Henry George Victor John Crichton, 6th Earl Erne, KCVO (9 July 1937 – 23 December 2015), was an Anglo-Irish peer and a Lord Lieutenant of Fermanagh. He was known to his family and friends as Harry Erne.

Biography
Lord Erne was the eldest son of the 5th Earl Erne and his wife Davina (Lady Davidema Katharine Cynthia Mary Millicent Bulwer-Lytton), a younger daughter of the 2nd Earl of Lytton, and was a godchild of King George VI.

He inherited his father's titles in 1940, a few weeks before his third birthday, when his father was killed in action in the Second World War. In 1945 he gained a step-father when his mother married secondly Montague Woodhouse, a Conservative Member of Parliament who in 1998 would succeed his elder brother as the 5th Baron Terrington. In due course he gained two half-brothers, Christopher, now 6th Baron Terrington, and Nicholas, and a half-sister, Emma Davinia Mary.

He was educated at Eton. In 1952, he was briefly a Page of Honour to George VI and continued in the same capacity after Elizabeth II came to the throne, until 1954. From 1960 to 1968, he was a junior officer in the North Irish Horse.

He was a member of the Royal Ulster Agricultural Society and the Royal Forestry Society and was Lord Lieutenant of Fermanagh from 1986 to 2012. Erne was appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in the 2012 New Year Honours List, for his services as Lord-Lieutenant.

He died on 23 December 2015, aged 78.

Marriages and children
On 5 November 1958, Lord Erne married Camilla Roberts, elder daughter of the aviator Owen Roberts, himself grandson of wealthy American businessman Marshall Owen Roberts. She was a cousin to The 12th Baron Farnham and second cousin to The 10th Duke of Atholl. They had five children:

 Lady Cleone Lucinda Crichton (born 27 August 1959)
 Lady Davina Jane Crichton (born 25 June 1961)
 Lady Katherine Patricia Crichton (born 4 November 1962)
 Lady Tara Guinevere Crichton (born 9 May 1967)
 John Henry Michael Ninian Crichton, 7th Earl Erne (born 19 June 1971)

In 1980 he was divorced from his first wife and on 21 June 1980 married Anna Hitchcock, née Bjorck, who survives him.

Footnotes

References
Burke's Peerage & Gentry, 107th edition

External links

1937 births
2015 deaths
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Lord-Lieutenants of Fermanagh
People educated at Eton College
Pages of Honour
North Irish Horse officers
Earls Erne

Erne

Henry Crichton, 6th Earl Erne


Belgo was a chain of London restaurants specializing in simple Belgian cooking and Belgian beer. There were five Belgo restaurants: Belgo Centraal (Covent Garden), Belgo Holborn, Belgo Kings Cross, Belgo Nottingham and Belgo Bromley ; following closures announced in July 2020.

The chain was noted for its 1990s design and architecture, including kitchens viewable by customers entering the Centraal restaurant, and waiters and waitresses who dressed as monks.

History
Belgo was founded in 1992 by French-Canadian Denis Blais and Anglo-Belgian Andre Plisnier. For a time the brand was expanded to a chain of bar-diners known as Bierodrome in Clapham, Kingsway, and Islington, and at Belgo Zuid in Ladbroke Grove – all now closed) but it later reverted to the Belgo format.

Belgo was bought in 1998 by ex-fund manager, newspaper columnist and ex-Chairman of Channel 4 Luke Johnson—known for his financial stewardship, with colleague Hugh Osmond, of the Pizza Express chain of pizza restaurants in the 1990s. However, attempts to extend the Belgo franchise organically beyond London in the late 1990s were not successful: the franchise in Jersey lasted barely 12 months before closing in 2000. The Belgo flotation was used as a vehicle to acquire a number of celebrated chic London restaurants, such as The Ivy, The Caprice, Daphne's The Collection and J. Sheekey, creating the 'Signature Restaurants' division, and a business with a market capital that peaked at more than £90,000,000.

Johnson sold his interest in Belgo in 2005 to Tragus Group, now Casual Dining Group, which also owns the French-styled Café Rouge chain and the Bella Italia chain of Italian restaurants.

In July 2020 on the back of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Casual Dining Group went into administration and it announced that Belgo would permanently close three of its four sites.

Charity
In 2013, Belgo was an official partner of Comic Relief, the British charity founded in 1985 that aims to "bring about positive and lasting change in the lives of poor and disadvantaged people".

See also
 List of restaurants in London
 Strada

References

External links

 Google Images of 'Belgo'

Belgian cuisine
Defunct restaurants in London
European restaurants in London
Restaurants disestablished during the COVID-19 pandemic
Restaurants disestablished in 2020
Restaurants established in 1992

Belgo


Franceville (present-day Port Vila) was a municipality located on Efate, or Sandwich Island. It was established in 1889 in order to gain basic legal status, during the period when the New Hebrides was a neutral territory under the loose jurisdiction of the Anglo-French Joint Naval Commission.

In 1878, the United Kingdom and France declared all of the New Hebrides to be neutral territory. For the protection of the French and British citizens in New Hebrides, a joint naval commission was established under the Convention of 16 October 1887. However, the convention claimed no jurisdiction over internal native affairs.

The lack of a functional government led to rising discontent among the colonists. The French were especially inconvenienced because French law only recognized marriages when contracted under a civil authority (the nearest one being in New Caledonia), whereas British law recognized marriages conducted by local clergy. On 9 August 1889, Franceville declared itself an independent commune under the leadership of elected mayor/president Ferdinand-Albert Chevillard, and with its own red, white and blue flag with five stars.

This community became one of the first self-governing nations in recorded history to practice universal suffrage without distinction of sex or race. Although the district's population at the time consisted of about 500 natives and fewer than 50 whites, only white males were permitted to hold office. One of its elected presidents was R. D. Polk, a native of Tennessee and relative of James K. Polk.

The new government was soon suppressed, and by June 1890, Franceville as a commune was reported to have been "practically broken up." An 1891 census reported 29 adult Europeans, making it the largest European settlement in the New Hebrides. In 1906, the naval commission was replaced by a more structured British-French Condominium.

See also
History of Vanuatu
Port Vila
Timeline of women's suffrage

References

Further reading

History of Vanuatu
Former unrecognized countries
Former countries in Oceania
Island countries
Former republics
States and territories established in 1889
1889 establishments in Oceania
States and territories disestablished in 1890
1890 disestablishments in Oceania
France–United Kingdom relations

Franceville, New Hebrides


Dinosaur brains and intelligence are interesting topics. Dinosaurs were once regarded as stupid animals, but it is now realised that some of the smaller carnivores had above average intelligence for reptiles. This idea led to exaggerated portrayals in films like Jurassic Park.

Stegosaurus

The idea that Stegosaurus had a "brain the size of a walnut" (an oft-repeated phrase), was not quite accurate. It had a brain the size of a dog's, but in proportion to its body, the brain was very small. In the 1880s a well-preserved Stegosaurus braincase allowed Othniel Charles Marsh to get a cast of the brain cavity, which gave an idea of the brain size. The endocast showed that the brain was indeed small: relative to body size, maybe the smallest among the dinosaurs. The fact that an animal weighing over 4.5 metric tonnes (5 short tons) could have a brain of no more than 80 grams (2.8 oz) led to the idea that dinosaurs were unintelligent, an idea now largely rejected.

Marsh noted a large canal in the hip region of the spinal cord. It could have had 20 times the neurons of the famously small brain. This may have been used to coordinate the hind region in defence against theropod attack. This function for the "second brain" is not proved by any direct evidence.

Brain-body size relationship
Brain size usually increases with body size in animals (is positively correlated). That means large animals usually have larger brains than smaller animals. The relationship is not linear however. Generally, small mammals have relatively larger brains than big ones. Mice have a direct brain/body size ratio similar to humans (1/40). Elephants have a comparatively small brain/body size (1/560), although elephants are obviously quite intelligent animals.

Encephalization quotient (EQ)
The formula for the curve varies, but is usually given as Ew(brain) = 0.12w(body)2/3. As this formula is based on data from mammals, it should be applied to other animals with caution. For some of the other vertebrate classes the power of 3/4 rather than 2/3 is sometimes used, and for many groups of invertebrates the formula may give no meaningful results at all.

Intelligence
Intelligence in animals is hard to establish, but the larger the brain is relative to the body, the more brain weight might be available for complex cognitive tasks. Rather than simply measuring raw brain weight, the EQ formula makes for a ranking of animals. The ranking coincides better with the observed complexity of behaviour. Mean EQ for mammals is around 1, with carnivora, cetacea and primates above 1, and insectivores and herbivores below. It also puts humans at the top of the list. The relationship between brain-to-body mass ratio and complexity of behaviour is not perfect, because other factors also influence intelligence. These factors include the evolution of the recent cerebral cortex and different degrees of brain folding.

This increase the surface of the cortex is positively correlated to intelligence in humans.

Dinosaur brains

Problems with EQ
Traditional comparisons of brain volume to body mass in dinosaurs have estimated brain size as the volume of the endocast. However, the brain of the modern reptile genus Sphenodon fills only about half of its endocranial volume. Some paleontologists used this fifty percent estimate in their estimates of dinosaur brain volume. Other workers have observed that details on the endocranial surface indicates that some fossil reptiles had brains that occupied a much larger portion of the endocranium. Larsson notes that the transition from reptiles to birds prevents using a set ratio from being a valid approach to estimating the volume of the endocranium occupied by a dinosaur's brain.

Adding difficulty is the wide range of estimates for live mass. One study estimated that the live masses for many dinosaur genera had a four-fold range. Larsson laments that "the broad ranges of body mass estimates, combined with the ambiguous ratio of endocranial volume occupied by the brain, present a high degree of uncertainty for [creating an] index of brain size". Consequently, he attempted to minimize errors by making a different kind of comparison.

While it is difficult to estimate the absolute volume of the brain, the proportions of its various regions of the brain should be the same in the endocast as it was in the live brain. Larsson's study compared the ratio of the cerebrum, which is clearly marked on the inside of skulls, to the rest of the endocast's volume. According to Larsson, his technique is superior to traditional comparisons of brain volume to estimated live body mass.

Theropod brains

Most dinosaurs, and most theropods, had brains no better than present-day reptiles, so far as can be estimated. In a 2001 study of a Carcharodontosaurus saharicus endocast, Hans Larsson found that both C. saharicus and Allosaurus had a ratio of cerebrum to brain volume that was very similar to non-avian reptiles. By contrast, the Tyrannosaurus ratio was slightly in the direction of a more bird-like proportion. Since tyrannosaurs are relatively basal coelurosaurs, this is evidence that the Coelurosauria mark the beginning of a trend in theropod brain enlargement.

Troodon
Troodon's cerebrum-to-brain-volume ratio was 31.5% to 63% of the way from a nonavian reptile proportion to a truly avian one.

Archaeopteryx
Archaeopteryx had a cerebrum-to-brain-volume ratio 78% of the way to modern birds.

Summary
The method used for Larsson's comparison was not the EQ, but a ratio of the size of the cerebrum to the whole brain. The cerebrum is chiefly responsible for what might be called 'intelligent behaviour'.

The brains of dinosaurs were generally much like other reptiles in their proportions. The exception is the coelurosaurs, which had cerebra proportionately larger than most reptiles, though proportionately smaller than modern birds.

References

Dinosaurs
Brain

Dinosaur brains and intelligence


Ze'ev Bielski (, born 13 March 1949) is an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Kadima between 2009 and 2013. He previously chaired the Jewish Agency and the World Zionist Organization and worked as a Jewish Agency emissary in South Africa. He also served as the mayor of Ra'anana (served 1989–2005, 2013–2018). Bielski is a founder of The Israel Forum, whose purpose is to maintain a direct relationship between young Jews from the Diaspora and Israel in the areas of education and economy. He also played in the Israeli national basketball league.

Biography

Early life

Bielski was born and raised in Jerusalem. Between 1967 and 1970 he served in the IDF, where he reached the level of Major. He earned a BA in economics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Public life
Between 1977 and 1980 he was the leading Jewish Agency emissary in South Africa. In 1989, after coming back to Israel, he became the Mayor of Ra'anana. During his mayorship, he also served as the Deputy Chairman of the Union of Local Authorities in Israel between 1996 and 1999, and as the National Chairman of the anti-drug organization, "Al-Sam" from 1994 to 1996.

