Sir David Rowat Barclay (27 October 1934 – 10 January 2021) and Sir Frederick Hugh Barclay (born 27 October 1934), commonly referred to as the "Barclay Brothers" or "Barclay Twins", were British billionaires. They were identical twin brothers and, until the death of David in 2021, had joint business interests primarily in media, retail and property.

The Sunday Times Rich List of 2020 estimated their wealth at £7 billion. They earned a reputation for avoiding publicity and have often been described as reclusive.

David's son, Aidan, manages their UK businesses. Their businesses have been accused of tax avoidance, by placing assets under ownership of companies registered abroad and controlled through trusts. Their Press Holdings company owns Apollo and The Spectator magazines and, through a wholly owned subsidiary (Press Acquisitions Limited), they also own Telegraph Group Limited, parent company of The Daily Telegraph and The Sunday Telegraph.

In 1993, the brothers bought the lease of the island of Brecqhou, one of the smallest of the Channel Islands, just off the coast of Sark.

Biography
The Barclay brothers were born within ten minutes of each other in Hammersmith, London, to Scottish parents Beatrice Cecilia (née Taylor; died 1989) and her husband, Frederick Hugh Barclay, a travelling salesman. The couple had eight other children. Frederick Sr. died when the brothers were twelve years old, and they left school four years later in 1950 to work in the accounts department at the General Electric Company before setting up as painters and decorators.

In 1955, David married Zoe Newton, who had trained as a ballet dancer, at St John the Baptist Church, Holland Road, Kensington. Zoe Barclay pursued a modelling career and became the most photographed and highest paid model in Britain of her time, appearing on the front of popular magazines such as Picturegoer. She appeared on television and in the Dairy Council advertisements as the "drinka pinta milka day" girl.

By the end of the 1950s, the brothers were running Candy Corner, tobacconists and confectioners, on the edge of Kensington. However, in November 1960 the business folded when Frederick and Douglas  were made bankrupt at the High Court after their landlord seized the shop because they were in breach of the terms of the lease. A notice in the London Gazette at that time announced the bankruptcies, listing a former business interest of Frederick, then aged 26, and Douglas, two years his junior, as builders and decorators called Barclay Brothers based at the Barclay family home.

Meanwhile, David was registered as a director of Hillgate Estate Agents in 1962, with his wife Zoe as a co-director (she had given up her modelling career to concentrate on her young sons, Aidan, Howard and Duncan). By 1968, however, Frederick was running the family businesses, replacing Zoe on the Hillgate board. He had obtained the discharge of his bankruptcy after David paid the creditors. During this time they redeveloped old boarding houses in London, and made them into hotels.

Between 1968 and 1974, the twins received increasingly large loans from the Crown Agents, a government agency designed to help the colonies and developing countries do business in Britain. In 1970, they bought Gestplan Hotels, which operated the exclusive Londonderry House Hotel in Park Lane, from a group of Lebanese bankers.

In the mid-1970s, Frederick met and married Hiroko Asada (née Kuzusaka), a familiar figure among Japanese society in London; she had a son from her previous marriage, Ko Asada Barclay, who is married to Sara Love.

From the late 1960s onwards, the Barclay brothers continued to build up stakes in businesses such as breweries and casinos. In 1975, they bought the Howard Hotel, overlooking the Thames at Temple Place. In 1983, they bought Ellerman, the brewing and shipping group, for £45m. They later sold its brewing division for £240m. They used the proceeds to buy the Ritz Hotel in London's Piccadilly in 1995. They spent £370 million on Gotaas-Larsen, a Bermuda-based shipping company, and £200 million on the Automotive Financial Group, a motor retail chain in 1994. The brothers were involved in philanthropy, and were knighted in 2000 for their support of medical research, to which they have donated an estimated £40 million between 1987 and 2000.

In 2004 they were listed in 42nd place with an estimate of £750 million on The Sunday Times Rich List, and in 2006 they were ranked 24th with a value of £1,800m. In 2012, they topped the Media Rich List with an estimate of £2.25 billion.

David died on 10 January 2021, after a short illness.

In May 2021, the court ordered Frederick to pay his wife, Hiroko, £100m on a divorce she had initiated; the judge criticised Frederick for selling a yacht contrary to court orders. The court said he had "completely ignored those orders, sold the yacht, and applied the equity for his own use. I regarded that behaviour as reprehensible" ... "[He] is a public figure who should have been aware of the potential consequences of disobedience of court orders and his behaviour in the proceedings should not be allowed to pass completely under the radar". On 28 July 2022, a high court judge ruled that Frederick's ex-wife of 34 years had failed to prove he was in contempt of court for not paying her a £100m divorce settlement. However, he was told he faced a potential jail sentence after a judge found him in contempt of court for failing to pay his ex-wife £245,000 in legal fees and monthly maintenance costs.

Business interests

Shipping

Ellerman Lines
In 1983, the brothers purchased brewing and shipping group Ellerman for £45m. They later sold its brewing division (for £240m), and in late 1985 its shipping business (to its management). The Ellerman deal helped the Barclays develop the strategy of buying companies, breaking them up and profiting from the real estate. The technique of approaching an insider to obtain an advantage also set a precedent for later deals: the Barclays approached the Ellerman non-executive chairman, David Scott, at a secret meeting in Monte Carlo. Scott recalled in his memoirs that David Barclay requested an exclusive option to buy the firm, and to keep it secret from all but two directors, in return for a promise that Scott would stay on as non-executive chairman. However, moments after signing the sale document, Scott was handed a letter (by the Barclays' lawyer) demanding his immediate resignation on grounds that he had been indiscreet about the offer.

Retail

The Very Group and Littlewoods
In 2002, the brothers purchased the Liverpool-based retail company Littlewoods from its founders, the Moores family, for £750 million. The deal was bankrolled by HBOS, which also took a 5% equity stake in the brothers' bidding vehicle, LW Investments. The brothers merged the company with their earlier purchase, The Very Group, to form Littlewoods Shop Direct Home Shopping Limited, which operates a majority share of the United Kingdom's home shopping market. They also closed and sold off the Littlewoods department store chain, with the largest parcel of 120 properties being purchased by Associated British Foods for leasing mainly to its subsidiary Primark, while other stores were leased to Marks & Spencer, New Look and British Home Stores.

Two years after the brothers' acquisition of Littlewoods Ltd., HM Revenue and Customs repaid the company VAT that it had charged in breach of EU law. Since October 2004, more than £200 million in overpaid VAT and £268 million in simple interest was repaid to the company. However, Littlewoods argued that the company was owed a compounded interest rate and subsequently sued HMRC for £1 billion.

Yodel
Delivery company Yodel has received criticism for its poor service in the past, but has improved over recent years. Yodel (which operates via Home Delivery Network Ltd.) suffered a £130 million loss in 2011.

handbag.com
In October 2006, the Barclays sold handbag.com for £22 million. This was almost all profit: they acquired the website after it was set up as a joint venture between Hollinger International and the Boots Group in 1999.  The Handbag group was a collection of four websites designed for female users: the high fashion getlippy.com, the fashion and home life-focused allaboutyou.com, a "specialist pregnancy site" gomamatoday.com and handbag.com.

Woolworths and Ladybird brands

On 2 February 2009, it was announced that the brothers' The Very Group had purchased the brand names of Woolworths and Ladybird children's clothing for an undisclosed amount, from Deloitte, the administrators of the failed Woolworths Group.

Newspapers
Many of the brothers' publishing interests are owned through a Jersey company, Press Holdings.

The European
In 1992, the Barclay brothers entered the newspaper publishing industry by buying The European newspaper, formerly part of Robert Maxwell's holdings. The weekly paper became a high-end business tabloid, but closed in 1998.

The Scotsman
In 1995, they bought The Scotsman newspaper, and in 1996 appointed former Sunday Times editor Andrew Neil to oversee their publishing interests. On 19 December 2005, the Barclays sold The Scotsman Publications Ltd, itself then part of Press Holdings Group, for £160 million to Johnston Press. The Barclays had owned these publications for a decade, and said they intended to use the capital raised on their other interests. During their ownership of The Scotsman, the newspaper had seven editors in nine years (see The Scotsman: Editors).

Sunday Business
In 1998 they bought and relaunched the Sunday Business newspaper with editor Jeff Randall. It became a weekly magazine The Business in 2006, and was merged into The Spectator in 2008.

The Telegraph Media Group
In July 2004, the Barclays bought The Telegraph Group (now Telegraph Media Group), which includes The Daily Telegraph, The Sunday Telegraph, and The Spectator after months of intense bidding and lawsuits. The Telegraph Group was owned by Hollinger Inc. of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, the newspaper group controlled by the Canadian-born British businessman Conrad Black. As part of a February 2004 judgment, an American judge, Leo Strine, accused the Barclay brothers of being "less than fully candid", adding they had "remained silent while Lord Black misled the Hollinger Inc. International board", remarks that incurred the brothers' wrath, with David branding the criticisms "grossly unfair".

The brothers' period as newspaper proprietors was more tumultuous than with their property interests. At the Telegraph Group, Murdoch MacLennan made over 100 journalists redundant in 2006, prompting the National Union of Journalists (NUJ) to consider strike action. The Sunday Telegraph editor Dominic Lawson was sacked and replaced by Sarah Sands in June 2005, but Sands lasted just nine months. Patience Wheatcroft from The Times was appointed editor in March 2006. She was replaced by Ian McGregor one year later. In February 2015, Peter Oborne, the Chief Political Correspondent resigned from the newspaper in protest at its editorial direction. Jason Seiken was made editor-in-chief and chief content officer of Telegraph Media Group in October 2013, but announced his departure after 18 months in April 2015.

