Hendrik Jacobus Scholten (11 July 1824, Amsterdam – 29 May 1907, Heemstede), was a 19th-century painter from the Netherlands.

Biography
According to the RKD he was a pupil of Petrus Franciscus Greive and Lambertus Johannes Hansen. In 1852 he became a member of the Royal Academy of Art in Amsterdam, and was a member of the Amsterdam art societies Arti et Amicitiae, Kunstbevorderend Genootschap V.W.,  and Vereeniging Sint Lucas. He was also a member of art societies in other towns, such as the Pulchri studio in the Hague, the Schilder- en teekengenootschap Kunstliefde in Utrecht, and Kunst zij ons doel in Haarlem. He became art curator of the Teylers Stichting in 1872, which manages the art collection of the Teylers Museum. In that capacity he wrote a catalog of the museum's collection, that was published in 1904.

He painted several paintings that hang in the museum's galleries, as well as decorations in the Teyler's fundatiehuis, where he lived and worked from 1863 until his death.

He is known for various drawings, illustrations and paintings, including landscapes, flower and pastoral scenes, and was a follower of Pieter de Hooch in his interior scenes. He contributed illustrations for the Dutch history book "De voornaamste geschiedenissen van Noord-Nederland" by Jacob van Lennep. Works by him hang in the Rijksmuseum and the Amsterdam Museum. He became the teacher of Jacobus van Looy.

References

External links
Hendrik Jacobus Scholten on Artnet

1824 births
1907 deaths
19th-century Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
Painters from Amsterdam
Teylers Museum
19th-century Dutch male artists

Hendrik Jacobus Scholten


Mud were a British glam rock band. They formed in February 1966. Their early success came in a pop and then glam rock style. Later hits were influenced by 1950s rock and roll. They are best remembered for their hit singles "Dyna-mite" , "Tiger Feet", which was the United Kingdom's best-selling single of 1974, and "Lonely This Christmas," which reached Christmas number 1 in December 1974. After signing to Rak Records and teaming up with songwriters/producers Nicky Chinn and Mike Chapman, the band had fourteen UK Top 20 hits between 1973 and 1976, including three number ones. Their members were; Les Gray (vocals), Rob Davis (guitar), Ray Stiles (bass), and Dave Mount (drums).

Mud officially ended in 2004 when their lead singer, Les Gray, died.

Glam metal bands
British musical groups
1966 establishments in the United Kingdom
2004 disestablishments in the United Kingdom

Mud (band)


Jared Jenkins (born April 26, 1989) is a former Arena football wide receiver/defensive back. Jenkins was signed by the Milwaukee Mustangs as an undrafted free agent in 2011. Jenkins completed his college career at Wisconsin-Stevens Point.

Professional career

Milwaukee Mustangs
Jenkins joined the Milwaukee Mustangs of the Arena Football League in 2012. He started all 18 games and caught 119 passes for 1,610 yards and 34 touchdowns.

Utah Blaze
Jenkins joined the Utah Blaze during preseason camp in 2013. One week before the season started, the Blaze placed Jenkins on recallable assignment.

Chicago Rush
With the Blaze failing to trade or activate Jenkins, the Chicago Rush claimed Jenkins after Week 1 of the regular season.

References

External links
 Utah Blaze Bio

1989 births
Living people
Players of American football from Milwaukee
American football wide receivers
American football defensive backs
Wisconsin–Stevens Point Pointers football players
Milwaukee Mustangs (2009–2012) players
Utah Blaze players
Chicago Rush players
Rufus King International High School alumni

Jared Jenkins


"Only Love Can Break Your Heart" is a song written by Canadian-American singer-songwriter, musician, and activist Neil Young. It has been covered by many bands.

Genesis and recording
The song is the third track on Neil Young's album After the Gold Rush. The song was supposedly written for Graham Nash after Nash's split from Joni Mitchell, though Young in interviews has been somewhat tentative in admitting or remembering this. Released as a single in October 1970, it became Young's first top 40 hit as a solo artist, peaking at number 33 in the U.S. The single was issued with a Crazy Horse version of "Birds" (rather than the solo piano version of the album) on the B-side, apparently accidentally. The song is praised as a "seemingly simple song which display[s] considerable attention to detail in the deployment of instruments."

Record World said that the song "has [Young's] magic touch."

Saint Etienne version

In 1990, English band Saint Etienne recorded a cover version of "Only Love Can Break Your Heart", which was included on their debut album, Foxbase Alpha (1991). The vocals are by Moira Lambert (Sarah Cracknell had not yet joined the band as a permanent member). The band recorded the song in producer Ian Catt's bedroom studio in Pollards Hill. The recording, made in under two hours, got them a record deal, their first single, and their first hit. Andrew Weatherall later remixed the song, further emphasising its dub bassline: this remix, subtitled "A Mix of Two Halves" (duration 8:49), was featured on both releases of the single and on the compilation Casino Classics. The U.S. and European releases contained a different extended mix by Flowered Up (duration 6:19), issued in the UK only on a flexidisc, though it was mistakenly listed as the "Mix of Two Halves". Weatherall had no involvement with this mix.

Release
The song was re-released in the UK as a double A-side with the track "Filthy", peaking at number 39 in the UK Singles Chart.  "Filthy", was later covered as "Jungle Pulse" by Etienne Daho. The song remains Saint Etienne's only entry in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 97 in 1992. It did, however, top the U.S. Hot Dance Club Play chart.  The U.S. b-side to the single was the Foxbase Alpha album track "Stoned to Say the Least."

In December 1990, Melody Maker ranked Saint Etienne's version of "Only Love Can Break Your Heart" number 18 in their list of "Singles of the Year", writing, "A shimmering post-House triumph. Seduction had never sounded so sorrowful." In 2003, Vibe listed Masters at Work's remix of the song as one of the "Top 25 remixes ever created."

Critical reception
In contemporary reviews, Larry Flick from Billboard wrote that the band reinterprets the tune "into a glowing swing/hip-hop jam." Ian Gittins from Melody Maker declared it as a "impossibly wistful wisp of coming-down pop", adding, "Second time around, St Etienne's delicate duffing-up of crinkle-chops Neil Young' tuff'n'tender lament still echoes poignantly, so transient and translucent, as if only synth and sighs prevent its heart cracking into a thousand lovely, lonely pieces." David Giles from Music Week stated that the song is "sung in beautifully husky tones, and set to a snails-pace dance rhythm, that is already proving immensely popular at club level." Roger Morton  from NME felt that Saint Etienne's version "should nark a few old hippies because the original melody is thoroughly streamrollered by a crushing Soul II Soul type beat. Neo-lover's rock in feel, it scores points both for the idea and the execution." A reviewer from Smash Hits called it a "brilliant dance version".

In retrospective reviews, Justin Chadwick from Albumism described the cover version as "stirring", stating that it "manages to stay faithful to the original's melancholy weight while transforming Young's minimalist composition into a fresh and thrilling dancefloor-friendly affair." He added, "Propelled by multi-layered dub basslines, house rhythms, piano loops, and pounding drum breaks, the group's interpolation sounds little like Young's 1970 single, save for the equally plaintive power of Lambert's ruminations." Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic said it is "not only cleverly ironic, but also works".

Music video
Two music videos were released for the single. The original version was directed by Nicola Baldwin and partly shot by her in black and white Super 8. It depicts Lucy Gillie from early 90s pop trio Golden miming the vocals (Lambert refused to appear in the video). The second features Cracknell miming to Lambert's vocals and depicts the band entering a cinema in a small French town (that inspired the group's name) where they see themselves in a movie. The act includes this song in their live shows with Cracknell performing the song.

Charts

Other cover versions
 Jackie DeShannon - Jackie (1972)
 Anne Kirkpatrick - Let the Songs Keep Flowing Strong & Naturally (1976)
 Elkie Brooks - Shooting Star also single (#43 UK) (1978): "[This] noncaring dance-beat version of Neil Young's heartrending 'Only Love Can Break Your Heart' cheapens the singer more than the song" - Toby Goldstein in High Fidelity
 Stephen Stills - Right by You (1984: features additional lyrics by Stills)
 Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young performed the song during their Live Aid set in 1985.
 The Mint Juleps - single (1986: #62 UK)
 Psychic TV played the song on  The Bridge: A Tribute to Neil Young in 1989.
 A sampled portion of the Saint Etienne version was used in a remix for Chez Damier's 1992 single "Can You Feel It."
 Everlast covered the song for the 1999 film Big Daddy.
 The Corrs - VH1 Presents: The Corrs, Live in Dublin (2002): The New Rolling Stone Album Guide called their version "pretty but lightweight."
 Juliana Hatfield - Gold Stars 1992-2002 (2002)
 Gwyneth Herbert - Bittersweet and Blue (2004: featured in the 2010 film release Leap Year)
 The New Standards - The New Standards (2005)
 Bradford Cox aka Atlas Sound covered the song for his blog in 2007.
 Damien Leith covered the song on his album Catch the Wind: Songs of a Generation in 2008, which reached number 1 on the ARIA Chart for Australian albums.
 Long John Baldry - duet with Joyce Everson from 1972 sessions for Everything Stops for Tea featured as bonus track on that album's re-release (2007)
 Nils Lofgren - The Loner – Nils Sings Neil (2008)
 Kathleen Edwards recorded the song live for her iTunes exclusive Live Session in 2008.
 Butch Walker released a live version on his iTunes release Live from Lollapalooza in 2008.
 Angie Hart - Eat My Shadow (2009)
 The S.I.G.I.T.  - "'Hertz Dyslexia (2009: split EP)
 Jenn Grant - Echoes (2009)
 I Blame Coco has recorded covers of both the Neil Young and Saint Etienne versions of the song. A cover of Young's version was released with Fyfe Dangerfield in 2010. A cover of the Saint Etienne version appears on the album The Constant.
 Beccy Cole - Preloved (2010)
 Rickie Lee Jones - The Devil You Know (2012): "One of the [album's] more fleshed-out tunes...and ...also [its] loveliest, a heartbreaker that will make you forget...Neil's version. Guitar, some organ, piano, and the barest of backing vocals give Jones the space she needs to slowly destroy you, if you're hurting or have ever been hurt by a lover." - Michael H. Smith @The Vinyl District Ida Sand - Young at Heart (2015)
 Natalie Imbruglia - Male'' (2015)
 Asami Zdrenka of Neon Jungle covered the Saint Etienne version as part of her A Cover Trilogy series in 2015.
 Florence and the Machine - B-Side of "Delilah" (2016)

References

1970 singles
Neil Young songs
1978 singles
Jackie DeShannon songs
Elkie Brooks songs
1990 debut singles
Saint Etienne (band) songs
Songs about loneliness
Songs written by Neil Young
Song recordings produced by David Briggs (record producer)
1970 songs
Reprise Records singles
Heavenly Recordings singles
Song recordings produced by Neil Young

Only Love Can Break Your Heart


Makati Medical Center (MMC), also known as Makati Med, is a tertiary hospital in Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines with more than 600 beds. The hospital was founded on May 31, 1969. The hospital is owned and operated by Medical Doctors Inc., a subsidiary of Metro Pacific Investments Corporation, a Philippine-based unit investment holding company of First Pacific Company Limited, Hong Kong, through Metro Pacific Holdings, Inc.

