Cyril Y. Bowers, M.D., emeritus professor of medicine at Tulane University School of Medicine, attended medical school at the University of Oregon and did an internship at the University of Washington. He then studied biochemistry at Cornell University and attended the postgraduate school of medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. From 1961-2004 he was the director of the Section of Endocrinology & Metabolism in the department of medicine at Tulane University School of Medicine. Bowers has served on the editorial board of several endocrine journals, was a member of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Study Section for eight years and has written over 400 articles in peer-reviewed journals, including chapters in books and over 200 abstracts.

Research interests
Some noteworthy accomplishments include the development of TRH analogs, LHRH antagonists and the development of a new class of small synthetic peptides (GHRPs, growth hormone releasing peptides) that specifically release growth hormone in animals and humans. In 1969, the Van Meter Award was given to Drs. Bowers, Schally and Folkers for the isolation and identification of TRH. The work on TRH strongly supported that additional hypothalamic releasing hormones would be discovered which was accomplished within the next 2 years with the discovery of LHRH by Dr. Schally's group and others followed in subsequent years. In 1998 he received the Monsanto Clinical Investigator Award from the Endocrine Society in recognition of his contribution in the field of hypothalamic hormones and his discovery of the GHRP pathway and its clinical and therapeutic importance.

Some of Dr. Bowers' current and future objectives include development of 1) ghrelin receptor agonists for undernutrition, i.e., cancer, cachexia, starvation; 2) ghrelin receptor antagonists for overnutrition, i.e., obesity; 3) use of ghrelin agonists in diabetes; 4) use of ghrelin agonists to restore normal function of the GH-IGF-I axis in older men and women; 5) intranasal and long acting delivery systems for ghrelin agonists/antagonists, and to obtain licenses and funds for development of the ghrelin agonists/antagonists as well as for a completed Phase I LHRH antagonist.

Selected publications
(Publications selected from over 450 peer-reviewed publications)

1. Mericq V, Cassorla F, Garcia H, Avila A, Bowers CY, Merriam G. Growth Hormone Responses to Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide (GHRP) and to Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) in Growth Hormone Deficient Children (GHD). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80:1681-4.

2. Pihoker C, Middleton R, Reynolds GA, Bowers CY, Badger TM. Diagnostic Studies with Intravenous and Intranasal Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2 in Children of Short Stature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80:2987-92.

3. Van den Berghe G, de Zegher F, Veldhuis JD, Wouters P, Awouters M, Verbruggen W, Schetz M, Verwaest C, Lauwers P, Bouillon R, Bowers CY. The Somatotropic Axis in Critical Illness: Effect of Continuous GHRH and GHRP-2 Infusion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:590-99.

4. Pihoker C, Badger TM, Reynolds, GA, Bowers CY. Treatment Effects of Intranasal Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2 in Children with Short Stature. J Endocrinol 1997; 155:79-86

5. Van den Berghe G, Veldhuis JD, de Zegher F, Wouters P, Bowers CY, Bouillon R. Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide 2 Infusion Synchronizes Growth Hormone, Thyrotropin and Prolactin Secretion in Prolonged Critical Illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 47:599-612.

6. Pihoker C, Kearns GL, French D, Bowers CY. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2: A Phase I Study in Children J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83:1168-72.

7. Van den Berghe G, de Zegher F, Baxter RC, Veldhuis JD, Wouters P, Schetz M, Verwaest C, Van der Vorst E, Lauwers P, Bouillon R, Bowers CY. Neuroendocrinology of Prolonged Critical Illness: Effects of Exogenous Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone and Its Combination with Growth Hormone Secretagogues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83:309-19.

8. Bowers CY. Synergistic Release of GH by GHRP and GHRH: Scope and Implication. In B Bercu, R Walker (ed) Growth Hormone Secretagogues. Marcel Dekker, Inc New York, p. 1-25 1998.

9. Mericq V, Cassorla F, Salazar T, Avila A, Iniguez G, Bowers CY, Merriam GR. Effects of Eight Months Treatment with Graded Doses of a GH-Releasing Peptide in GH-Deficient Children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83:2355-2360

10. Bowers, CY. Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide (GHRP). Cell and Mol Life Sci 1998; 54(12):1316-29.

11. Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, Mohan S, Baxter RC, Veldhuis JD, Bowers CY, Bouillon R. Reactivation of Pituitary Hormone Release and Metabolic Improvement by Infusion of Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide and Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone in Patients with Protracted Critical Illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:2140-50.

12. Meacham LR, Culler FL, Abdul-Latif H, Sullivan KM, Bowers CY. Preservation of Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2 During Prednisone Therapy Metabolism 1999; 48(5):585-89.

13. Bowers CY. GH Releasing Peptides (GHRPs). In: Handbook of Physiology, Kostyo J, Goodman H, eds, Oxford University Press, New York, 1999; pg 267-297.

14. Bowers CY. GHRP Historical Perspective Basic and Clinical. In: Human Growth Hormone Basic and Clinical Research. Contemporary Endocrinology, eds R. Smith, M. Conn, Humana Press, New York, pg 17-43, 2000.

15. Bowers CY. Unnatural GHRP Begets Natural Ghrelin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:1464-1469.

16. Gondo RG, Aguiar-Oliveira MH, Hayashida CY, Toledo S, Abelin N, Levine MA, Bowers CY, Souza A, Pereira R, Santos N, Salvatori R. Growth Hormone (GH) Releasing Peptide-2 Stimulates GH Secretion in GH Deficient Patients with Mutated GH-Releasing Hormone Receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:3279-83.

17. Van den Berghe G, Baxter RC, Weekers F, Woeters P, Bowers CY, Iranmanesh A, Veldhuis JD, Bouillon R. The combined administration of GHRP-2, TRH and GnRH to men with prolonged critical illness evokes superior endocrine and metabolic effects compared to treatment with GHRP-2 alone. Clin Endo 2002;
56:655-669.

18. Tannenbaum GA, Epelbaum J, Bowers CY. Interaction between the Novel Peptide Ghrelin and Somatostatin/GHRH in Regulation of Pulsatile GH Secretion. Endocrinology 2003; 967-974.

19. Mericq V, Cassorla F, Bowers CY, Avila A, Gonen B, Merriam G. Changes in Appetite and Body Weight in Response to Long Term Oral Administration of the Ghrelin Agonist GHRP-2 in GH Deficient Children. J Pediatric Endocrinol Metab 2003; 16:981-985.

20. Bowers CY. Historical Milestones. In: Ghrelin, Ghigo E, ed, Klerwer Academic Publishers, Boston/London; 2004, pg 1-13.

21. Iranmanesh A, Bowers CY, Veldhuis JD. Activation of Somatostatin-Receptor Subtype (SSTR)-2/5 Suppresses the Mass, Frequency and Irregularity of GHRP-2 Growth Hormone Secretion in Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:4581-87.

22. Inui A, Asakawa A, Bowers CY, Mantovani G, Laviano A, Meguid M, Fujimiya M. Ghrelin, Appetite, and Growth-The Emerging Role of the Stomach as an Endocrine Organ. FASEB J 2004; 18:439-456.

23. Bowers CY, Granda-Ayala R, Mohan S, Kuipers J, Baylink D, Veldhuis JD. Sustained Elevation of Pulsatile GH Secretion and IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 Concentration during 30-Day Continuous Infusion of GHRP-2 in Older Men and Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:2290-2300.

24. Veldhuis JD, Roemmich JN, Richmond EJ, Rogol AD, Lovejoy JC, Sheffield-Moore M, Mauras N, Bowers CY. Endocrine Control of Body Composition in Infancy, Childhood, and Puberty. Endoc Rev 2005; 26:114-146.

25. Laferrere B, Abraham C, Russell CD, Bowers CY. Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide -2(GHRP-2), Like Ghrelin, Increases Food Intake in Healthy Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:611-614.

26. Veldhuis JD, Anderson SM, Iranmanesh A, Bowers CY. Testosterone Blunts Feedback Inhibition of Growth Hormone Secretion by Experimentally Elevated Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Concentration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:1613-1617.

27. Erickson D, Keenan DM, Farhy L, Mielke K, Bowers CY, Veldhuis JD. Determinants of Dual Secretagogue Drive of Burst Like Growth Hormone Secretion in Premenopausal Women Studied Under a Selective estradiol Clamp. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:1741-1751.

28. Soares-Welsh C, Farhy L, Mielke KL, Mahmud FH, Miles JL, Bowers CY, Veldhuis JD. Complementary Secretagogue Pairs Unmask Prominent Gender-related Contrasts in Mechanisms of Growth Hormone Pulse Renewal in Young Adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:2225-2232.

29. Veldhuis JD, Iranmanesh A Bowers CY. Joint Mechanisms of Impaired GH Pulse Renewal in Aging Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:4177-4183.

30. Bowers CY. Octanoyl Ghrelin is Hypothalamic Rooted. Endocrinology 2005; 146:2508-2509.

31. Veldhuis JD, Keenan DM, Mielke K, Miles JM, Bowers CY. Supraphysiological Testosterone Supplementation in Healthy Older Men Drives GH and IGF-I Secretion without Potentiating Peptidyl Secretagogue Efficacy. Eur J Endocrinol 2005; 153:1-10.

32. Fintini D, Alba M, Schally AV, Bowers CY, Parlow AF, Salvatori R. Effects of Combined Long Term Treatment with a Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Analogue and a Growth Hormone Secretagogue in the Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone Knock Out Mouse. Neuroendocrinology 2005; 82(3-4):198-207.

33. Veldhuis JD, Roemmich JN, Richmond EJ, Bowers CY. Somatotropic and Gonadotropic Axes Linkages in Infancy, Childhood and the Puberty-Adult Transition. Endocr Rev 2006; 27(2):101-40.

