John Caldwell Colt (March 1, 1810 – November 18, 1842), the brother of Samuel Colt of Colt firearm fame, was an American fur trader, bookkeeper, law clerk, and convicted murderer. He served briefly as a U.S. Marine, forging a letter to get himself discharged after three months. After numerous business ventures, he became an authority concerning double-entry bookkeeping and published a textbook concerning the subject, which had 45 editions and remained in continuous publication until 13 years after his death.

In 1842, Colt was convicted of the murder of a printer named Samuel Adams, to whom Colt owed money for the publication of a bookkeeping textbook. Colt killed Adams with a hatchet the year previous to his arrest in what he claimed was self-defense, but he had afterwards concealed the crime by disposing of the body. When the body was discovered, Colt was the first suspect. The trial became a sensation in the New York news because of his family name, the manner of disposal of the corpse, and Colt's somewhat arrogant demeanor in the courtroom. Colt was found guilty and sentenced to hang during 1842, but killed himself on the morning of his execution.

Conspiracy theories circulated about the suicide, with some holding that Colt had in fact escaped from prison and staged a body to look like his own. One publication alleged that a family member smuggled the knife used in the suicide into his cell. Others stated that Colt was living in California with his wife, Caroline. None of these allegations were ever proven. Edgar Allan Poe may have based the short story "The Oblong Box", partly on the murder of Adams, and Herman Melville alluded to the case in his short story "Bartleby, the Scrivener".

Early life

John Colt was born in Hartford, Connecticut. His father was Christopher Colt, a farmer who had relocated his family to Hartford when he changed professions and became a businessman. His mother was Sarah (née Caldwell), with whom Christopher had eight children. Two died during childhood; the eldest sister, Margaret, died of tuberculosis when John was 13 years old.  John's brother Samuel Colt achieved fame and fortune after founding the Colt's Manufacturing Company.

When John was age nine, his father sent him to Hopkins Academy; the next year, the father took him out again, partly because the boy was in constant trouble and partly because the father had lost his fortune in the Panic of 1819.

Colt's mother died of tuberculosis when he was age 11. He and his siblings were then cared for by their father's sister, Lucretia Colt Price, until Christopher remarried two years later to Olivia Sargeant.

Christopher had three more children with Olivia. As they now had financial difficulties, Olivia insisted that her stepchildren work rather than receive schooling. The Colt brothers' one surviving sister, Sarah Ann, acted as a surrogate mother of sorts until she was sent off to a relative's house to work as a menial. John was known to keep locks of hair belonging to her and Margaret all through his life.

At age 14, Colt started work as an assistant bookkeeper for the Union Manufacturing Company in Marlborough, Connecticut. He quit the job and moved to Albany, New York, in less than a year. He returned to Hartford during 1826 and studied at an academy for three months. During 1827, he found employment as a mathematics teacher at a ladies seminary in Baltimore, Maryland, for a year. During 1828, he became a supervisory engineer for a canal near Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. The next year, his sister Sarah Ann killed herself by swallowing arsenic; one newspaper account stated it was due to a fight with her stepmother and another said she "took a morbid view of her doom to labor" until her "fortitude and her mind gave way". Devastated by this loss, John vowed to "leave the country and pass the rest of his days in some foreign land". In despair, he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps. His orders were for a Mediterranean cruise on the U.S.S. Constitution; illness prevented him from serving on the ship, and he worked as a clerk in Norfolk, Virginia, for a man referred to as Colonel Anderson.

Colt spent three months as a marine and was disillusioned with the military lifestyle; clerking in a humid port was not the adventurous life he had envisioned. He was still very ill, but not ill enough for a medical discharge, so he forged a letter in the name of George Hamilton, a farmer from Ware, Massachusetts, stating that his underage son had enlisted falsely with the name of John Colt. He mailed the letter to his brother James and asked him to mail it to Colonel Anderson from Ware. Anderson discharged Colt within days of receiving the letter, citing Colt's illness as the reason and not fraudulent enlistment.

Upon his discharge, Colt spent a year as a law clerk for his cousin Dudley Selden. At the same time, he became a riverboat gambler and was challenged to a duel concerning a shared mistress. Although the duel was never fought, this incident became part of Colt's reputation as a rough gambler. He traveled to Vermont during 1830 as a debate coach for the University of Vermont, at Burlington, Vermont; however, he quit after a year due to symptoms of tuberculosis. Colt then traveled to the Great Lakes region to recuperate and bought a farm in Michigan on Gooden's Lake; however, tubercular symptoms began again and he soon left for Cincinnati, Ohio, where he became a teacher of one of the first correspondence courses in America; he also became part of a group known for Bohemianism, and considered John Howard Payne and Hiram Powers among his friends.

He attempted many business ventures throughout the United States: land speculator in Texas, soap manufacturer in New York, grocery wholesaler in Georgia, fur trader, dry-goods merchant in Florida, and an organizer of Mardi Gras masquerade celebrations in New Orleans.

Double-entry bookkeeping
While teaching in Louisville, Kentucky, during 1834, Colt began lecturing on "Italian Book-keeping", or double-entry bookkeeping. He toured the United States giving a series of lectures concerning the topic and by 1837 had begun writing a textbook concerning the subject.

His textbook The Italian science of double-entry book-keeping: simplified, arranged and methodized, received good reviews. Colt had the book published in Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, and Cincinnati, and by 1839 more than 200 schools were using it. Colt eliminated the word "Italian" from the title for the second edition and included transcripts of his lectures in the newer editions; the book had 45 printings and was in publication until 1855.

Soon after publishing the first edition of his textbook, Colt became partners with the publisher, Nathan G. Burgess, using the name Colt, Burgess & Co, in Cincinnati, Ohio. The new business almost became bankrupt after publishing An Introduction into the Origin of Antiquities in America by John Delafield Jr. The scholarship of the text was dubious, and the book was available by subscription only. Hoping for a better market for Delafield's book, Colt relocated to 14 Cortlandt Street in New York during 1839. The office doubled as Colt's residence, and Colt made his own shipping crates there.

Murder of Samuel Adams

On September 17, 1841, a New York printer named Samuel Adams went to meet Colt to collect a debt due for some textbooks that Adams had printed for him. The two disagreed about the final amount owed; sources indicate that it was a discrepancy of $1.35. According to Colt, Adams began choking him with his cravat. In self-defense, Colt reached for what he thought was a hammer to fend him off, but the weapon was actually a hatchet. Colt struck Adams four or five times with the weapon, causing Adams to drop to the floor.

Upon seeing that Adams was dead, Colt cleaned up the blood. The next morning (September 18), Colt placed the body into a large shipping crate and packed it with salt. He then addressed it to a non-existent address in New Orleans and hired a car-man named Barstow to deliver it to a ship named the Kalamazoo, scheduled to leave the next morning.

After a day or so, Adams' family began searching the city for him, publishing notices in several newspapers such as the New York Courier and Enquirer and the New York Weekly Tribune notifying people that he was missing. A neighbor of Colt's, Asa H. Wheeler, told Adams' father-in-law, Joseph Lane, that he had heard noises in Colt's office that sounded like a fight followed by a crash to the floor. Peering in the keyhole, he saw someone "bending over something on the floor". Wheeler later secured a key from the landlord and saw that a large packing crate was missing and that the floor had been scrubbed. On September 22, 1841, Colt visited Adams' print shop inquiring about the status of his books and the whereabouts of Adams. Adams' bookbinder, Charles Wells, told Colt that the last time Adams had been seen was on the way to visit Colt himself. Colt made no reply to the implied allegation, and excused himself.

Lane, Wheeler, and an employee of Adams named John Loud examined Adams' ledgers for any transactions involving Colt and went to the mayor of New York City, Robert Hunter Morris, with the evidence. Other witnesses said that Adams was last seen entering Colt's apartment on September 17 and that Colt had a crate delivered by a carman the next day. The mayor asked the Superintendent of Carts, William Godfrey, to locate the carman in question and determine the location of the crate. Godfrey found Barstow, who told him the parcel had been delivered to the freighter Kalamazoo.

The Kalamazoo was still in port, delayed from sailing by a storm. The New York police, accompanied by the city's mayor and the carman, boarded the ship and asked if the crate was still in the cargo hold. The decomposing body had already started emitting a strong odor, which ship hands had assumed was a poison put out to kill rats. The stevedore opened the crate, revealing a half-clothed male corpse wrapped in a shop awning, bound with rope and packed with salt. A scar on the body's leg and a single gold ring identified the body as Adams.

Arrest and trial
Colt was arrested on September 23 by New York Police and the city's mayor. Adams' gold pocketwatch engraved with an image of the U.S. Capitol was found among his possessions. The trial began on January 13, 1842. Colt was represented by a team of three attorneys managed by his cousin Dudley Selden (for whom Colt had clerked), John Morrill and Robert Emmett. The three were paid in stock from Samuel Colt's new company: Patent Arms Manufacturing Company of Paterson, New Jersey. The Chief Prosecutor was James R. Whiting, district attorney for New York County. The presiding judge was William Kent.

Tried by the press
The Colt-Adams Murder trial dominated the popular press at the time and exceeded news of another New York murder, that of Mary Rogers. The press depicted Colt as a former professional riverboat gambler who had public affairs with women and a common-law wife and who committed perjury to enlist in and quit the Marines. Although the nature of the crime and the fact that Colt cohabited with an unmarried pregnant woman, Caroline Henshaw, added to the publicity, most of it was due to John Colt's relationship to Samuel Colt. Coverage appeared in New York papers such as The Sun, which incorrectly labeled a picture of P.T. Barnum purchased from the Albany Evening Atlas as a picture of Adams. Religious magazines such as The Catholic Herald, Evangelical Magazine, Episcopal Recorder and Gospel Advocate used the story to demonstrate such problems as the "lack of morality in the home".

