Wiener Athletiksport Club, also known as Wiener AC or WAC, is an Austrian sports club in Vienna. It is particularly noted for its hockey team, which was established in 1900.

Its football team won the Austrian Championships and was Runner-up in the Mitropa Cup.

History
The football section of the club was founded on 14 October 1897. By 1904, it had won the Challenge Cup and the Wiener Tagblatt Pokal three times each. They were the most important trophies in Austrian football at the time.

In September 1910, most of the first team left the club to found a new club, Wiener AF. Despite this, Wiener AC finished fourth in the Austrian football championship 1910–11, although the new club finished higher.

The club won the Austrian football championship 1914–15, in which the ten clubs only played each other once each. Wiener AF finished in second place.

In 1928, the club reached the Austrian Cup final, losing 2–1 to SK Admira Wien.

In the 1930–31 season, Wiener AC won the Austrian Cup, which was played in a league format as the Wiener Winter Cup. As the winner of this competition, the club was qualified for the Mitropa Cup.

The club reached the final of the 1931 Mitropa Cup, but lost both legs of the final to First Vienna FC.

From 1936 to 1945, the club was also known as Schwarz-Rot Wien, name under they won the 1937–38 Austrian Cup.

From 1942 to 1945, the club played in the Gauliga Ostmark (I).

In 1959, the club again won the Austrian Cup, beating SK Rapid Wien 2–0 in the Final.

FK Austria WAC Wien
From 1973–74 season, Wiener AC formed a joint team with FK Austria Wien, which was called FK Austria WAC Wien until 1976–77 season when Austria Wien decided to revert to their own club's traditional name. The results of the joint team are part of the Austria Wien football history.

In 1983, Wiener AC reactivated its football section, but never come back in Austrian Football Bundesliga and the club was taken over in 2002 by its sponsor, which changed its name to FK Rad Friendly Systems and then to FC Fireball United.

The club still has a football section, but it no longer competes in competitions.

Honours
Challenge Cup
Winners (3): 1901, 1903, 1904
Tagblatt Pokal
Winners (3): 1900, 1901, 1902
Austrian Champions
Winners (1): 1914–15
Austrian Cup
Winners (3): 1931, 1938, 1959
Mitropa Cup
Finalists (1): 1931

In 1938, the Austrian Cup was won by Schwarz-Rot Wien, which split off from Wiener AC and rejoined a few years later.

Seasons in the Top League of Austria
38 seasons: 1912–21, 1923, 1925–36, 1943–44, 1946–48, 1954 and 1957–65.

In addition, the Wiener AC competed in all three seasons from 1901 to 1903 in the Tagblatt Pokal, which was a forerunner of the Austrian football championship.

Leading Goalscorers
 Johann Studnicka – Austrian League leading goalscorer in 1913 with 13 goals.
 Johann Neumann – Austrian League leading goalscorer in 1913 with 13 goals and 1914 with 25 goals.
 Leopold Deutsch – Austrian League leading goalscorer in 1915 with 12 goals.
 Friedrich "Fritz" Cejka – Austrian League leading goalscorer in 1960 with 28 goals.
 Hans Pirkner – Austrian League leading goalscorer in 1976 with 28 goals in the joint team with FK Austria Wien.

Notable players
  Dr. Otto Herschmann, saber fencer, Olympic silver; 100-m freestyle in swimming, Olympic silver
 Rodolphe Hiden
 Ernst Kaltenbrunner

Other Sports

Hockey
Men
19 times national field hockey champions.
15 times national indoor hockey champions.

Women
16 times national field hockey champions.
7 times national indoor hockey champions.

The club has competed 30 times in the European Hockey Cup, which is more than any other Austrian club. Wiener AC finished third on two occasions in the European Champions League in indoor hockey.

Basketball

The club won the Austrian Basketball Championship in 1947, the first year in which it was held.

See also
Wiener AF

References

External links
 Wiener Athletiksport Club

Football clubs in Austria
Sport in Vienna
Field hockey clubs in Austria
Football clubs from former German territories
1897 establishments in Austria
Field hockey clubs established in 1900
Football clubs in Vienna

Wiener AC


Wilfrid Garfield Case also known as W. Garfield Case, (September 23, 1898 – September 22, 1959), was a Canadian politician who served as a Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament and Mayor of Owen Sound, Ontario. He is best known for his upset victory over Defence Minister General Andrew McNaughton in the Grey North federal by-election held on February 5, 1945.

Early years
Case was raised on a farm in York County and schooled in Aurora, Ontario before attending the Ontario Agricultural College. He enlisted in the Army during World War I but transferred to the Royal Flying Corps. He was discharged after being seriously injured. Before becoming a politician, he worked as a farmer and insurance broker.

Political career
Case was first elected mayor of Owen Sound in 1942 and was re-elected in 1943 and 1944. He also served as president of the Ontario Mayor's Association. He unsuccessfully ran in Grey North in the 1940 federal election as a "National Liberal Progressive" against both the Liberal and Conservative candidates, placing third. He had earlier, in 1930 federal election, been an unsuccessful Liberal candidate in Dufferin—Simcoe and was a former president of the Owen Sound Liberal Association.

Grey North by-election
During World War II the Liberals and Conservative parties agreed not to run candidates against each other in by-elections and to allow whichever party had held the riding before the by-election to run without opposition. This pact was strained in 1942 when William Lyon Mackenzie King's Liberals allegedly backed Joseph Noseworthy of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (which had refused to agree to the "truce") in his candidacy against new Conservative leader Arthur Meighen who was attempting to enter the House of Commons via a by-election in York South. Noseworthy upset Meighen in the vote leaving the Tories leaderless.

On November 1, 1944, General McNaughton was appointed to Mackenzie King's cabinet as Minister of Defence replacing James Ralston who had resigned as a result of the Conscription Crisis of 1944. Ralston, who was pro-conscription, had quit because the King government refused to go as far as he wanted in sending conscripts overseas and was also encouraged to quit as he was distrusted in Quebec where conscription was unpopular. McNaughton had been a believer in an all volunteer military and was appointed to replace Ralston but soon found himself under pressure from the government to enact a limited conscription policy.

By constitutional convention, McNaughton, as a minister of the crown, needed to seek a seat in parliament as soon as possible. The sitting Liberal MP, William P. Telford, had been unable to attend sittings of the House of Commons for a year due to illness and was persuaded to resign in order to enable McNaugton to contest a seat in a by-election. The Tories, who had renamed themselves the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada decided to stand Wilfrid Case against McNaughton in the by-election.

In June 1944, Case was nominated as the Progressive Conservative candidate for the projected 1945 federal election and when the incumbent Liberal MP resigned his seat in favour of General McNaughton, the Tories decided to run Case in the by-election after party leader John Bracken decided to not run as a candidate himself.

During the campaign, Case charged that the former Liberal MP had been forced to resign to make way for McNaughton despite the fact that there were several other vacancies in the House of Commons that needed to be filled. He also accused all of his opponents of being outsiders and parachute candidates and used the slogan "Send a Grey North man to Ottawa, not an Ottawa man to Grey North" in order to press the point. However, the principal issue of the campaign was conscription.

The rationale the Conservatives used when deciding to run a candidate against McNaughton was that it had opposed, in the House of Commons, McNaughton's policy of "limited conscription" calling instead for a "full conscription" policy in order to address the shortage of Canadian troops fighting in the war. Thus, the February 5, 1945, by-election became a test of the government's military policy. Case, however, was viewed as a weak candidate and it was thought that McNaughton would easily carry the riding, not having to face the Leader of the Opposition.

Despite calls from some quarters of labour that they should not contest the by-election, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation also stood a candidate, retired Air Vice-Marshal Albert Earl Godfrey, a World War I flying ace. The CCF shared McNaughton's policy of "limited conscription" thus, arguably, Godfrey acted as a spoiler in the vote.

Case defeated McNaughton in an upset victory, the margin of which was smaller than the number of votes received by the third place CCF candidate.

After his defeat in Grey North, McNaughton attempted to enter the House of Commons from a Saskatchewan riding in the June federal election but was again defeated. He resigned as Minister of Defence in August 1945.

Later political career
Case was re-elected in the 1945 federal election held in June 1945, three months after his by-election victory.

While in Parliament, Case advocated that the position of Governor General of Canada should be filled by individuals from various countries in the British Commonwealth in order to strengthen ties and also advocated improving the status of aboriginal peoples in Canada.

After Progressive Conservative leader John Bracken resigned, Case announced his candidacy for the leadership of the Progressive Conservative party and ran on a policy of abolishing income tax. He withdrew from the race before the convention to support George Drew, who succeeded in winning the party's leadership.

Case remained in the Canadian House of Commons until his defeat in the subsequent 1949 federal election by Liberal Colin Emerson Bennett. He attempted to return in the 1953 federal election but was again defeated in Grey North.

Death
Case was admitted to Toronto's Sunnybrook Military Hospital on July 29, 1959, for psychiatric treatment. He remained a patient until his death on September 22, 1959.

