Battleship is a 1993 Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Gear video game based on the board game of the same name.

Summary
The object is to sink the opponent's entire fleet without them sinking the player's fleet first. In this updated version, both the player and the computer get extra firepower from military aircraft and support weapons. There are even scenarios that start a player off in a pre-played game that he must resume (and overcome a bleak scenario). This video game was mentioned in an old issue of Nintendo Power. There also have been other versions of Battleship, including Battleships for Amiga, Atari ST, Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum, Battleship for CD-i, Battleship for Game Boy and Game Boy Color, and others for PC and mobile phones. There was a sequel on the Super NES and Sega Genesis,  Super Battleship.

Gameplay

Cannons are the most notable weapons of combatant ships. The user can attack an enemy vessel by aiming the sight and pushing the button.

Torpedoes are another type of ammunition. They are explosive and powerful. However, they are slower than the cannons.

Depth Charges are weapons used against submarines and underwater mines. The user must first adjust at what depth the charges will detonate before launching them.

Missiles are the most powerful among the weapons. Though a ship could only have up to two of them, they can sink a ship of any size in only one blow.

All the weapons (except from the one which shoots one square) can be only used one time.

Levels

The game has eight levels with five battles each. So, the player must win 40 battles to clear the game. After winning a battle, a password will be provided. New weapons are added each level.

Ships
Submarine, Permit-class (1 square)
Frigate, Knox-class (2 squares)
Destroyer, Coontz-class (3 squares)
Cruiser, Albany-class (4 squares)
Battleship, Iowa-class (5 squares)
Carrier, Nimitz-class (4x2 squares)

References

External links

1993 video games
Naval video games
Top-down video games
Turn-based strategy video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Game Gear games
Video games based on board games
Video games scored by Mark Knight
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Mindscape games

Battleship (1993 video game)


欧文·埃德曼(,)是美国哲学家、哲学教授。

生平

Irwin Edman was born in New York City to Jewish parents.  He grew up in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, adjacent to Columbia University, with which he was to be affiliated his entire adult life.  Edman spent his high-school years at Townsend Harris Hall, a New York high school for superior pupils.  He then attended Columbia University, where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa and earned his bachelor's degree in 1917, and his Ph.D. in 1920.  During his student years at Columbia he was a member of the Boar's Head Society. He became a professor of philosophy at Columbia, and during the course of his career he rose to serve as head of the philosophy department.  He also served as a visiting lecturer at Oxford University, Amherst College, the University of California, and Harvard and Wesleyan Universities.  In 1945 the United States Department of State and the Brazilian government sponsored a series of lectures he gave in Rio de Janeiro.

Edman was known for the "charm and clarity" of his writing, and for being an open-minded critic.  He was a popular professor and served as a mentor to undergraduate students, notably Pulitzer Prize-winning author Herman Wouk (Columbia class of 1934), who dedicated his first novel to Edman.

He was the brother-in-law of Lester Markel, the longtime Sunday editor of The New York Times.

In addition to writing philosophical works, Irwin Edman was a frequent contributor to literary magazines such as The New Yorker, the Atlantic Monthly, the New York Times Magazine, Harper's, Commentary, and Horizon.

In 1953, Professor Edman was elected vice president of the National Institute of Arts and Letters.

Irwin Edman published many books on philosophy as well as poetry and some fiction.  Some of his works include "Philosopher's Holiday," "Richard Kane Looks at Life,"  "Four Ways of Philosophy," "Philosopher's Quest," and "Arts and the Man – An Introduction to Aesthetics."

He died, of a heart attack, on September 4, 1954, in New York.

著作
Arthur Schopenhauer: The World As Will And Idea
Arts and the man: a short introduction to aesthetics (1939)
Candle in the Dark : A Postscript to Despair by Edman, Irwin
Don Quixote: The Ingenious Man of La Mancha (Introduction)
Ecclesiastes, with an Essay by Irwin Edman ; Odyssey Press, New York, 1946
Emerson's Essays, First & Second Series Complete in One Volume
Epictetus. Discourses and Enchiridion. Based on the Translation of Thomas…
Fountainheads of Freedom: The Growth of the Democratic Idea, with Herbert W. Schneider
Human Traits and Their Social Significance
John Dewey: his contribution to the American tradition (as editor)
Landmarks for beginners in philosophy
Marcus Aurelius and His Times, The Transition from Paganism to…
Philosopher's Holiday (1938)
Philosopher's Quest (1947)
Poems
The Mind Of Paul
The Philosophy of Plato. Jowett Translation
The Philosophy of Santayana
The Philosophy of Schopenhauer (1928)
The Uses of Philosophy
The Works of Plato
The World, the Arts and the Artist
Under Whatever Sky (1951)

诗
 "Brief Introduction to the Problems of Philosophy" The New Yorker 25/50 (4 February 1950) : 32

参考文献

外部链接

 哥伦比亚大学网站上的"向欧文·埃德曼致敬 "
 埃德曼对叔本华主要著作的介绍

美國猶太人
哥倫比亞大學校友
哥倫比亞大學教師
维思大学教师
美国哲学家

欧文·埃德曼


Claudio Pieri (21 October 1940 – 13 July 2018) was an Italian football referee. He was born in Pescia, Italy. He worked for UEFA and FIFA. He was appointed referee in the first leg final of the 1981 Coppa Italia (Roma - Torino). He was appointed international referee in 1983.

On 16 May 1982, he was suspected of favouring Juventus, which was winning its 20th championship, not granting a penalty to Catanzaro for an elbow of Sergio Brio on Carlo Borghi.

Pieri died on 13 July 2018 in Sestri Levante, Italy at the age of 77.

References

1940 births
2018 deaths
Italian football referees

Claudio Pieri


Simo Paavilainen (born 14 June 1944 in Vaasa) is a Finnish architect, and former Dean and Professor of Architecture at Helsinki University of Technology Department of Architecture.

Paavilainen studied architecture at Helsinki University of Technology, qualifying as an architect in 1975. Since 1977 he has run an architects' office in Helsinki together with his wife Käpy Paavilainen, Arkkitehtuuritoimisto Käpy ja Simo Paavilainen Oy. He was appointed Professor of Architecture at Helsinki University of Technology Department of Architecture in 1998, and dean of the school in 2004. He resigned his position in 2010 to return to private practice.

The work of the Paavilainens first came to attention in the early 1980s, at a time when Finnish critics were adamant that Postmodernism was having no significant influence on architecture in Finland, one of the bastions of Modernist architecture. Against this trend the Paavilainens introduced a strain of playfulness, colour and irony into Modernism. While part of the reasons for their style of architecture is certainly derived from following international trends, this also took on a local concern: in attempting to gain academic respectability, the Postmodern theorists, such as Charles Jencks, Michael Graves and Charles Willard Moore, turned their attention to earlier proto-Postmodernism, one of the prime examples being the architecture in the Nordic countries during the 1920s, Nordic Classicism, and in particular the Swedish architect Gunnar Asplund. Scholars in the Nordic countries became well aware of the international attention, and the architecture of that period, which had been forgotten in the onslaught of Modernism, was then 'rediscovered', as evident in various books and exhibitions. Simo Paavilainen emerged as one of the key academics in the field; but his interest then spilled over into his own architectural production. In more recent years, however, his architecture has moved back towards more traditional Modernism, though again, in the spirit of the times.

Works
Olari Church and Parish Centre, Espoo, 1976–1981
Paimio Parish Centre, Paimio, 1980–1984
St. Michael's Church, Kontula, Helsinki, 1988
Mansikkala City Offices and Shopping Centre, Imatra, 1990
University of Vaasa, Stage 1, 1991
Pirkkala Church and Parish Centre, 1994
Finnish Embassy, restoration, Tallinn, Estonia, 1996
Tritonia Library, University of Vaasa, 2001
Vehkalahti Parish Centre, Hamina, 2002
Villa Kisko, 2005
Local Government Pensions Institute, offices, Helsinki, 2005

References

External links

1944 births
Living people
People from Vaasa
Finnish architects
Modernist architects
Finnish architecture writers
Modernist architecture in Finland

Simo Paavilainen


Art rock is a subgenre of rock music that generally reflects a challenging or avant-garde approach to rock, or which makes use of modernist, experimental, or unconventional elements. Art rock aspires to elevate rock from entertainment to an artistic statement, opting for a more experimental and conceptual outlook on music. Influences may be drawn from genres such as experimental music, avant-garde music, classical music, and jazz.

Its music was created with the intention of listening and contemplation rather than for dancing, and is often distinguished by the use of electronic effects and easy listening textures far removed from the propulsive rhythms of early rock. The term may sometimes be used interchangeably with "progressive rock", though the latter is instead characterized in particular by its employment of classically trained instrumental technique and symphonic textures.

The genre's greatest level of popularity was in the early 1970s through British artists. The music, as well as the theatrical nature of performances associated with the genre, was able to appeal to artistically inclined adolescents and younger adults, especially due to its virtuosity and musical/lyrical complexity. Art rock is most associated with a certain period of rock music, beginning in 1966–67 and ending with the arrival of punk rock in the mid-1970s.  After, the genre would be infused within later popular music genres of the 1970s–90s.

Definitions

Critic John Rockwell says that art rock is one of rock's most wide-ranging and eclectic genres with its overt sense of creative detachment, classical music pretensions, and experimental, avant-garde proclivities.  In the rock music of the 1970s, the "art" descriptor was generally understood to mean "aggressively avant-garde" or "pretentiously progressive". "Art rock" is often used synonymously with progressive rock. Historically, the term has been used to describe at least two related, but distinct, types of rock music. The first is progressive rock, while the second usage refers to groups who rejected psychedelia and the hippie counterculture in favor of a modernist, avant-garde approach defined by the Velvet Underground. Essayist Ellen Willis compared these two types:

Art rock emphasizes Romantic and autonomous traditions, in distinction to the aesthetic of the everyday and the disposable embodied by art pop. Larry Starr and Christopher Waterman's American Popular Music defines art rock as a "form of rock music that blended elements of rock and European classical music", citing the English rock bands King Crimson, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, and Pink Floyd as examples. Common characteristics include album-oriented music divided into compositions rather than songs, with usually complicated and long instrumental sections and symphonic orchestration. Its music was traditionally used within the context of concept records, and its lyrical themes tended to be "imaginative" and politically oriented.

