The 10TP was a Polish light cruiser tank that never left the prototype status. While advancing the Polish armour development programme, the prototype was deemed unsuccessful. Discoveries made during testing led to the design phase of the newer 14TP model, which was never completed due to the onset of World War II.

The 10TP prototype itself was of an original design implementing some general ideas suggested by John Walter Christie but also many new technical solutions.

History
At the end of the 1920s, the Polish Armed Forces felt that they needed a new tank model. The Wojskowy Instytut Badań Inżynierii, WIBI ("Military Institute of Engineering Research") sent Captain Ruciński to the United States to legally acquire a Christie M1928 tank, its blueprints and license production rights. The tank was to be used as a base for a new Polish light tank. The Poles however never received the machine and Christie, fearing legal charges, refunded the purchase.

Due to this failure to purchase the master model and the possible license, at the end of 1930 the WIBI Tank Design Bureau began preliminary design work on their own wheeled/tracked tank, based on the Christie M1928 and the Christie M1931  known under the working name "A la Christie".

The work was based on available data and advertising leaflets as well as notes and sketches that Captain Ruciński obtained from Christie. In 1932 the design drawings and a list of details were ready but soon the work slowed down because the designers were put in charge of a just-bought British Vickers Mark E tank that led to the 7TP light tank which was developed soon after.

At the end of 1934, because of the liquidation of WIBI and establishing of the Design and Testing Centre of the Armoured Forces reporting directly to the Armoured Forces Command, most of the "A la Christie" project documentation was destroyed under the supervision of a special commission. Only a few hand-written notes and calculations were left.

On 10 March 1935 design work on a new model called 10TP was started. Major Rudolf Gundlach headed the design team consisting of, among the others, engineers Jan Łapuszewski, Stefan Ołdakowski, Mieczysław Staszewski, Kazimierz Hejnowicz and process engineer Jerzy Napiórkowski.

Despite the fact that in 1936 the vehicle design was not completely finished, it was included in the programme of Armoured Forces that was a part of a general projection of growth and upgrade for the Polish Army for 1936-1942. This programme was approved by the Armament and Equipment Committee (Komitet do spraw Uzbrojenia i Sprzętu, KSUS) in January 1936. The 10TP tank was specified on the list of the equipment scheduled to equip four tank battalions in the new motorised units.

Assembly of the first tank prototype was commenced in 1937 in the Experimental Workshop (WD) located within the area of the State Engineering Plants (PZInż.) Factory in Ursus near Warsaw, where all Polish tanks were produced during 1931-1939. The work was supervised by Captain Kazimierz Grüner. At the same time two motorised cavalry brigades were formed with the intention that they would be equipped with the tank.

Building of the tank was completed in July 1938. It took so much time because some basic assemblies that were not produced in Poland had to be acquired abroad - for instance an engine of sufficient power. It was not before 16 August that the 10TP tank rolled out for a first longer ride. It was driven by an experienced military specialist Sergeant Polinarek under the personal supervision of the Chief of the Trial and Experiment Department in the Bureau of Technical Studies on Armored Weapons (Biuro Badań Technicznych Broni Pancernych, BBT Br.Panc.) Captain Leon Czekalski. The trials were kept secret because the activities of the German Abwehr and the members of the "Fifth Column" were then getting more and more intensive in Poland.

Further trials were stopped by minor faults until 30 September and then the tank was sent to the WD where design modifications were made. On 16 January 1939 the tank was tested, under supervision of its chief designer, along a short distance trip to Łowicz and in the spring, between 22 and 25 April, it went beyond Grodno, traveling a total distance of 610 km. After this trip, during which nearly  were logged, the vehicle was sent back to the WD where it was nearly completely stripped down to check the wear on particular parts and assemblies, identify causes of malfunctions and to repair the damage. In May, the refurbished tank was demonstrated to generals and other top ranking military authorities.

The designers, having analysed their experiences came to the conclusion that a tank of this type should be a purely tracked vehicle and any equipment needed for driving it on wheels was just an unnecessary weight. Getting rid of this weight allowed them to increase the armour thickness significantly while vehicle weight remained unchanged. Thus another development step of the 10TP was to be the 14TP tank. Its construction was started in the end of 1938 but it was not completed due to the war.

Before the tank could enter mass production, the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 ended the independent existence of the Second Polish Republic.

Design
The 10TP tank had a wide hull that made it possible to put two members of the crew inside side by side, a front machine gun and a two-man turret. A solution to the problem of driving the vehicle both on wheels and tracks followed the American design, however Polish designers developed new, wider tracks, drive sprockets and a way of link hooking and moving. The tank steering system using hydraulic servomechanisms was their own advanced solution significantly affecting combat performance of the whole vehicle.

See also
 Gundlach tank periscope
 List of armoured fighting vehicles of World War II

References

External links
10TP Polish cruiser tank
Janusz Magnuski'a article on 10TP (Archived 2009-10-19)
Gallery
 czołg lekki 10 TP (14 TP)
 Czołg 10TP (14TP)

Light tanks of Poland
World War II armoured fighting vehicles of Poland
Science and technology in Poland
World War II light tanks

10TP


Andreas Ygre Wiig (born 5 March 1981) is a Norwegian professional snowboarder. He rides regular.

Andreas was born in Oslo and grew up in Asker. He made a name for himself when he won two gold medals at the 2007 and 2008 Winter X Games (WXG). In the 2007 Winter X Games' Best Trick competition he went head-to-head and won against Travis Rice, who bailed during both his daring attempts at a Double Cork 1080, and in Slopestyle competition he beat Jussi Oksanen as well as four time defending Slopestyle gold medalist Shaun White, who also was in pursuit of his seventh X-Games gold medal. Wiig already had a bronze medal from WXG 2005 and a silver medal from 2006.

In the 2008 Winter X Games he again beat Shaun White for the slopestyle gold medal. White came 3rd, and Kevin Pearce finished 2nd. After this he signed a contract for $500,000 to move from sponsor Omatic snowboarding to Nitro snowboards which he left in 2009 to join Forum Snowboards. He also rides for Vans Boots and Outerwear, Electric Googles, Vestal Watches, and Rockstar Energy Drink.

Wiig appeared in the music video of Norwegian rock singer Marion Raven's single Falling Away, in 2007  After a few years of dating, Wiig married her in May 2013 and separated in 2015.

Andreas Wiig appeared in the 2007 MDP film Picture This.

References

Living people
Norwegian male snowboarders
X Games athletes
1981 births
People from Asker
Sportspeople from Viken (county)
21st-century Norwegian people

Andreas Wiig


Muckrakers was a term for the group of people who wrote books and newspaper articles in the United States around 1900.  Most of their books were about showing how bad things were in "Gilded Age" in America.  Some things they wrote about were the power of big business, unclean practices in factories, and the condition of poor people. The books the Muckrakers wrote led to changes in America during the Progressive Era, such as the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 and the breakup of the Standard Oil company.

The following people were among the Muckrakers:

 Upton Sinclair, who wrote The Jungle, a book about meat-packing factories in Chicago
 Jacob Riis, who took photographs of poor people's living conditions in New York City
 Ida Tarbell, who wrote books about John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil
 Lincoln Steffens, who wrote The Shame of the Cities, about corruption in local governments

American journalists

Muckrakers


is a 1986 Japanese adult animated drama film and the sequel to the 1983 animated war film Barefoot Gen, loosely based on the Japanese manga series by Keiji Nakazawa. Directed by Toshio Hirata, the film stars Issei Miyazaki, Masaki Kōda, Yoshie Shimamura, and Taeko Nakanishi, who reprise their roles from the first film, while Kei Nakamura and Takami Aoyama join the cast. In the film, Gen and Ryuta Nakaoka join a gang of orphan scavengers and attempt to save their mother Kimie from radiation sickness, a consequence of her survival of the Hiroshima atomic bombing.

Plot
Three years after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Gen Nakaoka, his mother Kimie, and his adopted brother Ryuta are scavenging for food and scrap metal to sell in the black market as Hiroshima, like the rest of Japan, struggles to rebuild following World War II.

While Kimie starts working at a geta factory, Gen and Ryuta attend school in a ruined building, in which they meet a gang of orphaned children and their leader Masa in a hostile first encounter. Gen and Ryuta start a shoe-shining business that Masa's gang disrupts, drawing the attention of policemen who attempt to place them in an orphanage. The brothers fight off the police and hide with Masa and their gang in their shelter, where Gen learns that the orphans pickpocket in the black market in order to survive. Realizing Masa's desperation for quality life, Gen and Ryuta join his gang in solitude. Gen befriends Katsuko, one of the orphans who sustained serious burns in the bombing, and Masa's gang invites Suekichi, a retired journalist who lost his family in the Hiroshima bombing, to live with them. After Gen rallies the orphans into constructing a new home out of wood and other materials from abandoned buildings around town, they raid a potato field at night, but the field's farmers catch them and kill Katchin, a member of Masa's gang, as the orphans retreat.

Meanwhile, Gen notices that he can now give Kimie piggyback rides despite being much smaller than her, which leads him to suspect that her health is failing. He and Ryuta learn from doctors that because of the atomic bombing, she is suffering from radiation sickness that progressively worsens with time. Kimie begins to vomit blood after her children come home for dinner one evening, distressing Gen and prompting him to take her to a surgeon, who informs Gen that Kimie has only four months to live. Gen refuses to accept that his mother will die and tries to convince her to let him and Ryuta work in her place, but Kimie insists that she work out of fondness for Gen's late father and the lessons he taught, which moves Gen and Ryuta into assisting her with building geta.

Gen, Ryuta, and Masa attempt to steal copper from a shipyard to buy penicillin for Kimie, but their boat sinks as they return from the yard, forcing the trio to return to shore empty-handed. Later, they watch an improper burial of the victims of the nuclear attack by American soldiers, who chase the trio off. However, they discover copper bullets in an abandoned firing range, and Ryuta gets Masa's gang to collect them into a wheelbarrow. Gen and Ryuta return home with money for the penicillin, but they discover that Kimie is dying and carry her to a hospital. Along the way, Kimie dies on Gen's back after urging him to live on without her.

Gen has Kimie cremated and plays with Ryuta, Masa, and the other orphans while reminiscing upon his parents' influence on his life.

