Narthang Monastery (Tibetan: སྣར་ཐང་; Chin: 纳塘寺) is a monastery located  west of Shigatse in Tibet. Founded in 1153 by Tumtön Lodrö Drakpa, a student of Sharawa Yonten Drak. Narthang was an influential Kadam monastery, and the fourth great monastery of Tsang, with Shalu Monastery, Sakya and Tashilhunpo.  Narthang was first famous for its scriptural teaching and monastic discipline. After the fourteenth century it gained great eminence as the oldest of Tibet's three great printing centres (the other being the Potala and the Derge).

The fourth yash Panchen Lama took control of the monastery and it continued printing the Buddhist scriptures, the Kangyur and the Tengyur, until 1959. Narthang's five main buildings and large chanting hall were razed to the ground by the Chinese in 1966. They had contained priceless 14th century murals possibly painted by the artist scholars of nearby Shalu Monastery. Today, only the mud-brick foundations can be discerned although parts of the Mongolian styled high-fortress walls are still standing.

"I went on to Narthang to visit the largest of the printing establishments in Tibet.  The number of engraved wooden plates used for the printing of the various religious books was prodigious. Set up on shelves, in rows, they filled a huge building. The printers, splattered with ink up to their elbows,sat upon the floor as they worked, while in other rooms monks cut the paper according to the size required for each kind of book. There was no haste; chatting and drinking of buttered tea went on freely. What a contrast to the fevered agitation in our newspaper printing-rooms."
"The high crumbling walls of Narthang are visible behind a roadside village: a few monks have returned to the lamasery and several minor buildings have been restored."An English-language history of Narthang between the 12th and 15th centuries is available.

Footnotes

References
 Alexandra David-Neel (1965). Magic & Mystery In Tibet. Corgi Books.London. .
 Michael Buckley. (2006) edition. Bradt guide to Tibet.

External links
 Narthang Photos

Buddhist monasteries in Tibet
Buddhist temples in Tibet
Kadam monasteries and temples

Narthang Monastery


Jerome "Jerry" Jeremiah (born 1 August 1963, in Malakula) is a Vanuatuan sprinter

Jeremiah competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics held in Seoul in his country's first-ever appearance at the Summer Olympics; he entered the 100 metres and ran a time of 10.96 seconds and finished 8th in his heat so didn't qualify for the next round. He also ran in the 200 metres and recorded a time of 22.01 seconds and finished 7th in his heat but again he failed to qualify for the next round. He also competed at the 1986 Commonwealth Games and at the 1987 World Championships in Athletics and 1991 World Championships in Athletics.

References

External links

1963 births
Living people
People from Malampa Province
Vanuatuan male sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games competitors for Vanuatu
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Vanuatu
World Athletics Championships athletes for Vanuatu

Jerry Jeremiah


Étienne-Alexandre Bernier or Abbé Bernier (31 October 1762 – 1 October 1806) was a French religious figure and Royalist politician during the French Revolution.

Born in Daon, Mayenne, Bernier was a professor of theology at the University of Angers and a vicar in the city of Angers. He refused to take the Civil Oath demanded by the Revolution, and, in 1793, joined the Revolt in the Vendée, and, for a while, was its leader alongside Jean-Nicolas Stofflet. He negotiated the peace with French Revolutionary Army General Lazare Hoche, and worked to have the Vendée pacified.

Under Napoleon Bonaparte, Bernier was assigned to negotiate the unification of nation and church in France with the Papal delegation of Pius VII. After successful completion of the 1801 Concordat, he was named Bishop of Orléans by Napoleon in 1802.

He died in Paris.

References
Dictionnaire Bouillet (1869)

External links
Catholic Encyclopedia entry

1764 births
1806 deaths
People from Mayenne
Bishops of Orléans
Academic staff of the University of Angers (pre-1793)
19th-century French Roman Catholic bishops
Royalist military leaders of the War in the Vendée

Étienne-Alexandre Bernier


Figaro läßt sich scheiden, op.40, (Figaro Gets Divorced) is an opera in two acts by Giselher Klebe based on the comedy of the same name by Ödön von Horváth. Klebe also wrote the libretto for this work.

The work is a sequel to the Figaro plays of Pierre Beaumarchais. It follows the fortunes of some of the characters of The Marriage of Figaro during the period of the French Revolution. It premiered on 28 June 1963 at the Hamburg State Opera, when it was conducted by Leopold Ludwig. It was commissioned by Rolf Liebermann, then-director of the Staatsoper and also a composer.

Another opera using elements of the von Horváth play is Figaro Gets a Divorce by Elena Langer, (libretto by David Pountney), premiered by Welsh National Opera in 2016.

References

Sources
 "Klebe, Giselher: Figaro läßt sich scheiden (1963)" on Boosey & Hawkes website, accessed 20 March 2015

German-language operas
Operas by Giselher Klebe
Operas
1963 operas
Operas based on plays
Opera world premieres at the Hamburg State Opera

Figaro läßt sich scheiden


Jasmine Choi (born in Seoul, South Korea) is a Korean-born flutist, educated in the US, living in Austria.

Life
Raised in Daejeon, Choi studied at the Curtis Institute of Music and the Juilliard School, where her teachers included Julius Baker and Jeffrey Khaner, from 2000 to 2004.  As a student in 2002, she was the senior division winner of the Albert M. Greenfield Student Competition, sponsored by the Philadelphia Orchestra. In 2006, Symphony Magazine included her as one of two flautists in their list of emerging artists.

Music career
A recording of her performances of Mozart's Concerto for Flute and Harp K. 299 and the Concerto for Flute K. 314 (called Jasmine Choi plays Mozart) was released in 2006 in Korea by Sony BMG. She later held the post of associate principal flute of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra under Paavo Järvi and principal flute of the Vienna Symphony under Fabio Luisi.

Choi served as Principal Flute of the Vienna Symphony Orchestra from May 2012 to August 2013, the first Korean-born member of the orchestra in its history.  With members of the orchestra, she made a commercial recording of flute quartets by Mozart.

Choi has transcribed the violin concerti of Mendelssohn and Tchaikovsky for flute. She has also transcribed the Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso of Saint-Saens, for flute. In addition, Choi has commercially recorded works of Claude Bolling in 2012 (Sony Classical) and the 12 Fantasies for Solo Flute by Georg Philipp Telemann (Austrian Gramophone). Mark Laycock has written a flute concerto for Choi. In 2016, she was named as Cultural Ambassador in her hometown Daejon, Korea.

Discography
Choi's recordings include:

 Love in Paris - a live recital album, Jasmine Choi & Sangwook Park (2017)
 Trio Joy - free improvisations, Jasmine Choi, Joe Fonda, Harvey Sorgen (2017)
 The Telemann Files : 12 Fantasies for Solo Flute, Jasmine Choi (2015)
 W.A.Mozart: 5 Quartets with Flute, Jasmine Choi with members of Vienna Symphony (2013)
 Claude Bolling Suite for Flute and Jazz Trio, Jasmine Choi (2012)
 Fantasy, Jasmine Choi (2011)
 Jasmine Choi Plays Mozart, Jasmine Choi (2006) (only released in Korea)

References

External links

Living people
Classical flautists
South Korean classical musicians
Curtis Institute of Music alumni
Juilliard School alumni
Women flautists
21st-century women musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century flautists

Jasmine Choi


William Blanc Monroe Jr. (July 17, 1920 – February 17, 2011) was an American television journalist for NBC News. He was the executive producer and fourth moderator of the NBC public affairs program Meet the Press (1975–84), succeeding Lawrence E. Spivak, the program's co-founder and third moderator.

Life and career
Monroe was born in New Orleans, Louisiana and graduated from Tulane University there in 1942. During World War II, Monroe served in the United States Army Air Forces in Europe.

Early in his career, Monroe served as the first news director for WDSU-TV, an NBC affiliate, in his hometown of New Orleans. In 1959, Monroe's team at WDSU-TV won a George Foster Peabody Award. His news reporting on NBC's Today show, won a Peabody in 1973. He was also a prominent figure in arguing for greater press access to courtrooms and legislative chambers. For some years prior to his assuming the moderator's chair, Monroe served as one of four regular weekly panelists on Meet the Press. He also served as Washington bureau chief for NBC and frequently reported for The Today Show, for which he won a Peabody in 1973. Monroe retired from NBC in 1986, but subsequently held several other jobs including ombudsman for the "Stars and Stripes", the media platform serving the U.S. military overseas.

Monroe was injured in a fall in December 2010, and died from complications of hypertension on February 17, 2011, at a nursing home in Potomac, Maryland, aged 90

Accolades
 1978: Paul White Award, Radio Television Digital News Association

References

1920 births
2011 deaths
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
American television reporters and correspondents
Deaths from hypertension
NBC News people
Television anchors from New Orleans
Tulane University alumni

Bill Monroe (journalist)


Barbara Elizabeth Thiering (15 November 193016 November 2015) was an Australian historian, theologian, and biblical exegete specialising in the origins of the early Christian Church. In books and journal articles, she challenged Christian orthodoxy, espousing the view that new findings present alternative answers to its supernatural beliefs. Her analysis has been rejected by both New Testament scholars and scholars in Judaism.

