Jorhat (pron: ˈʤɔ:(r)ˌhɑ:t) is an administrative district of the Indian state of Assam situated in the central part of the Brahmaputra Valley. The district is bounded by Majuli on north, Nagaland state on the south, Charaideo on the east and Golaghat on the west. On the north of the district, the river Brahmaputra forms the largest riverine island of the world. The administrative seat is at Jorhat city.

Jorhat was previously a sub-division of undivided Sibsagar district. In 1983, Jorhat was carved out of Sibsagar District and was made a separate district.

Etymology
Jorhat (যোৰহাট) or Jorehaut means tween hats (Bazar) or mandis - Macharhat (মাছৰহাট) and Chowkihat (চকীহাট) which existed on the two different banks of the river Bhogdoi during the 18th century.

History
The northernmost area of the present district was a part of the Chutiya Kingdom before the Ahom-Chutiya war in the 16th century. In 1794 the Ahom king Gaurinath Singha shifted the capital from Sibsagar (erstwhile "Rangpur") to Jorhat. This town was a flourishing and commercial metropolis but completely destroyed after a series of the Burmese invasions since 1817 till the arrival of the British force in 1824 under the Stewardship of David Scott and Captain Richard.

The British rule, though, was not free from rebellions and revolutions, contributed to reemergence of this historical town. From the very first decade of the British rule, the great revolutionists who emerged were Gomdhar Konwar, Jeuram and Piyali, British system of administration, came into vogue in 1839 with an established Police Thana. During the great Sepoy Mutiny, the anti-British plot hatched by Maniram Dewan and Piyali Barua, was sabotaged. These leaders were hanged in public at this very place in 1858.

In 1885, a narrow-gauge train service (Jorehaut Provincial Railway) came into operation and ultimately became instrumental in the rapid growth of the tea industry.

Though the civil sub-division under Sibsagar district at Jorhat was formed in 1869, this place was declared as administration headquarters of the undivided Sibsagar district in 1911, which comprised the present Sibsagar, Jorhat and Golaghat and parts of Karbi-Anglong district with Major A. Playfair as the first deputy commissioner.

The modern-day district of Jorhat was created in 1983 when it was split from Sibsagar district.

Geography
On the north of the district, the river Brahmaputra forms the largest riverine island of the world, Majuli, spreading over 924.6 km2. with a population of about 1.50 lakh being threatened by the constant erosion by this mighty, unstable river. Majuli had been the principal place of pilgrimage of Vaishnavites since the ages of the Ahom rules. There are several Satras resembling medieval monasteries headed by Satradhikars preaching and teaching the Vaishnavism which was initiated by Sankardeva (1449–1568). Each Satra has unknown wealth of Vaishnav scriptures and extensive revenue free lands being cultivated by the "Bhakats" of the Satras.

Jorhat district occupies an area of , comparatively equivalent to Russia's Zemlya Georga. Floods frequent the island every year without exception. The mean annual rainfall of the district is 2029 mm.

District administration
The District Administration is headed by Deputy Commissioner Ashok Kumar Barman, IAS.  is the Superintendent of Police of Jorhat district and belongs to the IPS batch of 2011 (Assam-Meghalaya cadre).

The only outlying civil subdivision is Titabor . Titabor subdivisional administration is headed by SDO (Civil)  Ayush Garg, IAS.

Divisions
There are five Assam Legislative Assembly constituencies in this district: Jorhat, Teok, Mariani, Titabor and Dergaon. Dergaon is designated for scheduled castes. Dergaon is in the Kaliabor Lok Sabha constituency. The other four are in the Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency.

Economy

Agriculture
There are about 135 tea gardens, including out gardens, and the predominant field crop is rice, with per capita food grain production of 205 kg per annum.

Manufacturing industry
The district has a number of small-scale and cottage industries in the field of cane work and bamboo work, silver jewellery, furniture making, brass smithing, umbrella making, soap manufacturing, packaged food manufacturing etc. Type of industries present in Jorhat are agro based, cotton textile, woolen, silk & artificial thread based clothes, ready-made garments & embroidery, wood/wooden based furniture, chemical/chemical based, rubber, plastic & petro based, metal based (steel fab.), repairing & servicing, etc.

Tourism
Jorhat facilitates as the base location to reach out to many interesting places of international importance located at close proximity such as Majuli, Kaziranga National Park, Sivasagar, Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, the famous Molai forest, forested single handed,  Dhekiakhowa Bornamghar, etc. Examples of numerous attractions that can be visited within the district are Lachit Borphukan's Maidam, Raja Maidam, Jorhat Science Centre & Planetarium, Jorhat Gymkhana Club, Chandrakanta Handique Bhavan, Jorhat District Museum, Thengal Manor, Sukapha Samannay Kshetra, Kaziranga Golf Resort, Shanti Ashram, Jagannath Temple, Thengal Cultural Centre & Museum, public parks, multiple tea gardens, Sukapha Park, Gabhoru Parbat and many more.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Jorhat district has a population of 1,092,256, roughly equal to the nation of Cyprus or the US state of Rhode Island. This gives it a ranking of 418th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of  . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 9.21%. Jorhat has a sex ratio of 956 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 83.42%.

The divided district has a population of 924,952, of which 220,534 (23.84%) live in urban areas. Jorhat has a sex ratio of 963 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are 64,787 (7.00%) and 62,368 (6.74%) of the population respectively.

Main Assamese communities in the district are Tea tribes (Adivasi), Ahom, Chutia, Sonowal Kacharis, Thengal Kachari.

Religion

Hindus are 842,520 (91.09%) of the population. Muslims are 54,092 (5.85%) and Christians are 20,796 (2.25%) of the population.

Languages

At the time of the 2011 census, 88.65% of the population spoke Assamese, 3.77% Bengali, 3.04% Hindi and 1.63% Mising as their first language.

A tourist from other parts of India should not face and issue in communicating in Hindi. Likewise, for an international tourist communication in English is well understood.

Culture

The cultural diversities which prevailed in Jorhat nearly a century ago has inspired the people to participate in cultural activities through the decades and as a result Jorhat has been able to produce many creative writers, musician, actors, historians and journalists, terming Jorhat The Cultural Capital of Assam.

Festivals

Tea festivals

The Tea Festival is held in the district of Jorhat in the northeastern state of Assam in India. Jorhat is well known for its extensive tea gardens, and is the nerve centre of the tea industry. Jorhat has the world famous Tocklai Experimental Centre. In this place research work is carried out to find new varieties of tea and also the curative effects of green tea. The island of Majuli, the largest island on the Brahmaputra, and the Nambar Forest Reserve can be visited from Jorhat. In Majuli there are numerous monasteries and the Nambar Forest Reserve is famous for being a regenerating hot spring.

Description of Tea Festival

The Tea Festival in Jorhat is all about tea, music and gaiety. The Tea Festival in Jorhat brings about a world of festivity with a warm and traditional cordial reception. The Jorhat Tea Festival offers an excellent package of fun and excitement. The celebrations of the Festival of Tea in Jorhat include visit to the tea gardens, playing golf, safaris into the jungles, tasting delicious food items, shopping and cultural entertainment. The adventure sports on offer include angling and rafting in turbulent rivers. The Tea Festival of Jorhat in Assam is a pleasant blend of a business trip and a pleasure trip. Along with the beauty and cultural diversity of Assam, tourists can also meet the warm hearted people of Assam.

Time of Celebration of Tea Festival

The Tea Festival in Jorhat, in the state of Assam, is celebrated every year with great enjoyment, fun and entertainment

Majuli festivals

The northeastern state of Assam in India is famous for Majuli, the largest river island in the world, earlier a part of the district administration of Jorhat. The island of Majuli is positioned in the middle of river Brahmaputra and is the abode to the place of Vaishnavite culture in Majuli. The total area of Majuli has been diminishing gradually due to strong erosion of the river Brahmaputra. The Majuli Festival provides lot of opportunities to fit oneself into the festival. During the Majuli Festival in Assam, special events like cultural programs and exhibitions are organized.

Description of Majuli Festival

The Assam Majuli Festival is held on the bank of river Luit, the location of which has an immeasurably beautiful and picturesque milieu. The river Luit is just 1.5 kilometers from the sub-divisional headquarter of Majuli Island, Garamur. The Festival of Majuli in Majuli in Assam conducts many cultural programs with the cultural troupes of Majuli as well as troupes from the rest of the country. In the exhibition, Assamese products are on display, which are specially prepared and designed by artistes that draw attention to the traditional grandeur of Majuli. The organizers also arrange for a food festival in the Majuli Festival in Assam, where Assamese and tribal dishes are also made obtainable. Seminars are also organized to have a discussion on different topics. A display of various artwork and culturally driven masks
can be seen in different museums located in the island.

Reaching the Majuli Festival of Majuli in Assam, one can observe the gathering and adjustment of all ethnic groups of people under the same sky, but at the same time the groups are keeping on their respective traditional and individual cultural entities. This is a very remarkable event. The island of Majuli has an environment of a bird sanctuary which attracts nonextant species of various migrant birds.

Time of Celebration of Majuli Festival

The Assam Majuli Festival is presumably held during the winter season, in the month of November. This arrangement is made keeping in mind the climate conditions and the road communicating facilities in Majuli.

Historical religious places

 Dhekiakhowa Bornamghar
 Burhi Gosani Devalaya
 Borbheti  Than
 Garakhia Dol
 Moinaporia Namghar
 Buddha Vihar, Jorhat

Notable personalities
Jorhat has produced many creative writers, historians, journalists and many more.
Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya, the first Assamese to win India's highest literature award, the Jnanpith Award
Jadav Payeng, the 'Forest man of India'
Krishna Kanta Handique, ideologist and educationist, former vice chancellor of Gauhati University
Hiren Bhattacharyya, Assamese poet
Tarun Gogoi, former chief minister of Assam
Zubeen Garg, musician
Sonaram Chutia, Vaishnavite Scholar
Munin Barkotoki, Writer

Flora and fauna
In 1997 Jorhat district became home to the Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, which has an area of , is a protected area which is home to hoolock gibbons.

There is another forest called Mulai Kathoni or Molai Forest, a man-made forest covering 550 hectares of area on a Brahmaputra river sandbar located near Kokilamukh area. It is named after Jadav Payeng, Indian environmental activist and forestry worker.

