Tripleurospermum maritimum (syn. Matricaria maritima) is a species of flowering plant in the aster family commonly known as false mayweed or sea mayweed. It is found in many coastal areas of Northern Europe, including Scandinavia and Iceland, often growing in sand or amongst beach pebbles.

In Iceland, sea mayweed is known as Baldr's eyelashes (baldursbrá), though this name is given to all  mayweed flowers in Norway and Sweden.

Description
Tripleurospermum maritimum is a herbaceous biennial or short-lived perennial which grows with prostrate to erect stems to a height of . As with many maritime plants, it is a halophyte with fleshy leaves which help it to survive in the harsh salty environment. The leaves are divided into short segments. When crushed, they yield a sweet smell similar to that of its relative chamomile, though much fainter.

The daisy-like flowers usually appear between July and September and can reach up to 50 mm across. The stems of the plant are frequently tinged red towards the base.

Habitat
Found around the coast in the uppershore and waste ground.

References

External links

Anthemideae
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Tripleurospermum maritimum


Ferruccio Valcareggi (; 12 February 1919 – 2 November 2005) was an Italian football player and coach, who played as a midfielder.

Playing career
Valcareggi was born in Trieste, on 12 February 1919. A right–sided, offensive–minded, central midfielder – known as a mezzala in Italian football jargon –, he had a successful playing career, playing for nine different teams, including clubs such as Fiorentina, A.C. Milan, Bologna, and his home-town club Triestina, with whom he began his career in 1937, ending his playing career in 1954 with Piombino. He won the Coppa Alta Italia with Bologna in 1946. He scored 73 goals in 403 matches, 59 of which came in Serie A, in 270 appearances. He was never capped at international level, however.

Managerial career
Valcareggi is widely remembered for his success as a coach, in particular with Italy national football team. He began his coaching career as a player–manager with Piombino in 1952; after managing several Italian club sides (including Prato, helping the club to the 1956–57 Serie C title and Serie B promotion, as well as Atalanta and Fiorentina), he was named the Italian team's coach, replacing manager Edmondo Fabbri – under whom he served as an assistant – initially alongside Helenio Herrera, and later independently. He was in charge of the Italy national side between 1966 and 1974, guiding them to victory in the 1968 European Championship on home soil, and to the final in the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico. Under Valcareggi, Italy lost only six games in eight years.

Despite his success with the national side, Valcareggi is also remembered for devising the infamous "staffetta" (relay) match strategy during the 1970 World Cup. Due to his focus on defensive stability, as well as the presence of two pure, prolific goalscoring strikers, Riva and Boninsegna, Valcareggi felt that it would not be possible to field Italy's two most revered advanced playmakers at the time, Gianni Rivera, and Sandro Mazzola, alongside each other. He believed the two creative players to be incompatible with each other, due to the rivalry between their respective clubs, and as he felt that deploying both players alongside the forwards would offset the balance within the starting line-up, in particular as Rivera, unlike Mazzola, was not renowned for his athleticism or defensive work-rate. When Mazzola had come down with a stomach flu, which affected his fitness, he therefore conceived the plan, which essentially consisted of Mazzola playing the first half of each match, whilst Rivera would play the second half when the opponents would begin to tire and offer him more space. Despite Italy's victory at the 1968 European Championship and their second-place finish at the 1970 World Cup, the tactic was widely criticised by the media, in particular due to Italy's negative performance during the group-stage and in the final defeat to Brazil, despite demonstrating their ability to successfully apply a more offensive, exciting style of play with Rivera in the semi-final against West Germany. The two players only played together briefly in the final, when Rivera came on for Boninsegna for the last six minutes of the match.

Valcareggi also helped Italy to qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup; although they were considered among the favourites to win the title, they were knocked out in the first round of the tournament, which led to Valcareggi stepping down from his position as Italy's head coach; during the tournament, he had an infamous falling out with Giorgio Chinaglia, who insulted Valcareggi upon being substituted. Following his international career, Valcareggi worked as a club coach in Italy with Hellas Verona and Roma, as well as the Italian youth B Team; he also briefly served as a pundit. He later also worked for Fiorentina's technical sector; he was inducted into the Fiorentina Hall of Fame in 2013.

Style of management
With the Italy national team, Valcareggi's rigid tactics were largely inspired by the Italian catenaccio system that had been popularised by Inter manager Herrera during the 1960s, as demonstrated by his use of a sweeper behind two man–marking central defenders and a full-back, and his use of a strategy based on heavy defending and stability. Italy were known for their ability to grind out results successfully under his tenure, and defend narrow leads after scoring, due their ability to concede few goals, which led to criticism in the Italian media over the team's lack of goals and dull gameplay, but also proved to be an effective strategy. Despite the team's more defensive playing style, they also demonstrated their offensive capabilities under Valcareggi during the 1970 World Cup; due to the altitude, his team favoured a slower gameplay, avoiding excessive sprints, which highlighted the technical ability of his players. Valcareggi was also known for this infamous staffetta policy, which involved him using his two star, talented, and skilful playmakers – Mazzola and Rivera – for one half each during matches, so as not to offset the balance within the team. The more athletic, dynamic, and direct Mazzola would start matches, while the more creative but less mobile and hard-working Rivera would come on when the opponents would begin to tire, which would allow him to dictate the game in midfield with his passing. His team adopted a more attractive playing style leading up to the 1974 World Cup, but struggled in the final tournament, and suffered a disappointing first–round elimination, which Valcareggi attributed to a lack of a united team in the dressing room, and his own inability to manage the group of players he was coaching at the time effectively. In addition to his tactical intelligence and coaching ability, he was known for his ability to instill a sense of calm in his team, and for developing a close relationship with his players, despite his reserved character; he was also known for his fair-play approach and honesty, as well as his elegant attire.

Personal life
In September 1943, Valcareggi married Anna Peruzzi, with whom he had three children.

Death
Valcareggi died in Florence on 2 November 2005, at the age of 86.

Honours

Player
Bologna
Coppa Alta Italia: 1945–46

Coach
Prato
Serie C: 1956–57

Italy
UEFA European Championship: 1968
FIFA World Cup runner-up: 1970

Individual
Seminatore d'oro: 1956–57, 1972–73
Italian Football Hall of Fame: 2011
Fiorentina Hall of Fame

References

External links
UEFA news of Valcareggi's death
Italian Football Federation page of Valcareggi

1919 births
2005 deaths
Footballers from Trieste
Italian men's footballers
Italian football managers
Italy national football team managers
LR Vicenza players
Bologna FC 1909 players
ACF Fiorentina players
AC Milan players
US Triestina Calcio 1918 players
Brescia Calcio players
Lucchese 1905 players
Serie A players
Serie B players
UEFA Euro 1968 managers
1970 FIFA World Cup managers
1974 FIFA World Cup managers
UEFA European Championship-winning managers
Hellas Verona FC managers
AS Roma managers
Atalanta BC managers
Serie A managers
Men's association football midfielders

Ferruccio Valcareggi


Zino Vinnikov (Russian: Зиновий Винников) (born 1943) is a Russian-Dutch violinist and one of the leading representatives of the St Petersburg violin tradition.

Biography
Vinnikov studied with Abram Shtern in Kiev, and later at the St Petersburg Conservatory (then Leningrad Conservatory) with Mikhail Vaiman (1926-1977) and Benjamin Sher, himself a pupil of the legendary Leopold Auer. He made his solo debut in 1963 on the stages of the St Petersburg Philharmonia and the Mariinsky Theatre (Kirov Theater). While still a student, Vinnikov won First Prize at the USSR National Violin Competition in 1965 (ex aequo with Viktor Tretiakov). Vinnikov  was also one of the prizewinners of both the 1966 International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow and the 1971 Queen Elisabeth Music Competition in Brussels, and won First Prize at the 1967 George Enescu Violin Competition in Bucharest.

Upon completing his postgraduate studies, Zino Vinnikov was invited to become a professor at the St Petersburg Conservatory. In the early years of his career as a soloist Vinnikov performed with the country's leading orchestras throughout the former Soviet Union and abroad. In 1979 he accepted an invitation from the Residentie Orchestra to settle in The Hague. Since then the artist has resided in the Netherlands, which granted him citizenship by Royal decree in 1982, and in France.

Today, Zino Vinnikov is an internationally recognised artist with broad musical interests and a remarkably rich repertoire. He has toured worldwide, appearing in most countries of Europe and the former Soviet Union, the United States, Canada, South America, Japan and China. Vinnikov has performed as a soloist under leading conductors such as Yuri Temirkanov, Evgeny Svetlanov, Mariss Jansons, Neeme Järvi, Gennady Rozhdestvensky, André Previn, Alain Lombard, Hans Vonk, Jaap van Zweden and Vladimir Ashkenazy. He also developed an especially close musical partnership with Yehudi Menuhin, who confessed to being an admirer of Vinnikov's art. Their recording of the Tchaikovsky Violin Concerto in D major, Sérénade mélancolique, and Mélodie (with Lord Menuhin conducting the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra of London) received wide acclaim and has since been re-released several times. His 2002 album Zino Vinnikov Plays Fritz Kreisler  also received enthusiastic reviews, such as "a tour de force, in which Vinnikov is forced to switch tempo, playing style and dynamics at a moment's notice. Those looking to hear a master at the top of his game need look no further.", "captivating recording by [an] excellent violinist", and "Vinnikov has the rare capacity to ally delightful technical mastery with depth and subtlety of interpretation."

Zino Vinnikov has been concertmaster (leader) of the St Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra, The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra of London, the Orchestre National Bordeaux Aquitaine, and the Residentie Orchestra of The Hague. In these capacities he contributed to numerous recordings of the key orchestral repertoire with some of the world's leading conductors.

Also an active chamber music player, Zino Vinnikov has performed with fine musicians such as Philippe Hirschhorn, Mischa Maisky, Natalia Gutman, Boris Pergamenschikow, Eliso Virsaladze, Ronald Brautigam, Dmitri Ferschtman, Elisabeth Leonskaya and others. For over a decade he was First Violinist of the Netherlands-based Glinka Quartett, which he co-founded and with which he toured widely. He has participated in a wide range of music festivals including Edinburgh, Santander, Athens, St Petersburg, Bonn, Paris, Bordeaux and London.

For years Zino Vinnikov held professorships at the St Petersburg Conservatory, the Rotterdam Conservatory, the Utrecht Conservatory, and the Benjamin Britten Academy. He is regularly invited to deliver masterclasses (including at the St Petersburg Conservatory), to serve on the jury of international violin competitions, and continues to teach select private students in the Netherlands.

