Korea has produced music () from thousands of years, until the modern day. After the division of Korea in 1945, both North and South Korea have produced their own styles of music.

Traditional music () produced by Korea includes court music, folk music, poetic songs, and religious music used in shamanistic and Buddhist traditions.

Modern music includes K-pop (), the popular music of South Korea. North Korea also produces its own popular music, as well as music that's inspired by traditional music.

History

Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea
Not much is known about music from the Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea period (before 57 BCE). It is believed that Korean people practiced shamanistic rituals involving music at agricultural festivals. Tomb murals and ceramics from this period depict string instruments with complex features that suggest the instruments were quite developed.

Three Kingdoms of Korea
The Three Kingdoms of Korea refers to the period from 57 BCE to 668 CE when the Korean peninsula was ruled by three kingdoms: Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. Each kingdom was known for favoring different musical instruments.

Goguryeo
In Goguryeo, an oboe called a piri, a lute called a pipa, and a zither that is still used today called a geomungo were popular instruments. According to the Korean historical record, Samguk sagi, written in 1145, the geomungo was invented by prime minister Wang San-ak, who had received a Chinese zither called a guqin as a gift. Wang did not know how to play the guqin so he used it as a model in order to build a new instrument he called the geomungo. A painting of the instrument is found in a tomb in modern-day Jilin Province, China.

The Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms noted "The people of Goguryeo like to sing and dance. Men and women in villages throughout the country gather every night to sing and dance." Surviving songs from the era include, "Song of the Turtle", and "Song of Nightingales", the latter of which was sung by King Yuri of Goguryeo.

Baekje
The only song of Baekje conveyed until now is Jeongeupsa (정읍사), but since there are no specific relics such as the mural tombs of Goguryeo, it is quite difficult to grasp what it would be like. It is evident that Baekje also celebrated a harvest festival in May and October similar to that of Goguryeo.

The music of Baekje was known to Liu Song Dynasty and Northern Wei, while some music players were invited to Japan. Notably, a man of Baekje named Mimaji (미마지) learned music and dance in China and emigrated to Japan in 612.

Silla

Before Silla unified three kingdoms, the music of Silla is represented by a traditional instrument, gayageum which was said that Ureuk from Gaya brought it in the reign of King Jinheung when his kingdoms were incorporated by Silla forces. Although Samguk Sagi conveys 12 names of compositions Ureuk did, those are not fully inherited. In the 13th year of Jinheung, Ureuk taught gayageum, songs, and dances to three disciples of Gyego, Beopji y Mandeok.

Later the famed scholar, Choi Chiwon who studied in Tang dynasty away from bone rank system of Silla chartered five poems of hyangak (The local music) which depict performing arts in Silla toward the end of its era. These figures are found in history books, Goryeosa as a court ballet performance consisting of hyangak and dangak in subcategories of Korean music.

North and South States Period

Unified Silla
After unification, the music of Silla experienced the influx of diverse music from Baekje and Goguryeo with the wider development of hyangak, especially in gayageum, geomungo, bipa of three string instruments and other three pipes. Additionally, music from the Tang dynasty was introduced under the reign of King Munmu. The Buddhist chant, Beompae (hangul 범패, hanja 梵唄) was widely adopted with variety of instruments, forming a unique art of Silla. During unified Silla, the royal institute of music (en hangul: 음성서) was established.

Goryeo Dynasty
Taejo of Goryeo, the founder of Goryeo followed several customs of Silla which can be found in a series of Buddhist celebrations such as Palgwanhoe and Yeondeunghoe. However, the influence of Silla dramatically diminished in the middle of its period owing to the influx of music from Song, establishing a strong influence on Korean court music. A large banquet where performances handed down from Silla such as the sword dance was conducted. Most of Goryeo songs were recorded in Akhak gwebeom after the 15th century of which features were the lyrics of the Korean language, different from those of previous eras.

Goryeo court dance named jeongjae can be divided into two categories: native dances of hyangak jeongjae (향악정재); Tang-derived dangak jeongjae (당악정재). Additionally, folk dances were practiced by monks and shamans.

Joseon Dynasty
As Yi Seong-gye founded Joseon in 1392, the dynasty adopted anti-Buddhism and pro-Confucianism which affected the musical pattern of Yeak (예악, 禮樂). Although some scholars like Jeong Do-jeon made several songs for celebrating the initial moments of Joseon, the notation followed the trends of Goryeo.

Joseon periods saw considerable developments of its music during the reign of Sejong which were largely attributable to a musician Park Yeon. Park firstly established an independent organ of music and created Korean-style notation including Jeonganbo (en Hangul: 정간보). King Sejong himself also composed songs. A son of Sejong, Sejo who killed his nephew, Danjong also recorded his score in pitch pipe notation. The two kings above are the only rulers whose musical records are now traceable.

Music and dance enjoyed favorable positions in the court banquets and also within the elite yangban class. The feasts hosted by high-rank officers involved several entertainers like clowns and acrobats. After the middle of its period, what-so-called middlemen (중인, Jungin) came to play diverse instruments mixing lyric poems and long cyclical songs.

The process of compiling traditional Korean music continued until the reign of Seongjong with the publication of the first independent musical text Akhakgwebeom.

Because of two mega-hit wars, the culture of Joseon went through a series of hardships which resulted in the loss of instrumental music and songs in court and also a royal shrine. The musical situation in the late Joseon can be described as declining contrary to its expansion period.

Ancestor worship ceremonies called Munmyo jerye and Jongmyo jerye were revived and performed annually, chiefly to commemorate the deaths of Confucian scholars and Korean kings.

The public enjoyed the genre of pansori, sanjo and namsadang-nori. Pansori first emerged as a common culture in the mid-Joseon. Although it is hard to grasp exact points of its evolution, the oral tradition of this genre came to be followed by musical experts only to expand its sphere not only to commoners but also to aristocrats.

In 1894, Joseon government dispatched ten court musicians to Boston Exposition in the United States to build an independent foundation.

After Korean Empire
Joseon was transformed into the Korean Empire with a view to organizing its sphere out of the external interruption, while the rituals of empires were revived and practiced Confucian court music to celebrate the expansion of the nation. However, the Japanese colonization of Korea in 1910 brought tremendous change inside and outside Korea with an influence of western music. After the collapse, Korean court music found almost no way to make celebrations and rituals, which was replaced with marching songs. Instead of pansori and gagok, the musical trends were largely changed into modern-style performances and classical music. Followed by cultural suppression in the 1920s, Korean traditional music barely survived.

During the 1930s, despite suppression of folk music, there was some support for some singers. In January 1934 Wang Su-bok was featured in the first live Korean language radio broadcast to Japan. The transmission was organised by the Japanese Broadcasting Corporation, and she was accompanied by Kyongsong Broadcasting Orchestra.

Korean voice (sori/chang)

Korean folk song or minyo, is varied and complex, but all forms maintain a set of rhythms (called 장단; Jangdan) and a loosely defined set of melodic modes owing to diverse instruments, while even drums were eligible to demonstrate a variety of rhythmic cycles.

Because the folk songs of various areas are categorized under Dongbu folk songs, their vocal styles and modes are limited. Therefore, currently, scholars are attempting to categorize the Dongbu folk songs further, based on different musical features. These songs are primarily simple and bright. Namdo folk songs are those of Jeolla Province and a part of Chungcheong Province. While the folk songs of other regions are mostly musically simple, the folk songs of the Namdo region, where the famous musical genres pansori and sanjo were created, are rich and dramatic. Some Namdo folk songs are used in pansori or developed by professional singers and are included as part of their repertoires. Jeju folk songs are sung on Jeju Island. Jeju folk songs are more abundant in number than any other regional folk songs, and approximately 1600 songs are transmitted today. Jeju folk songs are characterized by their simple and unique melodic lines and rich texts.

Pansori
Pansori (판소리) is a long vocal and percussive music played by one singer and 1 drummer. In this traditional art form, sometimes rather misleadingly called 'Korean Opera', a narrator may play the parts of all the characters in a story, accompanied by a drummer. The lyrics tell one of five different stories but are individualized by each performer, often with updated jokes and audience participation. One of the most famous pansori singers is Park Dongjin (hangul: 박동진). In 2003, Pansori was designated as intangible cultural property in UNESCO's Memory of the world.

The National Theatre of Korea provides monthly opportunities to experience traditional Korean narrative songs or Pansori.

Pungmul

Pungmul (풍물) is a Korean folk music tradition that is a form of percussion music that includes drumming, dancing, and singing. Most performances are outside, with dozens of players, all in constant motion. Samul Nori, originally the name of a musical group founded in 1978, has become popular as a genre, even overseas. It is based on Pungmul musical rhythmic patterns and uses the same instruments, but is faster and usually played while sitting down.

Sanjo
Sanjo:(산조) is played without a pause in faster tempos as one of the most popular genres of traditional Korean music. It is entirely instrumental music, and includes changes in rhythmic and melodic modes during individual work. The tempo increases in each movement. The general style of the sanjo is marked by slides in slow movements and rhythmic complexity in faster movements. Instruments include the changgo drum set against a melodic instrument, such as the gayageum or ajaeng. Famous practitioners include such names as Kim Chukp'a, Yi Saenggang and Hwang Byungki. Notably, Hwang established a new type of sanjo genre that involved in the repertory of gayageum on the basis of aiming to identify and explain distinctive musical features and creativity.

