Professor Miles Lewis  (born 1943, Amersham, UK) is an Australian academic serving as a Professor in the Faculty of Architecture, Building & Planning, at the University of Melbourne, Australia. He is one of Australia's most notable Architectural historians, and a member of the Order of Australia. He is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities, a former President of Australia ICOMOS, of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand and of the Council for the Historic Environment. He is an immediate past President of the Town and Country Planning Association, and current Vice-President of the Comité International d'Architecture Vernaculaire (CIAV). He is a former member of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal, Victoria (now VCAT) and a former Auckland University Foundation Fellow. Professor Lewis has been a consultant on World Heritage listing and to the Getty Institute. He participated in the Tianjin Urban Conservation Study, China. He has many research interests include urban conservation, urban renewal, building history, prefabrication, vernacular architecture, and urban policy.

A well-known and forthright architectural historian and commentator on planning issues in the media, Professor Lewis has a number of useful databases online relating to architectural history and the history of building construction in Australia which are essential sources for others in the profession.

In 2013, Professor Lewis was awarded Honorary Life Membership of the National Trust of Australia (Victoria).

Selected publications

Books

 Lewis, Miles 2021. Architectural Drawings: Collecting in Australia. Melbourne: Melbourne Books.
 Lewis MB. 1999. Suburban backlash: the battle for the world's most liveable city. Melbourne: Bloomings Books.
 Lewis MB. 1994. Melbourne: the city's history and development. Melbourne: City of Melbourne.
 Lewis MB [ed]. 1991. Victorian churches. Melbourne: National Trust of Australia ( Victoria).
 Lewis MB [ed]. 1988. Two hundred years of concrete in Australia. North Sydney: Concrete Institute of Australia.
 Lewis MB. 1983. The essential Maldon. Richmond, Vic: Greenhouse in association with the National Trust of Australia (Victoria),
 Lewis MB. 1977. Don John of Balaclava. Melbourne: Brian Atkins.
 Lewis MB. 1977. Victorian primitive. Carlton, Vic: Greenhouse Publications.

External links
 Staff webpage at the University of Melbourne
 Personal webpage
 Link to Miles Lewis data base page

References
 Who invented the Hill's hoist? ABC TV 22/8/04
 Universities demanding foreign students be passed, ABC TV 7:30 Report, 20/2/07
 Protesters get tunnel vision as Smith St becomes a test case, 23/6/04
 Collingwood Action Group report, edited by Miles Lewis, 17/8/04
 Boulton, M, 26/8/05, The Age, What would it take to make Melbourne a more liveable city?

Australian architectural historians
Australian architecture writers
University of Melbourne alumni
1943 births
Living people
Historians of Australia
20th-century Australian architects
20th-century Australian historians
21st-century Australian architects
21st-century Australian historians
Members of the Order of Australia

Miles Lewis


Barbara Williams is an American ice hockey skating coach.

Williams was born in Brooklyn, New York, and raised on Long Island. In 1977, she became the NHL's first female skating coach. Barbara Williams was named the official power skating instructor for the New York Islanders, becoming the first female skating coach in the National Hockey League and the first female coach in a men's sport on the national level. The Long Island native worked with the Islanders throughout their four consecutive Stanley Cup wins, then continued working with them after becoming the New Jersey Devils' skating coach.
She also trained four NHL farm teams and more than 200 NHL players privately. A skater since the age of five, she's one of only a few women with her own hockey school. A 25-year resident of Kings Park, NY. In addition to teaching, she currently lectures on drug and alcohol abuse in schools.

Williams was inducted into the Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame on Long Island in the Hockey Category with the Class of 2011.

Published works
 More Power to Your Skating (Macmillan, 1979; )

References

External links
 Power Skating by Barbara Williams

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American ice hockey coaches
New York Islanders coaches
Female sports coaches

Barbara Williams (skating coach)


JoMei Chang is a computer scientist and technology business executive in Silicon Valley and China.

Chang was named a leading CEO by Fortune Magazine and an Entrepreneur of the Year by BusinessWeek.

Life
Born circa 1952 in Taiwan, Chang was accepted into the National Chiao Tung University where she received a B.S. in Electric Engineering in 1974.

Chang graduated from Purdue University with a M.S. and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and Database Management. In 2004, Purdue University honored her with the Outstanding Electrical & Computer Engineer Award.

After Purdue, Chang joined AT&T Bell Laboratories as a research scientist, one of the first female researchers in the computer science laboratory.
Chang co-patented a protocol for reliable multicast with Nicholas F. Maxemchuk.
Her often-cited papers were published in 1984.

Chang joined Sun Microsystems in 1984 as an engineer in the Network File System group.
In 1986 Chang became a member of the founding team at Teknekron Software Systems (renamed TIBCO Software), where she served as vice president and general manager. Chang invented the first digital trader workstation, for real-time financial information.

Vitria
In October 1994 Chang and her husband Dale Skeen founded Vitria Technology to do business process management and enterprise application integration.
Chang and Skeen provided initial funding for Vitria, along with Robert M. Halperin. Additional venture capital in subsequent rounds came from Brentwood Associates, Sutter Hill Ventures and Weston Presidio Capital.
Vitria filed for their initial public offering (IPO) in June 1999 during the dot-com bubble. The stock shares were listed on the Nasdaq exchange under the symbol "VITR" on September 16, raising about $50 million.
For the year 1999, the company reported a net loss of about $16 million on revenues of about $31.5 million.
Vitria was headquartered in Sunnyvale, California.
For the year 2002, net loss was $91.6 million on revenues of about $97 million. Lawsuits were filed and consolidated into Kideys, et al., v. Vitria Technology, Inc., et al., Case No. 01-CV-10092 alleging misrepresentations around the IPO. The company defended itself and offered settlement.
On June 18, 2003, the Vitria board approved a settlement.

In December 2003, Chang resigned as chief executive of Vitria (but remained chair of the board). The Beijing, China, operations of Vitria were sold to ChiLin LLC, which she owned, for about $1.5 million.
In April 2004 the name was changed to QilinSoft.
It aimed to introduce integration and BPM technology to China.
In September 2006, Chang with Skeen proposed privatization of Vitria for about $67 million.
After some objections, the transaction closed in March 2007.
She returned as CEO in July 2007.

It said it would focus on operational intelligence.

Her residences were shown on the HGTV cable-television network.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American computer businesspeople
Purdue University College of Engineering alumni
Taiwanese emigrants to the United States
Women chief executives

JoMei Chang


Rambo is a 2012 Indian Kannada-language comedy thriller film written and directed by M S Sreenath. It was produced by Atlanta Nagendra and Sharan. Sharan and Madhuri Itagi played the leading roles. This is the 100th film of actor Sharan; it was released in September 2012. Arjun Janya is the music director for the film.

Plot
'Rambo' is a film that revolves around a trickster, Kitty (Sharan). He has a mother in the house. He has a maternal uncle to his company Premkumar (Tabla Naani). In a way it is Varahavatara from Kitty to his car broker business. He catches the sentiment in the society that any vehicle should not dash against a pig or vice versa. The superstitious belief is that it would smash the further life. No one is ready to take this danger in life.

Using the pig, Kitty was very cool in his set up to take the cars to custody for his business. In one of the cases a black colored car owned by Umesh is demanded by a Swamiji. The deal comes to Kitty and Premkumar. With this further danger also follows the two. When they open the bonnet they find a dead body. This body is chased by a terrorist gang and the same car is also chased by former minister Annappa (Rangayana Raghu) as it has ₹25 crores in it.

Knowing about the death, Kitty wants to hand it over to the party who demanded it and he finds a murdered person. In the later course of time they find it belongs to a minister and the money inside make them greedy. In such a situation Kitty wants to know why terrorists are behind that body in his truck of the car . He scans the body and finds a pen drive tucked inside. That explains a terrorist gang is up to a major demolition of peace.

Kitty comes straight to DC Vijayalakshmi (Shruthi) and becomes a good citizen with handing over everything to the government.

Production
Rambo is the joint venture production of Atlanta Nagendra and Sharan. The movie was shot in 47 locations with super 35 mm camera for 55 days.

Cast
 Sharan as Krishna Murthy alias Kitti
 Madhuri Itagi as Revathi
 Tabla Nani as Belt Kumar
 Sadhu Kokila as Dumil Krishna
 Rangayana Raghu as Mangalore Annappa
 Umashree
 Sanket Kashi
 Shruti
 M. S. Umesh
 Dharma
Rishi
Venkatesh Prasad
Chandan Aachar
Dharma
Shiva manju
Naveen Krishna (guest appearance) as Vatapi
 Kurigalu Pratap
Naveen Shankar

Soundtrack

All the songs of the movie were screened in front of the media.

Rambo audio response has been very well appreciated for its catchy tunes and stylish presentation. Manethanka baare song made into the best songs of 2012 in Kannada. RAMBO makes it to the TOP KANNADA ALBUMS of 2012 in CD sales and Digital downloads.

Response
Rambo took a very good opening all over Karnataka. Rambo completes 25days in 40 centres all over karnataka.
 Rambo completes 50 days in major centers all over.

Rambo makes it to the top 5 hits of 2012.

Reviews
Times of India gave 3 and 1/2 stars. Bangalore mirror rated as 3 star. Indiaglitz reviewed Rambo as Brilliant. CNN IBN live rated Rambo as complete entertainer. NDTV rated the movie as a good entertainer enjoyable from start to finish. DNA India gave a rating of 70%. Chitratara mentioned it as worth watching cinema. Chitraloka mentioned forget the logic enjoy the magic. Super good movies rated it as good entertainer and gave  stars. One India entertainment rated Rambo as entertaining. Cine loka mentioned Rambo - An Unmissable Laugh Riot. Indian express rated Rambo as hilarious comedy. Bharatstudent mentioned it as different concept, entertaining narrative, watch it.

Overseas Release
Rambo was released in all major centres all over USA
 Rambo was premiered in Australia.

Awards

Rambo was nominated for Udaya film awards 2013 in 4 categories.

Rambo has been nominated for the Bangalore Times film awards 2012.

Rambo has been nominated for the 60th Idea filmfare awards 2013.

Rambo has been nominated for the Santosham Film Awards 2013.

Rambo has been nominated for ETV Kannada Sangeet Samman 2013 Awards in 4 categories.

Sequel

References

External links

2012 films
2010s Kannada-language films
Indian comedy films
2012 comedy films
Films scored by Arjun Janya
2012 directorial debut films

Rambo (2012 film)


Alfred Barton Rendle FRS (19 January 1865 – 11 January 1938) was an English botanist.

