Nowshera (alternatively spelt Nowshehra and Naushera) is a town and the headquarters of an eponymous tehsil of Rajouri district in the Jammu division of the Indian Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It is governed by a Municipal committee and in rural area of Nowshera consists of 14 panchayats governed by local bodies under the supervision of district administration Rajouri.

Geography

Nowshera is a small town located on the bank of Manawer river just 4 km inwards from the Manawer bridge on Jammu-Poonch national highway. It is a border tehsil of Rajouri district with a vast areal and demographic extent.

Given its spatial and demographic extent, Nowshera has been given the status of a Sub-District. It is a beautiful place with a number of tourist attractions including the fort of Mangla Devi, holy cave temple of Mangla Mata, Central Gurudwara of Sikhs in Nonial, Qila Darhal and other Dargahs and temples. The literacy rate of Nowshera is very high with low male-female literacy gap that shows that there is deep inclination of people towards education.
It has an average elevation of 1,575 metres (5,167 feet).

History
Prior to the Partition of India, Nowshera was a subdivision in the Bhimber tehsil of the Mirpur district. A brigade of Jammu and Kashmir State troops was stationed here, with the responsibility of securing the whole of Mirpur and Poonch districts. Following the 1947 Poonch Rebellion and the First Kashmir War, Nowshera got separated from the Mirpur district. It was combined with the other 'liberated areas' of the Mirpur district and reconstituted into a new tehsil of the Poonch district. In 1967, the Poonch and Nowshera districts were separated into independent districts by the efforts of Late.Beli Ram Sharma (Former Minister and Former MLA Nowshera).
But after that due to political pressure from National Conference Govt and leadership of Rajouri the district status of Nowshera snatched and given to Rajouri (district) with Nowshera coming under. Nowshera is still suffering due to the political system of Jammu and Kashmir. 90% of district office's are functioning in Nowshera and was sanctioned previously due to the hard efforts of Late Beli Ram Sharma and Late Dr. Romesh Chander Sharma (Both Served as Ministers and MLA)

Demographics

 India census, The total population of Nowshera town is 8,435.The town comprises 1500 houses and 225 shops and spreads on 1144 acre of land. It is situated on the north side of the fertile valley Nowshera about 300 ft above the right bank of Tawi river. The town is 124 km from Jammu and 45 km from Rajouri. It is tehsil headquarters and growth center of district. Presently, Nowshera tehsil comprises 58 villages. The total population of tehsil is about 62,000. Out of which more than 50% population is living below poverty line. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Nowshera has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 68% : male literacy is 82%, and female literacy is 76%. In Nowshera, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Tourist places in Nowshera are Mangla Devi, holy cave temple of Mangla Mata, Jamia Masjid, Ancient Mughliya Jahangiri Masjid, Khambah Fort (belongs to Mahabharata period, located on indo-pak border at zero point, Jhangar), Central Gurudwara of Sikhs in Nonial, Qila Darhal and other Dargahs and temples among which Central Gurudwara of Sikhs is near to the city. The Jamia Masjid is also located in the city.

Degree College Nowshera
This college started functioning in 2008 with an enrollment of 233. It was opened in the premises of Govt. Boys Middle School, Nowshera with four classrooms under makeshift arrangement from the academic session started in June 2008. It was sanctioned by then MLA and Minister, Dr Romesh Chander Sharma, total 230 students were enrolled in B.A. Part-1 during that session. So far the college worked under the supervision of Prof. Gopal Gupta who managed the affairs of GDC, Nowshera being in the capacity of Nodal Principal for first two months. Dr Nutan Resutra was the first formal head of this institution from 07-07-2008 to 14-06-2009. He was instrumental in managing all activities in the first formative years of this prime institution. After his transfer, Prof. Zahoor A. Bhat took over that responsibility and delivered his services till 18-04-2010. Presently, Prof. S.P. Chopra has taken over as third Principal of this college from 22-04-2010. Now, it has been shifted to a newly constructed building sanctioned by then MLA and Minister, Dr Romesh Chander Sharma, which is containing all modern facilities for students. B.Sc medical and non-medical subjects are also introduced. The new building is near Radio station Nowshera.

Transport

Road
Nowshera is well-connected by road to other places in Jammu and Kashmir and India by the NH 144A.

Rail
Nowshehra doesn't have its own railway station. The nearest railway station is Jammu Tawi railway station located at a distance of 110 kilometres.

Air
The nearest airport is Jammu Airport located at a distance of 110 kilometres.

References

External links
 Nowshehra tehsil mapped on OpenStreetMap, retrieved 1 April 2022.

Cities and towns in Rajouri district
Tehsils in Rajouri district

Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir


T-Motor was the class designation given by the New York Central to its ALCO-GE built T-1a, T-1b, T-2a, T-2b, and T-3a electric locomotives. The T-Motors were the New York Central's second electric locomotive purchase after the original class of S-Motors.  The T-motors continued on in service with the New York Central and a few continued on with the Penn Central after the 1968 merger.

History
ALCO and GE co-built T-Motors from 1913 to 1926 to take over the main line passenger duties from the earlier and somewhat less capable S-Motor classes. Like the rest of the eastern electric fleet T-Motors were only used on the third rail territory from Grand Central Terminal on to the Hudson and Harlem Divisions.  Compared to the S-Motors the T's had more power and with no unpowered wheels all of the locomotive's weight could be transferred into tractive effort.  The T-Motors were also faster than the S-Motors and hauled everything from commuter trains to the flagship 20th Century Limited.

The first major blow to the fleet of T's was when the Cleveland Union Terminal electrified operations shut down in the mid 1950s, freeing up the fleet of 22 P-Motors for conversion to 3rd rail power.  Although reduced to secondary duties 6 T's survived into the Penn Central era when they were finally replaced by New York, New Haven and Hartford FL9s on the Penn Central roster.

One T Motor, NYC 278, survives in derelict condition near Albany, New York and was recently secured for transport to the Danbury Railway Museum in Danbury, Connecticut for preservation. The remainder of the T-Motors were scrapped.

Footnotes
Penn Central Railroad Online

References

Further reading

External links
A drawing of a T-Motor in lightning stripe livery

ALCO locomotives
600 V DC locomotives
New York Central Railroad locomotives
B+B-B+B locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Electric locomotives of the United States
Gearless electric drive

New York Central T-Motor


Ian Bleasdale (born 1950, in Upholland, Lancashire) is an English actor and television presenter. He  divides his time between Haworth in West Yorkshire and Bristol. He started off life as a teacher before deciding that he wanted to become an actor, something which he would later joke forced his mother to take to her sickbed.

He has appeared in various programmes, including The Beiderbecke Affair, Harry's Game, Inspector Morse, The Brittas Empire, Andy Capp, Soldier Soldier, All Creatures Great and Small and as a photographer on Coronation Street.

However, Bleasdale is best known for his role as paramedic Josh Griffiths on the BBC television drama, Casualty. He was the second longest serving character in the show's 20-year history, bettered only by Derek Thompson's character Charlie Fairhead. Since 2016 Bleasdale has made several guest stints in the show and in 2017 his character was made ambulance station manager.

Josh first appeared in episode 1 of series 4 (1989) and started as a speaking extra. His role has gone from strength to strength over the years and he has had several harrowing storylines so far, including the death of his family in a house fire, and his second wife Collette having an affair with a colleague and finally leaving him. He left the show on 3 November 2007 after 18 years. He took part in the 2009 series of Celebrity MasterChef. He appeared for a short part in one of the last episodes of The Bill. In 2013 he made appearances in Doctors and Law & Order UK. Since leaving Casualty, Bleasdale has been presenting the BBC1 show Hospital Heroes.

References

External links

1950 births
English male television actors
Living people
People from Up Holland
People educated at Balshaw's Grammar School
Male actors from Lancashire

Ian Bleasdale


The 85th Landwehr Division (85. Landwehr-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed in November 1914 as the Breugel Division (Division Breugel), named after its commander, Generalleutnant Willem Hendrick Clifford Kocq von Breugel, and became the 85th Landwehr Division on 13 September 1915. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The Landwehr was the third category of the German Army, after the regular Army and the reserves. Thus Landwehr divisions were generally made up of older soldiers who had passed from the reserves, and were intended primarily for occupation and security duties rather than heavy combat.

Combat chronicle

The 85th Landwehr Division served on the Eastern Front. It occupied the line by Mława from November 1914 to July 1915 and then participated in the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive, breaking through at Przasnysz and fighting on the Narew, and then participating in follow-on fighting for the next several months. In September 1915, it was in the Lithuanian swamps. It was engaged in positional warfare in the Vishnev sector on the Berezina, Olshanka and Krevljanka Rivers from September 1915 to October 1917. It moved with the line northwards in a series of fights until the armistice on the Eastern Front. The division fought in Estonia in February/March 1918, and then served as occupation troops in Estonia and Russia until the end of World War I in November 1918. Elements of the division were being transferred to Belgium at the time of the Armistice on the Western Front, and other elements remained in Lithuania and White Russia as security forces for several months after the end of World War I, finally departing in February 1919. Allied intelligence rated the division as fourth class.

