A 2-in-1 PC, also known as convertible laptop, 2-in-1 tablet, 2-in-1 laptop, 2-in-1 detachable, laplet, tabtop, laptop tablet, or simply 2-in-1, is a portable computer that has features of both tablets and laptops.

Before the emergence of 2-in-1s and their denomination as such, technology journalists used the words convertible and hybrid to denominate pre-2-in-1 portable computers: Convertible typically denominated those that featured a mechanism to conceal the physical keyboard by sliding or rotating it behind the chassis, and hybrid those that featured a hot-pluggable, complementary, physical keyboard. Both pre-2-in-1 convertibles and hybrids were crossover devices that combined features of both tablets and laptops. The later 2-in-1 PCs comprise a category that is a sibling to both the pre-2-in-1 convertibles and hybrids. Models of 2-in-1 PC were each similarly denominated either a 2-in-1 convertible or 2-in-1 detachable, respectively, and despite borrowing the terminology of the pre-2-in-1 PCs, the two species of 2-in-1 PCs are distinct from the two species of pre-2-in-1 PCs because 2-in-1 PCs have additional features of traditional laptops.

2-in-1 PCs consist of portable computer components within light and thin chassis, and exemplify technological convergence. They are convenient for media consumption and non-intensive tasks in tablet mode yet useful for content production in laptop mode.

Forms

2-in-1 convertible

2-in-1 convertibles are tablets with in which the keyboard can be rotated, folded, or slid behind the display. On most devices, the hinge is at the junction of the display and the keyboard. In the Dell XPS Duo, uniquely, the display sits in a spinning frame.

Netvertible

Rotational-convertible format is where in addition to the conventional hinging action, the central single hinge mechanism is also able to rotate about a central axis perpendicular to the keyboard surface, such that the laptop can be turned into a thick tablet. Most netvertibles have the option to support active (electromagnetic) stylus and/or touch screen (resistive or capacitive), some being ruggedized such as Panasonic Toughbook CF series. Other examples include Toshiba Portege M7xx, Fujitsu LifeBook T series and HP EliteBook Revolve series.

2-in-1 detachable
2-in-1 detachable are devices with detachable keyboards. In most cases, the keyboard part provides few, if any, additional features (most often a touchpad, as in the HP Spectre x2). However, the keyboards of some detachable provide additional features similar to those of a docking station such as additional I/O-ports and supplementary batteries. For instance, the Surface Book can leverage the discrete GPU in the keyboard upon the keyboard's connection.

When connected to the keyboard, the display of the detachable can either be free-standing on the hinge or require external support, often in the form of a kickstand. Novel ways of providing external support include the bending frame and locking mechanism of the HP Spectre x2.

Though the keyboard is usually bundled with the purchase of a 2-in-1 detachable, it is occasionally deemed an optional accessory by manufacturers in order to minimize the starting price of a device. In such cases the 2-in-1 detachable is often displayed with its complementary keyboard in advertisements and promotional materials. This is true for all devices of the Surface and Surface Pro lines.

Bluetooth/Detachable keyboard accessories
Although not in typical laptop sizes, but due to both Smartphone/Phablet and Tablet hardware is getting more powerful, some third party accessories OEM had developed a keyboard accessories which allowed either though wireless connection or connection via the USB port to the handheld device that allowed it to work like a laptop.

Operating system such as Android even show the mouse cursor when connected to a mouse, where as Ubuntu Touch take it even further by allowing the user to modified the UI to an typical desktop mode with window which allowed desktop level multitasking, albeit with smaller screen.

Distinction from traditional tablets and laptops

2-in-1s fall in the category of hybrid or convertible tablets but are distinct in that they run a full-featured desktop operating system and have I/O ports typically found on laptops, such as USB and DisplayPort. The most prominent element is the keyboard that allows the 2-in-1 to provide the ergonomic typing experience of a laptop.

While 2-in-1s fall in a category distinct from laptops, they loosely parallel the traits of the Ultrabook device category, having light and thin chassis, power-efficient CPUs, and long battery lives. They are distinguished from traditional Ultrabooks by the inclusion of a touchscreen display and a concealable or detachable keyboard.

Examples

The earliest device that can be considered a 2-in-1 detachable is the Compaq Concerto from 1993. It came with Windows 3.1 and Windows for Pen Computing, and had a cabled detachable keyboard, and battery powered stylus. In June 1994, IBM introduced the ThinkPad 360P, which features a display that can be rotated backwards and closed down into a pen-operated tablet.

Mainstream attention for 2-in-1 PCs was not achieved until nearly two decades later, when many manufactures showed devices, at that time referred to as "hybrid" devices, at CES 2011.  While Packard Bell, Acer and HP all had Microsoft Windows based 2-in-1s by 2011, Lenovo released the well reviewed Windows 2-in-1: The X220 Tablet variant of the ThinkPad X220, successor of 2010's ThinkPad X201 Tablet. The 12-inch device included a digital stylus housed within the chassis, somewhat ruggedized construction, and a multi-touch screen with a twist and fold hinge.

Microsoft started its own line of 2-in-1s with the introduction of the Surface Pro series, the first of which was released in February 2013. It had a 10.6-inch (27 cm) display, Intel Core i5 CPU, and included the Pro Pen stylus and a detachable keyboard that doubled as a protective screen cover. In 2015 Microsoft introduced the Surface Book series, which, similar to the Surface Pro series, features a detachable keyboard cover and Surface Pen stylus.

Samsung entered the 2-in-1 PC market with the release of the Windows-based Samsung Galaxy TabPro S, which was released in March 2016. It had a 12-inch display, Intel Core m3 CPU, a first-party keyboard attachment, and a TabPro Pen. Its successor, the Galaxy Book, was released in February 2017. Coming in a 10.6-inch model and a 12-inch model, the Galaxy Book has an improved detachable keyboard and include an S Pen.

Google entered the 2-in-1 market after it announced the Pixel Slate in October 2018. It runs on ChromeOS and features a 12.3-inch display. It includes two USB-C ports, but it omits the headphone jack. The featured Pixel Keyboard and Pixelbook Pen are sold separately.

Since 2012, a number of other prominent laptop manufacturers, such as Dell, Asus, and Sony have also begun releasing their own 2-in-1s.

While the iPad Pro has optional Smart Keyboard and Apple Pencil accessories, Apple has yet to release a true 2-in-1 PC in a detachable form-factor and with a similar desktop OS, citing the quote below.

Criticism
In April 2012 Apple's CEO Tim Cook, answering to the question of the researcher Anthony Sacconaghi about a possible hybrid of iPad and MacBook, compared a 2-in-1 to a combination of "a toaster and a refrigerator" that "doesn't please anyone":

2-in-1s are natively supported by the Microsoft Windows, and Google ChromeOS operating systems. Various other Linux distributions also support some touch features of 2-in-1s, though they are generally unsupported by hardware vendors.

See also
 Tablet
 All-in-one PC

References

Laptops
Tablet computers
Classes of computers
Classes of mobile computers
Personal computers
Crossover devices
2-in-1 PCs
American inventions

Convertible laptop


Jonathan Pereira FRS (22 May 1804, in London – 20 January 1853) was a pharmacologist, author of the Elements of Materia Medica, a standard work. He was examiner on the subject in the University of London.

Life
Pereira graduated as apothecary in 1823 after studying at the Aldersgate General Dispensary and St Bartholomew's Hospital. In 1826 he became lecturer on chemistry at the Royal College of Surgeons and in 1832 he was an established physician in London, being appointed professor of materia medica and lecturer in chemistry at the Aldersgate Medical School. In 1839 he became professor and lecturer at the London Hospital, where he received the position of assistant physician in 1841. Jonathan Pereira delivered the introductory lectures on Materia Medica in 1842 at the Pharmaceutical Society and one year later he was appointed as Professor of Materia Medica by this institution, examining the subject in the School of Pharmacy of the University of London.

His subject area was the forerunner of pharmacology and he published a series of research papers on plant drugs. Pereira later resigned in 1852, the result of a dispute between the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society following the illegal publications of his lecture material. After this incident another teacher in materia medica was not appointed, instead Robert Bentley, who was a professor of botany at the time, was asked to combine the lectures with his botany lectures.

Pereira's Materia Medica

His interest in the area of crude drugs began when he realised that little was known about those imported into Britain. After years of research he acquired an extensive knowledge of the history of origin, morphology and histology of crude drugs where he was later appointed professor of materia medica at the London Hospital. His book on Materia Medica was the first great English work on Pharmacology and he was foremost in putting the knowledge and use of drugs on a scientific footing.

During one of his first lectures held at the School of Pharmacy he spoke about 'material medica consisting of three parts: (1) pharmacognosy, pharmacology, pharmacopathia or the history of simple drugs; (2) pharmacy, and (3) pharmacodynamics. It was here that he referred to the study of crude drugs under the name pharmacognosy instead of materia medica in what appeared to be the first time in which it was used, when in fact it was introduced by Seydler in 1817. It took many years until the term was officially used as the name of the subject taught to pharmacy students.
Students of Pharmacy studying for their major examinations were given the opportunity of examining the drugs further as well as being introduced to the microscope as another method for the examination of drugs in their powdered form such as starch, with the exception of vegetable drugs. Although where not being examined on authenticity and quality, Pereira encouraged his students to investigate authenticity and quality of drugs, something that he was carrying out a lot of research on at the time. This was considered an important part ofon 20  the pharmacists role as Jacob Bell pointed out 'the reputation of pharmacy depended upon pharmacists having this expertise.

Pereira was named a Fellow of the Royal Society in May 1838. Two years later he received the degree of M.D. "honoris causa" from Erlangen University. In his memory a marble bust was erected in the London Hospital and the Pharmaceutical Society founded the Pereira Medal and a scholarship fund with his name.

Death and Grave

He died on 20 January 1853 and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. His monument was designed and created by Charles Harriott Smith.

