Lamlash () is a village on the Isle of Arran, in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland. It lies  south of the island's main settlement and ferry port Brodick, in a sheltered bay on the island's east coast, facing the Holy Isle. Lamlash is the seat of Arran's local government offices, and is also the location of the island's police station, secondary school and hospital. In common with the rest of the island, the village's main industry is tourism and the public sector is also an important employer. Lamlash has an RNLI Lifeboat station with a B class Atlantic 75 lifeboat, covering the inshore waters around the coast of Arran, and in summer, there is a regular ferry service from Lamlash harbour to Holy Isle. The village has several buildings of historical interest, including Hamilton Terrace, which consists of two rows of single storey-and-attic cottages on the Lamlash seafront, arranged in pairs.

History
A prehistoric ring of stones indicates that an ancient settlement has existed near Lamlash since antiquity. The name Lamlash dates back to the 6th Century hermitage of Saint Molaise, a Celtic monk born in Ireland but raised in Scotland, who, circa 590, spent some time in a cave on the neighbouring Holy Isle. Commonly known as MoLaise the Gaelic name of Holy Isle was, as a result, Eilean MoLaise. This gradually evolved through Elmolaise and Lemolash to Lamlash, which is what Holy Isle was called until early in the 19th century. After that time the name was more normally attached to the village that grew up facing it.

Lamlash was peripherally involved in the 13th century Battle of Largs. It was the birthplace of artist James Kay.

When Mary, Queen of Scots was at Dumbarton Castle in February 1548 during the war of the Rough Wooing, the English commander Grey of Wilton proposed basing some warships at "Lammelashe" to watch for French ships.

The village was the training place for No. 11 (Scottish) Commando during the early years of the Second World War.

Geography
Lamlash is located in the southern half of the island, some  to the south of Brodick and  to the north of Whiting Bay. It is on the eastern side and sits on a bay facing the Holy Isle and the Firth of Clyde.

Notable sights
The basic character of the village is formed by a long building line of two and three-storey roughcast or stone houses lining the inland side of the shore road. The parish church and the former St George's church sit at either end of this series of buildings.

Hamilton Terrace
Hamilton Terrace consists of two rows of single storey-and-attic cottages of which numbers 1–27 are on the Lamlash seafront, arranged in pairs. Numbers 1a–24a are positioned behind these and are probably coeval with numbers 1–27 and assumed to have been built for residents' summer occupation allowing the main houses to be let to visitors, an accepted practice in Arran. The terrace is a major architectural feature of the village, designed by Sir John James Burnet and constructed in the late 19th century. The houses have survived with minimal changes, even to their rear elevation. Some still have original glazing. One of the houses functions as the Lamlash Post Office at no 27. On the front side (seaside) the complex had two rectangular garden enclosures; one of these is currently a car park. On the lawn between the enclosures is a modern monument in remembrance of the Arran clearance emigrants in the form of three standing stones.

Clearances monument
The Clearances (Scottish Gaelic: Fuadach nan Gàidheal, the expulsion of the Gael) is a period in the 18th and 19th centuries where large forced displacements of the rural population in Scotland took place as part of a process of agricultural change. The clearances led to mass emigration to the sea coast, the Scottish Lowlands and the North American colonies. In general the Clearances on Arran seem to have been less brutal than in many other places in Scotland, but when the crofters in Glen Sannox had to make way for large-scale sheep farming, many of them saw no other option than to emigrate, and they departed from Lamlash. For this reason, Arran's Clearance Monument is situated in Lamlash, in front of Hamilton Terrace. A plaque on the monument recalls their departure and their new life as settlers in Canada with the following words:Erected on behalf of Arran clearance descendants across North America to their brave forefathers who departed from their beloved island home to Canada during the clearance years 1829 to 1840. Here at Lamlash on April 25, 1829 part of the clearance (86 souls) when embarking on the brig Caledonia (196 ton) the Rev.A.Mackay preached from The Mound (opposite) formed by the departing his text "Casting all your care upon him: for he careth for you" 1st Peter ch.5 v.7. The Caledonia arrived at Quebec City June 25th 1829. The group was the first of more than 300 Arran colonists of Megantic County, Province of Quebec. The largest group, more than 400, had as their destination the seaport town of Dalhousie, New Brunswick to be pioneer settlers of the Restigouche-Bay Chaleur District. "Yet still the blood is strong, the heart is highland". A chlann eilean mo ghaoil bithibh dileas d'a cheile.The monument was erected at the initiative of the Canadian descendants of the Arran emigrants.

Churches

St George's United Free Church stands on the northern end of Lamlash, on Bungalow Road in the Margnaheglish neighbourhood. The church was erected between 1885-1892 in early English style by the Duke of Hamilton to replace an older church from 1774. It is built in cream-coloured sandstone and has a square stone pyramidal spire with an iron weathervane.

The church was used by the Lamlash Free Church congregation from 1892 until the union of the Free and United Presbyterian Churches in 1900, when it became the United Free Church. From 1929 it formed one of the congregations of Lamlash Parish church at that year's union with the Church of Scotland. The church was in use until 1947 and stands empty since. As of 2015, the building was undergoing renovation.

The Arran Theatre and Arts Trust, established in 1989 had as its main objective to convert St George's Church into a theatre. As part of that objective, the Trust ran many events and brought touring companies to Arran, but because of "wider political issues" the plan never materialised. Similarly, plans to turn it into a Childhood Heritage Museum also failed in 1999. In the meantime the Scottish Civic Trust added the church to the register of "Buildings at Risk" in 1993.

A chance to save the building arose in October 2004 when CRGP Architects & Surveyors from Glasgow applied for permission for the conversion of the church to form 8 flats and the erection of an extension to the rear to form 6 flats with associated parking. The application was granted on 7 February 2005 by the North Ayrshire Council, subject to a number of conditions. However, the development was not realised.

In February 2007, the North Ayrshire Council commissioned ARP Lorimer and Associates (ARPL) to carry out a townscape audit for the Lamlash seafront with the specific assignment (i.a.) to evaluate the potential for the Church. In its report, ARPL considered the state of the church poor but saveable. It recommended that, as a category B listed building, the retention of this historic structure is of importance. ARPL suggested to convert the church into three apartments and to build some new development to the rear to make it financially viable (just as CRGP Architects had requested 3 years earlier), and advised the Council to encourage the owner to progress the development to ensure the building did not decline to the point where demolition is required.

As of 2010, the building remains neglected. Minutes from the Arran Community Council show that the future of the church is a regular topic of debate, but difficulty in contacting the private owner or convincing him to cooperate seem to be (part of) the reason that there has been no progress to date.

The church's former manse is also a category B listed building. It was built in 1898 and remained in use as manse for the united congregation until circa 1990.

Lamlash and Kilbride Parish Church and the church hall. It is a T-plan, aisleless, Gothic-style church built in 1886 by architect Hugh Barclay in red sandstone with a campanile-like tower. It replaces an earlier plain building of 1773, itself replacing the earlier Kilbride church, the remains of which survive at the present Lamlash graveyard. The cross and baptismal font in the church were both unearthed in the graveyard of the old Kilbride Church in 1892, and are thought to be of 14th-century origin. In the tower is a 9-bell carillon. The church hall, a separate, adjacent building, was built and used for worship some years before the church itself (around 1880), and included a reading room and library. It is a single storey, rectangular-plan hall, made into a T-plan by lower wings.

The Lookout

The Lookout was an early to mid-19th-century classical villa with prominent corner pilasters and Tudor Jacobean details, located on the main road close to the shore. It was marked as 'Bank' on Ordnance Survey maps of 1868, 1897 and 1924. In October 2002, the North Ayrshire Council turned down an application by John Thomson Construction Limited (from Lamlash) to have the building demolished. It was argued that demolition would be contrary to national policy and to the Isle of Arran Local Plan as it would have an adverse impact on the Lamlash Conservation Area. The Council also considered that it had not been satisfactorily demonstrated that the Lookout could not be restored and brought back into use as advised by Historic Scotland.

In 2004, the Scottish Civic Trust added the villa to the register of "Buildings at Risk". Then, in February 2007 the North Ayrshire Council commissioned ARP Lorimer and Associates (ARPL) to carry out a townscape audit for the Lamlash seafront with the specific assignment (i.a.) to evaluate the potential for the "Lookout". In its report ARPL suggested a residential conversion into four flats as the most economically viable option to save the building, but in 2009 an inspection revealed that the condition of the building had further deteriorated. The Lookout was demolished in March 2012.

