The Shropshire Union Railways and Canal Company was a Company in England, formed in 1846, which managed several canals and railways. It intended to convert a number of canals to railways, but was leased by the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) from 1847, and although they built one railway in their own right, the LNWR were keen that they did not build any more. They continued to act as a semi-autonomous body, managing the canals under their control, and were critical of the LNWR for not using the powers which the Shropshire Union Company had obtained to achieve domination of the markets in Shropshire and Cheshire by building more railways.

The company grew out of the amalgamation of the Chester Canal with its branch to Middlewich and the Birmingham and Liverpool Junction Canal, which ran from Nantwich to Autherley. They took over the Eastern and Western branches of the Montgomery Canal, the Shrewsbury Canal and leased the Shropshire Canal. Although plans to convert them to railways had been dropped by 1849, the LNWR bought the Shropshire Canal outright in 1857, following severe subsidence, and used it as the route for a railway to Coalport, opened in 1861.

Most of the profits came as a result of the company acting as a carrier, rather than from tolls. In addition to running narrow boats on the canals, they had a thriving business carrying goods across the River Mersey, between Liverpool, Ellesmere Port, and Birkenhead. They made a healthy operating profit until the 1870s, but this then diminished during the next 30 years. They looked at upgrading the canal to take larger vessels in the 1890s, prompted by the opening of the Manchester Ship Canal, but this did not occur. They saw a brief improvement in their financial position in the early 20th century, but this collapsed with the onset of the First World War. Government subsidies sustained them until 1920, but rising wage costs and the 8-hour day resulted in them ceasing to act as a carrier, and the LNWR bought the company in late 1922. On 1 January 1923, the LNWR became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS), with the passing of the Railways Act 1921 (Grouping Act). The Montgomery Canal closed in 1936 after a major breach, and most of the canals were closed under the provisions of an abandonment order obtained in 1944.

The Ellesmere Port to Autherley section and the branch to Middlewich remained open, and have since been named the Shropshire Union Canal. The branch to Llangollen, which was retained as a water feeder, has been reopened in the leisure age as the Llangollen Canal, and parts of the Montgomery Canal have been restored, with ongoing plans for a full restoration. A fledgling scheme to conserve and reopen the Shrewsbury Canal is having some success, and a small part of the Shropshire Canal is now part of the Ironbridge Gorge Museums. Part of the Stafford to Shrewsbury Line, the only railway built by a canal company, remains open from Shrewsbury to Wellington, and is served by Transport for Wales.

History

In 1844, the Ellesmere and Chester Canal Company, which owned the broad canals from Ellesmere Port to Chester and from Chester to Nantwich, with a branch to Middlewich, began discussions with the narrow Birmingham and Liverpool Junction Canal, which ran from Nantwich to Autherley, where it joined the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal. The two companies had always worked together, in a bid to maintain their profits against competition from the railways, and amalgamation seemed to be a logical step. An agreement was worked out by August, and the two companies then sought an Act of Parliament to authorise the takeover. This was granted on 8 May 1845, when the larger Ellesmere and Chester Canal Company was formed.

Reformation as a joint canal - railway company

Almost immediately, a committee was set up to look at options for converting all or part of the canals into railways, and extending the network. Although they had already tried using a steam tug to haul a train of boats, they realised that not all of their canals were suitable for such use, and that a locomotive on a railway with good gradients offered a better solution. The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal were alarmed by the announcement that many of the canals might close, on the basis that removal of one would have a serious effect on another, and sought to oppose the action.

The committee met with the railway engineer Robert Stephenson on 24 July 1845, who suggested that various schemes should be joined together to avoid competition in Parliament. George Loch, who was on the board of the Ellesmere and Chester Canal, worked on the details for what would become the Shropshire Union, which involved amalgamation of several railway and canal companies. Among the canals to be included in the larger scheme were the Eastern and Western branches of the Montgomery Canal, the Shrewsbury Canal and the Shropshire Canal. While much of the canal network would be converted to railways, some  would be retained in water, including the Shrewsbury Canal, the Shropshire Canal, and the line from Ellesmere Port via Barbridge to Middlewich, which served the trade in salt.

Four new railways were proposed. The first would run from Crewe to Newtown, via Nantwich, Whitchurch, Ellesmere, Oswestry and Welshpool, with a branch from Whitchurch to Wem. At Newtown, it would meet with a projected railway to Aberystwyth. The second would run from the North Staffordshire Railway at Stone or Norton Bridge to Stafford, continuing through Newport, Donnington and Wellington to Shrewsbury. A third would follow the course of the River Severn from Shrewsbury to Worcester, with a branch from Ironbridge to Donnington and Wellington. The final one would connect Wolverhampton to the Chester and Crewe Railway, passing through Market Drayton and Nantwich. The proposed capital for the venture was £1.4 million, and the engineers were listed as William Cubitt, Robert Stephenson and W A Provis, the resident engineer for the Ellesmere and Chester Canal.

The joint company obtained Acts of Parliament in 1846 to cover the first three of the four railways, and to reform itself as the Shropshire Union Railways and Canal Company (SUR&CC). The new company was authorised to take over the Shrewsbury Canal and to buy the Montgomery Canal and the Shropshire Canal. The intent behind the acts was to build railways at a reduced cost, by using the existing routes of the canals the company owned. New share capital of £3.3 million could be raised, with an additional £1.1 million if required. Holders of shares in the existing canal companies exchanged them for new shares. The Ellesmere and Chester was valued at £250,004, the Birmingham and Liverpool Junction at £150,000, and the Shrewsbury at £75,000. The company carried forward debts and liabilities of £800,207.

Takeovers

The Shropshire Union Company bought the eastern branch of the Montgomery Canal in February 1847, for £78,210. Three years later, on 5 February 1850, they paid £42,000 for the western branch. The Shropshire Canal had been valued at £72,500, but rather than buy it, the company decided to lease it from 1 November 1849, paying £3,125 per year. They also started work on the Shrewsbury and Stafford Railway, confident that it would not result in the canals losing revenue.

However, dealing with ever-expanding railway companies proved difficult. They had originally formed a contract with the Shrewsbury, Wolverhampton, Dudley and Birmingham project, which was subsequently leased to the London and Birmingham Railway. The London and Birmingham saw the Shropshire Union's fourth railway proposal, from Wolverhampton to Crewe, as an important part of their main line to Holyhead, and formed an alliance with the Crewe and Holyhead Railway and the Manchester and Birmingham Railway. The three companies would support the Shropshire Union, against the Grand Junction Railway, who were proposing an alternative route between Wolverhampton and Crewe. The support was short-lived, as the London and Birmingham Railway, the Manchester and Birmingham Railway, and the Grand Junction Railway amalgamated on 1 January 1846, to become the London and North Western Railway (LNWR), and suddenly the Shropshire Union route was a threat.

By the autumn of 1846, the LNWR had offered to lease the Shropshire Union, and the directors felt that a guaranteed income from a powerful company was probably better than most other options. They agreed to the terms in December, and the LNWR obtained an Act of Parliament in June 1847 to authorise the arrangement. The Shrewsbury and Stafford Railway was opened on 1 June 1849, and lease payments began a month later on 1 July. The arrangement of the lease was not fully completed until 25 March 1857, but the LNWR, struggling with their own success, persuaded the Shropshire Union not to build any more railways, in exchange for a commitment to servicing the canal debts. The Shropshire Union thus lost its independence after a very short period, but continued to manage the canals under its control, and in this they had a remarkably free hand.

By 1849, the plan to turn the canals into railways had been dropped, and the Company were leasing the Shropshire Canal, which ran from Wrockwardine Wood where there was a junction with the Trench branch of the Shrewsbury Canal, to Coalport, on the River Severn. Following the Great Western Railway's take-over of the Shrewsbury and Birmingham's railway line through Oakengates and its branch from Madeley Wood to Lightmoor on 1 September 1854, the Shropshire Union manager, Robert Skey, recommended to the LNWR that the Shropshire Canal should be converted to a railway in January 1855, but no action was taken. However, after a series of breaches later that year and in 1856, the LNER were faced with spending £30,000 on repairing the canal. Instead, they obtained an Act of Parliament in 1857, which allowed them to buy the canal for £62,500, close the northern section from Wrockwardine Wood to the Windmill inclined plane, and build a railway line along its course. The closure was delayed until 1 June 1858, and the railway branch to Coalport opened in mid-1861.

Competition
The LNWR had sought to build a railway connecting Shrewsbury, Welshpool, Oswestry and Newtown in 1853, but had withdrawn the bill from Parliament after discussions with the Great Western Railway. The Oswestry and Newtown Railway was subsequently built by the Great Western, with support from former shareholders of the Montgomery Canal, who had hoped that selling the canal to the Shropshire Union would result in it being converted to a railway. It was completed in June 1861, and ran parallel to the Montgomery Canal. Another line opened in 1864, the Oswestry, Ellesmer and Whitchurch Railway, which was part of the Cambrian Railway. The Shorpshire Union negotiated with both companies on rates, and managed to keep the canal rates slightly lower than those on the railways.

At their annual meeting in September 1861, Robert Skey stated that the canals brought some £60,000 in trade to the LNWR each year. However, the relationship with the LNWR was not always smooth, who were castigated at the 1862 meeting for failing to use powers which the Shropshire Union already had, to gain control of Shropshire and Montgomeryshire through the construction of new railways. At that time, the Shropshire Union were busy converting and extending a tramway which ran from Pontcysyllte to Afon-eitha to allow locomotives to run on it. The work was finished in 1867, and ran for a time with a borrowed locomotive, until they bought their own from Crewe works in 1870. To save money on the maintenance of Trench Inclined Plane on the Shrewsbury Canal, the company leased Lubstree Wharf on the Humber Arm of the Newport Branch from 1870, and built a railway to Lilleshall Works, which provided most of the traffic on the Shrewsbury Canal.

By 1869, the Shropshire Union had a thriving business carrying goods from a base at Chester Basin, Liverpool, across the River Mersey to Ellesmere Port and Birkenhead. The LNWR was also involved in cross-river trade, using private carriers, and this was transferred to the Shropshire Union in 1870, after they had suggested it. The company bought out the lighterage business of William Oulton in 1870, moved their base from Chester Basin to Manchester Basin, and bought the Mersey Carrying Co in 1883. Under the terms of the lease with the LNWR, the company was limited in the types of goods they could carry, and although they made a healthy operating profit until the late 1860s, this did not cover the interest on debts or dividends. Between 1850 and 1870, receipts had risen from £104,638 to £145,976, but costs had risen much faster, and the average surplus had fallen from £45,885 to £11,717. Most of the income was generated by their carrying business, rather than by tolls for use of the canal network.