Order of battle on formation

The 85th Landwehr Division was formed as a square division. The order of battle of the division on 7 July 1915 was as follows:

169. Landwehr-Infanterie-Brigade
Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 61
Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 99
170. Landwehr-Infanterie-Brigade
Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 17
Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 21
1. mobil Ersatz-Eskadron/XVII. Armeekorps
2. mobil Ersatz-Eskadron/XVII. Armeekorps
mobil Ersatz-Eskadron/Grenadier-zu-Pferd-Regiment Freiherr von Derfflinger (Neumärkisches) Nr. 3
Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 85
II.Bataillon/2. Pommersches Fußartillerie-Regiment Nr. 15
1. Reserve-Kompanie/Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 26
2. Kompanie/Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 26

Late-war order of battle

The division underwent a number of organizational changes over the course of the war. It was triangularized in March 1917, losing the 170th Landwehr Infantry Brigade headquarters and the 61st Landwehr Infantry Regiment. Cavalry was reduced, artillery and signals commands were formed, and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion. The order of battle on 13 January 1918 was as follows:

169. Landwehr-Infanterie-Brigade
Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 17
Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 21
Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 99
Radfahrer-Kompanie Nr. 85
5. Eskadron/Kürassier-Regiment (Brandenburgisches) Nr. 6
Artillerie-Kommandeur 85
Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 275
Stab Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 485
Minenwerfer-Kompanie Nr. 385
Divisions-Nachrichten-Kommandeur 585

References
 85. Landwehr-Division (Chronik 1914/1919) - Der erste Weltkrieg
 Hermann Cron et al., Ruhmeshalle unserer alten Armee (Berlin, 1935)
 Hermann Cron, Geschichte des deutschen Heeres im Weltkriege 1914-1918 (Berlin, 1937)
 Günter Wegner, Stellenbesetzung der deutschen Heere 1825-1939. (Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück, 1993), Bd. 1
 Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914-1918), compiled from records of Intelligence section of the General Staff, American Expeditionary Forces, at General Headquarters, Chaumont, France 1919 (1920)

Notes

Infantry divisions of Germany in World War I
Military units and formations established in 1914
Military units and formations disestablished in 1919
1914 establishments in Germany

85th Landwehr Division (German Empire)


Reynolds & Branson Leeds was a business based at 13 Briggate and 14 Commercial Street in Leeds, England. The business lasted from  to . Edward Matterson managed the company in 1822, and William West F.R.S. took over in 1833. The National Archives Records about the company include a day book, sales ledger, and prescription books. The records were created by Reynolds & Branson Ltd. Reynolds & Branson was registered in July 1898 as a limited corporation with a capital of £34,000 in shares of £10 each by Messrs. R. Reynolds, F. W. Branson. No remuneration was given to Mr. R. Reynolds, but a £700 per annum was given to each of the others. In 1890, Richard Reynold's son, Richard Freshfield (Fred) Reynolds was made a partner.
The firm was in the business of wholesale and retail for chemists and surgical instrument makers.

Origins
The original company can be traced back to 1816 (see Grace's Guide which is the leading source of historical information on industry and manufacturing in Britain). Edward Matterson was a druggist who ran the firm after being employed by Allen and Hanburys. He was educated at Leeds Grammar School. In 1822 the company moved to 13 Briggate, Leeds.  In 1833 William West F.R.S. took over the company after Matterson went bankrupt (see The bankrupt directory: being a complete register of all the bankruptcies, with their residences, trades, and dates when they appeared in the London gazette, from December 1820 to April 1843). In 1839 Thomas Harvey joined the business, when William West left the company to pursue analytical chemistry. The firm was then renamed Thomas Harvey. Harvey was born at Barnsley into a Quaker family. His father was a linen manufacturer. The second of five children, he was educated at Barnsley Grammar in Yorkshire in 1812. From 1822 to 1825 Harvey studied at Ackworth and afterwards became a chemist apprentice for David Doncaster of Sheffield. Upon Doncaster's death he trained at Thomas Southalls in Birmingham for eight years. In 1837 Harvey settled in Leeds as a chemist. He became an anti-slavery campaigner and philanthropist.

Richard Reynolds
In 1844 Richard Reynolds joined the company as an apprentice. He was born in 1829 and was the eldest son of an apothecary who died when the boy was only four years old. From 1850 to 1851 he attended the School of Pharmacy in London where he took first prizes in chemistry, materia medica and botany in a contest held by the pharmaceutical society. He then went to Mr. Henry Deane at Chapman for two years and returned to the Leeds business. In 1854 Richard Reynolds joined Thomas Harvey as a partner and the company then became Harvey & Reynolds. In 1861 the firm was joined by a Mr. Fowler and became Harvey, Reynolds & Fowler. By 1864 Thomas Harvey had retired (Noted in 1884). At the age of 72, he undertook an arduous journey to Canada on a Quaker mission but it exhausted him. He died on December 25 at his home at Ashwood, Headingley Lane.  Mr. Haw then joined the business and the company became Haw & Reynolds. In 1867 the business was listed as Haw, Reynolds, & Co. In 1883 Fredrick W Branson joined the business. An 1884 advertisement listed the partnership between Reynolds & Branson (late Harvey, Reynolds & co).

1898–1914
The firm of Reynolds & Branson was registered in July 1898 as a limited corporation with a capital of £34,000 in shares of £10 each by Messrs. R. Reynolds, F. W. Branson. No remuneration was given to Mr. R. Reynolds, but a £700 each per annum to the others. In 1890 Richard Reynold's son, Richard Freshfield (Fred) Reynolds was made a partner. The firm was in the business of wholesale and retail chemists and surgical instrument makers.[5] Fredrick W Branson now focused on the development of scientific apparatus and chemical glassware for the business. The company was flourishing under his management. Frederick Hartridge attended the University of Leeds in 1905, and then attending the School of Pharmaceutical Society in London in 1909. In 1901, during the outbreak of lead poisoning at Morley, the company was called in. Frederick W. Branson made recommendations which freed Morley from this scourge. In collaboration with A. F. Dimmock, M.D., he contributed to the British Medical Association meeting in 1903 a paper " A new method for the determination of uric acid in urine" (Br. Med. J., 1903, 2, 585). For this process he devised a correction scale which was contributed to the British Pharmaceutical Conference in 1904. At the 1905 meeting of the British Medical Association a further paper by these two authors was read, " A rapid and simple process for the estimation of uric acid " (ibid., 1905, 2, 1104), in which uric acid was precipitated and the precipitate measured in a specially graduated tube. In 1914, in collaboration with Dr. Gordon Sharp, he contributed a paper to the British Pharmaceutical Conference on the activity of digitalis leaves and the stability and standardisation of tinctures of digitalis.

The war years
During the First World War, he actively pursued efforts to standardize the size and shape of chemical glassware. In 1916, he was elected as an inaugural member of the Society of Glass Technology. He organized research and published works on these topics. Branson sought to secure in Great Britain the manufacturing process for the glass required for the equipment of munition factories.[8][9] Branson contributed a paper on the composition of some types of chemical glassware to the Society of Chemical Industry (J. SOC. Chem. Ind., 1915, 34, 471) in collaboration with his son Frederick Hartridge, a paper to the Transactions of the Society of Glass Technology (1919, 3, 249)" A proposed standard formula for a glass for lamp workers. Branson was chairman until retirement in 1932. His son, Frederick Hartridge, Associate of the Royal Institute of Chemistry AIC, became chairman and managing director of Reynolds & Branson.[5][7] he run the company for 20 years, until his untimely death on 10 February 1952, Frederick Hartridge had appointed his 3 Sons and Daughter as directors of Reynolds & Branson, Frederick Norman the eldest son who attended Ilkley Grammar an all-boys school, Eileen his only daughter, Peter Orchard who as Director of Phospherade, which was the mineral water company, He attended Roundhay all-boys grammar school.

In the Second World War he was in the RAF with 54 Spitfire squadron, in 1942 married Rita Blackburn, he went to Australia with 54 Spitfire squadron at the end of 1942, he met Patricia A Grant his second wife. He married Patricia in Leeds 1948, Peter emigrated to Australia 1953, when his father died leaving the bulk of the business to his eldest brother Frederick Norman, He set up his own pharmacy in Blackburn South in 1955, He later become a Podiatrist retiring at the age of 90, Richard Orchard who attended Roundhay all-boys grammar school, Second World War Richard was also in RAF as a pilot he died on active service 1945. His eldest son Frederick Norman Branson became Chairman & Managing Director of Reynolds & Branson in 1953, he would run Reynolds & Branson for almost 20 years, at this point the company had a workforce of 150 people, In 1972 Frederick Norman Branson sold the business to Barclay, later selling to the asset strippers Slater & Walker.

