Lewis & Clark College is a private university in Portland, Oregon. The school was formed in 1867. It has about 3,600 students and about 150 teachers.

History

The college started in 1867 in Albany, Oregon as part of the Presbyterian Church. At that time is was called Albany Collegiate Institute. The first class graduated in 1873. In 1905 the school changed its name to Albany College and started giving Bachelor of Arts degrees. The school opened a campus in Portland in 1934. The Portland campus was very popular, so the school decided to move there. The school opened a much larger campus in Portland in 1942, and renamed the school Lewis & Clark College, to honor the Lewis and Clark Expedition. In 1966, the school stopped being part of a church and became a secular school.

Students
In 2013 Lewis & Clark College had 2,039 undergraduate students and 1,553 graduate students. The school has 29 majors. The most popular major is Social Science. 64% of students who apply to the school are accepted. In 2013 tuition was $41,928 a year. 60% of students are female, and 40% of students are male. The school does not have any fraternities or sororities.

Some notable graduates of the school are:
 Matt Biondi - A swimmer who won 11 Olympic medals
 Jeanne M. Holm - The first woman to be a 1 Star General in the United States Air Force
 Monica Lewinsky - A woman who had a relationship with United States President Bill Clinton
 Muhammad bin Nayef - The Deputy Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia
 Bill Walker - The Governor of Alaska

References

Colleges and universities in Oregon
Portland, Oregon
1857 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Oregon

Lewis & Clark College


Lavos (ラヴォス, Ravosu) is a fictional extraterrestrial monster and the main antagonist of the 1995 role-playing video game Chrono Trigger, also appearing as an antagonist in its sequel, Chrono Cross. A parasitic alien that falls from the skies in 65,000,000 B.C., its impact results in an ice age. In the intervening time, it drains the planet's energy, until in 1999 A.D., it resurfaces, causing an apocalypse that destroys most life on the planet.

The character of Lavos became one of the most memorable antagonists in video games, and was praised by critics due to its Lovecraftian design, mysterious origins and motivations, and the player's unique ability to travel to 1999 and fight it at any time in the story, resulting in multiple potential endings, something assisted by the game's New Game Plus mode. By the same token, it was noted for lacking characterization and serving only as an evil force and motivator for the game's characters.

Characteristics
The exterior of Lavos consists of a spiky shell that protects its true form within. It is suggested that Lavos originated as the spawn of another, similar creature, due to its life-cycle of replication. A parasite, Lavos travels from planet to planet, burrowing into the core and sapping its energy for millions of years, and collecting the DNA of its organisms for its own. Finally, upon the planet's eventual destruction, it creates Lavos Spawn, offspring that leave the planet and continue the cycle.

It is unclear whether Lavos is truly "evil", or even if it is fully sentient, as it has a general lack of dialog. It is noted as behaving similarly to an animal, and it is possible that life is simply collateral damage.

Appearances

Chrono Trigger
Lavos initially crash-lands on the planet in 65,000,000 B.C., an event witnessed by the prehistoric Ayla, who coins the name "Lavos" by combining the Iokan words for "big" and "fire". As Lavos is a name invented by humans, its true name, if one exists, is completely unknown. The ensuing ice age causes the Reptites, an advanced species of reptilian humanoids, to go extinct, incidentally ensuring the survival of the human race. In 12,000 B.C., the Kingdom of Zeal is powered by the energy of Lavos through the use of the Mammon Machine, although this relationship is symbiotic, with Lavos also gathering the kingdom's magic. Queen Zeal attempts to use the machine to harness even more power, via her daughter, Schala. Magus intervenes, rescuing Schala, but prompting the awakening of Lavos and the destruction of Zeal. In 600 A.D., Lavos awakens yet again when the party battles Magus, causing a split in the timeline. Finally, in 1999 A.D., the "Day of Lavos", a recording shows Lavos emerging from underground and destroying the world, leaving only a few human survivors and no food. Lavos then possibly moves beneath Death Peak, where many of its spawn can be found in the post-apocalyptic world of 2300 A.D.

The battle against Lavos in 1999 A.D. starts with its outer shell, which goes through phases in which it mimics other bosses the player has fought. After the shell is defeated, the player moves inside to fight its true form, first as a giant humanoid whose arms must be destroyed before the head is vulnerable, and then as a smaller humanoid with two assisting "bits" (although the right side bit is actually the true essence of Lavos). While players can battle Lavos at any time after arriving at the End of Time, they will struggle to beat it before the recommended point in the story and achieve many of the game's multiple endings. However, New Game Plus mode allows players to defeat Lavos early with much greater ease, prompting many what-if scenarios, some of which are joke endings.

The 2008 Nintendo DS port of the game links the story to Chrono Cross by adding a hidden superboss, the Dream Devourer, the result of Schala becoming fused with Lavos following the disaster at the Ocean Palace. The Dream Devourer's defeat at the hands of Crono and his allies only momentarily frees Schala from its control, who tells Magus to forget she ever existed.

Radical Dreamers and Chrono Cross
The interactive fiction spin-off Radical Dreamers reveals that a wayward piece of Lavos, the Frozen Flame, enabled early humans to communicate with the creature, greatly evolving them and allowing them to both use magic and create the Kingdom of Zeal. This plot point is also used in Chrono Cross, where the Frozen Flame is again a major aspect of the story. The final boss, the Devourer of Time, is a fusion of Lavos, Schala, and the Dragon God capable of destroying all of spacetime if left to its own devices. As in the previous game, there are also numerous alternate endings caused by defeating it at various times in the story.

Development
Lavos was designed by manga artist Akira Toriyama, and its sprite was drawn by Tsutomu Terada. Due to a lack of references by Toriyama, there were many arguments within Square on how he would have designed different aspects of Lavos when creating its in-game representation. The creature has Lovecraftian influences, with its Japanese name possibly referencing Ravukurafuto, the Japanese rendering of "Lovecraft". Similar to the Great Ones of the cosmic horror genre, Lavos is also an ancient creature from beyond the known universe. However, its physical design, which is not inconceivable or amorphous, as well as its penchant for indiscriminate destruction, more resembles that of a kaiju.

Reception

Jeremy Signor of 1UP called Lavos "mysterious" and "strange", with "a truly alien vibe that we rarely see in media" that depicts "the inherent 'otherness' of beings from another world". In Reverse Design: Chrono Trigger, Patrick Holleman stated that the boss battle against Lavos was not "especially difficult", with the initial boss rush being "a little cheesy", but that it was nevertheless an "unqualified success" due to its status as serving as the culmination of the game's story. Casey Foot of TheGamer described Lavos as "the perfect antagonist for Chrono Trigger's story", explaining that it did not distract from the other plot points, acting as "an overarching threat" that, across different time periods, the characters must come together to defeat.

However, Bryan Vore of Game Informer critiqued Lavos as a "faceless engine of destruction" rather than a true character, saying that Magus needed to "pick up Lavos' slack".