Haulage of their boats by horses had been contracted out to Bishtons until the mid-1860s, when the company took that function back, so that they could use steam haulage if that proved desirable, but in practice the only route where steam tugs were used was on the Ellesmere Port to Chester section. Horses were still thought to be cheaper, and remained in use until the carrying business ceased. In order to fulfill the carrying business, they owned 213 narrowboats in 1870, rising to 395 in 1889 and 450 in 1902. In 1888 they experimented with locomotive haulage, running on  gauge tracks, at Worleston on the Middlewich Branch. Their engineer, G R Jebb, wrote a report on the experiment, but no further action was taken.

The next development was at Ellesmere Port, where the Manchester Ship Canal cut off the Port from the River Mersey. From 16 July 1891, all traffic from the port had to pass along the canal, and entered the river through Eastham Lock. Access to the river had previously been by a tidal basin, but this was fitted with double gates where it connected to the ship canal. The Shropshire Union spent £37,850 constructing a new quay next to the gates,  long, and suitable for ships up to 4,000 tons. While the ship canal was under construction, the Shropshire Union investigated the cost of upgrading their line from Ellesmere Port to Autherley to take larger barges. Jebb estimated that it would cost around £13,500 per mile (£8,400 per km), so the total cost would have been £891,475. In the autumn of 1890, they were discussing plans for a large canal from the Mersey to Birmingham via the Potteries with the North Staffordshire Railway. Neither scheme came to fruition, but the Shropshire Union spent large amounts of money on building better wharves and warehouses at many of the Pottery towns.

Decline
For the final 30 years of the nineteenth century, the Shropshire Union network had made a small operating surplus, although it did not cover dividends or interest in its debts. The situation improved during the early years of the twentieth century, but collapsed again at the start of the First World War. Government subsidies propped up the operation when hostilities ceased, but wages had increased significantly, the eight-hour day had been extended to boatmen and rivermen, and raw materials were more expensive. When subsidies were withdrawn from 14 August 1920, the operation was no longer viable. Boating families who lived on 202 boats were told that all carrying would cease, although the waterways would stay open, in the hope that private boats might use them. The Ellesmere Port facilities were leased to the Manchester Ship Canal, for a period of 50 years, while the Great Western Railway took over those at Liverpool.

In late 1922, the LNWR bought out the company, under the provisions of the L&NWR (SUR&CC) Preliminary Absorption Scheme, by exchanging all remaining Shropshire Union stock for LNWR stock. A few days afterwards, at the start of 1923, the LNWR was absorbed into the London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) as part of The Grouping, under which most of the railways of Britain were formed into four groups.

A period of steady decline set in, with reduced maintenance making it more difficult for boats to operate. The Weston Branch of the Montgomery Canal had closed in 1917, following a breach near Hordley, and most of the main line was closed in February 1936 when a breach occurred just to the north of the aqueduct over the River Perry, about a mile (1.6 km) from Frankton Junction.

Finally, the LMS obtained an Act of Abandonment in 1944, which resulted in the closure of  of canals under their control. For the Shropshire Union system, this included the Montgomery Canal, the Shrewsbury Canal, and the remaining short section of the Shropshire Canal, leaving only the main line from Ellesmere to Autherley, and the branch to Middlewich. The branch to Llangollen was also retained, but only as a feeder to supply water to the canal. The other main sources of water were the Belvide Reservoir, near the A5 road at Brewood, and the outflow from the Barnhurst Sewage Treatment Works at Autherley Junction.

Shropshire Union railways

The Shropshire Union Company constructed and ran one of the few railways in England which were built by a canal company. The railway was the Stafford to Shrewsbury Line, via Newport and Wellington. The Shropshire Union Company were solely responsible for the section from Stafford to Wellington, but the building and operation of the  long section between Shrewsbury and Wellington was shared with the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway.

After the LNWR take over of the Shropshire Union network, the Shrewsbury and Wellington Railway was operated as a Joint railway by the Great Western Railway and the LNWR.
The Stafford to Shrewsbury Railway opened on 1 June 1849 and was  in length. The London and North Western Railway leased the line from July 1847, before it was complete.

Shropshire Union railways today
The Shrewsbury and Wellington section is still in use today by West Midlands Trains and Transport for Wales.

Passenger services on the Stafford to Wellington section ended on 7 September 1964. Goods services ceased between Stafford and Newport on 1 August 1966 and this branch from Wellington was cut back to Donnington on 22 November 1969.

In June 2009, the Association of Train Operating Companies, in its Connecting Communities: Expanding Access to the Rail Network report, which proposed a £500m scheme to open 33 stations on 14 lines closed in the Beeching Axe, including seven new parkway stations, identified the line from Stafford to Wellington as a potential link that could feasibly be re-opened.

The canals today

As of 2017, the main line from Ellesmere Port to Autherley and the branch to Middlewich are still open; they are known as the Shropshire Union Canal. The branch from Hurleston Junction to Llangollen has been reopened for navigation, having been promoted as suitable for pleasure boating from the mid-1950s, and has been re-branded as the Llangollen Canal.

The Montgomery Canal has been partially re-opened. The first section restored was at Welshpool, when the line of the canal was threatened by a bypass, and this isolated section was reopened in 1969. The section southwards from Frankton Junction has been restored and opened progressively since 1987, with additions in 1995, 1996, 2003, 2007 and the stretch from Redwith Bridge to Pryce's Bridge in July 2014. In 2023 an extension to Crickheath Wharf was opened allowing boats to navigate from Gronwen ,the previous limit of navigation. Also in 2023, work began on rebuilding Schoolhouse Bridge which had been filled in in the 1960's and is the last obstruction of the channel in Shropshire.There are ongoing efforts to complete the restoration of most of the remaining un-navigable sections. The Welsh Government have announced the spending of Levelling Up Fund money on removing two dropped bridges west of LLanymynech and other works.

A Trust has been set up to conserve the remains of the Shrewsbury Canal, with a view to reopening it in the longer term. A feasibility study and a detailed engineering report were commissioned and completed in 2004, and concluded that there were no major engineering obstacles to a full reopening.

A short section of the Shropshire Canal including the Hay Inclined Plane has been incorporated into the Ironbridge Gorge Museums. The canal contains water near the derelict Madeley Wood Brick and Tile Works, and the section at the bottom of the inclined plane at Coalport is also in water. The inclined plane was partially restored in the 1970s, and further restoration took place in the 1990s.

References

Bibliography

British joint railway companies
Companies established in 1846
Closed railway lines in the West Midlands (region)
Canals in England
Pre-grouping British railway companies
Transport in Staffordshire
Rail transport in Shropshire
London, Midland and Scottish Railway constituents
1846 establishments in England


Marguerite Ugalde (née Marie Varcollier) (1862–1940) was a French mezzo-soprano. She was the daughter of the singer and theatre manager Delphine Ugalde.

After studies in Paris with her mother, her first professional engagement was in 1879 at Étretat; she made her debut at the Opéra Comique on 19 April 1880 as Marie in La fille du régiment. She created the roles of Mnazile in Le Bois (11 October 1880) and Nicklausse in the first performance of Les contes d'Hoffmann by Offenbach in 1881. On the 18 November 1881, before the unveiling of a bust of Offenbach Ugalde and Adèle Isaac sang, and encored, the barcarolle from Hoffmann.

After this short period at the Opéra Comique Ugalde moved over to operetta, both in Paris and elsewhere. At the Théâtre des Nouveautés she created Manola in Le jour et la nuit (5 November 1881), Wladimir in Fatinitza (6 April 1882), Falka in Le droit d'aînesse (27 January 1883), Stenio Strozzi in L'Oiseau bleu (16 January 1884), Denisette in Le Petit Chaperon rouge (1885) and Rosette in Serment d'amour (1886).

She sang the first D'Artagnan in Les petits mousquetaires (5 March 1885) at the Théâtre des Folies-Dramatiques, as well as, after a serious illness, triumphing as René Belamour in Suppé's Juanita. At the Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens (from 1887), where her mother had taken over the management, she gave first performances in several other operettas.

Ugalde toured Belgium in 1888 and 1889 before returning to the Nouveautés as Jovaline in Le Royaume des Femmes (28 February 1889). At the Théâtre du Gymnase, she created Colinette in the comic play L'art de tromper les femmes (7 October 1890), following this with Koudjé in Mon oncle Barbassou (6 November 1891).

In the vaudeville operetta Vingt-huit jours de Clairette she sang the title role (Folies-Dramatiques, 3 May 1892) and also appeared in a revival of Juanita. Further successes at the Théâtre des Variétés followed (Fragoletto in Les brigands, 1893) and as Joseph in Gamin de Paris at the Théâtre des Nations.

She played Nicole in Le bourgeois gentilhomme (1904) and Toinette in Le malade imaginaire (1905) in productions of Molière at the Gaité. In 1908 she played Mme Brémont in Le Jouet at the Théâtre Femina.

References

French stage actresses
French operatic mezzo-sopranos
French operatic sopranos
1862 births
1940 deaths
19th-century French actresses
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery
20th-century French actresses
19th-century French women opera singers

Marguerite Ugalde


The Democratic Alliance of Chile () was a coalition of left-wing parties from 1942 to 1946, which succeeded to the Popular Front headed by Pedro Aguirre Cerda's government (1938–1941). It included the Radical Party, the Socialist Party, the Communist Party, the Democratic Party and the Workers' Socialist Party (until June 1944, when its members integrated the Communist Party), and was also supported by the Confederación de Trabajadores de Chile (CTCH) trade-union. The coalition initial aim was to stand united before the 1942 presidential election, which were won by the Democratic Alliance's candidate, Juan Antonio Ríos, who formed a cabinet which was supported by the main parties of the Democratic Alliance. The coalition dissolved itself after the communists were outlawed by Gabriel Gonzalez Videla in 1947.

See also
Presidential Republic Era (1924-1973)

1941 establishments in Chile
1946 disestablishments in Chile
Communist Party of Chile
Defunct left-wing political party alliances
Defunct political party alliances in Chile
Presidential Republic (1925–1973)

Democratic Alliance of Chile


Ernest Harmon Air Force Base is a former United States Air Force base located in Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador. The base was built by the United States Army Air Forces in 1941 under the Destroyers for Bases Agreement with the United Kingdom.

