession of the area where the Czechs built their permanent fortifications against Hungary.

On 16 March 1939, Hungary formally annexed the territory. Prime Minister Yulian Révaý had resisted the Hungarians until then. In the night to 17 March, the last Czecho-Slovak troops left Khust and retreated to Romanian borders. They and the one-day president of Carpatho-Ukraine, Voloshyn, fled to Romania.

The Royal Hungarian Army continued their advance, pushing forward at top speed, and reached the Polish border on 17 March. Those Sich members who came from the province of Galicia as Polish citizens were captured by the Hungarians and handed over to Polish soldiers for illegally crossing the border, while some 500-600 were executed by Polish soldiers. The last resistance in the Carpathian mountains was taken out on 18 March.

The invasion campaign was a success, but it also proved that the Hungarian Army was not yet ready for full war. The handicaps imposed by the Trianon Treaty were clearly visible, but the morale and nationalist spirit of the soldiers and the civilian populations were high , which was also important in building a strong national army.

The Hungarian invasion was followed by a few weeks of terror in which more than 27,000 people were shot dead without trial and investigation.  Over 75,000 Ukrainians decided to seek asylum in the USSR; of those almost 60,000 are alleged to have died in Gulag prison-camps.

 World War II and aftermath

In total between 1939 and 1944 80,000 Carpathian Ukrainians perished.

Following the German occupation of Hungary in March 1944, Adolf Eichmann oversaw the deportation of almost the entire Hungarian Jewish population; few survived the Holocaust. At the conclusion of the Battle of the Dukla Pass on , the Soviet Union had driven the Germans and Hungarians back and occupied Carpathian Ruthenia and the rest of western Ukraine. Control of Carpathian Ruthenia thus "nominally" reverted to Czechoslovakia. The delegation of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile, led by minister František Němec, arrived in Khust to establish the provisional Czechoslovak administration, according to the treaties between the Soviet and Czechoslovak government that year.

However, after just a few weeks, for reasons that remain unclear, the Red Army and the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs started to obstruct the delegation's work and finally a puppet "National Committee of Transcarpatho-Ukraine" was set up in Mukachevo under the protection of the Red Army. On 26 November this committee, led by Ivan Ivanovich Turyanitsa, a Rusyn who had deserted from the Czechoslovak army, proclaimed the "will of Ukrainian people" to separate from Czechoslovakia and to join the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. After two months of conflict and unsuccessful negotiations the Czechoslovak government delegation departed Khust on , leaving Carpatho-Ukraine under Soviet control.

The Soviet Union exerted pressure on Czechoslovakia, and on 29 June 1945, the two countries signed a treaty, officially ceding Carpatho-Ruthenia to the USSR. In 1946, the area became part of the Ukrainian SSR as the Zakarpattia Oblast.

 Parliament
The Soim of Carpatho-Ukraine was established on 12 February 1939 by the Czechoslovakian constitutional act of . It consisted of 32 representatives with 29 Ukrainians and three of national minorities. There was only a single session of the parliament that took place on  in Khust.

At the session the parliament approved the proclamation of the sovereignty of Carpatho-Ukraine, adopted its Constitution, elected the president, and confirmed the new government of Julian Révaý. The head of the Soim became Augustin Štefan with his deputies, Fedir Révaý and Stepan Rosokha. The presidium of the Soim emigrated out of the country following the invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine by the Hungarian Armed Forces.

 Prosecution of Carpatho-Ukraine activists and government officials
 Sevastian Sabol (1909–2003), a native of Presov and a surviving victim of Soviet and Hungarian prosecutions. During the Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine in 1939, he was a chaplain in Carpathian Sich in Khust. On 16–18 December 1948, in Prague, Sabol was sentenced in absentia to life in prison for cooperation with the Ukrainian Insurgent Army.
 Avgustyn Voloshyn (1874–1945), died in a Soviet prison after being arrested in Prague by SMERSH in 1945

 See also
 Slovak–Hungarian War
 Former countries in Europe after 1815
 Rusyns and Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)

 References

 Bibliography

 Ganzer, C. (2001). "Die Karpato-Ukraine 1938/39: Spielball im internationalen Interessenkonflikt am Vorabend des Zweiten Weltkrieges."  Hamburg. Die Ostreihe - Neue Folge.
 Kotowski, A. S. (2001). '"Ukrainisches Piemont"? Die Karpartenukraine am Vorabend des Zweiten Weltkrieges.'  in Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 49. pp. 67–95.

 Rosokha, S. (1949). Parliament of Carpatho-Ukraine.  Ukrainian National Publishing.

 Shandor, V. (1997). Carpatho-Ukraine in the Twentieth Century: A Political and Legal History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. .
 Winch, M. (1939).  Republic for a day: An eye-witness account of the Carpatho-Ukraine incident. London.

 External links
 Carpatho-Ukraine, Encyclopedia of Ukraine''

1939 in Ukraine
1939 establishments in Ukraine
1939 disestablishments in Ukraine
Former countries of the interwar period
Geographic history of Slovakia
Historical regions in Ukraine
History of Carpathian Ruthenia
Political history of Ukraine
States and territories established in 1939
States and territories disestablished in 1939
Territorial evolution of Hungary
Ukrainian independence movement
Former countries in Europe
Former republics

Carpatho-Ukraine


Rufus Henry Ingram (1834–unknown) was a bushwhacker who led Captain Ingram's Partisan Rangers that operated in California in 1864.

Background
In 1863, Rufus Henry Ingram met George Baker from San Jose, California, who had just come east to join the Confederate Army.  Baker complained because the secessionists in California had no experienced leaders. Ingram claimed to have been with Quantrill's Raiders during the Lawrence Massacre and became interested in going back with Baker to recruit soldiers for the Southern cause.