Differences have been identified between art rock and progressive rock, with art rock emphasizing avant-garde or experimental influences and "novel sonic structure", while progressive rock has been characterized as putting a greater emphasis on classically trained instrumental technique, literary content, and symphonic features. Compared to progressive rock, art rock is "more challenging, noisy and unconventional" and "less classically influenced", with more of an emphasis on avant-garde music. Similarities are that they both describe a mostly British attempt to elevate rock music to new levels of artistic credibility, and became the instrumental analog to concept albums and rock operas, which were typically more vocal oriented.

Art rock can also refer to either classically driven rock, or to a progressive rock-folk fusion. Bruce Eder's essay The Early History of Art-Rock/Prog Rock states that progressive rock,' also sometimes known as 'art rock,' or 'classical rock is music in which the "bands [are] playing suites, not songs; borrowing riffs from Bach, Beethoven, and Wagner instead of Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley; and using language closer to William Blake or T. S. Eliot than to Carl Perkins or Willie Dixon."

History

1960s

Background

The boundaries between art and pop music became increasingly blurred throughout the second half of the 20th century. The first usage of the term "art rock", according to Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, was in 1968. As pop music's dominant format transitioned from singles to albums, many rock bands created works that aspired to make grand artistic statements, where art rock would flourish. As it progressed in the late 1960s – in tandem with the development of progressive rock – art rock acquired notoriety alongside experimental rock.

Proponents

The earliest figure of art rock has been assumed to be record producer and songwriter Phil Spector, who became known as an auteur for his Wall of Sound productions that aspired to a "classical grandiosity". According to biographer Richard Williams: "[Spector] created a new concept: the producer as the overall director of the creative process, from beginning to end. He took control of everything, he picked the artists, wrote or chose the material, supervised the arrangements, told the singers how to phrase, masterminded all phases of the recording process with the most painful attention to detail, and released the result on his own label." Williams also says that Spector transformed rock music from a performing art into an art that could only exist in the recording studio, which "paved the way for art rock".

The Beach Boys' leader Brian Wilson is also cited as one of the first examples of the auteur music producer. Like Spector, Wilson was known as a reclusive studio obsessive who laboriously produced fantastical soundscapes through his
mastery of recording technology. Biographer Peter Ames Carlin wrote that Wilson was the forerunner of "a new kind of art-rock that would combine the transcendent possibilities of art with the mainstream accessibility of pop music". Drawing from the influence of Wilson's work and the work of the Beatles' producer George Martin, music producers after the mid 1960s began to view the recording studio as a musical instrument used to aid the process of composition. Critic Stephen Holden says that mid-1960s recordings by the Beatles, Spector and Wilson are often identified as marking the start of art pop, which preceded the "bombastic, classically inflected" art rock that started in the late 1960s.

Many of the top British groups during the 1960s – including members of the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Kinks, the Who, 10cc, the Move, the Yardbirds and Pink Floyd – came to music via art school. This institution differed from its US counterpart in terms of having a less industry-applicable syllabus and in its focus on furthering eccentric talent. By the mid-1960s, several of these acts espoused an approach based on art and originality, where previously they had been absorbed solely in authentic interpretation of US-derived musical styles, such as rock 'n' roll and R&B.

According to journalist Richard Goldstein, many popular musicians from California (like Wilson) desired to be acknowledged as artists, and struggled with this aspiration. Goldstein says that the line between violating musical conventions and making "truly popular music" caused those who did not have "strong enough egos" (in contrast to Bob Dylan and the Beatles) to be "doomed to a respectful rejection, and a few albums with disappointing sales usually meant silence. ... They yearned for fame, as only needy people can, but they also wanted to make art, and when both of those impulses couldn't be achieved they recoiled in a ball of frantic confusion."

Author Matthew Bannister traces "the more self-conscious, camp aesthetic of art rock" to pop artist Andy Warhol and the Velvet Underground, who emulated Warhol's art/pop synthesis. Accordingly: "Warhol took Spector's combination of the disembodiment, 'distance' and refinement of high culture with the 'immediacy' of mass cultural forms like rock and roll several stages further ... But Warhol's aesthetic was more thoroughly worked out than Spector's, which represented a transitional phase between old-fashioned auteurism and the thoroughly postmodern, detached tenets of pop art. ... Warhol's approach reverberates throughout art rock, most obviously in his stance of distance and disengagement." In 1969, the Doors also explored art rock genre on their fourth album, The Soft Parade.

Influential albums

1965–66
The December 1965 release of the Beatles' Rubber Soul signified a watershed for the pop album, transforming it in scope from a collection of singles with lesser-quality tracks to a distinct art form, filled with high-quality original compositions. The album garnered recognition for the Beatles as artists from the American mainstream press, anticipating rock music's cultural legitimization as an art form. Writing in 1968, Gene Sculatti of Jazz & Pop recognized Rubber Soul as "the definitive 'rock as art' album" and "the necessary prototype" that major artists such as the Rolling Stones (with Aftermath) and the Beach Boys had felt compelled to follow.

The period when rock music became most closely aligned with art began in 1966 and continued until the mid 1970s. Academic Michael Johnson associates "the first documented moments of ascension in rock music" to the Beach Boys' Pet Sounds and the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967). Released in May 1966, Pet Sounds came from Wilson's desire to make a "complete statement", as he believed the Beatles had previously done with Rubber Soul. In 1978, biographer David Leaf wrote that the album heralded art rock, while according to The New York Observer, "Pet Sounds proved that a pop group could make an album-length piece comparable with the greatest long-form works of Bernstein, Copland, Ives, and Rodgers and Hammerstein." Pet Sounds is also noted as the first rock concept album. In 1971, Cue magazine described the Beach Boys as having been "among the vanguard" with regard to art rock, among many other aspects relating to the counterculture, over the period up to late 1967.

Jacqueline Edmondson's 2013 encyclopedia Music in American Life states that, although it was preceded by earlier examples, Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention's debut album Freak Out! (June 1966) came to be seen as "the first successful incorporation of art music in a pop context". With Los Angeles as his base since the early 1960s, Zappa was able to work in an environment where student radicalism was closely aligned with an active avant-garde scene, a setting that placed the city ahead of other countercultural centres at the time and would continue to inform his music. Writer and pianist Michael Campbell comments that the album "contains a long noncategorical list of Zappa's influences, from classical avant-garde composers to obscure folk musicians".

The Beatles' Revolver (August 1966) furthered the album-as-art perspective and continued pop music's evolution. Led by the art-rock single "Eleanor Rigby", it expanded the genre's scope in terms of the range of musical styles, which included Indian, avant-garde and classical, and the lyrical content of the album, and also in its departure from previous notions of melody and structure in pop songwriting. According to Rolling Stone, "Revolver signaled that in popular music, anything – any theme, any musical idea – could now be realized." As with Rubber Soul, the album inspired many of the progressive rock artists of the 1970s, and each of its songs has been recognised as anticipating a new subgenre or style.

1967

Clash Music names the Velvet Underground's debut March 1967 album The Velvet Underground & Nico "the original art-rock record". Bannister writes of the Velvet Underground: "no other band exerted the same grip on the minds of 1970s/1980s art/alternative rock artists, writers and audiences." Their influence would recur from the 1970s onwards to various worldwide indie scenes, and in 2006, The Velvet Underground & Nico was inducted into the Library of Congress' National Recording Registry, who commented: "For decades [it] has cast a huge shadow over nearly every sub-variety of avant-garde rock, from 70s art-rock to no-wave, new-wave, and punk." However, when the Velvet Underground first appeared in the mid 1960s, they faced rejection and were commonly dismissed as a "fag" band. In 1982, musician Brian Eno famously stated that while The Velvet Underground & Nico initially sold just 30,000 copies, "everyone who bought one of those 30,000 copies started a band."

The Beatles' Paul McCartney deemed Pet Sounds "the record of the time", and in June 1967, the band responded with their own album: Sgt. Pepper's, which was also influenced by Freak Out! AllMusic states that the first wave of art rock musicians were inspired by Sgt. Pepper's and believed that for rock music to grow artistically, they should incorporate elements of European and classical music to the genre. Many British groups flowered in the album's wake; those who are listed in Music in American Life include the Moody Blues, the Strawbs, Genesis, and "most notably", Pink Floyd. The band's Roger Waters later stated that both Sgt. Pepper and Pet Sounds "completely changed everything about records" for him.

1970s–1990s

Art rock's greatest level of popularity was in the early 1970s through British artists including King Crimson and Queen.

Early in the decade, Pink Floyd released Atom Heart Mother, with the 23-minute title track taking up the entire first side of the LP. This experiment with collaborator Ron Geesin yielded the longest unbroken Pink Floyd song on record, a suite divided into six parts, which required the band at times to utilize a choir and brass section on tour. The album was a commercial success, giving the band to its first number one record in the UK. It signaled a shift in their music from the psychedelic forays of their late '60s albums and into a period of renewed creativity in the form of longer and more progressive rock music.

Enthusiasm for art rock explorations waned in the mid 1970s. From then to the 1990s, art rock was infused within various popular music genres. Encyclopædia Britannica states that its genre's tendencies were continued by some British and American hard rock and pop rock artists, and that Brian Eno's late 1970s and early 1980s collaborations with David Bowie and Talking Heads are exemplary of "the successful infusion of art rock tendencies into other popular music genres". Bowie and Eno collaborated on a series of consecutive albums called the "Berlin Trilogy", characterized as an "art rock trifecta" by Consequence of Sound, who noted that at the time of their release, "The experimental records weren't connecting with audiences on the scale Bowie was used to. ... New Wave had exploded, and a generation of Bowie descendants had taken the stage."

In the 1980s, a new generation of English art rockers took the place of 1970s bands such as Roxy Music, Yes, Genesis, Jethro Tull and Emerson, Lake & Palmer. Journalist Roy Trakin says: "Of course, these stalwarts can still fill Madison Square Garden and sell a great many records, as they always have, but their days of adventurous risk-taking and musical innovation are long gone – replaced by the smug satisfaction of commercial success."

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

British styles of music
Experimental rock
British rock music genres
American styles of music
American rock music genres
20th-century music genres
Pop art
Progressive rock
Progressive music
1960s in music
1970s in music
1980s in music
1990s in music

Art rock


In mathematics, a regular polytope is a shape with sides and vertices that are symmetrical. Like other polytopes, regular polytopes are found in any number of dimensions.

A two-dimensional regular polytope is a regular polygon, and a three-dimensional regular polytope is a regular polyhedron. Even though these groups include different shapes, they are based on the same idea of the shapes having regular symmetry. Regular polytopes have regular facets (faces to speak from the 3D viewpoint), and their vertex figures are regular.

Each number of dimensions has a different set of regular polytopes. However, all of them have a simple shape. The simplest of regular polytopes is the triangle in 2D, the tetrahedron in 3D, and the pentachoron in 4D.

