Cherry Grove (often referred to locally as the Grove) is a hamlet in the Town of Brookhaven, Suffolk County, New York, United States. It is located on Fire Island, a barrier island separated from the southern side of Long Island by the Great South Bay. The hamlet has approximately 300 houses on , a summer seasonal population of 2,000 and a year-round population of 15.

Cherry Grove, along with nearby Fire Island Pines, is considered one of the most popular lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT)–accepting resort communities in the United States.

History

19th century
Cherry Grove dates its modern history to the 1868 purchase by Archer and Elizabeth Perkinson. They bought the land between Lone Hill (now Fire Island Pines) and the Cherry Grove Hotel from the ocean to the bay for 25 cents per acre and named the area for the black-cherry trees in the area.  The Perkinsons opened a hotel in 1880. According to local legend Oscar Wilde stayed at the Perkinson Hotel.

20th century
In 1921, the Perkinson family sold all the land east of Duryea Walk to Lone Hill, and then divided what was left into 109 building lots. A lot 50 ×  could be purchased for $250 or less, and ocean-front lots cost no more than a dollar a front foot. Buildings from the newly deactivated Camp Upton in Yaphank, were ported over to form the core of the new colony. A post office was established in 1922 at the site of where "Tides" (formerly "The Monster") is today; the first boardwalks were built in 1929. In 1930, Duffy's Hotel replaced the original hotel and was the only place with electricity and a phone.

The 1938 Long Island Express Hurricane destroyed much of Cherry Grove and discouraged mainlanders from coming. In their stead a new generation started coming from Manhattan including Greta Garbo, Xavier Cugat, Paulette Goddard, Pola Negri, Arlene Francis, and Earl Blackwell Jr. (publisher of the International Celebrity Register).

In the 1950s, Cherry Grove became a "safe haven" or "LGBTQ mecca", one of three that included Provincetown, Massachusetts, and Key West, where they "could only fleetingly enjoy a carefree, 24-hour-a-day queer life by running off to a handful of destinations comfortably removed from a homophobic America." Only 60 miles from New York City, it was isolated because of its location off Long Island that required access by a ferry or, at the time, seaplane. The gay aura of the town supposedly arose when Christopher Isherwood and W. H. Auden arrived dressed as Dionysus and Ganymede, carried aloft on a gilded litter by a group of singing followers. The hamlet's major hotel and lounge in the 1950s was Duffy's, which burned on September 27, 1956, and was replaced by the Ice Palace Hotel. John Eberhardt, a developer who died in 2014, was credited for building the Belvedere Hotel and many other properties in the hamlet, from 1956 to the 1970s.

21st century
The Grove is home to three massive homes: Cielo E Mar (an aria from the 1876 opera La Gioconda which translates to "Sky and Sea"), the Belvedere, and Bottom of the Garden. While the Grove has its charms, several residents in 2005 expressed concerns about the lack of any services and population in the winter, the high cost of food and beverages, some "disrespectful visitors who come to party ... 'Day trippers'" (especially on the 4th of July), over-regulation of zoning by the town of Brookhaven, and a large population of voracious deer who eat up both beach grass and private gardens. A new generation of entertainers and socialites call Cherry Grove their summer home, including Hedda Lettuce, Michael Musto, Panzi, and Wanda Sykes and her wife and children.

In 2013, the Cherry Grove Community House and Theatre was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, one of only a few sites so far listed for their role in American LGBT history.

A "pop-up" urgent care center opened in 2014, which is part of Northwell Health; a golf cart for emergency medical services was also purchased for the Grove, for the new 24/7 paramedic services.  Local residents "raised about $90,000 from donors to hire locally based paramedics, which have responded to more than 30 calls since May as of mid-August and will remain staffed through the end of September, when bustling crowds thin out at the beach."

In the early morning hours of March 27, 2015, an epic fire of historic proportions "destroyed" the Grove Hotel, Holly House, and two residential homes nearby; 23 fire companies responded from Fire Island and the south shore of Long Island and three firefighters were injured.  The fire "engulfed" the surrounding properties, but the fire departments were able to put out the blaze, in this, "one of the most popular LGBTQ destinations."  According to its social media accounts, the Ice Palace, a famous nightclub, "had negligible damage", but was not destroyed along with the hotel. The hotel has since been rebuilt.

Neighborhoods

The entire community has a single seasonal post office, on Bayview Walk near the main dock, open from May 1 to October 31, which is a popular place to congregate.  Full services, such as money orders, are available at the Sayville, New York, post office, reachable from the ferry.  The ZIP Code is 11782.

Despite the small size of the hamlet, at about 41 acres, the community is further divided into three or four neighborhoods, from west to east:
 The quiet, residential West End, where the few year-round residents live in about 100 houses marked by stone chimneys, runs across the island from West Walk to Holly Walk.  This was formerly the home of artist Paul Cadmus.
 The central business district, or Town, from Holly Walk to Doctor's Walk, and the beach to the bay, includes the Fire House, Community Center/Arts Project, The Ice Palace Resort, a clinic, and the public ferry dock, as well as a few cooperatives, bars, grocery stores, art galleries, realtors, and restaurants.  It is more densely settled than the rest of the hamlet.  Several major structures in the center were "destroyed" by a large fire in March 2015, including the Grove Hotel (since rebuilt) and Holly House.
 The residential East End, from Doctor's Walk to Ivy Walk, and south of Bayview Walk, consists exclusively of about 100 private homes, almost all of which are seasonal.  The northeastern section of the East End, north of Bayview Walk, has a few private homes and the Belvedere Guest House for Men; some properties also have their own private docks. Once connected to Fire Island Pines, erosion and rising waters caused a collapse of the northeastern extension of Bayview Walk. Most of Bayview Walk was reconstructed in spring 2014.

Cherry Grove is accessible via two major walks (Bayview and Lewis), which are generally parallel to the beach, and sixteen minor walks (Ivy, Sumner, Maryland, Aeon, Gerard, Greene, Duryea, Doctors, Main, Ocean, Holly, Surf, Beach, Sea, East, and West), which are generally perpendicular to the beach. South Walk (not shown in the map at right) is parallel to the beach and extends between Surf and Beach Walks.

Recreation and sites of interest

The Community House, located near the intersection of Holly and Bayview Walks, provides a wide variety of public services to the Grove. Generally speaking, gay couples and activities are the norm. In 2013, the Cherry Grove Community House and Theatre was named to the National Register of Historic Places for "the enormous role it played in shaping what gradually evolved into America's First Gay and Lesbian Town."

Outdoor activities
The main outdoor attraction is the beach and the surrounding protected portions of the Fire Island National Seashore.  Clothing-optional sunbathing is common at the beach. The hamlet's easternmost dunes have been nicknamed the "Meat Rack".

Entertainment and dining
There are at least six restaurants that operate within Cherry Grove, varying from pizza and breakfast to seafood and fine-dining.  Also, there are at least four entertainment venues hosting plays, art shows, dancing, underwear parties, drag shows, and various community events.

