Sir Christopher Andrew Hoy MBE (born 23 March 1976) is a former track cyclist and racing driver from Scotland who represented Great Britain at the Olympic and World Championships and Scotland at the Commonwealth Games.

Hoy is an 11-time world champion and a six-time Olympic champion. With a total of seven Olympic medals, six gold and one silver, Hoy is the second most decorated Olympic cyclist of all time. Between 2012 and 2021, he was the most successful British Olympian and the most successful Olympic cyclist of all time. In 2021, he finally ceded both records to erstwhile colleague and rival Sir Jason Kenny. His 17 global titles across four disciplines make Hoy the most successful track cyclist at the global level of all times.

With his three gold medals in 2008 Summer Olympics, Hoy became Scotland's most successful Olympian, the first British athlete to win three gold medals in a single Olympic Games since Henry Taylor in 1908, and the most successful Olympic cyclist of all time. After winning a further two gold medals (in the keirin and team sprint) at the 2012 Summer Olympics, Hoy has won the second-most Olympic gold medals (six) of all British athletes, behind Jason Kenny, and more total medals (seven) than any except fellow cyclists Kenny and Sir Bradley Wiggins. Hoy has won Olympic gold medals in more separate events — team sprint (twice), match sprint, keirin (twice) and kilo — than any other cyclist.

Early life
The son of David and Carol Hoy. Chris Hoy grew up in the suburb of Murrayfield, Edinburgh, and was privately educated at George Watson's College, followed by two years at the University of St Andrews studying Mathematics and Physics until 1996. He subsequently transferred to the University of Edinburgh, from which he graduated BSc (Hons.) in Applied Sports Science in 1999.

Hoy, whose first bike cost £5, was inspired to cycle at age six by the 1982 film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. Hoy says the BMX bike he saw in the film is what inspired him to start cycling. Before track cycling, Hoy raced BMX between the ages of 7 and 14 and was ranked second in Britain, fifth in Europe, and ninth in the world. He received sponsorship from Slazenger and Kwik-Fit, and was competing in Europe and the USA. He first became aware of track cycling when he watched TV coverage of Scottish sprinter Eddie Alexander winning a bronze medal at the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh. Hoy also represented the Scotland Junior Rowing Team and was second in the 1993 National Rowing Championships with Grant Florence in the coxless pairs. He played rugby as part of his school's team.

Early cycling career
Hoy joined his first cycling club, Dunedin C.C., in 1990, aged 14, and began concentrating on track cycling in 1993, when he joined the City of Edinburgh Racing Club. In 1997, he and fellow Scottish sprinter Craig MacLean were tipped as medal prospects by Phil Liggett.

Hoy won silver in Berlin, at the 1999 UCI Track Cycling World Championships in the team sprint, riding at man one, Craig MacLean at two and Jason Quealley at three. Regular teammates in the team sprint over the years included Craig MacLean, Ross Edgar, Jamie Staff, Jason Queally, Matthew Crampton, and Jason Kenny.

Olympics

2000 Sydney Olympics
Following Jason Queally's gold medal in the Kilo TT early in the Games, Hoy joined with him and Craig MacLean to win his first Olympic Medal, a Silver in the Team Sprint or "Olympic Sprint" as it was then called. Although they were beaten by an excellent French team, the two medals won for GB were to become the start of a renaissance of British track cycling after the debacle of the Atlanta Games, for which he and track endurance contemporary Sir Bradley Wiggins would eventually become the figureheads along with road sprinter Mark Cavendish. All three would eventually win BBC Sports Personality of the Year as cycling became mainstream in Great Britain.

2004 Olympics: Athens
Hoy arrived in Athens in the form of his life. His main event was the Kilo Time Trial. He was ranked No. 1 and was last man off. The sea level World Record was broken four times as he sat in the track centre waiting for his start. He had been involved in an accident in the athlete's village just a few days prior to competition where he came off his bike in front of a village bus, narrowly avoiding serious injury. As he came out of the starting gate, his scarred arms and legs showed how close he was to not competing.

The previous rider was Arnaud Tournant who set the fastest ever sea-level kilo. Chris came next and, cheered on by thousands of loyal British fans, he bettered the time on each lap, setting a new sea-level World and Olympic Record of 1.00.711. This was the first of his Olympic gold medals, but he suffered disappointment as Great Britain could only finish fifth in the Team Sprint.

Post-2004 Olympics
Angered by the decision to remove his specialist event, the Kilo, from the Olympic programme after the 2004 games, Hoy sought to develop in other events. The first of these was the emerging keirin event This event involves between six and eight riders following a small motorbike (the Derny) around the 250m track for 5.5 laps, as the bike slowly builds up the speed. The bike pulls off with 2.5 laps to go and the riders race for the line. Hoy had previously competed at the keirin in various events but one of his first major successes was at the Manchester round of the World Cup Classics Series in 2007, shortly before the World Championships, where he also won, ahead of his teammate Ross Edgar.

This showed that Hoy was developing from just a pure power sprinter, in events like the Kilo and Team Sprint, into also being one of the best in the world at more tactical sprinting events such as the keirin and the individual sprint. His success in the new events, however, was still marked by Hoy's ability to  generate extraordinary power.

2007 world record attempt
On 12 May 2007, Hoy attempted the world record for the kilometre. He fell 0.005 seconds short, clocking 58.880. He set a record for the 500m flying start at 24.758 seconds, over a second less than the 25.850 set by Arnaud Duble. Hoy set the sea-level kilometre record of 1 minute 0.711 seconds by winning the Olympics in Athens in 2004. The outright record of 58.875 seconds is held by Arnaud Tournant (France), set during 2001 at altitude in La Paz, Bolivia, where Hoy also attempted to break the record. At the time, only 3 sub-60sec kilos had ever been ridden; Hoy recorded two of these over two days in La Paz.

Hoy's main achievement is his development in the individual sprint event considered to be the blue riband event of track cycling. Kilo riders like Hoy have historically not fared as well at this event, as they were less experienced in the tactical elements required for the sprint. Previously, Hoy had competed in the sprint at various World Cup events and Revolution meetings in Manchester, but it was not one of his main events and he did not compete in it at the World Championships or the Olympics.

In the semi-finals Hoy defeated Italian veteran Roberto Chiappa 2–0, to set up a meeting in the final against France's Kévin Sireau. Sireau was the World Cup Classics points winner for the season and had defeated Hoy 2–0 in their previous meeting only a few weeks earlier. However, with the vocal Manchester crowd behind him Hoy was not to be denied victory and he completed the win 2–0, the first British man to win the sprint title in 52 years since Reg Harris.

2008 Olympics

Hoy became the first British Olympian for 100 years to claim three golds at one games at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. This came when he won the men's keirin, the men's team sprint and also the men's individual sprint.

2008/09 season
Hoy did not race at the first major event of the 2009/10 season, the World Cup Classics Event in Manchester on 4 October – 2 November. He instead made an appearance to sign autographs and commentate with the BBC.
He made his return to racing in the UK at the Revolution 22 event in Manchester in December. He received a standing ovation from the Manchester faithful at the start of the event when he was introduced to the crowd. At this event Hoy won both the Sprint and Keirin competitions, defeating likes of Jason Kenny, Jamie Staff, Ross Edgar, Matthew Crampton and Teun Mulder along the way. Hoy competed in the World Cup Classics series' final event in Copenhagen, Denmark in February, helping his team to a gold medal in the team sprint event. However, he crashed out during the men's Keirin final and was forced to miss the final day of competition, including the men's sprint. Although at first, his injury seemed minor, he returned to Manchester where, following a scan, he was diagnosed with a serious degloving injury which finished his season and kept him off his bike for almost three months. He was unable to compete as planned at the Revolution 24 event in Manchester the following weekend, he did however make an appearance at the event. He had to pull out of the World Championships in Poland at the end of March, where he would have attempted to defend two World titles, because of the hip injury.

2009/10 season

Hoy started the 09/10 track season at the National Cycling Centre, Manchester, at the British National Championships where he took only his second (and third) ever individual national titles. He took gold medals in the Keirin, Sprint and was part of the Team Sprint Team representing team SKY along with Jamie Staff and Jason Kenny. Two weeks later, he raced in round one of the UCI World Cup at the same venue and took gold in the Men's Keirin. He then went into day 2 of the competition and took gold in the sprint event, beating fellow Brit Matthew Crampton in the final 2–0. A third World Cup gold came in the Team Sprint on the Sunday. Having ridden and won 12 events over the weekend, he withdrew from the International Japanese Keirin which was consequently won by Crampton.

At the 2010 UCI World Championships, Hoy was beaten in the quarter-final of the men's sprint event by his German opponent, Robert Förstemann, who won after making an attack from the start line. He was part of the GB men's team sprint that took the bronze. In the Keirin event, Hoy won the gold medal, despite crashing in the heats, to take his tenth world title.

2010/11 season
Hoy lost in the first round of the men's sprint at the European Championships to Ireland's Felix English. At the Manchester World Cup event in February 2011, Hoy lost in the semi-finals to Jason Kenny. Hoy took the match sprint title at the British National Championships in October 2011.

2011/12 track season
At the 2012 World Cup event held in the new London Velodrome, Hoy won three medals. He won gold in the keirin and bronze in the team sprint, before winning gold in the Men's Sprint, losing just one race in four rounds.

2012 Olympics

Hoy was an ambassador for the 2012 Olympic Games in London. Hoy led Team GB out as the team's flag carrier at the opening ceremony. He then went on to win gold in the team sprint with Jason Kenny and Philip Hindes, setting a new world record in the velodrome and becoming Team GB's joint gold record holder with Sir Steve Redgrave's tally of five gold medals with a total of six medals (5 gold, 1 silver).

On 7 August 2012, Hoy won gold in the Keirin to overtake Sir Steve Redgrave and become the most successful British olympian ever, winning a total of 6 gold medals. This also made him the joint holder of most medals won by any British athlete in the Olympic Games with fellow cyclist Sir Bradley Wiggins and Jason Kenny.

Retirement
On 18 April 2013, Hoy announced his retirement from competitive cycling. He said he was very proud to have taken part in the transformation of the sport.

Motorsport career

Hoy's interest in motorsport competition led him to contest the inaugural season of the Radical Sportscars SR1 Cup, scooping his first motorsport podium at Snetterton in the same season. Hoy has since contested selected rounds of the Radical SR3 Challenge and Radical European Masters in Radical's SR3 RS and SR8 RX open sportscars. On 8 April 2014 it was announced that Hoy would be joining the British GT championship driving a Nissan GT-R Nismo GT3 with a view to competing in the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2016.

Hoy took his first victory in international competition at the opening round of the 2015 European Le Mans Series at Silverstone where he drove a Ginetta-Nissan to a class win alongside team-mate Charlie Robertson. The pairing took another two wins in the series' LMP3 class, including at the penultimate round at Circuit Paul Ricard, which clinched them the class title with a round to spare.