In October 2019, it was announced that the brothers were seeking to sell the Telegraph Group amid speculation that their business interests were in some difficulty. On 7 June 2023, after a bitter row over nearly £1bn of unpaid debts, the Daily and Sunday Telegraph, amongst others, were put up for sale by AlixPartners, who had been appointed by Bank of Scotland as official receiver to seize the shares owned by the Barclay family in the holding company that ultimately controlled the national newspapers and The Spectator magazine.

Controversies

Tax exile accusation
The Guardian has stated that the brothers are tax exiles, and although they reside, at least some of the time, in Monaco (giving Avenue de Grande Bretagne, Monte Carlo as their address) they operate their businesses from an office in the United Kingdom. When asked if he was a tax exile, Frederick stated that he lived abroad for health reasons. The corporate tax arrangements of the Ritz Hotel, purchased and refurbished by the brothers in 1995, were the subject of a December 2012 investigation by BBC's Panorama current affairs television programme, which found the hotel had paid no corporation tax in the UK for 17 years, after legally claiming reliefs.

Sark and Brecqhou disputes

In 1993, the Barclay brothers bought the tenement of the island of Brecqhou, a small sister island of Sark, one of the Channel Islands. Their mock-Gothic castle on Brecqhou, designed by Quinlan Terry, features  granite walls, battlements, two swimming pools and a helicopter pad. Since their purchase of the tenement of Brecqhou, the Barclays have been in several legal disputes with the government of Sark over such issues as the Barclays' violation of Sark's law banning motor cars. They have also expressed a desire to make Brecqhou politically independent from Sark – building on the research of William Toplis, the painter, and others, who argued that Brecqhou was not a part of the fief of Sark.

In the mid-1990s, the brothers petitioned the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, France, challenging Sark's inheritance law, which mandated their island be left to David's oldest son. The brothers wanted to will their estate equally to their four children. Sark's legislature decided to amend the inheritance law, allowing residents to leave property to any one of their children. In 2002, the brothers claimed their property tax was too high, particularly since they maintained Brecqhou's paths and dock. Fearing more litigation, Sark officials cut the Barclays' tax rate.

In 2008 (partially due to legal activity by the Barclay brothers), Sark dismantled its 443-year-old feudal system of government on the premise that this was necessary to comply with the European Convention on Human Rights. On 16 January 2008 and 21 February 2008, the Chief Pleas approved a law which introduced a 30-member chamber, with 28 members elected in Island-wide elections, one hereditary member and one member appointed for life. On 9 April 2008, the Privy Council approved the Sark law reforms, and the first elections under the new law were held in December 2008.

On 11 December 2008, the Barclay brothers were in the news for pulling out their investments (which included hotels) from the island of Sark, causing 170 staff to be made redundant, after local voters did not support candidates championed by the Barclay brothers. The brothers had previously warned that if the voters chose to bring back the 'establishment' Sark leaders that are still aligned with the feudal lord then they would pull out of Sark.

After the 2008 election, the brothers claimed that the presence of two unelected figures on Sark's government – the seigneur and the seneschal, the local judge – was unjustifiable. They took their fight to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, arguing that the two roles break human rights laws that protect the rights of citizens to elect lawmakers. Their challenge was dismissed, but the Barclays said they would continue to fight, taking their case to the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg.

On 28 March 2012, BBC Radio 4 dedicated part of its Today programme to analysis of the Barclay brothers' role in Sark. It reported that the islanders were protesting against bullying and intimidation by representatives of the Barclays after a story in their local paper had prompted the only doctor to leave the island. The doctor had used a boat rather than the Barclays' helicopter to transport a patient who was having a seizure to hospital on Guernsey, which was reported in the Barclays' paper as negligent. Despite support from the patient's family and the local BMA, the doctor left Sark after the story, leaving the island without a doctor.

Ritz Hotel bugging
On 25 February 2020, the High Court in London was told that Frederick and his daughter Amanda were secretly recorded for several months after David's sons Alistair, Aidan and Howard bugged the Ritz Hotel conservatory. Alistair Barclay had been seen handling an alleged bugging device. As of February 2020, Aidan Barclay, his son Andrew and two brothers face legal action for misuse of private information, breach of confidence and breach of data protection laws. CCTV footage released by Frederick to the media on 18 May 2020 shows Alistair Barclay handling the alleged bugging device in the conservatory of the Ritz Hotel "where Sir Frederick liked to conduct business meetings and smoke cigars." According to court documents, a second bug was supplied by private investigation firm Quest Global Limited.

References

External links
BBC Radio 4, Today: Sark Islanders fear takeover – 28 March 2012
BBC: Telegraph empire in tycoons' grip – 18 January 2004
BBC: Profile: the Barclay brothers – 11 December 2008
The Scotsman: Barclay brothers land Telegraph group as £677m deal is finally done – 30 July 2004
The Guardian: Barclays Take Over at Telegraph – 30 July 2004 – includes links to related stories
Lady Beatrice Photo of the Barclay brothers' yacht in Monaco
Le Monde: ''Le milliardaire Sir David Barclay veut interdire une pièce de théâtre racontant son histoire – 16 December 2018

Business duos
Identical twin males
English identical twins
British mass media owners
English people of Scottish descent
British newspaper publishers (people)
Businesspeople from Hammersmith
Knights Bachelor
Businesspeople awarded knighthoods
20th-century British businesspeople
21st-century British businesspeople
English expatriates in Monaco
People named in the Panama Papers
British billionaires
People named in the Paradise Papers

David and Frederick Barclay


The Late Late Show with James Corden (also known as Late Late) is an American late-night talk show hosted by James Corden on CBS. It is the fourth and current version of The Late Late Show.

Corden was announced as the show's new host on September 8, 2014, replacing Craig Ferguson. The show premiered on March 23, 2015.

On April 4, 2017, it was confirmed that Corden would bring The Late Late Show to England for three special episodes. It was the third time in the show's history that it aired from another country, with Ferguson taking his incarnation to Paris, France, in 2011 and Scotland in 2012. Corden returned to London to film a week of shows June 18–21, 2018, and June 17–20, 2019.

In July 2019, CBS announced that Corden's contract to run the show had been extended until August 2023.

References

2015 American television series debuts
2010s American television series
American comedy television series
American television talk shows
CBS network shows
English-language television programs

The Late Late Show with James Corden


The Rational root theorem  (or rational zero theorem) is a proven idea in mathematics. It says that if the coefficients of a polynomial are integers, then one can find all of the possible rational roots by dividing each factor of the constant term by each factor of the leading coefficient. [1][2]

Think about this polynomial:
anxn + an-1xn-1 + an-2xn-2 + … + a0

All of the possible rational roots are these: ±factors of a0 / ±factors of an

This only finds the rational roots. There may be irrational or imaginary roots. Other theorems, such as Descartes' rule of signs, help find how many imaginary roots there are for a given equation. [1]

Example
Think about this polynomial: 15x4 + 2x3 – 10x2 + x – 8

Factors of the leading coefficient are: 15: ±1,±3,±5,±15

Factors of the constant are: -8: ±1,±2,±4,±8

Possible rational roots are: ±1/1, ±2/1, ±4/1, ±8/1, ±1/3, ±2/3, ±4/3, ±8/3, ±1/5, ±2/5, ±4/5, ±8/5, ±1/15, ±2/15, ±4/15, ±8/15

References
Larson, Ron. Algebra 2. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell, 2007. Print.
Phillip S. Jones, Jack D. Bedient: The historical roots of elementary mathematics. Dover 	Courier Publications 1998, , pp. 116–117

Algebra
Mathematical theorems

Rational root theorem


Music described as piano six hands is for three pianists at one piano, as distinct from piano duet which is music for two pianists at one piano, and from piano trio which is music for piano, violin and cello.  Not much music has been written for this combination, although there are several arrangements of music originally written for other forces.

Examples
Compositions include 5 pieces by Percy Grainger, Sergei Rachmaninoff's Romance and Valse, Alfred Schnittke's Hommage, Carl Czerny's op.17 and 741, Jean Cras's "Âmes d'enfants", Paul Robinson (composer)'s "Pensees" and "Monmartre", various pieces by German composer Armin Fuchs, Bulgarian composer Tomislav Baynov's "Metrorhythmia 1", John Pitts's "Are You Going?", Greek composer Dionysis Boukouvalas's "Fantasy on a theme by Steve Reich", Canadian composer Paul Frehner's "Slowdown" and Italian composer Fabio Mengozzi's "Promenade".

References

Musical terminology
Piano

Piano six hands


The Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II marked the 25th anniversary of the accession of Queen Elizabeth II on 6 February 1952. It was celebrated with large-scale parties and parades throughout the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth throughout 1977, culminating in June with the official "Jubilee Days", held to coincide with the Queen's Official Birthday. The anniversary date itself was commemorated in church services across the land on 6 February 1977, and continued to be for the rest of that month. In March, preparations started for large parties in every major city of the United Kingdom, as well as for smaller ones for countless individual streets throughout the country.

National and international goodwill visits

No monarch before Queen Elizabeth II had visited more of the United Kingdom in such a short span of time (the trips lasted three months). All in all, the Queen and her husband Prince Philip visited a total of 36 counties. The trip started with record crowds gathering to see the Queen and Prince Philip in Glasgow, Scotland, on 17 May. After moving to England (where a record one million spectators came to greet the couple in Lancashire) and Wales, the Queen and Prince Philip wrapped up the first of their trips with a visit to Northern Ireland. Among the places visited during the national trips were numerous schools, which were the subject of a television special hosted by presenter Valerie Singleton.