Shapes

Regular polytope


Rollo (,  Rolloun; ; ; died between 928 and 933) was a Viking who, as Count of Rouen, became the first ruler of Normandy, today a region in northern France. He emerged as the outstanding warrior among the Norsemen who had secured a permanent foothold on Frankish soil in the valley of the lower Seine. After the Siege of Chartres in 911, Charles the Simple, the king of West Francia, granted them lands between the mouth of the Seine and what is now Rouen in exchange for Rollo agreeing to end his brigandage, swearing allegiance to him, religious conversion and a pledge to defend the Seine's estuary from Viking raiders.

The name Rollo is first recorded as the leader of these Viking settlers in a charter of 918, and he continued to reign over the region of Normandy until at least 928. He was succeeded by his son William Longsword in the Duchy of Normandy that he had founded. The offspring of Rollo and his followers, through their intermingling with the indigenous Frankish and Gallo-Roman population of the lands they settled, became known as the "Normans". After the Norman conquest of England and their conquest of southern Italy and Sicily over the following two centuries, their descendants came to rule England, much of Ireland, Sicily and Antioch from the 11th to 13th centuries, leaving behind an enduring legacy in the histories of Europe and the Near East.

Name

The Heimskringla (written in the 13th century) records that Rolf the Ganger went to Normandy and ruled it, so Rollo is generally presumed to be a latinisation of the Old Norse name Hrólfr – a theory that is supported by the rendition of Hrólfr as Roluo in the Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus. It is also sometimes suggested that Rollo may be a Latinised version of another Norse name, Hrollaugr.

The 10th-century French historian Dudo in his Historia Normannorum records that Rollo took the baptismal name Robert. A variant spelling, Rou, is used in the 12th-century Norman French verse chronicle Roman de Rou, which was compiled by Wace and commissioned by King Henry II of England, a descendant of Rollo.

Origins and historiography

Rollo was born in the mid-9th century; his place of birth is almost definitely located in the region of Scandinavia, although it is uncertain whether he is Danish or Norwegian. The earliest well-attested historical event associated with Rollo is his part in leading the Vikings who besieged Paris in 885–886 but were fended off by Odo of France.

Sources do not make clear the year of Rollo's birth, but from his activity, marriage, children, and death, the mid-9th century may be inferred.

Medieval sources contradict each other regarding whether Rollo's family was Norwegian or Danish in origin. In part, this disparity may result from the indifferent and interchangeable usage in Europe, at the time, of terms such as "Vikings", "Northmen", "Swedes", "Danes", "Norwegians" and so on (in the Medieval Latin texts  means 'Danes or Northmen').

Among biographical remarks about Rollo written by the cleric Dudo of Saint-Quentin in the late 10th century, he claimed that Rollo "the Dane" was from Dacia (a blend of the Latin for Denmark () and Sweden ()), and had moved from there to the island of Scanza. One of Rollo's great-grandsons and a contemporary of Dudo was known as Robert the Dane. However, Dudo's Historia Normannorum (or Libri III de moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum) was commissioned by Rollo's grandson, Richard I of Normandy and – while Dudo likely had access to family members and/or other people with a living memory of Rollo – this fact must be weighed against the text's potential biases, as an official biography.

According to Dudo, an unnamed king of Denmark was antagonistic to Rollo's family, including his father – an unnamed Danish nobleman – and Rollo's brother Gurim. Following the death of their father, Gurim was killed and Rollo was forced to leave Denmark. Dudo appears to have been the main source for William of Jumièges (after 1066) and Orderic Vitalis (early 12th century), although both include additional details.

A Norwegian background for Rollo was first explicitly claimed by Goffredo Malaterra (Geoffrey Malaterra), an 11th-century Benedictine monk and historian, who wrote: "Rollo sailed boldly from Norway with his fleet to the Christian coast." Likewise, the 12th-century English historian William of Malmesbury stated that Rollo was "born of noble lineage among the Norwegians".

A chronicler named Benoît (probably Benoît de Sainte-More) wrote in the mid-12th-century Chronique des ducs de Normandie that Rollo had been born in a town named "Fasge". This has since been variously interpreted as referring to Faxe, in Sjælland (Denmark), Fauske, in Sykkylven (Norway), or perhaps a more obscure settlement that has since been abandoned or renamed. Benoît also repeated the claim that Rollo had been persecuted by a local ruler and had fled from there to "Scanza island", by which Benoît probably means Scania (Swedish ). While Faxe was physically much closer to Scania, the mountainous scenery of "Fasge", described by Benoît, would seem to be more like Fauske. Benoît says elsewhere in the Chronique that Rollo is Danish.

Snorri Sturluson identified Rollo with Hrólf the Walker (Norse ; Danish ) from the 13th-century Icelandic sagas, Heimskringla and Orkneyinga Saga. Hrólf the Walker was so named because he "was so big that no horse could carry him". The Icelandic sources claim that Hrólfr was from Møre in western Norway, in the late 9th century and that his parents were the Norwegian jarl Rognvald Eysteinsson ('Rognvald the Wise') and a noblewoman from Møre named Hildr Hrólfsdóttir. However, these claims were made three centuries after the history commissioned by Rollo's own grandson.

There may be circumstantial evidence for kinship between Rollo and his historical contemporary Ketill Flatnose, King of the Isles – a Norse realm centred on the Western Isles of Scotland. If, as Richer suggested, Rollo's father was also named Ketill and as Dudo suggested, Rollo had a brother named Gurim, such names are onomastic evidence for a family connection: Icelandic sources name Ketill Flatnose's father as Björn Grímsson, and  – the implied name of Ketill Flatnose's paternal grandfather – was likely cognate with . In addition, both Irish and Icelandic sources suggest that Rollo, as a young man, visited or lived in Scotland, where he had a daughter named Cadlinar (, 'Kathleen'). Ketill Flatnose's ancestors were said to have come from Møre – Rollo's ancestral home in the Icelandic sources. However,  was a common name in Norse societies, as were names like  and .

Biography

Dudo's chronicle about Rollo seizing Rouen in 876 is supported by the contemporary chronicler Flodoard, who records that Robert of the Breton March waged a campaign against the Vikings, nearly levelling Rouen and other settlements. Eventually, he conceded "certain coastal provinces" to them.

According to Dudo, Rollo struck up a friendship in England with a king called Alstem. This has puzzled many historians, but recently the puzzle has been resolved by recognition that this refers to Guthrum, the Danish leader whom Alfred the Great baptised with the baptismal name Athelstan, and then recognised as king of the East Angles in 880.

Dudo recorded that when Rollo controlled Bayeux by force, he carried off with him the beautiful Popa or Poppa, a daughter of Berenger, Count of Rennes. He married her and she gave birth to his son and heir, William Longsword. Her parentage is uncertain and may have been invented after the fact to legitimize her son's lineage, as many of the fantastic genealogical claims made by Dudo were. She may have come from any country with which the Norse had contact, as Dudo is a highly unreliable source who may have written his chronicle primarily as a didactic text to teach courtly values.

There are few contemporary mentions of Rollo. In 911, Robert I of France, brother of Odo, again defeated another band of Viking warriors in Chartres with his well-trained horsemen. This victory paved the way for Rollo's baptism and settlement in Normandy. In return for formal recognition of the lands he possessed, Rollo agreed to be baptised and assisted the king in defending the realm. As was the custom, Rollo took the baptismal name Robert, after his godfather Robert I.

The seal of the agreement was to be a marriage between Rollo and Gisela, daughter of Charles. Gisla might have been a legitimate daughter of Charles. Since Charles first married in 907, that would mean that Gisela was at most 5 years old at the time of the treaty of 911 which offered her in marriage. It has therefore been speculated that she could have been an illegitimate daughter. However a diplomatic child betrothal need not be doubted.

The earliest record of Rollo is from 918, in a charter of Charles III to an abbey, which referred to an earlier grant to "the Normans of the Seine", namely "Rollo and his associates" for "the protection of the kingdom". Dudo retrospectively stated that this pact took place in 911 at Saint-Clair-sur-Epte.

Dudo narrates a humorous story not repeated in other primary sources about Rollo's pledge of fealty to Charles III as part of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte. The attendant bishops urged Rollo to kiss the king's foot to prove his allegiance. Rollo refused, saying "I will never bow my knees at the knees of any man, and no man's foot will I kiss." Instead, Rollo commanded one of his warriors to kiss the king's foot. The warrior complied by raising the king's foot to his mouth while the king remained standing, which "caused the king to topple backward" much to the amusement of their entourage. On taking his oath of fealty, Rollo divided the lands between the rivers Epte and Risle among his chieftains, and settled in the de facto capital Rouen.

Given Rouen and its hinterland in return for the alliance with the Franks, it was agreed upon that it was in the interest of both Rollo himself and his Frankish allies to extend his authority over Viking settlers. This would appear to be the motive for later concessions to the Vikings of the Seine, which are mentioned in other records of the time.
When Charles III was being deposed by Rudolph of France he appealed to Rollo and , another one of his Norman allies. With their combined army they marched to his aid in fulfillment of their pledge to the Carolingians, but were stopped at the Oise river by Charles' opponents who traded their cooperation for more territorial concessions. The need for an agreement was particularly urgent when Robert I, successor of Charles III, was killed in 923.

Rudolph was recorded as sponsoring a new agreement by which a group of Norsemen were conceded the provinces of the Bessin and Maine. These settlers were presumed to be Rollo and his associates, moving their authority westward from the Seine valley. It is still unclear as to whether Rollo was being given lordship over the Vikings already settled in the region in order to domesticate and restrain them, or the Franks around Bayeux in order to protect them from other Viking leaders settled in eastern Brittany and the Cotentin peninsula.

Rollo died sometime between a final mention of him by Flodoard in 928, and 933, the year in which a third grant of land, usually identified as being the Cotentin and Avranchin areas, was given to his son and successor William.

Descendants

Rollo's son and heir, William Longsword, and grandchild, Richard the Fearless, forged the Duchy of Normandy into West Francia's most cohesive and formidable principality. The descendants of Rollo and his men assimilated with the Frankish culture and became known as the Normans, lending their name to the region of Normandy.

Rollo is the great-great-great-grandfather of William the Conqueror the progenitor of House of Normandy in England, however Charles III and the British Royal Family are not direct male-line descendants of Rollo as the House of Normandy ended with the death of Henry I. However the House of Plantagenet have influence from the Norman dynasty, as Empress Matilda, the mother of Henry II of England was the daughter of the Norman king Henry I.