34. Bowers CY, Chang J-K, Wu S, Linse KD, Hurley DL, Veldhuis JD. Biochemistry of Growth Hormone Secretagogue Molecules, In: Fat Loss, Wasting and Cachexia in Medicine, (Ed:) Schuster, M. and Mantovani, G. Springer Verlag, Chapter 5.7, 2006. p 219-234.

35. Laferrere B, Hart AB, Bowers CY. Obese Subjects Respond to the Stimulatory Effect of the Ghrelin Analogue Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2 (GHRP-2) on Food Intake. Obesity 2006; 14(6):1056-63.

36. Veldhuis JD, Iranmanesh A, Mielke K, Miles JM, Carpenter PC, Bowers CY. Ghrelin Potentiates Growth Hormone Secretion Driven by Putative Somatostatin Withdrawal and Resists Inhibition by Human Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91(6)2441-6.

37. Veldhuis JD, Keenan DM, Iranmanesh A, Mielke K, Miles JM, Bowers CY. Estradiol Potentiates Ghrelin-Stimulated Pulsatile GH Secretion in Postmenopausal Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91(9):3559-65.

38. Farhy LS, Bowers CY, Veldhuis JD. Model-Projected Mechanistic Bases for Sex Differences in Growth-Hormone (GH) Regulation in the Human. Am J Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 292(4):R1577-93.

39. Veldhuis JD, Keenan DM, Bowers CY. Estimation of the Size and Shape of GH Secretory Burst in Healthy Women Using a Physiological Estradiol Clamp and Variable-Waveform Deconvolution Model. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007; 293(3):R1013-21.

40. Veldhuis JD, Keenan DM, Bowers CY. Peripheral Estrogen Receptor-Alpha Selectivity Modulates the Waveform of GH Secretory Burst in Healthy Women. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007; 293(4):R1514-21.

41. Iranmanesh A, Carpenter PC, Mielke K, Bowers CY, Veldhuis JD. Putative Somatostatin Suppression Potentiates ACTH Secretion Driven by Ghrelin and Human Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92(9):3653-9.

42. Veldhuis JD, Cosma M, Erickson D, Paulo R, Mielke K, Farhy LS, Bowers CY. Tripartite Control of Growth Hormone Secretion in Women during Controlled Estradiol Repletion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:2336-2345

43. Bowers CY, Laferrere B, Hurley D, Veldhuis JD. The Role of GHS and Ghrelin in Feeding and Body Composition. Metabolism and Obesity, Research and Clinical Applications (Ed) Patricia A. Donohoue, MD, Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey 2008, p. 125-154.

44. Bowers CY, Merriam GR, Veldhuis JD. Validation of Growth-Hormone-Releasing Peptide-2 for the Diagnosis of Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2008; 4(2):68-9.

45. Cosma M, Bailey J, Miles JM, Bowers CY, Veldhuis JD. Pituitary and/or Peripheral Estrogen-Receptor Alpha ER{alpha}) Regulated FSH Secretion Whereas Non-pituitary/peripheral/ER {alpha} Pathways Direct GH and Prolactin Secretion in Postmenopausal Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 93(3):951-8.

46. Paulo RC, Cosma M, Soares-Welch C, Bailey JN, Mielke KL, Miles JM, Bowers CY, Veldhuis JD. Gonadal Status and Body-Mass Index Jointly Determine GHRH/GHRP Synergy in Healthy Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93(3):944-50.

47. Perboni S, Bowers CY, Kojima S, Asakawa A, Inui A. Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide 2 Reverses Anorexia Associated with Chemotherapy with 5-Fluoruracil in Colon Cancer Cell-Bearing Mice. World J Gastroenterology 2008; 14(41): 6303-05.

48. Paulo RC, Cosma M, Soares-Welch C, Bailey JN, Mielke KL, Miles JM, Bowers CY, Veldhuis JD. Gonadal Status and Body Mass Index Jointly Determine Growth Hormone (GH) Releasing Hormone/GH-Releasing Peptide Synergy in Healthy Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93(3):944-50.

49. Bowers CY, Merriam GR, Veldhuis JD. Validation of Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide 2 for the Diagnosis of Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2008; 4(2):68-9.

50. Veldhuis JD, Reynolds GA, Iranmanesh A, Bowers CY. Twenty-Four Hour Continuous Ghrelin Infusion Augments Physiologically Pulsatile Nycthemeral and Entropic (feedback-regulated) Modes of Growth Hormone Secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93(9):3597-603.

51. Kok P, Paulo R, Cosma M, Mielke KL, Miles JM, Bowers CY, Veldhuis, JD. Estrogen Supplementation Selectively Enhances Hypothalamo-Pituitary Sensitivity to Ghrelin in Postmenopausal Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93(10):4020-6.

52. Paulo R, Brundage R, Cosma M, Mielke KL, Bowers CY, Veldhuis JD. Estrogen Elevates the Peak Overnight Production Rate of Acylated Ghrelin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93(11):4440-7.

53. Veldhuis JD, Cosma M, Soares-Welch C, Paulo R, Miles JM, Bowers, CY. Aromatase and 5 a-Reductase Inhibition during an Exogenous Testosterone Clamp Unveils Selective Sex-Steroid Modulation of Somatostatin and Growth Hormone Secretagogue Actions in Healthy Older Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; [Epub ahead of print] .

References

External links
 Tulane University School Of Medicine
 Biomedexperts.com

20th-century American biochemists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Cyril Y. Bowers


Eurodicautom was the pioneering terminology database of the European Commission, created in 1975, initially for use by translators and other Commission staff. By 1980 it was consultable on line within the Commission. As the European Community grew it was expanded from six to seven, nine and finally eleven languages (plus Latin for scientific names). Public user interfaces were added later, providing the general public with free access to multilingual terminology in the fields of activity of the European Union. The students of Rennes University UFR2, LEA, technical translator and terminologist department, regularly worked on reviewing  and creating entries to the existing database in several languages.

In 2007, Eurodicautom was replaced by Interactive Terminology for Europe (IATE).

External links
 IATE - European Terminology Database

Government databases of the European Union
Language policy of the European Union
Translation databases

Eurodicautom


Cascade Summit  is an unincorporated community in Klamath County, Oregon, United States. It is located on the west shore of Odell Lake near Shelter Cove; about 30 miles southeast of Oakridge.

Cascade Summit is a station of the Southern Pacific Railroad's (SP) Cascade Line established when the line was completed in 1925–1926. The station was named because it is just east of the summit tunnel through the Cascades. Cascade Summit post office was established in 1927 and closed in 1980. The railroad line is now owned by Union Pacific.

Cascade Summit is the highest point on the railroad's crossing of the Cascades at an elevation of . It was a famous location for publicity photos in SP days. At Cascade Summit there was a station, siding, and a wye. During the 1930s to 1940s, passenger trains stopped at the station daily. Today only the siding remains. At one time the locale was the site of Cascade Summit Lodge; it later burned down, but as of 1990 the foundation was still visible.

Climate
This region experiences warm (but not hot) and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F.  According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Cascade Summit has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps.

References

External links
Image of a train at Cascade Summit from Flickr
Cascade Summit climate data from the Western Regional Climate Center

Unincorporated communities in Klamath County, Oregon
1927 establishments in Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Oregon

Cascade Summit, Oregon


David Enrique "Quique" Bernier Rivera (; born January 21, 1977) is a Puerto Rican dentist and politician that has served in various roles in public service in Puerto Rico. Bernier first served as executive director of the Office of Youth Affairs of Puerto Rico and was later confirmed as the youngest Secretary of Sports and Recreation of Puerto Rico in history. Four years later, he was unanimously confirmed as Secretary of State of Puerto Rico for the administration of Alejandro García Padilla.  He was the 2016 candidate for Governor of Puerto Rico of the Popular Democratic Party.

Ideologically, Bernier is affiliated with two parties: one within Puerto Rico and another within the United States as a whole. Within Puerto Rico, he used to preside the Popular Democratic Party (PPD in Spanish) and identifies as a sovereigntist—a member of a faction within the PPD that advocates for Puerto Rico to enter a compact of free association with the United States rather than continuing the status quo. At the national level, however, Bernier is a member of the Democratic Party of the United States and a staunch supporter of President Barack Obama.

Outside politics, Bernier was an accomplished athlete. He was a member of the Puerto Rican national fencing team, in which he represented the island in the Pan American Games and in the Central American and Caribbean Games. As a Pan American athlete, he was a Pan American Youth Champion for three consecutive years. He also won a bronze medal in the 1998 Central American and Caribbean Games celebrated in Maracaibo, Venezuela.

His accomplishments as an athlete eventually led him to public service. As an accomplished youngster, governor Sila María Calderón decided to appoint Bernier to lead the Puerto Rico Office of Youth Affairs in 2003. Two years later, governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá appointed him as Secretary of Sports of Puerto Rico. But as a different political party took over the government, Bernier opted to leave his incumbency after four years of service. A few months later he was elected president of the Puerto Rico Olympic Committee. In that capacity Bernier led the efforts to organize the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games celebrated in Mayaguez. A few years later and as he was preparing for his re-election for president of the committee, governor Alejandro García Padilla appointed him as Secretary of State of Puerto Rico. In that role, Bernier transformed the Department of State of Puerto Rico by creating the Morales Carrión Diplomatic and Foreign Relations School, by opening several Puerto Rican trade promotion offices in foreign countries, and by reducing the backlog of business charters filings and intellectual property filings. Bernier, however, left his incumbency once again but this time to run for governor of Puerto Rico in the 2016 general election for the Popular Democratic Party.

Bernier campaigned to become the 12th  Governor of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. He began his tour in February 2016 under the name "Tour Colorao" () in reference to his redheadedness. On November 8, 2016, Bernier lost the 2016 Governor's race, losing to main rival Ricky Rosselló of the New Progressive Party (PNP)

Early life
David Enrique Bernier Rivera was born in Patillas, the fifth of six children, to Luis David Bernier Rivera, a professor at the University of Puerto Rico at Ponce, and Celia Rivera Guzmán, a nurse. He and his younger brother, Víctor, attended the María Dávila Semidey School in Patillas, where they received their primary education. After this, they enrolled in the school of sports of the Albergue Olímpico located in Salinas. Bernier then became a member of the National Fencing Selection of Puerto Rico, during his school years, and represented Puerto Rico in events worldwide. He was also president of the first graduating class of the Albergue Olímpico school.