Later in the summer, the Queen and Prince Philip embarked on a Commonwealth visit that first brought them to island nations such as Fiji and Tonga, following up with longer stints in New Zealand and Australia, with a final stop in Papua New Guinea before going on to the British holdings in the West Indies. The final stop on the international tour was a trip to Canada, in which Prince Charles joined the couple to greet the crowds.

Jubilee celebrations

Australia

During the Queen's Silver Jubilee tour of Australia in March 1977, a Silver Jubilee Parade was held in front of Parliament House in Canberra.

The Royal Australian Mint released a commemorative Silver Jubilee 50c coin, which featured twenty-five representations of St Edward's Crown.

Two commemoratives stamps were released by Australia Post to celebrate the Jubilee.

Australian artist, Paul Fitzgerald, was commissioned to complete the only official portrait of the Queen during the Silver Jubilee year.

The 1977 Silver Jubilee and Queen's Birthday Honours in Australia were announced on 14 June 1977.

Silver Jubilee celebrations culminated in December 1977 with 35,000 serving personnel taking part in open parades across Australia.

Canada

The Queen and her husband visited Canada in 1977 to mark her Silver Jubilee. During the tour, the Queen attended the opening of the Parliamentary session and delivered the Speech from the Throne, the second time in Canadian history that she had done so.

To mark the milestone, Canada instituted a Silver Jubilee medal on 6 February 1977. It was awarded to individuals who had been deemed to have made a significant contribution to their fellow citizens, their community or to Canada.

A 25-cent stamp was issued to celebrate the Silver Jubilee in Canada.

The Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Endowment Fund for Study in a Second Language was launched that provided funding for young Canadians interested in increasing their proficiency in another language.

New Zealand

During the Queen's Silver Jubilee tour of New Zealand from 22 February to 7 March 1977, she and Prince Philip visited 11 centres in New Zealand. The Queen opened the Beehive, Parliament's new executive wing in Wellington.

A set of stamps was released by New Zealand to mark the Queen's Silver Jubilee.

To commemorate the Silver Jubilee, Queen Elizabeth the Second National Trust was established in New Zealand as a national trust to encourage and promote the provision, protection, and enhancement of open space for the benefit and enjoyment of the people of New Zealand.

The 1977 Queen's Silver Jubilee and Birthday Honours in New Zealand were announced on 11 June 1977.

United Kingdom

On 3 May, a humble address was presented to the Queen on the occasion of her Silver Jubilee. The next day, she addressed Parliament at Westminster Hall, and her speech was deemed controversial by some parliamentarians. The Queen referred to "keen discussion of proposals for devolution to Scotland and Wales within the United Kingdom". While she could "readily understand these aspirations", the Queen added that she could not "forget that I was crowned Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Perhaps this Jubilee is a time to remind ourselves of the benefits which union has conferred, at home and in our international dealings, on the inhabitants of all parts of this United Kingdom". The SNP MP Donald Stewart later asked if Prime Minister James Callaghan accepted "responsibility" for the Queen's remarks.

On 6 June, the Queen lit a bonfire beacon at Windsor Castle, the light of which spread across the night in a chain of other beacons throughout the whole country. On 7 June, crowds lined the route of the procession to St Paul's Cathedral, where the royal family attended a national service of thanksgiving alongside many world leaders, including United States President Jimmy Carter, and Prime Minister James Callaghan as well as all of the living former prime ministers (Harold Macmillan, The Lord Home of the Hirsel, Sir Harold Wilson and Edward Heath). The service was followed by lunch in the Guildhall, hosted by the Lord Mayor of the City of London Peter Vanneck. At the reception, the Queen was quoted as saying:

After the luncheon, the procession continued down The Mall to Buckingham Palace, where an estimated one million people lined the pavements to see the family wave to onlookers. A further 500 million people around the Commonwealth watched the day's events on live television. On 7 June, streets and villages threw elaborate parties for all their residents, and many streets strung bunting (the little flags were usually modelled in pattern after the Union Flag) from rooftop to rooftop across the street. In addition to parties, many streets decorated motor vehicles as historical events from Britain's past, and drove them about town, organising their very own parades. In London alone there were over 4000 organised parties for individual streets and neighbourhoods. Throughout the entire day, onlookers were greeted by the Queen many times as she made several appearances for pictures from the balcony of Buckingham Palace.

On 9 June, the Queen made a Royal Progress trip via boat up the River Thames from Greenwich to Lambeth, in a re-enactment of the famous progresses taken by Queen Elizabeth I. On the trip, the Queen officially opened the Silver Jubilee Walkway and the South Bank Jubilee Gardens, two of numerous places named after the festivities. In the evening, she presided over a fireworks display and was taken subsequently by a procession of lighted carriages to Buckingham Palace, where she greeted onlookers yet again from her balcony.

Lasting impact
A fountain in the central lawn of the New Palace Yard was installed in 1977 to commemorate the Silver Jubilee and recalls the lost medieval fountain of Henry VI. The fountain stands in an octagonal pool in the centre of which is a large welded steel sculpture by Walenty Pytel. The sculpture is decorated with depictions of birds and beasts from six continents and is surmounted by a gilded crown.

Various places were named after the Jubilee. The under-construction "Fleet line" of the London Underground was renamed the Jubilee line, and given a silver line colour, though it did not open until 1979. Other places named after the Jubilee were the Silver Jubilee Walkway and the Jubilee Gardens in South Bank, London. The Silver Jubilee Bridge – connecting Runcorn and Widnes across the Mersey – was also renamed in honour of this jubilee.

Apart from names, the Jubilee also saw the borough of Derby granted the status of a city.

Similar parties and parades were planned for the Golden Jubilee in 2002.

For the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II in 2012, a  by  print of a photograph of the British royal family taken during her Silver Jubilee celebrations at Buckingham Palace was erected in front of the Sea Containers House under renovation.

Commemorative memorabilia

A round silver pendant, designed by the then newly retired English rower, John Pinches, was issued by Franklin Mint in 1977 to commemorate the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee. The double-sided oval pendant has a distinctive design incorporating the four emblems of the countries of the United Kingdom: the Tudor rose for England, daffodils for Wales, thistles for Scotland and shamrocks for Northern Ireland.

Around the edges of the pendant can be seen Silver Jubilee 1977, (C) JP 77 P and a full hallmark: JP (maker's mark for John Pinches), 925, London Assay Office mark for imported silver, date stamp C (for year 1977) and queen's head (for silver jubilee year).

In popular culture

Before, during, and after the events of Jubilee, the event was addressed in many media of popular culture throughout the Commonwealth.

With the official UK record chart for Jubilee week about to be released, the Daily Mirror predicted that "God Save the Queen" by the British punk rock band the Sex Pistols would be number one. As it turned out, the controversial record placed second, behind a Rod Stewart single in its fourth week at the top. Many believed that the record had actually qualified for the top spot, but that the chart had been rigged to prevent a spectacle. McLaren later claimed that CBS Records, which was distributing both singles, told him that the Sex Pistols were actually outselling Stewart two to one. There is evidence that an exceptional directive was issued by the British Phonographic Institute, which oversaw the chart-compiling bureau, to exclude sales from record-company operated shops such as Virgin's for that week only.

On 7 June, Sex Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren and the record label Virgin arranged to charter a private boat and have the Sex Pistols perform while sailing down the River Thames, passing Westminster Pier and the Houses of Parliament. The event, a mockery of the Queen's river procession planned for two days later, ended in chaos. Police launches forced the boat to dock, and constabulary surrounded the gangplanks at the pier. While the band members and their equipment were hustled down a side stairwell, McLaren, Vivienne Westwood, and many of the band's entourage were arrested.

On 6 and 7 June, Queen finished their A Day at the Races Tour by playing two concerts at Earls Court, London to commemorate the Jubilee. The concerts also saw the band use a lighting rig in the shape of a crown for the first time.

The soap opera Coronation Street wrote an elaborate Jubilee parade into the storyline, having Rovers' Return Inn manager Annie Walker dress up in elaborate costume as Elizabeth I. Ken Barlow and "Uncle Albert" played Sir Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing respectively. The Jubilee also figured into the time-travel storyline of a 1983 Doctor Who story, Mawdryn Undead. The Jubilee was depicted in the finale of the third season of The Crown with Olivia Colman as the Queen.

See also

List of events during the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II
Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal
1977 Silver Jubilee and Birthday Honours
Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II
Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II
Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II
Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II
Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II
Rosa 'Silver Jubilee'
 List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign
 List of jubilees of British monarchs

References

External links
The Queen's Silver Jubilee, 1977
The Queen's Silver Jubilee address (4 May 1977), from the BBC
This day in history (7 June 1977), from the BBC

1977 festivals
British royal jubilees
Monarchy in Australia
Monarchy in Canada
Monarchy in New Zealand
1977 in Australia
1977 in Canada
1977 in the Bahamas
1977 in Barbados
1977 in Jamaica
1977 in New Zealand
1977 in the United Kingdom
Elizabeth II
February 1977 events in the United Kingdom
Silver jubilees

Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II


Kala Suri Diliup Gabadamudalige is a Sri Lankan pianist, keyboardist, composer, lyricist and producer. He is the pioneer in Computer/MIDI Music in Sri Lanka.

