The Firm is a legal thriller television series that began airing on January 8, 2012, on Global in Canada and NBC in the United States and in February 2012 on AXN, and is a sequel to the 1991 John Grisham novel of the same name and its 1993 film adaptation. The television adaptation is set ten years after the novel and film.

On February 3, 2012, NBC announced that the series would be pulled from its Thursday 10/9c slot immediately, and placed on Saturdays at 9/8c starting on February 18; Global continued to air the series at the former time slot until March 3, when the show was moved to Saturdays.  AXN began broadcasts in over 125 territories and countries on February 19.

On May 13, 2012, NBC canceled the series after one season.

Plot
The 2012 television show picks up on the story of Mitchell Y. McDeere and his family ten years after the fictional setting of the 1991 novel and 1993 film. In the original film and book, McDeere helped topple the Memphis law firm of Bendini, Lambert & Locke that protected a Chicago organized crime syndicate, resulting in mob convictions. When the Chicago mob boss dies in prison, the McDeeres emerge from witness protection to start their new life. The television adaptation attempts to remain true to the conspiracy element of its predecessors. Once McDeere is out of witness protection and building a new law firm, Kinross & Clark, a shady law firm, pushes to acquire McDeere's. Since the McDeeres are strapped for cash, he is tempted by the business prospects of the mysterious firm. Although McDeere's law firm is considered scrappy, he has become leery of being watched, which makes focusing on his job difficult. McDeere has a ten-year-old daughter Claire (Natasha Calis) and he begins the remaking of his career in the Washington Metropolitan Area.  Mitch's brother and his brother's girlfriend work for his upstart law firm, which works out of a tiny former travel agency office. The first season revolves around a conspiracy and Kinross & Clark's interest in a McDeere client accused of murder. Throughout the season, the deceased mob boss' son contemplates seeking revenge on Mitch who was a cause of his father's prison term.

Cast and characters
The following are the regular and recurring cast members in The Firm:
Regular
 Josh Lucas as Mitchell Y. "Mitch" McDeere, a Harvard-educated lawyer
 Molly Parker as Abigail Sutherland "Abby" McDeere, Mitch McDeere's blue-blood wife and an elementary teacher
 Callum Keith Rennie as Raymond "Ray" McDeere, Mitch McDeere's ex-con brother and investigator
 Juliette Lewis as Tamara Inez "Tammy" Hemphill  Ray McDeere's girlfriend and Mitch's secretary
 Natasha Calis as Claire McDeere, Mitch and Abby McDeere's daughter

Recurring
 Tricia Helfer as Alex Clark
 Martin Donovan as Kevin Stack
 Shaun Majumder as Andrew Palmer
 Paulino Nunes as U.S. Marshall Louis Coleman
 Edward Glen as Duty Captain

Production

Development
The concept of bringing these characters to television had been in the works for a few years with CBS having formerly been the expected network. Reiter conceived the recreation of the series 10 years into the future and proposed it to Grisham. Grisham oversaw the first three or four episode scripts and then became confident with its development.

Sony Pictures Television ordered 22 episodes of the show from Entertainment One Television in late April 2011 for broadcast on their AXN stations in 125 markets outside of Canada and the U.S. Shortly thereafter, NBC and Shaw Media confirmed that they had acquired broadcast rights in the U.S. and Canada respectively. The show's 22 episode order was the largest of any of NBC's newly picked up shows.

The show was filmed in Toronto and was produced by Entertainment One in association with Sony Pictures Television and Paramount Pictures. Filming of Season 1 took place between August 4, 2011 and April 30, 2012. The pilot was directed by David Straiton.

Grisham served as an executive producer of the television series. Lukas Reiter, a former Law & Order producer, wrote the pilot and was the showrunner. Some of the other legal shows he has produced are The Practice and Boston Legal.  Other executive producers were Entertainment One's John Morayniss, Michael Rosenberg, Noreen Halpern, and Helen Shaver. The show's writers included Alyson Feltes, Peter Noah, David Feige, William Rothko, Vincent Angell, and Jonathan Shapiro.

On June 8, 2011, it was announced that Josh Lucas had been cast in the lead role of Mitch McDeere. On July 12, Entertainment One announced the casting of Callum Keith Rennie as Ray McDeere and Juliette Lewis as Tammy. The addition of  Molly Parker as Abby McDeere was announced on July 29. Natasha Calis was cast as Claire McDeere, Mitch and Abby McDeere's daughter. Parker had previously played Calis' mother in the 2011 Lifetime film, Gone. Then, Tricia Helfer and Shaun Majumder were added in recurring roles as Alex Clarke and Andrew Palmer on August 19 and 22. , the show was under production.  Although mostly shot in Toronto, the production has included other host cities such as Washington, D.C. , eight of the 22 episodes had been shot, according to Grisham.

On July 19, 2011, CBS filed a lawsuit against Reiter and Entertainment One "for tortious interference with contract, breach of contract, and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing" because after CBS declined to commission a series from his script after paying him for it, Reiter reworked it, and Entertainment One agreed to produce it.

Background
Both the novel and the film recount the story of an upstart attorney who unknowingly was hired by an organized crime enterprise's legal team.  He became a whistleblower to the Federal Bureau of Investigation and brought down the corrupt Memphis law firm with Chicago mob ties. The TV series begins as the McDeere family emerge from witness protection to encounter old and new challenges. The novel sold seven million copies. The film starring Tom Cruise grossed over $158 million ($ million in  dollars) domestically and $111 million internationally ($270 million worldwide in 1993 dollars). It was the largest grossing R-rated movie of 1993 and of any film based on a Grisham novel. The week the film was released, Grisham and Michael Crichton evenly divided the top six paperback spots on The New York Times Best Seller list.

In reporting about the television series, Bill Keveney of USA Today said, "The book ends with him [Mitch McDeere] on the run, his law career apparently over; the movie ends with him and his wife, Abby, on their way back to Boston, hoping for a new start in life and law." Keveney said that the television show more closely resembles the film in this regard. Mike Hale of The New York Times, however, notes that conflict with the mob "...doesn't jibe with the film, which ended with his having reached a détente with them while avoiding witness protection." He does note that "It takes a couple of jarring, revisionist flashbacks in the first 10 minutes of the premiere to reconcile these details."

The Firm marks the third television adaptation of a John Grisham novel.  The Client was a 1995 adaptation of the 1993 novel of the same name that aired 21 episodes on CBS between September 17, 1995, and April 16, 1996, during the 1995–96 United States television season.  Grisham was not credited for the development of that adaptation. The Street Lawyer was a 2003 adaptation of the 1998 novel of the same name that never aired on ABC that was developed for the 2003–04 United States television season. The novel Ford County was also in development as an NBC series at one time.

Episodes

Broadcast
In May 2011, it was announced that in the United States, The Firm would air during the 2011–12 network television season on Sundays at 10:00 pm. It was intended to premiere as a 2012 mid-season replacement following The Apprentice.  However, in November 2011, it was announced that in the United States, The Firm would air on Thursdays 10:00 pm. It premiered as a 2012 midseason replacement following Up All Night, taking over the time slot from Prime Suspect. It premiered with a two-hour special on Sunday January 8, 2012 before debuting in its regular one-hour time slot on January 12. The premiere drew NBC's worst ratings in the key advertising demographic ever for a regular season drama debut. On February 3, 2012, NBC announced that The Firm was being rescheduled to Saturdays at 9/8c, with its original Thursday 10/9c slot being taken by Awake.

In Canada, the show premiered on January 8 and was shown in simulcast with NBC for the first six episodes. With the acquisition of Awake, Shaw has moved The Firm to Saturdays at 10:00 pm on Global, beginning with "Chapter 10" on March 10, 2012. The Firm repeats on Showcase on Friday night, Saturday morning and night, as well as morning and night of the following Tuesday. The series is also shown Sundays on Mystery TV.

With its debut on February 19, The Firm marks the first time that AXN has premiered a show on the same day in all of its markets. The AXN broadcast broadens the shows markets to over 125 territories and countries across Africa, Asia, Latin America, Central Europe, Germany, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Russia, and Spain. Worldwide distribution is handled by Entertainment One, who owns the basic and pay television, broadcast television, and digital/DVD rights for the show outside of AXN markets.

On March 17, 2012, the show was pre-empted by the new NBC reality show Fashion Star for one week. On May 4, 2012 NBC announced on the show's Facebook page that they were delaying episode 16 until May 12 due to the holiday Cinco de Mayo. Episode 16 was broadcast in Canada on May 5, resulting in NBC being one week behind the Canadian broadcast.

In May 2012, it was confirmed that NBC would not be continuing with the show beyond the one season.

As of 2021, the series is currently being heavily promoted by Scottish Television (STV) for its STV Player service.

Ratings

Reception
The series received an approval rating of 39% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on twenty three reviews, its consensus reads, "A typical, old-fashioned legal crime show, The Firm grows tedious from the first episode."
 Prior to its initial airing, Entertainment Weekly critic Melissa Maerz gave the show a B rating, stating that "For a supposed update, The Firm sometimes feels like a relic from a bygone era." However, she notes that McDeere is "an old-school, self-made hero" that you can't help rooting for and that The Firm is a "straightforward, one-man-against-the-system story" of "the scrappy, Everyman lawyer fighting against Big Corruption" that is naturally compelling. The Hollywood Reporter Tim Goodman describes the show as "a solid if unspectacular story about one of the most unlucky lawyers ever depicted on television" and uses the phrase "Average ... as a Television Series" in the review title. Los Angeles Times television critic Mary McNamara presents arguments that the show has low prospects for success: "It isn't the flashbacks or muddled storytelling, the liberal white moralizing or ridiculous inconsistencies that threaten to deep-six 'The Firm,' it's the washed-out sepia tone of the legal thriller itself." McNamara does not totally dismiss the possibility that Reiter, the man she says "all but invented the legal thriller derivative", may be able to mold this show into what she calls a "solid procedural hybrid", but questions the demand for such a show in the face of The Good Wife and Damages. Hale complains that the television show is not self-contained: "...if you haven't seen the film (or read the John Grisham novel on which both are based), the TV show will be especially bewildering." He also complains that the weekly plot "...is notably slight and unbelievable, even for a TV legal drama." While giving 1.5 out of 4 stars, Robert Bianco of the USA Today claims that the show "is part weekly procedural, part season-long conspiracy, and wholly unsatisfying" and notes that it would not let a chance to present a clichéd moment slip by.

