Luigi Broggi (6 May 1851 – 14 October 1926) was an Italian architect, Brera Academy alumnus and pupil of Camillo Boito, and later himself a professor at the Academy.  He was mostly active in Milan; his most notable works include the Palazzo Broggi (now "Palazzo delle Poste") and the Palazzo del Credito Italiano, both in the central Piazza Cordusio, and the Magazzini Contratti building in the immediate surroundings (Via Tommaso Grossi).  He also designed several villas in Lombardy, funerary monuments in the Monumental Cemetery in Milan and in the Pallanza cemetery, the Grand Hotel des Thermes (now Palazzo dei Congressi) at Salsomaggiore, and several hotels in Genoa.

He was very active in Milan's public life, participating in virtually every debate on the urban reorganization of Milan across the 19th and 20th century; he was held in high esteem by the royal family and especially by Queen Margherita of Savoy.  He was also a scholar and prolific essay writer in the field of architectural history.

Along with Luca Beltrami, Carlo Maciachini, and his mentor Boito, Broggi has been a prominent representative of the eclectic period of Milanese architecture (sometimes referred to as Milanese eclecticism) although in some of his works (for example the Contratti building) he also clearly embraced the Art Nouveau canons.

Footnotes

19th-century Italian architects
20th-century Italian architects
Architects from Milan
History of Milan
Art Nouveau architects
1851 births
1926 deaths

Luigi Broggi


North American Fur Auctions (commonly known as NAFA) is a Canadian company that auctions on consignment fur pelts harvested in Canada and the United States.  Its services are used by both large fur farms and small-time trappers.  Its auctions are held three to four times a year in Toronto. It is the largest fur auction house in North America, and the second largest in the world.

In its May 2008 auction, NAFA handled nearly 3.5 million pelts. Animal types included otter, sable, beaver, raccoon, coyote, red fox, grey fox, lynx, bobcat, fisher, muskrat, mink, silver fox, badger, skunk, opossum, squirrel, ermine, timber wolf, wolverine and black bear.

NAFA is the successor to the Hudson's Bay Company's Canadian and U.S. fur auction businesses, which were spun off in 1987 and 1989, respectively. In 2019, NAFA filed for creditor protection (CCAA).

Communications
NAFA is a founding member of the North American Fur Industry Communications group (NAFIC), established in 2013 as a cooperative public educational program for the fur industry in Canada and the USA. NAFIC disseminates information via the Internet under the brand name "Truth About Fur".

References

External links

Canadian auction houses
Fur trade
Hudson's Bay Company

North American Fur Auctions


John Greene Jr. (1620 – 27 November 1708) was a deputy governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations who spent almost his entire adult life in the public service of the colony. Born in England, he was the son of John Greene Sr. and Joan Tattersall, and sailed to New England with his parents in 1635 aboard the ship James. His father, after coming from Massachusetts to Providence, became one of the original settlers of Warwick. In 1652 Greene served in his first public role as a commissioner from Warwick, and served in some public capacity every year until 1690 when he was first chosen as deputy governor of the colony. He then served 10 consecutive one-year terms in this capacity, retiring from public service in 1700 at the age of 80. He was one of the 10 Assistants named in the Royal Charter of 1663, which would become the basis for Rhode Island's government for nearly two centuries. During the devastating events of King Phillips War, Greene was one of 16 prominent inhabitants of the colony whose counsel was sought by the General Assembly.

Greene died in Warwick on 27 November 1708 and was buried on the Spring Greene Farm (later the property of Governor Theodore F. Green) in Warwick. Greene married Ann Almy, the daughter of William and Audry (Barlow) Almy. They had 11 children, the youngest of whom, Samuel, married Mary Gorton, a granddaughter of Rhode Island colonial president Samuel Gorton. Their grandson, William Greene Sr. served for 11 one-year terms as a governor of the colony, and their great-grandson, also named William Greene Jr. was a governor of the State of Rhode Island. John and Ann Greene are also ancestors of United States President Warren G. Harding, as well as inventor Thomas A. Edison, Canadian politician and religious leader Nathan Eldon Tanner, cowboy artist and inventor Earl W. Bascom and Hollywood actor John Wayne.

See also

 William Greene (colonial governor) for ancestral chart
 List of lieutenant governors of Rhode Island
 Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

Images

References

Bibliography

External links
State list of lieutenant governors of Rhode Island

1620 births
1708 deaths
English emigrants
Politicians from Warwick, Rhode Island
Rhode Island Attorneys General
People of colonial Rhode Island
Greene family of Rhode Island

John Greene Jr.


William Hopkinson Cox (October 22, 1856 – October 13, 1950) was an American politician, who served as the 30th Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky from 1907 to 1911, under Governor Augustus E. Willson.

Early life and family
Cox was born October 22, 1856, in Maysville, Kentucky. He was the son of William Hopkinson and Elizabeth R. (Newman) Cox. His paternal grandfather, George Cox, immigrated from London, England, in 1817 and founded a dry goods store in Maysville, Kentucky, in 1819.

Cox was educated in the private schools of Maysville. He began working in the family store at age fifteen, and he and his brother George assumed operation of the store when their father died in 1885. In 1904, the brothers sold the successful business to the firm of D. Hunt and Son. In 1889, Cox became president of the State National Bank in Maysville, holding this position until 1901. He was also director of the Electric Light and Gas Company for a time.

Cox took an active part in the development of Maysville, financing the construction of the Cox Building in that city. He also owned a housing terrace on Market Street between Third and Fourth Streets in Maysville, which became known as the Cox Block of Maysville.

In 1880, Cox married Susan E. Farrow, niece of the Chief Justice Peters of the Kentucky Court of Appeals. They had one daughter, Roberta Stockton (Cox) Wheat. Cox and his wife were faithful adherents of the Episcopal church.

Political career
For seven years, Cox served on the Maysville City Council, presiding over the Council for five of those years. In 1888, he was chosen as the Republican nominee for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives, but he declined the nomination. In November 1893, Cox was elected mayor of the city of Maysville. He was the first mayor of the city elected under the new Kentucky Constitution of 1891.

Cox was a delegate to the 1892 Republican National Convention that nominated Benjamin Harrison for a second term as President of the United States. He was chosen as Kentucky's representative to the delegation that officially notified Harrison of his renomination.

Cox was elected to represent Mason and Lewis counties in the Kentucky Senate. He was re-elected once, serving a total of eight years. During his term, he supported the local option solution to the question of prohibition. In 1906, he received every Republican vote in the legislature for election to the United States Senate, but lost to Democrat Thomas H. Paynter.

Cox was elected Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky in 1907, serving under Governor Augustus E. Willson. He died October 13, 1950.

References

Bibliography

1856 births
1950 deaths
American Episcopalians
Republican Party Kentucky state senators
Lieutenant Governors of Kentucky
Mayors of places in Kentucky
Kentucky city council members
People from Maysville, Kentucky

William Hopkinson Cox


The scapulocoracoid is the unit of the pectoral girdle that contains the coracoid and scapula.
The coracoid itself is a beak-shaped bone that is commonly found in most vertebrates with a few exceptions.
The scapula is commonly known as the shoulder blade.  The humerus is linked to the body via the scapula, and the clavicle is connected to the sternum via the scapula as well.

Therian mammals lack a scapulocoracoid.

References

 Vertebrates Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution by Kenneth V. Kardong. Page 325.

Vertebrate anatomy

Scapulocoracoid


Achham cattle are a breed of zebu cattle found in the Achham region of Nepal. Achham cattle are a small breed less than 1 meter in height at the withers. It is also called Naumuthe cow as it measures only nine fists from its hoof to hump.

Achhami cattle (Bos indicus) are in the list of unique flora/fauna of Nepal.  They are suitable for hill conditions and low input systems, used mainly for milk production. Body color varies from black to white, i.e. black, brown, grey, white, spotted black and white. According to the annual report of Animal Breeding Division, Nepal Agriculture Research Council (2005), cows average 88 cm in height at the withers with an average weight of 110 kg. Bulls average 97 cm at the withers and weigh on average 150 kg. They are reared by the farmers of the Far Western Development Region of Nepal, particularly in Achham, Bajhang, Bajura, And Doti districts.

References

Mammals of Nepal
Cattle breeds originating in Nepal
Sudurpashchim Province

Achham cattle


The Education Act 1996 (), is a Malaysian laws which enacted to provide for education and for matters connected therewith.

Preamble
Preamble of the Act provides the following acknowledgements:
WHEREAS acknowledging that knowledge is the key determinant of the destiny and survival of the nation:
AND WHEREAS the purpose of education is to enable the Malaysian society to have a command of knowledge, skills and values necessary in a world that is highly competitive and globalized, arising from the impact of rapid development in science, technology and information:
AND WHEREAS education plays a vital role in achieving the country's vision of attaining the status of a fully developed nation in terms of economic development, social justice, and spiritual, moral and ethical strength, towards creating a society that is united, democratic, liberal and dynamic:
AND WHEREAS it is the mission to develop a world-class quality education system which will realize the full potential of the individual and fulfill the aspiration of the Malaysian nation:
AND WHEREAS the National Education Policy is based on the National Philosophy of Education which is expressed as follows:
"Education in Malaysia is an ongoing effort towards further developing the potential of individuals in a holistic and integrated manner so as to produce individuals who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically balanced and harmonious, based on a firm belief in and devotion to God. Such an effort is designed to produce Malaysian citizens who are knowledgeable and competent, who possess high moral standards, and who are responsible and capable of achieving a high level of personal well-being as well as being able to contribute to the betterment of the family, the society and the nation at large":
AND WHEREAS the above policy is to be executed through a national system of education which provides for the national language to be the main medium of instruction, a National Curriculum and common examinations; the education provided being varied and comprehensive in scope and which will satisfy the needs of the nation as well as promote national unity through cultural, social, economic and political development in accordance with the principles of Rukunegara:
AND WHEREAS it is considered desirable that regard shall be had, so far as is compatible with that policy, with the provision of efficient instruction and with the avoidance of unreasonable public expenditure, to the general principle that pupils are to be educated in accordance with the wishes of their parents