See also

 Characters of Chrono Trigger

References

Chrono (series) characters
Extraterrestrial characters in video games
Fictional characters who can manipulate reality
Fictional characters who can manipulate time
Fictional mass murderers
Fictional parasites and parasitoids
Fictional monsters
Kaiju
Video game antagonists
Video game bosses
Video game characters who use magic
Video game characters with fire or heat abilities
Video game characters introduced in 1995
Video game characters designed by Akira Toriyama

Lavos


The Magellanic Catalogue of Stars is a catalogue of positions for 243,561 stars covering large areas around the Large and Small Magellanic Cloud (LMC and SMC). The catalogue was compiled by H.-J. Tucholke, K.S. de Boer and W.C. Seitter, who measured the positions on ESO Schmidt plates taken in 1988/91 and refer to the FK5 system via the PPM Star Catalogue. Stars to a photographic magnitude of 15 have been included, but the catalogue is incomplete as only those stars which are undisturbed by close neighbours have been catalogued. The positional accuracy is claimed to be better than 0.5" for 99% of the stars.

References

Astronomical catalogues

Magellanic Catalogue of Stars


Henning Hauger (born 17 July 1985) is a Norwegian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bærum. He has previously played for Stabæk, Hannover 96, Lillestrøm, Strømsgodset and Swedish club IF Elfsborg and has been capped 23 times while playing for Norway.

Hauger represented Norway from under-16 to Norway U-21 before he made his senior debut in 2006, and was playing regularly as a holding midfielder in Egil "Drillo" Olsen's team between 2008 and 2011.

Early life
Hauger was born in Bærum into a family of sportspeople; his father Børre, his uncle Lars and his brother Andreas played both bandy and football for Stabæk IF. Børre and Lars played for the Norwegian national bandy team, and Andreas won the 1998 Norwegian Football Cup with Stabæk Fotball, when he came on as a substitute in the final. Henning Hauger grew up in Bærum, he was often attending Stabæk Fotball's home-matches in Tippeligaen supporting the team.

Club career
Hauger made his debut for Stabæk's first-team against Odd Grenland on 21 April 2003, when he replaced Tryggvi Guðmundsson as a substitute in the 78th minute. The next season, Hauger made 16 appearances for Stabæk, and when the team was relegated from Tippeligaen other Norwegian clubs contacted Stabæk's director of sports, Jan-Erik Aalbu and wanted to sign the youngster. Hauger stayed with Stabæk in the First Division and was one of the best players at the second tier when the club won promotion back to Tippeligaen in the 2005 season.

Hauger was not playing regularly for Stabæk in the first half of the 2008 season, and when Espen Hoff joined the club from Lyn mid-season, the two clubs were talking about transferring Hauger the other way. However, Hauger became a regular in Stabæk's starting line-up in the second half of the season when Stabæk won Tippeligaen, and played the 2008 Norwegian Football Cup Final, which Vålerenga won 4–1.

After Stabæk's coach Jan Jönsson moved to Rosenborg ahead of the 2011 season, he stated that he wanted to sign Hauger, whose contract expired after the season, and dubbed Hauger as one of the best footballers in Norway. Stabæk was unwilling to sell Hauger to another Norwegian club, and Hauger played for Stabæk until August 2011, when he was sold to German side Hannover 96. He had been wearing the number 7 shirt for many years in Stabæk, but as this was already taken by Sérgio Pinto, Hauger got the shirt-number 15. Hauger made his debut for Hannover 96 on 6 August 2011, when he played the last 21 minutes as a substitute for Pinto in the opening match of the 2011–12 Bundesliga against TSG 1899 Hoffenheim. Hauger got limited playing time in Hannover and joined Lillestrøm on loan in August 2012. He made his debut for the club against Fredrikstad on 1 September 2012 when he replaced Espen Søgård at half time.

Hauger joined the Swedish champions IF Elfsborg on a free transfer in January 2013, after breaking his contract with Hannover 96, and signed a three-year contract with the club. Elfsborg's head coach Jörgen Lennartsson, whom also coached Hauger in Stabæk in 2012, was pleased with the signing and praised Hauger's passing abilities.

On 26 January 2017, Hauger signed a three-year deal with Strømsgodset. He was released at the end of the 2019 season. He joined Bærum SK ahead of the 2021 season.

International career
Hauger was a regular in Norwegian youth teams and became a part of the under-21 team in 2005. He played 14 matches for Norway U21 between 2005 and 2006, and a total of 45 matches for different Norwegian youth teams.

When Kristofer Hæstad and Christian Grindheim was made unavailable for the friendly matches against Mexico and the United States in January 2006, Norwegian national team coach Åge Hareide decided to call up Hauger as replacement. This was Hauger's first call-up for the senior team, and he made his debut for Norway when he replaced Magne Hoseth at half time in the 2–1 loss against Mexico.

Hauger was again called up for the national team after impressing play for Stabæk in 2008, and played the 2010 World Cup qualifier against Netherlands on 15 October 2008, almost three years after he was last capped for Norway. Hauger soon became a regular as a holding midfielder in Egil "Drillo" Olsen's team, and started 18 consecutive national team matches until Håvard Nordtveit was chosen ahead of Hauger for the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying match against Denmark on 6 September 2011.

After some time in Germany, Hauger was left out of the national team squad, as he was not playing regularly in Hannover. After he joined Lillestrøm on loan, he was again called up for the 2014 World Cup qualification matches against Cyprus and Slovenia in October 2012, but did not play any matches. Hauger has as of January 2013 gained 23 caps but has yet to score an international goal.

Career statistics

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Bærum
Norwegian men's footballers
Norway men's international footballers
Norway men's under-21 international footballers
Norway men's youth international footballers
Stabæk Fotball players
Hannover 96 players
Lillestrøm SK players
IF Elfsborg players
Strømsgodset Toppfotball players
Bærum SK players
Eliteserien players
Norwegian First Division players
Norwegian Second Division players
Bundesliga players
Regionalliga players
Allsvenskan players
Norwegian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Sweden
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Sweden
Men's association football midfielders

Henning Hauger


Mackintosh's Toffee is a sweet created by Mackintosh Company.

John Mackintosh opened up his sweets shop in Halifax, Yorkshire, England in 1890, and the idea for Mackintosh's Toffee ("not too hard and not too soft"), came soon after. In 1969, Mackintosh's merged with rival Rowntree to form Rowntree Mackintosh, which merged with Nestlé in 1988.

The product is often credited with being over 100 years old.

The toffee is sold in bags containing a random assortment of individual wrapped flavoured toffees. The flavours are (followed by wrapping colour): Malt (Blue), Harrogate (Yellow), Mint (Green), Egg & Cream (Orange), Coconut (Pink), and Toffee (Maroon). The maroon-wrapped toffees do not display a flavour on the wrapper. The product's subtitle is "Toffee De Luxe" and its motto is "a tradition worth sharing".

