The internal capsule is a white matter structure situated in the inferomedial part of each cerebral hemisphere of the brain. It carries information past the basal ganglia, separating the caudate nucleus and the thalamus from the putamen and the globus pallidus. The internal capsule contains both ascending and descending axons, going to and coming from the cerebral cortex. It also separates the caudate nucleus and the putamen in the dorsal striatum, a brain region involved in motor and reward pathways.

The corticospinal tract constitutes a large part of the internal capsule, carrying motor information from the primary motor cortex to the lower motor neurons in the spinal cord.
Above the basal ganglia the corticospinal tract is a part of the corona radiata. Below the basal ganglia the tract is called cerebral crus (a part of the cerebral peduncle) and below the pons it is referred to as the corticospinal tract.

Structure
The internal capsule consists of three parts and is V-shaped when cut horizontally, in a transverse plane.
 the bend in the V is called the genu
 the anterior limb or crus anterius is the part in front of the genu, between the head of the caudate nucleus and the lenticular nucleus
 the posterior limb or crus posterius is the part behind the genu, between the thalamus and lenticular nucleus
 the retrolenticular portion is caudal to the lenticular nucleus and carries the optic radiation (from medial part of lateral geniculate nucleus) also known as the geniculocalcarine tract. The fiber from lateral part of lateral geniculate nucleus is carried through the retrolenticular portion.
 the sublenticular portion is beneath the lenticular nucleus and are tracts involved in the auditory pathway from the medial geniculate nucleus to the primary auditory cortex (Brodmann areas 41 and 42)

Genu
The genu is the flexure of the internal capsule. It is formed by fibers from the corticonuclear tracts. The fibers in this region are named the geniculate fibers; they originate in the motor part of the cerebral cortex and after passing downward through the base of the cerebral peduncle with the cerebrospinal fibers, undergo decussation and end in the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves of the opposite side. It contains the corticobulbar tract, which carries upper motor neurons from the motor cortex to cranial nerve nuclei that mainly govern motion of striated muscle in the head and face.

Anterior limb
The anterior limb of internal capsule (or frontal part) is situated between the lentiform nucleus and the caudate nucleus. It contains:
 thalamocortical fibers (passing from the lateral thalamic nuclei to the frontal lobe)
 corticothalamic fibres (passing from frontal lobe to the lateral thalamic nuclei)
 fibers connecting the caudate nucleus to the putamen (these fibres are transversely oriented)
 fibers connecting the cortex with the corpus striatum
 frontopontine fibers (passing from the frontal lobe through the medial fifth of the base of the cerebral peduncle to the nuclei pontis)
 thalamic pontine fibers

Posterior limb
The posterior limb of internal capsule (or occipital part) is the portion of the internal capsule posterior to the genu. It is situated between the thalamus and the lentiform nucleus.

The anterior half of the posterior limb contains fibers of the corticospinal tract and corticobulbar tract (in an anteroposterior somatotropic arrangement), as well as corticorubral fibres (passing from the frontal lobe to the red nucleus) that accompany the corticospinal tract.

The posterior third of the posterior limb contains:
 third-order sensory neurons passing from the posterolateral nucleus of thalamus to the postcentral gyrus (in an anteroposterior somatotropic arrangement)
 the fibers of optic radiation, from the lower visual centers to the cortex of the occipital lobe;
 acoustic fibers, from the lateral lemniscus to the temporal lobe
 fibers that pass from the occipital and temporal lobes to the pontine nuclei

Blood supply
The superior parts of both the anterior and posterior limbs and the genu of the internal capsule are supplied by the lenticulostriate arteries, which are branches of the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery.

The inferior half of the anterior limb is supplied via the recurrent artery of Heubner, which is a branch of the anterior cerebral artery.

The inferior half of the posterior limb is supplied by the anterior choroidal artery, which is a branch of the internal carotid artery.

In summary, the blood supply of the internal capsule is

 Anterior limb: lenticulostriate branches of middle cerebral artery (superior half) and recurrent artery of Heubner of the anterior cerebral artery (inferior half)
 Genu: lenticulostriate branches of middle cerebral artery
 Posterior limb: lenticulostriate branches of middle cerebral artery (superior half) and anterior choroidal artery branch of the internal carotid artery (inferior half)

As in many parts of the body, some degree of variation in the blood supply exists. For example, thalamoperforator arteries, which are branches of the basilar artery, occasionally supply the inferior half of the posterior limb.

Function
The internal capsule provides passage to ascending and descending fibres running to and from the cerebral cortex.

Working anterior to posterior:
 The anterior limb of the internal capsule contains:
1) Frontopontine fibers project from frontal cortex to the pons;
2) Thalamocortical radiations are the fibers that connect the medial and anterior nuclei of the thalamus to the frontal lobes (these are severed during a prefrontal lobotomy).
 The genu contains corticobulbar fibers, which run between the cortex and the brainstem.
 The posterior limb of the internal capsule contains corticospinal fibers, sensory fibers (including the medial lemniscus and the anterolateral system) from the body and a few corticobulbar fibers.

Other fibers within the internal capsule:
 The retrolenticular part contains fibers from the optic system, coming from the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. More posteriorly, this becomes the optic radiation. Some fibers from the medial geniculate nucleus (which carry auditory information) also pass in the retrolenticular internal capsule, but most are in the sublenticular part.
 The sublenticular part contains fibers connecting with the temporal lobe.  These include the auditory radiations and temporopontine fibers.

Pathophysiology

Dynamics of blood supply
The lenticulostriate arteries supply a substantial amount of the internal capsule. These small vessels are particularly vulnerable to narrowing in the setting of chronic hypertension and can result in small, punctate infarctions or intraparenchymal haemorrhage due to vessel rupture.

Focal lesions
Due to the orderly somatotropic arrangement of elements of the posterior limb of the internal capsule, small lesions can produce selective functional deficits.

Lesions of the genu of the internal capsule affect fibers of the corticobulbar tract.

The primary motor cortex sends its axons through the posterior limb of the internal capsule. Lesions, therefore, result in a contralateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia. While symptoms of weakness due to an isolated lesion of the posterior limb can initially be severe, recovery of motor function is sometimes possible due to spinal projections of premotor cortical regions that are contained more rostrally in the internal capsule.

See also
 External capsule
 Extreme capsule

References

External links

Rostral basal ganglia and associated structures

Internal capsule


The British Council is an organization in the United Kingdom which specializes in international educational and cultural opportunities. Its main activities are 'Learning/Teaching, the Arts, Science and Society'. Its headquarters is in Spring Gardens near Whitehall in Central London. There are other branch offices in Belfast, Cardiff, Manchester and Edinburgh. Its overseas network covers 233 locations in over 100 countries. The British Council is registered as a charity, both in England and Wales, and in Scotland. It receives grants from the British government. The rest is earned from teaching English to individuals and organizations, conducting examinations, and providing consultancy.

Aims
The British Council was founded in 1934 as the British Committee for Relations with Other Countries. The idea came from Sir Reginald (Rex) Leeper who recognizes the importance of "cultural propaganda" in promoting British interests. He was encouraged by the success of the official cultural organizations of France, Germany and Italy. The British Council's 'sponsoring department' is the Foreign and Commonwealth Office of the British government, although it runs its day-to-day activities independently. In September 2009, its Director of Arts, Rebecca Walton, said: "We want people to become more inclined towards the UK and more sensitive to the positive benefits of the UK in the world".

References

Organisations based in London
Language education
Government of the United Kingdom

British Council


The Burgery Ambush was an ambush carried out by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) on 18–19 March 1921, during the Irish War of Independence. It took place near Dungarvan, County Waterford.

Ambush
On the night of 18–19 March 1921, IRA volunteers of the West Waterford flying column ambushed a British military convoy at the Burgery, about a mile and a half northeast of Dungarvan. The convoy included Black and Tans and a Royal Irish Constabulary Sergeant, named Michael Hickey. In overall command of the IRA unit was IRA GHQ Officer George Plunkett. Also present were West Waterford Brigade Commandant Pax Whelan, ASU leader George Lennon, and Mick Mansfield. A British Crossley tender was set on fire and prisoners taken by the IRA, including Sergeant Hickey. Hickey was later killed by an IRA firing squad with a sign reading "police spy" affixed to his tunic. He was later buried in an unmarked grave. Other prisoners including Captain DV Thomas, the commander of the British garrison, were released.

After the ambush, a group of volunteers under Plunkett returned to search for any armaments left behind by the British forces. Crown forces who were now searching the area engaged the IRA party; IRA volunteers Seán Fitzgerald and Pat Keating were shot dead. A member of the Black and Tans, Constable Sydney R. Redman was shot dead during the return fire.

References

Sources
Rebel Heart: George Lennon: Flying Column Commander, Mercier 2009,

Conflicts in 1921
1921 in Ireland
Military actions and engagements during the Irish War of Independence
Dungarvan
History of County Waterford
March 1921 events
Ambushes in Europe

Burgery ambush


Leavenworth Riverfront Community Center was a former Union Pacific railroad station located in Leavenworth, Kansas, United States.  It is also known as the Old Union Depot when it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1987.  It is currently known as the Leavenworth Riverfront Community Center.

History
It was built as a Union Pacific Railroad Depot in 1888 by James A. McGonigle, to a design by the Chicago architecture firm Cobb and Frost.

