Na France, Fichier des personnes décédéé ("ndebanye aha nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ") bụ aha etiti nke ndị nwụrụ na obodo kemgbe ).  Kemgbe Ọktoba 2019, a na-enweta ndekọ ahụ n'ịntanetị n'efu na enweghị ndebanye aha.

Data in the register
Ndebanye aha ahụ nwere ọnwụ kemgbe 1970, gụnyere.  N'ime afọ dị ugbu a, a na-enwe kwa ọnwa anIn France, File of deceased persons ("ndị nwụrụ n'ọnwụ") nke e bipụtara na France, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ na Obodo ukwu).  N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2019, ị ga-enwe ike ịnweta faịlụ nkeji nkeji iri na ise nke faịlụ aha.d nkeji iri anọ.  N'ime afọ gara aga, a na-achịkọta data ahụ n'otu faịlụ kwa afọ.[1]

Each entry concerns one person and contains the surname, first names, sex, date of birth, the Insee code of the place of birth (or country of birth for those born abroad), the name of the place of birth (for those born abroad also the name of the country of birth), the date of death, the Insee code of the place of death and the number in the death register of the respective municipality. The text fields contain only capital letters without diacritics.

Each data set is included in the file that corresponds to its date of processing at the Insee, not the date of death. The law gives French civil registry offices one week to report deaths to the Insee. For reports submitted in paper form by traditional mail, postal delivery and processing at the statistics bureau will cause an additional delay before the data are recorded. Public holidays or other circumstances affecting the work of the authorities involved may also cause delays. A file of the register published by Insee for a given period therefore usually contains a significant number of entries for previous reporting periods; conversely, not all deaths occurring during the reporting period are included in the file for that period. For example, the monthly file for March 2020 contained about 8,700 entries concerning deaths before 1 March, but the file was missing 9,500 cases of deaths in March that were not recorded until April.

Ndepụta nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ


Sir Kenneth Gilmour Younger KBE (15 December 1908 – 19 May 1976) was a British Labour politician and barrister who served in junior government posts during the Attlee government and was an opposition spokesman under Hugh Gaitskell but retired from Parliament early, disillusioned by party politics.

Family
Younger was the son of James Younger, 2nd Viscount Younger of Leckie and as such came from an upper-class background atypical of the Labour movement (he was also the brother of Conservative peer Edward Younger, 3rd Viscount Younger of Leckie and the uncle of future Conservative cabinet minister George Younger, 4th Viscount Younger of Leckie). The family lived at Gargunnock in Stirlingshire. After Winchester College and New College, Oxford, Younger read for the Bar and was called (Inner Temple) in 1932. Two years later he married Elizabeth Stewart. They had two daughters and one son (Sam, who became a BBC executive, and is now Chief Executive of the Charity Commission).

Entry into politics
During World War II, Younger served in the Intelligence Corps and rose to the rank of Major. At the end of December 1944 he was adopted as Labour candidate for Grimsby which was then held by Walter Womersley for the Conservatives with a small majority. In the 1945 general election Younger won easily. Philip Noel-Baker, who was Minister of State for Air, appointed Younger as his Parliamentary Private Secretary immediately after the election. This appointment did not stop Younger from trying to understand the lives of his constituents better: on 28 August 1945 he set sail on the steam trawler Marano from Grimsby as a 'spare hand' for an eight- or nine-day voyage to North Sea fishing grounds.

Ministerial office
His experience in intelligence led him to be appointed as Chairman of the UNRRA Committee of Council on Europe on 6 June 1946. Later that year he was named as part of the British delegation to the United Nations General Assembly, and on his return he opened an exhibition of the United Nations to the International Association of Journalists, also speaking to public meetings about the work of the UN. He was also a member of the Supreme Court Committee on Practice and Procedure. His abilities had caught the eye of Clement Attlee, and in a government reshuffle on 7 October 1947 he became Parliamentary Secretary to the Home Office.

Foreign Office work

Following the 1950 general election, Younger was promoted to be Minister of State at the Foreign Office, the deputy to Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin. Following Bevin's illness in April 1950, Younger became Acting Foreign Secretary. He picked up on British attempts at diplomacy to try to bring the Communists who had taken control of China into the international community, attempts that did not meet with success, although the United Kingdom did recognise the Communists as having de jure control. Younger also led on developing British policy in relation to the European Coal and Steel Community when it was first proposed; the government had wanted to participate but was unable to accept proposals drafted by the French government and therefore did not join.

At the time of the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, Bevin was ill and Younger played a central role in determining Britain's diplomatic reaction. Later that year he headed the British delegation to the UN General Assembly and introduced the British proposals for a negotiated ceasefire; he rejected Soviet proposals which contained a vague promise of 'free elections' in Korea but did not state how they were to be organised. Younger tried to assure the Chinese government that United Nations forces would not pursue the North Korean army further and attempt to invade China. In late October, he suggested the government of Czechoslovakia had been imposed on the country by the proximity of Soviet troops; this was angrily rejected by the delegate from that (former) country.

In opposition
Younger was rated a success by Attlee but was not of sufficient stature to take over when Bevin finally moved from the Foreign Office due to ill health in March 1951. He was one of the more prominent Labour speakers in the 1951 general election campaign, and following the election was made a member of the Privy Council in Attlee's resignation honours list. As a moderate, Younger offered himself as a candidate for the Parliamentary Labour Party Parliamentary Committee (the "Shadow Cabinet") in the early 1950s and served as an opposition spokesman. In 1955 he was elected to the Shadow Cabinet and served under Attlee and Gaitskell as Shadow Home Secretary.

Post-Parliamentary career
However, Younger soon lost interest in high-profile party politics and in 1957 he was defeated for the Shadow Cabinet. He was more interested in individual campaigns, becoming a member of the Homosexual Law Reform Society. He stood down from Parliament in 1959 (ceding his seat to Anthony Crosland, a fellow moderate). He became a Director of the Royal Institute of International Affairs (better known as "Chatham House") and from 1960 to 1973 he was chairman of the Howard League for Penal Reform.

Having experience in government, Younger was recruited to chair the Advisory Council on the Penal System in 1966, and to chair the Committee of Inquiry on Privacy from 1970 to 1972, receiving the KBE as a reward. In 1976 he was made Chairman of the Data Protection Committee but died before the inquiry had concluded. He was also Chairman of the Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham Area Health Authority from 1974 to 1976.

References
 "In the Midst of Events: Diaries and Papers of Kenneth G. Younger" edited by Geoffrey Warner (Routledge, 2005)  contains Younger's diaries during his time at the Foreign Office.

External links

 Chronoscope interview with Kenneth Younger, broadcast 10/19/53, Retrieved February 12, 2020
 Younger Speaks On Korea at the UN (1950), Retrieved July 16, 2023

1908 births
1976 deaths
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Members of the Inner Temple
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Fabian Society
Intelligence Corps officers
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
Younger sons of viscounts
People educated at Winchester College
20th-century British lawyers
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Great Grimsby
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Ministers in the Attlee governments, 1945–1951
British Army personnel of World War II

Kenneth Younger


John Baptist Collins (died July 30, 1794) was a would-be French pirate who, with Emanuel Furtado and Augustus Palacha, attempted to seize control of the brigantine Betty bound for Boston, Massachusetts.

Born in France, Collins went to sea at age sixteen as a cooper's apprentice on a Dutch ship. He was later sold to the East India Company where, during a voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, he met sailors Emanuel Furtado and Augustus Palacha.  Sailing as passengers aboard the Betty in 1794, the three men had planned to take over the ship.  However, upon murdering passenger Enoch Wood and stealing his money purse, the three men were apprehended by the crew and held until their arrival in Boston where Collins and his two accomplices were tried for the murder of Wood's and hanged on July 30, 1794.

References

 Sabin, Joseph. Bibliotheca Americana: A Dictionary of Books Relating to America, from Its Discovery to the Present Time'. New York: N. Israel, 1962.

External links

Collins, John Baptist
Collins, John Baptist
Collins, John Baptist
18th-century pirates

John Baptist Collins


Sir James Whyte Black, OM, FRS, FRSE, FRCP (14 June 1924 – 22 March 2010) was a Scottish doctor and pharmacologist. Black started in the physiology department at the University of Glasgow. While there, he became interested in how adrenaline affected the human heart. He went to work for ICI Pharmaceuticals in 1958. While working for ICI, he created propranolol. Propranolol is a beta blocker, used to treat heart disease. Black also created cimetidine. It is a drug used to treat stomach ulcers.  He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1988 for creating these drugs.

Early life and education
Black was born in Uddingston, Lanarkshire. He was the fourth of five sons of a Baptist family.  His father was a mining engineer.  He grew up in Fife. Black went to Beath High School, Cowdenbeath. At the age of 15, he won a scholarship to the University of St Andrews. At St Andrews, he studied medicine.  He graduated in 1946.

After graduating he joined the Physiology department at University College as an Assistant Lecturer. He later took a lecturer position at the University of Malaya. Black had decided against a career as a medical practitioner as he objected to what he perceived as the insensitive treatment of patients at the time.

Career
After graduation, Black took a teaching job in Singapore for three years. He moved to London in 1950.  Later in 1950, he returned to Scotland. He joined the University of Glasgow (Veterinarian School). There that he became interesteed in how adrenaline affects the human heart. He was mainly interesting in how it affected people with angina. He found the effects of adrenaline did not help. He joined ICI Pharmaceuticals in 1958. He worked with the company until 1964. During this time, he created propranolol, which became the world's best-selling drug.  While at ICI, Black developed a new way of doing research. Before this, drug molecules would be created and then tested to find in what ways the molecules could be used as medicine. Black chose to pick a medical use and then try to create the molecules for that medicine. The discovery of propranolol was said to be the greatest discovery in the treatment of heart disease since the discovery of digitalis.

At the same time, Black was trying to find a treatment for stomach ulcers. ICI did not wish to do this so Black stopped working for them in 1964. He joined  Smith, Kline and French. He worked for them for nine years until 1973. While there, Black developed his second major drug, cimetidine. It was first sold under the brand name Tagamet in 1975. Tagamet soon outsold propranolol to become the world's largest-selling prescription drug.