The flavour Harrogate was originally developed by confectioners in the spa town of Harrogate in Yorkshire to remove the pungent taste of the town's spa waters.

Availability

Canada had its own version of Mackintosh's Toffee. Unlike the British versions, it was a hard candy which, for most of its history, was sold as a single rectangular bar in a tartan box. More recently (circa 2008) the Canadian product is individually wrapped and manufactured in Switzerland by Nestlé, and licensed for sale in Canada by Nestlé Canada. However, the wrapped version is soft and more akin to a caramel. Recently (2013) Nestlé Canada has been distributing an apparent recreation of the hard Mack bar, though thinner and wrapped in foil. It contains sweetened condensed milk as a main flavouring and has less of the creamy butter flavour of the original Canadian Mack. Nestlé does not distribute the toffees in the US, but it may be ordered online for delivery or found in specialty candy shops.

They were also manufactured and sold in New Zealand by Nestlé New Zealand Limited under the "Allen's" Confectionery range, but are now manufactured by RJ's of Levin after Nestlé sold off its NZ confectionery brands in 2018.  The New Zealand-manufactured RJ's product is also distributed in Australia.

References

External links

Products introduced in 1890
Brand name confectionery
Nestlé brands
Yorkshire cuisine
Toffee

Mackintosh's Toffee


Ogg is a free, open standard format for music, video and other multimedia. It is run by the Xiph.Org Foundation. The Ogg format is unrestricted by software patents and is designed to provide for efficient Internet streaming and for editing of high quality digital multimedia.

The project was based on the popular AVI and Ogg formats, which at the time only supported audio. Some time ago, the OGG Vorbis format was created to change the mp3 format. To store the vorbis audio stream, the OGG Bitstream standard was developed, which was later used to store video.

Recently a big library on the internet, the Internet Archive, announced that they are going to convert many videos and other multimedia to the Ogg format as well as other formats like the proprietary Adobe Flash flv format.

References

Computer file formats

Ogg


Bruce Vincent Rauner (; born February 18, 1956) is an American businessman, philanthropist, and politician who served as the 42nd governor of Illinois from 2015 to 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as the chairman of R8 Capital Partners and chairman of the Chicago-based private equity firm GTCR.

Rauner announced his candidacy for governor of Illinois in June 2013. He won the Republican nomination in March 2014 and defeated Democratic incumbent Pat Quinn in the general election. Throughout Rauner's term in office, he was unable to achieve many of his legislative goals due to the state's Democratically-controlled legislature, and a standoff between Rauner and the legislature over budget cuts led to a two-year budget crisis. In the 2018 gubernatorial election, Rauner narrowly survived a challenge in the Republican primary from State Representative Jeanne Ives, but lost the general election to Democratic challenger J. B. Pritzker in a landslide. Rauner and his lieutenant Evelyn Sanguinetti remain the last Republicans to have held statewide office in Illinois.

Early life and education
Rauner was born in Chicago and grew up in Deerfield, Illinois, a suburb 10 miles north of Chicago city limits. His mother, Ann (née Erickson) Rauner (1931–2011), was a nurse, and his father, Vincent Rauner (1927–1997), was a lawyer and senior vice president for Motorola. He has three siblings, Christopher, Mark, and Paula, and is of half Swedish and half German descent. His parents divorced and his father remarried to the former Carol Kopay in 1981. Through his father's second marriage, he has a stepsister, Larisa Olson. His first job was as a paperboy.

Rauner graduated summa cum laude with a degree in economics from Dartmouth College, where he was a brother of Theta Delta Chi. He later received an MBA from Harvard University.

Business career
Rauner was the chairman of private equity firm GTCR, where he had worked for more than 30 years, starting in 1981 after his graduation from Harvard through his retirement in October 2012. A number of state pension funds, including those of Illinois, have invested in GTCR.

In 2013, Rauner opened an office for a self-financed venture firm, R8 Capital Partners. The firm planned to invest up to $15 million in smaller Illinois companies.

Rauner served as Chairman of Choose Chicago, the not-for-profit that is the city's convention and tourism bureau, resigning in May 2013, and as Chairman of the Chicago Public Education Fund. Rauner has also served as the Chairman of the Education Committee of the Civic Committee of The Commercial Club of Chicago.

In 2015, Rauner reported earning over $180 million.

Prior to his 2014 run for Illinois governor, Rauner served as an advisor to Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel.

Philanthropy
Rauner was awarded the 2008 Distinguished Philanthropist award by the Chicago Association of Fundraising Professionals. In 2003, Rauner received the Daley Medal from the Illinois Venture Capital Association for extraordinary support to the Illinois economy and was given the Association for Corporate Growth's Lifetime Achievement Award. Rauner and his wife were nominated for the Golden Apple Foundation's 2011 Community Service Award.

Rauner has been a financial supporter of projects including Chicago's Red Cross regional headquarters, the YMCA in the Little Village neighborhood, six new charter high schools, an AUSL turnaround campus, scholarship programs for disadvantaged Illinois public school students, and achievement-based compensation systems for teachers and principals in Chicago Public Schools. He provided major funding for the construction of the Rauner Special Collections Library at Dartmouth College, endowed full professor chairs at Dartmouth College, Morehouse College, University of Chicago, and Harvard Business School, and was the lead donor for the Stanley C. Golder Center for Private Equity and Entrepreneurial Finance at the University of Illinois.

As of 2013, Rauner served on the board of the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation.

Rauner is also a frequent donor to his fraternity at Dartmouth, Theta Delta Chi.

2014 gubernatorial campaign

In March 2013, Rauner formed an exploratory committee to look at a run for Governor of Illinois as a Republican. Rauner said that his top priorities included streamlining government, improving education, and improving the state's business climate. He supported term limits and said he would serve no more than eight years (two terms) as governor. On June 5, 2013, Rauner officially announced his candidacy for governor, telling Chicago magazine's Carol Felsenthal that his platform would include overhauling tax policy and freezing property taxes.

In October 2013, Rauner announced that his running mate would be Wheaton City Councilwoman Evelyn Sanguinetti.

Rauner won the March 18, 2014 Republican primary with 328,934 votes (40.13 percent), defeating State Senator Kirk Dillard, who received 305,120 votes (37.22 percent), State Senator Bill Brady (123,708 votes, 15.09 percent) and Illinois Treasurer Dan Rutherford's (61,848 votes, 7.55 percrent).

For the general election, Rauner was endorsed by the majority of Illinois newspapers, including the Chicago Tribune, the Daily Herald, and the Chicago Sun-Times.

During the general election, television ads aired regarding Rauner's role in a chain of long-term care homes owned by his companies that faced lawsuits stemming from the death and alleged mistreatment of residents. Among the problems outlined in court cases, state records, and media reports were the deaths of developmentally disabled residents in bathtubs, "deplorable" living conditions, sexual assaults, and a failure by employees to stop residents from harming themselves.