Throughout the trial, Colt was repeatedly accused of "cold-blooded murder" by the New York press. The October 30 issue of the weekly Tribune quoted James Colt, then practicing law in St Louis as saying "insanity is hereditary in our family". James Gordon Bennett wrote lengthy editorials in the New York Herald about Colt's "confidence, assurance, and impudence" and that his "limitless potential has been undermined by a want of moral and religious culture". The major exception was The Knickerbocker in which Lewis Gaylord Clark reported the murder as a "misfortunate accident". Colt's lawyers continually petitioned Judge Kent to forbid press coverage, but Kent refused them by saying "The Court has done everything to prevent the jury from being influenced from without".

Murder weapon

Halfway through the trial, Whiting made allegations that Adams had been murdered with a Colt Paterson revolver rather than a hatchet. Whiting came to this conclusion after Doctor Gilman, who examined the body with the coroner, testified about a round hole in Adams' skull that could not have been made by the hatchet and suggested that Colt used a revolver in a premeditated act by which he lured Adams to his death. Although no witnesses had reported the sounds of gunfire, Whiting's argument was that a revolver ball fired by the power of the percussion cap alone could propel the ball with "enough force to kill a man", without making the noise of the exploding black powder in the cylinder. Several witnesses were called in to testify against this idea including an early ballistician named Zabrisky and Samuel Colt himself, who demonstrated to the court, by shooting his revolver in the courtroom and catching the fired balls in his hand, that such a shot could not penetrate to the depth of the wound found on Adams' skull.

Despite Selden's objections, Whiting had the coroner, David L. Rogers, bring Adams' skull and the hatchet into the courtroom to show the jury the direction and number of strikes made. John Colt was reported as "covering his face" at this demonstration. The cylindrical wound which Whiting and Gilman thought was made by a ball fired from a revolver was actually caused by one of the nails used by Colt to seal the crate. Gilman conceded that the wound was caused by a nail and admitted that no foreign object such as a ball from a revolver was found in the victim's head.

Colt admitted he had killed Adams and planned to confess before he was arrested. He attested that he acted in self-defense.

Colt reported that his first thought was to burn down the building to destroy the evidence, but as a number of people lived in the building, he reconsidered rather than "cause more carnage". He decided instead to dispose of the body in a large packing crate, and wrapped it in an awning and bound it with rope. After scrubbing the floor he threw Adams' clothing into a nearby outdoor privy, then stopped at the Washington bathhouse on Pearl Street to wash the blood from his clothes and hands.

Verdict
Closing arguments were made on January 23, 1842. Selden argued that Colt had acted in self-defense as Adams had been choking him and Colt's only means to defend himself was to grab a nearby weapon. His defense for hiding the body was temporary insanity. Whiting countered in a two-hour-long rebuttal that the killing was premeditated; he alluded to Colt's demeanor at the trial, the taking of Adams' watch, the leaving of a hatchet in plain view, and Colt's method of disposing of the body as evidence contradicting Colt's claim that his actions were that of an innocent man acting in self-defense. Judge Kent dismissed the argument for self-defense based on Colt's attempted concealment and instructed the jury that since Colt had confessed to the murder that they were to determine whether the charge should be murder or manslaughter. Kent remarked on Colt's "careless air" demonstrated throughout the trial in the courtroom and said his behavior was "not typical of an innocent man". The jury was disturbed by Colt's demeanor throughout the trial, agreeing with the judge that Colt appeared stoic, unremorseful and callous when describing his disposal of Adams' body. On January 24, after deliberating for over 10 hours, the jury found Colt guilty of willful murder.

Colt's team requested an appeal and argued the case on May 5, 1842, asking for a new trial as the jury at the previous was misinformed; on May 12 a new trial was denied and his lawyers appealed to the State Supreme Court located in Utica, New York. The State Supreme Court heard the case on July 16, 1842, and upheld the earlier court's decision. Colt's sentencing date was scheduled for September 27, 1842. Undaunted, Colt's lawyers recruited Rogers, the surgeon who performed Adams' autopsy, "to investigate the probable relative position and actions" of Colt and Adams during their struggle. By analyzing the number, shape, and position of the wounds and the blood splatter; Rogers deduced that the two "grappled face to face within a foot-and-a-half of each other" and "Adams was in an erect position at the time the fatal blows were inflicted". The report was submitted to Governor William H. Seward in the hope of securing a pardon for Colt. Seward was overwhelmed with requests asking for a pardon for Colt, including those from 36 lawyers who visited him personally in Albany as well as from judges and attorneys who knew Seward, such as Judge Ambrose Spencer and former Attorney General Willis Hall. Seward, in the end, would not pardon Colt, as he felt the attempted concealment of the crime and Colt's demeanor throughout the trial were not the actions of a "penitent man".

Marriage and death

On September 28, 1842, after exhausting his final appeal, Colt was sentenced to death by hanging and remanded to New York City's infamous prison, the Tombs. His sentence was to be performed on November 14, 1842. Colt asked that he be allowed to marry Caroline Henshaw on the morning of his hanging. While imprisoned, Colt lived luxuriously in his prison cell, receiving daily visits from friends and family, smoking Cuban cigars, sleeping in an actual bed instead of a mound of straw and wearing silk dressing gowns inside and a seal skin overcoat for his daily walks in the prison yard. His cell contained the latest novels, a gilded bird cage with a canary and fresh flowers brought to him every day by Henshaw. He dined on meals from local hotels such as quail on toast, game pates, reed birds, and ortolans. Several attempts were made to remove him from the prison by dressing him in women's clothing but all these efforts were foiled. A doctor was hired who claimed he could resuscitate Colt from the hanging, providing the body did not remain suspended long, as he believed Colt's neck to be of such thickness that strangulation would be impossible. Colt's friends lodged the doctor in the Shakespeare Hotel on the morning of the scheduled hanging and planned to take the body there from the Tombs for resuscitation.

On the morning of November 14, 1842, Colt and Henshaw were married in the prison at a small ceremony conducted by Rev Henry Anthon, an Episcopal Minister, and witnessed by Samuel Colt and John Howard Payne. After the ceremony and a few hours before the scheduled execution, a fire began in the Tombs. After the fire was extinguished, Colt's body was found in his cell. He had stabbed himself in the heart with a clasp knife, believed to have been smuggled to him by a family member. His body was taken by Rev Anthon and buried in the churchyard of St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery.

Aftermath
As the trial had made headlines in the daily newspapers, so did Colt's death. Theories were publicized that Colt had killed another prisoner and escaped during the fire. One newspaper account said that Colt had fled to California with his wife, as did a book published by a former New York Chief of Police. A man named Samuel M. Everett claimed he met John Colt (or a man who looked identical) in the Santa Clara Valley in California during 1852, and the account was published in Pearson's Magazine. Harold Schechter, a researcher and author of two books about John Colt dismisses this as "an outlandish tale" and a "product of folklore, not fact". An article in The New York Times written during 1880 said that Caroline Henshaw was watched by private detectives for years after Colt's death and that no sign was ever seen of him alive. None of these speculations of Colt's escape was proven to be true.

Colt historian William Edwards wrote that Caroline Henshaw married Samuel Colt in Scotland when Colt met her in Europe and that the son she bore was Samuel Colt's and not John Colt's. In a 1953 biography about Samuel Colt, based largely on family letters, Edwards wrote that John's marriage to Caroline was a way to legitimize her son Sammy. Samuel Colt had abandoned her because he felt she was not fit to be the wife of an industrialist and divorce was a social stigma at the time. Samuel Colt cared for the child named Samuel Caldwell Colt financially with a large allowance and paid for his tuition in what was described as "the finest private schools". In correspondence with and about his namesake, Samuel Colt referred to him as his "nephew" in quotes. Historians such as Edwards and Harold Schechter have said this was the elder Colt's way of letting the world know that the boy was his own son without saying so directly. After Samuel Colt's death during 1862, he left the boy $2 million by 2010 standards. Colt's widow, Elizabeth Jarvis Colt, and her brother contested this. In probate court, Caroline's son Sam produced a valid marriage license showing that Caroline and Samuel Colt were married in Scotland during 1838 and that this document made him a rightful heir to part of Colt's estate, if not to the Colt Manufacturing Company.

References in literature
Author Herman Melville made an allusion to the case in his short story "Bartleby, the Scrivener". In this story, the narrator restrains his anger toward Bartleby, his unrelentingly difficult employee, by thinking upon "the tragedy of the unfortunate Adams and the still more unfortunate Colt and how poor Colt, being dreadfully incensed by Adams...was unawares hurled into his fatal act."

Edgar Allan Poe's "The Oblong Box", published during 1844, tells of the shipboard transport of a corpse in a wooden box packed with salt. The story may have been inspired by Colt's method of disposing of Adams' corpse, which Schecter calls "the single most macabre element of the Colt case."

