The East St. Louis massacre was a series of violent attacks on African Americans by white Americans in East St. Louis, Illinois between late May and early July of 1917. These attacks also displaced 6,000 African Americans and led to the destruction of approximately $400,000 ($ million in ) worth of property. They occurred in East St. Louis, an industrial city on the east bank of the Mississippi River, directly opposite the city of St. Louis, Missouri. The July 1917 episode in particular was marked by white-led violence throughout the city. The multi-day rioting has been described as the "worst case of labor-related violence in 20th-century American history", and among the worst racial riots in U.S. history.

In the aftermath, the East St. Louis Chamber of Commerce called for the resignation of the local police chief because officers were told not to shoot white rioters and were unable to suppress the violence and destruction. A number of black people left the city permanently; black enrollment in public schools in the area had dropped by 35% by the time schools opened in the fall. At the end of July, some 10,000 black citizens marched in silent protest in New York City in condemnation of the riot.

Background

In 1917, the United States had an active economy boosted by World War I. Many would-be workers were drafted or enlisted into military service, creating a shortage of labor for industrial employers in major cities, which had long been destinations for European immigrants. Concurrently, African Americans began the Great Migration from the rural Southern United States to seek better work and education in the North, as well as to escape from lynchings and the second-class status of the Jim Crow era. Labor agencies recruited some workers for specific jobs, especially as strikebreakers, but labor demand was sufficient that migrants moved on their own, having heard about the new employment opportunities created by the wartime economy. The neighboring communities of St. Louis, Missouri and East St. Louis, Illinois both became destinations for southern migrants. During the spring of 1917, Blacks were arriving in St. Louis at the rate of 2,000 per week.

Major industries in East St. Louis included Aluminum Ore Company, American Steel Foundry, Republic Iron & Steel, Obear Nester Glass, and Elliot Frog & Switch (a frog was part of a railroad switch). Many facilities were located just outside the city limits in order to escape paying taxes. Nearby National City had stockyards and meatpacking plants, attracting more workers. East St. Louis was a rough industrial city, where saloons outnumbered schools and churches. Non-whites were initially a small minority: in 1910, approximately 6,000 African Americans lived in East St. Louis, of a total population of 58,000; by 1917, the black population had increased to 10,000, or one-sixth of the total population of 60,000.

The period was one of frequent labor violence in industrial cities across the United States: employers used force to try to suppress organized labor and strikes, while workers struggled to gain increased wages and improved working conditions. Many workers were immigrants from Europe. When industries became embroiled in labor strikes, the traditionally white unions often sought to strengthen their bargaining positions by hindering or excluding black workers. Conversely, industry owners hired blacks as replacements or strikebreakers, deepening existing segregation and inter-racial hostility. Ethnicities competed economically to survive. White workers often resented black newcomers due to competition for jobs and housing and fear they would be undercut by black workers willing to accept lower wages. In East St. Louis, local politicians, company foremen, and labor union officials fanned the resentment; the approval of the local police and National Guard were later considered important in helping to escalate the rioting. The Springfield race riot of 1908 in nearby Springfield, Illinois, had been an expression of the simmering tensions in the region during the nadir of race relations.

While in New Orleans on a lecture tour, Jamaican black nationalist Marcus Garvey, who founded the UNIA in 1916, became aware that Louisiana planters and the city's Board of Trade were worried about losing their labor force. In a speech the following year, he said that Mayor Fred Mollman of East St. Louis had been visiting New Orleans the same week, and city leaders had asked for his assistance to help discourage black migration to the North.

In the summer of 1916, 2,500 white employees of the meatpacking industry near East St. Louis went on strike for higher wages, and the companies imported black workers as strikebreakers to replace them. Ultimately the workers won a wage increase but the companies retained nearly 800 blacks, firing as many whites after the strike, according to the former president of the Central Trades and Labor Union of East St. Louis. This exacerbated the growing racial tension.

In the spring of 1917, the mostly white workers of the Aluminum Ore Company in East St. Louis voted to strike. The company recruited hundreds of black workers to replace them. Tensions between the groups escalated. At a labor meeting held in City Hall on May 28 and made up mostly of white workers, rumors circulated of black men fraternizing with white women.

Violence

Following the May 28 meeting, some 1,000–3,000 white men marched into downtown East St. Louis and began attacking African Americans on the street and in streetcars, and burning some buildings. Illinois Governor Frank Orren Lowden called in the National Guard to suppress the violence. Although rumors circulated that blacks were planning retaliatory attacks, conditions eased somewhat for a few weeks.

Following the May disorder, the East St. Louis Central Labor Council requested an investigation by the State Council of Defense. Its report said that "southern negroes were misled by false advertisements and unscrupulous employment agents to come to East St. Louis in such numbers under false pretenses of secure jobs and decent living quarters". The tensions between black workers and white workers quickly formed again as no solutions to their economic challenges were agreed upon.

The riot was precipitated by fatal errors. On July 1, a black Ford Model T occupied by white males drove through a black area of the city; passengers fired several shots into a group on the street. An hour later, a Ford containing four people, including a journalist and two police officers (Detective Sergeant Samuel Coppedge and Detective Frank Wadley), passed through the same area. Black residents, possibly assuming this car held the original attackers, opened fire on the car, killing one officer instantly and mortally wounding another.

The next day, thousands of white spectators gathered to view the detectives' bloodstained automobile. From there they rushed into the black sections of town, south and west of the city, and began rioting. The mob beat and shot blacks on the street indiscriminately, including women and children. After cutting the water hoses of the fire department, white rioters burned entire sections of the city and shot black residents as they escaped the flames. Claiming that "Southern negros deserve[d] a genuine lynching", some whites hanged several blacks.

The following day on July 3, 1917, a reporter from the  St. Louis Post-Dispatch wrote: "For an hour and a half last evening I saw the massacre of helpless negroes at Broadway and Fourth Street, in downtown East St. Louis, where black skin was death warrant."

Police's response

According to the St. Louis Post-Dispatch:
All the impartial witnesses agree that the police were either indifferent or encouraged the barbarities, and that the major part of the National Guard was indifferent or inactive. No organized effort was made to protect the Negroes or disperse the murdering groups. The lack of frenzy and of a large infuriated mob made the task easy. Ten determined officers could have prevented most of the outrages. One hundred men acting with authority and vigor might have prevented any outrage.

Hundreds of blacks fled across the Eads Bridge over the Mississippi River to St. Louis to escape the violence, while 1,500 sought refuge in city buildings. St. Louis institutions worked to assist the refugees, including the St. Louis chapter of the Red Cross, the Provident Association, and the Jewish Education and Charitable Association, as well as related charities. The Red Cross Emergency Committee met daily with Acting Mayor Aloe, members of his administration, and representatives of the charities to discuss how to aid the refugees.

Governor Lowden ordered in the Illinois National Guard, who arrived on July 3. Numerous witnesses said that the Guard initially joined in the attacks on blacks rather than stopping the riot. More whites joined in. The New York Times reported that "ten or fifteen young girls about 18 years old, chased a negro woman at the Relay Depot at about 5 o'clock. The girls were brandishing clubs and calling upon the men to kill the woman."

Few photographs exist of the events, as rioters attacked photographers and destroyed their cameras, and city police harassed journalists. After the massacre, the St. Louis Argus said, "The entire country has been aroused to a sense of shame and pity by the magnitude of the national disgrace enacted by the blood-thirsty rioters in East St. Louis Monday, July 2."

Aftermath

Death toll

After the riot, varying estimates of the death toll circulated. The police chief estimated that 100 African Americans had been killed. The renowned journalist Ida B. Wells reported in The Chicago Defender that 40–150 African-American people were killed during the July bloodshed. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) estimated deaths at 100–200. Some 6,000 African Americans were left homeless after their neighborhoods were burned. A Congressional Investigating Committee, which met in the fall of that year, concluded that no precise death toll could be determined, but reported that at least 8 whites and 39 African Americans died. While the local coroner had documented nine white deaths, the deaths of African-American victims were less clearly recorded. Activists who disputed the committee's conclusions about deaths argued that the true number of deaths would never be known because many black corpses were not recovered or did not pass through the hands of undertakers, who reported to the coroner.

Black community's reaction

The ferocious brutality of the attacks and the failure of authorities to protect civilian lives contributed to the radicalization of many blacks in St. Louis and the nation. Marcus Garvey, black nationalist leader of the UNIA from Jamaica, declared in a July 8 speech that the riot proved that the United States' claim to be a "dispenser of democracy" and its criticism of the Empire of Germany for human rights abuses in the Great War was hypocritical. Garvey called the violence "one of the bloodiest outrages against mankind" and a "wholesale massacre of our people," insisting that "This is no time for fine words, but a time to lift one's voice against the savagery of a people who claim to be the dispensers of democracy."

In New York City on July 28, ten thousand black people marched down Fifth Avenue in a Silent Parade, protesting the East St. Louis Riot. They carried signs that highlighted protests about the riot. The march was organized by the NAACP (then based in New York), leader W. E. B. Du Bois, and groups in Harlem. Women and children were dressed in white; the men were dressed in black. The NAACP had arranged for journalists to photograph the destruction in East St. Louis left behind after the riot: houses, stores, churches, and brick warehouses were all left in ruins. These photographs were published in the September 1917 issue of The Crisis, the organization's magazine.

Business community's reaction

On July 6, representatives of the East St. Louis Chamber of Commerce met with the mayor to demand the resignation of the Police Chief and Night Police Chief, or radical reform.  They were outraged about the rioting and accused the mayor of having allowed a "reign of lawlessness".  In addition to the high death toll, the riot had caused extensive property damage to city businesses and houses. The Southern Railway Company's warehouse was burned, with the loss of more than 100 carloads of merchandise, worth more than $525,000 to the company; some 44 freight cars, and 312 houses were also burned. A white-owned theatre, valued at more than $100,000, was also destroyed.  Total property damage was estimated at $400,000  (equivalent to $ million in ).

