Nonograms, also known as Hanjie, Paint by Numbers, Picross, Griddlers, and Pic-a-Pix, and by various other names, are picture logic puzzles in which cells in a grid must be colored or left blank according to numbers at the side of the grid to reveal a hidden pixel art-like picture. In this puzzle type, the numbers are a form of discrete tomography that measures how many unbroken lines of filled-in squares there are in any given row or column. For example, a clue of "4 8 3" would mean there are sets of four, eight, and three filled squares, in that order, with at least one blank square between successive sets.

These puzzles are often black and white—describing a binary image—but they can also be colored. If colored, the number clues are also colored to indicate the color of the squares. Two differently colored numbers may or may not have a space in between them. For example, a black four followed by a red two could mean four black boxes, some empty spaces, and two red boxes, or it could simply mean four black boxes followed immediately by two red ones. Nonograms have no theoretical limits on size, and are not restricted to square layouts.

Nonograms were named after Non Ishida, one of the two inventors of the puzzle.

Names

Nonograms are also known by many other names, including Hanjie puzzle, Paint by Numbers, Griddlers, Pic-a-Pix, Picross, Picma, PrismaPixels, Pixel Puzzles, Crucipixel, Edel, FigurePic, Hanjie, HeroGlyphix, Illust-Logic, Japanese Crosswords, Japanese Puzzles, Kare Karala!, Logic Art, Logic Square, Logicolor, Logik-Puzzles, Logimage, Oekaki Logic, Oekaki-Mate, Paint Logic, Picture Logic, Tsunamii, Paint by Sudoku and Binary Coloring Books.

History
In 1987, Non Ishida, a Japanese graphics editor, won a competition in Tokyo by designing grid pictures using skyscraper lights that were turned on or off. This led her to the idea of a puzzle based around filling in certain squares in a grid. Coincidentally, a professional Japanese puzzler named Tetsuya Nishio invented the same puzzles completely independently, and published them in another magazine.

Print publishing
Paint by numbers puzzles started appearing in Japanese puzzle magazines. Non Ishida published three picture grid puzzles in 1988 in Japan under the name of "Window Art Puzzles". In 1990, James Dalgety in the UK invented the name Nonograms after Non Ishida, and The Sunday Telegraph started publishing them on a weekly basis. By 1993, the first book of nonograms was published by Non Ishida in Japan. The Sunday Telegraph published a dedicated puzzle book titled the "Book of Nonograms". Nonograms were also published in Sweden, the United States (originally by Games magazine), South Africa and other countries. The Sunday Telegraph ran a competition in 1998 to choose a new name for their puzzles. Griddlers was the winning name that readers chose.

Electronic puzzles
Paint by numbers puzzles were implemented by 1995 on hand held electronic toys such as Game Boy and on other plastic puzzle toys. Nintendo picked up on this puzzle fad and released two "Picross" (picture crossword) titles for the Game Boy and nine for the Super Famicom (eight of which were released in two-month intervals for the Nintendo Power Super Famicom Cartridge Writer as the NP series) in Japan. Only one of these, Mario's Picross for the Game Boy, was released outside Japan. Since then, one of the most prolific Picross game developers has been Jupiter Corporation, who released Picross DS on the Nintendo DS in 2007, 8 titles in the Picross e series for the Nintendo 3DS eShop (along with 5 character-specific titles, including ones featuring Pokémon, Zelda and Sanrio characters), and 9 titles in the Picross S series for the Nintendo Switch (along with two character-specific ones featuring Kemono Friends and Overlord respectively, and another featuring intellectual properties from SEGA's Master System and Genesis).

Increased popularity in Japan launched new publishers and by now there were several monthly magazines, some of which contained up to 100 puzzles. The Japanese arcade game Logic Pro was released by Deniam Corp in 1996, with a sequel released the following year. UK games developer Jagex released a nonogram puzzle in 2011 as part of their annual Halloween event for their role-playing game, Runescape. In 2013, Casual Labs released a mobile version of these puzzles called Paint it Back with the theme of restoring an art gallery. Released early in 2017, Pictopix has been presented as a worthy heir to Picross on PC by Rock, Paper, Shotgun. In particular, the game enables players to share their creations.

Today
Paint by numbers have been published by Sanoma Uitgevers in the Netherlands, Puzzler Media (formerly British European Associated Publishers) in the UK and Nikui Rosh Puzzles in Israel. Magazines with nonogram puzzles are published in the US, UK, Germany, Netherlands, Italy, Hungary, Finland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Russia, Ukraine, and many other countries.

Example

Solution techniques

To solve a puzzle, one needs to determine which cells will be boxes and which will be empty. Solvers often use a dot or a cross to mark cells they are certain are spaces. Cells that can be determined by logic should be filled. If guessing is used, a single error can spread over the entire field and completely ruin the solution. An error sometimes comes to the surface only after a while, when it is very difficult to correct the puzzle. The hidden picture may help locate and eliminate an error, but otherwise it plays little part in the solving process, as it may mislead.

Many puzzles can be solved by reasoning on a single row or column at a time only, then trying another row or column, and repeating until the puzzle is complete. More difficult puzzles may also require several types of "what if?" reasoning that include more than one row (or column). This works on searching for contradictions, e.g., when a cell cannot be a box because some other cell would produce an error, it must be a space.

Simple boxes
At the beginning of the solution, a simple method can be used to determine as many boxes as possible. This method uses conjunctions of possible places for each block of boxes. For example, in a row of ten cells with only one clue of 8, the bound block consisting of 8 boxes could spread from

 the right border, leaving two spaces to the left;
 the left border, leaving two spaces to the right;
 or somewhere in between.
As a result, the block must spread through the six centermost cells in the row.

The same applies when there are more clues in the row. For example, in a row of ten cells with clues of 4 and 3, the bound blocks of boxes could be

 crowded to the left, one next to the other, leaving two spaces to the right;
 crowded to the right, one just next to the other, leaving two spaces to the left;
 or somewhere between.
Consequently, the first block of four boxes definitely includes the third and fourth cells, while the second block of three boxes definitely includes the eighth cell. Boxes can therefore be placed in the third, fourth and eighth cells. When determining boxes in this way, boxes can be placed in cells only when the same block overlaps; in this example, there is overlap in the sixth cell, but it is from different blocks, and so it cannot yet be said whether or not the sixth cell will contain a box.

Simple spaces
This method consists of determining spaces by searching for cells that are out of range of any possible blocks of boxes. For example, considering a row of ten cells with boxes in the fourth and ninth cell and with clues of 3 and 1, the block bound to the clue 3 will spread through the fourth cell and clue 1 will be at the ninth cell.

First, the clue 1 is complete and there will be a space at each side of the bound block.

Second, the clue 3 can only spread somewhere between the second cell and the sixth cell, because it always has to include the fourth cell; however, this may leave cells that may not be boxes in any case, i.e. the first and the seventh.

Note: In this example all blocks are accounted for; this is not always the case. The player must be careful for there may be clues or blocks that are not bound to each other yet.

Forcing
In this method, the significance of the spaces will be shown. A space placed somewhere in the middle of an uncompleted row may force a large block to one side or the other. Also, a gap that is too small for any possible block may be filled with spaces.

For example, considering a row of ten cells with spaces in the fifth and seventh cells and with clues of 3 and 2:
 the clue of 3 would be forced to the left, because it could not fit anywhere else.
 the empty gap on the sixth cell is too small to accommodate clues like 2 or 3 and may be filled with spaces.
 finally, the clue of 2 will spread through the ninth cell according to method Simple Boxes above.

Glue
Sometimes, there is a box near the border that is not farther from the border than the length of the first clue. In this case, the first clue will spread through that box and will be forced outward from the border. In the simplest case, whenever a box is present in the first or last cells of a row or column, the first or last clue must be aligned to the edge of that row or column.

Considering a row of ten cells with a box in the third cell and with a clue of 5, the clue of 5 will always span from the third to the fifth cell (but not necessarily to the second or the sixth). It is therefore possible to mark the third, fourth and fifth cell as belonging to the 5.

Note: This method may also work in the middle of a row, farther away from the borders.

 A space may act as a border, if the first clue is forced to the right of that space.
 The first clue may also be preceded by some other clues, if all the clues are already bound to the left of the forcing space.

Joining and splitting
Boxes closer to each other may be sometimes joined together into one block or split by a space into several blocks. When there are two blocks with an empty cell between, this cell will be:
 A space if joining the two blocks by a box would produce a too large block
 A box if splitting the two blocks by a space would produce a too small block that does not have enough free cells remaining

For example, considering a row of fifteen cells with boxes in the third, fourth, sixth, seventh, eleventh and thirteenth cell and with clues of 5, 2 and 2:

 The clue of 5 will join the first two blocks by a box into one large block, because a space would produce a block of only 4 boxes that is not enough there.
 The clues of 2 will split the last two blocks by a space, because a box would produce a block of 3 continuous boxes, which is not allowed there.
Note: The illustration picture also shows how the clues of 2 are further completed. This is, however, not part of the Joining and splitting technique, but the Glue technique described above.

Punctuating
To solve the puzzle, it is usually also very important to enclose each bound or completed block of boxes immediately by separating spaces as described in Simple spaces method. Precise punctuating usually leads to more Forcing and may be vital for finishing the puzzle. Note: The examples above did not do that only to remain simple.

