In computer engineering, out-of-order execution (or more formally dynamic execution) is a paradigm used in most high-performance central processing units to make use of instruction cycles that would otherwise be wasted. In this paradigm, a processor executes instructions in an order governed by the availability of input data and execution units, rather than by their original order in a program. In doing so, the processor can avoid being idle while waiting for the preceding instruction to complete and can, in the meantime, process the next instructions that are able to run immediately and independently.

History
Out-of-order execution is a restricted form of data flow computation, which was a major research area in computer architecture in the 1970s and early 1980s.

Early use in supercomputers
The first machine to use out-of-order execution was the CDC 6600 (1964), designed by James E. Thornton, which uses a scoreboard to avoid conflicts. It permits an instruction to execute if its source operand (read) addresses aren't to be written to by any unexecuted earlier instruction (true dependency) and the destination (write) address not be an address used by any unexecuted earlier instruction (false dependency). The 6600 lacks the means to avoid stalling an execution unit on false dependencies (write after write (WAW) and write after read (WAR) conflicts, respectively termed first order conflict and third order conflict by Thornton, who termed true dependencies (read after write (RAW)) as second order conflict) because each address has only a single location referable by it. The WAW is worse than WAR for the 6600, because when an execution unit encounters a WAR, the other execution units still receive and execute instructions, but upon a WAW the assignment of instructions to execution units stops, and they can not receive any further instructions until the WAW-causing instruction's destination register has been written to by earlier instruction.

About two years later, the IBM System/360 Model 91 (1966) introduced register renaming with Tomasulo's algorithm, which dissolves false dependencies (WAW and WAR), making full out-of-order execution possible. An instruction addressing a write into a register rn can be executed before an earlier instruction using the register rn is executed, by actually writing into an alternative (renamed) register alt-rn, which is turned into a normal ("architectural") register rn only when all the earlier instructions addressing rn have been executed, but until then rn is given for earlier instructions and alt-rn for later ones addressing rn. In the Model 91 the register renaming is implemented by a bypass termed Common Data Bus (CDB) and memory source operand buffers, leaving the physical architectural registers unused for many cycles as the oldest state of registers addressed by any unexecuted instruction is found on the CDB. Another advantage the Model 91 has over the 6600 is the ability to execute out-of-order the instructions at the same execution unit, not just between the units like the 6600. This is accomplished by reservation stations, from which instructions go to the execution unit when ready, as opposed to the FIFO queue of each execution unit of the 6600. The Model 91 is also capable of re-ordering loads and stores to execute before the preceding loads and stores, unlike the 6600, which only has a limited ability to move loads past loads, and stores past stores, but not loads past stores and stores past loads. Only the floating-point registers of the Model 91 are renamed, making it subject to the same WAW and WAR limitations as the CDC 6600 when running fixed-point code. The 91 and 6600 both also suffer from imprecise exceptions, which needed to be solved before out-of-order execution could be applied generally and made practical outside supercomputers.

Precise exceptions
To have precise exceptions, the proper in-order state of the program's execution must be available upon an exception. By 1985 various approaches were developed as described by James E. Smith and Andrew R. Pleszkun. The CDC Cyber 205 was a precursor, as upon a virtual memory interrupt the entire state of the processor (including the information on the partially executed instructions) is saved into an invisible exchange package, so that it can resume at the same state of execution. However to make all exceptions precise, there has to be a way to cancel the effects of instructions. The CDC Cyber 990 (1984) implements precise interrupts by using a history buffer, which holds the old (overwritten) values of registers that are restored when an exception necessitates the reverting of instructions. Smith simulated that adding a reorder buffer (or history buffer or equivalent) to Cray-1S would reduce the performance of executing the first 14 Livermore loops (unvectorized) by only 3%. Important academic research in this subject was led by Yale Patt with his HPSm simulator.

In the 1980s many early RISC microprocessors, like the Motorola 88100, had out-of-order writeback to the registers, resulting in imprecise exceptions. Instructions started execution in order, but some (e.g. floating-point) took more cycles to complete execution. However the single-cycle execution of the most basic instructions greatly reduced the scope of the problem compared to the CDC 6600.

Decoupling
Smith also researched how to make different execution units operate more independently of each other and of the memory, front-end, and branching. He implemented those ideas in the Astronautics ZS-1 (1988), featuring a decoupling of the integer/load/store pipeline from the floating-point pipeline, allowing inter-pipeline re-ordering. The ZS-1 was also capable of executing loads ahead of preceding stores. In his 1984 paper he opined that enforcing the precise exceptions only on the integer/memory pipeline should be sufficient for many usecases, as it even permits virtual memory. Each pipeline had an instruction buffer to decouple it from the instruction decoder, to prevent the stalling of the front-end. To further decouple the memory access from execution, each of the two pipelines was associated with two addressable queues that effectively performed limited register renaming. A similar decoupled architecture had been used a bit earlier in the Culler 7. The ZS-1's ISA, like IBM's subsequent POWER, aided the early execution of branches.

Research comes to fruition
With the POWER1 (1990) IBM returned to out-of-order execution. It was the first processor to combine register renaming (though again only floating-point registers) with precise exceptions. It uses a physical register file (i.e. a dynamically remapped file with both uncommitted and committed values) instead of a datafull reorder buffer, but the ability to cancel instructions is needed only in the branch unit, which implements a history buffer (named program counter stack by IBM) to undo changes to count, link, and condition registers. The reordering capability of even the floating-point instructions is still very limited; due to POWER1's inability to reorder floating-point arithmetic instructions (results became available in-order), their destination registers aren't renamed. POWER1 also doesn't have reservation stations needed for out-of-order use of a same execution unit. The next year IBM's ES/9000 model 900 had register renaming also for the general-purpose registers. It also has reservation stations with six entries for the dual integer unit (each cycle, from the six instructions up to two can be selected and then executed) and six entries for the FPU. Other units have simple FIFO queues. The re-ordering distance is up to 32 instructions. The A19 of Unisys' A-series of mainframes was also released in 1991 and was claimed to have out-of-order execution, and one analyst called the A19's technology three to five years ahead of the competition.

Wide adoption
The first superscalar single-chip processors (Intel i960CA in 1989) used a simple scoreboarding scheduling like the CDC 6600 had quarter of a century earlier, but in 1992-1996 a rapid advancement of techniques, enabled by increasing transistor counts, saw proliferation down to personal computers. Motorola 88110 (1992) used a history buffer to revert instructions. Loads could be executed ahead of preceding stores. While stores and branches were waiting to start execution, subsequent instructions of other types could keep flowing through all the pipeline stages, including writeback. The 12-entry capacity of the history buffer placed a limit on the reorder distance. PowerPC 601 (1993) was an evolution of the RISC Single Chip, itself a simplification of POWER1. The 601 permitted branch and floating-point instructions to overtake the integer instructions already in the fetched-instruction-queue, the lowest four entries of which were scanned for dispatchability. In the case of a cache miss, loads and stores could be reordered. Only the link and count register could be renamed. In the fall of 1994 NexGen and IBM with Motorola brought the renaming of general-purpose registers to single-chip CPUs. NexGen's Nx586 was the first x86 processor capable of out-of-order execution, accomplished with micro-OPs. The re-ordering distance is up to 14 micro-OPs. PowerPC 603 renamed both the general-purpose and FP registers. Each of the four non-branch execution units can have one instruction wait in front of it without blocking the instruction flow to the other units. A five-entry re-order buffer lets no more than four instructions to overtake an unexecuted instruction. Due to a store buffer, a load can access cache ahead of a preceding store.

PowerPC 604 (1995) was the first single-chip processor with execution unit-level re-ordering, as three out of its six units each had a two-entry reservation station permitting the newer entry to execute before the older. The re-order buffer capacity is 16 instructions. A four-entry load queue and a six-entry store queue track the re-ordering of loads and stores upon cache misses. HAL SPARC64 (1995) exceeded the re-ordering capacity of the ES/9000 model 900 by having three 8-entry reservation stations for integer, floating-point, and address generation unit, and a 12-entry reservation station for load/store, which permits greater reordering of cache/memory access than preceding processors. Up to 64 instructions can be in a re-ordered state at a time Pentium Pro (1995) introduced a unified reservation station, which at the 20 micro-OP capacity permitted very flexible re-ordering, backed by a 40-entry re-order buffer. Loads can be re-ordered ahead of both loads and stores.

The practically attainable per-cycle rate of execution rose more as full out-of-order execution was further adopted by SGI/MIPS (R10000) and HP PA-RISC (PA-8000) in 1996. The same year Cyrix 6x86 and AMD K5 brought advanced re-ordering techniques into mainstream personal computers. Since DEC Alpha gained out-of-order execution in 1998 (Alpha 21264), the top-performing out-of-order processor cores have been unmatched by in-order cores other than HP/Intel Itanium 2 and IBM POWER6, though the latter had an out-of-order floating-point unit. The other high-end in-order processors fell far behind, namely Sun's UltraSPARC III/IV, and IBM's mainframes which had lost the out-of-order execution capability for the second time, remaining in-order into the z10 generation. Later big in-order processors were focused on multithreaded performance, but eventually the SPARC T series and Xeon Phi changed to out-of-order execution in 2011 and 2016 respectively.

Almost all processors for phones and other lower-end applications remained in-order until c. 2010. First, Qualcomm's Scorpion (re-ordering distance of 32) shipped in Snapdragon, and a bit later Arm's A9 succeeded A8. For low-end x86 personal computers in-order early Intel Atoms were first challenged by AMD's Bobcat, and in 2013 were succeeded by an out-of-order Silvermont. Because the complexity of out-of-order execution precludes achieving the lowest minimum power consumption, cost and size, in-order execution is still prevalent in microcontrollers and embedded systems, as well as in phone-class cores such as Arm's A55 and A510 in big.LITTLE configurations.