He subsequently competed at the 2015 Race of Champions at the London Olympic Stadium, receiving a late invitation to race as part of Team All Stars in the Nations Cup alongside Romain Grosjean as a replacement for Jorge Lorenzo after the motorcyclist suffered leg burns as a result of post-race celebrations on his motorbike when he clinched that season's MotoGP title.

However Hoy and Grosjean were knocked out in the first round by the Young Stars team of Pascal Wehrlein and Jolyon Palmer.

In March 2016 it was confirmed that Hoy would be entered for the 2016 Le Mans 24 Hours, sharing a Ligier JS P2-Nissan with Andrea Pizzitola and Michael Munemann. He was the first Summer Olympic medallist to compete at Le Mans, the ninth former Olympian to race there and the second Olympic champion to do so, after alpine skier Henri Oreiller.

Hoy and his team-mates finished the race in 17th overall and 12th in class.

Complete British GT Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete European Le Mans Series results

24 Hours of Le Mans results

24 Hours of Silverstone results

Complete FIA World Rallycross Championship results
(key)

Supercar

Hoy Bikes
Hoy unveiled the brand which bears his name in November 2012, three months after winning the double Olympic gold in London. The debut range included three road bikes and four city bikes, as well as a track bike. It was later extended by several other designs, including bicycles for children.

Personal life
Hoy is married to Sarra Kemp, Lady Hoy, a lawyer from Edinburgh. They got married in 2010 at St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh. They have a son, Callum, and a daughter, Chloe.

Hoy's autobiography was published in 2009. Hoy's first two children's fiction books, about a young cyclist called Flying Fergus, were published in 2016. In 2020, Hoy published another children's book titled Be Amazing.

In April 2013, Hoy accepted the appointment of ambassador to the Royal Air Force Air Cadets and assumed the rank of Honorary Group Captain RAFVR(T). He has since relinquished this role. In 2013, Hoy was appointed as an ambassador for UNICEF UK, having been an International Inspiration ambassador for UNICEF since 2009.

Hoy has been Ambassador for the Scottish Association for Mental Health since 2009. In that time he has devoted many hours to raising awareness of and funds for the mental health cause.

In December 2016 and December 2017, Hoy supported the Scottish social enterprise Social Bite by sleeping out at their Sleep in the Park events to raise money for homeless people.

Medal history

 World Championships
 1999 –  Team sprint
 2000 –  Team sprint
 2001 –  Team sprint
 2002 –  1 km time trial;  Team sprint
 2003 –  Team sprint
 2004 –  1 km time trial;  Team sprint
 2005 –  Team sprint;  1 km time trial
 2006 –  1 km time trial;  Team sprint
 2007 –  Keirin;  1 km time trial;  Team sprint
 2008 –  Sprint;  Keirin;  Team sprint
 2010 –  Keirin;  Team sprint
 2011 –  Keirin;  Team sprint;  Sprint
 2012 –  Keirin;  Sprint

 Olympic Games
 2000 –  Team sprint (with Craig MacLean and Jason Queally)
 2004 –  1 km Track time trial
 2008 –  Team sprint (with Jason Kenny and Jamie Staff);  Keirin;  Sprint
 2012 –  Team sprint (with Jason Kenny and Philip Hindes);  Keirin

 Track Cycling World Ranking
 2009–10 – 3rd Keirin
 2010–11 – 2nd Keirin, 3rd Team sprint
 2011–12  – 1st Keirin

 Commonwealth Games
 2002 –  1 km time trial;  Team sprint (with Craig MacLean and Ross Edgar)
 2006 –  Team sprint (with Craig MacLean and Ross Edgar);  1 km time trial

 Special awards
 2003, 2008 – BBC Scotland Sports Personality of the Year
 2008 – BBC Sports Personality of the Year
 2014 – BBC Sports Personality of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award

Honours
2005: Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Edinburgh
2005: Appointed a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE) "for services to cycling" in the 2005 New Year Honours.
2005: Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University
2008: Sportsman of the Year, elected by the Sports Journalists' Association, winning a ballot of its membership ahead of Formula One world champion Lewis Hamilton and Olympic sailor Ben Ainslie.
2008: BBC Sports Personality of the Year. He finished ahead of Formula One world champion Lewis Hamilton and Olympic swimmer Rebecca Adlington. Hoy became the second cyclist ever to win the award after Tom Simpson in 1965.
 2009: Honorary Doctor of Science, University of St Andrews
2009: Appointed Knight Bachelor in the 2009 New Year Honours "for services to Sport".
2009: Inducted to the University of Edinburgh's Sports Hall of Fame.
2009: Train operating company SouthEastern named a high-speed Class 395 train after him.
2012: The Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome, built for the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games, is named in his honour.
2013: Honorary Group Captain RAFAC, Ambassador to the Royal Air Force Air Cadets.

Bibliography

Non Fiction
Chris Hoy: the Autobiography (2009, HarperCollins)

Children's fiction
Flying Fergus 2: The Great Cycle Challenge (2016, Bonnier Publishing Fiction);

See also

 List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
 2012 Olympics gold post boxes in the United Kingdom
City of Edinburgh Racing Club
Achievements of members of City of Edinburgh Racing Club
Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome

References

Further reading
Richard Moore, Heroes, Villains and Velodromes: Chris Hoy and Britain's Track Cycling Revolution (June 2008), HarperCollins; .

External links

  (archive)

1976 births
Living people
Knights Bachelor
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
BBC Sports Personality of the Year winners
BMX riders
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Scotland
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Scotland
Commonwealth Games competitors for Scotland
Cyclists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Cyclists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
European Le Mans Series drivers
International GT Open drivers
World Rallycross Championship drivers
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Olympic cyclists for Great Britain
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Olympic medalists in cycling
Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain
People educated at George Watson's College
Royal Air Force officers holding honorary commissions
Sportspeople from Edinburgh
21st-century Scottish autobiographers
Scottish children's writers
Scottish male cyclists
Scottish racing drivers
Sports scientists
People in sports awarded knighthoods
UCI Track Cycling World Champions (men)
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games medallists in cycling
Scottish Olympic medallists
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BBC Sports Personality Lifetime Achievement Award recipients
Britcar 24-hour drivers
Scottish businesspeople
24H Series drivers
Multimatic Motorsports drivers
British GT Championship drivers
United Autosports drivers
Medallists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games

Chris Hoy


Virginia v. Tennessee, 148 U.S. 503 (1893), was a suit brought before the Supreme Court of the United States that sought to settle two questions:

 What is the correct boundary between the two states and, if the boundary was inaccurately set, can the state ask the court to change it?
 Does an agreement setting the boundary between two states require approval of Congress under the Compact Clause of the United States Constitution?

When two states have a controversy between each other, the case is filed for original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States. That is one of the very limited circumstances in which the court acts as original jurisdiction (a trial court) although, as the suit was at equity rather than law, no jury was impaneled if either side had even wanted one in the first place. In all other cases, the court acts as the highest appellate court in the United States.

The court decided that if a prior agreement between the two states sets the boundary, both states ratify that agreement, and one state later discovers that the boundary was wrong (such as the other state received a larger share of territory than originally planned), unless the other state agrees to change it, the original agreement stands.

In this particular instance, the Supreme Court rejected Virginia's contention that the intent of the original "charters of the English sovereigns" should take precedent over the 1803 compromise, which sought to address the situation initially and was agreed upon by both states.

As to what represents an interstate compact requiring approval from Congress, the court said it is agreements that would in some fashion increase the power of a state. If a state, for example, wanted to send an exhibit to a World's Fair in another state, it would not need approval by Congress to contract to use a canal owned by another state for its exhibit or its people to pass through along the way.

If a compact or agreement between two states requires congressional approval, the approval may be implied, such as if a state sends information to Congress about an agreement, and Congress accepts and records the details. Approval may be requested in advance, or, for a type of compact in which the details could not be known before the compact was ratified, after the compact is created.

The court decided that because the states informed Congress of the original survey that both states hired people to establish carefully and then enacted as legislation by the two states, the agreement was implicitly approved by Congress, and the border between the two states had been set forth in the survey.

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 148
North Carolina–Tennessee–Virginia Corners

References

External links

Internal territorial disputes of the United States
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Fuller Court
United States Supreme Court original jurisdiction cases
United States Constitution Article One case law
1893 in United States case law
1893 in Virginia
1893 in Tennessee

Virginia v. Tennessee


Elissa Steamer (born July 31, 1975) is an American professional skateboarder.

Early life
Steamer was born in Fort Myers, Florida, United States, and began skateboarding in 1989. Steamer frequented a small city owned skate park on Grand Avenue.

Professional skateboarding

1995–1998: Toy Machine, Welcome to Hell
Although she received a concurrent offer from Real Skateboards to ride the company's decks, Steamer first began receiving skateboard decks from Lance Mountain in 1995, who was running a company named "The Firm" at the time.

Steamer's first official skateboard deck sponsor was Toy Machine, founded and owned by professional skateboarder, Ed Templeton. Professional skateboarder, Chad Muska, then a leading member of the Toy Machine team, facilitated Steamer's sponsorship; at the time of Steamer's acceptance, Toy Machine consisted of Templeton, Muska, Mike Maldonado, Jamie Thomas, and Brian Anderson.

Steamer subsequently filmed for her Welcome to Hell video part, a 1996 project primarily driven by Thomas, who temporarily resided with Steamer in Fort Myers to undertake the camera work for Steamer's section in the video. Steamer remained with the company following Thomas and Muska's departure and contributed a video part for Toy Machine's next film project, Jump Off A Building.

1998–2003: Baker, Baker 2G, Bootleg
Following the departure of numerous co-riders from Toy Machine, Steamer informed Templeton by telephone that she was also leaving and joined the Bootleg brand which was founded as a sub-division of the Baker skateboard company. Bootleg was distributed by the NHS, Inc. company (Independent, Creature, Santa Cruz) and Steamer's involvement was a progression of her personal connection to skateboarders such as Andrew Reynolds and Erik Ellington. Bootleg was founded by Jay Strickland, who also cofounded the Baker brand with Reynolds, and was a short-lived, month-long venture that ended following a video release, Bootleg 3000.

Prior to Bootleg 3000, Steamer's video parts were included in the Baker Bootleg and 2G videos. Steamer stated in 2014 that her highest paycheck from skateboard deck royalties was received during her time with Bootleg.

2004–2011: Zero, Fourth X Games gold
Steamer was provided with a three-month paycheck following the demise of Bootleg in 2004, and Frank Gerwer, a professional skateboarder who lived with Steamer, attempted to negotiate a sponsorship deal with the Anti-Hero brand that he also rode for, but was ultimately unsuccessful. Thomas, who had by this time founded his own skateboard company, Zero, asked Steamer to ride for the brand, and she joined the Zero team in June 2006.

Following Steamer's transition to Zero, she filmed a shared video part with Thomas, who had not amassed enough footage for a full-length part. Steamer never filmed a full-length video part while she was a member of the Zero team (Thomas has stated in an online interview that Steamer never released a full-length part due to insufficient involvement with the company's filmers and a tendency to lose momentum due to outside distractions).