Mercury
Mercury is a special case of Simple spaces technique. Its name comes from the way mercury pulls back from the sides of a container.

If there is a box in a row that is in the same distance from the border as the length of the first clue, the first cell will be a space. This is because the first clue would not fit to the left of the box. It will have to spread through that box, leaving the first cell behind. Furthermore, when the box is actually a block of more boxes to the right, there will be more spaces at the beginning of the row, determined by using this method several times.

Contradictions
Some more difficult puzzles may also require advanced reasoning. When all simple methods above are exhausted, searching for contradictions may help. It is wise to use a pencil (or other color) for that to facilitate corrections. The procedure includes:
 Trying an empty cell to be a box (or then a space).
 Using all available methods to solve as much as possible.
 If an error is found, the tried cell will not be a box for sure. It will be a space (or a box, if space was tried).

In this example a box is tried in the first row, which leads to a space at the beginning of that row. The space then forces a box in the first column, which glues to a block of three boxes in the fourth row. However, that is wrong because the third column does not allow any boxes there, which leads to a conclusion that the tried cell must not be a box, so it must be a space.

The problem of this method is that there is no quick way to tell which empty cell to try first. Usually only a few cells lead to any progress, and the other cells lead to dead ends. Most worthy cells to start with may be:
 cells that have many non-empty neighbors;
 cells that are close to the borders or close to the blocks of spaces;
 cells that are within rows that consist of more non-empty cells.

Mathematical approach
It is possible to get a start to a puzzle using a mathematical technique to fill in blocks for rows/columns independent of other rows/columns. This is a good "first step" and is a mathematical shortcut to techniques described above. The process is as follows:

 Add the clues together, plus 1 for each "space" in between. For example, if the clue is 6 2 3, this step produces the sum 6 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 3 = 13.
 Subtract this number from the total available in the row (usually the width or height of the puzzle). For example, if the clue in step 1 is in a row 15 cells wide, the difference is 15 - 13 = 2.  Note: If spaces can be used on the left or right (top or bottom) borders, this "shrinks" the available area. If it is known that the rightmost cell is a space, the difference is 14 - 13 = 1.
 Any clues that are greater than the number in step 2 will have some blocks filled in. In the example, this applies to the clues 6 and 3, but not 2.
 For each clue in step 3, subtract the number in step 2 to determine the number of blocks that can be filled in. For example, the 6 clue will have (6 - 2 =) 4 blocks filled in and the 3 clue will have (3 - 2 =) 1. Note: Applying the same procedure to a clue that "failed" step 3 will produce a non-positive number, indicating that no blocks will be filled in for this clue. The clue 2 produces the number (2 - 2 =) 0; if there were a 1 clue, it would produce the number (1 - 2 =) -1.
 To fill in the blocks, assume the blocks are all pushed to one side, count from that side "through" the blocks, and backfill the appropriate number of blocks. This can be done from either direction. For example, the 6 clue can be done either of two ways as follows:
 From the left: Since the 6 is the first number, count 6 blocks from the left edge, ending in the 6th block.  Now "backfill" 4 blocks (the number obtained in step 4), so that cells 3 through 6 are filled.
 From the right: Starting from the right, the clues that are to the right of the 6 clue must be accounted for. Starting from cell 15, count 3 cells for the 3 clue (to cell 13), then a space (12), then the 2 clue (10), then a space (9), then the 6 clue (3). From the 3rd cell, "backfill" 4 blocks, filling cells 3 through 6. The results are the same as doing it from the left in the step above.
 Repeat step 5 for all clues identified in step 3.

In the illustration, row 1 shows the cells that are filled under this procedure, rows 2 and 4 show how the blocks are pushed to one side in step 5, and rows 3 and 5 show the cells backfilled in step 5.

Using this technique for all rows and columns at the start of the puzzle produces a good head start into completing it.  Note: Some rows/columns won't yield any results initially. For example, a row of 20 cells with a clue of 1 4 2 5 will yield 1 + 1 + 4 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 5 = 15. 20 - 15 = 5. None of the clues are greater than 5. Also, this technique can be used on a smaller scale. If there are available spaces in the center or either side, even if certain clues are already discovered, this method can be used with the remaining clues and available spaces.

Deeper recursion
Some puzzles may require to go deeper with searching for the contradictions. This is, however, not possible simply by a pen and pencil, because of the many possibilities that must be searched. This method is practical for a computer to use.

Multiple rows
In some cases, reasoning over a set of rows may also lead to the next step of the solution even without contradictions and deeper recursion. However, finding such sets is usually as difficult as finding contradictions.

Multiple solutions
There are puzzles that have several feasible solutions (one such is a picture of a simple chessboard). In these puzzles, all solutions are correct by the definition, but not all must give a reasonable picture.

Nonograms in computing
Solving nonogram puzzles is an NP-complete problem.  This means that there is no polynomial time algorithm that solves all nonogram puzzles unless P = NP.

However, certain classes of puzzles, such as those in which each row or column has only one block of cells and all cells are connected, may be solved in polynomial time by transforming the problem into an instance of 2-satisfiability.

Software solvers

An extensive comparison and discussion of nonogram solving algorithms is found at the WebPBN site (Web Paint-By-Number).

Some other online and offline solvers include:
 Teal nonogram puzzle and solver
 Nonogram Solver
 Griddlers Solver with Animator
 nonogram-solver (in Ruby)
 nonogram-solver (in Python)
 HTML5 Nonogram Solver (in browser)
 Nonogram solver in C++ solving lines in quadratic time at most.
 JavaScript Nonogram solver
 QR code generator and solver (in Mathematica)
pynogram solver and animator (in Python)
nonogrid solver with browser frontend (in Rust)
nonogram solver (interactive and automatic)  (in Java)

Video game versions
Nintendo has published several nonogram video games using the name . The Nintendo Game Boy game Mario's Picross was initially released in Japan on March 14, 1995 to decent success. However, the game failed to become a hit in the U.S. market, despite a heavy advertising campaign by Nintendo. The game is of an escalating difficulty, with successive puzzle levels containing larger puzzles. Each puzzle has a limited amount of time to be cleared. Hints (line clears) may be requested at a time penalty, and mistakes made earn time penalties as well (the amount increasing for each mistake). Picross 2 was released later for Game Boy and Mario's Super Picross for the Super Famicom, neither of which were translated for the U.S. market (Mario's Super Picross was, however, later released on the Wii Virtual Console's PAL service on September 14, 2007, as part of its Hanabi Festival, as well as on the Nintendo Switch Online service worldwide on September 23rd, 2020). Both games introduced Wario's Picross as well, featuring Mario's nemesis in the role. These rounds vary by removing the hint function, and mistakes are not penalized—at the price that mistakes are not even revealed. These rounds can only be cleared when all correct boxes are marked, with no mistakes. The time limit was also removed. Nintendo also released eight Picross volumes on the Japanese Nintendo Power peripheral in Japan, called NP Picross, each with a new set of puzzles, including puzzles based around various Nintendo characters, such as Mario, The Legend of Zelda, and Pokémon.

Nintendo has released Picross DS for the Nintendo DS portable system in 2007. It contains several stages of varying difficulty, from 5x5 grids to 25x20 grids. Normal mode tells players if they made an error (with a time penalty) and free mode does not. A hint is available before starting the puzzle in all modes; the game reveals a complete row and column at random. Additional puzzles were available through Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection; some of the original Mario Picross puzzles were available. However, the service was shut down on 20 May 2014. Nintendo made new releases available bi-weekly. Picross DS was released in Europe and Australia on 11 May 2007 and in the United States on July 30, 2007 and has been received well by critics, including Craig Harris, Jessica Wadleigh and Dave McCarthy  labelling the game "Addictive". A 3D version of the game, titled Picross 3D, was also released for the DS in Japan in 2009 and internationally in 2010. A sequel, Picross 3D: Round 2, was released for the Nintendo 3DS in 2015. Another downloadable version of the game was released for Nintendo 3DS's Nintendo eShop, called Picross e, Picross e2, and Picross e3 released in 2013, with Picross e4 released in 2014. Nintendo has also released a Pokémon spinoff on December 7, 2015 in the form of the freemium game of Pokémon Picross for Nintendo 3DS. My Nintendo Picross The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess was released for Nintendo 3DS on March 31, 2016, exclusively as a premium reward for My Nintendo.

Other companies have also released nonogram video games, such as Falcross on iOS, Across-Stitch by Knitwit Studios on Microsoft Windows and Apple macOS, and the Color Cross series of games by Little Worlds Studio on the Nintendo DS, Microsoft Windows, and iOS. In addition, nonogram puzzles have appeared in non-picross puzzle games, such as in Deadly Rooms of Death's fifth installment, The Second Sky. In it, nonogram puzzles (again called "Picross" puzzles) representing in-game objects are optional, unlockable puzzles late into the game that can be played in the level "The Central Station", and solving them unlocks bonus levels in the game. In 2018, Konami released a game titled Pixel Puzzle Collection, or Picross Puzzle (ピクロジパズル), featuring classic Konami characters and sprites.

