Thomas Yeoman (1709 or 1710 – 23 January 1781) was a millwright, surveyor and civil engineer who played a significant part in the early industrial revolution and became the first president of the first engineering society in the world, the Society of Civil Engineers, now known as the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers.

Northampton

Although his origin and early life are obscure, he was probably born in Somerset and is first known as a wheelwright skilled in "turning iron & Brass, & making machinery for grinding" recruited by Edward Cave to operate a water-powered cotton roller-spinning mill at Northampton in 1741 under licence from Lewis Paul. He was here with his wife Sarah and their son James. Yeoman established himself as a millwright constructing machinery such as ventilators invented by the clergyman Stephen Hales and began to take an active part in Northampton's business. Yeoman was a notable member of the local Baptist Church in College Lane. Yeoman's contribution to society in general was rewarded when he became president of the Northampton Philosophical Society. This society met in his house and included the inventor William Shipley and nonconformist leader Philip Doddridge among its members.

As his social standing rose he moved first to Gold Street, where he built and sold scientific instruments, and then to Bridge Street. His ventilators sold as far as Rotterdam, for use on the British merchant fleet. He also first surveyed the river Nene in 1744.

Yeoman and his wife had another son, Samuel, before Sarah died in 1746. He married Anne Remington on 18 August 1747 and they had a son Thomas in 1748 and a daughter Anne in 1752.

Yeoman's talents also extended to surveying, which he was already trying his hand at in 1752 when he drew up a map of the estate of the late Bartholomew Clarke of Hardingstone, a wealthy Turkey Merchant and grandfather of Edward Bouverie, who would later purchase Delapre Abbey.

London
In 1756, Yeoman moved to London where he advertised his services in The Gentleman's Magazine and took up residence in Little Peter Street, Westminster. He had Admiralty contracts to install ventilators both in ships of the fleet and in their naval hospitals. He also ventilated the Drury Lane Theatre and the Houses of Parliament. He was elected to the Society of Arts which was founded by his friend William Shipley in the 1760s. He introduced other members and he was the active chairman of the Committee of Mechanics for many years.

On arrival in London he gave evidence to the parliamentary commission for the River Nene and in 1758 was employed as surveyor and engineer on the works. After this his main work was as surveyor and engineer on numerous canal and river navigations including the Stort, Lea, Chelmer, Medway, Stroud and Thames. In many of these he worked as an assistant to John Smeaton and a major achievement was the Limehouse Cut which allowed shipping to avoid the sinuous River Lea. As early as 1763 he was described as a "surveyor and civil engineer" by Thomas Mortimer's Universal Director, together with John Smeaton, one of the first recorded uses of the term. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1764, described on his application citation as an Inspector of Ventilators in his Majestys Fleet.

In 1771 Smeaton and Yeoman were joined Robert Mylne, Joseph Nickalls (1725–1793), John Grundy, John Thompson, and James King at the King's Head in Holborn where they "agreed that the civil engineers of this Kingdom do form themselves into a Society". This was the "first group of non-military engineers in the English-speaking world". He was elected the first president of a Society of Civil Engineers in 1771 which was later called the Smeatonian Society. (This society was to become the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1818.) Yeoman probably made President because of his seniority but it was a position he approached with enthusiasm taking the notes for the first few meetings and also covering parts of its costs. Yeoman died a widower in 1781, being buried in Bunhill Fields.

References

1700s births
1781 deaths
English civil engineers
Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers
Fellows of the Royal Society

Thomas Yeoman


Founded in 2004 in New York City, Pando Networks was a managed peer-to-peer (P2P) media distribution company backed by Intel Capital, BRM Capital and Wheatley Partners. The company specialized in cloud distribution of games, video and software for publishers and media distributors and also operated a freemium consumer business for sending large files.

Pando Network's technology was based on BitTorrent but with modifications. Its hybrid P2P- and server-based network included central control over file distribution, intelligent throttling between peers and servers, reporting/analytics and security.

In the spring of 2006, the company publicly launched Pando, a small application that let consumers bypass email's attachment limits and send large files (up to 1GB) regardless of email service provider. By late May 2009, over 30 million people had installed the Pando application.

In late 2007, along with Verizon Communications, Pando Networks co-founded the P4P ("Proactive network Provider Participation for P2P") Working Group, to serve both P2P companies and Internet service providers (ISPs), who were seeing as much of 70 percent of bandwidth go to P2P traffic. The P4P working group includes a mix of more than 50 P2P companies and ISPs including Telefónica and Comcast. A Yale computer science research team developed the P4P technical protocol, which they believed could speed P2P content delivery while lowering ISP network utilization. In collaboration with Yale and the P4P working group, Pando Networks adopted the technology and Laird Popkin coordinated a test in the summer of 2008, showing promising results.

The company released its first commercial service in May 2008; media distributors could now plug Pando Networks' peer cloud into their existing content delivery networks (CDNs). The combination of a peer cloud plus a CDN allows files in high demand to be quickly and cost effectively delivered by the peers and long tail content to be reliably served off the CDN.

NBC Universal incorporated Pando Networks' technology later that year to deliver high-definition TV episodes to consumers' PCs.

The game industry was Pando Networks' largest customer segment. Installation files, particularly for massively multiplayer online games (MMOs), can reach well over 1GB. Pando Networks' game customers included Nexon, Turbine, Riot Games, Gala-Net, and LevelUp. In May 2010, Pando Networks surpassed 30 million game downloads.

Pando Networks was acquired by Microsoft in March 2013.

See also
 Pando (application)

References

External links
 US 8,250,191 B2 METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR COOPERATIVE FILE DISTRIBUTION WITH TARGET DATA DELIVERY RATE

Online mass media companies of the United States
Companies based in New York City
Cloud computing providers
Microsoft acquisitions
Former Microsoft subsidiaries

Pando Networks


The 2007 national road cycling championships took place throughout the year, with the majority taking place in late June and early July, although there are some exceptions. The National Championships are an annual event and have taken place for many years.

Jerseys
The winner of each national championship wears the national jersey in all their races for the next year in the respective discipline, apart from the World Championships. The jerseys tend to represent the countries' flag or use the colours from it.

Cancellations
The British championships were cancelled following torrential rain in the week leading up to the event, causing flooding nearby where the races were to be held. It was rescheduled after the Tour de France.

The Czech and Slovakian joint Time Trial championships were cancelled when the route became a detour for a major motorway nearby, which had been blocked due to an accident.

2007 Champions

References

National Cycling Championships
National road cycling championships by year


Seth Meribre was a little known king during the 13th Dynasty.

Seth Meribre may have been the twenty-fourth pharaoh and reigned from Memphis, ending in 1749 BC or c. 1700 BC. The length of his reign is not known for certain; the Egyptologist Kim Ryholt proposes that he reigned for a short time, certainly less than ten years.

Attestations
Seth Meribre is only attested for certain on the Turin canon, column 7, line 23 (Alan Gardiner and Jürgen von Beckerath: col. 6 row 23).

Ryholt suggests that stele JE35256, discovered in Abydos and now in the Egyptian Museum, was originally inscribed with the nomen, prenomen and Horus name of Seth Meribre. The stele, bearing a date year 4, was later usurped by Neferhotep I. Previously, historian Anthony Leahy has argued that the stele was erected by Wegaf rather than Seth Meribre, an opinion shared by Darrell Baker.

At Medamud, northeast of Luxor, a temple has yielded many ruined structures and architectural remains. Some may have been erected by Seth Meribre, but were subsequently usurped by his successor Sobekhotep III. In particular, a lintel from Medamud and now in the Egyptian Museum, JE 44944, bears almost-erased signs corresponding to Seth Meribre's nomen.

Theories
The Egyptologists Darrell Baker and Kim Ryholt place Seth Meribre as the twenty-fourth ruler of the 13th Dynasty, while Jürgen von Beckerath sees him as the twentieth king. These authors agree, however, that Seth Meribre probably usurped the throne at the expense of his predecessor, Sehetepkare Intef.

The duration of Seth Meribre's reign is lost in a lacuna of the Turin canon, except for the end "... [and] 6 days". Kim Ryholt gives a total of 10 years for the combined reigns of Imyremeshaw, Sehetepkare Intef and Seth Meribre. Furthermore, following Papyrus Boulaq 18, there are reasons to believe that either Imyremeshaw or Sehetepkare Intef reigned for over five years, thus leaving less than 5 years to Seth Meribre.

Jürgen von Beckerath believes that Seth Meribre can be identified with a king mentioned on Genealogy of Ankhefensekhmet of the much later 22nd Dynasty. This king bears the name "Aaqen", literally  The donkey is strong. Von Beckerath proposes that this refers to Seth Meribre and that the name originally was "Sethqen", that is, Seth is strong. Indeed, since the god Seth had been ostracized during the 22nd Dynasty, the hieroglyph of the Seth-animal had been replaced by the hieroglyph of the donkey, yielding "Aaqen".

