Democrats of Catalonia (, DC) is a Christian-democratic, pro-Catalan independence political party in Catalonia founded in July 2015 from a split in Democratic Union of Catalonia (UDC). Its members included the then-Speaker of the Catalan parliament Núria de Gispert and former UDC president Joan Rigol. The party has received accusations of xenophobia for its controversial statements against Spaniards and for having ties with xenophobic organizations.

History
The party was founded in July 2015 by former members of the Democratic Union of Catalonia (UDC)—including Antoni Castellà, Núria de Gispert, Rosa Maria Carrasco Azemar and Joan Rigol—following the break up of Convergence and Union over dissatisfaction with what they saw as weak support from UDC to the Catalan independence movement. It was registered in the interior ministry in August 2015. On 8 August 2015, Castellà declared that it had secured the support of 1,600 volunteers within 20 days, as well as the pledged support of 23 out of the 43 UDC city mayors and 118 out of UDC's 191 city councillors.

The party's strategy has been to contest elections within electoral alliances with other parties. For the 2015 Catalan regional election, it joined the Junts pel Sí () big-tent alliance for Catalan independence together with Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC), Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) and Left Movement (MES). In the 2015 Spanish general election, DC joined the Democracy and Freedom (DiL) electoral coalition together with CDC and Reagrupament (RI.cat). The party chose not to contest the 2016 general election following CDC's decision to discontinue the DiL alliance, because of "the impossibility of offering Catalan voters a big-tent list with independents defending the process towards an independent Catalan State".

In July 2016, the party would see a conflict with CDC over the latter's decision to refound itself into the "Catalan Democratic Party", a name which was regarded as problematic by the Spanish interior ministry because of its potential confusion with DC's own name. DC's secretary-general, Antoni Castellà, commented that "if the PDC does not change its label, then there will be conflict within Junts pel Sí", threatening to go to the courts over the issue unless the PDC properly differentiated the aesthetical use of the acronym, the party logo, renounced to use blue as the party's corporate colour and rejected the use of the term Demòcrates () to refer to party members. The issue was eventually solved after the PDC chose to rebrand itself as the Catalan European Democratic Party (PDeCAT).

The party supported the celebration of an independence referendum in 2017, calling for a "Yes" vote. After the 1 October 2017 referendum and the subsequent constitutional crisis, DC reached an agreement with ERC to join the Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yes (ERC–CatSí) alliance ahead of the 2017 Catalan regional election, on the grounds of it being "what looks most like a big-tent list".

Ahead of the April 2019 Spanish general election, DC unsuccessfully proposed a "common front" of all independentist parties "with the sole objective of provoking a total and absolute institutional blockade of the Cortes until achieving the implementation of the 1-O results". In July 2019, the party's National Council in favour of pressing for unilateralism and "confrontation with the [Spanish State]" to achieve independence.

In June 2020, DC was commented to be up for consideration in the plans of former Catalan president Carles Puigdemont as a potential ally ahead of his establishment of a new, unitary pro-independence party centered on Together for Catalonia.

Electoral performance

Parliament of Catalonia

Cortes Generales

Notes

References

External links

Political parties in Catalonia
Christian democratic parties in Europe
Political parties established in 2015
2015 establishments in Catalonia

Democrats of Catalonia


Alone in the Dark is a 1982 American slasher film co-written and directed by Jack Sholder in his directorial debut, and starring Jack Palance, Martin Landau, Donald Pleasence, Dwight Schultz, and Erland Van Lidth. The plot tells about a psychiatrist's family who are besieged by four escaped mental patients during a power blackout. Following Stunts and Polyester, it was one of the first films produced by New Line Cinema.

Plot
Psychiatrist Dan Potter is appointed on the staff of Dr. Leo Bain's experimental psychiatric hospital, known as the Haven, in New Jersey. His predecessor, Dr. Merton, has taken a new position in Philadelphia. Dan, his wife Nell, and their daughter Lyla, move into a rural home in the area. At Haven, Dr. Bain uses lenient security methods, except with the third-floor patients, whom he keeps contained with an electric security door. Among them are former POW Frank Hawkes, pyromaniac evangelist Byron "Preacher" Sutcliff, obese child molester Ronald Elster, and a shy serial killer John "the Bleeder" Skagg, who refuses to show his face. Angered by Dr. Merton's departure, the third-floor patients irrationally blame Dan, believing he has murdered Merton and taken his place. The four men make plans to kill Dan, and retrieve his address from Dr. Bain's office.

Dan's younger sister, Toni, who has recently suffered a nervous breakdown, arrives to visit. Dan, Nell, and Toni go to a local rock club, while Lyla is left with babysitter Bunky. A regional power outage occurs. The security system at Haven fails, and the four men on the third floor escape, killing security guard Ray in the process, before killing another doctor and stealing his car. They stop by a local strip mall that is being looted during the blackout and arm themselves with weapons from a sporting goods store. They leave Skagg behind after he kills an innocent bystander.

The next morning, Preacher arrives at the Potter residence, pretending to be delivering a telegram, but Dan is not home. While Lyla is at school, Nell accompanies Toni to a nuclear power protest, where the women are arrested. Lyla arrives home from school and finds Ronald in the house, claiming to be a babysitter. After Nell phones Dan from jail explaining what has happened, Dan calls Bunky, who goes to check on Lyla. She finds Lyla asleep in her room, and invites her boyfriend Billy there to have sex. Preacher kills Billy by dragging him beneath the bed and stabbing him, while Ronald strangles Bunky. Lyla later awakens unharmed, but Ronald has vanished. Dan arrives home with Nell, Toni, and Tom, a fellow protester Nell and Toni met in jail, whom Toni is attracted to.  They find police at the house, and Detective Barnett interviewing Lyla about the missing Bunky and Billy. Lyla explains that a man named Ronald babysat her; Dan recognizes him as one of the Haven patients.

Dan and Nell invite Detective Barnett to stay for dinner. While investigating a noise outside, Barnett is killed with a crossbow by Frank, which is witnessed by the entire family. Finding the phone lines cut, the family barricade themselves in the house. Meanwhile, Dr. Bain arrives after unsuccessfully attempting to reach Dan by phone, but is hacked to death by Preacher with an axe. Dan attempts to reason with the men, assuring them he has not killed Dr. Merton. Ronald throws Barnett's body through a window, and Preacher manages to infiltrate the basement, where he starts a fire. Dan bludgeons Preacher with an extinguisher canister before putting out the fire, locking the basement door behind him.

Ronald enters the kitchen and attempts to kill the family, but they work together to disarm him, before Tom kills him with a cleaver. Dan flees outside to retrieve Leo's car. While he does, Tom's nose begins bleeding profusely, revealing his identity as Skagg, the fourth patient. Hearing the screams, Dan flees back into the house. Skagg attempts to kill Toni, but Nell stabs him to death. Moments later, Preacher bursts out of the basement, but Dan stabs him to death. Frank appears with his crossbow, proclaiming, "It's not just us crazy ones who kill." Dan pleads with Frank to spare his family. Suddenly, the electricity is restored, and Frank witnesses Dr. Merton being interviewed on a local news station about the missing patients. Hysterical, Frank smashes the television and flees into the night.

A short time later, Frank arrives at the local rock club. A drunken woman approaches him inside. He pulls out a pistol, pointing it to her neck. Assuming he is playing a joke, the woman laughs, and so does Frank.

Cast

Production
Alone in the Dark was the first film produced by New Line Cinema, which had previously been exclusively a film distribution company. According to director Jack Sholder, he had listened to New Line founder Robert Shaye mull over the idea of getting into production of low-budget horror films, and pitched the idea of "a group of criminally insane guys escaping from a mental hospital during a blackout in NYC and creating mayhem and then getting rounded up by the mafia", citing a New York City blackout he had experienced several years prior as an inspiration. The script was considered too expensive to produce, so it was re-written as a home-invasion thriller (without the "mafia" angle). While New Line raised money for the film, Sholder worked as the editor of the 1981 slasher The Burning, which he credits with helping him learn about "building scares and how to build suspense and tension".

Sholder has said that the character of Dr. Leo Bain is based on Scottish psychiatrist R. D. Laing, who espoused a similar philosophy regarding the treatment of mentally ill patients.

Release

Alone in the Dark premiered in the United States on November 19, 1982. It was later screened at the 16th Annual Sitges Film Festival in October 1983, where Elizabeth Ward received an award for Best Actress for her work in the film.

Reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Alone in the Dark holds a 69% approval rating based on 13 critic reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10.

Brett Gallman from Oh, the Horror gave the film a positive review, commending the film for its tense atmosphere, dark humor, and Pleasence's performance. Felix Vasquez from Cinema Crazed offered similar praise, commending its unique style, gradual building of tension, performances, and twist ending. Vasquez concluded his review by writing, "Sholder succeeds in building the sense of isolation and dread in the climax, and sure, the plot twist with our characters is completely telegraphed minutes in advance, but it's still a fantastic revelation nonetheless". Dennis Schwartz from Ozus' World Movie Reviews rated the film a grade B: "Though the plot is hokey and its message is crazy, the maniacs- on -the -loose thriller is chilling". TV Guide awarded the film a negative 2/5 stars, calling it "a cut above the average maniacs-on-the-loose entry".

Home media
Alone in the Dark was released on RCA CED Videodisc in 1982, Also on DVD by Image Entertainment on September 13, 2005. Image would later re-release the film on June 5, 2007, as a part of a two-disk four movie pack. It was released for the first time on Blu-ray by Shout! Factory on September 14, 2021.

See also
 Blackout - 2008 American horror film featuring a similar premise.
 List of films featuring home invasions

References

External links

1982 films
1982 horror films
1982 thriller films
1980s slasher films
American horror thriller films
American independent films
American serial killer films
American slasher films
1980s English-language films
Films about psychiatry
Films directed by Jack Sholder
Films set in New Jersey
Home invasions in film
New Line Cinema films
Backwoods slasher films
1982 directorial debut films
1980s American films

Alone in the Dark (1982 film)


The C. Hart Merriam Base Camp Site is a historic campsite in Coconino National Forest, north of Flagstaff, Arizona.  It is significant for its association with Clinton Hart Merriam (1855–1942), the United States' first eco-biologist.  The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965.

Description and history
The Merriam Base Camp Site is located about  northwest of Flagstaff, Arizona; about three miles east of U.S. Highway 180, southeast of the intersection of Forest Roads 151 and 418, within the Coconino National Forest. The Arizona Trail passes near the  Merriam Base Camp Site.  The campsite is located at an elevation of about , on a knoll in the foothills northwest of Humphreys Peak, near Little Spring, a natural spring emanating from a meadow.

This camp is the site from which Clinton Hart Merriam, then head of a predecessor of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, performed the fieldwork and research leading to the development of the ecological concept of the life zone.  He described life zones in the San Francisco Mountains, in which the distribution of animal and plant life was described with respect to latitude, altitude, and other environmental factors.  Merriam's work in this area was flawed but important, driving the development and refinement of what was then a new concept.

See also
 List of National Historic Landmarks in Arizona
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Coconino County, Arizona

References

External links

Geography of Coconino County, Arizona
National Historic Landmarks in Arizona
National Register of Historic Places in Coconino County, Arizona
Coconino National Forest

C. Hart Merriam Base Camp Site


Dilemma Geyser is a geyser in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. It is part of the Pink Cone complex. Other geysers in this group are Bead Geyser, Box Spring, Labial Geyser, Labial's Satellite Geyser, Narcissus Geyser, Pink Geyser, and Pink Cone Geyser.

Eruptions of Dilemma Geyser are rare.  When active, they vary from a few seconds to a few minutes in duration and reach as high as  in springtime with  the rest of the year. Intervals (= eruption start to eruption start) are 2 to 10 minutes.

Before 1989, this geyser had tiny eruptions, with a few water drops reaching above grass level.  However, the two vents are surrounded by developed runoff channels.  The inadequacy of the observed eruption water volumes to produce the channels was the inspiration for the name "Dilemma Geyser".  In 1989, more forceful eruptions occurred, with water runoff volumes sufficient to explain the channels.

Dilemma was active in 1992 and sporadically in the 2000s.  It has not been reported erupting since 2006.

The RCN location of this geyser has been unintentionally switched with A-0 Geyser, elsewhere in the Lower Geyser Basin.

References

Geysers of Wyoming
Geothermal features of Teton County, Wyoming
Geothermal features of Yellowstone National Park
Geysers of Teton County, Wyoming

Dilemma Geyser


John Cox Hupp (November 24, 1819 – November 19, 1908) was a noted physician of Wheeling, West Virginia. He was known for his contributions to the City of Wheeling and educational reform.

Life
Hupp came from a family of pioneers and was the grandson of Anne Hupp. He was born in Donegal, Washington County, Pennsylvania on November 24, 1819. Hupp graduated from Washington College in 1844 then studied medicine under and worked for Dr. F. Julius Le Moyne, while he attended the Jefferson College of Medicine (later part of Washington and Jefferson College) where he graduated in 1847. That same year he opened his medical practice in Wheeling, West Virginia. He married Caroline Louise Todd, a physician's daughter, on 1 March 1853.

Hupp's interests were wide-ranging and included education and natural science. In 1870 he prepared a memorial to the legislature asking for the appointment of a state geologist, although it took another 27 years before  was appointed the first state geologist.  He was appointed in 1875 a delegate from the American Medical Association to the European medical associations. He also served as a member of the Executive Committee of the Centennial Medical Commission to the International Medical Congress, which met at Philadelphia in 1876. He was one of the founders of the Medical Society of West Virginia. Hupp served the city and county as a member of the Board of Health, as President of the County Board of Supervisors from 1863 to 1866, and as a member of the Board of Education from 1873 to 1879. For nearly a quarter of a century, from 1862 to 1885, he served the national government as president of the board of United States Examining Surgeons for pensions.

He contributed to many medical journals and other periodicals and has published a "Biographical Sketch of Joseph Thoburn, M. D." (1865); a memorial to the legislature of West Virginia on the appointment of a state geologist (1870); and a memorial to the same body to establish a state board of health (1877).

Educational reforms
Hupp, in 1873, led a successful effort before the board of education to extend a free school education to the African American children of the city. Also in 1873, before the same body, secured the establishment of an evening study in the public schools. In 1877, as chairman of the committee on rules and regulations, was successful in securing the adoption of industrial drawing as a regular study in the schools.

References

External links
 John Cox Hupp from "John Cox Hupp" In Cranmer, Gibson Lamb (editor) (1890) History of the Upper Ohio Valley, with family history and biographical sketches. A statement of its resources, industrial growth and commercial advantages  Vol. I, pages 335–337, Brant & Fuller, Madison, Wisconsin,

People from Washington County, Pennsylvania
People from Wheeling, West Virginia
Washington & Jefferson College alumni
1908 deaths
1819 births
Physicians from West Virginia
Writers from West Virginia
American medical writers
American male non-fiction writers
School board members in West Virginia

John Hupp


David Thomas Culbert (born 17 March 1967 in Sydney) is a former international track and field athlete. In an international long jump career that spanned ten years, he won two Commonwealth Games silver medals in 1990 and 1994  and also made finals at the 1992 Olympics.

Since his retirement, he has established himself as Australia's track and field commentator working with Channel 7 and SBS as well as various radio stations. In 2004 and 2005 he hosted a Sunday morning discussion show, The Insiders on Melbourne station SEN 1116.

In his role as a commentator, he has called Athletics at the 2000, 2004 and 2008 Olympic Games, 1998 and 2002 and 2006 Commonwealth Games and the past five World Athletics Championships.

He has also held the role of reporter/producer on Channel Seven programs Talking Footy, The Olympic Show and Sportsworld.

Culbert runs a sports media, promotion and marketing firm called Jump Media and has clients including Athletics Australia and the Australian Commonwealth Games Association.

He has worked on projects for Hockey Australia, the International Triathlon Union and Gymnastics Australia.

References

Profile

External links
Jump Media

1967 births
Living people
Australian male long jumpers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1990 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1994 Commonwealth Games
Olympic athletes for Australia
Athletes from Sydney
Australian Institute of Sport track and field athletes
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Australia
Medallists at the 1990 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1994 Commonwealth Games
Sportsmen from New South Wales

Dave Culbert


The Scaur Watter is a river that rises near Polskeoch in the Scaur Hills in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland.

It flowes fae its soorce near Sanchar in the Soothren Uplands an jynes the River Nith twa mile soothwast o Thornhill. The tot lenth is 19 mile. Durin its coorse it descends fae 1,640 fit tae 180 fit altitude, an forms pairt o the boond atween Tynron Pairish an Keir Pairish.