Background
Born in Sydney, Australia, as Barbara Houlsby, she married Barry Thiering in the late 1940s.  She graduated in 1952 from the University of Sydney with First Class Honours in Modern Languages, was a high school teacher of languages for several years, and then, while caring for her three young children, continued study and research privately. She obtained an external B.D. degree from the University of London, a M.Th. degree from Melbourne College of Divinity, and a Ph.D. degree from the University of Sydney in 1973.

Pesher technique

Thiering claimed to have discovered, from her specialty study of the pesharim of the Dead Sea Scrolls, their semiotics, and their hermeneutics, a "pesher technique" for decoding the New Testament stories. Whereas Qumran-style pesher of the Dead Sea Scrolls decodes ancient prophetic writings to find contemporary apocalyptic meanings, Thiering's "pesher technique" claims that the gospel writers encoded contemporary facts in miracle stories to be told in the future. She also claims that the early Christian Church was a natural development of "Sons of Light" of the Qumram community. The theory argues that the miracles, including turning water into wine, the virgin birth, healing a man at a distance, the man who had been thirty-eight years at the pool, and the resurrection, among others, did not actually occur (as miracles), as Christians believe, nor were they legends, as some skeptics hold, but were "deliberately constructed myths" concealing (yet, to certain initiates, relating) esoteric historic events. She alleges that they never actually happened (that is, that the events they chronicle were not at all miraculous), as the authors of the Gospels knew. According to her interpretation, the pesher style of interpretation used by the Qumran community was also used by the authors of the Gospels; thus, they wrote on two levels. For the "babes in Christ," there were apparent miracles, but the knowledge of exact meanings held by the highly educated members of Gnostic schools gave a real history of what Jesus actually did.

Work

In view of her research publications in academic journals, she was invited to lecture at Sydney University, at first in the Department of Semitic Studies, then in the School of Divinity (now the Department of Religious Studies) where she continued until her retirement. During this time she was a member of the Board of Studies in Divinity and the Board of Continuing Education, and served for twelve years as a lay member of the New South Wales Equal Opportunity Tribunal. When her work became known in the United States, she was made a fellow of the Jesus Seminar.

In 1990, a documentary film about her research, Riddle of the Dead Sea Scrolls, was shown by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

Academic reception

Thiering's thesis attracted some controversy in the media when Jesus the Man was published in 1990, and her ideas have not received acceptance by many of her academic peers. In a response to a letter Thiering wrote to The New York Review of Books objecting to a review by Géza Vermes, Vermes outlined the academic reception of her work stating:
"Professor Barbara Thiering's reinterpretation of the New Testament, in which the married, divorced, and remarried Jesus, father of four, becomes the "Wicked Priest" of the Dead Sea Scrolls, has made no impact on learned opinion. Scroll scholars and New Testament experts alike have found the basis of the new theory, Thiering's use of the so-called "pesher technique", without substance."

In 1993, N. T. Wright, New Testament historian and former Bishop of Durham, wrote:
It is safe to say that no serious scholar has given this elaborate and fantastic theory any credence whatsoever. It is nearly ten years since it was published; the scholarly world has been able to take a good look at it: and the results are totally negative.

James F. McGrath, an Associate Professor in the Religion and Philosophy department at Butler University in his 1996 review of the book states that Thiering's thesis lacks proof, and that she herself acknowledges that the pesher of the Revelation of St. John is her own composition.

Edna Ullman-Margalit, a former professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, wrote:As an example consider the case of Barbara Thiering. She claims that the scrolls are the product of rivalry between the supporters of John the Baptist, identified with the scrolls' "Teacher of Righteousness," and Jesus, identified with the "Man of the Lie." For my purposes this theory must be considered altogether initially outlandish, given the scientifically definitive dating (based mostly on paleographical and on radiocarbon techniques) of the scrolls to a period well before the birth of Christianity (Thiering, 1992). Thiering's theory, by the way, is a good example of a fringe theory that is popular with the media.

Australian theologian Christopher Walker has written:
Barbara Thiering's identification of two of the main personalities of the Qumran Scrolls - the 'Teacher of Righteousness' and the 'Wicked Priest' with John the Baptist and Jesus respectively - has not convinced any professional working in the field. ... Her extensive use of the pesher technique to reinterpret the whole story of Jesus is equally unsupported by the scholarly community. ...

Despite her claims to the contrary, supporting evidence from the Scrolls is not to be found for most of her hypotheses. Having discovered the pesher technique, she uses it wholeheartedly and without discrimination. ...

As I have briefly indicated, her scholarly peers have found her arguments to be tenuous and unconvincing. Despite her assertions to the contrary, her presentation of Jesus owes far more to fictitious imagination than to historical research.

Death
Barbara Thiering died on 16 November 2015, the day after her 85th birthday.

Selected bibliography
Jesus the Man: New Interpretation from the Dead Sea Scrolls, re-issued in paperback with foreword by Barbara Thiering (Simon and Schuster, New York; November 2006; ).
 Jesus of the Apocalypse: The Life of Jesus After the Crucifixion (Transworld Doubleday 1995, ). (Translated into Japanese)
The Book That Jesus Wrote - John's Gospel (Transworld Doubleday 1998, )
Created Second? Key Aspects of Women's Liberation in Australia (Sydney, Family Life Movement of Australia, 1973, )

Articles
 Thiering, Barbara. "Goddess", Women-Church: Australian Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, no. 9 (1991): 15. Digitised version of no. 9 (1991) available on JSTOR Open Community Collections, University of Divinity Digital Collections, Mannix Library
 Thiering, Barbara. "Looking Back - and Forward", Women-Church: Australian Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, no. 40 (2007): 15–16. Digitised version of no. 40 (2007) available on JSTOR Open Community Collections, University of Divinity Digital Collections, Mannix Library

References

External links
 Pesher Technique website of Dr. Barbara Thiering.
 The Pesher Technique, Barbara Thiering, reply by Geza Vermes

 Thiering's Profile at the Westar Institute
 Pesher and the Dead Sea Sectarians
 Sydney Morning Herald obituary
 Theobald, Marjorie Rose (1941–) in The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia

1930 births
2015 deaths
Alumni of the University of London
Alumni of University of London Worldwide
Australian biblical scholars
Australian women historians
Australian historians of religion
Female biblical scholars
Members of the Jesus Seminar
University of Divinity alumni
Academic staff of the University of Sydney

Barbara Thiering


The Lillian Smith Book Awards' are an award which honors those authors who, through their outstanding writing about the American South, carry on Lillian Smith's legacy of elucidating the condition of racial and social inequity and proposing a vision of justice and human understanding. The award is jointly presented by the Southern Regional Council and the University of Georgia Libraries.

Since 1968, the awards have been presented annually, except for 2003 when the Southern Regional Council experienced funding shortfalls.  It is the South's oldest and best-known book award, and is presented in fiction and non-fiction categories.

Past honorees

1968 winner

 George B. Tindall for The Emergence of the New South: 1913-1945, Louisiana State University Press.

1969 winner

 Dan T. Carter for Scottsboro: A Tragedy of the American South, Louisiana State University Press.

1970 winner

 Paul M. Gaston for The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking, Alfred A. Knopf.

1971 winner

 Anthony Dunbar for Our Land, Too, Pantheon Books.

1972 winner

 Robert Coles for Children of Crisis, Vol. II: Migrants, Sharecroppers, Mountaineers, and Volume III: The South Goes North, Little, Brown and Company.

1973 winners

 Harold Martin for Ralph McGill, Reporter, Little Brown and Company.
 Alice Walker for Revolutionary Petunias and Other Poems, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

1974 winners

 C. Vann Woodward for The Strange Career of Jim Crow, Oxford University Press.
 Albert Murray for Train Whistle Guitar, McGraw-Hill.

1976 winners

 James W. Loewen and Charles Sallis for Mississippi: Conflict and Change, Pantheon Books.
 Reynolds Price for The Surface of Earth, Atheneum.

1977 winners

 Alex Haley for Roots, Doubleday.
 Richard Kluger for Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America's Struggle for Equality, Alfred A. Knopf.

1978 winners

 Will D. Campbell for Brother to a Dragonfly, The Seabury Press.
 Garrett Epps for The Shad Treatment, Putnam.

1979 winners

 Marion Wright and Arnold Shankman for Human Rights Odyssey, Moore Publishing.
 Ernest J. Gaines for In My Father's House, Alfred A. Knopf.

1980 winners

 Jacquelyn Dowd Hall for Revolt Against Chivalry: Jessie Daniel Ames and the Women's Campaign Against Lynching, Columbia University Press.
 Cormac McCarthy for Suttree, Random House.

1981 winners

 John Gaventa for Power and Powerlessness: Quiescence and Rebellion in an Appalachian Valley, University of Illinois Press.
 Pat Conroy for The Lords of Discipline, Houghton Mifflin.

1982 winners

 Harry S. Ashmore for Hearts and Minds: The Anatomy of Racism from Roosevelt to Reagan, McGraw-Hill.
 John Ehle for The Winter People, Harper & Row.