References

External links

 Canada at War: THE DOMINION: Vital By-Election, Time Magazine, January 15, 1945
 Canada at War: POLITICS: Spring Election?, Time Magazine, February 5, 1945
 Canada at War: THE DOMINION: Tory Triumph, Time Magazine, February 12, 1945

1898 births
1959 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Mayors of Owen Sound
Canadian military personnel of World War I
Canadian politicians who committed suicide
Suicides by hanging in Ontario

W. Garfield Case


Pad stitches are a type of running stitch made by placing small stitches perpendicular to the line of stitching. Pad stitches secure two or more layers of fabric together and give the layers more firmness; smaller and denser stitches create more firmness. They may also be used to enforce an overall curvature of the layers.

Tailors pad stitch a jacket's lapel and undercollar to give them additional firmness, and maintain their curvature. The line of stitching usually runs parallel to the direction of the most important curve of the layers. For example, pad stitches in a suit's lapel run parallel to the lapel's roll line; pad stitches in the under collar of a tailored jacket run parallel to the collar's back edge.

References

Sewing stitches

Pad stitch


was the 20th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Ankō to be possibly legendary, but probable.  The name Ankō-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.
No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

Traditional history
The Kojiki and Nihon Shoki record that Ankō was the second son of Emperor Ingyō.

Some accounts report that Ankō murdered his own father.

Events of Ankō's life
Very little is known about the events of Ankō's life and reign.  Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

 462: According to Chinese records, a delegation from the Japanese monarch was received in the court of the southern Sung Dynasty.  The "king" mentioned in these documents probably would have been Emperor Ankō.

It is believed that Ankō was murdered in the third year of his reign.

After his death
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Ankō.

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (kofun). This emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) which is associated with the burial mound.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Kofun period

References

Other websites

Emperors of Japan

Emperor Ankō


Edmund Jerome McCarthy (February 20, 1928 – December 3, 2015) was an American marketing professor and author. He proposed the concept of the 4 Ps marketing mix in his 1960 book Basic Marketing: A Managerial Approach, which has been one of the top textbooks in university marketing courses since its publication. According to the Oxford Dictionary of Marketing, McCarthy was a "pivotal figure in the development of marketing thinking". He was also a founder, advisory board member, and consultant for Planned Innovation Institute, which was established to bolster Michigan industry. In 1987, McCarthy received the American Marketing Association's Trailblazer Award, and was voted one of the "top five" leaders in marketing thought by the field's educators.

Education

McCarthy received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1950 from Northwestern University. He received his Master of Arts in 1954 and his PhD in 1958 from the University of Minnesota. His doctoral dissertation was An Analysis of the Use of Marketing Research in Product Development.

Career

Early career
He was a professor of the College of Commerce at the University of Notre Dame, beginning in 1956, where he taught courses about how statistics and mathematics applied to business problems.

In the spring of 1959, while a professor of the College of Commerce, he was informed that he received a one-year Ford Foundation Fellowship at Harvard Business School and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Beginning in September, he focused on mathematical applications for business, as part of the Foundation's program to "strengthen business education and research",  and specifically to work on mathematical models for marketing.

Development of the 4Ps

At the time when McCarthy began his teaching career, the so-called functional school of thought dominated the discipline. The functional school was primarily concerned with asking questions about what are the functions of marketing, what activities does marketing perform, what is the role of marketing within organizations? Much of the theorizing within the functional school focused on the value adding services performed by intermediaries. As the marketing discipline matured, scholars increasingly searched for a more managerial approach that focused on solving the problems and challenges faced by marketing managers. Throughout the 1950s, a number of different approaches to managerial marketing emerged. However, some theorists clung to the functional approach, to the extent that both the functional approach and the managerial approach co-existed for a decade or so.

The demise of the functional approach has largely been attributed to McCarthy's contribution. According to Hunt and Goolsby, "The publication of McCarthy's Basic Marketing (1960) is widely cited as the 'beginning of the end' for the functional approach." The 1960s represent a transitional period wherein books adopting the managerial approach existed side by side with those using the more traditional functional approach.

In 1960, McCarthy was the first to propose a marketing mix concept that resonated with both practitioners and academics. In his textbook Basic Marketing: A Managerial Approach (1960), McCarthy defined the 4Ps conceptual framework for marketing decision-making, which used product, price, place (or distribution), and promotion in the marketing mix. McCarthy organized his text along managerial lines using the four Ps framework. The book's emphasis was on the problems facing the marketing manager, rather than looking at the characteristics of marketing systems and their functions. In addition to chapters devoted to the 4 Ps, the book also included chapters on consumer behavior, marketing research and market segmentation to round out the tools available to marketers for use in problem-solving.

The managerial approach views marketing as a management science. It uses problem-solving to "develop an optimum offering of products, prices, promotion, and place (distribution)," according to the Handbook of Marketing. A key feature of the managerial approach is that it began to move away from its economics foundations and instead introduced ideas from the new and emerging fields of sociology and psychology, which offered useful insights for explaining aspects of consumer behaviour such as the influence of culture and social class. It also placed an overt reliance on the quantitative sciences as means of knowing."

Prior to the publication of McCarthy's text, the concept of a marketing mix was being debated, however, there was little consensus among marketers about what elements should comprise the marketing mix. They relied on checklists or lengthy classifications of factors that needed to be considered to understand consumer responses. Neil H. Borden of the Harvard Business School developed a complicated model in the late 1940s, based upon at least twelve different factors. In contrast, McCarthy's concept was a simplifed, memorable set of factors for managerial planning and decision-making.

McCarthy's marketing mix is based upon four controllable variables that a company manages in its effort to satisfy the corporation's objectives as well as the needs and wants of a target market. Once there is understanding of the target market's interests, marketers develop tactics, using the 4Ps, to encourage buyers to purchase product. The successful use of the model is predicated upon the degree to which the target market's needs and wants have been understood, and the extent to when the marketers developed the tactics accordingly.

McCarthy's 4Ps concept is particularly suited to most consumer products. The model needs modifications for high-end consumer products, in which case relationship management is a factor. Services have some unique marketing issues to be factored into decision-making. Tactics for marketing industrial products should consider elements of long-term contractual agreements. Regardless of the modifications needed in some cases, the 4Ps remain a generally accepted marketing practice to influence buyers and its concepts still are espoused in contemporary textbooks. Further, the 4Ps marketing mix that McCarthy popularized has become a foundational and widely adopted marketing framework into the 21st century. This is partly due to the simplicity of the model, which makes it adaptable for changes in the marketing area, such as internet commerce. Rather than creating a new model, G. Dominic expressed that McCarthy's 4 Ps could be used with some "extension and adjustment" to develop tactics for the current, ever-changing marketing arena like internet commerce.

Basic Marketing: A Managerial Approach is one of the world's most popular marketing textbooks. It has been updated by McCarthy and coauthor William D. Perreault more than a dozen times. The textbook's 19th edition was published in 2013.

Educator and author
McCarthy had the Ford Foundation Fellowship in 1963 and 1964, when he investigated the role of marketing in global economic development. After Notre Dame, McCarthy moved to Michigan. He was on the faculty in the Department of Marketing and Supply Chain Management at Michigan State University (MSU). In 2013, he was Professor Emeritus there. During his career, McCarthy also held a position at the University of Oregon.

As an educator, he interested students in marketing and effective marketing strategy planning. He also developed teaching materials for other marketing professors, including "developing and improving marketing texts to reflect the most current thinking in the field".

He has published books and articles in the areas of general marketing, social issues in marketing, and data processing.

Planned Innovation Institute
McCarthy played a pivotal role in the Planned Innovation Institute as founder, Advisory Board member, and consulting educator. Planned Innovation Institute was founded to identify causes and create solutions to address "major causes of new product failure in Michigan industry." It modeled its program's concepts after the University of Michigan Institute of Science and Technology research program.

McCarthy, with Frank R. Bacon, Jr., used the concepts from his Basic Marketing textbook to develop the institute's Product-Market Analysis component that first focused on new product innovation and then business retention strategies. He traveled to India, South Africa, Latin America, and within the United States for its market-oriented planning and management educational programs. His clients included Dow Chemical Company, Rockwell International, Steelcase, Bemis Manufacturing Company, Grupo Industrial Alfa, Coredemex, Lear Siegler, the Sarns division of 3M, and United Nations businessmen in Costa Rica.

Membership and awards
McCarthy was a member of the American Marketing Association and the Economics Society. In 1987, he received the American Marketing Association's Trailblazer Award. He was also named one of the "top five" leaders in marketing thought by marketing educators.

Personal life
McCarthy and his wife, Joanne, had eight children. He died December 3, 2015.

The McCarthys established the Joanne N. and E. Jerome McCarthy Endowment for Arts Education, which has supported the Wharton Center for Performing Arts on the Michigan State University campus.

See also
 History of marketing
 Marketing

Notes

References

1928 births
2015 deaths
Marketing theorists
Marketing people
American marketing people
Michigan State University faculty
Northwestern University alumni
University of Minnesota alumni
University of Notre Dame faculty
University of Oregon faculty
Ford Foundation fellowships
American textbook writers

E. Jerome McCarthy


Michael Ford (28 July 1920 – 16 June 2005) was an English artist who worked in several media and whose paintings often have a somewhat naive quality coupled with elements of minute, detailed observation.

Biography

Early life
Ford was the son of a former Army major who was a farmer and the managing director of a seed merchant business at Overton near Winchester. Ford was born deaf as a result of his mother contracting rubella while pregnant. His mother ran a 'Home School' on the family farm which Ford attended, before studying art at Goldsmiths' College between 1937 and 1940.