Cast
 Issei Miyazaki as Gen Nakaoka
 Masaki Kōda as Ryuta Nakaoka, Gen's younger adopted brother and Shinji Nakaoka, Gen's younger brother
 Yoshie Shimamura as Kimie Nakaoka, Gen's mother
 Kei Nakamura as Masa, the leader of a gang of orphans. In the manga, Masa was a yakuza who opposed Ryuta.
 Takami Aoyama as Katsuko, one of Masa's companions
 Taeko Nakanishi as Hana
 Katsuji Mori as Seiji
 Junji Nishimura as Boku-san
 Kōichi Kitamura as Suekichi
 Seiko Nakano as Eiko Nakaoka, Gen's elder sister
 Takao Inoue as Daikichi Nakaoka, Gen's father

Reception

Critical response
Writer and reporter, Ram Murata (村田らむ(むらた・らむ)) describes their experience watching Barefoot Gen 2 and recalls growing up with the body of work in Japan:

"It's a very sad story. But it's not all dark. Because of the style of the work, characters would often have comical expressions, making me laugh. This 'funny' thing is also troubling. Barefoot Gen has a strong aura that says you shouldn't be amused with it. I went to university in Kyushu, but I made friends there that were from Hiroshima. One of them was aiming to become a manga artist like myself, so we would talk and he would show me random cartoons he had drawn. One day, when I showed him [Barefoot Gen], he burst into anger. It was a story about a nuclear bomb, I realized. He told me, "Don't make fun of a nuclear bomb! I was beaten up by my father for just saying that the memorial service looked like an eraser at my parents' house". People have different views on the atomic bomb depending on the year they were born and the region [of Japan] they live in. Barefoot Gen is a rare work that looks directly at the topic, but it's still a manga. I think you can enjoy reading it. Please do laugh at the scene where Gen and others beat each other on the bottom to get used to the torture".

See also
 Barefoot Gen (1983 film)
 Barefoot Gen (manga)
 Grave of the Fireflies

References

External links

1986 anime films
Anime films based on manga
Anime
Discotek Media
Drama anime and manga
Films about the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Animated films set in Hiroshima
Films set in 1948
Geneon USA
Historical anime and manga
1980s Japanese-language films
Madhouse (company)
1980s war drama films
Japanese war drama films
1986 drama films
1986 films
Films scored by Kentarō Haneda
Japanese World War II films
Animated films set in the 1940s

ja:はだしのゲン#アニメ映画

Barefoot Gen 2


Louis Jacques Napoléon Bertrand, better known by his pen name Aloysius Bertrand (20 April 1807 — 29 April 1841), was a French Romantic poet, playwright and journalist. He is famous for having introduced prose poetry in French literature, and is considered a forerunner of the Symbolist movement. His masterpiece is the collection of prose poems Gaspard de la Nuit published posthumously in 1842; three of its poems were adapted to an eponymous piano suite by Maurice Ravel in 1908.

Biography

Background

Born in Ceva on 20 April 1807, Louis Jacques Napoléon Bertrand was the son of Georges and Laure (or Laurine-Marie) Bertrand, née Davico. Georges Bertrand was born on 22 July 1768 at Sorcy-Saint-Martin (or Saulieu, according to other sources) into a family of soldiers. A gendarmerie lieutenant, his parents wanted him to become a priest but he ran away from the seminary and enlisted in the 16e régiment de dragons of Orléans on 7 May 1785. His first marriage with Marie-Jeanne Rémond (born in Montbard on 23 February 1779) gave birth to a daughter, Denise, on 9 March 1800 but his wife died three months later. He married his second wife during his stay in the Department of Montenotte (now the Province of Cuneo), Laure Davico (born 2 August 1782), on 3 June 1806 in Ceva. After the birth of Louis, the eldest, in 1807, a second son, Jean Balthazar, was born on 17 July 1808.

On 15 March 1812 Georges was appointed as gendarmerie captain in Spoleto, whose mayor was at the time Pierre-Louis Roederer. There, on 23 December, the poet's sister Isabella-Caroline (or Elizabeth) was born. On 3 September 1814 he was assigned to Mont-de-Marsan, where he made the acquaintance of Charles Jean Harel, then-prefect of the Department of Landes. Retiring at the end of August 1815, he left Landes and moved to Dijon, where on 19 March 1816 his fourth child was born, Charles Frédéric (who later became a journalist), and where his daughter Denise from his first marriage got married on 11 January 1818.

A young romantic

Louis Bertrand studied from 1818 to 1826 at the collège royal of Dijon, where he spent most of his life. Among his classmates were Lacordaire and Antoine Tenant de Latour, who would help him later. While in Dijon, Louis Bertrand developed an interest in the Burgundian capital. His father died on 27 February 1828 and he had to sustain the home on his own, receiving financial help from his aunt François-Marguerite also known as "Lolotte". In the local literary paper "Le Provincial", which had published the first verses of poet Alfred de Musset, he promoted his avant-garde aesthetic views and published around twenty works in prose and in verse. Still in 1828, it seems he loved an anonymous young girl who might have died; traces of her existence can be found throughout Bertrand's entire works.

First trip to Paris and return to Dijon
Encouraged by a laudatory letter from Hugo following a poem published in the journal that he had dedicated to him and by recognition from Sainte-Beuve, he moved to Paris at the beginning of November 1828. He met Sainte-Beuve at the salon of Émile Deschamps and read some of his prose to him. But he felt ashamed of his social status and could not find a place among the Parisian romantics. He got sick in January 1829 and during Spring found a publisher, Sautelet, to publish his poems, but he went bankrupt in August. He then got interested in the theater and offered a play to the Vaudeville without success.
After that, he decided to return to Dijon on 4 April 1830 and collaborated to the "Spectateur", a newly-founded liberal newspaper. On 15 February 1831, under the name "Ludovic Bertrand", he became chief editor of the newspaper "Patriote de la Côte-d'Or" until December 1832, in which he displayed his republican opinions with virulence

Final years in Paris
In January 1833, he went back to Paris. Soon after, the publisher Eugène Renduel agreed to publish "Gaspard", announcing even it would come out in October. He became a secretary for baron Roederer. He wrote "Peter Waldeck ou la chute d'un homme", a play with chants in 3 acts and 6 tableaux inspired by the "Adventures of Martin Waldeck" by Walter Scott.
In Spring of 1834, he met Célestine F., to whom he proposed. According to Jacques Bony, his mother did not agree to the union, according to Max Milner his love was one-sided. Between 1835 and 1837, he was in serious financial difficulties and had to borrow money from a lot of people. He contracted tuberculosis and was admitted to Notre-Dame de la Pitié on 18 September 1838 where he remained until 13 May 1839 before being transferred to l'hôpital Saint-Antoine where he stayed until 24 November.
In October 1839, a publisher had agreed to publish "Gaspard de la Nuit" and even printed flyers announcing its upcoming publication but the project never came to end while Bertrand was alive. In 1840, he believed he was cured of the disease and started to write verse again. He tried at last to contact the publisher in hopes of finally publishing his manuscript on 5 October, but the publisher had stopped his activity.

Sickness forced him to go back to the hospital on 11 March 1841. He died there in the morning on 29 April 1841. His close family, mother and sister, did not come to the hospital, nor did they attend his funeral. His mother died in 1854.

Posterity

"Gaspard de la Nuit" was finally published in November 1842. It sold 20 copies. However, this edition was full of mistakes due to an inaccurate copy of the manuscript. In 1925, Bertrand Guégan published a new edition from an original manuscript that corrected most of the mistakes. It is only in 1992, when an original calligraphed manuscript was acquired by the Bibliothèque nationale, that the book could be published accordingly to the will of its author, with accurate display of the text and illustrations.
In 1862, Charles Baudelaire admitted in a letter he was deeply influenced by Bertrand's work when writing "Spleen de Paris. Théodore de Banville, an admirer and later rival of Baudelaire, also quoted Bertrand as a main inspiration in the opening of his book "La Lanterne Magique" in 1883. He became a cult author for the Symbolists, especially for Stéphane Mallarmé who discovered him at the age of twenty and referenced his work throughout his entire life.
However, it is only in the 20th century that his work was really recognized. Max Jacob brought attention to Bertrand by making him the inventor of prose poetry. Afterwards, the Surrealists contributed to his fame, especially André Breton who referenced him in his 1924 "Surrealist Manifesto". René Magritte named one of his paintings "Gaspard de la nuit", as it was inspired by the poem "Le Maçon". Maurice Ravel wrote three piano solos on themes from "Gaspard de la nuit", which is considered one of the most difficult pieces of the entire piano repertoire. Since 1922, there is an Aloysius Bertrand street in Dijon.

References

 , 2 volumes.

External links

 Valentina Gosetti, Aloysius Bertrand's Gaspard de la Nuit: Beyond the Prose Poem (Legenda: MHRA & Routledge, 2016)

1807 births
1841 deaths
19th-century French poets
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Romantic poets
People from the Province of Cuneo
19th-century French journalists
French male journalists
French male poets
19th-century French male writers
Tuberculosis deaths in France
19th-century pseudonymous writers

Aloysius Bertrand


John Bulkeley (11 November 1614 – September 1662)  was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons  at various times between 1640 and 1662.

Bulkeley was the son of William Bulkeley of Burgate, Hampshire, and his wife Margaret Culliford, daughter of John Culliford of Encombe, Dorset.  He matriculated at Hart Hall, Oxford, on 13 April 1632, aged 18. He was a student of the Middle Temple in 1633. He travelled abroad in France from 1634 to 1637.

In April 1640, Bulkeley was elected Member of Parliament for Yarmouth (Isle of Wight) in the Short Parliament. He was elected to the Long Parliament in November 1645 as MP for  Newtown until he was excluded under Pride's Purge.

Bulkeley was elected MP for Hampshire  in 1654 for the First Protectorate Parliament and was re-elected for Hampshire in 1656 for the Second Protectorate Parliament. In 1659 he was elected MP for in the Third Protectorate Parliament and in 1660 was chosen again for Hampshire  in the Convention Parliament. He was lastly elected MP for Lymington in the Cavalier Parliament and sat until his death in 1662.

Bulkeley died at the age of 47.

Bulkeley married firstly by licence dated 4 January 1638, Anne Doddington, daughter of Sir William Doddington of Breamore, Hampshire and had two daughters. He married secondly after settlement dated June 1646, Elizabeth Trenchard  widow of Francis Trenchard of Cutteridge, Wiltshire and daughter of William Sotwell of Greenham, Berkshire. She died in March 1651 and he married thirdly after settlement dated 1652, Penelope Trenchard, daughter of Sir Thomas Trenchard of Wolverton, Dorset, and had three sons.

References

|-

1614 births
1662 deaths
Alumni of Hart Hall, Oxford
Members of the Middle Temple
English MPs 1640 (April)
English MPs 1640–1648
English MPs 1654–1655
English MPs 1656–1658
English MPs 1659
English MPs 1660
English MPs 1661–1679
Members of Parliament for the Isle of Wight

John Bulkeley (MP)


The Fever is a 2004 psychological drama film produced by HBO Films, directed by Carlo Gabriel Nero and based on the 1990 play of the same name by Nero and actor Wallace Shawn.

