Louay Taleb (; born August 9, 1975, in Damascus, Syria) is a retired Syrian football player. He ended his career as a player at Al-Wahda in 2002 and became one of the assistant coaches there. He moved to Al-Faisaly club in Jordan to be the assistant coach there from February 2009 until his contract end in May 2009.

Early life
Louay Taleb was born on 9 August 1975 in the Midan district of Damascus, Syria, the youngest child of Khajo Shasheet, a cook, and Sayah Taleb, a prominent Syrian businessman at the time. His father died of a smoking related illness when Louay was very young.

Football career
Taleb had a flourishing national and international 6-year career as a player for Al-Wahda and the Syria national football team. With significant goals and great defensive work, his club team and country team were getting very close to big accomplishments. His best season with Al-Wahda was his 1999-2000 season when he scored 7 goals, including the winning goal in an important match.

Retirement and coaching
In late 2002, Taleb decided he would rather retire as a player and become an assistant coach for Al-Wahda club in his hometown of Damascus. In the 2003-2004 season, Al-Wahda topped the Syrian Premier League and won the Syrian cup. He remained the assistant coach there until the year 2009 when he received an offer to move to Al-Faisaly club of Jordan. He coached there along with Nizar Mahrous until their contract ended in May 2009. He then retired and decided to become a football coach at a private school in Damascus, then he moved to the U.S. and started coaching for clubs and he continues to today.

References

1975 births
Living people
Footballers from Damascus
Syrian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Syria men's international footballers
Al-Wahda SC (Syria) players
1996 AFC Asian Cup players
Syrian Premier League players

Loay Taleb


James Leland Quinn (September 8, 1875 – November 12, 1960) was an American newspaperman and politician who served two terms as a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania from 1935 to 1939.

Life and career
James L. Quinn was born in Emlenton, Pennsylvania. He moved to Braddock, Pennsylvania with his parents in 1880, and attended St. Thomas School.

He was employed as a newspaper reporter from 1891 to 1896, and became owner and publisher of the Braddock Journal in 1896.

Political career
He was a member of the Pennsylvania State House of Representatives from 1933 to 1935.

In 1934, Quinn was elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-fourth Congress and was re-elected to the Seventy-fifth Congress in 1936. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1938.

Later career and death
After leaving Congress, he resumed the newspaper publishing business.

He died in Braddock, Pennsylvania, and is interred in Braddock Catholic Cemetery.

Sources

The Political Graveyard

1875 births
1960 deaths
Democratic Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
American newspaper publishers (people)
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Politicians from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Journalists from Pennsylvania

James L. Quinn (politician)


HMS Grenade (H86) was a G-class destroyer built for the Royal Navy during the 1930s. She was transferred from the Mediterranean Fleet shortly after the beginning of World War II for service in home waters. The ship participated in the early stages of the Norwegian Campaign in April 1940. German Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers sank Grenade as she evacuated Allied troops during Operation Dynamo on 29 May 1940.

Description
Grenade displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. The ship had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines, driving two shafts, which developed a total of  and gave a maximum speed of . Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3-drum water-tube boilers. Grenade carried a maximum of  of fuel oil that gave her a range of  at . The ship's complement was 137 officers and men in peacetime.

The ship mounted four 45-calibre 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mark IX guns in single mounts. For anti-aircraft defence Grenade had two quadruple Mark I mounts for the 0.5 inch Vickers Mark III machine gun. She was fitted with two above-water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for  torpedoes. One depth charge rail and two throwers were fitted; 20 depth charges were originally carried, but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began.

Service
Grenade was laid down by Alexander Stephen and Sons in Glasgow, Scotland on 3 October 1934, launched on 12 November 1935 and completed on 28 March 1936. Excluding government-furnished equipment like the armament, the ship cost £252,560. She was assigned to the 1st Destroyer Flotilla of the Mediterranean Fleet upon commissioning. Grenade was given a post-completion overhaul in Malta between 20 March and 24 April 1937. After returning home to give her crew leave and be refitted in Chatham Dockyard between 27 May and July 1938, the ship was then briefly transferred to the Red Sea in October 1938.

When World War II began in September 1939, Grenade was in Alexandria, but she, and her entire flotilla, was transferred to the Western Approaches Command at Plymouth in October. On 7 November she collided with her flotilla leader,  and her repairs were not completed until 9 December. During the next several months she was assigned to contraband control duties in the Downs. She, and her sister ship, , rescued 117 survivors from Grenville after the latter ship struck a mine on 19 January 1940. The ship was refitted in London between 27 January and 27 February, but was struck by the ocean liner  on 27 February and was only temporarily repaired there. Grenade received permanent repairs in Harwich from 2 March to 3 April and was assigned to Home Fleet at Scapa Flow after their completion.

When Britain received word that the Germans were preparing to invade Norway on 7/8 April, Grenade was part of the escort of Convoy ON25 and was recalled, along with the rest of the escort, to join the Home Fleet. The ship, and the destroyer , escorted the oil tanker British Lady to Flakstadøya in the Lofoten Islands where a refuelling and repair base was being set up to support British naval operations in northern Norway. For the rest of the month Grenade escorted the battleship  and the aircraft carrier  in Norwegian waters. The ship provided cover during the evacuation of British and French troops from Namsos in early May and tied up to the  to rescue survivors after the latter's forward magazine had been hit by a bomb from a Junkers Ju 87 dive bomber and exploded on 3 May. Four men on Grenade were wounded by splinters from near misses during this time and she rescued 36 sailors, but twenty of them died of their wounds before the ship reached Scapa Flow on 5 May.

Grenade was then transferred to the English Channel and collided with the anti-submarine trawler Clayton Wyke on 14 May in heavy fog. Her repairs were completed at Sheerness Dockyard on 25 May. During the initial stages of the evacuation from Dunkirk the ship provided cover in the northern part of the Channel to the evacuation forces and took part in the rescue of 33 survivors on 28 May from the coaster , which had been torpedoed by an E-boat. She made one trip to Dunkirk during the night of 28/29 May and was caught in Dunkirk harbour by German Stukas during the following day. Grenade was hit by two bombs which set her afire and killed 14 sailors and mortally wounded another four men. The ship was cast off from her berth, in case she sank there, and then drifted into the harbour channel. The trawler John Cattling towed Grenade over to the west side of the outer harbour where her magazines exploded later that evening.

Notes

Footnotes

References

External links
HMS Grenade (H 86) at uboat.net
IWM Interview with survivor William Ridgewell

1935 ships
Ships built on the River Clyde
G and H-class destroyers of the Royal Navy
Maritime incidents in May 1940
Destroyers sunk by aircraft
World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom
World War II shipwrecks in the English Channel
Ships sunk by German aircraft
Naval magazine explosions

HMS Grenade (H86)


William Spencer Vickrey (21 June 1914 – 11 October 1996) was a Canadian-American professor of economics and Nobel Laureate. Vickrey was awarded the 1996 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with James Mirrlees for their research into the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information, becoming the only Nobel laureate born in British Columbia.

The announcement of his Nobel Prize was made just three days prior to his death. Vickrey died while traveling to a conference of Georgist academics that he helped found and never missed once in 20 years. His Columbia University economics department colleague C. Lowell Harriss accepted the posthumous prize on his behalf. There are only three other cases where a Nobel Prize has been presented posthumously: Erik Axel Karlfeldt (Literature 1931), Dag Hammarskjöld (Peace 1961) and Ralph Steinman (Physiology or Medicine 2011).

Early years
Vickrey was born in Victoria, British Columbia, and attended high school at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. After obtaining his B.S. in Mathematics at Yale University in 1935, he went on to complete his M.A. in 1937 and PhD in 1948 at Columbia University, where he remained for most of his career.

Career
Vickrey was the first to use the tools of game theory to explain the dynamics of auctions. In his seminal paper, Vickrey derived several auction equilibria, and provided an early revenue-equivalence result. The revenue equivalence theorem remains the centrepiece of modern auction theory. The Vickrey auction is named after him.

Vickrey worked on congestion pricing, the notion that roads and other services should be priced so that users see the costs that arise from the service being fully used when there is still demand. Congestion pricing gives a signal to users to adjust their behavior or to investors to expand the service in order to remove the constraint. The theory was later partially put into action in London.

In public economics, Vickrey extended the Georgist marginal cost pricing approach of Harold Hotelling and showed how public goods should be provided at marginal cost and capital investment outlays financed with land value tax. Vickrey wrote that replacing taxes on production and labor ("including property taxes on improvements") with fees for holding valuable land sites "would substantially improve the economic efficiency of the jurisdiction". Vickrey further argued that land value tax had no adverse effects and that replacing existing taxes in this way would increase local productivity enough that land prices would rise instead of fall. He also made an ethical argument for Georgist value capture, noting that owners of valuable locations still take (exclude others from) local public goods, even if they choose not to use them, so without land value tax, land users have to pay twice for those public services (once in tax to government and once in rent to holders of land title).

Vickrey's economic philosophy was influenced by John Maynard Keynes and Henry George. He was sharply critical of the Chicago school of economics and was vocal in opposing the political focus on achieving balanced budgets and fighting inflation, especially in times of high unemployment. Working under General MacArthur, Vickrey helped accomplish radical land reform in Japan.

Vickrey had many graduate students and protegés at Columbia University, including the economists Jacques Drèze, Harvey J. Levin, and Lynn Turgeon.

Personal life
Vickrey married Cecile Thompson in 1951. He was a Quaker and a member of Scarsdale Friends Meeting. He died in Harrison, New York in 1996 from heart failure.

Selected works
 "Counterspeculation, Auctions, and Competitive Sealed Tenders", Journal of Finance,  1961. The paper originated auction theory, a subfield of game theory.

See also
 Electricity market
 London congestion charge
 Road pricing
 Vickrey auction

References

Further reading

External links

 IDEAS/RePEc

 Jacques H. Dreze, "William S. Vickrey", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (1998)

1914 births
1996 deaths
Economists from New York (state)
Georgist economists
American Quakers
American Protestants
Canadian economists
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Nobel laureates in Economics
Columbia University faculty
Columbia University alumni
Yale College alumni
People from Victoria, British Columbia
Canadian Nobel laureates
Posthumous Nobel laureates
People from Hastings-on-Hudson, New York
20th-century American economists
20th-century Quakers
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Presidents of the American Economic Association
Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences

William Vickrey


The Punk Singles Collection was a compilation album released in 1995 by Anagram Records. It contained material recorded between 1980 and 1985 by the English punk rock band, Peter and the Test Tube Babies.