Jeongak
Jeongak (정악, 正樂) or Chongak means literally "right (or proper) music", and its tradition includes both instrumental and vocal music, which were cultivated mainly by the upper-class literati of the Joseon society. The instrumental branch has several versions of a lengthy chamber, chiefly Yongsan hoesang, while the vocal branch sometimes include the meaning of jeongga (Right Song) with a wide range of gagok, gasa, and sijo.

Although jeongak has things in common with court music but it cannot be categorized as popular song since most public would never hear of these melodies by incorporating various court dances. Vocals performed in jeongak are normally sung in a style of kagok (가곡), which is for mixed male and female singers and is accompanied by a variety of instruments. The best-known piece of jeongak is Yeongsan hoesang of 9 suites which has now had only instrumental notes.

Nongak

Nongak (농악) refers to "farmers' music" and represents an important musical genre which has been developed mainly by peasants in the agricultural society of Korea. The farmers' music is performed typically in an open area of the village. The organization of nongak varies according to locality and performing groups, and today there are a great number of regional styles and involvement of many instruments. Since Nongak involves in many types of dances and formation changes, the dancers and players have several types of artistic format due to their level of skill.

Shinawi
Shinawi or Sinawi (시나위), means, in the broadest sense, the shamanistic music of Korea which is performed during a Korean shaman's ritual dance performance to console and to entertain deities mainly from Korea's southwest region. In this sense of the word, the term is almost identical with another term, shinbanggok (lit. 'spirit chamber music'), which indicated general shamanistic music performed at a folk religious ceremony known as kut. The format of this genre is comparatively loose with several dancers being united and dispersed on the stage.

Salpuri
Salpuri (살풀이) is a shamanistic ritual dance, conducted as exorcism of bad ghosts. The style of this ritual dance is characterized simple and serene. The long scarf with fluid lines express long lines of the arms and fingers of the dancer from corner to corner of the space, utilizing the vastness of space all the way.

Court music
Korean court music preserved to date can be traced to the beginning of the Joseon Dynasty in 1392.  It is now rare, except for government-sponsored organizations like The National Center for Korean Traditional Performing Arts.

There are three types of court music.

Aak is an imported form of Chinese ritual music.
Hyang-ak is a Pure Korean form.
Dang-ak is a combination of Korean and Chinese influences.

Aak
The word Aak is the Korean pronunciation of two hanja characters, which indicate the equivalent form of yayue in Chinese and gagaku in Japan. Since Confucius used this term to distinguish elegant and beneficial music from the melodies without harmony, it enjoyed favorable status during Joseon. Derived from wider types of notations, Korea has maintained its melodies until now of which features were long lost in China. Aak is considered a special type of court music in specific ritual ceremonies at very rare concerts, such as the Sacrifice to Confucius in Seoul.

Dang-ak
Dangak or Tangak refers to the music which came from the Tang dynasty. The instruments from Tang were imported.  During the 12th century, Korea received musical instruments as gifts from the Chinese ruler, which were used by the orchestra at Confucian rituals. These influences provided Unified Silla with robust opportunities to develop its music culture after Korean performers' visits to China and vice versa Chinese performers visited Korea in 1116.

Hyang-ak
Hyangak literally means The local music or Music native to Korea of which one example is Sujecheon, a piece of instrumental music as old as 1,300 years. Hyangak firstly appeared as early as during Silla period with four ensemble stringed instrument with woodwind instruments similar to the oboe, called a piri. Pares and English indicate the texts of Goryeosa: The most significant dates for music hyangak (indigenous music; other texts refer to this as sogak) were 1114 and 1116, when the court received two gifts from the eighth Song emperor, Huizong. Korea was fast becoming a Confucian state and kings had begun to observe Confucian rites to heaven, to agriculture, land and grain, and to royal ancestors.

Yongbieocheonga, Songs of the Dragons Flying to Heaven represents its uniqueness as hyangak, which was originally tuned to various notes and lyrics but the text was lost and purely instrument rhythm left.

Traditional instruments

Traditional Korean instruments can be broadly divided into three groups:

String
Wind
Percussion

Percussion folk instruments include jing (large hanging gong), kkwaenggwari (hand-held gong), buk (barrel drum), janggu (hourglass drum).   Percussion court includes the pyeongjong (bronze bells), pyeongyeong (stone chimes), chuk (square wooden box with mallet) and eo (tiger-shaped scraper).

See also
K-pop
Music of South Korea
Music of North Korea
List of South Korean musicians
List of North Korean musicians

References

Provine, Rob, Okon Hwang, and Andy Kershaw (2000). "Our Life Is Precisely a Song". In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific, pp 160–169. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. .
Korean Cultural Insights. "Traditional Arts". Republic of Korea. p 27. Korea Tourism Organization, 2007.

External links
 A Study of Musical Instruments in Korean Traditional Music (The National Center for Korean Traditional Performing Arts, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Republic of Korea, 1998)
Kpop Radio Pdm(Community dedicated to Korean Culture, music and Korean music radio)
 Generacion Kpop (Community websites dedicated to Korean music and Korean music radio)
 Culture & Arts in Korea: Trends in Music
 Overview of Traditional Korean Music
 Minyo [Translation from Minsok Kyoyuk Jaryojip, published by Bongchon Norimadang]
 News articles about Korean Music
 Learning how to keep time in music

South Korean music history

Traditional music of Korea


The Battle of Nashville was a two-day battle in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign that represented the end of large-scale fighting west of the coastal states in the American Civil War. It was fought at Nashville, Tennessee, on December 15–16, 1864, between the Confederate Army of Tennessee under Lieutenant General John Bell Hood and the Union Army of the Cumberland (Dept. of the Cumberland) (AoC) under Major General George H. Thomas. In one of the largest victories achieved by the Union Army during the war, Thomas attacked and routed Hood's army, largely destroying it as an effective fighting force.

Military situation

Hood followed up his defeat in the Atlanta Campaign by moving northwest to disrupt the supply lines of Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman from Chattanooga, hoping to challenge Sherman into a battle that could be fought to Hood's advantage. After a brief period in which he pursued Hood, Sherman decided instead to cut his main army off from these lines and "live off the land" in his famed March to the Sea from Atlanta to Savannah. By doing so, he would avoid having to defend hundreds of miles of supply lines against constant raids, through which he predicted he would lose "a thousand men monthly and gain no result" against Hood's army. Sherman disengaged and turned east, leaving the matter of Hood's army and the defense of Tennessee to Thomas. Hood devised a plan to march into Tennessee and defeat Thomas's force while it was geographically divided. He pursued Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield's army from Pulaski to Columbia and then attempted to intercept and destroy it at Spring Hill. Schofield had been tasked by Thomas with delaying Hood as much as possible, without losing his army, while Thomas pulled in his forces to concentrate at Nashville. Because of a series of Confederate command miscommunications and solid U.S. Army leadership in the Battle of Spring Hill (November 29, 1864), Schofield was able to withdraw from Columbia and slip past Hood's army at Spring Hill relatively unscathed.

Furious at his failure at Spring Hill, Hood pursued Schofield to the north and encountered the Union at Franklin behind strong fortifications. In the Battle of Franklin on November 30, Hood ordered almost 31,000 of his men to assault the Union works before Schofield could withdraw across the Harpeth River and escape to Nashville. Schofield and his men were intent on getting across the Harpeth and really did not expect Hood and his army to attack; the fact that they did attack with such ferocity soon made the U.S. troops realize that they had changed from a delaying action to a desperate fight for survival. The Union soldiers repulsed multiple assaults and inflicted over 6,000 casualties on the Confederates, which included a large number of key Confederate generals, doing heavy damage to the leadership of the Army of Tennessee.

Schofield withdrew from Franklin during the night and marched into the defensive works of Nashville on December 1, there coming under the command of Thomas, who now had a combined force of approximately 55,000 men. By and large, his troops were veterans, the IV Corps under Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood and Schofield's XXIII Corps having fought in the Atlanta campaign and Maj. Gen. Andrew J. Smith's "Detachment of the Army of the Tennessee" (a part of the recently discontinued XVI Corps had been redesignated with this unusual name on December 6) having fought at Vicksburg, in the Red River Campaign, at Tupelo against S.D. Lee and Nathan Bedford Forrest, and in Missouri against Sterling Price. While Wilson's cavalry had combat experience, most of it had been of the wrong kind at the hands of Nathan Bedford Forrest, John Hunt Morgan, or Joe Wheeler. Only Maj. Gen. James B. Steedman's Division lacked experience fighting together. It was composed of garrison troops and railroad guards from Tennessee and Georgia and included eight regiments of United States Colored Troops.

Union forces had been constructing defensive works around Nashville since the time the city was occupied in February 1862. By 1864, a 7-mile-long semicircular Union defensive line on the south and west sides of the city protected Nashville from attacks from those directions. The line was studded with forts, the largest being Fort Negley. The trench line was extended to the west after December 1. The Cumberland River formed a natural defensive barrier on the north and east sides of the city. Smith's troops had arrived by river on November 30, and their transports had been escorted by a powerful fleet of tinclad and ironclad gunboats. Thus, the river barrier was well-defended.

