Mr. Young is a Canadian television series that premiered on March 1, 2011, on YTV. The series was filmed in Burnaby, British Columbia. The series was created by Dan Signer (who also worked on Disney Channel series such as The Suite Life on Deck and A.N.T. Farm), and stars Brendan Meyer, Matreya Fedor, and Gig Morton as attendees of Finnegan High School. Further main cast includes Kurt Ostlund, Emily Tennant, and Milo Shandel. Set between 2010 and 2014, the show follows the lives of the students and faculty of Finnegan High over a four-year period, where the characters deal with such topics as romantic relationships, friendships, acceptance, self-worth and the importance of community. The first half of Season 1 is set during the main characters' Grade 9 year, while the remainder of Season 1 until the end of Season 2 is set during their Grade 10 year. The remainder of the series spans their Grade 11 year, with the final two episodes being set in June 2014, shortly before the students graduate Grade 12. The show ended its run on November 28, 2013, with three seasons and 80 episodes.

Premise
Mr. Young centers on Adam Young (Brendan Meyer), a child prodigy who graduated from university at the age of 14. He decides to come back to high school as a science teacher to live the high school "experience". He reunites with childhood best friend Derby (Gig Morton) and encounters the school bully, Slab (Kurt Ostlund), and a student in his class whom he has a crush on, named Echo (Matreya Fedor). However, because he is only 14, his students have little respect for him, and he often gets into trouble with the principal for his childlike behaviour.

Episodes

Cast and characters

Main
 Brendan Meyer as Adam Young. He is a child prodigy that is teaching science class at Finnegan High School. He wants to relive his life in high school because he graduated early and couldn't go to high school. But for him, life in high school is very difficult, as he lacks adequate social skills. He is also in love with one of his students, Echo. In almost every episode, Derby tries to help Adam impress Echo which all fail from Derby's impulsivity. Adam and Echo kiss in the 90 minute special (after a lot of work that makes him go back to or refer to previous episodes, such as Mr. Elephant, Mr. Magic and Mr. Dance, Mr. First Impression). In the finale, he's no longer in Finnegan and begins work at a local university as a professor. Adam Young is similar to Doogie Howser, M.D., who also graduated from high school and college at a young age.  He started out as a science teacher at 14.
 Matreya Fedor as Echo Zizzleswift. Echo is a student at Finnegan High School. She is in Adam's science class. Echo also cares deeply about the environment and other people. She is thoughtful, socially aware, a tad bit gullible, and secretly likes all things to do with science-fiction. She is good friends and sometimes enemies with Adam, Ivy, Derby and Slab. Adam has a crush on her, but she seems completely unaware of this (until in Mr. Double Date, where she discovers their mutual attraction). They kissed in the 90 minute special, Mr. First Impression. Her last name was announced in "Mr. College". She has a pet hamster named Mr. Tickleschmootz who later mated with Slab's hamster Slab Jr. In the finale, she graduates Finnegan and attends Adam's science class at a local university.
 Gig Morton as Derby von Derbotsford. Derby is a dimwitted student at Finnegan High School. He has a crush on Ivy, Adam's sister, but is always rejected and ignored by her. He also has a tendency to wear and provide costumes and hosts a radio show called "Drive Time with Derby". Derby is Adam's best friend and also his student, a line that Derby's more than happy to blur; almost every time Adam teaches, he falls asleep as do many of the other students, whenever someone ask him something (either mild or difficult) he'll usually just says "I don't understand the question" such as having costumes provided when it was time for picture day while Adam and the other students gotten dirty clothes. Derby is a class clown and is skilled in pranking, with an alter ego "Gagmeister General". Principal Tater doesn't know the true identity of the "Gagmeister", even after Derby admitted to being him. In the 90-minute special, Mr. First Impression, he sings a song named "Derby Style", a parody of Gangnam Style. In the finale, he graduates from Finnegan and currently attends Adam's science class at a local university.
 Kurt Ostlund as Jordan 'Slab' Slabinsky. Slab is the doltish bully of Finnegan High School. Though his behavior is aggressive, Slab likes doing ballet, looking at the stars, and friendship. Though he tends to pull pranks on people, and bullies nerds specifically, he says he does it to conceal his feelings. Even though he bullies Derby often by putting him in trash cans, he occasionally helps him out. Although he is a bully, he does have feelings for other people such as Brap, a girl raised by elephants who was subsequently changed into a stereotypical popular girl by Ivy. He also has a fear of milk. He has two gerbils, two guinea pigs and a hamster who mated with Echo's hamster Mr. Tickleschmootz, all named Slab Jr. In Mr. Memory, he starts dating Ivy. In the finale, after 12 years of high school, he finally graduates from Finnegan and currently attends Adam's science class at a local university.
 Emily Tennant as Ivy Young. Ivy is Adam's rude older sister. She loves shopping and bossing Adam around. She is very dimwitted. She tends to be rude to a lot of people, sometimes even to the teachers, although deep down she truly does care about Adam and other people and will help them out. She used to have a crush on Hutch Anderson, but begins dating Slab in Mr. Memory. Ivy is a stereotypical blonde and is considered attractive by all the male students. In the series finale, it was revealed she was a senior for 3 years. She also is a reporter for the school newspaper, along with Echo. In the series finale, she finally graduates from Finnegan and currently attends her brother's science class at a local university.
 Milo Shandel as Principal George Tater. Principal Tater is the principal of Finnegan High School who often checks up on Mr. Young and his class in case he'll have a chance at firing him due to his young age. He is often suspicious and can be quite ditsy, scoring in the 15th percentile of the Stanford-Binet IQ Test. He is shown to be quite cheap because in "Mr. School Song", he kept the school's old anthem (which still has old ideals back in the day) and sometimes spends the school's budget on useless things like a statue of himself, including making a teacher out of straw name Mrs. Straupersson to avoid paying for a new teacher. He is also afraid of cinnamon, after an incident during his childhood, and refers to his mother as "mommy", he also believes Atlantic City isn't real while Atlantis is. He is also disrespected by many students. It is implied that he may be the father of Adam and Ivy, due to their hair loss in an episode with a video in which Tater and their mother, Rachel, appear together. In the finale, after Adam revealed he was leaving Finnegan, he admitted he enjoyed Adam's teaching and making high school fun.

Recurring
 Paula Shaw as Ms. Byrne. Ms. Byrne is an elderly, clueless history teacher who is in charge of the science club and school newspaper. She has very bad memory, often shown to forget things that she saw or heard a few seconds ago. She always teaches the same thing every class: The War of 1812, always starting off with the question "Who has heard of the War of 1812?" before all the students raise their hands. It has also been suggested in several episodes that she is extremely old, though she disagrees. Notable examples include "Mr. Younger Man" where she claims to have seen Halley's Comet 6 times already, "Mr. Discovery," where she is shown being alive in the prehistoric ages, and in "Mr. Servant", where she is seen to have been "Miss Constantinople". "Mr Summer Vacation" showed her complaining about having to put on sunscreen, causing Adam to ask if it was because she was born before people knew about the dangers of the sun, to which Ms. Byrne replied "No, before there was a sun!". She also uses ancient tools (for example, a 4000-year abacus instead of a computer, being seemingly ignorant of modern technology). It is revealed that her mother and even her grandmother are still alive and she also has many elderly grandchildren. In the finale, she swallowed some water from the Fountain of Youth, appearing young for a while. After it wore off, she began a relationship with Dang's mentor in Vietnam.
Raugi Yu as Dang. Dang is the school's janitor. He usually appears out of nowhere when people mention his name due to his sheer speed followed by him phrasing "You Called?", which allows him to perform actions, such as playing beach volleyball, with himself. He is very skilled at martial arts and is also shown to have a hatred for leaf monkeys, Halloween, and says the word "demon" for things like robots, calling them "steel demons". Occasionally he wears a giant purple cowboy hat with feathers, which he calls his "Fancy Hat". He lives at Finnegan High and almost never wants to leave because leaf monkeys do not live there, who would steal his fancy hat. Dang has a twin brother named Ding that he disliked because Ding married a duck named Shirley. Dang forgave his brother who was Echo disguised as Dang (Dang could not tell the difference between the disguised Echo and his brother) because he saw Slab's mother and exclaimed, "There are worse things to marry than duck!". In the finale, he finally earned his high school diploma from his final science project (his amazing speeding ability) and currently attends Adam's science class at a local university.
 Anna Galvin as Rachel Young. Rachel is Ivy's and Adam's mother. She delivers meals to seniors and can sometimes be helpful. She can be overtly dishonest, claiming during the school carnival that there was a "giant man-eating chicken" in her booth when in reality there was only a tall man eating from a bucket of chicken. Rachel is shown on occasion to be indifferent to Adam's feelings, once selling his comic book collection without his knowledge. She was schoolmates with Principal Tater once and was framed and suspended for putting glue in the mascot costume which made Tater bald. She was also once a cheerleader at Finnegan High.
 Brett Dier as Hutch Anderson. Hutch is Ivy's crush and is on and off as Ivy's boyfriend (he has had other girlfriends). He is very gentleman-like and is a lifeguard and tried to save Adam (who was dressed like a mummy) because of his oath. He helped Ivy's mother take out the trash in one episode. He played Romeo in the school play Romeo and Juliet, but had to leave because Ivy put itching powder makeup on him to stop him from kissing Echo.

Production
The series was created and executive produced by Dan Signer. The series was filmed in front of a live studio audience at 5828 Byrne Road, in Burnaby, British Columbia.

The series began taping on Thursday, September 30, 2010 and production of Season 1 was completed on Friday, April 15, 2011. Through their Facebook page, YTV announced on March 31, 2011, that Mr. Young was the No. 1 show on their network. On April 29, 2011, the series was renewed for a second season. Filming of Season 2 began in early July 2011 and continued through to January 2012. Afterwards, the show had a third season of 28 episodes, bringing the episode total to 80 episodes. This third and final season aired from October 16, 2012, to November 28, 2013.

Broadcast and release
On September 7, 2011, Corus Entertainment's Nelvana Enterprises and Thunderbird Films announced that they had sold the live-action comedy series to Disney XD channels United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Nelvana Enterprises is the international distribution agent for Mr. Young, while Nelvana and Thunderbird are co-distributing the series in the United States.

References

External links
 Official Mr. Young television series webpage at the official YTV channel website.
 Official Mr. Young television series webpage at "Facebook" social network.

2010s Canadian high school television series
2010s Canadian teen sitcoms
2011 Canadian television series debuts
2013 Canadian television series endings
English-language television shows
YTV (Canadian TV channel) original programming
Television series about educators
Television series about teenagers
Television series by Nelvana
Television series created by Dan Signer
Television shows filmed in Burnaby

Mr. Young


Three Day Road is the first novel from Canadian writer Joseph Boyden. Joseph's maternal grandfather, as well as an uncle on his father's side, served as soldiers during the First World War, and Boyden draws upon a wealth of family narratives.  This novel follows the journey of two young Cree men, Xavier and Elijah, who volunteer for that war and become snipers during the conflict. The book was generally critically well received.

