Butler Ames (August 22, 1871 – November 6, 1954) was an American politician, engineer, soldier and businessman. He was the son of Adelbert Ames and grandson of Benjamin Franklin Butler, both decorated generals in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

Born in Lowell, Massachusetts, Ames attended the public schools and Phillips Exeter Academy, in Exeter, New Hampshire, and graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1894. He resigned from the United States Army after appointment as second lieutenant to the Eleventh Regiment, United States Infantry; took a postgraduate course at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was a member of Theta Xi fraternity, and graduated in 1896 as a mechanical and electrical engineer.

Ames engaged in manufacturing; served as a member of the common council of Lowell in 1896; like his father, he re-joined the Army during the Spanish–American War and was commissioned lieutenant and adjutant of the Sixth Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry; appointed acting engineer officer of the Second Army Corps under General Graham, in addition to his duties as adjutant. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in August 1898; served as civil administrator of the Arecibo district of Puerto Rico until November 1898.

Ames became a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives 1897–1899; elected as a Republican to the Fifty-eighth and to the four succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1913); was not a candidate for renomination in 1912; resumed manufacturing pursuits; president of United States Cartridge Company, and treasurer of Heinze Electrical Co. of Lowell; at time of death was treasurer and a director of Wamesit Power Co. of Lowell, Massachusetts; director of Union Land and Grazing Co., Colorado Springs, Colorado, and vice president and a director of Ames Textile in Lowell.

Ames was completely taken with Villa del Balbianello when he visited Europe for the first time in 1911, and he determined to purchase the Villa. Ames almost lost the Villa to Prince Eithel-Friedrich, the Kaiser's youngest son, in 1914. The Villa did not sell to  Eithel-Friedrich due to an Italian law stating that as the Villa was one of the art monuments of Italy, they had the right to be the preferred purchaser at that price. Ames won his battle in 1919, beautifully restoring the Villa.  On a Dictaphone Tape he tells the story (also a short autobiography).  The Tape was transcribed, and his greater family published it in book form: "Butler Ames and the Villa Balbianello, Lake Como, Italy, An American Oral History."  Essays and introductions by Evelyn Ames, Pauline Ames Plimpton, Ezio Antonini, Sarah and George Plimpton plus period photographs and the illustrated Guest Book 1920 to 1970 was added. The book was edited by Oakes Plimpton and printed by Hobblebush Press, 2009, available through Amazon Books or Oakes Plimpton, 67 Coolidge Road, Arlington, MA 02476.

Ames died in Tewksbury, Massachusetts, in 1954, at the age of 83. He is buried, along with his father, grandfather and extended family, in the Hildreth family cemetery, behind the main cemetery on Hildreth Street in Lowell.

His heirs sold Villa del Balbianello in 1974 to Guido Monzino.

References

External links
 Ames Family Papers 1812-2007
Who's who in State Politics, 1908 Practical Politics (1908) p. 265.

Butler Ames entry at The Political Graveyard

1871 births
1954 deaths
Butler–Ames family
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Republican Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Politicians from Lowell, Massachusetts
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
Burials in Massachusetts
Military personnel from Massachusetts
United States Army officers
United States Military Academy alumni
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts

Butler Ames


Studley Royal Park (including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey) is a UNESCO-designated World Heritage Site in North Yorkshire, England. It has an area of 323 hectares (800 acres) and features an 18th-century landscaped garden, some of the largest Cistercian ruins in Europe, a Jacobean mansion, and a Victorian church designed by William Burges.

History

Fountains Abbey and Hall
Fountains Abbey was founded in 1132 by Benedictine monks who left St Mary's Abbey, York to follow the Cistercian order. After the end of the monasteries in 1539 by Henry VIII, the Abbey buildings and over 500 acres (200 ha) of land were sold by the Crown to a merchant named Sir Richard Gresham. The property was passed down through several generations of Sir Gresham's family. Between 1598 and 1604, it was sold to Stephen Proctor, who built Fountains Hall.

The hall is a Jacobean mansion, built partly with stone from the Abbey ruins. Fountains Abbey mill is the only 12th-century Cistercian cornmill left in the UK and the oldest 'intact' building on the estate.

Studley estate
From 1452 onwards, Studley Royal was inhabited by the Mallory family, most notably by MPs John Mallory and William Mallory. John Aislabie inherited the Studley estate from his elder brother in 1693. In 1966 the estate was bought by West Riding County Council and was taken over by the National Trust  in 1983.

Studley Royal House
Studley Royal House (or Hall) is in the north-west corner of the park. Originally a medieval manor house, it has a main block with forward projecting wings. It burned down in 1716 and was rebuilt by John Aislabie. The building was destroyed by fire in 1946. A large stable block, built between 1728 and 1732, survived and is now a private house ( 54° 7'30.55"N 1°34'34.82"W ).

Recent history
In 1966, the estate was purchased by West Riding County Council and was acquired by the National Trust in 1983. The Abbey precinct is managed by English Heritage on behalf of the National Trust.

In 1986 the entire Park was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It is considered "a masterpiece of human creative genius, and an outstanding example of a type of building or architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates significant stages in human history".

Since 1994 the estate has been within the Nidderdale Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

References

Other websites

Parks in the United Kingdom
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
North Yorkshire

Studley Royal Park


The Sino-Indian border dispute is about several territories that are claimed by both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of India. The farthest west, Aksai Chin, is part of another dispute involving Pakistan. It is controlled by China but is claimed by the Government of India. They consider it part of the region of Xinjiang. It is a place where very few people live. The other large disputed territory is to the east. It is south of the McMahon Line. It used to be called the North East Frontier Agency. It is now called South Tibet. The McMahon Line was part of the 1914 Simla Convention between British India and Tibet. China rejected the agreement.

Disputes along the Himalayan border
 Chuva and Chuje
 Shipki La Pass
 Nilang and Jadhang
 Barahoti, Lapthal and Sangcha

Former Kingdom of Sikkim
In 1975 India annexed the territory of Sikkim. This was rejected by China. Today, the Sikkim-China border's most northern point, "The Finger", is still disputed.

References

Sino-Indian border dispute


Curt Stoermer (born Kurt Karl August Störmer, 26 April 189129 January 1976) was a German painter, a representative of the Worpswede branch of expressionist art.

Biography
Born in Hagen in 1891, Stoermer was influenced in his youth by the opening of the Museum Folkwang Karl Ernst Osthaus (which he attended), and learned from Christian Rohlfs. He started studying at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf in 1908, later moving to Paris to study there, attending the Académie Colarossi. In Paris he visited the artist Amedeo Modigliani, whose work he later described as impressive. He met fellow radical Heinrich Vogeler at school, and went with him to Worpswede in 1912. He catalogued the estate of the late Paula Modersohn-Becker, and published his first woodcuts, including in the magazine Der Sturm, as well as painted. In October that year he held his first exhibition at the Museum Folkwang.

During the First World War, Stoermer was drafted into the Imperial German Army, serving in the Oldenburg Dragoons (Oldenburgisches Dragoner-Regiment Nr. 19). He was wounded in combat. In the aftermath of the war, he participated in the German Revolution of 1918-1919, joining the workers' and soldiers' council of the Bremen Soviet Republic. He became People's Commissar of press and propaganda, together with the editor Alfred Faust. When the Army and Freikorps Caspari descended on the city to put down the revolt, Stoermer went into hiding.

After 1921 he lived and worked in Lübeck, interrupted only by two journeys to East Asia as a sailor of the merchant marine, undertaken due to financial difficulties. Inspired by Ervin Bossányi and promoted by the glazier Carl Berkentien, he turned to glass painting. Among other artwork, he made glass windows for the memorial chapel Aegidienkirche (inspired by Wilhelm Jannasch, and destroyed in 1942 by a land mine blast), the Ratskeller zu Lübeck, Heiligen-Geist-Hospital, and St. Andreas Church in Lübeck.

In 1931 he gained a scholarship from the Villa Massimo through Prussian Academy of Arts, which enabled him to go on a prolonged trip to Dalmatia and Rome. There he met and befriended Werner Gilles, who gave him a decisive impetus for the development of his artistic style. The following year he formed the art group Werkgruppe Lübeck, together with Harry Maasz, Wilhelm Bräck, Alfred Mahlau, Hans Peters, Alen Müller-Hellwig, and Emil Steffann. Due to the National Socialist artist Asmus Jessen he received no public contracts after the rise of the Third Reich, and four of his woodcuts at the Folkwang Museum were confiscated as "degenerate art".

After the destruction of his Lübeck studio by an Allied bomb attack in 1942, he moved to a property in Utecht, by Ratzeburger See. After the end of the Second World War Stoermer received several contracts for the decoration of public buildings, mainly to restore wartime damages, such as the Thomas-Mann-Schule and the Landesversicherungsanstalt and the Mengstraße police station. His sgraffito was found on many apartment blocks in Lübeck-Eichholz during the 1950s. Stoermer created a wealth of watercolors and drawings, particularly depicting his many travels in the Mediterranean Sea. He also worked as a critic for the Lübecker Freie Presse, a Social Democratic newspaper.

Bibliography

People from Hagen
Kunstakademie Düsseldorf alumni
Académie Julian alumni
German Expressionist painters
20th-century German painters
German stained glass artists and manufacturers
German sailors
German Army personnel of World War I
People of the German Revolution of 1918–1919
German revolutionaries
Prussian Academy of Arts alumni
Académie Colarossi alumni
1891 births
1976 deaths
20th-century German male artists
German male painters

Curt Stoermer


Agomelatine, sold under the brand names Valdoxan and Thymanax, among others, is an atypical antidepressant most commonly used to treat major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. One review found that it is as effective as other antidepressants with similar discontinuation rates overall but less discontinuations due to side effects. Another review also found it was similarly effective to many other antidepressants.

Common side effects include weight gain, fatigue, liver problems, nausea, headaches, and anxiety. Due to potential liver problems ongoing blood tests are recommended. Its use is not recommended in people with dementia or over the age of 75. There is tentative evidence that it may have fewer side effects than some other antidepressants. It acts by blocking certain serotonin receptors and activating melatonin receptors.

