The Zemba people (singular: OmuZemba, plural: OvaZemba) are a Bantu ethnic group residing in the border regions of Namibia and Angola. In Namibia, they are predominantly found in the Kunene region, most notably in the Opuwa area. They speak the Zemba language, also known as OtjiZemba or Dhimba. The Zemba are well-known for their distinctive hairstyles, intricate iron and copper jewelry, as well as traditional clothing that often incorporates animal hides. Additionally, they decorate themselves with a blend of ash, ochre paste, and rancid butter to enhance their appearance.

Culture

Economy
The Zemba have a semi-nomadic pastoralist lifestyle, relying on livestock herding, especially cattle, goats, donkeys and sheep. They have traditionally practiced transhumance, moving their livestock seasonally in search of grazing lands. The Zemba also rely on their cattle for self-sustainability and commerce, as they provide milk, meat, and hides. They place great importance on selective breeding to ensure the health and productivity of their herds. In addition to their practical functions, cattle hold considerable cultural value and are frequently exchanged or sold during significant life events, such as marriages or funerals.

Apart from livestock, the Zemba practice subsistence agriculture, employing traditional farming techniques to cultivate small plots of land and growing crops such as sorghum, millet, maize, beans and vegetables to supplement their diet. These agricultural activities are highly dependent on seasonal rainfall and access to water sources.

Clothing and hair style
The Zemba women have a unique pure black hairstyle. It is emphasized with the decorations made of thin beads of white, red, blue and yellow colours.

Human rights
February 2012, traditional Zemba issued a human rights complaints declaration to the Government of Namibia, the African Union and to the OHCHR of the United Nations that lists violations of civil, cultural, economic, environmental, social and political rights perpetrated by the Government of Namibia.

In September 2012 the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples visited Namibia. He stated that in Namibia there is a lack of recognition of the minority indigenous tribes' communal lands.

November 23, 2012, Zemba communities from Omuhonga and Epupa, together with the Himba people,  protested in Okanguati against Namibia's plans to construct a dam in the Kunene River in the Baynes Mountains and against increasing mining operations on their traditional land and human rights violations against them.

March 25, 2013, Zemba joined over thousand Himba people to march in protest again, this time in Opuwo, against the ongoing human rights violations that they endure in Namibia. They expressed their frustration over their chief not being recognized as a "Traditional Authority" by government,  plans to build the Orokawe dam in the Baynes Mountains at the Kunene River, culturally inappropriate education, the illegal fencing of parts of their traditional land, the lack of land rights to the territory that they have lived upon for centuries, and against the implementation of the Communal Land Reform Act of 2002.

See also
 Tjimba people
 Himba people
 Herero people

References

Indigenous peoples of Southern Africa
Human rights abuses in Angola
Ethnic groups in Angola
Ethnic groups in Namibia
Human rights abuses in Namibia

hr:Zemba jezik
sw:Kizemba

Zemba


Edward Sean Linden (born John Edward Glackin; 5 May 1935) is a Scottish poet, literary magazine editor and political activist. From 1969 to 2004, he published and edited the poetry magazine Aquarius, which, according to The Irish Post, made him "one of the leading figures on the international poetry scene". The journal was significant in the growth of British, Irish and international poets, and has been described as Linden's "crowning gift to literature — the nurturing and developing of poetic talent".

Early life

Linden was born as an illegitimate child to Irish parents in Motherwell, Scotland. He was baptised as John Edward Glackin, but became Edward Linden upon being adopted by Mary Glenn and Eddie Linden (the latter being related to his mother through marriage), whom he came to regard as his parents. He grew up in the mining town of Bellshill, 2 miles from Motherwell and 10 miles south of Glasgow. In 1944, Mary died, and her widower Eddie, a miner, remarried a Scottish Presbyterian woman who disliked the young Edward. She failed to have him put in an asylum, so instead had him sent to an orphanage run by the Sisters of Charity. He never knew his biological father Joe (Joseph) Waters/Watters, but did know his biological mother, Bessie (Elizabeth) Glackin. Linden was educated at Holy Family school in Mossend and St Patrick's school in New Stevenston.

At the age of 14, he was "released" from the orphanage, and often slept rough. He was put to work in a coal mine, and after being fired from this job, worked in a steel mill. He was also employed as a ticket collector and porter at Hamilton West railway station. Linden was rejected for national service conscription in the army as he was deemed underweight and suffered from a duodenal ulcer. Having been raised as a Roman Catholic, he also struggled with his homosexuality, and even sought medical treatment from doctors, but abandoned this after falling out with the staff.

Political activism
Linden's political and literary awakening came when he joined the Young Communist League as a teenager. "At that time, the Communist Party had education classes - not just Marxist classes, but in Dickens, in Shakespeare - that was another discovery for me. Then there was the Workers' Educational Association. This was my way of getting away from that place and that life," he later recalled. According to his biographer John Cooney, "Linden sought freedom to explore his capabilities, away from what he felt were the dual Calvinist and Jansenist suffocations of the west of Scotland." Linden is said to have "wavered" in his communism following Moscow's suppression of the Hungarian Uprising of 1956. In 2001, he said he was "a lifelong socialist".

In August 1958, by then in his early 20s, the young Edward, who would be known as Eddie, moved to London to work as a porter at St Pancras railway station. That year, he met the Catholic priest Anthony Ross, who helped Linden come to terms with his homosexuality and encouraged him to take part in peace protests: he became involved with the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and the Catholic Worker. This led to friendships with the journalist Douglas Hyde and Jesuit priest Thomas Roberts. Upon Ross's death, Linden wrote an obituary of him for The Guardian.

An April 1959 article by Hyde in The Catholic Herald outlined the origins of the Catholic Nuclear Disarmament Group, for whom Linden would become secretary. Linden later noted:
It was some time at the end of the 1950s when I first came across a little bookshop in Glasgow called the Freedom Bookshop. This was run by an eccentric Cockney, Guy Aldred, who was then editing a paper called Freedom. I saw a book entitled I Believe by Douglas Hyde. Also that day in that shop I picked up the American Catholic Worker produced by a remarkable person named Dorothy Day. The paper identified itself with the cause of peace and reconciliation. The book told a story of a man who had dedicated his life to Communism. At the time I was disillusioned but was still loosely attached to the Communist Party and the Young Communist League. These two items were to lead me back to a reconversion to Christianity of much greater social awareness.

In 1959, Linden arranged a meeting in Highbury Place for the Catholic CND, which was attended by novelist Pamela Frankau (the founder of the British version of The Catholic Worker), Barbara Wall and John O'Connor, secretary of Pax Christi, the Catholic peace movement. According to Linden, "the whole idea was to publicise the immorality of the bomb": the group were affiliated to the national CND, and a letter was sent to General de Gaulle to protest the French test explosion. The first Catholic banner was seen on an Aldermasteron March in 1959, with 200 people; 600 associate members were part of the organisation.

By 1966, Linden had become less politically active, and gone to study at the Catholic Workers' College in Oxford. In an interview with The Tablet in 2017, Linden said, "I've been described as a Catholic atheist, but that's not right. I am a Catholic who finds it difficult to believe in God. There was a day when I used to run about with rosary beads and stuff like that, but I don't do that now." Meanwhile, in 1963, he co-founded the Simon Community, a charity in aid of the homeless, with Anton Wallich-Clifford, a probation officer at Bow Street Magistrates' Court.

Linden took part in an August 1968 protest against Pope Paul VI's ruling over birth control which made headlines in the British press. The previous month, the Vatican had issued an encyclical, Humanae vitae, with a papal condemnation of contraception. In reaction to the sacking of British priests who opposed this stance, there were "heated exchanges" which "started a scuffle" on the steps of Westminster Cathedral as the congregation left a mass service. In a "verbal battle", Linden protested at a banner in support of the pope, saying, "I am entitled to my view. The Pope's document is splitting the church in two." A man began arguing with Linden, and the pair had to be separated. The man had earlier "snatched and torn" a poster held by a youth group who were supporting Father Paul Weir, an assistant priest who had been suspended for objecting to the ruling. Following the protests, Linden said, "I feel strongly for Father Weir. Here is a man who has given his life to the priesthood but, because he disagrees with the encyclical, he is out of a job." Linden's involvement was reported in front page newspaper stories published by The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph. At the time, he was working as a hotel porter.

Party membership
In his mid-teens, Linden joined the Independent Labour Party, which had disaffiliated from the Labour Party some years previously, despite having played a key role in the latter's early years. The ILP had lost all of its MPs by this point, and Linden describes it as having been "in its dying days". Speaking in 2019, he recalled, "The first political party I ever joined was the Independent Labour Party back in Glasgow". Speaking to The Tablet, he said "I was 14 or 15. The next year I went one better and joined the Young Communist League. That was a great thing when I was growing up in Scotland. All the miners and steel workers were Catholic, but they were also members of the Communist Party."

It was his involvement with the Communist Party that led to him moving to London, but after several years, he came to the realisation that he was not a communist. He would go on to join the Labour Party, and in 2020, he stated, "I've been a Labour man all my life". In spite of his early inclinations towards the radical left, Linden did not support the left-winger Jeremy Corbyn, who led the party from 2015 to 2020, and voted for the centre-left candidacy of Keir Starmer in the 2020 contest to succeed Corbyn. Linden declared himself "delighted" with Starmer's subsequent election as Labour leader.