Educated at Royal College, Colombo, where he was a pioneer member of the Royal College Band. A prize winner in Piano from the Trinity College of Music, he was the leader of the Junior Symphony Orchestra of Sri Lanka. However in 1979 he joined Air Lanka as an aircraft technician and underwent training at the Air Force Academy, China Bay, Trincomalee and went on to work as an Aircraft Technician at the Colombo Airport in Katunayake until he left the field in 1985 to take up full-time music.

He was the Music Director of Young Asia Television (YA TV) from its inception till December 2003 and pioneered the Institute of Computer Music Technology in 2002. For his contribution in the field of music, he was awarded the title Kala Suri by the government of Sri Lanka. Diliup was also awarded the first Lylie Godrich Memorial Award for Contributions to the Western Music Industry of Sri Lanka by the Govt. in 2011.

External links
Diliup's Homepage
Untold story of Ravana
Crusader for original compositions
Diliup's Software
Spreading the word of the Buddha

Living people
Sinhalese musicians
Sri Lankan singer-songwriters
Sri Lankan male singer-songwriters
Alumni of Royal College, Colombo
Sri Lankan composers
Kala Suri
Year of birth missing (living people)

Dilup Gabadamudalige


The Advocacy Campaign Team for Mining (ACT) is the National Mining Association's  national network which provides tools to communicate with legislators at all levels of government to shape and influence public policies governing the United States mining industry.

Projects

Federal Issue: National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

Opposes the "never-ending process, devouring millions of dollars and years of time on costly, redundant studies, conflicting requirements and wasteful litigation."  As of March 8, 2006, it was asking members to write a letter with these talking points:

NEPA does not impose deadlines for evaluating Environmental Impact Studies, causing "paralysis by analysis."
The mining industry relies heavily on federal land to produce  minerals and meet market demands. "Since 1980, the number of plans for new mining projects filed with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management has fallen steeply" and the industry is "throttled when projects never materialize and jobs are sent offshore."
Congress must "gain a better understanding of the economic impacts of NEPA on the mining industry and American economy."

State Issues
At various times, the organization posts requests for specific actions for the states of Colorado, Kentucky, Montana, Ohio, Oregon, Virginia, Washington and West Virginia.

References

External links
House NEPA Taskforce website

Business organizations based in the United States
Mining in the United States

Advocacy Campaign Team for Mining


Kalita is an ethnic group or a caste of Assamese Hindus belonging to the state of Assam in North East India. Kalita is a forward caste and belongs to General or Unreserved category. Kalita represents a category in the tribe-caste continuum of Assamese society that is placed between the Keot on one side and Ganak and Brahmin on the other. According to historians like S.L.Barua, Kalitas started migrating from North and East India to Assam during the 11th century rule of Dharmapal.

Origin

Legendary origins
According to the Purana tradition, the Kalitas are considered as pure Aryan, though this is not accepted as absolute truth. Though the Aryan descent theories endorse the arrival of the Kalitas "before the rise of the existing professional castes", the Kalitas generally claim to belong to the Kshatriya caste, and call themselves kulalupta, kula meaning caste and lupta meaning gone ("lost caste") in the context of the legend that the Kalitas "were Ksatriyas who fled from the wrath of Parasurama who was determined to exterminate the Ksatriya and later concealed themselves in the forest of Assam.

Other hypothesis of origins
According to the legends, they are "the non-Vedic Aryans" who are responsible for bringing Aryan culture to Assam. Having mingled with local population, they still preserve certain elements of Aryan culture even after localising their culture to some extent.

B.S. Guha has found similarities between some surnames of "Alpine Nagar Brahmins" of Gujarat with those of North East India, as referred in the Nidhanpur land grants of Kamarupa King Bhaskaravarman (6th century A.D.) such as Datta, Dhara, Deva, Nandi, Sena, and Vasu, etc. and connects them with the Kalitas of Assam. Again, historian Kanaklal Barua mentions these surnames while referring to the Nidhanpur inscription and says that these surnames "now belong almost exclusively to the Bengali Kayasthas".

Few scholars including K.R. Medhi, K.L. Barua, P.C. Choudhuri, M. Neog, B. K. Kakati made speculations by drawing the references of Greek records, words like Kakatiai, Kalaiai, Kaltis, Koudontai, Kudutai, Gurucharitis and few early religious literatures to establish the Kalitas through materials not based on ethnology or anthropology. According to B.C. Allen, all the Hinduised people except Brahmins were Kalita barring other aboriginal groups like Bodo-Kachari.

Mirroring the history of lower Assam, the Kalitas were regarded to be a part of the Koches. They are considered to be the original priestly class of the Koch ethnic group but with the introduction of Brahmins by Biswa Singha, the Kalitas were replaced from their original priesthood position. In Upper Assam,  Kalita represents the highest category in the tribe-caste continuum of Assamese society. In this process, a tribal neophyte usually belonging to Kachari, Garo, Lalung, Mikir peoples, takes initiation in a Sattra under a Guru and successively discards his own beliefs and habits to be replaced by the Hindu social code. It is also observed that lowercaste groups such as the Sut and even Duliya (a section of Nath Jogis) in an attempt for upward mobility in the caste hierarchy describe themselves as Sut Kalita and Duliya Kalita and this is true for  artisan caste like the Kumar, Komar, Sonari, Katani, Nat (Dancers) who attach the term Kalita to their name for similar purposes.

Demand of reservation
Since 1988, few people of the Kalita community has been demanding Scheduled Tribe status. All Assam Kalita Janogosthi Student Union (AAKJSU) has demanded 50% reservation in government sector jobs and demanded reservation of 25 MLA seats in Assam, 3 in Lok Sabha and 2 in Rajya Sabha seats from Assam. They also demanded the formation of a Kalita Development Council and the Pagjyotishpur Autonomous Council.

Notable Kalitas

Maniram Dewan, Freedom fighter, one of the first people to establish tea garden in Assam.
Rana Pratap Kalita.

See also
Kayastha
Napit (caste)
Chandala
Dhupi

References

Bibliography

Printed sources

Internet

Indo-Aryan peoples
Cultural history of Assam
Indian castes
Politics of Assam
Social groups of Assam
Assamese-language surnames

Kalita (caste)


The ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Auditor certification consists of a professional certification for auditors specializing in information security management systems (ISMS) based on the ISO/IEC 27001 standard and ISO 19011.

The training of lead auditors normally includes a classroom/online training and exam portion and a requirement to have performed a number of ISO/IEC 27001 audits and a number of years of information security experience. The training course is provided by any organisation wishing to deliver the training. Some certification bodies offer ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Auditor training courses such as BEHAVIOUR, TRECCERT, IRCA and PECB. Attending the course and passing the exam is not sufficient for an individual to use the credentials of Lead Auditor as professional and audit experience is required. The specific requirements to obtain a certificate stating the qualification of "ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Auditor" vary depending on the organisation issuing the certificate. Usually, all these programs are accredited or are in compliance with the ISO/IEC 17024 standard.

The course usually consists of around forty hours (four days) of training and a final exam on the fifth day. This certification is different from the ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer certification which is targeted for information security professionals who want to implement the ISO/IEC 27001 standard rather than audit it. Most of the five-day ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Auditor courses require some prerequisite knowledge of ISO/IEC 27001 but the content of the courses may vary, depending on the certification body.

A management systems certification body (or, MSCB) usually requires that the ISO/IEC 27001 auditors hold this type of certification. To issue ISO/IEC 27001 certificates to organisations, a management systems certification body shall be accredited, usually by an National Accreditation Body (or, NAB) by complying with ISO/IEC 17021-1 and ISO/IEC 27006.

The professionals that hold the ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Auditor certification, have the required knowledge and expertise to conduct and lead ISO/IEC 27001 internal and external audits, either, as part of consultancy services or as management systems certification body auditors.

The main benefit from achieving the ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Auditor certification is the recognition that the individual has the required skills in information security, the ISO/IEC 27001 standard, and the audit methods and techniques based on ISO 19011.

The main ISO/IEC 27001 auditor certifications normally follow these designations:
 Provisional ISMS Auditor or Associate ISMS Auditor
 ISMS Auditor/Internal Auditor
 Lead ISMS Auditor

References

External links
 International Accreditation Forum
 ISO
 BEHAVIOUR

27001

ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Auditor


Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia (Moscow, 26 May 1826 – Wiesbaden, 28 January 1845) was the second child and daughter of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich of Russia and Princess Charlotte of Württemberg who took the name Elena Pavlovna upon her conversion to the Orthodox faith. Through her father, Elizabeth was a granddaughter of Tsar Paul I of Russia, and a niece of both Russian emperors Alexander I and Nicholas I.

Biography
Elizabeth, nicknamed "Lili", was born in the Kremlin in Moscow and she was named after her aunt who had died earlier that month, the Empress Elizabeth, wife of Emperor Alexander I and a close friend of her mother. She grew up with her other siblings in the Mikhailovsky Palace in Saint Petersburg. Elizabeth was said to be the prettiest among her sisters and, like her mother, Elena Pavlovna, she was graceful in manners and well-educated. By the end of 1843, Adolf, Duke of Nassau was visiting St. Petersburg and met Elizabeth for the first time. Adolf's stepmother was Princess Pauline of Württemberg, Elizabeth's maternal aunt. Adolf and Elizabeth fell in love and they eventually got married on 31 January 1844 in St. Petersburg. Elizabeth was 17 years old and Adolf was 26.

After the wedding, the couple stayed in Russia for some time until they moved to Germany and took up residence in Castle Biebrich in Wiesbaden. Elizabeth, now Duchess of Nassau, was popular among the people.