World War Two

In May 1940, Ford joined the Local Defence Volunteers, which soon became the Home Guard and also worked three days per week as a coal miner whilst also doing farm work. He learnt to ride a motorbike and became a dispatch rider. Ford continued to paint and submitted a number of pictures to the War Artists' Advisory Committee, WAAC. The first to be accepted by WAAC was Home Guards Brewing Tea just before Dawn which Ford had first sketched in a shepherd's hut whilst waiting to go on Home Guard duty. A submission in May 1941 of a painting of a Land Girl was refused, but in July 1941 WAAC accepted War Weapons Week in a Country Town and included it in their ongoing National Gallery exhibition. A reproduction of the painting was included in Eric Newton's 1945 book War Through Artists' Eyes. Ford continued with his Home Guard duties and farm work and in February 1942 submitted another picture to WAAC. This oil painting, Italian Prisoners-of-war Working on the Land, was purchased by WAAC for fifteen guineas and was one of the few depictions of prisoners of war at work acquired by WAAC. Ford also designed a poster featuring a Land Girl with the slogan "Are you working of shirking ? More women are needed".

Later life
After the war, Ford had a long career as an artist and illustrator. He worked in many different media, pastels, ink, charcoal, watercolours and oil paint. He had works exhibited at the Royal Academy, with the Royal Society of Portrait Painters, with the New English Art Club, the Royal Society of British Artists and in the Paris Salon. Ford had a long-running contract with the magazine Farmers Weekly to portray a featured farmer or landowner. Ford died at Winchester in 2005.

References

External links

1920 births
2005 deaths
20th-century English male artists
20th-century English painters
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
Artists from Hampshire
British Home Guard soldiers
British war artists
Deaf artists
English deaf people
English male painters
People from Overton, Hampshire
World War II artists
British artists with disabilities

Michael Ford (artist)


Pope Romanus ( 867–897) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from August to November 897. His short reign occurred during a period of partisan strife in the Catholic Church, amid the violence and disorder in central Italy. His pontificate ended when he was deposed and confined to a monastery.

Family and early career
Little is known of Romanus's background. He was born in Gallese, near Civita Castellana. His father was called Constantine. According to Anura Gurugé, Romanus was supposedly the nephew of Pope Marinus I, who had also come from Gallese. Romanus was installed as the cardinal priest of San Pietro in Vincoli, in Rome, in 867.

Papacy

In January 897, Pope Stephen VI held what is known as the Cadaver Synod. He had the body of Pope Formosus, the rival of his ally, Lambert of Spoleto, exhumed and tried for "perjury, violating the canons prohibiting the translation of bishops, and coveting the papacy." After finding him guilty, the synod annulled all of Formosus' acts and ordinations. Formosus' body was reburied in a common grave, and then thrown in the river Tiber. Supporters of Formosus rebelled, and seven months after the synod, Stephen VI was deposed, and died soon after in prison.

Romanus was elected to succeed Stephen VI in August 897. He was generally considered to be pro-Formosan, and annulled all the acts and decrees of his predecessor. This was criticised by the 15th-century historian Bartolomeo Platina, who wrote that "these popelings studied nothing else but to extinguish the memory and honour of their predecessors". During his short pontificate, he granted the pallium to  Abbot Vitalis of Farfa, appointed him as the patriarch of Grado, and bestowed a privilege upon the See of Grado. Romanus also confirmed the possessions of the bishops of Girona and Elna of their sees. His short rule was regarded as a virtuous one by contemporary historian Flodoard.

Death and aftermath
Romanus' reign as pope ended in November 897, when it is said that "he was made a monk", a term used when a pope is deposed and often confined to a monastery. It is unknown whether he was deposed by supporters of his predecessor, Stephen VI, or by pro-Formosan supporters, who wanted to replace him with a pope who would more actively vindicate Formosus. Romanus' date of death is unknown.

The power struggle between supporters of Formosus and those of Stephen continued for over ten years; Romanus was succeeded by Theodore II, who was only pope for twenty days, during which time he had Formosus' body reburied, and held a synod annulling the Cadaver Synod. This was reaffirmed by John IX who held synods reaffirming that of Theodore II, and he further banned the trial of people after their death. In turn, Sergius III later annulled the synods of Theodore II and John IX, and reinstated the validity of the Cadaver Synod.

References

Bibliography

External links
Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with analytical indexes

Popes
Italian popes
Roman Catholic monks
Italian Christian monks
9th-century archbishops
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
9th-century popes
Burials at St. Peter's Basilica

Pope Romanus


Cartoon Network Arabic () is a television channel that is broadcast to children in the Middle East and North Africa, and it is the Arabic version of Cartoon Network. The channel was launched on October 10, 2010 at 10:10 AM U.A.E. time. The channel's launch goes with the opening of Turner Broadcasting System's new offices in Dubai Media City, U.A.E., the channel's local owner. A Middle Eastern branch of Time Warner.

The standard channel broadcasts via Arabsat  Arabsat-4,Badr 6 and Nilesat. Cartoon Network Arabic is considered a free alternative to Cartoon Network MENA and Boomerang (EMEA), two pay TV channels offered in the Arab World in HD and in both English and Arabic exclusively on beIN Network since July 1, 2016, despite the varying differences in programming, schedules, and available languages.

History

Cartoon Network Arabic was launched on October 10, 2010 at 10:10 AM. The channel's launch coincided with the opening of Turner Broadcasting System's offices in Dubai Media City, U.A.E., the channel's local owner.

In December 2015, Turner Broadcasting System entered an exclusivity deal with the Qatar-based beIN Media Group. This deal lead to Cartoon Network Africa, Boomerang Africa, and TCM moving from OSN to the latter's beIN Network service, and also caused the HD feed on YahLive to shut down; the actual channel, however, is unaffected due to being a free-to-air channel on Nilesat and Arabsat/Badr. Cartoon Network Arabic was still was removed from OSN's channel list and moved to beIN as channel 138, using its unencrypted Arabsat/Badr signal in SD.

Programming

The channel mainly airs animated cartoons from Cartoon Network Studios. Original productions are produced and aired, along with movies, shorts, live-action series, and shows, movies, subtitled in Arabic from various other studios.

TV series
Animated programs aired include original Cartoon Network Studios productions like the Regular Show, Uncle Grandpa, Adventure Time, and We Bare Bears.

Currently, the channel is only available in Arabic, with no choice to switch to English or any other languages. This is due to the fact that the channel uses prints that are distributed by the respective shows' Arabic dubbing studios. The channel broadcasts a line of Cartoon Network's own shows dubbed from English. Cartoon Network Arabic may also offer other localized shows, such as the Arabic Ben 10: Ultimate.

Challenge, which are the result of various partnership deals with Arab production companies, such as the Dubai-based Lammtara Pictures (Freej) or the Jordan-based Rubicon Group Holding (Ben & Izzy, Tareq Wa Shireen). Since the channel is a free-to-air channel in the Arab World, it often edits certain programs for content, cutting out certain scenes from them.

Films
Starting from November 5, 2011 Cartoon Network Arabic began to occasionally air a selection of dubbed or subtitled Cartoon Network made-for-TV films and specials at random dates. However, it was not until January 2013 the channel added the Cartoon Network Cinema block to represent its films.

Programming blocks

Cartoonito
Turner Broadcasting System Europe added the channel to 125 million homes in 112 territories across Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. In Arabic, Cartoonito was launched as a morning block that is broadcast for seven days a week, starting from September 4, 2011.

Cartoon Network Arabic HD
On March 2012, the channel became available in true High-definition via video at YahLive service. This channel was shut down in 2016 due to the Turner-beIN deal.

Cartoon Network Arabic +2
A two-hour timeshift channel variant launched on June 30, 2014 via the My HD pay TV network. It was terminated on January 2016 as a consequence of Turner Broadcasting System's deal with beIN Media Group.

References

Other websites
 Official website

Cartoon Network
Television channels in Africa
Television channels in Asia
Arabic language
Middle East

Cartoon Network Arabic


Penstemon grahamii, known by the common names Uinta Basin beardtongue and Graham's beardtongue, is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family. It is native to Utah and Colorado in the United States.

This perennial herb produces one or more stems reaching up to about 20 centimeters tall. They are hairy, and in the inflorescence, glandular. The leaves are thick, leathery, and dark green to grayish in color. The basal leaves narrow toward the stem, and the upper leaves clasp the stem. The tubular flowers are between 3 and 4 centimeters long and pink to lavender in color with reddish nectar guides in the throat. The yellow, bearded staminode protrudes from the mouth of the flower. Blooming occurs in May and June.

This species is limited to calcareous shale originating from the Green River Formation in northeastern Utah and adjacent Rio Blanco County, Colorado. It grows in desert shrubland and pinyon-juniper woodland habitat.

Much of the terrain occupied by the plant contains oil shale, a valuable source of petroleum. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service proposed listing the plant with threatened status in 2006 when it appeared that extensive petroleum exploration could endanger the plant. The Service sought data from scientists, as well as from the Bureau of Land Management, which oversees 60% of the plant's habitat and leases land for petroleum exploration. The data provided by the BLM convinced the USFWS not to list the plant, and the proposal was withdrawn. The Union of Concerned Scientists then exposed the BLM's data as "misleading", stating "the plant does not have all the protections that the best available science indicates that it needs."

