Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachari (1899–1974) was an Indian politician who served as Finance Minister from 1956 to 1958 and from 1964 to 1966. He was also a founding member of the first governing body of the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) in New Delhi, India's first independent economic policy institute established in 1956.

Krishnamachari graduated from Madras Christian College (MCC) and was a visiting professor to the department of economics at MCC. He was popularly known as TTK.

He has the ignominy of being the first minister in free India to have resigned due to his involvement in a scam. He was also a member of drafting committee, an entrepreneur and prominent leader within the Indian National Congress.He was also deputy viceroy from 1947-1950.

Early life
T. T. Krishnamachari was born in 1899 into a Tamil Brahmin family in the city of Madras (now Chennai). His father T. T. Rangachari was a judge in the High Court. He attended the Dharmamurthi Rao Bahadur Calavala Cunnan Chetty's Hindu Higher Secondary School, & later graduated from Madras Christian College. He founded TTK group, an Indian business conglomerate famous for its Prestige brand, in the year 1928.

Political life
T.T.
Krishnamachari was initially elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly as an independent member, and later joined the Congress. In 1946, he was made a member of the Constituent Assembly at the Centre. From 1952 to 1965, he served the country twice as a Central Minister. He was the first minister for Commerce and Industry and also served as finance minister for 2 times. He also remained in charge of the Steel Ministry for quite some time. He became a Minister again in 1962, first without portfolio, then the Minister for Economic and Defense Cooperation and finally the finance Minister again, in 1964 and finally retired in 1966.

Later life
Krishnamachari was forced to resign from the post of Finance Minister on 18 February 1958 because of his involvement into the Haridas Mundhra scandal. He was re-elected in 1962 and Jawaharlal Nehru had offered him any cabinet position except that of the Finance ministry but was rehabilitated in 1962 as cabinet minister without a post and again as the finance minister a position that he held until 1966. He was associated with Madras Music Academy. A music hall in Madras bears his name. He died in 1974 due to age related illness.

Mowbray's Road in Chennai was renamed as TTK Road after his death.

References

External links
 Budget over the years

1899 births
1974 deaths
India MPs 1957–1962
India MPs 1962–1967
Commerce and Industry Ministers of India
Krihnamachari, T. T.
Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu
Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu
Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu
Madras Christian College alumni
Ministers for Corporate Affairs
Politicians from Chennai
TTK Group

T. T. Krishnamachari


Sir Henry Stafford ( – 4 October 1471) was the second son of Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Lady Anne Neville, daughter of Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, and Lady Joan Beaufort. Henry's elder brother, also named Humphrey, died before their father, and so it was Henry's nephew, also Henry, who became the 2nd Duke of Buckingham.

Stafford was the third husband of Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond. The marriage was relatively long and successful and coincided roughly with the minority of Margaret's son, the future Henry VII of England. Both Sir Henry and Lady Margaret were descended from John of Gaunt and were supporters of Henry VI, the head of the House of Lancaster, in the early stages of the Wars of the Roses. However, Stafford later switched his allegiance to the House of York and towards the end of his life contributed to the restoration of Edward IV.

Birth and early life

The date of Henry's birth is unknown, but since his parents were married some time before 18 October 1424 and he was their second son, it is thought that he was born round about 1425. His youngest brother, John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, was born on 24 November 1427. The place of Henry's birth is not certain, but the family was closely associated with the town of Stafford, from which it took its name. At the time of Henry's birth his father was 6th Earl of Stafford and had been born in the town, not becoming Duke of Buckingham until 1444.

Marriage

On 3 January 1458 Henry married Margaret Beaufort, who, although still young, was the widow of Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond. This marriage had lasted only about a year and Margaret had given birth to her son, Henry Tudor, after Edmund's death.

The wedding of Sir Henry and Lady Margaret is thought to have taken place at Maxstoke Castle, which had been acquired by Henry's father in 1437. She was 14 years old and he was in his early thirties. Since Stafford and Margaret were second cousins, it was necessary to obtain a dispensation for the marriage and this was granted on 6 April 1457. In his will Henry's father settled 400 marks' worth of land on the couple, but the main part of their income came from Margaret's estates. It appears from household accounts and personal letters that the marriage was happy. The couple lived for a while at Bourne Castle in Lincolnshire.

Wars of the Roses

Both Henry and Margaret were great-grandchildren of John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford and early in the Wars of the Roses they both supported the Lancastrian cause. Henry fought on the Lancastrian side at the Battle of Towton on 29 March 1461. Although in the losing camp, he quickly made his peace with Edward IV, who granted him a pardon on 25 June 1461.

Shortly afterwards, Edward purchased Henry Tudor's wardship for £1000 and placed him in the household of William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, a staunch Yorkist.

In 1466 the King granted Henry and Margaret the former Beaufort manor of Woking in Surrey. This is said to have been in celebration of the marriage of Henry's nephew, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, to Catherine Woodville, sister of the queen consort. The substantial manor house, known variously as Woking Old Hall and Woking Palace, became the principal residence of Henry and Margaret and its position allowed Henry to enter more into political life. He also purchased lands in Old and New Windsor. His brother John, was a regular visitor at Woking "to hunt and play cards" and the staff there included Reginald Bray, who was Henry's Receiver-General.

In May 1467 Henry was summoned to attend the Royal Council at Mortlake and in May 1468 Henry and Margaret were in London to hear the King's public announcement of his intention to invade France. On 20 December 1468 Edward IV visited Woking to attend a hunt and afterwards dined with Henry and Margaret at their hunting lodge at Brookwood.

On 5 January 1470 Henry's brother John was created Earl of Wiltshire, whereas Henry remained a mere knight. This would indicate that the King was not sure of his loyalty. However, despite his illness (see below), Henry was with Edward IV on 12 March 1470 at the Battle of Losecoat Field, where the rebel forces of Sir Robert Welles were defeated. Robert's father, Richard Welles, who was Margaret's stepbrother, had been summarily executed on the King's orders shortly before the battle and afterwards Henry visited Maxey to give Margaret's mother, Lady Welles, the news of her stepson's death.

In the autumn of 1470, Warwick and Clarence returned to England and King Edward was forced to flee into exile. Henry Stafford was arrested, but was soon released following a petition from his wife. After the Readeption of Henry VI in October, Henry and Margaret, together with Henry Tudor and his uncle, Jasper Tudor, attended an audience with the restored King and dined with the King's chamberlain, Sir Richard Tunstall.

In March 1471 Edward IV landed with a small army. The leading Lancastrian commander, the Duke of Somerset, visited Henry and Margaret, his first cousin, at Woking in an attempt to persuade Henry to join the Lancastrian army which was being mustered. Henry was reluctant to commit himself, and adopted delaying tactics. However, on 12 April he made a firm decision to support Edward and to join him, accompanied by his Steward, John Gilpyn, and other retainers. Although ill-prepared, Henry and his men travelled to Barnet, where the Yorkists won a decisive victory on 14 April 1471. The previous day Henry had made a hastily drafted will, in which he referred to Margaret as "".

Illness

Henry is believed to have suffered from the skin disease erysipelas, also known as "St Anthony's Fire" and thought at the time to be a form of leprosy. In the last few years of his life, he was sometimes so ill that Reginald Bray had to take over his responsibilities.

Death
Although he had chosen the winning side, Henry was seriously wounded at Barnet and did not return to London with the victorious army. On 17 April, Margaret hurried from Woking to London and sent a rider to Barnet for news of her husband. Henry was taken home, but never recovered from his wounds and died in his bed on 4 October 1471. Reginald Bray organized his burial at Pleshey.

In historical fiction and television

Henry appears as a character in Philippa Gregory's series of novels The Cousins' War and is played by Michael Maloney in the BBC drama The White Queen, which is based on the novels. Stafford's relationship with Margaret is portrayed in the TV series as heavily strained, with Stafford torn between his obvious concern for his wife's well-being and his exasperation with her fanatical nature, given that he supported the Yorkists despite his wife's loyalty to the Lancastrians.

References and notes

External links
Woking Palace website.

1425 births
1471 deaths
15th-century English nobility
Younger sons of dukes
People of the Wars of the Roses
Henry
English knights

Henry Stafford (died 1471)


Nicholas Adolphus Sterne (April 5, 1801 – March 27, 1852) served three terms in the Texas House of Representatives and one term in the Texas State Senate.  He immigrated to the United States from Germany in 1817, living in Louisiana for ten years.  In 1826, he moved to Nacogdoches, Texas, where he operated a mercantile and smuggled weapons for the colonist who wished to rebel against Mexico.  His position as a Freemason helped save him from a death sentence, and Sterne went on to finance the two companies of men known as the New Orleans Greys, to assist in fighting in the Texas Revolution.

Early years
Adolphus Sterne,  the eldest son of Emmanuel Sterne and his second wife, Helen, was born on April 5, 1801, in Cologne, although Alsace is also claimed as his birthplace. The elder Sterne was an Orthodox Jew, and Helen Sterne was a Lutheran. Sterne grew up amid turmoil. At sixteen he was working in a passport office when he learned that he was going to be conscripted for military service, forged a passport for himself, and immigrated to the United States. He landed in New Orleans in 1817, found mercantile employment, and studied law.

Moved to Texas
In 1826, Sterne moved to Nacogdoches, Texas and established a mercantile business.  He was required to swear an oath of loyalty to Mexico, which governed Texas at the time.  Despite having given his oath, Sterne soon became involved in the Fredonian Rebellion smuggling guns in coffee barrels.  He was arrested and sentenced to death for treason after spies in New Orleans reported his activities.  His guards were also Masons and allowed him a great deal of freedom, finally releasing him on the grounds that he never again take up arms against the government.

Personal life
On June 2, 1828, Sterne married Eva Catherine Rosine Ruff, an immigrant from Württemberg, Germany who had also lived in Louisiana.  The couple lived in Nacogdoches, where they raised their seven children.  Sam Houston lived with them for a time, and was baptized as a Roman Catholic in their parlor, with Eva Sterne serving as his godmother. Sterne was asked to be his godfather but refused because the date coincided with Yom Kippur.

With the assistance of the requirements of Mexican law, Eva succeeded in converting Sterne officially to the Catholic faith, although unofficially he remained a deist.