Structure
The Education Act 1996, in its current form (1 January 2012), consists of 16 Parts containing 156 sections and 1 schedule (including 2 amendments).
 Part I: Preliminary
 Part II: Administration
 Part III: National Education Advisory Council
 Part IV: Education System
 Chapter 1—The National Education System
 Chapter 2—Pre-School Education
 Chapter 3—Primary Education
 Chapter 4—Secondary Education
 Chapter 5—Post Secondary Education
 Chapter 6—Other Educational Institutions
 Chapter 7—Technical Education and Polytechnics
 Chapter 8—Special Education
 Chapter 9—Teacher Education
 Chapter 10—Religious Teaching in Educational Institutions
 Chapter 11—Management of Educational Institutions
 Chapter 12—Provision of Facilities and Services
 Part V: Assessment and Examination
 Part VI: Higher Education
 Part VII: Private Educational Institutions
 Part VIII: Registration of Educational Institutions
 Chapter 1—Registration of Educational Institutions
 Chapter 2—Cancellation of Registration
 Chapter 3—Registration of Governors and Employees
 Chapter 4—Registration of Pupils
 Chapter 5—Inspection of Educational Institutions by the Registrar General
 Part IX: Registration of Teachers
 Chapter 1—Registration of Teachers
 Chapter 2—Permits to Teach
 Chapter 3—Miscellaneous
 Part X: The Inspectorate of Schools
 Chapter 1—The Inspectorate
 Chapter 2—General
 Part XI: Finance
 Part XII: Appeals
 Part XIII: Regulations
 Part XIV: Offences and Penalties
 Part XV: Miscellaneous
 Part XVI: Transitional and Repeal
 Schedule

See also
Education Act

References

External links
 Education Act 1996

1996 in Malaysian law
Malaysian federal legislation
History of education in Malaysia

Education Act 1996 (Malaysia)


Ittijah or "Union of Arab Community-Based Associations" is a network for Palestinian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) founded in 1995 in Israel. The organization's stated goals are promoting the Palestinian Arab civil society and advocating political, economic and social change for Palestinians who are denied access to infrastructure and services "due to discriminatory practices and policies of the (Israeli) State". Based in Haifa, he focuses on coordinating the activities and strategies of member organisations while promoting advocacy, capacity building and networking.

Ittijah's advocacy focuses on raising awareness about the social, political and economic needs of Palestinian Arabs at the (inter-Palestinian), region (Arab) and international levels. Advocacy is directed at governments, civil society groups, donor agencies, other indigenous peoples and human rights agencies, unions, and Palestinian solidarity groups. Ittijah hosts regular Ambassadorial study days and solidarity delegations, produces fact sheet publications, and arranges conferences and meetings.

Ittijah's capacity building efforts are aimed at enhancing the human, technical, financial and educational resources of its member organizations. Ittijah places international volunteers with local organizations and provides translation assistance with English language correspondence.

Ittijah's networking efforts are engaged at the grassroots through international levels extending from field-based networking with women's and youth groups at the local level through regional inter-Arab and international levels. Particular attention is paid to developing a network of specialists engaged in building civil society infrastructure, communication and cooperation. Ittijah's helped create the "Youth Network," a collaboration between ten Community associations that participated in a one-year project with participating young Palestinians from different regions.

Conferences
In 2000, Ittijah arranged a regional conference in Cyprus for Palestinian civil society groups from all parts of historical Palestine and Lebanon. Three Palestinian networks attended; Ittijah: Union of Arab Community-Based Associations; PNGO (The Palestinian NGO Network in the West Bank and Gaza Strip), and The Collective Forum for Palestinian NGOs in Lebanon. The conference noted the indivisible nature of the Palestinian people, warned against accepting divisions imposed upon them by others, and defined the role of the three networks in working towards a unified Palestinian civil society, including Palestinians living in Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and the large Palestinian refugee communities in Lebanon.

Ittijah also attended the Durban World Conference against Racism in 2001. Ittijah facilitated communication between Palestinian NGOs on the issue of racism, particularly what it believes is Israeli-state racism against Palestinian citizens, and discriminatory practices in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

Ittijah sponsored a 2002 conference "An End to Borders: Arab Civil Society Takes up the Challenge" in partnership with the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies. The conference created important links between Palestinian civil society organizations inside Israel with partners in the wider Arab world.

Ameer Makhoul Arrest
In May, 2010, Ittijah's director, Ameer Makhoul was arrested by the Israeli Shin Bet and accused of meeting with a Hezbollah spy who recruited him to engage in espionage against Israel. An Israeli court sealed his arrest under gag order at the request of the security services. Neither his name nor his detention could be reported in the Israeli media. Nevertheless, an Israeli online news outlet and foreign blog did break the gag and report his identity. Jaja reportedly helped Ittijah purchase the building housing its offices.

Makhoul later admitted to spying for Hezbollah, as part of a plea bargain. The Haifa District Court sentenced Makhoul in January 2011 to "nine years in prison and another year suspended sentence for charges of spying and contact with a foreign agent from the Lebanon-based Hezbollah militant organization."

Other activities
In 2003, Ittijah issued a petition protesting the attempted murder of Arab Knesset Member Issam Makhoul. On Friday, 24 October 2003, a bomb was placed under MK Makhoul's car. Ittijah argued that the anonymous attack was the result of public incitement against the Arab leaders by the Israeli government. Ittijah asked the government to step back from its attacks that create an uncontrollable atmosphere of violence. Thirty-four Arab, non-governmental organizations in Israel were initial signatories to the petition calling for defense of the democratic right of Arab Israelis to take part in Israel's public and political life.

In August 2004, Ittijah achieved Special Consultative status from the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, the first Palestinian NGO within Israel to gain consultative status with a United Nations council.

See also

Abnaa el-Balad

References

External links
Critical description of Ittijah by NGO Watch

Human rights organizations based in Israel
Non-governmental organizations involved in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Organizations based in the State of Palestine
Supraorganizations

Ittijah


Nu Dimension are an Indonesian four-piece boy band formed in 2012, consisting of members Romy Syalasa Putra, Johanan Ariel Matulessy, Bagus Cahya Adi and Ryan Hartanto Tedja. They were formed exclusively for the first season Indonesian version of The X Factor. They signed with Ahmad Dhani's Republik Cinta Management after being formed and finishing third in the first season X Factor Indonesia.

History

2012-present: Formation and The X Factor
Nu Dimension are four solo artists who met during boot camp for the first season Indonesian version of The X Factor. The members of the group are Romy Syalasa, Joel Matulessy, Bagus Cahya and Ryan Hartanto. They successfully auditioned as soloists but failed on a bootcamp challenge. Then they were later formed as a group by the judges to give them another chance. They performed Michael Jackson's "Man in the Mirror" at the judges' home visit round and was selected to join Dhani in the live shows. In week 1, they sang George Michael's "Careless Whisper" and received positive feedback from the judges. They successfully surprised the judges after performing Michael Jackson's "Thriller" with Halloween-themed setting in week 3. For the first 3 weeks, Nu Dimension always placed number one at the end of the episodes. In week 4, they sang Brian McKnight's "One Last Cry". In week 6, they sang Queen's "Killer Queen" and received mixed feedback from the judges, where some judges were not impressed with the song choice. Despite this, they received another praise from the judges in the following week after performing Britney Spears' "Toxic". In week 8, they sang "Istimewa" and "Don't You Worry Child". Despite receiving positive feedback from the judges, they were in the bottom two with Isa Raja and sang "After the Love Has Gone" for survival. Dhani and Rossa voted in their favor, but Anggun and Bebi voted to save Isa Raja instead, causing the judges' votes to be deadlocked and reverted to the public vote. It was then revealed that Isa Raja received fewer votes, causing Nu Dimension to stay in the competition for another week. In week 9, they collaborate with Mulan Jameela sing "Cinta Mati III" and received a negative feedback by the judges and said that they just sounds like a 'backing vocalists'. In week 10 they sang an epic performance "Supermassive Black Hole" and received praises by the judges. In week 11, they sang "Points of Authority" by Linkin Park and the judges said that it was the best performance of the night, And a tribute song "Cobalah Mengerti" by Noah. In The Top Three, They sang "Only Girl" by Rihanna and received a positive feedback from the judges. In the second song, they sang "Virtual Insanity" with collaborated with Their mentor and received a funny feedback, other judges said Nu Dimension shouldn't be in wrong way and shouldn't collaborated with their mentor.

Performances on X Factor Indonesia season 1

Nu Dimension performed the following songs on X Factor Indonesia:

Members

Romy Syalasa
Romy Syalasa Putra, born , is from Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara. His first audition was "Wild World" by Mr. Big's version.

Bagus Cahya
Bagus Cahya Adi, born , is from Wonogiri, Central Java. His first audition was "Just The Way You Are by Bruno Mars.

Joel Matulessy
Johanan Ariel "El" Matulessy, born , is from Makassar. His first audition was "Kasih Putih" by Glenn Fredly.

Ryan Hartanto
Ryan Hartanto Tedja, born , is from Surabaya, East Java. His first audition was "I Believe I Can Fly" by R. Kelly.

References

External links
Official fansite
Nu Dimension on Twitter
Contestant - Nu Dimension :: X Factor Indonesia

2012 establishments in Indonesia
Musical groups established in 2012
Indonesian boy bands
Vocal quartets
X Factor Indonesia contestants

Nu Dimension


NBA Hangtime is a 1996 basketball arcade game developed and released by Midway. Home versions were released for the Nintendo 64, PlayStation, Super NES, Sega Genesis, and Microsoft Windows. A version for Game.com was announced, but cancelled.

Hangtime was the third basketball game by the original development team behind the NBA Jam series. The title was changed due to the NBA Jam name being acquired by Acclaim Entertainment, the publisher of the games for the home market. Acclaim's NBA Jam Extreme was released the same year as Hangtime. Features introduced in Hangtime included character creation, alley oops, and double dunks. A software update known as NBA Maximum Hangtime was released for the arcades later in the life cycle. A sequel, NBA Showtime: NBA on NBC, was released in 1999.

The theme song "Whatcha Gonna Do?" was produced by rapper M-Doc of Indasoul Entertainment.

Gameplay
The gameplay is largely the same as the Midway's NBA Jam games, with some additions. One of the most prominent additions is the "Create Player" feature, which allows players to create a custom basketball player, specifying height, weight, power, shooting, and defensive skills using a limited number of attribute points. Created players can be made more powerful as players earn additional attribute points by winning games.

The game retains many of the same rules of NBA Jam: Tournament Edition, including the two-on-two match ups, statistics tracking, legal pushing and "on fire" mode. Additions to the gameplay include spin moves, alley oops and double slam dunks - a slam dunk performed after one team member in the middle of a dunk passes to the other member. Alley-oops and double dunks can trigger the new "team fire" mode in which both team members are on fire.

Each team now has five members of the roster to choose from. The original arcade version features team rosters from the 1995–96 NBA season, while the home console versions feature team rosters that were accurate to the 1996–97 NBA season. The player can select from any of the 29 NBA teams and match them in four quarters of NBA basketball (three minutes each), with three-minute overtimes if necessary. Just as in the NBA Jam games, the game can keep track of the teams a player has beaten using a player's created ID and PIN. Optionally, the player can load their created player. Players using their ID face off against a series of NBA teams, starting with the Vancouver Grizzlies and ending with the Chicago Bulls (who were on their way to being NBA champions at the time of the game's release). After beating all 29 teams, the player faces off against a number of secret characters.

