The  is a Japanese railway line owned by the private railway operator Seibu Railway, connecting Seibu Shinjuku Station in Shinjuku, Tokyo with Hon-Kawagoe Station in Kawagoe, Saitama.

The Shinjuku Line is one of two main lines of the Seibu Railway system along with the Ikebukuro Line. The two main lines cross at Tokorozawa Station in Tokorozawa, Saitama. The line serves the western suburbs of Tokyo, connecting them to Shinjuku and other areas of downtown Tokyo.

Description

The line is mostly double-track, except for 1.1 km (1200 yards) of single track between Wakita Junction and Hon-Kawagoe Station. While the section from Seibu-Shinjuku to Takadanobaba is elevated, the line runs at ground level through a suburban area until Saginomiya.

Trains
Seven types of train service are operated on the line: Local, Semi Express, Express, Commuter Express, Rapid Express, Haijima Liner, and Koedo limited express, as shown below. Limited Express trains use Seibu 10000 series EMUs, and a supplementary limited express ticket is required. In addition, operation of the all-seat reserved train "Haijima Liner" using the Seibu 40000 series EMU started from March of 2018. The "Haijima Liner" only operates in one direction, from Seibu-Shinjuku to Haijima.

There are regular through operations to the Haijima Line. There are also occasional through services to Seibukyūjō-mae Station in order to bring fans to the Seibu Dome for Saitama Seibu Lions baseball games. The Seibu Shinjuku Line is one of the few major commuter rail lines in Tokyo that does not have through service to the Tokyo Metro or Toei Subway network.

Through service onto the Seibu Kokubunji Line has been suspended since 19 March 2019 because of the reconstruction of Higashi-Murayama Station into an elevated station.

Stations

O: stop
|: pass
△: Boarding passengers only
 L:  stop at all stations, not shown
 SE:
 E:
 CE:
 RE:
 HL:
 LE:

Rolling stock

Currently on service

Commuter trains
 Seibu 2000 Series・Seibu new 2000 Series
 Seibu 6000 Series
 Seibu 20000 Series
 Seibu 30000 Series
 Seibu 40000 Series

Limited express trains
 Seibu 10000 Series

History
The oldest section of the Shinjuku Line is between Higashi-Murayama Station and Hon-Kawagoe Station. This section was built by the  to serve as a freight feeder for the  between Shinjuku and Tachikawa (now known as the Chūō Main Line). The initial Kawagoe Railway route opened between Kokubunji and Kumegawa in 1894; this portion is now known as the Seibu Kokubunji Line. Its northward extension to Kawagoe, the first part of what is now the Seibu Shinjuku Line, opened in 1895. Following several mergers and name changes between 1920 and 1922, the Kawagoe Railway became part of the Seibu Railway.

In 1927, Seibu Railway built its new dual track, electrified at 1,500 V DC, Murayama Line between Takadanobaba Station on the Yamanote Line in Tokyo and Higashi-Murayama Station to compete with  (present-day Seibu Ikebukuro Line) and the Japanese National Railways Chūō Main Line, the route being in the middle of the two. The rest of the line was electrified at the same time.

The Higashi-Murayama to Tokorozawa section was double-tracked between 1950 and 1958, with the Tokorozawa to Irimagawa section double-tracked between 1967 and 1975. The rest of the line (except for the section between the Wakita Junction and Hon-Kawagoe Station) was double-tracked between 1980 and 1991.

In 1952, a dual-track extension from Takadanobaba to Seibu-Shinjuku Station was completed. At this time the line was renamed the Shinjuku Line, integrating the Murayama Line and the northern section of the Kawagoe Line. The new Seibu-Shinjuku terminal was built as a temporary station, as Seibu planned to extend the line to the second floor of what is now known as Lumine Est on the east side of Shinjuku Station. This plan was later scrapped due to insufficient space to handle trains longer than six cars.
Seibu-Shinjuku Station was expanded to include a high-rise hotel in 1977.

From the start of the revised timetable on 30 June 2012, the and services were abolished.

Station numbering was introduced on all Seibu Railway lines during fiscal 2012, with Seibu Shinjuku Line stations numbered prefixed with the letters "SS"(SeibuShinjuku line).

From the timetable revision on 14 March 2020, the limited-stop  was reinstated for weekend and holiday services.

Express tunnel
In the 1980s, Seibu drew up a plan to build an underground line for express trains between Seibu-Shinjuku and Kami-Shakujii, including a new underground station between Seibu-Shinjuku and the Metro Promenade. This plan was indefinitely postponed in 1995 due to costs and a decline in passenger ridership versus previous projections. Seibu was also a bidder to acquire the former JR freight terminal site in 1989, where they planned to build a new underground terminal; Takashimaya won the bid and constructed the Takashimaya Times Square complex on the site. In 2019, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government officially cancelled the plan.

Future expansion

Through operations with the Tokyo Metro Tozai Line
During the 1960s, Seibu unsuccessfully negotiated with the Teito Rapid Transit Authority to offer through service between the Seibu Shinjuku Line and Tozai Line. Seibu's approach was rejected in favor of through operation with the Chuo Main Line. At Takadanobaba station, the interchange between the Seibu Shinjuku Line and Tozai Line involves passing through a few levels from the elevated Seibu Shinjuku line platform to the underground Tozai line platform. The transfer is considerably crowded during the rush hour, as Takadanobaba is the busiest station on the entire Seibu Shinjuku Line. On March 9, 2015, the Nakano Ward Council released a proposal for through operations between the Seibu Shinjuku Line and Tokyo Metro Tozai Line by constructing an underground connection between the two lines to remove the transfer between the two lines. In September 2020, Seibu Railway President Kimio Kitamura said during an interview with the Toyo Keizai that there have been many complaints from passengers heading to the city center on the Seibu Shinjuku Line and Seibu is considering various options to address this issue, such as getting through service into the Tokyo Metro Tozai Line.

Grade separation projects
Initial work has started on grade separating the line from Nogata to Iogi Stations and from Iogi to Seibu-Yagisawa Stations. Proposals are being done to for grade separating the line from Tanashi to Hanakoganei Stations and from Takadanobaba to Nakai Stations.

See also
 List of railway lines in Japan

References
This article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia

External links

 Seibu Railway website

Shinjuku Line
Railway lines in Tokyo
Rail transport in Saitama Prefecture
1067 mm gauge railways in Japan
Railway lines opened in 1895
1895 establishments in Japan

Seibu Shinjuku Line


In logic, a definite description is a term of the form 'the ...'. It is used to describe something. This is more difficult than it first appears, because:
 The thing or person talked about must exist.
 There must be exactly one such person or thing.

Unfortunately, language allows to construct sentences, where the thing or person talked about is not unique, or it doesn't exist

Definite descriptions are called 'empty', if they violate one of the conditions above:  Bertrand Russell used the sentence "The present king of Freance is bald.".  When Russel wrote this, in the early 20th century, France was a republic, and had no king.

Other famous  mathematicians who wrote about it include  Gottlob Frege, and Peter Strawson.

Other websites
 Stanford Encycopedia of Philosophy: Descriptions

Logic

Definite description


The factorization of a linear partial differential operator (LPDO) is an important issue in the theory of integrability, due to the Laplace-Darboux transformations, which allow construction of integrable LPDEs.  Laplace solved the factorization problem for a bivariate hyperbolic operator of the second order (see Hyperbolic partial differential equation), constructing two Laplace invariants. Each Laplace invariant is an explicit polynomial condition of factorization; coefficients of this polynomial are explicit functions of the coefficients of the initial LPDO.  The polynomial conditions of factorization are called invariants because they have the same form for equivalent (i.e. self-adjoint) operators.

Beals-Kartashova-factorization (also called BK-factorization) is a constructive procedure to factorize a bivariate operator of the arbitrary order and arbitrary form. Correspondingly, the factorization conditions in this case also have polynomial form, are invariants and coincide with Laplace invariants for bivariate hyperbolic operators of the second order. The factorization procedure is purely algebraic, the number of possible factorizations depending on the number of simple roots of the Characteristic polynomial (also called symbol) of the initial LPDO and reduced LPDOs appearing at each factorization step. Below the factorization procedure is described for a bivariate operator of arbitrary form, of order 2 and 3. Explicit factorization formulas for an operator of the order  can be found in General invariants are defined in and invariant formulation of the Beals-Kartashova factorization is given in

Beals-Kartashova Factorization

Operator of order 2

Consider an operator

with smooth coefficients and look for a factorization

Let us write down the equations on  explicitly, keeping in
mind the rule of left composition, i.e. that

Then in all cases

where the notation  is used.

Without loss of generality,  i.e.   and  it can be taken as 1,   Now solution of the system of 6 equations on the variables

can be found in three steps.

At the first step, the roots of a quadratic polynomial have to be found.

At the second step, a linear system of two algebraic equations has to be solved.

At the third step, one algebraic condition   has to be checked.

Step 1.
Variables

can be found from the first three equations,

The (possible) solutions are then the functions of the roots of a quadratic polynomial:

Let   be a root of the polynomial
then

Step 2.
Substitution of the results obtained at the first step, into the next two equations

yields linear system of two algebraic equations:

In particularly, if the root  is simple,
i.e.

 then these
equations have the unique solution:

At this step, for each
root of the polynomial  a corresponding set of  coefficients   is computed.