Reynolds & Branson Chronological Time Frame
1822, Edward Matterson druggist, dealer in paint and colours, Location 12, Briggate, Leeds Baines's Directory and Gazette.
1829, Edward Matterson, druggist located 13 Briggate & 4 Blundel place. Pigot's Directory
1833, William West F.R.S. took over the company after Matterson went bankrupt,
1839, Thomas Harvey, chemist and druggist, 5 Commercial Street. Leeds.
1841, Thomas Harvey, chemist and druggist, 13 Briggate. Leeds.
1854, Reynolds returned to Leeds as partner with Harvey in the chemist business and the firm became Harvey & Reynolds.
1856, Harvey & Reynolds, chemist and druggist, 13 Briggate. Leeds.
1861, Harvey, Reynolds & Fowler. Chemist and druggist, 10 Briggate. Leeds.
1864, Haw & Reynolds. Chemist and druggist. Briggate. Leeds. as Thomas Harvey had retired.
1867, Haw, Reynolds, & Co. Chemist and druggist. Briggate. Leeds.
1872, Haw, Reynolds & Co. Chemist. 14 Commercial Street, and 13 Briggate. Leeds.
1886, Reynolds & Branson. Makers of the first short clinical thermometer.
1891, Reynolds & Reynolds, chemist and druggist, 13 Briggate. Leeds
1901, Reynolds & Reynolds, chemist and druggist, 13 Briggate. Leeds
1911, Reynolds & Reynolds, chemist and druggist, 13 Briggate. Leeds

X-ray pioneers
On 24 July 1896, Reynolds and Branson attended the Photographic Convention of the United Kingdom at Leeds. The firm was represented in various sessions. During the session on Orthochromatic Photography, Branson gave a presentation on X-ray apparatus that included a well received demonstration and repeated as follows:"... Mr. Branson, of Messrs. Reynolds and Branson, who had made a special study of X-ray work, gave a demonstration which for lucidity and completeness has rarely been equalled. In the course of his remarks he fully explained the construction and exhaustion of the tubes, and showed various forms and explained his method of making calcium tungstate, which was to mix solutions of sodium tungstate and calcium chloride, collect, wash, and dry the precipitate of calcium tungstate which was formed, and then to fuse this in a small muffle furnace at the temperature of the melting point of cast-iron, and reduce to small crystals in a mortar, mix with varnish, and coat a screen. With such a screen in contact with the plate he had been able to show osseous structure of the hand, measuring only one-hundredth of an inch, with an exposure of one minute. A comparison of the fluorescent appearance of the three salts, calcium tungstate, platinocyanide of barium, and platinocyanide of potassium, was shown, the first and last being the best for photographic work, as the fluorescence was blue, and the barium salt was most satisfactory for visual work, as the fluorescence was yellow."

At the same convention, during the session on Photography at the Seaside the firm displayed some of their product line that included X-ray apparatus, as follows:"Reynolds & Branson, of Commercial Street, Leeds, had a very high-class show, special prominence being given to apparatus for X-ray work. A case of lenses of all the leading makers, together with a very well-made photo-micrographic outfit, a cabinet of chemicals, another of cameras, and all the little odds and ends of apparatus, made up a very fine show."

Reynolds & Branson Trade Catalogues
Reynolds and Branson trade catalogues listed:
Reynolds and Branson, 1887. Handy Guide to Surgical Instruments and Appliances etc. Reynolds and Branson, 14 Commercial Street, Leeds. Gloucester: John Bellows. 1887. 246p.
Reynolds and Branson, 1890. Illustrated Catalogue of Chemical and Physical Apparatus, Pure Chemicals and Reagents. Reynolds and Branson, 14 Commercial Street, Leeds. 1890. 200p.
Reynolds and Branson, 1903. Catalogue of Special Preparations. Reynolds and Branson, 14 Commercial Street, Leeds. 1903. 64p.
Reynolds and Branson, 1907. Illustrated Catalogue of Optical Lanterns, Slides, Compressed Gases and Accessory Apparatus. Reynolds and Branson, 14 Commercial Street, Leeds. Leeds: McCorquodale & Co. 1907. 204p.
Reynolds and Branson, 1908. Illustrated Catalogue of Surgical Instruments and Appliances. Reynolds and Branson, 14 Commercial Street, Leeds. Leeds: Chorley & Pickersgill. 1908. 119p.
Reynolds and Branson, 1912. Catalogue of Special Preparations, Surgical Instruments, Trusses etc. Reynolds and Branson, 14 Commercial Street, Leeds. 1912. 84p.
Reynolds and Branson, 1912–1920. Catalogue of Laboratory Fittings and Furniture. Reynolds and Branson. 1912–1920. 29p.

Reynolds & Branson Patents
Patents include: #1120 in 1885, #16373 in 1893, #14102 in 1899.
Improvements in photographic 'shutters' for instantaneous photography. #1650. 1883.
Means or apparatus for measuring quantities of highly volatile liquids. No. 3490. 1904.

References

External links
 Reynolds and Branson @Grace's Guide
 Science Museum Group List of items manufactured by R&B
 Oak Ridge museum, Electroscope manufactured by R&B
 Camera manufactured by R&B
http://historiccamera.com/cgi-bin/librarium2/pm.cgi?action=app_display&app=datasheet&app_id=2517
http://www.thoresby.org.uk/content/people/harvey.php
http://www.huntsearch.gla.ac.uk/cgi-bin/foxweb/huntsearch/DetailedResults.fwx?collection=instruments&searchTerm=105190
http://collections.wakefield.gov.uk/photographs/index.asp?page=hitlist&mwsquery=(%7BCategory%7D%3D%7Bphotographs%7D)&mwsQueryTemplate=%5B%7Bcontrol%3DthemeList%7D%7Bindex%3DClassification%7D%7Brelation%3D%3D*%7D%5D&themeList=Community+Life+/+Health+and+Welfare+/+Workhouses+and+children%27s+homes

Companies based in Leeds
Defunct manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Optical instruments
X-ray equipment manufacturers
X-ray pioneers
Microscopes
Microscope components
Scientific equipment

Reynolds and Branson


Rafael Petardi is a Canadian-American film and television actor.

Career

Petardi's first major role was in a mini series alongside Québécois stars Remy Girard, Gildor Roy, Michel Barette, Patrick Labbe and Chantal Fontaine. He has also starred in many television shows such as La Vie and Rent-a-Goalie,  the latter garnering him 3 Gemini Award Nominations. He performed in films such as Rub & Tug, which was presented at the Toronto International Film Festival.

He has appeared in film and television roles such as ABC's Flash Forward, CBS' The Unit, supporting roles in films such as Beverly Hills Chihuahua, and Angels & Demons. Most recently Petardi guest starred on NCIS: Los Angeles. He now voices Chase Devineaux in Carmen Sandiego.

Filmography

Television

Video games

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male voice actors

Rafael Petardi


Murtagh King (; c. 1562 – c. 1639) was an Irish Old Testament translator and scribe.

Overview

King was a member of an Irish bardic family, who were residents of the barony of Kilcoursey, County Offaly, known as Fox's Country. They were poets, scribes, and drafted legal documents for their patrons, mainly the families of Fox and Mageoghegan. Writing in 2001, McCaughy states "What we can say is that the Muircheartach Ó Cionga that we are concerned with in this study was one of a learned poetic family of the name who are referred to quite frequently in the sources, some of whose poetry survives (a good deal of it religious), and that they are located in the barony of Kilcoursey in Fox's Country."

Muircheartach first apparent appearances are as Murtagh O Kinge of Kilcolly and Murtho O King of Fox's County in fiants of the 1590s. In the 1610s he was an agent and receiver to Lord Lambert's lands near Athlone, County Westmeath (he appeared as a witness for dowager Lady Lambert in the 1630s). He appears to have been among the native grantees who received land in the plantation of his locality around the year 1620. The Franciscan Paul King was his nephew.

Association with William Bedell

King was employed from 1627 by William Bedell (later Bishop of Kilmore) to teach Irish to himself and students at Trinity College, Dublin. Under Bedell's influence, King conformed to the Church of Ireland and was ordained a priest on 23 September 1633. This provided him with an income while he translated the Old Testament and Apocrypha into Irish, having been selected as an acknowledged master of the language, in both prose and verse. It was eventually published (without Apocrypha) in 1685 by Robert Boyle under the title Leabhuir na Seintiomna ar na ttarruing go Gaidhlig trechiram & dhithracht an Doctuir Uilliam Bedel/The Books of the Old Testament translated into Irish by the care and diligence of Doctor William Bedel. Bedell wrote to James Ussher:

"We haue brought Mr King to read an houre every day to those that are already chosen, to frame them to the right pronunciation and exercise of the language, to which purpose we haue gotten a few coppies of the booke of Common prayer, and do begin with the Catechisme which is therein .... The translation of the Psalmes into prose and verse, whereof I spoke to your Grace, would be a good worke, and Mr King has giuen us an assay in the first psalme ..."

By the end of his life, serious questions had arisen concerning King's fitness to be a Church of Ireland minister. He was accused of secretly attending Catholic mass with his family, inappropriately administering baptism and holy communion. A sum of the matters objected against Murtagh King alleged that:

"He is ignorant of the Bible .... Cannot read distinctly and intelligibly. Causeth his parish clerk, who is a layman, to execute the office of priest. Left his congregation desolate in a church one Sunday, and went to the alehouse. Another Sunday, refused to perform service, saying his occasions led to the mass house. Went to Mass on the Sunday. Baptised a child with words but without the element of water, and then with water but without the words. Baptised another with gloves on. In administering the Holy Communion he did not use the appointed words but said, "Eat this according to our Saviour's meaning." Committed a battery and bloodshed. Suffers his children to go to mass. When his son asked him for money, he said, "Poor slave; woe's me, that am going to hell to get you maintenance", insinuating that he was conformable against his conscience."

Bedell defended him, concerned that attacks on King's character would detract from the reputation of the translation, and said as much in a letter to Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, dated December 1638.

"Mr King is a much more competent man than he is represented to be. He has few matches as an Irish scholar in the kingdom. He has now been imprisoned for four or five months, and that most unjustly, and has been too sick to defend himself. Surely the man who translated God's Word into Irish deserves better treatment. I pray you do him justice."

King died shortly after, survived by his wife, Margery, and their children. Mrs. King was supported by James Ussher, Bishop Anthony Martin of Meath and Sir James Ware in a land dispute with William Bayly, who in 1638 had seized a benefice of King's.

References

 Dr. Bedell and Mr. King: the making of the Irish Bible, Terence McCaughey, 2001
 Dictionary of Irish Biography, vol. five, pp. 209–210, Cambridge, 2009.