While giving the show two stars, Gail Pennington of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch says The Firm' is tedious but not terrible; whether it will be watchable depends, one, on how much you like legal procedurals and, two, how the ongoing McDeeres-in-jeopardy plot is handled in future episodes." By way of comparison, she describes the show as "Harry's Law minus all charm" and as a show that "really wants to be Damages circa 2007". She also notes that because of the financing deal, the show is unlikely to be cancelled before the 22-episode run is completed.

Not all the reviews were negative. David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle describes the show as "old-fashioned" in a good way. He speaks highly of things ranging from retro opening credits that he described as slick to the payphone that he mentions as if it is quaint. He also notes that the characters incorporate "nods to classic thrillers of the past" in a manner that is "in keeping with that old-fashioned element that wafts through the show". Wiegand considers the unusual 22-episode investment a safe one because "The cast is appealing and the story line is not only compelling but also deals with fascinating moral complexities."

Notes

External links

The Firm at Metacritic
The Firm at TV Guide
The Firm at Epguides
The Firm at TheFutonCritic.com

2012 American television series debuts
2012 American television series endings
2012 Canadian television series debuts
2012 Canadian television series endings
2010s American crime television series
2010s American legal television series
2010s American workplace drama television series
2010s Canadian crime television series
American sequel television series
English-language television shows
American legal drama television series
Crime thriller television series
Canadian legal television series
Canadian thriller television series
Global Television Network original programming
NBC original programming
Live action television shows based on films
Television series about families
Television shows based on American novels
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
Television series by Entertainment One
Television series by Corus Entertainment
Television shows filmed in Toronto
Television shows set in Washington, D.C.
Television series by Paramount Television

The Firm (2012 TV series)


Philadelphia's municipal election of November 7, 1961, involved the election of the district attorney, city controller, and several judgeships. Democrats swept all of the city races but saw their vote totals much reduced from those of four years earlier, owing to a growing graft scandal in city government. District Attorney James C. Crumlish, Jr. and City Controller Alexander Hemphill, both incumbents, were returned to office. Several ballot questions were also approved, including one permitting limited sales of alcohol on Sundays.

Background

In 1957 and 1959, Philadelphia Democrats had achieved citywide victories over the Republicans, capping a string of electoral wins that had begun in 1951. Their 1959 victory, especially, indicated a complete domination of the city's politics as Mayor Richardson Dilworth carried 58 of 59 wards in his reelection bid; he and other Democrats running for citywide seats took nearly two-thirds of the vote. It was followed up by a resounding success in the presidential election of 1960, when Democratic Senator John F. Kennedy carried the state thanks to a 330,000-vote majority in Philadelphia. The coalition of independent reformers and organization Democrats looked to further increase their success in 1961, with Democratic City Committee chairman William J. Green, Jr., predicting a margin of 100,000 votes in the off-year election.

As the election neared, however, some cracks began to show in the Democrats' dominance. Dilworth held a neighborhood meeting to announce a plan to charge for parking in South Philadelphia, and was pelted with rocks and garbage in a near-riot. Even more embarrassing to a party that had been elected on a platform of reform was an investigation that year into political corruption and bribery in City Hall. Republicans demanded that a grand jury be convened to investigate further, but Judge Raymond Pace Alexander (who had served as a Democratic city councilman from 1952 to 1959) rejected their petition. While Green asked voters for "indorsement for continuance in office on solid accomplishments," Republican City Committee chairman Wilbur H. Hamilton drew attention to the scandals and called the erstwhile reform movement a "broken idol" that "promised much and delivered little."

District Attorney

Philadelphia elects a district attorney independently of the mayor, in a system that predates the charter change. Since 1957, district attorney elections have followed mayoral and city council elections by two years. In that year, Philadelphians reelected Victor H. Blanc as District Attorney of Philadelphia by a thirteen-percentage-point margin. Three years later, Governor David L. Lawrence appointed Blanc to the court of common pleas. Blanc's first assistant, Paul M. Chalfin, served as acting district attorney while the common pleas judges decided on a replacement who would serve until the 1961 election. The fight for the interim post became a battle between political factions with Green's preferred candidate, James C. Crumlish, Jr., getting the judges' approval in March 1961. Crumlish ran for a full four-year term that fall.

Republicans nominated Theodore B. Smith, Jr., a former assistant district attorney who had been in private practice since 1958, without primary opposition. Smith and the Republicans accused Crumlish of being a tool of the Democratic party machine and said that he covered up corruption in the graft investigation. Democrats were confident of an easy victory for Crumlish, but he won by just 47,000 votes. The margin was far less than expected and the worst showing for Democrats in a district attorney contest since 1947. Crumlish trailed all citywide Democratic candidates, which The Philadelphia Inquirer reporter Joseph C. Goulden attributed to the growing perception of corruption in the party, and in the district attorney's office in particular.

City Controller
Philadelphia elects a City Controller to sit at the head of an independent auditing department. The Controller approves all payments made out of the city treasury and audits the executive departments. As an independently elected official, the Controller is not responsible to the mayor or the city council. The office was created under the 1919 City Charter and later given expanded powers as one of the good-government reforms intended to reduce the corruption that had previously plagued city government and led to the reform coalition of 1951.

Democrat Alexander Hemphill had been elected to the office in 1957 and ran for reelection. He was a lawyer with a long history of involvement in Democratic politics who had worked with reformers in the campaigns that ultimately defeated the Republican organization in 1951. Hemphill was the organization's nominee in 1957, but often clashed with Dilworth and others. His investigation had brought to light the initial evidence leading to the graft charges against members of his own party.

Hemphill's opponent was Joseph C. Bruno, a West Philadelphia lawyer, who fended off a surprisingly strong primary protest vote for Joseph A. Schafer, an accountant from Northeast Philadelphia. Despite Hemphill's investigation into the alleged misconduct, the Democratic Party's scandals reduced his totals as well, though still giving him a 55,000-vote victory over Bruno. Hemphill continued in office until 1967, when he resigned to run for mayor.

Judges and magistrates
Although Pennsylvania's judges are elected in partisan elections, there had been a tradition of not challenging the re-election of incumbents. To that end, judicial candidates were typically endorsed by both major parties but in 1953 Democrats broke the informal pact and endorsed just three of the sitting judges, resulting in an unusually intense contest. By 1957, the old order was mostly re-established as all but one of the sitting judges were endorsed for re-election by both parties and returned to office without opposition.

In 1961, four common pleas court judges and two orphans' court judges were on the ballot, and all were cross-endorsed in accordance with the sitting-judge principle. All were reelected to ten-year terms, including Victor H. Blanc, the former district attorney.

There were also seven seats open for magistrate, a local court, the duties of which have since been superseded by the Philadelphia Municipal Court. In the magistrate races, a limited voting law meant that each political party could nominate four candidates, and voters could only vote for four, with the result being that the majority party could only take four of the seven seats, leaving three for the minority party. The Democrats took the maximum number of four magistracies, with all four of their incumbents being reelected, led by Harry C. Schwartz. The remaining three seats went to Republicans, with one spot going to the only GOP incumbent on the ballot, Thomas A. Connor. The other two Republicans elected were 42nd Ward leader John P. Walsh and former police captain Luke A. McBride, who edged out court stenographer George J. Woods.

Ballot questions
At the May primary, two referendums were proposed; the first would permit Sunday alcohol sales in hotels that had liquor licenses, the second would borrow $10 million for school construction. Both passed, gathering 67.6% and 75.9% of the vote, respectively. In November, five more questions were on the ballot, all asking the voters' permission to borrow money for various infrastructure improvements. All five, approving a total of $65 million in loans, passed by a two-to-one margin.

Aftermath
The 1961 election confirmed the Democrats in power, but their reduced margins and increased association with machine politics signaled the beginning of the end for the party's coalition with independent good government reformers. Dilworth, in particular, saw the election as a warning sign, telling the party that they must "watch your Ps and Qs" to avoid further setbacks. Even so, Green's control over federal patronage through the Kennedy administration and Dilworth's resignation in 1962 to run for governor left the Democratic Party fully in the hands of the ward leaders.

References

Sources

Books

Newspapers

Report

Philadelphia
1961 in Pennsylvania
1960s in Philadelphia
November 1961 events in the United States

1961 Philadelphia municipal election


Kill Katie Malone is a 2010 American horror film directed by Carlos Ramos Jr. and starring Masiela Lusha and Dean Cain. The screenplay was written by Mark Onspaugh.

Plot
In the opener, Robert, who owns the box holding Katie Malone's spirit, discovers the spirit threatening the life of his spouse. When he goes to save her, he is violently thrown from the room. Cut to some time later, Jim Duncan at the fictional college of Mission University notices the box for sale on uBid and is intrigued by it. He wants to buy it, but he doesn't have enough money and finagles the extra money he needs from his best friends Ginger Matheson and Kyle "Dixie" Canning, which makes them part owners of the box. However, now that Robert no longer owns the box, Katie is free to threaten him one last time at the bus station before vanishing from his life.

When Jim receives the box and opens it, a strange sound comes from it. Jim considers it a good luck charm and asks Ginger and Dixie to make wishes. Half seriously, Ginger asks for a red rose, but Dixie just wants his money back. When she gets her rose, Ginger accuses Jim and Dixie of trying to scare her. However, when a teacher accuses Dixie of plagiarism, he makes an off-the-cuff "wish" that she would leave him alone. That night, the teacher experiences a paranormal presence that forces her to bite off her own tongue. In class the next day, Jim and Ginger make amends  as Ginger discovers her roommate Misty has been borrowing her clothes without permission. After they learn about the teacher's horrific death, which has been ruled a murder, Dixie and Ginger wonder if Katie was responsible. In art class, Misty snags Ginger's sweater on a table and loses her arm to a paper slider.

Dixie and Ginger are convinced the box is responsible for the murders, but Jim is not sure. After a poltergeist attack in their dorm room, Jim discovers writing on the wall in a strange language. He tries to contact the previous owner of the box but is reminded of his commitment to help Ellen set up her sorority's haunted house. Tyler, Ellen's boyfriend, does not appreciate his efforts and threatens him. As Tyler heads home, he encounters a ghostly girl in period dress that he tries to help. When he refuses to leave her alone, her banshee scream virtually disintegrates him. Jim contacts Amy, who asks him if he opened the box and released Katie. When Ellen asks Jim if he has seen Tyler, Jim tries to endear himself to her; she backs off and announces they can only be friends, which breaks Jim's heart. While jogging, Ellen is attacked by a spirit and ripped apart under a bridge.