References

18th-century BC Pharaohs
Pharaohs of the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt

Seth Meribre


Edward Loines Pemberton (10 December 1844 – 12 December 1878) was a pioneering philatelist and stamp dealer who was a leading advocate of the scientific (or French) school of philately and a founding member of The Philatelic Society, London, now The Royal Philatelic Society London. Pemberton was entered on the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1921 as one of the fathers of philately. He was born in New York City but educated in Britain by relatives when his parents died shortly after his birth. His son, Percival Loines Pemberton (1875-1949) was also an eminent philatelist.

Scientific philately
In the 1860s Pemberton advocated the study of all aspects of stamp production including paper, watermark, printing and perforation. This was known as the scientific or French school. By contrast, the English school advocated that only the actual printed design mattered and that every other aspect of a stamp should be ignored. Some English collectors even advocated cutting the perforations from stamps before mounting so that there was no difference between a perforated and imperforate stamp in the album. At the time, the matter of how exactly to collect stamps had not been settled and the triumph of scientific philately over the simpler English methods lead directly to the sophisticated philatelic methods used today. Pemberton's 1867 Catalogue of the Very Fine and Very Complete Collection of Postage Stamps Selected with Great Care by E.L. Pemberton, Esq. Of Birmingham exemplified this approach.

Forgeries
As an advocate of scientific collecting, it was natural that Pemberton would take a keen interest in forgeries and be well equipped to distinguish the fake from the real. In 1863 he wrote, with Thornton Lewes, Forged Stamps: How to Detect Them and with W. Dudley Atlee he started The Spud Papers, a series of regular articles about forgeries that was continued by the Reverend R.B. Earée after Pemberton's death.

In 1872, when John Walter Scott held the first stamp auction in Europe, Pemberton provided one of the first expert reports on the genuineness of two 20 cent St. Louis Postmaster Provisional stamps which were considered by many to be forgeries.

Philatelic journalism
Pemberton was an active contributor to many philatelic journals, including The Stamp-Collector's Magazine and The Philatelist. He was editor of The Stamp-Collector's Review and Monthly Advertiser from January 1864. In 1872 he started The Philatelical Journal, dedicated to advanced philately, which was the house organ of his stamp dealing firm James R. Grant and Co. The Philatelic Record, edited by Maitland Burnett, was founded in 1879 in Pemberton's memory.

Stamp dealing
Pemberton's first advertisement as a stamp dealer appeared in the Boys Own Magazine in October 1862. In 1869, Adelaide Fenton recorded that William Dudley Atlee was Pemberton's clerk. In 1871 Pemberton formed the stamp company James R. Grant and Co. After his death his business was taken over by A.H. Wilson, and continued under the name of Pemberton, Wilson & Co.  It was eventually acquired by Theodor Buhl.

Publications
Forged stamps: how to detect them, containing accurate descriptions of all forged stamps. Edinburgh: 1863. (With Thornton Lewes)
Catalogue of the Very Fine and Very Complete Collection of Postage Stamps Selected with Great Care by E.L. Pemberton, Esq. Of Birmingham. Hartlepool: James J. Woods, 1867.
The Spud Papers. In various journals 1871-1881.
The Philatelical Catalogue: Being a Complete Catalogue of Postage Stamps, and Postal Envelopes and Cards with Voluminous Notes on Reprints, Forgeries, and Every Subject of Interest (containing upwards of 1100 heliotype illustrations). Dawlish: 1874.
The Stamp Collectors' Handbook. Southampton, 1874. (2nd edition 1878)

See also
Percival Loines Pemberton

References

Further reading
An account of Pemberton's life in The Philatelic Journal of Great Britain, October 1922.

External links
The Spud Papers online. An online repository of the Spud Papers describing the forgeries made by Spiro.

British philatelists
1844 births
1878 deaths
British stamp dealers
People from New York (state)
Fathers of philately
American Philatelic Society
19th-century British businesspeople

Edward Loines Pemberton


Dionel Michael Aviles (born January 23, 1961) was the United States Under Secretary of the Navy from October 8, 2004, to May 19, 2009, part of which he served as the acting United States Secretary of the Navy.

Biography
A native of Bryan, Texas, Dionel M. Aviles graduated from the United States Naval Academy with a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering in 1983. He subsequently spent 1983 through 1988 as a surface warfare officer in the United States Navy. He retired from the navy in 1988, though he remained an officer of the United States Navy Reserve.

After leaving the navy, Aviles initially worked as a production support engineer, working on the Standard Missile and Phalanx CIWS programs.  He then joined the Naval Air Systems Command, where he worked on developing the BGM-109 Tomahawk as part of the Naval Air Systems Command's Cruise Missile Project.

From 1991 to 1995, Aviles worked in the National Security Division of the Office of Management and Budget within the Executive Office of the President of the United States. He began as the budget examiner of the navy's procurement and R&D budgets. He ended as the division director responsible for the defense accounts used during the President of the United States' proposed United States federal budget. During this period, he earned an MBA from the George Washington University in 1993.

In 1995, Aviles became a professional staff member on the staff of the United States House Committee on Armed Services. There, his work focused on defense budgeting and finance issues. He also did work related to Navy shipbuilding and procurement.

In 2001, President George W. Bush nominated Aviles as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management), and Aviles served in this capacity from July 2001 until October 2004.

President Bush subsequently nominated Aviles as Under Secretary of the Navy and Aviles was sworn in as Under Secretary on October 8, 2004. He resigned in May 2009 and was replaced by Robert O. Work.

Notes

References

Biography at U.S. Navy website

External links

|-

|-

1961 births
George W. Bush administration personnel
Living people
People from Bryan, Texas
Recipients of the Navy and Marine Corps Medal
Texas Republicans
United States Assistant Secretaries of the Navy
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Under Secretaries of the Navy

Dionel M. Aviles


The Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol (ALSP) is a protocol and supporting software that enables simulations to interoperate with one another.  Replaced by the High Level Architecture (simulation) (HLA), it was used by the US military to link analytic and training simulations.

ALSP consists of:
ALSP Infrastructure Software (AIS) that provides distributed runtime simulation support and management;
A reusable ALSP Interface consisting of generic data exchange message protocols; and
Participating simulations adapted for use with ALSP.

History
In 1990, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) employed The MITRE Corporation to study the application of distributed interactive simulation principles employed in SIMNET to aggregate-level constructive training simulations.  Based on prototype efforts, a community-based experiment was conducted in 1991 to extend SIMNET to link the US Army's Corps Battle Simulation (CBS) and the US Air Force's Air Warfare Simulation (AWSIM).  The success of the prototype and users' recognition of the value of this technology to the training community led to development of production software.  The first ALSP confederation, providing air-ground interactions between CBS and AWSIM, supported three major exercises in 1992.

By 1995, ALSP had transitioned to a multi-Service program with simulations representing the US Army (CBS), the US Air Force (AWSIM), the US Navy (RESA), the US Marine Corps (MTWS), electronic warfare (JECEWSI), logistics (CSSTSS), and intelligence (TACSIM).  The program had also transitioned from DARPA's research and development emphasis to mainstream management by the US Army's Program Executive Office for Simulation, Training, and Instrumentation (PEO STRI)

Contributions
ALSP developed and demonstrated key aspects of distributed simulation, many of which were applied in the development of HLA.
 No central node so that simulations can join and depart from the confederation at will
 Geographic distribution where simulators can be distributed to different geographic locations yet exercise in the same simulated environment
 Object ownership so each simulation controls its own resources, fires its own weapons and determines appropriate damage to its systems when fired upon
 A message-based protocol for distributing information from one simulation to all other simulations.
 Time management so that the times for all simulations appear the same to users and so that event causality is maintained – events should occur in the same sequence in all simulations.
 Data management permits all simulations to share information in a commonly understood manner even though each had its own representation of data. This includes multiple simulations controlling attributes of the same object.
 An architecture that permits simulations to continue to use their existing architectures while participating in an ALSP confederation.

Motivation
In 1989, the Warrior Preparation Center (WPC) in Einsiedlerhof, Germany hosted the computerized military exercise ACE-89. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) used ACE-89 as a technology insertion opportunity by funding deployment of the Defense Simulation Internet (DSI). Its packetized video teleconferencing brought general officers of NATO nations face-to-face during a military exercise for the first time; this was well received. But the software application of DSI, distribution of Ground Warfare Simulation (GRWSIM), was less successful. The GRWSIM simulation was unreliable and its distributed database was inconsistent, degrading the effectiveness of the exercise.

DARPA was funding development of a distributed tank trainer system called SIMNET where individual, computerized, tank-crew trainers were connected over local area networks and the DSI to cooperate in a single, virtual battlefield. The success of SIMNET, the disappointment of ACE-89, and the desire to combine existing combat simulations prompted DARPA to initiate research that lead to ALSP.

Basic Tenets

DARPA sponsored the design of a general interface between large, existing, aggregate-level combat simulations. Aggregate-level combat simulations use Lanchestrian models of combat rather than individual physical weapon models and are typically used for high-level training. Despite representational differences, several principles of SIMNET applied to aggregate-level simulations:

 Dynamic configurability. Simulations may join and depart an exercise without restriction.
 Geographic distribution. Simulations can reside in different geographic locations yet exercise over the same logical terrain.
 Autonomous entities. Each simulation controls its own resources, fires its own weapons and, when one of its objects is hit, conducts damage assessment locally.
 Communication by message passing. A simulation uses a message-passing protocol distribute information to all other simulations.

