Makassar people from the region of Sulawesi in  Indonesia began visiting the coast of Northern Australia sometime around the middle of the 18th century, first in the Kimberley region, and some decades later in Arnhem Land. They were men who collected and processed trepang (also known as sea cucumber), a marine invertebrate prized for its culinary value generally and for its supposed medicinal properties in Chinese markets. The term Makassan (or Macassan) is generally used to apply to all the trepangers who came to Australia.

Fishing and processing of trepang

The creature and the food product are commonly known in English as sea cucumber, bêche-de-mer in French, gamat in Malay, while Makassarese has 12 terms covering 16 different species. One of the Makassar terms, for trepang, taripaŋ, entered the Aboriginal languages of the Cobourg Peninsula, as tharriba in Marrku, as jarripang in Mawng or otherwise as darriba.

Trepang live on the sea floor and are exposed at low tide. Fishing was traditionally done by hand, spearing, diving or dredging. The catch was placed in boiling water before being dried and smoked, to preserve the trepang for the journey back to Makassar and other South East Asian markets. Trepang is still valued by Chinese communities for its jelly-like texture and its flavour-enhancing properties, and as a stimulant and aphrodisiac. Matthew Flinders made a contemporary record of how trepang was processed when he met Pobasso, a chief of a Makassan fleet in February 1803.

==Voyage to Marege''' and Kayu Jawa==
Trepanging fleets began to visit the northern coasts of Australia from Makassar in southern Sulawesi, Indonesia, from at least 1720 and possibly earlier. Campbell Macknight's classic study of the Makassan trepang industry accepts the start of the industry as about 1720, with the earliest recorded trepang voyage made in 1751. But Regina Ganter of Griffith University notes that a Sulawesi historian suggests a commencement date for the industry of about 1640. Ganter also notes that for some anthropologists, the extensive influence of the trepang industry on the Yolngu people suggests a longer period of contact. Arnhem Land Aboriginal rock art, recorded by archaeologists in 2008, appears to provide further evidence of Makassan contact in the mid-1600s. Based on radiocarbon dating for apparent prau (boat) designs in Aboriginal rock art, some scholars have proposed contact from as early as the 1500s.

At the height of the trepang industry, the Makassan ranged thousands of kilometres along Australia's northern coasts, arriving with the north-west monsoon each December. Makassan perahu or praus could carry a crew of thirty members, and Macknight estimated the total number of trepangers arriving each year as about one thousand. The Makassan crews established themselves at various semi-permanent locations on the coast, to boil and dry the trepang before the return voyage home, four months later, to sell their cargo to Chinese merchants. Marege' was the Makassan name for Arnhem land (meaning "Wild Country"), from the Cobourg Peninsula to Groote Eylandt in the Gulf of Carpentaria. Kayu Jawa was the name for the fishing grounds in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, from Napier Broome Bay to Cape Leveque. Other important fishing areas included West Papua, Sumbawa, Timor, and Selayar.

Matthew Flinders, in his circumnavigation of Australia in 1803, met a Makassan trepang fleet near present-day Nhulunbuy. He communicated at length with a Makassan captain, Pobasso, through his cook, who was also a Malay, and learned of the extent of the trade from this encounter. Ganter writes that there were at most "1,000 Macassans" compared to the almost "7,000 British nestled into Sydney Cove and Newcastle". French explorer Nicholas Baudin also encountered twenty-six large perahu off the northern coast of Western Australia in the same year.

The British settlements of Fort Dundas and Fort Wellington were established as a result of Phillip Parker King's contact with Makassan trepangers in 1821.

Using Daeng Rangka, the last Makassan trepanger to visit Australia, lived well into the twentieth century, and the history of his voyages are well documented. He first made the voyage to northern Australia as a young man. He suffered dismasting and several shipwrecks, and had generally positive but occasionally conflicting relationships with Indigenous Australians. He was the first trepanger to pay the South Australian government (at the time the jurisdiction that administered the Northern Territory) for a trepanging licence in 1883, an impost that made the trade less viable. The trade continued to dwindle toward the end of the 19th century, due to the imposition of customs duties and licence fees and probably compounded by overfishing. Rangka commanded the last Makassar perahu, which left Arnhem Land in 1907.

Physical evidence of Makassan contact

There is significant evidence of contact with Makassan fishers in examples of Indigenous Australian rock art and bark painting of northern Australia, with the Makassan perahu a prominent feature.

Historian Lynette Russell, head of the Indigenous Studies Centre at Monash University in Melbourne, is researching the era, as part of a project called "Global Encounters and First Nations Peoples", which looks at interactions with Indigenous people prior to British settlement of Australia. The team is documenting early visits by sailors from France, Portugal, Indonesia, and other countries, using a number of methods, including linguists looking at foreign words in local Aboriginal languages, and dating methods on tamarind trees on the north coast of Australia, which were introduced by the fishermen. From these data, they are constructing an interactive digital map which will illustrate various people and journeys that reached northern Australia from all over the world.

Northern Territory
Archaeological remains of Makassar processing plants from the 18th and 19th centuries are still at Port Essington, Anuru Bay, and Groote Eylandt, along with stands of the tamarind trees introduced by the Makassan. Macknight and others note that excavations and development in these areas have revealed pieces of metal, broken pottery and glass, coins, fish-hooks and broken clay pipes related to this trade. Macknight notes that much of the ceramic material found suggests a nineteenth-century date.

In January 2012, a swivel gun found two years before at Dundee Beach near Darwin was widely reported by web news sources and the Australian press to be of Portuguese origin. However initial analysis by the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory in 2012 indicated that it is of Southeast Asian origin, likely from Makassar. There is nothing in its chemical composition, style, or form that matches Portuguese breech-loading swivel guns. The museum holds seven guns of South East Asian manufacture in its collections. Another swivel gun of South East Asian manufacture, found in Darwin in 1908, is held by the South Australian Museum, and is also possibly of Makassan origin.

The Wurrwurrwuy stone arrangements at Yirrkala, which are listed as heritage monuments, depict aspects of Makassan trepanging, including details of the vessels' internal structures.

Western Australia
In 1916, two bronze cannons were found on a small island in Napier Broome Bay, on the northern coast of Western Australia. Scientists at the Western Australian Museum in Fremantle have made a detailed analysis and have determined that these weapons are swivel guns and almost certainly of late 18th century Makassan, rather than European, origin. Flinders' account confirms that the Makassans he met were personally armed and their perahus carried small cannons.

In 2021 archaeological excavations are taking place on the island of Niiwalarra (Sir Graham Moore Island), off the Kimberley coast, for the first time since Ian Crawford did his research in the 1960s. The archaeologists are being assisted by some of the traditional owners of the island, the Kwini people.  Evidence of pottery and other artefacts from the new excavations are being complemented by the oral histories of the Kwini people, yielding evidence of Makassan fishers and traders on the island. A number of hearths are a record of where the trepang was cooked on the beach in large iron pots, with activity especially picking up around 1800.

 Indonesia
There are written and oral accounts of Aboriginal people moving to the island with Asian fishermen, some dating back as far as the 1600s. In early 2023, photographs featuring Aboriginal Australian people which had been taken in Makassar in the 1870s were discovered. Yolngu  elders identified the subjects of the photos as Yolngu people from the Arnhem Land area. The discovery sparked an international search for descendants of these people, in the hope of being able to do DNA testing to shed more light on migration from northern Australia to South East Asia. Yolngu elder Don Wininba Ganambarr has genetic links to the population in Indonesia, and remembers that his grandmother left with trepang fishermen, moving to Makassar and raising a family there. It is not yet known whether she was forcibly removed or left of her own free will.

Effect on Indigenous people of Australia

The Makassar contact with Aboriginal people had a significant effect on the latter's culture, and likely there were also cross-cultural influences. Ganter writes "the cultural imprint on the Yolngu people of this contact is everywhere: in their language, in their art, in their stories, in their cuisine". According to anthropologist John Bradley from Monash University, the contact between the two groups was a success: "They traded together. It was fair – there was no racial judgement, no race policy". Even into the early 21st century, the shared history between the two peoples is still celebrated by Aboriginal communities in northern Australia as a period of mutual trust and respect.

However, anthropologist Ian McIntosh has speculated that the initial effects of contact with the Makassan fishermen resulted in "turmoil" with the extent of Islamic influence being noteworthy. In another paper McIntosh says, "strife, poverty and domination ... is a previously unrecorded legacy of contact between Aborigines and Indonesians". He also claims that the Makassan appear to have been welcomed initially; however, relations deteriorated when, "aborigines began to feel they were being exploited ... leading to violence on both sides".

Trade
Studies by anthropologists have found traditions that indicate the Makassans negotiated with local people on the Australian continent for the right to fish certain waters. The exchange also involved the trade of cloth, tobacco, metal axes and knives, rice, and gin. The Yolngu of Arnhem Land also traded turtle-shell, pearls and cypress pine, and some were employed as trepangers. While there is ample evidence of peaceful contact, some contact was hostile. Using Daeng Rangka described at least one violent confrontation with Aborigines, while Flinders recorded being advised by the Makassan to "beware of the natives".

Some of the rock art and bark paintings appear to confirm that some Aboriginal workers willingly accompanied the Makassans back to their homeland of South Sulawesi across the Arafura Sea. Women were also occasional items of exchange according to Denise Russell, but their views and experiences have not been recorded. After visiting Groote Eylandt in the early 1930s, anthropologist Donald Thomson speculated that the traditional seclusion of women from strange men and their use of portable bark screens in this region "may have been a result of contact with Macassans".