The album contains all their early singles and EP tracks in this time period in chronological order. Anagram Records also re-released a number of the band's albums, including their debut album – the live Pissed and Proud from 1982.

The Punk Singles Collection is a record series released by anagram records detailing the singles produced by many UK punk bands such as Special Duties, The Lurkers and small-time record companies such as Small Wonder, who released bands such as The Carpettes upon the world, and Abstract records, who signed the gymslips.

External links
Anagram Records band page

1995 compilation albums
Peter and the Test Tube Babies albums

The Punk Singles Collection


A reading of a bill is a stage of debate on the bill held by a general body of a legislature.

In the Westminster system, developed in the United Kingdom, there are generally three readings of a bill as it passes through the stages of becoming, or failing to become, legislation. Some of these readings may be formalities rather than actual debate.

The procedure dates back to the centuries before literacy was widespread. Since many members of Parliament were illiterate, the Clerk of Parliament would read aloud a bill to inform members of its contents. By the end of the 16th century, it was practice to have the bill read on three occasions before it was passed.

Preliminary reading
In the Israeli Knesset, private member bills do not enter the house at first reading. Instead, they are subject to a preliminary reading, where the members introducing the bill present it to the Knesset, followed by a debate on the general outlines of the bill followed by a vote on whether to send it to committee to be prepared for first reading or to remove it from the agenda.

First reading
A first reading is when a bill is introduced to a legislature.

Typically, in the United States, the title of the bill is read and the bill is immediately assigned to a committee. The bill is then considered by committee between the first and second readings. In the United States Senate and most British-influenced legislatures, the committee consideration occurs between second and third readings.

In most non Westminster-style legislatures, a vote is taken on the general outlines of the bill before being sent to committee.

Australia
In the Australian House of Representatives, a bill is automatically read a first time without any question being proposed upon presentation of the bill or it being received from the Senate.

However, in the Australian Senate, the question on the first reading is always moved immediately after introduction (which is a separate motion altogether) or receipt from the House of Representatives and may be voted on. Amendments to or debate on the first reading is not permitted, except for bills subject to section 53 of the Constitution (i.e. appropriation and money bills), in which case debate is permitted. This exception is necessary because section 53 gives senators the right to move requests to the House of Representatives for amendments to a financial bill (to which the Senate is not allowed to amend) at  stage of consideration of the bill, including on the first reading.

The first readings of most ordinary bills are almost always a formality and are passed "on the voices". In extremely rare circumstances however, the Senate may vote against the first reading, which prevents the bill from proceeding further. This has happened as recently as June 2021, when the Ministerial Suitability Commission of Inquiry Bill 2021 (Cth), introduced by Greens Senator Larissa Waters in relation to the 1988 rape allegation against the Attorney-General Christian Porter, was narrowly negatived in a division.

Similar arrangements are in place in the parliaments of the states and territories.

Canada
In the House of Commons of Canada, in addition to the usual introduction of a bill by a member for first reading, a member of the cabinet may move a motion to appoint or to instruct a committee to prepare a bill.

Republic of Ireland
In the Oireachtas of Ireland, the first stage of a bill is by either of two methods:
 introduction by a private member moving a motion "that leave be given to introduce" the bill—the bill goes to second stage if the motion is carried
 presentation on behalf of either the government (unlimited numbers) or a parliamentary group (one at a time per group in the Dáil, three in the Seanad)—the bill automatically goes to second stage

Israel
In the Israeli Knesset, the committee consideration occurs between first and second readings and (for private member bills) between preliminary and first readings, and the first reading includes a debate on the general outlines of the bill followed by a vote on whether or not to send it to committee.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, once a bill passes first reading it is normally referred to a select committee. However, the government can have a bill skip the select committee stage by a simple majority vote in Parliament.

Even if the first reading does not require a formal vote, a bill can nonetheless be defeated on first reading if a member introduces it and no one seconds it.

Poland
In the Polish Sejm, the first reading comprises a debate on the general outlines of the bill. Notably, only constitutional amendment bills, money bills, electoral law bills, and law code bills have their first reading at a plenary session of the Sejm; all other bills have their first reading occur in committee, unless the Marshal of the Sejm decides to refer them to the plenum.

Russia
In the Russian State Duma, the first reading includes a debate on the general outlines of the bill followed by a vote on whether or not to send it to committee.

United Kingdom
In both Houses of the British Parliament, Bills introduced by the Government or by MPs and Lords who won the Private Members' Ballot automatically receive a first reading without the need of being discussed or voted on; the same applies for Bills brought from the other House (for example, a Bill which has completed all its stages in the House of Lords is immediately brought to the House of Commons, where it receives a first reading).

Bills introduced under the Ten Minute Rule are subject to a debate lasting not more than ten minutes (equally divided between a supporter and an opponent), followed by a vote is held on the motion "That leave be granted to bring in" the Bill; the latter receives a first reading only if the motion is carried.

After a Bill has been read a first time, it is ordered to be printed.

Second reading

A second reading is the stage of the legislative process where a draft of a bill is read a second time.

In most Westminster-style legislatures, a vote is taken on the general outlines of the bill before being sent to committee. In most non-Westminster-style legislatures, the bill's detailed provisions are considered in the second reading, and then voted on clause by clause.

Republic of Ireland
In the Oireachtas, the second reading is referred to as "second stage", though the subheading "second reading" is used in Dáil standing orders, and the motion at second stage is still "that the Bill is to be read a second time". A bill introduced in one house enters the other house at second stage, except that the Seanad second stage is waived for Dáil consolidation bills. Once the bill passes second stage it is referred to a select committee of that house or taken in committee stage by the whole house.

Israel
In the Knesset, the bill's detailed provisions are considered in the second reading, and then voted on clause by clause. However, continuous stretches of clauses without any proposed amendments (which includes different wordings for the same clause written in the original bill), are voted as a single bloc. The starting point for the bill considered in second reading is its post-committee consideration text, which can vary widely from the bill voted on in first reading, even to the point of mergers and splits.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, once a bill passes a second reading it is then considered clause-by-clause by the whole Parliament. If a majority of Parliament agree, the bill can be considered part-by-part, saving considerable time.  Because most bills must have majority support to pass a second reading, it is now very rare for a bill to be considered clause-by-clause.

Poland
In the Polish Sejm, the second reading comprises a consideration of the committee's report on the bill (as committee consideration between first and second readings), and an introduction of any proposed amendments, although the Sejm's standing orders do not provide for a clause by clause vote on the bill itself, or on any amendment, during the second reading. If amendments are introduced to a bill, it is returned for further committee consideration between second and third readings unless the Sejm decides otherwise.

Russia
In the Russian State Duma, the bill's detailed provisions are considered in the second reading, and then voted on clause by clause.

United Kingdom
In both Houses of the British Parliament the second reading includes a debate on the general outlines of the bill, followed by a vote on the motion "that the Bill be now read a second time" (or sometimes on a wrecking amendment to that motion). If the motion is carried, the Bill is then sent either to a Standing Committee or to a Committee of the Whole House, where it is considered and voted on clause by clause.

United States
In the United States Senate, a bill is either referred to committee or placed on the Calendar of Business after second reading. No vote is held on whether to read the bill a second time. In U.S. legislatures where consideration in committee precedes second reading, the procedure varies as to how a bill reaches second reading. In Illinois, for example, legislation is automatically read a second time, after which amendments are in order.

Third reading

A third reading is the stage of a legislative process in which a bill is read with all amendments and given final approval by a legislative body.

In legislatures whose procedures are based on those of the Westminster system, the third reading occurs after the bill has been amended by committee and considered for amendment at report stage (or, in Israel's case, second reading).

In most bicameral legislatures, a bill must separately pass the third reading in both chambers. Once that happens, it is sent on for promulgation, such as royal assent in the Westminster system or signing by the president or governor in the U.S. model.

In some bicameral legislatures, such as the Parliament of Poland or of the Czech Republic, a bill must pass three readings in the lower house, but only one reading in the upper house, at which the bill may be passed unchanged, amended, or rejected; and if the bill is not passed unchanged by the upper house, it is returned to the lower house, which may impose its original version by a supermajority, and is sent to promulgation after passing both chambers. This "imperfect" procedure requires that all bills must be introduced to the lower house, although this may be mitigated by giving the upper house the right to submit bills to the lower.

In a unicameral legislature, after passing the third reading in the sole chamber, the bill goes on directly for promulgation.

Republic of Ireland
In the Oireachtas of Ireland, the equivalent of the third reading is referred to as the "fifth stage" or "final stage". The motion is "That the Bill do now pass", except that the Seanad motion for a money bill is "That the Bill be returned to the Dáil". When a bill passes one house, it is sent to the other house and enters at second stage. After both houses have passed the bill, it is sent to the President of Ireland to be signed into law.

Poland
In the Polish Sejm, the third reading comprises a presentation of the amendments passed in second reading (or of a second committee report on the bill that was returned to committee after second reading), and a voting sequence: first on a motion to reject the bill (if one is introduced), then on the amendments introduced in second reading, and a final vote on the bill as amended.

United Kingdom
In both Houses of the British Parliament, after a Bill has been reported from the Committee to which it was assigned, consideration of the proposal moves to the so-called "Report Stage", during which further amendments may be table and voted on. After Report Stage has ended, a debate is held on the final Bill, as amended, followed by a vote on the motion "That the Bill be now read a third time". If the motion is carried, the Bill is passed.

See also

Bill (law)
Parliamentary procedure
Separation of powers

References

Bibliography

 Australian Senate, 'Consideration of legislation', Brief Guides to Senate Procedure, No. 9, Department of the Senate, Canberra.