Black became the department head of pharmacology at University College London in 1973. He created a new undergraduate course in medicinal chemistry. He had many problems trying to get money for research, so he quit. He went to work for Wellcome Research Laboratories in 1978.  He worked there until 1984.  Black then became Professor of Analytical Pharmacology at the Rayne Institute of King's College London medical school. He stayed there until 1992.  He created the James Black Foundation in 1988 with money from Johnson and Johnson. He worked with  25 scientists in drugs research. This research included gastrin inhibitors which may stop some stomach cancers.

Black helped increase basic scientific and clinical knowledge in cardiology. His creation of propranolol is thought to be one of the most important contributions to clinical medicine and pharmacology of the 20th century.  Propranolol has helped millions of people.

Honours and awards
Black was made a Knight Bachelor on 10 February 1981 for services to medical research. He received the honour from Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace.  On 26 May 2000 he was appointed to the Order of Merit by the Queen.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1976. That same year he was awarded the Lasker award.  In 1979, he was awarded the Artois-Baillet Latour Health Prize.  In 1982 Black was awarded the Wolf Prize in Medicine.  He was awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Gertrude B. Elion and George H. Hitchings for their work on drug development. In 1994 he received the Ellison-Cliffe Medal from the Royal Society of Medicine.

References

Other websites
 James Black tells his life story at Web of Stories (video)

1924 births
2010 deaths
Academics of the University of London
British Nobel Prize winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Bachelor
British pharmacologists
Wolf Prize winners
Scottish medical doctors

James Black


The Bento Reodrigues dam disaster happened on  5 November 2015, when a dam at a Germano iron ore mine broke. The disaster is also known as  Mariana dam disaster, or Samarco dam disaster. It happened in a mine near Mariana, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The flooding devastated the downstream villages of Bento Rodrigues and Paracatu de Baixo,  from Bento Rodrigues, killing 19 people. The damage caused by the tailings dam collapse is the largest ever recorded with pollutants spread along  of watercourses.

The failure of the dam released 43.7 million cubic metres of mine tailings into the Doce River. A  toxic brown mudflow polluted the river and beaches near the mouth when it reached the Atlantic Ocean 17 days later. The disaster created a humanitarian crisis as hundreds were displaced and cities along the Doce River suffered water shortages when their water supplies were polluted.

The total impact of the disaster, including the reason for failure and the environmental consequences, are officially under investigation and remain unclear. The owner of the Bento Rodrigues dam, Samarco, was subject to extensive litigation and government sanctions. In 2016, charges of manslaughter and environmental damage were filed against 21 executives, including Samarco's former CEO and representatives from Samarco's owners, Vale and BHP Billiton, on its board of directors. Controversy over the investigation grew after a 2013 report, indicating structural issues in the dam, was leaked.

References

2010s disasters in South America
2010s in Brazil
2015 in South America

Bento Rodrigues dam disaster


Taqlid (Arabic تَقْليد taqlīd) is an Islamic term denoting the conformity of one person to the teaching of another. The person who performs taqlid is termed muqallid. The definite meaning of the term varies depending on context and age. Classical usage of the term differs between Sunni Islam and Shia Islam. Sunni Islamic usage designates the unjustified conformity of one person to the teaching of another, rather than the justified conformity of a layperson to the teaching of mujtahid (a person who is qualified for independent reasoning). Shia Islamic usage designates the general conformity of non-mujtahid to the teaching of mujtahid, and there is no negative connotation. The discrepancy corresponds to differing views on Shia views on the Imamate and Sunni imams.

In contemporary usage, especially in the context of Islamic reformism, it is often portrayed in a negative light and translated as "blind imitation". This refers to the perceived stagnation of independent intellectual effort (ijtihad) and uncritical imitation of traditional religious interpretation by the religious establishment in general.

Overview
The Arabic word taqlīd is derived from the three-letter Arabic verbal root of  Q-L-D , which means to imitate. The term is believed to have originated from the idea of allowing oneself to be led "by the collar". One who performs taqlid is called a muqallid, whereas one who rejects taqlid is called a ghair-muqallid. Sheikh Shaamee Hanafi said it is "to take the statement of someone without knowing the evidence."

Sunni Islam
Traditionally, taqlid is lawful and obligatory when one is not qualified as a mujtahid. According to Rudolph Peters, this is by consensus and known in the religion by necessity (ma'lum min al din daruratan) in the eyes of traditional Muslim scholars.

Traditional Sunni scholars rely on two verses of the Qur'an that order one to ask the people of knowledge or remembrance if they do not know and to obey Allah, the messenger and those in authority among them. They also rely on several hadiths, including one where Muhammad tells his companions, "If one does not know what to do, the only remedy is to inquire." Muhammad did this after a companion who had fractured his skull asked other companions with him whether he could perform dry purification. They said no. So this injured companion washed his head with water and died. Muhammad admonished his companions by saying, "They killed him. May Allah kill them. If one does not know what to do, the only remedy is to inquire."

Salafi schools of tradition such as Wahhabism, and Ahl-i Hadith reject taqlid and instead encourage ijtihad.

Shia Islam
In Shia Islam, taqlid "denotes the following or "imitating" of the dictates of a mujtahid".  Following the greater occultation (al-ghaybatu 'l-kubra) in 941 CE (329 AH), the Twelver Shia  are obliged to observe taqlid in their religious affairs by following the teachings of a thinker (mujtahid) or jurist (faqih). As of the 19th century the Shia ulama taught believers to turn to "a source of taqlid" (marja' at-taqlid) "for advice and guidance and as a model to be imitated." Thus Shia who are not experts in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) are "legally required to follow the instructions of the expert, i.e., the mujtahid" in matters of sharia, but are forbidden to do so in "matters of belief" (usulu 'd-din).

In "matters of belief", aka "principles of religion" -- such as  the existence of God and prophethood -- tahqiq, rather than taqlid, should be used.  Tahqiq means seeking the truth,  investigating or doing research yourself,  rather than following an expert.

See also
 Case law
Madhhab

References

Arabic words and phrases in Sharia
Shia theology
Islamic jurisprudence

Taqlid


The Thaddeus Binford House is located in Marshalltown, Iowa. The house was built in 1874 for Thaddeus Binford, a wealthy Quaker attorney, and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1984.

History
The Binford house was home to Jessie Florence Binford (1876-1966), daughter of Thaddeus and Angie (Beasley) Binford. Jessie Binford was a long-time Hull House resident and executive director of the Juvenile Protective Association. While at Hull House, Binford became interested in criminal justice and children's issues, becoming the Director of the Legal Aid Society when it was established at Hull House in 1906. She was known throughout the thirties, forties, and fifties for her efforts to fight the growing problem of illegal drugs. Binford was active in the fight to preserve the Harrison-Halsted neighborhood as a residential community and opposing the sale of Hull House property to the City of Chicago. Jessie Binford returned to her native Marshallown in 1963, giving away her family residence and choosing to spend her last three years in the nearby Hotel Tallcorn.

References

External links

Houses completed in 1896
Italianate architecture in Iowa
Houses in Marshall County, Iowa
Buildings and structures in Marshalltown, Iowa
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Marshall County, Iowa

Thaddeus Binford House


Show control is the use of automation technology to link together and operate multiple entertainment control systems in a coordinated manner. It is distinguished from an entertainment control system, which is specific to a single theatrical department, system or effect, one which coordinates elements within a single entertainment discipline such as lighting, sound, video, rigging, or pyrotechnics. A typical entertainment control system would be a lighting control console. An example of show control would be linking a video segment with a number of lighting cues, or having a sound cue trigger animatronic movements, or all of these combined. Shows with or without live actors can almost invariably incorporate entertainment control technology and usually benefit from show control to operate these subsystems independently, simultaneously, or in rapid succession.

Show control networks
Show control networks have largely supplanted older show control typologies.  This is primarily due to the maturation of the larger information technology (IT) computing industry, which, due to its scale and dominance, has produced standards, equipment and software which is less expensive than older show control equipment and methodologies and increasingly more reliable and usable in entertainment applications.

Modern systems are increasingly based upon Ethernet networking.  Most manufacturers of entertainment control equipment now include Ethernet ports on their equipment.  Ethernet was originally disqualified from consideration for show control because it was slow, non-deterministic, and lacked sufficient bandwidth to handle certain show control functions.  These early objections have been overcome with the use of full-duplex switched Ethernet running at 1000BASE-T speeds on a dedicated local area network (LAN).

MIDI Show Control

The MIDI Show Control (MSC) standard is an open, industry-wide international communications protocol through which all types of show devices can communicate.  MIDI generally is a simplex asynchronous serial data transmission standard with the circuit being an opto-isolated current loop type. MIDI, an acronym for Musical Instrument Digital Interface, was originally designed in the early 1980s as a means of controlling multiple keyboard synthesizers from different manufacturers.  Beginning in 1989, a group of interested theatre professionals headed by Charlie Richmond of Richmond Sound Design in Vancouver British Columbia began discussions on the USITT MIDI Forum Callboard Network. This forum included developers and designers from the theatre sound and lighting industry from around the world.  They created the MSC standard between January and September, 1990.  It was ratified by the MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA) in January, 1991, and the Japan MIDI Standards Committee (JMSC) later that year, as an extension of the standard MIDI specification.  It became an accepted standard in August, 1991.  The first show to fully utilize the MSC specification was the Magic Kingdom Parade at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom in September, 1991.

DMX512

USITT DMX512-A is the current de facto standard for lighting control systems.  It is an asynchronous serial data transmission standard commonly found as a control scheme between computerized lighting consoles and connected dimmers, moving light fixtures, color changers including LED fixtures, and certain effects (fog, strobes) which are usually operated by the electrical (lighting) department in theatres.

DMX512 was originally launched by USITT in 1986.  It was updated in 1990 to USITT DMX512/1990.  In 1998, the maintenance of the standard was transferred to the Entertainment Services and Technology Association (ESTA).   ESTA revised it, and it was accepted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in November 2004 as "Entertainment Technology—USITT DMX512-A—Asynchronous Serial Digital Data Transmission Standard for Controlling Lighting Equipment and Accessories".  In 2011, ESTA merged with the Professional Lighting and Sound Association (PLASA), which now manages the standard.  The standard is now called  "E1.11 – 2008, USITT DMX512-A".

