The Scottish North Eastern Railway was a railway company in Scotland operating a main line from Perth to Aberdeen, with branches to Kirriemuir, Brechin and Montrose. It was created when the Aberdeen Railway amalgamated with the Scottish Midland Junction Railway on 29 July 1856. It did not remain independent for long, for it was itself absorbed by the Caledonian Railway on 10 August 1866.

Much of its network closed in 1967 when the former North British Railway route to Aberdeen via Dundee became the main route.

Constituents

Early authorisations
There was a frenzy of railway promotions in Scotland in 1845; there had been widespread controversy over a route from central Scotland to England, where a railway network was forming, and the public discussion encouraged thought of Scottish routes too.

On 31 July 1845 the Caledonian Railway was authorised, with the then enormous capital of £1,500,000, to build from Glasgow and Edinburgh to Carlisle. On the same day the Scottish Central Railway, the Dundee and Perth Railway, the Aberdeen Railway and the Scottish Midland Junction Railway were authorised. The SCR was to build from Castlecary (forming a connection with the Caledonian and the already existing Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway) to Perth; the Aberdeen Railway was to build from Guthrie, near Arbroath, to Aberdeen, with branches to Montrose and Brechin; and it was to lease the Arbroath and Forfar Railway, a local stone block sleeper line. The SMJR was to link Perth and Forfar. Together the three railways would connect central Scotland to Perth, Forfar and Aberdeen, and with the Caledonian and its allies they would link to London as well.

Even before authorisation the Caledonian had strategic plans to control these and other, lines, forming a widespread Caledonian area of control in Scotland. As its capital would all be required to build its railway, it was unable to purchase the lines; instead it agreed leases of the other (as yet unauthorised) companies; this required no cash down payment, but a heavy commitment to periodical lease charges later. In due course, the Caledonian was to find that these payments were unaffordable, and it was able to escape them by demonstrating that they were ultra vires, that is, that their company had no powers to make such commitments. Moreover, Parliament was at times hostile to large combinations of lines, and declined to assent to some amalgamations.

Quite apart from this dubious outcome, relations between the companies were not always amicable, and in fact the Scottish Central Railway was robustly independent for some years. However the Aberdeen Railway and the SMJR remained in a "loose association" with the Caledonian.

The Aberdeen Railway

The Aberdeen Railway built its line from a triangular junction near Guthrie and Friockheim, not far from Arbroath, northwards to Aberdeen. It leased the Arbroath and Forfar Railway, on the basis that the A&FR would upgrade its track. It had been built as a stone block sleeper line on the local track gauge of 5 ft 6in (1,676 mm) and the Aberdeen Railway seems not to have fully understood the financial implications of converting this to a modern double track main line on the standard gauge. The A&FR had very little money to pay for the conversion itself. (The A&FR company continued to exist until 1923 as a financial shell only, receiving the lease payment from the lessees.)

The Aberdeen company ran into financial difficulties of its own, running out of cash in 1848 after building from Guthrie to Dubton, with branches to Brechin and Montrose. After appealing for help from larger railways, it decided it did not care for the terms of any offer to help, and issued preference shares to its own shareholders (in modern parlance a rights issue). It managed to build to Ferryhill, a temporary terminus on the southern edge of Aberdeen, opening in 1850. Now the Burgh objected to plans the railway thought had been agreed, to take the line into the city, but after much negotiation the line was extended to a terminus called Guild Street in Aberdeen, opening in 1854.

The Scottish Midland Junction Railway

The SMJR built from Perth to Forfar, then an important medium-sized town, but the objective was to connect with other lines. Running through the fertile area of Strathmore, the SMJR adopted two local moribund lines, the Newtyle and Coupar Angus Railway and the Newtyle and Glammiss Railway. (Glammis is spelt Glamis nowadays.) Both of these were stone block sleeper single lines built to another local track gauge, this time 4 ft 6.5in (1,384 mm). These too needed to be modernised, the gauge altered, and the track made double. The SMJR started its line immediately north of Perth station, where the Scottish Central railway was building what became the joint station Perth General. It ran to Forfar, joining the Arbroath and Forfar line just after Forfar station.

The line opened in 1848. The SMJR built a branch line to Blairgowrie, which opened in 1855.

The Dundee and Arbroath Railway

The Dundee and Arbroath Railway had opened in 1838. Never intended to be part of a wider network, it adopted the track gauge of 5 ft 6in (1,676 mm) and used stone block sleeper track, like the Arbroath and Forfar line. At first there was no physical link with the A&FR, or any other line.

In 1846 the D&AR had obtained powers to build an extension at Arbroath to link with the A&FR, and to convert its own track gauge to standard; this was in use from 1848. There were differences of priority between the SMJR and the D&AR which led to some traffic from Aberdeen to Dundee being routed via Newtyle; this involved a transshipment of goods there (and a change of train for passengers) as the Dundee and Newtyle line still had its unique track gauge, and three rope-worked inclines.

The SNER in action
From 29 July 1856 the SNER operated a railway from Perth to Aberdeen, with branches to Blairgowrie, Brechin and Montrose, as well as the stub to Newtyle, which connected with the Dundee and Newtyle Railway. The antipathy with the D&AR was done away with, and Dundee traffic was now regularly routed via Arbroath.

While the main line between Perth and Aberdeen was the highlight, there was much intermediate traffic at this date, chiefly agricultural.

At Perth the SNER used the General station build and managed by the Scottish Central Railway. The station was increasingly becoming a traffic hub, and by Act of Parliament it was transferred to the control of a Joint Committee, representing all the users. This took effect on 8 August 1859. The approach lines, both north and south of the station, belonged to the SCR, and the SNER was charged the equivalent of six miles running for the use of 320 yards of line on the northern approach. The SNER objected to this and when negotiation failed to produce a result, the SNER established a temporary platform just north of the SCR lines; the station was called Perth, Glasgow Road. SNER trains from the north terminated there and connecting passengers had to make their own way through the streets to the main stations. The dispute lasted a few weeks until an arbitrator allowed the SNER to use the tracks for an annual payment of £100.

In 1862 the SNER purchased the Dundee and Arbroath line.

Connecting to the Great North of Scotland Railway
The Great North of Scotland Railway (GNoSR) had a terminal at Waterloo, in Aberdeen, since 1855 (goods) and 1856 (passengers). This was some distance from the Aberdeen Railway (now SNER) Guild Street station. GNoSR traffic to the south, principally live cattle, was mostly forwarded by coastal shipping and through passengers simply had to walk between the two stations. They were 700 yards (640 m) apart. Both railways had connections to the harbour quayside but locomotive operation was prohibited on the harbour sidings. Although the GNoSR authorising Act had stipulated the construction of a line through the Denburn Valley to link with then former Aberdeen Railway, the GNoSR made it plain that it was content with the status quo, although local people and northern farmers were not.

In 1862 a new company was promoted, the Scottish Northern Junction Railway (SNJR), to by-pass Aberdeen by building a new railway from Limpet Mill, near Stonehaven, to Kintore, on the GNoSR system. The scheme was highly attractive to the SNER as it would bring it much traffic that was denied to it; equally the GNoSR was dismayed at the possibility of losing income diverted away from it. The SNJR was authorised by Parliament in 1862 (25 & 26 Victoria, cap lxxix), and it was heavily supported by the SNER. It was to cross the Deeside Railway at Peterculter and make two short branches connecting to it there, which would give the line access to Aberdeen in addition.

The SNJR, costing £150,000 would have difficult gradients and curves, and would by-pass Aberdeen, the most important settlement in the area, and it was obvious that a 22-mile (35 km) railway was not the most effective means of connecting the north of Scotland into the railway network, and the GNoSR was successful in inserting a clause into the SNJR Act stipulating that if it obtained authority for a link line in Aberdeen in the next Parliamentary session, the SNJR authorisation would be suspended.

At this time Aberdeen was heavily built up, and the GNoSR quickly developed a scheme that would run in a wide loop round the western margin of the city, entering the SNER Guild Street station from the south. Nonetheless it would have required significant demolitions of residential buildings, and, costing £125,000 for less than three miles (5 km) of route, it attracted considerable hostility locally; its circuitous alignment brought it the mocking epithet "Circumbendibus". It was made a Parliamentary Bill, the Great North of Scotland Railway (Aberdeen Junction Railway) Bill in 1863.

In Parliamentary committee the objections were so significant that the promoters agreed that a previous proposal, the Denburn Valley Railway should be substituted, the capital of the GNoSR scheme and of the SNJR being combined for the purpose, amounting to £200,000. The Denburn Valley line would run directly from Kittybrewster on the GNoSR to a junction with the SNER near Guild Street; a new central Joint Station (to be managed by a Joint Committee) would be built, and the portion of line north and south of the station would be allocated respectively to the GNoSR and the SNER. The Denburn Valley Railway Act was passed in 1864 "to remove the inconvenience arising from the non-construction of the Portion of the Great North of Scotland Railway through the Denburn Valley in Aberdeen which was originally authorised as Part of that Railway". The SNJR powers, and those for the Circumbendibus line, were extinguished.

Although this was the rational solution, the Denburn Valley line was hugely expensive at £200,000, even though only 1.5 miles (2.5 km) long. Much expensive land acquisition, housing demolition, a tunnel, and the new station were all required.

The new line and the Joint station came into use on 4 December 1867, by which time the SNER had been absorbed by the Caledonian Railway.

Methven branch

In 1858 a local railway promoted by local people opened, connecting Methven to Perth; it joined the SMJR main line at Almond Valley Junction, some distance north of Perth, and was worked by the SMJR, and from 1856 by the SNER. The SNER purchased it in 1864.