In September 2013 Zino Vinnikov was awarded a Knighthood in the Order of the Netherlands Lion (the country's highest and oldest civilian order) for services to music.

Recordings
Recordings by Zino Vinnikov have been released under the Melodiya, RCA/Erasmus, Residentie Orkest, Tring International, RPO, Eroica Classical, and IMLab Classical labels. Many are available on major online music streaming services (Spotify, iTunes, Google Play). They feature works by Achron, Albéniz, Bach, Bartók, Bloch, Chausson, Chopin, Debussy, Dvořák, Gade, Haydn, Kreisler, Massenet, Milhaud, Mozart, Ponce, Ravel, Saint-Saëns, Sarasate, Schubert, Suk, Tchaikovsky, Vivaldi, Wieniawski, and Ysaÿe.

References

Russian violinists
Male violinists
Dutch violinists
1943 births
Living people
Knights of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
21st-century violinists
21st-century Russian male musicians

Zino Vinnikov


The Hastings Hill Historic District encompasses a rural crossroads settlement of the early 19th century at the junction of Spruce Street, Hill Street, and Russell Avenue in Suffield, Connecticut.  The area includes well-preserved examples of 18th and 18th-century domestic architecture, as well as the 1842 First Baptist Church and a district schoolhouse.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

Description and history
What is now Hill Street in rural central northern Suffield was laid out in 1726 along a north–south ridge, and was historically part of one of the main routes between Windsor, Connecticut and Springfield, Massachusetts.  The area developed in part over religious differences: Joseph Hastings began opposing Congregationalist teachings and practices as early as 1740, and was ordained a Baptist minister.  Their church, built at Hill and Russell where the present 1842 Greek Revival church now stands, was one of the first Baptist congregations to be established in Connecticut.  This became the nexus for a small village, in which the Hastings house (still standing next to the church) served as a tavern for travelers, and a blacksmith and shop were located across the triangular green at the street corner.  In the early 20th century a local barn was adapted for use as a summer theater venue, lasting until World War II.

The historic district is centered at the junction of Hill Street and Russell Avenue, and extends north and south along Hill Street.  The oldest house in the district, 1061 Hill Street, is estimated to date to 1740, and was an early conservation project of Delphina Clark, the first woman admitted to the Yale School of Architecture.  That property also includes the tobacco barn that housed the theater, retaining the stage and proscenium arch in its interior.  The district's dominant feature is the 1842 Baptist Church, a fine example Greek Revival architecture.  Adjacent to it is the much-altered house of the Hastingses, believed to have been built in the 18th century either by Rev. Joseph Hastings or his son.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford County, Connecticut

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in Hartford County, Connecticut
Greek Revival architecture in Connecticut
Historic districts in Hartford County, Connecticut
Suffield, Connecticut

Hastings Hill Historic District


A craft or trade is a pastime or an occupation that requires particular skills and knowledge of skilled work. In a historical sense, particularly the Middle Ages and earlier, the term is usually applied to people occupied in small scale production of goods, or their maintenance, for example by tinkers. The traditional term craftsman is nowadays often replaced by artisan and by craftsperson.

Historically, the more specialized crafts with high-value products tended to concentrate in urban centers and their practitioners formed guilds. The skill required by their professions and the need to be permanently involved in the exchange of goods often demanded a higher level of education, and craftspeople were usually in a more privileged position than the peasantry in societal hierarchy. The households of artisans were not as self-sufficient as those of people engaged in agricultural work, and therefore had to rely on the exchange of goods. Some crafts, especially in areas such as pottery, woodworking, and various stages of textile production, could be practiced on a part-time basis by those also working in agriculture, and often formed part of village life.

When an apprentice finished their apprenticeship, they became a journeyman searching for a place to set up their own shop and make a living. After setting up their own shop, they could then call themselves a master of their craft.

This stepwise approach to mastery of a craft, which includes the attainment of some education and skill, has survived in some countries to the present day. But crafts have undergone deep structural changes since and during the era of the Industrial Revolution. The mass production of goods by large-scale industry has limited crafts to market segments in which industry's modes of functioning or its mass-produced goods do not satisfy the preferences of potential buyers. As an outcome of these changes, craftspeople today increasingly make use of semi-finished components or materials and adapt these to their customers' requirements or demands. Thus, they participate in a certain division of labour between industry and craft.

Nature of craft skill
The nature of craft skill and the process of its development are continually debated by philosophers, anthropologists, and cognitive scientists. Some scholars note that craft skill is marked by particular ways of experiencing tools and materials, whether by allowing tools to recede from focal awareness, perceiving tools and materials in terms of their practical interrelationships, or seeing aspects of work that are invisible to the untrained observer. Other scholars working on craft skill focus on observational learning and mimicry, exploring how learners visually parse the movements of experts. Certain researchers even de-emphasize the role of the individual craftsperson, noting the collective nature of craft understanding or emphasizing the role of materials as collaborators in the process of production.

Classification

There are three aspects to human creativity: art, crafts, and science. Roughly, art relies upon intuitive sensing, vision, and expression; crafts upon sophisticated technique; and science upon knowledge.

Handicraft

Handicraft is the "traditional" main sector of the crafts. It is a type of work where useful and decorative devices are made completely by hand or by using only simple tools. The term is usually applied to traditional means of making goods. The individual artisanship of the items is a paramount criterion, an such items often have cultural and/or religious significance. Items made by mass production or machines are not handicraft goods.

The beginning of crafts in areas like the Ottoman Empire involved the governing bodies requiring members of the city who were skilled at creating goods to open shops in the center of town. These people slowly stopped acting as subsistence farmers (who created goods in their own homes to trade with neighbors) and began to represent what we think of as "craftspeople" today.

Besides traditional goods, handicraft contributes to the field of computing by combining craft practices with technology. For example, in 1968, the Apollo 8 spacecraft's core memory consisted of wires that were woven around and through electromagnetic cores by hand. The core rope memory they created contained information used to successfully complete the mission.

Crafts and craftspeople have become a subject of academic study. For example, Stephanie Bunn was an artist before she became an anthropologist, and she went on to develop an academic interest in the process of craft. She argues that what happens to an object before it becomes a "product" is an area worthy of study.

The Arts and Crafts Movement

The term crafts is used to describe artistic practices within the family of decorative arts that traditionally are defined by their relationship to functional or utilitarian products (such as sculptural forms in the vessel tradition) or by their use of such natural media as wood, clay, ceramics, glass, textiles, and metal.

The Arts and Crafts Movement originated in Britain during the late 19th century and was characterized by a style of decoration reminiscent of medieval times. The primary artist associated with the movement is William Morris, whose work was reinforced with writings from John Ruskin. The movement placed a high importance on the quality of craftsmanship, while emphasizing the importance for the arts to contribute to economic reform.

Studio crafts

Crafts practiced by independent artists working alone or in small groups are referred to as studio craft. Studio craft includes studio pottery, metalwork, weaving, woodturning, paper and other forms of woodworking, glassblowing, and glass art.

Craft fairs

A craft fair is an organized event to display and sell crafts. There are also craft stores where such goods are sold and craft communities, such as Craftster, where expertise is shared.

Tradesperson

A tradesperson is a skilled manual worker in a particular trade or craft. Economically and socially, a tradesperson's status is considered between a laborer and a professional, with a high degree of both practical and theoretical knowledge of their trade. In cultures where professional careers are highly prized, there can be a shortage of skilled manual workers, leading to lucrative niche markets in the trades.

See also

Communities

References

External links

Medieval economics
Skills

Craft


Northern Ireland Water Limited (; Ulster-Scots: Norlin Airlan Wattèr) is the main water company in Northern Ireland.

Formerly an executive agency within Northern Ireland Executive, it became a government-owned company on 1 April 2007. The company now sits as an Agency within the Department of Infrastructure (DfI). The company provides 575 million litres of clean water a day for almost 1.8 million people as well as treating 340 million litres of wastewater every day, and has approximately 1,300 staff. It is responsible for 27,000 km of watermains and 16,000 km of sewerage mains, as well as 23 water treatment works and 1,030 wastewater treatment works. It cost around £460m each year to deliver water services across Northern Ireland.

History
Prior to 1973, water and sewerage services in Northern Ireland outside Belfast were the responsibility of local councils. Within the capital, the Belfast City and District Water Commissioners were responsible. In 1974, responsibility for providing these services was transferred to the Department of the Environment. Within the Department, a new Water Executive was responsible for the management and administration of water and sewerage services.

Whilst water and sewer companies were privatised in England and Wales in 1989, these services remained public in Northern Ireland.

In 1996, the Water Executive became an executive agency and was rebranded as the Northern Ireland Water Service and, in 1999, responsibility for water transferred to the Department for Regional Development.

For decades there has been an erroneous belief that domestic water and sewer services in Northern Ireland have been provided without charges to customers. Prior to 1974 domestic users were charged for water usage based on a percentile of the domestic rates.  Subsequent to this, the costs for water usage were assimilated into the domestic rate payable by households.  Since that time only non-residential customers received water bills and had water meters. However, in December 2002 it was announced that Northern Ireland's water and sewerage services would become self-financing. This was followed by two years of extensive consultations on water reforms, with the aim of introducing meters for new houses as well as water and sewer charges for all domestic customers. The announcement of the establishment of a state-owned company was made by Minister of State John Spellar in August 2004. The water charges plan was included in the Water and Sewerage Services (Northern Ireland) Order 2006, introduced by then secretary of state Peter Hain. In parallel, Northern Ireland Water Limited was created in April 2007. An anti-water charges campaign in 2007 resulted in the plans for water charges to be abandoned. Later, all major parties in Northern Ireland claimed to have had a leading role in the anti-water charges movement.

In 2007 a system of economic regulation had been set up similar to the existing system in England and Wales where Ofwat regulates the water sector. The Northern Ireland Authority for Utility Regulation was appointed to carry out this role. Performance benchmarking by the regulator showed that there was a "performance gap" with England and Wales concerning drinking water quality, wastewater quality, leakage, customer service and efficiency. This gap has now been more than halved. April 2017 marked the Company's first 10 years, in 2016/17 the Company reported record levels of wastewater compliance, with water quality compliance remaining a near record levels.

Structure
NI Water is a Government Owned Company (GoCo) – which is a statutory trading body owned by central government but operating under company legislation. This means that the Company's corporate governance structure and compliance is with the Companies Act 2006 and the principles of good corporate governance as set out in the UK Corporate Governance Code, where appropriate.