External links
 Ó CIONGA, Muircheartach ( c.1562– c.1639); ainm.ie

17th-century Irish-language poets
Irish translators
People from County Offaly
Poet priests
Translators to Irish
Year of birth uncertain
Translators of the Bible into Irish
Converts to Anglicanism from Roman Catholicism

Murtagh King


David Lively (born 27 June 1953) is a French classical pianist of US origin.

Biography
Born in Ironton, Ohio, Lively began his career at the age of 14 playing Khachatourian's Piano Concerto with the St. Louis Symphony.

In 1972 he won fourth place in the Queen Elisabeth Competition. He later participated, as a member of the jury of the same competition, in the 1999, 2003 and 2010 editions.

He currently heads the Saint-Lizier festival in the Ariège department.

He is the Director of the École normale de musique de Paris competitions.

Discography
 César Franck: Complete Chamber music
 Albert Huybrechts: Chamber music
 Joseph Marx: The two concertos at ASV Records
 Philippe Boesmans: Complete work for piano
 Aaron Copland: Work for piano
 Johannes Brahms: Sonata in F minor, Op 5, Ballades Op 10
 Rachmaninov's Piano Concertos in C minor N° 2 and N° 3
 Bach's The Art of Fugue
 Gabriel Fauré: Complete Nocturnes
 Furtwängler's Piano Concerto
 Liszt's Piano Concerto No. 1, Hungarian Fantasy
 Ravel's Le Tombeau de Couperin, Stravinski's  Petrushka (ballet), Tango, Piano-Rag-Music at Deutsch Grammophon

See also

References

External links
  (Official website)
 Biography (Les Concerts Parisiens)
 David Lively (École Normale Cortot)
 David Lively (France Musique)
 David Lively piano (Bach Cantatas Website)
 Voyage dans l'univers intemporel du pianiste David Lively (Le Figaro)
 Discography (Discogs)
 David Lively plays Ravel, Le Tombeau de Couperin (YouTube)

1953 births
21st-century French male classical pianists
American classical pianists
American male pianists
École Normale de Musique de Paris alumni
Living people
People from Ironton, Ohio
Prize-winners of the Queen Elisabeth Competition
American emigrants to France

David Lively


The Sulawesi flying fox or Sulawesi fruit bat (Acerodon celebensis) is a species of megabat endemic to Indonesia.  It is classified as "Vulnerable" by the IUCN due to unsustainable levels of hunting.

Distribution and habitat
The species is endemic to the Sulawesi, Buton, and several smaller Indonesian islands (Mangole, Sanana, Siau, Sangihe, Selayar). It prefers lowland habitats with an elevation of up to 1,500 m asl.

Ecology
The Sulawesi flying fox is a frugivore, feeding preferentially on coconuts and breadfruits. The species roosts in trees—often in mangrove forests—and is somewhat sensitive to human disturbance. Roosting sites may be shared with the black flying fox, which occupies the lower branches while the Sulawesi flying fox keeps to the higher ones. Pups are born between February and March. Flying fox serve as pollinators and seed dispersers for the plants of their area. They can carry large amounts of pollen on their fur and carry it to other plants great distances away, this is particularly important for plants which rely on cross-pollination. Flying fox disperse seeds by dropping the seeds as they eat fruit, or through their feces. It takes 12–34 minutes for food to pass through the digestive tract of the species.

Life history
Following birth, the baby flying fox, called a pup, develops a strong bond with its mother. Aside from nursing the young, the mother carries her pup out of camp each night in search of food. While flying, the pup holds onto the nipple with its adapted, curved teeth and grabs onto the mother's waist with their feet. This persists for up to five weeks, or whenever the offspring becomes too heavy for their mother to support. For the next three to five weeks, the pup is left in a tree either in or just outside of their camp while the mother forages until dawn. This stage in a pup's life ends when the pup learns how to fly and can search for their own food, which generally occurs eight to ten weeks after birth. While their diets consist mainly of fruit, these bats' favorite food is the pollen and nectar of eucalyptus blossoms; however, due to a shortage of these and other preferred blossoms, flying fruit foxes are forced to feed on the less favorable exotic and cultivated fruit in Sulawesi. They also serve a major role in pollination and seed dispersal in the forest. By congregating in large numbers following the blooming of various plants and thanks to their large size, they are able to spread seeds (either through digestion or from pollen stuck to their fur) in greater quantities at greater distances than birds and insects. These bats live in colonies, also called camps. Some camps are permanent while others are only temporary; many times, camps will only be inhabited during a certain time of the year for roosting. The camps are formed in a protected area consisting of dense, tall trees and are usually close to a water source. The population size of camps is directly proportional to the surrounding availability of food. Camps are essential for the survival of flying foxes as this is where they form relationships and learn how to survive.  Flying fruit foxes are nocturnal, feeding during the night. At dawn, the bats either return to their permanent camp or they find another camp to rest and socialize with other bats for a day. To drink water, these bats quickly fly by their water source, brushing their bellies in the water, and then fly to the protection of a tree to lick the water droplets off their fur.

Reproduction
Flying fruit foxes are sexual reproducers. They have a relatively slow rate of reproduction; their mating season lies between the autumn (south of the equator) months of March and May. A male Sulawesi flying fruit fox will locate a tree to mark as his territory and defend it from other males. In order to defend their territory, males make loud noises to warn off potential contenders. Mating season isn't only the noisiest time for the camp, but it is also when camp is the strongest smelling; males secrete scents from glands in their shoulders in order to attract females. Males either form paired or harem mating groups. Mate choosing is done by the female, choosing the male that has the most potent smell and is the highest in a tree. The average gestation period lies around six months, as females will give birth in the spring months of October or November. Generally, females will give birth to just one pup per mating season. Immediately following birth, offspring will begin feeding on the milk of their mother. Females tend to have much larger nipples during mating season in order to make feeding an easier task. In addition, flying fruit foxes have adapted milk teeth that curve backwards in order to maintain a more secure hold on the mother's nipple. Sexual maturity varies depending on sex. Females mature for breeding after 15 months while males do not mature until they are roughly three years old.

Conservation
The species is classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN. Populations are declining primarily due to pressure from local hunting for home consumption and the bushmeat trade. Known roosting sites are heavily exploited, and the lack of official protection means that roosting trees may also be cut down. The Sulawesi flying fox is now regionally extinct in North Sulawesi because of overhunting.

References

Acerodon
Mammals of Sulawesi
Mammals described in 1867
Bats as food
Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters
Bats of Southeast Asia
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Sulawesi flying fox


Miramar is a town in San Justo Department, located in Córdoba Province (Argentina).

Overview
Established on November 18, 1924, with the inauguration by Victorio Rosso of the Hotel Miramar, a health resort, Miramar was the site of a number of mineral spas from its early days, and in 1933, a jitney service was started between the town and the provincial capital, Córdoba. The relocation to Miramar of Máximo Palkhe, a businessman from Avellaneda (a suburb of Buenos Aires), in 1936, was followed by his decision to have a luxury hotel built on the shores of Mar Chiquita, a saline lake, in 1940. The decision led to the development of other tourist facilities in the hamlet, and Palkhe's Gran Hotel Vienna (named for his wife's birthplace), was inaugurated in 1945. The Palkhes sold the hotel in 1946, and relocated to Germany, however, and the establishment, which closed in 1980, has been at the center of a number of mysteries and controversies in the decades since.

The town became a significant center of tourism in Argentina from the 1950s to the 1970s, and Miramar, home to 110 hotels in its heyday, grew to around 4,500 inhabitants by the 1970 Census. During that latter decade, however, inflows from the Dulce, Primero, and Segundo Rivers into Mar Chiquita increased significantly as a result of the Florentino Ameghino water cycle (which prognosticated higher rainfall after 1970), and longstanding deforestation in the Gran Chaco region (north of the area). Record floods in 1977 and 1986 devastated Miramar, and the town was relocated 5 km (3 mi) to the south, to higher ground, in 1992, when most of the flooded ruins were demolished.

Amid a significant recovery in the Argentine economy after 2004, tourism in Miramar began to recover. The town, in 2009, was home to 1,527 hotel rooms, and was named Top Natural Wonder of Córdoba Province by a reader survey conducted by La Voz del Interior. Site of a wildlife refuge since 1966, Miramar is also home to the Loma de los Indios Birdwatching Station, and the Miramar Biological Station.

References

External links

Populated places in Córdoba Province, Argentina
Populated places established in 1924
Tourism in Argentina
Populated lakeshore places in Argentina
Cities in Argentina

Miramar, Córdoba


TeLQAS (Telecommunication Literature Question Answering System) is an experimental question answering system developed for answering English questions in the telecommunications domain.

Architecture
TeLQAS includes three main subsystems: an online subsystem, an offline subsystem, and an ontology. The online subsystem answers questions submitted by users in real time. During the online process, TeLQAS processes the question using a natural language processing component that implements part-of-speech tagging and simple syntactic parsing. The online subsystem also utilizes an inference engine in order to carry out necessary inference on small elements of knowledge. The offline subsystem automatically indexes documents collected by a focused web crawler from the web. An ontology server along with its API is used for knowledge representation. The main concepts and classes of the ontology are created by domain experts. Some of these classes, however, can be instantiated automatically by the offline components.

References

Computational linguistics
Information retrieval systems
Natural language processing software

TeLQAS


Robert Wood Young (born September 3, 1947) is an American broadcast journalist, author, and politician who served as Mayor of Augusta, Georgia. Young also served a presidential appointment by George W. Bush on the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and at United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. Young later served as the President and CEO of the Southeastern Natural Sciences Academy. He is currently owner and CEO of Eagle Veterans Services and Squeaky Productions, both headquartered in Augusta.