She and Adolf were happily married and the news that she was already pregnant with their first child brought great happiness to the couple. After only a year, Elizabeth died giving birth to a daughter, who also did not survive. The grief-stricken Adolf ordered the construction of a Russian Orthodox church - the St. Elizabeth's Church in Neroberg Park, Wiesbaden - to house her remains The location of the church on the hill was chosen by Adolf himself so that he could always have a view of the church from his residence. Elizabeth's sarcophagus can still be seen today inside the church.

Ancestry

References

|-

|-

1826 births
1845 deaths
House of Romanov
Grand duchesses of Russia
House of Nassau-Weilburg
Duchesses in Germany
Deaths in childbirth
19th-century women from the Russian Empire
Royal reburials


Clan Logan is a baith a Hieland an Lawland Scots clan. The clan daes no hae a Chief recognised bi Lord Lyon King of Arms, an therefore can be considered an Armigerous clan. The day, it is thocht bi some that Clan MacLennan is a variant o the Hieland Logan Clan.

Logan
Logan

Clan Logan


Jirair Sefilian (Ժիրայր Սեֆիլյան; born 10 July 1967) is an Armenian military commander and political activist. He is one of the leaders of Armenian opposition and the head of Founding Parliament opposition group. Since April 8, 2015 he is under arrest and recognized as a political prisoner.

Biography
In 1990 Sefilian arrived in Armenia and participated in the Karabakh War. Sefilian became the commander of the Shushi special military commando, playing a significant role during the Battle of Shusha. Sefilian was awarded with the First Degree Order of the Combat Cross.

Other websites
Biography

1967 births
Armenian military people
Armenian activists
Prisoners
People from Beirut
Living people

Jirair Sefilian


Jüri Tamm (5 February 1957 – 22 September 2021) was an Estonian hammer thrower and politician. Representing the USSR, he won a bronze medal in the 1980 and 1988 Summer Olympics and a silver medal at the 1987 World Championships in Athletics. He set the world record for the hammer in 1980.

Athletic career
Tamm held the world record in hammer throw with 80.46 metres for a brief period in 1980, although his record was soon overcome by teammates Yuriy Sedykh and Sergey Litvinov. Tamm's personal best throw, 84.40 metres, was achieved in 1984.

He finished 5th at the 1992 Summer Olympics, now representing the restored independent Estonia.

Political career
In 1998 Tamm entered political life. He was elected three times into the Parliament of Estonia in 1999–2003 (the Economic Affairs Committee), in 2003–2007 (the Economic Affairs Committee) and in 2007–2011 (the Economic Affairs Committee and European Union Affairs Committee, Security Authorities Surveillance Select Committee in Parliament of Estonia), for the Social Democratic Party. In 2010 he withdrew from the Social Democratic Party (SDE) and left politics.

He was the Vice President of the Estonian Olympic Committee from 2001 until 2008, co-founder of the World Olympians Association (WOA) and from 1998 to 2021, the Chair of Eesti Sportlaste Ühendus (Estonian Olympians Union), from 2001 to 2005 Chairman of the European Olympic Committees (EOC) Athletes' Commission, member of EOC Executive Board. From 2012 to 2015 he was Chief of Staff in Ukraine National Olympic Committee and from May 2016 till 2021, the Vice President of the Estonian Olympic Committee and Chair of the European Olympic Committees EU Commission. He was co-founder and head of the Electric Marathon, Pan-European annual race for battery electric vehicles (BEV) under the patronage of His Serene Highness Prince of Monaco Albert II and from
2007–2021 Honorary Consul of the Principality of Monaco in Estonia.

He was also awarded 2003 Orden del Merito Civil, "Cruz de Oficial" Spain, 2006 "White Star Orden" IV, Estonia.

References

External links

 Riigikogu profile

1957 births
2021 deaths
Sportspeople from Pärnu
Politicians from Pärnu
Members of the Riigikogu, 1999–2003
Members of the Riigikogu, 2003–2007
Members of the Riigikogu, 2007–2011
Estonian male hammer throwers
Soviet male hammer throwers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for the Soviet Union
Olympic bronze medalists for the Soviet Union
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Estonia
Social Democratic Party (Estonia) politicians
World Athletics Championships medalists
Estonian masters athletes
World record holders in masters athletics
Estonian referees and umpires
Estonian sportsperson-politicians
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
21st-century Estonian politicians
FISU World University Games gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 4th Class
Medalists at the 1981 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 1983 Summer Universiade

Jüri Tamm


Muhammad Speaks was a Black Muslim newspaper published in the United States. It was one of the most widely read newspapers ever produced by an African American organization. It was the official newspaper of the Nation of Islam from 1960 to 1975, founded by a group of Elijah Muhammad's ministers, including Malcolm X.

After Elijah Muhammad's death in 1975, it was renamed several times after Warith Deen Mohammed moved the Nation of Islam into mainstream Sunni Islam, culminating in The Muslim Journal. A number of rival journals were also published, including The Final Call under Louis Farrakhan, claiming to continue the message of the original.

Origins
Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad began the publication in May 1960. Its first issue bore the title Some of this Earth to Call Our Own or Else. A weekly publication, it was distributed nationwide by the N.O.I. and covered current events around the world as well as relevant news in African-American communities, especially items concerning the Nation of Islam itself.

The paper was sold door-to-door and on street corners by Nation of Islam members (Fruit of Islam), at select newsstands in major cities and in the temples of the Nation of Islam.  In his The Autobiography of Malcolm X, activist Malcolm X claimed to have founded the newspaper, but this has not been independently confirmed. According to the current Nation of Islam, Malcolm X helped create Mr. Muhammad Speaks, a different newspaper distributed locally in New York City.

Notably, Mr. Muhammad Speaks and Muhammad Speaks have nearly identical layout, content and journalistic approach, suggesting that Mr. Muhammad Speaks provided the foundation for Muhammad Speaks.
It is also believed that Jabir Herbert Muhammad had a hand in starting the paper.

In addition to FOI-based ventures, Askia Muhammad had used the nation's African-American press to publicize the organization and his views. In the 1950s his regular column in the Pittsburgh Courier, at the time the nation's largest black-owned newspaper, generated more letters to the editor than any other feature in the newspaper.

Renamings
Following the death of Elijah Muhammad, his son and successor Warith Deen Muhammad renamed the newspaper Bilalian News in 1976. The title was a reference to Bilal ibn Rabah, the first known black African follower of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The renaming was part of Warith Deen's project to realign the Nation of Islam with mainstream Sunni Islam.

The newspaper was renamed once more in 1981, becoming World Muslim News, and was finally given the name The Muslim Journal, which is still in circulation today.

Competing titles
In 1979, Minister Louis Farrakhan founded The Final Call, a newspaper published in Chicago, that serves as the official communications organ of the current Nation of Islam, which had been re-founded in reaction to Warith Deen's reforms. The title derives from the original newspaper of The Nation of Islam, called The Final Call to Islam, published by Elijah Muhummad in the 1940s.

There are a number of publications that hold claims to continuing in the tradition of the original paper, such as "Muhammad Speaks Newspaper" published out of Detroit, Michigan, by Minister Levi Karim, and one of the same name published by Minister Wasim Muhammad in Camden, New Jersey. The Muhammad Speaks in Detroit and Camden is published by followers of Elijah Muhammad who assert that they hold on to the traditional practices of Elijah Muhammad.

See also
 Richard Durham – creator of the radio series Destination Freedom, who also edited Muhammad Speaks

References

External links

Nation of Islam
Defunct African-American newspapers

Muhammad Speaks


Lynyrd Skynyrd is an American southern rock band from Jacksonville, Florida. Their name comes from one of their school teachers who was named Leonard Skinner. They wrote songs including: "Sweet Home, Alabama", "Simple Man" and "Freebird." The lead singer's name was Ronnie Van Zant. After Ronnie died, his brother Johnny Van Zant became lead singer. Lynyrd Skynyrd has been performing for 50 years now. They had a concert on October 6, 2023.

Plane crash
On October 20, 1977, the band was on tour flying to Baton Rouge, Louisiana for their next gig, when their 1977 Convair 240 plane ran out of fuel and crashed in a heavily wooded area. Ronnie Van Zant, Steve Gaines, backup singer Cassie Gaines, assistant road manager Dean Kilpatrick and the pilots were killed in the crash. The rest of the band and crew were injured and temporarily split up. They reunited in 1987 with Van Zant's younger brother Johnny as their new singer.

References

1966 establishments in the United States
1960s American music groups
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Musical groups established in 1966
Musical groups from Florida
Musicians from Jacksonville, Florida
Southern rock bands

Lynyrd Skynyrd


Harold Hartshorne (September 8, 1891 – February 15, 1961) was an American ice dancer.

With partner Nettie Prantell, he was the 1937-1938 U.S. Champion and 1943 bronze medalist. With partner Sandy MacDonald, he was the 1939-1941 U.S. Champion and 1942 silver medalist. With partner Kathe Mehl, he is the 1944 U.S. silver medalist.

After his competitive career ended, Hartshorne became a skating judge. He was en route to the World Figure Skating Championships with colleagues and athletes,  when his plane (Sabena Flight 548) crashed near Brussels, Belgium, killing all on board. His wife, Louisa, was also killed in the crash.

He was one of the founders of the Skating Club of New York. At the time of his death, in 1961, he was the president of the Skating Club of New York and the U.S. Figure Skating dance committee chairman.

He attended Princeton University.

The Hartshorne Estate at 80 Oakes Road, Little Silver, New Jersey is on the list of Monmouth County Historic Sites.

In 1981, twenty years after his death, Hartshorne was inducted into the United States Figure Skating Hall of Fame.

