Valon Berisha (born 7 February 1993) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for the Kosovo national team. Born in Sweden and raised in Norway, he previously represented Norway at youth and full international level.

Club career

Early years
Berisha was born in Malmö, Sweden, to Kosovan immigrants from Podujevo, but grew up in Norway, living in Egersund, a town south of Stavanger. He spent his early years at local club Egersunds IK.

Berisha spent three trial periods with Premier League side Chelsea between the ages of 14 and 15, whilst also spending time with Manchester City and Aston Villa. The latter two clubs offered him a contract, both of which he turned down in favour of staying in Norway. On 20 June 2008, at the age of just 15 years, Berisha made his senior debut for EIK against Staal Jørpeland IL in the Norwegian Third Division.

Viking
Berisha signed for Viking FK in March 2009. He made his Tippeligaen debut against Brann on 21 March 2010, coming on for Vidar Nisja in the 85th minute. He started twelve league appearances that season, four in the starting line-up and all on the left wing. It was from the left that he scored his first professional goal on 31 October in a 1–1 draw against Lillestrøm. The goal, which showcased a 20-yard in-field dribble and shot 25 yards from goal, was nominated for Tippeligaen 2010 Goal of the Season. Berisha kept his place in the side for the season ender against Kongsvinger, where his man of the match performance inspired Viking to a 3–1 come back.

Before Tippeligaen 2011, Viking manager Åge Hareide talked up Berisha as one of the best players he had coached, and in May, he won the Statoil Talent Prize, an award handed to outstanding young Norwegian footballers each month. Each winner is given the opportunity to donate a scholarship of 50,000 Norwegian kroner to the club he or she thought had the most importance to their development; Berisha chose to give the money to his first club, Egersunds IK.

As with 2010, one of his season's highlights was a goal scored from an almost replicate 25-yard shot against Lillestrøm on 3 July 2011. Throughout that year, Berisha duly became a guaranteed starter for Viking, playing 88% of possible playing time. Despite continuing to play on the left wing for most of that time, Berisha became more prominent in his favoured central attacking midfield position as the season went on, something Stig Torbjørnsen, one of Norway's most famous talent scouts, wished for prior to the season start. On 19 June 2011, Valon and his brother Veton became the first brothers to play together for Viking in 22 years since Jan and Egil Fjetland played against Molde in the 1989 Norwegian Cup final. Despite both moving to Viking from Egersund, it was the first time the Berisha brothers had played a senior game together.

On 15 February 2012, the day after Berisha was called up by Egil Olsen to play Northern Ireland, his agent Jim Solbakken told Stavanger Aftenblad: "We are already in talks with several clubs that have Valon Berisha high or at the very top of their list when the international transfer market opens this summer ... Now we just need to find the club that fits Berisha and who will pay a lot for him." To this, Berisha said, "I must be much better before I am ready for the league I aim to. I see [my next club] as an intermediate step, such as in the Netherlands [in Eredivisie] which focuses on young players."

Red Bull Salzburg
In July 2012, Berisha signed a deal with Red Bull Salzburg, joining the club at the same time as fellow Norwegian Håvard Nielsen After a brief illness, he made his debut against Admira on 18 August 2012. He twice assisted his compatriot Nielsen, and was involved in what was his hat trick goal in a 4–4 draw. He scored his first goal for Red Bull the next week in the 1–1 draw against Wiener Neustadt, and scored another in the 4–0 victory against Wacker Innsbruck on 1 September. Of his 27 Goals for Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga 14 of those strikes have come from outside of the box.

During the 2017–18 season Salzburg had their best ever European campaign. They finished top of their Europa League group, for a record fourth time, before beating Real Sociedad and Borussia Dortmund thus making their first ever appearance in the UEFA Europa League semi-final. On 3 May 2018, he played in the Europa League semi-finals as Olympique de Marseille played out a 1–2 away loss but a 3–2 aggregate win to secure a place in the 2018 UEFA Europa League Final

Lazio
On 3 July 2018, Berisha joined Serie A side Lazio, on a five-year contract. Lazio reportedly paid a €7.5 million transfer fee. On 4 October 2018, he made his debut with Lazio in the group stage of 2018–19 UEFA Europa League against the German side Eintracht Frankfurt after coming on as a substitute at 64th minute in place of Sergej Milinković-Savić. Three days later, he made his first Serie A appearance by entering in the 85th minute of the 1–0 home win over Fiorentina in place of Ciro Immobile.

Loan at Fortuna Düsseldorf
On 30 January 2020, Berisha joined Bundesliga side Fortuna Düsseldorf, on a six-month-long loan. Two days later, he made his debut in a 1–1 home draw against Eintracht Frankfurt after being named in the starting line-up.

Reims
On 9 July 2020, Berisha signed a four-year contract with Ligue 1 club Reims and receiving squad number 14. Reims reportedly paid a €5 million transfer fee. On 23 August 2020, he made his debut in a 2–2 away draw against Monaco after coming on as a substitute at 56th minute in place of Dereck Kutesa.

On 1, September, 2023 Reims had announced the departure of Berisha by mutal agreement.

Loan at Melbourne City
On 7, September, 2022, Berisha was sent on a one-year loan to Australian club Melbourne City in the A-League. He received the number 14 ahead of the season. A month later, Berisha made his league debut in a 2–1 home win over defending champions Western United. Following midway of the season, on 11 February 2023, he scored his first goal for the club, from a penalty kick, in a 4–2 win against Perth Glory at Macedonia Park. Berisha started in the 2023 A-League Grand Final, but was replaced by Richard van der Venne in the 22nd minute due to a collision with Danny Vukovic. City would lose 6–1 to the eventual champions Central Coast Mariners. On 9 June, after making 7 assists and 1 goal, Berisha departed following the conclusion of his loan and returned back to France.

International career

Norway
Berisha has amounted over forty appearances for all of Norway's age-specific national sides. He has played in all four of Norway under-21 side's four games during the 2013 European Under-21 Championship qualification campaign. He scored Norway's only goal in the 2–1 loss against England under-21 side.

On 23 November 2011, Berisha was called up to mostly domestic-based Norway squad for the 2012 King's Cup in Thailand. He was one of fourteen players who made their international debut at the friendly tournament which ran from 15 January until 21 January. Berisha made his debut for the national team when he replaced Alexander Søderlund as a 62nd-minute substitute in a 1–1 friendly draw against Denmark League XI on 15 January 2012. He started the remaining two games of the tournament against Thailand and South Korea U23. When asked whether he agreed with the plaudits he had gained from the press and coaches at the tournament, Berisha said, "I am very happy ... I've tried to show that I can work hard both ways, that I can take initiative with or without the ball, in challenge and with speed – I feel I've managed well."

On 14 February 2012, Berisha was called up to play Northern Ireland on 29 February 2012. He was one of seven players to keep their place in the national side following the King's Cup, and the only player to be called up for the first time to a squad that also contains expatriate players.

Kosovo
At a meeting in December 2012, FIFA voted to allow Kosovo to take part in friendly matches against its members. Ahead of the team's first match, in March 2014, Stavanger Aftenblad reported that Berisha had been approached by Kosovo, but he had not made a decision as to whether he would switch allegiance. In 2016, after Kosovo became a FIFA member, he elected to play for them and was granted clearance. He scored on his debut for Kosovo on 5 September as his 60th-minute penalty earned a 1–1 draw against Finland in a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification match.

Personal life
Berisha's younger brother, Veton, is also a professional footballer and Norway international.

Career statistics

Club

International

International goals

Scores and results list Kosovo's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Berisha goal.

|-
|1.
|5 September 2016
|Veritas Stadion, Turku, Finland
|
|align="center"|1–1
|align="center"|1–1
|2018 FIFA World Cup qualification
|align="center"|
|-
|2.
|rowspan="2"|10 September 2019
|rowspan="2"|St. Mary's Stadium, Southampton, England
|rowspan="2"|
|align="center"|1–0
|align="center" rowspan="2"|3–5
|rowspan="2"|UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying
|align="center" rowspan="2"|
|-
|3.
|align="center"|2–5
|-
|4.
|2 June 2022
|AEK Arena – Georgios Karapatakis, Larnaca, Cyprus
|
|align="center"|1–0
|align="center"|2–0
|2022–23 UEFA Nations League C
|align="center"|
|}

Honours
Red Bull Salzburg
Austrian Football Bundesliga: 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18
Austrian Cup: 2013–14, 2015–16, 2016–17

Lazio
Coppa Italia: 2018–19
Supercoppa Italiana: 2019
Melbourne City
A-League Men Premiership: 2022–23
Individual
Austrian Bundesliga Player of the Year: 2017–18
Austrian Bundesliga Top assist provider: 2016–17
Austrian Bundesliga Team of the Year: 2016–17, 2017–18

References

External links
Profile at Viking
Profile at Football Association of Norway

1993 births
Living people
People from Podujevo
People from Egersund
Men's association football midfielders
Kosovan men's footballers
Kosovo men's international footballers
Norwegian men's footballers
Norway men's youth international footballers
Norway men's under-21 international footballers
Norway men's international footballers
Dual men's international footballers
Egersunds IK players
Viking FK players
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
SS Lazio players
Fortuna Düsseldorf players
Stade de Reims players
Melbourne City FC players
Eliteserien players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
Serie A players
Bundesliga players
Ligue 1 players
Norwegian expatriate men's footballers
Kosovan expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Austria
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Kosovan expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Kosovan expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Kosovan expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in France
Kosovan expatriate sportspeople in France
Footballers from Rogaland
Championnat National 2 players

Valon Berisha


Ramón O'Callaghan (born 1954) is a Spanish organizational theorist, emeritus professor of information systems and innovation management at the Tilburg University, and dean of Porto Business School, the business school of the University of Porto in Porto, Portugal. He is particularly known for his work on electronic data interchange.

Biography
O'Callaghan received an engineer's degree from the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya in 1976, an MBA from IESE Business School in 1983, and a Doctor of Business Administration from Harvard Business School in 1989.

O'Callaghan started his academic career as researcher at the Cybernetics Institute of the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya in 1976. From 1977 to 1989 he spend time in industry with Texas Instruments as sales engineer and project manager; at Codorníu Winery as controller; at Harvard Business School as researcher; and at the management consulting firm Institut Cerdà as director. Back in Spain in 1989 he became associate professor at the IESE Business School.

In 1994 he moved to the Netherlands to the Nyenrode Business Universiteit, where he became director of the MBA program. From 1997 to 2013 he was professor of information systems at Tilburg University. There he also directed the MBA program, and other masters programs for some years, and was dean of the TIAS School for Business and Society from 2009 to 2012 as successor of Philippe Naert. He was also associated with the Open University of Catalonia and the Universidad de Deusto. From 2013 to 2015, he was dean of the graduate school of business at Nazarbayev University.

Selected publications
O'Callaghan has published numerous articles in the field of strategic management of technology. Books, a selection:
 1995, EDI in Europe : how it works in practice. With Helmut Krcmar and Niels Bjørn-Andersen. Chichester ; New York : Wiley.
 2005. Transforming enterprise : the economic and social implications of information technology. With William H. Dutton, Brian Kahin, and Andrew W. Wyckoff (eds). Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press.

Articles, a selection:
 O'Callaghan, Ramon, Patrick J. Kaufmann, and Benn R. Konsynski. "Adoption correlates and share effects of electronic data interchange systems in marketing channels." The Journal of Marketing (1992): 45-56.
 O'Callaghan, Ramon, and Jon A. Turner. "Electronic Data Interchange Concepts and Issues." (1995).
 Peterson, Ryan R., Ramon O'Callaghan, and Piet Ribbers. "Information technology governance by design: investigating hybrid configurations and integration mechanisms." Proceedings of the twenty first international conference on Information systems. Association for Information Systems, 2000.