In 1984, V.B. Greenamyre and Family sold the building to the city of Leavenworth. Using funds from a bond issue, the depot was renovated with a basketball gym, cardiovascular fitness room, weight and strength training room, racquetball courts, an indoor pool, activity rooms, meeting rooms and a 1/10-of a mile indoor walking track. The facility opened to the public in 1988, 100 years after its construction.

A newer South Wing Room was remodeled in 2012.  The facility's brick and sandstone exterior began renovations in 2014. The city of Leavenworth received a grant from the Kansas State Department of Transportation in 2010 to replace the sandstone

Current facility
The Leavenworth Parks and Recreation Department staffs this facility and manages maintenance, room rentals and activity programs. It is open Monday through Friday from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m., Saturdays 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. and Sundays 1 p.m. to 5 p.m.

Gallery

See also

 National Register of Historic Places listings in Leavenworth County, Kansas

Further reading
 History of Leavenworth County Kansas; Jesse Hall and LeRoy Hand; Historical Publishing; 684 pages; 1921. (27MB PDF)

References

External links

 Riverfront Community Center, city of Leavenworth
 Leavenworth City Map, KDOT
Historical

 Leavenworth County Historical Society

Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Kansas
National Register of Historic Places in Leavenworth County, Kansas
Transportation in Leavenworth County, Kansas
Former Union Pacific Railroad stations
Former Missouri Pacific Railroad stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1888
Romanesque Revival architecture in Kansas
Community centers in the United States
Former railway stations in Kansas
1888 establishments in Kansas

Leavenworth Riverfront Community Center


The Webster Congregational Church is a historic Congregational church off NH 127 on Long Street in Webster, New Hampshire, United States. The church was built in 1823 by George Pillsbury, a local builder, with interior joinery by William Abbot, another experienced church builder, and is an excellent representation of late Federal styling. The main facade has three entrances, each topped by a semicircular fanlight with reeded soffit. The central doorway has sidelight windows, while the flanking doors do not. On the second level there is a Palladian window above the central door, and smaller round-arch windows nearly above the flanking doors. The gable end of the roof is fully pedimented, with a semi-elliptical window in the tympanum.

The tower begins with a square section that has a clock in the front face, and continues with an open belfry supported by columns topped by elliptical arches. Above the belfry is a smaller square lantern stage with louvered openings and corner pilasters. This is topped by a four-sided dome and finial. Each stage of the tower has a decorative balcony railing, shrinking in size, with matching corner posts topped by finials.

The interior of the building consists of a large auditorium with gallery, and an entry vestibule with stairs on either side. The gallery is supported by turned posts that rise to an elaborate entablature that forms the base of the gallery's parapet. The interior is lit by a chandelier installed in 1884 and electrified in 1930.

The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Merrimack County, New Hampshire

References

United Church of Christ churches in New Hampshire
Congregational churches in New Hampshire
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Federal architecture in New Hampshire
Churches completed in 1823
19th-century United Church of Christ church buildings
Churches in Merrimack County, New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Merrimack County, New Hampshire
Webster, New Hampshire

Webster Congregational Church


Ein wahrer Held (A True Hero), Op. 69, is an opera in three acts by Giselher Klebe who with his wife, Lore Klebe, also wrote the libretto based on the play The Playboy of the Western World by John Millington Synge.

The opera premiered on 18 January 1975 at the Opernhaus Zürich.

German-language operas
Operas by Giselher Klebe
1975 operas
Operas
Operas based on plays

Ein wahrer Held


Bangladesh Madrasah Education Board () or Alia Madrasah Education Board started its activity independently in 1979. With the passage of time in Bangladeshi madrasah education several amendments have come to pass. In 1978 humanities and science faculties were included at the Alim () level. In 1980 Fazil () degrees were granted the same standard of education as Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSC) degrees but this was changed in later years with Dakhil () level having the equivalency of Secondary School Certificate (SSC) since 1985, and Alim being considered as the HSC equivalent since 1987.

Humanities, science, business and technical education has been included with madrasah education. Meanwhile, a law has been passed for Fazil and Kamil () levels to be considered equivalent with bachelor's and master's degrees in general education.

Background
Alia Madrasah was established in Calcutta in 1780 by the East India Company through Headteacher Majduddin and this later formed the Madrasah Education Board of Bengal. Madrasah education was then started formally. Late A. K. Fazlul Huq the prime minister declared in a prize giving ceremony is Kolkata Alia Madrasah in 1939, "I want the spread of Madrasah Education should be modernized and an Islamic Arabic University should be established".

To materialize this declaration of sher-E-Bangla a committee named Moula Box was formed. This committee advises on the development of madrasah education. In 1947 after the independence of Pakistan many commissions were formed for the development of madrasah education. Among them in 1949 the "West Bengal Educational System Reconstruction Committee" was formed and in 1963-64 the name of Arabic University was mentioned.

In '1971' after the independence of Bangladesh, steps were taken for the modernization of madrasah education. Bengali, mathematics, English, social science, general science were made compulsory. In 1978 the Madrasah Education Board was formed under Ordinance for the Modernization of Madrasah Education. The board has faced difficulties in recruiting teachers for science related classes. In 2017 Bangladesh government removed references to Jihad from books of Madrasah Education Board.

See also
 Qawmi
 Education in Bangladesh
 Al-Haiatul Ulya Lil-Jamiatil Qawmia Bangladesh
 Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasah Education Board
 Islam in Bangladesh
 Religious education
 Charity school
 List of Islamic seminaries

References

Educational institutions established in 1979
Education Board in Bangladesh
1979 establishments in Bangladesh
Madrasas in Bangladesh

Bangladesh Madrasah Education Board


Ottokar III (1124 – December 31, 1164) was Margrave of Styria from 1129 until 1164.

Biography
He was the son of Leopold the Strong and Sophia of Bavaria, and father of Ottokar IV, the last of the dynasty of the Otakars. His wife was Kunigunde of Chamb-Vohburg.

From the Marburg line of the Counts of Sponheim, he inherited parts of Lower Styria between the Drave and Save rivers in what is today Slovenia. From his uncle, the last Count of Formbach, he inherited the County of Pitten in 1158, which is today in Lower Austria, but remained part of Styria until the 16th century. To improve connection to that territory, he improved the roads across the Semmering Pass, and he also erected a hospital in Spital am Semmering in 1160 as well as completing the colonization of the area around the Traisen and Gölsen rivers.

Ottokar exercised seigniorage over natural resources of his realm, extended territorial rule and minted his own coins. He also founded the Augustinian monastery of Vorau Abbey and founded and supported the Carthusian monastery of Seitz.

From the Second Crusade, he brought Byzantine craftsmen to Styria.

He was buried in his foundation at Seitz, but his body was later transferred to Rein Abbey in Styria.

External links

1124 births
1164 deaths
Margraves of Styria
12th-century people from the Holy Roman Empire
Christians of the Second Crusade
Burials at Rein Abbey, Austria

Ottokar III of Styria


Panning law, or panning rule, is a recording and mixing principle that states that any signal of equal amplitude and phase that is played in both channels of a stereo system will increase in loudness up to 6.02 dBSPL, provided there is perfect response in the loudspeaker system and perfect acoustics in the room.

Often, the acoustic summing of a room and system are inferior to the ideal, so the specific relative level will increase from −3 dB to 0 dB as the mono signal is panned from center to hard left or right. The idea of including a pan law is so that when one directs signals left or right with the pan pot, the perceived loudness will stay the same.

However, both the direction of attenuation throughout the panoramic sweep and the amount by which the signal is attenuated vary according to panning rule. For example, Yamaha digital consoles employ a typical (compromise) 3 dB panning rule where the signal is at full level when pan position is centered and becomes progressively louder (up to + 3 dB) as it is panned to the right or left.

The 3 dB panning rule is a commonly applied compromise to comply with the mediocre acoustic summing capabilities of most control rooms. However, the console manufacturer SSL used to employ a 4.5 dB panning rule, because it was believed that their expensive consoles would normally be used in tuned rooms that had acoustic summing capabilities closer to the ideal.

Many consoles that have only one panning rule employ one such that a signal panned hard left or right is at full level and becomes progressively lower in level as the pan is directed to the center.

See also
Phantom center
Stereo imaging

References

Audio engineering

Panning law


The Mathura Refinery, owned by Indian Oil Corporation, is the sixth refinery of IndianOil located in Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India. The refinery processes low sulphur crude from Bombay High, imported low sulphur crude from Nigeria, and high sulphur crude from
the Middle East.

The refinery, which cost Rs.253.92 crores to build, was commissioned on 19 January 1982. Construction began on the refinery in October 1972. The foundation stone was laid by Indira Gandhi, the former prime minister of India. The FCCU and Sulphur Recovery Units were commissioned in January, 1983. The refinery was commissioned with a refining capacity of 6.0 million tonnes per year and The refining capacity of this refinery was expanded to 7.5 million tonnes per year in 1989 by debottlenecking and revamping. A DHDS Unit was commissioned in 1989 for production of HSD with low sulphur content of 0.25% wt. ( max.). The present refining capacity of this refinery is 8.00 million tonnes per year.

In January 2009, the plant shut down for a period of time due to a strike.

It is located about 50 kilometers away from the Taj Mahal. It is currently asking the Indian government to allow an expansion, raising the capacity to 11 million tonnes. The refinery also wants to create a new garbage disposal site, which has garnered new outrage from environmental activists because the site will be located even closer to the Taj Mahal and Mathura. The Indian government hired a panel to examine the effects of the refinery on the Taj Mahal. The panel found that the air has high levels of  suspended particulate matter, caused by factory emissions, dust, construction, and exhaust from automobiles. These are causing the Taj Mahal to change color. However, contribution of Mathura Refinery for causing pollution has not been established.

