A duffel coat (also duffle coat) is a coat made from duffel cloth, designed with toggle-and-rope fastenings, patched pockets and a large hood. The name derives from Duffel, a town in the province of Antwerp in Belgium where the manufacturing process of this kind of fabric, a coarse, thick, woolen cloth originated. Duffel bags were originally made from the same material.

As the hood and toggle fastenings from Polish frocks proved popular, the frock spread across Europe by the 1850s. By 1890 a less sophisticated version was being supplied to the British Royal Navy, from various manufacturers. During World War II all British troops wore the coat, among them Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery and Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Sterling. After the war, the coats became available in England as government surplus stock and became popular, especially with students. In countries freed by British troops from Nazi-German occupation, wearing the coat also meant a tribute to all soldiers that fought in the war and a statement to civilian freedom.

Description
There are many variations of duffel coat. The basic British style features:
 Genuine double weave woollen duffel fabric, lined with a woolly tartan pattern, or plain in the military version.
 Three or, later, four front wooden or horn toggle and leather fastenings.
 Two large outside patch pockets, with covering flaps on post-war versions.
 Originally knee length; shorter on later versions.
 A buttonable neck strap.
 Bucket hood with press stud adjustment. Later versions feature a neater "pancake" hood.

The large toggles and long ropes from the army coats were designed to enable easily fastening and unfastening while wearing gloves in cold weather. Current designs often feature imitation plastic buffalo horn. The original hood was oversized to allow room for a Naval cap. Early versions of the coat were knee-length but later ones were shorter.

History

Toggle-and-rope fastenings are known since ancient times, among others in China. The Duffel cloth has been manufactured since about the 1450's in Belgium and since the 1550s in The Netherlands (Leiden).
The initial influence of what became the duffel coat, might have been the hooded Polish military frock coat, which was developed in the 1820s. It had the unusual features of a toggle closure and an integrated hood, and by 1850 had spread through Europe. In the 1850s, British outerwear manufacturer John Partridge developed the first version of the duffle coat.

In the 1890s the British Admiralty purchased the coat in quantity for the Royal Navy from multiple manufacturers, where it was referred to as the "convoy coat". The navy issued a camel-coloured variant during World War I, most probably also made from Melton wool.

The design of the coat was modified slightly and widely issued during World War II. It became known under the nickname "Monty coat".

Large post-war stocks of low-cost military surplus coats turned the duffel into a ubiquitous item of British civilian clothing in the 1950s and 1960s, especially among students. The firm Gloverall purchased large quantities, and in 1954 started producing their own version using leather fastenings and buffalo horn toggles with a double-faced check lining, and many other modern versions copy some or all of those features.

Today
Today, the duffel coat is often made of Melton cloth, as opposed to modern duffel cloth, which is a softer wool fabric with a distinct nap used for high-end coats and parkas.

In Italy as well as in Greece and The Netherlands, the duffel coat is called a Montgomery, or montycoat, after Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery, who often wore one during World War II.

In popular culture
British Major Calloway played by Trevor Howard in the 1949 movie The Third Man wears a standard issue Army duffel coat throughout the film.

In the Doctor Who serial The Curse of Fenric, the Seventh Doctor wears a tan duffle coat over his costume.

David Bowie wears the coat in the music video for "The Man Who Fell to Earth".

In the BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses, Buster Merryfield's character Uncle Albert is often seen wearing his duffle coat along with his signiture blue mariner's cap

In the BBC series Jonathan Creek, part of the titular character's signature look includes a duffle coat, which was from actor Alan Davies' own closet.

A blue duffle coat is one of the signature items in Paddington Bear's wardrobe, alongside a hat that is often depicted as red.

References

External links
Gentleman's Gazette, 3 January 2013: Duffle Coat History
Duffle Coat history by Gloverall

Coats (clothing)
Duffel
Waulked textiles

Duffel coat


Lewat Tengah Malam (literally Past Midnight) is a 1971 Indonesian film and the first feature-length production by director Sjumandjaja. Starring Rachmat Hidayat, Rima Melati, and Soekarno M. Noer, it follows a thief named Lono who steals from the corrupt to give to the poor. The film, which may have been influenced by The Thomas Crown Affair (1968), was reportedly very tiring for the director, who briefly considered never directing again. The social realist elements led to Suharto's New Order government keeping Sjumandjaja under surveillance.

Plot
Lono (Rachmat Hidayat) is a former revolutionary soldier who has become a criminal, recognised by the Alfa Romeo-produced car he drives. He robs the rich, corrupt government officials and gives the money to the poor, leaving a black glove at the scene of his crimes as a calling card. His elder brother Djoko (Soekarno M. Noer), however, is a police officer tasked with stopping Lono.

In his crimes Lono is supported by Sukma (Rima Melati), a law student whose father has been crippled in a staged hit-and-run accident for his work as an anti-corruption activist. As she falls in love with Lono, Sukma discovers his background and becomes increasingly understanding of Lono's motivations.

After Lono's final heist, a theft from a major corruptor named Ongko (Wim Umboh) in the capital city of Jakarta, he goes to his brother's house nearby. The two reminisce on old times until Djoko says that he must arrest Lono; the latter comes willingly. Sukma agrees to defend Lono in court.

Production
Sjumandjaja, who had previously written several screenplays and spent six years studying film in the Soviet Union, made his feature directorial debut with Lewat Tengah Malam. He also wrote the film's story. Sjumandjaja was reportedly often ill on set owing to the shooting happening late at night; on one occasion his wife, the ballerina Farida Utoyo, was called from a vacation in Bali to deal with her husband's illness.

Lewat Tengah Malam featured Rachmat Hidayat, Rima Melati, Soekarno M. Noor, Ismed M. Noor, Rahayu Effendi, Ishaq Iskandar, Farida Arriany, Aedy Moward, and Sjumandjaja in a bit role. Chan Pattimura of Allied Film of Indonesia produced, with Akin on camera. Ami Priyono served as artistic director, while Trisutji Djuliati Djulham provided the music. Lono's backstory was explored through flashbacks.

Themes
The Indonesian film critic Salim Said writes that, at the time of production, it was rumoured that only two Alfa Romeos had been imported into the country, suggesting that Lono was well-networked. Said also suggests that Sjumandjaja had "fallen in love" with Lono, through whom the director could romanticise his memories of the revolution. According to Said, Sjumandjaja did not wish to see the character imprisoned but felt compelled to do so as he viewed Indonesia as a country which recognised the rule of law. He suggests that Sjumandjaja may have been inspired by the 1968 Hollywood film The Thomas Crown Affair, while the character of Lono is reminiscent of Robin Hood.

Release and reception
Lewat Tengah Malam was released in 1971. Said wrote that it showed several technical flaws which were not in the (much stronger), screenplay; these included mistakes such as poor emoting in dialogue and a lack of focus on the supporting actors.

Owing in part to Sjumandjaja's frequent illnesses on set and his success with the screenplay for Pengantin Remadja (1971), the director reportedly considered leaving directing to focus on screenwriting. However, he later went on to direct more than a dozen films. Said suggests that a sense of "artificiality" which was found in Lewat Tengah Malam flashbacks continued to be present in the director's later films.

The social realism present in the film, a style which Sjumandjaja would keep for the rest of his career, led to Suharto's New Order government keeping the director under surveillance. The Indonesian film database filmindonesia.or.id, handled by the National Library of Indonesia and Sinematek, suggests that Lewat Tengah Malam remains one of Sjumandjaja's best films.

Footnotes

Works cited

External links

1971 directorial debut films
1971 films
Films directed by Sjumandjaja
Indonesian drama films

Lewat Tengah Malam


Karel Martens (born 1939) is a Dutch freelance graphic designer, specialized in typography

Biography
Martens was born in Mook en Middelaar in 1939 and graduated from the Arnhem Academy of Art and Industrial Arts of the Netherlands in 1961  where he studied fine arts. He did not study graphic design because it was not considered a career at the time and therefore, did not exist as its own course of study. In school he took many classes such as painting, sculpture making, illustration, and publicity. Today he is recognized as one of the most influential practitioners in graphic design.

He started teaching at ArtEZ in Arnhem in 1977. In 1998 he, along with Wigger Bierma, founded the Werkplaats Typografie, a renowned Masters course for typography in Arnhem, Netherlands. Martens's practice consists of designing and teaching. He is responsible for the design of architectural magazine OASE, in collaboration with current and former students. And he has designed books for publisher SUN in many varying formats. His work has also included designing coins, postage stamps and telephone cards for the Dutch government.

In 1996 he was awarded the Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Art, and in 2012 he won the Gerrit Noordzij Prize. He also received an honourable mention for the Rotterdam Design Prize in 1995.

His book Printed Matter, published in 1996 with Jaap van Triest, was declared the best designed book in the world by the 1998 Leipzig Book Fair. His books, letterpress prints, and monoprints are highly revered and collectible.

He is included in a list of "one hundred of history's leading practitioners" in the book The Designer Says, along with other notable practitioners of graphic design.

Methods
Many of Martens' work ranges from posters, to prints and to editorials, but all have a strong emphasis on typography. He had always been fascinated with language, mathematics and color and he finds a way to incorporate all these interests into his designs.

His work is not glamorous. In fact, his monoprints series was created using found metal objects taken from discarded car parts, disks, and other miscellaneous objects collected from the side of the road. He uses these objects to print ink on found paper. His methods are slow but very precise—he prints one colour per day, waits for it to dry, and prints the second colour the next day. By this method, Martens' prints may take days or weeks to be completed.

One of Martens' longest on-going projects is his Stedelijk print collection. It began when the catalogues in the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam were being digitized and the old archive cards—designed by Willem Sandberg—were being discarded. Martens proceeded to take the documents and have been using them as a canvas for his projects since and each print is unique in that they are made from individual catalogue cards. These finalized prints are now used as diplomas, which will be presented to the Werkplaats students upon graduation.

Werkplaats Typografie
The Werkplaats Typografie (WT) is a two-year graphic design master programme at the ArtEZ Institute of the Arts and was founded by Karel Martens and his former student Wigger Bierma in 1998. The idea to start Werkplaats Typografie came from the problems Martens found in existing models of design education in the Netherlands. He notes that "A little bit what I'm regretting now in design education is that its design, design, design, the students always looking in magazines, looking at how other designers are doing it—it's incestuous…students often see inspiration in copying things, not in the energy of the work or the mentality behind the design but the flavor of it and the superficial work." He did not want his programme to be a place that just churned out designers, but one that urges students to own styles and personalities.