As of 2005, there were five bars, but one closed during the Great Recession of the late 2000s. The bars/clubs in Cherry Grove are Cherry's on the Bay and the Ice Palace.

Accommodations

Accommodations in Cherry Grove are the Belvedere Guest House (men only), Dune Point, and the Ice Palace Resort (formerly the Grove Hotel).

Civic activities
Civic activities in the Grove include charity events and an Awards Night, during which votes are taken and titles bestowed upon residents and local businesses. The Arts Project of Cherry Grove hosts a flea market, drag shows, and a gala dinner and dance in late September.

There is a sense of civic virtue in The Grove; people volunteer at CGFD, the Cherry Grove Community Association, on environmental projects, and even painting the edges of the boardwalks.

Annual events
A big event on the Cherry Grove social calendar is the Fourth of July weekend "Invasion of the Pines", which dates back to July 4, 1976, when a resident of the Grove showed up wearing drag in Fire Island Pines and was refused service. In the 1970s, the Pines was a more-conservative, more-heterosexual community than the Grove.

There are two annual drag show contests in Cherry Grove: the Homecoming Queen show over Memorial Day weekend, and the Miss Fire Island the longest running contest the weekend after Labor Day.

Fauna and flora
The ecosystem of Cherry Grove is primarily pine barrens; however, there are several microclines and ecological niches.

Deer are common and quite tame on Fire Island.  As noted, some residents consider deer to be a nuisance, while others enjoy seeing wildlife close to their summer homes.

Racoons, foxes, and many species of birds can be seen throughout the summer.

Cherry Grove is named for the many wild cherry trees that bloom each June in the area.

Transportation

Cherry Grove is only accessible by water with most residents and visitors using a passenger ferry or private water taxi. A small marina is also available. There are no private vehicles in this part of Fire Island, although police and service vehicles are seen on the beach from time to time.  The Grove has no paved roads and the cottages and beach are only accessible using a series of wooden boardwalks.

Sayville Ferry
Cherry Grove can be accessed via the Sayville Ferry Service departing from Sayville, New York, across the Great South Bay. The Long Island Rail Road connects Sayville to New York City.

Passengers connecting between the Sayville LIRR Station and the Sayville Ferry service can pay for a shuttle van or taxi ride, or may walk or ride their bicycle the mile and a half distance. People driving cars may park in large, gravel parking lots across the street from the ferry dock.

Fire Island Water Taxi
Visitors arriving by car may park at the Robert Moses State Park "Field Five" parking lot. After reaching the Fire Island Lighthouse, the Fire Island Water Taxi will ferry paying customers to the Grove. A water taxi provides short-distance transportation for those moving from place to place along the coast of Fire Island. The fare and schedule for the taxi service varies by season.

Emergency services

Fire department
The Cherry Grove Fire Department (CGFD) is an all-volunteer department, that has an Insurance Services Office (ISO) class 3 rating. Adjacent each of the community's 18 fire hydrants are "hose houses" (sheds) containing firefighting hose, hydrant adapters, and appliances that would be needed by the members to suppress a fire; this is due to the unique nature of Cherry Grove. There are no roads, only 6 foot wide boardwalks that change with the island's topography, and a typical fire engine would exceed the boardwalk's weight rating. If a fire or emergency is spotted, one should call 911. A fire siren is activated, which along with pagers, alerts the members to respond.

CGFD is a Basic Life Support First Response (BLSFR) agency, and as such has New York state certified emergency medical technicians that operate in conjunction with Cherry Grove EMS and the Suffolk County Police Department's marine bureau officers, to mitigate medical emergencies and patient transport. CGFD receives assistance from both neighboring Fire Island fire departments as well as mainland departments via ferry or fire boat (such as Sayville Fire Department) in case of large fires, as happened in March 2015 when a fire destroyed several commercial properties in the business district.

Health care

Northwell Health operates two urgent care facilities on Fire Island (one in Cherry Grove and the other in nearby Ocean Beach). These centers operate during the summer from Memorial Day through Labor Day, and are open for walk-in patient visits seven days a week from 9 to 11 a.m. and 4 to 6 p.m. If patients require medical treatment outside of those hours, the Immediate Care Center's physician can be reached on call by contacting local police.

Good Samaritan Hospital, South Shore University Hospital, and Long Island Community Hospital are located  across the Great South Bay from Fire Island in the Long Island hamlets of West Islip, Bay Shore, and East Patchogue, respectively. A heliport for medevac helicopter use is adjacent to Good Samaritan Hospital. Specially equipped boats provided by the Suffolk County Police Department Marine Bureau docked at the various communities on Fire Island provide emergency transportation to individuals in need of dire medical care. In many cases, Long Island based ambulances will meet the boats once they cross the Bay (roughly 4.5 miles) and then drive individuals the short distance to one of the three hospitals. Also, one emergency access road connects Long Island (West Islip) to Fire Island (Kismet). However, the road ends there and does not extend the full length of the island into the other communities.

See also
 Dancer from the Dance

References

Further reading (most recent first)

 Brett Beemyn (ed.), Creating a Place For Ourselves: Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Community Histories.  Routledge, 2013. .
 Marc Lallanilla, Neil Edward Schlecht, and Brian Silverman, Frommer's New York State, Edition 5, unabridged, pp. 164–169. John Wiley & Sons, 2011. .
 Esther Newton, Cherry Grove, Fire Island: Sixty Years in America's First Gay and Lesbian Town. Beacon Press, 1993. On Google Books.  .

External links

 Cherry Grove Community Association (CGCAI)
 Cherry Grove Fire Department (CGFD)
 Cherry Grove, Fire Island Online Travel Guide
 Cherry Grove Guys
 Fire Island Q News, Fire Island Pines and Cherry Grove Monthly Gay Webzine
 Fire Island Website: News and Travel Guide

Brookhaven, New York
Fire Island, New York
Hamlets in New York (state)
Gay villages in New York (state)
Hamlets in Suffolk County, New York
Entertainment districts in New York (state)
Populated coastal places in New York (state)

Cherry Grove, New York


Netochka Nezvanova () is an unfinished novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky. It was originally intended as a large scale work in the form of a 'confession', but a background sketch of the eponymous heroine's childhood and adolescence is all that was completed and published. According to translator Jane Kentish, this first publication was intended as "no more than a prologue to the novel". Dostoevsky began work on the novel in 1848 and the first completed section was published at the end of 1849. Further work was prevented by the author's arrest and exile to a Siberian detention camp for his part in the activities of the Petrashevsky Circle. After his return in 1859, Dostoevsky never resumed work on Netochka Nezvanova, leaving this fragment forever incomplete.

The novel is in the style of a Bildungsroman, depicting experiences and emotions from Netochka's formative years, as recalled by her in maturity.

Plot
The plot unfolds in three distinct sections, corresponding to upheavals in the heroine's life.