Major reservoirs and treatment works

Silent Valley Reservoir
Lough Neagh
Ben Crom Reservoir
Spelga Dam and Reservoir
Dunore Point
Drumaroad Water Treatment Works, built as part of the Aquarius Mourne Water Project

See also

List of Government departments and agencies in Northern Ireland

References

External links
Official Website

1999 establishments in Northern Ireland
Utilities of the United Kingdom
Northern Ireland coast and countryside
Government-owned companies of Northern Ireland
Water supply and sanitation in Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland Water


Count Fyodor Vasilyevich Rostopchin () ( – ) was a Russian statesman and General of the Infantry who served as the Governor-General of Moscow during the French invasion of Russia. He was disgraced shortly after the Congress of Vienna, to which he had accompanied Tsar Alexander I. He  appears as a character in Leo Tolstoy's 1869 novel War and Peace, in which he is presented very unfavorably.

Biography
Rostopchin was born in the Kosmodemyanskoe village (modern-day Livensky District, Oryol Oblast of Russia) into a Russian noble family, the son of Vasily Fyodorovich Rostopchin (1733–1802), a landlord and former army major, and Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Rostopchina (née Kryukova) who died shortly after giving birth to his younger brother Peter. Rostopchin's date and place of birth, as well as his family roots are still questioned by biographers. While the date 12 March 1763 is written on his tombstone, other sources, including Rostopchin himself, pointed at 1765 as the real year and Moscow – as the real place of his birth.

He also claimed that his family was very ancient and originated around the 15th century from Crimean Tatars, direct descendants of Genghis Khan. In Part 2 of the All-Russian Armorials of Noble Houses he named some Boris Davydovich nicknamed Rostopcha (from Russian rastopcha which means scatterbrain, blockhead) who arrived to Moscow to serve Vasili III of Russia, while in Part 4 his name changed to Boris Fyodorovich and later official encyclopedias renamed him to Mikhail Davydovich. His descendants supposedly served in Moscow, Tver, Klin and Rzhev at various army and state positions, yet none of them left any trace in Russian history, and some modern historians consider it to be a mystification.

He spent most of his childhood and youth at his father's family estate in the Kosmodemyanskoe village where he received home education. He was fluent in English, German, French and Italian languages, and from 1786 to 1788 he traveled to Europe. This trip, especially the time spent in Berlin, influenced his later views and his passion for self-education. He described it in his first book The Trip to Prussia (1792–1794) which has been compared to the Letters of a Russian Traveller by Nikolay Karamzin.

Feodor Rostopchin started his military career as a member of the Preobrazhensky Regiment in 1775, and in 1785 he was promoted to Podporuchik. He took part in the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) and the Russo-Turkish War (1788–1791). During the Russo-Swedish War he lost his younger brother Peter Rostopchin whom he later described in his patriotic novel Oh, Those French! He served under Alexander Suvorov who distinguished him. They became good friends, and Rostopchin later defended Suvorov during his exile and was near him during his death.

Rostopchin had great influence over Paul I of Russia. In 1796 he was appointed adjutant general, grand-marshal of the court, and in 1799 – the President of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. Same year he was granted the title of Count. His opposition to the French alliance and the murder of Paul I in 1801 resulted in his falling out of favor. He spent 10 years living in his family estate and writing comedies and satirical novels in which he ridiculed Francophiles. He was restored to favor in 1810 as conditions between France and Russia began to deteriorate. At the end of May 1812 he was appointed a Governor-General of Moscow. He was visited by Germaine de Stael on her way to St. Petersburg and Stockholm.

During the French invasion of Russia he was responsible for the defence of the city against Napoleon's Grande Armée, and he took every means available to rouse the population of the town and district to arm and join the army to defend the city against the invaders. After the Battle of Borodino it was clear to the Russian generals that their army could not deal with another battle; half of the population left the city, according to Leo Tolstoy. Rostopchin was invited to the council at Fili but excluded after a few hours and had the remaining population of the city evacuated, including all the city administrators and officials, leaving behind only a few French tutors, foreign shop keepers.  In addition, the prisons and asylums were opened and the inhabitants set free by his order.  No one came to meet the Emperor Napoleon with keys when he arrived at the city gates on 14 September in the afternoon.  On the first night of French occupation a fire broke out in the bazaar and a number of small fires erupted in other quarters.  As the French rode through the streets to the Kremlin they found the streets deserted.  That night the city began to burn in earnest.  Rostopchin had left a small detachment of police, whom he charged with burning his house and the city to the ground, given that most buildings were made from wood. The city's fire-engines were disassembled. Fuses were left throughout the city to ignite the fires. He left Moscow on 14 September 1812 and gave up his position as governor. Rostopchin owned two mansions in Moscow and an estate near Tarutino, Russia. Robert Wilson was with him, when Rostopchin set fire to his estate.

In 1814 the Rostopchine family left Russia, going first to the Duchy of Warsaw, then to the German Confederation, Vienna, the Italian peninsula and finally in 1817 to France under the Bourbon Restoration. In Paris, he established a salon; his wife and daughter converted to Roman Catholicism. He claimed innocence against the charge of arson, and had a pamphlet printed and distributed in Paris proclaiming so in 1823, but subsequently admitted to his role in ordering the city's destruction. He returned to Imperial Russia in 1825 and died in Moscow suffering from asthma and hemorrhoid complications. He was buried at the Pyatnitskoye Cemetery.

Family
He married Ekaterina Petrovna Protassova (1775–1869), and had eight children. Among them:
 Count Sergei Fyodorovich Rostopchin;
 Countess Natalya Fyodorovna Rostopchine;
 Countess Sofiya Fyodorovna Rostopchine, who married in 1819 and became a noted French novelist under the title of comtesse de Ségur;
 Countess Lise Fyodorovna Rostopchine;
 Count Andrei Fyodorovich Rostopchine, married Yevdokiya Petrovna Sushkova.

References
Citations

Bibliography

 Caulaincourt, Armand-Augustin-Louis With Napoleon in Russia  translated by Jean Hanoteau  New York, Morrow 1935.

1763 births
1826 deaths
18th-century writers from the Russian Empire
18th-century male writers
19th-century male writers from the Russian Empire
Burials at Pyatnitskoye Cemetery
Conservatism in Russia
Foreign ministers of the Russian Empire
French invasion of Russia
Counts of the Russian Empire
Governors-General of Moscow
Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
Russian male essayists
Russian male novelists
Russian memoirists
Russian nationalists
Russian satirists

Fyodor Rostopchin


The UNIVAC 1050 was a variable word-length (one to 16 characters) decimal and binary computer. It was initially announced in May 1962 as an off-line input-output processor for larger UNIVAC systems.

Instructions were fixed length (30 bits – five characters), consisting of a five-bit "op code", a three-bit index register specifier, one reserved bit, a 15-bit address, and a six-bit "detail field" whose function varies with each instruction. The memory was up to 32K of six-bit characters.

Like the IBM 1401, the 1050 was commonly used as an off-line peripheral controller in many installations of both large "scientific computers and large "business computers". In these installations the big computer (e.g., a UNIVAC III) did all of its input-output on magnetic tapes and the 1050 was used to format input data from other peripherals (e.g., punched card readers) on the tapes and transfer output data from the tapes to other peripherals (e.g., punched card punches or the line printer).

A version used by the U.S. Air Force, the U1050-II real-time system, had some extra peripherals.  The most significant of these was the FASTRAND 1 Drum Storage Unit.  This physically large device had two contra-rotating drums mounted horizontally, one above the other in a pressurized cabinet.  Read-write heads were mounted on a horizontally moving beam between the drums, driven by a voice coil servo external to the pressurized cabinet.  This high-speed access subsystem allowed the real-time operation.  Another feature was the communications subsystem with modem links to remote sites.  A Uniservo VI-C tape drive provided an audit trail for the transactions. Other peripherals were the card reader and punch, and printer.  The operator's console had the 'stop and go' buttons and a Teletype Model 33 teleprinter for communication and control. The initial Air Force order in November 1963 was for 152 systems.

Subsequently, UNIVAC released the 1050 Model III (1050-III) and 1050 Model IV (1050-IV) for general purpose Commercial usage. The key difference between the two models was that of performance and expandability. The 1050-IV could be expanded to 64K of character addressable memory which could be accessed at two characters at a time with a cycle time of 2 microseconds per access (vs. 4.5 Microseconds in the 1050-III). Both models supported Decimal Multiply/Divide as an upgrade option.

References

External links
UNIVAC 1050 documents at bitsavers.org
 YouTube Video: "UNIVAC 1050-II"

1050
Variable word length computers

UNIVAC 1050


Oqaab (, meaning "eagle") is the national digital terrestrial television (DTT) service in Afghanistan, operated by the privately owned Afghanistan Broadcasting System (ABS). The service rolled out in April 2015 starting in Kabul and has been expanding to other cities and regions in the country, as ABS has been investing in providing the necessary infrastructure. It broadcasts currently 65 local and international TV channels (all Free To Air) in the DVB-T2 standard. In the upcoming future the international FTA channels will be replaced by a Pay TV offer.

References

External links
www.oqaab.af

Digital television
Mass media in Afghanistan

Oqaab


Irving Dover Ravetch (November 14, 1920 – September 19, 2010) was an American screenwriter and film producer who frequently collaborated with his wife Harriet Frank Jr.

Life and career
Ravetch was born to a Jewish family in Newark, New Jersey, the son of Sylvia (Shapiro) and I. Shalom Ravetch, a rabbi. His mother was born in Palestine and his father in Ukraine. Ravetch was an aspiring playwright when he enrolled at University of California, Los Angeles. Following graduation, he joined the young writer's training program at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where he met Harriet Frank Jr., whom he married in 1946. He gained his first screen credit with Living in a Big Way which was released the following year.

For the next decade, Ravetch worked mostly on Westerns such as Vengeance Valley (1951). With Frank, he approached producer Jerry Wald and proposed they adapt the William Faulkner novel The Hamlet (1940) for the screen. The result was The Long, Hot Summer (1958), which primarily was an original story with one of Faulkner's characters at its center. When Wald greenlighted the film and asked Ravetch to choose a director, he suggested Martin Ritt, whom he knew from the Group Theatre and the Actors Studio in New York City. The Long, Hot Summer proved to be the first of eight projects –  including The Sound and the Fury (1959), Hud (1963), Norma Rae (1979), Murphy's Romance (1985), and Stanley & Iris (1990) – written by Ravetch and Frank and directed by Ritt. Additional screenwriting credits include Home from the Hill (1960), The Dark at the Top of the Stairs (also 1960), The Reivers (1969), The Cowboys (1972), and The Spikes Gang (1974).