Statutory law

Reading (legislature)


A visite is a specific type of woman's outer garment similar to a mantle or wrap. It was particularly popular in the late 19th century, being specifically designed to accommodate  the then fashionable bustle. The visite replaced the huge shawls that had previously been worn over large crinoline skirts, combining shawl and coat elements, and was even on occasion made using shawls that were valuable but no longer fashionable.

References

Robes and cloaks
1870s fashion
1880s fashion
Coats (clothing)

Visite


Jens Daniel Nowotny (born 11 January 1974) is a German former professional footballer who played as a defender.

He played in nearly 300 official games with Bayer Leverkusen in one full decade, helping them reach the 2002 Champions League final.

Internationally, Nowotny appeared for Germany in one World Cup and two European Championships, gaining 48 caps.

Club career

Karlsruher SC
After playing youth football for two clubs, Nowotny finished his formation with Karlsruher SC. He made his first team – and Bundesliga – on 2 May 1992, playing the entire 1–0 away win against Hamburger SV, and finished the season in the starting eleven, as the club collected three wins in four matches (three goals conceded) and finished in eighth position.

Still not in his 20s, Nowotny became a defensive mainstay for Karlsruhe. On 10 April 1993, he scored a brace for the club in only ten minutes, in a 2–2 draw at VfL Bochum, and went on to collect nearly 150 official appearances during his spell, including four in the 1993–94 UEFA Cup.

Bayer Leverkusen
Aged 22, Nowotny signed for Bayer 04 Leverkusen, making his league debut on 21 August 1996, a 3–1 away success against MSV Duisburg. An undisputed first-choice from the start, he appeared in 32 matches in his first season, as the club finished in second place, trailing FC Bayern Munich by two points; he continued to appear regularly during his stay, often forming an efficient defensive partnership with Carsten Ramelow.

On 30 October 1998, Nowotny scored his first league goal for Leverkusen, in an 8–2 home demolition of Borussia Mönchengladbach. Additionally, he appeared in 16 games in the club's 2001–02 UEFA Champions League runner-up run; however, he was greatly missed in the following season's league campaign, only appearing once as the club finished in 15th position, narrowly escaping relegation, and having the fourth-worse defensive record in the league, at 56 goals conceded.

On 28 September 2004, Nowotny scored his first and only Champions League goal, in Bayer's 2–4 away defeat against FC Dynamo Kyiv. He left the club in the 2006 summer, with more than 300 official appearances - 231 in the Bundesliga - in 10 years.

Dinamo Zagreb
On 18 July 2006, 32-year-old Nowotny agreed to sign a three-year contract with Croatian League champions NK Dinamo Zagreb. He made his debut for Dinamo on 29 July, against NK Slaven Belupo, in the first domestic league match of 2006–07, and also appeared in the club's Champions League qualifying round against Arsenal – the English had tried to sign him in the past – a 0–3 home defeat.

On 19 August 2006, Nowotny suffered an injury during Dinamo's home match against NK Međimurje, a 4–1 win. Even though he was not fully healed and had played all 90 minutes for Germany in a friendly match only three days earlier, he asked to play because his wife and children came to Zagreb to watch him. Coach Josip Kuže, as he later admitted, had his doubts about the player's decision to play; he also had thoughts to substitute him by the end of the match, but changed his mind because of the fans, who had accepted Nowotny with acclamation. After the match, his injury became more serious, and needed surgery, and a one-month layoff (he missed both legs of the side's 2–5 aggregate loss against AJ Auxerre, for the UEFA Cup).

Eventually, on 22 January 2007, Nowotny announced his retirement from football, not being able to fully recover. He said: "To think I may have to wait another 10 months through physiotherapy and returning to training – this is enough.", said the 33-year-old.

International career

Nowotny made his debut for the German national team on 30 April 1997, in a 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Ukraine played in Bremen, replacing striker Fredi Bobic after 15 minutes.

He was subsequently part of the squads at two UEFA European Football Championships, 2000 and 2004, totalling five appearances in two group stage exits; he missed the 2002 World Cup due to a serious injury.

Nowotny was then picked for the 2006 World Cup in his country, after two years of absence from international football. However, the experienced stopper spent the whole tournament as backup to younger Christoph Metzelder and Per Mertesacker, only playing in the third-place play-off against Portugal (3–1 win), as stand-in for the injured Mertesacker. In total he won 48 caps, scoring his only goal in a friendly match, a 7–0 victory over Malta on 27 May 2004.

Career statistics

Club

International

Score and result list Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after Nowotny goal.

Honours
Bayer Leverkusen
Bundesliga runner-up: 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2001–02
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2001–02
DFB-Pokal runner-up: 2001–02

Dinamo Zagreb
Croatian First Football League: 2006–07
Croatian Football Cup: 2006–07

Germany
FIFA World Cup third place: 2006

Individual
kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2001–02

References

External links

 Leverkusen who's who

1974 births
Living people
German men's footballers
Germany men's under-21 international footballers
Germany men's international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Bundesliga players
Karlsruher SC players
Bayer 04 Leverkusen players
Croatian Football League players
GNK Dinamo Zagreb players
UEFA Euro 2000 players
UEFA Euro 2004 players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
German expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Croatia
German expatriate sportspeople in Croatia
Footballers from Karlsruhe
West German men's footballers

Jens Nowotny


Antakya (; Local Turkish: Anteke), modern form of Antioch (; ; ), is a municipality and district of Hatay Province, Turkey. Its area is 703 km2, and its population is 399,045 (2022). It is the capital of Hatay Province, the southernmost province of Turkey. The city is located in a well-watered and fertile valley on the Orontes River, about  from the Levantine Sea.

Today's city stands partly on the site of the ancient Antiochia (, , also known as "Antioch on the Orontes"), which was founded in the fourth century BC by the Seleucid Empire. Antioch later became one of the Roman Empire's largest cities, and was made the capital of the provinces of Syria and Coele-Syria. It was also an influential early center of Christianity; the New Testament asserts that the name "Christian" first emerged in Antioch. The city gained much ecclesiastical importance in the Byzantine Empire. Captured by Umar ibn al-Khattab in the seventh century, the medieval Antakiyah (, ) was conquered or re-conquered several times: by the Byzantines in 969, the Seljuks in 1084, the Crusaders in 1098, the Mamluks in 1268, and eventually the Ottomans in 1517, who would integrate it to the Aleppo Eyalet then to the Aleppo Vilayet. The city joined the Hatay State under the French Mandate before joining the Turkish Republic.

On 6 February 2023, the city was heavily damaged by two powerful earthquakes with their epicentre in Kahramanmaraş. Some of the historical sites, including the Church of St Paul, have been destroyed.

History

Antiquity

Humans have occupied the area of Antioch since the Calcolithic era (6th millennium BC), as revealed by archaeological excavations of the mound of Tell-Açana, among others.

The Macedonian King Alexander the Great, after defeating the Persians in the Battle of Issus in 333 BC, followed the Orontes south into Syria and occupied the area. The city of Antioch was founded in 300 BC, after the death of Alexander, by the Hellenistic Seleucid King Seleucus I Nicator. It played an important role as one of the largest cities in the Hellenistic Seleucid Kingdom, in the Roman Empire, and in the Byzantine Empire. The city swapped hands between the Byzantines and the Persian Sassanids in the 3rd century and was the battleground for the siege of Antioch where Shapur I defeated the Roman army, and a later Battle of Antioch (613) where the Persians were successful at capturing the city for the last time. It was a key city during the early history of Christianity, in particular that of the Syriac Orthodox Church and the Antiochian Orthodox Church, as well as during the rise of Islam and the Crusades.

Rashidun period

In 637, during the reign of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius, Antioch was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate during the Battle of the Iron Bridge. The city became known in Arabic as  (). Since the Umayyad Caliphate was unable to penetrate the Anatolian plateau, Antioch found itself on the frontline of the conflicts between two hostile empires during the next 350 years, so that the city went into a precipitous decline. After demise of Umayyads, Antioch was part of Abbasids (except for a brief rule of Tulunids), Ikhshidids and Hamdanids.

In 969, the city was reconquered for the Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas by Michael Bourtzes and the stratopedarches Peter. It soon became the seat of a dux, who commanded the forces of the local themes and was the most important officer on the Empire's eastern border, held by such men as Nikephoros Ouranos. In 1078, Philaretos Brachamios, an Armenian hero, seized power. He held the city until the Seljuk Turks captured it from him in 1084. The Sultanate of Rum held it only fourteen years before the Crusaders arrived.

Crusader era

The Crusaders' Siege of Antioch between October 1097 and June 1098 during the First Crusade resulted in its fall. The Crusaders caused significant damage, including a massacre of its population, both Christian and Muslim. Following the defeat of Seljuk forces arriving with the aim to break the siege only four days after its capture by the crusaders, Bohemond I became its overlord. It remained the capital of the Latin Principality of Antioch for nearly two centuries.

In 1268 it fell to the Egyptian Mamluk Sultan Baybars after another siege. Baibars proceeded to massacre the Christian population. In addition to suffering the ravages of war, the city lost its commercial importance because trade routes to East Asia moved north following the 13th-century Mongol conquests. Antioch never recovered as a major city, with much of its former role falling to the port city of Alexandretta (İskenderun). An account of both cities as they were in 1675 appears in the diary of the English naval chaplain Henry Teonge.

Ottoman city

The city was initially the centre of the Sanjak of Antakya, part of the Damascus Eyalet. It was laterly centre of Sanjak of Antakya in Aleppo Eyalet. It was finally kaza centre in Sanjak of Aleppo, part of Aleppo Vilayet.

In 1822 (and again in 1872), Antakya was hit by an earthquake and damaged. When Egyptian general Ibrahim Pasha established his headquarters in the city in 1835, it had only some 5,000 inhabitants. Supporters hoped the city might develop thanks to the Euphrates Valley Railway, which was supposed to link it to the port of Sueida (now Samandağı), but this plan never came to fruition. This scheme is the subject of Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poem  (1836) in which she reflects of the superiority of trade and commerce over war and conflict. The city suffered repeated outbreaks of cholera due to inadequate infrastructure for sanitation.  Later the city developed and rapidly resumed much of its old importance when a railway was built along the lower Orontes Valley.