Other listed buildings
Glenkiln, a mid-19th-century farmhouse and includes two adjoining cottages from the early 19th century.
 It is one of the two remaining farms in Lamlash (of the 7 there once were), the other one being the Clauchlands Farm.

Monamore Bridge Millhouse, an early 19th-century single storey former mill house in L-form.

Whitehouse Lodge, a late 19th-century lodge, formerly belonging to the (demolished) White House mansion. The lodge is single storey-and-attic with a basically rectangular-plan. The site of the former White House itself is now designated for development.

Bellhaven, a single storey and attic 3-bay cottage from 1808 next to the Parish Church.

Other notable buildings are the former pier house with clock tower (1885); the 'Crafts Made in Arran' Shop (late 19th century); the early 19th century Pier of red rubble blocks; the Sea Gate, part of the former Steamer Pier Office (1902) and the Bay Hotel, the latter being a good example of an early Victorian villa.

Former community centre
Lamlash Community Centre on Benlister Road was a large former military hall from 1914. The hall (rectangular, single storey, corrugated-iron) was built by the Admiralty in 1914 as accommodation for the fleet arriving at Lamlash. It was supplied in prefabricated form, assembled on site quickly and cheaply. It comprised a canteen, reading rooms, offices, lavatories, a stage and gymnasium. Tents were erected in the surrounding playing fields for the soldiers. In 1917 the hall was converted for use as a hospital for recovering soldiers. The hall was given to the village of Lamlash after World War I on the condition that it be used again when necessary for troops. This indeed happened during World War II when it was used as a troops' canteen. The community centre was demolished in 2010 following the opening of community facilities in the new Arran High School nearby.

Economy

Employment
In common with the rest of the island the village's main industry is tourism. In Lamlash the public sector is also an important employer. Fisheries is no longer important; although the Clyde was once the finest fishery in Europe it is now all but gone. There are strictly speaking no fish left in the Clyde for commercial capture and the few fishermen left are reduced to scraping the seabed for scallops and prawns.

Harbour and lifeboat

According to Glasgow's Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Lamlash Bay is a good natural harbour offering very good shelter. It has accommodated the Royal Navy Home Fleet and Atlantic Fleet.

Lamlash has an RNLI Lifeboat station with a B class Atlantic 75 lifeboat, covering the inshore waters around the coast of Arran.
In summer, there is a regular ferry service from Lamlash harbour to Holy Isle.

Lamlash Bay Community Marine Protected Area
On 20 September 2008 the so-called "Inshore Fishing Order 2008" entered into effect, prohibiting commercial and recreational fishing in the northern portion of Lamlash Bay, between Holy Island and the Margnaheglish neighborhood of Lamlash. This No Take Zone (NTZ) aims to protect Maerl seaweed beds and the regeneration of all marine life. It is hoped this NTZ will benefit the Lamlash economy by attracting scuba divers and by providing bigger and better catches for fishermen in the neighbouring overspill area. The prohibition area is defined as follows: from Mount Pleasant Farm () in a straight line in a south to southeasterly direction to Holy Isle West () thence in an easterly direction around the northern end of Holy Island by the mean high water mark of ordinary spring tides to Holy Isle East (); thence by a straight line in a north to north westerly direction to Hamilton Rock (); thence in a west to northwesterly direction by a straight line to Clauchlands Point (); and thence in a west to southwesterly direction by the mean high water mark of ordinary spring tides to Mount Pleasant Farm. The area includes both the sea and the seabed.

This NTZ is the first in Scotland. It is also the first time that statutory protection has been given to a marine area as a result of proposals being developed at a grassroots level; in this case after a long campaign by the Community of Arran Seabed Trust (C.O.A.S.T.), Violation of the fishing ban can lead to an unlimited fine upon conviction on indictment. The remainder of Lamlash Bay is to become a Fisheries Management Area, focusing primarily on scallops.

Early press reports regarding the establishment of the NTZ indicated anticipation for the subsequent formation of a Fisheries Management Area. According to the C.O.A.S.T., this was expected based on assurances from the Scottish Government. However, as of May 2010, this development had not yet occurred. Furthermore, the NTZ remains unmarked, lacking any interpretation boards to inform anglers. This has led the Community of Arran Seabed Trust to call into question the government's commitment to the overall project. The NTZ and the Fisheries Management Area would jointly have been known as the "Lamlash Bay Community Marine Protected Area".

The sea surrounding the south of Arran, including Lamlash, is now recognised as one of 31 Mature Conservation Marine Protected Areas in Scotland. The designated are includes the current No Take Zone in Lamlash Bay, but is not itself a No Take Zone.

See also
 Arran High School

References

External links

 About Lamlash
 Lamlash Conservation Area Map
 Map of walking trails around Lamlash

Marine reserves of Scotland
Villages in the Isle of Arran
Firth of Clyde

Lamlash


Býčí skála Cave (, , ) is part of the second longest cave system in Moravia, Czech Republic. It is also famous for archaeological discoveries. Except for the entrance, the cave is not accessible to the public, although occasionally it is opened for visitors.

The cave is in the central part of the Moravian Karst, in the Josefovské Valley (Josefovské údolí) between the town of Adamov and the village of Křtiny.  Together with the cave system Rudické propadání Býčí skála forms the second longest cave system in the country, after the Amatérská Cave. Its known length is over 13 km.

History
The entrance to the cave was always known locally, with the first written mention coming from 1669. The cave was visited by two European monarchs: on 7.9.1804 the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II and on another occasion Alois I, Prince of Liechtenstein. During 1867-1873, the part named Předsíně was explored by the archaeologist Jindřich Wankel, who discovered a Palaeolithic settlement from around 100,000 - 10,000 BCE. Later, a statuette of a bronze bull was found, and starting in 1872 a large Hallstatt culture site had been excavated. The site contained animal and material offerings, crops, textiles, ceramic and sheet-metal vessels, jewellery, glass and amber beads.

According to Wankel, the skeletons of one man and forty young women were found. Some women were beheaded, some missing legs or hands. On a small "altar" a skull and severed hands were placed. Wankel's romantic interpretation was that he had discovered the grave of a nobleman, accompanied by ritually killed women. Other theories suggest the death of people hiding in the cave during a war or from an explosion of a gas or dust. Later research identified seventeen skeletons as men; the people ranged from children up to adults of 50–60 years old.

In 1920, when water was pumped out, another cave was discovered, the "Nová býčí skála" (The New Bull Rock Cave), with the Jedovnický brook (Jedovnický potok) running through it. During World War II, the Nazis built an underground factory in the cave, damaging the entrance area. After the war, a few more caves have been discovered (Sobolova (Barová), Májová, Prolomená and Proplavaná). In 1992, exploration of the brook was completed.

The cave contains a Neolithic picture, a geometrical shape resembling a grill with a size of 30x40 cm, painted in charcoal on the cave wall. The carbon was dated with the C14 radio-carbon method to be 5,200 years old. The pattern resembles the decorations on some ceramic vessels from that period.

See also
List of caves

Citations and notes

References

External links
 Short overview
 History of discoveries in the cave
 Moravian Karst website
 Býčí skála website
 Rudické propadání website
 The bull statuette

Caves of the Czech Republic
Prehistoric sites in the Czech Republic
Blansko District
Geography of the South Moravian Region

Býčí skála Cave


A foldable smartphone (also known as a foldable phone or simply foldable) is a smartphone with a folding form factor. It is reminiscent of the clamshell (or "flip phone") design of many earlier feature phones. Some variants of the concept use multiple touchscreen panels on a hinge, while other designs utilise a flexible display. Concepts of such devices date back as early as Nokia's "Morph" concept in 2008, and a concept presented by Samsung Electronics in 2013 (as part of a larger set of concepts utilizing flexible OLED displays), while the first commercially available folding smartphones with OLED displays began to emerge in November 2018.