Government's reaction

In a mass meeting in Carnegie Hall on July 12 in New York City, Samuel Gompers, the president of the American Federation of Labor, tried to diminish the role in the massacre attributed to trade unions. He said that an investigation was needed in order to place blame. Theodore Roosevelt, former president of the United States, responded, "Mr. Gompers, why don't I accuse afterwards? I'll answer now, when murder is to be answered." Roosevelt also was reported to say, "I will go to the extreme to bring justice to the laboring man, but when there is murder I will put him down."

Congressman Leonidas C. Dyer (R-Mo.), a representative from a St. Louis urban district, asked for a federal investigation. President Woodrow Wilson wrote to him on July 28, saying that special agents of the Department of Justice could not find enough evidence to justify federal action in the matter. He said: "I am informed that the attorney general of the State of Illinois has gone to East St. Louis to add his efforts to those of the officials of the county and city in pressing prosecutions under the State laws. The representatives of the Department of Justice are so far as possible lending aid to the State authorities in their efforts to restore tranquility and guard against further outbreaks."

Hearings on the massacre before the Committee on Rules and the House of Representatives began on August 3, 1917. A federal investigation was eventually opened.

In October the state tried 25 blacks and 10 whites on charges related to the massacre, including homicide and incitement to riot. Lena Cook survived an attack to testify against three white men, who had killed her husband, Ed Cook, and son, 14-year-old Lurizza Beard. While not charged with the deaths of Cook's family, John Charles Hanna, and Harry Robinson were tried for the murder of William Keyser, a white merchant who'd been killed by a bullet which passed through the body of Lurizza Beard. Dow and Hanna were both found guilty of murder and each sentenced to 15 years in prison. Harry Robinson later pleaded guilty to conspiracy to riot and was sentenced to 5 years in prison. On October 12, 1917, two whites, Herbert Wood, 40, and Leo Keane, 17, were found guilty of murder in the death of Scott Clark, a black man. Wood and Keane had grabbed Clark, fastened a noose around his neck, and dragged him through the street. They were stopped and arrested by police, but Clark later died of his injuries. The prosecution demanded a death sentence for Wood, and a long prison term for Keane. However, the jury instead fixed the sentences at 14 years, the same punishment recently imposed on ten black men who were convicted of murdering a white police officer during the riots.

Included among the defendants was Dr. LeRoy Bundy, a black dentist and prominent leader in the East St. Louis black community. He was formally charged with inciting a riot. The trial was held in the county court of St. Clair County, Illinois. Bundy, along with 34 other defendants, of whom 10 were white, was convicted and sentenced to prison in connection with the riot. Another source said that a total of nine whites and twelve blacks were convicted of serious crimes and sent to prison. Richard Brockway, a key ringleader of the riots, was found guilty of conspiring to riot and sentenced to five years in prison.

See also
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
 List of race riot deaths and other homicides in Illinois

References

Sources

Barnes, Harper. Never Been a Time: The 1917 Race Riot That Sparked the Civil Rights Movement, New York: Walker & Company, June 24, 2008. .
Fitch, Robert. Solidarity for Sale. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books Group, 2006. .
Gibson, Robert A. The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880–1950. New Haven: Yale University, 1979.
Heaps, Willard A. "Target of Prejudice: The Negro", In Riots, USA 1765–1970. New York: The Seabury Press, 1970.
James, Winston. Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-century America, Verso, 1998
Leonard, Mary Delach. "E. St. Louis Riot." St. Louis Post-Dispatch. January 13, 2004.
Lumpkins, Charles L. American Pogrom: The East St. Louis Race Riot and Black Politics. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2008. , .
McLaughlin, Malcolm. Power, Community, and Racial Killing in East St. Louis. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. . excerpt
McLaughlin, Malcolm. "Reconsidering the East St Louis Race Riot of 1917", International Review of Social History. 47:2 (August 2002).
"Race Rioters Fire East St. Louis and Shoot or Hang Many Negroes". The New York Times. July 3, 1917.
Patrick, James. "The Horror of the East St. Louis Massacre." Exodus. February 22, 2000.
Rudwick, Elliott M. Race Riot at East St. Louis. Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, 1964.
Wells, Ida B. Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells. Rev. edn. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991. .

External links
The Crisis Magazine, August 1917 report on East St Louis Riot, pp. 177–178.
The Crisis Magazine, September 1917, pp. 219–237, report on the East St Louis riot
The Crisis Magazine, April 1922, pp. 17–22.
"Primary Sources: The Conspiracy Of The East St. Louis Riots", The American Experience. PBS.com.
"Useful readings on the Riots", compiled by Southern Illinois University Edwardsville's Institute For Urban Research
St. Louis Post-Dispatch coverage of the East St. Louis riot, series of archive articles, photos, map, and oral readings on the centennial from June 27 to July 3, 2017.
Tim O'Neil, "Look Back 250: Worker struggles, racial hatred in East St. Louis explodes in white rioting", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 1, 2012, and Look Back 250: "Worker struggles, racial hatred in East St. Louis explodes in white rioting", St. Louis Post-Dispatch'', September 21, 2014.
Riot at East St. Louis, Illinois : hearings before the Committee on Rules, House of Representatives, Sixty-fifth Congress, first session, on H.J. res. 118, August 3, 1917

1917 in Illinois
1917 riots
African-American history of Illinois
East St. Louis, Illinois
July 1917 events
Labor-related riots in the United States
Labor disputes in the United States
Lynching deaths in Illinois
Massacres in 1917
Massacres in the United States
May 1917 events
Racially motivated violence against African Americans
Riots and civil disorder in Illinois
United States home front during World War I
White American riots in the United States
1917 murders in the United States
Anti-black racism in Illinois

East St. Louis massacre


The Indian blood group system (In) is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigens that reside within the CD44 molecule that is expressed on the surface of blood cells. It is named so because 4% of the population in India possess it. Most individuals express the Inb antigen that results from an arginine residue at position 46 of CD44 .  The Ina blood type results from a substitution proline for arginine at this same position.

References

Blood antigen systems
Transfusion medicine

Indian blood group system


Rothmannia globosa is a small but highly decorative South African tree of the family Rubiaceae. It occurs in evergreen forest and along forest margins in the Eastern Cape and north to Limpopo Province and Eswatini.

Bark is greyish-brown with rectangular markings. Leaves are glossy, often with yellowish to maroon veins on the underside with acarodomatia in the axils – acarodomatia are common in this family and are a useful diagnostic character. The specific name refers to the spherical fruits of about 25mm diameter.

References

globosa
Trees of South Africa
Ornamental trees
Taxa named by Ronald William John Keay

Rothmannia globosa


Bulbophyllum exiguum, commonly known as the tiny strand orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has small, roughly spherical pseudobulbs each with a single leaf and up to three small creamy white to yellow flowers emerging from the base of the pseudobulb. This orchid grows in rainforest and dry forest where it often covers the branches of trees or rocks on which it grows.

Description
Bulbophyllum exiguum is a small, epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with small, roughly spherical pseudobulbs, usually 5 to 10 mm in length which taper towards the leaf. Each pseudobulb carries one leaf, about 25 to 30 mm long but greatly variable. The flowers are small and creamy white to yellow, and have sepals roughly twice as long as the petals. Flowers are borne on a thin flower stalk which usually carries up to three flowers and emerges from the base of a pseudobulb, but sometimes comes from the rhizome between bulbs. The bulbs occur either relatively evenly spaced along a rhizome or clustered together, the latter occurring mainly when plants are young. Flowers are produced between March and May.

Taxonomy and naming
Bulbophyllum exiguum was first formally described in 1860 by Ferdinand von Mueller who published the description in Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae. The specific epithet (exigua) is a Latin word meaning "small", "short", "poor" or "scanty".

Distribution and habitat
This orchid grows on trees and rocks in Queensland and New South Wales subtropical to temperate rainforests and sclerophyll forests, where it can often cover rock faces, trunks or branches. It occurs at elevations up to , requiring a hot, shady, humid climate.

References

Orchids of New South Wales
Orchids of Queensland
Endemic orchids of Australia
Plants described in 1860
Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller
exiguum

Bulbophyllum exiguum


Tommaso Ghirardi (born 10 May 1975 in Brescia) is an Italian businessman, mostly known for having served as chairman (of BoD) and owner of Italian association football club Parma F.C. from January 2007 to December 2014. His main activities are in the mechanics  industry.

His entry into football came with the purchase of A.C. Carpenedolo, a small club based near Brescia, when the club was in Serie D. The club turned professional and gained promotion to Serie C2 in 2004 and marginally missed on promotion to Serie C1 two years later after play-off defeat.

On 3 January 2007, Ghirardi bought financially troubled Parma F.C. in an auction for the sale of the club. He sacked Stefano Pioli after just two matches and replaced him with Claudio Ranieri, but the club continued to struggle. Relegation seemed inevitable, but final day victory secured Parma's place in Italy's top division for the following season. He responded by investing around €11M on new players. Despite this, Parma were relegated to Serie B after nineteen consecutive seasons in the top flight.

Life in Serie B started worryingly under Luigi Cagni, who was replaced by Francesco Guidolin and Parma would go on to secure promotion with two games of the season to go. The return to Serie A was the cue for the appointment of Pietro Leonardi as general manager and Andrea Berta (ex-colleague at Carpenedolo) as sporting director. A creditable eighth-place finish and the return of Hernán Crespo saw Ghirardi held in high regard by the fans. A lack of progression since has seen his stock fall.

In the first five years of Ghirardi's presidency (from January 2007 to January 2012), it was estimated that his investment had reached €30m, alongside a further €13m in the club's parent company

On 30 May 2014, Ghirardi announced he would resign as chairman of Parma F.C. and sell his stake in the club. He eventually sold his controlling holding to Cypriot-Russian company Dastraso Holding Limited in December 2014.

Due to his behaviours, he caused bankruptcy to the team, together with his CEO Pietro Leonardi. He will be submitted to judgement in the second half of 2015.

References

Living people
1975 births
Businesspeople from Brescia
Italian football chairmen and investors
Parma Calcio 1913 chairmen and investors

Tommaso Ghirardi


Chris Connelly (born 1957) is an American sports and entertainment reporter who currently works for ESPN as a contributor to its E:60 newsmagazine. He was also the interim editor-in-chief of Grantland.com, replacing Bill Simmons, before ESPN shuttered the site in October 2015.