In early 1864, Rufus Henry Ingram arrived in Santa Clara County with a Confederate commission as captain and with a former undersheriff of Monterey County, Tom Poole, organized about fifty local Knights of the Golden Circle and commanded them in what became known as Captain Ingram's Partisan Rangers. Finding difficulty in raising funds to purchase supplies for his unit, Ingram first planned a raid on San Jose to rob its banks and stores in the manner of Quantrill's raid on Lawrence. A quarrel within the band, however, led to the exposure of the plan to the local sheriff and it was abandoned.

Soon after, Ingram decided to rob shipments of silver from the Comstock Lode to Sacramento. On June 30, Ingram, along with a small detachment, robbed two stagecoaches eleven miles east of Placerville of their gold and silver, leaving a letter explaining they were not bandits but carrying out a military operation to raise funds for the Confederacy. During the pursuit of his fleeing band, the posse had a gunfight with two lawmen at the Somerset House. One of the posse was killed, while Poole was wounded and left to be captured. After a two-day chase the Placerville posse lost their trail and they got to Santa Clara County a week later. Tom Poole gave a complete confession, the bullion was recovered and he exposed his companions' identities. Regardless, they evaded the search for them in Santa Clara County.

Disappearance
On July 15, an attempt by Ingram to rob the New Almaden Quicksilver Mine payroll failed, ending in a shootout with the posse of Santa Clara County Sheriff John Hicks Adams a mile and a half outside San Jose on the Almaden road. Two of Ingram's men were killed, while one of his men was wounded. The sheriff and his deputy were also wounded in the shootout. Ingram fled California for Missouri and was never captured afterwards.

See also
List of fugitives from justice who disappeared

References

1834 births
American proslavery activists
Bushwhackers
California in the American Civil War
Confederate States Army officers
Fugitives
Gunslingers of the American Old West
Irregular forces of the American Civil War
Outlaws of the American Old West
People from Santa Clara County, California
Year of death missing

Rufus Henry Ingram


The South Branch Dead River is a  tributary of the Dead River in Franklin County, Maine.

From the outflow of Saddleback Lake () below Saddleback Mountain, the river runs northeast to Eustis, where its confluence with the North Branch of the Dead River was drowned by the impoundment of Flagstaff Lake in 1950.

The Northern Forest Canoe Trail (NFCT) is a  marked canoeing route extending from Old Forge, New York to Fort Kent, Maine. From a four-mile portage between Rangeley on Rangeley Lake and Dallas Plantation on the South Branch, the trail runs about  down the South Branch, Flagstaff Lake, and the Dead River, to the mouth of Spencer Stream below Grand Falls.

See also
List of rivers of Maine

References

Maine Streamflow Data from the USGS
Maine Watershed Data From Environmental Protection Agency

Tributaries of the Kennebec River
Rivers of Franklin County, Maine
Rivers of Maine
Northern Forest Canoe Trail

South Branch Dead River


In molecular biology, the snoRNA snoZ7/snoZ77 family contains related non-coding RNA molecules that are members of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C box motif (UGAUGA) and the D box motif (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. snoZ7 RNA guides the methylation of 25S rRNA position A1372, whereas SnoR77Y guides the methylation of 18S rRNA at position U580.  This family of snoRNAs has been found in plant species such as Arabidopsis thaliana.

References

External links

   Plant SnoRNA database

Small nuclear RNA

Small nucleolar RNA snoZ7/snoR77


is a Japanese actress and singer, employed by Music Ray'n. She received the Rookie of the Year award at the 3rd Seiyu Awards and the Synergy Award at the 9th Seiyu Awards. Tomatsu voiced Asuna Yuuki in Sword Art Online, Zero Two in Darling in the Franxx, Lala Satalin Deviluke in To LOVE-Ru, Kyoko Hori in Horimiya, Morgiana in Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic and Naruko "Anaru" Anjo in Anohana: The Flower We Saw That Day.

Tomatsu began a singing career in 2008, performing the song "Naissance" which was used as the ending theme to the television drama series Here Is Greenwood. Her second single "Motto Hade ni Ne" was used as the opening theme to Kannagi: Crazy Shrine Maidens. In 2009, she became part of the music unit Sphere, alongside Aki Toyosaki, Minako Kotobuki and Ayahi Takagaki. She released her first album Rainbow Road in 2010, and two compilation albums in 2016.

Career

Acting and Voice acting
Tomatsu was born in Ichinomiya, Aichi. Her voice acting career began when she participated in an audition held by Sony Music Entertainment Japan subsidiary Music Ray'n from 2005 to 2006. In January 2006, she participated in the Tōhō Cinderella audition held by Tōhō Entertainment.

Tomatsu made her voice acting debut in 2007, playing a student in Gakuen Utopia Manabi Straight!. That same year, she played her first starring role as Corticarte Apa Lagranges in Shinkyoku Sōkai Polyphonica.

After graduating from high school, Tomatsu moved to Tokyo in 2008 to go to university and to continue her voice acting career. That same year, she played the roles of Shiho Sannomiya in Zettai Karen Children, Lala Satalin Deviluke in To Love-Ru, and Nagi in Kannagi: Crazy Shrine Maidens. She then made her live-action debut as Mieko Nitta in the drama series Here Is Greenwood. She also played the role of Ami Misaki in the television drama series RH Plus. She received the Rookie of the Year Award at the 3rd Seiyu Awards.

In 2012, Tomatsu played Asuna Yuuki in Sword Art Online. In 2013, she received the Best Supporting Actress Award at the 7th Seiyu Awards, and the Synergy Award for her role in Yo-Kai Watch at the 9th Seiyu Awards. In 2018, she appeared as herself in the television drama series Koe Girl!, which featured her as a voice actress taking care of the series' main characters; the series also featured footage from one of her concerts. She also played Zero Two in Darling in the Franxx. In 2021 she played Kyoko Hori in Hori-san to Miyamura-kun.

