Elizabeth Buffum Chace (December 9, 1806 – December 12, 1899) was an American activist in the anti-slavery, women's rights, and prison reform movements of the mid-to-late 19th century.

She was inducted into the Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame in 2002.

Birth and early life
Elizabeth; Buffum Chace was born Elizabeth Buffum in Smithfield, Rhode Island on December 9, 1806, to Arnold Buffum and Rebecca Gould, the Buffum and Gould families were some of the oldest families in New England. A birthright Quaker, Elizabeth Buffum grew up in a household that was anti-slavery, her father Arnold holding strong beliefs in that regard and being president of the New England Anti-Slavery Society.

Marriage and early activities
On April 4, 1828, Buffum married Samuel Buffington Chace, also a birthright Quaker of an old New England family. It was after her marriage to Samuel that Elizabeth began to become truly influential in the anti-slavery movement. Although Samuel was not as outspoken as his wife, he shared her beliefs and together, they opened their home in Valley Falls, Rhode Island as a Station on the Underground Railroad, at great personal risk, to runaway slaves helping them escape to Canada.

Elizabeth had ten children with Samuel. The first five died in childhood to diseases that ravaged the families of that time.

In 1835, Elizabeth helped to found the Fall River Female Anti Slavery Society, after the original group struggled to integrate the free black women who wished to join as members. She and her sisters held the point of view of working to end all racist practices, and not just working towards abolition as the original group intended.
She named the group the "Fall River Anti-Slavery Sewing Society" (The word Sewing was later changed to include Female)

The Civil War Years
With the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, the Chaces continued their striving for the outlaw of slavery and although firmly supportive of the Union cause, were disappointed that Abraham Lincoln did not move immediately to abolish slavery. Elizabeth Buffum Chace met and corresponded regularly with many of the most significant Anti-Slavery figures of that time; she associated personally with William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and William Wells Brown, and hosted them frequently at her home.

As an illustration of just how dedicated to and involved in the anti-slavery movement the Buffum family were, while John Brown was being held in Virginia after his actions at Harpers Ferry and right prior to being hanged, Elizabeth's sister Rebecca Buffum and her son Edward journeyed to Virginia from Rhode Island specifically to visit with Brown in his cell. They requested and received special permission from the Virginia authorities to do so thinking that they could "minister" to John Brown. By their own account of the visits, John Brown welcomed them openly.

Later years
In her later life, Elizabeth continued to advocate for the political rights for women and for prison and workplace reform. She and other influential women were involved in the creation of the RI State Home and School for Dependent and Neglected Children, which resulted in a bill in 1884 to create a home for them. The School was opened in 1885. She died on December 12, 1899, aged 93, and was buried at Swan Point Cemetery in Providence, Rhode Island.

Legacy

Conscience of Rhode Island
In 2001, Rhode Island Secretary of State, Edward S. Inman III selected Elizabeth Buffum Chace out of a field of 36 nominees including Anne Hutchinson and Christiana Carteaux Bannister, to be singularly honored with a bronze bust in the Rhode Island State House as "The Conscience of Rhode Island" for her tireless championing of the rights of the less fortunate. This was the first time in the history of the Rhode Island State House that an image of a woman was displayed within the building. The bust of Elizabeth Buffum Chase was created and sculpted by the Bolivian born artist Pablo Eduardo of Gloucester, Massachusetts.

Influence of the family
Samuel and Elizabeth's progeny played large roles in higher education in the 20th century. Their son, Arnold Buffum Chace, became the Chancellor of Brown University and a renowned mathematician associated with the Rhind Papyrus. Their daughter, Lillie Buffum Chace Wyman, became an author publishing several books and writing regularly for such magazines as The Atlantic Monthly in addition to being a tireless social reformer.

Samuel and Elizabeth's grandson, Malcolm Greene Chace, was a US Collegiate Tennis Champion, and father of American ice hockey. Two of their other grandsons, Richard Chace Tolman and Edward Chace Tolman, both became professors of renown. Richard played a crucial role as Scientific Liaison for the United States Army on the Manhattan Project, and Edward, a pioneer in Behaviorism, successfully sued the University of California, Berkeley for firing him for refusing to sign the infamous Loyalty Oath of the 1950s during the McCarthy Era.

However, the Chace family is perhaps best known for its involvement in textile manufacturing. The textile company associated with the Chace family, the Valley Falls Company, later became known as Berkshire Fine Spinning Associates, later Berkshire Hathaway.

Influence on the Foundation of the Rhode Island State Home and School
Buffum was one of the largest impetuses in the Foundation of the Rhode Island State Home and School in 1885.

See also
Oliver Chace.

References

Further reading
 Elizabeth Buffum Chace, 1806–1899, Her Life and its Environment, In Two Volumes, by Lillie Buffum Chace Wyman and Arthur Crawford Wyman, WB Clarke Co., Boston, 1914.
 Two Quaker Sisters, From the Original Diaries of Elizabeth Buffum Chace and Lucy Buffum Lovell, with an introduction by Malcolm R. Lovell, and foreword by Rufus M. Jones. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation, 1937.
 Elizabeth Buffum Chace and Lillie Chace Wyman: A Century of Abolitionist, Suffragist and Workers' Rights Activism, by Elizabeth C. Stevens, McFarland and Company, 2003.
 Elizabeth Buffum Chace and Lillie Chace Wyman, by Elizabeth C. Stevens, Unstoppable mother and daughter activists
Elizabeth Buffum Chace Anti-Slavery Reminiscences (archive.org)

External links

First Petition for Women's Suffrage in Rhode Island from the Rhode Island State Archives

American women's rights activists
American Quakers
Activists from Providence, Rhode Island
People from Smithfield, Rhode Island
People from Cumberland, Rhode Island
1806 births
1899 deaths
Underground Railroad people
Burials at Swan Point Cemetery
Quaker abolitionists
Quaker feminists
19th-century American women
Suffragists from Rhode Island
Abolitionists from Rhode Island

Elizabeth Buffum Chace


The Bagley Icefield (also called Bagley Ice Valley) in southeastern Alaska is the second largest nonpolar icefield in North America. It was named after James W. Bagley, a USGS topographic engineer who developed the Bagley T-3 camera and mapped Alaska prior to World War I.  At 200 km (127 mi) long, 10 km (6 mi) wide, and up to 1 km (3,000 ft) thick, it covers most of the core of the Saint Elias Mountains and part of the Chugach Mountains.  It nourishes dozens of valley glaciers that drain down both sides of the range, including the Tana, Miles, and Guyot glaciers. The area of the combined Bagley Icefield and Bering Glacier System, including tributaries, is 5,200 km² (1,900 sq mi).

19th-century explorers attempting to climb Mt. St. Elias, including Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi, who successfully made the first ascent in 1897, did not recognize that the huge glacier now named Bagley Icefield actually forms the upper reaches of the distant and similarly vast Bering Glacier, which had been named earlier, after observation from the coast.

The glacier is protected within the boundaries of the Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve.

See also
List of glaciers

References

Bodies of ice of Unorganized Borough, Alaska
Bodies of ice of Yakutat City and Borough, Alaska
Glaciers of Chugach Census Area, Alaska
Glaciers of Copper River Census Area, Alaska
Ice fields of Alaska
Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve

Bagley Icefield


Custer LaRue is an American soprano vocalist of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. She specializes in Renaissance music and traditional folk music such as the Child ballads and music collected in Appalachia during the early 20th century.

Biography
LaRue is from Bath County, Virginia, and attended Mary Baldwin College and the Peabody Conservatory, where she received a Bachelor of Music degree in 1979.

She served as the lead singer for The Baltimore Consort between 1983 and 2004, and has also worked as a solo artist with ad hoc groups of supporting musicians, with recordings released on the Dorian label.

In the movie Hunters Moon (1997) LaRue sings "Soldier Boy", a folk song, slightly changed, from the southern Appalachians.

In the 2004 film Vanity Fair, LaRue's singing was used to voice-over Reese Witherspoon's three songs "Over The Mountains/The Great Adventurer", "Now Sleeps The Crimson Petal", and "The Mermaids Song".

In 2009, she was recognized with the Peabody Alumni Achievement Award Recognizing Outstanding Contributions to Music in Maryland.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American sopranos
People from Bath County, Virginia
Mary Baldwin University alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Peabody Institute alumni
Singers from Virginia
21st-century American women

Custer LaRue


Birganj or Birgunj is a metropolitan city and border town in Parsa District in the Narayani Zone of southern Nepal.As an entry point to Nepal from Patna and Kolkata, Birgunj is known as the "Gateway to Nepal". It is also called "Commercial capital of Nepal". The town has significant economic importance for Nepal as most of the trade with India is via Birgunj and the Indian town of Raxaul.

Cities in Nepal
Madhesh Province

Birganj


Janelia or Janelia Farm is a mansion and former farm near Ashburn, Virginia, built in 1936 for artist Vinton Liddell Pickens and her husband Robert Pickens, a journalist.  The farm property has become the Janelia Research Campus of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, which surrounds the house.

Property
The  property was purchased in 1934 by Vinton and Robert Pickens, who were living at the time in Switzerland. Robert Pickens was a correspondent for the Associated Press and had written a book on current affairs in 1934, Storm Clouds over Asia. Vinton Pickens was a professional artist and chairman of Loudoun County's first planning commission, established in 1941. The property was named for the Pickenses' daughters, Jane and Cornelia.

Design
The house was designed by architect Philip Smith of the Boston firm of Smith and Walker in the Normandy Manor style at the specific requirement of Vinton Pickens, who wished to avoid references to Georgian and Federal style houses that were prevalent in the Loudoun County area. The house is unusual for the area, since it was more common for the affluent in Northern Virginia to remodel Georgian or Federal houses as the center of their estates, rather than to build new.

Smith designed the house in a French country-influenced modernist style, using a reinforced concrete structure faced with brick. The house is irregularly massed with hipped slate roofs, with six prominent chimneys and a number of dormers. The brick exterior was originally painted white, but has exhibited considerable weathering. The house is entered through a heavy, somewhat recessed wood door, with a service entrance to one side. The entrance hall is paved with rubber tiles resembling marble. A curving staircase leads to the second floor. A parlor opens off the entry hall through double doors, continuing on to French doors giving onto a screened porch overlooking the swimming pool. A large marble-faced fireplace dominates the parlor. Another set of double doors opens onto the dining room, with a view of the Potomac River through large windows. Another large fireplace dominates the dining room. A service corridor runs to the kitchen and pantries.  The kitchen is outfitted with rubber tiles and has a modernistic design. A service stair is nearby, running from the basement to the third floor. Two offices are close to the service stair. The service wing contains a summer kitchen, a laundry, bathroom and further pantries.