Early life
Young was born September 3, 1947, in Pasadena, California and grew up in Thomson, Georgia. He is an alumnus of Wofford College and the Augusta State University. Young is married to Gwen Fulcher Young of Augusta.

Young is a descendant of Brigham Young through his great-great-great grandmother, Lucy Decker Young

Career

Journalism
During Young 26-year-career in broadcast journalism, he produced two award-winning documentaries: The Great March about William Tecumseh Sherman's Civil War invasion of Georgia, and Ike's Augusta, a chronicle of Dwight Eisenhower's membership at the Augusta National Golf Club.

Government service
Young served in the United States Air Force during the Vietnam War and served as a broadcast specialist in the Armed Forces Vietnam Network as part of the Military Assistance Command Vietnam. In 1999, he became mayor of Augusta, Georgia, serving until 2005. On June 20, 2005. Young accepted a presidential appointment by George W. Bush to serve as Director of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development for the Atlanta Region. On June 13, 2007, Young was further designated Assistant Deputy Secretary for Field Policy and Management, a position overseeing HUD Regional Directors for ten regions across the nation. Previously, he was appointed to represent the nation's mayors on the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation.

Writing career
In 2009, Young began writing what would become his first novel, The Treasure Train; a historical novel set in Augusta around the end of the Civil War. The book follows the account of the midnight raid at Chennault, Georgia, and the stolen shipment of confederate gold; delving into the derivative tales and folklore it spawned. Young credited Dr. Mark Waters for giving him the historical basis in fact for the storyline his fiction would closely follow. In 2017 Young published his second historical novel The Hand of the Wicked, based on the events surrounding the murder of freed woman Nellie West during Georgia Reconstruction.

References

External links
Bob Young's The Treasure Train

1948 births
Living people
Mayors of Augusta, Georgia
Novelists from Georgia (U.S. state)
American male novelists
People from Thomson, Georgia
American Latter Day Saints
United States Air Force personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Air Force airmen
American chief executives
Richards–Young family
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American male writers

Bob Young (mayor)


The Shape of Things to Come is a work of science fiction by the British writer H. G. Wells. Published in 1933, it takes the form of a future history that ends in 2106.

Synopsis
A long economic slump causes a major war that leaves Europe devastated and threatened by the plague. The chaos caused by the slump returns much of the world to medieval conditions. Pilots and technicians that formerly served in various nations' air forces maintain a network of functioning air fields. Around this nucleus, technological civilization is rebuilt, with the pilots and other skilled technicians eventually seizing worldwide power and sweeping away the remnants of the old nation states. A benevolent dictatorship is set up, paving the way for world peace by abolishing national divisions, enforcing the English language, promoting scientific learning, and outlawing religion. The enlightened world-citizens are able to depose the dictators peacefully, and go on to breed a new race of super-talents, able to maintain a permanent utopia.

Analysis

Overview
Though his story is a work of fiction, several of Wells' short-term predictions from Shape would come true, such as the aerial bombing of whole cities (which was presented in more detail than in his previous book The War in the Air) and the eventual development of weapons of mass destruction. Others, such as the withering of state-power and the dissolution of Islam, have not come to pass.

A frame story claims that the book is Wells' edited version of notes written by an eminent diplomat, Dr. Philip Raven, who had been having dream visions of a history textbook published in 2106 and wrote down what he could recall of it. It is split into five "books." The first of these details history from the Great War to 1933. In late 1933 or early 1934, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt's failure to implement the New Deal and revive the US economy, and Adolf Hitler's failure to revive the German economy by rearmament, cause the worldwide economic crisis to continue for thirty years, concurrently with a Second World War - a war fought between countries already on the verge of economic collapse, which is hastened by the war.

Wells' Second World War breaks out in January 1940 with a European conflagration from the flashpoint of a violent clash between Germans and Poles at Danzig - closely matching the actual outbreak of WWII. However, Wells's imagined war sharply diverges from the actual war when Poland proves a military match for Germany. The inconclusive war lasts ten years. Other countries are eventually dragged into the fighting, though France and the Soviet Union are only marginally involved. The United Kingdom remains neutral and the United States fights with Japan to indecisive effect on both sides. The Austrian Anschluss happens during, rather than before, the war. Czechoslovakia avoids German occupation. Its President, Edvard Beneš, survives to initiate the final Suspension of Hostilities in 1950.

Wells' prediction was off the mark with regard to Spain. In Wells' history, Spain stays out of the violent passions sweeping Europe. In actuality, the Spanish Civil War - a particular strong manifestation of these violent passions - would begin two years after the book's publication. He correctly predicted that the coming war would involve both sides launching heavy bombings of each other's main cities. His depiction of the destroyed Unter Den Linden closely predicted its actual fate in the war. However, Wells wrongly thought that land fighting would quickly bog down, as in World War I, and that tanks would prove completely ineffective.

In Wells' future, submarines become the launching pads for "air torpedoes" (submarine-launched ballistic missiles) carrying weapons of mass destruction. This enables nations to threaten the destruction of places halfway around the world. This would not come true in World War II, but instead in later decades.

The Second World War ends with no victor but total exhaustion, collapse and disintegration of both involved and neutral countries, all affected by the deepening economic crisis. Nearly all governments break down, and a devastating plague in 1956 and 1957 kills a large part of humanity. Civilization nearly ends.

A benevolent dictatorship, the Dictatorship of the Air, arises from the controllers of the world's surviving transport systems, who are the only people with global power. The dictatorship promotes science, enforces Basic English as a global lingua franca and eradicates all religions, setting the world on the road to a utopia. When the dictatorship chooses to execute a subject, the condemned is given a chance to take a poison tablet modeled on the hemlock given to Socrates.

The achievement of a classless society is not via a Marxist dictatorship of the proletariat, which Wells rejected. Rather, the working class is "pulled upwards" and eliminated in several generations of upward social mobility, leaving a humanity entirely composed of "middle class intellectuals". The limited amount of physical labor still needed is performed by the world's youth, who undergo two years of "labor conscription" instead of military conscription, which is no longer needed.

After around a hundred years, the Dictatorship of the Air is overthrown in a bloodless coup. The former rulers are sent into honorable retirement and the world state "withers away". The last part of the book details the utopian world that emerges. The aim of this utopian world is to produce a world society made up entirely of polymaths, every one of its members being the intellectual equal of the greatest geniuses of the past.

Suppression of religion
A major aspect of the creation of the World State is the abolition of all organised religion, a step deemed indispensable to giving the emerging "Modern State" a monopoly over education and the complete ability to mould new generations of humanity.

The abolition of Islam is carried out by the Air Police, who "descend upon Mecca and close down the main holy places", apparently without major incident. Islam later disappears, its demise accelerated by the decay of Arabic and its replacement by "an expanded English". Some twenty mosques survive, deemed to be worthy of preservation on architectural grounds.
The Lebanese-American scholar George Nasser remarked on this aspect of Wells's book: "In the 1979 imagined by H.G. Wells, a self-appointed ruling elite composed mainly of Westerners, with one Chinese and one Black African and not a single Arab member, would establish itself in the Arab and Muslim city of Basra and calmly take the decision to completely extinguish and extirpate the Muslim religion... In the 1979 of real history, Khomeini's Islamic Republic of Iran came into being".
Wells's speculations, which may well seem absurd from a more modern point of view, can be much better understood under the impression of the establishment and attempted suppression of Islam in Turkey under Atatürk in the 1920s and 1930s.

There is only a brief reference to the abolition of Buddhism and no reference to any serious problems encountered by the Modern State in eradicating it from East Asia.

The most prolonged and formidable religious opposition envisaged by Wells is from the Catholic Church. (There is little reference to Protestants.) The Pope and the Catholic hierarchy are gassed unconscious when they bless new aircraft, built by a revived Fascist Italy. After the Catholic Church is decisively crushed in Italy, it finds refuge in Ireland, "the last bastion of Christianity". When it is subdued there also, the resistance is maintained only in Latin America, under "a coloured Pope in Pernambuco". This too is suppressed.

Wells gives considerable attention to the fate of the Jews. In this history, an enfeebled Nazi Germany is incapable of systematic murder on the scale of The Holocaust. However, Jews greatly suffer from "unorganized" persecution. Anti-Jewish pogroms happen "everywhere in Europe" during the chaotic 1950s. Then, in a world where all nation-states are a doomed anachronism, Zionism and its ambition to create a new state come to naught. In the later struggle between the emerging world state and its opponents, Jews are caught between the proverbial hammer and anvil. Following the launch of its antireligious campaign, the Modern State closes down all kosher butcheries still in operation, while the opening act of the "Federated Nationalist" rebels opposing the Modern State is to perpetrate a pogrom against Jews in the Frankfurt area. Eventually, in Wells's vision, it is the Modern State's forced assimilation that triumphs. The Jews, who had resisted earlier pressures, become absorbed in the general society and lose their separate identity.

Democracy, fascism and communism
In the 1930s, especially after the collapse of the Weimar Republic and the rise of Nazi Germany, the survival of European democracy seemed in doubt. Wells, not a great supporter of democracy even in its more robust times, clearly shared that outlook. The book notes that at the outbreak of war in 1940, France was "still" a parliamentary democracy, the implication being that of an anachronistic government. The visionary Gustave de Windt, setting out the blueprint for the coming "Modern State", rejects  "The Principle of Opposition", which by definition rules out parliamentary democracy.