From east to west the defensive line was manned by Steedman's division, the XXIII Corps, the IV Corps, and Smith's XVI Corps Detachment. During the amassing of his forces and the construction of his defenses, Thomas' troops punctuated their entrenching with small offensive operations and raids.Given the fact that the Union Army was composed of troops from the Army of the Cumberland, the Army of the Ohio, the Army of the Tennessee, the District of Etowah, and the Post of Nashville, the force in Nashville had no official name.

Hood's Army of Tennessee arrived south of the city on December 2 and took up positions facing the Union forces within the city. As he was not nearly strong enough to assault the Union fortifications, Hood opted for the defensive. Rather than repeating his fruitless frontal attack at Franklin, he entrenched and waited, hoping that Thomas would attack him. Then, after Thomas had smashed his army against the Confederate entrenchments, Hood could counterattack and take Nashville.

The Confederate line of about four miles of fortifications faced the southerly facing portion of the Union line (the part occupied by Steedman and Schofield). From right to left were the corps of Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham, Lt. Gen. Stephen D. Lee, and Lt. Gen. Alexander P. Stewart. Cavalry commanded by Brig. Gen. James R. Chalmers was off to the southwest of the city. The Confederate left flank was secured by five small detached redoubts, each having two to four guns with garrisons of about 150 men each. The weather turned cold and many Confederate soldiers took shelter in simple pits which were just big enough for two or three men to sleep alongside each other with a small fire at one end. Alabama soldier Edgar Jones wrote that while he enjoyed the warmth of his new home it gave him "a sort of graveyard feeling" since the shelters were remarkably similar to graves.

Hood made a serious strategic error before the battle. On December 2, he sent the three brigades of William B. Bate's Division of Cheatham's Corps to attack the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad between Nashville and Murfreesboro as well as the Union garrison in the latter city. Three days later, he sent an additional two brigades of infantry and two divisions of cavalry, all under Forrest's command, to reinforce Bate. Hood believed this diversion would draw Thomas out of the Nashville fortifications, allowing Hood to either defeat Thomas in detail or to seize Nashville by a coup de main once its garrison was depleted. While the railroad between Nashville and Murfreesboro was broken in a number of places, the Murfreesboro garrison drove off the Confederates in the Third Battle of Murfreesboro (also called the Battle of the Cedars) on December 7. Furthermore, Thomas was not fooled by this diversion, and remained in his fortifications until he was ready to attack on his own terms. Bate's Division and one of the two attached infantry brigades returned to Nashville, but Hood had seriously diminished his already outnumbered forces, and he had also deprived his army of its strongest and most mobile unit, Forrest and his cavalry.

Opposing forces

Union

The Union force (of about 55,000 men), was a conglomerate of units from several different departments provisionally attached to Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas' Department of the Cumberland or Army of the Cumberland and consisted of:

 IV Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Wood, with divisions commanded by Brig. Gens. Nathan Kimball, Washington Lafayette Elliott, and Samuel Beatty;
 XXIII Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield, with divisions commanded by Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch and Brig. Gen. Jacob D. Cox;
 "Detachment of the Army of the Tennessee" (former Right Wing, XVI Corps), commanded by Maj. Gen. Andrew J. Smith, with divisions commanded by Brig. Gens. John McArthur and Kenner Garrard and Col Jonathan B. Moore;
 Provisional Detachment (District of the Etowah), commanded by Maj. Gen. James B. Steedman, with a division (named "Provisional Division") commanded by Brig. Gen. Charles Cruft, two brigades of U.S.C.T. reporting directly to Steedman, and the Post of Nashville commanded by Brig. Gen. John F. Miller.
 Cavalry Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. James H. Wilson, with divisions commanded by Brig. Gen. Edward M. McCook, Edward Hatch, Richard W. Johnson, and Joseph F. Knipe.

Confederate

The Confederate Army of Tennessee under command of Gen. John B. Hood fielded approximately 30,000 men and consisting of 3 infantry army corps and 1 cavalry corps:

 Lee's Corps, commanded by Lt. Gen. Stephen D. Lee with 3 divisions;
 Stewart's Corps, commanded by Lt. Gen. Alexander P. Stewart with 3 divisions;
 Cheatham's Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham with 3 divisions;
 Cavalry Corps, (detached at Murfreesboro and not engaged at Nashville) commanded by Maj. Gen. Nathan B. Forrest with 3 divisions.

Thomas prepares to attack
Although Thomas's forces were much stronger, he could not ignore Hood's army. Despite the severe beating it had suffered at Franklin, Hood's Army of Tennessee presented a threat by its mere presence and ability to maneuver. Thomas knew he had to attack, but he prepared cautiously. His cavalry corps, commanded by the energetic young Brig. Gen. James H. Wilson, was poorly armed and mounted, and he did not want to proceed to a decisive battle without effective protection of his flanks. This was particularly important, since Wilson would be facing the horsemen of the formidable Forrest. Refitting the Union cavalry took time.

Meanwhile, Washington fumed at the seeming procrastination. When Sherman proposed his March to the Sea, Ulysses S. Grant and Henry Halleck had objected to it on the grounds that Hood would use the opportunity to invade Tennessee. In response, Sherman airily indicated that this was exactly what he wanted and that if Hood "continues to march North, all the way to Ohio, I will supply him with rations." However, when the ever-confident Sherman disappeared into the heart of Georgia, Grant once again became concerned about an invasion of Kentucky or Ohio. Grant later said of the situation, "If I had been Hood, I would have gone to Louisville and on north until I came to Chicago." His concern doubtless reflected Abraham Lincoln's concern. Lincoln had little patience for slow generals and remarked of the situation, "This seems like the McClellan and Rosecrans strategy of do nothing and let the rebels raid the country."

While pressure from Washington continued, a bitter ice storm struck Nashville on December 8, which precluded any offensive action. Sub-freezing weather continued through December 12. This was explained to Grant, but when Thomas had still not moved by December 13, Grant directed that Maj. Gen. John A. Logan proceed to Nashville and assume command if, upon his arrival, Thomas had not yet initiated operations. Logan made it as far as Louisville by December 15, but on that day the Battle of Nashville had finally begun. Grant himself left Petersburg on December 14 to take personal command and had only gotten as far as Washington when the battle began. He proceeded no further.

Naval actions

The Confederates set up batteries at Bell's Bend on the Cumberland River below Nashville on December 2, 1864. They met with immediate success, capturing that day two Union transports carrying horses, mules and fodder. The Union naval squadron at Nashville responded on the night of December 3–4. While the bulk of the squadron engaged the upper battery, two ships, the ironclad Carondelet and the tinclad Fairplay, proceeded to the lower battery where they recaptured and brought off the two transports.

The Union squadron commander, Lt. Cmdr. LeRoy Fitch was ordered to break the river blockade. On December 7, he took his two heaviest ships, the ironclad USS Carondelet and the river monitor Neosho, downstream to engage the batteries. The action was inconclusive, although the Neosho sustained considerable superficial damage. Two Neosho sailors were awarded the Medal of Honor for going out onto the shell swept deck and raising the ship's flag after it had been shot down.

The Confederate batteries effectively closed the river below Nashville to supply traffic until they finally were driven off by Union cavalry on December 15.

Battle

December 15

Actions on the Confederate right

Thomas's plan was to launch a diversionary attack on the Confederate right that would distract them from the main attack on their left and perhaps cause them to divert troops from their left to their right. The attacking force consisted of two brigades drawn from Steedman's Provisional Division: the First Colored Brigade, consisting of three regiments of United States Colored Troops (who had previously served as garrison troops or railroad guards), and a brigade composed of rear echelon white troops described by their commander as "new conscripts, convalescents, and bounty jumpers."

The Confederate right was anchored on the west side of a deep cut on the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad. A weak skirmish line was posted east of the tracks, and on December 14 this was supplemented by a stout four-gun lunette manned by Granbury's (Houghton's after Granbury's death at Franklin) Texas Brigade. Granbury's lunette was well masked by trees and brush.

The two Union brigades advanced and overran the skirmish line. They then came under heavy artillery fire from a Confederate battery on the west side of the railroad. When the brigades passed Granbury's Lunette, they were struck by very heavy close range enfilading fire. Both brigades retreated in some disorder, but they were reformed and continued for the rest of the day to fire on the Confederate works from the former skirmish line. The attack failed in its purpose, since the Confederates were not distracted and in fact had sent brigades from both Lee's and Cheatham's Corps to bolster the threatened left flank, however, Steedman's attack did take the fortifications which made Hood's left untenable and led to his withdrawal at nightfall.

Actions on the Confederate left
Thomas planned a huge wheeling movement that would ultimately come down on the Confederates' exposed left flank. Wilson's Cavalry Corps moved west on Charlotte Pike once an early morning fog dissipated, driving off the Confederate cavalry patrolling the area between the Confederate left and the Cumberland River. Smith's XVI Corps detachment followed, turning south after a mile or so towards the Confederate flank. The cavalrymen formed on Smith's right flank. Schofield's XXIII followed in reserve, and as the assault moved south a gap opened between Smith and Wilson which Schofield was directed to fill. At about 2:30 pm, the Union troops attacked the five redoubts guarding the Confederate left. Four brigades, two of cavalry and two of infantry, overran Redoubt No. 4 and then Redoubt No. 5, notwithstanding the spirited resistance of the defenders of Redoubt No. 4. Another of Smith's brigades captured Redoubt No. 3; however, its commander, Col. Sylvester G. Hill, was killed by Confederate artillery firing from Redoubt No. 2. He was the highest-ranking Union officer killed in the battle. Smith's troops proceeded to Redoubt No. 2, which was quickly captured.