References

External links
 Ramon O'Callaghan

Living people
Spanish engineers
Spanish business theorists
University of Navarra alumni
Harvard Business School alumni
Academic staff of the University of Navarra
Academic staff of Nyenrode Business University
Academic staff of Tilburg University
1954 births

Ramon O'Callaghan


The Whatcom Trail was an overland trail from the Puget Sound area of Washington Territory during the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush of 1858.  The trail began on Bellingham Bay, at Fairhaven (now a Bellingham neighbourhood), the route used went via a route known as the Columbia Valley, which is a lowland route connecting the mid-Nooksack River area with Cultus Lake and the lower Chilliwack River in the Upper Fraser Valley, about 80 km east of today's Vancouver. In 1858, T. G. Richards built the first brick building in Washington as an outfitter for those using the Whatcom Trail.

The name "Whatcom" comes from the Lummi place name x̣ʷátqʷəm, probably meaning "noisy" with reference to a waterfall.

A more westerly route now in use for a major border crossing (at Sumas) was not usable due to the presence of Sumas Lake, a large shallow lake, now drained and turned into agricultural land.  An alternate route to the main Whatcom Trail was the Skagit Trail, which went up the river of that name to its headwaters, from which another "back valley" emerges on the Fraser near Hope, then the HBC fur trading post Fort Hope.

There are no known statistics for the number of goldseekers who travelled the Whatcom Trail during the gold rush, although certainly they may be counted in the thousands.  Its existence was in open defiance of the edict from the British Governor on Vancouver Island that access to the Fraser goldfields must be made from Victoria, and then from there via the Fraser River only.  In part this measure was intended to prevent the entry of large parties of armed Americans, and also to strip them of any handguns and any goods for trading with the Indians (still a Hudson's Bay Company monopoly during the gold rush).

The route's ongoing use was demonstration of the early colony's essential inability to prevent unregulated intrusion by US citizens, as was also the case with the Okanagan Trail.  US troops of the Border Commission who were stationed near the route's southern US end were put on alert during the McGowan's War crisis, and were also stationed there during the San Juan Islands Dispute (the Pig War).

Similarly, on the Canadian side, the large tract of land in Sardis that for many years was Canadian Forces Base Chilliwack was laid aside as a military reserve during the scare over potential Fenian Raids in the 1870s and 1880s.  That allocation, however, was as much a response to local Stó:lō First Nations numbers as it was to potential American aggression.

There is no border crossing at the Columbia Valley today, only a fence across farmland.

References

British Columbia: From the earliest times to the present, Vol. 2, E.O.S. Scholiefied and F.W. Howay, pp. 29–30.

See also

Okanagan Trail
Fraser Canyon Gold Rush

Historic trails and roads in Washington (state)
History of British Columbia
Gold rush trails and roads

Whatcom Trail


Scott Bukatman is a cultural theorist and Professor of Film and Media Studies at Stanford University. Bukatman's research examines how popular media (film, comics) and genres (science fiction, musicals, superhero narratives) "mediate between new technologies and human perceptual and bodily experience."

Career

1980s–1990s
In 1986, Bukatman published "Battle with Songs: The Soviet Historical Film as Historical Document" in the journal Persistence of Vision 3-4.
In 1988, he curated a retrospective exhibit on the films and television shows of comedian Jerry Lewis at the American Museum of the Moving Image in New York City. In 1989, he published "The Cybernetic (City) State: Terminal Space becomes Phenomenal" in the Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts 2. In 1992, Bukatman completed his Ph.D. in Cinema Studies from New York University.

He has taught at NYU, Yale University, the School of Visual Arts in New York, the Free University of Berlin, and the University of New Mexico. Courses that Bukatman has developed include a range of interdisciplinary, intermedial offerings such as Cinema and the City, World's Fairs and Theme Parks, The Body in American Genre Film, and Cyborgs and Synthetic Humans.

In 1994, Bukatman co-organized "Cine City: Film and Perceptions of Urban Space 1895-1995" at the Getty Center in Los Angeles. In 1997, he was appointed Assistant Professor of Media Studies in the Departments of Art and Comparative Literature at Stanford University, where he has developed the Film and Media Studies program in collaboration with Henry Breitrose and Art History professor Michael Marrinan.

Bukatman wrote Terminal Identity: The Virtual Subject in Postmodern Science Fiction (Duke University Press) and a monograph on the seminal science fiction film Blade Runner for the British Film Institute. His articles have been published in Artforum International, Architecture New York, October and Camera Obscura. He has served as a consulting editor for Science Fiction Studies and is on the editorial boards of Art/Text and Animation: An Interdisciplinary Journal.

2000s
In 2003, Bukatman published Matters of Gravity: Special Effects and Supermen in the 20th Century (Duke University Press). According to a review in Guardian Unlimited, the fusing of the genres of superhero story and cyberpunk in films such as The Matrix are "...superbly analysed in Scott Bukatman's collection of essays." Bukatman addresses the "question of bodies in a technologised age", arguing that in modern science fiction "...the body may be 'simulated, morphed, modified, re-tooled, genetically engineered and even dissolved', but it is never entirely eliminated: the subject always retains a meat component." In addition, Bukatman analyzes the "scopic mastery" of special-effects shots in several seminal sci-fi movies, which provide an "omnipotent God's-eye view" vision and "panoramic displays," which he argues address "...the perceived loss of cognitive power experienced by the subject in an increasingly technologised world."

In 2012, Bukatman published The Poetics of Slumberland: Animated Spirits and the Animating Spirit (University of California Press). The book description reads: "In The Poetics of Slumberland, Scott Bukatman celebrates play, plasmatic possibility, and the life of images in cartoons, comics, and cinema. Bukatman begins with Winsor McCay's Little Nemo in Slumberland to explore how and why the emerging media of comics and cartoons brilliantly captured a playful, rebellious energy characterized by hyperbolic emotion, physicality, and imagination. The book broadens to consider similar "animated" behaviors in seemingly disparate media—films about Jackson Pollock, Pablo Picasso, and Vincent van Gogh; the musical My Fair Lady and the story of Frankenstein; the slapstick comedies of Jerry Lewis; and contemporary comic superheroes—drawing them all together as the purveyors of embodied utopias of disorder." Calling the book "Essential" in Choice, T. Lindvall of Virginia Wesleyan College wrote, "Slipping comfortably into Bukatman's book, one is dreamily transported to utopian worlds where merry madcap disorder rules. ...The lavishly illustrated book is delightfully Chestertonian, clapping its hands in glee over the unruly energy and plasmatic possibilities of the Pygmalion myth drawn into the imaginations of playful artists and their exhilaratingly disruptive arts. ... Bukatman shows the marvelous animated poetics of visual media."

A book-length work of comics theory, centered around Mike Mignola's Hellboy comics, titled Hellboy's World: Comics and Monsters on the Margins was published in January 2016 by University of California Press. An essay, "Sculpture, Stasis, the Comics, and Hellboy" appeared in the special issue of Critical Inquiry devoted to "Comics and Media" (Spring 2014
Volume 40 Issue 3). The online abstract for the essay, read, in full: "Comics awesome. Read Hellboy."

See also
 Cyberpunk
 Science fiction
 Science fiction film

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Stanford University Department of Art and Art History faculty

Scott Bukatman


The year 1965 in film involved several significant events, with The Sound of Music topping the U.S. box office and winning five Academy Awards.

Top-grossing films (U.S.)

The top ten 1965 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:

Events
 February 15 – George Stevens' production of The Greatest Story Ever Told, a retelling of the account of Jesus Christ, premieres in New York City, New York. It was such a flop with critics and audiences that its failure discouraged production of religious epics for many years. It is considered notable in the 21st century for its astonishing landscapes, powerful and provocative cinematography, Max von Sydow's debut acting performance in an American film, and the final film performance of Claude Rains.
 March 2 – The Rodgers and Hammerstein film adaptation of The Sound of Music, directed by Robert Wise and starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer, premieres. It quickly became a worldwide phenomenon and an instant classic. It successfully displaced Gone with the Wind to become, at the time, the highest-grossing film of all-time. The Sound of Music is credited as the film that saved and restored Twentieth Century-Fox from bankruptcy after it suffered from extremely high production costs of Cleopatra two years prior.
 July 1 – Blake Edwards's epic comedy The Great Race, starring Tony Curtis, Jack Lemmon, Natalie Wood, Peter Falk, and Keenan Wynn, premieres. Initially a flop with critics and audiences, some do admire Edwards' direction, the acting by its ensemble cast, Henry Mancini's music and its climactic pie fight.
August 10 - A massive vault fire at MGM studios in Culver City, California, destroys the only known copies of hundreds of archived silent films, including Lon Chaney's London After Midnight and Greta Garbo's The Divine Woman.
 December 22 – David Lean's film adaptation of Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago, starring Omar Sharif, Julie Christie, Rod Steiger, and Alec Guinness, premieres and, like The Sound of Music, quickly became a worldwide phenomenon. Its moral story and message of a love and human spirit that defied the communist Soviet Union have made the film a true classic with critics and audiences. It was included among top films by the American Film Institute. In a decade of very difficult times for its studio, Zhivago became the most successful and acclaimed Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film since How the West Was Won; it was the greatest MGM film since Ben-Hur.

Awards
Academy Awards:

Best Picture: The Sound of Music – Argyle Enterprises, 20th Century Fox
Best Director: Robert Wise – The Sound of Music
Best Actor: Lee Marvin – Cat Ballou
Best Actress: Julie Christie – Darling
Best Supporting Actor: Martin Balsam – A Thousand Clowns
Best Supporting Actress: Shelley Winters – A Patch of Blue
Best Foreign Language Film: The Shop on Main Street (Obchod na korze), directed by Ján Kadár and Elmar Klos, Czechoslovakia

BAFTA Film Awards:

Best Film from Any Source: My Fair Lady
Best British Film: The Ipcress File

Golden Globe Awards:

Drama:
Best Picture: Doctor Zhivago
Best Actor: Omar Sharif – Doctor Zhivago
Best Actress: Samantha Eggar – The Collector

Comedy or Musical:
Best Picture: The Sound of Music
Best Actor: Lee Marvin – Cat Ballou
Best Actress: Julie Andrews – The Sound of Music

Other
Best Supporting Actor: Oskar Werner – The Spy Who Came in from the Cold
Best Supporting Actress: Ruth Gordon – Inside Daisy Clover
Best Director: David Lean – Doctor Zhivago

Palme d'Or (Cannes Film Festival):
The Knack ...and How to Get It, directed by Richard Lester, United Kingdom

Golden Lion (Venice Film Festival):
Vaghe stelle dell'Orsa (Sandra of a Thousand Delights), directed by Luchino Visconti, Italy

Golden Bear (Berlin Film Festival):
Alphaville, directed by Jean-Luc Godard, France / Italy

1965 film releases
United States unless stated

January–March
January 1965
January 8
Dear Brigitte
January 15
Baby the Rain Must Fall
January 28
36 Hours
February 1965
February 10
Strange Bedfellows
Sylvia
February 15
Lord Jim UK)
February 23
Dr. Terror's House of Horrors UK)
February 24
Love Has Many Faces
Crack in the World
March 1965
March 2
The Sound of Music
March 5
Face of the Screaming Werewolf
The Rounders
March 6
Empire
Nightmare in the Sun
March 15
Major Dundee
March 21
Die! Die! My Darling! (U.K.)
March 24
John Goldfarb, Please Come Home!
March 31
The Truth About Spring