Molai forest and Payeng have been the subject of a number of documentaries. A locally made film documentary, produced by Jitu Kalita in 2012 The Molai Forest, was screened at the Jawaharlal Nehru University. Jitu Kalita, who lives near Payeng's house, has also featured and given recognition on his reporting of the life of Payeng through his documentary. Molai forest was also featured in a 2013 documentary Foresting life, directed by the Indian documentary filmmaker Aarti Shrivastava, and in William Douglas McMaster's 2013 film documentary Forest Man. People have pledged US$8,327 on the Kickstarter campaign for the post-production of this documentary in early 2013, which was shown at 2014 Cannes Film Festival.

About 100 km from Jorhat lies the internationally recognized Kaziranga National Park.

Education

Jorhat is considered one of the best locations for modern education in the state. The city of Jorhat has one of the highest number of educational institutions in the region. The literacy rate of the district of Jorhat is next to Kamrup Metropolitan.

The Jorhat Government Boys School is the oldest school established in 1883 with special facilities for science teaching. The Jagannath Barooah College is the premier and oldest college in the district (set up in 1930) and said to be first college in Upper Assam. Multiple schools and colleges had come up later. The people of Jorhat can rightly be proud of being a part of its glorious heritage and culture. Some notable schools in the district are Balya Niketon Kakojan, Balya Bhavan, Don Bosco High School, Baghchung, Army Public School Jorhat, Air Force School, Carmel Convent School, Hemalata Handiqui Memorial Institute, Don Bosco High School Lichubari, Jyoti Vidyapith Teok , Assam Rifle's Public School, Delhi Public School, Spring Dale High School, Maharishi Vidya Mandir, St. Mary's High School, Ben Garden High School, Kendriya Vidyalaya NEIST, Kendriya Vidyalaya ONGC, Kendriya Vidyalaya Air Force Station, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jorhat, Jonaki Sangha Vidyalaya, Assam Valley English Medium School, Sankar Dev Vidya Niketan, Bahona Boys High School, Royal Oak High School, Pragjyotika Titabar, Jatiya Vidyalaya Titabar, St. Anthony's High School, Maan International High School, Mihiram Saikia Higher Secondary School, Sankardev Seminary School, Jorhat Govt. Boys' H.S and M.P. School, Jorhat Govt. Girls H.S. and M.P. School, Jorhat Model Composite School, Gitarthi Girls High School, DCB Girls High School, Dipankar Vidyapith, 4 No Ward Primary School, Rashtrabhasa School, Rebakanta Baruah School, Bidyadhar Saikia School etc.

Jorhat is the seat of learning with the first agricultural university in the northeast region — Assam Agricultural University — established in 1969. Apart from that it has many prominent higher educational and research institutions. Those are - Jorhat Engineering College (1960), North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST) (1961), National Institute of Design, Jorhat (2019), Assam Women's University (2013), HRH The Prince of Wales Institute of Engineering and Technology (POWIET) (1926), Tocklai Tea Research Institute (1911), Rain Forest Research Institute (1988), Jorhat Medical College and Hospital (2009), Jorhat Institute of Science & Technology (JIST) and Kaziranga University (2012).
Some other educational institutes of Jorhat districts are - CKB Commerce College, Jorhat College, Jorhat Law College, Dr.J.K.Saikia Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital, DCB Girls College, Bahona College, Jorhat Kendriya Mahavidyalaya, Kakojan College, Chandra Kamal Bezbaruah College,
Nanda Nath Saikia College and Mariani College.

Media

The healthy education and cultural life of Jorhat can be best judged from the fact that the district has as many as five daily newspapers published from two publishing groups.

The Janambhumi Group of Publications are the oldest media group of Jorhat. The Saptahik Janambhumi, the Dainik Janambhumi, and the Eastern Clarion are its sister newspapers. The Spatahik Janambhumi celebrated its 50 years of circulation and the Dainik Janambhumi crossed its 25 years of existence.

The G.L. Publication publishes three newspapers from Guwahati and Jorhat simultaneously. They are the North East Times (English), Amar Asom (Assamese), and the Purbanchal Prohori (Hindi).

The other newspapers published from Jorhat are Dainik Agradoot,  Asomiya Khabar and The Telegraph.

References

External links
District Administration, Jorhat
 Local people assist in Assam tourism

Districts of Assam
1983 establishments in Assam

Jorhat district


ALFA or later Alfa Romeo has made three cars named as  20/30 HP, first one 1910 4-cylinder 4-6-seater tourer, improved version 20/30 HP E in 1914 and 1921 the 20/30 HP ES Sport, a 4-seater sportscar.

The Alfa 20/30 HP

The Alfa Romeo "Torpedo" 20/30HP was the first car under the ALFA brand to formally carry the Alfa Romeo name. It was equipped with a 4250 cc sidevalve inline-four engine producing 67bhp. The car was intended for a launch amongst the upper classes of Italy, so the price was notably high- around three times that of the Ford Model T, a large sum of money when one considers the post-World War I economy.

The ALFA 20/30 HP was almost identical to the 24 HP of 1910 and was often simply called the HP 24 Serie E. The 24 HP's engine was reused completely, save for a sidechain on the camshaft to reduce noise. The maximum power was increased to 49bhp at 2400rpm, and the top speed increased to . The vehicle was available in two body variants: A Berlina chassis and a torpedo variant.

At the outbreak of World War I on August 3, 1914, Italy declared itself neutral. ALFA plants, as such, had not been directly affected by war, or by manufacturing related to the war effort. Production numbers between 1914 and 1915 totaled 285 finished 20/30 HP models. In 1915, the production totals decreased to 95 frames for the 20/30 HP, which were only completed in 1920.

Alfa Romeo 20/30 ES Sport

The ES Sport was based on the 1914 20/30 E model, the "S" being added to emphasize the sportiness of the car. Notably, the ES had electric lights and an electric starter. The chassis was shortened from previous models as well.

Price was a major negative factor, and only 124 were ever produced. Notably, it is with the ES that Enzo Ferrari began his racing career with teammates Antonio Ascari and Ugo Sivocci.

 Engine: 4 cylinders inline
 Displacement: 4250 cc
 Power: 67 bhp at 2600 rpm
 Top speed:

Notes

References

20 30 HP
Cars introduced in 1914
1920s cars

ALFA 20/30 HP


Sons of the Desert was an American country music band founded in 1989 in Waco, Texas. It was started by brothers Drew Womack (lead vocals, rhythm guitar) and Tim Womack (lead guitar, background vocals). They were joined by Scott Saunders (keyboards), Doug Virden (bass guitar, background vocals) and Brian Westrum (drums). The band released Whatever Comes First for Epic Records Nashville in 1997. They recorded a second album for Epic which was not released. Change followed in 2000. Counting two singles from the unreleased album, Sons of the Desert charted eight times on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts, including the top ten hit "Whatever Comes First".

Discography
Studio albums
 Whatever Comes First (1997)
 Change (2000)

References

Country bands

Sons of the Desert


Andrew Doyle (c 1774–1841) was an Irish painter, engraver, and farmer. He was exiled for life to Australia in 1802 after being found in possession of a watermark of the Bank of Ireland, used to forge banknotes.

Early life and exile
Andrew Doyle was born around November 1774 in Dublin, Ireland. He was the son of Bartholomew Doyle and Bridget (née) Nugent. Doyle was baptised in St Catherine's Church, Meath Street on 29 November 1774. He studied drawing under William Waldron, the Master of the Royal Dublin Society's School of Ornamental Drawing.

He married Sophia Isabella Norris around 1792. Sophia was a Protestant, which led to Doyle converting upon their marriage. Sophia's mother's maiden name is believed to be Jouanier, and that she was of French Huguenot descent. The couple had three children in Ireland, Cyrus Matthew born on 27 November 1792 or 1793, Louisa born 1795 and Edmund on 16 December 1799. Doyle trained to become a printer by serving as an apprentice with textile printing and calico manufacturing companies, O'Brien, Comerford and Clarke, in Palmerstown, Dublin. After this he began to trade as an engraver and calico printer himself.

In the late 1790s Andrew spent a number of periods in jail, for unknown crimes, with some sources claiming that it may have been relating to the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and others refuting it. Doyle was convicted for possession of a forged bank note in 1801 along with his brother James, resulting in him being exiled to Australia, being detained at Newgate Prison, Dublin before being transported. They were transported on the ship 'Rolla', leaving Ireland on 4 November 1802.

Doyle arrived, with his wife, on 12 May 1803 along with their four children. The name of Andrew's fourth child is unknown, and is believed to have died in infancy. The family initially lived in Sydney, and later Toongabbie. Doyle received a pardon in 1806, enabling him to buy land on the Hawkesbury River in 1808 on which he built Ulitedinburra Lodge.

Career
In 1803 Doyle was engaged to draw the native shrubs of the colony for Sir Joseph Banks by Governor Philip Gidley King. The State Library of New South Wales holds his watercolour entitled 'Rock Lily' from circa 1820. He gifted Mrs King with a yard of ribbon painted with wildflowers. Doyle served as both a magistrate and a constable.

Later life and family
The couple had two more daughters, Emma Maria, born on 10 April 1804, and Sophia Isabella, born 25 September 1806 at Toongabbie farm. Doyle's sons, John Francis, was born at Ulitedinburra Lodge on 18 January 1809, and John George on 10 November 1811, both went on to become farmers and horse breeders. The wider family were also involved in farming and rearing horses. Doyle died on 2 September 1841 at his home, after a second bout of apoplexy.

References

1774 births
1841 deaths
18th-century Irish painters
19th-century Irish painters
Irish male painters
Artists from Dublin (city)
Converts to Calvinism from Roman Catholicism
Irish emigrants to colonial Australia
Irish engravers
19th-century Irish male artists

Andrew Doyle (artist)


Whispers and Moans () is a 2007 Hong Kong film directed by Herman Yau. It is based on the 2006 book Whispers and Moans by Yeeshan Yang, investigating the Hong Kong sex trade. It has a Category III rating in Hong Kong.

Plot summary
Elsie (Yan Ng) is a social worker with an interest in the rights of sex workers, despite this she is naive as to the lives of prostitutes, and finds it impossible to be accepted into their milieu. This changes when she comes to the aid of nightclub hostess Happy (Chan Mei-hei). Happy introduces Elsie to her colleagues and Elsie is able to observe first hand the business of prostitution in Hong Kong.

At the top of the scale are those who become the long term mistresses of the wealthy, receiving a retainer and having their living expenses paid for, a step towards this being to be kept for a shorter term, for months or weeks. Nana (Mandy Chiang) and her sister Aida (Monie Tung) began their careers as underage prostitutes in an underground brothel, before graduating to become legal hostesses on turning 18. However Aida has become a drug addict and over a matter of days makes a descent that would normally occur over years. Those unable to leave the prostitute trade, as they grow older, work at small one woman brothels, with a much reduced rate for sex and a higher turnover of customers than that found at nightclubs. A very small number, such as Coco (Athena Chu), become mama-sans. However Aida's addiction is so great that she cannot work even as a brothel prostitute and instead becomes a street prostitute, normally the fate of much older women.