A genetic investigation into the remains of Rollo's grandson Richard the Fearless, and his great-grandson Richard the Good, was announced in 2011 with the intention of discerning the origins of the historic Viking leader. On 29 February 2016, Norwegian researchers opened Richard the Good's tomb and found a lower jaw with eight teeth in it. However, the skeletal remains in both graves turned out to significantly predate Rollo and therefore are not related to him.

Legacy
Rollo's dynasty was able to survive through a combination of ruthless military action and infighting among the 10th-century Frankish aristocracy, which left them severely weakened and unable to resist the Rouen vikings' growing determination to stay put. After Rollo's death, his direct male descendants continued to rule Normandy until Stephen of Blois became King of England and Duke of Normandy in 1135. The duchy was later absorbed into what became the Angevin Empire following its conquest by Geoffrey of Anjou, who in 1128 had married Mathilda of England, herself a descendant of Rollo.

Depictions in fiction
Rollo is the subject of the 17th-century play Rollo Duke of Normandy, written by John Fletcher, Philip Massinger, Ben Jonson, and George Chapman.

A character, broadly inspired by the historical Rollo but including many events predating the historical Rollo's birth, played by Clive Standen, is Ragnar Lothbrok's brother in the History Channel television series Vikings.

Rollo is a character in the video game Assassin's Creed Valhalla.

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

Primary texts

 . Republished 1981, Harmondsworth: Penguin. .

Secondary texts

9th-century births
930s deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
10th-century Dukes of Normandy
Norse monarchs
Norman warriors
Viking warriors
Converts to Christianity from pagan religions
Burials at Rouen Cathedral
House of Normandy
10th-century Vikings

Rollo


Australian Aircraft Kits Pty Ltd is an Australian aircraft manufacturer based in Taree, New South Wales, that was established in 2003. The company principal is Ole Hartmann.

The company specializes in the design and manufacture of light aircraft in the form of kits for amateur construction and ready-to-fly aircraft in the light-sport aircraft category. The company also does aircraft repair work on homebuilt aircraft.

The company produces four aircraft, the high-wing two-seat Hornet STOL, Hornet Cub and Bushman, plus the shoulder-wing Wasp. The Hornet STOL was named Most Innovative Ultralight Design in 2004 at Narromine.

Aircraft

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of Australia
Ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft

Australian Aircraft Kits


For the geographical place see Tonto BasinTonto Basin is a western novel written by Zane Grey.

OriginTonto Basin is the original version of the shorter novel To The Last Man (1921). Grey submitted the manuscript of Tonto Basin to the magazine The Country Gentleman, which published it in serialization as To the Last Man from May 28, 1921 through July 30, 1921. This was a much shorter version of the  original leaving out much of the backstory and character development. This shorter version was published as a book by Harper Brothers in 1921.

Plot introduction
A story of a feud between two families, the evil it causes, and the power of love to transcend all.

Plot summary
The story begins with 24-year-old Jean Isbel in the last stages of a multi-week trip from Oregon to the frontier in Arizona where his family had moved four years earlier to start a cattle ranch. As he nears his destination he meets a woman in the woods, and falls in love at first sight. As they part they learn that they are mortal enemies. She is Ellen Jorth, and her family is locked in a deadly feud with his.

Jean dreads the part his father, Gaston, wants him to play in the feud. He can't get Ellen out of his mind. They meet again and his words awake in her doubt and fear that her father, Lee Jorth, is not an honorable man but in fact a horse thief and cattle rustler. As events unfold her fears are proved true. Through thick and thin Jean Isbel defends Ellen's honor and believes the best of her.

The feud erupts into fatal gun battles, first at the Isbel ranch house, and then at the general store in the nearby town. Most of the Isbel and Jorth clans are killed, with several of their allies. The remnant of the Jorths flee with Ellen in tow to a hide-out hidden in a deep box cañon.

Jean and his allies track them and there is a deadly gun battle in the woods nearby. Ellen is forced by one of the three remaining Jorth allies to flee once again. During their flight their horse is shot out from under them. Ellen now on foot meets one of the dying Isbels and finally learns the certain truth that her father, family, and their allies were horse thieves and cattle rustlers as she feared.

When she finally makes her way back to the hide-out, she arrives just after Jean has been forced to take refuge in the loft, unknown to her. One of the two remaining rustlers attacks her with rape in mind but is interrupted by the arrival of the other rustler. Ellen discovers Jean during this interruption. When the rustler returns a few minutes later, Ellen is forced to kill him to protect herself and Jean. A minute later Jean kills the last rustler.

The story ends with Jean and Ellen declaring their love for each other.

Themes
The book is concerned with the destruction deadly violence wreaks on those family members who survive. Grey writes about the intense concern Jean feels for the impact the violence will have on the wives and children whose husbands and fathers will die in the feud.

The feud is caused by a love triangle between Gaston Isbel, Lee Jorth, and Ellen the woman both love, and the mother of Ellen Jorth. The story explores how love, betrayal, and jealousy can engender a hate which leads two men to destroy their families, without a thought to the pain and suffering of those relatives who will be left to bury the dead.

Ellen grows from a naïve girl to a woman of understanding under the severe trial of the events which overtake her. She begins to examine critically her own behavior with wisdom and insight. She grows and matures emotionally and psychologically, becoming aware that her father whom she had supported with unquestioning trust, is in fact a scoundrel, a thief, and a thoroughly dishonorable rogue. At the end she acts decisively and fatally to protect herself, her virtue, and the man she loves.

Characters in "To the Last Man"
 Jean Isbel – the hero, a person of mixed race, being part Nez Perce
 Gaston Isbel – Jean's father, and the head of the Isbel faction.
 Guy Isble – Jean's oldest brother.
 Bill Isble – Jean's older brother.
 Ann Isble – Jean's sister.
 Andrew Colmor – Ann's fiancé.
 Jim Blaisdell – Gaston's good friend and supporter.
 Blue – member of the Isbel faction.
 Lee Jorth – the head of the Jorth faction.
 Ellen Jorth – Lee's daughter.
 Tad Jorth – Lee's brother, Ellen's uncle.
 Jackson Jorth – Lee's brother, Ellen's uncle.
 Jim Colter – member of the Jorth faction.
 Springer – member of the Jorth faction.
 Sommers – member of the Jorth faction.
 Rock Wells – member of the Jorth faction.
 Colter – member of the Jorth faction.
 Simm Bruce – member of the Jorth faction.
 Ben Greaves – owner of the General Store.
 John Sprague – Ellen's confidante and only friend.

Publication
In the early 1990s, Jon Tuska, was researching the filmography of Zane Grey. During this research he discovered that Last of the Duanes and Rangers of the Lone Star were much altered from the holograph found "in the bottom drawer of a file cabinet in the Zane Grey, Inc. room where it had survived for eighty years.". This caused him to request that they "tell me of any other manuscripts...that had  met a similar fate."  The result was the discovery of the complete holographic manuscript of the novel To the Last Man. A comparison of the holograph with To the Last Man revealed that the holograph was much longer, and contained detail which altered the meaning of the story. The complete uncut version was published in 2004.

See alsoTo the Last Man'' is a 1933 Henry Hathaway film based on the Zane Grey novel starring Randolph Scott, Esther Ralston, Buster Crabbe, Barton MacLane, Noah Beery, Shirley Temple, and Eugenie Besserer.
 Frederick Russell Burnham participated on the losing side in the real-life Tonto Basin feud and narrowly escaped alive. After the feud, he went home to California and left for Africa only a few years later.
 Tonto Basin Outlaws (1941) - A film based very loosely on the Tonto Basin feud.  These cowboys are out to stop a cattle-rustling scandal soon after they enlist with Teddy Roosevelt's Rough Riders.  In the real-life feud, one man did go on to join the Rough Riders.
 Pleasant Valley War

Footnotes

1921 American novels
Western (genre) novels
Novels by Zane Grey
Novels set in Arizona
Novels based on actual events

Tonto Basin (novel)


People's Bank is a state-owned commercial bank in Sri Lanka. Established on 1 July 1961, it has its head-offices at  Sir Chittampalam A. Gardiner Street in Colombo.  The bank offer both retail and corporate banking services, with a network of 739 local branches, service centers and has an asset base of LKR 1.873 trillion (2019) with over 14 million customers. People's Bank received a high national long-Term Rating of AA+ by Fitch Rating.

History

1960s
 1961 People's Bank was inaugurated on 1st July 1961. The first branch was opened at Duke Street, Colombo. During the year, eight more branches were opened in Polonnaruwa, Hingurakgoda, Hambantota, Anuradhapura, Puttalam, Matale and Kandy in addition to the Foreign branch in Colombo. The Total number of employees stood at 169.
 1962 The Head Office was relocated to Ratnam's Building in Union Place, Colombo 02 and 17 more branches were opened.
 1963 The Bank commenced its pawning services.
 1964 The Co-operative Rural Banking Scheme was inaugurated.
 1965 Some departments of the Bank were relocated to the Government Clerical Service Union (GCSU) building Sir Chittampalam A. Gardiner Mawatha, Colombo 02. The total number of branches increased to 48, including new branches in Horana, Kekirawa, Padaviya, Mannar, Embilipitiya, Kahatagasdigilliya, Ragala and Talawakelle.
 1967 The Bank commenced a new Agriculture Credit Scheme becoming the pioneer lender to the small farm sector.

1970s
 1970 The "Athamaru" loan scheme was introduced to finance economic activities of the informal sector. The Investment Saving Scheme, a credit linked saving scheme was launched to attract regular savers.
 1971 The Bank's 100th branch was opened at Marandagahamula.
 1973 A comprehensive rural credit scheme was launched to provide both production and consumption credit facilities. The Bank initiated the "Ganu-Denu" practice, identifying itself with the traditions of the Sinhala & Tamil New Year and encouraging customers to transact with the Bank at the auspicious time.
 1975 An aggressive branch expansion programmed brought our total branch count to 158.
 1977 200th branch opened at Kollupitiya. The Head Office was relocated to building in Fort. The total number of employees reached 5,000. The first fisheries bank was opened at Koralawella.

