Papers, Please is a video game made by Lucas Pope, an indie game developer, published under his secret name 3909. It is about an immigration officer who decided who to let in and who to refuse entry to the fictional country of Arstotzka. The game was released on August 8, 2013 for Microsoft Windows and for OS X. It was released for Linux on February 12, 2014. It was released for iPad on December 12, 2014. A PlayStation Vita version was announced in August 2014, but has not come out yet.

Gameplay
The gameplay for Papers, Please revolves around an immigrations inspector's life and job. The player can allow people to enter Arstotzka or refuse them. The player can use different tools to check if the immigration papers are out of date, real or fake. The player must try to keep unwanted people out of Arstotzka, like terrorists, criminals and those with incorrect papers. The player must correctly allow and not allow people in to the country within a set amount of time. Each mistake a player makes is 5 credits off their earned money at the end of the day. The money earned at the end of the day is based on how many people have been correctly finished. The player must pay for the officer's family, food and heating. The player can choose to not pay for any of them, which results in something happening to the family.

The game has 20 possible endings.

Development
Lucas Pope created this game, He used to work for Naughty Dog. After working on the Uncharted games, he left to become an indie developer. He started work on it in November 2012, but it took longer than Pope thought, and was finished in nine months. It was put on green light on April 11, 2013 and was greenlit on May 1.

Reception

Papers, Please has been thanked for its sense of immersion. CBC News' Jonathan Ore called Papers, Please a "nerve-racking sleuthing game with relentless pacing and dozens of compelling characters – all from a desk job".

Some critics however reacted badly to the paperwork gameplay. Stephanie Bendixsen from the ABC game review show Good Game found the game "tedious", commenting "while I found the issues that arose from the decisions you are forced to make quite interesting, I was just so bored that I just struggled to go from one day to the next. I was torn between wanting to find out more, and just wanting it all to stop."

References

2013 video games
Indie video games
MacOS games
Puzzle video games
Video games developed in Japan
Windows games

Papers, Please


Twin Falls is the county seat and largest city of Twin Falls County, Idaho, United States. The city had a population of 51,807 as of the 2020 census. In the Magic Valley region, Twin Falls is the largest city in a  radius, and is the regional commercial center for south-central Idaho and northeastern  It is the principal city of the Twin Falls metropolitan statistical area, which officially includes the entirety of Twin Falls and Jerome  The border town resort community of Jackpot, Nevada,  south at the state line, is unofficially considered part of the greater Twin Falls area. Located on a broad plain at the south rim of the Snake River Canyon, Twin Falls, is where daredevil Evel Knievel attempted to jump across the canyon in 1974 on a steam-powered rocket. The jump site is northeast of central Twin Falls, midway between Shoshone Falls and the Perrine Bridge.

History
Excavations at Wilson Butte Cave near Twin Falls in 1959 revealed evidence of human activity, including arrowheads, that rank among the oldest dated artifacts in North America. Later Native American tribes predominant in the area included the Northern Shoshone and Bannock.

The first people of European ancestry to visit the Twin Falls area are believed to be members of a group led by American Wilson Price Hunt, who attempted to blaze an all-water trail westward from St. Louis, Missouri, to Astoria, Oregon, in 1811 and 1812. Hunt's expedition met with disaster; much of his expedition was destroyed and one man was killed in rapids on the Snake River known as Caldron Linn near present-day Murtaugh. Hunt and the surviving members of his expedition completed the journey to Astoria by land.

In 1812 and 1813, Robert Stuart successfully led an overland expedition eastward from Astoria to St. Louis, which passed through the Twin Falls area. Stuart's route formed the basis of what became the Oregon Trail. Some 150 years later, Robert Stuart Middle School in Twin Falls was named in his honor.

The first permanent settlement in the area was a stage stop established in 1864 at Rock Creek near the present-day townsite. By 1890, a handful of successful agricultural operations were in the Snake River Canyon, but the lack of infrastructure and the canyon's geography made irrigating the dry surrounding area improbable at best.

To address this issue in 1900, I. B. Perrine founded the Twin Falls Land and Water Company, largely to build an irrigation canal system for the area. After an August 1900 area survey of  in October 1900, the company was granted the necessary water rights to begin construction of the irrigation system. Several lots in the surveyed area were set aside specifically for future townsites. These lots eventually became the settlements of Twin Falls, Kimberly, Buhl, Filer, Hansen, and Murtaugh. In 1902, the project nearly failed, as most of the original investors pulled out, with only Salt Lake City businessman Stanley Milner maintaining a stake in the company.

By 1903, Perrine, who had been a successful farmer and rancher in the Snake River Canyon, had obtained private financing from Milner and others under the provisions of the Carey Act of 1894 to build a dam on the Snake River near Caldron Linn. Completed in 1905, Milner Dam and its accompanying canals made commercial irrigation outside the Snake River Canyon practical for the first time. As a result, Perrine is generally credited as the founder of Twin Falls.

A land drawing was held for the future townsite in July 1903, with disappointing results. A much more successful drawing was held in October 1904. Twin Falls city was founded in 1904 as a planned community, designed by celebrated Franco-American architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray, with proceeds from sales of townsite lots going toward construction of irrigation canals. Twin Falls was incorporated as a village on April 12, 1905. The city is named for a nearby waterfall on the Snake River of the same name. In 1907, Twin Falls became the seat of the newly formed Twin Falls County.

The original townsite follows a unique design. It is laid out on northeast-to-southwest and northwest-to-southeast roads. The purported reason this was done was to allow sunlight to come into every room in the homes at some point during the day. The northwest-to-southeast roads were numbered and called avenues, while the northeast-to-southwest roads were numbered and called streets. Only two central streets, the northwest-to-southeast Main Avenue and the northeast-to-southwest Shoshone Street, were named. This system created situations where one side of a street may have an entirely different address from the other, and where the corner of "3rd and 3rd", for example, occurred in more than one location. In 2003, the numbered northeast-to-southwest streets were renamed to alleviate decades of confusion. Later city roads, such as Blue Lakes Boulevard, Addison Avenue, and Washington Street, are laid out in standard north–south and east–west orientations. Addison Avenue honors Addison T. Smith  a 10-term congressman  from Twin Falls.

After Milner Dam was constructed, agricultural production in south-central Idaho increased substantially. In 1909, the privately owned Twin Falls Land and Water Company was reorganized as the shareholder-owned Twin Falls Canal Company. Twin Falls became a major regional economic center serving the agriculture industry, a role which it has sustained to the present day. The city became a processing center for several agricultural commodities, notably beans and sugar beets. In later years, other food-processing operations augmented the local economy. By 1960, Twin Falls had become one of Idaho's largest cities, though its origins were still within living memory for many.

Twin Falls became the center of national attention  in September 1974, when daredevil Evel Knievel attempted to jump the Snake River Canyon in a specially modified rocket cycle. Watched by millions on closed-circuit television on a Sunday afternoon, the attempt ultimately failed due to high winds and a premature deployment of Knievel's parachute. The launch ramp's foundation lies on private land on the canyon's south rim. Less than 2 miles west (3 km) of Shoshone Falls, it is still visible ().

During the last quarter of the 20th century, gradual diversification of the agriculture-based economy allowed the city to continue to grow. Major Twin Falls employers in 2006 included computer maker Dell, Inc., Glanbia, and Jayco, a recreational vehicle manufacturer. In September 2009, Dell announced it would close its Twin Falls facility by January 2010. Later in 2010, the call center company C3 opened a facility in the former Dell location.

In recent years, Twin Falls has become quite multicultural. Due in large part to a refugee center operated by the College of Southern Idaho since 1995, significant numbers of people from Bosnia and Herzegovina and the former Soviet Union have settled in Twin Falls. The city also has a sizable Hispanic population.

Government
Twin Falls is one of only three Idaho cities that has a council-manager form of government. The seven-member Twin Falls city council is directly elected in nonpartisan municipal elections to four-year terms. The mayor, who holds little executive power, is periodically selected among current city council members to chair meetings, and is "considered the official representative of the city." City council meetings are usually held on Mondays.

The city's day-to-day operations are overseen by a city manager, who is appointed by the city council. The city government through various citizen boards oversees parks and recreation, planning and zoning, sanitation and garbage collection, street maintenance, and wastewater collection, and maintains police and fire departments. Twin Falls Public Library, Twin Falls Municipal Golf Course and Joslin Field-Magic Valley Regional Airport are also under the city's jurisdiction.

Higher education
Twin Falls is home to the College of Southern Idaho (CSI), a large community college in the northwestern part of the city. The three state universities (Boise State University, Idaho State University, and the University of Idaho) offer classes on the CSI campus. The nursing program received money from the 2007-2008 state budget to construct a state-of-the-art nursing facility to complement the nursing program. The CSI men's basketball team won its third NJCAA Division I Championship in March 2011.

Primary and secondary schools

Public schools are administered by the Twin Falls School District, including Twin Falls High School, Canyon Ridge High School, the alternative Magic Valley High School, three middle schools, and nine elementary schools.   Also, Twin Falls is home to Xavier Charter School and the district was awarded best title 1C district in the state.

On March 14, 2006, registered voters approved a bond to build an additional high school. A citywide contest was held to determine the school's nickname. In November 2006, the Twin Falls school board selected "River Hawks", thus officially starting the Canyon Ridge High School River Hawks. Also on the bond, were plans to make general improvements to existing school facilities and to convert the junior high schools to middle schools. These projects were completed for the 2009–10 school year. The addition of Canyon Ridge High School meant that the student population was split nearly in half. Athletics for both schools are designated 4A rather than 5A by Idaho High School Activities Association

Elementary schools
 Bickel Elementary School (K-5)
 Harrison Developmental Preschool
 Harrison Elementary School (K-5)
 I.B. Perrine Elementary School (preschool and K-5)
 Lincoln Elementary School (K-5)
 Morningside Elementary School (K-5)
 Oregon Trail Elementary School (K-5)
 Pillar Falls Elementary School (K-5)
 Sawtooth Elementary School (K-5)
 Rock Creek Elementary School  (K-5)
 St. Edward's Catholic School (K-8)

Middle schools

 O'Leary Middle School (6-8)
 Robert Stuart Middle School (6-8)
 Bridge Academy (Alternative 6-8)
 South Hills Middle School (6-8)

High schools
 Canyon Ridge High School (9-12)
 Twin Falls High School (9-12)

Alternative high schools
 Magic Valley High School (9-12)

Private schools include Lighthouse Christian School, Xavier Charter School, St. Edward's Catholic School, and Twin Falls Christian Academy.