Literary career

Aquarius
Linden had begun to organise poetry readings at the Lamb & Flag pub in Covent Garden, and in 1969, he started the poetry magazine Aquarius, which featured emerging writers. He was helped by the poet John Heath-Stubbs, and a donation from his friend, playwright Harold Pinter; it has been said that Linden was the inspiration for the character of Spooner in Pinter's play No Man's Land. Fellow poets George Barker and Peter Porter also allowed their work to be published for free. The first issue featured contributions from Heath-Stubbs, Barker, Stevie Smith and Kathleen Raine.

The magazine was published every few years and ran to 26 issues in all. Amongst others, Aquarius published works by Seamus Heaney, Ted Hughes, Tom Scott and Kathleen Jamie. Writing in the Times Literary Supplement, James Campbell stated that "the actual editing" was undertaken by figures such as Barker, Heath-Stubbs and Douglas Dunn, another Scottish poet. Linden raised the funds to keep the magazine going through the years, having started it with £4 capital and a loan from a friend. He was also helped by leading poet John Betjeman, who sent £5 for "good old Aquarius" every Christmas (adjusted for inflation, this sum of money would have been of higher value whilst Betjeman was alive).

A poetry reading at the Houses of Parliament was organised by Linden in April 1976, chaired by Labour MP Jock Stallard, featuring Heath-Stubbs and Dannie Abse, whose brother Leo was then a Labour MP. Abse's work was published in several editions of Aquarius, including the Welsh issue. A number of editions were similarly themed, including Irish, Scottish, Australian and Canadian issues; others honoured Heath-Stubbs, Roy Fuller, Hugh MacDiarmid and The Poetry of the Forties. Linden was also a member of the General Council of The Poetry Society for many years, and in 1990, he was elected to its Executive Council.

In 1991, the existence of Aquarius was said to be under threat, prompting a question in the House of Commons from Scottish Labour MP Brian Wilson to the Minister for the Arts, Tim Renton. However, this led to an Arts Council grant of £2000, and the magazine continued, with the publication of Aquarius Women in 1992. This special edition devoted to contemporary women's writing was guest edited by Hilary Davies, featuring contributions by Michèle Roberts, Jackie Kay, U.A. Fanthorpe, Carol Ann Duffy, Elspeth Barker, Marilyn Hacker, Helen Dunmore, Maureen Duffy, Fay Weldon and Elizabeth Jennings.

Profiling Linden for The Guardian in 1993, John Ezard commented, "For several generations of writers he has been part of the cultural furniture". During the period in which Aquarius was published, Irish broadcaster Frank Delaney said that Linden was "a butler to literature", and journalist Auberon Waugh called it the best poetry magazine in Britain. In 1991, it was reported that the Conservative Home Secretary, Kenneth Baker, was a subscriber. Linden edited Aquarius from his flat – which was described by The Guardian as a "spartan bedsit in Maida Vale" – until 2004. Throughout his activities in literature and politics, Linden was often known as Eddie S. Linden, the middle initial standing for "Sean".

A Festschrift, Eddie's Own Aquarius, edited by Constance Short and Tony Carroll, was published in tribute to Linden himself in 2005. Marking his 70th birthday, it featured tributes from friends and contributions from writers who had appeared in the magazine, amongst them poets Seamus Heaney, Alan Brownjohn, Roger McGough, Dannie Abse, Brian Patten, Elaine Feinstein, Alasdair Gray, Paul Muldoon, Tom Paulin, illustrator Ralph Steadman, politician Clare Short (a cousin of the book's co-editor Constance), artist Craigie Aitchison, academic Bernard Crick, former CND chair Bruce Kent, writer James Kelman and emeritus Poet Laureate Andrew Motion. Heaney, who knew him in London, dedicated "A Found Poem" to Linden.

Poet

As well as publishing poetry in Aquarius, Linden also wrote and gave readings of his own poems, such as "City of Razors", which recalls the sectarian violence of his youth in Glasgow. He had been writing verse since his teenage years, and after moving south, was encouraged by Barker and Porter. He had known Barker's son Sebastian at Oxford, and in 1965 met his mother, the writer Elizabeth Smart, who adopted him as a protégé; she was complimentary about the letters Linden wrote, and after Smart's death, he remarked that "She was a mother to me." He was also friends with the novelist (and subsequently Hollywood screenwriter) Alan Sharp, who based the character of Sammy Giffen on Linden in his book The Wind Shifts, published in 1967.

In 1980, City of Razors, a collection of Linden's poems, was published. It won praise from Pinter, Gavin Ewart and Lord Longford. Reviewing the collection, The Guardian said that Linden "can be seen to be a poet who shares with Paul Potts a quality of trusting helplessness before the world, a rare and moving state of awareness." In April 1981, continuing his commitment to the renewed anti-nuclear movement, Linden appeared at Poets against the Bomb, an event staged by Kensington and Chelsea CND at Chelsea Town Hall. In a line-up that included performances by Pete Brown, Ivor Cutler, Gavin Ewart, Adrian Henri and Harold Pinter, Linden read his poem "Hampstead by Night". Sponsored by the Greater London Arts Association and the Arts Council of Great Britain, it was filmed and is thus a rare example of Linden's performance preserved for posterity. The film was premiered at the London Film Festival.

The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse (1983) included another of Linden's gay-themed poems, "A Sunday in Cambridge". A second volume of his poetry, A Thorn in the Flesh, was published in 2011. Linden has given readings of his poems on BBC One, BBC Radio 3, BBC Radio Scotland, Radio Clyde and LBC Radio. He has also given live readings at venues in Scotland, Ireland, England, Wales, Paris, New York City, Canada and Boston.

Tributes and cultural depictions
Who is Eddie Linden, a biography written by Sebastian Barker, with illustrations by Ralph Steadman, was published in 1979, covering the story of Linden's life up until the launch of Aquarius. It later inspired a stage play of the same name, which was produced in 1995 at The Old Red Lion in Islington, North London. Written by William Tanner, the play starred Michael Deacon as Linden, receiving good notices and playing to packed houses. It co-starred Dallas Campbell as a young man trying to get his poetry published by Linden, and ran from 28 February to 25 March 1995.

In June 1975, Linden was the subject of a portrait by Harry Diamond, who captured Soho artists on camera, and in October 1985, he was photographed by Granville Davies. Both prints are now held by the National Portrait Gallery in London. In late 2005, the award-winning photographer Eamonn McCabe took pictures of Linden.

Linden's 80th birthday was celebrated with a party at Conway Hall in 2015, at which he recited several of his poems. Barker's widow, the poet Hilary Davies, described Linden as "loyal and non-judgmental", and, comparing him to a meerkat, said he was "sociable, communicative, ferreting in corners for choice morsels and then delighting in showing it to the community". He was presented with a portrait of himself by London Irish artist Luke Canavan.

In 2018, a different oil painting of Linden by Canavan was displayed at the Royal Society of Portrait Painters Annual Exhibition, which took place at the Mall Galleries in London.

Linden's character is summarised by his friend Gerald Mangan in a pen and ink drawing of him arriving at the gate of heaven accompanied by Saint Peter, who appeals to a surly God the Father:"He says he's a manic-depressive alcoholic lapsed-Catholic Irish working-class pacifist-communist bastard from Glasgow. And would you like to subscribe to a poetry magazine?"

Further reading
Barker, Sebastian (1979). Who is Eddie Linden. London: Jay Landesman. ISBN 9780905150130.

Bibliography
 City of Razors and other poems, Jay Landesman, 1980
 A Thorn in the Flesh: Selected Poems, Hearing Eye, 2011

See also

 Catholic Church and homosexuality
 List of English-language poets
 List of Scottish poets
 List of Scottish writers

Notes

References

Further reading
 Barker, Sebastian. Who is Eddie Linden. Jay Landesman, 1979.
 Short, Constance and Carroll, Tony. Eddie's Own Aquarius. Cahermee Publications, 2005.

External links
Scottish Poetry Library podcast on Linden
Eddie Linden interviewed by Glenn Patterson in 2006 (Vimeo)
 Profile at Hearing Eye
 Geocities website including poems
 The Saturday poem – 'The Nest' in The Guardian (19 September 2009)

1935 births
20th-century English male writers
20th-century Scottish poets
21st-century Scottish poets
21st-century English male writers
Communist Party of Great Britain members
English male poets
British gay writers
Labour Party (UK) people
Scottish LGBT poets
Living people
British magazine editors
People from Maida Vale
People from Motherwell
Scottish Catholic poets
Scottish male poets
Scottish people of Northern Ireland descent
Scottish poets
Writers from London
Scottish publishers (people)

Eddie Linden


thumb|Giovanni d' Enrico, Ecce Homo (detail of the crowd calling for crucifixion), 1608–9

The Sacred Mountain of Varallo () is a Sacro Monte ("sacred mountain", a type of mountainside Christian devotional complex) overlooking the town of Varallo Sesia in the province of Vercelli, Piedmont, northern Italy.  It is the oldest Sacro Monte, founded in 1491 by Franciscan friar Bernardino Caimi. It is built on a natural terrace on the rocky slopes of Monte Tre Croci ("three crosses mountain"), on the left bank of the Sesia river where it leaves Val Mastallone. It is 600 m above sea level, 150 m above the historic centre of Varallo.