Rendle was born in Lewisham to John Samuel and Jane Wilson Rendle.

He was educated in Lewisham where he first became interested in plants, St Olave's Grammar School, Southwark and St John's College, Cambridge. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Cambridge and Bachelor of Science from University of London in 1887. He was awarded Master of Arts degree from Cambridge in 1891 and D.Sc. degree from London in 1898. He won scholarships from his school and universities that covered most of the cost of his education and his move from Cambridge to London was prompted by a vacancy for a salaried position as an assistant in the Botanical Department of the British Museum. This made him focus on systematic botany for his career, focusing on gymnosperms, monocotyledons,
and the Apetalae. In 1894 he obtained a lectureship at The Birkbeck Institute, teaching during the evenings.

He was Keeper of Botany at the Natural History Museum from 1906 to 1930, in succession to George Robert Milne Murray.

In 1905, Rendle attended the International Botanical Congress in Vienna, where he was appointed on to the editorial committee for the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature (now superseded by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the International Code of Nomenclature for Bacteria) a role which he continued in until 1935.

Rendle published a number of books.  Perhaps the best known of these was The Classification of Flowering Plants, which saw a gap of over 20 years between the publication of its two volumes – the first was published in 1904, but readers had to wait until 1925 for volume two.  This long gap was attributed by Rendle to his "increasing official and non-official duties".  These included acting as botany editor for the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, published in 1911, editor of the Journal of Botany (1924 – 1938), and revising the 7th edition Handbook of British Flora (1924, author G. Bentham).

Rendle was president of the Quekett Microscopical Club from 1916 to 1921 and president of the Linnean Society from 1923 to 1927. he had been a Fellow of the Linnean Society since 1888, and was its secretary 1916 – 1923.

His contemporaries considered that he had a keen sense of duty which he brought to his roles at the British Museum and contribution to the scientific community.  His teaching focused on delivering fundamental knowledge to undergraduates rather than advanced study.

References

Bibliography

Stearn, William T.,The Natural History Museum at South Kensington
 Books by A.B. Rendle at the Biodiversity Library including Flora of Jamaica coauthored with William Fawcett.

19th-century British botanists
20th-century British botanists
1865 births
1938 deaths
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Employees of the Natural History Museum, London
English botanists
Fellows of the Royal Society
People educated at St Olave's Grammar School
Presidents of the Linnean Society of London
Veitch Memorial Medal recipients

Alfred Barton Rendle


The Great Western Building is a building in Mumbai, the capital of Maharashtra, India.

The building was once the residence of the Governor of Bombay. William Hornby, a former governor who was instrumental in initiating the Hornby Vellard project which bunded the breach at Mahalaxmi, lived here for a few years of his term in office. It also served as the Admiralty House, residence of the Commander-in-chief of the Indian Fleet from 1770–1795.

Lachlan Macquarie, who was later the Governor of New South Wales (1810-1821), lived at Admiralty House. He records in his journal for 23 April 1794 that – Mr. Tasker having been so obliging to give us a friendly invitation to live in his town house (Admiralty House), during the hot weather and while he should remain in the country, (where he lives at present) we accepted of his offer.
Around 1800, it was purchased by the Government and transformed into The Recorders Court until 1878. The original porch was removed when the street was widened. The property was purchased by Rustomjee Jeejeebhoy and then sold to the Sassoon family.

In 1883, it was sold again and converted into a hotel known as the Great Western Hotel. A new five-storied wing was added in the early 1890s. It was designed by renowned architect S. M. N. Chandabhoy who also designed another smaller three-storied building in the later 1890s.

In time, the hotel closed and the rooms have been divided and further subdivided for optimum rental.

References

https://www.mq.edu.au/macquarie-archive/lema/1794/1794april.html

Buildings and structures in Mumbai

Great Western Building


Charles Wilfred Leslie Orr, generally known as C. W. Orr (31 July 1893 – 24 February 1976), was an English composer.

Biography

Born in Cheltenham, shortly after the death from tuberculosis of his father (who was a captain in the Indian Army), he learnt the piano and studied music theory as a child. He was attracted to the singing of Elena Gerhardt, whom he heard sing in London and developed an interest in lieder, especially those of Johannes Brahms, Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann. After reading Ernest Newman's book on the composer Hugo Wolf he determined to become a songwriter, which occupation he pursued through study at the Guildhall School of Music with Orlando Morgan. He was attracted to the music of Frederick Delius after approaching him at a London restaurant in 1915 and Delius became his mentor, helping him with his early compositions. He also came to know Philip Heseltine (Peter Warlock), who helped him in publishing his early songs.
 He married in 1929 and moved to Painswick, Gloucestershire, to get away from the busy atmosphere of London, which was detrimental to his health; a vaccination as a child had left him with eczema, and he contracted tuberculosis as an adult. He would remain in Painswick for the rest of his life.

His work as a composer was dominated by the composition of songs accompanied by piano; his life's study was the expressive setting of poetry to music. He was a particular admirer of A. E. Housman, and wrote more settings of his poetry than any other composer. He became acquainted with Housman's poetry just after World War I, during which he had enlisted, but was unable to fight for medical reasons. He undertook research visits to Shropshire, taking photographs, and attended one of Housman's lectures as Kennedy Professor of Latin at Cambridge University. He asked for permission to translate A Shropshire Lad into German so he could bring his songs into wider circulation, but the request was refused.

His piano accompaniments and postludes are an integral part of each song, providing more than bare harmony; examples of its use for programme music include fluttering semiquavers depicting aspen leaves in Along the Field and heavy chords in a march to the scaffold in The Carpenter's Son. His harmonic language is a mixture of English modality and late Romanticism. Orr is regarded as one of Britain's finest 20th century songwriters.

Works

His music is published by Chester Novello and Oxford University Press.

Songs

For solo voice and piano.

Plucking the Rushes (1921)
Silent Noon (1921)
The Earl of Bristol's Farewell (1927)
Tryste Noel (1927)
When as I Wake (1928)
Hymn before Sleep (1953)
While Summer on is Stealing (1953)
4 Songs (1959): Bahnhofstrasse (1932), Requiem (1954), The Time of Roses (1955), Since Thou, O Fondest and Truest (1957)

Housman settings

When the Lad for Longing Sighs (1921)
2 Songs from A Shropshire Lad: 'Tis Time I Think by Wenlock Town, Loveliest of Trees, The Cherry (1921–1922)
The Carpenter's Son (1922)
When I was One-and-Twenty (1924)
With rue my heart is laden (1924)
Is my team ploughing (1925)
On your Midnight Pallet Lying (1925)
O When I Was in Love with You (1926)
This Time of Year (1926)
Soldier from the Wars Returning (1928)
7 Songs from A Shropshire Lad (1934): Along the Field (1927), When I Watch the Living Meet (1930), The Lent Lily, Farewell to barn and stack and tree (1928), O fair enough are sky and plain (1931), Hughley Steeple (1930), When Smoke Stood Up from Ludlow (1929)
The Lads in their Hundreds (1936)
3 Songs from A Shropshire Lad (1940): Into My Heart an Air that Kills (1935), Westward on the High-Hilled Plains (1927), O see how thick the goldcup flowers, (1939)
The Isle of Portland (1938)
In Valleys Green and Still (1952)

Choral music

The Brewer's Man, bass and two-part choir (1927)
Slumber Song, choir and piano (1937)
Fain would I change that note, three-part choir and piano (1937)

Instrumental music

Cotswold Hill-Tune, string orchestra, (1937)
Midsummer Dance, cello and piano (1957)

Recordings

Songs (complete)

The complete CW Orr songbook – volume 1; Stone Records
The complete CW Orr songbook – volume 2; Stone Records

Songs (extracts)

A E Housman: A Shropshire Lad, Complete in verse and song; Hyperion Records CDA66471/2

Further reading

J. Wilson: C.W. Orr: the Unknown Song-Writer (London, 1989)
S. Northcote: The Songs of C.W. Orr; in Music & Letters XVIII (1937)
I. A. Copley: An English Songwriter: C.W. Orr; in Composer no.29 (1968)
C. Palmer: C.W. Orr: an 80th Birthday Tribute; in Musical Times CXIV (1973)
C. Palmer: In Memoriam C.W. Orr; in Delius Society Journal no.55 (1977)

Sources

Jane Wilson: 'Orr, C(harles) W(ilfred)', Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed 2007-06-07), http://www.grovemusic.com/
Andrew Green: notes to A E Housman: A Shropshire Lad, Complete in verse and song; Hyperion Records CDA66471/2

External links
Chester Novello: C. W. Orr

1893 births
1976 deaths
20th-century classical composers
English classical composers
Musicians from Cheltenham
People from Painswick
English Romantic composers
English male classical composers
20th-century English composers
20th-century British male musicians
20th-century British musicians

Charles Wilfred Orr


Area codes 813 and 656 are area codes in the North American Numbering Plan for the U.S. state of Florida in the city of Tampa, Florida, and its surrounding areas, such as Zephyrhills and Oldsmar. In 2022, due to exhaustion of central office prefixes, area code 656 was added to the service area forming an overlay complex.

Service area
Area codes 656 and 813 are assigned to a numbering plan area (NPA) that comprises all of Hillsborough County, the city of Oldsmar in Pinellas County, and the central and southeastern portions of Pasco County. The northeastern portion of Pasco County has area code 352, while the western portion uses area code 727.

History
In 1947, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) announced the first nationwide telephone numbering plan and divided the United States and Canada into 86 numbering plan areas and assigned the original North American area codes, a unique code for each area, to speed the connection times for Operator Toll Dialing.

The state of Florida was a single numbering plan area with area code 305. In 1953, with the development of Direct Distance Dialing, the western part of the peninsula from the Tampa Bay area south, which was serviced mostly by General Telephone (GTE), was designated as a separate numbering plan area with area code 813. The new number plan area stretched along the Gulf Coast from Pasco County to Collier County and included the cities of St. Petersburg, Sarasota, Fort Myers, and Lakeland.

On March 3, 1996, thirteen counties south and east of Hillsborough County, from Manatee County to Collier County, split from the numbering plan area 813 after 39 years in the coverage area and were assigned area code 941.

Although the 1996 split was intended to be a long-term solution, within only two years, 813 was close to exhaustion again because of the rapid growth of telephone service in the Tampa Bay area and the proliferation of cell phones and pagers. The Florida Public Service Commission decided to assign area code 727 as another area code for the region. It was originally planned to be an overlay on 813. However, overlays were still a new concept, and the mixing of area codes in the same region, and the resulting requirement for ten-digit dialing, met considerable resistance. As a result, the area of most of Pinellas County (except Oldsmar) and western Pasco County were split off on February 1, 1999 and received area code 727.