At one time, DMX was put forth as a possible show control standard, mainly by the manufacturers of lighting control consoles, but this idea was never widely adopted, due to the speed and network traffic limitations of DMX for show control applications.

Dante, CobraNet, and others

Audio systems have also benefited from digital networking technology.  Dante (Digital Audio Network Through Ethernet) is one of the most technically advanced means of routing high quality audio over an Ethernet network.  It is a proprietary audio over Ethernet scheme using layer 3 packets to distribute  uncompressed, multi-channel, low-latency digital audio in professional installations. Dante was developed by Audinate of Australia in 2006, and has since been licensed to a number of hardware manufacturers worldwide.  It requires a combination of hardware and software to operate. Similar layer 3 products are RAVENNA (an open standard developed by ALC NetworX GmbH., Germany), Livewire by Axia Audio (a division of Telos Systems), Q-LAN by QSC Audio Products and WheatNet-IP by Wheatstone, most of them interoperable by conforming to AES67.

CobraNet, although an older proprietary standard dating from 1996, still enjoys a  large base of installations.  It is regarded as the first commercially successful implementation of networked digital audio.  It utilizes layer 2 packets to distribute uncompressed multi-channel digital audio in professional installations.  Its first theme park use was to distribute background music (BGM) in Disney's Animal Kingdom park.  It also requires a combination of hardware and software to operate, and has been licensed to multiple manufacturers.

Interest in transferring audio over Ethernet arose about the same time the audio industry was making increasing use of digital signal processing (DSP).  Sound engineers had been altering audio through various analog means for many years, but with the advent of fast, low-latency digital chips, audio signal processing moved rapidly into the digital domain.

Time code

Some types of attractions operated by show control are nearly completely based upon clock-driven timing.  These are most commonly found in theme parks in semi-automated attractions which are repetitious and not usually subject to variation.  Certain ride systems, once manually started or dispatched, may run entirely on time code nowadays.  Certain shows, such as 4-D film presentations, are also good candidates for this type of control.  An example of the former is Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts at Universal Studios Florida and of the latter, Pirates 4-D at Thorpe Park.

SMPTE time code dates back to 1969, when the film and video tape timing standard proposed by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) was accepted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).  SMPTE time code, usually a variant called LTC (linear time code), is an analog recording of a bi-phase modulated square wave, whose internal transitions encode hours, minutes, seconds, and frames.

MIDI time code (MTC) is actually a digital representation of SMPTE time code encapsulated as a series of quarter-frame MIDI messages.   MTC was developed in 1986.

Closures & ladder logic

The beginnings of show control technology can probably be traced to the use of relay logic in other industries, most prominently elevators.  The electric elevator was invented in 1880, but it was not until about 1930 that the rise of the "automatic" elevator produced more advanced electrical controls.  Entertainment has always borrowed from other industries, and various electrically driven hoists, platforms and stage elevators soon made their way into theatres and amusement parks.  Automation soon followed, utilizing switches, mechanical sensors and relays to perform repetitious sequences.  Early modern roller coasters used this sort of control.  When industrial microprocessor devices began to supplant relay installations, more complex sequences could be realized.  These devices were called programmable logic controllers (PLCs), with the first being built in 1968 for an automobile plant.  PLCs were programmed using ladder logic, a language simulating relay logic.

Even today, PLCs, mechanical switches, and optical sensors are used in many entertainment control and show control applications.  They are found in stage lifts and wagons in theatres, animatronics, special effects, and show action equipment in theme parks, and in ride vehicles such as motion simulators, iron rides and roller coasters in amusement parks.  One of their key advantages is safety.  Potentially hazardous events can be redundantly checked against multiple safety considerations before being allowed to start or operate.

Subsystems

The lowest level of subsystem is an embedded system.  These are typically found in single-purpose devices, such as a professional fog generator.  A small microprocessor might be a part of the equipment and be used to control variables such as volume, temperature and communications with other devices.  An example is  these specifications for the Antari DMG-200 fog machine.

The programmable logic controller, or its cousin the small logic controller, would be the next increase in scale.  These are commonly used to control subsystems which vary from moderately-sized to very large pieces of equipment.  The unifying factor is that the equipment fulfills a single purpose, whether it be an animatronic figure or an entire ride system.  In the earliest days of show control, PLCs were sometimes used as a show controller for an entire attraction.  This is no longer done since there are now simpler and more cost-effective solutions for show control.

Entertainment control systems are the highest level of subsystem, often consisting of sophisticated, expensive controllers which fulfill a single purpose.  The modern lighting control console is probably the best example of this type of equipment.  Some of the largest concert and hotel-casino installations might use three lighting consoles, each with a distinct purpose.

Systems

Show control systems are very widely used in theme parks as a means of synchronizing ride systems with lighting, audio, show action equipment and special effects.  They are also used extensively in live shows in theme parks, such as parades, stunt shows, character shows, and special events, including large fireworks displays.  They have found increasing use in live theatre, although due to their cost and the necessity for specialists to design and program them, they are mainly found in large Broadway-type productions or Las Vegas Hotel-Casino production shows.  They are also seen in some of the larger concert tours, especially those featuring moving scenery, flying rigs, and special effects.  Shows which are performed once or only a few times are often not considered candidates for show control since considerable preplanning and programming is usually required, but this may change as the technology, ease of operation and programming of show control software and systems matures.

It must be remembered that entertainment control does not constitute show control.  A computerized lighting console controlling dimmers and lighting effects is not show control.  Only when that lighting console is linked to another system, perhaps a computerized audio playback system, does it become show control.

Generally, there are several kinds of show control systems, as well as hybrid systems which may include multiple system types. In theme parks, the overall show controller is referred to as the RSS (ride/show supervisor).  The operator interface in these installations is the OCC (operator control console).  In the early years of usage, the RSS was probably a PLC.  This began to change as entertainment manufacturers began writing software for personal computers, and/or building small, dedicated  computing devices.  An example of the former was the Richmond Command Cue system, which used an Amiga computer connected to a proprietary frame containing audio control and matrixing, as well as closure capability.  The computer maintained multiple cue lists, and could send MSC messages to other subsystems, such as lighting consoles.  An example of the latter might be the Alcorn-McBride V-16, which was programmed with a PC, but did not require one in operation.  The V-16 was capable of sending cues as serial messages, contact closures, MSC, and could sync to or generate SMPTE LTC.

The Weigl ProCommander HX is a modern example for a stand-alone show controller, which is also capable of audio distribution over Ethernet by using the AES67 Ravenna protocol.

References

External links
 BooksJohn Huntington's Introduction to Show Control book, released in 2023, and designed to work in conjunction with his 2020 Introduction to Show Networking book together introduce show control concepts and lay out a show control system design process.
 John Huntington's Web Page features his Control Geek blog, which has further definitions and links to many show control and show networking resources.
 Index of Books and Articles related to Show Control curated by Charlie Richmond.

Stagecraft

Show control


A handbell is a bell designed to be rung by hand. To ring a handbell, a ringer grasps the bell by its slightly flexible handle – traditionally made of leather, but often now made of plastic – and moves the arm to make the hinged clapper strike the inside of the bell. An individual handbell can be used simply as a signal to catch people's attention or summon them together, but handbells are also often heard in tuned sets.

History
Handheld bells have a long history. Credit for the development of the modern hand bell, or "handbell", is accorded to brothers Robert and William Cor in Aldbourne, Wiltshire, England, between 1696 and 1724. The Cor brothers originally made latten bells for hame boxes, but for reasons unknown they began tuning their bells more finely to have an accurate fundamental tone and fitted them with hinged clappers that moved only in one plane. A foundry in Loughborough, Leicestershire, that originated in the 14th century became John Taylor & Co in 1784.

Originally, tuned sets of handbells, such as the ones made by the Cor brothers, were used by change ringers to rehearse outside their towers. Tower bell ringers' enthusiasm for practising the complicated algorithms of change ringing can easily exceed the neighbours' patience, so in the days before modern sound control handbells offered them a way to continue ringing without causing annoyance. It was also more pleasant for the ringers to learn and practise in the warmth of the local pub rather than in a cold tower in winter.  The handbell sets used by change ringers had the same number of bells as in the towers – generally six to twelve, tuned to a diatonic scale.

Handbells were first taken to the United States from England by Margaret Shurcliff in 1902. She was presented with a set of 10 handbells in London by Arthur Hughes, the general manager of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, after completing two separate two-and-a-half-hour change ringing peals in one day.

Terminology

The bells used in American handbell choirs are almost always English handbells. "English handbells" is a reference to a specific type of handbells, not to the country of origin. While some American handbell choirs do use bells made in England, the majority play bells made either by Malmark Bellcraftsmen or by Schulmerich, both based in Pennsylvania.

In the United Kingdom, there is a distinction between "American handbells" and "English handbells"; English handbells are traditional, with leather clapper heads and handles (such as the bells Whitechapel makes), while American handbells use modern materials, such as plastic and rubber, to produce the same effect (such as those produced by Malmark and Schulmerich). In America, however, they are all called English handbells.

Characteristics
The two major defining characteristics of English handbells are their clappers and ability to produce overtones. The clapper on an English handbell is on a hinge and moves back and forth in a single direction, unlike a school bell in which the clapper swings freely in any direction. It also has a spring that holds the clapper away from the casting after the strike to allow the bell to ring freely. Furthermore, the shaft of the clapper is rigid, such that the bell may be held with its mouth facing upward. The overtones on an English handbell are a 12th (an octave and a perfect fifth) above the fundamental, while Dutch handbells – such as Petit & Fritsen – focus on the overtone a minor 10th (an octave and a minor third) or a major 10th (an octave and a major third) above the fundamental.

Handbells can weigh as little as  or upwards of .

Performance

A handbell choir or ensemble (in the United States) or handbell team (in England) is a group that rings recognizable music with melodies and harmony, as opposed to the mathematical permutations used in change ringing. The bells generally include all notes of the chromatic scale within the range of the set. While a smaller group uses only 25 bells (two octaves, G4–G6), the sets are often larger, ranging up to an eight-octave set (97 bells, C1–C9). The bells are typically arranged chromatically on foam-covered tables; these tables protect the bronze surface of the bell, as well as keep the bells from rolling when placed on their sides. Unlike an orchestra or choir in which each musician is responsible for one line of the texture, a handbell ensemble acts as one instrument, with each musician responsible for particular notes, sounding his or her assigned bells whenever those notes appear in the music.