Music
Tomatsu performed the song , which was used as the fourth ending theme for the series Kyōran Kazoku Nikki. Her next release was the song "Naissance", which was used as the ending theme to the drama series Here Is Greenwood. "Naissance", her first single, was released on September 3, 2008. Her second single and first anime-related single, , was used as the opening theme to the anime television series Kannagi: Crazy Shrine Maidens; the single was released on October 28, 2009. Her third single  was released on November 26, 2008; the title track is used as the ending theme to Kannagi: Crazy Shrine Maidens.

In 2009, Music Ray'n formed the music unit Sphere, which consists of Tomatsu, Aki Toyosaki, Minako Kotobuki and Ayahi Takagaki. Her fourth single  was released on May 13, 2009; the title track is used as the ending to the anime series Shinkyoku Sōkai Polyphonica S. This was followed by her fifth single "Girls, Be Ambitious", which was released on February 8, 2010; the title track is used as the ending theme to the anime series Sound of the Sky. She released her first solo album Rainbow Road on February 24, 2010; the album peaked at No. 15 on the Oricon weekly charts and charted for four weeks. She then released her sixth single  on August 16, 2010. Her seventh single "Baby Baby Love", used as the ending theme to the 2010 anime television series Motto To Love-Ru, was released on November 3, 2010.

Her eighth single, "Oh My God", was released on July 25, 2011; the title track was used as the anime series Nekogami Yaoyorozu. This was followed by her ninth single  which was released on July 25, 2012; the title track was used as the first ending theme to the anime television series Sword Art Online. Her next release was her tenth single  which was released on October 29, 2012. Her second solo album Sunny Side Story, released on January 16, 2013, peaked at No. 5 on the Oricon weekly charted and charted for five weeks.

Her eleventh single, "Pachi Pachi Party", was released on July 22, 2013, and her 12th single  was released on January 27, 2014. She released her 13th single "Fantastic Soda!!" on August 11, 2014. This was followed by her 14th single "Courage", released on December 3, 2014, and used as the second opening theme to the anime television series Sword Art Online II. It became her best performing single to date, peaking at No. 4 on the Oricon weekly charts and charting for eleven weeks. Her third solo album Harukarisk*Land, released on March 18, 2015, peaked at No. 5 on the Oricon weekly charts and charted for four weeks.

Tomatsu released her fifteenth single "Step A Go! Go!" on October 12, 2015. This was followed by her sixteenth single , which was released on February 29, 2016. She then released two best albums titled  and  on June 15, 2016. In July 2016, as part of Sphere, she made her North American live debut at Anime Expo. Her seventeenth single  was released on November 7, 2016; the song "Two of Us" is used as the theme song to the video game Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization. Her eighteenth single, , was released on October 23, 2017; the title track is used as the ending theme to the anime series PriPri Chi-chan!!. She released her fourth solo album Colorful Gift on May 14, 2018. Her 18th single "Try & Joy" was released on September 5, 2018. Her 19th single "Resolution" was released digitally on October 13, 2019, and received a physical release on November 20, 2019; the title song is used as the third opening theme to the anime series Sword Art Online: Alicization.

Personal life
Tomatsu announced her marriage on her blog on January 11, 2019. She announced the birth of her first child, a girl, on February 9, 2021.

Filmography

Anime

Films

Original video animation (OVA)

Video games

Television drama

Drama CDs
 Aion – Seine Miyazaki
 Kyōran Kazoku Nikki – Senko Himemiya/Chika Midarezaki
 Shinako-i drama CD () – Reiko Ibata
 To Love Ru – Lala Satalin Deviluke
 Twinkle Stars – Sakuya Shiina
 Hanikami, Kanojo wa Koi o Suru ~ Hana Mihen – Satsuki Myoga

Dubbing

Live-action

Animation

Discography

Albums
 Rainbow Road (2010)
 Sunny Side Story (2013)
 Harukarisk*Land (2015)
 Best Selection ~Starlight/Sunshine~ (2016)
 Best Selection ~Starlight~ (2016)
 Best Selection ~Sunshine~ (2016)
 Colorful Gift (2018)

Singles
  (July 25, 2007) (Moetan Opening theme)
 "Naissance" (September 3, 2008)
 "Motto Hade Ni Ne!" (October 29, 2008) (Kannagi: Crazy Shrine Maidens Opening theme)
 "Musuhi no Toki" (November 26, 2008) (Kannagi: Crazy Shrine Maidens Ending theme)
 "Koi no Uta" (May 13, 2009) (Shinkyoku Sōkai Polyphonica Crimson S Ending theme)
 "Girls, Be Ambitious" (January 27, 2010) (Sound of the Sky Ending theme)
 "Nagisa no Shooting Star" (August 4, 2010)
 "Monochrome" (October 3, 2010) (Star Driver Insert song)
 "Baby Baby Love" (March 11, 2011) (Motto To Love-Ru Ending theme)
 "Oh My God" (July 13, 2011) (Nekogami Yaoyorozu Ending theme)
 "Yume Sekai" (July 25, 2012) (Sword Art Online Ending theme)
 "Q&A Recital!" (October 17, 2012) (My Little Monster Opening theme)
 "My Independent Destiny" (2012) (Sword Art Online Character song as Asuna Yuuki)
 "White Flower Garden" (2012) (Sword Art Online Character song as Asuna Yuuki)
 "Pachi Pachi Party" (July 10, 2013)