Health

Smallpox may have been introduced to northern Australia in the 1820s via Makassan contact. This remains unproven as First Fleet smallpox was already recorded as spreading across Australia from Sydney Cove. The prevalence of the hereditary Machado–Joseph disease in the Groote Eylandt community has been attributed to outside contact. Recent genetic studies showed that the Groote Eylandt families with MJD shared a Y-DNA haplogroup with some families of Taiwanese, Indian, and Japanese ancestry.

Economic
Some Yolngu communities of Arnhem Land appear to have transitioned their economies from being largely land-based to largely sea-based, following the introduction of Makassar technologies such as dug-out canoes, which were highly prized. These seaworthy boats, unlike the traditional Yolngu bark canoes, allowed the people to fish the ocean for dugongs and sea turtles. Macknight notes that both the dug-out canoe and shovel-nosed spear found in Arnhem Land were based on Macassarese prototypes.

Language
A Makassan pidgin became a lingua franca along the north coast, not just between Makassan and Aboriginal people, but also as a language of trade among different Aboriginal groups, who were brought into greater contact with each other by the seafaring Makassar culture. Words from the Makassarese language (related to Javanese and Malay) can still be found in Aboriginal language varieties of the north coast. Examples include rupiah (money), jama (work), and balanda (white person). The latter was adopted into the Makassar language via the Malay term orang belanda (referring to Dutch person).

In 2012, a huge painting by Gulumbu Yunupingu titled Garrurru (Sail) was installed at the Australian National University's Hedley Bull Centre for World Politics.  The word garrurru is the Yolngu word for "sail", and derives from the Makassan word for sailcloth.

Religion
Drawing on the work of Ian Mcintosh (2000), Regina Ganter and Peta Stephenson suggest that aspects of Islam were creatively adapted by the Yolngu. Muslim references still survive in certain ceremonies and Dreaming stories in the early 21st century. Stephenson speculates that the Makassans may have been the first visitors to bring Islam to Australia. Given the speculation around the first arrival of the Makassans, it is possible their visits to Australia predate the Islam spread through Indonesia, meaning it is possible Indigenous Australians were witness to these religious developments through the visiting fishermen.

According to anthropologist John Bradley from Monash University, "If you go to north-east Arnhem Land there is [a trace of Islam] in song, it is there in painting, it is there in dance, it is there in funeral rituals. It is patently obvious that there are borrowed items. With linguistic analysis as well, you're hearing hymns to Allah, or at least certain prayers to Allah". As there can be seen to be "several areas of convergence between Aboriginal belief structures and Islam," is it not surprising that over a long period of cross cultural engagement that there was spiritual, just like physical, trade.

Current situation
Though prevented from fishing across Arnhem Land, other Indonesian fishermen have continued to fish up and down the west coast, in what are now Australian waters. This continues a practice of several hundred years, before such territories were declared – and some use traditional boats their grandparents owned. The current Australian government considers such fishing illegal by its rules. Since the 1970s, if the fishermen are caught by authorities, their boats are burned and the fishermen are deported to Indonesia. Most Indonesian fishing in Australian waters now occurs around what Australia termed "Ashmore Reef" (known in Indonesia as Pulau Pasir'') and the nearby islands.

See also
 Trepanging
 Patorani and padewakang, two types of perahu used for trepanging by Makassan
 History of Australia before 1901
 Yolngu
 Theory of Portuguese discovery of Australia
 Baijini, a legendary people interpreted by some researchers as pre-Makassan visitors to Arnhem Land.
 Marchinbar Island, location of a deposit of early coins in Australia
 Javanese contact with Australia

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

Australia–Indonesia relations
Fishing communities in Australia
Fishing in Australia
History of Australia before 1788
History of Indigenous Australians
History of Indonesia
History of Sulawesi
Maritime history of Australia
Yolngu
Pre-1606 contact with Australia
Islam in Australia

Makassan contact with Australia


Cryptozoology is a pseudoscience and subculture that searches for and studies unknown, legendary, or extinct animals whose present existence is disputed or unsubstantiated, particularly those popular in folklore, such as Bigfoot, the Loch Ness Monster, Yeti, the chupacabra, the Jersey Devil, or the Mokele-mbembe.  Cryptozoologists refer to these entities as cryptids, a term coined by the subculture. Because it does not follow the scientific method, cryptozoology is considered a pseudoscience by mainstream science: it is neither a branch of zoology nor of folklore studies. It was originally founded in the 1950s by zoologists Bernard Heuvelmans and Ivan T. Sanderson.

Scholars have noted that the subculture rejected mainstream approaches from an early date, and that adherents often express hostility to mainstream science. Scholars have studied cryptozoologists and their influence (including cryptozoology's association with Young Earth creationism), noted parallels in cryptozoology and other pseudosciences such as ghost hunting and ufology, and highlighted uncritical media propagation of cryptozoologist claims.

Terminology, history, and approach
As a field, cryptozoology originates from  the works of Bernard Heuvelmans, a Belgian zoologist, and Ivan T. Sanderson, a Scottish zoologist. Notably, Heuvelmans published On the Track of Unknown Animals (French Sur la Piste des Bêtes Ignorées) in 1955, a landmark work among cryptozoologists that was followed by numerous other like works. Similarly, Sanderson published a series of books that contributed to the developing hallmarks of cryptozoology, including Abominable Snowmen: Legend Come to Life (1961). Heuvelmans himself traced cryptozoology to the work of Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans, who theorized that a large unidentified species of seal was responsible for sea serpent reports.

The term cryptozoology dates from 1959 or before—Heuvelmans attributes the coinage of the term cryptozoology 'the study of hidden animals' (from Ancient Greek: κρυπτός, kryptós "hidden, secret"; Ancient Greek ζῷον, zōion "animal", and λόγος, logos, i.e. "knowledge, study") to Sanderson. Following cryptozoology, the term cryptid was coined in 1983 by cryptozoologist J. E. Wall in the summer issue of the International Society of Cryptozoology newsletter. According to Wall "[It has been] suggested that new terms be coined to replace sensational and often misleading terms like 'monster'. My suggestion is 'cryptid', meaning a living thing having the quality of being hidden or unknown ... describing those creatures which are (or may be) subjects of cryptozoological investigation."

The Oxford English Dictionary defines the noun cryptid as "an animal whose existence or survival to the present day is disputed or unsubstantiated; any animal of interest to a cryptozoologist". While used by most cryptozoologists, the term cryptid is not used by academic zoologists. In a textbook aimed at undergraduates, academics Caleb W. Lack and Jacques Rousseau note that the subculture's focus on what it deems to be "cryptids" is a pseudoscientic extension of older belief in monsters and other similar entities from the folkloric record, yet with a "new, more scientific-sounding name: cryptids".

While biologists regularly identify new species, cryptozoologists often focus on creatures from the folkloric record. Most famously, these include the Loch Ness Monster, Bigfoot, the chupacabra, as well as other "imposing beasts that could be labeled as monsters". In their search for these entities, cryptozoologists may employ devices such as motion-sensitive cameras, night-vision equipment, and audio-recording equipment. While there have been attempts to codify cryptozoological approaches, unlike biologists, zoologists, botanists, and other academic disciplines, however, "there are no accepted, uniform, or successful methods for pursuing cryptids". Some scholars have identified precursors to modern cryptozoology in certain medieval approaches to the folkloric record, and the psychology behind the cryptozoology approach has been the subject of academic study.

Few cryptozoologists have a formal science education, and fewer still have a science background directly relevant to cryptozoology. Adherents often misrepresent the academic backgrounds of cryptozoologists. According to writer Daniel Loxton and paleontologist Donald Prothero, "[c]ryptozoologists have often promoted 'Professor Roy Mackal, PhD.' as one of their leading figures and one of the few with a legitimate doctorate in biology. What is rarely mentioned, however, is that he had no training that would qualify him to undertake competent research on exotic animals. This raises the specter of 'credential mongering', by which an individual or organization feints a person's graduate degree as proof of expertise, even though his or her training is not specifically relevant to the field under consideration." Besides Heuvelmans, Sanderson, and Mackal, other notable cryptozoologists with academic backgrounds include Grover Krantz, Karl Shuker, and Richard Greenwell.

Historically, notable cryptozoologists have often identified instances featuring "irrefutable evidence" (such as Sanderson and Krantz), only for the evidence to be revealed as the product of a hoax. This may occur during a closer examination by experts or upon confession of the hoaxer.

Expeditions
Cryptozoologists have often led expeditions to find evidence of cryptids, to few results. Bigfoot researcher René Dahinden led unsuccessful expedition into caves to find evidence of sasquatch. Lensgrave Adam Christoffer Knuth led an expedition into Lake Tele in the Congo to find the mokele-mbembe in 2018. While they didn't find any evidence for the cryptid, they did find a new species of green algae. Mark van Roosmalen, a Dutch-Brazilian primatologist, is one of the few biologists who have discovered new species of animals to consider his work cryptozoology.

Young Earth creationism
A subset of cryptozoology promotes the pseudoscience of Young Earth creationism, rejecting conventional science in favor of a Biblical interpretation and promoting concepts such as "living dinosaurs". Science writer Sharon A. Hill observes that the Young Earth creationist segment of cryptozoology is "well-funded and able to conduct expeditions with a goal of finding a living dinosaur that they think would invalidate evolution".

Anthropologist Jeb J. Card says that "[c]reationists have embraced cryptozoology and some cryptozoological expeditions are funded by and conducted by creationists hoping to disprove evolution." In a 2013 interview, paleontologist Donald Prothero notes an uptick in creationist cryptozoologists. He observes that "[p]eople who actively search for Loch Ness monsters or Mokele Mbembe do it entirely as creationist ministers. They think that if they found a dinosaur in the Congo it would overturn all of evolution. It wouldn't. It would just be a late-occurring dinosaur, but that's their mistaken notion of evolution."