Basic concept

To appreciate OoO Execution it is useful to first describe in-order, to be able to make a comparison of the two. Instructions cannot be completed instantaneously: they take time (multiple cycles). Therefore, results will lag behind where they are needed. In-order still has to keep track of the dependencies.  Its approach is however quite unsophisticated: stall, every time. OoO uses much more sophisticated data tracking techniques, as seen below.

In-order processors
In earlier processors, the processing of instructions is performed in an instruction cycle normally consisting of the following steps:
 Instruction fetch.
 If input operands are available (in processor registers, for instance), the instruction is dispatched to the appropriate functional unit. If one or more operands are unavailable during the current clock cycle (generally because they are being fetched from memory), the processor stalls until they are available.
 The instruction is executed by the appropriate functional unit.
 The functional unit writes the results back to the register file.

Often, an in-order processor has a bit vector recording which registers will be written to by a pipeline. If any input operands have the corresponding bit set in this vector, the instruction stalls. Essentially, the vector performs a greatly simplified role of protecting against register hazards. Thus out-of-order execution uses 2D matrices whereas in-order execution uses a 1D vector for hazard avoidance.

Out-of-order processors
This new paradigm breaks up the processing of instructions into these steps:
 Instruction fetch.
 Instruction dispatch to an instruction queue (also called instruction buffer or reservation stations).
 The instruction waits in the queue until its input operands are available. The instruction can leave the queue before older instructions.
 The instruction is issued to the appropriate functional unit and executed by that unit.
 The results are queued.
 Only after all older instructions have their results written back to the register file, then this result is written back to the register file. This is called the graduation or retire stage.

The key concept of OoOE processing is to allow the processor to avoid a class of stalls that occur when the data needed to perform an operation are unavailable. In the outline above, the OoOE processor avoids the stall that occurs in step (2) of the in-order processor when the instruction is not completely ready to be processed due to missing data.

OoOE processors fill these slots in time with other instructions that are ready, then re-order the results at the end to make it appear that the instructions were processed as normal. The way the instructions are ordered in the original computer code is known as program order, in the processor they are handled in data order, the order in which the data, operands, become available in the processor's registers. Fairly complex circuitry is needed to convert from one ordering to the other and maintain a logical ordering of the output; the processor itself runs the instructions in seemingly random order.

The benefit of OoOE processing grows as the instruction pipeline deepens and the speed difference between main memory (or cache memory) and the processor widens. On modern machines, the processor runs many times faster than the memory, so during the time an in-order processor spends waiting for data to arrive, it could have processed a large number of instructions.

Dispatch and issue decoupling allows out-of-order issue
One of the differences created by the new paradigm is the creation of queues that allows the dispatch step to be decoupled from the issue step and the graduation stage to be decoupled from the execute stage. An early name for the paradigm was decoupled architecture. In the earlier in-order processors, these stages operated in a fairly lock-step, pipelined fashion.

The instructions of the program may not be run in the originally specified order, as long as the end result is correct. It separates the fetch and decode stages from the execute stage in a pipelined processor by using a buffer.

The buffer's purpose is to partition the memory access and execute functions in a computer program and achieve high-performance by exploiting the fine-grain parallelism between the two. In doing so, it effectively hides all memory latency from the processor's perspective.

A larger buffer can, in theory, increase throughput. However, if the processor has a branch misprediction then the entire buffer may need to be flushed, wasting a lot of clock cycles and reducing the effectiveness. Furthermore, larger buffers create more heat and use more die space. For this reason processor designers today favour a multi-threaded design approach.

Decoupled architectures are generally thought of as not useful for general purpose computing as they do not handle control intensive code well. Control intensive code include such things as nested branches that occur frequently in operating system kernels. Decoupled architectures play an important role in scheduling in very long instruction word (VLIW) architectures.

To avoid false operand dependencies, which would decrease the frequency when instructions could be issued out of order, a technique called register renaming is used. In this scheme, there are more physical registers than defined by the architecture. The physical registers are tagged so that multiple versions of the same architectural register can exist at the same time.

Execute and writeback decoupling allows program restart
The queue for results is necessary to resolve issues such as branch mispredictions and exceptions/traps. The results queue allows programs to be restarted after an exception, which requires the instructions to be completed in program order. The queue allows results to be discarded due to mispredictions on older branch instructions and exceptions taken on older instructions.

The ability to issue instructions past branches that are yet to resolve is known as speculative execution.

Micro-architectural choices
 Are the instructions dispatched to a centralized queue or to multiple distributed queues?

IBM PowerPC processors use queues that are distributed among the different functional units while other out-of-order processors use a centralized queue. IBM uses the term reservation stations for their distributed queues.

 Is there an actual results queue or are the results written directly into a register file? For the latter, the queueing function is handled by register maps that hold the register renaming information for each instruction in flight.

Early Intel out-of-order processors use a results queue called a re-order buffer, while most later out-of-order processors use register maps.

More precisely: Intel P6 family microprocessors have both a re-order buffer (ROB) and a register alias table (RAT). The ROB was motivated mainly by branch misprediction recovery.

The Intel P6 family is among the earliest OoOE microprocessors but were supplanted by the NetBurst architecture. Years later, NetBurst proved to be a dead end due to its long pipeline that assumed the possibility of much higher operating frequencies. Materials were not able to match the design's ambitious clock targets due to thermal issues and later designs based on NetBurst, namely Tejas and Jayhawk, were cancelled. Intel reverted to the P6 design as the basis of the Core and Nehalem microarchitectures. The succeeding Sandy Bridge, Ivy Bridge, and Haswell microarchitectures are a departure from the reordering techniques used in P6 and employ re-ordering techniques from the EV6 and the P4 but with a somewhat shorter pipeline.

See also

 Instruction scheduling
 Memory fence
 Replay system
 Shelving buffer

References

Further reading

Instruction processing

Out-of-order execution


The Constitutional Court of Romania (CCR) is independent of any other public authority. It has, according to the Romanian Constitution, the guardian of constitutional rule. This means the court has the power to make decisions, if the meaning of official laws is questioned (or challenged). This could happen if the laws are written so that they might harm the rights and freedoms of the Romanian people.

Judges
 Augustin Zegrean (from 2007), President  2010.
 Iulia Motoc (from 2010)
 Mircea Stefan Minea (from 2010)
 Petre Lăzăroiu (from 2008)
 Mona Pivniceru (from 2013)
 Valer Dorneanu (from 2013)
 Daniel Morar (from 2013)
 Valentin-Zoltán Puskás (from 2007)
 Tudorel Toader (from 2006)

Former judges (from 2013)
 Ion Predescu (from 2004 to 2013)
 Aspazia Cojocaru (from 2004 to 2013)
 Acsinte Gașpar (from 2004 to 2013)

References

Constitutional Court of Romania


The IEEE Signal Processing Society (IEEE SPS) is one of the nearly 40 technical societies of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the first one created.
Its mission is to "advance and disseminate state-of-the-art scientific information and resources; educate the signal processing community; and provide a venue for people to interact and exchange ideas."

History
The Signal Processing society was formed in 1948 as the Professional Group on Audio of the Institute of Radio Engineers.

Activities
The Society organizes many conferences every year and operates local chapters around the world.  It coordinates the operation of several councils, task forces, and technical committees.

Publications
The Signal Processing Society oversees the publication of several periodicals, including a magazine (IEEE Signal Processing Magazine), a newsletter (Inside Signal Processing e-Newsletter), and multiple scholarly journals:
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing
IEEE Signal Processing Letters
IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing

Co-sponsored journals include:
IEEE Computing in Science and Engineering Magazine
IEEE MultiMedia Magazine
IEEE Sensors Journal
IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications

The IEEE Signal Processing electronic Library (SPeL) is a comprehensive digital library and electronic collection of more than 50 years of the IEEE Signal Processing Society's periodicals, which includes all four transactions and letters, newsletters, magazines, and technical proceedings of the two major Society conferences and of most workshops. IEEE SPeL also features four joint transactions, which the Society is a partner. The library collection is available on three DVD-ROMs. It has a search engine, which allows searches based on full-text, as well as searches by such fields as author, title, subject and date. The collection provides a comprehensive database, which contains information about the technical articles that are published in the Society's journals.

Conferences
The Society organizes, sponsors, and co-sponsors numerous conferences and workshops every year.  A list of them can be found here.

See also
International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)
International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN)

References

IEEE societies

IEEE Signal Processing Society


Gächinger Kantorei (Gächingen Chorale) is an internationally known German mixed choir, founded by Helmuth Rilling in 1954 in Gächingen (part of St. Johann close to Reutlingen) and conducted by him until 2013, succeeded by Hans-Christoph Rademann.

A "Kantorei" is a choir of high standard dedicated mostly, but not exclusively, to sacred music. The ensemble operates in Stuttgart now and is therefore officially named Gächinger Kantorei Stuttgart. The choir has up to 200 voices, called together for projects from Germany and Switzerland, most of them singers with a degree in music. Since 1965 they have performed music with orchestra as Gächinger Kantorei and Bach-Collegium Stuttgart, including several first performances.

History

Initially the choir was dedicated to a cappella music of the 16th, 17th and 20th century, later adding works from the period of Romanticism. In 1965 Rilling founded the orchestra Bach-Collegium Stuttgart, and both groups started performing choral music with orchestra.

The first international tours were conducted in the 1960s to the (then) DDR, CSSR and Hungary, the first tour to the United States followed in 1968. In 1976 the choir sang with the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra the first performance in Israel of Brahms's A German Requiem. Tours of the 1980s took the group to Poland and Moscow.