Structures
The Sacro Monte at Varallo comprises the minor basilica and 45 chapels, either isolated or inserted into the large monumental complexes Nazareth, Bethlehem, Pilate's house, Calvary, Sepulchre and Parella's house – populated by more than 800 life size painted statues, in wood and terracotta, that dramatically illustrate the life, passion, death and resurrection of Christ. These interiors are vividly decorated with fresco paintings.

The Sacro Monte area is divided into two distinct zones. The first, surrounded by plants, is set out like a sloping garden; here the chapels are positioned at strategic points along the path. Beginning with Adam and Eve or Original Sin, they narrate the story of Christ, from the Annunciation until his arrival in Bethlehem. The second zone, preceded by the Porta Aurea, is located on the summit, and is built up of palazzi and elaborate porticos, built around the two squares; piazza dei Tribunali (piazza civica) and piazza del Tempio (piazza religiosa). The aim here, was to represent the city of Jerusalem; it does indeed have a city feel about it. The chapels narrate the events of Christ's life inside and around the walls of Jerusalem; here are The Last Supper, The Burial, The Resurrection of Christ and The Assumption of the Madonna, to which the basilica is also dedicated. The urban character of this Sacro Monte clearly distinguishes it from the others.

History
The present layout of the Sacro Monte is the result of a series of interventions carried out from the very end of the 15th century up until the middle of the 19th century.

Father Bernardino Caimi, an eminent political and religious man, was the promoter of the Sacro Monte, with the help of rich local families. He had been rector of the Palestinian Holy Places, and an Ambassador to the Spanish court. A plaque tells us that Caimi tried to recreate the "Holy sites, so that who could not go on a pilgrimage might see Jerusalem". After his death in 1499, father Candido Ranzo and father Francesco da Marignano, continued his work. Helped by Gaudenzio Ferrari from Valduggia (a key figure until 1529 – painter, sculptor and architect), creator of some of the most enthralling of the sacred dramas: The Three Kings and The Crucifixion. The Lanino brothers Giulio Cesare Luini and Fermo Stella da Caravaggio were the executors of his work.

From the middle of the sixteenth-century work began on a total renovation of the site. At the height of the Counter-Reformation, all the events of Jesus's life were to be represented, the passion and his death. The area was organized into two zones, the predominantly natural lower portion and the summit, destined to represent the City of Jerusalem. From 1570 to 1590 a substantial number of the chapels in the garden area were constructed, the frescoes were finished and the statues were added. From 1593 until 1640, the organization of the urbanistic, architectural and figurative elements was carried out in the elevated zone. The configuration of the Sacro Monte was taking place; the cardinal points of the first scenes - Nazareth, Bethlehem, Crucifixion and The Burial - were established in the new layout.

From 1565 until 1569 the architect Galeazzo Alessi played a decisive role in the renovation work, as did the Perugian architect Domenico Alfiano, and Valsesians Giovanni d'Enrico and Bartolomeo Ravelli. The sculptors, Tabacchetti, Giovanni D'Enrico, and painters like il Morazzone, Tanzio, Rocca, the Gherardini brothers, and the Gianoli brothers worked in the same artistic vein established by Gaudenzio Ferrari. However, Morazzone and the d'Enrico brothers, Giovanni and Tanzio, helped concretize the gran teatro montano.

See also
 Stations of the Cross
 Poor Man's Bible
 Santa Maria delle Grazie
 The sacromonti are part of the historic-devotional hiking and biking Path of Saint Charles, part of CoEur European paths

References

Bibliography
 Samuel Butler, Ex Voto. Studio artistico sulle opere d'arte del Sacro Monte di Varallo e di Crea, Novara, 1894 (traduzione italiana del testo inglese reperibile on line).
 Giovanni Testori, Elogio dell'arte novarese, De Agostini, Novara, 1962.
 Idem, Il gran teatro montano, Milano, Feltrinelli, 1965 (ora in G. Testori, La realtà della pittura. Scritti di storia e critica d'arte dal Quattrocento al Settecento, a cura di P. Marani, Milano, Longanesi, 1995.
 Idemi, Tanzio da Varallo, catalogo della mostra, Torino, 1959 (ora in G. Testori, La realtà della Pittura, Longanesi, Milano, 1995.
 Casimiro Debiaggi, Il Sacro Monte di Varallo - Breve storia della Basilica e di tutte le cappelle, Guida a cura dell'Amministrazione Vescovile del Sacromonte, III edizione, 1996.
 Luigi Zanzi, Paolo Zanzi, (a cura di), Atlante dei Sacri Monti prealpini, Skira, Milano, 2002.
 Giovanni Agosti,  Testori a Varallo, in "Testori a Varallo - Sacro Monte, Santa Maria delle Grazie, Pinacoteca e Roccapietra" (a cura dell'Associazione Giovanni Testori), Cinisello Balsamo, Silvana Editoriale, 2005.
 Elena De Filippis, Gaudenzio Ferrari. La crocefissione del Sacro Monte di Varallo, Torino, Allemandi, 2006.
 Giovanni Reale, Elisabetta Sgarbi, Il grande teatro del Sacro Monte di Varallo, Milano, Bompiani, 2009.
 Elena De Filippis, Guida del Sacro Monte di Varallo, Tipolitografia, Borgosesia 2009.

Gallery

External links

Official site: Sacro Monte di Varallo
Sacro Monte di Varallo

Buildings and structures in Piedmont
World Heritage Sites in Italy
Varallo
Tourist attractions in Piedmont
1491 establishments in Europe
15th-century establishments in Italy
Varallo Sesia

Sacro Monte di Varallo


Andrew Marshall Pettigrew  (born 11 June 1944) is Professor of Strategy and Organisation at the Saïd Business School at the University of Oxford. A British professor, he was formerly dean of the University of Bath School of Management. He received his training in sociology and anthropology at Liverpool University and received his Ph.D. from Manchester Business School in 1970. He has held academic appointments at Yale University, Harvard University, London Business School and Warwick Business School.

Pettigrew has published many academic papers and books that consider the human, political, and social aspects of organisations and their strategies in contrast to the purely economic view in which the main unit of analysis is the firm or industry as typified by Michael Porter. This is known as the strategy process school as opposed to the strategy content school.

He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2009 New Year Honours.

Early life
Just before leaving  Corby Grammar School, he joined a Brathay Exploration Group funded by the BBC and the Royal Geographical Society to Uganda, where he and 12 other boys worked with local archaeologists and social anthropologists. His own tasks were to survey the distribution of flat houses, particular to the northern slopes of Mount Elgon, and then to survey the spread of conical-roofed houses, as an indicator of the break-up or continuity of the existing culture. He later said of this trip that the "themes can be seen to resonate throughout much of my academic work".

He followed this work with a degree in sociology at Liverpool University and a PhD in industry sociology supervised by Enid Mumford at Manchester Business School followed by two years at Yale University at their Administrative Science Department.

He established and directed the Centre for Corporate Strategy and Change at Warwick Business School from the mid-1980s to mid-1990s. In 2002 he became the first non North American scholar to receive the Distinguished Scholar of the US Academy of Management award.

Key ideas

Writing about his 1985 book The Awakening Giant, which examines how best to explain the success and failings of ICI, Fairfield-Sonn (1987) says:

"Given the scope of the task Pettigrew sets out to accomplish the likelihood of success seems remote. Yet, the author artfully manages to combine the skills of business historian, methodological critic, and pragmatic counselor to produce a cutting-edge work that should be read by everyone who has an interest in organizational development."

Pettigrew's background in anthropology and sociology seemed to predispose his view that "an organisation's strategy is the result of a process embedded in a context" (2003b). He recalls how when he made his "way across then what was a fairly rickety (and in places non-existent) bridge from sociology by way of organisation strategy" such a view was "an unusual thing" since at the time "those with backgrounds in industrial economics ruled the roost" complete with their "overuse of simple distinctions such as 'strategy formulation' and 'strategy implementation' and 'strategy content' and 'strategy process' research.

Despite his intellectual preference for fewer distinctions between content, process, and context, he still tends to be viewed as a researcher in the process tradition simply because it, as he, is interested in more than static decisions. He argues (2003b) that:

 The link between formulation and implementation is not unilinear but interrelated time
 Understanding the change associated with strategy requires understanding of continuity over time
 Strategy, and its impact on future outcomes, are shaped by power and politics

This view of strategy requires the strategy researcher to be historian, anthropologist, and political analyst.