French Mandate and Turkish annexation
Antioch was part of the Sanjak of Alexandretta during the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, until it was made the Hatay State in 1938, after Turkish pressure. An Arab nationalist newspaper in the city, run by Zaki al-Arsuzi, was shut down by the Turks. The annexation of the Hatay State by Turkey in 1939, creating the Hatay Province, caused an exodus of Christians and Alawites from Antioch east to the French Mandate.

The district Antakya was created in 2013 from part of the former central district of Hatay.

Demographics

Language
A British traveller visiting Antakya in 1798 reported that generally, Turkish was spoken, while, by contrast, the prevalent language in Aleppo at the time was Arabic. Most Alawites and Armenians spoke Turkish as a second language.

Religion
In 1935, Turkish and Arab Muslims made more than 80% of the population.

Antakya was home to one of the most ancient Jewish communities for over 2,200 years.

Recent history

Mount Habib-i Neccar (Habib An-Najar in Sura al-Yassin 36:13) and the city walls which climb the hillsides symbolise Antakya, making the city a formidable fortress built on a series of hills running north-east to south-west. Antakya was originally centred on the east bank of the river. Since the 19th century, the city has expanded with new neighbourhoods built on the plains across the river to the south-west, and four bridges connect the old and new cities. Many of the buildings of the last two decades are styled as concrete blocks, and Antakya has lost much of its classic beauty. The narrow streets of the old city can become clogged with traffic.

Antakya is a provincial capital of considerable importance as the centre of a large district. The draining of Lake Amik and development of land have caused the region's economy to grow in wealth and productivity. The town is a lively shopping and business centre with many restaurants, cinemas and other amenities. This district is centred on a large park opposite the governor's building and the central avenue Kurtuluş Caddesı. The tea gardens, cafes and restaurants in the neighbourhood of Harbiye are popular destinations, particularly for the variety of meze in the restaurants. The Orontes River can be malodorous when water is low in summer. Rather than formal nightlife, in the summer heat, people will stay outside until late at the night to walk with their families and friends, and munch on snacks.

Its location near the Syrian border makes Antakya more cosmopolitan than many cities in Turkey. It did not attract the mass immigration of people from eastern Anatolia in the 1980s and 1990s that radically swelled the populations of Mediterranean cities such as Adana and Mersin. Both Turkish and Arabic are still widely spoken in Antakya, although written Arabic is rarely used. A mixed community of faiths and denominations co-exist peacefully here. While almost all the inhabitants are Muslim, a substantial proportion adhere to the Alevi and Alawite traditions, in 'Harbiye' there is a place to honour the saint Hızır. Numerous tombs of saints, of both Sunni and Alawite, are located throughout the city. Several small Christian communities are active in the city, with the largest church being St. Peter and St. Paul on Hürriyet Avenue. With its long history of spiritual and religious movements, Antakya is a place of pilgrimage for Christians. The Jewish community of Antakya had shrunk to 14 members in 2014. In 2023, the last Jew in the city announced that he was leaving the city after a devastating earthquake.

It has a reputation in Turkey as a place for spells, fortune telling, miracles and spirits.

Local crafts include a soap scented with the oil of bay tree.

2023 earthquake

On 6 February 2023, Antakya suffered heavy damage as a result of a major earthquake. As of 7 February, the BBC reported that at least 1,200 buildings in the city center and the districts of Kırıkhan and İskenderun were razed. Officials said "almost all" houses in the Cebrail District had collapsed. Many historical sites, including churches and mosques, were destroyed, St. Paul's Church being one of them. The historic Antakya Synagogue and Hatay State Assembly Building were also destroyed.

Geography
Antakya is located on the banks of the Orontes River (), approximately  inland from the Mediterranean coast. The city is in a valley surrounded by mountains, the Nur Mountains (ancient Amanos) to the northwest and Mount Keldağ (Jebel Akra) to the south, with the 440 m high Mount Habib-i Neccar (the ancient Mount Silpius) forming its eastern limits. The mountains are a source of a green marble. Antakya is at the northern edge of the Dead Sea Rift and vulnerable to earthquakes.

The plain of Amik to the north-east of the city is fertile soil watered by the Orontes, the Karasu and the Afrin rivers; the lake in the plain was drained in 1980 by a French company. At the same time channels were built to widen the Orontes and let it pass neatly through the city centre. The Orontes is joined in Antakya by the Hacı Kürüş stream to the north-east of the city near the church of St Peter, and the Hamşen which runs down from Habib-i Neccar to the south-west, under Memekli Bridge near the army barracks. Flora includes the bay trees and myrtle.

Composition
There are 95 neighbourhoods in Antakya District:

 Açıkdere
 Akasya
 Akçaova
 Akcurun
 Akevler
 Akhisar
 Aksaray
 Alaattin
 Alahan
 Alazı
 Altınçay
 Anayazı
 Apaydın
 Arpahan
 Aşağıoba
 Avsuyu
 Aydınlıkevler
 Bağrıyanık
 Barbaros
 Biniciler
 Bitiren
 Boşin
 Bozhüyük
 Büyükdalyan
 Cebrail
 Cumhuriyet
 Demirköprü
 Derince
 Dikmece
 Doğanköy
 Dutdibi
 Ekinci
 Emek
 Esenlik
 Esentepe
 Fevziçakmak
 Gazi
 Gazipaşa
 General Şükrü Kanatlı
 Gökçegöz
 Gülderen
 Güllübahçe
 Günyazı
 Güzelburç
 Habib-i Neccar
 Hacı Ömer Alpagot
 Haraparası
 Hasanlı
 Havuzlar
 İplik Pazarı
 Kantara
 Karaali
 Karaalibölüğü
 Kardeşler
 Karlısu
 Kisecik
 Kışlasaray
 Kocaabdi
 Küçükdalyan
 Kuruyer
 Kuyulu
 Kuzeytepe
 Madenboyu
 Mansurlu
 Maraşboğazı
 Maşuklu
 Melekli
 Meydan
 Narlıca
 Odabaşı
 Oğlakören
 Orhanlı
 Ovakent
 Paşaköy
 Saçaklı
 Saraycık
 Saraykent
 Şehitler
 Serinyol
 Şeyhali
 Şirince
 Sofular
 Suvatlı
 Tahtaköprü
 Tanışma
 Üçgedik
 Ulucami
 Ürgenpaşa
 Üzümdalı
 Uzunaliç
 Yaylacık
 Yenicami
 Yeşilova
 Zenginler
 Zülüflühan

Climate
The city experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa) with hot and dry summers, and mild and wet winters; however due to its higher altitude, Antakya has slightly cooler temperatures than the coast.

Education
Mustafa Kemal University, abbreviated as MKU, has several faculties including Engineering and Medicine, while having a campus called Tayfur Sökmen located in Serinyol district , north of Antakya (centrum). Established in 1992, currently more than 32,000 students enrolled at the university.

Besides the campus in Serinyol, MKU has its faculties spread out in all main districts of the province including Altınözü, Antakya, Belen, Dörtyol, Erzin, Hassa, İskenderun, Kırıkhan, Reyhanlı, Samandağ and Yayladağı.

Main sights

The long and varied history has created many architectural sites of interest. There is much for visitors to see in Antakya, although many buildings have been lost in the rapid growth and redevelopment of the city in recent decades.

 Hatay Archaeology Museum has the second largest collection of Roman mosaics in the world.
 The rock-carved Church of St Peter, with its network of refuges and tunnels carved out of the rock, a site of Christian pilgrimage. There are also tombs cut into the rock face at various places along the Orontes valley.
Old market district: It offers plenty of traditional shops, where you can explore what you have not seen before. It is exactly in the city centre, you are in when you see the sign Uzun Çarşı Caddesi.
 The seedy Gündüz cinema in the city centre was once used as parliament building of the Republic of Hatay.
 The waterfalls at the Harbiye / Daphne promenade.
 The Ottoman Habib'i Neccar Mosque, the oldest mosque in Antakya and one of the oldest in Anatolia.
 The labyrinth of narrow streets and old Antakya houses. This district is the oldtown in fact.
 Vespasianus Titus Tunnel-Samandagı. It is approximately 35 km. far from the centre.
 Beşikli Cave and Graves (the antique city of Seleukeia Pierria)
 St. Simon Monastery
 Bagras (Bakras) Castle, which was built in antiquity and restored many times in later centuries (particularly during the Crusades, when it was a stronghold of the Knights Templar), served as a watchtower on the  mountain road from İskenderun (Alexandretta) to Antakya (Antioch).
 The panoramic view of the city from the heights of Mount Habib-i Neccar
 St. Paul Orthodox Church

With its rich architectural heritage, Antakya is a member of the Norwich-based European Association of Historic Towns and Regions. The Roman bridge (thought to date from the era of Diocletian) was destroyed in 1972 during the widening and channelling of the Orontes.

Transport
The city is served from Hatay Airport.

Sports
Antakya has one male professional football club, Hatayspor, who play in the Süper Lig. There is also a female professional team called Hatay Büyükşehir Belediyesi. Hatay Büyükşehir Belediyespor, a woman's basketball team, is also present, and plays in the Turkish Women's Basketball League.