From its establishment in 1941 until March 31, 1949, the base was located in the Dominion of Newfoundland. On March 31, 1949, the Dominion of Newfoundland was admitted to Canadian Confederation and became the 10th province of Canada. The agreement enabling the base's existence, from 1941 until closure in 1966, enabled it to function as a de facto enclave of United States territory within, first the Dominion of Newfoundland and later Canada, making United States military personnel stationed at the base subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice.

Following its closure in 1966, the base property was relinquished by the Government of the United States to the Government of Canada, under the terms of the original deal. The Government of Canada subsequently transferred the base property to the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, which established the Harmon Corporation to oversee the disposition and use of the base property and facilities.

The airfield is now operated as Stephenville International Airport while many of the base's support buildings and housing have been incorporated into the town of Stephenville.

Construction and operation

During 1940, Germany was threatening the majority of Europe, as well as North America, through its successful air, land and sea campaigns. The destructiveness of the Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine in the Battle of Britain and Battle of the Atlantic alarmed military planners in the United States who theorized that the Nazis could in future establish a beachhead on Newfoundland and the adjacent French islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon and use it for launching air attacks and eventually land and sea attacks on the industrial heartland of North America.

In 1940, the United States entered into the Destroyers for Bases deal with the government of the United Kingdom, allowing the US military to establish facilities in British Overseas Territories in the Western Hemisphere. The primary focus for North American defence from Nazi aggression was Newfoundland, which the United States sought to arm as a geographic buffer much as it was doing with its Alaska territory to defend North America against Imperial Japan in the northwest.

The United States established an administrative army air force and coast defense base named Fort Pepperrell in St. John's, along with a deepwater naval base and naval aviation field at Argentia on the Avalon Peninsula. The northeast coast of Newfoundland and the strategically important Strait of Belle Isle were left exposed, therefore military planners sought to establish an army air force base on  of land at the northeast end of Bay St. George near the coastal hamlet of Stephenville. The 76th Congress approved the 99-year lease and in April 1941, construction began on a deepwater port and adjacent air field.

During the war a battery of two 155 mm coast defense guns was at the base, due to its coastal location. It was called Battery T8503 and was operated by Coast Artillery Corps troops of the Harbor Defenses of Argentia and St. John's.

The air force base was originally referred to as Stephenville Air Base. On September 1, 1943, the Newfoundland Base Command transferred control of the Stephenville Air Base to the North Atlantic Wing, Air Transport Command. The base was actively used throughout the war and was one of the largest U.S. military airfields located outside of the continental United States; it was capable of landing the largest cargo aircraft in the world at that time and the base became a frequent stopping and refueling point for USAAF aircraft crossing the Atlantic. Stephenville Air Base was renamed "Ernest Harmon Air Force Base" on June 23, 1948, in honor of Captain Ernest Emery Harmon. Capt Harmon was a U.S. Army Air Corps pilot who was killed in an air crash in 1933. The deepwater port which supported the base was named Port Harmon at this time.

Ernest Harmon AFB was transferred to Northeast Air Command in October 1950. The 6605th Air Base Wing served as the host unit at the base. In April 1957, with the rising threat of nuclear war, the Strategic Air Command (SAC) assumed control of the base for use as a forward refuelling point. The 6605th Wing was superseded by the 4081st Strategic Wing. Ernest Harmon AFB became home to a fleet of KC-97 Stratofreighter air refueling aircraft, which were kept on alert in order to meet and refuel nuclear armed B-52 Stratofortress bombers in the skies over western Newfoundland. The base also saw use as a refueling stop for transatlantic military flights and the base supported three Aerospace Defense Command (ADC) units. In 1957, the Canadian Department of Transport constructed an airport terminal to accommodate Trans-Canada Air Lines (now Air Canada) commercial flights; Ernest Harmon AFB being the only air field in western Newfoundland.

Aerodrome

In 1942 the aerodrome was listed as USAAF Aerodrome - Stephenville, Newfoundland at  with a variation of 30 degrees west and elevation of . The field was listed as "all hard surfaced" and had three runways listed as follows:

Cold War expansion and road construction

The Cold War expansion of the base in the early 1950s coincided with the Korean War and the rise in nuclear tensions with the Soviet Union. The USAF sought to build more roads in the area to serve the base and nearby Pinetree Line early warning radar site and to patrol the immediate area for security; the roads would also act as a means of dispersing personnel in an emergency. One of the more important projects was a bypass road around the base, known as the Hansen Memorial Highway.

In 1953, the 347th (Engineer Aviation) battalion was assigned the immense task (along with 2,502 contractor personnel) of completing the 62 line construction projects at Ernest Harmon AFB. These consisted of:
 completion of major runways of up to
 taxiway and aprons of up to
 aprons of heavy duty pavement up to
 construct a runway complex that was so large that the existing harbor facilities at Port Harmon had to be demolished to give proper clearance for aircraft
 construction of fighter aircraft hangars
 construction of three wharves and dredging of the existing harbour at Port Harmon, which, when completed was  long,  wide, and  deep
 construction of a flight control tower in September 1953
 construction of four petroleum tanks with a capacity of  of aviation fuel

By June 1953 the 347th Engineers had deployed 444 engineers. They were joined by an additional 750 engineers who departed Florida and arrived at Harmon on June 23 to construct three of the line construction projects:
 a bypass road Hanson Memorial Highway to prevent civilian access through the base (in progress since April, 1943)
 a base salvage yard
 a trailer park for Harmon personnel
 removal of a granite hill the north end of the Frobisher Bay AFB runway

The 347th Engineers was made up of four companies; three line companies and one Headquarters and Service (H&S) company. Company A was responsible for construction of the salvage yard and Company B and C were responsible for the construction of the bypass road with a budget of $583,000.

The salvage yard, which was situated near Noels Pond on , was finished to partial occupancy by the fall of 1954 and completed in 1955. Thirty Butler Buildings (prefabricated steel) were located on the property. The machinery which constructed the bypass road was buried at the end of the property when it became over used and obsolete in 1959–1960, under the supervision of Warrant Officer Ebb Higdon, Company A. They were later dug up to be sold for scrap but were found to be useless and reburied. This equipment had come up from Florida in Liberty ships, with the battalion in 1953. In 1986, when this information was made available to the town of Stephenville via a series of articles in the Georgian newspaper, several doubters and curiosity seekers, armed with metal detectors, swarmed over the site and located the buried equipment.

Company B and C began work on the bypass road by working towards each other. Company C, under the command of Captain Claxton Ray began at the Stephenville side and worked towards Company B which began construction near Cormiers Village and worked in two directions towards Long Gull Pond and towards Stephenville. It was necessary to begin construction of the road at Cormiers Village and work back towards Stephenville pending the finalizing of property agreements. Company B was under the command of Captain Gomez. The H&S Company split operations equipment and men between the three Companies.

The  long construction began with a line of corduroy roads comprising one half of the road and when Long Gull Pond was reached in the fall of 1954, the other half was constructed. The road followed the existing rail road line. It was necessary to build three access roads approximately  in length in order to facilitate construction of the bypass road. These roads were built to the same specifications as the bypass road as they were used constantly for heavy hauling. The concrete bridge over Cold Creek was built in 1954 and the  concrete bridge over Warm Creek was programmed for completion in 1956. Not counting equipment,  of fill.  of crushed rock and  of earth were used before the final  of paving was laid down. Equipment and material were stored at the Gull Pond site. The bypass road was officially opened to the public in October 1957 and named the Hanson Memorial Highway. The third construction operation was cancelled.

The 347th (changed to the 823rd in 1954) Engineer Aviation Battalion was disbanded in 1957 and most of the men went back to the US. The two battalion commanders at the time were, Colonel Germain and Major Truet. The medical officer was V.H. Berry and the ground safety officer was 1st Lieutenant Arthur Everitt. The general construction on the base (buildings, roads and runways) was done under the base supervision of Colonel Koski and Colonel Bailey. J.A. Jones held the construction contract from 1954 to 1959. From 1956 to 1959, Major Ray was the superintendent for the asphalt, rock crushing and concrete operations for J.A. Jones and was responsible for the construction of 200 on base houses, two seven-story barracks for 1,500 airmen, additional runways and the Central Heating (steam) Plant. One of the barracks is used as residences for the College of the North Atlantic as well as a hotel during the summer tourist season. The other barrack was converted into a six-story apartment complex known as the Stephenville Manor.

Base facilities

Base schools
The first educational institution at Ernest Harmon AFB was an elementary school established in 1948 using a small clap-board building that housed 28 children and 3 teachers. The first high school graduating class (1957) matriculated in 1953 with all of the students beginning their educations at St. Stephens High School in Stephenville. A new elementary school was built near the base entrance in 1955 and was formally opened in May 1956 by former base commander, Colonel Richard Fellows and the school principal. In 1956 there were 19 teachers and 62 children.

On September 4, 1956, the base high school officially opened in building number T-394, the old elementary school building. In 1958, Harmon High established its own newspaper, The Harmon Highlight.

The base's civilian dependent population continued to grow during the early 1960s and the schools expanded along with them. A new high school was opened and in 1962–63, the high school teaching staff increased to 25 while the elementary-middle school staff of teachers jumped to 42.

By 1965–66, the last year of military operations at Ernest Harmon AFB, the total school population had grown to over 1000 elementary students and 38 teachers and the high school had a population of 171 junior high and 235 high school students with 28 teachers. When the base closed in 1966, so did the school system, which had 1,175 elementary students and 43 teachers and 405 junior and high school students and 26 teachers upon closure.

Recreation

Stephenville Air Base and later Ernest Harmon AFB were located in the protection of the Long Range Mountains and harbour of the St. Georges Bay area, virtually cut off from rest of the island, except for a few roads and boat and plane traffic. But during the 1940s and 1950s, when roads were virtually non-existent and surface travel was limited to the slow narrow-gauge passenger trains of the Newfoundland Railway which linked to small coastal steamships or ferries to the mainland at North Sydney, Nova Scotia. In addition, the airfield's location at the head of Bay St. George was one of the more geographically isolated parts of the island, being surrounded by the Long Range Mountains and the coastline of the island's west coast being dotted with outports. In addition to USAAF/USAF aircraft, the only other option for travel was the railway and ferries/coasters, or exploring the limited local road network which stretched along the coast and into the uninhabited interior of the island.