Agomelatine was approved for medical use in Europe in 2009 and Australia in 2010. Its use is not approved in the United States and efforts to get approval were ended in 2011. It was developed by the pharmaceutical company Servier.

Medical uses

Major depressive disorder
Agomelatine is used for the treatment of major depressive episodes in adults in Europe. Ten placebo controlled trials have been performed to investigate the short term efficacy of agomelatine in major depressive disorder. At the end of treatment, significant efficacy was demonstrated in six of the ten short-term double-blind placebo-controlled studies. Two were considered "failed" trials, as comparators of established efficacy failed to differentiate from placebo. Efficacy was also observed in more severely depressed patients in all positive placebo-controlled studies. The maintenance of antidepressant efficacy was demonstrated in a relapse prevention study. One meta-analysis found agomelatine to be as effective as standard antidepressants, with an effect size () of 0.24.

In 2018, a systematic review and network meta-analysis comparing the efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs showed agomelatine to be one of the most effective and one of only two medications found to be more tolerable than placebo.

A meta-analysis found that agomelatine is effective in treating severe depression. Its antidepressant effect is greater for more severe depression. In people with a greater baseline score (>30 on HAMD17 scale), the agomelatine-placebo difference was of 4.53 points. Controlled studies in humans have shown that agomelatine is at least as effective as the SSRI antidepressants paroxetine, sertraline, escitalopram, and fluoxetine in the treatment of major depression. A 2018 meta-study comparing 21 antidepressants found agomelatine was one of the more tolerable, yet effective antidepressants.

However, the body of research on agomelatine has been substantially affected by publication bias, prompting analyses which take into account both published and unpublished studies. These have confirmed that agomelatine is approximately as effective as more commonly used antidepressants (e.g. SSRIs), but some qualified this as "marginally clinically relevant", being only slightly above placebo. According to a 2013 review, agomelatine did not seem to provide an advantage in efficacy over other antidepressants for the acute-phase treatment of major depression.

Generalized anxiety disorder
Agomelatine has been found more effective than placebo in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in a number of short-term double-blind placebo-controlled studies and in long term relapse prevention.

Use in special populations
It is not recommended in Europe for use in children and adolescents below 18 years of age due to a lack of data on safety and efficacy. However, a recent 12 week study first reported in September 2020, and published in 2022 showed greater efficacy vs. placebo for agomelatine 25 mg per day in youth age 7–17 years and an acceptable tolerability profile with similar efficacy to fluoxetine. Only limited data is available on use in elderly people ≥ 75 years old with major depressive episodes.

It is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Contraindications
Agomelatine is contraindicated in patients with kidney or liver impairment. According to information disclosed by Servier in 2012, guidelines for the follow-up of patients treated with Valdoxan have been modified in concert with the European Medicines Agency. As some patients may experience increased levels of liver enzymes in their blood during treatment with Valdoxan, doctors have to run laboratory tests to check that the liver is working properly at the initiation of the treatment and then periodically during treatment, and subsequently decide whether to pursue the treatment or not. No relevant modification in agomelatine pharmacokinetic parameters in patients with severe renal impairment has been observed. However, only limited clinical data on its use in depressed patients with severe or moderate renal impairment with major depressive episodes is available. Therefore, caution should be exercised when prescribing agomelatine to these patients.

Adverse effects
Agomelatine does not alter daytime vigilance and memory in healthy volunteers. In depressed patients, treatment with the drug increased slow wave sleep without modification of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep amount or REM latency. Agomelatine also induced an advance of the time of sleep onset and of minimum heart rate. From the first week of treatment, onset of sleep and the quality of sleep were significantly improved without daytime clumsiness as assessed by patients.

Agomelatine appears to cause fewer sexual side effects and discontinuation effects than paroxetine.

 Common (1–10% incidence) adverse effects include

 Hyperhidrosis (excess sweating that is not proportionate to the ambient temperature)
 Abdominal pain
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Diarrhea
 Constipation
 Back pain
 Fatigue
 Increased ALAT and ASAT (liver enzymes)
 Headache
 Dizziness
 Somnolence
 Insomnia
 Migraine
 Anxiety

 Uncommon (0.1–1%) adverse effects include

 Paraesthesia (abnormal sensations [e.g. itching, burning, tingling, etc.] due to malfunctioning of the peripheral nerves)
 Blurred vision
 Eczema
 Pruritus (itching)
 Urticaria
 Agitation
 Irritability
 Restlessness
 Aggression
 Nightmares
 Abnormal dreams

 Rare (0.01–0.1%) adverse effects include

 Mania
 Hypomania
 Suicidal ideation
 Suicidal behaviour
 Hallucinations
 Steatohepatitis
 Increased GGT and/or alkaline phosphatase
 Liver failure
 Jaundice
 Erythematous rash
 Face oedema and angioedema
 Weight gain or loss, which tends to be less significant than with SSRIs

Dependence and withdrawal
No dosage tapering is needed on treatment discontinuation. Agomelatine has no abuse potential as measured in healthy volunteer studies.

Overdose
Agomelatine is expected to be relatively safe in overdose.

Interactions
Agomelatine is a substrate of CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19. Inhibitors of these enzymes, e.g. the SSRI antidepressant fluvoxamine, reduce its clearance and can therefore lead to an increase in agomelatine exposure. There is also the potential for agomelatine to interact with alcohol to increase the risk of hepatotoxicity.

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics
Agomelatine is a melatonin receptor agonist (MT1 (Ki 0.1 nM) and MT2 (Ki = 0.12 nM)) and serotonin 5-HT2C (Ki = 631 nM) and 5-HT2B receptor (Ki = 660 nM) antagonist. Binding studies indicate that it has no effect on monoamine uptake and no affinity for adrenergic, histamine, cholinergic, dopamine, and benzodiazepine receptors, nor other serotonin receptors.

Agomelatine resynchronizes circadian rhythms in animal models of delayed sleep phase syndrome. By antagonizing 5-HT2C, it disinhibits/increases noradrenaline and dopamine release specifically in the frontal cortex. Therefore, it is sometimes classified as a norepinephrine–dopamine disinhibitor. However, the clinical significance of 5-HT2C antagonism by agomelatine is disputed. Unlike clinically significant 5-HT2C antagonists, clinically relevant doses of agomelatine fail to acutely increase slow wave sleep in humans.

Agomelatine has shown an antidepressant-like effect in animal models of depression (learned helplessness test, despair test, chronic mild stress) as well as in models with circadian rhythm desynchronisation and in models related to stress and anxiety. In humans, agomelatine has positive phase-shifting properties; it induces a phase advance of sleep, body temperature decline, and melatonin onset.

Chemistry

Structure

The chemical structure of agomelatine is very similar to that of melatonin. Where melatonin has an indole ring system, agomelatine has a naphthalene bioisostere instead.

Synthesis

History
Agomelatine was discovered and developed by the European pharmaceutical company Servier Laboratories Ltd. Servier continued to develop the drug and conduct phase III trials in the European Union.

In March 2005, Servier submitted agomelatine to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) under the trade names Valdoxan and Thymanax. On 27 July 2006, the Committee for Medical Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the EMA recommended a refusal of the marketing authorisation. The major concern was that efficacy had not been sufficiently shown, while there were no special concerns about side effects. In September 2007, Servier submitted a new marketing application to the EMA.

In March 2006, Servier announced it had sold the rights to market agomelatine in the United States to Novartis. It was undergoing several phase III clinical trials in the US, and until October 2011 Novartis listed the drug as scheduled for submission to the FDA no earlier than 2012. However, the development for the US market was discontinued in October 2011, when the results from the last of those trials became available.

It received approval from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for marketing in the European Union in February 2009 and approval from the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) for marketing in Australia in August 2010.

Research

Circadian rhythm sleep disorders
Agomelatine has been investigated for its effects on sleep regulation due its actions as a melatonin receptor agonist. Studies report various improvements in general quality of sleep metrics, as well as benefits in circadian rhythm sleep disorders. However, research is very limited (e.g., case reports) and agomelatine is not approved for use in the treatment of sleep disorders.

Seasonal affective disorder
A 2019 Cochrane review suggested no recommendations of agomelatine in support of, or against, its use to treat individuals with seasonal affective disorder.

References

External links
 Genf interaction table- https://www.hug.ch/sites/interhug/files/structures/pharmacologie_et_toxicologie_cliniques/carte_cytochromes_2016_final.pdf

5-HT2C antagonists
Acetamides
Antidepressants
Laboratoires Servier
Melatonin receptor agonists
Naphthol ethers
Phenethylamines
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate

Agomelatine


Dale Hamer (born 1937) is a former American football official in the National Football League (NFL) who served from 1978 to 2001, with a break taken for health reasons during the 1995 season.  During his 23 seasons in the NFL, Hamer was assigned to officiate in two Super Bowls, as a head linesman in Super Bowl XVII and in Super Bowl XXII. Additionally, he was an alternate referee for Super Bowl XXVII.

Hamer's career in the NFL started in 1978 as a head linesman.  He was later promoted to referee in 1989 upon the retirement of long-time referee Fred Silva.  In 1995, Hamer was forced to take a leave from officiating when doctors discovered that he had a heart murmur. Further tests revealed that Hamer had stenosis and calcification of his aortic heart valve, and it would need to be replaced.  In July 1995, Dale received a pericardial tissue heart valve.  As a result, he missed the entire 1995 NFL season, but returned at the start of the 1996 NFL season after Gordon McCarter announced his retirement. He returned to the head linesman position in 1998 and worked on the crews of Larry Nemmers and Bernie Kukar.  After retiring as an on-field official following the 2001 NFL season, Hamer assumed new duties as an instant replay official for the NFL, a position he continues to serve in today.

Hamer, who wore uniform number 104, is a past president of the National Football League Referees Association.

Hamer is a 1960 graduate of California State College in Western Pennsylvania (now California University of Pennsylvania), and in the early 1960s taught algebra at Clairton High School in Clairton, Pennsylvania.

References

1937 births
Living people
California University of Pennsylvania alumni
University of Pittsburgh alumni
People from Fayette County, Pennsylvania
20th-century American educators
National Football League officials

Dale Hamer


María Beatriz Zavala Peniche (born October 23, 1957, in Mérida, Yucatán) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the National Action Party  who has served in the lower and upper house of the Mexican Congress.  In 2006 Felipe Calderón designated her as Secretary of Social Development.