The ALSP challenge had requirements beyond those of SIMNET:
 Simulation time management. Typically, simulation time is independent of wall-clock time. For the results of a distributed simulation to be "correct," time must be consistent across all simulations.
 Data management. The schemes for internal state representation differ among existing simulations, necessitating a common representational system and concomitant mapping and control mechanisms.
 Architecture independence. Architectural characteristics (implementation language, user interface, and time flow mechanism) of existing simulations differed. The architecture implied by ALSP must be unobtrusive to existing architectures.

Conceptual Framework
A conceptual framework is an organizing structure of concepts that facilitates simulation model development. Common conceptual frameworks include: event scheduling, activity scanning and process interaction.

The ALSP conceptual framework is object-based where a model is composed of objects that are characterized by attributes to which values are assigned. Object classes are organized hierarchically in much the same manner as with object-oriented programming languages.  ALSP supports a confederation of simulations that coordinate using a common model.

To design a mechanism that permits existing simulations to interact, two strategies are possible:
(1) define an infrastructure that translates between the representations in each simulation, or
(2) define a common representational scheme and require all simulations to map to that scheme.

The first strategy requires few perturbations to existing simulations; interaction is facilitated entirely through the interconnection infrastructure. However, this solution does not scale well. Because of an underlying requirement for scalability, the ALSP design adopted the second strategy. ALSP prescribes that each simulation maps between the representational scheme of the confederation and its own representational scheme. This mapping represents one of the three ways in which a simulation must be altered to participate in an ALSP confederation. The remaining modifications are:

 Recognizing that the simulation doesn't own all of the objects that it perceives.
 Modifying the simulation's internal time advance mechanism so that it works cooperatively with the other simulations within the confederation.

In stand-alone simulations, objects come into (and go out of) existence with the passage of simulation time and the disposition of these objects is solely the purview of the simulation. When acting within a confederation, the simulation-object relationship is more complicated.

The simulation-object ownership property is dynamic, i.e. during its lifetime an object may be owned by more than one simulation. In fact, for any value of simulation time, several simulations may own different attributes of a given object. By convention, a simulation owns an object if it owns the "identifying" attribute of the object. Owning an object's attribute means that a simulation is responsible for calculating and reporting changes to the value of the attribute. Objects not owned by a particular simulation but within the area of perception for the simulation are known as ghosts. Ghosts are local copies of objects owned by other simulations.

When a simulation creates an object, it reports this fact to the confederation to let other simulations create ghosts. Likewise, when a simulation deletes an object, it reports this fact to enable ghost deletion. Whenever a simulation takes an action between one of its objects and a ghost, the simulation must report this to the confederation. In the parlance of ALSP, this is an interaction.
These fundamental concepts provide the basis for the remainder of the presentation. The term confederation model describes the object hierarchy, attributes and interactions supported by a confederation.

ALSP Infrastructure Software (AIS)

The object-based conceptual framework adopted by ALSP defines classes of information that must be distributed. The ALSP Infrastructure Software (AIS) provides data distribution and process coordination. Principal components of AIS are the ALSP Common Module (ACM) and the ALSP Broadcast Emulator (ABE).

ALSP Common Module (ACM)

The ALSP Common Module (ACM) provides a common interface for all simulations and contains the essential functionality for ALSP. One ACM instance exists for each simulation in a confederation.  ACM services require time management and object management; they include:

 Coordinate simulations joining and departing from a confederation..
 Coordinate simulation local time with confederation time.
 Filter incoming messages, so that simulations receive only messages of interest.
 Coordinate ownership of object attributes, and permit ownership migration.
 Enforce attribute ownership so that simulations report values only for attributes they own.

Time management

Joining and departing a confederation is an integral part of time management process. When a simulation joins a confederation, all other ACMs in the confederation create input message queues for the new simulation. Conversely, when a simulation departs a confederation the other ACMs delete input message queues for that simulation.

ALSP time management facilities support discrete event simulation using either asynchronous (next-event) or synchronous (time-stepped) time advance mechanisms. The mechanism to support next-event simulations is

 A simulation sends an event-request message to its ACM with a time parameter corresponding to simulation time T, (the time of its next local event).
 If the ACM has messages for its simulation with timestamps older than or the same as T, the ACM sends the oldest one to the simulation. If all messages have timestamps newer than T, the ACM send a grant-advance to the simulation, giving it permission to process its local event at time T.
 The simulation sends any messages resulting from the event to its ACM.
 The simulation repeats from step (1).

The mechanism to support time-stepped simulation is:
 The simulation processes all events for some time interval .
 The simulation sends an advance request to its ACM for time .
 The ACM sends all messages with time stamps on the interval  to the simulation, followed by a grant-advance to T+?T.
 The simulation sends any messages for the interval  to the ACM.
 The simulation repeats from step (1).

AIS includes a deadlock avoidance mechanism using null messages. The mechanism requires that the processes have exploitable lookahead characteristics.

Object management

The ACM administers attribute database and filter information. The attribute database maintains objects known to the simulation, either owned or ghosted, and attributes of those objects that the simulation currently owns. For any object class, attributes may be members of

 Create set.  Attributes minimally required to represent an object
 Interest set.  Useful, but not mandatory, information
 Update set.  Object attribute values reported by a simulation to the confederation

Information flow across the network can be further restricted through filters. Filtering provides discrimination by (1) object class, (2) attribute value or range, and (3) geographic location. Filters also define the interactions relevant to a simulation.

If (an update passes all filter criteria)
|  If (the object is known to the simulation)
|  |  Send new attribute values to simulation
|  Else (object is unknown)
|  |  If (enough information is present to create a ghost)
|  |  |  Send a create message to the simulation
|  |  Else (not enough information is known)
|  |  |  Store information provided
|  |  |  Send a request to the confederation for missing data
Else (the update fails filter criteria)
|  If (the object is known to the simulation)
|  |  Send a delete message to the simulation
|  Else
|  | Discard the update data

The ownership and filtering information maintained by the ACM provide the information necessary to coordinate the transfer of attribute ownership between simulations.

ALSP Broadcast Emulator (ABE)

An ALSP Broadcast Emulator (ABE) facilitates the distribution of ALSP information. It receives a message on one of its communications paths and retransmits the message on all of its remaining communications paths. This permits configurations where all ALSP components are local to one another (on the same computer or on a local area network). It also permits configurations where sets of ACMs communicate with their own local ABE with inter-ABE communication over wide area networks.

Communication Scheme

The ALSP communication scheme consists of (1) an inter-component communications model that defines the transport layer interface that connects ALSP components, (2) a layered protocol for simulation-to-simulation communication, object management, and time management, (3) a message filtering scheme to define the information of interest to a simulation, and (4) a mechanism for intelligent message distribution.

Inter-component Communications Model

AIS employs a persistent connection communications model to provide the inter-component communications. The transport layer interface used to provide inter-component communications was dictated by simulation requirements and the transport layer interfaces on AIS-supporting operating systems: local VMS platforms used shared mailboxes; non-local VMS platforms used either Transparent DECnet or TCP/IP; and UNIX-like platforms use TCP/IP.

ALSP Protocol

The ALSP protocol is based on a set of orthogonal issues that comprise ALSP's problem space: simulation-to-simulation communication, object management, and time management. These issues are addressed by a layered protocol that has at the top a simulation protocol with underlying simulation/ACM, object management, time management, and event distribution protocols.

Simulation Protocol

The simulation protocol is the main level of the ALSP protocol. It consists of four message types:

 Update. Objects in ALSP are defined by a unique id number, a class, and a set of attributes associated with a c1ass.  As a simulation changes the state its objects, it sends update messages to the ACM that provide initial or changed attribute values. The ACM then distributes the information via AIS to other simulations in that have indicated interest.
 Interaction. Interactions between objects are identified by kind. Interaction kinds are described by parameters, just as objects are described by attributes. When a simulation's object engages either another simulation's object or a geographic area, the simulation sends an interaction message to the ACM for further dissemination to other interested simulations.
 Refresh request. A simulation can request an update of a set of attribute values for any object or class of objects by sending a refresh request message to the confederation.
 Delete. When a simulation causes one of its objects to cease to exist, the simulation sends a delete message to inform other simulations.

The simulation protocol is text-based. It is defined by an LALR( 1) context-free grammar. The semantics of the protocol are confederation-dependent, where the set of classes, class attributes, interactions, and interaction parameters are variable. Therefore, the syntactical representation of the simulation protocol may be defined without a priori knowledge of the semantics of the objects and interactions of any particular confederation.