The base also precipitated an economic boom of sorts on Newfoundland's southwest coast during the 1940s. Corner Brook was the major population centre for the region, given its industrial base, harbour, and nearby recreational opportunities in the Humber Valley. With the investment of the USAAF in Stephenville, the St. George's Bay area began to flourish and grew rapidly. The village of Stephenville grew from a hamlet of several hundred people with no paved streets, side walks, water or sewage system in 1941 into a modern town of over 5,000 by the mid-1950s. By the time Ernest Harmon AFB closed in the mid-1960s, the town had more than doubled in size, partly as a result of the provincial government's forced resettlement policy toward residents of outports.

Recognizing the link between geographic and social isolation, the base command incorporated a number of recreational facilities into their programs and building projects, making Ernest Harmon AFB a leader of sorts among USAF facilities. By the mid-1950s, thousands of service men and their families were making use of these activities monthly. In the area of Hobby Shops there was space available for leather craft, ceramics, amateur radio, lapidary, woodworking, automotive shops, model airplanes and photo labs. Sports facilities and groups were set for softball, baseball, bowling, golf, picnicking, archery and guns. The Stephenville area was located near good hunting and fishing grounds, thus the base established a fishing lodge at Camp 33 with eight large cabins, a 40-man bunk house, along with a mess hall and kitchen. Camp 33 was owned by the Bowater Pulp and Paper Company which had a mill in Corner Brook, although the camp was leased to the base during the spring and summer months.

Along with outside activities a number of service clubs were built and the University of Maryland University College extension courses were set up for those wishing to continue their education while on the base. A local broadcasting station and commercial free radio station was in operation by the mid-1950s with as many as six live shows a week being broadcast as well as live theater and plays being made available and a movie theater. A large gymnasium was built in 1956 with a seating capacity of 500, two squash courts and four wall courts. The base chapel accommodated up to 1500 worshippers of many religions and faiths per week. The library was also one of the most frequently used facilities with an average book lending rate of 1000 books every month. The most popular recreational feature of the entire base was the Base Theater which ran a new movie every night except Sundays and Mondays. There were four shows a day and a matinee on Saturdays.

Given its size and importance, and the large number of personnel assigned during the height of the Cold War in the 1950s, the base managed to attract many celebrities to visit and/or perform, including Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra and Bob Hope. In the early years of the base, recreational activities off base in the town of Stephenville were very limited and some were often restricted. In some of the pamphlets released by the base to its airmen, they went as far as giving the names of women and particular houses and taverns that no base personnel were to be in or near, as well as rules about fraternizing with the local girls.

See also

 Eastern Air Defense Force (Air Defense Command)

References

 Chambers, John Rutgers University 1989 Introduction to original manuscript

External links

 Town of Stephenville
 History of the Ernest Harmon Air Force Base - Town of Stephenville
 Ernest Harmon Air Force Base at Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage

Destroyers for Bases Agreement airfields
Installations of the United States Air Force in Canada
Defunct airports in Newfoundland and Labrador
Airports established in 1941
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces Air Transport Command on the North Atlantic Route
World War II airfields in Canada
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Canada
Military installations closed in 1966
Military installations in Newfoundland and Labrador
Military airbases in Newfoundland and Labrador
1940s establishments in Newfoundland
1941 establishments in North America
1941 establishments in the British Empire
1966 disestablishments in Newfoundland and Labrador
Foreign military bases in Canada

Ernest Harmon Air Force Base


The SMS Ranches are a famous group of cattle ranches located in West Texas.

Background
Swante M. Swenson migrated to America from Sweden during 1836. In 1850 Swenson moved to Austin, Texas and established a mercantile business with his uncle Swante Palm. While running the business, Swenson continued to buy railroad land and then bought school scripts to acquire additional property. In 1854 Svenson invested in the Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway, which gained him acres of land in northwestern and western Texas.

SMS Ranches eventually became one of the largest landowners in Texas. At their peak, the SMS Ranches occupy considerable portions of twelve counties in the lower plains area of West Texas and comprise more than .  The ranches were named for the initials of the founder, Swante M. Swenson. The SMS brand, consisting of an extended M sandwiched between two reversed S's, was registered by the Swensons in the spring of 1882. At one time most, if not all, foremen of the SMS Ranches were immigrant Swedes. Swenson leased his holdings to his sons, who operated them under the name of Swenson Brothers Cattle Company from headquarters in Stamford, Texas.

Ranching Units
Throckmorton Ranch - located in Throckmorton County
Flat Top Ranch -   located in Jones County, Stonewall County, and Haskell County
Ericsdahl Ranch - located in Jones County and Haskell County
Tongue River Ranch  - located in Cottle County, King County, Motley County, and Dickens County
Ellerslie Ranch - located in Jones County and Haskell County

References

Primary sources
Clark,  Mary Whatley The Swenson Saga and the SMS Ranches (Austin, Texas: Jenkins Book Publishing Co. 1976)
Swenson, Gail  S. M. Swenson and the Development of the SMS Ranches (University of Texas, 1960)
Hastings, Frank S  The Story of the SMS Ranch (S. M. Swenson & Sons. 1922)
 Anderson, August Hyphenated, or The Life Story of S. M. Swenson (Austin: Steck, 1916)

External links
Swenson Land and Cattle Company: Inventory of Records, 1846-1927
Swenson Land & Cattle Company Gallery
SMS Ranches, Texas

Ranches in Texas
Companies based in Texas
1854 establishments in Texas
Companies established in 1854

SMS ranches


The 1938 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Carlton Football Club and Collingwood Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 24 September 1938. It was the 40th annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1938 VFL season. The match was won by Carlton by a margin of 15 points, marking that club's sixth premiership victory and first since winning the 1915 VFL Grand Final.

This Grand Final was attended by 96,486 spectators, setting a new record as the largest crowd to have witnessed a premiership decider in VFL Grand Final history, and breaking the previous year's record by eight thousand. The ground was not large enough to accommodate the crowd comfortably – the Health Department had previously advised 84,000 as a maximum capacity – and the fence in front of the scoreboard collapsed under the strain before the game, resulting in some spectators watching the game from between the fence and the boundary line. The record crowd stood for 18 years and remained the record for the MCG under its configuration at the time; the record was broken by the attendance at the 1956 VFL Grand Final after the construction of the Olympic Stand that year.

Teams

 Umpire - Bill Blackburn

Statistics

Goalkickers

See also
 1938 VFL season

References

AFL Tables: 1938 Grand Final

External links
Games you may have missed: State Library of Victoria Australian Rules research guide

VFL/AFL Grand Finals
Grand
Carlton Football Club
Collingwood Football Club
September 1938 sports events

1938 VFL grand final


Tiran Nersoyan (August 23, 1904 in Antep, Cilicia, Ottoman Empire – September 1, 1989 in New York City) was an Armenian Apostolic clergyman. He was Patriarch-elect of the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem very briefly in 1957–1958 but never received his position as Patriarch.

Born Nerses Tavugchyan in Antep in the Ottoman Empire, the son of a priest, he was forced to leave to Syria because of the Armenian genocide. Trained at the Seminary at Jerusalem, he was ordained priest on 21 June 1928, taking the religious name Tiran and changing his surname to Nersoyan. He served during the Second World War as priest in London.

In 1943, Nersoyan was elected Archbishop Primate of the Eastern Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church of America reporting to Catholicos of All Armenians in the Mother See of Etchmiadzin. However, he did not arrive in the United States until late 1944 because of the difficulties of wartime travel. He served for 10 years in office until 1953. Catholicos Kevork named him an archbishop on 20 May 1951.

In this period, Archbishop Nersoyan established 11 new churches, 21 priests were added to the clergy. He founded the Armenian Church Youth Organization of America (A.C.Y.O.A.) as well as a church choir association. Under his direction, land was purchased for St. Vartan Cathedral and Cultural Center in Manhattan, New York City at Second Avenue and 34th Street. The Primate was also a founder of the St. Nersess Seminary in New Rochelle, N.Y., and served as its dean. A religious scholar, Archbishop Nersoyan lectured extensively and wrote articles and theological studies in Armenian and English. The fifth edition of his translation and commentary of the Divine Liturgy of the Armenian Church was published in London in 1984.

Archbishop Nersoyan died of cancer in New York City in September 1989.

References

1904 births
1989 deaths
Nersoyan
Armenians from the Ottoman Empire
20th-century Oriental Orthodox bishops
People from Gaziantep

Tiran Nersoyan


Afore 1821, Costa Rica wis pairt o the Spainyie Empire an did no hae a local coat o airms. The airms o the reignin monarch wur uised instead.  The anerlie ceety that haed a local coat o airms wis the Ceety o Cartago, awardit bi Keeng Phillip II in 1565.  Efter the unthirldom frae Spain in 1821, Costa Rica briefly joined the Mexican Empire, sae frae 1822 tae 1823 the Costa Rican airms wur those o the Mexican Empire.

Federal an State Airms
In Mairch 1824, when Costa Rica joined the Unitit Provinces o Central Americae airms promulgatit bi the new republic's constitution became the airms o the State o Costa Rica.  This coat o airms consists o a triangle, in which five volcanoes rise oot o the sea seembolisin the five member states o the Unitit Provinces; abuin the volcanoes is a shinin reid Phrygian cap an a rainbow.  This coat o airms wi sma chynges is still uised bi the naitional coat o airms o El Salvador an Nicaragua.

On November 2, 1824 Costa Rica adoptit its first coat o airms as a state athin the federation which showed the richt side o a naked male's chest an extendit airm surroondit bi a circle o green muntains an the legend free state o Costa Rica.

Airms o an Independent States
In 1840 efter Costa Rica's athdrawal frae the federation a new coat o airms wis adoptit, the first for Costa Rica as a sovereign an independent state.  It consistit o an aicht-pointit shinin starn in a blue field surroondit bi a yellae circle wi the leyend State o Costa Rica.  This coat o airms wis suppressed in 1842 bi Francisco Morazán durin his failed bid tae reunite the Federal Republic o Central Americae.  The 1824 airms whaur uised durin this period.

Coat o Airms o the Republic

The basis o the current Naitional Coat o Airms o Costa Rica wis adoptit September 29, 1848 durin the presidency o Dr Jose Maria Castro Madriz thegither wi the new banner.  Baith designs are attributit tae Pacifica Fernandez, wife o Mr Castro Madriz. These airms wur significantly modified bi law nummer 18 o November 27, 1906 which eliminatit the military seembols, naitional banners an horn o plenty contained in the 1848 design.

In 1964 twa starns wur addit tae the oreeginal five in order tae complete seiven, which bi then wis the nummer o provinces o the kintra.  In 1848, when the oreeginal design wis adoptit the current provinces o Puntarenas an Limon haed no reached that status.