In 1998 the plant was awarded the "Best of all" Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Award.
Presently Mathura Refinery is producing BS VI standard fuels and supplying to Delhi NCR. A corporate MyStamp of the refinery has also been published by the Postal Department for recognising the contributions of the refinery towards environment conscience.

See also
 Panipat Refinery

References

Oil refineries in India
Mathura
Indian Oil Corporation
Energy in Uttar Pradesh
India–Soviet Union relations
Soviet foreign aid
Indian Oil Corporation buildings and structures
1982 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Energy infrastructure completed in 1982
20th-century architecture in India

Mathura Refinery


The White–Ellery House is a historic house located at 247 Washington Street in Gloucester, Massachusetts. It is on the National Register of Historic Places. It is owned and operated by the Cape Ann Museum, whose headquarters is located at 27 Pleasant Street in Gloucester.

History
The White–Ellery House was erected in 1710 upon what was then the Town green of Gloucester. It was built at the edge of a marsh for Gloucester's first settled minister, the Reverend John White (1677–1760). In keeping with White's esteemed position in the community, the House exhibits a certain elegance and refinement, perhaps best reflected in the surviving interior details.

In 1735, the house was purchased by James Stevens and kept as a tavern, sometimes serving as a meeting place for the town's selectmen. In 1740, Captain William Ellery (1693–1771) took title to the property. Ellery, who was almost 50 years old, had just married for the second time and after keeping the tavern in operation for a few years, used the house as a home for his growing family. Ellery was a slave ship captain, notably navigating the slave ship Jenny in 1758  on behalf of Merchant Timothy Fitch. Ellery also navigated the snow (type of ship) Caesar on behalf of Fitch

Over the next 200 years, six generations of the Ellery family lived in the house. At the most basic level, the house tells the story of an ordinary, middle-class New England family who worked hard to provide for themselves and to raise their children, who witnessed and often took part in events of local and national importance, and who sought to preserve their legacy in the face of an ever-changing world. At a broader level, the house serves as a rare and thought-provoking venue for students of all ages to explore the evolution of New England architecture and to better understand how changing tastes and housing needs affected one particular structure.

In 1947 the structure was moved approximately 100 yards from its original location, roughly centered on the rotary, to its present position immediately north of the Babson-Alling house to make room for Route 128.  Although the center of Gloucester long ago moved from the Town Green to the Harbor Village, the site remains the entrance to Gloucester and an important historical site.

Architecture

The White–Ellery House is one of just a few hundred First Period (c. 1620–1725) houses in eastern Massachusetts. It is a 2 ½ story "saltbox" structure with a central chimney that once serviced six fireplaces. The building has vertical plank frame construction with an integral lean-to roof. There is a framed overhang on the front façade, and rare examples of raised-field paneled doors between rooms on the first floor. The Renaissance-inspired architectural features illustrate the transition from European building traditions to early American ones. Inside there are several examples of early decorative detail, including three different examples of painted wall decoration, elaborate chamfering (decorative plane work) on ceiling beams, and one of the most highly developed front staircases of the period in eastern Massachusetts.

Tourism

The structure of the house has remained relatively unchanged throughout its 300-year history. Due to the recent initiative of the Cape Ann Museum, efforts have been made to restore the building and open it to the public. The White–Ellery house offers a chance for members of the Gloucester community and visitors to Cape Ann to learn about the history of the area. The building is a source of pride to the city that is now being shared with the public the first Saturdays of the summer months when local artists will display one-day installations (schedule below).

June 6: Rose-Marie Glen & Juni Van Dyke
July 11: Joy Halsted
August 1: Sarah Hollis Perry
September 5: Chris Williams

The house is located at 247 Washington Street at the corner of Poplar Street, Gloucester. Parking is available behind the house.

Gallery

See also
Whittemore House (Gloucester, Massachusetts), another First Period house
National Register of Historic Places listings in Gloucester, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts

References

External links

Cape Ann Museum
17th Century Saturdays

Houses completed in 1710
Houses in Gloucester, Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, Massachusetts
1710 establishments in the Province of Massachusetts Bay

White–Ellery House


Anza-Borrego Desert State Park (, AN-zə bə-RAY-goh) is a California State Park located within the Colorado Desert of southern California, United States. The park takes its name from 18th century Spanish explorer Juan Bautista de Anza and borrego, a Spanish word for sheep. With  that includes one-fifth of San Diego County, it is the largest state park in California and the second biggest park nationally.

The park occupies eastern San Diego County and reaches into Imperial and Riverside counties, enveloping two communities: Borrego Springs, which is home to the park's headquarters, and Shelter Valley.

Geography

The park is an anchor in the Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve, and adjacent to the Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument.

The great bowl of the surrounding desert is surrounded by mountains, with the Vallecito Mountains to the south and the highest Santa Rosa Mountains to the north which are in the wilderness area, without paved roads and with the only year-round creeks.

Blair Valley is a valley in the State Park.
It consists of the main Blair Valley and Little Blair Valley separated by a small mountain range over which Foot and Walker Pass leads.
To the west of the valley lies Granite Mountain, to the east the range of Vallecito Mountains.

The valley can be crossed by dirt roads, e.g., to reach a look-out point over Smuggler Canyon or sites of Indian pre-Hispanic art.

Borrego Palm Canyon is the site of park headquarters and has "the most famous view point in the park, overlooking barren, spectacularly eroded Borrego Badlands." Tamarisk Grove hosts a campground and is close to Yaqui Well, a "historic watering spot…with magnificent desert ironwood trees and a busy wildlife population."

Visiting

The park has  of dirt roads, 12 designated wilderness areas, and  of hiking trails. Park information and maps are available in the visitor center. The park has Wi-Fi access.

The park is approximately a two-hour drive northeast from San Diego, southeast from Riverside or Irvine, and south from Palm Springs. Access on the east-Coachella Valley side is via County Route S22 and State Route 78. Access on the west-Pacific Ocean side is via California County Route S2 and State Route 78. SR-79 provides access through the high and forested Laguna Mountains, such as in Cuyamaca Rancho State Park. These highways climb from the coast to  above sea level, then descend  down into the Borrego Valley in the center of the park.  Access from the south is via the southern portion of S2.

A popular site to hike to near the visitor center is Hellhole Palms, a grove of California fan palms in Hellhole Canyon near Maidenhair Falls. The park also provides access points to the Pacific Crest Trail.

Stargazing is another activity at Anza-Borrego. The park was designated an International Dark Sky Park by the International Dark-Sky Association in 2018.

Ecotourism is big for Anza-Borrego. On average, the population of Borrego Springs increases by about 580% in peak wildflower superbloom season. This is a shift from around 3400 long term residents to around 200,000 tourists!

Flora and fauna

The habitats are primarily within the Colorado Desert ecosystem of the Sonoran Desert ecoregion. The higher extreme northern and eastern sections in the Peninsular Ranges are in the California montane chaparral and woodlands ecoregion. The park has about 600 species of native plants.

The park contains bajadas and desert washes; rock formations and colorful badlands, large arid landscapes, and mountains.

The bajadas are predominantly creosote bush-bur sage with creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) and the palo verde-cactus shrub ecosystems with the palo verde tree (Parkinsonia microphylla), cacti, and ocotillo. In the washes, Colorado/Sonoran microphylla woodlands can be found. These woodlands include such plants as smoke tree (Psorothamnus spinosus), velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina), and catclaw (Acacia greggii). The park is home to elephant trees (Bursera microphylla), which are "fairly common in parts of Baja California but north of the border practically confined to the Anza-Borrego region."

The park has natural springs and oases, with the state's only native palm, the California fan palm. Seasonal wildflower displays can be seen in many plant community association throughout the park. Superblooms, one of the biggest Anza-Borrego State Park attractions, are indispensable indicators of the increasingly severe implications of climate change, percipitation levels, and shifting seasonal starting and ending periods. Superblooms are fundamental healthy and natural aspects to this desert, as it boosts the local economy with the influx of tourism and is vital player in the desert biome.

The high-country to the north and east has closed-cone pine forests, manzanitas and oak woodlands.

The oases are prolific with many types of fauna, especially for bird-watching. Throughout the park, visitors may see bighorn sheep, mountain lions, badgers, kit foxes, mule deer, coyotes, greater roadrunners, golden eagles, black-tailed jackrabbits, ground squirrels, kangaroo rats, deer mouse, quail, and prairie falcons. In the reptile class, desert iguanas, chuckwallas, and the red diamond rattlesnakes can be seen.

Anza-Borrego Desert State Park is home to multiple endangered species. Unfortunately, the building of roads and highways have a severe effect upon these species and roadkills are cause for serious concern. Roads not only contribute to habitat fragmentation which starkly divides ecosystems, but led to 18 roadkillings within just 5 days in a recent study done in 2018.

Bighorn sheep
Some areas are habitats for the desert bighorn sheep. The peninsula bighorn sheep reside in Anza-Borrego. They have been federally endangered since 1998 and are one of the most iconic species of this state park.  Observers count this endangered species to study the population, and monitor its current decline from human encroachment. The two biggest threats to bighorn sheep populations are anthropogenic influences and climate change. As humans continue to develop in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park and the surrounding area, bighorn sheep continue to lose their habitat. Coupled with the increasing extreme temperatures and decrease in precipitation, bighorn shape face a decreasing free-standing water availability crisis. Bighorn sheep face considerable habitat loss at the hands of humans ranging from water diversion to noise pollution and habitat fragmentation. As critical members of this desert biome, it is important to recognize the necessity to protect them and mitigate our impact on their limited and unique environment.