1983 winners

 Fred Hobson for South-Watching: Selected Essays by Gerald W. Johnson, University of North Carolina Press.
 Roy Hoffman for Almost Family, Dial Press.

1984 winners

 John Egerton for Generations: An American Family, University of Kentucky Press.
 Alice Walker for In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
 Eudora Welty - Special Lifetime Award.

1985 winners

 James Farmer for  Lay Bare the Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement, Arbor House.
 Peter Taylor for The Old Forest and Other Stories, Dial Press.

1986 winner

 for Blessed Assurance: At Home with the Bomb in Amarillo, Texas, Houghton Mifflin.

1987 winners

 Thomas L. Johnson, and Phillip C. Dunn (ed.) for A True Likeness: The Black South of Richard Samuel Roberts, 1920–1936, Algonquin Books.
 Pauli Murray for Song in a Weary Throat: An American Pilgrimage, Harper & Row.
 Mary Hood for And Venus is Blue: Stories, Ticknor & Fields.

1988 winners

 Melton A. McLaurin for Separate Pasts: Growing Up White in the Segregated South, University of Georgia Press.
 C. Eric Lincoln for The Avenue: Clayton City, Morrow.

1989 winners

 Melany Neilson for Even Mississippi, University of Alabama Press.
 Madison Smartt Bell for Soldier's Joy, Ticknor & Fields.
 Gloria Naylor for Mama Day, Ticknor & Fields.

1990 winners

 Wayne Flynt for Poor But Proud: Alabama's Poor Whites, University of Alabama Press.
 Dori Sanders for Clover: A Novel, Algonquin Books.

1991 winners

 J.L. Chestnut, Jr., and Julia Cass for Black in Selma : The Uncommon Life of J.L. Chestnut, Jr.: Politics and Power in a Small American Town, Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
 Mary Ward Brown for Tongues of Flame, E.P. Dutton.

1992 winners

 Marian Wright Edelman for The Measure of Our Success: A Letter to My Children and Yours, Beacon Press.
 Melissa Fay Greene for Praying for Sheetrock, Addison-Wesley.
 Denise Giardina for The Unquiet Earth, W.W. Norton & Company.

1993 winners

 Charles W. Eagles for Outside Agitator: Jon Daniels and the Civil Rights Movement in Alabama, University of North Carolina Press.
 William Baldwin for The Hard To Catch Mercy, Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill.
 Margaret Rose Gladney for How Am I To Be Heard? Letters of Lillian Smith, University of North Carolina Press.

1994 winners

 John Gregory Brown for Decorations in a Ruined Cemetery, Houghton Mifflin Company.
 Henry Louis Gates, Jr. for Colored People, Alfred A. Knopf.
 John Dittmer for Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi, University of Illinois Press.

1995 winners

 Charles M. Payne for I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle, University of California Press.
 Adam Fairclough for Race & Democracy: The Civil Rights Struggle in Louisiana, 1915-1972, University of Georgia Press.
 Mary Lee Settle for Choices, Nan A. Talese/Doubleday.

1996 winners

 Michael D'Orso for Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood, Grosset/Putnam.
 Constance W. Curry for Silver Rights, Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill.
 Anthony Grooms for Trouble No More, La Questa.

1997 winners

 John M. Barry for The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America, Simon & Schuster.
 Charles Frazier for Cold Mountain, Atlantic Monthly Press.

1998 winners

 John Lewis for Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement, with Michael D'Orso, Simon & Schuster.
 Elizabeth Cox for Night Talk, Graywolf Press.

1999 winners

 J. Morgan Kousser for Colorblind Injustice: Minority Voting Rights and the Undoing of the Second Reconstruction, University of North Carolina Press.
 Leroy Davis for A Clashing of the Soul: John Hope and the Dilemma of African-American Leadership and Black Higher Education in the Early Twentieth Century, University of Georgia Press.

2000 winners

 Lawrence N. Powell for Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, The Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana, University of North Carolina Press.
 Andrew M. Manis for A Fire You Can't Put Out: The Civil Rights Life of Birmingham's Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth, University of Alabama Press.
 Michael Keith Honey for Black Workers Remember: An Oral History of Segregation, Unionism and the Freedom Struggle, University of California Press.

2001 winners

 Hal Crowther for Cathedrals of Kudzu: A Personal Landscape of the South, Louisiana State University Press.
 Pam Durban for So Far Back, Picador USA.
 Robert P. "Bob" Moses, Charles E. Cobb, Jr. for Radical Equations, Beacon Press.
 Natasha Trethewey for Domestic Work, Graywolf Press.

2002 winners

 Anthony Grooms for Bombingham, Free Press.
 Mark Newman for Getting Right with God: Southern Baptists and Desegregation, 1945-1995, University of Alabama Press
 Keith Wailoo for Dying in the City of the Blues: Sickle Cell Anemia and the Politics of Race and Health, University of North Carolina Press.
 William H. Chafe, Raymond Gavins, and Robert Korstad editors, with Paul Ortiz, Nicole Waligora-Davis, Robert Parrish, Jennifer Ritterhouse, Keisha Roberts, Remembering Jim Crow: African Americans Tell About Life in the Segregated South, The New Press.

2004 winners

 Barbara Ransby for Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement; A Radical Democratic Vision, University of North Carolina Press.
 Elizabeth R. Varon for Southern Lady, Yankee Spy: The True Story of Elizabeth Van Lew, A Union Agent in the Heart of the Confederacy, Oxford University Press.
 Frank X. Walker for Buffalo Dance, The Journey of York, The University Press of Kentucky.

2005 winners

 Stephanie Camp for Closer to Freedom: Enslaved Women and Everyday Resistance in the Plantation South, University of North Carolina Press.
 Frye Gaillard for Cradle of Freedom: Alabama and the Movement that Changed America, University of Alabama Press.
 Tayari Jones for The Untelling: A Novel, Time Warner Book Group.

2006 winners

 Heather A. Williams for Self-Taught: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom, University of North Carolina Press.
 W. Fitzhugh Brundage for The Southern Past: A Clash of Race and Memory, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

2007 winners

 Natasha Trethewey for Native Guard, Houghton Mifflin Co.
 Matthew D. Lassiter for The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics In the Sunbelt South Princeton University Press.

2008 winners

 Joseph Crespino for In Search of Another Country: Mississippi and the Conservative Counterrevolution Princeton University Press.
 Wesley C. Hogan for Many Minds, One Heart: SNCC's Dream for a New America University of North Carolina Press.

2009 winners

 Areila  Gross for What Blood Won't Tell: A History of Race on Trial in America Harvard University Press.
 Bob Zellner with Constance W. Curry for The Wrong Side of Murder Creek: A White Southerner in the Freedom Movement NewSouth Books, Inc.

2010 winners

 Amy Louise Wood, for Lynching and Spectacle: Witnessing Racial Violence in America, 1890-1940, University of North Carolina Press
 Charles W. Eagles, for The Price of Defiance: James Meredith and the Integration of Ole Miss, University of North Carolina Press

2011 winners

 Steve Lerner, for Sacrifice Zones: The Front Lines of Toxic Chemical Exposure in the United States, The MIT Press
 Danielle McGuire, for At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistance-A New History of the Civil Rights Movement From Rosa Parks to the Rise of Black Power, Alfred A. Knopf

2012 winners

 Tomiko Brown-Nagin, for Courage to Dissent: Atlanta and the Long History of the Civil Right Movement, Oxford University Press
 John C. Inscoe, for Writing the South Through the Self: Explorations in Southern Autobiography, University of Georgia Press

2013 winners

 Randal Maurice Jelks, for Benjamin Elijah Mays, Schoolmaster of the Movement: a Biography, University of North Carolina Press
 Francoise N. Hamlin, for Crossroads at Clarkdale: The Black Freedom Struggle in the Mississippi Delta after World War II, University of North Carolina Press

2014 winners

 Bernard Lafayette, Jr., for In Peace and Freedom, My Journey in Selma, University Press of Kentucky
 M. J. O'Brien, for We Shall Not Be Moved: The Jackson Woolworth's Sit-In and the Movement It Inspired, University Press of Mississippi

2015 winners

 Lee W. Formwalt, for Looking Back, Moving Forward: The Southwest Georgia Freedom Struggle, 1814-2014, Albany Civil Rights Institute and Georgia Humanities Council
 Andrew Maraniss, for Strong Inside: Perry Wallace and the Collision of Race and Sports in the South, Vanderbilt University Press

2016 winners

 Cheryl Knott, for Not Free, Not For All: Public Libraries in the Age of Jim Crow, University of Massachusetts Press
 Minion K. C. Morrison, for Aaron Henry of Mississippi: Inside Agitator, University of Arkansas Press

2017 winners

 Patricia Bell-Scott, for The Firebrand and the First Lady, Alfred A. Knopf
 Risa Goluboff, for Vagrant Nation, Oxford University Press

2018 winners

 James Forman Jr., for Locking Up Our Own: Crime and Punishment in Black America, Farrar, Straus and Giroux
 Nancy MacLean, for Democracy in Chains: The Deep History of the Radical Right's Stealth Plan for America, Viking/Penguin Books

2019 winners

 Rachel Devlin for A Girl Stands at the Door: The Generation of Young Women Who Desegregated America's Schools, Hachette Book Group
 Vanessa Siddle Walker for The Lost Education of Horace Tate: Uncovering the Hidden Heroes Who Fought for Justice in Schools, The New Press
 Virginia Eubanks for Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor, St. Martin's Press

2020 winners

 Jelani M. Favors, for  Shelter in a Time of Storm: How Black Colleges Fostered Generations of Leadership and Activism, University of North Carolina Press
 Brandon K. Winford, for John Hervey Wheeler, Black Banking, and the Economic Struggle for Civil Rights, University Press of Kentucky

2021 winners

 William A. Darity Jr. and A. Kirsten Mullen, for From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-first Century, University of North Carolina Press
 Lawrence Goldstone, for On Account of Race: The Supreme Court, White Supremacy, and the Ravaging of American Voting Rights, Counterpoint Press

2022 winners

 Mia Bay for Traveling Black: A Story of Race and Resistance, Harvard University Press
 Jocelyn Nicole Johnson for My Monticello'', Henry Holt & Co.