References

External links

grahamii
Flora of Colorado
Flora of Utah

Penstemon grahamii


Seraphim Chichagov (9 June or 9 January 1856 – 11 December 1937), born Leonid Mikhailovich Chichagov, was a Metropolitan bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church who was executed by firing squad, and was canonized by the Church in 1997 as a New Martyr.

Born into a military family, he enlisted as an artillery officer after finishing his schooling. Influenced by his experiences in the Russo-Turkish War and meetings with John of Kronstadt, he resigned from the military and became a clergyman.
He retired in 1933 due to age and ill health. Four years later he was arrested and charged with monarchist propaganda. Sentenced to death by firing squad, he was executed on 11 December 1937 at the Butovo firing range.

Early life
Leonid Mikhailovich Chichagov was born on 9 June 1856 in St. Petersburg, Russia to artillery Colonel Mikhail Nikiforovich Chichagov and Maria Nikolaevna. He was born into a minor noble family from the Kostroma area with a strong military background. His great-grandfather participated in a study of the Arctic Ocean during the reign of Empress Catherine the Great, and his grandfather, Admiral Paul Chichagov, fought in defense of Russia during the French invasion of Russia. Leonid Chichagov was baptized on 20 October 1856 in the Church of St. Alexander Nevsky at the Mikhailovsky military school.

Chichagov graduated with honors from the military academy and received the rank of lieutenant in 1875. He was assigned to the artillery and fought in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). He was awarded the Cross of St. George for courage displayed at the Siege of Plevna. He also received the Order of St. Anna and Order of St. Stanislaus.

After the Russo-Turkish war ended in 1878, Chichagov returned to St. Petersburg. There he met John of Kronstadt, at the time a well-known and highly respected minister, who became his mentor. On 8 April 1879, he married Natalia Dokhturov, daughter of General Dmitry Dokhturov, with whom he had four daughters: Vera, Natalia, Leonida, and Yekaterina.

As an officer, Chichagov received a number of foreign decorations. In recognition of his actions as an artillery specialist in maneuvers of French-allied Russian armies, he was awarded the Legion of Honour. He received additional military honors from various countries, including the Romanian Iron Cross, Bulgarian Order of St Alexander, and Montenegrin Order of Prince Danilo I, and was promoted to Stabskapitän in 1881. During his military service, he published his memoirs, Дневник пребывания императора Александра II в Дунайской армии, reflecting his experiences with the artillery in various engagements.

His war experiences had a profound impact on Chichagov. He studied graduate-level medicine to provide better care for wounded soldiers, and pioneered research on the idea of treating wounds using substances derived from plants. In addition to medicine, he also became interested in theology. Chichagov undertook independent theological studies during which he decided to resign from military service and devote his life to the Church. Though his wife did not initially accept his decision, she was eventually convinced after speaking at length with John of Kronstadt.

Priesthood
Chichagov tendered his resignation from the military on 15 April 1890 or 1891. He moved to Moscow with his family where he commenced his ecclesiastical studies. He was ordained a deacon on 26 February 1893 in the Church of the Twelve Apostles, a minor cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Two days later, he was ordained a priest.

He began his pastoral work in the Church of the Twelve Apostles. He paid 15,000 rubles out of pocket to renovate the dilapidated church. He was awarded the right to wear the nabedrennik and skufia vestments in recognition of his work in restoring the church.

His wife died after a serious illness in 1895. In 1896 he was appointed military chaplain for the artillery troops stationed in the Moscow garrison, for whom he ministered from the church of St. Nicholas. His personal contributions helped renovate the facility, which had been abandoned for 30 years.

As a priest, Fr. Chichagov made several pilgrimages to Serafimo-Diveevsky Monastery and the Sarov monastery in Sarov. During these visits he wrote a history of the Sarov monastery and a biography of the monk Seraphim of Sarov based on interviews with nuns who had known the saint. This work would later contribute to the canonization of St. Seraphim in 1903. His extensive history of the Diveevsky monastery was published in 1896. Natalia Chichagov was buried at the Diveevsky monastery, alongside an empty grave intended for Fr. Chichagov.

Following the death of his wife, he became a monk at the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius and received the monastic name Seraphim. He was later appointed Father Superior and Archimandrite of the Monastery of Saint Euthymius in Suzdal, and then of the New Jerusalem Monastery in Moscow. In 1905 he was appointed Bishop of Sukhumi. In subsequent years he was appointed Bishop of Orel (1906–1908), Chişinău (1908–1912), Tver (1912–1917), and Warsaw (1918–1921). In 1928 he was appointed Metropolitan of Petrograd.

Works
Chichagov was also an iconographer: his most famous works are an icon of "The Saviour in a white tunic" and "St. Seraphim of Sarov's Prayer on the stone".
He also wrote the "Chronicles of St. Seraphim" about St Seraphim of Sarov.

Retirement and death

Metropolitan Seraphim retired in 1933 due to old age, ill health, and the threat of potential arrest. He celebrated his last Divine Liturgy on 24 October of that year in Leningrad, after which he travelled to Moscow. He stayed briefly at the residence of the Patriarch locum tenens, Metropolitan Sergius, before moving to an apartment.

Seraphim's health deteriorated steadily after his retirement. He suffered from hypertonic dehydration and heart disease, and gradually lost all mobility. Despite his condition, he was charged with monarchist propaganda and arrested on 30 November 1937. Upon his arrest, the NKVD officers carried him from his home on a stretcher. He was imprisoned in Taganka Prison and sentenced to death by firing squad. He was executed at the Butovo firing range on 11 December 1937.

See also
 Neomartyr

References

Further reading
A History of Russian Christianity: From the Earliest Years Through Tsar Ivan IV By Daniel H. Shubin Published by Algora Publishing, 2004 ,

External links
The shrine to the Great Purge
Saint Seraphim Chichagov (in Russian) by the Book of Memory of Victims of Political Repression "Butovo"

1856 births
1937 deaths
Clergy from Saint Petersburg
People from Sankt-Peterburgsky Uyezd
20th-century Eastern Orthodox martyrs
Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church
Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)
Members of the Russian Assembly
Members of the Union of the Russian People
Imperial Russian Army personnel
Russian people executed by the Soviet Union
Russian military personnel of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 4th class
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Executed priests
Great Purge victims from Russia
Eastern Orthodox people executed by the Soviet Union
Military personnel from Saint Petersburg

Seraphim Chichagov


The flag of Uganda (Ugandan languages: Bendera ya Uganda) was adopted on 9 October 1962, the date that Uganda became independent from the British Empire. It consists of six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and red (bottom); a white disc is superimposed at the centre and depicts the national symbol, a grey crowned crane, facing the hoist's side.

During the colonial era, the British used a Blue Ensign that was defaced with the colonial badge, as prescribed in 1865 regulations. Buganda, the largest of the traditional kingdoms in the colony of Uganda, had its own flag. However, in order to avoid appearing to give preference to one region of the colony over any other, the British colonial authorities selected the crane emblem for use on the Blue ensign and other official banners.

History
When the Democratic Party ruled the country, it proposed a flag design with vertical stripes of green-blue-green, separated by narrower yellow stripes, and in the centre the silhouette of a yellow crane. After the party lost the national elections on 25 April 1962, the newly elected Uganda People's Congress (UPC) rejected the former design and instead proposed the current design. It was based on the UPC flag, a tricolour having horizontal strips of red, yellow and black. The British administration gave its approval to the new flag before the country's independence. The flag was designed by C. Todd, Professor of Fine Art at Makerere University. He also designed the Uganda Coat of Arms and various ceremonial items, which he registered with the College of Arms, in London.

Features on the Uganda flag
The three colours are representative of native ethnic groups of Africa (black), Africa's sunshine (yellow), and African brotherhood (red being the colour of blood, through which all Africans are connected). The grey crowned crane is fabled for its gentle nature and was also the military badge of Ugandan soldiers during British rule. The raised leg of the crane symbolises the forward movement of the country.

Other flags

Military flags

References

Flag
Flags of Africa
Uganda
National flags
Flags displaying animals

Flag of Uganda


The Porticus Octaviae (Latin for the "Portico of Octavia"; ) is an ancient structure in Rome. The colonnaded walks of the portico enclosed the Temples of Juno Regina (north) and Jupiter Stator (south), as well as a library. The structure was used as a fish market from the medieval period up to the end of the 19th century.

History

After celebrating his triumph for his 146 BC victory at Scarpheia during the Achaean War, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus constructed a portico around M. Aemilius Lepidus's Temple of Juno Regina near the Circus Flaminius in the southern Campus Martius and erected a new Temple of Jupiter Stator beside it. He decorated both with equestrian statues of Alexander the Great's generals brought back from Greece. This portico was known as the  () or  ().

Augustus refurbished the portico and its temples and rededicated it to his sister Octavia Minor sometime after 27 BC. Cassius Dio stated that this was done in 33 BC from the spoils of the war in Dalmatia out of confusion with the adjacent Portico of Octavius (), which was similarly refurbished and rededicated by Augustus and his stepbrother L. Marcius Philippus. Besides the temples, the portico included a Greek and Latin library erected by Octavia in memory of her son Marcus Claudius Marcellus, an assembly hall (), and lecture rooms (). Whether these were different parts of one building or entirely different structures is uncertain. The Roman Senate met in the curia. The whole is referred to by Pliny the Elder as the works of Octavia ().