Citing a 2013 exhibit at the Petersburg, Kentucky-based Creation Museum, which claimed that dragons were once biological creatures who walked the earth alongside humanity and is broadly dedicated to Young Earth creationism, religious studies academic Justin Mullis notes that "[c]ryptozoology has a long and curious history with Young Earth Creationism, with this new exhibit being just one of the most recent examples".

Academic Paul Thomas analyzes the influence and connections between cryptozoology in his 2020 study of the Creation Museum and the creationist theme park Ark Encounter. Thomas comments that, "while the Creation Museum and the Ark Encounter are flirting with pseudoarchaeology, coquettishly whispering pseudoarchaeological rhetoric, they are each fully in bed with cryptozoology" and observes that "[y]oung-earth creationists and cryptozoologists make natural bed fellows. As with pseudoarchaeology, both young-earth creationists and cryptozoologists bristle at the rejection of mainstream secular science and lament a seeming conspiracy to prevent serious consideration of their claims."

Lack of critical media coverage
Media outlets have often uncritically disseminated information from cryptozoologist sources, including newspapers that repeat false claims made by cryptozoologists or television shows that feature cryptozoologists as monster hunters (such as the popular and purportedly nonfiction American television show MonsterQuest, which aired from 2007 to 2010). Media coverage of purported "cryptids" often fails to provide more likely explanations, further propagating claims made by cryptozoologists.

Reception and pseudoscience
There is a broad consensus among academics that cryptozoology is a pseudoscience. The subculture is regularly criticized for reliance on anecdotal information and because in the course of investigating animals that most scientists believe are unlikely to have existed, cryptozoologists do not follow the scientific method. No academic course of study nor university degree program grants the status of cryptozoologist and the subculture is primarily the domain of individuals without training in the natural sciences.

Anthropologist Jeb J. Card summarizes cryptozoology in a survey of pseudoscience and pseudoarchaeology:

Card notes that "cryptozoologists often show their disdain and even hatred for professional scientists, including those who enthusiastically participated in cryptozoology", which he traces back to Heuvelmans's early "rage against critics of cryptozoology". He finds parallels with cryptozoology and other pseudosciences, such as ghost hunting and ufology, and compares the approach of cryptozoologists to colonial big-game hunters, and to aspects of European imperialism. According to Card, "[m]ost cryptids are framed as the subject of indigenous legends typically collected in the heyday of comparative folklore, though such legends may be heavily modified or worse. Cryptozoology's complicated mix of sympathy, interest, and appropriation of indigenous culture (or non-indigenous construction of it) is also found in New Age circles and dubious "Indian burial grounds" and other legends [...] invoked in hauntings such as the "Amityville" hoax [...]".

In a 2011 foreword for The American Biology Teacher, then National Association of Biology Teachers president Dan Ward uses cryptozoology as an example of "technological pseudoscience" that may confuse students about the scientific method. Ward says that "Cryptozoology [...] is not valid science or even science at all. It is monster hunting." Historian of science Brian Regal includes an entry for cryptozoology in his Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia (2009). Regal says that "as an intellectual endeavor, cryptozoology has been studied as much as cryptozoologists have sought hidden animals".

In a 1992 issue of Folklore, folklorist Véronique Campion-Vincent says:

Campion-Vincent says that "four currents can be distinguished in the study of mysterious animal appearances": "Forteans" ("compiler[s] of anomalies" such as via publications like the Fortean Times), "occultists" (which she describes as related to "Forteans"), "folklorists", and "cryptozoologists". Regarding cryptozoologists, Campion-Vincent says that "this movement seems to deserve the appellation of parascience, like parapsychology: the same corpus is reviewed; many scientists participate, but for those who have an official status of university professor or researcher, the participation is a private hobby".

In her Encyclopedia of American Folklore, academic Linda Watts says that "folklore concerning unreal animals or beings, sometimes called monsters, is a popular field of inquiry" and describes cryptozoology as an example of "American narrative traditions" that "feature many monsters".

In his analysis of cryptozoology, folklorist Peter Dendle says that "cryptozoology devotees consciously position themselves in defiance of mainstream science" and that:

In a paper published in 2013, Dendle refers to cryptozoologists as "contemporary monster hunters" that "keep alive a sense of wonder in a world that has been very thoroughly charted, mapped, and tracked, and that is largely available for close scrutiny on Google Earth and satellite imaging" and that "on the whole the devotion of substantial resources for this pursuit betrays a lack of awareness of the basis for scholarly consensus (largely ignoring, for instance, evidence of evolutionary biology and the fossil record)."

According to historian Mike Dash, few scientists doubt there are thousands of unknown animals, particularly invertebrates, awaiting discovery; however, cryptozoologists are largely uninterested in researching and cataloging newly discovered species of ants or beetles, instead focusing their efforts towards "more elusive" creatures that have often defied decades of work aimed at confirming their existence.

Paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson (1984) lists cryptozoology among examples of human gullibility, along with creationism:

Paleontologist Donald Prothero (2007) cites cryptozoology as an example of pseudoscience and categorizes it, along with Holocaust denial and UFO abductions claims, as aspects of American culture that are "clearly baloney".

In Scientifical Americans: The Culture of Amateur Paranormal Researchers (2017), Hill surveys the field and discusses aspects of the subculture, noting internal attempts at creating more scientific approaches and the involvement of Young Earth creationists and a prevalence of hoaxes. She concludes that many cryptozoologists are "passionate and sincere in their belief that mystery animals exist. As such, they give deference to every report of a sighting, often without critical questioning. As with the ghost seekers, cryptozoologists are convinced that they will be the ones to solve the mystery and make history. With the lure of mystery and money undermining diligent and ethical research, the field of cryptozoology has serious credibility problems."

Cryptobotany
Cryptobotany is a sub-discipline of cryptozoology researching the possible existence of plant cryptids. According to British cryptozoologist Karl Shuker's 2003 book The Beasts That Hide From Man there are unconfirmed reports, primarily from Latin America, of still-undiscovered species of large carnivorous plants.

Organizations
There have been several organizations, of varying types, dedicated or related to cryptozoology. These include:
 International Fortean Organization – a network of professional Fortean researchers and writers based in the United States
 International Society of Cryptozoology – an American organisation that existed from 1982 to 1998
 Kosmopoisk – a Russian organisation whose interests include cryptozoology and Ufology
 The Centre for Fortean Zoology- an English organization centered around hunting for unknown animals

Museums and exhibitions
The zoological and cryptozoological collection and archive of Bernard Heuvelmans is held at the Musée Cantonal de Zoologie in Lausanne and consists of around "1,000 books, 25,000 files, 25,000 photographs, correspondence, and artifacts".

In 2006, the Bates College Museum of Art held the "Cryptozoology: Out of Time Place Scale" exhibition, which compared cryptozoological creatures with recently extinct animals like the thylacine and extant taxa like the coelacanth, once thought long extinct (living fossils). The following year, the American Museum of Natural History put on a mixed exhibition of imaginary and extinct animals, including the elephant bird Aepyornis maximus and the great ape Gigantopithecus blacki, under the name "Mythic Creatures: Dragons, Unicorns and Mermaids".

In 2003 cryptozoologist Loren Coleman opened the International Cryptozoology Museum in Portland, Maine. The museum houses more than 3000 cryptozoology related artifacts.

See also

 Ethnozoology
 Fearsome critters, fabulous beasts that were said to inhabit the timberlands of North America
 Folk belief
 List of cryptids, a list of cryptids notable within cryptozoology
 List of cryptozoologists, a list of notable cryptozoologists
 Scientific skepticism

References

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 Wall, J. E. 1983. The ISC Newsletter, vol. 2, issue 10, p. 10. International Society of Cryptozoology.
 Ward, Daniel. 2011. "From the President". The American Biology Teacher, 73.8 (2011): 440–440.
 Watts, Linda S. 2007. Encyclopedia of American Folklore. Facts on File.

External links

Forteana
Pseudoscience
Subcultures
Young Earth creationism
Zoology

Cryptozoology


David Krech (March 27, 1909 – July 14, 1977) was an American Jewish experimental and social psychologist who lectured predominately at the University of California, Berkeley. Throughout his education and career endeavors, Krech was with many psychologists including Edward Tolman, Karl Lashley, and Rensis Likert.

Krech was born as Yitzhok-Eizik Krechevsky, but changed his name to Isadore Krechevsky upon emigration to the United States in 1913. His name was changed to David Krech in 1943 when he married Hilda Sidonie Gruenberg. Krech did this because he did not want his future son(s) to be labeled with a Jewish name that had held him back in both academic and career pursuits.

Krech extensively researched rats in several university laboratories and found evidence that supported the localization theory of the brain. Later in his career, Krech became interested in the topic of Social Psychology which led him to publishing Theory and Problems of Social Psychology in 1948 with Richard S. Crutchfield (revised into Individual in Society, 1962). Krech also lectured at many universities on the topic of Social Psychology, Experimental Psychology, and others. Because of his involvement in Social Psychology, Krech was appointed by Thurgood Marshall to give expert testimony in the Briggs vs. Elliot court case regarding the "Separate but equal" law. This was the first federal court case that allowed a social psychologist to provide expert testimony. Toward the end of his research career, Krech collaborated with Melvin Calvin, Mark R. Rosenzweig, Edward L. Bennett, and Marian Diamond to research the relationship between brain chemistry and behavior in rats as well as the anatomical neuroplasticy in the rat cortex.