Other picture logic puzzles

Pentomino paint-by-numbers is a variant in which the twelve pentomino shapes must be placed in the grid, without touching each other (even diagonally).

Triddlers are an offshoot that uses triangle shapes instead of squares.

Paint by pairs or Link-a-Pix consists of a grid, with numbers filling some squares; pairs of numbers must be located correctly and connected with a line filling a total of squares equal to that number.  There is only one unique way to link all the squares in a properly-constructed puzzle.  When completed, the squares that have lines are filled; the contrast with the blank squares reveals the picture. (As above, colored versions exist that involving matching numbers of the same color.)

Fill-a-Pix also uses a grid with numbers within. In this format, each number indicates how many of the squares immediately surrounding it, and itself, will be filled. A square marked "9," for example, will have all eight surrounding squares and itself filled. If it is marked "0" those squares are all blank.

Maze-a-Pix uses a maze in a standard grid.  When the single correct route from beginning to end is located, each 'square' of the solution is filled in (alternatively, all non-solution squares are filled in) to create the picture.

Tile Paint is another type of picture logic puzzle by Nikoli. It works like regular nonograms except that it only specifies the total number of squares in each row or column that will be filled in and irregular sections within the grid have borders around them that indicate that, if one of the squares within it is filled in, all of them must be filled in.

See also
 Battleship (puzzle)

References

Nonogram
Digital geometry
Logic puzzles
NP-complete problems

Nonogram


The order Paucituberculata contains the six surviving species of shrew opossum. Caenolestes is the main genus, and the group as a whole may be called 'caenolestids'.

They are small, shrew-like marsupials of the Andes mountains of South America.

20 million years ago, there were at least seven genera in South America. Today, just three genera remain. They live in inaccessible forest and grassland regions of the high Andes.

Insectivores were absent from South America until the Great American Interchange three million years ago, and are present now only in the northwestern part of the continent. Shrew opossums have lost ground to  the these and other placental invaders that fill the same ecological niches. Nevertheless, the ranges of shrew opossums and insectivores overlap broadly.

Shrew opossums are about the size of a small rat (9–14 cm long), with thin limbs, a long, pointed snout and a slender, hairy tail. They are largely carnivorous, being active hunters of insects, earthworms and small vertebrates. They have small eyes and poor sight, and hunt in the early evening and at night, using their hearing and long, sensitive whiskers to locate prey. They seem to spend much of their lives in underground burrows and on surface runways.

Largely because of their rugged, inaccessible habitat, they are very poorly known. Recent studies suggest that they may be more common than had been thought.

References

Marsupials of South America

Shrew opossum


Olli Heinonen (born in Finland) is Senior Advisor on Science and Nonproliferation at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) and an associate of Harvard University's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. Previously, he was the Deputy Director-General for Safeguards at the International Atomic Energy Agency. As such, he helped identify A. Q. Khan.

Heinonen studied radiochemistry at the University of Helsinki where he obtained his Ph.D with a dissertation on nuclear material analysis in 1981. As Senior Research Officer at the Technical Research Centre of Finland Reactor Laboratory, Heinonen was in charge of research and development related to nuclear waste solidification and disposal. Heinonen co-authored several patents on radioactive waste solidification. In 1983 he joined the IAEA. From 1999 to 2002, he was Director of Operations A and from 2002–2005, he was the Director of Operations B in the Department of Safeguards.

References

External links
 Olli Heinonen bio at Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs

People associated with nuclear power
Living people
International Atomic Energy Agency officials
Year of birth missing (living people)

Olli Heinonen


Irton Cross is an Anglo-Saxon cross in the graveyard of  St Paul's Church, in the parish of Irton with Santon, Cumbria, England. Dating from the early 9th century, it lies chronologically between the Bewcastle Cross and the Gosforth cross and has greater affinity with the earlier Anglo-Roman style of Bewcastle.

Description
The west face has two panels of interlace, between which is a panel which once contained three lines of runes, all of which is surrounded by a border of knotwork. The east face also has two panels with a diagonal key pattern, and two with chequers, which are in fact small sunken crosses. There is fine scroll work on the narrow north and south sides, with leaves stem and fruit, possibly indicating a vine.

Access
The graveyard is open to the public and the cross can be examined at any time. It is to the south of the church.

A replica of the cross can also be seen at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. The cast was made in 1882, and along with one of the Gosforth cross, it can be seen in the cast hall of the museum.

References
The Gosforth District - C A Parker, 1904.

Anglo-Saxon art
High crosses in England
History of Cumberland
History of Cumbria
Monumental crosses in England

Irton Cross


Christoph Wilhelm von Kalckstein (17 October 1682 – 2 June 1759) was a Prussian count, field marshal, teacher and educator of King Frederick II of Prussia.

Military career
Kalckstein was born in Ottlau (now Gmina Gardeja) near Marienwerder, Ducal Prussia, to Christoph Albrecht von Kalckstein, laird of Knauten, Wogau and Schloditten near Pr. Eylau, and Marie Agnes von Lehwaldt. He was the grandson of Albrecht von Kalckstein and nephew of Christian Ludwig von Kalckstein, former opponents of Frederick William, Elector and Duke of Brandenburg-Prussia.

Kalckstein joined the Hesse-Kassel Grenadier Regiment in 1702, taking part in the War of the Spanish Succession in 1704 and becoming adjutant of Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel, the later King Frederick I of Sweden. In 1709 Kalckstein entered the Prussian Army and became a Major in the King's own Regiment (Leibregiment zu Fuss). In 1712 he conquered the citadel of Moers with only 300 men and fought against Sweden in the Great Northern War in Pomerania in 1715. He was promoted to a lieutenant colonel on 15 November 1715.

Educator of Frederick II of Prussia
After his promotion to a Colonel on 17 August 1718, Kalckstein was assigned as the educator of the Prussian crown prince, Frederick. In this position he became a  conciliator in the conflict between King Frederick William I and his son.  However, he was ordered to keep a strict watch on the crown prince. After his wife, Christophera Erna Lukretia Brandt von Lindau, died on 25 January 1729, he was released from this position.

Later career
Kalckstein became the Commander in Chief of an Infantry Regiment, Major General on 2 May 1733, and Lieutenant General on 3 February 1741. After 5 November 1736 he was the supervisor of the Charité hospital in Berlin. In the Silesian Wars he fought at Mollwitz, Chotusitz and Hohenfriedberg, became the Governor of the Fortress Glogau, and received the Order of the Black Eagle. On 24 May 1747 he was appointed the rank of a Generalfeldmarschall.

After Crown Prince August William died in 1758, Frederick II appointed Kalckstein as a custodian and educator of the later King Fredrick William II and his brothers.

Kalckstein died in Berlin and was buried at the Berlin Garnisonkirche (Garrison Church).

References
 Horst Schulz, "Der Kreis Pr. Eylau", Verden/Aller 1983, p. 765
 Joachim Engelmann: Friedrich der Große und seine Generale. Friedberg 1988.
 Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Bd.15, S.17-18

1682 births
1759 deaths
People from Kwidzyn County
People from the Duchy of Prussia
German untitled nobility
Field marshals of Prussia
Prussian Army personnel
German military personnel of the War of the Spanish Succession

Christoph Wilhelm von Kalckstein


Earl Scheib was a company that specialized in low-cost repainting and collision repair of automobiles, with locations in 23 states in the United States.

Company history

Founded by Earl Scheib (February 28, 1908 – February 29, 1992) in Los Angeles in 1937, the company grew quickly following World War II and by 1975 had branches in Germany and England, all company-owned, with Scheib manufacturing his own paint through a wholly owned subsidiary.

Born in San Francisco on February 28, 1908, Earl moved to Southern California with his family when he was 10. A graduate of Los Angeles High School, Earl never went to college. Instead, he got a job as a gas station attendant changing oil and tires for General Petroleum Co. in the late 1920s. Not long after, he went into business with his own gas station on the corner of Whitworth and Fairfax. His neighbors soon began asking if he knew anyone who could paint their cars. So, each night, after closing time, Earl would paint cars in the station's lube garage.

It didn't take long for word of Earl's painting service to spread, and soon there was more paint business than the station could handle. As a result, he sold his station, rented a "shack" on the corner of Pico and La Brea (Los Angeles), and in 1937 opened the first Earl Scheib Paint and Body. His philosophy was "work hard, be on time, and don't worry about how much you make." It was a belief that underscored the way he ran his business.

Earl Scheib's paint-coating systems were used by its company-owned paint and collision repair shops. The paint also was sold to original equipment manufacturers and architectural construction firms.

Advertising
Scheib began to expand nationally in the 1950s, and to raise awareness of his auto painting shops he turned to advertising. Earl Scheib marketed his shops through low-budget television commercials. Appearing on late-night television programs, Scheib soon became a national icon and celebrity, and his oft-heard sales pitch, "I'm Earl Scheib, and I'll paint any car, any color for $29.95. No ups, no extras," became an instantly recognizable phrase, with $29.95 the nationally-advertised price even into the late 1960s. With inflation, this increased to $39.95-$59.95 by 1974 and $99.95 in the 1980s. Scheib, credited as being the first spokesperson for his own company, handled all advertising and developed and wrote his own television commercials. Scheib believed viewers would find his ads more convincing and genuine if he spoke directly to the viewers about the company's offerings.