Gächinger Kantorei and Bach-Collegium Stuttgart have performed at festivals such as the "Musikfest Stuttgart" of the Internationale Bachakademie Stuttgart, Salzburg Festival, Lucerne Festival or the Prague Spring. In 2004 they celebrated their 50th year by performing Bach's Mass in B minor at the Oregon Bach Festival. They have appeared at the Rheingau Musik Festival and recorded Mozart's Great Mass in C Minor in 2006.

Music
During the first years the Gächinger Kantorei performed a cappella works of Buxtehude, Schütz, Pachelbel, Lasso, Hassler, Bach, Caspar Othmayr and Leonhard Lechner, and music of 20th century composers such as Hugo Distler, Paul Hindemith, Kurt Hessenberg, Willy Burkhard, including premieres of works by Johann Nepomuk David, Evangelienmotetten (motets on the Gospel) in 1959 and Psalm 139 in 1961.

Gächinger Kantorei and Bach-Collegium Stuttgart, conducted by Rilling, completed the first complete recording of Bach's cantatas and oratorios, a project of 15 years in collaboration with the Hänssler Verlag, on 21 March 1985, the composer's 300th birthday. The recording was awarded a Grand Prix du Disque.

The choir premiered works such as the Messa per Rossini (1988), Litany of Arvo Pärt (1994), the Requiem of Reconciliation (1995) or Wolfgang Rihm's Deus Passus (Passionsstücke nach Lukas) in 2000 and Creatio in 2009. They explored different repertoire in 2004, in a premiere performance and recording of Mendelsohn's opera Die beiden Neffen.

Gächinger Kantorei have also performed new versions of works, such as Mozart's unfinished Great Mass in C minor completed by Robert D. Levin. In 2009 they performed Bach's Christmas Oratorio in St. Thomas Church, Leipzig where it had been premiered 275 years before.

The choir has performed with notable guest conductors such as Masaaki Suzuki. Krzysztof Penderecki conducted his Credo on the occasion of Rilling's 70th birthday, 29 May 2003, with the Radio-Sinfonieorchester Stuttgart, programmed with Bach's setting of these words in the Symbolum Nicenum from his Mass in B minor, Rilling conducting Gächinger Kantorei and Bach-Collegium Stuttgart with Sibylla Rubens, Ingeborg Danz and Christian Gerhaher. Sir Roger Norrington chose the choir for his recording of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 with Camilla Nylund, Iris Vermillion, Jonas Kaufmann, Franz-Josef Selig and the Radio-Sinfonieorchester Stuttgart. Ton Koopman conducted Haydn's The Seasons with soloists Klara Ek, Jörg Dürmüller and Klaus Mertens in 2009.

In 2009 the Gächinger Kantorei sang under Rilling with the New York Philharmonic Handel's Messiah in Avery Fisher Hall in New York with soloists Annette Dasch, Daniel Taylor, James Taylor and Shenyang.

Literature
 Andreas Bomba (ed.): "Singet se noh...?" (50 years Gächinger Kantorei 1954–2004). Internationale Bachakademie, Stuttgart 2004

References

External links
 Gächinger Kantorei  on the website of the Internationale Bachakademie Stuttgart (in German)
 Gächinger Kantorei Stuttgart on bach cantatas (2001)
Entries for recordings of the  Gächinger Kantorei on WorldCat
Bruckner masses review by Michael Cookson, 2004

Interactive Hypermedia
 Johann Sebastian Bach Mass in B Minor (Flash)

German choirs
Musical groups established in 1954

Gächinger Kantorei


Cuthred († )  was a West Saxon nobleman and atheling. He was King of Wessex from 740 to 756.  Cuthred succeeded in restoring much of the prestige of Wessex.

King of Wessex

At the death of King Athelheard, his kinsman Cuthred became king. During the time of Athelheard much of Wessex had been lost to King Aethelbald of Mercia. Cuthred made it known he was not as weak a ruler as Athelheard and struggled against Aethelbald being his overlord. In the first three years of Cuthred's rule he warred with Mercia. In 743 Cuthred joined Aethelbald in fighting the Welsh. By all appearances this was a friendly alliance between the two kings. But the friendship soon ended. In 748 Cuthred's son, Cynric, tried to depose his father and died in the rebellion. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the rebellion was encouraged by the Mercian king.

Two years later in 750 Cuthred put down another rebellion by Athelhun, one of his ealdormen. In the day-long battle, Athelhun had fewer men but was winning until he was severely wounded. In 752, Cuthred again tried to get free of King Aethelbald. This led to a battle at Burford where Cuthred, assisted by a now faithful Athelhun, met Aethelbald and his army. The battle ended up with Aethelbald fleeing the battlefield. From that time on Cuthred maintained independence from Mercia for the rest of his reign. Cuthred died in 756. But he left a much stronger Wessex free of Mercian rule. He was succeeded by Sigeberht.

Family

The name of Cuthred's wife is unknown. His son:

 Cynric was killed in 746.

Notes

References

Other websites
 Britannia: Kings of Wessex

Year of birth unknown
756 deaths
Kings of Wessex

Cuthred of Wessex


Shaun Kelly Van Allen (born August 29, 1967) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1991 to 2004. He played 794 games in the NHL and scored 269 points. He serves as the head coach of the Carleton University Ravens of the OUA.

Professional career
Van Allen was drafted 105th overall in the 1987 NHL Entry Draft by the Edmonton Oilers after a standout junior hockey career with the Saskatoon Blades of the Western Hockey League. He spent five seasons in the Oilers system with the Milwaukee Admirals, Nova Scotia Oilers, and Cape Breton Oilers but failed to catch on with the big club in Edmonton. While in Cape Breton, Van Allen enjoyed much personal and team success. It was there that he met his wife, and in 1991-92 he won the John B. Sollenberger Trophy as the American Hockey League's leading scorer. In the 1992-93 season, Cape Breton, led by Van Allen, captured the Calder Cup title as American Hockey League Champions.

Once the 1992-93 season had concluded, the Oilers released him. In July 1993 Van Allen signed as a free agent with the expansion Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and became an NHL regular until his retirement in 2005. He spent three seasons in Anaheim and became a versatile forward, able to contribute on the score sheet as well as kill penalties.

On October 1, 1996, Van Allen was acquired by  Ottawa Senators along with defenceman Jason York, and began perhaps his most successful period in the NHL. He spent four productive seasons in Ottawa before unrestricted free agency led him to the Dallas Stars, with whom he signed a two-year contract in July 2000. He spent parts of two seasons in Dallas before he was acquired by the Montreal Canadiens in the early 2001-02 season. After completing the 2001-02 season with Montreal, Van Allen returned to his former team, the Ottawa Senators, as a free agent. He was a regular in the Ottawa lineup in a defensive role until the beginning of the 2004-05 season, when the 2004–05 NHL lockout wiped the season out entirely. Van Allen announced his retirement as an NHL player in 2005.

Career statistics

Other
Van Allen was born in Calgary, Alberta and his family later relocated to Climax, Saskatchewan.

Van Allen served as the Director of Player Evaluation for the Ottawa Senators during the 2006-2007 season, with the responsibility of evaluating all players within the organization including professional players, minor league players, and prospects. He serves as the head coach with Ottawa's Carleton University Ravens of the OUA.

He can be heard on TSN 1200 radio broadcasts of Ottawa Senators games, to which he contributes commentary during pre and post-game shows. As of September 2008, Van Allen has appeared on Rogers TV broadcasts of Senators' games in Ottawa.

References

External links

1967 births
Living people
Cape Breton Oilers players
Dallas Stars players
Edmonton Oilers draft picks
Edmonton Oilers players
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim players
Montreal Canadiens players
Ottawa Senators executives
Ottawa Senators players
Saskatoon Blades players
Ice hockey people from Calgary
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ottawa Senators announcers

Shaun Van Allen


Back Street is a 1932 American pre-Code drama film directed by John M. Stahl and starring Irene Dunne and John Boles. Based on the best-selling novel of the same name by Fannie Hurst, it tells the story of a woman who spends her life as the secret mistress of a wealthy married man. The devotion and love of the woman to the married man determines that she will be the "back streets" of him in the whole life; a story of a love that was not destined. This was the first of three film versions of Hurst's novel; remakes were released in 1941 and 1961.

Plot

In early 1900s Cincinnati, young and beautiful Ray Schmidt (Irene Dunne) works in her father's shop by day and stays out late drinking beer and dancing with various men by night, although her stepmother disapproves. Ray dates for fun, mostly going out with traveling salesmen passing through town, and neither she nor her dates are interested in any permanent attachment. An exception is Kurt Shendler, who owns a bicycle shop near Mr. Schmidt's shop and aspires to get into the automobile business. Kurt is in love with Ray and asks her to marry him, but she refuses because while she likes Kurt, she doesn't return his romantic feelings.

While visiting the train station with Kurt, Ray meets Walter Saxel (John Boles) and the two fall for each other at first sight. Walter soon confesses to Ray that he is actually engaged to another woman in town, Corinne, who comes from a wealthy background and whose mother is friends with his own mother. Nevertheless, he has fallen in love with Ray, and asks her to meet him at a local band concert that he will be attending with his mother. Walter hopes to introduce Ray to his mother and perhaps get her approval of the relationship. On the day of the concert, Ray is late arriving because her younger half-sister Freda is suicidal over her boyfriend, Hugo, leaving town. Freda begs Ray to go after Hugo and stop him, threatening to throw herself out a window if Ray does not help. By the time Ray has dealt with Freda's situation and gotten to the concert, it is over, and Ray cannot find Walter or his mother in the departing crowds. Walter, thinking she stood him up, writes her an angry letter and marries Corinne.