Music
Handbell choirs generally ring music composed or arranged specifically for handbells because of their highly resonant sound, the limited note range of a set, and the unique pitch-by-pitch division of the staff among the ringers.

There are several major publishers providing printed handbell music such as the Hope Publishing Company, The Lorenz Corporation and Alfred Music as well as free sites from individual composers and arrangers. Costs associated with handbell music typically result from shipping (many scores are only published in hard-copy) and dissemination; as most scores do not permit duplication and must be purchased individually for each ringer.

The coordination of the ringers requires a different approach than other ensembles. All the ringers read from a score. This score is similar to a piano score, but with an additional convention: The C above middle C and all notes below are always written in the bass clef, and the D above middle C and all notes above are always written in the treble clef. (This formatting is not always the convention for solo and small-ensemble music.) Handbells are a transposing instrument, meaning that they "Speak" an Octave Higher than written (this is to help keep the notes Centered on the Staff), so a middle C bell is actually a C5 or "Tenor High C". (For simplicity, the bell would still always be referred to as middle C or C5). However some Newer Handbell music Published today specifies to play an Octave Lower than written (meaning Middle C sounds as C4 like on the Piano) if the composer wants a bit more of a Vocal Character out of the Handbells, or if the Handbells are being used to Accompany Vocal Choirs in order to not overpower the singers.

Due to handbells' relative rarity outside of the confines of church services—although less so now than in the 1980s and early 1990s—the majority of pieces last approximately four minutes. A few composers and arrangers write longer and more intricate works; generally these pieces use handbells in combination with other instruments.

Ringing techniques
To ring a handbell, the ringer moves it in such a way that the clapper strikes the inside surface of the bell, usually holding it against his or her shoulder, bell upwards, and then swinging the bell through an elliptical shape to cause the clapper to strike the casting. The tone of the bell will continue to resonate, decaying naturally until it stops completely or the ringer stops it by damping the bell with a hand or on the body or a padded surface.

Handbell techniques have changed very much over the years. Donald Allured, founding director of Westminster Concert Bell Choir, is credited with fully realizing an American off-the-table style of ringing that includes many non-ringing sound effects including stopped techniques such as plucking the clapper with the bell on the table. He is also credited for promoting precise damping or stopping of the sound by touching the bell to a soft surface, in the service of more musical results.

Multiple-bell techniques
Normal ringing technique only allows a ringer to ring two bells at a time, one in each hand. Depending on the number of bells needed for a particular piece and the number of ringers, it may be necessary for each ringer to ring more than two bells at a time or in short succession (four-in-hand) There are also many techniques that change the sound of the bell as it is rung.

Four bells

There are two main ways of ringing two handbells with one hand: four-in-hand and Shelley.

In the four-in-hand technique, the ringer hold two bells in one hand with the clappers at right angles to each other. This allows the ringer to either move the hand normally ("ring" – primary bell) or ring knuckles-first ("knock" – secondary bell) to ring two bells independently with the same hand (for a total of four bells when ringing with both hands). The two bells can also be played simultaneously by holding the wrist at a 45° angle. In large ensembles, four-in-hand is typically used to ring multiple positions or pick up accidentals.

Shelley ringing is similar, except that the clappers are each orientated in the same direction, so that the two bells normally ring simultaneously with one movement. Shelley is typically used to ring notes in octaves, but can also be used to ring two notes separately by striking the primary bell sideways and the secondary bell forward in an action like tapping the fingers.

As to the relative merits of the two techniques, some believe that Shelley ringing is rendered obsolete when four-in-hand is perfected, while others believe that the motion of the clappers in the same plane makes certain techniques more feasible, particularly shaking, martellato and vibrato.

Six bells
There are several ways to play six bells at a time (i.e., to ring three bells in each hand). One way is to pick two bells up as if one were Shelley ringing, then pick the third up between one's little and ring fingers (a 'triple Shelley'). All three bells ring together when ringing in a knocking motion. A second way is to pick up the third bell sideways so the clapper swings outward. Ringers with good control can then ring the first bell without ringing the third, allowing them to play three notes in two hands.
Another method, called interlocked six-in-hand, can be set up by interlocking the handles of two bells so that the clappers move in the same direction (similar to the Shelley technique), rotating a third bell, and inserting it between the other two.

Weaving
Weaving is the technique of playing a succession of bells by changing which bell is in each hand as required. This is used by bass and solo or small-ensemble ringers. The large size and weight of bass bells makes four-in-hand ringing impractical and impossible, and often a solo or small-ensemble ringer will need to move up and down a range of bells, possibly sharing them with others. This technique means more than two bells can be rung in short succession, using the table to damp and free the hand to pick up the next bell. If the ringing sequence requires bells to be rung in tonal order, this technique often results in a weaving pattern as the ringer must often reach across his or her body for the next bell.
Weaving can also be used in combination with the four-in-hand in a technique called "traveling four-in-hand". By combining the ability to hold two bells in each hand with the ability to quickly drop and pick up the secondary bell of a four-in-hand, a ringer has quick access to several bells.

Other techniques

There are other ways to play music besides traditional ringing. Other techniques include plucking, shaking (or trilling), table damping (or martellato), and malleting bells (on the table or suspended).

Echo technique adds a brief pulse of increased volume to a sustained note. This is accomplished by gently touching the rim of a vibrating bell to the table.

Gyro is a technique that involves holding the bell in a vertical position, then rotating it clockwise or counterclockwise slowly to create a small vibrating sound; this can also be done horizontally to push the sound outwards.

Malleting involves using one of several types of rubber, plastic, or yarn-wrapped mallet to strike the casting of the bell. This can create a staccato tone when the casting is pressed into padding, a normal tone when the bell is suspended, or even a drum-roll effect when multiple mallets are used or multiple hits on the bell are played. Suspended malleting can be employed to create a bell tree which allows many bells to be played by one ringer.

Martellato also creates a staccato tone and is accomplished by striking the bell into the foam in such a way that the clapper strikes the casting immediately after the bell strikes the foam. A variation called a "Mart Lift" is accomplished by lifting the bell off the table very soon after the clapper strikes. This creates a staccato tone followed by a softened sounding of the bell.

Plucking is accomplished by using the thumb and forefinger to force the clapper head into the casting while the bell is on the table with the handle toward the ringer, producing a staccato tone.

Shaking is accomplished by rapidly ringing the bell back and forth so the clapper strikes the front and back of the casting in quick succession. This creates a continuous sound, as opposed to normal ringing in which the tone decays rapidly after sounding. Because of their size, bass bells are rarely shaken. A suspended mallet roll is usually played if a shaking sound is desired on a bass bell.

The singing bell technique creates a sustained pitch similar to the sound a wineglass makes as its rim is rubbed with a wet fingertip and is accomplished in much the same way. A short wooden dowel is touched to the outside of the rim of a handbell which is being held in the other hand. The dowel is then used to rub the rim in a circular motion. The Singing Bell technique is adapted from the "Singing Bowl" tradition of Tibet.

A tower swing is when the bell is rung and then swung down and a bit behind the ringer and back up to the normal position. This creates an "echo" effect. The mouth of the bell must rotate around to create the sound change that resembles a tower bell. Usually this is done over a period of three or four beats.

Thumb damp provides a staccato sound similar to plucking or malleting on the table. This is often described as a "tinkling" sound. The bell is rung with a thumb and/or several fingers touching the outside below the rim; this damps the sound immediately after the bell is rung. This technique can often be easier than plucking or malleting with smaller bells.

Notation
There are a number of abbreviations and notations used exclusively or almost exclusively in handbell music:
LV ("laissez vibrer" or "let vibrate", similar to a piano's sustain pedal)
R ("ring", regular ringing or meaning to end the LV)
SK ("shake", i.e. shaking the bell continuously during the duration of the note)
TD ("thumb damp", ringing the bell with a thumb on the casting to create a staccato note)
PL ("pluck", which means to throw down the clapper while the bell lies on the table)
▼ ("martellato", to strike bell against padding of the table, pushing the casting firmly against padding as to quickly dampen sound)
SW ("swing", to play the bell in a normal position, swing it down to the waist, then bring it back up)
BD ("brush damp", brushing the rim of the bell against the ringer's chest to cause a quick diminuendo) and
↑ or  ("echo", ringing the bell and then touching it very briefly to the table, creating an echo effect).
⨥ ("mallet with handbell on table", to use mallets to strike the casting of the bell on the table, creating a staccato effect).
+ ("mallet on suspended handbell", to hold the bell upright and strike the casting with a mallet, creating the same sound as a normal ring albeit a softer strike).

Handbell tree

Handbells can be played as a handbell tree where the handles are interlaced within each other, allowing multiple bells to be played with mallets to obtain an undamped sound. This performance technique was invented by Louise Frier in the 1980s. It was further developed by Barbara Brocker who developed a standardized bell layout. It is used by many soloists. The notational symbol used for Handbell Tree features a series of interlocking diagonal lines, one for each handbell. The pitch is placed at the lowest point of each diagonal line.

See also
Bell shrine
Belleplates
Campanology
Handchime
Dead bell
Angklung

Other

Composers and arrangers
Cynthia Dobrinski
H. Dean Wagner

Performers
Bells on Temple Square
Dorothy Shaw Bell Choir
Pikes Peak Ringers
The Raleigh Ringers
CPU Handbell Choir

References

Sources
 Bourke, Cormac. The Early Medieval Hand-bells of Ireland and Britain. Dublin: Wordwell, 2022.

External links

Handbell Ringers of Great Britain
Handbell Musicians of America

Schulmerich Bells
Malmark Bells

Bells (percussion)
European percussion instruments
Hand percussion
Struck idiophones
Idiophones struck directly
Pitched percussion instruments

Handbell


The Free Territory of Freedomland was a micronation that covered the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea from 1956 to 1974. It was established by Tomás Cloma.