At the 2008 X Games event in Los Angeles, US, Steamer won her fourth X Games gold medal in the Women's Street event. The women's category was introduced in 2004 and 2007 was the only year that Steamer did not win gold, as she won silver after Marisa Dal Santo. Following her victory, Steamer explained to the New York Times that she felt like vomiting for the entire duration of the contest and attributed the issue to "old age". At the time, Mimi Knoop, a professional vert skater and vice president of the Action Sports Alliance, a nonprofit association of professional women's skateboarders, said that "Elissa has paved the way for those girls in street and set the bar ability-wise for all those girls that are coming up."

Steamer eventually parted ways with Zero in July 2011 and explained in an ESPN interview:

Me and Jamie [Thomas] have been friends for a long time. It was a difficult decision to make. It's hard enough to make career decisions let alone those heavy ones. It's like breaking up with someone, you know? Zero was five years of my life. Of course I'm thankful for that. And Jamie hooked me up.

2012–present: Gnarhunters, Return to Baker
In late September 2013, Steamer launched a collaboration with the FTC skateboard shop/brand entitled "Gnarhunters." Steamer explains in the promotional video that, as of the FTC collaboration, Gnarhunters is a "project," but will eventually become a brand. Steamer received artistic support from professional skateboarders Brian Anderson and Frank Gerwer, as well as professional artists. As of July 2014, the company is registered in the American city of San Francisco. In June 2018, Bakerboys Distribution's Shake Junt released an Elissa Steamer guest board along with a 'Ride or Die' web short featuring recent skatepark footage. Later in the same month, Baker Skateboards introduced Steamer to the pro team, releasing her first signature board for the brand. As of 2021, Gnarhunters is distributed by Baker Boys Distribution.

Awards
In 2003, Steamer was voted "Female Skater of the Year" by Check it Out Girls magazine.

Video games
Steamer appeared as a playable character in the first five installments of the Tony Hawk's Pro Skater series. In 2014, Steamer explained that her biggest paychecks during her skateboarding career were due to video game royalties.

Andrew Reynolds said in September 2014 that all of the skateboarders who appeared in the first game of the series were well-paid:

So for the first game, everybody got paid. Elissa Steamer, myself, whoever else was in it, we were laughing—we got like one check for royalties that was like $190,000 or something. We were like, 'What! This is amazing!' ... I really love that Elissa Steamer got $190,000 out of it too. [Laughs] That's my favorite part.

Personal life
In a June 2014 radio interview, Steamer said that she had purchased property in Fort Myers, Florida, during her skateboarding career and that the profit from these properties, which are overseen by a manager, support her life in California.

In July 2020, Steamer told Skateboarding Magazine's radio show that she identifies as queer. In January 2021, she told Thrasher that she lives with her fiancée Rachel Garcia and their dogs Randy and Lily in San Francisco, California.

Contest history

1998
1st place, Slam City Jam, Women's Street, Canada

1999
1st place, Slam City Jam, Women's Street, Canada

2003
1st place, World Cup of Skateboarding, Women's Street, Melbourne, Australia

2004
1st place, Gallaz Skate Jam, Melbourne, Australia
1st place, Triple Crown, Women's Street, Cleveland, Ohio, US
Gold, X Games, Women's Street, Los Angeles, California, US
1st place, Gravity Games, Women's Street, Cleveland, Ohio, US
1st place, Triple Crown Finals, Women's Street, Huntington Beach, California, US
1st place, Slam City Jam, Women's Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

2005
1st place, World Cup of Skateboarding, Women's Street, Melbourne, Australia
1st place, World Championships of Skateboarding, Münster, Germany
Gold, X Games, Women's Street, Los Angeles, California, US
1st place, Malaysia X Games, Women's Street, Malaysia

2006
Gold, X Games, Women's Street, Los Angeles, California, US

2007
Silver, X Games, Women's Street, Los Angeles, California, US

2008
Gold, X Games, Women's Street, Los Angeles, California, United States (US)

Videography
Toy Machine: Welcome to Hell (1996)
Toy Machine: Jump Off a Building (1998)
Baker: Bootleg (1998)
Baker: 2G (2000)
Bootleg: Bootleg 3000 (2003)
Nike: Gizmo (2019)
Baker: Baker4 (2019)

References

External links
Gnarhunters official website

1975 births
Living people
American skateboarders
Sportspeople from Fort Myers, Florida
Sportspeople from San Francisco
X Games athletes
Bisexual sportswomen
American sportswomen
American bisexual people
American LGBT sportspeople
LGBT people from Florida
LGBT skateboarders
21st-century American women
American female skateboarders

Elissa Steamer


Little Waltham is a village and civil parish just north of Chelmsford, in Essex, England. It is adjacent to the village of Great Waltham. The Domesday Book refers to the two villages as Waltham, consisting of several manors. The site of an Iron Age village was excavated before upgrading the main road north between the current villages.

The village straddles the River Chelmer. Its main street has a number of old houses near the bridge, notably a rare Essex example of a Wealden hall house, now divided into three cottages. A footpath leads south alongside the river to an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, part of which is a nature reserve. The countryside is under continued threat from housing and road development.

Amenities
The parish church, St Mary the Virgin, is dedicated to St Martin of Tours, and has a Norman south door with a window above. Its East window features local landmarks shown at the foot of the cross. There is also a United Reformed Church in The Street.

There is a pub in the centre of the village, The White Hart. This has undergone extensive renovation in recent years to turn it from a traditional pub into a more modern "gastro-pub" serving quality food. It has good reviews and an overall 4/5 rating on trip advisor.

The village has a doctor's surgery in Brook Hill, with a pharmacy on site.

There are two main halls in the village, Tufnell Hall and the Memorial Hall. Tufnell Hall is home to the Little Waltham Sports and Social Club, which hosts the village football team as well as badminton. Tufnell Hall has a main hall which is used by the Montessori Nursery School during term times (see Education) and is available for hire for functions, plus a separate bar area open to members and visitors. The Memorial Hall is used by the village playgroup and is also used as the polling station for elections. The United Reformed Church also has a smaller hall which is primarily used for church functions plus the Applepips nursery school.

Sport
The village also has a cricket team; the ground is in the centre of the village opposite the White Hart pub and Tufnell Hall.

A short-lived greyhound racing track was opened in the spring of 1930 on the main Braintree-Chelmsford Road. The racing on Friday evenings was independent (not affiliated to the sports governing body the National Greyhound Racing Club) and was known as a flapping track, which was the nickname given to independent tracks. The grass track held races over 550 yards races and had a covered stand with refreshments available on site. The four-acre site near Ash Tree Corner was put up for sale in February 1931; meetings after this were organised by the Waltham Greyhound and Whippet Club. Equipment from the track at New Writtle Street Stadium was installed here in March 1936.

Education
Most Primary School age children in Little Waltham attend either Little Waltham Church of England Primary School, with some attending Great Waltham Church of England Primary School nearby. High School age children typically attend Chelmer Valley High School in nearby Broomfield. There are also nursery schools in the village, including a Montessori Nursery School; Rainbow Little Waltham, for 2- to 5-year-olds; Applepips at the URC; and the playgroup at the Memorial Hall.

Notes

External links
 Essex Walks - Little and Great Waltham

Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex

Little Waltham


The Cross is situated in St Thomas' Square, Overmonnow, Monmouth, Wales, in the middle of a roundabout opposite the Church of St Thomas the Martyr and the western end of the Monnow Bridge.   Originally mediaeval, and also known as Overmonnow Cross, the cross was reconstructed in 1888 and has been classed as a Grade II listed structure since 15 August 1974.

History
Some nineteenth century sources suggest that the original cross was in existence before 1039. St Thomas' Square was thought to have been a market place before Monnow Bridge linked Overmonnow to the rest of the town, and the cross may have been used for preaching at market times.
On 1 April 1764, an 18-year-old woman was condemned at Monmouth assizes to be burned to death for poisoning her mistress. The sentence was carried out close to the Cross.

A cross is shown in its current location in John Speed's map of Monmouth, dated 1611.  However, by the late 19th century the only portion left was the stone base, in the road close to the Green Dragon Inn.  In 1888, Charles Henry Crompton-Roberts, of nearby Drybridge House, undertook to have the cross rebuilt and erected in the centre of the crossroads.  At the time, and until the town was by-passed in 1966, the road was the main route into Monmouth from the west.  Crompton-Roberts was said to have argued with the authorities about its reintroduction to the middle of the square, and the Vicar of St Thomas, Rev P Potter, was also said to have been instrumental in returning the cross to its original position.  A new shaft was designed by architect F.A. Powell, who worked at the same time on renovations to St Thomas' church. It was built by William Simmonds and carved by H. Wall of Newport. Wall also carved the four figures in the recess of the cross, which are St Thomas, St Mary, St Michael and St Cenhadlon. H Wall was paid £70 for his work.

A drinking fountain was erected in 1897 next to the church, to celebrate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. A horse trough was installed next to the Cross at the same time, but complaints followed about the congestion and hazards caused by carts left standing around the cross and it was later removed. Besides the church the cross is also in front of The Green Dragon pub.

Gallery

References

Buildings and structures in Monmouth, Wales
Grade II listed buildings in Monmouthshire
Monuments and memorials in Monmouthshire

The Cross, Monmouth


Le Journal de Mickey is a French weekly comics magazine established in 1934, featuring Disney comics from France and around the world. The magazine is currently published by Unique Heritage Media. It is centered on the adventures of Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters but  also contains other comics. It is credited with "the birth of the modern bande dessinée". It is now the most popular French weekly magazine for children between 8 and 13 years old.

Origins
Paul Winkler, owner of the Opera Mundi syndicate, distributed comic strips from King Features Syndicate in France since 1928, including the American Mickey Mouse comic strip which was published in Le Petit Parisien as Les Aventures de Mickey since October 7, 1930. In 1931, Opera Mundi began a collaboration with publisher Librarie Hachette, who published books of French bandes dessinées (comic strips). Working with Opera Mundi, Hachette published reprint collections of the Mickey Mouse comic, with prose captions instead of speech balloons, as was customary in French BD. Their two Mickey Mouse books published in 1931 were a great success, selling more than 500,000 copies.

In 1933, Winkler got the idea to create a children's newspaper. At the time, the only children's publications on the market were des Illustrés, magazines for young children with big print. Winkler was convinced that there was a youth market that wanted "a cheerful and entertaining newspaper" (un journal gai et distrayant). Winkler later said:

Winkler proposed the creation of a Mickey Mouse newspaper to various periodical publishers, who all turned him down. Finally, Robert Meunier du Houssoy of Librarie Hachette agreed to publish the paper, as long as Winkler would become the editor-in-chief. Le Journal de Mickey would be the second weekly Mickey Mouse magazine produced in the world; the first, Italy's Topolino, preceded it by two years.