Personal life and education
Zavala, born in Mérida, Yucatán, holds a bachelor's degree in anthropology from the Autonomous University of Yucatán (UADY) and studies towards a master degree in sociology from the University of Kentucky. She has been a professor of the UADY.

Political career
Zavala is an active member of the PAN since 1995. From 1997 to 2000 she served in the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico during the LVII Legislature; from 2001 to 2003 she served as local deputy in the Congress of Yucatán; then from 2003 to 2006 she served again in the Chamber of Deputies this time during the LIX Legislature.   In 2006 she won a seat in the Senate of Mexico representing Yucatán but left that position to join Felipe Calderón's presidential cabinet as Secretary of Social Development. In January 2008 she left the cabinet and returned to the senate.

References

1957 births
Living people
Politicians from Yucatán (state)
People from Mérida, Yucatán
National Action Party (Mexico) politicians
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Members of the Senate of the Republic (Mexico)
Mexican people of Basque descent
Women members of the Senate of the Republic (Mexico)
Members of the Congress of Yucatán
21st-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican women politicians
Women members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán alumni
Academic staff of Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán
University of Kentucky alumni

Beatriz Zavala


Entertainment Software Ass'n v. Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada, 2012 SCC 34, is a landmark Supreme Court of Canada judgement that clarified the nature of and relationship between, the bundle of rights created for copyright owners under section 3(1) of the Copyright Act of Canada. In particular, the Supreme Court considered the relationship between the reproduction and communication rights under the Copyright Act, and applied the principle of technological neutrality to hold that downloading a work engaged only the reproduction right, and not the communication right.

This judgement is one of a series of five important and interrelated copyright law decisions that the Supreme Court released in 2012.

Background
The Entertainment Software Association (ESA) is a coalition of video game publishers and distributors who enable their customers to download copies of video games over the internet. These games contain copyrighted musical works and are identical to the copies sold in stores or shipped to customers by mail. It is standard practice that video game publishers negotiate royalty fees for reproduction of the musical works with the copyright owners before the games are published. After negotiations, the copyright owners have no further rights once the game is sold, be it in a store or shipped to customers.

The Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada (SOCAN) is a collective society of composers, authors and publishers of music, which administers the right to communicate to the public by telecommunication the copyrighted works of its members. In 1995, SOCAN applied to the Copyright Board for a tariff covering downloads of musical works over the Internet. The tariff had been contested by various parties, and led to a previous judgment of the Supreme Court in Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada v. Canadian Assn. of Internet Providers.

The Copyright Board was tasked with determining which Internet-based acts engaged the rights of SOCAN's members under section 3(1) of the Copyright Act. Section 3(1) of the Copyright Act gives copyright owners:

the sole right to produce or reproduce the work or any substantial part thereof in any material form whatever, to perform the work or any substantial part thereof in public or, if the work is unpublished, to publish the work or any substantial part thereof, and includes the sole right....

Section 3(1) then lists additional subsections, including subsection (f) which reads, "in the case of any literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, to communicate the work to the public by telecommunication." The term "communicate" is not defined in the Act.

The Copyright Board concluded that the download of a file containing a musical work is a communication to the public by telecommunication within the meaning of s. 3(1)(f). Therefore, SOCAN's members were entitled to compensation when publishers sold the video games over the internet despite the fact that royalties had already been negotiated.

Decision of the lower court
ESA appealed the Copyright Board's decision to the Federal Court of Appeal. ESA argued that a download was an additional, more efficient way of delivering copies of video games to customers and did not amount to "communicating" that game to the public by telecommunication under section 3(1)(f).  SOCAN contended that copyright owners are entitled to compensation for communication of their works through internet downloads since reproduction and communication are different and independent rights under the Act. The Federal Court of Appeal affirmed the Copyright Board's decision that a download of a file containing a musical work is a communication to the public by telecommunication. ESA appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada.

Judgment of the Supreme Court of Canada
The issue before the Supreme Court was whether the download of a video game through the internet is a "communication to the public" within the meaning of s. 3(1)(f) of the Act.

Justices Abella and Moldaver delivered the majority judgment of the Court in a five to four decision. The Court held that the download of a permanent copy of a video game containing musical works using the internet did not amount to a "communication" under section 3(1)(f) of the Act. The Court reversed the Copyright Board's decision that SOCAN's members were entitled to additional compensation for communication of their works through internet downloads.

Technological neutrality
In coming to this conclusion, the Court first reasoned that if a separate tariff for "communication" was applied to downloads containing musical works it would violate the principle of technological neutrality embodied with section 3(1). The Court pinpointed the case of Robertson v. Thomson Corp. to highlight that the principle of technological neutrality "requires that the Copyright Act apply equally between traditional and more technologically advanced forms of the same media."

Double dipping
Absent evidence of Parliament's intent to the contrary, the principle required that the Copyright Act be interpreted to avoid "imposing an additional layer of protections and fees based solely on the method of delivery of the work to the end user." It was clear in the majority's reasoning that the internet was simply another, more efficient means of delivering the same end product that could be bought in a store or received through the mail. Since SOCAN had already been compensated by way of royalties, they were not entitled to additional compensation simply because the video games were being delivered over the internet rather than in physical form.

Legislative history
The Court then examined the legislative history of the Act . It reasoned that the communication right was "historically connected to the right to perform a work and not the right to reproduce permanent copies of the work." Justices Abella and Moldaver traced the development of section 3(1) of the Copyright Act starting at articles in the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works on which the original Copyright Act, 1921 was based. They then moved to the enactment of section 3(1)(f) in the 1931 Copyright Amendment Act. The Court ended at the last amendment to section 3(1)(f) in 1988.

By comparing the language used during the historical evolution of the Act and by also using evidence from legislative debates the Court was able to conclude that the use of the word "telecommunication" did not fundamentally change the nature of the communication right, it merely expanded the means of communicating a work. In the Court's eyes, the communication right was historically and still continues to be, a category of performance right and should not be transformed by the use of the word "telecommunication" to alter the traditional distinction in the Act between performance-based rights and rights of reproduction.

Significance
In addition to clarifying the nature of the communication right under section 3(1)(f) as it relates to downloads over the internet, the Supreme Court also addressed the broader issue of the relationship between the copyright owners general rights under section 3(1) of the Act and the specific rights  under the subsections of section 3(1). The Court held that the reproduction, performance and publishing rights in the introductory paragraph of section 3(1) provide the basic structure of copyright and the enumerated rights listed in the subsections are simply illustrations of the three broader rights. Therefore, the enumerated rights are not additional stand-alone rights, rather they are subcategories of the right to reproduce, to perform and to publish.

Subsequent amendments to the Copyright Act
On November 7, 2012, the Copyright Modernization Act came into force. The Act amended the Copyright Act, adding in section 2.4(1.1) which dictates that a "communication of a work…to the public by telecommunication includes making it available to the public by telecommunication in a way that allows a member of the public to have access to it from a place and at a time individually chosen by that member of the public."

Based on the language of this provision it is open to question if the Supreme Court's holding is still good law. SOCAN has subsequently submitted to the Copyright Board that this section creates a new right. SOCAN believes that they are entitled to a new tariff independent of if and how the musical works are subsequently transmitted to end-users. The first round of responses to SOCAN's submissions is due April 5, 2013.

See also
List of Supreme Court of Canada cases
 Rogers Communications Inc. v. Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada, 2012 SCC 35, a companion case clarifying the meaning of "communication to the public" in the context of online streaming music.
Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada v. Bell Canada, 2012 SCC 36, a companion case clarifying fair dealing in the context of streamed music.
Alberta (Education) v. Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency (Access Copyright), 2012 SCC 37, a companion case applying the fair dealing to photocopied textbooks in public schools.
Re:Sound v. Motion Picture Theatre Associations of Canada, 2012 SCC 38, a companion case clarifying the definition of "sound recording" in the context of soundtracks of cinematographic works.

References

External links

2012 in Canadian case law
Canadian copyright case law
Supreme Court of Canada cases
Video game copyright case law


Paul Glyn Williams (14 November 1922 – 10 September 2008) was a British Conservative Party politician who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sunderland South from 1953 to 1964. He was also a prominent businessman. He was one of 8 Conservative "Suez rebels" who resigned the Conservative Party whip to protest against the government's decision to withdraw from Suez.

Personal life

Williams was the son of businessman Samuel O. Williams and his wife Esmée (née Cail).  He was educated at Marlborough College and Trinity Hall, Cambridge (BA 1942), where he won a half blue in athletics and was secretary of the Cambridge University Conservative Association.  After graduating in 1942, he served as a flight lieutenant in the RAF during the Second World War, flying transport aircraft.

His first marriage, in 1947, was to former model, Barbara Joan Hardy. They had two daughters, but were divorced in 1964. He later married Gillian Foote, and they had one daughter. He lived near Devizes in Wiltshire.  He was survived by his second wife, and his three daughters.

Business activities
Williams became a businessman after his war service.  He was a director of: First South African Cordage, 1947–1954; Transair, 1953–1962; Hodgkinson Partners Ltd., PR consultants, 1956–1964; Minster Executive, 1977–1983; and Chairman of the Backer Electric Company Limited, 1978–1987, and of Henry Sykes, 1980–1983. He was a consultant to P-E International plc, 1983–1991, and to Hogg Robinson Career Services, 1991–1995.

He was chairman and managing director of Mount Charlotte Investments from 1966 to 1977, a hotel company that later merged with Thistle Hotels.

Politics
Williams also became politically active as a Conservative after the war.  He contested Arthur Blenkinsop's safe Labour seats of Newcastle upon Tyne East in February 1950, and then the marginal constituency of Sunderland South in October 1951, losing narrowly to Labour candidate Richard Ewart by 306 votes.  After Ewart's early death, Williams won the seat by 1,175 votes at a by-election in 1953, the first time that the government party had won an opposition seat in a by-election since 1924.