History
While China, Japan, the Philippines, and many other nations have been in the South China Sea for many centuries, this article discusses Tomás Cloma Sr.'s claim to Freedomland for the Philippines.

In January 1935, the Committee of Reviewing Water and Land Maps of the Republic of China published both Chinese names and English names of 132 insular features in the South China Sea.

In 1947, it was reported that Captain Filemon Cloma (Tomás Cloma Sr.'s brother) was fishing off Palawan when Typhoon Jennie forced him to seek shelter, leading his group of fishing vessels west of Palawan, into the Spratlys. The group discovered a vast frontier which served as good fishing grounds. Filemon and his brother Tomás consulted their maps, but could not find the islands on them. Tomás Cloma Sr. hoped to set up a fish cannery and mine for guano. Japan had considered the area a potential source for extracting guano since the 1920s and agreed to fund an expedition led by Filemon and his crew to explore the islands.

In 1950, Philippine President Elpidio Quirino said that "as long as Taiwan held the Spratlys, the Philippines would not press its own claim".

On March 15, 1956, Filemon Cloma, funded by his brother, landed on the islands with a group of men. On May 11, 1956, Filemon Cloma led 40 men in taking formal possession of the islands, lying some  west of the southern end of Palawan and named them Freedomland. Tomás Cloma Sr. then issued his "Notice to the Whole World." Filemon Cloma led a 40-man Filipino crew in hoisting a Filipino flag on one of the islands of Freedomland, and posted copies of that notice, along with possession notices on each of the islands- 53 islands and islets with a total area of 64,976 square miles. Tomás Cloma Sr. asserted that the territory was without owner, since Japan renounced ownership in the San Francisco Peace Conference in 1951.

On May 21, 1956, Tomás Cloma Sr. declared the establishment of the Free Territory of Freedomland. Ten days later, he sent his second representation to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs informing the latter that the territory claimed was named Freedomland. Tomás Cloma Sr. appointed a government to Freedomland, including government personnel Secretary of State: Manuel Aguilar; Minister of Foreign Affairs: Donald Trayler; Minister of Transportation: Virgilio G. Cloma; Minister of Maritime Affairs: Filemon Cloma; Minister of Commerce: Rizal Cloma; Minister of Justice: Santiago Pastor, Jr.; and Finance Minister: Teodora Agbayani.

On July 6, 1956, Cloma declared to the world his claim and establishment of a separate government with its capital on Flat Island (also known as Patag Island).

On October 1, 1956, at North Danger Reef in the South China Sea, two  Taiwanese ships- namely, the Ning Yuan (寧遠) flotilla of the Taiwanese Navy, containing naval vessels Taihe and Yongshun- approached Filemon Cloma's expedition with the boat PMI-IV and invited Captain Cloma (and Chief Engineer Benito Danseco, and other crew members) aboard [the naval vessel Tai He] for a conference.

After the Taiwanese government's building burning and confiscation of property, Tomás and Filemon Cloma agitated for the Government of the Philippines to support their claims to Freedomland.

In 1972, Tomás Cloma Sr. was jailed by Philippine President Ferdinand E. Marcos for four months for "impersonating a military officer by being called an "admiral". In August 1974, Tomás Cloma Sr. and the Supreme Council of Freedomland drafted a new Constitution, declaring the country to be a Principality and encouraging its colonization. New citizens were naturalised, and some of them elected to the Supreme Council, John de Mariveles among them. In August, Cloma changed the name of the country from Freedomland to Colonia and retired as titular head of state in favor of John de Mariveles with the title of Prince.

In December 1974, Tomás Cloma Sr. was arrested and forced to sign a document to convey to the Philippines whatever rights he might have had in the territory for one peso. There are Philippine claims that they acquired the territory through that document.

In 1978, the Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 1596 to include the majority of the Spratly Islands as being Philippine territory.

Colonia St. John
The Freedomland principality later became known as Kingdom of Colonia St. John, Cloma stepped down as leader of the micronation in the August 1974, and was succeeded by John I, the first king of Colonia.

Kalayaan
On June 11, 1978, Philippine president Ferdinand E. Marcos issued a decree formally incorporating the Kalayaan Island Group, an area of the Spratly Islands  which covers the land claimed by Freedomland or Colonia St. John, into its national territory as the Municipality of Kalayaan. Republic Act No. 9522, which defined the archipelagic baselines of the Philippines, also claimed sovereignty over the Kalayaan Island Group.

Key figures

Tomás Cloma
Tomás Arbolente Cloma Sr. (born Tomás Cloma y Arbolente; 18 September 1904 – 18 September 1996) was the leader and founder of Freedomland. He was a Filipino lawyer and businessman from the province of Bohol. Cloma was born in Panglao to Ciriaco Cloma y Arbotante, a Spanish immigrant, and Irenea Arbolente y Bongay, a native of Panglao, Bohol. He was the owner of a fishing fleet, and owner of a private maritime training institute, the PMI Colleges (formerly known as Philippine Maritime Institute). He aspired to open a cannery and develop guano deposits in the Spratlys. It was principally for economic reasons, therefore, that he claimed islands in the Spratlys.

Filemon Cloma
Filemon Ciriaco Cloma (21 March 1921 - 14 April 1979) explored Freedomland. He was a Filipino soldier and businessman who served in the US Army Corps. under General Douglas MacArthur, during World War II (WWII). Cloma was born in Panglao to Ciriaco Cloma y Arbotante, a Spanish immigrant, and Irenea Arbolente y Bongay, a native of Panglao. He faked his age and a US citizenship to fight in the Signal Corps (United States Army) during the WWII Japanese invasion of the Philippines, and was chosen by Gen. MacArthur to serve as a code and cipher specialist. He escaped the Bataan Death March, and was engaged in guerilla warfare under the command of Lt. Col. Wendell Fertig in the 10th Military District (Tenth United States Army) until the end of World War II. After the war, he founded a sea exploration business which hired the soldiers trained by PMI Colleges, owned by his brother Tomás Cloma Sr. Filemon Cloma later led men on an expedition funded by Tomás Cloma Sr. to explore Freedomland and claim it for the Philippines.

Relevance for the Philippines
Cloma introduced a distinction between his Freedomland and the Spratlys further west. This distinction later became part of the Philippines' foreign policy. This distinction was never fully clarified. It seems that Freedomland encompasses most of what others call the Spratly Islands, but not Spratly Island itself, nor the banks and reefs lying to the west of it.

Cloma's declaration was met with hostile reactions from several neighboring countries, especially Taiwan. On September 24, 1956, Taiwan reoccupied nearby Itu Aba Island (also known as Taiping Island), which it had left in 1950, and intercepted Cloma's men and vessels found within its immediate waters. The People's Republic of China also restated its own claim afterward.

In 2014 The Philippines sought adjudication of a territorial dispute with China at the International Court of Arbitration. In its pleadings, the Philippines abandoned efforts to assert succession to the Cloma Claim, and instead asserted a 200-mile territorial claim as an exclusive economic zone under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.  As a consequence, Freedomland (AKA Colonia) became the only successor claimant to the Cloma territory.

The Free Territory of Freedomland should not be confused with the Principality of Freedomland or the Republic of Koneuwe which was set up by a French swindler also in the Spratlys but not on the same islands.

See also

 Principality of Sealand

 Minerva Reefs

 Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads

Notes

References

History of the Spratly Islands
Micronations
Former unrecognized countries

Free Territory of Freedomland


In combinatorial game theory, poset games are mathematical games of strategy, generalizing many well-known games such as Nim and Chomp. In such games, two players start with a poset (a partially ordered set), and take turns choosing one point in the poset, removing it and all points that are greater. The player who is left with no point to choose, loses.

Game play
Given a partially ordered set (P, <), let

denote the poset formed by removing x from P.

A poset game on P, played between two players conventionally named Alice and Bob, is as follows:

 Alice chooses a point x ∈ P; thus replacing P with Px, and then passes the turn to Bob who plays on Px, and passes the turn to Alice.
 A player loses if it is his/her turn and there are no points to choose.

Examples
If P is a finite totally ordered set, then game play in P is exactly the same as the game play in a game of Nim with a heap of size |P|. For, in both games, it is possible to choose a move that leads to a game of the same type whose size is any number smaller than |P|. In the same way, a poset game with a disjoint union of total orders is equivalent to a game of Nim with multiple heaps with sizes equal to the chains in the poset.

A special case of Hackenbush, in which all edges are green (able to be cut by either player) and every configuration takes the form of a forest, may be expressed similarly, as a poset game on a poset in which, for every element x, there is at most one element y for which x covers y. If x covers y, then y is the parent of x in the forest on which the game is played.

Chomp may be expressed similarly, as a poset game on the product of total orders from which the infimum has been removed.

Grundy value
Poset games are impartial games, meaning that every move available to Alice would also be available to Bob if Alice were allowed to pass, and vice versa. Therefore, by the Sprague–Grundy theorem, every position in a poset game has a Grundy value, a number describing an equivalent position in the game of Nim. The Grundy value of a poset may be calculated as the least natural number which is not the Grundy value of any Px, x ∈ P. That is,

This number may be used to describe the optimal game play in a poset game.  In particular, the Grundy value is nonzero when the player whose turn it is has a winning strategy, and zero when the current player cannot win against optimal play from his or her opponent. A winning strategy in the game consists of moving to a position whose Grundy value is zero, whenever this is possible.

Strategy stealing
A strategy-stealing argument shows that the Grundy value is nonzero for every poset that has a supremum. For, let x be the supremum of a partially ordered set P. If Px has Grundy value zero, then P itself has a nonzero value, by the formula above; in this case, x is a winning move in P. If, on the other hand, Px has a nonzero Grundy value, then there must be a winning move y in Px, such that the Grundy value of (Px)y is zero. But by the assumption that x is a supremum, x > y and  (Px)y = Py, so the winning move y is also available in P and again P must have a nonzero Grundy value.

For more trivial reasons a poset with an infimum also has a nonzero Grundy value: moving to the infimum is always a winning move.

Complexity
Deciding the winner of an arbitrary finite poset game is PSPACE-complete. This means that unless P=PSPACE, computing the Grundy value of an arbitrary poset game is computationally difficult.