Economy

Twin Falls, the state's seventh-largest city, is the fastest growing city in south-central Idaho. As of April 2011, unemployment in Twin Falls County stood at 9.5%, below Idaho's average of 9.6%. From 1998 to 2007, the unemployment rate was steadily decreasing, to a low of just under 2%. Then, in tandem with the national economy, the unemployment rate increased to nearly 9.5% as of April 2011.

Twin Falls is the home of cheese producer Glanbia Foods, a major American division of Irish food company Glanbia plc.

Falls Brand, another award-winning food company, is located in the southern part of Twin Falls. In early 2011, Falls Brands' Old Fashioned Basque Chorizo sausage won the "Hold the Mustard" award presented by the National Meat Association (NMA) every year during their annual NMA Annual Gourmet Sausagefest.

Another mainstay is the College of Southern Idaho (CSI). Boasting a student population of 3,433, this junior college may be an alternative for students not yet ready to attend a four-year university. Many students are from out-of-state and live in CSI's residential halls.

Other large employers include Amalgamated Sugar Company, makers of White Satin sugar; and Lamb Weston, which has a food-processing plant located in west Twin Falls. It employs 500 and its annual revenue is about $100 million.

In spite of a troubled national economy, Twin Falls has seen rapid development since 2006. Many major retail outlets had opened stores in Twin Falls between 2006 and 2011.

In November 2009, a new Walmart Supercenter opened, bringing to the region an estimated 100 additional jobs. In October 2010, C3, a customer call center, opened in the former Dell facility. It was a large boost to an already busy economy, providing close to 1,000 jobs. In July 2011, C3 announced it was filling another 300 C3 jobs in Twin Falls due to brisk business.

Creating 40-50 new jobs, Magic Valley Cinema 13 constructed a new theater equipped with D-BOX seating. The new entertainment center was developed in association with the unprecedented growth in the Magic Valley.

In response to a growing population base, Twin Falls County voters voted to construct a new hospital in the northwest section of Twin Falls to replace the city's existing hospital. In spring 2011, the new 700,000-sq-ft facility, St. Luke's Magic Valley, was opened. One of the features of the new hospital is that all 186 rooms are private with family accommodations.

China Mountain Wind, LLC in 2011 had proposed to construct a  wind farm after the environmental impact is weighed. Twin Falls County was expected to generate $33.4 million in tax revenues. Local schools and services were receive a portion of the tax revenue. The construction of the wind farm was to bring to the area 400-750 full- and part-time jobs during construction and 24-46 new jobs to maintain the facility.

In 2012, Twin Falls hosted the Idaho Republican Party convention, which was expected to create more positive economic activity.

Chobani Yogurt Company, in 2012, opened the world's largest yogurt manufacturing plant, providing an additional 300 jobs to the Twin Falls community.

Media
The Times-News is a local daily morning newspaper based in Twin Falls.

Over-the-air television stations include:
 KMVT (CBS)
 KSVT-LD (CW) (digital substation)
 KTID (MyNetworkTV and Mexicanal) (digital substation)
 KIPT (PBS)
 KXTF (TCT)
 KTFT (NBC, semi-satellite of KTVB, Boise)
 KSAW-LD (ABC, semi-satellite of KIVI-TV, Boise)
 KYTL

Cable television subscribers also receive stations from Boise and Salt Lake City, Utah.

A number of radio stations broadcast in the Twin Falls area, including:
 88.1 KTFY - The Bridge (Christian Worship Music)
 88.9 KEFX - The Effect Radio Network (Modern Christian rock with over 60 stations nationwide)
 89.9 KAWZ - CSN International (Biblical teaching with over 400 stations nationwide)
 92.7 KTPZ - The Music Monster (Top 40)
 95.7 KEZJ - Idaho Country (Country)
 96.5 KLIX-FM - Kool Oldies (Oldies)
 98.3 KSNQ - The Snake (Classic Rock)
 99.1 KXTA - La Perrona (Regional Mexican)
 99.9 KZDX - Hot 100 FM (Adult contemporary/Top 40)
 102.1 KIRQ - IRock (Modern rock)
 103.1 KEDJ - The Edge (Rock)
 103.7 KSKI (Modern rock)
 103.9 KDKI-LP - (Adult standards/Big band/Jazz)
 104.7 KIKX (Adult hits)
 106.1 KKMV - Kat Kountry (Country)
 106.7 KYUN - Canyon Country (Country)
 970 KFTA - Juan 970 (Regional Mexican)
 1310 KLIX - News and Talk

Transportation
Twin Falls is the largest city in Idaho that is not directly on the Interstate Highway System; it is served by several major highways, including U.S. Route 30 and U.S. Route 93. Access to nearby Interstate 84 is across the canyon via the Perrine Bridge (U.S. 93); the junction is about  north, in Jerome County. State Highway 74 provides direct access from downtown Twin Falls to southbound locations on U.S. 93, including Hollister and Rogerson, then crosses into Nevada at Jackpot and continues to a junction with Interstate 80 at Wells.

Trans IV, a small public transportation system operated by CSI, is also available.

Limited commercial air service is provided at Magic Valley Regional Airport, also known as Joslin Field. As of August 2017, daily flights to Salt Lake City are available from Delta Connection (fulfilled by SkyWest Airlines) using the Canadair CRJ200. Twice-weekly service to Las Vegas  was previously operated by Allegiant Air, but the airline discontinued the route in January 2012, citing insufficient ticket prices.

Geography

Twin Falls is located at 42°34'N 114°28'W (42.561,-114.464).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which  is covered by water.

The Snake River Canyon forms the city's northern limits, separating it from Jerome County. Three waterfalls are in the immediate area. Shoshone Falls is located about  east of Twin Falls city. Pillar Falls is located roughly  upstream from the Perrine Bridge, while Twin Falls, the city's namesake, is located upstream of Shoshone Falls.

Shoshone Falls stands at , which is  higher than Niagara Falls.

The Perrine Bridge, which spans the Snake River Canyon immediately north of the city, is one of only a handful of artificial structures worldwide where BASE jumping is legal. In September 2005, Miles Daisher of Twin Falls set a BASE-jumping world record by jumping off Perrine Bridge 57 times in a 24-hour period. In July 2006, Dan Schilling jumped off the bridge 201 times in 21 hours to raise money for charity. Unlike Daisher, Schilling was hoisted to the top of the bridge by a crane after every jump.

Climate
Twin Falls experiences a semiarid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk).

Highs reach  on average 22.7 days per year, but very rarely exceed . Winter snowfall averages  per year, though much heavier amounts have fallen. In Twin Falls proper, an average snowfall uncommonly exceeds 6 inches of snow. Summer and autumn are very dry in Twin Falls, with less than  of precipitation falling each month between June and October. Fast moving, intense electrical storms common in the deserts of the southwestern U.S. are uncommon here.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010,  44,125 people, 16,744 households, and 11,011 families residing in the city. The population density was . The 18,033 housing units had an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 88.5% White, 0.7% African American, 0.8% Native American, 1.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 5.7% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 13.1% of the population.

Of the 16,744 households, 35.1% had children under 18 living with them, 48.3% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.2% were not families. About 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.58. and the average family size was 3.13.

The median age in the city was 31.9 years; 27% of residents were under 18; 11.7% were between 18 and 24; 26.5% were from 25 to 44; 21.4% were from 45 to 64; and 13.4% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.7% male and 51.3% female.

Rankings
On the Livability.com list of "Best 10 Places to Defy Death", Twin Falls ranked number one.

Notable people

 Bruce Bastian (born 1948), computer programmer and co-founder of the WordPerfect Software Company
 Gary L. Bennett (born 1940), former NASA scientist and engineer and science-fiction writer
 Jim Boatwright (1951–2013), basketball player
 Dorothy Custer (1911–2015), comedian, harmonicist, and centenarian
 W. Mark Felt (1913–2008), informant in the Watergate scandal known as Deep Throat, graduated from Twin Falls High School in 1931
 Christina Hendricks (born 1975), actress, grew up in Twin Falls
 Damon Jones (born 1994), professional baseball pitcher
 Chuck LaMar (born c. 1956), first general manager of the Tampa Bay Devil Rays
 William J. Lanting (1918–1998), Idaho State Representative (1959–1975) and Speaker of Idaho House (1969–1975)
 Craig Hart Neilsen (1941–2006), founder of the Craig H. Neilsen Foundation to fund scientific research for spinal cord injuries
 Volara Romanza Nelson (1892–1921), first Idaho woman to hold a pilot's license
 Hannah Newhouse (born 1997), racing driver
 Melvin Schwartz (1932–2006), Nobel Prize-winning experimental physicist and co-discoverer of the muon neutrino
 Addison T. Smith (1862–1956), U.S. Congressman (1913–1933)
 Lyda Southard (1892–1958), serial killer
 Dallin H. Oaks (born 1932), jurist and senior leader of the LDS Church (lived in Twin Falls during part of his childhood)

Notable musicians who spent parts of their childhood in the Twin Falls area include Gary Puckett, Paul Durham of Black Lab, Nikki Sixx of Mötley Crüe, and Doug Martsch of Built to Spill.

References

External links

 City of Twin Falls
Top 10 Things to Do in Twin Falls
 Twin Falls Area Chamber of Commerce
 Twin Falls Idaho Community Site

Cities in Idaho
Cities in Twin Falls County, Idaho
County seats in Idaho
Planned communities in the United States
Populated places established in 1904
Twin Falls, Idaho metropolitan area

Twin Falls, Idaho


Badi I (1611/12 – 1616/17), also known as Badi el Kawam, was a ruler of the Kingdom of Sennar. During his reign, Sennar was at peace with its neighbor, Ethiopia. The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles mention that Emperor Susenyos of Ethiopia responded to the gift Badi's predecessor had sent him by sending to Sultan Badi bracelets of gold and a gold-mounted saddle.

However, according to James Bruce, Badi found insult in the negarit which Emperor Susenyos had sent his father, Abd al-Qadir, interpreting it as a symbol that Sennar was a dependency of Ethiopia. This led him to sending an insulting present to Susenyos—two old, blind and lame horses—then followed up the insult by sending his retainer Nile Wed Ageeb to raid Ethiopian territories. Susenyos met this threat by making a separate treaty of peace with Wed Ageeb, who went over to the Ethiopian side.