The program is very hands-on and offers many collaborative opportunities to work with external clients. Since its conception, the school regularly invites guests to review student work, give presentations, or host workshops. The students are often invited to work with both international and national festivals and projects. In addition to these opportunities, students are expected to work on self-initiated projects as well as attend meetings, lectures, and seminars. The curriculum consists of three components:
 Presentations, individual and group critiques, workshops;
 practical assignments and
 theoretical orientation in the form of research, excursions and a final thesis. Through the programme they will learn how to find the balance their skills between personal expression and practical application and encouraged to approach design theoretically.

OASE
The Werkplaats Typografie postgraduate program offers a lot of workshops. One reoccurring project Martens shares with successive groups of students is the design of OASE.

OASE is an independent, international, peer-reviewed architectural journal founded by students of Delft University of Technology in the early 80s. Martens has since took over designing the journal since 1990. Martens uses the magazine as space for experimental design. He states that "this magazine is a kind of dialogue with the contributes. For me this is very important: I'm from a modernist background and in the beginning that was always working with a grid, and using Helvetica and every company had the same logo and colours—a kind of uniformity. For me OASE was a good reason to break from the uniformity of the modern movement, although I still believe in the modern movement but not all aspects. So I started without a logo"

References

External links

 Pattern Foundry Karel Martens applied work at Pattern Foundry
 Karel Martens: the impression that matters

Dutch graphic designers
Dutch typographers and type designers
Living people
1939 births
People from Mook en Middelaar
Winners of the Heineken Prize

Karel Martens


Thomas Michael Keneally, AO (October 7, 1935) is an Australian writer. He has won several major awards including the Miles Franklin Award and the Booker Prize.

Keneally was born in Sydney, Australia, in 1935. His early life was spent in northern New South Wales around the towns of Kemspey, Wauchope and Taree. He began training to become a Roman Catholic priest but left at the end of six years when he had a nervous breakdown. He wanted to be able to marry, which he did later and had two daughters. His first job was as a teacher, and during this time he began writing short stories. He began studying to become a lawyer and wrote his first book, a novel called The Place at Whitton, in 1964.

His book, Bring Larks and Heroes (1967), was given the Miles Franklin Award. In 1982, his book Schindler's Ark, won the Booker Prize. This was made into a movie, Schindler's List, in 1993.

Keneally was the first chairman of the Australian Republican Movement.

References

Other websites
  Watch an interview with Thomas Keneally

1935 births
Living people
Australian novelists
Writers from Sydney
Booker Prize winners

Thomas Keneally


Ole Olsen (4 July 1850 – 4 November 1927) was a Norwegian organist, composer, conductor and military musician.

Life
Olsen was born in Hammerfest, in the county of Finnmark. His mother died when he was young. His father was Iver Olsen, a craftsman and an amateur musician who played the organ at the local church.  From a young age Olsen learnt to play the piano and the violin. At the age of five he composed his first small piece, and by the age of seven he sometimes stood in for his father playing the church pipe organ.

In 1865 Olsen went to Trondheim as apprentice to a craftsman. He also studied composition and the organ from Fredrick and Just Lindeman, and sometimes substituted for Just as the organist in the Trondheim cathedral. In 1870, having given up his apprenticeship, he moved to Leipzig where he studied under Oscar Paul at the music conservatory until 1874.  There he wrote his Symphony in G major, and began his opera Stig Hvide.

In 1874 he became a teacher in Christiania (now Oslo), where he spent most of the rest of his life.  He conducted the Christiania Artisans' Choral Society from 1876–1880, the Music Society orchestra from 1877–1880, and the freemason's orchestra from 1894–1908.  From 1884 he was the music director of the Akershus 2nd Brigade.  From 1899–1920 he was a music inspector.

He had married Marie Hals, the daughter of piano manufacturer Karl Hals, in 1879. He died in Oslo on November 4, 1927. His interment was at Cemetery of Our Saviour.

Music

Olsen's operas were influenced by Richard Wagner. Another strong influence was the traditional Joik form of song, as he was involved in collecting folk tunes while in the military. These influenced the large number of military marches he composed, and the nationalist tradition was also represented in his stage works.

His compositions include:

 operas
 Stig Hvide (1872–76)
 Lajla (1893)
 Stallo (1902)
 Klippeøerne (1904–10)
 oratorio
 Nidaros (1897)
 cantatas
 Ludvig Holberg (1884)
 Griffenfeldt (1897)
 Broderbud (n.d.)
 male chorus
 Fanevakt (n.d.)
 I jotunheimen (n.d.)
 symphonic poems
 Asgårdsreien (1878)
 Alfedans
 orchestral
 Symphony in G major
 Petite Suite for piano and strings (1902)
 Trombone Concerto (1905)
 Væringetog
 Ritornell
 Romance
Tarantelle
 others
 Svein Uræd (1890)
 King Erik XIV (1882)
 piano pieces
 military marches

Recordings
(rel. 1991) Ole Olsen: Little Suite for piano & string orchestra; Piano works by 7 women composers —  (piano), Norwegian Radio Orchestra, Christian Eggen (cond.) — Norsk Kulturråds Klassikerserie NKFCD 50024-2
(rel. 2003) A Norwegian Rendezvous, Vol. 2: Music from the Romantic Period [includes Olsen's Suite for strings, Op.60; Miniature Suite, Op.68; Two anglaises; Vals lento] — Kristiansand Chamber Orchestra, Jan Stigmer (leader) — Intim Musik 81
(rec. 2009) Ole Olsen: Asgaardsreien, Op.10; Symphony in G major, Op.5; Suite for string orchestra, Op.60 — Latvian National Symphony Orchestra, Terje Mikkelsen (cond.) — Sterling CDS 1086-2
(rel. 2007) Shadow Songs [includes Olsen's Humoreske (No.2 of 3 Lieder); Paa Fjeldet, Op.7 No.1; Irmelin Rose, Op.56] — Harald Bjørkøy (tenor), ? (piano) —  EUCD 040
(rec. 2011) Ole Olsen: Symphony No.1, Op.5; Trombone Concerto, Op.48(46); Asgaardsreien, Op.10 — Christian Lindberg (trombone & cond.), Arctic Philharmonic Orchestra, Rune Halvorsen (cond.) — BIS BIS-1968 SACD
(rel. 2013) Ole Olsen: Rav [23 Songs: complete Opp.7, 24, 56, 60, 65; 3 songs from Op.68; 3 Lieder; Forvarssang; Karinssang; Sov, sov barnelil] —   (mezzo-soprano),  (tenor);  (piano) —  EUCD 084

Recordings on YouTube
From CDs listed above
From the BIS CD: Asgaardsreien, Op.10
From the Intim CD (Complete CD playlist):
Suite from Svein Uræd, Op.60: 1. Sang; 2. Nordlys og isfjell; 3. Vaar; 4. Drøm; 5. Amongst Gypsies; 6. Dverger og alfer; 7. Solefallssang
Miniature Suite, Op.68: 1. Baatfart; 2. Serenade; 3. Sagn; 4. Intermezzo; 5. Landsbyspillemann
Two anglaises
Vals lento
From the Euridice Shadow Songs CD: Humoreske (No.2 of 3 Lieder); Paa Fjeldet, Op.7 No.1; Irmelin Rose, Op.56 (Harald Bjørkøy)
From the Euridice Rav CD: Complete CD playlist
From different CDs
Serenade, Op.19 No.2 (Militært 80 Manns Janitsjarkorps)
Serenade, Op.19 No.2 (The Band Of His Majesty The King'S Guard - Norway, conducted by Kjell Martinsen)
Sørgemarsch, Op.41 (The Band Of His Majesty The King'S Guard - Norway, conducted by Kjell Martinsen)
Sørgemarsch, Op.41 (The Staff Band of the Norwegian Armed Forces, conducted by Ole Kristian Ruud)
Overture to Svein Uræd, Op.60 (The Staff Band of the Norwegian Armed Forces, conducted by Ole Kristian Ruud)
Solefallssang from Svein Uræd, Op.60 (Njål Sparbo)
Garmo-marsjen (Forsvarets Stabsmusikkorps)
Numedals Bataljonsmarsj (The Band Of His Majesty The King'S Guard - Norway, conducted by Kjell Martinsen)
Regimentmarsch (Oslo Brigade Orchestra, conducted by Jan Eriksen)
Unknown
Petite suite, Op.50 for piano and strings (Johan Eian, Norwegian Radio Orchestra, conducted by Sverre Bruland)
Live performances
Klippeøerne (concert performance, with piano accompaniment, 2020)
Asgaardsreien, Op.10 (The Arctic Philharmonic, conducted by Christian Lindberg)
Piano works performed by Phillip Sear:
From the Petite suite, Op.50: 1. Fanitul; 2. Mazurka; 3. Serenade; 4. Humoreske
Valse-Caprice, Op.52

References

 Grinde, Nils. 1991. Ole Olsen - Biography Music Information Centre Norway, 1991 (accessed 28 August 2005)
 The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie. London: Macmillan (2001). vol. 18, p. 40.

External links

1850 births
1927 deaths
Burials at the Cemetery of Our Saviour
Norwegian Army personnel
Norwegian classical composers
Norwegian classical organists
Male classical organists
Norwegian conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Musicians from Hammerfest
Norwegian male classical composers
Norwegian military musicians
People from Hammerfest

Ole Olsen (composer)


Paul John Ferris (born 10 November 1963) is a Scottish author and organised crime figure. Ferris was an enforcer for Glasgow 'Godfather' Arthur Thompson in the early 1980s. Known for his ruthlessness and extreme violence, he rose to a prominent position in the city's criminal underworld.

He served a prison sentence for weapons possession in 1984 and believed he had been betrayed by the Thompsons. In 1991 Thompson's son, Arthur Jr, was shot dead. Ferris was charged with his murder and subsequently found not guilty after what was the longest criminal trial in Scottish history at that time. He was imprisoned again from 1998 to 2002 for trading in firearms and possessing explosives. Ferris was also involved in a long-running feud with Tam McGraw.

His first book was published in 2001 while he was in prison. Since his release he has written three more books about crime, and has been involved in the security industry.

Early life
Paul Ferris was born on 10 November 1963 in the Blackhill district of Glasgow to a Protestant father and a Catholic mother, and was raised as a Catholic. Ferris was the youngest of six children, with one older brother Billy and four sisters Carol, Cath, Janet and Maureen. Ferris was bullied for several years by members of a local criminal family, the Welshes, which is thought to have resulted in him developing the skin disorder psoriasis. He has known Glasgow gangland figure Ian McAteer since childhood.