On 23 June 2005 he was elected a member of the World Zionist Organization Council as a member of Herut – The National Movement. On 28 June he succeeded Salai Meridor as the chairman of the Jewish Agency. His candidacy for this position was supported by Ariel Sharon.

Prior to the 2009 elections he was placed 15th on the Kadima list, and entered the Knesset as the party won 28 seats. He chose not to run in the 2013 elections.

Private life
Ze'ev Bielski is married to Caron Sacks (sister of art collector Leslie Sacks; and sister of American businessman Rodney Sacks), whom he met in South Africa. They have 3 children, 2 girls (Adi and Tali) and a boy (Eran).

School Funding
Bielski has resisted calls from constituents to fund schools that fall outside of mainstream schemes. In 2011, local residents sought approval to establish a Ra'anana branch of the Pelech School as an alternative for girls to the city's beleaguered Amit "Renanim". He has been criticized by Rabbi Michael Melchior, a founder of Meitarim, a network of pluralistic Jewish schools in Israel that educate religious and secular students together, for his refusal to provide city funding to the local branch of the pluralistic school.

American Jews
Bielski told The Jerusalem Post that Jews in America have no future in America. Due to the size of America he believes assimilation is inevitable, and all Jews in America should move to Israel.

References

External links

Biography Jewish Agency

1949 births
Politicians from Jerusalem
Israeli Jews
Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Social Sciences alumni
Mayors of Ra'anana
Members of the 18th Knesset (2009–2013)
Living people
Kadima politicians
Heads of the Jewish Agency for Israel
Sacks family

Ze'ev Bielski


The Clostridia are a class of Firmicutes, including Clostridium and other similar genera.

The Clostridia are obligate anaerobes. They lack aerobic respiration, and oxygen is toxic to them. Species of the genus Clostridium are all Gram-positive and can form spores.

Studies show they are not a monophyletic group. In fact, they are highly polyphyletic. Their relationships are not certain. Most are put in the Clostridiales, but is not a natural group. It is likely to be redefined in the future.

Most species of the genus Clostridium are saprophytic organisms found in many places, most notably the soil. However, the genus does contain some human pathogens.
The toxins produced by some members of the Clostridium genus are among the most dangerous known. Examples are tetanus toxin (known as tetanospasmin) produced by C. tetani and botulinum toxin produced by C. botulinum.

Notable species of this class include:
Clostridium perfringens  (Gangrene, food poisoning)
Clostridium difficile    (Pseudomembranous colitis)
Clostridium tetani       (Tetanus)
Clostridium botulinum    (Botulism)
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Clostridium haemolyticum
Clostridium novyi
Clostridium oedematiens
Heliobacteria are also members of the class Clostridia.

References

Gram-positive bacteria

Clostridia


John Couch Haltiwanger (born December 12, 1955) is the Dudley and Louisa Dillard Professor of Economics and Distinguished University Professor of Economics at the University of Maryland-College Park.  He is best known for his work developing and studying longitudinal firm-level microdata, which formed the foundation of his influential work on the determinants of firm-level job creation, job destruction, and economic performance.

Biography
Haltiwanger received a B.S. in applied mathematics and economics from Brown University in 1977 and a Ph.D. in economics from Johns Hopkins University in 1981.

Prior to arriving at the University of Maryland-College Park in 1987, he held positions on the faculty at the University of California-Los Angeles and The Johns Hopkins University.  He is also a research associate at the Center for Economic Studies at the U.S. Bureau of the Census, and served as Chief Economist of the U.S. Bureau of the Census between 1997 and 1999.

In addition these positions, Haltiwanger is a senior research fellow of the Census Bureau's Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD) Program, which he helped to found along with John M. Abowd and Julia Lane. He is a member of the Federal Economics Statistics Advisory Council and a research associate at both the Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) and the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER).

Haltiwanger served as chief economist of the U.S. Bureau of the Census between 1997 and 1999. He was also previously a member of the Committee on National Statistics for the National Academy of Sciences, a consultant for the Conference Board, and a member of the Brookings Panel on Economic Activity.

He is married to Lucia Foster.

Work
Haltiwanger is known for his influential work using firm-level longitudinal data to explore the dynamics of job creation, job destruction, and economic performance. In his 1996 book Job Creation and Destruction (co-authored with Steven Davis and Scott Schuh), he uses plant-level data from the manufacturing industry to examine how businesses and workers respond to changes in their economic environments. Among the most striking findings in the book are the large and persistent gross job flows, which dwarf the net job flows that are commonly observed in employment data. Job Creation and Destruction laid the groundwork for subsequent research that not only confirmed the existence of such large gross job flows in other time periods, sectors, and countries, but also delved into the mechanisms and theories that would explain these flows.

In a review published in the Journal of Economic Literature in 1997, David Blanchflower concluded that Job Creation and Destruction "is an important piece of work. Not many books start literatures. This one is likely to. Buy it." (page 1400). In a review published in Economica in 1998, Jonathan Haskel noted that Job Creation and Destruction "is a definitive documentation of job creation and destruction in the United States and has already proved to be the starting point for a rich body of work. How many other books can claim to be so influential in their field?" (page 156). Job Creation and Destruction was a Choice Outstanding Academic Title in 1996.

More recently, Haltiwanger has empirically explored the basis for the conventional view that small firms are responsible for the majority of growth in the U.S. economy. His research on the subject suggests that it is young firms, not small firms per se, that create the disproportionate number of jobs.

Haltiwanger has also published widely cited articles in the Quarterly Journal of Economics, the American Economic Review, the Review of Economic Studies, the Review of Economics and Statistics, the Journal of Economic Literature, and other major economics and statistics journals.

Honors and awards
 2014 Roger Herriot Award (with John Abowd and Julia Lane)
 2013 Julius Shiskin Memorial Award
 Choice Outstanding Academic Title (1996), Job Creation and Destruction (co-authored with Steven Davis and Scott Schuh)
 Choice Outstanding Academic Title (2007), Economic Turbulence: Is A Volatile Economy Good for America? (co-authored with Clair Brown and Julia Lane)
 2020 Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research

Selected works

Books
 Davis, S., J. Haltiwanger, and S. Schuh. 1996. Job Creation and Destruction. Cambridge: MIT Press.
 Brown, C., J. Haltiwanger, and J. Lane. 2006. Economic Turbulence: Is A Volatile Economy Good for America? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

References

External links
 John Haltiwanger's Personal Website
 John Haltiwanger's National Bureau of Economic Research Website
 John Haltiwanger's IZA Website
 John Haltiwanger's Google Scholar Website

1955 births
Living people
21st-century American economists
20th-century American economists
Labor economists
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
Johns Hopkins University faculty
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Brown University alumni
Fellows of the Econometric Society

John Haltiwanger


St Peter's, Vauxhall, is a Church of England church on Kennington Lane, Vauxhall, London SE11.

The church was planned in 1860 by John Loughborough Pearson, and built in 1863–64 together with schools, orphanage and vicarage, and is one only a few Grade II* listed buildings in the area. This was Pearson's first major town church.  The interior is more attractive than the exterior would suggest.   That is partly because the idea was that the spirituality of the interior would reveal itself on entry,  but also because the planned-for statement tower never got built. The church cost only £8,000 to build, but is richly decorated inside. It has an amazingly complete set of fittings.   Also, a rather splendid small organ by Lewis which packs a serious punch.   There are concerts from time to time in the church, which has a very good acoustic.  The St Peter's Singers sing evensong on the last Sunday of the month but not in summer and with adjustments on account of Easter and Advent/Christmas.

The altar apparently stands on the site of the Neptune fountain in the earlier Vauxhall Gardens. The alabaster reredos was designed by Pearson and made by Poole of Westminster; the mosaic is by Salviati of Venice. The frescos in the sanctuary are by Clayton and Bell, installed between 1866 and 1868. The scenes are: The Killing of Abel (1877), Melchisedech the High Priest (1877), The Last Supper, The Agony in the Garden, Christ Carrying the Cross, The Crucifixion, The Descent from the Cross, The Resurrection, Christ's appearance to the Apostles after the Resurrection. The stained glass in the upper lancets is by Lavers, Barraud and Westlake (1864-5).

The font was also made by Poole of Westminster. The bowl is decorated with incised scenes of the Baptism of Christ by Nicholl, who was paid £18 for 'incising the font' in 1874. The font cover has stencilled geometric decoration, designed by Pearson (1891).

With St Anselm's Church, Kennington, it forms the North Lambeth parish.

References

External links
 St Peter's Vauxhall church website
 North Lambeth parish website
 Music website

Vauxhall
19th-century Church of England church buildings
Vauxhall
History of the London Borough of Lambeth
Vauxhall
J. L. Pearson buildings
Grade II* listed buildings in the London Borough of Lambeth

St Peter's Church, Vauxhall


Andrzej Mularczyk (born 13 June 1930 in Warsaw) is a Polish writer, screenwriter, reporter, and author of radio dramas.

His brother is the Polish writer Roman Bratny.

He made his literary debut in 1943 in the conspiratorial publication Dźwigary, which published his work (anonymously). After the war, in 1949 he began to work as a journalist at the same time as he was pursuing studies in the Journalism Department of the University of Warsaw. He completed his studies in 1955. He worked as a reporter and columnist for the weekly publication "Świat". He has been a member of the Związek Literatów Polskich since 1955 and of the Stowarzyszenie Filmowców Polskich since 1964.

In 1970-1977 he worked as literary director in the film group Iluzjon, and also worked for Polish Radio for many years.

Many films have been based on his screenplays, including some that are very widely known in Poland such as the series Sami swoi, Nie ma mocnych, Kochaj albo rzuć, and the television serial Dom. He has written a total of around 40 screenplays. He is the author of the film story Post mortem. Katyń, released in 2007, which served as the basis for Andrzej Wajda's film Katyń about the Katyn massacre.

Under the pseudonym Andrzej Jurek he co-authored the screenplay for the film Liczę na wasze grzechy, together with Jerzy Janicki.

Selected films

Screenplay
 1958: Miasteczko
 1964: Przerwany lot
 1966: Ktokolwiek wie...
 1967: Sami swoi
 1967: Julia, Anna, Genowefa...
 1971: Jeszcze słychać śpiew i rżenie koni...
 1971: Na przełaj
 1973: Sobie król
 1973: Droga
 1974: Nie ma mocnych
 1974: Cień tamtej wiosny
 1974: Głowy pełne gwiazd
 1975: Niespotykanie spokojny człowiek
 1976: Ostatnie takie trio
 1977: Kochaj albo rzuć
 1978: Rodzina Połanieckich
 1978: Wielki podryw
 1980-2000: Dom
 1982: Wyjście awaryjne
 1982: Jest mi lekko
 1983: Marynia
 1986: Rykowisko
 1988: Pięć minut przed gwizdkiem
 1988: Cesarskie cięcie
 1989: Goryl, czyli ostatnie zadanie...
 1994: Jest jak jest
 1999: Wrota Europy
 2004: Cudownie ocalony
 2007: Katyń - together with Andrzej Wajda
 2016: Afterimage

Awards and distinctions
 1989 – Prix Italia in the category "Fiction" for radio dramas (screenplay) Z głębokości wód
 1996 – Prix Italia in the category "Fiction" for radio dramas (screenplay) Cyrk odjechał, lwy zostały
 2005 – Diamentowy Mikrofon [Diamond Microphone]

References

External links
 Biographical data and filmography on the Filmweb site
 Biographical data and filmography on the Filmpolski site

Living people
Polish screenwriters
Polish journalists
Polish radio journalists
1930 births
Polish male writers
Recipient of the Meritorious Activist of Culture badge

Andrzej Mularczyk


Svend Tronkræver or Svend Svendsen (died 1104) was a Danish prince, one of the illegitimate sons of king Sweyn II of Denmark. He shared the same name with his brother Sweyn the Crusader and another brother.

When his brother Eric Evergood died in July 1103 during a pilgrimage, Svend tried to become the next King of Denmark. On the way to the royal elections at Viborg, he became ill. Not wanting any rivals to get there ahead of him, he continued the journey anyway, but died of hardships. Instead, his younger brother Niels, the last surviving son of King Sweyn II, was elected king the following year.

He was the father of Henrik Skadelår and grandfather of King Magnus II of Sweden.

