Joshua Patrick Beckett (born May 15, 1980) is an American former professional baseball pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB). A three-time MLB All-Star, he played for the Florida Marlins, the Boston Red Sox, and the Los Angeles Dodgers.

After a stellar high school career in which he was regarded as one of the top baseball prospects in the U.S., Beckett was drafted by the Marlins with the second overall pick in the 1999 MLB draft. He won the 2003 World Series with the Marlins and the 2007 World Series with the Red Sox, receiving the 2003 World Series MVP award and the 2007 American League Championship Series MVP award. Beckett was traded from the Marlins to the Red Sox in 2006 and from the Red Sox to the Dodgers in 2012, both as part of multi-player transactions.

Beckett recovered from a serious injury that caused him to miss most of the 2013 season. He pitched a no-hitter for the Dodgers against the Philadelphia Phillies on May 25, 2014, becoming the 19th man in Dodgers history to pitch a no-hitter. However, his season was again cut short due to an injury, and he announced his retirement on October 7, 2014.

Early life
Beckett grew up idolizing fellow Texans Nolan Ryan and Roger Clemens. As a youth, he starred on Little League All-Star teams. He later attended Spring High School in Spring, Texas. He had trouble with grades and with paying attention to his coach during his freshman year, so his coach in frustration threw Beckett off the team. He experienced a growth spurt before his sophomore year and added speed to his fastball. He also raised his GPA and was able to get back on the team, where he had a 9–3 record with a 1.18 earned run average (ERA) as a sophomore, tossing three no-hitters.

As a high school junior, Beckett was ranked by Baseball America as the top high school prospect in the nation, and his team as the top high school baseball team. He compiled a 13–2 record and struck out 2.1 batters per inning while walking only 20 batters all season. His high school coach said "I've never seen a pitcher with his ability—ever."

In his senior season, Beckett, by this point nicknamed "Kid Heat," was named the High School player of the year by USA Today. Beckett signed a letter of intent to pitch for Texas A&M University, but he and Josh Hamilton were seen as the top two players available in the 1999 Major League Baseball draft. Concerned about Beckett's perceived arrogance, the Tampa Bay Devil Rays chose Hamilton with the first pick. Beckett, meanwhile, was chosen with the second pick by the Florida Marlins. Marlins scouting director Al Avila said at the time, "Beckett has good size and has an overpowering fastball. He's a bulldog on the mound." Showing his confidence, Beckett predicted that he would make it to the major leagues within two years and play in an All-Star game by 2001.

Baseball career

Florida Marlins (1999–2005)

Minor leagues
Beckett engaged in protracted negotiations with the Marlins, during which he briefly enrolled at Blinn Junior College, but he eventually signed on August 28, 1999, to a four-year $7 million contract that included a $3.625 million signing bonus. His signing bonus was larger than what the Marlins were paying everyone on the Major League roster, except pitcher Alex Fernandez.

Beckett impressed the Marlins in his first spring training with the team in March 2000, with a fastball clocked at  and a good curveball.  He also showed his commitment to the team by donating $100,000 to the team's charitable foundation, more than any other player had donated. He was assigned to the Kane County Cougars of the Class A Midwest League to make his professional debut. As the Opening Day starter for the Cougars, he pitched four innings and allowed only one run, on a double by Albert Pujols. Beckett suffered from injuries that season, including shoulder tendinitis and a frayed rotator cuff, injuries which took longer to heal because he did too much weight lifting while on the disabled list. He would later say, "I tried to get too strong too quick and ended up making things worse." He pitched in 13 games for the Cougars and finished with a record of 2–3 with a 2.12 ERA and 61 strikeouts. He was selected by Baseball America as the Marlins best prospect and the 19th best in the entire minor leagues as well as having the best fastball in the Midwest League. He was also selected to play in the All-Star Futures Game, a showcase for the best prospects.

The Marlins assigned Beckett to the Brevard County Manatees of the Florida State League at the start of the 2001 season. He didn't allow an earned run in his first  innings and went 6–0 with a 1.23 ERA and 101 strikeouts in 13 games. Marlins General Manager Dave Dombrowski remarked on his progress, "He pitched as well in the Florida State League as any prospect I've ever been associated with", leading to a promotion to the Double A Portland Sea Dogs of the Eastern League.  Beckett struck out eight of the first nine batters he faced in his Sea Dogs debut on June 16, 2001. On August 13, 2001, he combined with two other Sea Dogs pitchers to throw a no-hitter against the Binghamton Mets. In 13 starts for the team, he had an 8–1 record, a 1.82 ERA and struck out 102 batters.

He was selected as Minor League Player of the Year by Baseball America, The Sporting News, and USA Today. Baseball America also ranked him as the Marlins' best prospect and the third best in all of baseball, while the Marlins named him as their organizational minor league player of the year.

Major leagues
Beckett's MLB debut was on September 4, 2001, against the Chicago Cubs, in which he gave up one hit over six shutout innings to pick up his first MLB win. He also doubled and scored in the game. Beckett was quoted afterwards as saying, "It was fun. I'm ready for my next one." He did not allow a run in his first 10 innings before giving up a two-run homer to Vladimir Guerrero on September 19 against the Montreal Expos. He finished 2001 with four games started, a 2–2 record, and an ERA of 1.50.

Hampered by blister problems in 2002, Beckett's highlight was on July 21, when he struck out 12 Expos in one game, combining with a couple of relief pitchers on a Marlins record 17 strikeouts in a nine-inning game. In 23 appearances for the Marlins in 2002, which included two relief appearances, he was 6–7 with a 4.10 ERA and 113 strikeouts.

Beckett was named the Marlins opening day starting pitcher in 2003, and at 22 years old, he was the youngest opening day starter in the team's history. However, he lasted just  innings in the game as the Philadelphia Phillies scored five unearned runs in the third as a result of two errors and a passed ball. He subsequently went on the disabled list (DL) with a sprained right elbow in mid-May, part of a string of team injuries that contributed to the firing of Manager Jeff Torborg.  He returned from his injury on July 1 and finished the season with a 9–8 record, a 3.04 ERA and 152 strikeouts.

Beckett made his postseason debut in the opening game of the 2003 National League (NL) Division Series, where he allowed only one run in seven innings against the San Francisco Giants but picked up the loss as Jason Schmidt pitched a complete-game shutout. However, the Marlins came back to win the series in four games. His next start, in game one of the 2003 NL Championship Series against the Chicago Cubs, did not go well as he allowed four runs in the first inning, two of them on a home run by Moisés Alou, and six runs in his  innings. The Marlins battled back and won the game in extra innings. The Cubs took the next three games and only needed one more win to take the series when Beckett returned to the mound in game five. He allowed only three Cubs to reach base in the game, on two singles and a walk, in the complete-game shutout to keep his team alive. The Marlins took game six also, thanks partly to the infamous Steve Bartman incident. In game seven, on two days rest, Beckett came in out of the bullpen to pitch four innings and the Marlins won 9–6 to clinch the National League championship.

Beckett won the 2003 World Series MVP Award with two strong performances, one of which was on three days' rest, as the Marlins defeated the New York Yankees. In game three, he struck out 10 and allowed only two runs in  innings.  Then in game six at Yankee Stadium, he shut out the Yankees in a complete game, striking out nine batters and clinching the series by making the tag for the final out.

Beckett made the opening day start for the Marlins again in 2004, allowing one run in seven innings against the Expos. He made three trips to the DL during the season, but still pitched a career-high 26 starts and  innings. He was 9–9 with a 3.79 ERA  and had 152 strikeouts for the second year in a row but the Marlins faltered down the stretch and did not make the postseason. In 2005, he was 15–8 with a 3.38 ERA and 166 strikeouts in 29 games.

In his five seasons with the Marlins, Beckett had a 41–34 record, a 3.46 ERA and struck out a total of 607 batters in 106 games. In his final start as a Marlin, on September 23, 2005, against the Atlanta Braves, he struck out six in seven shutout innings but earned a no decision in a game the Marlins eventually lost.

Boston Red Sox (2006–2012)
In a deal that was made official on Thanksgiving Day 2005, Beckett was traded to the Boston Red Sox along with third baseman Mike Lowell and relief pitcher Guillermo Mota for minor league shortstop Hanley Ramírez (the top prospect in the Red Sox system at the time) and pitchers Aníbal Sánchez, Jesús Delgado and Harvey García. Beckett and Lowell were among a prominent list of veterans the Marlins traded in an effort to shed salary. This was organizationally termed a market correction.  In his first start with the Red Sox, Beckett allowed only one run in seven innings to pick up the win against the Texas Rangers on April 5, 2006.