Some devices may fold out on a vertical axis to into a wider, tablet-like form, but are still usable in a smaller, folded state; the display may either wrap around to the back of the device when folded (as with the Royole FlexPai and Huawei Mate X), or use a booklet-like design where the larger, folded screen is located on the interior, and a screen on its "cover" allows the user to interact with the device without opening it (such as the Samsung Galaxy Fold series). Horizontally-folding smartphones have also been produced, typically using a clamshell form factor.

The first generation of commercially released foldable smartphones faced concerns over their durability, as well as their high prices.

History

In 2006, Polymer Vision showed a roll-able concept and a foldable smartphone, the Readius (zh), at the Mobile World Congress (MWC) which also serves as a reader.

In 2008, Nokia presented animated concepts of a flexible device it dubbed "Morph", which had a tri-fold design that could be bended into various forms, such as a large unfolded device, a feature phone-sized unit, and a smart wristband. In a 2019 retrospective on the concept, CNET noted that Morph could be considered a forerunner to the first wave of commercially produced folding phones, as well as a showcase of future possibilities.

In 2011, Kyocera released a dual-touchscreen Android smartphone known as the Echo, which featured a pair of 3.5-inch touchscreens. When folded, the top screen continued to face the user while covering the secondary screen. Two individual apps could be shown on the displays, a single app could span across them, while specific apps also featured "optimized" two-pane layouts. Two years later, NEC released the Medias W in Japan. Unlike the Echo, the secondary screen could be folded behind the phone. The camera rotated with the screen so that the same sensor could face both forward and rear  In 2017, ZTE released the Axon M with a similar hinge to the Medias W. ZTE stated that the more powerful hardware of modern smartphones, and improvements to multitasking and tablet support on Android, helped to improve this experience.

The development of thin, flexible OLED displays enabled the possibility for new designs and form factors. During its Consumer Electronics Show keynote in 2013, Samsung presented several concepts—codenamed Youm - for smartphones incorporating flexible displays. One such concept was a smartphone that could fold outward into a single, uninterrupted tablet-sized display. The first Youm concept to make it to a production model was the Galaxy Note Edge—a phablet with a portion of the screen that sloped over the right-hand bezel.

Speculation surrounding the development of folding phones using OLED displays began to emerge more rapidly in 2018. In January 2018, it was reported that LG Electronics had obtained a design patent for a folding smartphone. Later in June, it was reported that Microsoft had been developing a similar device as part of its Surface line, codenamed "Andromeda" (itself a spiritual successor to a dual-screen booklet tablet prototype Microsoft had been exploring in the late-2000s known as Courier), while Samsung was also said to be developing such a device.

In November 2018, the Chinese startup Royole released the first commercially available foldable smartphone with an OLED display, the Royole Flexpai. It featured a single 7.8-inch display that folds outwards, leaving the display exposed when folded. Later that month at its developers' conference, Samsung officially teased a prototype of its folding smartphone, which would be produced "in the coming months". The prototype used a booklet-style layout, with an "InfinityFlex" display located on the inside of the device, and a smaller "cover" screen on the front of the device to allow access when the screen is closed. At a concurrent developers' summit, Android VP of engineering Dave Burke stated that the next version of the platform would provide enhancements and guidance relevant to folding devices, leveraging existing features.

In January 2019, Xiaomi CEO Lin Bin published a video on Sina Weibo, featuring him demonstrating a prototype smartphone with two flaps capable of being folded inward. Samsung officially unveiled the Galaxy Fold during its media event at Mobile World Congress in February 2019. Alongside the Galaxy Fold, the convention also saw other foldable phones being unveiled or teased, such as the Huawei Mate X, and TCL presenting various prototype concepts featuring its "DragonHinge" technology (including a bracelet-styled device). LG did not unveil a folding device, citing a desire to focus more on re-gaining market share in the smartphone market. It did, however, unveil a "Dual Screen" case accessory for its LG V50 smartphone—a folio-styled case containing a secondary display panel inside.

Other companies expressed interest in the concept, or have received patents on designs (such as hinge implementations and overall designs) relating to foldable phones. Motorola Mobility had received patents for a horizontal folding smartphone reminiscent of clamshell feature phones.

In April 2019, the impending launch of the Galaxy Fold was met with quality concerns from critics, after widespread reports of review units experiencing varying forms of display failure (in some instances caused by accidental removal of a plastic layer meant to protect the screen in lieu of glass, along with other failures). Samsung indefinitely postponed the device's release, stating that it needed time to investigate the failures and improve the device's durability. Huawei also delayed its Huawei Mate X, with the company citing its desire to take a "cautious" approach due to the Samsung Galaxy Fold.

In November 2019, Motorola unveiled its horizontal-folding Razr—inspired by its former Razr feature phone line released on 6 February 2020.
 Samsung also announced a similar device known as the Galaxy Z Flip.

Huawei announced the Mate Xs on 24 February 2020 as a hardware revision of the original Mate X; it was released in "global markets" outside China in March 2020. The device features a more durable display, improved hinge function and a redesigned cooling system, as well as the newer Kirin 990 5G SoC and Android 10 with EMUI 10. Samsung later revealed the  Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 2 in September 2020.

On 25 February 2021, Huawei released the Huawei Mate X2.
In March 2021, Xiaomi Technology announced the Xiaomi MIX Fold.
In August 2021, the Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 3 and Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 3 were released.
On 15 December 2021, OPPO announced the OPPO Find N.

On 11 April 2022, Vivo introduced the Vivo X Fold. On 11 August, 2022, Xiaomi released the Xiaomi MIX Fold 2.
The Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 4 and Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 4 were announced at the August 2022 edition of Galaxy Unpacked. The Galaxy Z Fold 4 was released on 25 August 2022, and the Galaxy Z Flip 4 was released on 26 August 2022.

Motorola Mobility launched the Moto Razr 2022 on 11 August 2022, it is currently only available to the Chinese market but there is speculation that it could become available to other world markets at a later date. In June 2023, Motorola Mobility announced the new Razr (2023) and Razr+ (2023) to the U.S. market.

Components

Display materials

Foldable smartphones typically use flexible, plastic OLED displays rather than glass (such as Corning's Gorilla Glass product, which is used in the majority of mid and high-end smartphones). Plastic displays are naturally capable of sustaining the required bend radius for a foldable smartphone, but they are more susceptible to blemishes and scratches than traditional glass smartphone displays. Although Corning does produce a flexible glass product known as Willow Glass, the company states that its manufacturing process requires use of a salt solution—thus making it unsuitable for electronic displays because the salt can damage the transistors used in OLED panels (which are built directly on the panel). Nonetheless, the company stated in March 2019 that it was in the process of developing a flexible glass suitable for smartphones, which would be  thick and have a  bend radius.

Samsung marketed its Galaxy Z Flip as featuring -thick "ultra-thin glass" with a plastic layer similar to the Galaxy Fold, manufactured by Samsung with materials from Schott AG, which is "produced using an intensifying process to enhance its flexibility and durability", and injected with a "special material up to an undisclosed depth to achieve a consistent hardness".  A stress test by YouTube channel JerryRigEverything showed the screen was scratched when rubbed with a pick with a Mohs rating of 2 (in comparison, most smartphones tested by the channel begin to experience scratches with 6 and 7-rated picks), placing its durability in line with other folding phones. However, The Verge did note Samsung's statement that the device contained a protective polymer layer similar to that of the Galaxy Fold.

See also

 Clamshell design
 Flexible display
 Form factor (mobile phones)
 Laptop

References

Mobile phones
Tablet computers
Crossover devices
Foldable smartphones

Foldable smartphone


RNAD Trecwn is a decommissioned Royal Navy Armaments Depot, south of Fishguard in the village of Trecwn, Pembrokeshire, West Wales.

Built in 1938 to store and supply naval mines and munitions ordnance to the Royal Navy, at its height during the cold war 400 permanent workers were deployed at the site, housed in an MoD built town infrastructure. The site had an on-site,  narrow gauge railway, built using copper to reduce sparks. The weapons were both delivered to the site and then distributed using standard gauge rail to Fishguard, Neyland for Milford Haven, and latterly Pembroke Dock.

Decommissioned in 1992, all 58 cavern storage bunkers and the extensive above ground network of storage sheds and other military buildings remain in place. Ownership of the site was transferred from the Ministry of Defence to Anglo-Irish consortium Omega Pacific in 1998, and then by court order to the Manhattan Loft Corporation in 2002. The site is being redeveloped as an industrial park.