Several years later, Walter, now a rising young financier on Wall Street, runs into Ray who is single and working in New York City. The two renew their acquaintance and realize they still love each other, although Walter is still married and has two children. Walter sets Ray up in an inexpensive apartment and gets her to give up her job so she will be free to see him when he has time. However, his work, family and social commitments sometimes keep him away for long periods of time, causing Ray to feel lonely and isolated. After Walter takes an extended trip to Europe with his wife, leaving Ray alone with insufficient money to live on, she breaks up with him and accepts a proposal from Kurt, who has become a rich automobile manufacturer. Walter goes to Cincinnati to convince her not to marry Kurt and they resume their previous relationship.

Years pass, and Walter has become a wealthy and prominent financier. When he travels he now brings Ray along, although they must keep their relationship hidden and avoid being seen in public together, meaning Ray spends much of her time alone. Ray is the target of gossip and is hated by Walter's adult children, who regard Ray as a gold digger. Walter's son Dick tells Ray to get out of his family's life, but his father Walter walks in on the conversation and tells his son to be more understanding or at least to mind his own business. That night, Walter suffers a massive stroke and dies shortly thereafter. Just before Walter dies, he asks Dick to telephone Ray's number and hears her voice over the phone one last time. Dick, who now understands his father's feelings for Ray, goes to see her and offers to continue to support her. He finds her distraught over Walter's death and also learns that his father had been paying her only a very small amount per month, thus proving that she stayed in the relationship for love, not money. After Dick leaves, Ray dies looking at Walter's picture.

The filmography and production style

Back Street tells the story of Ray Schmidt in a direct fashion, reflecting the very simple perspective of a woman of her kind in the 1930s. The screenplay writers, Gladys Lehman and Fannie Hurst, wrote the story in straightforward chronological order. Director John M. Stahl had a clear, easily comprehensible directing style, making sure that scenes lasted a long time and including mainly far-shots and relatively few close-up scenes. These techniques increase the effect of objectivity in the film and places its emphasis on the tragic aspects of the story itself rather than on its emotional effect on the characters. In certain shots of the film, Stahl only uses a steady camera set up, and in others he allows major movement of the camera.

The scenes are connected with straight fluency, having strong causal connections between each other. The cinematographer, Karl Freund, incorporated pictorial techniques, such as employment of a moving camera on set or changes in lighting, to make the message of the scene more apparent. Freund pioneered the "Unchained Camera", which was revolutionary in its time. A new variety and range of shots were offered with this style of shooting. In Back Street there were few moments of movement in scenes, but when there was movement, the camera was shaky. This most likely occurred because the camera was unchained in Freund's technique.

The performances of the actors were restrained. The portrayals of Ray by Irene Dunne and Walter by John Boles are simple and untheatrical, offering a real-life feel. Unlike many films of this era, Back Street does not seem like a filmed stage play, but a slice-of-life that was relatable and revealing of the truth of many women's lives during the bleak period of the Great Depression.

Cast
 Irene Dunne as Ray Schmidt
 John Boles as Walter Saxel
 George Meeker as Kurt Shendler
 ZaSu Pitts as Mrs. Dole
 June Clyde as Freda Schmidt
 William Bakewell as Richard "Dick" Saxel
 Arletta Duncan as Beth Saxel
 Shirley Grey as Francine
 Doris Lloyd as Corinne Saxel
 Paul Weigel as Adolph Schmidt
 Jane Darwell as Mrs. Schmidt
 James Donlan as  Phothero
 Walter Catlett as  Bakeless
 Robert McWade as Uncle Felix
 Maude Turner Gordon (uncredited) as Mrs. Saxel (Walter's mother)

References

External links

 Back Street, film review in The New York Times by Mordaunt Hall, August 29, 1932

1932 films
1932 drama films
American black-and-white films
Films based on American novels
Universal Pictures films
Films directed by John M. Stahl
American drama films
Adultery in films
Films set in New York City
Films set in Cincinnati
Films set in the 1900s
Films set in the 1910s
Films set in the 1920s
Films based on works by Fannie Hurst
1930s English-language films
1930s American films
English-language drama films

Back Street (1932 film)


"When My Ships Come Sailing Home" is an American song composed by Francis Dorel and lyrics by Reginald Stewart.  The sheet music for the song was distributed as early as 1913 by Boosey & Co, one of the forerunners of the Boosey & Hawkes publishing firm.

The song was recorded by John McCormack representing the Victor label on March 29, 1915. The song failed to peak on American charts during that year.

Lyrics

Sheet Music

The original sheet music is scored for vocals and piano.  According to the sheet music, one is supposed the play the song "Slowly and Evenly".  The composer attempts to emphasize this fact with note telling the player that certain parts are meant to be played "dreamily".  The time signature of the piece is set as common time, or 4:4.  It was produced and distributed by Boosey & Co. in 1913, with a stipulation along the bottom of the cover stating that "This song may be sung in public without fee or license.  The public performance of any parodied version, however, is strictly prohibited".  Four versions of sheet music were distributed; the first version was in the key of "F", the second in the key of "C", the third version in the key of "A flat", and the fourth version in the key of "B flat".  One would be able to differentiate the different versions by looking at the top of the sheet music cover.  The four version would be pictured side by side, and the one that was enclosed would have a line underneath it.

Recordings
The song was first recorded by John McCormack for the Victor "Red Seal" record label on March 29, 1915.  The recording was made in Camden, New Jersey, with the second take of the second take of the song was kept as the master copy for distribution.  McCormack's recording did not place in American charts that year.  The Victor matrix number of his recording is kept as "C-15839".  Various copies of McCormack's recording are available on YouTube.

Further recordings were made by Herbert Witherspoon, Ethel Whiteside, Franklin Booth, each for the Victor recording label.

Witherspoon recorded his version of the song on September 18, 1917, in Camden.  Both takes of his recordings, however, were scrapped.  The Victor matrix number of his recordings is kept as "B-20676".

Ethel Whiteside's recording differed from the previous two in that it was not made with orchestral accompaniment.  Instead, Whiteside was accompanied by piano.  Whiteside's first take recorded on November 6, 1919, was discarded and currently it is unknown if it survives.  The Victor matrix number of her recording is kept as "Trial 1919-11-06-02".

The final recording of the song was made by Franklin Booth on May 26, 1925.  Like Whiteside, Booth was accompanied by piano rather than orchestra.  Of Booth's two takes, the first one was used as the master for distribution while the second was discarded.  The Victor matrix number of his recording is kept as "CVE-32825".

External links
 John McCormack's recording of "When my Ships come Sailing Home"

References

Songs about boats
Songs of World War I
1913 songs
Songs with music by Francis Dorel

When My Ships Come Sailing Home


Richard Fraser (born Richard Mackie Simpson; 15 March 1913 – 19 January 1972) was a Scottish film, television, and stage actor. He is perhaps best known for his role in the 1945 film The Picture of Dorian Gray.

Early life
After graduating from Sedbergh School as Richard Mackie Simpson, Richard's mother divorced and his name was shortened to Richard Mackie. After attending Cambridge University, Richard Mackie studied acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. Having spent time as a London stage actor, Richard emigrated to the US and in New York married Louise Christine Sheldon, the couple then moved to Hollywood before the Second World War. Discovering that there was already a Richard Mackie acting in the US he adopted the stage name Richard Fraser. He then signed a contract with 20th Century Fox and appeared in numerous films.

Career
His American film career reached its peak with his performance as James Vane, the vengeful brother of Sibyl Vane in the film The Picture of Dorian Gray. Richard retired from acting in 1949, returning to Britain in 1961 with his then-wife, US actress Ann Gillis, spending his most of his last decade working for the BBC in export sales.

Selected filmography

 The Ghost Goes West (1935) as Son of MacLaggen (uncredited)
 Man Hunt (1941) as Navigator (uncredited)
 A Yank in the R.A.F. (1941) as Thorndyke
 How Green Was My Valley (1941) as Davy Morgan
 Joan of Paris (1942) as Geoffrey
 Eagle Squadron (1942) as Lt. Jefferys
 Busses Roar (1942) as Dick Remick
 Desperate Journey (1942) as Squadron Leader Clark
 The Gorilla Man (1943) as Lieutenant Walter Sibley
 Truck Busters (1943) as Limey
 Edge of Darkness (1943) as Pastor Aalesen
 Thumbs Up (1943) as Douglas Heath
 Holy Matrimony (1943) as John Leek (uncredited)
 Ladies Courageous (1944) as Col. Andy Brennan
 The Picture of Dorian Gray (1945) as James Vane
 The Fatal Witness (1945) as Inspector William 'Bill' Trent
 Scotland Yard Investigator (1945) as Inspector Cartwright
 Shadow of Terror (1945) as Jim, aka Howard Norton
 White Pongo (1945) as Geoffrey Bishop
 The Tiger Woman (1945) as Stephen Mason
 The Undercover Woman (1946) as Gregory Vixon
 Bedlam (1946) as Hannay
 Blonde for a Day (1946) as Dillingham 'Dilly' Smith
 Cloak and Dagger (1946) as British Submarine Skipper (uncredited)
 The Private Affairs of Bel Ami (1947) as Philippe de Cantel
 Blackmail (1947) as Antoine le Blanc
 The Lone Wolf in London (1947) as David Woolerton
 Raw Deal (1948) as Fields
 Rogues' Regiment (1948) as Rycroft
 The Cobra Strikes (1948) as Michael Kent
 Alaska Patrol (1949) as Operative Farrell (as Dick Fraser)
 The Red Danube (1949) as Transport Pilot (uncredited)

References

External links

1913 births
1972 deaths
Scottish male stage actors
Scottish male film actors
Male actors from Edinburgh
20th-century Scottish male actors
British expatriate male actors in the United States

Richard Fraser (actor)


South Korean architecture refers to any architecture in South Korea, which includes architecture from Neolithic–7th century (B.C.E.), three-kingdoms of Korea, Goryeo, Joseon, Japanese occupation, Korean War, and modern architecture.