In the meantime, the IV Corps had been tasked with making a frontal assault from Granny White and Hillsboro Pikes on the left end of the Confederate line. The assault was to begin once Smith's troops began their assault on the left flank redoubts. The Confederate line was supposed to lie on Montgomery Hill on the north side of Brown's Creek. While the Confederates had originally established their line there, they had withdrawn to equally strong positions on the south side of Brown's Creek, as the original positions were exposed to artillery fire from the Nashville forts. The IV Corps proceeded deliberately up Montgomery Hill, only to find that it was defended by a thin skirmish line. They stopped to reorganize, and at about the same time that Smith's Detachment was rolling up the Confederate redoubts, they advanced on the main Confederate line.

Thus it happened that Redoubt No. 1, the last bastion on the Confederate left flank, was captured by troops coming from the north, south, and west. Stewart's corps had been wrecked by the day's fighting and retreated to a new line of defense a mile or two to the south. Rearguard actions by reinforcements from Lee's Corps kept the retreat from becoming a rout. With the collapse of the Confederate left, Cheatham's and Lee's Corps followed to the new line.

December 16

New disposition of Confederate army

The Confederates' new line was much stronger and more compact than the first day's line. It was anchored on the east on Peach Orchard Hill. The western flank ran along a line of hills leading south from Compton's Hill, which after the day's battle would be called Shy's Hill after Col. William M. Shy, the Confederate officer commanding the 20th Tennessee Infantry, who died defending it. The center followed a series of sturdy dry stack stone walls enhanced by entrenching.

Hood put Lee's Corps on the right flank. With the exception of two brigades, this corps had seen no action on the previous day, and indeed had seen very little action at the bloodletting at Franklin two weeks before. Lee's line ran from the hill well into the Confederate center. Stewart's Corps, decimated by heavy casualties at Franklin and in the December 15 actions, occupied the Confederate center. Cheatham's Corps, badly hurt at Franklin, was on the Confederate left flank, which included Shy's Hill and the line of hills to its south. Rucker's cavalry brigade patrolled to the south of Cheatham's Corps.

The Confederate line defenses atop Shy's Hill appeared to be quite strong, as the steep hill dominated all of the surrounding terrain. However, appearances were deceiving. First, the defenses at the crest were a salient, and were exposed to Union artillery fire from all directions except the southeast. Second, the fortifications had been built overnight by tired troops and consisted of shallow trenches with no head logs or abatis. Third, and most fateful, the trenches were constructed on the geographical crest of the hill and not on the military crest commanding the slopes, so that attacking troops could escape fire until they were almost at the crest.

Thomas's plan
Thomas repeated his tactics of the previous day. An attack would be made on the Confederate right to draw Confederate troops from the left. Then Schofield's XXIII Corps would deliver a hammer blow on the left flank.

Union attack on Peach Orchard

The attacks on Peach Orchard Hill were made in much greater strength than those December 15. Two brigades from Beatty's division of Wood's IV Corps and two brigades from Steedman's Provisional Division made the attack at about 3 p.m. Concentrated musket and artillery fire from the entrenched Confederates quickly broke up the attack. The trailing regiment in the 2nd Colored Brigade of Steedman's Division, the 13th United States Colored Troops, went in essentially on its own and gained the Confederate parapet, losing one of its flags and 220 officers and men in the process, about 40% of the regiment's strength.

The attack on Peach Orchard Hill had the desired effect. Hood sent two of Cheatham's brigades to reinforce Lee. The thin Confederate line on Shy's Hill and the surrounding heights got thinner.

Union attack on Shy's Hill
During this time Wilson's cavalry was very active on the Confederate left and rear, reaching past Granny White Pike. In response, Cheatham stretched his corps further and further to the south. Thomas, who was with Schofield, directed Schofield to make an attack on the western face of Shy's Hill. Schofield, imagining that he was outnumbered and in danger of an attack on his southern flank, demurred, requested that Smith send him additional divisions. Thomas directed Smith to comply with this request. Smith sent a division, and still Schofield did nothing.

Sunset was rapidly approaching, and if no attack was made before then Hood would be in a position to either strengthen his position overnight or safely retreat south.

Brig. Gen. John McArthur, one of Smith's division commanders, was aware of this. He also saw that the Confederate lines were being badly battered by Union artillery, which was firing on them from nearly every direction. At about 3:30 p.m. he sent a message to Smith and Thomas that unless he were given orders to the contrary, his division was going to attack Shy's Hill and the Confederate line immediately to its east in the next five minutes.

The three brigade attack began on McArthur's timetable. One brigade went up and over Shy's Hill.  Because of the misplacement of the Confederate trenches, only the regiment on the east sustained significant casualties from Confederates, who were firing from the plain to its left. McArthur's second brigade hit these Confederates while they were so distracted. The third brigade, attacking to the east of Granny White Pike caught a large body of Confederate skirmishers outside of their lines and went into the Confederate lines with them.

Confederate left flank disintegrates
The Confederate left flank suddenly disintegrated. The Confederate line was rolled up west to east. Granny White Pike had been blocked by Wilson's cavalry. The Confederates retreated to the south by the Franklin Pike and a gap in the Overton Hills through the Otter Creek bottom. A part of Lee's Corps maintained good order and covered the retreat on Franklin Pike. Rucker's Confederate cavalry brigade performed the same service in a nighttime melee in the rain on Granny White Pike.

Hood's retreat
On the night of December 16, what was left of Hood's army headed south towards Franklin on two roads, Franklin Pike and Granny White Pike. Rucker having blunted for the time being the Union pursuit on Granny White Pike, the main pursuit was by Union cavalry on Franklin Pike. Lee's rearguard held off the attacks.

At this point, the pursuit slowed because Thomas had sent his pontoon bridge train towards Murfreesboro rather than Franklin and Columbia, and his artillery and supply trains could not cross the Harpeth River until the pontoon train arrived. This did not stop Wilson's cavalry from aggressively pursuing the Confederates as they retreated to Columbia. Wilson badly hurt Carter L. Stevenson's rearguard division in actions on December 17 and 18, but was forced to stop because of the lack of supplies. Wilson's problems were compounded when Forrest and his two cavalry divisions arrived in Columbia from Murfreesboro on December 18.

On December 19 the Confederate infantry and artillery crossed the Duck River at Columbia, destroying the bridges behind them. Forrest took charge of the rearguard, attaching an ad hoc infantry division under Brig. Gen. Edward C. Walthall to his Cavalry Corps.

Because of the misdirected pontoon train, Thomas was not able to cross the Duck River until December 23. Wilson continued his vigorous pursuit, but was stymied by Forrest over the next three days in hard-fought rearguard actions at Richland Creek, Anthony's Hill, and Sugar Creek. Hood was able to get his army across the Tennessee River on a pontoon bridge near Bainbridge, Alabama by December 28. Thomas had asked Rear Admiral S. P. Lee, commanding the Tennessee River naval squadron, to destroy the Confederate bridge. However, low water and Confederate artillery prevented Union tinclad gunboats from interdicting the crossing.

Steedman's Provisional Division was sent by rail from Nashville to Chattanooga and from there by river boat to Decatur, Alabama, to cut off Hood's retreat. His force arrived too late to interfere with the crossing. However, Steedman's cavalry under the command of Colonel William Jackson Palmer captured the Confederate pontoon train on December 30 along with a large number of supply wagons.

That marked the end of the Union pursuit.

Aftermath

Casualties
Federal casualties in the battle totaled 387 killed, 2,562 wounded, and 112 missing.

As only a few of the Confederate units submitted reports on the battle, Confederate casualties are difficult to determine. Thomas reported capturing 4,561 prisoners in the battle itself, with an unknown number captured during the retreat. One historian made an educated guess that 2,500 Confederates were killed and wounded at Nashville.

The Army of Tennessee had gone into Middle Tennessee campaign with approximately 38,000 men, exclusive of Forrest's cavalry. The Army had sustained severe casualties at Spring Hill, Franklin, and Nashville, and suffered at least 2,000 desertions in the latter part of the campaign. On January 20 Hood reported an effective strength of 18,742, again exclusive of Forrest's cavalry. Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard, Hood's nominal superior, advised the Confederate President on January 13 that the Army of Tennessee had fewer than 15,000 men.

Reactions and effects
The Battle of Nashville marked the effective end of the Army of Tennessee. Historian David Eicher remarked, "If Hood mortally wounded his army at Franklin, he would kill it two weeks later at Nashville." Although Hood blamed the entire debacle on his subordinates and the soldiers themselves, his career was over. He retreated with his army to Tupelo, Mississippi, resigned his command on January 13, 1865, and was not given another field command.