He became a "Suez rebel" in December 1953, urging the government to suspend negotiations with Egypt to evacuate the canal zone, and voted against the Conservative government's Suez policy in July 1954.  He increased his majority in the May 1955 general election, but, after further disagreement with government policy to withdraw from Suez, he and seven other backbench Conservative MPs resigned their party's whip in May 1957.  He sat as an Independent Conservative until he and four other rebels were persuaded to resume the whip in July 1958.  He was re-elected with a reduced majority in 1959.  He lost his seat in the October 1964 general election, with Labour candidate Gordon Bagier winning by 1,566 votes.

He held right-wing views, being pro-British Empire, anti-Europe and anti-American, and supported white governments in Africa. He supported white rule in Southern Rhodesia and South Africa. His views were almost polar opposites of those held by the new Conservative leader in 1964, Edward Heath, who remarked of Williams in 1966: "I thoroughly disagree with his views. I always have and I suspect I always will. They are not the view of the modern Tory party, nor the views of the great majority of people in this country."  After that rebuke, there was little chance that Williams's parliamentary career would revive.

An early member (1962) of the Conservative Monday Club, Williams was National Club Chairman from 1964 to 1969, standing down in the latter year because of business pressures. In November 1965, Peterborough in the Daily Telegraph stated that "the Club owed a good deal of its standing to its Chairman, Paul Williams", and commended his "political acumen". In 1966 he issued a press statement on behalf of the club criticising the conservative opposition: "Mr Angus Maude is right in saying that 'to the electorate at large the opposition has become a meaningless irrelevance.' To some of us outside Parliament it appears to be neither Conservative nor an opposition ... we must oppose socialism, not condone it." In his outgoing Chairman's address at the club's AGM in April 1969 Williams called for a more aggressive opposition, appealing for "patriotism and moral rejuvenation, and a return for self-respect in the individual and the nation". (Copping, (ii) pp. 13, 16).  He remained on the club's executive council until 1973 and was still listed as a vice-president in 1991.

References
 Copping, Robert, The Story of the Monday Club - The First Decade, London: Current Affairs Information Service, April 1972
 Who's Who (various editions, London: A. and C. Black, annual publication)
 Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, 11 September 2008
 Obituary, The Guardian, 15 September 2008
 Obituary, The Times, 15 September 2008

External links

Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
British hoteliers
Royal Air Force officers
Royal Air Force pilots of World War II
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
People educated at Marlborough College
1922 births
2008 deaths
20th-century English businesspeople

Paul Williams (Conservative politician)


"Anthology of Interest I" is the sixteenth episode in the  second season of the American animated television series Futurama, and the 29th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 21, 2000. This episode, as well as the later "Anthology of Interest II", serves to showcase three "imaginary" stories, in a manner similar to the "Treehouse of Horror" episodes of Matt Groening's other animated series The Simpsons.

The episode is noteworthy for featuring the addition of Scruffy, the Janitor, to the staff of Planet Express, and as a recurring cast member, after his previous appearance as a stagehand during the Beastie Boys concert in "Hell Is Other Robots".

Plot
Professor Farnsworth shows the crew his new invention, the Fing-Longer, a glove with a long rod meant to be used as an extension of the index finger. He demonstrates it by activating the What-if machine, a device that allows the user to view a simulation of a hypothetical scenario after the user asks it a 'what-if' question.

Terror at 500 Feet
Bender offers to take the first turn and asks what would happen if he were 500 feet tall. The simulation begins with the giant Bender being built by hundreds of regular-sized bending units on some distant planet. He flies to Earth, where he meets Fry, having recently arrived in the 31st century. Bender takes a liking to him and they become friends.

After Bender destroys nearly all of Central Park while playing with Fry, the military is sent to deal with him. The military is unable to damage Bender with their electric weapons, and Bender continues to wreak havoc upon New New York. To combat Bender, the Professor uses his Enlarging Ray on Zoidberg, only to see him wreak havoc as well. Zoidberg is interrupted by Bender who is not pleased with Zoidberg destroying "his" city. The two fight, with their battle causing massive damage. Bender fills Shea Stadium with boiling water and pushes Zoidberg into it. An enraged and boiled Zoidberg rises out of the water and snaps off Bender's feet, causing him to fall over and impale himself on the Empire State Building. A tearful Fry admonishes the citizens of New New York about the tragedy of Bender, whose final words lament his inability to fulfill his dream to kill all humans. Bender dies, and the scenario ends as the onlookers silently watch on.

Dial L for Leela
The Professor asks Leela to ask a question. Leela refuses at first, but the rest of the crew teases her for not being impulsive. She asks what would happen if she were slightly more impulsive

In the simulation, Leela shows off a new pair of boots, bought on a wild impulse - according to her. However, the only difference is a green stripe down the side, which is of no interest to anyone. The Professor tells Leela that he has designated her as his sole heir due to her lack of impulsiveness. Leela then karate-kicks Farnsworth on an impulse, sending him into a pit housing his pet man-eating anteaters where he is devoured alive.

When Hermes discovers the Professor's fate, he shows Leela the Professor's video will, which shows Leela kicking him into the anteater pit. Leela bludgeons Hermes to death to cover up the first murder. Later, Bender walks in on Leela while she is getting rid of Hermes' body parts in the sink disposal. He is morally unconcerned, but takes the opportunity to blackmail Leela. She kills Bender by exposing him to the radiation from an open microwave oven and turns his body into a toy car. Realizing she went too far, Leela resolves to chew gum on the next murderous impulse. However, after Amy makes a derisive comment about her, Leela promptly murders her as well, not having any gum.

Zoidberg holds a meeting with the rest of the crew to determine the identity of the killer. Leela shuts off the lights, and kills the crew one by one with a sword until only Fry remains, who then leaves the meeting out of boredom. The next morning, Fry notices Leela eating lobster (which is actually Zoidberg) and accepts her offer to have some with her. Fry realizes that Leela was responsible for the murders, forcing Leela to "do something really impulsive": have sex with Fry to keep him quiet.

The Un-Freeze of a Lifetime
Fry asks what would happen if he had not been frozen.

In this alternate history, Fry narrowly misses falling into the cryogenic tube, and is never frozen. A rift in the space-time continuum appears, which shows the Planet Express crew in the future. The next day, while telling Mr. Panucci, who dismisses his story, Fry is overheard by regular customer Stephen Hawking who arranges for Fry to be abducted on his way home from work. Fry is introduced to the "Vice Presidential Action Rangers", led by Al Gore, whose constitutional duty is to protect the space-time continuum. His group is filled out by Hawking, Nichelle Nichols, Gary Gygax, and Deep Blue.

Fry explains what happened the previous night. They determine Fry was supposed to die and try to kill him. Another rift appears during the attempted murder, with Bender throwing a beer bottle at the Rangers. Nichols suggests that Fry be frozen in order to stabilize the space-time continuum. Gygax gives Fry his "+1 mace" for protection in the future. Fry suddenly smashes the tube with the mace, creating a paradox and causing the universe to collapse into a space-time rift. All that remains is Fry and the Rangers, floating in a featureless void. The scenario ends with them playing Dungeons & Dragons for the next quadrillion years.

Conclusion
After the end of Fry's scenario, the Professor curses the What-if machine for simulating scenarios even he found preposterous and dumps it into the trash. He judges the Fing-Longer to be a success and is congratulated by the crew. It is then shown that everything before was just a simulation by the What-if machine created when the Professor asked what would have happened if he had invented the Fing-Longer, leaving him to lament the unfulfilled possibilities.

Broadcast and reception
This episode guest starred Nichelle Nichols and Al Gore, who would make later appearances in "Where No Fan Has Gone Before" and "Crimes of the Hot" respectively.  Al Gore received some criticism for his appearance because parts of the show "conflicted starkly with the anti-violence, anti-smoking and family-values themes of Gore's campaign." Gore's spokesperson responded by stating that most viewers would recognize that the show was meant to be entertaining and that it would be taken in the right spirit.

This episode is one of four featured in the Monster Robot Maniac Fun Collection as one of Matt Groening's four favorite episodes of the series. In 2006, IGN.com ranked this episode as number thirteen on their list of the top 25 episodes of Futurama, noting that although the plots of the three individual segments were not the best work of Futurama, they were each considered to have "killer" comedy.

Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B, stating, "[T]his still feels like something of a wasted opportunity. If an episode is going to purposefully shirk its story responsibilities, it needs to offer something more that just the fact of its existence. Bender's 'What if I was 500 feet tall?' story has some good gags, and the fight with Zoidberg is fun (and disturbing), but finding out that he and Fry would still have been friends no matter their respective sizes isn't enough to justify the segment. I'm probably just being overly critical here, but the last segment at least demonstrated some ambition. On the whole, 'Anthology' plays out like a moderately engaging thought experiment; certainly not a complete waste, but nothing that justifies the existence of the experiment over another entry that played by the rules."

References

External links

Anthology of Interest I at The Infosphere.

Futurama (season 2) episodes
2000 American television episodes
Television episodes about time travel
Al Gore
Cultural depictions of Al Gore
Stephen Hawking
Cultural depictions of Stephen Hawking
Television episodes written by Ken Keeler

Anthology of Interest I


(Polish: ) is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic, on the border with Poland. It was a separate municipality but became administratively a part of Třinec (Trzyniec) in 1960. It lies in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia and has a population of 287 (1 January 2008).

The name is patronymic in origin derived from personal name Kojek.

History
The village was first mentioned in 1457 as Koykowicze. Politically it belonged then to the Duchy of Teschen, formed in 1290 in the process of feudal fragmentation of Poland and was ruled by a local branch of Piast dynasty. In 1327 the duchy became a fee of the Kingdom of Bohemia, which after 1526 became part of the Habsburg monarchy.

After Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire a modern municipal division was introduced in the re-established Austrian Silesia. The village as a municipality was subscribed to the political and legal district of Cieszyn. According to the censuses conducted in 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 the population of the municipality grew from 249 in 1880 to 274 in 1910 with a majority being native Polish-speakers (99.3%-100%) in 1900 accompanied by 2 Czech-speaking people. In terms of religion in 1910 majority were Protestants (78.8%), followed by Roman Catholics (20.8%). The village was also traditionally inhabited by Cieszyn Vlachs, speaking Cieszyn Silesian dialect.

