The Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf was an international conference of deaf educators held in Milan, Italy in 1880. It is commonly known as the "Milan Conference" or "Milan Congress". This Congress was preceded by the First International Congress in Paris in 1878. Joseph Marius Magnat, a Swiss former oralist, received a significant donation to organise the more well-known Second Congress two years hence.

After deliberations from 6 to 11 September 1880, the Milan Conference declared that oral education (oralism) was superior to manual education (sign language) and passed a resolution banning the use of sign language in school. After its passage, various European and American schools largely switched to using speech therapy without sign language as a method of deaf education until the late 1960s and early 1970s, when sign language started to be recognised as the ideal method of deaf education.

In 2010, a formal apology was made by the board at the 21st International Congress on Education of the Deaf in Vancouver, BC, Canada, acknowledging the detrimental effects of such a ban as an act of discrimination and violation of both human and constitutional rights.

Background

In the 1870s, Alexander Graham Bell and Edward Miner Gallaudet, both prominent US figures in deaf education, had been debating the effectiveness of oral-only education versus an education that utilises sign language as a means of visual communication, culminating in the 1880 Milan Conference that passed eight resolutions on deaf education.

The Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf was an international meeting of deaf educators from at least seven countries. There were large delegations from Italy (87) and France (56), eight delegates from the UK, five Americans, three Swedes and 1 representative each of Belgium and Germany, respectively. The Congress was planned and organised by a committee created by the Pereire Society, an oralist organisation. More than half of the people invited were known oralists; therefore, the Congress was heavily inclined to the oralist camp and most, if not all, of the resolutions that were voted on by the delegates gave results in favour of the oral method. Many of the resolutions were worded in ways that supported the oral method, such as "Considering the incontestable superiority of speech over signs in restoring the deaf-mute to society, and in giving him a more perfect knowledge of language,/Declares –/That the Oral method ought to be preferred that of signs for the education and instruction of the deaf and dumb".

The Pereire Society was an organisation formed by the French family of Jacob Rodrigues Pereira and financed by their railroad and bank holdings (including the Société Générale du Crédit Mobilier). The Society was a strong proponent of oralism and sought to have this ratified by an international conference. They secured this outcome by carefully selecting who was invited to the Milan Conference, inviting the delegates to see the self-declared oralist success in a local school, and by encouraging negative reactions to those giving speeches supporting sign language and cheering those supporting oralism.

Delegates

The Milan Conference was attended by 164 delegates of various countries. Out of these 164 delegates only one, James Denison, was Deaf. The conference president was Abbe Giulio Tarra.

The remaining delegates' nationalities are unknown. The five US delegates present were James Denison, Edward Miner Gallaudet, Reverend Thomas Gallaudet, Isaac Lewis Peet and Charles A Stoddard.

Conference

The Conference was held in the Regio Instituto Tenico di Santa Martha in Milan from 6 to 11 September 1880. The conference was essentially an attempt by the oralist camp to legitimise an official ban of sign language from deaf education. Furthering the goal of the oralists, during the conference twelve speakers  spoke on the contemporary issues connected with deaf education. Nine of the twelve speakers gave an oralist perspective, and three (the Gallaudet brothers, and Richard Elliot, a teacher from England) supported the use of sign language.

Eight resolutions

1. The convention, considering the incontestable superiority of articulation over signs in restoring the deaf-mute to society and giving him a fuller knowledge of language, declares that the oral method should be preferred to that of signs in education and the instruction of deaf-mutes.
Passed 160 to 4

2. The convention, considering that the simultaneous use of articulation and signs has the disadvantage of injuring articulation and lip-reading and the precision of ideas, declares that the pure oral method should be preferred.
Passed 150 to 16

3. Considering that a great number of the deaf and dumb are not receiving the benefit of instruction, and that this condition is owing to the impotence of families and of institutions, recommends that governments should take the necessary steps that all the deaf and dumb may be educated.
Passed unanimously.

4. Considering that the teaching of the speaking deaf by the Pure Oral method should resemble as much as possible that of those who hear and speak, declares
a) That the most natural and effectual means by which the speaking deaf may acquire the knowledge of language is the "intuitive" method, viz., that which consists in setting forth, first by speech, and then by writing the objects and the facts which are placed before the eyes of the pupils.
b) That in the first, or maternal, period the deaf-mute ought to be led to the observation of grammatical forms by means of examples and of practical exercises, and that in the second period he ought to be assisted to deduce from these examples the grammatical rules, expressed with the utmost simplicity and clearness.
c) That books, written with words and in forms of language known to the pupil, can be put into his hands at any time.
Motion carried.

5. Considering the want of books sufficiently elementary to help the gradual and progressive development of language, recommends that the teachers of the Oral system should apply themselves to the publication of special works on the subject.
Motion carried.

6. Considering the results obtained by the numerous inquiries made concerning the deaf and dumb of every age and every condition long after they had quit school, who, when interrogated upon various subjects, have answered correctly, with sufficient clearness of articulation, and read the lips of their questioners with the greatest facility, declares:
a) That the deaf and dumb taught by the Pure Oral method do not forget after leaving school the knowledge which they have acquired there, but develop it still further by conversation and reading, when have been made so easy for them.
b) That in their conversation with speaking persons they make use exclusively of speech.
c) That speech and lip-reading so far from being lost, are developed by practice.
Motion carried.

7. Considering that the education of the deaf and dumb by speech has peculiar requirements; considering also that the experienced of teachers of deaf-mutes is almost unanimous, declares
a) That the most favourable age for admitting a deaf child into school is from eight to ten years.
b) That the school term ought to be seven years at least; but eight years would be preferable.
c) That no teacher can effectually teach a class of more than ten children on the Pure Oral method.
Motion carried.

8. Considering that the application of the Pure Oral method in institutions where it is not yet in active operation, should be to avoid the certainty of failure prudent, gradual, progressive, recommends
a) That the pupils newly received into the schools should form a class by themselves, where instruction could be given by speech.
b) That these pupils should be absolutely separated from others too far advanced to be instructed by speech, and whose education will be completed by signs.
c) That each year a new speaking class be established, until all the old pupils taught by signs have completed their education.
Motion carried.

Opposition

The American and British delegations were the only ones who opposed the use of oralism as a sole method of instruction, but were unsuccessful in their efforts to overturn the Milan resolutions. Edward Miner Gallaudet and Reverend Thomas Gallaudet, both brothers, were among the protesters who railed against the oralist method being used in deaf education. Despite failing to have their positions ratified at the Congress, the Gallaudets ensured that deaf education in the US would not be completely converted to oralist methods. Manualism in deaf education survived oralism in part by the Gallaudets and others permitting and encouraging high school students in deaf institutes to use sign language and maintaining Gallaudet College (now Gallaudet University) as an institution of higher education that permitted the full usage of sign language.

In August 1880, one month before the Milan Conference, the National Association of the Deaf (NAD) was formed in the US and was dedicated from the outset to preserving American Sign Language and assisting the Deaf community in surviving an upswing of oralism that lasted several decades in the late 19th and early-to-mid 20th centuries.

First repudiation (1980)

At the 15th International Congress on the Education of the Deaf (ICED) held in Hamburg, in then-West Germany in 1980, the first major step in repudiating the 1880 resolutions was set by a large group of attendees who, in an informal consensus, rejected the 1880 resolutions in practical and moral terms in deciding that the 1880 resolutions had no longer any appropriate standing. As explained by Richard G. Brill: "At the International Congress in Hamburg in 1980, [however,] the Milan resolutions were challenged head-on in major professional addresses at the opening of the congresses. It was recognized and accepted that resolutions concerning methodology were not appropriate at such international congresses because of the unlikelihood that the delegates fully represented the practices and philosophies of their home countries." Rather than seek to directly overturn the 1880 resolutions, the Congress put forward "recommendations" for informational purposes, including the following: "Recommended that this International Congress on Education of the Deaf, in convocation gathered at Hamburg, West Germany, in August 1980, affirms and declares that all deaf children have the right to flexible communication in the mode or combination of modes which best meets their individual needs." Sharkey and Hikins deemed this Recommendation, along with the others, as essentially constituting a repudiation of the 1880 Milan Congress' resolutions.

Final repudiation (2010)

Thirty years later, in July 2010 in Vancouver, Canada, the board of the 21st International Congress on the Education of the Deaf (ICED) formally voted to reject all of the 1880 Milan resolutions.

See also

 Deaf
 Deaf culture
 Deaf education
 History of deaf education
 History of deaf education in the United States
 Deaf studies
 Sign language

Other international congresses were held in the following cities:
Brussels, 1883;
Chicago, Illinois, US, 1893;
Paris, 1900;
Liège, Belgium, 1905;
Edinburgh, 1907;
London, 1925;
West Trenton, New Jersey, US, 1933;
Groningen, 1950;
Manchester, UK, 1958;
Washington, DC, US, 1963;
Stockholm, 1970;
Tokyo, 1975.

References
 Citations

 Bibliography
 Cleve, J.V.V and Crouch, B.A (1989) "A Place of Their Own – Creating Deaf Community in America" Washington DC: Gallaudet University Press
 Gallaudet, Edward Miner, 1881, The Milan Convention,  American Annals of the Deaf, Vol. XXVI., No. 1., January 1881, pp. 1–16.
 Kyle, James; Woll, Bencie (1985) "Sign Language: The Study of Deaf People and Their Language": Cambridge University Press
 Oakling (2007) "Milan Conference"
 Sturley, N (2003).  Milan 1880: The Historical Facts

External links

 Milan Conference in 1880

Deafness
Deaf culture
1880 in Europe
1880 in Italy
1880 conferences
History of Milan
Alexander Graham Bell
Education for the deaf
Deaf education
Special education
19th century in Milan
Education events


Stephen Anthony Johnson (born 23 June 1957) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker. He played in the Football League for six different clubs and also played in non-league football and abroad.

Playing career
Johnson played non-league football for Bangor City and Altrincham before being signed by Football League side Bury in November 1977. He spent six years at Gigg Lane and then had a relatively short spell with Rochdale before moving to Wigan Athletic in February 1984. 13 months later Johnson joined Bristol City for £40,000, but he could not settle in the area and returned north by rejoining Rochdale on loan and then reuniting with his former Wigan manager Harry McNally at Chester City in March 1986 in a further loan deal.

Johnson's aerial power was a welcome asset to Chester's attack and he scored six times in the final 10 games of the season to seal promotion from Division Four. Johnson then spent two years with Scunthorpe until he joined Chester on a permanent basis ahead of the 1988–89 season. He played regularly alongside Carl Dale in the Chester attack as they narrowly missed the Third Division play–offs. During his spell at Chester, his all action playing style earned him the nickname 'Mean Machine'. After spending the summer months playing in Scandinavia, Johnson joined Rochdale for a third time to bring the curtain down on his league career.

