Amarilly of Clothes-Line Alley is a 1918 American silent romantic comedy film starring Mary Pickford that was directed by Marshall Neilan and written by Frances Marion based upon a novel by Belle K. Maniates.

Plot
Set in San Francisco during the early 1900s, the film revolves around Amarilly (Mary Pickford), the daughter of a widowed scrubwoman. Amarilly is proud of her hard-working Irish family, and takes care of her five roughhouse brothers. She is engaged to bartender Terry McGowan (William Scott), who gets her a job as a cigarette girl in his cafe after a fire unfairly causes her to lose her job as a theater scrubwoman. While working as a cigarette girl, she meets Gordon Phillips (Norman Kerry), a handsome and wealthy but frivolous young man, who is a society sculptor.

Terry becomes jealous when Amarilly starts hanging out with Gordon, and he breaks off the engagement. Gordon offers Amarilly a job with his wealthy and snobbish aunt, Mrs. Phillips (Ida Waterman). When the neighborhood is quarantined after a breakout of scarlet fever, Mrs. Phillips decides to take the time to teach Amarilly high class manners in a Pygmalion-like experiment. However, once she discovers her nephew has fallen in love with Amarilly, she turns against her. Mrs. Phillips tries to humiliate Amarilly by inviting her family over for a social party.

Amarilly is outraged and returns to her old home. She sees Terry and invites him for supper. He is delighted, and on the way to her house, he stops to buy expensive 50 cent violets, even though he had earlier passed up violets at 15 cents. He is shot by accident, and barely makes it to Amarilly's house before collapsing. Terry survives. Amarilly visits him in the hospital and tells him that when he gets out, they have a date at City Hall.

The final scene is five years later. Amarilly is in a sidecar on Terry's motor bike; they both are nicely dressed and seem to be doing well. Then it is revealed under the blanket she has a baby, and behind Terry is a little boy.

Cast

Reception
Like many American films of the time, Amarilly of Clothes-Line Alley was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. For example, the Chicago Board of Censors required a cut, i Reel 1, of a closeup of money in a man's hand and, Reel 4, maid opening door to alleged house of ill-fame and man entering.

References

External links

 Amarilly of Clothes-Line Alley, available for free download at the Internet Archive
 Maniates, Belle Kanaris (1915), Amarilly of Clothes-Line Alley, Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, on the Internet Archive

1918 films
1918 romantic comedy films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Marshall Neilan
Films set in San Francisco
Films with screenplays by Frances Marion
Articles containing video clips
1910s American films
English-language romantic comedy films
Silent American romantic comedy films
1910s English-language films

Amarilly of Clothes-Line Alley


Jeffrey A. C. Nelson (born December 18, 1972) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL). Jeff is the brother of Todd Nelson and Kerri Nelson-Brunen.

Playing career
Nelson was selected number thirty six overall by the Washington Capitals in the second round of the 1991 NHL Entry Draft. Nelson had very significant numbers in the last two years he played in the WHL notching 233 points in only 136 games.

However, Nelson was not able to translate that success to the NHL as he has toiled the majority of his career in the minor leagues. He did get a chance at the NHL when he played in 43 games for the Capitals between the 1994–95 NHL season and the 1995–96 NHL season.

After his very limited success with the Capitals he signed as a free agent with the expansion Nashville Predators on August 19, 1998. While in the Predators organization he played most of his games for the Predators' minor league affiliate the Milwaukee Admirals. However, he did get the chance to play 9 games in the Predators' inaugural season the 1998–99 NHL season. On June 22, 1999 the Predators traded him back to the Capitals for future considerations.

Career statistics

Awards
 WHL East Second All-Star Team – 1991 & 1992

External links

1972 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from Prince Albert, Saskatchewan
Milwaukee Admirals players
Nashville Predators players
Portland Pirates players
Prince Albert Raiders players
Schwenninger Wild Wings players
Washington Capitals draft picks
Washington Capitals players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Germany

Jeff Nelson (ice hockey)


The Canberra Nature Park is a series of thirty three separate protected areas in and around Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, ranging from bushland hills to lowland native grassland. Many of the areas have previously been cleared for grazing, but many are now being returned to native bushland through revegetation and rehabilitation programs.

Canberra's inner hills Black Mountain, Mount Ainslie, Mount Majura, Mount Pleasant, Russell Hill, Red Hill, Mount Mugga, O'Connor Ridge, Bruce Ridge, Aranda Bushland, Mount Painter, The Pinnacle, Lyneham Ridge, Oakey Hill, Mount Taylor, Isaacs Ridge, Mount Stromlo, Mount Arawang, Neighbour Hill, Wanniassa Hill, and Narrabundah Hill are protected from development by the National Capital Plan and almost all are now part of the Canberra Nature Park system. These hills provide a scenic backdrop and natural setting for Canberra's urban areas, as originally set out in the Walter Burley Griffin Plan.

Most people in Canberra live within easy walking distance of a Canberra Nature Park area.

The areas are typically enclosed by simple wire fences, or by house fences. Gates are provided for people to walk or run in the parks; motorbikes are excluded. Some parks with mountains have reservoirs, as part of ACT Electricity and Water's supply network.

See also
List of Australian Capital Territory protected areas

References

External links

Canberra Nature Park - Territory and Municipal Services

Parks in Canberra
Protected areas of the Australian Capital Territory
Nature reserves of the Australian Capital Territory

Canberra Nature Park


The 1993 Cherbourg incident were a series of maritime incidents which took place from 26 March to 2 April 1993 between the British Royal Navy and French fishermen as a result of a fishing rights dispute in and around the Channel Islands waters.

Background
The tensions around the Channel Islands waters began to rise in September 1992, when the European Union (EU) recognised a  British limit for exclusive fishing rights around the islands. Until then, British and French trawlers had operated in the zone without restrictions. The agreement left a  limit from the coastline where only Jersey trawlers could fish, an area between the three-mile and the six-mile limits for any British-flagged boat, and an outer zone between the six-mile and the  limits, where only British and French fishing boats could operate.

The incidents
The first incident took place on 26 March, when two fishing inspectors from the Channel Islands were illegally taken on the trawler Impatiens to the French port of Barneville-Carteret, after the French fishing boat was challenged by the British fishery vessel HMS Orkney from Guernsey, which confiscated her pots. The inspectors were rescued some hours later by a French coastguard vessel. On 28 March 1993, HMS Blazer was paying a visit to Cherbourg Harbour when the local fishermen learned that a boat from their fleet, La Calypso, had been stopped at sea by a British minesweeper, HMS Brocklesby. The captain of La Calypso refused to submit and set out for Cherbourg with three British fishery protection servicemen on board. A French port vessel later returned the personnel to Royal Navy control.

Eight French trawlers subsequently surrounded the Blazer at 3:00 pm and angry fishermen boarded the ship. According to witnesses, HMS Blazer was seized while manoeuvring outside the port and sailed to Cherbourg harbour by the intruders. Her crew of 16 were forced to remain below the deck for three hours, while the ship's White Ensign  was burned.  French authorities subsequently put an end to the situation and forcibly expelled the fishermen from Blazer and placed them under arrest. The French Navy, meanwhile, dispatched the patrol boat Coriander to Cherbourg.

On 29 March a flotilla of 36 French trawlers steamed up to Saint Peter Port in Guernsey, where a preliminary deal was agreed. After the first incidents, the Royal Navy deployed unarmed Royal Marines to conduct any future similar law enforcement operations. The marines were from 40 Commando, based at Taunton in Somerset. La Calypso was eventually caught by the fishery vessel HMS Jersey and her master was put under arrest in Guernsey on 2 April 1993. The skipper, Michel Mesnage, was released on bail on 3 April. A new incident took place on 30 June 1993, when the Guernsey-based trawler Sara P was seized by the French Navy, and had her pots confiscated.

British and French reactions
A spokeswoman for the French fishermen accused the Royal Navy of "severe provocation", while the British minister of Agriculture, John Gummer, stated that "The rule of law must be upheld. I have always emphasised the need for fisheries regulations to be properly enforced throughout the EC. The regulations are there to conserve fish and the long-term interests of the fishermen themselves." The British Fisheries junior Minister, David Curry, claimed that the conflict was caused by the French authorities' failure to properly inform their fishermen about the agreement sanctioned by the EU in 1992, and the French legislative election, which in practice left no French government to deal with at the time of the incidents. The British Agriculture Minister had met his elected French counterpart on 1 April, and they had agreed that the 1992 EU decision should be enforced. The French government condemned the fishermen's actions. British and Cherbourg fishermen signed an informal agreement on 5 April, on the first day since the beginning of the crisis, that boats from England and the islands were allowed to unload their catch in France.

A definitive agreement regarding fishing around the Channel Islands and the Cotentin peninsula and Brittany was reached after an exchange of notes in Paris, on 16 August 1994.

See also

 2021 Jersey dispute
 Cod Wars
 English Channel scallop fishing dispute
 Exclusive economic zone
 International waters
 Lobster War
 Overfishing
 R (Factortame Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
 Turbot War

References

1993 in France
1993 in Jersey
1993 in the United Kingdom
March 1993 events in Europe
April 1993 events in Europe
1990s in France
20th-century history of the Royal Navy
Battles and conflicts without fatalities
Incident
Conflicts in 1993
Fishing in the United Kingdom
Fishing in France
Fishing conflicts
Fisheries law
France–United Kingdom relations
History of fishing
History of the Channel Islands
History of the English Channel
International maritime incidents
Law of the sea
Maritime incidents in France
Maritime incidents in 1993

1993 Cherbourg incident


Fidel Chaves de la Torre (born 27 October 1989), known simply as Fidel, is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Elche CF as a left winger.

Club career
Born in La Dehesa de Ríotinto, Province of Huelva, Fidel finished his development at local Recreativo de Huelva, and made his senior debut with the B team in the 2008–09 season, in Tercera División. He played his first game as a professional on 15 May 2010, coming on as a second-half substitute and scoring his team's goal in a 1–1 away draw against Córdoba CF in the Segunda División.

On 12 July 2012, Fidel terminated his contract with the Andalusians and joined fellow league club Elche CF. He was an ever-present player in his first year, and also scored four goals as the Valencians returned to La Liga after 24 years of absence.

