Arthur Henry Neumann (12 June 1850 – 29 May 1907) was an English explorer, hunter, soldier, farmer and travel writer famous for his exploits in Equatorial East Africa. In 1898 he published Elephant Hunting in East Equatorial Africa.

Early life and exploration

Neumann was born in Hockliffe, Bedfordshire, a village four miles east from Leighton Buzzard, the youngest child of seven of the Reverend John Stubbs Neumann and his wife (née) Annie Mary Formby. His father was rector of a rural parish, and the young retiring Neumann would recall 'an attempt I remember to have made to get out of the sight of houses in a secluded part of the common and fancy myself in an uninhabited country' Although it is known that Neumann's brother Formby attended Wadham College, Oxford Arthur's education is not known and most likely he was educated at home with private tutors.

In 1869 his father who was from a wealthy family of Liverpool salt merchants retired from his living in Bedfordshire and departed for Italy, a country with a sizeable flock of wealthy British expatriates for the next five years. This was the spur for his son Arthur to depart to South Africa to begin a life of wanderlust. Neumann declared in later life that life for him had really only begun in 1868: what had gone before, in his opinion, hardly counted. On arriving in Durban on the Natal coast, Neumann found a town that was barely fifty years old with the demeanour of a frontier town. He took a job with a coffee planter near Port Natal shortly before the deadly Borer Beetle infected the growth and decimated the fledgling industry. Several months of this work was enough for Neumann, and with his brother Charles they struck further north to the lower basin of the Umvoti River. Here they found government land suitable for the growing of tobacco and cotton. However, Arthur failed to settle and headed in 1871 to the newly discovered goldfield in the eastern Transvaal.
The fledgling Boer Republic was close to bankruptcy in this period of the 19th century, beset with debt and hostility from the Zulu inhabitants, and the prospect of a gold rush was encouraged. It does not seem to have proved a fruitful period for the young Neumann, who had returned to Natal by 1872.

The subsequent acquisition of property in Natal did little to assuage Neumann's inability to settle and according to his friend the artist and hunter John Guille Millais ''After knocking about for some time, he settled in Swaziland, and established a trading there, driving his own wagons with trade goods to and from Natal''. This mode of life enabled him to learn wagon driving, the skills required to survive in the bush and to understand the peoples of South Africa by learning to speak several native languages.

Hunter and soldier

In 1877 Neumann took a sabbatical from his life as a merchant and trader to pursue his passion for hunting. He headed for the big game grounds of Swaziland and the low veldt of eastern Transvaal apparently content to lead a solitary life aiming and firing his rifles at the wild-life. Over hunting was all ready taking its toll in the area and gradually Neumann moved further afield to his ultimate goal of East Africa.

As Neumann continued his quest for big game the uneasy political situation between the Zulus and the British and their Swazi allies began to unravel and a violent uprising was in the offing in Zululand. Neumann with his fluency in the native language, friendship with the Swazi leaders and an intimate knowledge of the terrain was well placed to act on behalf of a reconnoitring party and accepted a government offer of the rank of captain and command of a detachment of scouts in one of the Swazi contingents.

During this troublesome period Neumann met and befriended Norman Magnus MacLeod of MacLeod, one of his life's key friendships. The aristocratic MacLeod, a former soldier in the 74th Highlanders had held a variety of administrative posts in the colony's government and as an avid sportsman of big game had similarly explored the South African hinterland. MacLeod and Neumann formed a tight and resilient partnership and as the situation reached a critical juncture in late 1878 they travelled for a rendezvous with the Swazi king to elicit his support against the Zulu King, Cetewayo

In January 1879 the Anglo-Zulu War commenced. The defeat of British forces at Isandhlwana led to a forced withdrawal by the British who shortly redeployed with a greater force to overcome the Zulus. During the brief war Neumann performed bravely helping consolidate British gains in Transvaal and forging alliances with the Swaziland kingdom.

Neumann spent most of the next decade alternating between his concerns of farming, trading and of course, organising hunting expeditions. He travelled and hunted extensively around the Limpopo and Sabi rivers whilst renting out his farm and leasing land from the Swazi royal family for cattle raising on the borders of Swaziland and Transvaal. In 1885 he was involved in a dispute with the Transvaal Government as to ownership of the land that they deemed was in Transvaal and not in Swaziland as Neumann had believed. Neumann appears to have obfuscated in the hope that the Transvaal authorities in Pretoria would forget him which they did not.

East Africa

By 1890 Neumann had tired of the legal wrangling about ownership of his farms and was in East Africa needing funds to outfit an elephant-hunting expedition. In May 1890 he had been appointed to the General Africa staff of the Imperial British East Africa Company. Neumann from his base in Mombasa placed himself in the vanguard of British involvement within East Africa under the domineering leadership of Frederick Lugard with whom he quickly developed a fractious relationship. In his first four months with the Company Neumann's road gang of fifty men carved their way through the bush opening up the hinterland, forging alliances and enmities as they progressed. Whilst the road was completed it proved a dead end in terms of the trade generated but it did provide Neumann with ease of access to the hunting grounds of the interior.

At the end of 1890 Neumann was part of an expedition by Sir William Mackinnon's chartered company to reconnoitered a proposed railway route to Lake Victoria. Leaving Mombasa on 1 December with the foraging party they travelled across the arid Taru Desert to the East Africa Company fort at Machakos where they waited for the main party before travelling to Dagoretti, close to modern day Nairobi. The rainy conditions meant a difficult expedition ensued around Lake Victoria before the survey was complete at Kisumu. Heading west the party took time to hunt and in Samia Neumann is recorded as killing five elephants and five hippo, an experience that he found exhilarating and led to the decision to become a professional elephant hunter. On his return trip to Mombasa on 25 May 1891 the returning party was attacked by the Maasai in retribution for the confiscation of Maasai cattle by a previous expedition led by Neumann's hunter friend Frederick Jackson. Neumann was wounded in the wrist in the mêlée that saw thirty-eight of his men dead. Once again tiring of his prosaic duties he resigned to fill the post of a magistrate in Zululand.

Elephant hunter

At the end of 1893 Neumann returned to Mombasa to begin a career as an ivory trader. The aim of his fifty strong expedition was to travel to Ndorobo where it was believed large herds of elephants awaited. In late December 1893 at a leisurely pace he set out on a voyage of serendipity lasting fourteen months. Initially he followed the old caravan route through Kibwezi before traversing Ukambani, crossing the Tana river valley and then descending the foothills of the Nyambeni Range, a distance of 450 miles from Mombasa and nine weeks by foot. Once he had established his depot Neumann was ready to initiate the hunting using his collection of Gibbs-Farquharson rifles. He moved around the interior for the next few months collecting ivory, surveying and occasionally collecting insects and butterflies in the Meru country.

The worldwide demand for ivory from the British East Africa Protectorate in the late 19th century was high and at its peak. It was, of course a disaster for the elephant but it provided much needed wealth into Equatorial Africa and men such as Neumann were available to satiate the demand. In his memoirs in common to the age in which he lived Neumann makes no reference to the ethics of the trade and concentrates instead on the arduousness of travel and the length of journeys into the interior. One such arduous journey in August 1896 witnessed the destruction by Neumann of fourteen elephants, his largest bag. Revealingly he was disappointed with his performance 'I did not consider I had done as well as I ought.... But I excused myself, to a certain extent in that I was out of health''. He was more satisfied with the overall haul from the expedition of forty sets of tusks.

His long term aim to reach Lake Rudolf (now known as Lake Turkana) was attained on an expedition conducted in 1895. However the hunting around Lake Rudolf was not a success as the terrain was difficult and a bitter wind blew. On New Year's Day 1896 his personal servant, Shebane, was killed by a crocodile whilst bathing and many of his asses were stricken from the bite of the Tsetse fly. Neumann records that he downed a number of large animals before his gun misfired allowing an angry cow elephant to maul him. His injuries were severe enough to force a recuperation period lasting several months during which he could not take solids with any comfort. It curtailed the hunting but he made use of his time collecting specimens in the Lorighi Mountains for the British Museum including a previously unrecorded race of hartebeest to which the name Bubalis Neumannii was ascribed. He returned to Mombasa with the ivory and the specimens in October 1896 in poor physical health and sporting an injured and withered arm.