Ravetch and Frank were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and won both the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Screenplay and the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for Hud. He was a recipient of the Bronze Wrangler for The Cowboys, the Screen Laurel Award, and additional Oscar, WGA, and Golden Globe nominations.

Ravetch died from pneumonia on September 19, 2010.

References

External links

1920 births
2010 deaths
American male screenwriters
Film producers from New Jersey
Jewish American screenwriters
Writers Guild of America Award winners
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Writers from Newark, New Jersey
Deaths from pneumonia in California
Screenwriters from New Jersey
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
American people of Palestinian-Jewish descent
21st-century American Jews

Irving Ravetch


is a Japanese adult video (AV) production company located in Tokyo, Japan.

Company information
DAS is part of Japan's largest group of AV companies, the Hokuto Corporation, located in Ebisu, Tokyo. DAS specializes in simulated rape, bukkake, nakadashi (creampie) and humiliation videos using well-known actresses. The company was founded in 2007 and released its first four videos on April 25, 2007. These videos starred Maria Ozawa, Rin Suzuka, Reina Matsushima and Rin Aoki, four actresses who moved to the new company from another Hokuto Corporation company, S1 No. 1 Style.

DAS releases a total of about four original and compilation videos per month. The studio uses product codes beginning with "DASD" for their original videos and "DAZD" for compilation works. As of April 2014, the latest videos were DASD-250 and DAZD-057. The DMM website, the distribution arm for companies in the Hokuto Corporation, listed more than 200 DVDs under the DAS studio name in September 2011. The company also releases videos in the Blu-ray format. In March 2010 DAS announced the debut of a new label .

DAS was one of the 22 companies which participated in the 2007 Vegas Night Awards sponsored by Hokuto and was also one of the 37 studios at the 2008 Moodyz Awards.

AV Grand Prix
DAS nominated works for both the 2008 and 2009 AV Grand Prix competition. Their 2008 entry was  starring Maria Ozawa and directed by Hokusai. The 2009 submission, The QUEEN of DAS!, was a compilation video of scenes of earlier works by Maria Ozawa. The title won the Best Violence Video Award.

Actresses
Actresses who have appeared in videos for DAS include:

 Rin Aoki
 Hikari Hino
 Bunko Kanazawa
 Reina Matsushima
 Yuka Osawa
 Maria Ozawa
 Asami Sugiura
 Hitomi Tanaka
 Maki Tomoda

Notes

External links

Japanese pornographic film studios
Japanese companies established in 2007
Mass media companies based in Tokyo
Mass media companies established in 2007
Mass media in Tokyo

Das (studio)


Mayumi Raheem (born 15 September 1991) is a swimmer from Sri Lanka who won 3 gold medals at the 2006 South Asian Games in the Women's 50 metres, 100 meters and 200 metres breaststroke. She also won 5 silver medals and 5 bronze medals, bringing her total to 11 medals, a record for any athlete at a single Asian Games.

She reached the semi-finals of the Women's 50m breaststroke at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, Australia, and represented Sri Lanka at the 2005 World Championships and the 2006 World Short Course Championships. She competed at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing and finished fourth in heat.

She holds numerous Sri Lankan national records.

She began swimming at the age of 8, and has been swimming ever since. She captained Sri Lanka's national swimming team at the 2006 Asian Games.

She lived in Singapore, where she completed the International Baccalaureate (IB) program at the United World College of South East Asia (UWCSEA). She has previously lived in Sri Lanka and New Zealand. In 2006, she placed second at the Singapore National Open Championships behind a US-based Singaporean athlete, to become the fastest woman over the 200m Breaststroke in Singapore. She was a member of Singapore Swimming Club from 2004 to 2007, where she trained under the Australian coach Jaan Murphy, to whom she has publicly attributed much of her success. When Coach Murphy returned to Australia, she then swam for Swim Fast Aquatic under the former Singapore national swimmer David Lim, before moving to the Grassroots Club to train under American coach Jack Simon.

She recently announced she will not be competing at the 2010 South Asian Games due to study commitments.

She is currently studying medicine in Sydney, Australia.

External links

1991 births
Commonwealth Games competitors for Sri Lanka
Living people
Swimmers from Colombo
Olympic swimmers for Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan female swimmers
Sri Lankan Malays
Swimmers at the 2006 Asian Games
Swimmers at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Asian Games competitors for Sri Lanka
South Asian Games gold medalists for Sri Lanka
South Asian Games silver medalists for Sri Lanka
South Asian Games bronze medalists for Sri Lanka
South Asian Games medalists in swimming
People educated at a United World College

Mayumi Raheem


The history of the Jews in the Gambia dates back to the 16th and 17th centuries, when Sephardi Jewish explorers and traders came to the region of Senegambia. In contemporary Gambia, a Jewish community of local converts has emerged during the 2010s and 2020s.

History
During the late 16th and early 17th centuries, Iberian Sephardi Jews settled along the coasts of Senegambia, in what is now the Gambia and Senegal. Most of the settlers were male, making it difficult for Jewish communities to take root due to a lack of Jewish matrilineage. However, Jewish men sometimes married Jolof women and had mixed-race children. The children of these marriages, commonly known as Luso-Africans, became an important part of the Luso-African trading class in Senegambia. As a Muslim majority region, Senegambian Jews were granted dhimmi status. Despite the Portuguese government's request for the Jews to be banished from the region, the King of Greater Jolof refused. Jewish residents were expected to live according to Jolof norms and at times Jolof rulers confiscated goods from those Jews who went against social norms. The Jewish settlements of the Senegambia lasted for forty years. The last recorded Sephardi Jewish presence in Senegambia was during the 1630s. Accounts from the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries describe the descendants of the Luso-Africans as practicing a hybrid religion combining aspects of Judaism, Christianity, and traditional African religion.

In 2011, the Israeli Ambassador to Senegal, Gideon Behar, reported that a small community of around 40 Gambian Evangelical Christians in the capital city of Banjul discovered an interest in Judaism, adopted certain Jewish practices, and built a synagogue complete with a Sefer Torah. The congregation is led by a Rabbi named Fernando and his wife, immigrants from Cameroon. Due to their isolation, the community found it difficult to deepen their connection to Judaism and Jewish customs. Unlike some Judaizing communities in West Africa and Central Africa who claim ancient Jewish or Israelite heritage, this community claims no Jewish ancestry. As of 2011, members of the community were not yet Jewish according to halakha. According to Gideon Behar, there is a trend across many communities in Africa of Evangelical Christians who have been drawn to Judaism and Zionism due to their study of the Bible, and that the Israeli government is largely unaware of the broad support for the State of Israel within African Evangelical Christian communities. The community has no interest in making aliyah, but desires recognition from Israel. The community reached out to Gideon Behar to request assistance in visiting Eretz Yisrael and to request prayer books and other items of Judaica.

According to a 2018 report from the U.S. Department of State, there was no Jewish community in the Gambia and there were no known acts of antisemitism.

See also

History of the Jews in Senegal
Jews of Bilad el-Sudan
Lançados

References

External links
Gambia, Jews Were Here
Shabbat Candle-Lighting Times for Banjul, Chabad.org

Ethnic groups in the Gambia
Jews and Judaism in West Africa
Religion in the Gambia
Portuguese-Jewish diaspora in Africa
Sephardi Jewish culture in Africa

History of the Jews in the Gambia


Julien Fontanes, magistrat is a French police television series. It has been distributed since 1980 on TF1 (France),  the show remains active as of 1989.

Plot
This series features Julien Fontanes, judge by the Ministry of Justice to review the files clemency.

Cast

Main characters
 Jacques Morel as Judge Julien Fontanes
 André Falcon as The Cardonnois
 Jean-Claude Calon as Patrick
 Françoise Fleury as Hélène

Recurring characters
 Jacques Lalande as Taybosc
 Antoinette Moya as Marthe
 Jacques Alric as Robert
 Jacqueline Doyen as Sophie Legros
 Victor Garrivier as Commissioner Pagnoz
 Jean-Claude Narcy as TV Host
 Odette Laure as Mémaine
 Paul Bisciglia as Albert Piot
 Georges Werler as Doctor Combes
 Michel Tugot-Doris as Bordier
 Corinne Lahaye as Isabelle
 Jean-Marie Bernicat as Brulier
 Yves Arcanel as The Houen
 Philippe Moreau as Blériot

Guest

 Bernard Le Coq as Judge Gallie
 Françoise Brion as Madame The Cardonnois
 Serge Sauvion as René Leych
 André Valardy as Robert
 Max Doria as Ludovic
 Bruno Masure as Journalist
 Marie-Laure Augry as Journalist
 Thierry Beccaro as Journalist
 Jean-Pierre Darras as M. Carré
 Jean-Michel Dupuis as Jacky Balkowiacz / Nono
 Jacques Dynam as Léon Boueix
 Maurice Chevit as Banyuls
 Marc Chapiteau as Valério
 Odile Versois as Inge Wolfrum
 Gérard Darrieu as Émile Digoin
 Jacques Balutin as Michel Courban
 Hugues Quester as Judge Maxime Rubod
 François Cluzet as Bob Mourèze
 Catherine Sauvage as Clarisse Salvignat
 Myriam Boyer as Norma Lagneau
 Jean Martinelli as Alain Lavernat
 Yves Barsacq as Louis Ferrato
 Raymond Gérôme as Jean-Claude Lorentzen
 Julien Bertheau as Paul Dissiedky
 Sophie Renoir as Gina
 Souad Amidou as Mina
 Pierre Maguelon as André
 Daniel Russo as Antoine Gissac
 France Anglade as Liliane
 Gabriel Cattand as René de Senover
 Michel Creton as Jacques Fouleix
 Christian Barbier as Jeff Stenay
 Jacques François as Quinzac
 Annick Alane as Zoutie
 Ronny Coutteure as Albert
 Dora Doll as Madeleine Mignot
 Marie Déa as Irma Dissiesky
 Michel Beaune as Bonsmoulins
 Pierre Doris as René Kembs
 Catherine Jacob as Dany
 Paulette Dubost as Mémée Plantini
 Jean Benguigui as Didier Lamiral
 François Dyrek as Marcellin
 Michel Berto as Fedry
 Roland Blanche as Beno
 Gabriel Jabbour as Vestria
 Nathalie Roussel as Rose
 Marion Game as Sonia
 Jean-Pierre Bernard as Dany Mandina
 Henry Djanik as Carbuccia
 Jean Martin as The prefect
 Philippe Nahon as The cop
 Benoît Allemane as Jacques Nohant
 Philippe Laudenbach as Father Marc Bolleret
 Liliane Rovère as Rolande Gripport
 Dominique Pinon

Directors
 Guy Lefranc (6 Episodes)
 François Dupont-Midi (4 Episodes)
 Jean-Pierre Decourt, Daniel Moosmann & André Farwagi (2 Episodes)
 Bernard Toublanc-Michel, Patrick Jamain, Jean Pignol, Serge Friedman & Michel Berny (1 Episode)

See also
 List of French television series

External links

1980 French television series debuts
French police procedural television series
TF1 original programming

Julien Fontanes, magistrat


Hit Me is a 1996 American crime film directed by Steven Shainberg starring Elias Koteas, Laure Marsac, and William H. Macy. The film is based on the novel A Swell-Looking Babe by Jim Thompson.