Clemenia twins separation
In 1997, the hospital performed the country's first successful surgical separation of the rare congenital anomaly of conjoined Tetrapus Ischiopagus twins. Dr. Raul G. Fores immediately approved their transfer to MakatiMed's pediatric nursery, where they were raised by the pediatric staff until they were ready to be operated on.

The MakatiMed team took nine months of preparation, planning, and mock exercises before the actual operation took place. In May 1998, pediatricians, plastic surgeons, pediatric surgeons, urologists, orthopedic surgeons, anesthesiologists, nurses, and operating room attendants spent 17 hours operating.

Reception
In 2011, MakatiMed became the first and only Philippine health institution to be certified with the 4th edition Joint Commission International accreditation and the 4th hospital in the country to be accredited.

Also in 2011, Asian Hospital Management Awards (AHMA) gave MakatiMed an "A Decade of Achievement" special award. This recognition was given to the top three hospitals who won the most Asian Hospital Management Awards in the 10 years of HMA. MakatiMed is the only hospital in the Philippines given this recognition.

Partnerships with other hospitals
MakatiMed launched the Strategic Hospital Alliance Program, or SHAP, in July 2010. The program is geared toward expanding and sharing MakatiMed's services to the rest of the country by establishing partnerships with hospitals located in other cities and the provinces.

Under this program, MakatiMed's partner hospitals may refer patients to MakatiMed in order for them to access facilities and services that their local hospitals cannot or do not yet provide. These hospitals can also gain access to diagnostic equipment and tools that would otherwise require substantial investments.

As of September 2012, MakatiMed has 65 hospital partners all over the country.

Makati Medical Center College
Makati Medical Center College is a medical school located at Libran House, 144 Legazpi corner Bolanos Streets, Legaspi Village, Makati. It offers Bachelor of Science in Nursing and other health related courses. Established on May 30, 1976, it was given the name Remedios T. Romualdez Memorial School, in memory of the mother of Imelda Romualdez-Marcos, the first lady of the Philippines during that time. On February 26, 2010, it was changed to Makati Medical Center College. In October 2013, STI Health Professionals Inc., operator of De Los Santos – STI College, purchased all of MMCC from Medical Doctors Inc. through its sister school Philippine Women's University (PWU). The school was later renamed Medici Di Makati College when it became autonomous after STI and PWU's arrangement ended.

Notable deaths
Former Philippine President Diosdado Macapagal died due to pneumonia and renal complications at the age of 86 on April 21, 1997.
Actor Miko Sotto died due to a fall at the age of 21 on December 29, 2003.
Former Philippine President Corazon Aquino died due to colorectal cancer at the age of 76 on August 1, 2009.
Actor Dolphy died due to multiple organ failure at the age of 83 on July 10, 2012.
Actor Eddie Garcia died due to a fall at the age of 90 on June 19, 2019.
Makati Medical Center chief pathologist Dr. Jose Maria "Joey" Avila died due to complications caused by COVID-19 at the age of 62 on April 20, 2021.
Former Philippine President Fidel V. Ramos died due to complications caused by COVID-19 at the age of 94 on July 31, 2022.
Athlete Lydia de Vega, a medalist at several track and field events, died on August 10, 2022, due to breast cancer.

References

External links

Hospitals in Metro Manila
Buildings and structures in Makati
Makati Central Business District
Private hospitals in the Philippines
Hospital buildings completed in 1951
1951 establishments in the Philippines
Hospitals established in 1969
1969 establishments in the Philippines
20th-century architecture in the Philippines

Makati Medical Center


The Kendrit Shiri Sanatan Dharam Shiv Temple was a Hindu temple in Nadi, Fiji. Built by indentured Indian labourers in 1905, it was one of the oldest Hindu temples in Fiji, until it was destroyed by fire on 16 October 2008. Police confirmed that they were treating the temple's destruction as an arson attack. It was the fourth Hindu temple destroyed by arson within two weeks in Fiji. The Fiji Times published an editorial condemning the destruction of a local "landmark" by "thugs" and calling upon "the leaders of Christian churches [to] make an immediate and unequivocal call on their members to desist from the temple burning which continue to plague our nation".

References

Religious buildings and structures completed in 1905
Hindu temples in Fiji
Religious buildings and structures destroyed by arson
1905 establishments in Fiji


Shawmut Peninsula is the promontory of land on which Boston, Massachusetts was built.  The peninsula, originally a mere  in area, more than doubled in size due to land reclamation efforts that were a feature of the history of Boston throughout the 19th century.

Geology and original topography
Like much of the Massachusetts landscape, the peninsula was shaped by glacial erosion and moraine deposits left by retreating glaciers at the end of the last ice age. When Europeans arrived, Shawmut was thickly forested. The pre-settlement topography of the peninsula was marked by three hills: Copps Hill, in what is now the North End; Fort Hill, in today's Financial District; and the Trimountain, today's Beacon Hill district. Of the three hills, the Trimountain was by far the largest, a steep-sided mass with three summits. Its name was eventually shortened to Tremont. To the south was a narrow isthmus named Boston Neck that connected the  peninsula to the mainland site of Roxbury, now a neighborhood of Boston.

English settlement
The name is derived from Mashauwomuk, an Algonquian word of uncertain meaning. The first recorded use of "Shawmutt" to describe the peninsula occurs in 1630, by the lone settler William Blackstone, in an invitation to John Winthrop to move the site of Winthrop's colonial settlement to the peninsula from what is now Charlestown. The Charlestown peninsula lacked a source of fresh water, while the Shawmut peninsula had an "excellent spring" on the north side of what is now Beacon Hill.

Land reclamation
Reclamation projects began in 1820 and continued intermittently until 1900 and created the Boston neighborhoods of the South End, Back Bay, and Fenway-Kenmore.  The Back Bay Fens, a freshwater urban wild in the latter area, is a remnant of the salt marshes that once surrounded Shawmut Peninsula.

Although this project eliminated the wetland ecosystem that existed there at the time and would be impossible under modern environmental regulations, it was considered a great boon to the community for two reasons. Firstly, it eliminated the foul-smelling tidal flats that had become polluted with sewage.  Secondly, it created what is now some of the most valuable real estate in New England.

Notes

External links
The Shawmut Project: The story of the place we now call Boston

Landforms of Boston
Peninsulas of Massachusetts
Beacon Hill, Boston
Financial District, Boston
North End, Boston
South End, Boston

Shawmut Peninsula


In signal processing, undersampling or bandpass sampling is a technique where one samples a bandpass-filtered signal at a sample rate below its Nyquist rate (twice the upper cutoff frequency), but is still able to reconstruct the signal.

When one undersamples a bandpass signal, the samples are indistinguishable from the samples of a low-frequency alias of the high-frequency signal.  Such sampling is also known as bandpass sampling, harmonic sampling, IF sampling, and direct IF-to-digital conversion.

Description

The Fourier transforms of real-valued functions are symmetrical around the 0 Hz axis.  After sampling, only a periodic summation of the Fourier transform (called discrete-time Fourier transform) is still available.  The individual frequency-shifted copies of the original transform are called aliases.  The frequency offset between adjacent aliases is the sampling-rate, denoted by fs.  When the aliases are mutually exclusive (spectrally), the original transform and the original continuous function, or a frequency-shifted version of it (if desired), can be recovered from the samples.  The first and third graphs of Figure 1 depict a baseband spectrum before and after being sampled at a rate that completely separates the aliases.

The second graph of Figure 1 depicts the frequency profile of a bandpass function occupying the band (A, A+B) (shaded blue) and its mirror image (shaded beige).  The condition for a non-destructive sample rate is that the aliases of both bands do not overlap when shifted by all integer multiples of fs.  The fourth graph depicts the spectral result of sampling at the same rate as the baseband function.  The rate was chosen by finding the lowest rate that is an integer sub-multiple of A and also satisfies the baseband Nyquist criterion:  fs > 2B.   Consequently, the bandpass function has effectively been converted to baseband.  All the other rates that avoid overlap are given by these more general criteria, where A and A+B are replaced by fL and fH, respectively:
, for any integer n satisfying:

The highest n for which the condition is satisfied leads to the lowest possible sampling rates.

Important signals of this sort include a radio's intermediate-frequency (IF), radio-frequency (RF) signal, and the individual channels of a filter bank.

If n > 1, then the conditions result in what is sometimes referred to as undersampling, bandpass sampling, or using a sampling rate less than the Nyquist rate (2fH).  For the case of a given sampling frequency, simpler formulae for the constraints on the signal's spectral band are given below.

Example:  Consider FM radio to illustrate the idea of undersampling.

In the US, FM radio operates on the frequency band from fL = 88 MHz to  fH = 108 MHz.  The bandwidth is given by

The sampling conditions are satisfied for

Therefore, n can be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

The value n = 5 gives the lowest sampling frequencies interval  and this is a scenario of undersampling. In this case, the signal spectrum fits between 2 and 2.5 times the sampling rate (higher than 86.4–88 MHz but lower than 108–110 MHz).

A lower value of n will also lead to a useful sampling rate.  For example, using n = 4, the FM band spectrum fits easily between 1.5 and 2.0 times the sampling rate, for a sampling rate near 56 MHz (multiples of the Nyquist frequency being 28, 56, 84, 112, etc.).  See the illustrations at the right.