Year of birth unknown
1104 deaths
Danish princes
Illegitimate children of Sweyn II
11th-century Danish people
12th-century Danish people
Sons of kings

Svend Tronkræver


Located in West Side Saint Paul, Minnesota at Baker Center, the Jane Addams School for Democracy was an organization dedicated to the ideals of democracy and citizenship.  In an environment that seeks to embody the principles of democratic education, recent immigrants and college students from the surrounding community come together to benefit from one another's experiences.  This was accomplished through cultural exchanges that take place in several learning circles, where each circle represents a major language other than English that is spoken by the participants.  Over time, the Jane Addams School expanded to hold four such learning circles: East African, Hmong, Spanish, and another for Children. The school was administered by the Center for Democracy and Citizenship at the University of Minnesota which moved to Augsburg College in 2009 and was renamed the Sabo Center for Democracy and Citizenship. The program closed in December 2016.

While much of the work at Jane Addams School was focused on language and citizenship, the school engaged in all issues that affect the lives of its participants through public work initiatives that include neighborhood art and theater projects with children, efforts to improve education at local schools, a community wellness project, and work with immigrants on new policy initiatives for citizenship, health care, transportation, and housing.

Philosophy
Taking inspiration from the Chicago Hull House founded by the sociologist Jane Addams, the Jane Addams School for Democracy seeks to create an environment where immigrants and college students mutually learn from one another in the spirit of democracy, citizenship, and public work.  The School lists its values as including the belief that everyone is a teacher and everyone is a learner, all cultures should be honored, adults and children learn together, citizenship means making contributions to the community, and changes occur when people work together.

See also
 Jane Addams
 Hull House
 Democratic school
 Collaborative learning
 Teaching for social justice

References

External links
 Jane Addams School on the Diversity Digest Website

Democratic education

Jane Addams School for Democracy


In Ireland, counties are divided into civil parishes, and parishes are further divided into townlands. The following is a list of townlands in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland:

A
Abocurragh, Abohill, Acres, Aghaboy, Aghacramphill, Aghaderryloman, Aghadreenan Glebe, Aghadrum, Aghadrumsee and Killygorman, Aghagaffert, Aghagay, Aghagrefin, Aghahannagh, Aghaherrish, Aghahoorin, Aghakeeran, Aghakillymaude, Aghalaan, Aghalane, Aghalun, Aghalurcher Glebe, Aghaleague, Aghama, Aghameelan, Aghamore, Aghamore North, Aghamore South, Aghamuldowney, Aghanaglack, Aghanaglogh, Aghannagh, Agharahan, Agharainy, Agharoosky, Agharoosky East, Agharoosky West, Aghatirourke, Aghavea Glebe, Aghavoory, Aghavore, Aghaweenagh, Agheeghter, Aghindaiagh, Aghindisert, Aghinish Island, Aghintra, Aghinure, Aghinver, Aghnablaney, Aghnacarra, Aghnachuill,  Aghnacloy, Aghnacloy North, Aghnacloy South, Aghnagrane, Aghnahinch, Aghnahoo, Aghnaloo, Aghnashammer, Aghnaskew, Aghnaskew Glebe, Agho, Aghyoule, Altagoaghan, Altawark, Altmartin, Altnaponer, Annachullion Glebe, Annaghard, Annaghilly North, Annaghilly South, Annaghkeel, Annaghlee, Annaghmartin, Annaghmore, Annaghmullin, Annagolgan, Annahervy, Annahone, Annashanco, Annynanum, Arda, Ardatrave, Ardees Glebe, Ardees Upper, Ardgart, Ardlougher, Ardmoney, Ardmore, Ardore, Ardshankill, Ardtonnagh, Ardunshin, Ardvarny West, Arlish, Arnot's Grove, Artinagh, Ashwoods or Woody Mullaghree, Askill, Atnamollyboy, Attybaron, Attyclannabryan, Aughaward, Aughey, Aughlish, Aughrim

B
Backwood, Ballagh, Ballaghgee, Ballaghmore, Ballindullagh Outward, Ballintarsan, Ballintempo, Ballycassidy, Ballydoolagh, Ballygonnell, Ballyhill, Ballyhose, Ballyhullagh, Ballylucas, Ballymacaffry, Ballymacataggart, Ballymagaghran Island, Ballymakenny, Ballynabrannagh, Ballynakill, Ballynant, Ballyreagh, Ballysooragh, Ballysroonagh, Ballywillin, Baltreagh, Banagher, Bannagh More, Baragh, Barnalackan, Barnhill, Barr of Bolusty More, Barr of Drumbadmeen, Barr of Drumgormly, Barr of Ramoan, Barr of Slattinagh, Barr of Slawin, Beagh, Beagh Little, Beagho, Beihy, Belcoo West, Bellanadohy, Bellanaleck, Bellanamallard, Belleisle, Bellmount, Belview or Drumcoo, Bess Island, Bigwood, Bilberry Island, Bingham's Rock, Binmore Glebe, Blackhill, Black Rock, Blackslee, Blaney Island, Bleanish Island, Bloomfield's Rock, Blunnick, Boa Island, Bockan Island, Bodarra Little, Bohasset, Bohattan, Bohevny, Bohora, Bohulkin, Boleyhill, Bolusty More, Bonnybrook, Boolawater, Bosallagh, Boshinny, Bowara, Bowarran, Boyaghan, Boyhill, Braade, Brackagh, Bracklin, Bracky, Brannish, Breagho, Breandrum, Brobrohan, Brockagh, Brollagh, Brookfield, Brookhill, Broughderg, Brougher, Brownhill, Brughas, Bruscarnagh, Buck Islands or Garrow, Buck Island, Buggan, Bumper Lodge or Mullan, Bun, Bunaninver, Buninubber, Bunlougher, Bunmichael, Bunnablaneybane, Bunnahesco, Bunnahola Island, Bunnahone, Bunneill, Bunnisnagapple, Burfits Hill

C
Cackinish, Cady, Cahore, Caldragh, Caldrum Glebe, Calkill, Callagheen, Callow, Callowhill, Cam, Camgart, Camletter, Camplagh, Camplany, Cantytrindle, Cappog, Cappy, Captain's Island, Carickaleese, Car Island, Carn, Carneyhill, Carneyhome, Carnirk, Carnmore, Carntrone, Carr, Carra, Carran, Carran Beg, Carran East, Carran Little, Carran More, Carran West, Carranboy, Carrick, Carrickabweehan, Carrickadrantan, Carrickagreany, Carrickaheenan, Carrickaloughan, Carrickawick, Carrickbeg, Carrickcroghery, Carrickmacflaherty, Carrickmacrourk, Carrickmacsparrow, Carrickmacosker, Carricknabrattoge, Carricknaseer, Carrickoughter, Carrickpolin, Carrickreagh, Carrickyheenan, Carrigan, Carrigans, Carrigolagh, Carrontreemall, Carrowcarlan, Carrowgarragh, Carrowmaculla, Carrowmore, Carrownalegg, Carrowhony, Carrowkeel, Carrowmacmea, Carrownagiltagh, Carry, Cashel, Cashelnadrea, Cassan, Cassidy, Castle Balfour, Castle Coole, Castle Irvine Demesne, Castletown Monea, Cavanacross, Cavanacurragh, Cavanagarvan, Cavanagh, Cavanakeery, Cavanaleck, Cavanalough Glebe, Cavancarragh, Cavanmore, Cavanreagh, Cavans, Cavantillycormick, Cavantreeduff, Chanterhill or Moneynoe Glebe, Clahernagh, Claragh, Claraghy, Claranagh, Clareview, Clay, Cleen, Cleenagh, Cleenaghan, Cleenish (Island), Cleenishgarve and Deerahan Islands, Cleenishmeen Island, Cleenriss, Cleens Old, Cleffany, Cleggan, Clenaghisle, Clevaghy, Cloghagaddy, Cloghan, Cloghanagh, Cloghbally, Cloghcor, Clogher, Clogherbog, Cloghmore, Cloghoge, Cloghtate, Cloghtogle, Clonagun, Clonamullog, Clonatty, Clonaweel, Clonbunniagh, Cloncah Rock, Cloncallick, Cloncarn, Cloncloghy, Cloncoohy, Cloncorick, Cloncorr, Clondaval, Clonee, Clonelly, Clonelty, Clonfad, Clonfane, Clonfard, Clonfeile, Clongowna, Clonkee, Clonliff, Clonmacfelimy, Clonmackan, Clonmaulin, Clonmin Glebe, Clonnaroo, Clonshannagh, Clontelaghan, Clontivrin, Clonturkle, Clontycoora, Clontyferagh, Clontymore, Clontymullan, Clonumphry, Clonursan Glebe, Cloon, Cloonacarn, Cloonatreane, Cloonatrig, Cloonatumpher, Cloonaveel, Cloonavoan, Cloy, Clyhannagh, Coa, Coagh, Coaghan, Coalhill, Coasan, Coghran's Island, Colebrook Demesne, Cole's Hill, Comaghy, Commons, Conagher, Concaroe, Conckera, Conerick, Coney Island,  Congo, Coolacrim, Coolaghty, Coolaness, Coolaran, Coolarkan, Coolbeg, Coolbuck, Coolcoghill, Coolcran, Coolcrannel, Coolgarran, Coolisk, Coollane, Coolinfin Glebe, Coolkill, Coolnagrane, Coolnalong, Coolnamarrow, Coolnashanton, Coolnasillagh, Coolrakelly, Cooltrain, Cooltrane, Coolyermer, Cooneen, Coragh, Coragh (Crawford), Coragh Glebe, Corbane, Cordarragh, Cordoolagh, Cordwood, Corfannan, Corflugh, Corgary, Corlacky, Corlaghaloon, Corlaght East, Corlaght West, Corlatt, Corlave, Corlough, Cormonalea, Cornabrass, Cornacaghan, Cornaclare or Johnstown, Cornacrea, Cornacreeve, Cornacully, Cornadarum, Cornafannoge, Cornagee, Cornagun, Cornahaltie, Cornahawla, Cornahoule, Cornakessagh, Cornakill, Cornaleck, Cornamramurry, Cornamucklagh, Cornanoe, Cornarooslan, Cornashannel, Cornashee, Cornashesko, Cornaskeoge, Cornavray, Corrachrow, Corraclare, Corraclare Big, Corraclare Little, Corraclare North, Corracloon, Corracoash, Corraderrybrock, Corradillar, Corradreenan East, Corradovar, Corraghy, Corraglass, Corraglass West, Corragole, Corragunt, Corraharra, Corraheen, Corrakeel, Corrakelly, Corralea, Corraleek, Corralinnen, Corralongford, Corrameen, Corramonaghan, Corramore, Corranaheen, Corranewy, Corranny, Corrard, Corrardaghy, Corrardreen, Corrateskin, Corratistune, Corratrasna, Corravehy, Corrawully, Correen, Correll, Corrinshigo, Corry, Corsale, Corscreenagh, Corsenshin, Cortaher, Cortrasna, Cosbystown, Cosbystown East or Rosspoint, Cossycon, Craghan, Cran, Crannoges, Crawfords Hill, Creagh, Creaghamanone Island, Creaghanameelta Island, Creaghananure Island, Creaghanarourke Island, Creaghanchreesty Island, Creaghawaddy Island, Creaghmacwallen Island, Creaghnarourk Island, Creefin Island, Creenagho, Creevehill, Crehan Island, Crevinish, Crevinishaughy Island, Crillan, Crimlin, Croaghan, Croaghrim, Crockada, Crockadreen, Crockaleen, Crockaness, Crockareddy, Crockarevan, Crockateggal, Crockawaddy Glebe, Crockerahoas, Crocknaboghil, Crocknacreevy, Crocknagowan, Crocknagrally, Crocknagross, Crocknakeeragh, Crocknakelly Glebe, Crocknanane, Crom, Cromaghy, Croneen, Croostan, Cross, Crossmurrin, Crott, Crottan, Crownhall, Crummer, Crummy, Cruninish Island, Cruntully, Culky, Cules Long, Cullaghmore, Cullatagh, Culleen, Cullen, Cullentragh, Culliagh, Cullion, Culliondoo, Cultiagh, Curley's Rock, Curragh, Curraghanall, Curraghfad, Curraghlare, Curraghmore, Currin, Currogs, Curryann, Cushrush Island, Cushwash, Cuslea