Views on methodology

Pettigrew considers his work to have been "to catch reality in flight" (2003b) such that human behaviour is studied in context and by locating present behaviour "in its historical antecedents" (2003b:306). He determines three benefits of such a longitudinal study:

 Length of time enables appreciation of decision-making in context
 Each individual 'drama' provides a clear point of data collection
 Mechanisms that lead to, accentuate, and regulate, each drama can be deduced
 Comparison and contrast is possible allowing continuity and change to be examined

He claims that "most social scientists do not appear to give much time to time" and that, as a result, much of their work is an "exercise in comparative statics" and therefore recommends strategy researchers follow the approach of historians to "reconstruct past contexts, processes, and decisions" in order to discover patterns, find underlying mechanisms and triggers, and combine inductive search with deductive reason.

Bibliography

 Pettigrew, AM, (1985), The Awakening Giant, Oxford, Blackwell
 Pettigrew, AM, (1990), Longitudinal Field Research on Change, Theory, & Practise, Organization Science, 1:267:92
 Pettigrew, AM, (1992), The Character and Significance of Strategy Process Research, Strategic Management Journal, 13:5-16
 Pettigrew, AM, (1997), What is a processual analysis, Scandinavian Journal of Management, 13:337-48
 Pettigrew, AM, Woodman, RW, & Cameron, KS, (2001), Studying Organizational Change and Development: Challenges for Future Research, The Academy of Management Journal > Vol. 44, No. 4 (Aug., 2001), pp. 697–713
 Pettigrew, AM, Strategy as Process, Power, and Change, in Cummings, S, & Wilson, D, (2003b), Images of Strategy, Blackwell Publishing, pp. 301–330

Footnotes

References

 Fairfield-Sonn, JW, (1987), The Awakening Giant: Continuity and Change in ICI, Industrial and Labor Relations Review © 1987 Cornell University, School of Industrial & Labor Relations

External links

University of Bath Profile
Buresund Profile
Profile at Oxford
Catalogue of Pettigrew's business research papers, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick

Academics of London Business School
Academics of the University of Bath
Yale University faculty
Harvard University faculty
Living people
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Corby
1944 births
Alumni of the Manchester Business School

Andrew Pettigrew


The U.S. Trade and Development Agency (USTDA) is an independent agency of the United States government, formed in 1992 to advance economic development and U.S. commercial interests in developing and middle income countries.

Structure

The U.S. Trade and Development Agency (USTDA) was created under the [[ (22 U.S.C. §2421) to "promote United States private sector participation in development projects in developing and middle-income countries" and to "provide opportunities for the use of United States exports." With these Congressional mandates, USTDA's dual mission is unique among foreign assistance agencies: while the Agency promotes outcomes in infrastructure and economic development, it is mandated to help create American jobs through exports.

History
USTDA's roots date to the 1970's, when the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) coordinated a government-wide "Reimbursable Development Program" (RDP) to provide foreign countries continued access to U.S. development advice, U.S. technical assistance, U.S. equipment, and U.S. technology "even after they have reached the stage where they no longer need to rely on concessional financing for their further development." Though well-intentioned, RDP became lost in USAID's mission and culture of international economic and humanitarian assistance. The Congressional Research Service described the problem as follows: "…AID's expenditures for [RDP program] activities linking U.S. business to development in 1976 and 1977 fell to only about $1 million annually. By the end of the 1970's, however, there was a growing sense in Congress that the U.S. private sector should be more active in development programs. In 1978, Congress directed AID to increase emphasis on U.S. private sector involvement in development assistance."

In 1980 and 1981, the United States Agency for International Development and the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) were linked in the International Development Cooperation Agency (IDCA) – an "umbrella agency tasked with coordinating U.S. development assistance programs." RDP was carved out as a "separate part" of IDCA and re-named the Trade and Development Program (TDP) to "further underscore the link between private sector and U.S. development activities." Congress codified these actions in 1981.

In 1988, in the Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act, Congress again reaffirmed its support of the TDP and its dual missions by making the program a separate component agency within the IDCA, headed by a presidential appointee. The complete separation from USAID was underscored by transferring to TDP a tied aid credits program earlier administered by USAID that was meant to assist U.S. companies competing against subsidized foreign competition. Congress also made clear its intention that "The Trade and Development Program should serve as the primary Federal agency to provide information to persons in the private sector concerning trade and development and export promotion related to bilateral development projects."

USTDA as an independent agency

The 1992 Jobs Through Exports Act renamed TDP as the Trade and Development Agency and revised and expanded its mission, charter and authorities. In taking these actions, Congress described USTDA as "one of the most successful government export promotion programs," and increased USTDA's budget authorization, saying "by increasing the amount of funding available, [Congress] is not only demonstrating its support for the program, but acknowledging the increased need for its services." USTDA's independence and character were again reaffirmed when Congress said it "would expect that the increase in TDA's authorization will discourage attempts by other agencies and departments within the executive branch to duplicate the work of the TDA."

USTDA's charter has not changed much since its establishment in 1992, with the exception of a 1999 Congressional designation of energy, transportation, telecommunications and environment as "special emphasis…economic sectors with significant United States export potential".

Programs
The agency's legal basis is section 661 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended (22 USC 2421). USTDA's mission is to "promote economic growth in developing and middle income countries, while simultaneously helping American businesses to export their products and services, thereby creating U.S. jobs".

USTDA's programs are designed to help countries establish a favorable trading environment and a modern infrastructure that promotes sustainable economic development. According to USTDA, the agency's development assistance has always involved building partnerships between U.S. companies and overseas project sponsors to bring proven private-sector solutions to developmental challenges.
As part of its programs, USTDA funds various forms of technical assistance, early investment analysis, training, orientation visits, and business workshops in the areas of trade capacity building and sector development, and project definition and investment analysis.

USTDA works closely with other federal agencies to advance host country development objectives, but unlike U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), USTDA gives preference to projects that promote the export of U.S. goods and services. Most USTDA projects are located in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. The agency's activities span a wide variety of sectors, although projects in the transportation and energy and power sectors account for 43% of the funding in 2008. In 2008, USTDA obligated over a total of $46 million in support of projects in 66 host counties around the world, including 67 technical assistance activities, 41 feasibility studies, and 24 orientation visits.

In 2010, President Barack Obama signed an executive order, the National Export Initiative, in an attempt to double the amount of US exports through 2015. To support this project, the USTDA launched the International Business Partnership Program, a program that helped connect American manufacturers with international trade partners around the world.

References

External links
 U.S. Trade and Development Agency
 U.S. Trade and Development Agency in the Federal Register

Independent agencies of the United States government
Investment promotion agencies
Government agencies established in 1961
Organizations based in Arlington County, Virginia

United States Trade and Development Agency


Giao Xuân''' (xã Giao Xuân) is a commune in Giao Thủy District, Nam Định, Vietnam approximately 150 km South-East of Hanoi. It has a population of 10,000 people.

The main source of income of the people of Giao Xuan comes from marine life. Being 40% Christian, there is a collection of churches around the village. The other predominant religion is Buddhism.

Xuan Thuy National Park
 In January 1989, Xuân Thủy National Park was declared Vietnam's first Ramsar site; a wetland of international importance. The Xuan Thuy
Nature Reserve was established in 1995 and was upgraded to a national park in 2003.

Located in the Giao Thuy district forming part of the UNESCO Red River Biosphere Reserve, it is a rich, biodiverse, coastal wetland that houses about 220 species of birds (including 9 endangered species), 110 aquatic plants and 500 other aquatic organisms. Many highly valuable types of seafood like shellfish, shrimps, fish, crabs and oysters are also found in this area. It is also a critically important staging area and wintering area for migratory birds visiting and passing through Vietnam from northeast Asia and Siberia to Australia.

Visiting

It is possible to visit Giao Xuan and do a homestay with a local family in a traditional home. There is a twice-daily bus that runs directly between Hanoi and Giao Xuan. Most homes have hot water and western toilets. The people eat typical Vietnamese food including seafood, pork, rice, and fish sauce.

The town has a:Nuoc Mam (Fish Sauce) Making House. Fish sauce is the one ingredient that is quintessentially Vietnamese and it lends a distinctive character to Vietnamese cooking. The sauce is made by fermenting highly salted fish in large ceramic vats for four to twelve months.Rice Wine House: In Vietnamese culture, rice wine is typically enjoyed with every meal. It is customary to invite the whole table to drink simultaneously. Most households produce their own rice wine resulting in each batch varying in alcoholic strength.Jellyfish processing: The jellyfish are freshly caught and brought to the local processing plant and prepared for export or local consumption.Churches and pagodasCultural performancesLocal marketplaceNear to Giao Xuan is the Xuan Thuy National Park which can be visited by boat along the Vop River or by foot through mangrove forests.

During migration and staging seasons, rare species of birds like spoon-billed sandpiper (Calidris pygmeus), Nordmann's greenshank (Tringa guttifer), grey-headed lapwing (Vanellus cinereus) and Asian dowitcher (Limnodromus semipalmatus) reside in the park.

Eleven species of birds, found within the project area, are listed as globally threatened or near-threatened, including the endangered spotted greenshank (Tringa guttifer), the spoon-billed sandpiper (Eurynorhynchus pygmeus), and the black-faced spoonbill (Platalea minor), the near-threatened Asia dowitcher (Limnodromus semipalmatus), the black-headed ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus), the painted stork (Mycteria leucoephala) and the Japanese paradise-flycatcher (Terpsiphone atrocaudata), the least-concerned grey-headed lapwing (Vanellus cinereus), and the vulnerable Saunder's gull (Larus saundersi), the Chinese egret (Egretta eulophotes), and the spot-billed pelican (Pelecanus philippensis).