Wells's future history remembers fascism more as ridiculous and stupid than as horrible. As mentioned above, Nazi Germany gets bogged down in its war with Poland, never to achieve conquests or the Holocaust. It collapses and disintegrates. No mention is made of Hitler's fate. Nazism disappears without a trace. An attempt to revive Italian Fascism is easily swept away by the triumphant Modern State. The book notes that many people who were Fascists or Nazis in their early years had become staunch adherents of the Modern State in the more mature part of their lives.

The future remembers Stalin as narrow and limited but not as a bloody dictator. The Soviet Union is less affected than other countries by the chaos of the late 1940s and the 1950s. With the rise of the Modern State, Russia has a bloodless takeover by the pilots and other skilled technicians, who displace the Communist Party bureaucrats. It assimilates into the new worldwide state. During the transition, the hammer and sickle are displayed side by side with the Modern State's Winged Disk.

Altogether, of the three competing systems of government (democracy, fascism and communism), only the last would be remembered by Wells's Modern State as having been a predecessor.

The Death of Socrates

When the Modern State finds it necessary to sentence people to death, the condemned person is given a lethal "tabloid" and is allowed to choose the moment and the location for taking it. Death by the tabloid is instantaneous and painless. Though not explicitly mentioned, this aspect of Wells' vision of the future was clearly inspired by the well-known episode of the end of the philosopher Socrates, who - when condemned to death in ancient Athens - took Hemlock and died, surrounded by his friends and discoursing of philosophy to his last moment.

Use of "C.E."
The book displays one of the earliest uses of the label "C.E." on calendar years in place of the more common AD ("Anno Domini").  Wells states that his use of "C.E." stands for "Christian Era", but in common parlance, the abbreviation is now more usually understood to mean "Common Era".

Relation to Brave New World
As noted by Nathaniel Ward, The Shape of Things to Come was published two years after Aldous Huxley's Brave New World. In both works, a war leaves the world in ruins, a self-appointed elite takes over, rebuilds the world and engages in social engineering to refashion human society. Wells notes that as Huxley, "one of the most brilliant of the reactionary writers, foretold of them, [the leaders of the Dictatorship of the Air] tidied up the world".

The crucial difference is the society envisioned by Huxley is highly hierarchical, with intelligent "Alphas" on top and moronic "Epsilons" at the bottom, Huxley arguing that a society composed purely of the assertive and competitive "Alphas" would dissolve into chaos and all-out fighting. It was that vision that Wells believed would cause Huxley to be remembered by posterity as a "reactionary writer". Much of Shape of Things to Come is devoted to demonstrating that given time, an elite with control of world education can make such a society of intelligent and assertive "Alphas" harmonious and functional, without an underclass.

Adaptations
Wells loosely adapted the novel into a screenplay entitled Things to Come. Produced by Alexander Korda and directed by William Cameron Menzies, the film was released in 1936. It also takes elements from Wells's non-fiction book The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind (1931).

H. G. Wells' The Shape of Things to Come, a low-budget Canadian space opera first released in May 1979, presented itself as a sequel and adaptation. Apart from the name of two characters named "Caball" (named after Cabal in the film Things to Come), it has no connection with the film or book.

The audio drama production Big Finish Productions released a 2017 audio adaptation based loosely on Wells' book. It was adapted by Guy Adams, starred Nicola Walker and Sam Troughton, and was directed by Lisa Bowerman. This version presented the future history as an alternative timeline which Raven is shown, versus dreams, as in the original.

Influence on later science fiction

American Golden Age writers
Theodore Wein pointed out that "Wells' Things to Come was at its most influential in the six years between its publication and the moment when the course of its predicted war was overtaken and overshadowed by the actual fast-unfolding events of the Second World War. These same years of the 1930s were the time of incubation for the people who were destined to become the greatest names in Science Fiction, the time when they read ravenously any SF on which they could lay their hands and started to formulate their own ideas. It is not surprising that traces of Things to Come are clearly visible in what they wrote in the 1940s and 1950s." Among such great names of Golden Age Science Fiction, Wein noted Isaac Asimov, Robert Heinlein and Poul Anderson, and enumerated ways in which the work of all three, and less prominent SF writers, had felt the influence of Wells' work.

Specifically, Wein speculated that Wells' character of social scientist Gustave De Windt, with his blueprint for world transformation, had inspired Asimov's Hari Seldon. As noted by Wein, De Windt and Seldon both conduct research at a prestigious library in the capital of a declining empire (respectively the British Empire and the Galactic Empire). Both realize that an overall collapse is imminent and inevitable, set out a detailed blueprint of how to rebuild the world/galaxy, and set up a body of dedicated followers (Wells' Modern State Society, Asimov's First and Second Foundations) which will implement the plan of the founding visionary for generations after his death. Further, Wein conjectured that Wells' "seventeen million active workers" tasked with a "Fundamental Knowledge System" containing "everything that is known" had inspired Asimov's Encyclopedia Galactica.

In Heinlein's "Solution Unsatisfactory" (1941), the planes of the International Patrol overfly Washington D.C., and put to naught the President's authority - an event similar to an episode earlier depicted in Wells' work. Heinlein would later upgrade the International Patrol into an Interplanetary Patrol, a self-appointed elite of motivated and puritanical spacemen reminiscent of Wells' Dictatorship of the Air.

Wells described Federated Nationalists who had put aside their feuds, to band together until they had smashed the budding world government. Poul Anderson in his early future history, the Psychotechnic League, had similar federated nationalists opposing the United Nations' efforts to make itself a world government and rebuild a war torn world.

Other works
Rex Warner's dystopian The Aerodrome (1941) is in part a fictional critique of The Shape of Things to Come. Wells' Air Police is presented as the fascistic "Airmen".

References

External links
Full Text from Project Gutenberg
Facsimil Text 1935 (London, Hutchinson & Co.) from Internet Archive

1933 British novels
1933 science fiction novels
Novels by H. G. Wells
Future history
British post-apocalyptic novels
British science fiction novels
World government
Aviation novels
Hutchinson (publisher) books
Fiction set in the 21st century
Novels set in the 22nd century
British novels adapted into films

The Shape of Things to Come


Bogoslovija () is an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is mostly located in Belgrade's municipality of Palilula, with some parts belonging to the municipality of Zvezdara.

Location

Bogoslovija covers an area around the University of Belgrade Eastern Orthodox Theology Faculty and the roundabout where the streets of Dragoslava Srejovića, Mije Kovačevića and Severni Bulevar cross paths. It borders the neighborhoods of Karaburma (Stara Karaburma) to the east, Profesorska Kolonija to the west, Palilula (Hadžipopovac) to the southwest, Belgrade New Cemetery to the southeast, and Ada Huja and Viline Vode to the north. Also right to the north are the access routes to the Pančevo Bridge, across the Danube.

Administration

Palilula's section of Bogoslovija is mostly organized as the local community of "Nadežda Petrović" (previously named "29th November"), which had a population of 7,555 in 2011. It also partially belongs to the local community of "Hadžipopovac", also in Palilula, while the Zvezdara section is part of the local community "Severni Bulevar", which comprises much wider area. In colloquial terms, the eastern section is usually considered a part of Karaburma and the western as a part of Palilula.

Characteristics

Despite several residential buildings, Bogoslovija is mostly an administrative and communal center. The Belgrade Fire Brigade is located here, so as the facilities of the "City sanitation" service, Hall Aleksandar Nikolić (formerly Pionir Hall), Palilula Police Station (nicknamed White House due to its color), military hospital (VMC) and the Omladinski Stadion, a stadium of the OFK Beograd soccer team. The Cultural Center "Vlada Divljan", former People's University "Braća Stamenković" is located in the 1948 building, designed by Bogdan Ignjatović. The Secondary School Students' Home "Milutin Milanković", next to the Hall Aleksandar Nikolić, was founded in 1961.

Seminary

Central place belongs to the Seminary of the Serbian Orthodox Church with adjoining campus, which was finished in 1957-1958 and gave its name to the entire neighborhood (Serbian: bogoslovija, "seminary"). The complex was designed by Aleksandar Deroko, in the modernist architectural style of the 1930s.

Deroko, with , designed the building in 1938. The projected object was considered a modernist one, because it "expanded outside of the Serbo-Byzantine Revival style" and was described as the representative of the "Late Orthodox Modernism". The red brick, in a subdued manner, emphasized the grey cross which was built into the façade surface.

Waste Management Company

The communal company "Waste Management" was founded in 1884 and since 1932 is located on the lot, previously known as "Pionir", in the neighborhood. The location at the modern 4 Mije Kovačevića Street, was chosen by the mayor Milutin Petrović. He personally gave the initial design of the complex, including the horseshoe-shaped garage and the stables for the horses. The first objects were built in 1933–1934. The horses were retired from the service and fully replaced by the engine vehicles on 26 March 1958.

Toblerone Building

The most protruding feature in the neighborhood is the skyscraper officially called "Residential Tower Karaburma". Due to its unusual, spikey design it was originally nicknamed the "Hedgehog" or the "Mace of Kraljević Marko", but in time the nickname "Toblerone" stuck, after the Swiss chocolate of the same name.

The building was constructed in 1963, after the Brutalist design of architect Rista Šekerinski. The entry section is paved with the black and white marble tiles. In architectural terms, the building almost touches the building of the Seminary, having a "direct dialogue" with it and both buildings are important representatives of their corresponding styles.