1980s
 1981 Branch network increased to 290. The Extended Minors' Saving Scheme was lunched.
 1982 The 300th branch of the Bank opened at Ingiriya. The total number of employees reached 10,000.
 1984 The People's Merchant Bank, a subsidiary of the Bank, was established. Slave Island branch was merged with the International Division and the Fort Foreign Branch.
 1986 The process computerization began at Head Office and selected city branches and a Black Light System was introduced. Customer turnaround time was thereby significantly reduced.
 1987 Headquarters Branch became the Bank's first full-automated branch. A special loan scheme for rural electrification was implemented in collaboration with the CEB.
 1989 The Bank participated in a loan scheme sponsored by the Ministry of Labor to provide for housing against EPF balances. A scheme was launched in association with the Sri Lankan Foreign Employment Bureau to provide loans for job seekers abroad. The Bank participated in a loan scheme launched by REPIA to provide credit to those affected by civil unrest in 1983. A Janasaviya associated loan scheme was introduced during the year. The Bank also commenced issuing Negotiable Saving Certificates during the year.

1990s
 1990 An Endowment Saving Deposit Scheme was introduced. The People's Visa Card was introduced in association with Visa International and 24 branches were fully-computerized.
 1991 The first ATM was installed at Headquarters Branch.
 1992 The Bank supported the Government's 200 Garment Factory Programmed. "People's Automated Banking System" (PABS) a banking application developed in-house, commenced live operation.
 1993 330th branch were operating throughout the country and 35 main branches were fully automated. "Vanitha Vasana", a saving scheme for women was introduced.
 1994 Eight new ATMs were installed and 160 branches were computerized under the automation programmed.
 1995 "Gurusetha", a new deposit mobilization and loan scheme catering to Government teachers was launched with the co-operation of the Ministry of Education.
 1996 "Suwa Sevana", a credit package for Government sector health personnel was launched. "Sisu Udaba", a new deposit scheme for schoolchildren was introduced. The Bank participated in two ADB-funded credit scheme-the Tea Small Holding Development Project. The Bank's fully owned subsidiaries, People's Leasing Co. Ltd. and People's Travels (Pvt) Ltd., commenced operations. Zonal offices were opened to strengthen decentralised administration and to facilitate better customer service.
 1997 The "Surathura" Loan Scheme was launched to assist self-employment projects. The Bank extended its credit facilities to small and medium scale enterprise and industries under the NDB-funded Small and Medium Enterprise Assistance Project (SMEAP)
 1998 The total number of ATMs increased to 36, serving over 125,000 PET cardholders, One hundred and seventy-five branches were fully-automated and the number of pawing centres increased to 188. A special credit cum deposit scheme know as "Videshika" was introduced in collaboration with the Sri Lanka Foreign Employment Bureau to assist migrant workers.
 1999 The Bank lunched "Isuru Udaba", a deposit scheme that encourages parents and guardians to save for the benefit of their young charges.

2000s
 2000 The "Jana Jaya", saving cum loan scheme was launched. The newly introduced "Jaya Sri" draw offered attractive prizes for depositors. The ATM network expanded to 74 machines throughout the country. The Central ATM Switch was introduced to connect the PABS branches and the ATMs.
 2001 The Bank's Corporate Management team was strengthened by the recruitment of certain heads of divisions for the private banking sector. Restructuring of the Bank was initiated through the launched of a Strategic Plan. The total number of ATM machines grew to 90.
 2002 The number of PABS automated branches increased to 218 and 119 branches were connected to the Central ATM Switch. A treasure automation package was implemented.
 2003 The Young Executive Saver's (YES) Account was launched. The Bank signed up with Silver Lake System SDV BUD Malaysia to install a state-of-the-art core banking package and trade services solutions which will initially be operational in 60 selected branches including Head Office.
 2004 The second phase of the restructuring plan for 2004-2008 launched and approved by the Government of Sri Lanka was based on the recapitalization support of ADB. The Bank obtained the first ever public rating of BBB+ form Fitch Rating. The core banking project was implemented successfully.
 2005 This year followed immediately receipt of LKR 2 billion. as the first tranche of Government of Sri Lanka in keeping with the agreement signed between the Government, ADB and People's Bank. The core banking project was further extended across the branch network. The Bank was also a major intermediary in bringing Government-granted financial assistance for rebuilding, after the December 2004 tsunami.
 2006 The Bank obtained and A- rating form Fitch Rating. indicating progress from its earlier rating level. People's Bank was awarded the POP Award for 2006 in the banking and financial services sector by the Sri Lanka Institute of Marketing. The second tranche of capital of LKR 1 billion was received the Government of Sri Lanka.
 2007 The rating level of A- form Fitch Ratings was maintained during the year. The Government of Sri Lanka injected the third capital tranche of LKR 1.5 billion into People's Bank. People's Bank won the People's Award for the Banking and Financial Services Brand of the Year for the second consecutive year. The Bank surpassed the LKR 300 billion mark in total deposits during the year 2007.
 2008 The Government of Sri Lanka released the fourth capital tranche of LKR 1.5 billion The Bank reached the Capital Adequacy Level of 10.5% by the end of year. Further, the Bank's first Debenture issue of LKR 2.5 billion was made in year. A notable advancement in the Bank's remittance service with the introduction of "People's e-remittance", a web-based remittance product supported by later technology to remit money from overseas within minutes. Two new foreign currency deposits products were launched, viz., "Doo Daru Ethera Isura" a foreign currency deposit product for children and "Special Foreign Investment Deposit Account" [SFIDA].
 2009 The Bank issued its second Debenture for LKR 2.5 billion during the year. 214 branches and 236 service centers were connected online. The Bank strategically placed over 300 ATMs island-wide. Total deposits reached LKR 400 billion. The highest recorded profit before tax of LKR 6.1 billion was achieved. Received a SAFA (South Asian Federation of Accountants) Award for the 2008 Annual Report for the first time in the Bank's history.

2010s
 2010 Branch network and service centres expanded to 679. ATMs increased to 330. People's International Visa Debit Card was launched in July 2010. The Bank obtained AA- from Fitch RAting. and AAA form Ram Ratings. Total deposits surpassed LKR 462 billion during the year 2010. The highest recorded profit before tax of LKR 8.7 billion was achieved. The People's Bank Annual Report won two Gold Awards at the ARC Awards held in New York. The Bank received the SAFA (South Asian Federation of Accountants) Award, for the 1st Place in the Public Sector Category, for the 2009 Annual Report.
 2011 The Bank celebrated the Golden Jubilee on 1st July 2011. Total branch network reached 714 whilst ATM locations increased to 382 covering almost all parts of the island. The Bank obtained an upgraded rating of AA form Fitch Ratings. The Bank's total assets, total deposits and total loans and receivables surpassed LKR 663 billion, LKR 539 billion and LKR 478 billion respectively. The highest recorded profit before tax of LKR 15.3 billion and a profit after tax of LKR 10.2 billion were achieved. People's bank won the SLIM-Nielsen Peoples's Award for the Most Popular Bank in the Sri Lankan Banking and Financial Services Sector, the SLIM-Nielsen People's Award-Service Brand of the Year, and also won the Bronze for the Service Category at the SLIM Brand Excellence Awards 2011.
 2012 The total branch network reached 728, whilst ATM location increased to 420 covering almost all parts of the island. The Bank obtained an upgraded rating of AA+ for Fitch Ratings. The Bank's 2011 Annual Report won one Grand Award and three Gold Award in the National Category at the 2012 International ARC Award.
 2013 23 SME centers were established across the island. Surpassed one million cards milestone during the year with access to over 30 million Visa accredited merchants globally. Corporate customers were provided with an on line real time payment facility for PET, ETF and Customers Duty Payments. People's Bank become the first bank to be connected to the National Common ATM Switch. ATM locations increased to 460 with the branch network expanding to 735. LKR 5 billion worth Debentures issued during the year at the Bank's fourth Debenture issue.
 2014 The Bank's asset base crossed one trillion rupees, as the second largest bank in the industry (after BOC). Bank garnered the triple accolades of "Bank of the Year 2014" at the European Global Banking and Finance Award-Sri Lanka 2014 and "Most Sustainable Bank Sri Lanka" at the World Finance Banking Awards 2014.
 2015 The Bank commenced an ambitious digitization initiative with the objective of enhancing its customer value proposition, generating operational efficiencies and strengthening risk management capabilities. Accordingly, the Bank upgraded its ATM network platform to increase security and reliability to customers. Investments were also made in upgrading the Core Banking System, data warehousing the Core Banking System, data warehousing capabilities and POS infrastructure. The Bank launched a Green Banking Concept in demonstrating its sustainability commitments. Successfully rolled out to the Bank's Strategic Plan for 2016-2020, which is expected to further fortify the Bank's market position and deliver long-term value to its stakeholders.
 2016 The Group achieved the rupees one trillion milestones in both deposits and advance during the year, the only financial services group to achieve two trillion rupee feats in single year. The Bank was awarded the "Best Banking Group in Sri Lanka" and the "Most Sustainable Bank in Sri Lanka"  by World Finance Banking Awards for the third consecutive year. It was also adjudged the 387th largest Banking in Asia. In line with its digitization drive, the Bank launched self-banking centers computerizing  cash deposit machines (CDM), ATMs and kiosks in seven locations in Colombo, effectively catering to customers' increasing demand for convenient financial solutions and seamless banking. The Bank launched a new logo to reflect the Bank's evolution in keeping pace with new global trends and catering to the fast changing aspirations of customers.
 2017 The consolidated contribution towards national economic development via taxation, special levies and dividends over the last ten years surpassed the LKR 150 bullion mark. Additionally, the Bank received a new capital infusion pf LKR 5 billion for the first time in the past eight years. The Bank witnessed many firsts in the Digital and information Technology sphere, with the opening of Sri Lanka's first fully-digitalis-ed branch in Colombo and receiving the prestigious ISO/IEC 27001:2013 quality certification for Information Security Management first any State Bank in the nation. the 400th Largest Bank in Asia as per the Asian Banker Magazine and included in the World's Top 1000 Banks by the Banker Magazine (UK). Locally, People's Bank was crowned "Country's Best Bank in 2017" at the National Business Excellence Award and was recognized as the  second most valuable Sri Lankan brand by the global brand consecutive year, the Bank was conferred the exclusive "People's Service Brand of the Year" and "People's Banking Service Provider of the Year" Award at the SLIM-Nielsen People's Award in 2017.
 2018 LKR 10.9 billion syndicated loan facility extended to Hayleys for the acquisition of Singer Sri Lanka which it the single largest transaction of a listed company in Sri Lanka in recent time. Six alternative digital channel were launched during 2018 for the benefit and ease of customers namely People's Wave mobile banking application, People's Web/Internet banking, People's Wyn-internet banking and mobile app. for corporate clients, RLOS-Retail Loan Origination System and CLOS-Corporate Loan Origination System. Among the many finance apps in the country, People's Wave has become the most downloaded fiance app in Sri Lanka. For the 12th consecutive year, the bank was awarded the "People's Banking Service Provider of the Year". The Bank also secured the top spot as "The Banking of the Year for Excellence in Customer Convenience" at the LankaPay Technnovation Awards 2018. Further, People's Bank won the "Excellence in Local Market Reach" Award at the National Business Excellence Awards. On the global level, the Bank was once again raked among  the Top 1000 Banks in the World by the Banker Magazine, UK and, adjudged "The Best Bank in Sri Lanka" at the European Global Banking and Finance Awards 2018. Further, as a testament to our relentless commitment to excellence in digitization, People's Bank clinched the "Best Branch Digitization Initiative Program Award" in Asia Pacific Region at the Asian Banker Business Achievement Awards 2018 for Financial Technology Innovation.
 2019 The People's Bank (Amendment)  Bill was passed in Parliament in September 2019, enabling the Bank to issue debentures with relative ease to augment its regulatory capital. Post amendment, the Bank successfully raised LKR 10 billion in Base III, Tier II compliant Debentures. The roll out of self banking units (SBU's) was accelerated during the past two years to reach 239 at end 2019 a feat achieved in just three years. The success of the Bank in digital platform, is demonstrated through the numerous awards received internationally which include the Best Digital Bank 2019 by both the Asian Banker Magazine and Asian Money and being the recipient of the Best Mobile Banking Application by the Asian Banking Magazine for 2019.  At the Asian Banker Financial Technology Innovation Awards 2018, People's Bank was awarded the Best Digitization Initiative Programmed. The Bank was recognized as the Best Retail Bank in Sri Lanka and the Most Improved Retail Bank in Asian Pacific, Middle East and Africa by the Asian Banker Magazine during 2019. The Asian Development Bank in Sri Lanka, for its Trade Finance operations.