Step 3.
Check factorization condition (which is the last of the initial 6 equations)

written in the known variables  and ):

If

the operator  is factorizable and explicit form for the factorization coefficients   is given above.

Operator of order 3
Consider an operator

with smooth coefficients and look for a factorization

Similar to the case of the operator   the conditions of factorization are described by the following system:

with  and again  i.e.   and three-step procedure yields:

At the first step, the roots of a cubic polynomial

have to be found. Again  denotes a root and first four coefficients are

At the second step, a linear system of three algebraic equations has to be solved:

At the third step, two algebraic conditions   have to be checked.

Invariant Formulation

Definition The operators ,  are called
equivalent if there is a gauge transformation that takes one to the
other:

BK-factorization is then pure algebraic procedure which allows to
construct explicitly a factorization of an arbitrary order LPDO
in the form

with first-order operator  where  is an arbitrary  simple root  of the characteristic polynomial

Factorization is possible then for each simple root    iff

for

for

for

and so on. All functions  are known functions, for instance,

and so on.

Theorem  All functions

are invariants under gauge transformations.

Definition Invariants  are
called generalized invariants of a bivariate operator of arbitrary
order.

In particular case of the bivariate hyperbolic operator  its generalized
invariants coincide with Laplace invariants (see Laplace invariant).

Corollary If an operator  is factorizable, then all
operators  equivalent to it, are also factorizable.

Equivalent operators are easy to compute:

and so on. Some example are given below:

Transpose

Factorization of an operator is the first step on the way of solving corresponding equation. But for solution we need right factors and BK-factorization constructs  left factors which are easy to construct. On the other hand, the existence of a certain right factor of a LPDO is equivalent to the existence of a corresponding left factor of the transpose of that operator.

Definition
The transpose  of an operator

is defined as

and the identity

implies that

Now the coefficients are

with a standard convention for binomial coefficients in several
variables (see Binomial coefficient), e.g. in two variables

In particular, for the operator  the coefficients are

For instance,  the operator

is factorizable as

and its transpose   is factorizable then as

See also
 Partial derivative
 Invariant (mathematics)
 Invariant theory
 Characteristic polynomial

Notes

References
 J. Weiss. Bäcklund transformation and the Painlevé property.  J. Math. Phys. 27, 1293-1305 (1986).
 R. Beals, E. Kartashova. Constructively factoring linear partial differential operators in two variables. Theor. Math. Phys. 145(2), pp. 1510-1523 (2005)
   E. Kartashova. A Hierarchy of Generalized Invariants for Linear Partial Differential Operators. Theor. Math. Phys. 147(3), pp. 839-846 (2006)
  E. Kartashova, O. Rudenko.  Invariant Form of BK-factorization and its Applications. Proc. GIFT-2006, pp.225-241, Eds.: J. Calmet, R. W. Tucker,  Karlsruhe University Press  (2006); arXiv

Multivariable calculus
Differential operators
Partial differential equations

Invariant factorization of LPDOs


Tokyo Ghoul is Japanese dark fantasy manga drawn by Sui Ishida. It was serialized in a weekly Young Jump. The story was separated from two sections. Section 1 was serialized 2011 No.41- 2014 No.46. And section 2 was serialized 2014 No.46- 2018 No.31. The comic series has a circulation of 44 million (May 2019).

General Information
The stage is Tokyo and there are many ghouls. They live by eating humans. And they can't eat food like vegetables, meats and fishes. Because of the antisocial diet, they are expulsion targets. The shapes of ghouls are the same as humans. Therefore some ghouls live as normal people. Additionally, there is a Commission of Counter Ghoul called CCG. This is a national administrative agency. Their main activity is capture of ghouls.

Plot
Ken Kaneki is a university student and he is in love with Rize Kamishiro. But she was a ghoul and Kaneki didn't know about it. One day, he was attacked by her when they had a date. She attacked him many times to prey on him. But suddenly a steel frame was falling on Rize's overhead and she died. Kaneki could survive but he had a serious condition. Therefore he had an operation. In the operation, he had an organ donation from Rize without permission. Kaneki became a half-ghoul. Since then, Kaneki has lived an anguished life.

Characters

Ken Kaneki
Protagonist of section 1. He is a student of Kamii University. He had a serious condition because of Rize's attack. Rize died because of the fall of a steel frame so he could survive.  However he had an organ donation from Rize at the hospital where he was taken. Then he became half-ghoul and half-human and he came to be involved in the ghoul's life.

Rize Kamishiro
Ghoul. She is a key person of this series. She tried to prey upon Kaneki but she died because of the fall of a steel frame. She attacks humans indiscriminately and eats them. Therefore her common name is "big eater".

Toka Kirishima
Ghoul. Heroine of section 1. She is a student of Kiyomi High School. She goes to school as a normal student. She works a part time job at a cafe called Anteiku. She wears a rabbit mask when she fights with CCG. Therefore CCG calls her "rabbit".

Kuzen Yoshimura
Ghoul. He is a store manager of Anteiku. He encouraged Kaneki to "You are the only one who can live as human and ghoul". CCG calls him "owl".

Anime
The first season aired July 2014- September 2014. And the second season aired January 2015- March 2015. The second season's plot was different from manga. The third season aired April 2018- June 2018.

2011 manga

Tokyo Ghoul


The National Roman Museum (Italian: Museo Nazionale Romano) is a museum, with several branches in separate buildings throughout the city of Rome, Italy. It shows exhibits from the pre- and early history of Rome, with a focus on archaeological findings from the period of Ancient Rome.

History
Founded in 1889 and inaugurated in 1890, the museum's first aim was to collect and exhibit archaeologic materials unearthed during the excavations after the union of Rome with the Kingdom of Italy.

The initial core of its collection originated from the Kircherian Museum, archaeologic works assembled by the antiquarian and Jesuit priest, Athanasius Kircher, which previously had been housed within the Jesuit complex of Sant'Ignazio. The collection was appropriated by the state in 1874, after the suppression of the Society of Jesus. Renamed initially as the Royal Museum, the collection was intended to be moved to a Museo Tiberino (Tiberine Museum), which was never completed.

In 1901 the Italian state granted the National Roman Museum the recently acquired Collection Ludovisi as well as the important national collection of Ancient Sculpture. Findings during the urban renewal of the late 19th century added to the collections.

In 1913, a ministerial decree sanctioned the division of the collection of the Museo Kircheriano among all the different museums that had been established over the last decades, such as the National Roman Museum, the National Etruscan Museum of Villa Giulia and the Museum of Castel Sant'Angelo.

Its seat was established in the charterhouse designed and realised in the 16th century by Michelangelo within the Baths of Diocletian, which currently houses the epigraphic and the protohistoric sections of the modern museum, while the main collection of ancient art was moved to the nearby Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, acquired by the Italian state in 1981.

The reconversion of the area of the ancient bath/charterhouse into an exhibition space began on the occasion of the International Exhibition of Art of 1911; this effort was completed in the 1930s.

Palazzo Massimo alle Terme

History of the building
The palace was built on the site once occupied by the Villa Montalto-Peretti, named after Pope Sixtus V, who had been born Francesco Peretti. The present building was commissioned by Prince Massimiliano Massimo, so as to give a seat to the Jesuit Collegio Romano, originally within the convent of the church of Sant'Ignazio. In 1871, the Collegio had been ousted from the convent by the government which converted it into the Liceo Visconti, the first public secular high school of Italy. Erected between 1883 and 1887 by the architect Camillo Pistrucci in a neo-cinquecentesco style, it was one of the most prestigious schools of Rome until 1960. During World War II, it was partially used as a military hospital, but it then returned to scholastic functions until the 1960s, when the school was moved to a newer seat in the EUR quarter.

In 1981, when the palace was lying in a state of neglect, the Italian government acquired it for 19 billion lire and granted it to the National Roman Museum. Its restoration and adaptation began in 1983 and was completed in 1998. The palazzo eventually became the main seat of the museum as well as the headquarters of the Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma (Agency of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities of Italy, in charge for the archaeological heritage of Rome). The museum houses the ancient art (sculpture, painting, mosaic work and goldsmith's craft from the Republican Age to the Late Antiquity) as well as the numismatic collection, housed in the Medagliere, i.e. the coin cabinet.

Ground floor and first floor

The ground floor features the notable bronze statues of the Boxer at Rest and the Athlete.

One room is devoted to the mummy that was found in 1964 on the Via Cassia, inside a richly decorated sarcophagus with several artefacts in amber and pieces of jewellery also on display. Sculptures of the period between the late Roman Republic and the early imperial period (2nd century BC to 1st century AD), include
Tivoli General
Tiber Apollo
Tiber Dionysus
Via Labicana Augustus
Aphrodite of Menophantos
Hermes Ludovisi from Anzio
Torlonia Vase
Sleeping Hermaphroditus
Dionysus Sardanapalus
Portonaccio sarcophagus

Second floor
Frescoes, stuccoes and mosaics, including those from the villa of Livia, wife of Augustus, at Prima Porta on the Via Flaminia. It begins with the summer triclinium of Livia's Villa ad Gallinas Albas. The frescoes, discovered in 1863 and dating back to the 1st century BC, show a luscious garden with ornamental plants and pomegranate trees.