Climate
Anza-Borrego State Park has a hot desert climate (BWh) with very hot, dry summers and short, cool winters.

Geology and paleontology

The expanses of Anza-Borrego Desert State Park's eroded badlands also provide a different view into the region's long-vanished tropical past. The inland of southeastern California was not always a desert. Paleontology, the study of the fossilized remains of ancient life, is the key to understanding this prehistoric world. The park has an exceptional fossil record which includes preserved plants, a variety of invertebrate shells, animal tracks, and an array of bones and teeth. Most fossils found in the park date from six million to under a half million years in age (the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs), or about 60 million years after the last dinosaur age ended.

Geology

Anza-Borrego Desert State Park lies in a unique geologic setting along the western margin of the Salton Trough. This major topographic depression with the Salton Sink having elevations of  below sea level, forms the northernmost end of an active rift valley and a geological continental plate boundary. The trough extends north from the Gulf of California to San Gorgonio Pass, and from the eastern rim of the Peninsular Ranges eastward to the San Andreas Fault zone along the far side of the Coachella Valley.

Over the past seven million years, a relatively complete geologic record of over  of fossil-bearing sediment has been deposited within the park along the rift valley's western margin. Paleontological remains are widespread and diverse, and are found scattered over hundreds of square miles of eroded badlands terrain extending south from the Santa Rosa Mountains into northern Baja California in Mexico.

Both marine and terrestrial environments are represented by this long and rich fossil record. Six million years ago, the ancestral Gulf of California filled the Salton Trough, extending northward past what would become the city of Palm Springs. These tropical waters supported a profusion of both large and small marine organisms. Through time, the sea gave way as an immense volume of sediment eroded during the formation of the Grand Canyon spilled into the Salton Trough. Little by little, the ancestral Colorado River built a massive river delta across the seaway. Fossil hardwoods from the deltaic sands and associated coastal plain deposits suggest the region received three times as much rainfall as now.

The Anza-Borrego region gradually changed from a predominantly marine environment into a system of interrelated terrestrial habitats. North of the Colorado River Delta and intermittently fed by the river, a sequence of lakes and dry lakes has persisted for over three million years. At the same time, sediments eroded from the growing Santa Rosa Mountains and the other Peninsular Ranges to spread east into the trough. These sediments provide an almost unbroken terrestrial fossil record, ending only a half million years ago. Here, the deposits of ancient streams and rivers trapped the remains of wildlife that inhabited a vast brushland savannah laced with riparian woodlands.

Fossils
This record of changing environments and habitats includes over 550 types of fossil plants and animals, ranging from the preserved microscopic plant pollen and algal spores to baleen whale bones and mammoth skeletons. Many of the species are extinct and some are known only from fossil remains recovered from this park. Combined with a long and complete sedimentary depositional sequence, these diverse fossil assemblages are an unparalleled paleontologic resource of international importance.

Both the Pliocene-Pleistocene epoch boundary and the Blancan-Irvingtonian North American land mammal ages boundary fall within the long geological record from the Anza-Borrego region. Environmental changes associated with these geological time divisions are probably better tracked by fossils from the Anza-Borrego region than in any other North American continental platform stratum. These changes herald the beginning of the Ice Ages, and the strata contain fossil clues to the origin and development of modern southwestern desert landscapes.

The first fossils, marine shells from the ancient Gulf of California and freshwater shells from a prehistoric era Lake Cahuilla, the precursor of present-day Salton Sea, were collected and described by William Blake in 1853. Blake was the geologist and mineralogist for the Pacific Railroad Surveys commissioned by Congress and President Franklin Pierce to find a railway route to the Pacific. Blake first named this region the Colorado Desert.

Marine period

Since the late 19th century, numerous scientific studies and published papers have centered on the marine organisms that inhabited the ancient Gulf of California. Fossil assemblages from the classic Imperial Formation include calcareous nanoplankton and dinoflagellates, foraminifera, corals, polychaetes, clams, gastropods, sea urchins, sand dollars, and crabs and shrimp. The deposits also yield the remains of marine vertebrates, such as sharks and rays, bony fish, baleen whales, walruses and dugongs.

Marine environments such as an outer and inner shelf, platform reef, nearshore beach, and lagoon, are all represented within the Imperial Formation. As the sea became more shallow, estuarine and brackish marine conditions prevailed, typified by thick channel deposits of oyster and pecten shell coquina that now form the "Elephant Knees" along Fish Creek. Many of the marine fossils are closely related to forms from the Caribbean Sea. They document a time before the Isthmus of Panama formed when the warm Gulf Stream of the western Atlantic Ocean invaded eastern Pacific Ocean waters.

Terrestrial period
As North and South America connected about three million years ago, terrestrial faunal north-south migrations began on a continental scale called the Great American Interchange, and are present in Anza-Borrego's fossils. Animals such as giant ground sloths and porcupines made their first appearance in North America at this time.

The oldest terrestrial vertebrate fossils from the Colorado Desert predate the late Miocene invasion of the Gulf of California. These very rare fossils include a gomphothere (elephant-like mammal), rodent, felid and small camelid, and were collected from 10– to 12-million-year-old riverine and near-shore lake deposits. However, the most significant and abundant vertebrate fossils have been recovered from the latest Miocene through late-Pleistocene riverine and flood plain deposits of the Palm Spring Formation in the Vallecito and Fish Creek Badlands and Ocotillo Conglomerate exposed in the Borrego Badlands. These fossil assemblages occur in a 3.5-million-year-long, uninterrupted stratigraphic sequence that has been dated using horizons of volcanic ash and paleomagnetic methods.

The bestiary for this savannah landscape includes some of the most unusual creatures to inhabit North America – animals such as:Geochelone, a giant bathtub-sized tortoise; Aiolornis incredibilis, the largest flying bird of the Northern Hemisphere, with 17-ft (5.2-m) wing span; Paramylodon, Megalonyx and Nothrotheriops, giant ground sloths, some with bony armor within their skin; Pewelagus, a very small rabbit; Borophagus, a hyena-like dog; Arctodus, a giant short-faced bear; Smilodon, a saber-toothed cat; Miracinonyx, the North American cheetah; Mammuthus imperator, the largest known mammoth; Tapirus, an extinct tapir; Equus enormis and Equus scotti, two species of extinct Pleistocene horses; Gigantocamelus a giant camel; and Capromeryx minor, the dwarf pronghorn. Within the state park, Mammuthus remains, including two complete skulls and a partial skeleton, have been uncovered at 46 different archeological sites. Most of these sites are located in the Borrego Badlands. Gompotherium, Stegomastodon, Mammuthus meridionalis, and Mammuthus columbi are among the various mammoth fossils to be found in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park. A Gompotherium jaw is on display at the University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley.

Native Americans
The Native Americans of the surrounding mountains and deserts include the Cahuilla, Cupeño, and Kumeyaay (Diegueño) Native American tribes. It was the homeland of these peoples for thousands of years, and their artists created petroglyph and pictogram rock art expressing their cultures. Common foods of their diets included the Agave deserti, jumping cholla cactus, jackrabbit, bighorn sheep, and Indian rice grasses. Food-processing and harvesting was labor and time intensive. Roasting pits, bedrock milling and grinding features, cupule petroglyphs, and bedrock mortars all lead to this conclusion. Many artifacts have been found, such as obsidian, pumice, and fish bones, which tell us that these communities had extensive regionally internal trade networks. These were all observed at the CA-SDI-813, also known as the Mine Wash Site in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park.

Park interpretive associations
The Anza-Borrego Foundation, founded in 1967, is a non-profit educational organization and is the sole cooperating association of the park. It manages all sales at the State Park Visitor Center and State Park Store.

The Anza-Borrego Institute, the education arm of the foundation, provides in-depth educational courses to more than 100,000 visitors each year. The institute offers in-depth field programs, a fifth-grade environmental camp, citizen science research, and Parks Online Resources for Teachers and Students. The foundation's mission is to protect and preserve the natural landscapes, wildlife habitat, and cultural heritage of the park for the benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations.

Gallery

See also
 Last Days in the Desert, a 2015 movie filmed in the park
 Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve
 Man and the Biosphere Programme
 World Network of Biosphere Reserves in the United States
 Mud Caves
 Ocotillo Wells, California
 Shelter Valley, California

References
Specific

 General
 Hogan, C. Michael (2009). California Fan Palm: Washingtonia filifera, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
 Jefferson, George T. and Lowell Lindsay (2006). Fossil Treasures of the Anza-Borrego Desert (Sunbelt Publications, San Diego).

Further reading
 Halford, Robin (2005). Hiking in Anza-Borrego Desert: Over 100 Half-Day Hikes (Anza Borrego Desert Natural History Association, Borrego Springs).