Oldsmar kept area code 813 despite being in Pinellas. Oldsmar was a tributary service area to the Tampa area, and tributary routes were in general not cut across NPA boundaries. Oldsmar is also located on the Pinellas/Hillsborough line, and was the only local exchange that was a local call to both cities. Most of the dialup Internet access numbers and alarm system reporting numbers in Tampa and St. Petersburg were located in Oldsmar. GTE and the Florida Public Service Commission wanted to spare alarm companies and ISPs the cost of reprogramming and replacing systems that could not handle 10 digit dialing.

In 2022, the available telephone numbers for area code 813 were expected to be exhausted during the third quarter of 2022. As a result, the North American Numbering Plan Administrator authorized an "all services overlay", which was approved by the Florida Public Service Commission on March 31, 2020. The new area code 656 started service on February 22, 2022, but only after all available central office prefixes of 813 had been assigned. This required ten-digit dialing within the numbering plan area.

See also
List of Florida area codes
List of North American Numbering Plan area codes

References

External links
Florida's Area Code History

813
813
Telecommunications-related introductions in 1953
1953 establishments in Florida

Area codes 813 and 656


Johan Frandsen (born 9 September 1982 in Stockholm, Sweden), is the frontman guitarist, main songwriter and lead vocalist in the Swedish rock band, The Knockouts. His trademark guitar is a Gretsch White Falcon. Frandsen is an endorsed artist by Gretsch Guitars, TV Jones, Fender and Peerless.

Biography

Music career
Frandsen started playing guitar at the age of six and began his music career forming The Knockouts in 1996 in Stockholm, Sweden. The Knockouts have developed a cult following in Scandinavia and is now considered to be one of Sweden's hardest touring bands. As well as being the main songwriter and frontman of The Knockouts – from 2004 Frandsen was the lead guitarist with internationally respected Swedish rockabilly band, The GoGetters, having toured over 300 dates with shows all over Europe and the USA. His guitar playing gave them an extra injection energy worldwide - one of the highlights was headlining the Viva Las Vegas and playing with members of the Stray Cats, Guana Batz and Mad Sin.

Frandsen started Diamond Prime Music with The Knockouts' manager Coco Rosenfeld in early 2009. Diamond Prime is a Music and Management company based in Stockholm. Diamond Prime is the record label and management for The Knockouts.

The Knockouts
The Knockouts are a Swedish rock band from Stockholm, formed in 1996. The current lineup consists of Frandsen (vocals, guitar), Kennet Stone (double bass, vocals) and Ted Jergelind (drums).  The band has risen to fame in 2010 after the release of the album Among the Vultures. They have released three studio albums and one EP compilation in Sweden and throughout Europe. The album Among the Vultures was nominated for Best Punk Rock Album at the 2011 Independent Music Awards, and two singles from the album were nominated for best punk song "Heat for the Hunted" and best alternative country song "Ever Been Hurt". The Knockouts added BEST Punk Rock Album to their collection as voted by the industry panel including Joe Perry, Aerosmith, Benji Madden & Joel Madden, Good Charlotte, and Ozzy Osbourne.

Performing hundreds of jam-packed and sold-out shows, The Knockouts have respectively gained a reputation of delivering, what is now described as a "cocky punk rock" sound with an aggressive rockabilly technique.

The Knockouts - recent activity

In 2013 and 2014, The Knockouts have worked to rehearse, record and release the newest studio album '''5000 Miles from Louisville'', having signed with Swedish Booking Agency MTA Production AB, The Knockouts are back on the road and hitting stages throughout Scandinavia with the newest release in their usual high energy gigs!

2012 saw the Knockouts working on new material for the upcoming album. During this time touring schedules were kept to a minimum and work was directed to the songs for the new release (Due early 2013). A special event was held in September 2012 at Debaser Slussen Stockholm, Sweden. Slim Jim Phantom from the world-famous Stray Cats and Jonny Bowler from the Guana Batz flew from Los Angeles to join the Knockouts on stage in a once only special event to a soldout show, celebrating Frandsen's 30th birthday.

In 2011, the Knockouts supported rock and roll icon and Stray Cats front man Brian Setzer, on the 'Brian Setzer's Rockabilly Riot tour 2011'

They started the European summer with a performance with Brian Sezter on the premiere night of his tour at the 10 year celebration of the Azkena Rock Festival on the June 25, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain to crowds of over 50,000 people, then onto sold out dates throughout Germany in Berlin, Hamburg and Cologne. The tour continued to be sold out through Scandinavia with dates in Copenhagen, Denmark, Stockholm, Sweden and Helsinki, Finland ending at the Helsinki Ice Hall (venue capacity of 8200) in Helsinki.

Highlight of the tour was the encore performance at the Helsinki Ice Hall on the last night of the tour, when Frandsen joined Brian Setzer and Slim Jim Phantom on stage with a special rendition of "Seven Nights to Rock". Setzer called Frandsen to the stage and handed his white Brian Setzer Hot Rod signature Gretsch guitar to Frandsen to conclude the tour in Scandinavia.

The Knockouts' tours have included dates throughout Europe including countries such as, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Germany, Finland, Czech Republic and Spain.

They have played at festivals such as the West Coast Riot and The Peace and Love Festival, alongside Brian Setzer, Social Distortion and The Living End. They supported The Living End in 2009 on their first Scandinavian tour date for the 'Raise the Alarm World Tour' – in Stockholm.

The Knockouts' beginnings (1996–2002)
Formed by Frandsen in 1996. Their energetic and hard-fought beginnings were captured with the release of their 1998  self-titled debut 7 inch single The Knockouts, produced by Thomas Skogsberg, (The Hellacopters)
1999 to 2001 was spent touring, writing and preparing to record the full length promotional album Skyline Supernova, recorded in Sunlight Studio, Sweden and released in  summer 2000, and various compilation recordings, including A Fistfull of Rock, Devil Doll Records.
The success of their album scored them national support and the slot on the Hultsfred Festival, playing in the same year as bands such as Iggy Pop and Rocket from the Crypt.

The Knockouts self titled EP (2003–2005)
After devouring two years' worth of gigs, and with a different way of looking at the Swedish punk rock scene, and following from the success of Skyline Supernova, in 2003 the trio went onto solidify its sound with the introduction of longtime drummer Ted Jergelind. Early 2004 saw them head into the studio and record the 4 track EP self-titled The Knockouts. While writing new material during 2004–2006 for their second album and touring Sweden, Germany, Spain, Frandsen (lead vocals, guitar) toured over 300 dates with internationally respected Swedish rockabilly band, The GoGetters'.

The energy and injection of Frandsen's rockabilly roots and unique "Knockouts" sound, bought a new edge to the GoGetters' and the tour included shows all over Europe and the USA; headlining the Viva Las Vegas, supporting Stray Cats members, and playing with members from Mad Sin and The Guana Batz.

El Fin de la Guerra (2006–2008)
In the midst of a relentless touring schedule between 2006–2008, new songs were bubbling to the surface in what would become El Fin De La Guerra. Recorded in October 2007 and released February 1, 2008 this new album saw the band fly into a massive Europe and USA tour including planned dates in Sweden, Germany, Czech Republic, Finland and the West Coast of the United States. Endorsement deals sees a trademark white guitar appear on stage at the start of 2009 and Frandsen appearing at both National and International guitar conventions. They were busy on the festival circuit in the summer of 2009, including playing Earth Hour in Stockholm, then with The Living End and Social Distortion at The Westcoast Riot festival and the Peace and Love Festival.

Among the Vultures (2009–2011)Among the Vultures, was recorded and produced in six days at The Panic Room, Skara, Sweden.  This album received multiple accolades and reviews; ...This album won't leave lovers of quality rock unmoved. It is just so tight, intense, messy, expressive, powerful, explosive... The official single, "Under the Light" is attracting radio play and reviews both in Scandinavia, USA and Europe. The song "Heat for the Hunted" was chosen 3rd on Sweden's National Radio Program - Håkan Persson's Sveriges Radio P3 as the best top ten songs for 2009

5000 Miles From Louisville (2012–2014)
2012 to 2013 saw the band working on a new album. 5000 Miles From Louisville, was recorded and mixed in ten days in February 2013 at Park Studio Stockholm, Sweden.  It was produced by Stefan Boman, of Park Studio (owned by Swedish band Kent) and Frandsen of the Knockouts. This album received radio plays and reviews;... the catchiness of the beats and melodies grab you, the lyrics hold on tight and refuse to let you go ...The official single, ...'Days Long Gone' hurtles out of the speakers with a confidence and energy that tells me everything I need to know about this record and that is it's going to compete and there's a strength in the outstanding playing and songwriting that places this Scandinavian three piece right at the top of the pack...The album also featured Kevin McKendree on piano on the song "Stars of Us".

Awards and nominations

 2011: The Knockouts' Among the Vultures was nominated for Best Punk Rock Album at the Independent Music Awards, and two singles from the album were nominated for best punk song Heat for the Hunted and best alternative country song Ever Been Hurt. The Knockouts added BEST Punk Rock Album to their collection as voted by the industry panel including Joe Perry of Aerosmith, Benji Madden and Joel Madden, Good Charlotte, and Ozzy Osbourne.
 2010: The Knockouts were nominated as best upcoming act at the Bandit Rock Awards (Sweden's biggest rock radio station).
 2009: "Heat for the Hunted" from the album Among the Vultures was chosen 3rd on Sweden's National Radio Program Håkan Persson's Sveriges Radio P3 as the best top ten songs for  2009.

Endorsements
Frandsen is currently endorsed artist with:
 Gretsch Guitars
 TV Jones Guitars
 Fender
 Tube Amp Doctor
 Jam Gitarrer

Equipment
2010 saw Frandsen debut as an endorsed artist with TV Jones guitars as a featured artist on the website with Brian Setzer, Chris Cheney and Billy Gibbons. This was soon followed up by support and endorsement from Fender and Gretsch. Frandsen is featured in a two-page spread in FUZZ Magazine June, 2011 issue #4 - The number one and only guitar magazine in Scandinavia. Talking about his inspiration.

On tour, Frandsen uses four main guitars on tour, two Gretsch Guitars and two TV Jones Spectra Sonic  Supremes' and the rest are back-ups for the different tunings.