Fidel made his top-flight debut on 19 August 2013, playing 33 minutes in a 3–0 loss at Rayo Vallecano. His first league goal came on 20 October, the winner in a 2–1 away victory over Real Betis.

On 9 July 2014, Fidel joined fellow league side Córdoba in a loan deal. After appearing regularly, he agreed to a permanent move in May 2015.

On 19 July 2016, after scoring a career-best 11 goals during the campaign to earn a place in its All-Star team, Fidel put pen to paper to a five-year contract at UD Almería. On 18 June 2018, he signed a three-year deal with fellow second division club UD Las Palmas.

Fidel terminated his contract with the Canarians on 14 June 2019, and returned to Elche just hours later. The first goals of his second spell came on 3 November, when he scored a hat-trick – two from the penalty spot – in a 4–2 home defeat of CD Mirandés.

Career statistics

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Sportspeople from the Province of Huelva
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from Andalusia
Men's association football wingers
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Tercera División players
Atlético Onubense players
Recreativo de Huelva players
Elche CF players
Córdoba CF players
UD Almería players
UD Las Palmas players

Fidel Chaves


Mother coins (), alternatively known as seed coins, matrix coins, or model coins (樣錢), were coins used during the early stages of the casting process to produce Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Ryukyuan, and Vietnamese cash coins. As cash coins were produced using sand casting mother coins were first produced to form the basis for all subsequent cash coins to be released into circulation. Under the Han dynasty in China mints started producing cash coins using bronze master moulds to solve inconsistencies in circulating coins, this only worked partially and by the sixth century mother coins were introduced to solve these inconsistencies almost completely. The Japanese adopted the usage of mother coins in the 600s and they were used to manufacture cast Japanese coins until the Meiji period. The mother coin was initially prepared by engraving a pattern with the legend of the cash coin which had to be manufactured. In the manufacturing process mother coins were used to impress the design in moulds which were made from easily worked metals such as tin and these moulds were then placed in a rectangular frame made from pear wood filled with fine wet sand, possibly mixed with clay, and enhanced with either charcoal or coal dust to allow for the molten metal to smoothly flow through, this frame would act as a layer that separates the two parts of the coin moulds. The mother coin was recovered by the people who cast the coins and was placed on top of the second frame and the aforementioned process was repeated until fifteen layers of moulds had formed based on this single mother coin. After cooling down a "coin tree" (錢樹) or long metallic stick with the freshly minted cash coins attached in the shape of "branches" would be extracted from the mould and these coins could be broken off and if necessary had their square holes chiseled clean, after this the coins were placed on a long metal rod to simultaneously remove the rough edges for hundreds of coins and then these cash coins could be strung together and enter circulation.

The Sangpyeong Tongbo (常平通寶) cash coins were known as yeopjeon (葉錢, "leaf coins") because of the way that cash coins resembled leaves on a branch when they were being cast in the mould.

The introduction and subsequent usage of mother coins in the casting process proved to be paramount in controlling the quality of the cash coins. Only minor differences between mother coins remained, as the carver was very skilled. If mother coins had even the slightest error than this error would be visible on every cash coin that would be produced from it, which is why mother coins with any imperfections were quickly withdrawn from the production process before impacting many coins meant for circulation. Due to the high quality control mother coins with deformities are almost never found.

History

Before modern industrial patterns were introduced into almost all fields of production, coin mints can be considered to be an outstanding example of an early form of mass production of attempting to create identical objects, or those as standardised and as similar to each other as possible. Therefore, it wasn't only just the technological knowledge and the techniques that were applied which mattered, but also the general organisation and especially the division of labour that were crucially regarded of being of paramount importance to the assessment of both the efficiency and quality of the work of coin mints. It wasn't until the Song dynasty period that contemporary sources started to actively record the works of coin mints to give insights into these early instances of mass production.

The Song dynasty period saw an especially high demand for cash coins leading to not only bronze cash coins but also iron cash coins being mass produced for the market. During this period government operated coin mints were generally divided into 2 types, namely bronze cash coin mints and iron cash coins mints. However, this division wasn't absolute and at times bronze cash coin mints would produce iron cash coins. During the Northern Song dynasty period a scarce number of sources started providing written evidence for both the usage of the "sand casting method" (翻砂法) and the application of mother coins to this process. The Song huiyao jigao (宋會要輯稿) provides the earliest known evidence for the application of mother coins into the production process of cash coins.

The History of Song records that during the year Daguan 1 (1107) that the emperor of the Song dynasty would distribute both "cash coin samples" (錢式) and mother coins to all cash coin producing circuits. Later the Rhapsody of the Great Smelting (大冶賦) published in the year 1210 records a poem that completely details the cash coin manufacturing process detailing its use of mother coins. Both of these works explicitly mentioning how mother coins were applied in the sand casting method at the time and how they were used to
form the patterns for cash coins in the sand moulds.

Notably, the Rhapsody of the Great Smelting records the sentence "scrubbing the cash coins with grain chaff", which wouldn't be mentioned again in the historical records 689 years later in the Qing dynasty period 1899 book A Survey of Casting Coins (鑄錢述略), which indicated the long continued usage of this method.

Types of mother coins

There were two different types of mother coins, namely engraved mother coins and cast mother ones. Engraved mother coins were typically made of materials such as wood, tin, copper, or ivory, while cast mother coins were exclusively made of copper or tin. The usage of mother coins varied in different dynasties and time periods, while the changes in the rest of the sand casting technique of cash coin production itself were rather marginal.

Wax mother coins

Under the Sui and Tang dynasties mother coins reached their definite form and were produced in moulds engraved by ancestor coins, however during this same period a casting technique called "the lost wax method" was used to cast for example Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins, in this method mother coins made from wax rather than metal were used, these mother coins were produced in large quantities because they were very cheap to make, unlike metal mother coins these wax mother coins stayed in the clay moulds and when the mould heated up they would melt away leaving a cavity for the molten metal to pour into forming the coins. This technique was also used for casting other bronze items however it was only used for casting coinage during the Sui and Tang dynasties and its sudden discontinuation pointed out to the fact that it was probably inefficient for mass-producing small items such as coins.

Ancestor coins

Ancestor coins (), also known as engraved mother coins (), master cash, or progenitor coins, were introduced around 1730 in middle of the eighteenth century to improve the quality control of mother coins, these ancestor coins were used to cast more mother coins and from a single ancestor thousands of mother coins could be cast. The production process of making mother coins with ancestor coins was the same as it was for the casting of circulation coins from mother coins, however these coins were usually only produced for a new reign title, when preparing to cast new cash coins with new inscriptions for a recently ascended emperor, a mint would first engrave an ancestor coin out of fine brass which would form the basis for mother coins. The introduction of ancestor coins under the Manchu Qing dynasty lead to all mints having more consistently produced coinages and smaller variations between the coins produced by separate mints in both inscription (or legend) as well as in quality.

Rare specimens

 On November 30, 2014, a Qixiang Tongbao (祺祥重寶) engraved mother coin was sold at an auction in the city of Beijing for $129,843 (which at the time was worth 808,500 yuan).

Iutsushi

Iutsushi (Japanese: 鋳写し) is a Japanese term that could be translated as "to cast a copy from", this refers to a technique where regular circulating cash coins were used as mother coins, this was a very common practice in Japan until the seventeenth century and mostly Chinese cash coins from the Song and Ming dynasties were used. Outside of Japan this technique was also largely used to produce counterfeit currency by illegal Chinese and private Vietnamese mints, as the cash coins produced by using the Iutsushi technique were less crisp than their mother coins, often have smooth reverses, and the fact that these coins shrunk after metal had cooled down, Iutsushi coins are also diminutive in size compared to the original circulating coins and the inscriptions are also inferior in quality as they display more softer and quite blurry. For these reasons the cash coins produced using this technique were among the cash coins known as Bitasen (鐚銭) or bad metal coins in Japan.

Due to Iutsushi, it is often very hard to distinguish Japanese Bitasen from Chinese counterfeit cash coins as well as privately produced cash coins from Vietnam as many of these used the same inscriptions; it is not uncommon for there to be large variations in both the quality and metal content of original coins that have been heavily circulated.

References

Coins of ancient China
Casting (manufacturing)
Chinese numismatics
Cash coins

Mother coin


The drivetrain of a motor vehicle is the group of parts that deliver power to the wheels that move the vehicle. The drivetrain includes the transmission or transaxle, driveshafts, differentials, axles and wheels. It does not include the engine or motor that creates the power. In contrast, the powertrain includes the engine and the drivetrain. In order to transmit power from the engine to the rear wheels, the drivetrain uses some of that power to work. Drivetrain loss is the power lost, measured in horsepower, between what the engine generates and what is available at the wheels. As power is transmitted through the drivetrain, forces including inertia, drag and friction cause some power to be wasted. The more component parts power is transmitted through, the more power is lost. However each combination of drivetrain parts is different as to how much is lost. The automatic transmission wastes the most power of any drivetrain component.

References

Automotive technologies

Drivetrain


The Aramov Clan are the titular family of fictitious smugglers and bandits of Robert Muchamore's Aramov series. The clan is based in the remote Kyrgyzstan, with their base, known as 'The Kremlin' situated on the outskirts of Bishkek. The Kremlin is located in a steep rigged valley, to prevent being detected by radar. The clan is dismantled at the end of Black Friday.

Clan family tree

Clan members

Lev Aramov
Lev was the head of the clan until his death. He created strong ties with the Soviet Air Force. When the USSR went bankrupt in the 1990s, he purchased cargo planes at very cheap prices. With these planes he started the family's illegal enterprise.

Irena Aramov
Irena is Lev's wife. When Lev died, she became head of the clan. After an attempt on her life by Leonid, she makes a deal with the TFU to hand over the clan in order to get expensive cancer treatment in the United States. She dies of cancer in the events following Black Friday.

Josef Aramov
Josef is the eldest son of Irena and Lev. After the TFU takes over the Aramov Clan, he also makes a deal to guarantee immunity from prosecution. Within this deal he is made a figurehead for the TFU's campaign to wind down operations and destroy all their smuggling equipment. Amy Collins, former CHERUB agent and active TFU agent, plays the role of his girlfriend in the TFU's crushing of the Aramov Clan.