Related pages
Central bank

References

Banks of Asia
1961 establishments in Asia
Companies of Sri Lanka

People's Bank (Sri Lanka)


Alexandra "Alice" Teodorescu (born 2 May 1984) is a Romanian-Swedish legal professional with the Företagarna organisation of Swedish entrepreneurs and a liberal conservative commentator on social and political issues.

Early life
Teodorescu was born in Bucharest, Romania, but came to Sweden as a child in 1989 and was raised in Lund. She attended the Sture Academy, a training programme for young people run by liberal think tank Timbro.

Career
After completing her legal training, she worked as an intern in the Brussels office of Svenskt Näringsliv and then became a communication strategist for the newspaper. She has also been an editorial writer for newspapers including Barometern in Oskarshamn and Gotlands Allehanda. In 2009, she founded a women's network called En plats i himlen för kvinnor som hjälper varandra (a place in heaven for women who help each other).

Teodorescu "has made herself known as a provocative and fearless liberal debater". She has criticised gender quotas on corporate boards and advocated a policy of equality based on individualism rather than collectivism. She has also written on integration and education. In February 2014 she attracted much attention by calling in a debate on the Sveriges Radio channel 1 programme P1 Debatt for a clear definition of the term "racism" and questioning whether racism in Sweden was structural. She also argued that it was time for a more nuanced, less dogmatic and polarising debate on the issue. During the Almedalen week in June and July 2014  Ali Esbati refused to shake hands with Teodorescu after a live broadcast debate between the two, this after a discussion about racism in Sweden. After the debate both Teodorescu and Esbati received criticism for not considering each other's opinions. In a subsequent opinion piece in Svenska Dagbladet, Teodorescu complained about what she saw as the lenient treatment of the Green Party by the press.

References

External links

Alice Teodorescu at Svenska Dagbladet

1984 births
Living people
People from Lund
Swedish jurists
21st-century Swedish businesswomen
21st-century Swedish businesspeople
Swedish people of Romanian descent
Sommar (radio program) hosts

Alice Teodorescu


Hussian College was a private art school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Established in 1946, it offers only one degree, the Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA). It has a campus in Los Angeles, the Studio School. In August 2023, the college abruptly announced that it was closing.

History

The first class at Hussian School of Art commenced on July 1, 1946. John Hussian, a member of Philadelphia's art community and a renowned lecturer, was encouraged by what is now the Philadelphia Museum of Art to open a school for veterans returning from World War II. Working under the G.I. Bill, Hussian worked with the Pennsylvania Department of Education Vocational Training and the Veterans Administration to provide training in fine art.

In the 1960s, many local competitors transitioned to collegiate status, while feedback from the industry and enrollment numbers indicated a continued need for career training in the visual arts. With Hussian's guidance as president, the curriculum shifted to concentrate on commercial art. Hussian became a charter member in PAPSA (Pennsylvania Association of Private School Administrators) in the early 1960s.

The school was incorporated on July 1, 1969, and received its initial national accreditation as a member of National Association of Trade and Technical Schools (NATTS) in 1972.

In 1973, Ronald Dove became president of the Hussian School of Art.  Dove adopted the same curriculum model and education philosophy that Hussian had established for the institution. In 1978, Hussian applied to the Pennsylvania Department of Education for consideration to award a 4-year AST degree. Formal approval to award the degree was granted in May 1979. In 1992, Hussian received its initial accreditation from ACCSCT, now ACCSC, and has remained in good standing from the time of initial accreditation.

As Dove retired, he appointed Bruce Wartman as president in July 2010 with the intention to train his predecessor as he reduced his responsibilities. Dove's health began to suffer and he decided to sell the institution in 2011 to Education Equities, LLC. With the change of ownership, a formal board of directors was established and a strategic plan for the institution was created based on a needs assessment of the modern job market and professional art community. The planning process included introducing new institutional policies, introducing new digital media curriculum, hiring more faculty, and transitioning the institution to collegiate status.

In September 2011, Hussian submitted an application to become a degree-granting institution with the Pennsylvania Department of Education.  This decision was made based on feedback from industry advisors, alumni, and prospective students that the BFA degree was more desirable in the industry and more indicative of the program rigor of the 4-year AST program.

In May 2012, Bruce Wartman stepped down from the position of president.  Alan Garfield served as interim president for three months while the board of directors conducted a search.  In August 2012, Melissa Morgan, who was acting as Dean of Academic Affairs, was appointed president.

In November 2013, Hussian was granted the ability to begin conferring a Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) degree by the Pennsylvania Department of Education and immediately began the approval process with ACCSC.  In January 2014, Hussian received approval to add the BFA to Hussian's list of ACCSC approved programs. In January 2015 Hussian College received final approvals from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and ACCSC to change the institution name from Hussian School of Art to Hussian College.

Closure
In August 2023, the college abruptly announced that it was no longer enrolling students and was closing. Its board of trustees voted to close the college after finding "that the financial distress of the college was much deeper than previously reported and there is no way forward."

Notable alumni
Notable alumni of the Hussian School of Art include 1950s Marvel Comics artist Joe Maneely, and his classmate George Ward, an artist for periodicals including the Philadelphia Bulletin and the New York Daily News, and a 1950s assistant on Walt Kelly's comic strip Pogo.

See also
List of colleges and universities in Pennsylvania
List of colleges and universities in California
List of art schools
List of film schools in the United States

References

External links
Official website

Art schools in Pennsylvania
Education in Pennsylvania
Vocational education
Educational institutions established in 1946
Universities and colleges in Philadelphia
1946 establishments in Pennsylvania
Private universities and colleges in Pennsylvania

Hussian College


Sașa Pană (; pen name of Alexandru Binder; 8 August 1902—22 August 1981) was a Romanian avant-garde poet, novelist, and short story writer.

Biography
Born to a Jewish family in Bucharest, he trained as a physician in Iași and Bucharest, becoming a qualified combat medic in 1927. He was more interested in a literary career, which he had begun in 1925, after publishing several Symbolism-inspired poems under the title Răbojul unui muritor ("A Mortal's Tally"). He was to be more attracted to Dada themes, moving on to Surrealism soon after. Pană financed and edited the 1928 avant-garde magazine named unu (lower case was used on purpose). The magazine was the basis for a publishing house of the same name, which Pană used for printing works by the likes of Urmuz, Tristan Tzara, Stephan Roll, Ilarie Voronca, as well as his own. His prose took the form of very short pieces that merged the short story form with poem, reportage, and manifesto.

He adapted André Breton's pure psychic automatism technique to his own creations - Diagrame ("Diagrams"; 1930), Echinox orbitor ("Blinding Equinox"; 1931), Viața romanțată a lui Dumnezeu ("The Romanticized Life of God"; 1932). In later volumes such as Cuvântul talisman ("The Word-Amulet"; 1933), Călătorie cu funicularul ("Journey on the Funicular"; 1934), Sașa Pană expanded on the style, doubling automatism with apparent elegies of a more traditional format.

Many of Pană's writings were combined with drawings by notable artists such as M. H. Maxy, Man Ray, Victor Brauner, Pablo Picasso, and Marcel Janco.

He also authored the 1973 novel Născut în '02. Memorii, file de jurnal ("Born in 02. Memoirs and diary pages").

Pană died in Bucharest.

1902 births
1981 deaths
Neo-Dada
Jewish novelists
Jewish poets
Writers from Bucharest
Romanian communists
Romanian memoirists
Romanian male novelists
Romanian male poets
Romanian male short story writers
Romanian short story writers
Romanian surrealist writers
20th-century Romanian novelists
20th-century Romanian poets
20th-century short story writers
20th-century memoirists

Sașa Pană


New Jersey's 13th congressional district was a congressional district which was created for the 73rd United States Congress in 1933, based on redistricting following the 1930 United States census. It was last represented by Democrat Albio Sires when it was eliminated due to redistricting following the 2010 United States census. Most of this district became part of a newly redrawn 8th district in 2013.

Geography
From 2003 to 2013, (based on redistricting following the 2000 census), the district contains portions of 4 counties and 17 municipalities:

Essex County:
Newark (part; also 10)

Hudson County:
Bayonne (part), East Newark, Guttenberg, Harrison, Hoboken, Jersey City (part; also 9 and 10), Kearny (part; also 9), North Bergen (part; also 9), Union City, Weehawken, West New York

Middlesex County:
Carteret, Perth Amboy, Woodbridge Township (part; also 7)

Union County:
Elizabeth (part; also 10), Linden (part; also 7 and 10)

Demography

Before district elimination based on the last redistricting in 2013, of the district's 647,258 residents, 308,247 identified themselves as being Hispanic, accounting for 47.6% of the district's population.

2006 elections

This district was considered solidly Democratic, with the winner of the Democratic Party primary the near-certain winner in November's general election, both in the special and regular elections.