Results

Ice Dance
(with Prantell)

(with MacDonald)

(with Mehl)

References

External links

1891 births
1961 deaths
American male ice dancers
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
People from Little Silver, New Jersey
Princeton University alumni
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Belgium
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1961

Harold Hartshorne


A voting trust is an arrangement whereby the shares in a company of one or more shareholders and the voting rights attached thereto are legally transferred to a trustee, usually for a specified period of time (the "trust period").  In some voting trusts, the trustee may also be granted additional powers (such as to sell or redeem the shares).  At the end of the trust period, the shares would ordinarily be re-transferred to the beneficiary, although in practice many voting trusts contain provisions for them to re-vested on the voting trusts with identical terms.

Voting trusts were made popular in Delaware corporate law, but they have since been adopted widely by other states in the United States. They have also been extensively adopted in offshore jurisdictions.

Purposes

There are several reasons why shareholders may wish to put a voting trust arrangement in place.
 Several shareholders may wish to create a unified block of votes, which together gives them more power than the collective sum of their fragmented interests.
 In many countries, to call general meetings, shareholders need to hold a certain percentage of the issued shares of the company.  By aggregating their shares, the shareholders can confer this power on themselves collectively where they might not have it individually.
 Locking shares in voting trusts can, in some countries, help deter a hostile takeover.
 Voting trusts are sometimes used to resolve conflict of interest/conflicts of interest.  By putting the shares in a trustee who can vote them at arm's length from the beneficiary(ies) of the trust, this can in some circumstances mitigate or absolve the original shareholder from what might otherwise constitute a conflict of interest (although in practice, to resolve conflicts of interest the trust will ordinarily be "blind trust"; while all blind trusts are necessarily voting trusts, not all voting trusts are blind trusts).
 Shares are sometimes aggregated into a voting trust to facilitate a corporate reorganization.
 Promoters of companies sometimes aggregate their shares in a voting trust to safeguard control of the company.

Sample

Sample Voting trust agreement

Business law
Corporate law
Legal terminology
Wills and trusts

Voting trust


The Flame is a 1920 British silent romance film directed by Floyd Martin Thornton and starring Evelyn Boucher, Reginald Fox and Dora De Winton. It was based on a novel by Olive Wadsley.

Plot
As summarized in a film publication, Toni (Boucher) and her brother Fane (Thatcher) were adopted after the death of their father by their Uncle Charles (Cullin), and brought from the slums to the uncle's beautiful home, much to the disgust of the uncle's wife Lady Henrietta (De Winton). Fane is placed in a boys academy while Toni is sent to a convent. Fane turns out to be a haughty young Englishman while Toni cannot understand the changes in her brother. Lady Henrietta has had him raised to suit herself. Toni is then placed in a finishing school and, after she is expelled for going outside the walls, Lady Henrietta threatens to place her in a Dutch school where she would be punished for such a misdemeanor. Toni tells her troubles to Lord Robert Wyke, Lady Henrietta's brother who is kindly and devoted to Toni. He is secretly in love with Toni, but is not free to tell her because of a hastily and unfortunate marriage to an adventuress. After Robert is compelled to leave for business and Toni hears that she will be sent to the Dutch school, the girl follows Robert to Florence where she remains with the housekeeper of Count de Soulnes. Word arrives that Robert has been murdered, but later he arrives and it turns that his wife was killed in an automobile accident, leaving him free to marry Toni.

Cast
 Evelyn Boucher as Toni Saumarez
 Reginald Fox as Lord Robert Wyke
 Dora De Winton as Lady Henrietta
 Fred Thatcher as Fane
 Rowland Myles as Boris Ritsky
 Ernest Maupain as Sparakoff
 Arthur M. Cullin as Sir Charles Saumarez
 Clifford Pembroke as Captain Wynford Saumarez
 Frank Petley as Miskoff
 J. Edwards Barker as Dr. Lindsay
 Sydney Wood as Fane, as a child

References

Bibliography
 Low, Rachael. History of the British Film, 1918-1929. George Allen & Unwin, 1971.

External links

1920 films
British black-and-white films
1920s romance films
British romance films
British silent feature films
1920s English-language films
Films directed by Floyd Martin Thornton
Stoll Pictures films
Films based on British novels
1920s British films
English-language romance films

The Flame (1920 film)


Colorado Referendum F was a referendum held in Colorado, United States, in 2006, and proposed to change the requirements for recalling elected officials, allowing the state legislature to relax deadlines for protesting recall petitions. The effect of this measure would be to make it more difficult to recall an elected state official. The referendum was turned down by 55.3% of voters.

Results

See also
 List of Colorado ballot measures

External links
 Legislative Council ballot analysis
 Ballot question language
 Bell Policy Center 2006 Voter's Guide analysis

References

2006 Colorado ballot measures

2006 Colorado Referendum F


is a specific set of cultural trends that arose during the  era in Japan.  is a  word derived from the English words erotic, grotesque, and nonsense.

Overview

Apt to its namesake, this period of time in Japan saw a large increase in the release of literature, magazines, news articles, and music centered around erotic grotesqueness. The popularization of such media arose during the advent the Great Depression (1929) and died down following the February 26 incident. After the publishing of Edogawa Ranpo's short story, , in the magazine  in 1928, Japanese society saw a boom of bizarre and grotesque media. That same year, Yumeno Kyūsaku published his novel . Around this time,  was added to  as a buzzword that draws from the established sense of erotic grotesqueness to convey a certain style of media, culture and lifestyle. The 1932 publication of  marks the peak of this boom. In 1936, Kyūsaku died shortly after the release of his novel . Ranpo moved to works aimed towards younger male audiences with his release of  in the same year, and many of his previous novels either went out of print, or were banned as war efforts became increasingly pervasive. The boom of bizarre media ended around this time.

The massive news coverage of the Sada Abe incident in May 1936 is seen as a pivotal element of the  movement. Shortly afterwards, the popular song , released earlier in March of the same year, was banned from airing in June on the grounds that it was too erotic. The  period is said to have ended with the start of NHK  radio broadcasts during the same month.

Along with several books which had managed to avoided censorship by the Ministry of Home Affairs, books of this theme that had been banned during this period are often circulated through book-buying clubs as underground books and are subject to study and analysis. Many books of this era were banned for their propoundment of radical ideologies such as anarchism, but most were banned on the grounds of their  content.

After the conclusion of World War II, censored books of this period resided in the National Diet Library as "Banned Books held under Possession by the National Diet Library", but some books were confiscated by American forces during the Occupation of Japan. The National Diet Library has worked with the American Library of Congress to digitize this content, including material that would have been considered obscene back in the day, but are not by today's standards (e.g. Kiyoshi Sakai's (ja) ). Much of this content is free to view online if copyright laws have allowed for it to be available as such. Pages that had been censored from these books have also been re-released to the public under these archives. However, because of the relatively recent commencement of public access to these libraries, there have been few in-depth analyses of the works. With the efforts of librarians such as Noritada Ōtaki (ja), endeavors to encourage studies of these books and further extensions of access to the public have been made. However, of the roughly 11,000 books banned during this period, the National Diet Library only holds about 7,000. The rest of the books exist only in personal collections or are lost works.

Unlike books which have gained the reputation of being "underground" after being banned, books that were written to be circulated discreetly and thus avoid charges of obscenity are rarely held by the National Diet Library, so researchers make an effort to hunt down the books themselves. Even publishers of these books may not know the whereabouts of any existing copies, making knowledge of these books scarce in underground-literature circles. In 2011, a specialist in and collector of banned books, Jō Ichirō, donated roughly 7,000 books of this nature to Meiji University.

Major publishers responsible for popularizing the movement include Hakubunkan, which published , and , which published .

Censorship

Under the Empire of Japan, all major publications were heavily monitored by the Home Ministry Police Affairs Bureau and, in some cases, censored. Books, news articles, and magazines containing  material were immediately subject to prohibition from being sold or published. Standards for censorship were not well understood, and even works such as Sakutarō Hagiwara's  (which came to be considered a masterpiece after World War II) had its first edition banned from sale.

In the 1920s, major publishers began to take preemptive measures to avoid censorship and implemented "private perusal". In a system of prepublication self-censorship, they consulted official censors and erased words from their content that would face scrutiny for obscenity before they were even printed. However, even with these measures in place, the July 1926 publication of  was banned from sale altogether, prompting the publishing industry to fight back against the overbearing censorship. That same year, the Japan Writers' Association formed the   and spoke to Hamaguchi Osachi (then the home minister) directly, pressuring him to make changes to the censorship system. These efforts eventually allowed for the abolition of "private perusal" in many publishers in the following year.

With the passage of the General Election Law and Taishō Democracy at its peak, Kaizōsha, the publisher of , began to publish , books that collected modern Japanese literature that could be purchased for one yen, to make up for its faltering magazine sales. Soon enough, not just small and medium-sized publishers, but also large publishers followed suit, publishing cheap and accessible  literature in the form of . The liberal atmosphere of the time fostered a rebellious temperament amongst the publishing industry, one which disregarded the censorship and bans placed upon their books. As usual, the censorship was strict, and some publishers still self-censored, but some companies played around with the law in various ways; for example, some included a "Table of Omitted Words" as a piece of paper attached to their books, so the reader understand what was being censored.