Cuisine
The cuisine of Antakya is renowned. Its cuisine is considered Levantine rather than Turkish. The cuisine offers plenty of meals, where beef and lamb are mainly used. Popular dishes include the typical Turkish kebab, served with spices and onions in flat unleavened bread, with yoghurt as ali nazik kebab, oruk, kaytaz böreği and katıklı ekmek. Hot, spicy food is a feature of this part of Turkey, along with Turkish coffee and local specialties. Here are some savoury foods:

 İçli köfte and other oruk varieties: varieties of the Arabic kibbeh, deep-fried balls of bulgur wheat stuffed with minced meat; or baked in ovens in cylinder-cone shape. Saç oruğu is made of the same ingredients, however in circular shape.
Kaytaz böreği: It is patty that is made of wheat, beef, tomato and onion.
Katıklı ekmek: Ingredients in Katıklı Ekmek usually consist of wheat, traditional pepper (paste), spices such as sesame and theme, çökelek or cheese. It looks like an ancestor of pizza. Not a lot of restaurants serve it, however it can be found in old-market that is located in the centre and Harbiye.
 Pomegranate syrup, used as a salad dressing, called debes ramman, a traditional Levantine Arabic dressing.
 Semirsek, a thin bread with hot pepper, minced meat or spinach filling
 Spicy chicken, a specialty of Harbiye
 Za'atar (Zahter) a traditional Levantine Arabic paste of spiced thyme, oregano, and sesame seeds, mixed with olive oil, spread on flat (called pide or in English pita) bread.
 Fresh chick peas, munched as a snack.
 Hirise, boiled and pounded wheat meal.
 Aşur, meat mixed with crushed wheat, chickpea, cumin, onion, pepper and walnut

Meze
 Hummus - the chick-pea dip
 pureed fava beans
 Patlıcan salatası: Patlıcan salatası or babaganoush, made of baked and sliced aubergines that mixed
with pepper and tomato. It is usually served with pomegranate syrup.
 Taratur: Known also as Tarator, made of walnuts, 'tahin', yoghurt and garlic.
 Süzme yoğurt: A type of yoghurt that its water content is removed with traditional methods.
 Ezme biber: It is made of pepper and walnuts.
 Surke - dried curds served in spicy olive oil
 Çökelek - the spicy sun-dried cheese
 Eels from the Orontes, spiced and fried in olive oil

Sweets/desserts
 Künefe - a hot cheese, kadaif-based sweet. Antakya is Turkey's künefe capital; the pastry shops in the centre compete to claim being kings  of the pastry.
 Müşebbek - rings of deep fried pastry.
 Peynirli irmik helvası - Peynirli İrmik Helvası is a dessert that is made of semolina, sugar and traditional cheese that is the same as used in künefe. It is served warm, especially in restaurants in the region Harbiye, rather than künefe shops that are located in the centre.

Twin towns

Antakya is twinned with:

 Aalen, Germany (since 1995).

Notable people
 Alexandros (1st century BC) Greek sculptor
George of Antioch
Ignatius of Antioch, Patriarch of Antioch
John Chrysostom (349–407) Patriarch of Constantinople
 Saint Luke, first century AD, Christian evangelist and author of the Gospel of St. Luke and Acts of the Apostles
Yağısıyan, Seljukid governor of the city up to its capture by the Crusaders
 Selâhattin Ülkümen - Righteous among the nations
Tayfur Sökmen - The president of the Republic of Hatay during its existence between the years 1938 and 1939.

References

External links

 Pictures of Antakya
 Pictures of Antakya Museum

Populated places in Hatay Province
Çukurova
Archaeological sites in Hatay Province
Populated places along the Silk Road
Crusade places
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
Seleucid colonies in Anatolia
Holy cities
New Testament places
Roman sites in Turkey
Populated places established in the 4th century BC
Jewish communities in Turkey
300s BC establishments
Arab settlements in Turkey
Aleppo vilayet
Populated places destroyed by earthquakes
Districts of Hatay Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey

Antakya


Accomac is a town in and the county seat of Accomack County, Virginia, United States. The population was 526 at the 2020 census.

History
Though Accomack County was established as one of Virginia's eight original shires in 1634, the government was situated in the southern part of the Eastern Shore near Eastville until the division of the shore into two counties (Northampton and Accomack) in 1663. During this era, religious diversity began in the area, as Presbyterian Francis Makemie received a plantation nearby which he used as a base for his mercantile and missionary journeys, and where he died at age 50 a few years after winning a New York court case brought against his preaching (as the Scots-Irish emigrant to Maryland's Eastern Shore counties produced a preaching license from Barbados). Early Baptist Elijah Baker (Baptist) also arrived near Accomac before the American Revolutionary War, and was likewise imprisoned for unauthorized preaching, but eventually also had that case dismissed.

After the creation of the present-day Accomack County, the court convened alternatively at Pungoteague and Onancock until the 1690s when it shifted to the house of John Cole at the site that later became the town of Accomac, then known by the name Matompkin. A brick courthouse was built in 1756 and the surrounding settlement became known as Accomack Courthouse. On December 7, 1786, Richard Drummond, Gilbert Poiley, John McLean, Edward Kerr, Catherine Scott, Patience Robertson, and William Berkeley petitioned the Virginia House of Delegates for the creation of an incorporated town at Accomack Courthouse. Their petition was granted and the House of Delegates passed an "Act to establish a Town at the Courthouse of the county of Accomack...by the name of Drummond," named in honor of the chief landholder in the new town. Many of the town's historic houses, churches, and other buildings were constructed between the last decade of the eighteenth century and first half of the nineteenth century, representing vernacular interpretations of late Georgian, Federal, and Greek Revival architectural styles, as the town prospered as the terminus of a ferry across Chesapeake Bay. The modern ferry only travels between nearby Onancock, Virginia and Tangier Island.

During the American Civil War, the Union Army occupied the Eastern Shore to cut supply lines to the south and prevent the Confederate Army from using the shore as a staging area to attack the north through Maryland. Union General Henry H. Lockwood commanded the occupying forces and established a headquarters in the rectory of St. James Episcopal Church (then home to town physician Dr. Peter F. Browne). Other than damages to the Presbyterian and Methodist Churches which were used by the army for stables and housing, Drummondtown escaped the war with little damage.

The late nineteenth century brought slow but steady economic prosperity for the citizens of Drummondtown, fueled by the arrival of the railroad from the north, and several new homes were constructed in and around the older core of the town in the 1880s and 1890s. The coming of the railroad also presented a challenge for Drummondtown when residents of the newly established town of Parksley initiated a referendum to move the county seat to the new community. The referendum vote took place in 1895 after nearly a decade of debate, and the residents of Accomack County elected to keep the court where it had been located for the past two centuries. By this time, the town had been renamed "Accomac" by order of the United States Post Office Department dated August 9, 1893. The name Accomac is derived from a Native American word translated to mean "on the other side".

General information
 ZIP Code: 23301
 Area Code: 757
 Local Phone Exchange: 787
 School District: Accomack County Public Schools

Geography
Accomac is located at  (37.718678, −75.667323).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.4 square miles (1.1 km), all of it land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 547 people, 199 households, and 125 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,322.1 people per square mile (515.1/km). There were 235 housing units at an average density of 568.0 per square mile (221.3/km). The racial makeup of the town was 71.12% White, 24.68% African American, 2.56% Asian, 0.91% from other races, and 0.73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.19% of the population.

There were 199 households, out of which 22.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.8% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.7% were non-families. 35.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.71.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 14.8% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 19.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 131.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 136.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $37,500, and the median income for a family was $51,250. Males had a median income of $34,375 versus $23,929 for females. The per capita income for the town was $24,050. About 3.7% of families and 6.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.4% of those under age 18 and 11.9% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people
 Thomas H. B. Browne, born at Drummondtown, United States Congressman
 Millie Tunnell, born at Drummondtown, emancipated slave who met George Washington and died in Jamaica, Queens at 111 years of age.
 Henry A. Wise, born at Drummondtown, Governor of Virginia

References

External links

 Accomac, Virginia official site
 "Accomac Virginia", Eastern Shore Visitor

Towns in Accomack County, Virginia
Towns in Virginia
County seats in Virginia
Populated places established in 1786
1786 establishments in Virginia

Accomac, Virginia


This is a list of colleges and universities in Oregon:

Public

 Blue Mountain Community College
 Central Oregon Community College
 Chemeketa Community College
 Clackamas Community College
 Clatsop Community College
 Columbia Gorge Community College
 Eastern Oregon University
 Klamath Community College
 Lane Community College
 Linn-Benton Community College
 Mount Hood Community College
 Oregon Coast Community College
 Oregon Health and Science University
 Oregon Institute of Technology
 Oregon State University
 Portland Community College
 Portland State University
 Rogue Community College
 Southern Oregon University
 Southwestern Oregon Community College
 Tillamook Bay Community College
 Treasure Valley Community College
 Umpqua Community College
 University of Oregon
 Western Oregon University

Private

 American College of Healthcare Sciences
 The Art Institute of Portland
 Birthingway College of Midwifery
 Concordia University
 Corban University
 DeVry University
 George Fox University
 Gutenberg College
 ITT Technical Institute
 Lewis & Clark College
 Linfield College
 Marylhurst University
 Mount Angel Seminary
 Multnomah University
 National College of Natural Medicine
 New Hope Christian College
 Northwest Christian University
 Oregon College of Oriental Medicine
 Pacific Northwest College of Art
 Pacific University
 Pioneer Pacific College
 Reed College
 University of Portland
 University of Phoenix
 University of Western States
 Warner Pacific College
 Western Seminary
 Willamette University

References

Lists of colleges and universities

Colleges and universities in Oregon


Coonskin is a 1975 American live-action/animated satirical crime film written and directed by Ralph Bakshi. The film references the  Uncle Remus folk tales, and satirizes the blaxploitation film genre as well as Disney's racially controversial film Song of the South, also adapted from the Uncle Remus folk tales. The film's narrative concerns three anthropomorphic Uncle Remus characters, Br'er Rabbit (referred to as Brother Rabbit), Br'er Fox (referred to as Preacher Fox), and Br'er Bear (referred to as Brother Bear). They rise to the top of the organized crime racket in Harlem, encountering corrupt law enforcement, con artists, and the Mafia, in a satire of both racism within the Hollywood film system, and America itself. The film stars Philip Thomas, Charles Gordone, Barry White, and Scatman Crothers, all of whom appear in both live-action and animated sequences.

Originally produced under the titles Harlem Nights and Coonskin No More... at Paramount Pictures, Coonskin encountered controversy before its original theatrical release when the Congress of Racial Equality accused the film of being racist. When the film was released, Bryanston gave it limited distribution and it initially received mixed reviews. Later re-released under the titles Bustin' Out and Street Fight, Coonskin has since been re-appraised, recontextualizing the film as the condemnation of racism that the director intended, rather than a product of a racist imagination, as its detractors had claimed. A New York Times review said, "Coonskin could be Ralph Bakshi's masterpiece." Bakshi has stated that he considers Coonskin to be his best film.