On Mey 5, 1998, bi Executive Decree No. 26853-SP, the coat o airms wis gien its current form, includin the smokin volcanoes.  Afore this date, the three muntains did no shaw smoke comin oot o thair tops.

As offeecially describit the coat o airms represent: three volcanoes (ane for each o the three muntain ranges in the kintra) an an extensive valley atween twa oceans (Paceefic Ocean an Caribbean) wi a merchant ship in ilka ane (representin the maritime history o the kintra).  In the horizon a risin sun.  Aw surroondit bi a gowden frame representin the gowden bead (coffee).  Twa palms close the airms joined bi a white ribbon wi the leyend "Republica de Costa Rica" in gowd.  An airch o seiven starns represent the provinces o the republic.  The airms are crouned bi a blue ribbon wi the leyend "America Central".

References

Naitional seembols o Costa Rica
Costa Rica

Coat o airms o Costa Rica


Gregor Johann Mendel (Heinzendorf, Austria, 20 July 1822 – Brünn, Austro-Hungary, 6 January 1884) was an Austrian monk and botanist.

Mendel founded genetics by his work cross-breeding pea plants. He discovered dominant and recessive characters (genes) from the crosses he performed on the plants in his greenhouse. What he learnt is known today as Mendelian inheritance.

His work was not appreciated at first, but was 'rediscovered' in 1900 by  Carl Correns and Hugo de Vries. Erich von Tschermak's status as a third rediscoverer is now less convincing.

The experiments
Mendel used the edible peas (Pisum sativum) for his crosses. He selected seven characters which were distinctive, and never blended; they occurred as either-or alternatives. Examples:  plant height (short or tall); colour of peas (green or yellow); position of flowers (restricted to the top or distributed along the stem).

When he crossed varieties which differed in a trait (e.g. tall crossed with short), the first generation of hybrids (F1) showed only one of the two alternatives. One character was dominant, and the other recessive. But when he crossed these hybrids with each other, the recessive character reappeared in the second (F2) generation. The proportion of plants showing the dominant as opposed to the recessive character was close to 3 to 1. Further analysis of the descendants (F3) of the dominant group showed that one-third of them were true-breeding and two-thirds were of hybrid constitution. The 3:1 ratio could therefore be rewritten as 1:2:1, meaning that 50 percent of the F2 generation were true-breeding and 50 percent were still hybrid. This was Mendel's major discovery.

It could all be summed up by saying that inheritance was not blending, as Darwin had thought, it was particulate. The factors (genes) were not merged or mixed, they stayed separate and were passed on to the next generation unchanged.

He published his work in 1866, but at the time no-one saw how significant it was. 35 years later, the papers were rediscovered and, immediately, modern genetics began.

Related pages
List of biologists
 Mendelian inheritance

References

 Iltis, Hugo 1932. Life of Mendel, transl. by Eden & Cedar Paul. Allen & Unwin, London. German original: Gregor Mendel: Leben, Werk und Wirkung. Springer, Berlin 1924.

Other websites
 Mendel's Paper in English
 Mendel Museum of Genetics
 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia entry, "Mendel, Mendelism"
 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
 Augustinian Abbey of St. Thomas at Brno
 Johann Gregor Mendel: Why his discoveries were ignored for 35 (72) years

1822 births
1884 deaths
Austrian botanists
Geneticists
Austrian Roman Catholics
Christian monks
Moravian-Silesian Region

Gregor Mendel


Bears3 are a series of short animated films created by Matt Everitt and Matt Clark.
The films feature 3 teddy bears animated to dialogue taken from The Ricky Gervais Show an Xfm radio show featuring Ricky Gervais, Steve Merchant and Karl Pilkington.  Additional original dialogue was recorded by the trio for the episode Y-Fronts and the films went on to feature on both Ricky's and Xfm's website.

Seven episodes were made:

Foreigners
Y-Fronts
SMBU
Rock
Stitch in Time
Educate me
Mittens

The character's popularity has grown since first appearing on Ricky's Website in 2005, and have gone on to feature in the Onedotzero international film festival, Pictoplasma's Characters In Motion book and DVD, and in The Office episode of  BBC1's Comedy Connections TV show.

Controversy

Recently the creators of Bears3 have claimed that television advertisements for the Irish National Lottery have striking similarities to Bears3.
In an article in the Irish Metro Matt Clark says he was "shocked and taken aback" at the similarities in between the lottery ads and Bears3.   Cathal Gaffney speaking on behalf of Brown Bag Films, the animation company who worked on the lottery ads, suggest that Bears3 are "obscure" and hadn't been broadcast.

References

External links
Bears3 Creator Matt Clark's Website
Bears3 Creator Matt Everitt's Website
Bears3 at Ricky Gervais's Website

Computer-animated short films
British animated short films

Bears3


Sarkaria Commission was set up in June 1983 by the central government of India. Its charter was to examine the relationship and balance of power between state and central governments in the country and suggest changes within the framework of Constitution of India.
 The Commission was so named as it was headed by Rajinder Singh Sarkaria, a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India.

The Commission submitted its final 1600-page report in 1988; it contained 247 specific recommendations. In spite of the large size of its reports - the Commission recommended, by and large, status quo in the Centre-State relations, especially in the areas, relating to legislative matters, role of Governors and use of Article 356.

It is widely accepted that to whatever extent the Commissions suggested change, the recommendations were not implemented by the government.

References

Commissions in India
Government of India

Sarkaria Commission


Norviliškės Castle (a former monastery, also called Norviliškės Manor) is a Renaissance style castle in Norviliškės, Lithuania. The Norviliškės Castle is first mentioned in 1586. In 1617 the owners donated part of the real estate land to Franciscans. Around 1745 they built a monastery and a church in Renaissance style. The monastery was reconstructed at the end of the 18th century by Kazimieras Kaminskis. After the November Uprising of 1831, Russian authorities closed the monastery and turned it into barracks for soldiers, and later to a boarding school for girls. The Church of St. Mary Compassionate Mother was closed at the same time as the monastery. A new wooden church was built in 1929.

For a long time the former manor stood abandoned. In 2005, reconstruction was started by an entrepreneur, Giedrius Klimkevičius, from Vilnius. The project is supported by funds from the PHARE program. The hopes are that the Norviliškės Castle will become a tourist attraction. It offers hosting for business conferences or weddings, hunting, shooting practices, and other activities, including music festival Be2gether.

See also

List of castles in Lithuania

References

Norviliškių pilis. Retrieved on 2007-08-23

Castles in Lithuania
Roman Catholic monasteries in Lithuania
Buildings and structures in Vilnius County
Tourist attractions in Vilnius County

Norviliškės Castle


Raphael Ben Mordechai Ankawa, also spelled Ankavah or Encouau, (1848–1935) was the Chief Rabbi of Morocco and a noted commentator, talmudist, posek, and author.

Biography
Born in Salé, Morocco in 1848, he is known to the Jews of North Africa as "Malach Raphael" or the Angel Raphael. In 1880, he became President of the Rabbinical Court or Beit Din in Sale and founded a yeshiva there. In 1918, he was appointed the first President of the High Rabbinical Court of Rabat, Morocco. He published numerous works on jurisprudence, including Karne Reem (Jerusalem 1910), Hadad Vetema (Jerusalem 1978), Paamone Zahav (Jerusalem 1912), and Paamon Ve-Rimon (Jerusalem 1967); some of them continue to be regarded as authoritative.

Funeral and legacy
His funeral, on 3 August 1935, was visited by over 50,000 followers. His grave became a place of Jewish pilgrimage. Rabbi Ankawa is survived by hundreds of descendants today, mostly in Israel, France, Venezuela and the United States.  Leading Halachic rabbis refer to his books as sources for contemporary Jewish legal works.

Bibliography

 Ankawa, Raphael ben Mordecai. Sefer Pa`amone zahav: rigle `emdah be-mishor Be-makhelim avarekh et H. ... / koh divre Refa'el ben Mordechai Ankava. Pp. 179 [i.e. 358]. Yerushala[y]im: Bi-defus Sh. ha-Levi Tsukerman, 672 [1912].
 Ankawa, Raphael ben Mordecai. Sefer Sh. u-t. Karne re'em. [Brooklyn: Ahim Goldenberg,2 vols. 752 (1991). 2 v.
 Ankawa, Raphael ben Mordecai. Sefer To`afot Re'em: she'elot u-teshuvot be-arba`ah helke Shulhan `arukh / pe`ulat Refa'el Ankava. Pp. 28, 180 (i.e. 360) 52. Yerushalayim: Hotsa'at Ahavat Shalom, 760 [1999]
 Ankawa, Raphael ben Mordecai. Sefer Karne Re'em: she'elot u-teshuvot be-`inyene Shulhan `arukh Yoreh de`ah, Even ha-`ezer ve-Hoshen mishpat / pe`ulat Refa'el Ankava. Pp. 24, 251 [i.e. 502]. Yerushalayim: Hotsa'at Ahavat Shalom, 760 [1999].

References

1848 births
1935 deaths
19th-century Moroccan rabbis
20th-century Moroccan rabbis
Kabbalists
Chief rabbis of Morocco
People from Salé
Moroccan writers

Raphael Ankawa


Sarah Cortez is a Latina poet, teacher, editor, and essayist from Houston, Texas. She is also a law enforcement officer who first gained acclaim for her poetry collection, How to Undress a Cop.

Early life and career
A fifth-generation Texan and native Houstonian, she graduated from St. Agnes Academy in high school, and then attended Rice University majoring in Psychology and Religion. Her first graduate degree was in Classical Studies at the University of Texas in Austin.

She began her career by teaching high school in Houston, TX, then completing an M.S. in Accountancy from the University of Houston-Central, Houston, TX. An overwhelming interest in civic organizations and neighborhood safety brought her a series of volunteer positions with Neartown Association, ultimately resulting in citywide appointments to commissions and boards.

This civic participation spawned another burning interest: law enforcement. She enrolled in the police academy at the University of Houston-Downtown's Criminal Justice Center. Upon graduation, she began working as a law enforcement officer in Harris County, TX. She remained an active-duty patrol police officer until 1999, when she began working as a reserve officer, so she could devote more attention to her writing and editing careers. She remains a reserve officer in Harris County.

Career as a writer and editor
In 1999, her poems won the PEN Texas Literary Award in Poetry. In 2000, her debut volume of poetry, How to Undress a Cop, (Arte Público Press, 2000) was published which won praise from Publishers Weekly: "By turns erotic, tender, and gritty ... Powerfully direct."