The hostilities between the two kingdoms increased when the governor of the Mazaga, Alico, who was a servant of Emperor Susenyos, fled to Sennar with a number of the Emperor's horses. Susenyos complained of this to Badi, who refused to reply; further insulted, Susenyos summoned Nile Wed Ageeb to his headquarters at Gunka, and the two of them plundered the territory of Sennar along their shared frontier as far as Fazuclo. According to Bruce, this was "a cause of much bloodshed, and of a war which, at least in intention, last to this day between the two kingdoms."

References

Funj sultans
17th-century monarchs in Africa
Year of birth uncertain

Badi I


"The Old Man and his Grandson" is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm in Grimm's Fairy Tales as tale number 78.

It is Aarne-Thompson type 980B, The Wooden Bowl.

Synopsis
A man whose hands shook with the tremors of old age could not eat neatly and often spilled his soup, so his son and daughter-in-law barred him from their table and made him eat by the stove.

When he broke the fine stoneware bowl from which he had been eating, they bought him a wooden bowl that could not break.  His four-year-old grandson played with wood as well and said that he was making a trough for his parents to eat from when they were old.  After that, they let him eat at the table again and did not complain about the spill.

Elements
The bowl was described as costing a few heller.

Variants
Other tales of this type vary on the exact offense that the grandson declares he will commit and the son thereafter refrains from: making his father sleep under half a blanket in the stables, bringing back the carrier so he can carry his father to abandon him, or commit murder.  In medieval Europe, the son was commonly sent for a blanket and came back with half, justifying it by saying the other half is saved for his father. In an Asian version, the father weaves a basket to throw his aged father into the river. A son says to bring back the basket so that it can be used for the father one day.

References

Grimms' Fairy Tales
Fictional families
Child characters in fairy tales
Male characters in fairy tales
Literary duos
ATU 850-999

The Old Man and his Grandson


All Saints' Church is in the village of Daresbury, Cheshire, England. It is known for its association with Lewis Carroll who is commemorated in its stained glass windows depicting characters from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building. The church is an active Church of England parish church in the diocese of Chester, the archdeaconry of Chester and the deanery of Great Budworth. The author Lewis Carroll was born in All Saints' Vicarage in 1832 when his father, Charles Dodgson, was perpetual curate at the church.  This was commemorated in March 2012 when the Lewis Carroll Centre, attached to the church, was opened.

History

In the 12th century a chapelry was founded on the site of the present church as a daughter house of Norton Priory. It was a chapel of ease within the parish of Runcorn. After the Reformation the patronage of the Runcorn parish passed into the hands of Christ Church, Oxford. It is likely that the stone tower was built shortly after this time. Over the years there were frequent disputes between the worshippers at Daresbury and the mother church at Runcorn relating to financial matters.

Other than the tower, the church was largely rebuilt between 1870 and 1872 by the Lancaster architects Paley and Austin. They lengthened the church, extended the clerestory to the east, and added a new north porch and vestry, for £6,000 (equivalent to £ in ).  During the restoration an old rood loft and screen were destroyed. Richards identified this as of "pure Welsh type" and its loss as "nothing short of a major calamity".  Daresbury became a parish separate from Runcorn in February 1880. Families who have been associated with the church over the centuries are those of Greenall, Rylands, Chadwick, Heron, Milner, Houghton, and Okell. The tower was restored in 1872 by Sir Gilbert Greenall.

Architecture

Exterior
The church is built in red sandstone with a slate roof. The architectural style of the body of the church is Perpendicular.  The plan of the church consists of a five-bay nave with north and south aisles, a tower at the west at the end of the nave, and entrances opposite each other in the north and south aisles. The tower has corner buttresses and is crenellated. On its top is a weather vane in the shape of a fish. The west window is plain with four lights and the belfry windows are also plain with two lights. The date 1110 is carved on the south side. It is thought that this date was originally 1550 but that the number had weathered and it was mistaken by restorers.  At the east end of the south aisle is the Daniell Chapel. The chapel had formerly been called the Chadwick Chapel but its name was changed to the Daniell chapel to commemorate one of Cheshire's ancient families who had connections with Daresbury.

Interior
Inside the church, the arcades are carried on plain octagonal columns. The pulpit is Jacobean with carvings of heads of angels which Richards considers to be possibly the most elaborate of their kind in the county.   It also includes a carving similar to the griffin in Alice's Adventures. The font dates from the 19th century and was the gift of Miss Elizabeth Wood. Its elaborate wooden cover was given by Lady Greenall. There is a green man carved in the re-used Jacobean rood screen behind the altar. The oak bench ends are carved with "inventive tracery-work".  In the belfry is a board with an acrostic on the name "Daresbury".

The stained glass in the windows of the south aisle depicts the eleven apostles without Judas Iscariot. They were donated in the middle of the 19th century by the Stubbs family, industrialists in Warrington. The east window of the Daniell chapel includes characters from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. The window was erected following a memorial fund to celebrate the centenary of Carroll's birth in 1935. It was designed by Geoffrey Webb and dedicated on 30 June 1935 by Herbert Gresford Jones, Bishop of Warrington. The upper panels depict a nativity scene surmounted by eight angels, and the leftmost panel shows Lewis Carroll himself accompanied by Alice Liddell. The windows incorporate symbolic panels relating to Carroll's life, including the Cheshire wheatsheaf, the arms of Rugby School and Christ Church, Oxford, and mathematical instruments. Across the base of the window are five panels which include characters from the Alice books together with words from Carroll's poem Christmas Greetings. The characters are based on the illustrations by John Tenniel. On the south wall are windows designed by Trena Cox depicting The Flight into Egypt and The Annunciation which were donated to the church in 1960 in memory of the Broome family of Preston-on-the-Hill.

On the south wall of the church is a memorial by John Gibson which was preserved from the old church. It commemorates Sarah, wife of Henry Byrom of Liverpool, who died in 1833. Elsewhere in the church are memorials to Radulphus Starkie who died in the 17th century, to Rebecca Rutter, who died in 1725, and a memorial by E. Ashworth to Henry Byrom, who died in 1804.  In the chancel is a memorial to George Heron, a canon of Chester Cathedral who baptised Lewis Carroll. Also in the chancel are two brasses to members of the Greenall family who died in 1861 and 1867.  In the Daniell chapel are memorials to members of the Chadwick family of Daresbury Hall. The two-manual organ was built by Jardine and restored in 2002 by A. J. Carter. There is a ring of eight bells, all of which were cast by John Warner and Sons in 1913. The parish registers date from 1617, and the churchwardens' accounts from 1663.

External features

The churchyard contains a 16th-century font in which, amongst many others, Lewis Carroll was baptised.
Also in the churchyard are the war graves of two soldiers and a Royal Navy schoolmaster of World War I.

Lewis Carroll Centre

The centre consists of a semicircular sandstone structure with tall windows attached to the north of the church and approached through the north door. On the walls are descriptive panels giving information about Charles Dodgson, Lewis Carroll, and other members of the family. Hanging in the room is the meeting bell that formerly called canal people to worship in the floating mission church at Preston Brook on the nearby Bridgewater Canal. The centre also serves as a meeting room for schools and other groups. The church and centre are open every day, and there is no admission charge.

Gallery
Panels depicting characters from Alice

See also

Grade I and II* listed buildings in Halton (borough)
Listed buildings in Runcorn (rural area)
List of ecclesiastical works by Paley and Austin

References
Notes

Citations

Sources

1872 establishments in England
All Saints' Church, Daresbury
English Gothic architecture in Cheshire
All Saints' Church, Daresbury
Gothic Revival architecture in Cheshire
Church of England church buildings in Cheshire
Grade II* listed churches in Cheshire
All Saints' Church, Daresbury
All Saints' Church, Daresbury
All Saints' Church, Daresbury
Lewis Carroll

All Saints' Church, Daresbury


Paul Smyth (31 January 1944 – 17 December 2006) was an American poet, writer, and teacher.

Background
Paul Smyth was born in Boston and raised in Holliston, Massachusetts. At the age of sixteen, he left home to hitchhike across the North America. During this time, he spent time in Mexico, the San Francisco Bay Area, and Provincetown. It was in Massachusetts that he got his first writing job as a freelancer for the New Beacon Newspaper.

He studied in Harvard University's extension program with poet Theodore Morrison.
He received his B.A. in 1968.

Smyth was married three times, the third time to the poet Gjertrud Schnackenberg. He had two children from his second marriage.

Career
He taught writing and literature at Mount Holyoke College and Bard College at Simon's Rock. Smyth eventually left academia after 10 years of teaching, and moved to Greece for a year. During his time spent on the Islands of Aegina and Crete, he continued to write. In addition to poetry, he wrote two novels and a prose-poem memoir before moving back to New England. Two of his books were illustrated by the artist Barry Moser, and several of his poems have been set to music by his half brother, trumpeter/composer John D'earth. He died in Charlottesville, Virginia, just after completing a book, A Plausible Light: New and Collected Poems.

Publications
Smyth's poetry and writing were published in American Scholar, Atlantic Monthly, Beloit Poetry Journal, California Quarterly, Christian Science Monitor, Cyphers (Dublin), Kenyon Review, Lyric, Mississippi Review, Poetry, Sewanee Review, and Shenandoah, among others.

Small Press Books
Plausible Light: New and Collected Poems (El Leon Literary Arts, 2008)
Conversions (University of Georgia Press, 1974)
The Cardinal Sins: A Bestiary (Pennyroyal Press, ill. Barry Moser, 1980)
Thistles and Thorns: Abraham and Sarah at Bethel (Abattoir Editions, University of Nebraska at Omaha, ill. Barry Moser, 1977)
Fifty Sonnets (Windy Row Press, 1973)
Shadowed Leaves (Press Porcepic, 1973)
Native Grass (Windy Row Press, 1972)

Awards and honors
During his life, Paul Smyth won the Dillon Memorial Prize, a Mount Holyoke College Faculty Fellowship, and three annual awards from the Lyric Foundation.

References

External links
Official website

1944 births
2006 deaths
Poets from Boston
American male poets
Harvard University alumni
Mount Holyoke College faculty
20th-century American poets
20th-century American male writers

Paul Smyth (poet)


Anaciaeschna triangulifera is a species of dragonfly in the family Aeshnidae. It is found in Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, rivers, intermittent rivers, shrub-dominated wetlands, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marshes.

References

Aeshnidae
Insects described in 1896
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Anaciaeschna triangulifera


Felix Bryk (21 January 1882, in Vienna – 13 January 1957, in Stockholm) was a Swedish anthropologist, entomologist and writer.
In entomological circles, Bryk is best known as a lepidopterist; in anthropological history, for his studies in East Africa. He wrote on Carl Linnaeus and was a close friend of Curt Eisner, who worked with him on the Parnassinae.