D
Dairies Big, Davy's Island or Inishmore, Deal Island, Deerahan and Cleenishgarve Islands, Deerpark, Deer Park, Demesne, Dernabacky, Dernacapplekeagh, Dernaglug and Drumaa, Dernagore, Dernashesk, Dernish Island, Derreens East, Derreens West, Derrin, Derrintony, Derry, Derryad, Derryargon, Derry Beg, Derry More, Derryaghna, Derryany, Derryard, Derryart, Derryasna, Derrybeg, Derrybeg East, Derrybeg West, Derrybrack, Derrybrick, Derrybrusk, Derrycallaghan, Derrycanon, Derrychaan, Derrychara, Derrychoran, Derrychree, Derrychulla, Derrychulloo, Derrychurra, Derryclawan, Derryclegna, Derrycorban, Derrycorby, Derrycormick, Derrycree, Derrycrum, Derrycullion, Derrydoon, Derryelvin, Derrygannon, Derrygelly, Derrygennedy, Derrygiff, Derrygoas, Derrygonnelly, Derrygore, Derrygurdry, Derryharney, Derryhawlagh, Derryheanlisk, Derryheely, Derryhenny, Derryhevlin Glebe, Derryhillagh, Derryhoney, Derryhooly, Derryhowlaght East, Derryhowlaght West, Derryhurdin, Derryinch, Derrykeeghan, Derrykeny, Derrykerrib, Derrylaney, Derrylea, Derryleague, Derryleck, Derrylester, Derrylin, Derryloman, Derryloo, Derrylougher, Derrymacausey, Derrymacrow, Derrymakeen, Derrymeen, Derrynacloy, Derrynacrannog, Derrynacross, Derrynafaugher, Derrynameeo, Derrynanny, Derrynashesk, Derrynavogy, Derrynawilt East, Derrynawilt West, Derryneese, Derryneeve, Derrynim, Derrynure, Derryraghan, Derryree, Derryrona Glebe, Derryscobe, Derryshandra, Derrysteaton, Derryvahon, Derryvary Beg, Derryveone, Derryvogue, Derryvolan, Derryvore, Derryvrane, Derryvree, Derryvullan, Devenish (Island), Dinnydoon, Diviny, Doagh Glebe, Dog Big, Donagh, Donegall,  Doocharn, Doocharn Island, Doochrock, Dooederny, Doogary, Doohat, Doohatty Glebe, Dooletter, Doon, Doon and Eshcleagh, Doonan, Dooneen, Dooraa North, Dooross, Dornogagh, Dragh, Dreenan, Dressoge, Dresternan, Dring, Drogan, Droles, Dromore, Dromore Big, Drumaa, Drumaa and Dernaglug, Drumacrittin, Drumad, Drumadagarve, Drumadillar, Drumadown, Drumadraghy, Drumadravy, Drumady, Drumageever, Drumane, Drumanure, Drumany, Drumany Beg, Drumany More, Drumaran, Drumaraw, Drumard, Drumarky, Drumary, Drumarraght, Drumataffan, Drumaveel, Drumawill, Drumawillin, Drumbad, Drumbad Beg, Drumbadmeen, Drumbad More, Drumbadreevagh, Drumbaghlin, Drumbane, Drumbaran, Drumbargy, Drumbarna, Drumbarry, Drumbealimy, Drumbeggan, Drumbegger, Drumberny, Drumbinnis, Drumbinnisk, Drumbo, Drumboarty, Drumbockany, Drumboghanagh Glebe, Drumbominy, Drumboory, Drumboy, Drumbrick, Drumbristan, Drumbrughas, Drumbrughas East, Drumbrughas North, Drumbrughas South, Drumbrughas West, Drumbulcan, Drumbullog, Drumcahy, Drumcanon, Drumcard, Drumcaw, Drumchorick, Drumcin, Drumclay, Drumcloona, Drumclounish, Drumcolgny, Drumcon, Drumconlan East, Drumconlan West, Drumconnis, Drumconor, Drumcoo, Drumcoo or Belview, Drumcor, Drumcorban, Drumcose, Drumcramph, Drumcreen, Drumcrin, Drumcroohen, Drumcrooil, Drumcrow, Drumcrow East, Drumcrow West, Drumcru, Drumcullion, Drumcully, Drumcunny, Drumcurren, Drumderg, Drumdoney, Drumdran, Drumduff, Drumee, Drumeeshil, Drumelly, Drumerheeve, Drumerwinter, Drumettagh, Drumgague, Drumgallan, Drumgamph, Drumgarrow, Drumgay, Drumgivery, Drumgoast, Drumgoland, Drumgole, Drumgoon, Drumgormley, Drumgormly, Drumgorran, Drumgowna, Drumgowna East, Drumgowna West, Drumgramph, Drumgrenaghan, Drumguiff, Drumguillagh, Drumhack, Drumharriff, Drumhaw, Drumhervin, Drumhirk, Drumhirk Lower, Drumhirk Upper, Drumhoney, Drumhose, Drumhoy, Drumierna, Druminiskill, Druminshin Beg, Druminshinardagh, Druminillar, Drumkeen, Drumkeenagh, Drumkeenragh, Drumkeeran, Drumkillen, Drumlaghy, Drumleagues Big, Drumleagues Little, Drumliff, Drumlisaleen, Drumlish, Drumlone, Drumlongfield, Drumlught, Drummacabranagher, Drummacahan, Drummack, Drummackan, Drummackilowney, Drummacalara, Drummacoorin, Drummal, Drumman, Drummannagapple, Drummans Glebe, Drummaw, Drummee, Drummeer, Drummenagh Beg, Drummoan or Newtate, Drummoghan, Drummonaghan, Drummoney, Drummoyagh, Drummuck, Drummully, Drummurl Glebe, Drummurry, Drummusky, Drumnacross, Drumnagalliagh, Drumnagreshial, Drumnamalragh, Drumnameel, Drumnanane, Drumnarullagh, Drumnasreane, Drumnavahan, Drumoghill, Drumoris, Drumpeen, Drumquilla, Drumrainbane, Drumrainduff, Drumrainy, Drumralla, Drumreane, Drumrearty, Drumreask, Drumroo, Drumroosk, Drumrush, Drumsara, Drumsastry, Drumsawna Beg, Drumscollop, Drumshancorick, Drumshane, Drumshimuck, Drumsillagh, Drumskea, Drumskew, Drumskimly, Drumskinny, Drumskool, Drumsloe, Drumsluice, Drumsna, Drumsroohil, Drumsoo, Drumsroohil, Drumswords, Drumwhinny, Drumyarkin, Duck Island, Dulrush, Dungoghy, Duross

E
Eagle Island, Edenaclogh, Edenagee, Edenagilhorn, Edenamohill Black, Edenaveagh, Edenbane, Edenclaw Great, Edenclaw Little, Edenmore, Edenticromman, Ederdacurragh, Ederdaglass or Hollybank, Edergole, Edergole Island, Ederny, Ely Island, Enaghan, Erdinagh, Errasallagh, Erveny, Ervey, Eshacorran, Eshanummer, Eshbane, Eshbralley, Eshcarcoge, Eshcleagh and Doon, Eshekerin, Eshmeen, Eshnadarragh, Eshnadeelada, Eshnagorr, Eshnanumera, Eshnascreen, Eshnasillog Beg, Eshnasillog More, Eshthomas, Eshywulligan, Eskeragh, Estea Island

F
Falls, Fardrum, Fargrim, Farm, Farnaconnell, Farnaght, Farnamullan, Farranaconaghy, Farranacurky, Farranasculloge, Farrancassidy, Fartagh, Fassagh, Faughard, Faugher, Faurkagh, Feagh, Feddan, Feddans, Fedian, Ferney, Ferny Island, Feugh, Finlane, Finner, Finner's Islands, Finnis Island North, Fintonagh, Firs, Florence Court Demesne, Fod Island, Foglish, Follum Big, Foremass, Forfey, Formil, Forthill, Foydragh, Frevagh, Friar's Island, Furnish, Fyagh

G
Gadalough, Gad Island, Gaffer Island, Galbally, Gallagh, Gall Island, Galloon, Gardenhill, Gardrum, Gargrim, Garraroosky, Garrifly, Garrison, Garrow or Buck Islands, Garvaghy, Garvary, Garvoghill, Garvros, Geaglum, Geddagh Island, Gillyholme (Ely), Giltagh, Glasdrumman, Glasmullagh, Glen, Glenall, Glenarn, Glencoonra, Glencovet Glebe, Glencunny, Glen East, Glen West, Glengesh, Glenkeel, Glenkeen, Glenlevan, Glennagarran, Glennasheevar, Glenross, Glenvannan, Glenwinny, Goat Island, Gola, Goladoo, Goladuff, Golan, Gole, Gorgesh, Gorminish, Gortacar, Gortacarn, Gortacharn, Gortadrehid, Gortadrehid Big, Gortadrehid Little, Gortahurk, Gortahurk East, Gortahurk West, Gortaloughan, Gortalughany, Gortaree, Gortatole, Gortbrannan, Gortdonaghy, Gorteen, Gortermoan, Gortgall, Gortgarran, Gortgarvan, Gortgeran, Gortgommon, Gortgonnell, Gortgor, Gortgorgan, Gortgranagh, Gortgullenan, Gortindarragh, Gortineddan, Gortinure, Gortleet, Gortmaconnell, Gortmessan, Gortmullan, Gortnacally, Gortnacarrow, Gortnaderg, Gortnagriffin, Gortnagullion, Gortnalee, Gortnaree, Gortoral, Gortraw, Gowny, Graan, Graffy, Granshagh Big, Grattan, Gravelly Island, Gravel Ridge, Gravel Ridge Island, Greagh, Greaghacapple, Greaghacholea, Greaghaphort, Greaghatirrive, Greaghaverrin, Greaghavockan, Greaghawarren, Greaghcashel, Greaghmore, Greaghnafine, Greaghnagleragh, Greaghnagore, Greaghnamoyle, Greaghrawer, Greenan, Greenhill, Greentown or Knocknabrattoge, Greenwoodhill, Greystone, Grogey, Gubb, Gubbacrock, Gubbakip, Gubbaroe, Gubdoo, Gublusk, Gubnaguinie, Gubrusdinna, Gull Rock, Gushedy Beg

H
Hare Island, Hay Island, Henrystughan, Hermitage, Heron Island, Hill's Island, Hollybank or Ederdaglass, Hollybrook, Hollymount, Horse Island

I
Imeroo, Inishcollan, Inishcorkish, Inishcreagh Island, Inishcreenry (Island), Inishcrevan (Island), Inishee Island, Inisherk (Island), Inishfausy, Inishfendra (Island),  Inishkeen, Inishkeeragh, Inishleague (Island), Inishlirroo, Inishlught, Inishmacsaint (Island), Inishmakill (Island), Inishmeely, Inishore, Inishroosk, Inishteige, Inishturk, Inisway, Inver, Isle Namanfin