Alyth branch

Local interests elsewhere promoted a railway connection to Alyth, from Meigle on the former SMJR main line. It opened in 1861 and was worked by the SNER. The SNER absorbed it in 1863.

Sold to the Caledonian Railway
The Scottish North Eastern Railway had been formed by the amalgamation of two smaller companies in 1856. It had long been in a "loose association" with the Caledonian Railway, and on 10 August 1866 it was itself absorbed into the Caledonian.

The Caledonian now controlled lines from Carlisle to Aberdeen. While this appeared to be the outcome it had long desired, it came at a heavy price: Parliament was becoming uncomfortable with the monopoly power of large railway concerns, and granted the North British Railway running powers over much of the northern part of the Caledonian system. The NBR was building its own line from Arbroath to north of Montrose, where it made a junction, (Kinnaber Junction), with the Caledonian Railway. In 1878 the NBR bridged the Firth of Tay at Dundee, giving it direct access from Edinburgh and Fife to the north shore of the Firth, and Parliament ordered that the Dundee and Arbroath Railway be transferred to joint ownership: jointly between the Caledonian and the NBR. This took effect from 1 February 1880, and gave the NBR an independent route from Edinburgh to Kinnaber, and running powers from there to Aberdeen.

From 1923
Under the terms of the Railways Act 1921, the main line railways of Great Britain were "grouped"; the Caledonian Railway was a constituent of the new London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) and the North British Railway was a constituent of the new London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). For the time being there continued to be two competing routes to Aberdeen from the south.

When the railways were nationalised in 1948 this state of affairs continued and the pattern of passenger and goods trains remained relatively unaffected by the new common ownership. However the decline in usage of the railways, especially local railways in sparsely populated areas, forced consideration of rationalisation, and it was determined that the former NBR route should continue, with the former SNER route closing. This took effect in 1967.

The main route for trains from central Scotland to Aberdeen was therefore via Dundee, Arbroath and Montrose. Thus the Dundee and Arbroath line was still in use; the A&FR line was closed except for a short section at Arbroath from the station to the point of divergence of the NBR and Caledonian lines. The old Aberdeen Railway was retained from Kinnaber Junction to Aberdeen.

The former SMJR line from Perth to Forfar was closed except for the first section to Stanley Junction, where the Inverness line diverged. The entirety of the rest of the SNER system closed (although some local goods connections remained in use for a while).

The heritage section of the Brechin branch is now operated by the Caledonian Railway Brechin Ltd, which started operation in 1993.

The railway network is substantially unchanged from that time; domestic Scottish passenger services are operated by ScotRail. A limited through service from London to Aberdeen and from London to Inverness is operated by London North Eastern Railway. Trains to and from English destinations other than London are operated under the brand name CrossCountry, and night sleeping car trains to and from London are operated by Caledonian Sleeper.

Route maps

References

Sources

Pre-grouping British railway companies
Closed railway lines in Scotland
Early Scottish railway companies
Beeching closures in Scotland
Railway companies established in 1856
Railway companies disestablished in 1866
1856 establishments in Scotland
British companies established in 1856

Scottish North Eastern Railway


Monroe Street East Historic District is a national historic district located at Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia. The district encompasses six contributing buildings.  They are a Greek Revival style church built in 1837, a Roman-Tuscan style dwelling dated to 1852 and known as the Paxton-Reed House, and an eclectic 1881 dwelling. Also in the district is a Richardsonian Romanesque style apartment building (c. 1892) and a set of vernacular post-American Civil War townhouses.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.  In 1999, the district was encompassed by the East Wheeling Historic District.

References

External links

National Register of Historic Places in Wheeling, West Virginia
Greek Revival church buildings in West Virginia
Romanesque Revival architecture in West Virginia
Historic districts in Wheeling, West Virginia
Historic American Buildings Survey in West Virginia
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia

Monroe Street East Historic District


Battle of Skalat in 1657 was part of The Deluge.

Prelude
In accordance with Treaty of Radnot, in January 1657, the Transylvanian army of 25,000 crossed the Carpathians, joined with Zaporozhian Cossacks and set off towards Kraków, where the situation of the Swedish garrison was desperate. On March 21, Rákóczi captured Tarnów, and on March 28, he reached Kraków. Along the way to the ancient Polish capital, the Transylvanian-Cossack army burned and looted towns and villages, murdering thousands. Since his army was too busy looting Lesser Poland, only 5,000 soldiers reached Kraków, which by the Treaty of Radnot, was to be ruled by Transylvania. On May 13, Rákóczi and Charles X Gustav seized the fortress of Brześć Litewski, and on May 17, after a three-day siege, the Swedes, Cossacks, and Transylvanians captured Warsaw. Soon afterwards, however, the Dano-Swedish War began, and Charles X Gustav left Poland with most of his troops. The ruler of Transylvania began a quick retreat southwards, but on July 11, was defeated in Battle of Magierów, and on July 20, the Transylvanian-Cossack army was completely destroyed in the Battle of Czarny Ostrów. Three days later, Rákóczi signed a peace treaty with the Commonwealth, in which he promised to break the alliance with Sweden, withdraw his troops from Poland, and pay for the damage inflicted by his army.

Battle
On July 26, 1657, at the Skalat, Crimean Tatars, allied with Poland, surrounded retreating remnants of Transilvanian army. The Tatars killed 500 Transilvanians, capturing 11,000.

Aftermath
While Rákóczi himself managed to escape, his entire army of 25.000 was annihilated in less than 5 months, with the survivors enslaved.

References

Skalat
Conflicts in 1657

Battle of Skałat


The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC, or House Committee on Un-American Activities, or HCUA) was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives.

The HUAC was created in 1938 to investigate alleged activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having communist ties. In 1969, the House changed the committee's name to "House Committee on Internal Security". When the House abolished the committee in 1975, its functions were transferred to the House Judiciary Committee.

The committee's anti-communist investigations are often associated with those of Joseph McCarthy who, as a U.S. Senator, had no direct involvement with this House committee. McCarthy was the chairman of the Government Operations Committee and its Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the U.S. Senate, not the House.

References

1938 establishments in the United States
1975 disestablishments in the United States
Cold War
United States House of Representatives

House Un-American Activities Committee


The Jon Sims Center for the Performing Arts (JSCPA) was a multidisciplinary performing arts center in San Francisco, California, that supported artistic voices of all performing artists no matter their sexual identity or preferences.  The Center provided resources to support and promote new and existing arts programs.  JSCPA was the "official" home to many groups, including the San Francisco Gay Freedom Day Marching Band (seated concert band), the San Francisco Tap Troupe, City Swing with Gail Wilson, the Barbary Coast Cloggers and the original home of the Pacific Ballet headed by Kaz Zmuda.

At its height, the resources JSPCA provided artists included three rehearsal/performance spaces and networking resources for local performing artists, as well as funding for at least one artist-in-residence annually.

The Pacific Ballet Center became the permanent home of the San Francisco Tap Troupe in 1983. Two years later Pacific Ballet offered to let the SF Tap Troupe take over management of building. The group approached the board of the SF Band Foundation and the board agreed to take control of 1519 Mission Street and signed a new lease.

The Jon Sims Center opened in 1985, a year after the death of Jon Reed Sims, the founder of the San Francisco Gay Freedom Day Marching Band and Twirling Corps (now the San Francisco Lesbian/Gay Freedom Band).  Sims, who died of AIDS in 1984, also founded the San Francisco Gay Men's Chorus, the San Francisco Lesbian Gay chorus and Lambda Pro Musica (a classical seated group). Sims later founded the San Francisco Tap Troupe with his close friend Rosie Radiator.

The Center closed in November 2006 following a financial crisis that included the disappearance of $35,000 in grant money.  Longer-term problems included the lack of a stable, long-term board and executive director, despite determined efforts to keep the institution alive.

The Sims Center was located at 1519 Mission Street, San Francisco, CA 94103.

References

Fleisher, Wayne, director of the San Francisco Tap Troupe from 1983 until their final performances in 1994 and the first executive director of the original San Francisco Band Foundation. (2019 -09-27)

Event venues established in 1978
Theatres in the San Francisco Bay Area
1978 establishments in California
2006 disestablishments in California
Defunct LGBT organizations in the United States

Jon Sims Center for the Performing Arts


Luke Bond (born 2 February 1980) is a British organist and is currently Assistant Organist at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, where he played prominently for the wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle and the funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He has appeared internationally, and has made recordings of organ music and choral music.

Career
Bond was "mad about the organ" from the age of three, when he played his grandmother's instruments. He attended Churchdown School followed by King's School in Gloucester where organists for Gloucester Cathedral were educated for many centuries. He got serious about becoming an organist only when he received a scholarship to a cathedral school, and learned for a year with Andrew Nethsingha. He studied at Bristol University.

Bond was organist at Clifton College, then at the Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick, and served for eight years as Assistant Director of Music at Truro Cathedral. In Truro, he gained national recognition appearing in a recording of music by Benjamin Britten in 2013, the composer's centenary year, with the Truro Cathedral Choir conducted by Christopher Gray. They recorded both choral and organ solo compositions. The same year, he made his first organ solo recording, entitled Mighty Voice, combining works by Mendelssohn, Charles-Marie Widor and William Walton with music by contemporary composers. In 2014, he took part in a recording Vox Clara with music by Gabriel Jackson, with the Cathedral Choir conducted by Gray. Several works were especially written for the choir, and some recorded for the first time.

In April 2017, Bond took over as organist and assistant director of music at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. Besides accompanying or conducting the Chapel Choir in eight choral services each week, he has played for highly visible functions such as the 2018 wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle and the funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh in 2021. For the funeral service, he had to play several pieces both before and after the service, as well as accompanying the choir during the service.