Bernier later studied at the University of Puerto Rico at Cayey where he received a bachelor's degree in natural sciences, graduating magna cum laude. He then completed a doctorate in odontology at the University of Puerto Rico School of Dental Medicine. He was also president of the student council and was also named president of the Association of Athletes of High Endurance.

Sports life
As a member of the National Fencing Selection of Puerto Rico, Bernier was  the Panamerican Youth Champion for three consecutive years. He also won the bronze medal in the 1998 Central American and Caribbean Games, celebrated in Maracaibo, Venezuela.

Bernier and his brother went to Carolina, where they trained under trainer Gilberto Peña.

On 2004, Bernier was inducted into the Puerto Rican Sports Hall of Fame.

In September 2008, Bernier resigned to his position as Secretary of Sports and Recreation to run for President of the Puerto Rico Olympic Committee. The election for president of the Olympic Committee took place on October 1, 2008. Bernier won the seat receiving 26 votes from the Federation delegates versus 13 votes in favor of incumbent Héctor Cardona.

As president of the Olympic Committee, Bernier dealt with the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games in Mayagüez, the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara, and the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

First years in public service
In 2003, Governor Sila Calderón appointed Bernier as executive director of the Office of Youth Affairs. On September 26, 2003, the Senate of Puerto Rico confirmed Bernier for the position.

On January 4, 2005, he resigned his post at the Office of Youth Affairs after being named Secretary of the Puerto Rico Department of Sports and Recreation by Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá. He was unanimously confirmed in that post by the Senate of Puerto Rico, presided over by Kenneth McClintock, who later preceded him as secretary of state. In 2006, after the Senate failed to confirm two nominees to replace him at the Office of Youth Affairs, the Governor nominated him once again to that job, which he held simultaneously with the position of Secretary of Sports and Recreation, once he was again confirmed by the Senate.

On January 31, 2008, Bernier became president of the committee organizing the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games. Following his designation he announced that he would discuss with the mayors of adjacent municipalities to help in the process.

Secretary of State
On November 15, 2012, Governor-elect Alejandro García Padilla appointed Bernier to succeed Kenneth McClintock as Puerto Rico's 23rd Secretary of State, which also entails the role of lieutenant governor. At the moment, Bernier was preparing to be reelected as president of the Olympic Committee when he was approached by García Padilla for the position.  He was sworn into his recess appointment by Puerto Rico Supreme Court Chief Justice Federico Hernández Denton and he has since been unanimously confirmed by the Senate of Puerto Rico and the Puerto Rico House of Representatives.  Holding the title of Secretary of State entails serving in the dual role of lieutenant governor.  As such, he has served as acting governor whenever Governor García Padilla has been out of Puerto Rico.  At least once during his term, the acting governorship has been delegated to Attorney General Luis Sánchez Betances when both the Governor and Bernier have been absent, and when General Sánchez Betances has also been away, Secretary of the Treasury Melba Acosta has served as acting governor.
He submitted his resignation as secretary of state on October 25, 2015, effective October 30, 2015.  His Deputy Secretary, Javier González, will become acting secretary until a new secretary of state is appointed and qualified.

As secretary of state, he continued and expanded several digitalization projects begun by his predecessor, created the Arturo Morales-Carrión International Relations Internship Program and coordinated the Campus Puerto Rico project to promote the Commonwealth as a destination for college students from the rest of the United States and Latin America.

He is a member of the National Association of Secretaries of State and the National Lieutenant Governors Association, two organizations that held conventions in Puerto Rico during his predecessor Kenneth McClintock's incumbency.

Gubernatorial campaign
On December 16, 2015, Bernier announced he would run for governor under the PPD during the 2016 general elections. His announcement came two days after incumbent governor Alejandro García Padilla announced he would not seek re-election. It was the first time Bernier ran for an elective office in politics. If he was elected governor, he would have been the second-youngest in Puerto Rico's history. On November 8, 2016, Bernier lost the 2016 Governor's race, losing to main rival Ricky Rosselló of the New Progressive Party (PNP)

Endorsements
Tego Calderón Puerto Rican rapper, songwriter and actor

Ramón "Papo" Brenes journalist

Alexandra Fuentes Puerto Rican actress, model, TV/radio host and candidate's wife

Jaime Espinal freestyle wrestler and Olympic silver medalist

Chicky Starr retired Puerto Rican professional wrestler

Karla Monroig actress, model, TV/radio host

Personal life
Bernier married actress and host Alexandra Fuentes in 2007. They have two children together: a son, Adrián David, and a daughter, Miranda. Bernier has stated that reading the work of Gabriel García Márquez influenced his personal ideology by helping him understand the "Puerto Rican reality with the Latin American context". Under his leadership, the Department of State held an homage to the author on April 23, 2014.

See also

List of Puerto Ricans

Notes

References

External links
 Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico

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|-

1977 births
American dentists
Central American and Caribbean Games bronze medalists for Puerto Rico
Competitors at the 1998 Central American and Caribbean Games
Democratic Party (Puerto Rico) politicians
Fencers at the 2003 Pan American Games
Living people
Members of the 16th Cabinet of Puerto Rico
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Puerto Rico
Pan American Games medalists in fencing
People from Patillas, Puerto Rico
Presidents of the Puerto Rico Olympic Committee
Puerto Rican male fencers
Puerto Rican people of French descent
Puerto Rican sports executives and administrators
Secretaries of Sports and Recreation of Puerto Rico
Secretaries of State of Puerto Rico
University of Puerto Rico alumni
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in fencing
Medalists at the 2003 Pan American Games

David Bernier


Riwon (spelt Iwon an aw) is a coonty in Hamgyongnam-do, North Korea.  It is locatit at the province's northeastren tip, an borders the Sea o Japan (East Sea o Korea) tae the sootheast.

Pheesical featurs
Riwon is muntainous, although thare are sma plains an aw, an is hame tae the Taedok Muntains (대덕산맥).  The heichest peak is Taedoksan (1,442 m).  Thare are some 10 significant streams; the chief o these is the Namdaechon, which drains intae the Sea o Japan.  Thare are various bays an islands alang the coast. Thanks tae its coastal location, the coonty enjoys a mild maritime climate.  Forestland (70% o which is coniferous) taks up 73% o the coonty's aurie.

Economy

Minin an manufacturin
Machine manufacturin dominates the local economy, accoontin for hauf o annual industrial production. Deposits o iron, iron sulfide, talc, limestone, graphite, quartzite an silica are foond in the coonty. The Riwon Mine produces talc.

Agricultur
Agricultur is carriet oot in the plains an alang the streams; major crops include rice, soybeans an maize.

Transport
Riwon is servit bi roads, an bi railweys an aw, includin the Pyongra Line, Riwon-Cholsan Line an Chaho Line.

See an aw
Geografie o North Korea
Admeenistrative diveesions o North Korea

Freemit airtins

Coonties o Sooth Hamgyong Province

Riwon


Alloxan, sometimes referred to as alloxan hydrate, is the name of the organic compound with the formula OC(N(H)CO)2C(OH)2. It is classified as a derivative of  pyrimidine. The anhydrous derivative OC(N(H)CO)2CO is also known, as well as a dimeric derivative.  These are some of the earliest known organic compounds. They exhibit a variety of biological activities.

History and literature
The compound was discovered by Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler. It is one of the oldest named organic compounds.  It was originally prepared in 1818 by Luigi Valentino Brugnatelli (1761-1818) and was named in 1838 by Wöhler and Liebig.  The name "Alloxan" emerged from an amalgamation of the words "allantoin" and "Oxalsäure" (oxalic acid). The alloxan model of diabetes was first described in rabbits by Dunn, Sheehan and McLetchie in 1943.  The name is derived from allantoin, a product of uric acid excreted by the fetus into the allantois, and oxaluric acid derived from oxalic acid and urea, found in urine.

Alloxan was used in the production of the purple dye murexide, discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1776. Murexide is the product of the complex in-situ multistep reaction of alloxantin and gaseous ammonia.  Murexide results from the condensation of the unisolated intermediate uramil with alloxan, liberated during the course of the reaction.

Scheele sourced uric acid from human calculi (such as kidney stones) and called the compound lithic acid. William Prout investigated the compound in 1818 and he used boa constrictor excrement with up to 90% ammonium acid urate.

In the chapter "Nitrogen" of his memoir The Periodic Table, Primo Levi tells of his futile attempt to make alloxan for a cosmetics manufacturer who has read that it can cause permanent reddening of the lips. Levi considers the droppings of pythons as a source for uric acid for making alloxan, but he is turned down by the director of the Turin zoo because the zoo already has lucrative contracts with pharmaceutical companies, so he is obliged to use chickens as his source of uric acid. The synthesis fails, however, "and the alloxan and its resonant name remained a resonant name."

Synthesis
It was originally obtained by oxidation of uric acid by nitric acid. It is prepared by oxidation of barbituric acid by chromium trioxide.

A dimeric derivative alloxantin can be prepared by partial reduction of alloxan with hydrogen sulfide.

Biological effects
Alloxan is a toxic glucose analogue, which selectively destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas (that is, beta cells) when administered to rodents and many other animal species. This causes an insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (called "alloxan diabetes") in these animals, with characteristics similar to type 1 diabetes in humans. Alloxan is selectively toxic to insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells because it preferentially accumulates in beta cells through uptake via the GLUT2 glucose transporter. Alloxan, in the presence of intracellular thiols, generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a cyclic reaction with its reduction product, dialuric acid. The beta cell toxic action of alloxan is initiated by free radicals formed in this redox reaction. Studies suggests that alloxan does not cause diabetes in humans. Others found a significant difference in alloxan plasma levels in children with and without diabetes Type 1.