Battlefield preservation
The Nashville battlefield is huge by Civil War standards, encompassing almost all of south and west Nashville. Nashvillians who live in the Green Hills, Forest Hills, Oak Hill, Lipscomb, or Brentwood neighborhoods are living on top of a battlefield.

In the earlier part of the twentieth century there was some talk of creating a National Battlefield Park in Nashville. This movement failed, due to lack of support from Nashville's civic leaders, who as Southerners were not particularly interested in commemorating a battle that was such a profound Confederate defeat. As a result, much like Atlanta, most of the Nashville battlefield has been lost to development. However, the battle is memorialized and small parts of it have been preserved.

Battlefield memorials
A Battle of Nashville monument was created in 1927 by Giuseppe Moretti, who was commissioned by the Ladies Battlefield Association. Erected in the years immediately following World War I, the monument honors the soldiers of both sides and celebrated a united nation. The monument was severely damaged by a tornado in 1974, and during the 1980s interstate highway construction left the monument landlocked on a small plot of ground overlooking the massive highway interchange of I-65 and I-440. In 1999 the monument was relocated to the Nashville Battlefield Park at the intersection of Granny White Pike and Clifton Lane, just north of the Confederate line on the first day of the battle.

Minnesota monuments
In 1920 the State of Minnesota erected a large monument in the Nashville National Cemetery honoring its soldiers who were buried there. Minnesota lost more men at the Battle of Nashville than in any other Civil War battle.

United States Colored Troops monument
In 2006 a group of private citizens erected a monument in the Nashville National Cemetery honoring soldiers of the United States Colored Troops buried there, many of whom fought in the Battle of Nashville.

Shy's Hill memorials
Erected by the Battle of Nashville Preservation Society, this honors the troops of both sides who fought on and around Shy's Hill. The memorial consists of three flags, an American flag, a Confederate national flag, and a Minnesota state flag (honoring the four regiments of Minnesotans who were instrumental in capturing the hill).

A marker was placed on the slope of Shy's Hill in late 2014 in honor of the contributions to the Minnesota regiments that fought in the battle. It was dedicated by members of the Minnesota Civil War Commemoration Task Force and the Battle of Nashville Preservation Society on November 16, 2014.

Historic homes and buildings
 Belle Meade Plantation: A skirmish was fought on the front lawn, though the scars on the columns on the front porch previously believed to be bullet holes are actually signs of erosion of the lime stone.
 Belmont Mansion: Served as Union General Thomas Woods's headquarters. The Belmont Water Tower on the grounds of the mansion served as a signal station.
 Travellers Rest: Served as headquarters of the Army of Tennessee.
 Sunnyside: This antebellum home in the 12 South District of Nashville lay between the Union and Confederate lines. It was used as a hospital after the first day's battle. It is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Historical Commission and has not been completely restored.
 Glen Leven: This Greek Revival home on Franklin Pike was built in 1857. It was used as a hospital by the Union during and after the battle. The home and the surrounding  were donated by the Thompson family to the Land Trust for Tennessee in 2007. It is closed to the public except for special events.
 Downtown Presbyterian Church: Served as a hospital after the battle.
 Metropolitan Board of Parks and Recreation
 Fort Negley: This large masonry fortification was built in 1862–1863 by African-Americans forcibly impressed by the Union military government. Guns placed there fired the first shots in the battle. The fort is a ruin, but has been stabilized and interpreted.
 Nashville City Cemetery: Union dead from the battle (and some Confederate dead) were buried in an annex to this ante-bellum cemetery.
 Kelley's Point: This is a short but attractive greenway that runs from a Lowe's Super Center parking lot on Charlotte Pike at its intersection with Davidson Road to the site of a Confederate battery on the Cumberland River. The remains of earthworks are faintly visible.

Privately owned but publicly accessible sites
 Granbury's Lunette. Owned by the Joseph E. Johnston Camp, Sons of Confederate Veterans. Located at 190 Polk Avenue. Played an important role in repelling the Union attack on the Confederate right on the first day of the battle. The lunette was partly destroyed by railroad construction in the early 1900s.
 Redoubt No. 1. Owned by the Battle of Nashville Preservation Society. Captured in the first day of the battle by troops from the IV Corps and XVI Corps. Located on Benham Avenue in Green Hills. This has been preserved and interpreted. Earthworks are clearly visible.
 Redoubt No. 4. The Battle of Nashville Preservation Society has an historic easement on the remnants of this fortification, consisting of the remnants of its northern face. It is located in the Abbottsford development off of Abbott–Martin Road in Green Hills. The remainder of the redoubt, which extended to Hobbs Road, was destroyed during home construction in the 1950s.
 Shy's Hill. This is owned by the Battle of Nashville Preservation Society and is located just off of Battery Lane on Benton Smith Drive. Its fall on the second day of the battle precipitated the Confederate rout. It is well-interpreted. Earthworks on top of the hill were destroyed when a water tower (now removed) was erected in the early 1950s; Confederate trench lines on the east and south slopes are clearly visible.
 Mount Olivet Cemetery. Under the direction of the Ladies' Memorial Society of Nashville, Confederates killed or mortally wounded in the battle were removed from battlefield graves and City Cemetery in 1868 and reinterred at Confederate Circle at Mount Olivet. A large monument was erected on the site in 1889.

Driving tour
The Battle of Nashville Preservation Society has published a downloadable self-guided driving tour Members of the Society provide guided battlefield tours for a fee.

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Tennessee
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Tennessee
 Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1864
 List of costliest American Civil War land battles
 Franklin-Nashville Campaign and Battle of Franklin
 Atlanta Campaign
 Sherman's March

References
Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography

 Memoirs and primary sources

Further reading

External links

The Battle of Nashville: Battle Maps, histories, photos, and preservation news (Civil War Trust)
Battle of Nashville In-Depth Academic description
Battle of Nashville Preservation Society
Battle of Nashville Monument
Animated History of the Franklin-Nashville Campaign
Travellers Rest Plantation
Battle of Nashville Tour of Historic Homes
General Thomas, the "sledge of Nashville"
This Week in the Civil War
Minnesota Civil War 150

Nashville
Nashville
Nashville
Nashville
John Bell Hood
Davidson County, Tennessee
Nashville
1864 in Tennessee
December 1864 events

Battle of Nashville


Gertrude Bambrick (August 24, 1897 – January 10, 1974) was an American actress of the silent era. She appeared in 60 films between 1912 and 1916.

Biography
Bambrick was married twice. Her first marriage to early film director Marshall Neilan ended in divorce and resulted in one child, Marshall Neilan Jr, who later became a successful film editor. Neilan fell in love with Bambrick while working in New York City in 1914, and at the time he was a rising star in film direction. At one point during their marriage he was earning $15,000 per week. He was involved in several affairs during their marriage. Bambrick retired from acting in 1916 after marrying Neilan, before her career could ever really take off.

Bambrick divorced Neilan in 1921 after discovering he was involved in an affair with early film actress Blanche Sweet. Neilan went on to marry Sweet, and they divorced in 1929, when his career failed and he was in financial ruin.

Bambrick's second marriage was to Jack Alicoate. They had two children, Patricia and Virginia. She never returned to acting and died in Boynton Beach, Florida.

Selected filmography

External links

1897 births
1974 deaths
Actresses from Florida
American film actresses
American silent film actresses
People from Boynton Beach, Florida
Place of birth missing
20th-century American actresses

Gertrude Bambrick


Homer Ellis Finger Jr. (8 October 1916 – 25 May 2008) was an American bishop of The Methodist Church and the United Methodist Church, elected in 1964.

Finger served as bishop in Tennessee for twenty years: twelve in the Nashville Area and eight in the Holston Area (based in Knoxville). He also served as president of the Council of Bishops from 1980 to 1981, retiring from active service in 1984, but continuing on as administrative assistant secretary to the council for the next 12 years.

Prior to his election to the episcopacy, Finger served for twelve years as President of Millsaps College (1952–1964) in Jackson, Mississippi, from which he had graduated before receiving his master of divinity degree from Yale Divinity School. He also served as pastor of the Coldwater, Mississippi and Oxford University United Methodist churches, and as a Navy chaplain for three years during World War II.

See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church

References

American United Methodist bishops
Bishops of The Methodist Church (USA)
Methodist chaplains
United States Navy chaplains
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Millsaps College
1916 births
2008 deaths
World War II chaplains
Yale Divinity School alumni

Homer Ellis Finger Jr.


Events from the year 2001 in Canada.