The Scaur Glen shaws several sculpturs bi Andy Goldsworthy, Bronze Age forts, an the glen is line't for muckle o its lenth wi birk forests an aik forests.

The river is weel kent for troot fishin an canoein, espeicially at the Glenmarlin Faws near Penpont. A local leegend tells o the ghaists o a horse an its rider that drount in a deep puil, kent colloquial as the Black Hole, at the bottom o the faws.

Rivers o Dumfries an Gallowa

Scaur Watter


The North and South Railway (N&S), now defunct, was an American railroad planned for construction between Casper, Wyoming and Miles City, Montana, via Sheridan, Wyoming.  Though substantial portions of the railroad's grade were completed in 1923, only the far southern end of the line was ever completed, and that trackage was abandoned in 1935.

History

During the first years of the twentieth century, residents of north-central Wyoming and south-central Montana advanced multiple proposals for the construction of a new railway line between Sheridan and Miles City.  The proposed route, which generally followed the course of the Tongue River, would access the vast and remote ranching country between the two towns and would provide Sheridan with a second railway outlet to the east.  (The city was already served by a mainline of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad.)

The N&S line to Salt Creek operated only until 1935 when it was abandoned.  Substantial evidence of the old railroad grade remains visible today, in both Wyoming and Montana.

The never-completed alignment of the N&S in Montana continues to receive attention as a possible rail corridor today – this time by the Tongue River Railroad, a proposed coal-hauling line between the Decker, Montana area and Miles City.

References

Defunct Montana railroads
Defunct Wyoming railroads
1923 establishments in Wyoming
1935 disestablishments in Wyoming

North and South Railway


A pink peppercorn (French: baie rose, "pink berry") is a dried berry referring to three different species; the traditional Baies rose plant Euonymus phellomanus, the shrub Schinus molle, commonly known as the Peruvian peppertree, and the Schinus terebinthifolia (the Brazilian pepper).

The pink peppercorn from the Baies rose plant (Euonymus phellomanus), is usually imported from Madagascar. As a result, they are expensive. Pink peppercorns are pungent and slightly sweet, but not nearly as flavorful as the true pepper. These berries were once banned by the Food and Drug Administration as a foodstuff, but are now considered safe for consumption. This seed is not to be confused with the Brazilian pepper berry (pink berry).

Although not related to commercial pepper (Piper nigrum) the pink/red berries of the Peruvian peppertree (Schinus molle), are sold as pink peppercorns and often blended with commercial pepper. Pink peppercorns came to be called such because they resemble peppercorns, and because they, too, have a peppery flavor.  As they are members of the cashew family, they may cause allergic reactions including anaphylaxis for people with a tree nut allergy. The fruit and leaves of Peruvian pepper are potentially poisonous to poultry, pigs and possibly calves.[3] Records also exist of young children who have experienced vomiting and diarrhea after eating the fruit.[3]

Dried berries from the related species Schinus terebinthifolia (the Brazilian pepper), are sometimes also called pink peppercorns (baies roses de Bourbon) and are used as a culinary spice. The Brazilian pepper was introduced as an ornamental plant to Florida by at latest 1891, probably earlier, where it has spread rapidly since about 1940, and eventually became invasive in the area where it is often referred to as "Florida Holly".

In 1982, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned the import of Brazilian peppercorns from France into the United States, asserting that people who eat the berries risk an array of acute symptoms, such as swollen eyelids and indigestion, similar to poison ivy. In response, the Government of France maintained that the berries are safe to eat if grown in prescribed conditions. The United States later lifted the ban.  Presently both species of the Schinus pink peppercorn lack "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) status with the FDA.

See also

 List of dried foods

References

Dried fruit
Peppers
Spices

Pink peppercorn


Rai 4 (pronounced Rai Quattro) is an Italian free-to-air television channel owned and operated by state-owned public broadcaster RAI. Launched on 14 July 2008 with the film Elephant, Rai 4 targets youths with films, TV series and anime.

History
Rai 4 was launched, after a countdown, on 14 July 2008 at 21:00 CEST with the broadcast of the film Elephant. In the starting phase, it mainly had cult TV series, and films, in addition to the "home runs" of L'Isola dei Famosi and X Factor (both programs on Rai 2).

The management was entrusted to Carlo Freccero from the launch date until 4 August 2013, followed by the interim of Luigi Gubitosi until mid-October.

Channel management was originally to be under RaiSat, who also took care of RaiSat-branded package channels exclusively for Sky Italia. Rai. The company was originally to manage the channel for three years, but due to the decision to close the company on 27 April 2010, the management of Rai 4 passed directly from RaiSat to Rai instead.

Since 2012, Rai 4 has offered some short news bulletins by the editorial staff of Rai News24.

Since June 2012, a second audio channel has been active on which the original audio of many of the films and series broadcast by the channel is available.

On 17 October 2013, the Rai board of directors decided to merge the channel under the management of Rai Gold.

Since 2014 it has broadcast both semifinals of the Eurovision Song Contest.

From 13 September 2015, Rai 4 became visible on the Sky Italia platform at position 104.

On 7 December 2015, Rai 4 launched a new afternoon slot dedicated to anime, in addition to the Thursday night space, after the experimentation with the anime company Dynit. With Sword Art Online and Steins;Gate already broadcast at night, this band is dedicated to the transmission of Fairy Tail, the first anime to be purchased and voiced directly by the channel.

As announced by Rai itself during the IV meeting with Tivùsat, Rai 4 started broadcasting in high definition on 22 January 2016 on channel 110 and on Sky Italia channel 104.

From 18 February 2016, the channel and the others belonging to the Rai Gold structure have been entrusted to Angelo Teodoli, former director of Rai 2.

The same year the sport debuts: it broadcasts the opening concert of Euro 2016 commented by Filippo Solibello and Marco Ardemagni (former ESC commentators) and the 27 games of which Rai has the rights with the commentary of Gialappa's band under the title Rai dire Europeans. Given the success of this experiment, the trio will comment on Italy's friendlies and qualifying matches for the 2018 FIFA World Cup under the title Rai dire Nazionale.

From 12 September 2016, Rai 4 changed the logo together with Rai 1, Rai 2, and Rai 3, and color, passing from magenta to purple.

From 19 September 2016, the high-definition version also lands on digital terrestrial, on the Mux 5.

The official speaker of the network is Massimo Lodolo.

From 8 to 14 July 2018, on the occasion of the channel's 10th anniversary, a special promo graphic was introduced, a contest in which birthday wishes can be made, and a new slogan: Ten years into the future. Furthermore, the hashtag # Rai4diecianni appears under the logo.

On 13 September 2018, following the non-renewal of the contract, the channel left the Sky Italia platform.

Logos and identities

Programming
A few programmes include:
 Battlestar Galactica
 Being Erica
 Beverly Hills, 90210
 Blossom
 Breaking Bad
 Charmed
 Doctor Who
 Dream On
 Eurovision Song Contest (Semi-Finals)
 Heroes
 Misfits
 NUMB3RS
 Once Upon a Time
 Primeval
 Private Practice
 Spider Riders
 Switched at Birth
 Two and a Half Men
 The Fresh Prince Of Bel-Air
 Underbelly

Anime
From 24 September 2009, Rai 4 has added several anime to its programming, mostly on Rai 1. The main appointment was immediately the space of Thursday night, which usually proposed two episodes of different series. There were also transmission spaces in the morning at the weekend, in which other works found space: in the first months they were located both on Saturday and Sunday morning, but from January 2010 they began to be used only on Sundays. The morning slot was last used in the 2013/2014 season. Finally, in the summer, replicas of products already broadcast were mainly proposed.

Starting on 7 December 2015, in addition to the Thursday evening slot, an afternoon slot was introduced designed for the transmission of Fairy Tail, the first anime purchased and dubbed directly by the channel. For the first weeks, the network offered reruns of two souls broadcast on Thursday night (Sword Art Online and Steins;Gate), with the aim of making the band known to the public, and then continuing, from 11 January 2016, with the broadcasting of Fairy Tail, with the double episode: to be precise, the first is the replica of the second episode of the previous day, while the second is the new episode. There are also almost always reruns of the latest episodes broadcast early in the morning and at night. However, from June 2016 Fairy Tail was moved to nighttime, and on 4 August 2016, the series was definitively suspended after the broadcast of episode 149. This maneuver, combined with the failure to confirm the time slot on Thursday evening, marked up to today the end of the programming of anime on the channel.