Construction

Located on the former North Pembrokeshire and Fishguard Railway,  south of Fishguard, construction was commenced in 1938. Its location allowed supply of naval mines and munitions via rail from the West Wales Lines Fishguard branch, and distribution via a series of local deep sea ports, including Fishguard harbour and Neyland for Milford Haven.

As with all munitions depots, safety and particularly planning for explosion prevention and firefighting was a major priority at the depot. The site used a specific design of  gauge for on-site distribution to minimise manual handling. For fire fighting two reservoirs are built into the hillside on opposite sides of the valley to supply high-pressure water to the onsite fire hydrants, which are located both within each of the 58 storage chambers and alongside each surface building.

Due to its scale and location, the MoD built a whole new infrastructure around the existing village to support the depot, with workers transported in, due to the remote location. This included three separate housing estates (still occupied today), and a waste water treatment plant. Nearby Barham Memorial School (built in 1877 with funding from the Barham family, and a Grade II listed building), closed in 2001 due to falling registers after the RNAD closed.

Layout and operations

The depot has a traditional herringbone layout along the valley, giving access to 58 cavern-based storage chambers, each approximately  in length, which have been hewn into the rock of the valley sides. Each cavern storage chamber can be accessed either via road, standard gauge rail or the site's own narrow gauge railway.

Munitions would be brought onto site mainly via standard gauge rail, and then distributed onsite using the specifically designed narrow gauge railway. Road access was mainly used for non-explosive access such as for workers and contractors, although it was occasionally used for supply and distribution. Distribution was via standard gauge rail using either Great Western Railway or British Railways locomotives hauling MoD/Royal Navy private owner wagons directly to Fishguard harbour, or Neyland for Milford Haven.

After the closure of the RNAD sub-depot at Pembroke Dock, the Trecwn site gained additional workers and a longer distribution chain. At this high point of operations during the cold war, it employed up to 400 direct workers.

Transport access
Purposefully located on the former North Pembrokeshire and Fishguard Railway, it gave the site easy access to excellent rail distribution. Direct passenger access was also provided by rail, with workmen's trains reversing in from the Fishguard and Goodwick railway station until 1 August 1964.

Standard gauge
Just south of the main entrance and main security fence stands a single railway platform, for workers access to the site. Within the security fence, the marshalling yard of 8 parallel loops exists, formerly shunted by a dedicated MoD diesel hydraulic shunting locomotive. The line then extends down the valley, through a gauge exchange shed for access to the narrow gauge infrastructure, and then provides direct access to the 58 cavern storage chambers via a series of herring-bone shaped sidings.

Supply trains would run from the site to both Fishguard harbour, Neyland for Milford Haven, and Pembroke Dock. At Fishguard the line extended beyond the ferry terminal at Fishguard Harbour railway station, continuing along the breakwater to a single line spur, allowing for transfer of munitions to Royal Navy ships.

Narrow gauge

A  gauge line traverses the entire site, with direct access to the 58 cavern storage chambers. All rail infrastructure was built in copper to reduce the risk of sparks. Serviced via its own on-site locomotive shed and works, the line was equipped with a series of specially provided wooden enclosed wagons, with sliding roof covers. This allowed sea mines and other munitions to be directly placed within the wagons from overhead gantries, and transported over the entire site without access via any form of side door, hence enhancing safety. The narrow gauge line therefore became the main method of on-site distribution, with standard gauge rail or road the off site access method.

Road
Connected to the A40 road via a  private access road, the link gave access to both workers, suppliers and the occasional munitions delivery and distribution.

Sale, current use

In the early 1990s, Trecwn was placed on care and maintenance by the MoD.

The entire site was sold to Anglo-Irish consortium Omega Pacific in 1998 for £329,000, with a stated intention of using the surface buildings for aircraft engine maintenance, while the caverns would be used for the storage of low-level nuclear waste. However, a lack of planning consent (noise of the engines, level of radiation), and local opposition meant that the company ended up in court in 2002, and was ordered to sell the site to the Manhattan Loft Corporation, in conjunction with property developer Richard Harrington, within 10 weeks.

The Manhattan Loft Corporation intend to develop the site as a multi-use industrial estate, with the surface buildings rented or leased for light industrial purposes, and the caverns for storage and distribution. Network Rail have not only kept the railway connection operational, but refurbished it to allow the site to develop as an Intermodal freight traffic distribution site from Fishguard.

All of the narrow gauge infrastructure and stock has been removed. Some stock has been transferred to the similarly gauged Welshpool and Llanfair Light Railway, and other items to the Talyllyn Railway and the Welsh Highland Heritage Railway.

The site was used as the filming location for the 2015 Channel 4 series "SAS:Who Dares Wins".

In late 2011, Renewable Developments Wales applied for planning permission to build a diesel-powered peaking plant on  of land close to the former main entrance. The plan was to produce 20MW of electricity using 11 generators, each stored within its own soundproof container.

Plans submitted by The Valley (Pembrokeshire) Ltd to build a 25-megawatt biomass energy plant on the site were conditionally approved in 2015, subject to an environmental permit from Natural Resources Wales (NRW), but by August 2018 work, with the promise of 40 jobs, had not been started by current owners Manhattan Loft Corporation, leading to questions by the local councillor.

References

External links
RNAD Trecwn at Subterranea Britannica
Aerial views of former RNAD Trecwn

Trecwn
Buildings and structures in Pembrokeshire
Industrial parks in Wales
Industrial railways in Wales
Military installations in Wales
2 ft 6 in gauge railways in Wales
1938 establishments in the United Kingdom
1992 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Ammunition dumps in Pembrokeshire

RNAD Trecwn


Kaos (originally Chaos in the US) is a 1984 Italian drama film directed by Paolo and Vittorio Taviani based on short stories by Luigi Pirandello (1867–1936). The film's title is after Pirandello's explanation of the local name Càvusu of the woods near his birthplace in the neighborhood of Girgenti (Agrigento), on the southern coast of  Sicily, as deriving from the ancient Greek word kaos.

Plot
The film depicts four short stories from Pirandello's 15-volume series Novelle per un anno, which play around his birthplace in the 19th century. A raven, which in the introduction is shown to get a bell around his neck from locals, leads one from one story to the next. Each of the stories is approximately 40 minutes in length.

 L'altro figlio ("The Other Son") is about a mother whose two sons have emigrated to the United States. She hasn't heard from them since (14 years ago), but she still favors them over a third son who has stayed behind and tries to help and please his mother. The reason for her completely shunning him are explained in flashbacks to events in 1860, after the arrival of Garibaldi in Sicily.
 Mal di luna ("Moonsickness") Three weeks after their honeymoon, Sidora discovers that, during the full moon, her husband Batà spends the night howling outside like a werewolf and scratching to get back in. Batà tries to save his marriage by allowing her to have the handsome Saro spend the full-moon nights at their place to protect Sidora.
 La giara ("The Jar") In this comedic section, a feudal landlord (Don Lollò) orders a very large jar for his olive oil, but the new jar breaks almost immediately under mysterious circumstances. The great "jar-fixer" Zi' Dima, famous for his secret-recipe glue, is called to repair the jar, but Zi' Dima manages to fix the jar with himself in it and Don Lollò refuses to break the jar again to let him out.
 Requiem Motivated by the imminent death of their founding father, farmers in a remote hamlet on grounds owned by a baron try to obtain the rights to bury their dead locally rather than in the town, which is over a day's hike away. The baron refuses and carabinieri escort the peasants back to their hamlet to break down the beginnings of a graveyard the peasants are building.

A 20-minute epilogue, Colloquio con la madre ("Conversing with Mother"), describes Pirandello's fictional visit home many years after his mother has died. He asks his mother to retell the story of a trip to Malta she took as a child to visit her exiled father. The ending sequence showed children sliding down the vast slopes of white pumice that flowed into the sea on the island of Lipari.

Cast
 Margarita Lozano as Mariagrazia (in "L'altro figlio'")
 Claudio Bigagli as Batà (in "Mal di luna")
 Enrica Maria Modugno as Sidora (in "Mal di luna")
 Franco Franchi as Zi' Dima (in "La giara")
 Ciccio Ingrassia as Don Lollò (in "La giara")
 Biagio Barone as Salvatore (in "Requiem")
 Omero Antonutti as Luigi Pirandello (in "Colloquio con la madre")
 Regina Bianchi as Pirandello's mother (in "Colloquio con la madre")
 Massimo Bonetti as Saro (in "Mal di luna" and "Colloquio con la madre")

Awards and reception
Kaos won the 1985 David di Donatello awards for best production and best screenplay and was nominated for best music (for Nicola Piovani). It also won the Silver Ribbon award for best screenplay.