Guitars
 Gretsch Chris Cheney Signature G6126TCC
 Gretsch Prototype GGP 6120 TM (Tiger Maple)
 Gretsch Model 6120 Setzer Hot Rod Custom "Pinstripe"
 TV Jones Spectra Sonic Supreme Guitar - Charcoal
 TV Jones Spectra Sonic Supreme Guitar - Cherry Red
 Various other Gretsch, Guild & Gibson Models

Effects:

 Roland Re-301 Chorus Echo

Amplifiers:

 Fender Bassman(Blonde) - 1963
 Fender Supersonic 60 head

Discography

Studio albums
 2000:  Skyline Supernova 2004:  The Knockouts EP Diamond Prime Music
 2007:  El Fin de la Guerra 2009:  Among the Vultures Diamond Prime Music / Sound Pollution AB
 2013: 5000 Miles From Louisville Diamond Prime Music / Sound Pollution AB

Singles
 1998:  "The Knockouts - Can I Look But Not Touch 7" Vinyl
 2009:  "Under the Light" Diamond Prime Music / Sound Pollution AB
 2010:  "Ever Been Hurt" Diamond Prime Music / Sound Pollution AB
 2011:  "A lie like in Natalie" Diamond Prime Music / Sound Pollution AB
 2011:  "I Want you to want me" Diamond Prime Music / Sound Pollution AB
 2013: Days Long Gone Diamond Prime Music / Sound Pollution AB

Compilations
 1998: Fistful of Rock 'N' Roll vol. 9. The Knockouts (Stripshow A Go-Go / Devil Doll Records)
 2011: Dancing on Your Graves – A Rockabilly Tribute to The Hellacopters, The Knockouts', Freeway To Hell (Wild Kingdom/Sound Pollution)

Other projects
 2008: The GoGetters "Hot Rod Roadeo" Goofin Records, Title track from the album Hot Rod Roadeo''

References

External links
 The Knockouts official website
 The Knockouts support Brian Setzer's Rockabilly Riot

1982 births
Living people
Swedish guitarists
Male guitarists
Swedish rock musicians
Swedish rock guitarists
21st-century Swedish singers
21st-century guitarists
21st-century Swedish male singers

Johan Frandsen


James Compton, 3rd Earl of Northampton FRS (19 August 1622 – 15 December 1681), was an English peer, politician and author, who fought for the Royalists during the First English Civil War.

He succeeded his father Spencer Compton, 2nd Earl of Northampton when he was killed in March 1643 at the Battle of Hopton Heath. After the war ended in Royalist defeat in 1646, he spent the next 14 years living quietly on his estates, although he was arrested several times on suspicion of involvement in conspiracies to restore Charles II.

Following The Restoration in 1660, he was rewarded with appointments as Lord Lieutenant of Warwickshire and Constable of the Tower of London. While he attended the House of Lords on a regular basis, he played little role in active politics; his third son Spencer briefly became prime minister from 1742 to 1743. He died in December 1681.

Although known to have written a number of plays and translated others, the full extent of his output was only revealed when a cache of papers was discovered at the family home of Castle Ashby House in 1977. Based on this, it is suggested "his name should be added to the list of 17th century, or more particularly of Cavalier, playwrights".

Personal details

James Compton was born on 19 August 1622, eldest son of Spencer Compton, 2nd Earl of Northampton (1601–1643) and Mary Beaumont (died 1654). Originally from Compton Wynyates in Warwickshire, his father was a close personal friend of Charles I and extremely wealthy, owning properties in more than eleven counties, including Castle Ashby House which became his main seat.

Compton had five brothers and two sisters; Charles (1624–1661), William (1625–1663), Spencer (died 1659), Francis (1629–1716), Henry (1632–1713), Anne (1637–1705) and Penelope (1642–1667). Four of the brothers fought in the First English Civil War, including William who during The Protectorate was a senior member of the Royalist conspiracy group known as the Sealed Knot. His youngest brother Henry became Bishop of London and a leading member of the Anglican opposition to James II of England, deposed in November 1688.

He was twice married, first in 1647 to Isabella (1622–1661), daughter of Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset; of their six children, only one survived to adulthood, his daughter Alethea (1661–1678). His second marriage to Mary Noel (died 1719) produced three sons and two daughters, including his heir George (1664–1727), Mary Sackville, Countess of Dorset (1669–1691) and Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington, who was briefly Prime Minister from 1742 to 1743.

Career
Compton was educated at Eton College, before attending Queens' College, Cambridge; in 1638, he accompanied his father to The Hague in the retinue of Charles' nephew, the Elector Palatine. He spent the next two years travelling in Europe, before returning home to stand for election as MP for Warwickshire in November 1640. He was one of 53 MPs to vote against the Attainder of Charles' chief minister, the Earl of Strafford, who was executed in May 1641.

When the First English Civil War began in 1642, his father was appointed Commissioner of Array for Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and Gloucestershire; Compton was slightly wounded in one of the first actions of the war, an attack on Warwick Castle. He and his three younger brothers served at Edgehill in October 1642, before capturing Banbury Castle in November, which they used as a base for operations.

In March 1643, a Royalist cavalry force including Compton and led by his father the Earl of Northampton clashed with a Parliamentarian army under Sir John Gell at Hopton Heath. One Royalist charge over-ran the Parliamentarian artillery, in the course of which the Earl was unhorsed, then killed after refusing to surrender; Gell offered to hand over his body if Compton returned the captured artillery, a suggestion he refused.

His father's death meant Compton inherited his titles and regiments; he fought at the First Battle of Newbury in September 1643, then Cropredy Bridge in June 1644, before being routed by Oliver Cromwell at Islip, Oxfordshire in April 1645. He was present at Naseby in June, a defeat that destroyed the last major Royalist field army, and accompanied Charles on the attempt to link up with Montrose in Scotland that ended at Rowton Heath in September. He returned to Oxford and surrendered to the Committee of Both Kingdoms in February 1646, shortly before the war ended in June.

After paying a fine, he resumed ownership of his estates in 1651 and most of his literary output dates from this period, which includes several plays and poems, as well as translations of French and Italian works. He also supported a number of minor poets and playwrights, the most significant being Cosmo Manuche, a former Royalist officer. While his brother William was involved in the Royalist underground as a member of the Sealed Knot, Compton remained largely undisturbed by the authorities, although he was briefly arrested for his part in the 1659 Booth's Uprising.

Following The Restoration in 1660, Compton was rewarded by Charles II with appointments as Lord Lieutenant of Warwickshire and Recorder of Coventry, which he held until his death. He attended the House of Lords on a regular basis, his most significant act being to propose the banishment of Clarendon, former advisor to Charles I and Lord Chancellor from 1660 to 1667. The diarist Samuel Pepys described this as a "thing of vanity and insult...which is mighty poor I think, and so doth everyone else".  He was made a Privy Councillor in 1673, then Constable of the Tower of London in 1675, before being removed from both posts during the 1679 Exclusion Crisis.

After his death on 15 December 1681, he was buried in the family vault at Compton Wynyates, next to his first wife and succeeded as fourth Earl of Northampton by his son George.

Literary works

A founding member of the Royal Society in 1660, Compton is best known as a patron of the arts. In 1977, the discovery of manuscripts held in the family archives at Castle Ashby showed he wrote at least four original plays, including one on Caracalla, and an unfinished draft of a drama on Strafford. He also translated Niccolò Machiavelli's comedy "La Mandragola" and one of the earliest English versions of the French tragedian Pierre Corneille.

References

Sources

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1622 births
1681 deaths
03
04
Lord-Lieutenants of Warwickshire
People from Northamptonshire
Constables of the Tower of London
Compton, James Compton, Lord
James
Compton, James
Cavaliers
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
Parents of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
17th-century English dramatists and playwrights
People educated at Eton College

James Compton, 3rd Earl of Northampton


Count Hermann Karl von Keyserling (1697–1764) was a Russian diplomat from the Keyserlingk family of Baltic German nobility based in the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia.

Life
In 1733, the nobility of Courland sent Keyserling to Saint Petersburg in order to inform Ernst Johann von Biron that he had been elected Duke of Courland. Biron was so pleased with the news that he had Keyserlingk appointed President of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

A year later, Keyserling was appointed Ambassador of the Russian Empire at the court of August III in Dresden and Warsaw. He kept this position until his death. As the Russian ambassador to the imperial court in Vienna he was made an imperial count in 1744.

Johann Sebastian Bach was said by his first biographer, Johann Nikolaus Forkel, to have composed the Goldberg Variations for Count Keyserling as a sleep aid. The work takes its name from Johann Gottlieb Goldberg, a musician in the service of Count Keyserling.

His son Heinrich Christian von Keyserling was the wealthiest aristocrat of Königsberg, whose palace was frequented by the likes of Immanuel Kant and Johann Gottfried Herder. His marriage to Caroline von Keyserling was childless.

Hermann Karl's daughter Anna von Medem was the great-grandmother of geologist Alexander Keyserling.

1697 births
1764 deaths
People from the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
Baltic-German people
Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to Austria
Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to Prussia
Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
18th-century German historians
Politicians from the Russian Empire
18th-century diplomats
German male non-fiction writers
Active Privy Councillor (Russian Empire)
Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to Poland

Hermann Karl von Keyserling


The Battle of Kuryłówka, fought between the Polish anti-communist resistance organization, National Military Alliance (NZW) and the Soviet Union's NKVD units, took place on May 7, 1945, in the village of Kuryłówka, southeastern Poland. The battle ended in a victory for the underground Polish forces.

Background
In May 1945 World War II ended in Europe. But as Norman Davies wrote in No Simple Victory, even after Victory Day the war was not completely over: "In all Soviet-occupied countries the NKVD was hunting down a variety of political opponents and freedom fighters (...) Stalin and Stalinism were still in place - unregenerate, as murderous as ever, and victorious".

On May 7, a major battle between the Polish anti-communist resistance organization, National Military Alliance (Narodowe Zjednoczenie Wojskowe, NZW) and NKVD units took place in the village of Kuryłówka, located near Leżajsk (Subcarpathian Voivodeship). According to several sources, this was the biggest battle in the history of the Polish anti-communist movement, in which reportedly up to 70 NKVD agents died. Polish units were commanded by Major Franciszek Przysiężniak (noms de guerre "Marek", "Ojciec Jan").

1944-1945 in the area of Rzeszów
Most of the area of today's Subcarpathian Voivodeship was captured by the Red Army in the summer of 1944. The Soviets immediately started to persecute members of the Home Army, loyal to the Polish government-in-exile, and their actions sparked resistance (see: Łukasz Ciepliński, Adam Lazarowicz). On January 19, 1945, General Leopold Okulicki formally disbanded the Home Army, however several members of the organization decided to continue struggle for free Poland, seeing the Soviet forces as new occupiers. New movements were created, such as Wolność i Niezawisłość, Narodowe Siły Zbrojne, NIE or Narodowe Zjednoczenie Wojskowe.