In 2018, Bond was the organist of a recording titled Christmas at St. George's Windsor, with the Chapel Choir conducted by music director James Vivian, recorded at St Matthew's Church, Northampton, and including music also for Advent and Epiphany. A reviewer described him as "a model of accompanimental sensitivity". In 2019, Bond was resident organist of the Milton Abbey International Music Festival of Voces8 vocal ensemble. He performed works by J. S. Bach on the Abbey organ, before a concert of Bach's St John Passion on 31 July 2019. On 21 November 2019, Bond appeared as the soloist for Poulenc's Organ Concerto with the Cape Town Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Bernhard Gueller.

References

External links

 Mighty Voice regent-records.co
 Truro 125 Gramophone
 Benjamin Britten: Choral and Organ Music – Luke Bond, organist/ Truro Cathedral Choir/ Christopher Gray – Regent REGCD349, 74:33 [Distr. by Albany audaud.com
 Arjen van Kralingen: Recensie / Mighty Voice – The Organ of Truro Cathedral (in Dutch) orgelnieuws.nl 31 July 2013

British classical organists
British male organists
English choral conductors
Living people
21st-century British conductors (music)
21st-century organists
21st-century British male musicians
People educated at The King's School, Gloucester
Male classical organists
1980 births

Luke Bond


Om Dar-B-Dar (Hindi: ओम-दर-ब-दर) is a 1988 Indian Hindi-language postmodernist film directed by Kamal Swaroop and starring Anita Kanwar, Aditya Lakhia and Gopi Desai. The film, about the adventures of a school boy named Om along with his family, is set in Ajmer and Pushkar in Rajasthan, and employs nonlinear narrative and an absurdist story line to satirise mythology, arts, politics and philosophy. The film won the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie in 1989.

It was never commercially released in India, though it achieved success in International Film Festivals, including Berlin where it premiered, and it soon became a cult film. In 2013, National Film Development Corporation of India (NFDC) had planned an official national release of a digitally restored print of the film. The film finally released in Indian theaters after 26 years, on 17 January 2014.

Synopsis
Om-Dar-B-Dar is a portrait of life in Ajmer town, Rajasthan. The film tells the story of a young boy named Om in the period of his carefree adolescence and its harsh disillusions. The story starts as a comedy and ends as a thriller. Om has a rather strange family. His father, Babuji, a government employee, leaves his job so that he can dedicate himself to astrology; Om's older sister, Gayatri, is dating a good-for-nothing fellow. Om is involved in science but is also attracted to magic and religion. In all, it seems that he is really outstanding
in his skill and ability to hold his breath for a long time.

Cast
 Anita Kanwar as Phoolkumari
 Gopi Desai as Gayatri
 Lalit Tiwari as Jagdish
 Bhairavchandra Sharma
 Lakshminarayan Shastri as Om's Father
 Ramesh Mathur
 Aditya Lakhia as Om
 Manish Gupta as young Om
 Peter Morris Messe

Release
The film was made on a budget of Rs. 10 lakhs. It had its premiere at the Berlin International Film Festival in 1988, and was played at the film festival circuit and even became a cult film. However, it was never commercially released in India, only as a video release. The film received renewed attention when it was screened at Experimenta, an experimental film festival in Mumbai in 2005. Thereafter, it went into a digital restoration project funded by the National Film Development Corporation of India (NFDC). Eventually, the digitally restored version was released on 17 January 2014, by PVR Cinemas in metro cities.

Themes
The movie was described by its director Kamal Swaroop as a story of Lord Brahma, and it sprouted from the idea that in Hinduism, although Lord Brahma was considered the father of the entire universe, strangely no one ever worshiped him. Swaroop also said that the film's script was written based solely on dreams and images that he had and claimed he "cannot think in words."

Soundtrack
The songs by Swaroop's assistant, Kuku, are sporadic and choppy and don't make any logical sense, and are used tongue-in-cheek as mocking the tradition of spontaneous songs and musical numbers in Bollywood cinema, many of which don't do anything to move the story forward, but are instead used as an escapist "break" from the storyline.

Legacy
Although the film was never released or seen in India during its initial rounds at the film festivals, Om-Dar-B-Dar has in the past 30 years gained a huge cult following and fame amongst film critics, scholars, industry insiders and cinephiles alike. One of the first serious articles about the film was written on the film blog The Seventh Art. The blog stated, "Swaroop's film is an antithesis to whatever is recognized globally as Indian cinema – a reason good enough to make Om-Dar-B-Dar a must-see movie" and that the movie can be defined as many things, the most popular of them "the great Indian LSD trip." The film can also be looked at as a jab at mainstream Indian cinema, and many of the themes and images in the film are direct satires of conventions of Bollywood film-making.

Director Imtiaz Ali mentioned the vast amount of influence that the film had on aspiring independent directors in Indian cinema, stating that Om-Dar-B-Dar is "like old wine" and "antiquated because of the 25-year delay in its release".

Director Anurag Kashyap also mentioned in his film blog that in his directorial venture Dev.D, the song "Emotional Attyachar" was inspired in its music and staging from the song "Meri Jaan" in Om-Dar-B-Dar.

Producer Kiran Rao recalled watching the film on a VCD which came with a bad print and poor sound quality, yet being able to somehow stitch the missing bits in her head, which she noted was also a great way to watch a film.

This film has been categorized by Amrit Gangar as a Cinema of Prayoga film.

References

External links

 Indian Auteur Master Series: Kamal Swaroop Indianauteur
 Om-Dar-Ba-Dar review
 Om Dar Ba Dar : A Pioneer in Indian Avant-Garde

1988 films
1980s Hindi-language films
Indian avant-garde and experimental films
Indian nonlinear narrative films
Postmodern films
Indian satirical films
Films set in Rajasthan
1980s avant-garde and experimental films
1980s rediscovered films
Rediscovered Indian films
1988 directorial debut films

Om-Dar-B-Dar


Bill Bergson Lives Dangerously (original Swedish title: Kalle Blomkvist – Mästerdetektiven lever farligt) is a 1996 Swedish film directed by Göran Carmback. It is based on the novel with the same name, written by Astrid Lindgren.

The theme music De hjältemodiga is written by Nanne Grönvall and produced by Peter Grönvall, and sung by among Nanne, Maria Rådsten, Fredrik and Christina Ådén.

About the film
An earlier film based on the book was recorded in 1957, see Bill Bergson Lives Dangerously (1957 film). In this second film one thing has been changed – in the book the city is called Lillköping but in this film it is called Storköping, according to the address the murderer wrote on a letter he sent to Eva-Lotta.

The city scenes were recorded in Norrtälje and the countryside scenes were recorded in Västerhaninge.

Cast
Malte Forsberg as Kalle Blomkvist, "Vita Rosen"
Josefin Årling as Eva-Lotta Lisander, "Vita Rosen"
Totte Steneby as Anders, "Vita Rosen"
Victor Sandberg as Sixten, "Röda Rosen"
Johan Stattin as Jonte, "Röda Rosen"
Bobo Steneby as Benke, "Röda Rosen"
Claes Malmberg as Björk, policeman
Peter Andersson as commissioner Strand
Lakke Magnusson as Gren
Krister Henriksson as Gren's murderer
Leif Andrée as the baker, Eva-Lotta's father
Catherine Hansson as Eva-Lotta's mother
Ulla Skoog as Ada, Sixten's aunt
Erika Höghede as Sixten's mother
Toni Wilkens as Sixten's father
Jacob Nordenson as the doctor, Benke's father
Gerd Hegnell as Mrs Karlsson
Per Morberg as the contributing editor of newspaper
David Olsson as Fredrik

External links

1996 films
Films based on Bill Bergson
Swedish children's films
1990s Swedish-language films
1990s Swedish films
1996 children's films

Bill Bergson Lives Dangerously (1996 film)


Leon Maxwell Gellert (17 May 1892 – 22 August 1977) was an Australian poet.

Early life and education

He was born in Walkerville, a suburb of Adelaide, South Australia. He was the grandchild of Hungarian immigrants. He was subjected to bullying by his father to which he reacted by learning self-defence at the YMCA.

After an education at Adelaide High School, he embarked on a teaching career; first as a student-teacher at Unley High School then at the University of Adelaide's Teacher Training College.

He enlisted with the Australian Imperial Forces 10th Battalion within weeks of the outbreak of the Great War and sailed for Cairo on 22 October 1914. He landed at Ari Burnu Beach, Gallipoli on 25 April 1915, was wounded and repatriated as medically unfit in June 1916. He attempted to re-enlist but was soon found out. He returned to teaching at Norwood Public School.

Writing career

During periods of inactivity he had been indulging his appetite for writing poetry. Songs of a Campaign (1917) was his first published book of verse, and was favourably reviewed by The Bulletin. Angus & Robertson soon published a new edition, illustrated by Norman Lindsay. His second, The Isle of San (1919), also illustrated by Lindsay, was not so well received. He took to journalism, moving to Sydney, where he taught English at Cleveland Street Intermediate High School until 1922 when he joined the staff at Smith's Weekly. There he was introduced to the circle that included Sydney Ure Smith and Bertram Stevens. He was appointed editor of Ure Smith's Home magazine and co-editor of the quarterly Art in Australia, which he took over on Stevens' death in 1922.

John Fairfax took over Ure Smith Publications in 1934, Ure Smith and Gellert retaining their positions until 1938 when Ure Smith retired. Gellert continued editing Home until 1942 when it ceased publication. He then became literary editor of the Sydney Morning Herald, writing a column 'Something Personal' in the Saturday issues as well as humorous columns for the Sunday Herald and the Sunday Telegraph.