Plot
Set in 1919, following the end of World War I, the novel takes place in the wilderness of Northern Ontario and on the battlefields of France and Belgium. Niska, an Oji-Cree medicine woman, is the remnant of her native relatives who refused to assimilate in the 19th century. She rejected European beliefs and culture and continues to thrive in the bush in a manner befitting her and her traditions. Niska's voice is one of two narratives that complete the novel. After getting word that her closest thing to living family, Elijah, is coming back from the war, she paddles the three-day journey to meet him in town. She finds, however, that it is not Elijah but her nephew Xavier who has returned from battle. In an attempt to heal her only relative, who has clearly been sucked dry of his soul and has hardened with nightmares from the war and turned hollow by morphine, she begins to recount the stories of her past. She believes that perhaps this will revive Xavier and the Three Day Road will not be one to his demise. Similarly, Xavier attempts to stumble over his story for his aunt and unearths ghosts of his bullet-riddled past.

The novel was inspired in part by real-life Indigenous World War I heroes Francis Pegahmagabow and John Shiwak. In addition it seems relevant that Boyden's father Raymond Wilfrid Boyden was a medical officer renowned for his bravery, who was awarded the Distinguished Service Order and was the most highly decorated medical officer of World War II.[1]

The significance of the title
As Xavier, one of the protagonists reflects in the novel, the number three is especially relevant not only to Indigenous cultures but Europeans alike. It would appear to Xavier that the number three can be found everywhere. There is the front line, the support line, and the reserve line, for example. There is the infantry, the cavalry, and the artillery. In moments off battle, there is food, then rest, then women. In church, the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. There is even superstition about lighting three cigarettes with one match. Xavier remembers specifically though, about what his aunt Niska told him about those ready for death having to walk the Three Day Road. In the novel, we accompany Xavier on what would seem to be his Three Day Road; his journey back to his home with Niska and her stories trying to heal him.

Themes
Among other ideas the book explores the cultural gulf between European settlers in Canada and the Indigenous peoples.

Awards and recognition
 Nominee for the 2005 Governor General's Awards.
 Winner of the McNally Robinson Aboriginal Book of the Year Award.
 Winner of the Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize for 2005.
 Selected for inclusion in Canada Reads 2006, where it was championed by filmmaker Nelofer Pazira.
 Winner, 2006 Amazon/Books in Canada First Novel Award

References

http://www.quillandquire.com/reviews/review.cfm?review_id=4321
http://www.penguin.ca/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780670063628,00.html
http://www.goodreports.net/reviews/threedayroad.htm

External links
 Minnesota Public Radio: Joseph Boyden reading from Three Day Road (RealAudio stream)
 Joseph Boyden's Three Day Road wins 1st aboriginal book of the year award
 McNally Robinson Aboriginal Book of the Year

2005 Canadian novels
Novels by Joseph Boyden
Fiction set in 1919
Novels set in Northern Ontario
Novels set during World War I

Three Day Road


The Rolls-Royce Boat Tail is a mid-sized luxury coach built grand tourer car made by Rolls-Royce Motor Cars. It is the world's most expensive street legal new car speculated at US $28 million.

History
BMW, the parent company of Rolls-Royce, trademark protected the Boat Tail Concept with the European Union Intellectual Property Office on 30 May 2018, as well as with the National Institute of Industrial Property in Brazil.

Design
The car was designed by the company's specialised coachbuild division at its Goodwood plant, reinterpreting the 1910s Rolls-Royce Ltd Boat Tail car design. It draws aesthetic inspiration from yachts of the 1920s and 1930s. The car shares its chassis and engine with the Rolls-Royce Phantom; but has 1,813 bespoke parts, including five electronic control units in the rear deck. The cars feature a parasol that extends from the rear deck deployed by a mechanical system in an inverted manner like a flower, rotating cocktail tables with matching stool seats, a complete set of Christofle tableware and two fridges in a colour scheme to match Armand de Brignac champagne bottles.  The deck is finished in Caleidolegno veneer and hinges towards the centre in a butterfly shape, at an angle of 67 degrees.

The first car features matching pairs of men's and women's watches manufactured by Bovet Fleurier which include a tiny sculpture of the car in the dial. The watches can be worn as a wristwatch or used as a desk clock or pocket watch, and they can also be placed in a titanium enclosure on the car's dashboard to be used as its clock. The car has a bespoke Bose Corporation sound system which uses the car's floor structure as a resonance chamber. The car includes a Montblanc pen housed in a hand-crafted case inside the glove box. The instrument panel dials feature guilloché decorative work.

References

External links

Boat Tail
Retro-style automobiles

Rolls-Royce Boat Tail


St. Thomas School, Leipzig (; ) is a co-educational and public boarding school in Leipzig, Saxony, Germany. It was founded by the Augustinians in 1212 and is one of the oldest schools in the world.

St. Thomas is known for its art, language and music education. Johann Sebastian Bach held the position of Thomaskantor from 1723 until his death in 1750. His responsibilities included providing young musicians for church services in Leipzig.
The Humanistic Gymnasium has a very long list of distinguished former students, including Richard Wagner (1813–1883) and many members of the Bach family, including Johann Sebastian Bach's son Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (1714–1788).

From the 800-Year Anniversary Celebration in 2012 the Thomanerchor and St. Thomas School has been part of Forum Thomanum, an internationally oriented educational campus.

History
St. Thomas School was founded in 1212 by Margrave Dietrich von Meißen (1162–1221) making it among the oldest schools in Europe.   It was run as schola pauperum, meaning a free school intended to benefit the poor, by the Canons Regular of St. Augustine. The St. Thomas Church was founded with the school. The St. Thomas School is first mentioned in documents dating to 1254.

In 1539 the city of Leipzig took over ownership of the school. All members (Thomaner) of the boys choir (Thomanerchor) attend the school along with other pupils. The Thomaner live in the school's own boarding school, Thomasalumnat.

The school's first building was in the present courtyard of the St. Thomas Church. In 1553 an outbuilding was built there. During Johann Sebastian Bach's time as Thomaskantor these buildings were extended; in 1829 they were reconstructed. In 1877 a new building was erected in the Schreberstraße to meet a shortage of space. In 1881 a new building for the boarding school was finished.

The school was used as a barracks by a Freikorps unit during the Kapp Putsch. The staff had little sympathy for Friedrich Ebert's government.

During the Nazi era the school continued its normal curricula. The school endured the bombings of the night of 3 December 1943 with only the gym and the buildings across from the boarding school being destroyed. The then-rector, Günther Ramin, decided to move the choir boys to the Königlich Sächsische Fürsten- und Landesschule Sankt Augustin school in Grimma. Because of this, and because most of the older students were enlisted, the University of Leipzig was allowed to use the school's building for its own purposes. The rector's decision to move the choir boys was proved right during the bombings of 20 February 1944 when the school's buildings were destroyed. After that, the remaining pupils attended 41. Volksschule on the Hillerstraße. At some stage, the choir boys rejoined these pupils at Hillerstraße.

In 1973 the school moved into a new building in the Pestalozzistraße (now Telemannstraße), but the boarding school remained in the Hillerstraße. The new communist regime in East Germany tried to make an exemplar atheist school out of St. Thomas school, but the church's influence was immense.

After the German reunification in 1990 the pupil's numbers increased. Since 2008 the school offers its students mathematics, natural sciences, music, and linguistic courses.

In September 2000 the school moved into the restored original building on the Hillerstraße. In 2008, there were 485 pupils and 67 teachers. Prior to 1973, all the Thomaskantors were also teachers at the school and the president of the choir was also the school's rector. Since 1973 those roles have been separated.

Foreign languages
Cultivating classical languages is an old tradition at St. Thomas School. All students study Latin as their first or second foreign language, including the Qualification in Latin (Latinum). Combined with the modern language English the pupils learn fundamental foreign language skills. Although there are offered advanced courses (Leistungskurse) in those subjects. Interested students are welcome to take the First Certificate in English (FCE). The tradition of the school and its roots in European culture are the motive for providing Ancient Greek classes from 8th grade as well as a Qualification in Greek (Graecum). Also St. Thomas offers Romance languages, like French and Italian.

Student exchange programs and stays in Europe and in Anglo-America are possible.