The film stars the director's mother, Vanessa Redgrave, and includes cameos by Angelina Jolie, the director's half-sister Joely Richardson and Oscar-winning documentary filmmaker Michael Moore.

Background
The original play was a piece of experimental theater performed as a monologue by the play's author, Wallace Shawn.  Unlike conventional plays, Shawn initially performed The Fever not in a theater, but in private homes by appointment.  Later, he performed the piece in a theater, but in keeping with the desire to be unconventional in presentation, Shawn eschewed theatrical lighting, sets, and theater programs, and mingled with the audience immediately before the play began.  In an interview with The Paris Review, Shawn explained that he used these novel approaches to avoid people dismissing the play's message as merely "great theater."

Plot
The film follows the existential crisis of an unnamed urban sophisticate (Vanessa Redgrave) who becomes aware of the nature of world politics, economic exploitation and the vapid consumerism around her. A series of events lead her to visit an unnamed third world country, representing an exotic location somewhere in Eastern Europe, where the entire economy and populace are geared towards the tourist industry. Even as she enjoys the rare taste of its products she is made starkly aware of the reality behind the façade by a journalist (Michael Moore) who, subsequently, suggests a visit to the country's war-torn neighbour in order to experience a true picture of life in the region. She does so and her life is changed forever.

Once back, and now acutely attuned to the world about her, she can no longer fit back into her old elitist and consumer-driven lifestyle; watching operas, discussing art and theatre with friends, shopping for "beautiful things" and aggrandizing her  trifling everyday struggles, all seem meaningless to her compared with her recent macro epiphany. Compared with the global struggle for existence, her life begins to feel insignificant. Having lived in the bubble her guilt-free, pleasure-filled, life she is now challenged to look beyond comfort and soon finds herself in the throes of a moral dilemma, questioning the moral consistency of her own life and the choices that have affected the lives of the poor in far corners of the globe. She feels that she cannot be truly free having apprehended this new reality, which confronts her blindness to  the harsh truths of the class struggle and her sense of entitlement, which had, in the past, been broken, only occasionally, by displays of sympathy.

She returns to the war-torn nation to explore her feelings further, this new reality now drawing her ever-deeper. This leads to a delirious bout of fever in a run-down hotel where her inner-self challenges her need for comfort and entitlement, culminating in a moment of spiritual awakening and a perceived 'oneness' with all reality. Finally she sees the truth about her own life and her innate connection with every human being, apprehending the transient nature of her material life. She can no longer sit, immersed in her personal comforts and vanity, or "clean sheets" as she terms it, and pretend it's all right when the world around her is filled with strife and exploitation for millions of people. She is lustrated of her previous immunity towards their predicament and is, by extension, finally able to see the truth of own life, as summarised by film's tag-line: Enlightenment Can Be Brutal.

Cast
 Vanessa Redgrave - Woman
 Angelina Jolie - Revolutionary
 Michael Moore - Reporter
 Joely Richardson - Woman at 30

Production
Parts of the film was shot in Snowdonia and Penmon, Anglesey in North Wales to represent locations in Eastern Europe

Awards
 2005: Bratislava International Film Festival:Grand Prix: Carlo Gabriel Nero: Nominated
 2008: Screen Actors Guild Awards: Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries: Vanessa Redgrave: Nominated

Reception
A review in The New York Times describes Shawn's play as a "controversial study of the growing chasm between the first and third world."  The same newspaper describes the film adaptation as "a drama that employs animation and thought-provoking first-person monologues to explore the concept of bourgeois privilege."

References

External links

 Redgrave laid low by HBO's heavy "Fever" Review by Reuters
 Vanessa Redgrave will visit Cuba (for premiere of The Fever) Cuba News Headlines

2004 films
American psychological drama films
2000s political films
HBO Films films
Films shot in England
British films based on plays
American films based on plays
Films shot in Croatia
Films produced by Jason Blum
Films with screenplays by Wallace Shawn
Blumhouse Productions films
British political films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
2000s British films

The Fever (2004 film)


The United States entered recession in 1990. It lasted eight months until March 1991. The recession was mild compared to other recessions post-World War II. However, it was marked by a substandard recovery, also called a jobless recovery. Unemployment continued to rise until June 1992 even though a positive economic growth had returned the year before.

July 1990 was the end of what was then the longest peacetime expansion in United States history. The United States had major job growth and declining unemployment before the 1990s recession. The hardest hit regions were New England and the West Coast of the United States. The Midwest was less affected.

Job losses and unemployment kept rising and hit 7.8% in June 1992.

Other factors led to a slow economy. The factors included a dip in office construction due to too much building in the 1980s. Local markets in New England, Texas and Southern California went through the effects of too much commercial building.

References

Financial crises
Economic history
1990 in the United States
1991 in the United States
1992 in the United States

Early 1990s recession in the United States


Oxygenated chemical compounds are hydrocarbons which contain at least one oxygen atom as a part of their chemical structure.  The term often refers to oxygenated chemical compounds added to fuels.  Oxygenates are usually employed as gasoline additives to reduce carbon monoxide and soot that is created during the burning of the fuel. Compounds related to soot, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs, are also reduced.

The most common oxygenates are either alcohols or ethers.
 Alcohols:
 Methanol (MeOH)
 Ethanol (EtOH); see also Common ethanol fuel mixtures
 Isopropyl alcohol (IPA)
 n-Butanol (BuOH)
 Gasoline grade tert-butanol (GTBA)
 Ethers:
 Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)
 tert-Amyl methyl ether (TAME)
 tert-Hexyl methyl ether (THEME)
 Ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE)
 tert-Amyl ethyl ether (TAEE)
 Diisopropyl ether (DIPE)

In the United States

In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had authority to mandate that minimum proportions of oxygenates be added to automotive gasoline on regional and seasonal basis from 1992 until 2006 in an attempt to reduce air pollution, in particular ground-level ozone and smog. As of 2023, the EPA continues to require the use of oxygenated gasoline in certain areas during winter to regulate carbon monoxide emissions; however, the programs to fulfill its conditions are implemented by the states. In addition to this North American automakers from 2006 onwards promoted a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline, marketed as E85, and their flex-fuel vehicles, e.g. GM's Live Green, Go Yellow campaign.  US Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards give an artificial 54% fuel efficiency bonus to vehicles capable of running on 85% alcohol blends over vehicles not adapted to run on 85% alcohol blends.  There is also alcohols' intrinsically cleaner combustion, however due to its lower energy density it is not capable of producing as much energy per gallon as gasoline.  Much gasoline sold in the United States is blended with up to 10% of an oxygenating agent.  This is known as oxygenated fuel and often (but not entirely correctly, as there are reformulated gasolines without oxygenate) as reformulated gasoline. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was the most common fuel additive in the United States, prior to government mandated use of ethanol. Typically, gasoline with added MTBE is called reformulated gasoline, while gasoline with ethanol is called oxygenated gasoline.

References

External links
 EPA Definition of Oxygenates
 USGS Definition of Oxygenates

Petroleum products
Fuels

Oxygenate


The KattenKabinet ("Cat Cabinet") is an art museum in Amsterdam devoted to works depicting cats. The museum collection includes paintings, drawings, sculptures and other works of art by Pablo Picasso, Rembrandt, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Corneille, Sal Meijer, Théophile Steinlen, and Jože Ciuha, among others.

The museum is housed in a canalside building at Herengracht 497, in the grand Gouden Bocht ("Golden Bend") of this canal.  The owner lives on the second floor of the building with his family. There are some cats in the museum as well.

History
The house and the adjacent building at Herengracht 499 were built in 1667 for the patrician brothers Willem and Adriaen van Loon. Through the luck of the draw, Willem was given the house at number 497. Later, the house was inhabited by Amsterdam mayor Jan Calkoen and Amsterdam pensionary Engelbert François van Berckel, among others. John Adams visited Van Berckel at the house during his time as U.S. ambassador to the Dutch republic.

In 1985, the building was restored, and in 1990 the museum was founded by Bob Meijer in memory of his red tomcat John Pierpont Morgan (named after the American banker J. P. Morgan).

The museum served as filming location for Ocean's Twelve in 2004.

References

External links

 Website of the KattenKabinet

Museums in Amsterdam
Cats in art
Museums established in 1990
Art museums and galleries in the Netherlands
1990 establishments in the Netherlands
Cats in popular culture
20th-century architecture in the Netherlands

KattenKabinet


Carl Heinrich Apstein (19 September 1862, Stettin – 14 November 1950, Berlin) was a German zoologist (over a wide variety of animal life) and botanist (with a focus on phytoplankton and algae).

In 1889 he earned his doctorate from the University of Kiel with a dissertation on the spinnerets of the orb-weaver spider. Afterwards, he worked as an assistant to Karl Brandt (1854–1931) at the zoological institute in Kiel. As a young man he carried out studies of freshwater plankton in Holstein lakes (1890–95). In May 1898 he obtained his habilitation at Kiel for zoology and comparative anatomy, and a few months later took part as a zoologist in the Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition (German Deep Sea Expedition) aboard the steamship "Valdivia".

In 1906 he was appointed associate professor in Kiel, and in 1911 became a scientific officer at the Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin. In this position he worked as a publisher of scientific journals in the field of zoology, which included editorship of Das Tierreich ("The Animal Kingdom"; from 1927). He was a member of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, and from 1918 to 1945 was secretary of the Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft (German Zoological Society).

In addition to his research involving the 1898–99 Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition, he was tasked with processing material taken from the Plankton-Expedition (1889) and the Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition (1901–03). In his investigations, Apstein distinguished himself in research of Thaliacea.

Written works
 Bau und Function der Spinndrüsen der Araneida, 1889 – Structure and function of the spinnerets of Araneida, dissertation.
 Das Süsswasserplankton: Methode und Resultate der quantitativen Untersuchung, 1896 – On freshwater plankton.
 Tierleben der Hochsee: Reisebegleiter für Seefahrer. Lipsius und Tischer, Kiel 1905.
 Die Thaliacea der Plankton-Expedition. B. Vertheilung der Salpen. (= Victor Hensen editor): Ergebnisse der Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt-Stiftung, Bd. 2), 1894, S. 1–68. – Thaliacea of the "Plankton Expedition".
 Die Salpen der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. (= Carl Chun editor): Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer "Valdivia" 1898–1899, Bd. 12), Fischer, Jena 1906, S. 245–290. – Thaliacea of the German "deep-sea expedition".
 Die Salpen der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition. (= Erich von Drygalski editor): Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903, Bd. 9), 1906, S. 155–203. – Thaliacea of the German "South Polar expedition".
 Nordisches Plankton (eight volumes). Lipsius und Tischer, Kiel und Leipzig 1901–1942. (edited with Karl Brandt) – Nordic plankton.