There wasn't a school in the village and local children were forced to attend schools in surrounding villages, mostly in Puńców. Number of children rose and economic situation of the village improved, so in 1902 local villagers decided to build their own school. It was finished in 1907 and served local community since that year. It was naturally a Polish school as at that time Kojkowice was ethnically 100% Polish. It served 54 years and was closed in 1961 due to the lack of children.

After World War I, fall of Austria-Hungary, Polish–Czechoslovak War and the division of Cieszyn Silesia in 1920, it became a part of Czechoslovakia. Following the Munich Agreement, in October 1938 together with the Zaolzie region it was annexed by Poland, administratively adjoined to Cieszyn County of Silesian Voivodeship. It was then annexed by Nazi Germany at the beginning of World War II. After the war it was restored to Czechoslovakia.

Czech school in Kojkovice was built in 1932 and was one of the last Czech schools built in Zaolzie at that time. It was closed in 1961 also due to the lack of children.

People
Polish historian Stanisław Zahradnik was born here.

See also
 Polish minority in the Czech Republic

Footnotes

References

Třinec
Villages in Frýdek-Místek District
Neighbourhoods in the Czech Republic

Kojkovice


Sunitha Wickramasinghe, FRCP FRCPath was a Sri Lankan born British academic and haematologist. A Professor of Haematology, he was the former Deputy Dean of the Imperial College School of Medicine and one of the world's leading authorities on congenital dyserythropoietic anaemias

Born to a family of scientists, his father was a Cambridge educated mathematician. Educated at the Royal College Colombo, he went on to study medicine at the Colombo Medical College, University of Ceylon graduating with an MBBS degree in 1964. Moving to the United Kingdom, he specialized in haematology and carried out research at the University of Cambridge where he was elected to a Gulbenkian Research Studentship. He gained his PhD in 1968 and was elected to the John Lucas Walker Senior (post-doctoral) Studentship in 1968 along with receiving a ScD in 1984. He was elected to Fellowships of the Royal College of Pathologists, the Institute of Biology and received Honorary Membership, later Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians as well as being made a Honorary Fellow of the Sri Lanka College of Haematology.

Prof Wickramasinghe carried out research at the University of Leeds, thereafter he joined the St Mary's Hospital Medical School in 1970, serving until his retirement in 2000. During this time he was appointed Professor of Haematology and was Deputy Dean at Imperial College School of Medicine at St Mary's. He introduced the BSc course in haematology at St Mary's.

References

20th-century British medical doctors
British medical researchers
Sri Lankan hematologists
Alumni of Royal College, Colombo
Alumni of the University of Ceylon (Colombo)
Alumni of Churchill College, Cambridge
Academics of the University of Leeds
Academics of Imperial College London
British haematologists
English people of Sri Lankan descent
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
Fellows of the Royal College of Pathologists

Sunitha Wickramasinghe


A van is a type of vehicle. A van can carry either goods or people. A van is usually bigger than the regular sized car, but relatively smaller than a truck/lorry or a bus. Panel vans (vans whose cargo space has no side windows) are used for deliveries and carrying goods. These usually have large cargo space and few windows. A van which is used to carry people is often called a minibus. It can usually carry many people, sometimes up to a total of 15 (like in hatchbacks, station wagons, and SUVs).

Unlike a pickup truck, many companies make vans, including Chevrolet, Daihatsu, Dodge, Fiat, Ford, GMC, Honda, Hyundai, Isuzu, Mazda, Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Subaru, Suzuki, Toyota, Vauxhall, and Volkswagen.

You may usually drive a van with the same driver's license as an ordinary car, but the heaviest and largest vans may require a truck licence.

Minivans

A minivan is smaller and usually carries up to seven people (like in hatchbacks, station wagons, and SUVs).

Related pages

 Ambulance
 Pickup truck
 Truck
 Minivan

Van


Gardiner Lane is a neighborhood in eastern Louisville, Kentucky, United States.  Its boundaries are Emerson Avenue to the north, Bardstown Road to the east, I-264 to the south, and Tremont Drive to the west.  As with surrounding neighborhoods, it was farmland well into the first half of the 1900s. 16 subdivisions were developed from 1913 to 1950.

The first developed area was on Tremont Drive between Tyler and Dahlia Avenues in 1913. The final subdivision in the neighborhood was Welbrooke Avenue, which was completed in 1950.

Assumption High School, opened in 1954, is located in the neighborhood.

References

Gardiner Lane street map.

Neighborhoods in Louisville, Kentucky
1913 establishments in Kentucky
Populated places established in 1913

Gardiner Lane, Louisville


The Yamasa Institute (Japanese: YAMASA言語文化学院) is a private Japanese Language school located in Okazaki, Aichi Prefecture.

The Institute began language instruction in 1989, and was founded through the Hattori Foundation, a philanthropic educational organization established in 1919. The Yamasa Institute is one of only 17 accredited Japanese language schools in Aichi. The school originally occupied one floor of the "Yamasa II" office block, but has grown to incorporate most of the building.

The Institute is accredited by the Nisshinkyo, the governing body established by the Japanese Government (Ministry of Education Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Justice) and education providers. They also have programs which issue student visas.

The school conducts instruction in a wide range of courses relating to Japanese language and culture, with its main programs being the SILAC (short acquisition) options and the AIJP (intensive) courses.

The school accommodates approximately 150 students during peak time in the Northern Hemisphere summer holidays. Since its inception, Yamasa has provided Japanese language tuition to students from over 80 countries.

The school also provides housing to almost all students, and runs an extensive Homestay programme with families in the Okazaki and Mikawa regions.

References

External links
 Yamasa Institute Official Website

Schools in Aichi Prefecture
1989 establishments in Japan
Okazaki, Aichi

Yamasa Institute


Mayflower School was founded on 27 January 1956 by Tai Solarin, a Nigerian educator, humanist and civil rights pioneer, who was married to Sheila Mary Tuer, an English woman; they had two children Corin and Tunde Solarin. The school is located on a vast piece of land in Ikenne, Ogun State, Nigeria. It is a 90 acres of land school. Named after the historical Mayflower ship that brought the first batch of pilgrims to the United States. Like the pilgrims, Solarin founded the school in personal rebellion against religious persecution.

Mayflower preaches a very strong educational philosophy grounded in self-reliance, self-sacrifice, public service and physical toughness.  In Solarin's words, the students must be "rugged." Since the school was first established, in the boarding house, female students are forbidden from using any form of cosmetics. A rigorous, military-style living regimen requires that every student wake up at 5:00 am for a round of moderate physical exercise which involved running and in-field stretches. In his days, Dr. Solarin would often be the first to show up for these exercises. He urged his students to always "lead by example."

The school's motto is "Knowledge is Light" and it is noted for the outstanding quality of its graduates, many of whom are leaders in Nigeria and abroad.

Every student is taught the basics of rudimentary and mechanized farming as part of a well rounded, self-sustaining education.

The students wear a uniform styled after Tai Solarin's trademark apparel —simple khaki shorts and short-sleeve shirts. This applies to both male and female students. Graduates of the school are called "Ex-Mays."

The school's sound academic reputation has produced a long record of achievements, including the first national female chemical engineer.

History
When Mayflower School opened on 27 January 1956, it had 70 students, and in 1992, it had 1,900, including more than 800 girls. Tai Solarin was its principal from 1956 to 1976.

In 1962 a team of 13 American college and university students spent June and July at Mayflower under the sponsorship of Operation Crossroads Africa.  The team worked with counterpart students from Wesley College, Ibadan, to construct a building that would serve as a library for the school.  The team was led by the then College Chaplain of Alma College, Alma, Michigan.  As a consequence of the Crossroads experience, a relationship was formed between Alma and Mayflower School.  Between 1963 and 1988, annually, an Alma College student spent the year as a teacher at Mayflower. In the course of the relationship several Mayflower students studied at, and graduated from, Alma College; and Tai Solarin was awarded the college's honorary degree.  The Crossroads and Alma College connection is detailed in Solarin's own history, Mayflower, The Story of a School, (Lagos, Nigeria, John West Publications, 1970).

Notable alumni
Oladapo Afolabi, former Head of Service of the Federation of Nigeria
William Kumuyi, founder Deeper Christian Life Ministry
Dayo Amusa, actress and singer
Richard Bamisile, politician
Tunji Disu, Police Officer
DO2dTUN, on-air personality, video jockey, actor and media entrepreneur
Chude Jideonwo, lawyer, journalist and media entrepreneur
Anthony Joshua, world heavyweight champion boxer
Pepenazi, songwriter, recording artiste and performer
Isio De-laVega Wanogho, supermodel, columnist, painter, and Interior architect

References

External links
 Mayflower School, Ikenne: https://mayflowerprivateschool.com
 Ex-mays on the web: https://web.archive.org/web/20061205032900/http://ex-mays.com/
 Ex-mays on the web - MSN Group: https://web.archive.org/web/20071111005348/http://groups.msn.com/MayflowerSchoolStudents/_whatsnew.msnw
 Ex-mays on the web: https://web.archive.org/web/20080605064452/http://www.exmays.net/
 Alma College: http://www.alma.edu
 Operation Crossroads Africa: http://operationcrossroadsafrica.org/

1956 establishments in Nigeria
Educational institutions established in 1956
Secondary schools in Ogun State

Mayflower School


Antonio Giorgetti (1635 – 24 December 1669) was an Italian sculptor.  He was born and died in Rome, where he spent his entire career, a disciple of Gian Lorenzo Bernini.  His most prominent sculpture is the Angel with the Sponge on the Ponte Sant'Angelo, where he was working under the direction of Bernini, who provided sketches and in some instances bozzetti for the angels.
For Borromini's Capella Spada in the church of San Girolamo della Carità (1660), Giorgetti provided the two kneeling angels that hold up the jasper draperies that serve as a balustrade to the altar.

By January 1660, Giorgetti was sufficiently closely linked to Cardinal Francesco Barberini to be referred to in several Barberini accounts as nostro scultore.

Although sometimes attributed to Antonio, the recumbent statue of Saint Sebastian (c. 1671/72) in the Basilica di San Sebastiano fuori le mura on the via Appia, Rome, is by his younger brother Giuseppe Giorgetti, who became head of the Giorgetti workshop after his brother's death.