Chapters 1–3 are predominantly concerned with Netochka's recollections of her childhood with her mother and stepfather in St. Petersburg, up until the time of their deaths. She begins with the background story of her stepfather, Efimov, a talented but self-obsessed violinist, whom she describes as "the strangest and most extraordinary person I have ever known" and a man whose powerful influence over her affected the rest of her life. Efimov's madness brings terrible poverty and discord to the family, and leaves the child with a premature and painful insight into the dark side of human emotions. This part of her life comes to an end when Efimov kills her mother, after which he himself becomes completely insane and dies.

Netochka is adopted by Prince X., an acquaintance of her stepfather, and chapters 4 and 5 are concerned with the orphaned girl's immersion in this unfamiliar aristocratic world, focusing particularly on her relationship with the Prince's daughter Katya. Netochka immediately falls in love with the beautiful Katya, but Katya is initially repelled by the strange newcomer, and is cruel and dismissive toward her. Over time, however, this apparent dislike transforms into an equally passionate reciprocation of Netochka's feelings. Their young, unashamed love leads to an intimacy that alarms Katya's mother, who eventually takes steps to ensure their separation. Katya's family move to Moscow, and Netochka is placed in the care of Katya's elder half-sister, Alexandra Mikhailovna. According to the narrator, Netochka and Katya will not see each other for another eight years, but as the novel remained unfinished, their reuniting is never described.

The final chapters describe Netochka's teenage years growing up in the household of the gentle and maternal Alexandra Mikhailovna and her cold and distant husband Pyotr Alexandrovitch. She forms a deeply empathetic relationship with Alexandra Mikhailovna, but is troubled by her friend's painfully solicitous attitude toward her husband, and by what appears to be calculated indifference and dissimulation on his part. Netochka suspects some mystery from their past, and eventually a clue presents itself in the form of a letter that she accidentally discovers pressed between the pages of an old book in the library. It is a letter to Alexandra Mikhaylovna from a distraught lover, lamenting the necessity of their final separation, and grieving for the irreparable harm he has caused her reputation and her marriage. Netochka's discovery of the letter sets off a chain of events that bring Alexandra Mikhaylovna to the point of emotional breakdown, and Netochka to the point of womanhood as she confronts Pyotr Alexandrovitch with the truth of what he has done to his wife.

Several narrative threads, as with the relationship between Netochka and Katya, are left unresolved but with clear indications that they would be resumed in future installments of the novel. It is noticed, at first by Alexandra Mikhailovna, that Netochka has a beautiful singing voice, and arrangements are made for her to receive training. Her love of singing and its connection to her emotional life are examined in a number of scenes, but her artistic development is clearly only in its beginning stages. The novel finishes with an enigmatic exchange between Netochka and Ovrov, Pyotr Alexandrovitch's secretary, that is suggestive of further development of the story relating to the love letter.

Themes

Art and the Artist

The status of art and the artist, particularly the Romantic artist, was a subject of much literary discussion in the late 1840s, and Netochka Nezvanova was intended to be Dostoevsky's literary statement of his view on the issue. According to Joseph Frank, Dostoevsky's ultimate aim, though it remained unrealized, was "to portray a character that unites a dedication to art with an equally firm commitment to the highest moral-social ideals." In her childhood Netochka lives in the shadow of Efimov's all-consuming artistic obsession, which initially distorts her moral sensibility, but is to become the motivation for the development of a compassionate and fearless conscience bound to her own love of artistic expression. Thus Dostoevsky wished to reject both the egoism of Romanticism, as portrayed through Efimov, and the materialism of those, like Belinsky, who wished to focus only on utilitarian and practical goals to the detriment of art.

The woman question
Another subject of much discussion at the time was the place of women in society, or what became known as "the woman question". Dostoevsky's aim, unprecedented at the time in Russia, was "to depict a talented and strong-willed woman who refuses to allow herself to be crushed — who becomes the main positive heroine of a major novel", rather than merely depicting woman as the victim of injustice or iniquity. The novel was originally subtitled "The History of a Woman".

Footnotes

External links
Full text of Netochka Nezvanova in the original Russian

1849 Russian novels
Novels by Fyodor Dostoevsky
Novels set in Saint Petersburg
Russian bildungsromans
Unfinished novels
Works originally published in Otechestvennye Zapiski

Netochka Nezvanova (novel)


Joyce Sullivan (born July 4, 1929) is a Canadian mezzo-soprano and radio and television host who had an active performance career from 1947 until her retirement in 1970. Born Joyce Anna Solomon in Toronto, she was educated as a vocalist at the The Royal Conservatory of Music in her native city. From 1947 to 1954 she was a member of the Leslie Bell Singers; appearing with them in concerts and on radio and television. She also sang regularly on Jack Arthur's radio program Mr. Showbusiness and  had her own radio program on CBC Radio in the early 1950s. From 1957 to 1959 she co-hosted the CBC Television program Showcase with Robert Goulet, and in 1960 she was host of the CBC radio program  Talk of the Town. She appeared frequently as a soloist in concerts and on record with the Carl Tapscott Singers in the 1960s. She recorded the albums Folk Songs of Canada (1956) and The Songs of Joyce Sullivan (1965).

References

1929 births
Living people
Canadian mezzo-sopranos
The Royal Conservatory of Music alumni

Joyce Sullivan (mezzo-soprano)


Pothan Joseph (1892–1972) was a journalist in 20th-century India whose career spanned the twenty years before and twenty years after India's independence. He worked with notable people of the time such as Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Annie Besant, Mahatma Gandhi, Sarojini Naidu, and Motilal Nehru. He was the first to write a daily political column for five decades, called 'Over A Cup of Tea', sprinkled with Biblical and Dickensian quotes. He also discovered and nurtured the Indian cartoonist Shankar, helping to make political cartoons a staple of newspapers.

Pothan started or developed 26 newspapers. These included the Hindustan Times, the Indian Express, and the Deccan Herald.  He was the first editor of Dawn in 1942 while it was based in New Delhi.  He left Dawn to take a position with the government.

Pothan Joseph guarded editorial freedom and demanded that editors support those who worked in the editorial wing and never encroach on their freedom. Even before unionization, Pothan also pleaded for proper payment to deserving journalists. His motto during his working life was "courage, vigilance and fidelity".

Biography

Early life and education

Pothan Joseph was born on 13 March 1892, to C.I. Joseph of Oorayil House, Chengannur, Kerala, India. He graduated with a degree in Physics from Presidency College in Madras (Chennai), and then took his LL.B. degree in law from the University of Bombay. He quickly abandoned ideas of a legal career, became a writer for the Hyderabad Bulletin and finally found his calling when he joined The Bombay Chronicle in 1918, then edited by B.G. Horniman.

Honors
Pothan served as the president of the Indian Federation of Working Journalists for numerous years. As a rule he shunned formal accolades, saying, "what is the use of moss to a rolling stone?" He was posthumously awarded the Padma Bhushan, one of India's highest civilian honors, in 1973.