Earl Scheib also handled media buys, placing his television and radio ads carefully. As son Donald explained in a company statement: 'He'd personally call the station manager and tell him to interrupt a sponsored show at a pivotal moment and run his ad. ... So you'd be watching a show, the villain's sneaking up behind the hero with a knife, and just when he's about to plunge the knife into the hero's back ... Earl comes on the screen pitching his service.' Scheib's commercials were seen and heard on television and radio stations in more than 100 cities, and he continued to film spots until his death in 1992. Despite his fame and television ad ubiquity, son Donald claimed that Scheib was not fond of appearing in commercials. 'In truth,' Donald Scheib said in a company statement, 'he hated doing those television spots. ... He didn't like being in front of the camera, you'd have to drag him feet-first into that studio, screaming.' Earl Scheib received many mentions on the Johnny Carson show in the '70s and '80s. These happened occasionally during skits as part of a punchline or in support of a set up. One example is that Earl Scheib would paint the smog in LA blue for 89.99. The context was the 1984 Olympics were starting, with the premise being the participants and fans wouldn't know there was smog there.

Restructuring
In 1999, the company began closing branches and selling company-owned properties to show a profit to shareholders. The organization reduced the number of its shops as a result of this practice, with most of its remaining centers in the western states, where rust and corrosion are less likely to be a problem.

On February 18, 2009, Earl Scheib and Kelly Capital LLC, a private equity firm, announced the signing of the merger agreement. Kelly Capital LLC acquired the company in the second quarter of 2009 following shareholder approval of a merger agreement.

Beginning in July 2010, the company closed certain locations and franchised off the remaining locations to shop managers, giving them the opportunity to become small business owners. Specifically, the company offered them the rights to purchase all the equipment and fixtures in their shops and to use the Earl Scheib name for their own business. Many managers took advantage and agreed to the terms, resulting in today's independent Earl Scheib paint centers. These modern Earl Scheib centers now offer paint jobs and most of today's Scheib shops also offer custom painting, collision repair, and pinstriping.

References

American Jews
American companies established in 1937
Retail companies established in 1937
Retail companies disestablished in 2010
Automotive repair shops of the United States
1937 establishments in California
2010 disestablishments in California
American companies disestablished in 2010

Earl Scheib


Glenn E. Nielson (May 26, 1903 – October 19, 1998) was the founder of Husky Refining Company, now Husky Energy.  He was nicknamed "Mr. Asphalt" because of his efforts to expand the use of asphalt in roads.

Nielson was born in Aetna, Alberta, Canada and raised in Cardston, Alberta. He graduated from Raymond Agricultural College and served missions for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in England and California in the 1920s. Nielson received his bachelor's degree in economics from the University of Alberta.

He began his involvement in the oil industry in 1938 with the purchase of the Park Refining Company (Cody, WY) from Wyoming oil pioneer Valentine M. Kirk. Nielson's ongoing expansion in the industry included the 1951 purchase of a controlling interest in the Kirk & Krueger Drilling Company, started in 1945 by Valentine Kirk's son Carroll J. Kirk.

After moving to the United States, Nielson became an American citizen.

In 1966, Nielson became the chairman of the Business-Industry Political Action Committee.

In the LDS Church, Nielson was president of the Big Horn Stake based in Lovell, Wyoming. In 1969, he became the director of Brigham Young University's development office. From 1973 to 1977 Nielson was the president of the Washington D.C. Mission. Nielson also served as a regional representative of the Twelve and was a stake patriarch at the time of his death.

Nielson married Olive Wood in the Cardston Alberta Temple in 1928.  They had three daughters and two sons.

Notes

References
Ernest L. Wilkinson and Leonard J. Arrington, ed., Brigham Young University: The First 100 Years (Provo: BYU Press, 1975) Vol. 3, p. 584.
New York Times Obituary of Nielsen, 5 Nov. 1998
Deseret News Oct. 24, 1998

1903 births
Canadian leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Mission presidents (LDS Church)
Brigham Young University people
University of Alberta alumni
Mormon missionaries in England
Canadian Mormon missionaries in the United States
Patriarchs (LDS Church)
1998 deaths
Regional representatives of the Twelve
20th-century Mormon missionaries
Canadian Mormon missionaries
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
People from Cardston
American Mormon missionaries in the United States
Latter Day Saints from Wyoming

Glenn Nielsen


Jonathan Moss (born 4 May 1975) is an Australian cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-pace bowler, who played for the Victorian Bushrangers from season 2000/01 to 2006/07.

Biography
Moss was born in Sydney, where his parents had emigrated to from England only a few years before, and is Jewish. He was educated at SCEGS in North Sydney(Shore School), and was in the 1st IX and 1st XV. His older brother, Phil Moss, was born in London, and has been notable in Australian soccer circles as both a player and a manager.

Prior to his first-class debut, Moss played for Australia in the 1997 Maccabiah Games in Israel, a competition in which the best Jewish sportsmen from around the world compete representing their country. The bridge collapsed as Moss and the Australian team was walking on the bridge in Tel Aviv on the way to the opening games, killing four people. Moss fell into the river.

Early career
The Sydney native first played cricket for Hampshire's Second XI in one game in 2000, before moving back to his home country and playing for Victoria, as he was unable to crack the New South Wales squad. His performance as a middle-order batsman in the Victorian team assisted them to the finals of the 2000–01 and 2003–04 Pura Cup finals; Moss averaged around 60 for the tournament.

Moss then moved to England, where he appeared almost two months later for Derbyshire for the first time. He struggled to make himself a part of the first team during his first two seasons at the club, and made a failed transfer request to return to New South Wales.

Later highlights
In season 2005/06 international selection was suggested by numerous journalists (such as Darren Berry), after a strong start to the season with both bat and ball, but his age of 32 was seen as a barrier, and it never eventuated. However, he finished off an excellent season with 295 runs (at an average of 29.50) in the ING Cup, and 413 (at an average of 27) runs in the Pura Cup, plus 20 wickets in the same competition, as Victoria made the Pura Cup final.

In 2006/07 he faced an inconsistent season in Pura Cup cricket, scoring just 149 runs (at an average of 18.62), whilst his medium pacers proved handy, taking 14 wickets (at 28.14) in a decent return, but it was not enough to make Moss a permanent fixture, and he was in and out of the side at times. Moss was more consistent in the renamed Ford Ranger (OD) cup, scoring 344 runs (at 31.27), playing every match, but failing to score a century.

Moss is also an accomplished golfer, playing off single figures and taking the trophy at this year's Tin Cup XI Golf Tournament at the Mollymook Hilltops Golf Club on the NSW South Coast.

At the end of his agreed one-year contract it was amicably agreed to part ways with Victoria and he returned to Sydney in 2007, bringing to a close a career which featured 4482 first-class runs (at 35.01), with 7 centuries and 30 half centuries, the honour of being vice captain and stand in captain, in a match which brought upon his highest ever FC score of 172 (not out), and 131 wickets (at 33.93) in FC cricket as well.

On his return he played for the Sydney Cricket Club (formerly UTS Balmain) in Sydney Grade Cricket. By 2011 he was putting his skills to use with sportsgear maker Puma SE Australia, as a well regarded motivating speaker and as part of the Fox Sports Cricket Commentary Team.

See also
List of select Jewish cricketers

References

External links

Moss and Arnberger lose in Victoria reshuffle from cricinfo.com
Moss goes home to Sydney from cricinfo.com

1975 births
Australian cricketers
Living people
Victoria cricketers
Derbyshire cricketers
Jewish cricketers
Cricketers from Sydney
Berkshire cricketers
Jewish Australian sportspeople
Competitors at the 1997 Maccabiah Games
Maccabiah Games competitors for Australia
Maccabiah Games cricketers
Australian people of English-Jewish descent
Melbourne Cricket Club cricketers

Jonathan Moss (cricketer)


Mortimer Benjamin Zuckerman (born June 4, 1937) is a Canadian-American billionaire media businessman, magazine editor, and investor. He is the co-founder, executive chairman and former CEO of Boston Properties, one of the largest real estate investment trusts in the United States.

Zuckerman is also the owner and publisher of U.S. News & World Report, where he is editor-in-chief. He formerly owned the New York Daily News The Atlantic and Fast Company.

On the Forbes 2016 list of the world's billionaires, he was ranked No. 688 with a net worth of US$2.5 billion. As of January 2020, his net worth is estimated at US$ 3.0 billion.

Zuckerman was born in Montreal, Quebec. He studied at McGill University, University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University. From 1996 to 2001, he was married to Marla Prather. They had two daughters.

References

1937 births
Living people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Canadian businesspeople
Businesspeople from New York City
People from Montreal
Real estate developers

Mortimer Zuckerman


Rodney William Marsh  (4 November 1947 – 4 March 2022) was an Australian professional cricketer who played as a wicketkeeper for the Australian national team.

Marsh had a Test career spanning from the 1970–71 to the 1983–84 Australian seasons. In 96 Tests, he set a world record of 355 wicketkeeping dismissals, the same number his pace bowling Western Australian teammate Dennis Lillee achieved with the ball. The pair were known for their bowler–wicketkeeper partnership, which yielded 95 Test wickets, a record for any such combination. They made their Test debuts in the same series and retired from Test cricket in the same match. Wisden stated that "Few partnerships between bowler and wicket-keeper have had so profound an impact on the game."