Originally, the building sparked controversy, and even more ridicule, due to its triangular terraces design and for being the only highrise in the wider area ("urban solitary position"). Despite later seen as the representative of the "estranged Socialist realism", the building was considered having a higher comfortable lodging characteristics, even for modern standards: a wide and direct view over the entire city and the Danube, a fenced backyard, a children's park in the shady lot behind the building and its own parking space. Also, it is close to downtown. As with other monumental buildings in Belgrade, there is a matter of maintenance though, after the 1990s.

In July 2018, MoMA museum opened a 6-month exhibition entitled "Toward a Concrete Utopia" providing visitors with a large collection of images, architectural models, and drawings from Yugoslav architecture in the 1948-1980 period. Among the buildings which were presented as the major representatives of the Brutalist style was the "Toblerone".

Transportation

The main characteristic is extensive traffic, as it is the crossroad of many streets going in all directions of Belgrade (Karaburma, Zvezdara, Mirijevo, Krnjača, Pančevo, Vukov Spomenik, Square of the Republic, etc. As a result of this, the area of Bogoslovija is one of the most polluted ones in Belgrade (ecological black spot).

Roundabout

On 7 November 2017 city assembly decided to erect a monument, called "Tripod", in the center of the roundabout. Author of the project is sculptor  and it was funded by the Naftna Industrija Srbije (NIS). The modernist sculpture is  tall, weights 3 tons and is colored in Byzantine blue. It is part of the author's cycle "Byzanthemes". It symbolically represents a trinity and is envisioned as a sort of northern city gate (as there are Eastern City Gate and Western City Gate). The project was planned already in 2009 but city lacked sufficient fundings, until NIS offered to sponsor the project. The monument is made of stainless steel, and due to its size and position, it is visible to the commuters coming from all access roads to the roundabout: Pančevo Bridge, Zvezdara, Karaburma, Mirijevo.

In April 2018 it was announced that the installation will actually protrude out of a fountain which will be built in the center of the roundabout. Preparatory works began in August 2019. The sculpture was placed in September 2019, when it became obvious that the fountain around it won't be built. Initial public reactions to the object, including local residents, were mostly negative, concerning both practical side (traffic safety) and visual and artistic one (current vogue of the city administration to place monuments and fountains everywhere).

Protection

In the yard of the "City sanitation" there is a pedunculate oak, planted in 1916. The tree has a normal, regular shape of both the trunk and the crown and presents the excellent genetic potential of that oak species, which is by the city's environment agency considered to be "the most valuable deciduous tree" in Serbia. In order to preserve its biological values, it was declared a natural monument by the city on 21 September 2014. The area under its crown is arranged as the resting area for the employees, with the benches. After an internal referendum in the company, it was named "Čistoćko". The tree has a "twin brother", which is even taller, but it is damaged by the snow and strong winds so it can't be protected.

Gallery

References

External links
 Bogoslovija

Neighborhoods of Belgrade
Palilula, Belgrade

Bogoslovija, Belgrade


Jules Chametzky (1928 in Brooklyn – September 23, 2021, in Amherst, Massachusetts) was an American literary critic, writer, editor, and unionist.  His essays in the 1960s and 1970s on the importance of race, ethnicity, class, and gender to American literary culture anticipated the later schools of New Historicism and Cultural Studies in American letters. Chametzky was a founder and long-time editor of the Massachusetts Review, an editor of Thought and Action, the journal of the National Education Association, as well as the third President of the Massachusetts Society of Professors, the faculty/library union at the University of Massachusetts.  He was also a founding member of the Coordinating Committee of Literary Magazines (CCLM, now Council of Literary Magazines and Presses) and its first secretary. Chametzky was married for over fifty years to the writer, editor, and educator Anne Halley (1928–2004).

Early life and education

Chametzky was born in Brooklyn, in 1928. His parents were immigrants who came to New York State from Eastern Europe, his father Beny from the Russian province of Volhnyia in 1913, and his mother Anna from Lublin, Poland. Both were Yiddish-speaking and working-class; his father worked in, and later owned, a butcher shop, and his mother worked in a sweater factory. His older brother Leslie enlisted in the infantry in 1940, participated in the North Africa invasion, and was taken prisoner by the Germans. Later freed by British and North American troops, he went on to take part in the Sicily campaign. Chametzky studied first at Brooklyn Tech, an engineering school, and then Brooklyn College, where he began writing plays, graduating in 1950. In 1948, he joined the American Labor Party, and became a member of the Labor Youth League and the NAACP two years later. He did his graduate work in English at the University of Minnesota, where he studied with Leo Marx and Henry Nash Smith and read Saul Bellow's Yiddish-inflected English for the first time. In 1953, Smith asked him to become an editor for the journal Faulkner Studies. He received his Ph.D. in 1958, and, with the support of Leo Marx, began teaching the following year in the English Department at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where he was tenured in 1961, at the age of thirty-three. He was a Fulbright professor in Copenhagen, Tübingen, and Zagreb, as well as head of the University of Massachusetts program in Freiburg. He has also taught as Visiting Professor in Venice and at the Kennedy Institute (Freie Universität) and Humboldt-Universität in Berlin.

Academic writing
The subject of Chametzky's Ph.D. dissertation—the plays of John Marston—reflected both his early interest in theater and the then dominant tastes of the New Criticism; his most influential writings on literature would respond instead to the themes of regionalism and ethnicity in other authors, such as Faulkner and Bellow, first read during his graduate school years. Typical of this work is the essay "Broadening the Canon: A Consideration of Regional, Ethnic, Racial, and Sexual Factors," which argues that the importance of authors such as George Washington Cable, Abraham Cahan, Charles W. Chesnutt, and Kate Chopin is missed when they are read as regional or "local color" writers. A collection of Chametzky's essays would later borrow from this essay's title in order to give a general description of his scholarship. His first book-length study focused on one of these same authors, the journalist, novelist, educator and translator Abraham Cahan. In 1988, Chametzky would serve as advisory editor for Lewis Fried's Handbook of American-Jewish Literature, and, in 2000, as a co-editor of Jewish American Literature: A Norton Anthology. A series of short, personalized portraits of noted literary figures—a number of which had previously appeared in the Massachusetts Review or on the "Jewish Currents" website—has recently been published as Out of Brownsville. Encounters with Nobel Laureates and Other Jewish Writers, by Meredith Winter Press and the University of Massachusetts Press.

The Massachusetts Review
In 1958, Chametzky penned a memo suggesting that the University of Massachusetts's English Department sponsor a new literary magazine; the following year, the Massachusetts Review, a quarterly publication, was launched. The name of the magazine was chosen to honor an earlier journal, Emerson's Massachusetts Quarterly Review. Chametzky was the second managing editor of the journal and, from 1963 to 1974, co-edited the Review with John Hicks and others. Chametzky would be asked to return as co-editor in the 1990s, and, in 2001, he became MRs Editor Emeritus.

From its inception, the magazine had the support of the German and History departments as well as English, and when the English professor Sidney Kaplan—who would in 1970 become a founding member of the University's W.E.B. Du Bois Department of Afro-American Studies—joined the planning committee, the magazine's scope extended further. In a chapter from Enlarging America, the Harvard literary scholar Susanne Klingentein offers a description by Chametzky of the publication's editorial goals during its formative years: "We wanted to break the logjam of ideas represented by the New Criticism and formalism," he commented; publishing so-called "marginal" voices (e.g., Jewish, black, and women writers) was one way of "letting in fresh political and ideological currents." Responding to the tumultuous times, in 1969 Chametzky and Kaplan put together a collection of essays from the first ten years of MR; Julius Lester, in the New York Times, called Black and White in American Culture "a rare anthology [...] with a higher degree of relevance than almost any other book of its kind."

In 1967, when the Council of Literary Magazines and Presses (CLMP) was formed by combining two previous organizations, Chametzky was a founding member and its first secretary.  The organization's original name, the "Coordinating Council of Literary Magazines" was given by Chametzky, chosen in order to allude to the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee or SNCC.  The other signatories to the original NEH grant request letter were editors of other prominent reviews: Robie Macauley, William Phillips, George Plimpton, and Reed Whittemore.

Public service
Having joined the NAACP in 1950, at the University of Minnesota, Chametzky headed the organization's committee on fair employment practices, and was "intensely involved in Minnesota's passing of the first American Fair Practices Employment Act". Differing with their position on the national (i.e., Jewish/Zionist) question, disagreeing that social realism was the best way to judge or write literature, and opposing Stalinist methods of dealing with political opposition, Chametzky refused to join the American Communist Party. His self-definition as "a member of the non-communist—i.e. social democratic, or democratic socialist—left" was confirmed definitively by the trial and execution of Rudolf Slansky, a Czech Jew, formerly Secretary-General of the Czechoslovak Communist Party. Such decisions, however, were no protection when in January 1954 Chametzky was named by a witness before the U.S. Justice Department's Subversive Activities Control Board. The case received extensive coverage in the local papers, and Chametzky was called to testify before a special Investigating Committee headed by the University of Minnesota President. He was eventually cleared later that same year.

Chametzky was a union man from an early age, and a member of the United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America (UE) during his Brooklyn years. At the University of Massachusetts, he supported the Massachusetts Society of Professors (MSP) from its inception in 1972-73, and became the union's third President in 1979-80. A key accomplishment of his tenure at that post was reconciling the union on the Amherst campus with its members (fewer, though more radicalized) from the University's Boston campus—and developing operating procedures for resolving disputes between them. Chametzky was also responsible for opening direct lines of communication with the campus administration, and for establishing a cooperative relationship between union and administration on some issues. He served two terms in Washington as an editor for Thought and Action, the National Education Association journal for higher education. On the subject of faculty unions, Chametzky cited (and agreed with) Vladimir Lenin, that they are "just a defensive arm lifted up to ward off a blow." "But," he added, "you need that arm to defend and extend the rights of the faculty [....] You need the union's voice so that you won't just barely survive, but live with dignity."