When undersampling a real-world signal, the sampling circuit must be fast enough to capture the highest signal frequency of interest. Theoretically, each sample should be taken during an infinitesimally short interval, but this is not practically feasible. Instead, the sampling of the signal should be made in a short enough interval that it can represent the instantaneous value of the signal with the highest frequency. This means that in the FM radio example above, the sampling circuit must be able to capture a signal with a frequency of 108 MHz, not 43.2 MHz. Thus, the sampling frequency may be only a little bit greater than 43.2 MHz, but the input bandwidth of the system must be at least 108 MHz. Similarly, the accuracy of the sampling timing, or  aperture uncertainty of the sampler, frequently the analog-to-digital converter, must be appropriate for the frequencies being sampled 108MHz, not the lower sample rate.

If the sampling theorem is interpreted as requiring twice the highest frequency, then the required sampling rate would be assumed to be greater than the Nyquist rate 216 MHz.  While this does satisfy the last condition on the sampling rate, it is grossly oversampled.

Note that if a band is sampled with n > 1, then a band-pass filter is required for the anti-aliasing filter, instead of a lowpass filter.

As we have seen, the normal baseband condition for reversible sampling is that X(f) = 0 outside the interval:

and the reconstructive interpolation function, or lowpass filter impulse response, is

To accommodate undersampling, the bandpass condition is that X(f) = 0 outside the union of open positive and negative frequency bands
 for some positive integer .
 which includes the normal baseband condition as case n = 1 (except that where the intervals come together at 0 frequency, they can be closed).

The corresponding interpolation function is the bandpass filter given by this difference of lowpass impulse responses:

.

On the other hand, reconstruction is not usually the goal with sampled IF or RF signals.  Rather, the sample sequence can be treated as ordinary samples of the signal frequency-shifted to near baseband, and digital demodulation can proceed on that basis, recognizing the spectrum mirroring when n is even.

Further generalizations of undersampling for the case of signals with multiple bands are possible, and signals over multidimensional domains (space or space-time) and have been worked out in detail by Igor Kluvánek.

See also
 Drizzle (image processing)
 Oversampling and undersampling in data analysis

References

Signal processing

Undersampling


Jakob Werlin (10 May 1886, in Andritz – 23 September 1965, in Salzburg) was an Austrian auto salesman who worked primarily in Germany.  Due to his early contact with Adolf Hitler, he became an honorary SS leader and Hitler's primary interface with the Daimler-Benz company.

History
In 1921, Werlin worked for the Benz motor company in Munich.  He became acquainted with Adolf Hitler in 1923, as the Benz dealership was located next to the office where the Völkischer Beobachter was printed.  That same year he sold a Benz to Hitler for the use of the Nazi Party, and thereafter the Party would come to Werlin to purchase limousines. Jakob Werlin, who not only
advised Hitler on the purchase of his Mercedes-Benz
automobiles but also often accompanied him to the
annual German Auto Show in Berlin (Automobil-
Ausstellung Berlin) and other motor related events. After the merger with Daimler in 1926 Werlin was leader of the local Daimler-Benz subsidiary, and started the Mercedes dealership in Munich (Niederlassung München).

In 1934 Werlin became a member of the Nazi Party and a confidant of Hitler. Along with Ferdinand Porsche, Werlin was involved with Hitler's attempt to build the People's Car (Volkswagen), but was critical of its success.

Although placed in an American internment camp until 1948, Werlin survived the war.

Vertriebsgemeinschaft Werlin at Hochstrasse 14 is a Mercedes-Benz dealership started by Jakob Werlin after World War II. The firm granted Werlin the facility for his part in protecting the safety of Bimbo, the Jewish wife of Wilhelm Haspel, head of Daimler-Benz from 1942 to 1952.

Death
Jakob Werlin was buried at the Waldfriedhof in Traunstein after his death at age 79.  His sons still operate Mercedes dealerships in Traunstein.

References

1886 births
1965 deaths
Mercedes-Benz
Businesspeople from Munich
Businesspeople from Graz
SS-Oberführer
Austrian Nazis

Jakob Werlin


Lucretia Mott (née Coffin; January 3, 1793 – November 11, 1880) was an American Quaker, abolitionist, women's rights activist, and social reformer. She had formed the idea of reforming the position of women in society when she was amongst the women excluded from the World Anti-Slavery Convention held in London in 1840. In 1848, she was invited by Jane Hunt to a meeting that led to the first public gathering about women's rights, the Seneca Falls Convention, during which the Declaration of Sentiments was written.

Her speaking abilities made her an important abolitionist, feminist, and reformer; she had been a Quaker preacher early in her adulthood. She advocated giving black people, both male and female, the right to vote (suffrage). Her home with James was a stop on the Underground Railroad. Mott helped found the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania and Swarthmore College and raised funds for the Philadelphia School of Design for Women. She remained a central figure in reform movements until her death in 1880. The area around her long-time residence in Cheltenham Township is now known as La Mott, in her honor.

Early life and education
Lucretia Coffin was born January 3, 1793, in Nantucket, Massachusetts, the second child of Anna Folger and Thomas Coffin. Her father,  Capt. Thomas Coffin was a descendant of one of the original purchasers of Nantucket Island and carried on his forefather's occupation as a whale-fisherman. Her mother ran the family mercantile business and traded in Boston for goods in exchange for oils and candles from the island. Through her mother, she was a descendant of Peter Folger, a missionary on Nantucket in the mid-1600s. Her cousin was Benjamin Franklin, one of the Framers of the Constitution, while other Folger relatives were Tories, those who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolution.

She was sent at the age of 13 to the Nine Partners School, located in Dutchess County, New York, which was run by the Society of Friends (Quakers). James Mott, who would become her husband, was her teacher there. At the age of 15, she became a teacher there after graduation and learned that male teachers at the school were paid significantly more than female staff, which ignited her interest in women's rights. She was also interested in fighting slavery as a child. After her family moved to Philadelphia, she and James Mott followed in 1810. James became a merchant in the city.

Personal life

On April 10, 1811, Lucretia Coffin married James Mott at Pine Street Meeting in Philadelphia. James was a Quaker businessman who shared her anti-slavery interests, supported women's rights, and helped found Swarthmore College. They raised six children, five of whom made it to adulthood.

Mott died on November 11, 1880, of pneumonia at her home, Roadside, in the district now known as La Mott, Cheltenham, Pennsylvania. She was buried at Fair Hill Burial Ground, a Quaker cemetery in North Philadelphia.

Ministry
In 1821, at age 28, Mott was recognized by her Friends Meeting ("recorded") as a minister. By then she had been preaching for at least three years.. She summarized her perspective by stating: "I always loved the good, in childhood desired to do the right, and had no faith in the generally received idea of human depravity." Mott traveled throughout the United States — New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland, Ohio, and Indiana — and to England. Rare for the time, Mott was among a group of single and married women, including Jane Fenn Hoskens and Elizabeth Fry, who traveled as part of their Quaker ministry. She was described as a woman of "gentle and refined manners and of great force of character." Her sermons emphasized the Quaker inward light or the presence of the Divine within every individual, as preached by Elias Hicks. Mott and her husband followed Hicks' theology, which became the focus of a schism among Quakers who divided into either Hicksite or Orthodox. The Hicksites, the liberal branch, were sometimes considered to be Unitarian Quakers. The Hicksites were more prone to be part of social reform moments, including abolitionism and the fight for women's rights. Other Hicksite Friends were Susan B. Anthony and Alice Paul. Mott's sermons included her free produce and other anti-slavery sentiments.

Mott's theology was influenced by Unitarians including Theodore Parker and William Ellery Channing as well as early Quakers including William Penn. She believed that "the kingdom of God is within man" (1749). Mott was among the religious liberals who formed the Free Religious Association in 1867, with Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Thomas Wentworth Higginson.

Abolitionist

Early anti-slavery efforts

Mott, the "foremost white female abolitionist in the United States", called for the immediate and unconditional emancipation of enslaved people, after she visited Virginia in 1818. Like most Quakers, Mott considered slavery to be evil. Inspired in part by minister Elias Hicks, she and other Quakers refused to use cotton cloth, cane sugar, and other slavery-produced goods. In 1833, she and her husband helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society. It was an organization for men, but she was invited to their first convention as a guest. She formed and was a leader of the Female Anti-Slavery Society, which merged with the male-centric organization in 1839. Mott, a founding member of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, and other white and black women founded the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society. Integrated from its founding, the organization opposed both slavery and racism and developed close ties to Philadelphia's Black community. Mott and other female activists also organized anti-slavery fairs to raise awareness and revenue, providing much of the funding for the movement.

Mott attended all three national Anti-Slavery Conventions of American Women (1837, 1838, 1839). During the 1838 convention in Philadelphia, a mob destroyed Pennsylvania Hall, a newly opened meeting place built by abolitionists. Mott and the white and black women delegates linked arms to exit the building safely through the crowd. Afterward, the mob targeted her home and Black institutions and neighborhoods in Philadelphia. As a friend redirected the mob, Mott waited in her parlor, willing to face her violent opponents.

Amidst social persecution by abolition opponents and pain from dyspepsia, Mott continued her work for the abolitionist cause. She managed their household budget to extend hospitality to guests, including fugitive slaves, and donated to charities. Mott was praised for her ability to maintain her household while contributing to the cause. In the words of one editor, "She is proof that it is possible for a woman to widen her sphere without deserting it."

World's Anti-Slavery Convention

In June 1840, Mott attended the General Anti-Slavery Convention, better known as the World's Anti-Slavery Convention, in London, England. Despite Mott's status as one of six women delegates, before the conference began, the men voted to exclude the American women from participating, and the female delegates were required to sit in a segregated area. Anti-slavery leaders did not want the women's rights issue to become associated with the cause of ending slavery worldwide and dilute the focus on abolition. In addition, the social mores of the time denied women's full participation in public political life. Even so, Mott "made many telling addresses" at the convention. Several of the American men attending the convention, including William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips, protested the women's exclusion. Garrison, Nathaniel Peabody Rogers, William Adam, and African American activist Charles Lenox Remond sat with the women in the segregated area. Activists Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her husband Henry Brewster Stanton attended the convention while on their honeymoon. Stanton admired Mott, and the two women became united as friends and allies.

One Irish reporter deemed her the "Lioness of the Convention". Mott was among the women included in the commemorative painting of the convention, which also featured female British activists: Elizabeth Pease, Mary Anne Rawson, Anne Knight, Elizabeth Tredgold and Mary Clarkson, daughter of Thomas Clarkson. Benjamin Haydon, the painting's creator, had intended to give Mott a prominent place in the painting. However, during a sitting on June 29, 1840, to capture her likeness, he took a dislike to her views and decided to not use her portrait prominently.