The second floor is defined by a long corridor, leading to five bedrooms, all of which have fireplaces, and three of which have bathrooms. The master bedroom has views to the north and west. The third floor comprises the servants' quarters, with four bedrooms accessible by the service stair. A large bathroom and storage room complete the level. The basement includes a servants' recreation room, another servant's room, three storage rooms, a large library, a walk-in refrigerator and utility rooms.

Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Janelia Farm
Janelia was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 20, 1987. The house is surrounded by the Janelia Research Campus of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Houses completed in 1936
Houses in Loudoun County, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Loudoun County, Virginia

Janelia


Adventures of the Seaspray is a 1967 Australian TV series about a widower journalist who travels the Pacific with his children in a sailing boat.

Cast
Dan Wells, skipper of the 'Seaspray' (32 episodes), played by Walter Brown.
Mike Wells, son (33 episodes), played by Gary Gray.
Susan Wells, daughter (33 episodes), played by Susanne Haworth.
Willyum (33 episodes), played by Leone Lesinawai.
Noah Wells, son (9 episodes), played by Rodney Pearlman.
Inspector Dales (2 episodes), played by Paul Stockman.

Background
Leone Lesinawai, who played Willyum in the series, was the owner of the Seaspray ship that was featured in the series. He leased the boat to the filming company and got the supporting part of Willyum. The Seaspray is now located near Nadi (Fiji Islands) and is used for tourist cruises to neighbouring islands.

References

External links
Adventures of the Seaspray at IMDb
Adventures of the Seaspray at Classic Australian TV
Adventures of the Seaspray at Australian Television

Australian Broadcasting Corporation original programming
1960s Australian drama television series
Australian adventure television series
Australian children's television series
1967 Australian television series debuts
1967 Australian television series endings
Television shows set in Oceania
Television series by Screen Gems
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
Nautical television series

Adventures of the Seaspray


Ernst Schulze (; 31 July 1840, Bovenden near Göttingen – 15 June 1912, Zürich) was a German chemist who discovered a number of amino acids.

Biography
Schulze's grandfather was the philosopher and privy counsellor Gottlob Ernst Schulze, and his father held public office in the town where he was born: Bovenden near Göttingen. After completing school, Schulze studied chemistry at the University of Göttingen. Among his professors were Friedrich Wöhler and Heinrich Limpricht. He completed his final semester at Heidelberg, where he completed his studies under Robert Wilhelm Bunsen. Schulze then traveled to Jena, where he completed his doctoral studies as the assistant to Karl Gotthelf Lehmann and later to his successor, Anton Geuther, receiving his doctorate in 1867. He started his scientific career in Jena, and then went on to the agricultural research station at Weende near Göttingen, working under Wilhelm Henneberg, until in 1871 he was offered a position to lead a similar research station in Darmstadt. One year later, Schulze was appointed as professor for agricultural chemistry at the new agriculture and forestry school of the Zürich polytechnic, where his future father-in-law Adolf Kraemer had already been appointed as one of the first leaders.

During his four decades at Zürich, Schulze concentrated on a variety of phytochemical studies, in the course of which he and his doctoral students discovered the amino acids Glutamine, Phenylalanine and Arginine, among many other organic compounds. Schulze also laid emphasis on researching the importance of the amino acids Asparagine and Glutamine in the protein metabolism of plants. He also pioneered the investigation of plant lecithin, cholesterol and phytosterols. At the end of his time in Zürich, Schulze researched the role of carbohydrates in plant cell membranes. This systematic research into plant chemistry made Schulze one of the pioneers of the new science of biochemistry, at the time still called "physiological chemistry".

In the middle of the 1880s, Schulze was awarded the Liebig-Medal in silver, and in 1907 he won a prize from the Royal Society of Sciences in Göttingen. In 1910, in recognition of his life's work, the University of Heidelberg awarded him an honorary medical doctorate.

Publications
 With Ernst Steiger: Ueber das Arginin. In: Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie. 11, 1887, p. 43 (online).

References
 Ernst Schulze. Obituary In Schweizerische Bauzeitung. 59/60, 1912 (online , PDF; 837 kB).
 Ernst Winterstein: Ernst Schulze. In: Verhandlungen der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. Vol. 95, 1912.
 Ernst Winterstein: Zur Erinnerung an Ernst Schulze. In: Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie. Vol. 79, No. 6, 1912, , pp. 353–358.
 Paul Walden: Geschichte der organischen Chemie seit 1880. 1941, pp. 612–631.
 Frank Apel: Biographie von Ernst Schulze., Hamburg, July 2015 (PDF; 902 kB)

External links
 Ernst Schulze at academictree.org

19th-century German chemists
1840 births
1912 deaths
Academic staff of ETH Zurich
German biochemists
19th-century German scientists

Ernst Schulze (chemist)


The British Cemetery of Callao Peru is a cemetery used exclusively for burials of members of the British community in Peru. It has since been used for other expatriate nationalities.

History
The British Cemetery began its activities in 1834, when the British Consul in Lima and Callao obtained a supreme decree from the Peruvian Government granting him the right to purchase a plot of land for the construction of a cemetery exclusively for burials of members of the British Colony.

For the proper management of this cemetery, in 1835 the Government of King George IV sent money through a British Parliament Act (Art. 6, Chapter 85, Paragraph 14), under the supervision of the British Consul in Peru. This marked the beginning of the British Cemetery Association, which has since then been protected by its statutes.

To corroborate the above, the Peruvian Government issued a supporting regulation under a Decree dated 5 May 1836, authorizing the burial of members of the British Colony.

After more than 160 years, the British continue to be responsible for the Burial Ground Society (now the British Cemetery Association), with two British Cemeteries - the Old Cemetery in Bellavista - Callao and the New Cemetery in Av. Colonial, also in Callao, named that way for strictly chronological reasons.

Present day
Among the tombs at the Old British Cemetery in Bellavista, one can find the names of people of many other nationalities: Germans, Polish, Swedish, Danish, Hungarians, Czechoslovakians, Yugoslavians, Russians, Swiss, Chinese, Japanese, Americans and many others, as well as an endless variety of religions. People of these and other nationalities participated in the development of Peru after the war of independence from Spain in 1821.

The very first person to be buried there was the youngest son of General Sir Gordon Drummond G.C.B., Lieutenant William Russell Drummond, who died when his leg was amputated on 1 January 1835 after being shot in an ambush while on duty.

One of the men who fought for Peru's independence was the English General (subsequently named Peruvian Marshall) William Miller, who was originally buried in the British Cemetery in Bellavista upon his death on 31 October 1862, at 65 years of age. His remains were transferred to the " Official Pantheon of Heroes" on 16 October 1926, under the mandate of President Don Augusto B. Leguia, a great anglophile.

However, not only illustrious people are buried in Bellavista. General Miller's favourite cook, a black man named William Hanam born in Kingston, Jamaica, died at the age of 60 from edema and was the 17th person to be buried in the Old British Cemetery.

Several foreigners who died in the Battle of Angamos during the Pacific War between Chile and Peru were also buried there; others who survived the battle were later also laid to rest in the Bellavista Cemetery, including Samuel MacMahon, the first engineer of the Peruvian Monitor Huascar, who witnessed and survived the Battle of Angamos. During the same war, Bernard Fleming, a 17-year-old who was born in Lima of British parents, died in the Battle of Miraflores on 15 June 1881. His colleagues laid his body to rest in the British Cemetery. There are many other anecdotes like these.

The cemetery contains five Commonwealth War Graves of British naval personnel, three from World War I and two from World War II.

Thanks to the documents kept in the Cemetery, we have a record of diseases and plagues of medical interest, such as the Yellow Fever plague in Lima in April 1868, when more than 200 Germans died within only a couple of months, without counting the British and Peruvian casualties of this disease. Another incident recorded was the Smallpox plague in 1879, a disease that has been very rare on these coasts since the discovery of the smallpox vaccine.

Many members of the British and American colonies who helped develop the cemetery are also buried there, such as: William Pitt Adams, Business Manager and a prominent and well-known member of the British Delegation in Peru and one of the promoters of the Cemetery.

Also buried there are the remains of the son of the former secretary of the American Treasury, the honourable A. Adams, Captain Alexander Dallas, Commander of the American Squadron in the Pacific.

Europeans and their descendants include families like the Backus family, founders of the breweries, as well as descendants of the famous railway entrepreneur Mr. Enrique Meiggs who built the Southern Railway (Mollendo - Arequipa) during the Balta Government and, subsequently, the Central Railway. It is also the resting place of Scottish engineers who arrived to build the railway to La Oroya and died of the dreaded malaria. Crew members, officers and employees of the Pacific Steam Navigation Company, which ran a fleet of ships that sailed between our coasts and Europe, are buried there as well.

References

Cemeteries in Peru
Anglican cemeteries in South America
British military memorials and cemeteries
Buildings and structures in Callao Region

British Cemetery, Callao


Pastoral care refers to emotional, social and spiritual support. The term is considered inclusive of distinctly non-religious forms of support, as well as support for people from religious communities. It is also an important form of support found in many spiritual and religious traditions.

Definition

Modern context
Pastoral care as a contemporary term is distinguished from traditional pastoral ministry, which is primarily Christian and tied to Christian beliefs. Institutional pastoral care departments in Europe are increasingly multi-faith and inclusive of non-religious, humanist approaches to providing support and comfort.

Just as the theory and philosophy behind modern pastoral care are not dependent on any one set of beliefs or traditions, pastoral care itself is guided by a broad framework. This involves personal support and outreach and is rooted in a practice of relating with the inner world of individuals from all walks of life.

Pastoral care is usually provided in the form of the practitioner and client sitting with each other and the client shares personal details while the practitioner keeps it private and offers guidance and counsel.

In Christianity

Definition
Pastoral Care is a Christian approach to improve mental distress and has been practiced since the formation of the Christian Church. By offering guidance and counsel, it is an easy and often preferred contact point for religious people seeking help with psychological problems or personal issues. The model for pastoral care is based on the stories about how Jesus was healing people.