The film was very well received by critics, but its length may have prevented wide exposure. In his 2007 book The Best Movies of Our Years, M. Owen Lee considered it the best movie to come out locally in 1986 .

Reviews
Janet Maslin, Chaos (1984), The New York Times, 13 October 1985.
David Denby Poets and Peasants, New York 24 February 1986, pp. 62–63.

External links

1984 films
1984 drama films
Italian drama films
1980s Italian-language films
Films based on works by Luigi Pirandello
Films directed by Paolo and Vittorio Taviani
Films set in Sicily
Italian anthology films
Films scored by Nicola Piovani
1980s Italian films

Kaos (film)


Louis Farrugia (1857–1933) was a Maltese theologian and minor philosopher. In philosophy he was mostly interested in Scholasticism and literature. No portrait of him has been identified up till now.

Life
Farrugia was born at Valletta, Malta, in 1857. After becoming a diocesan priest, he occupied various high offices both in the local Catholic Church and at the University of Malta. His ecclesiastical services were recognised by more than one Pope. He was also private secretary to the Bishop of Malta, Peter Pace, and President of the Ecclesiastical Tribunals in Malta.

Academically, Farrugia taught Latin at the local Lyceum for many years, and taught also philosophy and theology at the bishop's minor seminary and at the University of Malta. At the university, Farrugia was also appointed Member of the General Council for six consecutive times.

Farrugia died in 1933 at 76 years of age.

Works
Farrugia published more than fifty works. Most of them are of a religious or devotional nature with no interest to philosophy. Two publications, however, are of some philosophical value, namely the following:

 1884 – Della Necessità della Lingua al Progresso dell'Uomo (On the Need of Language for the Progress of Man). A 20-page pamphlet in Italian published in Malta (Zefirino Micallef Tipografia) in which Farrugia elaborates on various literary themes around the concept of human progress. The work reproduces a talk given by Farrugia on September 6, 1884, at Flores College, Valletta. Throughout the talk he cites various authors, such as Dante, Manicino, Soave, Blames and others.
 1895 – De Scholastica et Præsertim Thomistica Philosophia (On Scholasticism and Particularly on Thomistic Philosophy). A 16-page pamphlet in Latin published in Malta (Emm. Laferla) dedicated to adolescentibus clericus (young clerics). In this short work Farrugia systematically presents a brief exposition of the Aristotelico-Thomist Scholastic system of philosophy.

References

Sources
 Mark Montebello, Il-Ktieb tal-Filosofija f'Malta (A Source Book of Philosophy in Malta), PIN Publications, Malta, 2001.

See also
Philosophy in Malta

19th-century Maltese philosophers
20th-century Maltese philosophers
Maltese educators
Maltese theologians
19th-century Maltese Roman Catholic priests
People from Valletta
1857 births
1933 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Malta
20th-century Maltese Roman Catholic priests

Louis Farrugia


FC Wien was a football club from the 10th district of Vienna. It was founded in 1914 as SC Nicholson, as a tribute to the great pioneer of Austrian football, Mark  Nicholson. The clubcolours were blue and yellow.In 1933 it was renamed FC Wien also the colours turned to red and white.

History
The club played 27 seasons in the highest league between 1928 and 1958. The second place in 1942 was the best result. In 1973 the association was dissolved due to economic problem. In 1983 a first attempt was made to found FC Wien again. The club remained not important and disappeared in 2006 after a merger with FC 1980 Wien Sisyphus to become FC 1980 Wien. In 2007  a lower-class football club of the same name was founded again which stood in the tradition of the historic FC Wien.

The best-known players were goalkeeper Walter Zeman, the later team manager Karl Stotz and later national team captain Erich Obermayer.

Other websites
100 Jahre FC Wien (German)

References

Wien, FC
Wien, FC

FC Wien


The Official Finnish Charts (; ) are national record charts in Finland compiled and published by Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. The name Suomen virallinen lista/Finlands officiella lista (lit. "the Official Finnish Chart"), which is singular in both Finnish and Swedish, is used generically to refer to both the albums and the singles chart, and the context (albums or songs) reveals which chart is meant.

History
The first charts were published in 1951. In January 1991, the Yle radio station Radiomafia started to compile the first weekly chart in Finland called Radiomafian lista, which was broadcast on the radio every Sunday. Prior to that, all singles and album charts in Finland had been either monthly or biweekly published sales charts. Radiomafian lista became the official Finnish charts in January 1994 when they began a partnership with Suomen Ääni- ja kuvatallennetuottajat (ÄKT) (now known as Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland), the umbrella organization of recording producers active in Finland. Simultaneously, they began to publish the first weekly published singles chart based on sales in Finland, as well as a chart for studio and compilation albums. This move effectively killed the competition from the other chart compilers and by 1995, the Official Finnish Charts were the only sales charts published in Finland.

Charts
Presently the following weekly charts are composed and published by Musiikkituottajat, according to sales and streaming:
Albums (Top 50) (Suomen virallinen albumilista, the Official Finnish Albums Chart)
Singles (Top 20) (Suomen virallinen singlelista, the Official Finnish Singles Chart)
Mid-priced albums (Top 10)
Music DVDs (Top 10)

In addition, Musiikkituottajat owns and publishes a digital chart which tracks digital sales of songs and is compiled by the Official Charts Company. In November 2013, Musiikkituottajat began to publish the Official Finnish Airplay Chart:
Official Finnish Download Chart (Top 30) (Suomen virallinen latauslista)
Official Finnish Airplay Chart (Top 100) (Suomen virallinen radiosoittolista)

Lists of number-ones
List of number-one singles (Finland) — the tables include the Singles Chart (top 20), the Download Chart (top 30) and the Airplay Chart (top 100)
List of number-one albums (Finland)

See also
List of best-selling albums in Finland
List of best-selling singles in Finland
List of best-selling music artists in Finland

References

External links
Official charts on IFPI.fi website
Archives of Finnish Charts including singles and albums mid-1995 to present
Finnish Charts on FinnishCharts.com
Archives of Finnish Singles Chart
Archives of Finnish Albums Chart

1991 establishments in Finland
1991 introductions
Finnish music
Record charts

The Official Finnish Charts


Julius De Geyter (Lede, 25 April 1830 – Antwerp, 18 February 1905) was a Flemish writer born in Lede, Belgium. He started his career as a teacher and journalist. In 1874, he became director of the Bank van Lening in Antwerp. Together with J.F.J. Heremans and E. Zetternam he founded the literary illustrated magazine "De Vlaamsche School", which existed from 1855 until 1862. Together with his friend Julius Vuylsteke he was one of the most important political poets of his time and he was one of the leaders of the Flemish movement. Julius De Geyter is the author of many romantic and political poems, which were mostly rhetorical and sometimes anticlerical. He wrote also to the texts of several cantatas of Peter Benoit, such as the Rubenscantate in 1877. In 1874, he also rewrote the text of Reinaert de Vos in rhyme. He died in Antwerp at age 74.

Bibliography
 Bloemen op een graf (1857)
 Drii menschen van in de wieg tot in het graf (poetry, 1861)
 Reinaart-de-Vos (re-rhyming, 1874)
 Vlaanderens kunstroem (Rubenscantate, 1877)
 De wereld in (1878)
 De muze der geschiedenis (1880)
 De Rhijn (cantata, 1882)
 Keizer Karel en het Rijk der Nederlanden (poetry, 1888)
 Julius De Geyter's werken (1907-1909)

See also
 Flemish literature

References
 Verschaeren, José, Geyter, Julius (eigenlijk Jan) de, Nieuwe Encyclopedie van de Vlaamse Beweging. Tielt: Lannoo, 1998. pp. 1306–1307.