Beckett was the first Red Sox pitcher to hit a home run in 35 years — since the advent of the designated hitter rule — when he took Phillies' pitcher Brett Myers deep during an interleague game on May 20, 2006. On July 18, he signed a three-year, $30 million contract extension with a $10 million club option for 2010. Beckett completed his first season with the Red Sox with a record of 16–11 and a 5.01 ERA. In  innings, he gave up 191 hits and struck out 158 batters while walking 74. He also allowed 36 home runs, tied for second most in the majors.

At the start of the 2007 season, Beckett adjusted to throwing more breaking pitches and fewer fastballs. At the same time, he learned to locate his pitches rather than simply get strikes by power. He reduced his walks and home runs allowed by nearly half, contributing to his success in 2007. Beckett became one of six Red Sox pitchers in history to win their first seven starts. George Winter and Mickey Harris both won their first seven starts in a season, and Babe Ruth, Dave Ferriss and Roger Moret all won their first eight starts in a season. After a strong first half, posting a 12–2 record with a 3.44 ERA, he was selected to the American League team in the 2007 MLB All-Star Game. Beckett earned the victory in the game after pitching two innings, giving up only one hit, and striking out two. Beckett became the first pitcher to win 20 games in a season since 2005, finishing the season with a record of 20–7, a 3.27 ERA, 194 strikeouts, a 1.14 WHIP, and only 40 walks and 17 home runs allowed. He finished second in AL Cy Young Award voting, behind CC Sabathia.

Beckett threw a shutout against the Anaheim Angels on 108 pitches, 83 of which were strikes, to start the 2007 American League Division Series. Nine days later, Beckett started the first game of the 2007 American League Championship Series (ALCS) and pitched six innings for the win and in game five he struck out 11 in eight innings. Beckett's 2–0 record and 1.93 ERA against the Cleveland Indians earned him the 2007 ALCS MVP Award. He then started and won the first game of the 2007 World Series against the Colorado Rockies, pitching seven innings, allowing one run on six hits, and striking out nine batters. Boston would go on to sweep the Rockies in the series.

On May 8, 2008, Beckett recorded his 1,000th career strikeout, when Brandon Inge of the Detroit Tigers struck out swinging in the seventh inning. He was 12–10 with a 4.03 ERA in 27 starts. In game three of the 2008 American League Division Series against the Anaheim Angels he allowed four runs in five innings He then made two starts in the 2008 ALCS against the Tampa Bay Rays and was 1–0 but had a high 9.64 ERA.

In 2009, during his first Opening Day start with the Red Sox, Beckett struck out 10 through seven innings allowing only one run and two hits in a 5–3 victory over the Rays. On April 14, 2009, MLB fined and suspended him six games for intentionally throwing over the head of Angels outfielder Bobby Abreu. Beckett later appealed the suspension and got it reduced to five games. On June 20, 2009, he recorded his first complete-game shutout in three years against the Atlanta Braves in a duel against former Red Sox pitcher Derek Lowe. The shutout was his first in a Red Sox uniform. On July 5, 2009, he was selected to represent Boston in the 2009 MLB All Star Game.

Beckett recorded his 100th career win on July 12, 2009, pitching a complete-game shutout against the Kansas City Royals at Fenway Park. On August 7, 2009, against the New York Yankees, he engaged in a pitching duel with former Marlins teammate A. J. Burnett that turned into a fifteen-inning, five-hour-and-thirty-three-minute game. He threw seven shutout innings, Burnett threw . The Red Sox eventually lost the game in the bottom of the 15th, when Alex Rodriguez hit a walk-off two-run home run. He was 17–6 on the season, with a 3.86 ERA and a career-high 199 strikeouts in 32 starts. He lost his one start in the postseason, to the Angels in Game 2 of the 2009 ALDS.

On April 5, 2010, the Red Sox and Beckett agreed to a four-year, $68 million contract extension, through 2014. On May 7, he allowed nine runs, struck out eight and also hit two batters. This was the first time a Major League pitcher had that combination of stats in a single game since Jack Coombs of the Philadelphia Athletics during the 1911 season. He was placed on the disabled list on May 19 with a lower back strain and returned from the injury on July 23. In 21 starts in 2010, he was 6–6 with a 5.78 ERA.

In 2011, he posted career bests in ERA (2.89), opponent batting average (.211) and WHIP (1.03). He was 13–7 in 30 games and was selected to his third All-Star Game. On September 16, he recorded his 1,000th strikeout as a member of the Red Sox against Tampa Bay's Ben Zobrist in the sixth inning. At the end of the 2011 season, the Red Sox collapsed and failed to make the playoffs. Beckett and two more starting pitchers (John Lackey and Jon Lester) were in the center of a controversy where the three drank alcohol, ate fried chicken, and played video games during games where they weren't pitching. Beckett was noted as the leader of this and some cited this behavior as part of the reason for the team's poor play down the stretch.

Beckett struggled in the 2012 season, he went 5–11 with a 5.23 ERA as a Red Sox. He was also the center of yet another controversy when it was reported that he played several rounds of golf despite having been scratched from his start due to a lat muscle injury. In what would turn out to be his final start with the Red Sox, he allowed four runs in six innings on August 19, 2012, against the Yankees. Over seven seasons, he started 194 regular season games for the Red Sox with an 89–58 record, a 4.17 ERA and 1,108 strikeouts.

Los Angeles Dodgers (2012–2014)

On August 25, 2012, Beckett was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers (along with Adrián González, Carl Crawford and Nick Punto and $11 million in cash) for James Loney, Iván DeJesús, Jr., Allen Webster, and two players to be named later (Jerry Sands and Rubby De La Rosa). He started seven games for the Dodgers after the trade and was 2–3 with a 2.93 ERA.

Beckett struggled in the early part of the 2013 season, posting an 0–5 record and 5.19 ERA in eight starts. He was placed on the disabled list with a groin strain on May 15, his 33rd birthday. While on the disabled list, he began to experience numbness and tingling in his hand so he went to see a nerve specialist and expressed doubt as to whether he would be able to pitch again. The Dodgers shut him down from pitching for a month while he underwent a rigorous rehabilitation program in an effort to avoid season-ending surgery. However, the tingling sensation returned when he attempted to resume his throwing program in late June. He was diagnosed with thoracic outlet syndrome, which required him to undergo surgery on July 10, 2013, that ended his 2013 season.

Beckett's surgery, which included having a rib removed, made him a question mark for the Dodgers heading into 2014. He returned to the Dodgers on April 9 and made his first start since the previous May, allowing four runs in four innings. On May 13, he picked up his first win since 2012.

On May 25, 2014, Beckett pitched a no-hitter against the Philadelphia Phillies at Citizens Bank Park, the 21st no-hitter in Dodgers history, and the first since Hideo Nomo did so in the 1996 season. He was also the first pitcher to no-hit the Phillies since Bob Forsch in 1978. Beckett threw 128 pitches, struck out six, and walked three en route to the victory. Beckett also became the oldest pitcher (34) to throw a no-hitter since Randy Johnson (40) threw a perfect game in 2004. He was honored as the National League Player of the Week as a result of that game.

On July 8, 2014, Beckett landed on the disabled list with a left hip impingement, an injury he said had gotten worse as the season went on. He returned to the rotation on July 22, but struggled when he returned. In a start on August 3, he was only able to pitch four innings against the Cubs. Afterward, Beckett told the team that he had experienced renewed discomfort in his injured hip. An MRI revealed that his hip impingement had resulted in a torn labrum and two cysts, possibly requiring season ending surgery. He was placed back on the 15-day disabled list on August 8. On September 3, 2014, Dodgers manager Don Mattingly told reporters that Beckett's season was likely over due to his injury. A couple of days later, Beckett confirmed that he would not pitch again in 2014 and added that he was also considering retirement. Beckett officially announced his retirement on October 7, 2014.

Pitching style
Beckett threw five pitches regularly: a four-seam fastball (), a two-seam fastball (), a cutter (), a curveball (), and a changeup (). Beckett used all five of his pitches against left-handed hitters but dropped the changeup against righties. He preferred to use his curveball when ahead in the count, bolstered by its 34% whiff rate. Beckett also began to experiment with a slider and splitter in 2012.

Personal life

Beckett has been linked to such celebrities as model/sportcaster Leeann Tweeden and country singer Danielle Peck. On October 18, 2007, Peck was invited by the Cleveland Indians to sing the National Anthem prior to Game 5 of the American League Championship Series between the Red Sox and Indians. Beckett was the starting pitcher in that game, and some Red Sox fans theorized that her invitation was an attempt by the Indians organization to distract Beckett. The Indians denied this claim. On January 22, 2011, he married Holly Fisher, an aeronautics engineer and former high school classmate. The couple have three children together. Beckett owns homes in Manhattan Beach, California, and Boerne, Texas.