Connelly joined ESPN in 2001 to host the daily interview program Unscripted with Chris Connelly, designed to be a more contemporary version of the long-running Up Close interview show which previously occupied the 5PM ET timeslot. The show, which premiered on the same day as Pardon the Interruption, lasted only a few months before being replaced by an early SportsCenter and eventually Around the Horn.

Since the cancellation of Unscripted, Connelly has reported and narrated the long-form human interest reports that air on SportsCenter on weekends. Most notably, he annually does a one-week series called "My Wish" involving athletes fulfilling kids' Make a Wish Foundation wishes. Connelly also helped ABC and ESPN cover the Scripps National Spelling Bee in 2006; he conducted interviews with finalists who had just been eliminated.

Before joining ESPN, Connelly worked for Rolling Stone magazine as a music critic. During the 1980s he also served as Special Music Correspondent for Good Morning America, which involved interviewing the music stars of the day. Next Connelly spent thirteen years at MTV (1988–2001). He hosted the pre-shows for the MTV Movie Awards and prior to that, The Big Picture, a weekly show with features and movie reviews. He was also an editor and reporter for Premiere magazine, eventually becoming editor-in-chief. After six months however, Connelly resigned in a dispute over journalistic integrity after the owner of the magazine reportedly asked that he quash a story that unfavorably portrayed a business associate.

From 2000 to 2007 he was part of the ensemble of hosts for the Academy Awards preshow. All of these assignments were for ABC.

References

External links

American film critics
American television reporters and correspondents
Living people
American television talk show hosts
American sports announcers
ABC News personalities
1957 births
MTV people

Chris Connelly (journalist)


The Global Stocktake is a fundamental component of the Paris Agreement which is used to monitor its implementation and evaluate the collective progress made in achieving the agreed goals. The Global Stocktake thus links implementation of nationally determined contributions (NDCs) with the overarching goals of the Paris Agreement, and has the ultimate aim of raising climate ambition.

Background
The Paris Agreement marked a turning point in international climate policy. Binding under international law and global in scope, it not only sets out ambitious global goals, such as limiting the rise in average global temperature to well below 2 °C compared with pre-industrial levels, but also introduces an innovative architecture that gives Parties considerable leeway in setting their own climate change targets. In contrast to common practice under international environmental law, states' individual contributions are not negotiated at international level and achievement of set targets is not binding. To ensure that the targets are implemented nonetheless, international-level review and transparency mechanisms have been made integral to the Agreement.

Role as part of the Paris regime
The Paris Agreement requires its signatory states (known as Parties) to regularly formulate their own climate action plans, so-called nationally determined contributions (NDCs), and to implement measures that help them achieve their climate action goals. There is, however, no obligation under international law for Parties to achieve their NDCs.

Parties are, however, required to regularly report on their progress in implementing their NDCs and the reports are subject to international peer review. In addition to this Enhanced Transparency Framework, the Paris Agreement stipulates that Parties must regularly update their NDCs, that the updated NDCs must not fall short of the targets applicable prior to the update and that they should reflect the highest possible level of ambition.  In addition, a Global Stocktake is carried out once every five years to assess the collective progress made towards achieving the long-term goals. The outcomes of the stocktake are to be taken into account when developing nationally determined contributions.  The Global Stocktake is thus a fundamental component of the Paris Agreement in that it regularly takes stock of progress made and provides a basis for use in updating Parties' NDCs.

Role in raising ambition
The Global Stocktake is designed to raise ambition by helping Parties to:

 See what they have achieved so far in implementing their NDCs.
 Identify what still needs to be done to achieve their NDC targets.
 Identify the approaches that can be taken to enhance their own efforts at national and international level.

In this way, it is hoped that the Global Stocktake will become a driver of ambition. However, the Global Stocktake takes a collective rather than an individual approach. This means that individual countries are not singled out and the outcomes of the stocktaking process should not allow conclusions to be drawn about the state of implementation in individual states.

Scope
The question of whether the Global Stocktake should be limited to mitigation or should also include other aspects such as adaptation and the provision of climate finance has been the subject of controversial debate. In the run-up to the Climate Change Conference in Paris, however, the view prevailed that the Global Stocktake should take in all three. As part of the Global Stocktake, Article 14 of the Paris Agreement lists adaptation and the means of implementation and support.

Three-phase Global Stocktake
The modalities for implementation agreed at the Climate Change Conference in Katowice provide for three stocktake phases:

Phase 1: Information collection and preparation
Phase 1 involves collecting and preparing information needed to conduct the stocktake. Information is taken from various sources. In addition to Parties' nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and the associated reports submitted under the Paris Agreement, the most recent scientific findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as well as inputs from non-governmental stakeholders and observer organisations are also used. The information gathered is published in the public domain and also collated in the form of synthesis reports. Individual reports are also prepared on various focus topics – mitigation, adaptation, means of implementation, and cross-cutting issues – and on issues such as the status of global greenhouse gas emissions, the overall contribution made by NDCs and the status concerning action taken to adapt to climate change.

Phase 2: Technical assessment of information
In Phase 2, the information is assessed for collective progress in implementing the Paris Agreement and its long-term goals. This sees various stakeholders entering into a series of technical dialogues to discuss the information gathered in Phase 1. Phase 2 is also used to highlight the opportunities to strengthen and enhance response measures in dealing with climate change. The results are documented in a series of reports, including summary reports of each technical dialogue and the final synthesis report.

Phase 3: Political messages derived from the technical assessment
In Phase 3, the outcomes of the assessment flow into the policy process. The aim here is to support Parties to the Paris Agreement in enhancing both their climate change policies and the action they take to support other Parties. The outcomes are also used to promote international cooperation. On this point, it is unclear as to how the outcomes are to be documented – perhaps a political declaration or even a formal decision by the Conference of the Parties.

Outlook
The first Global Stocktake will take place in 2023. However, the transparency framework established by the Paris Agreement, which requires each individual state to report on the status of implementation of its NDC targets, and its national emissions, will not come into effect until 2024. Since Parties' reports compiled under the transparency framework are a vital source of information in conducting the Global Stocktake, the first Global Stocktake will have to build on earlier reporting requirements. These have numerous informational gaps, however, and it is uncertain as to what extent those gaps can be filled using other sources of information. For example, it is conceivable that greater use could be made of analyses and recommendations from non-governmental stakeholders, including civil society initiatives, companies and city administrations. Another aspect that still needs to be worked out concerns the exact timing of the three Global Stocktake phases. In particular, it must be ensured that the outputs of the process are completed in time and prepared in such a way that they can be taken into account appropriately when developing Parties' NDCs.

See also
 Pledge and review

References

Environmental terminology
Climate change

Environmental social science
Political economy
21st-century treaties

Global stocktake


Alexandra Adler (24 September 1901 – 4 January 2001) was an Austrian neurologist and the daughter of psychoanalyst Alfred Adler. She has been described as one of the "leading systematizers and interpreters" of Adlerian psychology. Her sister was Socialist activist Valentine Adler. Alexandra Adler's husband was Halfdan Gregersen.

Career
Adler completed her medical studies at the University of Vienna in 1926, and then specialized in psychiatry at the University of Vienna Neuropsychiatric Hospital. She emigrated to the United States in 1935, where she worked as a neurology instructor at the Harvard Medical School. Also in 1935, she established the Journal of Psychology. In 1938, Adler became the medical director of the Alfred Adler Clinic, named after her father. In 1946 she joined New York University College of Medicine's psychiatry department, and became a professor there in 1969. She also served as the president for the American Society of Adlerian Psychology.

Medical Studies

From 1928 to 1938, Alexandra Adler conducted an investigation of known cases of encephalitis or encephalomyelitis at the Boston City Hospital. The study included over 100 patients. Patients were only admitted if encephalitis was the sole illness of the individual. The aim of the study was to contribute knowledge for these diseases.

In 1937, Adler conducted a study along with the Harvard neurosurgeon Tracy Putnam. The study was conducted on the brain of a patient with multiple sclerosis, resulting in new information on how the disease affected the human body. Illustrations from the study are frequently used in medical literature.

In 1943, Adler studied survivors of the Cocoanut Grove nightclub fire of 1942. The study found that 50% of the survivors still experienced trauma and disturbances a year after the accident. These symptoms included changes in personality such as lack of sleep, anxiety, guilt and fears of the event. It was also found that survivors were only recognizing parts of what happened. It was theorized that this was due to the stress or a possible lesion in the brain due to carbon monoxide exposure. Adler became one of the first neurologists to create a detailed documentation of what is known as post-traumatic stress disorder.

In the 1950s and throughout the 1960s, Adler continued her father's work of Adlerian psychology for possible treatments for schizophrenia, neuroses, and personality disorders. She believed this could be done through modern drug treatment, group therapy, and the existentialist and religious psychotherapies.

Sources

1901 births
2001 deaths
20th-century Austrian Jews
21st-century Austrian Jews
Adler family
Austrian neurologists
Women neurologists
Austrian women neuroscientists
Austrian women psychologists
Jewish women scientists
Austrian women psychiatrists
Jewish psychiatrists
20th-century psychologists

Alexandra Adler


Alauddin Khalji, the ruler of the Delhi Sultanate in India, faced three rebellions in 1301 while engaged in the conquest of Ranthambore. The first rebellion was led by his nephew Akat Khan, who tried to assassinate him during a hunting expedition at Tilpat and was beheaded as a punishment. The second was also led by his nephews, this time Malik Umar and Mangu Khan, who started recruiting soldiers to overthrow Alauddin's rule in Awadh. The rebellion was crushed by Alauddin's loyal officers, and the rebels were executed. The third was staged by an officer named Haji Maula in Delhi. It was crushed by Alauddin's loyal officer Malik Hamiduddin, and once again the rebels were killed.

Earlier, in 1299, Alauddin's generals Nusrat Khan and Ulugh Khan had also faced a mutiny near Jalore. Alauddin held meetings with his council of ministers to determine the causes of these rebellions. Based on their advice, he took several measures to prevent any further uprisings: he set up an intelligence and surveillance network, instituted prohibition in Delhi, prevented the nobles from networking with each other and confiscated wealth from the residents of Delhi. After these steps were taken, no serious rebellions took place during Alauddin's reign.