Also during the election, the media reported on a controversy regarding Rauner's daughter being admitted to Walter Payton Prep school in Chicago in 2008 through the "principal picks" process. The family maintains several residences, including one in downtown Chicago that enabled her to apply to the Chicago-based school. Although she had top grades, she had missed several days of school and therefore did not qualify through the regular admissions process. It was later revealed that Rauner had sought information on this process from his personal friend Arne Duncan, then CEO of Chicago Public Schools. Rauner has said he had no recollection of speaking with Duncan directly. According to another source, she was not a "principal pick", but was let in following the phone call between Bruce Rauner and Arne Duncan. The Rauners donated $250,000 to the school during the subsequent school year; Rauner has a long history of contributing to Chicago Public Schools.

On October 22, 2014, Dave McKinney, a Chicago Sun-Times political reporter and bureau chief, resigned from the paper, citing pressure brought to bear on him by Sun-Times management with regard to his coverage of Rauner. McKinney had completed an investigative news story about a lawsuit filed by Christine Kirk, the CEO of LeapSource, a firm at which Rauner served as director. The piece, written by three reporters and approved by the newspaper's editors, described Rauner using "hardball tactics" to threaten Kirk and her family. According to McKinney's attorney, the Rauner campaign requested the story include that McKinney had a conflict of interest due to his marriage to Ann Liston, a Democratic media consultant; the campaign eventually published details about the Liston's LLC sharing office space with a legally separate, long-term Democratic strategist firm, of which Liston was part-owner. The LLC was employed by a pro-Quinn PAC. McKinney says any notion of conflict of interest was untrue, a position backed up publicly by Sun-Times management. Rauner is a former investor of the Sun-Times and received the newspaper's backing, marking the first time the media organization endorsed any candidate after imposing a moratorium on political endorsements three years earlier.

On November 4, 2014, Rauner was elected Governor of Illinois; Pat Quinn conceded defeat the next day. Rauner received 50.27 percent of the vote, while Quinn won 46.35 percent. Rauner carried every county in the state except for Cook, home to Chicago.

Rauner spent a record $26 million of his own money on his election.

Governor of Illinois
Rauner was sworn in as the 42nd governor of Illinois on January 12, 2015. He governed Illinois as a moderate or liberal Republican, as evidenced by his stances on abortion, same-sex marriage, and immigration, among other issues.

Rauner had a 52 percent job approval rating after assuming the governorship in 2015, although it gradually declined during his term. It stood at 33 percent in December 2016, ranking 45th of the 50 U.S. governors. In January 2019, as Rauner was leaving office, his approval rating stood at only 25 percent.

Budget

In his first executive order, he halted state hiring as well as discretionary spending and called for state agencies to sell surplus property. The conflict between Rauner's demand for budget cuts and Speaker of the House Michael Madigan's demand for tax increases resulted in the Illinois Budget Impasse, with major credit agencies downgrading the state's debt to the low investment grade of triple-B by the end of 2015.

On February 9, 2015, Rauner signed an executive order blocking so called "fair share" union fees from state employee paychecks. The same day, Rauner hired a legal team headed by former U.S. Attorney Dan Webb and his law firm Winston & Strawn to file a declaratory judgment action in Federal Court to affirm his action. In February 2015, Rauner proposed $4.1 billion in budget cuts affecting higher education, Medicaid, state employee pensions, public transit, and local government support. In April, Rauner also suspended funding for programs addressing domestic violence, homeless youth, autism, and immigrant integration. Critics called these moves "morally reprehensible" and harmful to the state economy.

On June 25, 2015, Rauner vetoed the Illinois state budget passed by the legislature, which would have created a deficit of nearly $4 billion but which covered what Illinois Democratic lawmakers called "vital services". He stated that he would not sign a budget until the Democratic state legislature passed his "Turnaround Agenda" to reduce trade union power and freeze property taxes. With no state budget, social service agencies cut back on services, state universities laid off staff, public transit service ceased in Monroe and Randolph Counties, and Child Care Assistance eligibility was cut by 90 percent.

On June 30, 2016, just before the beginning of the next fiscal year, Rauner signed a temporary bipartisan stopgap budget that would allow public schools to continue operating for an additional year and for necessary state services to continue for 6 months. However, the stopgap budget covered only 65 percent of social services agencies' normally allocated funds and provided $900,000 less for colleges and universities than FY15, while attempting to cover eighteen months' worth of expenses, all while continuing the uncertainty that Illinois nonprofits faced during FY16.

In July 2017, Rauner vetoed a budget that increased the state income tax from 3.75 percent to 4.95 percent and the corporate tax from 5.25 percent to 7 percent, an increase of $5 billion in additional tax revenue. However, the Illinois legislature, with the help of several Republicans, overrode his veto. Following this action, considered a political defeat for Rauner, he made major changes to his staff; among others, he fired  his chief of staff, deputy chief of staff, and spokesperson, and replaced them with high-ranking officials from the Illinois Policy Institute along with a former spokesperson for Wisconsin governor Scott Walker. These moves were seen by the media as a shift to the right. In August 2017, Rauner fired several of those new officials after they issued a controversial statement related to race.

Education
Rauner made a priority to fully funded education for the first time in years, increasing K-12 education funding by nearly $1 billion, and increasing early childhood education funding to historic levels. In 2017, Rauner signed Senate Bill 1947, which moved Illinois to an "evidence-based model" of education funding, taking into account each district's individual needs, as well as its local revenue sources, when appropriating state aid – prioritizing districts that are furthest from being fully funded. The new law created a scholarship plan that earmarked up to $75 million for scholarship tax credits. Lawmakers said those credits would go to low- and middle-income parents, impacting roughly 6,000 private school students whose families make less than $73,000 per year. The new law created the first revision in two decades of the way general state-aid dollars to schools were distributed, establishing a multifaceted procedure for determining need and setting a goal for "adequacy" of funding in each of the state's 852 school districts. The bill received praise from the Chicago Tribune, Daily Herald, and Chicago Sun-Times, along with numerous civic organizations.

Unions
Rauner's stance on labor unions received considerable attention and controversy. Rauner said that local governments should be allowed to pass right to work laws. Additionally, Rauner said that the state should ban some political contributions by public unions, saying, "government unions should not be allowed to influence the public officials they are lobbying, and sitting across the bargaining table from, through campaign donations and expenditures".

In 2014, Rauner's election campaign was helped financially by Kenneth C. Griffin, CEO of Citadel, a successful global investment firm, who made a rare and impassioned plea to the sold-out audience at the Economic Club of Chicago (ECC) in May 2013 to replace the Democrats at all levels of governance. He supported Rauner's campaign promises to "cut spending and overhaul the state's pension system, impose term limits, and weaken public employee unions". Griffin called for a show of financial support to Rauner that met with an increase in campaign donations representing tens of millions of dollars, or half the $65 million spent on Rauner's 2014 election campaign. Of this half, such money originated from Rauner himself along with "nine other individuals, families, or companies they control".