References

Bibliography

External links

1810 births
1842 deaths
19th-century American criminals
19th-century American educators
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Educators from Hartford, Connecticut
American people convicted of murder
American prisoners sentenced to death
American people who died in prison custody
Prisoners sentenced to death by New York (state)
People convicted of murder by New York (state)
Prisoners who died in New York (state) detention
Murderers who died by suicide in prison custody
Suicides in New York City
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John C. Colt


Allaire Village is a living history museum located within New Jersey's Allaire State Park in Wall Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey. The property was initially an Indian ceremonial ground prior to 1650, by 1750 a sawmill had been established on the property by Issac Palmer. The village was later established as a bog iron furnace originally known as Williamsburg Forge 'Monmouth Furnace' was then renamed the Howell Works by Benjamin B. Howell. In 1822, it was then purchased by philanthropist James P. Allaire, who endeavoured to turn into a self-contained community. The wood burning furnace business collapsed in 1846 and the village closed. During its height, the town supported about 500 people. Following his death, the property passed through a number of family members before being used by the Boy Scouts who started to restore the buildings for use as a summer camp. Losing the lease, the property then passed to the State of New Jersey. Allaire Village and its existing buildings are now operated by a non-profit organization - Allaire Village, Inc. Historic interpreters work using period tools and equipment in the blacksmith, tinsmith, and carpentry shops, while the old bakery sells cookies, and general store serves as a museum gift-shop styled store. The church building is frequently used for weddings. The site is also host to community events such as community band concerts, antique sales, weekly flea markets and square dance competitions.

History

Allaire Village  is the history of a particular geological formation and the man who was drawn to it because of his business needs. Throughout the course of his ownership, James Peter Allaire created a thriving community centered around the bog iron industry, with his company known as Howell Works, which was just one of his business concerns. Allaire owned a marine steam engineering plant in New York City, the Allaire Iron Works, a steam  packet line and various steamships that, together, gave him the resources to control his business from the raw materials to the finished product. When building up the community, he constructed the largest furnace in the US at the time for the iron ore. The Historic Allaire Village that remains today reflects the ideals of James P, Allaire and of the industrial era that flourished between the end of the War of 1812 and the years just before the American Civil War.

The rise and fall of Allaire's business enterprises encompasses the period from 1822 to 1855, commonly referred to as the Jacksonian Era, during which began industrialization and mechanization on a large scale, and the rise of urban and rural industrial communities, reform movements such as temperance, anti-slavery, free churches and free schools. Through Allaire's constant search for financing and capital the difficult economic times can be felt, particularly the Panic of 1837, the first economic depression to disrupt this nation's economy.

During the War of 1812, an embargo on British products and goods caused businessmen like Allaire much difficulty in procuring the resources needed for America's fledgling industrial base. For Allaire, the embargo created a scarcity of iron stock necessary for his manufacturing operations and led him to look at acquiring a satisfactory means of assuring a steady, inexpensive supply of raw materials.

What initially interested Allaire in the property now known as Historic Allaire Village was the presence of significant quantities of bog iron ore.  This bog ore, so called because of its formation in marshes and swampy areas, was a valuable resource in America before the discovery of vast iron ore deposits in the mountains of Northern New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Unlike the latter ore, bog ore is easily accessible and requires no deep shaft or strip mining to extract it. He also saw the then virgin forests in the vicinity  would produce excellent fuel for the smelting'of bog iron  ore.

Bog ore is a renewable resource when mined and utilized with care. It is produced when rain water leaches out humic and tannic acids and reacts with carbon dioxide, which is produced as a part of the natural life-cycle of microorganisms in the soil. Part of this leachate consists of iron particles from deeper in the soil. As the water passes through these areas of loamy soil, also called marl, it deposits a solution of iron carbonate which rises up to the surface. This iron carbonate then combines with the surface soil and, over time, hardens into a solid mass. This process only takes about 25 to 35 years, making it an ideal, almost perpetual resource for industry but only if treated with respect. If the ore bed is left undeveloped and unpolluted, the beds can be mined indefinitely farther south in New  Jersey. The operators of furnaces were forced to purchase ore from Staten Island, New York, because the ore beds had been over-mined.

Restoration

Deserted in 1846, the property occasionally saw residents. Newspaper accounts report that a few of the houses were occupied and one cottage briefly restored as the "Delisle Inn"; but most buildings sat largely unused. The property passed through family members until 1901 when it was purchased by Arthur Brisbane. Arthur Brisbane used a couple of the buildings for residences until the late 1920s.

Starting about 1900, the village was used as a backdrop for silent movies. Most notable of the films using the backdrop was Lilac Time. in 1929, 800 acres of the area that had become known as the "Deserted Village" was rented to the Monmouth County Boy Scouts for summer camping. The camp was called "Camp Burton at Allaire". When the Boy Scouts took over the area, the abandoned buildings were quite dilapidated. The Boy Scouts partnered with other organizations for the initial restoration of many of the structures. For example, the Asbury Park Kiwanis club helped with the general store restoration; the Foreman's cottage was restored by St. James Church in Red Bank (it served as the first aid hut during camping and programs); the Belmar Kiwanis club set up an athletic field. The camp sites were also open to other organizations such as the Girl Scouts, 4-H, Masons, and others. During the depression, the area was used as a camp for the Civilian Conservation Corps. Following the Death of Arthur Brisbane, the council lost the use of the property and the 1940 season was the last season. A plaque can be found on the side of the General Store giving a salute to the BSA program during this time frame.

In 1941, Mrs. Phoebe C. Brisbane (Arthur Brisbane's Widow) deeded the property to the state for development into a recreational park as a memorial to her husband. The state of New Jersey allowed the war department to build a mock "German Town" on the property during World War II for training of troops at Fort Monmouth. Due to lack of restoration funds, the state of New Jersey made a 25-year lease to a non-profit called the "Deserted Village of Allaire" to allow them to start restoration in the mid 1950s. The initial 11-member board of trustees consisted of one member who was actually a descendant of James Allaire; Edwin B. Allaire was a member of the board in 1957.

Attempts to raise funds for restoration stated about 1952. The buildings and property sat idle till restoration funds became available in 1957. At that point, the property had again become overrun with vegetation and buildings were in dis-repair. The Blacksmith shop and the General Store were the initial focus of the restoration. Following that, the stables and bakery were restored. The Stables were restored with the focus to become a riding academy. The Allaire Village was Dedicated as a State Park in June 1957 and officially reopened by Governor Robert B. Meyner on May 24, 1958. The museum was established through the efforts of the New Jersey State Federation of Woman's Clubs in 1958. Although the restoration of the Village is not yet complete, the buildings that remain, the interpretive programs based on a multitude of available primary records, and even the landscape make Allaire Village a rare resource. Through them, visitors are able to experience and better understand the forces that shaped New Jersey's industrial power in the early 19th century.

See also

Howell Living History Farm
Monmouth Battlefield State Park
Feltville Historic District

References

External links

History of science and technology in the United States
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Museums in Monmouth County, New Jersey
Living museums in New Jersey
Industry museums in New Jersey
Wall Township, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Monmouth County, New Jersey
Pre-statehood history of New Jersey
1750 establishments in New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
Historic American Buildings Survey in New Jersey
Open-air museums in New Jersey

Allaire Village


Joan Rubió y Bellver (; 24 April 1870 – 30 November 1952) was a Spanish architect famous for his contributions to the Catalan Modernista movement.

Biography

Early life, family
Rubió was born in Reus, Province of Tarragona. He was also the brother of the military engineer Marià Rubió i Bellver and uncle of the architect Nicolau Maria Rubió i Tudurí and the engineer Santiago Rubió i Tudurí.

Design career
A keen disciple of Antoni Gaudí,  he  collaborated with him until 1905, on such works as La Sagrada Família, the Casa Batlló, the Casa Calvet, the Torre Bellesguard and Parc Güell in Barcelona, the restoration of La Seu (the cathedral of Palma de Mallorca), and the Colònia Güell (factory town) in Santa Coloma de Cervelló, where Rubió built the agricultural cooperativa building with Francesc Berenguer in 1900, along with two private homes: Ca l'Ordal (1894) and Ca l'Espinal (1900). When designing houses the architect had a prevalence for bow window on the corners of his designs.

Rubió was also a regidor (councillor) on the Barcelona City Council (Ajuntament de Barcelona, 1905) and was appointed an architect for the Province of Barcelona (1906-1943) by the Barcelona Provincial Council (Diputació de Barcelona). His architecture is also prevalent on the Balearic Islands, for example in the northern town of Sóller, on Mallorca, where he designed the façade of the Church of Sant Bartomeu (1904) as well as the Banco de Sóller (1912), remarkable for its intricate ironwork (wrought iron).

Notable works and collaborations

Many of the following works are collaborations with Antoni Gaudí.
La Sagrada Familia
the Casa Batlló
the Casa Calvet
the Torre Bellesguard
Parc Güell in Barcelona
the restoration of La Seu (the cathedral of Palma de Mallorca)
1894: Ca l'Ordal -  - in Colònia Güell (factory town) in Santa Coloma de Cervelló
1900: agricultural cooperativa building with Francesc Berenguer - in Colònia Güell
1900: Ca l'Espinal - private home in Colònia Güell
1901: Casa Golferichs in Barcelona.
1904: façade of the church of Sant Bartomeu - Sóller, on Mallorca
1903-1909: Anti-tuberculosis sanatorium (Barcelona, Can Rectoret neighborhood)
1912: façade of Banco de Sóller with intricate ironwork (wrought iron) - Sóller
1928: neo-gothic bridge over Carrer del Bisbe, in Barcelona.