Sterne also worked as an interpreter in English, French, Spanish, German, Yiddish, Portuguese, and Latin.

Public service
A provisional provincial government was created in Texas in 1835, and Sterne traveled to New Orleans as an agent of that government to recruit an army.  He personally financed two companies, later known as the New Orleans Grays.  Texas won its independence from Mexico in 1836, and the Republic of Texas was born.  Under the Republic, Sterne served briefly as a commander in the militia during the Cherokee War in 1839.  In 1840, he became a postmaster at Nacogdoches, and later served as a deputy clerk and associate justice of the county court.  The following year he became a justice of the peace.

After Texas was annexed to the United States, Sterne was elected to the Texas House of Representatives, where he served three terms.  In 1851 he was elected to the Texas State Senate. He died in New Orleans on March 27, 1852.

See also
Sterne-Hoya House Museum and Library

Notes

References
 tshaonline.org
 cets.sfasu.edu

External links

1801 births
1852 deaths
Members of the Texas House of Representatives
People of the Texas Revolution
Texas state senators
Emigrants from the German Confederation to the United States
19th-century American politicians
People from Nacogdoches, Texas

Adolphus Sterne


The 80th Carnatic Infantry were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. They could trace their origins to 1777, when they were raised as the 21st Carnatic Battalion, by enlisting men from the 2nd, the 6th, the 12th and the 15th Carnatic Battalions.

The regiment's first action was during the Battle of Sholinghur in the Second Anglo-Mysore War. They also took part in the campaigns for the Third Anglo-Mysore War and were present at the Battle of Seringapatam in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1798. It was over 100 years before they were next called for active service
during World War I.

In 1906 the regiment consisted of four companies of Madrassi Musselmans, one of Telegau and one combining Madras Christians and Dadbers. All but two of their officers had been transferred from other Madras units which were in the process of being disbanded. The 80th Carnatic carried four battle honours on its regimental flag and had the unusual distinction of carrying an extra honorary colour to commemorate the capture of an enemy flag during the 18th century.

During World War I they served in the Mesopotamia Campaign and  a second battalion the 2/80th was formed in the Southern Brigade of the 9th (Secunderabad) Division in October 1918, and transferred to the Secunderabad Bde in December 1918.

After World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. In 1922, the 80th Carnatic Infantry was disbanded, being one of the remaining nine single battalion regiments.

Predecessor names
21st Carnatic Battalion - 1777
21st Madras Battalion - 1784
2nd Battalion, 2nd Madras Native Infantry - 1796
20th Madras Native Infantry - 1824
20th Madras Infantry - 1885
80th Carnatic Infantry - 1903

References

Moberly, F.J. (1923). Official History of the War: Mesopotamia Campaign, Imperial War Museum.

British Indian Army infantry regiments
Military history of the Madras Presidency
Military units and formations established in 1777
Military units and formations disestablished in 1922

80th Carnatic Infantry


Gaylord Judd Clarke (February 25, 1836 in Owego, Tioga County, New York – December 7, 1870 in El Paso, Texas) was an American newspaper editor, lawyer, poet and politician from New York and Texas.

Life
He graduated from Union College in 1859. He married Frances H. Corey (daughter of Hon. Allen Corey, of Troy, New York). He edited the Lockport Advertiser from 1860 to 1863.

In 1862, he was elected on the Democratic ticket an Inspector of State Prisons, being in office from 1863 to 1865. Afterwards he removed to Plattsmouth, Nebraska.

He studied law, and was admitted to the bar on July 19, 1869. In July, 1870, Governor Edmund J. Davis appointed him, as a Republican, Judge of the 25th Judicial District of Texas. In October 1870, Clarke became a co-founder of the first Protestant church in El Paso, the Church of St. Clement (so named in memory his deceased son). The senior Clarke was shot dead in the street by lawyer Benjamin F. Williams after a gunfight between Williams and Albert Jennings Fountain in Ben Dowell's Saloon in El Paso.

References

Sources
The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough, Stephen C. Hutchins and Edgar Albert Werner (1867; pages 411 and 507)
QUERIES AND ANSWERS in NYT on March 13, 1919
Encyclopedia of Western Gunfighters by Bill O'Neal (republished by University of Oklahoma Press, 1991, ,  ; page 112)
 His widow's second marriage, at RootsWeb

1836 births
1870 deaths
Politicians from Lockport, New York
People from Plattsmouth, Nebraska
New York State Prison Inspectors
19th-century American newspaper editors
People from El Paso, Texas
People from Owego, New York
People murdered in Texas
Male murder victims
Union College (New York) alumni
Deaths by firearm in Texas
Murdered American journalists
American male journalists
New York (state) Democrats
Texas Republicans
19th-century male writers
Journalists from New York (state)
Journalists from Texas

Gaylord J. Clarke


École Polytechnique (EP or "l'X") is a engineering graduate school in France.. It is in a campus of Palaiseau (Northern France).

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
 Ingénieur Polytechnicien (Polytechnique Graduate engineer Masters level program)
 Master of Science & PhD doctorate studies
 Mastères Spécialisés (MS)
 Massive Online Open Courses.

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed  in French and English languages. Students from a lot of nationalities participate to the different curricula at École Polytechnique.

Notable Graduates

 Caroline Aigle, French fighter jet pilot
 Paul-Louis Arslanian, Former head of Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile
 Michel Bernard, French public servant
 Augustin-Louis Cauchy, French mathematiker
 Yves Carcelle, French businessman
 Auguste Comte, French thinker
 Valérie Cornetet, head of the Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées
 Philippe Crébassa, French public servant
 Jacques Friedel, French physicist, educator and material scientist
 Carlos Ghosn, French-Lebanese businessman
 Patrick Ky, French Manager
 Joseph-Louis Lagrange, mathematician and astronomer
 Yves Lambert, French aerospace engineer
 Edmond Malinvaud, French economist
 Gérard Mestrallet, CEO of GDF Suez
 Guy du Merle, French aerospace engineer, pilot and writer
 Louis Pailhas, French politician and aerospace engineer
 Yves Poilane, French manager
 Siméon Denis Poisson,  French mathematician and physicist
 Jean Robieux, French Physicist
 Gérard Rozenknop, French aerospace engineer
 Jean-Paul Troadec, French aerospace engineer
 Jacques Villiers, French aerospace engineer and public servant
 Michel Wachenheim, French ambassador
 Farid Zizi, French aerospace engineer

References

Further reading

 Official website

Technical colleges and universities in Paris
1794 establishments
1790s establishments in France
Grandes Ecoles

École polytechnique


Operculicarya decaryi, known as elephant tree or jabily, is a thick stemmed succulent plant species in the family Anacardiaceae, named after the botanical collector Raymond Decary.  It is found in Madagascar  and is also grown as a bonsai tree.

It has small (less than 2 mm) red flowers in winter. The inflorescence is at the end of short branches and often consist of about five flowers. Woody cuttings need a soil mixture kept uniformly moist for propagation.  It can also be propagated using pieces of the tuberous roots.

It is drought tolerant and does well in full sun in most places.  It cannot tolerate freezing conditions.

References

http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/Operculicarya_decaryi.htm

Anacardiaceae
Taxa named by Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie

Operculicarya decaryi


Charles Norbert Roettiers (August 15, 1720 – November 19, 1772) was a noted French engraver and medallist.

Roettiers was born in Paris to Joseph-Charles Roettiers (April 13, 1691 – March 14, 1779), into the celebrated Roettier family of medallists, silversmiths, and goldsmiths. He served as engraver-general of the French mint (1753–1768), and graveur particulier de l'atelier monétaire de Paris until his death (1759–1772). He became a member of the Académie in 1764.

External links

References

1720 births
1772 deaths
18th-century engravers
French engravers
French silversmiths
French goldsmiths
French medallists
Metalsmiths from Paris

Charles Norbert Roettiers


Nervebreakers are a Dallas-area punk rock band that formed in 1973. The band became known for melodic, rocking punk with liberal doses of George Jones and psychedelia, and has the distinction of being one of the few bands to open for The Sex Pistols.

Background
Nervebreakers started as a cover band playing songs from the 1960s. As the Ramones and The Sex Pistols became big in America, the band was able to find a sustaining audience. The band's first big break came when they opened for the Ramones on July 24, 1977 at The Electric Ballroom, a dance hall in the industrial district of Dallas. In January 1978, Nervebreakers opened for The Sex Pistols at The Longhorn Ballroom, and a photo of guitarist Barry Kooda appeared in the March 1978 issue of Rolling Stone Magazine. Later that year, the band recorded their debut EP, Politics. The song "My Girlfriend is A Rock" became a runaway hit in San Francisco, Sacramento, and Boston, and was later covered by the Angry Samoans and Wool, among others. The band also opened for The Clash, John Cale, The Police and Johnny Thunders.

The band contacted legendary psychedelic rock pioneer and Texas native Roky Erickson and wound up doing double duty by opening several shows as Nervebreakers, as well as being Erickson's backing band. A live recording of one of these shows was released on CD by the French record company New Rose Records.

In 1979 they recorded a single for Wild Child Records containing the songs "Hijack the Radio" and "Why Am I So Flipped," and contributed two songs ("So Sorry" and "I Love Your Neurosis") to the ESR compilation "Are We Too Late For The Trend?" They recorded another song, "I Don't Believe In Anything," but it was not released.

By 1980, Nervebreakers were one of the biggest bands in Dallas. They began recording a full-length album, We Want Everything, on May 27 that year, but the album remained unreleased until 1994 when a vinyl LP on the Texas rarities/reissue label Existential Vacuum was released to rave reviews. Shortly thereafter, the album was picked up by garage/punk label Get Hip Records, and a CD was made available worldwide. In 2000, Italian label Rave Up Records released Hijack the Radio, a vinyl  collection of singles, rarities and live cuts.

After the departure of Mike Haskins and Bob Childress in 1981, Paul Quigg and James Flory joined, and Nervebreakers won the Agora's Battle of the Bands in Dallas. The prize was recording time at Pantego Studios, where they recorded the Thom Edwards/Mike Haskins original "Girls, Girls, Girls, Girls, Girls," along with an obscure Rolling Stones cover, "I'd Much Rather Be With The Boys." The single was released on black and blue vinyl in a clear sleeve, but by then the band had already parted company.