Underground Railroad and other activities
Encouraged by active debates in England and Scotland, and the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, Mott also returned with new energy for the anti-slavery cause in the United States. She and her husband allowed their Philadelphia-area home, called Roadside, in the district now known as La Mott, to be used as a stop on the Underground Railroad. She continued an active public lecture schedule, with destinations including the major Northern cities of New York City and Boston, as well as travel over several weeks to slave-owning states, with speeches in Baltimore, Maryland and other cities in Virginia. She arranged to meet with slave owners to discuss the morality of slavery. In the District of Columbia, Mott timed her lecture to coincide with the return of Congress from Christmas recess; more than 40 Congressmen attended. She had a personal audience with President John Tyler who, impressed with her speech, said, "I would like to hand Mr. Calhoun over to you", referring to the senator and abolition opponent.
In 1855, with several other female abolitionists, Mott participated in the transportation of Jane Johnson, an enslaved woman, to Boston after Johnson, with the aid of William Still, Passmore Williamson and others, had emancipated herself, while passing through Philadelphia on a trip from North Carolina to New York with her master, in accordance with Pennsylvania law.

Women's rights

Overview

Women's rights activists advocated a range of issues, including equality in marriage, such as women's property rights and rights to their earnings. At that time, it was very difficult to obtain a divorce, and fathers were almost always granted custody of children. Cady Stanton sought to make divorce easier to obtain and to safeguard women's access to and control of their children. Though some early feminists disagreed, and viewed Cady Stanton's proposal as scandalous, Mott stated "her great faith in Elizabeth Stanton's quick instinct & clear insight in all appertaining to women's rights."

Mott was a founder and president of the Northern Association for the Relief and Employment of Poor Women in Philadelphia (founded in 1846). In 1850, Mott published her speech Discourse on Woman, a pamphlet about restrictions on women in the United States.

Seneca Falls Convention

In 1848, Mott and Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's rights convention, at Seneca Falls, New York. Stanton's resolution that it was "the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves the sacred right to the elective franchise" was passed despite Mott's opposition. Mott viewed politics as corrupted by slavery and moral compromises, but she soon concluded that women's "right to the elective franchise however, is the same, and should be yielded to her, whether she exercises that right or not." Noted abolitionist and human rights activist Frederick Douglass was in attendance and played a key role in persuading the other attendees to agree to a resolution calling for women's suffrage. Mott signed the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments.

Despite Mott's opposition to electoral politics, her fame had reached into the political arena. During the June 1848 National Convention of the Liberty Party, 5 voting delegates cast their ballots for Lucretia Mott to be their party's candidate for the Office of U.S. Vice President, making her the first woman to run for that position.

Sermon to the Medical Students
The biological justifications of race as a biologically provable basis for difference gave rise to the stigma of innate, naturally determined inferiority in the 19th century. In 1849, Mott's "Sermon to the Medical Students" was published:

"May you be faithful, and enter into a consideration as to how far you are partakers in this evil, even in other men's sins. How far, by permission, by apology, or otherwise, you are found lending your sanction to a system which degrades and brutalizes three million of our fellow beings."

American Equal Rights Association

In 1866, after the Civil War, the American Equal Rights Association was founded, with Mott serving as the first president of the integrated organization. The following year, Mott and Stanton became active in Kansas where black suffrage and woman suffrage were to be decided by popular vote. The Equal Rights Association, with male and female members, favored male suffrage.  Stanton and Anthony formed the National Woman's Suffrage Association for women only.

Educational institutions
Intending to create educational opportunities for women, Mott helped found the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania and Swarthmore College in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania (near Philadelphia). She was a fund-raiser for the Philadelphia School of Design for Women.

Pacifism
Mott was a pacifist, and in the 1830s, she attended meetings of the New England Non-Resistance Society. For several years, she was president of the Pennsylvania Peace Society. She opposed the War with Mexico (1846–1848). After the Civil War, Mott increased her efforts to end war and violence, and she was a leading voice in the Universal Peace Union, founded in 1866.

Legacy

Susan Jacoby writes, "When Mott died in 1880, she was widely judged by her contemporaries... as the greatest American woman of the nineteenth century." She was a mentor to Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who continued her work.

A version of the Equal Rights Amendment from 1923, which differs from the current text, was named the Lucretia Mott Amendment. That draft read, "Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation."

The Camp Town section of Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania, which was the site of Camp William Penn, and of Mott's home, Roadside, was renamed La Mott in her honor in 1885.

The United States Post Office issued a stamp titled 100 Years of Progress of Women: 1848–1948 in 1948 on the centennial of the Seneca Falls Convention, featuring Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Carrie Chapman Catt, and Lucretia Mott. (Elizabeth Cady Stanton on left, Carrie Chapman Catt in middle, Lucretia Mott on right.)

In 1983, Mott was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

Mott is commemorated along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in Portrait Monument, a 1921 sculpture by Adelaide Johnson at the United States Capitol. Originally kept on display in the crypt of the US Capitol, the sculpture was moved to its current location and more prominently displayed in the rotunda in 1997.

The Lucretia Mott School in Washington D.C. was named for her, as was P.S. 215 Lucretia Mott, in Queens, New York City; the latter closed in 2015. The Lucretia Mott room at Friends House, London is named after her.

The U.S. Treasury Department announced in 2016 that an image of Mott will appear on the back of a newly designed $10 bill along with Sojourner Truth, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Alice Paul and the 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession. Designs for new $5, $10 and $20 bills will be unveiled in 2020 in conjunction with the 100th anniversary of American women winning the right to vote via the Nineteenth Amendment.

See also

 History of feminism
 Jane Johnson (slave)
 List of suffragists and suffragettes
 List of civil rights leaders
 Suffragette
 Women's Social and Political Union
 Women's suffrage in the United States

Notes

References

Citations

General and cited references

Further reading

 Lucretia Coffin Mott, Discourse on Woman, 1849 (From a book, Chapter 6, without pagination, continuous text), via Google Books

External links

 Lucretia Mott, Women's Rights, National Historical Park, New York, National Park Service
 The Lucretia Mott Papers Project
 The Mott Manuscripts held at Friends Historical Library of Swarthmore College

1793 births
1880 deaths
19th-century American women writers
19th-century Quakers
American abolitionists
American anti-war activists
American Christian pacifists
American Quakers
American social reformers
American suffragists
Burials at Fair Hill Burial Ground
Deaths from pneumonia in Pennsylvania
People from Cheltenham, Pennsylvania
People from Nantucket, Massachusetts
Political activists from Pennsylvania
Quaker abolitionists
Quaker feminists
Quaker ministers
Swarthmore College people
Underground Railroad in Pennsylvania
University and college founders
Women civil rights activists

Lucretia Mott


Bankers Hill, also known as Park West and formerly known as Florence Heights, is a long-established uptown San Diego neighborhood near Balboa Park.  It is bordered to the north by Hillcrest at Upas Street, to the south by Downtown (at Interstate 5, the San Diego Freeway), to the east by Balboa Park, and to the west by Interstate 5, Little Italy and the neighborhood known as Midtown. A more constricted definition of the neighborhood sets its eastern boundary as Fourth Avenue and its western boundary as First Avenue.

The area is primarily residential south of Laurel Street and west of Fifth Avenue. There is a small commercial district along First Avenue between Hawthorne and Juniper Streets. There are multiple high-rise condominiums along Fifth and Sixth Avenue facing the park.  Locations further west allow an elevated, panoramic view of Downtown, San Diego Bay, the airport, Coronado, Harbor Island and Mount Soledad. Many homes date from the late 19th century, some of which have been restored as offices or bed-and-breakfasts. Architects Irving Gill, William Hebbard, Richard Requa and Frank Mead designed homes in this area. The area acquired the name "Bankers Hill" because of its reputation as a home for the affluent.

References

External links
 Bankers Hill/Park West | Councilmember Stephen Whitburn (District 3) | City of San Diego Official Website
 Bankers Hill Community Group

Neighborhoods in San Diego

Bankers Hill, San Diego


In the military of ancient Rome, decimation () was a form of military discipline in which every tenth man in a group was executed by members of his cohort. The discipline was used by senior commanders in the Roman army to punish units or large groups guilty of capital offences, such as cowardice, mutiny, desertion, and insubordination, and for pacification of rebellious legions. The procedure was an attempt to balance the need to punish serious offences with the realities of managing a large group of offenders.

Procedure
A cohort (roughly 480 soldiers) selected for punishment by decimation was divided into groups of ten. Each group drew lots (sortition), and the soldier on whom the lot of the shortest straw fell was executed by his nine comrades, often by stoning, clubbing, or stabbing. The remaining soldiers were often given rations of barley instead of wheat (the latter being the standard soldier's diet) for a few days, and required to bivouac outside the fortified security of the camp for some time.

As the punishment fell by lot, all soldiers in a group sentenced to decimation were potentially liable for execution, regardless of individual degrees of fault, rank, or distinction.

Usage
The earliest documented decimation occurred in 471 BC during the Roman Republic's early wars against the Volsci and was recorded by Livy. In an incident where his army had been scattered, consul Appius Claudius Sabinus Regillensis had the culprits punished for desertion: centurions, standard-bearers and soldiers who had cast away their weapons were individually scourged and beheaded, while of the remainder, one in ten was chosen by lot and executed.

Polybius gives one of the first descriptions of the practice in the early 3rd century BC:
If ever these same things happen to occur among a large group of men... the officers reject the idea of bludgeoning or slaughtering all the men involved [as is the case with a small group or an individual]. Instead they find a solution for the situation which chooses by a lottery system sometimes five, sometimes eight, sometimes twenty of these men, always calculating the number in this group with reference to the whole unit of offenders so that this group forms one-tenth of all those guilty of cowardice. And these men who are chosen by lot are bludgeoned mercilessly in the manner described above.

The practice was also used by Alexander the Great against a corps of 6,000 men.

The practice was revived by Marcus Licinius Crassus in 71 BC during the Third Servile War against Spartacus, and some historical sources attribute part of Crassus' success to it. The total number of men killed through decimation is not known, but it varied on occasion between 1,000 from 10,000 men and 48–50 from a cohort of around 500 men. A specific instance saw 500 men selected by Crassus from the survivors of two legions which had broken and run in combat against the rebel slaves. They were divided into groups of ten, one of whom was chosen by lot regardless of actual behaviour in the battle. The nine remaining legionaries in each party were then forced to club their former comrade to death. The dual purpose intended was to stiffen discipline amongst the army at large and to demoralise the enemy.