Simulation/ACM Connection Protocol

The simulation/ACM connection protocol provides services for managing the connection between a simulation and its ACM and a method of information exchange between a simulation and its ACM. Two services control distribution of simulation protocol messages: events and dispatches. Event messages are time-stamped and delivered in a temporally-consistent order. Dispatch messages are delivered as soon as possible, without regard for simulation time. Additional protocol messages provide connection state, filter registration, attribute lock control, confederation save control, object resource control, and time control services.

Object Management Protocol

The object management protocol is a peer-level protocol that sits below the simulation protocol and provides object management services. ACMs solely use it for object attribute creation, acquisition, release, and verification (of the consistency of the distributed object database). These services allow AIS to manage distributed object ownership.

Distributed object ownership presumes that no single simulation must own all objects in a confederation, but many simulations require knowledge of some objects. A simulation uses simulation protocol update messages to discover objects owned by other simulations. If this simulation is interested in the objects, it can ghost them (track their locations and state) and model interactions to them from owned objects.

Locks implement attribute ownership. A primary function of the object management protocol is to ensure that a simulation only updates attributes for which it has acquired a lock. The object manager in the ACM manages the objects and object attributes of the owned and ghosted objects known to the ACM. Services provided by the simulation/ACM protocol are used by the simulations to interact with the ACM's attribute locking mechanism. The coordination of status, request, acquisition, and release of object attributes, between ACMs, uses the object management protocol.
Each attribute of each object known to a given ACM has a status that assumes one of three values:

 Locked. A simulation controls the attribute and may update the attribute value. A simulation "owns" the attribute if it has that attribute locked. A simulation "owns" the object if it has its id attribute locked.
 Unlocked. No simulation currently controls the attribute. Any simulation asking for control is granted control.
 Gone. The state of control is held elsewhere in the confederation.

From the ACM's perspective, objects come into existence through the registration process performed by its simulation or through the discovery of objects registered by other simulations. The initial state attribute locks for registered objects and discovered objects is as follows:

 Object Registration places each object-attribute pair in the locked state. The simulation may optionally specify attributes to be in the unlocked state.
 Object Discovery adds an object to the object database as a ghosted object. All of the attributes for this object are marked with a status of gone.

Time Management Protocol

The time management protocol is also a peer-level protocol that sits below the simulation protocol. It provides time management services for synchronizing simulation time among ACMs. The protocol provides services for the distributed coordination of a simulation's entrance into the confederation, time progression, and confederation saves.

The join/resign services and time synchronization mechanisms are described in Section earlier. The save mechanism provides fault tolerance. Coordination is required to produce a consistent snapshot of all ACMs, translators and simulations for a particular value of simulation time.

Message Filtering

The ACM uses simulation message filtering to evaluates the content of a message received from the confederation. The ACM delivers messages to its simulation that are of interest, and pass filtering criteria and discards those that are not of interest. The ACM filters two types of messages: update messages and interaction messages.

Update messages. The ACM evaluates update messages based on the simulation's update message filtering criteria that the simulation provides. As discussed in earlier, when an ACM receives an update message there are four possible outcomes: (1) the ACM discards the message, (2) the ACM sends the simulation a create message, (3) the ACM sends the simulation the update message, or (4) the ACM sends the simulation a delete message.

Interaction messages. An ACM may discard interaction messages because of the kind parameter. The kind parameter has a hierarchical structure similar to the object class structure. The simulation informs its ACM of the interaction kinds that should pass or fail the interaction filter.

Message Distribution

To minimize message traffic between components in an ALSP confederation, AIS employs a form of intelligent message routing that uses the Event Distribution Protocol (EDP). The EDP allows ACMs to inform the other AIS components about the update and interaction filters registered by their simulations.
In the case of update messages, distribution of this information allows ACMs to only distribute data on classes (and attributes of classes) that are of interest to the confederation. The ABE also use this information to send only information that is of interest to the components it serves. For interaction messages, the process is similar, except that the kind parameter in the interaction message determines where the message is sent.

Further reading
 Anita Adams, Gordon Miller, and David Seidel, November 1993, "Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol (ALSP) 1993 Confederation Annual Report", The MITRE Corporation. A history of the ALSP program in fiscal year 1993.
 William E. Babineau, Philip S. Barry, C. Zachary Furness, "Automated Testing within the Joint Training confederation (JTC)", Proceedings of the Fall 1998 Simulation Interoperability Workshop, Orlando, FL, September, 1998.
 MAJ John Bullington and Gordon Miller, September 1996, "Intelligence Simulation Support to the Joint Training Confederation: Implications for Future Development", TACSIM Project Office and The MITRE Corporation, published in the September 1996 edition of Phalanx, a MORS publication.
 Lydia P. Dubon, 1993, "Joining a Distributed Simulation Environment via ALSP," Proceedings of the 1993 Winter Simulation Conference.
 Laura Feinerman, Gordon Miller, David Prochnow, Richard Weatherly, Annette Wilson, and Anita Adams Zabek, "Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol (ALSP) Project 1994 Annual Report", dated March 1995, The MITRE Corporation. A history of the ALSP program in fiscal year 1994.
 Mary C. Fischer, April 1994, "Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol (ALSP) - Managing Confederation Development", U. S. Army Simulation, Training and Instrumentation Command. A paper presented on the 1994 Elecsim Internet Conference.
 Mary C. Fischer, Anita Adams, Gordon Miller, June 1994, "Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol (ALSP) - Training for the Future", U. S. Army Simulation, Training and Instrumentation Command and The MITRE Corporation. A paper presented at the Military Operations Research Symposium 62 meeting at the Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
 Mary C. Fischer, December 1994, "Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol (ALSP) - Managing Confederation Development", U. S. Army Simulation, Training and Instrumentation Command. A paper presented at the 1994 Winter Simulation Conference in Orlando, Florida.
 Mary C. Fischer, April 1995, "Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol (ALSP) - Future Training with Distributed Interactive Simulations", U. S. Army Simulation, Training and Instrumentation Command. A paper presented at the 1995 International Training Equipment Conference on 25–27 April 1995 at The Hague in The Netherlands.
 Mary C. Fischer, September 1995, "Joint Simulated Battlefield", U. S. Army Simulation, Training, and Instrumentation Command, published in Proceedings of the 36th Defence Research Group (DRG) Seminar on Modeling and Simulation, 5–8 September 1995, Washington, D.C.
 Mary C. Fischer, October 1995, "Joint Simulated Battlefield Through Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol', U. S. Army Simulation, Training, and Instrumentation Command, published in Proceedings of the Southeastern Simulation Conference '95, Orlando, FL.
 Mary C. Fischer, March 1996, "Joint Training Confederation", U. S. Army Simulation, Training, and Instrumentation Command, published in Proceedings of the First International Simulation Technology and Training (SimTecT) Conference, 25–26 March 1996, Melbourne, Australia.
 Sean P. Griffin, Ernest H. Page, Zachary Furness, Mary C. Fischer, "Providing Uninterrupted Training to the Joint Training Confederation (JTC) During Transition to the High Level Architecture (HLA)",Proceedings of the 1997 Simulation Technology and Training (SimTecT) Conference, Canberra, Australia, 17–20 March 1997.
 George J. McFadden, "An Approach to Management of Enumerated Data in Federations", Proceedings of the Spring 2000 Simulation Interoperability Workshop, Orlando, FL, March, 2000.
 Gordon Miller and Anita Zabek, March 1996, "The Joint Training Confederation and the Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol", The MITRE Corporation, published in the June 1996 edition of Phalanx, a MORS publication.

 David L. Prochnow, Mary C. Fischer, "Unique Requirements for the Representation of Logistics in a Distributed Simulation Environment for Military Training", Proceedings of the Spring 1997 Simulation Interoperability Workshop, Orlando, FL, 3–7 March 1997.

 David Seidel, March 1993, "Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol (ALSP) Program Status and History", The MITRE Corporation. A history of the ALSP program from its beginning in 1989 through 1992.
 John Tufarolo and Ernest Page, "Evolving the VV&A Process for the ALSP Joint Training Confederation", Proceedings for the 1996 Winter Simulation Conference, pp. 952–958, Coronado, CA, 8–11 December 1996.
 Richard Weatherly, David Seidel, and Jon Weissman, July 1991, "Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol", The MITRE Corporation. A paper presented at the 1991 Summer Computer Simulation Conference in Baltimore, Maryland
 Richard Weatherly, Annette Wilson, and Sean Griffin, December 1993, "ALSP - Theory, Experience, and Future Directions", The MITRE Corporation. A paper presented at the 1993 Winter Computer Simulation Conference in Los Angeles, California.

 Annette Wilson and Richard Weatherly, April 1994, "New Traffic Reduction and Management Tools for ALSP Confederations", The MITRE Corporation. A paper presented on the 1994 Elecsim Internet Conference.
 Annette Wilson and Richard Weatherly, December 1994, "The Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol: An Evolving System", The MITRE Corporation. A paper presented at the 1994 Winter Simulation Conference in Orlando, Florida.

References

Applications of distributed computing
Distributed computing architecture
Application layer protocols
Simulation software
Mitre Corporation

Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol


Felix, Net i Nika ("Felix, Net and Nika") is a series of Polish language science fiction books for teenagers, written by Rafał Kosik.