Jim realizes the situation is out of control and learns that the strange message left for him on the wall translates from Gaelic as "a family or death". After researching Katie Malone, he learns she was an Irish immigrant who was forced into slavery and beloved by the daughter of her last owner. After she fails to protect Katie from her father, the child's ghost now protects Katie into the afterlife. Meeting with Ginger and Dixie, he opts to lay Katie to rest by freeing her from the box. Jim and Ginger soon have a date that wraps at her room at the student housing structure. The daughter's wrathful spirit terrifies Jim, and Ginger mistakenly believes Jim is not fond of her. She throws him out of the apartment.

Back at his room, Jim is contacted by Amy, who learns Jim released Katie's spirit. She realizes the daughter's vengeful spirit will now kill him and his friends unless he sells the box, which has returned to his room, back to her. At the campus Halloween party, Ginger recognizes the daughter's ghost, who attacks the party and throws their classmates around the hall. Dixie and Ginger escape through the basement, but Dixie is abducted and killed. Ginger flees into the hall, and Jim drives the daughter's ghost into the box. In the tag scene, Amy now has the box and swears to never open it, but Robert angrily attempts to wrestle it from her; it falls, hits the floor, and opens on impact. A strange sound fills the room, and Amy's bedroom door slams shut as father and daughter fear the worst.

Cast

Production
Exteriors consisted of locations in Los Angeles, Whittier and San Gabriel, all in California. Carlos Ramos Jr. told Fangoria: "We shot all over LA, an old prison in Whittier, an awesome high-school in the Mission District and a graveyard for priests, which was super creepy."

Reception
Critical response to Kill Katie Malone (2010) has generally been negative. Scott Foy of Dread Central gives it  two out of five stars and called it "one of those not very good, not very bad horror movies that's really only good for a few (mostly unintentional) laughs."  Paul Pritchard of DVD Verdict wrote that the film "offers little to justify its existence."  Rich Rosell of DVD Talk rated it two out of five stars and wrote that the films fails to live up to the promise of "a predictably comfortable dumb-fun horror".

References

External links

2010 films
2010 horror films
American ghost films
American supernatural horror films
American haunted house films
Films shot in Los Angeles
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Kill Katie Malone


The Fiber Optic Technical Advisory Group was to create a LAN standard for fiber optic media used in token passing computer networks like FDDI. This was part of the IEEE 802 group of standards.

The group had given up and disbanded itself and is no longer a part of IEEE standards.

References

IEEE 802

IEEE 802.8


Manly Vale  is a suburb of northern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 17 kilometres north-east of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of Northern Beaches Council, in the Northern Beaches region.

Manly Vale is predominantly a residential suburb with commercial land use on Condamine Street, containing small patches of light industrial. It also contains multiple Retirement Villages and Aged Care facilities.

History
Manly Vale Post Office opened on 3 April 1950 and closed in 1994.

Heritage listings
Manly Vale has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 near King Street: Manly Dam

Population
In the 2016 Census, there were 6,160 people in Manly Vale. 60.0% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were England 7.5%, New Zealand 2.2%, China 1.9% and Brazil 1.7%. 70.7% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 1.9% and Portuguese 1.8%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 37.3%, Catholic 23.4% and Anglican 14.0%.

Parks and recreation
The suburb contains many recreational facilities including parks such as Passmore Reserve and playing fields at Millers Reserve and David Thomas Reserve. Manly Dam is on the western edge of Manly Vale.
There are also a number of small reserves, for example King Street Reserve.
Manly Vale FC (soccer) are based at David Thomas Reserve.

Landcare activities
Landcare activities became important in Manly Vale with the creation of the "Return of the Mermaids" Project. The project consists of regularly involving volunteers to collect rubbish, remove weeds and plant local native species in the Mermaid Pool on Manly Creek.

The Pool was originally an intact sandy beach with a sparkling waterfall. It became polluted due to illegal dumping and urban development. Invasive and noxious weed started to take over the area.

This project was convened under the auspices of the Save Manly Dam Catchment Committee. The SMDCC was established to fight a controversial development in the head waters of Manly Dam by British Motorway constructor Wimpey in conjunction with local firm, Ardel. When bushland was lost to this housing development, the Mermaid Pool Project was initiated to compensate for the destruction.

The "Return of the Mermaids" project aims at rehabilitating the Mermaid Pool as much as possible to its pristine state. The project won the People's Choice Award for the 2011 NSW Landcare Awards. It was also a winner of the 2011 SMCMA Community Group Environment Award.

Schools
The suburb contains three schools, Manly Vale Public School, St Kieran's Primary School and Mackellar Girls Campus, as well as a child care centre operated by the Child Care Group.

Avenue of Honour

King St, Manly Vale has been planted with endemic native trees and shrubs by the local community under the direction of the Save Manly Dam Catchment Committee. The avenue, leading to the entrance of Manly Warringah War Memorial Park, pays tribute to the service of Merchant Seamen in Worlds War 1 and World War 2. It has been officially declared an "Avenue of Honour". A stone memorial has additionally been placed in King Reserve.

Notable residents
Jack Vidgen, a teenage singer and season 5 winner of Australia's Got Talent.
Katherine Deves, Liberal Party candidate for Warringah and lawyer.

References

Suburbs of Sydney
Northern Beaches Council

Manly Vale


Electrostatics (also known as static electricity) is the branch of physics that deals with apparently stationary electric charges.

Electrostatics involves the buildup of charge on the surface of objects due to contact with other surfaces.

Although charge exchange happens whenever any two surfaces contact and separate, the effects of charge exchange are usually only noticed when at least one of the surfaces has a high resistance to electrical flow.  This is because the charges that transfer to or from the highly resistive surface are more or less trapped there for a long enough time for their effects to be observed.

These charges then remain on the object until they either bleed off to the ground or are quickly neutralized by a discharge: e.g., the familiar phenomenon of a static 'shock' is caused by the neutralization of charge built up in the body from contact with non-conductive surfaces.

Examples
 The attraction of plastic wrap to ones hand when one has removed it from a package.
 Spontaneous explosion of grain silos.
 Damage of electronic components during manufacturing or the operation of photocopiers.

Related pages
Electromagnetism
Ionic bond
Lightning
Luigi Galvani

References

Other websites and further reading
General
RMCybernetics: High Voltage Physics . Homemade projects & experiments.
"Man's static jacket sparks alert". BBC News, 16 September 2005.

"Can shocks from static electricity damage your health? ". Wolfson Electrostatics News pages.
"Can Gravity be an Electrostatic Force? " A Quantum theory of Gravitation, 2005.
 invisible wall of static

Essays and books
William J. Beaty, "Humans and sparks; The Cause, Stopping the Pain, and 'Electric People". 1997.
William Cecil Dampier, "The theory of experimental electricity". Cambridge [Eng.] University press, 1905 (Cambridge physical series). xi, 334 p. illus., diagrs. 23 cm. LCCN 05040419 //r33

Electricity

Electrostatics


The Battle of San José del Cabo was a military engagement of the Mexican–American War which took place on two November days in 1847, after the fall of Mexico City.

Background
On 21 July, 115 men from the Seventh Regiment of New York Volunteers landed peacefully at La Paz, under the command of Lt. Col. Henry S. Burton. Before departing to capture Mazatlan on 11 Nov., Commodore William Shubrick landed 4 sailors and 20 marines, with a 9-pounder carronade, at San Jose del Cabo under the command of Lt. Charles Heywood.  Heywood's men made the old mission building into a fort.  Additionally, 12 Californians joined the American force, occupying the Mott house.

Captain Manuel Pineda Munoz had sent Vincente Mejia, Jose Matias Moreno and José Antonio Mijares with 150 men from La Paz to demand the surrender of the San Jose del Cabo garrison, which was refused on 19 Nov.

Battle
On 19 November at 3 PM, 150 mounted Mexican men occupied La Somita. At sunset, the Mexicans used their 6-pounder to fire upon the Americans along Main Street, which did little damage. The Mexicans were beaten back from an attack on the Mott house at 10 PM and the south end of Main street, the Mexicans retiring only at daylight.

20 November was quiet until sunset, when the Mexicans attacked, attempting to capture the American gun and gain the roof of the fort, but grape shot, canister shot and musket fire stopped the attack. On 21 November, the whalers Magnolia and Edward arrived, and the Mexican force withdrew after the discharge of the whalers' guns.

Aftermath
Upon hearing of the attack at San José del Cabo, Commodore Shubrick sent the storeship USS Southampton and the first-class sloop-of-war  to reinforce Heywood's men. The Southampton arrived on November 26 and the Portsmouth on December 3.

Captain Pineda, facing two defeats, one at La Paz where he personally commanded the battle, recalled his company from San José and decided to escalate his attack strength, first at the Siege of La Paz and then again at the Siege of San José del Cabo. For his brave action in the final assault on the American fort
, the Mexicans consider the death of Lieutenant Mijares as heroic and have placed a monument to honor him on the main street of San José del Cabo, which is called Boulevard Antonio Mijares.

References

Further reading
 Nathan Covington Brooks, A Complete History of the Mexican War (The Rio Grande Press, Inc., 1965).
 Justin H. Smith, The War With Mexico, Vols. I and II. (Peter Smith, Gloucester, Massachusetts, 1963).
 John R. Spears, The History of the Navy, Vol. III (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1897), pp. 401–409.
 K. Jack Bauer, Surfboats and Horse Marines (U.S. Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland, 1969).
 President James K. Polk's Message on War with Mexico, May 11, 1846, in Documents of American History, 9th edition, Vol. I (Prentice Hall, Inc., 1979), p. 311.

San Jose del Cabo
San Jose del Cabo
United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries
1847 in the Mexican-American War
1847 in Mexico
November 1847 events

Battle of San José del Cabo


Baseball Bugs is a 1946 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes theatrical animated cartoon directed by Friz Freleng. The short was released on February 2, 1946, and stars Bugs Bunny.

In the short, Bugs Bunny singlehandedly defeats the "Gas-House Gorillas", a baseball team of hulking, cigar-chomping bullies. The cartoon has been called Bugs "at his best" and is still referenced by baseball fans and observers.

Overview
Baseball Bugs is directed by Friz Freleng and written by Michael Maltese. Voice characterizations were performed by Mel Blanc, with additional uncredited performances by Bea Benaderet as Lady Liberty, Frank Graham as the sportscaster, and Tedd Pierce as the lead member of the Gas-House Gorillas.

The cartoon's title is a double play on words. "Bugs" was then a common nickname for someone who was considered to be crazy, erratic, or fanatical. In addition to its adjective form being the indirect inspiration for the Bunny's name, the noun form was sometimes applied to sports fans. There was also a 1936 Columbia Pictures cartoon called Football Bugs, which had insects playing that sport.