Publication of Elephant Hunting in East Equatorial Africa

Neumann returned to Britain in 1897 where he recuperated and enjoyed his notoriety for the following two years. As was in his nature he pursued a peripatetic existence. He visited the Macleod stronghold of Dunvegan Castle, where he wrote of his exploits and published them as Elephant Hunting in East Equatorial Africa, a well-received autobiography that the Edinburgh Review described thus; ''we have seldom read a more exciting narrative than this, and the story of many hairbreadth escapes is told with a straightforward simplicity that commands implicit credence''. Neumann was not one to play down his exploits and his memoirs were widely read by a public more than willing to lap up tales of derring-do from the Empire. The book is enhanced by the work of three eminent wildlife artists, his friend John Guille Millais, Edmund Caldwell and George Edward Lodge and was a lavish publication. It secured Neumann's name as an elephant hunter and establishment figure. That this reputation was based on a modest score of elephants made no difference. Neumann also cultivated a reputation as an author of articles on wildlife and an authority on the wildlife of Africa. Supported by the scientific studies included in his book he was acknowledged as a serious zoologist.

Boer War

In October 1899 the start of the Boer War between the Boer Republics and Great Britain witnessed Neumann returning to South Africa where he enlisted in the newly formed South African Light Horse. His knowledge of Africa and in particular his experience in the Zulu War meant that he was given the rank of lieutenant under the command of Colonel Julian Byng. Neumann served as part of the Mounted Brigade of the Natal Field Force under Lieutenant-General Douglas Cochrane, taking part in the relief of the besieged town of Ladysmith. He was also present at the Battle of the Tugela Heights and at a skirmish on Bastion Hill where according to J.G. Millais he was at the head of his troop. Neumann did not see out the end of the South African War returning to Britain sometime in 1901.

Final years in East Africa

After an unsatisfactory period in South Africa where he was thwarted in his attempt to obtain a government post in Transvaal he returned to East Africa where he intended to resume his elephant hunting activities. In August 1901 he is recorded as visiting his old friend Frederick Jackson, now Acting Commissioner of Uganda in Entebbe, and that his intention was to head north to hunt near the Abyssinian border. In fact Neumann probably returned shortly after to Britain as he is recorded buying a large-bore, double-barreled rifle from the Southwark gunsmith John Rigby & Company whilst staying at the Union Club. He was present at a Norfolk shooting party in late 1901 that was attended by several notable hunters of the period including Frederick Selous and J.G. Millais whom he knew and Abel Chapman who he met for the first time.

According to Millais early in 1902 he once again returned to East Africa where he stayed in Mount Kenya country for five years periodically heading north to hunt bull elephants. He ranged through the Lorian Swamp, Lake Rudolf and northern Gwaso Nyiro during 1903 and 1904 with diminishing returns. The ivory trade though still profitable was in decline as competition from Abyssinians and Somalis made for an increasingly difficult political position. Neumann with his affinity for Ndorobo people of East Africa was reluctantly drawn into political conflicts that eventually undermined his position. As 1905 ended his financial return from ivory was in sharp decline. During the year he shot a total of just fifteen elephants and bartered a few more tusks from the Ndorobo and the Sabur. Neumann who by this time was in poor shape was also receiving criticism from the growing lobby in the colony that were against the uncontrolled hunting of big game. Neumann began to feel embattled and bitter that he was a pariah to the 'Game Preserving Society' as he called his opponents. He responded by publishing a pamphlet in which he put forward his ideas on how the ivory trade and illegitimate elephant hunting could be controlled. He also offered his services once again as a government border agent in return for a salary that included his right to collect ivory. It was to no avail and after a final hunting trip to Lake Rudolf in 1906 it became clear that his days as an elephant hunter were over.

Death in London

In September 1906 Neumann sailed for the UK. On board was his stockpile of ivory that he sold for the reasonable sum of £4,500 retaining a few choice pieces for friends, including Millais, with whom he stayed at Horsham in April 1907.  Millais' son Raoul Millais, later also an artist and hunter, remembered him as 'a jolly little man, lots of fun and very good with children'.

The solitary Neumann had intent to return to East Africa and held a meeting with James Hayes Sadler, the senior diplomat in East Africa at the Colonial Office in London with the intention of negotiating the grant of land and a government post in the Guaso Nyiro River area of the Protectorate. This was agreed at the end of May, but the grant was never enacted as on 29 May after writing a brief note Neumann committed suicide by gunshot at his lodgings in central London.

See also
 List of famous big game hunters

References

Further reading
Monty Brown, Hunter Away-The Life and Times of Arthur Henry Neumann 1850–1907, Private Publication, London (1993)
E N Barclay, Big Game Shooting Records, London, Witherby (1932)
F J Jackson, Early Days in East Africa, London, Edward Arnold (1930)
J G Millais, The Life of Frederick C. Selous, London, Longmans, (1918)
J G Millais, Wanderings and Memories, London, Longmans, Green, (1919)
A H Neumann, Elephant Hunting in East Equatorial Africa, London, Rowland Ward (1898)& (1982), reprinted by Abercrombie & Finch, New York, (1966); Books of Zimbabwe, Bulawayo (1982); Briar Patch Press, South Carolina (1987)
F C Selous, Travel & Adventure in South East Africa, London, Rowland Ward (1898)

External links

1850 births
1907 deaths
People from Central Bedfordshire District
English hunters
Elephant hunters
Explorers of Africa
English explorers
English travel writers
Royal Fusiliers officers
British expatriates in British Kenya
1907 suicides
Suicides in Westminster
Suicides by firearm in England

Arthur Henry Neumann


Jevon Crudup (born April 27, 1972) is an American former professional basketball player and coach. After playing college basketball at the University of Missouri, Crudup was drafted by the Detroit Pistons in the 1994 NBA draft.
During his senior year, Crudup helped lead Missouri to the Elite Eight, tying the school's deepest NCAA Tournament run ever. However, shortly after that season, Missouri discovered that Crudup had accepted thousands of dollars in inducements from a middleman working for agents hoping to sign Crudup if he was selected in the 1994 NBA draft. Missouri didn't dispute that Crudup had received the payments, but contended that it didn't know about them. In 1996, the NCAA largely exonerated Missouri, but forced the Tigers to vacate their 1994 NCAA Tournament appearance.

He coached at his alma mater, Raytown South High School, and in 2006, won a wrongful termination judgement in a discrimination lawsuit against the school after he was fired over a post-game incident.

References

External links
College statistics at the Draft Review

1972 births
Living people
Basketball coaches from Missouri
Basketball players from Kansas City, Missouri
Connecticut Pride players
Detroit Pistons draft picks
Florida Beachdogs players
Forwards (basketball)
High school basketball coaches in Missouri
Missouri Tigers men's basketball players
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
San Diego Wildfire players
Sportspeople from Kansas City, Missouri
American men's basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in the Philippines
Philippine Basketball Association imports
Pop Cola Panthers players

Jevon Crudup


The Guttenberg National Fish Hatchery and Aquarium Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Guttenberg, Iowa, United States.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.  At the time of its nomination the district consisted of four resources, all of which are contributing buildings.  This district also contributes to the Front Street (River Park Drive) Historic District.  The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service had a long history of involvement with wildlife conservation in Iowa, especially fisheries.  They established fish rescue program along the Mississippi River in 1903 and a research station at Fairport in 1910.  The development of the lock and dam system in the 1930s brought the fish rescue operations to an end because they eliminated of the backwaters that trapped them. The fish hatchery was developed at that time.

Property for the facility was donated by the City of Guttenberg and the United States Army Corps of Engineers.  Construction of the hatchery and aquarium building, the superintendent's residence, and a garage were begun in 1938 and completed in 1939 by the Public Works Administration.  The pump house was completed a year later.  The fish rearing ponds on Twelve Mile Island were built by the Works Progress Administration from  1939 to 1941. The fish reared in the ponds were distributed to lakes, rivers, and ponds in Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Nebraska, and South Dakota.  They also supplied specimen fish to the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago; the National Aquarium in Washington, D.C.; aquariums in Dallas, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and Philadelphia; the Fish Control Laboratory in La Crosse, Wisconsin; as well as several university research laboratories.  The ponds were closed and transferred to the Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge in 1971.  The rest of the facility was transferred to the State of Iowa in 1974, and it acquired the titles to the properties from the federal government in 1986.

References

Guttenberg, Iowa
Works Progress Administration in Iowa
Public Works Administration in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Clayton County, Iowa
Historic districts in Clayton County, Iowa
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Iowa


The Savoia-Marchetti SM.93 was an Italian dive bomber designed and produced in Italy from 1943.

Design
The SM.93 was an all-wood single-engined low-wing monoplane with retractable undercarriage. The fuselage had a monocoque structure, with a single fin and low-set tailplane. The crew of two were accommodated under a long greenhouse-style canopy, with the pilot lying in a prone position above the rear of the engine, a Daimler-Benz DB 605A liquid-cooled V12 engine, while the  gunner/radio-operator sat facing rearwards on a conventional seat.