References

External links
UGA Libraries

American literary awards
Southern United States literature
Civil rights organizations in the United States
University of Georgia
Awards established in 1968
1968 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)

Lillian Smith Book Award


With the exceptions of South Africa, Cape Verde, and Mauritius, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Africa are limited in comparison to the Americas, Western Europe and Oceania.

Out of the 55 states recognised by the United Nations or African Union or both, homosexuality is outlawed in 32 African countries as of October 2023. Human Rights Watch notes that another two countries, Benin and the Central African Republic, do not outlaw homosexuality, but have certain laws which discriminate against homosexual individuals. Many of the laws that criminalize homosexuality are colonial-era laws.

Homosexuality has never been criminalised in Benin, Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, Djibouti, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, and Rwanda, and has been decriminalised in Angola, Botswana, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Mauritius, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe, the Seychelles and South Africa. However, in 6 of these countries (Benin, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Niger and Madagascar), the age of consent for same-sex sexual relations is higher than for opposite-sex ones.

In November 2006, South Africa became the first country in Africa and the fifth country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage. In May 2023, the Supreme Court of Namibia ruled foreign same-sex marriages must be recognized equally to heterosexual marriages. LGBT anti-discrimination laws exist in seven African countries: Angola, Botswana, Cape Verde, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, and South Africa.

In some of the countries with criminal punishments for homosexuality, governments have been recently enforcing the law more harshly, and many legislators have recently proposed stricter sentences for same-sex activity. Uganda's Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2023, which allows the death sentence for certain types of consensual same-sex activities, has attracted international attention.

Since 2011, some developed countries have been considering or implementing laws that limit or prohibit general budget support to countries that restrict the rights of LGBT people. In spite of this, many African countries have refused to consider increasing LGBT rights, and in some cases have drafted laws to increase sanctions against LGBT people. Past African leaders such as Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe and Uganda's Yoweri Museveni claimed that LGBT behaviour was brought into the continent from other parts of the world. Nevertheless, most scholarship and research demonstrates that homosexuality has long been a part of various African cultures.

Overview
In a 2011 UN General Assembly declaration for LGBT rights, state parties were given a chance to express their support, opposition or abstention on the topic. Only Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritius, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, and South Africa expressed their support. Majority of the African countries expressed their opposition. State parties that expressed abstention were Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, Republic of the Congo, and Zambia.

In southern Somalia, Somaliland, Mauritania, northern Nigeria, and Uganda, homosexuality results in death penalty. In Sudan, Gambia, Tanzania, and Sierra Leone, offenders can receive life imprisonment for homosexual acts, although the law is not enforced in Sierra Leone. In addition to criminalizing homosexuality, Nigeria has enacted legislation that would make it illegal for heterosexual family members, allies and friends of LGBT people to be supportive. According to Nigerian law, a heterosexual ally "who administers, witnesses, abets or aids" any form of gender non-conforming and homosexual activity could receive a 10-year jail sentence.

The Republic of South Africa has the most liberal attitudes toward gays and lesbians, as the country has legalized same-sex marriage and its Constitution guarantees gay and lesbian rights and protections. South Africa is the only country in Africa where any form of discrimination against the LGBT community is constitutionally forbidden. In 2006, South Africa became the first country in Africa and the fifth in the world to enact same-sex marriage.  Discrimination is, however, far rarer in bigger cities, and there are large LGBT communities in cities like Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, Pretoria, Port Elizabeth,  East London, Bloemfontein, Nelspruit, Pietermaritzburg, Kimberley and George. South Africa's three largest cities, Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town, are considered fairly accepting of the LGBT community and are promoted as tourist destinations for LGBT people. However, despite legal recognition, social discrimination against South African LGBT people does still occur, particularly in rural areas, where it is fueled by a number of religious figures and traditions. Spanish, Portuguese, British and French territories legalised same-sex marriages.

Travel advisories encourage gay and lesbian travelers to use discretion whilst in Africa to ensure their personal safety, including by avoiding public displays of affection (advice which applies to both homosexual and heterosexual couples). South Africa is generally considered to be the most gay-friendly African country in respect of the legal status of LGBT rights, although Cape Verde is also frequently regarded as being very socially accepting of LGBT rights.

History of male homosexuality in Africa

Ancient  history

Egypt

It remains unclear what view the ancient Egyptians fostered about homosexuality. Any document and literature that actually contains sexually oriented stories never names the nature of the sexual deeds but instead uses stilted and flowery paraphrases. Ancient Egyptian documents never clearly say that same-sex relationships were seen as reprehensible or despicable. No ancient Egyptian document mentions that homosexual acts were set under penalty. Thus, a straight evaluation remains problematic.

The best-known case of possible homosexuality in ancient Egypt is that of the two high officials Nyankh-Khnum and Khnum-hotep. Both men lived and served under pharaoh Niuserre during the 5th Dynasty (c. 2494–2345 BC). Nyankh-Khnum and Khnum-hotep each had families of their own with children and wives, but when they died their families apparently decided to bury them together in one and the same mastaba tomb. In this mastaba, several paintings depict both men embracing each other and touching their faces nose-on-nose. These depictions leave plenty of room for speculation, because in ancient Egypt the nose-on-nose touching normally represented a kiss.

Egyptologists and historians disagree about how to interpret the paintings of Nyankh-khnum and Khnum-hotep. Some scholars believe that the paintings reflect an example of homosexuality between two married men and prove that the ancient Egyptians accepted same-sex relationships. Other scholars disagree and interpret the scenes as an evidence that Nyankh-khnum and Khnum-hotep were twins, even possibly conjoined twins. No matter what interpretation is correct, the paintings show at the very least that Nyankh-khnum and Khnum-hotep must have been very close to each other in life as in death.

The Roman Emperor Constantine in the 4th century AD is said to have exterminated a large number of "effeminate priests" based in Alexandria.

Modern history

North Africa
North Africa contained some of the most visible and well-documented traditions of homosexuality in the world – particularly during the period of Mamluk rule. Arabic poetry emerging from cosmopolitan and literate societies frequently described the pleasures of pederastic relationships. There are accounts of Christian boys being sent from Europe to become sex workers in Egypt. In Cairo, cross-dressing men called "khawal" would entertain audiences with song and dance (potentially of pre-Islamic origin).

The Siwa Oasis in Egypt was described by several early twentieth century travellers as a place where same-sex sexual relationships were quite common. A group of warriors in this area were known for paying reverse dowries to younger men; a practice that was outlawed in the 1940s.

Siegfried Frederick Nadel wrote about the Nuba tribes in Sudan the late 1930s. He noted that among the Otoro, a special transvestitic role existed whereby men dressed and lived as women. Transvestitic homosexuality also existed amongst the Moru, Nyima, and Tira people, and reported marriages of Korongo londo and Mesakin tubele for the bride price of one goat. In the Korongo and Mesakin tribes, Nadel reported a common reluctance among men to abandon the pleasure of all-male camp life for the fetters of permanent settlement.

East Africa
Gender-nonconforming and homosexuality has been reported in a number of East African societies. In pre-colonial East Africa there have been examples of male priests in traditional religions dressing as women. British social anthropologist Rodney Needham has described such a religious leadership role called "mugawe" among the Meru people and  of Kenya, which included wearing women's clothes and hairstyle. Mugawe are frequently homosexual, and sometimes are formally married to a man.

Such men were known as "ikihindu" among the Hutu and Tutsi peoples of Burundi and Rwanda. A similar role is played by some men within the Swahili-speaking Mashoga—who often take on women's names and cook and clean for their husbands.

Ethiopia
In Ethiopian history, the recognition of same-sex activity is generally obscure, which means no rare evidence left to scholarly research. However, The Life and Struggles of Our Mother Wälättä P̣eṭros (1672) is the first reference of homosexuality between nuns in Ethiopian literature. Homosexuality, meanwhile, was faded out through much of its history until in Meles Zenawi administration in 2008, followed by rapid growth of communal upheaval in the country into suppression. However, with negative public attitude and legal codification in Constitution's Article 629, same-sex activity is criminalized up to 15 years life imprisonment.