April–June
April 1965
April 3
The Man from Button Willow
April 6
In Harm's Way
April 7
Bus Riley's Back in Town
Girl Happy
April 8
The World of Abbott and Costello
April 9
The Greatest Story Ever Told
April 14
Beach Blanket Bingo
The Satan Bug
May 1965
5 May
Alphaville France)
Brainstorm
7 May
Joy in the Morning
13 May
The Yellow Rolls-Royce
14 May
Harlow
26 May
Mirage
June 1965
June 2
What's New Pussycat?
June 3
Shenandoah
June 9
Up from the Beach French international co-production
June 16
Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines
June 18
I'll Take Sweden
June 23
Genghis Khan (1965 film)
The Hallelujah Trail
Harlow
Von Ryan's Express
Willy McBean and his Magic Machine
June 24
Cat Ballou
June 30
Ski Party
Tickle Me

July–September
July 1965
July 1
The Family Jewels
The Great Race
The Sons of Katie Elder
July 3
The Hill (UK)
July 12
The Art of Love
July 14
How to Stuff a Wild Bikini
July 21
I Saw What You Did
July 22
The Amorous Adventures of Moll Flanders
July 29
Ship of Fools
August 1965
August 1
Voyage to the Prehistoric Planet
August 3
Darling (UK)
You Must Be Joking! (UK)
August 8
Frankenstein Conquers the World (Japan)
August 9
The Brigand of Kandahar
August 14
A Very Special Favor
August 18
Catch Us If You Can (UK)
The Monkey's Uncle
Sergeant Deadhead
August 23
Dr. Who and the Daleks (U.K.)
August 25
Morituri
That Funny Feeling
Wild on the Beach
September 1965
September 1
Billie
September 3
The Battle of the Villa Fiorita (UK)
September 8
Operation C.I.A.
September 15
The Reward
September 20
How to Murder Your Wife
September 24
Marriage on the Rocks
September 27
Mickey One

October–December
October 1965
October 6
Who Killed Teddy Bear
October 7
The Agony and the Ecstasy
October 11
The Bedford Incident (US/UK)
October 13
Situation Hopeless... But Not Serious
October 15
The Cincinnati Kid
October 17
Sting of Death
October 27
King Rat
November 1965
November 4
Never Too Late
November 6
Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine
November 10
The War Lord
November 15
Bunny Lake Is Missing (UK)
November 18
For a Few Dollars More (Italy)
November 19
Return from the Ashes
November 24
Harum Scarum
November 25
Lady L
November 26
Carry On Cowboy UK)
November 27
Gamera, the Giant Monster (Japan)
December 1965
December 2
That Darn Cat!
December 8
The Return of Ringo (Italy)
December 10
A Patch of Blue
December 13
A Thousand Clowns
December 15
The Flight of the Phoenix
December 16
Battle of the Bulge
The Spy Who Came in from the Cold UK)
December 19
Invasion of Astro-Monster
December 22
Doctor Zhivago (UK/Italy/US)
December 23
The Slender Thread
December 24
Bad Girls Go to Hell
December 29
Thunderball (UK/US)

Notable films released in 1965
United States unless stated

#
The 10th Victim (La decima vittima), starring Marcello Mastroianni and Ursula Andress – (Italy/France)
36 Hours, starring James Garner, Rod Taylor and Eva Marie Saint
The 317th Platoon (La 317ème section), written and directed by Pierre Schoendoerffer – (France)

A
Abashiri Prison (Abashiri Bangaichi), starring Ken Takakura – (Japan)
Adventures of a Dentist (Pokhozhdyeniya zubnovo vracha), directed by Elem Klimov – (U.S.S.R.)
The Adventures of the Smurfs (Les aventures des Schtroumpfs) – (Belgium)
The Agony and the Ecstasy, directed by Carol Reed, starring Charlton Heston and Rex Harrison
The Alphabet Murders, directed by Frank Tashlin, starring Tony Randall and Anita Ekberg
Alphaville (Alphaville, une étrange aventure de Lemmy Caution), directed by Jean-Luc Godard – (France)
Always Further On (Tarahumara (Cada vez más lejos)), directed by Luis Alcoriza – (Mexico)
The Amorous Adventures of Moll Flanders, starring Kim Novak, Richard Johnson and Angela Lansbury
The Art of Love, directed by Norman Jewison, starring James Garner, Angie Dickinson, Elke Sommer and Dick Van Dyke
Arzoo (Wish), starring Sadhana – (India)
The Ashes (Popioły), directed by Andrzej Wajda – (Poland)

B
Baby the Rain Must Fall, starring Steve McQueen and Lee Remick
Bad Girls Go to Hell, directed by Doris Wishman
Battle of the Bulge, starring Henry Fonda, Robert Shaw and Robert Ryan
The Battle of the Villa Fiorita, directed by Delmer Daves, starring Maureen O'Hara, Rossano Brazzi, Olivia Hussey
Beach Blanket Bingo, directed by William Asher, starring Annette Funicello, Frankie Avalon, Deborah Walley, Don Rickles
The Bedford Incident, starring Richard Widmark and Sidney Poitier – (US/UK)
Behind the Mask of Zorro, directed by Ricardo Blasco and starring Tony Russel – (Italy/Spain)
Billie, directed by Don Weis and starring Patty Duke
Black Humor, anthology film directed by Claude Autant-Lara, Giancarlo Zagni and José María Forqué – (France/Italy/Spain)
Black Wind (Viento negro), directed by Servando González – (Mexico)
Boeing Boeing, starring Jerry Lewis and Tony Curtis
La Bohème, directed by Franco Zeffirelli – (West Germany)
Le Bonheur, directed by Agnès Varda – (France)
Brainstorm, directed by William Conrad, starring Anne Francis and Jeffrey Hunter
The Brigand of Kandahar, starring Oliver Reed and Yvonne Romain
Bunny Lake Is Missing, directed by Otto Preminger, starring Laurence Olivier and Carol Lynley – (U.K.)
Bus Riley's Back in Town, starring Ann-Margret and Michael Parks

C
The Camp Followers (Le soldatesse), starring Anna Karina – (Italy)
Carry On Cowboy, starring Sid James, Kenneth Williams, Jim Dale – (U.K.)
Casanova 70, starring Marcello Mastroianni and Virna Lisi – (Italy)
Cat Ballou, starring Jane Fonda and Lee Marvin
Catch Us If You Can (a.k.a. Having a Wild Weekend), starring the Dave Clark Five – (U.K.)
China!, a documentary written by Felix Greene
Chronicle of a Boy Alone (Crónica de un niño solo) – (Argentina)
The Cincinnati Kid, directed by Norman Jewison, starring Steve McQueen, Edward G. Robinson, Ann-Margret, Karl Malden, Tuesday Weld, Joan Blondell
City Under the Sea (a.k.a. War-Gods of the Deep), starring Vincent Price and Tab Hunter
Clarence, the Cross-Eyed Lion, starring Marshall Thompson and Betsy Drake
Cloportes (La aétamorphose des cloportes), directed by Pierre Granier-Deferre – (France/Italy)
Coast of Skeletons, directed by Robert Lynn and starring Richard Todd and Dale Robertson – (U.K./South Africa)
The Collector, directed by William Wyler, starring Terence Stamp and Samantha Eggar – (U.K./U.S.)
Crack in the World, starring Dana Andrews, Kieron Moore, Janette Scott
Cup Fever, starring Bernard Cribbins – (U.K.)
Curse of the Fly, starring Brian Donlevy, George Baker, Carole Gray
Curse of the Voodoo (a.k.a. Curse of Simba / Voodoo Blood Death), directed by Lindsay Shonteff – (U.K.)

D
Darling, directed by John Schlesinger, starring Laurence Harvey, Dirk Bogarde, Julie Christie – (U.K.)
Dear Brigitte, starring James Stewart, Bill Mumy, Glynis Johns, Ed Wynn, Brigitte Bardot
The Decadent Influence (Une fille et des fusils, a.k.a. To Be a Crook), directed by Claude Lelouch – (France)
A Devilish Homicide (Salinma) – (South Korea)
Die! Die! My Darling! (a.k.a. Fanatic), starring Tallulah Bankhead and Stefanie Powers
 Dingaka, starring Stanley Baker – (South Africa)
 Do Not Disturb, starring Doris Day and Rod Taylor
Doctor Zhivago, directed by David Lean, starring Omar Sharif, Julie Christie, Geraldine Chaplin, Rod Steiger, Alec Guinness—winner of 5 Academy Awards – (U.K.)
The Dolls (Le bambole), starring Nino Manfredi, Monica Vitti, Elke Sommer and Gina Lollobrigida – (Italy)
Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine, starring Vincent Price and Frankie Avalon
Dr. Terror's House of Horrors, starring Peter Cushing and Christopher Lee – (U.K.)
Dr. Who and the Daleks, starring Peter Cushing – (U.K.)

E
The Early Bird, starring Norman Wisdom – (U.K.)
The Eleanor Roosevelt Story, a documentary directed by Richard Kaplan
Eric Soya's "17" (Sytten), starring Ole Søltoft and Ghita Nørby – (Denmark)

F
The Face of Fu Manchu, directed by Don Sharp and starring Christopher Lee – (U.K./West Germany)
The Family Jewels, starring Jerry Lewis
Fantômas se déchaîne (Fantômas Unleashed), starring Jean Marais – (France)
Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill!, directed by Russ Meyer
Ferry Cross the Mersey, starring Gerry and the Pacemakers – (U.K.)
Film, written by Samuel Beckett and directed by Alan Schneider
Fists in the Pocket (I pugni in tasca) – (Italy)
The Flight of the Phoenix, directed by Robert Aldrich, starring James Stewart, Richard Attenborough, Hardy Krüger, Ernest Borgnine, Peter Finch
For a Few Dollars More, directed by Sergio Leone, starring Clint Eastwood – (Italy)
Frankenstein Conquers the World (Furankenshutain tai Baragon), directed by Ishirō Honda – (Japan)
Funny Things Happen Down Under, starring Olivia Newton-John – (Australia)

G
Il Gaucho, starring Vittorio Gassman and Nino Manfredi – (Italy/Argentina)
Gendarme in New York (Le gendarme à New York), starring Louis de Funès – (France/Italy/U.S.)
Genghis Khan, starring Omar Sharif, Stephen Boyd and James Mason
Girl Happy, starring Elvis Presley
The Girls on the Beach, directed by William N. Witney, starring Noreen Corcoran and Martin West
The Glory Guys, directed by Arnold Laven, starring Tom Tryon and Harve Presnell
Goldstein, comedy ensemble film, with actors from The Second City, including Severn Darden
The Great Race, directed by Blake Edwards, starring Tony Curtis, Jack Lemmon, Natalie Wood, Peter Falk, Ross Martin
The Great Sioux Massacre, directed by Sidney Salkow and starring Joseph Cotten, Darren McGavin and Philip Carey
The Greatest Story Ever Told, directed by George Stevens, starring Max von Sydow, Charlton Heston, Dorothy McGuire, David McCallum, Martin Landau, Telly Savalas
Guide, directed by Vijay Anand, starring Dev Anand – (India)
Gumnaam (Unknown), starring Manoj Kumar – (India)

H
The Hallelujah Trail, directed by John Sturges, starring Burt Lancaster, Lee Remick, Jim Hutton, Pamela Tiffin
Hands of a Gunfighter (Ocaso de un pistolero / Il destino di un pistolero), directed by Rafael Romero Marchent – (Italy/Spain)
Happiness (Le bonheur), directed by Agnès Varda – (France)
Harlow, starring Carroll Baker, Peter Lawford, Red Buttons, Mike Connors, Leslie Nielsen, Angela Lansbury
Harlow, starring Carol Lynley, Efrem Zimbalist, Jr., Barry Sullivan, Hurd Hatfield, Ginger Rogers
Harum Scarum, aka Harem Holiday, starring Elvis Presley, Mary Ann Mobley, Fran Jeffries
Harvey Middleman, Fireman, written and directed by Ernest Pintoff
Help!, directed by Richard Lester, starring the Beatles – (U.K.)
The Heroes of Telemark, starring Kirk Douglas and Richard Harris
A High Wind in Jamaica, starring Anthony Quinn and James Coburn – (U.K.)
The Hill, directed by Sidney Lumet, starring Sean Connery, Ian Bannen, Ossie Davis – (U.K.)
The Hour and Turn of Augusto Matraga (A Hora e a Vez de Augusto Matraga) – (Brazil)
How to Murder Your Wife, starring Jack Lemmon and Virna Lisi
How to Stuff a Wild Bikini, starring Annette Funicello, Dwayne Hickman, Buster Keaton, Beverly Adams, Mickey Rooney