New to the game is a three-digit "combination lock" feature. Similar to the "Kombat Kodes" in Mortal Kombat 3, the feature allows players to enter codes on the Match Up screen that alter the game's appearance and/or gameplay.

The initial arcade version and the home versions included an NBA trivia quiz at the end of each game played. Answering enough trivia questions correctly in the arcade game originally qualified players for a prize drawing, while on home versions it gives players more attribute points for their created players.

Home versions
Midway released home versions of the game for the PlayStation and Nintendo 64, as well as for the previous generation's consoles, the Sega Genesis and Super NES. Funcom developed the Genesis and Super NES versions.

Los Angeles Lakers center Shaquille O'Neal is not licensed in either version of Hangtime as he was given clearance for NBA Showtime: NBA on NBC.

In 2020, Tastemakers LLC, under its Arcade1Up brand, released a 3/4 scale arcade cabinet that included Hangtime, alongside its precursors NBA Jam and NBA Jam: Tournament Edition. Code Mystics developed this version of Hangtime, a largely faithful emulation of the arcade original, but with some players omitted due to issues with licensing.

Reception

Computer and Video Games dubbed Hangtime "the real, and quite worthy, successor to NBA Jam TE". The graphics improvements were lauded, as were the new features, moves and the created player feature. A reviewer for Next Generation likewise attested that "NBA Hangtime has all the playable qualities of NBA Jam, plus a slew of perks that make this worthy of your arcade quarters." He was particularly impressed with the Create a Player mode, and said the fact that this costs an extra quarter is more than balanced by the fact that the custom player is permanently written into the arcade cabinet's memory. Despite this, he scored it only 3 out of 5 stars.

The home ports received mixed reviews. In contrast to their reviews for the arcade version, most critics remarked that the game does not offer enough new features over NBA Jam, though they disagreed as to how much of a problem this is. Reviewing the Nintendo 64 version, Air Hendrix of GamePro concluded that "Jam-style hoops is nothing new, but Hangtime does it with enough flash and freshness to keep you happily dunkin' like a fool." He cited the selection of players, numerous secrets, smooth graphics, multiplayer matches, and create-a-player mode. He rated the Genesis version lower in every category except control, noting the weaker sound effects and announcer's voice. However, he gave it a similar recommendation. GamePros The Rookie found that the Super NES version likewise suffers from inferior graphics and sound but is still highly enjoyable to play. Doug Perry of IGN also praised the create a player feature, calling it "easily one of the coolest elements of the game, and separates it from the pack." Perry wrote that the port didn't make much use of the N64's capabilities, but called it a "fun, arcade-perfect port that will bring most basketball fans lots (sic) enjoyment." GameSpot was far more negative, with Jeff Gerstmann reviewing the N64 version and writing that the game only featured "minor changes" and concluding "Unless you've been shooting digital hoops in a cave for the past few years, you've seen it all before." A reviewer for Next Generation agreed: "Basically, if you've played NBA Jam, then you've played most of NBA Hangtime." He further criticized that aside from the support for four players without the use of a multitap, the game make poor use of the Nintendo 64's capabilities, with 2D graphics and a low frame rate. He went so far as to say that the Super NES version of NBA Jam looks equally good and plays better due to the more appropriate controller. The two sports reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly had a more middling response. Joe Rybicki, similarly to Gerstmann and Next Generation, said the game "offers basically nothing new, except updated players and bigger character sprites." Co-reviewer Todd Mowatt, while criticizing that the AI tends towards goal-tending, felt the game was an overall improvement over the 16-bit basketball games.

The PlayStation version was criticized for its long loading times and rampant slowdown, and reviews uniformly recommended buying the Nintendo 64 version instead. Kraig Kujawa was far more positive about the PC version, saying that it was an accurate conversion, although lamenting that it didn't include online play.

In 1997 Electronic Gaming Monthly listed NBA Hangtime as the 5th best arcade game of all time.

Maximum Hangtime
NBA Maximum Hangtime is an upgrade released in late 1996 to the arcade version of NBA Hangtime featuring the 1996-1997 NBA rosters. Otherwise, the gameplay is essentially the same except for the addition of a hidden "hot spot" on the court for each player where they shoot more accurately. "Maximum" also has some additional secret codes and hidden players.

References

1996 video games
Arcade video games
Cancelled Game.com games
Funcom games
National Basketball Association video games
PlayStation (console) games
Nintendo 64 games
Sega Genesis games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games scored by Jonathan Hey
Video games with digitized sprites
Windows games
Midway video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Midway Studios San Diego games

NBA Hangtime


The Shipwrecked Fishermen and Mariners' Royal Benevolent Society or the Shipwrecked Mariners for short, is a national charity founded in 1839, which operates throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland, whose purpose is to provide help to former merchant seamen, fishermen and their widows and dependants who are in need. It was founded at the instigation of Mr. John Rye, a philanthropic retired medical man of Bath, Somerset and his servant Mr. Charles Gee Jones, born in Weston-super-Mare , a former Bristol pilot and landlord of the Pulteney Arms in Bath, following the tragic loss of life from the Clovelly fishing fleet in a severe storm in November 1838. Aided by Sir Jahleel Brenton, at that time governor of Greenwich Hospital, Mr. Rye succeeded in establishing the Society, and of collecting a respectable sum as a first subscription, initially by going from house to house in Bath collecting half crowns. The portrait (below) of Mr. Rye and Mr. Gee Jones was painted to commemorate the founding of the Society, which now hangs in the boardroom of the Society's Headquarters in Chichester.

The Society's first President was Admiral Sir George Cockburn, 10th Baronet, who in the War of 1812 cruised Chesapeake Bay and captured and burnt Washington on 24 August 1814. The Society's first patron was Queen Victoria and it has had a royal patron ever since; today it is the Princess Royal.  One of its first Vice-Presidents was Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Bt. The Society was incorporated by an Act of Parliament in 1850.

The Society's flag, a St George's cross with the letters SFMS in the quadrants and a number, was displayed by ships and their position reported by the coastguard to the Shipping and Mercantile Gazette in London. From 1851 until 1854 it operated lifeboats at Lytham, Rhyl, Portmadoc, Tenby, Llanelly, Teignmouth, Hornsea and Newhaven but it was subsequently agreed that it would be wiser if one organisation concentrated on rescuing lives at sea while the other helped the survivors or their bereaved families ashore, so in 1854 the Society transferred its lifeboats to the RNLI.

The Society, which operates through a national network of volunteers known as Honorary Agents, deals with over 2,000 cases of need a year and is based in Chichester, West Sussex.

The Society hold an annual photography competition, to raise awareness of its charity work.

See also

George Cockburn

References

The Shipwrecked Fishermen & Mariners' Royal Benevolent Society, Brief History of the First Hundred Years published in 1939.

External links

Social welfare charities based in the United Kingdom
Charities based in West Sussex
1839 establishments in the United Kingdom


Pasquali Film was an Italian film production company of the silent era. Founded in 1909 in Turin by  Ernesto Maria Pasquali, it was later merged into the Unione Cinematografica Italiana in 1919, before closing completely in 1924. It enjoyed its greatest period of success before the First World War. In 1910, it hired the French comedian Ferdinand Guillaume who starred in a series of short comedies.

References

Bibliography
 Robert Stam & Alessandra Raengo. A Companion to Literature and Film. John Wiley & Sons, 2008.

Film production companies of Italy

Pasquali Film


Bahrain has had two constitutions in its modern history. The first one was promulgated in 1973, and the second one in 2002.

1973 Constitution

The constitution of 1973 was written shortly after Bahrain's independence from Britain in 1971. In 1972, the then ruler Shaikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa issued a decree providing for the election of a Constituent Assembly to draft and ratify a constitution. The electorate of the constituent assembly was native-born male citizens aged twenty years or older. The Constituent Assembly consisted of twenty-two elected delegates, plus the twelve members of the Council of Ministers and eight members directly appointed by Shaikh Isa.

The draft constitution provided for a unicameral legislature (the National Assembly) consisting of 44 members, 30 elected by "universal suffrage" (though franchise was restricted to males), plus 14 royally-appointed government ministers who were ex officio members. The constitution was enacted by decree in December 1973.

The 1973 Bahraini general election was the only election held under the 1973 Constitution, before it was abrogated by Shaikh Isa in 1975. The country was governed under emergency laws from 1975 to 2002.

2002 Constitution

After the death of the Amir Shaikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa in 1999, his throne was taken over by his son Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa. Seeking to bring an end to the 1990s uprising in Bahrain, he announced a new set of democratic reforms, including a promise to return to constitutional rule.

In 2001 Emir Hamad put forward the National Action Charter which would return the country to constitutional rule. However the opposition was opposed to the Charter's call for an amendment to the 1973 Constitution, changing the legislature from unicameral to bicameral. The Charter stated that "the legislature will consist of two chambers, namely one that is constituted through free, direct elections whose mandate will be to enact laws, and a second one that would have people with experience and expertise who would give advice as necessary." The opposition groups argued this statement to be too ambiguous, and remained opposed to the Charter. Also as part of the new Constitution the country was raised in status from an Emirate to a Kingdom.

Emir Hamad responded by holding a highly publicised meeting with the spiritual leaders of the Shia Islamist opposition. He signed a document clarifying that only the elected lower house of the parliament would have legislative power, while the appointed upper house would have a strictly advisory role. Upon this assurance, the main opposition groups accepted the Charter and called for a 'Yes' vote in the national referendum. The Charter was accepted in the 2001 referendum with 98.4% voting 'Yes' for it.

However, in 2002 Emir (now King) Hamad promulgated the 2002 Constitution, without any public consultation, in which both the elected and the royally-appointed chambers of parliament were given equal legislative powers, going back on his public promise of 2001. As a result, the parliamentary elections due to be held later that year were boycotted by four political societies; Al Wefaq, a Shia Islamist group, thought to be the most popular political society in the country, National Democratic Action, the largest Leftist political society, Islamic Action Society, a marginal Shia Islamist society, and the Nationalist Democratic Rally Society, a marginal Arab Nationalist society.

Executive branch

According to Article 32 (b) of the 2002 Constitution, "executive authority is vested in the King together with the Council of Ministers and Ministers". The Council of Ministers (Cabinet) is appointed directly by the King (Article 33d).