Also working the streets is the transgender Jo (Don Li) whose goal is to save up enough money for sex reassignment surgery, her boyfriend is Tony (Patrick Tang) who works as a male prostitute. One of Tony's customers is the mistress of a triad boss and the film ends with Tony's slaying.

Cast and roles
 Athena Chu – Coco
 Candice Yu – Jenny
 Mandy Chiang – Nana
 Monie Tung – Aida
 Yan Ng – Elsie, the social worker
 Don Li – Jo
 Patrick Tang – Tony
 Chan Mei-hei
 Karen Tong
 Chik King-Man
 Ken Lo
 Cheung Chi-Kwong
 Emotion Cheung
 Cheung Wing-Hong
 Wong Tak-bun
 Wong Man-Wai
 Sherming Yiu

Awards
Whispers and Moans received a "Film of Merit" award at the 2007 Hong Kong Film Critics Society Awards.

See also
 True Women For Sale, a 2008 Hong Kong film directed by Herman Yau

References

External links

 loveHKfilm entry

2007 films
Hong Kong drama films
Films about prostitution in Hong Kong
Films directed by Herman Yau
Films about trans women

Whispers and Moans (film)


The assassination of Thomas Ashton, a British industrialist and mill-owner, took place at around 7:00 p.m. on 3 January 1831. Ashton was shot dead by striking workers in Manchester as a warning to their employers. The attack occurred in the midst of the rising tensions of the Victorian era due to the Industrial revolution and the subsequent emergence of the Chartist and trade-union movements to combat the extreme poverty of major industrial cities such as Manchester at the time.

The assassination is widely considered to have inspired Elizabeth Gaskell's first novel, Mary Barton.

Assassination and trial
Three men were implicated in the crime - James Garside, Joseph Mosley and William Mosley. The judge and jury decided that Garside had pulled the trigger, despite it being his information which had originally led to the arrests; it was ruled that he had been hoping to blame his accomplices.
William Mosley's account of the murder ran as follows:

'A short space afterwards there came a man down the footpath towards the clap gate. The man was in the footpath leading from Mr. Ashton's. Garside got up, and met him in the field before he got through the gate, and pointed the piece at him. He gave way. Garside fired. When Mr. Ashton gave way he only went a little out of the way. Garside met him, and he went back. He had got through the clap gate when he fired, and was going along the road to the mill. The man who was shot fell across the road, with his head towards the right hand side, opposite to where I was. We immediately ran away, and I made the best of my way across the fields to the second canal bridge.'

Background
As a centre of capitalism, Manchester was frequently the scene of labour riots and calls for greater political recognition by the city's working and non-titled classes - resulting in events such as the Peterloo Massacre of August 1819. The year prior to Ashon's death also saw major uprisings and rebellions against the bourgeoisie in the July Revolution of France, which stimulated radical and Chartist progression in England. William Mosley recounted that when he asked Garside which of the Ashtons he had shot, the response was 'it didn't matter which it was; it was one of them.'

References

History of Manchester
19th century in Manchester
1831 in England
Assassinations in the United Kingdom
January 1831 events
1831 murders in the United Kingdom

Assassination of Thomas Ashton


Friends and Crocodiles is a one-off British television drama production, written and directed by  Stephen Poliakoff and first broadcast on BBC One on 15 January 2006.

Overview
The film charts the shifting power between a boss and his secretary as their careers rise and fall
in the rapidly changing workplace of 1980s and 1990s Britain. Friends and Crocodiles stars Damian Lewis, Jodhi May and Robert Lindsay with an ensemble cast that includes Patrick Malahide and Eddie Marsan.

Damian Lewis plays Paul, a Gatsby-like figure and inspirational entrepreneur. He is a host of fabulous parties, a "collector" of interesting people, a visionary with dreams of new urban landscapes, and keeper of a pet crocodile. Jodhi May plays Lizzie, who is persuaded by Paul to become his secretary and bring some order to his creative chaos. Once at Paul's magnificent house, Lizzie's world expands as she meets artists, historians and politicians.

The drama was loosely linked to a second Poliakoff piece, Gideon's Daughter, broadcast the following month. Although the links were more thematic than narrative, the character of Sneath (Lindsay) reappeared in Gideon's Daughter, acting as the narrator.

Cast

Trivia
The location of the final scene around the fire is Weavers Fields in Bethnal Green.

References

External links
 Friends and Crocodiles at bbc.co.uk.

BBC television dramas
Films directed by Stephen Poliakoff
2006 television films
2006 films
2000s business films

Friends and Crocodiles


Leonese Language Day (Día de la Llingua Llïonesa) is a celebration of the Leonese language. This celebration was started in the city of Llión, province of Llión, Spain. It was the result of a protocol signed between Leonese Provincial Government and the Cultural Association for Leonese Language El Fueyu. The celebration is run by the Llión City Council.

Some things that happen during the celebration are a display of traditional Leonese music, as well as the display of some works about Leonese language. There are also books about the Leonese language and Leonese films.

I Leonese Language Day
Leonese Language Day started on June 10, 2006. The celebration was organized by the Asociación Cultural de la Llingua Llïonesa El Fueyu with the help of the Asociación Berciana en Defensa de la Llingua Llïonesa El Toralín, La Barda (Leonese language association from Salamanca) and Pro Monumenta. There were traditional Leonese musical actuations and it was presented the book in Leonese language "Cuentos del Sil", and several personalities from the cultural, universitary, politic leonese world with young Leonese language students recited poems in Leonese language. It counted with the support of Leonese Provincial Government

II Leonese Language Day
This second Leonese Language Day was celebrated on December 16, 2007. The celebration was organized by the Leonese City Council with the help of several associations. At the celebration a documentary called Asina falamos was shown, as well as a play called Fuei a corteixar a Robles.

III Leonese Language Day
The third Leonese Language Day was run by the Leonese City Council, with help of several Leonese associations like puntuLLI. That celebration was  on December 30. There were meetings about the Leonese Language at the celebration.

IV Leonese Language Day
At the fourth Leonese Language Day there were musicians like Rodrigo Martínez, Banda de Gaitas, and Ciudá de Llión. During the celebration diplomas were given to the people who done Leonese language lessons in School.

Related pages
 Leonese language
 Asociación Cultural de la Llingua Llïonesa El Fueyu
 Asociación Berciana en Defensa de la Llingua Llïonesa El Toralín
 Cuentos del Sil

Other websites
 Official new of the signement of the Protocl between the Leonese Provincial Government and Leonese Language Association for developing the Leonese Language Day
Leonese Language Association
Leonese Language Association from El Bierzu
Top Level Domain for Leonese Language
Asociación de Profesores y Monitores de Llingua Llïonesa

References

Leonese language

Leonese Language Day


Dayton Burr "Bones" Howe (born March 18, 1933) is an American record producer and recording engineer who scored a string of hits in the 1960s and 1970s, often of the sunshine pop genre, starting in 1965 with The Turtles cover of Bob Dylan's "It Ain't Me Babe," and continuing with most of the hits of the 5th Dimension and the Association. With the exception of Closing Time, he produced and engineered all of Tom Waits' releases with Asylum Records, some of which are considered among the artist's best recordings. Their almost decade-long collaboration has been described as "one of the great artist-producer partnerships". Howe performed music supervision on several feature films, and was one of the first industry members to serve as both producer and engineer of the hit records on which he worked. In addition, he was occasionally credited as a musician on recordings as "Dayton Howe".

Biography

Early life and education
Howe was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota and moved to Sarasota, Florida in 1941. He graduated from Sarasota High School in 1951, becoming a drummer with a dance band and a jazz quintet. He received a bachelor's degree in Electronics and Communications in 1956 from Georgia Tech.

Career
After graduation Howe decided to combine his love of music and his electronics degree by moving to Hollywood and starting a career in 1956 as an apprentice recording engineer at Radio Recorders and advancing to mixing engineer the following year, recording Elvis Presley and Jerry Lee Lewis.

In 1961 Bill Putnam hired Howe to work at United Recording, where he engineered Frank Sinatra's Sinatra Swings, Jan and Dean's Surf City and Drag City, Johnny Rivers' At the Whisky à Go Go, and the Mamas & the Papas' first three albums, including the hits "California Dreamin'" and "Monday, Monday".

After working with Juice Newton and Tom Waits, gaining 20 Gold and Platinum awards from the RIAA, Howe became interested in promoting the use of rock and pop in films. He worked as the music supervisor for several high grossing films such as Back to the Future and Serial Mom.

Howe was the chief engineer for the 1967 Monterey Pop Festival concert feature film and the 1968 NBC Elvis Christmas Special.

In 1986 Howe was offered the position of Vice President (and head of the Music Department) at Columbia Pictures and was promoted to Executive Vice President in 1989 when the studio was bought by the Sony Corporation. Howe left in 1992 and returned to recording independent music and film scores.

References

External links

1933 births
Living people
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Minneapolis
People from Sarasota, Florida
Sarasota High School alumni
Georgia Tech alumni
Record producers from California
Musicians from Los Angeles
American audio engineers
Engineers from California

Bones Howe


NGC 1569 is a dwarf irregular galaxy in Camelopardalis. The galaxy is relatively nearby and consequently, the Hubble Space Telescope can easily resolve the stars within the galaxy. The distance to the galaxy was previously believed to be only 2.4 Mpc (7.8 Mly).  However, in 2008 scientists studying images from Hubble calculated the galaxy's distance at nearly 11 million light-years away, about 4 million light-years farther than previously thought, meaning it is a member of the IC 342 group of galaxies.

Physical characteristics

NGC 1569 is smaller than the Small Magellanic Cloud, but brighter than the Large Magellanic Cloud

Starburst

NGC 1569 is characterized by a large  starburst. It has formed stars at a rate 100 times greater than that of the Milky Way during the last 100 million years. It contains two prominent super star clusters with different histories.
Both clusters have experienced episodic star formation.  Super star
cluster A, located in the northwest of the galaxy and actually formed of two close clusters (NGC 1569 A1 and NGC 1569 A2), contains young stars
(including Wolf-Rayet stars) that formed less than 5 million years ago (in NGC 1569 A1) as well as older red stars (in NGC 1569 A2).
Super star cluster B, located near the center of the galaxy, contains an older stellar population of red giants and red supergiants. Both of these star clusters are thought to have masses equivalent to the masses of the globular clusters in the Milky Way (approximately (6-7) × 105 solar masses).  Numerous smaller star clusters, some of them having masses similar to those of small globular clusters or R136 in the Large Magellanic Cloud, with relatively young ages (between 2 million years and 1 billion years) have also been identified. These results, along with the results from other dwarf galaxies such as the Large Magellanic Cloud and NGC 1705, demonstrate that star formation in dwarf galaxies does not occur continuously but instead occurs in a series of short, nearly instantaneous bursts.