Notes

17th-century Italian sculptors
Italian male sculptors
1635 births
1670 deaths
Pupils of Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Antonio Giorgetti


In Riemannian geometry, an exponential map is a map from a subset of a tangent space TpM of a Riemannian manifold (or pseudo-Riemannian manifold) M to M itself.  The (pseudo) Riemannian metric determines a canonical affine connection, and the exponential map of the (pseudo) Riemannian manifold is given by the exponential map of this connection.

Definition
Let  be a differentiable manifold and  a point of .  An affine connection on  allows one to define the notion of a straight line through the point .

Let  be a tangent vector to the manifold at .  Then there is a unique geodesic :[0,1] →  satisfying  with initial tangent vector .  The corresponding exponential map is defined by . In general, the exponential map is only locally defined, that is, it only takes a small neighborhood of the origin at , to a neighborhood of  in the manifold. This is because it relies on the theorem of existence and uniqueness for ordinary differential equations which is local in nature.  An affine connection is called complete if the exponential map is well-defined at every point of the tangent bundle.

Properties
Intuitively speaking, the exponential map takes a given tangent vector to the manifold, runs along the geodesic starting at that point and goes in that direction, for a unit time. Since v corresponds to the velocity vector of the geodesic, the actual (Riemannian) distance traveled will be dependent on that. We can also reparametrize geodesics to be unit speed, so equivalently we can define expp(v) = β(|v|) where β is the unit-speed geodesic (geodesic parameterized by arc length) going in the direction of v. As we vary the tangent vector v we will get, when applying expp, different points on M which are within some distance from the base point p—this is perhaps one of the most concrete ways of demonstrating that the tangent space to a manifold is a kind of "linearization" of the manifold.

The Hopf–Rinow theorem asserts that it is possible to define the exponential map on the whole tangent space if and only if the manifold is complete as a metric space (which justifies the usual term  geodesically complete for a manifold having an exponential map with this property).  In particular, compact manifolds are geodesically complete. However even if expp is defined on the whole tangent space, it will in general not be a global diffeomorphism. However, its differential at the origin of the tangent space is the identity map and so, by the inverse function theorem we can find a neighborhood of the origin of TpM on which the exponential map is an embedding (i.e., the exponential map is a local diffeomorphism). The radius of the largest ball about the origin in TpM that can be mapped diffeomorphically via expp is called the injectivity radius of M at p. The cut locus of the exponential map is, roughly speaking, the set of all points where the exponential map fails to have a unique minimum.

An important property of the exponential map is the following lemma of Gauss (yet another Gauss's lemma): given any tangent vector v in the domain of definition of expp, and another vector w based at the tip of v (hence w is actually in the double-tangent space Tv(TpM)) and orthogonal to v, w remains orthogonal to v when pushed forward via the exponential map. This means, in particular, that the boundary sphere of a small ball about the origin in TpM is orthogonal to the geodesics in M determined by those vectors (i.e., the geodesics are radial). This motivates the definition of geodesic normal coordinates on a Riemannian manifold.

The exponential map is also useful in relating the abstract definition of curvature to the more concrete realization of it originally conceived by Riemann himself—the sectional curvature is intuitively defined as the Gaussian curvature of some surface (i.e., a slicing of the manifold by a 2-dimensional submanifold) through the point p in consideration. Via the exponential map, it now can be precisely defined as the Gaussian curvature of a surface through p determined by the image under expp of a 2-dimensional subspace of TpM.

Relationships to exponential maps in Lie theory
In the case of Lie groups with a bi-invariant metric—a pseudo-Riemannian metric invariant under both left and right translation—the exponential maps of the pseudo-Riemannian structure are the same as the exponential maps of the Lie group. In general, Lie groups do not have a bi-invariant metric, though all connected semi-simple (or reductive) Lie groups do. The existence of a bi-invariant Riemannian metric is stronger than that of a pseudo-Riemannian metric, and implies that the Lie algebra is the Lie algebra of a compact Lie group; conversely, any compact (or abelian) Lie group has such a Riemannian metric.

Take the example that gives the "honest" exponential map. Consider the positive real numbers R+, a Lie group under the usual multiplication. Then each tangent space is just R. On each copy of R at the point y, we introduce the modified inner product

multiplying them as usual real numbers but scaling by y2 (this is what makes the metric left-invariant, for left multiplication by a factor will just pull out of the inner product, twice — canceling the square in the denominator).

Consider the point 1 ∈ R+, and x ∈ R an element of the tangent space at 1. The usual straight line emanating from 1, namely y(t) = 1 + xt covers the same path as a geodesic, of course, except we have to reparametrize so as to get a curve with constant speed ("constant speed", remember, is not going to be the ordinary constant speed, because we're using this funny metric). To do this we reparametrize by arc length (the integral of the length of the tangent vector in the norm  induced by the modified metric):

and after inverting the function to obtain  as a function of , we substitute and get

Now using the unit speed definition, we have

giving the expected ex.

The Riemannian distance defined by this is simply

See also
List of exponential topics

Notes

References

 . See Chapter 1, Sections 2 and 3.
 . See Chapter 3.

 .
 .

Differential geometry
Riemannian geometry

Exponential map (Riemannian geometry)


Velarization or velarisation is a secondary articulation of consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant.
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, velarization is transcribed by one of four diacritics:
A tilde or swung dash through the letter  covers velarization, uvularization and pharyngealization, as in  (the velarized equivalent of )
A superscript Latin gamma  after the letter standing for the velarized consonant, as in  (a velarized )
To distinguish velarization from a velar fricative release,  may be used instead of <ref>Vd. Tryon (1995) Comparative Austronesian Dictionary"</ref>
A superscript   indicates either simultaneous velarization and labialization, as in  or , or labialization of a velar consonant, as in .
Although electropalatographic studies have shown that there is a continuum of possible degrees of velarization, the IPA does not specify any way to indicate degrees of velarization, as the difference has not been found to be contrastive in any language. However, the IPA convention of doubling diacritics to indicate a greater degree can be used: .

Examples

English

A common example of a velarized consonant  is the velarized alveolar lateral approximant (or "dark L"). In some accents of English, such as Received Pronunciation and arguably General American English, the phoneme  has "dark" and "light" allophones: the "dark", velarized allophone  appears in syllable coda position (e.g. in full), while the "light", non-velarized allophone  appears in syllable onset position (e.g. in lawn). Other accents of English, such as Scottish English, Australian English, and potentially standard U.S. and Canadian accents, have "dark L" in all positions.

Velarized /l/
 Albanian phonemically contrasts light l and dark ll Catalan dialect and allophonic variance
 Portuguese dialect and allophonic variance
 Turkish
 Kurdish
For many languages, velarization is generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants so that dark l tends to be dental or dentoalveolar, and clear l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.

Other velarized consonants
Danish realizes  in some environments as a velarized .
Irish and Marshallese have velarized consonants that systematically contrast with palatalized consonants.
Similarly, Russian has velarized consonants as allophones of the non-palatalized (plain) series, especially prominent before front vowels and with labial and velar consonants as well as the lateral.
Scottish Gaelic has a three-way contrast in nasals and laterals between  and
Kurdish has three velarized consonants (, , and ) which contrast with plain ones.
Gilbertese has three velarized consonants (/mˠ/, /pˠ/, and /βˠ/), two of which (/mˠ/ and /pˠ/) contrast with a plain form.

The palatalized/velarized contrast is known by other names, especially in language pedagogy: in Irish and Scottish Gaelic language teaching, the terms slender (for palatalized) and broad (for velarized) are often used. In Scottish Gaelic the terms are caol (for palatalized) and leathann (for velarized).

The terms light or clear (for non-velarized or palatalized) and dark (for velarized) are also widespread. The terms "soft l " and "hard l " are not equivalent to "light l " and "dark l'' ". The former pair refers to palatalized ("soft" or iotated) and plain ("hard") Slavic consonants.

References

Sources

Phonetics
Phonology
Australian English
Scottish English
Velar consonants
Secondary articulation

Velarization


Germantown is an urbanized census-designated place in Montgomery County, Maryland. With a population of 91,249 as of the 2020 census, it is the third most populous place in Maryland, after Baltimore and Columbia. Germantown is located approximately  outside the U.S. capital of Washington, D.C., and is an important part of the Washington metropolitan area.

Germantown was founded in the early 19th century by European immigrants, though much of the area's development did not take place until the mid-20th century. The original plan for Germantown divided the area into a downtown and six town villages: Gunners Lake Village, Kingsview Village, Churchill Village, Middlebrook Village, Clopper's Mill Village, and Neelsville Village. The Churchill Town Sector at the corner of Maryland Route 118 and Middlebrook Road most closely resembles the center of Germantown because of the location of the Upcounty Regional Services Center, the Germantown Public Library, the Black Rock Arts Center, and pedestrian shopping that features an array of restaurants. Three exits to Interstate 270 [I-270] are less than one mile away, the Maryland Area Regional Commuter train is within walking distance, and the Germantown Transit Center that provides Ride On shuttle service to the Shady Grove station of the Washington Metro's Red Line.

Germantown has the assigned ZIP codes of 20874 and 20876 for delivery and 20875 for post office boxes. It is the only "Germantown, Maryland" recognized by the United States Postal Service, though three other Maryland counties have unincorporated communities with the same name.

History

Early history (1830–1865)
In the 1830s and 1840s, the central business area was focused around the intersection of Liberty Mill Road and Clopper Road. Several German immigrants set up shop at the intersection and the town became known as "German Town", even though most residents of the town were of English or Scottish descent.

American Civil War

Although it avoided much of the physical destruction that ravaged other cities in the region, the Civil War was still a cause of resentment and division among residents of Germantown. Many Germantown residents were against slavery and had sons fighting for the Union Army. In contrast, other residents of Germantown owned slaves, and even those who were not slave-owners had sons fighting for the Confederate Army. As a result, many people in Germantown, who had been on friendly terms with each other, made an effort not to interact with each other, such as switching churches, or frequenting a store or mill miles away from the ones they would normally do business with.