J
Johnstown or Cornaclare, Jubilee Island

K
Keadew, Keady, Keelaghan, Keelagho, Keelaghy, Keelpark Glebe, Keenaghan, Keenaghy, Keeran, Keeran Beg, Keeran More, Kerney Island, Kevenagh, Kilduff, Kilgarrett, Kilgarrow, Kilgarrow Glebe, Kilgortnaleague, Killafinta, Killaghy, Killalahard, Killarbran, Killard, Killartry, Killashanbally, Killaspeenan, Killee, Killernam, Killesher, Killybane, Killy Beg, Killyblane, Killybracken, Killybreagy, Killybreed, Killycappy, Killycarnan, Killycat, Killycloghan, Killycloghy, Killyclowny, Killycramph, Killycreen East, Killycrutteen, Killyculla, Killydrum, Killyfole, Killygarry, Killygorman and Aghadrumsee, Killygowan Island, Killygrania, Killygreagh, Killygullan, Killyhevlin, Killyhommon, Killykeeghan, Killykeeran, Killylacky, Killylea, Killylifferbane Glebe, Killylifferdoo, Killyliss, Killymackan, Killymittan, Killynacran, Killynamph, Killynick, Killynoogan, Killynubber, Killynure, Killypaddy, Killyphort, Killyraw, Killyreagh, Killyroo, Killyrover, Killytaggart, Killyvannan, Killyveagh Glebe, Killyvilly, Killywillin, Kilmacbrack, Kilmacormick, Kilmalanophy, Kilmore, Kilmore North, Kilmore South, Kilnabrack, Kilnacran, Kilnakelly, Kilnakirk, Kilnamadoo, Kilnamaddy, Kilnambrahar, Kilnaloo, Kilnameel, Kilnarainy, Kilready, Kilridd, Kilronan, Kilrooskagh, Kilroosky, Kilroot, Kilsallagh, Kilsmullan, Kilteen Glebe, Kiltenamullagh, Kiltierney, Kiltober, Kilturk North, Kilturk South, Kilturk West, Kiltycrose, Kiltyfelan, Kimran, Kinarla, Kinawley, Kingarrow North, Kingarrow South, Kinglass, Kingstown, Kinmeen North, Kinmeen South, Kinmore, Kinnausy Island, Kinoughtragh, Kinrush, Kippeen Island, Knappagh, Knockadoois, Knockageehan, Knockalough, Knockarevan, Knockateggal, Knockavea, Knockawaddy, Knock Beg, Knockbodarra, Knockboy, Knockennis, Knock Island, Knockmacaroony Glebe, Knockmackegan, Knockmacmanus, Knockmaddaroe, Knockmanoul, Knock More, Knocknabrass, Knocknabrattoge or Greentown, Knocknahunshin, Knocknalear, Knocknalosset, Knocknashangan, Knocknastackan, Knockninny, Knockroe, Knockroe Archdall, Knockroe Irvine, Knocks

L
Lack, Lackaghboy, Lacky, Lamb Island, Lammy, Lanaghran, Landbrock, Lankill, Lanmore, Lannaght, Laragh, Largalinny, Larganacarran, Largandoy, Largy, Larkhill, Larmore, Lattonagh, Lattone, Laughill, Lavaran, Lea, Leaghan, Leam, Leam Beg, Leambreslen, Leamnamoyle, Lebally, Leeffa, Legacurry, Legaduff, Legatillida, Legg, Leggs, Leginn, Legland, Leglehid, Legmacaffry, Legnabrocky, Legnagay Beg, Legnagay More, Legnahorna, Legnavea, Lehill, Lehinch, Leighan, Leitrim, Lenaghan, Leraw, Lergan, Lesky, Lettan, Letter, Letterbailey, Letterboy, Letterbreen, Lettergreen, Letterkeen, Lettermoney, Levaghy, Levally Lower, Lignameeltoge, Lisadearny, Lisblake, Lisbofin, Lisboy, Liscosker, Liscreevin, Lisdead, Lisderry, Lisdivrick, Lisdoodan, Lisdrum, Lisduff, Lisgally, Lisgoole, Lisingle, Liskilly, Lislarris, Lislea, Lismacsheela, Lismalore, Lismonaghan, Lismoonly, Lisnabane, Lisnadurk Glebe South, Lisnagole, Lisnaknock, Lisnamallard, Lisnashillida, Lisnavoe, Lisnawesnagh, Lisolvan, Lisoneill, Lisrace, Lisreagh, Lisroddy, Lisroon, Lissagorry Glebe, Lissan, Littlehill, Littlemount, Lockard Big, Loftus Island, Lonesome Island,  Longfield, Long Island, Longrob, Long Rock, Loughachork, Loughgare, Lough Hill, Loughkillygreen, Lowery, Lowerybane, Lugmore, Lurgan, Lurganbane, Lurganboy, Lurganclabby, Lurgandarragh Big, Lurgandarragh Little, Lurganboy, Lusty Beg, Lusty Beg Island, Lusty More, Lusty More Island

M
Macart Island, Mackan Glebe, Macknagh, Magheracross, Magheradunbar, Magheragannon, Magherahar, Magheramenagh, Magheramore, Magheranageeragh, Magherareagh, Magho, Magonragh, Magurk's Island, Mallybreen, Manger, Manoo, Manor Water House, Mantlin, Marlbank, Meenacloyabane, Meenagleragh, Meenarainy, Meenatully, Meenmore, Meentullyclogh, Meenawargy, Middletown, Midhill, Milligans, Milltate, Milltown, Milltown Blaney, Millwood, Minran, Mockbeggar, Modeenagh, Moher, Moheranea, Moleena, Molly, Monaghan, Monalla, Monanacloy, Monavreece, Monawilkin, Monea, Moneen, Moneenbane, Moneendogue, Moneykee, Moneymakinn, Moneyneddy, Moneynoe Glebe or Chanterhill, Moneyouragan, Mongibbaghan, Monmurry, Montiaghroe, Moorlough, Mossfield or Urbal, Moughley, Mount Darby, Mountdrum, Mountjoy Island, Mount Prospect or Tullyoran, Movarran, Moybane, Moybrone, Moyglass, Moykeel, Moylehid, Moynaghan North, Moynaghan South, Moysnaght, Muckenagh, Muckinish or White Island, Muckros, Muggalnagrow, Mullaghbane, Mullaghblaney, Mullaghboy, Mullaghbrady, Mullaghbreedin, Mullaghcapple, Mullaghconnelly, Mullaghdun, Mullaghfad, Mullaghfarne, Mullaghgare, Mullaghgarrow, Mullaghglass, Mullaghinshogagh, Mullaghkeel or Ballymackilroy, Mullaghkippin, Mullaghlehan, Mullaghlevin, Mullaghmaddy, Mullaghmakervy, Mullaghmeen, Mullaghmore, Mullaghree, Mullaghsillogagh, Mullaghy, Mullan, Mullan or Bumper Lodge, Mullanacaw, Mullanahinch, Mullanasaggart,  Mullanaskea, Mullanavehy, Mullanawinna, Mullanmeen Under, Mullanrody, Mullans, Mullanshellistragh, Mullanvaum, Mullavea Glebe, Mullies, Mullyard, Mullyardlougher, Mullybrack, Mullybreslen, Mullybritt, Mullycavan, Mullycovet, Mullydinnity, Mullyduff, Mullygarry, Mullykivet, Mullyknock or Topped Mountain, Mullylogan, Mullylun, Mullylusty, Mullymesker, Mullynaburtlan, Mullynacoagh, Mullynagowan, Mullynaherb, Mullynahunshin, Mullynalughoge, Mullynascarty, Mullynaskeagh, Mullynaval, Mullynavale, Mullynavannoge, Mullynavarnoge, Mullyned, Mullyneeny, Mulnadoran, Mulnahorn, Mulrod, Munville, Mweelbane

N
Naan Island South, Ned, Nedsherry, Ned's Island, Newpark, Newtate or Drummoan, Newtown, Nutfield

O
Oakfield, Oghill, Oghillicartan, Old Barr, Ora More or Tullybrack, Oughterdrum, Owenbreedin, Owenskerry, Owl Island

P
Paris Island Big, Parkhill, Parson's Green Glebe, Physicberry Island, Pipers Hill, Point, Pollaginnive, Pollkathleen, Portbeg, Portinode, Portmush, Portnablahy, Portnacloyaduff, Portnasnow Glebe, Portreagh, Ports, Pottiagh, Procklis, Pubble, Purgatory Island, Pushen Island

R
Rabbit Island, Rabron, Rafintan, Rahall, Rahallan, Rahalton, Rakeelan Glebe, Ramaley, Ramoan or Barr, Ramult, Randalshough, Rateen, Rathfure, Rathkeelan, Rathkeevan, Rathmoran, Rathmore, Ratoal, Ratona, Ratoran, Raw, Reilly, Relagh, Rellan, Renogher Glebe, Reyfad, Rigg, Ring, Ringvilla, Rockfield, Rocky Island, Rooskagh North, Rooskagh South, Roosky, Ross, Rossaa, Rossachrin, Rossahilly, Rossavally, Rosscah, Rosscor, Rosscor Island, Rossdanean,  Rossgole, Ross Inner, Ross Outer, Rossbeg, Rossbrick Glebe, Rosscarn, Rossclare, Rosscolban, Rosscolton, Rosscorkey Island, Rosscrennagh, Rossdagamph or St Catherines, Rossdoney, Rossfad, Rossgad, Rossgweer, Rossharbour, Rossharbour Old, Rossigh, Rossinnan, Rossinure Beg, Rossinure More, Rosskit Island, Rosslea, Rossmacaffry, Rossmacall, Rossmacawinny, Rossmacole, Rossmore, Rossnafarsan, Rossole, Rossorry, Rosspoint or Cosbystown East, Rossyvullan, Rotten Mountain, Rough Island, Round Island, Rushin, Rushinbane, Rush Island

S
Sallaghy, Salloon, Sallow Island, Sally Island, Sally Islands, Sallysgrove, Salry, Sam's Island, Samsonagh, Sandhill, Sandholes, Scaffog, Scandally, Scardans Lower, Scattered Rocks, Screegan Island, Screevagh, Scribbagh, Scribby, Sessiagh East, Sessiaghs, Sessiagh West, Shallany, Shanaghy, Shanco, Shankill, Shanmullagh, Shannock, Shanraa, Shanvally, Shave Island, Shean, Sheebeg, Sheehinny, Sheemuldoon, Sheeny, Sheepwalk, Sheetrim, Sheridan, Shillanmore, Sidaire, Silverhill, Skea, Skeagh, Skeoge, Skreen, Skrinny, Slapragh, Slattinagh, Slawin, Slee, Slievebane, Slisgarrow, Slush Hill, Smith's Rock, Snowhill, Spring Grove, Springtown, Sraharory, Srahenny, Srameen Island, Sraniff, Sruhanure, Staff Island, Starraghan, St Catherine's or Rossdagamph, Stonefort, Stonepark, Stony Islands, Stragolan, Stragole, Stallion Cowes Island, Stragowna, Stralahan, Stralustrin, Stramatt, Stranacally, Stranadarriff, Stranafeley, Stranahone, Strananerriagh, Stratonagher, Stratore, Stripe, Strongbow Island, Stumpys Hill, Summerhill

T
Tabagh, Tamlaght, Tantybulk, Tatnamallaght, Tatteevagh, Tattenabuddagh, Tattenaheglish, Tattenalee, Tattenamona, Tattinderry, Tattendillur, Tattinbarr, Tattinfree, Tattintonegan, Tattinweer,  Tattycam, Tattygare, Tattygare Glebe, Tattygormican, Tattykeel Lower, Tattykeel Upper, Tattykeeran, Tattymacall, Tattymore, Tattymorris, Tattynacunnian, Tattynageeragh, Tattynagolan, Tattynuckle, Tattyreagh, Tawnaghgorm, Tawnawanny, Tawnydorragh, Tawnynoran, Tawnyreagh, Tedd, Teebane, Teemore, Teer, Teesnaghtan, Teige's Rock, Templenaffrin, Tents, Thomastown, Thornhill Glebe, Tibberedoge Glebe, Tievaveeny, Tievealough, Tievebunnan, Tievegarrow, Tievenavarnog, Tiraffy, Tiraltan, Tiranagher Beg, Tiraroe, Tiravally Glebe, Tiravree Glebe, Tirconnell, Tireeghan, Tireevil, Tirenny, Tirigannon, Tirmacspird, Tirmonen, Tiroogan, Tirwinny, Tober, Tobradan, Tom's Island or Inishbeg, Tonagh Glebe, Tonanoran, Tonardrum, Tonavally, Toneel North, Toneel South, Toney, Tonity Bog, Tonitygorman, Tonlisderritt, Tonnaboy, Tonnacroob, Tonnagh, Tonnaghboy, Tonregee Island, Tonwore, Tonydrummallard, Tonyglaskan, Tonyloman, Tonymalloe, Tonymelt, Tonymore, Tonystick, Tonyteige, Tonyvarnog, Tonywall, Toolinn, Toppan, Toppan Island, Topped Mountain or Mullyknock, Toralt, Tower Beg, Townhill, Trahanacarrick Island, Trannish (Island), Trasna, Trasna Island, Treel, Trien, Trillick, Tromogagh, Trory, Trustan, Trustan Glebe, Tubbrid, Tullanaginn, Tullanaglare, Tullanaglug, Tullanaguiggy, Tullinteskin, Tullinwonny, Tully, Tully North, Tully South, Tullyavy, Tullybellina, Tullybrack or Ora More, Tullycarbry, Tullychurry, Tullyclea, Tullycreevy, Tullydevenish, Tullyfad, Tullygerravra, Tullyharney, Tullyholvin Lower, Tullykelter, Tullykenneye, Tullylammy, Tullylone, Tullylough, Tullymargy, Tullynabohoge, Tullynacor, Tullynagarn, Tullynagowan, Tullynasrahan, Tullyneevin, Tullyreagh, Tullyrossmearan, Tullysranadeega, Tullyvogy

U
Ummera, Uttony

W
Whilliter, Whinnigan Glebe, Whitehill, Whitehill North, Whitehill South, Windmill Hill, Woody Mullaghree or Ashwoods

See also
List of civil parishes of County Fermanagh

References

Fermanagh
Fermanagh
Fermanagh
Townlands

List of townlands of County Fermanagh


William Byron Lee (born October 9, 1959) is an American businessman and politician who has served since 2019 as the 50th governor of Tennessee. A member of the Republican Party, Lee was president and chief executive officer (CEO) of the Lee Company, a business operated by his family, from 1992 to 2016.