The two-spar wings were in three parts with the inner wings sharply tapered to the join, outboard of the landing gear attachments, and the outer wings moderately tapered to the rounded wingtips. The prone position for the pilot was intended to enable the pilot to resist the onset of g-induced loss of consciousness, but the position was uncomfortable for normal flight and severely limited the rearwards view of the pilot.

Development
The SM.93 made its maiden flight on 31 January 1944, and up to 29 March 1944 the SM-93 had made 16 test-flights with speeds up to  achieved in a dive, demonstrating the low drag and clean aerodynamics.

Operational history
Flight testing was carried out under the aegis of the Luftwaffe and despite the good performance, the prone position was found to be unsatisfactory, being uncomfortable and restricting rearward vision. The programme was halted by the German control Commission that was running weapons production in the Repubblica Sociale Italiana - RSI after the 1943 armistice.

Specifications (SM.93)

References

 "Plane Facts: Unique dive bomber". Air International, August 1982, Vol 23 No 2. p. 98. ISSN 0306-5634.

SM.093
1940s Italian attack aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1944
Prone pilot aircraft

Savoia-Marchetti SM.93


Ipomoea indica is a species of flowering plant in the family Convolvulaceae, known by several common names, including blue morning glory, oceanblue morning glory, koali awa, and blue dawn flower. It bears heart-shaped or 3-lobed leaves and purple or blue funnel-shaped flowers  in diameter, from spring to autumn. The flowers produced by the plant are hermaphroditic. This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

The plant is grown as an ornamental for its attractive flowers, but it is invasive in many regions of the world and is specifically listed on New Zealand's Biosecurity Act 1993.

Etymology
The Latin specific epithet indica means from India, or the East Indies or China. In this case, the name likely refers to the West Indies, as I. indica is native to the New World.

Description

Ipomoea indica is a vigorous, long-lived, tender, perennial plant, a vine which is native to tropical, subtropical and warm temperate habitats throughout the world. They can most commonly be found in disturbed forests, forest edges, secondary woodland, suburban gullies, and along roadsides and waterways. The plant climbs well over other plants, walls and slopes as growing on the bottom. Its climbing habit allows it to compete with trees and shrubs successfully. It is a twisting, occasionally lying, herbaceous plant which is more or less densely hairy on the axial parts with backward-looking trichomes. The stems can grow  long and sometimes have roots at the nodes.

The leaves are petiolate with  long petioles. The leaf blade is egg-shaped or round,  long and  wide. The underside is densely hairy with short, soft trichomes, the top is more or less sparsely hairy. The base is heart-shaped, the leaf margin is entire or three-lobed, the tip is pointed or sharply pointed.

The crown is funnel-shaped,  long, glabrous, bright blue or bluish purple, with age they become reddish purple or red. The centre of the crown is a little paler.

I. indica is a long-lived plant that can live up to 25 years.

Inflorescence and fruit
The inflorescences are dense, umbelliform cymes from a few flowers. The inflorescence stems are  long. The bracts are linear or sometimes lanceolate. The flower stems are  (rarely up to ) long. The sepals are almost uniform, 1.4 to 2.2 cm long and slowly sharpened linearly. They are hairless to close-fitting, the outer three sepals are lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, and the inner two are narrowly lanceolate. The stamens and the stamp do not protrude beyond the crown. The ovary is hairless. The scar is three-lobed. The flowers change colour, where they start out as bright blue early in the morning, shifting to a darker shade of blue in midday, then to a lavender blue and finally to a deep pink at the end of the day.

The fruits are more or less spherical capsules with a diameter of . The seeds are about  in size and are dispersed via rain, wind, human activity, gravity, and waterways.

Flowering and fruiting are dependent on location. Some countries, such as Costa Rica and Nicaragua, observe year round flowering and fruiting while other countries like South Africa observe fruiting and flowering that is constrained to specific months. Generally however, they bloom throughout the year, but much more profusely so from late spring to fall.

Taxonomy and phylogenetics
Ipomoea is a large and diverse genus containing between 600-1,000 species, with 820 being recognized by the Catalogue of Life. Although the genus as a whole is not monophyletic, I. indica belongs to a well-supported clade of the Pharbitis section in the Quamoclit subgenus. A 2014 phylogenetic study on 36 members of the Quamoclit subgenus (30% of the species). The results suggest I. indica's closest living relatives to be the ivy-leaved and picotee morning glories.

Distribution

Its exact native distribution is unclear due to it being widely cultivated throughout the tropics of Eurasia, Africa and America, but it is currently thought by most authorities to be native to the Neotropics, from Florida in the United States south to Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean and south to South America. It is also considered native to several Pacific islands, including Palau, the Hawaiian Archipelago (where its native Hawaiian name is Koali 'awa), French Polynesia, and Micronesia.

However, other authorities consider it to be an introduced and/or invasive species in the United States, Mexico, and parts of its Caribbean and Pacific range.

Invasive species
Ipomoea indica has become a noxious weed and invasive plant species in Australia, California, China, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Italy, Kenya,  Mexico, Montenegro, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Portugal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In New Zealand, it is classed as an unwanted organism under the Biosecurity Act 1993 and it is therefore illegal to sell, propagate and distribute the plant. It is listed on the National Pest Plant Accord for New Zealand.

When growing in optimal conditions, the plant is able to spread via seeds, stolons, and stem fragments. I. indica is capable of producing a very large amounts of seeds for dispersal. These seeds are easily germinated, giving the plant the ability to rapidly invade and colonize new land. It can grow over pre-existing trees, shrubs, and other plant species. I. indica successfully outcompetes many native plants for substrates, nutrients, sunlight and water. The stolons of blue morning glory create a thick mat over ground plants, reducing the light available for those plants. The stolons of blue morning glory are also capable of growing at a rapid pace, adding to the plant's succession. Each part can grow as a separate plant if snapped during the process of attempted removal.

The only natural enemy of I. indica is the oomycete plant pathogen Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae, which have shown instances of infecting the plant. Its lack of natural enemies is another reason I. indica is very successful and adds to its invasive abilities.

Cultivation
Blue morning glory is a popular species widely cultivated as an ornamental plant for its colourful flowers. It has spread throughout the tropics and subtropics of the Old World although those regions are not part of its native range. As it does not tolerate temperatures below , in temperate regions it is grown under glass. It likes very light and nutrient-rich soil, which should be kept evenly moist.

See also
Ipomoea purpurea
Invasive species in New Zealand
Gardening in New Zealand

References

External links

Ipomoea indica Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR)
Ipomoea indica in Topwalks
Mitchell, B. (2004). Plant of the Month, June 2004: Ipomoea indica, University of St Andrews, Accessed 20 May 2007

indica
Garden plants
Vines
Taxa named by Nicolaas Laurens Burman

Ipomoea indica


Niamh McDonald, was runner up in the business reality TV show The Irish Apprentice in 2010.

Niamh finished as runner up to winner Michelle Massey Michelle Massey in a closely contested final.

Task wins: 10/13.
Task wins as project manager: 3.

Niamh from Wexford Wexford is the youngest of 7 children. She graduated with an honors degree in Business Studies and Marketing from the University of Limerick and was working as a Marketing Manager before entering the show.

After the airing of the show Niamh was head-hunted by Facebook to join their Sales Team.

In 2016 she became engaged to fellow contestant Will McCreevy.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Irish people
The Apprentice (Irish TV series) candidates

Niamh McDonald


Greenock is a town in Inverclyde, Scotland, United Kingdom.

Greenock can also refer to:

In Scotland
Greenock Academy, a former school in Greenock
Greenock Blitz, the attack on the town of Greenock, Scotland by the Luftwaffe in May 1941
Greenock Dockyard Company, a shipbuilding firm
Easter Greenock Castle, a demolished castle
Greenock Morton FC, a Scottish football team
Greenock Telegraph, a local newspaper serving Inverclyde
Greenock (UK Parliament constituency), a former constituency of the British House of Commons
Greenock and Port Glasgow (UK Parliament constituency), a former constituency of the British House of Commons
Greenock and Inverclyde (Scottish Parliament constituency), a constituency of the Scottish Parliament
Greenock (HM Prison), a facility in the Scottish Prisons Service
Greenock Water, a river in East Ayrshire

Other places
Australia
Greenock, South Australia, a town in the Barossa Valley

Canada
Greenock Township, Ontario, a historic township in Brockton, Ontario

United States
Greenock, Pennsylvania, a census designated place in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania

Other uses
Lord Greenock, a courtesy title held by Earl Cathcart
Greenockite, a cadmium mineral

Greenock (disambiguation)


Indigenous Australian literature is the fiction, plays, poems, essays and other works authored by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of Australia.