He later played for Limerick, where he made a scoring League of Ireland debut on 1 September 1990, and in October 1990 he made one league appearance for Cork City. He also played for non-league teams Northwich Victoria, Radcliffe Borough, Castleton Gabriels, Caernarfon Town and Haslingden, while working as a financial advisor.

Honours
Chester City

Football League Fourth Division runners-up: 1985–86

External links
Iron Alphabet profile

References

1957 births
Living people
Footballers from Liverpool
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Bangor City F.C. players
Altrincham F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Bristol City F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Limerick F.C. players
Cork City F.C. players
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
Radcliffe F.C. players
Rochdale Town F.C. players
Caernarfon Town F.C. players
Haslingden F.C. players
English Football League players
League of Ireland players
National League (English football) players
English expatriate men's footballers

Steve Johnson (English footballer)


The Jeopardy! Ultimate Tournament of Champions was a special tournament done during the 21st season of the American television game show Jeopardy!. 145 contestants who won past Jeopardy! tournaments or won five games played in a 15 week tournament. It lasted from February 9 to May 25, 2005.

In this tournament, the two finalists from four rounds of play went against Ken Jennings, who is Season 21's biggest winner and, at the time, was the highest winner on a game show with $2,522,700. Those contestants played for a prize of $2,000,000. The two finalists were Brad Rutter and Jerome Vered. Rutter was the show's second-highest winner, while Vered had set a one-day winnings record of $34,000 in 1992. Rutter won the three-day final and the $2,000,000 prize, claiming the record from Jennings.

Related pages
 Jeopardy! Tournament of Champions

References

Other websites
 Official Jeopardy! website
 J! Archive - recaps of all Ultimate Tournament of Champions games

Jeopardy!


Robert Roper (1757–1838) was an English architect who practised from an office in Preston, Lancashire. His works include at least two new country houses, Claughton Hall, and Leagram Hall, both of which have since been demolished.  He designed at least two new churches, Holy Trinity, Hoghton, a Commissioners' church, and St John the Evangelist, Clifton.  He rebuilt the naves of the churches of St Michael, Kirkham, and St John the Baptist, Broughton, and also added a façade to Thurnham Hall.

See also
List of works by Robert Roper

References
Citations

Sources

1757 births
1838 deaths
Gothic Revival architects
English ecclesiastical architects
Architects from Lancashire

Robert Roper


The Osgood Bradley Car Company manufactured railway passenger cars and streetcars in Worcester, Massachusetts.

History

The company was founded in 1822 to manufacture stagecoaches and sleighs.  The company's first railway passenger cars were built for the Boston and Worcester Railroad in 1835.  During the American Civil War, the company produced gun carriages for the Union Army.  Osgood Bradley was purchased by the Pullman Company in 1930.

American Flyer cars

The Worcester factory is popularly remembered as the manufacturer of the American Flyer streamlined passenger car during the 1930s.  Walter Dorwin Teague designed a rounded aircraft-style body for railway cars manufactured of Cor-Ten steel.  These cars weighed 15 tons less than conventional heavyweight steel cars.  It was hoped these attractive lightweight cars might encourage public use of rail transportation while offering improved economy to the railway companies.  New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad purchased the first of these cars in 1934.  Other purchasers included Boston and Maine Railroad, Bangor and Aroostook Railroad, Kansas City Southern Railway, Seaboard Air Line Railroad, St. Louis Southwestern Railway, and Lehigh Valley Railroad.  A. C. Gilbert Company, with New Haven trains running past their factory, decided to produce models of this car for their American Flyer toy train sets.  Thousands of these toys were produced from 1946 to 1958; and railfans used the name American Flyer to describe the streamlined cars made by Osgood Bradley.

Archives and records
Osgood Bradley Car Company records at Baker Library Special Collections, Harvard Business School.
Osgood Bradley Car Company Drawings, Drawing Lists, Lot Lists & Photos at Pullman Library, Illinois Railway Museum

References

External links

Defunct rolling stock manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Worcester, Massachusetts
American companies established in 1822
Manufacturing companies established in 1822
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1930
1822 establishments in Massachusetts
1930 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Massachusetts
Tram manufacturers

Osgood Bradley Car Company


Unilateral disarmament is a policy option, to renounce weapons without seeking equivalent concessions from one's actual or potential rivals. It was most commonly used in the twentieth century in the context of unilateral nuclear disarmament, a recurrent mission of peace movements in countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom.

Nations do not often choose to dismantle their entire military capability. Unilateral disarmament is usually sought in one technical competency, such as weapons of mass destruction. Non-violent political movements from that of Mahatma Gandhi to the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament have recommended unilateral disarmament as a step toward world peace.

References

Politics by issue

Unilateral disarmament


Lyle Stathem Bettger (February 13, 1915 – September 24, 2003) was an American character actor who had roles in Hollywood films and television from the 1950s onward, often portraying villains. One such role was the wrathfully jealous elephant handler Klaus from the Oscar-winning film The Greatest Show on Earth (1952).

Early life and education
Bettger was born in Philadelphia, the son of Frank Bettger, an infielder for the St. Louis Cardinals, and Mertie Stathem Bettger. He graduated from the Haverford School in Haverford, Pennsylvania and from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City.

Stage
Bettger's theatrical debut was in Brother Rat at the Biltmore Theatre in New York City in 1936. His Broadway credits include Dance Night (1938), Summer Night (1939), The Flying Gerardos (1940–1941), The Moon Is Down (1942), All for All (1943), Oh, Brother! (1945), John Loves Mary (1947–1948), and Love Life (1948–1949).

When Paramount sent a talent scout to see him, Bettger was signed to a three-year contract.

Film
Bettger's movie career began when he was cast in The Lie in 1949. Movie columnist Frank Neill reported, "On the basis of his performance in the movie, he has been signed to a juicy contract."

Later, Bettger was cast as the villain in the film noir No Man of Her Own (1950). He soon became a regular on the set of Westerns such as Denver and Rio Grande (1952), The Great Sioux Uprising (1953), Forbidden (1953), Drums Across the River (1954), Destry (1955), The Lone Ranger, (1956) and Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957).

Bettger developed a reputation for playing the bad guy and excelled in villainous roles such as the menacing Joe Beacom in Union Station (1950) and the cold-blooded Nazi Chief Officer Kirchner in The Sea Chase (1955). One of his later roles was in the 1969 film Impasse as a bigoted World War II veteran.

Radio
Programs on which Bettger appeared in old-time radio included Grand Central Station.

Television
Bettger made many appearances in dramatic roles on television, starring in the 1957 series The Court of Last Resort as well as guest starring on Hawaii Five-O, Rawhide, The Tall Man, The Rifleman, Gunsmoke (as Polk, a murdering robber in 1962's S9E22 - "The Kite"), Bonanza, Combat!, Blue Light, The Time Tunnel, Death Valley Days, Laramie, and Tales of Wells Fargo (as John Wesley Hardin).

Personal life
Bettger was married to Mary Gertrude Rolfe from 1941 until her death in 1996. They had three children: Lyle Jr., Frank, and Paula. She was an actress who played Henry Aldrich's sister in The Aldrich Family on radio. Bettger and his family moved to Hawaii in the late 1960s.

Filmography

References

External links

1915 births
2003 deaths
Male actors from Philadelphia
American male film actors
American male television actors
Haverford School alumni
Western (genre) television actors
20th-century American male actors
Male Western (genre) film actors

Lyle Bettger


MINOS+ was a continuation of the MINOS experiment (Main injector neutrino oscillation search) to measure neutrino oscillation with improved electronics. It started taking data in 2013 and ran for 3 years.  The experiment has ended and a 6-month dismantling project began in early October 2016.

Physics goals

Measure sin22θ and Δm2 with higher precision.
Measure sin22 and Δ2 with higher precision.
Study high energy neutrinos
Search for sterile neutrinos
Search for tau neutrinos
Non-standard interactions
Measurement of the neutrino time of flight
Search for extra dimensions
Atmospheric neutrinos

Neutrino beam
MINOS+ uses the NuMI beamline generated at Fermilab.  To produce the beamline, 120 GeV proton pulses from the Main Injector hit a water-cooled graphite target. The resulting interactions of protons with the target material produce pions and kaons, which are focused by a system of magnetic horns. These then travel down a long decay tunnel, and their decay produces a neutrino beam parallel to the meson beam.  Most of these are muon neutrinos, with a small electron neutrino contamination. Neutrino interactions in the near detector are used to measure the initial neutrino flux and energy spectrum. Because they are weakly interacting and therefore usually pass through matter, the vast majority of the neutrinos travel through the near detector and the 734 km of rock, then through the far detector and off into space. For the initial 3-year run the NuMI beam will be in its medium energy configuration which will deliver the majority of neutrinos with an energy between 4 GeV and 10 GeV.

Relationship with NOνA
NOνA sits 14 milliradians off the central line of the NuMI beam. At this angle, there is an enhancement of neutrinos with an energy of 2 GeV, at which the L/E (baseline divided by energy) maximizes the oscillation of muon neutrinos. This causes a problem in that the signal you are looking for is a dip in a peak.  MINOS+ sits on the central line of the beam so the full beam make up is seen, thus helping control systematic errors for the NuMI beam energy.

References

External Links
 MINOS+ experiment record on INSPIRE-HEP

Accelerator neutrino experiments
Fermilab
Particle experiments
Neutrino experiments
Fermilab experiments

MINOS+


Monday Off is a vocal jazz group based in New York City. The quartet is composed of Amy Cervini, Hilary Gardner, Richard Roland and Raymond Sage.

The group formed in Denver, Colorado in March 1999 when all four members were appearing in a production of the musical Titanic. The name Monday Off comes from the day when theaters are closed. They performed at Carnegie Hall with Skitch Henderson and The New York Pops.

Their debut album, Christmas Time Is Here (Victoria, 2001), was recorded with jazz guitarist Bucky Pizzarelli. Their second album, Monday Off, included guest guitarist Gene Bertoncini, clarinetist Anat Cohen, and trumpeter Avishai Cohen.

References

External links
 Official site

Vocal jazz ensembles

Monday Off


Sticky keys are activated when a computer user presses the "Shift" key five times. This lets the user capitalize a letter without having to press down the "Shift" key.

Computing

Sticky Keys is a Microsoft Windows accessibility feature that causes modifier keys to remain active, even after they have been pressed and released, making it easier to do keyboard shortcuts.