 Lindsay, Diana (2001). Anza-Borrego A to Z: People, Places, and Things (Sunbelt Publications, San Diego).
 Lindsay, Lowell, and Diana (2006). The Anza-Borrego Desert Region: A Guide to the State Park and Adjacent Areas of the Western Colorado Desert. Fifth Edition (Wilderness Press, Berkeley).
 Serenity (film) – location shooting in the park for the 2005 feature film shows the environs.
  – Marshal South and his wife, Tanya, wrote a series of highly popular "Desert Refuge" articles (1940–1946) for the Desert Magazine about their primitive life in the desert. They lived in a home they called Yaquitepec on a mountaintop named Ghost Mountain near Blair Dry Lake

External links

 official Anza-Borrego Desert State Park website
 Anza-Borrego Foundation
 Anza-Borrego Desert Natural History Association
 Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail
 Anza Borrego Tribute
 Anza Borrego Hiking
 Fish Creek Wash & Carrizo Badlands
 Borrego Springs Chamber & Visitors' Bureau

Anza-Borrego Desert State Park
State parks of California
Colorado Desert
Nature centers in California
Nature reserves in California
Parks in Imperial County, California
Parks in Riverside County, California
Parks in San Diego County, California
Protected areas of the Colorado Desert
National Natural Landmarks in California
Santa Rosa Mountains (California)
Salton Trough
1933 establishments in California
Protected areas established in 1933
Campgrounds in California
Parks in Southern California

Anza-Borrego Desert State Park


Sleigh Bells is an American noise pop musical group. The members are Derek E. Miller and Alexis Krauss. The group started in 2008.

History
Miller met Krauss in 2008 when he was waiting tables at a Brazilian restaurant.
On May 11, 2010, Sleigh Bells' first album Treats was released by Mom+Pop and N.E.E.T. Recordings. It got good reviews. Pitchfork gave it a score of 8.7 out of 10. On February  21, 2012 their second album Reign of Terror was released. On October 4, 2013 Sleigh Bells' third album Bitter Rivals was released. It did not get reviews as good as Treats or Reign of Terror. On the same day Sleigh Bells started a tour.

References

Musical groups established in 2008
American musical groups
2008 establishments in the United States

Sleigh Bells (band)


James Fawckner Nicholls (1818–1883) was an English antiquarian and librarian.

Life
From a Cornish background, he was born on 26 May 1818 at Sidmouth in Devon, the son of a builder there; his mother was a daughter of Captain James Fawkner of Plymouth. In 1830 he went to sea with an uncle. Two years later he was sent to school at Kentisbeare for six months. He was then taken into the drapery business, and after a short period bought an establishment for himself at Benwick in the Isle of Ely. He next kept a school at Ramsey; and then moved to Manchester, where he was traveller for a firm of paper-stainers. In 1860 he settled in Bristol, where he ran a paper-staining business for eight years.

In 1868 Nicholls was appointed city librarian of Bristol. The old city library, founded in 1613, was reconstituted and extended into three free libraries. In 1876 he was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London. He died at Goodwick, Fishguard, Pembrokeshire, on 19 September 1883. Twice married, he left several children.

Works
In 1869 Nicholls published The Remarkable Life, Adventures, and Discoveries of Sebastian Cabot, quoted by Jules Verne in his Explorations of the World. It was criticised by Marie-Armand d'Avezac de Castera-Macaya and Henry Stevens. Nicholls then concentrated on the history and antiquities of Bristol. In March 1870 he began a series of Bristol biographies: just two appeared, Alderman John Whitson: his Life and Times, and Captain Thomas James and George Thomas the Philanthropist. How to see Bristol: a Guide for the Excursionist, the Naturalist, the Archæologist, and the Man of Business (1874) collected articles from local papers, and a second edition appeared in 1877.

The major work by Nicholls was Bristol Past and Present, an illustrated History of Bristol and its Neighbourhood (1881–2), the two parts dealing with the civil history of the city being by him, and the third part treating of church history by his colleague J. Taylor. He published also:

Old Deeds of All Hallow Church, 1875.
Bristol and its Environs, 1875, for the meeting of the British Association.
Penpark Hole, a Roman Lead Mine, 1879.
The Old Hostelries of Bristol, 1882; papers reprinted from transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archæological Society.
Description of a Find of Roman Coins at Filton, Bristol, 1880; from Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries.

Notes

Attribution

1818 births
1883 deaths
English librarians
English antiquarians
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
People from Sidmouth
19th-century English businesspeople

James Fawckner Nicholls


Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach (3 September 1579 – 12 April 1643), was a German prince member of the House of Erbach and ruler over Erbach, Freienstein, Michelstadt, Bad König and Wildenstein.

Born in Erbach, he was the seventh child and third (but second surviving) son of George III, Count of Erbach-Breuberg and his second wife Anna, a daughter of Frederick Magnus, Count of Solms-Laubach-Sonnenwalde.

Life

After the death of their father, Louis I and his surviving brothers divided the Erbach domains in 1606: he received the districts of Erbach and Freienstein.

When their older brother Frederick Magnus died in 1618 without surviving male issue, the brothers divided his domains among them, but this took place only in 1623, when Louis I received Michelstadt and Bad König. In 1627, the death of another of the brother, John Casimir, unmarried and childless, caused another division of the paternal inheritance: this time, Louis I received Wildenstein.

Louis died in Erbach aged 63 and was buried in Michelstadt. Because he died without surviving male issue, his only remaining brother, George Albert I inherited his domains, and with this reunited all the Erbach family lands.

Notes

Counts in Germany
House of Erbach
1579 births
1643 deaths
17th-century German people

Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach


Sir Christopher Howard Andrewes  (7 June 1896 – 31 December 1988) was a British virologist who discovered the human influenza A virus in 1933.

Education
Andrewes was educated at Highgate School and later studied medicine at St Bartholomew's Hospital.

Career
He served in the Royal Navy as a surgeon during World War I. In 1927 he joined the scientific staff of the National Institute for Medical Research to assist Patrick Laidlaw in developing a vaccine against canine distemper. This led on to research on influenza and the discovery of the causative virus in 1933 and subsequent vaccine development. He was head of NIMR's Division of Bacteriology and Virus Research from 1939 to 1961, during which time he established the Common Cold Research Unit near Salisbury as an NIMR outpost in 1947, and the World Influenza Centre at Mill Hill in 1948, which spawned a worldwide network of collaborating centres. Andrewes was deputy director of NIMR from 1952–61 and retired in 1967.

He served as president of the Society for General Microbiology (now the Microbiology Society) from 1955 to 1957.

Awards and honours
 1939 Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and was on the council from 1945–47.
 1947 Awarded Bisset Hawkins Medal by the Royal College of Physicians
 1955 Elected to the American Philosophical Society
 1961 In the New Year Honours 1961 he was appointed a Knight Bachelor.
 1964 Elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences
 1965 Marjory Stephenson Prize from the Society for General Microbiology
 1979 Robert Koch Gold Medal

Personal life
Andrewes married Kathleen Lamb in 1927 and had three sons, two of whom became general practitioners.

References

1896 births
1988 deaths
People educated at Highgate School
British virologists
Influenza researchers
National Institute for Medical Research faculty
Knights Bachelor
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Christopher Andrewes


A supraorganization is an organization whose members or stakeholders are organizations rather than individuals and which performs an overarching function.

Some organizations may have membership of both organizations and individuals. These are usually described as "federations". "Coalitions", "networks", "confederations", and "unions" are also terms that are sometimes used, although these are just as frequently used to refer to organizations composed of individuals.

The term is also used in microbiology.

See also
:Category:Supraorganizations
Umbrella organization

References

External links

Types of organization

Supraorganization


In computer security, Arbitrary Code Execution is something that allows executing code without permission. A good example is cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks which inject client-side scripts into a webpage such as the self-retweeting tweet on TweetDeck.

TweetDeck vulnerability
On June 11, 2014, user @derGeruhn tweeted:

<script class="xss">$('.xss').parents().eq(1).find('a).eq(1).click();$('[data-action=retweet]').click();alert('XSS in Tweetdeck')</script>♥

Everyone who saw the tweet retweeted it automatically. It also displayed an alert saying "XSS in Tweetdeck". Because TweetDeck didn't have any precautionary measures, it only worked for TweetDeck users and the code was only showed and executed for them. The only thing Twitter users saw was the heart. It got 83 thousand retweets before it was fixed.

References

Computer security

Arbitrary code execution


Craig Gillespie (born 1 September 1967) is an Australian-American film, television, music video, and commercial director. He is best known for directing the films Lars and the Real Girl (2007), Fright Night (2011), I, Tonya (2017), and Cruella (2021).

Early life
Born and raised in Sydney, Gillespie moved to New York City at the age of nineteen to study illustration, graphic design and advertising at Manhattan's School of Visual Arts.

Career
Gillespie started out as an intern at ad agency J. Walter Thompson, New York. He then moved on to D'Arcy Masius Benton & Bowles, BBDO, Deutsch, and Ammirati & Puris, first as an art director, later as a creative director. After eight years working on the agency side he moved into directing in 1995. Based on the strength of his spec reel and agency experience, he gained representation by production company Fahrenheit Films in late 1995. One year later, he signed with Coppos Films. He has been with MJZ since 2000 and continues to work as a commercial director, commonly working with cinematographers Masanobu Takayanagi and Rodrigo Prieto. Following nominations in 2001 and 2002 in the Directors Guild of America Award category for "Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Commercials", he won in 2006 for his Ameriquest and Altoids commercials. He also won a Golden Lion Award at 2005's Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival, and two of his commercials belong to the Museum of Modern Art in Midtown Manhattan's permanent collection. His commercial for Snickers featuring Betty White playing backyard football was voted the top ad of Super Bowl XLIV by USA Today and is credited with renewing public interest in the actress.