The numerous supernovae produced in the galaxy as well as the strong stellar winds of its stars have produced filaments and bubbles of ionized hydrogen with respective sizes of up to 3,700 and 380 light years that shine excited by the light of the young stars contained within them and that are conspicuous on images taken with large telescopes.

The NGC 1569 starburst is believed to have been triggered by interactions with other galaxies of the IC 342 group, in particular a nearby cloud of neutral hydrogen. A 2013 study suggested the presence of tidal tails linking this galaxy with IC 342 and the dwarf galaxy UGCA 92 (see below) whose nature, however, is unclear and may actually be structures within our galaxy.

Blueshift

The spectrum of NGC 1569 is blueshifted.  This means that the galaxy is moving towards the Earth.  In contrast, the spectra of most other galaxies are redshifted because of the expansion of the universe.

Environment

The dwarf irregular galaxy UGCA 92 is often assumed to be a companion of NGC 1569; however, its relationship to the starburst the latter is experiencing is unclear, with some authors suggesting UGCA 92 has not started it and others suggesting it has interacted with NGC 1569, being connected with it by a tidal tail and several filaments of neutral hydrogen; however, it is still unclear if those structures are associated with them or actually within the Milky Way, being unrelated with those two galaxies.

References

External links

 NGC 1569 at ESA/Hubble

 NGC 1569 at Constellation Guide

Dwarf irregular galaxies
Camelopardalis
1569
03056
15345
210
IC 342/Maffei Group

NGC 1569


James Maitland, 9th Earl of Lauderdale (12 May 1784 – 22 August 1860), styled Viscount Maitland between 1789 and 1839, was a British peer and Whig politician.

Background and education
Lauderdale was the son of James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale, and Eleanor, daughter of Anthony Todd. He was educated at Eton and the University of Edinburgh.

Political career
Lauderdale sat as Member of Parliament for Camelford from 1806 to 1807, for Richmond, Yorkshire, from 1818 to 1820 and for Appleby from 1828 to 1832. In 1839 he succeeded his father in the earldom and entered the House of Lords. He also served as Lord Lieutenant of Berwickshire between 1841 and 1860.

Family

Lord Lauderdale died at Thirlestane Castle, Berwickshire, in August 1860, aged 76. He was unmarried and was succeeded in the earldom by his younger brother, Admiral Sir Anthony Maitland.

References

External links

1784 births
1860 deaths
People educated at Eton College
James
Earls of Lauderdale
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
UK MPs 1806–1807
UK MPs 1818–1820
UK MPs 1826–1830
UK MPs 1830–1831
UK MPs 1831–1832
UK MPs who inherited peerages
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Cornwall

James Maitland, 9th Earl of Lauderdale


Putterham School, built 1768, is a one room schoolhouse in Brookline, Massachusetts.  Originally built at the juncture of Grove and Newton Streets, in 1966 the school was moved from its original site to its present location at Larz Anderson Park.

Use

The Colonial American structure served as a schoolhouse for many generations, but the original name of the school is uncertain.  There is evidence that the schoolhouse also served as a house of worship twice in the 20th century: in 1938 as a Catholic church, and sometime after World War II as a synagogue.

Florence Palmer Peabody (1890-1980), chair of the Putterham School Committee of the Brookline Historical Society and a student at the Putterham School in the late 1890s, wrote an article entitled "When I Went to School" that appeared in the 1960 Proceedings of the Brookline Historical Society. In that article she presents the following account of her research:

"The building was one room, with a huge barrel stove in the back. The iron chimney ran along under most of the length of the ceiling before turning at right angles to go through the roof. Still nearer the front of the room, a huge ventilator pierced the roof and ceiling, which must have made the temperature around the teachers desk a bit more comfortable than it had been before its installation. This school was originally built, according to school records, in 1768, although as early as 1713 permission was given to the residents of the south part of the town to build themselves a school house. In 1768, help in the building was offered and a teacher assigned. In 1839, it was enlarged. For 1854, I find this paragraph: 'The Newton street house is large enough for the very small school it now contains; but the ceiling is so low, and the building so ill ventilated, that it Is unhealthy even for that small number. Justice to that district requires that an appropriation should be voted, sufficient to defray the expense of raising the roof, and also of providing it with comfortable modern desks and chairs, in place of the uneasy plank structures on which the children now sit.'"

"This suggested work seems to have been done, as in the following year we read: 'The ceiling has been raised eighteen inches; the windows have been enlarged; and the old uncomfortable desks and tables have been replaced by some which were formerly used in the schools in the Town Hall.' I think the school, as I remember it, was about as these changes left it. We entered through a short, narrow hallway at the back of the school. This hall had hooks for clothes on one side and a shelf on the other, on one end of which was kept a large bucket of fresh water for drinking purposes. This was brought over from the high service pumping station next door each morning, Mr. Webber, engineer there, being the janitor for the little school. He was in league with Miss Hyde, I am sure, to make our days in that school some of the happiest and most worthwhile of any of our school days. Rudimentary sanitation was attempted. Each pupil was required to have an individual drinking cup. Wood for the huge stove was kept outside in a sort of closet in the hall, west of the entrance. If the day's supply which was left in the morning beside the stove gave out, the older boys could renew it. Then, still further along at the end of the hall, was our one out-of-door facility. Another was added during the years I was there."

Alterations

As mentioned, the school has been altered several times since its construction in the 18th century.  The original one-room design was enlarged in 1840 by with a rear addition.  A foyer was added in 1847 for storing coal or wood.  In 1855, the ceiling in the schoolroom was raised, the windows were enlarged, and the desks and chairs were repaired.  A double privy was built around 1898, probably replacing an earlier single privy.

The move

The Brookline Board of Selectmen and the Brookline Historical Society worked in conjunction with Race Architectural Restoration Enterprises, Inc. (R.A.R.E., Inc.) to successfully accomplish the task of moving the delicate, historically important structure.  The project took years of planning and preparation prior to the actual move.

The building was reset on a solid stone foundation.  The windows were outfitted with genuine antique glass.  Structural repairs were made to counter the effects of two centuries of deterioration. The red paint that currently adorns the building was blended to match the originally shade revealed by paint scrapings.

Today

Today the Brookline Historical Society maintains Putterham School as an educational museum displaying books, teaching aids, schoolroom equipment and other articles of historical interest.

From June until October, the school is open from noon until 3 pm on the second and fourth Sundays of each month.  Members of the Brookline Historical Society will also open the museum by appointment for school groups and other visitors.

Gallery

References

Brookline Historical Society

External links

Education museums in the United States
History museums in Massachusetts
Museums in Brookline, Massachusetts
One-room schoolhouses in Massachusetts
Schools in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Schoolhouses in Massachusetts
Historic district contributing properties in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Brookline, Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Norfolk County, Massachusetts

Putterham School


Friedrich Hermann Wölfert (17 November 1850 in Riethnordhausen, Kreis Sangerhausen – 12 June 1897 in Tempelhof (in Berlin) was a German publisher and aviation pioneer.

Early life
From 1870 he studied theology and philosophy at Leipzig, and he founded his own publishing company in 1873. He published over 50 books and newspapers, some of which he wrote himself. In the same year he married Christiane Trautmann, with whom he had two daughters.

Human-powered airships

After meeting the forester Georg Baumgarten in 1879, he became fascinated with airship flight and offered not only financial support but helped him further develop airships. Baumgarten had patented and experimented with his own airship designs, but his royal employer soon forbad him from airship work. Therefore, they both continued work using Wölfert's name. Their first cooperative work, the  (three gondola airship) flew on 31 January 1880, and crashed. In 1881 further models were built, all of them, non-rigid designs. Due to their activities the  was founded on 8 September 1881.

Wölfert neglected his publishing business, which was sold in 1881. After Baumgarten's death in 1884 he continued the work and built a series of seven airships, including the human-powered Deutschland which flew in Berlin.

Gottlieb Daimler's petrol engine

After flying another airship in Dresden in 1887, a Leipzig illustrated newspaper printed a detailed account, describing it as a muscle-powered airship and hinting at a military project. Gottlieb Daimler noticed this article and, after patenting his new petrol engine for airflight, invited Wölfert to Cannstatt.

On 10 August 1888 Wölfert's airship, driven by Daimler's so-called  (Grandfather Clock) petrol engine, flew 10 kilometres from Cannstatt to Aldingen (part of Remseck am Neckar) and back. Other flights were made in Cannstatt, Ulm, Augsburg, Munich, and Vienna. He also offered the use of one for military purposes to the Berlin airship department.

1896 to 1897
Wölfert wished to present his airship at the 1896  (a large commercial exposition). A sponsor provided 50,000 Marks to build a hangar at the expo. At least three flights were made; one on  20 May 1896 reached the then record height for an airship of .

Later flights included the delivery of post, from which some envelopes still exist. These successes led to support from the military and at the last, and fatal, flight at Tempelhof. Guests from Greece, China and Japan were present. Wölfert again named the airship Deutschland. It had a gas volume of 800 cubic metres and an eight-horsepower Daimler motor.

On 12 June 1897 it climbed to about 200 m (670 ft) but caught fire and crashed, killing Wölfert and his mechanic.

, a street not far from the accident site, was named after him on 4 August 1930.

Citations

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Whale, George. 1995. British Airships, Past / Present / Future, , BiblioBazaar (October 26, 2007) (also 1996 Gutenberg version)
 Editors of German Wikipedia  (current version)
 Schulz, Günter O. Luftschiffseiten - Geschichte von Baumgarten & Wölfert. (German) (biography and photographs of Wölfert, Baumgarten and the airship) Retrieved 2008-08-10
 Mirko. Berliner Straßenverzeichnis (Witt-Wüll) . (German) (Berlin street index) Retrieved 2009-05-21
 earlyaviator. 1897.06.12.Wolfert.airship.Deutschland_jpl.jpg. (2 photographs, painting and brief history) Retrieved 2009-05-21

1850 births
1897 deaths
People from Mansfeld-Südharz
People from the Province of Saxony
German publishers (people)
Airship aviators
Aviation inventors
Aviation pioneers
Airship designers
German airship aviators
19th-century German inventors
19th-century German aviation

Friedrich Hermann Wölfert


Carter Glass House is a historic house at 605 Clay Street in Lynchburg, Virginia.  Built in 1827, it is nationally significant as the longtime home of United States Congressman, Senator, and Treasury Secretary Carter Glass (1858-1946), who championed creation of the Federal Reserve System and passage of the Glass-Steagall Act, which constrained banking activities.  The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.  It now serves as a parish hall for the adjacent St. Paul's Church.