Late in the summer and fall of 1861, there were more than twenty thousand Union soldiers camped to the west of Germantown, in neighboring Darnestown and Poolesville. Occasionally, these soldiers would come to Germantown and frequent the stores there. In September 1862 and in June 1863, several regiments of Union Army soldiers marched north on Maryland Route 355, on their way to the battles of Antietam and Gettysburg, respectively. In July 1864, General Jubal Early led his army of Confederate soldiers down Maryland Route 355 to attack the Union capital of Washington, D.C. Throughout the course of the war, Confederate raiders would often pass through the Germantown area. Local farmers in the Germantown area lost horses and other livestock to both Union and Confederate armies.

Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
In 1865, George Atzerodt, a co-conspirator in the assassination of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, was captured in Germantown. Atzerodt had come to the town with his family from Prussia when he was about nine years old. About five years later, his father moved the family to Virginia, but Atzerodt still had many friends and relatives in Germantown. He was living in Port Tobacco during the Civil War, and supplementing his meager income as a carriage painter by smuggling people across the Potomac River in a rowboat. This clandestine occupation brought him into contact with John Surratt and John Wilkes Booth and he was drawn into a plot to kidnap President Lincoln. On April 14, 1865, Booth gave Atzerodt a gun and told him that he was to kill U.S. Vice President Andrew Johnson, which he refused to do. When he found out that Booth had shot Lincoln, Atzerodt panicked and fled to the Germantown farm of his cousin Hartman Richter, on Schaeffer Road near Clopper Road. He was discovered there by soldiers on April 20, six days after the assassination. Atzerodt was tried, convicted and hanged on July 7, 1865, along with co-conspirators Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, and David Herold at Washington, D.C.'s Fort McNair.

Expansion (1865–1950)
Germantown did not have a public school until after the end of the American Civil War. During that time, education was handled at home. In 1868, a one-room schoolhouse was built on Maryland Route 118, near Black Rock Road, which hosted children from both Germantown and neighboring Darnestown. In 1883, a larger one-room schoolhouse was built closer to Clopper Road. Another, newer school was constructed in 1910, on what is now the site of Germantown Elementary School. This school had four rooms, with two downstairs and two upstairs, with each room housing two grade levels. After the eighth grade, the students would head via train to nearby Rockville, for further education.

The wooden structure of the Bowman Brothers Mill fell victim to a fire in 1914. Four years later, the owners were back in business again, selling the mill to the Liberty Milling Company, a brand new corporation. Augustus Selby was the first owner and manager of the new Liberty Mill, which opened in 1918. Electricity was brought into Liberty Mill and also served the homes and businesses nearby, making Germantown the first area in the northern portion of Montgomery County to receive electricity.

In 1935, professional baseball player Walter Perry Johnson, who played as a pitcher for the Washington Senators (now the Minnesota Twins), purchased a farm on what is now the site of Seneca Valley High School. Used as a dairy farm, Johnson lived there with his five children and his mother (his wife had died), until his death in 1946.  A road near the school was named after him.

"Feed the Liberty Way" was used as a slogan for Liberty Mill which, with eight silos, became the second largest mill in all of Maryland, supplying flour to the United States Army during World War II. Cornmeal and animal feed were also manufactured at Liberty Mill, and a store at the mill sold specialty mixes, such as pancake and muffin mix. Following the end of World War II, the Liberty Mill went into disrepair. For over 25 years, the mill continued to deteriorate until it was destroyed by an arsonist on May 30, 1972. The cement silos were removed by the county in 1986 to make way for the MARC Germantown train station commuter parking lot.

Development and master plan (1950–1980)

In January 1958, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission was relocated from its location in downtown Washington, D.C., to Germantown, which was considered far enough from the city to withstand a Soviet nuclear attack. The facility now operates as an administration complex for the U.S. Department of Energy and headquarters for its Office of Biological and Environmental Research.

Marshall Davis owned a farm located where I-270 and Germantown Road intersect today. After I-270 divided his farm in two, Davis decided to sell the last of his land to the International Development Corporation for about $1,300 per acre in 1955. Fairchild-Hiller Corporation bought the land for about $4,000 per acre in 1964, and it built an industrial park on the land four years later. Harry Unglesee and his family sold their farm near Hoyles Mill Road for less than $1,000 per acre in 1959. Other farmers soon sold their land to developers and speculators as well.

The Germantown Master Plan was adopted in 1967. The plan for the  area included a dense central downtown area and less dense development surrounding it. In 1974, the Montgomery County Council approved an amended plan written by the Montgomery County Planning Board. The amended plan included a downtown area and six separate villages, each comprising smaller neighborhoods with schools, shopping areas, and public facilities. The amended plan also included the construction of a third campus for Montgomery College near the downtown area. The same year, the completion of a sewer line helped the development and growth of Germantown.

During the 1970s, Wernher von Braun, a German rocket scientist during World War II, worked for the aerospace company Fairchild Industries, which had offices in Germantown, as its vice president for Engineering and Development. Von Braun worked at Fairchild Industries from July 1, 1972, until his death on June 16, 1977. The A-10 Thunderbolt and the landing gear of the Space Shuttle were both designed at these offices.

The Germantown Campus of Montgomery College opened on October 21, 1978. At the time, it consisted of two buildings, 24 employees, and 1,200 students. Enrollment had increased to five thousand students by 2003, with eighty employees across four buildings. A steel water tower modeled after the Earth can be seen from orbiting satellites in outer space. As of 2008, a forty-acre bio-technology laboratory was nearing completion.

Economic growth and modern development (1980–present)

Since the early 1980s, Germantown has experienced rapid economic and population growth, both in the form of townhouses and single-family dwellings, and an urbanized "town center" has been built. Germantown was the fastest growing zip code in the Washington metropolitan area and Maryland in 1986, and the 1980s saw a population growth of 323.3% for Germantown.

In 2000, the Upcounty Regional Services Center opened in Germantown, and a 16,000 square feet section of the first floor was home to the Germantown Public Library for several years until it moved to a new, 19 million dollar complex in 2007. On September 29, 2013, it was renamed as the Sidney Kramer Upcounty Regional Services Center after Sidney Kramer, Montgomery County executive from 1986 to 1990.

In October 2000, the Maryland SoccerPlex opened in Germantown. The sports complex includes nineteen natural grass fields, three artificial fields, a 5,200 seat soccer stadium with lighting and press box, eight indoor convertible basketball/volleyball courts. Two miniature golf courses, a splash park, a driving range, an archery course, community garden, model boat pond, two BMX courses, tennis center, and a swim center are also located within the confines of the complex. The soccerplex was the home of the Washington Spirit of the National Women's Soccer League from 2013 to 2019.

On October 14, 2002, the D.C. snipers briefly stopped at Milestone Shopping center in Germantown.

In 2003, one of Germantown's trailer parks, the Cider Barrel Mobile Home Park, closed after decades of operation, having been in business since at least the 1970s. Despite this closure, the Barrel building itself was preserved, with a cluster of garden apartments erected near it.

On August 14, 2011, a 7-Eleven convenience store in downtown Germantown fell victim to a flash mob robbery of nearly forty people. The incident garnered widespread attention in the United States and internationally.

Holy Cross Health opened a  hospital on the campus of Montgomery College in October 2014, becoming the first hospital in the U.S. to be built on a community college campus. The opening of the new 93-bed hospital strengthened the college's medical program by giving students the opportunity for hands-on work and access to more advanced medical technology. The hospital was projected to eventually bring 5,000 new jobs to the area.

In August 2017, Brandi Edinger initiated efforts to crowdfund the repurposing of the historic Cider Barrel as a bakery via Kickstarter, but failed to meet the $80,000 goal set. On January 1, 2020, it was reported that plans are underway to reopen the Barrel in the spring of that year after it was closed for nearly two decades. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic it had been delayed indefinitely.

Geography
Germantown is located approximately 428 feet above sea level, at .

According to the United States Census Bureau, the community has a total area of 10.9 sq mi (28.0 km), of which all but  (0.46%) is land.

Climate
Germantown lies within the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen Cfa), with hot, humid summers, cool winters, and generous precipitation year-round. Its location above the Fall Line in the Piedmont region gives it slightly lower temperatures than cities to the south and east such as Washington, D.C., and Silver Spring. Summers are hot and humid with frequent afternoon thunderstorms. July is the warmest month, with an average temperature of .  Winters are cool but variable, with sporadic snowfall and lighter rain showers of longer duration.  January is the coldest month, with an average temperature of .  Average annual rainfall totals .

Demographics

As of 2013 estimates by the U.S. Census Bureau, Germantown had a population of 90,676. As of the census of 2010, there were 86,395 people, and 30,531 households residing in the area. The population density was .  The racial makeup of the area was 36.3% white, 21.8% African American, 0.2% Native American, 19.7% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from other races, and 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18.4% of the population.

There were 20,893 households, out of which 41.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.8% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.4% were non-families. 23.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.19.

In the area, the population was spread out, with 28.9% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 43.0% from 25 to 44, 17.3% from 45 to 64, and 3.1% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.9 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.6 males.

The median income for a household in Germantown was $76,061 as of a 2010 estimate by the website, City-Data. 6.5% of the population and 3.5% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 5.9% are under the age of 18 and 9.9% are 65 or older.

In 2023, WalletHub honored Germantown as the most ethnically diverse city in the United States.

Economy

Since development began in the late 20th century, Germantown has experienced economies of agglomeration, with many high-tech companies opening headquarters and other offices in Germantown and other areas along the I-270 corridor. Qiagen North America, Earth Network Systems Inc., Digital Receiver Technology Inc., Mid-Atlantic Federal Credit Union, and Hughes Network Systems all have their headquarters in Germantown.

In addition to the companies headquartered in Germantown, many have offices in the area, including Wabtec, Viasat, RADA USA, Mars Symbioscience, Xerox, General Electric Aviation, Earth Networks, WeatherBug, and Proxy Aviation Systems.

Government
Despite its size, Germantown has never been incorporated formally as a town or a city. It has no mayor or city council and is thus governed by Montgomery County. It is now represented by Democrat Marilyn Balcombe in the Montgomery County Council, after being represented by Craig L. Rice from 2010 through 2022. Germantown is part of two districts for the Maryland General Assembly, 15 (ZIP code 20874), and 39 (ZIP code 20876). For the US Congress, it is part of Maryland's 6th district.