Sticky keys


The Skirball Cultural Center, founded in 1996, is a Jewish educational institution in Los Angeles, California. The center, named after philanthropist-couple Jack H. Skirball and Audrey Skirball-Kenis, has a museum with regularly changing exhibitions, film events, music and theater performances, comedy, family, literary and cultural programs. The campus includes a museum, a performing arts center, conference halls, classrooms, libraries, courtyards, gardens, and a café. Although the center has its roots in Jewish culture, it is open to individuals of all ages and cultures.

Skirball Museum

The Skirball Museum predates the Skirball Cultural Center, having been established in 1972 at the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion in L.A.  The museum moved into the Skirball Cultural Center after the center's completion. The Skirball's core exhibition, Visions and Values: Jewish Life from Antiquity to America, traces the history, experiences and values of Jews over 4,000 years. Featuring changing displays of works from the Skirball's museum collection, the exhibition's galleries contain multimedia installations, rare artifacts, historical documents and photographs, works of fine art, interactive computer stations and sound recordings that lead visitors on the Jewish people's journey, culminating with their experiences in the United States.

Comprising more than 30,000 objects, the Skirball's museum collection includes archaeological artifacts from biblical and later historical periods; Jewish ceremonial objects from countries around the world; an extensive group of Old World Jewish objects; the Project Americana collection, comprising objects that document the "everyday life of ordinary people" in the United States since the 1850s; and works of fine art in a variety of media.

Architecture

Designed by Israeli-born architect Moshe Safdie, the campus of the Skirball Cultural Center is in the Santa Monica Mountains near the Sepulveda Pass.

Noah's Ark
The Noah's Ark galleries were designed by Olson Sundberg Kundig Allen Architects of Seattle. Partner Jim Olson was the lead designer of the ark and Principal Alan Maskin designed the interactive exhibits and provided art direction for the project, including the design of nearly 300 animals. Brooklyn-based designer/puppeteer Chris M. Green created additional life-sized animals, many of them puppets to be operated by gallery staff. Outdoors, the Noah's Ark experience includes a rainbow mist installation developed by Moshe Safdie, the architect of the Skirball Cultural Center, in partnership with environmental artist Ned Kahn.

Public programs
The Skirball presents a range of music, theater, poetry, literary, film and other performing arts.

Education

The Skirball annually serves approximately 60,000 schoolchildren and teachers representing virtually every religious and ethnic background in Southern California. The family-oriented discovery center includes a simulated dig site and field tent and informs visitors about the archaeology of ancient Israel and the Near East.

References

Further reading
 Cinema's Legacy at the Skirball, AFI
 About the Skirball
 Philosophy of the Skirball

External links
 Official website of the Skirball Cultural Center

Museums in Los Angeles
Arts centers in California
Art museums and galleries in Los Angeles
Jewish museums in California
Santa Monica Mountains
Sepulveda Boulevard
Jews and Judaism in Los Angeles
Jewish organizations based in the United States
National Performance Network Partners
Organizations established in 1996
Cultural centers in the United States
1996 establishments in California
Brentwood, Los Angeles
Moshe Safdie buildings
Postmodern architecture in California

Skirball Cultural Center


The second HMS Tarpon (N17) was a T-class submarine of the Royal Navy. She was laid down by Scotts, Greenock and launched in October 1939. She is named after the large fish Tarpon; one species of which is native to the Atlantic, and the other to the Indo-Pacific Oceans.

Career
Tarpon had a short career, serving in the North Sea. She left Portsmouth on 5 April 1940 for Rosyth in company with HMS Severn. The following day they were ordered to Norway. On the 10th Tarpon was ordered to take up a new position. Tarpon was never heard from again.

It is asserted that there is a combination of British and German records which state that she was engaged by Schiff 40. The records show that Tarpon had attacked the Q-ship Schiff 40/Schürbek, but her first torpedoes had missed. The Q-ship picked up the Tarpon on her sonar and her periscope was sighted. The ship dropped numerous depth charges in a sustained counterattack that went on most of the morning.  Finally a pattern of depth charges brought wreckage to the surface. The Q-ship remained on the scene until 0500 the next morning when it became clear the submarine had been sunk.  Tarpon was reported overdue on 22 April 1940.

Wreck
The wreck was found and identified in the Danish part of the North Sea, near the harbour town of Thyborøn, by a Danish commercial diver,  Gert Normann Andersen of the company JD-Contractor and British marine archaeologist Dr Innes McCartney in March 2016. The wreck was explored in a live TV program by Denmark's Radio on 28 August 2016. The submarine wreck was found with two torpedo tubes empty; confirming it likely they were fired in battle before her sinking. It is therefore still most likely she was then sunk by depth charges. The wreck is submerged in 40 metres of water.

Notes

References

British T-class submarines of the Royal Navy
Ships built on the River Clyde
1939 ships
World War II submarines of the United Kingdom
World War II shipwrecks in the North Sea
Maritime incidents in April 1940
Submarines sunk by German warships

HMS Tarpon (N17)


The contact order of a protein is a measure of the locality of the inter-amino acid contacts in the protein's native state tertiary structure. It is calculated as the average sequence distance between residues that form native contacts in the folded protein divided by the total length of the protein. Higher contact orders indicate longer folding times, and low contact order has been suggested as a predictor of potential downhill folding, or protein folding that occurs without a free energy barrier. This effect is thought to be due to the lower loss of conformational entropy associated with the formation of local as opposed to nonlocal contacts.

Relative contact order (CO) is formally defined as:

where N is the total number of contacts, ΔSi,j is the sequence separation, in residues, between contacting residues i and j, and L is the total number of residues in the protein. The value of contact order typically ranges from 5% to 25% for single-domain proteins, with lower contact order belonging to mainly helical proteins, and higher contact order belonging to proteins with a high beta-sheet content.

Protein structure prediction methods are more accurate in predicting the structures of proteins with low contact orders. This may be partly because low contact order proteins tend to be small, but is likely to be explained by the smaller number of possible long-range residue-residue interactions to be considered during global optimization procedures that minimize an energy function. Even successful structure prediction methods such as the Rosetta method overproduce low-contact-order structure predictions compared to the distributions observed in experimentally determined protein structures.

The percentage of the natively folded contact order can also be used as a measure of the "nativeness" of folding transition states. Phi value analysis in concert with molecular dynamics has produced transition-state models whose contact order is close to that of the folded state in proteins that are small and fast-folding. Further, contact orders in transition states as well as those in native states are highly correlated with overall folding time.

In addition to their role in structure prediction, contact orders can themselves be predicted based on a sequence alignment, which can be useful in classifying the fold of a novel sequence with some degree of homology to known sequences.

See also
Circuit topology: topological arrangement of contacts

References

Bioinformatics
Protein structure

Contact order


The Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia (OCABC) is a Designated Policing and Law Enforcement Unit under the Police Act (B.C.) established on March 11, 1999. Similar to the structure and authority of municipal police departments in British Columbia, OCABC is an independent policing agency. The specific mandate of the OCABC is to facilitate the disruption and suppression of organized crime.

The OCABC was created in direct response to the recommendations of the report of the Organized Crime Independent Review Committee, chaired by Stephen Owen ("The Owen Report", September 15, 1998).  The agency was incorporated as a society in March 1999 under the BC Police Act to replace its forerunner, the Coordinated Law Enforcement Unit (CLEU).  The Owen Report found CLEU to be "… not sufficiently equipped, mandated or able to cope with the growing sophistication and diversity of organized crime".
The OCABC became fully operational in February 2000, similar in structure and authority to other municipal police departments in British Columbia.  As a designated police agency in the province of British Columbia, the OCAB has its own contingent of sworn law enforcement officers and civilian personnel, and is responsible for:

"Providing designated Policing and designated Law Enforcement to reduce and eliminate organized crime and other significant criminal activity in British Columbia."
The OCABC derives its powers from sections 4.1 (2) (c) and 18.1 (d) of the Police Act.

Structure
During Rich Coleman's term as solicitor general, the province increased its move toward more integration in policing as both a cost-saving measure by reducing duplication of efforts, and in order to solidify the agency's impact as an aggressive organized crime fighting unit.
In 2004, this restructuring aligned the OCABC with its law enforcement partners into the Combined Forces Special Enforcement Unit – British Columbia (CFSEU-BC).  It is under this agency name that organized crime projects are investigated and prosecuted.
The CFSEU-BC integrated 14 law enforcement agencies, including the OCABC and the RCMP, under one single command structure with oversight provided by a chief superintendent.  The intent was to integrate the OCAB, municipal police and the RCMP into one combined unit to coordinate the province's response to the growing threat of organized crime and gang violence.

Operations
In 2002-2003, the agency participated in Project Blizzard with Alberta and U.S. authorities in investigating drug trafficking. This project had 689,000 pseudoephedrine tablets, 64.7 kilograms of cocaine, 3,353 pounds of marijuana, and $4 million seized.
The five-month Project Longhaul in 2003 investigated distribution and transportation of marijuana, ecstasy, and ephedrine from British Columbia to Ontario and the U.S. and resulted in 3,872 pounds of marijuana, 20,000 tablets of ecstasy, and 218.2 kilograms of ephedrine being seized. Project Longhaul II specifically focused on BC bud and had 1,595 pounds of marijuana, and 461 marijuana plant clones seized.

Notes

References

External links
Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia
RCMP Integrated Policing

Crown corporations of British Columbia
Law enforcement agencies of British Columbia


Sir James Cockburn, 8th Baronet (1729 – 26 July 1804) was a Member of the Parliament of Great Britain for Linlithgow Burghs from 1772 to 1784 and a Director of the East India Company.

Family
He was a son of William Cockburn of Berwickshire and his wife and cousin Frances Cockburn. His paternal grandparents were Sir Alexander Cockburn, 6th Baronet and his wife Mary Ancrum. His maternal grandfather was Dr James Cockburn of Jamaica.

Alexander and Dr James Cockburn were brothers. They were both sons of Sir Archibald Cockburn, 4th Baronet and his wife Marion Sinclair.

Marion Sinclair was a daughter of John Sinclair and Isabel Boyd. Her paternal grandfather was John Sinclair (d. 1649) and his wife Marion McCath .

Career
Cockburn joined the London firm of Henry Douglas, a wealthy merchant and his future father in law. He was a commissary to the Army in Germany during the Seven Years' War and appointed Commissary General in 1762, after which he returned to London and became involved in the purchase of West Indian plantations and in East India politics.

In 1767 he was elected a Director of the East India Company (until 1769). He was re-elected in 1770 and in the following two years.