References

External links
 Prof. J.V. Vilanilam, Former Vice-Chancellor, University of Kerala, in Media Mimosa 2008 January — March 2008, pages 89–93.
 T.J.S. George. Pothan Joseph's India. A Biography. First published in 1992 by Sanchar Publishing House, New Delhi  and printed by Allied Publishers Limited, New Delhi. A revised edition, under the title Lessons in Journalism: The Story of Pothan Joseph, was published in 2007 by Viva Books, New Delhi.  .
 cartoonist K. Shankar Pillai
 Pothan Family Website
 A lecture series is established as a tribute to legendary journalist Pothan Joseph is part of the Journalism Mentor, India's first mentorship-based journalism course. It is a 14- month program designed for those who are interested in pursuing journalism as a career: Lecture Series.
 He was posthumously award India's civilian Padma Bhushan award in 1973 for Literature and Education: Padma Bhushan Awards (1970–1979).
 History of Oorayil family
 History of Thulasserymanapurathu, a family that migrated from west Asia to Kerala (Kollam) in the ninth century AD

1892 births
1972 deaths
Journalists from Kerala
Malayali people
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education
People from Alappuzha district
Dawn (newspaper) editors
Indian Christian writers

Pothan Joseph


Richard Agar (born 20 January 1972) is an English professional rugby league coach who is the former head coach of the Leeds Rhinos in the Super League and a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s.

He played at club level for the Dewsbury (Rams) (two spells), the Featherstone Rovers (Heritage No. 823) (two spells), the Widnes Vikings (Heritage No.) and the Rochdale Hornets, and has coached at representative level for France, and at club level for the York City Knights, Hull F.C. (two spells, initially as Assistant Coach), the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, and Warrington Wolves (First Team Coach ).

Background
Richard Agar's birth was registered in Pontefract district, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. He is the son of the rugby league footballer and coach; Allan Agar.

Playing career
Agar played for Featherstone Rovers, Dewsbury Rams and Widnes Vikings, where he played 16 games in 2001 and won a Northern Ford Premiership Grand Final winners medal, but he turned down the opportunity to play for Widnes Vikings in 2002's Super League VII.

Agar made his début for Featherstone Rovers on Sunday 16 June 2002, and he played his last match for Featherstone Rovers during the 2003 season.

Coaching career
He spent four years as assistant coach at Hull F.C. under John Kear and Peter Sharp. In 2008 Hull F.C. appointed Richard Agar as their Head Coach following the departure of Sharp.

In September 2011 it was announced that Agar had signed a three-year deal with Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, and would become their head coach following the end of the 2011 season.

In February 2013, it was announced that Agar would coach France for the 2013 Rugby League World Cup. Agar coached France to the World Cup Quarter-Final

On 2 June 2014, Agar quit his job with Wakefield Trinity Wildcats with immediate effect and was replaced by his assistant James Webster.

On 10 June 2014, it was confirmed Agar would become first team coach of Warrington Wolves for the 2015 Super League season working alongside Tony Smith.

On 29 August 2016, Agar resigned as head coach of the French national team. It is believed he left because new Fédération Française de Rugby à XIII president Marc Palanques wanted a Frenchman to coach the national team.

On 17 October 2020, he coached Leeds in the 2020 Challenge Cup Final victory over Salford at Wembley Stadium.
In the 2021 Super League season, he guided Leeds to a fifth-placed finish on the table as the club qualified for the playoffs.

On 21 March 2022, Agar announced he would step down as Leeds head coach with immediate effect.

On 3 August 2022, Agar was announced as assistant coach for the New Zealand Warriors on a two-year deal commencing in 2023. He will join new Warriors head coach Andrew Webster, his fellow Toa Samoa assistant coach and younger brother his former assistant James.

References

External links
Leeds Rhinos profile
Hull FC profile
Hull Appoint Agar As Head Coach
Statistics at rugby.widnes.tv

1972 births
Living people
Dewsbury Rams players
English rugby league coaches
English rugby league players
Featherstone Rovers players
France national rugby league team coaches
Hull F.C. coaches
Leeds Rhinos coaches
Rochdale Hornets players
Rugby league players from Pontefract
Wakefield Trinity coaches
Widnes Vikings players
York City Knights coaches

Richard Agar


Octopoda is one of the largest orders which contain the common octopus and some other types. Fossila are rare, but they do have a fossil record starting in the later Carboniferous.

Octopods are put into two suborders. One, the Incirrina, is composed of the well-known Octopus of rocky shores and coral reefs and its relatives. The other suborder, the Cirrina, contains octopods whose tentacles are linked by an umbrella-like mantle, so their activity is rather different from the common octopus.

References

Cephalopods

Octopoda


Not Without My Daughter is a 1991 American drama movie by director Brian Gilbert. It stars Sally Field and Alfred Molina. It is based on Betty Mahmoody's 1987 book by telling the story about the escape with her daughter from her husband from Iran.

Plot
American Betty Lover marries Iranian doctor Sayeed Bozorg Mahmoody (nicknamed: Moody). They have a daughter called Mahtab (Persian: "Moonlight").

Moody wants to see his family in Tehran, Iran, because he has not seen his family for ten years. Betty doesn't want to go to Iran, because she thinks that it is dangerous. Moody persuades Betty, that she goes to Iran for a two week holiday. But Moody has hidden the termination of his job in a hospital in the USA from Betty and Mahtab and tells his family, that they will stay in Iran forever. Because a man has the say in Iran, they have to stay here and Betty cannot take her daughter Mahtab out of the country without her husband's permission. She searches for help to escape from the country with Mahtab, for example from the Swiss embassy.

She has major problems to adapt to the strict laws and customs of the country, because as an American she is much-hated in Iran. Moody often abuses Betty, because she does not obey him. After 18 months, Betty succeeds to escape Iran with her daughter Mahtab. They flee over the Zagros mountains in the northwest of Iran to Turkey. They fly back to USA from there.