Plot
In a small town in Oklahoma, The local Preacher (Charles Gordone) takes a prayer, to the kids, then gives them a tour. When he gets there, he meets Sampson (Barry White) and plans to bust out their friend Randy (Philip Michael Thomas) from prison. As they rush to the prison, the two are stopped by a woman, who gives Sampson the price. Meanwhile, Randy and another cellmate named Pappy (Scatman Crothers) escape from inside the prison and wait for Sampson and the Preacher to help them get out. While waiting for them, Randy unwillingly listens to Pappy tell a story about three guys that resemble Randy and his friends. Pappy's story is told in animation set against live-action background photos and footage.

Brother Rabbit (Philip Michael Thomas), Brother Bear, and Preacher Fox (Barry White and Charles Gordone) meet up with the sheriff and deputy, who arrive as customers only to find that one of the prostitutes was the sheriff's daughter. After shooting his deputy in rage, the sheriff turned his gun on Rabbit, who threw a knife killing the sheriff. The trio ran off deciding to move to Harlem, "home to every black man". This then leads to a lady telling a newborn a story about Malcolm. Rabbit, Bear, and Fox then stop the car and find that it is not all that it is made out to be, this also leads to an old man digging in the trash.  They encounter a con man named Simple Savior, an obese and phony revolutionary leader who claims to be the cousin of "Black Jesus", and that he gives his followers "the strength to kill whites". In a flashy stage performance in his "church", Savior acts out being brutalized by symbols of black oppression—represented by images of John Wayne, Elvis Presley, and Richard Nixon, before asking his parishioners for "donations". Rabbit and his friends quickly realize that Savior's "revolution" is merely a money-making scam, and they quickly argue about it, before leaving off. Rabbit openly steals a large portion of the donation money, prompting Savior to try to have him killed. After Rabbit tricks his would-be murderers (in a paraphrasing of the story of Br'er Rabbit and the brier patch), he and Bear kill Savior. This allows Rabbit to take over Savior's racket, putting him in line to become the head of all organized crime in Harlem. Rabbit lays out his plan to keep all organized crime money in Harlem. But first, he has to get rid of a few other opponents. Savior's former partners tell Rabbit they will join him but only if he can kill his opponents; otherwise they will kill him instead.

Rabbit first goes up against Managan (Frank de Kova), a virulently idiotic and homophobic police officer and bagman for the Mafia, who demonstrates his contempt for African-Americans in various ways, including a refusal to bathe before an anticipated encounter with them (he believes that they are not worth it). When Managan finds out that Rabbit has been taking his payoffs, he and his cohorts, Ruby (Frank de Kova) and Bobby, are led to a nightclub called "The Cottontail". A black stripper distracts him while an LSD sugar cube is dropped into his drink. Managan, while under the influence of his spiked drink, he is also given a joint (either filled with marijuana or angel dust) and then is maneuvered into a sexual liaison with a stereotypically effeminate gay man, then is shot up with heroin and then shoved into women's clothing representative of the mammy archetype, adorned in blackface, and shoved out to the back of the club, where he discovers that Ruby and Bobby are dead. While recovering from being drugged, he fires his gun randomly in a fit of madness, and is brutally shot to death by the arriving police (who were either called in or alerted by the gunshots going off) after shooting one of the officers dead in his stupor. All of Harlem celebrated the death of Managan.

Rabbit's next target is Sonny (Richard Paul). Arriving outside Rabbit's nightclub in blackface and clothing representative of minstrel show stereotypes, Sonny attempts to kill Rabbit, but Bear defends Rabbit, at the cost of getting shot by Sonny several times. When Sonny then attempts to escape in his car, he is shot multiple times by Rabbit before crashing into a wall and dying in the subsequent explosion. This then reverts back to Sampson and the Preacher, in the gas station waiting to gas up the car. The Preacher angrily has a fight with the man in the gas station, but Sampson rescues him and they drive off, but they are stopped by a roadblock and have a shootout with the police. Randy tries to set himself free, but Pappy stops him, telling him the rest of the story. A black man talks about his life in Harlem, causing him to be shot down by Rabbit. During his recovery, Bear becomes torn between staying with Rabbit or starting a new crime-free life. Bear decides to look for Fox in order to seek his advice. Upon arriving at Fox's newly acquired brothel, Bear is "married" to Pearl, a girl that he, Fox, and Rabbit met during the fight with Savior's men. Sonny's body is cremated and taken back home, where his mother weeps over his ashes. This gives the cross-dressing, gay (and possibly incestuous) sons to get Mario the clown to tell The Godfather (Al Lewis), a grotesque crime boss, the good news, he then has a chat with Fox, who is left behind. His wife then tries to kill the Godfather in revenge for her son's death, only to be shot and killed by Mario.

Under the advisement of Fox, Bear becomes an undefeated heavy weight boxer for the Mafia. Soon an invitation was sent to Rabbit to challenge a fighter against Bear. During the fight at the Godfather's lair, Rabbit sets up a melting imitation of himself made out of tar. As the Godfather and Mafiosos take turns stabbing at the "tar rabbit", they become stuck together. Rabbit leaves a bomb next to them and then he, Bear, Fox, and the opponent boxer rush out of the boxing arena as it blows up; vaporizing the Godfather and his associates. As they drove through the streets of Harlem, Bear was angry that Rabbit and Fox had planned everything and not tell Bear about it. The trio laughed knowing that it all worked out.

The live-action story ends with Randy and Pappy escaping from the prison with the aid of Sampson and the Preacher who finally arrive while being shot at by various white cops, but managing to make it out alive.

The main plot of the film is interspersed with animated vignettes depicting a white, blonde, large-breasted "Miss America" (Jesse Welles) who is imagined by Rabbit as a personification of the United States. In each of these short scenes, she seduces a black man (meant to depict the African-American populace), only to instead beat or kill him. In the final act of the film, the real Miss America appears as a patron in Rabbit's bar and an ardent supporter of his (heavily implied to have a crush on him).

Cast
 Philip Michael Thomas as Randy
 Barry White as Sampson
 Charles Gordone as Preacherman
 Scatman Crothers as Pappy

Voices
 Philip Michael Thomas as Brother Rabbit
 Barry White as Brother Bear
 Charles Gordone as Preacher Fox
 Scatman Crothers as Old Man Bone / Additional Voices
 Danny Rees as Mario the Clown
 Buddy Douglas as Referee
 Jim Moore as The Mime
 Al Lewis as The Godfather
 Richard Paul as Sonny
 Frank de Kova as Managan / Ruby
 Ralph Bakshi as Cop with Megaphone
 Theodore Wilson and Scatman Crothers as Minstrel
 Jesse Welles as Marrigold / Miss America

Production
During the production of Heavy Traffic, filmmaker Ralph Bakshi met and developed an instant friendship with producer Albert S. Ruddy during a screening of The Godfather, and pitched Harlem Nights, a satirical adaptation of the Uncle Remus storybook, to Ruddy. In 1973, production of Harlem Nights began, with Paramount Pictures (where Bakshi once worked as the head of its cartoon studio) originally attached to distribute the film. Bakshi hired several black animators to work on Harlem Nights, including graffiti artists, at a time when black animators were not widely employed by major animation studios. Production concluded in the same year. During production, the film went under several titles, including Harlem Days and Coonskin No More...

Coonskin uses a variety of racist caricatures from blackface minstrelsy and darky iconography, including stereotypes featured in Hollywood films and cartoons. In the book That's Blaxploitation! Roots of the Baadasssss 'Tude (Rated X by an All-Whyte Jury), Darius James writes that "Bakshi pukes the iconographic bile of a racist culture back in its stupid, bloated face, wipes his chin and smiles Dirty Harry style. [...] He subverts the context of Hollywood's entire catalogue of racist black iconography through a series of swift cross-edits of original and appropriated footage." The film also features equally exaggerated portrayals of white Southerners, Italians, and homosexuals. The depiction of Jewish characters stems from stereotypes portrayed in Nazi propaganda, including The Eternal Jew.

In his review for The Hollywood Reporter, Arthur Knight wrote "Coonskin is not anti-black. Nor is it anti-Jewish, anti-Italian, or anti-American, all of whom fall prey to Bakshi's wicked caricaturist's pen as intensely as any of the blacks in his movie. What Bakshi is against, as this film makes abundantly clear, is the cheats, the rip-off artists, the hypocrites, the phonies, the con men, and the organized criminals of this world, regardless of race, color, or creed." The film is most critical in its portrayal of the Mafia. According to Bakshi, "I was incensed at all the hero worship of those guys in The Godfather; Pacino and Caan did such a great job of making you like them. [...] One thing that stunned me about The Godfather movie: here's a mother who gives birth to children, and her husband essentially gets all her sons killed. In Coonskin, she gets her revenge, but also gets shot. She turns into a butterfly and gets crushed. [...] These [Mafia] guys don't give you any room."

The live-action sequences feature singers Barry White and Scatman Crothers, actor and playwright Charles Gordone, and actors Philip Michael Thomas, Danny Rees, and Buddy Douglas. Thomas, Gordone, and White also provide the voices of the film's main animated characters. In the film's ending credits, the actors were only credited for their live-action roles, and all voice actors who did not appear in the live-action sequences were left uncredited. Among the voices featured in the film was Al Lewis, best known for appearing as Grandpa on The Munsters. Bakshi also worked with Gordone on the film Heavy Traffic, and worked with Thomas again on the film Hey Good Lookin'. The film's opening credits feature a long take of Scatman Crothers performing a song on vocals and guitar called "Coonskin No More".

Coonskin uses a variety of different styles of artwork, filmmaking and storytelling techniques. Film critic Leonard Maltin wrote that Coonskin "remains one of [Bakshi's] most exciting films, both visually and conceptually." Darius James writes that Coonskin "reads like an Uncle Remus folktale rewritten by Chester Himes with all the Yoruba-based surrealism of Nigerian author Amos Tutuola." The film directly references the original African folk tales that the Uncle Remus storybooks were based on in two scenes that are directly reminiscent of the stories The Briar Patch and The Tar Baby. Writer and former pimp Iceberg Slim is briefly referenced in the dialogue of Preacher Fox, and the Liston–Ali fights are referenced in the film's final act, in which Brother Bear, like Sonny Liston, is sold out to the Mafia. The film also features a pastiche of cartoonist George Herriman and columnist Don Marquis' "archy and mehitabel", in a monologue about a cockroach that leaves the woman who loves him. Bakshi has stated that Herriman, a Biracial American Creole, is his favorite cartoonist.