It tells the adventures of three friends - Felix Polon, Net Bielecki and Nika Mickiewicz - who attend fictional Professor Kuszmiński Middle School in Warsaw. As of 2022, sixteen books have been published.

Books
There are currently 16 books in the series:
 Felix, Net and Nika and the Gang of Invisible People - November 2004.
 Felix, Net and Nika and the Theoretically Possible Catastrophe - November 2005
 Felix, Net and Nika and the Palace of Dreams - November 2006
 Felix, Net and Nika and the Trap of Immortality - November 2007
 Felix, Net and Nika and the Orbital Conspiracy - November 2008
 Felix, Net and Nika and the Orbital Conspiracy 2: Small Army - May 2009
 Felix, Net and Nika and the Third Cousin - November 2009
 Felix, Net and Nika and the Rebellion of Machines - March 2011
 Felix, Net and Nika and the World Zero - November 2011
 Felix, Net and Nika and the World Zero 2. Alternauts - November 2012
 Felix, Net and Nika and the Extracurricular Stories - April 2013
 Felix, Net and Nika and the Secret of Czerwona Hańcza - November 2013
 Felix, Net and Nika and Curse of McKillian's House - November 2014
 Felix, Net and Nika and (un)Safe Growing up - November 2015
 Felix, Net and Nika and The End of The World as We Know It - November 2018
 Felix, Net and Nika and No Chance - November 2022

Film
A feature motion picture, Felix, Net i Nika oraz teoretycznie mozliwa katastrofa (Felix, Net and Nika and the Theoretically Possible Catastrophe) was released in Poland in on September 28, 2012.

Main characters
Felix Polon - a foresighted, fair-haired boy with dark brown eyes. He inherited the talent of constructing various things, especially robots, from his father- it saved his friends many times. He can make anything from nothing, always finds a way out of a situation; almost always has a plan.
Together with his parents Marlene and Peter, grandmother Lucy, his dog Caban (a Black Russian Terrier) and  Golem Golem a robot he built, Felix lives on Serdeczna Street in a small family house.

Net Bielecki is quite tall & slim, has blue eyes and a high IQ level. "Net" is his nickname; his true name is unknown. He is the most trendy and 'awesome' in his entire class. He is a human calculator and is excellent in mathematics. He hates dictations and spelling because he is dyslexic. He is also quite lazy, absent-minded and sometimes hysterical, or panicking. His dark blond hair looks like a heap of hay after a grenade explosion. He is best in ICT and writes many of his own programs. His love interest is Nika Mickiewicz. Together with his parents Lila and Mark, and their newborn twins nicknamed Pompek and Prumcia he lives on the top floor of a Penthouse apartment.

Nika Mickiewicz is a girl with a character. She is very brave and mature. She likes reading books. She has curly, red hair, green eyes and a few freckles. She is not very rich; she wears second-hand clothes and her only pair of black Dr. Martens shoes. She lives in a tiny apartment. She is an orphan, but hides that fact from people for almost 3 years. However, Felix and Net, her best and possibly only friends, find out about it.
She also has abnormal abilities. She can move distant objects using her powers, ski uphill and knows some things by intuition. In other words, she is telekinetic.

Manfred is a friendly AI program started and never finished by Net's father, and mastered and programmed further by Net himself. He likes going on adventures and solving mysteries with the trio much more than his actual job, which is controlling the traffic lights. He helped out the three friends many times and is their reliable and faithful friend.

Morten is also an AI program, but he is the antagonist of the trio. He appears in all 6 books of Felix Net and Nika. In the first book, the trio thinks they finished him off for good, but as we find out later, he comes back in the third book. In the fifth/sixth book, he was the mastermind of the Orbital Conspiracy. Also, Morten's logo, appears in all 6 books and it is still a mystery what he has to do with each event.

References

External links
 Official webpage - The series' official webpage with posts in English
 Rafał Kosik - the Author's webpage
 Felix, Net & Nika FanClub – an official Fan Club (in Polish)

Polish science fiction novels
Young adult novels
Children's science fiction novels
Science fiction book series
Robots in literature
Fiction about artificial intelligence
21st-century Polish novels
Polish children's novels
2000s science fiction novels
Children's books set in schools
Children's books set in Poland

Felix, Net i Nika


Hertha Wambacher (9 March 1903 – 25 April 1950) was an Austrian physicist.

Education
After having obtained the general certificate of education from the girls' high school run by the Association for the Extended Education of Women in 1922, she studied first chemistry, then physics at the University of Vienna.

Work with Marietta Blau
Wambacher's dissertation at the 2nd Physics Institute was supervised by Marietta Blau, with whom Wambacher continued to collaborate also after her Ph.D. graduation in 1932. The cooperation of the two women referred to the photographic method of detecting ionizing particles.
For their methodical studies at the Institute for Radium Research of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna, Blau and Wambacher received the Lieben Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1937. Also in 1937, Blau and Wambacher jointly discovered "disintegration stars" in photographic plates that had been exposed to cosmic radiation at an altitude of, 2300 m above sea level. These stars are the patterns of particle tracks from nuclear reactions (spallation events) of cosmic-ray particles with nuclei of the photographic emulsion.

Academic career and further research
After Blau had to leave Austria in 1938, Hertha Wambacher continued working on the identification of particles from nuclear reactions of cosmic rays with the emulsion constituents. With this work, she obtained her university teaching certification in 1940. She taught classes at the University of Vienna.

Nazism, post-war life
In 1945, Wambacher who – according to her own words – had belonged to the NSDAP since 1934, was removed from the University of Vienna. She was detained in Russia and is said to have returned only in 1946. She contracted cancer, but was still able to work in a research laboratory in Vienna.

Death
Wambacher died from cancer on 25 April 1950.

See also
 Timeline of women in science

Literature
 Robert Rosner & Brigitte Strohmaier (eds.): Marietta Blau – Sterne der Zertrümmerung. Biographie einer Wegbereiterin der modernen Teilchenphysik. Böhlau, Vienna 2003,  (in German)
 Brigitte Strohmaier & Robert Rosner: Marietta Blau – Stars of Disintegration. Biography of a pioneer of particle physics. Ariadne, Riverside, California 2006,

External links

1903 births
1950 deaths
Austrian physicists
Austrian women physicists
Scientists from Vienna
Deaths from cancer in Austria
20th-century women scientists
Cosmic ray physicists
University of Vienna alumni

Hertha Wambacher


The Return of the Condor Heroes is a Hong Kong television series adapted from Louis Cha's novel of the same title. It was first broadcast on CTV in 1976 in Hong Kong.

Cast
 Note: Some of the characters' names are in Cantonese romanisation.

 Law Lok-lam as Yeung Kuo
 Tsui Ka-lam as young Yeung Kuo
 Lee Tong-ming as Siu-long-nui
 Jason Pai as Kwok Ching
 Michelle Yim as Wong Yung
 Lam Hau-yee as Kwok Fu
 Lam Yan-yan as Kwok Seung
 Cheung Man-ting as Lee Mok-sau
 Michael Chan as Wong Yeuk-see
 Chan Fei-lung as Hung Tsat-kung
 Yeung Chak-lam as Au-yeung Fung
 Chung Chi-keung as Yat-dang
 Chun Wong as Chow Pak-tung
 Cheng Lui as Kam-lun Fat-wong
 Ng Ming-choi as Tat-yee-ba
 Wu Yan-yan as Ching Ying
 Tam Yan-may as Luk Mo-seung
 Carol Cheng as Kung-suen Luk-ngok
 Bruce Leung as Ye-lut Chai
 Chan Yiu-lam as Wan Chi-ping
 Kenneth Tsang as Chiu Chi-king
 Cho Tat-wah as Kung-suen Chi
 Hon Kwok-choi as Kau Chin-chak, Granny Sun, Kau Chin-yan (Chi-yan)
 Mak Tin-yan as Yau Chui-kai
 Ba San as Wong Chui-yat
 Lau Kong as Ho Tai-tung
 Pau Hon-lam as Wong Chung-yeung
 Ding Ying as Lam Chiu-ying
 Chan Yuk-wai as Ye-lut Yin
 Lai See-man as Yuen-ngan Ping
 Paul Chun as Mou Sam-tung
 Ching See-chun as Mou Sau-man
 Wong Sik-kwong as Mou Duen-yu
 Fong Kit as Ye-lut Chor-choi
 Wan Chuen as Or Chun-ngok
 Fung Tsui-fan as Luk Lap-ting
 Cheung Hung-cheung as Luk Koon-ying
 Ho Siu-hung as Wan Hak-sai
 Chan Chi-leung as Siu-seung-tsi
 Lee Chuen-sing as Ma Kwong-tso
 Tong Kam-tong as Nai-mo-sing
 Stanley Fung as Luk Chin-yuen
 Bonnie Ngai as Ho Yuen-kwan, young Kau Chin-chak
 Yeung Hok-nin as Fung Mak-fung
 Tong Tik as Fan Yat-yung

External links

1970s Hong Kong television series
1976 Hong Kong television series debuts
1976 Hong Kong television series endings
Shaw Brothers Studio films
Hong Kong wuxia television series
Television shows based on The Return of the Condor Heroes
Television series set in the Southern Song
Television series set in the Mongol Empire
Hong Kong romance television series
Sequel television series
Television series about orphans
Cantonese-language television shows
1970s romance television series

The Return of the Condor Heroes (1976 TV series)


Ignacio Jordán Claudio de Asso y del Río (June 4, 1742 – May 21, 1814) was a Spanish diplomat, naturalist, lawyer and historian.  He sometimes used the pseudonym of Melchor de Azagra.