References

Combinatorial game theory
Mathematical games

Poset game


A deliberative referendum is a referendum that increases public deliberation through purposeful institutional design. The term "deliberative referendum" stems from deliberative democracy, which emphasises that "the legitimacy of decisions can be increased if...decisions are preceded by authentic deliberation." Deliberative design features can promote public deliberation prior to and during the referendum vote to increase its actual and perceived legitimacy. Deliberative referendums encourage open-minded and informed reasoning, rather than rigid "pre-formed opinions". "[A]fter deliberations, citizens routinely alter their preferences".

In practice, a deliberative referendum includes a variety of institutional design features. These include using a citizens' jury to set referendum questions and educate the public, further public education via mandatory interactive tutorials before voting, and focusing referendums on broad values rather than technicalities.  Some authors note how legal regulation can also aid referendum deliberation.

One deliberative referendum method increasingly in use is the Citizens' Initiative Review; this is a randomly-selected body, similar to a citizen's jury, convened specifically to deliberate on a ballot initiative or referendum that voters in the same jurisdiction (such as a city, state, province, or country) will later vote on.

Constitutional deliberative referendums can "provide citizens with a meaningful say in determining the most fundamental constitutional decisions that affect their lives". Voter deliberation is significant here as the referendum result could change the state's political status or impact the enjoyment of human rights.

References

Political philosophy
Referendums
Group decision-making
Democracy

Deliberative referendum


Lara Comi (born 18 February 1983) is an Italian politician, member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2019, and again since 2022.

Education

Lara Comi received a bachelor's degree in economics in 2005 from Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Milan. In 2007 she earned a master's in economics from Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi, also in Milan.

Career
She held internships at the Uruguayan consulate in Italy and Beiersdorf Italy, and was a brand manager for Giochi Preziosi.

In the seventh European Parliament she was a member of the delegations for relations with Afghanistan (2009–10) and Latin America (2010–14), the delegation to the EU–Mexico Joint Parliamentary Committee (2010–14), and the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection (2012–14).

As of 16 November 2013, with the dissolution of the People of Freedom, she is a member of the re-formed Forza Italia.

In the European election of 2014, Comi retained her seat in North-West Italy, this time with 83,987 votes. She was chosen as vice-president of the European People's Party group for the eighth European Parliament. She serves on the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection and the delegation for relations with the United States.

Legal problems
Lara Comi hired her mother as personal assistant at her office in the European Parliament and was sanctioned as a result.

References

1983 births
Living people
The People of Freedom MEPs
MEPs for Italy 2009–2014
MEPs for Italy 2014–2019
21st-century women MEPs for Italy

Lara Comi


Frederick Augustus Pike (December 9, 1816 – December 2, 1886) was a U.S. Representative from Maine.

Biography
Born in Calais, Massachusetts (now in Maine), Pike attended the common schools and the Washington Academy, East Machias, Maine.
He was graduated from Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, in 1837.
He studied law.
He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Calais, Washington County, Maine in 1840. In 1846 he married future American author Mary Hayden Green, daughter of Elijah Dix Green and Hannah Caflin Hayden.
He served as mayor of Calais in 1852 and 1853.
He served as member of the State house of representatives 1858-1860 and served as speaker in 1860.

Pike was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-seventh and to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1861 – March 3, 1869).
He served as chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of State (Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Congresses), Committee on Naval Affairs (Fortieth Congress).
He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1868.
He resumed the practice of law.
He was again a member of the State house of representatives in 1870 and 1871.
He was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1872 to the Forty-third Congress.
He died in Calais, Maine, December 2, 1886.
He was interred in Calais Cemetery.

References

External links

1816 births
1886 deaths
Republican Party members of the Maine House of Representatives
Bowdoin College alumni
Politicians from Calais, Maine
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Maine
19th-century American politicians
Washington Academy alumni

Frederick A. Pike


Giorgio is a male Italian given name derived from the Greek Georgios and sometimes a surname. It is equivalent to the English name George. Notable people with the name include:

Surname
 Eusebio da San Giorgio, Italian painter
 Francesco di Giorgio, Italian painter
 Francesco Giorgio, Italian writer
 Frank Di Giorgio, Canadian city councillor
 Gail Brewer-Giorgio, American author
 Marchesi di San Giorgio, Maltese nobility
 Marosa di Giorgio, Uruguayan writer
 Pietro De Giorgio (born 1983), Italian footballer

Given name
 Giorgio Ordelaffi, Italian nobility
 Giorgio de' Buondelmonti, ruler of Ioannina in 1411

Artists and entertainers
 Carlo Giorgio Garofalo, Italian composer
 Giorgio Amendola, Italian writer
 Giorgio Andreoli, Italian potter
 Giorgio Anselmi, Italian painter
 Giorgio Arlorio, Italian screenwriter and director
 Giorgio Armani, Italian fashion designer
 Giorgio Baffo, Italian poet
 Giorgio Bàrberi Squarotti, Italian literary critic
 Giorgio Bassani, Italian writer
 Giorgio Bianchi, Italian film director
 Giorgio Calabrese, Italian songwriter
 Giorgio Cantarini, Italian actor
 Giorgio Capitani, Italian film director
 Giorgio Cavaglieri, Italian-American painter
 Giorgio Cavazzano, Italian comic strip artist
 Giorgio Colangeli, Italian actor
 Giorgio Chinaglia, Italian soccer player
 Giorgio de Chirico, Italian painter
 Giorgio Duranti, Italian painter
 Giorgio Faletti, Italian writer
 Giorgio Ferrich, Croatian writer
 Giorgio Ferroni, Italian director
 Giorgio Gaber, Italian singer-songwriter
 Giorgio Gandini del Grano, Italian painter
 Giorgio Gaslini, Italian jazz pianist
 Giorgio Federico Ghedini, Italian composer
 Giorgio Ghisi, Italian engraver
 Giorgio Gomelsky, Georgian record producer
 Giorgio Grassi, Italian architect
 Giorgio Locatelli, Italian television chef
 Giorgio Mainerio, Italian composer
 Giorgio Manganelli, Italian writer
 Giorgio Massari, Italian architect
 Giorgio Morandi, Italian painter
 Giorgio Moroder, Italian record producer
 Giorgio Moser, Italian film director and screenwriter
 Giorgio Orsini, Croatian sculptor
 George Ortuzar, Cuban-American television personality (nicknamed "Giorgio" on his show Giorgiomania)
 Giorgio Pacchioni, Italian performer
 Giorgio Pasotti, Italian actor and martial arts athlete
 Giorgio Pastina, Italian screenwriter and film director
 Giorgio Pressburger, Italian writer
 Giorgio Prosperi, Italian screenwriter
 Giorgio Pullicino, Maltese painter and architect
 Giorgio Ronconi, Italian baritone
 Giorgio Sadotti, British conceptual artist
 Giorgio Saviane, Italian writer
 Giorgio Scerbanenco, Italian crime writer
 Giorgio Costantino Schinas, Maltese architect and civil engineer
 Giorgio Sommer, German-Italian  photographer
 Giorgio Strehler, Italian opera director
 Giorgio Tirabassi, Italian actor
 Giorgio Tozzi, American opera singer
 Giorgio A. Tsoukalos, Swiss-born Greek writer
 Giorgio Tuinfort, Suriname-born Dutch music composer and producer
 Giorgio van Straten, Italian writer
 Giorgio Vasari, Italian painter and architect
 Giorgio Zancanaro, Italian baritone
 Pier Giorgio Di Cicco, Italian-Canadian poet

Politicians
 Giorgio Adorno, doge of the Republic of Genoa
 Giorgio Almirante, Italian politician
 Giorgio Borġ Olivier, Maltese politician
 Giorgio Carbone, Italian "head of state" of Seborga
 Giorgio Carollo, Italian politician
 Giorgio de' Buondelmonti, ruler of Epirus
 Giorgio Giudici, Swiss politician
 Giorgio La Malfa, Italian politician
 Giorgio La Pira, Italian politician
 Giorgio Mammoliti, Canadian city councillor
 Giorgio Mitrovich, Maltese politician and activist
 Giorgio Napolitano, Italian president
 Giorgio Orsoni, Italian politician
 Giorgio Ruffolo, Italian economist, journalist and politician
 Giorgio Sonnino, Italian politician
Giorgio Tonini (born 1959), Italian journalist and politician
 Giorgio Vido, Italian politician

Scientists and philosophers
 Gian Giorgio Trissino, Italian humanist
 Giorgio Abetti, Italian solar astronomer
 Giorgio Agamben, Italian philosopher
 Giorgio Antonucci, Italian physician
 Giorgio Baglivi, Croatian scientist
 Giorgio Biandrata, Italian physician
 Giorgio Buttazzo, Italian engineer
 Giorgio Ceragioli, Italian engineer and peace activist
 Giorgio Colli, Italian philosophy professor
 Giorgio Del Vecchio, Italian legal philosopher
 Giorgio Jan, Italian zoologist
 Giorgio Levi Della Vida, Italian Jewish linguist
 Giorgio Malinverni, Swiss law professor
 Giorgio Nataletti, Italian musicologist
 Giorgio Parisi, Italian theoretical physicist
 Giorgio Pestelli, Italian musicologist
 Giorgio Samorini, Italian ethnobotanist
 Giorgio Sideri, Italian cartographer