While a letter written  by Bennelong to Governor Arthur Phillip in 1796 is the first known work written in English by an Aboriginal person, David Unaipon was the first Aboriginal author to be published, in 1924–5. Since then, the number of published and recognised Indigenous authors has grown enormously; , AustLit's BlackWords lists 23,481 works, and 6,949 authors and organisations. Nearly all are in English, as Indigenous Australians had not written their languages before the colonisation of Australia. Few works have thus far been written in Aboriginal Australian languages, but with recent efforts at language revival, this is expected to grow.

History
Whether or not Indigenous Australian message sticks constitute writing is still a matter of scholarly debate. However, because message sticks are made of wood, which is extremely rarely preserved in the Australian climate, none from before colonisation have survived. Thus, the first literary accounts of Aboriginal people come from the journals of early European explorers, which contain descriptions of first contact.

A letter to Governor Arthur Phillip written by Bennelong in 1796 is the first known work written in English by an Aboriginal person.

While his father, James Unaipon (c.1835-1907), contributed to accounts of Ngarrindjeri mythology written by the missionary George Taplin in South Australia, David Unaipon (1872–1967) provided the first accounts of Aboriginal mythology written by an Aboriginal person, Legendary Tales of the Australian Aborigines (1924–5), and was the first Aboriginal author to be published.

The Yirrkala bark petitions of 1963 are the first traditional Aboriginal document recognised by the Australian Parliament.

Oodgeroo Noonuccal (1920–1993) was a famous Aboriginal poet, writer and rights activist credited with publishing the first Aboriginal book of verse: We Are Going (1964).

There was a flourishing of Aboriginal literature from the 1970s through to the 1990s, coinciding with a period of political advocacy and focus on Indigenous Australian land rights. Sally Morgan's 1987 memoir My Place brought Indigenous stories to wider notice. In the same year, Magabala Books, an Indigenous-owned enterprise, published its first book. In 1988, the David Unaipon Award was established by the University of Queensland Press, to reward and encourage new Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander writers.

However a conservative backlash occurred under John Howard's government (1996 to 2007), causing a period of decline for Aboriginal publishing that was to last until the mid to late 2010s.

Contemporary literature

Wiradjuri writer and academic Anita Heiss has edited a collection of Aboriginal literature that spans from 1796 until 2008, as well as a guide for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander writers.

Leading Aboriginal activists Marcia Langton (First Australians documentary TV series, 2008) and Noel Pearson (Up from the Mission, 2009) are contemporary contributors to Australian non-fiction. Other voices of Indigenous Australians include the playwright Jack Davis and Kevin Gilbert.

The First Nations Australia Writers Network was founded in 2013 with Kerry Reed-Gilbert as inaugural chair, to support and advocate for Indigenous writers. During the early 21st century, Heiss, Sandra Phillips and Jeanine Leane were important voices in promoting Aboriginal publishing.

Writers coming to prominence in the 21st century include Kim Scott, Alexis Wright, Kate Howarth, Tara June Winch, Yvette Holt and Anita Heiss. Indigenous authors who have won Australia's Miles Franklin Award include Kim Scott, who was joint winner (with Thea Astley) in 2000 for Benang and again in 2011 for That Deadman Dance. Alexis Wright won the award in 2007 for her novel Carpentaria. Melissa Lucashenko won the Miles Franklin Award in 2019 for her novel Too Much Lip.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women writers have also been well represented in the Stella Prize for writing by Australian women: the 2018 prize was awarded to Alexis Wright for her collective memoir, Tracker; and the shortlist has included Melissa Lucashenko's Too Much Lip in 2019; Claire G. Coleman's Terra Nullius in 2018; Ellen van Neerven's Heat and Light in 2015; and Alexis Wright's The Swan Book in 2014.

Poetry
Poets such as Evelyn Araluen, Ellen van Neerven and Alison Whittaker started rising to further prominence in 2020, after the George Floyd protests in Australia. Van Neerven's collection Throat won Book of the Year, the Kenneth Slessor Prize for Poetry and the Multicultural NSW Award at the NSW Premier's Literary Awards. Gunai poet Kirli Saunders cites van Neerven, Ali Cobby Eckermann and Oodgeroo Noonuccal as major influences in her work. Araluen's Dropbear won the 2022 Stella Prize.

Online repositories

AustLit's BlackWords project provides a comprehensive listing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander writers and storytellers, past and present.
The Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages contains works written in traditional languages of the Northern Territory.

Notable authors

David Unaipon
Oodgeroo Noonuccal
Sally Morgan
Marcia Langton
Melissa Lucashenko
Noel Pearson
Jack Davis
Kevin Gilbert
Kim Scott
Alexis Wright
Kate Howarth
Tara June Winch
Yvette Holt
Anita Heiss

See also

Australian literature
List of Indigenous Australian writers

References

External links
Priority Languages Support Project  (First Languages Australia)
BlackWords, AustLit
black&write, State Library of Queensland

Indigenous Australian literature


An orbital ring is a concept of an artificial ring placed around a body and set rotating at such a rate that the apparent centrifugal force is large enough to counteract the force of gravity. For the Earth, the required speed is on the order of 10 km/sec, compared to a typical low Earth orbit velocity of 8 km/sec. The structure is intended to be used as a space station or as a planetary vehicle for very high-speed transportation or space launch.

Because the cable is spinning faster than orbital velocity, there is a net outward force that is countered by internal tension within the cable. This resists any attempt to bend it and allows it to carry loads. In typical conceptions, a motorized platform is placed on the cable that runs in the opposite direction at the speed that makes it appear stationary above the ground. Above Earth's equator, a platform running at 9.5  km/sec in the direction opposite the cable will appear stationary and allow a cable to be lowered to form a space elevator. This elevator is only perhaps  long, which can be built with existing materials.

The requirement to construct a planet-sized cable in low-earth orbit and accelerate it to a faster-than-orbital velocity is an obvious practical problem. Other architectures have thus been proposed that use active support in different ways and are thus able to circumvent some of these limitations. The launch loop is a partial ring, perhaps 2000 km long, that runs between two ground stations instead of encircling the world. The particle ring uses a series of separate objects that can be launched individually to produce a collection similar to a solid ring and then controlled magnetically, with the disadvantage that they have no internal tension and lifting power is derived separately. The space fountain is a vertical version of the particle ring concept that forms a space elevator. The tethered ring is a dynamic structure that uses at least one complete and continuous non-orbiting ring with a diameter that is smaller than that of the planetary body. It can be built on the planet's surface, accelerated to operating speed, and raised to a very high altitude mechanically by tensioning its numerous tethers.

Concept
The orbital ring is somewhat similar to the "classic" space elevator concept. In the traditional space elevator, a large station is placed in geostationary orbit (GEO) so that it remains in a single location above the equator of Earth. A cable is then built and lowered towards Earth while a second cable, providing a counterweight, is built upward from the station and remains in place due to tidal forces. When the structure is complete, elevator-like cars can ride the cable into space. The main problem is that no known substance that can be manufactured in large quantities has the tensile strength needed to stretch from GEO to the surface. Orbital rings use a different mechanism.

In the orbital ring version, a kinetic ring is moving around the world at a higher speed than circular orbital velocity. This results in a net outward force that is countered by gravity acting on the stationary components. This can be accomplished at any altitude, although building the system above  in order to avoid most of the atmosphere is a practical requirement. A cable is then lowered from the ring to the ground and used in the same fashion as a traditional space elevator, with the difference being that the vertical cable is only  instead of  long. This length is within the capabilities of several known materials.

In order to support the elevator, the ring is not circular but slightly elliptical. Two or more stations are placed at the high ends of the path, but below the point where the orbit's apogee would be normally. The station bends the cable downward as it passes through in order to produce an upward force on the station. The resulting orbit for a two station system looks something more akin to an American football than a rounded ellipse. One can reduce the amount of tension in the orbiting ring to any required level by increasing the amount of lift generated by bending the cable. The main downside is that the elevator cable is now suspended from the high point of the system, rather than being close to the ground.

The moving ring does not need to be solid and does not need to be entirely encased by a solid sheath. Instead, a large number of individual magnetic objects can be placed in the desired orbit, and the stations deflect their path using magnets as they pass by. This version of the ring has the advantage of being much simpler to construct, as each element in the ring is completely separate and can be launched individually and requires no further working once in space. It also does not have to be a complete ring; depending on the desired lifting power the total mass of objects might be much smaller than even the thinnest cable circling Earth. The main disadvantage is that the process of momentum exchange randomizes their velocity so some other system is required to shepherd the objects back into the correct orbits.