Beckett is an avid deer hunter and has been since childhood. He was the 2002 winner of the Muy Grande Deer Contest for bringing down the largest buck during the Texas deer hunting season. He owns Herradura Ranch, a  deer-hunting ranch outside of Cotulla, Texas.

He was featured in a Kevin Fowler music video alongside his teammates John Lackey, Tim Wakefield, Jon Lester and Clay Buchholz.

On November 11, 2017, Beckett was arrested for public intoxication as a result of charging at a country band at a local bar in Texas. The singer received a torn rotator cuff and dislocated shoulder.

See also

 List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
American League All-Stars
American League Championship Series MVPs
American League wins champions
American hunters
Baseball players from Harris County, Texas
Baseball players from San Antonio
Boston Red Sox players
Brevard County Manatees players
Carolina Mudcats players
Florida Marlins players
Gulf Coast Marlins players
Jupiter Hammerheads players
Kane County Cougars players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Portland Sea Dogs players
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players
Sportspeople from Spring, Texas
World Series Most Valuable Player Award winners

Josh Beckett


A ganger crossin or pedestrian crossin is a merkit aurie fur gangers to cross a gate. Pelican crossins are designt tae keep gangers thegither whaur thay can be seen by motorists, an whaur thay can cross maist saufly endlang the flowe o vehicular traffeck.

Merkit ganger crossins are aften fuindit at infaws, bit can be at ither pynts alang busy gates whaur hit woud itherweys be unsauf tae cross an aw. Thay are pit in auries whaur muckle nummers o gangers try tae cross gates, or whaur schuil bairns or auld fowk uisually try tae cross forby.

Pedestrian infrastructur

Ganger crossin


Marc Prensky (born March 15, 1946, New York City, United States) is an American writer and speaker on education. He is best known as the creator of the terms "Digital native" and "digital immigrant" which he described in a 2001 article in "On the Horizon".

Prensky holds degrees from Oberlin College (1966), Middlebury College (MA, 1967), Yale University (1968) and the Harvard Business School (1980). He is the author of seven books: Digital Game-Based Learning (McGraw-Hill 2001),  Don't Bother Me Mom – I'm Learning (Paragon House 2006),  Teaching Digital Natives (Corwin Press 2010), From Digital Natives to Digital Wisdom: Hopeful Essays for 21st Century Learning (2012), Brain Gain: Technology and the Quest for Digital Wisdom (2012), The World Needs a New  Curriculum (The Global Future Education Foundation, 2014), Education To Better Their World: Unleashing the power of 21st century kids (Teachers College Press, 2016) and 100 essays on learning and education. Prensky also designed the first first-person-shooter game for corporate training (Straight Shooter, 1987) and a suite of eight learning game templates (For Corporate Gameware in 1996.)

Prensky began his career as a teacher in Harlem, New York. He has taught in elementary school, (New Haven CT), high school (New York, NY), and college (Wagner College, Staten Island, NY) and in the mid-1970s he also earned money playing his lute in a classical music restaurant/bar. He worked for six years (1981-1987) as a corporate strategist and product development director with the Boston Consulting Group, and six years (1993-1999) for Bankers Trust on Wall St., where he created game-based training for financial traders, and started an internal division, Corporate Gameware, later spun out as games2train.

Focus and research
Prensky's professional focus is on K-12 education reform. His books address tools (Digital Game-Based Learning), pedagogy (Teaching Digital Natives), curriculum (The World Needs a New Curriculum) and the entire k-12 system (Education to Better Their World.)

Prensky is a strong advocate for listening more carefully to what students say about their own education.  In his speaking engagements he has conducted approximately 100 student panels in 40 countries.

He has been named a "guiding star of the new parenting movement" by Parental Intelligence Newsletter.

Criticism
Bax (2011) has written that Prensky's views are simplistic, that his terminology is open to challenge and that his claim that educators should simply alter their approach to suit young people who are 'digital natives' ignores essential elements of the nature of learning and good pedagogy. The Economist (2010) questioned whether the designation of the 'digital native' has any real-world usefulness.

Prensky responds that: "The distinction between digital natives and digital immigrants is important because it is more cultural than technology-knowledge-based.  'Digital Immigrants' grew up in a non-digital, pre-Internet culture before they experienced the digital one.  'Digital Natives' know only the digital culture." Prensky further argues that "the fields of education and pedagogy have today become needlessly and painfully over-complicated, ignoring our students' (and our world's) real needs. It is time to reassess what good and effective teaching means in a digital age and how to combine what is important from the past with the tools of the future." Prensky argues that "despite recent influxes of technology into schools, not enough attention is being paid to the full implications of all the important recent changes in our educational environment and context".

Books
Prensky's books include:-
Digital Game-Based Learning
Don't Bother Me Mom — I'm Learning
Teaching Digital Natives — Partnering for Real Learning
From Digital Natives to Digital Wisdom: Hopeful Essays for 21st Century Learning
Brain Gain: Technology and the Quest for Digital Wisdom
The World Needs a New Curriculum
Education To Better Their World: Unleashing the Power of 21st Century Kids

Volumes edited
 Games and Simulation in Online Learning (with Gibson)

References

Living people
1946 births
Writers from New York City
Oberlin College alumni
Yale University alumni
Harvard Business School alumni

Marc Prensky


Allied Force Headquarters (AFHQ) was the headquarters that controlled all Allied operational forces in the Mediterranean theatre of World War II from August 1942 until the end of the war in Europe in May 1945.

History
AFHQ was established in the United Kingdom on 14 August 1942 under Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower in order to command the forces committed to Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of French North Africa, set for November. Eisenhower had the title Commander-in-Chief, Allied Expeditionary Force. Shortly after the establishment of the headquarters, "Expeditionary" was deleted from its title, for reasons of operational security. Eisenhower thus became Commander-in-Chief, Allied Force. The HQ was moved to Gibraltar on 5 November 1942, and then on to Algiers on 28 November 1942.

Towards the end of 1942, there was a need to unify command of the Allied forces in North Africa, since those from the west, the British First Army, under the command of Lieutenant-General Kenneth Anderson, landed during Operation Torch, and those from the east, the British Eighth Army, commanded by Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery, that had fought and won the Second Battle of El Alamein, were now close enough together to need coordination. Therefore, on 10 February 1943, AFHQ assumed control of the Eighth Army advancing from the east as well.

In March 1943 AFHQ supervised Mediterranean Air Command; 18th Army Group; the Royal Navy Commander-in-Chief, of the Mediterranean Fleet, acting as the Allied naval commander, and the Fifth United States Army.

Eisenhower remained in command of AFHQ until 16 January 1944, overseeing the Allied invasion of Sicily (with the codename of Operation Husky) which began on 10 July 1943, and the Allied invasion of the Italian mainland (Operation Baytown and Operation Avalanche) on 3 September 1943. Eisenhower, then a full general, returned to the United Kingdom on 14 January 1944 to assume command 2 days later of the Allied forces assembling for Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of Normandy, scheduled for the spring of 1944. He was succeeded by General Sir Henry Maitland Wilson. Wilson's title became Supreme Commander, Mediterranean theater of operations.

Wilson was in command for just under a year, until he was sent to Washington, D.C., in December 1944 to replace Field Marshal Sir John Dill of the British Joint Staff Mission who had died suddenly. Wilson was succeeded by Field Marshal Sir Harold Alexander who was Supreme Commander and commander of AFHQ until the end of the war. After the war AFHQ became a small inter-allied staff responsible for combined command liquidation activities and commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir William Duthie Morgan as Supreme Allied Commander Mediterranean. AFHQ was abolished, effective 17 September 1947, by General Order 24, AFHQ, on 16 September 1947.

Commanders
General Dwight D. Eisenhower - 14 August 1942 to 16 January 1944
General Henry Maitland Wilson - 16 January 1944 to December 1944
General Harold Alexander - December 1944 to May 1945
Lieutenant General William Duthie Morgan - May 1945 to 17 September 1947

See also
 Mediterranean Theater of Operations, United States Army (MTO) was originally called the North African Theater of Operations (NATO) and was the United States Army organisation fighting the Axis powers in North Africa and Italy during World War II.

References

External links
 History of AFHQ – Part One (August – December 1942)
 History of AFHQ – Part Two (December 1942 – December 1943)
 History of AFHQ – Part Three (December 1943 – July 1944)

Allied commands of World War II
1942 establishments in England
1945 disestablishments in England
Military units and formations established in 1942
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
Defunct organisations based in England
Mediterranean theatre of World War II

Allied Force Headquarters


Zachary Thomas Duke (born April 19, 1983) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Arizona Diamondbacks, Washington Nationals, Milwaukee Brewers, Chicago White Sox, St. Louis Cardinals, Minnesota Twins, Seattle Mariners, and Cincinnati Reds.