Works
 1838: Vorlesungen über Materia medica, oder über die Herkunft, die Qualität, die Zusammensetzung und die Wirksamkeit der Arzneistoffe, geh. 1835-1836 in der Aldergate's Schule zu London . Vol. 2 . Kollmenn, Leipzig 1838 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 1843: The Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics : in 2 Vol. - Philadelphia : Lea & Blanchard, Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 4. ed., enl. and impr. including notices of most of the medicinal substances in use in the civilised world and forming an encyclopaedia of Materia Medica: Vol. 1-2.2 - London : Longman [u.a.], 1854-1857. Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 1854: Lectures on Polarized Light, 2nd edition, Baden Powell editor, via HathiTrust

References

 Shellard, E. J. (1980), "A History of British Pharmacognosy (1980–1982)", The Pharmaceutical Journal'', vol 226-28, pp. 78, 108, 189, 201, 371, 406, 536, 631, 774

External links
 J. Jacobs & Haneman (1906) Jonathan Pereira in The Jewish Encyclopedia

1804 births
1853 deaths
Health professionals from London
British pharmacologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry
English Sephardi Jews
Place of death missing

Jonathan Pereira


The energy policy of Malaysia is determined by the Malaysian Government, which address issues of energy production, distribution, and consumption. The Department of Electricity and Gas Supply acts as the regulator while other players in the energy sector include energy supply and service companies, research and development institutions and consumers. Government-linked companies Petronas and Tenaga Nasional Berhad are major players in Malaysia's energy sector.

Governmental agencies that contribute to the policy are the Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water, Energy Commission (Suruhanjaya Tenaga), and the Malaysia Energy Centre (Pusat Tenaga Malaysia).  Among the documents that the policy is based on are the 1974 Petroleum Development Act, 1975 National Petroleum Policy, 1980 National Depletion Policy, 1990 Electricity Supply Act, 1993 Gas Supply Acts, 1994 Electricity Regulations, 1997 Gas Supply Regulation and the 2001 Energy Commission Act.

Policy overview

Energy policy is the responsibility of the Office of the Prime Minister, specifically the Economic Planning Unit and the Implementation and Coordination Unit. The Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water has identified three principal energy objectives that would be instrumental in guiding the development of its energy sector.

Supply
To ensure the provision of adequate, secure and cost-effective energy supplies through developing indigenous energy resources both non-renewable and renewable energy resources using the latest cost options and diversification of supply sources both from within and outside the country.

In pursuit of the supply objective, policy initiatives, particularly with respect to crude oil and natural gas, Malaysia have aimed at both extending the life of domestic non-renewable energy resources, as well as diversification away from oil dependence to include other forms of energy sources.

Oil production peaked in 2016, with large and shallow oil fields having matured. Malaysia has cooperated with OPEC to reduce production in times of global slumps.

Utilisation
To promote the efficient utilisation of energy and discourage wasteful and non-productive patterns of energy consumption.

The policy's approach to realise this objective is to rely heavily on the energy industry and consumers to exercise efficiency in energy production, transportation, energy conversion, utilisation and consumption through the implementation of awareness programs. Demand side management initiatives by the utilities, particularly through tariff incentives, have had some impact on efficient utilisation and consumption.

Government initiatives to encourage cogeneration are also aimed at promoting an efficient method for generating heat energy and electricity from a single energy source.

Environmental
To minimise the negative impacts of energy production, transportation, conversion, utilisation and consumption on the environment.

The environment objective has seen limited policy initiatives in the past. All major energy development projects are subjected to the mandatory environmental impact assessment requirement. Environmental consequences, such as emissions, discharges and noise are subjected to the environmental quality standards like air quality and emission standards.

Energy subsidies

Renewable energy policy

The Malaysian government is seeking to intensify the development of renewable energy, particularly biomass, as the 'fifth fuel' resource under the country's Fuel Diversification Policy. The policy, which was set out in 2001, had a target of renewable energy providing 5% of electricity generation by 2005, equal to between 500 and 600 megawatt (MW) of installed capacity. The policy has been reinforced by fiscal incentives, such as investment tax allowances and the Small Renewable Energy Programme (SREP), which encourages the connection of small renewable power generation plants to the national grid. In 2018, Malaysia set a 20% target of renewable energy in the country's energy mix by 2025, an 18% increase from the 2% Malaysia had in 2018. In order to reach the target, the country needs to attract a total of USD 8 billion of investment in renewable energy during this period; for attracting investment the government could improve its renewable energy governance and the investment climate for foreign investors.

The Small Renewable Energy Program allows renewable projects with up to 10 MW of capacity to sell their electricity output to TNB, under 21-year licence agreements. Numerous applications for the
program have been received, mainly involving biomass, and of these over half are for palm oil waste.
In 2005 there were 28 approved biomass projects involving the installation of 194 MW of grid-connected
capacity. There were also four approved landfill gas-based projects, with 9 MW of capacity, and 18 mini
hydro-electric projects offering 69.9 MW of total capacity.

In 2013, the Malaysian government announced investment tax allowance of 100 percentage on qualifying capital expenditures. Though QCE calculation was said to be considered for a maximum period of five years. This measure was taken in order to encourage investment in renewable energy sector.

In 2016, the Sustainable Energy Development Authority (SEDA) of Malaysia has conducted a comprehensive onshore wind mapping effort. SEDA Malaysia is a statutory body formed under the Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act of 2011. One of the key roles of the SEDA is to administer and manage the implementation of the Feed-in Tariff (FiT) mechanism, including a Renewable Energy fund mandated under the Renewable Energy Act of 2011. The Renewable Energy fund was created to support the FiT scheme. The current onshore wind mapping exercise will determine whether wind energy should be included in the FiT regime.

As of 2021, Malaysia is one of the major producers of solar panels in the world, but paradoxically it has yet to fully capitalize on this for domestic electricity generation.

Production and consumption
Traditionally, energy production in Malaysia has been based around oil and natural gas. Malaysia currently has 13GW of electrical generation capacity. Power generation capacity connected to the Malaysian National Grid is 19,023 MW, with a maximum demand of 13,340 MW as of July 2007 according to Suruhanjaya Tenaga. Total electricity generation for 2007 is 108,539 GW·h with a total consumption of 97,113 GW·h or 3,570 kW·h per capita. The generation fuel mix is 62.6% gas, 20.9% coal, 9.5% hydro and 7% from other forms of fuel. In 2007, the country as a whole consumes 514 thousand barrels (23.6 million tonnes) of oil daily against a production of 755 thousand barrels (34.2 million tonnes) per day. Oil is generally transported via trucks rather than pipes. In the 21st century the government invested in oil refining, allowing drilled oil to be processed domestically. This has meant that most domestic demand is able to be met without imports.

However, Malaysia only has 33 years of natural gas reserves, and 19 years of oil reserves, whilst the demand for energy is increasing. Due to this the Malaysian government is expanding into renewable energy sources. Currently 16% of Malaysian electricity generation is hydroelectric, the remaining 84% being thermal. The oil and gas industry in Malaysia is currently dominated by state owned Petronas, and the energy sector as a whole is regulated by Suruhanjaya Tenaga, a statutory commission who governs the energy in the peninsula and Sabah, under the terms of the Electricity Commission Act of 2001. Petronas has exclusive ownership rights over oil and gas within Malaysia's territory, although it can license rights to other companies. Revenue from Petronas provides a significant proportion of national government revenue (35% in 2019), and the states of Sabah and Sarawak additionally levy a 5% tax on production within their territory. Sarawak established Petroleum Sarawak Berhad in March 2018, putting it on equal footing with Petronas within their state. Regulatory disputes between the two companies are ongoing. Disputes with Brunei exist over the management of oil and gas fields that cross the border.

Peninsular Malaysia historical electricity production and consumption data

All figures are in Megawatts

Source: Suruhanjaya Tenaga (Energy Commission) Annual Report

Sabah historical electricity production and consumption data

All figures are in megawatts

Source: Suruhanjaya Tenaga Annual Report

Energy efficiency

Energy use per person is relatively high in Malaysia compared to other upper-middle-income countries such as Brazil, Turkey or China. In 2015, the transport sector consumed 23,425 kilotonnes of oil equivalent (ktoe), meaning that it was responsible for 45.2% of total energy consumed in Malaysia. It was followed by the industrial sector, which consumed 13,989 ktoe (27.0% of total energy demand); the residential and commercial sectors at 7,559 ktoe (14.6% of total energy demand); non-energy uses such as the manufacture of chemicals at 5,928 ktoe (11.4%) and agriculture accounting for the rest.

The Malaysian Energy Commission has set up various energy efficiency programs. Local governments are also showing leadership on energy efficiency policies: Putrajaya has the aspiration of becoming a "Green City" by 2025, while Iskandar Malaysia has developed a "Low-Carbon Society Blueprint".

There are significant opportunities to improve energy efficiency in urban areas, where 73% of Malaysia's population live. and over 90% of Malaysia's economic activity is conducted. Johor Bahru, for example, could reduce its emissions by a quarter by 2025 through a range of cost-effective investments: switching from diesel to natural gas in the rubber and petrochemical industries, promoting hybrid cars, adopting more ambitious green building standards and introducing mandatory energy performance standards for appliances such as air conditioners. Suruhanjaya Tenaga (the Energy Commission) already have some of these measures in place. For example, the Electricity Regulation 1994 has introduced labelling systems and performance standards for air conditioners, refrigerators, domestic fans and televisions. There are also a range of government schemes for financing building energy retrofits, which have had various levels of effectiveness.

See also

Biofuel policy of Malaysia
Climate change in Malaysia
List of power stations in Malaysia
Sabah Electricity
Sarawak Energy Berhad
Tenaga Nasional Berhad

References

External links
Malaysia's Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water
Malaysia's Energy Commission
BioGen Portal of the Malaysia Energy Centre
Malaysia Building Integrated Photovoltaic Technology Application Project
1990 Electricity Supply Act
2001 Energy Commission Act

Ministry of Energy, Technology, Science, Climate Change and Environment (Malaysia)

Malaysia
Public policy in Malaysia

Energy policy of Malaysia


George Miksch Sutton (May 16, 1898, Bethany, Nebraska – December 7, 1982) was an American ornithologist and bird artist. He published numerous technical papers in ornithology as well as more popular works illustrated with his own art. His early artistic work was inspired and tutored by Louis Agassiz Fuertes. In 1931, he was the first ornithologist to find the eggs of the Harris's sparrow, one of the last North American birds to have its nest and eggs described. In 1935. he was part of the team of Arthur Augustus Allen during an expedition to the Singer Tract in Louisiana to make sketches of ivory-billed woodpecker. He did extensive field work in the Arctic (including Iceland), Oklahoma, Labrador, and Mexico. He received his doctorate from Cornell University and held academic posts at the University of Michigan and the University of Oklahoma, Norman.  The George M. Sutton Avian Research Center in Oklahoma was named after him.