 "Hikari Gift" (January 15, 2014)
 "Fantastic Soda!!" (July 30, 2014)
 "Holy Lonely Justice" HappinessCharge PreCure! (Cure Fortune Character Song)
 "Get Music!" Pretty Rhythm Rainbow Live (Bell (Beru) Renjouji Character Song)
 "Courage" (December 3, 2014) (Sword Art Online II 2nd opening theme)
 "STEP A GO! GO!" (September 30, 2015)
 "Cinderella ☆ Symphony" (シンデレラ☆シンフォニー) (February 17, 2016)
 "Monokuro / Two of Us" (October 26, 2016)
 "Ubiquitous db" (feat. Rina Hidaka) (2017) (Sword Art Online Ordinal Scale Song As Asuna Yuuki)
 "Uchouten Traveler" (有頂天トラベラー) (October 11, 2017) (PriPri Chi-chan! 3rd ending theme)
"TRY & JOY" (September 5, 2018)

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Anime singers
Japanese stage actresses
Japanese video game actresses
Japanese voice actresses
Singers from Ichinomiya, Aichi
Seiyu Award winners
Sony Music Entertainment Japan artists
Voice actresses from Aichi Prefecture
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese women singers

Haruka Tomatsu


Arthur Beardmore (died 1771) was an English lawyer and a friend of John Wilkes.

Beardmore was an editor of the Monitor. On 6 November 1762 the Secretary of State for the Southern Department, Lord Halifax, issued warrants for the arrest of Beardmore. He was arrested on 11 November for publishing an article on the Princess Dowager and Lord Bute. He made sure he was arrested when he was teaching his son Magna Carta, an act which was commemorated in a popular print in 1764 after he won £1,000 in damages in May of that year.

Notes

1771 deaths
Year of birth unknown
English lawyers

Arthur Beardmore


Steve Ballard is a former chancellor at East Carolina University. On June 1, 2004, Chancellor Ballard began his new job, becoming the tenth chief administrator at ECU.

Early life and College
Ballard spent his childhood in Galesburg, Illinois then attended the University of Arizona, where he graduated with distinction in 1970 with a bachelor's degree in history. As shortstop and captain of the Arizona Wildcats baseball team, he earned three varsity letters and played in the College World Series during his senior year.

After earning his doctorate in political science from Ohio State University in 1976, he spent the next two years as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Oklahoma.

Academic career
In 1978, he was named associate director of the science and public policy program at the University of Oklahoma. Nine years later, he was promoted to director of the program and professor of political science. In 1989, he moved to the University of Maine as founding director of the Margaret Chase Smith Center for Public Policy, a post he held until 1998. While at the University of Maine, he also served as director of the University of Maine System/State Government Partnership Program from 1990 to 1992 and as chair of the Department of Public Administration from 1991 to 1994.

He was recruited to Ohio in 1998 as vice-provost for research and dean of the Graduate School at Bowling Green State University. Three years later, he was named provost and vice chancellor for academic affairs at the University of Missouri–Kansas City.

His teaching and research have centered on leadership in the public sector, research and development and the innovation process, public policy, and the utilization of scientific and technical knowledge. He has authored five books and more than one hundred professional articles and manuscripts on such topics as environmental regulation, the evaluation of systems for child mental health, and public reactions to strategic defense initiatives and arms control policies.

On July 1, 2015, Dr. Ballard announced that he would be leaving his position as Chancellor of East Carolina University effective July 1, 2016.

Positions held
Provost, Academic Affairs University of Missouri-Kansas City
Vice Provost for Research and Dean of the Graduate College, Bowling Green State University, 1998-June 2001.
Founding Director, Margaret Chase Smith Center for Public Policy, University of Maine, 1989-1998.
Director, University of Maine System/State Government Partnership Program, 1990-1992.
Chair, Department of Public Administration, University of Maine, 1991-1994.
Director, Science and Public Policy Program and Professor of Political Science, University of Oklahoma, 1987-1989.
Associate Director, Science and Public Policy Program, University of Oklahoma, 1978-1987.

Arizona Wildcats baseball players
University of Missouri–Kansas City faculty
Bowling Green State University faculty
University of Maine faculty
Ohio State University Graduate School alumni
University of Arizona alumni
University of Oklahoma faculty
Presidents of East Carolina University
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Steven Ballard


The Gwydir Wetlands comprise a system of irregularly inundated wetlands associated with the Gwydir River in the North West Slopes region of north-eastern New South Wales, Australia.  When flooded they form an important site for breeding waterbirds.

Description
The wetlands lie between the towns of Moree and Mungindi in the Moree Plains Shire near the state border with Queensland.  They consist of the inland floodplain of the Gwydir River that splits into the Gingham and Big Leather water courses and creating, when fully flooded, a 1021 km2 wetland some 45 km west of Moree. The extensive wetland area is a good example of an inland terminal delta.  The floodwater extends for about 95 km through a series of natural and constructed channels and swamps.   Once a closed system, since the building of the 1364 GL Copeton Dam, water flows have been controlled by the State Government water authorities to the detriment of the wetlands.  Despite the consequent reduction of the wetland area from about 1000 km2 to 100 km2, it is still one of the most significant waterbird breeding sites in Australia.  The wetlands are contained in the pastoral properties of 'Lynworth' and 'Yarrol', and in parts of 'Boonoke' and 'Old Dromana', with the surrounding land being important as providing feeding habitat for waterbirds.

Birds
The wetlands have been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because they support more breeding waterbirds than any other Australian site when they adequately flooded.  Of more than half a million nesting waterbirds the wetlands may hold over 1% of the world populations of Australian white (up to 160,000 birds) and straw-necked ibises (up to 230,000), nankeen night herons (up to about 100,000) and intermediate egrets (up to about 45,000).  Other waterbirds that have bred in the area in relatively large numbers include royal and yellow-billed spoonbills, little and great egrets, and glossy ibises.  Australasian bitterns, Australian painted snipes and painted honeyeaters have been recorded.