Sires won the seat in a special election on November 7, 2006, after Bob Menendez resigned from this seat on January 16, 2006 in advance of his assumption of the Senate seat vacated by Jon Corzine, who in turn left his Senate seat to become Governor of New Jersey. Sires also won the general election, and will represent the district through at least 2008.

The two most prominent names running for the seat in the regular election were the former Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly, Albio Sires of West New York, and Assemblyman Joseph Vas, who is also Mayor of Perth Amboy, both of whom ran in the Democratic primary. While the two faced off to fill the full two-year term, Vas decided not to run in the special election to fill the two months remaining in Menendez's term.

In the primary for the full two-year term, held on June 6, 2006, Albio Sires beat Joseph Vas, capturing almost 75% of the vote.  In the general election, Sires beat Republican John Guarini who had run unopposed for the GOP nod.

In the special primary to fill the remaining two months of the current term, Sires won approximately 90% of the vote, defeating James Geron, assuring Sires of the seat as no Republican opposed him in the special election. Sires was sworn into Congress on November 13, 2006.

Election results from statewide races

List of members representing the district

References

 Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present

13
Essex County, New Jersey
Hudson County, New Jersey
Middlesex County, New Jersey
Union County, New Jersey
Former congressional districts of the United States
Constituencies established in 1933
1933 establishments in New Jersey
Constituencies disestablished in 2013
2013 disestablishments in New Jersey


André Boyer is a French-Canadian poker player from Acton Vale, Quebec, Canada, who has won a World Series of Poker bracelet.

Boyer first cashed in the World Series of Poker in 1996, and also made the $10,000 No Limit Hold'em Main Event final table that year.  He finished in 6th place, winning $97,500 in that tournament which was won by Huck Seed.  He also cashed in the 2007 main event, earning $29,883 for his 434th-place finish.

Boyer won his WSOP bracelet in 2005 in the $3,000 No Limit Hold'em event, earning $682,810 in addition to the title.  He defeated a final table that included John Duthie and Matthew Glantz, whom Boyer defeated heads-up to win the title.

Boyer has made numerous other final tables at the WSOP, most recently finishing in 222nd place in the 2009 40th Annual World Series of Poker.

As of 2015, Boyer's total tournament winnings exceed $1,500,000.

He lived in Las Vegas for 18 years in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s but has since moved back to his native Quebec where he was the colour commentator for the World Series of Poker French-Canadian broadcasts on RDS between 2003 and 2008. He was instrumental in the establishment of the Canadian National Poker Tournament League and Ligue de tournois de poker du Québec.

References

Canadian poker players
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
Poker commentators
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Andre Boyer (poker player)


Jacksonian democracy is an era in the history of the United states. It started when president Jackson was elected in 1828, and it ended about 25 years later. Jackson did a number of reforms:

 The right to vote in elections was given to all white males over age 21; beforehand it had been limited to white landowners.
 The power of the us government was cut back
 Lassez-faire: the economy will regulate itself, and needs little intervention

19th century in the United States

Jacksonian democracy


Nguyễn Lộc (Thạch Thất district, 8 April 1912 –  4 April 1960) was a Vietnamese martial arts teacher. He was the founder of Vovinam (Việt Võ Đạo).

Grandmaster Lộc was born in Hữu Bằng village, Thạch Thất district, then part of Sơn Tây province, now a district of Hanoi. He was the eldest of five children of Nguyễn Dinh Xuyen and Nguyễn Thị Hoa.

In his younger years he trained in traditional Vietnamese martial arts. In 1938, grandmaster Nguyễn introduced his style "Vovinam" to the public. After a demonstration in 1939 in Hanoi, Vovinam quickly spread across the country, and internationally to the Vietnamese diaspora via France. However the French banned the movement in 1942.

In 1946 when Vietnam became officially at war with the French, Lộc organised his students in resistance in the Hanoi area, but a disagreement with the Viet Minh led to him disbanding his group and retreating to his home village. He emigrated to South Vietnam in the 1950s.

After grandmaster Nguyễn's death in 1960, His senior student, Grandmaster Lê Sáng continued the development and international promotion of Vovinam until his own death on September 27, 2010.

References

1912 births
1960 deaths
Vietnamese martial artists
Sportspeople from Hanoi

Nguyễn Lộc


The Nehushtan (Hebrew:  Nəḥuštān [nə.ħuʃ.taːn]) is the bronze serpent on a pole first described in the Book of Numbers. God told Moses to make it. This was to cure the Israelites. Those who saw the nehushtan would be cured from the deathly bites of the "fiery serpents". God initially sent the fiery serpents to punish them for speaking against Him and Moses ().

In the biblical Books of Kings (; written c. 550 BCE), King Hezekiah leads an iconoclastic reform. This requires the destruction of "the brazen serpent that Moses had made; for unto those days the children of Israel did burn incense to it; and it was called Nehushtan". The term means "a brazen thing, a mere piece of brass".

Footnotes

Pages with unreviewed translations

Nehushtan


The Slow Mutants is a  fantasy novella by American writer Stephen King, originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction in July 1981. In 1982, "The Slow Mutants" was collected with four other stories King published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction as The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger. "The Slow Mutants" formed the fourth chapter of the book, and was slightly revised for the inclusion.

Plot

Roland and Jake make their way through a railway tunnel using a hand car cart created by the Great Old Ones. During this time, to distract the boy, Roland tells him a story of his childhood (which is also told in Wizard and Glass and The Gunslinger Born).

At age fourteen, Roland discovered his mother having an affair with his father's court magician, Marten Broadcloak. Marten taunted Roland in order to spur him into an early trial to prove his worth as a gunslinger, in order that he would fail and be sent into exile, therefore ending potential trouble for the Good Man and Crimson King to whom Marten secretly swore allegiance. Roland faced his teacher Cort, using his hawk David as his weapon and deliberately sacrificing him in order to gain the upper hand, and passed the trial.

While traveling through the mountain, Roland and Jake are attacked by a pack of slow mutants, who block the track in an attempt to catch them. Jake clears the obstruction just in time for them to escape, and they travel on to the edge of a deep chasm spanned by a dilapidated trestle. They abandon the hand car and start crossing on foot. Nearing the other end, Jake slips and Roland catches him, but the man in black arrives to offer Roland a choice: let the boy die or never catch him. Roland lets Jake fall to his death and exits the tunnel with the man in black.

See also

Short fiction by Stephen King

References

1980s novellas
Fantasy short stories
Novellas by Stephen King
The Dark Tower (series) short stories
Works originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction

The Slow Mutants


The Kelso Home for Girls, formerly the Kelso Home and Orphan Asylum in Baltimore, Maryland, was a 19th-century orphanage and school building for girls on East Baltimore Street in the Jonestown/Old Town neighborhood, east of the Jones Falls. It was founded by businessman and philanthropist Thomas Kelso, (1784–1878), a former member of the old Methodist Episcopal Church, and inaugurated in January 1874. Formerly the  Towson Family YMCA, it is now the Y of Central Maryland Towson Family Center.

History
Relocation of the Kelso Home for Girls to Towson took place September 27, 1925. Originally, it was thought that the campus would accommodate both boys and girls, but with the advent of donated property in Eldersburg, Maryland, the boys were located to the Strawbridge Home for Boys.  The site was purchased for $300,000 from the heirs of Thomas W. Offutt who had acquired it from the Amos Matthews / Woodbine estate, to erect the home on its  natural campus at 600 West Chesapeake avenue, Towson.

The design of the Towson facility is credited to Otto Eugene Adams, a Maryland architect.  The original building, a brick Colonial structure, contained accommodations for 80 girls, an assembly hall, infirmary, play rooms, and other features.  Several outbuildings were to have been added at a later date, but were never completed. Thomas Hicks & Son Inc., were contracted to erect the building, the original cost being estimated at $100,000.

A dedication of the completed home, presided over by Methodist Episcopal Bishop William McDowell, occurred in 1925.  Several prominent Methodists and other friends of the institution attended the dedicatory services, including Revs. Dr. F. R. Bayley, Dr. J. B. Gillum, and Dr. E. T. Mowbray, district superintendents of the Baltimore Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church; Louis Moller, president of the board of trustees of the home; Walter Kirwan, secretary to the board of managers for the home; and Mrs. Ella J. Kilcourse, superintendent of the home.  Milton W. Gatch, lay organizer of fundraising for the new home, officially presented it to the bishop. Accounts from the attending guests describe the home's interior appointments as having wide hallways and a bright living room with cretonne curtains, that opened into a sun parlor. The home's dining room was furnished with Windsor chairs and tables.  The smaller children were grouped into dormitories, having ivory-colored woodwork and beds, while the older girls were to be settled into single and double rooms that had mahogany-colored furniture.

In 1958, under the direction of W. Gibbs McKenney, president of the board of the home, the campus and structure were sold to the Baltimore YMCA organization for use as the Towson Family YMCA branch. The Kelso Home organization had 85 years of service behind it at the time (1958) the charity moved from Towson. The girls orphanage was named for its original benefactor, Thomas Kelso, (1784–1878), who began the charity at a location in eastern downtown Baltimore neighborhood of Jonestown/Old Town, east of the Jones Falls.

The Y of Central Maryland completed a master plan for Towson in 1995, then generated a "feasibility study and preliminary design" for phased renovation of what would be a  facility in 2000.  In January 2008 those schemes were superseded by a plan to raze all the buildings on the site.

Baltimore County government and the current owner, Y of Central Maryland, are involved in an arrangement where the county would purchase 4 to 5 acres (about 2 ha) of the property for use as recreational fields.  Design of a new 45,000 s.f. facility, to be begun in 2010, was unveiled by the YMCA of Central Maryland at a fundraiser.  Development as stated "specifically designed to garner LEED certification" will not however seek credit available under that programs 'Materials and Resources (MR)' Credits 1/1.1 or 1.2. for 'Building Reuse'.  Plans are to raze all existing structures after completion of the new facility.

References

Buildings and structures in Baltimore County, Maryland
Demolished buildings and structures in Baltimore
Towson, Maryland
Orphanages in Maryland
YMCA buildings in the United States
History of women in Maryland
Buildings and structures completed in 1925
1925 establishments in Maryland
Baltimore County, Maryland landmarks
Beaux-Arts architecture in Maryland

Kelso Home for Girls


Sơn La Dam is a concrete gravity dam on the Black River in Ít Ong, Mường La District, Sơn La Province, Vietnam.  It is the largest hydroelectric power station in Southeast Asia.