The portico and its buildings burned in AD 80 and were restored, probably by Domitian. After a second fire in 203, they were restored again by Septimius Severus and Caracalla. It was adorned with foreign marble and contained many famous works of art, enumerated in Pliny's Natural History. The structure was damaged by an earthquake in 442 when two of the destroyed columns were replaced with an archway that still stands. The church of Sant'Angelo in Pescheria was built on its ruins , the name commemorating the portico's medieval and early modern role as a fish market. The building, which lies in rione Sant'Angelo, represented the center of the medieval Roman Ghetto.

See also
 List of ancient monuments in Rome

References

External links

 LacusCurtius.com: Samuel Ball Platner, revised by Thomas Ashby, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome: Porticus Octaviae
 The Portico of Octavia (etching by Giovanni Battista Piranesi) at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

Buildings and structures completed in the 1st century BC
Octavia
Rome R. XI Sant'Angelo
Jewish Roman (city) history
Octavia the Younger

Porticus Octaviae


Ludodactylus (meaning "play finger") is a genus of anhanguerid pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous period (Aptian stage) of what is now the Crato Formation of the Araripe Basin in Ceará, Brazil. The type and only species is L. sibbicki. The generic name Ludodactylus refers to the fact that the animal had the combination of teeth and a Pteranodon-like head crest, similar to many toy pterosaurs, and no such creature was known to exist until the discovery of Ludodactylus. However, Ludodactylus is not the only pterosaur known to possess these features, its very close relative Caulkicephalus is another example.

Etymology
The genus was named by Eberhard Frey et al. in 2003 and contains one known species, Ludodactylus sibbicki. The name is derived from Latin ludus, "play" and Greek daktylos, "finger". Ludus refers to the fact, long lamented by paleontologists, that many toy pterosaurs combined teeth with a Pteranodon-like head crest, while no such creature was known to exist — however, Ludodactylus shows exactly this combination of features. "Dactylus", in reference to the characteristic long wing finger, has been a common element in the names of pterosaurs, since the first known genus was named Pterodactylus. The specific name "sibbicki" is an homage to the paleoartist John Sibbick.

Description

Ludodactylus is based on holotype SMNK PAL 3828, a skull missing part of the head crest, that was removed from the plate before the fossil was illegally sold. Unlike other ornithocheirids (the group of which Ludodactylus was originally assigned to), it had no premaxillary crest on the snout, but did have a crest at the back of the skull. Frey et al. interpreted the deep mandible as a crest on the lower jaws. Trapped between the rami of the mandible is a yucca leaf; Frey suggested that the animal got it caught in its beak and unsuccessfully tried to dislodge it (the edge of the leaf is frayed), and then possibly died from starvation or a complication of starving. The skull would have been more than 66 centimeters (26 in) long.

Classification
In 2003, Frey et al. classified Ludodactylus in the family Ornithocheiridae. In 2007, Frey had reconsidered the validity of Ludodactylus, suggesting that it may represent the same animal as Brasileodactylus, and therefore a junior synonym. In 2014 however, Brian Andres and colleagues, in a large cladistic analysis of pterosaurs, found Ludodactylus to be slightly more closely related to ornithocheirids and anhanguerids than to Brasileodactylus. In the analysis of Andres and colleagues, Ludodactylus is classified just outside Ornithocheiridae and Anhangueridae as a derived member of the more inclusive group Anhangueria. Their cladogram is shown on the left. In 2020, a different topology by Borja Holgado and Rodrigo Pêgas recovered Ludodactylus within the family Anhangueridae, more specifically to the subfamily Anhanguerinae, sister taxon to both Caulkicephalus and Guidraco. This proves that it is indeed very closely related to the anhanguerids. Their cladogram is shown on the right.

Topology 1: Andres et al. (2014).

Topology 2: Holgado & Pêgas (2020).

See also
 List of pterosaur genera
 Timeline of pterosaur research

References

Pteranodontoids
Aptian life
Early Cretaceous pterosaurs of South America
Cretaceous Brazil
Fossils of Brazil
Crato Formation
Fossil taxa described in 2003

Ludodactylus


Jeremy Johnson is a technology entrepreneur and the co-founder and CEO of Andela, a US company based in Africa that connects talented African software developers with foreign companies, like Upwork. He is also the President of Strategic Initiatives at 2U,  an educational technology company.

He serves on the board of the Young Entrepreneur Council and the education non-profit PENCIL and was listed as Forbes 30 Under 30 in 2013 and 2014.

Education
Johnson dropped out of Princeton University when he was 21 to build his business.

Career
Before Andela, Johnson had co-founded 2U, one of the fastest growing education technology startups. and in 2014 he co-founded Andela with Ian Carnevale, Iyinoluwa Aboyeji and Christina Sass as a training company to match developers in emerging markets now known as technology hubs

References

Living people
Web developers
Company founders
Year of birth missing (living people)

Jeremy Johnson (entrepreneur)


The Southern Region was a region of British Railways from 1948 until 1992 when railways were re-privatised. The region ceased to be an operating unit in its own right in the 1980s. The region covered south London, southern England and the south coast, including the busy commuter belt areas of Kent, Sussex and Surrey. The region was largely based upon the former Southern Railway area.

The Region

The Southern Railway was still comparatively profit-making despite World War II, thanks to its extensive third rail DC electrification and the intensive service patterns this allowed for. However, large-scale investment was required in the infrastructure of all of the "Big 4" companies, including the Southern.

The Transport Act 1947 provided for the nationalisation of all heavy rail systems in the UK to allow for this investment and, in theory, to improve the rights of railway workers. The railway companies were amalgamated into British Railways, part of the British Transport Commission, and six geographic and administrative regions were created out of the previous four companies. The Southern Railway, being relatively self-contained and operated largely by electric traction, was incorporated almost intact as the new Southern Region. The acting General Manager of the Southern Railway, John Elliot became the first Chief Regional Officer of the Southern Region.

The Southern Region also inherited some independent light railways, namely the East Kent Light Railway, the Kent and East Sussex Railway and the North Devon and Cornwall Junction Light Railway.

The Southern Region served southern London, Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hampshire, the Isle of Wight, and some areas of Dorset, Wiltshire and Berkshire. There was also an unelectrified service to parts of Devon and Cornwall, deep in what was largely Western Region territory, known colloquially as "The Withered Arm". The Southern Region also assumed operating responsibility for the Somerset & Dorset Joint Railway (although the provision of motive power fell to the London Midland Region).  There were three operating divisions: Eastern, Central and Western which correspond approximately to the three current franchise areas.

London
The Region's chief stations in Central London were:
Waterloo, the largest terminal in London
Victoria
Charing Cross
Blackfriars
Cannon Street
Holborn Viaduct (later replaced by City Thameslink)
London Bridge

Other major stations in London included:
, which has long claimed to be Britain's busiest railway station and one of the busiest in Europe
Wimbledon and Richmond in south west London
Balham, Lewisham and New Cross Gate in the south east
East Croydon in the southern area

Outside London
Outside Greater London the main stations were:
, , ,  and  in Sussex
, Gillingham, Ramsgate, Folkestone, Ashford and  in Kent
Southampton, Portsmouth,  and  in Hampshire
,  and  in Dorset
Guildford, ,  and  in Surrey
 in Wiltshire
 in Devon
 (the SR platforms relocated from Reading Southern to Reading General) and Windsor and Eton Riverside in Berkshire

Southern and Western Regions had important interchanges at Reading and Exeter St Davids.

Line and station closures
Underused stations such as those between East Grinstead and Lewes (a few of them later reopened with the Bluebell Railway), and most of the Isle of Wight's lines were closed in the 1950s.

The Beeching Axe severely cut route mileages of most regions but the Southern escaped major losses in the London area due to high passenger numbers on its frequent suburban services. The Axe did, however, close some country routes including the Cuckoo Line, the Cranleigh Line, the Steyning Line, the New Romney branch line and the Bexhill West Branch Line, plus goods yards including Deptford Wharf and Falcon Lane.

The lines in Devon and Cornwall were reclassified to the Western Region and the Southern's luxury trains, including the Atlantic Coast Express and the Brighton Belle, ceased in the 1960s and 70s.

The Snow Hill tunnel between Blackfriars and Farringdon closed in the 1960s, then later reopened as part of the earliest proposals of the Thameslink Programme. At the same time, Holborn Viaduct in central London closed in 1990, replaced with City Thameslink occupying the same site at an underground level. In the late 1990s, the  Addiscombe Line and the West Croydon to Wimbledon Line in south London were closed as these routes were replaced by the Croydon Tramlink.

As a contrast, London Waterloo had been extensively refurbished and expanded to allow development of the Eurostar's Waterloo International railway station terminal. These platforms were closed after international services moved to St Pancras International in 2007. They were reopened respectively in 2017 and 2018 to increase capacity for suburban services.

Channel Tunnel planning
The 1973 plan to build a tunnel under the English Channel also included plans to upgrade the infrastructure of the Southern Region between London and the Kent coast.

The plan assumed that the main railhead for "The Chunnel" would be at Ashford Kent station. To that end, rolling stock on the London to Dover via Ashford services was refurbished and heavier rails were laid to allow for longer trains and increased freight.