Ramsar site
Some 800 ha of the privately owned Gwydir wetlands were designated on 14 June 1999 as a Ramsar site as a wetland of international importance.  The federal government bought the property, which was the largest privately owned wetlands in New South Wales, for A$10 million. The plan is to create a new national park as the wetlands provide habitat for 160 species of birds amongst four endangered ecological communities.

References

Important Bird Areas of New South Wales
Wetlands of New South Wales
Murray-Darling basin
Ramsar sites in Australia
Floodplains of Australia
North West Slopes

Gwydir Wetlands


The Principality of Bulgaria existed between 1878 and 1908. It was created at the Congress of Berlin, from parts of the Ottoman Empire. It was a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, and had to pay tribute. The capital was Sofia. The area that is  now southern Bulgaria, became a province called Eastern Rumelia.In 1878, there were uprisings, which were brutally suppressed. In 1885, Eastern Rumelia merged to the Principality of Bulgaria, An uprising in Plovdiv started this. This merger was done against the will of Russia, and other European powers. In 1908, the Ottoman Empire ecognised the independence of the Principality, and it became a kingdom. Ferdinand I (who had ruiled the state before, became tsar, or king.

Ottoman Empire

Principality of Bulgaria


ပရေၚ်ပညာအရေဝ်ဘာသာဇဳ (Multilingual Education) ဗွဲတၟေၚ်ဆေၚ်စပ်ကဵု  ပရေၚ်ပညာ အရေဝ်ဘာသာပထမ "first-language-first" ရ။ ဣဏအ်ဂှ် ဘာဗ္တောန်ပညာ မပ္တံကဵု အရေဝ်ဘာသာမိ (အရေဝ်ပထမ) ကေုာံ ပြံၚ်ကၠောံအာ ထပ်စုတ်ဏာအရေဝ်ဘာသာတၞဟ်ဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ်ရ။  ဗွဲတၟေၚ်  ကိုန်အစဳဇန်ပရေၚ်ပညာအရေဝ်ဘာသာဇဳ (MLE programs)ဂမၠိုၚ်ဝွံ နွံဒၟံၚ်ပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုၚ်အဃောမဇၞော်မောဝ်ရာၚ်ဆာဲဂမၠိုၚ် ဒၞဲါမၞိဟ်ဟီုဂးအရေဝ်ဘာသာကောန်ဂကူလၟိဟ်မအောန်မတန်တဴ မပ္တံကဵု အရေဝ်ဘာသာဟွံမွဲကဵုဩဇာ မၞုံအယောၚ်အလာဟွံကလိဂွံဒုၚ်စဖဵုနူကဵု သၞောတ်ပရေၚ်ပညာအလဵုအသဳကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ရ။  တၚ်အာတ်မိက်ဂၠိုၚ်တိုန်ဒၟံၚ်စပ်ကဵု သ္ဂောံကဵုအရီုအဗၚ်ထံက်ပၚ် ပရေၚ်ပညာအရေဝ်ဘာသာပထမ ကုကောန်ၚာ်မဆုဲပြံၚ် နူကဵုမိမမဆုဲပြံၚ်အာ ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်မဇၞော်မောဝ်ရာၚ်ဆာဲ တအ်ရ။

Components of Multilingual Education (MLE)

 သဇိုၚ်ခိုၚ်ဗိုန် "Strong Foundation" - Research shows that children whose early education is in the language of their home tend to do better in the later years of their education (Thomas and Collier, 1997).  For more information about the effect of "Language of Instruction", see Bilingual education.
 ဒဒန်ခိုၚ်ဗိုန် "Strong Bridge" - an essential difference between MLE programs and rural "mother tongue education" programs is the inclusion of a guided transition from learning through the mother tongue to learning through another tongue.

Related to the emphasis on a child's mother tongue is the implicit validation of her cultural or ethnic identity by taking languages which were previously considered "non-standard" and making active use of them in the classroom.  Multilingual Education in that sense underscores the importance of the child's worldview in shaping his or her learning.

Stages of an MLE Program
A widespread understanding of MLE programs (UNESCO, 2003, 2005) suggests that instruction take place in the following stages:

 Stage I - learning takes place entirely in the child's home language
 Stage II - building fluency in the mother tongue.  Introduction of oral L2.
 Stage III - building oral fluency in L2. Introduction of literacy in L2.
 Stage IV - using both L1 and L2 for lifelong learning.

MLE proponents stress that the second language acquisition component is seen as a "two-way" bridge, such that learners gain the ability to move back and forth between their mother tongue and the other tongue(s), rather than simply a transitional literacy program where reading through the mother tongue is abandoned at some stage in the education.

Based  on the  theories of  Multilingual Education  that are spelled out  here, Andhra Pradesh  and Orissa have adopted a thematic approach  to multilingual education. Using a seasonal calendar within a relevant cultural context has  provided a space to the tribal children of  Orissa  and Andhra Pradesh to rediscover their culture through their language. The Multilingual  Education  in this approach  emphasizes  first  language first  in the  child  taking  the  socio- cultural curriculum  in to classroom  culture  and   then  bridge  to  second  language.
In addition to the  basic theory of Paulo Freire on critical pedagogy, Gramscian  theory on education,  Lev  Vigostky's scaffolding  and Piaget's  theory  of cognition is applied in the  Multilingual Education. The unique  thing in  this  approach is to  involve the community   in creating their  own  curriculum  and  minimise the  theoretical hegemony, thereby  creating  a new set of people who believe in the ethics of creating  and  sharing knowledge for the society than to  limit  it to the  theoreticians.