Basement
The Museum's numismatic collection is the largest in Italy. Among the coins on exhibit are Theodoric's medallion, the four ducats of Pope Paul II with the navicella of St Peter, and the silver piastre of the Pontifical State with views of the city of Rome.

Palazzo Altemps

History of the building

The building was designed in the 15th century by Melozzo da Forlì for Girolamo Riario, a relation of Pope Sixtus IV. There is still a fresco on one wall of the rooms in the palazzo that celebrates the wedding of Girolamo to Caterina Sforza in 1477, showing the silver plates and other wedding gifts given to the couple. When the Riario family began to decline after the death of Pope Sixtus IV, the palazzo was sold to Cardinal Francesco Soderini of Volterra, who commissioned further refinements from the architects Sangallo the Elder and Baldassarre Peruzzi.

When the Soderini family fell on hard times, he in turn sold it in 1568 to the Austrian-born cardinal Mark Sittich von Hohenems Altemps, the son of the sister of Pope Pius IV. Cardinal Altemps commissioned the architect Martino Longhi to expand and improve the palazzo; it was Longhi who built the belvedere. Cardinal Altemps accumulated a large collection of books and ancient sculpture. Though his position as the second son in his family meant Marco Sittico Altemps became a cleric, he was not inclined to priesthood. His mistress bore him a son, Roberto, made Duke of Gallese. Roberto Altemps was executed for adultery in 1586 by Pope Sixtus V.

The Altemps family continued to mix in the circles of Italian nobility throughout the 17th century. Roberto's granddaughter Maria Cristina d'Altemps married Ippolito Lante Montefeltro della Rovere, Duke of Bomarzo.

The Palazzo Altemps became the property of the Holy See in the 19th century, and the building was used as a seminary for a short time. It was granted to the Italian state in 1982 and after 15 years of restoration, inaugurated as a museum in 1997.

Collections
The palazzo houses the museum's exhibits on the history of collecting (sculptures from Renaissance collections such as the Boncompagni-Ludovisi and Mattei collections, including the Ludovisi Ares, Ludovisi Throne, and the Suicide of a Gaul (from the same Pergamon group as the Dying Gaul) and the Egyptian collection (sculptures of eastern deities). The palace also includes the historic private theatre, at present used to house temporary exhibitions, and the church of Sant' Aniceto.

Crypta Balbi

History of the building
In 1981, digging on a derelict site in the Campus Martius between the churches of Santa Caterina dei Funari and Santo Stanislao dei Polacchi, Daniel Manacorda and his team discovered the colonnaded quadriporticus of the Theatre of Lucius Cornelius Balbus, the nearby statio annonae and evidence of later, medieval occupation of the site. These are presented in this branch of the museum, inaugurated in 2001, which houses the archaeological remains and finds from that dig (including a stucco arch from the porticus).

Collections
As well as new material from the excavations, objects in this exhibition space come from
the collections of the former Kircherian Museum
the Gorga and Betti collections
numismatic material from the Gnecchi collections and the collection of Victor Emmanuel III of Savoy
collections from the Roman Forum, in particular a fresco and marble architrave from the late-1930s Fascist deconstruction of the medieval church of Sant'Adriano in the Curia senatus.
Museum of the Palazzo Venezia
the Capitoline Museums
the communal Antiquarium of Rome
frescoes removed in 1960 from the church of Santa Maria in Via Lata.

Basement
The building's basement contains archaeological remains. Access is only by guided tour.

Ground floor
The first section ("archaeology and history of an urban landscape") presents the results of the excavations, and puts them in the context of the history of the area. As well as showing the remains from the site itself, this section also tells of the Monastero di Santa Maria Domine Rose (begun nearby in the 8th century), of medieval merchants' and craftsmen's homes, of the Conservatorio di Santa Caterina dei Funari (built in the mid-16th century by Ignatius of Loyola to house the daughters of Roman prostitutes) and of the Botteghe Oscure.

First floor
A second section ("Rome from Antiquity to the Middle Ages") is the Museum of Medieval Rome and illustrates the life and transformation of Rome between the 5th and 10th centuries AD.

Baths of Diocletian

Cloister of Michelangelo
The cloister of the charterhouse of the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri, this is often referred to as "Michelangelo's Cloister" as he was tasked by the Pope with transforming the Baths into a church and chapterhouse. However, it is more likely that Michelangelo just came up with the layout and that a pupil of his, Giacomo del Duca, was responsible for most of the actual architecture, at least in the initial phase of construction. The cloister was built only after Michelangelo's death in 1564. Construction began in 1565 but took at least until 1600. The upper floor was finished in 1676 and the central fountain dates to 1695.

Inside the square of the cloister, a 16th-century garden features outdoor displays of altars and funerary sculpture and inscriptions. These notably include some colossal animal heads, several of which date from Antiquity and were found near Trajan's Column in 1586.

Prehistory section
On the upper floor of the cloister, this exhibit shows the development of the culture of Latium from the Bronze Age (11th century BC) to the Orientalizing Period (10th to 6th century BC) by means of archaeological findings from the region around Rome.

Small cloister
The small cloister of the charterhouse has been recently renovated. It occupies around a third of the area previously occupied by the natatio (swimming pool) of the Baths of Diocletian. It was originally built alongside the church. Construction began in the mid-16th century but continued beyond the 17th century. With a side length of 40 meters (half the size of Michelangelo's Cloister) it today features exhibits on the Arval Brethren and on the Secular Games. The late 16th-century travertine well in the centre was added during the recent renovation.

Epigraphic section
Showing over 900 exhibits on inscriptions/writings, over three floors of a modern building, this collection houses over 10,000 inscriptions.

Aule delle Olearie
These were the storage facilities created by Pope Clement XIII in some of the former halls of the Baths of Diocletian. These large halls (numbered I to XI), most of them without roof cover, have been part of the museum since 1911.

Aula of Saint Isidore
A small square room built next to a granary known Annona in 1640. In 1754 it was converted into a chapel dedicated to Saint Isidore.

Octagonal Aula
This was part of the central complex of the Baths of Diocletian. It was the last of the four halls next to the caldarium. It was converted into a grain store in 1575, and in 1764 became a storage facility for oil. The dome is still the original one. The hall served as an exhibition site in 1911 but was then turned into a cinema and, in 1928, into a planetarium.

The hall was restored in 1991. It is devoted to sculptures found on baths sites in Rome.

Gallery

See also
Collections of the National Roman Museum
 List of Jesuit sites

References

External links
 Official Website of the Museo Nazionale Romano
 Roma 2000 information
 Free downloadable PDF of the Brochure of the Museum at Palazzo Massimo
 A video depicting an Eliot poem with images of Palazzo Altemps

Museums established in 1889
Museums in Rome
National museums of Italy
Archaeological museums in Italy
Altieri
Numismatic museums in Italy
Museums of ancient Rome in Italy
Museums of ancient Greece in Italy

Epigraphic museums

Museo Nazionale Romano


PG, P.G., P&G, pg, or Pg, or similar, may refer to:

Parental Guidance (PG), a content rating in the following motion picture content rating systems and television content rating systems:
 Australian Classification Board
 Film Censorship Board in Barbados
 Canadian motion picture rating system/Canadian Home Video Rating System
 Canadian TV Classification System
 Cook Islands Censorship Office
 Hong Kong television rating system
 Irish Film Classification Office
 Jamaican motion picture rating system
 Kenya Film Classification Board
 Censor Board Committee in Kuwait
 Lebanese Censorship Board
 National Bureau of Classification in the Maldives
 Film Board in Malta
 Film Classification Board in Mauritius
 Classification Office (New Zealand)
 New Zealand television rating system
 National Film and Video Censors Board in Nigeria
 Movie and Television Review and Classification Board in the Philippines
 General Commission for Audiovisual Media in Saudi Arabia
 Board of Film Censors in Singapore
 Singaporean television rating system
 Film and Publication Board in South Africa
 National Media Council (United Arab Emirates)
 British Board of Film Classification
 Motion Picture Association in the United States
 TV Parental Guidelines in the United States (TV-PG)

Businesses and organisations
 P.G. Cigars, a cigar brand named after Paul Garmirian
 PG Tips, a British brand of tea
 Bangkok Airways, a Thai regional airline, IATA airline designator PG
 Procter & Gamble (P&G), an American multi-national consumer goods corporation
 Left Party (France) (Parti de gauche), a French democratic socialist political party
 Partido Galeguista (1931), a Galician nationalist political party in Galicia, Spain
 Partido Galeguista (1978), a Galician nationalist political party in Galicia, Spain
 Peoples Gazette, a Nigerian online newspaper
 Petrokimia Gresik, an Indonesian fertilizer company
 PlatinumGames, a Japanese video game developer
 Porter-Gaud School, Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.