Personal life
David Krech was born as Yitzhok-Eizik Krechevsky on March 27, 1909, in Švenčionys (now in modern Lithuania, then in the Russian Empire), to Joseph Krechevsky and Sarah Rabinowitz. He was the second youngest of nine children, one of whom died before adulthood. In May 1913, when Krech was 4-years-old, his Jewish family emigrated to New Britain, Connecticut from Lithuania. There, he attended elementary and secondary school, where he was a very good student and soon became the self-proclaimed "best educated American" in his family. As a child, Krech enjoyed writing short stories, and he studied in a Hebrew school, learning Hebrew and how to read in Yiddish. He had a passion for the Hebrew language and literature that stayed with him throughout his life, even after he rejected formal religion. On September 17, 1943, Krech married Hilda Sidonie Gruenberg in Washington D.C. With Hilda, Krech had one child, Richard, who would raise Krech's three grandchildren. David Krech died at his home in Berkeley, California, on July 14, 1977, at the age of 67.

Education
After elementary and secondary schooling, Krech enrolled at Washington Square College of New York University to pursue a degree in pre-law with hopes of becoming a Supreme Court Justice. In his second year at NYU, he found law was not for him, and he became interested in Psychology after taking an introductory psychology class from William Darby Glenn. As a psychology major, Krech enrolled in T. C. Schneirla's course where he was first introduced Comparative psychology and animal research. As an undergrad, Krech was guided by Frances Holden in his first experiments with laboratory rats completing discriminatory problems. Krech obtained his undergraduate degree in Psychology from NYU in 1930, and finished his master's degree in 1931, also from NYU. To gain his PhD, Krech enrolled at the University of California Berkeley where he continued to study rats with Robert Tryon and was influenced by Edward C. Tolman. Krech obtained his PhD from Berkeley in 1933.

Career

After graduating with his PhD, Krech accepted a National Research Council Fellowship with Karl Lashley in Chicago studying brain lesions in rats. When Lashley left Chicago for Harvard, Krech was promoted to supervise the laboratory. While in Chicago, Krech became politically active as he took part in a strike on Memorial Day in 1937 that later became known as the Memorial Day Massacre of 1937. He and other witnesses expressed complete disapproval and this event led to Krech leaving the University of Chicago. Also in Chicago, Krech worked for an organization called New America from September 1939 to July 1941. New America was an organization created to better the United States society during the Great Depression. For New America, Krech was a managing editor of publications. New America shut down in 1941 due to lack of progress as a result of American's focus on Hitler. Krech was also interested in connecting psychologists and encouraged them to better America. To do this, he, along with two other New Americans, Ward Halstead and Lorenz Meyer, put together a front-page advertisement announcing an idea for a new group. They received numerous replies to the advertisement and then formed the National Organizing Committee which attended the 1936 APA meetings. There, the group was changed to the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI). The aim of SPSSI was to encourage research of controversial topics in psychology.

After four years in Chicago, Krech accepted an offer from Robert MacLeod for a research associateship position at Swarthmore. There, he started an animal research laboratory and conducted research. In 1938, Krech was appointed to teaching faculty at the University of Colorado Boulder, but shortly after on June 10, 1939, Krech was fired from the university and expelled from academia due to a clash of opinions on political matters between him and the board of regents. After his removal from the University of Colorado Boulder, Krech worked in Rensis Likert's Division of Program Surveys where he learned about attitude research. Krech also entered the United States Army when he was assigned to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). While in this position, he conducted social psychology experiments regarding spies that the United States Army utilized during World War II.

After a while out of academia, Krech was offered an assistant professorship position at Swarthmore by Macleod. During this position is when he began publishing under the name David Krech. In 1947, Krech was hired as an associate professor at the University of California, Berkeley. There he taught primarily in social psychology and began many collaborations with Richard Crutchfield. Two years after teaching at Berkeley, Krech was invited to teach as a visiting professor of social psychology at the University of Oslo in Norway. After his year in Oslo, Krech taught at Harvard as a visiting lecturer on social psychology and was a research associate in a social relations laboratory. Krech taught at Harvard because he was avoiding signing the political loyalty oath required at Berkeley. However, in order to take a leave from Berkeley, he was required to sign it, yet he still refused. Therefore, Krech was dismissed from the university. After Krech's time at Harvard, he worked with Kenneth Clark and Thurgood Marshall in the South Carolina case Briggs v. Elliott that addressed the issue of Separate but Equal. Krech testified saying that segregation can greatly damage children psychologically. This was the first time a Supreme Court case had allowed a social psychologist to provide expert testimony. After the political loyalty oath requirement was removed, Krech returned to Berkeley where he focused mainly on experimental psychology. In 1972, Krech, age 62, retired from the University of California, Berkeley. In his time, Krech also was a visiting professor at the University of Njimegen, and Brandeis University.

Research
As an undergraduate student, Krech began his research with the basics. He was a laboratory assistant for T. C. Schneirla, spending his time caring for the lab's rats and army ants. During this time, Frances Holden became Krech's patron. Krech developed his first Hypothesis Box to begin doing animal research on his own. He began to run rats through discrimination problems using his Hypothesis Box. Krech's ideas for research pertaining to his master's thesis came to him after he read Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence by Karl Lashley. He was particularly influenced by Lashley's finding that in some tasks, rats would try different solutions to problems before coming to the final, correct solution. For his thesis, he conducted an experiment with rats that demonstrated learning is not a hit or miss event, instead it is systematic. He concluded that learning is a trial-and-error series of actions, where responses that are incorrect are stopped and correct responses are "stamped in". Krech worked toward his doctoral dissertation at University of California, Berkeley alongside Edward C. Tolman. It repeated the same experiment as his master's thesis. For his dissertation, he added supplementary studies to analyze in more detail the inherent qualities and origin of hypotheses.

At the University of Chicago, Krech worked with Karl Lashley for three years. The two inquired into the exploration of the brain processes that underlie the behavior of hypotheses. Once Krech was at Swarthmore College, he began an animal laboratory where he published a single experiment with rats and worked with Karl Duncker to publish a theoretical article. His experiments focused on studying perception and new ways of inquiring and analyzing. While Krech was a sergeant in the United States Army he was focused on measuring attitudes and evaluating candidates for spy positions to go into enemy territory. After Krech returned to University of California, Berkeley, alongside Melvin Calvin, he began to study the analysis of chemical changes located in the brain that could possibly underlie learning. These interactions led to Krech studying brain chemistry and its relationship to behavior with Mark Rosenzweig and Edward Bennett. With the addition to the team of Marian Diamond, neuroanatomist, in 1960, Krech and associates were able to pursue the anatomical effects of deliberate enrichment and impoverishment on rat brains at any age. Diamond recalls that when she had replicated the anatomical experiment that proved that the cerebral cortex of the enriched rats was 6% thicker than the cortex of the impoverished rats, Krech had said "This is unique. This will change scientific thought about the brain." The team continued to publish together until 1972 when Krech retired from the University of California, Berkeley.

Publications

Books
 Theory and Problems of Social Psychology (1948) was written when Krech returned to University of California, Berkeley while he was collaborating with Richard Crutchfield. This book gave social psychology more of an abstract basis in both the psychology of perception and Gestalt psychology.
 Elements of Psychology (1958)
 Individual in Society (1962)

Articles
For a complete list of article publications from 1932 to 1968 by Krech, see David Krech: Distinguished Scientific Contribution Awards.

Awards
 Citation of Achievement from New York University
 Award from the International Forum of the Neurological Organization
 Certificate of Merit from the Mathematics and Science Center
 In 1970, Krech was awarded the APA Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology
 Honorary doctorate from University of Oslo
 Miller Research Professorship at Berkeley
 President of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues
 Two Fulbright fellowships

References

1909 births
1977 deaths
American civil rights activists
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
20th-century American psychologists
New York University alumni
People from Grodno
Polish emigrants to the United States

David Krech


River Station was a Southern Pacific Railroad passenger station location, southwest of the Los Angeles River and north of Downtown, in Los Angeles, California.  The site is within the present day Los Angeles State Historic Park.

History
The location for both stations was at the Southern Pacific's Los Angeles freight yard, at the north end of present-day Chinatown in Central Los Angeles. Their former site is in 'The Cornfield' section of Los Angeles State Historic Park.

First station (1876−1887)
The station was opened following the Southern Pacific's acquisition of the Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad in 1873 and the railroad's construction of line linking San Francisco to Los Angeles. The first River Station was a wooden structure built in 1876. Transcontinental trains started serving the station in 1881. The two-story station had both women's and men's waiting rooms and later had a hotel and restaurants added to it. It was the arrival station of many migrants drawn during the land boom of the mid-1880s.

Second station (1887−1901)

The second River Station was built in 1887, on the site of the demolished original one. It was a brick Romanesque Revival style building.

Because the station was not in the city's center, Southern Pacific built the Arcade Depot in eastern Downtown Los Angeles in 1888. The second River Station was used until 1901, when it was demolished.

See also
"Not A Cornfield"
 Zanja Madre

References

Railway stations in Los Angeles
Chinatown, Los Angeles
Former Southern Pacific Railroad stations in California
Demolished buildings and structures in Los Angeles
Demolished railway stations in the United States
History of Los Angeles
19th century in Los Angeles

Railway stations in the United States opened in 1876
1876 establishments in California
1870s architecture in the United States
Victorian architecture in California

Railway stations in the United States opened in 1887
1887 establishments in California
1880s architecture in the United States
Romanesque Revival architecture in California
Railway stations closed in 1901
1901 disestablishments in California
Railway stations in the United States closed in the 1900s

River Station (Los Angeles)


Guilty Hands is a 1931 American pre-Code crime film starring Lionel Barrymore, Kay Francis and Madge Evans and directed by W. S. Van Dyke, with uncredited assistance from Barrymore.  The story concerns an attorney who murders a man who wants to marry his daughter.