The 1973 tunnel plan was cancelled in 1975. The 1986 tunnel plan, which was approved and eventually built, used the same assumptions as the 1973 plan and Ashford Kent became Ashford International. By this time the Southern Region had been abolished.

Until 1980 the Southern Region operated the Night Ferry sleeper train (jointly with SNCF) from London Victoria to Paris and Brussels.

Competition with London Transport
The Southern Railway and its predecessor companies have had little competition from London Transport south of the River Thames, where the subsoil was largely unsuitable for tunnelling and the mainline railways had extensive networks in place before the underground railways were developed.

London Underground's services were advanced over Southern Region (and other) tracks, either through dual-running or by ceding BR tracks to LUL. The LUL service to Wimbledon for instance slowly replaced the former Southern Region service. Tramlink, however, took over the West Croydon to Wimbledon Line in 2000.

The Waterloo & City line (nicknamed 'The Drain' by both staff and users), British Rail's only "Tube" service, was given over to London Underground upon the Privatisation of British Rail in 1994.

Further electrification

The Southern Railway had adopted a plan to convert all lines east of Portsmouth to third rail electric traction in November 1946, to be completed by 1955. This plan would have included several branch and secondary lines that were subsequently closed such as the Bluebell and Steyning lines and also those secondary and branch lines in the area which were later dieselized such as the Marshlink and Oxted-Uckfield lines. This plan was, however, overtaken by the Transport Act 1947 which brought about the creation of British Railways.

Kent Coast
The first new scheme to be adopted by the Southern Region was implemented in two Phases.
Phase 1: electrifying the former London Chatham and Dover routes between Gillingham, Ramsgate and Dover.
Phase 2: reopening the former South Eastern Railway lines in Kent.

Isle of Wight
Owing to restricted clearances existing electric stock could not be used on the railways of the Isle of Wight. The surviving line between Ryde and Shanklin was therefore electrified in March 1967 using converted stock originally built for London Electric Railway in 1921.  These became British Rail Classes 485 and 486. During the mid 1980s these were replaced by Class 483, which were also rebuilt from former London Underground stock.

South West Main Line
The first phase of South West Main Line (beyond the London suburbs) was electrified in 1967 and included the services from London Waterloo station to Southampton and Bournemouth. Electrification was extended all the way to Weymouth in 1988.

Hastings
Existing electric stock could not be used on the line between Tonbridge and Hastings because of restricted clearances in four tunnels along the route. In 1986, the Hastings Line was electrified with single tracks through tunnels, enabling the use of generic rolling stock.

Oxted and East Grinstead
The former London, Brighton and South Coast Railway and the South Eastern Railway  joint line between Croydon and Oxted, and the LB&SCR line to East Grinstead was electrified in 1987. But the branch line to Uckfield remains operated by diesel multiple units.

Franchising
The Southern Region was abolished in 1992 because British Rail had decided to move from regional management to business sectors. The Region was divided between two of the new passenger businesses: Network SouthEast and InterCity.

When the British Rail passenger services were privatised in the 1990s the lines of the former region were divided between South West Trains, Thameslink, Island Line, Thames Trains, Gatwick Express, Connex South Central and Connex South Eastern.

In 2002 the South Central franchise was awarded to Govia and rebranded it "Southern". Next, the government took back control of the Connex South Eastern franchise and operated it as South Eastern Trains until it was franchised to Govia again as Southeastern in 2006.

As part of a general reorganisation of franchises, Island Line (on the Isle of Wight) was merged with South West Trains in 2005 to form the South Western franchise. Thameslink became part of First Capital Connect in 2006, and Gatwick Express was merged with Southern in 2007. The North Downs Line was taken over by First Great Western, which in 2014 was renamed Great Western Railway. In the early years of its franchise, South West Trains reinstated 'West of England line' services beyond Exeter to Plymouth and Paignton, but these were cut back again (after only two years of operation) in order to strengthen its core service to Exeter.

Also in 2014, Govia had been selected to operate the new Thameslink Southern & Great Northern franchise (TSGN), including the South Central franchise Govia were already operating. On 26 July 2015 the South Central franchise ended and its services were incorporated into TSGN franchise; Govia announced that they would continue to use the Southern and Gatwick Express brands.

In August 2017, South Western Railway commenced operations in the South Western franchise.

Trains and rolling stock

At the time of its creation the Southern Region still had large numbers of steam locomotives The Southern Region also owned three locomotive works at Ashford, Brighton, and Eastleigh, two carriage works (Eastleigh and Lancing) and a wagon works at Ashford. Most of these closed before privatisation.

Unlike the other regions of British Railways, the Southern Region did not rush to withdraw its steam locomotives, instead using them right up to the completion of large-scale electrification. Consequently, the Southern Region was the last region in Britain to regularly use steam on high speed expresses and to have steam operated branch lines. Steam traction over the region finally ended in July 1967, to be replaced by a combination of multiple units and locomotives.

The region had ordered large fleets of slam-door electric multiple unit rolling stock with Mark 1 bodies in the 1950s and 1960s, but some Southern Railway-style units survived until the mid-1990s. By that time, much of the Region's slam door fleet reached the end of its design life of 35–40 years and was replaced by more reliable sliding- and plug-door stock - much of it after privatisation (mainly using Electrostar and Desiro trains) - although BR started to replace inner suburban trains from the 1970s.

A fleet of diesel-electric multiple units, also known by enthusiasts as "Thumpers" because of their distinctive engines, ran on non- or partly-electrified routes. These include the Oxted line, the Hastings line and the North Downs line.

Isle of Wight railway lines used elderly steam engines cascaded from the mainland for many years, but in 1966 the Southern Region acquired some redundant "Standard" tube stock from London Transport that varied build dates between 1923 and 1934. Most of the lines in the island had been closed in the 1950s and early 1960s, but the remaining route from Ryde to Shanklin was electrified to normal Southern Region third rail specification, and the "Standard" tube stock was converted (from LT's fourth rail to third) so that it could be run on it. In the late-1980s these trains were replaced by more redundant LT tube stock, this time dating from 1938.

Few Mark 2 multiple units were built but some driving trailers were introduced for Gatwick Airport express services, then operated by the InterCity brand.

British Rail built a fleet of electric units to operate Bournemouth services from Waterloo in the 1980s, with Mark 3 bodies and plug doors. These Class 442 (5-WES) units later transferred to the Brighton Main Line in 2008 on Gatwick Express services from Victoria, run by the Southern franchise, before returning to South Western Railway in 2019.

The last slam door units ran in mainline operations in November 2005. New safety regulations prohibiting the use of trains with slam doors (unless equipped with secondary or central locking) were not introduced until the last examples could be withdrawn. Exceptionally, some slam door units were allowed to stay in service for another couple of years by special derogation on the Lymington Pier "heritage" branch before they retired permanently in 2010. Some Mark 1 units have been preserved by heritage railways ever since.

Major accidents

A lack of investment and focus on infrastructure maintenance and collision safeguards across institutions led to a marginal improvement in the net rate of fatal incidents compared to the same (non-British Rail) period before nationalisation, which reduced potential passengers' confidence.

The British railway industry failed to keep track with the safety regime of its aviation industry, which by the 2000s became its national precedent and contributed to a swift decline in fatalities.

2 December 1955: 11 passengers died and 41 were injured when an electric passenger train from Waterloo to Windsor and Chertsey (dividing at Staines) collided with the rear of a goods train. The accident occurred in thick fog and was caused by irregular block instrument operation by the signalman at Barnes Junction.
4 December 1957: 90 passengers died and 173 were injured in a collision in thick fog near Lewisham in south London, which also caused the collapse of an overhead rail bridge on to the wreckage below. The number of deaths was the third highest ever in a British railway accident.
5 November 1967: 49 people died and 78 were injured when a train from Hastings to Charing Cross was derailed by a track defect outside Hither Green station. Amongst the survivors was Robin Gibb of the Bee Gees.
12 December 1988: 35 people died and 100 were injured when three trains collided near Clapham Junction because a signal circuit had been wrongly wired.
4 March 1989: 6 people died and 94 were injured when two trains collided at Purley when one passed a red signal.

Later heritage lines
As to lines closed during the time the region existed, some are preserved railways, mainly the Watercress Line, Bluebell Railway, Spa Valley Railway, Isle of Wight Steam Railway, Swanage Railway and Dartmoor Railway.

References

 Ball, MG. British Railways Atlas Ian Allan Publishing 2004.
 London Railway Atlas Railway Clearing House, London 1935
 Dudley, G. Why Does Policy Change? - Lessons from British Transport Policy 1945-99 Routledge 2001

Hoyle,R The Atmospheric Southern Corhampton Kevin Robertson 2007
 Moody, G.T. Southern Electric 4th edition; Ian Allan Publishing 1968

British Rail regions
750 V DC railway electrification

Southern Region of British Railways


A quasi-star (also called black hole star) is a hypothetical type of extremely massive and luminous star that may have existed early in the history of the Universe. Unlike modern stars, which are powered by nuclear fusion in their cores, a quasi-star's energy would come from material falling into a black hole at its core.