External links

1830 births
1905 deaths
Flemish activists
Flemish writers
People from East Flanders

Julius de Geyter


Mike Richardson (born June 29, 1950) is an American publisher, writer, and producer. In 1986, he founded Dark Horse Comics, an international publishing house located in Milwaukie, Oregon. Richardson is also the founder and President of the Things From Another World retail chain and president of Dark Horse Entertainment, which has developed and produced numerous projects for film and television based on Dark Horse properties or licensed properties.

In addition, he has written numerous graphic novels and comics series, including The Secret, Living with the Dead, and Cut as well as co-authoring two non-fiction books: Comics Between the Panels and Blast Off!.

Early life
Mike Richardson was born on June 29, 1950, in Portland, Oregon. His family moved to Milwaukie, a suburb of Portland, in 1955. He is a graduate of Portland State University, where he majored in art and played for the university basketball team.

Career

While in college, Richardson built a list of clients as a freelance artist and had planned on starting an art agency under the name Dark Horse Graphics. In 1980, Richardson quit his job producing art and designing products for a furniture company located in Portland and moved to Bend, Oregon, with his wife, Karie, and their newborn daughter, Michelle. He used a credit card with a $2,500.00 limit to open a small, pop culture retail store. The store's name, Pegasus Fantasy Books, was chosen off a list of twenty suggestions he submitted to the State of Oregon when applying for a DBA registration. The store opened for business on January 1, 1980. After a name change to Things From Another World in 1993, the original store grew into a chain with as many as eleven locations in three states, including Universal Studio's CityWalk in Los Angeles and Sony's Metreon in San Francisco. The success of the on-line TFAW retail site led to a decision to limit expansion plans and, reduce the number of brick-and-mortar locations, in favour of increased emphasis toward online sales.

Dark Horse Comics
Richardson frequently hosted writers and artists at signings in his retail stores. He repeatedly heard these creators complain that they did not own or control the characters they created, a general practice continued from the industry's earliest days. He began envisioning a comics publishing company that offered intellectual property rights to comics creators. Dark Horse Comics was born, and with the help of Richardson's friend and writer Randy Stradley, released its first publication, Dark Horse Presents #1, in July 1986. Richardson paid 100% of the book's profits to the creators featured in the book. Hoping to sell 10,000 copies in order to break even, DHP #1 topped the 50,000 sales mark. The company quickly grew from there. Paul Chadwick's Concrete graduated from the pages of DHP into its own title and became a critical, as well as financial, success. Many of the titles and characters created in the early days of Dark Horse were created, written, or plotted by Richardson and Stradley.

Over the years, Dark Horse published creator-owned projects such as Frank Miller and Geof Darrow's Hard Boiled, Miller's Sin City and 300, Mike Mignola's Hellboy, and Eric Powell's The Goon. Richardson's interest in Japanese pop culture led to Dark Horse's early entry into the American manga scene. The company achieved success with major Japanese titles, including Kazuo Koike and Goseki Kojima's Lone Wolf and Cub, Katsuhiro Otomo's Akira, and Masamune Shirow's Ghost in the Shell.  Following these successes, Dark Horse imported Hiroaki Samura's Blade of the Immortal and Kosuke Fujishima's Oh My Goddess! to the United States, where the series have become two of the longest-running Japanese manga titles in the country.

In 1988, Dark Horse introduced a series based on the James Cameron film Aliens. Breaking from comic tradition, the series was presented as a direct sequel, continuing the adventures of the film's main characters and related directly to the film's plot. This approach was repeated by Dark Horse in subsequent series based on films such as Terminator, Predator, Star Wars, and Aliens vs. Predator. This approach to film properties has become standard in the comics industry. Dark Horse is currently the largest privately owned comics company in North America.

Along with his other activities, Richardson continues to write comics. In 2014, his collaboration with Stan Sakai, 47 Ronin, was placed on the American Libraries Teen Reading List.

Dark Horse Entertainment
Early on, Dark Horse Comics received attention from the film industry, with producers and studios attempting to option the publisher's titles. From the beginning, Richardson's goal was to keep Dark Horse and its creators as involved in the development of its titles for entertainment as possible. It quickly became apparent that the only way to assure involvement was to act as a producer on those projects. In 1989, Richardson met producer Larry Gordon, who had heard about the company through his creative executive, Lloyd Levin. Gordon offered him the chance to get involved with a small horror film he was developing, As a result, Richardson set up Dark Horse Productions, later to become Dark Horse Entertainment, and received a co-producer credit on Many Cota's Dr. Giggles. Two of Richardson's creations, The Mask and Timecop, followed in 1994 and both topped the box office charts. In 2008, Richardson received an Emmy as Producer of the John Landis directed documentary, Mr. Warmth, The Don Rickles Project. Richardson and DHE have been involved in producing more than 30 film and television projects since 1992.

Personal life
Richardson is married with children. He names Charles Dickens and James Ellroy as his favorite writers, and The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band as his favorite album. He is also fond of basketball, guitars, and fine wine. He resides in Lake Oswego, Oregon.

Nominations and awards
1997 Razzie Nomination for Barb Wire
1999 Eisner Awards Nominated Best Comics-Related Book – Comics Between the Panels – (author with Steve Duin)
2007 Emmy Nomination for Hellboy: Sword of Storms
2008 Emmy Award Won for Best Variety, Music, or Comedy Special – Mr. Warmth: The Don Rickles Project (producer)
2010 Overstreet Hall of Fame For contributions to comic book art.
2010 Governors' Gold Award – State of Oregon for Contribution to the Arts
2012 Eisner Awards: Won for Best Anthology – Dark Horse Presents (editor)
2012 Harvey Awards: Won for Best Anthology – Dark Horse Presents (editor)
2013 Eisner Awards: Won for Best Anthology – Dark Horse Presents (editor)
2013 Harvey Awards: Won for Best Anthology – Dark Horse Presents (editor)
2014 Eisner Awards: Won for Best Anthology – Dark Horse Presents (editor)
2012 Harvey Awards: Won for Best Anthology – Dark Horse Presents (editor)
2014 Eisner Awards: Nominated for Best Limited Series – 47 Ronin (writer)
2015 American Library Association named Richardson's 47 Ronin to its Great Graphic Novels for Teens list

Bibliography

Comics

Editor
Cheval Noir (#1–23 1989)
Aqua Blue: The Blue Planet (1990)
The Adventures of Luther (#1–9, 1990, )
Indiana Jones & The Fate (#1–4, 1991)
Andrew Vachss' Hard Looks (#1–10, 1992, 1-56971-209-2)
Andrew Vachss' Hard Looks  (1996)
Dark Horse Presents (volume 2, #1–30, 2011)
Dark Horse Presents (volume 3, #1–15, 2014)

Writer
Boris the Bear (#1–12, 1986)
Wacky Squirrel (#1–4, 1987)
Wacky Squirrel Halloween Special (1987)
Wacky Squirrel Summer Fun Special (#1, 1987)
The Mark (1987)
Godzilla (#1–6, 1988)
Insane (#1–2, 1988)
Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis (#4, 1991, )
Aliens: Countdown (1991)
Predator: The Bloody Sands (story, 1992)
Aliens: Newt's Tale (1992)
Comics Greatest World (#1–4, 1993)
Will to Power (#1–12, 1994, )
The Mask: The Official Movie Adaptation (1994)
Star Wars: Crimson Empire (1998, )
Terror of Godzilla (1999)
Star Wars: Crimson Empire II: Council of Blood
Star Wars: Crimson Empire: Council (1999, )
Aliens: Genocide (story, 2000)
The Dark Horse Book of Hauntings: Gone (2003)
Adventures of the Yellow Jacket (Monarch of the Moon DVD insert comic)
Cravan: Mystery Man of the 20th Century (2005, )Living With The Dead (2007, )The Secret (#1–4, 2007, )Cut (2008, )Return of the Gremlins (2008, )The Occultist (2012, )Star Wars: Crimson Empire (2012, )47 Ronin (2013, )The Atomic Legion (2014, )Father's Day (2014, )Underground (2014, )Deep Gravity (2015, )Echoes (2016)51 Deep (2016)

BooksComics: Between the Panels ()Blast Off: Rockets, Rayguns, Robots and Rarities'' ()

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

Dark Horse Comics
People from Milwaukie, Oregon
1950 births
Living people
American publishers (people)
Film producers from Oregon
Inkpot Award winners

Mike Richardson (publisher)


The École Nationale Supérieure des Industries Chimiques (ENSIC) is an Engineering School dedicated to Chemical Engineering in Nancy, France.