Marsh had a controversial start to his Test career, selected on account of his batting abilities. Sections of the media lampooned Marsh's glovework, dubbing him "Iron Gloves" after sloppy catching in his debut Test. His keeping improved over time and by the end of his career he was regarded as one of the finest in the history of the sport. He was widely regarded for his sense of team discipline, in particular after Bill Lawry controversially declared the Australian first innings closed in the Fifth Test of the 1970–71 series at the MCG with Marsh eight runs short of a century. He was known for his athletic keeping. He was nicknamed Australia's marshal due to his ability to uplift the spirit and energy within the Australian side by having some word with opponent batsmen during his playing days which had also influenced a shift in momentum in several occasions where Australia would go on to win matches from precarious situations. He continued to maintain his work ethics when he refused to sign a cricket bat in 2009 which had the signature of former New Zealand cricketer Chris Cairns, with the latter being later found guilty of involving in a spot-fixing scandal.

In 2009, Marsh was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame.

Early years
Marsh was born in the Perth suburb of Armadale on 4 November 1947 to Barbara and Ken Marsh. Marsh played backyard cricket with his older brother Graham, who became a professional golfer and won eleven times on the European Tour. Both brothers represented Western Australia at cricket at schoolboy level. Marsh played his first competitive match at the age of eight for the Armadale under-16s, where he also kept wicket. At thirteen he captained the state schoolboys' team, and joined the West Perth district club.

When he debuted for West Perth's first XI he was a specialist batsman, as Western Australia wicketkeeper Gordon Becker also represented the club. In order to further his keeping, Marsh joined the University club. He formed a bond with Dennis Lillee in 1966 at a time when Marsh was serving as a trainee teacher with the University Club. Since then, he has been dubbed as Lillee's partner-in-crime by pundits.

Marsh made his first-class debut for Western Australia, again as a specialist batsman, against the touring West Indies in 1968–69. He had an unusual match, scoring 0 and 104. His whirlwind knock of 104 on state debut against a fancied West Indian bowling attack which comprised Garfield Sobers, Charlie Griffith and Wes Hall.

Test career
Marsh replaced the retired Becker from the 1969–70 season. At the time, Australia was touring India and South Africa with Brian Taber and Ray Jordon as the team's wicketkeepers. In the autumn of 1970, an Australian second team toured New Zealand with John MacLean as wicketkeeper. Therefore, Marsh was behind these players in the pecking order. However, he was a controversial selection for the first Test of the 1970–71 Ashes series, replacing Taber; Marsh was selected for his batting.

The media was quick to criticise Marsh's glovework in his early career, dubbing him "Iron Gloves" after he missed a number of catches. Even on his debut in the First Test in the 1970–71 Ashes series he took four catches in his first innings. His batting proved invaluable on a number of occasions and in the Fifth Test he equalled the record for the highest Test innings by an Australian keeper, set by Don Tallon. The end of the innings was controversial; the captain Bill Lawry declared with Marsh eight runs short of a century so he could get an extra hour of bowling before stumps. When questioned by the press about his lost chance to make an historic century Marsh said he had gained forty runs instead of missing eight as he thought Lawry should have declared an hour earlier. Even though Marsh was unbeaten on 92 before declaration was made, Marsh emphasized first priority for the team before personal milestones and achievements. His gesture eventually would help him to win accolades and also to stamp a sense of authority and loyalty among the fans as well as among the teammates. Marsh later admitted that he was underprepared as a wicketkeeper, but he learned from watching his English counterpart Alan Knott. He and Knott did, however, concede the same number of byes in the series: 44.

Marsh became an integral part of the team as the side improved during the 1972 tour of England. He was deemed a strong gatekeeper to Australia's baggy green culture and was known for his authorship of Australian team victory song "Under the Southern Cross I Stand" which he co-opted from the original version of Henry Lawson's 1887 poem "Flag of the Southern Cross". Marsh initially had the role of leading the team in singing it, and on his retirement he passed it on to Allan Border.

It was revealed that it was Marsh who started the victory celebration by narrating the song following Australia's emphatic victory against England on the final day of the fifth and final test match on 16 August 1972 at The Oval where Australia successfully chased down 242 with 5 wickets to spare.

He became the first Australian keeper to hit a century by scoring 118 in the first Test against Pakistan at Adelaide in 1972–73. He also hit 236 against the tourists for Western Australia, the best score of his career. Playing a key role in Australia's series victories over England and the West Indies in the series of 1974–75 and 1975–76, Marsh made many acrobatic dives to catch balls delivered by Dennis Lillee and Jeff Thomson. He took 45 dismissals in those two series, including a world-record 26 catches in six Tests against the West Indies.

Marsh scored an unbeaten 110 in the second innings of the Centenary Test against England in 1977, becoming the first Australian wicketkeeper to score a Test century against England.  In the same match he passed Wally Grout's Australian wicket-keeping record of 187 Test dismissals. He scored a further 16 half centuries.  In first class matches, he accumulated 11 centuries including a best of 236, aggregating more than 10000 runs in his career.

When the breakaway World Series Cricket was formed, Marsh had no hesitation in signing for Kerry Packer.  He claimed 54 dismissals in 16 Supertests. Upon his return to traditional international cricket in 1979–80, his age did not affect his keeping ability.  On the 1981 tour of England, he took 23 dismissals to become the first wicketkeeper to take 100 dismissals in Ashes Tests, broke Knott's world record in 22 fewer Tests and passed 3000 runs in Test cricket.

He was the wicketkeeper, in the infamous underarm bowling incident of 1981 which happened during the 3rd final of the 1980–81 Australia Tri-Nation Series.

In 1982–83, his penultimate season, he took 28 dismissals against England, including nine and eight in the second and third Test respectively. His batting form fell away towards the end of his Test career, his last 22 Tests yielding only 589 runs at an average of 19.63. On his final test match appearance against Pakistan at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 6 January 1984, he effected five dismissals and set a then world record for most test dismissals by a keeper at that time with 355. He also became the first keeper to reach 350 dismissals.  Marsh's retirement coincided with those of Dennis Lillee and former Australia captain Greg Chappell.

Style
Powerfully built, Marsh was regarded as an all rounder for the majority of his career. Coupled with his short stature, his power suited him to the task of keeping wicket. Despite his bulk, which forced him to work heavily on reducing his weight in his early career, he had fast foot movement, combined with fast anticipation and reflexes, which allowed him to cover more ground. He raised the role of wicketkeeper to a more prominent status in a team with his acrobatic diving, raucous appeals and habit of throwing a ball high into the air upon completing a dismissal. As the wicketkeeper, he made himself the focal point in the field and attempted to extract higher standards of concentration from both himself and his teammates. Speaking of his understanding with Lillee, he said, "I've played with him so much now that most of the time I know what he is going to do before he has bowled ... I know from the way he runs up; the angle, the speed, where he hits the crease, where the ball is going to be."

At state level, Marsh was a noted captain, leading the state to a Sheffield Shield and Gillette Cup double in both forms of the game in 1976–77.  He had nine wins and seven losses in 20 Shield matches as captaincy, and seven from nine matches in the limited overs competition.

Marsh was an effective player in ODI matches, contributing as a keeper and a lower order batsman.  His power and aggression was put to good use in the closing overs, when he could score at a rapid rate. In one match against New Zealand in 1980–81 against Lance Cairns at the Adelaide Oval, he struck 26 from the final over, with three sixes and two fours, before falling on the final ball.

Coaching and other non-playing duties
Marsh was a cricket commentator for Channel Nine's international matches between 1986–1990 and 1996–1998.

He was a coach at the Australian Cricket Academy in Adelaide since its inception and was its director from 1990 to 2001. Some of his former proteges include Australian internationals wicketkeeper–batsman Adam Gilchrist and fast bowlers Jason Gillespie and Brett Lee.

Marsh was the Director of the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) national academy from October 2001 to September 2005. During this time, England went from being a mediocre team to challenging Australia as the best team in Test cricket and in 2005, they regained the Ashes after 16 years in Australian hands with a 2–1 win. Marsh later criticised the ECB for releasing Troy Cooley, who had trained England's four pronged pace battery, and attacked Duncan Fletcher's selection of Geraint Jones as the wicket keeper ahead of Chris Read. He once declared his cricketing allegiance to England and was at one time a selector for the English team.

In August 2006, the South Australian Cricket Association announced Marsh had been appointed in a consultancy role to undertake a review of cricket throughout South Australia. Marsh had also worked with the Global Cricket Academy in Dubai.

He was included in a part-time capacity as a part of the Cricket Australia national selection panel in 2011. In 2011, in a newly created role by Cricket Australia he was asked to coach the coaches in order to ensure a unified approach to mentor the players across the states of Australia.

Marsh was appointed chairman of selectors for Cricket Australia on 2 May 2014, replacing John Inverarity. He was previously Cricket Australia's manager of elite coaching development. He felt the heat at times from former cricketers including Michael Slater for not selecting Usman Khawaja in the Australian playing XI  especially during the Chappell-Hadlee ODI series in February 2016 in New Zealand.

On 16 November 2016, Marsh resigned as chairman of selectors, after a series defeat to South Africa.