Other websites

1991 drama movies
American drama movies
Movies about domestic violence
Movies based on books
Movies based on real life events
Movies set in Michigan
Movies set in Iran
Movies set in Turkey
Movies set in the 1980s
Tehran
Multilingual movies
American independent movies
Movies composed by Jerry Goldsmith

Not Without My Daughter


وانڈاوزن جیک چھیپھر ولوں ڈزنی+ سٹریمنگ سیوا لئی بنائی اک امریکی ٹیلیوژن لڑھی اے، جس وچ مارول کومکس دے کردار وانڈا میکسموپھ/سکارلیٹ وچ اتے ویژن دی کہانی وکھائی گئی اے۔ مارول سنیمیٹک ینیورس دی ایہہ کہانی اوینجرز: اینڈگیم توں کجھ سماں بعد دی اے۔ وانڈاوزن مارول سٹوڈیؤز ولوں بنائی گئی پہلی ٹیلیوژن لڑھی اے۔

ادھار
اوینجرز: اینڈگیم (2019) دیاں واقعے توں تن ہفتے بعد، وانڈا میکسموپھ اتے ویژن ویسٹویو، نیو جرسی وچ اک آنظارہ اردھ-شہری زندگی جیؤندے ہندے ہن اتے اپنے بھیی کھلھن توں بچاء رہے ہن۔ جداں-جداں اوہناں دا نیڑے-تیڑے دا ماحول وکھرے-وکھرے دہاکیاں وچ دی لنگھن لگدا اے، تاں جوڑے نوں سمجھ آؤندا اے کہ ضداں چیزاں وکھ رہیاں ہن انجھ نہیں ہن۔

کاسٹ اتے کردار

 Elizabeth Olsen as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch:An Avenger who can harness chaos magic, engage in telepathy and telekinesis, and alter reality. Olsen said the series brings the character more in line with the comic book version, including depicting her mental illness, while introducing the "Scarlet Witch" moniker that was not previously used in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU)۔ Executive producer Kevin Feige said the series explores the extent and origin of Wanda's powers. Olsen felt her "ownership" of Wanda was strengthened during development of the series, which allowed her to explore new parts of the character's personality such as her humor and sassiness. She was thrilled that WandaVision focuses on Wanda rather than making her a supporting character as in the films, and was sold on joining the series when Feige mentioned specific Scarlet Witch comic storylines that inspired WandaVision۔ Olsen was influenced by Mary Tyler Moore, Elizabeth Montgomery, and Lucille Ball for her performance. Michaela Russell portrays a young Wanda.
 Paul Bettany as Vision:An android and former Avenger created using the artificial intelligences J.A.R.V.I.S. and Ultron as well as the Mind Stone, who was killed in the film Avengers: Infinity War (2018)۔ Bettany portrays a new version of the character created by Wanda within her reality from the part of the Mind Stone that lives in her, who is the embodiment of her sadness, hope, and love. The writers referred to him as "Soul Vision"، and Bettany described him as "decent and honorable"۔ He was influenced by the performances of Dick Van Dyke and Hugh Laurie for this version. Bettany also plays the original character, referred to as "White Vision" or "The Vision"، who is reassembled and reactivated by S.W.O.R.D. (Sentient Weapon Observation and Response Division)۔ That version has an all-white appearance, similar to when the comic book character was resurrected with an all-white body and no memories or emotions. Bettany differentiated the two versions by portraying the latter as both familiar and intimidating.
 Debra Jo Rupp as Sharon Davis: A Westview resident and wife of Todd who plays "Mrs. Hart" in the fictional WandaVision sitcom.
 Fred Melamed as Todd Davis: A Westview resident and husband of Sharon who plays "Arthur Hart"، Vision's boss, in the fictional WandaVision sitcom.
 Kathryn Hahn as Agatha Harkness:A witch who masquerades as "Agnes"، Wanda and Vision's "nosy neighbor" within the fictional WandaVision sitcom. Hahn described Agnes as the neighbor that "won't get off their couch at the end of the night" and is "always in [their] business"، and likened Agatha's relationship with Wanda to Antonio Salieri's with Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart۔ She explained that Agatha has been studying magic for centuries and is maddened to see it come so naturally to Wanda. Agatha was conceived as a mentor figure to Maximoff, but was shifted by the writers to be more antagonistic to better serve the series' structure. Despite this, Agatha retains qualities of teaching and mentoring for Maximoff.
 Teyonah Parris as Monica Rambeau:The daughter of Air Force pilot Maria Rambeau and a captain in S.W.O.R.D.، who introduces herself in the fictional WandaVision sitcom as "Geraldine"۔ She has a "toughness and an ability to be a woman" in a male-dominated world. Head writer Jac Schaeffer's pitch for the series had a different character in Rambeau's role, but she was excited to use Rambeau instead when she became available for the series. Co-executive producer Mary Livanos added that Rambeau's inclusion was a discovery during development that became "really enriched in the show"، as it allowed an empathetic character like Rambeau to become a "hero in her own right"۔ The series shows what Rambeau has done since her introduction as a child looking up to her mother's friend and colleague Carol Danvers / Captain Marvel in Captain Marvel (2019)، where she was portrayed by Akira Akbar. Parris used Akbar's performance as the starting point for her own, taking Monica's relationships with her mother and Danvers into account.
 Randall Park as Jimmy Woo:An FBI agent working with S.W.O.R.D. who previously was the parole officer of Scott Lang / Ant-Man. Park felt introducing Woo using close-up magic, something he was trying to perfect in Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018)، quickly showed the character's development since that film, indicating that he is getting better at multiple things and is being assigned to larger cases. Park was taught the magic trick by a magician and spent several days perfecting it for the series.
 Kat Dennings as Darcy Lewis:An astrophysicist working with S.W.O.R.D. who previously interned for Jane Foster and befriended Thor. Returning to the role for the first time since Thor: The Dark World (2013)، Dennings felt Lewis would not have changed much as a person, but would be older and wiser after going to school to receive her doctorate in astrophysics. Additionally, Dennings felt the character has more confidence in herself now that she is viewed as "the boss" which she never was in the films.
 Evan Peters as Ralph Bohner:A Westview resident under Agatha's control, posing as Wanda's deceased twin brother Pietro, who was portrayed by Aaron Taylor-Johnson in prior MCU films. Schaeffer and Livanos were eager to bring Pietro back in the series, and decided to take advantage of its notions of "what's real and what's not, and performance, and casting, and audience, and fandom" by having the character be "recast" within the fictional WandaVision program. The casting of Peters was a reference to his role as Peter Maximoff in 20th Century Fox's <i id="mw-A">X-Men</i> film series. Schaeffer noted that this recasting worked for the series on a meta level by playing on the sitcom tropes of recasting characters without much fuss and also of having a relative arrive in town who "stirs things up" with the sitcom's family. Shakman said Peters' role in the series was a way to play with the audience's expectations in a similar way to Ben Kingsley playing Trevor Slattery in Iron Man 3 (2013)، in which that character poses as the Mandarin. Schaeffer likened Peters' performance to a mixture of the characters Jesse Katsopolis from Full House، Nick Moore from Family Ties، and Joey Tribbiani from Friends۔
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The Makassar Uprising, also known as Andi Aziz rebellion, was a skirmish in Makassar, Sulawesi, between former Royal Dutch East Indies Army soldiers under Captain Andi Aziz and the Republic of the United States of Indonesia government. The purpose of the uprising was to revolt against the incorporation of the Indonesian federated "states" into the Indonesian Republic. However, the uprising was quashed in a little over two weeks when troops under Lieutenant Colonel Suharto and Colonel Alexander Evert Kawilarang arrived at Makassar to find only light resistance.