Ferris began his life of crime as a teenager with a series of revenge knife attacks on the Welsh brothers, and was arrested aged 17 for assault and robbery and sent to Longriggend Remand Centre. He was bailed after several weeks, and while awaiting trial fled from the police after a car chase, as the car he was travelling in contained a shotgun and knives. After several weeks on the run, Ferris was captured by the police and returned to Longriggend to await trial. At his trial for the assault and robbery charges he was sentenced to three months in Glenochil Detention Centre. After his release from Glenochil he returned to court to face charges relating to the car chase, and was sentenced to a year in Glenochil Young Offenders Institution. Several weeks after the end of his sentence he was arrested while attempting to rob a jeweller's shop and returned to Longriggend. Upon his release he continued to take his revenge on the Welsh brothers, which brought him to the attention of Glasgow underworld figure Arthur Thompson, known as "The Godfather".

Criminal career
Ferris became involved with Thompson's crime empire aged 19, when he became an enforcer, collecting debts on behalf of Thompson, and carried out stabbings, slashings, blindings and knee-cappings. A year later Ferris was arrested following an incident where shots were fired at Willie Gibson and four of his relatives while they were travelling home from a night at a pub, with Gibson's cousin John Hogg sustaining a bullet wound to his thigh. The three relatives failed to identify Ferris at an identity parade, but Gibson picked him out as the man who fired the shots. Ferris was charged with four counts of attempted murder, and was remanded to Longriggend. At his trial several months later he was acquitted on all four counts with a not proven verdict.

Now aged 21, Ferris immediately returned to his work as an enforcer for Thompson, and was soon arrested again and charged with possession of offensive weapons after a pickaxe handle and knives were found in his car. While awaiting trial he was involved in a stabbing, and fled to Thompson's holiday home in Rothesay on the Isle of Bute. Within a day of arriving there, he was arrested by armed police and charged with various offences including attempted murder and possession of heroin with intent to supply, and was remanded to HM Prison Barlinnie. The attempted murder charge was dropped a week later and Ferris was found not guilty of the drugs charge, but he received an 18-month sentence for possession of offensive weapons. After being released from prison Ferris stopped working for Thompson and started a company named Cottage Conservatories specialising in double glazing and conservatories, but still remained active in the criminal underworld.

On 18 August 1991 Thompson's son, Arthur Jr (nicknamed "Fat Boy") died after being shot outside his home. Ferris was arrested following the killing, and was charged with murder and remanded to HM Prison Barlinnie. On the day of Thompson Jr's funeral the cortege passed a car containing the bodies of two friends of Ferris, Robert Glover and Joe "Bananas" Hanlon, who were also suspected of involvement in his death, and had been killed by gunshots to the head. At his trial in 1992 Ferris was defended by Donald Findlay, on the following charges:

the murder of Arthur Thompson Jr, with help from Glover and Hanlon;
the attempted murder of Arthur Thompson Snr by repeatedly driving a car at him in May 1990;
threatening to murder William Gillen, and shooting him in the legs;
conspiracy to assault John "Jonah" McKenzie on 26 May 1991;
illegal possession of a firearm;
supplying heroin, cocaine and ecstasy;
breach of the Bail Act.

Over 300 witnesses were called to give evidence at a trial which lasted fifty four days and cost £4 million, at the time the longest and most expensive trial in Scottish legal history, and ended in Ferris being acquitted of all charges. After the trial Ferris returned to Glasgow and set up a car dealership named Jagger Autos, and also became a consultant for security firm Premier Security, which had a reported annual turnover of £6.2 million. He also maintained contacts in the underworld, including Paul Massey and Rab Carruthers in the north of England. In 1993 his brother Billy escaped from a prison escort after being allowed temporary release to visit his sick father, and was one of the six most wanted men in Britain until being captured in Blackpool. Later that year, Ferris accused the police of having a vendetta against his family after Billy was refused permission to attend the funeral of their father. In August 1994 Ferris received a £250 fine from a court in Manchester after being charged with possession of crack cocaine. He told the court "I'm no gangster", and claimed he used the drug to alleviate his psoriasis. In 1995 Ferris appeared in a television interview with John McVicar in which he remarked "If anyone was born into crime, it was me. Crime is in my blood", and also claimed he had "always used a weapon of sorts".

Ferris was arrested in London in 1997 following a two-year surveillance operation by MI5 and Special Branch. At his trial at the Old Bailey in July 1998 he was sentenced to ten years imprisonment after being convicted of conspiracy to sell or transfer prohibited weapons, conspiracy to deal in firearms and possessing explosives, although the sentence was reduced to seven years at the Court of Appeal in London in May 1999. While in prison Ferris co-authored his biography The Ferris Conspiracy with Reg McKay, which sold 20,000 copies while he was imprisoned. Ferris was released from Frankland Prison, County Durham in January 2002 pledging to give up his life of crime, and released a second book with McKay, a novel titled Deadly Divisions, in April 2002. That May he was sent back to prison for breaching the conditions of his parole after being involved in a knife fight with Tam McGraw, and an alleged connection with a £900,000 shipment of cannabis (later proven to be fictionalised by newspapers and police). Official reports say he was wounded in the knife fight, but witnesses say he was free of recent wounds. As to the cannabis shipment, the other accused had not been in contact with Ferris for many years. Ferris was released again in June 2002, and returned to Scotland.

Freedom
Ferris started the company Frontline Security after being released from prison. In January 2004 Frontline Security were criticised when it was reported the company were guarding the Rosepark nursing home, where 14 pensioners had died in a fire. Relatives of the victims demanded to know why a company linked to Ferris had been hired. Three months later it emerged that Frontline Security had won a contract to protect speed cameras on the M8 motorway, with a police source stating "The fact this firm have been handed this speed camera contract is just plain ridiculous". Later the same year it emerged that the company had been paid taxpayers' money to protect Dumbarton Sheriff Court, and court bosses said they would not use the firm again.

Ferris caused more controversy when it emerged he was being filmed for a fly-on-the-wall television show to be broadcast on Five. TV bosses were accused of glamourising his life of crime, with a Glasgow detective stating "Now we have Ferris the TV star – it makes you sick. He can try to become a Z-list celebrity all he wants, but he is a career criminal and no matter how many times he tries to reinvent himself, we will always know the truth". In April 2005 police in Edinburgh began investigating Ferris over concerns he was attempting to invest in the taxi trade in the city, and a month later details of a planned film about Ferris's life emerged, starring Scottish actor Robert Carlyle and Oasis singer Liam Gallagher. Ferris released his third book Vendetta in October 2005, and followed that with an appearance at the Festival of Scottish Writing in Edinburgh in May 2006. This was followed by the release of his fourth book Villains in October 2006. In January 2007 Scottish Minister for Justice Cathy Jamieson announced a planned initiative to prevent convicted criminals from profiting from the publication of their memoirs, although Reg McKay has previously stated Ferris did not profit from the sale of the first book and that his motive was not financial.

A film based on his life, The Wee Man, starring Martin Compston as Ferris and John Hannah as Tam McGraw, was released in 2013. Another book, entitled 'Unfinished Business', which was written with Steve Wraith and Stu Wheatman was released in October 2018.

Bibliography
The Ferris Conspiracy (12 March 2001, with Reg McKay)
Deadly Divisions: The Spectre Chronicles (8 April 2002, with Reg McKay)
Vendetta: Turning Your Back on Crime Can Be Deadly... (October 2005, with Reg McKay)
Villains: It Takes One to Know One (1 October 2006, with Reg McKay)

References

External links

1963 births
Living people
Criminals from Glasgow
Scottish gangsters
Scottish people convicted of assault
Scottish writers
People convicted of arms trafficking
20th-century Scottish criminals
Writers from Glasgow

Paul Ferris (Scottish writer)


Thrapston is a market town and civil parish in the North Northamptonshire unitary authority area of Northamptonshire, England. It was the headquarters of the former East Northamptonshire district, and at the time of the 2011 census, had a population of 6,239.

The town's name means 'Farmstead or town of a man named Thraepst'. Another source suggests the individual name is related with Old Germanic 'Trapsta', 'Trafstila' and 'thrafstjan' meaning 'to comfort:, henceforth 'farmstead or town of a man named Draefst or Draepst'.

Thrapston is situated close to the River Nene and is at the junction of the A14 and the A45. Until the 1960s, Thrapston had two railway stations. Thrapston (Midland) was on the Kettering to Cambridge route, and the former station and viaduct can be seen from the adjacent A14 road. Thrapston (Bridge Street) was on the former LNWR Northampton to Peterborough line.

A market charter was granted to the town in 1205, in exchange for two palfreys. This is celebrated every year with the town's Charter fair, when the high street is closed and the townspeople congregate in commemoration. A relative of George Washington, Sir John Washington, lived in Chancery Lane in the town, and his wife is buried in the Church of St James. Sir John was brother to George Washington's great-grandfather. Naturalist and writer Horace William Wheelwright practised as an attorney in Thrapston in the 1840s. The Corn Exchange, on the north side of the High Street, was completed in 1850.

Thrapston had two schools, Thrapston Primary and King John Middle School, which together served children from Nursery to Year 8. However, in 2015, East Northamptonshire switched to a two-tier school system resulting in the middle schools closing. As King John School closed, Thrapston Primary School expanded into the King John building, in order to accommodate the year 5 and 6 children. Following this, children usually go to Prince William school in Oundle or another school in the area from year 7 onwards.

The town's football club, Thrapston Town, plays in the United Counties League.

The local authorities that cover different aspects of civic life in Thrapston are Thrapston Town Council, and North Northamptonshire Council.

Notable residents
Henry de Thrapston (died c.1333),  English-born judge and Chancellor  of the  Exchequer  of  Ireland
John Hindhaugh, motorsport and media presenter

References

External links

Towns in Northamptonshire
Charter fairs
North Northamptonshire
Civil parishes in Northamptonshire

Thrapston


Carl (Hermann) Busse (12 November 1872 – 3 December 1918) was a German lyric poet. He worked as a literary critic and published his own poetry and prose, occasionally under the pseudonym Fritz Döring.

Life

Busse was born in Lindenstadt near Birnbaum (today Międzychód) in the Prussian Province of Posen (Poznań). He received his secondary education in Wągrowiec (German: Wongrowitz). From 1893 he lived in Berlin and received a military education. In 1894 he studied philology, history, and philosophy at the Humboldt University of Berlin and in 1898 earned a doctorate from the University of Rostock where he wrote a thesis on the poetry of Novalis advised by Wolfgang Golthier. Upon graduation, he was active as a freelance author and literary critic in Berlin. He was an associate editor of the Deutschen Wochenblatt, a journal for politics, art, and literature, and contributed to Leipzig publisher Velhagen & Klasings Monatsheften. Busse was a founding member of the "Cartel of German Lyric Authors".