According to 2007 Pew Research Center, 97% of Ethiopians said that homosexuality is the way of life that society should not accept, becoming the highest level of rejection after Mali. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church  plays a significant role in maintaining society against homosexuality, and some members form anti-gay movements. One of them is "Zim Anlem" founded by Dereje Negash, who strongly affiliated with the Church.

Among the Maale people of southern Ethiopia, historian Donald Donham documented "a small minority [of men] crossed over to feminine roles. Called "ashtime", these (biological) males dressed like women, performed female tasks, cared for their own houses, and apparently had sexual relations with men". They were also protected by the king.

Uganda
In Uganda, religious roles for cross-dressing men (homosexual priests) were historically found among the Bunyoro people. Similarly, the kingdom of Buganda (part of modern-day Uganda) institutionalized certain forms of same-sex relations. Young men served in the royal courts and provided sexual services for visitors and elites. King Mwanga II of Buganda had several such men executed when they converted to Christianity and refused to carry out their assigned duties (the "Uganda Martyrs"). The Teso people of Uganda also have a category of men who dress as women.

Kenya
Swedish anthropologist Felix Bryk reported active (i.e., insertive) , and also mentioned "homo-erotic bachelors" among the pastoralist Nandi and Maragoli (Wanga). The Nandi as well as the Maasai would sometimes cross-dress as women during initiation ceremonies.

West Africa
The Dagaaba people, who lived in Burkina Faso, believed that homosexual men were able to mediate between the spirit and human worlds. They also believed that gender was based on the energy of a person rather than that of anatomy.

Southern Africa

Writing in the 19th century about the area of today's southwestern Zimbabwe, David Livingstone asserted that the monopolization of women by elderly chiefs was essentially responsible for the "immorality" practised by younger men. Edwin W. Smith and A. Murray Dale mention one Ila-speaking man who dressed as a woman, did women's work, lived and slept among, but not with, women. The Ila label "mwaami" they translated as "prophet". They also mentioned that pederasty was not rare, "but was considered dangerous because of the risk that the boy will become pregnant".

Marc Epprecht's review of 250 court cases from 1892 to 1923 found cases from the beginnings of the records. The five 1892 cases all involved black Africans. A defense offered was that "sodomy" was part of local "custom". In one case a chief was summoned to testify about customary penalties and reported that the penalty was a fine of one cow, which was less than the penalty for adultery. Over the entire period, Epprecht found the balance of black and white defendants proportional to that in the population. He notes, however, only what came to the attention of the courts—most consensual relations in private did not necessarily provoke notice. Some cases were brought by partners who had been dropped or who had not received promised compensation from their former sexual partner. And although the norm was for the younger male to lie supine and not show any enjoyment, let alone expect any sexual mutuality, Epprecht found a case in which a pair of black males had stopped their sexual relationship out of fear of pregnancy, but one wanted to resume taking turns penetrating each other.

Malawi
Demone talks about how Malawi culture does not value homosexuality as something acceptable in their culture. British Colonial rule included laws against homosexuality, which influenced later government policies.  Although Malawi gained its independence from Britain in 1964, Malawi officials kept their anti-homosexuality laws enforced.

In 2010, there was a case in Malawi about a man named Steven Monjeza Soko and a transgender woman, named Tiwonge Chimbalanga Kachepa who had an engagement ceremony, were caught by the Malawi Police and charged. The court denied bail and sentenced both Soko and Kachepa to prison. The court did not have evidence of sexual activity and based the sentence on the grounds that Soko and Kachepa had the ceremony.

In Malawi prisons, there is documented homosexual behavior in the prisons but don't allow the general public to know about these occurrences.   During 1980s and early 1990s, President Hasting Kamuzu Banda's ignored the massive rise in of HIV/AIDS. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, The Malawian people started to gain education on HIV/AIDS but they associated it with homoesexual behavior.

Morocco
Nicholas Hersh reports how in Morocco, LGBTQ aslyum-seekers and refugees fear for their lives due to their sexual orientation or gender identity.   Queer Moroccan Refugees experience social discrimination, violence including rape and imprisonment. Queer Moroccan Refugees who have been outed in their communities may experience poverty and may resort to sex in exchange for housing.

Legislation by country or territory

Public opinion

Views of African leaders on homosexuality

The former president of Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe, was uncompromising in his opposition to LGBT rights in Zimbabwe. In September 1995, Zimbabwe's parliament introduced legislation banning homosexual acts. In 1997, a court found Canaan Banana, Mugabe's predecessor and the first President of Zimbabwe, guilty of 11 counts of sodomy and indecent assault. Mugabe has previously referred to LGBT people as being "worse than dogs and pigs".

In the Gambia, former President Yahya Jammeh led the call for legislation that would set laws against homosexuals that would be "stricter than those in Iran", and that he would "cut off the head" of any gay or lesbian person discovered in the country. News reports indicated his government intended to execute all homosexuals in the country. In the speech given in Tallinding, Jammeh gave a "final ultimatum" to any gays or lesbians in the Gambia to leave the country. In a speech to the United Nations on 27 September 2013, Jammeh said that "[h]omosexuality in all its forms and manifestations which, though very evil, antihuman as well as anti-Allah, is being promoted as a human right by some powers", and that those who do so "want to put an end to human existence". In 2014, Jammeh called homosexuals "vermins" by saying that "We will fight these vermins called homosexuals or gays the same way we are fighting malaria-causing mosquitoes, if not more aggressively". He also went on to disparage LGBT people by saying that "As far as I am concerned, LGBT can only stand for Leprosy, Gonorrhoea, Bacteria and Tuberculosis; all of which are detrimental to human existence". In 2015, in defiance of western criticism Jammeh intensified his anti-gay rhetoric, telling a crowd during an agricultural tour: "If you do it [in the Gambia] I will slit your throat—if you are a man and want to marry another man in this country and we catch you, no one will ever set eyes on you again, and no white person can do anything about it."

In Uganda there were recent efforts to institute the death penalty for homosexuality until March 22, 2023, where gay sex is punishable by the death penalty or life imprisonment. British newspaper The Guardian reported that President Yoweri Museveni "appeared to add his backing" to the legislative effort by, among other things, claiming "European homosexuals are recruiting in Africa", and saying gay relationships were against God's will. In a 2014 interview with CNN, Museveni described homosexuals as "disgusting", saying that their acts are "unnatural" and that he would be able to ignore them if it was proven that "[he] is born that way". He also said that he had appointed a group of scientists in Uganda to determine if homosexuality was a learned orientation. This led to widespread criticism from the scientific community, with an academic of the National Institutes of Health calling on his Ugandan counterparts to reconsider their findings. And as of March 22, 2023, Uganda passed the Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2023 to make it illegal to identify as LGBT and made it punishable with life imprisonment, and imposes the death penalty for aggravated gay sex.

Abune Paulos, the late Patriarch of the ancient Ethiopian Orthodox Church, which has a very strong influence in Christian Ethiopia, stated homosexuality is an animal-like behavior that must be punished.

Chad in 2017 passed a law criminalizing sodomy. Previously, the country never had any laws against consensual same-sex activity. Conversely, some African states like Lesotho, São Tomé and Príncipe, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, Angola, and Botswana have abolished sodomy laws in the 21st century. Legalization is proposed in some African states like Eswatini, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Togo, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Gabon passed a law criminalizing sodomy in 2019 and reversed its decision by once again decriminalizing homosexuality a year later in 2020.

Marriage

Adoption

Homosexuals as neighbours

See also

 Recognition of same-sex unions in Africa
Human rights in Africa
Coalition of African Lesbians
LGBT rights by country or territory
LGBT rights in Europe
LGBT rights in the Americas
LGBT rights in Asia
LGBT rights in Oceania

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

African Veil – African LGBT site with news articles
Africans and Arabs come out online, Reuters via Television New Zealand
Signare Bi Sukugn Afroqueer Reporter
Behind the Mask, LGBT Magazine in Africa
Coalition of African Lesbians
Pink & Black magazine
LGBT Stories from Afrol
Morality of Homosexuality – Acceptance rate per country

LGBT rights in Africa


Brasilotyphlus braziliensis is a species of amphibian in the family Siphonopidae. It was considered monotypic within Brasilotyphlus but a recently described species (Brasilotyphlus guarantanus) has been placed in this same genus. It is endemic to Brazil. Its habitat includes natural forests, dry tropical or subtropical. It is in danger of extinction because of the loss of its natural habitat.

References

braziliensis
Amphibians described in 1945
Endemic fauna of Brazil
Amphibians of Brazil

Brasilotyphlus braziliensis


In snakes, the anal scale or anal plate is the scale just in front of and covering the cloacal opening. This scale can be either single ("anal entire") or paired ("anal divided"). When paired, the division is oblique. The anal scale is preceded by the ventral scales and followed by the subcaudal scales.