Gillespie's debut feature film was 2007's Mr. Woodcock. He left the project after several negative test screenings, and many scenes were re-written and re-shot. David Dobkin replaced Gillespie in the director's role. Upon initially receiving the script, Gillespie had assumed that audiences would respond well to the dark humor he had been using in his commercials, but, according to him, "it was obvious the audience wanted a broader comedy, not the one I'd made. I appreciated the predicament New Line was in, so I stepped aside." Less than a month after principal photography of Mr. Woodcock concluded, Gillespie set up pre-production of Lars and the Real Girl.  He had had the Lars script for four years but had not yet attached any cast members or a studio. He had first read the script before he was attached to Mr. Woodcock, but the pitch for Lars and the Real Girl—a man falling in love with a sex doll—which he had almost turned down himself, believing the premise to be an "absurd notion", put off many major studios. He chose to direct Mr. Woodcock first.

Gillespie directed several episodes, including the pilot, of the first season of Steven Spielberg and Diablo Cody's television series The United States of Tara. He was set to re-team with Lars and the Real Girl lead actor Ryan Gosling for Dallas Buyers Club, a film telling the true story of Ron Woodroof, an electrician given six months to live after he was diagnosed with AIDS, but used a variety of drugs which he smuggled to other AIDS patients to live for another six years. However, the directing job instead went to Jean-Marc Vallée and Matthew McConaughey as Ron Woodroof. In March 2010, it was announced that Gillespie would direct the Fright Night remake, starring Colin Farrell, Anton Yelchin and Toni Collette for the lead roles.  Gillespie and Sam Worthington won the 2009 Australians in Film Breakthrough Award.

In 2011, he directed the music video for Kid Cudi's single, "No One Believes Me". Gillespie finalized his contract to direct an adaptation of Pride and Prejudice and Zombies on 18 April 2011. but he later left the film.  In April 2014, it was announced that Gillespie would direct the film The Finest Hours about the Coast Guard who tries to save the crews of two oil tankers in 1952. Chris Pine, Casey Affleck, Josh Stewart, Graham McTavish and Kyle Gallner star in the film for Walt Disney Pictures. The sets for the film were made in Quincy, Massachusetts.

Gillespie directed I, Tonya (2017), a biographical film about figure skater Tonya Harding, starring Margot Robbie, Sebastian Stan and Allison Janney. In December 2018, it was announced that Gillespie would replace Alex Timbers (due to the latter's scheduling conflicts) as director for Disney's live-action spin-off of One Hundred and One Dalmatians titled Cruella, with Emma Stone  portraying Cruella de Vil; the film premiered on May 28, 2021. In June 2021, it was announced that he would return to direct a sequel to Cruella.

In April 2022, Gillespie signed on to direct a film adaptation of Ben Mezrich's book The Antisocial Network, about the GameStop short squeeze for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film, entitled Dumb Money, will be released on September 22, 2023, by Sony Pictures Releasing.

Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos
Kid Cudi - "No One Believes Me"

Commercials
 7-Eleven - "Belly Flop", "Ducks"
 Acura - "Transactions"
 Aerial Communications - "Lost"
 Altoids - "Fruit Bat", "Mother Tongue", "People of Pain"
 Ameriquest - "Robbery", "Surprise Dinner", "Mother-in-Law", "Parking Meter", "Doctor", "Friendly Skies", "Concert"
 Audi - "Commander", "Driver", "New Santa"
 Bud Light - "Groupies"
 Call of Duty - "Codnapped", "Ultimate Team"
 CareerBuilder - "Job Fairy", "Casual Friday"
 Cars.com - "David Abernathy", "Timothy Richman"
CDW/Cisco - "Dysfunction by Aging Rock Stars. Orchestration by CDW."
 Citi - "Dressing Up", "Mountain", "Runner"
 Consumers Energy - "Milk", "Dog Dish"
 DirecTV - "Chair", "Chinese Food", "Vase"
 Dunkin' Donuts - "Joke", "Parking Lot", "Phone"
 Emerald Nuts/Pop Secret - "Awesomer"
 ESPN - "Alarm Clocks", "Paper Jam"
 FedEx - "Drafting", "Gin Rummy", "Perspective"
 FirstNBC - "Refund", "Rich Guy"
 Fruit of the Loom - "Boxers", "Ceremonial Fruit", "Shirts"
 GEICO - "Balding", "CEO", "House", "Rapper", "Soap"
 Guinness - "Slide"
 Holiday Inn Express - "Jeopardy"
 H&R Block - "Where's Your W-2?", "Brad or Chad"
 Infiniti - "Holiday Shopping"
 Kraft Dinner - "Romantic Dinner"
 Icehouse - "Rain Delay", "Dinner Party", "Support Group"
 Jack Link's Beef Jerky - "Binoculars", "Salt Shaker", "Shaving Cream", "Waterbowl"
 Mercedes-Benz - "Bawling/Penguin", "It's Ready"
 Miracle Whip - "Man's Best Friend"
 Molson Canadian - "Close to You"
 Mountain Dew - "Defeated"
 MSN - "Hotel", "Mr. Snookums", "Name Game", "Quiz", "Rad"
 Nike - "The Roger Effect"
 Nintendo DS - "Race", "Teamwork"
 Nintendo DSi - "Hanging Out"
 Nissan Altima - "Break-Up"
 Obama - "Maverick"
 Pepsi - "Magnetic Attraction"
 Porsche - "Dinner", "Sound"
 Qwest - "Crib"
 Saturn - "Convoy"
 Snickers - "Game", "Road Trip", "Coach", "Cards"
 Southwest Airlines - "Locked Car"
 Subway - "Cupid"
 TAG Body Spray - "Disclaimer Mom", "Fast Acting"
 The St. Paul - "Noah"
 Toyota - "Adrenalitis", "Bed", "Living the Dream", "Rail System"
 Toys "R" Us - "Periscope Up", "Spaceship", "Standoff"
 Twix - "Ideologies", "Merger"
 US West - "Cry"
 Volkswagen - "Dancing", "Hike", "Yoga"
 Washington Mutual - "Julie", "Roy", "Bill B Gone", "Insta-Branch", "Money Shrub", "Teller Porter", "Debra", "Tom", "Jenn", "Paul", "Brandon", "Geoffrey"
 World Championship Wrestling : "HOV", "Couch", "Voodoo"
 Wrigley's - "No Dummy"
 Yahoo! - "Bully", "Garden", "Recall"

References

External links

Commercial showreel at MJZ

1967 births
Living people
Advertising directors
Australian atheists
Australian expatriates in the United States
Australian film directors
Film directors from New York City
Film directors from Sydney
School of Visual Arts alumni
Directors Guild of America Award winners

Craig Gillespie


Robinson Cano (born October 22, 1982) is a Dominican second baseman for the Seattle Mariners.  He started playing for the New York Yankees in 2005.  He has been named an All-Star three times.  For the last few years, he has been one of the best-hitting second baseman in the league. He recently won the 2011 Home Run Derby.

1982 births
Living people

New York Yankees players
Seattle Mariners players

Robinson Cano


The Church–Lafayette Streets Historic District encompasses a well-preserved collection of late 18th- and early 19th-century houses in Wakefield, Massachusetts.  It includes properties on Church Street between Common Street and North Avenue, and on Lafayette Street between Common and Church Streets.  The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

Layout and design

Church Street, which is immediately south of Lake Quannapowitt, was laid out in the late 17th century, but only had a single house from that period survive, the c. 1681 Hartshorne House at 41 Church Street.  The Hartshorne House was remodeled in the Federal period of the late 18th/early 19th century, when many of the houses on Church Street were built.  The houses at 40, 42, and 44 Church Street were originally built to the same basic plan (three bays wide and four deep), although #42 was later widened to the more typical five bay appearance.  38 Church Street is distinctive in Wakefield for having brick side walls.

Lafayette Street was laid out in 1824, and most of its houses are Greek Revival in character.  The house at 34 Lafayette Street (c. 1835) has a high-style porch with fluted columns, and an elaborate Greek Revival entry with sidelights and fully surrounding architrave.  28 Lafayette (c. 1834) also has a doorway with sidelights, but it is flanked by pilasters.  Across the street stands 23 Lafayette (c. 1834), which stands with its gable end to the street, unlike the other two, where the gable has a pedimental appearance made to look like stone.

See also
Common District (Wakefield, Massachusetts), adjacent to the east
Yale Avenue Historic District, adjacent to the south
National Register of Historic Places listings in Wakefield, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, Massachusetts

References

Historic districts in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Wakefield, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Wakefield, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts


The Oberhausen–Arnhem railway (also known in German as the Hollandstrecke, meaning "Holland line") is a two-track, electrified main line railway running close to the lower Rhine from Oberhausen via Wesel, Emmerich and the German–Dutch border to Arnhem and forms part of the line between the Ruhr and Amsterdam. The line was opened by the Cologne-Minden Railway Company in 1856 and is one of the oldest lines in Germany.

It branches in Oberhausen from the Duisburg–Dortmund line, a section of the Cologne-Minden trunk line and connects in Arnhem with the Rhine Railway to Amsterdam. The line is of high importance for international traffic, both for long-distance passenger services and for freight traffic and is listed as a priority project of the Trans-European Networks.