In theory, a book banned under this policy would not be able to make it onto the market. Nonetheless, many books of this nature managed to circumvent the authorities through various means.  literature gained a reputation for being "underground" as they were circulated through secret buying clubs. One method used to avoid censorship was to conduct "guerrilla releases", in which the released books were to be almost completely sold out before delivering them to the Home Ministry for review. A few copies of the books would be kept specifically to be confiscated if the Home Ministry deemed it to be unworthy for public release. A list released post-World War II by one of the buying clubs distributing these works, , revealed the then-president of Dai-ichi Tokyo Bar Association, Kiyosaku Toyohara, along with many other intellectuals of the time, as members of the buying club. To describe such books as "underground" may be an overstatement, as the scale of these operations were quite large, evidenced by lawyers who testified against such buying clubs.

Large publishing companies during this time period also engaged in guerrilla releases. For example, in 1932 the company  published an appendix to , entitled  which was promptly banned from sale for "corruption of public morals". The boom in  media inspired  and other large publishers such as Shinchosha to release large amounts of bannable content.

There were no laws during this period regarding audio media and as a result, erotic music developed into a popular genre of the time. In 1934, a revision on publishing legislation made audio media subject to censorship and bans, though enforcement of these laws was relatively low for a while.

In 1936, enforcement of censorship began to increase and under the Public Order and Police Law of 1900, old music and audio records were also subject to banning. The first record to be censored was a comic dialogue, on the grounds that it was "too playful" (""). Another popular song at the time, "" was banned and copies withdrawn for being too erotic, warranting the offense of "disturbing public law and order, damaging customs". This led to the introduction of a  pre-emptive self-censorship system in the Japanese recording industry, conducted with the consultation of officials from the Home Ministry.

Because punishment for publishing media that was banned was minimal (the maximum jail sentence was under two years, but most publishers were simply fined), there were some people who specialized in publishing such media. Miyatake Gaikotsu's literature was repeatedly banned throughout the , , and  eras, and even during the occupation of Japan through Allied General Headquarters. However, one such writer named Hokumei Umehara (ja) was placed under constant surveillance and eventually deported from Japan.

In 1925, a new law termed the Peace Preservation Law was put in place to suppress political dissent. The highest punishment for breaking this law was the death penalty. Offenders were known to be placed under imprisonment by the Special Higher Police without trial and brutally tortured. However, this punishment was not usually enforced on  media produced by underground publishers. Kaizōsha faced multiple bans on its left-wing publications (for example Takiji Kobayashi's 1929 novel ), but these were only subject to normal publication laws, not the Public Security Preservation Law.  Kaizōsha went on publishing writers like Edogawa Ranpo without any subsequent bans. Because of this, it is theorized that the Home Ministry tacitly consented to the left wing's  subculture under the premise that it kept its "eroticism over terrorism" and "pink over red". However, this may also simply be because the distinction between socialist publications and  publications is rather vague in publication legislation. In his book ,  researcher Aratsuki Hiroshi emphasizes that proletarian literature of the era was "sexually perverted" and "erotic and grotesque".

In the years following 1936, enforcement of censorship heightened as the Second Sino-Japanese War begun. As a result,  publications were restricted, and publishers who once advocated the  culture lost their rebellious temperament. Edogawa Ranpo, whose work largely contributed to the boom of  media in the 1930s was struck with a ban on his short story , and many of his previous books were taken out of print.

After the downfall of the liberal atmosphere that fostered  culture during the Second Sino-Japanese war, it experienced a revival during the post-war generation, termed  (アプレゲール). New  magazines (), cheap magazines that took advantage of the liberalization of publication laws, contained sexual and grotesque content and led to a resurgence of , restoring the liberal atmosphere of the  era.

After the establishment of the Constitution of Japan,  media still faced suppression. Notably, Michiyo Ogura, a writer and member of  arrested before wartime, resumed her writings after the war, but was arrested again in 1957 in violation of Article 175 of the Penal Code. It was only after 1970, with the relaxation of laws dealing with obscene media that  content was completely free of legislative scrutiny. In the 1990s,  reissued . After 2010, the National Diet Library started to publish its collection of banned literature onto its online digital collection.

See also

 Literary modernism
 Proletarian literature
 Underground culture

 Edogawa Ranpo

References

External links

Book censorship
Censorship in Japan
Ero guro
Japanese popular culture
Wasei-eigo
Underground culture

Ero guro nansensu


Nieuwe Tijdinghen (in English also known as the Antwerp Gazette) is the contemporary name cataloguers and bibliographers have given to the first Flemish newspaper, which was published without a single fixed title. News was printed from across Western and Central Europe.

From 15 February 1620, consecutive signatures were used on each issue, so that they could be collected and bound as a set. From 8 January 1621, issues were numbered consecutively on the front page.

The newspaper carried a wide range of general news, and sometimes included celebratory, polemical or satirical comments, verses, songs and prayers. Each issue was illustrated with a woodcut on the front page, and occasionally with further woodcuts on the back pages. The editorial perspective was outspokenly Catholic and pro-Habsburg.

Publication was licensed by the authorities, and almost all issues bear the initials of the canon of Antwerp cathedral who acted as ecclesiastical censor.

Considerable runs are preserved in the British Library (1620–1621), Ghent University Library, the Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience (1620–1625) and the Royal Library of Belgium (1622–1628).

References

1620 establishments in the Spanish Empire
17th-century establishments in the Habsburg Netherlands
1629 disestablishments in the Habsburg Netherlands
1620 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Defunct weekly newspapers
Defunct newspapers published in Belgium
Dutch-language newspapers published in Belgium
Mass media in Antwerp
Publications established in 1620
Publications disestablished in 1629

Nieuwe Tijdinghen


was a Ryukyuan aristocrat known for leading a movement to petition the government of Qing Dynasty China to rescue the Ryūkyū Kingdom from annexation by Imperial Japan, following the 1872 announcement by the government of Meiji Japan to do so.

It was typical at this time for Ryukyuan aristocrats to have multiple names. Chōjō held the title of ueekata of the domain of Kōchi, and was thus known as "Kōchi ueekata". He was also known as .

Life
Details of his early life are unknown. In 1876, however, Chōjō left for China from Unten Harbor on the Motobu Peninsula, in the north of Okinawa Island, claiming he was simply crossing over to nearby Iejima. Arriving in China, he adopted Chinese (Manchu) hairstyle and dress and, with the Ryūkyū-kan in Fuzhou as his base, he began traveling to various parts, seeking support for his cause: to convince the Qing government to aid Ryūkyū in remaining independent from Japan.

Chōjō gathered other Ryukyuans who, like himself, had fled for China, including Rin Seikō (林世功) and Sai Taitei (蔡大鼎). Together, they submitted numerous petitions to the Qing officials asking for help on behalf of the kingdom. Though there was little, if any, positive response for a long time, Chōjō and others refused to give up.

He died in Fukien Province.

References

Ueekata
1843 births
1891 deaths
Ryukyuan people
19th-century Ryukyuan people

Kōchi Chōjō


Swyre Head, Lulworth is a hill and sea cliff which lies on the Jurassic Coast between Bat's Head to the west and Durdle Door to the east, close to Lulworth (further to the east) in Dorset, England. It is located approximately  east of Weymouth and  west of Swanage.

Swyre Head, Lulworth, lies only about  west of another Swyre Head, which is located close to the village of Kingston and which is the highest point on the peninsula known as the Isle of Purbeck.

The cliffs of Swyre Head, Lulworth, are of chalk and are steep, with grassland and a footpath above. The footpath runs close to the cliff edge and is steeply undulating. Despite the steepness, it is popular for walks and the scenery is spectacular.

Between Swyre Head and the natural rock arch of Durdle Door is a small dry valley known as Scratchy Bottom.

References

Cliffs of England
Headlands of Dorset
Jurassic Coast

Swyre Head, Lulworth


The windward slope is the side of a mountain, island or other land which the wind hits. The windward direction is the direction upwind from the point of reference.  That means windward is the direction from which the wind is coming.  If the wind is moving from north to south, then the windward slope is the north side of the hill or mountain.

Leeward is the direction downwind from the point of reference.  The leeward side of a mountain is usually drier than the windward side.

References

Geography
Weather

Windward slope


Sir Samuel William Knaggs, KCMG (25 December 1856 – 31 December 1924) was a British colonial administrator.

Biography
Knaggs was born in Old Swindon, Wiltshire, England, the second of the ten children of Robert Knaggs, a surgeon, and Harriet Eliza Knaggs (née Wright).

Knaggs was sent to the Royal College, Trinidad, and entered the Trinidad Civil Service in 1876.  In 1886, he was the secretary of the commission inquiring into the road system.  In 1897 he was Acting Commissioner for Tobago. He was appointed Chief Commissioner of Port of Spain in 1899 and Receiver-General for Trinidad in 1901. In 1902 he was Acting Colonial Secretary. In 1903 he was appointed Colonial secretary for Barbados and in 1907 for Trinidad and Tobago.  He administered the Government of Trinidad and Tobago in 1907–1910, 1912–1913 and 1915–1916.  He retired in January 1919.

Knaggs was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1908 and Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the 1920 New Year Honours.

In 1893, Knaggs married Violet Grey Harragin and they had a son and four daughters.  Ruth Knaggs was born on 8 September 1893 and Phyllis Knaggs on 22 November 1895. Kenneth John Knaggs was born on 9 January 1897 and was killed in action near Cambrai in France on 16 March 1918 while a Lieutenant in the 4th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment and attached to the Royal Flying Corps.  Hilda Knaggs was born on 9 August 1898 and Dorothy on 10 October 1904.

Knaggs died at his residence in Barbados.  His wife died on 28 February 1937 at 1 Perham Road, West Kensington, London, leaving an estate of £2,342.