Gallery

References

External links

Joan Rubió i Bellver
El Poder de la Palabra, Joan Rubió i Bellver

1870 births
1952 deaths
People from Reus
Architects from Catalonia
Modernisme architects

Joan Rubió


There have been five baronetcies created for people with the surname Walker, one is extinct, four are extant.

The Walker Baronetcy, of Bushey Hall in the County of Hertfordshire was created in the Baronetage of England on 28 January 1680 for George Walker. After the death of his son, the second Baronet, in 1703, the baronetcy became extinct.

The Walker Baronetcy, of Oakley House in the County of Suffolk was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 19 July 1856 for Baldwin Wake Walker As of 1997, the baronetcy is held by his great-great-grandson, the fifth Baronet.

The Walker Baronetcy, of Sand Hutton in the County of Yorkshire was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 9 December 1868 for James Walker. The second Baronet, his son, was a member of parliament for Beverley.

The Walker, later Walker-Okeover Baronetcy, of Gateacre Grange in the County of Lancaster and on Osmaston Manor in the County of Derby, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 12 February 1886. For more information on this creation, see Walker-Okeover baronets.

The Walker Baronetcy, of Pembroke House in Dublin was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 2 July 1906 for Samuel Walker. He was a member of parliament for Londonderry, Solicitor-General for Ireland, Attorney-General for Ireland and eventually Lord Chancellor of Ireland. The fifth Baronet died childless in 2006, and was succeeded by his younger brother.

Walker baronets, of Bushey Hall (1680)
Sir George Walker, 1st Baronet (–1690)
Sir Walter Walker, 2nd Baronet (died 1703)

Walker baronets, of Oakley House (1856)
Sir Baldwin Wake Walker, 1st Baronet (1802–1876)
Sir Baldwin Wake Walker, 2nd Baronet (1846–1905)
Sir Francis Elliot Walker, 3rd Baronet (1851–1928)
Sir Bennett Jay Walker, 4th Baronet (1904–1997)
Sir Mark Jay Walker, 5th Baronet (born 26 August 1961)

Walker baronets, of Sand Hutton (1868)
Sir James Walker, 1st Baronet (1803–1883)
Sir James Robert Walker, 2nd Baronet (1829–1899)
Sir James Heron Walker, 3rd Baronet (1865–1900)
Sir Robert James Milo Walker, 4th Baronet (1890–1930)
Sir James Heron Walker, 5th Baronet (1914–2003)
Sir Victor Stewart Heron Walker, 6th Baronet (born 8 October 1942)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son James Frederick Heron Walker (born 1970).

Walker, later Walker-Okeover baronets, of Gateacre Grange and of Osmaston Hall (1886)
see Walker-Okeover baronets

Walker baronets, of Pembroke House (1906)
Sir Samuel Walker, 1st Baronet (1832–1911)
Sir Alexander Arthur Walker, 2nd Baronet (1857–1932)
Sir Cecil Edward Walker, 3rd Baronet (1882–1964)
Sir Hugh Ronald Walker, 4th Baronet (1925–2004)
Sir Robert Cecil Walker, 5th Baronet (1974–2006)
Sir Roy Edward Walker, 6th Baronet (born 10 August 1977)

See also
Forestier-Walker baronets
Walker-Smith baronets

References

Baronetcies in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of England
1680 establishments in England
1856 establishments in the United Kingdom
1868 establishments in the United Kingdom
1886 establishments in the United Kingdom
1906 establishments in the United Kingdom

Walker baronets


Szymon Zacjusz or Szymon Żak (1507 in Proszowice – 1591 in Bochnia) was a Polish Protestant pastor, supporter of Reformation in Lesser Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

He spent his childhood in Proszowice. In the years from 1523 to 1526 he studied at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow, where he passed his Licentiate. After the graduation he attended a castle school in Wawel where he was one of the best humanists at his time. He studied Greek, Latin and Hebrew languages.

After 1535 he established himself as a proponent of Calvinism. From 1540 to 1548 he was a Calvinist pastor in Krzyżanowice, near the town Bochnia. There he married Catherine Przeklotowna (Katarzyna Przeklotówna) and they had two daughters.

As a Calvinist he couldn't be buried at a Catholic cemetery near his town, so he was buried in his own garden in Bochnia.

External links
 Short biography of Szymon Zacjusz

1507 births
1591 deaths
People from Proszowice
Polish Calvinist and Reformed ministers
Jagiellonian University alumni
Translators of the Bible into Polish

Szymon Zacjusz


Cherry Blossom is a type of chocolate sold in Canada and made by Hershey Canada Inc. Hershey used to make it at its Canadian manufacturing facility in Smiths Falls, Ontario.

The candy was made from the 1890s by the Walter M. Lowney Company of Canada until Hershey took it over as a subsidiary brand. The factory in Smiths Falls, which is north-east of Kingston, Ontario, is now closed.

The candy consists of a maraschino cherry and cherry syrup surrounded by a mixture of chocolate, shredded coconut and roasted peanut pieces. The candy is sold in a wrapped 45-gram portion, packaged in a close-fitting cardboard box.

Despite common belief, filling is not injected inside the chocolate.  The cherry candy is covered with an enzyme, invertase, that breaks down the solid into a liquid over the next 1 to 2 weeks.

The candy contains 210 calories of food energy, 10g fat (15% daily intake), 29g carbohydrate (10% daily intake), 1g fibre (4% daily intake), 27g sugars and 2g of protein.

UPC number: 0 68000 70227 0

Related pages
 The Hershey Company

References

Other websites
Hershey Canada
"Cherry Blossom" - YouTube Video
"Cherry Blossom TV Commercial" -YouTube Video

Chocolate
Candy

Cherry Blossom (candy)


Daldal () is a romantic social Pakistani drama aired on Hum TV. It stars Zahid Ahmed, Armeena Khan, Muneeb Butt and Kinza Hashmi in lead roles. Daldal reflects on the evil practices of society and illegal immigration

Plot

The story revolves around the themes of illegal immigration, dowry and corruption (greed). Shuja (Zahid Ahmed), a member of a lower-middle-class family, dreams of going to London one day in order to escape his current unsatisfactory life. Shuja's mother, Sakeena (Asma Abbas) is an extremely greedy person, and wants Shuja to marry a rich woman who'd be able to shower Shuja and his family with buckets of money. Shuja, however marries Hira (Armeena Khan), his maternal cousin, with ulterior motives of getting to London through her father, who lives and works there. Although Shuja's decision to marry Hira, is not exactly based on romances initially but him and Hira gradually develop a mutual understanding and deep love for each other over the course of their marriage. Eventually, after a lot of ups and downs, her father finally agrees and gives the news of Shuja's immigration. With a sudden turn of events, day later, Hira's father passes away, because of which Shuja's immigration is inevidently cancelled and he's left hopeless, his hopelessness boiling up frustration every minute. With no other choice in mind, the young lad then decides to travel to London by hook or by crook.

Whilst travelling illegally, Shuja faces a lot of difficult obstacles. It takes a long time to get to London, with many trivial challenges in between, first he goes from Karachi to Iran, then to Turkey, then Greece, then France and finally he arrives at his true destination, London: Shuja, without any other option available to him, has to travel and cannot turn back, or else he shall face death from starvation and other struggles. Shuja travels with a group of men and they all walk from one country to another, thirsty, hungry and very stressed. Unable to quench their thirst or satisfy their hunger, they are threatened by the leader of their association to call their parents and demand for money or else they'll have to die. When the group becomes fully aware of the threatening situations they put themselves in, it is then that they begin to realise, that they must continue and keep on walking, because these terrible circumstances have been brought on to them and have been woven by their own hands. Hiding in lorries and vans, walking miles and more, the group fakes their identity the entire way, knowing fully well what'd happen if they didn't. When the men arrive in Turkey, they are given some food, water and clothes, much to their happiness. Their names are changed and they are given fake passports to continue on faking their identities, this was an extremely important factor that had to be dealt with carefully, otherwise their safety would be at risk and they'd immediately be exposed and deported. With very little understanding of how the world works, Shuja believes that in the West, money grows on trees whilst in the East, it has to be earned with hard work and labour. Contrary to Shuja's personality, his younger brother, Kamran's (Muneeb Butt) ideals are completely opposite to that of his. Kamran works hard and honestly, and despite his family's circumstances and his younger age, Kamran succeeds far more than Shuja. In due, Shuja and the rest of the men reach Greece, day by day getting closer to their actual destination. Since there was, of course, no source of shelter, the illegal bunch stays in a container for some days. While staying there, Shuja witnesses an untimely death of a woman who had been living in the container for more than 10 days. This makes Shuja extremely terrified and also causes him to feel depressed, his patience at its limit. Meanwhile, in Pakistan, Kamran is offered a visit to Qatar for some days and is in the midst of marrying a girl named Sania (Kinza Hashmi), whose first marriage had been broken off when the groom and his family left because of Sania's father's arrest. Out of sympathy and care for Sania's reputation, Kamran marries her, so that he could save her from a lifetime of insult and mockery.  With a head full of ambitions, Kamran's greedy mother is completely unwilling to marry her son off to someone of the same social status, however his father is extremely pleased with his empathetic and respectful decision.