History

The first plans to build a railway line on the Lower Rhine emerged in the 1830s. At that time the Amsterdam business community began to think about how they could expand trade with Germany. Plans were developed and the president of the Prussian administration in Cologne, Daniel Heinrich Delius, gave his conditional support for them. The Dutch government subsequently instructed its chief engineer for public works, Bernard Herman Goudriaan to develop a route for the line.

As a result, it was proposed the new railway would run from Amsterdam via Amersfoort, Isselburg, Hamminkeln, Wesel and Duisburg to Cologne, avoiding large cities such as Utrecht and Arnhem in order to minimise the risk of floods disrupting the line. The city of Emmerich objected to this route, which would have bypassed it. Further difficulties arose with the decision of the Dutch Rhine Railway Company (, NRS) to build its line from Amsterdam to Utrecht (opened in 1843) and on to Arnhem (1845) not as standard gauge, but with a broad gauge of 1945 mm.

During the following years several proposals were submitted and rejected until on 18 July 1851 the two governments signed the "Prussian-Dutch agreement for the construction of the Oberhausen–Wesel–Emmerich–Arnhem railway". On 30 December 1852, the Cologne-Minden Railway Company (Cöln-Mindener Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, CME) was granted a concession to build the line on condition that construction was completed within three years.

The final route of the line was eventually approved by the Prussian Minister of Trade, Commerce and Public Works on 4 May 1854. This allowed the CME to commence the construction of the 61 km-long line from its Oberhausen station on its trunk line to Emmerich. Construction could also start on the 12 km section to the border and on to Arnhem, because the NRS had converted its line from Amsterdam to Arnhem to standard gauge in 1855.

Following a construction period of two years, the Oberhausen-Dinslaken section was opened on 1 July 1856 and the entire double-track line was put into operation on 20 October 1856. On the first day, four passenger trains and a freight train ran on the line. In 1859, 300 passengers, 34 tonnes of freight and 10 head of cattle were carried each day.

Wesel originally had a basic station suitable for its military role, which was replaced 25 years later by a half-timbered building.

Wesel junction

By the end of the Second World War, Wesel station had become the major junction of the Lower Rhine. The Holland line had been crossed by the Haltern–Venlo line (part of the CME's Hamburg-Venlo line) since its opening in 1874. Four years later, the Bocholt Railway (also owned by the CME) and the Boxtel Railway also opened to Wesel. In 1912 the line to Oberhausen via Walsum was opened. Trains to Venlo and Boxtel ran over the almost two kilometre-long Wesel Railway Bridge on the Rhine, built between 1872 and 1874.

Reconstruction after the Second World War
After the Second World War bridges over the Rhine–Herne Canal, the Emscher river in Oberhausen, the Wesel–Datteln Canal and the Lippe in Wesel that had been destroyed during the war were restored with temporary repairs. As early as 15 November 1945 the tracks between Oberhausen and Arnhem were restored. Operations within the Netherlands were quickly restored. The destroyed Wesel Railway Bridge over the Rhine was not rebuilt, ending operations on the lines to Boxtel and Venlo. The largely destroyed station buildings on the line were rebuilt between 1952 and 1956.

Electrification of the line
In 1964/66, the whole two-track main line was electrified. Voltages change between the German 15 kV / 16.7 Hz AC and the Dutch 1.5 kV DC system in Emmerich station. The different electrifical systems, along with the different train protection systems, force electric locomotives to be changed in Emmerich. Electric multiple units that can operate on the systems of both countries were first developed in 2001 and approved for operation in 2007.

Development of long-distance rail services
The Amsterdam-Cologne D-trains (D-Zug, that is luxury express trains), then stopping in Emmerich, Empel-Rees, Wesel, Dinslaken and Oberhausen, were replaced in June 1991 by EuroCity trains that operate without stopping between Emmerich and Oberhausen. The EuroCity trains were mostly replaced in November 2000 by Intercity-Express (ICE) services between Amsterdam and Cologne, using modern multi-system electrical multiple units capable of high-speeds, which did not need to stop in Emmerich any more. Since December 2002, the new Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line has provided a direct through connection to Frankfurt am Main. At the same time, the two remaining EuroCity trains were also replaced by electric multiple units. After that the only long-distance train stopping in Emmerich and Wesel was a night train, and since December 2005 it only stops in Emmerich.

Completion of the new "Betuweroute"
In the Netherlands the Betuweroute was put into normal operations on 16 June 2007. The new freight route connects the port of Rotterdam with the Ruhr and southern Germany. It joins the existing line in Zevenaar.

Future Investments
In July 2013, the German federal government, the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Deutsche Bahn and other parties signed a €1.5bn funding agreement to upgrade the 73 km Emmerich-Oberhausen segment. Improvements include laying a third track to remove bottlenecks, removal of level crossings, renewal of electrical equipment, installation of ETCS and building of noise attenuating walls.

Services

The Oberhausen–Arnhem railway is served every two hours each day by long-distance passenger services operated by ICE International trains on the Amsterdam Centraal–Utrecht Centraal–Köln Hbf–Frankfurt (Main) Hbf / Basel SBB route.

The following services run hourly:
 Regional-Express RE 5 (Rhein-Express): Koblenz–Cologne–Duisburg–Wesel,
 Regional-Express RE 19 (Rhein-IJssel-Express): Düsseldorf–Emmerich-Arnhem,
Monday to Friday, RB 35 (Emscher-Niederrhein-Bahn): Mönchengladbach–Duisburg–Wesel.

These services each run twice per hour on the Dutch section between Arnhem and Zevenaar:
a local train between Arnhem and Winterswijk, operated by Arriva,
a local train on weekdays only between Arnhem and Doetinchem, operated by Hermes under the brand name Breng.

In Wesel services on the Oberhausen-Arnhem line connect with RB 32 (Der Bocholter) services on the Bocholt Railway.

Regional passenger services on the German section are operated by DB Regio NRW and Abellio Rail NRW. DB Regio NRW operated the whole passenger services on the German side of the railway line until December 2016 and currently is operating the RE 5 line. The following train compositions are used by DB Regio NRW: push-pull trains composed of five double-deck carriages hauled by a DB class 146 electric locomotives at speeds of up to 160 km/h.

Abellio Rail NRW started its operation in December 2016 and now is operating the services on the RE 19, RB 32 and RB 35 lines. There are 21 trainsets type Stadler FLIRT in the grey Abellio livery which are being used on these lines.

Passenger services on the Dutch section were operated by Syntus until the end of 2012, after that by Arriva and Breng.

Cross-border regional passenger services didn't operate between 2006 and 2017. Previously regional services operated between Emmerich and Arnhem (RB 34, Der Arnheimer). From 6 April 2017, Abellio service RE 19 was extended from Emmerich to Arnhem.

In addition to passenger traffic, the line has a very high volume of freight traffic.

Usage (2005)
The utilisation of the line in 2005—following the introduction of a regular interval timetable in 1998, the increase of long-distance and regional passenger services at the end of 2002 and the increase of freight transport—amounted to six to eight trains per hour in each direction. In each working day there 104 units of regional passenger trains, 16 long-distance trains and 60 freight trains, each way.

References

External links
 [strecken/2270.htm Description of line 2270] in the NRW railways archive of André Joost

Railway lines in North Rhine-Westphalia
Railway lines in the Netherlands
Railway lines opened in 1856
1856 establishments in Prussia
Cross-border railway lines in Germany

Oberhausen–Arnhem railway


WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease was first produced in 1990 by the World Health Organization and updated in September 2005. It is an approach for use in resource limited settings and is widely used in Africa and Asia and has been a useful research tool in studies of progression to symptomatic HIV disease. Most of these conditions are opportunistic infections that are easily treated in healthy people. The staging system is different for adults and adolescents and children.

Stage I: HIV disease is asymptomatic and not categorized as AIDS.

Stage II: include minor mucocutaneous manifestations and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections.

Stage III: includes unexplained chronic diarrhea for longer than a month, severe bacterial infections and pulmonary tuberculosis.

Stage IV: includes toxoplasmosis of the brain, candidiasis of the esophagus, trachea, bronchi or lungs and Kaposi's sarcoma; these diseases are used as indicators of AIDS.

Notes

HIV/AIDS
World Health Organization

WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease


In electronic design automation, maze runner is a connection routing method that represents the entire routing space as a grid. Parts of this grid are blocked by components, specialised areas, or already present wiring. The grid size corresponds to the wiring pitch of the area. The goal is to find a chain of grid cells that go from point A to point B.

A maze runner may use the Lee algorithm. It uses a wave propagation style (a wave are all cells that can be reached in n steps) throughout the routing space. The wave stops when the target is reached, and the path is determined by backtracking through the cells.

See also
Autorouter

References
. One of the first descriptions of a maze router.

Electronic engineering
Electronic design automation
Electronics optimization

Maze runner


Robert Golden Armstrong Jr. (April 7, 1917 – July 27, 2012) was an American character actor and playwright. A veteran performer who appeared in dozens of Westerns during his 40-year career, he may be best remembered for his work with director Sam Peckinpah.

Early life
Armstrong was born in Pleasant Grove, Alabama, and was reared on a small farm near Birmingham. He came from a family of fundamentalist Christians, and his mother wanted him to be a pastor. After graduating from Hueytown High School in 1935, Armstrong initially enrolled at Howard College, now Samford University in Homewood, Alabama, where he became interested in acting, and then transferred to the University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill, North Carolina.  While there, he began acting on stage with the Carolina Playmakers. Upon graduating, he attended the Actors Studio.