Impact upon beta cells
Because it selectively kills the insulin-producing beta-cells found in the pancreas, alloxan is used to induce diabetes in laboratory animals. This occurs most likely because of selective uptake of the compound due to its structural similarity to glucose as well as the beta-cell's highly efficient uptake mechanism (GLUT2). In addition, alloxan has a high affinity to SH-containing cellular compounds and, as a result, reduces glutathione content. Furthermore, alloxan inhibits glucokinase, a SH-containing protein essential for insulin secretion induced by glucose.

Most studies have shown that alloxan is not toxic to the human beta-cell, even in very high doses, probably because of differing glucose uptake mechanisms in humans and rodents.

Alloxan is, however, toxic to the liver and the kidneys in high doses.

See also
 Streptozotocin

References

External links

The history and chemistry of the Murexide dye

Pyrimidines
Lactams
Ureas
Conjugated ketones

Alloxan


Henri Marie Coandă (; 7 June 1886 – 25 November 1972) was a Romanian inventor, aerodynamics pioneer, and builder of an experimental aircraft, the Coandă-1910, which never flew. He invented a great number of devices, designed a "flying saucer" and discovered the Coandă effect of fluid dynamics.

In the 1950s, Coandă inflated his importance in aviation history, describing falsely how he had invented the air-breathing jet engine and incorporated that design into the Coandă-1910 aircraft. However, his ducted engine design, the "turbo-propulseur", was described in its patent as working the same way with either water or air running through.

Life

Early life
Born in Bucharest, Coandă was the second child of a large family. His father was General Constantin Coandă, a mathematics professor at the National School of Bridges and Roads. His mother, Aida Danet, was the daughter of French physician Gustave Danet, and was born in Brittany. Coandă recalled later in life that beginning from childhood he was fascinated by the miracle of wind.

Coandă attended Elementary school at the Petrache Poenaru Communal School in Bucharest, then (1896) Began his secondary school career at the Liceu Sf. Sava (Saint Sava National College). After three years (1899), his father, who desired a military career for him, had him transferred to the Military High School in Iaşi where he required four additional years to complete high-school. He graduated in 1903 with the rank of sergeant major, and he continued his studies at the School of Artillery, Military, and Naval Engineering in Bucharest. Sent with an artillery regiment to Germany (1904), he enrolled in the Technische Hochschule in Charlottenburg, Berlin.

Coandă graduated as an artillery officer, but he was more interested in the technical problems of flight. In 1905, he built a missile-aeroplane for the Romanian Army. He continued his studies (1907–08) at the  Montefiore Institute in Liège, Belgium, where he met Gianni Caproni. In 1908 Coandă returned to Romania to serve as an active officer in the Second Artillery Regiment. His inventor's spirit did not comport well with military discipline and he obtained permission to leave the army, after which he took advantage of his renewed freedom to take a long automobile trip to Isfahan, Teheran, and Tibet.

Aviation activities in France
Upon his return in 1909, he travelled to Paris, where he enrolled in the newly founded École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs en Construction Aéronautique (now the École Nationale Supérieure de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace, also known as SUPAERO). One year later (1910) he graduated at the head of the first class of aeronautical engineers.

In 1910, in the workshop of Gianni Caproni, he designed and built an aircraft known as the Coandă-1910, which he displayed publicly at the second International Aeronautic Salon in Paris that year. The aircraft used a 4-cylinder piston engine to power a rotary compressor which was intended to propel the craft by a combination of suction at the front and airflow out the rear instead of using a propeller.

Contemporary sources describe the Coandă-1910 as incapable of flight. Years later, after others had developed jet technology, Coandă started making claims that it was a motorjet, and that it actually flew. According to Charles Gibbs-Smith: "There was never any idea of injecting fuel; the machine never flew; it was never destroyed on test; and Flight noted that it was sold to a Monsieur Weyman." Gibbs-Smith continued, "The claim said that after a disastrous crash (which never happened) Coandă wished to begin a 'second aircraft', but 'his funds were exhausted.' Within a year he was ... exhibiting (in October 1911) a brand new propeller-driven machine at the Reims Concours Militaire..." Other aviation writers accepted Coandă's story of his flight tests with the Coandă-1910.

Coandă's colleague at Huyck Corporation, G. Harry Stine—a rocket scientist, author and "the father of American model rocketry"—stated in his book The Hopeful Future that "there were several jet-propelled aircraft in existence at an early time-the Coandă-1910 jet and the 1938 Caproni Campini N.1, the pure jet aircraft flight was made in Germany in 1938". Rolf Sonnemann and Klaus Krug from the University of Technology of Dresden, mentioned in passing in their 1987 book Technik und Technikwissenschaften in der Geschichte (Technology and Technical Sciences in History) that the Coandă-1910 was the world's first jet.

Between 1911 and 1914, he worked as technical manager of the Bristol Aeroplane Company in the United Kingdom, where he designed several aeroplanes known as the Bristol-Coanda Monoplanes. In 1912 one of these aircraft won a prize at the British Military Aeroplane Competition.

In 1915, he returned to France where, working during World War I for Delaunay-Belleville in Saint-Denis, he designed and built three different models of propeller aeroplane, including the Coandă-1916, with two propellers mounted close to the tail. This design was to be reprised in the 1950s Sud Aviation Caravelle transport aeroplane, for which Coandă was a technical consultant.

In the years between the wars, he continued travelling and inventing. In 1934 he was granted a French patent related to the Coandă Effect. During early 1930 he used the same principle as the basis for the design of a disc-shaped aircraft called Aerodina Lenticulară (lens-shaped aerodyne), a "flying saucer" shaped aircraft that used an unspecified source of high-pressure gases to flow through a ring-shaped vent system. In 1936 Coandă applied for a patent for his design. No practical full-scale version was built.

World War II
Coanda spent World War II in occupied France where he worked for the Nazis to help their war effort by developing the turbopropulseur (turbopropeller) drive system from his 1910 biplane into a propulsion system for snow sleds. The German contract concluded after one year, yielding no plans for production.

Later work
Coandă's research on the Coandă Effect was of interest post-war and became the basis for several investigations of entrained or augmented flow. A small stream of a high-velocity fluid could be used to generate a greater mass flow, at lower velocity. Although eventually unsuccessful for aircraft propulsion, this effect has been widely used on a smaller scale, from packaging machinery for small pills through to the Dyson Air Multiplier bladeless fan.

In 1969, during the early years of the Ceauşescu era, he returned to spend his last days in his native Romania, where he served as director of the Institute for Scientific and Technical Creation (INCREST) and in 1971 reorganized, along with professor Elie Carafoli, the Department of Aeronautical Engineering of the Polytechnic University of Bucharest, spinning it off from the Department of Mechanical Engineering.

Coandă died in Bucharest on 25 November 1972 at the age of 86. He is buried at Bellu cemetery.

Honours and awards

1965: At the International Automation Symposium in New York, Coandă received the Harry Diamond Laboratories Award.
He received an Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Aeronautical Society in 1971
Bucharest's Henri Coandă International Airport is named after him.
Award and Grand Gold Medal "Vielles Tiges".
UNESCO Award for Scientific Research
The Medal of French Aeronautics, Order of Merit, and Commander ring

Inventions, and discoveries
 1910: The Coandă-1910, an experimental aircraft powered by a ducted fan.
 1911: An aircraft powered by two engines driving a single propeller – the configuration cancelled the torque of the engines.
 He invented a new decorative material for use in construction, beton-bois; one prominent example of its use is the Palace of Culture, in Iaşi.
 1926: Working in Romania, Coandă developed a device to detect liquids under ground, useful in petroleum prospecting. Shortly thereafter, in the Persian Gulf region, he designed a system for offshore oil drilling.
 The most famous of Coandă's discoveries is the Coandă Effect. After more than 20 years studying this phenomenon along with his colleagues, Coandă described what Albert Metral was later to name the "Coandă Effect". This effect has been utilized in many aeronautical inventions. See Coanda Effect#Applications
 A modular system of sea water desalination and transformation to fresh water, based on solar energy, a clean, ecological and adaptable system.

See also
 History of aviation
 Early flying machines
 List of firsts in aviation
 List of aviation pioneers

References

Bibliography

Stine, G. H., "The Rises and Falls of Henri-Marie Coanda", Air & Space Smithsonian, Sept. 1989
Dr Henri Coanda Flight International, 13 January 1973, p. 76

Further reading

French aerospace engineers
Supaéro alumni
1886 births
1972 deaths
Aerodynamicists
Aviation history of Romania
Aviation inventors
Aviation pioneers
Engineers from Bucharest
Academic staff of the Politehnica University of Bucharest
Romanian aerospace engineers
Romanian aviators
Romanian emigrants to France
Saint Sava National College alumni
Technical University of Berlin alumni
Romanian people of French descent

Henri Coandă


The Bissagos Islands, also spelled Bijagós (), are a group of about 88 islands and islets located in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Guinea-Bissau. The archipelago was formed from the ancient delta of the Geba and Grande de Buba rivers and spans an area of . 20 of its islands are populated year-round, including the most populated island, Bubaque, where the administrative capital is situated.

There is a high diversity of ecosystems: mangroves with intertidal zones, palm forests, dry and semi-dry forests, secondary and degraded forests, coastal savanna, sand banks and aquatic zones. The archipelago was declared a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1996.

Demographics
The population is estimated at about 30,000 (2006) and the ethnic group Bissago () predominates. It has a relatively youthful population due to high birth rates and low life expectancy.