Below is the list of anime series broadcast by Rai 4 from 2009 to 2016: all of these were purchased, dubbed, and distributed by home video distribution companies, which granted a broadcast license to the channel.
 Anohana: The Flower We Saw That Day
 Aria
 Attack of Titan  Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion Den-noh Coil Eureka Seven Ergo Proxy  Fairy Tail  (The only anime to have been purchased and dubbed directly by the channel).
 The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya Love Com Puella Magi Madoka Magica Penguindrum Nana Noein: To Your Other Self Planetes Psycho-Pass Romeo × Juliet Gurren Lagann Soul Eater Special A Steins;Gate Sword Art Online Toradora! Tokyo Magnitude 8.0 Welcome to the N.H.K.''

References

External links
 Official website

Italian-language television stations
Television channels and stations established in 2008
4
Movie channels
Classic television networks

Rai 4


Thelma Pearl Howard (June 26, 1914 - June 10, 1994) was the housekeeper and cook to Walt Disney and his family in their Holmby Hills home for thirty years, 1951–1981.  She grew up in Idaho, trained as a stenographer in Spokane, Washington, then moved to California in 1931. There she worked in office jobs and as a house cleaner.

As his housekeeper, Howard reportedly gained Disney's respect and friendship and "was accepted fully as a part of the Disney family."  Disney gave her shares in his movie studio as Christmas and birthday presents, which she never sold. Her estate was over $9 million, which was divided equally between her son and the Thelma Pearl Howard Foundation.  The foundation supports educational programs in the arts, such as dance, music, visual arts and dramatic arts, for children in preschool through eighth grade in Los Angeles County.  It is run by the California Community Foundation.

References

Walt Disney
American chefs
1914 births
1994 deaths
People from Idaho
People from Spokane, Washington
People from Los Angeles

Thelma Howard


South Tyneside Youth Orchestra (STYO), now known as 'South Tyneside Orchestra' is an orchestra based in South Tyneside in the North East of England. It consists of over 40 amateur musicians, many ex pupils of the South Tyneside Music Service.

The orchestra, and other ensembles from South Tyneside Music Service, were the first LEA Music Service to showcase talent at the then new Sage Gateshead. They have also performed at other notable venues in the North East such as Newcastle City Hall, The Sunderland Empire Theatre and The Customs House, South Shields.

Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside
English youth orchestras
Music in Tyne and Wear

South Tyneside Youth Orchestra


Michael Mendoza is a former American football quarterback who played one season with the Los Angeles Cobras of the Arena Football League. He first enrolled at Los Angeles Harbor College before transferring to Northern Arizona University. He attended Bishop Montgomery High School in Torrance, California. Mendoza was also a member of the Oakland Raiders and Ottawa Rough Riders.

Early years
Mendoza played high school football at Bishop Montgomery High School and was named the offensive player of the year in the Angelus League in 1981.

College career
Mendoza played his first two seasons of college football for the Los Angeles Harbor Seahawks of Los Angeles Harbor College. He led the Seahawks to two Southern California Athletic Conference titles and a pair of post-season bowl berths. He then transferred to Northern Arizona University in 1983 to play for the Northern Arizona Lumberjacks and was named the Big Sky Conference's Newcomer of the Year. Mendoza completed 453 of 769 passes for 4,882 yards and 29 touchdowns during his two seasons as a starter at Northern Arizona.  While attending NAU he was a member of Sigma Pi fraternity.

Professional career

Mendoza spent time with the Oakland Raiders during training camp in 1985 after passing up an offer to play for the Denver Gold of the USFL. However, he was released before appearing in any preseason games.

Mendoza was a member of the Ottawa Rough Riders for a week before being released by the team on May 20, 1986.

Mendoza signed with the Los Angeles Cobras on June 9, 1988. He was placed on the team's taxi squad for his first game as a member of the Cobras on June 10 against the Detroit Drive. He was promoted to the active roster on June 23, 1988. Mendoza passed for 269 yards and four touchdowns in relief of starting quarterback Matt Stevens in a 37–37 tie against the Chicago Bruisers on July 14, 1988. Michael threw a 15-yard touchdown to Joe Kelly with 11 seconds left in regulation to tie the game. The Cobras' Nick Mike-Mayer then missed a 31-yard field goal with 46 seconds remaining in overtime. Mendoza appeared in the 1989 movie Kinjite: Forbidden Subjects as the movie contains a scene that is filmed during a live game between the Cobras and Bruisers. His name is audibly mentioned by the game's public address announcer. Michael worked as a loan representative prior to signing with the Cobras.

References

External links
Just Sports Stats

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American football quarterbacks
Canadian football quarterbacks
Players of Canadian football from California
Los Angeles Harbor Seahawks football players
Northern Arizona Lumberjacks football players
Oakland Raiders players
Ottawa Rough Riders players
Los Angeles Cobras players
Players of American football from Torrance, California
Los Angeles Harbor College alumni
Bishop Montgomery High School alumni

Michael Mendoza


Jerome Walman is an American composer and certified instructor of the Schillinger System of Musical Composition.  He studied at Boston University, Juilliard School of Music, Berklee School of Music, and at New York University (where he studied under Rudolph Schramm).   Walman is one of the last certified of instructors of the Schillinger System.  He was actively involved with Lehman Engel's BMI Musical Theater Workshop, where many of his works were performed in concert.

Walman has been produced on and off Broadway and in regional theatre.  Two of his compositions, a string quartet and a wind quintet, have been performed at Carnegie Hall.  He developed the Walman Method, which includes musical composition, lyrics and book writing for theater, musical and cinema. He is the composer of the musical Moments: A Musical Interpretation, a four character musical based on the work of Henry James; and Washington Square, a five-character chamber opera orchestrated by Robert Russell Bennett, starring Biff Mcguire, Jeannie Carson, Hurd Hatfield and directed by Davey Marlin Jones.Performed at The Washington Theater Club, a resident professional theater in Washington, D.C. from 1960 to 1974. Founded as a summer company (this organization developed into a successful regional theater dedicated to the production of new and unknown plays. During its most successful years, under the leadership of Davey Marlin-Jones, this theater produced the early works of Lanford Wilson, Oliver Hailey, and Arthur Laurents, and won the Margo Jones award for its contributions to the American theater).

Walman's other works include I Murdered Mary Finch, From The Street, two operas, several one-act plays and Last Call.

Walman specializes in "The Great American Songbook" and theatre musicals, cabaret material and scores for cinema.  He is retired.

References

Living people
American male composers
21st-century American composers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Boston University alumni
Berklee College of Music alumni
Juilliard School alumni
New York University alumni
21st-century American male musicians

Jerome Walman


The Bog Garden is a nature preserve, botanical garden, and city park located at 1101 Hobbs Road, Greensboro, North Carolina. It is open daily; admission is free.

Originally part of Starmount Farms, the land that comprises the park was donated to the City of Greensboro Parks and Recreation department by the Starmount Company in 1987. A local primary care physician, Dr. Joe Christian, took interest in the area and worked with city staff, volunteers, and local nurseries to plan and rehabilitate the park into an example of a wetland environment using plants native to the area. In 2005, a 150-foot man-made waterfall was installed in the park, and dedicated in "Dr. Joe's" memory in 2007.

The garden features a bog and lake that may be viewed from a half-mile long elevated boardwalk. Its plants include indigenous vegetation, with individually labeled trees, shrubs, ferns, and bamboo, as well as wildflowers and wild roses. The site is also a haven for native and migratory birds.

See also
List of botanical gardens in the United States

External links
The Bog Garden at Benjamin Park

References

Bogs of North Carolina
Botanical gardens in North Carolina
Protected areas of Guilford County, North Carolina
Wetlands of North Carolina
Geography of Greensboro, North Carolina
Tourist attractions in Greensboro, North Carolina
Landforms of Guilford County, North Carolina

The Bog Garden


Jane Anger was an English author of the sixteenth century and the first woman to publish a full-length defence of her sex in English. The title of her defense, Jane Anger Her Protection For Women was published in 1589. In the late sixteenth century, it was rare for women to write and publish on secular, or non-religious themes. It was also rare for women to argue against male supremacy.