In the early church the term 'Poimenic' was used to describe this task of soul-care. In the New Testament, the interactions that are described with the term "pastoral care" are also described with Paraklesis (Greek: παράκλησις paráklēsis) which broadly means "accompaniment", "encouragement", "admonition" and "consolation" (e.g. Rom 12,8; Phil 2,1;  1 Tim 4,13; 1 Thess 5,14).

Pastoral care occurs in various contexts, including congregations, hospital chaplaincy, crisis intervention, prison chaplaincy, psychiatry, telephone helplines, counseling centers, senior care facilities, disability work, hospices, end-of-life care, grief support, and more.

The term pastoral ministry relates to shepherds and their role caring for sheep. Christians were the first to adopt the term for metaphorical usage, although many religions and non-religious traditions place an emphasis on care and social responsibility. In the West, pastoral ministry has since expanded into pastoral care embracing many different religions and non-religious beliefs.

The Bible does not explicitly define the role of a pastor but associates it with teaching.
Pastoral ministry involves shepherding the flock.
…Shepherding involves protection, tending to needs, strengthening the weak, encouragement, feeding the flock, making provision, shielding, refreshing, restoring, leading by example to move people on in their pursuit of holiness, comforting, guiding (Ps 78: 52; 23).

History
In the ancient church, pastoral care primarily revolved around the Christian's struggle against sin, which jeopardized their ultimate salvation. The theologians Clement of Alexandria, Origen and Eusebius of Caesarea mainly understood this as the concern of individuals for their own souls. Increasingly, the role of pastoral caregivers was seen as assisting individual Christians in this endeavor. The first pastoral movement emerged among the Desert Fathers, who were often visited by Christians seeking advice; however, this was not yet referred to as pastoral care. Similarly, the early monastic-like communities served as such pastoral care centers. The letters of Basil of Ancyra, Gregory of Nazianzus, and John Chrysostom contain numerous examples of pastoral counsel; the term "pastoral care" shifted towards a concern for the souls of others

At the transition to the Middle Ages, Gregory the Great composed the "Liber Regulae Pastoris", directed towards the Pope, one of the most influential books on pastoral care (cura) ever written.

During the Middle Ages, pastoral care was closely tied to the practice of the sacrament of penance, which included confession of sins, making amends, and absolution by the priest. Against the often mechanized routine, particularly from the monastic tradition, efforts were made to address this, such as by Bernard of Clairvaux. The Latin term "cura animarum" (care of souls) emerged as the proper responsibility of the bishop as the pastor responsible for individual Christians, which he usually delegated to a priest, typically the parish priest. In this sense, "cura animarum" is also used in today's canon law of the Roman Catholic Church.

Among the Reformers, the emphasis shifted from the focus on sin to the emphasis on God's forgiveness and comfort, particularly evident in the works of Martin Luther and Heinrich Bullinger. In many cases, however, church discipline soon replaced pastoral care.

In the 19th century, the Protestant theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher established Practical Theology. He emphasized that pastoral care should strengthen the freedom and autonomy of individual members within a congregation. As early as 1777,  the field of Pastoral Theology was introduced into the curriculum of the University of Vienna (Austria) under Franz Stephan Rautenstrauch, and was taught in the national language rather than Latin. In Germany, it was further developed and disseminated primarily by Johann Michael Sailer, and is considered a precursor to modern pastoral care.

In the United States, Anton Theophilus Boisen, one of the key figures in the American pastoral care movement, developed the concept of "Clinical Pastoral Training" in the 1920s. This concept integrated pastoral care, psychology, and education.

In the mid-1960s, the pastoral care movement spread to Germany through the Netherlands, leading to the development of Pastoral Psychology. In the theology of the regional churches (Landeskirchen), pastoral care with a focus on pastoral psychology remains a standard practice to this day.

Modern Context
The field of pastoral care is nowadays very specialized. Browning (1993) divided Christian care giving practices into three different categories which are pastoral care, pastoral counseling, and pastoral psychotherapy. This distinction can still be found nowadays, especially in written English papers. According to this definition, pastoral care describes the general work of the clergy of taking care of the people in their community. This comprises funerals, hospital visits, birthday visits or dialogues that do not focus only on a specific problem.

Nowadays, there exist many approaches to pastoral care which vary according to their religious denomination. Many protestant christian approaches to pastoral care include contemporary psychological knowledge, which is reflected in the training of pastoral care practitioners. For example, in Germany, the distinctions and the curricula of the different pastoral care training approaches, are provided by the German Society for Pastoral Psychology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pastoralpsychologie – DGfP). The five approaches are clinical pastoral care (Klinische Seelsorge Ausbildung - KSA), the group-organisation-system approach (Gruppe-Organisation, System), the Gestalt and psychodrama approach (Gestalt und Psychodrama), the person-centric approach (Personenzentriert) and the depth psychology approach (Tiefenpsychologie).

Humanist and non-religious
Humanist groups, which act on behalf of non-religious people, have developed pastoral care offerings in response to growing demand for the provision of like-minded support from populations undergoing rapid secularisation, such as the UK. Humanists UK, for example, manages the Non-Religious Pastoral Support Network, a network of trained and accredited volunteers and professionals who operate throughout prisons, hospitals, and universities in the UK. The terms pastoral care and pastoral support are preferred because these sound less religious than terms such as chaplaincy. Surveys have shown that more than two thirds of patients support non-religious pastoral care being available in British institutions. Similar offerings are available from humanist groups around Europe and North America.

Pastoral care vs pastoral ministry

Pastoral ministry

Catholicism
In Catholic theology, pastoral ministry for the sick and infirm is one of the most significant ways that members of the Body of Christ continue the ministry and mission of Jesus. Pastoral ministry is considered to be the responsibility of all the baptized. Understood in the broad sense of "helping others", pastoral ministry is the responsibility of all Christians. Sacramental pastoral ministry is the administration of the sacraments (Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance, Extreme Unction, Holy Orders, Matrimony) that is reserved to consecrated priests except for Baptism (in an emergency, anyone can baptize) and marriage, where the spouses are the ministers and the priest is the witness. Pastoral ministry was understood differently at different times in history. A significant development occurred after the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 (more on this in the link to Father Boyle's lecture below). The Second Vatican Council (Vatican II) applied the word "pastoral" to a variety of situations involving care of souls; on this point, go to the link to Monsignor Gherardini's lecture).

Many Catholic parishes employ lay ecclesial ministers as "pastoral associates" or "pastoral assistants", lay people who serve in ministerial or administrative roles, assisting the priest in his work, but who are not ordained clerics. They are responsible, among other things, for the spiritual care of frail and housebound as well as for running a multitude of tasks associated with the sacramental life of the Church. If priests have the necessary qualifications in counseling or in psychotherapy, they may offer professional psychological services when they give pastoral counseling as part of their pastoral ministry of souls. However, the church hierarchy under John Paul II and Benedict XVI has emphasized that the Sacrament of Penance, or Reconciliation, is for the forgiveness of sins and not counseling and as such should not be confused with or incorporated into the therapy given to a person by a priest, even if the therapist priest is also their confessor. The two processes, both of which are privileged and confidential under civil and canon law, are separate by nature.

Youth workers and youth ministers are also finding a place within parishes, and this involves their spirituality.  It is common for Youth workers/ministers to be involved in pastoral ministry and are required to have a qualification in counseling before entering into this arm of ministry.

Orthodoxy
The priesthood obligations of Orthodox clergymen are outlined by John Chrysostom (347–407) in his treatise On the Priesthood. It is perhaps the first pastoral work written, although he was only a deacon when he penned it. It stresses the dignity of the priesthood. The priest, it says, is greater than kings, angels, or parents, but priests are for that reason most tempted to pride and ambition. They, more than anyone else, need clear and unshakable wisdom, patience that disarms pride, and exceptional prudence in dealing with souls.

Protestantism

There are many assumptions about what a pastor's ministry is. The core practices of a pastor's ministry in mainline Protestant churches include leading worship, preaching, pastoral care, outreach, and supporting the work of the congregation. Theological Seminaries provide a curriculum that supports these key facets of ministry. Pastors are often expected to also be involved in local ministries, such as hospital chaplaincy, visitation, funerals, weddings and organizing religious activities. "Pastoral ministry" includes outreach, encouragement, support, counseling and other care for members and friends of the congregation. In many churches, there are groups like deacons that provide outreach and support, often led and supported by the pastor.

For example, the Evangelical Wesleyan Church instructs clergy with the following words: "We should endeavor to assist those under our ministry, and to aid in the salvation of souls by instructing them in their homes. ... Family religion is waning in many branches. And what avails public preaching alone, though we could preach like angels? We must, yea, every traveling preacher must instruct the people from house to house."   The Presbyterian Church (USA) is structured so that there is parity between lay leaders and pastors. Deacons and elders are ordained, with specific duties.

See also

 Clearness committee
 Clinical pastoral education
 Faith healing
 Holistic health

References

Bibliography
 Arnold, Bruce Makoto, "Shepherding a Flock of a Different Fleece: A Historical and Social Analysis of the Unique Attributes of the African American Pastoral Caregiver". The Journal of Pastoral Care and Counseling, Vol. 66, No. 2. (June 2012)
 Multi-faith Centre, University of Canberra, 2013
 Henri Nouwen, Spiritual Direction (San Francisco, HarperOne, 2006).
 Emmanuel Yartekwei Lartey, Pastoral Theology in an Intercultural World (Cleveland, (OH), Pilgrim Press, 2006).
 Neil Pembroke, Renewing Pastoral Practice: Trinitarian Perspectives on Pastoral Care and Counselling (Ashgate, Aldershot, 2006) (Explorations in Practical, Pastoral and Empirical Theology).
 Beth Allison Barr, The Pastoral Care of Women in Late Medieval England (Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2008) (Gender in the Middle Ages, 3).
 George R. Ross, Evaluating Models of Christian Counseling (Eugene (OR), Wipf and Stock, 2011).
 Hamer, Dean (2004). The God Gene: How Faith is Hardwired into Our Genes. New York: Doubleday. .