Plot
A baseball game is going on in New York City at the Polo Grounds (but the depiction of the frieze on the top deck was borrowed from Yankee Stadium), between the visiting Gas-House Gorillas (a parody of the real life Gashouse Gang which was the nickname of the St. Louis Cardinals teams of the early 1930s who were known for their shabby and unkempt appearance) and the home team, the Tea Totallers. The game is not going well for the home team as the Gorillas, a group of oversized rough-necks, are not only dominating the Tea Totallers, a team made up of elderly players, but intimidating the umpire by knocking him into the ground like a tent peg after he makes a "ball" judgment instead of a "strike". The Gorillas' home runs go screaming, literally, out of the ballpark and the batters form a conga line, each hitter whacking a ball out.

Bugs Bunny, watching from his hole in the outfield, is fed up with the unfair game and the Gas-House Gorillas playing dirty. He talks trash against the Gorillas, vowing to get the better of them for cheating. Suddenly, he loses a bit of his bravado when he suddenly gets surrounded by the Gorillas. They force him to take up his own challenge and, as a result, Bugs now has to play all the positions on the opposing team, including speeding from the mound to behind the plate to catch his own pitches.

Bugs throws his fastball so hard that it zips by the Gorillas' batter but, as he catches it, he is propelled off-screen, crashing into the backstop. In the course of his dual role, he shouts encouraging words to the pitcher before going back to the mound to make the next pitch, then returning to home plate to catch it. Next, Bugs decides to "perplex 'em with [his] slowball", throwing a pitch so slow that three Gorillas in a row strike out attempting to hit it.

For his first time up, Bugs selects a bat from the batboy, a literal hybrid of a bat and a boy. As promised, Bugs starts smacking the ball. On the first pitch, he makes a long hit, dashing around the bases while also showing off for the crowd, only to find a grinning Gorilla holding the ball just ahead of home plate, just waiting to tag him out to once again prove their superiority. To allow himself to score his first run, Bugs pulls out a pin-up poster, which distracts the Gorilla player. The scoreboard now shows the Gorillas as the home team, with 96 runs, and Bugs batting in the top of the fifth with one run so far.

Bugs hits another one deep, and while rounding the bases, a Gorilla ambushes the plate umpire and puts on his uniform. Bugs slides into home, obviously safe, but the fake umpire calls him out. Bugs gets in his face, actually behind the umpire mask, and argues the call, pulling his time-honored word-switching gag until the umpire ends up demanding that Bugs accept the safe call or go to the showers. Bugs gives in, and the faux-umpire gets wise too late as the board flashes another run.

Bugs slams a third pitch, and as the ball soars across the field, one Gorilla in the outfield races towards the ball with his mitt, screaming, "I got it, I got it, I got it!, only for the ball to hit him with an incredibly strong impact and drive him underground; a gravestone then pops up from underground, reading "He got it". Bugs then whacks the fourth pitch, and a burly, cigar-smoking Gorilla attempts to catch it, but the ball strikes him in the face - with the powerful impact sending him backward and smack into a large wooden sign, which reads, "Does your tobacco taste different lately?", a then-current slogan of Sir Walter Raleigh pipe tobacco, previously used in the Bugs Bunny cartoon, Herr Meets Hare.

Bugs hammers the fifth pitch on a line drive that bounces off each Gorilla with a ping sound as in a pinball game. The scoreboard then blinks a random series of numbers and the word "Tilt."

Bugs returns to pitching, and one Gorilla lands a hit. Just before he can score a home run, Bugs, with one foot on the home plate, shoves him to the ground with baseball in hand, tagging him out. As the dazed, concussed Gorilla sits there with four small illusionary winged Gorilla players swirling around his head, Bugs munches a carrot and pulls out a sign reading "Was this trip really necessary?" (a reference to a slogan used in a fuel rationing campaign during World War II).

The story jumps ahead to the final inning, announced by a radio-style jingle, with Bugs leading 96–95, both sides having each lost a run somewhere along the way, and with the Gorillas now the home team. Blanc's voice is now heard as the announcer as the radio booth has lost its original play-by-play man. With two outs in the last of the ninth, a Gorilla is on base and another, menacingly swinging a bat he has just fashioned from a huge tree, is ready for the pitch.

Bugs proceeds with a tremendous wind-up, lets the pitch go, and the ball is rocketed out of the stadium. Startled, Bugs desperately gives chase. He grabs a cab and is almost led astray until he realizes a Gorilla is driving it; he jumps out and catches a bus which takes him to the "Umpire State Building". He takes an elevator to the roof, climbs a flagpole, throws his glove in the air and manages to catch the ball. An umpire appears over the edge of the roof, and calls out the Gorilla player who has followed Bugs there. The Statue of Liberty comes to life to agree with the call, repeating, "That's what the man said–you heard what he said–he said that!". Bugs also joins her in repeating these words.

The plot was reused in Gone Batty (1954), with some sequences being shot-for-shot quotes.

Voice cast
 Mel Blanc as Bugs Bunny, Tea Totaller, Umpire, Gas-House Gorilla, Second Sportscaster
 Frank Graham as Sportscaster
 Tedd Pierce as Lead Gas-House Gorilla
 Bea Benaderet as Statue of Liberty

Billboards
 The outfield wall ad for "Mike Maltese, Ace Dick" ("Dick" was a current slang term for "detective", from the comic strip, Dick Tracy) refers to writer Michael Maltese.
 The outfield wall ad for "Filboid Studge" refers to a fictional breakfast cereal mentioned in a short story by Saki.
 The ad next to "Filboid Studge" is for "Culvert Gin", a take-off on "Calvert Gin."
 The wall ads on the third base side are for "Manza Champagne", "Lausbub's Bread" and "Ross. Co. Finer Footwear for the Brats" named for animator Virgil Ross.
 The ads on the left field wall are for Camuel's (a reference to Camel Cigarettes) and "Urbo."
 Another outfield reading "Daltol" refers to animator Cal Dalton. A product named "Chi-Chi" is on a sign to the left.
 The sign held by Bugs after the 2nd out stating "Was this trip really necessary?" refers to gas rationing during World War II.

Analysis
 Animation historian Michael Barrier points out that there was a change in formula in Bugs' cartoons before and following World War II. Before his enemies were hapless boobs which he held in contempt. In this film and others by Freleng, the enemies are actually dangerous. But this makes outwitting them more delicious. In this case, the enemies are the Gas-House Gorillas. "A whole team of interchangeable ... hulking, blue-jawed, cigar chewing monsters".
 Bugs launches a fastball from the pitcher's mound, accelerates past it, and moves in position at home plate to catch it. This is a demonstration of cartoon physics, since such acceleration would be impossible in real life.
 The sequence where Bugs throws a pitch so slowly that three batters strike out swinging on the same pitch inspired the term "Bugs Bunny Change-Up" in baseball slang. The term refers to an especially effective off-speed pitch, especially one that is much slower than the pitcher's fastball. It is also known as an "Eephus pitch".

Home media
 (1988) VHS - Cartoon Moviestars: Bugs!
 (1988) LaserDisc - Cartoon Moviestars: Bugs! and Elmer!
 (1992) LaserDisc - The Golden Age of Looney Tunes, Volume 3, Side 7
 (1999) VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 9, A Looney Life (1995 USA Turner Dubbed Version)
 (2003) DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, Disc One
 (2010) DVD - The Essential Bugs Bunny, Disc 1
 (2011) Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, Disc 1
 (2012) Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Showcase: Volume 1
 (2020) DVD - Looney Tunes Bugs Bunny Golden Carrot Collection, Disc One
 (2020) Blu-ray - Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 1

See also
 List of Bugs Bunny cartoons
 Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies filmography (1940–1949)

Sources

References

External links

 A mock-serious and detailed review of the cartoon
 Baseball Bugs on the Internet Archive

1946 short films
1946 animated films
1940s sports comedy films
Looney Tunes shorts
Warner Bros. Cartoons animated short films
Short films directed by Friz Freleng
American baseball films
Animated films set in New York City
Baseball animation
Animated films about rabbits and hares
Bugs Bunny films
Films with screenplays by Michael Maltese
1940s Warner Bros. animated short films
Films scored by Carl Stalling
1940s English-language films
American comedy short films

Baseball Bugs


Newport Coast is a community south of the main body of the city of Newport Beach, California. It was a separate census-designated place in Orange County, California, United States, until 2001, when it was annexed into Newport Beach. Newport Beach, California's estimated population is 86,160 according to the most recent United States census estimates. Newport Beach, California is the 96th largest city in California based on official 2017 estimates from the US Census Bureau.

The master-planned community was developed by the Irvine Company. There are a variety of home types in the community, from small studio apartments to ocean view mansions.

Geography
Newport Coast is located at , in the San Joaquin Hills above Crystal Cove State Park.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Census Designated Place (CDP) has a total area of .  of it is land and  of it (2.22%) is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,671 people, 1,001 households, and 776 families residing in the CDP.  The population density was .  There were 1,106 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the CDP was 78.06% White, 0.26% African American, 0.15% Native American, 18.08% Asian, 0.30% from other races, and 3.14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.19% of the population.

There were 1,001 households, out of which 35.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.3% were married couples living together, 3.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.4% were non-families. 16.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.02.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24.6% under the age of 18, 3.8% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 33.0% from 45 to 64, and 7.0% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.7 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.1 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $164,659, and the median income for a family was $173,043. Males had a median income of $100,000+ versus $70,069 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $98,770.  About 1.3% of families and 2.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.1% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over.

Government
In the California State Legislature, Newport Coast is in , and in .

In the United States House of Representatives, Newport Coast is in .

Notable residents

 Camille Levin (born 1990), American soccer player
 Savannah Levin (born 1995), American soccer player

References

External links
Newport Coast 2000 census profile

Former census-designated places in California
Neighborhoods in Newport Beach, California

Newport Coast, Newport Beach


State Route 213 (SR 213), also known as Grays Camp Road and Phillippy Road, is a short 3.6 miles long east–west state highway in northeastern Lake County, Tennessee. It provides access to many homes, marinas, businesses, and camps along the shores of Reelfoot Lake, as well as the Reelfoot Lake Airport.

Route description

SR 213 begins as Grays Camp Road just south of the community of Phillippy at an intersection with SR 78. It goes southeast through farmland for a couple of miles before arriving at some lakeside camps, such as Gray's Camp, where it turns northeast along Phillippy Road. For the next mile or so, SR 213 travels along the banks of Reelfoot Lake, passing by many lakeside homes, camps, businesses, and marinas, before turning more northward away from the lake and coming to an end at the main entrance of Reelfoot Lake Airport. The Phillippy Road portion of the highway stays no more than a half-mile west of the Obion County line at all times. The entire route of SR 213 is a two-lane highway.