Playing career

Pittsburgh Pirates
Duke was drafted directly out of Midway High School in Waco, Texas, in the 20th round of the 2001 draft, and began his career the following year with the Pirates' rookie level Gulf Coast League team.  He spent 2003 with the low-A Hickory Crawdads.

In 2004, Duke led all minor league pitchers with a 1.46 earned run average (24 earned runs in 148.1 innings pitched). He posted a  15–6 record in 26 combined starts between Class-A Lynchburg and Double-A Altoona, and his 15 wins tied for third-most among all minor league pitchers.

Following the 2004 season, Duke was named Pittsburgh's Minor League Pitcher-of-the-Year and earned Carolina League Pitcher-of-the-Year honors. He was selected by Baseball America as the sixth-best prospect in the Eastern League, and the best pitching prospect (fourth-best prospect overall) in the Carolina League. He was also recognized by the publication as having the best breaking pitch in the league.

Duke made his major league debut on July 2, 2005, against the Milwaukee Brewers, striking out nine and receiving a no-decision in the Pirates' 5–3 loss.  His nine strikeouts were the most by a Pirate making his MLB debut since Tim Wakefield on July 31, 1992.

Duke's debut month in July 2005 included a 3–0 shutout victory against Greg Maddux and the Cubs on July 16 and 22 consecutive scoreless innings from July 2 to 21.  He was named National League Rookie of the month for July while compiling a 0.87 ERA, the best among all starting pitchers in the Major Leagues. He became only the second Pittsburgh rookie to win his first five decisions, along with Whitey Glazner.  Duke also became one of only four pitchers during the Live-ball era to record an ERA below 1.00 in their first six starts (the others being Fernando Valenzuela, Boo Ferriss, and Steve Rogers). Duke finished 2005 with an 8–2 record in 14 starts, striking out 58 in 84.2 innings. He finished in fifth place in the Rookie of the Year voting, garnering 10% of the vote.

Duke's first full season with the Pirates in 2006 was as the new team ace, anchoring a very young rotation with Ian Snell.  Duke had a number of good starts in the first half of the season, but many of them were undone by the Pirates' weak bullpen and lack of run support for Duke.  The second half of 2006 was a re-emergence of the Duke who had dazzled Pittsburgh with his stuff from the previous year, and, on a side note, it was the first time the Pirates had compiled a winning record for a half of a season since 1992.  Duke recorded two complete game efforts, the only two that Pittsburgh had all season.  His first was a shutout of the Chicago Cubs on May 2, but he only had two strikeouts and a walk.  His better effort was on August 11 against the St. Louis Cardinals.  While he scattered eight hits, Duke only allowed one run (which was earned), recorded no walks and seven strikeouts.  Duke also threw 11 fewer pitches than his previous complete game effort, and recorded 14 ground-ball outs.  Duke's final line for the 2006 season was 10–15 with a 4.47 ERA and 117 strikeouts against 68 walks. During the 2006 season, he led the National League in hits allowed, with 255, and his 15 losses were third-most in the league.  Duke also became the first Pirates starter since Kris Benson in 2000 to throw more than 200 innings, with  innings pitched.

In 2007, Duke finished 3–8 with an ERA of 5.53.

In 2008, Duke was 5–14 with an ERA of 4.82 and he gave up more doubles than any other pitcher in the majors, with 58, and more sacrifice hits, with 14. He gave up 230 hits, second-most in the National League, and his 14 losses were fourth-most in the league.

Duke was named to the 2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, replacing the injured Matt Cain. He finished off 2009 with an 11–16 record, a 4.06 ERA, three complete games (third-most in the league), one shutout, 23 home runs given up, three hit batsmen, 231 hits (second-most in the league), 49 walks, 106 strikeouts, a .285 average against, 1.31 walks and hits per innings pitched, and 213 innings pitched. Duke's 16 losses in 2009 led the National League.

In 2010, Duke compiled a record of 8–15 with a 5.72 ERA, and a .321 batting average against. His 15 losses in 2010 were second in the National League.

Arizona Diamondbacks
On November 24, 2010, the Pittsburgh Pirates traded Duke to the Arizona Diamondbacks for a player to be named later, determined to be César Valdez.

On May 28, 2011, Duke was activated off the disabled list and made his first start with the Arizona Diamondbacks, replacing Micah Owings in the rotation. He also hit his first major league home run that day, a three-run home run off  Bud Norris. Duke made nine starts in the rotation, going 2–4 with a 5.47 ERA, and opponents hitting .336/.368/.481 off  him. On July 15, Duke was relocated to the bullpen, where he fared slightly better in a long-relief role, recording a 3.86 ERA in 25.2 innings, only striking out six while walking eight. Overall in 2011, Duke went 3–4 with a 4.91 ERA in 21 appearances. On October 31, 2011, he elected to become a free agent.

Houston Astros
Duke signed a minor league contract with the Houston Astros on January 27, 2012. He also received an invitation to spring training; however, he was released on March 27.

Washington Nationals
Duke signed a minor league contract with the Washington Nationals on March 29, 2012, playing for the Washington Nationals's AAA affiliate, the Syracuse Chiefs. He was called up to the majors on September 3 and appeared in eight games, pitching 13.2 innings with a 1.32 ERA.

On December 2, 2012, Duke re-signed with the Nationals on a one-year deal to serve as the team's long reliever. He was designated for assignment on June 4, 2013, after posting an 8.71 ERA for the team in  innings. On June 10, 2013, Duke was released by Washington.

Cincinnati Reds
Duke signed a minor league contract with the Cincinnati Reds on June 13, 2013. He eventually was promoted to the big league club and recorded an 0.84 ERA in  innings.

Milwaukee Brewers
Duke was signed as a free agent on January 15, 2014, and invited to spring training by the Milwaukee Brewers for 2014 and made the roster as a left-handed relief specialist. He recorded his first win of 2014 on April 20 against the Pittsburgh Pirates. Duke had emerged as a key member of the Brewers' bullpen, finding success against lefties and righties. As of July 21, his ERA was  1.16, and he had struck out 49 batters in  innings pitched. Duke finished the year strongly, recording a 2.45 ERA with 74 strikeouts against only 17 walks in 58.2 innings, appearing in 74 games and notching 12 holds. He limited left-handed hitters to a .198 batting average. Duke became a free agent on October 30, 2014.

Chicago White Sox
Duke signed a three-year, $15 million contract with the Chicago White Sox on November 18, 2014.

St. Louis Cardinals
On July 21, 2016, the White Sox traded Duke to the St. Louis Cardinals for outfielder Charlie Tilson. On October 14, 2016, it was revealed that Duke underwent surgery to repair a forearm flexor muscle and UCL in his left arm, which was expected to sideline him for the entire 2017 season. However, on July 21, 2017, Duke completed a rehab assignment and returned to the Cardinals' active roster, making his first appearance since the surgery on July 21.

Minnesota Twins
Duke signed a one-year deal with the Minnesota Twins on December 26, 2017. In 45 appearances, Duke was 3–4 in  innings.

Seattle Mariners
On July 30, 2018, Duke was traded to the Seattle Mariners for pitcher Chase De Jong and infielder Ryan Costello. Duke struggled after being acquired by Seattle, finishing with a 5.52 ERA in 27 appearances.

Return to the Reds
On February 11, 2019, Duke returned to the Reds on a one-year, $2 million deal.

On July 1, the Reds designated Duke for assignment. He was released on July 6, 2019.

Personal life
Duke was born in Clifton, Texas. He married Kristin Gross in Evansville, Indiana, in November 2007. They met when she was an emcee for the Indianapolis Indians. His best man was former Pirates closer Matt Capps. Duke and his wife reside in Gallatin, Tennessee.

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Altoona Curve players
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Baseball players from Texas
Chicago White Sox players
Cincinnati Reds players
Gulf Coast Pirates players
Hickory Crawdads players
Indianapolis Indians players
Louisville Bats players
Lynchburg Hillcats players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Milwaukee Brewers players
Minnesota Twins players
People from Clifton, Texas
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Reno Aces players
Savannah Bananas players
Seattle Mariners players
St. Louis Cardinals players
State College Spikes players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Visalia Rawhide players
Washington Nationals players

Zach Duke


Jean Williams is a British professor in sport history and author specialising in women's history; sport and literature; sportswear and motorsport. Having previously taught English for a decade, Williams was a senior research fellow at the International Centre for Sport History and Culture, De Montfort University. She acted as a historical consultant to the National Football Museum, particularly for elections to the English Football Hall of Fame. Though mainly known for her work on women's football, Williams has produced a range of material on the history of sports and the social contexts of events: these include articles on a collection of early modern sporting poems and 1950s British Bridge to a chapter on the Indianapolis 500 motor race in the United States. Williams also looked at women's motor racing for a special edition on Britain's motorists published in 2014. In terms of public history, Williams is very interested in the Midlands and wrote about Leicestershire cricketer George Geary for Our Sporting Life, an exhibition held at Curve Theatre in February 2011.