The composer Heinrich Kaspar Schmid included a setting Busse's poem "Schöne Nacht" in his Op. 9 songs of 1903. The song premiered on 18 June 1903 at the Munich Odeon in a concert of students from the Academy of Music in Munich with the composer at the piano. German composer Luise Schulze-Berghof (1889-1970) also set Busse's text to music.

Busse belonged to a circle of writers supported by Ludwig Stollwerck, a Cologne chocolate magnate and entrepreneur. They helped design the Stollwerck firm's series of collectable scrapbooks and print albums, "Stollwerck's Sammel-Album". Other writers included poet "T. Resa" (Theresa Gröhe, née Pauli-Greiffenberg), zoology professor Paul Matschie, author Hans Eschelbach, journalist Julius Rodenberg, author Joseph von Lauff, novelist Gustav Falke, and the poet Anna Ritter.

During the World War I in 1916, Busse joined the militia and was decorated with an Iron Cross, Second Class. He died in Berlin, in the 1918 flu pandemic. Busse was buried in the Friedrichswerderscher Friedhof in Berlin's Kreuzberg district.

Busse married Paula Sara Jacobsen and had two daughters, Ute and Christine. In 1924, his widow rented the ground floor of their house at 25-6 Heidestrasse in Berlin's Steglitz district to Dora Diamant and Franz Kafka under the name "Dr. Kaesboher". Heidestrasse was named the "Busseallee" in his honor in 1931. In the Nazi period, Paula Busse survived internment at Theresienstadt.

Busse's brother, Georg Busse-Palma, was also a writer.

Works

 Gedichte 1892
 In junger Sonne 1892
 Geschichte einer Jugend 1892
 Jugendstürme 1896
 Jadwiga 1899
 Die Schüler von Polajewo 1901
 Das Gymnasium zu Lengowo 1907 (Roman)
 Geschichte der Weltliteratur zwei Bände, Bielefeld / Leipzig 1909–1912
 Sturmvögel 1917
 Trittchen(aus dem Tagebuch eines Verwundeten)
 Der dankbare Heilige und andere Novellen
 Deutsche Kriegslieder (1914/1915)
 Heilige Not (Ein Gedichtbuch 1910)
 Neue Gedichte (1892–1895)
 Aus verklungenen Stunden (Sketchbook 1919), Jugenderzählungen – collected by Paula Busse
 Träume 1895
 Über Zeit und Dichtung (Aufsätze zur Literatur 1915)
 Vagabunden (Neue Lieder und Gedichte)
 Federspiel (westliche und östliche Geschichten)
 Im polnischen Wind (Ostmärkische Geschichten)
 Flugbeute (Neue Erzählungen)
 Annette von Droste
 Feuerschein (Novellen und Skizzen aus dem Weltkrieg)
 Klar Schiff (Seekriegslieder 1914/1915)

Georg Busse-Palma:
 Lieder eines Zigeuners (1899), with an introduction by Carl Busse
 Zwei Bücher Liebe und andere Gedichte (1903)

References
 kauperts directory Berlin street names
 H.K. Schmidt Archive, private communication from Walter Homolka
 "Paula Busse" in ghetto-theresienstadt.info
 "Paula Busse" in the German Dictionary of National Biography (DNB)
 Mark Harman, "Missing Persons: Two Little Riddles About Kafka and Berlin"
 Georg Busse-Palma in DNB
 Detlef Lorenz: "Reklamenkunst um 1900. Künstlerlexikon für Sammelbilder", Reimer-Verlag, 2000.

External links

 Short biography (German) from Literaturport.de

1872 births
1918 deaths
German poets
University of Rostock alumni
People from Międzychód
Writers from the Province of Posen
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
Deaths from Spanish flu
German male poets

Carl Hermann Busse


The United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (also known as HEW) was a cabinet-level department of the United States government from 1953 until 1979.  It was administered by the United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.  In 1979, a separate Department of Education (ED) was created from this department, and HEW was renamed as the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

History
President Warren G. Harding proposed a Department of Education and Welfare as early as 1923, and similar proposals were also recommended by subsequent presidents, but for various reasons was not implemented.  It was only enacted as part of Reorganization Plan Number 1 of 1953, transmitted to Congress by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on March 12, 1953. HEW ran a Community Public Health Program, which was famous for its grants to cities like Chicago for rat control. It ran a Solid Waste program focused on municipal waste issues, like how to build sanitary landfills rather than dumps. It also had a radiation program under which it wrote standards on things like microwave ovens. When the EPA was created in 1970, it assumed a number of HEW's programs that related to environmental protection, including its pesticides program and half of its radiation program.

To date, this was the only department of the U.S. government to be created through presidential reorganization authority, in which the president is allowed to create or reorganize bureaucracies as long as neither house of Congress passed a legislative veto. This power to create new departments was removed after 1962, but in the early 1980s, the Supreme Court declared legislative vetoes unconstitutional.

References

Former United States Executive Departments
United States Department of Education
United States Department of Health and Human Services
1953 establishments in the United States
1979 disestablishments in the United States


DuckTales: The Quest for Gold is a platform game developed by Incredible Technologies for the Amiga, Commodore 64, Atari ST and MS-DOS. It was published in 1990 by Walt Disney Computer Software. The game bears little resemblance to the Capcom game known simply as DuckTales that was released for the NES and Game Boy.

Gameplay
The game starts as Flintheart Glomgold walks into Scrooge McDuck's office and challenges him to see who is the richest duck in the world. Assuming the role of Scrooge, the player then gets 30 days to collect treasures from all around the world. Scrooge is assisted by his grandnephews Huey, Dewey, and Louie and pilot Launchpad McQuack. Flying to different destinations is one of the many different sequences in the game. Many of these destinations are fictitious or imaginative, names often being puns on real locations, and some were featured in episodes of the show. Some exist in the real world, such as the Carlsbad Caverns.

In flying sequences to reach the destination, the Beagle Boys try to hinder the player by methods such as dropping pianos. If the plane crashes, the player will lose money as well a couple of days while Gyro Gearloose repairs the plane.

Alternatively the player may also find the rare mineral Bombastium, which Gyro can use to create a matter transfer unit. This eliminates the need to travel by plane, and therefore the risk of crashing and losing time and money; the downside is that the matter transfer unit malfunctions sometimes and sends the player to the wrong destination.

Upon reaching a destination, the player has to play through a certain scenario to reach the treasure. The four different scenarios are divided equally among the many destinations, and are typical for the environment. Some of these scenarios, namely the mountain and the jungle, are platform-based levels where the player plays as Huey (later Dewey and Louie if the player fails the first attempt). Other level types include the cave, which is a labyrinth the player must navigate through, and the wildlife reservation which features Webby Vanderquack taking pictures of animals. The pictures, especially ones with rare animals such as pink elephants, bring rewards for the player similar to the treasure chest in the other levels. Photography levels are rather easy to play, seeing as there are no real obstacles.

The Beagle Boys also appear in mountain levels together with falling boulders, mountain goats, bears and even Magica De Spell. In the horizontal jungle levels, the player must overcome toucans, panthers and coconut-throwing monkeys. Hippopotami which swim in the water below the player may be useful for transportation, but they are slightly unpredictable since they might duck underwater at any moment, causing the player to fall in the water. Peculiarly, Huey, Dewey and Louie cannot swim. When playing in the cave, the player must maneuver on a map which looks slightly like a Chinese chess board. Around in the cave lurks a mummy which the player must avoid in addition to shafts. Due to the somewhat higher difficulty of cave levels, the treasure chests usually bring quite high rewards.

Two other ways of getting money exist, should the player not want to travel the globe for treasures. One way features Scrooge diving in his money vault, on occasions finding a rare coin worth $1000. In addition, it is possible to play the stock market. From time to time, Scrooge's rival Glomgold takes some of the treasures.

When 30 days have passed, the game is over and the duck who has gained the most money wins.

Many of the locations and treasures featured in the game have been taken directly from specific episodes of the television show. Examples include the locales of Montedumas and Swansylvania, which originate from the episodes "Duck in the Iron Mask" and "Ducky Horror Picture Show", respectively. Examples of treasures include Drakesphere's lost play from the episode "Much Ado About Scrooge" and the pearl of wisdom from the episode of the same name.

Release
The Amiga and MS-DOS versions use a password system for copy protection. When the game is booted up, the players must use a key in the manual to translate symbols on the screen.

Ports for the ZX Spectrum and Apple II were promoted, but not released.

See also
List of Disney video games

References

External links

DuckTales: The Quest for Gold at the Hall of Light

1990 video games
Amiga games
Atari ST games
Cancelled ZX Spectrum games
Classic Mac OS games
Commodore 64 games
Disney video games
DOS games
Incredible Technologies games
Platformers
Single-player video games
Titus Software games
Video games based on DuckTales
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games

DuckTales: The Quest for Gold


Henry Pryor (July 3, 1808 – October 10, 1892) was a lawyer, magistrate and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Halifax County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1859 to 1867.

He was born in Halifax, the son of John Pryor, a member of the provincial assembly, and Sarah Stevens. He was educated in Halifax and at King's College. Pryor went on to study law with William Blowers Bliss and was called to the Nova Scotia bar in 1831. That same year, Pryor married Eliza Phoebe Pyke, the daughter of George Pyke. He served as a lieutenant and then lieutenant-colonel in the local militia. Pryor was a member of Halifax city council from 1843 to 1845 and was mayor from 1849 to 1850, from 1853 to 1855 and from 1857 to 1859. In 1863, he married Charlotte McKie after the death of his first wife. Pryor was named a stipendiary magistrate for Halifax in 1867. In 1873, he was named Queen's Counsel. Pryor retired from his post as magistrate in 1886 and later died in Halifax at the age of 84.

His brother John was president and founder of Acadia College. His sister Louisa married James William Johnston.

References

1808 births
1892 deaths
Nova Scotia pre-Confederation MLAs
Mayors of Halifax, Nova Scotia
Canadian King's Counsel

Henry Pryor


Sara Banerji (née Mostyn) (born 6 June 1932) is a British author, artist and sculptor. She was born in England, but lived in Southern Rhodesia and then in India for many years. She now lives in Oxford with her family.

Biography
Banerji was born in 1932, one of the children of Anita Mostyn, a novelist who wrote in the 1950s under the pen name Anne Mary Fielding, and Sir Basil Mostyn, the 13th Baronet of Mostyn, in Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire, in England. One of her ancestors is Henry Fielding.

In 1939, when Banerji was seven, World War II began, and she was evacuated to various large and old country mansions. Her father, Basil Mostyn, fought in the war.

After the war was over, Banerji emigrated with her family to Southern Rhodesia, where her father grew tobacco. The family lived in a single mud rondavel with no electricity or running water.