His book-length works include:
 Mexican Birds: First Impressions (1951)
 Iceland Summer (1961)
 Oklahoma Birds (1967)
 High Arctic (1971)
 At a Bend in a Mexican River (1972)
 Portraits of Mexican Birds (1975)
 Fifty Common Birds of Oklahoma (1977)
 To a Young Bird Artist (1979)

Books illustrated by Sutton include:
 American Bird Biographies (1934); author – Arthur A. Allen, PhD; publisher – Comstock Publishing Company, Inc.; detail – 10 color plates and 10 wash drawings
 The Golden Plover and Other Birds (1939); author – Arthur A. Allen, PhD; publisher – Comstock Publishing Company, Inc.; detail – 7 color plates
 Birds of Western Pennsylvania (1940); author - W. E. Clyde Todd; publisher - University of Pittsburgh Press; detail - 23 color plates showing 81 species, and 60 pen-and-ink drawings.

References

 Sutton, George Miksch (1980). Bird Student: An Autobiography. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press,

External links
 George Miksch Sutton  Avian Research Center, Bartlesville, Oklahoma
 George Miksch Sutton Artist, Scientist, and Teacher By Jerome A. Jackson (biography published in 2007)

1898 births
1982 deaths
Cornell University alumni
American ornithologists
John Burroughs Medal recipients
University of Oklahoma faculty
American bird artists
University of Michigan faculty
20th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American zoologists
20th-century American male artists

George Miksch Sutton


The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) was an Armenian militant organization, that operated from 1975 to 1986.
The stated intention of ASALA was "to compel the Turkish Government to acknowledge publicly its alleged responsibility for the deaths of 1.5 million Armenians in 1915, pay reparations, and cede territory for an Armenian homeland".

ASALA was founded in 1975 in Beirut, Lebanon by Hagop Hagopian (Harutiun Tagushian) and Kevork Ajemian, a prominent contemporary writer.

The group's activities were primarily assassinations of Turkish diplomats and politicians in Western Europe, the United States and the Middle East. A failed attack in Geneva on October 3, 1980, in which two Armenian militants were injured resulted in a new nickname for the group, the 3 October Organization. The ASALA's eight point manifesto was published in 1981.

Continuous attacks prompted Turkey to accuse Cyprus, Greece, Syria, Lebanon, and the Soviet Union of provoking or possibly funding the ASALA, though nothing of this sort was ever found to be true.

According to Tessa Hofmann, Turkish officials frequently used the accusation of collaboration with the ASALA and foreign Armenian circles to incriminate extreme left-wing Turkish opposition groups.

Related pages
 Gourgen Yanikian

Other websites
GlobalSecurity site: ASALA

References

1975 establishments
Anti-Turkism
Armenian Genocide
Rebel militia groups in Asia
Terrorism


Heinrich I von Müllenark (also Mulnarken) (1190–1238) was the Archbishop of Cologne within the Holy Roman Empire from 1225 until 1237.

Life
Little is known of Heinrich's life before being elected archbishop. Before he was appointed Provost in Bonn, he was called by the surname "Leinenhose".

Heinrich was elected Archbishop of Cologne on 15 November 1225, one week after the murder of the previous archbishop, Engelbert I of Berg. Heinrich set out immediately to punish the conspirators in the murder, and he received necessary rights and equipment from the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II, and Pope Honorius III. A bounty of 2,000 silver marks was placed on the head of the lead conspirator, Frederick I of Isenberg, and his castles were besieged and captured. After travelling to Rome to have his excommunication lifted, Frederick was captured in Liège and sold to Cologne, where he was executed on 14 November 1226 at the Severin Gate.

Heinrich continued the policy of his predecessors to increase the power and territories of the archbishopric. He entered into long and costly conflicts with the counts of Mark and Cleves, and the city of Cologne. He was forced to concede the weakness of the prince-bishopric, and he had to recognise municipal rights on several Westphalian towns. Despite the temporal failures of Heinrich's reign, spiritually Cologne flourished.

Heinrich was excommunicated in 1233.

Heinrich was interred in Cologne Cathedral after his death.

References

 Hermann Cardauns :  Henry I, Archbishop of Cologne . In: General German Biography (ADB). Volume 11, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1880, p. 529 f.
 Erich Wisplinghoff :  Heinrich I. von Müllenark. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 8, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1969, ISBN 3-428-00189-3 , p. 363 f. ( digital copy ).
 Wilhelm Janssen: The Archdiocese of Cologne in the Late Middle Ages 1191-1515. First part (history of the Archdiocese of Cologne, second volume). Bachem, Köln 1995, ISBN 3-7616-1149-8, S. 145ff.
 Michael Matscha, Heinrich I. von Müllenark,  Archbishop of Cologne (1225–1238). F. Schmitt, Siegburg, 1992.

1190 births
1238 deaths
Archbishops of Cologne
Henry 01
13th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Holy Roman Empire
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
Burials at Cologne Cathedral

Heinrich I von Müllenark


Heinrich Anton de Bary (26 January 1831 – 19 January 1888) was a German surgeon, botanist, microbiologist, and mycologist (fungal systematics and physiology).

He is considered a founding father of plant pathology (phytopathology) as well as the founder of modern mycology. His extensive and careful studies of the life history of fungi and contribution to the understanding of algae and higher plants were landmarks of biology.

Lichen
De Bary studied the formation of lichens, the association between a fungus and an alga. He traced the stages through which they grew and reproduced and the adaptations which enabled them to survive drought and winter. He coined the word 'symbiosis' in 1879 in his monograph as "the living together of unlike organisms". He carefully studied the morphology of moulds, yeasts, and fungi and he established mycology as an independent science.

Slime moulds
de Bary was one of the first people to do research on slime moulds (Myxomycetes). He published a key paper in 1859, and later a book on the subject.

References

1831 births
1888 deaths
German doctors
Microbiologists
Pathologists

Anton de Bary


John Fullarton (c.1645 – 1727), of Greenhall, Argyll, was a Scottish clergyman and nonjurant Episcopal Bishop of Edinburgh between 1720 and 1727.

Origins
Fullarton was the son of James McCloy, alias Fullarton, of Ballochindryan and Jean Stewart, the daughter of John Stewart of Ascog. His grandfather is thought to have been Duncan, or Donald McCloy, minister at Kilmodan between at least 1609 and 1629, who was still alive as late as 1659, when he received a grant from the Synod of Argyll because of his poverty.

Career
Fullarton obtained the degree of Master of Arts from Glasgow University in 1665. Following his ordination, he was minister at Kilmodan from 1669 to 1684 and at Paisley between 1684 and 1689, whence he was ejected at the Revolution. Robert Wodrow recorded in 1703 that Fullarton was present with other Episcopal clergy at a service in Glasgow to commemorate the execution of Charles I, and he also preached there.  The connection with Paisley had not been broken, and Fullarton was at the deathbed of the young Lady Dundonald in Paisley in 1710, and later celebrated Holy Communion for the widowed Earl in Paisley Abbey, "the first instance of Communion at Yule so openly celebrated in this country," according to Wodrow.  By 1712, Wodrow considered Fullarton to be "the man of that [Episcopalian] party in most repute in this country."

John Fullarton was consecrated a college bishop by the Archbishop of Glasgow, the Bishop of Edinburgh and Bishop of Dunblane on 25 January 1705 and was elected Bishop of Edinburgh and Primus in April 1720, with limited metropolitan powers, following the death of Dr Alexander Rose. He served as Bishop until his death on 27 April 1727 at his estate at Greenhall.

Episcopate
Following his election, Fullarton appears to have made strong protestations of loyalty to the Old Pretender (in exile) and to have had numerous dealings with the Old Pretender's agent, George Lockhart. (According to Thomas Stephen: "The hope of the restoration of the old dynasty was strong in the minds of the bishops...") The Scottish Magazine and Churchman's Review summed up Fullarton's episcopate in this way: "...he greatly exerted himself to accommodate the differences which existed among the clergy respecting usages, and endeavoured also to restore a proper distribution of Episcopal superintendence, for which, however, the state of the Church was not then ripe".

Family
Fullarton married, first, Anna Haldane (who died 28 July 1679), secondly, Barbara Hamilton and, thirdly, Isobel Sinclair. His son by his second wife, John Fullarton of Greenhall, who did not long survive him, was a Surveyor of Customs.

Sources
David M. Bertie, Scottish Episcopal Clergy, 1689–2000 (Continuum International, 2000)
Thomas Stephen, The History of the Church of Scotland: From the Reformation to the Present Time, Vol. IV (John Lendrum, London, 1845)
The Scottish Magazine and Churchman's Review (R. Lendrum & Co, Edinburgh, 1849)
Robert Wodrow, Analecta (1843); Correspondence (1842); Early Letters (1937)

Notes

Bishops of Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
18th-century Scottish Episcopalian bishops
Nonjurors of the Glorious Revolution
1640s births
1727 deaths
College bishops
Primuses of the Scottish Episcopal Church

John Fullarton


Plaça dels Països Catalans is a square in Barcelona (the capital of Catalonia, Spain) on one side of the city's central railway station, Estació de Sants, in the district of Sants-Montjuïc. It borders carrer de Tarragona, carrer de Numància and Avinguda Roma. It was so named in 1989 after the Catalan Countries.

The square was inaugurated in its current form in 1983, built over the station rail yard, and it is notable for its lack of vegetation. Architects Helio Piñon and Albert Vilaplana were awarded that year's FAD Prize by the Foment de les Arts i el Disseny.

The central part of the square features two copper roofs sustained by a number of tall supporting columns. Architecturally it is dominated by the station and the high-rise Torre Catalunya with its trademark Sony spire. Barcelona's main prison, La Model, is at a short distance and its panoptikon dome be seen from it. The square is popular with skaters, and demonstrators have often gathered there, most infamously by ultra far-right groups during the 1990s and early 2000s.

Under the name The destruction of the Plaça dels Països Catalans  an exhibition took place at the Col·legi d'Arquitectes de Catalunya in 2011 documenting the effects of urban decay in the area in stark contrast with the architects' original concept and intentions.

Transport
Estació de Sants is Barcelona's main transport hub with train, bus and coach urban, regional and long-distance connections. Most of Rodalies Barcelona commuter lines stop at the station. It is also served by Barcelona Metro lines L3 and L5.