Books by Bryk

Anthropology

 1934. Circumcision in Man and Woman: Its History, Psychology and Ethnology. New York: American Ethnological Press.
 1939. Dark Rapture: The Sex-life of The African Negro. Walden Publications.
 1964. Voodoo-eros: Ethnological Studies In The Sex Life Of The African Aborigines. New York: United Book Guild.
 1951. Linnée als Sexuallist.

Entomology

 1934. Lepidoptera. Baroniidae, Teinopalpidae, Parnassiidae pars I (Subfam. Parnassinae). Das Tierreich 64, Berlin & Leipzig.
 1935. Lepidoptera. Parnassiidae pars II (Subfam. Parnassinae). Das Tierreich 65, Berlin & Leipzig.
 1984. Lepidoptera. Parnassiidae pars II (Subfam. Parnassinae), 2nd ed. Berlin & Leipzig, LI.

References
 Brinck, Per (1957) "In Memoriam: Felix Bryk," Opusc. Ent. 22: 119–22.

External links
DEI biografi List of obituaries. Portrait. Collection details

Swedish entomologists
Swedish lepidopterists
1882 births
1957 deaths
20th-century Swedish zoologists

Felix Bryk


John Ross "J.R." Ewing, Jr. is a fictional character in the hit U.S. television series Dallas (1978–1991) and its spin-offs, including the revived Dallas series (2012–2013). The character was portrayed by actor Larry Hagman from the series premiere in 1978 until his death in late 2012.

One of the show's most iconic figures, J.R. has been central to many of the series' biggest storylines. He is shown as a villainous selfish oil baron with psychopathic tendencies, who is constantly plotting subterfuges to plunder his foes and their wealth. Hagman was the only actor to appear in all 357 episodes of the series.

Hagman died on November 23, 2012, and Dallas producers subsequently announced that J.R. would be killed off in the second season. The episode "The Furious And Fast" dealt with J.R's death. Ewing was on the phone with his son saying he had one last plan to get back at another richman. Ewing's son heard gunshots which would eventually kill J.R.

Ewing is considered one of television's most popular characters, with TV Guide naming him #1 in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time.

References

Fictional American people
Television characters

J. R. Ewing


Miṭpaḥat Sefarim is a book  which deals with the composition of the Book of Zohar and its contents written by Rabbi Jacob Emden (Ya'avetz. In Hebrew: יעב"ץ). His purpose was is to challenge the attribution of the book to Tanna from the 2nd century AD by Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai, and to attribute it to a later author. It was intended to combat the Sabbath movement, which relied on passages in the Book of Zohar to confirm the proclamation of the Kabbalist Shabtai Zvi about himself as the Messiah in the middle of the 17th century.

Spiritual books
1870s books
Jewish literature

Miṭpaḥat Sefarim


Donald L. Bitzer (born January 1, 1934) is an American electrical engineer and computer scientist. He was the co-inventor of the plasma display, is largely regarded as the "father of PLATO", and has made a career of improving classroom productivity by using computer and telecommunications technologies.

Education and career
He received three degrees in electrical engineering (B.S., 1955; M.S., 1956; Ph.D., 1960) from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.

Bitzer holds several patents in numerous areas, while the creation of the PLATO computer system, the first system to combine graphics and touch-sensitive screens, is the hallmark of his efforts.

Bitzer co-invented the flat plasma display panel in 1964. Originally invented as an educational aid to help students working in front of computers for long periods of time, plasma screens do not flicker and are a significant advance in television technology. The display was also a way of overcoming the limited memory of the computer systems being used.

In 1974, Bitzer was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering for his leadership in the utilization and development of technology for improving the effectiveness of education.

, Bitzer is a Distinguished University Research Professor of Computer Science at North Carolina State University.

Awards
In 1973 the National Academy of Engineering presented Bitzer with the Vladimir K. Zworykin Award, which honors the inventor of the iconoscope. The invention won the Industrial Research 100 Award in 1966.

Bitzer is a designated National Associate, an honor which was granted to him by the National Academies in 2002. He is also a member of the American Society for Engineering Education.

Member of the National Academy of Engineering (1974)
Computer Society Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (1982)
Slottow Creativity Award (1989)
Emmy Award (2002)
Inducted into National Inventors Hall of Fame (2013)
Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors (2018).
Holladay Medal (2019).

References

External links
NCSU Faculty Page
Oral history interview with Donald L. Bitzer, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Bitzer discusses his relationship with Control Data Corporation (CDC) during the development of PLATO, a computer-assisted instruction system. He describes the interest in PLATO of Harold Brooks, a CDC salesman and his help in procuring a 1604 computer for Bitzer's use. Bitzer recalls the commercialization of PLATO by CDC and his disagreements with CDC over marketing strategy and the creation of courseware for PLATO.
Oral history interview with Thomas Muir Gallie, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Gallie, a program officer at the National Science Foundation (NSF), describes the impact of Don Bitzer and the PLATO system.
University of Illinois Computer-based Education Research Laboratory PLATO Reports, PLATO Documents, and CERL Progress Reports, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.  Archival collection contains internal reports and external reports and publications related to the development of PLATO and the operations of University of Illinois's CERL.

1934 births
Living people
20th-century American inventors
American electrical engineers
Grainger College of Engineering alumni
North Carolina State University faculty
Emmy Award winners
Computer-based Education Research Laboratory
People from Raleigh, North Carolina
Fellow Members of the IEEE

Donald Bitzer


The capture of Muscat occurred in 1552, when an Ottoman fleet under Piri Reis attacked Old Muscat, in modern Oman, and plundered the town from the Portuguese. These events followed the important Ottoman defeat in the third siege of Diu in 1546, which put a stop to their attempts in India, but also the successful capture of Aden in 1548, which allowed the Ottomans to resist the Portuguese in the northwestern part of the Indian Ocean.

Background
The city, once part of the Kingdom of Hormuz, had been in Portuguese hands since 1507, when a Portuguese fleet under Afonso de Albuquerque attacked the city, destroyed it, and then came back soon after to occupy it.

The Ottomans attempted to intervene against the Portuguese presence, and four Ottoman ships bombarded the city in 1546.

The city was again attacked by the Ottomans in 1552 as part of a broader conflict over the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean. This time they attacked with a larger fleet under Piri Reis and Seydi Ali Reis. Their ultimate objective was to seize the islands of Hormuz and Bahrain, in order to block Portuguese access to the Persian Gulf and thus reestablish Ottoman control of the Indian Ocean trade.

The battle
The Ottoman force consisted in 4 galleons, 25 galleys, and 850 troops (according to Diogo do Couto, the Ottomans had 15 galleys and 1200 troops ). The recently built Fort Al-Mirani was besieged for 18 days with one piece of Ottoman artillery brought on top of a ridge. Lacking food and water, the 60 Portuguese garrison and its commander, João de Lisboa, agreed to surrender, only to be taken as captives. The fort was captured and its fortifications destroyed.

Soon however the Ottomans departed. Ultimately, they managed to occupy and control the coasts of Yemen, Aden, and Arabia, as far north as Basra, so as to facilitate their trade with India and block the Portuguese from attacking the Hijaz.

Aftermath
The Ottomans again attacked the Portuguese possessions of the coast of India in 1553, with a raid on the Pearl Fishery Coast of South India around Tuticorin. They were assisted by the Marakkar Muslims of Malabar, and had the tacit agreement of Vittula Nayak of Madurai. 52 Portuguese were captured at Punnaikayal, and churches were burnt down. The Ottomans failed however in 1553 against a Portuguese fleet at sea near al-Fahl.

Seydi Ali Reis and his galleys would be attacked in an ambush by Portuguese forces while he was trying to bring back his float from Basra to Suez in August 1554.

Three Ottoman galleys would again occupy Muscat in 1581, letting the population escape, before the city again fell to the Portuguese in 1588.

See also
 Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)

References

Muscat
Muscat
Muscat
Suleiman the Magnificent
Piri Reis
Muscat
1552 in the Ottoman Empire
1552 in Asia
History of Muscat, Oman
Old Muscat

Capture of Muscat (1552)


Toxicity is the degree to which a substance can damage an organism. It is the subject-matter of toxicology.

A central idea in toxicology is that almost everything is toxic when taken to excess. Effects are dose-dependent: even water can lead to 'water intoxication' when taken in too much. For even a very toxic substance such as elapid snake venom there is a dose below which there is no toxic effect.

Toxicity is species-specific. A dose which is toxic to one animal may not be toxic to another.

Acute toxicity
Acute toxicity describes the bad effects of a substance that come either from a single exposure, or from many exposures in a short amount of time (usually less than 24 hours). To be known as acute toxicity, the bad effects should happen within 14 days of the substance thouching something.

Acute toxicity is different from chronic toxicity. Chronic toxicity talks about the bad health effects from many exposures, often at lower levels, to a substance over a longer amount of time (months or years).

It is widely thought to be wrong to use humans as tests for acute (or chronic) toxicity research. However, some information can be picked up from investigating cases when humans accidentally make contact with the substance (e.g., factory accidents). Otherwise, most acute toxicity data comes from animal testing or, more recently, in vitro testing methods and inference from data on similar substances.

References

Toxicity


Poison Ochs: A Tribute to Phil Ochs is a tribute compilation to the music of the late Phil Ochs. Ochs' songs, which are generally thought of as folk music and folk rock, are performed by musicians associated with indie rock and experimental rock.

Poison Ochs was released in 2003 by Wood Records. All profits from the album's sales were distributed to Amnesty International.

Track listing
Words and music by Phil Ochs [performers are also indicated].
 "I Kill Therefore I Am" - 3:53 [Camper van Chadbourne]
 "Half a Century High" - 3:30 [LAM]
 "Spaceman" - 3:54 [Johnny J]
 "Cross My Heart" - 2:26 [NitwiT]
 "Flower Lady" - 5:13 [Linda Draper]
 "I Ain't Marching Anymore" - 5:14 [Franck Sinistra]
 "The Scorpion Departs But Never Returns" - 7:07 [MWF]
 "Floods of Florence" - 4:57 [Lolwolf]
 "Another Age" - 3:56 [Charles Fyant]
 "Pleasures of the Harbor" - 8:29 [Ernesto Diaz-Infante]
 "Changes" - 4:33 [Mary Jane]
 "My Life" - 2:54 [Jr. Grease Chiefs]
 "I've Had Her" - 8:31 [Jon Thompson Orchestra]
 "Chords of Fame" - 2:59 [Daniel Johnston and Jad Fair]

References

Indie rock albums by American artists
Phil Ochs tribute albums
2003 compilation albums
Indie rock compilation albums

Poison Ochs: A Tribute to Phil Ochs


The Auger effect (; ) or Auger−Meitner effect is a physical phenomenon in which the filling of an inner-shell vacancy of an atom is accompanied by the emission of an electron from the same atom. When a core electron is removed, leaving a vacancy, an electron from a higher energy level may fall into the vacancy, resulting in a release of energy. For light atoms (Z<12), this energy is most often transferred to a valence electron which is subsequently ejected from the atom. This second ejected electron is called an Auger electron. For heavier atomic nuclei, the release of the energy in the form of an emitted photon becomes gradually more probable.