Banerji later travelled around Europe. She worked as an au pair and also attended art school in Austria. She has also worked as an artist, and held exhibitions of her oil paintings in India. She also taught riding whilst in India, and has been a jockey. She is also a sculptor, and has previously been a waitress.

Banerji worked in a coffee house in Oxford, where she met her future husband, Ranjit Banerji, who was an undergraduate from India. He was a customer in the coffee house. They married and moved to India, where they lived for 17 years. Banerji attempted to run a dairy farm, but was defeated by seasons of heavy rain.

The Banerji family returned to England in 1973. Ranjit and Sara had £5 each, giving the family a total of £10. Banerji borrowed money, bought some ponies at auction and gave riding lessons. A while later, she started a gardening business in Sussex.

Banerji now lives in Oxford, where she has taught writing in the Oxford University Department for Continuing Education. She and her husband, who died in 2022, practised meditation and yogic flying every day. They have three daughters and five grandchildren. Banerji has frequently held exhibitions of her work.

Bibliography
Cobwebwalking (1986)
The Wedding of Jayanthi Mandel (1987)
The Tea Planter's Daughter (1988)
Shining Agnes (1991)
Absolute Hush (1991)
Writing on Skin (1993)
Shining Hero (2002)
The Waiting Time (2006)
Blood Precious (2007)

References

Sources
WorldCat author page
"Sara Banerji." Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Biography in Context. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. Gale Document Number: GALE|H1000004907
 Profile at FantasticFiction
 Profile at Transita
The Collapse of Fairyland. ROBB FORMAN DEW. The New York Times. 18 October 1987. 18 January 2014
 anna battista Book Review: Sara Banerji's The Waiting Time 18 January 2014
Indian exotica. Madhu Jain. India Today. 18 January 2014
The Hindu. Review of Shining Hero. 18 January 2014

1932 births
Living people
20th-century Indian women artists
21st-century Indian women artists
20th-century English women artists
21st-century English women artists
British expatriates in Zimbabwe
British expatriates in India
British writers
English women sculptors
Indian women sculptors
Women writers from West Bengal

Sara Banerji


Adobe Device Central is a software program created and released by Adobe Systems as a part of the Adobe Creative Suite 3 (CS3) in March 2007. Its primary purpose is to integrate parts of the Creative Suite together to offer both professional and individual creative professionals, web designers, and mobile developers an easier way to preview and test Flash Lite, bitmap, web, and video content for mobile devices. It is accessible from all of the Creative Suite editions. The final release accompanied Adobe Creative Suite 5.5 (CS5.5), and it was thereafter discontinued effective April 23, 2012.

Device Central is also included with Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Fireworks, Adobe Flash Professional, Adobe Dreamweaver, Adobe After Effects, and Adobe Premiere Pro applications.

Device Central provides designers and coders a comprehensive testing facility that approximates how pages and graphics will look on a variety of cell phones with different screen resolutions, color depths, memory constraints, and other performance characteristics. It simplifies the mobile authoring workflow and allows developers to preview designs and test content on the desktop before loading it on the mobile devices for final testing.
A library of mobile device profiles on Device Central are updated quarterly, with an initial support for over 200 devices at launch.

Device Central has many other functions such as rescaling graphics, simulating a mobile phone's backlight dimming, adding artificial screen reflections and changing the color balance, allowing artists to tune their graphics in different conditions without extraneous footwork.

Adobe Device Central CS5 introduced several new features including emulation of device's geolocation, accelerometer, and multi-touch features.

See also
Adobe Creative Suite
Creative Cloud controversy

References

External links
Adobe Device Central CS4 Home

Device Central
Device Central
MacOS graphics software
MacOS multimedia software
Windows graphics-related software
Windows multimedia software

Device Central

Adobe Device Central


Freda is an unincorporated community fifteen miles west of Houghton, United States in the Stanton Township.

History
Freda was a key part of the copper industry in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, on the western edge of the Keweenaw Peninsula. The large mill located in the town received copper ore from the surrounding region. The town was named after William A. Paine's daughter.

Freda and its companion, Beacon Hill, were owned and maintained by the Champion Mining Company, a subsidiary of Copper Range Consolidated. The town existed essentially to serve the large Champion Copper Mill, which processed copper-bearing rock from the nearby Champion Mines. The mill was served by the Copper Range Railroad, which also provided passenger service to the area. A post office operated from July 12, 1907, until March 12, 1964.

As a result of its location on a major railroad line, Freda became a holiday vacation spot. The Freda Park was opened in 1908, funded completely by the Copper Range Railroad. It maintained the title as the cleanest and best maintained park in the Copper Country.

With the decline of peoples' reliance on the railroad system, the park was shut down on Labor Day in 1918, thus handicapping the Freda community. In a 1966 article in the Daily Mining Gazette, a reporter simply stated, "...only the files of newspapers, books, and periodicals will be mute evidence to days enjoyed of yesteryear."

The closing of Freda Park was only the beginning. The closing of the Champion mines and the arrival of the automobile ultimately led to the demise of Freda. Based solely on the railroad system and owned by mining companies, the town quickly lost population. Freda continued to boom after 1918, but its limited market prevented any other growth away from the copper industry.

Champion Mill

The Champion Mill processed copper-bearing rock from the nearby Champion mines. The design of the mill was based upon dumping copper-filled rocks from a locomotive into an area where one of five large stamps would break the minerals into pieces. Water from Lake Superior was added, while the pieces were pulverized by iron balls. The result was a sludge that was forty percent copper or more. This was then sent by locomotive to Michigan Smelter, near Houghton, from which the copper was made into ingots and shipped to the world.

Much of Freda's fundamental character and identity were lost with the closing of the mill. The last whistle blew on November 4, 1967.

With its closing, a two-year salvage operation began, involving the removal of all valuable materials. All machinery and pipe systems were gutted, and lumber was salvaged. Even the steel rails for the train system were taken, due to their value, since the Beacon Hill bridge alone contained 310 tons of iron.

In the wake of the mill's closing, the post office closed, and was later converted into the Superior View Restaurant, which remained open for 33 years until, in 2006, it was closed.

References

Further reading
 Guilbault, Frieda Durocher. Growing Up in Michigan's Copper Country 1908-1925. 2003.

Unincorporated communities in Houghton County, Michigan
Unincorporated communities in Michigan
Houghton micropolitan area, Michigan

Freda, Michigan


Isihia (, "hesychia") are a Bulgarian music band founded in 2000, the style of which unites elements of Bulgarian folklore and Hesychast Christian chant of the 14th century to create an atmosphere of Balkan spiritual mysticism. Many of the group's songs cover topics of the medieval history of Bulgaria, mostly the period of the Ottoman invasion of the Balkans and the attempts on its repulsion and the early Ottoman rule of Bulgaria, i.e. the 14th-15th century, but also other moments of hardship such as the tragic Battle of Klyuch of 1014.

Members
The band has four members:
 Evgeni Nikolov (lead vocals)
 Veselin Mitev (vocals, kaval, gaida, duduk)
 Petar Delchev (tambura, cello-tambura)
 Panayot Angelov (percussions)

Former members
Marin Genchev (took part in Isihia album recordings)
Kalin Yordanov (took part in Isihia album recording)
Tatyana Yossifova (took part in Isihia and Orisiya album recordings)
Moni Monchev (took part in Orisiya album recordings)
Vlado Chiflidjanov (took part in Isihia and Orisiya album records, now a guest musician with the band)

Albums
Isihia have released two separate albums, the eponymous Isihia from 2001 and Orisiya ("Doom") that was used as the music of Neshka Robeva's dance show by the same name, and the double-CD Stihiri/Otkrovenia (Sticherons/Revelations). A compilation of Isihia music also served as the soundtrack of the 2000 film Isihia by the Bulgarian National Television. In addition, the band's eponymous album was re-released by the Austrian company Polyglobe Music with song titles in English and an additional track.

Isihia (2001) track listing
"Preobrazhenie (Transfiguration)"
"Gospodi Vozvah (God, I called Thee)"
"Tzaryat Fruzhin"
"Chernomen"
"1393"
"Vetre" (Wind)
"Saruyar"

Orisiya (2003) track listing
 "Klyuch" (Key)
 "Rodopa"
 "Ugar"
 "Kosti" (Bones)
 "Turkish Dance"
 "The Curse"
 "Chakrak"
 "Introduction"
 "Aramii"
 "Gospodi Vozvah" (God, I Called Thee)
 "Vetre" (Wind)

Stihiri  /  Otkrovenia (2010) track listing
CD 1 - Stihiri
 "Ipostas" (Hypostasis)
 "Anahoret"
 "Katizma"
 "Vreme Razdelno" (Time Of Separation)
 "Za Vyarata na Shishmana" (For The Faith Of Shishman)
 "Bdenie" (Vigil)
 "S Bogom" (Go With God)

CD 2 - Otkrovenia (Revelations)
 "Otkrovenie 1"
 "Otkrovenie 2"
 "Otkrovenie 3"
 "Otkrovenie 4"
 "Otkrovenie 5"
 "Otkrovenie 6"
 "Otkrovenie 7"
 "Otkrovenie 8"
 "Otkrovenie 9"
 "Otkrovenie 10"
 "Otkrovenie 11"
 "Otkrovenie 12"
 "Otkrovenie 13"
 "Otkrovenie 14"

Singles
The single "For The Faith of Shishman" has been published on 6.May.2009 St. George's day (also day of the Bulgarian Army).
The single was published in electronic form only, via M-Tel's Vodafone live! portal.

External links
 Official website (in Bulgarian and English)

Bulgarian musical groups

Isihia


Colchester Garrison is a major garrison located in Colchester in the county of Essex, eastern England. It has been an important military base since the Roman era. The first permanent military garrison in Colchester was established by Legio XX Valeria Victrix in AD 43, following the Roman conquest of Britain. Colchester was an important garrison town during the Napoleonic Wars and throughout the Victorian era. During the First World War, several battalions of Kitchener's Army were trained there.

Today, Colchester Garrison is most known for being home to the Parachute Regiment, known as "The Paras".

History

Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815)
Colchester Garrison played an eminent role during the Napoleonic Wars. The troops were originally billeted in local inns and houses. After petitioning from the borough council, new infantry barracks were built in 1794. By 1800 additional infantry, artillery, and cavalry barracks had been built in the area bounded by Barrack Street to the north, Wimpole Road to the west, and Port Lane to the east. In 1805 the barracks were home to 7,000 officers and men. After the Napoleonic Wars the barracks were reduced. The sale of the older barracks and the freehold site on which they stood started in 1817 and was completed in 1840. The Army retained  and an infantry barracks for 851 officers and men.  Much of the old barracks land was developed as the "New Town" area of Colchester during the Victorian era.