References

External links
Photography blog

Plazas in Barcelona
Sants-Montjuïc

Plaça dels Països Catalans, Barcelona


Wrestlers is a name shared by three closely related 1899 paintings by American artist Thomas Eakins, (Goodrich catalog #317, #318, #319). The Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) owns the finished painting (G-317), and the oil sketch (G-318). The Philadelphia Museum of Art (PMA) owns a slightly smaller unfinished version (G-319). All three works depict a pair of nearly naked men engaged in a wrestling match. The setting for the finished painting is the Quaker City Barge Club (defunct), which once stood on Philadelphia's Boathouse Row.

History
Eakins painted a series of works depicting scullers on the Schuylkill River in the 1870s. In the late 1890s, he painted three major works depicting boxers—Taking the Count (1898), Yale University Art Gallery; Salutat (1898), Addison Gallery of American Art; Between Rounds (1899), Philadelphia Museum of Art.

On May 22, 1899, Eakins had two wrestlers pose in his 4th-floor studio at 1729 Mount Vernon Street, Philadelphia. Three days earlier, he had written to his friend, sportswriter Clarence Cranmer: "I am going to start the wrestling picture on Monday at half past two. I wish you could find it convenient to be at the studio and help us with advice as to positions and so forth." The artist's protégé Samuel Murray may have been present; he modeled a small sculpture of the wrestlers that is also dated 1899. Eakins painted the works from the live models and from a nearly identical photograph, that may have been taken that day. The photograph shows the wrestler on top holding the other in a half nelson and crotch hold.

PMA's unfinished version (G-319) was painted before the finished painting (G-317), and is thought to be an abandoned composition rather than a study. LACMA's finished painting (G-317) is larger, and features a well-defined setting with additional figures in the background. LACMA's oil sketch (G-318) varies from the other paintings in the position of the head and shoulders of the wrestler on top.

Author Allen Guttmann has compared Eakins' Wrestlers to George Luks' The Wrestlers (1905) and Max Slevogt's Wrestling School (1893), writing that all three paintings depict pairs of nude wrestling men lying on the ground in grappling holds.

Provenances

G-317
Eakins painted the work for the National Academy Museum in New York in 1902 as his so-called diploma painting when he was inducted into membership. 70 years later, the academy sold it to the Columbus Museum of Art in Ohio. In 2005, Columbus sold it to Adelson Galleries in New York.  In 2006 LACMA acquired it as the gift of Cecile C. Bartman, at one time a museum docent, and the Cecile and Fred Bartman Foundation.

G-319
Eakins died in 1916, and a collection of his unsold paintings was exhibited at the 1926 Sesquicentennial Exposition in Philadelphia. PMA Director Fiske Kimball saw the abandoned version of Wrestlers at the world's fair, and inquired about buying it. According to Kimball, Cranmer (who was acting as the dealer for Eakins's widow) said the abandoned version had been valued low, and had not been included in the Eakins memorial exhibitions of a decade earlier. "He [Cranmer] said he would find out the price. It was $400. I bought it and by Christmas 1926 it was hanging in the library at Lemon Hill." Letters from Cranmer to Kimball in the PMA Archives identify the wrestler on top as Joseph McCann, but do not identify the man on the bottom. Kimball died in 1955, and made the abandoned version a bequest to his museum.

G-318
William Preston Harrison bought the oil sketch for Wrestlers in 1927, from a touring exhibition of Eakins works. Harrison died in 1940, and made the early sketch a bequest to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.

See also
 List of works by Thomas Eakins

References

External links

Wrestlers (G-317) at LACMA
Study for Wrestlers (G-318), LACMA
Wrestlers (G-319) at the Philadelphia Museum of Art

Paintings by Thomas Eakins
1899 paintings
Paintings in the Philadelphia Museum of Art
Collection of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art
Sports paintings
Wrestling culture

Wrestlers (Eakins)


Gurage is a zone in the Central Ethiopia Regional State of Ethiopia. The region is home to the Gurage people. Gurage is bordered on the southeast by Hadiya and Yem Zone, on the northwest by Kebena Special Woreda, north and east by the Oromia Region, and on the southeast by Silt'e. Its highest point is Mount Gurage. Welkite is the administrative centre of the Region; Butajira is the largest city in this zone and the former administrative centre.

Overview
Most parts of this region are heavily eroded, which required farmers to protect their enset fields with stone and soil bunds. During the 1930s, about 20% of the land in Gurage was covered with natural forests, which has since been almost completely cut down; the removal was especially fast during the years 1991 and 1992.  one of the largest natural forests is Ziarem forest (also known as Forehina), about 800 hectares in size. On the other hand, beginning in the early 1960s the inhabitants started to grow eucalyptus on an increasing scale, which has increased the amount of land being covered with trees. This region has 783 kilometers of all-weather roads and 281 kilometers of dry-weather roads, for an average road density of 182 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers.

The Central Statistical Agency (CSA) reported that 7,624 tons of coffee were produced in Gurage, Hadiya and Kembata Tembaro combined in the year ending in 2005, based on inspection records from the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea authority. This represents 7.6% of the SNNPR's output and 3.36% of Ethiopia's total output.

Following a referendum held between 18 and 26 April 2001, the Silt'e unanimously voted to form their own region, Silt'e.

Demographics
Based on the 2007 census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), Gurage has a total population of 1,280,483. The six largest ethnic groups reported in Gurage Zone were the Gurage people (82%), the Mareqo or Libido (4.28%), the Amhara (3.36%), the Kebena (3.34%), the Silt'e people (2.71%), and the Oromo (1.69%); all other ethnic groups made up 2.62% of the population. Gurage languages are spoken as a first language by 80.54% of the population, 5.28% spoke Amharic, 4.09% spoke Libido, 3.2% spoke Kebena, 2.98% spoke Silt'e, and 1.06% spoke Oromo; the remaining 2.85% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants were reported as Muslim, with 51.02% of the population reporting that belief, while 41.91% practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, 5.79% were Protestants, and 1.12% Catholic.

According to the 1994 census, the six largest ethnic groups reported in Gurage Zone were the Sebat Bet Gurage (45.02%), the Silt'e (34.81%), the Soddo Gurage (9.75%), the Mareqo or Libido (2.21%), the Amhara (2.16%), and the Kebena (1.82%); all other ethnic groups made up 4.21% of the population. Sebat Bet Gurage is spoken as a first language by 39.93%, 35.04% Silt'e, 10.06% spoke Soddo Gurage, 3.93% spoke Amharic, 2.16% spoke Libido, and 1.93% spoke Kebena; the remaining 6.95% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants were reported as Muslim, with 63.98% of the population reporting that belief, while 32.97% practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, 1.9% were Protestants, and 0.95% Catholic.

According to a May 24, 2004 World Bank memorandum, 3% of the inhabitants of Gurage have access to electricity, this zone has a road density of 95.4 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers, the average rural household has 0.5 hectare of land (compared to the national average of 1.01 hectare of land and an average of 0.89 for the SNNPR) the equivalent of 0.2 heads of livestock. 18.9% of the population is in non-farm related jobs, compared to the national average of 25% and a Regional average of 32%. 79% of all eligible children are enrolled in primary school, and 12% in secondary schools. 18% of the zone is exposed to malaria, and 38% to Tsetse fly. The memorandum gave this zone a drought risk rating of 319.

Notes

External links
 Gurage Zone Government web page

Central Ethiopia Regional State
Zones of Ethiopia
Zones in Central Ethiopia Regional State

Gurage Zone


Hugh Robert Banton (born 25 April 1949) is a British musician and electronic organ builder, most widely known for playing organ and keyboards with the group Van der Graaf Generator.

Career
Banton was born in April 1949 in Yeovil, Somerset, into a musical family. His father played the piano, his mother regularly sang along to music on the radio, and two uncles were church organists. He started playing the piano at age four, and began taking formal lessons at age seven. He was influenced by the family classical record collection and by music heard on Radio Luxembourg. In his teens he studied classical piano and organ while attending Silcoates School in Yorkshire under Dr Percy G. Saunders, the organist at Wakefield Cathedral. He continued to enjoy both rock 'n' roll and classical music.

After leaving school, he trained as a television engineer with the BBC in Evesham, and subsequently in London. He joined Van der Graaf Generator in May 1968 when the group (then consisting of just Peter Hammill and Judge Smith) moved from Manchester to London. In performance with this group he played Farfisa and Hammond organs, adding a wide range of effects including phasing, tape echo, distortion and overdrive.

In 1970 he took over the bass player role within the group, using the organ foot pedals. He also played bass guitar on recordings. He modified his Hammond E112 organ to allow separate amplification, with different effects, of the output from the two keyboards and pedalboard, and he devised a stereo reverb unit. In 1975 he began building a custom organ based on a Hammond but with added electronic oscillators to approximate a full pipe organ sound. Electronics, particularly the development of organs, have been a parallel interest since his early teens.

Banton changed career at the end of 1976 and left Van der Graaf Generator to work on the development, design and installation of electronic church organs for Makin Organs, a company in Oldham, Lancashire, where he became Technical Director. In 1992, he set up his own company, The Organ Workshop at Lymm in Cheshire, and latterly in Evesham, Worcestershire. His organs use digitally generated waveforms to emulate the sound of pipe organ stops, and a recent specialty is combining digital organ stops within conventional wind-driven pipe organs, to create a larger hybrid instrument. His company have installed organs of all sizes both in the UK and abroad. Commencing in 2017, Banton has been developing a PC software project - HB3 - which further researches the real-time production of pipe-organ sounds by digital means.

Since the reunion of Van der Graaf Generator in 2005, he has regularly contributed to concerts and recordings with former members; they have continued as a trio with Peter Hammill and Guy Evans.