History

A detailed description of the concept was proposed and analyzed by Paul Birch in 1982, proposing a massive ring that would encircle the globe in low orbit, from which cables hang down to Earth's surface.

In 1982, Soviet inventor Anatoly Yunitskiy also proposed an electromagnetic track encircling Earth, which he called "by wheel into space" (later, "String Transportation System"). When the velocity of the string exceeds 10 km/sec, centrifugal forces detach the string from Earth's surface and lift the ring into space.

Andrew Meulenberg and his students, from 2008 to 2011, presented and published a number of papers based on types and applications of low-Earth-orbital rings as humanity's "stepping-stones-to-space". An overview mentions four applications of orbital rings.

Birch's model
Paul Birch published a series of three articles in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society in 1982 that laid out the mathematical basis of ring systems.

In the simplest design of an orbital ring system, a rotating cable or possibly an inflatable space structure is placed in a low Earth orbit above the equator. Not in orbit, but riding on this ring, supported electromagnetically on superconducting magnets, are ring stations that stay in one place above some designated point on Earth. Hanging down from these ring stations are short elevator cables made from materials with high-tensile-strength-to-mass-ratio.

Although this simple model would work best above the equator, Paul Birch calculated that since the ring station can be used to accelerate the orbital ring eastwards as well as hold the tether,  it is therefore possible to deliberately cause the orbital ring to precess around Earth instead of staying fixed in space while Earth rotates beneath it.  By precessing the ring once every 24 hours, the Orbital Ring will hover above any meridian selected on the surface of Earth.  The cables which dangle from the ring are now geostationary without having to reach geostationary altitude or be placed into the equatorial plane.  This means that using the Orbital Ring concept, one or many pairs of Stations can be positioned above any points on Earth desired, or can be moved everywhere on the globe. Thus, any point on Earth can be served by a space elevator. Also, a whole network of orbital rings can be built, which, by crossing over the poles, could cover the whole planet and be capable of taking over most freight and passenger transport. By an array of elevators and several geostationary ring stations, asteroid or Moon material can be received and gently put down where land fills are needed. The electric energy generated in the process would pay for the system expansion and ultimately could pave the way for a solar-system-wide terraforming and astroengineering activity on a sound economical basis.

Estimated cost
If built by launching the necessary materials from Earth, the cost for the system estimated by Birch in 1980s money was around $31 billion (for a "bootstrap" system intended to expand to 1000 times its initial size over the following year, which would otherwise cost 31 trillion dollars) if launched using Shuttle-derived hardware, whereas it could fall to $15 billion with space-based manufacturing, assuming a large orbital manufacturing facility is available to provide the initial 180,000 tons of steel, aluminum, and slag at a low cost, and even lower with orbital rings around the Moon. The system's cost per kilogram to place payloads in orbit would be around $0.05.

Types of orbital rings
The simplest type would be a circular orbital ring in LEO.

Two other types were also defined by Paul Birch:
Eccentric orbital ring systems – these are rings that are in the form of a closed shape with varying altitude
Partial orbital ring systems – this is essentially a launch loop

In addition, he proposed the concept of "supramundane worlds" such as supra-Jovian and supra-stellar "planets". These are artificial planets that would be supported by a grid of orbital rings that would be positioned above a planet, supergiant or even a star.

Orbital rings in fiction

Print

In the close of Arthur C. Clarke's Fountains of Paradise (1979), a reference is made to an orbital ring that is attached in the distant future to the space elevator that is the basis of the novel.

Arthur C. Clarke's 3001: The Final Odyssey (1997) features an orbital ring held aloft by four enormous inhabitable towers (assumed successors to space elevators) at the Equator.

The manga Battle Angel Alita (1990-1995) prominently features a slightly deteriorated orbital ring.

The Star Trek novel, Ring Around the Sky features a decrepit ringworld in orbit above the planet, Kharzh'ulla, connected by a series of space elevators with the surface.

Orbital rings are used extensively in the collaborative fiction worldbuilding website Orion's Arm.

The third part of Neal Stephenson's 2015 book Seveneves has an orbital ring around a Moon-less Earth.

Visual media and gaming
In the movie Starship Troopers, an orbital ring is shown encircling the Moon.

The second iteration of the anime series Tekkaman features a complete ring, though abandoned and in disrepair due to war, and without surface tethers.

The anime series Kiddy Grade also uses orbital rings as a launch and docking bay for spaceships. These rings are connected to large towers extending from the planets surface.

The anime Mobile Suit Gundam 00 also prominently features an orbital ring, which consists primarily of linked solar panels. The ring is connected to earth via three space elevators. This ring effectively provides near unlimited power to Earth. Later in the series the ring also shows space stations mounted on its surface.

The opening battle of Star Wars: The Clone Wars'''s, Season 6, Episode 1, takes place on the ring-shaped, Ringo Vinda space station, surrounding the planet of Ringo Vinda.

Also in the Star Wars universe, Kuat shipyards, is another orbital ring around the world of Kuat. In Star Wars: Legends, Dac, the homeworld of the Calamari and the Quarrens has a massive orbital shipyard that encircles their oceanic planet.

In the Warhammer 40,000 universe, Mars has a large orbital ring called the Ring of Iron. It is primarily used as a shipyard for interstellar craft. It is the largest man made structure in the galaxy. The planet Medusa also has such a ring, called Telstarax, hailing from the Dark Age of Technology, but it is largely plundered and wrecked.

The game X3 Terran Conflict features a free-floating orbital ring around Earth, which is shattered by an explosion and subsequently de-orbited in X3: Albion PreludeIn the game Xenoblade Chronicles 2 there is a giant tree that has grown around the base of an Orbital Ring.

In Escape Velocity: Nova Earth no longer has a moon orbiting around it because it had been stripped mined for centuries and now exist as an orbital ring around the planet. Over half of it is owned by Sigma Shipyard corporation.

In the game Stellaris, orbital rings can be constructed around colonized planets. They can act as regular space stations or they can boost their planets' production through buildings and modules.

Notes

See also
Megascale engineering
Non-rocket spacelaunch
Niven Ring (in the novel Ringworld''): orbital ring around a star
Space tether
 Skyhook
Gravity elevator

References

External links
 Video: MegaStructures 01: Orbital Rings & Space Elevators
 Better more recent video: Orbital Rings
 Paul Birch Web Archive at Orion's Arm
 String Transport Systems: on Earth and in space (Anatoly Yunitskiy's book)

Human spaceflight
Space elevator
Exploratory engineering
Megastructures
Space colonization
Spacecraft propulsion
Spaceflight technology
Vertical transport devices
Space access
Hypothetical technology
Magnetic levitation
Emerging technologies
Articles containing video clips

Orbital ring


"Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)" is a song by American soul group the Temptations, written by Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong. Released on the Gordy (Motown) label, and produced by Norman Whitfield, it features on the group's 1971 album, Sky's the Limit. When released as a single, "Just My Imagination" became the third Temptations song to reach number one on the US Billboard Hot 100. The single held the number one position on the Billboard Pop Singles Chart for two weeks in 1971, from March 28 to April 10. "Just My Imagination" also held the number one spot on the Billboard R&B Singles chart for three weeks, from February 27 to March 20 of that year.

Today, "Just My Imagination" is considered one of the Temptations' signature songs, and is notable for recalling the sound of the group's 1960s recordings. It is also the final Temptations single to feature founding members Eddie Kendricks and Paul Williams. During the process of recording and releasing the single, Kendricks left the group to begin a solo career, while the ailing Williams was forced to retire from the act for health reasons. In 2010, Rolling Stone magazine listed "Just My Imagination" as number 399 on its list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time but exited after the 2021 update. The song was covered by the Rolling Stones on their Some Girls album in 1978.

Composition and lyrics
A full orchestral arrangement with strings and French horns adorning a bluesy rhythm track and bass line provides the instrumentals. Music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine of allmusic notes that the song is narrated by a man who imagines a relationship with the woman he loves, is canny enough to realize that his daydreams are fiction, yet is overwhelmed by them. The lyrics capture his resignation to his fantasies. The song as a whole captures their full emotional effect on him. The first two verses establish the theme and explore the narrator's daydreams, in which he and the object of his affections are lovers preparing to be married, to "raise a family" and build "a cozy little home / out in the country / with two children, maybe three". In the bridge, the narrator prays that he will never lose her love to another, or he will "surely die". By introducing this doubt, the musical bridge simultaneously connects the movement from dream to reality, completed when the final lines shift from imagery to bald statement: "But in reality / she doesn't even know me". For Erlewine, "the Temptations' performance has a dream-like quality, quietly drifting through the singer's hopes and desires."