Akat Khan's rebellion

After his generals Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan failed to capture Ranthambore, Alauddin decided to lead a stronger force there in 1301. He ordered his other officers from various provinces to bring their armies to Tilpat near Delhi. While these armies were on their way to Tilpat, he spent his time hunting. During one such expedition, his nephew Sulaiman Shah Akat Khan (or Ikat Khan) conspired to kill him in the Badah village near Tilpat. Alauddin had ordered his horsemen to form a circle in order to drive the game towards him. Akat Khan and some Mongol Muslims in his service rode towards Alauddin, shouting "Tiger!", and started shooting arrows at the Sultan. A slave named Manik (or Nayak) threw himself in front of Alauddin, and received four arrow wounds. Then Alauddin's bodyguards came forward and protected him with shields. Despite these efforts and his heavy winter clothing, Alauddin received two deep arrow wounds in his arm and fell unconscious. When Akat Khan came closer, Alauddin's guards told him that the Sultan was dead.

Akat Khan then went to the royal camp, announced that he had killed Alauddin and proclaimed himself the new Sultan. Several officers welcomed him, but Malik Dinar, the officer in-charge of Alauddin's harem, resisted him. When Akat Khan tried to enter the harem, Malik Dinar asked him to present Alauddin's head as evidence of his claim of having killed him.

Meanwhile, Alauddin regained consciousness, and decided to flee to Ulugh Khan's camp, suspecting a deeper conspiracy by many nobles. However, his loyal officer Malik Hamiduddin advised him that his presence at the camp was necessary to quell the rebellion. Alauddin then proceeded to the camp with 500-600 horsemen. Akat Khan fled to Afghanpur, but two officers pursued him and killed him. They brought his head to Alauddin, who remarked that he often had that head in his lap. Akat Khan's head was paraded on a spear: first in Alauddin's camp at Tilpat, then throughout the imperial capital Delhi, then in Ulugh Khan's camp at Jhain. Alauddin then ordered the killing of Akat Khan's younger brother Qutlugh Khan.

Over the next few days Alauddin stayed at Tilpat to recover from his wounds. He also made inquiries into the conspiracy against him, and ordered severe punishments against those found guilty. Their wives and children were imprisoned and their property was confiscated.

Rebellion of Malik Umar and Mangu Khan

Some days after Akat Khan's death, Alauddin marched to Ranthambore. While he was busy besieging Ranthambore, two of his nephews conspired to usurp power in Delhi. These were Malik Umar (the governor of Badaun) and Mangu Khan (the governor of Awadh). Both were sons of a sister of Alauddin.

The rebellion started in Awadh, but the cause is not certain. The two brothers started recruiting soldiers to overthrow Alauddin's rule. However, before they could cause any serious damage, Alauddin sent his officers to arrest them. The two brothers were brought to Ranthambore and had their "eyes carved out like slices of melon" before being killed. Their family members and followers were also killed.

Rebellion of Haji Maula

A third rebellion happened during Alauddin's Ranthambore campaign. Bayazid Tirmizi, who succeeded Ala al-Mulk as the kotwal of Delhi, had become very unpopular in the city because of his harshness. Taking advantage of his unpopularity, and of Alauddin's absence from Delhi, an officer named Haji Maula decided to take control of Delhi. He was the shunah (superintendent of crown lands) of Bartol, a town in the Doab region. He had earlier served Malikul Umara Fakhruddin, a former kotwal of Delhi, and enlisted the support of the Mamluk-era kotwali staff.

At that time Bayazid was supervising repairs to the Badaun Gate and had taken up residence in a small house nearby. During the month of Ramadan (May–June) in 1299, when most residents of Delhi were taking a siesta, Haji Maula arrived at Bayazid's residence, accompanied by four armed men. They summoned Bayazid to hear a message from Alauddin. When Bayazid came out Haji Maula ordered his killing. Haji Maula then produced a firman before the public, claiming that Alauddin had issued an order to kill Bayazid. He also summoned Alauddin Ayaz, the kotwal of the under-construction Siri Fort. However, Ayaz refused to oblige, and protected himself by ordering the closure of the Siri gates.

Haji Maula and his soldiers then took control of the royal Red Palace, the treasury, the armory, the horse stables and the prison. To gain supporters, he distributed the money from the treasury among the people of Delhi. He also freed the state prisoners, some of whom joined him.

Alauddin heard about the events in Delhi three days after the beginning of the revolt. He kept the news a secret from his soldiers at Ranthambore, but sent his loyal officer Malik Hamiduddin to quell the rebellion Delhi. Hamiduddin, who held the post of amir-i-koh, arrived in Delhi the next day, and entered through the Ghazni Gate.

Meanwhile, Haji Maula felt that his position was insecure, as he had no claim over the royal throne. He decided to install a puppet ruler. He abducted a man named Alavi, who was a descendant of a daughter of the earlier Sultan Iltutmish, "appointed" him the new Sultan of Delhi and forced the nobles to pay him homage. He also appointed his fellow rebels to various royal offices.

When the news of Alavi's appointment reached Alauddin, he sent his brother Ulugh Khan to Delhi. By the time Ulugh Khan reached Delhi, Hamiduddin had already quelled the revolt, defeating Haji Maula's forces after two days of fighting. He was supported by some of Zafar Khan's Amroha-based followers, who had come to Delhi for some court-related work. Haji Maula retreated to the Bhandarkal Gate, where Hamiduddin dragged him from his horse and killed him. He then killed Alavi at the Red Palace and had his head paraded around Delhi on a spear.

Hamiduddin's forces took control of the treasury and brought back the money that had been distributed by Haji Maula. All the surviving rebels were brought before Ulugh Khan and killed. The grandsons of Haji Maula's former master Fakhruddin were also killed, although they had not played any part in the rebellion.

Measures for preventing rebellions

While engaged in siege of Ranthambore, Alauddin held meetings with his council (majlis-i khas) to determine the causes of these rebellions. The council consisted of Alauddin's loyal officials, including Malik Ainul Mulk Multani, Malik Hamiduddin and Malik A'izzuddin. According to 14th-century chronicler Ziauddin Barani, the council listed the four main causes of rebellions:

 The ignorance of the king about the good and bad acts of the people;
 Liquor, which allows people to form alliances and hatch conspiracies at drinking parties;
 Closeness and relationships among the nobles: if one of them is punished, the others join him because of blood ties and friendships;
 Money: When people have money they have time to think about rebellions and conspiracies; when they don't have money, they are busy earning their livelihoods.

After returning from Ranthambore, Alauddin stayed in the suburbs of Delhi, where he spent a month on  hunting expeditions. Contemporary chroniclers state that he was unhappy with the residents of Delhi, who had displayed their disloyalty during the recent rebellions. However, historian Kishori Saran Lal theorizes that Alauddin did not enter the city, because he was distressed as a result of the rebellions. His predecessor Jalaluddin had also avoided entering Delhi under similar circumstances.

Subsequently, Alauddin took steps to remove the four causes of rebellions outlined by his council, as detailed below. These steps had the desired outcome and prevented any serious revolts against Alauddin in the following years.

Intelligence and surveillance system

To ensure that he was not ignorant of the happenings in his kingdom, Alauddin organized an intelligence and surveillance system network comprising spies (munhis), publicly known intelligence officers (barids) and their officer-in-charge. These people were assigned to report on everything that happened in the houses of the nobles and the public markets. This fear of spies intimidated the nobles, who took great care in not saying or doing anything that could attract punishment.

Prohibition

Per his council's advice, Alauddin instituted a total prohibition on alcohol in Delhi. This was motivated by political, rather than religious, considerations. He gave up drinking himself and ordered the royal drinking vessels to be broken in front of the Badaun Gate. The formerly licensed taverns and distilleries were asked to move out of Delhi, although this meant a loss of revenue for the state. Alauddin also banned gambling and consumption of bhang. Amir Khusrau also claims that Alauddin forced prostitutes to get married, although the veracity of this statement is doubtful.

Alauddin's elephant-mounted officers patrolled the streets of Delhi, reading out the prohibition orders. Some people disobeyed them by preparing illicit liquor at their houses and selling it at high prices. Some also tried to sneak liquor into Delhi from outside the city. Alauddin ordered all these people to be thrown into dry wells dug near the Badaun Gate. Most of them died, and those who survived were severely injured.

As a result of these steps, liquor became unavailable not only in Delhi but also in its suburbs. The prohibition was unpopular, and ultimately Alauddin had to make some concessions. He issued an order allowing people to distill liquor in their own homes for private consumption. However, the ban on selling alcohol and organizing drinking parties continued.

Control over the nobles

According to Barani, Alauddin issued an order preventing the nobles, aristocrats and important officials from visiting each other's houses and gathering at banquets. They were also forbidden from inviting the general public to their houses. Marital relations among their families were allowed only with prior permission from the Sultan. According to Firishta, if a noble wanted to put up a guest or arrange a marriage, he had to obtain the Sultan's permission by writing to Sayyid Khan Wazir.

Barani further states that there was strict enforcement of these rules. Even when the nobles met each other at the royal palace, they could not talk with ease. They took great care to avoid people with bad reputations.

Confiscation of wealth

After ascending the throne of Delhi, Alauddin had made a number of state grants (milk), state gifts (inam) and charitable endowments (waqf). Per the council's suggestions, he canceled all these grants to control the monetary supply. The villages that had earlier been granted as milk, inam or waqf were re-designated as khalisa (a territory whose revenues go directly to the royal treasury). However, there were many exceptions to this order; for example, 14th-century chronicler Isami writes that the villages grants to his ancestors were not canceled.

Barani gives an exaggerated account of Alauddin's seizure of money from his subjects. According to him, after Alauddin's orders had been carried out, little gold was left in the houses of Delhi. The only exceptions were the houses of the nobles, the aristocrats, state employees and Hindu merchants and bankers.

References

Bibliography

Alauddin Khalji
Alauddin Khalji
Battles involving the Delhi Sultanate

Rebellions against Alauddin Khalji


Jacob Hay Brown (September 11, 1849 – October 10, 1930) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania from 1899 to 1915 and chief justice from 1915 to 1921.