Ensic Nancy is one of the seven schools of the Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine (INPL), France's largest technological university.

Creation
In October 1885, it was announced that the authorities were in favour of the creation of an institute of chemistry in Nancy.  This pulled together a variety of chemical activities in the University of Nancy, with the specific aim of instructing young men in the practical application of chemistry to industry and agriculture. The decree authorizing the creation of the Institute was made on 8 September 1887 and construction began in 1888. The first 6 students joined in 1889 and Albin Haller was appointed as director on 30 July 1890.  on 6 June 1892 it was formally inaugurated by the President of the Republic, Marie François Sadi Carnot.

Notable achievements
One of its early professors, Victor Grignard, obtained the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1912 for his invention of the organo-metallic compounds known as "Grignard's reagents". After the Second World War, ENSIC introduced to France chemical engineering principles developed in the English-speaking world.

The school created a foundation in December 2008 to support its activities, called Fondation ENSIC, with the participation of Arkema.

ENSIC Nancy in numbers
450 masters-level engineering students
200 internships in France and abroad
100 professors, assistant professors and CNRS researchers (permanent staff)
180 graduate students

Engineering programs
ENSIC Nancy offers two masters-level engineering degrees accredited by the Commission des titres d'ingénieur (France) and by the Institution of Chemical Engineers (UK).

" Ingénieur des Industries Chimiques" (I2C) three years after a 2-years preparatory program of intensive study.
" Ingénieur des Techniques de l'Industrie" (FITI) : cooperative industrial-academic training program in Chemical Engineering Technology

Continuing education
A 2-year program open to Chemical Engineering technicians with 3–5 years of professional experience.
60 selected topical-courses delivered by the ENSIC Continuing Education Center.

Research laboratories
2 Laboratories:
LCPM: Laboratoire de Chimie Physique des Réactions (Polymer Science and Macromolecular Physical Chemistry)
LRGP : Laboratoire de Réactions et Génie des Procédés

Research activities
Research Activities in the following fields:
Thermodynamics
Fluid mechanics
Chemical reaction engineering
Chemical kinetics and catalysis
Separation processes
Transport phenomena
Characterisation and synthesis of polymers
Modelling and process control
Chemical engineering in rheologically complex media
Formulation and product engineering
Bioorganic chemistry, biotechnology and bioengineering
Photochemistry and photophysics
Safety, health, energy and environment
Micro- and nanotechnology

References

External links
ENSIC website

Chemistry education
University of Lorraine
Universities and colleges in Nancy, France
Nancy
Universities and colleges established in 1887
Buildings and structures in Meurthe-et-Moselle
1887 establishments in France

École nationale supérieure des industries chimiques


Instituto Mauá de Tecnologia (Mauá Institute of Technology, short IMT) is a private, non-profit organization with headquarters located in São Paulo (city). The main objective of IMT is to promote technical-scientific education, technological research, and development aiming to provide highly qualified human resources to contribute to the socioeconomic development of Brazil.

IMT maintains two units: IMT University and Technical Services and Tests Center.

IMT University

IMT University has the mission of improving and actualizing the education and research in scientific areas, technology development and management. The accreditation of IMT University by the Brazilian Ministry of Education testifies the implemented pedagogic projects quality, faculty qualification and academic work conditions of their students.

The post-graduation coordination offers to graduated students the opportunity to continue their studies in post-graduation programmes.

IMT University unities have an environment which provides the professional development of their students with an excellent facility of its laboratory and a high qualified teaching staff. Most of faculty members in IMT University hold a master's degree or PhD from Brazilian, North American or European universities.

Students of IMT count on a modern Library; an Internship Coordination, which supports the students and alumni to get a job; advanced Laboratories; Sports and Physical Activities Center; and Junior Enterprises of Engineering and Administration.

São Caetano do Sul campus

Located 12 km from the center of São Paulo, with an area of 130,000 m2, São Caetano do Sul campus has a wide infrastructure which includes Eng. Álvaro de Souza Lima Library, laboratories and Sports and Physical Activities Center.

Laboratories

IMT University has 102 laboratories with modern equipment installed in 9,500 m2 of construction area. It includes laboratories of: Engine Tests, Mechanical Tests, Metrology, Microwaves, Basic Sanitation, Metallography, Machine Construction, Soil Mechanics, Food processing pilot plant, Biology and Microbiology, Biotech and Biochemical Engineering, Control and Automation, Image Processing, Electrical Machines and Thermal Science.

Sports and Physical Activities Center

Sports and Physical Activities Center has all the facilities, which includes a soccer camp, sports gymnasium, semi Olympic swim pool, dressing room and snack bar, in an area of 13,800 m2.

São Paulo campus

São Paulo campus, located less than 1 km from Ibirapuera Park, has a modern building with an area of 3,300 m2 which includes a department of Eng. Álvaro de Souza Lima Library and a laboratory.

Courses

Technical Services and Tests Center

The Technical Services and Tests Center was established in 1966 with the purpose of meeting the needs of the industries regarding products and processes. A laboratory infrastructure was put in place in order to make tests and analyses. In a second phase, it started providing technological support to companies to improve processes, products and services, a technology development center in several different fields, and offering the following services to manufacturing and services companies:

  Applied technology research;
  Product and process development;
  Tests, analyses, expert opinion reports and certification;
  Projects, consulting, advisory services and planning;
  Specialized training.

The Technical Services and Tests Center has a customer service structure in place through its Technical Divisions established by fields: Food Engineering, Biochemistry, Automation and Control, Electronic, Civil, Mechanical Engineering, Metrology, Microwave Technology, Telecommunications, Engines and Vehicles, Chemistry and Paints, Road Signaling and Safety.
The technical staff at the Center comprises experienced professionals with different degrees, qualified on different areas, and the Center also counts on IMT University faculty as experts and consultants. The participation of IMT University students in activities at the Research Center provides them with the opportunities to participate in vocational internships.

References

Universities and colleges in São Paulo
Universities and colleges in São Paulo (state)
Private universities and colleges in Brazil

Instituto Mauá de Tecnologia


Templar was a manufacturer of automobiles in Lakewood, Ohio from 1917 to 1924. The company was named for the Knights Templar and used a Maltese Cross as an emblem.

Advertising themselves as "The pioneer builder of quality small cars", the first Templar car had a four-cylinder, overhead-valve engine of 3.2 litres capacity coupled to a three-speed transmission mounted in a chassis with a  wheelbase.  The entry of the United States into World War I severely curtailed production, the company making artillery shells for the war effort. Only around 150 cars were made in 1918. Body styles included a coupe with coachwork by Leon Rubay at US$4250, a Victoria Elite tourer, a 3-door sedan and a sports model called the Sportette at US$2400. The cars were extremely well equipped with a compass and Kodak camera as standard equipment.

Full production resumed in 1919 with 3 body types, the coupe, Sportette and sedan. 1800 cars were built by the 900 employees. While the post war boom continued, the company could sell every car it made and Templar even increased prices in 1920 and 1921. The 1921 coupe, still basically the 1917 car, cost US$3785, as did the five-passenger sedan, while the five-seat tourer, four-passenger Sportette, and two-seat touring roadster were US$2885.

By contrast, an Enger 40 was US$2000, the FAL was US$1750, US$2000, the Oakland 40 US$1600, the Cole 30 and Colt Runabout were each US$1500, the high-volume Oldsmobile Runabout was US$650, and Western's Gale Model A was US$500, but Templars were still well below the Lozier Light Six Metropolitan tourer and runabout at US$3,250 and coupe US$3,850 or even American's lowest-price model, which was US$4250 (its highest was US$5250), while the 1913 Lozier Big Six tourer and roadster started at US$5,000.

Competition was increasing, so in 1922, two cheaper models were announced, a roadster and a Deluxe Sports at US$1985. Production was severely affected following a major fire which had swept through the works in December 1921, and receivers were appointed in October 1922.

The company was re-financed and became the Templar Motor Car Company in 1923, and work started on a 4.3-litre six-cylinder engine, as the new management decided the future was in larger cars. The new models were based around a  wheelbase frame with a range of four- and five-seat bodies. Four-wheel brakes were also introduced. However, only 125 cars were sold in 1923.