People
 PG, student in a postgraduate year after high school (secondary school)
 P.G., Brazilian musician and singer who performed with the band Oficina G3
 P.G. Sittenfeld (born 1984), American politician

Places
 Papua New Guinea (ISO 3166-1 country code PG)
 Pauri Garhwal district, a district in the state of Uttarakhand, India
 Podgorica, Montenegro, vehicle licence plate code PG
 Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
 Prince George's County, Maryland, or PG County, U.S.

Science, technology and mathematics
 Polygalacturonase, an enzyme
 Propylene glycol, an organic compound
 Prostaglandin, physiologically active lipid compounds
 PG(n,q), a projective space of Galois geometry
 PG(3,2), the smallest three-dimensional projective space
 pg (Unix), a Unix system command (a terminal pager)
 Paleogene (Pg), a geologic period and system
 Panzergewinde, a technical standard for screw threads
 Petagram (Pg), 109 grams, an SI unit of mass
 Picogram (pg), 10−18 grams, an SI unit of mass
 PostgreSQL, a free and open-source relational database management system

Other uses
 Page (paper), one side of a sheet of paper, as in a book
 Patrologia Graeca, a collection of writings by Christian Church Fathers

 Point guard, one of the five positions in basketball

 Project Gutenberg, a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works
 iPhrothiya yeGolide, a South African military decoration
 PG: Psycho Goreman, a 2020 Canadian horror comedy film
 Rated PG (album), a compilation album by musician Peter Gabriel

PG


Union Township is a township in Crawford County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 857 at the 2020 census, down from 1,010 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Union Township is in southern Crawford County, bordered to the northeast by French Creek and to the south by Conneaut Outlet, which flows through Conneaut Marsh and joins French Creek at the southeast corner of the township. Interstate 79 crosses the township, with the closest access being Exit 141 (Pennsylvania Route 285 to Geneva) to the south and Exit 147 (U.S. Route 6 and 322 to Meadville) to the north.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which  is land and , or 0.55%, is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,049 people, 412 households, and 294 families residing in the township.  The population density was .  There were 454 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the township was 98.38% White, 0.38% African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.29% from other races, and 0.38% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.57% of the population.

There were 412 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.1% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.6% were non-families. 23.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the township the population was spread out, with 26.3% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 31.5% from 25 to 44, 22.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 96.8 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.5 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $37,333, and the median income for a family was $44,375. Males had a median income of $34,821 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the township was $16,816.  About 8.2% of families and 9.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.5% of those under age 18 and 11.0% of those age 65 or over.

References

Townships in Crawford County, Pennsylvania

Union Township, Crawford County, Pennsylvania


Hogwarts Legacy is a 2023 action role-playing game developed by Avalanche Software and published by Warner Bros. Games under its Portkey Games label. The game, part of the Wizarding World franchise, takes place in the late 1800s, a century prior to the events chronicled in the Harry Potter novels. The player controls a student enrolled in the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry who learns to wield an array of magical abilities and objects. With the assistance of fellow students and professors, the protagonist embarks on a journey to unearth an ancient secret concealed within the wizarding world.

Following their acquisition by Warner Bros. in 2017, Hogwarts Legacy marks the first release from Avalanche unrelated to Disney Interactive Studios and its products. The game's development commenced in 2018, while pre-release gameplay footage was leaked onto the internet in the same year. The storyline was crafted to unfold in a period untouched by established Wizarding World characters, offering players the opportunity to immerse themselves in their own distinct universe. Avalanche Software emphasised that while their rendition of Hogwarts is their own interpretation, it had been carefully designed to maintain a sense of familiarity and recognition.

When first officially announced in 2020, the game garnered significant anticipation. Prior to its release, it attracted controversy due to Harry Potter creator J. K. Rowling's views on transgender people and accusations of including antisemitic tropes, leading to calls for a boycott. Following some delays, it was released on 10 February 2023 for PlayStation 5, Windows, and Xbox Series X/S, and on 5 May 2023 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It is scheduled for release on the Nintendo Switch in November 2023. The early-access period of Hogwarts Legacy resulted in record-breaking viewership on streaming platform Twitch, making it the most-watched single-player game of all time on the platform.

Within two weeks after its launch, the game sold more than 12 million copies and generated $850 million in global sales revenue. As of 5 May 2023, revenue crossed $1 billion, and 15 million copies were sold globally. Hogwarts Legacy received generally favourable reviews from critics, with praise for its combat, world design, characters, variety of content, and faithfulness to the source material, but criticism for its technical problems and lack of innovation as an open-world game.

Gameplay

Hogwarts Legacy is an action role-playing game played from a third-person perspective. It is set in Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and its surrounding areas, influenced by the Wizarding World franchise. During character creation, the player can choose their character's appearance, gender, voice, and body type. They may also choose one of the four Hogwarts Houses. As players progress through the game, their player character learns to cast spells, brew potions, and master combat abilities, eventually developing their own special combat style. Through in-game challenges, the player character can earn experience points to gain levels, which allows the player to access and upgrade different spells, talents, and abilities. These challenges come in the form of combat, quests, and exploration. Player characters are also able to establish friendships with interactable non-player characters (NPCs). As these relationships grow, schoolmates become companions who can accompany players on their journey, expand their abilities, and offer unique companion quests as players learn their stories. Each of the four Hogwarts Houses—Gryffindor, Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw, and Slytherin—also offers a unique common room; these rooms are only accessible for the player's current house chosen by the Sorting Hat. Accompanied by the choice of house, the player receives different exclusive quests. While house points for the four Hogwarts houses play a part in the game's plot, they are not influenced by player actions.

Next to experiences in Hogwarts Castle, the player can explore familiar locations and areas such as the magic village of Hogsmeade, Forbidden Forest, or the Room of Requirement. Hogsmeade features establishments such as The Three Broomsticks Inn, a gathering place for villagers and students; the Hog's Head, an inn with a less favourable reputation; and Zonko's, a store selling joke merchandise. The Room of Requirement notably features environmental customisation elements; players can modify the room with multiple objects as they progress through the game. It can be entirely personalised, and its architecture can be changed. The room is used to place and take care of utility items such as brewing stations and planting pots, which can also be customised. Some of the magical beasts of the game can be held in a chosen "Vivarium", a separate place where the player takes care of them. Players will be able to tame, care for, and ride different magical beasts, including hippogriffs and thestrals. Other interactable magical creatures included are unicorns, kneazles, and puffskeins. Plants grown and acquired can be used in combat, such as mandrakes being used to stun enemies.

As the game features open-world gameplay, players are able to explore the map as they please. The different areas present various activities and enemies, with certain aspects locked behind progression milestones in the main plot. During exploration, players have the option to obtain gear by searching for treasure chests. The Revelio spell supports the player's exploration by acting as a scan tool to discover secrets. To travel around the map, players can choose between various options. Players may use Floo Powder as a fast travel option or fly across the map with a broom after participating in flying class. Attending classes is one of the main elements of the game. Classes will be attended as a part of the story, advancing gameplay mechanics. Progressing through the game, the interior and exterior of the castle change visually to match the seasons.

With the launch of the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions of Hogwarts Legacy, the developers included an arachnophobia mode that replaces the regular spider design. The new spider design features a more cartoonish look, removes their legs, and pays homage to the Harry Potter books with the addition of rollerskates on their feet.

Synopsis

Setting and characters
Hogwarts Legacy is set in the late 1800s, taking place in several Wizarding World locations such as Hogwarts Castle, Hogsmeade, and the Scottish Highlands. The player takes on the role of a student (voiced by Sebastian Croft or Amelia Gething) starting their studies at Hogwarts in the fifth year. The player character possesses the power to control a mysterious ancient magic and holds the key to an "ancient secret" that threatens the stability of the wizarding world. Their mission is to discover the reasons behind the resurgence of this forgotten magic and those who are trying to harness its power.

The player encounters various characters in the game, with the most relevant being their professors and fellow students. Professor Eleazar Fig, a wizard who teaches magic theory at Hogwarts, is a central ally throughout the player's adventure. Other characters the protagonist meets include Hogwarts students Amit Thakkar (Asif Ali) and Everett Clopton (Luke Youngblood), Professors Onai (Kandace Caine) and Shah (Sohm Kapila), as well as headmaster Phineas Nigellus Black (Simon Pegg) and Professor Matilda Weasley (Lesley Nicol). The protagonist is also able to build friendships with fellow students Natsai Onai, Poppy Sweeting, and Sebastian Sallow, who take part in the protagonist's journey as companion characters. Antagonists featured in the game include Ranrok, the leader of the goblin rebellion, and Victor Rookwood, the leader of a group of Dark Wizards.

Plot
The protagonist receives a letter from Professor Weasley, which confirms their attendance at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry as a fifth-year student and assigns Professor Fig as the protagonist's mentor. Fig escorts the protagonist from London to Hogwarts via a flying coach. While investigating an unknown artefact, a dragon attacks them, prompting the two to reach for a Portkey hidden inside the artefact that teleports them to Gringotts. Using the Portkey to enter an old vault, the protagonist learns they can see traces of ancient magic. The duo is confronted by a hostile goblin named Ranrok before escaping to Hogwarts, where the protagonist is sorted into one of the four houses.