I
I, a Woman (Jeg - en kvinde), directed by Mac Ahlberg – (Denmark/Sweden)
I Knew Her Well (Io la conoscevo bene), starring Stefania Sandrelli, Nino Manfredi, Franco Nero – (Italy)
I'll Take Sweden, starring Bob Hope, Dina Merrill, Frankie Avalon, Tuesday Weld
Impossible on Saturday (Pas question le samedi) – (Italy/France/Israel)
In Harm's Way, directed by Otto Preminger, starring John Wayne, Kirk Douglas, Patricia Neal, Brandon deWilde, Paula Prentiss, Henry Fonda
Inside Daisy Clover, starring Natalie Wood, Robert Redford, Christopher Plummer
Inside the Forbidden City (Song gong mi shi) – (Hong Kong)
Intimate Lighting (Intimní osvětlení), directed by Ivan Passer – (Czechoslovakia)
Invasion of Astro-Monster (Kaijû daisensô), directed by Ishirō Honda – (Japan)
The Ipcress File, directed by Sidney J. Furie, starring Michael Caine – BAFTA Award for Best British Film – (U.K.)
I Saw What You Did, starring Joan Crawford

J
John Goldfarb, Please Come Home!, starring Shirley MacLaine, Richard Crenna, Peter Ustinov
Joy in the Morning, starring Richard Chamberlain and Yvette Mimieux
Juliet of the Spirits (Giulietta degli spiriti), directed by Federico Fellini – (Italy/France)

K
King Rat, starring George Segal, Tom Courtenay and James Fox
The Knack ...and How to Get It, directed by Richard Lester and starring Rita Tushingham – (U.K.)

L
The Lace Wars (Les fêtes galantes), directed by René Clair – (France/Romania)
Lady L, directed by Peter Ustinov, starring Sophia Loren, Paul Newman and David Niven
Laurel and Hardy's Laughing 20's, a retrospective film directed by Robert Youngson
Licensed to Kill, starring Tom Adams – (U.K.)
Life at the Top, starring Laurence Harvey and Jean Simmons – (U.K.)
The Liquidator, directed by Jack Cardiff, starring Rod Taylor and Trevor Howard (U.K.)
La Loba (The She-Wolf) – (Mexico)
Lord Jim, starring Peter O'Toole – (UK/US)
Love and Kisses, starring Rick Nelson
The Love Goddesses, a documentary directed by Saul J. Turell
Love Has Many Faces, starring Lana Turner, Hugh O'Brian and Cliff Robertson
Love Meetings, a documentary by Pier Paolo Pasolini – (Italy)
The Loved One, directed by Tony Richardson, starring Robert Morse and Jonathan Winters
Loves of a Blonde (Lásky jedné plavovlásky), directed by Miloš Forman – (Czechoslovakia)

M
A Maiden for a Prince (Una vergine per il principe), starring Virna Lisi and Vittorio Gassman – (Italy)
Major Dundee, directed by Sam Peckinpah, starring Charlton Heston, Richard Harris, James Coburn, Jim Hutton
The Man from Button Willow
Man Is Not a Bird (Čovek nije tica) – (Yugoslavia)
Marco the Magnificent (La fabuleuse aventure de Marco Polo), directed by Denys de La Patellière and Noël Howard – (Multiple countries)
Marriage on the Rocks, starring Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin and Deborah Kerr
Marvelous Angelique (Merveilleuse Angélique), directed by Bernard Borderie – (France/Italy/West Germany)
McHale's Navy Joins the Air Force
Mickey One, directed by Arthur Penn, starring Warren Beatty
Mirage, directed by Edward Dmytryk, starring Gregory Peck, Diane Baker and Walter Matthau
Mister Moses, directed by Ronald Neame and starring Robert Mitchum and Carroll Baker
The Moment of Truth (Il momento della verità), directed by Francesco Rosi – (Italy)
The Money Trap, starring Glenn Ford, Rita Hayworth, Ricardo Montalbán, Joseph Cotten, Elke Sommer
The Monkey's Uncle, starring Annette Funicello and Tommy Kirk
Morituri, starring Marlon Brando and Yul Brynner
Mozambique, directed by Robert Lynn – (U.K./West Germany)
My Baby Is Black! (Les lâches vivent d'espoir), 1961 French film released in the U.S. in 1965 – (France)

N
The Nanny, starring Bette Davis – (U.K.)
 The Naked Prey, directed by and starring Cornel Wilde – (U.S./South Africa)
Never Too Late, starring Paul Ford, Maureen O'Sullivan, Connie Stevens, Jim Hutton
Nightmare Castle, starring Barbara Steele – (Italy)
Nightmare in the Sun, starring Ursula Andress, John Derek, Aldo Ray and Sammy Davis, Jr.
Ninety Degrees in the Shade (Třicet jedna ve stínu), directed by Jiří Weiss – (U.K./Czechoslovakia)
None but the Brave, directed by and starring Frank Sinatra, with Clint Walker and Tommy Sands

O
Once a Thief, starring Alain Delon and Ann-Margret – (United States/France)
One Way Pendulum, directed by Peter Yates – (U.K.)
Operation C.I.A., starring Burt Reynolds and Danielle Aubry
Operation Crossbow, starring Sophia Loren – (U.K.)
Operation Y and Shurik's Other Adventures (Operatsiya "Y" i drugie priklyucheniya Shurika), starring Aleksandr Demyanenko – (U.S.S.R.)
OSS 117–Mission for a Killer (Furia à Bahia pour OSS 117), directed by André Hunebelle and starring Frederick Stafford – (France)
Othello, directed by Stuart Burge, starring Laurence Olivier, Maggie Smith, Frank Finlay – (U.K.)

P
Pandora and the Magic Box, directed by Joseph W. Sarno
Paris Secret, a documentary directed by Edouard Logereau
A Patch of Blue, starring Sidney Poitier, Elizabeth Hartman, Shelley Winters
Pierrot le Fou, directed by Jean-Luc Godard, starring Jean-Paul Belmondo and Anna Karina – (France)
Pinocchio in Outer Space, produced and directed by Ray Goossens – (U.S./Belgium)
A Pistol for Ringo (Una pistola per Ringo), directed by Duccio Tessari
Planet of the Vampires (Terrore nello spazio), directed by Mario Bava – (Italy/Spain)
The Possessed (La donna del lago), directed by Luigi Bazzoni and Franco Rossellini – (Italy)
Promise Her Anything, directed by Arthur Hiller, starring Warren Beatty and Leslie Caron

R
The Rabbit Is Me (Das Kaninchen bin ich) – (East Germany)
A Rage to Live, directed by Walter Grauman and starring Suzanne Pleshette
The Railroad Man (Il ferroviere), directed by Pietro Germi – (Italy)
The Railrodder, a comedy short starring Buster Keaton in his last film – (Canada)
Rapture (La fleur de l'âge), directed by John Guillermin, starring Melvyn Douglas, Patricia Gozzi and Dean Stockwell – (France/U.S.)
Răscoala, directed by Mircea Mureșan – (Romania)
Red Beard (Akahige), directed by Akira Kurosawa, starring Toshiro Mifune – (Japan)
Red Line 7000, directed by Howard Hawks and starring James Caan
Repulsion, directed by Roman Polanski, starring Catherine Deneuve – (U.K.)
Return from the Ashes, starring Maximilian Schell and Samantha Eggar
The Return of Mr. Moto, starring Henry Silva – (U.K.)
The Return of Ringo (Il ritorno di Ringo), directed by Duccio Tessari
Rotten to the Core, directed by John Boulting – (U.K.)
The Rounders, directed by Burt Kennedy, starring Glenn Ford and Henry Fonda

S
Samurai Spy (Ibun Sarutobi Sasuke) – (Japan)
Sandra (Vaghe stelle dell'Orsa), directed by Luchino Visconti, starring Claudia Cardinale – (Italy)
São Paulo, Sociedade Anônima (São Paulo, the Anonymous Town) – (Brazil)
The Saragossa Manuscript (Rekopis znaleziony w Saragossie), starring Zbigniew Cybulski – (Poland)
The Sandpiper, directed by Vincente Minnelli, starring Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton and Eva Marie Saint
Sands of the Kalahari, starring Stuart Whitman, Stanley Baker, Susannah York – (U.K.)
The Satan Bug, starring George Maharis and Anne Francis
Secrets Behind the Wall (Kabe no naka no himegoto) – (Japan)
Sergeant Deadhead, starring Frankie Avalon and Deborah Walley
 Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors (Tini zabutykh predkiv) – (U.S.S.R.)
Shakespeare Wallah, directed by James Ivory, starring Shashi Kapoor, Felicity Kendal, Madhur Jaffrey
The Shameless Old Lady (La vieille dame indigne), directed by René Allio – (France)
She, starring Ursula Andress and Peter Cushing – (U.K.)
Shenandoah, starring James Stewart, Doug McClure, Rosemary Forsyth, Katharine Ross
Ship of Fools, directed by Stanley Kramer, starring Vivien Leigh, Simone Signoret, Lee Marvin, Michael Dunn, José Ferrer
The Shop on Main Street (Obchod na korze), directed by Ján Kadár and Elmar Klos (Czechoslovakia)
Simon of the Desert (Simón del desierto), directed by Luis Buñuel – (Mexico)
The Sin (Al Haram) – (Egypt)
Situation Hopeless... But Not Serious, starring Alec Guinness, Mike Connors, Robert Redford
Ski Party, starring Frankie Avalon and Yvonne Craig
The Skull, starring Peter Cushing, Christopher Lee, Patrick Wymark – (U.K.)
Slalom, starring Vittorio Gassman, Adolfo Celi, Beba Lončar, Daniela Bianchi – (Italy)
The Sleeping Car Murders (Compartiment tueurs), directed by Costa-Gavras, starring Yves Montand and Simone Signoret – (France)
The Slender Thread, directed by Sydney Pollack, starring Sidney Poitier, Anne Bancroft, Telly Savalas and Ed Asner
The Sons of Katie Elder, directed by Henry Hathaway, starring John Wayne and Dean Martin
The Sound of Music, directed by Robert Wise, starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer
The Spy Who Came in from the Cold, directed by Martin Ritt, starring Richard Burton and Claire Bloom – (U.K.)
Sting of Death, directed by William Grefe
Story of a Prostitute (Shunpuden), directed by Seijun Suzuki – (Japan)
Strange Bedfellows, starring Rock Hudson and Gina Lollobrigida
A Study in Terror (British), a Sherlock Holmes mystery directed by James Hill, starring John Neville as Holmes, Donald Houston as Watson, and Anthony Quayle- (U.K.)
A Swingin' Summer, starring James Stacy and Raquel Welch
Sword of the Beast (Kedamono no ken), directed by Hideo Gosha – (Japan)
Sylvia, starring Carroll Baker and George Maharis
Synanon, directed by Richard Quine, starring Edmond O'Brien, Chuck Connors, Stella Stevens