Plot
Sonny lives with his intellectually disabled older brother Leroy and works as a bellhop in a hotel, struggling to pay back a loan to Jack Cougar, the head of hotel security. Sonny is attracted to Monique, a hotel guest who says she is from Paris and slits her wrists in front of him as a cry for help. He is warned not to have sex with the guests because the hotel manager Mr. Stillwell wishes to run a respectable business and regain the third star that the hotel has lost, yet Monique continually tempts him aggressively. After he relents and has sex with her, she suddenly stands up and begins screaming. Sonny punches her out in a panic and flees the room.

Del, a former bellhop now working for local gangster Lenny Ish and staying in the room next to Monique, tells Sonny that he will take care of the situation. Sonny sees Del and Cougar forcibly removing Monique from the hotel and tells Del that he does not want her to be killed by Cougar. Del says that she could be paid to keep quiet for $5,000 and invites Sonny to take part in a heist of Lenny Ish's high-stakes poker game at the hotel, promising to give Lenny 10% of the total haul of $700,000. Monique visits Sonny one night and confesses that she is actually from Montreal, was hired by Del to be a hostess at the poker game, and was then hired to seduce Sonny and scream that it was rape in order to force him into participating in the heist.

The heist takes place the Tuesday night before the Wednesday poker game. Cougar takes the keys to the hotel safety deposit boxes from the poker players at gunpoint. The other two bellhops, Bascomb and Billy, are supposed to take a break to eat and leave Sonny alone at this time but have decided to just eat at the front desk instead. Del arrives and forces Bascomb to hand the stolen keys to Sonny but during the handover the keys are dropped and mixed up. Bascomb and Sonny hurriedly try the forty keys in each of the forty lock boxes. Sonny closes the security door and locks himself and Bascomb in the lock box room. Billy attempts to talk Del and Cougar out of the heist but is shot dead by Cougar. Cougar shoots Bascomb through the mail slot in the door then pushes the gun through it and tells Sonny to finish him off as he and Del leave the hotel. Sonny, wearing gloves, uses the gun to kill Bascomb. Sonny puts his share of $70,000 in a child's backpack and gives it to his brother to drive home. He takes the remaining money from Bascomb's corpse and puts it in a bag, which he sends up to Monique's room in the elevator.

An interrogator questions Sonny at the police station, telling him that no losses were declared by the robbed guests due to the illegal nature of the planned poker game. Sonny insists that he was not involved and is released. He receives a call from Del claiming that Monique is demanding the money and that Sonny is to leave it in the trunk of a specific Cadillac for them, but Sonny knows that he is lying about Monique. Sonny admits to Monique that he killed Bascomb and they make plans to run away together with his share of the money. Sonny is confronted by Del and Cougar at the drop-off and they insist that Monique demands Sonny's share as well. Sonny angrily tells them that Monique is with him. When Cougar puts a gun to Sonny's head, Monique comes out from her hiding spot and shoots Cougar. Del runs away with the money and Monique chases after him and shoots him. Sonny finishes him off with another bullet. Monique wipes the gun clean and they return home to Leroy.

Lenny Ish and one of his enforcers confront Sonny at his home and demand the money. Ish explains that he had planned to be robbed in exchange for part of the money but that Del and Cougar betrayed him. Sonny and Monique give him the money, which Ish says he will loan to Mr. Stillwell to pay off the victims of the heist in exchange for a controlling interest in the hotel. They leave Sonny alive, telling him that he will get a bellhop's cut. Monique then departs, leaving Sonny and Leroy alone again. Sonny tells Leroy that he will take him to a place beyond outer space that is full of toys where he can eat the mist like candy.

Cast
 Elias Koteas as Sonny Rose
 Laure Marsac as Monique Roux
 Jay Leggett as Leroy Rose
 Bruce Ramsay as Del Towbridge
 Kevin J. O'Connor as Cougar
 Philip Baker Hall as Lenny Ish
 J.C. Quinn as Fred Bascomb
 Haing S. Ngor as Billy Tungpet
 William H. Macy as Policeman
 Jack Conley as Mr. Ish's Bodyguard

Production
This was Haing S. Ngor's last film, who passed away seven months before the film's release.

Its working title was The Ice Cream Dimension and some resources may still list it as such.

Release
The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 1996, followed by a release in US theaters on September 25, 1998.

Reception
The film received mixed reviews.

References

External links

1996 films
1996 crime thriller films
1996 crime drama films
1996 directorial debut films
1996 drama films
1990s English-language films
American crime thriller films
American crime drama films
Films directed by Steven Shainberg
Films based on Jim Thompson novels
Films with screenplays by Denis Johnson
1990s American films

Hit Me (film)


Dear Prudence is a Hallmark Channel original made-for-TV movie starring Jane Seymour.  The movie premiered August 23, 2008, and was to be a pilot that would become a part of the Hallmark Channel Mystery Wheel.  A sequel Perfectly Prudence aired on January 8, 2011.

Plot summary
Prudence Macintyre (Jane Seymour) is the host of the fictitious hit "do-it-yourself" television show Dear Prudence giving out 'Pru Pointers' to her viewers. The film opens with Pru recording a point on how to water plants whilst away, by filling a bucket of water, tying one end of some cotton twine around a brick and the other end is pushed into the plant pot.  When the brick is left in the bucket, the water will work its way up the cotton into the plant pot. As she yawns through the segment, she is interrupted by her boss who insists that she take the company jet and fly to his lodge in Wyoming for the week to rest.

Arriving at the airport, Pru is met by Ruth (Tantoo Cardinal) who shows her around the location and to sacred ground.  The lodge is built on the last remnant of Indian land preserved by the Andrews family.  Whilst Ruth is discussing plans to commemorate Bart Andrews' death to celebrate all his previous work, Bart's son Jean Phillipe Andrews arrives with his land trust lawyer Doug Craig.

She gets involved in a murder investigation with her assistant Nigel.  Along the way she provides helpful household tips and tricks that irk the lead investigating officer (Jamey Sheridan).  But her forensic-type skills help solve the case.

Cast
 Jane Seymour as Prudence Macintyre
 Jamey Sheridan as Eddie Duncan
 Ryan Cartwright as Nigel Forsythe III

Reception
The New York Daily News gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, and said that Seymour was part of a "sweet formula."  They also stated that Seymour and Sheridan are "a pleasure to watch."

References

External links
 Dear Prudence at Hallmark Channel

Hallmark Channel original films
2008 television films
2008 films
Films set in Wyoming
2000s American films
American mystery television films

Dear Prudence (2008 film)


Subtractive color, or "subtractive color mixing", helps to understand what will be the color of light bounced off paper covered with some layers of inks or dyes.

This model is the principle of how dyes and inks are used in color printing and photography printing. When the perceived color is obtained after white light passes through microscopic layers of ink or dye allowing some wavelengths of light to reach the eye, but not others.

CMY and CMYK color models and printing processes

In color printing, the usual primary colors are cyan, magenta and yellow (CMY).

Cyan is the complement of red. So, the cyan is a filter that does not allow red color through. The amount of cyan ink put on a white sheet of paper controls how much of the red (in white light) will be reflected back from the paper. Magenta is the complement of green (does not pass it), and yellow is the complement of blue (does not pass it). Combinations of different amounts of the three hues can produce a wide range of colors.

In inkjet color printing and typical mass production printing processes, a black ink called K (Key) component is also used, called CMYK color model.

RYB

RYB (red, yellow, blue) is an older standard set of subtractive primary colors used for mixing pigments. It is used in art, particularly in painting.

Red, yellow, and blue are the primary colors of the RYB color "wheel".  Their secondary colors are violet (or purple), orange, and green (VOG).

Related pages
Additive color
Color model
Color theory
Primary color

References

Other websites
 Stanford University CS 178 interactive Flash demo  comparing additive and subtractive color mixing.

Color model

Subtractive color


Strange Angels is a 1994 novel by American author Kathe Koja, published by Delacorte Press.

Plot
Grant, an industrial photographer between jobs, shares an apartment with his art therapist girlfriend Johnna. Directionless and unable to garner any sort of initiative or ambition, Grant is in the midst of an identity crisis and has done nothing for months, paying the rent from his savings while Johnna pays the other bills with her salary.

Perhaps intentionally, Johnna leaves a patient's artwork for Grant to find. He finds the images in the drawings powerful, compelling, transcendent and immediately determines he must meet the artist. Johnna indignantly refuses to cooperate, claiming therapist-patient confidentiality.

Immediately resorting to subterfuge, Grant discovers Robin, 28, the creator of the artwork and a schizophrenic, recently released from the hospital to a halfway house and attending Johnna's weekly therapy sessions. To Johnna's mounting fury and dismay, Grant cultivates a friendship with Robin, and she finally leaves when Robin moves into the apartment with Grant.

The two men have a strange symbiotic friendship, with Robin as a guru-like figure producing his drawings for Grant, who finds they bring a whole new meaning to his life, and Grant taking care of the increasingly vulnerable Robin's emotional and physical needs.

Slow at first, then rapid changes in Robin's metaemotional condition are catalyzed when a mentally ill young woman is introduced into the mix and all the instability culminates when Robin (to Grant's eyes anyway) transcends the physical and becomes a being of light shortly before his body dies of heart failure en route to the emergency room.

The novel ends with Grant vowing to himself to push the envelope in search of altered states to higher awareness.

References

1994 American novels
Novels by Kathe Koja

Strange Angels (novel)


was a city located on Amami Ōshima in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. The city was founded on July 1, 1946.

As of 2003, the city had an estimated population of 41,778 and the density of 327.31 persons per km². The total area was 127.64 km².

On March 20, 2006, Naze, along with the town of Kasari, and the village of Sumiyō (both from Ōshima District), was merged to create the city of Amami. Although the town no longer exists as a legal entity, Naze is still referred to locally as the port and main urban district of Amami city.