Minimum wage
Rauner received media attention for his political stance on the minimum wage. Rauner favored either raising the national minimum wage so Illinois employers were on the same level as those in neighboring states, or unilaterally raising Illinois' minimum wage, but pairing the change with pro-business reforms to the state's tax code, workers compensation reform, and tort reform.

Rauner's position on the minimum wage changed significantly during his campaign. At a candidate forum on December 11, 2013, Rauner stated that he would favor reducing Illinois's minimum wage from $8.25 to the federal minimum wage of $7.25. The Chicago Sun-Times also uncovered video of Rauner at a campaign event in September 2013, where he said that he was "adamantly, adamantly against raising the minimum wage", and audio of an interview with Rauner from January 10, 2014, when he said: "I have said, on a number of occasions, that we could have a lower minimum wage or no minimum wage as part of increasing Illinois' competitiveness."

Tax policy
Rauner strongly opposed Governor Pat Quinn's proposal to make the 2011 temporary income tax increase permanent, instead calling for the Illinois' income tax rate to gradually be rolled back to 3 percent. On January 1, 2015, the income tax increase automatically decreased, with the personal income tax rate falling from 5 percent to 3.75 percent and the corporate tax rate from 7 percent to 5.25 percent.

In July 2014, Rauner called for expanding Illinois' sales tax to dozens of services, such as legal services, accounting services, and computer programming, which were not subject to the sales tax in Illinois. Rauner estimated the expanded sales tax would bring in an additional $600 million a year. Rauner's services tax proposal was harshly criticized by Quinn, who said it would fall hardest on low income people.

Rauner opposed a graduated income tax.

Rauner received a 92 percent approval from Taxpayers United for America, the first time a sitting Illinois governor received a score of more than 70 percent from that organization.

Term limits
Rauner strongly favored term limits, and pledged to limit himself to no more than eight years as governor. He organized and funded a push to put a constitutional amendment imposing term limits on Illinois legislators on the November 2014 ballot, gathering 591,092 signatures. However, the term limits amendment was struck down in court as unconstitutional.

Infrastructure and transportation
During his 2014 campaign, Rauner called for "billions" of dollars per year in public spending on infrastructure, but declined to detail how he would pay for the spending.

Also during his campaign, Rauner declined to take a position on the controversial Illiana Expressway and Peotone Airport projects advanced by Quinn. After taking office in 2015, he suspended the Illiana project, pending a cost-benefit review.

In February 2015, Rauner proposed raising highway funding and slashing transit funding, which he saw as inefficient spending.

Gun control
Rauner stated that while he wanted laws and policies to keep guns out of the hands of criminals and the mentally ill, he would not go beyond that due to constitutional concerns.

Abortion
Rauner has a record of supporting abortion rights. The Rauner family has donated "thousands of dollars" to Planned Parenthood, and prior to his 2014 campaign, the Rauner Family Foundation donated $510,000 to the American Civil Liberties Union's Roger Baldwin Foundation.

On July 29, 2016, Rauner signed S.B. 1564 into law, which required doctors and pregnancy centers that refuse to perform abortions for religious or moral reasons to refer patients to places where they could have an abortion. The bill was passed on partisan lines, with no Republican legislators voting for the bill. Rauner's decision to sign the bill into law angered conservative groups. The same day, Rauner also signed a bill that extended insurance coverage for nearly all contraceptives. On August 5, Rauner was sued by a crisis pregnancy center, a Rockford, Illinois-based medical center, and a Downers Grove physician, claiming that SB 1564 was unconstitutional. On December 20, 2016, a Winnebago County Circuit Judge issued a preliminary injunction, which temporarily prohibited the State of Illinois from enforcing the law after it went into effect on January 1, 2017.

As a candidate in 2014, Rauner stated that he opposed the existing Illinois law that restricted abortion coverage under Medicaid and the state employee health plan. In April 2017, however, Rauner pledged to veto an abortion rights bill that would (a) remove those abortion coverage restrictions: and (b) repeal an Illinois law making abortion illegal if Roe v. Wade were to be overturned. Despite his veto pledge, Rauner signed the abortion rights bill into law on September 28, 2017, earning him harsh criticism from conservative Republicans.

Death penalty
In 2018, Rauner called for the death penalty to be imposed on people convicted of killing police officers.

Voting laws
On August 12, 2016, Rauner vetoed a bill that would have automatically registered as a voter anyone in Illinois who sought a new or updated drivers license as well as other services, unless they chose to opt out. Rauner said that he supported automatic voter registration, but that he vetoed the bill because he was worried that "the bill would inadvertently open the door to voter fraud and run afoul of federal election law". On August 28, 2017, Rauner signed a revised version of the automatic voter registration bill.

Immigration enforcement
On August 28, 2017, Rauner signed a bill into law that prohibited state and local police from arresting anyone solely due to their immigration status or due to federal detainers. Some Republicans criticized Rauner for his action, saying that the bill made Illinois a sanctuary state. On November 15, 2017, the United States Department of Justice announced that a preliminary conclusion had been reached that Illinois was now a sanctuary jurisdiction in violation of 8 U.S.C. 1373 and issued a warning to state authorities on the issue. Subsequently, , there is still no evidence that Illinois responded stating that it was in compliance with the law. The deadline to do so was December 8, 2017.

Same-sex marriage and LGBT rights
Rauner supports same-sex marriage. As a gubernatorial candidate in 2014, he said that he had no comment on same-sex marriage but would not change the law legalizing gay marriages. In 2015, Rauner signed legislation banning the use of conversion therapy on minors. He also signed a bill making it easier for transgender people to change their birth certificates. He also marched in Aurora and Chicago LGBT pride parades. In 2018, Rauner officiated the wedding of a same-sex couple.

2018 re-election campaign

On June 20, 2016, Rauner confirmed that he would run for a second term; he formally announced his re-election campaign on October 23, 2017. In the Republican primary, Rauner faced State Representative Jeanne Ives, who ran against him from the political right. Rauner was endorsed by the Chicago Tribune, The Daily Herald, and the Chicago Sun-Times, and by 37 elected officials from DuPage County, part of which was represented by Ives. On March 20, 2018, Rauner narrowly won the Republican primary, with 51.4 percent of the vote; Ives received 48.6 percent of the vote. In the November general election, Rauner lost to Democratic nominee J. B. Pritzker; Pritzker received 54 percent of the vote while Rauner received 39 percent. It was the most lopsided margin in an Illinois gubernatorial race since Jim Edgar's bid for a second term in 1994 and the lowest percentage of the vote received by a Republican candidate since 1912.

Personal life

Before being elected governor, Rauner resided in Winnetka, Illinois, with his wife, Diana Mendley Rauner, and family; they have three children. He also has three children from his first marriage, to Elizabeth Konker Wessel, whom he married in 1980, separated from in 1990, and was legally divorced from in 1993.