Notable alumni

 Carl Friedrich Abel – German composer and fine player on the viola da gamba, pupil of Johann Sebastian Bach
 Franz Abt – German composer
 Nicolaus von Amsdorf – German theologian and Protestant reformer
 Johann August Apel – German writer and jurist
 Armand Léon von Ardenne – German military writer and general, character in Effi Briest
 Wilhelm Friedemann Bach – eldest son and pupil of Johann Sebastian Bach
 Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach – German musician and composer, second son of Johann Sebastian Bach
 Johann Christian Bach – composer of the Classical era, tenth son of Johann Sebastian Bach
 Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach – ninth son of Johann Sebastian Bach
 Johann Gottfried Bernhard Bach – fourth son of Johann Sebastian Bach
 Karl Baedeker – German physicist
 Fritz Beblo – German city planner, architect and painter
 Christian Daniel Beck – German philologist, historian, theologian and antiquarian
 Oskar Becker – German philosopher, logician and mathematician
 Roderich Benedix – German dramatist and librettist
 Theodor Bergk – German philologist
 Otto Julius Bierbaum – German writer
 Georg Christoph Biller – German choral conductor
 Christian Ludwig Boxberg – German composer and organist
 Albert Brockhaus – German publisher and politician
 Eduard Brücklmeier – German diplomat and resistance fighter against the Nazi régime
 Conrad Bursian – German philologist and archaeologist
 Johann Benedict Carpzov II – German Christian theologian and Hebraist
 Carl Gustav Carus – German physiologist and painter
 Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld – German painter
 Walter Cramer – German businessman and a member of the failed July 20 Plot
 Karl Wilhelm Dindorf – German classical scholar
 Max Dieckmann – German physicist
 Christoph von Dohnányi – German conductor
 Klaus von Dohnanyi – German politician
 Georg Dohrn – German conductor
 Axel Eggebrecht – German journalist and writer
 Theodor Wilhelm Engelmann – German botanist, physiologist and microbiologist
 Georg Fabricius – German poet, historian and archaeologist
 Johann Friedrich Fasch – German composer
 Paul Fleming – German poet
 Arnold Gehlen – an influential conservative German philosopher and sociologist
 Reinhard Goerdeler – German accountant and founder of KPMG
 Johann Gottlieb Görner – German composer and organist, pupil of Johann Sebastian Bach
 Johann Christoph Graupner – German harpsichordist and composer of high Baroque music
 Andreas Gruentzig – German cardiologist
 Karl Heine – lawyer and a major entrepreneur and industrial pioneer
 Thomas Theodor Heine – German painter and illustrator
 Johann David Heinichen – German Baroque composer and music theorist, Kapellmeister to the Royal Polish and Electoral Saxon Court in Dresden
 Karl Heinrich Heydenreich – German philosopher and poet
 Rudolf Hildebrand – Germanist
 Karl von Hochmuth – Russian General
 Otto Hoetzsch – German academic and politician
 Reinhard Keiser – popular German opera composer, one time Kapellmeister of the Hamburg Opera and successor to Johann Mattheson as Cantor (church) of Hamburg Cathedral
 Johann Friedrich Kind – German dramatist
 Johann Ludwig Krebs – Rococo and Classical period musician and composer, pupil of Johann Sebastian Bach and son of Johann Tobias Krebs, another Bach pupil (during his tenure at Weimar)
 Sebastian Krumbiegel – German singer and musician
 Victor Lange – German-born US-American Germanist at Princeton University
 Gottfried Leibniz – German mathematician and philosopher
 Justus Hermann Lipsius – German classical scholar
 Christian Gustav Adolph Mayer – German mathematician
 Erhard Mauersberger – German choral conductor, 14th Cantor of the Thomaskirche zu Leipzig after Johann Sebastian Bach, brother of Rudolf Mauersberger (the composer, conductor, and Cantor of the Kreuzkirche Dresden)
 Felix Moscheles – English painter, peace activist and advocate of Esperanto
 Paul Julius Möbius – German neurologist
 Georg Österreich – German Baroque composer
 Carl Adam Petri – German mathematician and computer scientist
 Eduard Friedrich Poeppig – German botanist, zoologist and explorer
 Nikolaus Pevsner – German-born British scholar of history of art at Cambridge and Oxford University
 Johann Georg Pisendel – German Baroque musician, violinist and composer
 Die Prinzen – German music group
 Günther Ramin – influential German organist, conductor, composer, pedagogue, and 12th Thomaskantor after Bach
 Carl Gottlieb Reissiger – German Kapellmeister and composer
 Martin Rinkart – German clergyman and hymnist
 Johann Friedrich Rochlitz – German playwright, musicologist, art and music critic
 Johann Theodor Roemhildt – German Baroque composer
 Johann Rosenmüller – German Baroque composer
 Friedrich Ruge – Vice Admiral of the German Navy
 Ernest Sauter – German composer
 Daniel Gottlob Moritz Schreber – German physician and university teacher
 Johann Andreas Schubert – German general engineer and designer
 Johann Gottfried Stallbaum – German classical scholar
 David Timm (born 1969) – German pianist, organist, choral conductor and jazz musician
 Karl Wilhelm Valentiner – German astronomer
 Eduard Vogel – German explorer in Central Africa
 Richard Wagner – German composer, conductor, music theorist and essayist
 Jörg-Peter Weigle – German professor of choir direction
 Friedrich Wieck – German piano and voice teacher, teacher of Robert Schumann, and father of Clara Schumann
 Friedrich Wilhelm Zachau – German Baroque musician and composer, teacher of George Frideric Handel
 Carl Friedrich Zöllner – German composer and choir director

Notable former teachers
 Johann Sebastian Bach – monumental German Baroque composer and organist
 Karl Ferdinand Braun – German inventor, physicist and Nobel Prize laureate
 Sethus Calvisius – German music theorist, composer, chronologer, astronomer and teacher of the late Renaissance
 Otto Crusius – German classical scholar
 Johann August Ernesti – German theologian and philologist
 Georg Fabricius – German poet, historian and archaeologist
 Johann Matthias Gesner – German classical scholar and schoolmaster, an ardent enthusiast of Johann Sebastian Bach
 Moritz Hauptmann – German composer and writer, 6th Cantor (church) of the Thomanerchor after Bach
 Sebastian Knüpfer – German Baroque composer, 3rd Thomaskantor before Bach
 Johann Kuhnau – German Baroque composer, organist and harpsichordist, immediate predecessor as Thomaskantor before Bach
 August Leskien – German linguist
 Johann Adam Hiller – German Classical and Romantic composer, conductor and writer on music, 3rd Thomaskantor after Bach, first Kapellmeister of the Gewandhaus Orchestra Leipzig
 Rudolf Hildebrand – Germanist
 Johann Rosenmüller – German Baroque composer
 Günther Ramin – influential German organist, conductor, composer, pedagogue, and 12th Thomaskantor after Bach
 Georg Rhau – German publisher and composer, first Thomaskantor after church became Protestant, led the Thomanerchor in the opening Mass of the Leipzig Debate, published last known Lutheran Hymnbook during Martin Luther's lifetime
 Ernst Richter – German musical theorist, 8th Thomaskantor after Bach and the immediate predecessor to the post of Wilhelm Rust
 Wilhelm Rust – German musicologist, conductor, and composer, 9th Thomaskantor after Bach
 Johann Hermann Schein – German composer and hymnist of the early Baroque era
 Johann Gottfried Schicht – German composer and conductor, 5th Thomaskantor after Bach
 Karl Straube – German church musician, organist, choral conductor, and teacher, 11th Thomaskantor after Bach, a friend and champion of Max Reger, instructor at the Leipzig Conservatory, and one of the teachers of Karl Richter (conductor); succeeded to the post of Thomaskantor by Günther Ramin
 Jakob Thomasius – German academic philosopher and jurist
 Christian Theodor Weinlig – German music teacher, composer and choir conductor
 Ernst Windisch – German scholar and celticist
 Gustav Ernst Schreck – German composer,  music teacher, choirmaster, 1983 Thomaskantor

See also
 List of rectors of Thomasschule zu Leipzig
 St. Thomas Church, Leipzig
 St. Thomas Choir of Leipzig
 List of the oldest schools in the world

References

External links

 Thomasschule zu Leipzig
 Thomasschule

1212 establishments in Europe
Boarding schools in Germany
Education in Leipzig
Educational institutions established in the 13th century
Gymnasiums in Germany
Music schools in Germany
Buildings and structures in Leipzig
Schools in Saxony

St. Thomas School, Leipzig


A herigaut is a gown-like garment worn in the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries. Alternative spellings include herigald, heregaud, gerygoud and herigans. It was three-quarters to full length with hanging sleeves. Sometimes the sleeves were tucked at the top to increase fullness below. Although it was primarily a men's garment, women occasionally wore it as well. Along with the garnache, it is a variant of the garde-corps, and it is also related to the houppelande.

References

13th-century fashion
14th-century fashion
Medieval European costume
Robes and cloaks
Gowns

Herigaut


Naked Juice is an American brand that produces juices and smoothies. The company is based in Monrovia, California and is owned by PAI Partners. The first Naked Juice drink was produced in 1983 and sold in California under the name "Naked Juice", referring to the composition of no artificial flavors, added sugar, or preservatives. Distribution has since expanded, and Naked Juice products are distributed in the United States, as well as in Canada, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and France, among others.

As of 2011, the Naked Juice product line consisted of more than 20 different drinks, including fruit juices, juice smoothies, and protein smoothies, along with other beverages like coconut water. The drinks are promoted as containing high concentrations of antioxidants.

History
The Naked Juice Company was created in Santa Monica, California in 1983 by Jimmy Rosenberg and David Bleeden.  The name came from the pair's affinity for nude sunbathing. Rosenberg began on a small scale, producing the fruit drinks at his home and selling them under the "Naked Juice" name in-person on the beaches in Santa Monica.  The packaging design changed with a re-branding across the Naked Juice line in 2005, which was credited in part for helping Naked Juice pass the former industry leader in terms of annual retail sales, Odwalla. As demand for its products increased, so did the complexity of distribution. Due to the composition of its juices - namely the purposeful lack of preservatives - Naked Juice beverages are highly perishable, must be kept below 38 °F, and have a shorter shelf life than some competing products. In order to alleviate potential supply limitations in early 2006, the company opened two new direct delivery centers in Sacramento, California and Seattle, Washington.

In November 2006, PepsiCo announced plans to acquire Naked Juice from its prior owners, North Castle Partners, for an undisclosed sum. The acquisition, which was completed in 2007, was recognized as marking PepsiCo's more recent shift towards ownership of food and beverage brands with a health and wellness aspect. At this time, Naked Juice had recorded annual sales of $150 million within the U.S. According to financial industry analysts, this acquisition was initiated in part to compete with The Coca-Cola Company's 2001 purchase of Naked Juice rival Odwalla.

The Naked Juice brand has operated as a wholly owned subsidiary of PepsiCo, under the parent company's PepsiCo Americas Beverages division. Naked Juice continued to conduct business in its Azusa, California headquarters until February 2010, when its offices were relocated to the neighboring city of Monrovia, California. Due in part to PepsiCo's scale of existing distributors, Naked Juice has since expanded to be sold in all 50 states within the U.S., as well as in Canada and the U.K.

In 2021 PepsiCo sold the brand to private equity firm PAI Partners.

Controversies

Class-action lawsuit
In 2012, a lawsuit was filed against the company and on July 2, 2013, the Naked Juice Company settled a class-action lawsuit which argued that many of the bottle's purported claims were false and misleading to the public. Specifically, claims that the product was "100% Juice", was "All Natural", contained "Nothing Artificial", and was "Non-GMO" were all at issue. Specifically the lawsuit indicated that certain ingredients, listed as vitamins, as displayed in the ingredient list of the nutrition facts, were actually synthetically produced, artificial sweeteners, fibers, and flavors which belied the claim the product was "All Natural" and contained only juice. The company agreed to stop using 'all natural' to describe its products due to lack of detailed regulatory guidance around the word 'natural', after agreeing to settle a class action for $9m.

Sugar content
Many Naked juices contain more sugar per ounce than soft drinks.  For example, Naked's "Pomegranate Blueberry" contains some 61g of sugar—5.3 tablespoons of sugar in a single bottle.  That equates to 1 teaspoon of sugar in every ounce of juice.  This amount of sugar is greater than Coca-Cola, which contains 3.25g of sugar per ounce.  Naked's "Green Machine" contains 3.5g of sugar per ounce, more than Pepsi Cola's 3.42g per ounce.  Naked juice is advertised as Pepsi's "Good for you" product line despite an even higher sugar content.

Products
The Naked Juice product line consists of more than 20 variants of straight and blended 100-percent fruit and vegetable juices.  Some of the products are produced in a smoothie consistency, while others remain in juice form. The juices are a combination of flash pasteurized fruits, vegetable juices and purees. Among the primary flavors of Naked Juice are strawberry banana, blue machine, green machine, orange mango and berry veggie which contains purple carrots, red beets, sweet potatoes, sweet corn, chick peas, sweet cherries, strawberries, plum, apple, and a hint of lemon.