Multilingual Education in Odisha
Odisha is a multilingual state having more than  40  ethnic languages among the 62  scheduled tribes, along with the   Modern  Indian  Languages like  Hindi, Bengali and  Telugu. To address the language-  education of ethnic minorities children in schools, the Odisha government started Multilingual Education programme, ten tribal languages. Led by  Dr Mahendra Kumar Mishra, as the  Director of Multilingual Education and guided by Prof. D P Pattanayak and  Prof Khageswar  Mahapatra, the eminent multilingual  Experts, the state government started  MLE  programme in te tribal languages in 547  schools. 10 tribal languages were adopted. These are Santali, Saora,  Kui, Kuvi, Koya, Kishan, Oroam, Juang, Bonda and Ho.  Culturally responsive curriculum and textbooks were prepared for class I to   Class  V  to maintain mother tongue-based multilingual education to educate the tribal children.  The state government appointed teachers from the same language community in the schools to teach the tribal children. Language policy was also formulated. The programme was also supported by Summer Institute of Linguistics led by Mr Steve Simpson and Vicky Simpson, Pamela Mackenzie.  The curriculum and textbooks were prepared by the tribal teachers guided by the MLE resource groups.  It was initiated in  2005 and is now running in   2250 schools with majority tribal children.  This is a sustained MLE programme in Asian countries. About  7  Asian countries have visited the  MLE schools.

Scholars and educators have argued that embracing the diverse linguistic knowledge that immigrant students bring to the developed countries, such as the United States, and using students' first-languages to help them learn English may be an inexpensive and effective way to integrate and socialize immigrant youth. Allowing code-switching in schools with high English learner (EL) populations can increase the potential for enhanced English-learning and academic performance. Code-switching between multi-lingual children can create an informal peer-mentorship structure that embraces immigrant children's linguistic capabilities to drive learning, create a strong peer-network, and enhance the development of English as a Second Language skills for immigrant students in multi-ethnic schools.
 Dr Mahendra  Kumar Mishra started the MLE programme in Chhatisgarh adopting Durua language in  MLE programme. Dr Mishra conducted 2 NAtional Seminars and one international Seminar on MLE  during  2006-2019. Dr Tove Skutnabb Kangas, Prof Ofelia Gracia, Dr David Haugh, Dr Sitakanta Mahapatra, Dr KHageswar Mohapatra were some of the linguists and multilingual educators attended these conferences.

See also

 Language education
 Multilingualism
 Bilingual education
 Multilingual Education Programs (SIL)
 Mother Tongue / Biliteracy Programs (UNESCO)

Multilingual Education in India, The CAse For English  Edited by  Dr MAhendra Kumar Mishra and Prof Anand Mahanand published by Viva Books, New Delhi  2016.

 For further information, please refer to the MLE Manual of Susan Malone, and Denis Malone published by UNESCO, Bangkok

id21 insights.  Available online at

 Cenoz, Jasone. 2009. Towards Multilingual Education. Bristol: Multilingual Matters
 Hult, F.M.  (2012). Ecology and multilingual education. In C. Chapelle (Gen. Ed.), Encyclopedia of applied linguistics (Vol. 3, pp. 1835-1840).  Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
 NMRC - National Multilingual Education Resource Center (JNU, India)
 UNESCO. 2003. Education in a multilingual world.  Available online here.
 UNESCO. 2005. First Language First: community based literacy programmes for minority language contexts in Asia.  Available online here.
 Walter, Steven.  2000. Explaining Multilingual Education:. Information on Some Tough Questions, University of North Dakota Working Papers in Linguistics.  Available online here.

External links

 Zsuzsanna Fagyal Lecture: Implementing M+2: Multilingual Education in the EU - European Union Center at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
 Carole Benson, The importance of mother tongue-based schooling for educational quality (2004), UNESCO.
 Kosonen, Kimmo. First Language–Based Multilingual Education Can Help Those Excluded by Language. Payap University. Chaing Mai.

ပရေၚ်ပညာအရေဝ်ဘာသာဇဳ


The Roll of the Peerage is a public record registering peers in the peerages of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom. It was created by Royal Warrant of Queen Elizabeth II dated 1 June 2004, is maintained by the Crown Office within the United Kingdom's Ministry of Justice, and is published by the College of Arms.

Background

On 11 November 1999, the House of Lords Act 1999 received royal assent and took effect, removing the automatic right of hereditary peers to a seat in the House of Lords. Until that date anyone succeeding to a title in the peerages of England, Scotland, Great Britain or the United Kingdom and proving succession received a writ of summons to Parliament. All peers receiving such writs were enrolled in the Register of Lords Spiritual and Temporal, a document maintained by the Clerk of the Parliaments.

The Register of Lords Spiritual and Temporal was not a complete roll of the peerage. Succession to a title in the Peerage of Ireland had never conferred an automatic right to a writ of summons in the United Kingdom Parliament, although from 1801 to 1922 elected representative peers from the Irish peerage did receive writs. A similar system of representation operated for peers of Scotland from 1707 to 1963, when the right to a writ of summons was extended to all peers of Scotland. However, the Register was an officially compiled roll recording a large proportion of the hereditary peerages of the United Kingdom and its constituent kingdoms.

Under the House of Lords Act 1999, the only peers receiving writs of summons to Parliament are life peers and 92 representatives of the hereditary peerages of England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom. Seventy-five of these representatives are elected by and among the hereditary peers themselves, and fifteen are elected by the whole House from those ready to serve as Deputy Speakers or in any office that the House may require; the remaining two, the Duke of Norfolk and the Marquess of Cholmondeley, have automatic seats in virtue of their offices of state as Earl Marshal and Lord Great Chamberlain respectively. These 92 and any other hereditary peers who may wish to stand in by-elections for the 90 elected representative seats are the only hereditary peers currently recorded for parliamentary purposes. This falls considerably short of the coverage achieved by the old Register of Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and shorter still of being a full register of hereditary peers.