Economy
The economy is largely rural, with many families living from subsistence farming and fishing. There is some tourist activity, mostly boat charters from neighboring Senegal. Lack of infrastructure and communication links prevent the development of the islands' tourism potential. Starting in the early 2000s, several of the islands began to be used as transit depots for narcotraffic, which is quickly changing the social and economic fabric of the islands.

History
In pre-European colonial times, the islands were central to the trade along the coast of West Africa and they built up a powerful navy. In 1532, King Joao III of Portugal ceded a nominal right to the islands to his brother Luis, Duke of Beja as well as generous trading rights. In 1535, Dom Luis sent a force to conquer the islands, but the islanders' strong navy destroyed it, leaving few survivors. For years afterwards the Bissagos refused to trade with the Portuguese and treated any shipwrecked sailors harshly, until relations were restored around 1550. The Bissago islanders then became important providers of slaves to the Portuguese, putting aside inter-island rivalries to raid the mainland.

In 1849, with the people of the Bissagos still fiercely independent, the British and French mounted a joint expedition to 'pacify' the islands, but they were repulsed. The Portuguese tried several times to put down 'tax revolts' in the islands in the early 20th century but largely failed. The islands were not formally annexed by Portugal until 1936.

The Bissagos were visited by  Austrian anthropologist and photographer Hugo Bernatzik in 1930–1931, who documented daily life among the Bidyogo people.

The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine is conducting research into infectious diseases on the islands. Because they are so isolated there is less danger of contamination of the results than in other places.

Culture
Due to difficulties of communication with mainland Guinea-Bissau that persist to this day, the population has a considerable degree of autonomy and has shielded its ancestral culture from outside influence. The Bijago language is spoken along with Portuguese and creole.

Some authors argue that Bijago culture tends to be matriarchal,  with women managing the household, the economy, law, as well as initiating courtship (women choose their husbands and terminate the matrimony).  Other sources dispute this and suggest that  closer examination has revealed a fundamentally patriarchal society where women, in spite of their substantial participation in material production and important roles in social, political, and religious matter, remain essentially unequal to men. A 2016 study suggested that female status in Bijagos society was diminished during the slave trade era but has become more valued again in more recent times.

In 2012, a study by Bissau-Guinean sociologist Boaventura Santy  examined the social representations of the people of the island of Formosa Bijagó about possible threats from climate change.  The study concluded that for "the Bijagó the natural and the social are inextricably linked, to the extent that a crisis in the social system would have negative effects" on the natural system.  In particular, it was the lack of harmony between the community, ancestors and the supernatural world that was seen as  causing environmental dissonance.

Art

The Bissagos peoples produce many artifacts for daily use and ritual following a traditional iconography that is unique to their culture, and shows variations from island to island. Among the most striking Bidyogo art pieces are the portable ancestor shrines ("iran") and the zoomorphic masks representing cows ("vaca-bruta"), sharks, stingrays and, occasionally, other local animals.  Traditionally-decorated artifacts are also produced for "fanado" coming-of-age ceremonies (wood masks, spears, shields, headgear, bracelets), daily activities (fishing, agriculture) and personal use (stools, basketry, foodware). Its unique aesthetics make Bidyogo art easily distinctive from other African tribal arts.

Notable people
Benkos Biohó, Former African king who was shipped to Cartagena, Colombia during the slave trade but managed to escape and found the maroon village known as San Basilio de Palenque.

See also
 List of islands of Guinea-Bissau
 João Vieira and Poilão Marine National Park

References

Sources
"Bijagós Islands." Encyclopædia Britannica
 An article about the land and the people of Bijagós Archipelago

 TVEDTEN, Inge The Difficult Transition from Subsistence to Commercial Fishing. The Case of the Bijagbs of Guinea-Bissau. Pages 129 to 130 In VAN GINKEL, Rob and VERRIPS, Jojada (editors) MAST (Maritime Anthropological Studies) Vol. 3, No. 1 1990 Krips Repro, Meppel, The Netherlands.

External links
Saving Paradise: Bissagos Archipelago

Matriarchy
Ramsar sites in Guinea-Bissau
Atlantic islands of Guinea-Bissau
Freshwater ecoregions of Africa

Bissagos Islands


The International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP), formerly the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology (ICSB), is the body that oversees the nomenclature of prokaryotes, determines the rules by which prokaryotes are named and whose Judicial Commission issues Opinions concerning taxonomic matters, revisions to the Bacteriological Code, etc.

Composition

The ICSP consists of an executive board, the members of a decision-making committee (judicial commission) and members elected from member societies of the International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS). In addition, the ICSP has a number of subcommittees dealing with issues regarding the nomenclature and taxonomy of specific groups of prokaryotes.

Subcommittees

The ICSP has a number of subcommittees dealing with issues regarding the nomenclature and taxonomy of specific groups of prokaryotes. These include the following:
Aeromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae and related organisms
Genera Agrobacterium and Rhizobium
Bacillus and related organisms
Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and related organisms
Genus Brucella; Burkholderia, Ralstonia and related organisms
Campylobacter and related bacteria
Clostridia and Clostridium-like organisms
Comamonadaceae and related organisms
Family Enterobacteriaceae
Flavobacterium- and Cytophaga-like bacteria
Gram-negative anaerobic rods
Family Halobacteriaceae
Family Halomonadaceae
Genus Leptospira
Genus Listeria
Methanogens
Suborder Micrococcineae
Families Micromonosporaceae, Streptosporangiaceae and Thermomonosporaceae
Class Mollicutes
Genus Mycobacterium
Nocardia and related organisms
Family Pasteurellaceae
Photosynthetic prokaryotes
Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas and related organisms
Suborder Pseudonocardineae
Staphylococci and streptococci
Family Streptomycetaceae

Publications

The ICSP is also integral to the production of the publication of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (the Bacteriological Code) and the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSEM) (formerly the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, IJSB). IUMS has now agreed to transfer copyright of future versions of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (to be renamed the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes) to the ICSP.

References

Taxonomy (biology) organizations
Bacteriology
Prokaryote taxonomy


In software engineering, an entity–relationship model is a conceptual model of data. Very often, the term is shortened to ER model. ER models are used to create relational databases. They show how the different parts of a data model interact with each other.

Peter Chen proposed to use this modelling approach in an article he wrote in 1976. Chen was not the first to have this idea. After the publication of the article, the idea was modified as well.

ER modelling

In an ER model, there are three different types of objects:
 An entity exists in the real world; for example: an employee called Smith, or a project with number 1234.
 A relationship shows how two entities relate to each other
 Both entities and relationships can have attributes. Anything that is useful to know about an entity or a relationship is an attribute.
Since the database must be able to find an entity or a relationship, it must be able to identify it with a set of attributes that is unique. This set of attributes is usually called primary key.
After all the relations have been mapped, they are usually also revised to include cardinalities; a cardinality specifies the number of entities related in a relationship. This information is needed when the database is created. Depending on cardinality and the level of database normalisation, it may be necessary to introduce additional entities and relationships.

Creating a database
When everything has been described, it is easy to create a relational database, as follows:
 Every type of entity can directly be mapped to a relation ("database table")
 Every type of attribute can directly be mapped to attributes ("columns" in the database table)
 Attributes can directly be mapped to attributes ("columns" in the database table)

Limitations
An ER model describes the relations between entities. It is adapted to represent relational data. Data that cannot easily be put into this form should not be modelled with an ER model. ER is aimed at designing a database from scratch; using it to describe and change a database that already exists may be more difficult to do.

Even where it is suitable in principle, ER modeling is rarely used as a separate activity.
One reason for this is that there are many tools that allow diagramming and that have other design support directly on relational database management systems.
These tools can extract database diagrams that are very close to ER diagrams from existing databases, and they provide alternative views on the information contained in such diagrams.

In a survey, Brodie and Liu could not find a single instance of entity–relationship modeling inside a sample of ten Fortune 100 companies.  Badia and Lemire blame this lack of use on the lack of guidance but also on the lack of benefits, such as lack of support for data integration.

References

Database modeling

Entity–relationship model


"The Obliged" is the fourth episode of the ninth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series The Walking Dead, which aired on AMC on October 28, 2018. It was written by Geraldine Inoa and directed by Rosemary Rodriguez.

Plot
In Alexandria, Michonne oversees the community, raising Judith, and writing her proposed code of laws for the communities, but at night, ventures out to fend off walkers. During one event, she loses her katana briefly, and finds the closest weapon at hand to defend herself, a baseball bat. This causes her to start considering Negan, held within a cell inside Alexandria.

Maggie, Daryl, and the Oceanside group conspire to assassinate Negan.  They know Rick will not let Maggie into Alexandria as she has made her intentions clear, and start to work out a plan to bring Maggie into Alexandria without Rick's knowledge. Jesus, who is hesitant about this course of action, covertly contacts Rick to warn him.

Rick is overseeing the takedown of the bridge-construction camp, as without the Saviors, it is unlikely they will be able to finish the bridge in time before rising waters wash it away.  Eugene warns Rick of two large hordes seen in the area, but both are moving divergent to their routes. Rick gets Jesus' word, and decides to head to Alexandria. He contacts one of the Alexandria watch points to tell them to be on the lookout for Maggie, unaware that the watch point is a member of Oceanside and complicit in Maggie's plan. When Rick prepares to go by horseback, Daryl offers to drive him there instead via motorcycle. Rick becomes concerned when Daryl purposely misses the turnoff for Alexandria. He demands Daryl stop the bike, and the two get into a fistfight. Both end up falling into a deep pit off the road that they cannot easily climb out of. They realize their conflict, with Daryl reminding Rick how many people have helped him and how some of his decisions have come to hurt those and others, like Glenn. The two agree to work together to escape the pit.

Meanwhile, Michonne has gone to see Negan after learning he is on a hunger strike, and gives him food, demanding he eat. He agrees on the condition she stays and talks. The two talk about their past, Negan having lost his wife Lucille, and Michonne having lost her own son Andre. During a second visit, when Negan asks what happened to his baseball bat, "Lucille", Michonne asserts it's still in the field, causing Negan to fall into anguish.