These organizations were oppressed mainly by the NKVD and later by the newly created Polish secret police, Urząd Bezpieczeństwa. In the area of Rzeszów, the most important and the strongest of anti-Communist movements was Wolnosc i Niezawislosc, but other organizations such as Narodowe Zjednoczenie Wojskowe also were present. Rzeszów's district of NZW was run by several people including Kazimierz Mirecki, Józef Salabun, Kazimierz Nizieński, and Piotr Woźniak.

In March 1945, Rzeszów's NZW created the so-called Command of the Forest Units, which oversaw partisan troops in the area. These units were commanded by Major Franciszek Przysiężniak.

Battle
In early May, an NZW unit numbering some 200 soldiers was stationed in the village of Kuryłówka, near the town of Leżajsk. It was commanded by Major Przysiężniak. NKVD troops, stationed in Biłgoraj, found out about the Poles and sent two companies there, which probably were part of the 2nd Border Regiment of the NKVD (establishing Soviet sources on this matter is very difficult).

According to other sources, the NKVD troops came to Kuryłówka searching for a group of deserters from Polish People's Army (Ludowe Wojsko Polskie) who had decided to join the anti-Communist forces.

The battle took place on May 7. The Polish unit numbered some 200 soldiers; the exact number of NKVD troops is unknown, but most probably there were up to 300 of them. The skirmish ended in the NKVD unit's retreat. It is difficult to establish the number of NKVD victims; some sources claim that 56 agents died, some say up to 70. The number of Polish victims is unknown.

The next day
After the battle, the Polish unit, fearing reprisals, left the area of Kuryłówka. The next day, a strong NKVD force appeared in the village. The village of Kuryłówka was burned, more than 200 houses were razed to the ground. The Soviets then shot six persons, and two more died in the blaze. 920 people became homeless.

Aftermath
The Battle of Kuryłówka is commemorated on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw, with the inscription "KURYŁÓWKA 7 V 1945"

See also
Cursed soldiers
Raid on Kielce Prison

References
  Wystawa "Żołnierze wyklęci. Antykomunistyczne podziemie na Rzeszowszczyźnie po 1944 roku" – Rzeszów, 1 marca 2001 r.
  Description of the Kuryłówka village, mentioning the battle
 Dionizy Garbacz "Zolnierze Wolyniaka", Stalowa Wola 1999,
 Dariusz Iwaneczko, Zbigniew Nawrocki "Rok pierwszy. Powstanie i dzialanosc aparatu Bezpieczenstwa Publicznego na Rzeszowszczyznie (sierpien 1944 – lipiec 1945)", Rzeszów 2005.
 Norman Davies, "No Simple Victory", Viking Penguin 2006.

Anti-communism in Poland
Kurylowka
Kurylowka
Conflicts in 1945
1945 in Poland
Battle of
NKVD
Soviet World War II crimes in Poland
May 1945 events

Battle of Kuryłówka


The Reformed Church of Newtown () is a historic Reformed church in the Elmhurst neighborhood of Queens in New York City.  The church was first established by Dutch immigrants in 1731.  The neighborhood had been established in 1652 by the Dutch as Middenburgh, a village suburb of New Amsterdam (i.e., New York City). After the English took over the Dutch colony of New Netherland in 1664, the village was renamed New Town, later simplified to Newtown. When Newtown was renamed Elmhurst in the late 1890s, the church retained its original name, a name still also carried by the local high school and subway station.

The Reformed Church of Newtown is a congregation in the Queens classis of the New York regional synod of the Reformed Church in America (RCA). Founded in 1628, the Reformed Church in America is the oldest Protestant Christian denomination in the United States.

Church building
The original Federal-Greek Revival style building, completed in 1735, had survived the struggles of the colonial days and the disruptions of the American Revolutionary War (during which the British seized it for use as an armory). It was replaced in 1832 by the present sanctuary, a New York City designated landmark. The Reformed Church of Newtown Complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

The cornerstone of the original building can still be seen in the foundation of its present structure. The sanctuary and adjoining fellowship hall are, as noted by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, "one of the few all wood church groups remaining in the City." A 1989 renovation replaced cupolas that had been damaged by a storm.

Congregation
As the needs of the church and community changed, staffing was increased, structural improvements were made, and the preaching shifted from Dutch to English. In 1956, for its 225th anniversary, President Dwight D. Eisenhower visited the church. For this occasion, the Reverend A. Nelson Doak compiled a brief history of the parish and praised Elmhurst's ethnic diversity.

In 1980, as Elmhurst was changing complexion, Rev. Doak's hope for Newtown Church began to be fulfilled. His successor, the Rev. David Boyce, perceiving the changing needs of the community, initiated a worship service for Taiwanese immigrants and later another service for the increasing population of Tamil-speaking Indians in the area. The originally Dutch church now had services in English, Taiwanese, and Tamil. The Tamil ministry stopped after the death of the Tamil minister, the Rev. Paul Theodore, but some Tamil members incorporated themselves into the English service and remained with the congregation. Meanwhile, the Taiwanese ministry, led by the Rev. Bill H.C. Lee, soon outnumbered Newtown's white congregants, as the membership more than doubled from 1981 to 1982. The Taiwanese had entered in, not as a distinct congregation, but as an additional ministry under the authority of Newtown's leadership. As full members, they voted and soon obtained seats on the church's consistory. Although there can technically be only one "senior pastor" in an RCA parish, Pastor Boyce, recognizing the unique circumstances of the day, had innovatively elevated Lee to be an equal "co-pastor" with him.

In 1995, the Rev. David K.T. Su instituted a third worship service in Mandarin Chinese. Efforts by the church to fulfill the Scriptural call to be "a house of prayer for all peoples" have thus resulted in a Taiwanese service, a Mandarin service, and an English service attended by Asians, Latinos, and white Americans each Sunday. In December 2017, Rev. Su retired after nearly three decades of service to the church, after which the Rev. Dr. Tien-Heng Chiu was installed as Senior Pastor.

The Reformed Church of Newtown has also produced several ministers for the Reformed Church of America in recent decades: the Rev. I. Douglas Estella (ordained 1986) and the Rev. Ben Lin (ordained 1997), both sons of Newtown Church.

See also
Chinese Rites controversy
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Queens
National Register of Historic Places listings in Queens County, New York

References

External links

The Reformed Church of Newtown official website

Churches in Queens, New York
1731 establishments in the Province of New York
New York City Designated Landmarks in Queens, New York
Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Queens, New York
Reformed Church in America churches
Former Dutch Reformed churches in New York (state)
Churches completed in 1832
18th-century churches in the United States
Federal architecture in New York (state)
Elmhurst, Queens
Chinese-American churches

Reformed Church of Newtown


The  Audi 920 is a car introduced in 1938 by the Audi division of Auto Union to replace the Audi Front UW 225. Its engine was a shortened version of the eight-cylinder in-line engine used by sister company Horch. The car was planned to occupy a niche in the Auto Union range between the large Horch products and the middle market cars produced by Wanderer. Audi had no stand-alone production facilities at that time and the car was produced, like its predecessor, at the Horch plant.

The 920 featured a front-mounted six-cylinder in-line engine with a displacement of 3,281 cc. A maximum output of  at 3,000 rpm was claimed along with a maximum speed of . A floor-mounted lever controlled the four-speed gearbox: this delivered power to the rear wheels, which represented a technological retreat from the innovative front-wheel drive configuration of the 920's predecessor. The box-section chassis featured semi-independent suspension at the front and a swing-axle arrangement at the rear. The Audi 920 and the British Austin 16 were the only European cars to incorporate design cues from the 1937 Buicks for their front end grille treatment.

Production of almost all passenger cars came to an end in Germany as European war intensified. By the time production of the last pre-war Audi came to an end in 1940, 1,281 of the cars had been produced.

It was the last car to carry the Audi name until the Audi F103 in 1965, which marked the resurrection of the brand by Volkswagen shortly after its takeover of Auto Union the previous year. Audi would not market another car in the Obere Mittelklasse class until the Audi 100 came in 1968.

References

920
Executive cars
Auto Union
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 1938
1930s cars
1940s cars

Audi 920


Professor Janardan Chakravarti (1901-1987) was a renowned scholar in Vaishnav literature and a celebrated professor of Bengali. He was awarded the DLitt by the University of Calcutta for his contributions to Bengali literature.

Career
His other specialization was on Bengali poet Madhushudan Dutta . Professor Chakravarti's literary contributions include a book on Vaishnava theology and literature entitled "Sri Radha Tatwa and Sri Chaitanya Sanskriti".It was delivered as Kamala Lecture in 1972 at the Calcutta University.

He wrote another book of Reminiscence "Smriti Bhare" in Bengali. Professor Chakravarti delivered the prestigious Biman Bihari Lecture series at the Asiatic Society which was later published as a book entitled "Bengal Vaishnavism and Sri Chaitanya".

He retired from the West Bengal Senior Education Service in 1955 from Presidency College and went on to become the Head of the Department of Bengali at Burdwan University. He was also associated with the Post Graduate Department of C. U. in the capacity of a Part time Lecturer. He served at two other institutions namely Muralidhar Girls' College and  Maharani Kashishwari College in Kolkata as the Principal.

Books published

 Bengal Vaisnavism and Sri Chaitanya
 Sri Radha Tatwa and Sri Chaitanya Sanskriti
 Smriti Bhare

References

20th-century Indian educational theorists
Academic staff of the University of Calcutta
Academic staff of the University of Burdwan
University of Calcutta alumni
1901 births
1987 deaths
Chittagong College alumni

Janardan Chakravarti


Stanley Brard (born 24 October 1958, in The Hague) is a retired Dutch footballer who was active as a left back and who is currently Head of the Feyenoord Academy.

Playing career

Club
Brard started his career in his town of birth, The Hague where he played for RKSV Lenig en Snel (LENS). He was spotted by scouts of Eredivisie side Feyenoord Rotterdam and joined the youth squads of this team. A few years later, in 1977 he made his debut in the first team of the club in a match against FC Twente. In the following years Brard became a decent fullback and was often in the starting line-up. The best achievements in his career came in the 1983-84 season when Johan Cruyff joined Feyenoord. In that season, at Cruyff's instigation, Brard was moved from the left back position to a position in front of Cruyff, to keep the opposition's right back from making incursions into the Feyenoord half. That year, Feyenoord won both the championship as well as the KNVB Cup.