External links
  St. Thomas Aquinas and the Third Millennium, by Leonard Boyle.
  The Pastoral Nature of Vatican II: An Evaluation, by Brunero Gherardini. Translation of: Sull'indole pastorale del Vaticano II: una valutazione in Concilio Vaticano II, un concilio pastorale (Frigento, Italy: Casa Mariana Editrice, 2011).

Christian religious occupations
Christian terminology
Religion and health

Pastoral care


Victoria Square is a town square and public space in the Quartier International de Montréal (also called the International Quarter) area of downtown Montreal, Quebec, Canada, at the intersection of Beaver Hall Hill and McGill Street. The Square forms an integral component of the city's urban public transit system and constitutes a 'prestige address' for the international face of the city. It is bordered by Viger Street to the north, Saint Jacques Street to the south, Beaver Hall Hill to the west and Square Victoria Street (an extension of McGill Street) along the eastern side. As with other city squares, Square Victoria is open 24 hours per day to all citizens of Montreal and provides the role of an urban breathing space, with dense foliage to the south that tapers as the square rises up Beaver Hall Hill.

History

The square has existed since 1813. Formerly known as Place du Marché-à-Foin and Place des Commissaires, it was renamed for Queen Victoria for the visit of the then-Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII) in 1860.

Victoria Square has undergone many aesthetic changes over its history, functioning at times more as a parking lot, other times as a simple open space, while at others being far more refined and cultivated. The Square was restored to its current configuration in 2002 and 2003. It features Hector Guimard's Art Nouveau outdoor entrance to the Square-Victoria–OACI Metro station, a statue of Queen Victoria, the Tai Chi Single Whip sculpture by Ju Ming, and trees lining its bounding avenues.

Location
The square is now fronted on the east by the CDP Capital Centre, the World Trade Centre Montreal and the Hotel W Montréal, to the west by Tour de la Bourse and Place de la Cité internationale, to the north by the Altoria/Aimia Tower, and to the south by the Quebecor building, its outdated façade fully redesigned.

See also
 Architecture of Montreal
 Monarchy in Quebec
 Royal monuments in Canada
 Royal eponyms in Canada

References

External links

Photograph:Victoria Square, circa 1867 - McCord Museum
Photograph:Victoria Square, circa 1877 - McCord Museum
Photograph:Victoria Square, circa 1887 - McCord Museum
Photograph:Victoria Square, circa 1914 - McCord Museum

Downtown Montreal
Monarchy in Canada
Monuments and memorials to Queen Victoria
Old Montreal
Squares in Montreal

Victoria Square, Montreal


In economics, unit of account is one of the functions of money. A unit of account is a standard numerical monetary unit of measurement of the market value of goods, services, and other transactions. Also known as a "measure" or "standard" of relative worth and deferred payment, a unit of account is a necessary prerequisite for the formulation of commercial agreements that involve debt.

Money acts as a standard measure and a common denomination of trade. It is thus a basis for quoting and bargaining of prices. It is necessary for developing efficient accounting systems.

Economics
Unit of account in economics allows a somewhat meaningful interpretation of prices, costs, and profits, so that an entity can monitor its own performance. It allows shareholders to make sense of its past performance and have an idea of its future profitability. The use of money, as a relatively stable unit of measure, can tend to drive market economies toward efficiency.

Historically, prices were often given in a dominant currency used as a unit of account, but transactions actually settled by using a variety of coins that were available, and often goods, all converted into their value in the unit of account.  Many international transactions continue to be settled in this way, using a national value (most often expressed in the US dollar or euro) but with the actual settlement in something else.

In historical cost accounting, currencies are assumed to be perfectly stable in real value during non-hyperinflationary conditions under in terms of which the stable measuring unit assumption is applied. The Daily Consumer Price Index (Daily CPI) – or a monetized daily indexed unit of account – can be used to index monetary values on a daily basis when it is required to maintain the purchasing power or real value of monetary values constant during inflation and deflation.

Problems
Money is rarely perfectly stable in real value which is the fundamental problem with traditional historical cost accounting which is based on the stable measuring unit assumption. The unit of account in economics suffers from the pitfall of not being stable in real value over time because money is generally not perfectly stable in real value during inflation and deflation. Inflation destroys the assumption that the real value of the unit of account is stable which is the basis of classic accountancy. In such circumstances, historical values registered in accountancy books become heterogeneous amounts measured in different units. The use of such data under traditional accounting methods without previous correction can lead to confusing — (or even meaningless) — results.

History
Historic examples of units of measure include the livre tournois, used in France from 1302 to 1794 whether or not livre coins were minted. In the 14th century Naples used the grossi gigliati, and Bohemia used the Prague groschen. (2021)

At any one time there might be two or three units of account in one region based on the local base, silver and sometimes gold coins, and each often expressed in L.S.D units in ratio 240:12:1. The Florentine gold florin, the French franc and the electoral rheingulden all became pounds (240 denari) of account. Units of account would often survive over 100 years despite the original coins changing composition and availability (e.g. the Castilian maravedi).

A modern unit of account is the European Currency Unit, used in the European Union from 1979 to 1998; its replacement in 1999, the Euro, was also just a unit of account until the introduction of notes and coins in 2002.

Unit of account is the main way of calculating a carrier or ship owner's liability in relation to carriage of goods contracts in which the Hague-Visby Rules apply.

In economics, a standard unit of account is used for statistical purposes to describe economic activity. Indexes such as GDP and the CPI are so broad in their scope that compiling them would be impossible without a standard unit of account. After being compiled, these figures are often used to guide governmental policy; especially monetary and fiscal policy.

In calculating the opportunity cost of a policy, a standard unit of account allows for the creation of a composite good. A composite good is a theoretical abstraction that represents an aggregation of all other opportunities that are not realized by the first good. It allows an economic decision's benefits to be weighed against the costs of all other possible goods in that society, without having to refer to any directly. Often, this is most easily accomplished with money.

Finance
The use of a unit of account in financial accounting, according to the American business model, allows investors to invest capital into those companies that provide the highest rate of return. The use of a unit of account in managerial accounting enables firms to choose between activities that yield the highest profit.

Accounting
The unit of account in financial accounting refers to the words used to describe the specific assets and liabilities that are reported in financial statements rather than the units used to measure them. That is, unit of account refers to the object of recognition or display whereas unit of measure refers to the tool for measuring it.

Unit of measure and unit of account are sometimes treated as synonyms in financial accounting and economics. Unit of measure in financial accounting refers to the monetary unit to be used; that is, whether it should be nominal units of money as opposed to units that are adjusted for changes in purchasing power over time.

See also
Equivalization
Inflation accounting
Medium of exchange
Store of value
System of measurement
Units of measurement

References

External links

 Linguistic and Commodity Exchanges by Elmer G. Wiens.  Examines the structural differences between barter and monetary commodity exchanges and oral and written linguistic exchanges.

Currency
Monetary economics

Unit of account


Ben Bartlett (born in 1965) is a British composer known for his numerous Film and Television scores including Walking with Dinosaurs, Vera, The Tunnel and Lucky Man.

Working and living in London, Ben Bartlett was educated there, attending Westminster City grammar school, and Pimlico Comprehensive Special Music School. He received piano tuition under the noted concert pianist Albert Ferber. Bartlett read music at Royal Holloway College, London University, where he rubbed shoulders with the drama department, discovering composition for theatre. Bartlett was commissioned by the College, whilst a student, to compose and direct a musical celebrating the centenary of Royal Holloway College, performed on site in 1986 by the drama and music departments. He later studied composition at Guildhall School of Music and Drama, where he won the Lutoslawski prize for composition. Bartlett was busy composing music for TV commercials when he met Tim Haines and the BBC team devising a pioneering documentary combining 3D animated dinosaurs and 35mm film: Walking with Dinosaurs.

Screen music
Bartlett first came into prominence with his score for Walking with Dinosaurs in 1999, for which he won a BAFTA in 2000 and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in the same year. Bartlett has received several other award nominations including an Ivor Novello nomination for his score for BBC Scotland's TV Film: Fiona's Story, and several RTS nominations for his music for screen including the film The Mark Of Cain directed by the award-winning Marc Munden.

Ben Bartlett is also known for his much loved music to the highly popular long running ITV Series Vera, airing to audiences in excess of 6 million, starring Brenda Blethyn. Recently Bartlett's music has been heard on the Sky 1 hit series Stan Lee's Lucky Man; the ITV series The Loch, as well as the critically acclaimed Kudos production for Sky Atlantic: The Tunnel starring Stephen Dillane and Clémence Poésy. Bartlett has also worked with Ray Winstone on the ITV Drama The Trials Of Jimmy Rose directed by Adrian Shergold, with whom Bartlett also collaborated on the 3-part TV epic He Kills Coppers based on the Jake Arnot novel.

Concert music

Debuting as a pianist at The Purcell Room aged 14, Bartlett went on to receive critical acclaim for his mini-opera El Tigre, a setting for chamber ensemble and mezzo soprano of the Pablo Neruda poem of the same name. Premiered at the 1995 season of the Covent Garden Festival, and performed at the Donmar Warehouse, Covent Garden, the Hispanic/Latin influenced fusion of flamenco, tango and opera was conducted by Charles Hazlewood and performed by Maria Koripas. Bartlett composed his suite for string orchestra Nine, based on fragments of Ravel's String Quartet, performed at Leighton House Museum by the Dallapicolla Ensemble under the baton of Luigi Suvini. Bartlett's piano music was performed at the Queen Elizabeth Hall by Louis Alvanis, and the Piano Trio Three was performed at St Martins In The Field by the Chamber Music Company under Mark Troop. Bartlett was later commissioned to write for The Dancer On The Point Of Being Undressed performed at The Place in London, UK.

Other activities
Bartlett has been in demand as a speaker in Australia, Germany and UK, and has been invited to lecture at the Royal College of Music, Leeds Conservatoire Of Music and the National Film and Television School UK. Bartlett has been in demand as a judge on the BAFTA and Ivor Novello awards panels on several occasions.