Life and career

Scholars know virtually nothing about Jane Anger's life. Jane Anger is known only as the writer of the pamphlet, Jane Anger Protection for Women (1589). There was more than one Jane Anger living in England at the time, however, none of them have been identified as the writer of the pamphlet." According to Moira Ferguson, the history of surnames for this period suggest that her surname was probably derived from the Anglicized French "Anjou",. Anne Prescott argues that," presumably, the Jo. Anger, whose poem on the author appears at the end of the volume, was a relative or spouse. Others have suggested that "Jane Anger" was the pseudonym of a male writer. Other evidence suggests that Jane Anger may be a real woman, not a "ventriloquising man," and her work breaks free from gender limitations. In The Crooked Rib, Francis Lee Utley argues that the anonymous poem, "ye are to yong to bring me in: An old lover to a young gentlewoman" might have provoked Anger's sharp defense."

Work

The pamphlet defends women and makes serious claims regarding female's authorship. For the first time, her text brought a distinctive new voice to English writing, which emphasized the voice of female anger. By developing this innovation, she "transformed the idea of masculine models of composition to invent a female writing style to suite to her enterprise." Some modern commentators argue that, "Anger deliberately reworks her opponent's misogynist ideas to establish a direct feminine perspective that goes beyond the querelle frameworks." Since Jane Anger was the first major female polemicist in English, there is no doubt that Anger shows the interest and value in the creation of feminist consciousness, because in the Middle Ages, the feminist polemic was a favourite topic for academic disputation. Jane Anger's pamphlet, Her Protection of Women, (1589) was a response to the male-authored text of Thomas Orwin, Book His Surfeit in Love. Pamela Joseph Benson argues that, "the Protection remains undifferentiated from other interventions in the querelle because it relies largely on the traditional issue of sexual behaviour to evaluate woman's moral nature." Anger's arguments are a compilation of allusions, sayings, and some examples that match to those in the Book his Surfeit. She exposes the mono-gendered basis of the Surfeiter's "objective" or "natural" assertions. Anger's text responds to the male-dominated rhetoric of the female gender, passionately defends and attacks the male writes' complaint stating that he is "surfeit", or "sick with sensual indulgence of women."  Through defending her intervention in the debate, she constantly touches the reader's awareness that women were not confident enough to express their own opinions or "masculine" emotions. Her pamphlet opens with a critique of masculine rhetorical practices, especially paying an attention to their overemphasis on "manner" over "matter." She immediately targets a contradiction between the high value male writers, who place women as a stimulus to their creativity and the decline of women. She touches the notion of the mythmaking that accompanies men's claims to inspiration: "If they may one encroach so far into our presence as they may but see the lining of our outermost garment, they straight think that Apollo honours them." She describes the details of how men's ignorance of women allow them to misread women's behaviours, particularly, in regard to sex, she writes: "If we will not suffer them to smell on our smocks, they will snatch at our petticoats; but if our honest natures cannot away with that uncivil kind of jesting, then we are coy. Yet if w bear with their rudeness and be somewhat modestly familiar with them, they will straight make matter of nothing, blazing abroad that they have surfeited with love, and …telling the manner how." Jane Anger describes her work as "that which my chooloricke vaine hath rashly set downe…it was ANGER that did write it." The first "epistle" is devoted to Gentlewomen making an apology for a female's choleric directness. In the second "epistle" she blames "railing" male speech:
Fie on the falshoode of men, whose minds goe off a madding, & whose tongues can not so soone be wagging, but straight they fal a railing...shall not Anger stretch the vaines of her braines, the stringes of her fingers, and the listes of her modestie, to answere theire Surfeitings: Yes truly.
Then, using the Surfeiter's own vein, she uses the comic potential in the discourse, which enables her readers to laugh at her, as well as at the Surfeiter. Thus, "it confirms the misogynist reading of women who speak out as shrewish." She uses a female speech as comically baffling and witty in its echoes of logical and scholastic discourse:

Give me leave like a scoller to prove our wisdom more excellent then theirs, hough I never knew what sophistry ment. There is no wisdom but it comes by grace, this is a principles & Contra principium non est disputandum: but grace was first given to a woman, because to our lady: which premises conclude that women are wise. Now Primus est optimum, & therefore, women are wiser then men. That we are more witty which comes by nature, it connot better be proved, then that by our answers, men are often driven to Non plus.
Importantly, Anger repeatedly points out that men continue to misinterpret women because male writers "assume" that women are not capable of entering the male sphere of the printed word to challenge them: "their slanderous tongues are so short, that the time wherein they have lavished out their words freely hath been so long, and they know we cannot catch hold of them to pull them out, and they think we will not write to reprove their lying lips." Anger tries to answer some general male charges against the looseness of women's moral, arguing that men's own "filthy lust" causes them to "invent" an idea of women's lascivious nature. Above all, as the counter argument to the Surfeiter's account that women seduce men only to make the men's lives miserable, Anger proposes her own story. According to Anger's view of courtship: that men prey on women, "If we clothe ourselves in sackcloth, and truss up our hair in dishclouts, Venerians will nevertheless pursue their pastime. If we hide our breasts, it must be with leather, for no cloth can keep their long nails out off our bosoms." Anger's way of caricaturing the Surfeiter allowed her to produce an imaginative and unique piece of writing. At the end of her pamphlet, though Anger blames the Surfeiter for his views, she admits the fact that she had the pleasure using his style. Anger's work is full of misogynist materials, which were circulating in popular prose romances of her time, including some of Greene's and John Lyly's works. Scholars have their own interpretations whether she should be called "feminist," "protofeminist," or "prowoman," but her work definitely opened up a new possibility for women writers of the sixteenth century.

A sample from Jane Anger's Her Protection for Women

Fie on the falsehood of men, whose minds go oft a –madding and whose tongues cannot so soon be wagging but straight they fall a-railing. Was there ever any so abused, so slandered, so railed upon, or so wickedly handled undeservedly, as are we women? Will the gods permit it, the goddesses stay their punishing judgements, and we ourselves not pursue their undoings for such devilish practices? O Paul's steeple and Charing Cross!

Historical context

There was a lack of formal educational institutions for girls during the early modern times, but it did not prevent some early modern women from acquiring their reading and writing skills. Laura Knoppers suggests that informal education for girls took place in multiple spaces and ways. The early women writers used three handwriting styles: italic, secretary, and mixed. The writing process was linked with the reading of the books. Because many books were expensive, some women personally copied them and made their own writing in the margins of a book. Throughout the early modern period, many women tend to choose manuscript writings and circulation for their diaries, travelling journals, recipe books, religious and personal devotional writing, and miscellanies. Knoppers argues that miscellanies writings include women's authorship and response to texts. Some early feminist studies suggest that women's writing process began in the home, because in the early modern period, their homes were considered to be a place of work and business. Importantly, Knoppers argues that, "architectural spaces within the household as well as such places as the royal courts, churches and law courts generated and shaped women's writing." In the early modern period, most of the educational spaces for girls were found within the household, which helped women to be engaged in writing about cookery, carving, and needlework. Many women writers' voice openly show their support for gender and class hierarchies. A gender issue was a primary motive for women's writing, which included politics, religion, class, ethnicity, and practical affairs. As Jane Anger, many women writers wrote to defend themselves and their reputations through legal contexts and various domestic forms of life-writing. The reasons for their writing were various, many women writers wrote for themselves, on behalf of and to their family members, or simply for devotional purposes. Despite the fact that education was not available for early modern women, they were able to find multiple ways of writing and of circulating their work.

References

General references

Further reading

External links
Bibliography

Jane Anger: Her Protection for Women to defend them against the scandalous reports of a late surfeiting Lover, and all other like Venerians that complain so to be overjoyed with women's kindness, Written by Jane Anger, Gentlewoman at London, Printed by Richard Lone, and Thomas Orwin, 1589 (A Celebration of Women Writers)

English feminist writers
16th-century English women writers
16th-century English writers
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown
English feminists
English activists
English women activists
British women's rights activists

Jane Anger


The 1998 Sugar Bowl was played on January 1, 1998. This 64th edition to the Sugar Bowl featured the Ohio State Buckeyes, and the Florida State Seminoles. Ohio State entered the game ranked number 10 in the nation at 10–2, whereas Florida State was ranked at fourth in the nation with a 10–1 mark.