Honours
Marsh was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire in the 1982 New Year Honours and inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1985. He was named as one of Wisden's Cricketer of the Year in 1982. He received an Australian Sports Medal in 2000 and a Centenary Medal in 2001.

In 2005, he was inducted into the Cricket Hall of Fame by Cricket Australia.

Actor Brendan Cowell portrayed Rod Marsh in the 2012 Australian miniseries Howzat! Kerry Packer's War.

In 2015, he became the fourth Australian cricketer to deliver MCC Spirit of Cricket Cowdrey Lecture after Richie Benaud, Adam Gilchrist and Simon Taufel.

He received Honorary Life Membership of the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1988.

Personal life and death

Marsh's son Daniel Marsh captained the Tasmanian cricket team in the absence of Ricky Ponting in the mid-2000s.

In 2010, he appeared in an episode of Who Do You Think You Are?, where it was revealed that his grandmother died after giving birth to one of his aunts, leading his grandfather to put their three children, including Marsh's father Ken, up for adoption.

On 24 February 2022, Marsh was left in a critical condition following a heart attack in Bundaberg, Queensland, whilst en route to a charity event hosted by Queensland Bulls Masters. He died eight days later, on 4 March 2022, in Adelaide, South Australia, at the age of 74.

His death came on the same day as that of fellow Australian cricket icon Shane Warne, who had paid tribute to Marsh in a tweet a few hours prior to his own death in Thailand.

His funeral service was held at the Adelaide Oval on the 17th March, and was hosted by James Brayshaw; amongst the tributes included a recorded eulogy by Adam Gilchrist

Notes

References
Browning, Mark. Rod Marsh: A Life of Cricket (2003).    Rosenberg Publishing

External links

1947 births
2022 deaths
Australian Cricket Hall of Fame inductees
Australia One Day International cricketers
Australia Test cricketers
Western Australia cricketers
Australian cricket coaches
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
World Series Cricket players
Cricketers at the 1975 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1983 Cricket World Cup
Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Western Australian Sports Star of the Year winners
People educated at Kent Street Senior High School
Australian cricketers
Cricketers from Perth, Western Australia
Cricket administration in Australia
Australia national cricket team selectors
Australian Institute of Sport coaches
Wicket-keepers
Deaths from coronary artery disease

Rod Marsh


Jackie Keith Whitley (July 1, 1954 – May 9, 1989) was an American country music singer and songwriter. During his career, Whitley released only two albums but charted 12 singles on the Billboard country charts, and 7 more after his death.

Born in Ashland, Kentucky, Whitley grew up in nearby Sandy Hook, Kentucky. Whitley began his career there in 1970, performing in Ralph Stanley's band. Establishing himself as a lead singer in bluegrass music, Whitley moved to Nashville in 1983 and began his recording career there. His first Top 20 Country Hit single, "Miami, My Amy", was released in 1986. In 1988, his first three singles from his studio album Don't Close Your Eyes, the title song, "When You Say Nothing at All" and "I'm No Stranger to the Rain" were number one hits. Years of alcoholism severely compromised his health and he died of alcohol intoxication in 1989 at his Goodlettsville home at the age of 34. His later singles, "I Wonder Do You Think of Me",  "It Ain't Nothin'", and "I'm Over You", were released after his death.

In 2022, he was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame.

Early life
Whitley was born to Faye Ferguson (editor of The Elliott County News) and Elmer Whitley (an electrician) in Ashland, Kentucky, but was raised 46 miles away in Sandy Hook, and attended Sandy Hook High School. He had two brothers, Randy and Dwight, and a sister, Mary. The Whitley family is of English and Scots-Irish descent and has lived in the Elliott County area since the 1840s.

While Whitley was a teenager in Sandy Hook, he and his friends would pass the time drinking bootleg bourbon and racing their cars down mountain roads at dangerous speeds. Whitley was once in a car whose driver attempted to round a curve at . The car wrecked, killing his friend and almost breaking Whitley's neck. In another incident, he drove his car off a  cliff into a frozen river, escaping with only a broken collar bone.

Whitley lost his brother Randy in an October 1983 motorcycle accident, and his father Elmer.

Musical career
Whitley is known for his neotraditional brand of country popularized by hit artists such as George Strait and Randy Travis.

In 1969, he performed in a musical contest in Ezel, Kentucky, with brother Dwight on five-string banjo. Ricky Skaggs was also in the contest. Skaggs and Whitley instantly bonded and subsequently became close friends.

Whitley and Skaggs, both sixteen years old, were discovered in Ft. Gay, West Virginia, by Ralph Stanley, who was 45 minutes late for a gig due to a flat tire. Stanley opened the door of the club and heard what he thought was the Stanley Brothers playing on a jukebox. However, it was Whitley and Skaggs, who "sounded just like me and Carter in the early days". The two soon joined Stanley's band. Whitley became lead singer for Stanley in 1974.  Whitley also played with J.D. Crowe & the New South in the mid-1970s. During this period, he established himself as one of the most versatile and talented lead singers in bluegrass. His singing was heavily influenced by Carter Stanley and Lefty Frizzell. He moved to Nashville in 1983 to pursue a country music career and soon signed a record deal with RCA Records.

Whitley's first solo album, A Hard Act to Follow, was released in 1984, and featured a more mainstream country style. While Whitley was working hard to achieve his own style, the songs he produced were inconsistent. Critics regarded the album as too erratic. Whitley honed his sound within the next few years for his next album, L.A. to Miami.

L.A. to Miami, released in 1985, would give him his first Top 20 country hit single, "Miami, My Amy". The song was followed by three more hit songs: "Ten Feet Away", "Homecoming '63", and "Hard Livin'", The album also included "On the Other Hand" and "Nobody in His Right Mind Would've Left Her". "On the Other Hand" was pitched to Whitley before Randy Travis released the song as a single and when Whitley's version wasn't released as a single, Travis released his in 1986, as did George Strait with "Nobody in His Right Mind Would've Left Her".

During his tour to promote L.A. to Miami, he met and began a romantic relationship with country singer Lorrie Morgan. They were married in November 1986 and  had their only child, a son, Jesse Keith Whitley in June 1987. Whitley also adopted Lorrie's daughter, Morgan, from her first marriage.

During the new recording sessions in 1987, Whitley began feeling that the songs he was  were not up to his standards, so he approached RCA and asked if the project of 15 songs could be shelved. He also asked if he could take a major role in creating the songs and in production. The new album, titled Don't Close Your Eyes, was released in 1988, and the album sold extremely well. The album contained one of the many songs that Whitley had a hand in writing in his years at Tree Publishing, "It's All Coming Back to Me Now". On the album was a remake of Lefty Frizzell's classic standard "I Never Go Around Mirrors," and the song became a huge hit at Whitley's concerts. The first three singles from the album—"When You Say Nothing at All," "I'm No Stranger to the Rain," and the title cut—all reached No. 1 on Billboard'''s country charts during the autumn of 1988 and the winter of 1989, with the title track "Don't Close Your Eyes" being ranked as Billboard's No. 1 Country song of 1988. Shortly thereafter, "I'm No Stranger to the Rain" also earned Whitley his first and only Country Music Association award as a solo artist and a Grammy nomination for Best Country Vocal Performance, Male.

In early 1989, Whitley approached RCA chairman Joe Galante with the intention of releasing "I Never Go Around Mirrors" as a single. Galante approved of the musical flexibility that Whitley achieved with the song; however, he suggested that Whitley record something new and more upbeat. The result was a song Whitley had optioned for his previous album called I Wonder Do You Think of Me, and was to result in his next album release.

Whitney was scheduled to be invited to join the Grand Ole Opry in late May 1989. He was posthumously inducted as a former member on October 14, 2023, in a tribute concert held during that night's Opry broadcast.

Death
On May 9, 1989, Whitley had a brief phone call with his mother and was later visited by his brother-in-law, Lane Palmer.  The two had coffee and were planning a day of golf and lunch, after which Whitley planned to start writing songs for him and Lorrie Morgan to record when she returned from her concert tour. Palmer left at approximately , asking Whitley to be ready to leave within an hour. Upon returning, Palmer found Whitley unresponsive on his bed and called an ambulance. Whitley was taken to the hospital where he was pronounced dead, at the age of 34.

The official cause of death was acute ethanolism (alcohol poisoning). Davidson County Medical Examiner Charles Harlan stated that Whitley's blood alcohol level was 0.47 (the equivalent of 20 one-ounce shots of 100-proof whiskey).Edwards, Joe. – "Keith Whitley discovered dead – Alcohol overdose cause of death". – Austin American-Statesman. – May 10, 1989.Hurst, Jack. – "Whitley's Last Days". – Chicago Tribune. – May 14, 1989. He was born in 1954 per his birth certificate and passport, but RCA and his grave marker erroneously recorded his birth year as 1955.Stambler, Irwin, and Grelun Landon (2000). – Country Music: The Encyclopedia. – New York: St. Martin's Press. – p.533. – .—Carlin, Richard (2003). – Country Music: A Biographical Dictionary. – New York: Routledge – p.427. – .—Larkin, Colin (1995). – The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music. – New York: Stockton Press – P.4462. – .—Stanton, Scott (2003). – The Tombstone Tourist: Musicians. – New York: Pocket Books. – p.395. – .—Hicks, Jack. – "Singer Keith Whitley's Memory Alive Through Songs, Love in Home Town". – The Kentucky Post. – September 25, 1991.—"Country Music Star Keith Whitley Dead at 33". – Lexington Herald-Leader. – May 10, 1989.—Hurst, Jack. – "Whitley's Last Days". – Chicago Tribune. – May 14, 1989.—"Alcohol Kills Country Singer Keith Whitley". – United Press International. – (c/o The San Francisco Chronicle). – May 10, 1989.