Bahrain has had only one Prime Minister since the country's independence in 1971, Khalifah ibn Sulman al-Khalifah, the uncle of the reigning King Hamad ibn Isa al-Khalifah. As of 2010, roughly half of the cabinet ministers have been selected from the Al Khalifa royal family, including the Minister of Defence, Minister of Interior, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Finance, and Minister of Justice and Islamic Affairs.

|King
|Hamad ibn Isa al-Khalifah
|
|March 6, 1999
|-
|Prime Minister
|Khalifah ibn Sulman al-Khalifah
|
|1971
|}

Legislative branch

According to Article 32 (b) of the 2002 Constitution, "legislative authority is vested in the King and the National Assembly.

The National Assembly is bicameral with the lower house, the Chamber of Deputies, having 40 members elected in single-seat constituencies by universal suffrage for a four-year term. The upper house, the Shura Council, has 40 members appointed by the King of Bahrain. Among the members of the current Shura Council are representatives of Bahrain's Jewish and Christian communities as well as several women legislators.

The speaker of the National Assembly is from the appointed Shura Council.

All legislation must be passed by a majority in both the Chamber of Deputies and the Shura Council, and must be ratified by the King.

Political societies and elections

Political parties are illegal in Bahrain, de facto political parties operate and are known as 'political societies'

Judicial branch

The Judiciary of Bahrain is divided into two branches: the Civil Law Courts and the Shari'a Law Courts. The Civil Law Courts deal with all commercial, civil, and criminal cases, as well disputes related to the personal status of non-Muslims. The Shari'a Law Courts have jurisdiction over all issues related to the personal status of Muslims.

Judges of the middle and lower courts are nominated by the Ministry of Justice and appointed by decree by the prime minister. The Supreme Judicial Council, chaired by the King, appoints the members of the Constitutional Court.

Many of the high-ranking judges in Bahrain are either members of the ruling family or non-Bahrainis (mainly Egyptians) with 2-year renewable contracts. To secure renewal of these contracts, judges may be prone to consider it necessary to take decisions not unfavourable to the wishes or interests of the Government.

Administrative divisions
Bahrain is divided into four governorates for administrative purposes:
 Capital Governorate
 Muharraq Governorate
 Northern Governorate
 Southern Governorate

Each governorate has an appointed governor and an elected municipal council.

See also
National Action Charter of Bahrain

References

External links
 Full text of the 1973 constitution
 Full text of the 2002 constitution

Politics of Bahrain
Law of Bahrain
Bahrain

Constitution of Bahrain


Crime and Delinquency is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of Criminology. The journal's editor is Paul E. Tracy (University of Massachusetts Lowell). It has been in publication since 1955 and is currently published by SAGE Publications.

Scope
Crime & Delinquency is a policy-oriented journal which contains research and analysis for both scholars and professionals who work in the fields of criminology and criminal justice. The journal focuses on issues and concerns that impact the criminal justice system, including the social, political and economic contexts of criminal justice.

Abstracting and indexing
Crime and Delinquency is abstracted and indexed in, among other databases:  SCOPUS, and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2017 impact factor is 1.941, ranking it 16 out of 61 journals in the category 'Criminology and Penology'.

References

External links

Australia Crime Rate

SAGE Publishing academic journals
English-language journals
Criminology journals
Academic journals established in 1955
Quarterly journals
1955 establishments in the United States

Crime & Delinquency


Cecil Horace Murphy (1 April 1891 – 14 September 1935) was an Australian politician, elected as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly.

Murphy was born in Sydney and was a teacher trainee at Hereford House in Sydney in 1912. He served in the First Australian Imperial Force in 1915 and 1916 as a private, but was invalidated out to the United Kingdom in 1916. He taught in state schools at Artarmon in 1917 and Cleveland Street High School, Surry Hills from 1917 to 1920. He became a student at the University of Sydney in 1920 and later became a real estate agent.

Murphy was elected as a Labor Party member for the seat of North Shore from 1920 to 1927. He married Genevieve Mary Taylor in about 1925 and they had issue three daughters and one son. He died in Sydney.

Notes

Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
1891 births
1935 deaths
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of New South Wales
20th-century Australian politicians

Cecil Murphy


In mathematics, the discrete exterior calculus (DEC) is the extension of the exterior calculus to discrete spaces including graphs, finite element meshes, and lately also general polygonal meshes (non-flat and non-convex). DEC methods have proved to be very powerful in improving and analyzing finite element methods: for instance, DEC-based methods allow the use of highly non-uniform meshes to obtain accurate results. Non-uniform meshes are advantageous because they allow the use of large elements where the process to be simulated is relatively simple, as opposed to a fine resolution where the process may be complicated (e.g., near an obstruction to a fluid flow), while using less computational power than if a uniformly fine mesh were used.

The discrete exterior derivative

Stokes' theorem relates the integral of a differential (n − 1)-form ω over the boundary ∂M of an n-dimensional manifold M to the integral of dω (the exterior derivative of ω, and a differential n-form on M) over M itself:

One could think of differential k-forms as linear operators that act on k-dimensional "bits" of space, in which case one might prefer to use the bracket notation for a dual pairing. In this notation, Stokes' theorem reads as

In finite element analysis, the first stage is often the approximation of the domain of interest by a triangulation, T. For example, a curve would be approximated as a union of straight line segments; a surface would be approximated by a union of triangles, whose edges are straight line segments, which themselves terminate in points. Topologists would refer to such a construction as a simplicial complex. The boundary operator on this triangulation/simplicial complex T is defined in the usual way: for example, if L is a directed line segment from one point, a, to another, b, then the boundary ∂L of L is the formal difference b − a.

A k-form on T is a linear operator acting on k-dimensional subcomplexes of T; e.g., a 0-form assigns values to points, and extends linearly to linear combinations of points; a 1-form assigns values to line segments in a similarly linear way. If ω is a k-form on T, then the discrete exterior derivative dω of ω is the unique (k + 1)-form defined so that Stokes' theorem holds:

For every (k + 1)-dimensional subcomplex of T, S.

Other operators and operations such as the discrete wedge product, Hodge star, or Lie derivative can also be defined.

See also
Discrete differential geometry
Discrete Morse theory
Topological combinatorics
Discrete calculus

Notes

References
A simple and complete discrete exterior calculus on general polygonal meshes, Ptackova, Lenka and Velho, Luiz, Computer Aided Geometric Design, 2021, DOI: 10.1016/j.cagd.2021.102002
Discrete Calculus, Grady, Leo J., Polimeni, Jonathan R., 2010
Hirani Thesis on Discrete Exterior Calculus
A Primal-to-Primal Discretization of Exterior Calculus on Polygonal Meshes, Ptackova, L. and Velho, L., Symposium on Geometry Processing 2017, DOI: 10.2312/SGP.20171204
Convergence of discrete exterior calculus approximations for Poisson problems, E. Schulz & G. Tsogtgerel, Disc. Comp. Geo. 63(2), 346 - 376, 2020
On geometric discretization of elasticity, Arash Yavari, J. Math. Phys. 49, 022901 (2008), DOI:10.1063/1.2830977
Discrete Differential Geometry: An Applied Introduction, Keenan Crane, 2018

Finite element method
Multilinear algebra

Discrete exterior calculus


The Rathodia are a Hindu caste found in the state of Gujarat in India.

Origin and present circumstances

The Rathodia are sub-division of the Dubla tribe. They are found mainly in the districts of Surat and Baroda. They speak Gujarati and Hindi. The Rathodia are strictly endogamous, but no system of exogamous clans. Most of the Rathodia are landless and work as agricultural labourers. There are only a few small and marginal farmers. Many are victims of bonded labour, and while others collect firewood to supplement their income. They are economically and educationally extremely backward. The Rathodia are Hindu, and their main deities are Naganjimata, Balija maharaj and Ganesh.

References

Social groups of Gujarat
Indian castes
Tribal communities of Gujarat

Rathodia


Bristol Fourth of July Parade, or Bristol Fourth of July Celebration (officially known as the Military, Civic and Firemen's Parade), founded in 1785, is a nationally known Fourth of July parade in Bristol, Rhode Island. The parade is part of the oldest Independence Day celebration in the United States of America.

History

The annual official and historic celebrations (Patriotic Exercises) were established in 1785 by Rev. Henry Wight of the First Congregational Church and veteran of the Revolutionary War, and later by Rev. Wight as the Parade, and continue today, organized by the Bristol Fourth of July Committee. The festivities officially start on June 14, Flag Day, beginning a period of outdoor concerts, soap-box races and a firefighters' muster at Independence Park. The celebration climaxes on July 4 with the oldest annual parade in the United States, "The Military, Civic and Firemen's Parade", an event that draws over 200,000 people from Rhode Island and around the world. These elaborate celebrations give Bristol its nickname, "America's most patriotic town". In 1785 the Bristol Fourth of July Celebration (beginning as the Patriotic Exercises) was founded and the Fourth of July has been celebrated every year in Bristol since that date, although the parade itself was canceled several times. On years when July 4 falls on a Sunday, the parade is held on Monday the 5th.

Buddy Cianci and the parade

Buddy Cianci, Providence's longest-serving mayor, had a long and controversial history with the Bristol parade. In the 1970s, parade rules stipulated that only elected federal, state, and Bristol town officials were invited to participate; mayors of Providence were not invited. In spite of this, Providence mayor Buddy Cianci marched in the parade every year after his 1975 election, in violation of the rules, until parade organizers sent a letter censuring him after the 1979 parade. The Bristol Town Council explicitly voted to ban Cianci from the 1980 parade, a year in which Cianci was running for governor against J. Joseph Garrahy, who, as sitting governor, was welcome to march. The Bristol police chief vowed to arrest anyone who caused a disturbance. A record 300,000 spectators showed up for the 1980 parade, waiting to see what would happen. In the end, when Cianci's helicopter touched down at Colt High School, officials backed down in the face of overwhelming crowd support for Cianci; he received bigger cheers than any other guest that day.

In 1984, after pleading "no contest" to a charge of assault, Cianci skipped the parade; a clown dressed in a prison uniform, carrying a ball and chain, mocked him in his absence. In 1991, Cianci caused some controversy by marching in front of the parade marshal, which prompted the parade chairman to comment, "Cianci is rude and he doesn't deserve to be invited back." In 1997 and 1998, Cianci marched with a "small army" of police, including police rescue boats on trailers, a bicycle patrol, and police officers squirting spectators with water rifles. This proved too much for the parade subcommittee, who unanimously dis-invited Cianci from the 1999 parade. Cianci skipped 1999, but returned in 2000 to shouting and cheers, despite having been indicted this time on federal corruption charges. Cianci's last appearance as sitting mayor was in 2002, after his conviction. Instead of riding his usual horse, Cianci walked this time, and he was frequently stopped by fans along the route to take photos and to shake his hand.

In 2003, new Providence Mayor David Cicilline marched in the parade, accompanied by a more modest contingent than his predecessor.