Release

When the film was finished, a showing was planned at the Museum of Modern Art. However, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) surrounded the building, in a protest led by Elaine Parker. Gregg Kilday of the Los Angeles Times interviewed Larry Kardish, a museum staff member, and Kardish recalled that "About halfway into the film about ten members of CORE showed up. They walked up and down the aisles and were very belligerent. In my estimation they were determined not to like the film. Apparently some of their friends had read the script of the movie and in their belief it was detrimental to the image of blacks [...] The question-and-answer session with Bakshi that followed quickly collapsed into the chaos of a shouting match." Animation historian Jerry Beck did not recall any disturbance during the screening, but said there were racist catcalls during the question-and-answer session, and Bakshi's talk was cut short. "It wasn't much of a madhouse, but it was kind of wild for the Museum of Modern Art."

Following the showing, the Paramount Building in New York City was picketed by CORE. Elaine Parker, chairman of the Harlem chapter of CORE, had spoken out against the film in January 1975. She told Variety that the film "depicts us as slaves, hustlers and whores. It's a racist film to me, and very insulting." The Los Angeles chapter of CORE demanded that Paramount not release the film, claiming that it was "highly objectionable to the black community." The NAACP had written a letter describing the film as a difficult satire, but supported it.

New Distributor
With Paramount's permission, Bakshi and Ruddy were contractually released, and the Bryanston Distributing Company was made as the new distributor for the film. Ironically, two weeks after the film opened, the distributor went bankrupt. According to a May 1975 issue of The Hollywood Reporter, Ben Gage was hired to re-record some of Barry White's voice tracks, in order to remove "racist references and vulgarity." Coonskin was given limited distribution, advertised as a blaxploitation film. Roger Ebert wrote in his review of the film:

Coonskin is said by its director to be about blacks and for whites, and by its ads to be for blacks and against whites. Its title was originally intended to break through racial stereotypes by its bluntness, but now the ads say the hero and his pals are out "to get the Man to stop calling them coonskin." The movie's original distributor, Paramount, dropped it after pressure from black groups. Now it's being sold by Bryanston as an attack on the system. [...] Coonskin is provocative, original and deserves better than being sold as the very thing it's not.

In a 1982 article published in The Village Voice, Carol Cooper wrote "Coonskin was driven out of theaters by a misguided minority, most of whom had never seen the film. CORE's pickets at Paramount's Gulf and Western headquarters and, later, a few smoke bombs lobbed into packed Broadway theaters were enough; theater owners were intimidated, and the auxiliary distributor, Bryanston, couldn't book the film."

Original Paramount Cut discovery
In 2023, the Italian YouTuber 151eg, in an attempt to rediscover the lost Italian dubbing of the film, contacted a private collector and purchased a VHS tape. The VHS tape contained the original version of the film, with an additional 20 minutes compared to the commonly available version. It was, in fact, the Paramount cut, which had never been released due to protests. It is possible to watch it on the 151eg channel or on archive.org.

Critical response
Initial reviews of the film were mixed. Playboy said of the film, "Bakshi seems to throw in a little of everything and he can't quite pull it together." A review published in The Village Voice called the film "the product of a crippled hand and a paralyzed mind." Arthur Cooper wrote in Newsweek, "[Bakshi] doesn't have much affection for man or woman kind—black or white." Eventually, positive reviews appeared in The New York Times, The Hollywood Reporter, the New York Amsterdam News (an African American newspaper), and elsewhere, but the film died at the box office. Richard Eder of The New York Times wrote, "[Coonskin] could be his masterpiece [...] a shattering successful effort to use an uncommon form—cartoons and live action combined—to convey the hallucinatory violence and frustration of American city life, specifically black city life [...] lyrically violent, yet in no way [does it] exploit violence." Variety called the film a "brutal satire from the streets. Not for all tastes [...] not avant-garde. [...] The target audience is youth who read comics in the undergrounds." A reviewer for The Los Angeles Herald Examiner wrote "Certainly, it will outrage some and indeed it's not Disney. I liked it. The dialogue it has obviously generated—if not the box office obstacles—seems joltingly healthy."

Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic wrote "Coonskin is a flawed but fierce little work of art, at a high level of imaginative energy and with some touches of brilliance".

Legacy
Coonskin was later re-released under the title Bustin' Out, but it was not a success. In 2003, the Online Film Critics Society ranked the film as the 97th greatest animated film of all time. Coonskin was released on VHS by Academy Entertainment in late 1987, and later by Xenon Entertainment Group in the 1990s, both under the re-release title, Street Fight. The 1987 edition carried the disclaimer, "Warning: This film offends everybody!".

In 2010, Shout! Factory announced that Coonskin would be released on DVD in November 2010, intending to release it with a reversible cover with both titles of the film, but the release was cancelled due to a legal issue involving ownership of the rights to the film, resolved with Xenon's eventual DVD release in 2012. The 2012 release was the first official home video release to carry the film's original title. In September 2012, Bakshi incorporated animation from Coonskin into a new short film, Trickle Dickle Down, criticizing Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney.

See also

 List of American films of 1975

Notes

References

External links

1975 films
1975 animated films
1970s American animated films
1975 crime films
1970s satirical films
American adult animated films
African-American animated films
African-American-related controversies in film
African American–Jewish relations
American films with live action and animation
American independent films
American satirical films
Animated films about rabbits and hares
Animated films about bears
Animated films about foxes
Blaxploitation films
1970s English-language films
Films about African-American organized crime
Animated films about racism
Films directed by Ralph Bakshi
Films scored by Chico Hamilton
Animated films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
Films about the American Mafia
Film controversies
Independent animated films
Race-related controversies in film
Race-related controversies in animation
1975 drama films
Films with screenplays by Ralph Bakshi
Br'er Rabbit
Censored films
Obscenity controversies in film
Obscenity controversies in animation

Coonskin (film)


Irving Gould (1919–2004) was a Canadian businessman credited with both saving and sinking Commodore.

Commodore was originally formed in Canada and initially produced mechanical typewriters and calculators. In 1965, Jack Tramiel, Commodore's founder and CEO, decided to purchase the Canadian store chain Wilson's Stationers to provide a sales channel for their products. To fund the purchase they borrowed $3 million from Atlantic Acceptance Corporation at an 11% interest rate. On 14 June 1965, Atlantic bounced a $5 million check and was insolvent within days. This led to all their capital loans being called in, including Commodore's $3 million.

Looking for a way out of the problem, Irving Gould arranged the sale of Wilson's Stationers to a US company. To pay off the bridge loan, Gould purchased 17% of Commodore's stock in 1966 for $400,000. Over the next decade, the company repeatedly had difficulties and repeatedly turned to Gould for funding.

Through the late 1960s and early 1970s, Japanese companies began introducing typewriters and calculators at price points Commodore could not match. Tramiel responded by moving into the newly emerging field of electronic calculators. Gould had a Japanese girlfriend and kept up on changes in Japanese industry. In the mid-1970s, Gould told Tramiel that the Japanese were starting to produce calculators using CMOS electronics that were going to "kick your butt". Tramiel visited Japan to examine their systems, and found they would not sell their technology to the US.

The Japanese companies were able to undercut Commodore both in technology and by being vertically integrated. Texas Instruments, one of Commodore's suppliers, decided to follow this pattern and introduced complete calculators at prices below what they sold the parts to Commodore. Gould provided funding to keep Commodore going during the period where they were being forced out of the calculator business. Tramiel responded by buying MOS Technology to supply microprocessors and moving into the computer market.

In the early 80s Irwin Gould got into a disagreement with Jack Tramiel over how to run the company. In a 1986 interview with Dr. Achim Becker for the german newspaper DATA WELT, at the question to Jack Tramiel "Why did you leave Commodore? Is there a simple answer to this question?" Jack answered:If you ask the people who have worked with me, they will tell you that I have changed virtually nothing in the last 25 years. I've always been one of them. Just because we were a billion-dollar company, we didn't have to throw money out the window like a billion-dollar company. Because, if you spend more, you have to raise prices. The man I worked for disagreed. When business was better, he wanted to spend more. That's one of the points where we disagreed. We also disagreed on the issue of financing. I felt that the moment our stock was trading high, we should have issued new stock; especially since we had never had an increase since we went public in 1962. With the $120 million we would have earned from 2 million new shares, we could have paid all our debts to the banks and strengthened the company's position. It would have allowed us to weather any storm without relying on the banks. The man I worked for thought this would dilute his share in the company and lose influence in the process - that was absolutely wrong. Those were the main reasons. In short, our philosophies were different. It got to the point where I said to him: Either I can run the company the way I think it should be run or I have to leave. I was told very kindly: If you don't want to do it the way I do, then leave. And I left.

Gould and Mehdi Ali (then Commodore's managing director) have also been accused of causing the death of Commodore in 1993–94 by making a series of mistakes like trying to maximize profit by producing low-cost equipment and mismarketing the Amiga.

References

Bibliography

External links
 Irving Gould
 Ars history of Commodore

20th-century Canadian businesspeople
Commodore people
1919 births
2004 deaths

Irving Gould


Pooler is a city in Chatham County, Georgia, United States. According to the official 2020 U.S. Census, the population was 25,711, up 34.3% from the 2010 population of 19,140. Pooler is located northwest of Savannah along Interstates 95 and 16. It comprises part of the Savannah metropolitan area.

History
The city was named for railroad employee Robert William Pooler.

During the Civil War, Pooler was a railway stop called Pooler's Station—the last stop before Savannah on the Central of Georgia Railway. In December 1864, Pooler was a meeting place for Union officers led by William Tecumseh Sherman, who negotiated with Savannah authorities for the strategic port city's peaceful surrender.

Geography

Pooler is located in northwestern Chatham County at . It is bordered by Port Wentworth to the north, Garden City to the east, a far-flung portion of Savannah to the north/northeast (Airport) and the southwest, and Bloomingdale to the west. U.S. Route 80 intersects Interstate 95 just east of the city center; US 80 leads  east to downtown Savannah, while I-95 leads north into South Carolina and south  to Jacksonville, Florida.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Pooler has a total area of , of which  is land and , or 3.18%, is water.