In addition to juice flavor variants, since 2006 additional Naked Juice versions have been produced with a focus on specific health aspects such as digestion, protein and reduced-caloric content. In 2007, Naked Juice Probiotic was introduced, having been represented as the first 100-percent juice smoothie to contain probiotics for the aid in digestion. A protein-focused line of Naked Juice smoothies (marketed as protein zone) was first introduced in the early 2000s, with the addition of mango and double berry flavors in 2009. Two reduced-calorie Naked Juice smoothies were introduced in 2010: tropical and peach guava. Both of these products contain coconut juice, which is naturally lower in caloric content in comparison to other fruits.

Also in 2010, The Naked Juice Company added a 100-percent coconut water product, marketed under the name Naked Coconut Water, and sold within the U.S. in Whole Foods stores.

Naked Juice drinks are produced in 10, 15.2, 32, 64, and 128-US fluid ounce sizes; though not all flavors are packaged in all size formats. In 2009, Naked Juice changed the packaging used for its 32-ounce bottles to a variant consisting of 100-percent post-consumer recycled plastic PET (polyethylene terephthalate), the first beverage with national distribution in the United States to implement this packaging type. The new bottle design, referred to as "reNEWabottle"'' by the company, was extended to the 10, 15.2 and 64-ounce sizes in 2010, resulting in the reduction in new plastic consumption by a rate of  per year.

References

External links

Juice brands
Drink companies based in California
Companies based in Los Angeles County, California
Food and drink companies established in 1983
PepsiCo brands
1983 establishments in California
2007 mergers and acquisitions

Naked Juice


Salvatore Miceli (; born April 12, 1946, in Salemi) is a member of the Sicilian Mafia. He was on the "Most wanted list" of the Italian Ministry of the Interior from 2001 until his arrest in Venezuela in June 2009. Some Mafia turncoats (pentiti) referred to Miceli as the Minister of Foreign Affairs, due to his frequent trips abroad. Others called him "the chicken that lays golden eggs", referring to his lucrative drug business.

Drug trafficker
Miceli was born in Salemi, Italy, in the province of Trapani. He was the grandson of the notorious heroin trafficker Salvatore Zizzo. Together with Roberto Pannunzi, he is considered to be the intermediary between the Mafia and the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta clans with Colombian cocaine cartels. The two had met when they were living in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in the 1960s and 1970s. They became close friends and Pannunzi became the godfather of Miceli's first born. The relation between the Calabrian and the Sicilian mafioso also was very useful for drug trafficking.

Both were involved in a cocaine trafficking network with Mariano Agate, the Mafia boss of Mazara del Vallo and Calabrian clans of Marando, Trimboli and Barbaro from Platì. When one of the cocaine transports to Greece went wrong, Miceli was taken hostage by the Colombian suppliers. He was moved towards a hacienda in the Colombian jungle and only to be released when the damage of losing 900 kilogrammes of cocaine, some 22.5 million US dollars, would be repaid . He was only released when Pannunzi guaranteed the money through his Calabrian contacts.

The entire ring was dismantled in May 2003 – but Miceli remained at large. His wife Veronica Dudzinski and his sons Ivano and Mario Miceli were arrested in May 2003, when the cocaine trafficking network was disrupted.

In the beginning of the 1990s, after a failed cocaine transport, Mafia boss Giovanni Brusca also had condemned Miceli to death. However, he was saved thanks to the intervention of Vincenzo Sinacori and Matteo Messina Denaro – the boss of Castelvetrano – who made clear that Miceli belonged to the Mafia in the province of Trapani, and that the "palermitani" could not act against him without the permission of the Mafia bosses of Trapani.

Arrest

On June 20, 2009, Salvatore Miceli was arrested by police in Caracas, Venezuela. The arrest was made after a joint operation between Italian and Venezuelan authorities and Interpol agents. He was apprehended as he left his house on Sunday, along with two other unnamed Italian suspects. Miceli, who had been on the run from authorities since 2001, had been under police surveillance for three days prior to his arrest. The former head of Italy's Antimafia parliamentary commission, Giuseppe Lumia, suggested that Miceli's arrest would be a major blow to the Sicilian Mafia and their trans-Atlantic drug trafficking operations.

Venezuela extradited Miceli to Italy on June 30, 2009, to serve his prison term. He was convicted for drug trafficking and Mafia conspiracy in 2001. Since then he again has been charged for cocaine trafficking between Colombia, Sicily and Calabria.

References

 Forgione, Francesco (2009).  Mafia export: Come 'Ndrangheta, Cosa Nostra e Camorra hanno colonizzato il mondo, Milan: Baldini Castoldi Dalai editore

External links
 Most wanted list of the Italian ministry of the Interior

1946 births
Living people
Sicilian mafiosi
Canadian gangsters
Canadian people of Italian descent
Italian emigrants to Canada
People extradited from Venezuela
People extradited to Italy
Organized crime in Toronto

Salvatore Miceli


Lois Utz (née Cook) (January 4, 1932 – November 12, 1986; Paterson, New Jersey) was an American children's book author, illustrator, poet, and artist.

For most of her life, Utz resided in Little Falls, New Jersey. She received her Associate degree in Fine Arts from the Art Students League of New York. Utz wrote a poetry column for the Paterson Morning Call and published in literary anthologies nationally. In 1957, she married Donald Utz, and in 1962 they had a daughter, Heidi. While exhibiting her paintings and collages, she began creating children's books that were first published in 1972. For many years, she produced and sold collage works through her business, Lois Utz Originals. Utz also collaborated as a lyricist with classical composer Richard Lane on a number of songs, including several for children. Throughout her life, she worked as a volunteer for the mentally ill and wrote several novels about her experiences. She later received a Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology and a Master of Arts degree in counseling, and practiced as a therapist until her death in 1986.

Her children's books are known for their whimsical illustrations of animals and stories told in rhyme. Her illustrations often incorporate elements of collage.

Bibliography

 The Pineapple Duck with the Peppermint Bill (Bobbs-Merrill, 1968)
 A Delightful Day with Bella Ballet (Oddo Publ., 1972)
 The Houndstooth Check (Oddo, 1972)
 The Simple Pink Bubble That Ended the Trouble with Jonathan Hubble (Oddo, 1972)
 The King, the Queen, and the Lima Bean (Oddo, 1974).
 Tara's Sister (unpublished) young adult novel
 Parenthesis Twenty-Five (unpublished) poetry anthology

References

Sources

Contemporary Authors, Detroit: Thomson Gale Pub., v. 25-28R, 735.
Contemporary Authors, Detroit: Thomson Gale Pub., 1987, v.121, 421.
Something About the Author, Detroit: Thomson Gale, 1975, v. 5.
Something About the Author, Detroit: Thomson Gale, obituary, 1987, v. 50.
Star Ledger, Newark, NJ, obituary (Nov. 16, 1986).
Who's Who in America, 42nd ed., New Providence, NJ: Marquis Pub., 1982.

1932 births
1986 deaths
American children's writers
20th-century American novelists
Novelists from New Jersey
Mental health professionals
American women illustrators
American illustrators
American women poets
American women novelists
American lyricists
People from Little Falls, New Jersey
American women children's writers
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American poets
Songwriters from New Jersey
20th-century American women artists
Art Students League of New York alumni

Lois Utz


Carl Johann Maximovich (also Karl Ivanovich Maximovich, Russian: Карл Иванович Максимович; 23 November 1827 in Tula, Russia – 16 February 1891 in Saint Petersburg) was a Russian botanist. Maximovich spent most of his life studying the flora of the countries he had visited in the Far East, and naming many new species. He worked at the Saint Petersburg Botanical Gardens from 1852 as curator of the herbarium collection, becoming Director in 1869.

History
Born a Baltic-German, his name at birth was Karl Ivanovich Maksimovich, but he changed it to the German version of his name for his scientific work. He graduated in biology from the institution which is now University of Tartu, Estonia in (1850), he was a pupil of Alexander G. von Bunge.

From 1853 to 1857 he traveled around the world. He travelled with another Baltic-German Leopold von Schrenck to the Amur region in eastern Asia. From 1859 to 1864 he also  he visited China, Korea and Japan. He arrived in Japan in late 1860, initially basing his operations in Hakodate. He traveled extensively in southern Japan and for much of 1862 including the region of Yokohama and Mount Fuji, he ended that year in Nagasaki. He also explored much of Kyūshū.

He was particularly involved with the flora of Japan, following the footsteps of notably Carl Peter Thunberg,  and Philipp Franz von Siebold. His assistant in Japan was Sukawa Chonosuke, whose name was given by Maximovich to the flower Trillium tschonoskii.

He also studied the flora of Tibet, concluding that it was chiefly composed of immigrants from Mongolia and the Himalaya.

Commissioned by the Russian Academy of Sciences, he purchased from von Siebold's widow the set of eight volumes of the famous collection of Japanese botanical illustrations drawn by several Japanese artists. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1888.

Named in his honor
 Acer maximowiczianum: Nikko maple, China & Japan
 Atriplex maximowicziana: Maximovich's Saltbush
 Betula maximowicziana: Monarch Birch, Japan
 Crataegus maximowiczii Schneid.
 Kalopanax pictus var maximowiczii: China, Manchuria, Korea, Japan   1865
 Lilium leichtlinii Hooker f. var. maximowiczii (Regel) Baker: (also named after the German botanist Max Leichtlin)
 Picea maximowiczii: Maximovich Spruce, Japan
 Populus maximowiczii: Maximovich' Poplar
 Maximowicz's vole (Microtus maximowiczii)
 for more species

Plants named by him
Maximovich described and named over 2300 plants which were previously unknown to science.

 Genus Circaeaster Maxim. – family Circaeasteraceae
 Acer argutum Maxim.
 Acer barbinerve Maxim.
 Acer capillipes Maxim.
 Acer miyabei Maxim.
 Acer mono Maxim.
 Acer nikoense Maxim.
 Acer tschonoskii Maxim.
 Berberis thunbergii Maxim.
 Buddleja alternifolia Maxim.
 Calanthe reflexa Maxim.
 Elaeagnus oldhamii Maxim.
 Goodyera macrantha Maxim.
 Juglans mandshurica Maxim.
 Liparis japonica Maxim.
 Pedicularis artselaeri Maxim. –  family Scrophulariaceae
 Platanthera hologlottis Maxim.
 Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim.
 Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.
 Trillium tschonoskii Maxim. - Japan, Korea, northeastern China, and far-eastern Russia
 Tulotis ussuriensis (Maxim.) Hara
 Yoania japonica Maxim.

Selected works
 Rhamneae orientali-asiaticae (1866)
 Rhododendrae Asia Orientalis (1870)
 Monograph on genus Lespedeza (1873)
 Enumeratio plantarum hucusque in Mongolia : nec non adjacente parte Turkestaniae Sinensis lectarum (1889)
 Flora Tangutica : sive enumeratio plantarum regionis Tangut (AMDO) provinciae Kansu, nec non Tibetiae praesertim orientaliborealis atque tsaidam : ex collectionibus N.M. Przewalski atque G.N. Potanin (1889)
 Diagnoses plantarum novarum asiaticarum. VI
Primitae Florae Amurensis (Flora of the Amur Region) in Bulletin de L'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg (1859).