During Rauner's governorship, he and his family resided in the Illinois Governor's Mansion in Springfield. They also own ranches in Montana and Wyoming. Rauner is an Episcopalian.

Rauner's exact net worth is unclear, but has been estimated at being at least several hundred million dollars. During his campaign for governor he promised that he would accept only $1 in salary and no benefits from his office, including forgoing a pension and any reimbursement for travel expenses.

After losing the 2018 election, Rauner moved to Florida. By August 2020, he was registered to vote in Florida rather than Illinois. Rauner made a $250,000 campaign donation to Ron DeSantis in March 2021.

Electoral history

References

External links

 Profile at Ballotpedia

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1957 births
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American politicians
American Episcopalians
American people of German descent
American people of Swedish descent
Philanthropists from Illinois
Dartmouth College alumni
Republican Party governors of Illinois
Harvard Business School alumni
Living people
People from Winnetka, Illinois
Politicians from Chicago
Fenway Sports Group people

Bruce Rauner


The Tennessee Valley is the drainage basin of the Tennessee River and is largely within the U.S. state of Tennessee. It stretches from southwest Kentucky to north Alabama and from northeast Mississippi to the mountains of Virginia and North Carolina. The border of the valley is known as the Tennessee Valley Divide. The Tennessee Valley contributes greatly to the formation of Tennessee's three legally recognized sectors (the Grand Divisions).

Tennessee Valley is a generally accepted term for North Alabama, anchored by the city of Huntsville (analogous to referring to Greater Philadelphia as the Delaware Valley).

Geography

The Tennessee Valley begins in the upper head water portions of the Holston River, the Watauga River, and the Doe River in  Northeast Tennessee and Southwest Virginia, as well as east of Asheville, North Carolina, with the headwaters of the French Broad and Pigeon rivers, all of which join at the confluence of the French Broad and the Holston to form the Tennessee River in Knoxville.  From there, the river travels southwest, absorbing additional tributaries of the Little River, the Little Tennessee, and the Clinch, and further down, the Hiwassee and the Ocoee (both of which have sources in Georgia), before reaching Chattanooga.

The river then enters the Tennessee River Gorge as it winds its way around the lower corner of the Cumberland Plateau, reaching the lower portion of the Sequatchie Valley. After traversing North Alabama, the river veers northwestward. From the beginning of the Tennessee Valley to this point is roughly ; as it runs through East Tennessee the Valley is bound on the east by the Appalachian Mountains (including the Great Smoky Mountains) and on the northwest by the Cumberland Plateau and Cumberland Mountains.

After forming the boundary between Alabama and Mississippi for a stretch of , the river reenters Tennessee, where it creates the dividing line between Middle Tennessee and West Tennessee.  It empties into the Ohio River in western Kentucky, where it divides the region known as the Jackson Purchase from the rest of Kentucky.

Geologically, the eastern portion of the Tennessee Valley consists of many small valleys and ridges within a great valley. The larger region is termed the Ridge and Valley Province and the great valley is termed the Great Appalachian Valley.

Important cities

Chattanooga, Tennessee, about  from both Huntsville and Knoxville, in opposite directions, is nicknamed "The Scenic City" for its beautiful views of the Tennessee Valley from atop the many mountaintops that surround the city. Chattanooga and its suburbs form the second most populous metropolitan area in the valley. The Battle of Chattanooga was fought on nearby Lookout Mountain. Chattanooga is also well known for the Chattanooga Choo-Choo, its transformation from a declining early industrial city to a thriving modern city, the famous Delta Queen, and the first publicly available one gigabit per second Internet access from a municipally-owned utility company, i.e. the Electric Power Board (EPB), in the United States. Chattanooga is the 3rd largest city in the Tennessee Valley, with just over 180,000 people, and its Metropolitan Area Is home to about 560,000 people.
Decatur, Alabama, known as "The River City", dominated the economic landscape of north Alabama until the late 1950s, when the space race catapulted its neighbor Huntsville into that position. For most of the 20th century up to that point, Decatur held the top position in terms of economic impact and population. Its mixture of river transport and rail access has made it a busy hub of business, commerce, and manufacturing (chemicals and textiles especially) flowing down the river on the barges and boats of numerous companies and docking at the Port of Decatur. Decatur also claims the nickname "The Heart of the Valley" because of its location near the exact center of the length of the Tennessee River.  Also because most north–south shipping traffic is funneled through the town utilizing three river crossings that are main routes for rail and road traffic between Birmingham and Nashville.  The city is also an important river port that uses intermodal facilities to switch shipping methods between trains, trucks, and barges. It is the 10th largest city in Alabama home to 58,000 people, slightly less than nearby Madison City. Its metro area is home to 160,000 and combines with Huntsville to form the Huntsville-Decatur CSA.
Elizabethton, Tennessee,  is a small city formerly known by the moniker "The City of Power" prior to the post World War II era of nuclear power production. It is located at the confluence of the Doe River and Watauga River downstream from the Watauga Reservoir and the Wilbur Reservoir. Both are maintained by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). It is home to about 15,000 people and is located near Knoxville
Florence, Alabama, considered part of the Shoals with Muscle Shoals, Sheffield, and Tuscumbia, is located immediately across the Tennessee River from Muscle Shoals. (The river divides Lauderdale County from Colbert County). Florence is the birthplace of W.C. Handy and is where the only Frank Lloyd Wright designed house in Alabama is located, the Rosenbaum House. Home to 40,000 people, it is the 11th largest city in Alabama. Its metro area is home to just over 150,000 people.
Guntersville, Alabama,  is a major city of northeast Alabama and has a major lake and river port, Lake Guntersville and the Port of Guntersville, respectively. The city is famous for being the place where Ricky Nelson played his last concert before dying in a plane crash on New Year's Eve 1986 (December 31, 1985). It is home to just under 9,000 people, however its sister city of Albertville to the south is home to 23,000 people.
Huntsville, Alabama, nicknamed "the Rocket City", has risen to be the center of north Alabama economic activity since the dawn of the space age in the 1950s. It is now the largest city in Alabama. Its aerospace and military technology centers of Redstone Arsenal, Cummings Research Park, and NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center define the high-tech landscape for Alabama. Huntsville had in 2022 a population of over 220,000 people and is the largest city within the Tennessee Valley, and the 100th largest city nationally. Despite being the largest city proper, its Metropolitan Area is the 3rd largest in The Tennessee Valley by population with 510,000 people. Huntsville was also ranked as the best major city to live in the entire country in 2022.
Knoxville, Tennessee, the most populous metropolitan area in the valley, and the 2nd largest city proper after Huntsville. It is located where the Tennessee River begins at the confluence of the Holston and the French Broad Rivers. Knoxville along with nearby Oak Ridge and Maryville-Alcoa, form a major research and manufacturing corridor anchored by the University of Tennessee, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and the Tennessee Valley Authority headquarters (since 1980). It is home to 190,000 people and has a Metropolitan Area  of 900,000 people.
Madison, Alabama, The largest suburb of nearby Huntsville, and one of the best suburbs to live in both Alabama, and the country. Madison has many Fortune 500 companies that have operations in the city, including Intergraph (now Hexagon AB) that was headquartered here and was on the Fortune 500 for much of the early 2000s. Madison is the 9th largest city in Alabama and is also one of the fastest growing cities in the state, with a population of just under 60,000 in 2022 Madison City Schools, the school board that provides education for Madison and the nearby city of Triana is the best school board in Alabama and its two high schools, James Clemens, and Bob jones ranked 6th and 8th in the state respectively.
Muscle Shoals, Alabama, considered part of the Shoals along with Florence, Sheffield, and Tuscumbia, is a major city of northwest Alabama, along U.S. Route 72 and Alabama 157. The city is located immediately across the Tennessee River from Florence. (The river divides Colbert County from Lauderdale County.) Muscle Shoals is famous for its 1960s Muscle Shoals Sound, produced at such studios as FAME Studios and Muscle Shoals Sound Studio, where many famous musicians and bands, such as Aretha Franklin, Bob Dylan, and The Rolling Stones, also have recorded and produced numerous songs. Tuscumbia is the birthplace of Helen Keller. The original Congressional Act creating the government-owned Tennessee Valley Authority, May, 1933, designated the government reservation at Wilson Dam as the location for the headquarters of the TVA. In 1980, a court order reassigned the headquarters to Knoxville. The second largest city in the Shoals Metropolitan Area after Florence. It is home to 17,000 people.
Scottsboro, Alabama, located about halfway between Huntsville and Chattanooga, about  from Chattanooga and  east of Huntsville, It is located on Highway 72. nicknamed "the Friendly City", It was founded in the mid-1850s and is most famous for the Scottsboro Boys and the Unclaimed Baggage Center, as well as "First Monday," an open-air marketplace held in and around downtown on Mondays following the first weekend of the month. It is the county seat of Jackson County, Alabama. Scottsboro is home to just under 16,000 people.