Rare globally listed mammals existing in the park include the fishing cat (Felis viverrinus) and the finless porpoise (Neophocaera phocaenoides''), as well as locally listed dolphin species.

Notes and references

External links

Populated places in Nam Định province

Giao Xuân


Generoso Jiménez García (July 17, 1917 – September 15, 2007), commonly known as Tojo, was a Cuban trombonist, bandleader and arranger. He was a member of Beny Moré's Banda Gigante and a frequent collaborator of musicians in the descarga scene such as Cachao. Producer Nat Chediak described Tojo as "the father of the creole trombone".

In 1939, together with flautist Efraín Loyola and violinist Gilberto La Rosa, he founded the Orquesta Rítmica. He stayed in Cuba after Fidel Castro took over the government in 1959, and recorded in 1965 El trombón majadero, considered a classic in Cuban music. He later fell out of favor with the Cuban government, stopped playing the trombone, and became a roaming street vendor.

In 2001, he composed, arranged and directed a new album Generoso qué bueno toca usted, featuring a lineup with 27 musicians including Paquito D'Rivera and Arturo Sandoval. In 2003, he was allowed to attend the Grammy ceremony in New York City following the nomination of the album for the Best Traditional Tropical Latin Album category. A few months later he returned to the United States and settled in Florida. He picked up his trombone and his career was reborn. His last recording was for Gloria Estefan's album 90 Millas, released in 2007.

Discography
1957: Ritmo (Kubaney)
1960: El danzón con Generoso y su danzonera (Seeco)
1965: El trombón majadero (Areito)
2001: Generoso qué bueno toca usted (Pimienta)

See also
Raimundo Valenzuela

References

1917 births
2007 deaths
Cuban trombonists
People from Coral Gables, Florida
Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
20th-century trombonists
Orquesta Riverside members

Generoso Jiménez


Jaweed al-Ghussein (18 July 1930 – 1 July 2008) was a Palestinian educationist and philanthropist.

Early years
Born in Gaza in 1930, into one of the most prominent Palestinian noble families. A refugee in 1948 he went to Cairo Egypt with his family where he attended the American University in Cairo (AUC).
Graduating in Economics he was elected President of the Students Union. A Contemporary of Yasser Arafat, they presented a petition signed in their blood to the first President of Egypt Muhammad Naguib demanding the rights of Palestinian students.

Education
Friends School, Ramallah
American University in Cairo

Work
Al-Ghussein began his career in the Kuwait civil service in the 1950s before commencing his business career which began when he represented Parsons. In the early 1960s he was invited  to the Trucial State of Abu Dhabi by the late ruler Sheik Zayed Al-Nahyan to search for water. Al Ghussein went on to establish one of the leading Construction and engineering groups in the Gulf, the Cordoba Construction Group.

He led the company for three decades as Chairman. Cordoba was one of the earliest pioneers in Abu Dhabi, responsible for the first water pipeline from the oasis Al-Ain to Abu Dhabi and subsequently fourteen years later another pipeline from Abu Dhabi to Al-Ain. The Cordoba Group and its subsidiaries went on to construct housing developments, the first English School, roads, water and sewage pipelines, hospitals and military bases. Cordoba went on to build some of the most important landmarks in the country including the iconic Sheik Zayed Cultural Center. Leaders in Micro tunneling Al-Ghussein sought to bring advanced and innovative techniques to the developing oil rich state.

Vision and Contribution
The Cordoba Group was ahead of its time and unique in that it provided training programmes for Palestinian  engineers as well as internship programmes and employment. Al-Ghussein created specific funding programmes for the education of Palestinian refugees, enabling them to continue with higher education, and some have become leaders in the field of banking, engineering, medicine and academia.

The Next Century Foundation
In the early 1980s Al-Ghussein founded with the late Claud Morris the British NGO, the Next Century Foundation to work for peace and understanding between Palestinians and Israelis. The foundation has gone from strength to strength widening its expertise to include conflict in the Middle East and Africa.

Chairman of the Palestine National Fund
Having made his fortune in Construction Al-Ghussein was in 1984 elected in Amman, Jordan by the Palestine National Council (PNC) as Chairman of the Palestine National Fund (PNF). At the same he was also elected as an Independent to sit on the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
He immediately began an extensive programme  of reform, introducing accountable methods of collecting and disbursements of  funds including cessation of putting investments in individual names.
A visionary referred to in the  Arab press as the Nelson Mandela of the Middle East, his reforms created a schism with Arafat who wanted to maintain control over the funds collected.
A close friend of Arafat Al-Ghussein was instrumental in healing the wounds with the Late King Hussein of Jordan after Black September in the 1970s when Arafat attempted a stronghold over Amman Jordan.

Al-Ghussein was also a key figure in resolving disputes between the warring Palestinian factions in particular Arafats dispute with George Habash,  leader and founder of the  Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine; based in Syria.
He played a quiet role in the background resolving many disputes between the Palestinians and Arab nations.

Al Ghussein fell out with Arafat over Iraq's occupation of Kuwait and was the only cabinet member of the PLO to condemn the invasion and occupation of Kuwait. His resignation was refused by Arafat. Invited to the White House to attend the signing of the Oslo Accords.

Tendering his resignation after Arafat failed to implement accountable structures and foundations in the  emerging Palestinian state he called for the 'Rule of law', 'Accountability' and 'Transparency'.

He was abducted twice by Arafat; first from Abu Dhabi after Mahmoud Abbas (Abu Mazen) made a request to Sheik Seif, Minister of interior; second from the Red Crescent Hospital in Cairo by Egyptian security under vice president of Egypt; Omar Suileman. He was held in Gaza for 16 months. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights investigated and its Working Group on Arbitrary Detention placed his case in their highest category reserved for the most grievous deprivation of liberty.
The UN formally determined that Al-Ghussein was 'held manifestly with no legal justification' and urged the Palestinian Authority (PA) to remedy the situation immediately.
Arafat had  previously maintained he wanted the repayment of an alleged loan. However, despite a smear campaign, both the UAE Supreme Court and the Palestinian Commission on Citizens rights vindicated Al-Ghussein and found the allegations baseless and without foundation.

Awards
Outstanding Achievement  and contribution of an Alumni AUC
Freedom of the City Nashville USA

References

External links
Jaweed al-Ghussein
Obituary: Jaweed al-Ghussein
Jaweed Al Ghussein | The Next Century Foundation
E/CN.4/2003/68/Add.1 of 27 February 2003
http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/wgad/31-2001.html
House of Lords Main Chamber Debates 10 November 2009
Documenting injustice

Palestinian activists
Palestinian philanthropists
1930 births
2008 deaths
20th-century philanthropists

Jaweed al-Ghussein


Sheila Crump Johnson (born January 25, 1949) is an American businesswoman, co-founder of BET, CEO of Salamander Hotels and Resorts, and the first billionaire African-American woman.

Johnson is team president, managing partner, and governor of the WNBA's Washington Mystics, a position she earned before the 2005 season. On May 24, 2005, Washington Sports and Entertainment Chairman, Abe Pollin, sold the Mystics to Lincoln Holdings LLC, where Johnson served as president. She is the first African-American woman to be an owner or partner in three professional sports franchises: the Washington Capitals (NHL), the Washington Wizards (NBA), and the Washington Mystics (WNBA).  Johnson is CEO of Salamander Hospitality, a company she founded in 2005.  Salamander's portfolio includes: Reunion Resort located in Reunion, Florida; The Innisbrook Resort and Golf Club, a , 72 hole PGA tour golf course in Palm Harbor, FL; Hotel Bennett in Charleston, South Carolina; Half Moon in Montego Bay, Jamaica; Aurora Anguilla in British West Indies; and The Salamander Resort & Spa in the Blue Ridge Mountains in Middleburg, Virginia.

Early life
Sheila Johnson was born on January 25, 1949 in McKeesport, Pennsylvania, the daughter of a neurosurgeon father who worked for the Veterans Administration, and an accountant mother.

While attending Proviso East High School in Maywood, Illinois she was a cheerleader, serving as captain of the varsity squad in her senior year.  She graduated from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

Philanthropy
Johnson is a Global Ambassador for CARE, a humanitarian organization fighting global poverty.  Sheila's I Am Powerful Challenge raised over $8 million in 2007. She serves as chair of the Board of Governors of Parsons The New School for Design in New York and funded the opening of the Sheila C. Johnson Design Center, combining classrooms, public program spaces and galleries.  She sits on the boards of VH1's Save the Music Foundation, Americans for the Arts, the School of Education and Human Development Foundation (formerly the Curry School of Education) at the University of Virginia, and the University of Illinois Foundation. Johnson is also the Ambassador for the Healthy Site Institute, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and a member of Sigma Alpha Iota music fraternity.

Film
Johnson's first film, Kicking It, premiered at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival in Park City, UT.  She served as sole executive producer on her second film, A Powerful Noise, which premiered at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival in New York.