Two years later Brard found himself on the bench more and more. It was time to leave the club. His next mission was at RKC Waalwijk, a club that recently had promoted to the Eerste Divisie and were ambitious to become an Eredivisie side. Brard became a key factor in this team and in the 1987-88 season RKC were the Eerste Divisie champions and promoted to the Eredivisie (to only relegate again in the 2006-07 season). In the Eredivisie Brard was a key player of the team for three more years before he was no longer chosen in the starting line-ups, in his last two seasons of his career he only played seventeen matches.

Managerial career
After his career Brard became a manager and joined Vitesse where he became a youth coach as well as the coach of the second team for four years. He then switched to ADO Den Haag to become their manager in the 2000-01 and 2001-02 seasons. He later was a technical director at the team. In December 2001 Brard left ADO Den Haag to become a youth coach at Nagoya Grampus Eight in Japan. He remained in this function until February 2005 when Feyenoord's technical director Wim Jansen convinced him to become academy boss at the club.

Brard left Feyenoord for Azeri side Qabala to become their academy director between April 2013 and December 2015, when it was announced he would be joining Japanese side Nagoya Grampus as sports director in January 2016.

On 27 December, 2018, Feyenoord announced that Brard would return to the club as Head of the Feyenoord Academy.

Personal life
His cousin Patty is a singer, TV icon and playmate, while his son Joshua played professionally at TOP Oss.

References

External links
 Profile

1958 births
Living people
Footballers from The Hague
Dutch people of Indonesian descent
Men's association football fullbacks
Dutch men's footballers
Feyenoord players
RKC Waalwijk players
Eredivisie players
Dutch football managers
ADO Den Haag managers
Feyenoord non-playing staff

Stanley Brard


The Rocks Push was a notorious larrikin gang, which dominated The Rocks area of Sydney from the 1870s to the end of the 1890s.  In its day it was referred to as The Push, a title which has since come to be more widely used for cliques in general and the left-wing movement the Sydney Push.

Activities
The gang was engaged in running warfare with other larrikin gangs of the time such as the Miller's Point Push, Straw Hat Push, the Glebe Push, the Argyle Cut Push, the Forty Thieves from Surry Hills and the Gibb Street Mob. They conducted such crimes as theft, assault and battery against police and pedestrians in The Rocks area. Female members of the Push would entice drunks and seamen into dark areas to be assaulted and robbed by the gang.

The leaders of the Rocks Push were crowned through victory in bare-knuckle boxing matches. Larry Foley, later to be regarded as the 'Father of Australian Boxing' was the leader of a Roman Catholic larrikin gang known as the Greens. On 18 March 1871, at the age of twenty-one, Foley fought Sandy Ross, leader of the 'Orange' or Protestant group. The fight lasted 71 rounds before police intervened.

References in literature
Australian authors of the time mentioned the Push in various of their works. A poem called The Bastard from the Bush, attributed to Henry Lawson, and a sanitised published version, The Captain of the Push, describe in vivid and colourful language a meeting between a Push leader and a "stranger from the bush":

Another contemporary poet, Banjo Paterson, describes a group of tourists who go to visit the Rocks Push, and paints the following picture of the appearance of the gang members:

Wiry, hard-faced little fellows, for the most part, with scarcely a sizeable man amongst them. They were all clothed in "push" evening dress—black bell-bottomed pants, no waistcoat, very short black paget coat, white shirt with no collar, and a gaudy neckerchief round the bare throat. Their boots were marvels, very high in the heel and picked out with all sorts of colours down the sides.

Paterson also said, addressing Lawson in In Defence of the Bush,

One of the most famous haunts of the Rocks Push was Harrington Place, also known as the "Suez Canal" (supposedly a pun on "sewers"), one of the most unsavoury places in Sydney in its time.

See also

Mount Rennie rape case

References

Further reading

Crime in Sydney
History of Sydney
Street gangs
Gangs in Australia
The Rocks, New South Wales

Rocks Push


Calusa Nature Center and Planetarium is a non-profit environmental education organization in Fort Myers, Florida.

Located on 105 acres, the Center includes a natural history museum with live native and teaching animals, and exhibits about the animals, plants and environment of Southwest Florida.  The 44'(13.4-meter) diameter planetarium seats 90 and features fulldome full-surround planetarium shows 7 days/week, changing the shows on a monthly basis; they have a collection of meteorites in their display area. The planetarium presents evening laser shows quarterly and Calusa Nature Center and Planetarium staff do educational outreach to local schools and civic groups. There are three nature trails, the planetarium, a butterfly house, and a raptor aviary with rehabilitated (but un-releasable) birds of prey. There is also a gift shop, meeting space, classroom, and picnic areas.

References

External links
Calusa Nature Center website

Buildings and structures in Fort Myers, Florida
Nature centers in Florida
Tourist attractions in Fort Myers, Florida
Planetaria in the United States
Museums in Lee County, Florida
Natural history museums in Florida

Calusa Nature Center and Planetarium


Rafael Orlando Robles Natera (October 20, 1947 – August 13, 1998) was a shortstop in Major League Baseball. He was born in San Pedro de Macorís, Dominican Republic. He was signed by the San Francisco Giants as an amateur free agent before the 1967 season, and later drafted by the San Diego Padres from the San Francisco Giants as the 51st pick in the 1968 Major League Baseball expansion draft. He played for the San Diego Padres from 1969 to 1970, and again in 1972.

Robles was the first player to come to bat in San Diego Padres history. On April 8, 1969, he led off the bottom of the 1st against right-hander Don Wilson of the Houston Astros. He reached base on an error by Hall of Fame second baseman Joe Morgan, then stole second base, but did not score.

He was at best an average fielding shortstop (.958) and a below-average hitter (.188) during his brief major league career. (47 games played)

Rafael Robles died in New York, New York at the age of 50. His son Orlando Robles is a New York-based Latin urban artist who goes by the stage name of YoungSosa. In interviews his son has been asked about his father's baseball career and has stated he is very proud of his fathers accomplishments as a professional baseball player.

External links

Retrosheet

1947 births
1998 deaths
Charleston Charlies players
Decatur Commodores players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Elmira Pioneers players
Fresno Giants players
Hawaii Islanders players

Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Major League Baseball shortstops
Salt Lake City Bees players
San Diego Padres players
Tulsa Oilers (baseball) players

Rafael Robles


Stanley Norman Cohen (born February 17, 1935) is an American geneticist and the Kwoh-Ting Li Professor in the Stanford University School of Medicine.  Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer were the first scientists to transplant genes from one living organism to another, a fundamental discovery for genetical engineering. Thousands of products have been developed on the basis of their work, including human growth hormone and hepatitis B vaccine. According to immunologist Hugh McDevitt, "Cohen's DNA cloning technology has helped biologists in virtually every field". Without it, "the face of biomedicine and biotechnology would look totally different." Boyer cofounded Genentech in 1976 based on their work together, but Cohen was a consultant for Cetus Corporation and declined to join. In 2022, Cohen was found guilty of having committed fraud in misleading investors into a biotechnology company he founded in 2016, and paid $29 million in damages.

Early life
Cohen was born in Perth Amboy, New Jersey. He graduated from Rutgers University with a B.S. in 1956, and received his M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1960. Cohen then held internships and fellowships at various institutions, including Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City, University Hospital in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Duke University Hospital in Durham, North Carolina. During a residency at the National Institute for Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, he decided to combine basic research with a clinical practice.  In 1967 he was a postdoctoral researcher at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine.

Career

Cohen joined the faculty of Stanford University in 1968.  He was appointed as a professor of medicine in 1975, and as a professor of genetics in 1977.  In 1993, he became the Kwoh-Ting Li professor of genetics.

At Stanford he began to explore the field of bacterial plasmids, seeking to understand how the genes of plasmids could make bacteria resistant to antibiotics.  At a conference on plasmids in 1972, he met Herbert W. Boyer and discovered that their interests and research were complementary.  Plasmids were sent back and forth between Stanley Cohen, Annie C. Y. Chang, and others at Stanford, and Herbert Boyer and Robert B. Helling at the University of California, San Francisco. The Stanford researchers isolated the plasmids, and sent them to the San Francisco team, who cut them using the restriction enzyme EcoRI. The fragments were analyzed and sent back to Stanford, where Cohen's team joined them and introduced them into Escherichia coli.  Both laboratories then isolated and analyzed the newly created recombinant plasmids.

This collaboration, in particular the 1973 publication of "Construction of biologically functional bacterial plasmids in vitro" by Cohen, Chang, Boyer and Helling, is considered a landmark in the development of methods to combine and transplant genes. Not only were different plasmids from E. coli successfully joined and inserted back into E. coli cells, but those cells replicated and carried forward the new genetic information. Subsequent experiments that transferred Staphylococcus plasmid genes into E. coli demonstrated that genes could be transplanted between species. These discoveries signaled the birth of genetic engineering, and earned Cohen a number of significant awards, beginning with the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 1980 for "his imaginative and persevering studies of bacterial plasmids, for discovering new opportunities for manipulating and investigating the genetics of cells, and for establishing the biological promise of recombinant DNA methodology."

In 1976, Cohen co-authored a proposal for uniform nomenclature for bacterial plasmids (with Royston C. Clowes, Roy Curtiss III, Naomi Datta, Stanley Falkow and Richard Novick).  From 1978 to 1986, Cohen served as chair of the Department of Genetics at Stanford.

During the 1970s and 1980s, Cohen was an active proponent of the potential benefits of DNA technology. He was a signatory of the "Berg letter" in 1974, which called for a voluntary moratorium on some types of research pending an evaluation of risk. He also attended the Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA in 1975, and was reportedly uncomfortable with the process and tone of the meeting.  He was vocal in the recombinant DNA controversy as the United States government attempted to develop policies for DNA research. Government efforts resulted in the creation of the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee and the publication of Recombinant DNA research guidelines in 1976, as well as later reports and recommendations.  Cohen supported the Baltimore-Campbell proposal, arguing that recommended containment levels for certain types of research should be lowered on the grounds that little risk was involved, and that the proposal should be "a non-regulating code of standard practice."

Today, Cohen is a professor of genetics and medicine at Stanford, where he works on a variety of scientific problems involving cell growth and development, including mechanisms of plasmid inheritance and evolution. He has continued to study plasmid involvement in antibiotic resistance.  In particular, he studies mobile genetic elements such as transposons which can "jump" between strains of bacteria. He has developed techniques for studying the behavior of genes in eukaryotic cells using "reporter genes".