Major intersections

References

213
Transportation in Lake County, Tennessee

Tennessee State Route 213


Tewit Well, also known in its early days as "Tuit" or "Tuewhit", is a spa water well, the first chalybeate source discovered in Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England.

After marrying Elizabeth Broad, William Slingsby (uncle of Sir William Slingsby) took his new wife on a Grand Tour of Europe. In 1571, Slingsby discovered that water from a well in Knaresborough Forest, now called The Stray, public parkland in Harrogate, possessed similar properties to that at Spa in Belgium. He named the well "Tewit", after a local word for peewit or lapwing, a bird which still frequently flocks on the Stray.

Tewit Well had fewer visitors than the wells in Low Harrogate, or even St John's Well in High Harrogate, because of its distance from Victorian hotels and lodging houses. In 1842, the structure designed by Thomas Chippendale in 1807 enclosing the Royal Pump Room, which sits over the Old Sulphur Well, was replaced by a new structure designed by Isaac Shutt for the Improvement Commissioners. The old structure was then moved to Tewit Well.

The structure still stands on the edge of the Stray, known as Cherry Tree Walk as all the paths are lined on both sides with cherry trees. It is a Grade II* listed building. It carries Harrogate's first Brown Plaque, which was designed in part by Harrogate historian Malcolm Neesam in 1971.

A local youth brass band, The Tewit Youth Band, is named after this landmark.

References

Buildings and structures in Harrogate
Tourist attractions in Harrogate
Springs of England
Grade II* listed buildings in North Yorkshire
Water wells in England

Tewit Well


Angela Bambace (February 14, 1898, – April 3, 1975) was an Italo-Brazilian-American labor union organizer for the International Ladies Garment Workers Union for over fifty years.

Life and career

Angela Bambace was born in Santos, Brazil, to Giuseppina Calabrese and Antonio Bambace, immigrants from Leonforte, Sicily and Cannitello, Calabria, respectively, who had settled in Santos, Brazil. The family migrated to New York City in 1901 and settled in East Harlem. As a teenager, Angela and her sister Marie followed their mother into garment work, like most Italian immigrant women in New York City. Together they also attended meetings held by anarchists, socialists, and members of the Industrial Workers of the World and International Ladies Garment Workers Union in their neighborhood. Angela became a union member, organizer, staff member, and officer of the ILGWU from 1917 to 1972.

Bambace first became a member of the Italian Waist and Dressmakers' Local 89 in 1917 and served as a key organizer in the dressmakers' strike of 1919. In the 1920s, she lived with her mother, sister, and brother-in-law—the Sicilian anarchist, journalist, and labor organizer Nino Capraro—Nino and Marie's two daughters Athena and Clytia, and Angela's two sons Philip and Oscar, in a two-family home in Flushing, New York. Angela lost custody of her sons to her first husband, Romolo Camponeschi, a waiter from Rome, in 1927, due to her labor activism. But she remained very close with both sons and their children throughout her life. In the late 1920s she met and fell in love with Luigi Quintiliano, an Italian immigrant anarchist and tailor by trade who served as secretary to the Italian Committee for Political Victims and played an active role in the Sacco and Vanzetti defense. The two would remain together for their entire lives.

In the early 1930s, the ILGWU sent Bambace to organize garment workers in Baltimore. This temporary position became permanent in 1936 and by 1942, she was appointed the manager of the newly created Maryland-Virginia district of the ILGWU. She maintained that role after the district was reorganized as the Upper South Department. In 1956, she became the first Italian American woman elected vice-president of the ILGWU and a member of the General Executive Board.

Before joining the ILGWU, Bambace worked as an organizer for the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. Throughout her life, she was involved in a variety of organizations, including Americans for Democratic Action, Baltimore Community Action Commission, United Nations Association, Southern Conference Education Fund, Maryland Commission on the Status of Women, and the Jewish Labor Committee.

Bambace retired from the ILGWU in 1972 and died from cancer in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1975.

Sources
 ILGWU. Communications Department biography files. 5780/177. Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University.
 Guglielmo, Jennifer. Living the Revolution: Italian Women's Resistance and Radicalism in New York City, 1880-1945. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.
 Scarpaci, Jean (Vincenza). "Angela Bambace and the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union: The Search for an Elusive Activist." In Pane e Lavoro: The Italian American Working Class. Ed. George E. Pozzetta. Staten Island: American Italian Historical Association, 1978.
 United Press International (April 5, 1975) "Angela Bambace, 77, Officer of I.L.G.W.U. 16 years, Dies" The New York Times

External links
 Finding aid for the Angela Bambace papers, Immigration History Research Center Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries.
 Finding aid for the Anthony (Nino) Capraro papers, Immigration History Research Center Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries.
 Angela Bambace's grandson, musician Tim Camponeschi aka Slim Man, remembers her Pasta Piselli

American trade union leaders
20th-century Italian women
International Ladies Garment Workers Union leaders
American people of Italian descent
1898 births
1974 deaths
Brazilian emigrants to the United States
People from East Harlem

Angela Bambace


A thermal mass refrigerator is a refrigerator that is foreseen with thermal mass as well as insulation to decrease the energy use of the refrigerator.

A particularly popular thermal mass refrigerator was conceived by Michael Reynolds and detailed in the book "Earthship Volume 3". This refrigerator was a DIY refrigerator designed around a (Sun-Frost) DC refrigeration unit run on P.V. panels.

Design
The thermal mass used in Michael Reynolds' design is a combination of a liquid (i.e. water or beer) together with concrete mass. Concrete's temperature can be decreased quickly, while a liquid's (such as beer or water) with its higher thermal mass requires more energy to change temperature, holding the cold for longer. In Michael Reynolds' design, the liquid is added in the form of beer cans, placed in the back of the refrigerator.

Besides the use of a large quantity of thermal mass, he also made sure that the inside of the box could be in direct contact with the outside air, so as to allow the unit to be cooled without electricity/compressor-assistance during winter. This is done by having the top of the unit openable by placing a skylight on top. A pipe connects the bottom to the outside as well, so as to allow natural circulation of air. The inflow of outside air from the top could be closed off by closing the skylight as well as by closing the removable insulated damper.

References

External links
Appliance Repair

Heat pumps
Food storage
Refrigerators
Cooling technology
Food preservation
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning

Thermal mass refrigerator


Tamarine Tanasugarn (, , ; born 24 May 1977) is a Thai former tennis player. Born in Los Angeles, she turned professional in 1994, and has been in the top 20 in both singles and doubles.

Tanasugarn's career-high WTA ranking is No. 19, achieved on 13 May 2002, which is the highest ranking ever achieved of a Thai female player. She won four singles and eight WTA doubles titles, and was briefly a doubles partner with Maria Sharapova, with whom she won two titles in 2003. Her career-high doubles ranking was 15, which she achieved on 13 September 2004. With Liezel Huber, she reached the 2004 US Open doubles quarterfinals, and at the 2011 Wimbledon Championships, she reached the women's doubles semifinal with Marina Erakovic. Her biggest success came in 2008, when she reached the singles quarterfinals at Wimbledon.

In her career, Tanasugarn has defeated former and current No. 1 players, including Amélie Mauresmo, Jennifer Capriati, Jelena Janković, Dinara Safina and Simona Halep. She has also beaten French Open champion Iva Majoli.

Tanasugarn has been regarded as a grass-court specialist; she won most matches on that surface including two WTA International titles. Tanasugarn at some point held the record of the most singles matches won on grass court among active players. As of 8 July 2013, she was second (with 84 wins) among active players, and 12th on the all-time list.

Tanasugarn has also been a regular competitor for the Thailand Fed Cup team, helping the team join the World Group II in 2005 and 2006, after beating the teams of Australia and Croatia in their play-off matches.

She received a law degree from Bangkok University in 2000.

Playing style
Tanasugarn produces her best game and strategy when she performs on grass. She is also known for her accurate flat ground strokes and a heavy slice serve for which are particularly effective on grass, Venus Williams has given an interview regarding Tanasugarn's game after their quarterfinal match in 2008 Wimbledon Championships: "I think her game is really suited for the grass. Her serve is a slice that turns into you and it stays low. Her shots are really, really low to the ground. A lot of time I think I was battling just to stay down on the shots, and I felt good when I got one up in my strike zone". Kim Clijsters has once described Tanasugarn as a "tricky player". Tanasugarn's weakness has always been her serve.

Tanasugarn was coached by her best friend, Andreea Ehritt-Vanc, until her retirement.

Career

Junior
During her junior career, her expenses were provided by her father, Virachai Tanasugarn, a lawyer who was once a Thai basketball player and who inspired Tanasugarn to become a professional tennis player. At 17, she reached the Junior Grand Slam final at Wimbledon in 1995 with a win over Anna Kournikova in the semifinal, but lost to Poland's Aleksandra Olsza in the final, in straight sets.

1994–1999
Tanasugarn turned pro in 1994, but made her WTA Tour debut in the 1993 Pattaya Open, in which she lost to Australian Rennae Stubbs. The following year, she made the second round in the same tournament by beating world No. 44, Marianne Werdel Witmeyer, in the first round. In 1995, Tanasugarn started participating in Grand Slams, but did not make it beyond the qualifying rounds. In 1996, Tanasugarn played her first WTA final at the Pattaya Open, in which she lost to Ruxandra Dragomir. In 1997, she reached the third round of the Australian Open, at Wimbledon and the US Open, beating Chanda Rubin in the first round. She reached a semifinal at Hobart and ended the year with a No. 46 ranking.

1998, Tanasugarn reached the fourth round of a Grand Slam at the Australian Open by defeating the reigning French Open champion and world No. 6, Iva Majoli, 6–0, 6–2 in the third round. Tanasugarn also made her second fourth round of the year at Wimbledon, where she eventually lost to Martina Hingis. In 1999, she reached the fourth round at Wimbledon for a second time by defeating Frenchwoman Sandrine Testud, in the third round. Tanasugarn ended the year ranked No. 72.

2000–2004
She partnered with Paradorn Srichaphan at the Hopman Cup in 2000. Tanasugarn beat Jelena Dokić of Australia, Barbara Schett of Austria, Ai Sugiyama of Japan, and Henrieta Nagyová of Slovakia. However, Tanasugarn lost in the women's singles final to Amanda Coetzer of South Africa, 6–3, 4–6, 4–6, having led 6–3, 3–0. In the men's singles final, Paradorn Srichaphan lost to Wayne Ferreira, 6–7, 3–6. This result made them the first Asian team to reach the finals at the Hopman Cup. Tanasugarn reached her second WTA final at Birmingham with a win over Julie Halard-Decugis, but lost to Lisa Raymond. She also lost in the fourth round at Wimbledon to Serena Williams. Tanasugarn reached three semifinals at the Japan Open, Kuala Lampur, and Shanghai. She represented Thailand in the 2000 Summer Olympics, but was defeated by Venus Williams. Her year-end ranking was No. 29, her first time in the top 30.