Transportation

Interstates
 connects Paducah, Kentucky, at the mouth of the Tennessee River, with Chattanooga via Clarksville and Nashville. Much of this road's route in Kentucky and Tennessee actually lies outside the Tennessee Valley.
 is an east–west main route of the Interstate Highway System in the Northeast Tennessee. It runs from the junction of U.S. Route 11W and U.S. Route 23 in Kingsport, Tennessee, generally south and southeast to U.S. Route 17 in Charleston, South Carolina.
 runs west–east across the Tennessee portion of the Tennessee Valley, connecting Nashville with Knoxville and Asheville, North Carolina.
 runs along the border of the Tennessee Valley, connecting Chattanooga with New Orleans, Louisiana.
 is the main north–south road in the central part of the valley, connecting Birmingham, Huntsville, Decatur, and Nashville.
 is the main corridor of the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area that links the Huntsville Metropolitan Area and the Decatur Metropolitan Area, along with all of the scientific research and space exploration institutions in North Alabama. The road also provides a vital link to I-65 for both urban and suburban areas.
 runs down the middle of the valley of East Tennessee. It connects Chattanooga and Knoxville with Atlanta, Georgia and Cincinnati, Ohio.
 is a north–south highway that connects areas east of Knoxville to the Tri-State area of Tennessee and Virginia.

Airports
Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport, Chattanooga
Huntsville International Airport, Huntsville
McGhee Tyson Airport, Alcoa, Tennessee (serves the Knoxville metropolitan area)
Northwest Alabama Regional Airport, Muscle Shoals
Pryor Field Regional Airport, Decatur
Tri-Cities Regional Airport, Blountville, Tennessee (serves the Tri-Cities area and Southwest Virginia)
Guntersville Municipal Airport (also known as Joe Starnes Field) in Guntersville, Alabama

River Ports
 Chattanooga
 Decatur
 Florence
 Guntersville
 Knoxville
 Muscle Shoals
 Paducah

See also
Tennessee Valley Authority
 Finger, J. R. (2001) Tennessee Frontiers: Three Regions in Transition. Indiana University Press.

References

Tennessee River
Valleys of Tennessee
Valleys of Alabama
Valleys of Kentucky
Valleys of Georgia (U.S. state)
Valleys of Mississippi
Valleys of Virginia
Landforms of North Carolina

Tennessee Valley


DSC Wanne-Eickel is a German association football club that plays in Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia.

History
The club was founded in 1954 as TB Eickel when it left Sportfreunde Wanne-Eickel, a short-lived union it had formed with SV Preußen 04 Wanne, in 1950. It took on the name DSC Wanne-Eickel in 1969. In addition to a football team the club has departments for judo, model airplane flying, bowling, handball, watersports and physical fitness.

A third division side since 1960, it earned promotion to the 2. Bundesliga Nord late in the 1970s and played the 1978 and 1979 seasons there. The club voluntarily bowed out in spite of 11th and 13th-place finishes well clear of the relegation zone in the face of dismal attendance and an increasingly untenable financial situation. It returned to third division play where it played until the early 1990s before slipping to the Verbandsliga Westfalen-Sudwest (V). The football department became independent in 2000 and from the 2003–04 season played in the tier VI Landesliga Westfalen-West, gaining promotion to the Verbandsliga Westfalen again in 2005.

The club now plays in the Westfalenliga, formerly the Verbandsliga.

Honours
The club's honours:
 Westfalenliga
 Champions: 1978, 2006
 Westphalia Cup
 Winners: 1986

Stadium
DSC plays in the Sportpark Wanne-Süd (capacity 16,000) built in 1956. A seating grandstand was added in the early 1990s.

External links
 Official website
 The Abseits Guide to German Soccer

Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in North Rhine-Westphalia
Association football clubs established in 1954
1954 establishments in West Germany
Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia
2. Bundesliga clubs

DSC Wanne-Eickel


Bita Daryabari (; born April 6, 1969, in Tehran) is an Iranian-American philanthropist, entrepreneur and computer scientist. She is the founder of several community organizations which focus on Persian immigrants in society and arts in the United States. Daryabari has provided financial assistance to various educational institutions for research on the Iranian studies in higher education, including endowments to Stanford, Pembroke College, U.C. Davis, and U.C. Berkeley. She has a named Chair at U.C. Davis in Persian Language and Literature and at U.C. Berkeley in Iranian Studies.

Early life and education
Bita Daryabari was born in Tehran, Iran. Her father was a dentist and her mother was a housewife. She grew up reading Persian books, including those of the scholar Rumi. Daryabari moved to the US from a war-stricken Iran in 1985 where she attended high school in St. Joseph, Missouri. In Missouri, she was received by her uncle.