In 2017, Lee described himself as a social conservative. As governor, he has signed bills to ban abortion in Tennessee, mask mandates, and ranked-choice voting; to allow guns to be carried without a permit, create school voucher programs, and increase penalties for protest-related offenses. Lee signed Tennessee's "bathroom bill", as well as a bill that assures continued taxpayer funding of faith-based adoption agencies that exclude LGBT people for religious reasons, and the Adult Entertainment Act, which banned drag shows in public until a federal court ruled it unconstitutional.

Early life and career
William Byron Lee was born on October 9, 1959. He was raised on his family's  cattle farm started by his grandparents in Franklin, Tennessee, the Triple L Ranch; the family raises Hereford cattle. Lee is a seventh-generation Tennessean.

After graduating from Franklin High School in his hometown, Lee entered Auburn University in 1977 and graduated in 1981 with a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering. In college, Lee was a member of the Kappa Alpha Order, a fraternity known at the time for its use of Confederate imagery, and a photo printed in the university's 1980 yearbook shows Lee in a Confederate military uniform at the fraternity's "Old South" party. In 2019, after his attendance came to light, Lee expressed regret for his participation: "I never intentionally acted in an insensitive way, but with the benefit of hindsight, I can see that participating in that was insensitive and I've come to regret it."

Lee was named president and CEO of his family's home services and construction company, Lee Company, holding the position from 1992 until 2016. He briefly served as chairman.

Personal life
Lee lives in Fernvale with his second wife, Maria, whom he married in October 2008. His first wife, Carol Ann, died in 2000 in a horseback riding accident. After her death, Lee took extended time off from his construction company to raise his four children.

Lee attends Grace Chapel Church in Leiper's Fork.

Lee previously served as a member of the board of trustees of Belmont University, chairman of the YMCA of Middle Tennessee, president of the Associated Builders and Contractors, and a board member of the Hope Clinic for Women and the Men of Valor Prison Ministry.

Gubernatorial elections

2018

In April 2017, Lee announced his candidacy in the 2018 election for governor of Tennessee. A self-described social conservative, he also targeted pro-business Republicans. In the Republican primary election, Lee faced Congresswoman Diane Black, Knoxville businessman and former Tennessee Economic and Development Commissioner Randy Boyd, and state House speaker Beth Harwell. Originally considered a long shot, Lee rose in the polls as Boyd and Black launched negative advertising against each other. He won the August 2 primary with 291,414 votes (36.8%) to Boyd's 193,054 (24.3%), Black's 182,457 (23.0%), and Harwell's 121,484 (15.3%).

Lee defeated former Democratic Nashville mayor Karl Dean in the November 6 general election, receiving 1,336,106 votes (59.6%) to Dean's 864,863 (38.6%). This marked the first time since 1982 that a candidate from the incumbent U.S. President's party was elected governor of Tennessee. This is also the first time that Republicans won three consecutive gubernatorial elections in the state, and the first time that a Republican was elected to succeed another Republican.

As of , this election had the largest number of candidates (28) in a statewide election in U.S. history; the previous record was the 2016 United States presidential election in Colorado. This large surge in candidates was mostly due to the Libertarian Party of Tennessee's protest of the state's party affiliation and ballot access laws.

2022

In September 2020, Lee announced his candidacy for reelection for 2022. He was unchallenged in the Republican primary and endorsed in August 2021 by Donald Trump.

In the November 8 general election, Lee was reelected, receiving 1,129,390 votes (64.9%) to Democratic nominee Jason Martin's 572,818 (32.9%).

During the general election, Lee flipped reliably Democratic Haywood County, home to Brownsville. It is one of only two remaining counties in Tennessee, along with Shelby County, with a majority African-American population. Haywood County has not voted Republican on a presidential level since 1972.

Voter turnout for the 2022 midterm elections in Tennessee was the lowest it has been in nearly a decade, with only 38.57% of Tennessee's registered voters turning out. The last time turnout was this low in Tennessee was in the 2014 midterm elections. This turnout was far below the 2020 presidential election in Tennessee, which saw a turnout of 68.6%.

Lee was sworn in on January 21, 2023.

Tenure as governor

Lee was sworn in on January 19, 2019, and delivered his first State of the State address to the Tennessee General Assembly in March 2019.

Abortion
In January 2020, Lee proposed a bill to ban abortion as early as six weeks into pregnancy. The legislation was among the nation's strictest abortion bans, and was similar to six-week abortion bans that were blocked by courts in Mississippi, Ohio, and other states. Passed in the final hours of the General Assembly 2020 session on a party-line vote, it was challenged in federal court by Planned Parenthood and the ACLU. Lee signed the bill into law in July 2020. A federal judge immediately blocked its enforcement because it violated Supreme Court precedent, such as Roe v. Wade, which prohibits undue burdens on pre-viability abortions.

After Roe v. Wade was overturned, Lee supported Tennessee's near-total ban on abortion, which provides no exception for rape, incest, or the mother's health, except in cases of serious bodily harm to the mother.

Health care and leave
Lee opposes the expansion of TennCare, the state's Medicaid program, as allowed by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. As governor, he has rejected proposals to expand TennCare. Lee has supported calls from dentists to extend TennCare to pregnant women who need dental care.

In January 2020, Lee signed an executive order effective March 1, 2020, that offered state employees three months' paid leave for new parents and caregivers of sick relatives. He called it "one of the most cost-effective investments in the families of our state employees in recent history".

Budget and economy
In 2019, Lee proposed repealing Tennessee's 10% amusement tax on gym, fitness center, and health club fees, arguing that the tax discourages Tennesseans from being physically active. If enacted, the repeal would reduce state revenues by around $10 million.

In September 2020, Lee supported a Tennessee delegation that traveled to Beijing to enhance trade and economic linkages between the state and the People's Republic of China.

Education
In a March 2019 "State of West Tennessee" address, Lee proposed creating more charter schools and that the state use $25 million to help traditional public schools when they lose students. In his February 2020 "state of West Tennessee" address, he proposed investing $70 million to equip teachers with professional development, materials, and other tools to help increase the state's literacy rate. Lee has also promoted the GIVE program, which prioritizes learning opportunities in rural counties and enhances career and technical education statewide.

In April 2019, Lee announced that Tennessee would temporarily reinstate paper-based assessments for students taking the TNReady test, an annual statewide assessment, during the 2019–20 school year.

Lee supports charter schools. In May 2019, he signed into law a school voucher bill that created a program to provide public funds to families for private school tuition and costs, starting in the 2020–21 fiscal year, but a judge ruled the program unconstitutional in May 2020, before it could go into effect. Of $64 million in discretionary COVID-19 relief funding for education that went to his office, Lee sent $10 million to charter schools, including $4.4 million to launch new charters.

In July 2019, Lee signed a bill into law that calls for school districts across the state to establish threat assessment teams to address potential threats to school safety.

In February 2020, Lee proposed a $117 million investment to increase teacher salaries and a $250 million endowment to address mental health in K-12 education.

Race relations and Floyd protests
In July 2019, Lee signed an order proclaiming Nathan Bedford Forrest Day, as required by Tennessee law, celebrating Forrest, a famous Confederate general and the first Grand Wizard of the white supremacist group the Ku Klux Klan. The legislature repealed this requirement in June 2020. In December 2019, Lee proclaimed December 1 Rosa Parks Day, to commemorate the start of the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott.

In May 2020, after Minneapolis police murdered George Floyd, Lee condemned the officers involved, saying, "police brutality is not law enforcement". On May 30, 2020, an "I will breathe" protest was held in Nashville in protest of Floyd's murder. During the protest, a man set fire to the Davidson County Courthouse; the building was not severely damaged. In response, Lee mobilized the National Guard in Nashville, saying the protests had taken "a violent, unlawful turn".

In August 2020, Lee signed into law a bill increasing the severity of penalties for a number of protest-related offenses. One notable change is that it reclassifies camping on state property, after being warned of trespass, from a misdemeanor to a felony offense punishable by up to six years in prison. This means that anyone convicted of the act will also lose their right to vote, as convicted felons in Tennessee are disfranchised.

Refugee resettlement
In December 2019, after the Donald Trump administration allowed states to halt refugee resettlement in their states, Lee declined the offer (making Tennessee one of a handful of Republican-led states to do so) and announced that Tennessee would continue to accept refugees. Lee's decision was opposed by Lieutenant Governor Randy McNally and Speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives Cameron Sexton. During a 2020 trip to the Tri-Cities, Lee was met with protests from opponents of refugee resettlement.

Capital punishment
Lee supports capital punishment, and Tennessee has executed seven people since resuming executions in 2018.

One notable person executed under Lee is Nicholas Todd Sutton. He was sentenced to life after taking 3 lives from 1979 to 1980. While in prison, he saved one corrections officer's life, protected two others, and converted to Christianity. In 1986, Sutton took the life of another prisoner after he threatened to kill Sutton, who was then sentenced to death. In February 2020, he was executed after Lee denied clemency.

In 2022, Lee set a temporary moratorium on Tennessee's death penalty, citing concerns about botched executions.

Guns
In 2019, with the support of Republican state legislators, Lee loosened Tennessee's handgun law, allowing "concealed-carry-only" handgun permits to be obtained without requiring applicants to show an ability to fire a weapon. In April 2021, Lee signed into law a permitless carry bill; the legislation allows most adults 21 and older (as well as military personnel ages 18–20) to carry handguns (open and concealed) without a background check or required training. It also increased the penalty for unlawful use of a firearm and obtaining an illegal firearm. The bill, which Lee also supported the previous year, was supported by the National Rifle Association and opposed by law enforcement organizations, such as police chiefs, sheriffs and prosecutors.

After the Covenant School shooting in Nashville on March 27, 2023, Lee initially did not call for any gun control, saying: "There will come a time to discuss and debate policy. But this is not a time for hate or rage. That will not resolve or heal." Lee said that his wife Maria was close friends with two of the shooting victims and one of them, Cindy Peak, had been expected for dinner at the governor's mansion on the day of the shooting.

Four days after the shooting, with large protests in the state calling for reforms, Lee declined to explicitly say whether he would support gun control measures but did say that "individuals who are a threat to themselves or to others shouldn't have access to weapons." In the wake of the scandals around the 2023 Tennessee House of Representatives expulsions, which occurred after protests in favor of gun control, Lee signed an executive order on April 11 strengthening background checks for gun purchases and also called for the state legislature to pass an "order of protection law".

On August 8, 2023, Lee officially called for a special session of the General Assembly to be held on August 21 to focus on public safety in response to the shooting.

2020 presidential election
After Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg died on September 18, 2020, several weeks before the presidential election, Lee supported Trump's nomination of Amy Coney Barrett to fill the vacant seat, citing his position on abortion.

After Joe Biden defeated Trump in the 2020 presidential election, Lee was one of many Republican officials nationwide and in Tennessee who refused to acknowledge Biden's victory amid Trump's false claims of fraud. Biden won a clear victory in both the popular and the electoral vote, but Lee refused to recognize Biden as president-elect even after the election had been called, after the presidential transition had formally begun, and after the electoral college had voted, formalizing Biden's victory.

On January 8, 2021, two days after a pro-Trump mob stormed the U.S. Capitol in a bid to disrupt the counting of the electoral votes and keep Trump in power, Lee condemned the riot and acknowledged Biden as president-elect.