In 2001, Tanasugarn had her second and third top-ten wins against Nathalie Tauziat at Eastbourne and Amélie Mauresmo at Wimbledon and reached her third career final at Japan Open, losing to Monica Seles, 3–6, 2–6. At the end of the season, Tanasugarn was ranked in the top 30.

In 2002, she achieved her best ranking by reaching the fourth and fifth major finals at Canberra, losing to Anna Smashnova, and at Doha, losing to Monica Seles, and the quarterfinals at the Toray Pan Pacific Open. On 13 May, Tanasugarn was ranked No. 19 in the world, her best career ranking to date. She ended the year ranked No. 28.

In 2003, Tanasugarn won her first major in Hyderabad where she beat Maria Kirilenko in the quarterfinals, then Flavia Pennetta in the semifinals, and Iroda Tulyaganova in the final. Tanasugarn reached her second Tier I quarterfinal at the Pan Pacific Open, beating Silvia Farina Elia, but lost to Lindsay Davenport, in two sets. Tanasugarn suffered her earliest exit at Wimbledon since she turned pro, losing to Akiko Morigami in the first round. She reached the fourth round at the US Open for the first time, beating Rita Grande, Patty Schnyder, and ninth seed Daniela Hantuchová. Tanasugarn lost to Amélie Mauresmo in two sets in the following round. She was ranked No. 34 at the end of the year.

In 2004, she reached her sixth fourth round at Wimbledon, although she lost to Ai Sugiyama in two sets. Tanasugarn was also a semifinalist in the Japan Open Tennis Championships, losing to Maria Sharapova.

2005–2007
Tanasugarn had to deal with multiple injuries, which affected most of her year in 2005. Her ranking dropped out of the top 100, and she played in Challenger-level tournaments to collect points.

In 2006, she once mentioned retiring from tennis, but, after she qualified to play in the main draw of Wimbledon and reached the third round, she decided to give it another shot. Tanasugarn reached her home country tournament final again in the Bangkok Open, facing Vania King, and was two games away from taking the title. Leading in the final set 4–2, King fought back to win the match. Despite losing the match, Tanasugarn regained some confidence to get back to the tour. She finished that year ranked No. 75.

Unfortunately, Tanasugarn still struggled with injuries in 2007 and had to play in many Challengers, ending the season ranked No. 124.

2008–2009
She made a successful comeback in 2008. Tanasugarn decided to skip the clay-court season due to her difficulty playing on that surface and chose to play in hardcourt Challengers, she thought were more like grass. Tanasugarn won the singles title at the Kangaroo Cup in Gifu, defeating former world No. 4, Kimiko Date-Krumm.

In the grass-court season, Tanasugarn beat the Austrian Tamira Paszek in Birmingham, but lost to Bethanie Mattek in the fourth round. A week later, Tanasugarn stunned many tennis fans at the Ordina Open when, ranked No. 85, she beat Kateryna Bondarenko, Ashley Harkleroad, Michaëlla Krajicek, and Alona Bondarenko to reach her eighth major final, beating the French Open runner-up Dinara Safina in two sets. She reached her seventh fourth round at Wimbledon, beating Petra Cetkovská, Vera Zvonareva and Marina Erakovic en route, and surprised the world No. 3, Jelena Janković, with a two-set defeat in the fourth round. Despite making her Grand Slam quarterfinal debut, she lost to the eventual champion Venus Williams, in straight sets. Tanasugarn became the first Thai player to make a Grand Slam quarterfinal. She ended 2008 ranked No. 35, her best ranking in four years.

Tanasugarn was seeded 32nd in the 2009 Australian, Open, but lost early to María José Martínez Sánchez. She played in the Fed Cup for Thailand, losing to Samantha Stosur, leaving Thailand in third place in the Asia/Oceania group, after Australia and New Zealand. Tanasugarn lost to Sania Mirza in straight sets in the quarterfinals of the Pattaya Women's Open. In doubles, she partnered Yaroslava Shvedova, and the team, seeded second, got into the final and won the match, beating Yuliya Beygelzimer and Vitalia Diatchenko.

At the French Open, Tanasugarn defeated Camille Pin, in the first round. In the second, she was easily beaten by eighth seed and defending champion, Ana Ivanovic.

Tanasugarn started playing on grass courts at the Birmingham Classic. In the first round, she defeated Julie Coin in straight sets. In the second round, Tanasugarn spent 2 hours 23 minutes on court, eventually losing to home favourite Naomi Cavaday in three sets. In 's-Hertogenbosch, as defending champion, she defeated Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová and seventh seeded Iveta Benešová to reach the quarterfinals. There, she recovered from a set down to defeat third seeded Flavia Pennetta. In the semifinals, Tanasugarn defeated Dinara Safina, in straight sets. It was her first career win over a reigning world No. 1. In the final, she beat Yanina Wickmayer to successfully defend her title.

At Wimbledon, Tanasugarn had an arm injury and lost to Arantxa Parra Santonja in the first round. She played the mixed-doubles event for the first time, partnering with Rogier Wassen, but she scratched in the second round because of her injury.

Tanasugarn came back after her arm injury at the US Open, but lost to Anastasija Sevastova in the first round.

2010–2015
Tanasugarn started the year by playing at the Australian Open. She won her first Grand Slam first-round match in five years, with a 6–1, 7–6 victory over Sesil Karatantcheva, but lost to Kim Clijsters in the second round. At the Pattaya Open, Tanasugarn worked her way past Alla Kudryavtseva, second seed Sabine Lisicki, Anna Chakvetadze, and Sesil Karatantcheva. She finally lost to top seed and defending champion, Vera Zvonareva, in a dramatic final.

Tanasugarn and her New Zealand partner Marina Erakovic won the Pattaya Open doubles title, beating Anna Chakvetadze and Ksenia Pervak, giving Tanasugarn a successful defence of her homeland doubles title. Her next scheduled tournament was the Malaysian Open, where she lost to seventh seed Magdaléna Rybáriková in the first round. At the American fortnight tours, she entered the main draw in Indian Wells as a lucky loser and advanced into the second round, before losing to 19th seed Aravane Rezaï. In Miami, she lost to Pauline Parmentier in the final qualifying round. She also played several ITF tournaments in April, reaching the finals in Johannesburg.

After the middle of April, Tanasugarn did not play any tournaments and withdrew in Strasbourg due to an elbow injury. At Roland-Garros, she lost to Daniela Hantuchová in the first round. Tanasugarn began playing her favourite surface, grass, at the Birmingham Classic, surviving into the second round against Sania Mirza, after Mirza failed to serve out the match at 5–4 and 30–0. She lost to Yanina Wickmayer in the next round, in straight sets. She then competed at Rosmalen, but was defeated in the first round. Tanasugarn also suffered a first-round loss at Wimbledon and missed the US Open due to injuries. She won her fourth WTA title at Osaka, defeating Marion Bartoli en route, and Kimiko Date-Krumm in the final.

Despite losing in qualifying stages of 2011 Wimbledon with her partner Marina Erakovic, the doubles team received a lucky loser berth into the main draw and advanced to the semifinals with a 4–6, 7–6, 13–11 victory over third seeds Lisa Raymond and Liezel Huber. It was the first time that Tanasugarn (as well as Erakovic) had advanced to the semifinals of a Grand Slam event in any capacity.

In late March 2015, Tanasugarn defeated Sofia Shapatava in the first qualifying round of the Open GdF Suez; this would be the final singles win of her professional career. In late April, she lost to Kristýna Plíšková in the first round of the Kangaroo Cup; this would turn out to be the final singles match of her career.

2016–present: retirement & comeback in doubles
She announced her retirement from professional tennis in June 2016.

Tanasugarn then regularly played doubles in small ITF tournaments around Thailand and nearby areas, winning the final of the $25k Hua Hin tournament in November 2019, partnering Lesley Pattinama Kerkhove. Since February 2020, she has been inactive again.

Performance timelines
Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup and Olympic Games are included in win–loss records.

Singles

Doubles

Significant finals

Premier Mandatory & Premier 5 finals

Doubles: 1 (runner-up)

WTA career finals

Singles: 11 (4 titles, 7 runner-ups)

Doubles: 16 (8 titles, 8 runner-ups)

ITF Circuit finals

Singles: 24 (15 titles, 9 runner-ups)

Doubles: 17 (8 titles, 9 runner-ups)

Top 10 wins

Notes

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Tamarine Tanasugarn
Tamarine Tanasugarn
Tamarine Tanasugarn
Tennis players from Los Angeles
Tennis players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Tamarine Tanasugarn
Hopman Cup competitors
Asian Games medalists in tennis
Tennis players at the 1994 Asian Games
Tennis players at the 1998 Asian Games
Tennis players at the 2002 Asian Games
Tennis players at the 2006 Asian Games
Tennis players at the 2010 Asian Games
Tennis players at the 2014 Asian Games
Tamarine Tanasugarn
Tamarine Tanasugarn
Tamarine Tanasugarn
Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games
Tamarine Tanasugarn
Tamarine Tanasugarn
Tamarine Tanasugarn
SEA Games medalists in tennis
Tamarine Tanasugarn
Competitors at the 2007 SEA Games
Competitors at the 2009 SEA Games
Competitors at the 2019 SEA Games
Tamarine Tanasugarn

Tamarine Tanasugarn


The Siege of Drogheda took place from 3 to 11 September 1649, at the outset of the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. The coastal town of Drogheda was held by a mixed garrison of Irish Catholics and Royalists under the command of Sir Arthur Aston, when it was besieged by English Commonwealth forces under Oliver Cromwell. After Aston rejected an invitation to surrender, the town was stormed and much of the garrison executed, along with an unknown but "significant number" of civilians. The aftermath of the siege is viewed as an atrocity which still impacts Cromwell's modern reputation.

Background

Since 1642, most of Ireland had been under the control of the Irish Catholic Confederation, who had taken much of the country in the aftermath of the 1641 Irish rebellion. Following the Execution of Charles I in January 1649, the Confederates allied with English exiles and Protestant Irish Royalists to secure Ireland for his son, Charles II of England. In June 1649, a combined Royalist/Confederate force besieged Dublin, but retreated after their defeat at Rathmines on 2 August. Some Royalist Protestants now changed sides, and James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde had to rally the remaining dispersed forces to put together a new field army.