Selected bibliographyBooks (author)Reason and desire in the plays of John Marston. Ann Arbor, University Microfilms, 1972 [1958]
From the Ghetto: The Fiction of Abraham Cahan. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1977
Our Decentralized Literature: Cultural Mediations in Selected Jewish and Southern Writers. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1986
Out of Brownsville: Encounters with Nobel Laureates and Other Jewish Writers. Cambridge: Meredith Winter Press, 2012 ; reissued Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2013 Books (editor)John Spargo, The Bitter Cry of the Children. New York, Johnson Reprint Corp., 1969
Jules Chametzky and Sidney Kaplan, Black & White in American Culture; An Anthology from the Massachusetts Review. University of Massachusetts Press, 1969
Lewis Fried, with Gene Brown, Jules Chametzky, and Louis Harap. Handbook of American-Jewish Literature: An Analytical Guide to Topics, Themes, and Sources. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988.
Writers Speak : America and the Ethnic Experience. Amherst: Institute for Advanced Study in Humanities, 1984
A Tribute to James Baldwin : Black writers redefine the struggle. Amherst: Institute for Advanced Study in Humanities, 1989
Abraham Cahan, The Rise of David Levinsky/Abraham Cahan. New York: Penguin Books, 1993
Jules Chametzky, John Felstiner, Hilene Flanzbaum, and Kathryn Hellerstein. Jewish American Literature: A Norton Anthology. New York : Norton, 2000 Articles'''
"Notes on the Assimilation of the Jewish-American Writer: Abraham Cahan to Saul Bellow," Jahrbuch fǖr Amerikastudiern, Bd. 9 (1964) pp. 173–80
"Our Decentralized Literature: A Consideration of Regional, Ethnic, Racial, and Sexual Factors," Jahrbuch fǖr Amerikastudiern, Bd. 17 (1972) pp. 56–72
"Ethnicity and beyond: An Introduction," Massachusetts Review Vol. 27, No. 2 (1986) pp. 242–51
"Public Intellectuals—Now and Then," MELUS'' Vol. 29, No. 3/4 (2004) pp. 211–26.

References

1928 births
2021 deaths
American literary editors
American literary critics
American political writers
American male non-fiction writers
American socialists
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Jewish American writers
Massachusetts socialists
Minnesota socialists
New York (state) socialists
University of Massachusetts faculty
University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni
Brooklyn College alumni
21st-century American Jews

Jules Chametzky


John II (; c. 356 – 10 January 417) was bishop of Jerusalem from AD 387 to AD 417.  John II succeeded to the episcopal throne of Jerusalem on the death of Cyril in 386 (or 387). He was the author, according to an increasing number of modern scholars, of the five Mystagogical Catecheses traditionally ascribed to his predecessor Cyril.

He is revered as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church and his feast day is held on March 30. He is also honored as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church, which commemorates him on 10 January (Martyrologium Romanum, 2004, p. 92).

Life

John's authority was harshly questioned twice by Jerome, then abbot in Bethlehem.

The first time was in the frame of the first polemic with Origen's followers, and is narrated mainly in Jerome's treatise dedicated to Pammachius "Contra Ioannes Hierosolymitanum (Against John of Jerusalem)", as well as in other letters of Jerome (n. 51, 82 and 86). Jerome accused John of supporting the ideas of the Origenists.

The Origenist doctrines attributed to John were: (i.) that the Son does not see the Father; (ii.) that souls are confined in earthly bodies, as in a prison; (iii.) that the devil may be saved; (iv.) that the skins with which God clothed Adam and Eve were human bodies; (v.) that the body in the resurrection will be without sex; (vi.) that the descriptions of Paradise are allegorical: trees meaning angels, and rivers the heavenly virtues; (vii) that the waters above and below the firmament are angels and devils; (viii.) that the image of God was altogether lost at the Fall. John ignored the accusations of Origenism and gave assurances about his faith in the Trinity: however, it is probable that John did have certain Origenist leanings.

The immediate occasion of this crisis was the visit of Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis in Cyprus, at Jerusalem, in 394. Epiphanius preached, in the Church of the Resurrection, a pointed sermon against Origenism, which was thought to be directly aimed at John. After many unseemly scenes, Epiphanius advised Jerome and his friends to separate from their bishop John. To be fully independent from him, Epiphanius ordained Paulinian (Jerome's brother) to priesthood. Epiphanius attempted to defend his irregular action, but John appealed to Alexandria against Jerome and his supporters as schismatics. The bishop, Theophilus, at once took the side of John. The dispute was thus prolonged for about four years, and, after some attempts at reconciliation, and the exhibition of much bitterness, amounting to the practical excommunication of Jerome and his friends, the dispute was stopped, perhaps by Theophilus. The dispute broke out afresh when Jerome deeply criticized the reception reserved by John for some of the 400 Origenistic monks of Nitria, dispelled by the Egyptian deserts by the bishop of Alexandria Theophilus (fifty of these monks went to Constantinople, and found there a cordial welcome with the bishop John Chrysostom in 401).

The second harsh attack against John was triggered off in 414 by Jerome and concerned Pelagius. Jerome, supported by a Latin disciple of Augustine of the name of Paulus Orosius, took a stand against the deacon Pelagius, who was then received in Jerusalem and not explicitly condemned by the local synod of Diospolis (415). We have a letter of Pope Innocent I who censures John for having allowed the Pelagians to cause a disturbance at Bethlehem and exhorts him to be more watchful over his diocese in future: this letter  is dated 417, the year of the death of both John and Innocent, and it is probable that John never received it.  Although sources are more diverse here, the accusation of arianism seems a little simplistic and it is probable that we do not have all the information needed to understand the situation.

In 415, two years before his death in 417, he was probably directly involved in the discovery of the Relics of Saint Stephen.

Writings
According to the 5th century ecclesiastic writer Gennadius of Massilia, John "wrote a book against those who disparaged his studies, in which he shows that he follows the genius of Origen not his creed".

Due to his Damnatio memoriae, the writings of John II were not kept in general under his name, but, besides Mystagogical Catecheses, it is very much probable that certain homilies, in Greek, Georgian or Armenian, must be restored to him, as happened in the second half of 20th century for his homilies upon "the Feast of the Angels", and on the "Dedication of the Church of Holy Zion"

The edition of a liturgical lectionary of Jerusalem, preserved in an old Armenian version, is also attributed to him.

Dedication of the Church of Holy Zion
According to M. van Esbrœck, John of Jerusalem showed great cleverness in understanding and including the Jewish Christian minority in Jerusalem. One of the acts that ratified the reconciliation of the Greek and the Judeo-Christian communities was the Consecration of the Church of Holy Zion on 394 CE: the homily pronounced by John was preserved in Armenian and not published until 1973.

The new building on Mount Zion left untouched the Judeo-Christian synagogue. The day of the consecration was, according to van Esbrœck, 15 September 394, and van Esbrœck suggests that it very probably corresponded in such a year to the 10th of Tishrei, the traditional day of the Hebraic holiday of Yom Kippur. The scholar Daniel Stokl Ben Ezra suggests that the eve of Yom Kippur coincided with 20 September, i.e. with the last day of the week of Christian celebration called the "Encaenia" (dedication of the church of the Holy Sepulchre, which celebration was connected to the discovering of the True Cross). Actually the central idea of John's homily is linked to the celebration of Kippur, through the blessing of the church altar, symbolized by the "Kaporet" (Mercy seat).

In the first part of this mystical and allegorical homily, the purification of the lips (Isaiah 6:7), associated with the purification of Kippur, is said to legitimatize the description of the descent of the Holy Spirit in the church-building, symbol of the whole Church. In the second part, John proposes a typology of the mystical experience describing seven heavenly circles accessible by the mediation of the Kaporet. At the eighth circle, there is the coming of the Holy Spirit as groom of the soul, as the Holy Spirit enters in the upper room (Acts 1:13). This homily includes more than three hundred allusions to Biblical verses (including also the apocryphal 4 Ezra) and is influenced by texts like the Ascension of Isaiah. John also addresses four times the monk Porphyry, future bishop of Gaza, who was probably present at the ceremony.

Notes

References
 M. van Esbrœck, Jean II de Jérusalem, in Analecta Bollandiana, Tome 102, Fasc.1-2 (1984), p. 99-134 (includes also the text of John's homily on the Dedication of the Church of Holy Zion, in French)
 A. Piédagnel - P. Paris, Cyrille de Jérusalem, Catéchèses mystagogiques, SC 126 (1966) et 126bis (1980)
 P. Nautin, La lettre de Théophile d'Alexandrie à l'Église de Jérusalem et la réponse de Jean de Jérusalem (juin-juillet 396), Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique, 96 (1974), p. 365-394
 F.J. Leroy, Pseudo-chrysostomica: Jean de Jérusalem. Vers une résurrection littéraire ?, dans Studia patristica, 10 (TU 107), Berlin, 1970, p. 131-136

417 deaths
4th-century bishops of Jerusalem
4th-century Romans
5th-century bishops of Jerusalem
Byzantine saints
4th-century Christian theologians
Church Fathers
5th-century Christian saints
Year of birth uncertain
5th-century Byzantine writers
4th-century Byzantine writers

John II (bishop of Jerusalem)