Williams is author of A Game For Rough Girls: A History of Women's Football in England (Routledge 2003) and A Beautiful Game: International Perspectives on Women's Football (Berg 2007). Her main projects for 2010-11 include a research monograph called A Contemporary History of Women's Sport (Routledge Research, 2011) and a €17,000 UEFA-funded project: Women's Football, Europe and Professionalization 1971–2011. She also wrote a history of Britain's women Olympians from 1900 to 2012. Williams has acted as consultant to sports organisations and for the media, including the BBC Nation on Film Series.

Bibliography

Monographs
 50 Women in Sport (Aurora Metro Books, 2022)
 A Game For Rough Girls: A History of Women's Football in England (Routledge, 2003)
 Beautiful Game: International Perspectives on Women's Football (Berg 2007)

Journal guest editions
 'Sport and Literature' a special edition of Sport in History with Jeff Hill (eds) (Routledge June 2009)  ISSN 1746-0263

References

Living people
Sports historians
Social historians
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century British non-fiction writers
21st-century British women writers

Jean Williams


Pleasant Island (Lingít: Wanachích) is the largest island in the Icy Strait between northern Chichagof Island and the mainland of the Alaska Panhandle. It lies southeast of the mainland city of Gustavus and southwest of the mainland community of Excursion Inlet. Pleasant Island has a land area of 49.192 km² (18.993 sq mi), had no population at the 2000 census, Colter Barnes is the only person who lives here.

Location
The  Pleasant/Lemesurier/Inian Islands Wilderness is located in Icy Strait between Chichagof Island and the mainland on the north end of the Tongass National Forest. The Wilderness is made up of three large islands and a few small islands adjacent to them.

Access
The wilderness is accessible by boat, kayak or float plane.

Area Description
This grouping of relatively small islands is unique in that the three largest islands are very different in topography, use and character. Pleasant Island is fairly flat and has a mixture of old-growth forest and muskeg. The island has a couple of small lakes that can be hiked to from the shoreline. The island has many beaches friendly to small boats or kayaks and several areas that are used for camping. Pleasant Island is located just a couple of miles from Gustavus, Alaska, and Glacier Bay National Park. Many people kayaking to and from the park stop at Pleasant Island for lunch or a campover.

Lemesurier Island, to the west of Pleasant, appears different because it rises out of Icy Strait to  above sea level. The top of the island is not forested like the rest, but is in the sub-alpine. There is one small lake on the south side of the island which can be hiked to from shoreline. There are half a dozen nice beaches around the south and north sides of the island where small boats or kayaks can approach and these coves are also good for camping. There are two small private parcels of land on the south side of this island.

The lnian Islands are even further west and are nearest the Pacific Ocean. They receive the high energy seas on the west side, characteristic of the outer coast. This grouping of half a dozen small islands offers refuge to boats from the swells, winds, and tides between the open ocean and Icy Strait. Caution should be used in traveling through the narrow openings between islands. The notorious laundry chute is an appropriate name as your boat can be swiftly drawn through this pass at certain tides. There are also two small private parcels of land on the main island.

The Strait is a passageway for a major portion of the water that travels through to the areas of Chatham Strait, Lynn Canal, and beyond. The higher the tides, the more the water moves through. Although this has a disadvantage in planning travel, it is also a key reason there is so much marine life in Icy Strait. This is an excellent place in southeast Alaska to watch for marine mammals. Humpback whales and Orca can be seen in abundance in Icy Strait as well as seals, Steller sea lions, sea otters, and porpoises. An abundance of sea and land birds can also be seen near the shores including murrelets, gulls, terns and bald eagles.

The islands host brown bears, Sitka black-tailed deer, marten, mink, land otter, red squirrels, ptarmigan, gray squirrels,  and grouse. The lnian Islands were used for fox farms in the 1920s and still provide harbor for commercial fishing vessels.

Facilities
There are no public cabins, shelters or maintained trails on the islands

References

Pleasant Island: Block 1047, Census Tract 3, Skagway-Hoonah-Angoon Census Area, Alaska United States Census Bureau

Islands of the Alexander Archipelago
Islands of Hoonah–Angoon Census Area, Alaska
Uninhabited islands of Alaska
Islands of Alaska
Islands of Unorganized Borough, Alaska

Pleasant Island (Alaska)


Newton St Loe SSSI () is a geological Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) close to the River Avon, near the village of Newton St Loe in Bath and North East Somerset. It was notified on September 1992.It is 2.26 hectares in size.

The site was featured in the Geological Conservation Review.

The site is designated as an SSSI because it represents the only remaining known exposure of fossiliferous Pleistocene gravels along the River Avon. In conjunction with other sites within the wider area, it has aided the development of a scientific understanding of the history of early glaciation within South West England.

Site description
The citation sheet for this SSSI describes the site as follows:
This site consists of a river terrace approximately 10m above the present River Avon. The Pleistocene fluvial gravels temporarily exposed at Newton St Loe exhibit scour-and-fill structures. The trough cross bedding is consistent with the gravels having been laid down by a braided river, a fluvial style usually associated with cold stage sedimentation. The provenance of there gravels is complex and they contain material from South Wales and Midland sources. The gravels were subsequently weathered and decalcified during interstadial episodes and cryoturbated under stadial conditions.

Reasons for notification
The bodies of mammoths (Mammuthus) and horses (Equus) have been found at the site. It was not possible to identify the species however, due to the poor state of the specimens.

Sources
 English Nature citation sheet for this SSSI (accessed 2006-07-07)

Kennet and Avon Canal
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Avon
Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1992

Newton St Loe SSSI


The engineering design process, also known as the engineering method, is a common series of steps that engineers use in creating functional products and processes. The process is highly iterative – parts of the process often need to be repeated many times before another can be entered – though the part(s) that get iterated and the number of such cycles in any given project may vary.

It is a decision making process (often iterative) in which the basic sciences, mathematics, and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective. Among the fundamental elements of the design process are the establishment of objectives and criteria, synthesis, analysis, construction, testing and evaluation.

Common stages of the engineering design process

It's important to understand that there are various framings/articulations of the engineering design process. Different terminology employed may have varying degrees of overlap, affecting what steps are explicitly stated or deemed "high level" versus subordinate in any given model. This, of course, applies as much to any particular example steps/sequences given here.

One example framing of the engineering design process delineates the following stages: research, conceptualization, feasibility assessment, establishing design requirements, preliminary design, detailed design, production planning and tool design, and production. Others, noting that "different authors (in both research literature and in textbooks) define different phases of the design process with varying activities occurring within them," have suggested more simplified/generalized models – such as problem definition, conceptual design, preliminary design, detailed design, and design communication. Another summary of the process, from European engineering design literature, includes clarification of the task, conceptual design, embodiment design, detail design. (NOTE: In these examples, other key aspects – such as concept evaluation and prototyping – are subsets and/or extensions of one or more of the listed steps.)

Research
Various stages of the design process (and even earlier) can involve a significant amount of time spent on locating information and research. Consideration should be given to the existing applicable literature, problems, and successes associated with existing solutions, costs, and marketplace needs.

The source of information should be relevant.  Reverse engineering can be an effective technique if other solutions are available on the market.  Other sources of information include the Internet, local libraries, available government documents, personal organizations, trade journals, vendor catalogs and individual experts available.

Common stages of the engineering design process

The engineering design process is a systematic approach to solving problems and creating new products or systems. The process typically involves several stages, each of which builds on the previous one to move the project forward. While there are different ways to frame or articulate the design process, most models share some common stages. These include research, conceptualization, feasibility assessment, establishing design requirements, preliminary design, detailed design, production planning and tool design, and production.

Research is an important stage in the engineering design process that can involve a significant amount of time spent on locating information and conducting research. The purpose of this stage is to gather relevant information about the problem or opportunity that the project aims to address. Consideration should be given to the existing applicable literature, problems, and successes associated with existing solutions, costs, and marketplace needs. The source of information should be relevant. Other sources of information include the Internet, local libraries, available government documents, personal organizations, trade journals, vendor catalogs, and individual experts available.

Establishing design requirements is another stage of the engineering design process. This involves identifying and analyzing the functional and operational requirements that the new product or system must meet. The design requirements control the design of the product or process being developed throughout the engineering design process. These include basic things like the functions, attributes, and specifications – determined after assessing user needs. Some design requirements include hardware and software parameters, maintainability, availability, and testability.