In 2014, the AMC series Halt and Catch Fire, which takes place in the 1980s, featured the Nervebreakers' "I Love Your Neurosis" briefly during the opening sequence of the fourth episode of the series' first season.

Reforming
Mike, Tex, Barry, Carl and Bob re-entered the studio in 2007-2008 to record new original material for an album entitled Face Up to Reality, which was initially slated for release in 2011. In 2009, Nervebreakers returned to live performance, with several shows in Austin and Dallas.

Band members
 Thom "Tex" Edwards: Vocals
 Mike Haskins: Lead Guitar/Vocals
 Barry  "Kooda" Huebner:  Rhythm Guitar/ Vocals
 Carl Giesecke: Drums
 Pierre Thompson: Bass; was replaced by Clarke Blacker and later "BBQ" Bob Childress
 Paul Quigg (Guitar) and James Flory (Bass) replaced Mike and Bob for the East Coast tour and the 45 single *"Girls.../...Boys"
 Walter Brock: Farfisa; was instrumental in writing some of the band's most notable early songs prior to the name change from Mr. Nervous Breakdown to Nervebreakers when Walter left and Barry joined.
 Tom Ordon: sometime manager and proprietor of Wild Child Records which released three singles for the band.

References

External links
 Nervebreakers Official Website
 Nervebreakers on Facebook
 T. Tex Edwards
 Barry Kooda
 New Rose Records
 Dallas Observer

Punk rock groups from Texas
Musical groups from Dallas
Musical groups established in 1975

The Nervebreakers


A town centre is the commercial or geographical centre or core area of a town. Town centres are traditionally associated with shopping or retail. They are also the centre of communications with major public transport hubs such as train or bus stations. Public buildings including town halls, museums and libraries are often found in town centres.

Town centres are symbolic to settlements as a whole and often contain the best examples of architecture, main landmark buildings, statues and public spaces associated with a place.

Canada

In some areas of Canada, particularly large, urban areas, town centres refer to alternate commercial areas to the city's downtown. These centres are usually located within a large neighbourhood and characterized by medium-high density commercial and residential property; such as Brentwood and Lougheed Town Centres in Burnaby.

United Kingdom

The first example in the UK of a purposely planned commercial or town centre is Newcastle's Grainger Town in the 1840s.

As changes in shopping patterns occurred, town centres have been forced to adapt and meet those changes. Comprehensive redevelopment of many British town centres occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, which often resulted in development of larger store formats, often with modernist styles of architecture significantly different from their surroundings.

Other major changes included the development of indoor shopping malls in major towns and cities. Examples include the Manchester Arndale Centre, the St. James Centre in Edinburgh and the Bullring Centre in Birmingham. They tended to be constructed in a Brutalist or Modernist fashion reflecting the architectural styles of the period.

During the Thatcher government of the 1980s, a change in planning policy allowed competing out-of-town shopping and leisure centres to be developed. Examples include the Metro Centre in Gateshead, the Merry Hill Shopping Centre in Dudley, and the Gyle Centre in Edinburgh. Developments of this type have, in a number of places, resulted in a decline in traditional town centres.

The preponderance of chain stores using the same corporate identity, livery and so on in most or all of their outlets has led to a lack of diversity in many towns and cities, with the phrase clone town being used.

Today, there is a focus on the redevelopment of town centres and the creation of a greater mix of uses in the centres. Planning policy focus aims to maintain town centres as vibrant successful places, which are accessible to everyone by means other than the private car.

Many town centres have undergone major redevelopment, with environmental improvements and increased retail floorspace. Major town centre shopping malls, such as the Arndale Centre and the Bullring Centre, have also undergone major redevelopment to improve their image.

See also
Downtown
City centre
Central business district

References
Notes

Bibliography
Ayris, I (1997) A City of Palaces
Cowling, D (1997) An Essay for Today- The Making of the Scottish New Towns 1946-1996
Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2005) PPS6- Planning for Town Centres
Scottish Executive (2006) SPP8- Town Centres & Retailing

City

Town centre


Button Bay State Park is a 253-acre state park in Ferrisburgh, Vermont on the shore of Lake Champlain.

Activities includes boating, swimming, camping, fishing, hiking, picnicking, wildlife watching, water sports and winter sports.

Facilities include a swimming pool with lifeguards, canoe and kayak rentals, a large picnic shelter and picnic areas, a play area, 73 campsites including 13 lean-tos and 4 cabins, flush toilets, hot showers, and a dump station.

The park includes the Button Point Natural Area, a 14-acre site including the 2-acre Button Island and an 8-acre peninsula with a mature forest stand. The park's nature center is located here, and park rangers offer interpretive programs including night hikes, campfire programs, amphibian explorations, and nature crafts and games.

See also
Button Bay

References

External links

State parks of Vermont
Protected areas of Addison County, Vermont
Ferrisburgh, Vermont
Nature centers in Vermont
Lake Champlain
1964 establishments in Vermont

Button Bay State Park


Derek Mountfield (born 2 November 1962) is an English former footballer who played as a centre-back.

His time at top-flight clubs Everton and subsequently Aston Villa were where he gained most fame, as Everton enjoyed successful periods at this time. Aston Villa pushed for honours during the early 1990s.

Playing career

Club

After turning professional, Liverpool-born Mountfield spent a season-and-a-half at local club Tranmere Rovers before moving across the River Mersey to play for Everton. He signed for £30,000 prior to the 1982–83 season. He formed a defensive partnership with Kevin Ratcliffe and helped the club to victory in the 1984 FA Cup Final against Watford and to the Football League title the following season. Everton also reached the FA Cup final that season, and won the European Cup Winners Cup in Rotterdam. He also won another League championship medal in 1987. In league matches, he scored an average of one goal every 5.6 matches and in one season, he scored 14 goals in all competitions.

However, his first team chances became limited at Everton following the arrival of Dave Watson in August 1986, and injuries did not help his chances of first team football either.

After appearing in just nine out of 40 First Division games for Everton in 1987–88, a £400,000 fee took him to newly promoted Aston Villa in June 1988. He was a regular in the Villa defence for the next three years, helping secure their First Division survival in 1988–89. In 1989–90, it looked as though Mountfield would add another league title medal to the two he won with Everton, as Villa topped the First Division on several occasions, but eventually they finished second behind champions Liverpool.

However, the appointment of Ron Atkinson as Villa manager in June 1991 signalled a new era at Villa Park, and Mountfield was not part of Atkinson's plans as he bought Shaun Teale to partner Paul McGrath in the centre of defence, and Mountfield made just two more appearances for Villa before joining Wolverhampton Wanderers in November 1991.

He stayed for three-and-a-half years, playing 80 league games, but after 1994 his career was spent outside the top two tiers of English football. He first spent a season with Carlisle United, helping them win promotion to Division Two as Division Three champions, before a brief spell at Northampton Town.

He then began a spell as player, coach and captain of Walsall. Indeed, such was the measure of respect he was held in by many at the club, he was one of the favourites to replace Jan Sorensen as manager in the summer of 1998. However, the job went to former Aston Villa winger Ray Graydon, and Mountfield left the club to pursue his managerial ambitions.

His final club as a player was Scarborough, and he played six Division Three games for them late in the 1998–99 season, but was unable to prevent their relegation from the Football League.

International

Mountfield was selected to participate in the 1984 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship. He made his début at Bramall Lane in the second leg of the final versus Spain which England won 2–0. England beat Spain 3–0 on aggregate. It was the only England U21 cap that Mountfield received. He represented England at 'B' level later in his career.

Managerial career
In 2000, League of Ireland team Cork City appointed former Shelbourne boss Colin Murphy as successor to Dave Barry. Murphy stayed for one Super Cup game before departing to Leicester City. In the lurch, facing a UEFA Cup tie against Lausanne Sports, the club brought in Mountfield. He had a turbulent ride in his first managerial appointment, the team lacking consistency, goals and luck. After relative success in preceding seasons crowds again dwindled as the team struggled and the increasingly unpopular Mountfield was sacked in January, after just six months in charge and a 4–0 defeat at home to St Patrick's Athletic.

Honours
Everton
Football League First Division: 1984–85, 1986–87
FA Cup: 1983–84
FA Charity Shield: 1984, 1985
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1984–85

References

1962 births
Living people
English men's footballers
England men's B international footballers
England men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football central defenders
League of Ireland managers
Cork City F.C. managers
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Everton F.C. players
Aston Villa F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Carlisle United F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Walsall F.C. players
Scarborough F.C. players
Scarborough F.C. managers
Footballers from Liverpool
English football managers

Derek Mountfield


The interplanetary medium (IPM) or interplanetary space consists of the mass and energy which fills the Solar System, and through which all the larger Solar System bodies, such as planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, and comets, move. The IPM stops at the heliopause, outside of which the interstellar medium begins. Before 1950, interplanetary space was widely considered to either be an empty vacuum, or consisting of "aether".

Composition and physical characteristics
The interplanetary medium includes interplanetary dust, cosmic rays, and hot plasma from the solar wind. The density of the interplanetary medium is very low, decreasing in inverse proportion to the square of the distance from the Sun. It is variable, and may be affected by magnetic fields and events such as coronal mass ejections.   Typical particle densities in the interplanetary medium are about 5-40 particles/cm, but exhibit substantial variation.  In the vicinity of the Earth, it contains about 5 particles/cm, but values as high as 100 particles/cm have been observed.

The temperature of the interplanetary medium varies through the solar system.  Joseph Fourier estimated that interplanetary medium must have temperatures comparable to those observed at Earth's poles, but on faulty grounds: lacking modern estimates of atmospheric heat transport, he saw no other means to explain the relative consistency of earth's climate.  A very hot interplanetary medium remained a minor position among geophysicists as late as 1959, when Chapman proposed a temperature on the order of 10000 K, but observation in Low Earth orbit of the exosphere soon contradicted his position.  In fact, both Fourier and Chapman's final predictions were correct: because the interplanetary medium is so rarefied, it does not exhibit thermodynamic equilibrium.  Instead, different components have different temperatures.  The solar wind exhibits temperatures consistent with Chapman's estimate in cislunar space, and dust particles near Earth's orbit exhibit temperatures , averaging about .  In general, the solar wind temperature decreases proportional to the inverse-square of the distance to the sun; the temperature of the dust decreases proportional to the inverse cube root of the distance.  For dust particles within the asteroid belt, typical temperatures range from  at 2.2 AU down to  at 3.2 AU.