References

 Deutsche Biographie, Apstein, Carl Heinrich
 Google Books (list of published works)

19th-century German zoologists
Scientists from Szczecin
Academic staff of the University of Kiel
1950 deaths
1862 births
People from the Province of Pomerania
20th-century German zoologists

Carl Apstein


Corruption is rife in Papua New Guinea (PNG).
According to The Economist, "PNG's governments are notorious for corruption, and ever run the risk of turning the state into a fully-fledged kleptocracy".

Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index scores 180 countries according to the perceived corruption of their public sector on a scale from 0 ("highly corrupt") to 100 ("very clean").  Those countries are then ranked by their score; the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector.  In the 2022 Index, Papua New Guinea scored 30 and ranked 130th.  For comparison with worldwide scores, the best score was 90 (ranked 1), the average score was 43, and the worst score was 12 (ranked 180). For comparison with regional scores, the highest score among the countries of  the Asia Pacific region was 87, the average score was 45 and the lowest score was 17.

Papua New Guinea is below the satisfactory levels set by the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), according to a report submitted by Transparency International Papua New Guinea (TIPNG) in 2011. TIPNG's report found that in many cases, anti-corruption bodies in PNG were restricted by shortcomings in financial resources.

Political and commercial corruption

Political corruption in Papua New Guinea is largely enforced by political nepotism and the patronage system of governance. Elected leaders are inclined to seize and distribute resources amongst their electorates in order to secure and maintain popular support. This system of governance is embedded in Melanesian traditions, where the credibility and popularity of a leader amongst his electorate are defined, in part, by the wealth he is able to distribute and the power he is able to wield.

This problem has been compounded, in PNG, by the model of 'politician-turned-businessman' which has dominated the post-1975 political landscape and has muddied the distinctions between business and politics, allowing politicians to divert public monies into their personal accounts. A review of medium-sized businesses in PNG showed that the majority are owned or part-owned by current or former politicians.

PNG has enormous resource potential through its natural endowments in mineral deposits, petroleum, forestry, fishing, and tourism. However, a 2010 report by Human Rights Watch found that in PNG national revenues from the extractive industries had been widely dissipated through official corruption, without leaving any discernible positive impact on the wider population.

The conflict between Melanesian traditions of 'sharing and caring',
and anti-bribery legislation is often brought into relief during the election cycle. One candidate in the 2002 elections, Allan Bird, published an open letter documenting his experiences: "I was shattered by the attitude of people on my side of the river whose sole drive in life appears to be to live off government or MP freebies for the rest of their lives… I have even had many individuals tell me in no uncertain terms that if I wanted to be an MP, I must pay (bribe) the voter because that 'is the way we do things around here".

In 2012, Prime Minister Peter O'Neill, when introducing in parliament a twenty-year corruption strategy, cited the following common corrupt acts by government officials and bureaucrats:

 Paying bribes to acquire preferential service or treatment;
 Theft of public money and illegal acquisition of assets by abusing a position of authority;
 Breaching procurement processes;
 Conflict of interest in decision making;
 Nepotism resulting in the recruitment and retention of unqualified staff.

Because of prevalent corruption, and despite a budget surplus, the national wealth has failed to flow down to the people.

Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary

The Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary (RPNGC) has become "ineffective, corrupt and often abusive" according to a leaked diplomatic cable from the US Embassy in Port Moresby. One report by National Integrity Systems reported gifts and favors being offered to the police in order for cases to be 'swept under the carpet'. In 2011 the Police Commissioner took the unusual step of asking the public not to offer bribes to police officers. The Commissioner referred to the common practice of paying police officers to avoid fines for minor offenses and urged the public to let themselves be charged instead of contributing to the culture of bribery.

Land and logging corruption

In August 2011, the government of PNG launched a Commission of Inquiry (COI) to investigate improper leasing through Special Purpose Agricultural and Business Leases (SPABLS). The COI was launched following an early warning letter from the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR), sent on 11 March 2011. The findings of the COI have been delayed, but are expected to be tabled in August 2012.

According to a report published by Greenpeace in 2012, over 5 million hectares of customary land had been improperly leased between 2003 and 2011 through SPABLs. The land equates to over 11% of the country and over 16% of accessible commercial forests. According to the report, 3.9 million hectares are controlled by foreign-owned companies and of these, Malaysian and Australian firms hold at least 3 million hectares. The evaluation and granting of SPABLs is managed by the Department of Lands and Physical Planning (DLPP), which is described in the Greenpeace report as "grossly incompetent and entirely corrupt".

In August 2011, Transparency International responded to Prime Minister Peter O'Neill's post-election promise to "stamp out corruption wherever it occurs" by recommending that responding to the COI findings must be a priority.

April Salome Forest Management Area is a pilot project for REDD initiative  by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change It is also a mishandling and corruption showcase.

Government anti-corruption efforts

The National Anti-Corruption Agency

The National Anti-Corruption Agency (NACA) was established in April 2004 and was chaired by the Police Commissioner. There were nine public sector agencies which work with the NACA with the objective of combating corruption in the public sector: Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary, Office of the Public Prosecutor, Ombudsman Commission of Papua New Guinea, Office of the Auditor-General, Office of the Solicitor General, Department of Treasurer, Department of Provincial and Local Government Affairs, Internal Revenue Commission, and the Department of Personnel Management.

Though government agencies have conducted investigations into the misappropriation of public funds, little has been done to effectively address corruption. A number of commentators have stated that the police are too under-resourced to make any in-roads into fighting corruption. For example, the police's Financial Intelligence Unit does not have sufficient staff to halt money laundering and fraud involving public funds. A US Embassy cable reported that a deficit of police resources was reflected in the lack of criminal investigations that are brought to trial.

The Ombudsman Commission

The Ombudsman Commission of Papua New Guinea is an independent institution mandated to provide a means of redress for citizens suffering from administrative injustice. It has the right to refer cases involving allegations of misconduct by government officials to the Public Prosecutor, who may subsequently refer the matter to the Leadership Tribunal.

In 2005, the Ombudsman Commission stated that of the cases reviewed involving allegations of misconduct by public officials, 80 percent related to misappropriation of funds and 20 percent related to cases of 'personal benefit'. A review of the 34 cases referred to the Leadership Tribunal between 1976 and 1997 showed that 20 resulted in guilty verdicts. Of these cases, 17 resulted in the dismissal, suspension or resignation of the Leader from office.

Anti-corruption strategy of O'Neill administration

In 2012 the Public Service Minister Bart Philemon estimated that PGK1 billion [US$467 million] of public funds is lost every year due to corruption. Prime Minister Peter O'Neill said that PNG could no longer afford to pay for the cost of corruption.

Upon his appointment as Prime Minister in August 2011 Peter O'Neill launched a much publicised anti-corruption drive. As part of this, he announced the future formation of an Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) and the formation of an elite anti-corruption investigative team, called Task Force Sweep, which took over the functions and capacity of NACA, and allotted significantly greater financial resources.  When Task Force Sweep found there was evidence supporting allegations of corrupt behavior by Mr O'Neill, Mr O'Neill ordered the team shut down.

National Anti-Corruption Strategy (NACSTF)

Following his re-appointment as Prime Minister in the 2012 General Elections, O'Neill announced the formation of another anti-corruption agency, the National Anti-Corruption Strategy Task Force (NACSTF). According to an announcement made in August 2012, the primary role of the NACSTF is to implement the National Anti-Corruption Strategy 2010 -2030, which had been ratified by the UNAC in May 2007.
According to O'Neill, the task force will draw membership from key government departments including the departments of the Prime Minister, Justice, Police, Treasury, the Ombudsman Commission, Auditor General and the Public Prosecutor's office. The task force has been given a fund of PGK500,000 (US$146,500) for its formation. The NACSTF's tasks will include:

 Establishing a National Integrity Commission or the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC);
 Developing legislation to protect whistle-blowers;
 Developing a Freedom of Information (FOI) Act; and
 Implement outstanding COI recommendations such as those made into SPABLs.

Notes

See also

 Investigation Task Force Sweep

References

External links
The Coalition Against Corruption" – Transparency International Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea
Economy of Papua New Guinea
Crime in Papua New Guinea by type

Corruption in Papua New Guinea


Burton Caswell "Cy" Williams (October 12, 1903 – September 28, 1965) was an American college and professional football player who was a tackle for three different professional teams in the American Football League (AFL) and National Football League (NFL) during the 1920s and early 1930s.

Early years

Burton was born on October 12, 1903, in Canoe, Alabama, to Benjamin Collis Williams and Maria Prescott.  His father Benjamin was a long-time turpentine operator at Sopchoppy, Florida.  His father died of pellagra in 1913.

College career

Williams attended the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played for coach James Van Fleet and coach Harold Sebring's Florida Gators football teams from 1923 to 1925.  In his first season on the freshman team, the team won the southern crown for freshmen squads.  He was remembered as a versatile athlete and a key Gator lineman, blocking the way for such notable Gators backs as Ark Newton and Edgar Jones.  During his three-year college career, the Gators had the best three-year streak in the history of the first 20 years of the Florida football program, during which the team compiled a win-loss-tie record of 25–5–4 and finished 8–2 in 1925.

One account before the start of his sophomore season at Florida reads: "Big Cy Williams, star Freshman tackle of last year and probably the Varsity tackle of this year, was the immediate cause of the 'dummy's' downfall for when he dove into the lifeless foe, it collapsed and Cy was deluged with sawdust.  A new 'dummy' was brought out but it is predicted that it will not last long under the fierce tackling of the Gators gridders."

Professional career

In 1926, he played professionally for the Newark Bears of the American Football League, appearing in all five games played by the Bears.  The team was notable for the number of players from Georgia Tech, but also included two fellow former Gators, back Ark Newton and lineman Goldy Goldstein.  The Bears are remembered for the team's financially weak ownership group, which led to the folding of the team mid-season.

During the 1929 and 1930 NFL seasons, Williams played tackle for the Staten Island Stapletons in 22 regular season games, including 21 of them as a starter.  He also appeared in a single game for the NFL's Brooklyn Dodgers in 1932, before being released.

Wrestling

Williams also worked as a professional wrestler during the 1930s.