During this time, she began a relationship with the University of Houston, where she served as Visiting Scholar, 1999-2001. She is the only Visiting Scholar for the Center for Mexican Studies who has been awarded two consecutive one-year appointments. There she began her work with young people fearful of writing. This experience evolved into her first anthology, Urban Speak: Poetry of the City, which contains poems by her students.

Her work on anthologies of poems, memoir, and short stories honed her skills as a trusted and prize-winning editor, producer, and public speaker. Since Urban Speak: Poetry of the City, she has conceptualized and edited seven original anthologies.

Today, she is in demand as an editor for all subgenres of poetry, fiction, and non-fiction. She teaches creative writing workshops throughout the U.S. and abroad.

In 2012, her spiritual memoir, Walking Home: Growing Up Hispanic in Houston (Texas Review Press, 2012) was published. She drew on the stories overheard as a child from her parents, grandparents, and other family members. The book also highlights a deep faith centered in the Catholic religion. Partnered in the book are poems and short prose sections recalling her childhood and adolescence. This book received Honorable Mentions in the Los Angeles Book Festival Awards and the Great Southwest Book Festival.

Cold Blue Steel (Texas Review Press, 2013) is a collection of poems reflecting on law enforcement thirteen years after How to Undress a Cop. She "employs frank language in sharp lyrics charged with weary passion", says Diego Báez in Booklist. According to reviewer Jeffrey C. Alfier in Rattle: "Cortez's lines were formed in the cauldron of an American Realist tradition: hard truths told with sharp fidelity by a large city beat cop." This book, according to reviewer Paul David Adkins says: "Ms. Cortez explores what it means to be female in the traditionally man's world of law enforcement, governed by violence, cynicism, and despair." One of the poems in this book won an honorable mention in Rattle's annual contest in 2011, and the book placed finalist in the 2014 Writers League of Texas Poetry Awards and the 2015 PEN Southwest Book Award in Poetry.

Her essays, poems, short essays, and book chapters have been published worldwide. They have been short-listed for honors, such as the Tucson Festival of Books Literary Awards. Her poetry has been part of the Poetry In Motion program of the Poetry Society of American, and has been delivered and displayed at the United Nations in New York City as part of the Eighth Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues.

Works

Windows into My World: Latino Youth Write Their Lives (Arte Público Press, 2007)
Winner of a 2008 Skipping Stones Honor Award
Says School Library Journal: "This collection illuminates both the familiar coming-of-age experiences that transcend cultural differences and the moments that are unique to Latinos in the States."
Says the San Antonio Express-News: "It should be a must-read book in every high school senior-level English class due to its thought provoking subject matter."

Hit List: The Best of Latino Mystery (Arte Público Press, 2009)
Says Mystery Scene: "Genre-busting stories, some of them tender, some of them brutal, all of them offering an intriguing Latino slant."
Says Midwest Book Review: "…a highly recommended read for mystery fans everywhere."

Indian Country Noir (Akashic Noir Series, 2009)
Says Publishers Weekly: "Written by both Naïve American and non-Native authors, the 14 stories in this worthy volume in Askashic's noir series range geographically from Northern California to Puerto Rico and from New York's Adirondacks to Los Angeles." (Publishers Weekly, June 2010.)

You Don't Have a Clue: Latino Mystery Stories for Teens (Piñata Books, 2011)
Finalist, 2012 International Latino Book Award
Says Booklist (starred review): "This excellent collection—enriched by a thoughtful foreword by YA scholar James Blasingame—gives faces to Latino teens in a most original way."

Our Lost Border: Essays on Life Amid the Narco-Violence (Arte Público Press, 2013)
Winner of the 2014 International Latino Book Award in the Best Spanish or Bilingual Latino Focused Nonfiction Book category
Winner of the 2013 Southwest Book Award
Finalist in the Anthologies category for the 2013 Foreword Reviews Book of the Year Awards (now known as the Foreword INDIES)

Goodbye, Mexico: Poems of Remembrance (Texas Review Press, 2015)
Finalist for the 2014 International Latino Book Award
Says reviewer Octavio Quintanilla in Southwestern American Literature: "Overall, Goodbye, Mexico is not only a chronicle of what the poets miss and love about Mexico, but it is also a collective voice that wants change, that wants healing for the country etched in our memory, the Mexico we knew, the Mexico we believe is still there."

Vanishing Points: Poems and Photographs of Texas Roadside Memorials (Texas Review Press, 2016)
A 2016 Southwest Book of the Year
Winner Press Women of Texas 2016 Award for Editing
Says reviewer Alyson Ward in the Houston Chronicle, "Vanishing Points: Poems and Photographs of Texas Roadside Memorials" pairs Streck's photographs with poems by Cortez and three others. It's a sobering, gorgeous collection..."

Against the Sky's Warm Belly: New and Selected Poems (Texas Review Press, 2016)
The poems of Sarah Cortez flex lean muscles to build lyric intensity and a gripping edginess often backlit by an incandescent, controlled eroticism. Cortez reveals the hidden underworld of her fellow police officers, whose lives comprise the thin blue line and whose blood sometimes splashes and blackens on summer concrete.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American poets
Poets from Texas
Writers from Houston
American women poets
Rice University alumni
University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts alumni
21st-century American women writers

Sarah Cortez


Maps to the Stars is a 2014 satirical and drama movie. This movie is about two former child stars and about the relationship of the entertainment industry with western civilization as a whole. Havana is played by Julianne Moore. Dr. Stafford is played by John Cusack.

The movie received mostly positive reviews from critics, and performances from the cast were praised. It was released in May 2014.

Canadian drama movies
2014 drama movies

Maps to the Stars


Aurelio Saliceti (Mosciano Sant'Angelo, 1804 – Turin, 1862) was an Italian politician, lawyer and patriot, affiliate of the Risorgimento.

He was among the first affiliates to Young Italy. In 1848 he was appointed by the Constitutional Government as Minister for Justice, a position from which he resigned a few days later, having failed to pass his reform plans. He went to Rome to fight in favor of the Roman Republic and was later sent in exile to London. There he lived as a poor man, but remained a committed patriot, now adhering to the Italian National Committee of Giuseppe Mazzini.

He moved to Paris in 1851, where he withdrew from Mazzini to join a project intended to oust the Bourbons from Naples, and replace it with a descendant of Joachim Murat. He returned to Naples in 1860 and there held the chair of the Supreme Court and obtained a university chair. He died in 1862.

External links
www.chieracostui.com

Italian politicians
19th-century Italian lawyers
Italian people of the Italian unification
1804 births
1862 deaths

Aurelio Saliceti


Corinne Russell (born 22 November 1963) is an English former Page 3 girl, glamour model and dancer during the 1980s.

Modelling career
Russell made her Page 3 debut in The Sun on 22 August 1982, and first appearing in the Daily Star on 7 September, notching up 189 appearances in total (118 in The Sun and 71 in the Daily Star), before making her final appearances in The Sun on 27 September, and 8 October 1990 in the Daily Star respectively.

TV work
She became one of the "Hill's Angels" on the 1983 cycle of The Benny Hill Show. Also in 1983 she was part of Flick Colby's Zoo dancers on Top Of The Pops, featuring heavily in the dance to "Waiting On A Train" by Flash And The Pan on 02.06.83. She later became a regular on the third series of The Kenny Everett Television Show in 1985. Later, in 1989, she had a nonspeaking role in Dennis Potter's adaptation of Blackeyes. She appears in one episode of In Sickness and in Health(se4ep4) in a non speaking role.

Film work
Her film work includes Absolute Beginners as the Giant Typewriter Dancer and a small speaking role in Highlander as the hooker "Candy". Russell was chosen to dance in silhouette during the opening credits of the 1983 James Bond film Octopussy. She also had a speaking role in the TV movie Harry's Kingdom as the car model "Suzi Lake". She had a minor role in Bolero.

Music video work
She led other leather-clad women with zippers at the groin region of their suits in the AC/DC music video "You Shook Me All Night Long". It was revealed on the VH1 series Pop-up Video that during the shot with the mechanical bull, she accidentally jabbed herself with her spur twice. The roadie who came to her aid married her a year later; Angus, one of the band members, gave them a mechanical bull for a wedding present as a joke. They later divorced.

Video games
She appeared on the cover of the video game Vixen (1988) and her movements were recorded in an early use of motion capture technology to create the animation for the main character.

Filmography

References

External links

1963 births
Page 3 girls
People from Birmingham, West Midlands
Living people

Corinne Russell


Monterey Bay is a bay of the Pacific Ocean located on the coast of the U.S. state of California, south of the San Francisco Bay Area. San Francisco itself is further north along the coast, by about 75 miles (120 km), accessible via Highway 1 and Highway 280.

Santa Cruz is located at the north end of the bay, and Monterey is on the Monterey Peninsula at the south end. The "Monterey Bay Area" is a local colloquialism sometimes used to describe the whole of the Central Coast communities of Santa Cruz and Monterey counties.

Toponymy

The first European to discover Monterey Bay was Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo on November 16, 1542, while sailing northward along the coast on a Spanish naval expedition. He named the bay Bahía de los Pinos, probably because of the forest of pine trees first encountered while rounding the peninsula at the southern end of the bay. Cabrillo's name for the bay was lost, but the westernmost point of the peninsula is still known as Point Pinos.

On December 10, 1595, Sebastián Rodríguez Cermeño crossed the bay and bestowed the name Bahía de San Pedro in honor of Saint Peter Martyr.

The present name for the bay was given in 1602 by Sebastián Vizcaíno, who had been tasked by the Spanish government to complete a detailed chart of the coast. On December 16, 1602 he rounded a large peninsula and entered a bay that he named Puerto de Monterrey in honor of Don Gaspár de Zúñiga y Acevedo, 5th Count of Monterrey, who was governor of New Spain and had dispatched the expedition. Monterrey is an alternate spelling of Monterrei, a municipality in the Galicia region of Spain from which the viceroy and his father (the Fourth Count of Monterrei) originated.

All other place names in the vicinity containing Monterey were so named because of their proximity to the bay. This includes the Presidio of Monterey, City of Monterey, County of Monterey and Monterey Canyon.

Geology

The Monterey Canyon, one of the largest underwater canyons in the world, begins off the coast of Moss Landing, in the center of Monterey Bay. It is  long, although its shape changes regularly because of currents and sediment being left in the area. The canyon is much like that of a continental slope; the biology of the canyon changes significantly in different parts of the canyon.