Effect
Upon ejection, the kinetic energy of the Auger electron corresponds to the difference between the energy of the initial electronic transition into the vacancy and the ionization energy for the electron shell from which the Auger electron was ejected. These energy levels depend on the type of atom and the chemical environment in which the atom was located.

Auger electron spectroscopy involves the emission of Auger electrons by bombarding a sample with either X-rays or energetic electrons and measures the intensity of Auger electrons that result as a function of the Auger electron energy. The resulting spectra can be used to determine the identity of the emitting atoms and some information about their environment.

Auger recombination is a similar Auger effect which occurs in semiconductors. An electron and electron hole (electron-hole pair) can recombine giving up their energy to an electron in the conduction band, increasing its energy. The reverse effect is known as impact ionization.

The Auger effect can impact biological molecules such as DNA. Following the K-shell ionization of the component atoms of DNA, Auger electrons are ejected leading to damage of its sugar-phosphate backbone.

Discovery
The Auger emission process was observed and published in 1922 by Lise Meitner, an Austrian-Swedish physicist, as a side effect in her competitive search for the nuclear beta electrons with the British physicist Charles Drummond Ellis.

The French physicist Pierre Victor Auger independently discovered it in 1923 upon analysis of a Wilson cloud chamber experiment and it became the central part of his PhD work. High-energy X-rays were applied to ionize gas particles and observe photoelectric electrons. The observation of electron tracks that were independent of the frequency of the incident photon suggested a mechanism for electron ionization that was caused from an internal conversion of energy from a radiationless transition. Further investigation, and theoretical work using elementary quantum mechanics and transition rate/transition probability calculations, showed that the effect was a radiationless effect more than an internal conversion effect.

See also
Auger therapy
Charge carrier generation and recombination
Characteristic X-ray
Coster–Kronig transition
Electron capture
Radiative Auger effect

References

Atomic physics
Foundational quantum physics
Electron spectroscopy

Auger effect


The Mouassine Museum (; ) is a museum in the Mouassine neighbourhood of the historic medina of Marrakesh, Morocco. The museum is housed in a recently restored 16th to 17th-century house which includes an upper-floor apartment known as a douiria (or dwiriya). It was recently converted to a Museum of Music, with permanent and temporary exhibits.

History

The house is located in the Mouassine district, which was the subject of significant development in the Saadian period (16th and early 17th century). In the 1560s Sultan Moulay Abdallah al-Ghalib ordered the relocation of the Jewish community, which until then had occupied this district, to a new Mellah district next to the Kasbah of the city. This liberated new land which was subsequently redeveloped into new "model" neighbourhoods centered around the newly constructed Mouassine Mosque and religious complex (as well as the Bab Doukkala Mosque complex further west). This enticed a relatively large number of bourgeois or aristocratic families to build their residences here, resulting in a concentration of structures dating from the Saadian period in this area. Examples of such Saadian-era houses include the Dar Cherifa (formerly Dar Ijimi), the Dar al-Mas'udiyyin, and the Dar al-Masluhiyyin (known also as Ksour Agafay). (Some of these houses today have been converted into cafés, restaurants, and hotels.)

The building which the Mouassine Museum occupies today is located right next to the southeastern corner of the Mouassine Mosque, along Derb el Hammam street (named after the bathhouse of the mosque). It consists of a residential home which includes a douiria (or dwiriya), a small house or upper floor apartment which was used to receive guests, often integrated to a larger riad or mansion. It was built by an aristocratic Sharifian family in the 1560s, at the time when this neighbourhood was being created by the Saadians. Some of the painted sun motifs in the house, however, appear to date from the reign of the later Alaouite sultan Moulay Isma'il in the late 17th or early 18th century.

In recent times, the house was inhabited by the local Mellakh family (which included the painter Abdelhay Mellakh) since at least 1954 before being bought in 2012 by Patrick Manac'h and Hamid Mergani, co-founders of another museum in the city, the Maison de la Photographie ("House of Photography"). Although some of the old wooden doors and ceilings were visible, Manac'h suspected that the original walls of the house might be hidden beneath the recent layers of plaster, and recruited the help of Xavier Salmon, a curator at the Louvre Museum, to investigate. They conducted tests and discovered that under the thick layers of modern white plaster was the original pinkish gypsum-based stucco of the historic douiria. With the help of Salmon and other experts, a team of craftsmen were recruited to carefully remove the modern plaster and painstakingly restore the original decoration. Even some of the original colours had been preserved; an uncommon case for Saadian-era buildings. The historic house was opened as a museum and cultural venue in 2014 and in 2019 it also became a museum of Moroccan music, in addition to hosting regular musical performances.

Architecture
The douiria or apartment is located on the upper floor of the house and is reached via a short staircase. This leads to a square salon covered by a wooden ceiling with a central skylight. On two sides of the salon, facing each other, are large alcoves which served as seating areas and are sheltered by their own wooden canopies or ceilings. The two other sides of the salon have large doorways leading to side rooms which might have been used as bedrooms or secondary salons. The main central room is particularly rich in decoration, with carved stucco featuring geometric patterns and Kufic letter motifs as well as sculpted and painted wooden ceilings. The side rooms also have painted ceilings, featuring motifs from the time of Sultan Moulay Ismail (late 17th to early 18th century).

References

Further reading
 Salmon, Xavier (2015). La belle oubliée de Marrakech: une masriya à Mouassine. .

Museums in Morocco
Buildings and structures in Marrakesh
Saadian architecture
Houses in Morocco

Mouassine Museum


Michael Stephen Steele (born October 19, 1958) is an American politician, attorney, and political commentator who served as the seventh lieutenant governor of Maryland from 2003 to 2007 and as chair of the Republican National Committee (RNC) from 2009 until 2011; he was the first African-American to hold either office.

In the 1990s, Steele worked as a partner at the international law firm of LeBoeuf, Lamb, Greene & MacRae and co-founded the Republican Leadership Council, a "fiscally conservative and socially inclusive" political action committee. Steele also made numerous appearances as a political pundit on Fox News and other media outlets prior to running for public office. As lieutenant governor, Steele chaired the Minority Business Enterprise task force, actively promoting an expansion of affirmative action in the corporate world. He made an unsuccessful run in the 2006 U.S. Senate election in Maryland, losing to Democrat Ben Cardin. From 2007 to 2009, Steele was chairman of GOPAC, a 527 organization that trains and supports Republican candidates in state and local elections. After serving one term as RNC Chair from 2009 to 2011, he lost his bid for a second term and was succeeded by Reince Priebus. Since 2011, Steele has contributed as a regular columnist for online magazine The Root and as a political analyst for MSNBC. In 2018, he became a Senior Fellow at Brown University's Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs.

In 2020, he formally endorsed Joe Biden for the presidency, after previously starring in an advertisement aired by The Lincoln Project.

Early life and education
Steele was born on October 19, 1958, at Andrews Air Force Base in Prince George's County, Maryland, and was adopted as an infant by William and Maebell Steele. His father died in 1962. His mother, who had been born into a sharecropping family in South Carolina, worked for minimum wage as a laundress to raise her children. After Steele's father died, she ignored her friends' appeals to apply for public assistance, later telling Steele, "I didn't want the government raising my children." She later married John Turner, a truck driver. Michael and his sister, Monica Turner, were raised in the Petworth neighborhood of Northwest, Washington, D.C., which Steele has described as a small, stable and racially integrated community that insulated him from some of the problems elsewhere in the city. Steele's sister later married and divorced former heavyweight boxing champion Mike Tyson.

Steele attended Archbishop Carroll High School in Washington, D.C., participating in the glee club, the National Honor Society and many of the school's drama productions. During his senior year, he was elected student council president.

In 1981, Steele received a BA degree in international studies from the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore City, Maryland.

After graduating from Hopkins, Steele worked for one year as a high school teacher at Malvern Preparatory School in Pennsylvania, teaching classes in world history and economics. He spent three years preparing for the Catholic priesthood at the Augustinian Friars Seminary at Villanova University, which he left prior to ordination to enter civil service.

Steele subsequently attended Georgetown Law School where he graduated with a JD degree in 1991. He failed the Maryland bar exam, but passed the Pennsylvania exam.

From 1991 to 1997, Steele worked in Washington, D.C., as a corporate securities associate for the Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton international law firm, where he specialized in financial investments for Wall Street underwriters. He left the firm to found the Steele Group, a business and legal consulting firm.

Political development

After joining the Republican Party, he became chairman of the Prince George's County Republican Central Committee. He was a founding member of the centrist, fiscally conservative and socially inclusive Republican Leadership Council in 1993 but left in 2008, citing disagreements over endorsing primary candidates. In 1995, the Maryland Republican Party selected him as their Republican Man of the Year. He worked on several political campaigns, was an alternate delegate to the 1996 Republican National Convention and a delegate to the 2000 Republican National Convention. Steele's Maryland biography identifies him as a member of the Tau Epsilon Phi fraternity.

In December 2000, he was elected chairman of the Maryland Republican Party, becoming the first African-American ever to be elected chairman of any state Republican Party.

Lieutenant Governor of Maryland

In 2002, Robert Ehrlich, who was running for Maryland governor, selected Steele as his running mate for lieutenant governor. The campaign was waged against Democrat Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, who was running for governor, and Charles R. Larson who was running for lieutenant governor.

In the September primary election, Ehrlich and Steele had no serious opposition. In the November 2002 general election, the Republican Ehrlich-Steele ticket won, 51 percent to 48 percent, even though Maryland traditionally votes Democratic and had not elected a Republican Governor in almost 40 years. The Townsend-Larson campaign had been tainted by outgoing Democratic governor Parris Glendening's marital problems and backlash due to his strict enforcement of environmental regulations.