Championships and accomplishments
NWA Florida
NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

See also
 List of Newark Bears (AFL) players
 List of Staten Island Stapletons players

References

1903 births
1965 deaths
People from Escambia County, Alabama
Players of American football from Alabama
American football tackles
Florida Gators football players
All-Southern college football players
Newark Bears (AFL) players
Staten Island Stapletons players
Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL) players
20th-century professional wrestlers
NWA Florida Heavyweight Champions

Cy Williams (American football)


"Merrily We Roll Along" is a song written by Charlie Tobias, Murray Mencher, and Eddie Cantor in 1935, and used in the Merrie Melodies cartoon Billboard Frolics that same year. It is best known as the theme of Warner Bros.' Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoon series.

The first two lines of Cantor's recording are:
Merrily we roll along, my honey and me
Verily there's no one half as happy as we

In the 1970s, it was adopted by WGN as the theme music for The Ray Rayner Show, which featured Warner Bros. cartoons. In 1995, it was used as the closing theme of The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries.

From 1994-2003, it was used by Warner Bros. Television as part of their logo at the end of shows, in reference to studio's production of Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies shorts.

The song shares a title with the 1934 play Merrily We Roll Along by George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart, but is unrelated to it. The song is also an introduction to all the Guns N' Roses concerts in their tour Not in This Lifetime... Tour.

The old folk song "Goodnight, Ladies" contains the line "Merrily we roll along", which is often used as a child's nursery rhyme. The tune from the first line of the Tobias-Mencher-Cantor song matches that line from "Goodnight, Ladies", but the tunes diverge from there.

External links
A website containing Cantor's recording of the song

Looney Tunes songs
Songs written by Charles Tobias
1935 songs
Animated series theme songs
Comedy television theme songs
Children's television theme songs

Merrily We Roll Along (song)


Yellow journalism or the yellow press is a type of journalism that does not report much real news with facts. It uses shocking headlines that catch people's attention to sell more newspapers. Yellow journalism might include exaggerating facts or spreading rumors.

Yellow press newspapers have several columns and front-page headlines about different types of news, such as sports and scandals.  They use bold layouts (with large illustrations and perhaps color), and stories reported using unnamed sources.  The term was often used to talk about some large New York City newspapers around 1900 as they fought to get more readers than the other newspapers.

In 1941, Frank Mott said that there were five things that made up yellow journalism:
 headlines in huge print that were meant to scare people, often of news that wasn't very important
 using many pictures or drawings
 using fake interviews, headlines that didn't tell the whole truth, pseudoscience (fake science), and false information from people who said they were experts
 full-color parts of the newspaper on Sundays, usually with comic strips (which is now normal in the United States)
 taking the side of the "underdog" against the system.

Origins: Pulitzer vs. Hearst

The term came from the American Gilded Age of the 1890s when new technology made newspapers cheaper. Two newspaper owners in New York fought to get more readers and sell more newspapers than the other. These were Joseph Pulitzer with the New York World and William Randolph Hearst with the New York Journal. The most important part of this fight was from 1895 to about 1898. When people talk about "yellow journalism" in history, they are often talking about these years.

Both papers were accused of sensationalizing the news (making it seem much more important than it really was) in order to sell more newspapers, although they did serious reporting as well.  The New York Press used the term "Yellow Kid journalism" in early 1897 after a then-popular comic strip, to talk about the newspapers of Pulitzer and Hearst, which both published versions of it during a circulation war.  Ervin Wardman, publisher of the New York Herald (which was not "yellow journalism") invented it.

Joseph Pulitzer bought the New York World in 1883 after making the St. Louis Post-Dispatch the biggest daily newspaper in that city. Pulitzer tried to make the New York World fun to read, and filled his paper with pictures, games and contests that brought in new readers. Crime stories filled many of the pages, with headlines like "Was He a Suicide?" and "Screaming for Mercy." Also, Pulitzer only charged readers two cents per issue but gave readers eight and sometimes 12 pages of information (the only other two cent paper in the city was never longer than four pages).

While there were many sensational stories in the New York World, they were by no means the only stories, or even the biggest ones. Pulitzer believed that newspapers were important and had a duty to make society better, and he tried to do this with his newspaper.

Just two years after Pulitzer took it over, the World sold more copies than any other newspaper in New York. Part of this was because he was connected to the Democratic Party. Older publishers, who were jealous of Pulitzer's success, began saying bad things about the World. They talked about how he had crime stories and stunts but ignored its more serious reporting. Charles Anderson Dana|Charles Dana, editor of the New York Sun, attacked The World and said Pulitzer was "deficient in judgment and in staying power."

William Randolph Hearst, a mining heir who bought the San Francisco Examiner from his father in 1887, noticed what Pulitzer was doing. Hearst read the World while studying at Harvard University. He decided to try to make the Examiner as bright as Pulitzer's paper. While he was in charge, the Examiner gave 24 percent of its space to crime, presenting the stories as morality plays, and put adultery and "nudity" (by 19th century standards) on the front page. A month after Hearst took over the paper, the Examiner ran this headline about a hotel fire:
HUNGRY, FRANTIC FLAMES. They Leap Madly Upon the Splendid Pleasure Palace by the Bay of Monterey, Encircling Del Monte in Their Ravenous Embrace From Pinnacle to Foundation. Leaping Higher, Higher, Higher, With Desperate Desire. Running Madly Riotous Through Cornice, Archway and Facade. Rushing in Upon the Trembling Guests with Savage Fury. Appalled and Panic-Striken the Breathless Fugitives Gaze Upon the Scene of Terror. The Magnificent Hotel and Its Rich Adornments Now a Smoldering heap of Ashes. The Examiner Sends a Special Train to Monterey to Gather Full Details of the Terrible Disaster. Arrival of the Unfortunate Victims on the Morning's Train — A History of Hotel del Monte — The Plans for Rebuilding the Celebrated Hostelry — Particulars and Supposed Origin of the Fire.

Hearst could be over the top in his crime coverage. One of his early stories, about a "band of murderers", attacked the police for forcing Examiner reporters to do their work for them. But while doing these things, the Examiner also increased its space for international news, and sent reporters out to uncover corruption and inefficiency in the city government. In one story, Examiner reporter Winifred Black went into a San Francisco hospital as a patient and discovered that the women there were treated with "gross cruelty". The entire hospital staff was fired the morning the story was printed.

New York
With the Examiner''' having success by the early 1890s, Hearst began looking for a New York newspaper to buy, and bought the New York Journal in 1895, a newspaper that sold for one penny which Pulitzer's brother Albert had sold to a Cincinnati publisher the year before.

After noticing what Pulitzer had done by keeping his newspaper at two cents, Hearst made the Journal's only cost one cent, while providing as much information as rival newspapers.  This worked, and as the Journal's had 150,000 people subscribe to it, Pulitzer cut his price to a penny, hoping to make Hearst (who was subsidized by his family's fortune) run out of money. Hearst then hired many people who were working for  World in 1896.  While most sources say that Hearst simply offered more money, Pulitzer — who had grown more abusive to his employees — had become a very difficult man to work for, and many World employees were willing to switch newspapers just to get away from him.

Although the competition between the World and the Journal was fierce, the newspapers had a lot in common.  Both were Democratic, both took the side of organized labor and immigrants (unlike publishers like the New York Tribune's Whitelaw Reid, who blamed their poverty on moral defects), and both spent a lot of money making their Sunday publications, which were like weekly magazines, going beyond just daily journalism.

Their Sunday entertainment features included the first color comic strip pages, and some think that the term yellow journalism originated there, while as noted above, the New York Press left the term it invented undefined. Hogan's Alley, a comic strip about a bald child in a yellow nightshirt (nicknamed The Yellow Kid), became very popular when cartoonist Richard F. Outcault began drawing it in the World in early 1896.  When Hearst hired Outcault away, Pulitzer asked artist George Luks to continue drawing the strip with his characters, giving the city two Yellow Kids. The use of "yellow journalism" as a term for over-the-top sensationalism in the U.S. apparently started with more serious newspapers commenting how far "the Yellow Kid papers" went.

 Spanish-American War
Pulitzer and Hearst are often credited (or blamed) for drawing the nation into the Spanish-American War with their sensationalism. However, most of Americans did not live in New York City, and the decision makers who did live there probably read less sensationalist newspapers like the Times, The Sun or the Post.  The most famous example of the exaggeration is the story, which probably is not actually true, that artist Frederic Remington sent Hearst a telegram to tell him that not much was going on in Cuba and "There will be no war."  Hearst responded "Please remain. You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war."  The story (a version of which appears in the Hearst-inspired Orson Welles film Citizen Kane) first showed up in the memoirs of reporter James Creelman in 1901, and there is no other source for it.

But Hearst did want the United States to go to war after a rebellion broke out in Cuba in 1895.  Stories about Cubans being good people and Spain treating Cuba badly soon showed up on his front page.  While the stories were probably not very accurate, the newspaper readers of the 19th century did not expect, or necessarily want, his stories to be pure nonfiction.  Historian Michael Robertson has said that "Newspaper reporters and readers of the 1890s were much less concerned with distinguishing among fact-based reporting, opinion and literature."

Pulitzer, although he did not have Hearst's resources, kept the story on his front page.  The yellow press published a lot about the revolution (much of which was not quite true), but conditions on Cuba were bad enough.  The island was in a bad economic depression, and Spanish general Valeriano Weyler, sent to crush the rebellion, herded Cuban peasants into concentration camps leading hundreds of Cubans to their deaths.  Having fought for a fight for two years, Hearst took credit for the conflict when it came: A week after the United States declared war on Spain, he ran "How do you like the Journal's war?" on his front page.  In fact, President William McKinley never read the Journal, and newspapers like the Tribune and the New York Evening Post. Also, journalism historians have noted that yellow journalism mostly only happened in New York City, and that newspapers in the rest of the country did not do it. The Journal and the World were not among the top ten sources of news in regional papers, and their stories did not catch people's attention outside New York City.

Hearst sailed to Cuba, when the invasion began, as a war correspondent, providing sober and accurate accounts of the fighting.  Creelman later praised the work of the reporters for writing about how Spain treated Cuba, arguing, " no true history of the war . . . can be written without an acknowledgment that whatever of justice and freedom and progress was accomplished by the Spanish-American war was due to the enterprise and tenacity of yellow journalists, many of whom lie in unremembered graves."

After the war
Hearst was a well-known Democrat who promoted William Jennings Bryan for president in 1896 and 1900 (Bryan did not win either election). He later ran for mayor and governor and even tried to get nominated for president, but his reputation was hurt  in 1901 after columnist Ambrose Bierce and editor Arthur Brisbane published separate columns months apart that suggested that President William McKinley be assassinated. When McKinley was shot on September 6, 1901, critics accused Hearst's Yellow Journalism  of driving Leon Czolgosz to the deed. Hearst did not know of Bierce's column and claimed to have pulled Brisbane's after it ran in a first edition, but the incident would haunt him for the rest of his life and all but destroyed his dream to be president.