Flora and fauna
Monterey Bay is home to many species of marine mammals, including sea otters, harbor seals, and bottlenose dolphins; as well as being on the migratory path of gray and humpback whales and a breeding site for elephant seals. Killer whales are also found along the coast, especially when gray whales migrate, as they hunt the whales during their migration north.  Many species of fish, sharks, mollusks such as abalone and squid, birds, and sea turtles also live in the bay. Several varieties of kelp grow in the bay, some becoming as tall as trees, forming what is known as a kelp forest.

Marine protected areas
Soquel Canyon State Marine Conservation Area, Portuguese Ledge State Marine Conservation Area, Pacific Grove Marine Gardens State Marine Conservation Area, Lovers Point State Marine Reserve, Edward F. Ricketts State Marine Conservation Area and Asilomar State Marine Reserve are marine protected areas in Monterey Bay.  Like underwater parks, these marine protected areas help conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems.

Communities around Monterey Bay

Clockwise around the bay, generally from north to south.  Inland communities are indented:
Santa Cruz
Live Oak
Capitola
Soquel
Aptos
Rio del Mar
La Selva Beach
Corralitos
Freedom
Watsonville
Pajaro
Las Lomas
Elkhorn
Moss Landing
Castroville
Salinas
Marina
Seaside
Fort Ord
Sand City
Del Rey Oaks
Monterey
New Monterey
Pacific Grove
Carmel
Carmel Valley
Carmel Highlands

In popular culture

Apple's desktop operating system, macOS Monterey, is named after this region.

Gallery

See also
California State University, Monterey Bay
Monterey Bay Aquarium

References

Further reading

External links

Live Monterey Bay Web Cam
Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary website

Bays of California
Bays of the Pacific Ocean
Bodies of water of Monterey County, California
Bodies of water of Santa Cruz County, California
Regions of California
Geography of Northern California
Geography of Monterey County, California
Geography of San Benito County, California
Geography of Santa Cruz County, California
Birdwatching sites in the United States
Northern California
Tourism regions of California

Monterey Bay


"I'll Tell Me Ma" (euskaraz Nere Amari Esango Diot, batzuetan "The Wind" edo "Haizea" ere deitzen zaio) umeentzako abesti ospetsua da. XIX. mendean Ingalaterrako zenbait eskualdetan abestu ohi zen eta XX. mendean berriz ere zenbait musika bildumetann agertu zen. Irlandan bisaren zatiak Belfast hiria agertzen da, halere beste hiri batzuk ere aipatzen dira, adibidez Dublin.

Hainbat eta hainbat musika talde eta abeslariek abestu izan ohi dute abesti hau, The Dublinersetik hasi eta Van Morrison arte.

 Orthodox Celts taldearen "I´ll Tell Me Ma" eta "Spanish Lady" abestiekin moldatutako bertsioa entzuteko sakatu hemen

Hitzak
Irlandar bertsioa

I'll tell me ma when I go home
The boys won't leave the girls alone
They pull my hair, they steal my comb
But that's all right till I get home

(chorus):She is handsome, she is pretty
She is the belle of Belfast city
She is courting one, two, three
Please, won't you tell me, who is she?

Albert Mooney says he loves her
All the boys are fighting for her
Knock at the door and ring the bell
Saying, oh my true love, are you well?
Out she comes, white as snow
Rings on her fingers and bells on her toes
Old Jenny Murphy says she'll die
If she doesn't get the fellow with the roving eye

(Chorus)

Let the wind and the rain and the hail go high
Snow come tumbling from the sky
She's as nice as apple pie
She'll get a fellow by and by
When she gets a lad of her own
She won't tell her ma when she gets home
Let them all come as they will
It's Albert Mooney she loves still

(Chorus)

Gloucestershire Version
(Collected from Miss Matthews, Forest of Dean, 19th century)

The wind, the wind, the wind blows high,
The rain comes pouring from the sky;
Miss So-and-So says she'd die
For the sake of the old man's eye.
She is handsome, she is pretty,
She is the lass of the golden city;
She goes courting one, two, three,
Please to tell me who they be.
A. B. says he loves her,
All the boys are fighting for her,
Let the boys say what they will
A. B. has got her still.

Kanpo estekak

Irlandako abestiak
The Dubliners taldearen abestiak
Belfasteko kultura

I'll Tell Me Ma


Sir John Tyrell (1597–1676) was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1661 to 1676.

Tyrell was the son of Thomas Tyrell of Ramseys, Buttsbury and his wife Margaret Filioll, daughter of John Filioll of Old Hall, Rayne.  He matriculated at Wadham College, Oxford on 7 November 1617 and was awarded BA on 18 May 1620. He was a student of Inner Temple in 1620. He was knighted on 27 January 1628 and became a J.P. for Essex, holding the commission until 1641. He was ambivalent in the Civil War. In 1643 in the course of a visit to Wiltshire he went to see the King at Oxford but claimed he did not bear arms. He had to compound for £800.  In 1647, he succeeded to the estate of his uncle at Heron, East Hornden, Essex. His estate was sequestrated again in 1648. In 1655 he was imprisoned at Yarmouth after Penruddock's rising.

Tyrell became J.P. again in July 1660 and remained until his death. In 1661, he was elected Member of Parliament for Maldon in the Cavalier Parliament. He was commissioner for assessment from 1661 to 1674 and was commissioner for recusants in 1675.

Tyrell died in 1676 and was buried at East Horndon on 5 April.

Tyrell married firstly Elizabeth Evelyn, daughter of George Evelyn of West Dean, Wiltshire on 14 December 1624 . They had a daughter, but she died in February 1630. He married secondly in June 1630, Martha Washington, daughter of Sir Lawrence Washington of Garsdon, Wiltshire and had four sons and a daughter. She died 17 December 1679. His eldest son John was created a baronet of Springfield in 1666 but predeceased him.

References

1597 births
1676 deaths
Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
Members of the Inner Temple
17th-century English landowners
17th-century English lawyers
Members of Parliament for Maldon
English MPs 1661–1679

John Tyrell (died 1676)


Totie Fields (born Sophie Feldman; May 7, 1930 – August 2, 1978) was an American comedian.

Early life
Fields was born Sophie Feldman in Hartford, Connecticut. She started singing in Boston clubs while still in high school, taking the stage name of Totie Fields. She was Jewish.

Career
Fields gained fame during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. After years of Fields' successful appearances in nightclubs, Ed Sullivan gave Fields her first big break when he booked her on his show after seeing her perform at the Copacabana in New York in March 1964. She made multiple appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show, The Mike Douglas Show, The Merv Griffin Show, and The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. She also appeared in a 1971 episode of The Carol Burnett Show (Season 4, Episode 21) and a 1972 episode of Here's Lucy (Season 5, Episode 7) starring Lucille Ball.

It was on Mike Douglas in 1974 that Totie met the band Kiss, who were making their first national TV appearance. Fields joked that it would be funny if bassist Gene Simmons, under the makeup, turned out to be "just a nice Jewish boy." Simmons (who is not only Jewish but was born in Israel) responded "You should only know", to which Fields said, "I do! You can't hide the hook!" (Simmons and Fields became friends and corresponded until her death.)

Fields also appeared on various television game shows in the late 1960s and 1970s, including multiple episodes of both Hollywood Squares and Tattletales with her husband George Johnston.

In 1972, Fields wrote a humorous diet book titled I Think I'll Start on Monday: The Official 8½ Oz. Mashed Potato Diet.

Health problems
Fields was plagued with health problems in the last years of her life. She suffered from diabetes and in March 1976 she had surgery to remove a blood clot, but it failed and she developed phlebitis. In April 1976, Fields' left leg was amputated above the knee. This caused her to use a scooter for mobility and file a $2 million lawsuit against the hospital and doctors who had initially treated her. While still recovering from the amputation, Fields suffered two heart attacks.

Fields' last television appearance before her surgery was in a rare straight dramatic guest-starring role on the CBS-TV drama series Medical Center, which aired on February 23, 1976. In that episode, "Life, Death, and Mrs. Armbruster", Fields played Phoebe Armbruster, a hospital janitor plagued by heart problems.

In June 1977,  a much-thinner Fields starred in the Home Box Office special series Standing Room Only, beginning her show seated in a wheelchair. As the audience welcomed her, she stood up, causing the cheering audience to stand with her. Said Fields: "I've waited all my life to say this ... I weigh less than Elizabeth Taylor!" At the time, Taylor had gained over 50 pounds during her marriage to  Senator John Warner. Rather than avoid the subject of  her amputation, Totie used it as material in her touring comedy act at theaters around the country.

In October 1977, Fields was diagnosed with breast cancer and had a mastectomy to remove her right breast and also had an eye operation. However, Fields continued to perform, incorporating her health problems into her act. As a result, this changed the tone of her humor. Actor Van Johnson, who was a friend of Fields, was said to have remarked, "When Totie lost weight, she wasn't funny anymore."

Nevertheless, in 1978, during the last year of her life, Fields was voted "Entertainer of the Year" and "Female Comedy Star of the Year" by the American Guild of Variety Artists.

Death
On August 2, 1978, Fields was scheduled to begin a two-week engagement at Las Vegas' Sahara Hotel when, on the eve of the opening, she was stricken at home by a blood clot, suffering a fatal pulmonary embolism. She was rushed to nearby Sunrise Hospital & Medical Center, but was pronounced dead soon after. Her ashes were interred in Las Vegas; however, after her husband George Johnston's death in January 1995, her remains were moved to the Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles to be interred with his.

See also

References

External links

 Lessons in Laughter - Totie Fields in Comedy College

1930 births
1978 deaths
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American women
Actresses from Hartford, Connecticut
American amputees
American television actresses
American women comedians
Burials at Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery
Comedians from Connecticut
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
Jewish American actresses
Jewish American comedians
Jewish American female comedians

Totie Fields


Ishmon Bracey (January 9, 1899 or 1901 – February 12, 1970), sometimes credited as Ishman Bracey, was an American Delta blues singer-guitarist. Alongside his contemporary Tommy Johnson, Bracey was a highly influential bluesman in Jackson, Mississippi, and was one of the area's earliest figures to record blues material. Bracey's recordings include "Trouble Hearted Blues" and "Left Alone Blues", both of which appear on several compilation albums.