Biography
Of noble birth, he received an excellent education, studying Classical Greek and Latin in the college known as the Escuelas Pías of Zaragoza (1755) and philosophy under the Jesuits at the Real e Imperial Colegio de Nobles de Nuestra Señora y Santiago de Cordellas, located in Barcelona (1756). He studied at the University of Cervera, where he graduated with a bachelor of arts in 1760, and at the University of Zaragoza, where he studied jurisprudence, graduating in 1764.

He worked as a jurist from 1765 to 1776 and traveled for three years across Europe and from 1771 to 1775 he published in Madrid, collaboratively and also alone, a massive work on jurisprudence (Instituciones del Derecho Civil de Castilla, 1771; El Fuero Viejo de Castilla, 1771 (with Miguel de Manuel y Rodríguez); El ordenamiento de leyes que D. Alfonso XI hizo en las cortes de Alcalá de Henares el año de mil trescientos y cuarenta y ocho, 1774 (also with Miguel de Manuel y Rodríguez)).

In 1776, he began work as a diplomat and served as consul at Dunkirk (1776), consul general at Amsterdam (1776–1787) and consul at Bordeaux (1787–1791).   While a diplomat, he concerned himself with scientific and economic matters, and published in Amsterdam works on the botany, zoology, and mineralogy of Aragon (Synopsis estirpium indigenarum Aragoniae, 1779; Mantissa stirpium indigenarum Aragoniae, 1781; Introductio in oryctographiam, et zoologiam Aragoniae, 1784; Enumeratio stirpium in Aragonia noviter detectarum, 1784).  He described for the first time the fish Argyrosomus regius and Salaria fluviatilis.

He also translated and published the work of various Aragonese writers and poets of the medieval and early modern periods (Bibliotheca Arabico-Aragonensis, 1782; Joannis Sobrarii, Carmina, 1783; Clariorum Aragonensium monumenta in lucem prolata, 1786; Poesías Selectas de Martín Miguel Navarro Canónigo de Tarazona, 1781; Aganipe de los Cisnes Aragoneses Celebrados en el clarín de la fama, 1781).

Afterward, he served as chair of Chemistry and Botany of the Real Sociedad Económica Aragonesa (1797–1802) and published various works on agriculture, botany, natural science, and literature.

During the first and second sieges of Zaragoza, he served as legal advisor to José Rebolledo de Palafox, 1st Duke of Saragossa, and assisted the Spanish resistance against Napoleon by contributing journalistic pieces to the Gazeta extraordinaria de Zaragoza.

After the fall of Zaragoza, he fled to Murviedro and then to Palma de Mallorca.  After the end of the French occupation, he was named regidor of Zaragoza in January 1814, but was too old and infirm to occupy the post.  He died three months later.

References

External links
Ignacio Jordán Claudio de Asso y del Río. Polymath Virtual Library, Fundación Ignacio Larramendi

Taxon authorities
Spanish naturalists
18th-century Spanish botanists
Spanish diplomats
1742 births
1814 deaths
University of Zaragoza alumni


The Mittelschüler-Kartell-Verband der katholischen farbentragenden Studentenkorporationen Österreichs or simply Mittelschüler-Kartellverband (MKV) is an Austrian umbrella organisation of Catholic male student fraternities (Studentenverbindung). It was founded in 1933 on 9 September.

In contrast to umbrella organisations like, for example the "Cartellverband der katholischen deutschen Studentenverbindungen", the fraternities of the MKV do not consist of students from universities but of students from the upper levels of Austrian grammar schools.

Every Member of a fraternity in the MKV wears a ribbon as well as a specific cap, whose shape may vary according to the corporation, either coloured in the fraternity's colours. Most commonly every corporation uses three specific colours.

Currently more than 20.000 students or former students are members of more than 160 fraternities in the MKV.

As the MKV was founded upon the federalistic principle, these fraternities are organised in 9 provincial sub organisations according to the official Austrian federal provinces.

Principles

Every fraternity of the MKV has to be founded upon four principles:

 religio: the fraternity and all its members publicly adhere to the Roman Catholic faith;
 scientia: the pursuit of an academic education is common to all of its members;
 amicitia: a lifelong friendship between all the members of the fraternity as long as they live;
 patria: patriotism towards Austria within a European context.

The fraternities of the Cartellverband historically do not practise academic fencing (Mensur) because it was forbidden by the Roman Catholic Church. The fraternities only accept men into the organisation.

Relations

The MKV itself is member of the Europäischer Kartellverband (EKV), a European umbrella organisation. The MKV has friendly relations with other umbrella organisations that are members of the Europäischer Kartellverband (EKV), especially with the Cartellverband der katholisch österreichischen Studentenverbindungen (ÖCV).

See also
 Burschenschaft
 Corps
 Landsmannschaft
 Turnerschaft
 Corporation (university)
 Cartellverband der katholischen deutschen Studentenverbindungen

Literature
 Heinrich Obermüller: Verboten und Verfolgt; Catholic Fraternities at Austrian Grammar Schools, From the beginnings until 1918; First Volume of  "Tradition und Zukunft" ; Österr. Verein f. Studentengeschichte; Vienna 1991; 640 Pages.
 Heinrich Obermüller: Aufbruch und Untergang; Catholic Fraternities in German-speaking regions, From 1918 until 1945; Volume 5 & 8 of "Tradition und Zukunft"; Österr. Verein f. Studentengeschichte; Vienna 2000 and 2003; 1.695 Pages.
 Wilhelm Schmied: Der Mittelschüler-Kartell-Verband (MKV); Contributions to the Austrian history of Student corporations – Volume 1; Österr. Verein f. Studentengeschichte; Vienna 1973, 103 Pages.
 Nicht alles was gleich aussieht ist auch gleich; Student corporations from the beginnings until today; Wiener Stadtverband des MKV; Vienna 2003, 42 Pages.

External links
Mittelschüler-Kartell-Verband der katholischen farbentragenden Studentenkorporationen Österreichs
Cartellverband der katholischen österreichischen Studentenverbindungen

Christian fraternities and sororities in Austria
Student organizations established in 1933
1933 establishments in Austria

Mittelschüler-Kartellverband


Subang–Kelana Jaya Link, Federal Route 15, is an elevated highway in Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. The highway connected from Persiaran Kewajipan to the Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport Highway and Federal Highway. This elevated highway was constructed on 2005 by the Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR) and the main contractor Ahmad Zaki Resources Berhad (AZRB) and it was opened in 2009. It is the tallest elevated highway in Subang Jaya.

List of interchanges

Highways in Malaysia
Expressways and highways in the Klang Valley

Subang–Kelana Jaya Link


A Very British Airline is a British documentary television series that was first broadcast on BBC Two between 2 and 16 June 2014. The three-part series goes behind the scenes of British Airways with narration by Stephen Mangan.

Production
The series was commissioned by Janice Hadlow, controller of BBC Two, and Emma Willis, controller of BBC documentaries. In December 2013 Nick Catliff, Managing Director for Lion Television, said: "It took a long time to persuade BA to give us access but we are now in the thick of filming."

Lion Television, the production company behind A Very British Airline, was first associated with British Airways when one of its jumbo jets was dissected for BBC Two's Engineering Giants. Lion Television managed to persuade British Airways to show its cabin crew, engineers and boardroom.

Episodes

Episode 1
The first episode in the series looks at British Airways' efforts to escape the financial crisis it has been suffering in recent years, featuring the introduction of the Airbus A380 into its fleet, and cameras go behind 'millionaires door' at Heathrow's Terminal 5 to see what is experienced by the airline's first class passengers. The episode follows the preparation of the first A380 to join the fleet, and then its first flight to Los Angeles. The episode also follows the airline's new cabin crew recruits as they begin their training, and the staff at the British Airways HQ at Waterside with the task of juggling around aircraft when maintenance overruns or when unexpected problems occur.

The cabin crew training aspect of this episode resulted in bad reviews and opinions of British Airways' disciplining methods, due to the basis on which trainees were issued with warnings, and ultimately removed from the course, and the attitude of the trainers. One trainee, Patrick, had his contract terminated due to receiving a fourth and final written warning for arriving two minutes late to a session. He said had had to pay 'thousands of pounds' to join the course, had relocated and left a previous job to attend in the training. A fellow trainee described him as 'reliable & hard working'  and that it was 'gutting' for him to have put in so much hard work. He described the intensity of the training as 'almost like being in the military'.