Formation and properties
A quasi-star would have resulted from the core of a large protostar collapsing into a black hole, where the outer layers of the protostar are massive enough to absorb the resulting burst of energy without being blown away or falling into the black hole, as occurs with modern supernovae. The star would have been almost 10 million solar masses at this point. Quasi-stars may have also formed from dark matter halos (up to 100 million solar masses; for reference, some small galaxies have only 5 million solar masses) drawing in enormous amounts of gas via gravity, which can produce supermassive stars with tens of thousands of solar masses. Formation of quasi-stars could only happen early in the development of the Universe, before hydrogen and helium were contaminated by heavier elements; thus, they may have been very massive Population III stars. Such stars would dwarf VY Canis Majoris and Stephenson 2 DFK 1, both among the largest known modern stars, in size.

Once the black hole had formed at the core of the protostar, it would continue generating a large amount of radiant energy from the infall of stellar material. This constant outburst of energy would counteract the force of gravity, creating an equilibrium similar to the one that supports modern fusion-based stars. Quasi-stars would have had a short maximum lifespan, approximately 7 million years, during which the core black hole would have grown to about . These intermediate-mass black holes have been suggested as the progenitors of modern supermassive black holes such as the one in the center of the Galaxy.

Quasi-stars are predicted to have had surface temperatures higher than . At these temperatures, and with a radius of approximately 800 thousand times that of the Sun (as large as the Solar System), each one would be about as luminous as a small galaxy. As a quasi-star cools over time, its outer envelope would become transparent, until further cooling to a limiting temperature of  and growing to a size of 30 solar systems in terms of length. This limiting temperature would mark the end of the quasi-star's life since there is no hydrostatic equilibrium at or below this limiting temperature. The object would then quickly dissipate, leaving behind the intermediate mass black hole.

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Black holes
Star types
Hypothetical stars

Quasi-star


The Main Event was a weekly hour-long Australian game show that aired on the Seven Network from 1991 to 1992. The show was hosted by Larry Emdur, with Don Blake and Niel Chantler as announcers.

The series was created by former football player Craig Johnston, who was also listed as "Creative Director" in the ending credits.

Game play
Two teams (one red and one yellow), each consisting of three celebrities in the studio and up to four family members at home, compete against each other to earn points.  The team with the highest point score wins the game and a brand new car.

The number of points available is announced at the beginning of each round.

Round One
The first round is made up of several different mini-games that are presented in various playing orders.

What do you know?
The two teams race on the buzzers to answer.  The first team to buzz in and answer correctly earns points.  An incorrect answer locks out the team from further clues and gives the opposing team a chance to see the remainder of clues and answer.  No penalty for an incorrect answer.  There was only one buzzer per team.  Team members who buzz in must answer individually and cannot confer with their partners.  Questions in this round fit the following categories:

 Name That Tune: A song is played in the background of a music video specially made for the show.  The contents of the video are also clues to the song's title.  Guessing the title of the song earns 10 points.
 Odd One Out: Five items are listed.  Four of the items have something in common and one does not.  Guessing the one that does not belong earns 10 points.

Who am I?
A video is played featuring progressively older photographs and progressively larger descriptive clues given to the identity of a famous person.  Guessing the identity of the person earns 10 points.

Name That Film
A film clip is played featuring progressively larger descriptive clues given to the title of a movie.  Guess the title of the film and the team earns 10 points.

Home Team Question
A film clip and descriptive clue is played.  A question and three answer choices about the subject of the clip is asked to the home viewers.  The family can confer but only the captain can buzz in and give the answer.  The first family to buzz in and answer correctly earns 20 points.  An incorrect answer gives the opposing family a chance to answer from the remaining choices.  No penalty for an incorrect answer.

Round Two – Picture This
Six hidden and numbered pictures appear on the game board.  Each member of each team, alternating one at a time, chooses a number.  The picture containing part of a subject is revealed.  A correct identification is worth 10 points apiece.  No penalty for an incorrect guess.  Team members can confer with each other, but only the controlling player can guess.

Round Three – Who Lives Here?
This round is played one team at a time in three parts.

Part One – Who Lives Here?
The celebrities and home players on one team are shown a video containing the inside and outside contents of the home of a famous celebrity.  With the contents as clues, the celebrities must guess the identity of the home's owner.  Then the home players either agree with the celebrities or make their own guess if they don't.  If the identity is correct, the team earns 20 points.  However, if the home team gave a different identity, and it was correct, the team earned 40 points.  Again, there is no penalty for a wrong guess.

Part Two – Under the Spotlight
The celebrities were shown a video containing the celebrity from part one giving answers to fifteen questions, with the questions edited out of the video.  Then, the celebrities were given 30 seconds to remember five of the responses mentioned in the video and try to match them to the questions asked.  The questions were asked one at a time, and the team can pass if they cannot give an answer.  If five responses were correctly matched, the team earned 20 points.  The team must match all five responses in order to earn the points.

Part Three – Would You Believe…
The home players were then shown a video containing the celebrity from part one giving a statement about themselves that may or may not be true.  Then, the team decided if the statement was true or false.  A correct response earns the team 20 points, with no penalty for an incorrect response.

The round was then repeated for the opposing team with a different celebrity.

Round Four – Who is This?
This round is played on the buzzers in two parts.

Part One – Who is This?
The home teams are shown electronically pixilated faces of well known celebrities along with a vocal description.  As the clues get larger, the picture gets slowly restored.  The first member of the first team to buzz in and answers correctly earns 10 points.  The first two identities are played by the adults and the third is played by the children.  The winner of the third identity also wins a special related prize.

Part Two – What Happens Next?
The celebrities are shown a video that is stopped at a specified point.  Both teams are then given three choices to predict what happens next in the video.  The first team to buzz in makes a selection, and then the opposing team makes a selection from the remaining two choices.  The team with the correct selection earns 20 points.  No penalty for an incorrect selection.

Round Five – Observation
This round is played one team at a time.  The celebrities on one team are shown a film clip from a movie or television series.  A question is asked to one of the celebrity teammates about something that occurred on the clip.  The celebrities cannot confer with each other in this round.  After the team member responds, a portion of the clip was repeated revealing the answer.  A correct answer earned 20 point.  However, an incorrect answer deducted 20 points from the team's score.  Each team member was asked a different question from left to right.  Sometimes all questions are asked by a special guest celebrity appearing in studio or on video that is related to the film clip.

The team with the highest score at the end of this round wins a special luxury prize.  Anywhere from free groceries for a year to a $5,000(AUS) Citibank Cash Management Account, theirs to keep no matter what happens in the game.

Round Six – Championship
This round is played one team at a time.  The home team that was leading in score going into the round was given the choice of two categories, with the one not chosen going to the opposing team.  The home team that was trailing in score was then given 45 seconds to answer five questions, each with a choice of two answers, in the specified category.  A correct answer earns 20 points and an incorrect answer deducts 20 points.  Then the home team that was leading in score played similarly with their chosen category.  The leading team played the round even if the trailing team failed to tie or surpass the leaders score.

The team with the highest score at the end of the round was declared the winner of the game and won a brand new car.  The losing team won a cash consolation prize.

Celebrities
Among the celebrities who either competed or appeared as a special guest on The Main Event included:
 Kym Wilson
 Agro
 Louise Anton
 Mary Coustas
 Lisa Curry
 Robert DiPierdomenico
 Nick Giannopoulos
 Wally Lewis
 Barton Lynch
 Greg Matthews
 Bruce McAvaney
 Georgie Parker
 Guy Pearce
 Collette Roberts
 Shirley Strachan
 Adriana Xenides

American actors George Kennedy and Darius McCrary also made appearances as special guests.

Sets and remotes
The in-studio set was designed by set designers Diaann Wajion and Phil McLaren as a theatre in the round in the shape of a two-level football stadium complete with cheerleaders and a jumbotron-style video screen. Episodes were filmed at the Channel 7 studios located in Epping, New South Wales.

Two remote broadcast units were used for presenting live broadcasts of the family teams via satellite from their homes throughout Australia.  Additionally, the new car is shown pulling up into each family's driveway by a special celebrity driver during the course of the show.  At the end of each show the winning family is shown celebrating in and around the car they won.

Theme music
The theme music is an instrumental version of the international hit song Walking on Sunshine, originally composed by Kimberley Rew for the UK band Katrina and the Waves.  This version arranged by series music composer Jamie Rigg featured female vocalists repeatedly singing The Main Event as its only lyric.

Foreign versions
In the United Kingdom, Grundy Television produced a version of The Main Event that was broadcast on BBC One from 1 May – 24 July 1993. Chris Tarrant was the emcee.  This version featured several more, often unusual, mini-games.

References

Seven Network original programming
1990s Australian game shows
1990 Australian television series debuts
1992 Australian television series endings

The Main Event (Australian game show)


Yagan (c. 1795–11 July 1833) was a Noongar warrior who played an important part in early  indigenous Australian resistance to European settlement and rule in the area of Perth, Western Australia.

Yagan was the son of Midgigoroo, one of the elders of the tribe who lived in the Perth area. Yagan was blamed for spearing cattle near the Swan River. There were not many cattle in the new colony and food was scarce. Yagan's taking of the settlers animals and food supplies was seen as a very serious crime. After a European was killed, the military started a search for Yagan. He was found after four months and sent to Carnac Island. He escaped after six weeks. One of the soldiers who had got to know him on Carnac Island, compared him to William Wallace.