Historic architecture

Located in Seoul is the Gwangtonggwan, the oldest continuously-operating bank building in Korea. It was registered as one of city's protected monuments on March 5, 2001.

Joseon Architecture

Post-division architecture

American models heavily influenced new Korean buildings of any importance, with domestic architecture both civil and rural keeping to traditional buildings, building techniques, and using local materials, and local vernacular styles.  The pragmatic need to rebuild a country devastated by exploitative colonization, then a civil war, led to ad hoc buildings with no particular styles, extended repeatedly, and a factory system of simple cheap expendable buildings.  As few Korean cities had a grid-system, and were often given limits by mountains, few if any urban landscapes had a sense of distinction; by the mid-1950s, rural areas were underfunded, urban areas overfilled, and urban sprawl began with little money to build distinctive important buildings.

Buildings were built as quickly as money and demand would allow in a workman-like anonymous way, but without individual identities.  Architects were almost to a man trained in the United States, and brought American design, perspective, and methods without much recourse to the local community look and feel.  As the need for housing for workers increased, traditional hanok villages were razed, hundreds of simple cheap apartments were put up very fast, and bedroom communities on the periphery of the urban centres grew, built and financed as company housing.  Little effort was made to have a sense of an architectural aesthetic.

This urgency for simple fast housing left most Korean downtowns faceless, consisting of rows and rows of bland concrete towers for work or living and local neighborhoods rebuilt with cheap materials.  Little or no attempt was made for planning, if planning had been possible.  In the countryside, traditional building continued.

Well into the 1980s, Korea had architecture, but its buildings had little aesthetic, a limited sense of design, and did not integrate into the neighbourhoods or culture.  Awareness that functionality had reached its limits came quickly as Korea moved into the world through sports culture.
Sports architecture transited to a Korean style.

Sports architecture

South Korea won the 1986 Asian Games and the 1988 Olympic games, which spurred waves of new building activity. To market the country globally, international architects were encouraged to submit designs, introducing alternative concepts for modern architecture that began to put style and form ahead of spartan practicality. Historically, sports architecture has occupied the most money and the greatest expression of form identity within Korea. Hundreds of billions of won have been spent on defining Korea as a sports mecca with the architecture leading the way.

As in the North, most of the largest projects in the South were government sponsored works: but instead worked in confined, rather than open spaces, and worked with huge amounts of enclosed space, primarily in the state subsidized hugely expensive sports architecture. Korea since the 1980s had its most famous architectural works driven by sports: the Asian Games (1986), the Olympics (1988), and the 2002 World Cup stadia, as well as great support being given by the chaebols such as the Samsung Group which itself owned the sports teams for marketing purposes.

Important architects at this time and their works often led by the atelier-style architectural co-operative Space Group of Korea were:

 Park Kil-ryong
 Jungup Kim or Kim Chung-up - Trained in France and designed the Olympic Memorial Gate/World Peace Gate, 1988.
 Jongseong Kim - Weight Lifting Gymnasium, Olympic Park, 1986.
 Kim Su-keun who trained in Tokyo - Olympic Stadium. 1984. Total area is 133,649metres³, 100,000seats, 245×180m diameter, 830 m in perimeter.
 Gyusung Woo - Olympic Village, 1984.

It wasn't until the late 1980s and early 1990s that an entirely new generation of Korean architects had the freedom and the financing to build Korean architecture in a distinct Korean manner. This was a result of architects studying and training in Europe, Canada, and even in South America, and seeing the need for more of a sense of unique style, and more sophisticated materials.

There was a new determination that nationalistic architectural elements had to be revived and refined. Buildings had to mean something within their cultural context.

Technology infrastructure
Naro Space Center is the country's spaceport. It is built on 4.95 million square meters of reclaimed land in Goheung County, South Jeolla.  Scheduled to be completed by the end of 2007 or early 2008, the first launch from the spaceport was in August 2009.

Future architecture

A number of supertall structures are planned for South Korea:
 The 102 Incheon Tower is a twin tower skyscraper, the main feature of a  urban development referred as New Songdo City, located in Incheon. Construction on the $3 billion,  project began in 2013.
 The Busan Lotte Town Tower is a planned 108-floor,  skyscraper, part of an extensive riverfront development in Busan. It was planned to be completed in 2019, but construction was halted in 2013 due to funding issues.

Footnotes

Architecture of South Korea


Koninklijke Voetbal Klub Tienen is a Belgian association football club from the city of Tienen, Flemish Brabant.  It is currently playing in the Belgian National Division 1, the third tier of Belgian football.

History

The club was founded in 1921 as R.C. Tirlemont (Tirlemont is the French for Tienen) and it became a member of the Belgian Football Association in 1922 with matricule number 132. It reached the second division in 1931 and it won its league in 1937 to access to the first division. However it remained only one season at the top level as the club finished 14th and last of the division.

In 1951 the club was renamed as R.R.C. Tirlemont. Between 1957 and 1967 Tirlemont spent 10 seasons at lower levels and played one more season in the second division in 1967–68 finishing last. In 1973 there was a new name change to R.R.C. Tienen.

Eight years later Matricule 132 merged with the Voorwaarts Tienen to become K.V.K. Tienen. The KVK accessed to the second division in 1999. In spite of a 17th place (on 18) in 2002 the club remained in the second division for two more seasons as K.R.C. Zuid-West-Vlaanderen was refused its license.  In 2004 the 17th place at which Tienen finished the championship caused it to be relegated to the third division.

In 2006, KVK Tienen promoted back to the Belgian second division but was relegated six years later. Nicky Hayen is currently coach for team. In 2013 the club declared bankruptcy and had to be refounded. In doing so they changed their name to KVK Tienen-Hageland, nevertheless they were demoted by the Belgian FA to the fourth division where it won its group to earn promotion back to the third tier after a season away.

Current squad

References

External links
 Official website
 Belgian football clubs history
 RSSSF Archive – 1st and 2nd division final tables

Association football clubs established in 1921
Tienen
1921 establishments in Belgium
Tienen
Belgian Pro League clubs

K.V.K. Tienen-Hageland


The Cleveland Baseball Federation (CBF) is a non-profit charity that helps to fund sandlot baseball programs for inner city youth in Cleveland, Ohio. Founded in 1936, the CBF estimates that the program has served more than 60,000 inner city children.

The CBF works with Cleveland's Recreation Department by helping to administer the department's sandlot baseball program.

Charitable donations and corporate sponsorships allows CBF to fully fund programs for over 7,000 Cleveland youths, on 354 teams in 2005. The CBF also provides funding for 175 adult teams serving 3,818 adults in the greater Cleveland area. In addition to baseball programs the CBF also provides:
 Health insurance to each child enrolled in its programs
 Educational scholarships
 Training for coaches and umpires serving the teams and the leagues
 Personal development programs for participants to help break the cycle of poverty in Cleveland

Registration for the program begins in April of each year and concludes with Championship games in August.

The CBF also enjoys a close working relationship with the Cleveland Indians baseball club, and players frequently interact with CBF teams and help with appearances at fund raisers for the organization.

External links
The Cleveland Baseball Federation

Organizations based in Cleveland
Baseball in Cleveland
Sports organizations established in 1936
1936 establishments in Ohio

Cleveland Baseball Federation


Barbara Montgomery (born June 25, 1939) is an American stage, television and film actress, and theatrical and film director. She is best known for her performance in Amen (1986-1990).

Career
Born in Queens, Montgomery began her career on the stage in the 1960s in Off-Off-Broadway theatrical groups. She was a member of Negro Ensemble Company and the La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club. In the early 1970s, she starred as "Mama" in the Off-Broadway production of My Sister, My Sister for which she earned an Obie Award. The play later ran on Broadway from April to August 1974 for which Montgomery reprised her role.

In 1986, Montgomery won the role of Cassietta Hetebrink on the NBC sitcom Amen. Montgomery played the role for four years before leaving the series in 1990. Later that year, she starred in the short-lived ABC program Married People as Olivia Williams. She has also appeared on many shows such as A Different World, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Disneyland, and Living Single.

In 2013, Montgomery made her directorial debut with the historical film Mitote, starring Ruby Dee and S. Epatha Merkerson.

Work

References

External links

1939 births
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from New York (state)
African-American actresses
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American theatre directors
American women theatre directors
American women film directors
Living people
Actresses from Queens, New York
Film directors from New York City
20th-century African-American women singers
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American people

Barbara Montgomery


An air door or air curtain is a machine used for separating two spaces from each other.  The machine is mainly used at doors into buildings.  The most common setup for air curtains is a downward-facing blower fan placed over an opening.  Normally this opening is a door to a building.  The fan stops outside air from entering the building to keep the building warm or cool.  The air curtain also keeps insects out by making turbulence.  The fan must be powerful enough to generate a jet of air that can reach the floor. They can also be heated or cooled as well to provide space heating or space cooling to an area.

Temperature
Heat transfer
HVAC

Air door


The Church of St Peter and St Paul, Heytesbury is the Church of England parish church for the parish of Heytesbury with Tytherington and Knook, Wiltshire, England. It was a collegiate church from the 12th century until 1840. The present building is largely 13th-century and is designated as Grade I listed.

History
A church was mentioned at Hestrebe in the Domesday Book of 1086. The church was given to Salisbury Cathedral by Henry I in about 1115, together with the church of Godalming, Surrey, and lands lying beside the two churches, to form a prebend. Shortly after this the church became collegiate, with the head of the college the canon who held the prebend at the Cathedral.

A charter granted by bishop Josceline (or Jocelin) between 1150 and 1160 established four canons at Heytesbury. Their income included tithes from Tytherington, where there was a chapel, and from Horningsham; the churches of Hill Deverill and Swallowcliffe; and land at Wilton. From about 1220 the prebend of Heytesbury was annexed to the deanery of Salisbury, thus the Dean of Salisbury was also Dean of Heytesbury. Most collegiate churches were abolished in 1547 as part of the Reformation but Heytesbury continued until it was suppressed, along with the other remaining non-residential deaneries, by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners Act 1840.