External links
 Official website of Amami

Dissolved municipalities of Kagoshima Prefecture

Naze, Kagoshima


Christianity is the largest religion in Vanuatu. Vanuatu is an archipelago made up of 13 larger islands, and approximately 70 smaller surrounding islands, each home to multitudes of diverse cultural and religious communities.

As of 2020, the population of approximately 300,000 people speak as many as 145 languages throughout the island nation. Approximately 82% of the population of Vanuatu is Christian. An estimated 28% is Presbyterian, 12% Roman Catholic, 15% Anglican, and 12% Seventh-day Adventist. Groups that together constitute 15% include the Church of Christ , the Apostolic Church, Assemblies of God, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Jehovah's Witnesses and some Protestant denominations.

The John Frum Movement, a political party that also is an indigenous religious group, is centered on the island of Tanna and includes about 5% of the population. The Bahá'í Faith, Muslims, Jehovah's Witnesses, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) also are active. There are believed to be members of other religions within the foreign community; they are free to practice their religions, but in 2007 they are not known to proselytize or hold public religious ceremonies.

History

The traditional religion of Vanuatu
Before Christianity, the indigenous religion of Vanuatu was inherited from Oceanian and Melanesian traditions. Missionaries often called this pre-Christian religion "pagan" or "heathen" in English, and as "times of darkness" in the country's local languages,  or in Bislama (taem blong tudak).

The traditional religion, sometimes considered a form of animism, has been described by various authors, notably the Anglican missionary and anthropologist Robert Codrington in his famous 1891 monograph The Melanesians: Studies in Their Anthropology and Folk-lore (1891). He was followed by other scholars, including anthropologists
and linguists.

Concepts central to the traditional religion include mana, tabu, and the worship of ancestral spirits (tamate). Named deities or mythological figures included Qat and Qasavara in the Banks Is, Tagaro on Ambae, Lisepsep across the archipelago.

Grade-taking ceremonies, which existed throughout Vanuatu, were associated with the indigenous religion, and with the transmission of mana.

Many aspects of the traditional religion have survived until today, in parallel with the adoption of Christianity, at least in some rural areas of Vanuatu.

Christianity
Christian missionization of Vanuatu began as early as 1606 upon the arrival of the Spanish explorer Pedro Fernandes de Queirós in Vanuatu. Missionaries representing several Western churches brought Christianity to the country in the 19th and early 20th centuries, specifically from Presbyterian, Catholic and Anglican missions. Some foreign missionaries continue this work; however, approximately 90% of the clergy of the established churches were indigenous by 2007. The Summer Institute of Linguistics have been active in translating the Bible into the country's many indigenous languages.

Because of the modernities that the military in World War II brought with them when they came to the islands, several cargo cults developed. Many died out, but the John Frum cult on Tanna is still large, and has adherents in the parliament. As well, Tanna is home to the Prince Philip Movement, which reveres the United Kingdom's Prince Philip. Villagers of the Yaohnanen tribe believed in an ancient story about the pale-skinned son of a mountain spirit venturing across the seas to look for a powerful woman to marry. Prince Philip, having visited the island with his new wife Queen Elizabeth, fit the description exactly and is therefore revered and even held as a god around the isle of Tanna.

The effects of colonial Christianity on Vanuatu culture
The effects of colonialism and Christianization have differed enormously throughout Vanuatu, partially due to the Anglo-French condominium governance as well as due to the uncoordinated Christian missionization efforts throughout the nation. The diverse approaches of the Catholic mission, the Melanesian Mission and the Church of Christ combined with varied cultural communities resulted in vastly different local attitudes regarding religion, tradition, and community restructuring. Often, Ni-Vanuatu converted to Christianity in the hopes of attaining the apparent wealth and prosperity the European Christians possessed. Through the spread of Christianity, missionaries aimed to restructure indigenous societies by desegregating gendered eating and sleeping customs, prohibiting exclusive men's houses, and reworking the idea of the domestic Ni-Vanuatu woman, in order to save women from what the missionaries saw as a "degraded state in kastom." In doing so, the missionaries inadvertently thrust Ni-Vanuatu women into the separate, but similarly gender-segregated Christian church, where men hold disproportionate power. While this new religious system upheld women in familial, motherly roles, it "stripped away those sacred aspects of human kinship which gave women a crucial if subordinated place in the ancestral religion."

The effects of Christianity on Vanuatu kastom
As Christianity gained followers, eventually becoming the prominent religion, support of local kastom decreased due to missionaries' habitual suppression of the incorporated local values, practices, and traditions. Kastom is an all-encompassing Bislama word that refers to traditional practices including culture, religion, art, economics, and magic in Vanuatu.

Vanuatu indigenous culture and kastom dramatically declined in the face of European colonization. The Europeans brought with them disease, weaponry and alcohol which lead to the death of indigenous peoples, as well as forcibly removed Ni-Vanuatu citizens, relocating them to Australia for forced labor. As well, European missionaries and Ni-Vanuatu Christian converts consciously oppressed certain kastom ways of life. While tolerance of kastom varied between churches, locations, and missions, the majority of Christians deemed the erasure of certain customs as a precondition to Christian conversion. Some of these practices included: "Polygyny, pig sacrifices, 'idolatry,' kava drinking, and men's secret societies," as missionaries believed such practices exemplified "heathenism" and "the powers of darkness."

The roles of Christianity, kastom and national identity on the 1970s Vanuatu independence movement
Kastom played a key role in mobilizing Vanuatu's independence movement in the 1970s, through establishing a national identity within a largescale resistance against Anglo-French colonialism. In 1971, Ni-Vanuatu Christian converts established the Vanuaaku Pati, originally named the New Hebrides National Party (NHNP), a political party which aimed to revive and maintain kastom as an essential part of Vanuatu nationalism. The Vanuaaku Pati highlighted the need for Vanuatu to break away from its colonizers, while simultaneously "emphasized the importance of kastom as a non-European 'grass-roots' force exemplifying the 'Melanesian way' as opposed to 'the white man's way.'

Prior to the 1979 national elections, the Vanuaaku Pati "published its electoral platform," affirming protection of kastom within the government. The document outlined a plan to create a National Council of Chiefs, ultimately ensuring the inclusion of kastom via leaders with power within custom law.

National symbols of kastom and Christianity

 The Vanuatu flag design, which features a boar's tusk symbolic of wealth and crossed palm leaves, a symbol of peace.
 The Vanuatu motto, "long God yumi stanap," translating to "before God we stand," appears alongside a warrior wearing traditional Vanuatu clothing, as well as a boar's tusk and crossed palm leaves.
 The Vanuatu national anthem, Yumi Yumi Yumi, both acknowledges God as well as the importance of kastom.
 Regarding God, the anthem states "God i givim ples ia long yumi / God i helpem yumi evriwan" translating to "God has given us this land / God helps us in our work."
 Regarding kastom, the anthem states "Plante fasin blong bifo i stap / Plante fasin blong tedei / Be yumi i olsem wan nomo / Hemia fasin blong yumi!" translating to "Many customs of before we have / Many customs from today / But we are all one / Despite our many ways!"
 Independence Week of July 1980, which included the presence of both Christian and kastom leaders, ceremonies, and celebrations, including church services, kastom dance, pig-killing, and traditional feasts.

Symbols and rituals of kastom in daily life

 Nakamal - A men's meeting place
 Namele Leaves - Palm leaves from the Chief's Palm
 Pig Tusks
 Sand Drawing
 Naghol / Land Diving
 Kava Ceremonies

Freedom of religion

The Constitution of Vanuatu establishes the freedom of religion, and also states that the state is founded on a commitment to "traditional Melanesian values, faith in God, and Christian principles."

Religious groups are allowed to establish private schools, and both private and public schools include optional religious education courses. Secondary schools must offer at least one hour a week of religious instruction, but parents can request an exemption for their children.

Religious groups are required to register with the government or face fines, but this law is not enforced in practice. Since 2016, high ranking members of the government have expressed the intent to define Vanuatu as a Christian country and to prohibit other religions from entering the country; as of the end of 2022, Vanuatu has no state religion.

The Baha'i Faith arrived in Vanuatu in 1953. Local administrative councils, or Spiritual Assemblies, were formed as soon as individual Baha'i communities were large enough. A regional administrative council for the south west pacific islands, including Vanuatu, was elected in 1964. Thirteen years later, in 1977, there were enough Baha'is in Vanuatu for them to elected their own separate National Spiritual Assembly. The community continued to grow sufficiently that in 2012 the erection of a local Baha'i House of Worship, or "Haos blong Wosip" in the local Bislama, was announced, serving as a space for people of all religions and backgrounds to gather, meditate, reflect, and worship. Ground was broken for the structure in 2019 and progress continues. At the groundbreaking ceremony, Vanuatu government officials and traditional leaders highlighted the importance of the local House of Worship on the island, stating that "This Temple will symbolize what we wish to see in Vanuatu in the years to come, which is peace and unity among us all, irrespective of belief" and describing that it "provides us a place where we can meditate deeply about our spiritual reality."

In 2023, the country was scored 4 out of 4 for religious freedom.

See also
 Catholic Church in Vanuatu
 Buddhism in Oceania
 Islam in Vanuatu

References

Religion in Vanuatu


Novoladozhsky Uyezd (Новоладожский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Saint Petersburg Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the northeastern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Novaya Ladoga.

Demographics
At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Novoladozhsky Uyezd had a population of 87,841. Of these, 99.1% spoke Russian, 0.3% Latvian, 0.1% Finnish, 0.1% Yiddish, 0.1% Estonian, 0.1% German and 0.1% Polish as their native language. In terms of present-day administrative borders, Novoladozhsky Uyezd is divided between the Volkhovsky, Kirovsky, Kirishsky and Lodeynopolsky districts of Leningrad Oblast.

References

Uezds of Saint Petersburg Governorate
Saint Petersburg Governorate
History of Leningrad Oblast

Novoladozhsky Uyezd


Tuomarila (Finnish) or Domsby (Swedish) is a station on the VR commuter rail network located in Espoo, Finland.

The station serves the E commuter line from Helsinki to Kauklahti; and the U and night train L lines between Helsinki and Kirkkonummi. The station is located  between Koivuhovi and Espoo Central. It is approximately nineteen kilometres from central Helsinki.

The station has two platforms, and was opened in 1931. The station is unmanned. The old station building is no longer open to the public, as it is in private ownership and as of 2021, used as a private home.