Crimean War (1854–1856)
Colchester Garrison experienced rapid expansion during the Crimean War. Between 1855 and 1856 wooden infantry barracks for 5,000 troops were erected on Ordnance Field. The government purchased  Middlewick Farm for use as a training area and a rifle range in 1857. Middlewick Ranges are still in use by the present garrison; however they will close in 2022.

British German Legion
In 1856 10,000 troops of the British German Legion were billeted in the infantry barracks and in tented encampments on Barrack Field. The British German Legion was raised in 1854 as a foreign corps in British service (similar to the Kings German Legion during the Napoleonic Wars). The Legion was raised for service in the Crimean War, under the provisions of the Enlistment of Foreigners Act 1854. The Legion did not see active service although a large number of legionaries went to the Crimea where they mostly died of fever without seeing the battlefields.  The Legion was disbanded in Colchester in 1857, but the majority of the remaining personnel went to the Eastern Cape as part of the Kaffraria Settlement.  Because preference was given to those who were married or had a fiancée, men without German wives or fiancees married, in great numbers, Colchester girls.  There are dozens of marriages recorded in the Colchester Churches, mainly St Botolph's, and the remainder were married at the Garrison Church.  This establishment was later found not to be registered for marriages, and so the affected couples were declared wed by Act of the Cape Parliament in 1858.

First World War (1914–1918)

Territorial Force

Essex Regiment
8th (Cyclist) Battalion, Essex Regiment, (TF) was based in Colchester at the outbreak of war in August 1914. It was redesignated 1/8th Battalion as additional "Terrier" battalions were raised from volunteers during the early months of the war. The 2/8th and 3/8th Battalions were formed in September 1914 and April 1915 respectively. All three Terrier battalions were allocated to home defence and remained in the United Kingdom throughout the war.

Essex Yeomanry
The Essex Yeomanry (EY), a cavalry regiment, was mobilised at the outbreak of war. The regiment joined the Royal Horse Guards and the 10th Royal Hussars in France in November 1914 as part of 8th Cavalry Brigade, 3rd Cavalry Division. During the war, 2nd and 3rd line regiments were raised in Colchester to reinforce the 1st line. 2 EY served as garrison troops in Ireland during the war, 3 EY was absorbed into the 4th Reserve Cavalry Regiment in 1917.

On 14 March 1918, Essex Yeomanry left 8th Cavalry Brigade to become a cyclist unit, then to form a machine gun battalion with the Bedfordshire Yeomanry. The German spring offensive forestalled this plan, and the regiment was remounted on 28 March and sent to the 1st Cavalry Division.  From 4 April it was split up with a squadron joining each regiment in 1st Cavalry Brigade (2nd Dragoon Guards, 5th Dragoon Guards and 11th Hussars).

Essex RHA
Essex Battery, RHA was mobilised in Colchester and Chelmsford in 1914. The battery was a Territorial Force Royal Horse Artillery unit. A 2nd line unit, 2/1st Essex Battery, RHA, was raised later.

Kitchener's Army
The 12th (Eastern) Division was organised at Colchester from August 1914 to February 1915. The division was one of the first New Army divisions to be formed, as part of K1. The division included Kitchener battalions from the Essex Regiment, the Suffolk Regiment, the Norfolk Regiment, the Royal Berkshire Regiment, the Cambridgeshire Regiment, the Royal Fusiliers, the Queen's Regiment, The Buffs, the Royal West Kent Regiment, and the East Surrey Regiment. The division moved to France in 1915 and fought at the Battle of Loos (1915), the Battle of the Somme (1916), the Battle of Cambrai (1917) and the Battle of the Hindenburg Line (1918).

Second World War (1939–1945)

4th Infantry Division
Colchester was the home garrison of the 4th Infantry Division in September 1939. Resident units on the outbreak of war on 3 September, included 2nd Battalion Lancashire Fusiliers, 1st Battalion East Surrey Regiment, 1st Battalion Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, 5th Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards, 17th/21st Lancers, 27th Field Regiment Royal Artillery, 30th Field Regiment Royal Artillery and 14th Anti-Tank Regiment Royal Artillery. The division deployed to France in 1940 as part of the British Expeditionary Force.

Home Guard
During the war the town was defended by local defence volunteers of 8th Essex Battalion of the Home Guard. At the height of its strength, the battalion mustered over 2,000 men. The battalion possessed no fewer than 22 different types of weapon, including Vickers machine guns, flame throwers, and 2 pounder anti tank guns. Additional support throughout the area was provided by 13th Essex Battalion, made up of volunteers from the GPO who were charged with the protection of critical telecommunications infrastructure.

The order to "stand down" for the Home Guard came on 1 November 1944. They took their final salute on 19 November before the Lord Lieutenant of the county, Colonel Sir Francis Whitmore. Whitmore said, "You have, by your sense of duty, your loyalty and patriotism, contributed pages of tradition to the historical records of our nation... you took a prominent part in the defence of our country at the most critical period of the war... In the name of the County of Essex, I thank you."

Colchester Stop Line
During the war the town was ringed by over 120 pillboxes or other defensive structures as part of the Colchester Stop Line. A small number of pillboxes can still be found around the borough, such as at Mount Bures, and the Hythe railway station.

Colchester Blitz
Air raid sirens sounded over 1000 times in Colchester during the course of the war. Colchester was attacked by the Luftwaffe on several occasions. They included:
 Severalls Raid – On 11 August 1942 38 citizens were killed when a German plane dropped a stick of bombs on Severalls Hospital.
 Chapel Street Raid – 8 citizens were killed when a Dornier 217 dropped four bombs on South Street and Essex Street on 28 September 1942. The air raid siren, in this case, only sounded after the bombs had already dropped, causing outcry in the town.
 St Botolphs Raid – In February 1944 a large Luftwaffe firebombing raid dropped a stream of 1,400 incendiary bombs on the St Botolphs area of the town, destroying 14 buildings and seriously damaging 99 others. Two-thirds of the Paxman Britannia Works was destroyed during the raid.
Home Guard anti-aircraft batteries were established on Abbey Field and engaged enemy aircraft 14 times during a 21-month period.

Americans in Colchester
The first American military personnel arrived in Britain in January 1942. A significant American presence was established in the Colchester area, with many air bases of the US Eighth Air Force located in the district – at Earls Colne, Langham, Wormingford, Messing, and Dedham. In accordance with racial segregation of the American military during World War II, the American Red Cross established several social clubs in the area.

Post-war
Headquarters Eastern District was established at Colchester in 1967, but, after a merger with North East District the enlarged district moved to Imphal Barracks in York in 1992.

A scheme to redevelop the garrison was procured under a Private Finance Initiative contract in 2004. The works, which were designed by Atkins and built by Sir Robert McAlpine at a cost of £540 million, were completed in 2008.

Colchester Garrison today

Regular Army
Colchester Garrison is currently home to the British Army's 16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team. The core role of the BCT is to maintain the Air Assault Task Force, a rapid reaction battlegroup held at very-high readiness to deploy worldwide by parachute, helicopter and air-landing, for a full spectrum of missions, from non-combatant evacuation ops such as Operation Pitting in Afghanistan, 2021, to war fighting.

Army Reserve
Colchester has a tradition of its citizen volunteers serving in the Army Reserve, formerly known as the Territorial Army. During the Second World War, Colchester's "Terriers" included 2nd/5th Battalion Essex Regiment and 104th Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery (Essex Yeomanry). The Army Reserve is currently represented in Colchester by 161 Squadron 254 Medical Regiment, 36 (Eastern) Signal Squadron, 71 (City of London) Yeomanry Signal Regiment and a troop from 202 Squadron, 158 Regiment RLC.

Garrison church
The old garrison church in Military Road was a former Crimean War era hospital, similar to those shipped in prefabricated sections to Florence Nightingale at Scutari and Balaklava. It was built in 1856 and is the oldest surviving garrison building. The old Garrison Church has since become the home of the Parish of St John the Wonderworker, a parish of the Diocese of Great Britain and Ireland in the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (ROCOR).

In Easter 2007, services transferred to a new church built situated behind the Community Centre, and was built as part of the ongoing regeneration of Colchester Garrison.

Barracks
Barracks include:
 Merville Barracks (Gryphon Road) - Headquarters, 16 Air Assault Brigade; Garrison Headquarters, 216 Parachute Signal Squadron - Royal Corps of Signals, 16 Close Support Medical Regiment - Royal Army Medical Corps, 2nd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment, 3rd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment, 7th Parachute Regiment - Royal Horse Artillery, 13 Air Assault Support Regiment - Royal Logistic Corps, 18 Army Education Centre - Educational and Training Services Branch, 16 VHR MI Coy - Intelligence Corps
 Goojerat Barracks (Goojerat Road) - 156 Provost Company Royal Military Police
 Berechurch Hall Camp (Berechurch Hall Road) - Military Corrective Training Centre
 Territorial Army Centre (Circular Road East Lower) - Territorial Army units

 The following former barracks are now considered to be part of Merville Barracks as they are no longer physically separate from the town centre barracks, and are all behind 1 perimeter fence
 Kirkee and McMunn Barracks (Reed Hall Avenue)
 Roman Barracks (Roman Way) previously known as Roman Way Camp (Roman Way)

Former barracks (not in use)
 Cavalry Barracks (Circular Road North) - former cavalry barracks, built between 1862 and 1863, occasionally used as a transit camp. The large parade ground of the Cavalry barracks served as the backdrop for the opening credits of Blackadder Goes Forth and in a scene in Monty Python's The Meaning of Life.
 Le Cateau Barracks (Le Cateau Road) - the former name of the Royal Artillery Barracks, built in 1874–1875, but named after the Battle of Le Cateau in 1914, in which the RA played a leading role.
 Gymnasium (Circular Road South) - built in 1862
Meeanee Barracks (Mersea Road) - Developed and restored as housing
 Hyderabad Barracks (Mersea Road) - Developed and restored as housing
 Garrison Church (Military Road) - Now in civilian use by the Russian Orthodox church.

Former barracks (demolished)
 Sobraon Barracks (Circular Road South) - former infantry barracks, built 1900, demolished 1960s
 Military Hospital - Victorian building, demolished 1990s (Circular Road South)
 Cherrytree camp (Cherrytree Lane) - the former home of 19 Brigade, in use until the 1960s - built before World War I as temporary accommodation for Kitchener's Army, now a housing estate, it also has the Essex Army Cadet Force Weekend Training Centrel
 Pool (Circular Road South)

Military Corrective Training Centre (MCTC)

Berechurch Hall Camp is the home of the Armed Forces Military Corrective Training Centre which incorporates the Naval Detention Quarters and is the only dedicated military facility of its kind in the United Kingdom. It is not a prison, although it has a special unit for those who are being transferred to HM Prison Service to serve sentences of imprisonment awarded by Court Martial. Inmates are in three categories:

 Those from the RN, RM, British Army and RAF who are to remain in the Services after sentence and will serve their detention in A Company.
 Those from the RN, RM, British Army and RAF who are to be discharged after their sentence and will serve their detention in D Company.
 Those held in military custody either awaiting the outcome of an investigation, or awaiting HM Prison or HM Young Offender Institute placement.