Leonid Aramov
Leonid is the second son of Irena and Lev. He is second in command of the Aramov Clan, after his mother, as his elder brother, Josef, was thought to be weak. His character is described as short tempered and very aggressive. After trying to murder his mother he was kicked out of the clan along with his sons, Boris and Alex.

Galenka Aramov
Galenka is the daughter of Irena and Lev. She split from the clan and changed her name to 'Gillian Kitsell' to study mathematics in the USA. After gaining a degree, she founded a computer-based company in Silicon Valley. As she was homosexual, she gave birth to her son Ethan with a sperm donor. CHERUB, along with TFU, target her and her son to try to break apart the Aramov Clan's Operations. Galenka is killed by a squad of professional hitmen sent by Leonid.

Tamara Aramov
Ex-wife of Leonid and mother of Andre. She was threatened by Leonid after the divorce and stayed to look after Andre once Leonid had been kicked out of the Kremlin. She offered to help the TFU track down Leonid. She and her son Andre were taken by Leonid to Mexico. She eventually shot him dead in the bathroom of their villa before escaping with her son and James Adams. She and her son went to Russia, where she now works in a jewellery store owned by her uncle.

Ethan Aramov
Ethan is Galenka's only son. He is befriended by CHERUB agent Ryan Sharma in the TFU operation. When his mother is assassinated, the assassins mistakenly kill Ethan's best friend, thinking he is Ethan. He escapes, and after his mother is killed, he goes into protective custody with Ted Brasker, a TFU agent. He then helps the operation in questioning Paolo Lombardi and finding that his mother worked with Jane Oxford.

Andre Aramov
Andre is the son of Tamara and Leonid. He lives in the Kremlin and attends the same school as Natalka and Ryan. He trains for the mission to find and take down Leonid with James Adams on the CHERUB campus. After seeing his mother kill Leonid, they emigrate to Russia, where he attends a fee-paying school.

Boris Aramov
Boris is the oldest son of Leonid and his unnamed first wife. He is kicked out of the Kremlin with his brother, Alex, and his father after the attempted murder of his grandmother by Leonid, before escaping to Mexico. After the death of his father, he and his brother move to Trinidad, where Boris is arrested for savagely beating a French tourist.

Alex Aramov
Alex is the second son of Leonid and his unnamed first wife. He was kicked out of the Kremlin with his brother, Boris and his father after the attempted murder of his grandmother by Leonid, before escaping to Mexico. After the death of his father, he and his brother move to Trinidad, where Alex is arrested when the police found steroids and other illegal drugs stashed in their apartment. He is not prosecuted, although he is deported back to Kyrgyzstan.

Notes

References

External links

CHERUB characters

Aramov Clan


The Severin Miller House and barn are historic buildings located in the West End of Davenport, Iowa, United States. They were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

Severin Miller
Severin Miller was born in Prussia on October 17, 1824, the son of Bartholomew and Anna Marie Miller. He was raised and educated there, and learned the machinist trade from his father. In 1846 at the age of 22, he immigrated to the United States. He landed in New York City and initially settled in Philadelphia. He moved to St. Louis, Missouri and in 1850 he moved again to Davenport. He found work as a machinist in all these places. In 1852 he purchased property on the corner of Second and Gaines Streets. He returned to St. Louis briefly before returning to Davenport in 1857 when he built a shop and home on the property he bought in 1852. Miller mainly did repair work on farm equipment. His business expanded to the manufacture of pumps and a foundry. He sold the business in 1875.

In 1862 he married Christiania Baussmann and they raised four children. He built his home on Telegraph Road in 1868 in what was then a rural area outside of the city. The house remained with the Miller's daughters until they died in the mid-1940s.

Architecture

This house and the barn behind it are two of a very few vernacular stone structures that remain from Davenport's early decades. The house has a symmetrical five-bay front reminiscent of the Greek Revival style. The four round-arch windows all feature a keystone and above them are slabs that suggest sills of small attic windows that were never installed. The possible inspiration for the house was the architecture of Miller's native Prussia. There are plans for another wing, but they were abandoned when Christiania Miller died in 1871. The Miller Foundry produced the metal work used throughout the house. An addition was built on the back of the house sometime after 1982, which replaced a previous addition.

Behind the house sits a rubble stone barn. The structure is typical of barns found in the German communities in Pennsylvania and other eastern states. It features triangular, wood relieving arches and the gable ends covered with vertical wood planks.

References

External links

Houses completed in 1868
Vernacular architecture in Iowa
Houses in Davenport, Iowa
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Davenport, Iowa
1868 establishments in Iowa

Severin Miller House


Arthur Christopher Moule (1873–1957) was a British Anglican sinologist. He held the Professorship of Chinese at the University of Cambridge from 1933 to 1938.

Moule was born on 18 May 1873 in Hangzhou, China. His father was missionary George Moule (1828–1912), the first Anglican bishop of mid-China. Moule's uncles Arthur Evans Moule (1836-1918) and George Evans Moule were also Anglican missionaries in China, and so were many of Moule's six siblings. Another uncle, the theologian Handley Moule (1841–1920), became Bishop of Durham. Arthur Christopher was uncle to the famous Cambridge theologian and New Testament scholar C. F. D. Moule.

Moule was educated at The King's School in Canterbury and Trinity College, Cambridge. He trained as an architect and returned to China to work there, but ended up following his family into missionary work, being ordained in 1904 as a missionary for the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. He served in northern China for four years before returning to England. In 1918 he received the living of Trumpington just outside of Cambridge, where he could continue his scholarly work on Chinese subjects.

Moule died on 5 June 1957 in St Leonards-on-Sea, Hastings, England.

Bibliography
 A List of Musical and Other Sound-Producing Instruments of the Chinese, in Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 39 [1908] (gjenutgitt mange ganger, sist? i 1989)
Christians in China Before the Year 1550, London: SPCK, 1930 (Nyutgivelse ved Octagon Books, )
Quinsai: With other notes on Marco Polo, Cambridge University Press, 1957, ASIN : B0000CJPVD
The rulers of China, 221 B.C.-A.D. 1949; chronological tables. With an introductory section on the earlier rulers c. 2100-249 B.C , Routledge and K. Paul, 1957, B0007JWGTC
 Marco Polo The Description of the World (with Paul Pelliot)
 Marco Polo Transcription of the Original in Latin (with Paul Pelliot)

References

External links
 News of the Profession on Jstor

British Anglicans
British sinologists
Writers from Hangzhou
1873 births
1957 deaths

Arthur Christopher Moule


Lofi hip hop (also known as chillhop and lofi beats to study to) is a form of downtempo music that combines elements of hip hop and chill-out music. It was popularized in the 2010s on YouTube.

Origins

Lo-fi hip-hop originated within the underground beatmaking hip-hop scene of the 2000s, particularly after the advent of Roland SP-303 and Roland SP-404 samplers, each of which featured the "lo-fi" effect as a separate button. Vice contributor Luke Winkie suggested that "if there is one shared touchstone for lo-fi hip-hop, it's probably [the 2004 MF Doom and Madlib album] Madvillainy".

The Japanese artist Nujabes, often called the "godfather of lofi hip hop", is also credited with driving lofi's growth with his contributions to the soundtrack for the popular anime Samurai Champloo. Another artist also often associated with the development of lofi is US rapper and producer J Dilla.

Emergence and popularity
In 2013, YouTube began hosting live streams, which resulted in 24-hour "radio stations" dedicated to microgenres such as vaporwave. Compilation videos are also popular, combining the music with visuals that could take the form of recorded pedestrian walks through major cities like Tokyo, looping visuals from cartoons such as The Simpsons or Internet memes. Spotify added to the popular "lo-fi beats" wave by generating "Spotified genres", including "Chill Hits", "Bedroom Pop" playlists, and promoting numerous "chill pop" artists.

In 2017, a form of downtempo music tagged as "chillhop" or "lo-fi hip hop" became popular among YouTube music streamers. Most, if not all, of the content used in YouTube videos was primarily published on SoundCloud. By 2018, several of these channels had millions of followers. One DJ, Ryan Celsius, theorized that they were inspired by a nostalgia for the commercial bumpers used by Toonami and Adult Swim in the 2000s, and that this "created a cross section of people that enjoyed both anime and wavy hip-hop beats". These channels equally functioned as chatrooms, with participants often discussing their personal struggles. By 2018, Spotify's "Chill Hits" playlist had 5.4 million listeners and had been growing rapidly.

Winkie credited YouTube user Lofi Girl (formerly known as "ChilledCow") as "the person who first featured a studious anime girl as his calling card, which set up the aesthetic framework for the rest of the people operating in the genre".

Viewership of lo-fi hip hop streams grew significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic. In April 2020, MTV News noted, "there might be something to be said for lo-fi hip-hop's composition, and the way its creators mix simplistic melodies with a judicious use of words to create intense memories, feelings, and nostalgia" and stated that the quarantine in place in various countries "has led people to log more hours online due to boredom or virtual workplaces and schools, and livestreamed music performances are reaching their full potential".

See also
Smooth jazz
Quiet storm
Boom bap

References

21st-century music genres
2000s in music
2010s in music
2020s in music
Microgenres
Lo-fi music
Internet memes introduced in 2017

Lofi hip hop


is a Japanese voice actor from Saitama Prefecture attached to Aoni Production. He has played a large number of supporting and minor roles, including heroes, villains, serious and joke characters. He performed alongside Kōji Totani numerous times and voiced some of his ongoing roles after his death in honor of him. He took over the role of narrating Beat Takeshi no TV Tackle after the death of Daisuke Gōri.