Shuja finally reaches France. In Pakistan it was heard a truck carrying a container with illegal immigrants like Shuja was fired by soldiers. This makes Shuja's family sad and hopeless. Kamran later discovers from the embassy that Shuja is not dead. In France, Shuja gets in a fight with one of the immigrants who was encouraging him to stay in France and do something better here and forget about London. Shuja later apologizes  him and the immigrant told him three only ways to get to UK.
The first is to go by ferry but you can be easily discovered and be thrown in the sea, the second is to go by walk, which can result in death by a shot from a gun at the border and the third is to travel by hanging under a trailer leaving for London. Shuja chooses the third way because it is impossible to be spotted. Shuja hangs under a food truck and leaves for London.

Shuja finally reaches the destination he longed for, London. He is amazed by the scenery and calls home. His mother receives the call. Shuja later realizes there is nothing to do really here is no one will offer a job because he is illegal. Shuja then meets a man who offers him a job at a hotel for a 1,000 pounds a month. He later realizes the person who applied him the job is trying to use him for something illegal. He leaves him and sleeps in a park. In Pakistan, Kamran is leaving for his flight to Qatar. He hands over some money to Hira because his mother doesn't even allow her to eat a decent amount of food. Sakeena scolds Kamran for not giving her money, but he ignores. In London Shuja cannot find a job and after meeting another Pakistani at a grocery store, he realizes to get a job you need legal documents. He is hopeless and realizes that coming here was a big mistake. Sakeena is very angry at Kamran for leaving her like this and getting married with a middle-class family girl. She wanted someone from a rich family to fulfill her greed. She calls up her friend and finds a family and tells them that Kamran is unmarried. Sania hears the news and is angry to Kamran.

Meanwhile, in London, Shuja tries to find a job but fails. Shuja also gets very hungry in the process. Since he has no money he cannot buy anything. He spots a workshop and mechanics trying to get tires inside the workshop. He offers them a help and he is paid 5 pounds and buys some food with it. In Pakistan, Kamran hears about a marriage proposal her mother did. He returns and meets Sania first and assures her he will never leave her. Then he goes back home asks his mother about the proposal and his mother is shocked because she kept it a secret. For the first time, Kamran's father scolds her and warns that if she does this again, she will be kicked out of the house. In London, Shuja is still trying to find a job. He finally succeeds when he finds a job at a local restaurant owned by a Sikh. He gets a job for 200 pounds a month and is given an apartment but to his dismay, the apartment was already being lived by four other men and the whole building only contained one single bathroom. He soon settles in. The first day of the job did not go well though. Due to being only one bathroom in the building he had to stand In a long queue. He arrived 10 minutes late at his job and 30 pounds were cut from his salary. Soon he also breaks a dish which angers the owner. Shuja soon discovers that the Sikh was also selling drugs secretly. Shuja could not report this to authorities because if they ask his identity he would be captured. So he moves on and tries to fit in his new life.

The scolding Sakeena received did not stop her from trying to separate the couple. She goes to a Black Magician and is given a curse written on a paper. The Magician told here to drop the paper in a glass of water then give it to Kamran. Sania's servant was also present at that time. She reports Sania and then she calls Kamran. Kamran then caught her mother trying to keep the piece of paper in a cup of tea. Hira is still trying to spend life without Shuja as she is always being badly treated by Sakeena. Sakeena took away here phone and often scolds her for no apparent reason. Disturbed by all of this, Hira stays with her mother for some time.

When Kamran comes back from work, his mother is quite questionable to him and asking him how his day is at work while she goes to the kitchen and distracts Tamana (sister) who is getting tea for her brother that Mubashir is crying and she should go to him. Sakina starts doing what the Black Magician told her but Kamran fortunately comes and spots her. He tells his mom this is wrong but he says that if you want me to drink it then fine but he believes in his God that nothing will happen. Sakina says a lie that this paper is not a curse but for him for his success and health. But Kamran knows the truth and doesn't want to embarrass his mother.

Eventually, Shuja realises his mistakes. His tone towards Hira (his wife) is much softer and loving than before. He is very guilty and angry at himself for coming to London because even though his hardworking father has educated him, he cannot get a good job better than the one he has now simply because he has no documents for evidence. Shuja's friend advises him to take another part-time job in the bar with him and so Shuja does. But one day a British friend of his (more like a colleague) forces him to drink and so he gets drunk. Shuja desperately insists he doesn't want to because it is haram in his faith which means it is forbidden to drink in his faith but the person says that if he wants to work in a pub and make drinks, he needs to drink himself.

Meanwhile, a Sikh girl called Preet who protected Shuja in the pub once starts a liking for Shuja. She comes to the pub follows him to the restaurant and gives tips to him and pays the Sikh boss of Shuja for him to be out of work for some time. She is a very wealthy person herself and lives on her own. Shuja's friend advises him to take advantage of this as she wants to marry him and if they paper marry Shuja will become legal. However Shuja doesn't want to because he already has a wife. However, for papers Shuja marries Preet and Preet is somewhat overcontrolling over Shuja; refusing to let him send money back to Pakistan. He eventually calms her but a new dilemma arises - Hira has lost it. Constant breakdowns and uncontrollable anger have drove Sakina crazy and Kamran is taking care of her. She finds out Shuja got married again to Preet. She has lost it with Shuja and his family. Hira's mom tells Hira to give Shuja a divorce, because she says according to her experience they never come back once they go abroad and you are never happy. Shuja is unhappy and depressed with his London life and someone takes Shuja to Faraz - who was assumed dead but he really isn't. He tells Shuja that he told people he was dead because he was involved in illegal drugs and did not want to hurt anyone in his family. He tells Shuja to go back. Shuja is sent back to Pakistan and reaches the divorce court in time, where Hira withdraws her divorce and they live happily ever after.

Cast
 Zahid Ahmed as Shuja
 Armeena Khan as Hira
 Muneeb Butt as Kamran
 Kinza Hashmi as Sania
 Asma Abbas as Sakina
 Abid Ali as Saadat
 Fazila Qazi as Shaheen
 Zuhab Khan as Imran
 Ahson Talish as Faraz
 Laila Wasti as Saniya's mother
 Noaman Sami as Fahad
 Sajid Shah as Tahir
 Kubra Khan as Preet Kaur
 Alizeh Shah as Tamanna
 Farah Nadir as Munni
 Sumbul Shahid as Hira's aunt

Production
"It's a very interesting story," Zahid Ahmed told Instep. "It tells the story of a man who belongs to the lower strata of society and wishes to settle in the West through whatever means he can. But once he makes it to the West, life isn't as smooth as he thought it would be. From there on, the narrative takes an interesting turn as he is forced to do things that he doesn't want to." The filming of the travel of Shuja was filmed in each country he went through and the rest was filmed in Pakistan.

Reception
Daldal was one of the highest rated program of the year it was released. It received high ratings and was a commercial success.

See also
 2017 in Pakistani television

References

External links

Pakistani drama television series
2017 Pakistani television series debuts
2018 Pakistani television series endings
Urdu-language television shows
Hum TV original programming
Hum TV

Daldal


Jogajog or Yogayog is a novel by Rabindranath Tagore. It was published in book form in 1929 (Asharh 1336). It was first serialised in the magazine Bichitra from Ashwin 1334 to Choitro 1335. In the first two issues the novel was titled Tin Purush. In the third issue in Ogrohayon 1334, Rabindranath changed the name to Jogajog.

The story revolves around the underlying rivalry between two families — the Chatterjees, aristocrats now on the decline (Biprodas) and the Ghosals (Madhusudan), representing new money and arrogance. Kumudini, Biprodas' sister, is caught between the two as she is married off to Madhusudan. She was brought up in a sheltered home where she had followed the traditional way of life and observed all the religious rituals like all the other womenfolk in the family. Her mental image of the husband is as someone who embodies all the qualities of the God she worships. Now, she is rudely shaken by the crude display of wealth and power by Madhusudan. Even if brought up to be a good, submissive wife, she balks at the idea of sharing the conjugal bed. "Madhusudan repeatedly used (this) money-worshipping strain to sneer at Kumu's family. His natural vulgarity, the coarseness of his speech, his arrogant discourtesy, the uncouthness of his body and mind that so deeply characterised his life: all this was something from which Kumu's whole being shrank every moment."
Over time Kumu retreated to her nutshell of spirituality. But a time finally comes when Kumu cannot take it anymore and she returns to her brother's house, only to realise that she is pregnant. Eventually an unwilling Kumu is forced to return to the Ghoshals. The novel also highlights marital rape. Kumudini is subjected to marital rape by Madhusudan. There is also a sexual liaison between Madhusudan and Shyamasundari, the widow of Madhusudan's elder brother. Biprodas is a vociferous supporter of equal dignity and rights for women.

The novel was translated by Supriya Chaudhuri (Oxford University Press, 2006) as part of the Oxford Tagore Translations.

Film adaptation
Jogajog was adapted into a 2015 film with the same name.

References

1929 novels
Novels by Rabindranath Tagore
Novels first published in serial form
Novels about rape
Works originally published in Indian magazines
Indian Bengali-language novels
Indian novels adapted into films

Jogajog


Difficult Loves () is a 1970 short story collection by Italo Calvino. It concerns love and the difficulty of communication.

Some published versions of the English translation by William Weaver omit a number of the stories, and also include other Calvino stories about the Second World War and postwar period, including those from The Crow Comes Last; some of these were translated by Archibald Colquhoun and Peggy Wright. "The Argentine Ant" and "The Cloud of Smog" (as "Smog") do not appear in this book, but rather in the translated The Watcher and Other Stories. An English translation of "The Adventure of a Skier" was published by The New Yorker in their July 3, 2017 issue.