Episode 2
In this episode cameras follow the airline as it launches a new route to Chengdu, China, and investigate the company's major operations out of New York City. It follows a new manager as he begins his new role at New York JFK, and the airline's Chinese airports manager. The episode looks back on the days of supersonic flight, when Concorde was the centre of British Airways' fleet, flying the airline's Blue Ribbon route between London and New York. We also find out which cabin crew recruits have managed to successfully complete their training, with Jodi receiving her fourth and final 'snapshot' just 3 days before the end of her course. This episode showed footage of Jodi being escorted off the property for not wearing enough lipstick by lead trainer Si Hunter Jones. Another trainee was issued a snapshot for being late for training, despite the fact that the trainers were aware of a serious incident that had occurred on the M25 causing her journey to be delayed. Once again, this episode resulted in bad reviews and it further revealed to the public the cruel culture at British Airways.

Episode 3
Having already followed British Airways' cabin crew recruits, the final episode shows the first few cadet pilots to train with the airline on its new Future pilot programme in their final months of the course. The episode also takes a look at what it takes to manage the world's most congested airport, and the efforts of the staff to reduce delays. We see what happens to our bags after check in at the airport, and also what happens to aircraft in the turnaround between flights.

This episode received very positive reviews, unlike the previous two episodes.

Critical reception
The Daily Telegraph described the documentary as a "missed opportunity" and that it was "remarkably undynamic". The Guardian described it as the "latest in a genre that can be hard to watch without flinching", saying that it presented "an unflattering snapshot of the UK psyche".

The airline's training of cabin crew has been described as cruel, 'verging on bullying' and that the so-called 'snapshots' (written warnings), which will result in the trainee's contract being terminated should 4 snapshots be accumulated, were issued for 'petty' reasons, such as being 2 minutes late for training, and in trainee Jodi's case, not wearing enough lipstick. The trainers were described as 'arrogant, insincere and petty'.

However, in another review, the documentary was praised, saying "If this is one big PR campaign, then it really is working", and, "A better understanding of what's going on behind the scenes will make me think twice before blaming the airline outright".

Generally, the final episode received much more positive reviews, providing more insight into how the airline actually manages its operations at Heathrow.

International broadcast
The series premiered in Australia on 19 June 2015 on The LifeStyle Channel and was watched by 53,000 viewers, making it the seventh most watched program on subscription television in Australia for the evening.

See also
Inside KFC
Inside Claridge's
The Route Masters: Running London's Roads
Iceland Foods: Life in the Freezer Cabinet

References

External links

2014 British television series debuts
2014 British television series endings
2010s British reality television series
BBC television documentaries
British Airways
Documentary television series about aviation
English-language television shows

A Very British Airline


Julian Alps are a mountain range in northeastern Italy and northwestern Slovenia with the highest peak being Triglav with 2864 m. They cover around 4400 km2 with majority being in Slovenia. They are made out of 200 million years old limestone. Slovenian part of Julian Alps is included in Triglav National Park.

Alps lie between Sava Valley and Canale Valley thus dividing them into Western and Eastern Julian Alps. Western part is higher than the Eastern part.
10 highest mountains in Julian Alps are Triglav (2,864 m), Škrlatica (2,740 m), Mangart (2,679 m), Jalovec (2,645 m), Razor (2,601 m)
Kanjavec (2,568 m), Prisojnik (2,546 m), Rjavina (2,532 m), Prestreljenik (2,499 m), Špik (2,472 m), Tosc (2,275 m), and Krn (2,244 m).

Mountain ranges of Europe
Friuli Venezia-Giulia
Geography of Slovenia

Julian Alps


In software engineering, a circular dependency is a relation between two or more modules which either directly or indirectly depend on each other to function properly. Such modules are also known as mutually recursive.

Overview
Circular dependencies are natural in many domain models where certain objects of the same domain depend on each other. However, in software design, circular dependencies between larger software modules are considered an anti-pattern because of their negative effects. Despite this, such circular (or cyclic) dependencies have been found to be widespread among the source files of real-world software. Mutually recursive modules are, however, somewhat common in functional programming, where inductive and recursive definitions are often encouraged.

Problems
Circular dependencies can cause many unwanted effects in software programs. Most problematic from a software design point of view is the tight coupling of the mutually dependent modules which reduces or makes impossible the separate re-use of a single module.

Circular dependencies can cause a domino effect when a small local change in one module spreads into other modules and has unwanted global effects (program errors, compile errors). Circular dependencies can also result in infinite recursions or other unexpected failures.

Circular dependencies may also cause memory leaks by preventing certain automatic garbage collectors (those that use reference counting) from deallocating unused objects.

Causes and solutions
In very large software designs, software engineers may lose the context and inadvertently introduce circular dependencies. There are tools to analyze software and find unwanted circular dependencies.

Circular dependencies can be introduced when implementing callback functionality. This can be avoided by applying design patterns like the observer pattern.

See also
 Acyclic dependencies principle
 Dependency hell

References

Programming language topics
C++
Articles with example C++ code

Circular dependency


Michael John Pratt (7 June 1931 – 10 July 1976) was an English actor, musician, songwriter and screenwriter, known for his work on British television in the 1960s and 1970s.

Early life and musical career
Early in his career, Mike Pratt worked in advertising, while also taking some part-time acting roles. He left his office job in the mid-1950s. With three friends (including Lionel Bart), he then drove around Europe in an old-style London taxi.

Upon returning to England, he earned a living as a jazz and skiffle musician in London clubs. An accomplished guitarist and pianist, in the 1950s, he jammed with the Vipers Skiffle Group at the 2 I's club in London with his friend Tommy Steele.

A successful songwriter, Pratt collaborated with Bart and Steele on many of Steele's early hits in the late 1950s and early 1960s. To enable Steele to start to film his life story, co-writers Steele, Bart and Pratt, wrote twelve songs in seven days. A Steele-Pratt collaboration, "A Handful of Songs", originally a hit for Tommy Steele in 1957, became the theme tune to a long-running Granada Television children's programme of the same name in the late 1970s. They also contributed to the writing of the song "Rock with the Caveman".

Bart and Pratt received the 1957 Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically for "Little White Bull". Pratt won a further Ivor Novello award for "A Handful of Songs". In 1961, he wrote the music and lyrics for The Big Client, a play which was produced at the Bristol Old Vic from 28 November 1961. Pratt also co wrote the title song to the 1961 film comedy Double Bunk.

Acting career
Pratt appeared in numerous plays between 1965 and 1967. From 25 May 1966, he appeared at the Aldwych Theatre in Tango, a play by Slawomir Mrozek, alongside Patience Collier, Peter Jeffrey, Ursula Mohan and Dudley Sutton, under director Trevor Nunn.

He is best known for his role as Jeff Randall in the late 1960s ITC detective series Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) alongside Kenneth Cope and Annette Andre. Pratt also wrote episode two of the series, titled "A Disturbing Case".

He also appeared in TV series such as No Hiding Place, The Saint, Gideon's Way, Z-Cars, Danger Man, Out of the Unknown, Redcap, The Baron, Man in a Suitcase, The Champions, Callan, UFO (episode "The Psychobombs"), The Expert, Hadleigh, Jason King, Arthur of the Britons, Softly, Softly: Taskforce, Crown Court, Father Brown, Oil Strike North and The Adventures of Black Beauty, in which he had a semi-regular role. His last television role was in the BBC drama series The Brothers as airline pilot Don Stacy.

His film career included roles in This Is My Street (1964), The Party's Over (1965), Roman Polanski's Repulsion (1965), Robbery (1967), A Dandy in Aspic (1968), The Fixer (1968), Goodbye Gemini (1970), Sitting Target (1972), Assassin (1973), the horror anthology The Vault of Horror (1973), and Swallows and Amazons (1974).

He joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1966, appearing on stage throughout the rest of the 1960s and the early 1970s.

Personal life and death
His son is Guy Pratt, a session bass guitarist best known for his live performances with Pink Floyd (since 1987) and offshoot solo projects with David Gilmour and Nick Mason.

Mike Pratt died from lung cancer in July 1976, aged 45. The following month, a show was staged at the Aldwych Theatre in London in his memory. The cast included Glenda Jackson, Kenneth Haigh and John Le Mesurier. Of his co-star in Randall & Hopkirk (Deceased), Kenneth Cope said:
"Michael was a great loss, both to the industry and as a friend."

Filmography

References

External links

1931 births
1976 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer in England
English male television actors
English male screenwriters
English male stage actors
English male songwriters
Male actors from London
Royal Shakespeare Company members
Ivor Novello Award winners
English jazz pianists
English jazz guitarists
English male guitarists
20th-century English male actors
20th-century English musicians
20th-century British guitarists
British male jazz musicians
20th-century English screenwriters
20th-century British male musicians
20th-century British musicians

Mike Pratt (actor)


Michael Watson Sherrard (born June 21, 1963) is a former professional American football wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys, San Francisco 49ers, New York Giants, and Denver Broncos. He played college football at UCLA.