Plot
On a train trip, lawyer Richard Grant (Lionel Barrymore) tells fellow passengers that, based on his long experience both prosecuting and defending murder cases, murder is sometimes justified and a clever man should be able to commit it undetected. He is traveling to the isolated estate of his wealthy client and friend, Gordon Rich (Alan Mowbray); his young adult daughter Barbara (Madge Evans) surprises him at the train station, where she informs him that she has already been there a week.

Grant's view is soon put to the test. Rich asks him to rewrite his will, including bequests to all his former mistresses (except one who is dead already; she was just 16, and Grant believes it was suicide). When Rich explains that he wants a new will because he intends to marry Barbara, Grant is appalled. He repeats what he said on the train. Rich deserves to be murdered, and if that is what it takes to stop the marriage, Grant will do it and get away with it. Rich retorts that if necessary he will retaliate from beyond the grave.

Grant pleads with his daughter, pointing out the great age difference and Rich's indecent character. But she loves Rich and is adamant. Nor has Tommy Osgood (William Bakewell), a young man Barbara had been seeing, been able to change her mind.

At a dinner party that night, Rich announces the wedding and says it will take place in the morning. His longtime girlfriend, Marjorie West (Kay Francis), is dismayed, but after the party he assures her that, as usual, he will return to her once he exhausts his obsession with Barbara. He is only marrying Barbara because she would not go to bed with him otherwise.

Rich orders two servants to watch Grant's bungalow on the estate, but Grant uses a cutout mounted on a record player to cast a moving shadow on the curtain to make it appear that he is pacing restlessly, and slips back to the main house. Meanwhile, Rich goes to Barbara's room. He loses control and grabs her roughly; she recoils in disgust and he leaves.

Rich then writes a letter to the police accusing Grant in case he is found dead. At this point, Grant sneaks into the room, takes Rich's gun from his desk, and shoots him during a clap of thunder. Grant places the gun in the dead man's hand, takes the letter, and returns to his room just in time to be seen by the servants. When the body is discovered, Grant insists that his host must have committed suicide. To Grant's shock, Barbara soon informs him that she had changed her mind, rendering the crime unnecessary.

Alone of all the houseguests, Marjorie West is certain it was murder. She figures out how Grant concocted his alibi, then accidentally finds the imprint of the incriminating letter on the desk blotter. However, Grant returns and wrestles the evidence away from her. He tells her that if she accuses him, he will trump up a murder case against her, based on her jealousy of Barbara and her inheritance under Rich's existing will; but if not, she is free to enjoy Rich's fortune.

When the police arrive, West is uncertain what to do. The coroner examines (and moves) the body. The chief of police, an old friend, accepts Grant's "conclusion" that it was suicide. West finally decides to speak out, but just then a gradual rigor mortis contraction of the victim's trigger finger fires the gun, fatally wounding Grant. "You did it, Rich", he remarks. He then asks Tommy to take good care of Barbara. Seeing no reason to hurt Barbara, Marjorie decides to remain silent.

Cast
 Lionel Barrymore as Richard Grant
 Kay Francis as Marjorie West
 Madge Evans as Barbara "Babs" Grant
 William Bakewell as Tommy Osgood
 C. Aubrey Smith as Reverend Hastings
 Polly Moran as Aunt Maggie
 Alan Mowbray as Gordon Rich
 Forrester Harvey as Spencer Wilson
 Charles Crockett as H. G. Smith
 Henry Barrows as Harvey Scott
 Sam McDaniel as Jimmy (uncredited)
 Blue Washington as Johnny (uncredited)

References

External links

1931 films
1931 crime drama films
American crime drama films
American black-and-white films
Films set on trains
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films directed by Lionel Barrymore
Films directed by W. S. Van Dyke
1930s American films
1930s English-language films

Guilty Hands


Paul Delarue (1889—1956) was a famous French collector of folk stories. His The Story of Grandmother is a version of Little Red Riding Hood, which was set down folklorist Achille Millien by as told by Louis and Francois Briffault, brothers from Nievre.

Works
The "Promise" by Jean-Pierre and Yeyette, 1936
Kids, sing our folk songs, 1938
The Love for Three Oranges and other folktales of the Provinces of France, 1947
The Beast of the Forest, 1947
Old trades of Nivernais. 1949 Splitters, 1949
The popular French tale: Catalogue of versions of France and French speaking countries overseas: Canada, Louisiana, French islands of the United States, French Antilles, Haiti, Mauritius, Reunion, in collaboration with Marie-Here Louise, Maisonneuve & Larose, 1957
The popular French tale, in collaboration with Marie-Louise Here, Maisonneuve & Larose, 1993 (new ed.) ()

Notes

1889 births
1956 deaths
French writers
People from Nièvre

Paul Delarue


Edith Jacobson (; September 10, 1897 – December 8, 1978) was a German psychoanalyst. Her major contributions to psychoanalytic thinking dealt with the development of the sense of identity and self-esteem and with an understanding of depression and psychosis. She was able to integrate the tripartite structural model of classic psychoanalysis with the theory of object relations into a revised drive theory. Thereby, she increased the treatment possibilities of the more disturbed pre-oedipal patients.

Biography
Born into a Jewish family to a physician father and musician mother, Edith Jacobson was a physician and later she became also a psychoanalyst. In 1922 she received her medical degree, after she attended medical school at Jena, Heidelberg, and at Munich. From 1922 until 1925 she did her pediatric internship at the University Hospital in Heidelberg. She develops interest in psychoanalysis during that period. In her internship she observed instances of childhood sexuality. She began training at the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute in 1925 and her analyst was Otto Fenichel.

In 1930, she became a member of the Berlin Psychoanalytic Society and was soon presenting papers that dealt with her interest in the problems of the superego and its development. In 1934 she became a training analyst at the Berlin Institute.

In 1935, the Nazis imprisoned Jacobson because she refused to divulge information about a patient. In 1938, she became ill with Graves' disease and diabetes; while hospitalised in Leipzig, she escaped to Czechoslovakia. Shortly after her escape, she emigrated to the U.S., where she soon became a member of the New York Psychoanalytic Society. In the U.S., she became a training analyst and a teacher.

Jacobson's theoretical and clinical work was about ego and superego functioning, the processes of identification underlying the development of ego and superego, and the role of the ego and superego in depression. In her writings, she tries to construct an overarching developmental perspective. This perspective would do justice to drives and to real objects and their representations in building up the ego and superego. Jacobson was interested in the fate of self-representations in depressive and psychotic patients. She introduced the concept of self-representation with Heinz Hartmann. In 1964's The Self and the Object World, she presented a revised drive theory.

Revised drive theory
Jacobson was the first theorist to attempt to integrate drive theory with structural and object relations theory in a comprehensive, developmental synthesis, and her influence on subsequent work in this area has been profound. She built on the contributions of Anna Freud, Heinz Hartmann, René Spitz, and Margaret Mahler. In 1964, she wrote The Self and the Object World, in which she revised Sigmund Freud's theory about the psychosexual phases in the development, and his conceptualizations of id, ego, and superego.

General concepts of the revised drive theory
In Freud's point of view, drives were innate, while the ego psychologists emphasized the influence of the environment. Jacobson found a way to bridge the gap between those points of view. According to Jacobson, biology and experience mutually influence each other, and interact throughout the development.

In accordance with Hartmann, Jacobson proposed that the instinctual drives are not innate 'givens', but biological predisposed, innate potentials. These potentials get their distinctive features in the context of the early experiences of the child. From birth on, experiences will be registered as pleasurable ('feeling good') or unpleasurable ('feeling bad').

A balance in subjective feeling states in the early experiences of the child will contribute to the harmonious development of the libido and aggressive drive. The libido will emerge from experiences of feeling good and normally there will be less aggression. However, if early experiences are particularly frustrating, the aggressive drive might disturb the normal development. The libido helps integrating images of good and bad objects and good and bad self. Aggression, on the other hand, facilitates separation and establishing different images of self and others. Libido and aggression cannot function without each other. Libido promotes pulling together, and aggression moving out. Libido and aggression are necessary to build a stable identity by integrating experiences from the environment.

Jacobson articulated that experiences are subjective, which means that there is no good mothering, but only mothering that feels good to a particular baby. It is all about 'affective matching' between mother and child, in which factors like baby's temperament, fit or misfit between baby and mother and the mother's capacity to respond adequately to the baby's needs, play an important role.

Development of the child
The early psychic state of a child is undifferentiated, with no clear boundaries between the inner self and the outer world. Libido and aggression are not experienced as distinct drives. As a newborn child cannot differentiate between self and others, the earliest images are fused and confused. Jacobson proposed – in agreement with René Spitz – that experiences, whether they are good or bad, will accumulate in a child's psyche. These earliest images form the groundwork for later subjective feelings of self and others and will serve as a filter through which one will interpret new experiences.

At the age of approximately 6 months a baby is capable of differentiating between self and others. Gradually, the aggressive and libidinal components also become more differentiated, which leads to new structural systems: the ego and the superego. In the second year, there is a gradual transition to individuation and ego autonomy, in which the representations of the child become more realistic. The child discovers its own identity and learns to differentiate wishful from realistic self and object images. The Superego develops over a long time and becomes consolidated during adolescence.

In normal development, there is a balance between libido and aggression, which lead to a mature differentiation between self and other. However, a lack of balance between libido and aggression could lead to weak boundaries between self and other, which can be observed in psychotic patients.

With regard to the development of the Ego and Superego Jacobson stressed the role of parental influence as crucial. Parental love is the best guarantee for a normal ego and superego development, but also frustrations and parental demands make a significant contribution to the development of an effective, independently functioning and self-reliant Ego.