Launch
Le Journal de Mickey was first published on October 21, 1934. When it began, the front page of the paper was a Sunday strip of the American Mickey Mouse strip by Floyd Gottfredson, complete with its usual topper strip, Silly Symphony. In the first issue, the series launched with the March 11, 1934 Sunday page, which began the "Mickey contre l'Ogre Grognedur" ("Rumplewatt the Giant") story in Mickey Mouse, and "La Famille Vole-Au-Vent" ("Birds of a Feather") in Symphonie Folâtre (Silly Symphony). In the original Silly Symphony comic strip, the dialogue was written in rhyming couplets; Winkler considered this too childish, so the French translation was written in prose.

Initially, the magazine had eight pages, with four in color. Besides the Disney strips, the other three color pages were taken by: Pére Lacloche (Pete the Tramp) topped with Toffou (Pete's Pup), both by Clarence D. Russell; Jacques Beaunez, Policier (Needlenose Noonan) topped with Tout est bien qui finit bien (Discontinued Stories), both by Walter Hoban; and Les Malheurs d'Annie (Little Annie Rooney) topped with Si rip le dormeour revenait (Fablettes) by Brandon Walsh and Darrell McClure. The black-and-white pages featured two more half-page comics: Jim-la-Jungle (Jungle Jim) by Alex Raymond, and Qu'en Dites-Vous?, a collection of strange facts similar to the Ripley's Believe It or Not! feature.

The first issue also contained two serialized novels -- "Le Secret du Templier" ("The Templar's Secret") by Clade DaViére, and "La Main Qui Frappe" ("The Striking Hand") by Karl May—as well as a crafts column ("Le Petit Bricoleur"), collections of jokes and puns, puzzles, and a brief interview with Mickey Mouse. An international column, "Dans le Monde Entier" ("In the Whole World"), reported on new technologies around the globe, with much interest in planes, trains and cars.

The paper was an immediate success, with the first issue selling 300,000 copies; that figure would grow over the next several years. Hachette recouped their initial investment within four months. After the first issue was published, Winkler traveled to Hollywood to deliver it to Walt Disney personally.

Winkler's main innovation in children's magazine publishing was framing the imported American comic strips within a French context, with playful text material that used French puns, idioms and literary references. As a result of Le Journal de Mickey's success, older children's publications seemed out-of-date and tired, and many were either cancelled or changed to new formats between 1936 and 1939, including La Jeunesse Moderne, Le Petit Illustré, L'Intrépide, Cri-Cri and L'Épatant. Laurence Grove writes, "Publications such as L'Aventureux and L'As could attract readers with the sophisticated artwork and risqué exoticism, but they generally provided strips and only strips, and as such were unlikely to create a following, a feeling of attachment and involvement, in short a French cultural phenomenon in the way that Winckler [sic] had done through the context he had given his imports."

Pre-war newspaper
Major differences with earlier French youth magazines with comics were, apart from printing American comics instead of local productions, the size of the magazine, with Mickey two to three times larger (27 by 40 cm), and the use of speech balloons instead of text captions. These comics were coupled with French stories and with reader interaction through letters, contests, and the Club Mickey.

Starting with issue #4 (November 1934), the column "Le Club Mickey" was signed by "Onc' Léon", the nom de plume for Léon Sée, a former boxing manager who had approached Winkler for a series of articles on boxing for Opera Mundi. Winkler bought Sée's series, and Sée became Winkler's partner in the early development of Le Journal de Mickey. The "Club Mickey" letters column became an irreplaceable link between the magazine and its readers, and Onc' Léon became a wise dispenser of advice. The "Club" also offered discounts on Mickey Mouse books, games and clothes.

The magazine revolutionised the French children's publications market and introduced the American comic strips on a much larger scale. A number of copycat magazines soon followed, including some launched by Winkler himself. In April 1936, Winkler published , a 16-page weekly filled with American adventure comics, and he followed this in December 1937 with , "L'hebdomadaire de la jeunesse moderne" (the weekly for the modern child). This period was later called the Golden Age of the BD.

Over the course of 1935, the Mickey Mouse comic strip introduced Mickey's cast of characters to the French audience, sometimes with new names. Horace Horsecollar was dubbed Chrysostome, and Clarabelle Cow was known as Yvette. Goofy was originally called Quenotte, but this was subsequently changed to Piloche, Achille Nigaudot and Goofy; the name finally came to rest as Dingo, which is the name that French audiences know today. Peg-Leg Pete debuted as Pierrot Jambe-de-Bois, and became Pat Hibulaire. Mickey, Minnie, Pluto and Donald Duck were known by their original English names.

By 1938, Mickey had a circulation of 400,000, the same as Robinson. The most successful competing magazines only had circulations of 200,000 or less, while the most successful magazines before the start of Mickey only sold about 40,000 copies a week. One of the things that set Le Journal de Mickey apart from its competitors was its production, with quality paper and ink and better printing resulting in brighter colours.

In the pre-war era, the comic strips reprinted in Le Journal de Mickey included Les Durondib et leur chien Adolphe (Dinglehoofer und His Dog Adolph) by Harold Knerr, Les Jumeaux (The Tucker Twins) and P'tit Jules (Snorky) by Clarence D. Russell, Pim-Pam-Poum! (The Captain and the Kids) by Rudolph Dirke, Luc Bradefer (Brick Bradford) by William Ritt and Clarence Gray, Richard le Téméraire (Tim Tyler's Luck) by Lyman Young, Les Petites Fables by Nicolas Anofsky, Cora (Connie) by Frank Godwin, Bernard Tempête (Don Winslow of the Navy) by Frank Victor Martinek and Leon Beroth, Marc Luron (Curley Harper at Lakespur) by Lyman Young, and Prince Vaillant (Prince Valiant) by Hal Foster.

The paper also reprinted two serialized adaptations of Disney animated films from the Silly Symphony strip: Blanche Neige et les Sept Nains (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs) in 1938, and Pinocchio in 1940. In addition to the regular 8-page weekly, there were occasional 16-page holiday specials for Christmas, Easter and school holidays; these cost 75 centimes instead of the regular 30. For the covers, the specials reprinted the colorful Mickey Mouse Weekly covers from the UK.

World War II broke out in 1939, and France was invaded by German and Italian forces in May and June 1940. As a result, Le Journal de Mickey ceased publication on June 16, 1940 with issue #296, and relocated to Marseille in the unoccupied zone of France. Starting September 22, 1940, two of Winkler's comics magazines -- Le Journal de Mickey and Hop-là!—reappeared as the combined title Le Journal de Mickey et Hop-là Reunis. Winkler, who had published anti-Nazi editorials that attracted the attention of Reich Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels, fled to the United States with his children. Winkler's wife Betty stayed in the unoccupied zone and managed the newspaper in his absence.

Circulation dropped by 86 percent, and the magazine was printed on much lower quality paper and with very limited colours. Paper shortages meant that by the end of 1941, the magazine was reduced to 4 pages of only half the original size, appearing only twice a month. As of issue #389 (July 5, 1942), American comics were dropped from the paper, including all of the Disney material, and the speech balloon comics were replaced with traditional comics with text captions. The final issue of the first run of Le Journal de Mickey appeared on July 2, 1944.

Revival
After the war, Winkler returned to liberated France and continued publishing comics magazines, beginning with Hardi Présente Donald, which ran for 313 issues from March 23, 1947 to March 22, 1953. This was a large-format weekly that was similar to the pre-war Journal de Mickey -- Donald Duck comic strips took up half of the front page, and the rest of the paper was made up of King Features adventure strips, including Jim of the Jungle, Flash Gordon, Tarzan and Mandrake the Magician. Unlike the previous paper, Donald was not a big success, and was seen as old-fashioned in the post-war market. Hachette also produced a 32-page comic book, Les Belles Histoires Walt Disney for 61 issues, from May 1948 to January 1954. These printed stories from the US comic books, sometimes retraced to fit the page layout.

In 1949, France passed the "Law of 16 July 1949 on the Publications Intended for Children" (Loi du 16 juillet 1949 sur les publications destinées à la jeunesse), which discouraged the publication of American comics, partly to break the domination of American material over the French comics industry, and also to counter the perceived violence and immorality of the American strips. The Disney comics material was not affected by the law, but the other American strips printed in Donald were eventually removed, contributing to the decline of the paper.

Meanwhile, in Belgium, Armand Bigle began publishing Mickey Magazine in 1950, with great success. The weekly magazine published in Flemish and French was printed in the style of American comic books. Mickey published translated stories from the American Disney comics, as well as some original stories by Belgian creators, led by Louis Santels, known by his pen name Ténas. Based on the success of Mickey Magazine, Bigle persuaded Winkler to adopt some of his new editorial and graphic concepts, and launch a new French periodical.

Post-war magazine
Le Journal de Mickey was revived in 1952 and reached the height of its success later in the same decade, with a circulation of 633,000 by 1957. This dropped in the following decades to the current 150,000, which still makes it the leading French weekly magazine for 8- to 13-years-old.

At launch, the magazine was smaller than the pre-war newspaper, with half of the pages in color, and half printed in black and red. The cover and first story were French originals, by Ténas.

As of 2019, the magazine is 60 pages long, with 30 pages of both Disney and non-Disney comics. The rest of the pages are filled with games, riddles, animal facts and other editorial content. In 2019, Hachette sold Disney Hachette Presse to Unique Heritage Media.

Other French Disney comics
As of 2019, Unique Heritage Media publishes six ongoing Disney comics in addition to Le Journal de Mickey.

Mickey Junior (1985-on) is a monthly magazine aimed at kindergarten age children. It was first published as Winnie in October 1985, featuring stories about Winnie the Pooh, and was renamed Winnie et ses amis from 2012 to 2016. Starting with issue #376 in January 2017, it became Mickey Junior. The magazine features games and activities, editorial pages about animals, and stories about Mickey and his friends.

Mon Premier Journal de Mickey (2018-on) is a bimonthly magazine aimed at children just starting school, which began in April 2018. The magazine is 50 pages long, with 10 pages of comics; the rest of the content is illustrated stories, puzzles and animal facts. Some of the pages are in English, to encourage bilingual education.

Picsou Magazine (1978-on) is a bimonthly magazine primarily aimed at children 8–14 years old; it also includes features about Disney comics history of interest to fans and collectors of all ages. The magazine began in March 1972, with 116 pages. Named for Balthazar Picsou (the French name for Scrooge McDuck), the publication focuses on Duck comics. Starting in August 1978 (issue #78), the comic grew to 132 pages, and later to 148 pages. Starting with issue #542 in April 2019, the comic doubled its size, growing to 304 pages. The magazine begins with an editorial section about teen interests, including movies, video games, social networks, musicians, Japanese manga and some non-Disney comic pages; the rest of the magazine is devoted to Disney comics. Since #542, the Disney comics section is split into chapters, with the first "volume" devoted to comics by "Le maître de l'univers" (The Master of the Universe), Carl Barks. The other volumes include one "Panorama d'Auteur" section per issue spotlighting the work of another Disney creator, and the rest are grouped by theme. Each section includes several pages on Disney comics history related to the featured creator or theme, and lists the first appearance of each story in its native country and in France.