Roles

Television animation
1997
Chūka Ichiban! (Villager #B, spectator #A)
1998
Mamotte Shugogetten (Southern troop)
Nintama Rantarō (Tsukai's Papa, Watchman #A, Man #A, Guest, Express Home Delivery Man, Dokutake Ninja)
Yu-Gi-Oh! (Group member)
2003
Firestorm (Jess, Narration, Duvarie, United Nations secretary)
Detective Conan (Detective, bus driver)
Sonic X (Tanaka, King Boom Boo, Head of Intelligence government official, E-102 Gamma)
2004
Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo (Robo Yamada's Face)
Kidō Senshi Gundam SEED Destiny (Takao Schreiber)
2007
GeGeGe no Kitarō (fifth series) (Okutama Cemetery station master, Producer)
Shining Tears X Wind (Raihi)
2008
Golgo 13 (Tony)
2009
Senjō no Valkyria (Aristocrat #A)
2010
SD Gundam Sangokuden Brave Battle Warriors (Kougai Gouf)

OVA
Kidō Senshi Gundam SEED C.E. 73: Stargazer (Royora)
Saint Seiya: Meiō Hades Jyūnikyū Hen (Heracles Seiza no Algethi)
Sakura Taisen: New York, New York (Howard Carter)

Theatrical animation
Crayon Shin-chan: Arashi wo Yobu! Yuuhi no Kasukabe Boys (Security)
Kidō Senshi Z Gundam: A New Translation -Hoshi wo Tsugusha- (Alexandria Captain)
Steamboy (Additional voice)

Video games
Battle Fantasia (Deathbringer)
Dragon Ball Z Sparking! Neo (Kui (succeeding Kōji Totani), Freeza soldier #1)
Dragon Ball Z Sparking! Meteor (Kui (succeeding Kōji Totani), Freeza soldier #1)
Kidō Senshi Gundam: MS Sensen 0079 (Soldier)
Kidō Senshi Gundam: Spirits of Zion (Alpha A. Bait)
Metal Gear series
Metal Gear Acid 2 (Golab)
Metal Gear Solid (Genome soldier #B (Johnny Sasaki))
Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops (High government official)
Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty (Johnny Sasaki)
Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater (Johnny)
Rockman Zero 4 (Heat Gemblem)
SD Gundam G Generation (Alpha A. Bait, Ethan Raiya, Gady Kinzey)
Shining Wind (Raihi)
Soulcalibur III (Custom character: Young Man #2)
Tales of Fandom Vol.1 (Clayton)

Drama CD
Tales of Destiny (Dustoff Draiden)

Dubbing roles
Superman: The Animated Series (Kanto)
Sahara (Imam, sailor, soldier, guard)

Tokusatsu
Chō Ninja Tai Inazuma! (Mushigon)
Super Sentai series
Engine Sentai Go-onger (Savage Land Barbaric Machine Beast Boring Banki (ep. 8))
Hyakujū Sentai Gaoranger (Mōjūtsukai Org (voice) (ep. 38))
Ninpū Sentai Hurricaneger (Metal Ninja Tekkotsumeba (ep. 12)
Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters  (Kuwagataloid (voice) (ep. 45 - 46))
Kamen Rider × Super Sentai: Super Hero Taisen (Kamen Rider Kuuga, Doukoku Chimatsuri)

Other
Beat Takeshi no TV Tackle (TV Asahi) (Narration (succeeding Daisuke Gōri))
FNS Chikyū Tokusō Tai Dybastar (Maru-san)
Hikkuri Hōritsu Ryokōsha (NHK) (Narration)

External links
Aoni Production profile

Japanese male video game actors
Japanese male voice actors
Living people
Male voice actors from Saitama Prefecture
1973 births
Aoni Production voice actors

Naoki Imamura


Pootle is an online translation management tool with a translation interface.  It is written in the Python programming language using the Django framework and is free software originally developed and released by Translate.org.za in 2004.  It was further developed as part of the WordForge project and the African Network for Localisation and is now maintained by Translate.org.za.

Pootle is a software platform for localization of applications' graphical user interfaces, as opposed to document translation. Pootle makes use of the Translate Toolkit for manipulating translation files and offline features used to manage the translation of LibreOffice and Gajim in Pootle.  Pootle has built-in terminology extraction, translation memory, glossary management and matching, goal creation, and management of users.

In the translation process, it can display statistics for the body of translations hosted by the server and allow users to make translation suggestions and corrections for later review. It acts as a translation-specific bug reporting system, allowing online translation with various translators, operating as a management system where translators translate using an offline tool and use Pootle to manage the workflow of the translation.

The development of Pootle has stalled since 2007 because the latest version of Pootle (2.9) still supports only Python 2, despite Python 3 coming out in 2008. Nobody has migrated Pootle to Python 3.

History

Pootle was first developed by David Fraser while working for Translate.org.za in a project funded by the CATIA programme.  Its first official release was made in December 2004 although it had been used in various internal Translate@thons by Translate.org.za.

The name Pootle is an acronym for PO-based Online Translation / Localization Engine, but it is also a character in the BBC children's program The Flumps.

Translate.org.za released various versions and in 2006 Pootle was further developed as part of the WordForge project, a project funded by the Open Society Institute and the International Development Research Centre.  This added XLIFF file management and infrastructure for translation workflow.  Many of these features were added in the 1.0 release.

Pootle is used by OpenOffice.org, One Laptop Per Child's  learning environment Sugar and other projects.  Pootle is the basis of the Verbatim project which is building localisation infrastructure for Mozilla projects.

Design philosophy

Pootle was designed to be a web translation tool using the Translate Toolkit.  It serves as a translation management system, treating translation files as documents and managing them as such.

The aim of Pootle is never to replace existing processes but rather to enhance them.  Thus it interacts with upstream version control systems allowing it to commit changes directly to the main project rather than maintaining a parallel system outside of the project.

It is free software and projects are encouraged to host their own Pootle server to allow their community to localise.

Supported source document formats

The Translate Toolkit provides conversion from its supported source document formats which include: Java and Mozilla .properties files, OpenOffice.org SDF files, PHP arrays, HTML, Text, XLIFF and Gettext PO.

Pootle itself works directly on Gettext PO and XLIFF files, as well as Qt .ts, TBX and TMX (since version 2.0.3). Since Pootle 2.1.0 there is also native support for several other formats, such as Java .properties files, PHP array files,  strings and several subtitle formats.

Features

 Terminology extraction based on term frequency
 Translation memory - created by an offline tool
 Machine translation through popular online services
 Alternative source language - view translations from a third language while translating
 Glossary - choose between live global glossary or a glossary per project
 Goals - set goals and add users to goals
 Statistics - word count and string statistics
 Suggestions - allow suggestions to be made allowing outside participation and bug reporting
 Version control - update from or commit directly to upstream version control systems
 User management - assign various rights to users
 Translation interface - perform online translation and review
 Checks - performs over 40 checks on translation quality

See also

 Translation memory
 Computer-assisted translation
 Weblate
 Transifex
 Translatewiki.net
 Django (web framework)

References

External links

Software-localization tools
Free software programmed in Python

Pootle


William White (b. unknown – February 1621) White was a Mayflower passenger who settled in Plymouth Colony in 1620 and signed the Mayflower Compact. He was born in England and died in the winter of 1621, in Plymouth Colony.

The Mayflower Voyage

White married Susanna in about 1615, and their son, Resolved, was born soon after. They became passengers on the Mayflower which left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. They also took with them two servants, William Holbeck and Edward Thompson. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the Mayflower spotted land. The Mayflower was supposed to land in the Colony of Virginia, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at what is now known as Provincetown Harbor. They landed on November 21. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.

Life in Plymouth
White's second son, Peregrine White, was born on the Mayflower, while it was anchored at Cape Cod. He was the first English child born in Plymouth Colony. White and his servants, Holbeck and Thompson died soon after landing, in early 1621.

White's family
White's widow, Susanna, married Edward Winslow in May 1621, which made her the first Plymouth Colony bride. Winslow had also been a Mayflower passenger and later became the second governor of Plymouth Colony. Together they had five children. She and Winslow are buried in the Winslow Cemetery.

Resolved White married Judith Vassall, the daughter of William Vassall.
Peregrine White married Sarah Bassett, daughter of William Bassett.

References

Mayflower passengers
1621 deaths

William White


Gerald J. Tubbs (January 23, 1935 – June 13, 2012) was an American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys. He was selected by Chicago Cardinals in the first round (10th overall) of the 1957 NFL Draft. After his retirement, he stayed with the Cowboys as an assistant coach for 22 years. He played college football at the University of Oklahoma.

Early years
Tubbs was an honor graduate student and played center at Breckenridge High School. He was part of two Texas state championship football teams in 1951 and 1952. He played in three high school All-Star games and was a unanimous Texas All-State selection in 1952.

The teams were coached by Cooper Robbins (1951) and Joe Kerbel (1952), who would go on to the college ranks. Tubbs lost only three games during his high school career.

In 1971, he was inducted into the Texas High School Football Hall of Fame. Since 2008, the Breckenridge Buckaroos open the football season playing the "Jerry Tubbs Kickoff Classic".

College career
Tubbs accepted a football scholarship from the University of Oklahoma. He played three varsity years, contributing to the Sooners winning all 31 games during that period.

As a sophomore in 1954, when fullback Billy Pricer was injured, Tubbs had to replace him playing against University of Texas, the first time he had ever played in the backfield. He rushed for 387 yards, 2 touchdowns and averaged 6.1 yards per carry.

As a junior in 1955, head coach Bud Wilkinson moved him to center, which became his signature position, while also playing linebacker. In the 20–0 victory over the University of Texas, he had 27 tackles and 3 interceptions, prompting Wilkinson to call it "the single greatest game ever played by an Oklahoma defender".

As a senior in 1956, he finished fourth in the Heisman Trophy voting (very high for a lineman), behind his third place teammate, Tommy McDonald, and winner Paul Hornung of Notre Dame University. he was a unanimous All-American center, was named Lineman of the Year by three agencies and was also an Academic All-America. He graduated from Oklahoma with a degree in economics.

During his three varsity years, Oklahoma's record was 10-0, 11-0, 10-0. His 31 wins were part of that legendary 47-game winning streak and two national titles from 1954-56. The 1954 team was ranked third nationally in the Associated Press and United Press polls. The 1955 and 1956 teams were national champions. In those years Oklahoma played in only one bowl game, where the 1955 team beat Maryland University 20-6 in the Orange Bowl.

In 1996, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. In 1999, he was inducted into the Oklahoma Sports Hall of Fame.