Architecture and interior
The large cruciform church dates from the 13th century, although a fragment of earlier work survives: one pier of the north aisle, with a scalloped capital, is partly from the late 12th century.

The low tower over the crossing was completed in the 14th century and the clerestory was added in the mid-15th.

The south chapel, founded c. 1316, is dedicated to St Catherine. In the north transept, Walter Hungerford founded a chapel in 1421; the 16th-century stone screen survives.

The tower has six bells: the tenor is from c. 1460, alongside two from the 17th century and two from the 18th.

The vestry and the gabled south porch are from the 19th century. Restoration in 1864-7 was by William Butterfield and included rebuilding of the north and south aisles; interior work included the addition of a coloured marble font in the south aisle, new pews, a polychrome tiled floor, and stained glass by Alexander Gibbs. Pevsner criticised the restoration, describing the buildings as "A large and impressive church, but an over-restored one [...] which makes it externally more rewarding from a distance than from near by and internally disappointing in spite of its undeniable grandeur". However, he added that "Most of the glass of Butterfield's restoration is good and characteristic. Pale colours, good leading."

The organ was installed in 1854 by J.W. Walker, having been moved from St Mary's, Bermondsey, London. It was taken down during Butterfield's restoration and reconstructed in 1867 in a new position, with new case fronts in deal.

The building was designated as Grade I listed in 1968.

Parish
Dependent churches and chapels of Heytesbury were those nearby at Tytherington, Knook, Hill Deverill, Horningsham, and the more distant church at Swallowcliffe, some  to the south.

In 1885 the benefice of Heytesbury-with-Tytherington was united with Knook, and this union was reaffirmed in 1970. In 1976 the parishes of Sutton Veny and Norton Bavant were added. Since 2000 the church has been served by the Upper Wylye Valley team.

Parish registers survive from 1653 and are held by the Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre at Chippenham.

References

External links

Church of England church buildings in Wiltshire
Grade I listed churches in Wiltshire
13th-century church buildings in England
Former collegiate churches in England


Politically Incorrect is an American late-night, half-hour political talk show hosted by Bill Maher that aired from 1993 to 2002. It premiered on Comedy Central in 1993, before moving to ABC in January 1997. On September 17, 2001, Bill Maher criticized United States foreign policy on the show and argued that the perpetrators of the September 11 terrorist attacks were not cowards. The comments were widely condemned, and while Maher later apologized, major advertisers stopped advertising with the show. The show was canceled in 2002.

The show first originated from New York City, but soon moved to Los Angeles. The New York episodes were shot at the CBS Broadcast Center and the Los Angeles episodes at CBS Television City, where it remained even after its move to ABC.

The first episode featured comedian Jerry Seinfeld, Howard Stern co-host Robin Quivers, Republican Party strategist Ed Rollins, and comedian Larry Miller. Frequent guests included Dave Matthews, Arianna Huffington, Michael McKean, Ann Coulter, Carrot Top, and Christine O'Donnell.

References

Other websites

1993 American television series debuts
2002 American television series endings

Politically Incorrect


Statistical machine translation (SMT) was a machine translation approach, that superseded the previous, rule-based approach because it required explicit description of each and every linguistic rule, which was costly, and which often did not generalize to other languages. Since 2003, the statistical approach itself has been gradually superseded by the deep learning-based neural network approach.

The first ideas of statistical machine translation were introduced by Warren Weaver in 1949, including the ideas of applying Claude Shannon's information theory. Statistical machine translation was re-introduced in the late 1980s and early 1990s by researchers at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center

Basis

The idea behind statistical machine translation comes from information theory. A document is translated according to the probability distribution  that a string  in the target language (for example, English) is the translation of a string  in the source language (for example, French).

The problem of modeling the probability distribution  has been approached in a number of ways.  One approach which lends itself well to computer implementation is to apply Bayes Theorem, that is , where the translation model  is the probability that the source string is the translation of the target string, and the language model  is the probability of seeing that target language string. This decomposition is attractive as it splits the problem into two subproblems. Finding the best translation  is done by picking up the one that gives the highest probability:
.

For a rigorous implementation of this one would have to perform an exhaustive search by going through all strings  in the native language. Performing the search efficiently is the work of a machine translation decoder that uses the foreign string, heuristics and other methods to limit the search space and at the same time keeping acceptable quality. This trade-off between quality and time usage can also be found in speech recognition.

As the translation systems were not able to store all native strings and their translations, a document was typically translated sentence by sentence, but even this was not enough. Language models were typically approximated by smoothed n-gram models, and similar approaches have been applied to translation models, but there was additional complexity due to different sentence lengths and word orders in the languages.

The statistical translation models were initially word based (Models 1-5 from IBM Hidden Markov model from Stephan Vogel and Model 6 from Franz-Joseph Och), but significant advances were made with the introduction of phrase based models.  Later work incorporated syntax or quasi-syntactic structures.

Benefits

The most frequently cited benefits of statistical machine translation over rule-based approach were:

 More efficient use of human and data resources
There were many parallel corpora in machine-readable format and even more monolingual data.
Generally, SMT systems were not tailored to any specific pair of languages.
 More fluent translations owing to use of a language model

Shortcomings

 Corpus creation can be costly.
 Specific errors are hard to predict and fix.
 Results may have superficial fluency that masks translation problems.
 Statistical machine translation usually works less well for language pairs with significantly different word order.
 The benefits obtained for translation between Western European languages are not representative of results for other language pairs, owing to smaller training corpora and greater grammatical differences.

Phrase-based translation

In phrase-based translation, the aim was to reduce the restrictions of word-based translation by translating whole sequences of words, where the lengths may differ. The sequences of words were called blocks or phrases, however, typically they were not linguistic phrases, but phrasemes that were found using statistical methods from corpora. It has been shown that restricting the phrases to linguistic phrases (syntactically motivated groups of words, see syntactic categories) decreased the quality of translation.

The chosen phrases were further mapped one-to-one based on a phrase translation table, and could be reordered. This table could be learnt based on word-alignment, or directly from a parallel corpus. The second model was trained using the expectation maximization algorithm, similarly to the word-based IBM model.

Syntax-based translation

Syntax-based translation was based on the idea of translating syntactic units, rather than single words or strings of words (as in phrase-based MT), i.e. (partial) parse trees of sentences/utterances. Until the 1990s, with advent of strong stochastic parsers, the statistical counterpart of the old idea of syntax-based translation did not take off. Examples of this approach included DOP-based MT and later synchronous context-free grammars.

Hierarchical phrase-based translation
Hierarchical phrase-based translation combined the phrase-based and syntax-based approaches to translation. It used synchronous context-free grammar rules, but the grammars could be constructed by an extension of methods for phrase-based translation without reference to linguistically motivated syntactic constituents. This idea was first introduced in Chiang's Hiero system (2005).

Challenges with statistical machine translation

Problems that statistical machine translation did not solve included:

Sentence alignment
In parallel corpora single sentences in one language can be found translated into several sentences in the other and vice versa. Long sentences may be broken up, short sentences may be merged. There are even some languages that use writing systems without clear indication of a sentence end (for example, Thai). Sentence aligning can be performed through the Gale-Church alignment algorithm. Through this and other mathematical models efficient search and retrieval of the highest scoring sentence alignment is possible.

Word alignment
Sentence alignment is usually either provided by the corpus or obtained by aforementioned Gale-Church alignment algorithm. To learn e.g. the translation model, however, we need to know which words align in a source-target sentence pair. The IBM-Models or the HMM-approach were attempts at solving this challenge.

Function words that have no clear equivalent in the target language were another challenge for the statistical models. For example, when translating from English to German, the sentence "John does not live here," the word "does" doesn't have a clear alignment in the translated sentence "John wohnt hier nicht." Through logical reasoning, it may be aligned with the words "wohnt" (as in English it contains grammatical information for the word "live") or "nicht" (as it only appears in the sentence because it is negated) or it may be unaligned.

Statistical anomalies
An example of such an anomaly was that "I took the train to Berlin" was mis-translated as "I took the train to Paris" due to the statistical  abundance of "train to Paris" in the training set.

Idioms

Depending on the corpora used, idioms could not translate "idiomatically". For example, using Canadian Hansard as the bilingual corpus, "hear" was almost invariably translated to "Bravo!" since in Parliament "Hear, Hear!" becomes "Bravo!".

This problem is connected with word alignment, as in very specific contexts the idiomatic expression aligned with words that resulted in an idiomatic expression of the same meaning in the target language. However, it is unlikely, as the alignment usually doesn't work in any other contexts. For that reason, idioms could only be subjected to phrasal alignment, as they could not be decomposed further without losing their meaning. This problem was specific for word-based translation.

Different word orders

Word order in languages differ. Some classification can be done by naming the typical order of subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in a sentence and one can talk, for instance, of SVO or VSO languages. There are also additional differences in word orders, for instance, where modifiers for nouns are located, or where the same words are used as a question or a statement.

In speech recognition, the speech signal and the corresponding textual representation can be mapped to each other in blocks in order. This is not always the case with the same text in two languages. For SMT, the machine translator can only manage small sequences of words, and word order has to be thought of by the program designer. Attempts at solutions have included re-ordering models, where a distribution of location changes for each item of translation is guessed from aligned bi-text. Different location changes can be ranked with the help of the language model and the best can be selected.

Out of vocabulary (OOV) words

SMT systems typically store different word forms as separate symbols without any relation to each other and word forms
or phrases that were not in the training data cannot be translated. This might be because of the lack of training data, changes in the human domain where the system is used, or differences in morphology.