Discography

Solo
 The Goldberg Variations - J.S. Bach (organ) (2003)
 The Planets - Gustav Holst (organ) (2009)
J.S. Bach - HB plays JSB on HB3 (HB3 organ system) (2019)
100 Up, Vol 1 - compositions from 1870-1899 (HB3 organ system) (2021)
100 Up, Vol 2 - compositions from 1900-1921 (HB3 organ system) (2021)

Van der Graaf Generator
 Aerosol Grey Machine (1969)
 The Least We Can Do Is Wave To Each Other (1970)
 H to He, Who Am the Only One (1970)
 Pawn Hearts (1971)
 Godbluff (1975)
 Still Life (1976)
 World Record (1976)
 Time Vaults (1982)
 Maida Vale (1994)
 An Introduction: From The Least To The Quiet Zone (2000)
 The Box (2000)
 Present (2005)
 Real Time (2007)
 Trisector (2008)
 Live At The Paradiso (2009)
 A Grounding in Numbers (2011)
 ALT (2012)
 Do Not Disturb (2016)

Other collaborations
 Fool's Mate (Peter Hammill) (1971)
 Chameleon in the Shadow of the Night (Peter Hammill) (1973)
 The Long Hello (Guy Evans, David Jackson, Nic Potter, Hugh Banton) (1973)
 The Silent Corner and the Empty Stage (Peter Hammill) (1974)
 Nadir's Big Chance (Peter Hammill) (1975)
 Psi-Fi (Seventh Wave) (1975)
 The Love Songs (Peter Hammill) (1984)
 Skin (Peter Hammill) (1985)
 Gentlemen Prefer Blues (Hugh Banton, Guy Evans, David Jackson) (1985)
 Everyone You Hold (Peter Hammill) (1997)
 The Union Chapel Concert (Guy Evans, Peter Hammill) (1997)
 Curly's Airships (Judge Smith) (2000)

References

External links
 The Organ Workshop
 interview by Tim Locke at Van der Graaf Generator fan site
 The Goldberg Variations at Sofasound
 The Goldberg Variations, The Planets, at The Organ Workshop

1949 births
Living people
English organists
British male organists
Van der Graaf Generator members
People educated at Silcoates School
Progressive rock organists
Progressive rock keyboardists
21st-century organists
21st-century British male musicians

Hugh Banton


The Local Government Act 1985 was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom.  Its main effect was to abolish the county councils of the metropolitan counties that had been set up in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, along with the Greater London Council that had been established in 1965.

The main provision, section 1 stated that "the Greater London Council; and the metropolitan county councils" shall not exist anymore.

It came into effect on 1 April 1986. The metropolitan boroughs and London boroughs got some of the powers of the former institutions, but others went to central government. At the time of the Act, one third of the population of England were living in Greater London and the metropolitan counties.

The act established a system of joint-boards to take over some of the functions of the abolished councils in the metropolitan counties and in Greater London. The joint-boards had councillors appointed by the boroughs.

The Act was passed by Margaret Thatcher's government after a series of disputes between the councils and the central government.

References

1985 in the United Kingdom
1980s Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
1980s in London
Local government in England

Local Government Act 1985


In the kinetic theory of gases in physics, the molecular chaos hypothesis (also called Stosszahlansatz in the writings of Paul Ehrenfest) is the assumption that the velocities of colliding particles are uncorrelated, and independent of position. This means the probability that a pair of particles with given velocities will collide can be calculated by considering each particle separately and ignoring any correlation between the probability for finding one particle with velocity  and probability for finding another velocity  in a small region .    James Clerk Maxwell introduced this approximation in 1867 although its origins can be traced back to his first work on the kinetic theory in 1860.

The assumption of molecular chaos is the key ingredient that allows proceeding from the BBGKY hierarchy to Boltzmann's equation, by reducing the 2-particle distribution function showing up in the collision term to a product of 1-particle distributions. This in turn leads to Boltzmann's H-theorem of 1872, which attempted to use kinetic theory to show that the entropy of a gas prepared in a state of less than complete disorder must inevitably increase, as the gas molecules are allowed to collide. This drew the objection from Loschmidt that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from time-symmetric dynamics and a time-symmetric formalism: something must be wrong (Loschmidt's paradox). The resolution (1895) of this paradox is that the velocities of two particles after a collision are no longer truly uncorrelated.   By asserting that it was acceptable to ignore these correlations in the population at times after the initial time, Boltzmann had introduced an element of time asymmetry through the formalism of his calculation.

Though the Stosszahlansatz is usually understood as a physically grounded hypothesis, it was recently highlighted that it could also be interpreted as a heuristic hypothesis. This interpretation allows using the principle of maximum entropy in order to generalize the ansatz to higher-order distribution functions.

See also
 Free molecular flow

References

Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics
Statistical mechanics

Molecular chaos


David James Mathew (15 January 1902 – 12 December 1975) was an English Roman Catholic bishop and historian.

Biography

Mathew was born at Lyme Regis, Dorset, and educated at the naval colleges at Osborne and Dartmouth. He served as a midshipman in the Royal Navy at the end of World War I.

He entered Balliol College, Oxford, in 1920 and received a degree in modern history in 1923. He then went to Beda College in Rome, with the intention of seeking ordination and with a plan to enter the Carthusian order. He was ordained in 1929, and spent 10 months as a novice at St Hugh's Charterhouse, Parkminster, West Sussex, before concluding that he did not have a monastic vocation.

After service at St David's Cathedral, Cardiff, he went to London to become chaplain to the Roman Catholic community at the University of London. In 1938 he was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Westminster. He served in London through the Blitz. In 1945 he was named apostolic visitor to Ethiopia, and in 1946 apostolic delegate to the British colonies in Africa.

This brought his consecration to the titular Archbishopric of Apamea. His service in Africa was successful, and he helped carry out the Vatican's policy of preparing for the appointment of native African bishops, acting as principal consecrator of Laurean Rugambwa after his appointment as Apostolic Vicar of Lower Kagera: Rugambwa later became the first African cardinal since the days of the early church.

Upon Mathew's return to England in 1953, he was appointed bishop-in-ordinary to the British Armed Forces. (He had refused an appointment to the nunciature in Bern, hoping to receive an English diocese). Mathew retired in 1963 and spent the rest of his life writing history. He died in London on 12 December 1975, aged 73.

Publications
The Celtic Peoples and Renaissance Europe (1933)
The Reformation and the Contemplative Life (1934)
Catholicism in England, 1535-1935. Portrait of a Minority: Its Culture and Tradition (1936)
Steam Packet (1936)
The Jacobean Age (1938)
British Seamen (1943)
The Naval Heritage (1944)
Acton: The Formative Years (1946)
Ethiopia: The Study of a Polity, 1540-1935 (1947)
The Social Structure in Caroline England (1948)
Sir Tobie Mathew (1950)
The Mango on the Mango Tree (1950)
The Age of Charles I (1951)
In Vallombrosa (1952)
The Prince of Wales's Feathers (1953)
Scotland under Charles I (1955)
James I (1967)
Lord Acton and His Times (1968)
The Courtiers of Henry VIII (1970)
Lady Jane Grey (1972)

References
Kerr, Fergus: 'Mathew, David James (1902–1975)', rev., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 , accessed 14 March 2008

1902 births
1975 deaths
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Carthusians
English naval historians
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in England
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
People from Lyme Regis
Roman Catholic bishops of the Forces
Roman Catholic writers
British military chaplains
20th-century Roman Catholic titular archbishops
Royal Navy officers of World War I
20th-century English historians

David Mathew (bishop)


United Nations Security Council resolution 836 was adopted on 4 June 1993. After reaffirming Resolution 713 (1991) and all subsequent resolutions on the situation in the former Yugoslavia, the Council expressed its alarm at the continuing situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina and decided to expand the mandate of the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) by allowing it to use force to protect the  "safe areas".

The council reaffirmed Resolution 819 (1993) which demanded that a number of cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina be treated as safe areas and also affirmed the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of the country, condemning all military attacks and actions against it. The council also expressed its alarm about serious violations of international humanitarian law including the acquisition of territory by force or by ethnic cleansing.

The resolution also reaffirmed the ban on military flights imposed in resolutions 781 (1992), 786 (1992) and 816 (1993) over Bosnia and Herzegovina and asserted that the concept of the "safe areas" was in response to an emergency and would contribute to a lasting political solution, but not be an end in itself. It also stressed a lasting solution would require the end of hostilities, withdrawal from territories seized by force or by ethnic cleansing, the right of refugees to return to their homes, and respect for the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the Council called for the full implementation of all its previous resolutions and decided the expand the mandate of UNPROFOR to enable it to deter attacks against the safe areas, to monitor the ceasefire, to promote the withdrawal of military or paramilitary units other than those of the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina and to occupy some key points on the ground in addition to providing humanitarian aid provided for in Resolution 776 (1992). The safe areas imposed were temporary measures with the aim of reversing the consequences of violence and allowing displaced persons to return home.

Addressing the Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, the Council asked him to make adjustments or to reinforce UNPROFOR to implement the present resolution and to direct the UNPROFOR Force Commander to redeploy troops in Bosnia and Herzegovina, urging Member States to contribute to the peacekeeping force both in terms of personnel and logistics. UNPROFOR was then authorised to take measures, including the use of force, in response to bombing, raids or the interference of UNPROFOR or humanitarian convoys in the safe areas.

The council also authorised states to use all necessary measures, through air power, to support UNPROFOR around the safe areas. The Secretary-General was requested within 7 days to report on how the current resolution would be implemented and the costs involved. Within 2 months, Boutros-Ghali had to report on the implementation and enforcement of this resolution. Finally, the council stressed the possibility of imposing new and tougher measures if necessary.

Resolution 836 was adopted by 13 votes to none, with two abstentions from Pakistan and Venezuela.

See also
 Bosnian Genocide
 Bosnian War
 Breakup of Yugoslavia
 Croatian War of Independence
 List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 801 to 900 (1993–1994)
 Yugoslav Wars

References

External links

Text of the Resolution at undocs.org

 0836
 0836
1993 in Bosnia and Herzegovina
1993 in Croatia
 0836
June 1993 events

United Nations Security Council Resolution 836


Devilline is a sulfate mineral with the chemical formula CaCu4(SO4)2(OH)6•3H2O. The name originates from the French chemist's name, Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville (1818–1881).

Devilline crystallizes in the monoclinic system. Crystallographically, it contains three vectors of unequal lengths and two pairs of vectors are perpendicular while the other pair makes an angle other than 90°. Devilline is prismatic and belongs to the crystal class 2/m. This mineral belongs to the space group P 21/c. Devilline is an anisotropic mineral, meaning that the mineral has different properties in different directions. Optically, this mineral is biaxial negative, meaning that it contains two optic axes. Devilline has a moderate mineral relief. Mineral relief refers to the way a mineral appears to stand out when viewed under polarized light and it is dependent on the mineral's index of refraction.