Awards

 2000 - won the BAFTA in the category "Best Original Television Music" for Walking with Dinosaurs (1999).
 2000 - Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Walking with Dinosaurs
 2005 - RTS nomination for titles music for TV Series The Ghost Squad
 2007 - RTS nomination for best score for The Marc Of Cain movie
 2009 - Ivor Novello Award nomination for best TV Score for BBC Film Fiona's Story
 2009 - RTS nomination for best score for Mutual Friends TV Series

External links
 Ben Bartlett website
 Ben Bartlett on IMDB

British television composers
BAFTA winners (people)
Living people
1965 births

Ben Bartlett


CKOM is a radio station in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada broadcasting at 650 kHz. Its format is news/talk. It shares studio space with sister stations CFMC and CJDJ at 715 Saskatchewan Crescent West, also the home of Rawlco Radio's Corporate Offices.

History
CKOM began broadcasting at 1340 kHz on June 8, 1951 with an output of 250 watts and its offices were based out of the historic Empire Hotel. By 1960, CKOM was broadcasting full-time on the AM frequency of 1250 kHz with an increase in power to 10,000 watts. During the earlier part of the decade, the station became a Top 40 station.

In early August 1985, the station was sold to Rawlco Communications and changed frequencies to 650 kHz. At the time, the station continued to air in its Top 40 format. After moving to its 650 AM frequency, the station rebranded as a "Hot Hits" format that was also used in Chicago, Detroit, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and San Francisco. giving it the name 65 CKOM It is known to be the only Hot Hits station in Canada. Later changing it music format to Classic gold and great oldies playing songs from the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s and its sister station C95 would play the new stuff's and also 1980s music.

In 1998, the station switched to a news/talk format. The station was branded as NTR, and for a brief period of time changed its callsign to CINT before returning to the original callsign CKOM. During this time, the CKOM callsign belonged to the FM station at 102.1 now known as Rock 102.

In September 2006, the station changed its on-air brand to become News Talk 650.

CKOM is part of a two station network along with CJME in Regina. Its daytime lineup consists of Gormley, which is followed by Saskatchewan Afternoon from 12:30-2:00. It's a comprehensive look at the day's stories so far and features some of the best of the day's programming.

The Green Zone with Jamie and Drew" airs from 2:00-6:00, a daily Sports Talk show. Award winning sports person Jamie Nye and multiple local Emmy winning broadcaster and former NHL coach Drew Remenda are joined regularly by some of the biggest names in sports in Saskatchewan and beyond.

At 6PM, it's "The Day in Review," an in-depth wrap on the day's biggest stories, as well as business, and the best of the day's shows.

CKOM has won dozens of national and regional awards, including multiple national Best Radio Newscast awards, as well as recognition for Breaking News coverage, Feature Reporting, Ongoing Coverage, Investigative Reporting, Special Event coverage and Commentary.

The station devotes a significant amount of coverage to the CFL's Saskatchewan Roughriders, which includes coverage preceding and following each game.

In late 2008, the station added the CKOM call letters back to its on-air brand, becoming known as 'News Talk 650 CKOM'.

References

External links
News Talk 650 CKOM

Kom
Kom
Kom
Radio stations established in 1951
1951 establishments in Saskatchewan

CKOM


The Wilson Trail () is a  long-distance footpath in Hong Kong, 63 km of which runs through Hong Kong country parks. It was named after David Wilson, Baron Wilson of Tillyorn, who was Governor of Hong Kong from 1987 to 1992. The Wilson Trail was developed by Friends of the Country Park and sponsored by various private organisations. The construction work of the trail began in 1994. The Wilson Trail was first opened on 21 January 1996.

In all, the Wilson Trail traverses eight of the Country Parks. On Hong Kong Island, Tai Tam Country Park and the adjacent Quarry Bay Country Park begin the journey. Across the harbour, there is a gap where the trail runs through hills outside the parks. Then come the three parks named Ma On Shan, Lion Rock, and Kam Shan. In the central New Territories, the Wilson Trail heads north through Shing Mun Country Park and Tai Mo Shan Country Park. Finally it climbs into the majestic Pat Sin Leng Country Park. Each of the Country Parks the Wilson Trail traverses has its individual character and appeal – offering, as one proceeds from south to north, changing settings with much of interest.

The trail is aligned north-south and runs from Stanley, in the south of Hong Kong Island to Nam Chung, in the northeastern New Territories. Of the four long-distance trails, the Wilson Trail is the newest. Since the trail crosses Victoria Harbour, it makes use of the MTRTseung Kwan O line or buses.

Route Description
The Wilson Trail is divided into ten sections: and is marked by distance posts W001 – W137. Although the other major Hong Kong trails measure distance posts every 500m, the distances between posts on the Wilson Trail range from 500m – 650m.

Between Sections 2 and 3, it is necessary to take the MTR from Tai Koo Station (just near the end of Section 2 on Greig Road) to Yau Tong Station and then walk to W020 at the base of Devil's Peak. Previously, Section 3 started at Lam Tin Station but with the opening of Yau Tong Station it was moved.

 Easy Walk
 Fairly Difficult
 Very Difficult

Southern Hong Kong Island
Section 1 starts at a junction between Stanley Gap Road. The trail rises along Stone Hill and Cheung Lin Shan. On its way towards distance post W001, it passes through The Twins Catchwater, a man-made path to channel water away from The Twins Peak to a nearby reservoir. At around 2200m from the starting point, the trail passes through Tze Kong Bridge, with it being mostly paved along with some dirt paths. The section continues to ascend towards Violet Hill, with it slowly descending towards the Wong Nai Chung Reservoir, and ending at an intersection with Tai Tam Reservoir Road.

Tai Tam
Section 2 starts on Tai Tam Reservoir Road near Parkview. It ascends slowly and passes through Osborn Memorial. After the trail meets Jardine's lookout, It ends abruptly and connects to the Hong Kong trail distance post H056. The trail then leads eastwards to descend steeply and rise up again, where it connects with the rest of the Wilson Trail at Mount Butler. As the trail runs northward, it meets the peak of Siu Ma Shan at around distance post W014. At about 400m from the end of the trail, it descends and comes to a flat surface, making it easy for travelers and hikers alike to rest. It then ends at the Siu Ma Shan Bridge, at Quarry Bay.

Southeastern New Territories
Section 3 starts near Lam Tin MTR station exit A. The trail cuts to an intersection with Kai Tin Road, and runs along it to the south. It continues along Lei Yue Mun Road until stopping at the end of the road at the south. To continue from distance post W019 to W020, hikers must walk up Junk Bay Chinese Permanent Cemetery Access Road uphill to Devil's Peak. The trail passes through Owl Stone, Devil's Peak Battery and Gough Battery on the mountain. It then descends with Junk Bay Chinese Permanent Cemetery on its east until it meets O King Road, where it runs along it to the east and goes north again. It rises up to meet Black Hill Triangulation Station and Black Hill Former Aviation Reflector. At distance post W026, the trail drops down and meets Ma Yau Tong Village, where hikers and travelers alike can take rest. It continues northbound at distance post W028 on Tsui Lam Road, passing through O Tau Village. At around 330m away from distance post W031, it ends at an intersection with Clear Water Bay Road, at the heart of Tseng Lan Shue Village.Section 4 starts at the ending point of Section 3 on Clear Water Bay Road. The trail continues to the northwestern side of Tseng Lan Shue Village, until it meets distance post W033, where it runs to the north. At around 100m away from the east of distance post W034, the trail has an intersection that leads to Hebe Hill, and can also lead to Ho Chung Valley and Pak Shek Wo Village. The main trail connects to Tai Lam Wu Road at distance post W035, on which the Sai Kung Stray Friends Foundation Building resides. It continues along the road until it comes to an intersection near distance post W036, where it veers off from the road and goes northwest. Near distance post W039, hikers can see Tung Yeung Shan and Tai Lo Au at the south of the trail. There is a trail near distance post W040 that goes north towards Gilwell Campsite, a Scout campsite maintained by the Scout Association of Hong Kong. At this point the trail runs southwest and northwest again, where it stays going west for the remaining section. Many mountains such as Kowloon Peak, Elephant Hill and Tate's Cairn can be seen from that point on the trail. Jat's Incline connects to the trail, which is on Shatin Pass Road at this point, near distance post W043. It then shares the same path of Section 5 of the MacLehose Trail until Section 4 of the Wilson Trail ends. Tiu Tso Ngam and Temple Hill can also be seen near the end of this section at its north. The section concludes at Tsz Chuk Pavilion, near Lion Rock Country Park Entrance.

Southern New Territories
Section 5 starts at Shatin Pass, near the end of Section 4 of the Wilson Trail. The trail runs northwesterly along some woodland pathway and descends steeply along a hillside. At distance post W050, there is a path that leads northbound to Tsok Pok Hang New Village at Shatin. The trail then goes towards the west, with a bit of deviation towards the south. At distance post W051, a path veers off from the main trail towards Shatin Tau New Village, a village inhabited by Hakka multi-surname ancestors. The trail continues along a service road next to the Kowloon Reservoir Catchwater, channeling water towards the Kowloon Reservoir near the end of the section. Near distance post W054, another path veers off from the trail towards Amah Rock, a famous attraction at Hong Kong. There are a number of routes that leads away from the trail to the Tai Wai Villages: the first, at distance post W050 and W051 towards Shatin Tau New Village; the second, near distance post W054 that connects to Lion Rock Tunnel Road via Hung Mui Kuk Nature Trail; the third, near distance post W056 that also connects to Lion Rock Tunnel Road near its Toll Plaza. The trail passes through some woodland on its way and meets Tai Po Road at a junction, where the section ends.

Section 6 is the second shortest section of the Wilson Trail. It starts at an intersection point on Tai Po Road, the same road on which section 5 ends. The trail then continues along the northeastern boundaries of Kowloon Reservoir. At distance post W062, the trail goes in a horseshoe-like manner to the west, and runs to the west along the north of Kowloon Reservoir until it meets distance post W064, where another trail can connect to the MacLehose trail section 6. This path  The trail connects with the MacLehose trail section 6 at distance post M120, along the Kam Shan Family Walk path. The trail continues north, with the southern slope of Smuggler's Ridge on its west, and drops down until it meets Shing Mun Reservoir. At the Memorial Stone at Shing Mun Reservoir, the trail connects with the MacLehose trail section 7 again along the Main Dam and ends at the northeastern side of the Main Dam.