T
Tattooed Life (Irezumi ichidai), directed by Seijun Suzuki – (Japan)
Ten Little Indians, starring Shirley Eaton, Hugh O'Brian, Daliah Lavi, Stanley Holloway, Wilfred Hyde-White, Fabian Forte – (U.K.)
That Darn Cat! starring Dean Jones
That Funny Feeling, starring Bobby Darin and Sandra Dee
That Man in Istanbul, directed by Antonio Isasi-Isasmendi and starring Horst Buchholz – (France/Italy/Spain)
The Third Day, starring George Peppard and Elizabeth Ashley
Thirty Three (Tridtsat tri) – (U.S.S.R.)
Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines, directed by Ken Annakin, starring Stuart Whitman, Sarah Miles, Robert Morley, Gert Fröbe – (U.K.)
A Thousand Clowns, starring Jason Robards, Barry Gordon, Martin Balsam, Barbara Harris
Thunderball, starring Sean Connery (as James Bond), with Claudine Auger, Luciana Paluzzi, Adolfo Celi – (U.K.)
Tickle Me, starring Elvis Presley
Tokyo Olympiad, a documentary directed by Kon Ichikawa – (Japan)
Town Tamer, directed by Lesley Selander and starring Dana Andrews
The Truth About Spring, directed by Richard Thorpe, starring Hayley Mills and John Mills
Two on a Guillotine, directed by William Conrad and starring Connie Stevens

U
The Uninhibited (Los pianos mecánicos), directed by Juan Antonio Bardem, starring Melina Mercouri and James Mason – (Spain)
Up from the Beach, starring Cliff Robertson
Up to His Ears (Les tribulations d'un chinois en chine), starring Jean Paul Belmondo and Ursula Andress – (France)

V
A Very Special Favor, starring Rock Hudson and Leslie Caron
Victim Five, directed by Robert Lynn – (U.K.)
Viva Maria!, directed by Louis Malle, starring Brigitte Bardot and Jeanne Moreau – (France)
Von Ryan's Express, directed by Mark Robson, starring Frank Sinatra, Trevor Howard, Edward Mulhare, Adolfo Celi
Voyage to the Prehistoric Planet, starring Basil Rathbone

W
Waqt, starring Sunil Dutt and Sadhana – (India)
The War Game, a TV docudrama directed by Peter Watkins – (U.K.)
The War Lord, starring Charlton Heston, Richard Boone, Rosemary Forsyth
What's New Pussycat?, directed by Clive Donner, starring Peter Sellers, Peter O'Toole, Woody Allen, Romy Schneider, Paula Prentiss, Capucine
Who Killed Teddy Bear, starring Sal Mineo, Juliet Prowse and Elaine Stritch
Wild on the Beach, starring Sherry Jackson, Frankie Randall, Sonny & Cher
Willy McBean and His Magic Machine, stop-motion film produced by Arthur Rankin, Jr. and Videocraft International
Winter Kept Us Warm, directed by David Secter – (Canada)
The World of Abbott and Costello, starring Bud Abbott and Lou Costello

Y
Yo Yo, directed by and starring Pierre Étaix – (France)
You Must Be Joking!, starring Lionel Jeffries, Denholm Elliott, Michael Callan – (U.K.)
Young Cassidy, directed by Jack Cardiff and John Ford – (U.K.)
Young Dillinger, starring Nick Adams and Mary Ann Mobley

Z

 Zatoichi and the Chess Expert (Zatōichi jigoku-tabi), directed by Kenji Misumi – (Japan)
 Zatoichi and the Doomed Man (Zatōichi sakate-giri), directed by Kazuo Mori – (Japan)

Short film series
Looney Tunes (1930–1969)
Merrie Melodies (1931–1969)
Speedy Gonzales (1953–1968)
Goofy (1965)

Births
January 1 - Dan Yeager, American actor, writer, producer and director
January 3 – Jens Albinus, Danish actor
January 4
Yvan Attal, French actor, scriptwriter and director
Julia Ormond, English actress
January 5 - Vinnie Jones, British actor, producer and singer
January 8 - Michelle Forbes, American actress
January 9 – Joely Richardson, English actress
January 10 – Butch Hartman, American animator, writer, producer and director
January 12 - Rob Zombie, American singer-songwriter, filmmaker and actor
January 15 – James Nesbitt, Northern Irish actor
January 22
Diane Lane, American actress
Brian McCardie, Scottish actor and writer
January 24 - Carlos Saldanha, Brazilian animator, director, producer and voice actor
January 27 – Alan Cumming, Scottish actor
January 28 - Lynda Boyd, Canadian actress, singer, musician and writer
January 31 - Matt McColm, American actor and stuntman
February 1 – Brandon Lee, American actor (d. 1993)
February 3 – Maura Tierney, American actress
February 7
Chris Rock, American actor and comedian
Jason Gedrick, American actor
February 9
Darren Dalton, American actor, screenwriter and producer
Keith Wickham, British voice actor, comedian and screenwriter
February 12 - Christine Elise, American actress
February 13
Andy Buckley, American actor
Stephen Manley, American actor
February 17 - Michael Bay, American director and producer
February 18 – Dr. Dre, American music producer
February 20 - Ron Eldard, American actor
February 23 – Kristin Davis, American actress
February 27 - Noah Emmerich, American actor and director
March 4 - Stacy Edwards, American actress
March 9
Mike Pollock, American voice actor and former radio personality
Coolie Ranx, British-Jamaican actor and singer
March 11 - Wallace Langham, American actor
March 13 - Steve Bacic, Canadian actor
March 14 – Aamir Khan, Indian actor
March 18 - Yul Vazquez, Cuban-American actor and musician
March 19 - Fred Stoller, American actor and stand-up comedian
March 23
Peter Jacobson, American actor
Wayne Péré, American character actor
March 25 – Sarah Jessica Parker, American actress
March 31 – Steve Bing, American businessman, philanthropist and film producer (d. 2020)
April 1 - José Zúñiga, Honduran-American actor
April 3 - Angela Featherstone, actress and writer
April 4 – Robert Downey, Jr., American actor
April 9 - Mark Pellegrino, American actor
April 11 - Lynn Ferguson, Scottish writer and actress
April 16
Jon Cryer, American actor
Martin Lawrence, American actor and comedian
April 17
William Mapother, American actor
Catherine Russell, British actress
April 22 - Roman Coppola, American filmmaker, screenwriter, producer
April 25 - John Henson, American puppeteer (d. 2014)
April 26 – Kevin James, American actor and comedian
April 30 - Adrian Pasdar, American actor and voice artist
May 2 - Ari Lehman, American actor
May 3 - Rob Brydon, Welsh actor, comedian, presenter, singer and writer
May 10 - Kiyoyuki Yanada, Japanese voice actor (d. 2022)
May 12 - Anthony Brandon Wong, Australian actor
May 16 - Vincent Regan, British actor
May 19 - Mikhail Gorevoy, Russian actor
May 23 – Liina Tennosaar, Estonian actress
May 24 – John C. Reilly, American actor and comedian
May 27 – Zenobia Shroff, Indian-American actress and comedienne
May 31
Jeremy Hotz, Canadian-American actor and stand-up comedian
Brooke Shields, American actress and model
June 1 - Andrew Havill, English actor
June 8 - Frank Grillo, American actor
June 10 – Elizabeth Hurley, English model and actress
June 18 – Kim Dickens, American actress
June 19 – Sean Marshall, American child actor and singer
June 22 - J. J. Cohen, American actor
June 24 - Richard Lumsden, English actor, writer, composer and musician
June 28 – Sonny Strait, American voice actor
July 3
Tommy Flanagan, Scottish actor
Connie Nielsen, Danish actress
July 4
Gérard Watkins, English-French actor, playwright, director and screenwriter
Tracy Letts, American actor, playwright and screenwriter
July 8
Corey Parker, American actor and acting coach
Lee Tergesen, American actor
July 9
K. Todd Freeman, American actor
David O'Hara, Scottish character actor
July 11
Liane Curtis, American actress and musician
Pamela Gidley, American actress and model (d. 2018)
July 14 - Bibo Bergeron, French animator and director
July 16 - Daryl Mitchell, American actor and rapper
July 17
Santiago Segura, Spanish filmmaker and actor
Alex Winter, British-born American director, writer and actor
July 23 - Allison Abbate, American producer and animator
July 24 - Doug Liman, American director and producer
July 25 – Illeana Douglas, American actress
July 26 – Jeremy Piven, American actor
August 1 - Sam Mendes, British director, producer and screenwriter
August 4 - James Tupper, Canadian actor
August 5 - Scott William Winters, American actor
August 6
 Jeremy Ratchford, Canadian actor
 De'voreaux White, American actor
August 10 - Claudia Christian, American actress and singer
August 11
Embeth Davidtz, American-South African actress
Viola Davis, American actress
August 12 - Peter Krause, American actor, director and producer
August 16 - Brian McCann, American actor, comedian and writer
August 18 - Ikue Ōtani, Japanese actress, singer, voice actress and narrator
August 19
Maria de Medeiros, Portuguese actress, director and singer
Kevin Dillon, American actor
Kyra Sedgwick, American actress
August 22 - Courtney Gains, American actor
August 24 – Marlee Matlin, American actress
August 25 - Kim Kold, Danish actor
August 31
Daniel Bernhardt, Swiss actor, model and martial artist
Jaime P. Gomez, American actor
September 3 – Charlie Sheen, American actor
September 4 - Michael Bentt, British-born American actor
September 6 - John Polson, Australian actor and director
September 9 - Constance Marie, American actress
September 13 - Jeff Ross, American stand-up comedian and actor
September 15 - Joe Chrest, American academic and actor
September 17
Bryan Singer, American director, producer and screenwriter
Kyle Chandler, American actor
September 21
Cheryl Hines, American actress, comedian and director
David Wenham, Australian actor
September 25 - Gordon Currie, Canadian-American actor
September 30 - Omid Djalili, British stand-up comedian, actor, television producer, voice actor and writer of Iranian descent
October 8
Peter Greene, American actor
Burr Steers, American actor, screenwriter and director
October 10
Chris Penn, American actor (d. 2006)
Rebecca Pidgeon, American actress, singer and songwriter
October 11
Lennie James, English actor
Ivo Uukkivi, Estonian actor, singer and television producer
Sean Patrick Flanery, American actor, author and martial artist
October 14 – Steve Coogan, English actor
October 18 - Ralph Eggleston, American animator, art director, storyboard artist, writer, director and production designer (d. 2022)
October 19 – Merle Jääger, Estonian actress and poet
October 20 – William Zabka, American actor
October 22 - Valeria Golino, Italian actress and film director
October 25 – Mathieu Amalric, French actor and filmmaker
October 28 - Jami Gertz, American actress
October 31 - Rob Rackstraw, British voice actor
November 2 – Shah Rukh Khan, Indian actor
November 7 - Mike Henry, American actor, comedian, writer and producer
November 19 - Paul Weitz, American filmmaker and actor
November 21 – Alexander Siddig, Sudanese-English actor
November 22 - Mads Mikkelsen, Danish actor
November 23 - Don Frye, American actor
November 24 – Shirley Henderson, Scottish actress
November 25 - Dougray Scott, Scottish actor
November 26 - Scott Adsit, American actor, comedian and writer
November 30
Ben Stiller, American actor
Andrew Tiernan, British actor and director
December 2 - Beatrice Macola, Italian actress (d. 2001)
December 3 - Andrew Stanton, American animator, director, screenwriter, producer and voice actor
December 7 – Jeffrey Wright, American actor
December 14 - Ted Raimi, American character actor, director, comedian and writer
December 16 – J.B. Smoove, American actor and comedian
December 19 - Jessica Steen, Canadian actress
December 21 – Andy Dick, American comedian, actor, musician and television and film producer
December 22 - David S. Goyer, American filmmaker
December 27 – Salman Khan, Indian actor
December 31 – Gong Li, Chinese actress