Ohio State scored the first points of the contest with a 40-yard field goal from kicker Dan Stultz, giving the Buckeyes an early 3–0 lead. Later in the first quarter, quarterback Thad Busby threw a 27-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver E. G. Green, giving the Seminoles a 7–3 lead. In the second quarter, Busby scored on a 9-yard touchdown run increasing the Seminole lead to 14–3.

William McCray also scored for the Seminoles, pounding it in from one yard out, to increase Florida State's lead to 21–3 at halftime. Stultz kicked his second field goal of the game, cutting the margin to 21–6. Ohio State later got a safety on Florida State pulling them within 21–8. Early in the fourth quarter, Sebastian Janikowski kicked a 35-yard field goal, increasing Florida State's lead to 24–8. Quarterback Joe Germaine threw a 50-yard touchdown pass to John Lumpkin. The ensuing two-point conversion failed, and the score was 24–14. Florida State capped the scoring with a one-yard touchdown run from McCray, making the final margin 31–14.

This was another Sugar Bowl appearance for Bobby Bowden and his 'Noles, who would appear in five of them over a nine-year span (3-2). FSU was in the midst of an all-time dominant run that we have arguably never seen before. FSU finished in the final top 4 of the AP and or Coaches Poll in every season from 1987-2000. This was the 11th season in a row in which we saw FSU finish near atop the polls. Ohio State would get back to the Sugar Bowl the following season and win their matchup against Texas A&M. The Buckeyes would end up finishing second in the final polls, one spot ahead of FSU, who lost in the inaugural BCS national championship game against Tennessee.

References

External links
 USA Today recap of the game

Sugar Bowl
Sugar Bowl
Florida State Seminoles football bowl games
Ohio State Buckeyes football bowl games
Bowl Alliance
January 1998 sports events in the United States
1998 in sports in Louisiana
1990s in New Orleans

1998 Sugar Bowl


Water table is the term for the upper surface of the zone of saturation. The zone of saturation is where the pores and fractures of the ground are saturated with groundwater, which may be fresh, saline, or brackish, depending on the locality. It can also be simply explained as the depth below which the ground is saturated.

The water table is the surface where the water pressure head is equal to the atmospheric pressure (where gauge pressure = 0).  It may be visualized as the "surface" of the subsurface materials that are saturated with groundwater in a given vicinity.

The groundwater may be from precipitation or from groundwater flowing into the aquifer. In areas with sufficient precipitation, water infiltrates through pore spaces in the soil, passing through the unsaturated zone. At increasing depths, water fills in more of the pore spaces in the soils, until a zone of saturation is reached. Below the water table, in the phreatic zone (zone of saturation), layers of permeable rock that yield groundwater are called aquifers. In less permeable soils, such as tight bedrock formations and historic lakebed deposits, the water table may be more difficult to define.

The terms "water table" and should not be confused with the "water level" are not synonymous, as in a deeper well. If a deeper aquifer has a lower permeable unit that confines the upward flow, then the water level in this aquifer may rise to a level that is greater or less than the elevation of the actual water table. The elevation of the water in this deeper well is dependent upon the pressure in the deeper aquifer and is referred to as the potentiometric surface, not the water table.

Form
The  water table may vary due to seasonal changes such as precipitation and evapotranspiration. In undeveloped regions with permeable soils that receive sufficient amounts of precipitation, the water table typically slopes toward rivers that act to drain the groundwater away and release the pressure in the aquifer. Springs, rivers, lakes and oases occur when the water table reaches the surface. Groundwater entering rivers and lakes accounts for the base-flow water levels in water bodies.

Surface topography
Within an aquifer, the water table is rarely horizontal, but reflects the surface relief due to the capillary effect (capillary fringe) in soils, sediments and other porous media. In the aquifer, groundwater flows from points of higher pressure to points of lower pressure, and the direction of groundwater flow typically has both a horizontal and a vertical component. The slope of the water table is known as the "hydraulic gradient", which depends on the rate at which water is added to and removed from the aquifer and the permeability of the material. The water table does not always mimic the topography due to variations in the underlying geological structure (e.g., folded, faulted, fractured bedrock).

Perched water tables
A perched water table (or perched aquifer) is an aquifer that occurs above the regional water table. This occurs when there is an impermeable layer of rock or sediment (aquiclude) or relatively impermeable layer (aquitard) above the main water table/aquifer but below the land surface. If a perched aquifer's flow intersects the surface, at a valley wall, for example, the water is discharged as a spring.

Fluctuations

Tidal
On low-lying oceanic islands with porous soil, freshwater tends to collect in lenticular pools on top of the denser seawater intruding from the sides of the islands. Such an island's freshwater lens, and thus the water table, rises and falls with the tides.

Seasonal
In some regions, for example, Great Britain or California, winter precipitation is often higher than summer precipitation and so the groundwater storage is not fully recharged in summer. Consequently, the water table is lower during the summer. This disparity between the level of the winter and summer water table is known as the "zone of intermittent saturation", wherein the water table will fluctuate in response to climatic conditions.

Long-term
Fossil water is groundwater that has remained in an aquifer for several millennia and occurs mainly in deserts. It is non-renewable by present-day rainfall due to its depth below the surface, and any extraction causes a permanent change in the water table in such regions.

Effects on crop yield

Most crops need a water table at a minimum depth. For some important food and fiber crops a classification was made because at shallower depths the crop suffers a yield decline.

(Where DWT = depth to water table in centimetres)

Effects on construction

A water table close to the surface affects excavation, drainage, foundations, wells and leach fields (in areas without municipal water and sanitation), and more.

When excavation occurs near enough to the water table to reach its capillary action, groundwater must be removed during construction. This is conspicuous in Berlin, which is built on sandy, marshy ground, and the water table is generally 2 meters below the surface. Pink and blue pipes can often be seen carrying groundwater from construction sites into the Spree river (or canals).

See also

References

Aquifers
Hydrology
Hydrogeology
Irrigation
Water supply
Water and the environment
Karst

Water table


The National Lift Tower (previously called the Express Lift Tower) is a lift-testing tower built by the Express Lift Company (a lifts division of the General Electric Company (GEC)) off Weedon Road in Northampton, England. The structure was commissioned in 1978 with construction commencing in 1980, and was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 12 November 1982. It has been a Grade II Listed Building since 1997.

The tower can be viewed from Arbury Hill, the highest point in Northamptonshire.

Background

The site
The tower is in St James End, west of Northampton town centre. The area is named after Northampton Abbey, an Augustinian monastery dedicated to St James, which was founded in 1104–05. When the former Express Lift factory, which included the lift-testing tower, was redeveloped for housing in 1999–2000, excavations were carried out to determine the location and remains of any parts of the abbey. A cemetery of  burials was excavated during winter 2000–01. The bones were analysed to determine the health and burial practices in the late-medieval population of Northampton.

Construction
Designed by architect Maurice Walton of Stimpson Walton Bond, the tower is  tall,  in diameter at the base and tapers to  at the top. The only lift-testing tower in Britain, and one of only two in Europe, it was granted Grade II listed building status on 30 October 1997, making it the youngest listed building in the UK at the time. The building's small, obround shaped windows were a design motif of the Express Lift Company, whose lift control panels featured control buttons and floor indicators of the same shape.

In January 1997, the tower fell out of use after Express was taken over by Otis (who typically used its test facilities in the United States). In 1999, the tower and surrounding land was sold to Wilcon Homes for development.

From the time it was built, one shaft was specifically used by the British Standards Institution (BSI) for type testing of lift safety components at the time under the BS 5655 and BS EN81 standards. Safety Gear testing involved putting the lift cars (frame) into free fall conditions with rated mass at tripping speeds as required by the designers of the safety gear to ensure the lift cars decelerated and stopped within the requirements of the standard. Buffer testing involved impacting them with the maximum and minimum mass at tripping speeds to ensure decelerations were within that requirement by the standard in both cases the aim was to ensure if the lift ever went into free fall or uncontrolled downward movement the safety components stopped the lift without causing any serious injury to the occupant. BSI ceased using the test tower soon after the site was acquired for housing in 1997–98.

The building is now privately owned and has been renamed the National Lift Tower. Following extensive renovation and repairs, the tower was re-opened for business in October 2009. The tower is used by lift companies for research, development, testing and marketing. As well as being a resource for the lift industry, the building is also available to companies requiring tall vertical spaces, for example companies wishing to test working-at-height safety devices.