Incumbents

Estimated Canadian population: 31,110,565

Crown
 Monarch – Elizabeth II

Federal government
 Governor General – Adrienne Clarkson
 Prime Minister – Jean Chrétien
 Chief Justice – Beverley McLachlin (British Columbia)
 Parliament – 37th (from January 29)

Provincial governments

Lieutenant governors
Lieutenant Governor of Alberta – Lois Hole
Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia – Garde Gardom (until September 25) then Iona Campagnolo
Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba – Peter Liba
Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – Marilyn Trenholme Counsell
Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador – Arthur Maxwell House
Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – Myra Freeman
Lieutenant Governor of Ontario – Hilary Weston
Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island – Gilbert Clements (until May 28) then Léonce Bernard
Lieutenant Governor of Quebec – Lise Thibault
Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan – Lynda Haverstock

Premiers
Premier of Alberta – Ralph Klein
Premier of British Columbia – Ujjal Dosanjh (until June 5) then Gordon Campbell
Premier of Manitoba – Gary Doer
Premier of New Brunswick – Bernard Lord
Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador – Beaton Tulk (until February 13) then Roger Grimes
Premier of Nova Scotia – John Hamm
Premier of Ontario – Mike Harris
Premier of Prince Edward Island – Pat Binns
Premier of Quebec – Lucien Bouchard (until March 8) then Bernard Landry
Premier of Saskatchewan – Roy Romanow (until February 8) then Lorne Calvert

Territorial governments

Commissioners
 Commissioner of Yukon – Jack Cable
 Commissioner of Northwest Territories – Glenna Hansen
 Commissioner of Nunavut – Peter Irniq

Premiers
Premier of the Northwest Territories – Stephen Kakfwi
Premier of Nunavut – Paul Okalik
Premier of Yukon – Pat Duncan

Events

January to March
January 1 – The Ontario cities of Ottawa, Hamilton and Sudbury have their surrounding suburbs merged into their municipalities. Sudbury is the only one of the three to change its name (to Greater Sudbury). Toronto had been similarly merged in 1998.
January 17 – The Bank of Canada unveils a new $10 bill with enhanced security features.
January 18 – MafiaBoy pleads guilty to 56 of 66 mischief charges in a Montreal courtroom. The other 10 charges were withdrawn.
January 27 – Lorne Calvert becomes the leader of the Saskatchewan New Democratic Party after winning the fourth ballot at the party's 2001 leadership convention.
January 29 – Peter Milliken is elected as the new Speaker of the House of Commons after five rounds of voting.
January 29 – The Toronto Stock Exchange allows stocks greater than $5 in value to trade at 1¢ increments instead of at 5¢ increments.
January 30 – Governor General Adrienne Clarkson reads the Speech from the Throne at the beginning of the 37th Canadian parliament.
January 30 – An envelope mailed to Citizenship and Immigration Minister Elinor Caplan containing a mysterious blue powder caused the Immigration Canada building to be sealed off. A Winnipeg laboratory on February 1 said the powder posed no health risk.
February 2 – Canada begins banning imports of beef and beef products from Brazil due to concerns of mad cow disease.
February 2 – Ontario Minister of Finance Ernie Eves quits to become vice-chair and senior adviser at Credit Suisse First Boston Canada.
February 3 – Roger Grimes becomes leader of the Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador after winning the second ballot at the party's leadership convention.
February 5 – Prime Minister Jean Chrétien becomes the first foreign leader to visit the newly elected President of the United States, George W. Bush, in Washington, D.C.
February 8 – Lorne Calvert becomes premier of Saskatchewan, replacing Roy Romanow.
February 13 – Roger Grimes becomes premier of Newfoundland, replacing Beaton Tulk.
March 8 – Bernard Landry becomes premier of Quebec, replacing Lucien Bouchard.
March 12 – 2001 Alberta general election: Ralph Klein's PCs win a ninth consecutive majority.

April to June
 April 18 - Online only media rabble.ca is founded with well known media critic and feminist activist Judy Rebick as publisher.
April 20 – Summit of the Americas is held in Quebec City to discuss the FTAA; the city, which has been divided by a high fence around much of the downtown core, also hosts the People's Summit and is wracked by the Quebec City protests.
May 4 – Chrétien's longtime Chief of Staff, Jean Pelletier, is made the head of Via Rail.
May 14 – Video lottery terminal referendum in New Brunswick.
May 16 – British Columbia election: Gordon Campbell's BC Liberals win a landslide victory over Premier Ujjal Dosanjh's NDP.
May 18 – Conrad Black renounces his Canadian citizenship.
May 23 – Federal Ethics Commissioner releases a report which clears Alfonso Gagliano of any wrongdoing in the sponsorship scandal.
June 5 – Gordon Campbell becomes premier of British Columbia, replacing Ujjal Dosanjh.

July to December
July – Canada becomes the first country in the world to legalize medical marijuana.
July 17 – Infighting in the Canadian Alliance forces out leader Stockwell Day.
August 24 – Conrad Black sells The National Post to Izzy Asper's CanWest.
August 24 – René Lévesque Bust unveiled.
August 28 – The US Governors of New England agree with the Quebec and Atlantic Canadian premiers to the Climate Change Action Plan 2001.
September 7 - Documentary Channel signs on.
September 11 – Canada's border with the United States is on high alert in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks in the United States. Canadian government initiates both "Operation Support" and "Operation Yellow Ribbon."
September 14 – Three days after the September 11 terrorist attacks, while the rest of the world sees the memorial service for the victims at the Washington National Cathedral, Canadians see the similar service on Parliament Hill—the largest single vigil ever seen in the nation's capital.
October 7 – the 2001 Attack on Afghanistan begins. Canadian fighter pilots and ground troops are involved in the war.
November 17 – Vancouver resident Aaron Webster is killed in what many believe to be a gay bashing attack.
December 12 – The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary arrests Dr. Shirley Turner in St. John's on suspicion of murdering her boyfriend Andrew Bagby in Pennsylvania. However, Justice Gale Welsh releases Turner deeming her not a threat to society, despite the murder charges.

Full date unknown
Canadian Coalition for Global Health Research is founded.
Chris Hadfield becomes the first Canadian to perform a spacewalk.
CTV purchases The Globe and Mail.
Jean Drapeau Statue unveiled.

Arts and literature
March 4 – Bruce Cockburn is inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame.

New literature
Discipline of Power: Jeffrey Simpson
Dolce Agonia: Nancy Huston
Eunoia: Christian Bök
Life of Pi: Yann Martel
Shadows: Timothy Findley
Stanley Park: Timothy Taylor
The Stone Carvers: Jane Urquhart

Literary awards
Alistair MacLeod's No Great Mischief wins the lucrative International Dublin Literary Award
Giller Prize for Canadian Fiction: Richard B. Wright: Clara Callan
See 2001 Governor General's Awards for a complete list of winners and finalists for those awards.
Books in Canada First Novel Award: Michael Redhill, Martin Sloane
Geoffrey Bilson Award: Sharon McKay, Charlie Wilcox
Gerald Lampert Award: Anne Simpson, Light Falls Through You
Griffin Poetry Prize: Anne Carson, Men in the Off Hours
Marian Engel Award: Elizabeth Hay
Matt Cohen Prize: Mavis Gallant
Norma Fleck Award: Gena K. Gorrell, Heart and Soul: The Story of Florence Nightingale
Pat Lowther Award: Sharon Thesen, A Pair of Scissors
Stephen Leacock Award: Stuart McLean, Vinyl Café Unplugged
Trillium Book Award English: Richard B. Wright, Clara Callan
Trillium Book Award French: Michèle Matteau, Cognac et Porto
Vicky Metcalf Award: Linda Granfield

New music
All Killer No Filler: Sum 41
Back to the Mansion: April Wine
Pretty Together: Sloan
Silver Side Up: Nickelback
Ten New Songs: Leonard Cohen

Film
Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner wins the Golden Reel for Best First Feature at Cannes

Television
Rick Mercer leaves This Hour Has 22 Minutes, then is replaced by Colin Mochrie
Kevin Newman anchors Global Television Network's national newscast, Global National, beginning days before 9/11.

Sport
January 31 – George N. Gillett Jr. buys 80% of the Montreal Canadiens and 100% of the Molson Centre in Montreal for US$275 million.
February 3 – Catriona Le May Doan wins gold in the 500 m and 1000 m speed skating races in Heerenveen, Netherlands.
April 18 – The Vancouver Grizzlies play their final game as Canadian-based team, winning over the Golden State Warriors 95–81. The team moved to Memphis later in 2001.
May 27 - Red Deer Rebels won their First Memorial Cup by defeating Val-d'Or Foreurs 6 to 5. The Tournament was played at Agridome in Regina, Saskatchewan
June 9 - Burnaby, British Columbia's Joe Sakic of the Colorado Avalanche is awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy
November 25 – Calgary Stampeders won their Fifth Grey Cup by defeating the Winnipeg Blue Bombers 27 to 19 in the 89th Grey Cup played at Olympic Stadium in Montreal
December 1 - Saint Mary's Huskies won their Second Vanier Cup by defeating the Manitoba Bisons by a score of 42–16 in the 37th Vanier Cup played at Skydome in Toronto

Births

 March 6 – Aryana Engineer, actress
 March 9 – Jeon So-mi, singer, member of I.O.I
 May 8 – Jordyn Huitema, soccer player
 May 12 – John Paul Ruttan, actor
 May 26 – Megan Charpentier, actress
 July 8 – Riele Downs, child actress
 July 22 – Alisha Newton, actress
 October 5 – Dalila Bela, actress
 October 8 – Percy Hynes White, Canadian actor
 October 9 – Kyla Leibel, swimmer
 October 11 – Alexis Lafrenière, ice hockey player
 October 17 – Jake Beale, actor
 November 7 – Amybeth McNulty, actress