Pulitzer, haunted by what had happened," returned the World to its crusading roots in the new century .   By the time of his death in 1911, the World'' was a widely-respected publication, and would remain a leading progressive paper until its demise in 1931.

Related pages

 Tabloid

Notes

References

 (Asserts that Indiana papers were "more moderate, more cautious, less imperialistic and less jingoistic than their eastern counterparts.")

 (Sylvester finds no Yellow journalism influence on the newspapers in Kansas.)

Other websites

  Charte de Munich (1971) Déclaration des devoirs et des droits des journalistes

Journalism

Yellow journalism


Angela Yee (born January 3, 1976) is an American radio personality. She is currently the host of syndicated radio show Way Up. She hosted the nationally syndicated morning show The Breakfast Club along with DJ Envy and Charlamagne tha God. She is on the Board of Governors of the We Are Family Foundation and a board member of the American Foundation for the University of the West Indies. She is also the first-ever ambassador for the New York Public Library system. Since 2019, she has served as the BSE Global Diversity, Inclusion, and Community Engagement Ambassador.

Early life and education
Angela Yee was born to a Chinese father and an Afro-Montserratian mother and raised in Flatbush, Brooklyn, in New York City. She attended Poly Prep in New York, entering through Prep for Prep. When her family moved to South Orange, New Jersey, Yee transferred to Columbia High School. For her collegiate career, she attended Wesleyan University, majoring in English and graduating in 1997. She pursued employment in marketing and music after completing her studies.

Career

Early career
Yee garnered an internship with Wu-Tang Management to assist the CEO, Divine. Yee was lip-syncing the intro on the Wu-Tang Clan's "Reunited" music video. She also wrote all the skits on GZA's third studio album Beneath the Surface.

She then worked for Paul Rosenberg and Eminem's clothing company Shady Limited and saw an opportunity at Sirius Satellite Radio's marketing department. She asked Rosenberg if he could get her an interview because he had the connections through Shade 45. Rosenberg then said to her, "Well, you know what, they're looking for a female on the morning show, why don't you try it out and see if it works for you?"

Radio

She hosted Lip Service and The Morning After with Angela Yee on Eminem's radio station, Shade 45, at Sirius Satellite Radio. She started her radio career at Sirius in 2005 as the co-host for The Cipha Sounds Effect. When Cipha Sounds left Sirius in July 2008, Yee took over the hosting duties full-time and the show was renamed the Shade 45 Morning Show Starring Angela Yee, and finally the name changed to The Morning After with Angela Yee.

In December 2010, Yee left Shade 45 and began hosting The Breakfast Club on Power 105.1, alongside DJ Envy and Charlamagne tha God. The show is known for being candid and asking tough questions to artists.

Weekends with the Breakfast Club launched in March 2013 and was nationally syndicated in over 50 markets.

The Breakfast Club's weekday show began national syndication in August 2013 and was featured in major American cities including New York City, Miami, Seattle, New Orleans, Houston, Detroit until the show's end in August 2022

In 2019, Yee was bestowed with the Gracie Award, a national radio honor from the Alliance for Women in Media, for her work on The Breakfast Club.

In August 2020, Yee and her Breakfast Club co-hosts, DJ Envy and Charlamagne Tha God, were inducted into the Radio Hall of Fame.

Television
Yee worked as a correspondent for MTV2's Sucker Free. She was a featured cast member on the 2013 VH1 reality show The Gossip Game. The show spotlighted seven New York women in the radio and blogging industry. The Breakfast Club show debuted on Revolt on March 31, 2014. On March 21, 2020, Yee was featured on BET's Being series in the episode titled "Being: Angela Yee", a look into her daily life.

Other endeavors
Yee managed recording artists GZA, Jay Electronica, and most notably, 360, who propelled her management skills to the spotlight. She helped facilitate Jay Electronica's deal with Jay Z's Roc Nation. In 2016, Yee opened the fourth branch of her juice bar chain, Juices for Life, in Bedford-Stuyvesant, around the corner from her home. Her business partners are DJ Envy, one of her two co-hosts on The Breakfast Club, and Styles P. In 2017, Yee partnered with Simon and Schuster/Atria Books to start a book club, called Kickin' It From the Stoop, to promote reading and literature. In 2018, Yee became the first-ever ambassador for the New York Public Library system. In January 2020, Yee hosted the Giving Gracefully Awards, an awards night that honors philanthropy among Olympic athletes and public figures.

Philanthropy
Yee is involved with a variety of philanthropic efforts. Beginning in 2013, Yee became involved with Dress for Success, an organization that provides disadvantaged women with professional attire as well as career development skills and support. Also in 2013, Yee posed for a breast cancer awareness campaign created by the organization Hairless 4 Her Awareness. In 2013, Yee became involved with Coats for Kids, an organization dedicated to bringing winter coats to children in need. In 2015, Yee hosted the 33rd Annual Coat for Kids Fundraiser and in subsequent years was present to hand-deliver coats and take photos with children and their families. Additionally in 2015, Yee served as host of the second annual Children Making Strides Against Childhood Cancer event. In December 2018, she teamed up with the National Black Justice Coalition to bring awareness to World AIDS Day. Also in 2018, Yee began hosting Run With Yee, a monthly 5K run in New York's Prospect Park, with the goal of promoting healthy lifestyles.

In June 2022, Yee founded her own non-profit organisation 'Well Road' which is primarily focused on wellness and literacy.

Awards and honors
MIW Airblazer Award (2020)
Gracie Award (2020)
Gracie Award (2019)
Vice Chancellor's Achievement Award, bestowed by the American Foundation for the University of West Indies (AFUWI)
In 2018, New York City mayor Bill de Blasio declared August 28 as Angela Yee Day.
In 2018, the New York Public Library named Yee as their first-ever ambassador.
WEEN Mission Award (2014)
Shirley Chisolm Woman of Distinction Award

See also
 Chinese Americans in New York City

References

External links

Team Yee

Wesleyan University alumni
Living people
American people of Chinese descent
American radio personalities
21st-century American businesspeople
American people of Montserratian descent
People from Flatbush, Brooklyn
People from South Orange, New Jersey
1976 births
Columbia High School (New Jersey) alumni

Angela Yee


Abdullah Thabit (, born 1973) is a Saudi Arabian poet, novelist and journalist. He was born in the city of Abha in the southern province of Asir. He studied Arabic literature at King Khaled University, and works as a journalist at the Saudi daily Al-Watan.

Thabit has published several volumes of poetry. He has also written a bestselling novel titled Terrorist Number 20 (2006). The book recalls his teenage years as a religious extremist and was inspired in part by Ahmad Alnami, one of the 9/11 hijackers and a fellow resident of Abha who was vaguely familiar to Thabit. In April 2006, three months after the release of the book, Thabit was forced to move from Abha to Jeddah with his family after receiving death threats.

In 2009-10, Thabit was recognised by the Beirut39 project as one of the best writers in the Arab world under the age of 40. His work has appeared in English translation in the Beirut39 anthology, edited by Samuel Shimon.

In 2012, Thabit participated in the International Writing Program's Fall Residency at the University of Iowa in Iowa City, Iowa.

References

1973 births
20th-century Saudi Arabian poets
Saudi Arabian novelists
Saudi Arabian journalists
Living people
King Khalid University alumni
International Writing Program alumni
Memoirists
21st-century Saudi Arabian poets

Abdullah Thabit


The Muscatine Avenue Moffitt Cottage Historic District is a National Register of Historic Places district that includes five stone cottages in Iowa City epitomizing the eccentric vernacular architectural style of Howard Moffitt. Moffitt constructed more than 100 houses in Iowa City and Coralville, Iowa, and a few in Citrus City, Texas. These small houses represent one of the regional 20th-century vernacular architectural styles in the United States.  Howard Moffitt was a prolific builder.

Howard Moffitt
Howard Francis Moffitt was a prolific builder, constructing between 100 and 200 homes in Iowa City and Coralville between 1924 and 1943. With no formal training in construction or architecture, Moffitt began building homes as a side business from his auto parts distributorship. Moffitt's house designs appear to have been concocted from magazine photos, consultation with friends, limitations of available building supplies, and whimsy. In 1943 Moffitt moved to Citrus City, Texas, and attempted to reproduce his success there, however only seven or eight houses were built in Texas. Moffitt's Iowa City houses appear to be a response to increasing demand for affordable small houses, especially rental houses, in the growing university town.

The Moffitt house style
No two Moffitt houses are identical. Moffitt's building style was so eclectic that there are many homes in Iowa City in which there is no sure way to determine if Moffitt built them; his building records do not survive. "These mystical dwellings look as if Germanic elves constructed houses for Irish pixies", is how one writer described them. In general Moffitt houses borrow heavily from the English Cottage and American Craftsman styles of architecture, although there are examples of Moffitt building in styles reminiscent of southwestern stucco adobe and Prairie School styles. Several of his houses have concave or hipped roofs. While there is no single architectural aspect that includes all Moffitt houses, there are some common design and decoration schemes that are commonly seen in Moffitt houses. These include:
 Large tapering chimney
 Steeply-peaked roofs and dormers
 Built-in small garages (uncommon in such small houses)
 Spindle porch columns
 Copious use of recycled material (trolley track rails used as main supports; chair backs used as decoration; reused brick, stone, timber, barnboard, and nails).
 Multiple levels inside the structure
 An exterior mix of shingle, stone, brick, stucco, and wood siding, often on the same structure; brick and stone often laid in irregular or whimsical patterns; cladding is often patchwork.
 Structural problems such as bowed floors and plumbing and electrical work encased in plaster
 Use of a cellulosic insulation treated to be fireproof
 Concrete aggregates that include found stone, broken glass

References

Photo Gallery of Moffitt Houses, Iowa City

External links

National Register of Historic Places in Iowa City, Iowa
Vernacular architecture in Iowa
Historic districts in Iowa City, Iowa
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Houses in Iowa City, Iowa


Rotor (rotating part) may mean:

In engineering:
Helicopter rotor, the rotary wing(s) of a rotorcraft such as a helicopter
Rotor (electric), the non-stationary part of an alternator or electric motor, operating with a stationary element called the stator.
ROTOR, a former radar project in the UK following the Second World War
Rotor (turbine), the rotor of a turbine powered by fluid pressure
Rotor (brake), the disc of a disc brake, in U.S. terminology
Rotor (distributor), a component of the ignition system of an internal combustion engine
Rotor (engine), the rotary piston in a rotary combustion engine
Rotor (antenna), an electric motor that rotates an antenna to the direction of transmission or reception
Rotor (magazine), a US magazine covering the civil helicopter industry