Julius Caesar threatened to decimate the 9th Legion during the war against Pompey, but never did.

Plutarch describes the process in his work Life of Antony.  After a defeat in Media:
Antony was furious and employed the punishment known as "decimation" on those who had lost their nerve. What he did was divide the whole lot of them into groups of ten, and then he killed one from each group, who was chosen by lot; the rest, on his orders were given barley rations instead of wheat.

Decimation was still being practised during the time of the Roman Empire, although it was very uncommon. Suetonius records that it was used by Emperor Augustus in 17 BC and later by Galba, while Tacitus records that Lucius Apronius used decimation to punish a full cohort of the III Augusta after their defeat by Tacfarinas in AD 20. G.R. Watson notes that "its appeal was to those obsessed with nimio amore antiqui moris" – that is, an excessive love for ancient customs – and notes, "Decimation itself, however, was ultimately doomed, for though the army might be prepared to assist in the execution of innocent slaves, professional soldiers could hardly be expected to cooperate in the indiscriminate execution of their own comrades." The emperor Macrinus instituted a less harsh centesimatio, the execution of every 100th man.

According to legend, the Theban Legion, led by Saint Maurice, was decimated in the third century AD. The legion had refused, to a man, to accede to an order of the emperor, and the process was repeated until none were left. They became known as the Martyrs of Agaunum.

The Eastern Roman Emperor Maurice forbade in his Strategikon the decimatio and other brutal punishments. According to him, punishments where the rank and file saw their comrades dying by the hands of their own brothers-in-arms could lead to a collapse of morale. Moreover, it could seriously deplete the manpower of the fighting unit.

Post-classical instances

17th century
Von Sparr's cuirassier regiment in Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim's corps fled the field during the Battle of Lützen (1632) during the Thirty Years' War. The imperial commander, Wallenstein, appointed a court martial, which directed the execution of the officer in command, Colonel Hagen, together with Lt Col Hofkirchen, ten other officers and five troopers. They were beheaded with the sword, while two men found guilty of looting the baggage were sentenced to a less honourable death, by hanging. The remaining troopers were decimated, one in every ten cavalrymen being hanged; the others were assembled beneath the gallows, beaten, branded and declared outlaws. Their standards were burned by an executioner after the emperor's monogram had been cut from the fabric.

Similarly, during the Battle of Breitenfeld (1642), near Leipzig, Colonel Madlo's cavalry regiment was the first that fled without striking a blow. This was followed by the massive flight of other cavalry units, an early turning point in the battle. It ended in a decisive victory for the Swedish Army under the command of Field Marshal Lennart Torstenson over an Imperial Army under Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria and his deputy Ottavio Piccolomini, Duke of Amalfi.

Leopold Wilhelm assembled a court-martial in Prague which sentenced the Madlo regiment to exemplary punishment. Six regiments, which had distinguished themselves in the battle, were assembled fully armed, and surrounded Madlo's regiment, which was severely rebuked for its cowardice and misconduct, and ordered to lay down its arms at the feet of General Piccolomini. When they had obeyed this command, their ensigns (flags) were torn in pieces; and the general, having mentioned the causes of their degradation, and erased the regiment from the register of the imperial troops, pronounced the sentence that had been agreed upon in the council of war, condemning the colonel, captains and lieutenants to be beheaded, the ensigns (junior officers) to be hanged, the soldiers to be decimated and the survivors to be driven in disgrace out of the army.

Ninety men (chosen by rolling dice) were executed at Rokycany, in western Bohemia, now in the Czech Republic, on December 14, 1642 by Jan Mydlář (junior), the son of Jan Mydlář, the famous executioner from Prague. On the first day of the execution, the regiment's cords were broken by the executioner. On the second day, officers were beheaded and selected men hanged on the trees on the road from Rokycany to Litohlavy. Another version says that the soldiers were shot, and their bodies hanged from the trees. Their mass grave is said to be on the Black Mound in Rokycany, which commemorates the decimation to this day.

19th and 20th century
On September 3, 1866, during the Battle of Curuzu, during the Paraguayan War, the Paraguayan 10th Battalion fled without firing a shot. President Lopez ordered the decimation of the battalion, which was accordingly formed into line and every tenth man shot.

In 1914, in France, there was a case in which a company of Tunisian tirailleurs (colonial soldiers) refused an order to attack and was ordered decimated by the divisional commander. This involved the execution of ten men.

Italian general Luigi Cadorna allegedly applied decimation to underperforming units during World War I. However, the British military historian John Keegan records that his "judicial savagery" during the Battle of Caporetto took the form of the summary executions of individual stragglers rather than the formalized winnowing of entire detachments. Certainly one specific instance of actual decimation did occur in the Italian Army during the war, on May 26, 1916. This involved the execution of one in ten soldiers of a 120-strong company of the 141st Catanzaro Infantry Brigade, which had mutinied. Officers, carabinieri and non-mutinying soldiers had been killed during the outbreak.

During the suppression of the German Revolution, 29 men from the Volksmarinedivision were executed after 300 men turned up to receive their discharge papers and back pay.

Decimation can be also used to punish the enemy. In 1918, during the Finnish Civil War, White troops, after conquering the Red city of Varkaus, summarily executed around 80 captured Reds in what became known as the Lottery of Huruslahti. According to some accounts, the Whites ordered all the captured Reds to assemble in a single row on the ice of Lake Huruslahti, selected every tenth prisoner, and executed him on the spot. The selection was not entirely random though, as some prisoners (primarily Red leaders) were specifically selected for execution and other individuals were intentionally spared.

Current usage of the word
The word decimation in English is often used to refer to an extreme reduction in the number of a population or force or an overall sense of destruction and ruin.

See also
Fustuarium
Lachesis – measured the thread of life with her rod; her Roman equivalent was Decima (the tenth)

References

External links
Decimatio, article in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
Did Julius Caesar Decimate a Legion?
Michael M. Sage, The Republican Roman Army: A Sourcebook
Jo-Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did: A Sourcebook in Roman Social History

Ancient Roman military punishments
Capital punishment

Decimation (punishment)


A mallet is a tool for woodworking. Usually, it is used together with a chisel and for transferring force, much like hitting a nail with a hammer. Some tools used to play musical instruments, like drum sticks are also called mallets.

Tools

Mallet


Myriothele is a fungal genus in the family Polyporaceae. It is a monotypic genus, consisting of the single species Myriothele philippiae, a toothed crust fungus found in Réunion.

Taxonomy
Myriothele philippiae was originally described by mycologists Jacques Boidin and Gérard Gilles in 2000 as a member of the genus Epithele. In a 2013 review of the genus, Karen Nakasone noted several uniques features found in this species that were not characteristic of Epithele, and she proposed a new genus and new combination.

The generic name, derived from the Greek words myrio- ("countless" or "very many" and thele ("nipple"), refers to the numerous hyphal pegs. The specific epithet philippiae refers to the host plant Philippia. Although Nakasone refers to the fungus as "clearly not related to Epithele or the Polyporales", Index Fungorum classifies the species as a member of the family Polyporaceae.

Description
The fruit body of a Myriothele fungus is in the form of thick, soft crust. The fertile, spore-bearing part of the crust surface, or hymenium, features "teeth" that originate from hyphal pegs. Hyphal pegs are bundles of hyphae that originate in the trama and project into the hymenium. The hyphal system is monomitic, meaning that there are only generative hyphae, and these hyphae have clamp connections. The subhymenium (a supportive tissue underneath the hymenium) consists of upright hyphidia, cystidia, and hyphae. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are distinctly urniform (urn-like), clamped at the base, and have four sterigmata. The spores are broadly ellipsoid to roughly spherical in shape with hyaline, smooth, acyanophilous, and inamyloid walls. These walls swell in a solution of potassium hydroxide.

References

Fungi of Africa
Polyporaceae
Monotypic Polyporales genera
Taxa described in 2013

Myriothele


Gavyn Wright is a British violinist and orchestra leader with the London Session Orchestra and Penguin Cafe Orchestra.

He is best known for his orchestral arrangements on pop productions (including Elton John, Simply Red, Bush, Mecano, Oasis, Gordon Haskell, Donna Lewis, Tina Turner, Italian singer-songwriter Alice, Lucio Battisti, Van Morrison) as well as numerous TV and movie soundtracks (including Shrek 1 and 2, The Constant Gardener, Stuart Little, Batman Begins, The Black Dahlia, Shakespeare in Love, 12 Monkeys, The Last Emperor, We Were Soldiers, Shall We Dance?).

External links
Discography at Discogs
Filmography at the New York Times

British classical violinists
British male violinists
British classical violists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century classical violinists
21st-century British male musicians
Penguin Cafe Orchestra members
Male classical violinists
21st-century violists

Gavyn Wright


Mario Party 2 is a party board video game for the Nintendo 64 console. It is the second game in the Mario Party series. It was published by Hudson Soft and published by Nintendo. It was released on December 17, 1999 in Japan, on January 24, 2000 in North America, and on November 6, 2000 in Europe. It was later re-released for the Nintendo Wii's Virtual Console in November and December 2010.

Gameplay

Mario Party 2 is played like the first Mario Party game. Players go around on boards to collect coins, which they can use to buy stars. Movement is done with the use of a dice block with the numbers one through ten. After all four players take their turns, a mini-game is played. The player who wins the mini-game wins coins. The winner is the player with the most stars at the end of the game.  It introduces the item system. Players can buy items by going into an item shop. Items can also be gotten through an item mini-game. Item mini-games are done when a player lands on an Item Space. Players can hold one item at a time. Also introduced are battle mini-games. Battle mini-games are done when a player lands on a Battle Space. Before playing the mini-game, a certain number of coins are taken from all players. The first place player gets 70 percent of the total coins, while the second place player gets 30 percent. The other two players get nothing. Duel mini-games are introduced in this game. A Duel mini-game is played when a player uses the Dueling Glove item. The player chooses an opponent to play against and the number of coins they want to wager. The wager is taken from both players' coin totals. Whichever player wins gets the total coin amount. The Koopa Bank is also introduced in this game. When a player passes by the Bank Space, they have to pay five coins. If a player lands on the Bank Space, they get the total that was in the bank at the time.