Devilline is a rare and unusual secondary mineral found in the oxidized portions of copper sulfide ore deposits. Because Devilline occurs in such oxidation zones, this mineral often is of post-mining origin. Devilline is found in mines all around the world.

Devilline group
Devilline group minerals are monoclinic sulfates.

References

Calcium minerals
Copper(II) minerals
Sulfate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14

Devilline


Ledri Vula (; born 10 July 1986) is a Kosovo-Albanian rapper, singer and songwriter.

Life and career

Ledri Vula was born on 10 July 1986 to Agron and Xheraldina Vula in the city of Pristina, Kosovo. His father is an Albanian television producer Agron Vula who is from Gjakova, his mother is journalist and television personality Xheraldina Vula, who originally comes from Ulcinj, Montenegro. In 2005, he rose to prominence as one of the member of the hip hop duo Skillz. In 2012, the rise of his own stardom eventually led to the dissolution of the duo. In 2014, Vula launched his solo career starting off in December that year with the release of his debut single "100 Probleme".

In 2016, he won the My Music Hit of the Year Award at the Top Music Awards 2016. In 2019, he performed at the Sunny Hill Festival in Pristina sharing a stage with other acclaimed artists such as Calvin Harris, Miley Cyrus and Dua Lipa.

In January 2020, Vula announced his debut studio album, 10/10, to be released later that year. In February 2020, he premiered his follow-up singles "Piano Rap" and "Prej Inati", whereas during the summer he premiered two other songs where both of them where features, the first one was "DMP" featuring Capital T, and "Aman" featuring Lumi B & Dafina Zeqiri.

Activism

Following the earthquake in Albania on 26 November 2019, Vula and his family offered immediate relief activities and the family-owned residences in Pristina to the families and victims affected by the seismicity. In May 2020, he expressed his support to the Black Lives Matter movement in connection with the wider George Floyd protests. Later that year, he extended his support to the Albanian campaign, Liria ka emër, which was created following the confirmation of an indictment on war crimes against several Albanian figures of the Kosovo Liberation Army (UÇK) by the Specialist Chambers in The Hague.

Discography

 10/10 (2020)

References

External links

1986 births
21st-century Albanian rappers
21st-century Albanian male singers
Albanian activists
Albanian songwriters
Albanian-language singers
Kosovan people of Albanian descent
Kosovan rappers
Kosovan singers
Living people
Musicians from Pristina

Ledri Vula


Kathryn Lee Gifford (née Epstein; born August 16, 1953) is a French-born American television presenter, singer, songwriter, actress and author. From 1985 to 2000, she and Regis Philbin hosted the talk show Live! with Regis and Kathie Lee. Gifford is also known for her 11-year run with Hoda Kotb, on the fourth hour of NBC's Today show (2008–2019). She has received 11 Daytime Emmy nominations and won her first Daytime Emmy in 2010 as part of the Today team.

Gifford's first television role was as Tom Kennedy's singer/sidekick on the syndicated version of Name That Tune in the 1977–1978 season. She also occasionally appeared on the first three hours of Today and was a contributing NBC News correspondent.

Kathie Lee married Paul Johnson, a composer, arranger, producer and publisher of Christian music, in 1976. After their divorce in 1982, she married sportscaster and former NFL player Frank Gifford in 1986. He died in 2015. Kathie Lee has released studio music albums and several books.

Early life and beginnings
Gifford was born Kathryn Lee Epstein in Paris, France, to American parents, Joan (born Cuttell; January 20, 1930 – September 12, 2017), a singer, and Aaron Epstein (March 19, 1924 – November 19, 2002), a musician and former US Navy Chief Petty Officer. Aaron Epstein was stationed with his family in France at the time of Gifford's birth. Gifford grew up in Bowie, Maryland, and attended Bowie High School.

Gifford's paternal grandfather was a Russian Jew from Saint Petersburg and her paternal grandmother had Native American ancestry. Her mother, a relative of writer Rudyard Kipling, was of French Canadian, German and English descent.

After seeing the Billy Graham-produced film The Restless Ones at age 12, Gifford became a born-again Christian. She told interviewer Larry King, "I was raised with many Jewish traditions and raised to be very grateful for my Jewish heritage."

During high school, Gifford was a singer in a folk group, "Pennsylvania Next Right", which performed frequently at school assemblies.  After high school graduation in 1971, Gifford attended Oral Roberts University in Tulsa, Oklahoma, studying drama and music. During a summer in the early 1970s, she was a live-in secretary/babysitter for Anita Bryant at her home in Miami. Her first regular appearances on national TV were as a singer on the game show Name That Tune, hosted by Tom Kennedy in the late 1970s, in which she would sing small portions of songs that contestants would have to identify.

Career

Early career

Gifford's career took off in the 1980s as a vocalist on the ABC game show Face The Music with Ron Ely. In 1978, she joined the cast of the short-lived Hee Haw spinoff, Hee Haw Honeys.  She was also a correspondent and substitute anchor on ABC's Good Morning America in the early 1980s.

Live! with Regis and Kathie Lee
On June 24, 1985, Gifford replaced Ann Abernathy as co-host of The Morning Show on WABC-TV with Regis Philbin. The program went into national broadcast in 1988 as Live! with Regis and Kathie Lee, and Gifford became well known across the country. Throughout the 1990s, morning-TV viewers watched her descriptions of life at home with her sportscaster husband Frank, son Cody, and daughter Cassidy.

In 1990, when TV Guide held a poll for readers to select the most beautiful woman on television, Live! presented a week-long mock campaign to garner votes for Gifford. Gifford wound up winning the poll, receiving more than four times as many votes as the runners-up, Jaclyn Smith and Nicollette Sheridan.

Philbin and Gifford were jointly nominated eight years in a row (1993 to 2000) for Outstanding Talk Show Host during the Daytime Emmy Awards. Gifford decided to leave the show in 2000. She explained that filling in for Carol Burnett on Broadway and guest-hosting Late Show with David Letterman had inspired her to pursue more challenging work. The day after she hosted Late Show on February 24, 2000, she told Regis she had decided to leave Live!. Her last episode aired on July 28, 2000.

Today with Kathie Lee and Hoda
On March 31, 2008, NBC announced that Gifford was to join its morning show, Today, as co-host of the fourth hour titled Today with Kathie Lee and Hoda, alongside Hoda Kotb. This marked her return to morning television; in many markets, she aired directly after her old show, currently called Live with Kelly and Mark. Because the fourth hour of Today airs live at 10:00 am ET, and Live with Kelly and Ryan airs live at 9:00 am ET, Gifford's hour did not compete directly with her former show in most markets. Kotb and Gifford replaced Ann Curry and Natalie Morales. In the weeks prior to Gifford's arrival, ratings indicated 1.9 million viewers of the fourth hour of Today.  As of 2014, the fourth hour of Today with Gifford and Kotb averaged 2.15 million total viewers, an increase of 13 percent over the 2008 ratings.  On December 11, 2018, it was announced that she would be leaving Today in April 2019. Her final Today Show appearance was on April 5, 2019, with a party, including a video by her children Cody and Cassidy Gifford. In 2019, they won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Informative Talk Show Host.

Other media appearances and projects

Gifford has made guest appearances in films and television series, and has several independently released albums on CD, including 2000's The Heart of a Woman, featuring the single "Love Never Fails".

She appeared as a spokesperson for Slim Fast diet shakes after her son Cody was born. She also was the face of Carnival Cruise Lines in the late 1980s and early 1990s, singing "If my friends could see me now!" In 1991 she christened the Carnival Ecstasy, the 2nd of the Fantasy Class of cruise ships. In 1994, she appeared as herself in an episode of the NBC sitcom Seinfeld.

She did a number of voice overs most notably as Echidna in the 1998 TV series Hercules and in Higglytown Heroes as the Mail Carrier Hero in 2004.

In September 2005 she became a special correspondent on The Insider, a syndicated entertainment magazine television show, ending her relationship with that program upon her co-hosting role with Today.

She played the role of Miss Hannigan in a concert performance of Annie at Madison Square Garden in December 2006.

On an episode that aired March 27, 2010, she guest starred on The Suite Life on Deck, along with her real-life daughter, Cassidy.

She appeared as herself in the 2015 television film Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!.

She has written numerous autobiographical books, Just When I Thought I'd Dropped my Last Egg: Life and Other Calamities in 2010, The Rock, the Road and the Rabbi in March 2018, and It's Never Too Late: Make the Next Act of Your Life the Best Act of Your Life in 2020. Her book regarding the Christian faith, The Jesus I Know: Honest Conversations and Diverse Opinions about Who He Is was released in 2021. She has also written a number of children's books.

Current career
Gifford left Today in order to pursue a movie career as an actress, director, and producer. In 2018, she filmed Then Came You in which she co-stars with Craig Ferguson. That same year, she also filmed a Hallmark Christmas movie for Hallmark Movies & Mysteries called A Godwink Christmas. Gifford intends to make movies about the experiences of losing a loved one and being a widow, which she considers an underrepresented topic in Hollywood. Gifford has several projects in the works including sequels to Then Came You.

On April 28, 2021, Gifford was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contributions to the television industry. Her star is located at 6834 Hollywood Boulevard, only five stars away from that of her former co-host Regis Philbin.

Musical theatre
In the late 1990s, Gifford began working in musical theatre. She contributed a number of musical numbers to Hats, and wrote and produced Under The Bridge, based upon the children's book The Family Under The Bridge by Natalie Savage Carlson. In 2000 she released the album The Heart of a Woman on Universal.

Gifford wrote the book and lyrics for Saving Aimee, a stage musical about evangelist Aimee McPherson, which premiered in 2007 at the Signature Theatre in Arlington, Virginia. The premiere starred actress Carolee Carmello in the lead role. The show, retitled as Scandalous: The Life and Trials of Aimee Semple McPherson, ran on Broadway from November 15, 2012, through December 9, 2012, with Carmello reprising her role as McPherson. On April 30, 2013,  Carmello received her third Tony Award nomination for the performance.

On April 16, 2007, Gifford was a guest presenter at the Washington, D.C. Helen Hayes Award Ceremony, honoring contributions and professional accomplishments in theatre.

In 2008, Gifford and David Friedman wrote a junior high school musical entitled Key Pin It Real. The play depicts a coming-of-age story about a young girl named Key Pin. The first production took place in December 2008 in Kendallville, Indiana, at East Noble High School.