The protagonist learns various spells during classes and goes on a trip to Hogsmeade with a companion, where a troll sent by Ranrok attacks them and is defeated by them. The protagonist also sneaks into the library and finds a book with missing pages. While Professor Fig studies the book, the protagonist locates the missing pages and finds a secret room below Hogwarts known as the Map Chamber, where they later visit several times with Fig and talk to the portraits of four deceased Hogwarts professors who refer to themselves as the "Keepers", whose goal is to protect the secrets of ancient magic from the wizarding world.

To reveal the secrets of ancient magic, the protagonist completes four trials left by the Keepers. The trials feature complicated puzzles and dangerous tasks that require the skills the protagonist has acquired, each leading to a Pensieve, a magical device used to store and review memories. The protagonist learns from the memories that Isidora Morganach, a Hogwarts student who became a professor with abilities similar to the protagonist, was in conflict with the Keepers and left behind a hidden repository of ancient magic after using it to extract negative emotions, particularly from her suffering father. The Keepers realised that Isidora was inhaling the extracted emotions to increase her own power and failed to dissuade her, and one eventually used the Killing Curse to eliminate her. Through their other adventures, the protagonist also learns that Ranrok, the leader of an ongoing goblin rebellion against wizards, seeks to find the repository and exploit it for his own ends. To locate it, he collaborates with a group of dark wizards led by Victor Rookwood, a descendant of one of the Keepers.

After the protagonist completes all trials, they receive one final task from the Keepers: to create a special type of magic wand from the artefacts found at the Pensieves. Professor Fig sends the protagonist to Gerbold Ollivander, the wandmaker, in order to craft the special wand. As the protagonist leaves Ollivander's, they are ambushed by Victor, who proposes an alliance against the goblins. The protagonist refuses, resulting in a battle in which the protagonist manages to defeat him. Shortly after, the protagonist and Professor Fig find the repository intact, and the protagonist makes their choice between keeping the magic sealed away or absorbing the power for themselves. Ranrok then locates Isidora's repository and absorbs the ancient power, transforming himself into a dragon. Fig is mortally wounded, and the protagonist battles the dragon, ending the goblin rebellion by destroying Ranrok and doing as they chose earlier. Regardless of their choice, Fig dies, and Headmaster Black and Professor Weasley hold a eulogy in honour of him.

The protagonist returns to finish regular school studies, as the end of the school year is leading to the O.W.L. exams. They also continue to explore the castle's surrounding areas and go through adventures with companions Sebastian Sallow, Poppy Sweeting, and Natsai Onai if they haven't completed them already. The journey ends with Professor Weasley awarding the protagonist 100 house points for the extraordinary adventure, which ultimately leads to a win of the House Cup for their respective house.

Development
Hogwarts Legacy was developed by Avalanche Software, which was acquired by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment from Disney in January 2017. In the same year, Warner Bros. established a new publishing label named Portkey Games, which was dedicated to managing the Wizarding World license. The game marks Avalanche's first project unrelated to Disney Interactive Studios and its products. The open world game was developed by utilising Unreal Engine 4. J. K. Rowling, the author of the Harry Potter series, was not directly involved in its development. However, Warner Bros. acknowledged that her literary works served as the basis for all projects in the Wizarding World. Experts estimate the game's total budget to be $150 million.

Lead writer Moira Squier stated that the story was purposefully placed in a time period where no established characters of the Wizarding World franchise were around, making it possible to provide the player with their own unique world in a setting similar to the Harry Potter and Fantastic Beasts eras. The writing team focused on creating a "diverse collection" of characters for players to potentially identify with in a positive way. Although the main characters of Harry Potter are absent in Hogwarts Legacy, some, such as Nearly Headless Nick and Peeves the Poltergeist, make appearances. The team also introduced a trans-inclusive character creator and the franchise's first transgender character, Sirona Ryan. Boston Madsen, the environmental lead for the creation of Hogwarts, emphasised the importance of creating environmental elements close to the source material of the Harry Potter books. Madsen stated that even though it is Avalanche Software's version of Hogwarts, it is made to be easily recognisable. Game director Alan Tew also added that they aimed to go beyond the expected areas to let people discover new locations and undiscovered chambers. Tew and Madsen further explained that they endeavoured to provide each common room of the four Hogwarts Houses as a unique experience to its members, which is further amplified by the addition of uniquely created music for each house. The overarching aim was to create a welcoming atmosphere that fosters a sense of nostalgia and belonging.

Lead designer Troy Leavitt stated that the studio had the flexibility to select the elements that fans were most enthusiastic about. He also mentioned that Hogwarts Legacy was designed to give fans the "wizarding world experience" they always desired while reading the books or watching the movies, without any particular agenda or message. Also working in game design, Troy Johnson elaborated that with the advancements in modern technology and gaming consoles, it was possible to create a competent game based on the Wizarding World. The open world of the game was intentionally designed to fulfil two primary goals: to allow players overall freedom while playing the game and to offer opportunities to craft a gaming experience that is highly personalised and can be enjoyed in their own unique way.

Artists Jeff Bunker and Vanessa Palmer explained that, during the game's development, they kept five specific tech pillars in mind: 4K graphics and visuals, 3D audio, activities and game help, and the PlayStation 5 DualSense controller, as well as fast loading times and activities. They referenced the usage of the Unreal Engine, the computing and rendering capabilities of the PlayStation 5, and the Niagara visual effects system to deliver visual effects for spells and magic.

Music
The soundtrack was composed by Peter Murray, J. Scott Rakozy, and Chuck Myers, including additional tracks by Alexander Horowitz. According to Myers, the development process lasted nearly four years. Audio production coordinator Nathan Ayuobi noted that while they took inspiration from composer John Williams' previous Harry Potter-related work, they concentrated on forging their own unique style.  In a behind-the-scenes video, composers Murray and Rakozy commented on the creation of the Hogwarts Legacy soundtrack. They explained that the challenge of its creative process was to balance the original composition with the existing music of the Wizarding World films. One of the songs, Overture to the Unwritten, was released prior to the soundtrack. The song was performed by the Seven Springs Symphony Orchestra & Choir as a live capture of a 54-piece orchestra.

In December 2022, the release of the soundtrack was announced to happen in February 2023. It was released as two digital double albums totaling 75 tracks: Hogwarts Legacy (Original Video Game Soundtrack) and Hogwarts Legacy (Study Themes from the Original Video Game Soundtrack). The soundtrack was also released on vinyl, mastered by James Plotkin, and distributed by Mondo. On 25 June, the Hollywood Bowl hosted a concert in celebration of the ten-year anniversary of The Game Awards, featuring a range of video game music from recent years, including Hogwarts Legacy. The music was performed by the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra. The event was presented in partnership with the Los Angeles Philharmonic and conducted by composer Lorne Balfe.

Release
Before any official statement on the development or release of Hogwarts Legacy, gameplay footage leaked in 2018. Hogwarts Legacy was officially announced at a PlayStation 5 event in September 2020, with a planned release for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S in 2021. It was delayed twice, first to 2022, and later to 10 February 2023. The game's PS4 and Xbox One versions were also delayed twice, from its February 2023 launch to May. A Nintendo Switch port is scheduled for release on 14 November 2023. It was originally scheduled for 25 July 2023. The game was made available in three versions, namely: Standard Edition, Deluxe Edition, and Collector's Edition. The Deluxe Edition includes an exclusive mount, a clothing set, and a new battle arena location as additional content. The Collector's Edition includes the former's content as well but also features a steel case, a box, and a "floating wand" collectible. Buyers of the Standard Edition also have the option to upgrade to the Deluxe Edition by buying the additional content separately. Early access was made available to people who had pre-ordered the game's physical Collector's Edition or Digital Deluxe Edition on console or PC on 7 February 2023. The game made several lists of the most anticipated games of 2023: CNET, CNN, Den of Geek, GameSpot, IGN, PC Games, NPR, Polygon, Time, VentureBeat, and VG247. The game was nominated for "Most Anticipated Game" at the Game Awards 2022 and for "Most Wanted Game" at the Golden Joystick Awards 2022. To promote the game, a specifically designed DualSense controller, the "Revelio Controller", was released at the game's launch in the U.S. and UK as a limited edition.

During the game's development, lead designer Troy Leavitt drew significant criticism in February 2021 due to a series of social media posts and videos where he expressed support for cultural appropriation and Gamergate. Amid the controversy, he resigned from his roles at both Avalanche Software and the Hogwarts Legacy project. He emphasised that his decision to leave was not influenced by the negative feedback he received. Warner Bros. did not provide any comment on the issue. Following the release of the first gameplay trailer in March 2022, the game received criticism for basing it in the Goblin Rebellion era of Wizarding World history, with the game's storyline focusing on the player suppressing a goblin rebellion. The Wizarding World lore surrounding goblins has previously been accused of being based on antisemitic tropes. The criticism stemmed from the belief that the game's core message was that the minority goblin group should be considered the enemy for rebelling against their oppressor and fighting for freedom and equal rights.