Demographics

2020 census

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 25,711 people, 8,794 households, and 6,130 families residing in the city.

In the 2010 census, the racial makeup of the city was 65.4% White, 25.4% African American, 0.2% Native American, 3.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.2% from other races, and 2.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.6% of the population.

There were 7,300 households, out of which 35.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.1% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.0% were non-families. 22.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.09.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 34.9% from 25 to 44, 23.2% from 45 to 64, and 7.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $71,737, and the median income for a family was $78,419. Males had a median income of $53,854 versus $38,401 for females. The per capita income for the city was $30,336. About 5.4% of families and 6.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.4% of those between ages 18 and 15. 26.1% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
Pooler is the center for commercial development in west Chatham County. Godley Station, the center for business development, has been successful in attracting large companies such as construction equipment manufacturer JCB to the area. It is home to the headquarters of tactical gear manufacturer Blue Force Gear. Private jet manufacturer Gulfstream Aerospace is located right outside the city limits. It is one of the largest manufacturers of private jets in the United States and provides one of the largest employment numbers in the Savannah and Pooler area. Newer shopping centers such as The Shops at Godley Station are bringing new revenue to the area. Low crime LINK and a small-town community atmosphere have all been factors in its explosive growth. Pooler is now one of Georgia's fastest-growing cities.

Notable people
 Jared Wade, country music singer-songwriter
 Buddy Carter, U.S. representative for 1st district of Georgia
 Cody Allen

See also
 Mighty Eighth Air Force Museum

References

External links

City of Pooler official website

Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
Cities in Chatham County, Georgia
Savannah metropolitan area

Pooler, Georgia


A batch reactor is a chemical reactor in which a non-continuous reaction is conducted, i.e., one where the reactants, products and solvent do not flow in or out of the vessel during the reaction until the target reaction conversion is achieved. By extension, the expression is somehow inappropriately used for other batch fluid processing operations that do not involve a chemical reaction, such as solids dissolution, product mixing, batch distillation, crystallization, and liquid/liquid extraction. In such cases, however, they may not be referred to as reactors but rather with a term specific to the function they perform (such as crystallizer, bioreactor, etc.).

Many batch processes are designed on the basis of a scale-up from the laboratory, particularly for the manufacture of specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals. If this is the case, the process development will produce a recipe for the manufacturing process, which has many similarities to a recipe used in cookery. A typical batch reactor consists of a pressure vessel with an agitator and integral heating/cooling system. The vessels may vary in size from less than 1 L to more than 15,000 L. They are usually fabricated in steel, stainless steel, glass-lined steel, glass or exotic alloys. Liquids and solids are usually charged via connections in the top cover of the reactor. Vapors and gases also discharge through connections in the top. Liquids are usually discharged out of the bottom.

The advantages of the batch reactor lie with its versatility. A single vessel can carry out a sequence of different operations without the need to break containment. This is particularly useful when processing toxic or highly potent compounds.

Agitation

The usual agitator arrangement is a centrally mounted driveshaft with an overhead drive unit. Impeller blades are mounted on the shaft. A wide variety of blade designs are used and typically the blades cover about two thirds of the diameter of the reactor. Where viscous products are handled, anchor shaped paddles are often used which have a close clearance between the blade and the vessel walls.

Most batch reactors also use baffles. These are stationary blades which break up flow caused by the rotating agitator. These may be fixed to the vessel cover or mounted on the interior of the side walls.

Despite significant improvements in agitator blade and baffle design, mixing in large batch reactors is ultimately constrained by the amount of energy that can be applied. On large vessels, mixing energies of more than 5 W/L can put an unacceptable burden on the cooling system. High agitator loads can also create shaft stability problems. Where mixing is a critical parameter, the batch reactor is not the ideal solution. Much higher mixing rates can be achieved by using smaller flowing systems with high-speed agitators, ultrasonic mixing or static mixers.

Heating and cooling systems

Products within batch reactors usually liberate or absorb heat during processing. Even the action of stirring stored liquids generates heat. In order to hold the reactor contents at the desired temperature, heat has to be added or removed by a cooling jacket or cooling pipe. Heating/cooling coils or external jackets are used for heating and cooling batch reactors. Heat transfer fluid passes through the jacket or coils to add or remove heat.

Within the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, external cooling jackets are generally preferred as they make the vessel easier to clean. The performance of these jackets can be defined by three parameters:
 Response time to modify the jacket temperature.
 Uniformity of jacket temperature.
 Stability of jacket temperature.

It can be argued that heat transfer coefficient is also an important parameter. It has to be recognized however that large batch reactors with external cooling jackets have severe heat transfer constraints by virtue of design. It is difficult to achieve better than 100 W/L even with ideal heat transfer conditions. By contrast, continuous reactors can deliver cooling capacities in excess of 10,000 W/L. For processes with very high heat loads, there are better solutions than batch reactors.

Fast temperature control response and uniform jacket heating and cooling is particularly important for crystallization processes or operations where the product or process is very temperature sensitive. There are several types of batch reactor cooling jackets, including single external jacket, half-coil jacket, and constant flux heat jacket.

Single external jacket

The single jacket design consists of an outer jacket which surrounds the vessel. Heat transfer fluid flows around the jacket and is injected at high velocity via nozzles. The temperature in the jacket is regulated to control heating or cooling.

The single jacket is probably the oldest design of external cooling jacket. Despite being a tried and tested solution, it has some limitations. On large vessels, it can take many minutes to adjust the temperature of the fluid in the cooling jacket. This results in sluggish temperature control. The distribution of heat transfer fluid is also far from ideal and the heating or cooling tends to vary between the side walls and bottom dish. Another issue to consider is the inlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid which can oscillate (in response to the temperature control valve) over a wide temperature range to cause hot or cold spots at the jacket inlet points.

Half-coil jacket

The half-coil jacket is made by welding a half pipe around the outside of the vessel to create a semi circular flow channel. The heat transfer fluid passes through the channel in a plug flow fashion. A large reactor may use several coils to deliver the heat transfer fluid. Like the single jacket, the temperature in the jacket is regulated to control heating or cooling.

The plug flow characteristics of a half coil jacket permits faster displacement of the heat transfer fluid in the jacket (typically less than 60 s). This is desirable for good temperature control. It also provides good distribution of heat transfer fluid which avoids the problems of non-uniform heating or cooling between the side walls and bottom dish. Like the single jacket design however the inlet heat transfer fluid is also vulnerable to large oscillations (in response to the temperature control valve) in temperature.

Constant flux cooling jacket

The constant flux cooling jacket is a relatively recent development. It is not a single jacket but has a series of 20 or more small jacket elements. The temperature control valve operates by opening and closing these channels as required. By varying the heat transfer area in this way, the process temperature can be regulated without altering the jacket temperature.

The constant flux jacket has very fast temperature control response (typically less than 5 s) due to the short length of the flow channels and high velocity of the heat transfer fluid. Like the half coil jacket the heating/cooling flux is uniform. Because the jacket operates at substantially constant temperature however the inlet temperature oscillations seen in other jackets are absent. An unusual feature of this type jacket is that process heat can be measured very sensitively. This allows the user to monitor the rate of reaction for detecting end points, controlling addition rates, controlling crystallization etc.

Applications
Batch reactors are often used in the process industry; in wastewater treatment, as they are effective in reducing biological oxygen demand (BOD) of influent untreated water; in the pharmaceutical industry; in laboratory applications, such as small-scale production, inducing fermentation for beverage products, and for experiments of reaction kinetics and thermodynamics; etc. Common issues ascribed to batch reactors are their relatively high cost and unreliability in terms of product quality.

See also

 Continuous reactor

References

External links
Batch Reactor
Jacketed Vessel Design

Chemical reactors

Batch reactor


The Genie is a character in Disney's Aladdin movies.

His life
The Genie of the Lamp has been stuck in a magic lamp for 10,000 years. He was freed by Aladdin and he offered Aladdin three wishes. Aladdin asked him what he would wish for. Genie wished for his freedom from the lamp.

Development
Robin Williams voiced the Genie in the 1992 cartoon and Aladdin and the King of Thieves. He wasn't able to return for the animated show and The Return of Jafar due to disagreements with Disney and with Dan Castellaneta voicing him in the meantime. Williams improvised a lot of dialogue for the Genie, which made the 1992 movie ineligible for Best Adapted Screenplay. Will Smith would play the Genie in the 2019 live-action remake.

Reception
Robin Williams has received a lot of acclaim for voicing the Genie. Same goes to Will Smith for the remake, which otherwise had mixed reviews.

Aladdin (Disney) characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1992
Kingdom Hearts characters

Genie (Disney)


Álvaro Bulhão Pato (1840 – 14 February 1936) was a Portuguese politician and a writer, during the First Portuguese Republic, he was mayor of Angra do Heroísmo in the Azores, he was senator in two legislatures in the Portuguese Ministry of the Colonies during the government of Rodrigues Gaspar from 6 July to 22 November 1924 He succeeded Mariano Martins and was succeeded by Carlos de Vasconcelos.

Biography
He worked as an official and was elevated to a rank of an inspector.

He was director of a customs house in Angra do Heroísmo, and remained until it became a republic where he became president of the municipality and a judge in Angra do Heroísmo.

He was previously director of the customs house of Portuguese West Africa.

He was senator in two legislatures from 6 July to 22 November 1924 as Minister of the Colonies during the 40th government of the First Republic under Alfredo Rodrigues Gaspar.  It was in favour of autonomy in the Portuguese Colonies

He published numerous works, one of them Na Brecha

Published works
He published and contributed a large number of works and periodicals, he was author on one of these including:
Na Brecha. Angra do Heroísmo : Typ. Sousa e Andrade, 1910 (p. 216);
O tempo : da monarchia à república. [The Time: The Monarchy or the Republic] Lisbon : Liv. Ferin 1913 (p. 316).

References

1840 births
1936 deaths
Portuguese male writers
Portuguese politicians

Álvaro Bulhão Pato