With troops largely composed of veterans from the New Model Army, Oliver Cromwell landed near Dublin in August 1649 to re-conquer the country on behalf of the Commonwealth of England. On 23 August, the Royalists held a Council of War at Drogheda,  which decided to hold the town. The garrison contained four regiments totalling around 2,550 men, a mixture of Royalist and Confederate troops under Sir Arthur Aston. Ormonde's strategy was to avoid battle, while holding towns in the east of Ireland, relying on hunger and disease to weaken the besiegers.

Cromwell's tactics at Drogheda were determined by a need to take the ports on Ireland's east coast quickly to ensure re-supply for his troops. The normal "campaigning season," when armies could live off the land, ran from spring to autumn. Since he had landed in Ireland late in the year, campaigning through the winter necessitated securing a constant re-supply from the sea. He therefore favoured rapid assaults on fortified places using his siege artillery, rather than time-consuming blockades to secure the all-important ports.

Siege

Cromwell arrived at Drogheda on 3 September and his siege guns, brought up by sea, arrived two days later. His total force was about 12,000 men and eleven heavy, 48-pounder, siege artillery pieces.

Drogheda's defences consisted of medieval curtain walls. These were high but relatively thin, making them vulnerable to cannon fire. Most of the town was situated on the northern bank of the River Boyne but its two main gates, the Dublin and Duleek, were south of the river along with the Millmount Fort that overlooked the defences.

Cromwell positioned his forces on the south side of the River Boyne in order to concentrate them for the assault, leaving the northern side of the town open and covered by a small screen of cavalry. A squadron of Parliamentarian ships also blockaded the harbour of the town.

In a letter to William Lenthall, Speaker of the English House of Commons, written shortly after the storming of the town, Cromwell explained why he did not fully invest the town, an action that would have left his divided command vulnerable to an attack by a relieving force and a simultaneous sortie by the garrison, but rather concentrated his troops on the south side of Drogheda for a swift assault.

Summons to surrender
The Parliamentary commander set up his batteries at two points near the Duleek gate, on either side of St Mary's Church, where they would have an interlocking field of fire. Having opened two breaches in the walls, one to the south the other to the east of the church, he called on the Royalists to surrender.

On Monday, 10 September, Cromwell had a letter delivered to Sir Arthur Aston, which read:

The contemporary laws of war were clear: if surrender was refused and a garrison was taken by assault, then its defenders could lawfully be killed. That is; acceptance of a surrender of the besieged after the storming of the breach was at the discretion of the attacker.

Aston refused to surrender even though the garrison of Drogheda was critically short of gunpowder and ammunition.  Their hope was that Ormonde, nearby at Tercroghan with some 4,000 Royalist troops, would come to their relief.

Assault
At 5:00 PM, on 11 September, Cromwell ordered simultaneous assaults on the southern and eastern breaches in the walls of Drogheda. Three regiments attacked the breaches, gaining a foothold in the south but being beaten back in the east. Cromwell had to reinforce the eastern attack with two more regiments before it succeeded, the second wave climbing over "a heaped pile of their comrades' corpses." At the southern breach, the defenders counterattacked. The death of their commander, Colonel Wall, caused them to fall back, allowing further Parliamentary reinforcements to be funnelled into the breach. In the fighting at the walls some 150 Parliamentarian troops, including Colonel Castle, were killed.

After the death of Colonel Wall with more and more Parliamentary soldiers streaming into the breaches, the Royalist resistance at the walls collapsed. The surviving defenders tried to flee across the River Boyne into the northern part of the town while Aston and 250 others took refuge in Millmount Fort overlooking Drogheda's southern defences. Others remained stranded in the towers along the town walls, while Cromwell's troops surged into the town below them.

With up to 6,000 Parliamentary troops now inside the town, Drogheda had been taken.

Massacre

Cromwell, upon riding into the town, was enraged by the sight of heaps of Parliamentarian dead at the breaches. Morrill states "it was the sight of fallen comrades that was the occasion of Cromwell issuing the order for no quarter." In Cromwell's words, "In the heat of the action, I forbade them [his soldiers] to spare any that were in arms in the town...and, that night they put to the sword about two thousand men".

After breaking into the town, the Parliamentarian soldiers pursued the defenders through the streets and into private properties, sacking churches and defensible positions as they went. There was a drawbridge that could have stopped the attackers reaching the northern part of the town, but the defenders had no time to pull it up behind them and the killing continued in the northern part of Drogheda.

Killing of prisoners
Some 200 Royalists under Aston had barricaded themselves in Millmount Fort overlooking the south-eastern gate, while the rest of the town was being sacked. Parliamentarian colonel, Daniel Axtell, "offered to spare the lives of the governor and the 200 men with him if they surrendered on the promise of their lives, which they did."

According to Axtell, the disarmed men were then taken to a windmill and killed about an hour after they had surrendered. Aston was reportedly beaten to death with his own wooden leg, which the Parliamentarian soldiers believed had gold hidden inside.

Some of the Royalists like Aston were Englishmen who had been taken prisoner and then released on military parole in England in 1647–48, but had carried on fighting for King Charles in Ireland. From the Cromwellian point of view, they had broken their parole and could be executed; from the Royalist point of view they had only agreed parole terms in England, and Ireland was a separate jurisdiction.

Another group of about 100 Royalist soldiers sought refuge in the steeple of St Peter's Church at the northern end of Drogheda. Parliamentarian soldiers led by John Hewson, on Cromwell's orders, set fire to the church steeple. Around 30 of the defenders were burned to death in the fire and 50 more were killed outside when they fled the flames.

The final major concentration of Royalist soldiers was a group of 200 men who had retreated into two towers: the west gate and a round tower next to it called St. Sunday's. They were asked to surrender, but they refused, so a guard was placed on the towers and the Parliamentarians waited, confident that hunger would force them to capitulate. When the occupants of the towers surrendered, they were treated differently. Those in one tower, numbering between 120 and 140 men, had killed and wounded some of the guards. All of the officers in that tower were killed, and the ranks were decimated. The remainder of the men from the first tower, along with the soldiers in the other were deported to Barbados.

The heads of 16 Royalist officers were cut off and sent to Dublin, where they were stuck on pikes on the approach roads. Any Catholic clergy found within the town were clubbed to death or "knocked on the head" as Cromwell put it including two who were executed the following day.

Cromwell wrote on 16 September 1649: "I believe we put to the sword the whole number of the defendants. I do not think thirty of the whole number escaped with their lives. Those that did, are in safe custody for the Barbadoes." Specifically, he listed Royalist casualties as 60 officers, 220 cavalry troopers and 2,500 infantry.

However Colonel John Hewson wrote "those in the towers being about 200, did yield to the Generals mercy, where most of them have their lives and be sent to Barbados." Other reports spoke of 400 military prisoners. Some of the garrison escaped over the northern wall, while according to one Royalist officer, Dungan, "many were privately saved by officers and soldiers," in spite of Cromwell's order for no quarter. Richard Talbot, the future Jacobite and Duke of Tyrconnell, was one of the few members of the garrison to survive the sack.

At least two Royalist officers who initially received quarter were later summarily killed. Three days after the storming of the town, Sir Edmund Verney, an Englishman, was walking with Cromwell, when he was called aside by a former acquaintance who said he wished to converse with him, but instead of a friendly greeting he was run through with a sword. Two days afterwards, Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Boyle, an Anglo-Irish Episcopalian, was dining when an English Parliamentary soldier entered and whispered something to him. Boyle stood up to follow the soldier, his hostess inquired where he was going, he replied, "Madam, to die." He was shot after leaving the room.

Civilian casualties
It is not clear how many civilians died in the sack of Drogheda. Cromwell listed the dead as including "many inhabitants" of Drogheda in his report to Parliament. Hugh Peters, a military chaplain on Cromwell's council of war, gave the total loss of life as 3,552, of whom about 2,800 were soldiers, meaning that between 700 and 800 civilians were killed. John Barratt wrote in 2009, "there are no reliable reports from either side that many [civilians] were killed."

The only surviving civilian account of the siege is from Dean Bernard, a Protestant cleric, though a Royalist. He says that while some 30 of his parishioners were sheltering in his house, Parliamentarian troops fired in through the windows, killing one civilian and wounding another. They then broke into the house firing their weapons, but were stopped from killing those inside when an officer known to Bernard identified them as Protestants. The fate of Irish Catholic civilians may therefore have been worse.

The week after the storming of Drogheda, the Royalist press in England claimed that 2,000 of the 3,000 dead were civilians, a theme that was taken up both in English Royalist and in Irish Catholic accounts. Irish clerical sources in the 1660s claimed that 4,000 civilians had died at Drogheda, denouncing the sack as "unparalleled savagery and treachery beyond any slaughterhouse."

Debates over Cromwell's actions
Cromwell justified his actions at Drogheda in a letter to the Speaker of the House of Commons, as follows:

Historians have interpreted the first part of this passage, "the righteous judgement of God," in two ways. Firstly, as a justification for the massacre of the Drogheda garrison in reprisal for the Irish massacre of English and Scottish Protestants in 1641. In this interpretation the "barbarous wretches" referred to would mean Irish Catholics.

However, as Cromwell was aware, Drogheda had not fallen to the Irish rebels in 1641, or to the Irish Confederate forces in the years that followed. The garrison was in fact English as well as Irish and comprised Catholics and Protestants of both nationalities. The first Irish Catholic troops to be admitted to Drogheda arrived in 1649, as part of the alliance between the Irish Confederates and English Royalists. Historian John Morrill has argued that, in fact, it was English Royalist officers who were singled out for the most ruthless treatment—being denied quarter, executed after being taken prisoner and whose heads were publicly displayed on pikes. From this viewpoint, he argued that by "barbarous wretches" Cromwell meant the Royalists, who in Cromwell's view had refused to accept "the judgement of God" in deciding the civil war in England and were needlessly prolonging the civil wars.

The second part of Cromwell's statement, that the massacre would "tend to prevent the effusion of blood for the future," is accepted to mean that such harshness, including such tactics as clubbing to death and the public displaying of heads, would discourage future resistance and prevent further loss of life. Another of Cromwell's officers wrote, "such extraordinary severity was designed to discourage others from making opposition." Indeed, the neighbouring garrisons of Trim and Dundalk surrendered or fled when they heard the news of what had happened at Drogheda.

Some analyses by authors such as Tom Reilly, have claimed that Cromwell's orders were not exceptionally cruel by the standards of the day, which were that a fortified town that refused an offer of surrender, and was subsequently taken by assault, was not entitled to quarter. However, others have argued that while, "Arthur Aston had refused a summons to surrender, thereby technically forfeiting the lives of the garrison in the event of a successful assault... the sheer scale of the killing [at Drogheda] was simply unprecedented."