The East Indonesian government refused to condone Aziz's actions and he was subsequently arrested in Jakarta on 14April while attempting to negotiate with the republican authorities. The Makassar Uprising only facilitated republican control over the federal states.

Background
Following the end of World War II in August 1945, the Dutch sought to re-establish control over the East Indies, modern-day Indonesia. While Australian and Dutch troops managed to occupy much of eastern Indonesia with minimal resistance, Anglo-Dutch forces in Java and Sumatra were challenged by nascent Republican nationalists advocating self-rule under Sukarno. The Republican goal of a unitary Republic of Indonesia centered on Java clashed with Dutch decolonization efforts to implement a system of federal states which was part of a Dutch commonwealth. Negotiations were dogged by skirmishes and police actions.

In Sulawesi, resistance to Dutch rule was successfully suppressed by Captain Raymond Westerling, who drew controversy for his use of arbitrary terror tactics including rounding up villages and summarily executing members until they submitted information. However, the eradication of Republican forces paved the way for the establishment of a more amenable East Indonesian civil administration based in Makassar. In South Sulawesi, they also replaced more than a quarter of the pro-Republican local nobility including the Rajahs of Bone and Lawu, prompting the remaining rajahs to collaborate with the Dutch authorities.

In December 1948, the Dutch launched a second police action Operatie Kraai which succeeded in capturing much of Java and Sumatra as well as the Republican leadership in Yogyakarta. However, this action only fuelled opposition to the Dutch in the United Nations, the United States, Australia and India. The United States threatened to suspend Marshall plan aid to the Dutch including funds vital for Dutch post-World War II rebuilding that had so far totalled $US 1 billion. The Netherlands Government had spent an amount equivalent to almost half of this funding their campaigns in Indonesia. On 24 December, the UN Security Council called for the end of hostilities. In January 1949, it passed a resolution demanding the reinstatement of the Republican government.

International pressure forced the Dutch to continue negotiations with the Republicans, culminating in the Dutch agreeing to recognise Indonesian sovereignty over a new federal state known as the United States of Indonesia (RUSI). It would include all the territory of the former Dutch East Indies with the exception of Netherlands New Guinea; sovereignty over which it was agreed would be retained by the Netherlands until further negotiations with Indonesia. Sovereignty was transferred on December 27, 1949. The new RUSI government consisted of both Republicans and Federalists but was short-lived due to animosity between the two parties and growing popular support for a unitary state.

On January 23, 1950, Westerling and the federalist Cabinet member Sultan Hamid II attempted to overthrow the Republican government by using Westerling's private Legion of the Just Ruler to launch simultaneous attacks on Bandung, Jakarta and Blora in the short-lived APRA Coup d'état. The coup failed since the majority of the KNIL leadership refused to support Westerling's actions and intercepted his munitions convoy. This only added fuel to public dissatisfaction with the federal system, leading to the integration of the states of Pasundan and West Kalimantan into the Republic of Indonesia by April 1950.

The uprising

Due to the strong presence of KNIL troops in Sulawesi and other parts of East Indonesia, there was much suspicion towards the intentions of the unitary central government in Jakarta. Efforts were made to integrate the KNIL into the RUSI army, but this was impeded by mutual distrust between the predominantly Javanese Indonesian military and the largely Ambonese and Minahasan KNIL. In the State of East Indonesia, the Justice Minister Soumokil banned all public meetings and jailed pro-Republican leaders in response to public pro-Republic protests. On April 5, 1950, the Jakarta central government dispatched a force of 700 Republican troops under Colonel Sunkono and Colonel Mokoginto to persuade the East Indonesian President Soekawati to join the Republic and to step down.  These troops were further augmented by 200 pro-Republican guerrillas in the Makassar region.

Fears that this deployment would shift the balance in favour of pro-Republican elements and lead to disorder prompted Soumokil and other pro-federal elements to convince the local KNIL forces to launch a coup. KNIL Captain Andi Aziz commanded a force of 350 KNIL troops in Makassar. At the urging of Soumokil, Aziz's force overwhelmed the few local Republican troops and their guerrilla allies before seizing control of the city. They then prevented the 700 RUSI reinforcements from landing by firing artillery at their troop transports, forcing them to retreat. Aziz defended his actions by claiming to uphold the Federal Constitution which guaranteed the autonomy of the federal states including East Indonesia. He also claimed that he had discovered documents alleging that Sukarno was collaborating with the Indonesian Communist Party and the Soviet Union to destroy the "capitalist and upper classes" and establish a unitary state, paving the way for a communist take-over.

However, most of the East Indonesian government including President Soekawati refused to condone or support his coup. By April 13, President Sukarno had denounced Aziz's insurgency and deployed RUSI forces to crush the rebellion in South Sulawesi. Wanting to maintain working relations with the Jakarta government, Soekawati convinced Aziz to come to Jakarta to negotiate with Sukarno's government. He was also granted a safe-conduct pass by Sukarno and the United Nations Commission for Indonesia to fly to Jakarta. However upon arrival, he was arrested by the Sultan of Yogyakarta Hamengkubuwono IX who incarcerated him in his private prison. The capture of Aziz ended resistance and allowed 2,000 RUSI troops to swiftly occupy Makassar by April 21.

Aftermath
The elimination of the KNIL as a political actor allowed Republican factions in the East Indonesian parliament to assume a majority. The federalist Prime Minister Diapari was replaced by Martinus Putuhena, who declared martial law and established an Emergency Government in South Sulawesi which was controlled directly by Jakarta. Following the release of Republican political prisoners, guerrilla forces in the upland regions launched attacks against pro-Dutch aristocrats in the urban areas. This led to further fighting with the remaining KNIL units and the abolishment of local aristocratic principalities.

The new East Indonesian Cabinet was pro-Republican and advocated the integration of East Indonesia into the unitary Indonesian Republic. On April 21, 1950, President Soekawati successfully negotiated East Indonesia's integration, heeding majority support for a unitary state. This prompted all thirteen constituent territories within East Indonesia with the exception of South Moluccas to secede from East Indonesia and join Sukarno's Republic. Following further negotiations, the RUSI was dissolved on August 15 in favour of a unitary Republic of Indonesia.  Due to his leading role in the uprising, Aziz was subsequently tried in 1952 and sentenced to 14 years imprisonment.

Bibliography

  – translated from the French to English by Waverley Root as –

References

1950 in Indonesia
April 1950 events in Asia
Cold War rebellions
Conflicts in 1950
Indonesian National Revolution

Makassar Uprising


Sir Alfred William Yeo (13 October 1863 – 14 April 1928) was a British Liberal politician, self-made businessman and public servant.

Family and education
Alfred William Yeo was the son of George Yeo, a native of the county of Devon who struggled to make a living as a house-painter. The family moved to Kent. There is conflicting evidence about Alfred's place of birth which is given as Devon in his obituary in The Times   but is stated to be London in a source provided by the Yeo family.  He was educated at Marner Street and High Street Schools, Bromley. In 1886, he married Mary Ann Brown. They had one son. Mary Ann Yeo died in 1911 and Alfred was married again that same year to Florence Jane Stevens from Poplar, London. In religion Yeo was a strong Nonconformist and a supporter of the National Brotherhood Federation.