However, the portrayal of goblins in both the game and the larger Harry Potter universe has been defended by some. The non-governmental organisation Campaign Against Antisemitism argued that the depiction is consistent with how goblins have been portrayed in Western literature over the centuries and is not evidence of malice on the part of contemporary artists. The statement also commended Rowling for her tireless efforts in defending the Jewish community. In an exchange with The Times of Israel, Travis Northup of IGN disagreed with the idea that the game contained antisemitic tropes. He pointed out that the story did not feature a group of goblins controlling banks or attempting to seize power, but rather focused on a single goblin who rebelled against the Wizarding World's demand of denying magical access to his kind. Jewish comedian and political commentator Jon Stewart, who was previously reported by several media outlets to have made the same accusations, retorted the next day that he was misrepresented and that he did not think the goblins' portrayal in Harry Potter or J.K. Rowling herself was antisemitic. He added that antisemitic tropes are so ingrained in society that they are almost impossible to spot.

Hogwarts Legacy became a subject of contention in response to Rowling's controversial views on transgender people. Her detractors called for a boycott of the game as a means of showing solidarity with the transgender community and to impede the financial benefits she would receive from its release. Others felt that Hogwarts Legacy could be separated from the views of its universe's creator. On behalf of Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment and in light of the controversy, President David Haddad stated that Rowling has the right to hold her personal viewpoint. Several weeks before the game's launch, actor Sebastian Croft, who voiced the game's protagonist, distanced himself from Rowling's views. Writing for GameSpot, transgender YouTuber Jessie Earl wrote that those on each side of the debate should come to their own conclusions and that, while it was not wrong to want to play Hogwarts Legacy, those who did should not claim to be supportive of the trans community. Conservative observers declared the boycott unsuccessful; The Telegraph noted that it had the opposite effect and failed to garner the attention of non-activists; and Fox News claimed the game had beaten cancel culture. According to PC Games, the sales figures attest to the ineffectiveness of any boycott efforts aimed at Hogwarts Legacy.

Shortly before the release of Hogwarts Legacy, a website was created with the sole purpose of targeting Twitch streamers who played the game. The web tool in question filtered accounts streaming the game. While the page was taken down soon after, some streamers had already been harassed. Following Hogwarts Legacys early-access release on 7 February 2023, some content creators and streamers were criticised and harassed by others opposed to Rowling's views for promoting and broadcasting the game. As a result, some streamers ultimately decided not to stream the game at all, with Polygon noting that it occurred either in favour of ongoing protests or for fear of harassment. Despite the efforts to boycott the game, its viewership on live-streaming service Twitch peaked at a record-breaking 1.28 million concurrent viewers on 7 February. As a result, Hogwarts Legacy became the most-watched single-player game of all time by peak viewers on the platform and garnered a Guinness World Record.

Additional content
By joining the Harry Potter Fan Club and linking the WB Games account, players were able to receive free cosmetic items. PlayStation versions of the game include "The Haunted Hogsmeade Shop" as exclusive content and the recipe for the "Felix Felicis" potion as a pre-order exclusive. The former consists of an additional dungeon, a cosmetic set, and the feature of owning an in-game shop, while the latter allows the player to reveal gear chests on the map. Accompanied by the launch of Hogwarts Legacy, the Dark Arts Pack was released as either a part of the Deluxe and Collector's editions or as downloadable content (DLC) for users of the regular edition. The DLC consists of an exclusive mount, a clothing set, and a new battle arena location. The Dark Arts Battle Arena expands the two available battle arenas available in the base game. Since the early access release on 7 February 2023 up until 24 February 2023, players have been able to receive five free cosmetic items exclusively through Twitch Drops. As part of the launch of the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One game versions, Hogwarts Legacy players have access to the "Professor Ronen cosmetic set", comprising seven extra cosmetic items obtainable through Twitch Drops. As of February 2023, shortly after release, game director Alan Tew stated that the team focused only on the launch and did not yet plan to release additional content.

Reception

Critical response
According to review aggregator Metacritic, Hogwarts Legacy received "generally favourable" reviews. As per OpenCritic, 89% of the 155 critic reviews recommend the game.

The environments and visuals were lauded by critics, with the majority of praise for the recreation of Hogwarts Castle. GamesRadar+ complimented the world as being faithful to the existing Wizarding World lore, and Destructoid appreciated the overall presentation and positive synergy with the universe. Other reviewers echoed these points, with NME writing that the world was probably "the best representation for fans". Further praise was directed at the castle's level of detail. Push Square highlighted the level of atmosphere and visual presentation, finding it made aimless activities like walking around Hogwarts enjoyable. The surrounding areas set in the Scottish Highlands received similar plaudits, though some thought that other areas were not as engaging.

The gameplay elements received mixed reactions. PC Gamer praised Legacys "simple but harmonious systems", such as its take on wizard duels and building a personalised living space in the Room of Requirement. Eurogamer Germany lauded the attention to detail in motivating the player to explore the world. They highlighted the "atmospheric" music and were impressed by the design of some of the game's quests and puzzles. Destructoid complimented the range of activities and unlockables but found the game "unremarkable" overall, contributing to the experience of being "wrapped in a flawed open world shell". NME similarly wrote that the game design felt dated, attributing this to its long development cycle. The Guardian criticised the experience as "competent but unspectacular". While praising the presentation as "enchanting", they felt that the progression made the game feel more derivative of other open-world examples. GameRevolution described Legacy as a fun but forgettable Harry Potter fan service, writing that features such as attending classes and creating potions lacked sufficient depth. However, the combat was generally praised. PCGamesN called it the game's strongest aspect, and The A.V. Club deemed it the most interesting feature, calling more challenging fights "legitimately thrilling". GameSpot described the combat and spells as giving "a great sense of power" for the player, though he criticised the spell-selecting controls and the "uninteresting" enemy design. Game Informer similarly lamented the enemies for lacking variety.

The game's narrative divided critics. Some praised the developer's handling of the narrative to tell an original story in a setting that felt overly familiar. Windows Central deemed the story "engaging", while the writing of the more detailed sidequests was positively highlighted by Video Games Chronicle as "sit[ting] comfortably with the best of the series". Hardcore Gamer praised the story as "gripping", but felt it faltered towards the end. PCMag in particular criticised the decision to have the protagonist act out a "Chosen One" role. Other reviewers found the narrative to be lacklustre and, at times, illogical.

The characters were mostly well-received. Windows Central described them as interesting, noting that they added depth to the world. CNET complimented them for being well-written and positively remarked upon their ethnic diversity, which was echoed by PCMag. IGN praised the companions for their characterization and roles. The cast performances received similar compliments; PCMag wrote that their quality made conversations feel natural. On the other hand, Video Games Chronicle considered certain NPCs outside of Hogwarts to be lifeless. Hardcore Gamer wrote that the protagonist's rivals, Ranrok and Rookwood, failed as compelling antagonists and were inferior compared to other established Harry Potter villains.

Reviewers were critical of Legacys technical aspects. PC Gamer experienced brief but frequent pauses at doors, as well as frame rate drops during uneventful moments. Eurogamer Germany noted shading issues and "stiff" facial expressions on character models, and CNET thought that their eye movements occasionally felt unnatural. Many noted that the game's performance was affected by a number of technical issues, including slow loading of textures, frame rate inconsistencies, visual glitches, clipping objects, and inconsistent lighting. GameStar reported performance problems overall while reviewing the PC version, especially in areas with many NPCs, but noticed the game's first patch alleviated some of these issues.

As a result of the controversy surrounding Rowling, some publications chose not to cover or review Hogwarts Legacy, and the internet forum ResetEra banned all discussion of it. In its own review, Wired gave the game the lowest possible score, stating that it was mediocre and harmful. The review, which was noted as politically focused, drew criticism. In response to the controversy, the studio added that the development focused on creating a rich and diverse world that would represent all groups of people. According to PinkNews, transgender character Sirona Ryan's inclusion was dismissed by some activists as insincere, while unnamed sources involved in the development allegedly stated that the character added nothing substantial and was solely created to avert criticism.

Sales

On 23 February 2023, Warner Bros. Discovery announced that the game had sold more than 12 million copies and generated $850 million in global sales. As of 5 May 2023, the game had accumulated a total of 15 million copies sold worldwide and crossed $1 billion in total revenue. On Steam, Hogwarts Legacy reached a peak of over 489,000 concurrent players during its early access. By then, it had become the second-highest player count peak for any single-player game, behind only Cyberpunk 2077 with over 1 million concurrent players. After its release, the game peaked at over 879,000 players, placing it as the game with the eighth-highest concurrent player peak overall.

Due to Steam's rules on separating pre-orders and official releases, Hogwarts Legacy occupied the first four spots on the platform's sales chart at some point during its first week of release. In Europe, Hogwarts Legacys launch sales placed it as the sixth biggest launch for a video game since the creation of the European Monthly Charts. In the UK, analysts compared the first-week sales to Elden Ring, noting that physical and digital sales are up by 80% and 88%, respectively. It remained at the top of the UK physical charts for four additional weeks. In Japan, Hogwarts Legacy debuted atop the software sales chart, with the PlayStation 5 version selling 67,196 physical copies. The game remained one additional week at the top spot and, as of 2 April 2023, accumulated a total of 161,842 physical copies sold. Legacy sold more than 600,000 copies in Germany within a period of two and a half weeks, making it one of the most successful games of both 2022 and 2023. In the US, the game topped the monthly sales charts for February 2023.