See also
List of Colonial Secretaries of Barbados
List of people from Swindon

Footnotes

1856 births
1924 deaths
Colonial Administrative Service officers
British Trinidad and Tobago people
People from Swindon
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Colonial Secretaries of Barbados

Samuel Knaggs


Captain John Byron (7 February 1756 – 2 August 1791) was a British Army officer and writer, best known as the father of poet Lord Byron.

Byron was the son of Vice-Admiral The Hon. John Byron and Sophia Trevanion and grandson of William Byron, 4th Baron Byron of Rochdale. He was educated atWestminster School. He gained the rank of Captain in the Coldstream Guards. Captain John Byron also went by the nickname of "Mad Jack."

In 1778 he eloped with Amelia Osborne, Marchioness of Carmarthen, daughter ofRobert Darcy, 4th Earl of Holderness, to Europe and they married after she obtained a divorce from her husband the Marquess of Carmarthen, who in 1789 became Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds. They married on 1 June 1779 at London, England, and had a daughter, Augusta Maria Byron. Amelia Osborne died in 1784.

Byron then married Catherine Gordon, heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, daughter of George Gordon and Catherine Innes, on 12 May 1785. She was the mother of George Gordon Byron, who would early in his life become the 6th Baron Byron. In order to claim his wife's estate in Scotland, Captain Byron took the surname Gordon.After he had squandered most of her fortune and deserted her, Mrs. Byron took her infant son to Aberdeen, Scotland, where they lived in lodgings on a meager income.

"Mad Jack" died in 1791 at age 35, at Valenciennes. Later, Lord Byron would tell friends that his father had cut his own throat. It is more likely he died from tuberculosis or an overdose.

1756 births
1791 deaths
British Army officers

John Byron (British Army officer)


39 Cancri is a star in the constellation Cancer, located about 614 light years from the Sun in the Beehive Cluster (NGC 2632). It is a challenge to see with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 6.39. This object is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of 34 km/s.

This is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of G8+ III-IIIb, indicating it has consumed the hydrogen at its core. It is 460 million years old with 2.88 times the mass of the Sun and about 12 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 105 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,954 K.

References

G-type giants
Cancer (constellation)
Durchmusterung objects
Cancri, 39
073665
042516
3427

39 Cancri


Aleksandra Nikolayevna Pakhmutova ( ; born 9 November 1929) is a Soviet and Russian composer. She has remained one of the best-known figures in Soviet and later Russian popular music since she first achieved fame in her homeland in the 1960s. She was awarded the People's Artist of the USSR in 1984.

Biography
She was born on November 9, 1929 in Beketovka (now a neighborhood in Volgograd), Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, and began playing the piano and composing music at an early age. In 1936, she entered the Stalingrad City Music School. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union, she briefly went to Karaganda for refuge and study. She was admitted to the prestigious Moscow Conservatory and graduated in 1953. In 1956, she completed a post-graduate course led by composer Vissarion Shebalin.

Her career is notable for her success in a range of different genres. She has composed pieces for the symphony orchestra (The Russian Suite, the concerto for the trumpet and the orchestra, the Youth Overture, the concerto for the orchestra); the ballet Illumination; music for children (cantatas, a series of choir pieces, and numerous songs); and songs and music for over a dozen different movies from Out of This World in 1958 to Because of Mama in 2001.

She is best known for some of her 400 songs, including such enduringly popular songs as The Melody, Russian Waltz, Tenderness, Hope, The Old Maple Tree, The Song of the Perturbed Youth, a series of the Gagarin Constellation, The Bird of Happiness (from the 1981 film O Sport, You – the world!, this  song is subsequently very known in both Russia and China when performed by Russian singer Vitas since 2003) and Good-Bye Moscow which was used as the farewell tune of the 22nd Olympic Games in Moscow. Tenderness was used with great effect in Tatyana Lioznova's 1967 film Three Poplars in Plyushchikha. Her husband, the eminent Soviet-era poet Nikolai Dobronravov, contributed lyrics to her music on occasion, including songs used in three films.

One of her most famous ballads is Belovezhskaya Pushcha, composed in 1975, which celebrates Białowieża Forest, a last remnant of the European wildwood split now between Poland and Belarus. Another much-aired song was Malaya Zemlya, about a minor outpost where the then Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev served as a political commissar during World War II.

Alexandra Pakhmutova found favor with the state establishment as well as the public. Reputedly Brezhnev's favorite composer, she received several Government Awards and State Prizes and served as the Secretary of the USSR and Russian Unions of Composers. She was named a Hero of Socialist Labour in 1990. Her name was given to Asteroid # 1889, registered by the planetary centre in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States.

Personal life
In 1956, Pakhmutova married an actor and poet Nikolai Dobronravov. He was assigned by the radio officials to work with her as a lyricist on a children's tune "Little Motor Boat" (Lodochka motornaya). They have written a lot of songs for children but the couple didn't have children of their own.

Compositions

Songs
(Pakhmutova is accredited with composing over 500 individual songs and thus, only the most well-known are listed here)
 "Надежда" ("Nadezhda")
 "Песня о тревожной молодости" ("Song Of Restless Youth)
 "Мелодия" ("Melody")
 "Беловежская пуща" ("Belovezhskaya Forest")
 "Нежность" ("Tenderness")
 "Команда молодости нашей" ("Our Youth Team")
 "Старый клён" ("Old Maple")
 "Как молоды мы были" ("How Young We Were")
 "Трус не играет в хоккей" ("No Coward Plays Hockey")
 "И вновь продолжается бой" ("And the Battle Is Going Again")

Vocal cycles

 Gagarin's Constellation
 Songs about Lenin
 Aiga Stars
 Motherland
 Hugging the Sky

Orchestral
 1953: Russian Suite for symphony orchestra
"Ode to Lighting the Fire" (for mixed choir and symphony orchestra).
1957: Music for children: Suite "Lenin in our heart"
1972: Heroes of Sport (Written for the final credits of the Russian sports movie Moving Up)

Concerto
 1955: Trumpet Concerto
 1972: Concerto for Orchestra (based on the ballet Illumination, staged in 1974, Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow).

Cantata
 Beautiful as youth, country
1953: Vasily Turkin
1962: Red Pathfinders
1972: Squad Songs

Overtures
 1957: Youth
1958: Thuringia
1967: Merry Girls
1967: Russian Holiday, for the orchestra of Russian folk instruments

Instrumental

 The Rhythms of Time
Carnival
Auftakt
Robinsonade (from the film "My Love in the Third Year of Study")
Heart in the palm
A moment of luck
Morning big city
Elegy (from the film O Sport, You Are Peace!)

Recordings

 1971: Concerto for Orchestra in E Major (USSR State Academic Symphony Orchestra, under Evgeny Svetlanov)
 1985: Marshal Zhukov March (from film "Battle of Moscow," Central Military band of Ministry of Defence of USSR, under Colonel Anatoly Maltsev)
 2015: Concerto for solo Trumpet and Orchestra (Trumpet Records, Timofei Aleksandrovich Dokschitzer)
 2019: Anniversary Concert for Aleksandra Pakhmutova (Bolshoi Theater, under Mikhail Pletnev and Yuri Bashmet)

Honors and awards
Soviet and Russian
Hero of Socialist Labour № 21035 (29 October 1990) – for outstanding contributions to the development of Soviet musical art and productive social activities
Two Orders of Lenin № ****** & № 460143 (6 November 1979 and 29 October 1990)
Order of St. Andrew (28 October 2019)
Order "For Merit to the Fatherland";
1st class (9 November 2009) – for outstanding contribution to the development of national musical art, and many years of creative activity
2nd class (27 December 1999) – for great personal contribution to the development of musical art
3rd class (29 September 2014) – for great contribution to the development of domestic musical art and achieved creative success
Order of the Red Banner of Labour, twice (1967, 1971)
Order of Friendship of Peoples (1986)
State Prize of the Russian Federation (12 June 2015)
USSR State Prize (1975) – for the songs of recent years (1971–1974)
USSR State Prize (1982) – for the music for the film "O Sport, You – the world" (1981)
Lenin Komsomol Prize (1966) – a song cycle about youth and the Komsomol Prize of the Union State of Russia and Belarus for literary and artistic works that make a significant contribution to strengthening the relations of brotherhood, friendship and comprehensive cooperation between the countries – members of the Union State (10 March 2004)
Honored Art Worker of the RSFSR (1971)
People's Artist of the RSFSR (1977)
People's Artist of the USSR (1984)
Honorary Citizen of Volgograd (19 October 1993)
Honorary Citizen of Bratsk (26 August 1994)
Honorary citizen of Moscow (13 September 2000)

Foreign
Order of Francysk Skaryna (Belarus, 3 April 2000) – for outstanding work on the development and strengthening of the Belarusian-Russian cultural relations

Public
Order of St. Euphrosyne, Grand Duchess of Moscow, 2nd class (Russian Orthodox Church, 2008)
The title "Living Legend" by the national Russian award "Ovation" (2002)
The award "Russian National Olympus" (2004)

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References

External links

Official website

1929 births
20th-century women composers
21st-century women composers
Living people
Musicians from Volgograd
Moscow Conservatory alumni
Heroes of Socialist Labour
People's Artists of the RSFSR
People's Artists of the USSR
Recipients of the Lenin Komsomol Prize
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 1st class
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 2nd class
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of Francysk Skaryna
Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Russian women classical composers
Russian classical composers
Russian women composers
Russian film score composers
Soviet women classical composers
Soviet women composers
Soviet film score composers

Aleksandra Pakhmutova