Sportsmen
 Giorgio Achterberg, Dutch football player
 Giorgio Alverà, Italian bobsledder
 Giorgio Anglesio, Italian fencer
 Giorgio Avola, Italian fencer
 Giorgio Bassi, Italian race car driver
 Giorgio Belladonna, Italian bridge player
 Giorgio Biasini, Italian bobsledder
 Giorgio Bocchino, Italian fencer
 Giorgio Cagnotto, Italian diver
 Giorgio Cecchinel, Italian cyclist
 Giorgio Chiellini, Italian football player
 Giorgio Chinaglia, Italian football striker
 Giorgio Cornacchia, Italian rugby league footballer
 Giorgio Corona, Italian football player
 Giorgio de Bettin, Italian ice hockey player
 Giorgio Di Centa, Italian cross country skier
 Giorgio Duboin, Italian bridge player
 Giorgio Ferrini, Italian football player
 Giorgio Francia, Italian racing driver
 Giorgio Frezzolini, Italian football player
 Giorgio Frinolli, Italian hurdler
 Giorgio Furlan, Italian cyclist
 Giorgio Galimberti, Italian tennis player
 Giorgio Ghezzi, Italian football player
 Giorgio Gorla, Italian sailor
 Giorgio Lalle, Italian breaststroke swimmer
 Giorgio Lamberti, Italian swimmer
 Giorgio Lucenti, Italian football player
 Giorgio Marras, Italian sprinter
 Giorgio Mazza, Italian hurdler
 Giorgio Mondini, Swiss racing driver
 Giorgio Morini, Italian football player
 Giorgio Oberweger, Italian athlete
 Giorgio Pantano, Italian racing driver
 Giorgio Perondini, Italian swimmer
 Giorgio Pessina, Italian fencer
 Giorgio Petrosyan, Italian kickboxer
 Giorgio Piantella, Italian pole vaulter
 Giorgio Pichler, Italian luger
 Giorgio Puia, Italian football player
 Giorgio Rasulo, English football player
 Giorgio Rocca, Italian alpine skier
 Giorgio Roselli, Italian football player and coach
 Giorgio Rossano, Italian football player
 Giorgio Rubino, Italian race walker
 Giorgio Santelli, Italian fencer
 Giorgio Sbruzzi, Italian canoeist
 Giorgio Scarlatti, Italian racing driver
 Giorgio Schiavini, Italian football player
 Giorgio Sterchele, Italian football player
 Giorgio Tavecchio, Italian born gridiron football player
 Giorgio Treves de'Bonfili, Italian football player
 Giorgio Vanzetta, Italian cross country skier
 Giorgio Venturin, Italian footballer
 Giorgio Zampori, Italian gymnast

Other professions
 Giorgio Basta, Italian general
 Giorgio DeLuca, American entrepreneur
 Giorgio Gusmini, Italian cardinal
 Giorgio Panto, Italian entrepreneur
 Giorgio Perlasca, Italian war hero
 Pier Giorgio Frassati, Italian Roman Catholic social activist, beatified

Fictional characters
 Giorgio Bruno, from the video game Time Crisis 4
 Giorgio Zott, the main antagonist from the video game Time Crisis 3

Places
"San Giorgio" is the Italian for Saint George. Placenames with Giorgio or San Giorgio include:

Municipalities and towns
 Castel Giorgio
 Castel San Giorgio
 Monforte San Giorgio
 Porto San Giorgio
 San Giorgio a Cremano
 San Giorgio Albanese
 San Giorgio a Liri
 San Giorgio Canavese
 San Giorgio della Richinvelda
 San Giorgio delle Pertiche
 San Giorgio del Sannio
 San Giorgio di Lomellina
 San Giorgio di Mantova
 San Giorgio di Nogaro
 San Giorgio di Pesaro
 San Giorgio di Piano
 San Giorgio in Bosco
 San Giorgio Ionico
 San Giorgio La Molara
 San Giorgio Lucano
 San Giorgio Monferrato
 San Giorgio Morgeto
 San Giorgio Piacentino
 San Giorgio Scarampi
 San Giorgio su Legnano
 Torre San Giorgio

Others
 Monte San Giorgio, Swiss mountain
 Palazzo San Giorgio, palace in Genoa
 Pieve di San Giorgio, church in Argenta
 San Giorgio al Palazzo, church in Milan
 San Giorgio in Velabro, church in Rome
 San Giorgio Maggiore, island of Venice
 Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, Palladian church on the island
 San Giorgio Maggiore at dusk, painting by Claude Monet
 San Giorgio Monastery, monastery on the island
 San Giorgio (Siena), church in Siena
 Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli, Italian sports stadium

Other uses
 San Giorgio class, Italian type of amphibious transport dock
 San Giorgio-class cruiser, class of Italian armoured cruisers
 Yes, Giorgio, musical with Luciano Pavarotti

See also
 Di Giorgio (disambiguation)
 San Giorgio (disambiguation)

Italian masculine given names
Masculine given names

Giorgio (name)


Wolf–Rayet stars (WR stars) are evolved, massive stars (over 20 solar masses initially). They are losing mass rapidly by means of a very strong stellar wind, with speeds up to 2000 km/s. While our own Sun loses about 10−14 solar masses every year, Wolf–Rayet stars typically lose 10−5 solar masses a year.

Wolf–Rayet stars are extremely hot, with surface temperatures in the range of 30,000 K to around 200,000 K that make them look blue in color. They are also highly luminous, from tens of thousands to several million times the bolometric luminosity of the Sun, although not exceptionally bright visually since most of their output is in far ultraviolet and even "soft" X-rays.

Clarification of terms
In astronomy, luminosity is not quite the same thing as brightness. Luminosity measures the <u/l>total amount of energy emitted</u/l> by a star or other astronomical object in SI units of joules per second, which are watts. A watt is one unit of power, and just as a light bulb is measured in watts, so is the Sun, which has a total power output of 3.846×1026 W. This number is the basic metric used in astronomy: it is known as 1 solar luminosity, the symbol for which is .

Radiant power, however, is not the only way to conceptualize brightness, so other metrics are also used. The most common is apparent magnitude, which is the perceived brightness of an object from an observer on Earth at visible wavelengths. Other metrics are absolute magnitude, which is an object's intrinsic brightness at visible wavelengths, irrespective of distance. The measure of luminosity is  "bolometric magnitude", the total power output across all wavelengths.

References

Types of stars

Wolf–Rayet star


Camillo "Chino" Wong Moreno (born June 20, 1973) is an American musician who is best known as the lead vocalist and primary lyricist of the metal band Deftones. He is also a member of the side-project groups Team Sleep, Crosses, and Palms.

Moreno is known for his dramatic tenor voice and distinctive screams. In 2007, he was placed at number 51 in Hit Paraders "Top 100 Metal Vocalists of All Time".

Early life
Moreno was born in Sacramento, California, the second of five children. His mother is of Mexican and Chinese descent and his father is Mexican. The nickname "Chino" is the Spanish-language term for Chinese people, shortened from "Chinito" (little Chinese one), a moniker "given to him as a kid by his uncles because he looked predominantly Asian, when most Mexicans are mestizo."

He grew up in the Oak Park area and attended McClatchy High School, where he met Abe Cunningham and Stephen Carpenter, with whom he founded Deftones in 1988. Before becoming a professional musician, Moreno had a day job at Tower Records' shipping department.

Career

Deftones

Circa 1988, Moreno started jamming regularly with his middle-school friends Abe Cunningham and Stephen Carpenter, leading to the formation of Deftones. Within two years, the group started playing club shows. They were signed to Maverick Records after one of their representatives saw them play in Los Angeles. Their first commercially released album was Adrenaline (1995), produced by Terry Date. While the album wasn't an instant success, extensive touring, word-of-mouth, and Internet promotion built the band a dedicated fan base, as well as helping Adrenaline to sell over 220,000 copies without the singles "7 Words" and "Bored" (as well as their music videos) receiving any airplay. For 1997's Around the Fur, the band expanded its sound, spending more time with Date, and giving more thought to the album's production. The record was highly anticipated and propelled Deftones to fame in the alternative metal scene on the strength of radio and MTV airplay for the singles "My Own Summer (Shove It)" and "Be Quiet and Drive (Far Away)".

White Pony was released in 2000 to critical acclaim and unprecedented commercial success. Frank Delgado had become a full-time band member, adding new elements to the band's music, while Moreno himself contributed guitar lines in addition to vocals. With influences of new wave, dream pop, and trip hop, the album is considered a turning point for the band in terms of experimentation. Singles "Change (In the House of Flies)" and "Digital Bath" supported the album's release. A single entitled "Back to School (Mini Maggit)" was released as a rap-influenced reinterpretation of White Pony's closing track, "Pink Maggit". While commercially successful and a fan favourite, the band have previously strongly objected to its publication, although it is unclear whether this is still the case. White Pony was subsequently re-released with "Back to School (Mini Maggit)" as the album's opening track. For the song "Elite", Deftones received the 2001 Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance.

In 2001, Moreno developed a throat injury due to heavy screaming and was forced to miss at least four shows. He suffered inflammation on his right vocal cord and partial paralysis of the left vocal cord. During the rest of their supporting tour, bassist Chi Cheng took over vocal duties that required screaming while Moreno sang the softer melodies of the lyrics, despite recommendations by doctors to hold off from singing to allow time for recovery as well as rumors that the band would be cancelling the remaining stretch of the tour with Godsmack and Puddle of Mudd.

The eponymous Deftones was released in 2003, and saw the band being praised for the heavy album's progression and originality in the midst of declining creativity in contemporary metal. Moreno was quoted as saying, "It's all on record. We told motherfuckers not to lump us in with nu metal because when those bands go down we aren't going to be with them." B-Sides & Rarities saw release in 2005, bringing together unreleased and obscure material accrued since 1995. 2006's Saturday Night Wrist was completed after a protracted and tumultuous recording process, nearly leading to Moreno's departure from Deftones. Later he said it had been "a seriously unhealthy experience" and he "wasn't sure if [he] was going to return" at the time the band was on a self-imposed hiatus. After eventually finishing the album in early 2006, Moreno claimed it to be more of a compromise between all of the members' influences, ranging from their brutal and brooding heavy signature seen on Adrenaline and Around the Fur to the more experimental sound heard on White Pony and Deftones. However, the band saw a significant decrease on the album's first week sales compared to their two previous releases.

Deftones were working on an upcoming album with the working title Eros, when bassist Chi Cheng was severely injured in a car accident in November 2008, remaining in a minimally conscious state and later a partially conscious state up until his death in April 2013. In 2009, the group had recruited Sergio Vega for his replacement and announced an indefinite delay of Eros, stating "... we realized that this record doesn't best encompass and represent who we are currently as people and as musicians." With Vega, the group began work on a new album, Diamond Eyes, which was released on May 4, 2010. It saw the release of the popular singles "Rocket Skates", "You've Seen the Butcher" and "Diamond Eyes". In November 2012, Deftones released their seventh studio album, titled Koi No Yokan. "Leathers", "Tempest" and "Swerve City" came out as its singles. 2016 saw the release of their eighth studio album Gore. In 2020 Deftones released their ninth studio album, called Ohms, which garnered significant critical praise.