In 1772 he was also elected to Parliament to represent Linlithgow, a seat he retained until 1784. He had bought the heritable position of Principal Usher of the White Rod in Scotland in 1766.

Baronetcy
His paternal grandfather Sir Alexander Cockburn, 6th Baronet died in May, 1739. Having survived his oldest son Archibald Cockburn, Alexander was succeeded by the eldest son of Archibald as Sir Alexander Cockburn, 7th Baronet.

The 7th Baronet died childless in 1745. James was his closest surviving male relative and thus succeeded his first cousin as the 8th Baronet.

Marriages and children

In 1755 James married his first wife Mary Douglas, the daughter of his business partner Henry Douglas of Friarshaw. They had three daughters:
Frances Cockburn.
Harriet Jane Cockburn, who married James Nicholas Duntze, son of Sir John Duntze, Baronet
Mary Cockburn.

His first wife died on 5 April 1766. He remained a widower for three years. On 10 October 1769), Cockburn married his second wife Augusta Anne Ayscough. She was a daughter of Francis Ayscough, Dean of Bristol and Royal tutor. They had six children:
Sir James Cockburn, 9th Baronet (1771–1852), Governor of Bermuda.
Sir George Cockburn, 10th Baronet (1772–1853), MP, Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom, Admiral of the Fleet and First Sea Lord.
Sir William Cockburn, 11th Baronet (1773–1858), Dean of York, who married Elizabeth (died 1828), daughter of Sir Robert Peel.
Alexander Cockburn (1776–1852) served as British Consul to Hamburg and the Hanse towns and later as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Württemberg and the Republic of Colombia. He married Yolande, daughter of the René Michel de Vignier de La Saline, vicomte de Vignier, of Santo Domingo.
Sir Francis Cockburn (1780–1868), a Lieutenant-General in the Army.
Anna Augusta Cockburn. Married Charles Hawkins, Rector of Kelston and Prebendary of York.

References

Bibliography

A listing of the Cockburn family.
Pedigree of the Cockburn family.

1729 births
1804 deaths
People from Berwickshire
Directors of the British East India Company
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Scottish constituencies
James 8
Baronets in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia
British MPs 1768–1774
British MPs 1774–1780
British MPs 1780–1784
Scottish slave owners

Sir James Cockburn, 8th Baronet


Nancy Marie Lopez (born January 6, 1957) is an American professional golfer. She was born in Torrance, California. She became a member of the LPGA Tour in 1977 and won 48 LPGA Tour events, including three major championships.

During her first full season on the LPGA Tour in 1978, Lopez won nine tournaments, including five consecutive. She appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated in July of that year. She also won the Vare Trophy for lowest scoring average, LPGA Rookie of the Year, LPGA Player of the Year and was named the Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year. She won another eight times in 1979. Lopez has won multiple times in each year from 1980 to 1984, although she played only half-seasons in 1983 and 1984 due to the birth of her first child.

Lopez was considered the best golfer of her time. She was also considered outstanding at putting. She was also known for her kindness.

References

1957 births
Living people
American golfers
Sportspeople from Torrance, California

Nancy Lopez


Chinese heavy metal (中国重金属, pinyin: Zhōngguó Zhòngjīnshǔ; also 中国重金属音乐, Zhōngguó zhòngjīnshǔ yīnyuè, literally "Chinese heavy metal music") is commonly used to describe a wide variety of forms of heavy metal music, in connection with the rock bands and solo artists from the People's Republic of China (Native Chinese-speaking regions such as Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau are considered separate scenes). Typically, Chinese heavy metal bands adhere to one subgenre of heavy metal such as death metal, thrash metal, or power metal, but usually having Chinese lyrical content rather than English.

History

Tang Dynasty (1988–1990)

Chinese heavy metal had its origins in hard rock (硬摇滚音乐, Yìng yáogǔn yīnyuè) and Heavy Metal (重金属, Zhòngjīnshǔ) music genres, which had emerged and gained popularity around the 1980s in the western world. The genre of Chinese Heavy Metal music emerged with the formation of the Chinese band, Tang Dynasty as they were the first band to emerge in China with Heavy Metal oriented music. Following their formation in 1988 Tang Dynasty utilized both elements introduced in the new wave of British heavy metal as well as elements of classical Chinese music in the music they wrote. In 1990 Tang dynasty was hired to play at the, 'Festival of modern music / 90's Modern Music Concert', where they were met with extremely positive responses from the crowd of nearly 18,000 spectators.

The success gained from their performance eventually led to them obtaining a record contract with the Taiwanese record label, Magic Stone. In December 1992 Tang Dynasty released their debut album, titled A Dream Return to Tang Dynasty, marking the first release of a heavy metal album in China by a Chinese band.

Development (1991–1999)
In the time following the initial success of 'Tang Dynasty' a number of other Chinese heavy metal bands began to emerge throughout China. The bands emerging during this time period gradually began to adopt a 'heavier' style of music utilizing more western elements in to their music, shown by the band Overload's thrash metal debut record in 1996, but retaining the Chinese lyrical content.

1997–1999 saw a massive rise in the amount of metal bands in China as the amount of new metal bands being formed every year increased from roughly 1-2 to 15 by 1999. The new bands being formed also began to diversify in terms of musical subgenre of heavy metal as many bands began to explore a more Extreme Metal sound rather than the traditional '80's metal sound'.
In 1999, the first metal magazine "极端音乐(Extreme Music)" was founded in Nanjing.
 Extreme Music Magazine articles feature metal bands and metal culture especially underground metal bands. Extreme Music moved to Beijing in 2006.

Public Recognition (2000–2012)

In September of 2000, the first heavy-metal-oriented magazine, Painkiller, was founded in Beijing.  The magazine quickly became popular within the heavy metal subculture in China on account of both its local coverage of metal related subjects as well as due to the inclusion of interview and articles written by foreign correspondents.

During June 2001, the record label "Mort Productions" is founded by some of the members involved in the production and release of the Painkiller.  On November 4th Mort productions released the first compilation CD of Chinese heavy metal, "Resurrection Of The Gods"  Mort Productions would go on to release a variety of records by Chinese metal bands as well as several metal compilation albums.

From the year 2005 and onward, China began to have several high-profile metal concerts with foreign bands headlining, along with local Chinese bands supporting. The band Labyrinth's performance in Beijing marked the first official metal concert in China by a foreign band.

In the following years several foreign bands such as: Edguy, Lacrimosa, Testament, Exodus, In Flames, Nightwish, Dark Tranquility, Dream Theater, Stratovarius, Helloween, Opeth, Lamb Of God, Soulfly, Cannibal Corpse, Iron Maiden have all performed in both Beijing and Shanghai.

2012 marked to be a major statement of recognition for the Chinese metal scene, with several metal bands such as Suffocated being filmed by CCTV 5 and broadcast along the European Championship in Soccer 2012 coverage. Furthermore, the website Rock in China released the compilation record CORE IN CHINA that attracted global attention online and is regarded as a milestone for Chinese metal. In August, three Chinese metal bands (Suffocated, Yaksa and The Falling) performed on the Wacken Open Air 2012.

Artists

See also
Midi Modern Music Festival
Chinese rock
Rock in China

References

External links
 Mort Productions
 Mort Productions release timeline
 Guitarchina (in Chinese)
 Article on Tang Dynasty
 Report about Heavy Metal in China

Chinese styles of music
1980s in music
1990s in music
2000s in music
Heavy metal by location

Chinese heavy metal


Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies (MA-MISS) is a miniaturized imaging spectrometer designed to provide imaging and spectra by reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength region and determine the mineral composition and stratigraphy. The instrument is part of the science payload on board the European Rosalind Franklin rover, tasked to search for biosignatures, and scheduled to land on Mars in spring 2023. MA-MISS is essentially inside a drill on the Rover, and will take measurements of the sub-surface directly.

MA-MISS will help on the search for biosignatures by studying minerals and ices in situ before the collection of samples. The instrument is integrated within the Italian core drill system called DEEDRI, and it will be dedicated to in situ studies of the mineralogy inside the excavated holes in terms of visible and infrared spectral reflectance.

The Principal Investigator is Maria Cristina De Sanctis, from the INAF (Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica) in Italy.

Overview

The instrument is based on the design conceived by planetary scientist Angioletta Coradini in 2001. MA-MISS is integrated in the Rosalind Franklin rover  2-metre DEEDRI core drill and shares its structure and electronics. It will perform visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) in the 0.4 to 2.2 μm range of the excavated borehole wall.

A 5 watt lamp and an optical fiber array will provide the illumination of the target (about 100 μm spot) as well as collect the scattered light from the target. An optical fiber carries the light to the spectrometer.

It will be operated periodically during the pauses of the drilling activity and will also be able to provide images of the hole wall by a sapphire window connected to an array of optical fibres. MA-MISS will provide important information about mineralogy, petrology, and geological processes of sedimentary materials of the Martian subsurface. It will also give insights about materials that have not been altered by surface processes such as erosion, weathering or oxidation.

The instrument is noted for its location inside the drill where it will have close contact with the Martian sub-surface. There is a window on the side of the drill, and as the drill turns it can take measurements around the circumference of the bore hole.

Objectives

The ExoMars programme is an astrobiology project focused on the search for biosignatures in the subsurface of Mars, and to better understand the geological evolution and habitability of Mars. The study of the Martian subsurface will provide important constraints on the nature, timing and duration of alteration and sedimentation processes on Mars, as well as on the complex interactions between the surface and the atmosphere. The stated objectives of the MA-MISS experiment are:
Determine the composition of subsurface materials.
Map the distribution of subsurface water and  ices.
Characterize grain size.
Reconstruct a stratigraphic column for clues on subsurface geological processes.

References

ExoMars
Mars imagers
Astrobiology
Space science experiments


"N̈", or "n̈" (referred to as n-diaeresis or n-umlaut) is a grapheme from several minor extended Latin alphabets, the letter N with a diaeresis mark.

It occurs in the orthographies of Jacaltec (a Mayan dialect), Malagasy, Tol language, and Cape Verdean Creole, in all four cases representing a velar . It is also used in the Boruca language, Nawdm language, Jersey Dutch, and Ocaina language.

Encoding
"N̈" and "n̈" appear in very few languages, so they are not represented on any computer keyboard in any language.

Neither "N̈" nor "n̈" have precomposed forms in the Unicode character set, meaning their only representation is as a combining sequence of a letter "N" (or "n") followed by a combining diaeresis U+0308.

"N̈" and "n̈" are not available as HTML entities.