According to John Morrill, the massacre at Drogheda, "was without straightforward parallel in 17th century British or Irish history." The only comparable case in Cromwell's career was that at Basing House, where 100 soldiers out of 400 were killed after a successful assault. "So the Drogheda massacre does stand out for its mercilessness, for its combination of ruthlessness and calculation, for its combination of hot-and-cold bloodiness."

See also
 Wars of the Three Kingdoms
 Irish battles
 List of massacres in Ireland
 Siege of Jerusalem

Notes

Citations

References

Further reading

Military history of Ireland
Battles involving Ireland
Conflicts in 1649
1649 in Ireland
Sieges of the Irish Confederate Wars
Drogheda
Massacres in Ireland
History of County Louth
Massacres committed by England

Siege of Drogheda


Michael Slinger is the Associate Dean for Information Services and Technology, Director of  the Legal Information Center, and Professor of Law at the Widener University School of Law. He previously spent 13 years as Associate Dean and Director of the Law Library at Cleveland-Marshall College of Law, Cleveland State University. He is from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  Slinger received his B.A. from the University of Pittsburgh, M.L.S. from University of South Carolina and J.D. from Duquesne University.

Early career
Slinger started his career on the faculty of the University of Notre Dame Law School Library under Roger Jacobs. Slinger served as Law Library Director and Professor of Law at Suffolk University School of Law from 1990 to 1995.

He taught advanced and basic legal research courses.

Career
Slinger inspects law schools for the American Bar Association. He is the former president of ALL-SIS and Ohio Regional Association of Law Libraries. He has also served on the Executive Committee of the Association of American Law Schools Section on Libraries, the American Bar Association Law Libraries Committee and was Chair of the Academic Special Interest Section of the American Association of Law Libraries.

Slinger's interest in the American Civil War has led him to teach a course on legal issues stemming from the Civil War. He also recently participated in the debate "Lincoln and Civil Liberties" at Widener Law on a panel with the Honorable Randy J. Holland (Delaware Supreme Court) and James L. Swanson (author of Manhunt: The 12-Day Chase for Lincoln's Killer). He often attends the Civil War Institute at Gettysburg College.

Published works
 "Faculty Scholarship on Display: An Enriching Experience", 9 Law Notes 18 (2002).
 "Placing the Horse Before the Cart: The Need to Convince Law Firm Partners and Law Professors of the Inadequacy of Legal Research Training at Law Schools as a First Step in Developing a Successful Training Solution", in Expert Views on Improving the Quality of Legal Research Education in the United States (West Publishing, 1992).
 "Opening a Window of Opportunity: The Library Staff as a Meaningful and Integrated Part of the Law School Community", 83 Law Library Journal 685 (1991). (Winner of the 1990 American Association of Law Libraries Call for Papers Competition).
 "he Senate's Power of Advice and Consent on Judicial Appointments: An Annotated Bibliography and Research Guide", 64 Notre Dame Law Review 106 (1989) (with L. Payne and J. Gates).
 "A Comprehensive Study of the Career Path and Education of Current Academic Law Library Directors", 80 Law Library Journal 217 (1988). (Winner of the 1987 American Association of Law Libraries Call for Papers Competition).
 "The Art and Science of Appellate Opinion Drafting: An Annotated Bibliography", 80 Law Library Journal 115 (1988). (Reprinted in Judicial Opinion Writing Manual, 151, West Pub. Co., 1991.)
 A Selected Bibliography on the Economic Costs of Crime, (Vance Bibliographies, 1989).

References

Duquesne University alumni
University of Pittsburgh alumni
University of South Carolina alumni
American academic administrators
University of Notre Dame faculty
Cleveland State University faculty
Living people
Widener University faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)

Michael Slinger


Arise: The Sri Lankan Metal Music Documentary is a 2010 feature film documentary about Sri Lankan metal music.  The film was directed and produced by Naveen Marasinghe and Dinesh Guneratne.

The film features four bands which play different styles within the metal music genre: Funeral in Heaven (Black Metal), Fallen Grace (Melodic Death), Merlock (Thrash Progressive) and Cannabis (Sludge Metal).   The filmmakers show the bands in performance, interview the groups about the music scene and their experiences in it.
The film was shot on DV using borrowed equipment in clubs around Colombo and Kandy, Sri Lanka over a period of two years.

The documentary was screened by Mathawaada Chithrapata on 15 May 2010, at the Alliance Française de Colombo. , the film has not been widely released to reviewers or the Internet - the filmmakers have stated that DVDs will be distributed at concerts presented by the bands.

References

External links
 ARISE - The Sri Lankan Metal Music Documentary Official website.

Documentary films about heavy metal music and musicians
Sri Lankan music
2010 films
2010 documentary films
2010s English-language films
English-language Sri Lankan films
English-language documentary films

Arise (film)


A school assembly is a gathering of all or part of a school for various purposes, such as special programs or communicating information. In some schools, students may to perform a common song or prayer, receive announcements, or present awards. A routine attendance check may be done in such gatherings. At some schools, these meetings may be substituted by smaller classroom gatherings (sometimes called form or home room) and announcements broadcast over a public address system. Periodic school assemblies  can be a forum for special presenters of educational, health, or safety materials, or for school plays, talent shows, etc.

History
Assemblies have been around since antiquity. In ancient gurukula, students would gather, meditate and discuss their daily routine in the assemblies. An act of collective gathering and worship is a part of the assembly in England and is a legal requirement in schools.

Elements
A school assembly may include prayer, news headline, speakers, discussions among students, student talk, rewarding or praising a student(s) and other important discussions.

Countries

China
Due to the number of students in a typical Chinese school, assemblies are typically held outdoors. It is common for the head of school to address the student body for nearly an hour at the beginning of a school week or month.

Malaysia
School assemblies are usually held in school halls or in outdoor areas such as the school sports complex or basketball courts. School assemblies are held weekly, usually on Mondays. Students sing the national, state, and school anthems while raising the national flag. They recite the Rukun Negara and hear reports, speeches and announcements from the principal, teachers, and prefects. Assemblies usually last for an hour. Schools also have smaller assemblies every other day where students gather before the start of their first class or when the first bell rings. Teachers and students often make quick and simple announcements for 15 minutes before sending the students to their classrooms. Schools in Malaysia use the homeroom system. This daily gathering prevents students from playing truant as class monitors take attendance when the students are in the hall, loitering before class starts. This makes it easier to catch and punish those who are tardy.

Pakistan

Assemblies are usually held outdoors for 20 minutes at least every day. Teachers and students recite a common prayer. Special announcements are made and students present thoughts of the day and attendance is marked. Sometimes students present a skit or a cultural programme.

Ireland
Roman Catholic schools in Ireland often include a prayer in morning assemblies.

See also
 Pre-work assembly

References

External links

Assembly, school

School assembly


Adeola Eunice Oladele Fayehun (born 6 July 1984) is a Nigerian journalist who specializes in discussing current geopolitical, social and economic  issues that affect the daily lives of Africans living on the continent. She is well known for a controversial 2015 on-street interview where she and fellow Sahara TV journalist Omoyele Sowore asked Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe about when he would be stepping down from office. In 2013, she interviewed former Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan on the streets of New York, asking him what he was doing about the then on-going Boko Haram insurgency.

Early life
Fayehun was born in Nigeria. Her parents, Rev. Dr. Solomon Ajayi Oladele and Margaret Ibiladun Oladele (née Abolarin), worked as missionaries in Nigeria. She has five older siblings, and is the youngest child. She comes from Yoruba ethnic group of south-western Nigeria and speaks the language fluently.

Adeola began college in Nigeria working toward a degree in linguistics. In 2003, at the age of 19 years, she moved to the United States to continue college thanks to a scholarship gained through the National Association of Congregational Christian Churches. She graduated from Olivet College in Olivet, Michigan with a B.A. in Mass Communications and Journalism in 2007. During her time at Olivet she worked in radio and was a writer for the Olivet College newspaper. As part of a school project, Fayehun also founded the Olivet College TV Studio. In 2008, Fayehun received a master's degree in broadcast journalism from CUNY Graduate School of Journalism.

Career
In 2009, after graduate school, Fayehun worked at CUNY TV as a TV news producer. During this time she wrote and produced a feature on Sahara Reporters's Omoyele Sowore, who she later went on to work with in a behind-the-scenes capacity at Sahara Reporters.

In 2010, Fayehun became a U.S. correspondent for the Nigerian newspaper, The Nation, often working freelance.

In 2010, Fayehun founded the online resource, African Spotlight, where she publishes content about Africa.

In April 2011, Fayehun began the news satire program, Keeping It Real with Adeola! on SaharaTV. The show was 30 minutes long and features Fayehun reporting, often in character, on various African news events. The focus of the show was on reporting political issues pertinent to Africa and of interest to the African diaspora community. For the first 150+ episodes created over a period of three years, Fayehun was the producer, writer, and editor of the show.

In November 2017, Fayehun left SaharaTV to work as an independent creator, publishing new content on her YouTube channel about African politics in a continuation of her weekly satire show Keeping It Real with Adeola!.

Often compared to comedian Jon Stewart, Fayehun uses satire and comedy to explain news events in self-produced videos. Fayehun also works as a foreign correspondent for The Nation, a Nigerian national daily newspaper based in Lagos, Nigeria.

Notable interviews
 2013: Former Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan on Boko Haram and the Sovereign wealth fund
 2015: Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari on addressing corruption, the Nigerian economy
 2015: Nigerian Vice President Yemi Osinbajo
 2015: Zimbabwe President Robert Mugabe on ending presidency, as he attended the inauguration of the Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari on 29 May.

Honors
 2008: Foreign Press Association, New York, NY, "Outstanding Academic And Professional Achievement"
 2014: Ethiopian Satellite News Network (ESAT), Washington DC, "Excellence In Journalism For Democracy Award"
 2015: CUNY Graduate School of Journalism, "Best One Woman Show"

Personal life
In 2011, Fayehun married Victor Fayehun in Nigeria. Fayehun and her husband created a non-profit foundation called KIRWA Foundation that provides aid to terminally ill in Africa.

References

External links

 Keeping It Real with Adeola!

CUNY Graduate School of Journalism alumni
Olivet College alumni
Nigerian women journalists
Yoruba women journalists
1984 births
Living people
Nigerian YouTubers
Nigerian expatriates in the United States
Nigerian reporters and correspondents
Yoruba people
Yoruba journalists
The Nation

Adeola Fayehun