Description and history
The Carter Glass House is located in Lynchburg's Court House Hill area, on the west side of Clay Street south of 6th Street.  It shares the block with St. Paul's Church, from which it is separated by a broad lawn.  It is a -story, almost square, red brick dwelling. It sits on a raised basement and has a shallow slate covered hipped roof. The front facade features a one-bay wide, wood-floored, Ionic order portico supported by four columns and two pilasters.

The house was built in 1827 by John Mill, a local lawyer and architect.  In 1853 it passed to his daughter and son-in-law, George Dixon Davis.  In 1907 it was purchased by Carter Glass, who made the house is primary residence until 1923, and owned it until his death in 1946.  It was acquired by the church in 1960.  Glass was responsible for modernizing the house's systems and adding dormers to its roof; there have been only modest changes since his ownership.

Carter Glass was a major political figure in the fundamental development of the United States' financial systems.  As a Congressman, he chaired the House Committee on Banking and Currency, co-sponsoring the Glass-Owen Bill which in 1913 established the Federal Reserve System.  In 1920 he was elected to the Senate, where he sponsored the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933, which required separation between investment and commercial banking.  During the 1930s he was a leading critic and opponent of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal reforms.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lynchburg, Virginia

References

External links

Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. VA-1105, "Wills-Davis-Glass House, Clay & Sixth Streets, Lynchburg, VA," 2 photos

National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
Historic American Buildings Survey in Virginia
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Houses completed in 1827
Colonial Revival architecture in Virginia
Houses in Lynchburg, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Lynchburg, Virginia
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Virginia
1827 establishments in Virginia

Carter Glass House


The Magician King is a fantasy novel by Lev Grossman, published in 2011 by Viking Press, the sequel to The Magicians. It continues the story of Quentin Coldwater, interweaving it with the story of his high school crush, Julia, who learned magic outside of the standard school setting and joined him in Fillory.

Plot summary
The Magician King follows two story lines, beginning at the same time as the beginning and end of The Magicians.  In one, following her unsuccessful interview at Brakebills, Julia returns to Brooklyn. A poorly constructed alibi reveals to her the memories of her interview and the world of magic that wasn't available to her.  After a significant amount of searching, she finds her way to a safe house where low-level spells are taught.  Gradually, she works her way up the levels, learning more and more magic, until the safe houses have no more to teach her.  She makes contact with Free Trader Beowulf, a group of people like her: self taught magicians with significant psychological issues.  She moves to Murs, in France, to work with them, where they teach her more magic.

Julia and the others in Murs, in order to attain significantly more magical power, attempt to summon Our Lady Underground, a local goddess.  They instead summon Reynard the Fox, a trickster god who kills most of them while warning them that no one has summoned a god in 2000 years, that all the gods heard them including the ancient ones, and they might as well be dead when the gods come. He intends to kill the last two, but Julia sacrifices herself to save her friend Asmodeus. Reynard proceeds to rape Julia, leaving her with severe trauma and an extra spark of god-like magic.

In Fillory, Eliot, Janet, Quentin, and Julia rule as Kings and Queens, and life is good, if somewhat boring. Seeking a quest, Quentin and Julia travel to the outer islands of Fillory to collect back taxes, where they discover a golden key and are accidentally returned to Earth.  Searching for a way back, Quentin and Julia discover Josh in Venice, where he has sold the button he had which allowed travel between worlds to the dragon in the grand canal.  With him is Poppy, an Australian magician who studies dragons.  Quentin visits and speaks to the dragon, who warns him of the old gods' return and the impending closure of the Neitherlands, the city in between the worlds.

Quentin and Julia are able to return to Fillory, unintentionally bringing Poppy and Josh with them. There they encounter Eliot, who has been on a quest to find the remaining golden keys. In an attempt to return Poppy to Earth, Quentin and Poppy end up in the Neitherlands, where Penny, Quentin's erstwhile classmate, finds them.

As Penny explains, access to magic is through a loophole that was never intended, and the old gods, who are effectively just magicians operating on a titanic power scale, have returned to close that loophole.  Fillory is the loophole through which magic escaped, and the end of magic will mean its end too.  The founders of the Neitherlands did build a back door through which magic could come if the gods ever returned to shut it down, and it is locked by the same seven golden keys Quentin and Eliot have been searching for.  Quentin and Poppy return to Fillory.

Quentin and Julia travel to the underworld, where they collect the last key and where Julia is made a dryad by Our Lady Underground.  They open the door at the edge of the world, allowing magic back, and opening the way to the far side of Fillory.  Quentin cannot go through as he used his passport in visiting the underworld, and when he accepts the debt Julia owes for causing the catastrophe, allowing her through, he is forced to give up his throne and leave Fillory. Alone, he returns to Earth.

Major characters

 Quentin Coldwater – A former resident of Brooklyn, Quentin became one of the kings of Fillory after a series of magical misadventures.
 Julia Wicker – A skilled magician with a troubled past and a damaged psyche, Julia reigns in the magical realm of Fillory as one of its queens.
 Eliot Waugh – Quentin's former senior at Brakebills College for Magical Pedagogy and High King of Fillory.
 Janet  – Quentin's former classmate at Brakebills College for Magical Pedagogy and one of the Queens of Fillory. She is called "Janet Way" by another student in the first book, but "Janet Pluchinsky" by Dean Fogg in the second.
 Asmodeus – A powerful teenage hedge witch and member of the Free Trader Beowulf.

Reception
The book garnered good reviews from most venues, including Emily VanDerWerff at The Onion The A.V. Club, who gave it an A, writing that the sequel was "clearly the middle book in a trilogy, but it's that rare creature that bridges the gap between tales and still stands on its own."  A sequel, titled The Magician's Land, was published in August 2014, incorporating the events of the short story "The Girl in the Mirror" (published as part of the anthology Dangerous Women).

References

External links
 Official website of Lev Grossman's book The Magician King

2011 American novels
American fantasy novels
The Magicians series

The Magician King


Lithium disilicate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Li2Si2O5. It is a glass ceramic. They are used as dental ceramics.

Lithium disilicate has a biaxial flexible strength in the range of 360 MPa to 400 MPa. It has high hardness (5.92 +/- 0.18 GPa) and fracture toughness (3.3 +/- 0.14 MPa m1/2).

Lithium compounds

Lithium disilicate


A symblepharon is a partial or complete adhesion of the palpebral conjunctiva of the eyelid to the bulbar conjunctiva of the eyeball. It results either from disease (conjunctival sequelae of trachoma) or trauma. Cicatricial pemphigoid and, in severe  cases, rosacea may cause symblepharon. It is rarely congenital. Its treatment is symblepharectomy.

See also
 Ankyloblepharon

References

Further reading

Disorders of conjunctiva

Symblepharon


Wiktionary is a wiki-based project to develop a multilingual online dictionary, or a group of meanings for words, in the form of a wiki. There are many languages of Wiktionary. Wiktionary is also a thesaurus. Wiktionary is run by the Wikimedia Foundation, which also runs Wikipedia. The English Wiktionary currently has over 7.3 million pages  and 4.0 million users. Much like Wikipedia, the Wiktionary is run in several different languages that can be selected from its main page. These include the Simple English Wiktionary.

Logo
In 2006, there was a vote for the change of the logo of Wiktionary. The original logo of only words was replaced. However, there were very few people who voted in this contest. Therefore, smaller wikis used the newer logo but the English Wiktionary stayed with the same logo.

In 2009, there was a second contest for a newer logo (pictured). This was a step to make all the Wiktionaries to have the same logo on all projects. However, the English Wiktionary still did not use the new logo. The Simple English Wiktionary voted on the new logo on November 30, 2010 and the community decided the new logo to use it as their logo. However, no changes were made to the logo and the discussion was thus forgotten.

Sources

Other websites

 Simple English Wiktionary main page
 English Wiktionary main page
 Simple English Wiktionary mobile version
 English Wiktionary mobile
 List of Wiktionaries by language family

Dictionaries
Wikimedia
Wikis
Websites established in 2002

Wiktionary


The northern caiman lizard (Dracaena guianensis) is a species of lizard found in northern South America.

Appearance
The northern caiman lizard is built similarly to its cousin the tegu, with a large heavy set body and short but powerful limbs. Its head is bulky and often a red or orange color. Their jaws are heavily muscular to help aid in eating its normal prey of snails, crawfish and fresh water clams. It also has a few adaptations that help it in its watery habitat. It has a long and flattened tail, similar to its namesake, the caiman. The long tail helps the northern caiman lizard to successfully swim and dive. A clear third eyelid is thought to act like a pair of goggles underwater.

The body of the northern caiman lizard is very similar to that of a crocodile. It is typically a bright green with slight dark green banding. There are horned raised scales along the dorsal of the back. This helps to provide some protection against predators.

These lizards can reach up to  long and weigh up to .

Distribution and habitat
D. guianensis can be found in the south American countries of Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and the Guianas. It lives in swampy habitats and other wooded areas which are flooded. It is mostly aquatic and is an excellent climber. It spends most of its time basking on branches overhanging waterways such that it may be able to flee from predation by disappearing underwater.

The lizard's wild population number is unknown. There has yet to be a study on them in their natural habitat. Much of what we know about them comes from captive animals in zoos and aquariums, as well as in the homes of hobbyists.

This species was heavily hunted for their hides. In 1970 they were provided protection and the export of their skin dropped. Now local populations are safe where their habitat is protected. Captive farms have since been set up to provide animals for the leather trade. In recent years a number of these animals have found themselves in the pet trade.

Habits

The northern caiman lizard spends most of its time in or near water. At night, it hides in trees and bushes. Caiman lizards in the wild will take a variety of prey: snails, fish, amphibians, crabs, crawfish, clams, invertebrates and other freshwater inhabitants all can make up a caiman lizards diet. However they do specialize in snails. It takes the snail in the jaws, raises its head up so that the prey will slide into the back of the mouth, then crushes it with its back teeth. It then spits out the pieces of shell. The lizard has been known to even kill and eat Amazon river turtles by crushing the shell by the edges and eating the softer parts chunk after chunk. It will occasionally hunt rodents. It has also been known to burrow like its cousin the tegu.