The U.S. Department of Energy has its headquarters for the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in Germantown. The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission was moved from its location in downtown Washington, D.C., to the present-day U.S. Department of Energy building in Germantown because of fears of a Soviet nuclear attack on the U.S. capital. At the time, Germantown was believed to be far enough from Washington, D.C., to avoid the worst effects of a nuclear strike on the city. The facility now operates as an administration complex for the U.S. Department of Energy.

Education

All the public schools in Germantown are part of the Montgomery County Public Schools (MCPS) system. The elementary schools in Germantown are Cedar Grove Elementary School, Clopper Mill Elementary School, Fox Chapel Elementary School, Germantown Elementary School, Great Seneca Creek Elementary School, Captain James E. Daly Jr. Elementary School, Lake Seneca Elementary School, Ronald McNair Elementary School, Sally K. Ride Elementary School, Spark Matsunaga Elementary School, S. Christa McAuliffe Elementary School, Waters Landing Elementary School, and William B. Gibbs, Jr. Elementary School.

The four middle schools are Kingsview Middle School, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Middle School, Neelsville Middle School, and Roberto W. Clemente Middle School, which feed into three high schools: Northwest High School, Clarksburg High School and Seneca Valley High School. Students from Kingsview move on to Northwest, students from Neelsville move on to Clarksburg while those from Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Roberto W. Clemente Middle Schools move on to Seneca Valley High School. Additionally, the Longview School, which provides special education services, is located in Germantown.

Montgomery College, the largest higher education institution in Montgomery County, has its largest campus in Germantown. It is located on Observation Drive not far from the downtown area.

Culture

Music
The BlackRock Center for the Arts is located in the downtown Germantown, at the Germantown Town Center. The BlackRock Center for the Arts also sponsors the Germantown Oktoberfest, an annual festival held every year in the fall, which includes various genres of music, including traditional German folk, rock and pop. The Harmony Express Men's Chorus is a 4-part a cappella men's chorus based in Germantown.

The band Clutch is also from Germantown. Members of the group attended Seneca Valley High School together, with several members graduating with the Class of 1989. Two years later, in 1991, the band was formed.

Sports
The Maryland SoccerPlex sports complex is located in Germantown. Maureen Hendrick's Field at Championship Stadium hosts many amateur, collegiate, and regional soccer and lacrosse tournaments. The Montgomery County Road Runners Club annually hosts the Riley's Rumble Half Marathon & 8K that starts and finishes in the SoccerPlex. The SoccerPlex formerly hosted the Washington Spirit of the National Women's Soccer League. The Germantown Swim Center is also located within the SoccerPlex. The swim center has hosted many major swimming events including Metros and the 2022 Landmark Conference Swimming & Diving Championship.

Historical society
The Germantown Historical Society (GHS) was formed in 1990 as a non-profit organization with a mission to educate the public about local history and preserve local historic sites. The GHS office and future museum is located in the historic Germantown Bank (1922) at 19330 Mateny Hill Road, across from the MARC railroad station. The GHS offers lectures on local history and has traveling exhibits about Germantown. It also sells the books, Liberty Mill T-shirts, and other souvenirs. The main fundraiser for the organization is the Germantown Community Flea Market, held on the first Saturday of the month April through November in the MARC parking lot, Rt. 118 and Bowman Mill Drive, featuring more than 150 vendors.

Media
Germantown is served by a news and information website known as the Germantown Pulse. The Germantown Pulse covers a wide range of topics, including sports, schools, crime, music, and other events of note in the area.  However, its main website ceased to update by August 2019.

Veterans
Germantown veterans are served by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, American Legion Post 295. American Legion Post 295 sponsors Cub Scout Pack 436, a Venturing Crew and is establishing a Sea Scout Ship. American Legion Boys State and American Legion Baseball have been longtime programs supported by the Post.

Transportation

Germantown is bisected by I-270, one of Maryland's busiest highways. Northbound traffic heads toward Frederick and I-270 and southbound traffic heads toward Bethesda and the Capital Beltway. I-270 has three exits in Germantown.

Germantown also has a station on the MARC train's Brunswick Line, which operates over CSX's Metropolitan Subdivision. The station building itself, at the corner of Liberty Mill Road and Mateny Hill Road, is a copy of the original 1891 structure designed by E. Francis Baldwin for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.  The modern station building was rebuilt after it was destroyed by arson in 1978.

The Montgomery County public transit bus system, Ride On, serving Montgomery County with over 100 bus routes, operates a major transit hub in Germantown known as the Germantown Transit Center. The transit center serves approximately 20 routes, making it one of the largest transit centers in the county.

, a light rail system, the Corridor Cities Transitway, is under evaluation. If constructed, the system would connect the terminal of the Washington Metro Red Line, Shady Grove station in nearby Derwood to Germantown and continue northward to Clarksburg.

In popular culture
Germantown is featured in the video game Fallout 3 (2008). After the town has been destroyed by a nuclear war, 'Germantown Police HQ' subsequently becomes a mutant-run prison camp. While the in-game location name 'Germantown Police HQ' is actually a misnomer. The location is most likely based on the single real-life police station in the town, which is a County Police Station. Sam Fisher, the protagonist of the Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell video game series, lives on a farm in rural Germantown, according to the novelizations of the series.

Germantown is featured in several episodes of the U.S. television series The X-Files, notably as a hotbed for biomedical engineering and research, as in reality. There are indeed a handful of biomedical research facilities in the area. The show's creator, Chris Carter, stated that he decided to set several episodes in Germantown as his brother used to live in the town. In one or more episodes, Germantown is depicted as being near a wharf or harbor; this is not accurate to the actual area.

Notable people

Members of rock band Clutch, attended and formed the band at Seneca Valley High School
Danny Heater, a high school basketball player and single game scoring record holder lived in Germantown
Members of rock band, Hootie and the Blowfish, attended Seneca Valley High School
Walter Perry Johnson, a professional baseball pitcher for the Washington Senators, lived on a dairy farm in Germantown (where Seneca Valley High School currently stands) with his mother and children, from 1935 to his death in 1946
Mia Khalifa, a Lebanese pornographic actress and adult model, attended Northwest High School
Shahzeb "ShahZaM " Khan, former professional Counter-Strike: Global Offensive player and current Valorant player for G2 Esports, attended Roberto W. Clemente Middle School
Bobby Liebling of doom metal band Pentagram
Jake Rozhansky (born 1996), American-Israeli professional soccer player
Frank Warren, the founder of PostSecret
Isaiah Swann (born 1985), professional basketball player
Harvey D. Williams, African-American U.S. Army major general; lived in Germantown until his death in 2020
Edward William VI, former professional Street Fighter III: Third Strike Dudley player.

References

External links

 Hybrid satellite image/street map of Germantown, from WikiMapia

Census-designated places in Maryland
Planned communities in the United States
Census-designated places in Montgomery County, Maryland

Germantown, Maryland


Vinyl alcohol, also called ethenol (IUPAC name; not ethanol) or ethylenol, is the simplest enol. With the formula , it is a labile compound that converts to acetaldehyde immediately upon isolation near room temperature. It is not a practical precursor to any compound.

Synthesis
Vinyl alcohol can be formed by the pyrolytic elimination of water from ethylene glycol at a temperature of 900 °C and low pressure.

Tautomerization of vinyl alcohol to acetaldehyde
Under normal conditions, vinyl alcohol converts (tautomerizes) to acetaldehyde:

At room temperature, acetaldehyde () is more stable than vinyl alcohol () by 42.7 kJ/mol. Vinyl alcohol gas isomerizes to the aldehyde with a half-life of 30 min at room temperature..

The uncatalyzed keto–enol tautomerism by a 1,3-hydrogen migration is forbidden by the Woodward–Hoffmann rules and therefore has a high activation barrier and is not a significant pathway at or near room temperature. However, even trace amounts of acids or bases (including water) can catalyze the reaction. Even with rigorous precautions to minimize adventitious moisture or proton sources, vinyl alcohol can only be stored for minutes to hours before it isomerizes to acetaldehyde. (Carbonic acid is another example of a substance that is stable when rigorously pure, but decomposes rapidly due to catalysis by trace moisture.)

The tautomerization can also be catalyzed via photochemical process. These findings suggest that the keto–enol tautomerization is a viable route under atmospheric and stratospheric conditions, relevant to a role for vinyl alcohol in the production of organic acids in the atmosphere.

Vinyl alcohol can be stabilized by controlling the water concentration in the system and utilizing the kinetic favorability of the deuterium-produced kinetic isotope effect (kH+/kD+ = 4.75, kH2O/kD2O = 12). Deuterium stabilization can be accomplished through hydrolysis of a ketene precursor in the presence of a slight stoichiometric excess of heavy water (D2O). Studies show that the tautomerization process is significantly inhibited at ambient temperatures ( kt ≈ 10−6 M/s), and the half-life of the enol form can easily be increased to t1/2 = 42 minutes for first-order hydrolysis kinetics.

Relationship to poly(vinyl alcohol)
Because of the instability of vinyl alcohol, the thermoplastic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA or PVOH) is made indirectly by polymerization of vinyl acetate followed by hydrolysis of the ester bonds (Ac = acetyl; HOAc = acetic acid):

As a ligand
Several metal complexes are known that contain vinyl alcohol as a ligand. One example is Pt(acac)(η2-C2H3OH)Cl.

Occurrence in interstellar medium
Vinyl alcohol was detected in the molecular cloud Sagittarius B in 2001, the last of the three stable isomers of  (after acetaldehyde and ethylene oxide) to be detected in space. Its stability in the (dilute) interstellar medium shows that its tautomerization does not happen unimolecularly, a fact attributed to the size of the activation energy barrier to the rearrangement being insurmountable at temperatures present in interstellar space.  The vinyl alcohol to acetaldehyde rearrangement is the only keto-enol tautomerisation to have been detected in deep space, induced by the provision of secondary electrons from galactic cosmic rays.

References

Enols
Vinyl compounds
Organic compounds with 2 carbon atoms

Vinyl alcohol