Super Picsou Géant (1983-on) is a 196-page bimonthly magazine aimed at children 8–14 years old. Started in May 1983 as a larger "géant" version of Picsou, as of 2019, it's dwarfed by Picsou's new "maxi" size. The magazine is primarily made up of Disney comics from Italy and Scandinavia, with some brief sections of puzzles and Picsou-style articles about teen fads.

Notes

External links
Homepage

Le Journal de Mickey on Disney Comics Worldwide (DCW)

Comics magazines published in France
Mickey Mouse comics
Disney comics titles
Children's magazines published in France
French-language magazines
Weekly magazines published in France
Lagardère Active
1934 comics debuts
Magazines established in 1934
1934 establishments in France

Le Journal de Mickey


Adrian Mark Sanders (born 25 April 1959) is a Liberal Democrat politician in the United Kingdom.  He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Torbay in Devon from 1997 until his defeat in the 2015 general election.

Early life
Sanders is the son of the late John and Helen Sanders, an insurance official and nurse respectively. He went to primary schools in Paignton and Torquay then Torquay Boys' Grammar School. He worked briefly in a timber yard, then in the insurance industry for seven years, and then had a short spell of unemployment before finding work in the political arena.

Political career
Sanders joined the Liberal Party in 1979 and in 1985 was elected Vice President of the National League of Young Liberals. He was a Torbay Borough councillor 1984–86. From 1986 to 1989 he lived in Hebden Bridge, West Yorkshire, working for the Association of Liberal Democrat Councilors before moving back to Paignton in 1990.

During 1992-93 Sanders worked in the office of Paddy Ashdown, the leader of the Liberal Democrats, and organised the 'Beyond Westminster' Tour. He then moved to become a policy officer at the National Council for Voluntary Organisations (1993–94) and then the Southern Association of Voluntary Action Groups for Europe.

Sanders stood unsuccessfully for the seat of Torbay 1992 general election, reducing the Conservative majority from 8,820 to 5,787. In the 1994 European Election, he unsuccessfully stood for the Devon and East Plymouth constituency, the loss was partly blamed on one of the candidates, Richard Huggett, standing with the description 'Literal' Democrat.

At the 1997 general election Sanders stood in Torbay, successfully, defeating the Conservative incumbent Rupert Allason by 12 votes. At the 2001 general election, his majority was 6,708; at the 2005 general election, it was 2,029 and it was 4,078 at the 2010 general election.

Following the 2001 election, Sanders was made the Liberal Democrat spokesman for tourism, and was subsequently moved to the position of Deputy Chief Whip of the Party in Parliament.
In the 2006 leadership contest Sanders nominated Menzies Campbell. In the December 2007 leadership election Sanders remained neutral by not publicly backing any candidate, citing his position as Deputy Chief Whip. He wrote afterwards that he had voted for Chris Huhne.

Sanders was awarded the Diabetes UK 75th Anniversary Award at a ceremony in the House of Commons on Wednesday 21 January 2009. In July 2010, he received the League Against Cruel Sports' Parliamentarian of the Year Award.

In April 2009, Sanders appeared in The Sunday Telegraph list of best value MPs. At the height of the expenses scandal, he opened his complete 'unredacted' expenses file to his local newspaper, the Herald Express.

In October 2011, he voted for a backbench motion to hold a referendum on Britain's membership of the European Union, along with 110 other MPs in the House of Commons. He was the only Liberal Democrat MP to do so. Sanders said he was also probably the only supporter of the EU to do so, but believed it was "a liberal principle to trust the people"

In May 2012, Sanders was the one Liberal Democrat on the Commons culture, media and sport select committee on phone hacking and provided the swing vote on the release of a report. Sanders joined with the five Labour committee members and against the four Conservative members to support the report which said in part that Rupert Murdoch was "'not fit' to run an international company".

In March 2015, Queen guitarist Brian May launched the "Common Decency" campaign, naming Sanders alongside six other candidates, saying: "We think you're decent people, we think you represent your constituents and your conscience so we're going to tell our people to try and cluster round and give you support."

At the 2015 general election, Sanders lost his seat to the Conservative Party candidate Kevin Foster by a majority of 3,286.

On 5 November 2015, Sanders was elected as the Liberal Democrat councillor for the Clifton-with-Maidenway ward of Paignton, taking almost 70 per cent of the vote.

Personal life
Sanders is married to Alison and lives in Paignton. He has had Type 1 diabetes since 1990 and campaigns on issues relating to diabetes. He is a fan of rock music, and occasionally presents a rock show on local radio station Palm 105.5. He is also a supporter of Torquay United.

References

External links
 Adrian Sanders MP Official constituency website
 Profile Liberal Democrats
 Torbay Liberal Democrats

1959 births
Living people
Councillors in South West England
Liberal Democrats (UK) MPs for English constituencies
People from Paignton
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
People educated at Torquay Boys' Grammar School
Liberal Democrats (UK) councillors

Adrian Sanders


Norrlands Guld (Gold of Norrland) is a lager beer introduced in 1965 by Sollefteå Bryggeri. It is now brewed by Spendrups as of 1989.

It is known for its long-running ad campaign which feature a stereotyped view of Norrland. The principal character is Ingemar, a very laid back man who lives a simple life with his buddies.

The central message is that people from Norrland (who naturally drink Norrlands Guld) are generally more laid back and free from pretension. The Catchphrase "Varför inte vara dig själv för en stund?" (Why not be yourself for a moment?) reflects this.

Norrlands Guld is also sold outside of Sweden throughout the IKEA retail chain.

Norrlands Guld the movie
In 2006, ads started to appear for an upcoming movie called Snart är det lördag igen (soon it's Saturday again) which was being directed by comedian Henrik Schyffert. It was to star Pontus Gårdinger as Ingemar and was presented as a dramatic revenge story with a completely different tone than the previous commercials.

This was actually just a joke and no movie was in the works. It did however spawn a 30-minute mockumentary video where Schyffert and others involved talk about how everything went wrong with the shoot.

References

Beer in Sweden
Swedish brands

Norrlands Guld


The Courthouse () in Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, is a 19th-century building in the central district of the city that has for many years served as the seat of various regional courts of law.

The Courthouse was built after the earthquake in 1895 and it was renovated in the early 1950s. In the late 1940s, it was used for the show trials against opponents of the Yugoslav Titoist regime in the Socialist Republic of Slovenia. The most famous were the so-called Rožman trial in 1945, the Nagode trial in 1946 and the Dachau trials in 1947.

The courthouse underwent an extensive renovation in 2007 and 2008. In 2008, Slovenian Minister of Justice Lovro Šturm announced that in three years time most of the courts of law housed in the building would move to new headquarters near the Ljubljana railway station.

External links

Palaces in Ljubljana
Judiciary of Slovenia
Center District, Ljubljana
Courthouses

Courthouse (Ljubljana)


Arthur Sarkissian (born 11 May 1960) is an Armenian artist and painter. He is one of the top twelve artists working now in Armenia.

Biography
Sarkissian was born in 1960 in Gyumri, Armenia and went to the School of Fine Arts there in 1977, then the Armenian Pedagogical University (Drawing) in 1989. He now lives and works in the city of Yerevan in Armenia.

Art
Sarkissian creates abstract art to show and enjoy the post-soviet freedom in Armenia. In 2005 he said that his way of painting was because he wanted to free himself from "Socialist Realism"." His paintings put together oil paint, silkscreen printing, words, photographs and parts of other paintings, and other materials.

His work can be seen in the Public Collection of the Museum of Modern Art in Yerevan. Many private collections of art across the world also include his paintings.

Paintings and sculpture

These are some of Sarkissian's works:
 "Mind Games" (2003), oil painting on canvas, 400 x 400 cm
 "Evening in the museum" (2005), mixed media on canvas, 95 x 175 cm
 "20 Pages" (2006), oil painting on canvas, 138 x 118 cm
 "Three colour stains" (2006), mixed media on canvas, 100 x 80 cm
 "Closed Session" (2007), mixed media installation
 "Against Crizis" (2009), oil painting on canvas, 120 x 195 cm

Exhibitions
These exhibitions had only Sarkissian's art work in them:
2009 - "Between The Images",One Gallery, Yerevan,Armenia
2008 – Museum of Modern Art, Yerevan, Armenia
2006 – First Floor Gallery, Yerevan, Armenia
2003 – "MIND GAMES", First Floor Gallery, Yerevan, Armenia
1998 – JNR Gallery, Yerevan, Armenia
1994 – Bossen Cultural Center, Saarbrücken, Germany
Lots of other exhibitions in Europe and America have included Sarkissian's work together with other artists' work, including:
2009 – "Transitional Hypotheses", group exhibition of Armenian-Japanese artists, ACCEA
2008 – "Undercurrent Shifts", Armenian Center for Contemporary Experimental Art
2007 – "Armenian Contemporary Art", Paris, France
2007 – "5 Armenian Artists", Marcel, France
2007 – "Armenian Landscapes in Contemporary Art", EWZ, Zurich, Switzerland
2006 – "Art Without Borders", Havana Gallery, Oldenburg, Germany
2005 – Marie Pargas Art Gallery, Asheville, NC, USA
2005 – The Collection Of Viken Makhyan, AGBU Pasadena Center, USA
2005 – "Photo Plus", ACCEA, Yerevan, Armenia
2005 – "Armenian Contemporary Art", Harvest Gallery, Glendale, CA, USA
1999 – "Windows to Armenia" and "With Many Voices", Fourth Presbyterian Church, Chicago, Illinois, US
1997 – "Dreams & Visions", Art Benefit, Chicago, Illinois, USA
1992 – "Armenian Post-Modernism", Moscow, Russia
1992 – "Contemporary Armenian Artists", Gallery Vision, Kassel, Germany
1991 – "Contemporary Art From Armenia", The New Academy Gallery, London, UK
1991 – "New Tendencies in Art", Goyak Gallery, Yerevan, Armenia
1989 – "Art of the USSR: The Past 50 Years", Madrid, Spain Catalogues

Other websites
 Artist's official website
 Armenian Center for Contemporary Experimental Art (ACCEA) official website

References

1960 births
Armenian painters
Living people

Arthur Sarkissian


Dr Cedric Howell Swanton (Kew, Victoria, 23 March 1899 - Sydney, 11 September 1970) was an Australian physician
and psychiatrist.

Biography

Swanton was educated at Scotch College and the University of Melbourne, then went to the United Kingdom for postgraduate studies in surgery in London and Edinburgh.  On his return to Australia in 1929 he worked as a general practitioner, but returned to London in 1933 to study psychiatry at the Tavistock Clinic.

In 1937 he opened a practice in Sydney as a consultant psychiatrist and was appointed to the honorary staff of the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital psychiatric clinic, remaining there until retiring in 1959.

Although trained in psychoanalysis, Swanton followed the theory of biological psychiatry, which maintained that mental problems were best treated by physical methods. He was one of the first Australian psychiatrists to use electroconvulsive therapy, persisting with this technique throughout the 1950s and mentoring some psychiatrists of the next generation, including the notorious Harry Bailey, in its use. Swanton also performed leucotomy on many patients.

References

Garton, S. (2002) Swanton, Cedric Howell, in Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 16,  p. 352. (Melbourne University Press: Melbourne).