See also
Snake scales

References

Snake scales

Anal scale


The Mysterious Benedict Society is a novel written by Trenton Lee Stewart and illustrated by Carson Ellis, first published in 2007. It tells the story of four gifted children: Reynie Muldoon, George "Sticky" Washington, Kate Wetherall, and Constance Contraire, who form the "Mysterious Benedict Society" and are sent to investigate an institution called L.I.V.E. (the Learning Institute for the Very Enlightened), run by a man named Ledroptha Curtain. The book is the first in a series that has sold over three million copies.

Main Events
Reynard "Reynie" Muldoon is an orphaned boy with a love for puzzles and books living in an orphanage in the metropolis of Stonetown with his tutor, Miss Perumal. Reynie notices a newspaper advertisement targeted towards gifted children, consisting of a series of three odd and complex tests, all of which he passes. He meets three other children who are each gifted in their own way: George "Sticky" Washington, Kate Wetherall, and Constance Contraire. Mr. Benedict, the organizer of the tests, is assisted by his subordinates Number Two, Rhonda Kazembe, and Milligan. They explain that a mysterious threat plagues the world in the form of secret messages transmitted into people's minds via television and radio signals. The messages originate at the Learning Institute for the Very Enlightened "L.I.V.E." Mr. Benedict invites the children to form a team to put a stop to the messages. The children decide to call themselves the Mysterious Benedict Society, and join the Institute as students (and spies).

Through their investigation, the children discover that Mr. Curtain transmits his messages through a device known as the Whisperer. They also discover that this machine is capable of "sweeping away" memories, and that Mr. Curtain plans to boost his messages to transmit directly to people's brains. Milligan, who has been helping them behinds the scene, is kidnapped, so the Society forms a plan. While Sticky and Reynie are in Mr. Curtain's office, Kate and Constance break in. Mr. Curtain attempts to wipe their memories, but Constance manages to resist him and confuse the Whisperer. At the same time, Mr. Benedict and his team enter the Institute just as Milligan breaks out of his prison through underground sewers. Mr. Benedict disables the Whisperer and the Society escapes from the island.

Due to the Society's efforts, the Whisperer's mind-numbing messages cease. The Institute is raided by government agents and shut down, although Mr. Curtain manages to elude capture. Upon returning to Stonetown, the four children settle down and find families of their own.

Characters

Main characters
Reynard "Reynie" Muldoon is an eleven-year-old boy living at Stonetown Orphanage. He is talented at problem-solving, logical deduction, and perceiving people's emotions. His intelligence results in the assignment of a special tutor at the orphanage, Miss Perumal, who later adopts him. Reynie looks between the lines, observing and questioning, and solves most problems by looking for a "puzzle" within the situation. He is described as an especially average-looking boy with average brown hair, average pale complexion, and average clothes.
George "Sticky" Washington, is an eleven-year-old, bald, tea-skinned boy. He has a great memory (everything "sticks" in his head, hence his nickname) and a talent for reading quickly. He is timid and nervous and resorts to polishing his glasses in stressful situations. He ran away from his parents because they forced him into academic competitions and he thought they no longer wanted him around.
Kate Wetherall is a twelve-year-old girl who is sporty, dexterous, strong, creative, cheerful and optimistic. After being orphaned, she ran away to the circus. She has blonde hair, blue eyes, and fair skin. She carries a red bucket containing various items which she thinks are useful, including an army knife, a flashlight, a pen, a rope, a bag of marbles, a slingshot, a spool of clear fishing twine, a horseshoe magnet and a spyglass disguised as a kaleidoscope. Kate's mother died when she was a baby and believes her father left her (when she was young) because of her mother's tragic death. She loves to call herself, "the Great Kate Weather Machine". It was later revealed that Milligan was her father.
Constance Contraire is a small, extremely intelligent, and stubborn girl. She has the ability to write clever and brutal poems, and her ultra-sensitive mind is most affected by the Whisperer. By the novel's end, she is also Mr. Benedict's adopted daughter and also reveals that she is only 3 years old which explained all of her toddler like behaviors. She tends to make the other members angry, but they aren't able to stay mad at her for a long time.
Milligan is a former government agent and current guard for the children, Rhonda, Number Two, and Mr. Benedict. He is a sad and somber man, even described as a "scarecrow" due to his shabby and depressing demeanor. His sadness is attributed to his kidnapping by secret agents after which he was brainwashed and lost his memory. Although unsure of his actual name, "Milligan" was the first word he remembered on regaining consciousness, and he adopted it as his name. He later recovers his memory and remembers / discovers he is Kate's father. Milligan also has flax blond hair and ocean blue eyes.
Mr. Nicholas Benedict is a middle-aged man who recruits the children. He is the one who discovered the plans of his identical twin brother, Ledroptha Curtain, from whom he was separated just after birth because their parents had died.  Mr. Benedict suffers from narcolepsy, which causes him to fall asleep when experiencing strong emotions (usually laughter).
Ledroptha Curtain is the antagonist of the story and the head of the "Learning Institute for the Very Enlightened", or L.I.V.E. and "The Emergency" are his tools for creating mass panic and destabilizing the world's major governments. Mr. Curtain created the mind-control and mind-message transmitter device called "the Whisperer", which utilizes children's minds to spread propaganda and subliminal messages through television as part of a scheme to usurp control of the entire world and be declared "Minister And Secretary of all the Earth's Regions" (M.A.S.T.E.R.). He is also revealed to be Mr. Benedict's long-lost twin brother. He uses a modified wheelchair to get around and wears mirrored sunglasses in order to conceal his narcolepsy. Mr. Curtain's narcolepsy is triggered by anger, as a foil to his twin's laughter-induced narcolepsy.

Supporting characters
S.Q. Pedalian is an Executive working for Mr. Curtain. He is dim-witted and clumsy but is the only Executive who is kind to the Mysterious Benedict Society. He is also somewhat oblivious to the evils of Mr. Curtain, the Institute, and the Whisperer's effects on the world's inhabitants.
Jackson and Jillson are the Head Executives at the Institute and are noted for their unkind ways. Jackson has icy blue eyes, is stockily built, and has a nose long and sharp like a knife. Jillson is six feet tall, has small piggy eyes, and "arms like a monkey"
Martina Crowe is originally a Messenger and later Executive at the Institute. She despises the members of the Mysterious Benedict Society because she feels threatened by their intelligence, but holds particular enmity for Kate.
Miss Perumal is Reynie's tutor. She is Indian and is intelligent and friendly. She is the one who told Reynie that he should take a special test for gifted children, not knowing it was to recruit members for the Mysterious Benedict Society. She eventually adopts Reynie in the end.
Mr. Rutger is the Stonetown Orphanage director. Although not unkind, he is blinded by greed to Reynie's obvious higher educational needs. He gets paid for each student so he doesn't let Reynie go to an advanced school.
The Helpers make food, do laundry, and perform other manual labor tasks at the Institute. They are not allowed to talk to any students at L.I.V.E. or make eye contact. They share the same vacant, sad expressions as Milligan, and Reynie soon discovers that the Helpers may have been brought to the Institute against their wills and have been brainwashed.
The Recruiters kidnap children for the Institute, to be used for Mr. Curtain's Whisperer messages. In the following books The Mysterious Benedict Society and the Perilous Journey and The Mysterious Benedict Society and the Prisoner's Dilemma, they evolve into the Ten Men, so named for their ten ways of hurting people.
Number Two and Rhonda Kazembe are the over-protective assistants of Mr. Benedict. They have passed all his tests, and now do everything he asks them to do (except to let him stand up without at least one of them in the room). Rhonda is a Zambian woman who makes a convincing 12-year-old in height even though she's in her twenties. Number Two can mostly be noted for her resemblance of a pencil when wearing her yellow coat, with yellow skin and red hair. They are the adopted daughters of Mr. Benedict.

Critical reception
The Mysterious Benedict Society has received generally positive reviews. Many critics praised the enigmatic plot and puzzles included in the storyline; journalist Michele Norris, writing for NPR, said, "Almost everything inside this book is an enigma." Additionally, the ethical decisions and moral lessons contained within the book were praised. Kirkus Reviews said that the book was "rich in moral and ethical issues." Rick Riordan, author of the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series, wrote, "I enjoyed it very much -- great cast of characters, lots of cool puzzles and mysteries. The book made me feel nostalgic, because it reminded me of some of the better children's books I grew up with, like Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and The Phantom Tollbooth."

Awards
The Mysterious Benedict Society was a New York Times bestseller in 2008 and won a 2007 Booklist Editors' Choice: Books for Youth award, a 2008 Notable Children's Book for Middle Readers award from the American Library Association, the 2008 E.B. White Read Aloud Award for Older Readers, and a 2008 Texas Lone Star Reading List award.

Sequels
Three sequels were published in 2008, 2009, and 2019: The Mysterious Benedict Society and the Perilous Journey, The Mysterious Benedict Society and the Prisoner's Dilemma, and The Mysterious Benedict Society and the Riddle of Ages.

A prequel, The Extraordinary Education of Nicholas Benedict, was released on April 10, 2012.

A supplementary book, The Mysterious Benedict Society: Mr. Benedict's Book of Perplexing Puzzles, Elusive Enigmas, and Curious Conundrums, was also released.