Stories
Starred stories are those also included in the incomplete versions of the English translation.

Difficult Loves
The Adventure of a Soldier*
The Adventure of a Bandit
The Adventure of a Bather*
The Adventure of a Clerk*
The Adventure of a Photographer*
The Adventure of a Traveler*
The Adventure of a Reader*
The Adventure of a Nearsighted Man*
The Adventure of a Wife
The Adventure of Two Spouses
The Adventure of a Poet*
The Adventure of a Skier
The Adventure of a Motorist

Difficult Life
The Argentine Ant
The Cloud of Smog

Adaptations
The "Adventure of Two Spouses" was loosely adapted into the "Renzo and Luciana" act of Boccaccio '70; the "Adventure of a Soldier" appears as one part of L'amore difficile, a film by Nino Manfredi.

Short story collections by Italo Calvino
1970 short story collections
Giulio Einaudi Editore books

Difficult Loves


Cycas is a genus of plants. It is the only living genus remaining in the Cycadaceae family. Cycads were common plants when dinosaurs roamed the Earth, but are rare today.

Over 100 species are known. Probably the best-known of these is Cycas revoluta, the Sago Palm. The generic name comes from Greek kykas and means "palm tree". The plant is not a true palm, however.

Cycas is native to the Old World; most species are around the equatorial regions. It is native to eastern and southeastern Asia including the Philippines with 6 species (4 of which are endemic), eastern Africa (including Madagascar), northern Australia, Polynesia, and Micronesia. Australia has 26 species, while the Indo-Chinese area has about 30. The northernmost species (C. revoluta) is found at 31°N in southern Japan. The southernmost (C. megacarpa) is found at 26°S in southeast Queensland, Australia.

The plants have often been considered to be a living fossil. The earliest fossils of the genus Cycas appear in the Cainozoic, but Cycas-like fossils occur well into the Mesozoic. Phylogenetic studies have shown that Cycadaceae is the sister-group to all other living cycads.

Other websites
 Cycad Pages: Cycas
 Singh R. & Radha P. 2006. Cycas annaikalensis, a new species of Cycas from the Malabar Coast, Western Ghats, India. Brittonia 58 (2): 119-123.

Gymnosperms
Living fossils

Cycas


Ramirez & Cia (Filhos), SA is a Portuguese producer of canned fish products, such as tuna and sardines with tomato sauce. It also produces other foodstuffs such as canned salads. Manuel Guerreiro Ramirez, great-grandson of the founder Sebastian Ramirez, was the owner until his death in 2022.

Profile and history
The company was founded in 1853. As the first canned fish undertaking in the country, the Vila Real de Santo António plant in the southern Portuguese region of Algarve was the cradle of the sector in Portugal. Applying the principle discovered by Nicholas Appert, and later drawn up into the theories of Louis Pasteur, it revolutionized the concept of food conservation in Portugal. At the start of the 20th century, exportation of products began and the first sardine steam ship was launched to the sea (in 1908), it was named Nossa Senhora da Encarnação. By the 2000s, with 250 employees, it had plants in Leça da Palmeira and Peniche, and sold 40 million cans/year exporting 45% of its production which is commercialized under its own brands.

Internationalization
Created in 1853 Ramirez is present in the Portuguese market and in 50 international markets with a range of 55 canned fish varieties and sixteen brands.
Ramirez's internationalization process began at the end of the 19th century, creating brands such as Cocagne in the Benelux countries (exported since 1906). Tomé in the Philippines, Canada, and the United States, Al-Fares in the Arab world, or Gabriel in South Africa are all brands of the Portuguese company. Exportation of Ramirez's canned fish products continues to grow in the markets of Austria, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Brazil, England, Switzerland, South Africa, Canada, USA, Venezuela, Angola, Mozambique, Germany, Israel, Japan, China, and Australia.

Quality certification
Ramirez possesses its own laboratory and complies with the HACCP system. The Ramirez quality control system has been ratified by control departments such as the Canadian Fisheries Inspection Agency (CFIA), South African Bureau Standards (SABS), European Food Safety Inspection Service (EFSIS), Food and Drugs Administration (FDA of the USA).

Ramirez has obtained the Quality Management System certification, governed by the NP EN ISO 9001:2000 standard, attributed by SGS, a quality certification services. Ramirez has become the first Portuguese canned fish company to be accredited by SGS.

Healthy eating
The Ramirez Nutrition Centre, CENUTRA, set up by Ramirez, with scientific support from the Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences (Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação) of Porto University, sponsors scientific research in health, nutrition and food sciences, especially geared towards canned fish and its benefits.

The CENUTRA aims to seek scientific knowledge that will lead to a healthy diet and disseminate it among the community.
The goal is to help to promote the Mediterranean diet. Canned sardines have a high content of proteins and also vitamins B1, B2, PP, calcium, phosphorus, iron and copper.

Sponsorship

Education and science
As a sponsor of the "Hypercluster da Economia do Mar" (Hypercluster of the Sea Economy), RAMIREZ seeks through these synergies with the Porto Sea Life Center to raise awareness among the population of conservation of sea life and the strategic importance of the sea for Portugal and the planet earth.

Sports
As of 2022, Conservas Ramirez is the main jersey sponsor of the men's professional basketball team of Sport Lisboa e Benfica.

References

External links
Conservas Ramirez

Food and drink companies of Portugal
Food product brands
Canned food
Food and drink companies established in 1906
1906 establishments in Portugal

Conservas Ramirez


Anthony Di Pietro (born 15 February 1969) is a businessman from Melbourne, Australia. Di Pietro is most known for his long standing chairmanship of Melbourne Victory FC. Alongside sport, Di Pietro is also the Chief Executive Officer and a board member of industry leading fruit & vegetable producers and marketers, Premier Fresh Australia.

Early life and education
Di Pietro is a University of Melbourne alumni holding a Bachelor of Commerce degree and has delivered the occasional address to the graduating students in the university's Business and Economics faculty.

Agribusiness
Di Pietro is Group CEO of Premier Fresh Australia.

The company's farming and marketing enterprises cover all major Australian markets. It has farming operations in Queensland, the Northern Territory, South Australia, and Goulburn Valley Victoria.

Di Pietro voiced his advocacy for an 'Australian-led Asian food boom' and was a key participant in the Victorian Government's 2013 Food Trade initiatives into Asia.

Melbourne Victory FC

Di Pietro was appointed to the Board of Melbourne Victory FC in 2006 during its formative years and became chairman in January 2011, until June 2023.

Di Pietro oversaw a number of key achievements, including the men's history making trophy treble in 2015 (Championship, Premiership and FFA Cup) and the 2017–18 Championship,as well as winning the Australia Cup titles in 2015 and 2021. Di Pietro also oversaw Victory's women's team win the Premiership in 2018–19 and three Championships including back to back titles in 2020–21 and 2021–22, making Melbourne Victory FC one of the most successful clubs in A-Leagues history.

Di Pietro oversaw the visit of European heavyweights Liverpool in July 2013 attracting a record crowd for a football (soccer) match of 95,446 people at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, as well as hosting Juventus in 2016 and Manchester United in 2022.

References

1969 births
Living people
A-League Men executives
Businesspeople from Melbourne
Australian people of Italian descent
Australian chief executives
University of Melbourne alumni
Australian people of Calabrian descent
Australian soccer chairmen and investors
Australian corporate directors
Melbourne Victory FC chairmen
Founders of association football institutions
Directors of Melbourne Victory FC
People from Frankston, Victoria

Anthony Di Pietro


Fort William was a city in Northern Ontario. It was on the Kaministiquia River, at its entrance to Lake Superior.  It amalgamated with Port Arthur and the townships of Neebing and McIntyre to form the city of Thunder Bay in January 1970. Ever since then it has been the largest city in Northwestern Ontario.

References

 Morrison, Jean F. Superior rendez-vous place : Fort William in the Canadian fur trade. Toronto : Natural Heritage Books, 2007. 1st ed. appeared in 2001.

 Morrison, Jean F., ed. Lake Superior to Rainy River : three centuries of fur trade history : a collection of writings. Thunder Bay, Ont. : Thunder Bay Historical Museum Society, 2003.

Thunder Bay from rivalry to unity / edited by Thorold J. Tronrud and A. Ernest Epp. Thunder Bay : Thunder Bay Historical Museum Society, 1995.

Former cities in Canada
Thunder Bay

Fort William, Ontario


The 2003 Southend-on-Sea Council election took place on 1 May 2003 to elect members of Southend-on-Sea Unitary Council in Essex, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative party stayed in overall control of the council.

After the election, the composition of the council was
Conservative 32
Labour 10
Liberal Democrat 8
Independent 1

Election result
The results saw the Conservatives keep control of the council with a slightly reduced majority of 13 seats. The only changes saw the Conservatives lose one seat to the Liberal Democrats in St Laurence ward and an independent candidate gain Westborough from the Labour party.

Ward results

References

2003
2003 English local elections
2000s in Essex

2003 Southend-on-Sea Borough Council election


Pierre Dreyfus (18 November 1907, Paris — 25 December 1994, Paris) was a high French civil servant who in 1955 became a wealthy businessman.

Between 1947 and 1955, he occupied senior administrative positions in the Ministry of Industry and Commerce, and in 1951 he became 'directeur de cabinet' at the ministry. Between 1948 and 1955, Dreyfus combined his civil service duties with the vice-presidency of the newly nationalised Renault auto business. On 11 February 1955 Pierre Lefaucheux died in a road accident and Dreyfus was appointed CEO of Renault. He retained the position until his retirement from the company in 1975.