References

External links

1827 births
1891 deaths
Baltic-German people
Botanists active in China
Botanists active in Japan
Botanists with author abbreviations
Bryologists
Demidov Prize laureates
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
19th-century botanists from the Russian Empire
Explorers from the Russian Empire
People from Tula, Russia
Pteridologists
University of Tartu alumni
Russian scientists

Karl Maximovich


Michael Reginald Harry Carttiss (born 11 March 1938) is a former British Conservative Party politician.  He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Great Yarmouth from 1983 to 1997.

Early life
Carttiss was born on 11 March 1938. He received his formal education at Filby Primary School, Great Yarmouth; Great Yarmouth Technical High School, Goldsmiths College, London University, and the London School of Economics. From 1961 to 1969 he was employed as a school teacher.

Political and civic career
Carttiss joined the Conservative Party in the early 1960s, and was elected as a councillor with the Party to Norfolk County Council for the 'West Flegg Division' in 1966 at the age of 28. He remained as County Councillor from 1966 to 1985. In 1972 he held the post of Vice-Chair of the County Council's Education Committee, and was that Committee's Chair from 1980 to 1985.

Between 1969 and 1982 Carttiss was employed as a professional Election Agent for the Conservative Party in the Yarmouth area.

From 1981 to 1985 he was the Chair of the Norfolk Museum Service, and served on the East Anglia Regional Health Authority; and from 1981 to 1985 he served on the Great Yarmouth Port & Haven Commission.

From 1973 to 1982 he was also a Councillor on Great Yarmouth Borough Council, which he became the political leader of from 1980 to 1982.

In 1982 the sitting Conservative Member of Parliament, Anthony Fell, retired and Carttiss was selected by the Great Yarmouth Conservative Association at the age of 44 to contest the seat in the 1983 general election, which he won with a 5,309 vote majority, receiving 50.5% of the overall votes cast.

In the House of Commons Carttiss aligned himself with the Radical right of the Conservative Party, and was a backbench supporter of Margaret Thatcher through the 1980s at a time of upheaval in British politics.

In the 1987 general election he was returned as Great Yarmouth's Member of Parliament with a 10,083 vote majority (51.7% of the votes cast), making the constituency an apparently "safe" Conservative Party seat in the Commons.

During a debate in the House of Commons' Chamber on 22 November 1990, a few hours after Margaret Thatcher had announced her resignation as Prime Minister in acrimonious circumstances, Carttiss' loud shout of encouragement to her as she verbally attacked the opposition Labour Party, with "Cancel the resignation, cancel the resignation, you can wipe the floor with these people!", was clearly audible, and was recorded in Hansard. Immediately after the remark, Margaret Thatcher acknowledged his support by looking back at him and bowing.

In the 1992 general election Carttiss was returned as the sitting MP in Great Yarmouth with a 5,309 majority (47.9% of the overall votes cast).

Maastricht Treaty rebel
With the replacement of Margaret Thatcher in the Prime Ministerial office by John Major, a centrist Tory, Carttiss found himself in conflict with the parliamentary leadership of his party. He was a convinced Eurosceptic and opposed the passage into law through the House of Commons of the Maastricht Treaty, which transformed the European Economic Community into the European Union, and voted against it and his own Party's Government repeatedly in the Commons' division lobby in early 1993. When he voted against the 'European Communities (Finance) Bill', a part of the Treaty being rendered into United Kingdom statute in November 1994, Carttiss was one of eight Conservative MPs to have the Conservative Parliamentary Whip withdrawn. On the calling of a confidence motion in John Major's Government in the same month, with the European Communities (Finance) Bill attached to it, rather than bring the Conservative Government down, Carttiss voted to support the Government and the passage of the E.C. (Finance) Bill, with all but one of the other "Maastricht Rebels' doing the same, signaling the end of their stand and acquiescence to the Government's will in the matter. The Conservative Party Parliamentary whip was offered to Carttiss again in April 1995, which he accepted.

In the 1997 general election Carttiss was defeated in Great Yarmouth by the Labour Party candidate Tony Wright, with a collapse in the Conservative Party's vote nationally being reflected in a 12% fall in Great Yarmouth, giving the Labour Party more than an 8,000 majority, in what had been in 1987 considered as a safe Conservative parliamentary seat.

Post-parliamentary political career
Following his defeat Carttiss went back on to Norfolk County Council, being re-elected to represent its 'West Flegg Division' in 2001, and was made Vice-Chairman of the Council in 2006 and its Chairman the following year. He represented the 'West Flegg Division' until 2017, when he stepped down in his 80th year after 50 years in electoral politics, not contesting that year's County Council Election.

References
 "Times Guide to the House of Commons", Times Newspapers Limited, 1997 edition.

External links

1938 births
Living people
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of Norfolk County Council
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
Councillors in Norfolk
Politics of the Borough of Great Yarmouth
British Eurosceptics

Michael Carttiss


Socialist Roots Hi-Fi was a prominent Jamaican reggae sound system and record label owned by Tony Welch (aka Papa Roots) in the 1970s and early 1980s. It was originally named King Attorney (and before that Soul Attorney). The name changed in 1976 when Welch bought the set. Regular deejays included Ranking Trevor, U Brown, Jah Mikey and Nicodemus, alongside the regular selector Danny Dreadlocks. They received dub cuts from Bob Marley & The Wailers. After 1981, the group was known as Papa Roots Hi-Fi.

The sound system was strongly aligned with the Jamaican Peoples National Party and was instrumental in organizing local communities and attempting to promote peace at a time when Jamaica was racked by political violence. Socialist Roots record label released several records. The most successful was "Train to Zion", released in 1976, featuring U Brown and Linval Thompson. The peace song was one of the first 12" 45s issued in Jamaica.

References

Jamaican record labels
Defunct record labels of Jamaica
Reggae record labels
Jamaican sound systems

Socialist Roots Sound System


Kottayan Katankot Venugopal (born 6 September 1931) is an Indian constitutional lawyer and a senior advocate in the Supreme Court of India.  He was enrolled as an advocate on January 27, 1954. On 1 July 2017, he was appointed as the Attorney General of India and retired on 30 September, 2022. He is Patron of SAARCLAW (A regional apex body of SAARC) and earlier has been its President. He is founder of M K Nambyar SAARCLAW Centre For Advanced Legal Studies at the NALSAR Law University.

Early and personal life
Venugopal was born in a Nair family to Meloth Krishnan Nambiar and Kalyani Nambiar in Kanhangad, a town in the South Canara district of Madras Presidency of British India (present-day Kerala, India), and grew up in Mangalore.

Venugopal did his law from Raja Lakhamgouda Law College, Belgaum. He had also studied at the St. Aloysius College, Mangaluru.

Career

In 1970, K.K. Venugopal appeared in Supreme Court of India on Behalf of a aspiring Medical Student for his MBBS admission in the state of Tamil Nadu.  The Junior lawyer was the former finance minister Mr.P.Chidambaram.  He appeared on behalf of Dr. A. Periakaruppan s/o Dr. PR. Annamalai MD and the Chief Justice Hegde gave the verdict on Jan 15th 1971 in favor of the aspiring Medical Student Periakaruppan and the State of Tamil Nadu lost its Case.  This is a land mark decision then, that gave more weightage for the merit rather than other influences.

Venugopal served as the President of the Supreme Court Bar Association (1990-91, 1994-95 adn 1999-2000).  He served as President of the Union Internationale des Avocats (UIA - International Association of Lawyers) from 1996 to 1997.

Venugopal has appeared in many high-profile cases. Most significantly, he was appointed by the Royal Government of Bhutan to serve as the Constitutional adviser for drafting of the Constitution of Bhutan. He has advised the then President of Sri Lanka, Mrs. Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga, on the devolution of powers on the Tamil regions of Sri Lanka (2004).  On 30 June 2017, he was appointed as the Attorney General of India under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The 86-year-old succeeded Mukul Rohatgi, who stepped down after the first term. Venugopal held the office of Additional Solicitor General in Morarji Desai's Government. He has appeared in a variety of cases in the last 50 years. Venugopal was appointed as amicuscuriae to assist the Supreme Court in the high profile 2G spectrum case.

He also appeared for the BJP leader L. K. Advani in the Demolition of the Babri Masjid case.

Honours
In 2015, he was conferred Padma Vibhushan award by the Government of India. This is the second-highest civilian honour in India. In 2002, he was awarded Padma Bhushan, the third-highest civilian honour.  He was awarded the Vidhi Ratna in 2023 by the Bar Council of India for his outstanding contribution to the Legal Profession.  He received the "Lifetime Achievement Award" from the US-India Business Council in 2012.

He was conferred the Honoris Causa Degree of Doctor of Laws by (1) the Utkal University, Orissa, in 2010; (2) by the Chanakya National Law University, Patna, in 2018; and (3) by the NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad, in 2019.

Opinion on judicial reforms

Venugopal is one of the main advocates for judicial reforms in India. He is against the creation of regional benches of the Supreme Court of India. Instead, he recommends that Courts of Appeal be established in the four regions of the country, who finally decide on appeals from the High Court judgments in all cases other than cases of national importance which affect the whole country, disputes between States or between States and the Centre, Presidential references and substantial questions of law relating to interpretation of the Constitution. This will relieve the burden on the Supreme Court.

References

1931 births
Living people
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in public affairs
Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs
Attorneys General of India
Supreme Court of India lawyers
Scholars from Mangalore
Indian barristers
Union Internationale des Avocats
20th-century Indian lawyers
21st-century Indian lawyers
University of Madras alumni
People from Kasaragod district

K. K. Venugopal


The Yamaha TX81Z is a rack-mounted (keyboard-less) frequency modulation (FM) music synthesizer, released in 1987. It is also known as a keyboard-less Yamaha DX11 (and the subsequent Yamaha V50 (music workstation)). Unlike previous FM synthesizers of the era, the TX81Z was the first to offer a range of oscillator waveforms other than just sine waves, conferring the new timbres of some of its patches when compared to older, sine-only FM synths. The TX81Z has developed a famous reputation, largely based on some of its preset bass sounds. The Yamaha DX11 keyboard synth was released the following year, offering improved editing abilities.

Features

The unit is multitimbral, and has 128 ROM voices, 32 editable voice slots, and 24 editable Performance memories.

The RAM slots were rarely utilized due to the perceived high quality and usability of the original patches and the difficulty of programming new sounds with the limited front-panel interface. Among the presets is the famous LatelyBass, one of the most popular presets in synthesizer history.

The TX81Z is backwards-compatible with sound patches developed for Yamaha's DX21, DX27, and DX100 synthesizers. It is also very similar, and almost completely patch-compatible, to the DX11 synthesizer, which is essentially a TX81Z with a velocity and pressure-sensing keyboard and a pitch envelope.