Social issues
Lee identifies as a social conservative. He emphasized his Christian faith, creating an office devoted to faith-based initiatives, and declared October 10 an official voluntary day of prayer and fasting.

LGBT issues
Lee supports allowing religious foster care and adoption agencies to prohibit same-sex married couples from adopting children. In January 2020, he signed into law a bill that assures continued taxpayer funding of faith-based foster care and adoption agencies that exclude LGBT families and others based on religious beliefs. Lee and supporters of the legislation framed the bill as a "religious liberty" bill that would shield organizations from potential lawsuits hostile to the group's religious beliefs. Nike and Amazon released statements opposing the bill.

On March 26, Lee signed legislation banning transgender athletes from participating in sports opposite to their biological sex, making Tennessee the third state to do so. In May 2021, he signed a bathroom bill that prohibited transgender people from accessing public school bathrooms that correspond to their gender identity.

In May 2021, Lee signed legislation that forces businesses who serve transgender customers equally with restrooms to display warning signs that they do so. LGBT activists, Democrats, and some Republicans, criticized the bill as an attempt to shame and harm businesses. Many businesses and business leaders threatened to leave Tennessee in protest of these bills, including Nissan North America, Amazon, Dell, Pilot, Mars PetCare, and Warner Music Group, and Republican transgender business leader Jennifer Pritzker. The American Civil Liberties Union sued to stop the law, and in July 2021, a federal judge granted a preliminary injunction blocking enforcement of the law, finding that it violated the First Amendment.

On February 27, 2023, Lee declared that he would sign the Adult Entertainment Act, which bans public drag performances; the first violation of the law would be a misdemeanor, while the second would be a felony. Lee's announcement came two days after photos of him dressed in drag at a powderpuff game went viral on social media platform Reddit. The 1977 high school yearbook photo shows Lee dressed as a female cheerleader, wearing a wig and pearl necklace. Lee signed the anti-drag bill into law on March 2, 2023. In June 2023, a federal court blocked the law as unconstitutional under the First Amendment. The Tennessee attorney general has appealed the decision.

Marijuana and gambling
As a candidate for governor, Lee opposed medical marijuana legislation and marijuana decriminalization. As governor, he continued to oppose marijuana decriminalization, saying in 2019, "I have said before and still believe that we should not decriminalize marijuana... I think that's not good for our state."

An opponent of legalized gambling in the state, in 2019 Lee allowed a sports betting legalization bill to become law without his signature.

COVID-19 pandemic

On March 12, 2020, in response to the growing number of COVID-19 cases, Lee issued an executive order declaring a temporary state of emergency in Tennessee to "facilitate the treatment and containment of COVID-19." He extended the "stay-at-home" mandate through April 2020. Lee issued further orders for a "limited continuing state of emergency" through 2020 and 2021 to facilitate the state's eligibility for federal economic aid, and allowed the Tennessee National Guard and Tennessee State Guard to continue to assist with COVID-19 response efforts.

In March 2020, as the number of COVID-19 cases grew, Lee urged school districts to close through March to prevent the further spread of the disease. In April, as the number of COVID-19 cases continued to grow, he asked all school districts to close for the remainder of the school year. In October 2020, after a member of Lee's security detail tested positive for COVID-19, Lee said that he and his wife would quarantine at home, likely for two weeks.

Throughout the pandemic, Lee opposed a statewide mask mandate and "touted Tennessee for being one of the last to close early in the pandemic and among the first to reopen." On April 28, 2020, Lee signed an executive order allowing gyms in 89 out of 95 counties to open on May 1. By September, he lifted restrictions on businesses and gathering restrictions in Tennessee, except for the state's six most populous counties. By April 2021, Lee declared that COVID-19 was "a managed public health issue in Tennessee and no longer a statewide public health emergency"; ended local authority on mask mandates in 89 counties; and called for remaining local restrictions to be lifted.

As the highly contagious Delta variant spread in Tennessee, Lee said that he had "no real concern" over it. COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations surged in Tennessee from July to August 2021. Tennessee's COVID-19 vaccination rate was among the lowest in the country. Lee encouraged Tennesseans to get vaccinated, but opposed vaccine mandates and, amid the resurgence of COVID-19 cases, maintained that it was a personal choice whether to get vaccinated. He also dismissed suggestions for a return to restrictions or offering COVID-19 vaccine incentives.

In 2021, Lee blocked the Tennessee Department of Health from reaching out to teenagers to encourage them to get vaccinated. In July 2021, his administration fired the state's vaccine chief, Michelle Fiscus, who had angered some Republican state legislators by promoting vaccination for eligible youth. The state Health Department stopped vaccination-related outreach to minors for all diseases, not only COVID-19. Lee opposed offering vaccine incentives even as the Tennessee government spent nearly $500,000 to incentivize farmers to vaccinate cattle against respiratory disease as part of the "Herd Health" program, launched in 2019 under Lee.

In August 2021, Lee signed an executive order that allowed parents to let their children opt out of school mask mandates. The next month, Lee vowed to fight President Joe Biden's plan to require COVID-19 vaccines for federal employees and federal contractors, as well as to require businesses with more than 100 employees to require vaccination or weekly COVID-19 testing; Lee asserted that the action was unconstitutional.

In November 2021, Lee signed a bill into law that restricted the ability of localities to implement public health restrictions, such as mask mandates.

Other

In February 2020, Lee signed a bill making Tennessee's official nickname the "Volunteer State." The name originated during the War of 1812, when Tennessee sent 1,500 volunteer soldiers.

In 2021, Lee appointed John DeBerry as his senior advisor. DeBerry was a Democratic member of the state house whom the Tennessee Democratic Party removed from the 2020 primary ballot.

In July 2019, Lee toured damage in West Tennessee inflicted by flooding from the remnants of Hurricane Barry. A series of tornadoes in Tennessee on March 2–3, 2020 killed 25 people and injured 150. Lee oversaw the state's recovery efforts and surveyed the damage in Nashville, visiting Germantown, Tennessee State University, and Cookeville.

In 2022, Lee signed a bill into law that prohibits localities in Tennessee from using ranked-choice voting.

Electoral history

2018 election

*This election had 28 candidates total.

2022 election

References

External links

Official governor website
Campaign website

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1959 births
American construction businesspeople
Auburn University alumni
Businesspeople from Tennessee
Republican Party governors of Tennessee
Living people
People from Franklin, Tennessee
21st-century American politicians
Engineers from Tennessee

Bill Lee (Tennessee politician)


Sir Cecil Harcourt-Smith  (1859–1944) was a British archaeologist and museum director. He was Keeper of Greek and Roman Antiquities at the British Museum from 1904 to 1909, and Director of the Victoria and Albert Museum from 1909 to 1924.

Early years
Born on 11 September 1859 in Staines, Middlesex, he was the second son of William Smith, solicitor, and his wife, Harriet, daughter of Frederic Harcourt, of Ipswich. He attended Winchester College (1873–78) as a scholar. In 1879 he joined the department of Roman and Greek antiquities in the British Museum. He soon became known as a rising archaeologist, and in 1887 was a founder editor and contributor to the Classical Review.

In 1887 he was attached to the diplomatic mission in Persia. In 1892 he married Alice Edith, daughter of H. W. Watson of Burnopfield, Co. Durham. They had two sons, Simon and Gilbert.

From 1895 to 1897 he was granted special leave to take up the directorship of the British School in Athens. The school had just received an annual grant from the Treasury and was able to extend its activities. Harcourt-Smith enhanced the prestige of the school and instituted its "Annual". He also began the school's excavations in the island of Melos, which contributed much to the knowledge of Aegean civilisations. While in Athens, Harcourt-Smith was promoted to assistant keeper of his department at the British Museum. From 1904 to 1908, he was Keeper of Greece and Rome Antiquities.

Director and Secretary of the Victoria and Albert Museum
In 1908 Harcourt-Smith became chairman of a commission of the Victoria and Albert Museum, set up to look into the collections of applied art at South Kensington that had been purchased by the government after the Great Exhibition of 1851. His report was so highly approved of that he was offered the post of director and secretary under the new organization, and in 1909 he accepted the appointment. The newly completed building gave scope for a more orderly display of the collections; the administration of the museum and its staff was set upon more modern lines, and the objects were grouped according to their material rather than, as in many great museums, by nationality or period. This method of grouping objects lasted until the evacuation of 1939 when they were grouped chronologically by Sir Leigh Ashton.

Harcourt-Smith remained at the Victoria and Albert Museum until his retirement in 1924. During this time he introduced many improvements. He raised the status of the technical staff and negotiated for them the same rank and pay as the officials of the British Museum. He added students' rooms to all departments, and a steady stream of catalogues and guides was begun. Official guide lecturers were instituted and sponsored special exhibitions such as the Franco-British Exhibition of 1921 were introduced. It was under his directorship that the museum acquired the Salting collection, the Rodin sculptures (now transferred to the Tate Gallery), the Talbot Hughes collection of costumes, the Alma Tadema library, the Le Blon Korean pottery and the Pierpont Morgan stained glass.

Other offices
A year after his retirement Harcourt-Smith was appointed advisor for the Royal Art Collections and from 1928 until 1936 he was also Surveyor of the Royal Works of Art. He played a leading part in the foundation of the Central Committee for the Care of Churches, he was chairman of the committee of the Incorporated Church Building Society, and vice-chairman of the British Institute of Industrial Art and the British Society of Master Glass Painters. He was also vice-president of the Hellenic Society, president of the Society of Civil Servants and British representative on the International Office of Museums. He was an honorary member of the British Drama League and an honorary associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects.

As well as contributing to many of the British Museum departmental catalogues, he wrote for the art journals and also published a number of monographs: The Collection of J. Pierpont Morgan (1913), The Art Treasures of the Nation (1929), and The Society of the Dilettanti: its Regalia and Pictures (1932).

Smith was knighted in 1909, appointed CVO in 1917, and advanced to KCVO in 1934. He died on 27 March 1944 at age 84.

References

 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
 Obituary of Sir Cecil Harcourt Smith from The Times, 29 March 1944.
 V&A Directors

British archaeologists
Directors of the Victoria and Albert Museum
Employees of the British Museum
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
People educated at Winchester College
Surveyors of the Queen's Works of Art
1859 births
1944 deaths
Directors of the British School at Athens

Cecil Harcourt Smith


The Manila Trench is an oceanic trench in the Pacific Ocean, located west of the islands of Luzon and Mindoro in the Philippines.  The trench reaches a depth of about , in contrast with the average depth of the South China Sea of about .  It is created by subduction, in which the Sunda Plate (part of Eurasian Plate) is subducting under the Philippine Mobile Belt, producing this almost N-S trending trench.  The convergent boundary is terminated to the north by the Taiwan collision zone, and to the south by the Mindoro terrane (Sulu-Palawan block colliding with SW Luzon). It is an area pervaded by negative gravity anomalies.

The Manila Trench is associated with frequent earthquakes, and the subduction zone is responsible for the belt of volcanoes on the west side of the Philippine island of Luzon, which includes Mount Pinatubo.

Convergence between the Philippine Mobile Belt and the Sunda Plate have been estimated using GPS measurements, and this value ranges from ~ 50+ mm/yr in Taiwan, to 100 mm/yr near N. Luzon, and ~ 50 mm/yr near Zambales and ~20+mm/yr near Mindoro island.  Plate locking between the Sunda Plate and Luzon is about 1% coupled, almost unlocked as determined by elastic block models, suggesting that the trench absorbs the Philippine Mobile Belt-Eurasian Plate convergence.

Structure of the Manila Trench
The Manila Trench was formed by the subduction of the Eurasian Plate underneath the Philippine Sea Plate, which initiated during the Middle Miocene (22-25 million years ago).  A characteristic feature of this plate boundary is the gradual change from normal subduction (on the southern margin) to a collisional regime (on the northern margin) which produces the Taiwan orogeny.  The dip angle of the subducting plate also increases from south to north in the northern section of the trench.

The structure of the northern Manila Trench has been studied extensively.  This region is characterized by low free-air gravity anomaly, bathymetric depression, and a change of convex to concave trench axis geometry (which is a feature unique to this location).  The gravity anomaly shows that the subducted crust has a density of 2.92 g/cm3, whereas the surrounding South China Sea crust has a lower density of 2.88g/cm3.