The day after his death, Music Row was lined with black ribbons in memory of Whitley. He is buried in the Spring Hill Cemetery outside Nashville. His gravestone reads, "Forever yours faithfully" (part one) and "His being was my reason" (part two). The "yours" in part one refers to Whitley, and the "my" in part two refers to Morgan, who has a future burial spot next to him.

Posthumous releases
At the time of his death, Whitley had just finished work on his third and final studio album, I Wonder Do You Think of Me. The album was released three months after his death, on August 1, 1989. The album produced two more No. 1 hits, with the title track and "It Ain't Nothin'." "I'm Over You" also was in the Top 5 in early 1990, reaching No. 3.

Two new songs were added to "Greatest Hits": The first, "Tell Lorrie I Love Her" was written and recorded at home by Whitley for Morgan, originally intended as a work tape for Whitley's friend Curtis 'Mr. Harmony' Young to sing at Whitley's wedding. The second was "'Til a Tear Becomes a Rose", a 1987 demo taken from Tree that originally featured harmony vocals by childhood friend Ricky Skaggs. Lorrie Morgan, with creative control and license to Whitley's namesake, recorded her voice alongside Whitley's, and released it as a single, which rose to No. 13 and won them 1990's CMA award for Best Vocal Collaboration as well as a Grammy nomination for Best Country Vocal Collaboration.

RCA also released a compilation of performance clips (from his days in the Ralph Stanley-Fronted Clinch Mountain Boys), interviews, and some previously unreleased material under the title "Kentucky Bluebird". The album produced hits for Whitley as well, including a duet with Earl Thomas Conley, named "Brotherly Love," which peaked at No. 2 in late 1991 and gave Whitley his second consecutive posthumous Grammy nomination for Best Country Vocal Collaboration.

In 1994, Whitley's widow, Lorrie Morgan, organized several of Whitley's friends in bluegrass and some of the big names in country at the time to record a tribute album to Whitley. The album, Keith Whitley: A Tribute Album, was released in September 1994 via BNA. It included covers of Whitley's songs from artists such as Alan Jackson, Diamond Rio, and Ricky Skaggs. The album also included four previously unreleased tracks recorded by Whitley in 1987, one of which had Morgan dubbed in as a duet partner. The album also included two original songs: "Little Boy Lost", co-written and sung by Daron Norwood, and "A Voice Still Rings True", a multi-artist song. Alison Krauss's rendition of "When You Say Nothing at All" was released as a single from the album, reaching number 3 on the country charts in 1995.

In 1995, the album Wherever You Are Tonight was released, produced by Lorrie Morgan, featuring restored demos of 1986–1988, with crisper 1990s recording techniques and a full orchestra. The album and single of the same name both did very well on the Billboard and R&R charts and "Super Hits" and "The Essential Keith Whitley" followed in 1996. "The Essential" contained the remastered and long since unavailable LP and Whitley's debut, the 6-Track "A Hard Act to Follow", and a scrapped song from 1986's "LA to Miami", "I Wonder Where You Are Tonight".

Legacy
Several film projects depicting Whitley's life were slated, but none have come to fruition. One idea was a film version of the George Vescey-Lorrie Morgan-penned Forever Yours, Faithfully. While Morgan's book was a benchmark in piecing together Whitley's final moments, perhaps the most research went into a project titled Kentucky Bluebird, which was to star writer/actor/director David Keith. This project was in development hell for several years, and was halted in late 2006 after difficulties with casting and funding. Another film project, started in 2004 by songwriter Jeff Swope, was a biopic chronicling Whitley's life and passing. The last information about the project came in 2010, when he announced that pre-production was set to begin, pending investors.

Despite his brief moment in the spotlight, Whitley's legacy remains. He was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2022; prior to that, he was the subject of an exhibit detailing his life and legacy. Whitley retains a persistent influence on country artists, including Tim McGraw, Ronnie Dunn, and Dierks Bentley. Newer artists like Morgan Wallen are among his progenitors; a song named after Whitley features on Wallen's 2023 double album, One Thing at a Time, which won the approval of Whitley's widow and son.

Whitley is the only person to be posthumously recognized as a former member of the Grand Ole Opry, without ever being an active member. Management had scheduled Whitley for an appearance in late May 1989, where he was to be invited to join, but his death on May 9 interrupted those plans. As the Opry has a policy only inducting living artists as members, Whitley's induction was scrapped. During a Keith Whitley tribute show at the Opry on October 14, 2023, Garth Brooks and Lorrie Morgan announced that Whitley's name would be engraved on a plaque and included in the Opry's Member Gallery backstage, alongside every act who has held Opry membership at some point in the show's history, dating to 1925.

Discography

1984: A Hard Act to Follow (EP)
1985: L.A. to Miami1988: Don't Close Your Eyes1989: I Wonder Do You Think of Me1991: Kentucky Bluebird1995: Wherever You Are Tonight2000: Sad Songs & WaltzesBillboard number-one hits
"Don't Close Your Eyes" (1 week, 1988)
"When You Say Nothing at All" (2 weeks, 1988)
"I'm No Stranger to the Rain" (2 weeks, 1989)
"I Wonder Do You Think of Me" (1 week, 1989)
"It Ain't Nothin'" (1 week, 1990)

Awards and nominations
 Grammy Awards

|-
|1990
|"I'm No Stranger to the Rain"
|Best Male Country Vocal Performance
|
|-
|1991
|"'Til a Tear Becomes a Rose"
|rowspan=2| Best Country Collaboration with Vocals
|
|-
|1992
|"Brotherly Love"
|
|}

 Music City News Country Awards & TNN/Music City News Country Awards

|-
|1989
|Keith Whitley
|Star of Tomorrow
|
|-
|rowspan=2| 1990
|I Wonder Do You Think of Me|Album of the Year
|
|-
|"I'm No Stranger to the Rain"
|rowspan=2| Single of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan=2| 1991
|"'Til a Tear Becomes a Rose"
|
|-
|Lorrie Morgan and Keith Whitley
|Vocal Collaboration of the Year
|
|}

 Academy of Country Music Awards

|-
|1986
|Keith Whitley
|Top New Male Vocalist
|
|-
|rowspan=2| 1989
|rowspan=2| "Don't Close Your Eyes"
|Song of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan=2| Single Record of the Year
|
|-
|1990
|"I'm No Stranger to the Rain"
|
|-
|1992
|"Brotherly Love"
|Video of the Year
|
|-
|2013
|Keith Whitley
|Cliffie Stone Pioneer Award
|
|}

 Country Music Association Awards

|-
|rowspan=3| 1989
|"I'm No Stranger to the Rain"
|Single of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan=2| Keith Whitley
|Horizon Award
|
|-
|Male Vocalist of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan=2| 1990
|I Wonder Do You Think of Me|Album of the Year
|
|-
|Keith Whitley and Lorrie Morgan
|rowspan=2| Vocal Event of the Year
|
|-
|1992
|Keith Whitley and Earl Thomas Conley
|
|}

References
Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. – [ Keith Whitley: Biography]. – Allmusic.
Skinker, Chris (1998). – "Keith Whitley". – The Encyclopedia of Country Music: The Ultimate Guide to the Music''. – First Edition. – Paul Kingsbury, editor. – New York: Oxford University Press. – pp. 583–584.

1954 births
1989 deaths
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American singer-songwriters
Alcohol-related deaths in Tennessee
American acoustic guitarists
American country guitarists
American country singer-songwriters
Burials in Tennessee
Country musicians from Kentucky
Guitarists from Kentucky
Musicians from Appalachia
Musicians from Ashland, Kentucky
New South (band) members
People from Elliott County, Kentucky
RCA Records Nashville artists
Singer-songwriters from Kentucky

Keith Whitley


Otto "Otl" Aicher (; 13 May 1922 – 1 September 1991) was a German graphic designer and typographer. Aicher co-founded and  taught at the influential Ulm School of Design. He is known for having led the design team of the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, and for overseeing the creation of its prominently used system of pictograms. Aicher also developed the Rotis typeface.

Early life and career
Aicher was born in Ulm, in the south-western state of Baden-Württemberg, on 13 May 1922. Aicher was a classmate and friend of Werner Scholl, and through him met Werner's family, including his siblings Hans and Sophie Scholl (both of whom would be executed in 1943 for their membership in the White Rose resistance movement in Nazi Germany). Like the Scholls, Aicher was strongly opposed to the Nazi movement. He was arrested in 1937 for refusing to join the Hitler Youth, and consequently he was failed on his abitur (college entrance) examination in 1941. He was subsequently drafted into the German army to fight in World War II, though he tried to leave at various times. In 1945 he deserted the army, and went into hiding at the Scholls' house in Wutach.