2009 parade
The Rhode Island Tea-Party Association applied to enter the parade with a float featuring a representation of the British ship Beaver, which was ransacked by colonists dressed as Native Americans in 1773 at the Boston Tea Party. Staffing the float was Helen Glover, a radio personality from Providence, RI–based WHJJ 920 AM.

The Bristol Fourth of July Committee ejected the Rhode Island Tea-Party Association float from the 2009 parade and permanently banned them from all future parades for distributing pocket copies of the Declaration of Independence, the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights along the parade route. Such handouts are prohibited at the Parade on the grounds that people (especially children) running up to floats to get them pose a danger.

2014 parade
Attendance at the 2014 parade was reportedly "much lighter than usual" due to bad weather from Tropical Storm Arthur. The parade was ended abruptly at 1 p.m. with a sudden thunderstorm. Marchers included Rhode Island's congressional delegation at the front of the line, including Senators Jack Reed and Sheldon Whitehouse and Reps. Jim Langevin and David Cicilline. Former Providence mayor Buddy Cianci and Gubernatorial candidate Gina Raimondo also attended.

2015 parade
An estimated 50,000 people attended the parade in 2015.

Michael Rielly becomes Bristol's official Town Crier after Gerry MacNeill retires from the position after 23 years.

2016 parade route change controversy
In early January 2016, the Bristol Fourth of July Committee voted to shorten the parade route from 2.4 miles to just under two miles, in order to clear roads to make it easier for first responders to react in the event of an emergency. Another reason given was that a longtime drum corps threatened to drop out because the route was too long. The revised route would begin with the 231st parade in July 2016, and was said to be a return to the "traditional parade route". After an outcry from the public and a complaint to the Rhode Island Attorney General, the committee voted one week later to restore the longer route.

2020-2021 parades

The 2020 parade was held in a reduced format due to the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. Parade marchers wore masks and mostly rode automobiles, instead of walking on foot. Spectators consisted of small groups of dozens, rather than the usual throngs of thousands. The concert series and "Longest Traveled Award" were not held, as organizers wanted to keep the celebration local in scale. The parade returned with a "full slate of events" on Monday July 5, 2021 (as July 4 was a Sunday), though with fewer marching bands.  The parade returned to "full strength" in 2022, after two years of pandemic-related scaling back.

Celebration traditions

 Patriotic Exercises Speaker: the oldest tradition and given to a notable person chosen to speak (starting in 1785)
 Chief Marshal: a high honor given to a Bristol resident (starting in 1826)

 Hattie Brown Award: an award presented annually to a worthy Bristolian who demonstrates the same spirit of community service that was exhibited by the late Hattie Brown (starting in 1987)

 Visiting ship: a U.S. Navy ship is present at the celebration (starting in 1876)
 Drum and Bugle Corps from around the country
 Fourth of July Ball: a formal affair complete with cocktails, a grand march, dinner, and dancing
 Button Contest: Children in Bristol compete to design an official button for the parade. The winner is given a $100 bond and can march in the parade.
 Longest Traveled Award: given to the person who has traveled the longest distance to return to Bristol
 Pageants for Miss Fourth of July and Little Miss Fourth of July. By official parade rules, these are the only pageant winners allowed to participate in the parade; other pageant winners such as Miss Rhode Island are excluded. The rule is intended to "minimize any commercialization of the parade."

See also
Ancient and Horribles Parade

References

External links

 Official Bristol Fourth of July Celebration website
 Official Souvenir Book of the 2016 parade

1785 establishments in Rhode Island
Festivals in Rhode Island
Independence Day (United States) festivals
Parades in the United States
Recurring events established in 1785
Rhode Island culture
Tourist attractions in Bristol County, Rhode Island

Bristol Fourth of July Parade


Dresdner Bank AG was one of Germany's largest banking corporations and was based in Frankfurt. It was formed in 1872, and bought by competitor Commerzbank in December 2009.

History
Dresdner Bank was established in 1872.  It moved its headquarters to Berlin in 1884, although its registered office stayed in Dresden until 1950.

By 1900, Dresdner Bank had the largest German branch network. During the First World War, the London branch was forced to close; however, the overall branch network expanded.

After the banking crisis in 1931 the Weimar Republic owned 66%  Dresdner Bank shares. Its deputy director was Dr Schacht, Minister of Economy under Nazism. The Bank was reprivatised in 1937.

During World War II, Dresdner Bank controlled various banks in countries under German occupation.

The introduction of the Deutsche Mark in 1948 helped return banking to normality.

Dresdner Bank expanded its network with acquisition and opening new offices not only in Europe but also in the United States, Singapore, Canada, Australia, Japan, Hong Kong, and China. Dresdner Bank was the first to open its own office in former East Germany in Dresden in 2 January 1990.

In 2002 Dresdner Bank became a wholly owned subsidiary of the insurance corporation Allianz. Allianz sold Dresdner Bank, which was legally merged with Commerzbank on 11 May 2009 and ceased to be an independent company.

Controversies

Hitler's Germany
Dresdner Bank was known as the bank of choice for Heinrich Himmler's SS.

The bank took part early on in the Third Reich's policy of confiscating Jewish property and wealth. The bank helped to finance concentration camps, including Auschwitz.

The bank was closely involved in the occupation of Europe, "essentially acting as the bank of the SS in Poland".

Matthias Warnig's involvement
Dresdner Bank attempted to get a banking operating licence in Saint Petersburg, where former KGB agent Vladimir Putin was in charge of foreign economic relations. Dresdner Bank appointed Matthias Warnig, a former Stasi agent and Vladimir Putin's former KGB contact , to negotiate with Putin. The office was opened in 1991. Warnig became Chairman of the Board of Directors of Dresdner Bank ZAO, Dresdner Bank Russian subsidiary.

The bank has had a lucrative business relationship with Gazprom and the state oil company Rosneft. The bank was also involved in the controversial  forced sale of Yukos assets.

References

Banks of Germany
Defunct companies of Europe
1872 establishments
1870s establishments in Germany

Dresdner Bank


Ki̱liyopatra VII Filopato (Helen: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ, Kleopatra Philopator;) ku yet A̱gwam-a̱byii̱k Tyok Ptolemait si̱ Ma̱sa̱r wa, a̱wot a̱ si̱ yet a̱tsak a̱tyuba̱ngtyok ngaan a̱byin wu. A̰ ku yet diplomat wa, a̱kwak a̱son a̱khwot a̱kwop a̱sa̱khwot, a̱tyulyenlilyem, ma̱ng a̱tyulyuut nkwambwat tazwa ki̱kan. A̱ ku yet a̱ka̰mbwon a̱tyia̱ a̱khwop a̱ ku ntsa Lang Á̱gwam Ptolemi wa nang á̱ ngyei Ptolemy I Soter a̱ni, a̱tyohelen Ma̱kidoniya a̱ghyang a̱ ka ngyet jenera a̱ni ma̱ng a̱kpa̱ndang cong A̱liza̱nda A̱gba̱ndang wu. A̱tsak a̱lyem nggu wu ku yet Helen Koine ja, a̱woẗ nggu wa ku yet a̱tyuba̱ngtyok lang á̱gwam Ptolemi ma̱nyin a̱ myiam lyiat da̱ a̱lyem Ma̱sa̱r ka.

Ya̱fang

A̱ka̱fwuop nta
 Ancient Roman depictions of Cleopatra VII of Egypt, mi̱ YouTube
 Cleopatra (1852), a Victorian children's book by Jacob Abbott, Project Gutenberg edition
 "Mysterious Death of Cleopatra" at the Discovery Channel
 Cleopatra VII at BBC History
 Cleopatra VII mami A̱gban Lyen Nkhang Ta̱cya̱
 Eubanks, W. Ralph. (1 November 2010). "How History and Hollywood Got 'Cleopatra' Wrong". National Public Radio (NPR) (a book review of Cleopatra: A Life, by Stacy Schiff).
 Jarus, Owen (13 Zwat Tsat 2014). "Cleopatra: Facts & Biography" (di̱n Shong). Live Science.
 Watkins, Thayer. "The Timeline of the Life of Cleopatra (di̱n Shong)." San Jose State University.
 Draycott, Jane (22 Zwat Tswuon 2018). "Cleopatra's Daughter: While Antony and Cleopatra have been immortalised in history and in popular culture, their offspring have been all but forgotten. Their daughter, Cleopatra Selene, became an important ruler in her own right" (di̱n Shong). History Today.

69 BC births
30 BC deaths
1st-century BC Pharaohs
1st-century BC Egyptian people
1st-century BC women rulers
Kukwi mat mmap zwák
Egyptian queens regnant
A̱yaafi̱ra̱una á̱nap
Female Shakespearean characters
Hellenistic-era people
Mistresses of Julius Caesar
A̱yaafi̱ra̱una lang á̱gwam Ptolemi
Ancient people who committed suicide
1st-century BC women writers
Kuburut A̱helen
Á̱kyuo Ma̱rkut Antoniyot

Ki̱liyopatra


George Phillips (6 September 1804 – 6 September 1872) was a German canon lawyer.

Life

He was born in Königsberg, the son of James Phillips, an Englishman who had acquired wealth as a merchant in Königsberg, and of a Scotswoman née Hay. On completing his course at the gymnasium, George studied law at the Universities of Berlin and Göttingen (1822–24); his principal teachers were von Savigny and Karl Friedrich Eichhorn, and, under the influence of the latter, he devoted himself mainly to the study of Germanic law.

After obtaining the degree of Doctor of Law at Göttingen in 1824, he paid a long visit to England. In 1826 he qualified at Berlin as Privatdozent (tutor) for German law, and in 1827 was appointed professor extraordinary in this faculty. In the same year he married Charlotte Housselle, who belonged to a French Protestant family settled in Berlin. Phillips formed a close friendship with his colleague K. E. Jarcke, professor at Berlin since 1825, who had entered the Catholic Church in 1824. Jarcke's influence and his own studies on medieval Germany led to the conversion of Phillips and his wife in 1828 (14 May).

Jarcke having moved to Vienna in 1832, Phillips accepted in 1833 a call to Munich as counsel in the Bavarian Ministry of the Interior. In 1834 he was named professor of history, and a few months later professor of law at the University of Munich. He now joined a Catholic circle including Joseph Görres, Johann Adam Möhler, Ignaz von Döllinger, and Johann Nepomuk von Ringseis. In 1838 he founded with Guido Görres the militant "Historischpolitische Blätter".