Deaths
January 14 – Jeanette MacDonald, 61, American actress, singer, San Francisco, One Hour with You
February 5 – Irving Bacon, 71, American actor, Meet John Doe, Fort Ti
February 10 – Arnold Manoff, 50, American screenwriter, No Minor Vices, Casbah
February 15 – Nat King Cole, 45, American singer and actor, St. Louis Blues, Istanbul
February 23 – Stan Laurel, 74, British actor, The Flying Deuces, Sons of the Desert
 March 1 – Fred Immler, 84, German actor, Madame Du Barry, Zapata's Gang
March 6 – Margaret Dumont, 82, American actress, Duck Soup, A Night at the Opera
March 8 – Esther Howard, 72, American actress, The Big Noise, Detour
March 23 – Mae Murray, 79, American actress, The Merry Widow, The Delicious Little Devil
March 28
Clemence Dane, 77, British screenwriter, Anna Karenina, Perfect Strangers
Jack Hoxie, 80, American Western actor, The Last Frontier, Gold
April 1 – Edna Tichenor, 64, American actress, London After Midnight, The Show
April 3 – Ray Enright, 69, American director, Alibi Ike, The Spoilers
April 8 – Lars Hanson, 78, Swedish actor, The Wind, Flesh and the Devil
April 10 – Linda Darnell, 41, American actress, My Darling Clementine, The Mark of Zorro
April 24 – Louise Dresser, 85, American actress, A Ship Comes In, The Scarlet Empress
April 30 – Helen Chandler, 59, American actress, Dracula, The Last Flight
5 May – John Waters, 71, screenwriter and director, The Big Country, The Desperate Hours
June 6 – Lech Owron, 71, Polish actor, Vampires of Warsaw, The Little Eagle
June 7 – Judy Holliday, 43, American actress, Born Yesterday, Bells Are Ringing
June 8 – Florence Ryerson, 72, American screenwriter, The Wizard of Oz, The Ice Follies of 1939
June 15 – Steve Cochran, 48, American actor, The Best Years of Our Lives, White Heat
June 22 – David O. Selznick, 63, American producer, Gone with the Wind, Rebecca
June 23 – Mary Boland, 85, American stage and film actress, The Women, Ruggles of Red Gap
June 27 – Anthony Veiller, 62, American screenwriter, The Stranger, The Killers
July 11 – Ray Collins, 78, American actor, Citizen Kane, The Kid from Left Field
July 19 – Clyde Beatty, 62, American actor and animal trainer, Africa Screams, Ring of Fear
July 24 – Constance Bennett, 60, American actress, Topper, Merrily We Live
July 28 – Minor Watson, 75, American actor, Woman of the Year, The Jackie Robinson Story
August 6
Everett Sloane, 55, American actor, Citizen Kane, The Lady from Shanghai
Nancy Carroll, 61, American actress, The Devil's Holiday, Hot Saturday
August 30 – Pauline Garon, 64, Canadian actress, The Heart of Broadway, The College Hero
September 2 – Felix E. Feist, 55, American director, This Woman Is Dangerous, The Big Trees
September 4 – Isabel Jeans, 93, British actress, Suspicion, Gigi
September 7
 Catherine Dale Owen, 70, American actress, Such Men Are Dangerous, Born Reckless
 Jean Peyrière, 79, French actor, Le roi de Paris, Fanfan la Tulipe
September 8 – Dorothy Dandridge, 42, American actress, singer, Carmen Jones, Porgy and Bess
September 27 – Clara Bow, 60, American actress, Wings, It
September 29 – Eddie Gribbon, 75, American film actor, brother of Harry Gribbon
October 3 – Zachary Scott, 51, American actor, Mildred Pierce, The Southerner
October 6 – Tom Kennedy, 80, American actor, Petticoat Larceny, Bringing Up Father
October 18 – Henry Travers, 91, British actor, It's a Wonderful Life, Shadow of a Doubt
October 21 – Marie McDonald, 42, American actress, The Geisha Boy, Living in a Big Way
October 23 – Janice Logan, 50, American actress, Dr. Cyclops, Opened by Mistake
October 31 – Rita Johnson, 52, American actress, Here Comes Mr. Jordan, The Major and the Minor
November 14 – Russell Collins, 68, American actor, Miss Sadie Thompson, Bad Day at Black Rock
November 26 – Wild Bill Elliott, 61, American actor, The San Antonio Kid, Sudden Danger
December 5 – Joseph I. Breen, 77, chief administrator of the Motion Picture Production Code of 1930 (Hays Code) from 1934 to 1954
December 22 – Albert Ritz, 64, American entertainer of the Ritz Brothers, Sing, Baby, Sing, Life Begins in College
December 29 – Frank S. Nugent, 57, American screenwriter, The Searchers, She Wore a Yellow Ribbon

Film debuts
Ian Abercrombie – Von Ryan's Express
Woody Allen – What's New Pussycat
Paul Benedict – The Double-Barrelled Detective Story
Jane Birkin – The Knack ...and How to Get It
Jacqueline Bisset – The Knack ...and How to Get It
Dabney Coleman – The Slender Thread
Robert De Niro – Three Rooms in Manhattan
Agneta Ekmanner – Love 65
Michael Gambon – Othello
Giancarlo Giannini – Libido
Uschi Glas – The Sinister Monk
Olivia Hussey – The Battle of the Villa Fiorita
Timothy Hutton – Never Too Late
Derek Jacobi – Othello
James Karen – Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster
Philip Kaufman (director) – Goldstein
Stuart Lancaster – Mudhoney
Ana Martín – El gángster
Alex Rocco – Motorpsycho
Katharine Ross – Shenandoah
Fran Ryan – Mickey One
José Sacristán – La familia y... uno más
Abe Vigoda – Three Rooms in Manhattan
José Wilker – A Falecida
Paul Williams – The Loved One

References

External links
List of 1965 films at IMDb
List of 1965 deaths at IMDb
 List of 1965 births at IMDb

Film by year

1965 in film


A machinist is a person who uses tools to make modify parts and objects, such as parts for firearms, vehicles such as airplanes, cars, and boats, and plastic injection molds. A machinist can cut metal, plastic, wood, or other materials, such as ice. Machinists may operate manual machines or Numerical control (CNC) machines.

Machinists follow a print that tells them what kind of metal to use, where to cut, how deep to cut, what angles to cut at, and many other specified instructions to meet a person's standards.

Machines
These tools include, but are not limited to, the:

 Lathe, a machine tool that grips a piece of "stock" (metal cut into a smaller size for machining) and spins it against cutting point. A lathe may be CNC or manual.
 Milling machine, a machine tool that grips a cutter and spins it, and allows the stock to be pushed into, away from, or against the cutter. A milling machine may be CNC or manual.

Tools
Machinists will make use of calipers, gages, micrometers, paints, and other items for the use of checking to see if parts are machined correctly or planning out cuts.

Layout paint may come in red or blue. It is used to coat the side of a part for scribing a path or shape of a cut.

Bar stock
Bar stock is metal that has not yet been machined. It may be referred to as slugs, blanks, or billets. It may be made of different kinds of steel or aluminum.

Metals higher in Carbon are harder to cut, while metals lower in carbon are easier to cut.

Machines

Machinist


Wolf C. Hartwig (8 September 1919, Düsseldorf, Germany – 18 December 2017, Paris, France) sometimes credited as Wolfgang C. Hartwig and Wolfgang Hartwig, was a German film producer working in exploitation genres.

Career
After acting as a film distributor, Hartwig's first film as a producer was the then controversial documentary Bis fünf nach zwölf – Adolf Hitler und das 3. Reich (1953).  Seeing the value of notorious publicity, Hartwig began producing a series of exploitation films called "Sittenfilme" or "vice films" for his film production company Rapid Film. His first 15 films from 1957 to 1962 were  economically based on original screenplays and did not use a major distributor.

Hartwig began the next phase of his career in 1962 with The Hot Port of Hong Kong.  Hartwig not only found it cheaper to film in Near Eastern and Oriental locations but his films received international co-production funding from other European nations.  His films were released by two major German film companies Gloria Film and Constantin Film, who were attracted by Hartwig's subjects of adventure, Eurospy films and works by popular German authors such as a film based on the adventures of the pre-World War II pulp fiction hero Rolf Torring that was reprinted in paperback after the war, and Westerns based on the works of Friedrich Gerstäcker.

In the late 1960s Hartwig moved to sex films such as the Schulmädchen-Report film series that initiated  the Sex report film genre.

In 1977 Hartwig decided to film a large budget World War II film shot in Yugoslavia from the German point of view and engaged Sam Peckinpah to direct Cross of Iron.  The film lead to a sequel Breakthrough (1979) directed by Andrew V. MacLaglen.  His last film was Palace directed by Édouard Molinaro.

During the 1960s he was married to the actress Dorothee Parker who appeared in several of his films.

Selected filmography

Producer

 Bis fünf nach zwölf – Adolf Hitler und das 3. Reich (1953)
 All the Sins of the Earth (1958)
 Sin Began with Eve (1958), released in the US in 1962 with additional footage under the title The Bellboy and the Playgirls
  (1959)
 Final Destination: Red Lantern (1960)
 Satan Tempts with Love (1960)
 Horrors of Spider Island (1960)
 Island of the Amazons (1960)
 Melody of Hate (1962)
 The Hot Port of Hong Kong (1962)
 Between Shanghai and St. Pauli (1962)
 The Pirates of the Mississippi (1963)
 Mission to Hell (1964)
 Mystery of the Red Jungle (1964)
 Coffin from Hong Kong (1964)
 The Secret of the Chinese Carnation (1964)
 Massacre at Marble City (1964)
 Black Eagle of Santa Fe (1965)
 Mutiny in the South Seas (1965)
 13 Days to Die (1965)
 Target for Killing (1966)
 Agent 505: Death Trap in Beirut (1966)
 Countdown to Doomsday (1966)
 A Handful of Heroes (1967)
 Lotus Flowers for Miss Quon (1967)
 Emma Hamilton (1968)
 Madame and Her Niece (1969)
 The Young Tigers of Hong Kong (1969)
 Schulmädchen-Report (1970)
 Holiday Report (1971)
 Nurse Report (1972)
 The Girl from Hong Kong (1973)
 No Gold for a Dead Diver (1974)
 Cross of Iron (1977)
 Bloody Moon (1981)
  (1984)

Actor
 The Pirates of the Mississippi (1963) - Soldier (uncredited)
 Mutiny in the South Seas (1965) - Captain Lieutenant Krüger
 Schulmädchen-Report (1973, part 5) - Zuschauer im Gerichtsaal hinter Willy Harlander (uncredited)
 Cross of Iron (1977) - Hartwig (uncredited) (final film role)

References

External links

1919 births
2017 deaths
German film producers
Film people from Düsseldorf

Wolf C. Hartwig


Sir Josiah Child, 1st Baronet,  (c. 1630/31 – 22 June 1699) was an English economist, merchant and politician. He was an economist proponent of mercantilism and governor of the East India Company. He led the company in the Anglo-Mughal War.

Early life
Child was born around 1630–31 and christened in St Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange on 27 February 1630–31, the second son of Richard Child, a merchant of Fleet Street (buried 1639 at Hackney), and Elizabeth Roycroft of Weston Wick, Shropshire. After serving his apprenticeship in the family business, after much struggle, he succeeded.  At about age 25, he started on his own account at Portsmouth as victualler to the Navy under the Commonwealth; he is also described as "agent to the Navy Treasurer".

He amassed a comfortable fortune, and became a considerable stock-holder in the East India Company. In 1659, he was elected Member of Parliament for Petersfield in the Third Protectorate Parliament. He was elected MP for Dartmouth in 1673 in a by-election to the Cavalier Parliament.