Like Lefaucheux, Dreyfus secured his reputation in the top job at Renault by overseeing the launch and production of a model developed under his predecessor: in this case the commercial success was that of the Renault Dauphine. By the end of 1958, with Dreyfus less than three years into his time at the top, a million Renault 4CVs and half a million Dauphines had been sold.  The following year, 1959, Renault ranked as the world's sixth largest auto-maker.   The collapse of North American demand for the Dauphine triggered a crisis for the company that was well-publicised, especially in the United States, with unsold Dauphines on North American docksides adding to the half million unsold Detroit built products clogging the US auto-market by the end of 1960: for Renault salvation arrived just in time in the form of the Renault 4, developed under Dreyfus and built at the rate of 1,000 cars a day by the end of 1962.  During Dreyfus's twenty years in charge, Renault went on to consolidate its position as France's top selling car maker, gaining particular recognition in the 1960s  for popularizing front wheel drive, hatchback sedans across Europe, most notably the 4, 5 and 16 models.

During the early years of the Mitterrand presidency, Dreyfus  became active on the political scene, serving briefly as Industry Minister between June 1981 and June 1982 under prime minister Pierre Mauroy.

Pierre Dreyfus was not related either to Alfred Dreyfus, famous because of the 'Dreyfus Affair' effectively publicised by Émile Zola, nor to the race-driver Pierre Louis-Dreyfus.

References

External links
 https://www.humanite.fr/journal/1994-12-27/1994-12-27-714952
 http://www.autonews.com/files/euroauto/inductees/2006dreyfus.htm (English)
 http://www.industrie.gouv.fr/biblioth/docu/rapports/chefs.html

Renault people
20th-century French businesspeople
French civil servants
1907 births
1994 deaths
Burials at Batignolles Cemetery

Pierre Dreyfus


Shepherd Ivory Franz (May 27, 1874 – October 14, 1933) was an American psychologist. He was the first chairman of the psychology department at the University of California, Los Angeles and served as president of the American Psychological Association. Franz was the editor of multiple psychological journals and he contributed research to the concepts of neuroplasticity, afterimages and cerebral localization. He spent many years affiliated with George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences and the Government Hospital for the Insane, later known as St. Elizabeth's Hospital.

Biography

Early life
Shepherd Franz was born on May 27, 1874, in Jersey City, New Jersey, where Franz attended public schools. His father was a German immigrant. Franz earned an undergraduate degree and a PhD in psychology from Columbia University. Franz attended graduate school with Edward Thorndike and studied under James McKeen Cattell. He studied in Leipzig in Germany for one year but seldom encountered Wilhelm Wundt while he was there.

Career

After graduate school, Franz joined Harvard University as an assistant in physiology. He worked with Henry Pickering Bowditch and W. T. Porter on the feasibility of re-education in cats; Franz removed certain learned skills from cats through ablative brain surgery, then he retaught the skills to the cats. From 1901 to 1904, Franz taught psychology at Dartmouth College, then worked in psychological pathology at McLean Hospital until 1906.

Franz was then a physiology professor at George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences and a psychologist at the Government Hospital for the Insane. He served as the scientific director at the hospital until 1919, then as its research director. Beginning in 1922, Franz coordinated a comprehensive six-month course in neuropsychiatry for physicians in the Veterans Bureau. By 1924, the hospital had shifted to a more psychoanalytic focus and Franz's salary and title were reduced after an employee in one of the laboratories left a door unlocked and a Bunsen burner ignited. Franz quickly resigned after the demotion.

After leaving the hospital, Franz moved to California to teach at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). While there, he was named a professor of psychology the following year and remained on the faculty until his death.

Contributions
Franz was interested in brain plasticity, which he called, among other names, "functional substitution." He interpreted a study by Karplus involving the corpus callosum and epilepsy as supporting the activation of a secondary pathway, stating, "If one pathway be blocked there is the possibility of using one or more normally little used routes," and that the nonlesioned brain areas can take over the function.

Another one of Franz' interests was the localization of brain function. In 1902, Franz conducted a number of experiments on cats to figure out the relation of cerebrum's frontal lobes to the production and retention of simple sensorimotor habits. After a bilateral lesion of the frontal lobes, particular habits that Franz had created in the animals were lost. Unilateral lesions caused a slower motor response. These studies were similar to the ones he did with monkeys (cite).

Franz was interested in the role of the frontal lobes in the re-learning of learned behaviors (1906). In one study, he sectioned the frontal lobes of seven macaque and two ringtail monkeys. He used two tasks: one requiring a specific operant response which was to turn a button 90 degrees for the animal to receive the food. (cite) The other task was a chain of behaviors that Franz called the "Hurdle  experiments" in which a monkey gets around and through obstacles to make their way to three boxes, the middle of which contains food that the monkey obtains after lifting the lid. (cite) After the animal had learned these two behaviors enough to demonstrate them quickly after not practicing for a week, their frontal lobes were removed and the experiment was repeated after surgery recovery.  Similarly  to what he found when working with cats, Franz found that the destruction of the frontal lobes caused the animals to lose habits, but they could acquire the same response again or new associations. With associations that were firmly established in the animal's brain by overlearning, the loss of the frontal lobes did not always cause the loss of these associations or habits. With this study, Frans suggested that the sensory and motor elements of the associations happen in certain areas of the brain stem, which means the associations are more reflexive than learned. He also suggested that after the loss of the frontal lobe function, the basal ganglia adjusted to the loss and took over. (cite) In rat experiments conducted alongside Karl Lashley, Franz found that rats that were either trained or overtrained in a food maze and had their frontal lobes destroyed did not lose their ability to re-learn the habit.

Honors and achievements
Franz served as the fifth president of the Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology in 1912. He became a Fellow of the American Medico-Psychological Association, a rare distinction for a non-physician at the time. He was also a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Franz received an honorary medical degree from George Washington University and an honorary doctor of laws from Waynesburg College in 1915, and he was a recipient of Columbia University's Butler Medal in 1924. He served as president of the American Psychological Association in 1920 and as president of the Western Psychological Association several years later. Franz served stints as editor of Psychological Bulletin, Psychological Monographs and Journal of General Psychology.

Death and legacy
Franz died in Los Angeles on October 14, 1933. His sudden death came only a few months after being diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, later known as Lou Gehrig's disease.

The psychology department at the University of California, Los Angeles is housed in Franz Hall. The university issues a teaching assistant award in his name.

Selected works

Books
Localization of Brain Function (1901)
Handbook of Mental Examination Methods (1919)
Nervous and Mental Re-Education (1923)
Persons One and Three: A Study in Multiple Personalities (1933)

References

External links

1874 births
1933 deaths
Presidents of the American Psychological Association
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
McLean Hospital people
George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences faculty

Shepherd Ivory Franz


Poios Thanas(s)is (, Who Is Thanassis) is a 1969 Greek comedy directed and written by Thanassis Vengos and starring himself, Anna Fonsou and Vangelos Ploios.  The film marks the debut of Emilia Ipsilandi.

Plot
Thanassis Trikorfos (Vengos) is a polite and compassionate electrical appliance dealer, who helps and serves worldwide, even when he himself is in difficulty. He hires the graceful Stella (Fonsou), who needs the money since her card player friend Alekos (Ploios) ends up betting away everything she earns.

Thanassis, who has been unhappy, becomes fascinated with Stella's shrewdness and good heart.  He falls in love with her, and his happiness returns. Stella feels the same way, but has to conceal it for fear of her boyfriend's reaction.

When the kind and trusting Thanassis learns the woman he loves is already engaged, his wounded heart hardens and he becomes distant.  From a gallant shop owner he becomes a shrewish, domineering and demanding merchant.

Meanwhile, two of his friends (Takis Miliadis and Giorgos Velentzas) are attempting to persuade him to cooperate with secular businesswoman Margaret Kerani (Ipsilandi), whose ultimate aim is to take over the shop.

Stella, who overhears the conversation and discovers the "good friends" preparing to set the trap for Thanassis, frustrates their plans at the last moment. Because of this behavior, her love for Thanassis is finally revealed.

The film blends comedy with emotional elements and ends happily.

Cast
Thanassis Vengos - Thanassis Trikorfos
Anna Fonsou - Stella
Vangelis Ploios - Alekos
Giorgios Velentzas - Pantelis
Nasos Kedrakas - Prokopis
Nitsa Marouda - Elpida Trikorfou
Sassa Kazelli - Stella
Emilia Ipsilandi - Margaret Koraki
Takis Miliadis - Fondas
Giorgos Tzifos - Pelopidas
Stavros Xenidis
Rena Pashalidou - Hatzimousouri
Kaiti Sigala

External links

1969 films
1960s Greek-language films
1969 comedy films
Greek comedy films

Who Is Thanassis


Cryptocarya microneura is a rainforest tree growing at the eastern coastal parts of Australia.

Habitat

Common in most warm temperate rainforest areas on the poorer sedimentary soils, but also in the littoral rainforests. It grows from near Batemans Bay in the southern Illawarra area (35° S) in New South Wales to near Nambour, Queensland (26° S).

Description

Cryptocarya microneura, known as the murrogun is a small or medium-sized tree to around 25 metres tall and 30 cm in diameter.