Origins
During the late 1960s and early 1970s, producer/composer Norman Whitfield and lyricist Barrett Strong crafted a string of "psychedelic soul" tracks for the Temptations. By 1970, the Temptations had released psychedelically influenced hits such as "Runaway Child, Running Wild", "Psychedelic Shack", "Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)", and the Grammy Award-winning "Cloud Nine". In a 1991 interview, Eddie Kendricks recalled that many of the Temptations' fans were "screaming bloody murder" after the group delved into psychedelia, and demanded a return to their original soul sound.

"Just My Imagination" was the result of one of the few times that Whitfield relented and produced a ballad as a single for the group. Whitfield and Strong wrote the song in 1969, but with the Temptations' psychedelic soul singles consistently keeping them in the US Top 20, Whitfield and Strong decided to shelve the composition and wait for the right time to record it. In late 1970, the Temptations' single "Ungena Za Ulimwengu (Unite the World)", a psychedelic soul song about world peace, failed to reach the Top 30, and Whitfield decided to record and release "Just My Imagination" as the next single. He approached Barrett Strong, and asked him to pull out "that song we were messing around with a year ago... because I'm going to record it today." Except for their late 1960s duets with Diana Ross & the Supremes, the Temptations had not released a single that was not based in psychedelia since "Please Return Your Love to Me" from The Temptations Wish It Would Rain in 1968.

Recording
Norman Whitfield began the recording of "Just My Imagination" by preparing the song's instrumental track. Whitfield arranged and recorded the non-orchestral elements of the instrumental with Motown's studio band, The Funk Brothers, who for this recording included Eddie Willis and Dennis Coffey on guitar, Jack Ashford on marimba, Jack Brokensha on timpani, Andrew Smith on drums, and Bob Babbitt on bass. Jerry Long, an arranger who had previous experience with scoring films in Paris, worked on the orchestral arrangement and conducted several members of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra in performing the horns and strings for the recording. The Temptations had heard the Funk Brothers' tracks and loved them, but were "totally knocked out", according to Otis Williams, when they heard "the finished record with all the strings".

The Temptations added their vocals at Motown's Hitsville USA headquarters. While all five Temptations usually sang lead on singles during the psychedelic soul era, "Just My Imagination" is primarily a showcase for Eddie Kendricks, who sang lead on such Temptations hits as "Get Ready," "The Way You Do the Things You Do," and "You're My Everything"; in fact, this is the only Temptations hit in which Dennis Edwards did not have a lead vocal during his entire tenure with the group. The Temptations remained at Hitsville overnight recording "Just My Imagination," and while the other four members went home at six o'clock in the morning, Kendricks remained in the studio, spending several additional hours recording takes for his lead vocal.

The song was recorded in the midst of a bitter feud between Kendricks and the Temptations' de facto leader, Otis Williams. Dissatisfied and frustrated with Williams' leadership, Kendricks began to withdraw from the group, and picked several fights with either Williams or his best friend, bass singer Melvin Franklin. When Kendricks told his friend ex-Temptation David Ruffin about his problems in the group, Ruffin convinced Kendricks that he should begin a solo career. After a final altercation during a November 1970 Copacabana engagement, both Kendricks and Williams agreed that it would be best for Kendricks to leave the group. By the time "Just My Imagination" was recorded, Williams and Kendricks were no longer on friendly speaking terms. Nevertheless, Williams was impressed by Kendricks' performance on the recording, and in his 1988 Temptations biography referred to "Just My Imagination" as "Eddie's finest moment".

Paul Williams, the Temptations' original lead singer and Kendricks' lifelong best friend, who sings the first line in the bridge ("Every night, on my knees, I pray..."), had suffered for three years from health problems related to alcoholism and sickle-cell disease. By the time "Just My Imagination" was cut, Paul Williams' contributions to the Temptations' recordings had been reduced, and the group had Otis Williams' old associate Richard Street lined up as Paul Williams' replacement. As for Kendricks, he was eventually replaced by Damon Harris, who would be featured in the group's 1972 hit "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone".

Release and reception
Motown released "Just My Imagination" as a single on their Gordy label on January 14, 1971, with the up-tempo psychedelic soul song "You Make Your Own Heaven and Hell Right Here on Earth", from the 1970 Psychedelic Shack LP, as the B-side. The Temptations performed "Just My Imagination" and "Get Ready" for their final appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, broadcast live on January 31. On-screen, for "Get Ready" Kendricks stood several feet away from the other Temptations, and made little eye contact with them, and for ""Just My Imagination" sat on a separate piece of staging; Otis Williams later remarked that one could see the group was no longer a complete unit:

But there was such a bittersweet feeling. Eddie had really changed. Paul was on his last legs. Watch the clip of us doing the song on Ed Sullivan we're not together. Eddie is off by himself. There was no more group. Sure enough, when we played the Copa that week, Eddie left between shows. He didn't come back.

Cash Box described the song as The Temptations' "softest single performance in recent time," stating that it is "exceptional material for markets that generally overlook the team's material."

On February 7, 1971, "Just My Imagination" entered the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart at number 71 and later number one on both the Hot 100 and the U.S. Billboard R&B Singles charts. It also became the group's first entry on the Adult Contemporary chart, reaching number 33; the group would not return to that chart until 1984.

The single was included along with "Unite the World" on the Temptations' ninth regular studio album, Sky's the Limit, which included the final Temptations recordings to feature Eddie Kendricks. He began working on his solo album All By Myself shortly before officially leaving the group.

The intended follow-up to "Just My Imagination" was "Smiling Faces Sometimes", on which Kendricks sang lead. When Kendricks left, they released, instead, "I'm the Exception to the Rule", a song in the same vein (featuring Kendricks, Otis Williams and Edwards on lead) which follows "Just My Imagination" on the album. Unable to promote the song because they did not have anyone to do his parts in concert, the song failed miserably so the company pushed the "B-side" – the group's re-recording of "It's Summer", initially the B-side of "Ball of Confusion", at the last-minute, and Norman Whitfield had The Undisputed Truth record "Smiling Faces Sometimes", for whom it was a major hit. The Temptations and Norman Whitfield returned to psychedelic soul for their next album, Solid Rock, whose second single, "Superstar (Remember How You Got Where You Are)", was written by Whitfield and Barrett Strong as an alleged criticism of both Kendricks and David Ruffin.

Chart performance

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Personnel

The Temptations
Eddie Kendricks – lead vocals, first tenor
Paul Williams – solo on bridge, baritone
Dennis Edwards – first tenor
Otis Williams – second tenor
Melvin Franklin – bass vocals

Notes

References
.
. (EBSCO subscription required for online access.)
.

Further reading
 .

External links
  - The Ed Sullivan Show, January 31, 1971

1970 songs
1971 singles
The Temptations songs
The Rolling Stones songs
Boyz II Men songs
Songs written by Barrett Strong
Songs written by Norman Whitfield
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Cashbox number-one singles
Gordy Records singles
Song recordings produced by Jagger–Richards
Psychedelic soul songs
Song recordings produced by Norman Whitfield


The War Room is a 1993 American documentary film about Bill Clinton's campaign for President of the United States during the 1992 United States presidential election. Directed by Chris Hegedus and D. A. Pennebaker, the film was released on December 5, 1993. It was eventually nominated for the Best Documentary Feature Academy Award.

Synopsis
The film follows James Carville and George Stephanopoulos, at first during the New Hampshire primary, and then mostly in Little Rock, Arkansas, at the Clinton campaign headquarters. Several key events of the 1992 election cycle and their repercussions within the Clinton campaign are chronicled in the documentary. These include: the Gennifer Flowers scandal, the New Hampshire Democratic primary, Ross Perot's campaign as an Independent, the Democratic National Convention, the Clinton campaign's attack on George H. W. Bush's "Read my lips: no new taxes" statement from 1988, the presidential debates, and the night of the general election.

Much of the film focuses on the interaction between politics and the media and the attempts by the Clinton and Bush campaigns to spin public perception of events and news stories.