In consequence of the Lola Montez affair, in connexion with which Phillips signed, with six other Munich professors, an address of sympathy with the dismissed minister Abel, he was relieved of his chair in 1847. In 1848 he was elected deputy of a Münster district for the National Assembly of Frankfort, at which he upheld Catholic interests. In 1850, after declining a call as professor to Würzburg, he accepted the chair of German law at Innsbruck. Invited to fill the same chair in Vienna in 1851, he moved to the Austrian capital, and remained there until his death.

In 1862-7 he accepted a long leave of absence to complete his Kirchenrecht. He always maintained his relations with his friends in Munich and other cities of Germany, and never relaxed as a Catholic activist. He died in Vienna.

Works

As a writer, his labours lay in the domain of German law, canon law, and their respective histories. At first his activity was directed mainly towards German law his principal contributions on the subject being:

"Versuch einer Darstellung des angelsächsischen Rechtes" (Göttingen, 1825);
"Englische Reichs- und Rechtsgeschichte", of which two volumes (dealing with the period 1066-1189) appeared (Berlin, 1827-8);
"Deutsche Geschichte mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Religion, Recht und Verfassung", of which two volumes alone were issued (Berlin, 1832-4), deals with Merovingian and Carolingian times;
"Grundsätze des gemeinen deutschen Privatrechts mit Einschluss des Lehnrechts" (Berlin, 1838);
"Deutsche Reichs- und Rechtsgeschichte" (Munich, 1845).

After his call to Munich, however, Phillips moved to a treatment of canon law from a strictly Catholic standpoint. In addition to numerous smaller treatises, he published in this domain:

"Die Diözesansynode" (Freiburg, 1849);
"Kirchenrecht", his major work, which appeared in seven volumes (Ratisbon, 1845–72), and was continued by Vering (vol. VIII, i, Ratisbon, 1889). This comprehensive work exercised influence on the study of canon law and its principles.

Phillips also published a "Lehrbuch des Kirchenrechts" (Ratisbon, 1859–62; 3rd ed. by Moufang, 1881) and "Vermischte Schriften" (3 vols., Ratisbon, 1856–60).

References

Attribution
 The entry cites:
 ROSENTHAL, Konvertitenbilder, I (2nd ad.), 478 sqq.,
 SCHULTE in Allg. deutsche Biogr., XXVI (Leipzig, 1888), 80 sqq.;
 WURZBACH, Biogr. Lex. d. Kaisertums Oesterreich, XXII, 211 sqq.

18th-century German people
Canon law jurists
Jurists from Berlin
Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
German Roman Catholics
German expatriates in Austria
Jurists from Königsberg
1804 births
1872 deaths

George Phillips (canon lawyer)


Cristóbal Rojas (December 15, 1857 – November 8, 1890) was  one of the most important and high-profile Venezuelan painters of the 19th century. Rojas's styles varied considerably throughout his life, and he displayed talents in painting that ranged primarily for dramatic effect, to works done in the impressionist style.

Biography
Cristóbal Rojas Poleo was born in the city of Cúa in the Valles del Tuy to parents who worked in the medical profession. Part of his childhood occurred during the middle of the federal war (1859–1863) and Cúa was particularly affected by the events of the war. He initiated studies under his grandfather, José Luis Rojas, who taught him how to draw and motivated him to improve. At 13 years old, his father died and he was forced to begin work in a tobacco factory in Cúa to help support his family.
In 1878, an earthquake devastated the Valles del Tuy region, and the Rojas faced poverty. As a result, he moved to Caracas where he continued his painting studies, despite again having to work in the tobacco industry to support his mother and family.

In Caracas he attended classes by José Manuel Maucó at the Universidad Central de Venezuela. Between 1880 and 1882, he developed a keen interest in oils and displayed a primitive technique that would prevail in his later paintings such as Ruinas de Cúa después del Terremoto  and Ruinas del templo de la Merced. During this time he became acquainted with the painter Antonio Herrera Toro, also coming under contract as Toro's assistant to paint Caracas Cathedral.

In 1883, Rojas exhibited his La muerte de Girardot en Bárbula (The death of Girardot in Bárbula) in the Salón del Centenario to commemorate the birth of Simon Bolivar and won a silver medal in second place along with the painter Arturo Michelena. This award would grant him a scholarship by government amounting to 50 pesos each month, to study in Europe. In early 1884 he had moved to study in Paris where he established a friendship with Emilio Boggio. In the period between 1883 and 1890 Rojas would experiment slowly with different pictorial tendencies and techniques ranging from post-romanticism to impressionism.

Melancholic, and with an uncertain temperament, Rojas was inspired by examples of artwork he discovered on his continuous visits to the Louvre. Between 1886 and 1889 he exhibited many paintings in the Paris City Hall, including La miseria (1886); El violinista enfermo (1886); La taberna (1877); El plazo vencido (1887); La primera y última comunión (1888) and El bautizo (1889).

With El Bautizo, a notable change in his work is observed. With a more acute perception of chromatic atmosphere, the painting displayed clear Dutch influences, a style which was also reflected in a later painting he produced in 1889 Dante y Beatriz a orillas del Leteo. Towards the end of 1889, Rojas moved away from the painting of dramatic effects which he had typically displayed at Paris Hall, and began to display talent for scenes and portraits, using colours and paying attention to details with impressionism. However, the subsidies for his scholarship would soon run out, and he became plagued with tuberculosis. He was forced to return to Venezuela in 1890, bringing with himself his last paintings, a portrait of President Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl and The Purgatorio, a depiction of purgatory (both 1890). Soon after his return to Caracas, he died on November 8 of 1890, around 5 weeks before his 33rd birthday.

Personality

Journalist Ermelindo Rivodó who visited Rojas in Paris in 1885, described the painter as "Somewhat pale, with small moustache and black hair, that emphasize his smooth set of melancholic eyes".

Rojas was known for his reserved but highly passionate nature, rarely socialising with others around him and preferring to study art in his own medium. Peers and artistic commentators have consistently referred to him as "melancholic". Jose Antonio Hedderich, in an interesting article published in the National Magazine of Culture, after studying the life of Rojas described him; "He was of a shy character, that one was aware of the distance that existed between him and those who surrounded to him. He had few friends". However, Hedderich also continues to identify that Rojas was of a highly emotional nature. Once remarking that, "He had almost fatalistic temperament and was emphatically sad".  According to Hedderich, Rojas was embittered by excessive guilty feelings about life and was acutely aware of his conscience. These feelings were often reflected in some of his works such as his purgatory painting, painted shortly before his death in the knowledge he was going to die from tuberculosis.

Gallery of paintings

See also
Arthur Rimbaud

References

1857 births
1890 deaths
Venezuelan Roman Catholics
People from Cúa
Académie Julian alumni
19th-century Venezuelan painters
19th-century male artists
Burials at the National Pantheon of Venezuela
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in Venezuela
Male painters
Deaths in Caracas

Cristóbal Rojas (artist)


A thunderhead is a cumulonimbus cloud seen during a thunderstorm.

Thunderhead may also refer to:

 Thunderhead (horse), a racehorse
 Thunderhead (Preston and Child novel)
 Thunderhead (Shusterman novel)
 Thunderhead (roller coaster) at Dollywood theme park
 Thunderhead, Son of Flicka, a 1945 film
 Thunderhead Mountain in the Great Smoky Mountains
 Thunderhead, a character in the Young Heroes in Love comic book series
 "Thunderhead (I Just Wanted A Little Rain)", a song on the album Well... by Katey Sagal
 "Thunderhead", a song by Phish from their album Round Room
 "Thunderhead", a song by Overkill from their album Bloodletting
 "Thunderhead", a song by W.A.S.P. from their album The Headless Children
 Thunderhead Raceway, a fictional raceway in the film Speed Racer

Thunderhead


The Chandrasekhar limit is the maximum mass of a stable white dwarf star. Building on work by others, the Indian physicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar worked on the calculation. He published series of papers between 1931 and 1935. The Chandrasekhar limit is about 1.4 times the mass of the Sun.

The Chandrasekhar limit is the mass above which electron degeneracy pressure in the star's core is not enough to balance the star's own gravitational self-attraction. Then, white dwarfs with masses over the limit would gravitationally collapse into a neutron star or black hole. However, white dwarfs usually explode before they undergo collapse. Those with masses under the limit remain stable as white dwarfs.

References

Astrophysics

Chandrasekhar limit


Iván Szelényi (born April 17, 1938 in Budapest) is a noted Hungarian-American sociologist, as of 2010 the Dean of Social Sciences at New York University Abu Dhabi.

Biography

He is the son of Gusztáv Szelényi, an entomologist and Julianna Csapó.

Szelényi studied at the External Trade Faculty of the Karl Marx University of Economics in Budapest, where he graduated in 1960. After graduating, he was employed at the Hungarian Central Statistical Office. He received a Ford Scholarship and studied at the University of California in Berkeley for one year. After his return he was a research fellow at the Institute of Sociology at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (HAS). In 1967, he was elevated as scientific secretary and in 1970 as the Head of the Department of Regional Sociology. In 1973, he earned the title Candidate of Sciences (PhD) at the HAS. In 1974, a transcript of a book which he wrote with fellow sociologist and author György Konrád, titled The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power, was brought out of Hungary. The book contained critical thought about Communist-ruled society. After this move, Szelényi was arrested, later expelled from Hungary and stripped of his citizenship.

In 1975, he was a Visiting Research Professor at the University of Kent. One year later he was invited to Flinders University of South Australia where he was the Foundation Professor of Sociology and Chair of the Department until 1980. In 1981, he joined the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he was Professor of Sociology for five years (the last year as the Karl Polanyi Professor). After that he was appointed Distinguished Professor of Sociology, Director of the Center for Social Research and Executive Officer of the Sociology Program at the Graduate School of the City University of New York.

From 1988 to 1999 he worked as Professor of Sociology at UCLA (between 1992 and 1995 as department chair). In 1999, he was appointed William Graham Sumner Professor of Sociology and Professor of Political Science at the Yale University. He chaired the department two times (1999–2002 and 2008–2009). In 2010, he became the Dean of Social Sciences at New York University Abu Dhabi, where he continues to teach today.

After the political change in Hungary, his citizenship was reinstated. Since 1990, he has held a Doctor of Science degree and became a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He was elected to full membership in 1995. In 2006, he received the highest state prize for scientific work, the Széchenyi Prize, and two years later he became an Honorary Citizen of Budapest. Beyond that, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2000.

He is the father of three children: his elder daughter, Szonja Szelényi (now Ivester), teaches sociology at University of California, Berkeley, his younger daughter Lilla Szelényi is on the State of California Workers' Compensation Appeals Board (WCAB) in Oakland, California and his son Balázs teaches history at Northeastern University.

Works

At the beginning of his scientific work, his research focused on urban communities. He wrote numerous publications on that issue, mostly in Hungarian. His critical stance on partyline issues was published in his book The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power, which was published in English in 1979. It was also translated into German, French, Spanish and Japanese.