References

Railway stations in Espoo
Railway stations opened in 1931

Tuomarila railway station


The Lower Canada Rebellion (), commonly referred to as the Patriots' War () in French, is the name given to the armed conflict in 1837–38 between rebels and the colonial government of Lower Canada (now southern Quebec). Together with the simultaneous rebellion in the neighbouring colony of Upper Canada (now southern Ontario), it formed the Rebellions of 1837–38 ().

As a result of the rebellions, the Province of Canada was created from the former Lower Canada and Upper Canada.

History
The rebellion had been preceded by nearly three decades of efforts at political reform in Lower Canada, led from the early 1800s by James Stuart and Louis-Joseph Papineau, who formed the Parti patriote and sought accountability from the elected general assembly and the appointed governor of the colony. After the Constitutional Act 1791, Lower Canada could elect a House of Assembly, which led to the rise of two parties: the English Party and the Canadian Party. The English Party was mostly composed of the English merchants and bourgeoisie and had the support of bureaucrats and the old seigneurial families. The Canadian Party was formed by aristocrats, French or English. The Catholic Church did not openly advocate for any political party but tended to support the English party. With the power in the hand of the population, the French-Canadian business class needed support from the population more than from the British business class. Since the population was mostly French-Canadian,those elected to the House of Assembly tended to be French-speaking and to support the French-Canadian business class. The House of Assembly gave an illusion of power to French-Canadians, but the Executive and Legislative Councils advised the governor, who could veto any legislation. Both councils were made of people chosen by the English party. The appointed legislative council was dominated by a small group of businessmen known as the Château Clique, the equivalent of the Family Compact in Upper Canada.

In the early 19th century the economy of Lower Canada changed drastically. Logging became more important than agriculture and the fur trade, which worried those who worked in the fields. Activists in Lower Canada began to work for reform of the economic disfranchisement of the French-speaking majority and working-class English-speaking citizens. The rebellion opposed the colonial government's appointed upper house of the legislature. Many of those appointed were English-speaking. French speakers felt that English-speakers were disproportionately represented in the lucrative fields of banking, timber, and transportation.

Sir James Henry Craig, governor from 1807 to 1812, encountered multiple crises. He called elections three times in 16 months because he was not satisfied with the people elected even though they kept being re-elected. Craig thought that the Canadian Party and its supporters wanted a French-Canadian republic, and feared that if the United States invaded Lower Canada, the Canadian Party would collaborate. In 1810, Craig imprisoned journalists working for the Le Canadien newspaper, in particular Pierre-Stanislas Bédard, the leader of the Canadian Party and editor of the newspaper. That created a leadership crisis in the party.

During the War of 1812 many rumours circulated in the colony of a possible invasion. The French-Canadians depended on the protection of Britain, which created a certain unity in the colony during wartime.

At the same time, some among the English-speaking business elite advocated a union of Upper and Lower Canada to ensure competitiveness with the increasingly-large and powerful economy of the United States, while some rebels were inspired by the success of the American War of Independence. The British-appointed governor, George Ramsey, Earl of Dalhousie, favoured unification. In Lower Canada, the growing sense of nationalism among English- and the French-speaking citizens was organized into the Parti canadien, which, after 1826, was called the parti patriote.

In 1811, James Stuart became leader of the Parti canadien in the assembly and in 1815, reformer Louis-Joseph Papineau was elected as speaker. The elected assembly had little power since its decisions could be vetoed by either the legislative council and the governor, appointed by the British government. Dalhousie and Papineau were soon at odds over the issue of uniting the Canadas. Dalhousie forced an election in 1827, rather than accept Papineau as assembly speaker. Dalhousie mistakenly hoped that the elected members would change and then decided to prorogue the parliament. The population reacted by sending a petition signed by 87,000 people to London against Dalhousie. Reformers in England had Dalhousie reassigned to India, but the legislative council and the assembly were still unable to reach a compromise.

From 1828 to 1832, there was a brief calm, and the assembly was able to pass several important laws. In 1832, the Patriote newspapers published controversial articles about the Legislative Council, and both heads of the newspapers got arrested. That created a huge tension in the population against the British government, especially when the army shot three people in a crowd during a Montreal by-election in 1832 and nobody was arrested.

After hearing about the 99 grievances submitted by Robert Gourlay, Papineau wrote the "Ninety-two Resolutions" while he was secretly co-ordinating with Upper Canada. After protestors were shot in Montreal in 1832, Papineau had to submit the list of "resolutions" to the governor himself. The document that was presented to the House of Assembly on January 7, 1834, and had 92 demands to the British government. By 1834, the assembly had passed the Ninety-two Resolutions, outlining its grievances against the legislative council. The goal was to group all together, in a single document, the people's grievances. It was addressed to the British government to tell it the problems of the colony. The Patriotes were supported by an overwhelming majority of Lower Canada's population of all origins. There were popular gatherings all around the colony to sign a petition that was sent to London to show that the document was popular. In 1834, the Parti patriote swept the election by gaining more than three quarters of the popular vote.

When London received the resolutions, they asked Governor Lord Gosford to analyze it. At first, he was trying to attract the Patriotes away from Papineau and his influence. However, the same governor created a loyal militia made of volunteers to fight the Patriotes. In 1836, the government was able to vote some subsidies to the administration during the assembly because the assembly members from the City of Quebec decided to go against Papineau. The period of calm did not last long because a month later, Papineau found Gosford's secret instructions, which said that the British never planned on accepting the resolutions.

However, the reformers in Lower Canada were divided over several issues. A moderate reformer, John Neilson, had quit the party in 1830 and joined the Constitutional Association four years later. Papineau's anticlerical position alienated reformers in the Catholic Church, and his support for secular, rather than religious, schools resulted in opposition by the powerful Bishop, Jean-Jacques Lartigue, who called on all Catholics to reject the reform movement and to support the authorities, forcing many to choose between their religion and their political convictions.

In 1837, the Russell resolutions rejected all of the Patriotes' resolutions and gave the right to the governor to take subsidies without voting in the assembly. It also said that the legislative council would continue to be chosen by the Crown. The Russell Resolutions were adopted in Westminster by a huge majority.

Organizing for armed conflict

Papineau continued to push for reform. He petitioned the British government, but in March 1837 the administration of Lord Melbourne rejected all of Papineau's requests. After the Russell Resolutions were announced, the Patriotes used their newspapers to organize popular gatherings to inform people about their positions. They encouraged people to boycott British produce and illegally import goods from the United States. The gatherings took place all over Lower Canada, and thousands participated. Papineau attended most gatherings in the summer of 1837, to ensure that people would pressure the government only by political measures, such as the boycott of British produce.

Governor Gosford tried to forbid those gatherings but they were attended even by those loyal to him. At the end of the summer, many of Gosford's local representatives quit, in a show of support for the Patriotes. Gosford hired loyal people and tried to gain the Patriotes' trust by appointing seven French-Canadian members to the Legislative Assembly. In September and October 1837, a group of more radical Patriotes tried to intimidate the colonial government by going out into the street and rioting near the homes of certain loyalists. At the end of October, the largest of the Patriotes' gatherings took place in Saint-Charles, led by Wolfred Nelson. It lasted for two days and formed La Confédération des Six-Comtés.

Papineau organized protests and assemblies and eventually approved formation of the paramilitary Société des Fils de la Liberté during the assemblée des six-comtés. In his last speech before the armed conflict, Papineau said that it was not yet time to fight. He thought that political actions could still avoid fighting. Wolfred Nelson made a speech immediately afterwards, saying that he disagreed with Papineau and thought that it was time to fight. After the Assemblée des Six-Comtés, the Patriotes were divided between supporters of Papineau and supporters of Nelson. On the other side, the supporters of the Russell Resolutions called a Constitutional Association led by Peter McGill and John Molson, and held gatherings around the province calling for government troops to return order to the colony.

On November 6, 1837, Les Fils de la Liberté were holding a meeting in Montreal, when the Doric Club began fighting with them and violence and vandalism broke out everywhere in the city of Montreal. Arrest warrants were issued for those responsible for the leaders of the Assemblée des Six-Comtés. The first armed conflict occurred in 1837 when the 26 members of the Patriotes who had been charged with illegal activities chose to resist their arrest by the authorities under the direction of John Colborne. Arrest warrants against Papineau and other assembly members were issued. They left Montréal and hid in the countryside. Papineau escaped to the United States, and other rebels organized in the countryside.

On November 16, Constable Malo was sent to arrest three Patriotes. He transported them from Saint-Jean, accompanied by 15 people. The prisoners were liberated in Longueuil, where 150 Patriotes were waiting for them. The victory significantly improved the morale of the Patriotes, who knew that this event meant that government troops would soon intervene. However, the Patriotes were not quite ready to fight regular soldiers. Led by Wolfred Nelson, they defeated a government force at the Battle of Saint-Denis on November 23, 1837. He had 800 people ready to fight, half of them equipped with firearms. With confidence among the Patriote supporters wavering, Nelson threatened them to make sure that they would not leave. Papineau was not there during the fight, which surprised many people.

Government troops soon beat back the rebels, defeating them at Saint-Charles on November 25 and at Saint-Eustache on December 14, burning a rebel outpost after their second victory. On December 5, the government declared martial law in Montreal. At the Battle of Saint-Charles, the Patriotes were defeated. General Brown was confident but was not a capable commander. There was no discipline in the camp. Different people offered him men, but he turned down all the offers. Once the battle started, Brown escaped the fight. After the Battle of Saint-Charles, Nelson tried to keep Saint-Denis safe, but knew there was no hope. The main leaders, including Papineau, O'Callaghan, and Nelson, left for the United States. The last battle of the rebellions was the Battle of Saint-Eustache. When the battle came, on December 14, 1837, there were between 500 and 600 people ready to fight. The government forces were expecting strong resistance and so had brought 2,000 men. Most Patriote leaders were killed or fled during the battle. The Battle of Saint-Eustache was a significant defeat. The defeat of the rebellions can be explained by the fact that the Patriotes were not quite ready to fight.

When news of the arrest of the Patriote leaders reached Upper Canada, William Lyon Mackenzie launched an armed rebellion in December 1837. After the insurrection, the government prepared for another armed conflict. It reorganized the whole organization, mostly in the urban areas like Montréal and Quebec. The government had 5,000 regular troops stationed in Lower Canada, and knew that the leaders of the Patriote movement were in the United States, so the government maintained contact with spies in the United States, and the American government kept their British counterparts informed of rebel activity. In February 1838, rebel leaders who had escaped across the border into the United States raided Lower Canada. During the summer of 1838, the Patriotes in the United States formed a secret society, called Frères chasseurs, to invade Lower Canada from the United States. The secret group also had members in Lower Canada itself, who would assist in the invasion. The goal was an independent state of Lower Canada.