He returned to Adelaide after the death of his wife Kathleen in 1969, living in the suburb of Hazelwood Park, and died eight years later. Their only child, a daughter, died in childbirth in the 1940s.

He was subject of a dry-point portrait by Norman Lindsay and a 1923 oil painting by Norman Carter. His biography A Torrent of Words () was written by Gavin Souter.

Christchurch-based composer Richard Oswin made use of his poem "The Last to Leave" in his choral work commissioned by the New Zealand Secondary Students' Choir, Three Gallipoli Settings. The poem provided the text for the second of the three settings.

Bibliography

Poetry collections

 Songs of a Campaign (1917)
 Desperate Measures (1928)
 Those Beastly Australians : Some Faunagraphic Data Compiled for Students of Australian Wild Life  illustrated by Bernard Hesling (1944)

Short story collections

 Week After Week (1953)
 Year After Year (1956)

Sources
http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A140291b.htm
http://oldpoetry.com/opoem/41043-Leon-Gellert-In-The-Trench

References

1892 births
1977 deaths
20th-century Australian poets
Australian male poets
20th-century Australian male writers
20th-century Australian journalists
Australian military personnel of World War I
The Sydney Morning Herald people
Australian schoolteachers
Writers from Adelaide
Military personnel from South Australia
Australian people of Hungarian descent
People educated at Adelaide High School

Leon Gellert


The year 1822 in architecture involved some significant events.

Buildings and structures

Buildings completed

 Piazza del Popolo, Rome, by Giuseppe Valadier, completed.
 Saint David's Building, the original home of St David's College, Lampeter, Wales, by Charles Cockerell.
 Reconstruction and new prison buildings at Chester Castle, England, by Thomas Harrison.
 St Pancras New Church, London, by William and Henry William Inwood.
 Kalupur Swaminarayan Mandir, Ahmedabad, British Raj.
 Assembly Rooms, Aberdeen, Scotland, by Archibald Simpson.
 Second Chestnut Street Theatre, Philadelphia, United States, by William Strickland.
 Main building of Government Palace (Finland) in Helsinki Senate Square, by Carl Ludvig Engel.
 Façade of Register House, Princes Street, Edinburgh, Scotland, by Robert Reid.
 Reconstruction of Royal Pavilion, Brighton, England by John Nash.
 Yelagin Palace, Saint Petersburg, by Carlo Rossi.
 Cartland Bridge, Scotland, by Thomas Telford.
 Pont de pierre (Bordeaux), by Jean-Baptiste Billaudel and Claude Deschamps.
 Aban Palace, Kumasi, a project of Asantehene Osei Bonsu.

Awards
 Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: Émile Gilbert.

Births
 January 9 – Carol Benesch, Silesian and Romanian architect (died 1896)
 April 26 – Frederick Law Olmsted, American landscape architect (died 1903)
 September 12 – Philip Charles Hardwick, English architect (died 1892)
 December 6 – David Stirling, Scottish-born Dominion architect for federal works in Nova Scotia (died 1887)
 December – Frank Wills, English-born architect working in North America (died 1857)

Deaths
 John Bowden, Irish ecclesiastical architect
 Luigi Rusca, Swiss architect working in Russia (born 1762)

References

Architecture
Years in architecture
19th-century architecture

1822 in architecture


Thomas McClelland is a decorated U.S. Navy veteran who served in the Vietnam War and Operation Desert Storm.

Early life and education

Thomas McClelland was born on June 8, 1942, in Louisville, Kentucky, and a graduate of Southern Illinois University.  He earned his Officer Commission through the Aviation Officer Candidate Program in January 1966 and was designated a Naval Aviator in April 1967. He attended the Naval War College and later earned a master's degree in Business Administration from New Mexico Highlands University.

Naval career

Captain McClelland's sea duty aviation assignments include tours with VA-82, CVW-14, VA-113, VA-97 and CVW-9.  He has deployed aboard USS America (CVA-66), USS Coral Sea (CVA-43), USS Enterprise (CVN-65), USS Ranger (CVA-61), USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70), and USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63).

His command tours began in 1980 with the Light Attack Weapons School in Lemoore, California. He has commanded the VA-97 Warhawks, Carrier Air Wing NINE, and the Amphibious Cargo Ship, USS St. Louis (LKA-116), in Sasebo, Japan.  His final operational command was during Desert Storm, where he served as Commander, Amphibious Squadron FIVE, conducting advance force operations with the 13th Marine Expeditionary Unit against the Iraqi Army.

Captain McClelland's shore duty assignments include Instructor Pilot and Safety Officer for VA-122 in Lemoore, CA; A-7 Projects Officer at the Naval Weapons Evaluation Facility in Albuquerque, NM; Director of the Technical Support Group for the Director of Naval Warfare in Washington DC; Force Readiness Officer for Commander Naval Air Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet; Deputy and Chief of Staff for the Chief of Naval Education and Training in Pensacola, FL; and his final active duty assignment as Chief of Staff for the Commander in Chief, U.S. Naval Forces Europe, in London, England.

Post-Naval career and awards

Captain McClelland began his second career at Admiral Farragut Academy in 1998, after 32 years of Naval Service. He has earned the following personal awards: Five Legion of Merit Medals, the Distinguished Flying Cross, four Meritorious Service Medals, two Individual Air Medals, 25 Strike/Flight Air Medals, six Navy Commendation Medals, and the Combat Action Ribbon.  He has over 4,700 flight hours in 23 different aircraft, over 1,200 carrier landings, and more than 300 combat missions.

Personal life

Captain McClelland resides in St. Petersburg, Florida with his wife, Dona. His son, Charles, teaches biology in Menifee, California and his daughter, Katherine, is a Marketing Project Team Leader for website development company in San Diego, California.

Flight information
Rating: Naval Aviator
Flight hours: More than 4,700
Carrier Landing: More than 1,200
Aircraft flown: 23

Awards and decorations
McClelland's awards include:

See also
Admiral Farragut Academy
United States Navy
Naval Aviation
List of sea captains
Notable Alumni of Southern Illinois University
Captain (naval)
Captain (United States)

Notes

Living people
United States Navy officers
United States Naval Aviators
Southern Illinois University Carbondale alumni
New Mexico Highlands University alumni
Naval War College alumni
People from St. Petersburg, Florida
1942 births
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Military personnel from Louisville, Kentucky

Thomas McClelland


Aboriginal art is art made by indigenous Australian people. It includes work made in many different ways including painting on leaves, wood carving, rock carving, sculpting, ceremonial clothing and sand painting. Aboriginal art is closely linked to religious ceremonies or rituals. It is an important part of the world's oldest continuous cultural tradition, based on totems and the Dreaming.

Australian Indigenous art is the oldest ongoing tradition of art in the world. The earliest artworks were rock carvings, body painting and ground designs, which date back more than 30,000 years.Symbols are used in aboriginal art, to show different things. While the meaning of these symbols is often shared, they can change meaning within the same piece, and they can be different between different groups.  Aboriginal art is a language in itself, communicating through beautiful patterns. This started around 30,000 to 40,000 years ago.

Some aboriginal artists sell their artwork for a lot of money. In 2007 Pitjantjatjara artist Yannima Pikarli Tommy Watson sold a painting for AU$240,000.

In 2010 the Queensland Government said that it would have the first two Tilt Trains painted by indigenous artists Judy Watson and Alick Tipoti. With seven carriages and two locomotives, the trains will be 185 metres long, making them the biggest modern aboriginal art piece. The Tilt Trains will run between Brisbane and Cairns.

Types of art
There are several types of aboriginal art and ways of making art. This includes rock painting, dot painting, rock engravings, bark painting, carvings, sculptures, and weaving and string art.

Rock painting

Australian indigenous art is the oldest unbroken tradition of art in the world. The oldest dated rock art painting in Australia is a charcoal image on a rock, drawn 28,000 years ago. It is one of the oldest known pieces of rock art on Earth. It was found in the Narwala Gabarnmang rock shelter in south-western Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory.

Rock art includes painting and engraving or carving. It can be found at sites throughout Australia, but is difficult to date. Some examples in the Pilbara area of Western Australia and at Olary in South Australia are believed to be 40,000 years old. Some art shows extinct animals such as Genyornis and Thylacoleo. Other paintings show the arrival of European ships.

Rock engravings

The indigenous Australians used different ways of making a rock engraving. This often depended on the type of rock. There are several different types of rock art across Australia. The most famous sites are Murujuga in Western Australia, the Sydney rock engravings around Sydney in New South Wales, and the Panaramitee rock art in Central Australia. The Sydney engravings show carved animals and humans in a style not found elsewhere in Australia.

The rock art at Murujuga is said to be the world's largest collection of petroglyphs. It has images of animals such as the thylacine, which are now extinct.

Dot painting
Dot painting is made up of small dots of paint colours like yellow (representing the sun), brown (the soil), red (desert sand) and white (the clouds and the sky). These are traditional Aboriginal colours. Dot paintings can be painted on anything, including on rocks, in caves, etc. The paintings were mostly images of animals or lakes, and the Dreamtime. Stories and legends were shown on caves and rocks.

Bark painting
Bark painting is made on sheets of bark from trees. Bark paintings are regarded as fine art, and high prices are often paid for it on the international art markets. The best artists are recognized annually in the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award.

Aerial desert "country" landscapes
This is a kind of maplike, bird's-eye view of the desert landscape. It is often used to tell Dreaming stories. In the distant past, these were made on rock, sand or as body painting. Today they are often colored drawings with liquid based color on canvas (see section Papunya Tula and "Dot Painting"' above).