Central New Territories
Section 7 is the second longest section of the Wilson trail, and begins at the end of section 6 on the Main Dam of Shing Mun Reservoir. The trail then runs along the eastern side of the Shing Mun Reservoir. Between distance posts W078 and W079, Shing Mun Picnic Site No. 7 can be reached, which serves as a resting and dining spot. Via a path away from this picnic site, there is a pond side meadow right next to the reservoir, serving as a camping space. The trail continues northbound, and passes through Lead Mine Pass Campsite in between distance posts W083 and W084, and briefly intersects MacLehose Trail section 8 there as well. It comes to an intersection with Wun Yiu Road at distance post W087, with which leads to Ta Tat Yan Village in the south. With Tai Mo Shan Country Park to the west of its path, it concludes at the south most point of San Uk Ka Village in Tai Po.

Section 8 starts at the ending junction of section 7 of the Wilson Trail. This section is mostly paved with concrete. The trail goes northbound at first, passing through San Uk Ka Village along Wun Yiu Road. A store in this village serves as a resting and refreshment shop for hikers. It then goes west near the northern Buddhist Temples of the village. Continuing to the northwest at distance post W093, it meets Shek Lin Road at distance post W095. The trail then runs to the northeast, passing through Hong Kong Dog Rescue Tai Po Homing Centre and Pun Chun Yuen. The path briefly crosses Tolo Highway and New Territories Circular Road before entering Kam Shek New Village. It crosses Lam Tsuen River to the northeast and turns back to the northwest along the river. The trail goes northeast for the rest of the section at an intersection with Tai Po Tau Shui Wai Road near distance post W098. The trail ends on top of Cloudy Hill, with views of Pat Sin Leng to the east.

Northeastern New Territories
Section 9 starts at Cloudy Hill, where Section 8 of the Wilson Trail ends. The path goes northeast at first, passing through Shek Au Shan and an intersection that leads to Hok Tau Campsite. On the descent from Cloudy Hill, lights from Shenzhen can be seen. Between distance posts W110 and W111, the trail goes to the east, passing through Hok Tau Reservoir Dam and Hok Tau Reservoir Family Walk inside Pat SIn Leng Country Park. There is a BBQ site near distance post W114 along the trail. Following the descent from Cloudy Hill, the trail then ascents to Ping Fung Shan and runs along the ridge, passing through Wong Leng, and all the peaks from the mountain range of Pat SIn Leng. Hsien Ku Fung, a peak in the Pat Sin Leng mountain range, is the point where section 9 ends.

Section 10 starts at Hsien Ku Fung, where Section 9 of the Wilson Trail ends. The trail goes north, coming to an intersection with Pat Sin Leng Nature Trail then turning northwest. Chung Pui Campsite to the east of the trail can be accessed via Pat Sin Leng Nature Trail at that point. The path continues to descend to the northwest. At distance post W135, a path branching off from the main path to the north leads to the Sir Edward Youde Memorial Pavilion. This section ends at an intersection with South Bay Road, concluding the whole Wilson Trail.

Errors
Wilson Trail is one of the newest long-distance trails in Hong Kong. However, many hikers find the sign posts are unclear and full of errors. One of the most significant problems is that there are only 137 distance posts along the 78km trail. They are supposed to be at 500-metre intervals. There are also complaints that some signs are missing or misplaced. However, the situation has improved in the recent years.

Raleigh Challenge
Raleigh International's "Raleigh Challenge - Wilson Trail" is the first hiking competition which covered the longest distance of the Wilson Trail, spanning across the Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula and the New Territories from south to north.

See also
Hong Kong Country Parks & Special Areas

References

External links

Tai Tam Country Park by Hong Kong Government
Raleigh Challenge-Wilson Trail

Hiking trails in Hong Kong
Tai Tam

Wilson Trail


Li Tai (; 620 – 14 January 653), courtesy name Huibao (惠褒), nickname Qingque (青雀), formally Prince Gong of Pu (濮恭王), was an imperial prince of the Chinese Tang dynasty.

Li Tai, who carried the title of Prince of Wei, was favored by his father, Emperor Taizong, for his literary talent and studiousness.  His older brother Li Chengqian was crown prince, but Li Tai and his associates had design on that position, eventually pushing Li Chengqian to plot treason in 643.  After Li Chengqian's plot was discovered, Li Chengqian was deposed, and Emperor Taizong agreed to create Li Tai the new crown prince.  However, Emperor Taizong soon saw that Li Tai had pushed Li Chengqian toward rebellion by machination and further appeared to bear ill intentions toward their younger brother Li Zhi the Prince of Jin, and so Emperor Taizong created Li Zhi crown prince instead.  Li Tai was reduced in rank and briefly put under house arrest, and then exiled. He died in exile in 653.

The Buddhist statues in the Main Wall of Bingyang South Cave of the Longmen Caves was dedicated by Li Tai to his deceased mother Empress Zhangsun.

Early life
Li Tai was the fourth son of Li Shimin, then the Prince of Qin under his father Emperor Gaozu of Tang.  His mother was Li Shimin's wife Princess Zhangsun, who had given birth to his older brother Li Chengqian previously and would have one other son later (Li Zhi) and three daughters (the future Princess Changle, Jinyang, and Xincheng).  In 620, he was created the Prince of Yidu, at the same time that Li Chengqian and another older brother, Li Ke (by Li Shimin's concubine Consort Yang (a daughter of Emperor Yang of Sui)) were also created princes.  In 621, he was created the Prince of Wei (衛, different than his later title of 魏) and posthumously adopted into the line of his uncle Li Xuanba (李玄霸), who had died early without issue.

In 626, Li Shimin, in an intense rivalry with his older brother Li Jiancheng the Crown Prince, ambushed Li Jiancheng and another brother who supported Li Jiancheng, Li Yuanji the Prince of Qi, at Xuanwu Gate and killed them.  He then effectively forced Emperor Gaozu to first create him crown prince and then yield the throne to him (as Emperor Taizong).  He created Li Tai's mother Princess Zhangsun empress and Li Tai's older brother Li Chengqian crown prince. In 628, Li Tai's title was changed to Prince of Yue (Taizong made another royal member Li Baoding (李保定) heir to Li Xuanba instead of him), and he was made the commandant at Yang Prefecture (揚州, roughly modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), but was not sent to Yang Prefecture, remaining at the capital Chang'an instead.  In 633, he was made the commandant at Fu Prefecture (鄜州, roughly modern Yan'an, Shaanxi), but also appeared to not have been sent there, and in 634 he became the prefect of the capital prefecture Yong Prefecture (雍州).

As Prince of Wei
In 636, Li Tai's title was changed to Prince of Wei (魏), and he was made the commandant at Xiang Prefecture (相州, roughly modern Handan, Hebei), but again, he was not sent there, but remained at Chang'an.  By this point, Emperor Taizong had begun to favor Li Tai greatly for his literary talent, he permitted Li Tai to retain a staff of scholars, and also, because Li Tai was obese, allowed him to ride a litter into the palace rather than walk.  When rumors reached him that the high-level officials dishonored Li Tai, he grew angry at them, but relented after the chancellor Wei Zheng pointed out that, in fact, according to Confucian ceremonies, those high-level officials were in fact supposed to be higher in rank than Li Tai.  In 637, Emperor Taizong made the senior official Wang Gui, a one-time chancellor, Li Tai's teacher, and he ordered Li Tai to honor Wang as if he were honoring his own father.  Li Tai did so, and Wang accepted this.  In 640, Emperor Taizong personally visited Li Tai's mansion, and to celebrate the occasion, Emperor Taizong pardoned the minor criminals of Chang'an, exempted Li Tai's neighborhood of its taxes for one year, and gave awards to Li Tai's staff members and the seniors in Li Tai's neighborhood.

Meanwhile, Li Tai's staff member Su Xu (蘇勖) suggested to him that, like the talented princes in past dynasties, he should commission a major literary work, so Li Tai commissioned the work Journal of Geography (Kuodi Zhi) and retained the officials Xiao Deyan (蕭德言), Gu Yin (顧胤), Jiang Yaqing (蔣亞卿), and Xie Yan (謝偃) to head the project.  Initially, the work was drafted at Chang'an, and his staff scholars received so many visitors among the noble youths that they were distracted from their work.  Li Tai saw that their time was not being productive, and so sent them out to the field—the various prefectures—to collect data and write.  It took four years for Li Tai's scholars to complete the work, which had 550 volumes.  The work was completed in 642, and Emperor Taizong rewarded Li Tai with a large supply of silk.  By this point, Li Tai's staff was growing so large that the imperial stipend to Li Tai exceeded that to Li Chengqian.  The official Chu Suiliang suggested to Emperor Taizong that this was improper, and Emperor Taizong agreed—but rather than reducing Li Tai's stipend, he removed all limits on Li Chengqian's spending, which led to Li Chengqian, who was already wasteful in his lifestyle, to be even more wasteful.  Emperor Taizong also had Li Tai move to Wude Palace (武德殿), next to Li Chengqian's palace—an action that Wei Zheng considered inappropriate, and so Emperor Taizong reversed.

Struggles with Li Chengqian
Meanwhile, Li Chengqian was losing favor with Emperor Taizong over his wastefulness and favor for games rather than study.  He also suffered from a foot illness that the nature was not specified in historical accounts.  Li Tai began to have ambitions on displacing his older brother as crown prince, and a number of officials, seeing this as an opportunity, began to congregate around Li Tai, causing the government to divide into Li Tai's faction and Li Chengqian's faction.  In 642, in order to dispel rumors that he was about to replace Li Chengqian with Li Tai, Emperor Taizong made Wei Zheng, then ill, Li Chengqian's senior advisor, but that failed to stop the rumors.  Meanwhile, Li Tai's chiefs of staff, Wei Ting (韋挺) and Du Chuke (杜楚客, brother to the deceased chancellor Du Ruhui), were making plans for Li Tai to enhance his reputation and defame Li Chengqian, and the public began to perceive Li Chengqian negatively.