Steele's most prominent efforts for the Ehrlich administration were reforming the state's Minority Business Enterprise program and chairing the Governor's Commission on Quality Education in Maryland. Steele garnered criticism for his failure to oppose Ehrlich's reinstitution of the death penalty, despite claims of racial inequities in the use of the death penalty, Steele's own religious beliefs and his prior anti-death penalty pronouncements.

In 2005, Steele was named an Aspen Institute Rodel Fellow in Public Leadership and was awarded the Bethune-DuBois Institute Award for his continuing efforts to improve the quality education in Maryland.

At the 2004 Republican National Convention, Steele gave the Republican counterpoint to Barack Obama's 2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address; it was Steele's first major national exposure. In April 2005, President Bush chose him to be a member of the U.S. delegation at the investiture of Pope Benedict XVI in Vatican City.

2006 campaign for U.S. Senate

When Paul Sarbanes, Maryland's longest-serving United States Senator, announced in March 2005 that he would not be a candidate for re-election in 2006, top state and national Republican officials began pressing Steele to become their party's nominee for the seat. In April 2005, The Baltimore Sun announced the results of a poll it conducted, stating that Steele would run statistically neck and neck against either former NAACP head Kweisi Mfume, or Rep. Benjamin L. Cardin of Baltimore County. Steele formally announced his candidacy for the U.S. Senate on October 25, 2005.

Steele won the Republican nomination after facing little opposition in the primary. His opponents were Democrat Ben Cardin and Independent Kevin Zeese (who was endorsed by the Green and Libertarian parties). The three candidates participated in three debates. Cardin primarily attacked Steele over his close relations with President Bush. Steele focused on low taxes, less government spending, free markets and national security.

Steele lost the general election to Cardin on November 7, 2006, 44 percent to Cardin's 55 percent. Steele's former campaign finance chairman later alleged improprieties in Steele's handling of campaign funds, which Steele denied.

After the senate race
One day after Steele conceded defeat in the senate election, Chris Cillizza of The Washington Post reported that Steele was hoping to succeed Ken Mehlman as the chairman of the Republican National Committee. Senator Mel Martinez of Florida, who had the endorsement of President George W. Bush, got the position.

In February 2007, Steele became chairman of GOPAC, a political action committee that helps fund state and local Republican campaigns around the country and is responsible for training future Republican candidates. He succeeded former U.S. Congressman J.C. Watts, a fellow black Republican. In April 2007, Steele joined the international law firm of Dewey & LeBoeuf, as a partner in the firm's Washington, D.C. office.

At a speech given at the Media Research Center's 2007 DisHonors Awards Gala, Steele said:

Steele is considered a possible candidate for Governor of Maryland in the future and said he was "intrigued by the idea" for 2010. He said that he would not run for president in 2012.

Steele appeared several times on HBO's political show Real Time with Bill Maher, and was on Comedy Central's talk show The Colbert Report on January 23, 2007. He also hosted a PBS Republican Primary debate in Baltimore, Maryland on September 27, 2007.

He coined the phrase "Drill Baby Drill" during the 2008 Republican National Convention in Minnesota, where he promoted offshore drilling as an alternative to dependency on foreign oil.

RNC Chairman

2009 election

On November 24, 2008, Steele kicked off his campaign for the RNC chairmanship by launching his website. On January 30, 2009, Steele won the chairmanship of the RNC in the sixth round, with 91 votes to Katon Dawson's 77. Steele, the RNC's first African American chairman, was selected in the aftermath of President Obama's election; many in the GOP saw him as a charismatic counter to the nation's first Black president.

Source: CQPolitics and Poll Pundit

 Candidate won that Round of voting
 Candidate withdrew
 Candidate won RNC Chairmanship

Leadership dispute with Rush Limbaugh
On March 1, 2009, in response to a question on CBS's Face the Nation as to who spoke for the Republican Party, White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel opined that Rush Limbaugh spoke for the Party; Emanuel asserted that "whenever a Republican criticizes [Limbaugh], they have to run back and apologize to him, and say they were misunderstood. He is the voice and the intellectual force and energy behind the Republican Party. And he has been upfront about what he views, and hasn't stepped back from that, which is he hopes for [President Obama's] failure. He said it. And I compliment him for his honesty, but that's their philosophy that is enunciated by Rush Limbaugh."

In remarks aired by the CNN program D.L. Hughley Breaks the News on March 1, 2009, Steele said he, rather than Limbaugh, was "the de facto leader of the Republican Party. Rush Limbaugh is an entertainer. Rush Limbaugh's whole thing is entertainment. Yes, it is incendiary. Yes, it is ugly." On March 2, 2009, Limbaugh said on his radio show that Steele was not fit to lead the Republican Party, asking why Steele claimed "to lead the Republican Party when [he seemed] obsessed with seeing to it President Obama succeeds?" After the show, Steele called Limbaugh to apologize, saying "I have enormous respect for Rush Limbaugh. I was maybe a little bit inarticulate. There was no attempt on my part to diminish his voice or his leadership. I went back at that tape and I realized words that I said weren't what I was thinking. It was one of those things where I thinking I was saying one thing, and it came out differently. What I was trying to say was a lot of people want to make Rush the scapegoat, the bogeyman, and he's not." Steele later issued another statement to say that Limbaugh "is a national conservative leader, and in no way do I want to diminish his voice. I truly apologize."

Fire Pelosi Bus Tour
In the fall of 2010, Steele launched the "Fire Pelosi Bus Tour", with the goal of "firing" Speaker Pelosi from her position as Speaker of the House of Representatives by re-establishing a Republican majority in the United States House of Representatives. The tour began on September 15 and lasted six weeks, visiting 48 states in the Continental U.S. and more than 100 cities while covering 14,000 miles. The Tour's purpose was to "encourage votes for Republicans in districts across the nation". The stops in individual districts gave Steele, "known for his bomb-throwing speaking style", an opportunity to fire up local GOP activists. During the tour, "Steele urged party unity" as the Republicans attempted to take over the House of Representatives and end Representative Pelosi's tenure as Speaker of the House.

The RNC broke fundraising records by raising over $198 million during the 2010 congressional cycle; in November 2010, Republicans won 63 House seats (the biggest pickup since 1938) and retook control of the House. The 2010 midterm elections were successful for Steele and the Republicans, as they also took back six Senate seats, seven governorships, and the greatest share of state legislative seats since 1928 (over 600 seats).

2011 election

In December 2010, Steele declared that he would run for re-election as RNC chairman. The 2011 Republican National Committee (RNC) chairmanship election was held on January 14, 2011. Steele withdrew from the race after the fourth ballot, urging his supporters to vote for Maria Cino. After seven rounds of balloting, Reince Priebus was elected over Steele, Saul Anuzis, Ann Wagner and Maria Cino.

 Candidate won majority of votes in the round
 Candidate secured a plurality of votes in the round
 Candidate withdrew

After the chairmanship

After his loss in the chairmanship election, Steele was hired by MSNBC to be a regular political analyst as of May 2011. He also was hired to be a columnist for the online magazine The Root, an African-American news and commentary site owned by The Washington Post Company.

On C-SPAN's Washington Journal on the Sunday after the 2012 Obama reelection victory, Steele expressed some interest in running for RNC Chairman again. Steele emphasized the need to make conservative minorities feel comfortable and welcome in a party that offered them opportunities to launch political careers in counties and statehouses.

In 2018, Steele was named a faculty fellow at Brown University's Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, where he leads seminars.

In August 2020, Steele joined the Lincoln Project PAC and endorsed Joe Biden for president. In April 2021, Steele expressed interest in running in the Republican primary for governor of Maryland, later forming an exploratory committee in July 2021. Later that month, state delegate Lauren Arikan filed a campaign finance complaint against Steele, alleging that he was illegally using a 527 committee to coordinate campaign activities. In a formal response, Steele rejected these claims, citing that the committee had not made any expenditures and was not in violation of Maryland campaign finance law. In January 2022, he announced that he would not run for governor. Steele later attended the inauguration of Governor-elect Wes Moore on January 18, 2023.

Political positions

Economic views
As Lieutenant Governor of Maryland, Steele chaired the Governor's Commission on Minority Business Enterprise Reform.

Steele criticized the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (stimulus bill).

Environment and energy
Steele rejects the scientific consensus on climate change, claiming in 2009 that the Earth is "cooling" rather than "the supposed warming".

Opposition to President Donald Trump
Steele was openly critical of Donald Trump during his 2016 presidential campaign and has continued to oppose President Trump during his subsequent administration. In a January 2018 interview on MSNBC, in response to an accusation that President Trump had referred to El Salvador and Haiti as "shithole countries", Steele expressed his belief that the President was "racist". Steele reiterated his frustration with Trump and his supporters during the COVID-19 pandemic by saying "I've talked to enough of them over the last few days. I'm exhausted, I'm exasperated. You know, at this point, it's like, save who you can save. Because there's only so much you can do, there's only so much you can say. The fact that we have to literally beg people to wear a mask to save their own dumb ass from getting sick, I'm sorry. To me, it is beyond the imagination... I am just so exhausted with this president."

Social views
In 2008, Steele said he was opposed to abortion and thought Roe v. Wade was "wrongly decided". In a March 2009 interview with GQ, Steele suggested that abortion restrictions should be left to state governments, and stated that he "absolutely" believed there was room for a "pro-choice" candidate in the GOP. This statement prompted criticism from socially conservative Republicans such as Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee and former Ohio Secretary of State Ken Blackwell, as well as the Christian Coalition, and Tony Perkins of the Family Research Council. In response to these critics, Steele suggested that he asked God for patience "so I absolutely don't go out and kick this person's ass".

In 2008, Steele said that he personally opposes a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, saying that he believes states should decide the issue for themselves. Steele, however, has indicated he would uphold the Republican Party platform and support the amendment. He rates the issue of banning same-sex marriage low in importance. In 2009, Steele opposed same-sex civil unions. However, in 2012, Steele said that LGBT couples deserve full privileges and benefits under the law.

In a 2006 interview with The Washington Post, Steele commented on gun control: "Society should draw lines. What do you need an assault weapon for, if you're going hunting? That's overkill. But I don't think that means you go to a total ban for those who want to use gun for skeet shooting or hunting or things like that. But what's the point of passing gun laws if we're not going to enforce them? If you want to talk about gun control, that's where you need to start. We've got 300 gun laws on the books right now. At the end of the day, it's about how we enforce the law."