Personal life
For 33 years from 1969 to 2002, she was married to Robert L. Johnson.  Together they founded the entertainment network BET.  They sold the company to Viacom in 1999. They have two children.

In an interview, Sheila Johnson said she herself is "ashamed" of what the BET has become. "I don't watch it. I suggest to my kids that they don't watch it," she said. "When we started BET, it was going to be the Ebony magazine on television. We had public affairs programming. We had news... I had a show called Teen Summit, we had a large variety of programming, but the problem is that then the video revolution started up... And then something started happening, and I didn't like it at all. And I remember during those days we would sit up and watch these videos and decide which ones were going on and which ones were not. We got a lot of backlash from recording artists... and we had to start showing them. I didn't like the way women were being portrayed in these videos."

After her divorce from Robert L. Johnson in 2002, she was estimated to be worth about $670 million.  In 2009, Forbes magazine estimated her net worth to be $400 million. In May 2017, Johnson's net worth was placed at $750 million.

On September 24, 2005, she married Arlington County Circuit Court Chief Judge William T. Newman, who had presided over her 2002 divorce.  The couple first met three decades earlier when they acted in a play together.

In 2007 Johnson was honored as one of the Library of Virginia's "Virginia Women in History" for her career and her contributions to society.

Johnson is a Democrat, although in 2009 she endorsed Republican Virginia gubernatorial candidate Bob McDonnell.
In early October 2009, Johnson mocked the stutter of Democratic gubernatorial candidate Creigh Deeds at a rally for McDonnell's campaign. She later apologized.

In April 2010, Johnson condemned Virginia Governor Bob McDonnell for his proclamation honoring Confederate History Month because it omitted any reference to slavery.

In April 2021, Johnson along with Washington Commanders team president Jason Wright formed the Inclusive Growth Strategy Council within the Greater Washington Partnership.

Awards
Recognized as an Eleanor Roosevelt Val-Kill Medalist in 2012, Johnson was honored as an individual whose far-reaching influence has made our world a better place. In 2018, Johnson received the Lincoln Medal which is given by Ford's Theatre Society to those who, through their body of work, accomplishments or personal attributes, exemplify the lasting legacy and mettle of character embodied by Abraham Lincoln. In May 2019, The Lincoln Academy of Illinois granted Johnson the Order of Lincoln award, the highest honor bestowed by the State of Illinois. In October 2019, the Women's Sports Foundation honored Johnson with the Billie Jean King Leadership Award.

References

Further reading
 Johnson, Sheila. Walk Through Fire (2023), autobiography

External links
 Johnson's biography at the Library of Virginia
 Designer Luxury Silk Scarves, Wearable Art by Sheila Johnson

1949 births
African-American sports executives and administrators
African-American businesspeople
African-American women in business
American sports executives and administrators
African-American billionaires
African-American investors
American women in business
Businesspeople from Virginia
Living people
People from Loudoun County, Virginia
Washington Mystics executives
Washington Mystics owners
Washington Capitals owners
Washington Wizards owners
Women's National Basketball Association executives
American billionaires
Female billionaires
Women in American professional sports management
Sigma Alpha Iota
Women basketball executives
People from The Plains, Virginia
Virginia Democrats
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people

Sheila Johnson


List of Guggenheim fellowship winners for 1978.