Stone arrangements
Stone arrangements are found across Australia. Some are large, such as the 50m-diameter circles of Victoria, with 1m-high stones buried in the ground. Some are small such as those near Yirrkala which show images of the praus used by Macassan Trepang fishermen and spear throwers.

Carvings and sculpture
Carved shells – RijiMimih (or Mimi) small man-like carvings of mythological impish creatures. Mimihs are so frail that they never go out on windy days in case they blown away like leaves. It is said their necks are so thin a slight breeze might snap their heads off. If approached by men they will run into a crack in the rocks; or the rocks themselves will open up and seal behind the Mimih.
Fibre sculpture

Weaving and string-art
Basket weaving
Necklaces and other jewellery, such as those from the Tasmanian Aborigines

Symbols
Modern Aboriginal art still uses traditional symbols. While the meaning of the symbols can be the same across Australia, they can also change within in a single painting. A symbol such as a circle can be used as a circle within a circle, sometimes on its own or clustered in groups. The meaning can depend on which tribe the artist is from. The circles could be campfires, trees, hills, digging holes, water holes or a spring. The meaning can be changed by the use of colour, so water could be blue or black.

Many paintings by Aboriginal artists, tell a story from the Dreamtime. These can be drawn like a map. The story shows how the land was created by ancestral beings in their journey or during creation. These paintings continue a tradition of songs, ceremonies, rock art and body art that is thousands of years old.

Whatever the meaning, interpretations of the symbols should be made in context of the entire painting, the region from which the artist originates, the story behind the painting, and the style of the painting, with additional clues being the colours used in some of the more modern works, such as blue circles signifying water.

Religious and cultural aspects of Aboriginal art
Traditional art almost always is about the Dreamtime of indigenous Australian artists. Wenten Rubuntja, an indigenous landscape artist, says it is hard to find any art that is devoid of spiritual meaning

"Doesn't matter what sort of painting we do in this country, it still belongs to the people, all the people. This is worship, work, culture. It's all Dreaming. There are two ways of painting. Both ways are important, because that's culture." – source The Weekend Australian Magazine'', April 2002

Story-telling and totem representation feature prominently in all forms of Aboriginal artwork. In some parts of Arnhem Land, the artists used an X-ray style of painting.

Damage
Many important sites of Aboriginal rock paintings have been gradually damaged or destroyed by early settlers and modern-day visitors. Some sites have been cleared or built over. Other sites have been damaged by visitors touching the paint, or graffiti. Many sites are now protected by fences or closed off to the public permanently.

References

Indigenous Australian culture
Art movements

Aboriginal art


Georgy Khosroevich Shakhnazarov (; October 4, 1924 in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Transcaucasian SFSR, Soviet Union – May 15, 2001 in Tula, Russia) was a Soviet politician and political scientist. He was one of the half-dozen aides closest to Mikhail Gorbachev while he was Soviet leader and after his fall from power at the collapse of the Soviet Union. Shakhnazarov was an early advocate of reform and helped Gorbachev to shape his plans to open up the system to new ideas and freedoms, but, like his boss, he failed to articulate a clear vision of where he believed the country should go.

After Gorbachev was ousted by Boris Yeltsin, Shakhnazarov became a key figure in the newly established Gorbachev Foundation.

His loyalty to Gorbachev was unquestioned, and he was with him at many of the critical moments as Soviet leader. He was at Gorbachev's side during the strained meeting in East Berlin in October 1989 to help convince the East German Politbüro to reform. The two shared a celebratory private glass of champagne when Gorbachev was elected the first (and last) Soviet president in March 1990.

Shakhnazarov was staying at a sanatorium close to the presidential dacha at Foros in the Crimea that fateful August 1991, when he helped Gorbachev in his plans for a new Union Treaty to define relations between the republics. Indeed, the two spoke by telephone about it on the afternoon of 18 August, the last call Gorbachev took before the coup plotters moved in and cut off his contact with the outside world.

Shakhnazarov (the Russified form of Shakhnazaryan) was born into the then large Armenian community in the Azerbaijani capital, Baku. He fought with the Red Army against the Nazis in World War II in Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania. He graduated from the law faculty of Azerbaijan State University in 1949, and earned a doctorate in political science and philosophy at the Moscow Institute of Law in 1969. From 1952 to 1961 he was an editor at the publisher Politizdat, where he began writing books (one of his first was Burzhuaznoe gosudartsvo v epokhu imperializma (The Bourgeois State in an Age of Imperialism), 1955).

In the 1960s and 1970s he spent two spells at the international Communist magazine Problems of Peace and Socialism, based in Prague, giving him a wider perspective on the world than many of his colleagues in the Party establishment.

His political career in the Central Committee's International Department—which he joined in the early 1960s—was promoted by Fyodor Burlatsky, a member of the Socialist Countries Department who had the ear of Yuri Andropov. In March 1988, he was plucked from the department by Gorbachev to be a full-time adviser. At the same time he was building a parallel career as a political scientist and contributed to the professionalisation of the field in the later Soviet era. In 1975, he became president of the Soviet Association of Political Sciences (until 1991), and vice-president of the International Political Science Association (until 1988).

In published works he recognised that Soviet society had different interest groups—an implicit rejection of a homogenised, communist society—and advocated a greater flow of information at a time of paranoid secrecy. He also publicly rejected the use of nuclear weapons to achieve political goals.

A member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, he was elected on the Academy's list to the first semi-free Soviet parliament, the USSR Congress of People's Deputies, when it was inaugurated in 1989. He was a member of the commission to draw up a new Soviet constitution.

Shakhnazarov wrote up his memoirs of the Gorbachev years as Tsena svobody: reformatsiia Gorbacheva glazami ego pomoshchnika (The Price of Freedom: Gorbachev's Reformation through the Eyes of His Aide, 1993). He was also the author of science fiction and plays. His son, Karen Shakhnazarov, born in 1952, is a noted film director.

More radical than Gorbachev, Shakhnazarov contributed to the destruction of the system of which he had been a member, working tactically to abolish such anachronisms as the Communist Party monopoly on power. "As often happens in revolutionary situations," he later recalled, "there are things which seem banal today but which you couldn't even mention then."

References

Books online in English
 Socialism and Equality (1961)
 The Role of the Communist Party in Socialist Society (1974)
 Socialist Democracy: Aspects of Theory (1974)
 The Destiny of the World: The Socialist Shape of Things to Come (1979)
 Futurology Fiasco: A Critical Study of Non-Marxist Concepts of How Society Develops (1982)

1924 births
2001 deaths
Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Soviet Armenians
Burials in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery
Politicians from Baku
Baku State University alumni
Communist Party of Armenia (Soviet Union) politicians
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Eleventh convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Members of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union

Georgy Shakhnazarov


Hans Janitschek (6 November 1934 – 21 February 2008) was an Austrian writer, a former Secretary General of the Socialist International, and the U.S. correspondent for the Austrian newspaper, the Kronen Zeitung.

Early life
Born on 6 November 1934, in Vienna, Austria, Hans Janitschek first came to the United States in 1953 as a Fulbright Program scholar at Haverford College in Pennsylvania. On his return to Austria he became Staff Correspondent of United Press International and in 1957 he joined Reuters as Senior Editor. In 1959 he became Foreign Editor of Austria's largest daily newspaper, Kurier.

He joined the Austrian Foreign Service in 1964 and returned to the U.S. to serve as Director of the Austrian Information Service in New York for two years. In 1966 he was appointed Special Assistant to the Chairman of the Austrian Socialist Party, Bruno Kreisky.

Secretary General of the Socialist International
In 1969, Hans Janitschek was elected Secretary General of the Socialist International, based in London. In this role he made his mark on the international political scene as a champion of the independence movement in Bangladesh and as an outspoken supporter of President Salvador Allende's Popular Unity government in Chile. He was actively involved in the return to democracy of Greece, Portugal and Spain. He strongly opposed Indira Gandhi's emergency rule in India and played a significant role in the release from prison of opposition leader George Fernandes. He supported B.P. Koirala's freedom fight in Nepal and was instrumental in his return from exile.

At the United Nations
In 1977, at the invitation of the Secretary-General, Janitschek became a Consultant to the United Nations where he served in the fields of public information, the peaceful uses of outer space, Palestine, human rights and population. During his time at the United Nations, he became involved in the Bulgarian artist Mihail Simeonov's "Cast the Sleeping Elephant Project" for which he gained the full support of the United Nations as well as the governments of Namibia, Nepal and Kenya. He also served as president of the United Nations Society of Writers for many years, where he created the Award of Excellence, which was presented to many outstanding international public figures. One of his proudest accomplishments was to persuade the Secretary General to appoint Muhammad Ali Peace Ambassador to the UN.  Janitschek gave Ali his own office and had his name plate on the door replaced with that of Ali.

He was president of the Earth Society and served as trustee of Friends World College, New York,  he presented the Martin Luther King Jr. International Peace Award, to President Mikhail S. Gorbachev, Bruno Kreisky, Oscar Arias and Willy Brandt among others.

On his retirement from the United Nations, Janitschek returned to his journalistic roots as the US correspondent for the Kronen Zeitung, where in addition to reporting on current political affairs, he wrote a weekly column entitled "New York New York". He also contributed frequent news reports for Austrian radio station "Krone Hit". Most recently he joined iCastNews.com as news anchor and host of a daily news program broadcast over the internet from the United Nations.