In popular culture
The letter is probably best known for its use in the title of the fictional band Spın̈al Tap. Its use there parodies the metal umlaut used gratuitously by several actual bands, such as Blue Öyster Cult, Motörhead, and Mötley Crüe. According to fictional musician David St. Hubbins, "it's like a pair of eyes; you're looking at the umlaut, and it's looking at you".

The video game Borderlands 2 contains a boss named Captain̈ Flyn̈t.

American children's animated series Hanazuki: Full of Treasures logo stylized using umlauts as Han̈azüki.

See also

Latin letters with diacritics
id:Umlaut#N̈n̈

N̈


Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez (1821 – April 7, 1891) was a Chilean politician and military figure who played a major role in the Occupation of the Araucanía.

His parents were Manuel Saavedra Cabrera, son of the president of the First Government of Buenos Aires in 1810 and Argentine general, Cornelio Saavedra, and Josefina Rodriguez Salcedo. He married Dorotea Rivera Serrano, daughter of Chilean General Juan de Dios Rivera and Freire de Andrade and Galeazzo Maria del Rosario Alfaro Serrano. At the age of 15 years he entered the military academy, graduating with the rank of second lieutenant of infantry in the Chilean Army in the following year. In 1837 he was assigned to Battalion Chillán, where he rose to lieutenant at the age of 17 years. In 1847 he was promoted to the rank of sergeant major and retired from active duty for health reasons in 1849. Two years later he was called to participate in the 1851 Revolution to overthrow the newly elected President Manuel Montt and to repeal the 1833 Constitution. In 1857 he was appointed mayor and commander of weapons of Arauco, in whose care had to quell the uprising of the southern provinces during the revolution of 1859. That year he was reinstated to the Army with the rank of sergeant major. Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez took office as General Commander of the Chilean Navy in 1860, but left the charge the same year. In 1862 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel.

Saavedra presented a draft plan to President Manuel Montt to advance Chilean territory to the south of La Frontera (consisting of the Bio Bio River), a plan that was rejected. After the incident involving the Frenchman Orélie-Antoine de Tounens, self-proclaimed King of the Araucania and Patagonia declaring the territories of his "kingdom" under the protection of France, President José Joaquín Pérez Mascayano decided to occupy the area immediately approving Saavedra's plan for the occupation of the Araucanía during its first phase..

He led campaigns culminating in the submission of the Mapuche. The first phase consisted of building forts and small villages along the river Malleco, going into Mapuche territory (including the foundation of the city of Angol in 1862). The second phase (1867–1869) was decisive in advance, but the third phase in 1870 was not as successful and led to further negotiations.

After the pacification of Araucanía, he participated in the War of the Pacific. He later retired from military life was made a deputy for San Carlos, Chile (1861–1864), Linares, Chile (1864–1867), Carelmapu (1867–1870), Nacimiento, Chile and Angol (1870–1873) and Minister of War (1879).

References

External links

1821 births
1891 deaths
Military personnel from Santiago
Chilean Ministers of Defense
Chilean Army generals
Chilean Navy officers
Chilean people of Argentine descent
Chilean people of Spanish descent
People of the 1851 Chilean Revolution
People of the Occupation of Araucanía
Chilean military personnel of the War of the Pacific

Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez


Peter Stuckey (born 18 March 1940) was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-fast bowler who played for Dorset. He was born in Bournemouth, Hampshire, which is now in Dorset.

Having made his Minor Counties Championship debut four years previously, Stuckey made a single List A appearance for the team, against Bedfordshire in the 1968 Gillette Cup. From the bottom of the order, Stuckey picked up six runs, and took figures of 0-11 with the ball.

External links
Peter Stuckey at Cricket Archive

1940 births
Living people
English cricketers
Dorset cricketers
Sportspeople from Bournemouth
Cricketers from Dorset

Peter Stuckey


Nirvana – A Classic Album Under Review – In Utero (also known as Nirvana's In Utero) is a 2006 music documentary released exclusively to DVD dealing with grunge band Nirvana's third studio album, In Utero.  The film purports to offer a "rare insight" into the influential music group, and consists of  live and studio performances by Nirvana, interspersed with interviews with the band and with music industry notables and experts.  It was released on November 21, 2006, and has a running time of 70 minutes.

The film is narrated by Tony Ponfret and produced by Thomas Walker.  Those interviewed include Nirvana's original drummer Chad Channing, Kurt Cobain's biographer Charles R. Cross, and music producer Jack Endino.  The DVD also include biographies of the contributors, an interactive Nirvana quiz, and a two-minute bonus discussion of the Unplugged in New York album.

The DVD received generally negative reviews. PopMatters.com said, "That the album warrants a focused discussion on its creation and impact, both at the time and ongoing, is without debate," but felt that it was "surprising and disappointing" that the collected critics and writers found "so little new to say about the band and their work". It was criticized for its poor choice in people interviewed (mainly British musicians and journalists with little connection to Nirvana).

Record Collector Magazine also felt that "In Utero's legacy as Kurt Cobain's final work" represented "an ideal topic for a classic album study", but complained that "as the album edges into more abrasive territory with Milk It and Tourettes, the review glosses over them abruptly", and said that the DVD was "essentially only of Biography Channel standard".

Chris Akin of Blogcritics.com was more appreciative and said that the documentary "paints [the] picture of Nirvana's historic rise and tragic fall with a clarity and lack of bias that most of the others can't seem to muster."

See also
In Utero
Nirvana discography

References

2006 films
English films
Nirvana (band) video albums
2000s English-language films
2000s British films
British musical documentary films


James D. Hardy (May 14, 1918 – February 19, 2003) was a United States surgeon who performed the world's first lung transplant into John Russell, who lived 18 days.  The transplant was performed at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Mississippi on June 11, 1963.

Hardy also attempted the world's first modern heart transplant when he transplanted the heart of a chimpanzee into comatose and dying Boyd Rush's chest during the early morning of January 24, 1964.  This heart beat for approximately one hour, and then Rush died without regaining consciousness. The consent form did not disclose that a chimpanzee heart might be used, although Hardy stated that he had discussed this with Rush's stepsister. Before the transplant attempt, Hardy asked the four doctors who would be assisting him, to vote whether to proceed.  One said yes, one abstained, and the last two nodded yes. This operation was also performed at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson. It was the world's first modern heart xenotransplant since Hardy used a chimp's heart.

Early life
Hardy grew up in Newala, Alabama, a small community in Shelby County. His father owned a lime plant in Newala. He studied at a high school in Montevallo before entering the University of Alabama for pre-medical curriculum. He received his MD in 1942 from University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in Philadelphia. He held the office of the president of Alpha Omega Alpha during his senior year and his first scientific publication was on wound healings.

Career
Hardy served in the U.S. Army Medical Corps in early 1944 during the Second World War. He first worked at Stark General Hospital, Charleston in South Carolina. Hardy began writing his first book, Surgery and the Endocrine System, in 1950 which was published two years later. He was awarded the Master of Medical Science in physiological chemistry by the University of Pennsylvania in 1951 for his research on using heavy water for measuring body fluids. He became the chair of surgery at the University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson in 1955. He was also the first Professor of Surgery at the University of Mississippi School of Medicine.

Hardy wrote 24 books, 139 book chapters, 466 papers, and produced over 200 films. Vishnevsky Institute, Moscow honored him in 1971 for his pioneering work in organ transplantation and awarded him two medals for lung transplant and heart, respectively. He has served as President of the Society of University Surgeons, the Society of Surgical Chairmen, the Southern Surgical Association, the American College of Surgeons, the American Surgical Association and the International Society of Surgery.

Hardy also led the team responsible for performing a double-lung transplant that left the heart in place, in 1987.

First lung transplant (1963)

In April 1963, 58-year-old John Russell was admitted to the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Mississippi, with recurrent pneumonia unresponsive to antibiotics.  He also had emphysema of both lungs, squamous cell carcinoma of his left lung, and kidney disease.  To complicate matters, Russell was a prisoner at the Mississippi State Penitentiary serving a life sentence for murder.  One source states Russell was in prison for accidentally shooting and killing a 14-year-old boy.  James Hardy wrote regarding this case, "Although the patient was serving a life sentence for a capital offense, there was no discussion with him regarding the possibility of a change in his prison sentence. However, authorities of the state government were contacted privately, and they indicated that a very favorable attitude might be adopted if the patient were to contribute to human progress in this way."

Prior to the surgery, Russell would awake at night coughing up bloody sputum until he was blue in the face.  Every movement left him extremely short of breath, and he was scared of suffocating.  Tests showed he only had one-third of normal lung capacity.  When Hardy approached him about the potential transplant, Russell talked with his wife and three children.  His main concern was whether the transplant would help improve his shortness of breath.  Hardy told him that he thought it would.

Thoracic resident Martin Dalton sought and received permission from the family of a recently deceased heart attack patient to use their left lung.  He used an endotracheal tube to keep the lungs ventilated and injected heparin into the heart to prevent clotting.  When the time came, he removed the left lung and carried it to the adjacent operating room.

On June 11, 1963, when Hardy and his team opened Russell's chest to begin the transplant, they saw that his cancer had spread beyond the left lung.  The transplant would not save his life, but it might give him better breathing.  The team continued with the planned transplant. The cancerous left lung had shrunk, and so had space around it.  The team made space for the new lung and changed a few of the planned vascular connections.  Watts Webb assisted Hardy with the transplant.

Initially, the transplanted lung did provide Russell with better breathing, before kidney disease impacted him.  Hardy used azathioprine, prednisone, and radiation to suppress his immune system.  John Russell lived for another 18 days and then died of kidney failure.  One source states that Russell died from a combination of cancer, infection, and kidney disease.

The book Second Wind: Oral Histories of Lung Transplant Survivors (2012) states that University of Mississippi Medical Center had unreliable blood banking, no intensive care unit, only limited 24-hour lab support, a weak anesthesia program, and most critically for Russell, no artificial kidney machine.

There is brief surviving film footage of the lung transplant.  Martin McMullan participated in the operation as a surgical technician, and later became a doctor and a professor of surgery.

First heart transplant (1964)
At the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Hardy transplanted the heart of a chimpanzee into the chest of a dying Boyd Rush and shocked it with a defibrillator to resume beating at approximately 2:00 a.m. on Friday, January 24, 1964.  This heart beat either 60 or 90 minutes (sources vary), and then Rush died without regaining consciousness.  Since the operation had begun at approximately 11:00 p.m. on Jan. 23, 1964, some sources give that date. Hardy had been inspired by the limited success of Keith Reemtsma at Tulane University in Louisiana who in the early 1960s transplanted chimpanzee kidneys into thirteen human patients.