Two major armed conflicts occurred when groups of Lower Canadian Patriotes, led by Robert Nelson, crossed the Canada–U.S. border in an attempt to invade Lower Canada and Upper Canada, overthrow the colonial government, and establish two independent republics. A second revolt began with the Battle of Beauharnois in November 1838, which was also suppressed by the British. The Frères Chasseurs had camps around Lower Canada, in which they were arming themselves. Their main camp was in Napierville. They had many participants but not enough weapons. They planned to take control of the road between the United States and Napierville, but were intercepted by volunteers. The Frères Chasseurs were defeated in 30 minutes. Shortly afterward, Robert Nelson and other members came from Napierville to take control of the same area. However, volunteers were already waiting and had help from the Loyal Rangers of Clarenceville. This time, the battle lasted longer, but the Frères Chasseurs were ultimately defeated. Then, three secondary camps were scattered very easily by armed volunteers.

Most Patriotes left the camps when they heard government forces approaching, and the latter were ultimately barely involved in the second uprising of the Patriotes. The British government subsequently dispatched Lord Durham to investigate the cause of the rebellion. His report in 1839 recommended that the Canadas be united into one colony (the Province of Canada) to assimilate the French-speaking Canadiens into English Canadian culture. For Durham, the fact that there were two groups (English and French) created a hostile environment. He thought that the way to solve to problems in Lower Canada was to assimilate the French-Canadians. He also recommended accepting the rebels' grievances by granting responsible government to the new colony.

Aftermath

After the first insurrection, the Pied-du-Courant Prison in Montreal was overfull. In July, Durham emptied it. When hostilities resumed in 1838, the prison filled with even more prisoners. Martial law was declared.  This allowed the government to imprison people without reason. Ninety-nine prisoners from the second rebellion were sentenced to death. Twelve were hanged; the last hanging is dramatized in the 2001 film February 15, 1839. The government feared that the populace would sympathize with the prisoners. So, 141 prisoners from Lower and Upper Canada were instead sent to work camps in Australia. In 1844, they were allowed to return. Although they had to pay for their fare home, most had returned by 1845.

After the military defeat of the Patriotes, Lower Canada was merged with Upper Canada under the Act of Union, passed by the British Parliament. The Canadiens had a narrow majority in the new  province, but with continued emigration of English-speakers to Canada West, that dominance was short lived. Eight years after the Union, the coalition between Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine and Robert Baldwin achieved elected responsible government in the Province of Canada. The instability of this new regime (see Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada) eventually led to the formation of the Great Coalition. 1867 brought another major constitutional change and the formation of the Canadian Confederation.

Jospeh Schull, author of a book on the rebellion, once said:

The Lower Canada Rebellion, along with the Upper Canadian Rebellion, is often seen as an example of what might have occurred in the United States if the American Revolutionary War had failed. In Quebec, the rebellion, as well as the parliamentary and popular struggle, is now commemorated as the Journée nationale des Patriotes (National Patriots' Day) on the Canadian statutory holiday, Victoria Day. Since the late 20th century, the day has become a symbol for the Quebec independence movement and, to a lesser extent, a symbol of Canada's small republican movement.

Leaders

 Thomas Storrow Brown (1803–1888)
 Jean-Olivier Chénier (1806–1837)
 François-Marie-Thomas Chevalier de Lorimier (1803–1839)
 Amury Girod (1800–1837)
 James Ard (1802–1840)
 Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan (1797–1880)
 Robert Nelson (1794–1873)
 Wolfred Nelson (1791–1863)
 Louis-Joseph Papineau (1786–1871)

See also

 History of Canada
 Upper Canada Rebellion
 Timeline of Quebec history
 Politics of Quebec
 Canada Bay, New South Wales: some French Canadians who took part in the rebellions were expelled to this region of Australia.
 Kahnawake Iroquois and the Rebellions of 1837–38
 February 15, 1839
 Félix Poutré
 List of the 108 Lower Canadians prosecuted before the general court-martial of Montreal in 1838–39

References

Further reading

 Boissery, Beverly. (1995). A Deep Sense of Wrong: The Treason Trials, and Transportation to New South Wales of Lower Canadian Rebels after the 1838 Rebellion, Toronto: Dundurn Press, 367 p. ()
 Brown, Richard. Rebellion in Canada, 1837–1885: Autocracy, Rebellion and Liberty (Volume 1) (2012) excerpt volume 1; Rebellion in Canada, 1837–1885, Volume 2: The Irish, the Fenians and the Metis (2012) excerpt for volume 2
 Buckner, Philip Alfred. (1985). The Transition to Responsible Government: British Policy in British North America, 1815–1850, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 358 p.
 Burroughs, Peter. (1972). The Canadian Crisis and the British Colonial Policy, 1828–1849, Toronto: MacMillan, 118 p.
 Decelles, Alfred Duclos. (1916). The "Patriotes" of '37: A Chronicle of the Lower Canadian Rebellion, Toronto: Glasgow, Brook & Co., 140 p. [translated by Stewart Wallace]
 Ducharme, Michel. "Closing the Last Chapter of the Atlantic Revolution: The 1837–38 Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada," Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 116 (2):413–430. 2006
 Dunning, Tom. "The Canadian Rebellions of 1837 and 1838 as a Borderland War: A Retrospective," Ontario History (2009) 101#2 pp 129–141.
 Greer, Allan (1993). The Patriots and the People: The Rebellion of 1837 in Rural Lower Canada, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 385 p. () (preview)
 Senior, Elionor Kyte. (1985). Redcoats and Patriotes: The Rebellions in Lower Canada, 1837–38, Ontario: Canada's Wings, Inc., 218 p. ()
 Mann, Michael (1986). A Particular Duty: The Canadian Rebellions 1837–1839, Salisbury (Wiltshire): Michael Russel Publishing, 211 p.
 Tiffany, Orrin Edward. (1980). The Relations of the United States to the Canadian Rebellion of 1837–1838, Toronto: Coles Pub., 147 p.
 Ryerson, Stanley Bréhaut (1968). Unequal Union: Confederation and the Roots of Conflict in the Canadas, 1815–1873, Toronto : Progress Books, 477 p.
 Manning, Helen Taft (1962). The Revolt of French Canada, 1800–1835. A Chapter in the History of the British Commonwealth, Toronto: Macmillan Company of Canada, 426 p.
 Kinchen, Oscar Arvle (1956). The Rise and Fall of the Patriot Hunters, Toronto: Burns and Maceachern, 150 p.
 Morison, John Lyle (1919). British Supremacy and Canadian Self-Government, 1839–1854, Toronto: S. B.Gundy, 369 p.
 Schull, Joseph (1971). Rebellion: the Rising in French Canada 1837'', Toronto: Macmillan, 226 p.

Primary services
 Greenwood, F. Murray, and Barry Wright (2 vol 1996, 2002) Canadian state trials – Rebellion and invasion in the Canadas, 1837–1839 Society for Canadian Legal History by University of Toronto Press,

External links

 The Patriotes Rebellion Quebec 1837–1839, selection of French documents translated into English for the Marxists Internet Archive
 Les rébellions des Patriotes de 1837–38
Entre la Langue et L'Océan — a feature length film and a critical reading of the events of the Canadian Rebellions of 1837 and 1838 and the true story of the banishment of a political prisoner of the Lower Canada Rebellion to the Australian penal colony

Conflicts in Canada
Political history of Canada
1837 in Lower Canada
1838 in Lower Canada

Lower Canada Rebellion


Wolfgang Herold is a German film producer and sound supervisor.
He gained his first experience working with sound at the AFN TV and radio stations in Germany and created production music for his own publishing company. Wolfgang Herold has been giving films a "voice" since he founded his sound studios in Frankfurt/Main, Germany in 1988. The company first focused on advertising and music, but Herold Studios has since shifted its emphasis to mixing feature films. In 1993 Wolfgang Herold introduced the D.A.N. Digital Audio Network system, a new production form for sound studios that enabled voice recordings via digital phone lines (ISDN).

In 2001, he founded a film production company, Herold Productions GmbH, for concept development, co-financing, and co-production of international feature-length films. Its productions include Uwe Boll films such as Alone in the Dark, In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Tale, and Far Cry. Wolfgang Herold is also active as a music supervisor and soundtrack producer. He won both gold and platinum awards for his collaboration with Nightwish for the soundtrack of Alone in the Dark.

Wolfgang Herold is member of the Deutsche Filmakademie e.V.

Awards
Special Jury Prize of the Hessian Film Prize 2007 as Executive Producer of In the Name of the King - A Dungeon Siege Tale

Filmography
  (2013, co-producer)
  (2013, co-producer)
 Homies (2011, co-producer)
 Max Schmeling (2010, producer)
 BloodRayne 3 (2010, associate producer)
 Alone in the Dark II (2009, V, co-executive producer)
 Far Cry (2008, executive producer)
  (2008, TV; co-producer)
 Brotherhood of Blood (2007, co-producer)
 In the Name of the King (2007, executive producer)
 You Am I (2006, executive producer)
 BloodRayne (2005, executive producer)
 Alone in the Dark (2005, executive producer)
 Surviving the Terror (2005, associate producer)
 Castro (2003, TV; associate producer) (international version)
 House of the Dead (2003, producer)
 Heart of America (2003, executive producer)
 Blackwoods (2002, executive producer)
 Missing Link (1999, associate producer)

References

External links
 Wolfgang Herold at the IMDb
 Herold Studios GmbH (Sound Studios)
 Herold Productions GmbH (Film Production Company)

Living people
1961 births
German film producers

Wolfgang Herold


Pfeifer Broz. Music was a musical consultant and production team (Jeffrey & Robert Pfeifer), similar to Immediate Music, and others who develop and exclusively distributes high-end trailer music. According to the SoundtrackNet Profile of the enterprise, Pfeifer Broz. Music has provided music for the trailers of The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Alice in Wonderland, The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian, Transformers, Casino Royale, Quantum of Solace, The Spiderwick Chronicles, Salt, Blood Diamond, Underworld, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest and an orchestral version of the theme song to the 2008 Sex and the City: The Movie.

Pfeifer Broz. Music was directly marketed for the motion picture company and was not sold to the general public. They are located, as with many of the other trailer music production companies, in Southern California.

They are known for their loud and powerful orchestral and choral tracks, but they have some less famous albums, which contain rock and country.

See also
 Trailer music

References

External links
Official website

Music production companies
Defunct music companies

Pfeifer Broz. Music