In computing:
Rotor machine, the rotating wheels used in certain cipher machines, such as the German Enigma machine
Rotor (software project), the former code name for Microsoft's shared source implementation of its Common Language Infrastructure

In music:
 Rotor (band), a German progressive stoner rock band
 Rotor Plus (sometimes known as Rotor), an experimental electronica band from New Zealand

In other fields:
SC Rotor Volgograd, a Russian football club
Rotor (Sonic the Hedgehog), a fictional character from the Sonic the Hedgehog universe
Rotor (ride), the trade name for an amusement ride
Rotor (meteorology), a turbulent horizontal vortex that forms in the trough of lee waves
Rotor (mathematics), an n-blade object in geometric algebra, which rotates another n-blade object about a fixed or translated point
Rotor (planet), a planet in Isaac Asimov's book Nemesis
Rotor (game), a game written for the Commodore Amiga computer

Rotor


X-Cops is a side project composed of members from the heavy metal band Gwar and their extended "family" of musicians. Each member of X-Cops performed in a police uniform and had their own character. They released the album You Have The Right To Remain Silent... on Metal Blade Records in 1995. The album included a cover of Deep Purple's "Highway Star" (with different lyrics, to reflect the theme of the album). In addition, they released a 7" single of the songs "Junkie" (featuring the first released vocal performance of Gwar/X-Cops guitarist Michael Derks) and "Beat You Down" on Man's Ruin Records in 1996. X-Cops' style has been described as alternative metal.

History
Peter Lee started the band after being shot in a failed car jacking attempt. The idea came while filming a commercial segment for Gwar's Skulhedface. Lee and Dave Brockie were dressed as police officers and Lee pondered, "What would be cooler than a bunch of cops playing kick-ass rock and roll?" This led to Lee, Brockie and Gwar's drum technician, Mike Dunn, starting X-Cops as a three-piece band. By the time they played their first show, their ranks had grown considerably.

X-Cops opened for Gwar on some dates of their 1994 tour, essentially opening for themselves as every musician in Gwar either played an instrument or sang in X-Cops. They also did a headlining tour in 1995, and some select dates in 1996.

There are two additional songs that X-Cops performed live, but never officially recorded: "Nurture My Pig" (originally a song by The Loco Gringo's
), and "Conflict Management" (sung by Zipper Pig). According to bootleg videos, Casey Orr (Tubb Tucker) played bass for "Conflict Management", taking the bass from Dave Brockie (Cobb Knobbler), who sang back-up.

X-Cops played their final show in 1996. Dave Brockie Experience went on to perform X-Cops songs during live shows. X-Cops reunited for a performance at the 4th annual Gwar-B-Q in Richmond, VA, on August 17, 2013. The band reunited in 2023, again as an opening act for Gwar.

Band members

Main
 Michael Derks as Lt. Louie Scrapinetti (guitar)
 Mike Dunn as Cadet Billy Club (drums)
 Dave Brockie as Patrolman Cobb Knobbler (bass)
 Pete Lee as Sgt. Al Depantsia (guitar)
 Casey Orr as Sheriff Tubb Tucker (vocals)

Auxiliary
 Brad Roberts as Mountain Bike Officer Biff Buff (vocals)
 Bob Gorman as Sgt. Zypygski aka Zipper Pig (vocals)
 Dave Musel as Detective Phillip McRevis (samples)

References

American hardcore punk groups
Bands with fictional stage personas
Gwar

X-Cops (band)


The Monmouth Regimental Museum is located on Castle Hill in Monmouth, Monmouthshire, Wales. The museum is in a wing of Great Castle House, a listed building on the Monmouth Heritage Trail. The focus of most of the museum's exhibits is the most senior regiment in the British Territorial Army, the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers. Great Castle House is home to the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers, and the museum maintains the records of the regiment.

History of the museum

More formally known as the Castle and Regimental Museum, Monmouth, the Monmouth Regimental Museum (pictured) is located on Castle Hill in Monmouth, Wales, at the highest elevation of the town centre. It is within the 19th-century wing which extends from Great Castle House (pictured), a 17th-century, grade I listed building just northwest of Agincourt Square. Great Castle House is one of 24 blue plaque buildings on the Monmouth Heritage Trail. In 1673, it was constructed from the ruins of Monmouth Castle by the 1st Duke of Beaufort, then the 3rd Marquess of Worcester, as a town house while his other homes were being rebuilt. The three-storey building is currently home to the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (Militia), the most senior regiment in the British Territorial Army.

Described by BBC Worldwide's Lonely Planet as "a labour of love squeezed into a cupboard-sized space," the Castle and Regimental Museum was established in 1989 by the Duke of Gloucester. It was last accredited in 2010 by the now defunct Museums, Libraries and Archives Council. The museum has been given the Prince of Wales Award for its contribution to Monmouth. The Monmouth Regimental Museum (link to website below) is staffed by volunteers and has free admission. It has been described as one of the "best amenities" in Monmouth.

History of the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers

Initially a local militia, the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers is now the British Army's only remaining militia unit and an important component of the Territorial Army reserves. The Territorial Army is made up of volunteers brought together intermittently to be trained and, if necessary, utilized. After its initial muster in 1539, the unit eventually became a posse comitatus. It survived sieges, and was a militia unit for two centuries. From 1877 until 1896, it was an Engineer regiment, after which it was known as a Royal Engineer regiment. In 1896, the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (link to website below) also gained the distinction of being the sole unit with two "Royals" in its name. In addition, in lieu of a brigade badge or pin, the regiment's soldiers are the only Royal Engineers to wear "the Prince of Wales Division cap badge and militia flash". In December 2010, the BBC News reported that the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers were with the 21st Engineer Regiment during the most recent deployment. Members of the regiment had served in Operation Herrick in the Helmand Province. After their return from Afghanistan, the soldiers were honoured with a parade through Monmouth, a salute near Shire Hall, and a church service, later receiving their service medals.

Exhibits
The displays at the museum cover a number of subjects, including the Militia structure and the Dukes of Beaufort. Other topics specific to the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers include the double "Royal" name, the colours the unit possesses, and the Freedoms. Objects include a regimental drum from the late 19th century, a water testing kit, and a canned cake ration from World War II. The museum's exhibits also cover the regiment's distinction as the oldest regiment of the Reserve Army. Other topics include the mediaeval walls and defences of Monmouth, with archaeological displays. One mediaeval artefact displayed in the museum is a fireless cooking pot that was discovered on Castle Hill (link to the archaeological find below). The cooking vessel appears to have been the mediaeval version of a crock pot.

Exhibits are as diverse as a colonel's uniform and World War II cigarette packages (both pictured above), and an infant gas mask (pictured below). Wales during war, , and the role of the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers in recent wars are also covered. In front of the building, the museum displays a number of larger pieces of military equipment, including a British armoured fighting vehicle (pictured above). In addition, the War Memorial of the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (pictured), grade II listed, is located on Castle Hill, near the museum.

Archives

In addition to providing displays of historical objects, the Monmouth Regimental Museum serves as a repository for the records of the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers. The documents relate to the period from 1786 to 1991. The archives reveal how the title of the regiment has evolved over the centuries. Between 1660 and 1793, it was known as the "Monmouthshire Militia." After that, it was briefly (until 1804) known as the "Monmouth and Brecon Militia." The unit first adopted the royal name in 1804, when it was the "Royal Monmouth and Brecon Militia." In 1820, it altered its name to the "Royal Monmouthshire Militia." Between 1852 and 1877, the regiment was entitled the "Royal Monmouthshire (Light Infantry) Militia" (pictured). Then the unit changed from an infantry role to that of engineer and became a Reserve Engineer Regiment as the "Royal Monmouthshire Engineers (Militia)."  In 1896, when it became a Royal Engineer unit, the regiment was finally entitled the "Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (Militia)." The museum's archive includes the unit's rolls and enlistment records. Some of the records are available as a searchable database on the internet. Evaluation of the records reveals that the men of the regiment were not just from the Monmouthshire area. By World War I, the unit attracted recruits from all areas of England and Wales. The museum and its archive are listed with the United Kingdom National Inventory of War Memorials (UKNIWM), which has created a database of United Kingdom war memorials. The goal of the organisation is to facilitate the "appreciation, use and preservation" of the monuments.

References

External links

 Website of the Castle and Regimental Museum Monmouth
 Website of the British Army - Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (Militia)
 "A fragment of a mediaeval fireless cooking pot, found in Monmouth Castle grounds"

Buildings and structures in Monmouth, Wales
Museums in Monmouthshire
Archaeological museums in Wales
History museums in Wales
Local museums in Wales
Military and war museums in Wales
History of Monmouthshire
Royal Engineers
Regimental museums in Wales
Articles containing video clips
Museums established in 1989
1989 establishments in the United Kingdom

Monmouth Regimental Museum


Tung Shing () is a Chinese divination guide and almanac.  It consists primarily of a calendar based on the Chinese lunar year.

History
Tung Shing originated from Wong Lik (, the "Yellow Calendar"), which legend attributes to the Yellow Emperor. It has changed its form numerous times throughout the years during all the dynasties; the latest version was said to have been edited under the Qing dynasty and was called the Tung Shu (). Tung () means "all", Shu () means "book", so Tung Shu literally meant "All-knowing Book".  However, in Cantonese Chinese and Mandarin Chinese, the pronunciation of the word for "book" is a homophone of a word for defeated (), so Tung Shu sounded like "Defeated in All Things" (). Therefore, the name was changed to Tung Shing (), which means "Victorious in All Things".

Contents
Most of the contents of the book deals with what is suitable to do on each day.  Some Chinese families still follow these days for wedding ceremonies, funerals, etc.

Tung Shing is also used by many fung shui practitioners and destiny diviners to complement other date selection methods for selecting dates and times for important events like marriages, official opening ceremonies, house moving-in and big contract signings, as well as smaller events like time to start renovations or travel.

The most common use of Tung Shing is in choosing a wedding date. Tung Shing contains information on the auspicious and inauspicious days for weddings and/or engagements. In addition, it provides the auspicious timing in which to carry out such activities.

Tung Shing also provide a conversion of years and date between the lunar year and the common year. In more detailed versions, the calendar will list eclipses (both solar and lunar), the start of each season, and days when it will be cold or hot.  It also teaches ethics and values through stories.