BFBS Radio
BFBS Radio now runs the radio broadcasting service for the area, having won the contract from Garrison Radio.

References

Bibliography

External links
 16 Air Assault Brigade
 2nd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment
 3rd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment
 Military Corrective Training Centre
 45 Squadron, 36 (Eastern) Signal Regiment (Volunteers)
 Garrison Radio
 ARRSEpedia entry

Colchester (town)
Installations of the British Army
History of the British Army
Military history of the United Kingdom during World War I
Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II
Military prisons
1794 establishments in England
British Army Garrisons

Colchester Garrison


Jonas Daniel Meijer (15 September 1780 – 6 December 1834) was the first Jewish lawyer in the Netherlands. He has had a significant impact on Dutch law, and is also known for his battle for (legal) emancipation of the Dutch Jews.

The Jonas Daniel Meijerplein, a square in Amsterdam (where Meijer died), was named after him. Bordering the square are the Esnoga and four former synagogues, now together home of the Joods Historisch Museum (Jewish Historical Museum). The Dokwerker monument on Jonas Daniel Meijerplein commemorates the February strike of 1941, a general strike by many (non-Jewish) people of Amsterdam and surrounding cities after the arrest and deportation of 425 Jewish men from Amsterdam to Mauthausen and Buchenwald following a clash between Nazi police and two Jewish men a couple of days earlier.

Early life
Jonas Daniel Meijer was born into a well-to-do Jewish family at Arnhem. His maternal grandfather was Benjamin Cohen (July or August 1725 – 10 February 1800), a well-known businessman and Jewish teacher, and a friend and supporter of stadtholder Willem V. The Cohen family were tobacco traders, and had connections to prominent European Jewish families. Meijer's father was a German Jew, who hailed from the city of Hamburg. Jonas Daniel Meijer had one brother and one sister, Abraham David (8 October 1781 – 17 March 1864) and Eva (15 October 1782 – 18 December 1850).

At a startling young age, Jonas learned to read and was taught French and English by a private teacher. Although he was brought up with Hebrew as the liturgical language of his religion, Jonas also managed to learn Latin at the age of 5. After completing his school quite early, Meijer started to study Law in Amsterdam, where he moved with his mother and siblings after the death of his father in 1790. On 15 November 1796, at the age of just 16, Jonas Daniel Meijer took the lawyer's oath, becoming the first Jewish lawyer and one of the youngest lawyers in the history of the Netherlands. Despite his talents, he received only few customers, as many Christians avoided him. The small practice however gave Meijer ample chance of increasing his law expertise, specifically by studying the law of many countries, earning him fame across the European continent.

Publications
Meijer received international fame through his publication Kan de zedelijke waardering van een handeling in aanmerking komen bij de vaststelling en toepassing van een strafwet en zo ja, in hoeverre ("Can the moral appreciation of an act be taken into account when establishing and applying a criminal law and, if so, to what extent", 1803). In this work, Meijer is one of the first to question the extent to which living conditions and mental well-being of a criminal cause his felony. Meijer researched the possibility of such outcomes because of his acquaintance with financial and social positions of his fellow Jews, that made him understand why some of them would, for example, steal a loaf of bread.

Jonas Daniel Meijer died on 6 December 1834 at the age of 54, in Amsterdam.

References
  Biography of Jonas Daniel Meijer
 Biography at Jewish Historical Museum Amsterdam

1780 births
1834 deaths
Dutch Orthodox Jews
People from Arnhem
Lawyers from Amsterdam

Jonas Daniel Meijer


Anton Durcovici (17 May 1888 – 10 December 1951) was a Romanian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church and the Bishop of Iași from 1947 until his death. Durcovici was a victim of Romania's Communist regime, under which he was imprisoned; he died while in jail. He was known for being a zealous bishop who visited each parish within the confines of his diocese and known for his efforts in preaching the Gospel to all that he could. He likewise was known for his staunch commitment to the values of the Gospel and for his allegiance to the Church which led to his false arrest and imprisonment at the hands of the communist regime. Durcovici was a professor of seminarians and taught his students subjects such as canon law. His zeal as a priest led to his appointment in Bucharest as a rector for seminarians and his renown in Romania led to his episcopal appointment as a bishop.

The beatification process for the late bishop commenced in the 1990s and culminated in 2013 after Pope Francis approved his beatification; Cardinal Angelo Amato presided over the 2014 beatification on the pope's behalf in Durcovici's old diocese.

Life

Childhood and education
Anton Durcovici was born on 17 May 1888 as the second of two children in Bad Deutsch Altenburg to Franz Durcovici (1858–5 February 1893) and Maria Mittermeier; he was baptized in the Assumption church on the following 21 May. He left for the Kingdom of Romania together with his widowed mother and his brother Franz; the three settled in Iași in 1895. His father had died from acute tuberculosis in 1893. His father contracted this as a result of his time as a soldier back in the 1878 Bosnian campaign.

His mother sought work as a washerwoman and as a seamstress. His mother's aunt named Österreicher (who became widowed in 1895) lived in Iaşi where she owned a restaurant. In 1894 she invited her niece to help her with her work so she moved herself and her two children there. In 1895 he began school and learnt the Romanian language. From 1896 to 1898 he lived in Ploieşti where he and his brother attended school and in 1898 relocated to 81 Izvor Street in the nation's capital.

From 1898 Durcovici attended the S. Andrei high school (1898–1901) that the Brothers of the Christian Schools in Bucharest managed and it was there that he met the Benedictine monk Lucius Fetz who became impressed with Durcovici and his academic results. He attended the S. Iosif school from 1901 to 1906. On 25 May 1899 he received his Confirmation from the Archbishop of Bucharest Francisc Xaveriu Hornstein. He became an altar server at this time and attended morning Mass before being given a snack and sent to school. It was not long until Fetz interceded to the Archbishop of Bucharest who admitted him to ecclesial studies on 1 September 1901. On 23 October 1906 he received his diploma from Fr. Augustin Kuczka after passing his baccalaureate which listed subjects such as Greek and mathematics. He mastered the Romanian and Greek languages but also studied Hungarian in addition to the traditional Italian language and Latin; he also studied the French language.

It was later in 1906 that he continued his studies in Rome (at the behest of the Archbishop of Bucharest) where he attended the Saint Thomas pontifical college and the Propaganda Fide college where he earned degrees in canon law as well as in philosophical and theological studies; this included two doctorates. From 1910 to 1911 he served as the prefect of studies at the Propaganda Fide college. He used the week before starting his studies in Rome to explore both Rome and Saint Peter's Basilica before beginning his studies on 4 November 1906. In 1910 he was given a Doctor Divinitatis while he obtained a canon law degree in 1911 from the Pontifical Gregorian.

His ordination was postponed due to his age since Durcovici had not reached the required age needed for ordination. But signs seemed to change since Cardinal Girolamo Maria Gotti and the college rector Monsignor Giovanni Bonzano demonstrated signs that both were impressed with Durcovici and his work ethic. This led to a 20-month age waiver being granted to him which would allow for him to be ordained.

Priesthood
Durcovici received his ordination to the priesthood on 24 September 1910 from Cardinal Pietro Respighi in the Lateran Basilica. On 29 July 1911 he left Rome to return home but before this went on a pilgrimage to Loreto and then travelled onwards to Austria where he celebrated his first Mass in his native village alongside his mother and brother. He returned to Romania on 11 August 1911 where he was appointed as a schoolteacher for seminarians in Bucharest and then as a parish administrator in Tulcea. Durcovici was made a professor of religious education at the S. Iosif high school. Romania's entrance into World War I on the Allied side saw him sent to an internment camp in Moldavia – being an Austrian citizen –, until being freed on the orders of King Ferdinand I. From 1918 to 1922 he taught students in addition to ministering in the Giurgiu parish and it was around this time that he founded the "Unio Apostolica Cleri" to promote vocations and brotherhood among priests. In 1931 King Charles II granted him the Order of the Star of Romania.

Durcovici became the rector to seminarians in Bucharest in 1924 and held the office until April 1948 following his episcopal appointment.

Episcopate
Pope Pius XII appointed Durcovici as the Bishop of Iaşi in October 1947 and he received his episcopal consecration on 5 April 1948 from the nation's apostolic nuncio. The co-consecrators were Alexandry Theodor Cisar and Marco Glaser. His episcopal ordination had been postponed for five months – it should have been celebrated in November 1947 – but the communists were opposed to his nomination though soon relented. His consecration took place in the Saint Joseph Cathedral in Bucharest.

He had become an opponent of the post-World War II communist regime who attempted to have him accept a decrease in papal control over Romanian Catholics. Durcovici was placed under surveillance in 1947 and the communists kept a dossier on him (number 84569) and hoped to indict him on some sort of charge. The authorities collected 57 statements from peasants from thirteen villages who were dissatisfied with Durcovici due to his refusal to introduce the Hungarian language into the churches. This enabled the communists to fabricate charges against him. The Securitate soon arrested him (and his colleague Fr. Raffael Friedrich) on 26 June 1949 while he was visiting the congregation of Popești-Leordeni. He was arrested in the streets while he was going to impart the Confirmation sacrament at a parish near the capital which saw him beaten as he was forced into a waiting car.

Imprisonment and death
He was held in Jilava Prison from June 1949 to 10 September 1951 and then transferred to Sighet Prison together with his fellow bishop Áron Márton and Alexandru Cisar. At Sighet, Durcovici was the target of torture and deprivations. He was put into Cell 13 with no light and heat. In mid-November 1951 he was moved to isolation so he could die alone and so his death would be unknown to others. He was also stripped naked and exposed to the winter weather as well as being denied food and water which led to his death in his cell in the evening on 10 December 1951 as a result of the mistreatment and malnutrition. He was buried in an unmarked grave. Witness accounts state that Durcovici received final absolution through a cell door from a fellow priest prisoner. The communist authorities attempted to erase all evidence of his time in prison and most documents were removed so as to hide his imprisonment.