Since the interplanetary medium is a plasma, or gas of ions, the interplanetary medium has the characteristics of a plasma, rather than a simple gas. For example, it carries the Sun's magnetic field with it, is highly electrically conductive (resulting in the heliospheric current sheet), forms plasma double layers where it comes into contact with a planetary magnetosphere or at the heliopause, and exhibits filamentation (such as in aurorae).

The plasma in the interplanetary medium is also responsible for the strength of the Sun's magnetic field at the orbit of the Earth being over 100 times greater than originally anticipated. If space were a vacuum, then the Sun's  tesla magnetic dipole field would reduce with the cube of the distance to about  tesla. But satellite observations show that it is about 100 times greater at around  tesla. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) theory predicts that the motion of a conducting fluid (e.g., the interplanetary medium) in a magnetic field induces electric currents which in turn generate magnetic fields, and in this respect it behaves like an MHD dynamo.

Extent of the interplanetary medium
The outer edge of the heliosphere is the boundary between the flow of the solar wind and the interstellar medium. This boundary is known as the heliopause and is believed to be a fairly sharp transition of the order of 110 to 160 astronomical units from the Sun. The interplanetary medium thus fills the roughly spherical volume contained within the heliopause.

Interaction with planets
How the interplanetary medium interacts with planets depends on whether they have magnetic fields or not. Bodies such as the Moon have no magnetic field and the solar wind can impact directly on their surface. Over billions of years, the lunar regolith has acted as a collector for solar wind particles, and so studies of rocks from the lunar surface can be valuable in studies of the solar wind.

High-energy particles from the solar wind impacting on the lunar surface also cause it to emit faintly at X-ray wavelengths.

Planets with their own magnetic field, such as the Earth and Jupiter, are surrounded by a magnetosphere within which their magnetic field is dominant over the Sun's. This disrupts the flow of the solar wind, which is channelled around the magnetosphere. Material from the solar wind can "leak" into the magnetosphere, causing aurorae and also populating the Van Allen radiation belts with ionised material.

Observable phenomena of the interplanetary medium

The interplanetary medium is responsible for several optical phenomena visible from Earth. Zodiacal light is a broad band of faint light sometimes seen after sunset and before sunrise, stretched along the ecliptic and appearing brightest near the horizon. This glow is caused by sunlight scattered by dust particles in the interplanetary medium between Earth and the Sun.

A similar phenomenon centered at the antisolar point, gegenschein is visible in a naturally dark, moonless night sky. Much fainter than zodiacal light, this effect is caused by sunlight backscattered by dust particles beyond Earth's orbit.

History
The term "interplanetary" appears to have been first used in print in 1691 by the scientist Robert Boyle: "The air is different from the æther (or vacuum) in the... interplanetary spaces" Boyle Hist. Air. In 1898, American astronomer Charles Augustus Young wrote: "Inter-planetary space is a vacuum, far more perfect than anything we can produce by artificial means..." (The Elements of Astronomy, Charles Augustus Young, 1898).

The notion that space is considered to be a vacuum filled with an "aether", or just a cold, dark vacuum continued up until the 1950s. Tufts University Professor of astronomy, Kenneth R. Lang, writing in 2000 noted, "Half a century ago, most people visualized our planet as a solitary sphere traveling in a cold, dark vacuum of space around the Sun". In 2002, Akasofu stated "The view that interplanetary space is a vacuum into which the Sun intermittently emitted corpuscular streams was changed radically by Ludwig Biermann (1951, 1953) who proposed on the basis of comet tails, that the Sun continuously blows its atmosphere out in all directions at supersonic speed" (Syun-Ichi Akasofu, Exploring the Secrets of the Aurora, 2002)

See also

 Interplanetary dust cloud
 Interplanetary magnetic field
 Interstellar space
 Interstellar medium
 Interstellar dust
 Intergalactic space
 Intergalactic medium
 Intergalactic dust
 List of plasma (physics) articles
 Space physics

References

External links
 Bill Arnett's The Nine Planets page about the interplanetary medium

Outer space
Planetary systems
Solar System
Space plasmas

Interplanetary medium


Repressed memory is a controversial, and largely scientifically discredited, psychiatric phenomenon which involves an inability to recall autobiographical information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature. The concept originated in psychoanalytic theory where repression is understood as a defense mechanism that excludes painful experiences and unacceptable impulses from consciousness. Repressed memory is presently considered largely unsupported by research. Sigmund Freud initially claimed the memories of historical childhood trauma could be repressed, while unconsciously influencing present behavior and emotional responding; he later revised this belief.

While the concept of repressed memories persisted through much of the '90s, insufficient support exists to conclude that memories can become inconspicuously hidden in a way that is distinct from forgetting. Historically, some psychoanalysts provided therapy based on the belief that alleged repressed memories could be recovered, however, rather than promoting the recovery of a real repressed memory, such attempts could result in the creation of entirely false memories. Subsequent accusations based on such "recovered memories" led to substantial harm of individuals implicated as perpetrators, sometimes resulting in false convictions and years of incarceration.

Due to a lack of evidence for the concept of repressed and recovered memories, mainstream clinical psychologists have stopped using these terms. Clinical psychologist Richard McNally stated: "The notion that traumatic events can be repressed and later recovered is the most pernicious bit of folklore ever to infect psychology and psychiatry. It has provided the theoretical basis for 'recovered memory therapy'—the worst catastrophe to befall the mental health field since the lobotomy era."

History
Sigmund Freud discussed repressed memory in his 1896 essay, The Aetiology of Hysteria.
One of the studies published in his essay involved a young woman by the name of Anna O. Among her many ailments, she had stiff paralysis on the right side of her body. Freud stated her symptoms to be attached to psychological traumas. The painful memories had separated from her consciousness and brought harm to her body. Freud used hypnosis to treat Anna O. She is reported to have gained slight mobility on her right side.

The concept received renewed interest in the 1970s in relation to child sexual abuse and incest. Coming to be labelled The Recovered Memory Movement and Memory Wars or The Memory War, it became a major issue in pop culture during the 1980s and 1990s, connected to Satanic panic, and spawned a myriad of legal cases, controversies, and media. Michelle Remembers (1980), a discredited book by Canadian psychiatrist Lawrence Pazder and his wife/former patient Michelle Smith about Smith's fabricated experiences with repressed memories of childhood Satantic rituals and abuse, gained widespread popularity that persisted after debunking, influenced subsequent claims, and received promotion from media including Oprah, Geraldo Rivera, Sally Jesse Raphael, and 20/20. Starting in the 1980s, repressed memory legal cases increased rapidly. In 1989, a landmark legal case developed when George Franklin was charged and convicted in 1990 for the rape and murder of 8-year-old Susan Kay Nason on September 22, 1969, based on the account of his daughter, Eileen Franklin's recovered memories. Originally sentenced to life imprisonment, a district court judge overturned the conviction in 1995 based on several trial errors including the unreliability of hypnosis that was used. Eileen Franklin would further accuse her father of raping and murdering 18-year-old Veronica Cascio and 17-year-old Paula Baxter. George Franklin was released in July 1996 after prosecutors announced they would not retry him, and in 2018, the DNA evidence linked Rodney Lynn Halbower to the Cascio and Baxter murders. He was convicted of both murders and sentenced to life in prison. In 1991, People magazine featured Marilyn Van Derbur and Roseanne Barr's experiences with childhood abuse and repressed memory. Van Derbur's oldest sister Gwen verified her account, though Barr would later moderate her claims. Such cases and reactions led to the definition of false memory syndrome and establishment of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation in 1992. The Ramona false memory case in 1994 was another landmark case, where father Gary Ramona successfully sued for malpractice against Western Medical Center in Anaheim, its chief of psychiatry Richard Rose, and therapist Marche Isabella, for implanting false memories of child abuse while treating his daughter Holly for depression and bulimia. It was also notable for being brought by a third party not involved in the doctor-patient relationship and contributed to continued evaluation of the phenomenon. Skepticism and criticism of repressed memory continued to mount through the 1990s, 2000s, and beyond, emphasizing unreliability, false claims, and lack of examples in historical records.

Issues

Case studies
Psychiatrist David Corwin has claimed that one of his cases provides evidence for the reality of repressed memories. This case involved a patient (the Jane Doe case) who, according to Corwin, had been seriously abused by her mother, had recalled the abuse at age six during therapy with Corwin, then eleven years later was unable to recall the abuse before memories of the abuse returned to her mind again during therapy. An investigation of the case by Elizabeth Loftus and Melvin Guyer, however, raised serious questions about many of the central details of the case as reported by Corwin, including whether or not Jane Doe was abused by her mother at all, suggesting that this may be a case of false memory for childhood abuse with the memory "created" during suggestive therapy at the time that Doe was six. Loftus and Guyer also found evidence that, following her initial "recall" of the abuse during therapy at age six, Doe had talked about the abuse during the eleven years in between the sessions of therapy, indicating that even if abuse had really occurred, memory for the abuse had not been repressed. More generally, in addition to the problem of false memories, this case highlights the critical dependence of repression-claims cases on the ability of individuals to recall whether or not they had previously been able to recall a traumatic event; as McNally has noted, people are notoriously poor at making that kind of judgment.

An argument that has been made against the validity of the phenomenon of repressed memories is that there is little (if any) discussion in the historical literature prior to the 19th century of phenomena that would qualify as examples of memory repression or dissociative amnesia. In response to Harrison Pope's 2006 claim that no such examples exist, Ross Cheit, a political scientist at Brown University, cited the case of Nina, a 1786 opera by the French composer Nicolas Dalayrac, in which the heroine, having forgotten that she saw her lover apparently killed in a duel, waits for him daily. Pope claims that even this single fictional description does not clearly meet all criteria for evidence of memory repression, as opposed to other phenomena of normal memory.