Television adaptation

The novel served as the basis for the first season of the television series of the same name. Like most adaptations, there are numerous divergences, most of them revolving around giving more establishment and agency to the series. The biggest difference is that the show adds more background to Mr. Benedict and Dr. Curtain, the story of which somewhat contradicts the novel The Extraordinary Education of Nicholas Benedict. Characters such as Number Two, Ms. Perumal, Rhonda Kazembe and Milligan are also given more development than the novel.

While the Society's background are relatively unchanged, Sticky now lives with his aunt and uncle instead of his parents and Constance is aged up and given a more sarcastic disposition. The characterizations of characters such as Jackson and Jillson and Martina are radically altered, specifically with the latter who, unlike her novel counterpart, reforms at the end. A lot of the challenges and puzzles were changed to appear even more difficult than those featured in the novel.

The series is also more grounded and makes the issues feel more relevant. One of the prime examples being the explanation for Mr. Benedict's machine. In the novel, he states that he cannot go to the police about his findings because they will not understand it, while in the series, he states that it is due to the fact that some people will simply refuse to believe him.

References

External links
An interview with the author, Trenton Lee Stewart
The official website for The Mysterious Benedict Society

2007 American novels
American children's novels
American adventure novels
2007 children's books
Children's novels set in schools

The Mysterious Benedict Society (book)


Schachdorf Ströbeck is a village in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, which since 1 January 2010 is part of the town of Halberstadt in the Harz district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Located about  west of the city centre, the Schachdorf ("chess village") is known for its long historic connection with chess.

History

The first mention of Strebechi dates back to 995, when King Otto III of Germany dedicated the estate in the Eastphalian Harzgau to his sister Abbess Adelaide of Quedlinburg. In 1004 his successor King Henry II granted it to Drübeck Abbey. Ströbeck was a fief of the Bishopric of Halberstadt, later held by the comital House of Regenstein, from 1343 by the Counts of Wernigerode.

Chess
The main activity for which the village is known, occurred possibly in 1011. According to legend, Bishop Arnulf of Halberstadt had imprisoned Gunzelin of Kuckenburg, the deposed Margrave of Meissen, in the Wartturm, a tower in Ströbeck, and ordered the local farmers to guard him. Due to the boredom in his prison, Gunzelin created a chess set and taught his guards the game.

The game was first mentioned in a 1515 deed, when it had become a tradition among the local people, even though at that time chess was only played elsewhere by nobles and clerics. The Ströbeck tradition was described by Duke Augustus II of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel alias Gustavus Selenus in his 1616 book Chess or the King's Game. Ströbeck is also mentioned in H. J. R. Murray's 1913 work A History of Chess.

In 1651, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg awarded a chess board to the townspeople for their proficiency in the game. It is preserved in a local museum.

Chess continued to be a strong part of Ströbeck's culture and when they village issued its own currency (Notgeld) during the First World War, it featured images of chessboards.

Chess traditions

An international chess tournament is annually held. Since the late 17th century, famous chess matches are regularly illustrated by human chess performances with actors in the guise of pieces. The local elementary school, named after Emanuel Lasker, is the only public school in Germany which teaches chess as part of the curriculum, and it had done so since 1823; just as the Ströbeck secondary school, which was closed in 2004, due to too few pupils.

A local chess museum opened in 1991. Among the exhibits are an elaborate chess set, donated by the "Great Elector" Frederick William of Brandenburg in 1651, as well as several 12 x 8 boards for Courier Chess.

Notable residents
Edward Salomon (1827–1909), politician. governor of Wisconsin
Frederick Salomon, general in the American Civil War

See also

References

External links

Official site
Chess Museum Ströbeck

Former municipalities in Saxony-Anhalt
Halberstadt
History of chess
Chess places
Chess in Germany

Ströbeck


Highly Refined Pirates (angle "Tre delikataj piratoj") estas la unua muzikalbumo de Minus the Bear. Ĝi aperis en 2005.

Trakoj

 Thanks For The Killer Game Of Crisco® Twister
 Monkey!!! Knife!!! Fight!!!
 Absinthe Party At The Fly Honey Warehouse
 Hey, Wanna Throw Up? Get Me Naked
 Get Me Naked 2: Electric Boogaloo
 We Are Not A Football Team
 You Kill Bugs Good, Man
 Spritz!!! Spritz!!!
 Women We Haven't Met Yet
 Damn Bugs Whacked Him, Johnny
 I Lost All My Money At The Cock Fights
 Andy Wolff
 Let's Play Guitar In A Five Guitar Band
 Booyah Achieved

Highly Refined Pirates


Ouellette v. Viacom, No. 9:10-cv-00133; 2011 WL 1882780, found the safe harbor provision of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) did not create liability for service providers that take down non-infringing works (works having a fair use defense to copyright infringement). This case limited the claims that can be filed against service providers by establishing immunity for service providers' takedown of fair use material, at least from grounds under the DMCA. The court left open whether another "independent basis of liability" could serve as legal grounds for an inappropriate takedown.

The court's opinion was also noteworthy in its treatment of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), holding that online service providers were not liable for failure to provide accommodations to persons with disabilities unless their service is "tightly integrated" with a physical space.

Facts
The case began when Plaintiff Todd Ouellette filed his complaint without an attorney (pro se). He claimed that YouTube and Myspace had wrongfully taken down his homemade videos. Plaintiff asked for $9,999,000 in damages. Defendants replied that the videos violated copyright. Plaintiff further alleged that the videos were fair use and that defendants' refusal to put them back up was in violation of the DMCA takedown provisions. Plaintiff alleged that removal of the videos did not comply with the DMCA's established procedure.  of the DMCA grants safe harbor (immunity) to service providers that follow the DMCA's takedown procedure.

The plaintiff sent counter notices to defendants that he alleged were complete except for minor errors due to his dyslexia. He contended that the failure to restore the videos shows a violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) by depriving him of his "right to fair access to [Defendants'] 'public accommodation'" (arguing that the services constituted an "online theater"). He also claimed that these websites did not comply with the ADA by having text and formatting impossible for him to read as a dyslexic person, particularly in the Terms of Service. He mentioned that there was no audio version to help him navigate either YouTube or Myspace. The Court waived the normal fees for filing the action because the plaintiff was unable to pay them (In Forma Pauperis under  ).

Legal analysis
Judges give a plaintiff in a proceeding without a lawyer the benefit of the doubt, but the plaintiff must still have a valid underlying cause of action.

DMCA
The court found fair use to be irrelevant to a determination of whether defendant violated the DMCA. According to , fair use is only an affirmative defense to a claim of copyright infringement. It is not an affirmative right on which a cause of action may be premised. Thus, fair use does not protect the right to engage in any particular use of another's copyrighted material.

The court found that the DMCA did not create liability for service providers. The court reviewed the legislative history of Congress' enactment of the DMCA and found that the goal of the legislation was "to limit the liability of internet service providers, not to create liability that could not otherwise be imposed under existing law independent of the DMCA." The statutory intent is to make it easier for service providers to know what opens the door to lawsuits against them for infringement. Additional liability opposes this stated goal.

The safe harbor provision limits internet service providers' liability for copyright infringement. The court found it cannot increase liability. The safe harbor provision cannot be used as a premise for liability, because not meeting the safe harbor provision is not by itself sufficient for liability. The only affirmative cause of action in  is 512(f) which permits a claim for knowingly materially misrepresenting that a work is infringing. However, the defendants never made any determination of whether plaintiffs' videos constituted fair use, let alone knowingly made representations to the plaintiff that it was infringing. Thus, there was no underlying cause of action for the plaintiff's claims.

ADA
 of ADA provides that "No individual shall be discriminated against on the basis of disability in the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of any place of public accommodation by any person who owns, leases (or leases to), or operates a place of public accommodation." However, the ADA does not apply to private websites that do not constitute "places of public accommodation." The court found that Myspace and YouTube were not places of public accommodation. They were not actual, physical places, and they did not have an equivalent actual, physical place beyond the web "where the public gets those goods or services". Thus, the court found the ADA rules did not apply to the defendants.

The plaintiff failed not just in establishing a connection between the defendants' internet services and a physical place, but failed to establish that the defendants had any physical location for making their services available at all. The court held that impeding access to an "online theater" is not an injury within the scope of the ADA.

Even if the company does some business in person, its online site is not necessarily a place of public accommodation. Southwest Airlines' online site was earlier held not to constitute a place of public accommodation. However, if the site is "tightly integrated with a physical store" then ADA protection likely applies. Target's online shopping is still a place of public accommodation because it mirrors the functionality of their physical stores. Thus, retail websites and other companies that have online presences that closely track the function of their physical stores will have to comply with the ADA.

Finding no valid claims for relief remaining, the court dismissed the complaint.

References

External links
 Plaintiff's amended complaint
 The Magistrate Judge's findings and recommendations (Only Available on WestLaw)
 The District Court Judge's order confirming the findings
 Weyer v. Twentieth Cent. Fox Film Corp., 198 F.3d 1104, 1114 (9th Cir. 2000)
 Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186, 219–220 (2003)

United States district court cases
2011 in United States case law
Digital Millennium Copyright Act case law
Paramount Global
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
United States disability case law

Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc.