Bibliography
The Self and the Object World, (1964).
Psychotic Conflict and Reality, (1967).
Depression: comparative studies of normal, neurotic, and psychotic conditions, (1971).

Notes

See also
Drive Theory
Psychoanalysis
Object relations theory
Id, ego, and superego
Sigmund Freud
Anna Freud
Heinz Hartmann

References
Jacobson, E. (1964). The Self and the Object World. London: the Hogarth Press.
Mitchell, S.A., and Black, M.J. (1995). Freud and Beyond. New York: Basic Books.
Tuttman, S. (1985). Edith Jacobson's major contributions to psychoanalytic theory of development. The American journal of Psychoanalysis, 45, 135–147.

External links
 American Psychoanalytic Association
 Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute

Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
German psychologists
American women psychologists
20th-century American psychologists
German women psychologists
American psychotherapists
German psychotherapists
1897 births
1978 deaths
People from Chojnów
Physicians from the Province of Silesia
20th-century American women
20th-century American physicians

Edith Jacobson


Oliver Bendt (born Jörg Knoch on 29 October 1946 in Potsdam) is a German singer and actor.

Knoch grew up the son of an actress in Munich, where he played children's roles in several films, including Königswalzer (1955) and Weil du arm bist, musst du früher sterben (1956). He received his first violin, piano and guitar lessons and became a member of the Regensburg Cathedral Boys Choir, where he received vocal training, and completed his vocal studies at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg. In 1967, he competed at  the Ralf Arnie Musikverlag as a junior and came into a career as a singer under the name "George" in 1967 and 1968  with four single records.  At the same time he sang with the German production of the musical Hair. Later, he renamed himself Oliver Bendt and had more success with cover versions of English hits, including What I did, I did for Maria, I'll come back to Amarillo, My Song for Mary and Oh, Marie.

Towards the end of the 1970s, he lived for some time on the Caribbean island of Saint Lucia. Here he had the idea for the Goombay Dance Band, which brought him his greatest successes in 1979/1980. The greatest success in Germany was the song Sun of Jamaica. Internationally it was Seven Tears. This single sold 11 million copies, and was in the chart for 12 weeks in the UK including three weeks at number one.

Bendt lives with his family in Norderstedt near Hamburg; he met his wife in St. Lucia.

References

External links

German pop singers
20th-century German male singers
1946 births
Living people
Actors from Potsdam
Musicians from Potsdam
Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg alumni

Oliver Bendt


Szymon Kataszek (1898–1943) (born Boruch Szymon Kataszek), was a Polish-Jewish composer, bandleader, pianist, a pioneer of Polish jazz. Born in Warsaw 1898; studied piano at the Warsaw Music Institute and Rome's St. Cecilia Academy. He returned to Poland and first worked as an organist in St. Trinity Church, while also playing piano in nightclubs.

Life and work
In 1920 he joined the Polish Army and fought in the Polish-Bolshevik War. In 1921 he played in dance orchestras in Gdańsk and Berlin, then returned to Warsaw and established a jazz quintet with his friend Zygmunt Karasiński; they played at the nightclub Oaza. In 1924 the Krasiński & Kataszek Band recorded for Syrena and toured.

Kataszek composed dozens of Polish foxtrots, black-bottoms, shimmies, and Charlestons often performed at the small night spots of Warsaw: Qui Pro Quo, Perskie Oko, and Rex - they included A ile mi dasz? (What Can I Get From You?), To Zula W futerko się otula (Here's Zula, Wrapped In Furs) written for the Charleston pioneer and Qui Pro Quo singer, Zula Pogorzelska, and Abram, ja ci zagram! (I'll Play It For You, Abram!). His tango Czemuś o mnie zapomniał? (Why Have You Forgotten Me?) received the 1932 Tango Competition Grand Prix. In 1933 he and Karasiński wrote two "schlagers" (hits) for the comedy film Każdemu wolno kochać: the rumba Chcesz to mnie bierz" (Take Me, If You Feel Like It) and the Każdemu wolno kochać (Everybody Has A Right To Love). Kataszek was chairman of the "Society For Workless Musicians" instituting a rule forcing all artists' unions in Poland to earmark 20% of radio performance income for unemployed musicians.

When World War II began, Kataszek left Warsaw for Lviv, which was under Soviet occupation; when in June 1941 the Soviet-German war erupted, he returned to Warsaw and entered the Warsaw Ghetto. He led the Jewish Ghetto Police Orchestra.  When deportations to Treblinka and Bełżec started, he escaped to the "Aryan" side of the wall and went back to Lviv. He went back to bandleading but was recognised by an SS officer, arrested, sent to Pawiak prison in the Warsaw Ghetto, and shot on 22 May 1943.

References

1898 births
1943 deaths
Jewish cabaret performers
Musicians from Warsaw
People from Warsaw Governorate
Jews from the Russian Empire
Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War
20th-century Polish Jews
20th-century Polish pianists
20th-century composers
Jazz bandleaders
Polish jazz pianists
Polish jazz composers
Male jazz composers
Polish cabaret performers
Jewish composers
Jewish songwriters
People who died in the Warsaw Ghetto
Polish civilians killed in World War II
20th-century conductors (music)
Male pianists
20th-century comedians
20th-century male musicians
Deaths by firearm in Poland

Szymon Kataszek


St. John's Catholic Newman Center is the largest Newman Center in the United States. It is located on the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.  Consisting of St. John's Catholic Chapel, Newman Hall, and a variety of student-focused ministry programs, the center resides within the Roman Catholic Diocese of Peoria.

History
In the early 1900s, the majority of Catholic university students attended private Catholic institutions instead of public schools such as the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. However, as time progressed, a growing number of Catholic university students began attending secular universities.

To spiritually support these students, small chapels were opened near the campuses of the secular universities. Initially, this was also the goal of St. John's Catholic Chapel.

As plans were made for the construction of St. John's, the Knights of Columbus and other responsible parties decided to expand their vision. Instead of merely building a church building, they also constructed a dormitory structure for Catholic students. This dormitory is directly connected to St. John's Catholic Chapel via an underground passage.

The idea of providing student housing directly connected to a Catholic Newman Center was quite new and innovative. Many sources consider St. John's Catholic Newman Center to be a model example of integrating Catholic student life with campus life.

Timeline of events

First, in 1905 students organize the Spalding Guild for Catholic students. This organization was quite similar to a Newman Club which was a group of young students who met and shared their faith. Then, in 1908, the Guild acquires Loyola House, its first headquarters, on Main Street in Urbana. Loyola House in 1912 becomes a chapter of Phi Kappa Theta, a national Catholic fraternity. By 1915, the Knights of Columbus agree to support a chaplain for students.

As a result of that request, Father John O'Brien was appointed chaplain in August 1917. In January 1920, the Foundation is formally incorporated as the Columbus Foundation. Classes are offered by the Foundation starting in February 1920. Plans are created for construction of St. John's Catholic Chapel in May 1922.

In 1924, the Knights of Columbus purchased land at Sixth and Armory Street for $200,000. The current St. John's Catholic Newman Center remains located there today.

Finally, in 1926, the Columbus Foundation was renamed the Newman Foundation. By August 1926, the Cornerstone for the chapel was laid.

After one year, the chapel was completed and on September 28, 1927, the first mass was held in the chapel. Two years later in 1929, the entire Newman Foundation building was completed.

An extensive $40 million expansion of Newman Hall was completed with the dedication ceremony on September 7, 2008. The renovation increased the size of Newman Center to . About 600 students now live in Newman Hall, and the center itself serves a campus Catholic population of more than 10,000. The renovation also brought air conditioning to St. John's Catholic Chapel.

Leadership
 Fr. Robert Lampitt, 2017–present
 Fr. Luke Spannagel, 2014–2017
 Msgr. Gregory Ketcham, 2006–2014
 Msgr. Stewart Swetland, 1997–2006
 Msgr. Edward Duncan, 1943–1997
 Fr. Roger Schoenbechler, OSB, 1939–1943
 Fr. John O'Brien, 1917–1939

Organization of SJCNC
A reorganization took place in 2005 which organized St. John's Catholic Newman Center into three different groups. All three divisions are located together at 604 East Armory Avenue in Champaign. However, each group has a specific focus towards fulfilling the Newman Foundation's mission.

St. John's Catholic Chapel

Located a block from the Quad, St. John's Catholic Chapel is open every day for private prayer and celebrates mass at least two times a day. The primary focus for the Chapel is to provide for the spiritual needs of college students at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and Parkland College. Several priests are on staff at St. John's Catholic Chapel to provide spiritual direction and other services for interested students.

Newman Hall
A coed residence hall is directly adjacent (and connected to) St. John's Catholic Chapel. Recently completed construction increased the hall's capacity from about 300 residents to nearly 600. Newman Hall is a member of the University of Illinois's Private Certified Housing system which allows freshman and incoming students to live  at Newman Hall without having to live in a University dorm.

Newman House (historical)
For many years, St. John's Catholic Newman Center also had an all-female house located about a block away from the main Newman Hall. Newman House was originally a sorority that was purchased by the Newman Foundation. The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign purchased Newman House from the St. John's Catholic Newman Center in 2008 to make room for a new parking lot. The existing structure of Newman House needed renovation, and the sale of the property was deemed to be in the best interests of the Newman Center. The Newman House was demolished after the purchase.

Student groups and organizations
There are a number of groups and organizations which make up St. John's Catholic Newman Center. These organizations include the Knights of Columbus, Fellowship of Catholic University Students, Koinonia Retreats, and RCIA among others.