Tung Shing sold in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan are based on two late-Qing versions. It is known for its English definitions and words transliterated into Cantonese characters.

Gallery

Other specialties
 Interpret one's fate
 Measure one's soul weight (requires Four Pillars of Destiny)
 Face reading and palm reading charts
 "For many centuries the T'ung Shu was known as the Farmers' Almanac, and most of its practical information was geared to weather, crops, sowing, harvesting and so forth."

See also
 Chinese astrology
 Da Liu Ren (大六壬)
 Fuji (planchette writing)
 Fulu
 I Ching divination
 Lingqijing
 Kau Cim
 Qi Men Dun Jia (奇門遁甲)
 Shaobing Song
 Tai Sui
 Tai Yi Shen Shu (太乙神數)
 Tangki
 Tui bei tu
 Wen Wang Gua

References

  Includes list of chapters

External links
 Online Tung shing
 List of Auspicious Wedding dates from the 2010 Tung Shu
T'ung Shu 1986 at Library Thing
T'ung Shu 1986 at Open Library
T'ung Shu 2001 at Open Library

Almanacs
Chinese calendars

Tung Shing


WFTS-TV (channel 28), branded as ABC Action News, is a television station licensed to Tampa, Florida, United States, serving the Tampa Bay area as an affiliate of ABC. It is owned by the E.W. Scripps Company alongside Bradenton-licensed Ion Television station WXPX-TV (channel 66). WFTS-TV's studios are located on North Himes Avenue on Tampa's northwest side, and its transmitter is located in Riverview, Florida.

Channel 28 was launched as the Tampa Bay area's second independent television station in December 1981 by a company that went on to become Family Group Broadcasting. It was purchased by Capital Cities Communications in 1984, though Capital Cities quickly sold it to Scripps the following year after it purchased the ABC television network. WFTS-TV became an affiliate of Fox in 1988.

A multi-market affiliation switch in 1994 saw WFTS-TV become Tampa Bay's ABC affiliate. The network attempted to disaffiliate from WWSB, its affiliate in Sarasota, but that station was ultimately allowed to remain with the network. To start local newscasts, channel 28 was forced to rent studio space in Clearwater. The newscasts debuted in fourth place in the market but have been more competitive since. In 1996, Scripps completed construction on the present studio facilities near Raymond James Stadium; the building accommodates the news department and is large enough that several business functions for the entire station group are run from Tampa.

History
A channel 28 construction permit was first issued to Lucille Frostman, involved in the construction of WSMS-TV in Fort Lauderdale, in 1966, for a station to be called WTSS-TV; this was never built, and the permit was deleted in 1971.

Applications for a new channel 28 station in Tampa were received again in 1977, with the Christian Television Network the first to bid, followed by a group proposing a Spanish-language station; Family Television Corporation of Tampa, also of a Christian orientation; and Suncoast Telechoice, associated with subscription television equipment manufacturer Blonder Tongue Labs.

Christian Television dropped out, amended its application to specify channel 22 at Clearwater, and won a construction permit for WCLF in February 1979. The other two parties dropped out in settlement agreements in early 1981, and Family received a construction permit in March. Family stockholders included T. Terrell Sessums, former speaker of the Florida House of Representatives, and former state senate president Louis A. de la Parte Jr.

As an independent station
WFTS first signed on the air on December 14, 1981, operating as a family-oriented independent station with cartoons, off-network dramas, classic movies and religious programs. Its call letters originally stood for "Family Television Station".

In 1984, after having launched the station for just $6 million and turning a profit in the first year, Family sold the station to Capital Cities Communications for more than $30 million. The deal gave Capital Cities its first station in Florida and its first (and only) independent, as well as bringing the group to its then-maximum of seven stations. Under Capital Cities, the station added more off-network sitcoms and reduced the number of religious programs and drama series on its schedule, improving ratings against established Tampa Bay independent WTOG.

In March 1985, Capital Cities stunned the broadcasting industry with its announced purchase of ABC—a network that was ten times bigger than Capital Cities was at the time. In addition to WFTS-TV, Capital Cities owned four ABC and two CBS affiliates (which would change to ABC after the merger). The combination of Cap Cities and ABC exceeded the new ownership limit of 12 stations and the 25% national reach limit, so the companies opted to sell WFTS; WXYZ-TV, the ABC-owned station in Detroit; and Cap Cities-owned ABC affiliates WKBW-TV in Buffalo and WTNH in New Haven, Connecticut; WFTS and WXYZ-TV were sold to Scripps.

Scripps continued the general-entertainment format on WFTS, running cartoons, sitcoms, movies and drama series. WFTS became the Tampa Bay market's Fox affiliate on August 8, 1988, after the network was dropped by WTOG.

As an ABC affiliate

On May 23, 1994, New World Communications signed an affiliation agreement with Fox that resulted in twelve of New World's stations, including Tampa Bay's longtime CBS affiliate WTVT (channel 13), being tapped to switch to the network. Among the stations making the switch were longtime CBS affiliates WJBK-TV in Detroit and WJW-TV in Cleveland. Not wanting to be relegated to the UHF band, CBS heavily wooed Detroit's longtime ABC affiliate, WXYZ, as well as Cleveland's longtime ABC affiliate, WEWS-TV. Both were owned by Scripps, who told ABC that it would switch WXYZ and WEWS to CBS unless ABC affiliated with three of its stations: WFTS, KNXV-TV in Phoenix (which was also slated to lose its Fox affiliation to New World-owned CBS affiliate KSAZ-TV), and WMAR-TV in Baltimore. Scripps insisted on including WFTS and KNXV in the deal, even though a news department was in construction at KNXV and no movement had yet occurred to build one in Tampa.

The ABC affiliation, confirmed on June 15, set off a mad dash. WFTS had already been planning a new studio facility in the vicinity of Tampa Stadium, and with the ABC tie-up confirmed, management scrambled to hire a news director. With the station's new facility not planned to be ready until late 1995, the news department initially operated from former facilities of the Home Shopping Network in Clearwater.

Another consequence of WFTS replacing WTSP (channel 10) in ABC's affiliate lineup was that it had a more centrally located transmitting facility, which then-ABC president Bob Iger cited as a positive in the switch. That meant that the network would no longer have had a need to affiliate with WWSB (channel 40) in Sarasota, which had aired ABC programming since its 1971 sign-on. WWSB had become an ABC affiliate because WTSP's signal did not reach Sarasota. However, this had become less necessary on technical grounds with high cable television penetration in the Sarasota area, while WFTS-TV's signal reached Sarasota. Coinciding with the Scripps-ABC pact, ABC notified WWSB that it would be terminating its affiliation; though the network gave no reason for its decision, WWSB cited conversations with ABC officials who described it as essential to the broader deal when the Sarasota station petitioned to deny channel 28's license renewal. WWSB ended up winning its battle with ABC and signed a new affiliation contract in March 1995.

On December 12, 1994, WFTS became the market's ABC affiliate, WTSP switched to CBS, and WTVT joined Fox; that same day, WFTS launched local news and broke ground on the new Himes Avenue studio. Most of WFTS's syndicated programs were then acquired by WTVT and WTTA, which also aired Fox Kids in the market.

WFTS was briefly the local over-the-air broadcast partner of the NHL's Tampa Bay Lightning, airing four Lightning games produced by the Sunshine Network during the 2002–03 season. An East Coast traffic hub and the station group–wide graphics operation for Scripps were established at Tampa in 2009, as an open floor was available at the WFTS facility.

On September 24, 2020, a consortium made up of Scripps and Berkshire Hathaway announced the purchase of Ion Media, including local Ion Television station WXPX-TV (channel 66) and the company's technical operations center in Clearwater.

News operation
As an independent station, channel 28's local news staff consisted of just one staffer who produced and hosted news breaks.

Unlike the two Fox stations owned by Scripps that also became Big Three affiliates—KSHB-TV in Kansas City, Missouri, and KNXV-TV—no movement had occurred prior to the affiliation switch on establishing a local news department at WFTS-TV, though station management had been considering the expansion. By the time the affiliation switch was announced, the station was planning a move to the Himes Avenue facility; the station's existing studios at I-4 and Columbus Drive were too small for a news department.

To start producing news, WFTS needed to lease facilities, opting to set up shop in the former Clearwater studios of the Home Shopping Network. Bob Jordan of KCBS-TV in Los Angeles was hired to be the founding news director for 28 Tampa Bay News, which began broadcasting on December 12, 1994. Originally starting with 6 and 11 p.m. newscasts, a flurry of expansions took place during the first four months of 1995, including morning, 5 p.m., and 5:30 p.m.

The task of building the first new full-scale news service in Tampa Bay against decades-long competitors meant low ratings. WFTS typically rated in third or fourth place in most time slots in its first five years of local news. In 2001, Sam Stallworth and Bill Berra arrived from WSYX–WTTE in Columbus, Ohio, to serve as general manager and news director of WFTS-TV; Jordan was later rehired by his former employer, WFTV in Orlando. The duo refocused the newsroom on hard news and investigative reporting, a prelude to the station rebranding as ABC Action News in October 2002 after a brief time as "28 News".

Ratings remained low, but the station made progress under general manager Richard Pegram, who arrived in 2009 and oversaw the launch of channel 28's first weekend morning newscast. In November 2012, WFTS overtook all other local stations in all evening and late news ratings in the demographic of adults 25–54; this marked the first time WFTS won at 5:00, 5:30, 6:00 and 11:00 p.m. in the key demographic during one ratings period. Pegram was dismissed in 2014, with one source noting he was a difficult boss and heavily involved in the news department.

In 2019, WFTS launched "ABC Action News Streaming Now", a digital news product that included daytime rolling news coverage, simulcasts of channel 28's existing newscasts, and a new 3 p.m. newscast to air on TV and online.

Notable former on-air staff
 Jay Crawford – sports director (1998–2003)
 Scott Hanson – sports anchor (1994–2000)
 Walt Maciborski – anchor/reporter (2005–2009)
 Elaine Quijano – reporter (1998–2000)
 Sage Steele – reporter (1998–2001)

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

WFTS is also available in ATSC 3.0 (Next Gen TV) on the signal of WMOR-TV (channel 32). In exchange, WFTS hosts WMOR's main subchannel in the ATSC 1.0 format.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WFTS-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 28, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television.

References

External links
ABCActionNews.com – Official website
"Behind the Scenes of 28 News", a 2002 documentary showing the WFTS-TV newsroom

FTS-TV
ABC network affiliates
Bounce TV affiliates
Grit (TV network) affiliates
Ion Mystery affiliates
E. W. Scripps Company television stations
Television channels and stations established in 1981
1981 establishments in Florida

WFTS-TV