At the Scavengers' junkyard, Anne has secured Gabriel and threatens to let loose an armless walker on him. Gabriel tries to convince her to let him go, apologizing for his own past mistakes. Anne cannot bring herself to kill him, and instead knocks him out. When Gabriel awakes he finds himself alone in the junkyard, a note from Anne in his coat explaining that she has left for places unknown.

At the construction camp, the remaining survivors are preparing to move out when a group of Saviors, led by Jed, hold them at gunpoint. He demands the group turn over weapons for the Saviors to protect themselves, since they know Oceanside has been killing off the other Saviors. Carol lowers her weapon, but when Jed approaches her, she attacks him. A firefight breaks out, Rick and Daryl hear the sounds of gunfire and rush to escape. As they struggle to climb, walkers from one of the approaching hordes, drawn by the sound of gunfire, start falling into the pit, but both still manage to get out alive. Rick sees a loose horse nearby and offers to lead the walker horde away from the camp while Daryl drives off to warn them. Rick, on horseback, leads the horde along but is surprised when the other horde that Eugene warned him of is converging on the same point. The horse becomes frightened by the two hordes and rears, knocking Rick off its back. Rick lands hard on a concrete block and finds a piece of rebar has impaled his side, and is unable to move. Rick loses consciousness as the two hordes converge on him.

Production
The scene between Rick and Daryl was added to this episode based on how showrunner Angela Kang had seen Daryl's actor, Norman Reedus, act during the finale of "Wrath", where Maggie reacts vengefully at Rick's decision to keep Negan alive. Kang said that Reedus had played that scene representing Daryl's disturbed state, feeling the need to help out Maggie but wanting to stay loyal to Rick. As part of closing out Rick's arc, they wanted to have closure on that angle, and thus wrote this scene for the two characters to come to terms. Kang worked with the scriptwriter Geraldine Inoa, her premiere story on the show, and with both Lincoln and Reedus to establish the dialog and actions for the scene. With Rick's departure from the show, they instead put Michonne in Rick's role from the comic series with respect to Negan, a person that Negan connects to in contentious ways.

Reception

Critical reception
"The Obliged" received critical acclaim from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the episode has an approval rating of 90% with an average score of 7.57 out of 10 based on 20 reviews. The critical consensus reads: "'The Obliged' continues the season's streak of excellent episodes, bolstered by a bittersweet performance from Andrew Lincoln."

Ratings
"The Obliged" received a total viewership of 5.10 million with a 2.0 rating in adults aged 18–49. It was the highest-rated cable program of the night, and the episode marked a slight increase in viewership from the previous week.

References

External links

"The Obliged" at AMC

2018 American television episodes
The Walking Dead (season 9) episodes

The Obliged


The Katse Dam, a concrete arch dam on the Malibamat'so River in Lesotho, is Africa's second largest double-curvature arch dam.  (The Tekezé Dam, completed in early 2009, is now Africa's largest double curvature dam).  The dam is part of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project, which will eventually include five large dams in remote rural areas. The dam is just below the confluence of the Bokong River, which forms the western arm of the Katse reservoir.

The potential of the project was identified by the South African civil engineer Ninham Shand in 1953 as a possible means to supplement the water supply of South Africa's industrial heartland in the Witwatersrand. The World Bank arranged a treaty between the governments of South Africa and Lesotho, allowing the project to proceed.

Construction
The dam was built by a consortium of Bouygues, Concor, Group 5, Hochtief, Impregilo, Kier Group and Sterling International. The dam was completed in 1996 and the reservoir filled with water by 1997.  The total cost of the project was US$8 billion. Katse Airport was constructed  southeast of the dam to facilitate access to the project.

Environmental impact
The mass of water gave rise to induced seismicity. Farmers who lost land to the project have had trouble re-establishing new livelihoods.  There is little arable land in the mountains to replace all that was lost, and efforts to help them with new livelihoods have by no means been as successful as the engineering works. A local group has documented the project's human legacy in the rural communities directly affected by the project, and the environmental and human-rights NPO, International Rivers, produced a detailed account of the effects.

As mitigation of the loss of habitat, plant rescue missions were conducted in the area to be flooded, and Katse Botanical Gardens was established to house and propagate the plants rescued.

Water delivery

Water from the dam first travels through a ,  diameter tunnel, exiting at a hydroelectric station near Muela. The dam's high elevation allows a gravity flow water delivery system to South Africa, in addition to hydroelectric power for Lesotho, and was a prime reason behind the choice of site.

Water delivery officially began on 22 January 1998. The dam currently supplies about  of water to South Africa, which pays Lesotho $35 million per year, plus a variable royalty based on calculated water usage benefits.

In recent years, water from the scheme has also been discharged into the Mohokare (Caledon) River to provide water to Lesotho's capital Maseru in times of shortages. The new dams have filled as anticipated and discharge of water from the dams into the downstream rivers continues in a scheme devised to preserve ecological balances. This discharged water flows to the Senqu (Orange) River, and while preserving the ecological status quo, it benefits only those communities along the rivers. Schemes to provide water supplies to displaced Highlands farmers have not been very successful.

The dam project has also been a source of widespread corruption, which is not uncommon with large dam projects. The Lesotho courts have taken the unusual step of prosecuting the large companies involved in the scandal in addition to the Lesotho bureaucrat who took the bribes. Thus far, there have been a number of convictions and at least one company debarred by the World Bank for its role in the scandal.

Intake tower water transfer
The intake tower is located approximately  north of Katse Dam and has been designed to accommodate  which was the maximum transfer originally envisaged for full implementation of the LHWP. The intake tower is  in diameter and  high to accommodate the large range in reservoir storage elevation as well as to facilitate the draw-off at four distinct lake levels. This will enable the quality of the transferred water to be controlled at all times. Due to the position and design of the intake tower, there is a certain volume of water in the reservoir that cannot be accessed via the transfer tunnels. This dead storage is approximately , with the result that the effective live storage behind Katse Dam is reduced from the total storage capacity of 1,950 million m³ to 1,520 million m³.

Dam features

Height -  (second tallest in Africa)
Crest length -
Design - double arch, concrete
Concrete -
Elevation -  above sea level (highest elevation dam in Africa)

See also
Lesotho Highlands Water Project
Mohale Dam

References

External links
 International Rivers
 Dam crossection
 Dam specifications
 Lesotho Highlands Development Authority
 Transformation Resource Centre

Dams in Lesotho
Hydroelectric power stations in Lesotho
Dams completed in 1996
Energy infrastructure completed in 1996

Katse Dam


Calvin Curtis Whilby (born 1976), better known as Prodigal Son, is a Jamaican gospel singer.

Biography
Whilby was born in St. Catherine in 1976. He was raised by his grandmother. Following his grandmother's death he moved to Kingston and settled in the Rema district where he was drawn into the gang violence in the area. He was invited to attend a church service and, inspired by the biblical parable, he became known as the Prodigal Son.

Son had no previous secular experience in music. He was introduced to famed producer Danny Brownie who soon became both mentor and friend. Brownie guided Son through his musical career and continues to be his ministry partner.

Awards
Prodigal Son was the only gospel artist that appeared on the 2006 BMobile 'No Violence' school tour in Jamaica.

He has subsequently received several mainstream awards including: Jamaica Federation of Musicians, best new gospel artiste for 2001, the Xnews award, artist of the year 2001, Jamaica Federation of Musicians best male gospel vocalist 2002 and Irie FM's Gospel Artiste of the year ('06), other accolades include the Marlin Awards for Outstanding Reggae Recording of the year and Outstanding DJ Vocal Performance of the year for the year 2003, Marlin award for Best Dancehall Recording for 2004, U. S. Urban Gospel Award, best Producer 2005, Urban Gospel Award best Caribbean Artiste, Canadian Maja Award album of the year 2006. he has achieved and maintains numerous number-one spots on charts like UK's United by 1, Love 101 FM Jamaica, Flow FM Canada, Mystic 98, Fort Lauderdale, Florida and UK's Soulcare.

He was interviewed and featured on the US network CBS on the 700 club programme 'Turning Point' where he shared his life changing testimony.

His debut album, Radikal Prodigal, produced by Danny Brownie featured crossover hits I Wish, Woe, and Radikal Style, all three songs were the first dancehall gospel songs to be played on mainstream radio in Jamaica. His second album Still Standing, which was self-produced, was voted best gospel album of 2005 by Love 101 and track #10, Journey voted song of the year, a second song Track # 5 Still Standing is nominated by the International Reggae & World Music Award as best gospel song.

Discography
Radikal Prodigal (Main Street Music, 2001)
Still Standing (Radikal Yawd)
Half Way There (Radikal Yawd Music, 2010)
76 99 (Radikal Yawd Music/VPAL, 2012)
The Prodigal Son (Main Street Music)

References
Footnotes

External links
Prodigal Son at Facebook

1976 births
Living people

Prodigal Son (musician)


Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis is a construction and management simulation video game based on the Jurassic Park series developed by Blue Tongue Entertainment and published by Universal Interactive, with the console versions being co-published with Konami. It was released for Windows, Xbox, and PlayStation 2. The game's primary goal is to construct a five-star rated dinosaur theme park named Jurassic Park on custom-generated islands by hatching dinosaurs, building attractions, keeping visitors entertained, and ensuring the park's safety.

Development began in 2001, and lasted 22 months. The game was announced in February 2002, with its release initially scheduled for late 2002. Ultimately, the game was released in North America and the PAL region in March 2003, followed by a Japanese release later that year. According to Metacritic, the Windows and Xbox versions received "Mixed or average" reviews, while the PlayStation 2 version received "Generally favorable" reviews.