Author
Janitschek is the author of several political biographies including those of Mario Soares, president of Portugal, Oscar Arias president of Costa Rica and Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, as well as a biography of the publisher of the Kronenzeitung, Hans Dichand. He co-authored the autobiography of Kurt Waldheim, former Secretary General of the United Nations and former president of Austria. He was also the publisher of more than a dozen books ranging from volumes of poetry, to political treatises and an autobiography of his good friend, property developer Guntram Weissenberger. His last project was a book by Mihail Simeonov depicting the story of the "Cast the Sleeping Elephant" project. As president of the "Austrians Abroad Committee" he played a fundamental role in gaining Austrians living abroad the right to vote.

On 21 February 2008 Janitschek died suddenly at the United Nations Headquarters in New York.

Awards
On 1 June 2005 Hans Janitschek was awarded the Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria.

Books
 Nur ein Journalist. Hans Dichand. Ein Mann und drei Zeitungen, Wien, München und Zürich 1993 ()
 Arnold von Kalifornien. Der steile Weg des Steirerbuben Arnold Schwarzenegger, Wien 2003 ()

Further reading
 Obituary Hans Janitschek: An Austrian Idealist and Journalist in New York
 Austrian Press & Information Service

References

1934 births
2008 deaths
Austrian socialists
Writers from Vienna
Recipients of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
20th-century Austrian journalists

Hans Janitschek


Chalkley McArtor "Chalk" Beeson (April 24, 1848 – August 9, 1912) was a well-known businessman, lawman,  cattleman and musician but was best known for his ownership of the famous Long Branch Saloon in Dodge City, Kansas.

Biography
Originally from Salem, Ohio, Beeson was the seventh-born child of Samuel and Martha Beeson. The family moved to Marshalltown, Iowa shortly after his birth. In 1866 the 18-year-old Beeson left Marshalltown and headed west to Texas, where he found employment as a cowboy. Years later, Charles Goodnight would say of Beeson: "He was the best cowboy on the trail ... could stampede or quiet a herd quicker than any rustler I ever met." During 1872 the 24-year-old Beeson was living in Colorado. He worked, for a time, as a guide to buffalo hunters, with his clients including Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia, Phil Sheridan, and George Custer.

Life in Colorado

When the hunt ended, Beeson returned to Pueblo, Colorado where he participated in many civic activities. He was a member of the volunteer fire department and also Pueblo's baseball team. For employment, he drove a stagecoach between Denver and Colorado Springs. By 1875 Beeson grew bored with Pueblo and relocated to the three-year-old town of Dodge City, Kansas.

Marriage
In 1876, Chalk Beeson returned home to Marshalltown, Iowa, where he married 22-year-old Ida Gause on July 17, 1876. The newlyweds intended to locate in Kansas City, Missouri. Before they could do so, Chalk had to return to Dodge City to collect money owed him by A.J. Peacock, the owner of the Billiard Hall Saloon. Peacock was unable to pay Beeson in cash and handed him the deed to the establishment as payment.

Dodge City Saloon owner

Ida Beeson had to adjust to the fact that her husband  was a Dodge City saloon owner. She was able to take some comfort in the fact that her husband provided an alternative to "entertainment" usually provided by frontier saloons – namely prostitutes. What Beeson provided may not have been as exciting to a Texas cowboy just arriving from a long drive, but it was certainly more cultural. Chalk Beeson offered a full orchestra. Beeson changed the name of his business to the Saratoga Saloon. According to a local paper: "It is a rare treat to drop in at the Saratoga upon Mr. Beeson, and listen to his last and best musical combination. Mr. Beeson is a thorough lover of good music, and by his skillful selection of good performers ... draws crowds of attentive listeners."

Long Branch Saloon

Encouraged by his success with the Saratoga, Beeson decided to take a chance on another saloon. The Long Branch Saloon had been founded early in 1873 by Charles E. Bassett and A.J. Peacock. The saloon changed hands several times. On March 1, 1878, Beeson purchased the Long Branch from the firm of Dexter D. Colley and James M. Manion. Soon after purchasing the Long Branch, Beeson took William H. Harris as his partner. Also with Harris, Beeson established the COD Cattle Ranch, south of Dodge City. During the next several years, the firm of Beeson & Harris became a minor conglomerate whose holdings were located in such far-flung locations as Las Animas, Colorado and Tombstone, Arizona. After owning it for five years, Beeson grew bored with the Long Branch and sold his share of the business to Luke Short on February 6, 1883. In 1884 Beeson purchased a farm some two miles from Dodge City and moved his family there.

Dodge City Cowboy Band

In 1884 Beeson formed the "Dodge City Cowboy Band. The group was well received wherever it played. The band members cut dashing figures in full "cowboy" regalia – enormous white stetsons, blue flannel shirts and boots festooned with ornamental spurs. Their fame finally spread far enough that they were featured performers in the March 4, 1889, inaugural parade of President Benjamin Harrison. The parade marked the Dodge City Band's finest hour, and also their final hour. Soon after their return to Dodge City, Beeson sold the ownership of the band to a man from Colorado. The transaction included most of the musical instruments and the right to use the name – all for a purchase price of $750.

Sheriff of Ford County, Kansas
In November 1891, 43-year-old Chalk Beeson was elected sheriff of Ford County, Kansas. On November 1, 1892, Oliver Yantis and two accomplices robbed a Speareville, Kansas bank of $1,697. After Yantis was identified as being in Oklahoma, Sheriff Beeson journeyed there and secured a warrant for him. On November 30, 1892, Beeson, accompanied by three Oklahoma lawmen, tracked Yantis to the residence where he was hiding. A gunfight with the posse followed in which Yantis was mortally wounded. Beeson served two terms as sheriff with distinction and left office in 1896. For the remainder of his life, Beeson concentrated on his cattle ranching. He was occasionally called upon for public service and served four separate terms in the Kansas State legislature between 1903 and 1908.

Death and legacy

On the morning of Tuesday, August 6, 1912, with routine ranch chores to attend to, Chalk mounted a horse that was unusually skittish. When he attempted to dismount, the horse bucked and sent Beeson flying. On Friday, August 9, 1912, Chalk Beeson died. His family managed to keep his memory alive for decades after his death. In 1915 his sons, Merritt and Otero, opened the Beeson Theater on First Avenue in Dodge City. His widow, Ida Beeson, remained a prominent member of Dodge City society until her death on June 15, 1928. In 1932, Merritt Beeson opened the Beeson Museum, which became a popular tourist attraction. After Merritt Beeson died on January 28, 1956, his widow managed the museum until 1964, when its large collection of historic documents, photos and artifacts were sold to Dodge City's Boot Hill Museum, Inc.

Bibliography

 DeMattos, Jack. "The Dodge Citians: Chalk Beeson," NOLA Quarterly (Vol. XXI, No. 1), January–March 1997.
 Hunt, Daniel D. and Snell, Joseph W. "Who Killed Oliver Yantis?" True West, January–February 1966.
 Miller, Nyle H. and Snell, Joseph W. Why the West Was Wild. Topeka: Kansas State Historical Society, 1963.
 Shillingberg, Wm. B. Dodge City: The Early Years, 1872-1886. Norman, OK: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 2009. .
 Young, Fredric R. Dodge City: Up Through a Century in Story and Pictures. Dodge City, KS: The Boot Hill Museum, Inc. 1972.
 Young, Fredric R. The Delectable Burg: An Irreverent History of Dodge City - 1872 to 1886. Dodge City, KS: The Boot Hill Museum, Inc., 2009. .

References

External links

 Beeson, Steve - "A Brief Biography of Chalkley Beeson" - (excerpt Beeson/Beason family) - Family History Center microfilm #1035659, Item #9
 Vertical File Biographies: Chalkley M. Beeson - Kansas State Historical Society
 Story of Chalkley Beeson's participation in the Royal Buffalo Hunt of January, 1872 (extracted from A Standard History of Kansas and Kansans)
 The Dodge City Cowboy Band digitized with permission of the Kansas State Historical Society.
 Inductees  - Dodge City Trail of Fame
 Chalk Beeson with 1910 Wiley's Overland Car - Ford County Historical Society, Dodge City, KS

1848 births
1912 deaths
American folklore
Kansas sheriffs
Lawmen of the American Old West
People from Dodge City, Kansas
Cowboys

Chalkley Beeson


Rasmus Kristian Rask (; born Rasmus Christian Nielsen Rasch; 22 November 1787 – 14 November 1832) was a Danish linguist and philologist. He wrote several grammars and worked on comparative phonology and morphology. Rask traveled extensively to study languages, first to Iceland, where he wrote the first grammar of Icelandic, and later to Russia, Persia, India, and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). Shortly before his death, he was hired as professor of Eastern languages at the University of Copenhagen. Rask is especially known for his contributions to comparative linguistics, including an early formulation of what would later be known as Grimm's Law. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1829.

Early life
Rask was born to Niels Hansen Rasch and Birthe Rasmusdatter in the village of Brændekilde near Odense on the Danish island of Funen. His father, a smallholder and tailor, was well-read and had a decently-sized book collection. As a child, Rask's scholastic abilities became apparent, and, in 1801, at the age of thirteen, he was sent to the Latin school in Odense, now known as the Odense Katedralskole. One of his friends from Latin school, Niels Matthias Petersen (1791–1862), who went on to be the first professor of Nordic languages at the University of Copenhagen, later remarked that "His short stature, his lively eyes, the ease with which he moved and jumped over tables and benches, his unusual knowledge, and even his quaint peasant dress, attracted the attention of his fellow students". At the Latin school, Rask's interest in Old Norse and Icelandic language and literature was awakened. His teacher, Jochum E. Suhr, loaned him a copy of Snorri Sturluson's Heimskringla in Icelandic, and the rector, Ludvig Heiberg, gave him a new translation of the same work as a prize for his diligence. By comparing the original work and the translation, he was able to make an Icelandic vocabulary, cross-referencing the Icelandic words with cognates in Danish, Swedish, German, Dutch and English. In addition to Danish and Latin, Rask studied Greek, Hebrew, French and German at Odense. An interest in orthography also led Rask to develop his own spelling system for Danish that more closely resembled its pronunciation, and it was at this time that he changed the spelling of his last name from "Rasch" to "Rask".