Purchase of Wanstead Manor

Child purchased Wanstead Manor in Essex in 1673 from the executors of Sir Robert Brooke and spent much money on laying out the grounds of the manor house, Wanstead Hall. The diarist John Evelyn made the following characteristically waspish entry for 16 March 1683
"I went to see Sir Josiah Child's prodigious cost in planting of walnut trees about his seat and making fishponds many miles in circuit in Epping Forest in a barren spot as commonly these overgrown and suddenly monied men for the most part seat themselves. He from an ordinary merchant's apprentice & management of the East India Company's common stock being arrived to an estate ('tis said) of £200,000 and lately married his daughter to the eldest son of the Duke of Beaufort, late Marquis of Worcester, with £30,000 (some versions £50,000) portion at present, & various expectations. This merchant most sordidly avaricious etc."

According to Daniel Defoe, Child "added innumerable rows of trees, avenues and vistas to the house, all leading up to the place where the old house stood, as to a centre".

In 1678, Child was created Baronet Child of Wanstead in the County of Essex. In 1685 he was elected MP for Ludlow. He served as High Sheriff of Essex in 1689.

Career with the East India Company
Child's advocacy, both by speech and by pen (under the pseudonym Philopatris), of the East India Company's claims to political power, as well as to its right of restricting competition to its trade, brought him to the notice of the shareholders. He was appointed a Director in 1677, rising to Deputy-Governor and finally became Governor of the East India Company in 1681. In this latter capacity, he directed the company's policy as if it were his own private business.

He and Sir John Child, president of Surat and governor of Bombay (no relation according to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, arms: "Vert, 2 bars engrailled between 3 leopards' faces or") are sometimes credited with the change from unarmed to armed traffic, but the actual renunciation of the Roe doctrine of unarmed traffic by the company was resolved upon in January 1686, under Governor Sir Joseph Ash, when Child was temporarily out of office.

War with Mughal India

Child lost the war with Aurangzeb, 6th Mughal Emperor, which took place between 1688 and 1690. Aurangzeb, however, did not take any punitive action against the company and restored its trading privileges. "For a massive indemnity and promises of better conduct in the future, he Aurangzeb graciously agreed to the restoration of their East India Company's trading privileges and the withdrawal of his troops".

Economic philosophy

Child contributed to the literature of economics, especially Brief Observations concerning Trade and the Interest of Money (1668), and A New Discourse of Trade (1668 and 1690). He was a moderate in the days of the mercantile system and has sometimes been regarded as a sort of pioneer in developing the free-trade doctrines of the 18th century. Though Child considered himself a proponent of the competitive market, he simultaneously argued for a government-controlled interest rate and restricted trade among the colonies, benefiting England.  He made various proposals for improving English trade by following the Dutch example.  He advocated a low rate of interest as the causa causans of all the other causes of the riches of the Dutch people. This low rate of interest he thought should be created and maintained by public authority. Child, whilst adhering to the doctrine of the balance of trade, observed that a people cannot always sell to foreigners without ever buying from them, and denied that the export of the precious metals was necessarily detrimental. Like other writers in what is commonly called the mercantilist period or tradition, he viewed a numerous population as an asset to a country.  He became prominent with a new scheme for the relief and employment of the poor. He also advocated the reservation by the mother country of the sole right of trade with her colonies.

In Sir Josiah Child, Merchant Economist (1959), William Letwin considers that Child's economic thought was of little theoretical importance but notes that he was "the most widely-read of seventeenth-century economic writers".

Family
Child married firstly, Hannah Boate, daughter of Edward Boate, on 26 December 1654 at Portsmouth, Hampshire. He had one surviving child, Elizabeth. Two other children died young. Elizabeth married John Howland of Streatham, and their daughter Elizabeth married the Duke of Bedford.

Child married secondly, c. 14 June 1663, Mary Atwood, daughter of William Atwood. The issues from this marriage are Rebecca (c. 1666 – 17 Jul 1712) who married firstly Charles Somerset, Marquess of Worcester and secondly John, Lord Granville); Mary who married Edward Bullock of Faulkbourne and died c. 1748; and his heir Josiah Child, 2nd Baronet (c.1668-20 Jan 1704).

Child married thirdly, c. 8 August 1676, Emma Willughby, widow of Francis Willughby and daughter of Sir Henry Barnard. They had one child, a son, Richard Child (5 Feb 1680 – March 1750), who was created Viscount Castlemaine in 1718 and Earl Tylney in 1731.

Child died on 22 June 1699 and was buried at Wanstead, Essex. His will dated 22 February 1696, was proved on 6 July 1699.

Heraldry
Although the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography states positively that he was not related to the Child & Co bankers of Osterley Park, Burke's Armorials 1884 provides evidence to the contrary, giving both families the same armorials: "Gules, a chevron ermine between 3 eagles close argent". (See Villiers family, Earls of Jersey, into which family the banking Child family married.) The earliest bearer of these Child arms was William Childe, sheriff of Worcestershire in 1585. Burke's Armorials, 1884, p. 193. Child & Childe; p. 1057 Villiers, Earls of Jersey.

References

External links

Macaulay, History of England, vol. iv.; R Grant, Sketch of the History of the East India Company (1813)
D Macpherson, Annals of Commerce (1805)
B Willson, Ledger and Sword (1903)
History of Parliament: Josiah Child

1630 births
1699 deaths
Merchants from London
17th-century English economists
Baronets in the Baronetage of England
High Sheriffs of Essex
Mercantilists
Members of the Parliament of England for Dartmouth
Politicians from London
Directors of the British East India Company
English MPs 1659
English MPs 1661–1679
English MPs 1685–1687
17th-century English businesspeople

Josiah Child


The West Africa Cricket Council was a regional body which organised cricket teams from Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone.

It ceased to exist in 1997 with the formation of the African Cricket Association, which now oversees all cricket administration across the African continent.

The West African Cricket Council organised a unified team called the West African Cricket Team. They never managed to qualify for the ICC Cricket World Cup, although competed in the ICC Trophy on three occasions.

The team was an associate member of the ICC from 1976 until 2003, when the member states of the West African Cricket Council came under the administration of the newly formed African Cricket Association.

Members

References

Cricket administration
West Africa
Sports governing bodies in Africa
Cricket in Africa
Cricket in West Africa

West Africa Cricket Council


Carnhot is a hamlet in the civil parish of Chacewater in Cornwall, England.  Carnot lies  north-west of Chacewater on the road to Blackwater, Cornwall. Carnot is just to the south of the A30 road.

Carnhot lies within Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape which is a World Heritage Site.

References

Hamlets in Cornwall

Carnhot


Nea Poteidaia (, also Νέα Ποτίδαια) is a town in the Moudania municipal unit, in Chalkidiki, Greece. The location is the only land access to the Kassandra Peninsula. Built on the site of the ancient city of Potidaea, 33 kilometers south-west of Polygyros, it was re-founded in 1922 by Greek refugees from Platanos in Eastern Thrace and Kalolimnos (now called Imrali) which remained under Turkish rule. Today it has a population of 1,559 (2011).

Prehistory
In 1960, archeologists discovered the bones of a young girl believed to have died almost 700,000 years ago. These are the oldest skeletal remains ever found in Greece.

History

Classical Potidaea, a colony of Corinth, was founded about 600 BC on the saddle of the Pallini Peninsula. As the name of the city denotes, its patron deity was Poseidon. During the expedition of Xerxes against Greece in 480 BC, the city was defeated following a siege. However, a year later it had gathered its forces and resisted the siege of Artavazos. In the same year, it was the only city of Macedonia which, along with other Greek cities, took part in the battle of Plataea, a Hellenic victory.

Subsequently Potidea was a member of the first Athenian Alliance. It seceded in 432/1 BC with the support of the Corinthians and King Perdikas II. In 431 BC, after the siege by the Athenian general Kallias (in which Socrates fought bravely as Alcibiades recounts at the end of Plato's 'The Symposium'), it was subjugated and subsequently forced to take in settlers from Athens. When the Peloponnesian war was over, Potidea was freed from the domination of Athens but received a second wave of Athenian settlers in 362/1 BC. In 356 BC, it was destroyed by the king of Macedonia, Philip II and was turned over to the Olynthians. In 349/8 BC the city along with the rest of the cities of Chalkidiki became part of the Macedonian Kingdom.

After a period of desertion of about 40 years, in 316 BC, Kassandros built a new city on the site of Potidea, which was named after him, Kassandria (this may indicate that he intended to make it his capital, or at least an important naval base). In the following period until Macedonia was conquered by the Romans (168 BC), Kassandria developed into one of the most powerful cities of Macedonia. It was almost certainly during this time that the canal was opened, which facilitated navigation and boosted trade and economic development.

In 168 BC, the city came under Roman rule and flourished anew. Potidea's decay is linked to the invasions of the Huns, who invaded Macedonia in 540 AD. Consequently, despite Justinian's efforts in the 6th century AD, the city was completely deserted, according to historical sources. Its castle, being of great importance for the security of the whole peninsula, was repaired by John VII Paleologos in 1407 and later by the Venetians when they were given the city of Thessalonica in 1423 in an attempt to keep it from the Ottomans. In 1430 it came under Turkish domination.

During the Greek Revolution of 1821, the people of Chalkidiki entrenched themselves in the castle. They fought hard until the "turmoil of Kassandra", the well-known "holocaust", when the canal 'ran with blood', which is commemorated with official celebrations every year on its anniversary, November 14. After the revolution, the old fortification was repaired and re-used, and a new cutting of the canal was made.

References

External links

https://web.archive.org/web/20130701120432/http://kassandra.in-chalkidiki.com/nea_potidea.htm
http://www.e-city.gr/chalkidiki/home/view_en/2101.php

Populated places in Chalkidiki
Nea Propontida
Former populated places in Greece

Nea Poteidaia


The following lists events that happened during 1834 in South Africa.

Events
 15 January - John Herschel, an English mathematician and astronomer, arrives in Cape Town with his twenty-foot-long telescope
 21 December Xhosa armies attack the eastern regions of the Cape Colony starting the 6th Cape Frontier War that only ends in 1836
 The emancipation of the estimated 39,000 slaves in the colony
 The Bo-Kaap (Upper Cape) in the colony is established by Muslim ex-slaves
 The colony's Legislative Council is formed
 The Berlin Mission Society establishes a station at Bethulie
 The Anglican St. John's Church is built in Bathurst
 King William's Town is founded.

Births
 20 January - Petrus Jacobus Joubert, a South African Republic Triumvirate member, is born near Cango in the  Oudtshoorn district of Cape Colony
 15 April - Thomas François Burgers, the 4th state president  of the South African Republic, is born on Langefontein farm in the Camdeboo district of Graaff-Reinet, Cape Colony

References
See Years in South Africa for list of References

1830s in South Africa
1834 in Africa
Years of the 19th century in South Africa
South Africa
Years in South Africa

1834 in South Africa


Asmat Swamp is a wetland on the southern coast of New Guinea, located within the Indonesian province of South Papua. It is sometimes claimed to be the largest alluvial swamp in the world, being said to have an area of around 30,000 km2. It is crossed by numerous rivers and streams, and large areas are underwater at high tide.

Ecologically, the swamp is diverse. The muddy coastal areas are dominated by mangroves and nipah palms. Inland, where the swamp is freshwater, other sorts of vegetation become more common — herbaceous vegetation, grasses, and forest. A significant portion of the swamp is peatland. It is home to a wide variety of animals, including freshwater fish, crabs, lobsters, shrimp, crocodiles, sea snakes, and pigeons. Also inhabiting the swamp are large monitor lizards, of which Varanus salvadorii is longer (although not as heavy) as the more famous Komodo dragon.

The swamp takes its name from the Asmat people, who inhabit it. The difficult terrain of the swamp meant that the Asmat did not have regular contact with outsiders until the 1950s, and the swamp still remains isolated. The swamp forms part of Indonesia's Lorentz National Park.