Gameplay

The player's main objective is to create an animal theme park featuring dinosaurs, make it popular, and make it safe with a 5-star rating. Gameplay functions are very similar to the SimCity and Zoo Tycoon game models. It is necessary to build feeding stations where herbivores can get bales of plant feed, while carnivores are fed live cows and goats. However, herbivores become unhappy if they don't have enough trees around them or enough nearby dinosaurs to socialize with. Likewise, carnivores have an innate desire to hunt other dinosaurs, so even a constant stream of livestock will not keep them happy.

To create a dinosaur, fifty percent (50%) of the particular dinosaur's DNA is needed. The higher the percentage of DNA, the longer that dinosaur will live, unless it dies by means other than natural causes, such as malnutrition or being attacked by another dinosaur. To obtain a dinosaur's DNA, the player must extract it through fossils or amber. Higher quality specimens will yield more DNA.

To obtain fossils and amber, the player must send a fossil-hunting team to dig in one of nine dig sites around the world. Additional dig teams can be purchased later in the game. Each dig site contains fossils from three particular dinosaurs. Fossils of some dinosaurs, such as Brachiosaurus, can be found in more than one dig site. The chance of finding fossils depends on the quality of the site. There are 6 classifications on the quality of a dig site, ranging from "excellent" to "exhausted." It is still possible to find fossils and amber at sites that have been exhausted, although they are often of low quality with little DNA to provide. Valuable items such as silver, gold, or opal are also discovered infrequently by the dig team(s), and can be sold for profit.

Attractions help make the park popular, and increase its rating power and income when correctly configured. Attractions must be researched before they can be constructed, and include the Balloon Tour, Safari Adventure and Viewing Dome. Viewing Vents and Viewing Platforms do not need to be researched. The Safari Tour and Balloon Tour attractions allow for the player to "take over" the ride for the purpose of park exploration and photography, but only when a visitor in the game is using it. The player may also observe the dinosaurs from the Viewing Dome, Viewing Vent, and Viewing Platform by selecting the "View" option after clicking on the building.

Amenities such as restrooms and restaurants are needed for visitors. Additional buildings such as a gift shop and a resting area must be researched before the player can add them into the park. Vaccines for diseasessuch as tick infestation, gastric poisoning, rabies (though only mammals are significantly affected by rabies in real life), and the fictional Dino Flu (possibly a nod to bird flu)must be researched before a sick dinosaur can be treated for a particular illness.

Dinosaurs
There are a total of 25 species of dinosaurs featured in the game, some of which were featured in the films. The dinosaurs are divided into four main sub-groups. Small herbivores such as Gallimimus and Pachycephalosaurus are easy to care for and do not take up much space, but are not as popular with guests. Large Herbivores such as Brachiosaurus  and Triceratops are very popular with visitors and do not require expensive fences, but need large spacious exhibits. Small carnivores such as Dilophosaurus and Velociraptor do not generally need tight security like their larger counterparts, but can still harm guests if they escape. Large carnivores such as Spinosaurus and Tyrannosaurus rex are the most popular dinosaurs in the game, but require large exhibits with high security fences and are prone to rampaging when stressed.

Missions

The game has 10 missions the player can complete. There are about three or four general types of missions, including taking photographs of dinosaurs to try to rack up a certain number of points from the photos in a safari mission and dinosaur control missions where the player has to retire the carnivores (preferably large ones) to protect the herbivores.

Site B
After all the missions are completed, the "Site B" mode is unlocked, which allows the player to create an island without any fences or buildings for people. Visitors are not allowed on the island. The player can place up to eight hatcheries and create up to sixty dinosaurs, which live on the island without diseases or the possibility of becoming stressed. As long as they have food, water and living space, the player can simply watch the dinosaurs interact and live out their lives.

Development
Operation Genesis was developed by Blue Tongue Entertainment, based in Australia. Universal had been impressed with the company's previous game, Starship Troopers: Terran Ascendancy (2000). Blue Tongue was among five other international companies considered. Development of the game began in 2001, and lasted 22 months. Early in development, a total of 40 dinosaurs were planned for inclusion in the game. This number was later reduced to 25 due to scheduling issues, as well as the developers choosing to focus more on fewer dinosaurs that were well known from the Jurassic Park films. Marine reptiles and pterosaurs were among those removed from the game. The developers conducted research into the behavior of dinosaurs whose behavior had not been specified in the films. Bird sounds were used for some dinosaurs that did not appear in the films.

The game was first announced as Jurassic Park: Project Genesis on February 19, 2002, with the game's release set for the fourth quarter of 2002. On May 22, footage was shown at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3), where the game was titled as Jurassic Park: The Game. Blue Tongue Entertainment pushed for that to be the final title. In June, the game's release date was set for December 2002.

Baby dinosaurs were being planned midway through development. They were scrapped for scheduling reasons; implementing them would have required the creation of new models and A.I. This ended plans for a dinosaur petting zoo. Buildings such as a hotel, a hunting platform and a dinosaur vet station were removed from the final game due to design decisions, as well as memory constraints presented on the console versions. The number of missions was also reduced, with 12 originally planned.

Stephan Schütze worked on the game's music, and was tasked with composing a score that sounded similar to those by John Williams, who had composed Jurassic Park and The Lost World: Jurassic Park. Ten original music tracks were written for the game; they were performed by the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. It was the first orchestral video game score to be recorded in Australia. Two tracks from Williams were also included in the game.

In October, the game's official title was unveiled, with the release date being pushed back to the first quarter of 2003. At that time, a Nintendo GameCube version of the game was planned for release in the third quarter of 2003. In April 2003, Blue Tongue confirmed that the GameCube version had been cancelled, as the development team chose to focus on the PC, PlayStation 2, and Xbox versions instead.

Reception

Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis sold in excess of 400,000 copies worldwide by 2008. It ultimately received a "Silver" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom.

According to Metacritic, the Windows and Xbox versions received "Mixed or average" reviews, while the PlayStation 2 version received "Generally favorable" reviews.

Electronic Gaming Monthly offered praise for the game's missions, but also wrote that the game "may be too complex for some [...] getting e-mail notices and warnings every 10 seconds doesn't help [...] you can see the long-term fun is doomed for extinction. Sure, you get a lot to do, but not many ways to do it. You raise all the dinos the same way; you have the same limited park amenities and research options game after game; and you won't experience anything new after playing through an open-ended game once."

Matt Helgeson of Game Informer called the PlayStation 2 version  "one of the best console business sims I've ever played." Matthew Kato, also from Game Informer, wrote a positive review of the Xbox version, but criticized the game's dinosaurs and humans for a lack of intelligent AI, as well as the lack of a faster game speed. GamePro and Entertainment Weekly praised the game's use of John Williams' Jurassic Park theme.

GameSpot praised the PC version's detailed dinosaur models, weather effects, and camera angles, but criticized the game's imprecise mouse control and complained that the game often locked up when advanced graphics settings (such as reflective water) were turned on. GameSpy criticized the console versions for their "spotty control" and short mission mode, and considered the PC version to be superior because of its lack of freezing.

Reviewing the PC version, GameZone was critical of the game's repetitive player requests and short mission mode. GameZone praised the graphics, but felt the game was too similar to other simulation games. GameZone praised the PlayStation 2 version for its dinosaur animations, but noted its "awkward" camera views.

Reviewing the PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions, IGN praised the game's camera system, but criticized the ability to control the game's Land Cruisers and helicopters, saying they "aren't as engaging as they should be." IGN also noted the graphics to be, "Repetitive and bland". Joe Rybicki of Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine wrote, "I have exactly one complaint: It only took me about eight hours or so to get a 5-star rating, effectively beating the main area of the game. So, it may be a bit too easy for veterans of the genre. But with so much else to do, that's hardly a serious issue."

See also
 Jurassic Park III: Park Builder
 Jurassic World Evolution
 Jurassic World Evolution 2

References

External links

2003 video games
Amusement park simulation games
Business simulation games
Video games set in zoos
Video games about dinosaurs
Operation Genesis
Operation Genesis
Video games set on fictional islands
PlayStation 2 games
Video games developed in Australia
Windows games
Xbox games
Cancelled GameCube games
Universal Interactive games
Single-player video games
Konami games
Blue Tongue Entertainment games

Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis


Atherstone Town Community Football Club is a football club based in Atherstone, Warwickshire, England.  They are currently members of the  and play at Sheepy Road.

History
The original club was formed in 1887. They reached the semi-finals of the FA Amateur Cup in 1907–08, losing 3–0 to Stockton. The following season saw them reach the semi-final stage again, this time losing 3–0 to Clapton. After playing in several local leagues, they joined the Birmingham Combination in 1911, and were runners-up in their first season in the league. The club finished bottom of the league in 1923–24 and again in 1928–29. Following World War II, they were league champions in 1947–48, also winning the Birmingham Senior Cup. When the Combination folded in 1954, all but one of the clubs joined the Birmingham & District League, with Atherstone placed in the transitional Northern Division. A fourteenth-place finish in 1954–55 saw them placed in Division Two for the following season. They went on to finish as runners-up in Division Two, and were promoted to Division One.

Atherstone finished bottom of Division One in 1957–58 and were relegated back to Division Two. However, they finished third in Division Two the following season and were promoted to Division One. The league was reduced to a single division in 1960, and was renamed the West Midlands (Regional) League in 1962. When it expanded in 1965, Atherstone became members of the Premier Division. They were runners-up in the division in 1971–72 and were promoted to Division One North of the Southern League. After finishing as runners-up in Division One North the following season, the club were promoted to the Premier Division, where they remained until folding at the end of the 1978–79 season.