Side projects

During the making of Deftones' White Pony, Moreno began work on a side project, Team Sleep. The group released their self-titled debut album in May 2005.

In March 2011, Moreno stated to be working on a new side project known as Crosses, featuring Far guitarist Shaun Lopez and Chuck Doom. Moreno described the project as "minimal and soothing, and it's sort of like the stuff I like listening to when I'm not screaming my head off." Their debut self-titled EP was released on August 2, 2011. EP 2 appeared the next year.

In April 2012 it was announced that Moreno had joined former Isis members Jeff Caxide, Aaron Harris and Bryant Clifford Meyer in a side project by the name of Palms. Their first album was released on June 25, 2013.

In April 2016 Moreno teamed up with guitarist Dr. Know of Bad Brains, drummer Mackie Jayson (Bad Brains, Cro-Mags); jazz keyboardist John Medeski of Medeski, Martin, and Wood; and bassist Chuck Doom (Team Sleep, Crosses) to form the supergroup Saudade. They released their first single through BitTorrent Bundle on April 28, 2016.

Moreno has also made a number of guest appearances on numerous younger groups' songs, such as "Bender" by Sevendust, "Paralytic" by Dead Poetic, "Vengeance Is Mine" by Droid, "Caviar" by Dance Gavin Dance, "Surrender Your Sons" by Norma Jean, and "Reprogrammed to Hate" by Whitechapel. In 2009, Moreno recorded a song with Thirty Seconds to Mars to appear on their album This Is War, but was not finished. On May 2, 2010, he performed "The Kill" with 30 Seconds to Mars.

In June 2016 the Secret Solstice music festival announced that Moreno would perform at Thrihnukagigur in what will be the first ever public concert inside the magma chamber of a volcano.

Artistry

The biggest vocal influences on Moreno include Faith No More's Mike Patton, Bad Brains's H.R., The Smiths's Morrissey and Prince. His musical influences consist of a wide range of styles and genres, including the electronic bands Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD), Depeche Mode, Thompson Twins and the Human League. Other inspirations include The Cure, Bad Brains, PJ Harvey, The Smiths, My Bloody Valentine, Cocteau Twins, Public Enemy, Duran Duran, The Smashing Pumpkins, Portishead, Helmet, Jawbox, Faith No More, Slayer, Hum, Kool Keith, Alice in Chains, Tool, Girls Against Boys, Jane's Addiction and Weezer. For Revolver he selected five non-metal records that influenced him: The Cure's Pornography, Helium's No Guitars, Mogwai's EP+2, My Bloody Valentine's Loveless and The Smashing Pumpkins' Siamese Dream. He also made a list of his thirteen favourite albums for The Quietus, containing Small Craft on a Milk Sea by Brian Eno, Sunset Mission by Bohren und der Club of Gore, Fever Ray's self-titled album, Venus Luxure No.1 Baby by Girls Against Boys, Turn on the Bright Lights by Interpol, You'd Prefer an Astronaut by Hum, Saturdays = Youth by M83, Black Noise by Pantha du Prince, Love Deluxe by Sade, Talkie Walkie by Air, Born to Mack by Too Short, The Blue Moods of Spain by Spain and Standards by Tortoise.

In an August 1998 interview with Spin, Moreno stated "I was one of those kids who thought heavy metal was devil music. I can't say I'm really a metal fan or a hip hop fan, cause there's so many crappy bands out there. I just like a little bit of everything. I think other people are starting to think that way too." Regarding the influence of female artists such as PJ Harvey, Moreno said he was aware that people considered him to be gay, adding, "I really love girly stuff."

In relation to his often ambiguous yet image-heavy poetic lyrics, he said, "[Sometimes] my lyrics don't deal with specific topics. I write down on paper the feelings of the moment, it's not easy to explain the contents of the lyrics or give a logical sense to the words. What I write is also a reaction to the music we make, so the Deftones' sound is not pop, it doesn't communicate happy feelings. Paradoxically my favorite songs of the album talk about love, in a clearly different view."

Collaborations

 "Wicked" – Ice Cube cover from Life Is Peachy by Korn (1996)
 "Savory" – Jawbox cover from Soon by Far (1997)
 "Will To Die" – from In This Defiance by Strife (1997)
 "First Commandment" – from Soulfly by Soulfly (1998)
 "Bender" – from Home by Sevendust, credited as "Pony One" (1999)
 "(Rock) Superstar" – from Skull and Bones by Cypress Hill (2000)
 "Danger Girl" – from Tried + True by Tinfed (2000)
 "Pain" – from Primitive by Soulfly (2000)
 "Things!" – from Hesher by Hesher (2001)
 "Ashamed" – from Never a Dull Moment by Tommy Lee (2002)
 "Feed the World (Do They Know It's Christmas)" feat. Far – Band Aid cover from A Santa Cause: It's a Punk Rock Christmas by various artists (2003)
 "The Hours" – from White People by Handsome Boy Modeling School (2004)
 "Red Sky" – Thrice (appeared during the band's live set at the KROQ Almost Acoustic Christmas in 2005)
 "Paralytic" and "Crashing Down" – from Vices by Dead Poetic (2006)
 "Zombie Eaters" – Faith No More cover from The Undercover Sessions by Ill Niño (2006)
 "Rock for Light" – from Family Compilation Vol. 3 by Bad Brains (2006)
 "A Day in the Life of a Poolshark" – from Strange We Should Meet Here by Idiot Pilot (2006)
 "Fistful of Nothing" –  from Runs Astray by Atomic Six (2007)
 "Vengeance is Mine" – from Droid by Droid (2007)
 "Keep Calm and Carry On" – Astrological Straits by Zach Hill (2008)
 "Wall" – from HAKAI by Wagdug Futuristic Unity (2008)
 "Caviar" – from Dance Gavin Dance by Dance Gavin Dance (2008)
 "Surrender Your Sons..." – from The Anti Mother by Norma Jean (2008)
 "Reprogrammed To Hate" – from A New Era of Corruption by Whitechapel (2010)
 "Only One" – from A Public Disservice Announcement by Methods of Mayhem (2010)
 "If I Could" – from All 6's And 7's by Tech N9ne (2011)
 "Right Outside" – from Beautiful Things by Anthony Green (2012)
 "RAZORS.OUT" – from The Raid: Redemption by Mike Shinoda and Joseph Trapanese (2012)
 "Hexes" feat. Bassnectar – from Resident Evil: Retribution by Tomandandy (2012)
 "Embers" – from VII: Sturm und Drang by Lamb of God (2015)
 "Brief Exchange" – from Dark Nights: Metal soundtrack (2018)
 "Lift Off" – from Post Traumatic by Mike Shinoda featuring Machine Gun Kelly (2018)
 "Disparan (Fill the Skies)" by Como Asesinar a Felipes (2018)
 "Shadows & Light (featuring Chelsea Wolfe)" – from Shadows & Light by Saudade (2019)
 "Hit Me Where It Hurts (Toro y Moi Remix)" – from Standing At The Gate: Remix Collection by Caroline Polachek (2021)
 "Geronimo" – from Neon Shark vs Pegasus by Trippie Redd (2021)
 "Anti-Life" – from Dark Nights: Death Metal by HEALTH (2021)
 "Bloodbath" – from Remember That You Will Die by Polyphia (2022)

Moreno also featured in the low-budget video for the song "Carpe Diem" by fellow Sacramento hardcore act Will Haven. In 2007, he produced their album The Hierophant.
Moreno makes a brief cameo in Limp Bizkit's alternate video for their 1997 single Counterfeit, seen on the single's bonus disc.

Personal life
Moreno was married twice, originally to Celeste Schroeder from 1997 to 2006; they had two children. He has been married to his second wife Risa-Mora Moreno since 2012, with whom he has one daughter.

Moreno was a frequent smoker for most of his life, though he reports that he quit in 2007.

Moreno and his wife Risa-Mora are fans of the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team.

He currently resides in Lake Oswego, Oregon.

Discography

With Deftones

 Adrenaline (1995, Maverick/Warner Bros.)
 Around the Fur (1997, Maverick/Warner Bros.)
 White Pony (2000, Maverick)
 Deftones (2003, Maverick)
 Saturday Night Wrist (2006, Maverick)
 Eros (recorded in 2008 but unreleased)
 Diamond Eyes (2010, Warner Bros./Reprise)
 Koi No Yokan (2012, Warner Bros./Reprise)
 Gore (2016, Reprise)
 Ohms (2020, Reprise)

With Team Sleep
 Team Sleep (2005, Maverick)
 Woodstock Sessions Vol. 4 (2015)

With Crosses
 EP 1 (2011, self-published)
 EP 2 (2012, self-published)
 Crosses (2014, Sumerian Records)
 Permanent Radiant (2022, Warner Records)
 Goodnight, God Bless, I Love U, Delete., (2023, Warner Records)

With Palms
 Palms (2013, Ipecac)

References

External links

1973 births
Alternative metal singers
Asian-American–Hispanic and Latino American relations
American heavy metal singers
American musicians of Mexican descent
Nu metal singers
American people of Chinese descent
American tenors
Songwriters from California
Living people
Musicians from Sacramento, California
Deftones members
Palms (band) members
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American singers
Hispanic and Latino American musicians

Chino Moreno


Arne Øren (born 29 December 1943) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.

He graduated from the University of Oslo with a cand.mag. degree in 1968, and later took courses which enabled him to be a teacher. He taught in middle schools in Slemmestad, Spikkestad and Rolvsøy until 1982.

He was elected to the municipal council of Rolvsøy in 1975. He became deputy mayor from 1980 to 1982, and mayor from 1982 to 1991. He remained a council member until Rolvsøy municipality ceased to exist. Øren instead concentrated on the position of county mayor () of Østfold, which he became following the 1991 election. He stepped down ahead of the 2007 election.

He is also the chair of Kommunal Landspensjonskasse. He has chaired Østfold Bompengeselskap.

References

1943 births
Living people
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Mayors of places in Østfold
Chairmen of County Councils of Norway
University of Oslo alumni
People from Saltdal

Arne Øren