Usage

Some say the prevalence of the TX81Z's presets was also because of the difficulty in creating new patches. Creating new sounds from the unit's front panel is possible, but numerous nested parameters must be navigated by way of 11 buttons and a backlit 16 character, 2-line LCD. However, several personal computer-based editing applications have been developed since its release. The Dutch company KissBox released in 2013 a TX81Z editor based on RTP-MIDI communication, which makes the hardware synth appear as a VST plugin, while being controlled over a network link in real-time.

The TX81Z was designed as a low-cost FM machine and has always been relatively inexpensive compared to most other FM synthesizers. The TX81Z is built around a single FM chip, the Yamaha YM2414B aka OPZ, while 6-op machines like the DX7 have separate envelope/frequency and algorithm/wave chips and created LFOs in software; this large workload in the OPZ is probably why it has fewer operators and notes. A 63B03 CPU allocates voices and generates auxiliary LFOs, in parallel with MIDI and user interface, which might be why e.g. a pitch EG was omitted; the later DX11 splits responsibilities between 2 CPUs and adds a PEG.

The low price made the TX81Z popular with many producers on a tight budget, and is still used by part-time house and acid house producers. Eliot Kennedy uses it for one purpose, a "classic dancefloor bass sound.". Producer Babyface at one point had two units in his studio, both of which he kept set to the preset "LatelyBass", one detuned from the other; this expanded version of the preset became a part of his signature sound .
TX81Z is very suitable for accordion use. It can be programmed to give Four Notes Right, Three notes Chord and One Note Bass. The machine can replicate the sounds of the old style Cordovox as well as add some further interesting sounds.

References

 Yamaha TX81Z Owner's Manual (PDF, in English, from Yamaha Japan)

Further reading

External links
 Unofficial Yamaha TX81Z Homepage
 Amiteque TX81ZT FM module homepage
 Complete standalone and VST editor
 TX81Z: info, manual, schematics and demo

Sound modules
TX81Z
Digital synthesizers
Polyphonic synthesizers

Yamaha TX81Z


Angela Singer (born 1966 in Essex) is an artist of British and New Zealand nationality who lives in Wellington, New Zealand. An animal rights activist, she addresses the way in which people exploit animals and the environment through the repurposing and remodelling of vintage taxidermy, a process she calls "de-taxidermy". Since the 1990s her work has been exhibited both in New Zealand and internationally.

She is not related to Peter Singer, the animal rights activist and philosopher.

Education
Singer graduated in 2002 from the Elam School of Fine Arts, University of Auckland with an MFA. She lives with her partner, artist Daniel Unverricht, in Wellington, New Zealand.

Art
Since the mid-1990s, Singer's art has explored the human and non-human animal relationship, driven by her concern with the ethical and epistemological consequences of humans using non-human life, and the role that humans play in the exploitation and destruction of animals and our environment. Singer sees the boundaries separating other species from humans as permeable.

She sculpts in various media including modelling clay, wax, fibre, ceramics, gemstones, and vintage jewelry, as well as wool and silk. Many of her sculptural works combine mixed media with vintage taxidermy. Singer is known for working with vintage hunting trophy taxidermy, which she recycles into new sculptural forms to explore the human/animal divide. She calls this practice "de-taxidermy", a process which involves revealing the wounds inflicted on the animal, wounds that are obscured by the taxidermy process and its attempted "rescue from time". Singer incorporates into her work some of the history of the death of the animal, which she obtains from those who give her the vintage taxidermy.

Like Karen Knorr, Singer uses old hunting trophies or vintage taxidermy that natural history museums have thrown away. Some of the trophy taxidermy Singer uses is found discarded in dumpsters and garbage piles. Curator Jo-Ann Conklin writes:A number of artists in the exhibition react to human treatment of animals and the environment. New Zealand artist and animal activist Angela Singer rails against trophy hunting. Her latest work, Spurts (2015), depicts a decapitated deer with cartoony yet still gruesome bubble-gum pink "blood" spurting from it neck. Mark Dion's Concrete Jungle (1993) is…the detritus of our contemporary consumer culture — a pile of discards and garbage in which animals attempt to survive.

Activism
Singer is an artist and an animal advocate. Like other artists such as Sue Coe, she is concerned with the ethics of using live animals in art. She will not work with living animals or have living creatures harmed or killed for her art. In the early 1990s she worked with the animal rights group Animal Liberation Victoria, Australia (ALV) antivivisection campaign.

A quote from Singer, regarding her use of taxidermy as an art form:I think using taxidermy is a way for me to honour the animals' life, because all the taxidermy I use was once a trophy kill. ... The very idea of a trophy animal is sickening to me.

Exhibitions

 Curious Creatures & Marvellous Monsters. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand. 18 Aug – 4 Nov 2018
 The Sexual Politics of Meat. The Animal Museum, Los Angeles, USA. 25 Feb – 30 April 2017
 Dead Animals, or the Curious Occurrence of Taxidermy in Contemporary Art. David Winton Bell Gallery, List Art Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA. 23 Jan – 27 Mar 2016
 Ecce animalia. Museum of Contemporary Sculpture, Poland. 8 March – 15 June 2014
 Points de vue d'artistes. Universcience Cité des sciences et de l'industrie, Paris, France. 23 September 2013 – 1 March 2014
 Unnatural Natural History. Royal West of England Academy (RWA), Bristol, UK. 14 July – 23 Sept 2012
 Controversy: The power of art. Mornington Peninsula Regional Gallery, Victoria, Australia. 21 June – 12 Aug 2012
 The Enchanted Forest. Strychnin Gallery, Berlin, Germany, May 13 – 5 June, and Musei Civici, Palazzo S. Francesco, Reggio Emilia, Italy, 17 June – 31 Aug 2011
 Reconstructing the Animal. Plimsoll Gallery, University of Tasmania, Centre for the Arts, Australia. 18 March – 15 April 2011
 The Enchanted Palace. Cabinet of Curiosities. Kensington Palace, London. Mar–Nov, 2010
 Creature Discomforts. The Suter Art Gallery Te Aratoi o Whakatū, Nelson, NZ. 13 May – 21 June 2009
 The Idea of the Animal. Melbourne International Arts Festival. RMIT Gallery, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. 12 Aug – 18 Nov 2006
 Animal Nature. Miller Gallery at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA. 26 Aug – 2 Oct, 2005
 Animality. Blue Oyster Art Project Space, Dunedin, New Zealand. 24 June – 5 July 2003

See also
Mark Dion
Maurizio Cattelan
Annette Messager
 Joan Fontcuberta

References

Further reading

Modern Painters The Right Stuff article
Antennae Journal of Nature in Visual Culture, UK. Issue 7, 2008. Death of the Animal. Angela Singer: Animal Rights and Wrongs. Giovanni Aloi
"Animality: Cultural Constructions of the Animal" Blue Oyster Art Gallery and Project Space
New Zealand Listener Second Nature review
New Zealand Listener review Animality
Art New Zealand review Insides Outsides
The Independent. Fantasy fashion fit for a princess, The Enchanted Palace exhibition, Kensington Palace, London
The Idea of the Animal 2006 Melbourne International Arts Festival
Killing Animals. Eds. The Animal Studies Group (2006) Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. [ (cloth),  (pbk.)]
Animal Nature. Ed. J. Strayer (2005) Pittsburgh: Regina Gouger Miller Gallery, Carnegie Mellon University.

External links
Angela Singer website
The Criminal Animal
Animal Nature

Living people
1966 births
21st-century sculptors
20th-century British sculptors
20th-century English women artists
21st-century English women artists
Anti-vivisectionists
English activists
English animal rights activists
English women activists
People from Essex
University of Auckland alumni
New Zealand women artists

Angela Singer


Early Autumn is a 1926 novel by Louis Bromfield. It won the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel in 1927. In 1956, producer Benedict Bogeaus announced that he was adapting the book into a film to be titled "Conquest," but the film was never made.

Synopsis
The novel is set in the fictional Massachusetts town of Durham shortly after World War I. The Pentland family is rich and part of the upper class, but their world is rapidly changing. The old Congregational church the Pentlands long favored has disbanded as more and more WASPs have left Durham, replaced by immigrant Roman Catholics with different religious customs. The Pentlands once ruled upper-class society in Durham. However, upper-class society is changing: Many of the "old line" families have either died off or moved away, and many nouveaux riches have moved into the area who do not share the same old-fashioned values and observe the same old-fashioned norms of behavior that the Pentlands do.

The patriarch of the family is John Pentland. He lives in Pentland Manor, a large and old-fashioned manor house, with his sister Cassie, a fussy, moralistic, snobbish old maid who is firmly determined to see that the Pentlands uphold the "old ways." Her companion is Miss Peavey, who lacks intelligence but in all other ways is as moralistic and disapproving as Aunt Cassie. John's son and heir Anson married the wealthy but low-status Scotch-Irish girl Olivia. The couple have a son, John (nicknamed "Jack"), and a daughter, Sybil. The Pentlands say that they can trace their family heritage to the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and Anson is writing a book about the family. John Pentland's niece Sabine is the black sheep of the family. Her parents died, and her home was lost to creditors. She became Aunt Cassie's ward. However, 20 years ago, she married a poor, low-born man named Callender and fled with him to Europe. John Pentland acts as if he is widowed, but about a quarter of the way through the novel the reader realizes that his wife is not dead. For the past two or three decades, Pentland's wife Agnes has been insane, and she now lives in an upstairs room in a far wing of the house. She is cared for by Miss Egan, a nurse. Every morning, John Pentland visits her and speaks with her despite her insanity. Afterward, he visits Mrs. Soames, a long-time friend of his wife, and plays cards. His attention to the widowed Mrs. Soames is unseemly (so Aunt Cassie says), but no one can criticize him openly because John is the patriarch of the family.

The novel is set during the early autumn. Olivia is almost age 40, and she increasingly feels trapped and stifled by her life. She and her husband have a loveless marriage (they have not shared rooms for years), and their son Jack is constantly ill. The novel opens as Olivia's daughter Sybil returns home from a boarding school in Paris. Sabine Callender and her daughter Therese have returned to Durham, and they are spending the summer at Pentland Manor. Therese is a débutante, and she is being "introduced" to Durham upper-class society. Aunt Cassie and Miss Peavey repeatedly criticize Sabine for being a flapper and for the scandal she brought on the family. Also visiting Durham that fall is Jean, the son of a Frenchman who married an American woman and whom Sybil met in Paris. Sybil is in love with Jean, and she creates scandal by pursuing him relentlessly.

Also newly arrived in Durham is Michael O'Hara, an Irish immigrant who has achieved wealth and political prominence in Boston. He bought Sabine's former home, and he is refurbishing it. Aunt Cassie and Miss Peavey are horrified by the arriviste and constantly snub him. Anson is upset by the attentions O'Hara lavishes on his wife and daughter. O'Hara soon tells Sabine that he has fallen in love with Olivia, and Olivia reciprocates. O'Hara says he is willing to sacrifice everything just to love her. Anson Pentland refuses to give Olivia a divorce for fear it will ruin his career and the family's good name.