People
The primary characters portrayed in the film are:
Bill Clinton, 1992 Democratic Party presidential candidate and 42nd Governor of Arkansas
James Carville, Clinton's lead strategist
George Stephanopoulos, Clinton's communications director

Though Carville and Stephanopoulos are the film's main figures, many other prominent figures in the campaign make appearances, including Paul Begala, Dee Dee Myers, Mandy Grunwald, Bob Boorstin, Stan Greenberg, Mickey Kantor, Harold Ickes, and Bush's deputy campaign manager Mary Matalin, who was in a relationship with Carville during the campaign (they married in 1993). Clinton campaign manager David Wilhelm was extended an invitation to participate, but declined. Additionally, Rahm Emanuel, the future White House Chief of Staff to President Barack Obama and Mayor of Chicago, can be seen in some scenes as a finance director for the Clinton campaign. Also featured are Clinton's general election rivals George H. W. Bush and Ross Perot, and his Democratic primary rivals Paul Tsongas and Jerry Brown.

Production
Shortly before the 1992 Democratic National Convention, novice producers R.J. Cutler and Wendy Ettinger approached filmmakers D. A. Pennebaker and Chris Hegedus about making a documentary about the then-ongoing 1992 U.S. presidential election. Pennebaker and Hegedus expressed interest, provided the producers could get them permission to film what they would need to film, so Cutler and Ettinger contacted the Bush, Perot, and Clinton campaigns. Only the Clinton campaign was open to giving the filmmakers any access, and this was limited primarily to Carville and Stephanopoulos and events that transpired within the so-called "war room" at the campaign's national headquarters in Little Rock, Arkansas, so the scope of the film narrowed from encompassing the entire election to mostly centering around one room. Events in the election cycle that occurred before the Democratic National Convention were covered in the completed documentary through montages of newspaper headlines, the use of clips from TV news programs, and, according to Hegedus, unused footage from Kevin Rafferty's Feed, a documentary about the 1992 New Hampshire primary.

Over a span of four months spent filming, Pennebaker and Hegedus shot about 35 hours of film.

2008 Democratic primary controversy
In late April 2008, a clip from the film was posted on YouTube that purported to show former Clinton administration official (and supporter of then-presidential candidate Hillary Clinton) Mickey Kantor saying to Carville and Stephanopoulos, "Look at Indiana, wait, wait – look at Indiana. 42-40. It doesn't matter if we win. Those people are shit. Excuse me." Another erroneous interpretation of the clip alleged that Kantor said, "How would you like to be a worthless white nigger?".

On May 2, 2008, Kantor claimed that the footage had been doctored, and shortly thereafter D.A. Pennebaker claimed that Kantor had actually said "Those people must be shitting in the White House." The doctored footage and false allegations against Kantor were discussed in the Return of the War Room, a 2008 sequel made by Pennebaker and Hegedus.

Reception and legacy

Box office
As it was only screened at few locations, the film grossed $901,668 at the box office.

Critical reception
The film received near universal acclaim from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 96% "fresh" rating based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 8.11/10. The website's consensus reads, "Eye-opening in its access to an array of colorful campaign operatives, The War Room is a valuable time capsule and a riveting study in the art of politicking."

Accolades
66th Academy Awards
Nominated for Best Documentary Feature (1994)
National Board of Review of Motion Pictures
Won Special Recognition in Filmmaking (1996)
Won Award for Best Documentary (1993)

Home media
The film was released as a special edition DVD and Blu-ray by the Criterion Collection on March 20, 2012. It had previously been released on DVD in 1999 by Trimark Home Video as a bare bones package and in 2004 by Focus Features and Universal Studios as a special edition DVD.

Influence
According to an article in the Brisbane Times, George Clooney, Ryan Gosling, and the cast of The Ides of March watched The War Room to "get their bearings" on their characters and life on the campaign trail.

The documentary was spoofed by IFC series Documentary Now!, in the second-season episode "The Bunker."

See also
Primary (1960) – a pioneering film about the electoral process in the 1960 U.S. presidential election that was edited by D. A. Pennebaker
Cinema verite

References

External links

Official website
The War Room: Being There an essay by Louis Menand at the Criterion Collection
''The War Room" at Actual Reality Pictures

1993 documentary films
1993 films
American documentary films
Documentary films about elections in the United States
1990s English-language films
Films about Bill Clinton
Films directed by D. A. Pennebaker
Films shot in Arkansas
Films shot in New Hampshire
1992 United States presidential election
1990s American films

The War Room


The white-winged parakeet (Brotogeris versicolurus), or canary-winged parakeet is a small parrot native to the Amazon River basin from southeast Colombia to the river's mouth in Brazil.  Caged birds have been released and the birds have established self-sustaining populations in Lima, Peru,  Los Angeles, and Miami, Florida areas of the United States, and in Puerto Rico. They were also present in San Francisco, California until the mid-2000s. Although feral birds are showing some recent declines as nesters in the United States, they seem to be doing well in their native habitat.

Description
The white-winged parakeet typically is 22 cm in length, and is mostly green in color. It has a trailing yellow edge on its folded wings. Its most distinguished characteristic is the white wing patches most noticed when the bird is in flight.  It is closely related to the yellow-chevroned parakeet, and the two have often been considered conspecific.

Behaviour
In captivity, these are charming birds that often have a close relationship with their human handlers.  They enjoy spending time in physical contact with their owners, often riding around on shoulders or nesting in hair.  They can have loud calls when not within sight of their "flock", but are generally quiet, otherwise.  They are adept climbers and enjoy a myriad of challenges.  They are a very adaptable species and are less picky than others about their available food options.  They are not the strongest talkers, but are adept whistlers.

Food and feeding
The white-winged parakeet feeds mostly on fruit and seeds in its native habitat, and feral populations have adapted to take in blossoms and nectar.  Feral birds also come to bird feeders.  Wild birds primarily use disturbed forest and forest clearings around settlements.  They rarely use deep tropical forest.

In captivity, a pelleted or seed diet is acceptable, supplemented with fresh fruits and vegetables and freshly sprouted seeds.

Breeding
The white-winged parakeet usually finds a hole in a tree in which to nest.  It may also take over termite tunnels and excavate them for their own purposes.

Clutches usually consist of three to five white eggs, which hatch after about 26 days of incubation. Young fledge between six and seven weeks of age, and are fully weaned around nine weeks.  After raising their young, all birds  form rather large communal roosts until the next breeding season.

References

Further reading
 "National Geographic"  Field Guide to the Birds of North America
Handbook of the Birds of the World Vol 4,  Josep del Hoyo editor,
"National Audubon Society" The Sibley Guide to Birds, by David Allen Sibley,

External links
 History of Canary-winged Parakeets in the United States
B. versicolurus-"White-winged Parakeet" photo gallery VIREO
Photo-High Res; Article & synopsis arthurgrosset

white-winged parakeet
Birds of the Amazon rainforest
Birds of the Peruvian Amazon
white-winged parakeet
white-winged parakeet
Birds of Brazil

White-winged parakeet


The Eastern Anatolia Region is a geographical region of Turkey. The province with most people is Van Province. Other provinces with lots of people are Malatya, Erzurum and Elazığ.

It is next to the Black Sea Region and Georgia in the north, the Central Anatolia Region in the west, the Mediterranean Region in the southwest, the Southeastern Anatolia Region and Iraq in the south, and Iran, Azerbaijan and Armenia in the east.

The region includes most of Western Armenia  and had a lot of Armenians until the Armenian genocide. The Anatolia peninsula never included what is now called "Eastern Anatolia". This is seen as an attempt by Turkey to erase the Armenian history of the region.

It has the highest average altitude, largest geographical area, and lowest population density of the seven Turkish regions.

Eastern Anatolia Region


Rye bread is a type of bread made with various proportions of flour from rye grain. It can be light or dark in color, depending on the type of flour used and the addition of coloring agents, and is typically denser than bread made from wheat flour. Compared to white bread, it is higher in fiber, darker in color, and stronger in flavor. The world's largest exporter of rye bread is Poland.

Rye bread was considered a staple through the Middle Ages. Many different types of rye grain have come from north-central, western, and eastern European countries such as Iceland, Germany, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, and the Czech Republic, and it is also a specialty in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. Around 500 AD, the Germanic tribe of Saxons settled in Britain and introduced rye, which was well-suited to its temperate climates.

Biochemistry

While rye and wheat are genetically similar enough to interbreed (resulting in hybrids known as triticale), their biochemistries differ enough that they affect the breadmaking process. The key issue is differing amylases, the enzyme which breaks starch down into sugar. While wheat amylases are generally not heat-stable and thus do not affect stronger wheat gluten that gives wheat bread its structure, rye amylase remains active at substantially higher temperatures. Since rye gluten (secalin) is not particularly strong, rye dough structure is based on complex polysaccharides, including rye starch and pentosans. As a result, amylases in rye flour can break down dough structure, inhibiting it from rising.