Knights of Columbus
There is a Knights of Columbus College Council located at St. John's. The Illini Council 2782 was founded in 1937 as the first college council at a public university. It serves as a fraternal group for Catholic men on campus to be a part of in order to serve their community and their Church. The Illini Council won four consecutive national-level awards given out by the Knights of Columbus from 2008–2012 for their programs and efforts at UIUC and in the surrounding area. In 2015, Illini Council was recognized by the Knights of Columbus as the Outstanding College Council of the Year.

FOCUS
There are a total of 5 FOCUS missionaries on campus who lead Bible Studies and meet with students on a one-on-one basis. These Bible studies work to help bring students deeper into their spiritual life by reflecting on scripture passages and by building authentic Christian communities. The one-on-one meetings with students are called "discipleship" and are aimed at teaching the students more about their Catholic faith and how to live out that faith through leading their peers at school and in the work force. Occasional large group meetings allow FOCUS members to meet each other and grow in community. The weekly bible study groups are much smaller and gender-specific. The large group events are open to all students.

Illini Collegians for Life
ICFL is a registered student organization that serves as the central body of the anti-abortion movement on campus. The University of Illinois was the location of the foundation of Students for Life of Illinois (a statewide coalition of collegiate anti-abortion organizations) in 2006 which now has its home office within the Newman Center. ICFL meets weekly to prepare fundraisers and awareness projects, and its main endeavor involves sending students to the March For Life in January each year.

Koinonia
"Koinonia" is the Greek word for "community," a concept that was very evident in the faith of the early Church. The term "koinonia" reflects the Church's history, fellowship, and support for its members. It is often used in the New Testament to refer to the early Christian churches, which met in generally small and intimate settings. A weekend Koinonia retreat is a reminder of those early days, but also an opportunity to live in community with others.

The Koinonia retreat weekend is an experience in Christian community based on the Paschal mystery of the Lord Jesus, His Life, Death and Resurrection. During a retreat, participants have the chance to hear about the faith of student leaders and share some of their experiences with other participants.

The Retreat consists of talks, discussions, reflections, prayer and celebrations of the Sacraments of Penance and Eucharist. Though the Retreat is offered from a Catholic perspective, non-Catholics are welcome to attend.

See also
 Students for Life of Illinois</ref>

References

External links
 St. John's Catholic Newman Center

Buildings and structures in Champaign, Illinois
John's Catholic Newman Center, St.
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

St. John's Catholic Newman Center


Knowledge Through Science is a solo album by Richard H. Kirk of Cabaret Voltaire. The release was a limited edition of 500 copies of the CD printed by "Irregular", who promoted a Richard H. Kirk gig at The Garage, London, on 23 July 1998. About half of the copies were given away for free after the gig. Shortly after, the album was commercially released by Blast First.

This album has a reputation at several radio stations, including KFJC and WFMU, as being appropriate for "night time air play only," due to its strange and dark undertones.

Track listing
"Knowledge Through Science" (37:19)

Personnel
Produced and recorded by Richard H. Kirk

References

1998 albums
Mute Records albums
Richard H. Kirk albums

Knowledge Through Science


A High Council of State (in Dutch: Hoog College van Staat) is a Council of which the independence is guaranteed in the Constitution of the Netherlands. There are five High Councils of State: the Senate and House of Representatives, the Dutch Council of State, the Court of Audit and the National Ombudsman.

References

Government of the Netherlands
High Councils of State

High Council of State (Netherlands)


The Deepwater Shoals Light was a lighthouse located in the James River upstream from Newport News, Virginia.

History
This light was erected in 1855 to mark the western edge of the channel. Ice damaged the light in the following year, and again in 1867; in the latter case the light had to be rebuilt completely, at which time the light was upgraded to a sixth-order Fresnel from the previous masthead light. During the Civil War the light was extinguished by confederate forces; relit in 1862, the Lighthouse Board reconsidered and removed the lighting apparatus to Fort Monroe for safekeeping.

Decommissioning came in 1936, and the house was torn down in 1966. A steel tower light has been erected on the old iron foundation.

Notes

References

Deepwater Shoals Light, from the Chesapeake Chapter of the United States Lighthouse Society

Lighthouses in Virginia
Lighthouses completed in 1855
James River (Virginia)
Lighthouses in the Chesapeake Bay

Deepwater Shoals Light


Manoel de Castro Villas Bôas (18 April 1907 – 13 December 1979) was a Brazilian entrepreneur, writer and journalist that contributed in bridge the gap between Brazil and Brazilians, via actions and articles published in several Brazilian newspapers and magazines on political and economical matters. He also was a pioneer in creating and developing in the Brazilian press the concept of a Newspaper supplement, delivering to the reader special editions on a comprehensive format and reading style easily understood in a number of political, economical and historical facts.

Early life
Native of São Paulo, he was born from Hyphatia de Azevedo Barbosa's marriage to Horacio de Castro Villas Bôas, on 20 December 1902,in São Paulo. Horacio, born in Angra dos Reis, State of Rio de Janeiro, a beloved son of Manoel de Villas Bôas, Portuguese born, and Maria Joana de Castro, from Angra, was one of the first telegraphists in the country and was transferred from Angra to São Paulo both to train new telegraphists as well head the telegraph services in that city. Soon after Manoel's birth in 1907, Hyphatia died and one year later,1908, Horacio, leaving not only Manoel, as a baby, but also his two sisters, Conceição and Fausta, under the care of his grandfather Manoel de Azevedo Barbosa and grandmother Maria Teixeira das Neves and his preferred aunt Carolina. He studied at the Instituto Mackenzie and Escola de Commercio Alvares Penteado, both in São Paulo, and started working quite early in life, at the age of 15 to 16, as it was common in those days, at a manufacturing plant that belonged to his uncle, Teixeira das Neves.

Self made career
Soon he realized that working in a manufacturing industry, even if one belonging to his uncle, would not lead him to the kind of self enlightening and adventurous life he always pursued until the end of his lifetime. He then quit both his job and school, at age 17, and started a new life selling framed pictures all over Brazil and Uruguay. This gave him an excellent opportunity to start knowing the Brazilian hinterland, its realities and myths. At the age 19, 1926, he met Menotti Del Picchia and Pedro Ferraz do Amaral, lifelong friends and co-founders of the seminal "Semana de Arte Moderna" cultural movement, allowing him to take part in some of the late manifestations of that movement, while traveling thorough the country.

In 1931, while still in São Paulo, he had begun his entrepreneurship life investing in a Bugatti racing car in partnership with a friend, the pilot, to race in Brazil and hopefully to collect cash-awards. Unfortunately, however, the car got smashed during a "drive trial", when himself and the pilot were testing the car. All that was left was a broken nose and an aversion to possessing and driving cars, which he carried throughout his life.

At age 25, in 1932, he settled in Belém, state of Pará, in the Brazilian Amazon, where he was a prosperous entrepreneur, founder and director of "Corporação Latino Americana de Artes" that financed and promoted state industrial and fine art fair and events. However, in 1934, Typhus, quite endemic in the amazon region at that time, forced him to seek for treatment in São Paulo.

Political career
Back in São Paulo, he was invited by Pedro Ferraz do Amaral, then editor-in-chief of the prestigious Correio de São Paulo to join it as special editor,covering the news within the State of São Paulo,which was by then emerging as Brazil's main economic powerhouse. Accepting it, and vested in that power, he then traveled 33 villages and towns within the State, visiting several counties and jurisdictions, interviewing their politicians, civil societies and even some of their founders, getting to know all kinds of new realities and facts in a time where the Brazilian political life was emerging from the lethargy of the Old Republic (1889–1930).

On account of that, he was invited by Armando Salles de Oliveira to join the Partido Constitucionalista, the new reformist and democratic party, led by Salles de Oliveira, which proposed a new Brazilian Constitution founded on solid democratic principles and opposed to the autocratic political regimen imposed by the corruption of the ideals of the "Revolução de 30", a revolution that took place in 1930. Villas Bôas' political adventures, however, did not take him quite further away since in 1935 a coup d'etat, so-called Estado Novo conducted Getúlio Vargas, as Dictator, into power, thus deceiving the aspirations and constitutional claims of the Partido Cosntitucionalista.

Journalist
Notwithstanding, his career as a journalist had been launched and he never quit it, although, his notorious taste for new horizons and challenges had directed him, here and there, to other areas of activities, as a real pioneer, a desbravador of the Brazilian hinterland.

In 1935 at the age 28 he married Jenny Ida Maria Cerrini, 22 (27/01/1913, Pisa, Italy - 1994, São Paulo, Brazil), and started his own family in the city of São Paulo. From this marriage, three were the offspring, Maria Helena, born in 1936, Maria Lucia, born in 1938, and Roberto, born in 1943.

In December 1936 he published Pedaços de São Paulo ("Pieces of São Paulo") a book covering his travels from 1935 to 1936 within the state, which in those days was still a highly adventurous endeavour.

From 1935 to his death in 1979 he also regularly contributed to the Correio de São Paulo (1935–1938), Jornal da Manhã (1939–1941), A Noite (1943–1944),  Correio Paulistano (1945–1948), Estado de São Paulo (1941 to 1943), Folha da Tarde, Folha de S.Paulo, Gazeta Mercantil (1968 to 1972) in São Paulo, Correio da Manhã,  O Radical (1949–1952) – and o Semanario, in Rio de Janeiro, as well as in several magazines, Brasil Gráfico (1955 to 1958), Revista de Organização e Produtividade (1960–1967) and Revista Industria e Desenvolvimento (1972 to 1979).

In 1949 he travelled to Buenos Aires, Argentina, where he interviewed Juan Domingo Perón, the powerful politician and President of Argentina, producing a series of interesting and in-depth articles on the Argentine economy, political trends and social behaviour in a time where the Peronista movement was getting momentum in that rich country. In 1957 he travelled to Caracas, Venezuela, as a special reporter for Diários Associados interviewing politicians and civil society to expose Venezuela realities to Brazilian eyes. He also travelled to La Paz, Bolivia, to conduct a series of interviews with local political leaders and civil society, but was not successful since one of the several coups détat just occurred at the time when he arrived in there, leaving him "arrested" in the country, without options to return, so chaotic was the situation initially.