In 2011, Gifford was working on a musical adaptation of It's a Wonderful Life with John McDaniel; McDaniel is composing music while Gifford is writing lyrics.

Other endeavors

Charity
Gifford is a celebrity ambassador for the non-profit organization Childhelp. She regularly makes appearances at fund raisers and events for the child abuse prevention and treatment organization and is an ardent supporter.

Frank and Kathie Lee Gifford raised the money to build and continued to financially support two shelters in New York City for babies born with HIV, or a congenital crack cocaine addiction. These shelters were named in honor of her children, Cody and Cassidy.

Labor rights activity
In 1996 Gifford was earning $9 million annually licensing her name to a brand of clothing sold at Walmart. Part of the proceeds went to charity. Charles Kernaghan's  human rights group called the National Labor Committee reported that sweatshop labor was being used in manufacturing the Kathie Lee Gifford branded clothing.

Gifford called Kernaghan's report  "a vicious attack" on an episode of Live! with Regis and Kathie Lee. Gifford explained during this broadcast that she was not responsible for the contract manufacturers that made her products.

Kernaghan in his congressional testimony of April 1996, said that to make Gifford's clothing, girls as young as 15 worked for 31 cents an hour, 75 hours a week. Kernaghan reported that a worker in Honduras smuggled a piece of clothing out of the factory, which had a Kathie Lee label on it. One of the workers, Wendy Diaz, came to the United States to testify about the conditions under which she worked. She commented, "I wish I could talk to [Kathie Lee]. If she's good, she will help us."

Gifford later contacted federal authorities to investigate the issue and worked with US federal legislative and executive branch agencies to support and enact laws to protect children against sweatshop conditions. She appeared with President Bill Clinton at the White House in support of the government's initiatives to counter international sweatshop abuses.

Personal life

Kathie Lee married Paul Johnson, a composer/arranger/producer/publisher, in 1976. They gained fame in Christian music, appearing on covers of Christian magazines. The marriage was strained from the start and in 1981, Johnson moved out of their residence in Woodland Hills, CA. The couple divorced in 1982.

On October 18, 1986, Kathie Lee married a second time, this time to Frank Gifford, an American football player and television sports commentator. It was his third marriage after marriages with Maxine Avis Ewart and Astrid Lindley. With Ewart he had three children.

Kathie Lee was 23 years younger than Frank Gifford. They had two children together, Cody Newton Gifford (born March 22, 1990) and Cassidy Erin Gifford (born August 2, 1993). They also shared the same birthday of August 16. Frank Gifford died on August 9, 2015, from natural causes at their Greenwich, Connecticut, home at the age of 84.

In 2017, Kathie Lee Gifford released the song "He Saw Jesus", co-written with songwriter Brett James, which she dedicated to her late husband. All proceeds from the song went to the international evangelical Christian humanitarian aid charity Samaritan's Purse.

Discography
(as Kathie Lee Gifford on all albums except where indicated)
1978: Finders Keepers (as Kathie Lee Johnson)
1993: It's Christmas Time
1993: Christmas Carols
1993: Sentimental
1993: Christmas With Kathie Lee Gifford (double album)
1995: Dreamship: Lullabies for Little Ones
1995: Kathie Lee's Rock 'N' Tots Cafe: A Christmas "Giff"
2000: Heart of a Woman (as Kathie Lee)
2000: Born For You (as Kathie Lee)
2001: Goodnight, Angel (as Kathie Lee)
2004: Gentle Grace
2009: Everyone Has a Story (as Kathie Lee Gifford & Friends)
2009: My Way Home
2010: Super Hits
2013: Scandalous, The Musical (lyrics by)
2017: The Little Giant
2020: Then Came You (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack with Brett James & Sal Oliveri)

Filmography

Films

Television

Written works

Biographical
1976: (As Kathie Epstein) The Quiet Riot
1992: I Can't Believe I Said That!: An Autobiography by Kathie Lee Gifford
1995: Listen to My Heart: Lessons in Love, Laughter, and Lunacy
2010: Just When I Thought I'd Dropped My Last Egg: Life and Other Calamities
2014: Good Gifts: One Year in the Heart of a Home
2018: The Rock, the Road and the Rabbi
2020: It's Never Too Late: Make the Next Act of Your Life the Best Act of Your Life

Cooking
1993: (with Regis Philbin) Cooking With Regis & Kathie Lee: Quick & Easy Recipes From America's Favorite TV Personalities
1994: (with Regis Philbin) Entertaining With Regis & Kathie Lee: Year-Round Holiday Recipes, Entertaining Tips, and Party Ideas

Christian faith
2004: Gentle Grace: Reflections & Scriptures on God's Gentle Grace
2021: The Jesus I Know: Honest Conversations and Diverse Opinions about Who He Is
2022: (with Rabbi Jason Sobel) The God of the Way: A Journey into the Stories, People, and Faith That Changed the World Forever

Children's books
1997: Christmas with Kathie Lee: A Treasury of Holiday Stories, Songs, Poems, and Activities for Little Ones
2010: Party Animals
2011: The Three Gifts: A Story About Three Angels and the baby Jesus (co-written with Michael Storrings)
2011: The Legend of Messy M'Cheany
2018: The Gift That I Can Give
2020: Hello, Little Dreamer

In popular culture
A fictionalized version of Kathie Lee Gifford appears in the South Park episode "Weight Gain 4000", voiced by Karri Turner. Gifford later re-appears in the episodes "City on the Edge of Forever", "The Return of Chef", "200" and "201".

See also
 New Yorkers in journalism
 Carnival Ecstasy (Sponsor)

References

External links

 Kathie Lee Gifford discography (Music City)
 Gifford interview transcript, Larry King Live, 2000

1953 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American composers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American women singers
20th-century American singer-songwriters
20th-century American women writers
20th-century evangelicals
20th-century women composers
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American composers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American women writers
21st-century evangelicals
21st-century women composers
Actresses from Maryland
American evangelicals
American expatriates in France
American people of English descent
American people of French-Canadian descent
American people of German descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American performers of Christian music
American television actresses
American television reporters and correspondents
American television talk show hosts
American women singer-songwriters
American women television journalists
American women non-fiction writers
Beauty pageant hosts
Christian music songwriters
Converts to Christianity from Judaism
Converts to evangelical Christianity
NBC News people
Olympic Games broadcasters
Oral Roberts University alumni
People from Bowie, Maryland
Singer-songwriters from Maryland

Kathie Lee Gifford


Alan James Alexander Kelly (5 July 1936 – 20 May 2009) was an Irish coach and former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played for Bray Wanderers and Drumcondra in his home country, and most notably for Preston North End in England. He was capped 47 times for the Republic of Ireland. He was the father of Gary Kelly and Alan Kelly Jr., who also became goalkeepers.

Playing career
Kelly started his career at Bray Wanderers. In 1956, he joined Drumcondra, with whom he had won a FAI Cup winners medal in 1957 and a League Championship in 1958. In 1960, he moved to Preston North End.

Kelly won the first of his 47 Republic of Ireland caps against West Germany in a 1956 friendly, and won his second cap the following year in a World Cup qualifier against England.

He made his Preston debut on 28 January 1961, in an FA Cup tie against Swansea Town and became first choice goalkeeper the following season. In total, he made a club record 513 appearances over a 14-year period – including the 1964 FA Cup Final defeat by West Ham United. In league competition, he played 447 times for Preston, keeping 126 clean sheets, which is a club record.

Kelly was named Preston's inaugural Player of the Year in 1966–67, and again in 1967–68. He won a Third Division championship medal in 1970–71. A shoulder injury ended his career in 1973 – his final game being against Bristol City on 15 September 1973. He was given a testimonial match against Stoke City on 19 November 1974; Stoke won 2–1.

Management career and later life
Following his retirement, Kelly joined North End's coaching staff and was promoted to assistant manager under Nobby Stiles in 1977. In 1980, he briefly managed the Republic of Ireland side, presiding over one match against Switzerland. In 1983, he was appointed manager of Preston North End. Following a bad run of results over the Christmas period he resigned in February 1985.

In 1985–86, his son Alan Kelly Jr. followed in his father's footsteps when he made his debut in goal for Preston. The younger Kelly later also played in goal for the Republic of Ireland, winning 34 caps. Kelly's oldest Son David who played amateur football his second son Gary was also a goalkeeper. He was never capped at senior level, but enjoyed a lengthy career playing for Newcastle United, Bury and Oldham Athletic.

Kelly was goalkeeping coach for Major League Soccer side D.C. United for over five years.

In 2001, the third part of Deepdale's redevelopment was named the Alan Kelly Town End in honour of their former player and manager.

Kelly spent the final years of his life in Rockville, Maryland, United States, and died on 20 May 2009 after battling colon cancer for a number of years.

Honours
Drumcondra
 League of Ireland: 1957–58
 FAI Cup: 1957
Preston North End
 Football League Third Division: 1970–71
Individual
 Preston North End F.C. Player of the Year: 1967, 1968

References

1936 births
2009 deaths
Bray Wanderers F.C. players
League of Ireland players
League of Ireland XI players
Preston North End F.C. players
Republic of Ireland men's association footballers
Republic of Ireland men's international footballers
Preston North End F.C. managers
Republic of Ireland association football managers
Republic of Ireland national football team managers
Men's association football goalkeepers
English Football League players
Drumcondra F.C. players
Deaths from colorectal cancer
D.C. United non-playing staff
Sportspeople from Bray, County Wicklow
Association footballers from County Wicklow

Alan Kelly Sr.


Franz August Otto Pieper (June 27, 1852 – June 3, 1931) was a Confessional Lutheran theologian who also served as the fourth president of what was known at that time as the German Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and Other States (Missouri Synod).

Pieper was born at Karwitz, Pomerania, ( west of Danzig) and died in St. Louis, Missouri. After studying at the gymnasium of Kolberg, Pomerania, he emigrated to the United States in 1870. He graduated from Northwestern College in Watertown, Wisconsin, in 1872 and from Concordia Seminary in St. Louis in 1875. He was a Lutheran pastor from 1875 to 1878, serving first at Centerville, Wisconsin, and then at Manitowoc, Wisconsin. He became a professor of theology at Concordia Seminary in 1878, and in 1887 he became president of the same institution. He also served as editor of Lehre und Wehre, the faculty journal of Concordia Seminary.