Boyd Rush was a 68-year-old retired upholsterer described as a "deaf mute" who was referred to Hardy by a community hospital on Jan. 21, 1964.  He had been found by neighbors in a comatose state with only a faint pulse.  Rush's stepsister Mrs. J.H. Thompson signed a consent form which stated, "I agree to the insertion of a suitable heart transplant if such should be available at the time.  I further understand that hundreds of heart transplants have been performed in laboratories throughout the world but that any heart transplant would represent the initial transplant in man."  The consent form did not include the possibility that a chimpanzee heart might be used.  Hardy later stated that he had verbally discussed the procedure in detail with relatives, although Mrs. Thompson was the only relative.  A 2012 medical article stated, "Such was the medicolegal situation at that time that this 'informed' consent was not considered in any way inadequate."

Hardy had four chimpanzees he had previously purchased in order to have a back-up plan.  There was also a trauma victim in the hospital's ICU who was brain-dead and whose family had given permission for him to be a heart donor.  However, the legal definition of death at the time required that the heartbeat stop, and this trauma victim's heart still beat.  Around 11:00 pm on Thursday, Jan. 23, Rush went into shock with low blood pressure, and Hardy took him into the operating room.  Rush's heart stopped just before they attached him to the heart-lung machine.  Hardy polled the other four doctors who were assisting him in the surgery, on whether they should continue with the transplant knowing that they would now use the heart of one of the chimpanzees and would likely receive substantial public criticism.  The first doctor said yes, the next abstained, and the remaining two nodded yes. Just after 2:00 am in the early morning hours of Friday, Jan. 24, 1964, Hardy completed the stitching to connect the chimpanzee heart into Rush's chest.  He used a defibrillator to start the donor heart beating.  The chimpanzee heart beat in Rush's chest for approximately one hour and then could not be restarted.

The hospital's director of public information put out a guarded statement which included the vague phrase "the dimensions of the only available donor heart" and did not disclose that the donor heart came from a chimpanzee.  The Associated Press story began: "Surgeons took the heart from a dead man, revived it and transplanted it into the chest of a man dying of heart failure today."  At that point, the Mississippi Medical Center revealed the crucial detail that the donor heart had come from a chimpanzee.  On Jan. 25, the New York Times printed a more accurate headline: "Chimpanzee Heart Used in Transplant to Human."  Years later, Hardy stated, "The publicity, the outcry and the criticism were enormous.  Public media reporters seemed to come out of the woodwork.  We hunkered down and waited it out."

Several weeks later Hardy attended the Sixth International Transplantation Conference in New York City.  Author Donald McRae of Every Second Counts (2006) wrote that the publicity surrounding the transplant had made Hardy's work "seem chaotic and even duplicitous" and that Hardy could feel the "icy disdain" from his fellow physicians.  Hardy was introduced by Willem Kolff, the creator of the kidney machine, and toward the end of introduction Kolff turned to Hardy and quipped, "In Mississippi they keep the chimpanzees in one cage and the Negroes in another cage, don't they, Dr. Hardy?"  Donald McRae wrote that the impact of this offhand remark on an already unsympathetic audience was profound, especially since the audience knew that Kolff had lived through the Nazi occupation of Holland.  Kolff said later that he had merely been joking in an effort to lighten the mood.  Hardy wrote, "For one of the few times in my professional career, I was taken aback and did poorly.  The audience was palpably hostile.  .  .  .  .  there was not a single hand of applause thereafter."

Hardy later wrote, "I had noted that when one loses his academic post, for whatever reason, he is not likely to get another one of comparable significance.  I decided to wait until [Norm] Shumway and his group transplanted a heart in man."  James Hardy thus withdrew from the race to perform the first successful heart transplant.

More than three and a half years later, the first heart transplant using a human heart was performed by Christiaan Barnard of South Africa on Dec. 3, 1967, with patient Louis Washkansky surviving for eighteen days.

Personal life
Hardy married Louise Scott Sams of Decatur, Georgia in 1949. They met when he was working in Stark General Hospital in Charleston. She died from Alzheimer's disease in 2000. They had four daughters – Dr. Louise Roeska-Hardy, professor of philosophy in Heidelberg and Frankfurt, Germany, Dr. Julia Ann Hardy, psychiatrist in Michigan, Dr. Bettie Winn Hardy, clinical psychologist and director of the eating disorders program at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas and Dr. Katherine H. Little, medical director of the Diagnostic Center for Digestive Diseases at Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas.

Retirement
Hardy retired from the Department of Surgery, University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson, in 1987. He died at the age of 84 on February 19, 2003.

Books
Hardy wrote an autobiography, The World of Surgery 1945–1985: Memoirs of One Participant, which was published in 1986.
Apart from his autobiography, Hardy also wrote several other books including:
Hardy's Textbook of Surgery
Surgery and the Endocrine System
The Academic Surgeon

References

Further reading
 James D. Hardy (1986), The World of Surgery 1945–1985: Memoirs of One Participant (Autobiography)
 "A Pioneer in Surgery". University of Mississippi Medical Center

1918 births
2003 deaths
Physicians from Alabama
People from Shelby County, Alabama
American thoracic surgeons
United States Army Medical Corps officers
United States Army personnel of World War II
University of Alabama alumni
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
Xenotransplantation
20th-century American physicians
20th-century surgeons

James Hardy (surgeon)


Vice Admiral Mathew Quashie (23 March 1951 - 9 January 2020) was a Ghanaian naval officer and was the twenty-ninth Chief of Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces. He also served as the Chief of Naval Staff of the Ghana Navy from 3 April 2009 to 28 March 2013.

Early life
Vice Admiral Quashie was born on 23 March 1951 in Accra. In 1970 he obtained his General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level Certificate after a five-year secondary school education at Mfantsipim School in Cape Coast. After Mfantsipim School, got admitted into the Ghana Secondary Technical School in Takoradi from 1970 to 1972. He was awarded his Advanced Level Certificate after completion.

Naval service
Vice Admiral Quashie enlisted into the Ghana Military Academy in 1972. He went to the United Kingdom to continue his basic military officer training. He enrolled at the Britannia Royal Naval College and completed his training in 1974. He returned to Ghana and was commissioned Sub-Lieutenant into the Executive Branch of the Ghana Navy in July 1974.

Naval appointments
Vice Admiral Quashie has served the Navy in various capacities including:
 Watch-Keeping Officer on the Ghana Navy Ships (GNS) Keta, Kromantse, Sahene and Achimota
 Executive Officer on GNS Elmina and Dzata
 Acting Executive Officer on GNS Kromantse.
 Aide-de-Camp to the Chief of the Naval Staff.
 Base Operations Officer, Naval Base Sekondi
 Staff Officer Communication and Intelligence
 Acting Training Officer, Naval Base Sekondi
 Senior Officer Afloat and Commanding Officer Naval Base Sekondi.

He served in the several senior capacities prior to his appointment as the Chief of Staff. They included:
 Director of Operations and Plans at the Naval Headquarters
 Directing Staff at both the Ghana Armed Forces Command College and Nigeria Command and Staff College
 Deputy Commandant Ghana Armed Forces Command and Staff College
 Director Resettlement at General Headquarters (2003) and Chief Staff Officer, Naval Headquarters
 Flag Officer Commanding (FOC) Eastern Naval Command

Combat operation
During the 1980s Lebanon conflict, Vice Admiral Quashie was appointed Assistant Staff Officer of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon.

Military appointment
On 28 March 2013, President John Dramani Mahama, Commander in Chief of the Ghana Armed Forces, swore Vice Admiral Quashie into office as the Chief of the Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces.  He replaced Lt Gen. Peter Blay. Prior to his appointment, Vice Admiral Quarshie served as the Chief of Naval Staff. He handed over to Rear Admiral Geoffrey Mawuli Biekro.

Death
On 9 January 2020, Quashie died at the 37 Military Hospital in Accra, where he had been on admission for some time. He had reportedly not been well since he lost his wife in 2019.

References

Ghanaian military personnel
Ghana Navy personnel
Chiefs of the Defence Staff (Ghana)
Mfantsipim School alumni
1951 births
2020 deaths
Chiefs of Naval Staff (Ghana)
Ghana Secondary Technical School alumni

Matthew Quashie


Sebastian of Heusenstamm () (16 March 1508 – 18 March 1555) was the Archbishop-Elector of Mainz from 1545 to 1555.

Biography

Sebastian of Heusenstamm was born in Frankfurt on March 16, 1508.  He was ordained as a priest in Mainz on October 6, 1531.

Following the death of Albert of Mainz, the cathedral chapter of Mainz Cathedral elected Sebastian to be the new Archbishop of Mainz on October 20, 1545.  Pope Paul III confirmed his appointment on January 27, 1546, and he was consecrated as a bishop by Melchior Zobel von Giebelstadt, Bishop of Würzburg, on May 2, 1546.

The practice of canonical visitation had been re-established by the Council of Trent, so Sebastian conducted a visitation of the Archbishopric of Mainz, aimed at rooting out Protestant tendencies in the archbishopric.  This visitation was largely carried out by Sebastian's auxiliary bishop, Michael Helding (later Bishop of Merseburg).  Sebastian held a provincial synod on November 19, 1548 to launch the Counter-Reformation in Mainz.  In 1551, along with John of Isenburg-Grenzau, Archbishop of Trier, he attended the Council of Trent, but the archbishops rushed home with the outbreak of the Second Margrave War in 1552.

During the Second Margrave War, troops of Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach attacked Mainz in 1552, devastating the city.  This convinced Sebastian that Charles V, Holy Roman Empire was unable to protect the ecclesiastical territories from the secular states surrounding them.  He thus became a supporter of the principle of cuius regio, eius religio, although he died before the Peace of Augsburg was signed.

Sebastian died in Eltville on March 18, 1555.  He is buried in Mainz Cathedral.

References

This page is based on this page on German Wikipedia.
Profile from catholic-hierarchy.org
Andreas Ludwig Beit, Kirche und Kirchenreform in der Erzdiöceze Mainz im Zeitalter der Glaubensspältung und der beginnenden tridentinischen Reformation 1517-1618

1508 births
1555 deaths
Archbishop-Electors of Mainz
Burials at Mainz Cathedral

Sebastian von Heusenstamm


In finance, a derivative is a special type of contract. In it, the two parties agree to sell (or to buy) certain goods, at a given price, on a given date. Derivatives can be used in two ways. The first is called speculation: One party hopes that the market price differs from the price agreed upon in the contract, so that they can make the difference between the two. The second is called hedging: One party wants to make sure that the market price doesn't go in a direction that would hurt their profits, so they make sure that the price is agreed upon a long time before the transaction takes place. For a seller, hedging means that they can be certain to receive the agreed upon price, and for the buyer, hedging means that they can be certain not to pay more than the agreed upon price. From a moral point of view, speculation is considered a negative activity.