1899 births
1970 deaths
Australian psychiatrists
Psychiatrists from Melbourne
People educated at Scotch College, Melbourne
University of Melbourne alumni

Cedric Howell Swanton


Hanumatodi, more popularly known as Todi (pronounced hanumatōdi and tōdi), is a rāgam (musical scale) in Carnatic music. It is the 8th melakarta rāgam (parent scale) in the 72 melakarta rāgam system. This is sung very often in concerts. It is a difficult rāgam to perform in owing to its complexity in prayoga (phrases of notes and intonation). It is called Janatodi in Muthuswami Dikshitar school of Carnatic music. Its Western equivalent is the Phrygian mode. Todi in Carnatic music is different from Todi (thaat) of Hindustani music (North Indian classical music). The equivalent of the Hindustani raga Todi in Carnatic music is Shubhapantuvarali (which is the 45th melakarta). The equivalent of Carnatic Todi in Hindustani is Bhairavi thaat in terms of notes, but the two sound very different due to differing uses of gamakas.

Structure and Lakshana

It is the 2nd rāgam in the 2nd chakra Netra. The mnemonic name is Netra-Sri. The mnemonic phrase is sa ra gi ma pa dha ni. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is as follows (see swaras in Carnatic music page for details on below notation and terms):
ārohaṇa :
avarohaṇa :

This scale uses the notes shuddha rishabham, sadharana gandharam, shuddha madhyamam, shuddha dhaivatham and kaisiki nishadham. It is a sampoorna rāgam - rāgam having all 7 swarams. It is the shuddha madhyamam equivalent of Bhavapriya, which is the 44th melakarta scale. A peculiarity of this raga is that it is sung in all lower notes. It is also classified as a "rakti" raga (a raga of high melodic content).

Janya rāgams
Hanumatodi has a quite a few janya rāgams (derived scales) associated with it, of which Asaveri, Janatodi, Dhanyasi, Punnagavarali and Shuddha Seemanthini are popular. See List of janya rāgams for all of Todi's janyas.

Popular compositions
Most composers have composed songs in Todi. Thyagaraja alone has composed about 32 compositions in this raga with each composition starting at every single note of the three octaves. Thāye Yashoda, composed by Oottukkadu Venkata Kavi, is a very well known composition, in the Tamil language. This popular kriti is sung frequently in concerts. A popular varnam in the Todi rāgam is Erā Nāpai by Patnam Subramania Iyer, one of the famous composers of Carnatic music.

Other popular compositions are:

 Era Na Pai an Aadi thala varnam by Patnam Subramania Iyer
 Daani Samajendra, Saridisavasa (Varnams) by Swathi Thirunal
 Kādhanu vāriki, Dācu kovalena, Proddupoyenu, Dasarathi Nee Runamu, Aragimpave, Raju Vedale, Endu daginado, Chesinadella, Koluvamaregada, Nee vanti daivamu sadanana and Gati Neevani by Thyagaraja
  Sarasijanabha Murare, Devadevamam Palaya, Japatha Japatha, Devadeva Mam Palayamam, Mandara Dhara, Pankajaksha Tava Sevam, Samodam Kalayami  by Swathi Thirunal
 Shri Krishnam Bhajamaanasa, Daakshayani,Shri Subramanyomam Rakshatu and Kamalambike by Muthuswami Dikshitar
 Raave Himagiri Kumari, Karunanidhi Ilalo by Syama Sastri
 Kangalidyatako by Sripadaraja
 Enu Dhanyalo Lakumi, Banda nodi Govinda, Ninna Nodi Dhanyanadeno by Purandara Dasa
 Sharadeye Karuna Varidhi Ny Vijaya Dasa
 Gajananam Ganapathim by Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar
 Kārthikeya Gangeya and Thamatham aen swami by Papanasam Sivan
 Paradevathe Nin Pada Bhajanam by Irayimman Thampi
 varnam miinakshi niidu by gnanananda teertha (ogirala veera raghava sarma)
SarasijanAbha MurArE by Swati Tirunal*
 kriti kamakshi sada by gnanananda teertha (ogirala veera raghava sarma)
 Anjaneyam upasmahe by Bellary M. Sheshagiri Acharya
 Ninne namminanu by Shyama Shastri
 Notru Suvargam part of the Thiruppavai by Andal
 Sudha Nidhe Mamava Sadha by Balamurali Krishna

Film Songs

Language:Tamil

Related rāgams

Todi's notes when shifted using Graha bhedam, yields 5 other major melakarta rāgams, namely, Kalyani, Shankarabharanam, Natabhairavi, Kharaharapriya and Harikambhoji. For further details and an illustration of graha bhedam of this rāgam refer related rāgams section in Shankarabharanam page.

Notes

References

Melakarta ragas

Hanumatodi


Russell Leroy McQueen (born January 9, 1953) is an American baseball pitcher who is most notable for winning the 1972 College World Series Most Outstanding Player award while a sophomore at University of Southern California. He is one of seven players from University of Southern California to win that award. The others are Bill Thom, Bud Hollowell, Bill Seinsoth, George Milke, Rod Boxberger and Wes Rachels. In the 1972 College World Series, he had a string of 14 consecutive scoreless innings.

On March 30, 1974, he pitched a no-hitter. That was the first game ever played at Dedeaux Field.

Following his collegiate career, he was drafted by the California Angels in the 14th round of the 1974 amateur draft. He played two seasons in their minor league system, 1975 and 1976, never reaching the majors. In 1975, he played for the Salinas Packers, going 6–5 with a 3.16 ERA in 54 relief appearances. In 1976, he played for the Packers and El Paso Diablos, going 3–2 with a 2.54 ERA in 26 games with the Packers and 0–2 in 15 games with a 4.62 ERA with the Diablos.

He graduated from the University of Southern California's Marshall School of Business in 1974.

References

USC Trojans baseball players
1953 births
College World Series Most Outstanding Player Award winners
Living people
Marshall School of Business alumni

Russ McQueen


Rafael Vicente Correa Delgado  born April 6, 1963 in Guayaquil, was the 43rd President of Ecuador, and in 2009-2010 was the president pro tempore of the UNASUR.

Correa was elected President of Ecuador in late 2006 and took office in January 2007. In December 2008, he declared Ecuador's national debt illegitimate, based on the argument that it had been contracted by despotic prior regimes.

Correa's first term in office had been due to end on January 15, 2011, but the new approved constitution, written by the new National Assembly, called for general elections for April 26, 2009. In that election, Rafael Correa won in the first round with 51.9% of votes counted.

Early life

Rafael Correa was raised in a working class family from Guayaquil, the country's largest city. His father was Rafael Correa Icaza, born in the Province of Los Ríos, Ecuador, 23 March 1934, and deceased 10 June 1995. His mother is Norma Delgado Rendón, born 1 September 1939. His parents had three more children: Fabricio Correa, Pierina Correa and Bernardita Correa.

He attended primary and secondary school in San José-La Salle School in Guayaquil. During his youth he was a boy scout. Correa met his future Vice President, Jorge Glas while they were scouts as youth.

During his secondary studies he was president of the Lasallian Student Cultural Association ("ACEL" in Spanish). Afterwards and based on his academic achievements, he was given a scholarship to study at the Catholic University of Santiago de Guayaquil (UCSG in Spanish), a private higher education institution in Guayaquil, Ecuador, where he obtained an undergraduate degree in economics in 1987.

References

1963 births
Living people
Politicians from Guayaquil
Presidents of Ecuador

Rafael Correa


The Treachery of Images is a painting by René Magritte, done in 1929. It shows a pipe, and has the text "Ceci n'est pas une pipe" ("this is not a pipe") below. When he painted it, Magritte was 30 years old.

There are different interpretations of the work. A common one says that with the painting, Magritte wanted to say that the thing was a painting, and not a pipe which can be smoked. The idea is similar to the word "dog". That word doesn't bark, or wag its tail, either. Michel Foucault also did an interpretation, in 1973. Foucault says that an image of an object is different from the object itself. Also, by showing something that looks like a paradox, Magritte forces the viewer to think about what the "reality" of an object really is.

1920s paintings

The Treachery of Images


The Australian Saddleback Tumbler is a breed of fancy pigeon developed over many years of selective breeding. Australian Saddleback Tumblers, along with other varieties of domesticated pigeons, are all descendants of the rock pigeon (Columba livia).
As the name suggests, this breed is an Australian creation and was first recognized as a breed in 1917.

The breed is usually muffed (feather-legged) but a clean-legged variety does exist. The name of the breed derives from a distinctive saddle-shaped marking on the back. The marking on the head can be either a stripe (most common) or a spot. Australian Saddleback Tumblers can be shown in any color, but some of the more common are black, red, yellow, blue, silver, almond, and andalusian.

See also
List of pigeon breeds

References

External links

Australian Saddleback Tumbler


Philip Hamilton was the first kid of Alexander  and Eliza Hamilton he died November 24, 1801 and was born January 22, 1782. He died cause he challenged George Eacker to a duel cause George said nasty things about his father and George shot him first. Of course when Eliza and Alexander found out about his wound they rushed to him and he died in their arms. When Philip was a child Eliza taught him piano and French.

1782 births
1801 deaths

Philip Hamilton


Gala Rizzatto (; born 6 September 1975), known mononymously as Gala, is an Italian pop singer and songwriter. Her debut album Come into My Life included the multiplatinum singles "Freed from Desire", "Let a Boy Cry" and "Come into My Life" which reached the Top 3 in music charts across Europe, South America, Russia and the Middle East. Gala has sold over six million records worldwide.

She currently lives in Brooklyn, New York.

Biography

1996–2001: early music career

In 1996, Gala was voted Best Female Singer of the Year in Italy by the magazine Musica e Dischi. In July 1997, she was awarded the Italian Dance Award as the best pop-dance artist of the year. Gala achieved a Diamond recording award in France, a Platinum record in Benelux and a Gold record in the United Kingdom. The same year she was nominated for the Best Dance Act at the Mobo Awards in the UK alongside The Prodigy, Chemical Brothers and Orbital.
In July 1997, she won Best Foreign Artist of the Year at the Midem in Cannes, France.

Between 1995 and 1998, Gala performed on the UK's BBC Top of the Pops, France's Taratata, Les Années Tubes, M6's Hit Machine, MTV Germany, as well as performing in venues such as Bercy Stadium in Paris and Las Ventas in Madrid.

Her album Come into My Life was released on 17 November 1997, with 4 singles charting in the Top 20 across Europe, selling over 6 million records worldwide by 1998.

In 1998, while performing "Let a Boy Cry" on Taratata, she met Prince's manager Steve Fargnoli who began representing her. That same year, she signed with Universal Records in Italy. After Steve Fargnoli's unexpected death in 2001, Gala broke her contract with Universal Records and returned to New York.

2005–2010
Settling in Brooklyn, Gala set out to redefine her sound, her life and her career, re-emerging as an independent artist.