Professional career

Chicago Cardinals
Tubbs was selected by the Chicago Cardinals in the first round (10th overall) of the 1957 NFL Draft. Suddenly, he found himself on a perennial loser, playing out of position as an outside linebacker. He was eventually benched, and then traded to the San Francisco 49ers after the seventh game of the 1958 season.

San Francisco 49ers
In 1959, the San Francisco 49ers moved him into the middle linebacker position, where he became a starter. After the 1959 season, Tubbs planned to retire, so the 49ers left him off their list of players who were exempt from the 1960 NFL Expansion Draft.

Dallas Cowboys
Tubbs was acquired by the Dallas Cowboys in 1960 NFL Expansion Draft. As it turned out, he would spend the next 29 years in Dallas — as a player, player-coach and full-time assistant coach.  In the 4th game of the 1960 season, Tubbs became the first player in franchise history to start at the middle linebacker position on a regular basis, finishing with 149 tackles (48 solo).

Tubbs was an impact player on those early Cowboys teams and also rated among the top middle linebackers in the NFL. He had quickness, toughness and an unbeatable motor. In 1962, he was one of the first Cowboys players voted to the Pro Bowl, along with: QB Eddie LeBaron; DT Bob Lilly; RB Don Perkins; and CB Don Bishop.

He became a player-coach in 1965. In 1966 he retired and was working for the Dallas Federal Savings and Loan Association, but was lured back by Tom Landry to play behind Lee Roy Jordan for one more year. He played just the first three games of the season, until he suffered a back injury.

The following year (1967), Landry sensing that the Cowboys had a real chance at a championship, wanted to have Tubbs as insurance in the event Lee Roy Jordan should be injured. He came back again, but didn't play a single down while serving as a player-coach, hence he was on the roster and in uniform for the 1967 Ice Bowl championship game against the Packers.

Personal life
When he finally retired as a player at the end of the 1967 season, he became Cowboys linebackers coach for 21 years. He coached in five Super Bowls, winning two of them. He died on June 13, 2012, at the age of 77.

References

External links
 Accidental Treasure

 Oklahoma Sports Hall of Fame bio

1935 births
2012 deaths
All-American college football players
Chicago Cardinals players
San Francisco 49ers players
Dallas Cowboys players
Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players
Oklahoma Sooners football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Dallas Cowboys coaches
People from Throckmorton County, Texas

Jerry Tubbs


The Gertrude Kasle Gallery opened in 1965 in Detroit, United States. It operated for eleven years, displaying American contemporary art.

History

The founder of the Gertrude Kasle Gallery, Gertrude Kasle, was born in New York City on December 2, 1917, and began her lifelong career in the art world very early, taking art classes in high school and Saturday classes at the Art Students League. She began her formal studies in art education at New York University (NYU) and later transferred to the University of Michigan. Kasle interrupted her studies during World War II to devote herself to family work while her husband served as a military chaplain. The family returned to Detroit in 1947 and she began classes at the Society of Arts and Crafts. After raising her three children, she enrolled in Wayne State University in 1955, completing her degree in 1962.

As a student in Detroit, Kasle was active in the Friends of Modern Art group at the Detroit Institute of Art, and became Vice President. In 1962, she was approached by Detroit businessman Franklin Siden to help him open a gallery where she would have a one-third partnership. During the first year of Siden Gallery's operations, Kasle introduced Detroit to the work of many notable contemporary American artists, such as Larry Rivers, Grace Hartigan, Robert Goodnough, and Robert Natkin.

Her tenure with the Siden Gallery was short-lived and by 1964 she left and began to contemplate her next move. Several of the artists she had represented at Siden Gallery encouraged her to open her own gallery. Local art critic Joy Hakanson Colby who worked for the Detroit News interviewed Kasle and claimed that Kasle was "looking for gallery space". Responding to the article, the Fisher Building offered Kasle a very attractive lease in the "New Center" area of downtown Detroit that would later become known as the city's gallery center, housing several prominent galleries.

With the help of her husband and son, she opened the doors of the Gertrude Kasle Gallery on April 10, 1965. The opening exhibition featured Larry Rivers, Grace Hartigan, Robert Goodnough, Irving Kreisberg, and Manoucher Yektai. Kasle's goal was to introduce the city of Detroit to the foremost contemporary artists in the country, some already well-established such as Willem de Kooning, Helen Frankenthaler, Philip Guston, Grace Hartigan, Robert Motherwell, Lowell Nesbitt, Claes Oldenburg, Charles Pollock, Larry Rivers, and Jack Tworkov, as well as others just becoming known, such as Jim Dine and Ian Hornak. Through group and one-man shows, the Gertrude Kasle Gallery represented contemporary painting, mixed media, and sculpture, focusing primarily on the Abstract Expressionist movement. The gallery also fostered many local Detroit artists, giving them their first shows, including Al Loving and Brenda Goodman.

During her earlier tenure with the Siden Gallery Kasle had worked with Tatyana Grosman of Universal Limited Art Editions which produced original prints of contemporary artists including Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg, and Jim Dine. In her own gallery, Kasle continued her business relationship with Grosman and fine art print publishers, allowing the gallery access to many artists that were previously unattainable.

For eleven years the Gertrude Kasle Gallery operated as a thriving contemporary art gallery, forming the nucleus for the growing Detroit modern and avant garde art scene during the sixties and seventies. Although financially the gallery was not as successful as hoped, it provided a cultural forum for artists and Detroit art enthusiasts to convene, learn, and celebrate. In April, 1976 the gallery closed. When asked why she was closing the gallery, Gertrude Kasle said, "Because the need for a gallery like mine isn't as great as it was in the 1960s. Today the public respects and understands more about creative innovation in contemporary art." (Hakanson Colby, March, 1976) Although the gallery formally closed, Kasle continues to work as an art consultant and live in Detroit.

See also

 Fisher Building, former location of the gallery

References

External links
 The Gertrude Kasle Gallery Online, run by Stephen Kasle, the youngest son of Gertrude Kasle.

1965 establishments in Michigan
1976 disestablishments in Michigan
Culture of Detroit
History of Detroit
Educational buildings in Detroit
Contemporary art galleries in the United States
Defunct art museums and galleries in the United States
Art museums and galleries in Michigan
Art galleries established in 1965
Art galleries disestablished in 1976

Gertrude Kasle Gallery


Gloria Tristani (born December 20, 1953) is an American attorney and politician. Tristani served as a member of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) from 1997 to 2001. In 2002, Tristiani unsuccessfully ran for Senate in New Mexico as a Democrat, losing to Republican incumbent Pete Domenici.

Early life and education
Of Mexican, Cuban, and Puerto Rican descent, Tristani was born and raised in San Juan, Puerto Rico. She is the granddaughter of Dennis Chávez, who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate. Her great-uncle, David Chávez, served as a judge and the 34th mayor of Santa Fe.

Tristani earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Barnard College and a Juris Doctor at the University of New Mexico School of Law.

Early career
Tristani worked as an attorney in Albuquerque and is admitted to the bar in New Mexico and Colorado. In 1994, she was elected to New Mexico's State Corporation Commission (SCC) and served as its chair until 1996.

While on New Mexico's SCC, she advocated on behalf of consumers rights regarding health insurance and telecommunications, helping draft rules regulating managed care and HMOs and helping draft the New Mexico Mothers and Newly Born Children Rule.

Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
In 1997, she was appointed by President Bill Clinton to the Federal Communications Commission on September 15, 1997. While serving on the FCC, she pushed for broadband deployment to remote areas, served as the chair of the FCC's V-Chip Task Force, fought children's exposure to violence and indecency and supported the so-called E-rate for libraries and schools.

Post-FCC career
Tristani resigned on September 7, 2001 to run as the Democratic candidate for the 2002 United States Senate election in New Mexico. Tristani was defeated by incumbent Republican Pete Domenici, and subsequently returned to private practice.

Tristani was mentioned as a possible candidate in the 2006 Senate election in the event of a retirement by Democrat Jeff Bingaman, but Bingaman ultimately ran for reelection.

She later worked as of counsel to Spiegel & McDiarmid LLP, a law firm based in Washington, D.C. From 2017 to 2019, Tristani was a senior policy advisor to the National Hispanic Media Coalition.

Personal life and recognition
She is married to Judge Gerard W. Thomson and has two children. In 2000, the National Association of Latino Elected Officials (NALEO) awarded her the Edward R. Roybal Award for Outstanding Public Service and was selected as Hispanic Business magazine's as one of the nation's 100 most influential Hispanics for the years 1996 and 1998.

Sources

External links

1953 births
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
American politicians of Puerto Rican descent
Barnard College alumni
Living people
Hispanic and Latino American women in politics
Members of the Federal Communications Commission
New Mexico Democrats
New Mexico lawyers
Lawyers from San Juan, Puerto Rico
Politicians from San Juan, Puerto Rico
Women in New Mexico politics
American politicians of Mexican descent
Clinton administration personnel
George W. Bush administration personnel
American politicians of Cuban descent

Gloria Tristani


Co-living is a residential community living model that accommodates three or more biologically unrelated people living in the same dwelling unit. Generally co-living is a type of intentional community that provides shared housing for people with similar values or intentions. The co-living experience may simply include group discussions in common areas or weekly meals, although will oftentimes extend to shared workspace and collective endeavors such as living more sustainably. An increasing number of people across the world are turning to co-living in order to unlock the same benefits as other communal living models (such as communes or cohousing), including "comfort, affordability, and a greater sense of social belonging."

Co-living as a modern concept traces its origins to shared living models of the 19th and 20th centuries such as tenements in the UK, boarding houses in the US, and chawls in western India, yet ancient forms of communal living such as the longhouse date back thousands of years. Its contemporary form has gained prominence in recent years due to a combination of factors including increased urbanization rates, a lack of affordable housing options, greater rates of disability requiring group home or assisted living arrangements, and a growing interest in lifestyles not dependent upon long-term contracts.

Benefits

Sustainability

Co-living can enable a more sustainable lifestyle due to shared resources, allowing each individual to consume less energy, water, and space. With more communal areas, less energy is spent on heating and cooling.