Career
By the end of his career, Yeo could be described as wealthy and a self-made man but he started at the very bottom. After schooling, Yeo found work in an iron foundry. He told one of the London newspapers that at the age of eleven he had had to work for 84 hours a week, or 14 hours a day, for six days a week.  He later worked for thirty years in business in the music trade  dealing in musical instruments, notably pianos.

Local government service
Yeo immersed himself in local administration in Poplar over many years. He served as a member of Vestry, an early form of local government in London. He was later a member of the Board of Works and for nine years served as Progressive Party member for Limehouse on the London County Council. He was an elected member of the Metropolitan Borough of Poplar for 25 years. He served as a member of Poplar Board of Guardians, the body charged with administering the English Poor Laws for ten years, for six years of which he was Chairman. He also worked in other areas of social and unemployment relief being for ten years Chairman of the Poplar Distress Committee, a body set up under the Unemployed Workmen Act of 1905 to provide grants to create jobs.   In 1903–04, Yeo was elected Mayor of Poplar.

Parliament

Poplar
In February 1914, the Liberal MP for Poplar, Sydney Buxton was appointed Governor-General of South Africa and stood down from the House of Commons. For the subsequent by-election on 19 February, Yeo was selected as Liberal candidate  and held the seat in a tight contest against the Conservative challenge, albeit by a small and much reduced majority. The Unionist candidate's performance was clearly given a boost by the Conservative victory in nearby Bethnal  Green South West a by-election which had been caused by the resignation of Charles Masterman to become Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and the result of which had declared the day before. A further reason for the small majority may have been what was reported to have been splits and disagreements in the local Liberal party with some elements having supported Sir Victor Horsley, the scientist and surgeon, as potential candidate over Yeo.

1918
There were boundary changes affecting Yeo's constituency for the 1918 general election and Yeo was chosen to fight the new seat of South Poplar. He contested the seat as a Coalition Liberal, having presumably been granted the Coalition coupon. He was opposed by Labour  and by a candidate from the National Federation of Discharged and Demobilized Sailors and Soldiers, although this candidate, Captain Wilfrid Allen, is also described in other sources as a Conservative.

Along with John Ward, Yeo was a vocal critic of the mui-tsai system, a form of Chinese child slavery then prevalent in colonial Hong Kong.

Yeo held the seat with nearly 50% of the poll.
At the 1922 general election, Yeo fought South Poplar as a National Liberal  supporting outgoing prime minister David Lloyd George. In a straight fight with Labour's Samuel March however he lost the seat by the wide margin of 4,338 votes.

1923-28
Yeo tried to get back into Parliament at the 1923 general election when he stood for the reunified Liberal Party at the Northamptonshire seat of Kettering but he came bottom of the poll in a three-cornered contest. He did not stand for Parliament again but at the time of his death he was Liberal candidate for Romford in Essex.

Other appointments
Yeo took a strong interest in education being chairman for over 20 years under the auspices of the London School Board of local schools in St Leonard's Road, Hay Currie, and Bromley Hall Road Groups.  He also served as Chairman of Lord Buxton's Committee dealing with distress during the transport workers' dispute of 1912  and as Chairman of the London County Council Mental Hospital at Claybury. He played a part in getting the government to bring in a Bill to prevent increase of rents during War and six months thereafter and to bring in regulations for Tribunals dealing with one-man businesses to protect the livelihoods of self-employed men who were being conscripted.  Yeo was also appointed as a Justice of the Peace and  served for a while as Vice-Chairman of the Tower Bench.
Yeo also supported a campaign led by the Duchess of Hamilton for slaughterhouse reform and spoke at a number of public meetings to demand an end to what were described as cruel methods of slaughtering animals for food and calling for the compulsory introduction of mechanically operated humane-killers.

Asked to recall his proudest moment in government or public service, Sir Alfred said this had been when the old age pension was raised from 7/6d to ten shillings largely as a consequence of his efforts.

Honours
Yeo was knighted for public service in the New Year's Honours List of 1918.

Publications
Yeo authored a number of political pamphlets including pamphlets, Trade After the War; On Character and The Cross and the Crossways.

Death
Yeo was taken ill in December 1927, suffering from what was described as a nervous breakdown. His condition deteriorated over the following months and he died at his home at Westcliff-on-Sea on 14 April 1928.

References

External links

1863 births
1928 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1918–1922
Knights Bachelor
Members of London County Council
Mayors of places in Greater London
Members of Poplar Metropolitan Borough Council
National Liberal Party (UK, 1922) politicians

Alfred Yeo (British politician)


DeAngelo Lamar Smith (born July 17, 1986) is a former American football safety in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cleveland Browns, Chicago Bears and Detroit Lions. He was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the fifth round of the 2009 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Cincinnati.

Early years
Smith attended Independence High School. As a senior, he had 11 interceptions (5 returned for touchdowns), 14 touchdown receptions and 7 kickoff or punt returns for touchdowns. He received All-State, All-City and All-District honors.

In his high school career he had 20 interceptions (7 returned for touchdowns). He also helped his team to a regional finals appearance in the state playoffs.

College career
Smith accepted a football scholarship from the University of Cincinnati. As a redshirt freshman, he appeared in 7 games playing on special teams. As a sophomore, he played in 13 games as a backup cornerback, mostly on the left side behind John Bowie. He tallied 23 tackles (2 for loss), 2 fumble recoveries, 3 passes defensed and 2 interceptions (one returned for a touchdown).

He became the starter at right cornerback as a junior. His interception in the upset, against then AP Number 2 Rutgers, (now Big Ten) was featured on ESPN Sportscenter. He set the school single-season record with 8 interceptions and combined with cornerback Mike Mickens to register a total of 14 interceptions, the most by a cornerback duo in college football in 2007.

In his last year, he started the first 5 games at free safety before returning to the right cornerback position. He registered 53 tackles, 10 passes defensed and 2 interceptions. He contributed to the team winning the Big East Championship and receiving an invitation to play in the 2009 Orange Bowl against Virginia Tech.

He finished his college career tied for second in school history with 12 interceptions, after playing in 47 games with 28 starts. He also registered 126 tackles (9 for loss), 21 passes defensed, 3 forced fumbles, 353 return yards on 17 kickoffs returns (20.8-yard average) and 219 yards on 23 punt returns (9.5-yard average).

Professional career

Dallas Cowboys
Smith was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the fifth round (143rd overall) of the 2009 NFL Draft. He was switched from cornerback to safety. He was waived at the end of training camp on September 5.

Cleveland Browns (first stint)
On September 6, 2009, the Cleveland Browns claimed him off waivers. He was released on September 16.