By 643, Li Chengqian was so fearful that Emperor Taizong was about to depose him that he conspired with a number of officials, including the major general Hou Junji, Emperor Taizong's brother Li Yuanchang (李元昌) the Prince of Han, the imperial guard commander Li Anyan (李安儼), his cousin Zhao Jie (趙節), and Du Chuke's nephew Du He (杜荷, Du Ruhui's son), to overthrow Emperor Taizong.  That summer, however, Li You (李祐) the Prince of Qi, a younger brother to both Li Chengqian and Li Tai, resentful of the head of his household, Quan Wanji (權萬紀), killed Quan and then rebelled.  Li You was soon defeated and captured, and when Emperor Taizong investigated Li You's co-conspirators, Li Chengqian's associate Gegan Chengji (紇干承基), who had been an assassin for Li Chengqian and was involved in his conspiracy, was arrested and sentenced to death.  Gegan, in order to save himself, revealed the plot.  Emperor Taizong, in shock, convened the senior officials Zhangsun Wuji (Empress Zhangsun's brother), Fang Xuanling, Xiao Yu, and Li Shiji, as well as officials from the supreme court, the legislative bureau, and the examination bureau, to investigate, and the extent of the plot was revealed.  When Emperor Taizong requested opinions on what to do with Li Chengqian, Lai Ji suggested sparing him, and Emperor Taizong agreed.  He deposed Li Chengqian and reduced him to commoner rank, while ordering Li Yuanchang to commit suicide. Hou and the other conspirators were all executed.

Exile and death
After Li Chengqian was arrested, Li Tai visited Emperor Taizong everyday, and Emperor Taizong promised to create him crown prince—an idea that was also suggested by the officials Cen Wenben and Liu Ji.  However, Zhangsun Wuji suggested that Li Zhi, also favored by Emperor Taizong, be created crown prince.  In order to persuade Emperor Taizong to create him crown prince, Li Tai told Emperor Taizong that he would agree to kill his own son and make Li Zhi crown prince should he be allowed to inherit the throne.  However, the statement backfired, as Chu Suiliang pointed out that the statement could not possibly be an honest one, and that in effect, there was the potential that, if Li Tai were created crown prince, the situation between Li Chengqian and Li Tai might repeat itself.  Li Tai, meanwhile, made comments to Li Zhi that he should be worried in light of his friendship with Li Yuanchang—comments that Li Zhi told Emperor Taizong, who then began regretting promising Li Tai the crown prince position.  Further, when Emperor Taizong visited Li Chengqian to rebuke him, Li Chengqian accused Li Tai of machinations against him, causing him to plot treason.  Depressed over the actions of Li Chengqian, Li Tai, Li You, and Li Yuanchang, Emperor Taizong summoned Zhangsun, Fang Xuanling, Li Shiji, and Chu to a private meeting, during which he told them his intent to create Li Zhi crown prince instead.  Later that day, when Li Tai tried to enter the palace to visit Emperor Taizong.  Emperor Taizong put him under house arrest, and the next day created Li Zhi crown prince.

Several days later, Li Tai was removed from his official posts and reduced in rank to Prince of Donglai.  Emperor Taizong exiled his close associates and reduced Du Chuke to commoner rank.  Two months later, Li Tai was created the Prince of Shunyang instead.  In fall 643, Emperor Taizong exiled both Li Chengqian and Li Tai—in Li Tai's case, to Jun Prefecture (均州, roughly modern Shiyan, Hubei).  Emperor Taizong was gut-wrenched about the decision, and he stated:

The love between father and son is a natural one.  It is difficult for me to separate from Li Tai, and I cannot bear this.  However, I am the lord of all under heaven, and as long as the people can be safe, I can cut off my personal love.

He also showed Li Tai's well-written submissions in the past to his close officials and stated:

Li Tai is exceedingly talented.  I miss him, and all of you know this.  However, for the sake of the empire, I have to cut off my relationship with him with righteousness.  I let him live far away to try to make everyone safe.

In 647, Li Tai's title was upgraded to Prince of Pu.  After Emperor Taizong died in 649, Li Zhi succeeded him as Emperor Gaozong. Emperor Gaozong permitted the princes from outlying prefectures to all come to Chang'an to attend Emperor Taizong's funeral, but Li Tai was not permitted to do so.  Later that year, Emperor Gaozong did permit Li Tai to again retain a staff, and ordered that he be supplied with high quality supplies of wagons, food, and clothing.  Li Tai died in 653.  His son Li Xin (李欣) inherited his title.

Family
Princess Consort, of the Yan clan (妃阎氏), personal name Wan (婉), daughter of Yan Lide (閻立德)
Li Xin, 2nd Prince of Pu, his successor, who would be accused by secret police officials of Wu Zetian and demoted to lieutenant general of Zhaozhou (昭州), first son
Li Jiao (李峤), né Li Yuqing  (李余庆), 3rd Prince of Pu, who would be granted Yinqingguangludafu (银青光禄大夫) and serve as Guozijijiu (国子祭酒) and Tongzhengyuan (同正员). Later accused and demoted to lieutenant general of Dengzhou (邓州), later restored
Li Hui (李徽), Prince of Xinping, second son

Notes

620 births
653 deaths
Tang dynasty imperial princes
Chinese travel writers
Tang dynasty writers
Emperor Taizong of Tang
7th-century geographers

Li Tai


In survey sampling, Total Survey Error includes all forms of survey error including sampling variability, interviewer effects, frame errors, response bias, and non-response bias. Total Survey Error is discussed in detail in many sources including Salant and Dillman.

Definition
Total Survey Error is the difference between a population parameter (such as the mean, total or proportion) and the estimate of that parameter based on the sample survey or census. It has two components: sampling error and nonsampling error. Sampling error, which occurs in sample surveys but not censuses results from the variability inherent in using a randomly selected fraction of the population for estimation. Nonsampling error, which occurs in surveys and censuses alike, is the sum of all other errors, including errors in frame construction, sample selection, data collection, data processing and estimation methods.

Sources of nonsampling error
The survey literature decomposes nonsampling errors into five general sources or types: specification error, frame error, nonresponse error, measurement error, and processing error.

Specification error occurs when the concept implied by the survey question differs from the concept meant to be measured in the survey. Specification error is often caused by poor communication between the researcher, data analyst, or survey sponsor and the questionnaire designer.
Frame error typically results from the frame construction process. For example, some units may be omitted or duplicated an unknown number of times, or some ineligible units may be included on the frame, such as businesses that are not farms in a farm survey.
Nonresponse error encompasses both unit nonresponse (sampling unit does not respond to any part of the questionnaire) and item nonresponse (the questionnaire is partially completed). When the reason for nonresponse is related to the missing value, parameter estimates can be biased when nonresponse is not accounted for.
Measurement error occurs when the method of obtaining the measurement affects the recorded value, often involving simultaneously the respondent, the interviewer, and the survey questionnaire. Measurement error has been studied and reported extensively in the survey methods literature, perhaps more than any other source of nonsampling error.()
Finally, processing error refers to errors that arise during the data processing stage, including errors in the editing of the data, data encoding, the assignment of survey weights, and tabulation of the survey data.

References

External links
Special issue of Public Opinion Quarterly about Total Survey Error

Survey methodology

Total survey error


Ilf and Petrov Rode a Tram ( is a 1972 Soviet comedy film directed by Viktor Titov.

Plot
The film is a series of short comedies, based on humorous anecdotes, stories and notebooks of famous satirist writers Ilya Ilf and Yevgeny Petrov. These comedies describe the everyday life of Moscow and in the 1920s and 1930s; the film uses a lot of newsreels of the time.

Comedy's subjects are various as life itself. For example, a clerk named Kapitulov is constantly scaring his wife and colleagues with his poor health. As a result, all the household chores is shouldered on his wife, and his colleagues at work do all Kapitulov's duties, while he sleeps nearby, sitting on a chair ...

Cast

 Innokenty Smoktunovsky as tramway passenger
 Vladimir Basov as tramway passenger
 Svetlana Starikova as tramway passenger
 Emmanuil Geller as tramway passenger
 Nicholas Gorlov as tramway passenger
 Elena Volsky as check-taker
 Yevgeny Leonov as Vitaly Kapitulov
 Nina Agapova as Vera, Kapitulov's wife
 Nikholay Grabbe as chief editor of newspaper
 Grigory Shpigel as employee of the newspaper
 Olga Gobzeva as typewriter
 Mikhail Gluzsky as accountant Brykin
 Ivan Ryzhov as chief editor of newspaper «Fising»'''
 Zinovy Gerdt as Captain Mazuchcho, animal trainer Arkady Zinman as director of circus Lidiya Smirnova as handler and artistic director of circus Vladimir Grammatikov as Ussishkin, commissioner of circus Nicholas Dostal as commissioner of circus Nina Alisova as Vasilisa Aleksandrovna, secretary Vyacheslav Gostinsky as circus ringmaster Igor Yasulovich as Vasya the sculptor / Hans the sculptor Svetlana Danilchenko as girl in a beret Rolan Bykov as Ivan S. Fedorenko Lev Durov as passerby / Gusev-Lebedev Michaela Drozdovskaya as nurse Yevgeny Morgunov as robber Valery Nosik as Kipyatkov Rudolf Rudin as visitor to the cafe Jacob Lenz as visitor to the cafe Oleg Tabakov as voice-over''

References

External links

1972 films
Films directed by Viktor Titov
1972 comedy films
Soviet comedy films
Russian comedy films

Ilf and Petrov Rode a Tram


William Allan Bardeen (born September 15, 1941 in Washington, Pennsylvania) is an American theoretical physicist at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory.  He is the son of John Bardeen and Jane Maxwell Bardeen.

Biography
After graduating from Cornell University in 1962, Bardeen earned his Ph.D. degree in physics from the University of Minnesota in 1968. Following research appointments at Stony Brook University and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, he was an Assistant and associate professor in the physics department at Stanford University. In 1975, Bardeen joined the staff of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory where he has served as head of the theoretical physics department. From 1993 to 1994, he was Head of Theoretical Physics at the SSC Laboratory before its termination.

Bardeen is co-inventor of the theory of the axial vector current anomaly which is of foundational importance in modern theoretical physics. He developed with Stephen L. Adler the "non-renormalization theorem" (known as the Adler–Bardeen theorem). He has played a major role in the development of perturbation theory for quantum chromodynamics, and dynamical approaches to electroweak symmetry breaking. Bardeen is considered one of the leading authorities on quantum field theory and its application to the phenomena of elementary particle physics.

He was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1984. In 1985, Bardeen was awarded a John S. Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship for research on the application of quantum field theory to elementary particle physics. Previously, he had received the Senior Scientist Award of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship for research in theoretical physics. Bardeen was awarded the 1996 J.J. Sakurai Prize of the American Physical Society for his work on anomalies and perturbative quantum chromodynamics. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1998 and a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1999.