After he was forced to leave Hungary, his research profile changed. He studied the inequality in urban communities and about the structural problems of the capitalistic and socialistic society. His most important publications of these are Urban Inequalities under State Socialism (1983), Socialist Entrepreneurs. Embourgeoisement in Rural Hungary (1988), Social Conflicts of Post-communist Transitions (1992) and Making Capitalism without Capitalists (1998).

Some of his works were collected and published in 1990 and 2009.

Bibliography

Books in English
 Szelényi, Iván and Mihályi, Péter. (Nov 28, 2019). Varieties of Post-communist Capitalism. Leiden: Brill Publishers.

References

External links
John C. Campbell's review of The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power in 1979
Data page at the HAS

1938 births
Living people
Hungarian sociologists
Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Yale University faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Academic staff of New York University Abu Dhabi
Corvinus University of Budapest alumni

Iván Szelényi


Waterhouse Island, part of the Waterhouse Island Group, is a  granite island situated in Banks Strait, part of Bass Strait, lying close to the north-eastern coast of Tasmania, Australia.

The Waterhouse Island Group includes the Waterhouse, Little Waterhouse, Swan, Little Swan, Cygnet, Foster, St Helens, Ninth, Tenth, Paddys, Maclean, and Baynes islands and the Bird Rock, and George Rocks islets with their associated reefs.

Location and features
The large inland portion of Waterhouse Island is privately owned under freehold tenure. On 28 September 2011,  of the island was proclaimed as the Waterhouse Island Conservation Area. This conservation area surrounds almost all of the island from the low-water mark to approximately  inshore, as well as a  region at the northern tip. A small sandy spit on the eastern coastline does not appear to be encapsulated by this conservation area and the tenure of this sandy spit remains uncertain. A lighthouse is located on  of crown land at the northern point of the island.

Waterhouse Island has an equable Mediterranean climate with warm summers and cooler winters.  Rainfall, averaging approximately  per annum, is relatively evenly spread throughout the year, however with a bias to late winter months.

Waterhouse Island has extensive white sand beaches on the eastern and south eastern shores.  West and northern coasts are primarily rocky.  The island is used as a haven for sheltering yachts and other small boats as they travel through Bass Strait.  Surrounding waters are popular for fishing, both finfish and various shellfish.

History and use
Sealing is known to have taken place here from at least  1802.

For the past 150 years the island has mostly been farmed, with sheep grazing the most prominent pursuit.  The island has a house and a cottage, a four stand wool shed and implement shed, and a machine shed.  The two dwellings are located in the lee of the prevailing westerly winds, on the eastern side, above sandy beaches. The island has a working wharf and two airstrips, one east–west and the other intersecting it.  Freight boats, including Bass Strait trading vessels, also can beach on protected East and southeast sand beaches. Until the 1970s, grazing activity led to some degradation of vegetation.  The present owners, who have had it since that time, have fenced off vulnerable areas and have undertaken an extensive revegetation program.  The grazing land vegetation primarily consists of introduced pasture grasses.  Livestock grazing had previously caused erosion which had affected the shearwater colonies. These are now stabilised and the fairy penguin and the shearwater rookeries are thriving.

Etymology
The island is named after Captain Henry Waterhouse of the Reliance.  Nicholas Baudin stopped at the island in 1802 mistakenly thinking the name meant fresh water could be found there, which was not the case.

Fauna
Recorded breeding seabird species are the little penguin and short-tailed shearwater.  Introduced mammals include sheep, cats, fallow deer and house mice.  Reptiles present include the metallic skink, spotted skink, three-lined skink, Bougainville's skink, White's skink and tiger snake.

See also

List of islands of Tasmania

References

Islands of North East Tasmania
Bass Strait
Waterhouse Island group
Seal hunting
Private islands of Tasmania

Waterhouse Island (Tasmania)


Fairlee is a town in Orange County, Vermont, United States. The population was 977 at the 2010 census. It includes the village of Ely. Fairlee is home to Lake Morey, which claims to have the longest ice skating trail in the United States.

References

Other websites
 Town of Fairlee

Towns in Vermont

Fairlee, Vermont


Time immemorial () is a phrase meaning time extending beyond the reach of memory, record, or tradition, indefinitely ancient, "ancient beyond memory or record". The phrase is used in legally significant contexts as well as in common parlance.

In law
In law, time immemorial denotes "a period of time beyond which legal memory cannot go," and "time out of mind." Most frequently, the phrase "time immemorial" appears as a legal term of art in judicial discussion of common law development and, in the United States, the property rights of Native Americans.

English and American common law
"Time immemorial" is frequently used to describe the time required for a custom to mature into common law. Medieval historian Richard Barber describes this as "the watershed between a primarily oral culture and a world where writing was paramount". Common law is a body of law identified by judges in judicial proceedings, rather than created by the legislature. Judges determine the common law by pinpointing the legal principles consistently reiterated in previous legal cases over a long period of time.

In English law, time immemorial ends and legal memory begins at 1189, the end of the reign of King Henry II, who is associated with the invention of the English common law. Because common law is found to have a non-historical, "immemorial" advent, it is distinct from laws created by monarchs or legislative bodies on a fixed date. In English law, "time immemorial" has also been used to specify the time required to establish a prescriptive right. The Prescription Act 1832, which noted that the full expression was "time immemorial, or time whereof the memory of man runneth not to the contrary," replaced the burden of proving "time immemorial" for the enjoyment of particular land rights with statutory fixed time periods of up to 60 years.

American law inherited the English common law tradition. Unlike English law, American law does not set "time immemorial," and American courts vary in their demands to establish "immemoriality" for the purposes of common law. In Knowles v. Dow, a New Hampshire court found that 20 years suffices to demonstrate a legal custom dating back to "time immemorial." More often than not, however, American courts identify common law without any reference to the phrase "time immemorial."

US federal Indian law

Water rights
"Time Immemorial" is sometimes used to describe the priority date of water rights holders. In the western United States, water rights are administered under the doctrine of prior appropriation. Under prior appropriation, water rights are acquired by making a beneficial use of water. Water rights that are acquired earlier are senior, and have priority over later, junior water rights during water shortages due to drought or over-appropriation. Generally, the priority date of water rights held by Native American tribes, also called Winters rights, is the date the tribe's reservation was established. However, courts occasionally find that the tribe's water rights carry a "time immemorial" priority date, the most senior date conceivable, for aboriginal uses of water on reserved land that overlaps with the tribe's aboriginal land. For example, in U.S. v. Adair, the court reasoned that the Klamath Tribe necessarily had water rights with a priority date of "time immemorial" because they had lived and used the waters in Central Oregon and Northern California for more than a thousand uninterrupted years prior to entering a treaty with the United States in 1864.

Aboriginal title
When claiming or finding aboriginal title, the land rights Native Americans possess over the lands they have continuously and exclusively occupied for a long time prior to the intrusion of other occupants, plaintiff tribes and courts sometimes describe their occupancy as dating back to "time immemorial."

Oral tradition evidence
Historically, American judges lacked confidence in the use of Native American oral traditional evidence, oral histories shared between past and present generations, in court. Since the Pueblo de Zia decision of the United States Court of Federal Claims in 1964, oral traditional evidence has received increased judicial endorsement. In affirming the use of Native American oral traditional evidence to establish title to land, the Pueblo de Zia court described the testimony as having been handed down between tribal council members from "time immemorial."

See also

 Acquiescence
 Dreamtime
 Legal fiction
 Prehistory
 Royal lives clause
 Uradel
 Usucaption

References

Common law legal terminology
English law
English legal terminology
Past
Time in government

Time immemorial


The individual eventing event, part of the equestrian program at the 2000 Summer Olympics, was held from 20 to 22 September 2000 in the Sydney International Equestrian Centre.  Like all other equestrian events, the eventing competition was mixed gender, with both male and female athletes competing in the same division.

For the 1996 and 2000 Olympic competitions, the individual and team contests were separate events. A rider could compete in both competitions as long as it was on  different horses. An example of this is individual winner David O'Connor who won his gold medal riding Custom Made, while he earned his team bronze medal with the U.S riding Giltedge.

Medalists

Results
The total score for each horse and rider was the sum of the total penalty points earned in the various phases of competitions.  The pair with the lowest number of penalty points was victorious.

Dressage
For the dressage portion of the competition, horse and rider pairs performed series of movements that were evaluated by judges.  Judges gave marks of 0 to 10 for each movement, subtracting points for errors.  The score for each judge was represented the total marks gained. For every point less than a total of 240, 0.2 Penalty Points were assessed.

Cross country
In the cross country phase, each pair had to traverse 14.3 kilometers of road and track, 3.1 kilometers of steeplechase, and an obstacle course spread over a track of approximately 7.4 kilometers.  Pairs received .4 penalty points for every second beyond the optimal time, up to a limit.  Any pair that had not finished in that time was eliminated.

Penalty points were also assessed for disobedience faults at obstacles and for falls.  Disobedience faults incurred 20 penalty points, rider falls incurred 65, and horse falls eliminated the pair.  The total penalty points from cross country were added to those incurred in phase 1, dressage, for a two-round total.

Total after Dressage and Cross Country

Show jumping
In show jumping, pairs received 4 penalty points for each obstacle knocked down, 4 penalty points for the horse's first disobedience, and 8 penalty points for the rider's first fall.  They also received 1 penalty point for each second over the optimum time.

They could be eliminated for a second disobedience, the rider's second fall, the horse's first fall, or taking more than twice the optimum time to finish the course.

Final Total

Cross country
In the cross country phase, each pair had to traverse 14.3 kilometers of road and track, 3.1 kilometers of steeplechase, and an obstacle course spread over a track of approximately 7.4 kilometers.  Pairs received .4 penalty points for every second beyond the optimal time, up to a limit.  Any pair that had not finished in that time was eliminated.

Penalty points were also assessed for disobedience faults at obstacles and for falls.  Disobedience faults incurred 20 penalty points, rider falls incurred 65, and horse falls eliminated the pair.  The total penalty points from cross country were added to those incurred in phase 1, dressage, for a two-round total.

Total after Dressage and Cross Country

Show jumping
In show jumping, pairs received 4 penalty points for each obstacle knocked down, 4 penalty points for the horse's first disobedience, and 8 penalty points for the rider's first fall.  They also received 1 penalty point for each second over the optimum time.

They could be eliminated for a second disobedience, the rider's second fall, the horse's first fall, or taking more than twice the optimum time to finish the course.