Despite the claims by proponents of the reality of memory repression that any evidence of the forgetting of a seemingly traumatic event qualifies as evidence of repression, research indicates that memories of child sexual abuse and other traumatic incidents may sometimes be forgotten through normal mechanisms of memory. Evidence of the spontaneous recovery of traumatic memories has been shown, and recovered memories of traumatic childhood abuse have been corroborated; however, forgetting trauma does not necessarily imply that the trauma was repressed. One situation in which the seeming forgetting, and later recovery, of a "traumatic" experience is particularly likely to occur is when the experience was not interpreted as traumatic when it first occurred, but then, later in life, was reinterpreted as an instance of early trauma.

A review by Alan Sheflin and Daniel Brown in 1996 found 25 previous studies of the subject of amnesia of childhood sexual abuse. All 25 "demonstrated amnesia in a subpopulation", including more recent studies with random sampling and prospective designs. On the other hand, in a 1998 editorial in the British Medical Journal Harrison Pope wrote that "on critical examination, the scientific evidence for repression crumbles." He continued, "asking individuals if they 'remember whether they forgot' is of dubious validity. Furthermore, in most retrospective studies corroboration of the traumatic event was either absent or fell below reasonable scientific standards."

Authenticity
Memories can be accurate, but they are not always accurate. For example, eyewitness testimony even of relatively recent dramatic events is notoriously unreliable. Memories of events are a mix of fact overlaid with emotions, mingled with interpretation and "filled in" with imaginings. Skepticism regarding the validity of a memory as factual detail is warranted. For example, one study where victims of documented child abuse were reinterviewed many years later as adults, 38% of the women denied any memory of the abuse.

Various manipulations are considered to be able to implant false memories (sometimes called "pseudomemories"). Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has noted that some of the techniques that some therapists use in order to supposedly help the patients recover memories of early trauma (including such techniques as age regression, guided visualization, trance writing, dream work, body work, and hypnosis) are particularly likely to contribute to the creation of false or pseudo memories. Such therapy-created memories can be quite compelling for those who develop them, and can include details that make them seem credible to others. In a now classic experiment by Loftus (widely known as the "Lost in the Mall" study), participants were given a booklet containing three accounts of real childhood events written by family members and a fourth account of a wholly fictitious event of being lost in a shopping mall. A quarter of the subjects reported remembering the fictitious event, and elaborated on it with extensive circumstantial detail. This experiment inspired many others, and in one of these, Porter et al. convinced about half of the participants that they had survived a vicious animal attack in childhood.

Critics of these experimental studies have questioned whether their findings generalize to memories for real-world trauma or to what occurs in psychotherapeutic contexts. However, when memories are "recovered" after long periods of amnesia, particularly when extraordinary means were used to secure the recovery of memory, it is now widely (but not universally) accepted that the memories have a high likelihood of being false, i.e. "memories" of incidents that had not actually occurred. It is thus recognised by professional organizations that a risk of implanting false memories is associated with some similar types of therapy. The American Psychological Association advises: "...most leaders in the field agree that although it is a rare occurrence, a memory of early childhood abuse that has been forgotten can be remembered later; however, these leaders also agree that it is possible to construct convincing pseudomemories for events that never occurred."

Not all therapists agree that false memories are a major risk of psychotherapy and they argue that this idea overstates the data and is untested. Several studies have reported high percentages of the corroboration of recovered memories, and some authors have claimed that among skeptics of idea of recovered memory there is a "tendency to conceal or omit evidence of corroboration" of recovered memories.

A difficult issue for the field is that there is no evidence that reliable discriminations can be made between true and false memories. Some believe that memories "recovered" under hypnosis are particularly likely to be false.
According to The Council on Scientific Affairs for the American Medical Association, recollections obtained during hypnosis can involve confabulations and pseudomemories and appear to be less reliable than nonhypnotic recall.
Brown et al. estimate that 3 to 5% of laboratory subjects are vulnerable to post-event misinformation suggestions. They state that 5–8% of the general population is the range of high-hypnotizability. Twenty-five percent of those in this range are vulnerable to suggestion of pseudomemories for peripheral details, which can rise to 80% with a combination of other social influence factors. They conclude that the rates of memory errors run 0–5% in adult studies, 3–5% in children's studies and that the rates of false allegations of child abuse allegations run 4–8% in the general population.

Mechanisms
Those who argue in favor of the validity of the phenomenon of repressed memory have identified three mechanisms of normal memory that may explain how memory repression may occur: retrieval inhibition, motivated forgetting, and state-dependent remembering.

Retrieval inhibition
Retrieval inhibition refers to a memory phenomenon where remembering some information causes forgetting of other information. Anderson and Green have argued that for a linkage between this phenomenon and memory repression; according to this view, the simple decision to not think about a traumatic event, coupled with active remembering of other related experiences (or less traumatic elements of the traumatic experience) may make memories for the traumatic experience itself less accessible to conscious awareness. However, two problems with this viewpoint have been raised: (1) the evidence for the basic phenomenon itself has not consistently replicated, and (2) the phenomenon does not meet all criteria that must be met to support memory repression theory, particularly the lack of evidence that this form of forgetting is particularly likely to occur in the case of traumatic experiences.

Motivated forgetting
The motivated forgetting phenomenon, which is also sometimes referred to as intentional or directed forgetting, refers to forgetting which is initiated by a conscious goal to forget particular information. In the classic intentional forgetting paradigm, participants are shown a list of words, but are instructed to remember certain words while forgetting others. Later, when tested on their memory for all of the words, recall and recognition is typically worse for the deliberately forgotten words. A problem for viewing motivated forgetting as a mechanism of memory repression is that there is no evidence that the intentionally forgotten information becomes, first, inaccessible and then, later, retrievable (as required by memory repression theory).

State-dependent remembering
The term state-dependent remembering refers to the evidence that memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed. Based upon her research with rats, Radulovic has argued that memories for highly stressful traumatic experiences may be stored in different neural networks than is the case with memories for non-stressful experiences, and that memories for the stressful experiences may then be inaccessible until the organism's brain is in a neurological state similar to the one that occurred when the stressful experience first occurred. At present, however, there is no evidence that what Radulovic found with rats occurs in the memory systems of humans, and it is not clear that human memories for traumatic experiences are typically "recovered" by placing the individual back in the mental state that was experienced during the original trauma.

Amnesia
Amnesia is partial or complete loss of memory that goes beyond mere forgetting. Often it is temporary and involves only part of a person's experience. Amnesia is often caused by an injury to the brain, for instance after a blow to the head, and sometimes by psychological trauma. Anterograde amnesia is a failure to remember new experiences that occur after damage to the brain; retrograde amnesia is the loss of memories of events that occurred before a trauma or injury. Dissociative amnesia is defined in the DSM-5 as the "inability to recall autobiographical information" that is (a) "traumatic or stressful in nature", (b) "inconsistent with ordinary forgetting", (c) "successfully stored", (d) involves a period of time when the patient is unable to recall the experience, (e) is not caused by a substance or neurological condition, and (f) is "always potentially reversible". McNally and others have noted that this definition is essentially the same as the defining characteristics of memory repression, and that all of the reasons for questioning the reality of memory repression apply equally well to claims regarding dissociative amnesia.

Effects of trauma on memory
The essence of the theory of memory repression is that it is memories for traumatic experiences that are particularly likely to become unavailable to conscious awareness, even while continuing to exist at an unconscious level. A prominent more specific theory of memory repression, "Betrayal Trauma Theory", proposes that memories for childhood abuse are the most likely to be repressed because of the intense emotional trauma produced by being abused by someone the child is dependent on for emotional and physical support; in such situations, according to this theory, dissociative amnesia is an adaptive response because it permits a relationship with the powerful abuser (whom the child is dependent upon) to continue in some form.

Psychiatrist Bessel van der Kolk divided the effects of traumas on memory functions into four sets:
 Traumatic amnesia; this involves the loss of memories of traumatic experiences. The younger the subject and the longer the traumatic event is, the greater the chance of significant amnesia. He stated that subsequent retrieval of memories after traumatic amnesia is well documented in the literature, with documented examples following natural disasters and accidents, in combat soldiers, in victims of kidnapping, torture and concentration camp experiences, in victims of physical and sexual abuse, and in people who have committed murder.
 Global memory impairment; this makes it difficult for subjects to construct an accurate account of their present and past history. "The combination of lack of autobiographical memory, continued dissociation and of meaning schemes that include victimization, helplessness and betrayal, is likely to make these individuals vulnerable to suggestion and to the construction of explanations for their trauma-related affects that may bear little relationship to the actual realities of their lives"
 Dissociative processes; this refers to memories being stored as fragments and not as unitary wholes.
 Traumatic memories' sensorimotor organization. Not being able to integrate traumatic memories seems to be linked to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

According to van der Kolk, memories of highly significant events are usually accurate and stable over time; aspects of traumatic experiences appear to get stuck in the mind, unaltered by time passing or experiences that may follow. The imprints of traumatic experiences appear to be different from those of nontraumatic events, perhaps because of alterations in attentional focusing or the fact that extreme emotional arousal interferes with memory. van der Kolk and Fisler's hypothesis is that under extreme stress, the memory categorization system based in the hippocampus fails, with these memories kept as emotional and sensory states. When these traces are remembered and put into a personal narrative, they are subject to being condensed, contaminated and embellished upon.

A significant problem for trauma theories of memory repression is the lack of evidence with humans that failures of recall of traumatic experiences result from anything other than normal processes of memory that apply equally well to memories for traumatic and non-traumatic events. In addition, it is clear that, rather than being pushed out of consciousness, the difficulty with traumatic memories for most people is their inability to forget the traumatic event and the tendency for memories of the traumatic experience to intrude upon consciousness in problematic ways.

Evidence from psychological research suggests that most traumatic memories are well remembered over long periods of time. Autobiographical memories appraised as highly negative are remembered with a high degree of accuracy and detail. This observation is in line with psychological understanding of human memory, which explains that highly salient and distinctive events—common characteristics of negative traumatic experiences—are remembered well. When experiencing highly emotional, stressful events, physiological and neurological responses, such as those involving the limbic system, specifically the amygdala and hippocampus, lead to more consolidated memories. Evidence shows that stress enhances memory for aspects and details directly related to the stressful event. Furthermore, behavioural and cognitive memory-enhancing responses, such as rehearsing or revisiting a memory in one's mind are also more likely when memories are highly emotional. When compared to positive events, memory for negative, traumatic experiences are more accurate, coherent, vivid, and detailed, and this trend persists over time. This sample of what is a vast body of evidence calls into question how it is possible that traumatic memories, which are typically remembered exceptionally well, might also be associated with patterns of extreme forgetting.