Beatification
The beatification process was launched under Pope John Paul II on 28 January 1997 after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints titled Durcovici as a Servant of God and issued the "nihil obstat" (no objections) edict that would allow for the cause to commence. The diocesan investigation was launched in Durcovici's old diocese on 25 March 1997 and was later closed on 11 September 1999 after the investigation concluded its assigned work. The C.C.S. later validated the investigation in Rome on 29 October 2010 while receiving the Positio dossier from the postulation from assessment in 2012. Theologians confirmed the cause on 22 February 2013 as did the cardinal and bishop members of the C.C.S. on 24 September 2013.

Pope Francis confirmed on 31 October 2013 that Durcovici had died "in odium fidei" (in hatred of the faith) and confirmed that Durcovici would be beatified. Cardinal Angelo Amato presided over the beatification on the pope's behalf in Romania on 17 May 2014. The apostolic nuncio Francisco-Javier Lozano Sebastían and the Archbishop of Bucharest Ioan Robu both attended the beatification as did 23 thousand people. Cardinal Amato referred to Durcovici in his address as having possessed a "merciful temperament" while Pope Francis – in the beatification apostolic letter – referred to him as a "zealous priest". The Romanian Prime Minister Victor Ponta released a statement for the beatification calling for the unification of all Romanian people irrespective of faith. He issued the statement in light of the beatification which he hoped would inspire unification of all peoples.

The current postulator for this cause is Fr. Isidor Iacovici.

See also
 Áron Márton
 Iuliu Hossu

Notes and references

External links
 Hagiography Circle
 Catholic Hierarchy
 Santi e Beatu
 Dennis Deletant, Communist Terror in Romania, C. Hurst & Co., London, 1999
 Procesul Comunismului. Episcopii Romano-Catolici
 Rumänien: Hoffnung auf Seligsprechung eines Österreichers

1888 births
1951 deaths
19th-century Romanian people
19th-century venerated Christians
20th-century Christian martyrs
20th-century venerated Christians
Austrian bishops
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to Romania
Beatifications by Pope Francis
Catholic martyrs
Inmates of Sighet prison
People from Bruck an der Leitha District
Pontifical Gregorian University alumni
Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas alumni
Pontifical Urban University alumni
Prisoners who died in Securitate custody
Officers of the Order of the Star of Romania
Romanian anti-communist clergy
Romanian people of Austrian descent
Romanian people who died in prison custody
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Romania
Romanian schoolteachers
Romanian theologians
Romanian torture victims
Venerated Catholics
World War I prisoners of war
Inmates of Jilava Prison

Anton Durcovici


Sarcelles–Saint-Brice station is a railway station located in Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt, France, which also serves Sarcelles. It is on the Épinay-Villetaneuse–Le Tréport-Mers railway. The station is used by Transilien line H trains from Paris to Persan-Beaumont and Luzarches. In 2002, the station served between 2,500 and 7,500 passengers a day. There are three car parks with 163 spaces in total. The Compagnie des chemins de fer du Nord (Nord company) opened the Épinay–Persan-Beaumont via Montsoult section of the Épinay–Le Tréport line in 1877.

References

External links

Railway stations in Val-d'Oise
Railway stations in France opened in 1877

Sarcelles–Saint-Brice station


SVT Barn, formerly Barnkanalen and SVT B, is a Swedish free-to-air television channel from state broadcaster Sveriges Television dedicated to children's television programming. Barn is Swedish for children, whereas Barnkanalen meant The Children's Channel. (No relation to the British The Children's Channel.)

History
SVT Barn, then known as Barnkanalen, started broadcasting on 23 December 2002. During its first year it was only available from 6.30 a.m. to 6.00 p.m. on weekdays. The channel also took a "summer vacation" between 23 May and 18 August. The rest of the time could be used for other programming; some weekends, one could see tennis in the schedule.

The programming was aimed at pre-school children in the mornings and the afternoon programming was targeted at older children (pre-teens). The morning block featured special announcers that presented programmes from "the TV ship". Right after it had finished, the morning programmes would rerun immediately. At 1.00 p.m., an interactive show called Twebby was broadcast, followed by programmes for older children presented by two animated continuity announcers called "Joppe and Nella". Afternoon programming included animation, English language programming as well as dramas from the SVT archives.

On 1 November 2003, the channel started broadcasting on weekends, from 7.00 a.m.. From 2004, SVT Barn would be a full year service.

During the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Paralympics , SVT Extra would simulcast with SVT Barn in the evenings and from 27 September 2004, the evening slot would be occupied by Kunskapskanalen.

The TV ship was removed in the autumn of 2005 and its presenters was integrated with Bolibompa, the evening children strand on SVT1. Bolibompa would from then be the brand for pre-school programming on SVT Barn as well. Twebby was discontinued later in the autumn.

In February 2006, SVT Barn got new graphics and Joppe and Nella were removed. Instead, a new show called Bobster was shown between the programmes in the afternoon. Bobster would also broadcast between 7 p.m. and 7.30 p.m. in SVT1.

On 27 August 2007, SVT Barn started its broadcasting hours extended to 7 p.m., allowing Bobster to broadcast for another hour. On 25 August 2008 SVT made a major reshuffle in its schedules. This meant that the primetime broadcasts from Bolibompa at 6 p.m. and Bobster at 7 p.m. that were previously broadcast on SVT1 would be moved to SVT Barn. SVT Barn was upgraded as one of the three main channels from SVT, meaning that the channel would receive most of SVT's funding for children's programmes. With the reorganization, SVT Barn was given a new look. The new logo reads "SVTB", but it is still referred to as "Barnkanalen".

SVTB would now start every day at 6.30 a.m. with programmes aimed at pre-schoolers under the Bolibompa brand. This includes presenter-lead segments called Bolibompamorgon between 7 a.m. and 8.30 a.m. on Weekdays and Bolibompahelg between 8 a.m. and 10 p.m. on Weekends. Bolibompa continues until 3 p.m. when Bobster for the older children starts. On Weekends, Bobster starts at 2 p.m. Bobster also includes a news update from Lilla Aktuellt every weekday at 4 p.m. The primetime edition of Bolibompa broadcast between 6 p.m. and 7 p.m. This is followed by Bobster between 7 p.m. and 8 p.m.

Logos and identities

Programming

Pre-schoolers
Since the programming in the mornings is mostly aimed at preschoolers, it is either Swedish language in original, dubbed into Swedish or silent. In the past, they mostly aired older programming in the mornings such as Professor Balthazar, Doctor Snuggles and the Alfons Åberg films. Pingu was also aired on Barnkanalen. This was because it was expensive to dub foreign series and create new programs.

However, in the 2000s, 2010s, and 2020s, more recent imported series dubbed into Swedish, such as Bitz & Bob and Elinor Wonders Why and other popular PBS shows of 2020, as well as local productions, began to air. They continue to air, and new dubs continue being made, to this day.

Pre-teens and teens
In the 1990s and 2000s, Barnkanalen also showed some animation aimed at older children with their original soundtracks, for example the foreign anime Cardcaptors and imported US Animaniacs and AAAHH!!! Real Monsters. Notably, there is a version of Real Monsters dubbed into Swedish, but it was only shown on the competing satellite channel Nickelodeon Scandinavia at the time. Other animated programmes aired during this time included the animated Mr. Bean, Garfield and Friends, Code Lyoko, Martin Mystery, The Three Friends and Jerry, The Rubbish World of Dave Spud and Oggy and The Cockroaches.

In the later half of the 2000s to the 2010s, animated series aimed at older children acquired from countries around the world started to air with Swedish dubbing. They continue to air, and new dubs continue being made, to this day.

Other acquired programming includes drama series from each country, such as Australia, the US, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Canada, France, and Germany.

The many Australian drama series shown in the channel included Mirror, Mirror, Search for Treasure Island, Home Farm Twins, The Saddle Club and Ocean Star. US shows include PBS series such as Ramona and Nickelodeon series The Secret World of Alex Mack. From Britain comes the Central series Woof! and Press Gang. Many live action shows that were once broadcast with their original soundtracks have been broadcast with Swedish dubbing in recent years.

Between 2011 and 2014, Barnkanalen was responsible for airing the Junior Eurovision Song Contest after previously having been aired on SVT 1.

Availability
Initially Barnkanalen was available on satellite from Canal Digital, on certain digital cable distributors, and free-to-air in the digital terrestrial network, being the first channel to broadcast without encryption in the platform. An agreement of distribution on the Viasat satellite platform was settled in 2003. A few days earlier, SVT had decided to allow cable providers to transform the channel and convert it to analogue PAL in their systems.

Many cable companies used copyright issues motivate an additional fee for the channel. An agreement that would make SVT pay the copyright costs was made some years later and made Barnkanalen (as well as Kunskapskanalen and SVT24) available in the analogue basic packages on the two major cable providers, UPC Sverige and Com Hem, from 1 July 2005. This increased the penetration of the channel dramatically.

References

External links

Sveriges Television
Television channels in Sweden
Television channels and stations established in 2002
2002 establishments in Sweden
Children's television networks

SVT Barn


The Ringling International Arts Festival is an annual festival at the Ringling Museum of Art. The first three years the festival was a collaboration with the Baryshnikov Arts Center, but currently is curated solely by the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art.

Encompassing Sarasota and Manatee Counties, Florida, the annual festival is scheduled every October and includes artists from all over the world.

Background

Sarasota, Florida has been a leading centers of the arts in the Southeastern United States since the 1920s. John Ringling, lead founder of the Ringling Brothers Circus, built his winter home on Sarasota Bay and then completed construction on the Ringling Museum of Art in 1931. Upon his death in 1936, John Ringling left the Museum of Art to the State of Florida. With the museum garnering international recognition, the Sarasota area also became home to major  opera, ballet, dance, and theater venues.

References

Recurring events established in 2009
Theatre festivals in the United States
Arts festivals in the United States
Culture of Sarasota, Florida
Festivals in Florida
Tourist attractions in Sarasota County, Florida
2009 establishments in Florida

Ringling International Arts Festival


Tannosomes are organelles found in plant cells of vascular plants.

Formation and functions
Tannosomes are formed when the chloroplast membrane forms pockets filled with tannin. Slowly, the pockets break off as tiny vacuoles that carry tannins to the large vacuole filled with acidic fluid. Tannins are then released into the vacuole and stored inside as tannin accretions.

They are responsible for synthesizing and producing condensed tannins and polyphenols. Tannosomes condense tannins in chlorophyllous organs, providing defenses against herbivores and pathogens, and protection against UV radiation.

Discovery
Tannosomes were discovered in September 2013 by French and Hungarian researchers.

The discovery of tannosomes showed how to get enough tannins to change the flavour of wine, tea, chocolate, and other food or snacks.

See also
 Chloroplast
 Leucoplast
 Plastid

References

Organelles
Plant cells
Plant physiology
Condensed tannins

Tannosome