Royal warrant of 2004

The royal warrant of 1 June 2004 had the express aim of remedying this situation as far as possible, stating in the preamble the desirability of a full record of the peerage. It cited as its model the creation of the Official Roll of the Baronetage, achieved by royal warrant of Edward VII on 8 February 1910, and established an analogous roll for recording peers of all five peerages recognized in the United Kingdom. The warrant was published in the London Gazette on 11 June 2004.

Maintenance and publication of the roll
The warrant imposed the duty of creating and maintaining the Roll on the Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs, acting in consultation with Garter Principal King of Arms and Lord Lyon King of Arms. On the closure of the Department for Constitutional Affairs in 2007 the duty was transferred, along with the other functions of that department, to the Secretary of State for Justice. Maintenance of the roll is carried out by an official in the Crown Office known as the Registrar of the Peerage and assisted by an Assistant Registrar.

From November 2010 the most recent version of the roll has been published in pdf on the website of the College of Arms together with the text of the royal warrant, information on the creation and maintenance of the roll, and copies of guidance notes and forms for those wishing to apply to be entered on it.

Method of enrollment

Enrollment is automatically consequent upon creation as a peer and can be applied for by way of proving succession to a peerage to the satisfaction of the Lord Chancellor and the Secretary of State for Justice. Essential items in proving succession are a formal petition and a statutory declaration made by a person other than the applicant. Guidance notes are produced by the Crown Office to assist with simple proof, as where for instance the applicant is closely related to his or her predecessor. More complex succession, where the relationship is distant, may require specific professional assistance from an officer of arms, a genealogist, a legal practitioner or the Registrar of the Peerage.

Effect of enrollment

According to the royal warrant any person not entered on the roll shall not be entitled to the precedence of a peer or addressed or referred to as a peer in any official document. However, a peer who is enrolled in a junior title (not having proved a senior title) is nonetheless noted in the roll as 'customarily styled' by the superior title in question, which is then named—even though succession to this title has not been proved. One example of many is Viscount Midleton, who appears as Lord Brodrick on the roll, the title to which he has proved succession, with the statement that he is customarily known as Viscount Midleton and a cross-reference from 'Midleton'.

References

External links
 The Roll of the Peerage as currently published with ancillary material on the website of the College of Arms
 The text of the Royal Warrant of 1 June 2004 as published in the London Gazette
 List of peers present and absent, 25 January 1689 - Lords Journal
 List of the Peers, 1727 (before the death of George I)
 List of the Lords Temporal, 1825
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Parliamentary Debates, 1829
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Parliamentary Debates, 1830
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Parliamentary Debates, 1832
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Parliamentary Debates, 1835
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Parliamentary Debates, 1837-8
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Burke's Peerage, 5th edition, 1838, P 36
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Burke's Peerage, 6th edition, 1839, P 1184 - Hathitrust
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Burke's Peerage, 6th edition, 1839, P 1184 - Archive.org
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Lodge's Peerage, 14th edition, 1845, P xlvii
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Parliamentary Debates, 1847
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Lodge's Peerage, 17th edition, 1848, P xlvii
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Parliamentary Debates, 1849
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Parliamentary Debates, 1850
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Parliamentary Debates, 1851
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Parliamentary Debates, 1852
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Parliamentary Debates, 1854
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Sessional Papers, 1856
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Sessional Papers, 1857
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Parliamentary Debates, 1859
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Burke's Peerage, 23rd edition, 1861, P xxxv
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Parliamentary Debates, 1862
 Newspaper clipping about Roll of the Lords for 1864
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Burke's Peerage, 27th edition, 1865, P xxxv
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Burke's Peerage, 30th edition, 1868, P xxxv
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Burke's Peerage, 31st edition, 1869, P xxxv
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Parliamentary Debates, 1873
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Parliamentary Debates, 1892
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Parliamentary Debates, 1893
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Parliamentary Debates, 1899
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Parliamentary Debates, 1900
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Parliamentary Debates, 1922
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Sessional Papers, 1933
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Sessional Papers, 1953
 Roll of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal - Parliamentary Debates, 5th Series, Volume CCLXXIV, 1966-7, page xxix

British honours system
Peerages in the United Kingdom

Roll of the Peerage


Mu-Tron EP is the third extended play (EP) by English electronic band Ladytron. It was released in the United Kingdom in October 2000 by Invicta Hi-Fi Records on CD and 12" formats. The title "Mu-Tron" is a reference to the manufacturer of electronic musical effects with the same name. The cover has been designed by the band member Reuben Wu.

"Another Breakfast With You" and "Paco!" will be later included on Ladytron's debut album titled 604, while "USA vs. White Noise" and "Playgirl" (Snap Ant Version) will appear as bonus tracks to the same album. 604 also included an instrumental song titled "Mu-Tron".

Track listing
CD
"Another Breakfast With You"
"Paco!"
"USA vs. White Noise"
"Playgirl" (Snap Ant Version)

12"
A1. "USA vs. White Noise"
A2. "Playgirl" (Snap Ant Version)
B1. "Paco!"
B2. "Another Breakfast With You"

References

2000 EPs
Ladytron albums

Mu-Tron EP


Weidlinger Associates, Inc., was a U.S.-based structural engineering firm that designs and rehabilitates buildings, bridges, and infrastructure and provides special services in applied science, forensics, and physical security. Weidlinger's clients include corporations, private clients, institutions, and federal, state and local governments. The firm is headquartered in New York City, with branch offices in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, California, New Mexico, and Washington, DC. The firm also conducted business as Weidlinger Associates, Ltd., in Scotland, UK.

In 2015, it merged into Thornton Tomasetti.