In captivity
The northern caiman lizard has been hard to keep in captivity. Due to their natural diet consisting almost purely of snails, most wild caught adults will refuse to eat anything else. Some zoos and aquariums have had success in keeping and breeding them.

In the last five years, farmed baby northern caiman lizards from South America have made their way into the pet trade around the world. These hatchlings are more willing to accept other food sources. Even so, many owners find it highly useful to have a local source of escargot or even a variety of snails, with some reporting to have luck at Asian supermarkets.

The caiman lizard is not a reptile which, by any means, is easy to keep or raise in captivity; despite any docility, they still have strong jaws that are capable of delivering painful bites. Their aquatic lifestyle means that they need a large, filtered pool within their enclosure, as well as adequate places to dig and burrow. They also require logs, rocks or other suitable material with smooth surfaces to bask on. They require a high basking temperature at one end of the enclosure, with the other being a cooler side. Most lizards are provided, usually, with two lightbulbs—one for UVB rays, necessary for adequate vitamin D metabolization, and the other for ambient heat. Since many reptiles are prone to metabolic bone disease (MBD), proper calcium in their diets is essential along with the UVB exposure. Natural light is also acceptable, if an enclosure can be provided outdoors or near a bright window. The best setup for the caiman lizard is something akin to a large paludarium or riparium enclosure, with adequate land and water space. Beyond the fact that these lizards can grow to be fairly large—up to 4 feet in length—a large enclosure is mandatory to successfully keep them alive.

That being said, some owners claim there is a reward to keeping them; caiman lizards are intelligent, as can be observed in the way in which they approach a snail clinging to rocks, for example. They can solve problems which many other lizards apparently fail to, and can generally recognize their owners, given they have been socialised  for the right amount of time and are cared for under excellent conditions.

Captive diet includes turkey meat (often mixed with Mazuri alligator diet), mussels, clam meat, catfood, fish and some fruits.

The zoo in Basel, Switzerland is reported to have successfully bred northern caiman lizards in early 2023.

References

Dracaena guianensis, Reptile Database

External links

Dracaena (lizard)
Lizards of South America
Reptiles of Brazil
Reptiles of Colombia
Reptiles of Ecuador
Reptiles of French Guiana
Reptiles of Guyana
Reptiles of Peru
Reptiles of Suriname
Reptiles described in 1802
Taxa named by François Marie Daudin

Northern caiman lizard


The Catalan constitutions (, ) were the laws of the Principality of Catalonia promulgated by the Count of Barcelona and approved by the Catalan Courts. The Corts in Catalan have the same origin as courts in English (the sovereign's councillors or retinue) but instead meaning the legislature. The first constitutions were promulgated by the Corts of 1283. The last ones were promulgated by the Corts of 1705. They had pre-eminence over the other legal rules and could only be revoked by the Catalan Courts themselves. The compilations of the constitutions and other rights of Catalonia followed the Roman tradition of the Codex.

Origin: The Corts of Barcelona
The first compilation was prescribed by Ferdinand I of Aragon, and suggestion by the Corts of Barcelona from 1413. It spread in edition of the 1495, together with the Usages of Barcelona:
Usatges de Barcelona, Constitutions, Capitols, y Actes de Cort, y  leys de Cathalunya ("Usages of Barcelona, constitutions, chapters and acts of court and other laws of Catalonia")

The compilations agreed in the Corts of 1585 and of 1702 were published in three volumes:

Constitutions y altres drets de Cathalunya ("Constitutions and other rights of Catalonia")
Pragmaticas y altres drets de Cathalunya ("Pragmatics and other rights of Catalonia"
Constitutions y altres drets de Cathalunya superfluos, contraris y corregits ("Constitutions and other rights of Catalonia, superfluous, contrary, and corrected")

De jure abolition: Els Decrets de Nova Planta

Shortly after the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, Philip V of Spain issued the set of decrees known in Spanish as the Decretos de Nueva Planta and in Catalan as the Decrets de Nova Planta. This series of decrees abolished the separate laws of the territories that supported his rival to the throne, the Archduke Charles of Austria; this included all territories of the Crown of Aragon. The Decretos attempted to make Spain into a centralized state on the model of France, applying the laws of Castile to all of Spain. These acts were promulgated in Valencia and Aragon in 1707, and were extended in 1716 to Catalonia and the Balearic Islands (with the exception of Menorca, a British possession at the time).

Thus, the Catalan Constitutions were effectively abolished by the King's authority after his military victory, rather than through any legislative process within Catalonia itself. The change ignored the Catalan Constitution's own provisions for how they were to be amended or reformed.

Restoration promise: The Third Carlist War
During the Third Carlist War (1872–1876), the Carlist forces managed to occupy some cities in the Catalan interior. Isabel II was in exile and King Amadeo I had reigned since 1871, although he was not generally popular. The pretender Charles VII of Spain, grandson of Charles V of Spain (hence Carlist from Carlos, "Charles"), promised the Catalans, Valencians and Aragonese the return of their Charters or fueros (Catalan: furs) and the constitutions that Philip V had previously abolished.

The promise was never fulfilled, as the Carlist revolt did not succeed. Carlos María de los Dolores finally departed for France, 27 February 1876, the same day that Alfonso XII of Spain entered Pamplona.

See also
Principality of Catalonia
Parliament of Catalonia
Nueva Planta Decrees
Civil Code of Catalonia

References
 Constitucions de Catalunya del 1495 on Wikisource.
 Furs, capítols, provisions e actes de cort fets y atorgats per la S.C.R.M. del rey don Phelip nostre senyor, ara gloriosamente regnant. Monçó, 1626 ("Fueros, chapters, provisions and acts of court made and awarded by the S.C.R.M. of King Philip our lord, who reigns gloriously") on Wikisource.
 Constitutions y altres drets de Cathalunya, Barcelona, 1704 on Wikisource.
 Chapters of the Corts of Montsó digitalized, at the Spanish Office of Culture record image (fragment referent to the Consulate of the Sea.)

External links

 The demise of the catalan dynasty and the growing estrangement of the crown

1280s in law
1410s in law
1490s in law
1535 in law
1585 in law
1702 in law
Legal codes
Catalan law
Catalan symbols
Defunct constitutions
History of Catalonia
Principality of Catalonia
Legal history of Spain
Constitutions
1283 in Europe
1413 in Europe
1535 in Spain
1585 in Spain
1702 in Spain
1495 in Spain
13th-century establishments in Aragon
15th century in Aragon

Catalan constitutions


The French Defence Central Health Service ("Service de Santé des Armées" or SSA) is responsible for medical and sanitary support of the French Armed Forces and of all institutions placed under the authority of the French Ministry of Armed Forces. It is a joint service, and its central administration (Direction Centrale du Service de Santé des Armées, DCSSA) is under the direct control of the Chief of the defence staff (chef d'état-major des armées (CEMA)).

Its significant presence on French territory ensures adequate support for French operations in overseas theatres. It provides hospital care services, administers medicals for military personnel, and gives expertise in disease prevention, and medical, dental, pharmaceutical, paramedical and veterinary research and education.

Physicians and chemists receive initial training in Lyon and in Bordeaux until 2011. Then, they are sent to the Val de Grâce Hospital in Paris for applied training. Dentists and vets are recruited in the civilian labour market. The service also includes administrative and technical officers (OCTASSA), nurses (male and female) and paramedical staff.

History

The health services of the French army and navy were set up by Louis XIV with the 17 January 1708 edict which established royal doctors and surgeons offices.

During The French Revolution (1789–1799) and the Napoleonic Empire (1804–1814), changes were required due to successive mobilisations. Military hospitals were then set up in religious buildings such as the Val-de-Grâce church in Paris.

In 1882, the French Parliament gave the military health services a degree of independence. Subsequently, eight hospitals, two schools (in Lyon and Bordeaux), as well as research and sanitary supply agencies were gradually acquired.

In 1890, the Military Medical Schools at Bordeaux and Lyon opened. Bordeaux educated for the Navy and colonial troops, while Lyon educated for the Army and the new Air Force.

In 1962, a central management of the military health services was established. In 1968, all of the military health services (Navy, Air Force, Army, Gendarmerie, etc.) merged to form a single joint defence health system.

On July 2, 2011, the Military School of Medicine (ESA) was established as part of a rationalisation of the armed forces, meaning the closure of Bordeaux. This makes Lyon the only school of military institution providing the first six years of medical and pharmacist training in the armed forces. The ESA inherits the traditions of both schools.

Notable characters in the history of the French military health services include:

 Baron Pierre-François Percy (1754–1825), surgeon-in-chief during the Revolution and the Empire;
 Dominique Jean Larrey (1766–1842), father of emergency medicine;
 Louis Jacques Bégin (1793–1859), surgeon of the First Empire and to the second president of the Academy of Medicine in 1847;
 Robert Picqué (1877–1927), pioneer of medical transport by air;
 Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (1845–1922), won the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1907 for discovering that malaria is caused by a protozoan;
 Henri Laborit (1914–1995), surgeon, discoverer of neuroleptics, neurobiologist ... ;
 Valérie André, a pioneer in medical evacuation by helicopter during the Indochina War.

Missions

Health support to the armed forces

The primary mission of the SSA is to provide medical support to armed forces personnel. It is responsible for ensuring their suitability for operations, at their application, throughout their careers, and beyond, assessing their physical and mental health. (selection, fitness, immunizations, care, protection, health education etc.).

On operations, the SSA support the sick and wounded from outset until full recovery. It is organised into four levels:
 Emergency actions and resuscitation performed by the medical post in combat units,
 Surgical treatment necessary for survival and prevention of complications in field hospitals,
 Treatment of the wounded on the scene in a medical-surgical hospital
 Evacuation for further treatment to the Army Teaching Hospital in France

Contribution to the national public health system

Military Teaching Hospitals

Medical support to overseas military operations

The French Defence Health Services is committed to providing optimal emergency and routine health care to the injured and ill military patients overseas. Therefore, it sets up medical and surgical facilities as close to the operations as possible. Furthermore, it proceeds to early repatriation of injured soldiers to military hospitals in France, with the objective of admitting the patient to a French Military Teaching Hospital within 24 hours following the injury, when necessary.

Humanitarian involvement

The humanitarian side of the French Defence Health Services focuses on post-disaster emergency relief and medical support to populations stricken by conflicts.