In 2009, speaking on illegal immigration, Steele called for the U.S. to "secure our borders first", saying, "you cannot begin to address the concerns of the people who are already here unless and until you have made certain that no more are coming in behind them."

During his 2006 campaign, Steele said that he only supported stem cell research if it did not result in the destruction of the embryo. In February 2006, Steele compared embryonic stem cell research to medical experiments performed by the Nazis during the Holocaust, remarks for which he later apologized.

Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
In July 2010, video footage of Steele was released in which he stated that the Afghan war was "a war of Obama's choosing. If he's such a student of history has he not understood that, you know, that's the one thing you don't do – is engage in a land war in Afghanistan? Everyone who has tried, over a thousand years of history has failed." He also said the war was "not something the United States had actively prosecuted or wanted to engage in". However, the war in Afghanistan was initiated by George W. Bush in October 2001 in retaliation for the September 11 attacks on New York City and Washington D.C.; Barack Obama increased troop levels there.

Steele's comments drew criticism, with neoconservative commentator William Kristol calling for Steele's resignation and former George W. Bush adviser Karl Rove calling Steele's comment "boneheaded." U.S. Senator John McCain of Arizona, the Republican nominee for president in the 2008 election, withdrew his support from Steele, calling Steele's comments "wildly inaccurate ... there is no excuse for them" and saying "I think that Mr. Steele is going to have to assess as to whether he can still lead the Republican Party as chairman of the Republican National Committee." Senator Jim DeMint called upon Steele to apologize and Senator Lindsey Graham said, "It was an uninformed, unnecessary, unwise, untimely comment. This is not President Obama's war, this is America's war. We need to stand behind the president." Former Vice President Dick Cheney's daughter Elizabeth Cheney also called for Steele to resign. However, Congressman Ron Paul, who is known for his generally antiwar stance, in support of Steele said, "Michael Steele has it right, and Republicans should stick by him."

In contrast to his position on Afghanistan, Steele has been a supporter of the Iraq War and President George W. Bush's war strategy. During his 2006 campaign, Steele opposed setting a timetable for U.S. withdrawal from Iraq. Steele criticized President Obama on the issue, complaining that he had "demonized" the Iraq War.

National Popular Vote Interstate Compact

Steele is a supporter of the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact. In a piece co-authored with former Michigan Republican Party Chairman Saul Anuzis, Steele states that "the good news is that under a national popular vote, a Republican could probably survive a narrow popular vote loss in Texas or Florida and still win the presidency, because every GOP vote in those states would still count toward a national popular vote majority."

Right Now
Steele's book, Right Now: A 12-Step Program for Defeating the Obama Agenda, was released on January 4, 2010; it was published by Regnery Publishing, . The Associated Press reported that, "Steele focuses much of the book on familiar GOP denunciations of President Barack Obama's overall policies ('a roadmap to failure'), the $787 billion stimulus bill ('a reckless, wasteful, pork-laden spending spree'), liberal views on man-made global warming ('A threat to life on Earth? Depends on whom you ask') and other issues. To regain the public confidence, Steele says the GOP should, among other things, expose the 'reign of error' inherent in liberal policies, contrast conservative and liberal principles, and highlight the damage caused by Obama's policies while explaining conservative solutions."

Honors and awards
Michael Steele has been awarded honors and awards in recognition of his political career. These include:

 2003 Honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D) from Morgan State University

See also
 List of African-American firsts
 List of African-American Republicans
 List of minority governors and lieutenant governors in the United States

References

Bibliography

 State of Maryland Office of Minority Affairs, MBE Commission, February 27, 2004

External links

Interviews and statements

 Q&A Interview with C-SPAN's Brian Lamb, February 27, 2005
 Interview with The Daily Show's Jon Stewart, February 1, 2011
 Interview with Michael Steele on Fox News with Chris Wallace, December 22, 2009
 Interview with Michael Steele by The American View , audio
 "GOP's Steele Tells Party To Look Forward, Not Backward" by Michael Steele
Articles
 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Michael S. Steele, July 10, 2016
 "10 Things You Didn't Know About Michael Steele", from U.S. News & World Report, April 7, 2008.

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1958 births
21st-century American politicians
21st-century African-American politicians
African-American Catholics
African-American men in politics
African-American people in Maryland politics
American adoptees
American lawyers
Archbishop Carroll High School (Washington, D.C.) alumni
Black conservatism in the United States
Candidates in the 2002 United States elections
Candidates in the 2006 United States elections
Catholic politicians from Maryland
Georgetown University Law Center alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Lieutenant Governors of Maryland
Living people
Maryland Republicans
MSNBC people
People associated with Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton
Politicians from Prince George's County, Maryland
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Republican National Committee chairs
Maryland Republican Party chairs
Tau Epsilon Phi

Michael Steele


Gollabhama is a 1947 Indian Telugu-language swashbuckler film directed by C. Pullayya. Krishnaveni and Raghuramaiah played pivotol roles in the film. The film is produced by Mirzapuram Raja through Sobhanachala Pictures.  The film is based on the stories of 'Kaasi Majili' written in Telugu by Madhira Subbanna Deekshitulu. It was released on 22 February 1947.

Plot
On the way to Kasi, a guru named Manisiddhu tells stories to Gollagopanna. On the way to Onadu, the sculpture with the pot on the grasshopper's head and the prince next to it sees a poem there and asks for its story.

''నృపతి చంపితిన్, మగడు భూరిభుజంగము చేత చచ్చే నే

నాపద చెంది చెంది ఉదయార్కుని పట్టణమేగి, వేశ్యనై

పాపము కట్టుకొంటి, అట పట్టి విటుండైరాగచూసి, సం

తాపము చెంది అగ్ని పడి దగ్ధముగా కిటు గొల్లభామనై

రుూ పని కొప్పుకొంటి నృపతీ వగపేటికి చల్లచిందినన్'' (written in Telugu)

Siddhu explained the story to Gopanna as follows. Maharaja Kamapala (AV Subbarao) of the Vikramapuri kingdom was a woman who looked for an opportunity to take on a gollapaduchu (Krishnaveni). One day he is going to rape her in the forest and she ends him with a sword in his side. The prince of another country (Raghuramaiah) saves her from the captive prince, takes her to his kingdom, marries her with the permission of her parents, teaching her all education, education, music, dance, sword fighting, etc. in the name of autonomy.

One day, seeing a couple wandering in the garden, Mohini (Anjalidevi) in heaven turns on the prince. The snake kills the prince and takes the body with him to heaven. She wants him to come to life and paint himself. Otherwise the prince promises to destroy his wife and clan, spend one night with his wife and surrender to her. Accordingly, a Rei spends time with his wife who has come to heaven, and in that bliss the elixir couple drinks there. No one would believe me when I told her the spontaneous, husband-to-be thing that came back to the queen world the next day. The Maharaja's command to kill her, who had been pregnant for some time, in the forest, so that she would not die due to consuming the elixir, and from there give birth to Babu in a cocoon, and he stays away for 18 years in the house of a prostitute in the town of Udayarkuni. Her son grows up to be the prince of that country. As her form does not diminish, Swayamprabha finds her son who has gone to meet Swayamprabha, and from there she goes there, burns herself in the forest and is sheltered by a heron. Mohini in heaven, the rape drug applied to the prince does not work for a few years, and the prince sends Mohini to earth on fire. The prince arrives at his parents, reveals the truth about his wife, begins a search for her and travels the kingdoms to the village where she lives. The film ends with Bhupathi Bhupathi narrating her story in verse to the prince, who sees her laughing, and her husband, who heard it, finds out the truth and her son, who has just arrived, finds out the truth.

Cast

 Krishnaveni as Swayamprabha
 Raghuramaiah as Prince
 Anjali Devi as Mohini
 Dasari Kotirathnam
 Sriranjani Jr. as Devakanya
 Relangi as Friend of Prince
 Anjani Bai
 Sundaramma
 Gangaratnam as Vesya
 R. Ramireddy
 Vellanki Venkateswarlu
 Teegala Venkateswarlu
 A .V. Subbarao as Kamapaludu
 Koteswara Rao
 Mallikarjuna Rao
 Kumpatla Subbaravu
 K. Ramamurthy
K. V. Subbaravu
Venkatapati Raju
Krishnamurthy
Lingam Subbaravu
V. Lakshmikantham
A. L. Narayana
Chandrakala
Anjali Kumari
Narimani

Production
This is the first film starring Anjali Devi. Initially a part was shot under the direction of R. S. Prakash, but for some reason it was put aside and the whole film was completed again under the direction of C. Pullaiah. Dance choreography is performed by V. Raghavaiah. T. V. S. Sarma is the art director of the film.

After the next 20 years, in 1968, the film was remade as Bhama Vijayam starring N. T. Rama Rao and Devika under Shekhar Films banner. The director of the film is  also C. Pullayya.

Soundtrack

References

External links

1947 films
1940s Telugu-language films
Indian fantasy adventure films
Indian swashbuckler films
Films directed by C. Pullayya
Films scored by S. Hanumantha Rao
Films scored by S. B. Dinakar Rao

Gollabhama


The Convention on the Participation of Foreigners in Public Life at Local Level is a treaty of the Council of Europe, adopted in 1992. It grants foreigners the right to vote in local elections, provided that they fulfil the same legal requirements as apply to citizens and have been lawful and habitual residents in the State concerned for the five years preceding the elections. The convention came into force in 1997, after the fourth ratification. As of July 2015, the convention has been ratified by nine member states. Four states have signed the convention, but not ratified it.

References

External links
 Text of the Convention

Council of Europe treaties
Election law
Immigration law
Local government
Treaties concluded in 1992
Treaties entered into force in 1997
Immigration to Europe
1992 in Europe
1997 in Europe
Treaties of Albania
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of Iceland
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Sweden
1992 in France
Non-citizen suffrage


Ernest Henry Wright (November 6, 1939 – March 20, 2007) was an American professional football player who was an offensive tackle for 13 seasons, from 1960 to 1969 in the American Football League (AFL), and from 1970 to 1972 in the National Football League (NFL).

Early life
Wright was born on November 6, 1939, in Toledo, Ohio and attended Scott High School. He played football for Ohio State University and started on the Buckeyes' offensive line in 1958 and 1959.

NFL career
Wright was an original member of the Los Angeles Chargers in 1960. He was drafted in the 15th round (200th overall) of the 1961 NFL Draft by the Los Angeles Rams, but he remained with the Chargers.

Wright was a starter for the Chargers in their 51–10 victory over the Boston Patriots in the 1963 AFL Championship game.