Biography
J. Hay Brown was born on September 11, 1849, in York, Pennsylvania. He attended Gettysburg College, graduating in 1866. He studied law, becoming an associate of William U. Hensel in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in the law firm Brown and Hensel. He subsequently became city solicitor of Lancaster in 1874, serving until 1876, when he became Lancaster County solicitor.

In 1899, Brown was elected to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. He served as an associate justice until becoming chief justice in 1914. He served as chief justice until his retirement in January 1921. He was the last Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania to come from south-central Pennsylvania until Thomas G. Saylor, who became chief justice in January 2015. Brown died in Lancaster on October 10, 1930.

Brown was a member of the Pennsylvania Bar Association and the American Bar Association and held an honorary LL.D. degree from the University of Pennsylvania, awarded in 1916.

References

1849 births
1930 deaths
Justices of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania lawyers
Gettysburg College alumni
Chief Justices of Pennsylvania

J. Hay Brown


Riley Senft (born March 16, 1979, in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian humanitarian, prostate cancer activist, and ultramarathon athlete.

On May 7, 2011, Senft set out to run approximately 6,600 km (4,101 miles) across Canada to raise awareness of prostate cancer and the importance of early detection of the disease, and to raise funds for prostate cancer research.

Senft had lost a grandfather to prostate cancer, and  watched his father battle the disease twice in five years. He called his awareness program "Step Into Action"  Following in the legacy of Terry Fox, Senft ran approximately 6,600 km across the ten provinces of Canada, from East to West. Beginning in Cape Spear, Newfoundland and ending in Vancouver, British Columbia. The purpose of his run was to save the lives of future prostate cancer victims by educating men and women about the steps in early detection.

An experienced athlete, Senft had participated in cycling events in the US to raise money for Habitat for Humanity while a student at Yale University.
On October 6, 2011, after 153 days of running upwards of 70 km per day, 6 days a week, Senft officially completed his Step Into Action run across Canada when he arrived into Vancouver and finished at the 2010 Winter Olympic Cauldron in Jack Poole Plaza. Upon his arrival, the city of Vancouver lit the Olympic Cauldron aflame in commemoration of his accomplishment.
As of October, 2013, Riley and the Step Into Action Campaign have raised over Can$838,000  for prostate cancer research, benefiting the Vancouver General Hospital & University of British Columbia Hospital Foundation and the Vancouver Prostate Centre.

During his run, Riley was awarded the keys to the city of Thunder Bay, Ontario from Mayor Keith Hobbs. Vancouver Mayor Gregor Robertson proclaimed October 6, 2011 Dr. Riley Senft Step Into Action Prostate Cancer Awareness Day.

After his run ended Senft continued to spread the message of early detection and has given a TEDx Talk about his experience. On June 5, 2013, Senft received the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal from Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper.
Senft currently (as of 2013) lives in Vancouver, BC where he works as an anesthesiologist. He remains an active spokesman for prostate cancer awareness, and the success of his run has led to further fund-raising events by other athletes.

References

 "Giving prostate cancer the finger" . West Vancouver Outlook.
 "2011 Mackenzie Award - Service:  Dr. Riley Senft '97". Collingwood School.
 "MRA Hall of Fame: 2012 Inductees", Manitoba Runners Association.
 "Riley Senft" (recognition in the House of Parliament of Canada) 41st PARLIAMENT, 1st SESSION EDITED HANSARD • NUMBER 030, 17 October 2011.
 Elliott, Wendy. "Cross-Canada bike tour aims to shed light on depression, suicide". The Hants Journal. 4 August 2013.

External links
 Step into Action program

1979 births
Living people
Canadian activists
Canadian humanitarians
Athletes from Vancouver
Canadian ultramarathon runners
Male ultramarathon runners

Riley Senft


Friedrich Wilhelm Carl Bechstein (1 June 18266 March 1900) was the maker of C. Bechstein pianos and the founder of C. Bechstein Pianofortefabrik.

Biography
Carl Bechstein was born on 1 June 1826 in Gotha, in Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (now Thuringia). He studied and worked in France and England as a piano craftsman, before he became an individual piano maker. His first pianos were made for other companies. From 1844 to 1848 he worked in Dresden for a local piano maker, then moved to Berlin and worked at Klavierfabrik Perau in Behrenstraße 56. In 1849 he worked as a hired contractor for piano makers in Paris. Back in Berlin he worked again for Klavierfabrik Perau in 1852-53.

C. Bechstein piano factory

The C. Bechstein piano factory was founded on 1 October 1853 by Carl Bechstein in Berlin.

Carl Bechstein set out to manufacture a piano able to withstand the great demands imposed on the instrument by the virtuosi of the time, such as Franz Liszt. In 1857, Hans von Bülow (Liszt's son-in-law) gave the first public performance on a Bechstein grand piano by performing Liszt's Piano Sonata in B minor in Berlin.

By 1870, with the endorsements by Franz Liszt and Hans von Bülow, Bechstein pianos became a staple at many concert halls, as well as in private mansions. By that time three piano makers became established as the industry leaders across the world: Bechstein, Blüthner and Steinway & Sons.

A successful piano maker
In 1880 the second piano factory was opened in Berlin, and the third factory was opened in 1897 in Berlin Kreuzberg. The years from the 1870s through 1914 brought Bechstein their most dramatic increase in sales.

In 1885 Bechstein first supplied a piano to Queen Victoria. A gilded art-case piano was first delivered to the Buckingham Palace, then several more Bechstein pianos were delivered to Windsor Castle and to other royal residences. By January 1886 they were among the piano manufacturers holding a Royal Warrant as a supplier to the Queen. Many other mansions and salons in London were following the royal example. Several British embassies across the world acquired Bechstein pianos to replace lesser instruments.

Also in 1885, Bechstein opened a branch in London, that eventually grew to become their largest showroom and dealership in Europe, and then, a few years later, opened showrooms in Paris, and in St. Petersburg. In London the company spent £100,000 to build Bechstein Hall. adjacent to its London showroom at 36-40 Wigmore Street. It opened on 31 May 1901. Between 1901 and 1914, C. Bechstein was the largest piano dealership in London.

At that time, Bechstein was the official piano maker for the Tsars of Russia, the royal families of Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Sweden, Norway, Austria and Denmark, and other royalty and aristocracy. The list of royal clients of Bechstein may be found on the soundboard of vintage Bechstein pianos made before the Second World War. The list is part of the original Bechstein trademark logo, it can be seen under the strings in the center of a piano's soundboard.

Carl Bechstein died in Berlin on 6 March 1900 and was buried at the Friedhof II der Sophiengemeinde Berlin.  The Bechstein company continued operations under the management of his sons. Between 1900 and 1914 C. Bechstein was one of the leading piano makers in the world with 1100 craftsmen and workers, making five thousand pianos per year.

References

Further reading
Hagen W. Lippe-Weißenfeld: Das Klavier als Mittel politischer Distinktion im Zusammenhang mit der Entwicklung des Klavierbaus in London und Berlin an den Beispielen Broadwood und Bechstein. The piano as medium for political distinction in connection with the development of piano manufacturing in London and Berlin based on the examples of Broadwood and Bechstein. Dissertation Berlin 2006. Online-Version

External links

Bechstein Website, in English
International Bechstein Dealers
Bechstein company reports:
Bechstein Grand Piano - The Piano in Polish Collections

1826 births
1900 deaths
People from Gotha (town)
People from Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Bechstein family

Piano makers

Carl Bechstein


Ten Mile is an unincorporated community in northern Meigs and southeastern Roane counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee.

Ten Mile is primarily a summer cottage community on Watts Bar Lake. It includes summer cottages, small locally owned stores and restaurants, a bank, marinas, resorts, churches, and a post office (ZIP code 37880). The nearby TVA Watts Bar nuclear plant (in bordering Rhea County), and Watts Bar Dam spanning the Tennessee River across the Meigs County and Rhea County lines have played, and continue to play, an important role in the local economy.

Ten Mile originated in a small community at the cross of Old Ten Mile and Ten Mile roads, which is next to Ten Mile Creek.  The community consisted of a small school, a post office and two churches.  The town has now moved closer to Watts Bar Lake.  The only things that still exist in the old community are the two churches.

The Ten Mile community is named after the stream flowing through it, Ten Mile Creek.  Although there are no definitive archives to specifically document who named the stream Ten Mile Creek or why, based on early maps of the area, the best educated guess is that the length of the creek measures approximately 10 miles.

The Ten Mile zip code 37880 had a 2020 population of 3477.

Historic house

The Elisha Sharp House was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 6, 1982.

References

External links
 Why do they call it that? Ten Mile community in Meigs and Roane Counties, WBIR-TV website.

Unincorporated communities in Roane County, Tennessee
Unincorporated communities in Meigs County, Tennessee
Unincorporated communities in Tennessee
Tennessee populated places on the Tennessee River

Ten Mile, Tennessee


The Australian dollar (AUD) is the official currency of the Commonwealth of Australia. It has been in use since February 14, 1966. The Australian dollar is also used on Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Norfolk Island, and the independent Pacific Islands of Kiribati, Nauru and Tuvalu. In Australia the dollar symbol $ is usually used. The signs A$ or AU$ are often used to show that it is the Australian dollar. It is subdivided into 100 cents.

In 2011 the Australian dollar was the fifth-most-traded currency in world. The most traded currencies were the US dollar, the Euro, the yen, and the pound sterling.

The Australian dollar is liked by people who trade in currencies. This is because Australia has high interest rates and little government control on currency trading. Australia's economy and political systems are also seen to be stable.

History
The dollar was introduced on 14 February 1966, replacing the Australian pound.

Coins

From 1966, coins were made in amounts of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents. One-dollar coins were made from 1984. Two-dollar coins were made from 1988. The one- and two-cent coins were not made after 1991 and are no longer used. Cash sales are made to the nearest five cents. All coins have the image of the head of state, Queen Elizabeth II on one side, and all but the two-dollar coins contain Australian native animals on the other side. Most of the coins are made by the Royal Australian Mint in Canberra, but sometimes additional coins are made at other mints.