The club was immediately reformed as Atherstone United, taking the reserve team's place in Division One of the West Midlands (Regional) League. They were Division One champions in 1981–82, earning promotion to the Premier Division. After winning the Premier Division title in 1986–87, the club were promoted to the Midland Division of the Southern League. The following season saw them reach the first round of the FA Cup for the first time, eventually losing 2–0 to VS Rugby in a first round replay. They were Midland Division runners-up in 1988–89, securing promotion to the Premier Division. In 1990–91 the club reached the FA Cup first round again; after beating Fleetwood Town 3–1 in the first round, they lost 1–0 at Third Division Crewe Alexandra in the second round. Another FA Cup first round appearance the following season saw them hold Fourth Division Hereford United to a 0–0 draw at Sheepy Road, before losing the replay at Edgar Street 3–0.

Atherstone finished bottom of the Southern League Premier Division in 1999–2000 season and were relegated to the Western Division. They subsequently folded midway through the 2003–04 season. The club was then reformed under the name Atherstone Town, joining Division One of the Midland Combination for the 2004–05 season. After winning Division One and the President's Cup in their first season, they were Premier Division champions and League Cup winners in 2005–06 and were promoted to the Midland Alliance. The club were Midland Alliance champions in 2007–08, earning promotion to Division One Midlands of the Southern League. In 2008–09 they finished third in the division, qualifying for the promotion play-offs, but lost the semi-final 5–0 to Chasetown

Division One Midlands was renamed Division One Central in 2010, and Atherstone were relegated back to the Midland Alliance at the end of the 2010–11 season after finishing second-from-bottom of the division. They suffered a second successive relegation after finishing second-from-bottom of the Midland Alliance the following season, returning to the Premier Division of the Midland Combination. When the Combination merged with the Midland Alliance to form the Midland League in 2014, Atherstone were placed in Division One.

Season-by-season record

Honours
Midland Alliance
Champions 2007–08
West Midlands (Regional) League
Premier Division champions 1986–87
Division One champions 1981–82
Midland Combination
Premier Division champions 2005–06
Division One champions 2004–05
League Cup winners 2005–06
President's Cup winners 2004–05
Birmingham Combination
Champions 1947–48
Birmingham Senior Cup
Winners 1947–48, 1974–75
Walsall Senior Cup
Winners 1969–70, 1983–84

Records
Best FA Cup performance: Second round, 1990–91
Best FA Amateur Cup performance: Semi-finals, 1907–08, 1908–09
Best FA Trophy performance: Third round, 1975–76, 1977–78
Best FA Vase performance: Quarter-finals, 1982–83, 2019–20, 2022–23

See also
Atherstone Town F.C. players
Atherstone Town F.C. managers

References

External links

Football clubs in England
Football clubs in Warwickshire
Association football clubs established in 1887
1887 establishments in England
Association football clubs established in 1979
1979 establishments in England
Association football clubs established in 2004
2004 establishments in England
Atherstone
Birmingham Combination
West Midlands (Regional) League
Southern Football League clubs
Midland Football Combination
Midland Football Alliance
Midland Football League

Atherstone Town F.C.


Tristan Paul Mack Wilds (born July 15, 1989) is an American actor, singer-songwriter, and record producer. He is known for his roles as Michael Lee on the HBO original drama series, The Wire, and as Dixon Wilson on the CW teen drama series, 90210. He was also featured in the Adele music video for "Hello". His debut album, New York: A Love Story was released on September 30, 2013 and was nominated for the Best Urban Contemporary Album at the Grammy Awards in 2014. Wilds' second album, AfterHours was released on April 7, 2017.

Early life and education
Wilds was born and grew up in Staten Island, New York City. His mother, Monique Moncion, is of Afro-Dominican and Irish descent, and his father, Paul Wilds, is African-American. His mother was first a beautician and then a stockbroker. Wilds attended and graduated from the Michael J. Petrides School in Staten Island.

Acting career
His acting debut came in Miracle's Boys, a drama mini-series produced by Spike Lee on The N (now called TeenNick). He also made guest appearances on television shows such as Cold Case and Law & Order. In 2006, Wilds made his film debut in a bit-role in the independent drama film Half Nelson alongside Academy Award nominee Ryan Gosling. That same year, Wilds joined the cast of the HBO drama television series, The Wire (then into its fourth season) in a major recurring role as Michael Lee, a smart but troubled middle school student who lives in poverty and cares for his younger brother.

In 2007, Wilds appeared in the music videos for songs such as "Roc Boys", "Teenage Love Affair" and "Ghetto Mindstate", among others.  In 2008, he appeared alongside Queen Latifah, Alicia Keys, and Dakota Fanning in The Secret Life of Bees, the film adaptation of the novel of the same name. Soon after his run on The Wire, he attended an acting workshop at the Roundabout Theatre Company where he worked alongside actress, Phylicia Rashad in productions of Stockholm Brooklyn and Wool at the Cherry Lane Theatre.

In 2008, Wilds returned to television in The CW's teen drama series, 90210, a spin-off of Beverly Hills, 90210. He played Dixon Wilson, a teenage boy who is adopted and moves with his family to Beverly Hills. The show ran until 2013. In March 2009, he secured a role in the George Lucas-produced war film Red Tails. The film follows the Tuskegee Airmen, a group of African American United States Army Air Force (USAAF) servicemen, during World War II. Wilds portrayed Ray "Ray Gun" Knight. The film, which also starred Cuba Gooding, Jr. and Terrence Howard, was eventually released in January 2012 after numerous push-backs.

In 2015, Wilds starred as Adele's love interest in the music video for her song, "Hello", directed by Xavier Dolan. In early 2016, he starred in the VH1 television movie, The Breaks about the hip hop industry in the 1990s. On the heels of its successful January TV movie premiere, VH1 greenlighted a full first season for the hip-hop drama, which started airing in 2017. That year, Wilds also played Officer Beck, the Black officer at the center of the controversial shooting of a young white male in a racially charged town in the TV show Shots Fired.

Music career
Wilds met producer Salaam Remi in 2008 at the BMI Awards, which sparked Wilds' initial interest in becoming a music artist. In 2010, Wilds signed a recording contract with independent record label, Ten2one. He released several singles, including "2 Girlz" which was featured on the fourth season of his TV show, 90210. The song Fall 4 Her was produced by Rico Love. Wilds' debut EP, Remember Remember, was released toward the end of 2011.

Wilds began working with Salaam Remi on his debut studio album in 2012. He signed to Remi's Sony Music imprint, Louder than Life, that same year. He released the first single off the album, "Own It," in June 2013. The album, New York: A Love Story, was released in September 2013. It was well received by critics earning a Grammy nomination for the Best Urban Contemporary Album at the 56th Grammy Awards in 2014. The album would lose to Rihanna's Unapologetic. In November 2015, Wilds released the first single, "Love in the 90z", off his second album AfterHours. In March 2016, it was announced that Wilds had signed a management deal with Roc Nation.

Discography

Studio albums

Singles

Guest appearances

Filmography

Awards and nominations

Film

Television

Music

References

External links

21st-century American male actors
21st-century American singers
African-American male actors
20th-century African-American male singers
American male child actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American people of Dominican Republic descent
American people of Irish descent
Hispanic and Latino American male actors
Living people
Male actors from Staten Island
Musicians from Staten Island
21st-century American male singers
1988 births
21st-century African-American male singers

Tristan Wilds


Hit List is a 1989 action–thriller movie directed by William Lustig. The tagline for the movie was: "They attacked the wrong woman... They kidnapped the wrong child... And they made the wrong man their target." The film was produced by Cinetel Films and was distributed in US theaters by New Line Cinema and in Canadian theaters by Cineplex Odeon Films and on VHS format by RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video, but has been out of print for some time. As of December 26, 2009, Sony has not announced any plans to release a DVD of the movie.

Plot
Gangster boss Vic Luca (Rip Torn) is scheduled to appear in court and so hires a hit man/shoe salesman Chris Caleek (Lance Henriksen) to kill the witnesses. He has a mole in the police force who tells him names and locations of the witnesses. Unfortunately, during the last hit, the professional killer enters the wrong house. When owner Jack Collins comes home, he finds his pregnant wife unconscious in the kitchen, his friend dead in the living room and his son kidnapped. Wanting Luca to believe he has the real witness' son, the authorities take Collins into custody. But Collins manages to escape and takes things into his own hands.

Cast
Jan-Michael Vincent as Jack Collins
Leo Rossi as Frank DeSalvo
Lance Henriksen as Chris Caleek
Charles Napier as Tom Mitchum
Rip Torn as Vic Luca
Harold Sylvester as Brian Armstrong
Jere Burns as Jared Riley
Junior Richard as Kenny Collins
Harreit Hall as Sandy Collins
Ken Lerner as Gravenstein
Jack Andreozzi as Abe Fasio
Nick Barbaro as Mario
Lou Bonacki as Johnson
Barry Brener as the doctor
Geoff Brewer as Brock
Richard E. Butler as Wink
Christopher Carroll as the priest
Robert A. Ferretti as Vincent Carelli
John F. Goff as the prosecutor
John Greene as Burke
Margaret Gwenver as the judge
Lisa M. Hansen as the shoe store clerk
Dennis Junt as the reporter
Lauri Landry as Connie Wayne
Scott Lincoln as Paulie
Jason Lustig as Gravenstein's Assistant
Vic Manni as George
Felice Orlandi as Joey DeSalvo
Frank Pesce as Quigley
Pearl Shear as Mrs. Gulliver
John Paul Vetturini as Frank Jr.

In a 2019 interview, director William Lustig said Jan-Michael Vincent was drinking during the shoot, even though the actor was hired because he told them he had just finished rehab:"When we met him to do Hit List he had been in a recovery program and he was telling us that his drinking days were finished. And he looked great. At the time he was young enough that when he stopped drinking he immediately looked good again. He came in, he looked good, he assured us he wasn't drinking, so we hired him. Literally the very first day of shooting I smelled alcohol on his breath.But I have to say, for the most part he was a functioning alcoholic."

References

External links

1989 films
1980s action thriller films
1980s crime action films
Films directed by William Lustig
American action thriller films
American crime action films
CineTel Films films
1989 drama films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films

Hit List (1989 film)