Moreover, during out-of-area operations, though prioritizing medical support to its own forces, it provides medical assistance to local populations.

Specific ranks of the French Defence Health Service
Doctors with clinical duties hold the following ranks:
Interne ("Resident", equivalent to First lieutenant). A rank created in 2005.
Médecin ("Medical Officer", equivalent to captain)
Médecin principal ("Lead Medical Officer", equivalent to major)
Médecin en chef ("Medical officer-in-Chief", equivalent to lieutenant colonel or colonel according to seniority)
Médecin chef des services de classe normale ("Chief Medical Officer", equivalent to Brigadier General)
Médecin chef des services hors classe ("Senior Chief Medical Officer", equivalent to Major General)

General officers with management and inspecting duties have specific ranks:
Médecin général (equivalent to Brigadier General)
Médecin général Inspecteur (equivalent to a Major General)

The Director of the French Defence Health Service and the Inspector General of the Defence Health Services both have the rank of "Médecin général des Armées" (equivalent to Lieutenant General).

Other English Names
 French Military Health Services
 French Armed Forces Health Services
 French Defense Health Services

References

! 05
Military medical organizations
Military medicine in France
1708 establishments in France

French Armed Forces Health Service


Giorgi Saakadze (; c. 1570 – October 3, 1629) was a Georgian politician and military commander who played an important but contradictory role in the politics of the early 17th-century Georgia. He was also known as Grand Mouravi (, ) in Georgia, Mūrāv-Beg in Persia and Māūrāv-Hūn or Māġrāv-Bek in the Ottoman Empire for having served as a mouravi (an appointed royal official which can be translated as seneschal or bailiff) of Tbilisi.

Biography
Giorgi Saakadze was born in 1570 in Noste village (Peli village by other sources), near the town on Kaspi. Saakadze's family came from the untitled nobility (). His father, Siaush, rose to prominence through his loyal service to King Simon I of Kartli, whom Giorgi joined in military service in his early career. Under the young king Luarsab II, he was appointed a mouravi of Tbilisi, Tskhinvali, and Dvaleti in 1608. Saakadze's influence and prestige especially grew after he destroyed an Ottoman invasion force at the battle of Tashiskari in June 1609, thereby saving Luarsab from being dislodged. In 1611, the king married Saakadze's sister, Makrine, annoying the great nobles, who grew increasingly suspicious of the ambitious and aspiring officer who had risen from the ranks of the petty nobility to become the most powerful man in Kartli. The animosity between the two noble parties centered on the princes Parsadan Tsitsishvili and Shadiman Baratashvili on one hand, and Saakadze on the other. The nobles convinced Luarsab that Saakadze was an Iranian traitor, prompting him to divorce Makrine and authorize a plot to kill him in May 1612. Saakadze escaped the trap and defected to Iran. Having converted to Islam and displayed his military ability in Iran's war with the Ottomans, he quickly won the confidence of Shah Abbas I of Iran and was regularly consulted on the Georgian affairs.

In 1614, Saakadze took revenge on Luarsab and his nobles by aiding Shah Abbas in the invasion of Georgia which brought Luarsab's reign to an end, but dissuaded the Iranians from committing atrocities in Kartli after the nation surrendered. In 1619, the shah appointed him a vekil (regent) to Bagrat Khan, the Iranian nominee to the throne of Kartli. Saakadze turned into a de facto ruler of Kartli. Once the hostilities with the Ottomans resumed, Saakadze served as one of the leading commanders in the shah's ranks from 1621 to 1623. His military exploits led Abbas to appoint him to the staff of Qarachaqay Khan who led a 35,000-strong army to crush a rebellion in Georgia. Saakadze then discovered that the Shah planned to massacre all armed Kartlians, including himself. He conspired with the rebel leaders—his brother-in-law Zurab of Aragvi and king Teimuraz I of Kakheti—and ambushed the Iranian army at Martqopi on March 25, 1625, winning a decisive victory. Saakadze went on to annihilate the Turkic nomads transplanted by the Iranian government to replace the exiled Georgian population, dislodged the shah's governor Paykar Khan from Kakheti and raided the Iranian garrisons as far as Ganja and Karabakh. In an act of revenge, Shah Abbas put Saakadze's younger son, Paata, to death, and sent his severed head to the Georgians. A punitive Iranian expedition followed soon thereafter, which won a costly victory over the Georgians at the Battle of Marabda. Saakadze withdrew into the mountains, and organized a powerful guerrilla resistance which forced Abbas I to recognize Teimuraz's royal status.

However, the unity of Georgian nobles quickly collapsed. Saakadze's opposition to Teimuraz's control of Kartli led to a bitter conflict which culminated in the fratricidal battle of Bazaleti in the fall of 1626. The royal army won a victory, driving Saakadze into exile to Constantinople where he entered the service of Sultan Ibrahim I. He briefly served as a governor of the Konya Vilayet and fought against the Iranians at Erzurum (1627-1628), and in Meskheti (1628). However, Grand Vizier Ekrem Hüsrev Pasha soon accused Saakadze of treason and had him, along with his son Avtandil, Prince Kaikhosro of Mukhrani, and other Georgians, put to death in Constantinople on October 3, 1629.

Saakadze's last surviving son, Ioram, later attained to the princely rank in Georgia, and founded the Tarkhan-Mouravi noble family.

In culture

Saakadze's controversial career has always been a source of conflicting perceptions of his role in Georgia's history. The traditional historiography of Georgia, heavily influenced by Prince Vakhushti and Marie Brosset, continued to view him as a feudal adventurer and ambitious warlord involved in the turbulent whirl of intrigues and disturbances which fill the history of seventeenth-century Georgia.

The first attempt at the rehabilitation of Saakadze was made by his relative Metropolitan Joseph of Tbilisi in his poem The Grand Mouravi (, ; 1681–87). Starting in the early 20th century, some Georgian authors have also tried to emphasize the positive aspects of Saakadze's biography, particularly his contribution to the 1625 rebellion which frustrated Shah Abbas's plan to convert the eastern Georgian lands into the Qizilbash khanates.

In the 1940s, Joseph Stalin's wartime propaganda established Saakadze as a major symbol of Georgian patriotism. In October 1940, Stalin commented on Saakadze, proclaiming that the Grand Mouravi's hopes for Georgia's "unification into one state through the establishment of royal absolutism and of the liquidation of the power of the princes" had been progressive. In an apparent move to encourage Georgian nationalism in order to gain the loyalty of the population during the war with Germany, Stalin himself was involved in modifying the script for an epic movie, Giorgi Saakadze, commissioned from the Georgian film director Mikheil Chiaureli in 1942-1943. Stalin dismissed a script by the Georgian writer Giorgi Leonidze and approved the one by Anna Antonovskaya and Boris Chenry, adopted from Antonovskaya's 1942 Stalin Prize-winning six-volume novel, The Great Mouravi ().

The film emphasized that Saakadze, initially an obscure squire, was a victim of machinations at the hands of the wealthy feudal lords who would sacrifice everything, including their motherland, for their own benefit. It intentionally avoided any mention of Saakadze's own adventures and illustrated him as a popular leader against the external aggressors. In the atmosphere of suspicion and spy mania in the Soviet Union during these years, the movie also served contemporary propaganda by emphasizing that treason against the popular leader, and hence the country, was to be punished cruelly. Giorgi Saakadze was also the name of the Wehrmacht's 797th Battalion, one of the Georgian battalions formed by the Germans to fight the Soviet Union.

References

1570s births
1629 deaths
Converts to Islam
Military personnel from Georgia (country)
Nobility of Georgia (country)
People from Georgia (country) murdered abroad
16th-century people from Georgia (country)
17th-century people from Georgia (country)
Executed military personnel
Safavid generals
Emigrants from Georgia (country) to the Ottoman Empire
17th-century people from Safavid Iran

Giorgi Saakadze


Frederik Paludan-Müller (7 February 1809 – 27 December 1876) was a  Danish poet, the third son of Jens Paludan-Müller and born in Kerteminde, on the island of Funen.

In 1819 his father was transferred to Odense, and Frederik began to attend the Latin school there. In 1828 he passed to the University of Copenhagen. The poet lived a very retired life, first in Copenhagen, then for many years in a cottage on the outskirts of the royal park of Fredensborg, and finally in a house in Ny Adelgade, Copenhagen, where he died.

Work
In 1832 he opened his poetical career with Four Romances, and a romantic comedy entitled Love at Court. This enjoyed a considerable success, and was succeeded in 1833 by Dandserinden ("The Dancing Girl").

Paludan-Müller was accepted by criticism without a struggle, and few writers have excited less hostility. He was not, however, well inspired in his lyrical drama of Amor and Psyche in 1834 nor in his oriental tale of Zuleimas Flugt ("Zuleima's Flight"), in 1835, in each of which he was too vividly influenced by Lord Byron. But he regained all that he had lost by his two volumes of poems in 1836 and 1838.

From 1838 to 1840 Paludan-Müller was making the grand tour in Europe and his genius greatly expanded; in Italy he wrote Venus, a lyrical poem of extreme beauty. In the same year, 1841, he began to publish a great work on which he had long been engaged and which he did not conclude until 1848; this was Adam Homo, a narrative epic, satirical, modern and descriptive, into which Paludan-Müller wove all his variegated impressions of Denmark and of love. It deals with the duality of human personality, the emptiness of social ambition, and the redeeming force of selfless love. This remains a classic of Danish poetical literature.

In 1844 he composed three enchanting idylls, Dryadens bryllup ("The Dryad's Wedding") Tithon ("Tithonus") and Abels Død ("The Death of Abel"). From 1850 a certain decline in the poet's physical energy became manifest and he wrote less. His majestic drama of Kalanus belongs to 1854. Then for seven years he kept silent. Paradiset ("Paradise") 1861; and Benedikt fra Nurcia ("Benedict of Nurcia") 1861; bear evidence of malady, both physical and mental. Paludan-Müller wrote considerably after this, but never recovered his early raptures, except in the very latest of all his poems, the enchanting welcome to death, entitled Adonis.

The work of Paludan-Müller, especially Adam Homo in many ways represents the ultimate idealist demands of Danish romanticism. His strong ethic claims and personal isolation has often made him being compared to the philosopher Søren Kierkegaard in spite of their differences. Rather unknown outside Denmark, Paludan-Müller has perhaps however exerted an influence on world literature in that way that the early works of Henrik Ibsen, Brand, Peer Gynt, seem to be influenced by his thoughts.

He died on 27 December 1876 and is buried in Asminderød Cemetery in Fredensborg.