Desbravador
In 1952, he received an invitation from a long standing friend Cel. Thyrso Silva Gomes to endeavor a totally different activity in the recently accessible locality of Querência do Norte, Paranavaí in the State of Paraná, southern of Brazil: to open, develop and manage Porto Brasílio´s port coffee plantation, which he gladly accepted as a new challenge to his life. Obviously to say that a much bigger challenge was that of his wife Jenny, left in São Paulo, due to children's schooling, and taking care, alone, of their three children: M;Helena, M.Lucia and Roberto.

Needless to say, during the period he stayed in Paranavai, with eventual visits to his family in São Paulo, several were the occasions of real danger, since the region was quite wild in those days and a " western movie atmosphere" was present in the day-life. Once he convinced Jenny of moving, with all children, to Paranavai plantation. She accepted on the premises that she would have to SEE the place first ! So they went to Paranavai ! Traveling was fine up to the entrance of the farm, where a gunfire gang was awaiting the couple " to talk". With great ability and very courageously he drove the situation to his and Jenny's favor. Jenny, however, was so outraged that decided never to live there, but rather staying in São Paulo, waiting for his return.

In 1955,ending his successful farmer's experience, he returned to São Paulo, and restarted his interrupted media contributions. A new engagement was awaiting for him: that of Brazil's producing and tasting the best coffee in the world,a campaign he developed throughout the Revista de Organização e Produtividade and press in general as Consumo de Cafe e Cursos IBC, 1960,O Estado de S. Paulo;Correio Paulistano;Os Cursos de Classificação do Café Estão Fadados a Provocar Verdadeira Revolução no Consumo Domético e Mundial; Consumo do Café no Mercado Interno; Segue o Cafe a Vocação Suicida dos Ciclos Economicos Brasileiros ?; Meio Seculo de Combate a Erosão e à Rotina, that indeed contributed to change the coffee tasting habits in Brazil .

So engaged was Villas Bôas on the fate of coffee in Brazil that he started to look for partners to produce an epic movie on Palheta's life and actions to introduce coffee, from the French Guiana into the Brazilian territory . However, lack of financing postponed, indefinitely, this dream and project.

References

 "A Pátria", 1935-01-16,pg.3.
 Pedaços de São Paulo, Estabelecimento Graphico O Cruzeiro do Sul,São Paulo,1936
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110911160406/http://www.camposnovospaulista.sp.gov.br/a_cidade/historico_fundador.asp
http://alexandria.cpd.ufv.br=Idort
 O Estado de S. Paulo, 7 August 1960, pg.29.
 O Correio Paulistano, 4 April 1960.
 Revista de Organização e Produtividade, 1960,XXIX,341 e 342.
 Revista de Organização e Produtividade, 1961,XXX,351 e 352.
 Revista de Organização e Produtividade, 1962, XXXI,365 e 366.
 Revista de Organização e Produtividade'', 1965,XXXIV,397 e 398.

1907 births
1979 deaths
Brazilian male writers

Manoel de Castro Villas Bôas


Danijela Dimitrovska (Serbian Cyrillic: Данијела Димитровска; ; born 22 April 1987) is a Serbian model. She began her modelling career by winning the Elite Model Look competition in Serbia in 2004.

Career

Modeling
Dimitrovska began her professional career as a model in 2004, aged 16, by winning the Elite Model Look competition in Serbia. She has since been a spokesperson for various brands, such as Vera Wang, Anne Fontaine, Benetton, BCBG Max Azria, Christian Lacroix, French Connection, Leonard, Marella, Miu Miu, Betty Jackson, YSL and Louis Vuitton. Some of her campaigns also include Emporio Armani, when she posed along with Giorgio Armani and other models for the Italian edition Marie Claire, and a television commercial for YSL with French actor Vincent Cassel.

In November 2009, Dimitrovska was chosen as one of promotional models for Victoria's Secret. She had her first photo session in April 2010.

Other work
In 2011, Dimitrovska founded her own modeling agency, Models Inc., along with fellow model Marija Vujović and modeling agent Mirjana Udovičić. Since 2012, the agency has organized Elite Model Look competitions in Serbia and Montenegro.

Personal life
On 26 May 2012, Dimitrovska married Serbian television personality and musician Ognjen Amidžić. Their first child, a son Matija, was born on 29 November 2013. Dimitrovska is close friends with Brazilian model Gisele Bündchen.

See also
 List of Victoria's Secret models

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
People from Požarevac
Serbian female models
Serbian people of Macedonian descent

Danijela Dimitrovska


Alberto Bevilacqua  (27 June 1934 – 9 September 2013) was an Italian writer and filmmaker. Leonardo Sciascia, an Italian writer and politician, read Bevilacqua's first collection of stories, The Dust on the Grass (1955), was impressed and published it. Mario Colombi Guidotti, responsible for the literary supplement of the Journal of Parma, began to publish his stories in the early 1950s.

Friendship Lost, his first book of poems, was published in 1961. Caliph, published in 1964, was his break-through novel. The protagonist, Irene Corsini, imbued with his own sweet and energetic temperament, is one of the strongest female characters in Italian literature. His novel This Kind of Love won the Campiello Prize in 1966. In both This Kind of Love and Caliph, Bevilacqua oversaw the adaptations and productions of the film versions. This Kind of Love won Best Film at Cannes.

Bevilacqua was also a poet. His writings have been translated throughout Europe, the United States, Brazil, China and Japan.  In 2010, his seven "stories" as he likes to call them, are included in the Novels volume of the prestigious series "I Meridiani."

Bevilacqua directed seven films between 1970 and 1999. His 1970 film La califfa was entered into the 1971 Cannes Film Festival.

Bevilacqua, aged 79, died in Rome on 9 September 2013 from cardiac arrest. He had been hospitalized since 11 October 2012 for heart failure.

Selected filmography
 Atom Age Vampire (1960)
 La califfa (1970)
 Questa specie d'amore (1971)
 Attenti al buffone (1976)
 Le rose di Danzica (1979)
 Bosco d'amore (1981)
 La donna delle meraviglie (1985)

Honour
 : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (22 november 2010)

References

External links

1934 births
2013 deaths
20th-century Italian novelists
20th-century Italian male writers
Italian film directors
Italian screenwriters
Strega Prize winners
Bancarella Prize winners
David di Donatello winners
Writers from Parma
Premio Campiello winners
Italian male novelists
Italian male screenwriters
Film people from Parma
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic

Alberto Bevilacqua


Victoria Mary Talbot, born in 1931, is an Australian painter and illustrator. She started her career in Melbourne in 1958. She moved to London where she worked for the well-recognized solo-exhibitionist Arthur Jeffress' Gallery in 1961. This period were successful and became her great breakthrough. During this period, she also finished the portraits of The Duke of Bedford, Lady Astor and Princess Ujrvala Bistraw Shah. In 1962 she had her first solo exhibition in Paris. Several Exhibitions in Australia, which was completed in 1964. The travel desire brought her to Thailand, Cambodia, Hong Kong, Japan and America. After completing her exhibition in Los Angeles in 1965, she returned to London where she commissioned painting the Maharaja by Ciich-Behar. Her colourful and interesting life is reflected in her imaginative images, varied expressions from the observant and quality-conscious eye of an international connoisseur. Victoria Mary Talbot moved to Norway in November 1965, fell in love with the country and the tranquility. It has been numerous separate and collective exhibitions throughout much of the world.

1957    Melbourne       Australian Galleries

1957    Sydney            Terry-Clune Gallery

1961    London            Arthur Jeffress Gallery

1962    Paris                Jean Giraudoux Galerie

1963    Melbourne       South Yarra Gallery

1964    London            The Trafford Gallery

1964    London            The Trafford Gallery

1967    Paris                La Galerie Mouffe

1969    London            The Trafford Gallery

1971    Asker               Galleri Pan

1973    Melbourne       South Yarra Gallery

1976    Oslo                 Galleri Galtung

1979    Oslo                 Galleri Galtung

1982    Oslo                 Galleri Galtung

1986    Elverum           Glomdalsmuseet

1988    Melbourne       Westpac Victorian

Arts Centre Trust

1989    Sydney            Casey Galleries

1992    Oslo                 Galleri Galtung

1996    Shawnee         Oklahoma Mabee & Gerrer

Museum of Art – USA

1998    Roma               Galleria Lazzari

1999    Mantova          Galleria Accademia, Italia

2005    Oslo                 Interiør-Galleriet

2011    Oslo                 Interiør-Galleriet

Representing

National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne

Australian Mission, København

Further reading

 McCulloch, Alan McCulloch, Susan McCulloch, Emily McCulloch-Childs. The New McCulloch's Encyclopedia of Australian Art. 4th Edition, Aus Art Melbourne & The Miegunyah Press, 2006. Page 934
 Germaine, Max. Artists and Galleries of Australia, Volumes 1 & 2, Third Edition. Craftsman Press, Sydney, 1990. Page 659
 Germaine, Max. A Dictionary of Women Artists of Australia. Craftsman House, Sydney, 1991. Page 433
 Campbell, Jean. Australian Watercolour Painters: 1780 to the Present Day. Craftsman House, Sydney, 1989. Page 371
 Dictionary of Australian Artists Online, an online resource for biographical data about Australian artists, designers, craftspeople and curators.

Australian painters
Australian artists
Artists from South Australia
Oslo
Illustrators
1930 births

Victoria Mary Talbot