He was an AFL All-Star in 1961, 1963 and 1965. Chargers Hall of Fame coach Sid Gillman called the tandem of Wright and Hall-of-Famer Ron Mix "The best pair of offensive tackles in pro football''."

He played eight seasons for the Chargers, through the 1967 season. He played the next four seasons with the Cincinnati Bengals, including in their inaugural season of 1968. In 1968 and 1969, the Bengals were in the AFL; in 1970, they moved to the NFL as the two leagues merged. He returned to the Chargers to finish his career in 1972.

Wright was one of only 20 men who played all 10 years of the AFL's existence.

Personal life
In 1994, Wright founded The Pro Kids Golf Academy and Learning Center, a nonprofit organization for inner-city youth in San Diego. Wright was the first winner of the Ernie H. Wright Humanitarian Award, which the San Diego Hall of Champions had established in his honor. The award was presented to Wright during the hall's awards banquet in 2007.

He became a sports talent agent and later became the western regional chief for the NFL Players Association. He later operated a series of installations for people convicted of misdemeanors.

Wright died of cancer in 2007.

See also
 List of American Football League players

References

1939 births
2007 deaths
American football offensive tackles
Cincinnati Bengals players
Los Angeles Chargers players
Ohio State Buckeyes football players
San Diego Chargers players
American Football League All-Star players
Players of American football from Toledo, Ohio
Deaths from cancer in California
American Football League players

Ernie Wright


In economics, search and matching theory is a mathematical framework attempting to describe the formation of mutually beneficial relationships over time. It is closely related to stable matching theory.

Search and matching theory has been especially influential in labor economics, where it has been used to describe the formation of new jobs. Search and matching theory evolved from an earlier framework called 'search theory'. Where search theory studies the microeconomic decision of an individual searcher, search and matching theory studies the macroeconomic outcome when one or more types of searchers interact. It offers a way of modeling markets in which frictions prevent instantaneous adjustments of the level of economic activity. Among other applications, it has been used as a framework for studying frictional unemployment.

One of the founders of search and matching theory is Dale T. Mortensen of Northwestern University. A textbook treatment of the matching approach to labor markets is Christopher A. Pissarides' book Equilibrium Unemployment Theory. Mortensen and Pissarides, together with Peter A. Diamond, were awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Economics for 'fundamental contributions to search and matching theory'.

The matching function
A matching function is a mathematical relationship that describes the formation of new relationships (also called 'matches') from unmatched agents of the appropriate types. For example, in the context of job formation, matching functions are sometimes assumed to have the following 'Cobb–Douglas' form:

where , , and  are positive constants.
In this equation,  represents the number of unemployed job seekers in the economy at a given time , and  is the number of vacant jobs firms are trying to fill. The number of new relationships (matches) created (per unit of time) is given by .

A matching function is in general analogous to a production function. But whereas a production function usually represents the production of goods and services from inputs like labor and capital, a matching function represents the formation of new relationships from the pools of available unmatched individuals. Estimates of the labor market matching function suggest that it has constant returns to scale, that is, .

If the fraction of jobs that separate (due to firing, quits, and so forth) from one period to the next is ,
then to calculate the change in employment from one period to the next we must add the formation of new matches and subtract off the separation of old matches. A period may be treated as a week, a month, a quarter, or some other convenient period of time, depending on the data under consideration. (For simplicity, we are ignoring the entry of new workers into the labor force, and death or retirement of old workers, but these issues can be accounted for as well.) Suppose we write the number of workers employed in period  as , where  is the labor force in period . Then given the matching function described above, the dynamics of employment over time would be given by

For simplicity, many studies treat  as a fixed constant. But the fraction of workers separating per period of time can be determined endogenously if we assume that the value of being matched varies over time for each worker-firm pair (due, for example, to changes in productivity).

Applications
Matching theory has been applied in many economic contexts, including:
Formation of jobs, from unemployed workers and vacancies opened by firms
Allocation of loans from banks to entrepreneurs
The role of money in facilitating sales when sellers and buyers meet

Controversy
Matching theory has been widely accepted as one of the best available descriptions of the frictions in the labor market, but some economists have recently questioned its quantitative accuracy. While unemployment exhibits large fluctuations over the business cycle, Robert Shimer has demonstrated that standard versions of matching models predict much smaller fluctuations in unemployment.

See also

 Search theory
 Beveridge curve
 Labor economics
 Monetary economics
 Nash bargaining game
 Matching (graph theory)
 Optimal matching

References

Labour economics
Microeconomic theories
Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)

Search and matching theory (economics)


The Dodge lineup was refreshed for the 1958 model year, continuing the three-line scheme of the 1955 Dodges with the entry-level Coronet, Royal, and ornate Custom Royal. The Regal Lancer was added as a new top-of-the-line model in spring.

Overview

The 1958 Dodges shared their basic mechanicals with the De Soto, but featured special styling.  The Coronet lasted through the 1959 model years.

Coronet

The Coronet was the base model.  This was the only line to feature the 230 in3 (3.8 L) Getaway I6 with 123 hp (92 kW), but the 325 in3 (5.3 L) Red Ram (2bbl)/Super Red Ram (4bbl) V8 was an option.  Coronets may typically be identified by a script mounted at the trailing edge of the belt-line stainless steel trim strip and a plain "up-sweep" molding of the rear fin trim, where both Royal and Custom Royal had a "dipping" element to the up-sweep trim.  Fin cap inserts were painted with a horizontally ribbed pattern.  Body styles offered were club sedan, sedan, two-door hardtop (Lancer), four-door hardtop (Lancer), and two-door convertible (Lancer).  Lancers were further identified by a lance and shield emblem on each fin.

Royal

The Royal were the next step up.  They used only the V8 engine.  Identifying exterior characteristics include Royal script at the trailing edge of the belt-line molding, a pronounced "check-mark" at the rear up-sweep of the fin, chrome Dodge block letters on the front of the hood, chrome Dodge script on the passenger side of the trunk, and hood ornaments as standard equipment.  Fin cap inserts were anodized with a horizontally ribbed pattern.  Body styles offered were sedan, two-door hardtop (Lancer), and four-door hardtop (Lancer).  Lancers were further identified by a lance and shield emblem on each fin.

Custom Royal

The flagship model was the Custom Royal.  It came with the 350 in3 (5.7 L) Ram Fire V8 with a standard two-barrel carburetor, but the optional four-barrel carburetor delivered 300 hp (224 kW).  A feature of the Custom Royal was its bumper-mounted exhaust ports which were only available on the Royal and Coronet models as part of the D-500 options.  Identifying exterior characteristics include Custom Royal script at the trailing edge of the belt-line molding, the pronounced check-mark, gold anodized Dodge block letters on the hood, and gold anodized Dodge script on the passenger side of the trunk.  Fin cap inserts were anodized and had a unique rectangular pattern.  All Custom Royals included a stainless molding above the bumper, on the flat edge below the trunk opening.  Body styles offered were sedan, two-door hardtop (Lancer), four-door hardtop (Lancer), and two-door convertible (Lancer).  Lancers were further identified by a lance and shield emblem on each fin.

Spring Specials
To combat the recession of 1958, the Chrysler Corporation developed a program of spring specials to present a mid-year trim change on most of its makes.  The factory-produced spring specials for Dodge included a new wide, full-length belt line molding, grille emblem, fin end-caps, and a wide license plate escutcheon.  The Chrysler Corporation also shipped out all of these trim items individually to dealers so the dealers could "freshen up" the cars sitting on their lots.  Dealer-installed spring specials often include some elements of the factory spring special trim, but not always all.  New exterior colors introduced for spring were Poppy Red, Frosted Turquoise, and Paris Rose.

Unrelated to spring specials, Dodge changed the headlight trim midway through the production run.  Later cars have a wide lower edge to the headlight trim while early cars have a thin lower edge.

Regal Lancer

Trying to boost sales, the Regal Lancer model was added in February and only available as a two-door hardtop with special colors, exterior trim and interior. Four color combinations were available: bronze with white trim, bronze with black trim, black with bronze trim, and white with bronze trim. It featured special nameplates at the front of the side spear trim and heavy eyebrow trim. Inside, Regal Lancers got their own interior with unique trim and door panels featuring molded armrests. A bronze instrument panel with textured aluminum inserts was a Regal Lancer exclusive. The standard engine offered for Regal Lancers was the 350 cubic inch displacement "Ram Fire" V8. Optional engine choices were the 361 cubic inch displacement D-500 and Super D-500 iterations. Only 1,163 were produced.

Suburban

The Suburban was Dodge's two-door station wagon in 1958.  All station wagons came standard with the 350 Ram Fire engine.

Sierra

The entry level four-door station wagon in 1958 was the Sierra.  Sierras came in either the six-passenger seat configuration or the nine-passenger "Spectator" seat configuration.  From the exterior the nine-passenger configuration can be easily identified by the spare tire panel behind the rear wheel opening and the rubber step-spots on the rear bumper.

Custom Sierra

Custom Sierra wagons were the top-of-the-line station wagon offering for Dodge.  As with Sierras, they were available as either six-passenger or Spectators.

D-500

The D-500 engine option was available across all models and all body styles including station wagons and the Regal Lancer.  The D-500 family of engines includes a four-barrel option, a dual four-barrel (Super D-500), and a Bendix electronic fuel injection system for the Super D-500.  The Bendix E.F.I. system proved to be troublesome and what few examples were built were recalled to be fitted with the normally aspirated dual four-barrel carburetor system.  On passenger cars, the D-500 emblem was located on the driver side of the trunk.  On station wagons, the D-500 emblem was located below the tail gate latch.  The 1958 D-500 emblem was unique to that year.  All D-500s came with bumper mounted exhaust ports.

Paint and Trim Schemes

Apart from the spring specials, Dodge offered a variety of paint and trim schemes for 1958.  Solid color cars were standard.  Two-tone options were: 1) the basic two-tone which had a roof color and a body color, 2) a "deluxe" two-tone, which had the roof, fins, and trunk as one color and the body as another; and 3) a "saddle" two-tone, which had the roof and all of the body below the belt-line trim as one color and the body above the belt-line trim as another; and 4) Regal two-tone, exclusive to the Regal Lancer two-door hardtop.  The monotone, basic, and deluxe two-tones all used the "short" belt-line trim with model script behind the trailing edge.  The saddle two-tone used the 1957 full-length belt-line trim and placed the model script below the front fender belt-line trim.  The Regal Lancer had paint and trim unique to that model.

References

Dodge vehicles
Cars introduced in 1958
1960s cars

1958 Dodge