See also

 AppTek
 Cache language model
 Duolingo
 Europarl corpus
 Example-based machine translation
 Google Translate
 Hybrid machine translation
 Microsoft Translator
 Moses (machine translation), free software
 Rule-based machine translation
 SDL Language Weaver
 Statistical parsing

Notes and references

External links
 Annotated list of statistical natural language processing resources — Includes links to freely available statistical machine translation software

Machine translation
Statistical natural language processing

Statistical machine translation


The "Wind of Change" speech was an address made by British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan to the Parliament of South Africa on 3 February 1960 in Cape Town. He had spent a month in Africa in visiting a number of British colonies. When the Labour Party was in government from 1945 to 1951, it had started a process of decolonisation, but the policy had been halted or at least slowed down by the Conservative governments since 1951. Macmillan's speech signalled that the Conservative Party, which formed the British government, would no longer impede independence for many of those territories.

The speech acquired its name from a quotation embedded in it:

The wind of change is blowing through this continent. Whether we like it or not, this growth of national consciousness is a political fact.

The occasion was in fact the second time on which Macmillan had given the speech. He had first delivered it in Accra, Ghana (formerly the British colony of the Gold Coast) on 10 January 1960 but with little reaction. This time, however, it received press attention, at least partly because of the stony reception that greeted it. Macmillan's Cape Town speech also made it clear that he included South Africa in his comments, and it indicated a shift in British policy in regard to South African apartheid:

As a fellow member of the Commonwealth it is our earnest desire to give South Africa our support and encouragement, but I hope you won't mind my saying frankly that there are some aspects of your policies which make it impossible for us to do this without being false to our own deep convictions about the political destinies of free men to which in our own territories we are trying to give effect.The White Tribe of Africa, David Harrison, University of California Press, 1983, p. 163

The speech is also commonly referred to as the "Winds of Change" speech, although "wind" was singular in the original. Macmillan himself titled the first volume of his memoirs Winds of Change (1966).

Background
Harold Macmillan, leader of the Conservative Party, was the British prime minister from 1957 to 1963. He presided over a time of increasing national prosperity and the easing of Cold War tensions. However, the British Empire, which had spanned a quarter of the world in 1921, was beginning to become financially unsustainable to the British government. Spurred by increasing nationalism in Africa and in Asia, the government made the decision to initiate the process of decolonisation by granting the empire's various colonies independence.

The British Empire had begun its dissolution after the end of the Second World War. Many in Britain had come to the conclusion that running the empire had become more trouble than it was worth. International factors which contributed to that conclusion and helped to initiate decolonisation included the fear of Soviet penetration into Africa. The United States was putting pressure on the United Kingdom; the U.S. government wanted Britain to decolonize to gain access to new markets and resources, and also believed that decolonization was necessary to prevent communism becoming an attractive option to African nationalist movements.

Meanwhile, African nationalists were becoming increasingly demanding in their initiative for self-rule. The path to majority rule in Southern Africa proved more problematic because the white populations of the British and Portuguese colonies and of the Union of South Africa, a self-governing dominion, were hostile towards the idea of black majority rule.

The independence of British Somaliland in 1960, along with the "Wind of Change" speech that Macmillan delivered in South Africa earlier that same year, marked the start of a decade in which the dismantling of the British Empire reached its climax, with 27 former colonies in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean becoming independent nations.

African nationalism
African nationalism escalated during the Second World War. The British needed secure control over their African colonies for resources to fight the Axis powers. For their help throughout the war, the African colonies wanted to receive rewards in the form of political and economic opportunity. They became bitter when those rewards were not presented to them and so they started to campaign for independence.

The British West African colony of the Gold Coast had become a place of great promise for the African independence movement in the 1950s, since its average level of education was the highest in all of Sub-Saharan Africa, and its people strongly supported the independence movement. The Gold Coast nationalists had campaigned for home rule even before the Second World War, before most other colonies of the British Empire had initiated the process of decolonization. After the war, Kwame Nkrumah's Convention People's Party (CPP) orchestrated a campaign of civil disobedience in support of self-government. In the 1951 election, the CPP won 34 of 38 seats; Nkrumah became prime minister, and the colony became independent under Nkrumah's leadership as Ghana in 1957.

Meanwhile, in other colonies of Africa the desire for independence was countered by opposition from white settlers, who generally dominated the colonies politically and economically. They asserted their dominance by their denial of universal suffrage to Africans and by efforts to persuade the British government to consolidate colonial territories into federations. However, the white settler minority could not contain the sense of African nationalism. There were warnings that without a quick transfer of power, African nationalism would undermine colonial rule anyway. To obtain co-operation from the new African governments, the British government would need to decolonise and grant them independence or at least self-rule, which was thought to be a good substitute for direct control of the area.

By 1960, Macmillan's Conservative government was becoming worried about the effects of violent confrontations with African nationalists in the Belgian Congo and French Algeria. The Conservatives feared that violent activity would spill over into the British colonies. Macmillan went to Africa to circulate and deliver his "Wind of Change" speech, which is named for its line: "The wind of change is blowing through this continent and whether we like it or not, this growth of national consciousness is a political fact. We must all accept it as a fact, and our national policies must take account of it". Soon after the speech, Iain Macleod, Colonial Secretary (1959-1961), decreased the original timetable for independence in East Africa by a decade. Independence was granted to Tanganyika in 1961, Uganda in 1962 and Kenya in 1963.

Consequences
Besides restating the policy of decolonisation, the speech marked political shifts that were to occur within the next year or so, in the Union of South Africa and the United Kingdom. The formation of the Republic of South Africa in 1961 and the country's departure from the Commonwealth of Nations were the result of a number of factors, but the change in the British government's attitude to decolonization is usually considered to have been significant.

In South Africa, the speech was received with discomfort. There was an extended backlash against it from the right wing of the Conservative Party, which wished for Britain to retain its colonial possessions. The speech led directly to the formation of the Conservative Monday Club, a pressure group.

Original delivery and impact in South Africa

The year 1960 was rife with change. It had the surprising announcement by South African Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd that a referendum would be held on whether South Africa should become a republic. After Macmillan's speech on 3 February, there was an assassination attempt made against Verwoerd on 9 April. Later, the African National Congress (ANC) and Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC) were declared illegal in a state of emergency, along with other controversies.
Macmillan did not compose the speech commonly known as the "Winds of Change" himself, but had input from numerous friends and colleagues who helped derive the perfect wording for the delicate situation. He wanted to separate the British nation but also to inspire the black nationalists there to pursue their freedom and equality subtly. The other hidden motive was that there was much pressure from the U.S. government for all European nations to initiate decolonization. By announcing to the world that Britain was fully committed to the process of decolonization, he opened it up to more political opportunity. The speech was a bold attempt to address multiple parties and interests at once.

Before he delivered the speech, Macmillan went on a six-week tour of Africa that began on 5 January. He began with Ghana, Nigeria, Rhodesia and Nyasaland and then South Africa, where the meeting finally happened with Verwoerd. Macmillan tried to explain the necessity of change brought upon them by the two world wars.

Macmillan delivered his speech for multiple reasons. The speech related mainly to the separation of Britain from its South African colonies, but it also referred to discontent with the system of apartheid, and held positive political results for the British government. The speech held the promise of major policy change on the topic of their decolonisation, and it was actually delivered twice in two different locations. It was first given in Ghana, but there was no press coverage, and few people even attended the event in Accra. The second delivery, more widely reported, occurred on 3 February in Cape Town, and was met with very mixed reviews.

If the speech would be judged on its quality of deliverance and content, it would be considered a success. When considering if the speech was successful, one must place it next to its objectives. Since it lays down a relatively clear understanding of Britain's intended exit as a colonial power in Africa, it achieved its purpose in the larger scheme. However, since there are indications that Macmillan's intent was to sway White South Africans to abandon Verwoerd's apartheid dogma, that part of the speech was a failure. The speech was an important moment to have such a distinguished and powerful figure from the Western world admonishing the practices and encouraging the black nationalists to achieve equality, but it still was not as groundbreaking or immediately effective as was the implied intent.

There was some belief that the policy outlined in the speech was seen as "British abdication in Africa" and "the cynical abandonment of white settlers". Not everyone felt that it was the right move for the nation to make, but there was a slightly ambiguous reaction from some of the black nationalists, who had been prevented from meeting Macmillan, presumably by Verwoerd, over the course of his visit and were skeptical about his speech at first. Small groups of ANC supporters gathered in both Johannesburg and Cape Town, and stood in silence while they held placards with urgings directed at Macmillan. They wanted him to talk with Congress leaders, and reached out to him with banners saying, "Mac, Verwoerd is not our leader". It is even said that Mandela thought the speech was "terrific"; he later made a speech before the British Parliament in 1996 that specifically recalled Macmillan's address. Also, Albert Luthuli noted that in the speech, Macmillan gave African people "some inspiration and hope".

Some people indicated that Macmillan was very nervous for the entire speech. He would turn the pages with obvious difficulty, since he was knowingly presenting a speech that he had intentionally withheld from Verwoerd. He had declined to give Verwoerd an advance copy, but merely summed up the main content.

When the speech was complete, there was visible shock on Verwoerd's face. He apparently leapt up from his seat and immediately responded to Macmillan. He was reportedly calm and collected when he gave his response, which was widely admired by the public. He had to save face when Macmillan had dropped a ticking time bomb into the speech, but he managed to respond quickly and well in a game of words to which he was not accustomed. He famously responded by saying, "There must not only be justice to the Black man in Africa, but also to the White man". He said that the Europeans had no other home, for Africa was their home now too, and that they also were taking a strong stand against communism, for their ways were grounded in Christian values.
Saul Dubow stated, "The unintended effect of the speech was to help empower Verwoerd by reinforcing his dominance over domestic politics and by assisting him make two hitherto separate strands of his political career seem mutually reinforcing: republican nationalism on the one hand and apartheid ideology on the other".