In 2005, "Faraway" was released in France and Greece by EMI where it reached No. 1 on the iTunes chart and No. 6 in the national charts.  "Faraway" was co-produced by Cash Money Records musician/producer Kevin Rudolf. It was featured in a Bod Man perfume TV advertisement, aired on MTV, HBO and was covered by Tamta in Greece.

In 2005, Gala appeared on Pink TV and on M6's Fan De.
Sagi Rai made a cover from Gala's Freed From Desire for his album "Emotional Songs".

In 2006, she performed in the Mega PANN party at the Central Studios in Utrecht.

In 2008, Gala formed the label Matriarchy Records, based in Brooklyn, New York. "Tough Love" is Matriarchy Records' debut album released digitally worldwide on 6 September 2009.

"Tough Love" (album) included collaborations with a host of well known producers, including drummer Deantoni Parks, Marcus Bell and Kevin Rudolf who in 2008 achieved a No. 5 Billboard (US) hit with his song featuring Lil Wayne, "Let It Rock". Gala also collaborated with Tamir Muskat, founder of Balkan Beat Box on her song "I Am The World, The World Is Me". More recently Muskat is responsible for the Jason Derulo hit Talk Dirty, which samples the same "Balkan Beat Box" production style.

Gala independently produced four music videos for the "Tough Love album". The video for the song "I Am The World, The World Is Me" was shot in collaboration with the Italian/Argentinean painter and writer Sebastiano Mauri, incorporating his video installation The Songs I Love To.

In 2009, she performed two nights at the Ethias Arena.  In 2010, Gala performed at the Highline Ballroom in New York, at the Palais des Sports and at the Antique Theater in Arles. The same year she was invited to perform as the headliner at 24h velo de Louvain-la-Neuve, second largest beer event in Europe organized by the students of the Belgian University of Louvain-la-Neuve.

In 2010, "Tough Love" was featured in popular American television series The Millionaire Matchmaker (USA). The same year "Freed From Desire" was used for a Nissan television commercial in France and Spain.

2011–2012
In 2011, Gala performed the new single "Lose Yourself in Me" at the show Dance in the Summer in Beirut, next to Taio Cruz, T-Pain, Dev and Dash Berlin. The event was organised by MixFM Radio and "Lose Yourself in Me" reached No. 2 in the top 10 airplay charts before its release, later ranking at No. 1 in Lebanon RFX Radio for 3 consecutive weeks.

The worldwide release of the "Lose Yourself in Me" single occurred in May 2012 through Gala's independent label Matriarchy Records.  The song has been played, among other stations, on Fun Radio and Radio FG in France. It has been on high rotation on Impact FM and Radio Antipode, and entered the new releases on Belgium's Fun Radio.

The "Lose Yourself in Me" music video was produced independently by Matriarchy Records in collaboration with The Masses. It was directed by Alistair Legrand brother of Victoria Legrand from the band Beach House. The video featured full LED suits and krump dancers from Los Angeles and was choreographed by Gala.

After its release, the video was featured on the home page of Dailymotion, Yahoo France, The Huffington Post, The Mediateseur, and Vogue.

2013
In 2013, Gala shot a video for the song "Taste Of Me" choreographed by Benoit Swan, Artistic Director of New York's avant-garde dance company Cedar Lake, and directed by New York-based French director Alexandre Moors (Kanye West's "Runaway", Blue Caprice). Gala's video features the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre trained "Abdur-Rahim Jackson". The "Taste Of Me" video appears as a one single lateral dolly shot that follows five dancers including Gala interacting in an organic dance that constantly moves forward.

Inspired by her favorite director Alfred Hitchcock, Gala wanted to shoot a video that felt like a single take. Another reference was Eadweard Muybridge and his pioneering work in photographic studies of motion and in motion-picture projection. Different choreographers among Gala's favorites (Parsons, Bob Fosse, Mark Morris) are also subtly referenced in the choreography.

The "Taste Of Me" video was featured as an exclusive with Digital Spy, the most popular news and entertainment website in the UK. In Europe the video was revealed exclusively by Fun Radio Belgique, sister station to Fun Radio France, the largest group of FM radio stations claiming approximately 3.8 million listeners every day. The deluxe version of the EP includes the original production by Marcus Bell and remixes by Bimbo Jones, Hoxton Whores, Starkillers and Almighty Records. In Belgium the "Taste Of Me" video was featured in major newspaper Dernier Heure (online) and Gala appeared on RTL morning and evening news to speak about her new single.

In 2013, Gala's various new songs such as "Lose Yourself in Me", "Taste of Me" and "Love Impossible" were featured on MTV networks hit television shows Best Ink, Real World Ex-Plosion, and Road Rules Extreme Challenge and "Keeping Up with the Kardashians".

"Freed From Desire" was sampled by German band Frida Gold. The song entitled "Liebe ist meine Rebellion" went to No. 4 in the German singles chart. "Freed From Desire" was also covered by Nouvelle Star "Dana", live on French television and by Greek-Swedish pop star Elena Paparizou at the MAD Video Music Awards 2013.

2014
Gala headlined at the 2014 Winter Olympics at Medals Plaza in Sochi. The performance was broadcast live on Europa Plus TV, the largest musical channel in Russia . She performed a one-hour set and debuted her new single, "The Beautiful". Despite the controversy surrounding the Olympics, Gala opened her performance with her 90s hit, "Let A Boy Cry", in support of her gay following. On 20 November InHouse Records label in New York released Gala's EP "The Beautiful", a collaboration with legendary House DJ/ producer Todd Terry, and a Deluxe EP followed, released on Gala's label Matriarchy Records, which includes remixes by Todd Terry, Hoxton Whores, Lodge 21, Ryan and Smitty, Midnight Magic and Lauren Flax.

2015
Gala made a cameo appearance at Youssou N'Dour's concert for Dakar Ne Dort Pas in Dakar, Senegal on New Years Day. The event was televised by Tele Future Media. Through her indie label Matriarchy Records she released the album  "Singles V1", a collection of her 2012–2015 singles alongside three some previously unreleased songs. The album contains remixes by Todd Terry amongst others.

2016
In 2016, Gala recorded an acoustic version of "Freed from Desire" at Les Studios Saint Germain in Paris, for the movie "Un homme à la hauteur" directed by Laurent Tirard with Jean Dujardin (Academy Award Winner for Best Actor 2012 in The Artist) released in May 2016.

In May 2016, a Wigan Athletic supporter uploaded on YouTube an adaptation of "Freed from Desire" titled 'Will Grigg's on Fire', in recognition of the recent goal-scoring feats of Will Grigg, a Wigan player. Since it was uploaded, the song has become a viral football chant.

Fans from Northern Ireland, Ireland, Wales and France made their own version of the song for their players. The song has become the unofficial song of Euro 2016.

2017–present
Throughout 2017 and 2018, Gala headlined the 'Love the 90s' tour in Spain, with shows for over 20.000 people at the Palau De Les Arts Reina Sofia in Valencia, the Bizkaia Arena in Bilbao Palau Saint Jordi in Barcelona, the Wiziink Center in Madrid, Parque Hermanos Castro in Gijon  La Alcazaba in Badajoz and Can Fusteret in Mallorca.  In that same year Gala also headlined the Gay pride party at Teatro Barcelo, as part of the WorldPride festivities in Madrid in July, and the Highway Festival in Fribourg, Switzerland in December 2017

On 30 June 2018, Gala headlined the Gay Pride concert held in the main square Plaza De España in Barcelona.

Gala wrote and composed two original songs alongside Brooklyn-based singer-songwriter Jesse Ruben and Kyle Patrick, " Happiest Day of My Life" mixed by Miles Walker and "Nameless Love" with co-production and mixing by Andros Rodrigues, for the movie Favola (Fairytale). The movie, a surrealist comedy about gender identity and liberation from social constraints in 1950s America, was written and directed by Sebastiano Mauri and featured Filippo Timi and Lucia Mascino. The costumes are the result of the collaboration with Fabio Zambernardi, the director of design of Miu Miu and Prada. Premiering at the 2018 Torino Film Festival, Favola was screened at the prestigious 45th annual Flaiano Film Festival in Pescara in June, where it won the Flaiano Award for best "Opera Prima"  The movie soundtrack was released in June 2018. Gala's indie label, Matriarchy Records is releasing the original songs "Happiest Day of My Life" and " Nameless Love" as individual singles on 15 September.

Gala has performed at the last game for the qualifications for the UEFA Euro 2020 (Belgium-Cyprus) live streamed worldwide and was honored by Eden Hazard on behalf of the National Belgian Soccer Team, THE RED DEVILS  with a national team jersey after her live performance.

In 2021, Gala released the song "Parallel Lines". The video is a collaboration with American animator, TED speaker, and free culture activist Nina Paley. Paley is the creator of the animated musical feature film Sita Sings the Blues, which has been screened in over 200 film festivals and won over 35 international awards (Berlin International Film Festival, Tribeca Film Festival, Independent Spirit Award, New York Critics pick). Her adventures in our broken copyright system led her to produce a series of animated shorts about intellectual freedom.

"Parallel Lines" explores the relationship of two lovers who are drifting apart while living under the same roof. A short documentary "Behind The Song" was released soon after shot by Francesca Pagani whose work has been published on Vice.Us. The documentary speaks about the creative process behind the songwriting and  the reason why Gala felt the urge to release the song during current pandemic times. It features parts of Parallel Lines's music video, and of Nina Paley's other award winning animations.

In March of 2021, Gala was interviewed by Rolling Stone Italy and Rolling Stone Mexico.  Both articles  discussed her new release and featured the video of 'Parallel Lines'.

Other work
Gala has also worked as a songwriter for classical musicians like Salvatore Licitra and Marcelo Álvarez on the album Duetto and Mario Frangoulis.
She remains an avid photographer, with many of her photos appearing on her official website.

Discography

Albums

Singles

References

External links

English-language singers from Italy
1975 births
Singers from Milan
Italian dance musicians
Eurodance musicians
Italian expatriates in the United States
Living people
21st-century Italian singers
21st-century Italian women singers

Gala (singer)


Michael Blackwood (born 29 August 1976 in Clarendon) is a Jamaican male track and field athlete, who specialized in the 400 meters, his personal best being 44.60 set during his win at the 2002 IAAF World Cup. He was chosen as the Jamaica Sportsman of the Year in 2002, in that same year he was the world number one rank by IAAF in the 400 meters. He is the brother of Catherine Scott who  earned a silver medal in the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games. Blackwood won the NAIA national 400 meters title in 1997. He is the winner of Jamaica 400 meters national championships three times.
Blackwood holds the Big 12 conference record in the 400 meters since 2000 in the time of 44.69. He is an alumnus of The University of Oklahoma.

Blackwood was the 400 meters gold medallist at the 2002 Commonwealth Games, the bronze medallist at the 2003 World Championships, the winner at the 2002, 2003 and 2004 IAAF World Athletics Final, eighth in the Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 meters at the 2004 Olympic Games, and a semi-finalist at the 2005 World Championships.

He had much success with the Jamaican 4×400 metres relay team: he won a silver at the 2000 Sydney Olympics, silver at the 2001 and 2003 World Championships, a bronze at the 2005 World Championships, a gold at the 2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships and a final silver at the 2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships.