Preliminary design and detailed design are two other important stages of the engineering design process. In the preliminary design stage, designers create rough sketches and models to test the feasibility of the proposed solution. In the detailed design stage, designers refine the solution and create detailed drawings and other specifications to guide production. These drawings and specifications are then used to create prototypes and test the solution before it is released to production.

Production planning and tool design is another stage in the engineering design process that involves creating detailed production plans, designing production tools and fixtures, and creating detailed instructions for assembling and testing the product or system. This stage is critical to ensuring that the final product or system meets all of the design requirements and is produced efficiently and cost-effectively.

Finally, production is the stage where the product or system is manufactured, assembled, and tested. This stage involves coordinating a range of activities, including procurement of materials, scheduling of production runs, quality control, and logistics.

In conclusion, the engineering design process is a complex and iterative process that involves several stages, each building on the previous one to move the project forward. While there are different ways to frame or articulate the design process, most models share some common stages. These include research, conceptualization, feasibility assessment, establishing design requirements, preliminary design, detailed design, production planning and tool design, and production. Understanding each of these stages and how they fit together is essential to designing successful products and systems.===Design requirements===
Establishing design requirements and conducting requirement analysis, sometimes termed problem definition (or deemed a related activity), is one of the most important elements in the design process, and this task is often performed at the same time as a feasibility analysis. The design requirements control the design of the product or process being developed, throughout the engineering design process. These include basic things like the functions, attributes, and specifications – determined after assessing user needs. Some design requirements include hardware and software parameters, maintainability, availability, and testability.

Feasibility
In some cases, a feasibility study is carried out after which schedules, resource plans, and estimates for the next phase are developed. The feasibility study is an evaluation and analysis of the potential of a proposed project to support the process of decision making. It outlines and analyses alternatives or methods of achieving the desired outcome. The feasibility study helps to narrow the scope of the project to identify the best scenario.
A feasibility report is generated following which Post Feasibility Review is performed.

The purpose of a feasibility assessment is to determine whether the engineer's project can proceed into the design phase.  This is based on two criteria: the project needs to be based on an achievable idea, and it needs to be within cost constraints. It is important to have engineers with experience and good judgment to be involved in this portion of the feasibility study.

Concept generation
A concept study (conceptualization, conceptual design) is often a phase of project planning that includes producing ideas and taking into account the pros and cons of implementing those ideas. This stage of a project is done to minimize the likelihood of error, manage costs, assess risks, and evaluate the potential success of the intended project. In any event, once an engineering issue or problem is defined, potential solutions must be identified.  These solutions can be found by using ideation, the mental process by which ideas are generated. This step is often termed Ideation or "Concept Generation." The following are widely used techniques:

trigger word – a word or phrase associated with the issue at hand is stated, and subsequent words and phrases are evoked.
morphological analysis – independent design characteristics are listed in a chart, and different engineering solutions are proposed for each solution.  Normally, a preliminary sketch and short report accompany the morphological chart.
synectics – the engineer imagines him or herself as the item and asks, "What would I do if I were the system?"  This unconventional method of thinking may find a solution to the problem at hand. The vital aspect of the conceptualization step is synthesis. Synthesis is the process of taking the elements of the concept and properly arranging them. The synthesis creative process is present in every design.
brainstorming – this popular method involves thinking of different ideas, typically as part of a small group, and adopting these ideas in some form as a solution to the problem

Various generated ideas must then undergo a  concept evaluation step, which utilizes various tools to compare and contrast the relative strengths and weaknesses of possible alternatives.

Preliminary design
The preliminary design, or high-level design (also called FEED or Basic design), often bridges a gap between design conception and detailed design, particularly in cases where the level of conceptualization achieved during ideation is not sufficient for full evaluation. So in this task, the overall system configuration is defined, and schematics, diagrams, and layouts of the project may provide early project configuration. (This notably varies greatly by field, industry, and product.) During detailed design and optimization, the parameters of the part being created will change, but the preliminary design focuses on creating the general framework to build the project.

S. Blanchard and J. Fabrycky describe it as:
"The 'whats' initiating conceptual design produce 'hows' from the conceptual design evaluation effort applied to feasible conceptual design concepts. Next, the 'hows' are taken into preliminary design through the means of allocated requirements. There they become 'whats' and drive preliminary design to address 'hows' at this lower level."

Detailed design
Following FEED is the Detailed Design (Detailed Engineering) phase, which may consist of procurement of materials as well.
This phase further elaborates each aspect of the project/product by complete description through solid modeling, drawings as well as specifications.

Computer-aided design (CAD) programs have made the detailed design phase more efficient.  For example, a CAD program can provide optimization to reduce volume without hindering a part's quality.  It can also calculate stress and displacement using the finite element method to determine stresses throughout the part.

Production planning
The production planning and tool design consists of planning how to mass-produce the product and which tools should be used in the manufacturing process.  Tasks to complete in this step include selecting materials, selecting the production processes, determining the sequence of operations, and selecting tools such as jigs, fixtures, metal cutting, and metal or plastics forming tools.  This task also involves additional prototype testing iterations to ensure the mass-produced version meets qualification testing standards.

Degree programs
Methods are being taught and developed in Universities including:
 Engineering Design, University of Bristol Faculty of Engineering
 Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London
 TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering.
 University of Waterloo, Systems Design Engineering

See also
Applied science
Computer-automated design
Design engineer
Engineering analysis
Engineering optimization
New product development
Systems engineering process
Surrogate model
Traditional engineering

References

External links

 Ullman, David G. (2009) The Mechanical Design Process, Mc Graw Hill, 4th edition,
 Eggert, Rudolph J. (2010) Engineering Design, Second Edition, High Peak Press, Meridian, Idaho,

Engineering concepts
Mechanical engineering
Systems engineering

Engineering design process


Torsukattak Strait (old spelling: Torssukátak) is a strait in Avannaata municipality in northwestern Greenland.

Geography
Torsukattak Strait is located in the southern part of the Upernavik Archipelago, in the group between Nunavik Peninsula in the south, and Upernavik Icefjord in the north. The strait separates Akuliaruseq Island in the west from Amarortalik Island in the east. In the north, the strait empties into a small Kangerluarsuk Fjord off Koch's Land on the mainland of Greenland. In the south, it flows into Eqalugaarsuit Sulluat Fjord.

References

Straits of the Upernavik Archipelago

Torsukattak Strait (Upernavik Archipelago)


Kim Seungok (The romanization preferred by the author according to LTI Korea) (born December 1941) is a South Korean novelist and screenwriter.

Biography
Born in Osaka, Japan, Kim Seungok returned to Korea after its liberation in 1945. There, he was raised in Suncheon in Jeollanam-do where he graduated from Suncheon High School. In 1960, he studied French Literature at Seoul National University at a time that department and University were the center of intellectual discontent in Seoul. While at Seoul National University, Kim was a cartoonist for a Seoul newspaper and published his first major story at age 19 ("Practice for Life""). While a junior in 1962, Kim founded a literary Journal, The Age of Prose, and some of his first works were published there. Kim was an immediate literary success, a success that continued unabated until he was 25. His greatest success was "Seoul, Winter, 1964," a work that crystallized a Korean sense of loss and meaninglessness attendant to the industrialization of Korea and resulting nihilism. In 1967 one of his works, "Trip to Mujin," was adapted into the film Mist. Kim Seung-ok was the screenwriter, and director Kim Soo-yong won the Best Director award at the 14th Asia-Pacific Film Festival.

Work
Kim is the quintessential outsider to systems, regardless of what systems he addressed. This was apparent in even his earliest works, which adopted the stance of romantic outsider. In his early works, Kim shows a burning desire to escape the bounds of quotidian existence; he often does this through fantasy or hallucination. However, Kim quickly began to recognize the strength of social constraints, and his works began to reflect an inability to exceed these constraints. Kim's stance turned towards distance and nihilism, in which there was no such thing as a dream. The romantic outsider is replaced by atomistic narrators in uncaring society. Later works all detail the anomic lives of narrators who are trapped by modernizing society. Finally, just before he retired from fiction entirely, Kim attempted to use erotic passion in somewhat the same way he had used hallucination/fantasy in his earlier works. Kim's stories in this vein were not well received. Kim also co-wrote several Korean movies including Woman (1968 film) and Insect Woman (1972 film).

Kim was the first Korean writer to win both the Yi Sang Literature Prize (he won the inaugural award in 1977) and the Dong-in Literary Award (In 1965, for Seoul, Winter, 1964), but after 1967 his creative energies began to dissipate and in 1979 he quit writing fiction.