Translations into English
 Adam Homo, The Twickenham Press, tr. Stephen I. Klass, 1980.

References

1809 births
1876 deaths
Danish male poets
People from Kerteminde
19th-century Danish poets
19th-century male writers

Frederik Paludan-Müller


Aluminum-Ice Rocket Propellant, or ALICE, is a rocket propellant that consists of nano-aluminum powder and water.  After mixing, the material is frozen to keep it stable.

Aluminum has a stronger affinity for oxygen than most elements, which is most visible in aluminothermic reactions such as thermite.  This allows aluminum to burn with a large release of heat in substances that one normally considers to be inert, such as carbon dioxide and water.  However, aluminum combustion is normally hindered by the presence of a durable oxide layer that forms on the surface of aluminum particles, requiring significant heat to overcome.  Additionally, aluminum oxide condenses out of the exhaust stream at high temperature, leaving it (and its heat of condensation) unable to contribute to expansion, unless there is another gas present to function as a working fluid.  This generally has relegated aluminum's role in rocketry to that of being an additive to solid rocket propellants, increasing their density and combustion temperature, and stabilizing the burn.

The oxide layer in nano-aluminum powder, however, is thinner and easier to overcome than in that of larger particles.  This makes the combustion of aluminum with water ice easier to ignite and sustain.  Furthermore, as the aluminum consumes the oxygen, it liberates hydrogen which functions as a low-molecular-mass working fluid to translate the heat of combustion (and subsequently condensation) into expansion and thrust.  The high density of the mixture allows for reduced tankage mass and high thrust.

The base combustion reaction is:
 2 Al + 3 H2O → Al2O3 + 3 H2.

ALICE has been proposed as a propellant well-suited for on-site production on outer space bodies such as the moon, as both aluminum oxide (a source of aluminum) and water are abundant resources in the universe, while the high propellant density decreases the dry mass of the rocket.  Maintaining the propellant in a frozen state is relatively simple on most bodies in the solar system, while other high-performance propellants often involve cryogenic fluids that can pose long-term storage problems.

See also
 Nano-thermite

References

 aluminum-Ice (ALICE) Propellants for Hydrogen Generation and Propulsion, Risha et al., 45th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, August 2-5, 2009
 NASA, AFOSR test environmentally friendly rocket propellant, Eurekalert August 21, 2009
 AFOSR and NASA Launch First-Ever Test Rocket Fueled by Environmentally-Friendly, Safe aluminum-Ice Propellant
 How to Make a (More) Environmentally Friendly Rocket Fuel, September 11, 2009
 aluminum Fuel Could Power Future Space Trips

External links
 University-produced development and flight video, Purdue and Penn State students, August 2009

Rocket propellants
Spacecraft propulsion
Monopropellants

ALICE (propellant)


David Berenstein is a Colombian theoretical physicist and professor at University of California, Santa Barbara, USA. He received his Ph.D. from University of Texas, Austin, in 1998 under the supervision of Willy Fischler, coauthor of matrix theory. He was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in 2001-04 and again in the fall of 2010.

Berenstein's research mainly concerns string theory. He has made notable contributions to the theory of AdS/CFT conjecture—for example, in 2002 regarding the duality between strings on pp-wave spacetime and Berenstein–Maldacena–Nastase operators in N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory, together with Juan Maldacena and Horațiu Năstase, and more recently (since 2004) on the matrix model of BPS (Bogomol'nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield bound) states in N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory.

Publications

References

External links
 Strings in flat space and pp waves from N=4 superYang-Mills,  .
 David Berenstein's Webpage at UCSB.

21st-century American physicists
University of Texas at Austin alumni
University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
American string theorists
Colombian emigrants to the United States
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people

David Berenstein


Michael Rushton (born 1950 in Worthing, West Sussex, England) is a British drummer and vocalist, known for being a member of the blues-rock band Steamhammer and later indie bands.

Rushton was a member of several rock and blues bands in the mid to late 1960s. Steamhammer was formed in 1968 in Worthing, Rushton's birthplace. He played drums on the debut 1969 Steamhammer album, aka Reflection.

Rushton is said to have been sacked from Steamhammer and
Mick Bradley took over as the drummer for the band after him. Rushton went to France and joined The Holly Guns, which disbanded in 1971. Later he played in various indie bands during the 1980s onwards. He has been a drummer for Kids, drummer and vocalist for Baroque Bordello and Les Innocents. He is sometimes credited as "Michaël Rushton".

References

1950 births
Living people
People from Worthing
English rock drummers
Blues drummers
Blues rock musicians
British male drummers
British indie rock musicians
English rock singers
Steamhammer (band) members

Michael Rushton


Clifford McLaglen (15 June 1892 – 9 September 1978) was a Stepney, London or Cape Town, Cape Colony - born film actor. He was one of nine or ten children and brother of several actors including Victor McLaglen, Oscar winner for best actor, The Informer (director John Ford), and nominated for best supporting actor The Quiet Man.

The other brothers were Leopold McLaglen, wrestler and inventor of a form of Jujutsu which he taught to the armed forces and police in the old Empire and America; Lewis McLaglen, actor and soldier; Cyril McLaglen, actor and horseman; Arthur McLaglen, actor, unarmed combat professional and sculptor; Kenneth McLaglen, actor and mineralogist; sister Lily Marian McLaglen (Mrs. Lance Tweedy), actress singer and pianist.

Clifford McLaglen was born Clifford Henrich McLaglen from Scottish, Irish, and Dutch ancestry. He, like all his brothers except the youngest two, Cyril and Kenneth, served in the First World War. He also served in the Second World War going out to Iceland to help guard Sir Winston Churchill, for which he obtained a bulldog and polar bear badge. He also was part of a film unit at that time in the army. His father was born in Cape Town, South Africa where he was a missionary for the Free Protestant Episcopal Church and came to London to study as Clerk in Orders, eventually becoming Titular Bishop of Claremont in Cape Town but foregoing this to help with the work he dedicated to the helping of poverty stricken children in London and beggars. Lily often helped with this. Clifford worked in a tin mine in Cornwall before joining up in 1914. Later he worked for Sangers Circus riding horses and doing rope tricks and worked in vaudeville with his various brothers.

He starred in many silent films in Britain, in Boadicea (where he rode Roman style learnt in the army and circus) in 1927; France and Germany, making in 1929 the reputedly first German Talkie with Conrad Veidt, Bride 68 or Das Land Ohne Frauen, set in Australia with camels and the desert but all filmed in a Berlin studio with a tank of water spilling from overhead and an aeroplane propeller. In 1929 Clifford also filmed in Majorca, in Die Schmugglerbraut von Sorrento (various versions changed Majorca to Sorrento), bringing over horses with him, which he said were seasick. The film was made in Majorca but was meant to be Sorrento. Cavalcanti made two prize winning films in France with Clifford McLaglen: Rien Que Les Heures (1926) and Yvette (1928). He made a few talkies and was on the stage in America, on Broadway with Frederick Marche's wife Florence Eldridge. He was going to make a film called Ropes of Sand but nothing came of it.

McLaglen died in Huddersfield, Yorkshire in 1978.

Selected filmography
 In the Blood (1923)
Forbidden Cargoes (1925),
The Chinese Bungalow (1926)
 The White Sheik (1928)
 Boadicea (1928)
 Yvette (1928)
 Struggle for the Matterhorn (1928)
Villa Falconieri (1928)
 The Smuggler's Bride of Mallorca (1929)
 The Alley Cat (1929)
Land Without Women (1929)
 The Three Kings (1929)
 The Lost Patrol (1929)
Don Manuel, the Bandit (1929)
Call of the Sea (1930)
 The Bermondsey Kid (1933)
 Late Extra (1935)
A Little Bit of Bluff (1935)
 The Mystery of the Mary Celeste (1935)
Off the Dole (1935)
 The Marriage of Corbal (1936)

References

External links

1892 births
1978 deaths
British male film actors
English male film actors
English male silent film actors
20th-century English male actors
Male actors from Cape Town
20th-century British male actors

Clifford McLaglen


The Girl from Backafall (Swedish: Flickan från Backafall) is a 1953 Swedish drama film directed by Bror Bügler and starring Viola Sundberg, Sven Lindberg and Kenne Fant. It is based on a poem by Gabriel Jönsson, which had been turned into a popular song in the 1920s, about the romance between a sailor and a woman on the island of Ven in the Baltic Sea.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Arne Åkermark.

Cast
 Viola Sundberg as Ellen
 Sven Lindberg as Per
 Kenne Fant as Nils
 Edvard Persson as Silla-Sven
 Holger Löwenadler as August Larsson
 Märta Dorff as Mrs. Larsson
 Erik 'Bullen' Berglund as Captain Backe
 Dagmar Ebbesen as Mrs. Backe
 Olof Winnerstrand as Vicar
 Aurore Palmgren as Botilla
 Olav Riégo as Dücker
 Renée Björling as Mrs. Dücker
 Charles Gregmar as Robert Dücker
 Jan Molander as Hellberg
 Verner Edberg as Adolf
 Gösta Gustafson as Matts Shoemaker
 Lars Egge as Fredrik Åkerberg
 Anders Andelius as Sailor at 'Tre bröder'
 Margit Andelius as Mrs. Svensson
 Per Appelberg as Boy at shooting range
 Astrid Bodin as Dücker's cook
 Helga Brofeldt as Gossip
 Thure Carlman as Fisherman
 Harald Emanuelsson as Lasse, postman
 Kurt Friborn as Guest at Robert's party
 Leif Hedenberg as Boy at the dance
 John Larsson as Dücker's driver
 Monica Lindman
 Sven Magnusson as Fisherman
 Gull Natorp as Vicar's wife
 Carin Norberg as Vera, Ellen's friend
 Mim Persson as Guest at the coffee party
 Bellan Roos as Dücker's housewife
 Håkan Rylander as Woker
 Bengt Sundmark as Boy at the dance
 Gaby Svallner as Guest at Robert's party
 Carin Swensson as Farmer's wife
 Olle Teimert as Boy at shooting range
 Rudolf Wendbladh as Schultze, German captain
 Annalisa Wenström as Waitress
 Berit Örtengren as Girl at shooting range

References

Bibliography
 Qvist, Per Olov & von Bagh, Peter. Guide to the Cinema of Sweden and Finland. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000.

External links

1953 films
1953 drama films
Swedish drama films
1950s Swedish-language films
Films directed by Bror Bügler
Films set in the 1920s
Swedish black-and-white films
1950s Swedish films

The Girl from Backafall