There are six lift shafts of varying heights and speeds, including a high speed shaft with a travel of  and a theoretical maximum speed of .

The tower's renovation was officially completed in July 2010. Further building work was planned with planning permission being sought to build a visitor's centre incorporating a 100-seater auditorium and cafe. However, permission for this structure was denied by Northampton Borough Council in March 2012.

Abseiling at the tower has been going on since May 2011 with over £140,000 having been raised for charity in the period to May 2012. Northampton Borough Council has now granted approval for it to be used up to 24 times a year for abseiling.

As of 2015, the tower is being used as the world's tallest drainage-testing facility.

Radiocommunications
The tower now houses a transmitter on the top of it, for broadcasting community radio station Revolution Radio on FM 96.1 Mhz, which launched on Saturday 12th June 2021.

Mentions

 The tower featured prominently in a 1993 episode of the Channel 4 educational programme The Secret Life of Machines (Series 3, Episode 1), in which Tim Hunkin demonstrates the operation of the high speed lift in the tower.
 The tower was lampooned by broadcaster Terry Wogan as the "Northampton lighthouse". He wrote a section of the book, Icons of Northamptonshire (2014) about it.
 The local paper Northampton Chronicle and Echo published an article for April Fools' Day 2008, claiming that the lift tower would be pulled down. Comments were made on the paper's website regarding the lack of respect of the local council for not publicly announcing it. Another April Fools' Day story in the same paper suggested the tower would be redeveloped as a mooring station for airships.
 The Lift Tower is featured in the science fiction novel Time to Repair by Mark Gallard.

See also
List of towers
 Express Lifts history booklet from 1982 includes internal diagrams of the tower

References

External links
 Official Website
 Abseiling at the tower website
 BBC Legacies: Northampton's "Lighthouse"
 Architectural details
 Risky Buildings: Express Lift Tower
 BBC: 360 degree panorama from tower
 Wilcon Homes Limited
  Northampton lift tower back on the up and up...
  Northampton lift tower set for new lease of life
  New name for Northampton's lift tower
 British Standards Institution (BSI)

Towers in Northamptonshire
Grade II listed buildings in Northamptonshire
Towers completed in 1982
Elevators
1982 establishments in England
Elevator test towers

National Lift Tower


Bangladesh Television Chattogram or Bangladesh Television Chittagong, branded on-air as BTV Chittagong or BTV Chattogram, sometimes known as CTV, is a BTV-affiliated television station broadcast from Chittagong, serving southeastern Bangladesh. It is the network's first and currently the only regional television station. It was launched in 1996 and initially broadcast for one and a half hour, but the broadcast schedule significantly increased over time. It broadcasts on a full-day basis daily on both terrestrial and satellite television. BTV Chittagong started broadcasting on satellite television in 2016. It is also a nationwide terrestrial television station along with BTV Dhaka and Sangsad Television, as it reaches 75% of the area of Bangladesh terrestrially.

History

Initial broadcasts (1996–2016)
On 19 December 1996, Sheikh Hasina, the prime minister of Bangladesh, inaugurated the first regional television station of Bangladesh Television in Chittagong, with financial and technical support from the Government of France. It only broadcast for one and a half hour at the time, within a 40 km limit via terrestrial television. BTV Chittagong was operated via a syndicate, and had acquired programs, which were subsequently broadcast on the station. It was also reported that the same artists have constantly been shown on the station. Celebrities have urged the station's authorities to increase its daily schedule to properly showcase the culture, heritage, and the history of the Chittagong region. The authorities of BTV Chittagong was also accused of mismanagement, leading the station to be in disarray. The station's broadcast timing was later extended to two hours a day, and later to three hours.

In January 2009, BTV Chittagong filed a general diary against Ekushey Television for illegally using terrestrial signals for broadcasting in Chittagong, even after the government of Bangladesh ruled that only Bangladesh Television-affiliated stations can broadcast on terrestrial television in Bangladesh. Local police in the city later shut the terrestrial broadcasts on 6 January. Discussions for increasing BTV Chittagong's broadcast schedule took place in 2013, as an objective for the station to broadcast for twenty-four hours. For this, a project costing BDT 440 million had to be initiated.

Satellite era
On 28 September 2016, BTV Chittagong began experimental broadcasts via satellite television on a four-hour basis. It was later extended to six hours on 31 December 2016. This transmission was also broadcast to 60 countries worldwide. BTV Chittagong also debuted on cable television. On 13 April 2019, BTV Chittagong began broadcasting for nine hours on a daily basis, and also commenced transmissions via the Bangabandhu-1 satellite on 1 July 2019. Its broadcast time was later extended to twelve hours in December 2019.

In September 2020, a  tall tower of BTV Chittagong was built. Twelve satellite and cable channels and two terrestrial channels can be operated using the tower, and on 3 September, the transmissions of BTV Chittagong, BTV Dhaka, Sangsad Television, and BTV World were commenced using the tower. On 19 December 2020, BTV Chittagong began airing English-language news programming.

On 10 January 2021, BTV Chittagong commenced transmissions for eighteen hours, which is identical to the broadcast timing of BTV Dhaka. In May 2021, BTV Chittagong was made available for streaming worldwide in the newly launched BTV app. On 17 June 2021, BTV Chittagong broadcast its first national debate. On 7 August 2021, the station broadcast live from its studios for the first time. On 19 December 2021, on its 25th anniversary, the station began broadcasting on a full day basis.

On 29 January 2022, BTV Chittagong's former controller and program manager, Mahfuza Akhter, was appointed as BTV Chittagong's new general manager, replacing Nitai Kumar Bhattacharya. On the same day, a Bangabandhu Corner dedicated to the founding father of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, was inaugurated at the headquarters of BTV Chittagong. In observance of Eid al-Fitr 2022, the station broadcast the self-produced Anandamela. In May 2022, the Government of Bangladesh ordered the broadcast of BTV Chittagong, along with its sisters, in airports across the country. On 12 January 2023, Mahfuza Akhter resigned from her position and is succeeded by Nur Anwar Hossain Ranju.

Programming

BTV Chittagong broadcasts local programming, and also programming dedicated to the indigenous peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Its programming line primarily consists of news, music, entertainment, and talk shows. It also plays an important role in promoting the culture of the Chittagong region and developing its tourism sector.

Broadcast time changes

Notes

References

Bangladesh Television
Public television in Bangladesh
1996 establishments in Bangladesh
Television channels and stations established in 1996
Television in Bangladesh
Mass media in Chittagong
Television channels in Bangladesh
Entertainment venues in Chittagong

BTV Chittagong


USS Voyager (NCC-74656) is the fictional Intrepid-class starship which is the primary setting of the science fiction television series Star Trek: Voyager. It is commanded by Captain Kathryn Janeway. Voyager was designed by Star Trek: Voyager production designer Richard D. James and illustrator Rick Sternbach. Most of the ship's on-screen appearances are computer-generated imagery (CGI), although models were also sometimes used. The ship's motto, as engraved on its dedication plaque, is a quote from the poem "Locksley Hall" by Alfred, Lord Tennyson: "For I dipt in to the future, far as human eye could see; Saw the vision of the world, and all the wonder that would be."

The Voyager made its television debut in January 1995 in "Caretaker", the most expensive pilot in television history, reportedly costing $23 million. In addition to its namesake television show, the spacecraft appeared in the computer game Star Trek: Voyager Elite Force (2000). The spacecraft design was also used for Star Trek: The Experience, a theme park in Las Vegas from 1998 to 2008, and as album art.

Concept and design
Rick Sternbach, who designed the Borg cube for The Next Generation, and Richard James collaborated over several months to design the USS Voyager. Sternbach started work on the new design in the fall of 1993 when the new series was announced. By the spring of 1994, the design had started to mature, and was smaller than The Next Generation Enterprise-D with features like the ability to land on a planet's surface. The interior design focused on the bridge, which set the tone for the rest of ship. Throughout the design process, the main goal was to make it new and appealing while still holding in part to the same familiar design.

Voyager special effect shots were done with both miniatures and CGI. The miniature shots of the Voyager model were used as a benchmark to improve the CGI shots. Two different computer models were developed from the physical model by two different companies that scanned it, Amblin Imaging and Foundation Imaging. Amblin won an Emmy for Voyager opening CGI title visuals featuring USS Voyager passing through space, but the weekly episode exteriors were captured with hand-built miniatures of Voyager. By late 1996 (midway through season three), certain exterior shots were fully CGI. Another challenge of the design was coordinating the interior set design with exterior shots, in particular the location of key rooms and the design of windows. These were important, for example, in shots that crossed over from outside the spacecraft to inside the spacecraft in one filming shot.