See also

Notes

References

External links

2023 video games
Action role-playing video games
Articles containing video clips
Avalanche Software games
Harry Potter controversies
Harry Potter video games
High school-themed video games
LGBT-related controversies in video games
Nintendo Switch games
Open-world video games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation 5 games
Race-related controversies in video games
Single-player video games
Unreal Engine games
Video games based on novels
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists
Video game prequels
Video games set in castles
Video games set in Scotland
Video games set in the 19th century
Warner Bros. video games
Windows games
Xbox One games
Xbox Series X and Series S games

Hogwarts Legacy


Ganga () is the personification of the river Ganges, who is worshipped by Hindus as the goddess of purification and forgiveness. Known by many names, Ganga is often depicted as a fair, beautiful woman, riding a divine crocodile-like creature called the makara. Some of the earliest mentions of Ganga are found in the Rigveda, where she is mentioned as the holiest of the rivers. Her stories mainly appear in post-Vedic texts such as the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and the Puranas.

The Ramayana describes her to be the firstborn of Himavat, the personification of the Himalayas, and the sister of the mother goddess Parvati. However, other texts mention her origin from the preserver deity, Vishnu. Legends focus on her descent to earth, which occurred because of a royal-sage Bhagiratha, aided by the god Shiva. In the epic Mahabharata, Ganga is the mother of the warrior Bhishma in a union with the Kuru king Shantanu.

In Hinduism, Ganga is seen as a mother to humanity. Pilgrims immerse the ashes of their kin in the river Ganga, which is considered by them to bring the souls (purified spirits) closer to moksha, the liberation from the cycle of life and death. Festivals like Ganga Dussehra and Ganga Jayanti are celebrated in her honour at several sacred places, which lie along the banks of the Ganges, including Gangotri, Haridwar, Prayagraj, Varanasi and Kali Ghat in Kolkata. Alongside Gautama Buddha, Ganga is worshipped during the Loy Krathong festival in Thailand.

Vedic scriptures

Ganga is mentioned in the Rigveda, the earliest and theoretically the holiest of the Hindu scriptures. Ganga is mentioned in the Nadistuti (Rigveda 10.75), which lists the rivers from east to west. In RV 6.45.31, the word Ganga is also mentioned, but it is not clear if the reference is to the river. RVRV 3.58.6 says that "your ancient home, your auspicious friendship, O Heroes, your wealth is on the banks of the Jahanvi". This verse could refer to the Ganga. In RV 1.116.18–19, the Jahanvi and the Ganges river dolphin occur in two adjacent verses.

Iconography

Ganga is described as the melodious, the fortunate, the cow that gives much milk, the eternally pure, the delightful, the body that is full of fish, affords delight to the eye and leaps over mountains in sport, the bedding that bestows water and happiness, and the friend or benefactor of all that lives.

Since the Vedic period, the Ganges river has been considered the holiest of all rivers by Hindus. Ganga is also personified as a goddess and worshipped as Goddess Ganga. She holds an important place in the Hindu pantheon. Ganga is represented as a fair-complexioned woman, wearing a white crown and sitting on a crocodile. She holds a water lily in her right hand and a flute in her left. When shown with four hands she carries a water-pot, a lily, a rosary, and has one hand in a protective mode. The Rigveda mentions Ganga but more of her is said in the Puranas.

Ganga is depicted four-armed and mounted on a crocodile or enthroned surrounded by crocodiles. In one of the iconography in Maha Virat-rupa, she holds a jar of amrita, rosary, lotus and varada mudra. She may be depicted in other ways holding only a kalasha (or 2 replacing lotus) and lotus, while other 2 hands in varada and abhaya mudra.

Another depiction popular especially in Bengal shows her holding shankha, chakra (discus), lotus and abhaya mudra, with the kalasha releasing her holy water.

In Brahma Vaivarta Purana, Ganga is often depicted with her divine mount, the makara – an animal with the head of a crocodile and tail of a dolphin.

Legend

Birth
The Ramayana and several other texts narrate that Brahma created Himavat. He later became the king of the Himalayas, and married Menavati, the daughter of Meru. After several years, a daughter was born, and they named her Ganga. After some years, another daughter named Parvati was born, who was an incarnation of Sati. When Ganga grew up, the devas took her to Svarga, and she took a form of a river and flowed there.

The Bhagavata Purana depicts another origin of Ganga. According to the text, Vishnu, in his incarnation as Vamana, extended his left foot to the end of the universe, and pierced a hole in its covering with the nail of his big toe. Through the hole, the pure water of the causal ocean entered this universe as the Ganges river. Having washed the lotus feet of the lord, which are covered with reddish saffron, the water of the Ganga acquired a very beautiful pink colour. Because the Ganges directly touches the lotus feet of Vishnu (Narayana) before descending within this universe, it is known as Bhagavat-Padi or Vishnupadi, which means emanating from the feet of Bhagavan (God). It finally settles in Brahmaloka or Brahmapura, the abode of the Brahma, before descending to the planet earth at the request of Bhagiratha, and held safely by Shiva on his head, to prevent the destruction of Bhumi Devi (the earth goddess). Then, Ganga was released from Shiva's hair to meet the needs of the country.

Transformation into a river
A legend in the Bhagavata Purana and Devi Bhagavata Purana describes Ganga as originally being one of the three wives of Vishnu, along with Lakshmi and Saraswati. In the midst of a conversation, Saraswati observed that Ganga playfully kept glancing at Vishnu. Frustrated, Saraswati launched a furious tirade against Ganga, accusing her of stealing Vishnu's love away from her. When Ganga appealed to her husband to help her, he opted to remain neutral, not wishing to participate in a quarrel between his three wives, whom he loved equally. When Lakshmi attempted to soothe Saraswati's anger by reasoning with her, the jealous goddess grew angry with her as well, accusing her of disloyalty towards her. She cursed Lakshmi to be born as the Tulasi plant upon the earth. Ganga, now enraged that Lakshmi had been cursed because she had defended her, cursed Saraswati that she would be incarnated as a river on earth. Saraswati issued the same curse against Ganga, informing her that sinful men would cleanse themselves of their sins with her water. To prevent further conflict among the goddesses, Vishnu declares Lakshmi as his only wife and sends Saraswati to Brahma and Ganga to Shiva.

Descent upon the earth

The Mahabharata narrates that there was once a war between the devas and the asuras. The leader of the asuras, Vritra, was killed by Indra, and so his followers hid in the sea, causing the devas to be unable to find them. The devas requested Sage Agastya to help. He used his divine powers and swallowed the ocean to reveal where the asuras were hiding. The devas defeated the remaining asuras, and asked Sage Agastya to restore the water. However, the sage was unable to release the water, despite trying several times. This caused drought conditions upon the earth, but Vishnu assured that the ocean would be filled by the flow of Ganga on the planet.

The story about Ganga's descent on earth through the efforts of Bhagiratha, a descendant of King Sagara, is narrated in the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and various Puranas. Wanting to show his sovereignty, King Sagara performed a ritual known as ashvamedha, where a horse was left to wander for one year. However, Indra stole the horse to prevent the ritual from being successful. Learning that the horse had disappeared, King Sagara sent his sixty thousand sons to look for it. They eventually found the horse at the ashrama of Sage Kapila, in the netherworld. Thinking that Sage Kapila had stolen the horse, the sons interrupted him while he was in a deep meditation. This infuriated Kapila, and with his ascetic's gaze, he burned all the sixty thousand sons to ashes.

King Sagara sent his grandson, Amshuman, to ask the sage Kapila what could be done to bring deliverance to their souls. Sage Kapila advised that only the water of the Ganges, which flowed from Svarga, could liberate them. Bhagiratha, Amshuman's grandson, undertook severe ascetic practices, and won the favour of Brahma and Shiva. Brahma allowed Ganga to descend on earth, while Shiva broke Ganga's fall in the coils of his hair, so that her force would not shatter the earth. When Ganga descended, Bhagiratha led her to the sea. From there, the river reached the netherworld, and liberated the sixty thousand sons of King Sagara.

Because of Bhagiratha's efforts, the river is also known as Bhagirathi. She is also known as Tripathaga because she flows in the three worlds, heaven, earth, and the netherworld. Another epithet that Ganga is known by is Jahnavi, because she flooded the ashram of Sage Jahnu while being led by Bhagiratha. Her waters extinguished the ritual fire there, which angered the sage Jahnu, so he drank up all of Ganga's waters. Sage Jahnu later released the water out of his left ear after Bhagiratha explained his mission for Ganga's descent. Due to this incident, Ganga is known as Jahnavi, which means daughter of Sage Jahnu.