Armstrong wanted to write, rather than act, and said in 1966, "I struggled so hard to be a serious writer." As a student at UNC he wrote a three-act play that was produced. By 1966, he had written "nine full-length plays, four unpublished novels, and 50 unpublished poems."

Career
On Broadway, Armstrong portrayed Dr. Baugh and Big Daddy in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955), Sheriff Talbott in Orpheus Descending (1957), and Captain Keller in The Miracle Worker (1959). He also began writing his own plays, which were performed off-Broadway.

Armstrong's first film appearance was in the 1954 film Garden of Eden; however, it was television where he first earned a name for himself. He guest-starred in virtually every television western series produced in the 1950s and 1960s, including Have Gun - Will Travel playing Sheriff Jaffey in S1 E28 "Killer's Widow" which aired 3/21/1958, The Californians, Jefferson Drum, The Tall Man, Riverboat, The Rifleman, Zane Grey Theater, Wanted: Dead or Alive, The Westerner, The Big Valley, Bonanza, Maverick (as Louise Fletcher's character's father in the episode which drew the series' largest single viewership, "The Saga of Waco Williams"), Gunsmoke (S7E10 as hard nosed Union soldier Capt. Benter"), Rawhide, Wagon Train, and Bat Masterson.

Armstrong appeared on The Twilight Zone, in the episode "Nothing in the Dark" along with Robert Redford. He appeared in three episodes of Perry Mason, twice in the role of the defendant.  In 1958, he appeared in the episode "The Case of the Black-Eyed Blonde" as character Matthew Bartlett. In 1959, he played character Harry Bright in "The Case of the Petulant Partner," then in 1962 he played John Gregory in "The Case of the Stand-in Sister." Armstrong also appeared on Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Everglades, The Andy Griffith Show, The Fugitive, Daniel Boone, T.H.E. Cat, Hawaii Five-O, Starsky and Hutch, The Dukes of Hazzard, Dynasty, and in the miniseries War and Remembrance. Armstrong had a recurring role in the second season of Millennium as a reclusive visionary known only as the Old Man.  In the late 1980s, he played the demonic recurring character "Uncle Lewis Vendredi" in the Canadian horror series Friday the 13th: The Series.

While working on The Westerner in 1960, Armstrong met the up-and-coming writer/director Sam Peckinpah. The two men immediately struck up a friendship. Peckinpah recognized Armstrong's inner turmoil regarding the religious beliefs of his family and utilized that to brilliant effect in his films. Armstrong would almost always play a slightly unhinged fundamentalist Christian in Peckinpah's films, usually wielding a Bible in one hand and a shotgun in the other. This character archetype appeared in Ride the High Country (1962), Major Dundee (1965), and perhaps most memorably in Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid (1973). However, Armstrong also appeared in The Ballad of Cable Hogue (1970), playing a more likeable character.

Even outside of Peckinpah's work, Armstrong became a tier-one character actor in his own right, appearing in dozens of films over his career, playing both villains and sympathetic characters. Some of his more memorable roles outside of Peckinpah's films include a sympathetic rancher in El Dorado (1966), Cap'n Dan in The Great White Hope (1970), outlaw Clell Miller in The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid (1972), a bumbling outlaw in My Name is Nobody (1973), a secret Satanic cultist sheriff in Race with the Devil (1975), The Car (1977), as well as Children of the Corn (1984), Red Headed Stranger (1986) with Willie Nelson, and as General Phillips in Predator (1987). He appeared in several of Warren Beatty's films, including Heaven Can Wait (1978), Reds (1981), and as the character Pruneface in Dick Tracy (1990).

He semi-retired from films and television in the late 1990s, but he continued to be active in off-Broadway theater in New York and Los Angeles, until finally retiring from acting in 2005 because of near-blindness due to cataracts.

In 1991, Armstrong gained critical praise for his portrayal of the title character in the music video for "Enter Sandman" from heavy metal band Metallica.

Personal life and death
Armstrong was married three times: his first wife was Ann Neale, with whom he had four children; he was then married to Susan Guthrie until 1976; he was married to his third wife, Mary Craven, until her death in 2003.

Armstrong died of natural causes at the age of 95 on July 27, 2012, at his home in Studio City, California.

Selected filmography

 Garden of Eden (1954) as J. Randolph Latimore
 Baby Doll (1956) as Townsman Sid (voice, uncredited)
 A Face in the Crowd (1957) as TV Prompter Operator (uncredited)
 From Hell to Texas (1958) as Hunter Boyd
 Never Love a Stranger (1958) as Flix
 No Name on the Bullet (1959) as Asa Canfield
 The Fugitive Kind (1960) as Sheriff Jordan Talbott
 Ten Who Dared (1960) as Oramel Howland
 Ride the High Country (1962) as Joshua Knudsen
 He Rides Tall (1964) as Joshua 'Josh' McCloud
 Major Dundee (1965) as Reverend Dahlstrom
 El Dorado (1967) as Kevin MacDonald
 80 Steps to Jonah (1969) as Mackray
 Tiger by the Tail (1970) as Ben Holmes
 The Ballad of Cable Hogue (1970) as Quittner
 Angels Die Hard (1970) as Mel
 The McMasters (1970) as Watson
 The Great White Hope (1970) as Cap'n Dan
 J. W. Coop (1971) as Jim Sawyer
 Justin Morgan Had a Horse (1972) as Squire Fisk
 The Final Comedown (1972) as Mr. Freeman
 The Great Northfield, Minnesota Raid (1972) as Clell Miller
 The Legend of Hillbilly John (1972) as Bristowe
 Gentle Savage (1973) as Rupert Beeker - Owner of 'Beeker's Bar'
 Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid (1973) as Ollinger
 White Lightning (1973) as Big Bear
 Running Wild (1973) as Bull
 My Name is Nobody (1973) as Honest John
 Cotter (1973) as Jack
 Boss Nigger (1975) as Mayor Griffin
 Race with the Devil (1975) as Sheriff Taylor
 White Line Fever (1975) as Prosecutor
 Mean Johnny Barrows (1976) as Richard
 Stay Hungry (1976) as Thor Erickson
 Dixie Dynamite (1976) as Charlie White - Bank President
 Mr. Billion (1977) as Sheriff T.C. Bishop
 The Car (1977) as Amos
 The Pack (1977) as Cobb
 Texas Detour (1978) as Sheriff Burt
 Heaven Can Wait (1978) as General Manager
 Devil Dog: The Hound of Hell (1978) as Dunworth
 The Time Machine (1978) as Gen. Harris
 Good Luck, Miss Wyckoff (1979) as Mr. Hemmings
 Fast Charlie... the Moonbeam Rider (1979) as Al Barber
 Steel (1979) as Kellin
 Where the Buffalo Roam (1980) as Judge Simpson
 Evilspeak (1981) as Sarge
 Raggedy Man (1981) as Rigby
 The Pursuit of D.B. Cooper (1981) as Dempsey
 Reds (1981) as Government Agent
 The Beast Within (1982) as Doc Schoonmaker
 Hammett (1982) as Lt. O'Mara
 The Shadow Riders (1982) as Sheriff Miles Gillette
 Lone Wolf McQuade (1983) as T. Tyler
 Children of the Corn (1984) as Diehl
 The Best of Times (1986) as Schutte
 Red Headed Stranger (1986) as Sheriff Reese Scoby - Driscoll, Montana
 Jocks (1987) as Coach Bettlebom
 Predator (1987) as Gen. Phillips
 Bulletproof (1988) as Miles Blackburn
 Ghetto Blaster (1989) as Curtis
 Trapper County War (1989) as Pop Luddigger
 Dick Tracy (1990) as Pruneface
 Warlock: The Armageddon (1993) as Franks
 Dead Center (1993) as Art Fencer
 Payback (1995) as Mac
 Invasion of Privacy (1996) as Sam Logan - Storekeeper
 Purgatory (1999) as Coachman
 The Waking (2001) as Edward Sloan (final film role)

Selected television

References

Further reading

External links

Robert G. Armstrong at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection

1917 births
2012 deaths
American male film actors
American male stage actors
Male Western (genre) film actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Birmingham, Alabama
Male actors from Los Angeles
Samford University alumni
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
20th-century American male actors
People from Pleasant Grove, Alabama
People from Studio City, Los Angeles
Western (genre) television actors
Hueytown High School alumni

R. G. Armstrong


Paraulas
" When I was a bachelor, I liv'd all alone
I worked at the weaver's trade
And the only, only thing that I ever did wrong
Was to woo a fair young maid.
I wooed her in the wintertime
And in the summer, too
And the only, only thing that I did that was wrong
Was to keep her from the foggy, foggy dew.

One night she came to my bedside
When I was fast asleep.
She laid her head upon my bed
And she began to weep.
She sighed, she cried, she damn near died
She said what shall I do?
So I hauled her into bed and covered up her head
Just to keep her from the foggy foggy dew.

So, I am a bachelor, I live with my son
and we work at the weaver's trade.
And every single time that I look into his eyes
He reminds me of that fair young maid.
He reminds me of the wintertime
And of the summer, too,
And of the many, many times that I held her in my arms
Just to keep her from the foggy, foggy, dew. "

Version irlandesa
La debuta d'una version irlandesa de la mesma chançon comença per

" When I was a bachelor, airy and young, I followed the roving trade,
And the only harm that ever I did was courting a servant maid.
I courted her all summer long, and part of the winter, too
And many's the time I rolled my love all over the foggy dew. "

Foggy Dew (cançon anglesa)