History
The project was proposed in the 1970s.  Several studies were carried out, including by the Moscow Institute of Hydroelectric and Industry, Electricity and Power Distribution Company (Japan), Designing Research and Production Shareholding Company (Moscow) and SWECO (Sweden).  In May 2000, the National Assembly of Vietnam postponed the decision due to lack of information on relocation and compensation plans and for feasibility studies for a scaled-down version of the dam. The project was approved by the National Assembly in December 2002.  Construction of the dam began on 2 December 2005.

On 17 December 2010, the first turbine was connected to the power grid.  It was officially put into operation on 7 January 2011.  The second turbine was put to operation on 10 May 2011, the third turbine on 20 October 2011, the fourth turbine on 22 December 2011, the fifth turbine on 30 April 2012, and the sixth turbine on 26 September 2012.  The project was completed on 20 December 2012.

Description
The dam is an RCC Gravity Dam  high and  wide at the base. Its length is over .  It was designed by Hydroproject of Russia.

The power plant consists of six turbines with generating capacity of 400 MW each.  It has a total capacity of 2,400 MW with an expected annual generation of 10,246 GWh.  The total cost of the project was US$2 billion.  The plant is owned by Vietnam Electricity.  Turbines are installed by Lilama Joint Stock Co No 10.

Impact
The project required displacement of more than 91,000 ethnic minority people, the largest resettlement in Vietnam's history.  Two pilot resettlement sites were established in 2003, and resettlement started in 2005.

References

External links

Son La Dam - Vietnam National Committee on Large Dams

Hydroelectric power stations in Vietnam
Dams in Vietnam
Buildings and structures in Sơn La province
Dams completed in 2010
Dams on the Black River (Asia)

Sơn La Dam


Javier Sologuren Moreno (Lima, 19 January 1921 – 21 May 2004) was a Peruvian writer and poet.

Biography
Javier Sologuren received a doctoral degree in Hispanic literature at the National University of San Marcos and also made postdegree studies at the Colegio de México and the University of Leuven, Belgium. Between 1951 and 1957 he became a teacher at the University of Lund, Sweden, where he was also a Spanish language lecturer and where he married. Back in Peru he was a professor at the universities of San Marcos, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina and Enrique Guzmán y Valle "La Cantuta" in Lima.

Sologuren was also editor/printer of Ediciones de la Rama Florida, which published 145 titles of Peruvian and foreign poetry between 1959 and 1972 (he made the visual design and the printing himself). Many young poets premiered their works in this editions, among them Luis Hernández, Antonio Cisneros, Javier Heraud.

In the 1970s he was director of Creación & Crítica magazine, together with poets Armando Rojas and Ricardo Silva-Santisteban. In the 1980s he was director of Cielo Abierto cultural magazine.

Sologuren and Jorge Eduardo Eielson were the main representatives of the poetic branch of movement generación del 50 in Peru.

Works
Sologuren aims for a pure poetics that transcends everyday life, using diverse images and elaborated thoughts. He collected all his poetic production in the book Vida continua, that he re-edited several times during his life. He is also important as a translator of Chinese and Japanese classical literature into Spanish.
 El morador (1944)
 Detenimientos (1947)
 Dédalo dormido (1949)
 Bajo los ojos del amor (1950)
 Otoño, endechas (1959)
 Estancias (1960)
 La gruta de la sirena (1961)
 Vida continua (1966, 1971)
 Recinto (1967)
 Surcando el aire oscuro (1970)
 Corola parva (1977)
 Folios del Enamorado y la Muerte (1980)
 Jaikus escritos en un amanecer de otoño (1986)
 Retornelo (1986)
 Catorce versos dicen (1987)
 Folios de El Enamorado y la Muerte & El amor y los cuerpos (1988)
 Poemas 1988 (1988)
 Vida Continua. Obra poética (1939–1989) (1989)
 Un trino en la ventana vacía (1992, 1993)
 Hojas del herbolario (1995).

Awards
 Premio Nacional de Poesía (1960)
 Premio "Rafael Heliodoro Valle" (México, 1983)
 Premio "Pérez Bonalde" (Venezuela, 1995)
 Premio SUNAT "Miguel de Cervantes, recaudador de impuestos" (Lima, 2001)

External links
 Javier Sologuren (in Spanish)

Writers from Lima
1921 births
2004 deaths
20th-century Peruvian poets
Peruvian male poets
20th-century male writers
Peruvian anthologists
Peruvian translators
Haiku poets
20th-century translators
Peruvian expatriates in Mexico
Peruvian expatriates in Belgium

Javier Sologuren


Marcus Aurelius Olympius Nemesianus was a Roman poet thought to have been a native of Carthage and flourished about AD 283. He was a popular poet at the court of the Roman emperor Carus (Historia Augusta, Carus, 11).

Works
The works below are by, or sometimes attributed to, Nemesianus

Didactic poetry
Nemesianus wrote poems on the arts of fishing (Halieutica), aquatics (Nautica) and hunting (Cynegetica), but only a fragment of the last, 325 hexameter lines, has been preserved. It is neatly expressed in good Latin, and was used as a school textbook in the 9th century AD.

Two fragments exist of a poem about bird catching (De aucupio), which are sometimes attributed to Nemesianus, although this attribution is considered doubtful.

The Eclogues

Four eclogues, formerly attributed to Titus Calpurnius Siculus, are now generally considered to be by Nemesianus.

The Praise of Hercules
The Praise of Hercules, sometimes printed in Claudian's works, may be by him.

Editions
Complete edition of the works attributed to him in Emil Baehrens, Poetae Latini Minores, iii. (1881); Cynegetica: ed. Moritz Haupt (with Ovid's Halieutica and Grattius) 1838, and R. Stern, with Grattius (1832); Italian translation with notes by L. F. Valdrighi (1876). The four eclogues are printed with those of Calpurnius in the editions of H. Schenkl (1885) and Charles Haines Keene (1887); see L. Cisorio, Studio sulle Egloghe di Nemesiano (1895) and Dell' imitazione nelle Egloghe di Nemesiano (1896); and M. Haupt, De Carminibus Bucolicis Calpurnii et Nemesiani (1853), the chief treatise on the subject. The text of the Cynegetica, the Eclogues, and the doubtful Fragment on Bird-Catching were published in Vol. II of Minor Latin Poets (Loeb Classical Library with English translations (1934).

See also
Tiberianus (poet)

References

External links
Nemesianus, Latin text and English translations in the Loeb edition, at LacusCurtius.

Ancient Roman poets
Post–Silver Age Latin writers
3rd-century Romans
3rd-century poets
Aurelii
3rd-century writers in Latin

Nemesianus


A plow or plough is a tool or machine used for several jobs, including farming and snow removal. It is pushed or pulled across the ground. Human power or other animal power was usual in past centuries; in the 20th century plows are mostly pulled by tractors. The plow lifts and turns dirt and makes two lines of dirt behind it. Turning the soil buries weeds, brings more nutrients to the top, and loosens the soil. Crops grow better in land that has been plowed.

History

Early in the agricultural revolution, simple hand-held digging sticks or hoes would have been used in areas with good soil, such as the area near the Nile River in Africa. At the Nile, the annual flood makes the soil better by rejuvenating it, to create places where seeds could be planted. To help crops grow in areas where floods were rare, the soil had to be rejuvenated in a different way. This is when plowing was first used, and hoes were the first plows.

Basic English 850 words
Agricultural machinery
Farming tools

Plow


The French Basque Kintra or Northren Basque Kintra (, , , i.e. "the North Side") constitutes the north-eastren pairt o the Basque Kintra an the wastren pairt o the French depairtment o the Pyrénées-Atlantiques (arrondissements o Bayonne an pairt o Oloron). Wi 2,869 km², it is delimited in the north bi the depairtment o Landes, in the wast bi the Bay o Biscay, in the sooth bi the Soothren Basque Kintra an in the east bi Béarn (awtho in the Bearnese veelage o Esquiule Basque is spoken), which is the eastren pairt o the depairtment. Bayonne an Biarritz (conglomeration BAB) ar its chief touns. It is a popular tourist destination an is somewha distinct frae neighbourin pairts o aither Fraunce or the Soothren Basque Kintra, syne it wis no industrialized as Biscay o Gipuzkoa an remained agricultural an a beach destination.

Basques describe the northren Basque Kintra as the union o three "French provinces" in the northeast o the traditional Basque Kintra:
 Lawer Navarre (Nafarroa Beherea in Basque, Basse-Navarre in French, till 1789 Kinrick o Navarre (linkt tae the keengs o Fraunce). 1,284 km².
 Labourd (Lapurdi in Basque). 800 km².
 Soule (Zuberoa in Basque). 785 km².

Its Basque name is Iparralde ("Northren Side") while the pairt o the Basque Kintra locatit in Spain is cawed Hegoalde ("Southren Side").

Its population haes been: 126,493 (in 1801); 162,365 (1851); 226,749 (1979) (79% in Labourd, 13% in Lawer Navarre, 8% in Soule); 259,850 (1990) (81%; 13%; 6% respectively); 262,000 (1999 census).

Accordin tae an inquiry o 2006, 22.5% wur bilinguals (French-Basque), 8.6% wur French-speakers who unnerstand Basque, an 68.9% wur no Basque-speakers. But the results wur vera different in the three zones; in the inner land (Basse Navarre an Soule) 66.2% speak or unnerstand Basque; in the coast (Labourd) thay ar 36.9% ; an in the B.A.B. urban zone (Bayonne-Anglet-Biarritz) ae a 14.2% speak or unnerstand Basque (accordin tae anither inquiry, 20% o the B.A.B. fowk can speak or unnerstand the Gascon leid). The proportion o French-Basque bilingual speakers fell frae 26.4% in 1996 tae 22.5% in 2006.

Thare is a Basque naitionalist poleetical movement, born in 1963 wi the Enbata mouvement (forbidden in 1974) an nou wi Abertzaleen Batasuna an ithers, which seeks a split o Pyrénées-Atlantiques intae twa French departments: Pays Basque an Béarn; some ither naitionalist pairties ar EAJ, EA an Batasuna which hae a reduced, amaist seembolic presence, especially when compared tae the soothren Basque Kintra. Thir poleetical pairties historically receive fewer than 15% o the votes in the destrict elections.

In the 1980s an 1990s, a paramilitary group cawed Iparretarrak (the northreners) uised violence tae seek unthirldom; it haes been inactive in recent years.

On Januar 29, 1997, the aurie wis made an offeecial "pays" o Fraunce unner the name "Pays Basque", that is, a representative body promotin several activities, but athoot its awn budget.

Basque
Dividit regions

French Basque Kintra