The principal model of Voyager used for filming sold at a Christie's auction in 2006 for USD $132,000.

Mission
Voyager was launched in 2371. The crew's first orders were to track down a Maquis ship in the Badlands. An alien force called the Caretaker transported both Voyager and the Maquis vessel across 70,000 light-years to the Delta Quadrant, damaging Voyager and killing several crewmembers (including the medical staff, helm officer Stadi, first officer Cavit and the chief engineer). Voyager and the Maquis ship are ultimately stranded in the Delta Quadrant to prevent a genocide of the Ocampans, a species on a nearby planet under the Caretaker's protection from the Kazon, an antagonistic race native to the Delta Quadrant who seek the resources of the Ocampa. Captain Janeway orders the destruction of the device that could transport Voyager and the Maquis vessel home, thereby protecting the Ocampa. Stranded, and with the Maquis ship also destroyed, both crews integrate and work together for the anticipated 75-year journey home.

The intended crew complement was 141 Starfleet personnel, though it held 153 for its inaugural mission. This figure fluctuated during its time in the Delta Quadrant, gaining or losing count due to mishaps, adopted crew, births, and voluntary departures; they start the second year of their journey with 152 people on board, at one point during the fifth year of its journey, there were 150 people on board.

Starfleet Command eventually becomes aware of the ship's presence in the Delta Quadrant and is later able to establish regular communication. After a seven-year journey, during which the acquisition of new technologies and assistance from various allies had already enabled the ship to travel a distance that otherwise would have taken over thirty years, the ship returned to the Alpha Quadrant via a Borg transwarp conduit.

Voyager is seen briefly in the Star Trek: Picard third-season episode "The Bounty", out of commission and docked at Starfleet's Fleet Museum. The Federation starship USS Voyager NCC-74656-J appears for a couple of seconds in the Star Trek: Discovery third-season episode "Die Trying", indicating that an iteration of USS Voyager survived to at least the year 3189 (one year on from Michael Burnham's arrival in this time period).

Design and capabilities
The 15-deck (257 rooms), 700,000-metric-ton Voyager was built at the Utopia Planitia Fleet Yards and launched from Earth Station McKinley.

Voyager was equipped with 47 bio-neural gel packs and two holodecks. It was the first ship with a class-9 warp drive, allowing for a maximum sustainable speed of Warp 9.975. Variable geometry pylons allowed Voyager and other Intrepid-class ships to exceed warp 5 without damaging subspace. Like the Galaxy Class, Voyager warp nacelles were below the primary hull. The ship also was capable of planetary landings. Unlike the Galaxy Class, the ship could not separate the saucer during an emergency. It instead would eject the warp core (as seen in the season 4 episode "Day of Honor" and the season 7 episode "Renaissance Man").

Voyager also had an Emergency Medical Hologram (EMH) programmed with a library of more than five million different medical treatments from 2,000 medical references and 47 physicians. The EMH gained the capability to leave the sickbay during the mission's third year, thanks to a 29th-century "mobile emitter".

The ship was initially equipped with 40 photon torpedoes with type VI warheads, two of which were equipped with tricobalt devices. Both tricobalt devices were used to destroy the Caretaker's array. Quantum torpedoes were also compatible with Voyager launchers, with some modifications. Voyager housed five standard torpedo launchers (two fore, two aft, one ventral) and was able to fire up to four torpedoes per launcher at once. In the final episode, an alternate future Kathryn Janeway equipped the ship with transphasic torpedoes and ablative hull armor.

During the years in the Delta Quadrant, the ship is augmented with custom, non-spec upgrades and modifications, some of which are modified from technology of other cultures, an example being Seven of Nine's alcoves and the Delta Flyer which both utilize modified Borg technology. Several pieces of technology from the future were also installed in the final episode, courtesy of Admiral Janeway who went back in time to bring Voyager home. Some of the adaptive solutions are to compensate for the disadvantages of being 70,000 light-years from port, such as the airponics bay and the transformation of the Captain's dining room to a galley, and the acquisition of enhancements from aliens in the Void that massively increases replicator efficiency.

Cargo bay 2 is equipped with several Borg alcoves when Captain Janeway forms an alliance with the Borg and several Borg are forced to work aboard Voyager during the alliance. Seven of Nine and Harry Kim build an astrometrics lab from scratch with Borg-enhanced sensors, knowledge of which Seven of Nine retained from the Borg. Additionally, the crew designed and built the Delta Flyer support craft at the behest of the character Tom Paris later in the series.

Shuttlecraft
An important shuttlecraft in many episodes, and operated from the USS Voyager, was a spacecraft called the Delta Flyer. The Delta Flyer was introduced in the Season 5 episode "Extreme Risk", and was designed and constructed by the crew in the context of the show. The design of the fictional spacecraft by the production staff and how it was presented in special effects has been written about in books about the franchise. The Delta Flyer was designed by illustrator Rich Sternbach, and exterior views were rendered by computer graphics by Foundation Imaging.

One of Voyagers shuttles, the Aeroshuttle, was integrated with the hull in the saucer section and although it was never used in an episode, the production team did develop special effects test footage of it disembarking. Voyager Aeroshuttle was intended as a warp-capable vessel that could also fly in atmospheres; the footage was made by CGI team leaders Rob Bonchune and Adam Lebowitz, along with the VFX producer Dan Curry. Two other craft, the Manta and Cochrane were also developed but the Manta was not used. Cochrane was used in Threshold for the purpose of reaching warp 10.

Presentations
In addition to its namesake television show, the spacecraft appeared in the computer game Star Trek: Voyager Elite Force (2000). The spacecraft design was also used for Star Trek: The Experience, a theme park in Las Vegas from 1998 to 2008, and as album art. The designs was shown on cover art for LaserDisc releases also.

In computer gaming
The Voyager design appeared in Star Trek: Voyager which originally aired on UPN network from 1995 to 2001, but was also used in a number of computer and video games in that period in various capacities. One was Star Trek: Voyager – Elite Force which came out in 2000. This was a computer game style known as a first-person shooter and received a positive reception by the gaming community at that time. Voyager Elite Force was ranked second out of ten of the best Star Trek games up to 2015. Its sequel was published in 2003. One game based on the show, Voyager (circa 1995), was cancelled but has been an influence on other games since.

Merchandise
The model-making company Revell released a plastic model of USS Voyager. Another pre-built offering was made of metal, and a reviewer praised the "swooshy" 'arrowhead' style of the design. The form of the design commonly appears in relation to Voyager merchandise, or elsewhere in places that make use of Star Trek franchise content; for example, a view of USS Voyager was shown as album art for a 4-CD music collection from the show released in 2017.

Production
In late October 1994, the USS Voyager model was delivered to Image G, who did the motion control photography video work with the model for the special effects shots for the upcoming launch of the Star Trek: Voyager television show. Image G also did the motion control photography for the Caretaker Array, as well as for the Maquis and Kazon vessels.

The main sets for the interior of the spacecraft were located at Stage 8 and Stage 9 at Paramount Studios.

One of the more complex sets for the spacecraft was the bridge of Voyager. The bridge of Voyager had 11 different monitors of three different sizes, that had custom graphics displayed depending on what was being shot for each scene. For a scene with the "red alert" setting, the appropriate video graphics would have to be displayed on cue. These graphics were created a by a team of people, with a need for both static and video graphics. Depending on the episode, custom graphics or video sequences would have to be made by a creative team. The videos were recorded to videocassette to be played at the right time, such as when an actor (e.g. Voyager crew) was looking at a monitor.

The ship's design and sets were also used in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Inter Arma Enim Silent Leges", this time as the USS Bellerophon, Voyagers sister ship.

See also
 Enterprise (NX-01) (Enterprise 2001–2005)
 USS Enterprise (NCC–1701) (Star Trek 1966–1969)
 USS Defiant (Deep Space Nine 1994–1999)

References

External links

 Designing the USS Voyager
  Designing the USS Voyager - By Rick Sternbach

Star Trek spacecraft
Bioships
Star Trek: Voyager

USS Voyager (Star Trek)