The high quality remembering for traumatic events is not just a lab-based finding but has also been observed in real-life experiences, such as among survivors of child sexual abuse and war-related atrocities. For example, researchers who studied memory accuracy in child sexual abuse survivors 12 to 21 years after the event(s) ended found that the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder was positively correlated with the degree of memory accuracy. Further, all persons who identified the child sexual abuse as the most traumatic event of their life, displayed highly accurate memory for the event. Similarly, in a study of World War II survivors, researchers found that participants who scored higher on posttraumatic stress reactions had war memories that were more coherent, personally consequential, and more rehearsed. The researchers concluded that highly distressing events can lead to subjectively clearer memories that are highly accessible.

Legal status
Serious issues arise when recovered but false memories result in public allegations; false complaints carry serious consequences for the accused. A special type of false allegation, false memory syndrome, arises typically within therapy, when people report the "recovery" of childhood memories of previously unknown abuse. The influence of practitioners' beliefs and practices in the eliciting of false "memories" and of false complaints has come under particular criticism.

Some criminal cases have been based on a witness's testimony of recovered repressed memories, often of alleged childhood sexual abuse. In some jurisdictions, the statute of limitations for child abuse cases has been extended to accommodate the phenomena of repressed memories as well as other factors. The repressed memory concept came into wider public awareness in the 1980s and 1990s followed by a reduction of public attention after a series of scandals, lawsuits, and license revocations.

A U.S. District Court accepted repressed memories as admissible evidence in a specific case. Dalenberg argues that the evidence shows that recovered memory cases should be allowed to be prosecuted in court.

The apparent willingness of courts to credit the recovered memories of complainants but not the absence of memories by defendants has been commented on: "It seems apparent that the courts need better guidelines around the issue of dissociative amnesia in both populations."

In 1995, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled, in Franklin v. Duncan and Franklin v. Fox, Murray et al. (312 F3d. 423, see also 884 FSupp 1435, N.D. Calif.), that repressed memory is not admissible as evidence in a legal action because of its unreliability, inconsistency, unscientific nature, tendency to be therapeutically induced evidence, and subject to influence by hearsay and suggestibility. The court overturned the conviction of a man accused of murdering a nine-year-old girl purely based upon the evidence of a 21-year-old repressed memory by a lone witness, who also held a complex personal grudge against the defendant.

In a 1996 ruling, a U.S. District Court allowed repressed memories entered into evidence in court cases. Jennifer Freyd writes that Ross E. Cheit's case of suddenly remembered sexual abuse is one of the most well-documented cases available for the public to see. Cheit prevailed in two lawsuits, located five additional victims and tape-recorded a confession.

On December 16, 2005, the Irish Court of Criminal Appeal issued a certificate confirming a Miscarriage of Justice to a former nun, Nora Wall whose 1999 conviction for child rape was partly based on repressed-memory evidence. The judgement stated that:

On August 16, 2010, the United States Second Circuit Court of Appeals in a case reversed the conviction that relied on claimed victim memories of childhood abuse stating that "The record here suggests a "reasonable likelihood" that Jesse Friedman was wrongfully convicted. The "new and material evidence" in this case is the post-conviction consensus within the social science community that suggestive memory recovery tactics can create false memories" (pg 27 FRIEDMAN v. REHAL Docket No. 08-0297). The ruling goes on to order all previous convictions and plea bargains relying in repressed memories using common memory recovered techniques be reviewed.

Recovered memory therapy

The term "recovered memory therapy" refers to the use of a range of psychotherapy methods that involve guiding the patient's attempts to recall memories of abuse that had previously been forgotten. The term "recovered memory therapy" is not listed in DSM-V nor is recovered memory therapy recommended by mainstream ethical and professional mental health associations. Critics of recovered memory therapy note that the therapy can create false memories through its use of powerful suggestion techniques. It has also been found that patients who retract their claims—after deciding their recovered memories are false—may have post-traumatic stress disorder due to the trauma of illusory memories.

Summary
The Working Group on Investigation of Memories of Child Abuse of the American Psychological Association reached five key conclusions:

See also

 Day-care sex-abuse hysteria
 Dissociative identity disorder
 Gaslighting
 Interference theory
 Memory inhibition
 Satanic ritual abuse
 Spectral evidence

References

External links

 Provides help for retrieving repressed memories

Memory disorders
Psychoanalytic terminology
Freudian psychology

Repressed memory


Liverpool Feds Women's Football Club is an English women's association football club based in Liverpool, Merseyside. The first team currently plays in the  and during the 2019–20 season the reserve team play in North West Women's Regional Football League Division One South. They play their home games at the Jericho Lane Football Hub in Aigburth area of Liverpool.

History
The club were formed in 1991 and originated from the Liverpool Institute of Higher Education (now known as Liverpool Hope University) where they entered the North West Women's Regional Football League (NWWRFL). The name Feds originates from the Liverpool Institute of Higher Education College origins where the sports teams played as a Federation of the St Katherine's and Christ Notre Dame Colleges. In 1993 a reserve team was added, who during the 2019–20 season are playing in the NWWRFL, and in 1994 a girls youth section was created. They play their football in the Liverpool County FA Girls Leagues. A Development Squad and an under-18s team followed shortly afterwards.

The first team won promotion from the NWWRFL into the now-defunct Northern Combination Women's Football League in 2009 when they won the 2008–09 Premier Division title without losing a single game. They ended the campaign with a record of nineteen wins and three draws from twenty-two games played. They remained in the Northern Combination until 2014 when a major restructuring of the women's football pyramid saw the Combination leagues scrapped and the teams playing at that level moved into the new FA Women's Premier League (now known as the FA Women's National League) Division One, which was divided into four regional sections.

In the summer of 2015 Liverpool Feds linked up with the men's club Marshalls F.C. and changed their name to Liverpool Marshall Feds. This alliance lasted for three years, but in 2018 the women's club opted to break away and the word Marshall was dropped from the name of the club, reverting to their original name.

Ground
Liverpool Feds play their home games at the Jericho Lane Football Hub in Aigburth, having moved there from their previous home at the I M Marsh Campus of Liverpool John Moores University in 2018. The Jericho Lane site, which they share with South Liverpool F.C., was jointly developed by Liverpool City Council, the Liverpool County Football Association and The Football Association

Current squad

References

External links
Official club website

Women's football clubs in England
Sport in Liverpool
Football clubs in Liverpool
FA Women's National League teams

Liverpool Feds W.F.C.


(8 May 1965 – 15 August 2018) was a Japanese cartoonist, essayist, songwriter, and screenwriter. Sakura is famous for writing the manga series  Chibi Maruko-chan in which the protagonist has the same name as her, and in which the story is based on her childhood.

Sakura was born in Shimizu City in the Shizuoka prefecture of Japan.

Over the years the Chibi Maruko-chan book series has gotten a lot of success. More than 30 million copies were sold. Sakura was also a very popular author, as she had a very unique viewpoint and narrative in her stories, especially in the stories Momokanzume, Saru no Koshikake and Tai no Okashira which have sold over a million copies.

Japanese manga artists
1965 births
2018 deaths

Momoko Sakura


Henry W. Lee, often known as H. W. Lee (10 July 1865 – 5 March 1932) was a prominent British socialist.

Born in London, Lee worked in the printing industry, then joined the Social Democratic Federation (SDF) soon after its foundation.  He became the full-time Assistant Secretary of the party in 1885 and soon after became its General Secretary.  He held this position until the organisation dissolved itself into the new British Socialist Party.  Again appointed the Secretary, he held the post for only two years, in 1913 taking over from Harry Quelch as editor of Justice.

Lee supported British involvement World War I, alongside such prominent party members as H. M. Hyndman and Will Thorne.  However, this proved to be a minority position in the party, and Lee was a member of the right-wing split of 1916 which founded the National Socialist Party.  This group opposed the October Revolution, and Lee wrote a pamphlet entitled "Bolshevism: A Curse and Danger to the Workers".

Lee stepped down from his editorial post in 1923, but remained on the national executive of the associated group, now again known as the "Social Democratic Federation".  He spent his last years working at the headquarters of the Trades Union Congress.

In 1935, Lee's Social-Democracy in Britain, a history of the movement to date, was published.

References

External links

1865 births
1932 deaths
British Socialist Party members
British socialists
Social Democratic Federation members
Leaders of political parties in the United Kingdom

Henry W. Lee (socialist)


The Ostrowski Prize is a mathematics award given every odd year for outstanding mathematical achievement judged by an international jury from the universities of Basel, Jerusalem, Waterloo and the academies of Denmark and the Netherlands. Alexander Ostrowski, a longtime professor at the University of Basel, left his estate to the foundation in order to establish a prize for outstanding achievements in pure mathematics and the foundations of numerical mathematics. It currently carries a monetary award of 100,000 Swiss francs.

Recipients
 1989:	Louis de Branges    (France / United States)
 1991:	Jean Bourgain    (Belgium)
 1993:	Miklós Laczkovich (Hungary) and Marina Ratner    (Russia / United States)
 1995:	Andrew J. Wiles    (UK)
 1997: Yuri V. Nesterenko (Russia) and Gilles I. Pisier    (France)
 1999:	Alexander A. Beilinson    (Russia / United States) and Helmut H. Hofer    (Switzerland / United States)
 2001:	Henryk Iwaniec    (Poland / United States) and Peter Sarnak (South Africa / United States) and Richard L. Taylor (UK / United States)
 2003:	Paul Seymour    (UK)
 2005:	Ben Green    (UK) and Terence Tao    (Australia / United States)
 2007: Oded Schramm   (Israel / United States)
 2009: Sorin Popa   (Romania / United States)
 2011: Ib Madsen   (Denmark), David Preiss (UK) and Kannan Soundararajan (India / United States)
 2013: Yitang Zhang (United States)
 2015: Peter Scholze (Germany)
 2017: Akshay Venkatesh (India / Australia)
 2019: Assaf Naor (Israel / USA)
 2021:  (UK)

See also

 List of mathematics awards

References

Mathematics awards
Awards established in 1989

Ostrowski Prize


1989 Temple of the Tooth attack is an attack on the Temple of the Tooth Relic, located in Kandy, Sri Lanka. The shrine, which is considered to be important to the Buddhists in Sri Lanka, houses the relic of the tooth of the Buddha, and is a UNESCO designated World Heritage Site. It was attacked on 8 February 1989 unknown military group in Sri Lanka.