History
Weidlinger Associates was founded by Paul Weidlinger, a graduate of the Swiss Polytechnic Institute in Zurich, as Paul Weidlinger, Consulting Engineer, in Washington, DC, in 1949. The company moved its headquarters to Manhattan in 1951; was renamed Weidlinger Associates Consulting Engineers in 1974; and was incorporated as Weidlinger Associates, Inc., in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1982. Dr. Jeremy Isenberg succeeded Paul Weidlinger as president and CEO in 1993, and Dr. Raymond Daddazio succeeded Dr. Isenberg on January 1, 2006. In 2011, the firm became a general business corporation under the laws of New York State. The firm currently employs approximately 300 people.

Merger with Thornton Tomasetti
On September 8, 2015 it was announced that Weidlinger Associates had merged with engineering firm Thornton Tomasetti.

Operations
The firm has three business units: Transportation, Buildings, and Applied Science & Investigations, which encompasses investigations, security, and the FLEX family of software products, including PZFlex for virtual prototyping.

Transportation
Much of Weidlinger's experience in transportation and bridge engineering reflects the rehabilitations the company has designed in the New York metro area for the Brooklyn, Manhattan, RFK (Triborough), Bronx-Whitestone, and Tappan Zee Bridges. The firm's work on these historic structures has broadened Weidlinger's expertise in correcting original defects and preventing future fatigue. Weidlinger has also worked on other major bridges including the Walt Whitman Bridge, Benjamin Franklin Bridge, Cooper River Bridges, Richmond - San Rafael Bridge, Iowa DOT I-74 Bridges, Red River Bridge, and Victory Bridge (New Jersey). The company also designed the steel deck sections of the self-anchored suspension span of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge. In 2004, Ronald Mayrbaurl and Sante Camo, two Weidlinger principals, published the first-ever guidelines for the inspection and evaluation of suspension bridge cables.

Buildings
Weidlinger's buildings practice specializes in the design of structural systems for courthouses, embassies, laboratories, museums, office headquarters, stadiums, and other buildings in the U.S. and abroad. A pioneer in high-rise, long-span, cable, and fabric structures, the firm is known for producing quality structural designs that offer economical protection against the consequences of earthquakes, hurricanes, and explosions. Weidlinger uses advanced analysis to optimize structural systems, resolve interdisciplinary conflicts, and guard the safety and comfort of users.

Applied Science
The company's work in applied science research and advanced analysis has resulted in investigative projects concerning the safety of tall buildings, infrastructure, and military installations, as well as mathematical models to explore shielding naval vessels against mine explosions and protecting loading docks against blast. Weidlinger's software is used by military, public administrative, and corporate clients to simulate structures and devices, enhance design, and assess vulnerability. Some programs combine the effects of several load types. Others use imaging techniques to improve the manufacture of integrated circuits, predict the location of underground petroleum reservoirs, and streamline the design of ultrasonic probes for medical use.

Awards and recognition
Founder Paul Weidlinger and five Weidlinger principals—Melvin Baron, Matthys Levy, Herbert Rothman, Mario Salvadori and Jeremy Isenberg—have been elected as members of the National Academy of Engineering. In 1987, the Franklin Institute awarded Paul Weidlinger the Frank P. Brown Medal. In 2004, Weidlinger Associates was awarded the American Council of Engineering Companies' Grand Conceptor Award for its comprehensive study of the World Trade Center tower collapses. More than 150 Weidlinger projects have received awards for engineering excellence, technical innovation, and creative design. The firm has also been awarded numerous U.S. Small Business Innovation Research grants and Small Business Technology Transfer grants by the U.S. Small Business Administration's Office of Technology, including a Tibbetts Award for advancing technological innovation with PZFlex Software.

Notable projects

In progress
 San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, California
 United Nations Headquarters, New York, New York
 World Trade Center site, New York, New York

Completed
 Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, New Haven, Connecticut
 Benjamin Franklin Bridge, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (re-decking, cable investigation and cable strengthening study)
 Brooklyn Botanic Garden Visitors Center, New York, New York
 Brooklyn Bridge, New York, New York (current and ongoing rehabilitations)
 CBS Building, New York, New York
 Embassy of the United States, Berlin, Germany
 Estadio Ciudad de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
 Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum – Henry A. Wallace Visitor and Education Center, Hyde Park, NY
 Georgia Dome, Atlanta, Georgia
 Georgia-Pacific Tower, Atlanta, Georgia
 Jacob K. Javits Convention Center, New York, New York
 Jeju World Cup Stadium, Seogwipo-si, Jeju, Republic of Korea
 John Hancock Tower, Boston, Massachusetts (investigation)
 Manhattan Bridge, New York, New York (current and ongoing rehabilitations)
 Museo de Arte de Ponce, Ponce, Puerto Rico
 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston – Art of the Americas Wing, Boston, Massachusetts
 National Museum of the Marine Corps, Quantico, Virginia
 National Aquarium in Baltimore, Maryland
 New England Aquarium Giant Ocean Tank, Boston, Massachusetts
 New York Marriott Marquis, New York, New York
 One Lincoln Street, Boston, Massachusetts
 Robert H. Jackson United States Courthouse, Buffalo, NY
 Rose Center for Earth and Space, New York, New York
 September 11 Museum, New York, NY
 Solow Building, New York, New York
 Postcards, Staten Island, New York
 The Lawn, University of Virginia (South Lawn)
 Tomorrow Square, Shanghai, China
 33 Arch Street, Boston, Massachusetts
 Wat Nawamintararachutis Thai Temple and Meditation Center, Raynham, Massachusetts

References

External links
  Official site

Engineering consulting firms of the United States
Engineering companies of the United States
Construction and civil engineering companies of the United States
Companies based in New York City
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1949
American companies established in 1949
1949 establishments in Washington, D.C.
2015 mergers and acquisitions
2015 disestablishments in New York (state)
Technology companies disestablished in 2015

Weidlinger Associates