External links
 Asmat Program, Indo-Pacific Conservation Alliance

Wetlands of Indonesia
Swamps of Asia
Landforms of South Papua
Landforms of Western New Guinea
Asmat Regency

Asmat Swamp


Boring is drilling a hole, tunnel, or well in the Earth. It is used for various applications in geology, agriculture, hydrology, civil engineering, and mineral exploration. Today, most Earth drilling serves one of the following purposes:
 return samples of the soil and/or rock through which the drill passes
 access rocks from which material can be extracted
 access rocks which can then be measured
 provide access to rock for purposes of providing engineering support

Unlike drilling in other materials where the aim is to create a hole for some purpose, often the case of drilling or coring is to get an understanding of the ground/lithology. This may be done for prospecting to identify and quantify an ore body for mining, or to determining the type of foundations needed for a building or raised structure, or for underground structures, including tunnels and deep basements where an understanding of the ground is vital to determining how to excavate and the support philosophy. Drilling is also used in vertical and inclined shaft construction.

History
Borehole drilling has a long history. Han dynasty China (202 BC – 220 AD) used deep borehole drilling for mining and other projects. Chinese borehole sites could reach as deep as 600 m (2,000 ft).

Methods
When drilling in stone, one must pay particular attention to the type of material.  There are three different classifications of drill bits used for drilling into stone: soft, medium, and hard.  Soft formation rock bits are used in unconsolidated sands, clays, and soft limestones, etc.  Medium formation bits are used in dolomites, limestones, and shale, while hard formation bits are used in hard shale, mudstones, granite, limestones and other hard and/or abrasive formations.

Soft ground drilling can be undertaken using a rotary auger or wash boring techniques, while rock drilling often use methods such as NMLC which allow for recovery of a core of material which can be examined to determine the strength, degree of weathering, understanding of any how intact the rock is (RQD) and identify any discontinuities or other planes of weakness.

Testing of the material in boreholes is also possible. In soft ground the standard penetration test can be used to determine the strength of the material. In rock in-situ stress testing using hydrofracturing or overcoring, Acoustic Televiewer can be used to map discontinuities to determine their orientation. It is also possible once a borehole is complete to measure the permeability. Samples of water and material are also taken for examination and lab testing.

Superdeep Borehole
In 1961 the United States began Project Mohole, an ambitious attempt to drill through the Earth's crust into the Mohorovičić discontinuity. The project was discontinued due to high cost.

The Kola Superdeep Borehole was a similar project of the USSR in the 1970s and early 1980s the USSR attempted to drill a hole through the crust, to sample the Mohorovicic Discontinuity.  The deepest hole ever drilled failed not because of lack of money or time, but because of rock physics at depth.  At approximately 12,000 metres depth, rock begins to act more like a plastic solid than a rigid solid.  Rock temperatures of several hundred degrees Celsius, required that the drilling fluid be refrigerated before being sent to the cutting face of the drill.  As the drill bits burnt out and were removed for replacement, the hole simply flowed closed, and the rock had to be re-drilled.  The hole was scrapped.

Further attempts are planned by American consortia and further Russian attempts in Finland.

Ice boring

Ice cores are drilled by hollow bits, in much the same way that sediment cores are drilled. When all that is needed is the hole, hot water drill technology may be used to melt holes in ice or snow for both Arctic and Antarctic research purposes. Equipment for such a method is also lightweight when drilling deep holes, compared to traditional drilling equipment. Hot water drilling has been used successfully in the IceCube Neutrino Detector and Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array projects to drill as deep as 2,450 meters.

See also
 Directional boring
 Drifter (drill)
 Oil well
 Standard penetration test
 Tunnel boring machine

References

External links
Outokumpu Deep Drilling
 John Branner Newsom's boring machine

Chinese inventions
Drilling technology
Geological techniques
Hole making

ka:ბურღვა
ja:ボーリング
fr:Forage

Boring (earth)


David Cowan (1742 – 24 September 1808) was a Scottish farmer, naval officer, ship's captain, ferry operator and political figure in Upper Canada. He represented Essex County in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada from 1804 to 1808.

He was born in Lanarkshire and emigrated to the Thirteen Colonies in 1770, serving as gardener for George Washington at Mount Vernon. Cowan served as a lieutenant in the Royal Navy during the American Revolution and went on to serve in the Provincial Marine for Upper Canada, commanding ships on the Great Lakes. He lived in Fort Erie and then Amherstburg. Cowan also owned property in Kingston.

Cowan is credited with bringing the first apple trees to the state of Michigan in 1796, a variety similar to the Red Calville which he brought to Detroit.

Cowan died on board the Camden in Fort Erie harbour.

References

Further reading
Becoming Prominent: Leadership in Upper Canada, 1791-1841, J.K. Johnson (1989) pp. 184–5

1742 births
1808 deaths
18th-century Canadian politicians
Lanarkshire
Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
Royal Navy officers
Scottish businesspeople
18th-century Scottish farmers
Scottish gardeners
Scottish emigrants to the United States
Scottish emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
Scottish sailors
British emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
19th-century Scottish farmers
18th-century Scottish politicians

David Cowan (politician)


El Gato Negro (The Black Cat) was an independent comic book series featuring the eponymous character created by Richard Dominguez and published by Azteca Productions. The series began in October 1993; the first edition sold all 5,000 copies within two months, but was placed on a seven-year hiatus after the fourth issue was published. Dominguez later returned in 2005 with the new series El Gato Negro: Nocturnal Warrior.

Premise
The events in "El Gato Negro" occur in South Texas, specifically within the Lower Rio Grande Valley area, where social worker Francisco "Pancho" Guerrero is motivated by the gruesome murder of his best friend by drug-traffickers, to fight crime under the guise of El Gato Negro. He is assisted in his goals by his grandfather Agustin Guerrero and several other supporting characters.

Storylines

Unknown Passing, Unforgettable Return
The first of the self-titled series published in 1993 under Dominguez's own Azteca Productions imprint. The identity El Gato Negro is in fact Francisco Guerrero, grandson of the original El Gato Negro, and heir to his legacy. Francisco adopted the identity of the El Gato Negro shortly after the murder of his friend Mario Bustamonte. Despite being popular with the citizens of his community, El Gato Negro is constantly being hunted by police Captain Miguel Bustamonte, Francisco's best friend and Mario's older brother. Miguel believes El Gato Negro is in league with the drug-smugglers that plague South Texas and was probably involved in the murder of his younger brother. While out on patrol one night as El Gato Negro, Francisco discovers two escaped convicts. Incapacitating the criminals, El Gato Negro has unknowingly stumbled across a drug-running conspiracy formed by the drug-smuggler known only as El Graduado and a mysterious South American crime organization known as The Annulus. El Gato Negro is later lured in to a trap set by El Graduado personally in an abandoned warehouse.

The Burning
(Also known as "Unknown Passing, Unforgettable Return part two") Continues immediately after the events in the first issue. In the ensuing struggle with El Graduado, El Gato Negro manages to destroy the abandoned warehouse containing large quantities of narcotics. Later Francisco discovers the identity of El Graduado to be that of Armando Ochoa, son of Ignacio Ochoa the undisputed drug lord of South Texas, a position Armando desires to take over in order to earn a seat with The Annulus.

Mexican Standoff
(Also known as "Unknown Passing, Unforgettable Return part three") The finale of the original three-part story arc. In a final confrontation with El Graduado, the villain had the upper-hand until the arrival of the original El Gato Negro and the Texas Rangers. While fleeing the scene, Armando inadvertently runs into Captain Bustamonte. Recognizing him to be the brother of the border patrolman his henchmen had murdered several months earlier, Ochoa resolves to kill the Miguel as well. Francisco manages to intervene, saving Miguel, and allows El Graduado to be taken in by the authorities. Afterward, Sheriff Bustamonte's opinion of El Gato Negro changes for the better but he continues to hunt for the hero regardless, believing his methods to be dangerous.

Enter: The Dogs of War
In retaliation, the Annulus enlists the aid of Boss Ochoa's nephews, two ruthless mercenaries from Corpus Christi, Texas. Nearly killing the costumed-crimefighter, El Gato Negro manages to escape from the two, only to collapse in the arms of his grandfather, Agustin Guerrero, suffering from extreme fatigue and near-intracranial injury.

El Graduado

Armando Ochoa, also known as El Graduado, is a fictional character and comic book supervillain in the series. The character made his first appearance in El Gato Negro #1 (October 1993). Son of the successful South Texas businessman and drug-lord Boss Ochoa, El Graduado vies to usurp his father's throne and earn a seat in a criminal organization known as The Annulus. Earning the nickname of El Graduado, The Graduate, after graduating from a prestigious Ivy League University in the United States, El Graduado has proven himself to be a powerful adversary of high intellect and superb fighting ability.

Dominguez described the character as a "spoiled rich brat" who despite being a very educated person, chose to invest in corruption. El Graduado is also shown to have little regard for human life, easily murdering his own henchmen for their failures, and has admitted to enjoying the power of wielding a sniper rifle.

Raised entirely by his father, Boss Ochoa spared no expense on his son's education by sending him to the finest schools in the world. Armando attended a University in Bogotá where he developed a romantic relationship with fellow student Narcilina Montoya, with whom he later studied in Harvard Law. Armando later traveled orient, where he studied amongst the most prestigious martial arts schools.

In the "Unknown Passing, Unforgettable Return" storyline from El Gato Negro #1-3, Armando wants to replace his father as the prominent druglord in South Texas, Armando adopted the pseudonym of El Graduado. In order to impress the Annulus, El Graduado attempts to make a large drug trafficking deal. After being foiled at every turn by El Gato Negro, he resolved to kill the vigilante or risk embarrassment. In a final confrontation with El Gato, the villain had the upper-hand until the arrival of the Texas Rangers. El Graduado was arrested, leaving his father to answer to the wrath of the Annulus.

1997's "Enter: The Dogs of War!" storyline mentioned El Graduado awaiting trial in Houston. In retaliation against El Gato Negro, Boss Ochoa enlists his nephews to assassinate El Gato Negro. In the ongoing "Legacy" storyline from El Gato Negro: Nocturnal Warrior #1-3 El Graduado is shown to be released from jail and executing rival mob bosses.

Graphic Novel

Shortly after the publishing the fourth issue of El Gato Negro, the series went on hiatus for seven years, ending the series with a cliffhanger. El Gato Negro later returned in 2005 in the new on-going series El Gato Negro: Nocturnal Warrior #1. Created by Richard Dominguez and published under his own Azteca Productions imprint, the series began in November 2005. It was being compiled online at webcomicsnation.com

"Nocturnal Warrior" takes place in South Texas, where the communities of the Lower Rio Grande Valley are constantly threatened by  gangs, drug runners, and costumed criminals. In an effort to fight and prevent crime, social worker Francisco "Pancho" Guerrero adopts his grandfather's former identity as El Gato Negro, promising to "bring bad luck to all those who do evil". Unlike most superheroes, El Gato Negro possesses no superpowers and instead makes use of his own athletic abilities, accumulative knowledge, detective skills to fight crime. He is assisted in his war on crime by several supporting characters including his grandfather, Agustin Guerrero. In the eyes of the general public, El Gato Negro is known as a living legend and watchful protector of South Texas but despite his best efforts is constantly hunted by the local law enforcement agencies and demonized by the media as a public menace.

In other media
Deadline reported that MGM Television is developing a live-action TV series adaptation of El Gato Negro titled El Gato Negro: Nocturnal Warrior with Diego Boneta starring as Francisco Guerrero and will also executive produce under his production company, Three Amigos while Joel Novoa will co-executive produce. The Hollywood Reporter has reported that the series is picked by Apple TV+ and Robert Rodriguez will direct the pilot and executive produce the series as well

See also
El Gato Negro

References

External links
Official site
Dominguez Illustrations
El Gato Negro's MySpace page
Dominguez Illustrations
Azteca Productions' Comicspace page
Webcomics Nation

1993 comics debuts
Professional wrestling comics

El Gato Negro (comic book)