Community
The vast majority of co-living companies around the world claim that community is the number one benefit they provide their residents. Co-living companies promise their residents a thoughtful, community-driven living experience that will lead to meaningful relationships. One of the trends that has increased the demand for the community is the loneliness epidemic that has been identified by researchers in countries around the world. Studies have shown that "loneliness is just as lethal as smoking 15 cigarettes per day" and "lonely people are 50% more likely to die prematurely than those with healthy social relationships."

Studies show that daily social interactions, such as those common in co-living communities, can actually "improve health and increase longevity." Early evidence from co-living operators highlights the benefit of community. Venn, an Israeli co-living operator with locations in Israel, Germany, and the US, found that "loneliness levels drop by 50% just 6 months after joining Venn" and "100% of members feel they are socially supported."

Convenience
The convenience benefit of co-living comes namely from flexible lease terms and a customer-centric business model. Instead of only offering twelve-month leases, many co-living operators offer shorter lease terms of three or six months that better suit the dynamic lifestyles of their tenants. In fact, an increasing number of co-living locations are starting to offer month-by-month rental agreements as well as the option to not pay a traditional deposit. As a differentiation strategy, co-living operators also aim to remove the many frictions of the traditional living experience such as buying and moving furniture, finding roommates, or paying separate utility bills. By providing fully furnished rooms, offering roommate matching, and including utilities in a single rent price, co-living operators create a convenient living experience "so all you need to do upon arrival is unpack your suitcase."

Cost savings
Another potential benefit of co-living is relatively affordable rent when compared to traditional living environments in the same area. Co-living operators decrease costs for their residents in two main ways. First, many co-living operators bundle their product offering to include a variety of services for one, all-inclusive price. Instead of paying separate bills for utilities, furniture, wifi, gym access, cleaning services, and amenities (such as paper towels, linens, or coffee), co-living residents pay one bill each month that comes at a discount compared to paying for all the services individually. Second, many co-living operators utilize higher density spatial design models to decrease the amount of rent paid by each resident. By operating four or six-bedroom units instead of studios or two-bedroom units, "the rent per square foot of a co-living unit will be much higher than that of a traditional multifamily unit."

Types
All modern co-living concepts are in one way or another a form of communal living, yet people from across the world have developed different types of co-living. Co-living communities can vary on a wide variety of characteristics including length of stay, building type, community size, and resident demographics. For example, many urban co-living spaces have upwards of 100 residents, cater their offering to young professionals, and only offer leases longer than six months. Rural co-living spaces may exist in a five-bedroom house, are popular amongst digital nomads, and allow residents to rent on a month-to-month basis.

Cost conscious
The cost-conscious category of co-living is oriented towards cost-conscious residents that are oftentimes priced out of large cities. With home prices outpacing wage growth in 80% of U.S. markets, an increasing number of people are looking for affordable living options within large urban areas. Many co-living operators have seized the opportunity to provide a relatively more affordable living experience centered around community. Operators such as Haven co-living in Los Angeles, Outpost-Club in New York, or The Student Hotel in Europe have a shared room offering (along with single rooms) where two to four residents will stay in the same room. Due to the increase in density, potential residents can expect to pay far less than renting a studio in the same city.

Physically
Co-living is similar to single room occupancy as it offers residents an individual space in a shared property. Some have a private room with an ensuite bathroom; however, shared bathrooms are not uncommon and at lower prices, spaces have dormitories in the same manner as a hostel. Spaces may simultaneously offer many of these types of individual space thus providing for multiple budgets and types of residents.

The defining characteristic is that all co-living spaces offer at least a shared kitchen and living room in the same manner as in a flatshare, yet usually larger and better furnished as co-living spaces focus more on the shared facilities than the individual space.

Some may have a separate workspace whether simply offering desks for online work, or tailored more to their specific residents, such as studios for painting or woodworking. More elaborate and larger spaces may also have cafes, gyms, cinemas, and other amenities.

Philosophically
An aspect of intentional communities that is found, especially in smaller independent co-living spaces, is that of shared values, interests, or purpose in life amongst its residents. Such houses often curate their residents to match these values, so that strong bonds and affinities are built which works to resolve the social isolation often found in entirely independent housing units.

History
Sometime between 1933 and 1934, shared living space was designed in north London called 'Isokon', which was established by Wells Coats. It offered similar amenities, such as a shared communal space, workspace, and things such as a laundry area. It was seen as a part of a greater effort during the intra-war period between World War I and World War II by the Modern Architectural Research Group (MARS) to advance modernist discourse in Britain. Another effort to do this idea was in 1937 by Maxwell Fry (a founding member of MARS) and Elizabeth Denby and was called Kensal House.

Co-living spaces began to emerge in part due to rising property prices. Attempts to establish co-living businesses were made in 2014 and 2015 by companies including 13 and Techsquat, but the attempts failed. Later more successful efforts were made to establish co-living businesses. Relaxations on the minimal rental period for private homes were made in June 2018 from six months to three resulted in a boost for the industry. Cities such as New York City have created incentives for co-living companies to build affordable housing in the city.

Usage
Co-living appeals particularly to millennials due to rising property prices. Residents of co-living spaces typically range between the ages of 19 and 40 years. They are typically employees of startups, entrepreneurs, or students. A survey conducted in various cities in India found that approximately 72% of millennials were willing to consider a co-living space. It also found that 55% of 18–23 year olds were willing to spend R10,000–15,000 per month. Part of the appeal to millennials is due also to a relative reluctance to marry and/or start a family due to cost. High student loan costs are also a factor. From 2005 to 2015, there was a 39% increase for millennials living with housemates. The rise in co-living and similar housing was also impacted by the financial crisis of 2007–2008. co-living is particularly popular in cities and urban spaces where housing is costly and limited, providing a more affordable and amenity-based alternative to individual apartments. Guests from the same or similar industry tend to be matched together.

Impact
Co-living has grown in popularity in cities such as New York City and London. A Bloomberg article cited "adult dorms" such as co-living facilities as one of the "eight social trends told us about America's economy in 2018."
Author Alexandria Lafci speculated in 2018 that co-living could become ubiquitous in the same way coworking is. She cited both the expectation of 2.5 billion people living in cities by 2050 and 90% of people living on 10% of our land's surface. Hotelier Ian Schrager claimed that co-living spaces were "blurring the distinction between residential and hotels" due in part to differing sensibilities between millennials and previous generations. Author Polly Chu proposed co-living as a potential solution for Hong Kong's housing issues. She said that it could both be done with cross-generational housing – i.e., retrofitting a retirement home to accommodate younger people living with elderly family members – or standard housemates.

Author Matthew Stewart was critical of a specific co-living corporation for "the price, exclusivity, substandard size of bedrooms and cynical view of community." He was also critical of the idea of co-living as a new idea, when he claims that it is a modern, commodified take on a form of living that had a "radical social intent."

Cohousing
Co-living can be considered related to cohousing as the concepts appear to overlap. Both co-living and cohousing have shared areas that benefit all, such as spaces for events or communal meals. Cohousing provides self-contained private dwellings (often houses but sometimes apartments), often owned by the resident, but sometimes rented. Co-living on the other hand has independent units within the same building (apartments or rooms), which are often rented. However none of these are exclusive, thus the potential overlaps. The key distinction is that cohousing embeds collective resident control and stewardship into its legal form and decision making whereas coliving is typically owned and run by external investors or operators, although the owner sometimes also lives in the co-living space.

References

Housing
Sharing economy

Co-living


The Centre on Barton is  an outdoor shopping centre in the Lower City of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The centre is located on Barton Street East bounded by Ottawa Street North in the western-end and Kenilworth Avenue North on the eastern-end.  It was formerly known as the Centre Mall and before that, the Greater Hamilton Shopping Centre. It was a "plaza" for many years before being closed in as a "mall" and access to the stores was available through a front and back door of the plaza. In 2008, the mall was rebuilt back to an outdoor shopping centre.

History
The Greater Hamilton Shopping Centre was built in 1955 and was one of the first shopping malls in North America. Before the 2008 reconstruction project, the mall had 1 floor (two of the anchor tenants had 2 floors).

The present-day Centre on Barton used to be the site of the Hamilton Jockey Club Racetrack but in the years after the Second World War the push for Hamilton's eastward expansion had completely engulfed the Jockey Club property. On September 26, 1952, the racetrack was sold. The site then became the Greater Hamilton Shopping Centre.

2008 Reconstruction project
The Centre Mall owners announced the plans for a 23-building power centre, named The Centre on Barton, on the property of Barton Street East. The cost had originally been estimated to be around the $100-million mark and the project eventually took up  of retail space. This was the largest redevelopment project in the history of Hamilton's east-end. The buildings on the property are grouped around the edge of the property and create a pedestrian-oriented design rather than a commercial island in a sea of parking. The overhaul roughly took about two-and-a-half years to complete but the bulk of the work had been done by the end of the summer of 2008. Some new buildings were completed before the enclosed mall was torn down.

The redevelopment of Centre Mall transformed the entire neighbourhood from Ottawa Street to Kenilworth Avenue. The $100-million investment in the mall boosted Ottawa Street North – already the city's No.1 tourist destination. The garment district became a holistic home decor destination area, with lighting, antique, design & glass stores. The Ottawa Street Business Improvement Area had the most applications and grants under the commercial property improvement program in 2007 with 33, and it had an effect on the property values and real estate activity in the district.

References

External links
Official website
Hamilton Centre Mall (Feb. 2, 2008)
Construction details

Shopping malls in Hamilton, Ontario
Shopping malls established in 1955
1955 establishments in Ontario
Power centres (retail) in Canada

The Centre on Barton


Giuseppe Pace (translated in English into Joseph Pace) was the 7th Bishop of Gozo after Mikiel Gonzi. He remained in office till his death in 1972.

History

Joseph Pace was born in Victoria, Malta on May 30, 1890, son of Giovanni Battista Pace and Cecilia Pace, niece of archbishop of Malta Pietro Pace. He was baptised at St. George's Basilica in Victoria on 1 June 1890 and was given the names Joseph Anthony and Giovanni.

He studied at the Gozo Seminary, at that time managed by the Italian Jesuits. At 16, he passed to the Royal University of Malta. After studying Philosophy for a year in Malta, he went to Rome to continue and expand his studies, where he graduated in Philosophy and Theology.