Seamounts subducted under the Manila Trench have shown to produce some notable deformation features.  Well-developed back-thrust faults, microfractures and gravitational collapse are found in the accretionary wedge of the Manila Trench.  These features are only present proximal to subducted seamounts, and absent where there are no subducted seamounts.

The accretionary wedge of the Manila Trench broadens going north; seeing as the southern section of the margin accumulates more trench-fill sediments than the north.  The trench-fill sediments are thought to be sourced from the collisional zone of the Taiwan orogeny or by gravity controlled processes.  The sequence boundary 't0' represents the unconformity between the hemipelagic sediments and overlying trench-fill sediments.  This surface lessens in slope and decreases in thickness going from south to north along the margin.  The northern part of the 't0' is thought to be uplifted, explaining its decrease in slope.

The northern section of the margin is split into 3 zones representing distinct faulting types; the normal fault zone (NFZ), the proto-thrust zone (PTZ) and the thrust zone (TZ).

The NFZ has many normal faults, often covered by the trench fill sediments.  This zone has thought to have been formed by the bending of the lithosphere resulting from subduction processes (causing gravity sliding and faulting).

The PTZ represents the transitional zone between the extensional and compressional environments along the Manila Trench.  This region increases in compressional strength as it approaches the accretionary prism of the trench.  The PTZ also displays blind thrust faults and folds (essentially buried folds and faults).  It has been suggested that these thrust faults originated along preexisting normal faults.  These blind thrust faults present potential danger as they are likely candidates for the causes of high-magnitude earthquakes, and in effect large-scale tsunamis.

Manila Trench hazards
The potential for a tsunami event originating along the Manila trench, similar in scale to the 2004 South Asia tsunami has been forecasted.  The source of this tsunami would be very proximal to the coast of Taiwan (~100 km).  The earthquake causing this event has been predicted to be of magnitude 9.3 (stronger than the 9.1 magnitude 2004 Sumatra event).  This massive earthquake, which would be the 2nd strongest in recent history, would have a total length of 990 km and a maximum wave height of 9.3 metres.  This event would cause serious flooding, especially in Taiwan, and could affect regions up to 8.5 km inland.  The predicted tsunami would reach the southern coast of Thailand in around 13 hours and reach Bangkok in 19 hours.  This disaster would also affect the Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia and China.

The most recent large-scale event originating from the Manila Trench was the 2006 Pingtung dual earthquakes.  These 7.0 earthquakes had 8 minutes of offset and produced a 40-centimetre tsunami; which happened to be the largest tsunami experienced on the southwest Taiwan coast.  The epicenter of these dual earthquakes originated on the north part of the Manila Trench.

Significant earthquakes
This is a list of significant earthquakes that are related to the Manila Trench.

Related trenches
Trenches related to the Manila Trench include the Philippine Trench, East Luzon Trench, Negros Trench, Sulu Trench, and Cotabato Trench.

Notes

References

External links

Philippine tectonics
Oceanic trenches of the South China Sea
Natural history of the Philippines
Subduction zones
Tectonics
Buried rupture earthquakes

Manila Trench


Arthur Disbrowe Cotton,  (15 January 1879 – 27 December 1962) was an English plant pathologist, mycologist, phycologist, and botanist.

A.D. Cotton was born in London and educated at King's College School and the Royal College of Science, where he completed a degree in botany in 1901. He became a demonstrator there and subsequently at Owens College, Manchester, where he developed an interest in fungi, undertaking research into orchid mycorrhizas.

In 1904 he was appointed assistant to George Massee, head of mycology and cryptogamic plants at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Cotton remained at Kew till 1915, officially working on algae, but also making time to pursue his particular interest in clavarioid fungi.

During this time Cotton collaborated with Elinor Francis Vallentin. Vallentine supplied Cotton with numerous specimens enabling him to undertake the first comprehensive study of Cryptogams from the Falkland Islands.

In 1915 he took charge of a newly established Plant Pathology Laboratory at Kew (later moved to the Rothamsted Experimental Station) and in 1920 became Mycologist to the Board of Agriculture. In 1922, he returned to Kew to become Keeper of the Herbarium, a post he retained till his retirement in 1946.

A.D. Cotton was President of the British Mycological Society in 1913 and President of the Linnean Society of London between 1943 and 1946. He received an OBE for services to plant pathology in 1934.

During his career he published a number of papers on plant pathology, fungi, and algae, as well as co-authoring the first seven parts of the supplement to Elwes' Monograph of the genus Lilium. He also described several new taxa of fungi and algae. The marine algal genus Cottoniella Boergesen and the species  Fucus cottonii M.J. Wynne & Magne were named after him.

He had married botanist Enid Mary, daughter of John Charles Jesson, in 1913. They had a son and a daughter.

Sample Publications
Cotton, A.D. (1906). Marine algae from Corea. Kew bulletin of miscellaneous information 1906: 366-373
Cotton, A.D. (1907). Marine algae from the Chatham Islands. Kew bulletin of miscellaneous information 1907: 37-43.
Cotton, A.D. (1907). Notes on British Clavariae. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 2: 163-166
Cotton, A.D. (1909). Notes on marine pyrenomycetes. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 3: 92-99, 1 plate.
Cotton, A.D. (1912). Clare Island Survey. Marine algae. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 31B(15): 1-178, 11 tables.
Cotton, A.D. (1914). Some suggestions as to the study and critical revision of certain genera of the Agaricaceae. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 4: 224-235
Cotton, A.D. (1915). Cryptogams from the Falkland Islands collected by Mrs Vallentin. Journal of the Linnean Society Botany 43: 137-231, tabs 4-10
Cotton, A.D. & Wakefield, E.M. (1919). A revision of the British Clavariae. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 6: 164-198
Grove, A. & Cotton, A.D. (1933–40) Supplement to Elwes' Monograph of the genus Lilium, Parts 1-7. London
Cotton, A.D. (1936). Marine algae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 148: 45-49.

References

External links

 Arthur Disbrowe Cotton finding aid collection at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew archives.

Cotton, Arthur Disbrowe
Cotton, Arthur Disbrowe
British Mycological Society
English mycologists
Presidents of the Linnean Society of London

Arthur Disbrowe Cotton


The Three Degrees Live is a 1976 live album by Philadelphia-based female vocal trio The Three Degrees who scored major international success with 'When Will I See You Again?'.
The album charted at #34 in the US R&B Album chart and at #199 in the Billboard Top 200.

During a UK tour in 1975, The Three Degrees performed at Bailey's in Leicester, England, and the evening's concert was recorded and subsequently released by Philadelphia International Records as The Three Degrees Live. The setlist for the concert was typical of what the group was doing at that time; a blend of pop, soul and show tunes.  Aside from the group's biggest hits to date, cover versions of songs by Stevie Wonder ("Living for the City"), Elton John ("Don't Let the Sun Go Down On Me") were performed, as well as a rendition of the Jimmy Webb penned track "Everybody Gets to Go the Moon" from the film The French Connection.

The album was re-issued on CD in 2010 by Demon Music Group on the Edsel label and features the original artwork. The original vinyl release credits the recording to be taken from a performance at Bailey's, London, England. This credit has been corrected on the digital re-issue.

Track listing
 "TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia)" (Kenneth Gamble, Leon Huff) – 3:51
 "Free Ride" (Dan Hartman) – 2:50
 "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" (Elton John, Bernie Taupin) – 5:02
 "Year of Decision" (Kenneth Gamble, Leon Huff) – 2:49
 "Living for the City" (Stevie Wonder) / "For The Love of Money" (Kenneth Gamble, Leon Huff) – 8:39
 "When Will I See You Again?" (Kenneth Gamble, Leon Huff) – 4:47
 "Dirty Ol' Man" (Kenneth Gamble, Leon Huff) – 4:27
 "Everybody Gets to Go the Moon" (Jimmy Webb) – 4:18
 "Harlem" (Bill Withers) – 3:16
 "Love Train" (Kenneth Gamble, Leon Huff) – 6:39

Personnel

Sheila Ferguson – vocals
Valerie Holiday – vocals
Fayette Pinkney – vocals

Production credits

Bobby Martin – producer
Arthur Freeman – arranger
Derick Warne – arranger
Richard Barrett – conductor

References

1975 live albums
The Three Degrees live albums
Albums produced by Bobby Martin
Philadelphia International Records live albums

The Three Degrees Live


John Lindsay, Lord of Wauchope and Staplegorton (died c.1310), was a Scottish noble.

His parentage is currently unknown. John was appointed as Lord Chamberlain of Scotland in 1278.  He received the lands of Wauchope in Dumfries and Galloway in 1285, from Alexander III of Scotland.

John swore fealty and homage to King Edward I of England on 28 July 1296 at Berwick. He is recorded as providing security for the release of Alexander, son of Alexander de Baliol, who was a prisoner in 1310 in England.

Marriage and issue
John is known to have had the following known issue:
Philip Lindsay of Staplegorton (died 1317), married Beatrice le Chamberlain. John de Lindsay, canon of Glasgow was Philip's son and heir.
Simon Lindsay of Wauchope, married Isabella, had issue.

Citations

References

Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
People from Dumfries and Galloway
Lord High Chamberlains of Scotland
John

John Lindsay of Wauchope


Alsophila baileyana, synonym Cyathea baileyana, also known as the wig tree fern, is a species of tree fern native to northeastern Queensland in Australia, where it grows in wet gullies and forest at an altitude of 850–1200 m. It is a rare species that is seldom found in the wild. The erect trunk is 4–5 m tall, approximately 10 cm in diameter and may be covered in stipe bases in the upper regions. C. baileyana is notable for being able to develop offshoots from the base of the trunk. Fronds are bi- or tripinnate and may be exceptionally long, up to 7 m, though they are usually around 2–3 m. The rachis and stipe are dark to darkish red, scaly and may be warty, but lack spines. Scales on the rachis and stipe are purplish brown to black and have a long hair-like apex. Characteristically of this species, the last pair of pinnae are separated from the others along the rachis and may form a clump (the "wig") around the trunk apex. Sori are circular and occur in one to three rows along the pinnule midvein. They lack indusia.

The specific epithet baileyana commemorates Australian botanist Frederick Manson Bailey (1827-1915). The common name "wig tree fern" refers to the pinnae that cluster around the crown of this species, forming a structure that resembles a wig. This "wig" is green in younger plants, but may become brownish in older specimens.

Alsophila baileyana is a relatively slow-growing species. In cultivation, it should be able to withstand several degrees of frost. It is reportedly difficult to propagate.

References

Cold-Hardy Tree Ferns: Cyathea baileyana

baileyana
Flora of Australia

Alsophila baileyana


The O. E. Rølvaag House was the home of Ole Edvart Rølvaag (1876–1931), Norwegian-American novelist and professor at St. Olaf College. The home is located at 311 Manitou Street in Northfield, Minnesota, United States.  Rølvaag wrote most of his works in this house, which is near St. Olaf College, where he taught.

Rølvaag was born in Norway in 1876, and emigrated to the United States in 1896, settling in South Dakota.  He graduated from St. Olaf College in 1905, and got a position there teaching Norwegian and writing. Rølvaag was the first novelist to describe the psychological cost of pioneering on the American frontier. Rølvaag's famous trilogy—Giants in the Earth (1927), Peder Victorious (1928), and Their Father's God (1931)—assesses the adjustments immigrant farmers had to make to prosper in the American Midwest.

The house stands on the west side of Manitou Street, between Greenvale and Summit Avenues, just east of the St. Olaf College campus.  It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a stuccoed first floor and a clapboarded half story.  It has a broad side-gable roof, with a pair of large gable dormers projecting to the front.  The eaves of the main roof and dormers are extended, with exposed rafter ends and large brackets in the Craftsman style.  The roof extends downward to shelter a now-enclosed porch extending across the front.  The house was built for Rølvaag in 1912, and remained his home until his death in 1931.  Principal alterations during his occupancy were the enclosing of the front porch, and the development of a garden in the rear.  Some of the interior finishes have been preserved, including oak trim in the public spaces downstairs.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places listings in Rice County, Minnesota

References

Houses in Rice County, Minnesota
Houses completed in 1912
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota
1912 establishments in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Rice County, Minnesota
American Craftsman architecture in Minnesota

O. E. Rolvaag House