Six boards are in the game. In every board but the last one, the characters wear costumes. The costume is themed around the board.

References

1999 video games
Mario Party games
Nintendo 64 games
Virtual Console games

Mario Party 2


The Signal Protocol (formerly known as the TextSecure Protocol) is a non-federated cryptographic protocol that provides end-to-end encryption for voice and instant messaging conversations. The protocol was developed by Open Whisper Systems in 2013 and was first introduced in the open-source TextSecure app, which later became Signal. Several closed-source applications have implemented the protocol, such as WhatsApp, which is said to encrypt the conversations of "more than a billion people worldwide" or Google who provides end-to-end encryption by default to all RCS-based conversations between users of their Messages app for one-to-one conversations. Facebook Messenger also say they offer the protocol for optional Secret Conversations, as does Skype for its Private Conversations.

The protocol combines the Double Ratchet algorithm, prekeys, and a triple Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (3-DH) handshake, and uses Curve25519, AES-256, and HMAC-SHA256 as primitives.

History
The development of the Signal Protocol was started by Trevor Perrin and Moxie Marlinspike (Open Whisper Systems) in 2013. The first version of the protocol, TextSecure v1, was based on Off-the-Record Messaging (OTR).

On 24 February 2014, Open Whisper Systems introduced TextSecure v2, which migrated to the Axolotl Ratchet. The design of the Axolotl Ratchet is based on the ephemeral key exchange that was introduced by OTR and combines it with a symmetric-key ratchet modeled after the Silent Circle Instant Messaging Protocol (SCIMP). It brought about support for asynchronous communication ("offline messages") as its major new feature, as well as better resilience with distorted order of messages and simpler support for conversations with multiple participants. The Axolotl Ratchet was named after the critically endangered aquatic salamander Axolotl, which has extraordinary self-healing capabilities. The developers refer to the algorithm as self-healing because it automatically disables an attacker from accessing the cleartext of later messages after having compromised a session key.

The third version of the protocol, TextSecure v3, made some changes to the cryptographic primitives and the wire protocol. In October 2014, researchers from Ruhr University Bochum published an analysis of TextSecure v3. Among other findings, they presented an unknown key-share attack on the protocol, but in general, they found that it was secure.

In March 2016, the developers renamed the protocol as the Signal Protocol. They also renamed the Axolotl Ratchet as the Double Ratchet algorithm to better differentiate between the ratchet and the full protocol because some had used the name Axolotl when referring to the full protocol.

, the Signal Protocol is based on TextSecure v3, but with additional cryptographic changes. In October 2016, researchers from the UK's University of Oxford, Australia's Queensland University of Technology, and Canada's McMaster University published a formal analysis of the protocol, concluding that the protocol was cryptographically sound.

Another audit of the protocol was published in 2017.

Properties
The protocol provides confidentiality, integrity, authentication, participant consistency, destination validation, forward secrecy, post-compromise security (aka future secrecy), causality preservation, message unlinkability, message repudiation, participation repudiation, and asynchronicity. It does not provide anonymity preservation and requires servers for the relaying of messages and storing of public key material.

The Signal Protocol also supports end-to-end encrypted group chats. The group chat protocol is a combination of a pairwise double ratchet and multicast encryption. In addition to the properties provided by the one-to-one protocol, the group chat protocol provides speaker consistency, out-of-order resilience, dropped message resilience, computational equality, trust equality, subgroup messaging, as well as contractible and expandable membership.

Authentication
For authentication, users can manually compare public key fingerprints through an outside channel. This makes it possible for users to verify each other's identities and avoid a man-in-the-middle attack. An implementation can also choose to employ a trust on first use mechanism in order to notify users if a correspondent's key changes.

Metadata
The Signal Protocol does not prevent a company from retaining information about when and with whom users communicate. There can therefore be differences in how messaging service providers choose to handle this information. Signal's privacy policy states that recipients' identifiers are only kept on the Signal servers as long as necessary in order to transmit each message. In June 2016, Moxie Marlinspike told The Intercept: "the closest piece of information to metadata that the Signal server stores is the last time each user connected to the server, and the precision of this information is reduced to the day, rather than the hour, minute, and second."

In October 2018, Signal Messenger announced that they had implemented a "sealed sender" feature into Signal, which reduces the amount of metadata that the Signal servers have access to by concealing the sender's identifier. The sender's identity is conveyed to the recipient in each message, but is encrypted with a key that the server does not have. This is done automatically if the sender is in the recipient's contacts or has access to their Signal Profile. Users can also enable an option to receive "sealed sender" messages from non-contacts and people who do not have access to their Signal Profile. A contemporaneous wiretap of the user's device and/or the Signal servers may still reveal that the device's IP address accessed a Signal server to send or receive messages at certain times.

Usage
Open Whisper Systems first introduced the protocol in application TextSecure. They later merged an encrypted voice call application named RedPhone into TextSecure and renamed it Signal.

In November 2014, Open Whisper Systems announced a partnership with WhatsApp to provide end-to-end encryption by incorporating the Signal Protocol into each WhatsApp client platform. Open Whisper Systems said that they had already incorporated the protocol into the latest WhatsApp client for Android and that support for other clients, group/media messages, and key verification would be coming soon after. On April 5, 2016, WhatsApp and Open Whisper Systems announced that they had finished adding end-to-end encryption to "every form of communication" on WhatsApp, and that users could now verify each other's keys. In February 2017, WhatsApp announced a new feature, WhatsApp Status, which uses the Signal Protocol to secure its contents. In October 2016, WhatsApp's parent company Facebook also deployed an optional mode called Secret Conversations in Facebook Messenger which provides end-to-end encryption using an implementation of the Signal Protocol.

In September 2015, G Data Software launched a new messaging app called Secure Chat which used the Signal Protocol. G Data discontinued the service in May 2018.

In September 2016, Google launched a new messaging app called Allo, which featured an optional Incognito Mode that used the Signal Protocol for end-to-end encryption. In March 2019, Google discontinued Allo in favor of their Messages app on Android. In November 2020, Google announced that they would be using the Signal Protocol to provide end-to-end encryption by default to all RCS-based conversations between users of their Messages app, starting with one-to-one conversations.

In January 2018, Open Whisper Systems and Microsoft announced the addition of Signal Protocol support to an optional Skype mode called Private Conversations.

Influence
The Signal Protocol has had an influence on other cryptographic protocols. In May 2016, Viber said that their encryption protocol is a custom implementation that "uses the same concepts" as the Signal Protocol. Forsta's developers have said that their app uses a custom implementation of the Signal Protocol.

The Double Ratchet Algorithm that was introduced as part of the Signal Protocol has also been adopted by other protocols. OMEMO is an XMPP Extension Protocol (XEP) that was introduced in the Conversations messaging app and approved by the XMPP Standards Foundation (XSF) in December 2016 as XEP-0384. Matrix is an open communications protocol that includes Olm, a library that provides optional end-to-end encryption on a room-by-room basis via a Double Ratchet Algorithm implementation. The developers of Wire have said that their app uses a custom implementation of the Double Ratchet Algorithm.

Messaging Layer Security, an IETF proposal, uses Asynchronous ratcheting trees to efficiently improve upon security guarantees over Signal's Double Ratchet.

Implementations
Signal Messenger maintains a reference implementation of the Signal Protocol library written in Rust under the AGPLv3 license on GitHub. There are bindings to Swift, Java, TypeScript, C, and other languages that use the reference Rust implementation.

Signal maintained the following deprecated libraries:
libsignal-protocol-c: A library written in C with additional licensing permissions for Apple's App Store.
libsignal-protocol-java: A library written in Java.

There also exist alternative libraries written by third-parties in other languages, such as TypeScript.

See also
 Comparison of instant messaging protocols
 Comparison of cryptography libraries

References

Literature

External links

 "TextSecure Protocol: Present and Future", talk by Trevor Perrin at NorthSec 2015 (video)

Application layer protocols
Cryptographic protocols

Signal Protocol


The Ohio Valley is a sub region in Kentucky running  long including parts of 25 counties and across five regions of the state. Over 45% of Kentucky's population live in counties that border the Ohio River, although those counties are only 16% of the state's land area.

The Ohio Valley in Kentucky can be broken up into several categories:

The Ohio Valley in Eastern and Northern Kentucky
The physical characteristics of the Ohio River valley changes very little from its beginning in downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to just northeast of Louisville, including the section that flows through a small part of the Cumberland Plateau and the Eden Shale hill region of Northern Kentucky. Throughout that entire stretch the river is contained in a very narrow valley bounded by hills that are from 100 to  tall and have an average angle of 45 degrees. The river ranges in width in this stretch from around 1/4 of a mile to over 4/10 of a mile.

The Ohio Valley in the Louisville Area
The Ohio Valley changes dramatically around Louisville, as for the first time heading downstream there are no bluffs overlooking the river. The river itself gets much wider and shallower, from 4/10 of a mile wide to over 9/10 a mile wide at the canal entrance, then narrows to less than 3/10 of a mile downstream of the falls as it approaches the Falls of the Ohio, the only natural obstacle along the entire river. The falls were created by very hard coral rock, which the river hasn't been able to erode. The coral contains many visible fossils.

The flood plain through this stretch is very wide and flat, extending  out on the Kentucky side and four miles (6 km) on the Indiana side, both east of the Muldraugh Escarpment. Also known as Muldraugh Hill, it divides the Bluegrass and Pennyroyal Plateau Regions in Kentucky, and the "karst plateau" in Indiana. The  tall hill is very visible in most parts of Louisville and provides a scenic backdrop for the city.

From Muldraugh Hill to Owensboro
At West Point, Kentucky the river crosses the Muldraugh escarpment and is now bounded on both sides by the largest bluffs along its entire length. The bluffs here range from 400 to 500 feet and in many places are almost vertical, although the flood plain is about twice as wide as in Northern Kentucky. The river here averages around 4/10 of a mile wide.

From Owensboro to the Mississippi River
Starting near Rockport, Indiana the bluffs above the river reduce greatly to  or less as the river enters a much flatter region. The river itself becomes much more like the Mississippi River in character, widening  from around 1/2 a mile wide in the West Point stretch to over 8/10 of a mile, and with many more islands and oxbow lakes. This stretch of the river has 35 islands. many of the oxbow lakes in this stretch have been made into wildlife management areas mostly for waterfowl, including the Ballard WMA which is the state's largest.