Today, the draft and the final copies of the speech are housed in University of Oxford's Bodleian Library.

British reactions and attitudes at home
Most of the reaction following the speech can be seen as a direct response from Conservatives within the British government at the time. Macmillan's speech can officially be seen as a declaration of a change in policy regarding the British Empire, but prior government actions had already moved towards a slow process of decolonisation in Africa. However, that gradual policy of relinquishing Federation-owned colonies was originally intended to target only areas in West Africa. Areas outside of that particular confinement with European inhabitants were not at first seen as threatened by the gradual decolonisation initiated by the British government. As such, the aftermath of Macmillan's speech brought not only great surprise but also a feeling of betrayal and distrust by members of the Conservative Party at the time. Lord Kilmuir, a member of Macmillan's Cabinet at the time of the speech, went on to regard:

Few utterances in recent history have had more grievous consequences... in Kenya the settlers spoke bitterly of a betrayal, and the ministers of the Federation approached the British government with equal suspicion.

These feelings not only resounded with European settlers in the African colonies but also were shared by members of Macmillan's own party who felt that he had taken the party line down the wrong direction. That was illustrated through the speed and scale with which decolonisation occurred. Following the speech, the British government felt pressure from within from economic and political interests surrounding the colonies. Lord Salisbury, another member of the Conservative Party, felt that European settlers in Kenya, alongside the African populace, would prefer to remain under British rule regardless.

Prior to the speech, the Federation government had dismissed suggestions that black-majority rule would be the best action in the colonies of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Because the copperbelt ran through Northern Rhodesia, economic interests presented themselves as an opponent to decolonization. That example can help to illustrate some of the feelings of resentment and betrayal felt by fellow members of the Conservative Party after Macmillan's speech. Additionally, the fear that Britain would appear weak or unstable by a rapid decolonisation of her various colonies was of great concern to many Conservatives at the time of the speech. Although Macmillan argued in his oration that Britain's power had not faded, the economic effects if the empire was seen as weak would prove worrisome.

On the other hand, other British reactions were concerned with whether the speech truly carried an authentic tone. In the speech, Macmillan addressed British opposition to apartheid; the fact that the address was officially made in South Africa left media outlets in Britain to question whether there would be any sort of immediate change in policy. Alongside the issue of apartheid, the process of decolonisation as indicated by Macmillan brought forth questions as for the legitimacy and responsibilities of colonial powers once the colonies had been granted independence. Many felt that countries such as Ghana, which were among the first to be granted independence from British rule, were decolonised so quickly only by a lack of economic interests pushing against decolonization. Those factors not only created a clash of ideals at home between conservative forces and those who wished to initiate the process of decolonization but also worked to complicate relations between Britain and other nations.

Conservative Monday Club

As a result of the "Wind of Change" speech, Members of Parliament formed the Conservative Monday Club in attempts to debate party policy change and prevent decolonization. In addition, the motivation behind the group also was founded on the notion that Macmillan had not accurately represented the party's original aims and goals. As a result, the members of the organisation rigidly opposed decolonisation in all forms and represented the feelings of betrayal and distrust following foreign policy changes after the "Wind of Change" speech. Many Conservatives saw the speech as another step towards a complete dismantling of the empire. The Conservative Monday Club was founded as a direct result of Macmillan's address and as such the reaction of the Conservative Party at home can be seen as both resentful and distrustful of Macmillan.

References

External links
 Recorded speech in full from BBC Archives
 1960: Macmillan speaks of 'wind of change' in Africa, BBC News Online: On this day, 3 February 2008.
 "Wind of Change" speech. Analysis from About.com

1960 in international relations
1960 in South Africa
Commonwealth of Nations
Cold War speeches
Wind of Change Speech
History of South Africa
History of the Commonwealth of Nations
South Africa–United Kingdom relations
Speeches about colonialism
February 1960 events in Africa
South Africa and the Commonwealth of Nations
United Kingdom and the Commonwealth of Nations
1960 speeches
1960 in the British Empire
Harold Macmillan

Wind of Change (speech)


Helena Hubertina Johanna "Lenny" Kuhr (born 22 February 1950) is a Dutch singer-songwriter.

Career

In 1967, she started a singing career in the Netherlands, performing songs in the French chanson tradition. In 1969, she represented the Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest with her composition "De troubadour" (lyrics by David Hartsema; orchestra conducted by Franz de Kok). She was one of the four winners that year.

In the early seventies, Kuhr was more successful in France than in her home country. In 1970 she toured with Georges Brassens. Late 1971 she had a top 10 hit in France with "Jesus Christo".

In 1980, she had her biggest hit in the Netherlands: "Visite", a song she performed with the French group Les Poppys. She has been releasing records ever since, though without major chart success.

Lenny Kuhr was one of the artists who recorded the song "Shalom from Holland" (written by Simon Hammelburg and Ron Klipstein) as a token of solidarity to the Israeli people, threatened by missiles from Iraq, during the Gulf War in 1991.

Lenny Kuhr performed "De troubadour" during the interval of the Grand Final of the Eurovision Song Contest on Saturday 22 May 2021 in Rotterdam, in a segment called "Rock the Roof", together with other Eurovision winners.

Personal life
Kuhr's first marriage was in 1974 to an Israeli doctor, whom she met after she had her nose damaged in an attack in May 1973, in Haarlem. Her new husband repaired her nose and Kuhr converted to Judaism. She had two daughters with her first husband, one in 1975 and the second in 1980. She also lived in Israel for a while.

After her divorce, Kuhr was romantically involved with songwriter Herman Pieter de Boer, from 1981 to 1993.

She was married for a second time in 2003.

Discography
1969: Lenny Kuhr
1971: De zomer achterna
1972: Tout ce que j'aime / Les enfants
1972: De wereld waar ik van droom
1974: God laat ons vrij
1976: 'n Dag als vandaag
1980: Dromentrein
1981: Avonturen
1982: Oog in oog
1983: De beste van Lenny Kuhr (compilation album)
1986: Quo vadis
1988: Lenny Kuhr (compilation album)
1990: Het beste van Lenny Kuhr (compilation album)
1990: De blauwe nacht
1992: Heilig vuur
1994: Altijd heimwee
1997: Gebroken stenen (also released in German as Gebrochene Steine)
1997: Stemmen in de nacht
1999: Oeverloze liefde
2000: Visite (compilation album)
2001: Hollands glorie (compilation album)
2001: Fadista
2004: Op de grens van jou en mij
2005: Panta Rhei
2007: 40 Jaar verliefd (live album)
2010: Hollands glorie (compilation album)
2010: Mijn liedjes mijn leven (CD/DVD boxset)
2011: Liefdeslied
2013: Wie ben je
2017: Gekust door de eeuwigheid
2019: Het lied gaat door
2021: Favorieten Expres (compilation album)
2022: Lenny Kuhr

References

External links

1950 births
Living people
Converts to Judaism
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for the Netherlands
Dutch expatriates in Israel
Dutch women singers
Dutch Jews
Dutch singer-songwriters
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1969
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Jewish Dutch musicians
Musicians from Eindhoven
Philips Records artists
Nationaal Songfestival contestants
Nationaal Songfestival presenters

Lenny Kuhr


Broken is the seventh book in the Grant County series by author Karin Slaughter. It was originally released in hardback in June 2010. The previous books in the series are Blindsighted, Kisscut, A Faint Cold Fear, Indelible, Faithless and Beyond Reach.

These books feature the characters Sara Linton, Will Trent, and Lena Adams. The audiobook version is narrated by Natalie Ross.

Plot summary

Broken begins with the murder of college student Allison Spooner. When the body is pulled from frigid Lake Grant, detective Lena Adams and her often drunk boss, interim Chief of Police Frank Wallace, follow a trail that leads to the suicide of the prime suspect, Tommy Braham, in his jail cell. The suicide spurs the involvement of Dr. Sara Linton, back in town for Thanksgiving with her family. Still incredibly angry with Lena over her role in Sara's husband's death, and convinced Lena's callous and reckless behavior has led to the possibly innocent suspect's death, Sara calls in back-up from the Georgia Bureau of Investigation. Upon arriving in town, Agent Will Trent immediately meets with resistance from the Grant County Police Department. Despite the roadblocks, he unveils serious errors and deliberate cover-ups in the investigation, perpetrated mainly by Frank Wallace. Soon after, Allison's boyfriend Jason is brutally killed in his dorm room. This definitively points to a murderer still on the loose, clearing Tommy Braham of any lingering suspicion. After discovering a secret link between all three victims, Will and Sara must pull all the pieces together in time to track down the killer.

References

2010 American novels
American crime novels
Novels set in Georgia (U.S. state)
Delacorte Press books

Broken (Slaughter novel)


The Bridge at Narni () is an 1826 painting of the Ponte d'Augusto at Narni by French artist Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot. The painting is on display at the Musée du Louvre in Paris.

It was painted in September 1826 and was the basis for the larger and more finished View at Narni, which was exhibited at the Salon of 1827 and is in the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa.

The view was not a novel one: in 1821 Corot's teacher, Achille-Etna Michallon had drawn the same scene, as had Corot's friend Ernst Fries in 1826. Art historian Peter Galassi describes Corot's study as a reconciliation of traditional and plein air painting objectives:

So deeply did Corot admire Claude and Poussin, so fully did he understand their work, that from the outset he viewed nature in their terms....In less than a year (since his arrival in Rome) he had realized his goal of closing the gap between the empirical freshness of outdoor painting and the organizing principles of classical landscape composition.

References

1826 paintings
Paintings by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot
Paintings in the Louvre by French artists
Bridges in art

The Bridge at Narni