He was ordained priest on either December 20 or August 3, 1913. In 1916, he was nominated as a canon of the Gozo Cathedral Chapter. In 1919, he continued his studies in Rome, where he graduated as a doctor in Canonical Law.

In 1924, Mgr. Michael Gonzi was appointed as bishop of Gozo, and Pace was chosen as his secretary. Amongst other posts, he served as rector of the Gozo Seminary and lecturer of Dogmatic Theology, Sacred Scriptures and History of the Church within the same seminary. He was also appointed as Archdeacon of Gozo, Domestic Prelate, and General Vicar of Gozo.

Episcopate
On either November 1 or November 11, 1944, the Pope appointed him as Bishop of Gozo. His consecration in the Gozo Cathedral was held on December 17, 1944, by then Archbishop of Malta and his predecessor Mikiel Gonzi. He was installed as Bishop on April 8, 1945.

He died while still in office on 31 March 1972 in Rabat. He had been a priest for over 58 years, and a bishop for over 27 years.

References

External links
 Joseph Pace at Gozo Diocese.org

1890 births
1972 deaths
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Malta
People from Victoria, Gozo
Roman Catholic bishops of Gozo

Giuseppe Pace


"Wait Until Tomorrow" is a song by the Jimi Hendrix Experience from their album Axis: Bold as Love. The song was written by Jimi Hendrix. The song is about a male protagonist trying to get with a girl, only to be shot dead by her father. The song was never released as a single.

Background and style
"Wait Until Tomorrow" is one of the first 'situation songs' written by Hendrix. It was influenced by soul artists such as The Isley Brothers. The song was one of the last to be recorded for Axis.

Personnel

The Jimi Hendrix Experience
 Jimi Hendrix - lead vocal, guitars
 Noel Redding - bass, backing vocals
 Mitch Mitchell - drums, tambourine, backing vocals

1967 songs
Jimi Hendrix songs

Wait Until Tomorrow


Sir David Mark Rylance Waters (born 18 January 1960) is an English actor, playwright and theatre director. He is known for his roles on stage and screen having received numerous awards including an Academy Award, three BAFTA Awards, two Olivier Awards and three Tony Awards. In 2016, he was included in the Time 100 list of the world's most influential people. In 2017 he was made a knight by Queen Elizabeth II.

He was the first artistic director of Shakespeare's Globe in London, between 1995 and 2005. After training at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, he made his professional debut at the Citizens Theatre in Glasgow in 1980. He appeared in the West End productions of Much Ado About Nothing in 1994 and Jerusalem in 2010, winning the Olivier Award for Best Actor for both. He has also appeared on Broadway, winning three Tony Awards: two for Best Actor for Boeing Boeing in 2008 and Jerusalem in 2011, and one for Best Featured Actor for Twelfth Night in 2014. He received Best Actor nominations for Richard III in 2014 and Farinelli and the King in 2017.

Rylance's film appearances include Prospero's Books (1991), Angels & Insects (1995), Institute Benjamenta (1996), Intimacy (2001) and The Other Boleyn Girl (2008). He attracted attention for his portrayal of Rudolf Abel in Steven Spielberg's Bridge of Spies (2015), for which he won the Academy Award and BAFTA for Best Supporting Actor. He subsequently collaborated with Spielberg in the title role of The BFG (2016) adapted from the Roald Dahl children's book and as James Halliday in Ready Player One (2018) based on the novel of the same name. Other notable roles include in the films Dunkirk (2017), The Trial of the Chicago 7 (2020), Don't Look Up (2021), Bones and All (2022) and The Outfit (2022).

On television, Rylance won the British Academy Television Award for Best Actor for his role as David Kelly in the 2005 Channel 4 drama The Government Inspector and for playing Thomas Cromwell in the 2015 BBC Two mini-series Wolf Hall he also received Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations. Rylance is a patron of the London International Festival of Theatre; of the London-based charity Peace Direct, which supports peace-builders in areas of conflict; and of the British Stop the War Coalition.

Early life
Rylance was born in Ashford, Kent to Anne (née Skinner) and David Waters, both teachers of English. One of his grandmothers was Irish. Both of his grandfathers were British POWs of the Japanese. His maternal grandfather, Osmond Skinner, spent decades as a banker with the Hong Kong Shanghai Bank. After being shot in the stomach during the Battle of Hong Kong, Skinner was recuperating when he witnessed the St. Stephen's College massacre. He then spent four years in a POW camp. He was able to survive thanks to HSBC contacts who brought him food.

Rylance's parents moved to the US in 1962; he first moved to Connecticut, then to Wisconsin in 1969, where his father and mother taught English at the University School of Milwaukee, which Rylance attended. He returned to England in 1978.

Rylance has a sister named Susannah, an opera singer and author, and a deceased brother, Jonathan, who was a sommelier at Chez Panisse.

Career

1980s
Rylance took the stage name of Mark Rylance because his given name, Mark Waters, was already taken by someone else registered with Equity. He trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London from 1978 to 1980 under Hugh Cruttwell; and with Barbara and Peter Bridgmont at the Chrysalis Theatre School in Balham, London. In 1980, he gained his first professional work at the Glasgow Citizens' Theatre. In 1982 and 1983, he performed with the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) in Stratford-upon-Avon and London.

In 1988, Rylance played Hamlet with the RSC in Ron Daniels' production that toured Ireland and Britain for a year. The play then ran in Stratford-upon-Avon. Hamlet toured the US for two years. In 1990, Rylance and Claire van Kampen (later his wife) founded "Phoebus' Cart", their own theatre company. The following year, the company staged The Tempest on the road.

1990s
In 1995, Rylance became the first artistic director of Shakespeare's Globe Theatre, a post he held until 2005. Rylance directed and acted in every season, in works by Shakespeare and others, including an all-male production of Twelfth Night, in which he played Olivia, and Richard III in the title role. Under his directorate, new plays were also performed at the Globe, the first being Augustine's Oak (referring to Augustine of Canterbury and Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England) by Peter Oswald, the writer-in-residence, which was performed in 1999. A second play by Oswald followed in 2002: The Golden Ass or the Curious Man.

Rylance played the lead in Gillies MacKinnon's film The Grass Arena (1991), and won the Radio Times Award for Best Newcomer. In 1993, he starred in Matthew Warchus' production of Much Ado About Nothing at the Queen's Theatre, produced by Thelma Holt. His Benedick won him an Olivier Award for Best Actor.

2000s
For his role as Jay in Intimacy (2001), directed by Patrice Chéreau, he received real, rather than simulated, fellatio. He took the leading role as British weapons expert David Kelly in Peter Kosminsky's The Government Inspector (2005), an award-winning Channel 4 production for which he won the British Academy Television Award for Best Actor in 2005.

In 2005, Oswald's third play written for the Globe was first performed: The Storm, an adaptation of Plautus comedy Rudens (The Rope) – "argu[ably]" one of the sources of Shakespeare's The Tempest. Other historical first nights were organised by Rylance while director of the Globe including Twelfth Night performed in 2002 at Middle Temple, to commemorate its first performance there exactly 400 years before, and Measure for Measure at Hampton Court in summer 2004. In 2007, he received a Sam Wanamaker Award together with his wife Claire van Kampen, Director of Music, and Jenny Tiramani, Director of Costume Design, for the founding work during the opening ten years at Shakespeare's Globe.

In 2007, Rylance wrote (co-conceived by John Dove) and starred in The BIG Secret Live 'I am Shakespeare' Webcam Daytime Chatroom Show (A comedy of Shakespearean identity crisis), which toured England in 2007. On 8 September 2007 Derek Jacobi and Rylance unveiled a Declaration of Reasonable Doubt on the authorship of William Shakespeare's work, after the final matinée performance of The Big Secret Live "I am Shakespeare" Webcam Daytime Chat-Room Show in Chichester. The actual author of Shakespeare's plays is variously proposed to be Christopher Marlowe; Francis Bacon; Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford; or Mary Sidney (Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke). The declaration named 20 prominent doubters of the past, including Mark Twain, John Gielgud, Charlie Chaplin and actor Leslie Howard (later withdrawn from the list), and was made by the Shakespeare Authorship Coalition duly signed online by 300 people to begin new research. Jacobi and Rylance presented a copy of the document to William Leahy, head of English at Brunel University London.

In 2016, writer Ben Elton delivered a riposte to this "batty" premise in the episode "If You Prick Us, Do We Not Bleed" of his television comedy Upstart Crow. The great but "self-regarding and pretentious" actor Wolf Hall (played by Ben Miller) joins Burbage's acting company to play Shylock. The character Wolf Hall confronts Shakespeare (played by David Mitchell) with the suggestion that he didn't write his own plays; it is a satirical portrait of Rylance and his opinion.

In 2007, Rylance performed in Boeing-Boeing in London. In 2008, he reprised the role on Broadway and won Drama Desk and Tony Awards for his performance. In 2009, Rylance won the Critics' Circle Theatre Award Best Actor, 2009 for his role of Johnny Byron in Jerusalem written by Jez Butterworth at the Royal Court Theatre in London.

2010s

In 2010, Rylance starred in a revival of David Hirson's verse play La Bête. The play ran first at London's Comedy Theatre before transferring to the Music Box Theatre on Broadway, on 23 September 2010. Also in 2010, he won another Olivier award for best actor in the role of Johnny Byron in Jerusalem at the Apollo Theatre in London. In 2011, he won his second Tony Award for playing the same role in the Broadway production.

In 2013, Shakespeare's Globe brought two all-male productions to Broadway, starring Rylance as Olivia in Twelfth Night and in the title role in Richard III, for a limited run in repertory. He won his third Tony Award for his performance as Olivia and was nominated for his performance as Richard III.

He played Thomas Cromwell in Wolf Hall (2015), BBC Two's adaptation of Hilary Mantel's historical novels Wolf Hall and Bring Up the Bodies. For his performance, he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie. Rylance was featured as the castaway on the BBC radio programme Desert Island Discs on 15 February 2015.