Landforms of Kentucky
River valleys of the United States
Ohio River

Ohio Valley in Kentucky


Stevenage Town Football Club was a football club based in Stevenage, Hertfordshire, England. The club existed from 1894 until 1968, after which Stevenage Athletic were established.

History
The club were established in 1894 as Stevenage Town. They were renamed Stevenage Wanderers the following year, before merging with a club named Rovers, at which point the club reverted to their original name. They joined the Herts County League in 1899 but left after a single season. They rejoined in 1901 and were placed in the Northern Division. They left the league in 1925 when it was disbanded.

In 1951 the club were founder members of the Delphian League. In 1956 they merged with Stevenage Rangers to form Stevenage Football Club, before reverting to Stevenage Town four years later. They moved to Broadhall Way in 1961, and in 1963 they joined Division One of the Southern League. After finishing third in 1966–67 they were promoted to the Premier Division. They finished eighteenth in their first season in the Premier Division, their highest-ever league finish, but folded at the end of the season. A new club, Stevenage Athletic, was formed in their place.

Records
Highest league position: Eighteenth in the Southern League Premier Division, 1967–68
Best FA Cup performance: Third qualifying round second replay, 1966–67

References

Defunct football clubs in England
Association football clubs established in 1894
Association football clubs disestablished in 1968
Southern Football League clubs
Defunct football clubs in Hertfordshire
Stevenage
Delphian League
1894 establishments in England
1968 disestablishments in England

Stevenage Town F.C.


Archiș () is a commune in Arad County, Romania. It is situated in the northern part of the Sebiș Basin, at the foot of the Codru Moma Mountains, and its surface is 68.07 km2. It is composed of four villages: Archiș (situated at 84 km from Arad), Bârzești (Barzafalva), Groșeni (Tönköd) and Nermiș (Nermegy).

Population
According to the 2002 census, the population of the commune is 1699. Ethnically, it has the following structure: 94.9% are Romanians, 0.2% Hungarians, 4.4% Roma and 0.5% are of other or undeclared nationalities.

History
The first documentary record of Archiș dates back to 1552. Bârzești, Groșeni and Nermiș were mentioned in
documents in 1580.

Economy
Although the economy of the commune is mainly agricultural, the secondary and tertiary economic sectors have also
developed since the 1990s.

Tourism
Among the commune's tourist attractions are the landscape at the western edge of Codru-Moma Mountains and the church of Pious Paraschiva (1725).

References

Communes in Arad County
Localities in Crișana

vi:Archis, Tavush

Archiș


The Battle of Port Moresby was an aerial battle fought between the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and United States Army Air Force (USAAF) on one side and the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy on the other between 3 February 1942 and 17 August 1943 over Port Moresby, Papua. At the start, the defenders consisted only of Australian Army anti-aircraft batteries and machine-guns, but by late March had been strengthened by the arrival of Kittyhawk fighters from No. 75 Squadron RAAF. However, in just nine days they lost 11 aircraft and only the arrival of replacements enabled the unit to maintain ten serviceable machines.

According to the Australian government:

On 31 March, the Australians were joined by the American 8th Bombardment Squadron with A-24 bombers and for two weeks in May by six P-39 Airacobras of the American 36th Pursuit Squadron. Despite the American assistance, the daily air battles over and around Port Moresby by 1 May had reduced No. 75 Squadron RAAF to just three airworthy machines. The American 35th, and the full 36th, Pursuit Squadrons arrived to relieve the Australian squadron. During their time in Port Moresby 75 Squadron had lost 21 aircraft and 12 pilots.

The Battle of the Coral Sea, which was fought mostly in the waters south-east of Papua in early May, diverted a Japanese naval attack against Port Moresby and removed the immediate threat. However, by May 1942 the Japanese had established themselves in the arc of islands north and east of the island of New Guinea as well as in the region around Lae and Madang on the north coast of the mainland.

References

Defense of Port Moresby
Pathfinder Issue 103 January 2009 Retrieved on 20 June 2009.
Chapter 3: Japanese Air Operations over New Guinea Retrieved on 20 June 2009.

Conflicts in 1942
1942 in Papua New Guinea
1942 in aviation
World War II aerial operations and battles of the Pacific theatre
Port Moresby
Port Moresby
Port Moresby
Battles and operations of World War II involving Papua New Guinea

Battle of Port Moresby


Laflin & Rand Powder Company was a gunpowder and early smokeless powder manufacturer notable for producing the smokeless powder used by United States Army infantry rifles from 1896 to 1908, which included the period of development of the M1903 Springfield rifle and .30-06 Springfield cartridge.

Formation
Matthew Laflin manufactured potassium nitrate for the Massachusetts militia during the American Revolutionary War, and built a gunpowder mill in Southwick, Massachusetts after the war.  After Laflin's death in 1810, his grandchildren expanded the family business with two mills in New York and one in Wisconsin. These mills produced gunpowder for the Union forces through the American Civil War. Laflin Powder Company was incorporated in 1866 to consolidate operations to compete successfully for the reduced gunpowder demand after the war. Laflin Powder Company further consolidated gunpowder manufacturing around the Orange Mill Historic District near Newburgh, New York by merger with the competing Smith & Rand Powder Company on 24 August 1869 to form the Laflin & Rand Powder Company of New York City, with Albert Rand as president.

History
In 1872 Laflin & Rand formed the United States Gunpowder Trade Association (popularly known as the powder trust) with DuPont, Hazard Powder Company, and three smaller gunpowder manufacturers.  DuPont and Laflin & Rand jointly established the Repauno Chemical Company in 1880, the Hercules Powder Company in 1882, and the Eastern Dynamite Company in 1895.

Smokeless powder
Smokeless powder became a threat to traditional United States gunpowder markets in 1893.  Winchester Repeating Arms Company began loading sporting ammunition with smokeless powder manufactured by the Anglo-American Explosives Company; and the United States Army published smokeless powder specifications for the new Krag–Jørgensen service rifle. Laflin & Rand negotiated a license to produce Alfred Nobel's patented Ballistite smokeless powder adopted by many European military forces; but the U.S. Army selected Ruby smokeless powder produced by the newly formed Leonard Smokeless Powder Company.  Rather than pay the required royalties to manufacture Ballistite, Laflin & Rand loaned the financially troubled Leonard company $30,000 to reorganize as the American Smokeless Powder Company. U.S. Army Lieutenant Garland Whistler assisted American Smokeless Powder Company factory superintendent Henry Aspinwall in formulating an improved powder. They reduced the nitroglycerine content from 58% to 30%; and the extruded formulation, named W.A. in recognition of their work, was cut into black perforated discs  in diameter and  thick.  W.A. .30 caliber smokeless powder was the standard for United States military service rifles from 1896 until 1908. When the American Smokeless Powder Company plant was destroyed by an explosion in 1898, Laflin & Rand took over the company and rebuilt the plant in Haskell, New Jersey (named for Laflin & Rand president Jonathan Haskell.) The Haskell plant became Laflin & Rand's primary smokeless powder factory producing not only military W.A. powder, but sporting powders including Bullseye pistol powder (introduced in 1898 using small, irregular particles removed by screening runs of larger grained powders), Lightning powder for lever-action sporting rifles (introduced in 1899), and shotgun powders Infallible and Unique (introduced in 1900).

DuPont control

Laflin & Rand and DuPont together commanded over two-thirds of the United States explosives and gunpowder industry by 1900. In October 1902 DuPont purchased Laflin & Rand and operated the company as a subsidiary until Federal antitrust action required divestiture in 1912. On April 1, 1912, there was a large explosion at the New Jersey operated factory. Fifteen tons of black powder ignited, killing two men at the scene and leveling three buildings. Houses all across northern New Jersey shook as the shock wave hit them. When Laflin & Rand was dissolved, the reorganized Hercules Powder Company received Laflin & Rand patents for smokeless powder and continued manufacture at Kenvil, New Jersey under the direction of Haskell ballistics laboratory director Bernhart Troxler. The former Laflin & Rand plant at Haskell operated until dismantled in 1926. Hercules Powder Company continued to produce Bullseye and Unique powders at other plants until selling the product line to the Alliant Powder Company. Alliant Powder Company continued manufacturing these smokeless powders into the 21st century.

References

Firearm propellants
Ammunition manufacturers
Explosives manufacturers
Gunpowder mills

Laflin & Rand Powder Company


Peter Richard Huttenlocher (23 February 1931 – 15 August 2013) was a German-American pediatric neurologist and neuroscientist who discovered how the brain develops in children. He is considered to be one of the fathers of developmental cognitive neuroscience.

Work
He discovered that synapses are created in the first few months of a child's development, and then "pruned", by examining the brains of about 50 people, mostly infants and young children who had died unexpectedly, but also a few adults, one of them age 90. Using an electron microscope to count image samples of material, and then manually counting the synapses, he showed that synaptic density was low at birth, about 2,500 connections per neuron. It increased rapidly to levels 50 to 60 percent above adult levels, and then gradually declined, falling to typical adult values.

He had originally intended to study defective parts of the brain, but found that: "Paradoxically, in our early studies, the findings in the normal population were more interesting than the abnormal population." The individuals with intellectual disability he studied were discovered to have the same number of synapses as those without, but of a different shape.

This "pruning" mechanism removes redundant connections in the brain. Huttenlocher found that in individuals with intellectual disabilities, this mechanism works differently.

Huttenlocher also became an early authority on Reye's syndrome, and in 1987 launched the first clinic in the United States for children with tuberous sclerosis.

His findings have influenced government policy and parents' priorities, putting more emphasis on the importance of early education. He correlated the acquisition of skills and the development of the parts of the brain associated with them.

Personal life
Huttenlocher was born in Oberlahnstein bei Koblenz on 23 February 1931. His parents became divorced when he was young, and his mother, Else, an opera singer, refused to join the Nazi Party and fled to the United States in 1937. Peter and his brothers were raised by their father, Richard, who was a chemist. The experience of growing up under Nazism contributed to his lifelong interest in ethics and morality.