The bark is grey and somewhat corky on small trees, or greyish brown and scaly on larger trees. The trunk is often irregular or fluted in shape.

Leaves are alternate and simple, with a long blunt point at the tip. Upper surface glossy dark green, under surface paler green.

Flowers appear from September to November, being cream, unscented and in panicles. Flowers are finely downy.

The fruit is a drupe. Shiny, black and pointed. 12 mm in diameter with faint vertical ribs. Eaten by rainforest birds including the topknot pigeon. Like most Australian Cryptocarya fruit, removal of the fleshy aril is advised to assist seed germination.

Cryptocarya microneura is a larval host plant for the butterflies Chaetocneme beata, Netrocoryne repanda and Graphium sarpedon.

References

External links

Trees of Australia
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Queensland
Laurales of Australia
microneura

Cryptocarya microneura


Hermann Wilhelm Rudolf Marloth (28 December 1855 Lübben, Germany – 15 May 1931 Caledon, Cape Province) was a German-born South African botanist, pharmacist and analytical chemist, best known for his Flora of South Africa which appeared in six superbly illustrated volumes between 1913 and 1932. This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation Marloth when citing a botanical name.

Biography

Early life
Marloth studied pharmacy in Lübben from 1873-1876. after which he worked at various pharmacies in Germany and Switzerland, then formally qualified as a pharmacist at the University of Berlin. In 1883 he was awarded a doctorate for his thesis "The protective mechanisms employed by seeds against harmful agents".

He arrived in Cape Town on 30 December 1883 after being urged to do so by a schoolfriend who had already settled there. During his first year there he worked as a pharmacist for the firm of Wentzel and Schleswig. He was enthralled by Cape Town and Table Mountain and started immediately on a plant collection, soon going further afield to places like Klein Winterhoek, Du Toitskloof, Bainskloof and Sneeukop. During this time he started his own business in Cape Town. Acting as a locum in Kimberley, he made collecting trips from 1885-1886 to the surrounding areas such as Kuruman in the Northern Cape and to South West Africa where he visited Aus, Lüderitz Bay, Walvis Bay, Usakos, Ubib, Karibib, Otjimbingwe and Okahandja. Many of his specimens were written up under "Plantae Marlothiana" by Engler and others in Berlin.

In 1888 he accepted a post in the Department of Chemistry at Victoria College (which later became Stellenbosch University); shortly after this in 1889 he became Professor and held this position till 1892. Thereafter he lectured at Elsenburg Agricultural School and at the same time acted as consultant and analytical chemist in Cape Town.

Later life
In 1891 he married Marian van Wyk of Clanwilliam.

The day after his arrival in Cape Town, he had climbed to the top of Table Mountain. Spending much time botanising in the mountains, he came into contact with the mountaineering fraternity and played a role in the founding of the Mountain Club of South Africa in 1891, acting as chairman from 1901-1906 and receiving their gold badge in 1906. He spent time on the Groot Winterhoek Peak near Tulbagh, Michells Pass and collected at Stellenbosch, Knysna, Matroosberg and Jonkershoek between 1887 and 1896. During this period he discovered many new species and a new genus in Gesneriaceae which he named Charadrophila Marl.

In 1898 he met Andreas Schimper, renowned botanist and phytogeographer, who had arrived aboard the "Valdivia". Together they made collecting trips to the Montagu and Swartberg passes, and then further to Knysna. Schimper died in 1901 before his report was written, so that Marloth was asked to write an account on the phytogeography of the Cape. In those times "the Cape" was interpreted to cover a large part of southern Africa. In order to write the report, Marloth felt it necessary to make extended trips to the Cederberg, Gifberg, Koue Bokkeveld, Swartruggens and on to Rhodesia.

On a visit to South Africa in 1905, Lady Phillips commissioned Rudolf Marloth to undertake his Flora of South Africa, a mammoth work published in 6 volumes between 1913 and 1932. In 1917 a Dictionary of the Common Names of Plants was published - this was a supplement to the Flora of South Africa. Other publications by Marloth were Cape Flowers at home (Darter, Cape Town, 1922), The Chemistry of South African Plants and Plant Products (Cape Chemical Society, Cape Town, 1913), Das Kapland:insonderheit das Reich der Kapflora, das Waldgebiet und die Karroo, pflanzengeographisch dargestellt (Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1908) and Stone-shaped Plants (Speciality Press, Cape Town, 1929)

2 genera of flowering plants have been named in his honour, in 1912 Marlothiella from Namibia, belonging to the family Apiaceae, then in 1928 Marlothistella from South Africa, belonging to the family Aizoaceae . and also species Aloe marlothii was named in Marloth's honour.

An important nature reserve and holiday township in Mpumalanga, Marloth Park, is also named after this famous botanist, besides the Marloth Nature Reserve in the Western Cape.

References

Bibliography

External links
Volume 1 of 'Flora of South Africa' download
Marloth,  Professor Hermann Wilhelm Rudolf. Biographical Database of Southern African Science
Botanical Exploration Southern Africa

1855 births
1931 deaths
Emigrants from the German Empire
Immigrants to the Cape Colony
South African mountain climbers
People from Lübben (Spreewald)
Botanists with author abbreviations
20th-century South African botanists
19th-century South African botanists
German pharmacists
Presidents of the Southern Africa Association for the Advancement of Science

Rudolf Marloth


Channel View Publications is an independent academic publisher in applied linguistics based in Bristol, UK.

The company was founded in the 1980s by Mike and Marjukka Grover and is currently managed by their son Tommi Grover. The company's publication programme has diversified quite widely from the early days of the company when the directors Mike and Marjukka Grover wanted to bring up their sons bilingually (he is English, she is Finnish) and, being unable to find any books on the subject, decided to publish some themselves. Nowadays the firm and its imprint Multilingual Matters publishes  textbooks and research monographs in the fields of tourism studies, applied linguistics, literacy education, multicultural education and immigrant language learning.

The company now has over 900 titles to its name, and publishes around 50 books every year

References

External links

Academic publishing companies
Publishing companies of the United Kingdom
Book publishing companies of the United Kingdom

Channel View Publications


The Robert B. Annis Water Resources Institute (AWRI), is located in Muskegon, Michigan at the Lake Michigan Center on Muskegon Lake. The mission of the Institute is to integrate research, education, and outreach to enhance and preserve freshwater resources. AWRI is a multidisciplinary research organization within the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at Grand Valley State University. The Institute conducts research on water resources, including: ecosystem structure and function, contaminants and toxicology, hydrology, land use, watershed, stream, and wetland ecology, water quality, and basic and applied limnology.

Facilities and equipment
Facilities within the Lake Michigan Center include classrooms, conference areas, analytical labs, research labs, mesocosms, dockage, and ship support and storage. The institute also owns and operates its own research vessels, the D.J. Angus and the W.G. Jackson. The D.J. Angus is a 45-foot vessel and weighs 22.5 tons; she is kept at Harbor Island in Grand Haven, Michigan. The W.G. Jackson is 64 feet and 10 inches long and weighs 68.5 tons; she is kept at the Lake Michigan Center in Muskegon.

AWRI received $500,000 in federal money to support a continuing $2 million expansion.

References

External links
AWRI website

Grand Valley State University
Muskegon, Michigan
Research institutes in Michigan
Water

Annis Water Resources Institute


United Nations Security Council resolution 896, adopted unanimously on 31 January 1994, after reaffirming resolutions 849 (1993), 854 (1993), 858 (1993), 876 (1993), 881 (1993) and 892 (1993) on the Georgian–Abkhazian war and Resolution 868 (1993) concerning the safety of United Nations peacekeepers, the Council considered the possible establishment of peacekeeping force in Abkhazia and Georgia, and discussed the peace process.

The Security Council welcomed the signing of a Communique of the second round of negotiations in Geneva, in which the memorandum of understanding was stressed and the importance of both parties to abide by their obligations. The parties were also in favour of a United Nations peacekeeping force or other forces in the region, subject to authorisation by the United Nations. The Council took note of talks to be held in Moscow on 8 February 1994, and the intention of the Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali and his Special Representative to convene a new round of negotiations on 22 February 1994. The seriousness of the situation in Georgia, where nearly 300,000 displaced persons from Abkhazia were present, was recognised.

The parties were summoned as soon as possible to resume negotiations and indicate their willingness to find a solution, in which the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Georgia had to be respected. At the same time it was stressed that progress must be made on the political status of Abkhazia. The mandate of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) was extended until 7 March 1994, with a view to increasing its strength if necessary.

Two options proposed by the Secretary-General on the establishment of a peacekeeping mission in Abkhazia, Georgia, were noted and he was also requested to report on progress in the third round of negotiations and any circumstances under which such a force would be needed. This would be dependent on progress made in the talks.

The resolution recognised that all refugees and displaced persons had the right to return, and all parties should fulfil their commitments in this regard and agree a timetable. All attempts to change the demographic composition of Abkhazia by repopulating it by persons not previously resident there were condemned. Finally, all parties were urged to respect the ceasefire and guarantee the safety of United Nations personnel, and Member States were urged to contribute donations to Georgia to help it overcome the consequences of the conflict.

See also
 Georgian–Abkhazian conflict
 List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 801 to 900 (1993–1994)
 United Nations resolutions on Abkhazia

References

External links

Text of the Resolution at undocs.org

 0896
Abkhaz–Georgian conflict
1994 in Georgia (country)
1994 in Abkhazia
 0896
January 1994 events

United Nations Security Council Resolution 896