A calzone (Italian "stocking" or "trouser" or "drooping sack" or "hanging fold") is a turnover from Italy. It is made with ingredients that are like a pizza, but they are not the same. It is folded into a crescent shape before it is cooked. Calzones are made from pizza dough and filled with mozzarella and ricotta cheese. Other things such as ham, salami, vegetables or an egg can used as fillings as well. The dough is folded over, sealed along the edge and then fried. It is usually served with a seafood sauce, or with garlic, parsley and olive oil.

The Pizza Hut restaurant sells large calzones known as the P'zone. In America, the Hot Pockets brand of microwaveable turnovers are called "Bread Stuffed Calzones".

In Chicago, the calzone is usually called a pizza puff, made by Italco Foods.

References

Other websites
 Youtube movie showing how to make a calzone
 Calzone recipe

Italian food

Calzone


Scotland national cerebral palsy football team is the national cerebral football team for Scotland that represents the team in international competitions. At the 2015 IPCPF World Championships, Scotland finished 9th after defeating Canada in overtime.

Background
Scottish Disability Sport (SDS) manages the national team. While Scotland was active in participating on the World Championship level by 2016, the country did not have a national championships to support national team player development.

Ranking

Scotland was ranked ninth in the world by the IFCPF in 2016. In November 2014, they were ranked seventh. In August 2013, the team was eighth. Scotland was ranked sixth in September 2012. The team was ranked seventh in July 2011.

Players
There have been a number of players for the Scottish squad.

Results

Scotland has participated in a number of international tournaments. The team was scheduled to participate in the 2016 IFCPF Qualification Tournament World Championships in Vejen, Denmark in early August.  The tournament was part of the qualifying process for the 2017 IFCPF World Championships.  Other teams scheduled to participate included  Canada, Portugal, Iran, Northern Ireland, Australia, Venezuela, Japan, Republic of South Korea, Germany, Denmark, and Spain.

IFCPF World Championships
Scotland has participated in the IFCPF World Championships.  At the 2011 CP-ISRA World Championship in Drenthe, Scotland defeated Canada 4 - 1.

References

Cerebral Palsy
Great Britain at the Paralympics
National cerebral palsy football teams


Spermaceti is a waxy substance found in the head cavities of the sperm whale (and, in smaller quantities, in the oils of other whales). Spermaceti is created in the spermaceti organ inside the whale's head. This organ may contain as much as  of spermaceti. It has been extracted by whalers since the 17th century for human use in cosmetics, textiles, and candles.

Theories for the spermaceti organ's biological function suggest that it may control buoyancy, act as a focusing apparatus for the whale's sense of echolocation, or possibly both. Concrete evidence supports both theories. The buoyancy theory holds that the sperm whale is capable of heating the spermaceti, lowering its density and thus allowing the whale to float; for the whale to sink again, it must take water into its blowhole, which cools the spermaceti into a denser solid. This claim has been called into question by recent research that indicates a lack of biological structures to support this heat exchange, and the fact that the change in density is too small to be meaningful until the organ grows to a huge size. Measurement of the proportion of wax esters retained by a harvested sperm whale accurately described the age and future life expectancy of a given individual. The level of wax esters in the spermaceti organ increases with the age of the whale - 38–51% in calves, 58–87% in adult females, and 71–94% in adult males.

Spermaceti wax is extracted from sperm oil by crystallisation at , when treated by pressure and a chemical solution of caustic alkali. Spermaceti forms brilliant white crystals that are hard but oily to the touch, and are devoid of taste or smell, making it very useful as an ingredient in cosmetics, leatherworking, and lubricants. The substance was also used in making candles of a standard photometric value, in the dressing of fabrics, and as a pharmaceutical excipient, especially in cerates and ointments.

The whaling industry in the 17th and 18th centuries was developed to find, harvest, and refine the contents of the head of a sperm whale. The crews seeking spermaceti routinely left on three-year tours on several oceans. Cetaceous lamp oil was a commodity that created many maritime fortunes. The light produced by a single pure spermaceti source (candle) became the standard measurement of "candlepower" for another century. Candlepower, a photometric unit defined in the United Kingdom Act of Parliament Metropolitan Gas Act 1860 and adopted at the International Electrotechnical Conference of 1883, was based on the light produced by a pure spermaceti candle.

Etymology
Spermaceti is derived from Medieval Latin sperma ceti, meaning "whale sperm" (from Latin sperma meaning "semen" or "seed", and ceti, the genitive form of "whale"). The substance was initially believed to be whale semen, due to its appearance when fresh. The substance is also the origin of the name of the sperm whale.

Properties

Raw spermaceti is liquid within the head of the sperm whale, and is said to have a smell similar to raw milk. It is composed mostly of wax esters (chiefly cetyl palmitate) and a smaller proportion of triglycerides. Unlike other toothed whales, most of the carbon chains in the wax esters are relatively long (C10–C22). The blubber oil of the whale is about 66% wax. When it cools to 30 °C or below, the waxes begin to solidify. The speed of sound in spermaceti is 2,684 m/s (at 40 kHz, 36 °C), making it nearly twice as good a conductor of sounds as the oil in a dolphin's melon.

Spermaceti is insoluble in water, very slightly soluble in cold ethanol, but easily dissolved in ether, chloroform, carbon disulfide, and boiling ethanol. Spermaceti consists principally of cetyl palmitate (the ester of cetyl alcohol and palmitic acid), C15H31COO-C16H33. Simple triglycerides are seen as well.

A botanical alternative to spermaceti is a derivative of jojoba oil, jojoba esters, C19H41COO-C20H41, a solid wax, which is chemically and physically very similar to spermaceti and may be used in many of the same applications.

Biological function
Currently, disagreement exists on what biological purpose or purposes spermaceti serves. The proportion of wax esters retained by an average (living) whale head appears to reflect buoyancy influenced by heat. Changes in density likely enhance echolocation. It might be used as a means of adjusting the whale's buoyancy, since the density of the spermaceti changes with its phase. Another hypothesis has been that it is used as a cushion to protect the sperm whale's delicate snout while diving.

The most likely primary function of the spermaceti organ is to add internal echo or resonator clicks to the sonar echolocation clicks emitted by the respiratory organs. This makes possible the whale sensing the motion of its prey and its position. The changing distance to the prey affects the time interval between the returning clicks reflected by the prey (Doppler effect). This would explain the low density and high compressibility of the spermaceti, which enhance the resonance by the contrast of the acoustic properties of the sea water and of the hard tissue surrounding the spermaceti.

Spermaceti processing

After killing a sperm whale, the whalers would pull the carcass alongside the ship, cut off the head and pull it on deck. Then, they would cut a hole in it and bail out the matter inside with a bucket. The harvested matter, raw spermaceti, was stored in casks to be processed back on land. A large whale could yield as much as . The spermaceti was boiled and strained of impurities to prevent it from going rancid. On land, the casks were allowed to chill during the winter, causing the spermaceti to congeal into a spongy and viscous mass. The congealed matter was then loaded into wool sacks and placed in a press to squeeze out the liquid. This liquid was bottled and sold as "winter-strained sperm oil". This was the most valuable product - an oil that remained liquid in freezing winter temperatures.

Later, during the warmer seasons, the leftover solid was allowed to partially melt, and the liquid was strained off to leave a fully solid wax. This wax, brown in color, was then bleached and sold as "spermaceti wax". Spermaceti wax is white and translucent. It melts at about  and congeals at .

Gallery

See also
 Whale oil

References

Further reading

Waxes
Whale products
Cosmetics chemicals
Articles containing video clips
Animal fats

Spermaceti


Celastraceae the staff-tree family, in the order Celastrales, comprising about 55 genera of woody vines, shrubs, and trees, native in tropical and temperate zones but best known for ornamental forms of the genera Euonymus and Celastrus (bittersweet). Fruit of the family is often colourful. Leaves are frequently leathery and flowers are small, with four to five sepals and petals; alternating between the petals, stamens rise from a usually conspicuous nectar disk.

Celastrales
Plant families

Celastraceae


Kazimierz Piotr Schally (English: Casimir Peter Schally; 22 February 1895, Nowy Sącz, Galicia – 12 January 1967, Edinburgh, Scotland) was a Polish army general. He served as Chief of the Cabinet of President Ignacy Mościcki.

His son is the Polish-American endocrinologist Andrew Schally.

Military awards
 Virtuti Militari
 Order of Polonia Restituta
 Cross of Independence
 Cross of Valor (four times)
 Cross of Merit (twice)
 Legion of Honour (France)

References

1895 births
1967 deaths
People from Nowy Sącz
Military personnel from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Polish generals
Polish Military Organisation members
Lviv Polytechnic alumni
Polish legionnaires (World War I)
Blue Army (Poland) personnel
Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War
Polish military personnel of World War II
Polish emigrants to the United Kingdom
Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Recipients of the Cross of Independence with Swords
Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)
Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland)
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Polish people of German descent

Kazimierz Schally