In 1946, after the end of the war, Aicher began studying sculpture at the Academy of Fine Arts Munich. In 1947, he opened his own studio in Ulm.

In 1952 he married Inge Scholl, the older sister of Werner, Hans, and Sophie.

Ulm School of Design
In 1953, along with Inge Scholl and Max Bill, he founded the Ulm School of Design (Hochschule für Gestaltung Ulm), which became one of Germany's leading educational centers for design from its founding until its closure in 1968. Faculty and students included such notable designers as Tomás Maldonado, Peter Seitz, and Anthony Froshaug.

Aicher was heavily involved in corporate branding and is considered one of the pioneers of Corporate design. Among others, he was influential in the corporate identity of the company Braun, and he designed the logo for the German airline Lufthansa in 1969.

1972 Munich Olympics
In 1966 Aicher was asked by the organisers of the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich to become the Olympic Games' lead designer. He was asked to create a design for the Olympics that complemented the architecture of the newly built stadium in Munich designed by Günther Behnisch. Aicher consulted with Masaru Katsumie, who had designed the previous 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games.

Basing his work in part on iconography for the 1964 Games, Aicher created a set of pictograms meant to provide a visual interpretation of the sport they featured so that athletes and visitors to the Olympic village and stadium could find their way around. He created pictograms using a series of grid systems and a specific bright colour palette that he chose for these Games. These designs were directly influential on the DOT pictograms, developed in 1974 by the United States Department of Transportation, which applied the same principles to standard public signage such as those for toilets and telephones; the DOT pictograms have in turn been used around the world. The series of pictograms he created was not a simple task; the goal of each pictogram was to function as a clear sign of the activity it represented while simultaneously maintaining its universal comprehension.

Otl Aicher also helped to design the logo of the Munich Olympics. He went through several stages with his design team before finally finding the successful emblem. One of their first ideas was to use an element of the city's coat of arms or Münchner Kindl within the design which showed a monk or child pointing into the distance while clasping a book in his hand. Other ideas were to use the surrounding areas of the city, referencing the sun, mountains and landscape within the design. Finally the "Strahlenkranz" was created, a garland which represented the sun but also the five Olympic rings merged in a spiral shape. Designer Coordt von Mannstein reworked Aicher's original design through a mathematical calculation to amalgamate the garland and spiral together to get the final design.

The colours chosen for the designs of the games were selected to reflect the tones of the Alps. The mountains in blue and white would make up the palette of colours which also included green, orange and silver. The colours were used to identify allocated themes such as media, technical services, celebrity hospitality and public functions and each had a different colour so visitors could differentiate the themes around the stadium and village. Uniforms were colour-coordinated to represent these themes, the Olympic staff could be identified as working for a particular department by the colour they were wearing.

Aicher used the typeface Univers for the Olympic designs. The design team produced 21 sports posters to advertise the sports at the games, using the official design colours and also including the logo and "München 1972". The design team used a technique called "posterization" for the graphics on the posters, separating the tonal qualities from the images in a manual process and using the official munich colours for these games. The first of these posters was a poster of the Olympic stadium which became the official poster for these games. The posters were displayed all around the city of Munich and around the Olympic sites. Posters were hung in twos alongside posters designed by famous artists chosen to represent this Olympics such as David Hockney, R. B. Kitaj, Tom Wesselmann and Allen Jones.

He also created the first official Olympic Mascot, a striped dachshund named Waldi.

Later work

In 1980 Otl Aicher became a consultant of the kitchen manufacturer Bulthaup. He created the Rotis font family in 1988, naming it after the location of his domicile and design studio near the rural town of Leutkirch im Allgäu. His typeface is still used by Bulthaup today.

Aicher also designed logos for the University of Konstanz and the Munich Airport among others.

Death and after
Aicher died in Günzburg on 1 September 1991, after he was struck by a motorbike while mowing the grass at Rotis.

Aicher was honored by the Munich City Council on 6 May 2010, when a street, Otl-Aicher-Straße, in the City's Borough No. 12 (Schwabing-Freimann) was named after him. The Leutkirch Realschule also bears his name.

Publications
Aicher wrote many books on design and other subjects, including:
 "The Kitchen is for Cooking" (1982)
 "Walking in the Desert" (1982)
 "Critique of the Automobile" (1984)
 "Inside the War" (1985)
 "The World as Design" (Die Welt Als Entwurf) (1991)
 "Analog and Digital" (Analog Und Digital) (1991)

Publications on Otl Aicher and his work:
 Foster, Norman: Otl Aicher 1991. In: David Jenkins (Hg.): On Foster ... Foster On, München: Prestel, 2000, pp. 592–595,
 Rathgeb, Markus: Otl Aicher – Design as a method of action. PhD thesis at The University of Reading, 2001
 Rathgeb, Markus: Otl Aicher. Phaidon Press, 2006, .  (Monograph)

References

External links

 Biography at linotype.com
 Otl Aicher, Museum of Modern Art (MOMA), New York City
 Article on Aicher's Munich Olympics work
 72:Otl Aicher and the Munich Olympiad – February 2007 museum exhibition
 Biography at 72 exhibition
 Otl Aicher otl-aicher.de
 München braucht eine Otl-Aicher-Straße Project to honor the work of Otl Aicher as a communication designer in Munich.
 Spiele: Otl Aicher's Olympic Graphic Design 2008 exhibition in San Jose, California
Official repository of Otl Aicher's pictograms

1922 births
1991 deaths
White Rose members
German designers
German graphic designers
Information graphic designers
Design researchers
Design educators
German architecture writers
Logo designers
German typographers and type designers
Road incident deaths in Germany
People from Ulm
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
Academic staff of the Ulm School of Design
German Army personnel of World War II
Deserters

Otl Aicher


Lázaro Cárdenas del Río (Jiquilpan, Michoacán, May 21, 1895 - October 19, 1970) was president of Mexico from 1934 and 1940. Considered one of the most honest and hardworking presidents in the history of Latin America, he provided strong, clean leadership at a time when his country most needed it. Today he is revered among Mexicans for his zeal in eliminating corruption, and many cities, streets and schools bear his name. He initiated a family dynasty in Mexico, and his son and grandson have both gone into politics.

1895 births
1970 deaths
Presidents of Mexico
People from Michoacán

Lázaro Cárdenas


The 3rd Recruit Training Battalion is composed of four training companies; India, Kilo, Lima and Mike. The recruit training battalion is responsible ensuring that each company is following the procedures set forth by the Recruit Training Regiment. Each company is responsible to follow the standards established by the Commandant of the Marine Corps to train, teach, mentor, and above all lead recruits through a demanding standard-based training system. 51% of all male Marines attend recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, California.

Mission
Provide reception, processing, and recruit training for male enlisted personnel following initial entry into the Marine Corps.

History
In 1921, the MCRDSD was formally commissioned and in 1923, it became the primary recruiting center for the west coast. During World War II, the flow of recruits into the base surged, with 18,000 recruits arriving in one month.[1] In 1948, the base was formally named Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego and was home to the Recruit Training Regiment.

The 3d Battalion's main mission is to train new United States Marine Corps recruits, specifically males recruited from west of the Mississippi River, but also from some areas east of the river, such as Wisconsin, Michigan, the Chicago metropolitan area and New Orleans. Recruit training includes a thirteen-week process during which the recruit becomes cut off from the civilian world and must adapt to a Marine Corps lifestyle. During training, drill instructors train recruits in a wide variety of subjects including weapons training, Marine Corps Martial Arts Program, personal hygiene and cleanliness, close order drill, and Marine Corps history. The training emphasizes physical fitness, and recruits must attain a minimum standard of fitness to graduate by passing a Physical Fitness Test. Recruits must also meet minimum combat-oriented swimming qualifications, qualify in rifle marksmanship with the M16A4 service rifle, and pass a 54-hour simulated combat exercise known as "The Crucible".

Unlike training at Parris Island, recruits must leave the depot to conduct field training. Three weeks of the recruit's training is spent at Edson Range aboard Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, where recruits fire on the rifle range, conduct field training, and undergo the Crucible. At the conclusion, recruits return to MCRD San Diego for graduation.

References

External links

Training units and formations of the United States Marine Corps
Battalions of the United States Marine Corps

3rd Recruit Training Battalion (United States)


Pentre Gwynfryn is a village in the Ardudwy area of Gwynedd, Wales about  east of Llanbedr and the community of the same name. The village is at the confluence of the River Artro and the River Cwmnantcol.

The inside of Capel Salem at Pentre Gwynfryn was made famous by the painter Sydney Curnow Vosper (1866–1942) who painted the 1908 Salem featuring a member of the congregation, Siân Owen, in traditional Welsh costume. The folds around the left arm of her richly embroidered cloak are said to form the face of the devil who has taken over this proud woman, although this can be difficult to see. A far more obvious devil's face may be seen peering in through the window, which may be the origin of the claim that the devil's face is in the picture. The Salem painting hangs in the Lady Lever Art Gallery at Port Sunlight on the Wirral.

External links

Salem Chapel at the Lady Lever Gallery
www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Pentre Gwynfryn and surrounding area

Llanbedr
Villages in Gwynedd
Villages in Snowdonia

Pentre Gwynfryn