Final Total

References

Sources
 Official Report of the 2000 Sydney Summer Olympics available at  https://web.archive.org/web/20060622162855/http://www.la84foundation.org/5va/reports_frmst.htm

Equestrian at the 2000 Summer Olympics

Equestrian at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing


Liu Honggao (劉弘杲) (923–943), formally the Prince of Xun (循王), was an imperial prince and chancellor of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Southern Han.  He was falsely accused of treason and killed during the reign of his brother Liu Sheng (né Liu Hongxi, Emperor Zhongzong).

Background
Liu Honggao was born in 923, his mother was Consort Xie Yiqing who was favored by his father Liu Yan, and he was Liu Yan's 10th son.  In 932, Liu Yan created 19 of his sons, including Liu Honggao, imperial princes, with Liu Honggao receiving the title of Prince of Xun.

During Liu Bin's and Liu Sheng's reigns
By 942, when Liu Honggao's older brother Liu Bin (né Liu Hongdu, Emperor Shang) was emperor, a group of agrarians, believed that a god had foreordained that Zhang Yuxian, a lowly county administrator at Bolo County (博羅, in modern Huizhou, Guangdong), was to be their ruler, rose against Southern Han rule.  Liu Bin sent Liu Honggao's older brother Liu Hongchang the Prince of Yue to command the army against Zhang, with Liu Honggao serving as his deputy.  However, Liu Hongchang and Liu Honggao were defeated and surrounded by Zhang's agrarian army.  They escaped capture only due to the efforts of the officer Chen Daoxiang (陳道庠).  Much of the eastern part of the Southern Han realm was captured by Zhang's army.

Liu Bin was arrogant and licentious, and he ignored advice from Liu Hongchang and the eunuch Wu Huai'en (吳懷恩), both of whom tried to change his behavior.  Another brother, Liu Hongxi the Prince of Qin, was plotting to take over the state, and therefore encouraged Liu Bin's behavior.  As Liu Bin favored arm wrestling, Liu Hongdu had Chen train five arm wrestlers to wrestle with Liu Bin.  In 943, one night, when Liu Bin was drunk, Chen and the arm wrestlers, at Liu Hongxi's order, killed Liu Bin and his attendants.  The next morning, the princes and the officials, realizing that Liu Bin had been killed, were initially not daring to enter the palace.  Liu Hongchang led his younger brothers in welcoming Liu Hongxi to the palace and offering the throne to him.  Liu Hongxi then took the throne (as Emperor Zhongzong) (and changed his name to Liu Sheng).

Liu Sheng made Liu Hongchang a chancellor, giving him the titles of Taiwei (太尉), Zhongshu Ling (中書令), and generalissimo of the armies of all circuits.  Liu Honggao was also made a chancellor and deputy generalissimo.

After Liu Sheng took the throne, however, there were continuous rumors throughout the realm about how Liu Bin died.  Liu Honggao suggested to Liu Sheng that he kill the arm wrestlers involved in the assassinations to quell the discontent.  Liu Sheng did not agree, and the arm wrestlers, who were well-rewarded by Liu Sheng for assassinating Liu Bin, heard of Liu Honggao's suggestion, and in turn falsely accused him of treason.  Liu Sheng sent two of the arm wrestlers, Liu Sichao (劉思潮) and Tan Lingyin (譚令禋), to lead soldiers against Liu Honggao.  Liu Sichao and Tan headed to Liu Honggao's mansion and killed him as he was holding a feast.  It was said that after this incident, Liu Sheng considered killing all of his brothers, which he eventually did.  (Another account of Liu Honggao's death indicated that Liu Sheng sent a messenger to his mansion to summon him, and that he, knowing that death was coming, bathed and prayed before reporting to Liu Sheng's palace, where he was ordered to commit suicide.)

Notes and references

 Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms, vol. 61.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 278, 283.

923 births
943 deaths
Politicians from Guangzhou
Southern Han imperial princes
Southern Han chancellors
Southern Han generals
Generals from Guangdong
Executed people from Guangdong
Executed Southern Han people
People executed by Southern Han
People executed by a Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms state by decapitation

Liu Honggao


Corneille Antoine Jean Abram Oudemans or Cornelis Antoon Jan Abraham Oudemans (7 December 1825 – 29 August 1906) was a Dutch botanist and physician who specialized in fungal systematics.

Oudemans was born in Amsterdam, the oldest of seven children of his namesake teacher father and Jacoba Adriana Hammecker. A younger brother, Jean Abraham Chrétien became an astronomer and a nephew, Anthonie Cornelis, became a zoologist. Oudemans went to school in Weltevreden, Java, where his father taught and moved back to Amsterdam for classical studies. He then went to the University of Leiden where he received a medical degree in 1847. He travelled to Europe but he had to return due to the March Revolution. He became a lecturer in materia medica at Rotterdam where he also practiced medicine. He went to teach medicine at the Athenaeum of Amsterdam in 1859 and when it became a university in 1877 he was made rector magnificus. He became interested in the fungi and began to catalogue and describe them in Révision des champignons (1892–1897) and Catalogue raisonné (1904). He retired in 1896 but continued to describe the European parasitic fungi which was published posthumously as Enumeratio systematica fungorum by professor J. W. Moll of Groningen University.

The Malvaceae genus of Oudemansia (1854), (now a synonym of Helicteres,) was named after him as is the mushroom Oudemansiella (1881).

References

1825 births
1906 deaths
Dutch mycologists

Corneille Antoine Jean Abram Oudemans


The Battle of Changsha was fought in the early years of the Taiping Rebellion throughout 1852. After defeating Qing forces in Guangxi, the Taipings advanced into neighboring Hunan province. The city was heavily defended and a delay in the Taiping advance allowed Qing forces to reinforce the city. The first attempt to advance north was stopped at an ambush at the Suoyi ford in the Xiang River, where over 10,000 Taiping sailors and soldiers were killed.

The Taiping army recruited miners from the local area to build siege tunnels in an effort to breach the city walls. However, only three of the ten tunnels built ended up reaching the walls. Eventually, most of the surrounding area and rivers were captured by the Taiping rebels.

In September, the West King Xiao Chaogui attempted to boost morale by hoisting banners and donning his royal robes on the battlefield, but was spotted by a Qing gunner and killed. With the death of one of the original Kings, by November, Hong Xiuquan called off the siege and Taiping forces continued north down the Xiang river towards Wuchang, Hubei.

Later engagements
In 1855, the Taiping Western Expedition succeeded in capturing Changsha and much of Hunan. However, in 1856, Zeng Guofan's Xiang Army retook Hunan for the Qing dynasty.

References

Changsha
1852 in China
Changsha

Battle of Changsha (1852)


Leo Irakliotis is a computer engineer.  His early work was on optical information processing.  With Leo Kadanoff he founded the Center for Presentation of Science at the University of Chicago, where he taught computer science from 1997 until 2009.
Irakliotis earned a master's degree in theoretical physics from Miami University (Ohio) and a Ph.D. degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Colorado State University.  In 2005, Irakliotis worked with Jef Raskin to design a new curriculum on humane interfaces and computer enterprises.  The project was never completed due to Raskin's death in the same year.

References

Greek academics
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Chicago faculty

Leo Irakliotis


Sebastian Bodinus (c. 1700 – 19 March 1759) was a German composer about whom very little is known. Bodinus was born in the village of Amt Wachsenburg-Bittstädt in Saxe-Gotha and trained as a violinist. It is known that in 1718 he entered the service of the Margrave Karl III of Baden-Durlach at the court in Karlsruhe. Bodinus worked elsewhere but always returned to Karlsruhe and was concertmaster there for two periods. He left Karlsruhe in 1752, returned in a disoriented state in 1758 and was committed to an insane asylum in Pforzheim where he died.

His compositions include concertos and symphonies but there are predominantly chamber works in the late Baroque style, including not only solo and trio sonatas but also quartets, a considerable rarity at the time he composed them in the 1720s and 1730s. Of his quartets it has been said that this "minor master appears to have written first-rate music."

External links
Brief biography in The Grove Concise Dictionary of Music (Oxford University Press, Inc.) via the website of Gramophone Magazine
Information about Bodinus in review of recording of his Divertissements by MusicWeb International

Notes and references

1700s births
1759 deaths
18th-century classical composers
18th-century German composers
18th-century German male musicians
German Baroque composers
German classical composers
German male classical composers
German violinists
German classical violinists
German male violinists
Male classical violinists
Musicians from Thuringia

Sebastian Bodinus


Hafslund is a borough located east of the city centre in the city of Sarpsborg, Norway,

Before 1992, Hafslund was a part of Skjeberg municipality. The name Hafslund, which is composed of Hafr, the Old Norse name for husband and lundr meaning  grove. There has been a permanent settlement at Hafslund for over 5000 years.

Hafslund Manor
Hafslund Manor (Hafslund Hovedgård) is an estate located just outside Hafslund. At various times, it was owned by the Østby family and, later, the industrialist and timber merchant Benjamin Wegner and by Maren Juel who regarded during  her lifetime as the wealthiest woman in Norway. The property is now approximately 6,000 acres, of which approximately a quarter of the acreage is forested. About 2,000 acres leased for residential and industrial land.

The first public record of Hafslund dates to 1344, at which time the farm was crown property. Hafslund Manor dates from 1761. The manor house is located at the old Sandesund ferry site. It was built after the earlier Baroque building burned down in the autumn of 1757. Hafslund Manor has well-preserved buildings and interiors. The main buildings were restored in 1937. Hafslund Manor is now a protected monument. The manor is owned by the industrial group Hafslund ASA with the main building used for meetings and representation by the Hafslund Group.

References

External links
Hafslund Hovedgård

Villages in Østfold
Sarpsborg
Manor houses in Norway

Hafslund


City is a 2001 album by Jane Siberry.

It is a collection of songs which mostly had not previously appeared on a regular Siberry album, comprising tracks that she recorded for movie soundtracks or in collaboration with other artists.

Track listing

"My Mother is Not the White Dove" (with Peter Gabriel)
"Harmonix/I Went Down to the River" (with Peter Gabriel)
"It Can't Rain All the Time" (from The Crow)
"Shir Amami" (with Frank London)
"The Bridge" (with Joe Jackson)
"She's Like a Swallow" (with Hector Zazou)
"When I Think of Laura Nyro" (from Time and Love: The Music of Laura Nyro)
"Calling All Angels" (with k.d. lang)
"Nut Brown Maid" (with Michael Grey)
"All the Pretty Ponies" (from Barney & Friends)
"Innig" (with Nigel Kennedy)
"Spade and Sparrow" (with Takafumi Sotoma)
"Narrow Bridge" (with Morgan Fisher)
"Slow Tango" (from Faraway, So Close!)
"The Kiss" (with Ghostland)

Jane Siberry albums
2001 compilation albums

City (Jane Siberry album)