He travelled in 1949 to the United States with his older brother Dieter to meet his mother, and decided to stay. He met his future wife Janellen Huttenlocher (née Burns) (February 17, 1932 - November 20, 2016) at the University of Buffalo in New York, from where he graduated summa cum laude in philosophy in 1953. He married Janellen a year later, and moved with her to Harvard University, where she obtained a Phd in Psychology and he his MD, magna cum laude, from Harvard Medical School in 1957. After an internship at Harvard's Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, he completed his residency at Boston Children's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), followed by research fellowships at the National Institutes of Health and MGH. He was an assistant professor in pediatric neurology at Harvard from 1964 to 1966, followed by eight years at Yale School of Medicine. In 1974, he moved with Janellen to the University of Chicago as a professor of pediatrics, adding neurology in 1976. He stayed for almost 30 years, the remainder of his career, shifting to emeritus status in 2003.

Huttenlocher enjoyed classical music, and played the flute, as well as gardening and baking.

He died of pneumonia and complications of Parkinson's disease on 15 August 2013 in Chicago. He is survived by his three children, and four grandchildren.

Publications
He published more than 80 papers on a wide variety of topics related to the development of the brain in children. As well as a number of book chapters, he published in 2002 Neural Plasticity: The Effects of Environment on the Development of the Cerebral Cortex.

References

1931 births
American neurologists
American neuroscientists
2013 deaths
Harvard Medical School alumni
University at Buffalo alumni

Peter Huttenlocher


"Wasted Time" is a song by Fuel and the lead single from their fourth studio album Angels & Devils, released on June 19, 2007. Written by guitarist Carl Bell, it is the first single by the band to feature new lead singer Toryn Green. New Fuel drummer Tommy Stewart was unable to perform on the record as he had other obligations to fulfill, so longtime Mötley Crüe drummer Tommy Lee performed drums on the track.

Two versions appear on the album, a "G-mix" mixed by producer Ben Grosse (Something Like Human) and an "S-mix" mixed by Michael Shipley. While both versions are similar, the "S-mix" features fewer electric guitars than the "G-mix" does.

The song peaked at number 24 on Billboard'''s Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks, staying on the chart for 14 weeks.

On August 10, 2007, the band performed "Wasted Time" on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno''.

Music video
A video was made to promote the single; although, the video wasn't released until September 24, several weeks after the single was released to radio. The video features the band playing in the desert.

Charts

References

Fuel (band) songs
2007 singles
Songs written by Carl Bell (musician)
2007 songs
Sony BMG singles

Wasted Time (Fuel song)


'Ahmadiyya under the spiritual leadership of the caliph in London is an Islamic community in China. Although the history of the Ahmadiyya movement in China starts in the early 20th century, reportedly during the lifetime of the first caliph of the movement, Hakeem Noor-ud-Din, there are no known organized Ahmadi communities in existence, besides a number of refugees, students and expatriates. The Chinese section of the movement is itself based in Surrey, United Kingdom, as opposed to being based in China.

History

In the year 1949, four Ahmadi Muslim Chinese students, from various parts of China, sailed via Singapore on SS Shirala, for Rabwah, Pakistan, in order to undergo a five-year course at the Pakistani branch of the Ahmadiyya University of Theology and Languages. The students, all in their twenties, were Mohammad Chong from Beijing, Osman Chau from Anhwei, Idris Wong and Ibrahim Ma, both from Shandong. While Chong previously studied at an Islamic school in the capital, the rest were students of Nanjing University.
In the year 1990, Osman Chau translated the Quran in Mandarin Chinese.

By 2011, there were approximately 60 Ahmadi Muslim refugees living on the outskirts of Beijing. In particular, 34 Ahmadi Muslim refugees were residing in Yanjiao, east of Beijing; whilst in Langfang, south of the capital, there were about 20 Ahmadi Muslim refugees. The Ahmadis constituted the largest share of all refugees in North China.

In April 2012, the head of the Ahmadiyya movement of Israel, Muhammad Sharif Odeh visited Yinchuan, the provincial capital of Ningxia. Odeh held a meeting with Li Rui, the vice chairman of the autonomous province, taking the opportunity to introduce the peaceful and humanitarian activities of the Ahmadiyya movement around the world. He led a delegation to participate at the China-Arab Economic Trade Forum held in September of the same year. Ningxia is one of the two Chinese provinces with a large proportion of the population following the Islamic faith. Approximately 33% are estimated to be Muslim in the province, while almost 60% are estimated to follow the religion in Xinjiang.

See also
 Islam in China

References

China
Islam in China

Ahmadiyya in China


Cuyahoga Community College (Tri-C) is a public community college in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. Founded in 1963, it is the oldest and largest public community college within the state. Not until 1961 had Ohio permitted the establishment of community colleges and Ohio was then one of only four U.S. states without them.

Tri-C schedules on the semester basis, and offers over 1,000 courses in associate degree programs through traditional classroom settings as well as distance learning services and its flagship offering known as Cable College. Cable College has offered classes live through the Cleveland area cable companies since the early 1990s. The institution promotes academic advancement through transfer articulation agreements with four-year colleges and universities. Tri-C is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.

Locations

Cuyahoga Community College operates a multi-campus college district in Northeast Ohio. With Cuyahoga County as its primary service area, Tri-C serves Cleveland and the surrounding communities. The four primary campuses include the Eastern Campus in Highland Hills, the Metropolitan Campus of Downtown Cleveland's Campus District, Western Campus in Parma and Parma Heights, and Westshore campus in Westlake. Tri-C houses its district administrative services at a separate location in Cleveland.

An additional facility, the Brunswick University Center in Brunswick, operates as an extension of the Western Campus. The college also operates two Corporate College business training facilities: Corporate College East in Warrensville Heights and Corporate College West in Westlake. Other locations in downtown Cleveland include the Tri-C's Workforce and Economic Development Division (based in the Unified Technologies Center) and the Hospitality Management Center at Public Square.

The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's Library and Archives are located at the Metropolitan Campus' Gill and Tommy LiPuma Center for Creative Arts.

Athletics and student life
Cuyahoga Community College has the following sports activities.
Men's Baseball
Men's Basketball
Women's Basketball
Women's Cross Country & Track
Women's Softball
Women's Volleyball
Men's Soccer
The college also has a variety of activities ranging from involvement in the campus governance systems to fine arts and entertainment programming, and membership in student organizations and clubs.

Cuyahoga Community College has won the following NJCAA national titles:
Men's Wrestling: 1976
Men's Basketball: 2004 (Division II)

Arts
Since 1980 Cuyahoga Community College has hosted the Tri-C JazzFest.

Presidents
Charles Chapman (1962-1973)
Nolen Ellison (1974-1991)
Jerry Sue Thornton (1992-2013)
Alex Johnson (2013-2022)
Michael A. Baston (2022-Present)

Notable alumni
 Halle Berry, Academy Award Winning actress
Shontel Brown, U.S. Congresswoman
 Jerome Caja, Performance artist
 Darrin Chapin, Major League Baseball player
 Wayne Dawson, News Broadcaster
 Frank G. Jackson, Mayor of Cleveland
 Dominique Moceanu, 1996 Olympic Gold Medalist
 Dale Mohorcic, Major League Baseball player
 Lorin Morgan-Richards, Author and illustrator
 Jeff Shaw, Major League Baseball player
 Ben Wallace, Detroit Pistons, NBA

See also
List of community colleges

References

External links

Universities and colleges established in 1963
Community colleges in Ohio
Universities and colleges in Cleveland
Universities and colleges in Cuyahoga County, Ohio
1963 establishments in Ohio
NJCAA athletics

Cuyahoga Community College


George Arthur Maurice Hamilton-Gordon, 2nd Baron Stanmore  (3 January 1871 – 13 April 1957), was a British Liberal politician.

Biography
Stanmore was the only son of Arthur Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Baron Stanmore, youngest son of Prime Minister George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen. His mother was Rachel Emily, daughter of Sir John George Shaw-Lefevre. He was educated at Winchester and Trinity College, Cambridge.

He served from 1892 to 1895 as private secretary to successively the First Commissioner of Works and the President of the Local Government Board (both offices were held by his uncle George Shaw-Lefevre).

Hamilton-Gordon was enlisted with the Hampshire Regiment, but in January 1902 transferred to be captain of the 3rd Battalion, the Gordon Highlanders.

After succeeding his father in the barony in 1912 Stanmore served as a Lord-in-waiting (government whip in the House of Lords) under H. H. Asquith and then David Lloyd George from 1914 to 1922. He never returned to the government but was Chief Liberal Whip in the House of Lords from 1923 to 1944 and served as a Deputy Speaker of the House of Lords. From 1921 to 1937 he was also Treasurer of St Bartholomew's Hospital. He was made a CVO in the 1922 Birthday Honours and a KCVO in the 1930 Birthday Honours and was sworn of the Privy Council following the 1932 Birthday Honours.

The Lord Stanmore died in April 1957, aged 86. He never married and the title became extinct on his death. He gets a mention in historian Michael Bloch's book Closet Queens as a "homosexual bachelor."

References

External links

 www.thepeerage.com

1871 births
1957 deaths
Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights of Justice of the Order of St John
Liberal Party (UK) Lords-in-Waiting
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
People educated at Winchester College
Gay politicians
LGBT peers
English LGBT politicians

George Hamilton-Gordon, 2nd Baron Stanmore


The Braconidae are a family of parasitoid wasps. They are one of the richest families of insects: there are between 50,000 and 150,000 species worldwide. The species are grouped into 45 subfamilies and about 1,000 genera.

Parasitism
Most braconids are parasitoids (both external and internal) on other insects. Their victims are the larvae of Coleoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera, and also some hemimetabolous insects such as aphids and bugs.

Most species kill their hosts, though some cause the hosts to become sterile and less active. The endoparasitoid species lay their eggs inside the victim. They have elaborate adaptations which improve larval survival inside the host. They have endosymbiotic viruses which disable the host immune defences. These polydnaviruses are often used by the wasps instead of a venom cocktail.

The DNA of the wasp actually has bits which are the templates for the viral particles. A study suggested these arrangements had started about 100 million years ago.

These viruses suppress the larva's immune system and allow the parasitoid to grow inside the host undetected. Through the evolutionary history of being used by the wasps, these viruses apparently have become so modified, they appear unlike any other known viruses today. Because of this highly modified system of host immunosuppression, a high level of parasitoid-host specificity is not surprising. In other words, the viruses need to be a bit different for every host species.

Parasitism on adult insects (particularly on Hemiptera and Coleoptera) also happens. Members of two subfamilies are known to form galls on plants.

References

Wasps
Parasitoids

Braconidae