University years
In 1808, Rask traveled to Copenhagen to continue his studies at the University of Copenhagen, where he stayed in the Regensen dormitory. Although he was not particularly religious and even had expressed serious doubts, he signed up as a student of theology, although in practice he simply studied the grammar of various languages of his own choosing. By 1812, he had systematically studied Sami, Swedish, Faroese, English, Dutch, Gothic, Old English and Portuguese, and had started studies of German, French, Spanish, Italian, Greek, Latin, Russian, Polish and Czech, although Icelandic continued to be his main interest.

In 1809, he finished his first book, Introduction to the Icelandic or Old Norse Language, which he published in Danish in 1811. It was a didactic grammar based on printed and manuscript materials accumulated by his predecessors in the same field of research. According to Hans Frede Nielsen, it exceeded anything previously published on the topic.

Prize essay
In 1811, the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters put out a call for a prize essay on the topic of language history that would "use historical critique and fitting examples to illuminate the source whence the old Scandinavian tongue can be most probably derived, to explain the character of the language and the relations that it has had through the middle ages to the Nordic as well as Germanic dialects, and to accurately ascertain the basic tenets upon which all derivation and comparison of these tongues should be constructed."

In order to conduct research for the prize essay, Rask traveled to Sweden in 1812 with his friend Rasmus Nyerup. There, he studied Sami and Finnish in order to determine whether they were related to the Scandinavian languages. When he returned to Denmark, he was recommended to the Arnamagnæan Institute, which hired him to edit Björn Halldórsson's Icelandic Lexicon (1814), which had long remained in manuscript. From 1813 to 1815, Rask visited Iceland, where he became fluent in Icelandic and familiarized himself with Icelandic literature and customs.

In 1814, while still living in Iceland, he finished his prize essay, "Investigation of the Origin of the Old Norse or Icelandic Language" (1818), in which he argued that Old Norse was related to the Germanic languages, including Gothic, to the Baltic and Slavic languages, and even to Classical Latin and Greek, which he grouped together under the label Thracian. He also argued that the Germanic languages were not related to Basque, Greenlandic, Finnish or the Celtic languages (on this last instance he was wrong, and he later acknowledged this). The academy accepted the essay but suggested that he could have spent more time comparing Icelandic with Persian and other Asian languages. Because of this, Rask envisioned a trip to India to study Asian languages such as Sanskrit, which was already being taught by philologists such as Franz Bopp and Friedrich Schlegel in Germany. In 1814, after returning from Iceland, Rask worked as a sub-librarian at the University of Copenhagen library.

Travel to India and Ceylon
In October 1816, Rask left Denmark on a literary expedition funded by the monarchy to investigate Asian languages and collect manuscripts for the University of Copenhagen library. He traveled first to Sweden, where he stayed for two years. During his time in Sweden, he took a short trip to Finland to study Finnish and published his Anglo-Saxon Grammar (1817) in Swedish.

That same year, he published the first complete editions of Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda and the Poetic Edda. The editions were bilingual, with the original Icelandic accompanied by his Swedish translations. In 1819, he left Stockholm for St. Petersburg, Russia, where he wrote the paper "The Languages and Literature of Norway, Iceland, Sweden and Finland," which published in German in the sixth volume of the Vienna Jahrbücher. Leaving Russia, he traveled through Central Asia to Persia, where he stayed in Tabriz, Tehran, Persepolis, and Shiraz. In about six weeks, he was said to have mastered enough Persian to be able to converse freely.

In 1820, he traveled from Bushehr, Persia to Mumbai, India (then called Bombay), and during his residence there, he wrote (in English) "A Dissertation on the Authenticity of the Zend Language" (1821). From Bombay, he traveled through India to Sri Lanka (then called Ceylon), arriving in 1822. Soon afterwards, he wrote (in English) "A Dissertation respecting the best Method of expressing the Sounds of the Indian Languages in European Characters".

Return to Denmark

Rask returned to Copenhagen in May 1823, bringing a considerable number of manuscripts in Persian, Zend, Pali and Sinhala for Copenhagen libraries. In 1825, he was appointed a professor of literary history, and in 1829, and as a librarian at the University of Copenhagen. In 1831, just a year before his death, he was appointed professor of Eastern languages at the University of Copenhagen.

After his return to Denmark, Rask published Spanish Grammar (1824), Frisian Grammar (1825), Essay on Danish Orthography (1826), Treatise respecting the Ancient Egyptian Chronology (1827), Italian Grammar (1827), and Ancient Jewish Chronology previous to Moses (1828). He also published A Grammar of the Danish Language for the use of Englishmen (1830) and oversaw Benjamin Thorpe's English translation of his A Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Tongue (1830).

Death
He died of tuberculosis in Copenhagen in 1832, at Badstuestræde 17, where a plaque commemorating him is found. He is buried in Assistens Cemetery in Copenhagen. He bequeathed his manuscripts to his brother, who sold the Old Norse-Icelandic materials to the Arnamagnæan Commission in Copenhagen, which still holds them.

Accomplishments
Rask was the first to show the relationship between the ancient Northern and the Western and Eastern Germanic languages, as well as to show their relationship with the Lithuanian, Slavonic, Greek and Latin languages. He formulated the first working version of what would later be known as "Grimm's Law" for the transmutation of consonants in the transition from the old Indo-European languages to Germanic, although he only compared Germanic and Greek, as Sanskrit was unknown to him at the time.

By 1822, he knew twenty-five languages and dialects, and he is believed to have studied twice as many. His numerous philological manuscripts were transferred to the Royal Danish Library at Copenhagen. Rask's Anglo-Saxon, Danish and Icelandic grammars were published in English editions by Benjamin Thorpe, Þorleifur Repp and George Webbe Dasent, respectively. Rask influenced many later linguists, and in particular Karl Verner carried on his inquiries into comparative and historical linguistics.

Bibliography
 Vejledning til det Islandske eller gamle Nordiske Sprog (Introduction to the Icelandic or Old Norse Language), 1811; English translation published 1843
 Angelsaksisk sproglaere tilligemed en kort laesebog (Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Tongue: With a Praxis), 1817; English translation published 1830
 Undersøgelse om det gamle Nordiske eller Islandske Sprogs Oprindelse (Investigation of the Origin of the Old Norse or Icelandic Language), 1818 (prize essay)
 Singalelisk Skriftlære (Sinhala Orthography), 1821
 Spansk Sproglære (Spanish Grammar), 1824
 Frisisk Sproglære (Frisian Grammar), 1825
 Dansk Retskrivningslære (Danish Orthography), 1826
 Om Zendsprogets og Zendavestas Ælde og Ægthed (On the Age and Authenticity of the Zend language and the Zend Avesta), 1826
 Italiænsk Formlære (Italian Grammar), 1827
 Den gamle Ægyptiske Tidsregning (Ancient Egyptian Chronology), 1827
 Vejledning til Akra-Sproget på Kysten Ginea (Introduction to the Accra language on the Guinea Coast), 1828
 Den ældste hebraiske Tidsregning indtil Moses efter Kilderne på ny bearbejdet og forsynet med et Kart over Paradis (Ancient Jewish Chronology previous to Moses according to the Sources newly reworked and accompanied by a Map of Paradise), 1828
 A Grammar of the Danish language for the use of Englishmen, 1830
 Ræsonneret lappisk Sproglære (Reasoned Sami Grammar), 1832
 Engelsk Formlære (English Grammar), 1832

Notes

References

External links

 Rask's Singalesisk Skriftlære online
 Google book link to Anvisning till Isländskan eller Nordiska Fornspråket

1787 births
1832 deaths
19th-century Danish scientists
Old Norse studies scholars
Linguists from Denmark
19th-century Danish philologists
Icelandic language
Linguists of Indo-European languages
Germanic studies scholars
Linguists of English
Translators from Old Norse
Linguists of Germanic languages
Linguists of Eskaleut languages
Paleolinguists
Linguists of Sámi
Balticists
Linguists of Eskimo–Uralic languages
19th-century translators
People from Odense Municipality

Rasmus Rask


Sixth Happiness is a 1997 British drama film directed by Indian director Waris Hussein. It is based on the 1991 autobiography of Firdaus Kanga, entitled Trying to Grow. Kanga played himself in this film about Britain, India, race and sex.

Sixth Happiness also features performances from Souad Faress, Nina Wadia, Indira Varma, and Meera Syal.

Plot
Sixth Happiness is about Brit, a boy born with brittle bones who never grows taller than four feet, and his sexual awakening as family life crumbles around him. It is also about the Parsi or Parsees – descendants of the Persian empire who were driven out of Persia by an Islamic invasion more than a thousand years ago and settled in western India. Parsees had a close relationship with the British during the years of the Raj. Brit is named by his mother, both after his brittle bones, and in tribute to his mother's love of Britain.

Brit's family is non-stereotypical: his parents are ardent Anglophiles with fond memories of the Raj and World War II. Brit is bright, spiky, opinionated and selfish with a razor-sharp wit, never a martyr or victim. He prefers the Kama Sutra to Shakespeare, and does not allow gender or disability to come in the way of his desire for sex and love.