One of the oldest derivatives is rice futures, which have been traded on the Dojima Rice Exchange since the eighteenth century.

Derivatives can take many forms, but some of the most common types are Futures, Contracts for Difference and Options. They can also be structured on a range of different assets including Forex, Equities, Commodities, and interest rates.

References

Finance

Derivative (finance)


Jonathan Maxcy (September 2, 1768 – June 4, 1820) was an American Baptist minister and college president.  He was the second president of Brown University (then known as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island & Providence Plantations), of which he was also a graduate; the third president of Union College; and the first president of the University of South Carolina (then known as the South Carolina College).

Early life
Jonathan Maxcy was born 2 Sep 1768, in the town of Attleboro, Massachusetts Bay, British American Colonies. Johnathan married Susannah Hopkins in Providence, Rhode Island on August 27, 1791. His younger brother was Virgil Maxcy, a Maryland political figure who was killed in the explosion of the . He was educated at an academy in Wrentham, Massachusetts, and then attended Brown University, from which he graduated in 1787. In 1789, he was baptized by James Manning, the first president of Brown.

Baptist ministry
In 1790, Maxcy was licensed to preach by First Baptist Church in Providence and the next year, following Manning's death, he became pastor of First Baptist Church. In 1796, Jonathan Maxcy authored the well known Discourse Designed to Explain the Doctrine of Atonement which became a widely consulted work on Edwardsean theological views that found expression in the Second Great Awakening.  The first president of the Southern Baptist Convention William Bullein Johnson was one of Maxcy's theological protégés.

Race and Slavery
While unclear whether Macxy himself owned slaves or took a position on slavery, the Maxcys were said to have been sympathetic towards slavery as Jonathan Maxcy's father Levi owned at least one slave. Maxcy also held close relationships with a number of prominent southern slave owners, including Furman, leading many to believe he defended the great american evil.

Brown University presidency
In 1789, he was elected a trustee of and appointed professor of divinity at Brown. In 1792, at only 24 years of age, he was elected president pro tempore of the College of Rhode Island & Providence Plantations, now Brown University, and therefore resigned as pastor of First Baptist Church. He was formally elected president of the college in 1797 after which he served until 1802.

Professor Romeo Elton wrote of the Maxcy presidency at Brown:

The University over which he presided with distinguished honor to himself and benefit to the public, flourished under his administration, and his fame was extended over every section of the Union. The splendor of his genius, and his brilliant talents as an orator and a divine, were seen and admired by all. ... Under his administration the College acquired a reputation for belles-lettres and eloquence inferior to no seminary of learning in the United States. His pupils saw in him an admirable model for their imitation, and the influence of his pure and cultivated taste was seen in their literary performances. Though destitute of funds, and patronage from the legislature of the state, guided by his genius and wisdom, the College flourished and diffused its light over every part of the country. ... Dr. Maxcy was one of the most learned men which our country has produced. Criticism, metaphysics, politics, morals, and theology all occupied his attention. His stores of knowledge were immense, and he had at all times the command over them.

Union College presidency
In 1801, Jonathan Edwards Jr., the second president of Union College in Schenectady, New York, died and Maxcy succeeded him as its third president.

University of South Carolina presidency
Maxcy left Union College in 1804 to become the first president of the South Carolina College, now the University of South Carolina, where he remained until his death on June 4, 1820.

Honors and memorials
While president of Brown, Maxcy received the honorary degree of D.D. from Harvard. At Brown, Maxcy Hall built in 1895 and still in use was named for him. A building at Union College bore the name Maxcy House from  1971 until 1990 when its name was changed to Fero House. In 1827 the Maxcy Monument designed by noted architect Robert Mills was erected in the center of the Horseshoe, the main quadrangle of the University of South Carolina. In 1937 Maxcy College was built just north of the Horseshoe facing Pendleton Street.

Personal life
Maxcy married Susanna Hopkins, daughter of Commodore Esek Hopkins and niece of former Royal Governor of Rhode Island and first Brown University chancellor Stephen Hopkins of Providence. They had at least 3 daughters and 4 sons.

See also

 List of presidents of Brown University
 List of presidents of the University of South Carolina

References

External links

Biography in the Encyclopedia Brunoniana
Brown University's John Hay Library
Biography from Union College
Works by Maxcy
Furman University's Special Collection on Baptists
Baptist Identity and Christian Higher Education, monograph by Donald D. Schmeltekopf and Dianna M. Vitanza

1768 births
1820 deaths
18th-century Baptist ministers from the United States
American educational theorists
Brown University alumni
History of Christianity in the United States
Presidents of Brown University
University and college founders
Presidents of the University of South Carolina
Presidents of Union College (New York)

Jonathan Maxcy


Homoeriodictyol is a bitter-masking flavanone extracted from Yerba Santa (Eriodictyon californicum) a plant growing in America.

Homoeriodictyol (3`-methoxy-4`,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone) is one of the 4 flavanones identified by Symrise in this plant eliciting taste-modifying property: homoeriodictyol sodium salt, eriodictyol and sterubin.  Homoeriodictyol Sodium salt elicited the most potent bitter-masking activity by reducing from 10 to 40% the bitterness of salicin, amarogentin, paracetamol and quinine. However no bitter-masking activity was detected with bitter linoleic acid emulsions. According to Symrise's scientists homoeriodictyol sodium salt seems to be a taste-modifier with large potential in food applications and pharmaceuticals.

Structural relatives investigation based on eriodictyol and homoeriodictyol, found 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid vanillylamide to elicits bitter-masking activity. At 0.1g/L, this vanillin derivative, was able to reduce the bitterness of a 0.5g/L caffeine solution by about 30%.

References

O-methylated flavanones
Bitter-masking compounds
Taste modifiers
Physiology
Resorcinols

Homoeriodictyol


Karol Borsuk (8 May 1905 – 24 January 1982) was a Polish mathematician.
His main interest was topology, while he obtained significant results also in functional analysis.

Borsuk introduced the theory of absolute retracts (ARs) and absolute neighborhood retracts (ANRs), and the cohomotopy groups, later called Borsuk–Spanier cohomotopy groups. He also founded shape theory. He has constructed various beautiful examples of topological spaces, e.g. an acyclic, 3-dimensional continuum which admits a fixed point free homeomorphism onto itself; also 2-dimensional, contractible polyhedra which have no free edge. His topological and geometric conjectures and themes stimulated research for more than half a century; in particular, his open problems stimulated the infinite-dimensional topology.

Borsuk received his master's degree and doctorate from Warsaw University in 1927 and 1930, respectively; his PhD thesis advisor was Stefan Mazurkiewicz. He was a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences from 1952.   Borsuk's students included Samuel Eilenberg, Włodzimierz Holsztyński, Jan Jaworowski, Krystyna Kuperberg, Włodzimierz Kuperberg, Hanna Patkowska, and Andrzej Trybulec.

Works
 Geometria analityczna w n wymiarach (1950) (translated to English as Multidimensional Analytic Geometry, Polish Scientific Publishers, 1969)
 Podstawy geometrii (1955)
 Foundations of Geometry (1960) with Wanda Szmielew, North Holland publisher
 Theory of Retracts (1967), PWN, Warszawa.
 Theory of Shape (1975)
 Collected papers vol. I, (1983), PWN, Warszawa.

See also
 Zygmunt Janiszewski
 Stanislaw Ulam
 Scottish Café
 Animal Husbandry, an educational dice game published by Borsuk at his own expense in 1943 during the German occupation of Warsaw. The original game was lost during the Warsaw uprising in August 1944. Very few copies survived outside Warsaw and one was given back to the Borsuk family. The game is now published by Granna under the name of "Super Farmer".

References

External links

Warsaw School of Mathematics
Topologists
Members of the Polish Academy of Sciences
University of Warsaw alumni
Academic staff of the University of Warsaw
People from Warsaw Governorate
1905 births
1982 deaths

Karol Borsuk


Ashutosh Agashe (born 21 October 1972) is an Indian cricket player and businessman. He played the Ranji Trophy for the Maharashtra cricket team from 1996 to 1999. He has served as the managing director of Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd. since 1996.

Biography

Early life and family: 1972 – 1996
Agashe was born in Pune, Maharashtra on 21 October 1972, into an aristocratic Chitpavan brahmin family of industrialist Dnyaneshwar Agashe of the Agashe gharana of Mangdari, and his wife Rekha Gogte, of the Gogte gharana of Belgaum.

Through his father, Agashe is a grandson of Chandrashekhar Agashe, a nephew of Panditrao Agashe, a younger brother of Mandar Agashe, an older brother of Sheetal Agashe, of distant relative of Third Anglo-Maratha War general Bapu Gokhale, musician Ashutosh Phatak, historian Dinkar G. Kelkar, and scientist P. K. Kelkar. Through his mother, he is a great-nephew of B. M. Gogte, a descendant of the aristocratic Latey (Bhagwat) family, and of relation to Kokuyo Camlin head Dilip Dandekar, and academic Jyoti Gogte.

Agashe graduated with a B.Com degree from the Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce. He represented his college in their cricket team. He married Shalini Phadke in 1997; she is a maternal granddaughter of the last ruler of the Kurundwad Junior princely state from the Patwardhan Dynasty.

Career in cricket: 1996 – 2000
Beginning in 1996, he played First-class and List A cricket. His batting style was the right-hand bat and his bowling style was right-arm medium. From 1997 to 1999, he represented his home state of Maharashtra in the Ranji Trophy and played for the Maharashtra cricket team, having been selected for a four-day fixture for the Ranji Trophy by the MCA in 1998. He also played for the Belfast Cricket League at Creevedonnell Cricket Club in Derry in 1999. He left List A cricket in 2000.

Career in business: 2000 – present
Agashe had begun as a director at Brima Finance in 1994, before joining his father on the board of directors at the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd. in 1996.

Beginning in 1998, under Agashe and his father, the syndicate began marketing ayurvedic medicines, health care products, and bulk raw materials, manufacturing food products and veterinary medicine, promoting ayurvedic skincare products made by its sister company, Brihans Natural Products Ltd. in 2000, and manufacturing alcohol-based chemicals by 2002. In September 2000, he was appointed as a joint managing director of the syndicate.

In 2003, he was made a selector at the Maharashtra Cricket Association (at the time, chaired by his father) which raised nepotism concerns and drew in criticism for the association. In 2004, Agashe was part of his father's Maharashtra Cricket Association committee as a representative for the Club of Maharashtra, and worked as his father's aide during the controversial elections at the Board of Control for Cricket in India, when his father was not allowed to vote as vice president of the board due to alleged factionalism.