Yagan's brother was killed in April 1833 while trying to steal flour from a cart. Yagan, Midgigoroo and several others attacked another cart and killed the drivers. They were declared outlaws, which meant they had no legal rights and could be killed by anyone. A reward of £30 was offered for their capture. Midgigoroo was soon captured and executed. Two months later, on 11 July 1833 a shepherd, William Keates, shot and killed Yagan. Keates was killed soon afterwards in another fight with the Aborigines, and his brother claimed the reward for the capture of Yagan. Yagan's head was cut off and sent to England for display.

After a long search his remains were rediscovered in an unmarked grave in Liverpool and returned to Australia in 1997. On 10 July 2010, Yangar was reburied in Perth, at a site now called the Yagan Memorial Park. The park is on the site where Yagan was killed in 1833.

References

Indigenous Australian history
1795 births
1833 deaths
People from Western Australia
Indigenous Australian people

Yagan


The Someshwara temple (also spelt Someshvara or Somesvara), situated in Kolar town of Karnataka state, India, built by Tamil kings Chola.is an ornate 14th century Vijayanagara era Dravidian style construction. Someshwara, another name for the Hindu god Shiva is the presiding deity in the temple. The temple is protected by the Archaeological Survey of India as a monument of national importance.

Temple plan
According to art historian George Michel, the general plan of the temple resembles that of the Someshvara temple in Bangalore, except, this temple is more rich in finish and detail. The temple is noted for its tall superstructure (gopuram) over the main entrance (mahadwara). The superstructure is built of brick and stucco. Though both temples have a large open pillared mukhamantapa (hall) leading to the sanctum (garbhagriha), in Kolar the open mantapa has a central hall surrounded by a raised floor. Several ornate pillars on the raised floor support the ceiling of the mantapa. The main shrine has a dravida (south Indian) style tower (shikhara), a vestibule (sukanasi) that connects the sanctum to a navaranga (closed hall) which leads to the large pillared mukhamandapa. The temple is enclosed by a cloistered wall (prakara). At the frontal extension of the hall are four full length pillars depicting riders on  Yalis ("mythical beasts"). An ornate Kalyana mantapa ("marriage hall") built of granite, at the south-west corner of the complex, has pillars with decorative sculptures in relief. Michell dates the temple to about the 17th century, but the Archaeological Survey of India dates the temple to the early Vijayanagara Empire rule of the 14th century. The base of the temple outer wall (adhishthana) consists of decorative moldings, with friezes of elephants, dwarfs and lions embellishing the upper moldings . The outer wall of the temple has miniature decorative pilasters (kumbha) with turrets (aedicule).

Notes

References

Gallery

External links

Shiva temples in Karnataka
Hindu temples in Kolar district

Someshwara Temple, Kolar


Castrojeriz or Castrogeriz is a locality and municipality located in the province of Burgos, in the autonomous community of Castile and León (Spain), the comarca of Odra-Pisuerga, the judicial district of Burgos, head of the town council of the same name and former head of the Castrojeriz judicial district.

It is a popular stop along the French Way of the Camino de Santiago or The Way of Saint James, which crosses the city longitudinally for more than 1,500 meters.

History

The village is located along the Odra River just before it joins the Pisuerga. Historically it was head of the Castrojeriz judicial district, one of the fourteen that formed the municipality of Burgos, in the period between 1785 and 1833. In the 1787 Floridablanca Census it fell under the jurisdiction of a lordship with its proprietor being the Marquesa de Camarasa, with an ordinary mayor.

It is believed to have been the former Castrum Sigerici. The village is arranged like other villages along the Camino. On this street-route there are several churches and notable buildings. There is a castle, in ruins, which has a lot of history. The village was established by Count Muño (or Nuño Nuñez), who defended the fort at the end of the ninth century against the Arabs. Before that it had been a Celtiberian, Roman and Visigoth fortress.

In 974, Count García Fernández of Castile granted it a charter, the Charter of Castrojeriz, which is considered to be the 1st granted in Castile.

It is an example of Jacobean urbanism, with houses located around the street-route, which is the longest of all on the pilgrimage route. As an important stage in the Camino de Santiago it had several hospitals along this street.

There is a calvary which sports a Cross of Tau (Tau) instead of the Latin cross perhaps as a reminder of the Order of the Antonians who had a monastery and hospital on the outskirts of the town, where they healed and tended to the sick afflicted by St. Anthony Fire, called also the holy fire, a disease now known to be caused by ingesting a fungal parasite on rye.

Population
As of 1 January 2010 the population of the municipality stood at 882 inhabitants, of which 447 are males and 435 females.

Population by nucleus

Heritage

The village
 Bien de Interés Cultural
 Category: Conjunto histórico (historical group or set)
 Observation: An integral part of the Camino de Santiago delimited by decree 324/99, of the 23 December
 Date — Commencement: 20 December 1974 — Declaration: 20 December 1974 — BOE Declaration: 31 January 1975

The Castle of Castrojeriz

 Bien de Interés Cultural
 Date — Commencement: 22 April 1949 — Declaration: 22 April 1949 — BOE Declaration: 5 May 1949

In 1359 queen Eleanor of Castile, daughter of king Ferdinand IV of Castile and wife of king Alfonso IV of Aragon, was murdered here by order of her nephew Pedro of Castile.

House called "El Fuerte"
 Bien de Interés Cultural
 Date — Commencement: 22 April 1949 — Declaration: 22/04/1949 — BOE Declaration: 5 May 1949

Tower
 Bien de Interés Cultural
 Date — Commencement: 22 April 1949 — Declaration: 22/04/1949 — BOE Declaration: 5 May 1949

Church of San Juan
 Bien de Interés Cultural
 Date — Commencement: 21 November 1980 — Declaration: 29 June 1990 — BOE Declaration: 3 July 1990

The present building was erected for burial of several families of lineage. It contains the following main elements of interest:
 Sixteenth century cloister - Three galleries or pandas still remain. It has a Mudejar style coffered ceiling with astrological references, decorated with the coats of arms of the Gómez Sandovals, who were lords of Castrojeriz between 1426 and 1476. There are some stamped crossings of Templar origin on the capitals of the columns.
 A funeral chapel built by Juan Gonzalez Gallo, located in the south aisle - It is sixteenth century. The altarpiece is composed of 12 panels attributed to Ambrosius Benson.
 Castro-Mujica Chapel, located in the first section of the north aisle - It was built by Juan and Pedro Henestrosa. There is the Gothic interment of Diego Mújica who died in 1527. It is depicted by a recumbent bust and the sarcophagus adorned with his coats of arms.
 The main altarpiece, built of golden pine in the eighteenth century Rococo style. Its construction was ordered by the Knight Commander and Preceptor General of the Order of San Antonio, Damián García Olloqui, for the San Antón Convent in the town, and transferred to the Church of San Juan when the Order of San Antonio was canonically attached to the Order of Malta in 1777 and finally became defunct in 1791.
 It has a choir loft with railings and stairs with Gothic tracery.

Iglesia de Nuestra Señora del Manzano

Ruins of the San Antón convent

Just outside, Castrojeriz on what was formerly the palace and the garden of King Pedro I of Castile, are the ruins of the ancient monastery of San Antón, run by the Hospital Brothers of St. Anthony, who were dedicated to caring for the sick who came along the Camino de Santiago, especially those with the disease called St. Anthony's fire, sacred fire, fire of sick. Currently only the arch that formed a tunnel, through which pilgrims came and went, is left standing.

This monastery was under royal protection, that is why there are royal crests on the front of the church and on the keys of the vaults. It was founded by Alfonso VII in the twelfth century (1146), and was known as the royal xenodoquio of San Antonio Abad. The present ruins are from the fourteenth century. The hospital was very important, because it was the headquarters of the General Commandery of the Order of San Antonio in the various realms of the Crown of Castile and Portugal, with over twenty dependent encomiendas (house-monastery-hospital). The ceremonies that the Anthonian monks held to bless various objects were famous, to which many adherences came. The symbol of the Order was the tau cross.

Famous persons
 Constance of Castile, Duchess of Lancaster (1354-1394) (Castrojeriz, July  1354 - Leicester castle, 24 March 1394). Second daughter of Peter the Cruel, King of Castille, and of María de Padilla, married to John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and third child of king Edward III of England.
 Laín Calvo (Castrojeriz or Castro Xeriz, 798 -? 870 approximately). Supreme judge of Castille.Wikisource

See also
Way of St. James

Notes and references

Bibliography

External links
 City Council
 Castrojeriz.com

Municipalities in the Province of Burgos

Castrojeriz


Maeshowe, also known as Orkhaugr, a burial mound in Orkney, Scotland, with underground passage graves. It was built during the Neolithic period, about 3000 years ago. It has been included in the World Heritage Site, Heart of Neolithic Orkney.

The mound used to be taller, with a depression in the top, looking like a small volcano. It measured 11 meters in height and had a diameter of 30 meters. This was changed in 1861 when the mound was dug into by archaeologist James Farrer.

It was built on a raised level area and surrounded by a ditch and a raised bank. It may have been built on top of an earlier structure. Research shows that the ditch used to be filled with water, and there was a large stone circle around the mound. The grave itself is a long narrow entrance opening into a large chamber. There are three smaller rooms which open into the main chamber. It has been built to line up with the sun at the Winter Solstice.

Maeshowe had been dug up in the 12th century by the Vikings. It has many Norse carvings on the rocks.

References

Prehistoric buildings and structures on Orkney
Archaeological sites in Scotland
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Neolithic
2nd millennium BC works

Maeshowe