United States and Canada fellows

Alice Adams, Deceased. Fiction: 1978.
JoAnne Akalaitis, Director, New York Shakespeare Festival: 1978.
Jervis B. Anderson, Writer; Staff Writer, The New Yorker, New York City: 1978.
Stuart S. Antman, Professor of Mathematics, University of Maryland at College Park: 1978.
Theodore Antoniou, Composer; Professor of Music, Boston University: 1978.
Ruth apRoberts, Professor Emeritus of English, University of California, Riverside: 1978.
Ralph Arlyck, Film Maker, Poughkeepsie, New York: 1978.
Eugene C. Ashby, Regents' Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology: 1978.
Gordon Ashby, Designer, Inverness, California: 1978.
Maurice Auslander, Deceased. Mathematics: 1978.
Houston A. Baker, Jr., Albert M. Greenfield Professor of Human Relations, University of Pennsylvania: 1978.
Keith Michael Baker, J.E. Wallace Sterling Professor in the Humanities and Professor of History, Stanford University: 1978.
E. Digby Baltzell, Deceased. Sociology: 1978.
James Robert Bamburg, Professor of Biochemistry, Colorado State University: 1978.
Jonathan Baumbach, Writer; Professor of English, Brooklyn College, City University of New York: 1978.
Zdeněk Pavel Bažant, McCormick School Professor and Walter P. Murphy Professor of Civil Engineering and Materials Science, Northwestern University: 1978.
Howard S. Becker, Professor of Sociology, University of California, Santa Barbara: 1978.
Charles A. Bennett, Artist, New York City: 1978.
Richard M. A. Benson, Dean, Yale School of Art: 1978, 1986.
Robert F. Berkhofer, Professor of History, Oakes College, University of California, Santa Cruz: 1978.
Walter F. Berns, Resident Scholar, American Enterprise Institute, Washington: 1978.
Steven J. Beyer, Artist; Assistant Professor of Sculpture, Tyler School of Art, Temple University: 1978.
Edgar M. Branch, Research Professor Emeritus of English and Associate in American Literature, Miami University: 1978.
Patrick M. Brantlinger, Professor of English, Indiana University: 1978.
John I. Brauman, J.G. Jackson - C. J. Wood Professor of Chemistry, Stanford University: 1978.
Robert Breer, Film Maker; Professor of Art, Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art: 1978.
Christopher Edward Brion, Professor of Chemistry, University of British Columbia: 1978.
A. Peter Brown, Professor of Musicology, Indiana University: 1978.
Vincent J. Bruno, Ashbel Smith Chair, Emeritus Professor of Art History, University of Texas at Arlington: 1978.
Elizabeth W. Bruss, Deceased. Literary Criticism: 1978.
Donald F. Buchla, Instrument Designer and Scholar, Berkeley, California: 1978.
Chris Burden, Artist; Professor, Head New Genre, University of California, Los Angeles: 1978.
William Michael Burke, Photographer; Instructor, School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston: 1978.
David S. Cannell, Professor of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara: 1978.
E. A. Carmean, Art Historian and Curator, San Mateo, California: 1978.
Raymond Carver, Deceased. Fiction: 1978.
Phillip R. Certain, Professor of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison: 1978.
Leo M. Chalupa, chair, Professor of Neurobiology, Psychology & Behavior, University of California, Davis: 1978.
Nicolai Cikovsky, Jr., Senior Curator of American and British Painting, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.: 1978.
Thurston Clarke, Writer, Willsboro, New York: 1978.
Thomas Clayton, Professor of English and of Classical Studies, University of Minnesota: 1978.
Martin Leonard Cody, Professor of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles: 1978.
Calvert Coggeshall, Deceased. Fine Arts: 1978.
Carolyn Cohen, chair, Graduate Biophysics Program; Professor of Biology, Brandeis University: 1978.
Marvin L. Cohen, University Professor of Physics, University of California, Berkeley: 1978, 1990.
Robert A. Colby, Professor Emeritus of Library Science, Queens College, City University of New York: 1978.
Stephen Cole, Leading Professor of Sociology, State University of New York at Stony Brook: 1978.
Alicia Colombí de Monguió, Professor of Spanish, SUNY at Albany, New York: 1978. Appointed As Alicia Colombí de Ferraresi.
Jaime H. Concha, Professor of Spanish and Latin American Literature, University of California, San Diego: 1978.
Jonathan Cott, Writer, New York City: 1978.
Donald M. Crothers, Alfred E. Kemp Professor of Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University: 1978.
Curtis Curtis-Smith, Composer; Professor of Music, Western Michigan University: 1978.
James Maurice Daniels, Professor Emeritus of Physics, University of Toronto: 1978.
Judy Dater, Artist/Photographer, Berkeley, California: 1978.
Alan M. Dershowitz, Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law, Harvard Law School: 1978.
Jan de Vries, Professor of History, University of California, Berkeley: 1978.
Tom DeWitt, Artist, Ancramdale, New York: 1978.
George T. Dickie, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle: 1978.
Margaret Anne Doody, John and Barbara Glynn Family Professor of Literature, University of Notre Dame: 1978.
Henri Dorra, Professor of Art History, University of California, Santa Barbara: 1978.
John E. Dowling, Maria Moors Cabot Professor of Natural Sciences and Professor of Neuroscience, Harvard University: 1978.
Senta Driver, Choreographer; Artist Director, Harry's Foundation, Inc., New York City: 1978.
Robert C. Dunbar, Professor of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University: 1978.
Martin Dworkin, Professor of Microbiology, University of Minnesota: 1978.
Donald M. Engelman, chair, Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University: 1978.
Clayton Eshleman, Poet, Ypsilanti, Michigan: 1978.
Claire Falkenstein, Artist, Venice, California: 1978.
Thomas D. Farber, Writer; Senior Lecturer, University of California, Berkeley: 1978.
Don W. Fawcett, Hersey Professor of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School: 1978.
Andrew Fetler, Writer; Professor of English, University of Massachusetts Amherst: 1978.
Kit Fine, Professor of Philosophy, New York University: 1978.
Claude S. Fischer, Professor of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley: 1978.
Steven Fischler, Film Maker; Producer and Director, Pacific St. Film Projects, Inc., Brooklyn, New York: 1978.
Dagfinn Follesdal, Clarence Irving Lewis Professor of Philosophy, Stanford University; Professor of Philosophy, University of Oslo: 1978.
Michael Foran, Artist, Laramie, Wyoming: 1978.
Carolyn Forché, Poet; Professor of English, George Mason University: 1978.
Irving B. Fritz, Deceased. Biochemistry-Molecular Biology: 1978.
Tess Gallagher, Poet, Port Angeles, WA: 1978.
William A. Gamson, Professor of Sociology, Boston College: 1978.
Barbara Garson, Writer, New York City: 1978.
Jean Gaudon, Adviser in French Literature, Yale University: 1978.
John Gerassi, Writer; Professor of Political Science, Queens College, City University of New York: 1978.
David B. Geselowitz, Emeritus Professor of Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University: 1978.
Michael T. Ghiselin, Senior Research Fellow, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco: 1978.
Aharon Gibor, Emeritus Professor of Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara: 1978.
Walter S. Gibson, Andrew W. Mellon Professor Emeritus of the Humanities, Case Western Reserve University: 1978.
Frank Gillette, Video Artist, New York City: 1978.
George Glauberman, Professor of Mathematics, University of Chicago: 1978.
Paul F. Grendler, Emeritus Professor of History, University of Toronto: 1978.
Jan Groover, Photographer, Montpon-Menesterol, France: 1978.
Joan Delaney Grossman, Emeritus Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of California, Berkeley: 1978.
Henry Guerlac, Deceased: History of Science: 1978.
Edwin J. Gunn, Artist, New York City: 1978.
Robert W. Gutman, Dean, Art and Design Division, Fashion Institute of Technology, State University of New York: 1978.
Marshall M. Haith, Professor of Psychology, University of Denver: 1978.
John Halperin, Centennial Professor of English, Vanderbilt University: 1978,1985.
Gilbert H. Harman, Stuart Professor of Philosophy, Princeton University: 1978.
Daniel A. Harris, Associate Professor of English, Douglass College, Rutgers University: 1978.
William Hauptman, Playwright, New York City: 1978.
John Edward Hay, Director of Environmental Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand: 1978.
James J. Heckman, Henry Schultz Distinguished Service Professor of Economics, University of Chicago: 1978.
Roger A. Hegstrom, Professor of Chemistry, Wake Forest University: 1978.
John C. Heiss, Composer; Member of the Faculty, New England Conservatory of Music: 1978.
Jurgen Herbst, Emeritus Professor of Educational Policy Studies and of History, University of Wisconsin–Madison: 1978.
Darleane C. Hoffman, Professor of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley; Senior Scientist, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory: 1978.
Roald Hoffmann, Frank M. T. Rhodes Professor of Humane Letters, Cornell University: 1978.
Nancy L. Holt, Artist, New York City: 1978.
Bette Howland, Writer, Albuquerque, New Mexico: 1978.
Joseph A. Hudson, Composer, New York City: 1978.
Vernon W. Hughes, Sterling Professor Emeritus of Physics, Yale University: 1978.
Norris C. Hundley, Professor of History, University of California, Los Angeles: 1978.
George K. Hunter, Emily Sanford Professor Emeritus of English, Yale University: 1978.
James T. Hynes, Professor of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder: 1978.
Charles Israels, Composer: 1978.
Neil Jenney, Jr, Artist, New York City: 1978.
Robert Jervis, Adlai E. Stevenson Professor of International Affairs, Columbia University: 1978.
Joseph Katz, Deceased. Education: 1978.
William M. Kaula, Deceased. Earth Science: 1978.
David Kechley, Professor of Music, Williams College: 1978.
John L. Keep, Retired Professor of History, University of Toronto: 1978.
David N. Keightley, Emeritus Professor of History, University of California, Berkeley: 1978.
Charles M. H. Keil, Emeritus Professor of American Studies, State University of New York at Buffalo: 1978.
Andrew S. Kende, Charles F. Houghton Professor of Chemistry, University of Rochester: 1978.
Susan Estabrook Kennedy, chair, Professor of History, Virginia Commonwealth University: 1978.
Richard Kevorkian, Artist; Professor of Painting and Printmaking, Virginia Commonwealth University: 1978.
George L. Kline, Milton C. Nahm Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, Bryn Mawr College: 1978.
Annette Kolodny, Professor of Comparative Cultural and Literary Studies, University of Arizona: 1978.
Richard W. Kotuk, deceased. Film: 1978.
Donald J. Kouri, Distinguished University Professor of Chemistry and Physics, University of Houston: 1978.
David Krause, Professor Emeritus of English, Brown University: 1978.
Sige-Yuki Kuroda, deceased. Linguistics: 1978.
Don Q. Lamb, Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago: 1978.
Ronald W. Langacker, Professor of Linguistics, University of California, San Diego: 1978.
Richard G. Lawton, Professor of Chemistry, University of Michigan: 1978.
Wonyong Lee, Professor of Physics, Columbia University: 1978.
Lynn Hollen Lees, Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania: 1978.
Richard D. Lehan, Professor Emeritus of English, American, and Comparative Literature, University of California, Los Angeles: 1978.
Herbert Lehnert, Research Professor of German, University of California, Irvine: 1978.
Richard L. Levin, Emeritus Professor of English, State University of New York at Stony Brook: 1978.
Robert I. Levy, Emeritus Professor of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego: 1978.
Benjamin M. Lifson, Photographer, New York City: 1978.
J. G. Liou, Professor of Geology, Stanford University: 1978.
Trevor Lloyd, Professor of History, University of Toronto: 1978.
Clara M. Lovett, President, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona: 1978.
J. Anthony Lukas, Deceased. General Nonfiction: 1978.
Roderick Macneil, John Henry Wigmore Professor of Law, Northwestern University: 1978.
Peter B. Maggs, Peter and Sarah Pedersen Professor of Law, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: 1978.
John Margolies, Architectural Critic, New York City: 1978.
Lynn Margulis, Distinguished University Professor, University of Massachusetts, Amherst: 1978.
Sherwin A. Maslowe, Professor of Mathematics, McGill University: 1978.
Jeffrey P. Mass, Professor of History, Stanford University; Professor of Japanese, Oxford University: 1978.
James A. Matisoff, Professor of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley: 1978.
William F. May, Cary M. Maguire Professor of Ethics, Southern Methodist University: 1978.
David R. Mayhew, Sterling Professor of Political Science, Yale University: 1978.
William McAllister-Johnson, Professor of the History of Art, University of Toronto: 1978.
Michael McCanles, Professor of English, Marquette University: 1978.
Gerald W. McFarland, Professor of History, University of Massachusetts Amherst: 1978.
Leonard Melfi, Playwright, New York City: 1978.
Jeffrey Meyers, Writer; Kensington, California: 1978.
Brenda Miller, Artist, New York City: 1978.
Roy A. Miller, Professor Emeritus of Asian Languages and Literature, University of Washington: 1978.
Richard Misrach, Photographer, Emeryville, California: 1978.
Phillip M. Mitchell, deceased. German and Scandinavian Literature: 1978.
John Modell, Professor of Education and Human Development and Professor of Sociology, Brown University: 1978.
John N. Morris, Deceased. Poetry: 1978.
James D. Muhly, Emeritus Professor of Ancient Near Eastern History, University of Pennsylvania: 1978.
Bharati Mukherjee, Writer; Professor of English, University of California, Berekeley: 1978.
Donald J. Munro, Emeritus Professor of Philosophy and of Chinese, University of Michigan: 1978.
Conlon Nancarrow, Deceased. Music Composition: 1978.
Barbara Nolan, chair, Professor of English, University of Virginia: 1978.
R. Glenn Northcutt, Professor of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego: 1978.
Gananath Obeyesekere, Professor of Anthropology, Princeton University: 1978.
Darcy O'Brien, Deceased. Fiction: 1978.
David M. Olan, Composer; Professor of Music, Baruch College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York: 1978.
Wilma K. Olson, Mary I. Bunting Professor of Chemistry, Douglass College, Rutgers University: 1978.
Michael Oppenheimer, Chief Scientist, Environmental Defense Fund, New York City: 1978.
Elaine H. Pagels, Harrington Spear Paine Foundation Professor of Religion, Princeton University: 1978.
Orlando Patterson, John Cowles Professor of Sociology, Harvard University: 1978.
Robert A. Pendleton, Choreographer, Washington, Connecticut; artistic director, Momix Dance Theater: 1978.
Donald Phelps, Writer, New York City: 1978.
Edmund S. Phelps, McVickar Professor of Political Economy, Columbia University: 1978.
Eric R. Pianka, Professor of Zoology, University of Texas at Austin: 1978.
Claude Pichois, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of French, Vanderbilt University: 1978.
David B. Pisoni, Chancellors' Professor of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Indiana University: 1978.
David Premack, Professor Emeritus of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania: 1978.
Kenneth Price, Artist: 1978.
Dean G. Pruitt, Distinguished Professor of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo: 1978.
Paul H. Rabinowitz, Professor of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin–Madison: 1978.
Steve Reich, Composer, New York City: 1978.
Peter Hanns Reill, Associate Professor of History, University of California, Los Angeles: 1978.
Martin Rein, Professor of Sociology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: 1978.
Howard Reiss, Emeritus Professor of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles: 1978.
Robert V. Remini, Historian, University of Illinois at Chicago: 1978.
Richard J. Roberts, Director of Research, New England Biolabs, Beverly, Massachusetts: 1978.
Walter Rosenblum, Photographer; Professor Emeritus of Art, Brooklyn College, City University of New York: 1978.
Charles L. Ross, Associate Professor of English, University of Hartford: 1978.
Michael Rothschild, Dean of Social Sciences and Professor of Economics, University of California, San Diego: 1978.
David G. Rubin, Emeritus Professor of Literature, Sarah Lawrence University; Visiting professor, Middle Eastern Languages and Cultures, Columbia University: 1978.
Joel Sachs, chairman, Music History, The Juilliard School: 1978.
Edward B. Saff, Professor of Mathematics, University of South Florida: 1978.
Daniel J. Sandin, Artist; Professor of Art, University of Illinois at Chicago: 1978.
Giovanni Sartori, Albert Schweitzer Professor in the Humanities, Columbia University: 1978.
Dennis Schmitz, Poet; Professor of English, California State University, Sacramento: 1978.
Millard Kent Schumaker, Professor of Religion, Queen's University, Kingston; Associate Professor of Religion and Ethics, Queen's Theological College: 1978.
Joseph Schwantner, Composer; Professor of Composition, Eastman School of Music, University of Rochester: 1978.
John H. Schwarz, Harold Brown Professor of Theoretical Physics, California Institute of Technology: 1978.
Dana S. Scott, Hillman University Professor of Computer Science and Mathematical Logic, Carnegie Mellon University: 1978.
James C. Scott, Eugene Meyers Professor of Political Science and Anthropology, Yale University: 1978.
Martin F. Semmelhack, Professor of Chemistry, Princeton University: 1978.
Wallace Shawn, Playwright, New York City: 1978.
Joel Sherzer, Liberal Arts Foundation Centennial Professor of Anthropology and Linguistics, University of Texas at Austin: 1978.
Harry Sieber, Professor of Romance Languages, Johns Hopkins University: 1978.
Elie Siegmeister, Deceased. Music Composition: 1978.
Michael Silverstein, Samuel N. Harper Professor of Anthropology, Linguistics, and Psychology, University of Chicago: 1978.
Melvin I. Simon, chair, Professor of Biological Sciences, California Institute of Technology: 1978.
Lawrence Sirovich, Professor; Director, Laboratory of Applied Mathematics, CUNY/Mt. Sinai, New York City: 1978.
William E. Spicer, Stanford W. Ascherman Professor of Engineering, Stanford University: 1978.
David E. Stannard, Associate Professor of American Studies, University of Hawaii at Manoa: 1978.
Ross M. Starr, Professor of Economics, University of California, San Diego: 1978.
John M. Steadman, III, Emeritus Professor of English, University of California Riverside, and Senior Research Associate, The Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino: 1978.
Hilgard O'Reilly Sternberg, Professor Emeritus of Geography, University of California, Berkeley: 1978.
Joel Sternfeld, Photographer; Member of the Faculty, Sarah Lawrence College: 1978, 1982.
Garrett Stewart, Professor of English, University of California, Santa Barbara: 1978.
Alan A. Stone, Touroff-Glueck Professor of Law and Psychiatry, Harvard University: 1978.
Daniel W. Stroock, Professor of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: 1978.
Joel Sucher, Producer, Pacific Street Films, Brooklyn, New York: 1978.
Lawrence Anthony Sullivan, Earl Warren Professor of Public Law, University of California, Berkeley: 1978.
John Suppe, Blair Professor of Geology, Princeton University: 1978.
Elizabeth Swados, Composer and Theatre Director, New York City: 1978.
Kei Takei, Choreographer, New York City: 1978, 1988.
Robert E. Tarjan, James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Computer Science, Princeton University: 1978.
Mark C. Taylor, Cluett Professor of Humanities, Williams College: 1978.
J. Mills Thornton, III, Professor of History, University of Michigan: 1978.
Micheline L. Tison-Braun, Professor Emeritus of French, Hunter College and Graduate Center, City University of New York: 1978. Appointed as Braun, Micheline L.
Calvin Tomkins, Staff Writer, The New Yorker: 1978.
Paul Uselding, Dean, Professor of Management, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH: 1978.
Kermit Vanderbilt, Distinguished Professor of English, San Diego State University: 1978.
John Van Sickle, Professor of Classics, Brooklyn College, and Professor of Classics and of Comparative Literature, Graduate School, City University of New York: 1978.
David Vaughan, Dance Critic; Archivist, Cunningham Dance Foundation: 1978.
William Veeder, Professor of English and of the Humanities, University of Chicago: 1978.
Arthur F. Veinott, Professor of Operations Research, Stanford University: 1978.
Ellen Bryant Voigt, Poet, Marshfield, Vermont: 1978.
Stanko B. Vranich, Associate Professor of Romance Languages, Herbert H. Lehman College, City University of New York: 1978.
Robert V. Wagoner, Professor of Physics, Stanford University: 1978.
Anthony F. C. Wallace, University Professor Emeritus of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania: 1978.
William S-Y. Wang, chair, Professor of Language Engineering, City University of Hong Kong: 1978.
J. P. Wearing, Emeritus Professor of English, University of Arizona: 1978.
James M. Wells, Curator Emeritus, The Newberry Library, Chicago: 1978.
, Professor of Art, University of California-Berkeley: 1978.
Thornton Willis, Artist, New York City: 1978.
Jacqueline Winsor, Artist; Instructor in Fine Arts, School of Visual Arts: 1978.
Joseph A. Wittreich, Jr., Distinguished Professor of English, City University of New York Graduate School and University Center: 1978.
Donald R. Yennie, Deceased. Physics: 1978.
David Young, Poet; Longman Professor of English, Oberlin College: 1978.
Robert B. Zajonc, Professor of Psychology, Stanford University: 1978.