Australia has often made special 50-cent coins. The first was in 1970, to honour Captain Cook finding the east coast of  Australia. In 1977 a coin was made for Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee. In 1981 a coin was made for the wedding of Charles and Diana. The Brisbane Commonwealth Games had a special coin in 1982. Another one was made for the Australian Bicentenary in 1988. There have been many more special coins made since the 1990s, including special 20-cent, one-dollar and two-dollar coins. They are popular with people who collect coins.

There has also been a special  five-dollar coin, made of aluminium/bronze and bi-metal, and there are many silver and gold bullion coins in bigger values. These are not normally used, although they are legal tender.

Current Australian 5-, 10- and 20-cent coins are the same size as the old Australian, New Zealand and British sixpenny, shilling and two shilling (florin) coins. The Australian 50-cent coin is a large coin. It weighs 15.55 grams and is 31.51 mm across.

Banknotes

First series
The first paper banknotes in Australian dollars were printed in 1966. The one, two, ten and 20-dollars notes matched the old pound banknotes. The five-dollar note was printed in 1967, after the public were used to decimal currency.

The one-dollar note was replaced by a coin in 1984. The two-dollar note was replaced by a coin in 1988. The 50-dollar note was first printed in 1973. In 1984 Australia printed the 100-dollar note.

Notes are different sizes depending on their value. This is to help people are visually impaired (unable to see properly). They are the same height but different lengths. The $5 is the smallest, $100 the largest. Notes are also colour coded: $5 pink (there are two designs); $10 blue; $20 red; $50 yellow; and $100 green.

Polymer series
In 1988, the Reserve Bank of Australia gave out plastic, (polypropylene) polymer banknotes (produced by Note Printing Australia), to celebrate 200 years of European settlement in Australia. All Australian notes are now made of polymer.

To make it hard to copy these notes, they have see through windows with a picture image of Captain James Cook. Every note also has a seven-pointed star which has only half the printing on each side. Australian banknotes were the first in the world to use such features.

References

Other websites
 The banknotes of Australia

Currency of Australia

Australian dollar


Ector County Correctional Center is a privately-managed prison located in Odessa, Texas. It is housed on the second and third floors of the 1955 Ector County Courthouse at 301 N. Texas Street in Odessa.

The center was previously operated by Community Education Centers, one of seven CEC-managed facilities in Texas, under contract with three federal agencies: the United States Marshals Service, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement and the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Following an acquisition, the center is now run by The GEO Warden Bryan LambertGroup. Its capacity is 235 adult males and females.

In mid-2013, eight of the jailers employed there received federal prison sentences for providing contraband items to inmates in exchange for bribes.

References

Private prisons in the United States
Prisons in Texas
Buildings and structures in Ector County, Texas
Immigration detention centers and prisons in the United States

Ector County Correctional Center


The Neotropical silversides are a family, the Atherinopsidae, of fishes in the order Atheriniformes. They also include the brook silverside. About 112 species in 13 genera are distributed throughout the tropical and temperate waters of the New World, including both marine and freshwater habitats.

References

 Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). "Atherinopsidae" in FishBase. June 2012 version.

Other websites

 Neotropical silverside on English Wikipedia
 Menidia beryllina Photo and Information at MBL Aquaculture

Teleosts

Neotropical silverside


Jody Sperling is an American dancer, choreographer, and dance scholar based in New York City. She is the founder and artistic director of Time Lapse Dance, a dance company that gives a postmodern twist to vintage genres, from the fin de siècle spectacles of Loie Fuller, to circus and music hall entertainments.

Biography
A dancer-choreographer from New York, Jody Sperling is the founder and artistic director of Time Lapse Dance. She has created more than 40 works and has performed and taught in the US, Bahrain, Canada, France, India, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Nigeria, Russia, Scotland and north of the Arctic Circle. In 2014, Sperling participated in a polar science mission to the Arctic as the first-ever choreographer-in-residence aboard the US Coast Guard Cutter Healy. During the expedition, she danced on the polar ice cap and made the award-winning dance film Ice Floe. Time Lapse Dance's production Bringing the Arctic Home transports Sperling's experience in the icescape to the stage.

Over the years, Sperling has forged a unique style inspired by modern dance pioneer Loïe Fuller (1862-1928). Internationally regarded as the leading exponent of Fuller's genre, she has taken the idiom into innovative directions. Sperling is the choreographer, creative consultant and dance coach for the upcoming French feature film La Danseuse inspired by Fuller's life.

Sperling has received commissions from the Vermont Performance Lab & Marlboro College, The University of Wyoming through the NEA American Masterpieces Program and the Streb Lab for Action Mechanics. Her works Clair de Lune, Fountains and Night Winds have been in the repertory of Holland's Introdans ensemble.

As a dancer, Sperling has performed in the works of other choreographers including Sarah Michelson and  Yvonne Rainer. Sperling has served on the board of directors of the Society of Dance History Scholars (SDHS) and has presented at the Society's conferences. She holds an MA in Performance Studies (Tisch School of the Arts, New York University) and a BA in Dance and Italian (Wesleyan University). Her dance writings have appeared online and in print in Dance Magazine, The Village Voice, The SDHS Conference Proceedings, The International Encyclopedia of Dance and the award-winning book Birds of Paradise: Costume as Cinematic Spectacle (British Film Institute, 2014).

References

External links
TimeLapseDance.com
Interview with Jody

Living people
American choreographers
American female dancers
Dancers from New York (state)
New York University alumni
Wesleyan College alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women

Jody Sperling


Seth Allan Berry (born November 1, 1968) is an American business, education and policy leader from the state of Maine. Berry ran 7 times from 2006 to 2020 for a seat in the Maine House of Representatives and was elected each time, representing Bowdoin, Bowdoinham, Richmond, and Swan Island, an historic wildlife preserve in the Kennebec River.  In the Legislature, Berry was elected by his peers to serve as Majority Whip and later as Majority Leader, and served as chair of the committee on Energy, Utilities and Technology, chair of the Joint Select Committee on Maine's Workforce and Economic Future (2015-2016), and as lead Democrat on the committee overseeing tax policy.

Early life and career
Berry was born in Bowdoinham, Maine, on November 1, 1968. He attended high school at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, during which time he interned in the Washington, D.C., congressional office for Maine's District 1 representative, John R. McKernan, Jr. Berry attended college at Brown University, graduating in 1991 with a Bachelor's Degree as well as a high-school-teacher certification. While at Brown, Berry worked closely with professors Theodore Sizer and Arnold L. Weinstein. From 1992 to 2000, Berry taught public school in New York City in East Harlem and Washington Heights. During that time, he also earned his Master's Degree in Curriculum and Teaching from the Teachers College of Columbia University.

From June 2002 to December 2006, Berry served as selectperson for the town of Bowdoinham. He used this position to monitor town spending, promote local economic growth, advocate for long-term planning of land use, and improve local public services. He was elected Chair by fellow board members in 2004.

Maine House of Representatives
Berry was elected to the Maine House of Representatives in November 2006. He represents the 55th District, which includes the towns of Bowdoin, Bowdoinham, and Richmond, as well as the unorganized territory of Perkins Township.

As a legislator, Berry served on the Joint Standing Committee on Utilities and Energy in 2007 and 2008.  He was then elected by his Democratic peers to serve as Majority Whip in 2009 and 2010.  In 2010, Berry's party lost its majority and he also lost a bid to become Minority Leader.  In 2011 and 2012, Berry then served as the lead Democrat on the Joint Standing Committees on Taxation, as well as the House Committee on Elections.

Berry also served on the Maine Children's Growth Council, the 2008 Governor's Pre-Emergency Task Force, and on numerous committees of the National Council on State Legislatures.

During his time in the Maine legislature, Berry has sponsored over two dozen successful measures. He has made sustainability a priority, passing legislation to control air pollution, oversee nuclear waste disposal, and better fund energy efficiency efforts for Maine homes and businesses.  Berry also focused on fiscally responsible economic development, working to ensure government accountability in tax incentives and to redesign federal social security offsets.  Berry's successful bills have included enhanced consumer protections in telecommunication rate-setting, a first-in-the-nation ban on insurance caps to protect the most vulnerable from medical bankruptcy; a first-in-the-nation bill to require extended producer responsibility for compact fluorescent lamps; increased notification requirements for pesticide spraying, increased home visitation to assist families of at-risk infants and others; and one of the nation's first bans on the designer drugs misleadingly referred to as "bath salts."

Berry's environmental leadership earned him this praise from the Maine Conservation Voters in 2009:  "The perfect combined ... score of Representatives Pingree, Piotti and Berry demonstrates the priority they place as a leadership team on policies to protect Maine's air, land and water, to reduce our exposure to dangerous chemicals and to build a clean energy future.  Pingree and Berry each sponsored significant legislation to protect human health, promote energy efficiency and advance clean energy jobs."

Personal life
Berry currently lives in Bowdoinham with his wife Adelaida and their two sons. He is fluent in Spanish; and his hobbies include guitar, sailing, and farming.

Berry has been the recipient of several awards in his professional and political work, including New York City's Hexter Award for Excellence in Teaching, which he received in 1998. His student-centered classroom was featured in the 1999 edition of "New York City's Best Middle Schools," a guide for New York parents, highlighting his successes leading one of the only non-selective public schools listed that year.  In addition, Berry received the 2007 Healthy Air Award from the Maine chapter of the American Lung Association, and the 2010 Prevention Award from the Maine Alliance to Prevent Substance Abuse.

Berry is a member of the Midcoast United Way Success by Six Council, the Midcoast Area ACCESS Health Board, the Merrymeeting Bay Business Association, and the National Caucus of Environmental Legislators.

References

External links
  Personal website
  House website

1968 births
Living people
Maine Democrats
Brown University alumni
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
People from Bowdoinham, Maine
Majority leaders of the Maine House of Representatives
21st-century American politicians

Seth Berry


Sandra Ballif Straubhaar is a Germanic studies scholar known for her work on women's poetry in Old Norse, and for her contributions to scholarship on J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium, in particular his use of the Nordic medieval.