Plasmid  pSC101

Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer made what would be one of the first genetic engineering experiments, in 1973. They demonstrated that the gene for frog ribosomal RNA could be transferred into bacterial cells and expressed by them. First they developed a chemical cell transformation method for Escherichia coli, then they constructed a plasmid, which would be the vector, called pSC101. This plasmid contained a single site for the restriction enzyme EcoRI and a gene for tetracycline resistance. The restriction enzyme EcoRI was used to cut the frog DNA into small segments. Next, the frog DNA fragments were combined with the plasmid, which had also been cleaved with EcoRI. The sticky ends of the DNA segments aligned themselves and were afterwards joined using DNA ligase. The plasmids were then transferred into a strain of E. coli and plated onto a growth medium containing tetracycline. The cells that incorporated the plasmid carrying the tetracycline resistance gene grew and formed a colony of bacteria. Some of these colonies consisted of cells that carried the frog ribosomal RNA gene. The scientists then tested the colonies that formed after growth for the presence of frog ribosomal RNA.

Patents
Cohen and Boyer were not initially interested in filing patents on their work. In 1974 they agreed to file a joint patent application, administered through Stanford, and benefiting both universities. Three patents were eventually granted for the Boyer-Cohen process, one on the actual process (1980), one on prokaryotic hosts (1984) and one on eukaryotic hosts (1988). Licenses were granted non-exclusively for "a moderate fee". Four hundred seventy-eight companies took out licenses, making it one of the university's top five revenue earners.  Thousands of products have been developed on the basis of the Boyer-Cohen patents.  The Boyer-Cohen patents however were controversial due to its scope as they laid claim to the fundamental technology of gene splicing, and led to many challenges to the validity of the patents in the 1980s.  The patents were unusual in that they dominated almost all other patents in the field of molecular biotechnology, and in no other industry have there been patents that had such an all-embracing impact. It also made other universities around the world become aware of the commercial value of the scientific work by their academic staff.

Nuredis fraud case
In 2018, Cohen was sued by Christopher Alafi for misleading investors in the biotechnology company Nuredis, and hiding details of the FDA disapproval of a drug Cohen had discovered for Huntington's disease. Upon losing a long court battle, Cohen was found guilty of "a species of actual fraud and ... deceit", and he admitted to providing wrong testimony in court, although he was not found guilty of intentionally misleading investors. The drug developed by Cohen had been withdrawn by the FDA in 1976, for its potentially lethal side effects, having led to the loss of limbs and death in some cases. As reparations, Cohen paid $29.2 million in damages.

Awards

 1979 elected to the National Academy of Sciences
 1980 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
 1981 Wolf Prize in Medicine
 1988 National Medal of Science from President Reagan
 1989 National Medal of Technology (shared with Herbert Boyer) from President Bush
 1996 Lemelson–MIT Prize
 2001 National Inventors Hall of Fame
 2004 Albany Medical Center Prize (shared with Herbert Boyer)
 2004 Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine (shared with Herbert Boyer)
2006 elected to the American Philosophical Society
 2009 Double Helix Medal
 2016 Biotechnology Heritage Award, from the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) and the Chemical Heritage Foundation

References

External links

 Oral History with Stanley N. Cohen, Stanford Historical Society Oral History Program, 1995.

1935 births
American geneticists
Jewish geneticists
Physicians from California
Jewish American scientists
Lemelson–MIT Prize
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
National Medal of Science laureates
National Medal of Technology recipients
People from Perth Amboy, New Jersey
Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
Rutgers University alumni
Stanford University School of Medicine faculty
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
Wolf Prize in Medicine laureates
Members of the American Philosophical Society
21st-century American Jews
Members of the National Academy of Medicine

Stanley Norman Cohen


Nauticus is a maritime-themed science center and museum located on the downtown waterfront in Norfolk, Virginia, also known as the National Maritime Center.

History
Nauticus was incorporated under the National Maritime Center Authority in February 1988. The following month, Rear Admiral Jackson Knowles Parker, retired commander of Norfolk Naval Base, became the founding executive director.

Construction began at the former site of Norfolk's Banana Pier on the downtown Norfolk waterfront in February 1992, and Nauticus opened to the public in June 1994. Other visitor attractions close by include the Virginia Zoo, Norfolk Scope, and Harbor Park, home to the Norfolk Tides.

Campus

Half Moone Cruise and Celebration Center
The City of Norfolk opened the Half Moone Cruise and Celebration Center—located at Nauticus on April 7, 2007.

The , passenger-friendly facility features views of the Elizabeth River; an enclosed, elevated passenger gangway; a retractable bridge leading into a 16-slip marina; a terrazzo floor tile in the entrance; a separate lounge and check-in area for cruise line VIP passengers; a security-focused Customs and Border Protection area and an embarkation station. Its first passenger ship, RCI's Empress of the Seas, arrived on April 28, 2007.

The Half Moone also serves as an event venue with approximately  of event spaces, each of which include interpretation and exhibits. Among the areas available for special event rental are the Bermuda Room, which displays artifacts and objects that tell the historic connections between Virginia and Bermuda; the Half Moone Vista, which includes some facts about the original fort; and the Lido and Promenade Decks, which address functions of those traditional decks on board cruise ships.

The name—Half Moone—is taken from the name of the fort that was built on the same site in 1673 in the form of a "half moone." The fort was built to protect Norfolk's burgeoning maritime industry.

USS Wisconsin

One of the largest battleships ever built arrived at Nauticus on the downtown Norfolk waterfront on December 7, 2000. That date was significant because it marked the 57th anniversary of USS Wisconsins launching in 1943 – two years to the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor.

USS Wisconsin opened for main deck tours on April 16, 2001. That date marked the 57th anniversary of the ship's commissioning in 1944.

Wisconsin, one of four s constructed by the United States Navy, was built from 1941 to 1943 at the Philadelphia Navy Yard and commissioned in 1944.  She played a major role in World War II, earning five battle stars for service against Japanese forces.  She served during the Korean War, and led the Navy's surface attack on Iraq during the Persian Gulf War in 1991, firing not only her first but also the campaign's first Tomahawk missile. The ship was decommissioned at Philadelphia and retired to the Naval Inactive Reserve Fleet in Portsmouth, Virginia, in October 1996.

On April 16, 2010, exactly 66 years from the day she was commissioned at Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, the United States Navy ceremoniously transferred ownership of the vessel to the city of Norfolk, Virginia. Vice Admiral David Architzel joined Mayor Paul Fraim, other city and military leaders, and former crew members on deck to conduct the ceremony. Vice Admiral Architzel presented the long glass to Norfolk Mayor Paul Fraim signifying that the Mayor now has the watch.

By the end of November 2009, more than 2,495,296 visitors have walked the teak decks of Wisconsin. These visitors have come from all fifty U.S. states and from many other nations to experience the battleship.

Sail Nauticus

Sail Nauticus is a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization created by the Nauticus Foundation in 2013. Sail Nauticus is a community sailing center, with both adult and youth programs. Its cornerstone program is the Sail Nauticus Academy, an after-school program in partnership with Norfolk Public Schools that teaches middle school students sailing and maritime sciences from a STEM perspective.

Exhibits
The museum features hands-on exhibits, interactive theaters, aquaria, digital high-definition films and an extensive variety of educational programs. Nauticus has a high-definition large screen theater and shows several nautically-related films on a rotating basis.

On the third floor, Nauticus opened a new exhibit in May 2023 called Norfolk in Time.  Also on the third floor, Nauticus has a new exhibit opening in June 2023 called Aquaticus, which will be aimed at younger patrons.  The Nautical Neighborhood Aquarium is also located on the third floor.

The rest of the third floor at Nauticus will also be redesigned as part of Nauticus' transformation capital campaign, Reimagine Nauticus.

The second floor of Nauticus houses the Hampton Roads Naval Museum and the entrance to the battleship Wisconsin.

See also
Downtown Norfolk, Virginia

References

External links

Nauticus website
Battleship Wisconsin at Nauticus
Cruise Norfolk website
Half Moone Cruise and Celebration Center website

1994 establishments in Virginia
Buildings and structures in Norfolk, Virginia
Maritime museums in Virginia
Museums established in 1994
Museums in Norfolk, Virginia
Naval museums in the United States
Science museums in Virginia
Downtown Norfolk, Virginia

Nauticus


James Harrod () was a pioneer, soldier, and hunter who helped explore and settle the area west of the Allegheny Mountains. Little is known about Harrod's early life, including the exact date of his birth. He was possibly underage when he served in the French and Indian War, and later participated in Lord Dunmore's War. He also rose to the rank of colonel in the local militia.

A contemporary of better known explorers, like Daniel Boone, George Rogers Clark, Benjamin Logan, and Simon Kenton, Harrod led many expeditions into the regions that are now a part of Kentucky and Illinois. He and a band of almost forty men founded the first permanent settlement in Kentucky on June 16, 1774, although it had to be abandoned the same year. Restored in 1775, the community was known as Harrodstown and then Harrodsburg in his honor.

In 1792, Harrod disappeared while on a hunting trip in the wilderness. While it is possible that he was killed by Indians or became ill and died of natural causes, some have suggested that he took a "wilderness divorce" from his wife, while his family maintained that he was murdered by one of his companions while secretly searching for the fabled silver mine of Jonathan Swift.

Early life
James Harrod was born in Bedford County, Province of Pennsylvania, a British Royal Colony, now Bedford County, Pennsylvania, as one of twelve children born to John and Sarah Moore Harrod. His actual year of birth is disputed. When he volunteered as one of "Captain Cochran's Recruits" in June 1760, he listed his age at sixteen, but historian James C. Klotter notes that his listed height of 5 feet, 2 inches differed greatly from his adult height of over six feet and may suggest that he lied about his age in order to serve. Various sources list his birth year anywhere from 1742 to 1746, and the latter is most often considered correct.

He grew up a frontiersman, and became particularly adept at hunting, trapping, and fishing. His skill with a rifle was particularly noteworthy. His brother Sam and his father's first wife were both killed by Indians. In 1754, near the outset of the French and Indian War, Harrod's father died.  The family relocated to Fort Littleton, where Harrod served as a ranger and a guard. James Harrod and his brother William served under John Forbes during the French and Indian War.

Despite his early experiences with the Indians, Harrod never developed a hatred of them. In fact, he developed a reputation of generosity, often using his hunting skills to provide food for those less skilled than himself. Early sources record that Harrod was illiterate, but Klotter points out that he is known to have kept written records and possessed books in his house.