Early years
Sherrard attended Chico High School in Chico, California, where he was a multi-sport athlete, lettering in football, basketball, baseball and track.

He moved on to UCLA as an unrecruited walk-on athlete and was redshirted after breaking his finger in fall practice. The next year, he suffered from mononucleosis when he reported for spring practice and registered only 2 receptions during the season, while backing up wide receivers Dokie Williams and Jo-Jo Townsell.

Sherrard became a starter as a sophomore in 1983, posting 48 receptions (school record) for 709 yards. He also was the first player in school history to have 2 games of more than 135 receiving yards; 136 yards against the University of Washington and 140 yards against Arizona State University. The next year, he had 43 catches, becoming the first player in school history to have two seasons with more than 40 receptions, while also tallying a career-high 729 receiving yards.

As a senior, he was having his best season until breaking his clavicle in the first half of the fifth game against Arizona State University. He missed five contests and returned for the season finale against USC. He also played in the 1986 Rose Bowl 45-28 win against the University of Iowa, where he had 4 receptions and one touchdown.

Sherrard left as the school's all-time leading receiver in a season and a career with 124 receptions for 1,937 yards and 9 touchdowns.

Professional career

Dallas Cowboys
In the 1986 NFL Draft the Dallas Cowboys traded up from the 20th to the 18th position with the San Francisco 49ers, in exchange for a fifth round draft choice (#131-Patrick Miller), in order to select Sherrard, who became only the second wide receiver ever drafted by the franchise in the first round (Dennis Homan was the first one in 1968).

Sherrard started what seemed to be a very promising NFL career, becoming a starter in the thirteenth game against the Seattle Seahawks. He played in all 16 games (4 starts), registering 41 receptions for 744 yards, an 18.2-yard average (led the team) and 5 receiving touchdowns (led the team). At the time his totals ranked third for most receptions, third for most receiving yards, and second for most receiving touchdowns by a rookie in franchise history.

In 1987, he came into training camp as the Cowboys best wide receiver, but was lost for the year when he was tripped by a defender during a scrimmage on August 5, shattering two bones (the tibia and fibula) in his right leg. He also missed the 1988 season, when he re-fractured his right leg tibia and also the shin bone, while jogging on a Santa Monica beach as part of his rehab treatment in March.

San Francisco 49ers
The San Francisco 49ers signed Sherrard in Plan B free agency in 1989, but put him on the Physically Unable to Perform list for the entire regular season, allowing him plenty of time to heal for the playoffs, where he caught 3 passes for 40 yards and was a part of the Super Bowl XXIV winning team.

In 1990, he was off to a solid start, but broke his right fibula in a 20-17 win over the Cleveland Browns during the seventh game and was placed on the injured reserve list on October 29. He finished with 17 receptions for 264 yards and 2 touchdowns. The next season, he played in all 16 games, posting 24 receptions for 296 yards and 2 touchdowns.

In 1992, he appeared in all 16 games (8 starts), tallying 38 catches for 607 yards, including 6 catches for 159 yards against the Buffalo Bills.

New York Giants
On April 7, 1993, he signed as a free agent with the New York Giants. He was off to a great start with 24 receptions for 433 yards and 2 touchdowns through the first 6 games, but lost the rest of the season after suffering a partially dislocated left hip and a fractured hip socket against the Philadelphia Eagles. He also had injury complications when he was diagnosed as having a blood clot on the same hip.

His best professional season came in 1994, when he had career-highs in starts (14), receptions (53), receiving yards (825) and touchdowns (6). The next year, although he missed most of the preseason with a hamstring injury, he played in 13 games (13 starts), catching 44 receptions for 577 yards and 4 touchdowns. He missed the 12th and 13th games with a ruptured blood vessel above his right knee.

Denver Broncos
On May 5, 1996, he signed as a free agent with the Denver Broncos, where he only played one season as a reserve, before announcing his retirement on August 6, 1997. Sherrard persevered through multiple injuries and doubts about his future, to play 11 seasons in the NFL, recording 257 receptions for 3,931 yards and 22 touchdowns.

Personal life
Sherrard's mother Cherrie, ran the 80-yard hurdles in the 1964 Summer Olympics, where she was a teammate of Bob Hayes. She won a gold medal in the 1967 Pan American Games. His father Robert, played college basketball, semi-pro baseball and was a college professor at California State University. He is a cousin of Pro Football Hall of Fame cornerback Darrell Green.

After retirement, Sherrard worked as a fundraiser for Autism Speaks. He currently lives in Westlake Village, California with his daughter and two sons and is involved in television production.

In 2010, he was hired as the wide receivers coach at Oaks Christian School. In 2014, he was the offensive coordinator at Oaks Christian. In 2015, he was hired as the wide receivers coach at Newbury Park High School.

References

External links

1963 births
Living people
American football wide receivers
Dallas Cowboys players
Denver Broncos players
New York Giants players
San Francisco 49ers players
UCLA Bruins football players
High school football coaches in California
Players of American football from Oakland County, Michigan
Players of American football from Chico, California

Mike Sherrard


Bobby Joe Young (born March 4, 1959) is a former boxer from Steubenville, Ohio.  Young is best known as the only man to have a professional win over Aaron Pryor.

Amateur career
Young had a solid amateur career, and allegedly lost two close fights in the amateurs to Thomas Hearns.

Professional career
Young turned professional in 1980 amidst high expectations, and lost his first bout to Pedro Vilella in the Felt Forum.

In 1987 he dealt Pryor his lone loss, by a knockout in seven.

In 1989, Young got his first and only title shot, against Simon Brown for the IBF welterweight title.  Young was knocked out in the 2nd round.

He retired after the loss with 31 wins, 7 losses and 23 wins by knockout.

At one point, Young was considered one of the welterweights of the future, along with Milton McCrory, Donald Curry, and Marlon Starling.

Bobby Joe Young now works at Curtis High School in New York City.

External links

1959 births
Living people
Boxers from Ohio
Sportspeople from Steubenville, Ohio
American male boxers
Welterweight boxers

Bobby Joe Young


The Kratos XQ-58 Valkyrie is an experimental stealthy unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) designed and built by Kratos Defense & Security Solutions for the United States Air Force's Low Cost Attritable Strike Demonstrator (LCASD) program, under the USAF Research Laboratory's Low Cost Attritable Aircraft Technology (LCAAT) project portfolio. It was initially designated the XQ-222. The Valkyrie completed its first flight on 5 March 2019 at Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona.

Development and design

The XQ-58 Valkyrie falls within the USAF Research Laboratory's Low Cost Attritable Aircraft Technology (LCAAT) portfolio, whose objectives include designing and building unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) faster by developing better design tools and maturing and using commercial manufacturing processes to reduce production time and cost. The LCAAT is to escort the F-22 or F-35 during combat missions and to deploy weapons or surveillance systems.

The XQ-58 is designed to act as a loyal wingman that is controlled by a parent aircraft to accomplish tasks such as scouting, defensive fire, or absorbing enemy fire. It features stealth technology with a trapezoidal fuselage with a chined edge, V-tail, and an S-shaped air intake. The XQ-58 can operate as part of a swarm of drones, with or without direct pilot control. The XQ-58 can make conventional take-offs and landings or be launched from "nondescript launch modules", such as support ships, shipping containers, and semi-trailer trucks.

Kratos officials have said the company could produce 250 to 500 Valkyries per year. It can be produced at a unit cost of $4 million at an annual production rate of 50 aircraft, and possibly for less than $2 million if over 100 airframes are built per year.

Operational history

The XQ-58's first flight took place on 5 March 2019, about two and a half years after Kratos received the contract. A total of five test flights were planned in two phases to evaluate system functionality, aerodynamic performance, and launch and recovery systems.

On 23 July 2020, the Air Force gave contracts to Kratos, Boeing, Northrop Grumman, and General Atomics to compete for the Skyborg program, an effort to field an unmanned wingman for manned fighters at a price that makes it somewhat expendable. After Northrop was eliminated on 7 December 2020, Kratos, Boeing, and General Atomics delivered their entries by May 2021 for flight tests in July 2021.

On 26 March 2021, the XQ-58A completed its sixth test flight, opening the doors of its internal weapons bay for the first time and releasing a  Area-I Altius-600 small unmanned aircraft system (UAS).

In August 2023, a report with pictures showed the XQ-58A in formation with an F-15E Strike Eagle from the 96th Test Wing's 40th Flight Test Squadron at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida.

The United States Marine Corps ordered two XQ-58s in December 2022 for testing purposes under the Marine Corps Penetrating Affordable Autonomous Collaborative Killer – Portfolio (PAACK-P) program and conducted its first test flight with them at Eglin Air Force Base on 2 October 2023. In January 2023 the United States Navy also ordered two XQ-58s for tests similar to those being undertaken by the Marines.

Operators

 United States Air Force
 United States Marine Corps
 United States Navy

Specifications

See also

References

External links

 Kratos XQ-58 Valkyrie page

Unmanned military aircraft of the United States
2010s United States experimental aircraft
Unmanned stealth aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2019

Kratos XQ-58 Valkyrie