Several events happen in quick succession: Jack dies, but only Olivia is there to comfort him at the end. Olivia discovers the Pentland groom is having a secret affair with someone in the house. (The reader realizes it is Miss Egan.) The night Jack dies, Olivia runs into a momentarily lucid Mrs. Pentland, who tells her that there is a secret in the attic that could destroy and free the family. She is quickly hushed by Miss Egan, and she soon falls back into muddled incomprehensibility. Sybil marries Jean, and Olivia is convinced her daughter will find the happiness that she never had.

Several secrets are revealed by the end of the novel, which mark the Pentlands as hypocrites. Olivia learns that John Pentland loves Mrs. Soames (whether he has consummated his affair with her is unclear), and he has not divorced his insane wife out of duty. His daily visits with his wife are not performed out of love (as everyone assumes) but out of a desire to divert attention from his affair with Mrs. Soames. Olivia comes to believe that Mrs. Pentland's ravings about a secret in the attic were not madness. She soon discovers a packet of letters that reveals that the Pentland family's ancestor was a bastard child who stole the name from an aristocratic family that had died shortly after arriving in the New World. She suspects that Anson knows the truth and that he is lying about the family in his book.

John Pentland, broken-hearted at the death of his grandson, changes his will and leaves all his money to Olivia. He commits suicide by riding his horse into a deep ravine and falling to his death. Olivia rejects Michael O'Hara's love, realizing that she is the only person strong enough to hold the Pentland family together through the coming years of immense change. John Pentland has given her the chance, through her control of the family fortune, to force the Pentlands to adapt rather than wither like so many other upper-class families have. By leaving with Michael, Olivia believes that she would be taking the easy way out and cheapening herself.

Notes

External links

 Early Autumn at Google Books

1926 American novels
Pulitzer Prize for the Novel-winning works
Novels by Louis Bromfield
Novels set in Massachusetts

Early Autumn


KNM ER 1805 is the catalog number given to several pieces of a fossilized skull of the species Homo habilis. It was discovered in Koobi Fora, Kenya in 1974. The designation indicates specimen 1805, collected from the east shore of Lake Rudolf (now Lake Turkana) for the Kenya National Museums.

It is estimated to be 1.74 million years old.

Due to its incompleteness it has been the subject of debate as to its classification. It was originally classified as Homo erectus but due to the projection of the face and the shape of the cranium, it is now generally classified as H. habilis.

The brain capacity is about 582 cm³.

See also
 List of fossil sites (with link directory)
 List of hominina (hominid) fossils (with images)

References

Homo habilis fossils

KNM-ER 1805


Richard Shubb (born January 11, 1945 in Oakland, California) is best known as the inventor of the Shubb Capo, a very popular guitar and banjo accessory. His 1978 patent is cited by Sterner's Capo Museum as being one of the most significant improvements in the development of the capo. He also invented the lever-operated banjo fifth string capo, the compensated banjo bridge, and holds several other U.S. and international patents on musical instrument accessories and improvements.

He is also a noted and influential 5-string banjo player and teacher. He was among a handful of young West Coast musicians to discover and popularize bluegrass music, which was already well established in the Southeast. He graduated from Oakland Technical High School in 1962, and during the folk boom of the 1960s he played in coffeehouses and taverns in Berkeley and San Francisco, playing with such musicians as Doc Watson, David Grisman, Jerry Garcia, and others. He later went on to develop a distinctive swing-influenced banjo style, which he performed and recorded during the 1970s and 1980s.

Rick Shubb also is known as a graphic artist. During the psychedelic era he drew posters for the Carousel Ballroom, one of San Francisco's hip rock palaces. Three of his posters are included in The Art of Rock, the definitive work on rock posters. He was a featured artist in various underground comic books, including his own Brain Fantasy published by Last Gasp, and his popular poster Humbead's Map of the World was regarded as an integral part of the folk-rock culture of the 1960s.

Rick Shubb currently owns and operates his own company, Shubb Capos, which manufactures various guitar and banjo accessories.

References

1945 births
Living people
American bluegrass musicians
Oakland Technical High School alumni
Musicians from Oakland, California

Rick Shubb


1941 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo) was the 35th water polo championship in Hungary. There were ten teams who played one-round match for the title.

Final list

* M: Matches W: Win D: Drawn L: Lost G+: Goals earned G-: Goals got P: Point

Sources
Gyarmati Dezső: Aranykor (Hérodotosz Könyvkiadó és Értékesítő Bt., Budapest, 2002.)

1941 in water polo
1941 in Hungarian sport
Seasons in Hungarian water polo competitions


Derby Airfield  is a small privately owned grass airfield situated between the Derbyshire villages of Egginton and Hilton, in the East Midlands of England. The airfield is 7 miles southwest of Derby, and 11 miles northeast of Tatenhill Airfield (an East Staffordshire airfield with a flying school and paved runways).

Derby Airfield is the home of Airspeed Aviation Limited (UK) and is the home of Derby Aero Club. Privately owned and run by the Jones family, the airfield is the only CAA licensed aerodrome in Derbyshire.

Derby Aerodrome has a CAA Ordinary Licence (Number P785) that allows flights for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee (Derby Aero Club & Flying School). The aerodrome is not licensed for night use. All three runways are grass, and quite short, the longest being 594 meters. All three grass runways have some obstacles at the approach threshold, namely tall trees or electricity overhead lines; factors which add to the challenge.

History
The three-runway airfield was built to replace Burnaston Airfield, which the same Jones family and company had reestablished in 1986 but which was forced to make way for redevelopment of the site as a Toyota manufacturing plant in 1990. Construction of the new ranch begun in 1992, with the Defra Aerodrome Licence being granted in 1993. Two further runways and buildings, including hangars and stables, were added over the years.

Stakeholders
Airspeed Aviation Ltd is a CAA and EASA Approved Aircraft Maintenance Organisation holding approvals EASA Part M Subpart F (Approval Number UK.MF.0010) and CAA BCAR A8-15 M3 (Approval Number AMR/179). It is also an EASA Approved Continued Airworthiness Management Organisation (CAMO) holding EASA Part M Subpart G and I approvals (Number UK.MG.0308) for a wide range of general aviation aircraft.

The Derby Aero Club, originally located at Burnaston, also moved to the new airfield and continues to grow. The Aero Club and Flying School operates a range of Cessna Aircraft (Models 140, 152, 172, 177RG), a Beagle Pup series 2 and a Scottish Aviation Bulldog aircraft. Numerous private aircraft also are based on site, with many more visiting for maintenance services.

In 2004 the remains of de Havilland DH.88 Comet Racer G-ACSP "Black Magic" arrived for restoration by the Comet Racer Project Group. This Comet was flown in the 1934 MacRobertson England-Australia air race by Jim Mollison and his wife Amy, better known as Amy Johnson. Work on Black Magic and G-RCSR, a replica of its teammate G-ACSR, is currently continuing in a purpose-built home, the Amy Johnson Comet Restoration Centre.

Gallery

References

External links
Derby Aero Club
Comet Racer Project Group
Runway map

Airports in England
Airports in Derbyshire
Airports in the East Midlands

Derby Airfield


Joffrey Baratheon  is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its HBO television adaptation Game of Thrones. Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, he subsequently appears in A Clash of Kings (1998) and A Storm of Swords (2000).

Joffrey is officially the eldest son and heir of king Robert Baratheon and Cersei Lannister, but in actuality is the eldest child of Cersei and her twin brother Jaime Lannister.  Joffrey inherits the throne after Robert's death, which, along with his execution of Lord Ned Stark of Winterfell, triggers a power struggle in Westeros known as the War of Five Kings. He is characterized as a spoiled, sadistic bully and frequently torments his family as well as Sansa Stark, to whom he is betrothed in the first novel. He later marries Margaery Tyrell, but is killed by poison during his wedding reception. Joffrey's demise is referred to as The Purple Wedding.

Joffrey is portrayed by Irish actor Jack Gleeson in the television adaptation Game of Thrones, a role for which he received international recognition and critical praise. The character, however, received a polarized reception from fans and critics, with many unanimously considering him the series' most hated villain.

Overview
Joffrey Baratheon is not a point of view character in the novels, so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as his uncle Tyrion Lannister and his one-time fiancée Sansa Stark. He inherits his mother's traditional Lannister looks, and has blond hair and green eyes, and is believed by many to be very handsome. His appearance is referred to as his one redeeming quality.

Character description
In public, Joffrey is allegedly the oldest son and heir of King Robert Baratheon and Queen Cersei Lannister, both of whom entered into a political marriage alliance after Robert took the throne by force from the "Mad King" Aerys II Targaryen.  In reality, his biological father is his mother's twin brother, Jaime Lannister.  He has a younger sister, Myrcella, and a younger brother, Tommen, both of whom are also products of Jaime and Cersei's incestuous relationship.  Their sole biological grandparents, Tywin and Joanna Lannister, were also first cousins.

Joffrey is an amoral sadist who disguises his cruelty with a thin veneer of charm.  This is best epitomized by his response when his (then) betrothed offends him: Joffrey pronounces that his mother had taught him never to strike a woman, and so commissions a knight of the Kingsguard to hit her instead.  He enjoys forcing people to fight to the death, and enforces cruel punishments for lesser crimes.  He has no sense of personal responsibility, blaming failures on others.  He lacks self-control and often insults his allies and family members. He is also impulsive, which frequently leads him to make rash decisions. He appears to have virtually no interests other than sadism and extreme violence, paying no attention to actually governing his kingdom or to anything involving sex, even when he is offered exceptionally beautiful women. Though he takes pleasure in violence, Joffrey is shown to be a coward when confronted with danger to himself, and often shies away from any real fighting.

Joffrey is 12 years old at the beginning of A Game of Thrones (1996).

Storylines

A Game of Thrones

Prince Joffrey is taken by his parents to Winterfell and is betrothed to Sansa Stark in order to create an alliance between House Baratheon and House Stark. At first, Joffrey is kind and polite to Sansa. However, he refuses to show sympathy with the family when Bran Stark falls from a tower, until physically forced to by his uncle, Tyrion Lannister. While on the Kingsroad to King's Landing, Joffrey and Sansa come across Arya Stark practicing swordplay with a commoner Mycah. Joffrey accuses Mycah of assaulting a noble girl and makes a cut on his face with a sword. This causes Arya to hit Joffrey, allowing Mycah to escape. When Joffrey then turns on Arya, her direwolf Nymeria attacks Joffrey, injuring him. Later, Joffrey lies about the attack, saying it was unprovoked and demands Nymeria to be killed; however, Sansa's direwolf Lady is killed instead. He later has his bodyguard Sandor "The Hound" Clegane hunt down and kill Mycah.