From 1882 to 1899, Pieper served on the Board of Colored Missions for the Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America. He then served as the fourth president of the Missouri Synod from 1899 to 1911.

As a systematic theologian, Franz Pieper's magnum opus, Christliche Dogmatik (1917–1924), provided the modern world with a learned and extensive presentation of orthodox Lutheran theology. Translated into English as Christian Dogmatics (1950–1953), it continues to be the basic textbook of doctrinal theology in the Missouri Synod. He was also the main author of A Brief Statement of 1932, an authoritative presentation of the synod's doctrinal stance.

Works
Christliche Dogmatik. 4 vols. (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1917–1924) [English translation: Christian Dogmatics. 4 vols. (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1950–1953)](In German, public domain) Vol I Vol II Vol III

The Synodical Conference, an essay in The Distinctive Doctrines and Usages of the General Bodies of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States (Philadelphia, 1892), 119-166.
Gesetz und Evangelium (1892)
Das Grundbekenntnis der evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1880).
Lehre von der Rechtfertigung (1889)
Unsere Stellung in Lehre und Praxis (St. Louis, 1896)
Lehrstellung der Missouri-Synode (1897)
Christ's Work (1898).
Das Wesen des Christentums (1903)
Conversion and Election : a Plea for a United Lutheranism (1913, HathiTrust Digital Library)
What Is Christianity and Other Essays. John Theodore Mueller, tr. (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1933)

References

External links
 Concordia Historical Institute
Franz August Otto Pieper, The 20th Century Luther
 Our Position in Doctrine and Practice by Dr. Franz Pieper
 Lectures on the Evangelical Lutheran Church, The True Visible Church of God on Earth by Dr. Franz Pieper, trans. by Bryce L. Winters
 The Glorious Blessing of Brotherly Fellowship in Faith by Dr. Franz Pieper
 Theses on Unionism by Dr. Franz Pieper
 The Witness of History for Scripture (Homologoumena and Antilegomena) by Dr. Franz Pieper, (from Christian Dogmatics, Vol I, page 330-38.)
 The Distinction Between Orthodox & Heterodox Churches by Dr. Franz Pieper, (from Christian Dogmatics, Vol III)
C. F. W. Walther as a Theologian, by Dr. Franz Pieper, Studium Excitare, Issue #8.

Zur Einigung der amerikanisch-lutherischen Kirche in der Lehre von der Bekehrung und Gnadenwahl by Dr. Franz Pieper (1913)
Lehre und Wehre 8 Vols. of the faculty journal from Concordia Seminary

1852 births
1931 deaths
People from Sławno County
People from the Province of Pomerania
Martin Luther College
Presidents of the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod
American Lutheran theologians
German emigrants to the United States
Religious leaders from Wisconsin
Seminary presidents
German Lutherans
19th-century American Lutheran clergy
Concordia Seminary alumni
20th-century American Lutheran clergy
19th-century Lutheran theologians
20th-century Lutheran theologians

Franz Pieper


A spree killer is someone who commits a criminal act that involves two or more murders in a short time, often in multiple locations. There are different opinions about what durations of time a killing spree may take place in. The United States Bureau of Justice Statistics has spoken of "almost no time break between murders", but some academics consider that a killing spree may last weeks or months, e.g. the case of Andrew Cunanan, who murdered five people over three months.

Definition

The general definition of spree murder is two or more murders committed by a person (or people) with no cooling-off period, in contrast to serial murder, where there is a period of time between killings. The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has found the category to be of no real value to law enforcement because quantifying a "cooling-off period" is arbitrary. Serial killers commit murders in separate events, at different times. Mass murderers are defined by one incident, with no distinctive period between the murders.

How to distinguish a spree killer from a mass murderer, or a serial killer, is subject to considerable debate, and the terms are not consistently applied even within the academic literature.

The United States Bureau of Justice Statistics has defined a spree killing as "killings at two or more locations with almost no time break between murders".

The Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment lists five different categories of spree killers and cites Mark O. Barton as an example of the second one. He is also noted alongside mass murderers, such as Patrick Sherrill, in the respective entry about mass murder. In The Anatomy of Motive, John E. Douglas cites Charles Starkweather and Andrew Cunanan (who murdered five people over three months) as examples of spree killers, while Jack Levin calls Starkweather a mass murderer and Cunanan a serial killer.

In Controversial Issues in Criminology, Fuller and Hickey write that "[t]he element of time involved between murderous acts is primary in the differentiation of serial, mass, and spree murderers", later elaborating those spree killers "will engage in the killing acts for days or weeks" while the "methods of murder and types of victims vary". Andrew Cunanan is given as an example of spree killing, while Charles Whitman is mentioned in connection with mass murder and Jeffrey Dahmer with serial killing.

In Serial Murder, Ronald M. Holmes and StephenT. Holmes defines spree murder as "the killing of three or more people within a 30-day period" and add that killing sprees are "usually accompanied by the commission of another felony." They cite Charles Starkweather and the Beltway Snipers as examples of spree killers. They define serial murder as "the killing of three or more people over a period of more than 30 days, with a significant cooling-off period between the killings."  Under this definition, Andrew Cunanan would be categorized as a serial killer and not a spree killer.

In Sexual Homicide, Ressler, Burgess and Douglas gave more emphasis to killings being at more than one location, and less precision about the time span, saying that a single event can last a short or long time, citing Christopher Wilder's seven-week "murder event" or "killing spree".

Douglas wrote that the identity of serial killers is generally unknown until they are caught, and a mass murderer's identity is learned only after they have committed the crime. The identity of the spree killer, on the other hand, usually becomes known by police while the spree is still in progress.

The term rampage killer has also been used sometimes to describe spree killers,
especially when a single individual perpetrator:

See also
 Active shooter
 Going postal
 Gun Violence Archive
 List of rampage killers
 Mass shooting
 Massacre
 Running amok
 Thrill killing

References

Murder

Spree killer


The Central Landfill is a  waste disposal site in Johnston, Rhode Island. It is the state's only landfill and receives more than 90% of the state's solid waste. It has been on the Environmental Protection Agency's Superfund National Priorities List since 1986. The site is owned and operated by the Rhode Island Resource Recovery Corporation (RIRRC).

Description
It is the state's only landfill and receives more than 90% of the state's solid waste.

, the landfill receives about 750,000 tons of waste per year, which costs about $32 million. It has reached its maximum allowed height and, as it expands outwards to incorporate another 102 acres of land, it is expected to reach capacity in 2038. The agency has explored several options to extend its life, such as cutting the amount of trash it processes, limiting disposal to residential waste, burning trash, and employing temporary measures while waiting for technological solutions. It cannot increase its height further without approval from both the town and the Federal Aviation Administration.

The last waste composition study of the landfill was in 1990.

The landfill is one of the highest points in the state, with "beautiful, panoramic views of the Ocean State on an autumn afternoon." It is sometimes mistakenly listed as the highest point in Rhode Island, though Jerimoth Hill is more than 200 feet taller.

Gas produced at the landfill is collected and turned into electricity by Broadrock Renewables, LLC.

History
Central Landfill is a double-lined landfill built on the site of a former quarry.

In 1980, in an attempt to limit out-of-state waste disposal at the Central Landfill, the Rhode Island Legislature passed a law to require that trucks bringing trash from other states have a contract with the Solid Waste Management Corporation, without requiring the company to grant such contracts. The landfill continued to accept some out-of-state waste, but in 1986 began to turn away trucks headed to the dump from Massachusetts, which had increased the amount it sent over the border to about 1,000 tons every day.

According to Michael O'Connell, former executive director of the RIRRC, when he started with the company in the mid-2000s, corruption was rampant: "It became apparent to me after about six months this place was just being poisoned from the inside out by corruption. Half the people that worked here were put here by politicians. They didn't feel they had to work, and those who were workers felt like, why bother?" After a couple members of the board resigned, then-governor Donald Carcieri told other members not to continue going to board meetings, allowing O'Connell to report directly to the governor to restructure the company, removing about a third of the employees and implementing a merit-based business corporate philosophy.

The landfill has also encountered some financial trouble due to the success of conservation efforts. In addition to the cost of conservation programs, the RIRRC's cost per ton of waste processed has increased due to a decrease in the amount of trash produced by Rhode Island citizens. The fees it charges per ton did not change for about 25 years, since the early 1990s, but set to increase by 47% between 2016 and 2018.

Environmental impact
Before 1980, the site was used to dispose of liquid industrial waste, contaminating soil and groundwater. The practice was stopped and the hazardous waste disposal area closed by order of the state in 1982. In 1986, the entire landfill was added to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Superfund National Priorities List.

In 2012 the Massachusetts-based non-profit Toxics Action Center included Central Landfill in its "Dirty Dozen" list of the worst polluters in New England.

Landfill operations remove some recyclable materials from the waste, and there is a recycling drop-off for public use.

References

Landfills in the United States
Johnston, Rhode Island
Superfund sites in Rhode Island

Central Landfill


The Mueller Report is an official document. It provides information about Russia modifying the results of the 2016 United States presidential election. Robert Mueller released this official document to argue that Donald Trump is using Russia to help get him to become the current president.

The first half of the report shows that the Trump campaign had many ties to the Russians and that there was interference in America's elections. The second half shows how the President tried to stop the Russia investigation using the powers of the President.

Because the Department of Justice works for the President, Robert Mueller suggests that Congress should investigate.

""In this context, a balancing test applies to the separation of powers issues. Applying the test here, we concluded that congress can validly make obstruction of justice statutes applicable to corruptly motivated official acts of the president without undermining his Article II functions"

References

Other websites

 Mueller Report, redacted version publicly released April 18, 2019:
 Justice.gov downloadable, searchable PDF
 Archive.org; DPLA ; New York Times; Scribd
 Audio from Audible (free registration needed)
 Letter from Attorney General William Barr to leaders of the House and Senate Judiciary Committees of the principal conclusions of the Mueller investigation (March 24, 2019)
 Official Website of the United States Department of Justice: Office of Special Counsel
 Litigation Documents Related to the Mueller Investigation via Lawfare
 Index to the Mueller report: browse hundreds of Names and Topics, from Clinton emails to Putin to GRU to IRA to Trump Moscow Tower.  prepared by WhoSaidSo.org

Controversies in the United States

Mueller Report