In 1763, Harrod joined Henry Bouquet in his relief of Fort Pitt during Pontiac's Rebellion. Later, he ventured into the area now known as Illinois. While there, he lived among French traders and learned to speak their language. He also spent some time with the Indians in the area, and learned to speak their languages as well. From there he traveled into the areas that form present-day Kentucky and Tennessee. It was during these later expeditions that he first met Daniel Boone.

Exploration of Kentucky
In 1774, Harrod was ordered by Lord Dunmore to lead an expedition to survey the bounds of land promised by the British crown to soldiers who served in the French and Indian War. Leaving from Fort Redstone, Harrod and 37 men traveled down the Monongahela and Ohio Rivers to the mouth of the Kentucky River, eventually crossing Salt River into what is today Mercer County, Kentucky. On June 16, 1774, the men established the first pioneer settlement in Kentucky, Harrod's Town. The men divided the land amongst them; Harrod chose an area about six miles (10 km) from the settlement proper, which he named Boiling Springs.

Just as Harrod's men had completed the settlement's first structures, Dunmore dispatched Daniel Boone to call them back from the frontier and into military service against the Indians in Lord Dunmore's War. Harrod enlisted in the militia, but arrived too late to participate in the war's only major battle – the Battle of Point Pleasant. His men arrived at the battle site at midnight on October 10, the day the fighting ended.

On March 8, 1775, Harrod led a group of settlers back to Harrodstown to stay. Within months, the town grew, and the original fortifications became inadequate. New structures were built on top of Old Fort Hill, which today is the site of Old Fort Harrod State Park. The settlers at Harrodstown joined other pioneers in the area at Boonesborough to formulate the first regulations to govern the area.

In 1778, Harrod married Ann Coburn McDonald at Logan's Station, a settlement established by fellow explorer Benjamin Logan. McDonald had come to Harrodstown in 1776; her first husband was killed by Indians later that year. Her father was also killed and scalped by Indians. The couple had one daughter, Margaret, who was born in September 1785. McDonald also had a son from her previous marriage, James, who was captured by Indians in November 1787 and burned at the stake.

Harrod successfully opposed Richard Henderson's colonization schemes for the area. Well respected in the settlement, he held several positions of political leadership. When Virginia created Kentucky County on December 31, 1776, Harrodstown was designated the county seat. In 1777, Harrod became a justice in Kentucky County, and was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1779. Throughout the 1780s, he served as a trustee for the settlement that bore his name. In 1784, he attended the first of a series of meetings in Danville that eventually led to Kentucky's petition for statehood.

Harrod's political service was frequently interrupted by military necessity. In 1776 and 1777, he led two expeditions eastward to secure provisions for the fledgling forts of Kentucky. Harrod again served in the militia, and defended the settlement of Harrodstown from Indian attacks throughout the summer of 1777. Beginning as a captain, he attained the rank of colonel by 1779.

Disappearance
As the settlement of Harrodstown grew, James Harrod became a wealthy farmer, owning more than 20,000 acres (80 km2) across Kentucky. He also became increasingly socially detached and went to make long, solitary excursions into the wilderness. In February 1792, he and two other men entered the wilderness of Kentucky to hunt for beaver. Harrod never returned from the expedition.

Abandonment theory
Many theories have been proposed as to the fate of James Harrod. That he was killed by Indians or fell ill and died in the wilderness are among the common explanations. Several other theories hinge on the idea that Harrod abandoned his family and went to another part of the country. A legal deposition from Harrod's sister claims that Harrod came to live with her following his disappearance in Kentucky. Another tradition holds that Harrod had been married in Pennsylvania before his pioneer days, and that he simply returned to his first family. A third tradition holds that two pioneers from Kentucky who were being held captive by Indians near Detroit, Michigan saw a man enter the Indian camp. They claimed to recognize him, and addressed him as "Colonel Harrod." Upon returning to Kentucky, the pair indicated that Harrod had intended to return to his family, but had not said when. Ann Harrod offered the men one thousand dollars to take her to Harrod's location, but the men declined, stating that the trip was too dangerous.

In an interview with a historian half a century after Harrod's disappearance, a man named Henry Wilson claimed that Harrod had told him that he felt like his wife Ann had become too intimate with some of the other men in the town. Another man corroborated that Ann was not always a loving wife. Wilson claimed that Harrod told him "You will not see me here again," and that years later, someone had claimed to have seen Harrod in the Northern United States.

Some historians doubt Wilson's account, since other things that he told the historian proved false. Also, in the will he made out just prior to his disappearance, he left everything to his "beloved wife" and daughter. Other settlers declared that Harrod "almost worshiped" his wife. Ann was granted an annulment of her third marriage in April 1804 on the grounds that her previous husband was still living. It is not clear whether Ann had contact with Harrod following his disappearance or if she was simply seeking a means of escaping an undesirable marriage.

Murder theory
Harrod's wife, daughter, and son-in-law believed that Harrod had been killed by one of his fellow hunters, a man named Bridges. The family claimed that Harrod and his companions had not been hunting beaver, but were instead searching for a silver mine that a man named Jonathan Swift had claimed to have discovered years before. Ann Harrod claimed that she had warned her husband that she feared that Bridges was planning to murder him because of a dispute over some property that the two had some years earlier. Although Harrod had said he was not afraid, he made out the will. He also allowed a fellow explorer and friend, Michael Stoner, to accompany him on the trip.

According to Stoner's account, the group had camped on the Three Forks of the Kentucky River (Beattyville, Kentucky) near an area where Harrod had found an abundance of beaver. One morning, Stoner was making breakfast while Harrod and Bridges checked their traps. Suddenly, Bridges rushed back to the camp, claiming that he heard a shot from Harrod's vicinity. When Harrod did not return, Bridges offered to look for him. He soon returned and claimed that he had seen fresh signs of Indian activity in the woods, and was sure Harrod must have been killed. Stoner wanted to look for Harrod, but Bridges insisted that it was too dangerous. Eventually, Stoner acquiesced. Soon after the expedition, Bridges went to Lexington where he sold some furs and some silver buttons engraved with the letter "H" at a local shop. The shopkeeper sent the buttons to Ann Harrod, who said they belonged to her husband.

Later, while searching the area where Harrod was last seen, some of Harrod's friends found some bones in a cave. The bones were still tightly wrapped in sedge grass, which appeared to have been used to help transport the body to its present location. Some of the friends claimed that the bones were wearing Harrod's shirt, and that the buttons were missing. Others claimed there was no shirt at all. Regardless, when the men returned, Bridges had fled the area. Harrod's family claimed that Bridges' flight proved that Harrod's friends had found Harrod's body in the cave and feared that he would be implicated in his death. However, when Ann applied for Harrod's pension, she swore he had died in a hunting accident and that his clothes had been found in a nearby river.

See also
List of people who disappeared

References

External links
1848 Court case between the relatives of son of Ann McDonald Harrod 1st marriage and descendants of daughter of Ann McDonald Harrod 2nd marriage

1740s births
1790s missing person cases
1790s deaths
Year of death uncertain
18th-century American people
Hunting accident deaths
Members of the Virginia House of Delegates
Missing person cases in Kentucky
People from Bedford County, Pennsylvania
People of Kentucky in the American Revolution
People of Pennsylvania in the French and Indian War
People of Pennsylvania of Pontiac's War
Pre-statehood history of Kentucky
American explorers
Kentucky pioneers
Kentucky militiamen in the American Revolution
People from Kentucky
Accidental deaths in Kentucky

James Harrod


Samuel Bache (24 December 1804 – 7 January 1876) was an English Unitarian minister.

Life
He was born at Bridgnorth, Shropshire, where his father, Joshua Tilt Bache (d. 28 October 1837, aged 63), was a grocer. His mother was Margaret Silvester, of Newport in the same county. On her death, in 1808, he was entrusted to his father's sister, Mrs. Maurice, at Stourbridge, and he became the pupil of Rev. Thomas Ebenezer Beasley, a dissenting minister at Uxbridge.

He was some time assistant in the school of the Rev. Lant Carpenter, LL.D., at Bristol, and was educated for the ministry (January 1826–29) at Manchester College, York, under Charles Wellbeloved (theology), John Kenrick, M.A. (classics), and William Turner, M.A. (science). He was minister at the Old Meeting, Dudley, 1829–32, and in 1832 became colleague of John Kentish (1768–1853) at the New Meeting, Birmingham (Joseph Priestley's congregation), and married Emily (d. 1855), second daughter of the Rev. Edward Higginson of Derby (1781–1832), whose eldest daughter, Helen (d. 1877), was the wife of the Rev. James Martineau. He had seven children, of whom Francis Edward Bache, the composer, was the eldest; another was Walter Bache, the musician; the youngest son, John Kentish, some time a dissenting minister, took Anglican orders in 1876.

For many years Bache kept a school. In 1859 he took a leading part with the Rev. Dr. Miller, rector of St. Martin's, in the establishment of Hospital Sunday, an institution originated in Birmingham. He was visitor of Manchester New College, London, 1861–65. In 1862 the New Meeting, Moor Street, was sold to Roman Catholics, the congregation removing to a handsome structure in Broad Street, called the Church of the Messiah, Birmingham (foundation laid 11 August 1860). Mr. Bache had as colleague in 1863-7 the Rev. Henry Enfield Dowson. In 1868 he resigned the ministry from failing health, and, being afflicted with softening of the brain, he resided for the last two years of his life in the house of a physician at Gloucester, where he died on 7 January 1876 aged 71.

He was a preacher and public man of strong powers, correct attainment, and cultivated taste; formal and urbane in manner. Among unitarians he represented the conservative school which aimed to carry out the principles of Locke's Reasonableness of Christianity, regarding Jesus Christ as the miraculously attested exponent of a pure morality and a simple theology, and the revealer, by his resurrection, of an eternal life. On 23 May 1866 he proposed the embodiment in the constitution of the British and Foreign Unitarian Association of a 'recognition of the special divine mission and authority, as a religious teacher, of Jesus Christ,' which was met by carrying the previous question.

Works
A list of twenty-two of his publications (1833–70) is given by J. Gordon, including:
 Harmony of Science and Revelation, 1839.
 Funeral Sermon for John Kentish, 1853.
 Exposition of Unitarian Views of Christianity, 1854.
 Miracles the Credentials of the Christ, 1863.

References

Attribution

19th-century Unitarian clergy
English Unitarian ministers
1804 births
1876 deaths
People from Bridgnorth
Clergy from Shropshire
19th-century English clergy
Alumni of Harris Manchester College, Oxford

Samuel Bache