In 2005, under him, the syndicate entered a partnership with Howling Wolves Wine Group of Australia which planned to set up a wine production base in India. At the time, he was joint managing director at the syndicate. Between 2004 and 2005, he was elected the chairman of Suvarna Sahakari Bank. and served as chairman when the bank was put under moratorium by the Reserve Bank of India in 2006. In 2007, he received the DSK Group Energy Award of 2007 for corporate implementation of energy efficiency improvement measures.

In 2008, Agashe was one of the directors implicated in Suvarna Sahakari Bank's alleged scam. His parents, aunt and brother were taken under judicial custody, during which time his father died in January 2009. He was subsequently released on bail that same month. The bank's merger with the Indian Overseas Bank was finalised by the Reserve Bank of India later that same year.

Since 2009, Agashe has been director at Agashe Brothers Financing Company, and since 2010, director at Baumgarten and Wallia. In August 2009, he was appointed chairman and managing director of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate. In 2015, he conceived the Dnyaneshwar Agashe Trophy as the highest award of merit at the Poona Youth Club's annual cricket tournament, the PYC Premier League, in honor of his father. In May 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic in India, Agashe donated oxygen concentrators to hospitals in Shreepur, Maharashtra.

References

Further reading

External links

1972 births
Marathi people
Indian cricketers
Businesspeople from Pune
Businesspeople from Maharashtra
Living people
Cricketers from Pune
Indian Hindus
20th-century Indian businesspeople
21st-century Indian businesspeople

Ashutosh Agashe


A ribbon is a thin, flexible band, usually cloth but also plastic or sometimes metal.

Ribbons are mostly used for tying or decorating things. Ribbons can be used to tie a person's hair, decorate clothing or uniforms, or to tie up packages. A typewriter uses a cloth or plastic ribbon to hold the ink.

Cloth

Ribbon


Initial D is a 2005 Japanese-Hong Kong action film directed by Andrew Lau and Alan Mak. It is a film adaptation of the Japanese Initial D manga series, with elements combined from the first, second, and third stages. The main character, Takumi Fujiwara, is portrayed by Jay Chou in his film acting debut.

Plot
Takumi Fujiwara is a high school student who has been delivering tofu to the resorts in Mount Akina in his father Bunta's Toyota Sprinter Trueno AE86. He also works part-time at a gas station where his friend Itsuki, the owner's son and a high school dropout, aspires to be a street racer. Natsuki Mogi, an attractive classmate, smiles as she walks by Takumi, but she's an escort, who has been secretly going on dates with a sugar daddy who drives a Mercedes-Benz S-Class.

Street racers Takeshi Nakazato of the NightKids, who drives a Nissan Skyline GT-R VSpec II R32, and Ryosuke Takahashi of the RedSuns, who drives a Mazda Savanna RX-7 Type-R FC, talk about racing each other after they defeat the competition at Akina. When Takeshi visits the gas station to issue a challenge to the racing god of Mt. Akina, Itsuki (with Takumi riding along) arrives to defend that title, but in the ensuing race, Itsuki is embarrassed thoroughly and damages his Nissan Silvia. However, Takeshi is later beaten in an unofficial race by the AE86. Takeshi returns to the gas station to ask who owns the AE86. Yuichi asks Bunta if he has been racing again; he learns that Takumi has been driving the AE86 for the past five years and has been steadily improving his racing skills. Natsuki wants to go on a beach date with Takumi, so Bunta agrees to loan him the car and fill the gas tank provided that he wins the race at Akina.

Takumi defeats Takeshi in the downhill race in front of Ryosuke, Itsuki, and the other RedSuns and NightKids. Natsuki and Takumi enjoy a beach date. Takumi teaches Itsuki how to race a Trueno he has purchased. Halfway down the mountain, Seiji Iwaki of the Emperor Team in his Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution IV GSR, taunts them and angers Takumi to the point that he races and defeats Seiji, causing the latter to spin out and damage the side of his Evo.

Takumi discovers that Itsuki's car does not perform like his father's car, which Ryosuke tells him it has been custom-tuned and modified. Takumi agrees to race Ryosuke in three weeks, but on the way downhill, Emperor team leader Kyoichi Sudo in his Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution III RS overtakes Takumi; in the ensuing race, the AE86's engine breaks down. Ryosuke tells Takumi that he will challenge Kyoichi, and offers to lend him one of his cars, but Takumi declines. Bunta tells Takumi that Natsuki is visiting her hometown for two weeks. Bunta and Yuichi have the AE86 outfitted with a new Twin Cam 20-valve SilverTop AE101 racing engine. Takumi struggles with the modified car well until Bunta shows him how to take advantage of its new mechanics.

After seeing Natsuki with the Mercedes guy coming from a love hotel, Itsuki tells Takumi that Natsuki is a prostitute, which angers Takumi and they fight. The afternoon before the race he thinks he sees Natsuki in the Mercedes at a railroad crossing but is unable to catch up to them. He later calls Natsuki, who tells him she is coming back tonight but is with the Mercedes guy whom she tells they cannot see each other anymore.

At the showdown, Ryosuke offers to team with Takumi on defeating Kyoichi, but Takumi declines. During the race, Ryosuke lets Kyoichi pass him and then follows closely. Ryosuke and Takumi use the gutter trick to overtake Kyoichi. Despite the warning messages of a driver going up the hill, Kyoichi's Evo III tries to overtake the two but is forced to swerve off the road from the oncoming car and flips off the cliffside, totaling his Evo III. Ryosuke overtakes Takumi at the five hairpin turns. Bunta explains to the watchers that the FC's tires are losing their grip and that it is up to Takumi to compete against himself and not his opponent. Takumi undertakes Ryosuke on the last hairpin turn to win the race.

Ryosuke offers Takumi to join his new racing team, but Takumi goes to see Natsuki. However, he sees the Mercedes guy drop off Natsuki with a hug. Takumi and Natsuki see each other but Takumi runs away, while Natsuki falls to the ground crying. Takumi tearfully drives away. Takumi calls Itsuki to apologize and then calls Ryosuke to accept his offer to join Ryosuke's new expedition team (Project D).

Cast

Jay Chou as Takumi Fujiwara
Anne Suzuki as Natsuki Mogi, Takumi's classmate and love interest
Edison Chen as Ryosuke Takahashi, leader of the RedSuns
Anthony Wong as Bunta Fujiwara, Takumi's father, a former racer who now runs a tofu shop
Shawn Yue as Takeshi Nakazato, leader of the NightKids
Chapman To as Itsuki Tachibana, Takumi's friend and the leader of the Akina SpeedStars. His father owns the gas station.
Jordan Chan as Kyoichi Sudou, leader of Team Emperor
Kenny Bee as Yuuichi Tachibana, the gas station owner and Bunta's friend

Tsuyoshi Abe as Kenji, one of the gas station attendants who is a member of Akina SpeedStars
Liu Keng Hung, as Seiji Iwaki, member of Team Emperor
Chie Tanaka as Miya, a female gas station attendant that Itsuki dates
Kazuyuki Tsumura as Mr. X, Natsuki's sugar daddy

Production

The Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japanese, American and British versions each have different soundtracks.

Release
Initial D was released on 23 June 2005 in several Asian markets including Hong Kong, Japan, Thailand, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan and mainland China. In the Philippines, the film was released on 12 July 2006. In North America, the film screened at the Chicago International Film Festival on 15 October 2005 and had a limited run at the Imaginasian Theater in New York City on 30 December 2005.

Home media
Initial D was released as a direct to video DVD in Australia on 21 October 2005. It was released in the United Kingdom on 28 April, and the Philippines on 12 July 2006. Tai Seng Entertainment, the distributor of Initial D in the United States, released Initial D on Blu-ray on 22 January 2008. This is an exclusive release for the Blu-ray format which included an English dub.

In Japan, the DVD release sold 250,000 units, grossing approximately  () in video sales revenue.

Soundtrack
The AAA song "Blood on Fire" (2005), the film's main theme song, sold 58,052 single units, grossing approximately . The Mink insert song "Beautiful" sold 2,786 units, grossing .

The U.K. release of the film features an entirely different soundtrack composed and compiled by Richie Warren of Fuel.

Critical reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an approval rating of 33% based on 6 reviews, with an average rating of 4.1/10.

Accolades
Initial D won six awards out of 15 nominations from the 42nd Golden Horse Awards in 2005 and 25th Hong Kong Film Awards in 2006.

42nd Golden Horse Awards

25th Hong Kong Film Awards

Cancelled sequel
A sequel has been in discussion since the following year after the movie debuted. However, a concrete conclusion could not be reached due to obstacles that include the storyline, filming locations, casts, and safety reasons. In March 2014, director and producer, Andrew Lau, once again reconfirmed in an exclusive interview that a sequel will surely follow but is tight-lipped on the release date. Jay Chou and Edison Chen will reprise their roles. In 2018, Felix Chong, the screenwriter for the first film, stated he and Lau previously had plans to develop the sequel but both have since moved onto other projects, citing production costs being too high due to Lau's insistence on using real cars instead of CGI.  In 2020, director Andrew Lau stated that if a sequel is put into production he would likely not be directing it, citing the toll the first film took on his health, licensing issues, and once again budget issues, and also suggesting that Takumi should take on a mentor role similar to his father in the first film.  The sequel, as of 2023, is now considered to be in development hell.

Changes from the original manga and anime
The film differs from the manga and anime in several distinct ways. Because of this, the film mostly combines elements from First Stage, Second Stage, and briefly Third Stage as well.

Works cited

Initial D manga series
 "Ch." and "Vol." are shortened forms for chapter and volume and refer to the appropriate sections in the Initial D manga:
Shigeno, Shuichi Initial D. (in Japanese) 45 vols. Tokyo: 1995–2012.
Shigeno, Shuichi Initial D. (English version) 33 vols. Los Angeles: Tokyopop. 2002–09

Initial D anime series
 Entire series
Initial D (in Japanese). 1998–2014
Initial D Tokyopop. 2003–05
Initial D Funimation. 2010–11

References

External links

Initial D
2005 films
2005 action films
2000s Cantonese-language films
2000s road movies
Basic Pictures films
Chinese teen films
Films directed by Andrew Lau
Films directed by Alan Mak
Films set in Gunma Prefecture
Films shot in Japan
Hong Kong action  films
Hong Kong auto racing films
Japan in non-Japanese culture
Live-action films based on manga
Media Asia films
2000s Hong Kong films

Initial D (film)