Background
In the late 1980s, the country was under a tense situation with two insurgencies ravaging Northern and Southern parts of Sri Lanka. First insurgency was initiated by Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and several Tamil militant groups in 1983, seeking to create an independent Tamil state in Northern and Eastern parts of the country. In 1987, neighboring India intervened in the conflict to bring an end to the fighting between the insurgents and the Sri Lankan armed forces. That year, the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord was signed between the two countries and Indian Peace Keeping Force was deployed in Northern Sri Lanka to enforce disarmament of militant organizations and to watch over the regional council.

JVP and other nationalist groups viewed this as a proliferation of Indian imperialism. This suspicion was fuelled by the perceived threat of North-Eastern autonomy, due to the presence of Indian Army in Sri Lankan soil. By this time, JVP was equipped with experiences of a failed insurrection in 1971, against the government of Sirimavo Bandaranaike. Under these circumstances, the party launched a second insurrection in 1987, seeking to overthrow the then United National Party government.

Incident
As the tension grew, JVP and its military wing, Patriotic People's Movement (Deshapremi Janatha Viyaparaya) launched attacks on various government and civilian targets. Many public places were vandalised, and people presumed to be supportive of the government were attacked. Temple of the Tooth, located in the heart of the Kandy city too came under attack on 8 February 1989. Eyewitness accounts, including a former JVP member who took part in the attack, describe the incident in detail.

Account of Adhikari
In 2001, The Sunday Leader, a Sri Lankan English-language weekly, interviewed a former JVP member, Adhikari alias Kosala, who participated in the attack. A fully-fledged member, Adhikari had received arms training, and participated in several operations on behalf of the party, including the Pallekele Army Camp attack, 1987 Bogambara prison attack and Digana bank heist.

According to Adhikari, the first meeting to plan the attack was held at the house of a JVP co-ordinator named Sunanda, in Kandy. In that meeting, Sunanda explained the motivation behind the attack. He believed that taking away the relic of the tooth of the Buddha, which had been residing in the country for at least 1,700 years, would have made the people to rise up against the government which couldn't even protect the sacred property. This relic is traditionally considered as the symbol of the leadership and royalty in Sri Lanka.

Next week, another meeting was held at the same place, with the presence of D.M. Ananda alias Kalu Ajith, the JVP leader of Western and Sabaragamuwa provinces, and Somawansa Amarasinghe alias Sanath, who became the leader of the JVP later and the last surviving politburo member of the party after the rebellion. In that meeting, Adhikari proposed a place in Medamahanuwara, to hide the relic after getting hold of it. On the next day, 8 February, he was asked to be present near the Queen's Hotel, Kandy around 2.00 – 2.30 pm. There he met Sarath, one of his colleagues in Digana bank heist, who introduced him to 4 boys and 2 girls. The girls, dressed in white lama saris were carrying two trays filled with flowers. Adhikari's task was to bring the group to the Makara Thorana (the entrance to the Temple), where he would meet two gentlemen, who carried pens attached to their pockets, as an aid to recognition. As instructed, after completing his job, he proceeded to the Kundasale town, about 5 km from Kandy. There he was waiting to receive the casket which contained the tooth relic.

But the plan did not succeed. From what he learnt, two girls had gone past the checkpoint near the entrance, without being properly searched, and waited for the others to follow. This has aroused the suspicion of a guard, and he had come towards the girls. By this time, members of the group had arrived in the scene; snatched the guns hidden inside the flowers on the tray; and shot at the guards. Guards had returned fire. The following firefight left at least two attackers dead.

Account of K.G. Sisira
Sisira was employed as a labourer of the Kandy Municipal Council at the time the incident has happened. At that moment, he was travelling on a bus, near the temple. The driver stopped the bus amid the confusion, in front of the shrine. Then Sisira he saw a person wearing a blue T-shirt, chasing a guard, who came running into the bus and boarded. Then the pursuer, who was carrying a gun, shot randomly and hit Sisira in his right leg. In the subsequent shooting spree, the pursuer had died. Sisira was taken to a hospital, where 4 bullets were removed from his leg. His was hospitalised for 8 months and had his leg amputated.

2001 controversy
In the run-up to the 2001 Sri Lankan parliamentary election, the issue of the responsibility of this attack surfaced again. The party leader Somawansa Amarasinghe and then JVP propaganda secretary Wimal Weerawansa, denied the involvement of JVP in the incident. The politburo of the party issued a statement denying that the attack ever took place. These statements were rejected by the then Diyawadana Nilame (the chief lay custodian of Temple of the Tooth), Neranjan Wijeyeratne, and Mahanayaka theros of Malwatte and Asgiriya chapters (chief Buddhist prelates of the country). Wijeyeratne said "There was blood-letting at the Sri Dalada Maligawa [Temple of the Tooth] as five persons were killed in the JVP attack". The controversy turned into a major political issue during the campaign.

See also
1998 Temple of the Tooth attack

Further reading

References

Terrorist attacks attributed to the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna
Politics of Sri Lanka
History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)
1989 crimes in Sri Lanka
1987–1989 JVP insurrection
1989 controversies
Battles and Operations of the Second JVP insurrection
Indian Peace Keeping Force

1989 Temple of the Tooth attack


Baby and I () is a 2008 South Korean film about a rebellious 18-year-old high school senior who ends up caring for a baby with a note, claiming he is the baby's father.

Plot
A high school student, Han Joon-soo (Jang Keun-suk), is a troublemaker. He always quarrels with his parents and does not obey them. One day his parents are sick of his bad behavior and run away from home, leaving only a videotape and $100, stating they would come back when Joon-soo got his act together. Shrugging it off, he decides to just throw a small party with his friends, Ki-seok (Ko Gyoo-pil) and Choon-seung (Choi Jae-hwan), in his empty house. While buying alcohol at a grocery store, a baby with a note is left in his cart. The note claims the high school senior, Han Joon-soo, is the father of the baby and the mother could not take care of him anymore. The baby's name is revealed to be Han Woo-ram (Moon Mason). Joon-soo finds himself stuck with the child, he tries abandoning Woo-ram multiple times, but always fails. Without anyone to help him, other than Kim Byul (Song Ha-yoon), a smart girl who has a crush on him, Joon-soo resorts to bringing the baby to school and his part-time jobs. Finally, he is suspended from school due to the baby being a disturbance. After days of becoming financially broke and sinking to the bottom, his parents come back home when Joon-soo has an emotional breakdown and expresses his sympathy and love for the baby; a love that changed him from troublemaker to a caring father. Joon-soo's parents acknowledge their love for their son and tell Joon-soo that they will help take care of Woo-ram. When Woo-ram is admitted to the hospital, Joon-soo becomes depressed and meets up Ki-seok. Ki-seok tells Joon-soo that he himself is the father of Woo-ram.  Furious, Joon-soo beats up Ki-seok and tells him to take Woo-ram back. He later lies to Byul and Choon-seung that he does not care about Woo-ram anymore. Woo-ram, now out of the hospital, is being adopted by a couple from overseas. After contemplating, Joon-soo races to the airport and fights his way through security. At the gate, he yells for the couple to give Woo-ram back to him. Later, Joon-soon agrees with Ki-Seok that they will raise Woo-ram together. Byul sends Ki-seok and Choon-seung to go buy some soda, wanting to be alone with Joon-soo. After she coyly compliments his "cool" behavior at the airport, Byul  gives Joon-soo a quick kiss before running off.

Release
Baby and I was released on August 10, 2008. The film was directed by Kim Jin-young. The film had an attendance of 435,551 nationwide.

Difference with the manga
Baby and I is loosely based on the manga. Although the situation is somewhat similar, the film's main character is a troublemaking high school student while the main character in the manga Baby & Me is a model student. In addition to the theme, Han Joon-soo has a problem with his parents and has a baby; in contrast, Takuya Enoki has the ideal family but is taking care of his younger brother in the place of his deceased mother.

Cast
 Jang Keun-Seok as Han Joon-soo
 Moon Mason as Baby Woo-ram
 Park Myeong-su as Baby Woo-ram (voice)
 Song Ha-yoon as Kim Byul
 Ko Kyu-pil as Ki-seok
 Choi Jae-hwan as Choon-seong
 Kim Byeong-ok as Joon-soo's father
 Park Hyun-sook as Joon-soo's mother
 Jung Gyu-soo as Kim Byul's father
 Jang Jung-hee as  Kim Byul's mother
 Song Min-hyung as Vice principal
 Kim Jung-nan as Ms. Cho
 Kim Do-yeon as Do Pong woman
 Gil Hae-yeon as Ki-seok's mother

References

External links

2008 films
2008 comedy-drama films
2000s Korean-language films
South Korean comedy-drama films
2000s South Korean films

Baby and I


Tumbledown Mountain is a mountain in Franklin County, Maine. The mountain is a popular hiking spot in western Maine, with trailheads located on Byron Road in unincorporated Township 6, north of Weld. It is distinguished by an alpine pond (known locally as Crater Lake or Tumbledown Pond) just below the summit. Tumbledown Mountain is also located near Coos Canyon, a mountain stream. Tumbledown offers trails of varying difficulty for different hikers.

Less strenuous routes
The least strenuous route to the summit is to hike to Tumbledown pond via either the Brook or Parker Ridge trails. From the pond, hikers can access the summit via the Tumbledown Ridge Trail, a fairly well marked path that leads across the mountaintop all the way from the East Peak to the West Peak. It also connects to the Loop Trail, which descends steeply back to Byron Road. Weaker hikers should avoid the Loop Trail, as it can be a very challenging hike.