Works in English
 Seoul: 1964, Winter in Land of Exile

Works in Korean
Fantasy Notebook (Hwansang sucheop,1962)
Fifteen Certified Preconceptions (Hwaginhaebon yeoldaseot gaji gojeong gwannyeom)
Operation (Saengmyeong yeonseup, 1962)
A Journey to Mujin (Mujingihaeng, 1964)
Seoul, Winter 1964 (Seoul, 1964 nyeon gyeoul, 1965)
Journey by Night (Yahaeng)
A Cup of Tea (Chana hanjan)
Strong are the Goats (Yeomsoneun himi seda, 1966)
The Moonlight in Seoul: Chapter 0 (Seourui dalbit 0 jang)
To Understand My Sister(nuirul ihaehagi wihayeo, 1963)
Our Low Fence(Woorideului Nateun Wultari, 1979)
God I Have Met(Naega Mannan Hananim, 2004)

Awards
 Dong-in Literary Award (1965)
 Yi Sang Literary Award (1977)

References

External links

1941 births
South Korean novelists
Living people
Writers from Osaka
Seoul National University alumni
Yi Sang Literary Award

Kim Seungok


Christianity is the majority religion in Cameroon, with significant minorities of the adherents of Islam and traditional faiths.

Cameroon is officially a secular country. Christian churches and Muslim centers of various denominations operate freely throughout Cameroon, while the traditionalists operate in their shrines and temples, which are also becoming popular today. The northern region of Cameroon has been the site of Islamist insurgency leading to the displacement of tens of thousands of civilians.

Main religions

The predominant faith is Christianity, practised by 60% of the population, while Islam is a significant minority faith, adhered to by about one-fifth. Turkish NGO IHH estimates Muslims account for 25-30% of the Cameroonian population. The Christian population is divided between Roman Catholics (26.5% of the total population), Protestants (22.5%), and other Christian denominations (including Jehovah's Witnesses) 6%.

The vast majority of Muslims in the country are Sunni belonging to Maliki school of jurisprudence, with approximately 2% Ahmadiyya and 3% Shia. Christians and Muslims are found in every region, although Christians are chiefly in the southern and western provinces and Muslims are the majority in the northern provinces.

Distribution
The two Anglophone provinces of the western region are largely Protestant, and the Francophone provinces of the southern and western regions are largely Catholic and Evangelicals. In the northern provinces, the locally dominant Fulani (;  or ) ethnic group is virtually Muslim, but the overall population is fairly evenly mixed between Muslims, Christians, each often living in its own community. The Bamoun ethnic group of the West Province is largely Muslim. Apart from the Fulani who are the most dominant in numbers and politics, there are many more Islam-based ethnicities in the northern region. The Islamization of the northern regions by the  Fulani extended to several ethnic groups, the majority of which are adherents of Islam such as the  Musgum and Mafa. Other ethnic groups such as  Kanuri were introduced to Islam through the Borno Empire. Several Islamic-based ethnic groups in the Far North Region most notably the  Fulani and  Kanuri who live in rural settlements do not have birth certifications or identity cards and are not included in the religion census statistics. Christianity is a minority in the northern regions with ethnic groups such as Tupuri whose population are majority followers of Christianity.  Traditional indigenous religious beliefs are practiced in rural areas throughout the country but rarely are practiced publicly in cities, in part because many indigenous religious groups are intrinsically local in character. There are also 200,000 Orthodox Christians (or 0.75%), with a constant and significant growth, especially in the north of the country.

Other faiths
By 2001, the Bahá'í National Spiritual Assembly was registered with the Government of Cameroon as one of the few non-Christian foreign religions. As of 2020, there were almost 70,000 adherents of the Bahá'í Faith in the country.

There is a tiny population of Jews in Cameroon who have established ties with the wider global Jewish community. In 2010, a community of approximately 50 people practiced some form of Judaism in the country. Hinduism is the faith practiced by some South Asian migrants.

Religious freedom

The Constitution provides for a secular state with freedom of religion in Cameroon. In 2023, the country was scored 2 out of 4 for religious freedom.

See also

Freedom of religion in Cameroon
Islam in Cameroon
Christianity in Cameroon
Roman Catholicism in Cameroon
Bahá'í Faith in Cameroon
Judaism in Cameroon
Zamba (god)

References

Religion in Cameroon


Chard Museum is a small local museum in Chard, Somerset, England. It opened in 1970, in a converted 16th century listed building, with collections of exhibits about local history and displays related to the lives of notable local residents.

History
The basis of the collection dates from around 1880 when Arthur Hull collected 'curiosities'. He left these to the town and in 1917 they were transferred to the Museum of Somerset in Taunton, before returning to the new museum in 1970.

The museum is housed in a 16th-century thatched building which was originally four cottages. The building was converted and restored for use as a museum in 1970, and later incorporated the building next door which had been the New Inn public house.

In 2010 doubts were raised about the ongoing funding of the museum.

Collection
Exhibits within the museum tell the story of the town and the local area including geology, the fire of 1577, the Monmouth Rebellion and local lace mills. Outside there is a blacksmith's forge and display of farm machinery.

There are also displays on notable people with connections to the town.

John Stringfellow and another local man William Samuel Henson achieved the first powered flight, in 1848, in a disused lace factory, with a 10-foot (3 m), steam-driven flying machine.

James Gillingham pioneered the development of articulated artificial limbs, after working as a shoemaker in the town and seeing a man who had his arm so badly shattered in an accidental explosion of a cannon that it had to be amputated to the shoulder socket. The museum includes a representation of his consulting room, including several examples of his artificial limbs.

Corporal Samuel Vickery who was awarded the VC in 1897 for his actions during the attack on the Dargai Heights, Tirah, India during the Tirah Campaign.

Margaret Bondfield, who was an English Labour politician and feminist, the first woman Cabinet minister in the United Kingdom and a member of the Congregational Church.

References

External links

Museums in Somerset
Biographical museums in Somerset
Grade II listed buildings in South Somerset
History of Somerset
Archaeological museums in England
Local museums in Somerset
Museums established in 1970
1970 establishments in England
Chard, Somerset
Thatched buildings in Somerset

Chard Museum


Ian William Sharps (born 23 October 1980) is an English former footballer who is currently Lead Academy Coach at Wolverhampton Wanderers Football Club. During his playing career he was a defender most commonly deployed at centre back.

Career
Born in Warrington, Sharps is a tall central defender who signed for Tranmere Rovers after serving as a trainee and soon established himself as a first team regular making almost 200 appearances. Sharps joined Rotherham United on a two-year deal during the summer of 2006. Following the 2007–08 season, he signed a new two-year contract with Rotherham. Sharps played his 100th game for the Millers in their FA Cup tie away at Aldershot Town. Despite going through three points deductions, Ian has remained loyal to The Millers and has established himself as one of Rotherham's most consistent performers. Sharps got voted Rotherham United Player of the Year in 2009, resulting him being re-appointed club captain for the 2009 season. On 14 June 2010, Sharps signed for Shrewsbury Town, and was named as club captain. Over a time period of 2 seasons, he helped guide Shrewsbury to promotion from League Two in the 2011–12 season. However, despite the accolade, he was to move on, and return to his former club.

Sharps re-joined Rotherham United on 22 May 2012, with Sharps opting for the Millers and the lure of the New York Stadium, where he was appointed the captain.

On 18 January 2013, Sharps was loaned out to Burton Albion, before joining them permanently at the end of the season. Although he was a regular player for Burton at first, he fell out of favour after the departure of manager Gary Rowett to Birmingham City, and Sharps joined AFC Telford United on loan in February 2015 for the rest of the season. At the end of the season, it was announced that he would be leaving Burton at the end of his contract, and signing permanently for Telford United on a one-year deal at that point.

Managerial statistics

Honours
Individual
PFA Team of the Year: 2009–10 League Two, 2010–11 League Two, 2011–12 League Two

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Warrington
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Rotherham United F.C. players
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
Burton Albion F.C. players
AFC Telford United players
Chester F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Chester F.C. non-playing staff
Walsall F.C. non-playing staff

Ian Sharps


The .EDU Film Festival is Minnesota's only school-sponsored, statewide, high school film festival. The two-day event puts Minnesota's young filmmakers together with film industry professionals and provides them with an authentic festival experience. The festival features student film screenings, equipment demos; roundtables with film directors, writers, and producers; and meet-and-greets with post secondary institutions that feature strong film/video production programs.

In 2009, young filmmakers representing 25 schools from around the state of Minnesota submitted 125 short films to the festival. Films are categorized as narrative, documentary, animation, or experimental film and must be student-made and without violence, profanity or drug use.

The festival takes place in Minneapolis, Minnesota and is housed in several venues such as the Riverview Theater in South Minneapolis, St. Anthony Main Theater on the Mississippi Riverfront in Northeast Minneapolis, and the Parkway Theater also in South Minneapolis.