At the 2009 Jamaica National Championships, Blackwood tried for a spot at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics, but was disqualified running outside his lane in the semi-finals of the 400 m. In August, he announced his retirement from the sport.

Medal upgrades
In 2009 American sprinter Jerome Young admitted to doping during the period of 1999 through 2003. The IAAF gave Young a life ban as a result and annulled his performances. This had a significant effect on Blackwoods career: Jamaica were elevated to World Indoor 4 × 400 m Relay gold medal, where Blackwood ran the third leg. He was given the 400 m bronze medal at the 2003 World Championships, as well as being moved up to the top spot at the 2003 World Athletics Final.

International competition record

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
Athletes from Kingston, Jamaica
Jamaican male sprinters
Olympic athletes for Jamaica
Track and field athletes from Oklahoma
Olympic silver medalists for Jamaica
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Championships athletes for Jamaica
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Jamaica
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
World Athletics Indoor Championships medalists
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games
Competitors at the 2001 Goodwill Games
Goodwill Games gold medalists in athletics
Medallists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Oklahoma Sooners men's track and field athletes

Michael Blackwood (sprinter)


Carola Christina Standertskjöld-Liemola (23 March 1941 – 12 November 1997), professionally known as Carola, was a Finnish jazz and pop singer. Her style was partially inspired by American singers of the 1950s. Simultaneously, it was in the spirit of the modal jazz scene going down in Europe in the 1960s. Mostly, Carola's jazz repertoire consisted in idiosyncratic versions of American songs in English, while her most famous jazz track "The Flame" was an original composition by Esa Pethman and the lyrics by the singer herself. As the vocalist for Esa Pethman's quartet and Hazy Osterwald's sextet in the early 1960s, Carola made fame in Finland and Sweden, and toured Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Switzerland. Her most significant recording is a session with the Heikki Sarmanto Trio from 1966, which the Finnish Music Information Centre considers among the original blueprints of Finnish jazz. Carola's recordings have been credited for the accosting tone of her contralto voice and her phrasing. The singer also co-produced the groovy approach of her supporting orchestras. In late 1960s and early 1970s, she performed in nine languages and a wide variety of styles, including chanson, schlager, Latin, rock'n'roll, and soul. After her death of Alzheimer's disease in 1997, Carola's music was revived in 2004 with two Best of albums and Carola & Heikki Sarmanto Trio reaching the Finnish charts.

Biography
Carola Christina Standertskjöld was born on 23 March 1941 to Elin Christina Fazer and Johan Standertskjöld, into a Swedish-speaking noble family in Helsinki. They left the harsh Finnish post-war conditions and settled in Switzerland. From a very young age Carola was interested in learning foreign languages. Later her family moved to Spain, where her first public jazz performance took place; she also performed the French chansons at school parties and small occasions, accompanying herself on the acoustic guitar.

Jazz career (1962–1966)

When Carola returned to Finland, she was spotted by Esa and Anssi Pethman, brothers who led a jazz quarter that was popular in Finland and Sweden in 1962. As the lead singer of Esa Pethman's quartet, Carola gained fame in Sweden, Poland and Czechoslovakia in 1963 and released her first track in Finland.: the Jewish folk song "Hava Nagila", published by the RCA as the B-side of Laila Halme's version of "Telstar".

After leaving Esa Pethman's quartet Carola became the vocalist for the Swiss Hazy Osterwald Sextet. During 1964 she toured the Central European scene and performed on television programs. Returning to Finland in 1965, Carola released a single in German, "Warum Willst Du Das Alles Vergessen" and also performed with a backup band, The Boys, who mostly recorded cover versions of songs in the English language, including The Rolling Stones' "The Last Time" and Skeeter Davis' "The End of the World". Carola starred both as a singer and actress in the musical television film The Cold Old Days, with the film winning the Golden Rose of the Montreaux Film Festival. Her performances in the film included a cover of Manos Hadjidakis's song "All Alone Am I", for which she herself composed the French lyrics.

In 1966, Carola returned to performing jazz music. As the vocalist of the Heikki Sarmanto Trio, she gave a number of concerts in Finland and recorded a session in the studios of Yle on 5 June 1966. Yle considered the material as uncommercial, aired the tracks once on Finnish radio, and shelved them.

Pop career (1967–1975)
Carola's popularity in Finland peaked with her interpretations of the songs "Hunajainen", "Kielletyt leikit", "Agua de Beber", "Rakkauden jälkeen", "Jerusalem", "Mä lähden stadiin", and the traditional Finnish song "Herrojen kanssa pellon laidassa". She also covered 3 winning songs from the Eurovision Song Contest ("La, la, la" 1968, "Un banc, un arbre, une rue" 1971, "Après Toi" 1972). In 1969, Carola tried out rhythm & blues, recording a television video of Aretha Franklin's "Chain of Fools". The tongue-in-cheek choreography by Heikki Värtsi included girl group dancing and Carola whipping a man in a cave. Her rhythm & blues covers continued with the television videos of Elaine Brown's "Seize the Time" and "The End of Silence" (in Finnish as "Sanaton hiljaisuus").

Retirement (1975–1997)
In the mid-1970s, tired of living constantly in the public eye, Carola retired from the music industry and concentrated on work in her husband Georg Liemola's grocery store. Throughout the 1970s, she made selected appearances at jazz clubs in Helsinki, including performances with the UMO Jazz Orchestra. Carola made a comeback in 1980 by publishing the Latin style album Maria, Maria, receiving a golden record certificate in Finland. After that, she refused to appear to audiences. In 1985, Carola was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. In 1987, Carola gave an exclusive concert with the UMO Jazz Orchestra and two years later one with pianist Iiro Rantala. In the early 1990s, she performed alone at a few charity concerts. After her long battle with the disease, Carola died on 12 November 1997 in Kirkkonummi.

Artistry
On stage, Carola concentrated to singing fully and living with the music, usually oblivious of her audience. The Finnish public usually reacted to her concentrated act, accusing her of being drunk. Carola enjoyed being on stage, but after her shows she usually felt depressed by and unsatisfied with her voice and performance.

Jazz singer
Carola had a deep voice and an accosting manner without frills, concentrated on the phrasing. Her storytelling technique was accompanied by the grooviness of her supporting orchestras, co-produced by her. Partially, the style was inspired by American jazz singers of the 1950s. Simultaneously, it was in the spirit of the modal jazz scene going down in Europe in the 1960s. Mostly, Carola's jazz repertoire consisted in idiosyncratic versions of American songs. Examples include "Just Give Me Time" by Francy Boland and Jimmy Woode, "So Long, Big Time" by Dory Langdon and Harold Arlen, and "Lonely Woman" by Margo Guryan and Ornette Coleman. Carola's most famous track in the genre was the swinging "The Flame" composed and arranged by Esa Pethman and lyrics by Carola herself.

Pop singer
Utilizing her international experience, Carola performed in nine languages, including Finnish, Swedish, German, French, Italian, English, and Spanish. She interpreted chanson, schlager, jazz, blues, soul, and folk music.

Personal life
Carola felt exhausted by the attention of the Finnish press at her private life. Her favourite activities were various physical exercises, including walking, yachting, and driving. Her kilometrage was usually 5,000 km/month. Carola admitted consuming "a fair deal" of alcoholic beverages in her youth, quitting later in her life. She smoked 2–3 packages of cigarettes per day. She reportedly considered herself a "terribly lazy" person for not learning to play any instruments. She reportedly spoke five languages: Swedish, Finnish, French, Italian, and English.

Legacy
In 1998, Carola's song "Armonaikaa" was used as the closing credits theme of the Prix Europa Special winning film Hardly a Butterfly. In 2004, the double CD Parhaat (The Best) was released, ending up as the No. 15 on the chart of best-selling Finnish albums of the year in Finland with 27,100 copies sold. This caused a revival of Carola's music in Finland. Her 1966 recording session with Heikki Sarmanto Trio was published in the same year. Carola & Heikki Sarmanto Trio featured 10 songs from the YLE studio sessions, and 4 live performances from the YLE Jazz Concert at Kulttuuritalo concert hall in Helsinki 28 April 1966. The album stayed in the Finnish charts for ten weeks. The Finnish Music Information Centre considers the Heikki Sarmanto Trio among the original blueprints of Finnish jazz. The album was also issued in Germany to a lauding review by the Nordische Musik website.

A biographical play Kielletyt leikit (Forbidden Games), named after the title of the singer's version of the Spanish tune "Romance" and based on Carola's life, ran for a month in the Frenckell theatre of Tampere in 2009.

Similar artists
As listed by the Dusty Groove music store:
Karin Krog
Monica Zetterlund

Discography
 Kielletyt leikit (1970)
 Carola (1975)
 Maria, Maria (1980)
 Parhaat palat (1980)
 Sydämeen jäi soimaan blues (1985)
 Kielletyt leikit (1993)
 20 suosikkia – Rakkauden jälkeen (1997)
 20 suosikkia – Kielletyt leikit (1997)
 20 suosikkia – Ota tai jätä (2000)
 Musiikin tähtihetkiä (2001)
 Carola & Heikki Sarmanto Trio (2004)
 Parhaat: tulkitsijan taival (2004)
 Parhaat: tulkitsijan taival 2 (2005)
 Rakkauden jälkeen – Kaikki levytykset ja arkistojen aarteita 1963–1988

References

External links
 Carola in the Finnish Recording Archive
 One-minute sample clips of Carola & Heikki Sarmanto Trio

1941 births
1997 deaths
Singers from Helsinki
English-language singers from Finland
20th-century Finnish women singers
French-language singers
German-language singers
Spanish-language singers
Swedish-speaking Finns
Deaths from dementia in Finland
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Finnish soul singers
Finnish jazz musicians
Finnish expatriates in Spain
Finnish expatriates in Switzerland

Carola Standertskjöld


Frank Walter Stanley (May 5, 1922 – December 21, 1999) was an American cinematographer. He is best known for four Clint Eastwood films in a row: Breezy (1973), Magnum Force (1973), Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974) and The Eiger Sanction (1975). During the filming of The Eiger Sanction, shot in Switzerland, which required a great deal of precarious mountain-climbing cinematography,
Stanley fell during the shoot but survived. He used a wheelchair for some time and was taken out of action. Stanley, who later managed to complete filming after a delay under pressure from an unsympathetic Clint Eastwood, would later blame Eastwood for the accident due to a lack of preparation, describing him both as a director and an actor as  "a very impatient man who doesn't really plan his pictures or do any homework. He figures he can go right in and sail through these things". Stanley was never hired by Eastwood or Malpaso Productions again. Bruce Surtees was Eastwood's regular cinematographer before and after this period, on a total of twelve films.

Later Stanley was the cinematographer on Blake Edwards's 10 (1979) and Grease 2 (1982).

References

Bibliography

External links

American cinematographers
1922 births
1999 deaths
Artists from New York City
Burials at Florida National Cemetery

Frank Stanley (cinematographer)