There are two common solutions: The traditional manner, developed where obtaining wheat was impractical because of marginal growing conditions or supply difficulties, uses dough acidification to impede the function of rye amylases. Lowering dough pH, however, compromises the use of relatively acid-intolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based "baker's yeast". Instead, the addition of naturally acidic Lactobacillus "sourdough" cultures lowers bread pH, facilitating the growth of an acid-tolerant yeast strain, and helping gelatinize starches in the dough matrix. The byproduct of this approach is lighter bread.

In areas where high-gluten hard wheat is readily available, the need for a complex polyculture of bacteria and yeast can often be reduced or removed by adding a large proportion of hard wheat flour to the rye flour. Its added gluten compensates for amylase activity on the starch in the dough, allowing the bread to retain its structure as it bakes. The "deli rye" tradition in the United States is based upon this mixing of grains. Use of high-gluten wheat flour also makes multigrain bread possible, like the "rye and Indian" bread of the American colonies, which combined rye and wheat with cornmeal in one loaf.

Rye bread contains phenolic acids and ferulic acid dehydrodimers.

Types

Pure rye bread contains only rye flour, without any wheat. German-style pumpernickel, a dark, dense, and close-textured loaf, is made from crushed or ground whole rye grains, usually without wheat flour, baked for long periods at a low temperature in a covered tin. Rye and wheat flours are often used to produce a rye bread with a lighter texture, color, and flavor than pumpernickel. "Light" or "dark" rye flour can be used to make rye bread; the flour is classified according to the amount of bran left in the flour after milling. Caramel or molasses for coloring and caraway fruits are often added to rye bread. In the United States, bread labeled as "rye" nearly always contains caraway unless explicitly labeled as "unseeded." In Canada (especially Montreal), bread labeled as "rye" often has no seeds, whereas bread labeled as "kimmel" is usually rye with caraway fruits. Some unique rye bread recipes include ground spices such as fennel, coriander, aniseed, cardamom, or citrus peel. In addition to caramel and molasses, ingredients such as coffee, cocoa, or toasted bread crumbs are sometimes used for both color and flavor in very dark, bread-like pumpernickel.

Straight

A simple, all-rye bread can be made using a sourdough starter and rye meal; it will not rise as high as wheat bread but will be moister with a substantially longer shelf life. Such bread is often known as black bread (, ) from their darker color than wheat bread (enhanced by long baking times, creating Maillard reactions in the crumb). The German Vollkornbrot (whole-grain bread) is something of an archetypical example, containing both rye meal and cracked whole rye grains (which are generally soaked overnight before incorporating into the dough). It is used both as a sandwich bread and as an appetizer substrate for such things as smoked fish and caviar. German-style pumpernickel has an even darker color derived from toasted, leftover bread and other agents. Due to the density of the bread, the yeast in the starter is used at least as much for the fermentation character in the bread itself as it is for leavening. Danish rugbrød (rye bread), another archetypical example, is typically made with sourdough, with either straight rye flour or mixed with whole and/or cracked rye kernels. Any bread containing wheat flour is not considered rugbrød, but white bread. A variety of seeds, such as pumpkin, poppy and
caraway, may be added for taste. Rugbrød is a staple lunch food, typically eaten topped with cold or warm fish and meats, cheese, or any other cold cut.

As stated above, all-rye bread may have a very long shelf life, measured in months rather than days, and is popular as storage rations for long boat trips and outdoor expeditions. Such bread is sliced thinly because of its density, sometimes only a few millimeters thick, and is usually sold sliced in this manner.

All-rye bread from Scotland with treacle, currants and spices is sometimes called "New Year gingerbread".

Finland
Finnish rye bread or ruisleipä is a dark sourdough rye bread. The simplest form is made with rye flour, water, salt, and naturally occurring yeast. In 2017, it was voted as the national food of Finland and Finns celebrate ruisleivän päivä (rye bread day) on February 28th.

Multigrain

It is fairly common to combine rye with other grains and seeds. In southern Germany and Switzerland, for example, it is not uncommon to find a variant of Vollkornbrot with sunflower seeds instead of the rye seeds, and some traditional recipes also substitute whole wheat grains for the rye grains. In the colonial era in North America, particularly in the United States, it became common to mix rye and cornmeal in what was known as "rye and Indian" or, if wheat flour was added, "thirded" bread; the resulting bread, though less dense than a whole-rye bread, was still heavier than the more expensive wheat-only breads that later became commonplace.

In medieval Europe, a mixed rye and wheat bread known as "maslin" (or variants of the name) was the bread of the better-off peasants for hundreds of years, in contrast to the white manchet bread eaten by the rich, and the horsebread eaten by the poorer peasants, which was made of cheaper grains including oats, barley and pulses.

Flatbreads

There are three different types of rye crispbread: yeast-fermented, sourdough-fermented, and crispbread. Most of the crispbread produced in Scandinavia is baked after three to four hours of fermentation. Sourdough crispbreads are used in Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Germany, and India. The third type of crispbread is the so-called cold bread crispbread, essentially a type of hardtack (known in Sweden particularly as knäckebröd, in Norway as knekkebrød, in Finland as näkkileipä and in Estonia as näkileib), which is baked without the addition of any leavening. The dough gets the right texture from a foaming process, where air is incorporated into the cooled dough, which also leads to the sometimes almost white color of the finished bread, although not all types are light in color. Crispbread owes its long shelf life to its very low water content (5–7%).

One of the largest producers of rye flatbreads, and one of the most prominent in overseas markets, is the Swedish-founded company Wasabröd.

Quick breads
Rye flour is sometimes used in chemically leavened quick bread recipes as well, either batter-type or dough-type (similar to Irish soda bread). In such cases, it can be used in similar applications as whole wheat flour, since an egg matrix often provides the bread structure rather than the grain's gluten.

Jewish rye bread

U.S.
Wheat-rye bread, including light rye (), American pumpernickel, and the combination of the two as marbled rye, is closely associated with Jewish cuisine and Jewish-American cuisine, particularly the delicatessen. The bulk of the flour is white wheat flour (often a less-refined form known as first clear), with a substantial portion of rye mixed in for color and flavor. The dough is often leavened, in whole or in part, with sourdough, but sometimes uses a small addition of citric acid or vinegar to achieve the lowered pH needed to neutralize the rye amylases. The so-called Jewish rye is further seasoned with whole caraway fruits and glazed with an egg wash, and is traditionally associated with salted meats such as corned beef and pastrami.

High-gluten wheat flour can be used with rye flour to make a dough suitable for bagels. Jewish-style American rye bread is sometimes referred to as corn rye, possibly from the Yiddish  ('grain'), or from the use of cornmeal as a coating and handling aid.

The Jewish-American variety has Eastern and Central European Jewish antecedents, including Russian Jewish style brown bread, Polish Jewish style rye bread and Latvian Jewish style rye bread.

Scandinavian Jewish
In Scandinavia, similar bread is made, due to the large Jewish community, some of which (in Swedish, called Vörtlimpa) also include sweeteners and/or citrus peel, as well as spices such as anise, fennel or cardamom, sometimes reserved for festive occasions.

Israel

In Israel, rye bread is popular due to the large population of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. It can be found in virtually every bakery and grocery store in Israel. It is commonly mass-produced and is very similar to the American mass-produced version, however, it is often very soft. Many bakeries in restaurants in places such as Tel Aviv and Jerusalem are redefining rye bread and are baking their own versions that are sometimes a twist on the traditional Jewish rye bread, and sometimes harken back to the most traditional Ashkenazi style rye bread.

Canada
In Canada, there are several different types of Jewish rye bread available in the country. There are mass-produced, prepackaged brands such as Oroweat. In communities with significant Jewish populations such as Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg, and Vancouver, authentic Ashkenazi Jewish style rye bread is available at many kosher and kosher-style bakeries, delis, restaurants, and kosher grocery stores.

There is also Winnipeg-style rye bread which does not actually contain much, if any, rye flour. Instead, this Jewish-influenced bread is made from cracked rye or coarse rye meal, added to wheat flour. Winnipeg-style rye bread does not contain caraway fruits.

Health benefits
Rye bread contains a large amount of fiber, a wide variety of bioactive compounds, and a small amount of fat. Compared to some breads such as white bread, rye bread has a lower glycemic index, which means it causes a slower increase in blood sugar than white bread after being eaten.

Nutrition

See also
Borodinsky bread
Crispbread, cracker made with rye flour
Jewish rye bread
Kommissbrot
Pumpernickel
Rugbrød
Ruisleipä
Ryvita

References

External links

Articles containing video clips
Breads
Jewish breads
Bread

Rye bread