Chicago Bears
On September 17, 2009, he was claimed off waivers by the Chicago Bears. He was inactive in 2 games before being released on September 29 and signed to the team's practice squad.

Detroit Lions
On November 18, 2009, the Detroit Lions signed Smith off the Chicago Bears practice squad. In seven games he registered 16 tackles and a pass defensed. Smith was waived on April 27, 2010.

Cleveland Browns (second stint)
On April 28, 2010, he was claimed off waivers by the Cleveland Browns. He spent one week with the team and was waived on September 15. He was re-signed to the practice squad on October 7. He was released on September 4, 2010 and later signed to the practice squad. He was cut on September 3, 2011.

New York Jets
On April 16, 2012, he was signed by the New York Jets. Smith was waived on May 22.

BC Lions (CFL)
On May 28, 2013, he was signed by the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League. He was added to the practice roster on June 23. He was released by the Lions on August 27.

Coaching career
Smith was a graduate assistant at Michigan State University from 2015 to 2016, working with the defensive backs. In 2017, he was hired to be the cornerbacks assistant coach at Ohio University.

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Columbus, Ohio
Players of American football from Columbus, Ohio
American football cornerbacks
American football safeties
Cincinnati Bearcats football players
Dallas Cowboys players
Cleveland Browns players
Chicago Bears players
Detroit Lions players
New York Jets players
Michigan State Spartans football coaches
Ohio Bobcats football coaches
Players of Canadian football from Columbus, Ohio

DeAngelo Smith


Carlo Arrigoni (6 December 1697 – 19 August 1744) was an Italian composer and musician who was active in several countries during the first half of the 18th century.

Life and work
Arrigoni was born in Florence. Little is known of his early years or musical education. His first oratorio was performed in his native city in 1719 and was followed by Il Pentimento d'Accabo (Accabo's repentance, 1722), a setting for five voices of a poem by his relative, Father Crisostomo Arrigoni. His opera La Vedova (The widow) was also performed that same year in Foligno. The next mention of Arrigoni is in Brussels, then part of the Austrian Netherlands, where Il Pentimento d'Accabo was performed in 1728. At the start of the 1730s he was working at the Dublin Academy of Music, then transferred to London in 1732. There he published chamber cantatas dedicated to the English queen, Caroline of Ansbach, and shared in the musical life of the capital until 1736.

In April 1733 Arrigoni performed his own concerto for the lute and then became associated with the Opera of the Nobility, set up in opposition to George Frideric Handel. Performances there of his opera Fernando earned him inclusion in John Arbuthnot's satirical pamphlet, Harmony in an Uproar (dated 1733). This takes the form of a pastiche of Arrigoni's opera under the name of "The King of Arragon".
Arrigoni was noted not only as a performer on lute and harpsichord, but also as a singer, and was eventually recruited to take part in Handel's productions. During 1736 he is recorded as playing the lute at the premiere of Handel's choral work Alexander's Feast and in his concerto for lute (opus 4.6), as well as performing as tenor soloist in the cantata Cecilia, volgi un sguardo.

From London, Arrigoni went on to Vienna for two years, where he produced several cantatas and his oratorio, Ester (1738). On his return to Florence he was appointed composer to Francesco II, Grand Duke of Tuscany. His operas Sibace and Scipione nelle Spagne were performed in 1739. The second of these was a setting of the same libretto as Handel's 1726 opera of the same name. In 1743 a setting of another poem by Crisostomo Arrigoni was performed at a sacred concert. Arrigoni also wrote instrumental music. His chamber sonatas now have a growing and appreciative following. He died in Florence.

Selected works
Fernando (wrongly attributed by Burney to Porpora) Opera of the Nobility, London 1733–34

References

Two works of reference have short articles on Arrigoni, A biographical dictionary or actors, actresses, musicians, dancers, managers and other stage personnel in London, 1660-1800, Southern Illinois University 1973, vol. 1, p.127-8; and Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani Volume 4 (1962)

1697 births
1744 deaths
18th-century Italian composers
Italian male composers
Musicians from Florence

Carlo Arrigoni


Cone cells or simply cones are special photoreceptor cells in the retina. They react to light and work best in relatively bright light.

Cone cells are less sensitive to light than rod cells. Rod cells are more sensitive, but cannot tell colors apart. Human eyes usually have three different types of cone cells. That allows the brain to tell colors apart. Their reaction to stimuli is faster than that of the rod cells. For this reason, they can perceive finer details, and more rapid changes in images.

The three kinds of human cones have different photopsins. Each photopsin has a different response curve to light, and so responds to color in different ways. This gives trichromatic vision. Being color blind means a lack of one or two types of cone cells.

In a publication done in 1935, Osterberg thinks that there are about 6 million cone cells in a human eye.

References

Eye anatomy

Cone cell


Sir Thomas de la Moore or More (died after 1347) of Northmoor, Oxfordshire, was an English knight and member of parliament. He was a follower of Edward II of England, and was present at the king's enforced abdication on 20 January 1327.

He was later a patron of Geoffrey le Baker, who wrote a royalist chronicle covering the years 1303 to 1356. Until its authorship was correctly identified in the 19th century by Edward Maunde Thompson, this chronicle was believed to have been written by Sir Thomas.

References

14th-century deaths
English MPs 1327
Medieval English knights
People from West Oxfordshire District
Year of birth unknown

Thomas de la Moore


Cardenden railway station is a railway station in Cardenden, Fife, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and is on the Fife Circle Line,  north of .  It opened to traffic in 1848, on the Dunfermline Branch of the Edinburgh and Northern Railway.

The station is situated on Station Road, between the Bowhill and Dundonald areas. It can be accessed from the street by ramps or stairs. A footbridge connects the platforms.

The station is unmanned and there are no ticket vending facilities. Passengers boarding here must buy their tickets from staff on the train.

There is a small car park. The nearest public phone is at Bowhill Club, a short walk from the station. There are bus stops on Station Road.

The station has recently been upgraded with new platforms and a signage system giving accurate train times.

A CCTV system covers the station and is operated by ScotRail.

Cardenden was the terminus for train services until the line to Thornton re-opened in May 1989 allowing the "Fife Circle Line" to operate.  During the 1970s and early 1980s, the station was only served during the morning & early evening peak (trains outside these times starting/terminating at Cowdenbeath).

Services

There is generally an hourly service in each direction along the Fife Circle Line westbound towards  or eastbound towards .  Additional services run at weekday peak times, with one in each direction (via Cowdenbeath) starting & finishing here.  Evening services start/terminate at  rather than running through to/from Edinburgh via the coast.

Services in both directions begin and end at Edinburgh Waverley. The journey to Edinburgh is quicker via Dunfermline (56 minutes) than via Kirkcaldy and the stations on the Fife coast (86 minutes).

On Sundays there is  an hourly service in each direction.

References

External links

Railway stations in Fife
Former North British Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848
Railway stations served by ScotRail
1848 establishments in Scotland
Cardenden

Cardenden railway station