Deaths

January to March
January 13 – Michael Cuccione, child actor and activist (born 1985)
January 18 – Al Waxman, actor and director (born 1935)
January 31 – Gordon R. Dickson, science fiction author (born 1923)
February 5 – David Iftody, politician (born 1956)
February 28 – Gildas Molgat, politician (born 1927)
March 23
Louis Dudek, poet, literary critic and publisher (born 1918)
David McTaggart, environmentalist (born 1932)
March 28 – Moe Koffman, flautist and saxophonist, cancer (born 1928)

April to June
April 2 – Charles Daudelin, sculptor and painter (born 1920)
April 16 – Horace Gwynne, boxer and Olympic gold medalist (born 1913)
May 5 – Aba Bayefsky, artist and teacher (born 1923)
June – Gordon Donaldson, author and journalist (b.1926)
June 3 – Maurice Breton, politician and lawyer (born 1909)
June 7 – Charles Templeton, cartoonist, evangelist, agnostic, politician, newspaper editor, inventor, broadcaster and author (born 1915)
June 23 – Yvonne Dionne, one of the Dionne quintuplets (born 1934)

July to December
July 3 – Mordecai Richler, author, screenwriter and essayist (born 1931)
July 24 – Georges Dor, author, composer, playwright, singer, poet, translator and theatrical producer and director (born 1931)
August 9 – Kimberly Rogers, Sudbury woman whose suicide while under house arrest for a disputed welfare fraud conviction led to a major scandal and inquest (b. c1961)
September 18 – Ernie Coombs, children's entertainer Mr. Dressup (born 1927)
November 19 – Marcelle Ferron, painter and stained glass artist (born 1924)
November 24 – Donald McPherson, figure skater (born 1945)
December 14 – Pauline Mills McGibbon, politician and 22nd Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario (born 1910)

Full date unknown
Gordon Donaldson, author and journalist (born 1926)

See also
 2001 in Canadian television
 List of Canadian films of 2001

References

Canada
Canada
2000s in Canada
Years of the 21st century in Canada

2001 in Canada


Maghnus Ua Conchobair, Prince of Connacht, died 1181.

Family background

Maghnus was a son of King Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair (1088-1156) and one of his six wives.

Crich Coirpre

Maghnus and his brother, Brian Luighnech Ua Conchobhair, were killed at the battle of Crich Coirpre in County Sligo by King Flaithbertaigh of Tyrconnell. The battle occurred "on the Saturday before Whitsuntide", "Sixteen of the sons of the lords and chieftains of Connacht were slain by the Kinel Connell, as well as many others, both of the nobles and the plebeians".

As a result of this battle, "They (the Cenel Conaill) held the Connacians under subjection for a long time." Among the notable dead were two sons of Aed Ua Conchobair, Aed mac Conchobair Ua Cellaigh, Gilla Crist Ua Roduibh, Eachmarchach Ua Murray, a son of Mortough Ua Conchobair, "three of the O'Mulrenins; the two Mac Gillaboys; and Hugh, son of Hugh, who was the son of Roderic, together with many others of the nobility".

Brian Luighneach's son, Donogh, was also killed.

Children and descendants

Maghnus's descendants were known as the Clann Maghnusa (LNG, pp. 398–99), which Jaski identifies as Mac Magnusa of Tir Tuathail (EIKS, p. 316). This would place them in County Roscommon. Today, people from the McManus, MacManus, McMannes, Mannus, Mannis  and MacManners families trace their heritage back to the sons of Maghnus.

Magnus had the following known offspring:

 Muircheartach - alive 1230
 Diarmaid - His son Manus was killed in 1237. Another son, son Conchobair, was killed in 1279
 Domnall - A great-grandson, Teige, a man distinguished for his hospitality, was slain [in 1307) by Cathal, the son of Donnell, son of Teige O'Conor.
 Riocaird - In Leabhar na nGenealach, Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh states that a clann Riocaird is from Riocard s. Maghnus s. Toirdhealbhach Mor; from him it was first named, i.e., it was called Clann Riocaird, for it was by (?) and from that Clann Riocard that Meic Cathail Leithdheirg came. Riocaird does not appear in the annals.

References

 Early Irish Kingship and Succession, Bart Jaski, Four Courts Press, Dublin, 2000
 Leabhar na nGenealach, Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh, edited Nollaig O Muraile, pp. 398–99, volume III. Dublin, 2004-2005

Nobility from County Galway
Nobility from County Roscommon
12th-century Irish people
Medieval Gaels from Ireland

Maghnus Ua Conchobair


Imoinu Iratpa or Emoinu Eratpa is a sacred religious festival dedicated to Imoinu, the goddess of wealth and prosperity in Meitei mythology and religion (Sanamahism). It falls on the 12th lunar day of the "Waakching" month of the Meitei calendar (Manipuri calendar). The festival is mainly celebrated by the Meitei ethnicity and other non-Meitei Sanamahists.

References

Meitei religion
Meitei festivals

Imoinu Iratpa


Keith George Faure (born June, 1951), from Norlane, Victoria, is an Australian career criminal, convicted of multiple murders and manslaughters. He is currently serving life imprisonment with a minimum non-parole period of 19 years for his role in two murders related to the Melbourne gangland killings. Faure's criminal history includes further convictions for armed robbery and breaking and entering.

Faure and Chopper Read continued a lengthy prison war while imprisoned in Melbourne's Pentridge Prison during the 1970s and 1980s and Faure features prominently in Read's first few books. Faure was also the basis for the character of Keithy George in the film Chopper, who is stabbed to death in the film's opening scenes. Faure, portrayed by actor David Field, was reported to be unhappy with his portrayal and used his anger at his depiction in the film as a defence in a minor traffic offence. In the drama series Underbelly Faure is played by Kym Gyngell although as with several other characters his name is not mentioned in the series due to a court order.

Criminal family
Faure's grandfather, Norman Leslie Bruhn, was reported to be a Sydney-based gangster who operated during the 1920s. He was shot and killed in 1927 during a hit ordered by John "Snowy" Cutmore, who died with Squizzy Taylor in a Melbourne shoot-out four months later.

His brother, Leslie Faure, was serving a 14-year prison sentence for the murder of his girlfriend, killed in 1997. Faure's youngest brother, Noel Faure, was convicted of manslaughter for the 1990 killing of Frank Truscott of Rye, Victoria. Faure has been sent to trial for murder on five occasions and received two murder convictions.

Criminal history

1976 Clifton Hill ANZ Bank robbery

On 4 June 1976, Faure and two accomplices set out to rob the Clifton Hill branch of the ANZ Bank. Faure was convicted of shooting Senior Constable Michael Pratt in the back during the robbery. Pratt was later awarded the George Cross award for bravery, however he was forced to retire from the police force due to injuries sustained in the shooting by Faure. Faure was sentenced to four years' imprisonment for his role in the robbery and shooting of Pratt.

Manslaughter of Shane Rowland
Faure was found guilty of the manslaughter of Shane Dennis Rowland, shot dead on 1 May 1976 at a house in Richmond.

Manslaughter of Alan Sopulak
Faure was found guilty of the manslaughter of prisoner Alan Sopulak in 1976 at Pentridge prison. Sopulak died after he was stabbed nine times in the back with a sharpened butter knife.

Melbourne gangland killings

Murder of Lewis Caine

The body of Melbourne underworld figure, Lewis Caine (also known as Sean Vincent), was found dumped in a residential street in Brunswick on 8 May 2004. On 3 November 2005, Faure and Evangelos Goussis were convicted for the murder of Lewis Caine, the first murder convictions related to the Melbourne underworld wars.

Murder of Lewis Moran

On 31 March 2004 Lewis Moran and associate Herbert Wrout were shot while drinking at the Brunswick Club in Sydney Road, Brunswick. Faure was reportedly paid A$150,000 by Tony Mokbel for the murder of Moran, of which $140,000 was collected. On 5 December 2005, during the committal hearing for the murder of Lewis Moran, Faure fainted in the dock and was attended to by paramedics after suffering a suspected stroke. Faure pleaded guilty to the murder of Moran. On 3 May 2006, Faure was sentenced to 24 years' imprisonment for the murder of Lewis Caine and life imprisonment with a non-parole period of 19 years for the murder of Lewis Moran. Faure also gave evidence against others in both of these murders in a deal with the prosecution in return for a reduced sentence.

Summary of criminal convictions

References

1951 births
Australian gangsters
Australian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Australian bank robbers
Australian escapees
Contract killers
Living people
Melbourne gangland killings
People from Geelong
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Victoria (state)
Escapees from Victoria (state) detention
Australian people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by Victoria (state)
Criminals from Melbourne
People convicted of robbery
Australian people convicted of manslaughter

Keith Faure


Player Character Record Sheets is an accessory designed for the tabletop fantasy role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons.

Publication history

Early years: 1974-1977
The first role-playing game published, Dungeons & Dragons (1974), did not include a character sheet. The first one ever published was in the Haven Herald fanzine of Stephen Tihor in May 1975. One month after, another character sheet was released in the APA magazine Alarums and Excursions.

TSR published its first set of Character Record Sheets for the basic Dungeons & Dragons game in 1977. This set featured a cover by Tom Wham and came as a pack of 28 sheets.

AD&D: 1979-1986
The first Player Character Record Sheets pack for the first-edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons game, designed by Harold Johnson and featuring a cover by Erol Otus, was produced in 1979 as a 32-page booklet, with sheets for fighters, clerics, magic users, thieves, and multiclassed characters.