Biography
Bracey was born in the small town of Byram, Mississippi.  Most sources give his birth year as 1901, but researchers Bob Eagle and Eric LeBlanc give 1899, based on 1900 census information. Ishmon's parents were Richard and Etta Bracey. Bracey learned how to play the particular guitar style of bottlenecking from local blues musicians Rubin Lacey and Louis Cooper. He began his music career by performing at dances, juke joints, fish fries, and other rural events before relocating to Jackson in the late 1910s. Talent scout H. C. Speir approached Bracey while he was performing on Mill Street in 1927 with the intent of recording the musician for Victor Records. On February 4, 1928, Bracey completed his first two sides for the label, "Saturday Blues" and "Left Alone Blues", at the Memphis Auditorium with Papa Charlie McCoy providing the backup guitar lines. Bracey and McCoy returned to Memphis on August 31 to record seven additional songs.

In most of his recordings, Bracey used distinctive variations on the usual three-line verse form of blues songs, and was one of the few Mississippi bluesmen who sang with a nasal tone without embellishment. Bracey returned to the studio in 1929 and early-1930 for Paramount Records, backed by the group the New Orleans Nehi Boys. The band featured Kid Ernest Michall on clarinet and Charles Taylor (who Bracey accompanied on four sides of his own) on piano, both unusual instruments to appear on Mississippi Delta blues recordings. Like his associate Tommy Johnson, Bracey's total discography is relatively limited with only 16 songs, and original copies of his 78-rpm records are among the most valued items sought by blues collectors. His compositions "Trouble Hearted Blues" and "Left Alone Blues" are his most recognized works.

He was an associate of Johnson's, and the two performed regularly together on the medicine show circuit in the early 1930s. Bracey played the blues until 1951 when he was ordained as a Baptist minister. Although he would no longer partake in making blues music, Bracey still helped music historian Gayle Dean Wardlow in 1963 gather information on Delta blues musicians, most notably Skip James. Bracey died on February 12, 1970; he is buried in Willow Park Cemetery in Jackson. Ishmon Bracey pastored a church in Canton, Ms at the time of his death.

Discography
The Famous 1928 Tommy Johnson–Ishman Bracey Session (Roots, 1970)
Complete Recordings in Chronological Order (Wolf, 1983)
Ishman Bracey & Charley Taylor 1928–1929 (Document, 2000)
King of the Blues, vol. 12 (P-Vine, 2003)
Suitcase Full of Blues (Monk, 2010)

See also
List of country blues musicians

References

External links
[ Biography] at Allmusic website
Mississippi Blues Trail - Ishmon Bracey marker
Illustrated Ishmon Bracey discography

Year of birth uncertain
1970 deaths
20th-century African-American male singers
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
American blues singers
Blues musicians from Mississippi
Country blues musicians
Delta blues musicians
RCA Victor artists
Paramount Records artists
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Mississippi
African-American guitarists

Ishmon Bracey


Be Evil is a collection of freestyle tracks and battles by American indie hip hop artist Doseone. Many of the tracks on the album were live recordings from Doseone and Jel's freestyle school, "freestyleclass".

Limited copies of the album were sold on Themselves' 2009 tour.

Track listing
 "Unpredictable Still"
 "Def to Death"
 "Go Beastish (vs. LEV)"
 "Stabbed By Kittens (vs. Zano, Glympse Automatik and Reed Richards)"
 "Do Your Hair"
 "Oh That's Wow (vs. Bisque and Broke MC)"
 "Pocket Pussy + Fake Chain"
 "Prisonphonefree"
 "End of Class"
 "96 97 98"

References

Doseone albums
2009 live albums

Be Evil


Antonina Vladimirovna Krivoshapka (; born 21 July 1987) is a Russian sprinter who specializes in the 400 metres. She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics, where her team originally was awarded a silver medal in the 4 × 400 m relay. Krivoshapka and her teammates were later stripped of this medal after Krivoshapka tested positive for the steroid turinabol.

Early years
Hailing from Rostov-on-Don, Krivoshapka won the silver medal in the 400 m at the 2003 World Youth Championships in a time of 53.54 s, and won bronze in the medley relay. However, she had little success in the following years, placing only fifth in the heats of the 2004 World Junior Championships. She did not improve on her personal best in 2005 or 2006, and only competed on the national level. However, she began to steadily improve her performances in 2007 and 2008, posting seasonal bests of 52.32 s and 51.24 s, respectively.

Professional athletics career
Krivoshapka's international breakthrough came in 2009, when she set a personal best of 50.55 s over 400 m indoors to win the Russian indoor championships, and subsequently won the 400 m gold medal at the 2009 European Indoor Championships. At the same championships she won a gold medal in the 4 × 400 metres relay with teammates Natalya Antyukh, Darya Safonova and Yelena Voynova. Later that year, during the semifinals at the Russian national championships in Cheboksary, she lowered her outdoor 400 m personal best by nearly a full second by running 49.29 s, the second-fastest time in the world that year. She went on to win the national title in 49.71 s. With these performances, Krivoshapka was considered one of the favorites for a medal in the 400 m at the World Championships in Berlin. In the 400 m final, she won the bronze medal in 49.71 s, behind Sanya Richards and Shericka Williams. She initially won another bronze medal in the 4×400 m relay, where she anchored the Russian team.

Krivoshapka suffered an injury in an unusual fashion in early 2010 – while doing sprint training on a track in Volgograd, a young boy walked into her path and she strained her back in the ensuing collision. She missed the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships as a result but fully recovered in time for the outdoor season. Later that year at the 2010 European Athletics Championships, she claimed the 400 m bronze medal. She won a silver medal as part of the Europe 4 × 400 m relay team at the 2010 IAAF Continental Cup. At the 2013 World Athletics Championships in Moscow, she initially finished third in the individual 400 m race.

In 2016, Krivoshapka's samples from both the 2008 and 2012 Olympics were retested and found to contain turinabol as announced on February 1, 2017. In April she was given a two-year ban, which disqualified her 2012 and 2013 results.

See also
List of doping cases in athletics
Doping at the Olympic Games
List of stripped Olympic medals
List of World Athletics Championships medalists (women)
Russia at the World Athletics Championships
Doping at the World Athletics Championships
List of European Athletics Championships medalists (women)
List of stripped European Athletics Championships medals
List of European Athletics Indoor Championships medalists (women)
List of people from Rostov-on-Don

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Rostov-on-Don
Russian female sprinters
Olympic female sprinters
Olympic athletes for Russia
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Competitors stripped of Summer Olympics medals
World Athletics Championships athletes for Russia
World Athletics Championships medalists
Athletes stripped of World Athletics Championships medals
European Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Indoor Championships winners
Russian Athletics Championships winners
Russian sportspeople in doping cases
Doping cases in athletics

Antonina Krivoshapka


Arthur Leonard Bateman (22 August 1879 – 8 May 1957) was a British businessman and Conservative Party politician.

Born in London, he was privately educated before entering business as a sack manufacturer. He was a member of the Worshipful Company of Basketmakers and a Freeman of the City of London. He became involved in local politics as a member of the Conservative-backed Municipal Reform Party. He was elected to Camberwell Borough Council in 1922 and was the mayor of Camberwell in 1929–1930. In 1931 he was elected to represent Peckham on the London County Council.

At the 1931 general election he was chosen to contest the seat of Camberwell North on behalf of the Conservatives. The election had been called following the formation of a National Government. This had caused a split in the Labour Party with the majority opposing the coalition. Among these were Charles Ammon, sitting MP for Camberwell North. Bateman was the government candidate, with the Liberal Party stepping aside from the contest. Bateman was elected, overturning a Labour majority of 7,823 to win by 765 votes.

Bateman proved to be a controversial member of parliament. In April 1932 the North Camberwell Liberal and Radical Association organised protests calling for his resignation. The Liberals claimed he had broken his election pledges and voted to support taxes on food. Bateman countered that his loyalty was not to the voters but to the National Government and that he would not resign. By the time the next election was called in 1935 Bateman had made it clear that he no longer wished to represent North Camberwell as the constituency had shown him "no gratitude". He stated that in.. "some parts of North Camberwell I have had to have as many as fifty policemen to get me out of meetings. I will not risk my life any longer." He initially hoped that the Conservative Party would find another constituency for him to contest. When this did not occur he decided to stand as an independent in the neighbouring seat of Peckham, although he withdrew his candidacy prior to the election.

In 1942 Bateman moved to Warwick, where he was to be a member of the borough council. By the time of the 1945 general election he had healed his rift with the Conservatives and contested Tottenham South, but failed to be elected.

Apart from his political and business activities, Bateman was the founder of a charity, the Camberwell Children's Christmas Treat and Summer Holiday Camp Fund. As part of fundraising activities for the organisation he paraded along Bond Street dressed in a coronet.

He died at his home in Warwick in May 1957 aged 77.

References

External links

1879 births
1957 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1931–1935
Members of London County Council
Members of Camberwell Metropolitan Borough Council

Arthur Bateman (politician)


John Richard Riordan, OC (Also known as Jack) (born September 2, 1943, in St. Stephen, New Brunswick) is a Canadian biochemist, noted for his research into cystic fibrosis.

After acquiring his bachelor's degree in 1966 from the University of Toronto, he studied and received a doctorate in biochemistry from the same university in 1970. His next three years were spent at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysics in Frankfurt. He then returned to the University of Toronto, where he worked as a professor in the Biochemistry department from 1974. Prior to retiring in 2018, Riordan was a professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he was a member of the Biochemistry and Biophysics Department studying the structure and function of CFTR. He is also a visiting scientist at the Academy Salhgrenska (where he holds an honorary doctorate ) and University of Gothenburg.

He is mostly recognized for the first ever discovery of a mutated gene, ΔF508, that can cause cystic fibrosis. This research was undertaken alongside fellow biologists, Francis Collins and Lap-Chee Tsui and since then, other research has found over 1000 different mutations that can cause cystic fibrosis.

In 1990 he received the Gairdner Foundation International Award, 'for contributions to the identification of the gene for cystic fibrosis'.

References

1943 births
Living people
Canadian biochemists
People from St. Stephen, New Brunswick
University of Toronto alumni
Officers of the Order of Canada

John R. Riordan


Anatoliy Dovhal (complete name Anatoliy Ivanovych Dovhal'; original name: Анатолій Іванович Довгаль) (born 29 January 1976) is a Ukrainian sprinter, who specializes in the 100 metres.

Dovdal won a bronze medal in 60 metres at the 2002 European Indoor Athletics Championships. His personal best time over this distance is 6.56 seconds.

In 100 m he won the 1999 Military World Games and competed at the 2000 Olympics. His personal best time is 10.17 seconds, achieved in June 2004 in Kyiv.

He won the gold medal in 4 x 100 metres relay at the 2002 European Championships.

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
Ukrainian male sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Ukraine
European Athletics Championships medalists

Anatoliy Dovhal