Biography

Sandra Straubhaar obtained her bachelor's degree in German and English at Brigham Young University in 1972. She gained an MA in German at Stanford University in 1975, and then studied Old Norse and modern Icelandic at the University of Iceland until 1978. She obtained her PhD in German Studies and Humanities at Stanford University in 1982.

She held positions as lecturer and assistant professor at Lansing Community College, the University of São Paulo, Michigan State University, and Brigham Young University before moving to the University of Texas at Austin in 1998; she became a distinguished senior lecturer there in 2013.

Straubhaar is well known from her articles on Old Norse women's poetry as well as her popular entry on that subject in the 1993 Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia.

Reception

Old Norse Women's Poetry

Straubhaar's 2011 book Old Norse Women's Poetry: The Voices of Female Skalds presents the work of Icelandic and Norwegian women poets from the 9th to 13th centuries, in other words starting from the Viking age. Each text is presented in three forms, with the Old Norse poetry, a verse translation, and a somewhat literal prose translation. The skalds covered range from "real people" and the quasi-historical, to dream-verse, legendary heroines, magic-workers and prophetesses, and finally the hostile "trollwomen".
The book had a mixed reception among scholars, who noted its problematic definitions of women grading from real to magical.

Catherine Cox, in South Atlantic Review, called the project of assembling the poetry "admirable", but "flawed by inconsistencies and ambiguities" of attribution and definition of what the "voices of female skalds" actually are, given that both real and imagined women are included. In Cox's view, a much sharper analysis of the distinction was required.

Cynthia Hallen, in Rocky Mountain Review, described the book as "a diverse and intriguing database of verse", but comments that neither the verse nor the prose translation actually capture the "word orders, rhetorical figures, skaldic conventions, and the breathless tone of the passage". She liked the "nuggets" of history and cultural insight, but found them too scattered, and the commentaries sometimes too understated. She appreciated the timeline and glossary of names but would have liked approximate dates for the passages.

Kate Heslop, in Speculum, noted that most of the poetry in the book was little known, making the collection "unprecedented". Heslop understood Straubhaar's frustration over unproductive debates about authenticity, but commented that the rich variety of female skaldic verse "demand[s] an engagement with poetic voice as a textual construct; the poetry .. is no less real for being fictional, after all". She called the texts accurate and the translations reliable, barring the "notorious cruces" of Völuspá 22, and found the "unavoidably looser verse rendering" attractive. In contrast, she thought the introduction "too meager" and "a missed chance for a new perspective". She disagreed with Straubhaar's claim that manuscript variation was unimportant, as it was "key to tracing such processes".

Jenny Jochens, in Scandinavian Studies, welcomed "this handsome volume", but wondered why only one of the "women-centered Eddic poems from the Codex Regius" was included. After describing the chapters in detail, Jochens stated that the poetry is not sufficiently set in context, making pleasurable reading difficult and requiring increased work by teachers. She noted that one of her own articles, apparently not known to Straubhaar, gives a more complete survey.

Awards and distinctions

 2002 Wakonse Fellow
 2007 Visiting Scholar, Nordisk Institut, Aarhus University
 2010 Featured Instructor, University of Texas at Austin

Works

Straubhaar has written numerous research articles, encyclopedia entries including eight to the J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia, and book chapters including "Myth, late Roman history, and multiculturalism in Tolkien's Middle-Earth" in Jane Chance's 2004 reader Tolkien and the Invention of Myth. Straubhaar has published the following books:

 2011 Old Norse Women's Poetry: The Voices of Female Skalds (Boydell and Brewer)
 2018 Ballads of the North, Medieval to Modern: Essays in Memory of Larry Syndergaard (editor; West Michigan University Press)

References

Primary

Secondary

External links

Tolkien studies
Living people
Brigham Young University alumni
University of Iceland alumni
Stanford University alumni
Germanic studies scholars
1951 births

Sandra Ballif Straubhaar


Carl Ludvig Engel, or Johann Carl Ludwig Engel (3 July 1778 – 14 May 1840), was a German architect whose most noted work can be found in Helsinki, which he helped rebuild. His works include most of the buildings around the capital's monumental centre, the Senate Square and the buildings surrounding it. The buildings are Helsinki Cathedral, The Senate (now the Palace of the Council of State), the City of Helsinki Town Hall, and the library and the main building of Helsinki University.

Biography
Carl Ludvig Engel was born in 1778 in Charlottenburg, Berlin, into a family of bricklayers.  It was probably as a bricklayer apprentice that he first came in contact with his future profession as an architect. He trained at the Berlin Institute of Architecture after which he served in the Prussian building administration. The stagnation caused by Napoleon's victory over Prussia in 1806 forced him and other architects to find work abroad. In 1808 he applied for the position as town architect of Tallinn, Estonia.  He got the job and in this way came into the vicinity of St. Petersburg and its neoclassical Empire style. Finland was also close by and was soon to experience a new governmental phase as a Grand Duchy under Russian rule.

Engel started working in Tallinn in 1809, but just after a few years he was forced to move on again because of a lack of assignments. From this period in Estonia, a palace on Kohtu street 8 in Tallinn survives (today housing the Estonian Chancellor of Justice) and, possibly, Kernu manor.

From 1814 to 1815 he worked for a businessman in Turku, Finland, and this way he came in contact with Johan Albrecht Ehrenström, who led the project of rebuilding Helsinki. The city had just been promoted to be the new capital of the new Grand Duchy of Finland. Ehrenström was searching for a talented architect to work at his side and this meeting proved to be decisive for Carl Ludvig Engel's future career. At this stage Engel did not however stay in Finland. In March 1815 he travelled to St. Petersburg where he got private employment.

In 1816 Engel was planning on returning to his city of birth, but at the same time Ehrenström got approval for his plan to get Engel to Helsinki. Engel's plans for Helsinki had been shown to Czar Alexander I and in February Engel was appointed architect of the reconstruction committee for Helsinki. Engel probably thought that this would once again be a temporary job, but instead Helsinki came to be his life's work.

In 1819–1820, when Engel's first creations were nearing completion, his status as a kind of head architect of the Grand Duchy was established when he received more and more building assignments, both private and public, in other parts of Finland. The final confirmation came when he in 1824 was appointed head of the statewide Intendant's Office, responsible for all key state buildings throughout the country, a position he was offered - but first refused because he still had hopes of returning to Prussia - following the resignation of its first head, the Italian-born architect Carlo Bassi, and which he retained until his death. Among his other key works from this period are Helsinki Old Church in Kamppi completed in 1826. He designed the first theater of Helsinki, Engels Teater, in 1827, though this was a rather modest building. He was also responsible for the new city plan for Turku after most of it was wiped out by the Great Fire of Turku in 1827.

Engel died on 14 May 1840 in Helsinki.

Gallery

See also
 Architecture of Finland

References

External links

1778 births
1840 deaths
Artists from Berlin
People from the Margraviate of Brandenburg
Finnish people of German descent
18th-century German architects
Finnish architects
German neoclassical architects
19th-century German architects

Carl Ludvig Engel


Kimberly Belle (born 20 February 1968) is an international bestselling American novelist.

Life and career
The daughter of a chemist and a speech pathologist, Belle grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. She earned a BA from Agnes Scott College. Before she turned to writing fiction, Belle worked in marketing and fundraising for Habitat for Humanity, the YWCA, Annie E. Casey Foundation, and the United Way.

Works
Belle is best known for her novel, The Marriage Lie (Mira, 2017), which was a USA Today, Wall Street Journal, and  a The Globe and Mail bestseller, as well as #1 iTunes UK bestseller and a semifinalist in the 2017 Goodreads Choice Awards for Best Mystery & Thriller and has been translated in a dozen languages. Dear Wife, her fifth novel, was published in June 2019.

The Last Breath, Mira  2014
The Ones We Trust, Mira  2015
The Marriage Lie, Mira  2017
Three Days Missing, Park Row Books  2018.
Dear Wife, Park Row Books, 2019
Stranger in the Lake, Park Row Books, 2020

Personal
Belle and her husband, a Dutch real-estate entrepreneur, have two children. She currently divides her time between Atlanta and Amsterdam.

References

External links

American women novelists
Agnes Scott College alumni
Living people
1968 births
21st-century American women

Kimberly Belle


A coordination polymer is an inorganic or organometallic polymer structure containing metal cation centers linked by ligands. More formally a coordination polymer is a coordination compound with repeating coordination entities extending in 1, 2, or 3 dimensions.

It can also be described as a polymer whose repeat units are coordination complexes. Coordination polymers contain the subclass  coordination networks that are coordination compounds extending, through repeating coordination entities, in 1 dimension, but with cross-links between two or more individual chains, loops, or spiro-links, or a coordination compound extending through repeating coordination entities in 2 or 3 dimensions. A subclass of these are the metal-organic frameworks, or MOFs, that are coordination networks with organic ligands containing potential voids.

Coordination polymers are relevant to many fields, having many potential applications.

Coordination polymers can be classified in a number of ways according to their structure and composition. One important classification is referred to as dimensionality. A structure can be determined to be one-, two- or three-dimensional, depending on the number of directions in space the array extends in. A one-dimensional structure extends in a straight line (along the x axis); a two-dimensional structure extends in a plane (two directions, x and y axes); and a three-dimensional structure extends in all three directions (x, y, and z axes). This is depicted in Figure 1.

History
The work of Alfred Werner and his contemporaries laid the groundwork for the study of coordination polymers. Many time-honored materials are now recognized as coordination polymers.  These include the cyanide complexes Prussian blue and Hofmann clathrates.

Synthesis and propagation
Coordination polymers are often prepared by self-assembly, involving crystallization of a metal salt with a ligand. The mechanisms of crystal engineering and molecular self-assembly are relevant.

The structure and dimensionality of the coordination polymer are determined by the linkers and the coordination geometry of the metal center. Coordination numbers are most often between 2 and 10. Examples of various coordination numbers are shown in planar geometry in Figure 2. In Figure 1 the 1D structure is 2-coordinated, the planar is 4-coordinated, and the 3D is 6-coordinated.