Cast
Firdaus Kanga as Brit Kotwal
Souad Faress as  Sera Kotwal
Khodus Wadia as Sam Kotwal
Nina Wadia as Dolly Kotwal
Ahsen Bhatti as Cyrus
Mahabanoo Mody-Kotwal as Jeroo
Nisha K. Nayar as Tina
Indira Varma as Amy
Pratima Kazmi as Brothel Madam

External links

 New York Times review

1997 films
1997 drama films
British drama films
British Indian films
Films based on Indian novels
Films about disability
Films directed by Waris Hussein
Films shot in London
Films shot in Maharashtra
1990s English-language films
1990s British films
English-language drama films
Films set in Mumbai
Films shot in Mumbai
Films about sexuality

Sixth Happiness


The global distance test (GDT), also written as GDT_TS to represent "total score",  is a measure of similarity between two protein structures with known amino acid correspondences (e.g. identical amino acid sequences) but different tertiary structures. It is most commonly used to compare the results of protein structure prediction to the experimentally determined structure as measured by X-ray crystallography, protein NMR, or, increasingly, cryoelectron microscopy. The metric was developed by Adam Zemla at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and originally implemented in the Local-Global Alignment (LGA) program. It is intended as a more accurate measurement than the common root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) metric - which is sensitive to outlier regions created, for example, by poor modeling of individual loop regions in a structure that is otherwise reasonably accurate. The conventional GDT_TS score is computed over the alpha carbon atoms and is reported as a percentage, ranging from 0 to 100. In general, the higher the GDT_TS score, the more closely a model approximates a given reference structure.

GDT_TS measurements are used as major assessment criteria in the production of results from the Critical Assessment of Structure Prediction (CASP), a large-scale experiment in the structure prediction community dedicated to assessing current modeling techniques. The metric was first introduced as an evaluation standard in the third iteration of the biannual experiment (CASP3) in 1998. Various extensions to the original method have been developed; variations that accounts for the positions of the side chains are known as global distance calculations (GDC).

Calculation
The GDT score is calculated as the largest set of amino acid residues' alpha carbon atoms in the model structure falling within a defined distance cutoff of their position in the experimental structure, after iteratively superimposing the two structures. By the original design the GDT algorithm calculates 20 GDT scores, i.e. for each of 20 consecutive distance cutoffs (0.5 Å, 1.0 Å, 1.5 Å, ... 10.0 Å). For structure similarity assessment it is intended to use the GDT scores from several cutoff distances, and scores generally increase with increasing cutoff. A plateau in this increase may indicate an extreme divergence between the experimental and predicted structures, such that no additional atoms are included in any cutoff of a reasonable distance. The conventional GDT_TS total score in CASP is the average result of cutoffs at 1, 2, 4, and 8 Å.

Variations and extensions
The original GDT_TS is calculated based on the superimpositions and GDT scores produced by the Local-Global Alignment (LGA) program. A "high accuracy" version called GDT_HA is computed by selection of smaller cutoff distances (half the size of GDT_TS) and thus more heavily penalizes larger deviations from the reference structure. It was used in the high accuracy category of CASP7. CASP8 defined a new "TR score", which is GDT_TS minus a penalty for residues clustered too close, meant to penalize steric clashes in the predicted structure, sometimes to game the cutoff measure of GDT.

The primary GDT assessment uses only the alpha carbon atoms. To apply superposition‐based scoring to the amino acid residue side chains, a GDT‐like score called "global distance calculation for sidechains" (GDC_sc) was designed and implemented within the LGA program in 2008. Instead of comparing residue positions on the basis of alpha carbons, GDC_sc uses a predefined "characteristic atom" near the end of each residue for the evaluation of inter-residue distance deviations. An "all atoms" variant of the GDC score (GDC_all) is calculated using full-model information, and is one of the standard measures used by CASP's organizers and assessors to evaluate accuracy of predicted structural models.

GDT scores are generally computed with respect to a single reference structure. In some cases, structural models with lower GDT scores to a reference structure determined by protein NMR are nevertheless better fits to the underlying experimental data. Methods have been developed to estimate the uncertainty of GDT scores due to protein flexibility and uncertainty in the reference structure.

See also
Root mean square deviation (bioinformatics) — A different structure comparison measure.
TM-score — A different structure comparison measure.

References

External links
 CASP14 results - summary tables of the latest CASP experiment run in 2020, including example plots of GDT score as a function of cutoff distance
 GDT, GDC, LCS and LGA description services and documentation on structure comparison and similarity measures.

Bioinformatics
Computational chemistry

Global distance test


Enzyme kinetics is a field of chemistry. It describes how fast reactions happen, that involve enzymes. Enzyme kinetics is widely used in biology and chemistry. In enzyme kinetics, the reaction rate is measured,  and the effects of different other factors of the environment are taken into account. Studying an enzyme this way can help people explain its role in the metabolism of animals and humans. It can also show how a certain substance or drug can affect this rate.

Chemistry

Enzyme kinetics


William P. Foley II (born December 29, 1944) is an American businessman and former attorney, specializing in financial services. He is chairman of Fidelity National Financial, Cannae Holdings and Black Knight Financial Services, and vice chairman of Fidelity National Information Services Inc. (FIS). Foley is the lead investor, chairman, and CEO of Black Knight Sports & Entertainment, a consortium that owns the Vegas Golden Knights. He is managing general partner of Black Knight Football and Entertainment, which owns Premier League club AFC Bournemouth and a stake in French Ligue 1 club FC Lorient. As of 2023, he had an estimated net worth of US$1.6 billion according to Forbes.

Growing up, Foley mostly lived in Texas with his family and extended family, who were ranchers. For a time, he lived in Ottawa, Ontario, when his father was posted in the United States Air Force there. Foley played shinny, an informal type of ice hockey, and started a lifelong appreciation for the sport.

Foley attended the United States Military Academy. While a cadet, he made $40,000 on the stock market, which he invested in during his spare time. Upon graduating from West Point, Foley was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the US Air Force, where during his career he negotiated million-dollar defense contracts with Boeing. After leaving the Air Force, Foley moved into corporate law upon earning his J.D. from the University of Washington in 1974. Later he bought and revitalized the then struggling title insurance firm Fidelity National Financial. He later invested in wineries, golf courses, hotels, ski resorts, steak houses, fast-food restaurants and auto parts manufacturers.

Sports ownership
While Foley was living in Jacksonville, Florida, he explored buying the National Football League's Jacksonville Jaguars before the team was acquired by Shahid Khan.

In June 2016, Foley and Black Knight Sports & Entertainment was awarded a National Hockey League expansion franchise that became the Vegas Golden Knights. The Golden Knights began play in the 2017–18 season at the new T-Mobile Arena, and also acquired a minority ownership of the facility. Foley pledged to win a Stanley Cup in six seasons, and the Golden Knights made good on that promise in 2023.  In 2020, Black Knight Sports & Entertainment purchased an American Hockey League franchise to act as a development team for the Golden Knights, relocating the San Antonio Rampage to become the Henderson Silver Knights. The Silver Knights played out of Orleans Arena until the Dollar Loan Center, which is operated by Black Knight Sports & Entertainment, is complete in 2022.

In 2021, Foley announced Black Knight Sports & Entertainment had purchased an expansion team in the Indoor Football League to begin play in 2022 at the Dollar Loan Center in Henderson, Nevada. On August 23, 2021, the team unveiled their name and logo as the Vegas Knight Hawks.

On December 13, 2022, a group of investors led by Foley completed a deal to purchase Premier League football club AFC Bournemouth, with Foley assuming the role of chairman. Ahead of the deal, he was present at one of Bournemouth's Premier League matches vs Leicester City, with the Cherries winning 2–1.

On January 13, 2023, Foley acquired a significant minority stake in French Ligue 1 club FC Lorient, creating a partnership with Bournemouth.

On October 11, 2023, the Australian Professional Leagues announced Foley as the preferred bidder to be the owner of a new A-Leagues expansion club, based in Auckland, New Zealand. The licence includes both a men's and women's teams to be introduced for the respective 2024–25 season, subject to regulatory approval.

References

1944 births
Living people
American financial businesspeople
American sports businesspeople
National Hockey League owners
Businesspeople from Austin, Texas
United States Military Academy alumni
University of Washington School of Law alumni
Vegas Golden Knights owners
Businesspeople from Jacksonville, Florida
Businesspeople from Las Vegas
Military personnel from Texas
Chairmen and investors of football clubs in England
Stanley Cup champions

Bill Foley (businessman)


The L.A. Four (or The L.A. 4) was a jazz quartet, formed in Los Angeles, California, in 1974, that performed until 1982.

Its members were guitarist Laurindo Almeida, saxophonist and flutist Bud Shank, bassist Ray Brown, and drummer Shelly Manne, replaced by Jeff Hamilton after 1977. They performed a mixture of straight-ahead jazz on the "cool" side, influenced by European Classical music, and bossa nova and samba (Almeida was born in Brazil). They recorded ten albums before disbanding. Chuck Flores was the group's original drummer but did not record with them.

The group toured Australia in 1975.

Discography
1975: The L.A. Four Scores! (Concord Jazz), live recording July 27, 1974
1976: The L.A. Four (Concierto de Aranjuez) (Concord Jazz)
1976: Pavane pour une Infante Defunte (East Wind)
1977: Going Home (East Wind)
1978: Just Friends (Concord Jazz)
1978: Watch What Happens (Concord Jazz)
1979: Live at Montreux (Concord Jazz)
1980: Zaca (Concord Jazz)
1981: Montage (Concord Jazz)
1982: Executive Suite (Concord Jazz)

References

American jazz ensembles from California
American musical quartets

The L.A. Four (band)