By late 1924 it seems the money ran out, and the company passed into the ownership of a local bank who had called in a loan, and production ceased.

See also
List of automobile manufacturers
List of defunct automobile manufacturers

Notes

Sources
Clymer, Floyd. Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925. New York: Bonanza Books, 1950.

External links
A Short History of the Templar Motors Company
A 1922 Templar A-445 Roadster is reviewed Conceptcarz

Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Ohio
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
1910s cars
1920s cars
Companies based in Cleveland
American companies established in 1917
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1917
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1924
History of Cleveland
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Ohio

Templar automobile


Lars Jesper Blomqvist (; born 5 February 1974) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a left midfielder.

Most recently he was the playing assistant manager of Superettan side Hammarby from December 2009 to November 2010. He played at IFK Göteborg, where he won four straight Allsvenskan league titles between 1993 and 1996, and Manchester United, where he was part of the team that won the treble in 1999, consisting of the Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League. He returned to Swedish football in 2003 with Djurgården, where he won his final Allsvenskan title, before initially retiring in 2005. An injury crisis prompted a playing return for Enköping in 2008.

A full international between 1994 and 2002, Blomqvist won 30 caps for the Sweden national team and helped them to third place at the 1994 FIFA World Cup in the United States.

Club career

Swedish football

After an early spell at Tavelsjö IK, Blomqvist signed for then recently formed Umeå FC in 1992. In the spring portion of his first season for the club, he helped them to the Division 2 Norra Norrland title, promoting the club to Division 1 Norra for the autumn. At the time this was the second tier of Swedish football. Subsequently, he signed for IFK Göteborg on 11 September 1993. Blomqvist played a part in the club's Allsvenskan win that year. He scored eight goals in 24 league appearances en route to the league title in 1994. Furthermore, he played a part in Sweden's advance to the semi-finals of the World Cup and scored in the club's 3–1 win over Manchester United in the Champions League. This performance caught the eye of United manager Alex Ferguson and helped the team qualify for the quarter-finals of the tournament. Another title followed in 1995, with Blomqvist's goal against Helsingborgs IF, when he performed a variant of the Pelé runaround move, voted goal of the season. In his last season for Göteborg, he played against former club Umeå, who had reached the Allsvenskan for the first time in their history. In 1996, Blomqvist was voted Fan's Player of the Year and Midfielder of the Year. At the end of the 1996 season, he signed for newly crowned Serie A champions Milan.

Serie A
In his first season of Italian football, Milan failed to win a trophy, and Blomqvist often sat on the bench. He nearly decided against going to Old Trafford because he did not want a repeat of this season. The defending champions had an equally disappointing season, finishing 11th in Serie A and failing to qualify for European football. Blomqvist was subsequently sold to Serie A runners up Parma in the summer of 1997. Blomqvist enjoyed more regular football, although the club finished 6th in the league and missed out on the knockout stages of the Champions League. The Swede's sole league goal for the club was scored in a 4–0 win over Napoli at Stadio San Paolo.

Premier League

Manchester United purchased Blomqvist as a backup to Ryan Giggs in the early stages of the 1998-99 season, for a fee of £4.4 million, three years after manager Alex Ferguson had first attempted to sign him for United from IFK Gothenburg. He featured in enough games to win a Premier League winner's medal in the 1999 season, scoring his only goal for the club in a 4–1 away win against Everton. He received an FA Cup winners medal despite being an unused substitute in the final. He did, however, start against Bayern Munich in the Champions League final. He came close to scoring before eventually being replaced by Teddy Sheringham, who later scored a late equaliser after Bayern's early goal. United went on to win the match 2–1.

Due to a serious knee injury suffered soon after the Champions League final, Blomqvist did not play football in the next two seasons, which resulted in Manchester United deciding not to renew his contract (During his time out, due to this injury, he did media work for MUTV, United's in-house television channel, and presented his own cookery show called "Cooking With Jesper"). He remained on a week-to-week deal at Old Trafford before finally leaving when Ferguson persuaded Everton manager Walter Smith to offer the Swedish international a short term contract at Goodison Park, from November 2001 until the end of the season. Blomqvist played on the wings opposite compatriot Niclas Alexandersson, and scored his first goal for Everton against Sunderland in January 2002. Injury problems persisted, however, and new manager David Moyes allowed him to leave the club in June 2002. He had a trial at Middlesbrough, but was unhappy with the club's handling of the situation, labelling it "a bit unprofessional". Instead he signed for Alan Curbishley's Charlton Athletic on a free transfer. His spell at The Valley was even briefer, and he made just three league appearances for the South London side before calling time on an injury-hit five seasons in England.

Return to Sweden
Again struggling with injury, Blomqvist returned to his native Sweden after only four games with Charlton. He signed on a short term deal with Djurgårdens IF. This proved unpopular among supporters of IFK Göteborg, who labelled him "Judas". Göteborg fans considered the decision to join Djurgården instead of them a betrayal. Blomqvist played a part as the side became Swedish champions that year. Injury problems, however, restricted him to only nine league appearances. As during the stint with Manchester United, he remained at the club for another two seasons, before finally deciding to retire due to injury in 2005.

Blomqvist joined Enköpings SK as a coach in 2008 and went on to make a playing return in the Superettan, the second tier of Swedish football. A shortage of players at the club due to injury forced Blomqvist's playing return. The player shortage was highlighted when Blomqvist was sent off in his second game for the club. This resulted in a suspension for Blomqvist, and Enköping only having fifteen players available for the following match. On 15 September 2008, he scored his first professional goal in five years in a 1–0 win against IK Sirius. In total, he made 10 Superettan appearances, but was unable to save Enköping from relegation to Division 1 for the 2009 season. He left Enköping after the season and later signed a contract with newly relegated Hammarby IF as assistant manager to Michael Borgqvist.

In 2010 Blomqvist played again, coming on as a substitute in the 85th minute for Hammarby against Trelleborg FF in the Swedish Cup, being one of very few coaches actually playing a game for their team. After a rough period at the club, he left Hammarby in a mutual consent in November 2010.

In 2012, Blomqvist effectively retired as a footballer by focusing on his civilian career. He did this by initiating studies in commerce.

International career
Blomqvist was part of the bronze medal-winning Swedish national team at the 1994 FIFA World Cup. He gained his first international cap against Colombia in 1994. His only World Cup match in the starting eleven came against Cameroon, although he also replaced Henrik Larsson in the second half of a draw against eventual champions Brazil. Each member of the squad was awarded a Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal in recognition of their third place in the tournament. Blomqvist was also considered for the 2002 FIFA World Cup squad. In total, Blomqvist has made 30 appearances for his country, without scoring.

Personal life
Blomqvist was born and raised in Tavelsjö, in the Umeå Municipality of Sweden. He currently resides in Sweden, although he has also purchased property in Croatia. After officially retiring in 2005, he became a pundit (football expert) for Swedish television station TV4. Blomqvist was the victim of an assault during a visit to his hometown Umeå in September 2006, when he was struck twice across the face. His attacker was prosecuted for the incident.

Blomqvist and his ex-wife Pauline have a son named Casper (born in 2012). They had divorced in 2016 but remain friends and share custody of their son.

Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Umeå
Division 2 Norra Norrland: 1992

IFK Göteborg
Allsvenskan: 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996

Manchester United
 Premier League: 1998–99
FA Cup: 1998–99
UEFA Champions League: 1998–99

Djurgården
Allsvenskan: 2003

Sweden
FIFA World Cup third place: 1994

Individual
Årets komet: 1994
Swedish Goal of the Year: 1995
Folkets lirare: 1996
Swedish Midfielder of the Year: 1996

References

External links

  (archive)

1974 births
Living people
1994 FIFA World Cup players
AC Milan players
Allsvenskan players
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Djurgårdens IF Fotboll players
Everton F.C. players
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
IFK Göteborg players
Manchester United F.C. players
Parma Calcio 1913 players
Sportspeople from Umeå
Premier League players
Serie A players
Superettan players
Sweden men's international footballers
Sweden men's youth international footballers
Swedish expatriate men's footballers
Swedish men's footballers
Umeå FC players
Hammarby Fotboll players
Enköpings SK FK players
Men's association football midfielders
UEFA Champions League winning players
Hammarby Fotboll non-playing staff

Jesper Blomqvist