A long list of notable Minnesota filmmakers support the .EDU Film Festival by serving as panelists during both days of the event.  In 2009 panelists included: documentarian Melody Gilbert, documentarian Matt Ehling, film reviewer and novelist Peter Schilling, film critic Colin Covert, film writer Jim Brunzell III, news editor Euan Kerr, filmmaker and animator Tom Schroeder, screenwriter Michael Starrbury, producer/filmmaker Bobby Marsden, production manager Deena Graf, and creative director Jeffrey Bair.

Mission statement
As the only school-sponsored, statewide, student film festival in the state of Minnesota, The .EDU Film Festival serves an important role in the development of young filmmakers in our state. .EDU aims to provide young filmmakers with an authentic film festival experience, a valuable understanding of the film industry, and an opportunity to screen their movies on "the big screen."

By putting students together with Minnesota filmmakers, industry professionals, and post high school educational institutions, the .EDU Film Festival also introduces the young people of Minnesota to the variety of film industry options available right here in our state.

Lastly, The .EDU Film Festival provides a time and place for young filmmakers from all over the state to interact with each other, form friendships and partnerships, and to create a professional network of peers.

Organizations with a similar mission

 All American High School Film Festival
 Student World Impact Film Festival
 The Lighthouse Initiative - Filmmaking for Students

References

Film festivals in Minnesota
Student film festivals

.EDU Film Festival


Ogema Township is a township in Pine County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 298 at the 2000 census.

Ogema is a name derived from the Ojibwe language ogimaa meaning "chief".

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 48.0 square miles (124.4 km), of which 46.8 square miles (121.3 km) is land and 1.2 square miles (3.2 km) (2.54%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 298 people, 103 households, and 77 families residing in the township.  The population density was 6.4 people per square mile (2.5/km).  There were 207 housing units at an average density of 4.4/sq mi (1.7/km).  The racial makeup of the township was 45.64% White, 3.02% African American, 48.99% Native American, 0.34% Asian, and 2.01% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.34% of the population.

There were 103 households, out of which 35.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.6% were married couples living together, 21.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.2% were non-families. 20.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.87 and the average family size was 3.26.

In the township the population was spread out, with 31.5% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.1% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.4 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.5 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $28,750, and the median income for a family was $33,500. Males had a median income of $23,750 versus $30,333 for females. The per capita income for the township was $13,042.  About 25.0% of families and 34.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 62.7% of those under the age of eighteen and 5.6% of those 65 or over.

References

Townships in Pine County, Minnesota
Townships in Minnesota

Ogema Township, Pine County, Minnesota


Brygada Kryzys () was one of the most important and influential Polish post-punk bands. The band was founded in 1981 by two well-known guitarist/vocalists from Warsaw, Robert Brylewski (formerly of the band Kryzys) and Tomasz Lipiński (from Tilt).

Timeline

1981
 July - Robert Brylewski asks Tomasz Lipiński if he would be willing to start a new band. Lipiński agrees.
 August - Brygada Kryzys is formed. After few rehearsals the lineup consists of: Brylewski, Lipiński, Jarek "Gruszka" Ptasiński (drums), Tomek "Men" Świtalski (sax), Ireneusz "Jeżyk" Wereński (bass), and Sławek Słocinski (drums). The musicians describe their music as  "punkadelic", claiming they have two sources of inspiration: early punk and the psychedelic 1960s. The first planned gig in Gdansk is canceled because its organizers regard BK's message as too political.
 September - First concert in Warsaw's Riviera. This gig is recorded and later issued in London as a bootleg.
 November - A two-week tour around Poland with British band TV 21. At the Monopol Hotel in Gdańsk, Brylewski is severely beaten by a group of hooligans and the milicja (communist police) refuse to help. A general strike in Poland begins around the same time.
 December - The band goes to Belgrade to participate in a festival titled "Days of Young Polish Subculture." The bus, however, is stopped at Polish-Czechoslovak border and the band's equipment is confiscated. BK eventually reaches Belgrade by plane and plays two shows. One is recorded. After its return to Poland the group plans a tour of the Netherlands for February 1982, as well as another trip to Jugoslavia. On December 13 the communist authorities declare martial law, instituting both a curfew and severe travel restrictions.

1982
 February - Posters in Warsaw for a new band, "Brygada K." start to appear. The government wants the band to shorten its provocative name ("Crisis Brigade" in English), but the musicians refuse. As a result, BK is banned from playing any public concerts, and is not allowed to leave the country for its planned Netherlands tour.
 March - The recording company "Tonpress" opens a new studio in Warsaw's Wawrzyszew district and begins looking for a band to test it. BK manager, Jacek Olechowski, suggests the group. Over a few days and several songs are recorded. "Tonpress", with hesitation, agrees to publish the record. Also, Janek Rołt becomes BK's new drummer.
 Summer - The band spends the whole of the summer in a village near Lublin. Several scenes are recorded and later appear in the movie "Koncert".
 August 31 - Demonstrations and street fights in Warsaw. Tomek is severely beaten and arrested by the milicja, but is released shortly afterwards as there is no space in the overcrowded jails.
 September 1–4 - Concerts at Warsaw's club Remont, the first since December 1981. BK members decide to dissolve the band due to the numerous political obstacles which make it impossible to carry on. Robert starts a reggae band, Izrael, while Tomek returns to Tilt.

1989
A week before the Berlin Wall's collapse, on the way to a Berlin concert, Tomek and Robert talk about reforming BK.

1991
 August - The band plays its first concert in nine years at the legendary Jarocin Festival, to a great reception.
 October 1991-August 1992 - At the Izabelin studio the band records the new album "Cosmopolis". The LP features both old and new songs. BK now consists of: Robert Brylewski, Tomek Lipiński, Irek Jeżyk Wereński and new musicians Piotr "Stopa" Żyżelewicz (drums), Brylewski's wife Vivian Quarcoo (vocals), and both Włodek Kiniorski  and Aleksander Korecki on saxophone.
 December 13, 1992,1993,1994 - The band organizes a series of concerts commemorating the declaration of martial law in Poland. One of them is later released. In 1994 the band again disbands.

2003
In the spring BK returns again, after 10 years, with: Robert Brylewski and Tomek Lipiński, plus Filip Gałązka on drums, Tomek Szymborski on bass and Sergiusz Lisecki on sax. The band plays several concerts, including a tour titled "PRL czyli Punk Rock Later". In December BK plays at the Garage Club in London.

2005
With Aleksander Korecki back replacing Lisecki on saxophone, BK begin work on the "Black Album" project, featuring remixes of the self-titled first album, songs by Jozef B. Nowakowski and some early unreleased recordings. They participate in TVP3's program Muzyka łączy pokolenia ("Music Connects Generations") with the rap duo "Vienio i Pele". Another tour commences in November through clubs in Poland and on (December 4) the band again plays at the Garage in London. A new recording session is scheduled for winter 2005/2006.

Discography
1982 Brygada Kryzys / LP Tonpress
1982 Live / LP Fresh Records UK
1992 Cosmopolis / Izabelin Studio
1996 Live in Remont '93 /  MC Gold Rock Studio

External links
 Brygady Kryzys' homepage
Brygada Kryzys - Full discography
Private history of Brygada Kryzys, a Tomasz Lipinski blog

Musical groups established in 1981
Musical groups disestablished in 2018
Polish rock music groups
Polish post-punk music groups
1981 establishments in Poland
2018 disestablishments in Poland

Brygada Kryzys


Don Wayne was an American designer and consultant who has developed illusions for some of the world's most famous magicians. He also created and marketed smaller illusions used by many professional performers. He was the owner of the company Don Wayne Magic Inc., which did work for television, theater, theme parks and concert touring productions.

Wayne was named by MAGIC Magazine as one of the "most influential people in magic in the past 100 years". He has received a multitude of industry and peer awards, including The Academy of Magical Arts "Creative Fellowship", International Magicians Society "Magic Illusion Designer and Inventor of the Decade", and an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Special Visual Effects".

Famous clients
Don Wayne was David Copperfield's principal magic creator and illusion director for over 18 years, which included 17 television specials and over 800 weeks of international touring.

In conjunction with Jim Steinmeyer he developed a vanishing jet plane illusion performed by Mark Kalin and Jinger at the Reno Hilton in February 2001, which was described at the time as the largest stage illusion in the world. Wayne's other clients have included Michael Jackson, Britney Spears, Cher, Siegfried & Roy, Andre Kole, Criss Angel, Mark Wilson, Curtis Adams, Hans Klok, Dirk Arthur, Rick Thomas, Melinda Saxe, Steve Wyrick, Murray SawChuck, Luis de Matos, Jason Byrne, Florian Zimmer and Robert Gallup.

References

External links
 Don Wayne Magic Inc.

American consultants
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Living people
Magic consultants

Don Wayne