Rylance co-starred in the biographical drama Bridge of Spies, released in October 2015, directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Tom Hanks, Amy Ryan, and Alan Alda. The film is about the 1960 U-2 Incident and the arrest and conviction of Soviet spy Rudolf Abel and the exchange of Abel for U-2 pilot Gary Powers. Rylance, who had previously turned down a role offered by Spielberg in the 1987 film Empire of the Sun, plays Abel and has received unanimous universal acclaim for his performance, with many critics claiming it as the best performance of 2015. The St. Louis Post-Dispatch quoted, "As the deeply principled Donovan, Hanks deftly balances earnestness and humour. And Rylance's spirited performance is almost certain to yield an Oscar nomination." David Edelstein from New York cited 'It's Rylance who keeps Bridge of Spies standing. He gives a teeny, witty, fabulously non-emotive performance, every line musical and slightly ironic – the irony being his forthright refusal to deceive in a world founded on lies." Rylance won the Academy Award, BAFTA Award, and New York Film Critics Circle Award in the Best Supporting Actor categories, as well as receiving Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, among other wins and nominations.

Rylance played the title role in Spielberg's The BFG, a film adaptation of the children's book by Roald Dahl. Filming took place in 2015, and the film was released in July 2016. In 2016 Rylance co-wrote and starred in the new comedy play Nice Fish at St. Ann's Warehouse, New York. The production subsequently transferred to the Harold Pinter Theatre in London's West End. Rylance had a major role in Christopher Nolan's 2017 action-thriller Dunkirk, based on the British military evacuation of the French city of Dunkirk in 1940 during the Second World War. The film co-starred Tom Hardy, Kenneth Branagh, Cillian Murphy and Harry Styles. In 2016, Rylance played James Halliday in Ready Player One, which was also directed by Spielberg.

In 2018, Rylance starred in Farinelli and the King on the Broadway stage earning his fifth Tony Award nomination. Later that year 2018, he appeared in Waiting for the Barbarians, alongside Johnny Depp and Robert Pattinson. In June 2019, he resigned from the Royal Shakespeare Company due to its sponsorship deal with BP. He last appeared on stage for the RSC in 1989.

2020s
On 8 September 2019, Rylance revealed to AlloCiné that he was cast to play Satan in American filmmaker Terrence Malick's upcoming film The Last Planet (since renamed The Way of the Wind).

In 2020, Rylance appeared in Aaron Sorkin's legal drama The Trial of the Chicago 7 which premiered on Netflix. Rylance portrayed William Kunstler, Defense Counsel, co-founder of the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR), board member of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), and active member of the National Lawyers Guild. The film received near universal praise, and was nominated for six Academy Awards.

In 2021, Rylance, in the American science fiction film Don't Look Up, portrayed Peter Isherwell, the eccentric billionaire CEO of tech company BASH and top supporter of President Janie Orlean.

Delayed by the COVID-19 Pandemic, Dr Semmelweis, a new play, based on the life of Ignaz Semmelweis, written by Stephen Brown and Rylance completed an extended run at the Bristol Old Vic in January and February 2022. Rylance played the lead role of Dr Semmelweis throughout the run in Bristol.

In 2022, Rylance appeared in The Outfit, an American crime drama thriller film directed by Graham Moore (his directorial debut), as an English tailor, or, as he prefers to be called, a "cutter", in Chicago whose main clients are a family of gangsters. In the same year, he appeared in the Luca Guadagnino-directed horror film Bones & All, which premiered at the 79th Venice International Film Festival on 2 September 2022, and Inland, a British drama directed by Fridtjof Ryder in his directorial debut.

In 2023, Rylance once again took the lead role in Dr Semmelweis as it transferred to the Harold Pinter Theatre in London's West End.

Personal life
Rylance is married to director, composer and playwright Claire van Kampen, whom he met in 1987 while working on a production of The Wandering Jew at the National Theatre. They were married in Oxfordshire on 21 December 1989. Through this marriage, he became a stepfather to her two daughters from a previous marriage, actress Juliet Rylance and filmmaker Nataasha van Kampen. Nataasha died in July 2012 at the age of 28, following which Rylance withdrew from his planned participation in the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in London and was replaced by Kenneth Branagh.

Rylance's brother, Jonathan Waters, died in May 2022, following a collision with a vehicle while cycling.

Rylance has expressed much interest in crop circles and bonded with Prince Charles (now King) over them. He rejects criticism of his views:"But I've met Prince Charles a number of times now – because he's a great lover of Shakespeare – and I think he's a very conscious person and a good influence. ... Partly, in the end, I felt that because I have an interest in a number of subjects that people try to write off, like Shakespeare's authorship or crop circles – they say I'm insane or not mentally stable – that somehow, a knighthood makes it a little less easy to write me off. "

Rylance has cited the 1975 Akira Kurosawa film Dersu Uzala as his favourite film.

Charity and activism

Rylance became a patron of LIFT (London International Festival of Theatre) in 2013. He said about the festival: "I feel LIFT has done more to influence the growth and adventure of English theatre than any other organisation we have."

Rylance became patron of the London Bubble Speech Bubbles project in 2015. "I found a voice through making theatre and am proud to be the patron of Speech Bubbles, which helps hundreds of children to do the same."

Rylance has been a supporter of the indigenous rights organisation Survival International for many years. He is the creator and director of "We Are One", a fundraiser that took place at the Apollo Theatre in April 2010. The evening was a performance of tribal prose and poetry from some of the world's leading actors and musicians.

Rylance is a patron of the London-based charity Peace Direct which supports grassroots peacebuilders in areas of conflict, and of the British Stop the War Coalition. He is a member of the Peace Pledge Union, a network of pacifists in the UK. He performed the life and words of Henri, a man living in war-torn eastern Congo, during a presentation in New York City in 2011. He is also patron of The Outside Edge Theatre Company. It works from the perspective of creating theatre and drama with people affected by substance abuse. It provides theatre interventions in drug and alcohol treatment and general community facilities throughout Britain, as well as producing professional public theatre productions that take place in theatres, studio theatres, and art centres.

Rylance has long been an enthusiastic supporter of Conscience: Taxes for Peace not War, which works to change British tax law to allow conscientious objectors the right to redirect that portion of their taxes which would usually go to the military into non-violent methods of conflict resolution.

In November 2019, along with other public figures, Rylance signed a letter supporting Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn describing him as "a beacon of hope in the struggle against emergent far-right nationalism, xenophobia and racism in much of the democratic world" and endorsed him in the 2019 UK general election. In December 2019, along with 42 other leading cultural figures, he signed a letter endorsing the Labour Party under Corbyn's leadership in the 2019 United Kingdom general election. The letter stated that "Labour's election manifesto under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership offers a transformative plan that prioritises the needs of people and the planet over private profit and the vested interests of a few."

In 2020 he cut ties with the Royal Shakespeare Company due to its sponsorship by BP stating "I came to the incontrovertible conclusion that BP is neither sincere nor serious in addressing the climate crisis."

He has supported making ecocide a crime at the International Criminal Court stating "I believe that ecocide law is very much needed and inevitably on its way. It will be an important step towards a deep connection with Nature. It will provide the moral impetus to change 'business as usual' and lead us towards a true humble love for our home, the Earth."

Filmography

Awards and honours

Rylance has received numerous nominations and awards for his performances, including wins at the Tony Awards and BAFTA Awards. At the 88th Academy Awards, Rylance won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Rudolf Abel in Bridge of Spies. He has received three Tony Awards, making him one of only eight actors to have twice won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play, while his nominations for Richard III and Twelfth Night in 2014 make him one of only six to be nominated in two acting categories in the same year.

Rylance was created a Knight Bachelor in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to theatre.

Bibliography
 Mark Rylance, Louis Jenkins. Nice Fish: a Play. Grove Press, 4 April 2017. .
 Mark Rylance. Play – A Recollection in Pictures and Words of the First Five Years of Play at Shakespeares's Globe Theatre. Photogr.: Sheila Burnett, Donald Cooper, Richard Kolina, John Tramper. Shakespeare's Globe Publ., London, UK. 2003. .
 The Wisdom of Shakespeare Series by Peter Dawkins (Foreword by Mark Rylance):
 The Wisdom of Shakespeare in As You Like It. I.C. Media Productions, 1998. Paperback. .
 The Wisdom of Shakespeare in The Merchant of Venice. I.C. Media Productions, 1998. Paperback. .
 The Wisdom of Shakespeare in Julius Caesar. I.C. Media Productions, 1999. Paperback. .
 The Wisdom of Shakespeare in The Tempest. I.C. Media Productions, 2000. Paperback. .
 The Wisdom of Shakespeare in Twelfth Night. I.C. Media Productions, 2002. Paperback. .
 Peter Dawkins. The Shakespeare Enigma (Foreword by Mark Rylance). Polair, UK. 2004. Illustrated paperback, 476pp. .
 John Abbott. Improvisation in Rehearsal (Foreword by Mark Rylance). Nick Hern Books, UK. 2009. Paperback, 256pp. .
 Dave Patrick. The View Beyond: Sir Francis Bacon: Alchemy, Science, Mystery (The View Series) (Foreword by Mark Rylance, Ervin Lazslo, Rose Elliot). Deep Books, UK. 2011. Paperback, 288pp. .

References

External links

 Official homepage
 Interview on Farinelli (theatre play), Bridge of Spies etc. Oct-2015
 Interview with Mark Rylance at the Globe on wisdom, Sir Francis Bacon, Shakespeare Jun-94
 Mark Rylance performing the Peacebuilder, Henri Ladyi, Congo
 doollee.com listing of Rylance's works written for the stage
 Spotlight.com Rylance's referenced by other stars

1960 births
Living people
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
Actors awarded knighthoods
Alumni of RADA
Audiobook narrators
Best Actor BAFTA Award (television) winners
Best Supporting Actor AACTA International Award winners
Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners
Best Supporting Actor BAFTA Award winners
British pacifists
Critics' Circle Theatre Award winners
Drama Desk Award winners
English male dramatists and playwrights
English male film actors
English male Shakespearean actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English male voice actors
English people of Irish descent
English theatre directors
Knights Bachelor
Laurence Olivier Award winners
Male actors from Kent
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People from Ashford, Kent
Royal Shakespeare Company members
Theatre World Award winners
Tony Award winners
University School of Milwaukee alumni

Mark Rylance