Marriage and children
In the Mahabharata, Ganga is the wife of Shantanu as well as the mother of the eight Vasus, including Bhishma. Ganga and Shantanu were cursed by Brahma to be born on earth. Shantanu met Ganga on the banks of the Ganges and asked her to marry him. She accepted the proposal on the condition that Shantanu would not question any of her actions. Shantanu agreed and they married. They lived together peacefully and had eight sons who were the incarnation of the eight Vasus. They too had been cursed and had asked Ganga to end their life when they were born to her on earth. Due to their request, Ganga began drowning each son upon birth while Shantanu watched without questioning. However, when she was about to drown their eighth son, Bhishma, Shantanu stopped her. Ganga later leaves with Bhishma but gives him back to Shantanu when he is ten years old.

Significance
The Ganga is also called the Ganga Mata (Mother), and is revered in Hindu worship and culture, venerated for her forgiveness of sins and capacity to cleanse mankind. Unlike various other goddesses, she has no destructive or fearsome aspect, destructive though she might be as a river in nature. She is also a mother to other gods.

Festivals

Ganga Jayanti
On this day, Ganga is regarded to have been reborn. According to legend, the goddess is regarded to have accidentally destroyed the hut of Sage Jahnu during her descent upon the earth. In retort, the sage drank the entirety of the river's water. At the request of Bhagiratha and Ganga herself, he released the river from his ear, and she earned the epithet Jahnavi. Ganga Jayanti falls on the seventh day of the month of Vaishakha's first fortnight.

Navaratri
Ganga is worshipped during Navaratri as all the forms of Adishakti during the duration of the festivities.

Loi Krathong
Thais use the Krathong to thank the Goddess of Water, the Hindu goddess Ganga, Phra Mae Khongkha ().

Beyond the Indian subcontinent and Hinduism

Ganga is respected in Nepal as a guardian water goddess, worshipped together with another river goddess Yamuna. Her sculptures are found in Patan Durbar Square and Gokarneshwar Mahadev temple is a municipality in Kathmandu District in the Bagmati Province.

In Sri Lanka, Ganga with other Hindu deities assumes a Buddhist persona. Her sculpture is seen in Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara.

In Balinese Hinduism, she is worshipped together with the goddess Danu. Her waters are considered holy in Bali. Her maternal association with Bhishma is known in Bali. Religious sites associated with her in Bali are Tirta Gangga, Pura Taman Mumbul Sangeh, and Kongco Pura Taman Gandasari.

Ganga Talao in Mauritius is considered by the Mauritian Hindus equivalent to Ganga. In 1972, the then Prime Minister of Mauritius, Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam brought Holy water from the Ganga's source – Gomukh in India and mixed it with the water of the Grand Bassin and renamed it as Ganga Talao.

Ganga is invoked with Hindu deities Shiva, Bhumi, Surya and Chandra in Thailand's royal Triyampawai ceremony. She is worshipped together with goddess Phra Mae Thorani within Thai Bushhism and goddess Phosop in Tai folk religion. The four sacred pools of Suphan Buri Province have waters from the Ganga and the Yamuna rivers and are used for rituals.

Ganga has been revered in Cambodia since the Khmer empire. In Shiva's iconographical form Uma-Gangapatisvarar (), Shiva is depicted with Ganga and his wife Uma (Parvati). Ganga's images are located in Bakong, Lintel in Thommanon and exhibit in International Council of Museums.

See also
Bhishma
Shantanu
Shiva
Yami/Yamuna
Narmada

References

Sources

 Vijay Singh: The River Goddess (Moonlight Publishing, London, 1994)

External links

Ganga Ma: A Pilgrimage to the Source a documentary that follows the Ganges from the mouth to its source in the Himalayas.

Characters in the Mahabharata
Hindu goddesses
Sea and river goddesses
Rigvedic rivers
Hindu pilgrimage sites
Ganges
Water and Hinduism
Personifications of rivers

Ganga (goddess)


Computer networks are connected together to form larger networks such as campus networks, corporate networks, or the Internet. Routers are network devices that may be used to connect these networks (e.g., a home network connected to the network of an Internet service provider). When a router interconnects many networks or handles much network traffic, it may become a bottleneck and cause network congestion (i.e., traffic loss).

A number of techniques have been developed to prevent such problems. One of them is the network search engine (NSE), also known as network search element. This special-purpose device helps a router perform one of its core and repeated functions very fast: address lookup. Besides routing, NSE-based address lookup is also used to keep track of network service usage for billing purposes, or to look up patterns of information in the data passing through the network for security reasons  .

Network search engines are often available as ASIC chips to be interfaced with the network processor of the router. Content-addressable memory and Trie are two techniques commonly used when implementing NSEs.

References

IDT Next Generation Search Engines.

Integrated circuits
Networking hardware

Network search engine


The Douglas XB-31 (Douglas Model 332) was the design submitted by Douglas after the request by the United States Army Air Forces for a very heavy bomber aircraft, the same request that led to the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, Lockheed XB-30, and Consolidated B-32 Dominator.

Design and development
Around 1938, United States Army General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold, the head of the US Army Air Corps (USAAC), was growing alarmed at the possibility of war in Europe and in the Pacific. Hoping to be prepared for the long-term requirements of the Air Force, Arnold created a special committee chaired by Brigadier General W. G. Kilner; one of its members was Charles Lindbergh. The Douglas firm at the time was working on an even larger, 212 foot (64.6 meter) wingspan four-engined strategic bomber prototype airframe, the Douglas XB-19, that made her maiden flight in late June 1941.

After a tour of Luftwaffe bases, Lindbergh became convinced that Nazi Germany was far ahead of other European nations. In a report in 1939, the committee made a number of recommendations, including development of new long-range heavy bombers. When war broke out in Europe, Arnold requested design studies from several companies on a Very Long-Range bomber capable of travelling 5,000 miles (8,000 km). Approval was granted on 2 December 1939.

Throughout 1939 and 1940 Douglas investigated designs of the Model 332 with different powerplants (Wright R-2600, Pratt and Whitney R-2800, Wright R-2160, Wright R-3350). All were designed to have roughly same operating range, with variations in the projected service ceiling.

The XB-31 design was rejected in favor of the B-29 and B-32 (along with the XB-30) because the USAAC found the B-29 superior to the Douglas and Lockheed designs.

Specifications (Model 332F as designed)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1979. .
 Jones, Lloyd S. U.S. Bombers: B-1 1928 to B-1 1980s. Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, Inc., 1974. .

External links

Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
B-31
B-31, Douglas
High-wing aircraft
Four-engined piston aircraft

Douglas XB-31


Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) or Rural Electricity Infrastructure and Household Electrification Scheme was launched in 2005 with the aim to provide electricity to all rural areas.

In 2013, an amount of Rs. 198.98 crore was sanctioned to the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA) under this scheme which was later renamed as Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana and recently as "saubhagya" This scheme aimed at electrifying all villages and habitations, Providing access to electricity to all rural households andProviding electricity connection to Below Poverty Line (BPL) families free of charge. To augment resource capacities for implementation of this scheme, Ministry of Power, Govt. of India involved CPSUs like NTPC, NHPC, PGCIL and DVC for making available their project management expertise and capabilities to the states willing to use their services. Anyishi Youth Association (ANYA) claimed that there were scams involved the CM under Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) scheme. As in April 2015, only 910 villages were yet to be electrified, which account for 5% of India's un-electrified villages  excluding some uninhabited villages but around 35 million households i.e., approximately 11% of the total rural households were yet to be electrified.

References

Rural society in India
Electrification
Rural electrification
Welfare
Welfare in India


Hayde Bre is a 2010 Turkish drama film, directed by Orhan Oğuz, about a man from the countryside unable to adjust to life in Istanbul. The film, which went on nationwide general release across Turkey on , premiered in competition at the 47th Antalya "Golden Orange" International Film Festival (October 9–14, 2010).

Production
Director Orhan Oğuz, who was born in the Thracian province of Kırklareli and is the son of a family that emigrated from Yugoslavia in 1948, spent twenty years working on the film, which tells the story of his step grandfather, including ten years looking for a suitable actor to play the lead role of Şevket Ağa before selecting Macedonian actor Şevket Emrulla.

Plot
Şaban Agha (Şevket Emrulla) lives in a small Macedonian village with his wife and friends in a small town while his stepdaughter Saadet (Nilüfer Açıkalın) lives in the Istanbul with her three children and paralysed husband whom she has to take care of. The lives of Şaban Agha and Saadet intersect unexpectedly, after Saadet travels to the village for her son's circumcision ceremony and without the least desire, Şaban Agha moves to Istanbul at Saadet's insistence upon her return. However, it proves impossible for him to adapt to city life and the rules of the system. Though he still considers himself a "guest" in Istanbul, the land he is homesick for is in fact long lost. Unaware of this fact, Şaban Agha plans to move back at the earliest opportunity, as he comes to realize that he will not be able to manage in the city.

Release

Premiere
The film premiered in competition at the 47th Antalya "Golden Orange" International Film Festival on .

Festival screenings
 47th Antalya "Golden Orange" International Film Festival (October 9–14, 2010)
 2011 Shanghai International Film Festival (awarded Best Film and Best Actor for Şevket Emrulla)
 2011 Turkish Movie Days, Helsinki (September 29-1.10, 2011)

See also
 Turkish films of 2010

References

External links
  (in Turkish)

2010 films
2010 drama films
Films set in Turkey
Turkish drama films
2010s Turkish-language films

Hayde Bre