Latin American and Caribbean Fellows

Carlos Aragone Salveraglio, Professor of Physics, Simon Bolivar University, Caracas: 1978.
Winston Branch, Artist, St. Lucia, West Indies; Adjunct Professor of Art, University of California, Berkeley: 1978.
Daniel Pedro Cardinali, Head, Division of Neuroendocrine Pharmacology, Center for Pharmacological Research, National Research Council of Argentina, Buenos Aires: 1978.
Antonio Cisneros Campoy, Writer; Professor of Literature, National University of San Marcos, Lima: 1978.
Alfredo Elio Cocucci, Professor of Botany, National University of Córdoba: 1978.
Asdrubal Colmenarez, Artist; Research Associate In Art, University of Paris VIII, France: 1978.
Manuel Dannemann, Professor of Ethnology and Folklore, University of Chile: 1978.
Jorge Eduardo Eielson, Writer, Milan, Italy: 1978.
Gustavo Eduardo Ferrari, Deceased. Political Science: 1978.
Guillermo Carlos Flichman, Research Economist, International Center for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies, Paris: 1978.
Fernando Gagliuffi Kolich, Film Maker and Architect, Lima: 1978.
Norbel Galanti, Professor of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Chile School of Medicine: 1978.
Rubens Gerchman, Artist; Director, School of Visual Arts, Rio de Janeiro: 1978.
Carlos Roberto González, Professor, Institute of Geology, Miguel Lillo Foundation; Professor of Historical Geology, National University of Tucumán : 1978.
Luis Jorge González Fernández. Deceased. Emeritus Professor of Music Theory and Composition, University of Colorado Boulder: 1978
David Huerta Bravo, Writer, México, D.F.: 1978.
Enrique Krauze Kleinbort, Research Associate in History, College of Mexico, Mexico, D.F.: 1978.
Larissa A. Lomnitz, Professor of Anthropology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico, D.F.: 1978.
Carlos José Pereira de Lucena, Professor of Computer Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro: 1978.
Gerardo Martínez-López, Plant Virologist, Colombian Agricultural and Livestock Institute, Bogotá: 1978.
Elisa T. Marusic, Professor of Medicine, University of Los Andes: 1978.
Humberto R. Maturana, Professor of Biology, University of Chile: 1978.
Shivadhar Srinivasa Naipaul, Deceased. Fiction: 1978.
Antonio Paes de Carvalho, President, BIO-RIO; Professor of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: 1978.
Rafael Panzone, Retired Professor of Mathematics, National University of the South, Bahí a Blanca; Career Scientist, National Research Council of Argentine: 1978.
Leôncio Martins Rodrigues, Professor of Social Science, University of São Paulo: 1978.
Andrea Tonacci, Film Maker, São Paulo: 1978, 1982.
Marco Antonio Valdivia, Photographer, Antofagasta, Chile: 1978.

See also
Guggenheim Fellowship

References

1978
1978 awards

List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1978