Metal centers

Metal centers, often called nodes or hubs, bond to a specific number of linkers at well defined angles. The number of linkers bound to a node is known as the coordination number, which, along with the angles they are held at, determines the dimensionality of the structure. The coordination number and coordination geometry of a metal center is determined by the nonuniform distribution of electron density around it, and in general the coordination number increases with cation size. Several models, most notably hybridization model and molecular orbital theory, use the Schrödinger equation to predict and explain coordination geometry, however this is difficult in part because of the complex effect of environment on electron density distribution.

Transition metals
Transition metals are commonly used as nodes. Partially filled d orbitals, either in the atom or ion, can hybridize differently depending on environment. This electronic structure causes some of them to exhibit multiple coordination geometries, particularly copper and gold ions which as neutral atoms have full d-orbitals in their outer shells.

Lanthanides
Lanthanides are large atoms with coordination numbers varying from 7 to 14. Their coordination environment can be difficult to predict, making them challenging to use as nodes. They offer the possibility of incorporating luminescent components.

Alkali metals and alkaline earth metals
Alkali metals and alkaline earth metals exist as stable cations. Alkali metals readily form cations with stable valence shells, giving them different coordination behavior than lanthanides and transition metals. They are strongly affected by the counterion from the salt used in synthesis, which is difficult to avoid. The coordination polymers shown in Figure 3 are all group two metals. In this case, the dimensionality of these structures increases as the radius of the metal increases down the group (from calcium to strontium to barium).

Ligands
Coordination polymers require ligands with the ability to form multiple coordination bonds, i.e. act as bridges between metal centers. Many bridging ligands are known.  They range from polyfunctional heterocycles, such as pyrazine, to simple halides. Almost any type of atom with a lone pair of electrons can serve as a ligand.

Very elaborate ligands have been investigated. and phosphorus, have been observed.

Structural orientation

Ligands can be flexible or rigid. A rigid ligand is one that has no freedom to rotate around bonds or reorient within a structure. Flexible ligands can bend, rotate around bonds, and reorient themselves. These different conformations create more variety in the structure. There are examples of coordination polymers that include two configurations of the same ligand within one structure, as well as two separate structures where the only difference between them is ligand orientation.

Ligand length
A length of the ligand can be an important factor in determining possibility for formation of a polymeric structure versus non-polymeric (mono- or oligomeric) structures.

Other factors

Counterion
Besides metal and ligand choice, there are many other factors that affect the structure of the coordination polymer. For example, most metal centers are positively charged ions which exist as salts. The counterion in the salt can affect the overall structure. For example, when silver salts such as AgNO3, AgBF4, AgClO4, AgPF6, AgAsF6 and AgSbF6 are all crystallized with the same ligand, the structures vary in terms of the coordination environment of the metal, as well as the dimensionality of the entire coordination polymer.

Crystallization environment
Additionally, variations in the crystallization environment can also change the structure. Changes in pH, exposure to light, or changes in temperature can all change the resulting structure. Influences on the structure based on changes in crystallization environment are determined on a case by case basis.

Guest molecules

The structure of coordination polymers often incorporates empty space in the form of pores or channels. This empty space is thermodynamically unfavorable. In order to stabilize the structure and prevent collapse, the pores or channels are often occupied by guest molecules. Guest molecules do not form bonds with the surrounding lattice, but sometimes interact via intermolecular forces, such as hydrogen bonding or pi stacking. Most often, the guest molecule will be the solvent that the coordination polymer was crystallized in, but can really be anything (other salts present, atmospheric gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc.) The presence of the guest molecule can sometimes influence the structure by supporting a pore or channel, where otherwise none would exist.

Applications
Coordination polymers are found in some commercialized as dyes.. Metal complex dyes using copper or chromium are commonly used for producing dull colors. Tridentate ligand dyes are useful because they are more stable than their bi- or mono-dentate counterparts.

Some early commercialized coordination polymers are the Hofmann compounds, which have the formula Ni(CN)4Ni(NH3)2.  These materials crystallize with small aromatic guests (benzene, certain xylenes), and this selectivity has been exploited commercially for the separation of these hydrocarbons.

Research trends

Molecular storage
Although not yet practical, porous coordination polymers have potential as molecular sieves in parallel with porous carbon and zeolites. The size and shapes of the pore can be controlled by the linker size and the connecting ligands' length and functional groups. To modify the pore size in order to achieve effective adsorption, nonvolatile guests are intercalated in the porous coordination polymer space to decrease the pore size. Active surface guests can also be used contribute to adsorption. For example, the large-pore MOF-177, 11.8 Å in diameter, can be doped by C60 molecules (6.83 Å in diameter) or polymers with a highly conjugated system in order to increase the surface area for H2 adsorption.

Flexible porous coordination polymers are potentially attractive for molecular storage, since their pore sizes can be altered by physical changes. An example of this might be seen in a polymer that contains gas molecules in its normal state, but upon compression the polymer collapses and releases the stored molecules. Depending on the structure of the polymer, it is possible that the structure be flexible enough that collapsing the pores is reversible and the polymer can be reused to uptake the gas molecules again. The Metal-organic framework page has a detailed section dealing with H2 gas storage.

Luminescence
Luminescent coordination polymers typically feature organic chromophoric ligands, which absorb light and then pass the excitation energy to the metal ion. Coordination polymers are potentially the most versatile luminescent species due to their emission properties being coupled with guest exchange. Luminescent supramolecular architectures have recently attracted much interest because of their potential applications in optoelectronic devices or as fluorescent sensors and probes. Coordination polymers are often more stable (thermo- and solvent-resistant) than purely organic species.
For ligands that fluoresce without the presence of the metal linker (not due to LMCT), the intense photoluminescence emission of these materials tend to be magnitudes of order higher than that of the free ligand alone. These materials can be used for designing potential candidates for light emitting diode (LED) devices. The dramatic increase in fluorescence is caused by the increase in rigidity and asymmetry of the ligand when coordinated to the metal center.

Electrical conductivity
Coordination polymers can have short inorganic and conjugated organic bridges in their structures, which provide pathways for electrical conduction. example of such coordination polymers are conductive metal organic frameworks. Some one-dimensional coordination polymers built as shown in the figure exhibit conductivities in a range of 1x10−6 to 2x10−1 S/cm. The conductivity is due to the interaction between the metal d-orbital and the pi* level of the bridging ligand. In some cases coordination polymers can have semiconductor behavior. Three-dimensional structures consisting of sheets of silver-containing polymers demonstrate semi-conductivity when the metal centers are aligned, and conduction decreases as the silver atoms go from parallel to perpendicular.

Magnetism
Coordination polymers exhibit many kinds of magnetism. Antiferromagnetism, ferrimagnetism, and ferromagnetism are cooperative phenomena of the magnetic spins within a solid arising from coupling between the spins of the paramagnetic centers. In order to allow efficient magnetic, metal ions should be bridged by small ligands allowing for short metal-metal contacts (such as oxo, cyano, and azido bridges).

Sensor capability
Coordination polymers can also show color changes upon the change of solvent molecules incorporated into the structure. An example of this would be the two Co coordination polymers of the [Re6S8(CN)6]4− cluster that contains water ligands that coordinate to the cobalt atoms. This originally orange solution turns either purple or green with the replacement of water with tetrahydrofuran, and blue upon the addition of diethyl ether. The polymer can thus act as a solvent sensor that physically changes color in the presence of certain solvents. The color changes are attributed to the incoming solvent displacing the water ligands on the cobalt atoms, resulting in a change of their geometry from octahedral to tetrahedral.

References

Polymers

Coordination polymer


The Tuxedo Club is a private member-owned country club located on West Lake Road in the village of Tuxedo Park, New York, in the Ramapo Mountains.  Founded in 1886 by Pierre Lorillard IV, its facilities now include an 18-hole golf course, lawn tennis, court tennis, racquets, squash, platform tennis, olympic-sized pool, and boating.  The tuxedo was first introduced to America by New York millionaire James Potter at the club's first Autumn ball in 1886, after a trip to England.

History
The original clubhouse, designed by Bruce Price, was built in 1886 and demolished in 1927.  John Russell Pope's clubhouse was constructed on the original stone foundations the following year.  The clubhouse is U-shaped, with stucco over wood frame, low hipped slate roof, stone embedded in stucco, leaded glass casements, and mullions forming crossettes in continuous fenestration.  Located at the foot of Tuxedo Lake, it commands a view to the other end of lake and two ranges of wooded hills.  A lawn extends between the club house and the lake.

To the northwest of the clubhouse is the court tennis and racquet house, also on West Lake Road. Designed by architects Warren and Wetmore, it was built between 1890 and 1900.  Made of Bickley cement and supported by stone and brick arches in the basement, these courts became a model for future courts built in the United States.  They have full galleries for spectators.  The original glass roof with canvasses has been replaced with artificial light.

Golf course
The golf course does not sit near the main clubhouse facility.  It is roughly  away just outside the gates of the private community known as Tuxedo Park where the main club, tennis club and pool are located.  The golf course is actually the third golf course of the club, as the first became the Blair estate and the second was overtaken by the New York State Thruway, forcing the move of the course to the new location near the Eagle Valley section of Tuxedo.  The course existing today was designed by Robert Trent Jones, Sr.  It is an 18-hole championship course.

References

External links
 The Tuxedo Club

1886 establishments in New York (state)
Golf clubs and courses in New York (state)
Golf clubs and courses designed by Robert Trent Jones
Racquets venues
Real tennis venues
Squash venues in the United States
Tennis venues in New York (state)
Sports venues in New York (state)
Clubs and societies in the United States
Ramapos
Lorillard family
Sports venues in Orange County, New York
Warren and Wetmore buildings
Bruce Price buildings
Tennis clubs

Tuxedo Club


Follicle-stimulating hormone (abbreviated FSH, sometimes called Follitropine) is a glycoprotein and hormone. It is synthesised in the adeno hypophysis of pituitary gland. In females, it controls the synthesising process of progesteron and will cause the growth of follicles in the ovaries. In males, it will lead to the production of sperm. Other hormones control the release of FSH. Luteinizing hormone will cause ovulation in females, or the production of testosterone in males.

This hormone is made by the pituitary glands in the brain.

Related pages
Peptide hormone

Hormones
Female reproductive system

Follicle-stimulating hormone