Later, Eddard Stark discovers that Joffrey is not King Robert's biological son and refuses to acknowledge Joffrey's claim to the throne when King Robert dies. He is taken into custody. On Sansa's pleas, Eddard issues a false confession of his treason. Joffrey promised Sansa that he would be merciful but then beheads Eddard anyway and later forces Sansa to look upon her father's head.

A Clash of Kings

Joffrey is briefly seen in A Clash of Kings (1998). He rules with whim and caprice, proving difficult for even his mother to control. Sansa becomes imprisoned to his will, and he frequently has his guards beat her when she displeases him. When Stannis Baratheon attacks King's Landing, Joffrey leaves the battlefield, damaging the morale of his army. The battle is only won by his uncle Tyrion's use of wildfire and his grandfather Tywin's last-minute counterattack aided by the forces of House Tyrell.

A Storm of Swords

Joffrey sets aside his earlier betrothal to Sansa Stark in favor of Margaery Tyrell, cementing an alliance between the Lannisters and House Tyrell. At Tyrion and Sansa's wedding, he humiliates his uncle and is outraged when his uncle threatens him after he commands him to consummate their marriage. Tyrion only avoids punishment when his father Tywin assures Joffrey that his uncle was drunk and had no intention of threatening the king. Later after the events of the "Red Wedding", Joffrey gleefully plans on serving Sansa her recently deceased brother's head. His uncle Tyrion and his grandfather Tywin are outraged and the former threatens Joffrey once again. After another disagreement, Tywin sends Joffrey to his room, much to Joffrey's chagrin. During his wedding feast, he repeatedly torments Tyrion, presenting a pair of jousting dwarves as entertainment to humiliate his uncle, whom he also forces to act as his cupbearer. At the conclusion of the dinner, however, Joffrey dies from poisoned wine. Tyrion is falsely accused and arrested by Cersei in A Storm of Swords (2000) but it is later revealed that Lady Olenna Tyrell and Lord Petyr Baelish were the true perpetrators.

Family tree

TV adaptation

Season 1
After Robert's death, Cersei Lannister and her father Tywin Lannister) make Joffrey King, and his mother uses him as a puppet. He is also betrothed to Sansa Stark to cement an alliance between the Houses of Stark and Lannister. A cruel tyrant, Joffrey makes sadistic torture and mass murder the main features of his kingdom, and even has Sansa's father Ned executed for treason (which he declares he will never allow to go unpunished) over Sansa's pleas for mercy and Cersei's disapproval.

Season 2
Joffrey's tyranny worsens the situation with the Lannisters' war effort, as his uncle (and secretly, father) Jaime (Nikolaj Coster-Waldau) is captured by the Starks, and Joffrey's "paternal uncles" Renly (Gethin Anthony) and Stannis (Stephen Dillane) challenge his claim to the Iron Throne. Joffrey frequently orders his Kingsguard to beat Sansa. His cruelty and ignorance of the commoners' suffering makes him unpopular after he orders the City Watch to kill all of his "father"'s bastard children in King's Landing; consequently, he is almost killed during a riot. When Stannis attacks King's Landing, Joffrey serves only as a figurehead and avoids the heavy fighting. When the battle eventually turns in Stannis' favor, Cersei calls her son into the safety of the castle, damaging the morale of his army. The battle is only won by his uncle Tyrion (Peter Dinklage) and grandfather Tywin, aided by the forces of House Tyrell. To cement the alliance between those families, Joffrey's engagement to Sansa is annulled so he can marry Margaery Tyrell (Natalie Dormer).

Season 3
The marriage is yet to take place, and rifts are growing between Joffrey, and his uncle Tyrion and grandfather Tywin, who are (in their respective ways) rebutting his cruelty. Joffrey also seems to take little interest in his betrothed, but is amazed and altered by her ways of winning the people's favor, in which he takes part. At Tyrion and Sansa's wedding, he humiliates his uncle and is outraged when his uncle threatens him after Joffrey commands him to consummate the marriage. Tyrion only avoids punishment when his father Tywin assures Joffrey that Tyrion was drunk and had no intention of threatening the king. Later, after the events of the "Red Wedding", Joffrey gleefully plans on serving Sansa her recently deceased brother Robb's (Richard Madden) head. Tyrion and Tywin are outraged, and the former threatens Joffrey once again. After another disagreement, Tywin sends Joffrey to his room, much to Joffrey's chagrin.

Season 4
Joffrey finally marries Margaery. During his wedding feast, he repeatedly torments Tyrion and Sansa, presenting an offensive play about "The War of the Five Kings", with each of the kings played by dwarves to humiliate his uncle, whom he also forces to act as his cupbearer. At the height of the festivities, Joffrey is suddenly overcome by poison and dies. His last act is an attempt to point at Tyrion, and as a result Tyrion is falsely accused and ordered arrested by Cersei, but it is later revealed that Lady Olenna Tyrell and Lord Petyr Baelish were the true perpetrators. Olenna, Margaery's grandmother, later confides to Margaery that she would never have let her marry "that beast". Following Joffrey's funeral, his younger brother and heir, Tommen, is crowned King and proceeds to marry Margaery.

Development and reception

In January 2007, HBO secured the rights to adapt Martin's series for television. Jack Gleeson was cast as Joffrey Baratheon. Gleeson received critical acclaim for his portrayal. In 2016, Rolling Stone ranked the character #4 in their list of the "40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time". Author Martin described Joffrey as similar to "five or six people that I went to school with ... a classic bully ... incredibly spoiled". Gleeson would cite Joaquin Phoenix's portrayal of Commodus in Gladiator as a big influence for his performance.

References

A Song of Ice and Fire characters
Fictional murdered children
Fictional child deaths
Fictional bullies
Narcissism in fiction
Literary characters introduced in 1996
Fictional murderers of children
Fictional dictators
Fictional domestic abusers
Fictional kings
Fictional mass murderers
Fictional offspring of incestuous relationships
Fictional princes
Male characters in television
Male characters in literature
Male literary villains
Fiction about regicide
Teenage characters in literature
Teenage characters in television
Television characters introduced in 2011

Joffrey Baratheon


Launch Complex 34 (LC-34) is a deactivated launch site on Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida. LC-34 and its companion LC-37 to the north were used by NASA from 1961 through 1968 to launch Saturn I and IB rockets as part of the Apollo program.  It was the site of the Apollo 1 fire, which claimed the lives of astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee on January 27, 1967. The first crewed Apollo launch — Apollo 7 on October 11, 1968 — was the last time LC-34 was used.

History

Construction
Work began on LC-34 in 1960, and it was formally dedicated on June 5, 1961. The complex consisted of a launch platform, umbilical tower, mobile service tower, fueling facilities, and a blockhouse. Two steel flame deflectors were mounted on rails to allow placement beneath the launch platform. The service tower was likewise mounted on rails, and it was moved to a position 185 meters west of the pad before launch. At 95 meters high, it was the tallest structure at LC-34.

The blockhouse, located 320 meters from the pad, was modeled after the domed reinforced concrete structure at LC-20. During a launch, it could accommodate 130 people as well as test and instrumentation equipment. Periscopes afforded views outside the windowless facility.

Saturn I series
LC-34 saw its first launch on October 27, 1961. The first Saturn I, Block I, mission SA-1, lofted a dummy upper stage on a suborbital trajectory into the Atlantic. The subsequent three Saturn I launches took place at LC-34, ending with SA-4 on March 28, 1963. The six ensuing Saturn I, Block II launches were conducted at LC-37.

On November 29, 1963, following the death of President John F. Kennedy, his successor Lyndon B. Johnson issued Executive Order 11129 renaming both NASA's Merrit Island Launch Operations Center and "the facilities of Station No. 1 of the Atlantic Missile Range" (a reference to Canaveral AFB) the "John F. Kennedy Space Center". He had also convinced Gov. C. Farris Bryant (D-Fla.) to change the name of Cape Canaveral to Cape Kennedy.  This resulted in some confusion in public perception, which conflated the two. NASA Administrator James E. Webb clarified this by issuing a directive stating the Kennedy Space Center name applied only to Merritt Island, while the Air Force issued a general order renaming the Air Force Station launch site Cape Kennedy Air Force Station.

Saturn IB series
LC-34 was extensively modified to support Saturn IB launches, which began in February 1966. New anchor points were built to fasten the service structure in place during high winds. Access arms on the umbilical tower were rebuilt to match the larger rocket. At the 67-meter level, the swing arm was outfitted with a white room to permit access to the command module at the top of a rocket.

Two Saturn IBs (AS-201 and AS-202) were successfully launched from LC-34 before the Apollo 1 fire brought Apollo activities at the spaceport to an abrupt halt. After the fire, extinguishing equipment was installed at the top of the umbilical tower, and a slide wire was set up to provide astronauts a quick escape in the event of an emergency.

The first crewed Apollo launch—Apollo 7 on October 11, 1968—was the last time LC-34 was used. NASA considered reactivating both LC-34 and LC-37 for the Apollo Applications Program, but instead LC-39B was modified to launch Saturn IBs.

The geographical name change from Cape Canaveral to Cape Kennedy proved to be unpopular, owing to the historical longevity of Cape Canaveral. In 1973, both the Air Force Base and the geographical Cape names were reverted to Canaveral.

Launch Complex 34 today

After the decommissioning of LC-34, the umbilical tower and service structure were razed, leaving only the launch platform standing at the center of the pad. It serves as a memorial to the crew of Apollo 1. A dedicatory plaque affixed to the structure bears the inscription:
LAUNCH COMPLEX 34
Friday, 27 January 1967
1831 Hours

Dedicated to the living memory of the crew of the Apollo 1

U.S.A.F. Lt. Colonel Virgil I. Grissom
U.S.A.F. Lt. Colonel Edward H. White, II
U.S.N. Lt. Commander Roger B. Chaffee

They gave their lives in service to their country in the ongoing exploration of humankind's final frontier. Remember them not for how they died but for those ideals for which they lived.

Another plaque (which was shown in the film Armageddon) reads:
IN MEMORY
OF
THOSE WHO MADE THE ULTIMATE SACRIFICE
SO OTHERS COULD REACH THE STARS

AD ASTRA PER ASPERA
(A ROUGH ROAD LEADS TO THE STARS)

GOD SPEED TO THE CREW
OF
APOLLO 1

Also surviving at the LC-34 site are the two flame deflectors and the blockhouse.
The original spherical Liquid Oxygen (LOX) tank at LC-34 was purchased by SpaceX in 2008, moved to LC-40, refurbished (cleaned, pressure tested, painted white), and now used for Falcon 9 flights.

Gallery

Launch history
This is a complete list of all launches made from LC-34.

See also
List of spaceflights by year
List of Cape Canaveral and Merritt Island launch sites
Project Apollo
Saturn I
Saturn IB
Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 37

References
Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations

External links

Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
Apollo program
Apollo 1
Apollo 7
Launch complexes of the United States Space Force
1961 establishments in Florida

Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 34