Brook Trail: The Brook trail begins approximately 4.5 miles down Byron Road. It is one of the most popular routes up Tumbledown. There is a large parking area located across the road from the trailhead, along with an outhouse for public use. The trail itself initially follows an old logging road before steeply ascending the mountain to Tumbledown pond. It is roughly 2.5 miles in length and takes approximately 2 hours to hike at a brisk pace.

Parker Ridge Trail: This trail is the oldest route to the pond. It gradually rises through the woods before leading up a steep, rocky ridgeline, then down to Tumbledown Pond. In the past, to access this route, hikers had to travel into the woods on a private road called the Morgan Road, and park near a place locally known as "Tumbledown Field." Tumbledown Field and the land surrounding it is all privately owned, and hikers are no longer encouraged to use the Morgan Road. Instead, hikers can now access Parker Ridge Trail directly from the Brook Trail parking lot. It is approximately a one-mile walk to the Parker Ridge trailhead from the Brook Trail parking lot. Hikers can also access the trail leading up Little Jackson Mountain from here as well. Total distance to the pond (including the access trail) is about 3.2 miles.

More challenging routes

Loop Trail: The Loop Trail begins roughly 5.8 miles down the Byron Road roughly 1.5 miles beyond the Brook Trail. The trailhead is well-marked and has a parking area. This route is one of the most direct paths to the summit, as it rises steeply up the mountainside, eventually intersecting with the Tumbledown Ridge Trail, which provides access to the mountain's peaks. The trail itself is 2 rugged miles, and has views of the Tumbledown cliffs approximately one mile in. From there, the trail rises very steeply up a gully and requires a lot of boulder scrambling. Near the end, the trail actually goes up through a fissure between several boulders, creating a steep, chimney - like passage referred to in most guidebooks and web pages as "Fat Man's misery,". There are several iron rungs to assist hikers, but you must remove your backpack in order to fit through it. This makes having a partner very helpful. Claustrophobics should not climb this trail, nor should individuals who struggle with heights. Descending this trail is extremely tough and a bit dangerous. Hikers are better off ascending the Loop Trail and descending to the pond via Tumbledown Ridge Trail. From there, you can hike back to the Byron Road via the Brook Trail.  The actual "Fat Man's Misery" is downhill and to the left of "The Chimney," is poorly marked, and opens into a cliff face.

Tumbledown Chimney Trail: This trail is considered derelict and should be avoided. It leaves the Loop Trail roughly one mile in, traveling through an extremely rough boulder field. From there, the trail climbs a severely steep, smooth rock slope. Eventually, it reaches the Tumbledown Chimney, which is approximately 15 feet high and very steep. A hand - over - hand climb via a fixed line is required to reach the top. Although the trail is still identified in some older guidebooks, it does not appear to be maintained any longer. Tumbledown is now regularly patrolled by rangers. Hikers should realize that climbing this trail is quite risky due to its steepness. Slabs of rock regularly fall here.

In 2009, a new rope was installed at the top of the Chimney Trail. As of December 2009, it was a purple synthetic rope tied off to the second of several iron rungs at the top. The trail itself is still unmaintained and hard to follow above the cliff wall and presumably the same below.

References

External links
 MaineToday.com
 Land for Maine's Future: Mount Blue Region and Tumbledown Mountain

Mountains of Franklin County, Maine

Tumbledown Mountain


Mauregard is a French miniseries by Claude de Givray (1970) with Richard Leduc, Claude Jade, Henri Guisol, Brigitte Auber and Michel Subor.

The family epic extends over 120 years from 1849 to 1969: Four generations in Mauregard Castle.

It all starts with the return of the presumed dead nobleman Hippolyte de Mettray (Jacques Berthier) to his wife Anne-Marie (Gaby Sylvia). Who is engaged to the Country Doctor Martin (John Rico). But the repentant adventurer Hippolyte wins Anne-Marie back. At the same time he bought the castle of his ancestors, Mauregard, back.

Twenty years later, Hippolyte wants his son Maxence (Richard Leduc) with Hélène (Annick Korrigan), the rich daughter of the adjacent Marquis, marry. But Maxence, in love with the orphan Françoise (Claude Jade), refuses the money marriage which is mainly obtained Mauregard. Françoise and Maxence are supported in their fight calculated by Hélène.

Another twenty years later - Hippolyte died without leaving a will - can Maxence (now: Henri Guisol) and Françoise (now: Brigitte Auber) hardly get the lock.

Another generation later versa Maxences nephew Charles-Auguste (Michel Subor) from the First World War back. Two women - Agnès (Anne Vernon) and Elise (Marie-Blanche Vergnes) - scramble for him.

Clément (Marc di Napoli), son of Charles-Auguste and Elise, fighting in World War II for the Resistance against the Germans.

In the last part Clément (now: Jacques Destoop) returns with the young Carol (Jacky Gee) from Canada back to the castle Mauregard.

Background

Claude de Givray and Bernard Revon, the authors of the saga, also were François Truffaut's co-authors in Stolen Kisses (1968) and Bed and Board (1970). The leading lady of both films, Claude Jade, played at that time for six months in the USA in Alfred Hitchcock's Topaz. In rotating free time she took the role of orphan Françoise at their familiar "film family". Her Topaz -husband Michel Subor also returned in the meantime returned to France and played the part Charles-Auguste. The film was shot in the Touraine.

Cast

Henri Guisol : Maxence elder
Richard Leduc : Maxence young
Claude Jade : Françoise young
Brigitte Auber : Françoise elder
Jacques Berthier : Hippolyte de Mettray
Gaby Sylvia: Anne-Marie de Mettray
Roger Pigaut : Richard
Christine Simon : Léontine young
Jandeline: Léontine elder
John Rico : Martin
Jacques Couturier : Lefosset
Françoise Morhange : Mme Eugène
Anne-Marie Coffinet : Aline
Anne Korrigan : Hélène
Michel Subor : Charles-Auguste
Marie-Blanche Vergne: Élise
Anne Vernon : Agnès
Marc di Napoli : Clément, Charles-Auguste's son
Jacques Destoop: Clément elder
Jackie Gee: Carol
Louis Jojot : Father Louis
René Lafleur : Badin
Jacques Galland : The Mayor
Deniz Direz: Charles-Auguste child
Béatrice Romand : Sophie child
Michèle Montel: Sophie adult
Caroline Reverdiau: Caroline
  Philippe Girard : Philippe

References

1970 French television series debuts
1970 French television series endings
1970s French television series
2020s French drama television series
Historical television series
French-language television shows
Epic television series
Family saga television series
Television series about dysfunctional families
Television shows filmed in France

Mauregard (miniseries)


D. Reidel was an academic publishing company based in Dordrecht established in the 1960s which was independent until the 1990s.

History
Reidel was established in the 1960s, with a focus on publishing research in physics. Reidel himself had been trained under an ex-Elsevier manager, M. D. Frank, who considered third generation Dutch publishers like Reidel to be the "grandchildren" of the German publishing company, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft of Leipzig, where Frank himself was trained. "In the 1960s a mainly physics programme was established by D. Reidel Publishing Company in Dordrecht. Other players included Dr. W. Junk, P. Noordhoff and M. Nijhoff, who were all to become part of a group that began in the 1970s and which resulted in the establishment of Kluwer Academic Publishers. Publishers like Reidel, trained by Frank — who in turn had had his training at Aka — were termed by Frank 'grandchildren of Aka.'"

In the 1990s Reidel joined with Kluwer as Kluwer/Reidel, in 2003 being purchased by Cinven and Candover. In spring 2004, Cinven and Candover purchased Springer, merging the operations of all the publishers into one conglomerate, Springer Science+Business Media, now "the second largest commercial scholarly publisher in the world" after Elsevier.

Aka had been co-founded by Walter Jalowicz (who changed his name to Johnson and later worked for Academic Press in New York) and his son-in-law K. Jacoby, together with the physicist (and spy) Paul Rosbaud (later of Butterworth), and chemist E. Proskauer (later vice-president of John Wiley & Sons).

References

External links
 Aka Verlag — official website of Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft AKA GmbH

Book publishing companies of the Netherlands
Mass media in Dordrecht
Defunct publishing companies of the Netherlands

D. Reidel


The Barkhamsted Lighthouse was a historical community located in what is now Peoples State Forest in Barkhamsted, Connecticut.  Set on a terrace above the eastern bank of the West Branch Farmington River, it was in the 18th and 19th centuries a small village of economically marginalized mixed Native American, African American, and white residents.  It was given the name "lighthouse" because its lights acted as a beacon marking the north–south stage road that paralleled the river.  The archaeological remains of the village site were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 as Lighthouse Archeological Site (5-37).

History
The area known as the Lighthouse had its beginnings in the mid-18th century with the purchase of land by James Chaugham and later his son Samuel, a Narragansett from Block Island.  Chaugham was said in early accounts of the community to have married Molly (or Mary) Barber, a white woman whose early life is absent from historical documents.  The property was located in a rugged area of northern Connecticut that was then wilderness, with an old Native American trail running along the river.  When this trail was improved into a stagecoach route in the late 18th century, the small settlement was dubbed the "lighthouse" by southbound coach drivers, as its lights indicated that the coach was nearing New Hartford, a few miles to the south.  The community was eventually abandoned in the 1860s, its residents apparently moving to seek better economic opportunities.

The first organized history of the community was written in 1952 by Lewis Sprague Mills, a local educator and historian.  Archaeological investigations of the site were first conducted on the settlement site in 1986 by Kenneth Feder.  The site is located on a terrace on the shoulder of Ragged Mountain, a hill in Peoples State Forest.  Excavations have uncovered foundational remains of ten buildings, four charcoal kilns, a well, and a small cemetery.  Stone for the building foundations was apparently quarried directly nearby.  None of the surviving elements give any indication of having been built using dimensional lumber that was used in more conventional communities.  Also found at the site were quantities of typical household items, including a large number of ceramic fragments.

The site is accessible via a short hiking trail from East River Road in Peoples State Forest, and has been designated a state archaeological site.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Litchfield County, Connecticut

References

Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in Litchfield County, Connecticut
Buildings and structures completed in 1740
Barkhamsted, Connecticut

Barkhamsted Lighthouse