An updated Player Character Record Sheets pack for AD&D (serialized as REF2), with a new cover by Keith Parkinson, was released in 1986 as a 64-page booklet.

REF2 Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Player Character Record Sheets is a booklet containing 16 character sheets, with sufficient spaces included to record information for AD&D characters. Each sheet has check-boxes to record how much supplies and ammunition a character is carrying, and space is provided to record brief information for the family and followers for a character, as well as space to record the "Honor" statistic for Oriental Adventures characters. The package also includes 16 pages of Spell Planner sheets, which lists every spell available to several different character classes, and three check-boxes next to each spell to note when a character uses that spell in a day. Each spell also has a set of symbols that provide information regarding the spell, with a key printed inside the back cover to explain the symbols. This version allowed players to record character information taken from the Unearthed Arcana, Oriental Adventures, and Dungeoneer's Survival Guide sourcebooks.

Basic D&D: 1980-1986
Another version, titled Player Character Record Sheets, was printed for the D&D game in 1980 and consisted of a 32-page booklet containing 16 character sheets. The 1980 version of Player Character Record Sheets for Basic D&D includes 16 record sheets to help players track game statistics such as hit points, armor class, ability scores, saving throws, and special abilities, with one side to record such numerical information and the other side to record possessions such as weapons and magical items.

The 10th Anniversary Dungeons & Dragons Collector's Set was a boxed set published by TSR in 1984. It included the rulebooks from the Basic, Expert, and Companion sets; modules AC2, AC3, B1, B2, and M1; Player Character Record Sheets; and dice. This set was limited to 1,000 copies, and was sold by mail and at Gen Con 17.

Player Character Record Sheets (serialized as AC5) was released in 1985 for characters from the Basic, Expert, and Companion boxed sets for the Dungeons & Dragons game. The new rules rendered these character sheets outdated. The AC6 set came out almost immediately after this release, which included character sheets compatible with the rules introduced in Master Rules as well.

AC6 Player Character Record Sheets contains 16 character sheets and 8 spell roster sheets, allowing players to record character information from the Basic, Expert, Companion, and Master Rules sets.

AD&D 2nd Edition:1989
A simplified and revised 80-page version of REF2 Player Character Record Sheets was printed in 1989 for 2nd edition AD&D.

D&D v3.5: 2004
A set of Deluxe Player Character Record Sheets was published for D&D 3.5 featuring cover art by Wayne Reynolds.

Reception
Elisabeth Barrington reviewed the 1980 Player Character Record Sheets for Basic D&D in The Space Gamer No. 35. She felt that "They are very neatly printed in large type and fairly well organized. There is room for all the numbers and other information necessary, and a box for your character's sketch or symbol." She did note that "However, this is for really simple D&D players: character class is defined as fighter, magic-user, thief, cleric, dwarf, elf, or halfling. The section, 'to-hit roll needed,' does not provide for differing types of weapons - just 10 numbers for the respective amour classes." Barrington concluded her review by saying it was "Recommended for Basic D&D gamers."

Tom Zunder reviewed the REF2 Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Player Character Record Sheets for the British magazine Adventurer #6 (January 1987). He commented that "I really wanted this to be a scenario, the cover art is so nice that it could have been great," and added that "Character sheets are something which not everyone really wants to buy, but these are very nice". He notes that no permission to photocopy is given, meaning a relatively high price "for something that most people could replace with a sheet of A4." He concluded: "That sort of price kind of kills the conversation, doesn't it? Well they are very nice sheets, and in presenting the full breadth of AD&D, they look pretty good. Then again, it costs a lot to have that many rule books, and most people have their own variants... How useful are they? The spell checkers certainly aren't; the print is too small, and their use not exactly proven. I'm afraid I'm going to have to give a thumbs down on this, Sorry guys."

Graeme Davis reviewed the REF2 Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Player Character Record Sheets for White Dwarf #86. Davis wrote that the sheets have "spaces for recording everything you could ever want to record for an AD&D character ... I'm not sure whether there is enough space for things like magic items and weapons, but apart from that everything you'd expect is here." Complimenting the booklet's cover art, Davis said "it's got a very nice cover". He felt that the symbols for each spell were "a nice idea", though he despaired that learning how to use them "could be hard work". He lamented that the brown tone used on the sheets would mean that some parts would come out black when photocopied. Although he felt that 16 character sheets was not a lot for the money, he predicted that "this product will sell well among AD&D players who like using Official character sheets, and not so well among those who don't".

References

External links
 Acaeum

Character sheets
Dungeons & Dragons sourcebooks
Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1979

Player Character Record Sheets


Kalyan Airstrip is an abandoned World War II airstrip at Nevali 6 km south of Kalyan railway station and 55 km north of Mumbai airport, India. The airfield served RAF Kalyan and was abandoned after the war. It is owned by the Ministry of Defence but has been encroached upon.
In 2006, the site was proposed as a candidate for the second airport for the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. However, this proposal was abandoned in February 2014 as the Maharashtra government dropped the idea of examining alternative sites, having secured all necessary approvals for the Navi Mumbai International Airport at Panvel.

History

The airfield at Nevali was used by the RAF pilots during World War II to give operational cover to the Bombay region. The total area of the Nevali air base was over . Post-Independence, ownership of the land was transferred to the Ministry of Defence. In June 2017, the Navy began constructing a boundary wall to protect the remaining land from further encroachment, since around 400 acres of the land was encroached upon over the years. A small portion of the land is used by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) for research activities.

Proposal to use site for International Airport
In October 2006 the Government of Maharashtra first proposed the Kalyan-Nevali site as a candidate for a second airport for the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. However, the Ministry of Civil Aviation was not very keen on the idea and wanted to focus on the second airport in Navi Mumbai. The Kalyan site was proposed because, compared to the Panvel site, the total area of the Nevali Airbase was over  relatively free of any natural obstacles and, unlike the Panvel site, there was no possibility of CRZ (Coastal Regulatory Zone) violations, flattening of mountains or diversion of any rivers. The Union Ministry of Environment and Forests had raised environmental objections on the proposed location of the Navi Mumbai International Airport near Kopra Panvel area, because the construction of the airport would involve reclamation of low-lying areas in an ecologically fragile zone as well as destruction of several hectares of mangroves. Hence the State Government proposed several alternate sites, one of which centred on a  piece of land owned by the Airports Authority of India near Kalyan

In August 2007, the national security advisor (NSA) had communicated to the state chief minister that the airport could not be developed on the 1,800 acres of defence ministry land due to safety and security reasons because a R&D laboratory of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) was being constructed in the adjacent area.
The proposal was also opposed by farmers in the Kalyan-Ambarnath belt who contended that the project would require more land than what was available with AAI, thus affecting around 22,000 farmers from 18 villages in the vicinity of the site.

The state government dropped the idea of examining alternative sites in February 2014 as it had secured all necessary approvals for the Panvel site.

Location
The site is located on Haji Malang Road at Nevali village, 6 km south of Kalyan railway station and 55 km away from the Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport at Sahar in Mumbai. It lies close to urban areas of the Kalyan Dombivli Municipal Corporation. The nearest railway station is Kalyan railway station on the Central Railway of the Mumbai suburban railway network. The site can also be accessed from State Highway 2 (Kalyan-Murbad-Ahmednagar highway) and the NH 160 (Nashik-Thane national highway) which was earlier numbered NH 3 before renumbering of all national highways by National Highway Authority of India in 2010 year.

References

External links
Maha govt seeks approval for another airport this one in Kalyan
2nd Airport for Mumbai and how not to build it by Dorab Sopariwala

Airports in Maharashtra
Airports in Mumbai
World War II sites in India
Defunct airports in India
Kalyan-Dombivli
1920s establishments in India
Airports established in the 1920s
20th-century architecture in India

Kalyan Airstrip


Bartholomew Crannell Beardsley (October 21, 1775 – March 24, 1855) was a lawyer, judge and political figure in Upper Canada and New Brunswick.

He was born in Poughkeepsie, New York in 1775, the son of John Beardsley, chaplain in a loyalist regiment, and he came north with his family to New Brunswick after the American Revolution. He studied law there and was called to the bar in 1796. In 1797, he travelled to Newark (Niagara-on-the-Lake), where he set up practice. In 1814, he served as defense counsel for several prisoners at the Bloody Assize held at Ancaster. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada in the 2nd and 3rd ridings of Lincoln in 1824; he was defeated in 1828 but reelected in 1830. He defended the rights of immigrants from the United States to hold full citizenship and opposed discrimination against religious minorities. He supported Robert Randal's case against Henry John Boulton. In 1832, he left Upper Canada to practice law in Woodstock, New Brunswick. He was appointed judge in the probate court for Carleton County there in 1834. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick for Carleton in 1837. In 1847, he returned west and set up a practice in Oakville.

He died in Oakville in 1855.

External links

Journal of the House of Assembly of the province of New Brunswick from ... , FC Sower (1838)

1775 births
1855 deaths
Loyalists in the American Revolution from New York (state)
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
Members of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
Colony of New Brunswick judges
People from Niagara-on-the-Lake

Bartholomew Crannell Beardsley