See also
 Anomaly
 Topcolor

Selected publications
 Bardeen's publications are available on the INSPIRE-HEP Literature Database .

Notes

External links
arXiv.org preprints for W. Bardeen
search on author William Bardeen from Google Scholar

Cornell University alumni
University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni
21st-century American physicists
Living people
1941 births
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Theoretical physicists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics recipients
Sloan Research Fellows
Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
People associated with Fermilab

William A. Bardeen


Rawhide, Nevada was a town in Mineral County, Nevada, approximately 55 miles southeast of Fallon.  The site of Rawhide has been dismantled by recent mining activity, with little or nothing remaining to be seen.

History

In December 1906, prospector Jim Swanson made a discovery of a rich gold and silver deposit in the hills near what became Rawhide.  He was soon joined by Charles ("Charley") B. Holman and Charles ("Scotty") A. McLeod, who also found sizeable deposits nearby on Hooligan Hill.  McLeod had recently been ordered to cease prospecting around the nearby camp of Buckskin, and bitter about this, he suggested the name of Rawhide for the new camp, as a play on the name of the Buckskin camp he held with contempt.  Word spread, and both Holman and McLeod sold their claims to investors and moved on to Stingaree Gulch later in 1907, where they found yet another large deposit.  The two men sold these claims for even more money, and then left the area to prospect elsewhere.

The frenzy that these claims created soon had Rawhide booming.  Investors began selling stocks at a frenetic pace, and the town soon had a population of about 5000, with three banks, four churches, a school, twelve hotels, twenty-eight restaurants, a theater, and thirty-seven saloons. While the original mines and claims did produce a decent profit in gold and silver, the fever created an amount of activity far in excess of what the mines could support. Stock swindlers like George Graham Rice , a flashy con-artist from Goldfield, plied their trade, creating a sense that Rawhide would be the next Virginia City (or the like of any number of other Nevada boom towns), with untold riches to be had for the savvy folks who would just invest in his companies.  Others, like businessman George "Tex" Rickard came to Rawhide to establish legitimate businesses, and make money off the boom while it lasted.  Rawhide's hey-day was short-lived; the glaring, gross over-promotion which manipulators performed to inflate the worth of Rawhide doomed its chance for success from the start.

In the short span of two years the town went from its peak population of 7000 people (Mar. to June, 1908), to fewer than 500 people by the latter part of 1910.  Helping push the decline of the town even further along was a disastrous fire which swept through Rawhide in September 1908, along with a flood in September 1909, from which many people did not recover or rebuild.  While the original mines worked out the last of the gold and silver from the veins first discovered by Swanson, Holman, and McLeod, people began to leave the area, moving to the next "big thing".  While there remained a few people eking out a life working in the mines, or processing the ore, or just working their own claims and prospecting, for all intents and purposes the town became a hollow shell of what it once was.

By 1941 only a few hardy souls were left in Rawhide, and the post office was officially closed.  After that point, more and more of the few remaining residents of Rawhide began to drift away, and by the 1960s Mrs. Anne Rechel was considered the only true resident of Rawhide (except for on again / off again workers when mining activity resumed on occasion). She continued living in Rawhide until circumstances forced her to leave in the late 1960s,  at which point Rawhide languished, truly becoming a ghost town.  Visitors between the years of 1967 to the early 1980s could still find standing buildings in Rawhide, including Mrs. Rechel's house, an old Lumber Store (which had been moved to Rawhide from the town of Wonder, Nevada), and several other standing buildings.

The stone jail house of Rawhide was moved eventually to Hawthorne for safekeeping, where it remains today. Additionally, a small cemetery was still visible near Stingaree Gulch, a mile north of town.  However, new mining technologies for obtaining fine gold particles from ore deposits, and an upswing in gold prices, brought renewed interest to the Rawhide area in the late 1980s.  A large mining operation (The Denton-Rawhide Mine), operated jointly by Kennecott Minerals and Pacific Rim Mining Corp. created a huge open pit mine, which completely over-ran the original site of Rawhide.  The mine wound down operations in 2002-2003, and the pit itself has been permitted for use as a landfill; however the landfill is not in operation yet ().  Visitors to the area will find nothing remaining of what was once Rawhide.

Location
The location of Rawhide is approximately 55 miles SE of Fallon, NV and approximately 35 miles NE of Hawthorne, NV.  As mentioned above, the Rawhide-Denton Mine has removed any trace of Rawhide, and there is nothing of the town left to see.

Rawhide was at , at an elevation of 5082 feet (1549m).

See also
 List of ghost towns in Nevada

Photo Gallery

References
 Stanley W. Paher (1999) The Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps Illustrated Atlas, Volume 1: Northern Nevada: Reno, Austin, Ely and Points North (Las Vegas: Nevada Publications).

External links
 GhostTowns.Com:  Rawhide, Nevada
 GenDisasters:  Rawhide, NV Flood, August 1909
 Rawhide on Google Maps

Populated places established in 1906
Ghost towns in Mineral County, Nevada
Ghost towns in Nevada
1906 establishments in Nevada

Rawhide, Nevada


Sacred Heart Church is located in Forbes Road in the Hillsborough district of the city of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England at . It is a Roman Catholic church in the Diocese of Hallam and is a Grade II listed building. The church is situated in an elevated position and its tower is a prominent landmark in the area.

History
Since the 1850s the Catholics of Hillsborough and Lower Walkley had worshipped at the Hillsborough Barracks chapel. However the increase in population necessitated that larger premises were needed and on 19 July 1903 the Sacred Heart school-chapel was opened on land between Forbes Road and Ripley Street which had been purchased for £1,080. The chapel-school which was designed by C.M. Hadfield acted as a Chapel of ease for the St Vincent's parish and cost £3,000. The building still exists today and it houses the Sacred Heart Primary School.

The parish of Sacred Heart Hillsborough was created in 1920, becoming independent of St Vincent's on 5 August that year. R.J. Dunford was the first priest and at that time the parish had no church, Father Dunford initially conducted Mass in the chapel-school. A temporary church was eventually established and opened in February 1921 at a cost of £3,000. It was not until May 1935 that work started on the parish's permanent church and on 7 July that year the foundation stone was laid by Joseph Cowgill, Roman Catholic Bishop of Leeds. The cost of construction of the church was £13,000 and £10,000 of that was donated by the widow of Philip Wake KSG, JP, magistrate for the West Riding. The church was opened on 25 March 1936 with a celebration of High Mass and sermon read by Richard Downey, Archbishop of Liverpool.

The Church

The church was designed by the architect C. M. Hadfield (of Hadfield & Son) and was constructed from specially made thin red bricks with an unusual surface texture. The external brickwork facing is unusual in that it employs Monk bond coursing which is rarely used. It has been called "one of the best interwar churches in Sheffield". Originally, the church had just one large bell supplied by John Taylor Bellfounders of Loughborough. It weighs over one ton and is in the tone of "D". In 1948 the bell tower was strengthened and a peal of smaller bells was added by the same company to complement the tenor bell. The bells are played in the manner of a carillon. The sculptor Philip Lindsey Clark (1889–1977) carved the 14 Stations of the Cross which are arranged around the internal walls, his other contributions are the statue of the Sacred Heart at the main door and the carvings in the tympanum above the door which is made of Portland stone. The tympanum depicts scenes from a pilgrimage to Lourdes and the figure in the water may be that of Alfred Wood, a parishioner who was cured of his paralysis during a pilgrimage in 1930. Canon Dunsford and the architect are depicted in the tympanum among the pilgrims.

 Eric Newton created the mosaics for the reredos behind the altar and above each of the two side chapels, the most striking of which is a figure of the Sacred Heart with supporting angels in the apse. He added more mosaics in the side chapels in 1961 to commemorate the church's silver jubilee. More changes were made to the sanctuary in the late 1960s as a result of the Second Vatican Council. The altar was moved forward to enable Mass to be celebrated versus populum and at the same time it was shortened, the left-over stone being used to form a table for the tabernacle which remains in its original position at the rear of the sanctuary.

In 1983 a slightly pitched roof replaced the flat one after the church had trouble with leaks for a number of years. The roof was once again replaced in the late 2000s.

References

External links
Parish website

Sacred Heart
Roman Catholic churches in Sheffield
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1936
Roman Catholic churches in South Yorkshire
Grade II listed buildings in Sheffield
Grade II listed churches in South Yorkshire
Matthew Ellison Hadfield buildings
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United Kingdom

Sacred Heart Church, Hillsborough


Peggy Taylor (December 5, 1920 – June 8, 2006) was a French World War II spy. She was known for assassinating a Nazi SS colonel when she was just 21 years old.

Early life
Taylor was born Margaret Martha Gertrude Taylor on December 5, 1920. Her parents were Herbert Taylor, an English businessman, and Anne-Marie Le Coq. Margaret had one sister and two brothers. The whole family lived in the same house as Anne Marie's mother, Taylor's grandmother. Peggy was sent to a convent upon reaching adolescence, but her father had gone to Yorkshire to work for the British government during the Second World War and sent for the family soon after his arrival. Anne Marie, who could not leave her ailing mother, gave her children 9000 francs and sent them on a boat to Falmouth. Peggy and her siblings received word through the Swiss Red Cross that their mother was interned at a concentration camp near the German border.

Life at war
Desperate to save their mother, Peggy, her sister, and her brother William enlisted in the Free French Forces. Peggy became a paratrooper and a spy, craftily posing as a prostitute to obtain information. Once, Peggy bicycled around the Normandy coast, blowing kisses to the German military personnel stationed there, whilst collecting information about the number and position of tanks and other military structures. This information appeared to be invaluable, as it is believed to have influenced the date of D-Day. At the age of 21, she successfully assassinated a Nazi SS colonel after earning his trust and setting up a dinner date with him. "I said 'goodbye' and he just dropped."

After the war
After World War II, Taylor made the transition back to military life. For her military achievements she received the Croix de Guerre and the French Resistance medal twice. In 1955, Taylor emigrated to Ottawa, Canada and worked for the federal government as a stenographer. In 1995, she checked into a veterans' nursing home and died on June 8, 2006.

References

1920 births
2006 deaths
Canadian spies
World War II spies
French spies
Women spies
French women in World War II

Peggy Taylor (spy)