Daryabari attended California State University where she received a BSc in computer science. She also attended Golden Gate University in San Francisco where she received a MSc in telecommunications management.

Career and philanthropy

Bita Daryabari began her career in engineering at GammaLink. She moved on to a career in telecommunications at MCI Communications where she worked until 1996.

Daryabari began focusing her career on philanthropy where in 2008 she founded the Bita Daryabari Endowment for Persian Literature and Poetry with a contribution of $2.5 million. The same year, she created a $6.5 million Bita Daryabari Endowment in Persian Letters at Stanford. In 2011, she founded a community organization in California called the Pars Equality Center where she and the members of the organization assist Iranian immigrants living in the United States. In 2015 she opened a branch in San Jose, called the Daryabadi Iranian Community Center to extend the services to the Farsi speaking community.

Additional endowments have included $2 million for the Shahnama Project at Pembroke College in 2013, a $1.5 million gift to the University of California, Davis in 2015 to broaden its Persian studies program, and $5 million to UC Berkeley in 2016 for the study of Iranian languages, literature, arts, and culture.

Daryabari is the founder of the Unique Zan Foundation, a social service organization that works with academic institutions and organizations for women in the  Middle East. In 2016, UC Berkeley announced the Presidential Chair in Iranian Studies after her name.

Awards and recognition

Daryabari has received numerous awards and recognition for her work including Golden Gate University's Alumni of the Year in 2008. In 2010 she was named Philanthropist of the Year by PAAIA and in 2011 received the United Nations Appreciation Award. Additional honors include being the recipient of the Ellis Island Medal of Honor in 2012 and being named a World Affairs Council Honoree of the Year in 2015. In 2018 she received an honorary doctorate from Golden Gate University.

Personal life
Daryabari married Google engineer Omid Kordestani in 1994 and they had two children together, a daughter, Misha Kordestani, and a son, Milan Kordestani. Daryabari and Kordestani separated in 2007, and Daryabari married Reza Malek, a surgeon and medical entrepreneur, in 2009. They divorced in 2016. Daryabari married Iranian poet and singer Shahkar Bineshpajooh in 2018.

References

Stanford University faculty
Iranian philanthropists
1969 births
Living people
Iranian emigrants to the United States
Businesspeople from Tehran
American women philanthropists
American computer scientists
American women computer scientists
Iranian computer scientists
21st-century American women

Bita Daryabari


Choose and Book was an E-Booking software application for the National Health Service (NHS) in England which enabled patients needing an outpatient appointment to choose which hospital they were referred to by their general practitioner (GP), and to book a convenient date and time for their appointment.

Originally designed simply as an electronic booking system, Choose and Book was developed to enable patient hospital choice. It was introduced into the NHS from 2005 onwards. It was procured as part of the National Programme for IT (NPfIT) in 2003. The contract was awarded to Schlumberger Limited's Sema division just before its acquisition by Atos Origin. The software is based on Cerner Corporation's Millennium e-Booking software.

Surgery where immediate treatment is required is not in the remit of Choose and Book since such patients' needs bypass any longer-term queuing systems.

Choose and Book has been replaced by the NHS e-Referral Service which was to have started in 2014 but was postponed until 2015 after it failed an assessment by the Government Digital Service.

How Choose and Book works
In its fully functional mode, Choose and Book communicated electronically between "compliant" GP Clinical Computer systems and Directly Bookable Hospital Patient Administration Systems (PAS) to enable GPs to shortlist appropriate services for their patients. This enabled patients to either book their appointment at their GP practice, call the national appointments line (originally on 0845 60 88888, and changed to 0345 60 88888 in mid-2010) or book their appointment online through the HealthSpace website. Directly Bookable Services refers to hospitals using Choose and Book compliant PAS systems. In this mode Choose and Book 'harvests' and displays appointment slots directly from the Hospital PAS for users to book directly into.

Interim Solutions
For a number of reasons some GP and hospital PAS systems had not been made compliant in time to deliver the initial Choose and Book targets set by the Department of Health. Interim solutions were devised in 2005/6 to allow patients to benefit from Choose and Book where systems were not compliant.

Web Based Referral allowed a GP to access Choose and Book via a standard web browser until their Clinical Computing system can be successfully upgraded.
Indirectly Bookable Services involves telephone call handlers in hospitals to offer appointments to patients. The operator validates the patient's identity, offer a choice of available dates and times from the hospital's patient administration system and updates CaB with details of the patient's chosen appointment.

Development
The roll-out of Choose and Book in 2005 and 2006 suffered a number of delays; some technical because of its dependency on other NPfIT work streams, partly through functional problems in early releases, and partly through clinicians' concerns about additional workload.

There were conflicting views about its effectiveness, both from a technical viewpoint (it is hard to distinguish between bugs in CaB and the systems with which it interfaces) and a service perspective (some users argue that it undermines existing good practice, while others praise the convenience and reduced delays it offers to patients). A 2006 survey (published 2008) found that the majority of patients were not experiencing the degree of choice that the system was designed to deliver.

To increase the uptake of Choose and Book by doctors in England, surgeries were offered a financial incentive for the first part of 2006, but it continued to suffer from adverse publicity in the medical press and resistance from a number of GPs.

As the application became more stable during 2005 and 2006, booking volumes increased, albeit more slowly than planned. At December 2006, over 1.5M patients had used Choose and Book. By the end of October 2008, this had risen to over 10M bookings, with daily figures of over 20,000. All primary care trusts in England were live with Choose and Book (although that might only be one GP within a PCT or practice), while all NHS acute trusts and a large number of independent sector hospitals used Choose and Book. At 28 October 2008, 93% of practices were providing the service, and while some PCTs are only seeing low volumes (30% and less in some cases), many were booking 70 to 80% of patients using Choose and Book.

Use reached a high point nationally of 57% of referrals in the first two months of 2010. As incentive schemes were scaled back there was a drop in use to 50% at the start of 2012.  When the system was turned off in June 2015 it was used by 40,000 patients every day.

Extended Choice Network
In January 2007 private Hospitals started making their services directly bookable to GPs whose PCT had commissioned their services. From April 2007, the 'Extended Choice Network' included all NHS foundation trusts and independent sector hospitals accredited by the Department of Health as meeting NHS quality and cost criteria. This meant that a GP could, via CaB, offer their patients the choice of four or more local providers, and the option of any Foundation Trust or accredited independent sector hospital in England. The Government's intention was that when patients were able to choose between their local NHS Hospital and any accredited private hospital in England, standards would rise (known as 'contestability'). In March 2007 the first independent sector hospitals became available as directly bookable options from within Choose and Book.

From April 2008, 'Free Choice' policy meant that patients could choose from any clinically appropriate and accredited provider in England. Since the deployment of Release 4.0 of the application in May 2008, referrers could select from two menus: "Search Primary Care", which only showed services provided by the PCT or by smaller local providers, or "Search All", which showed services provided by all accredited providers in England. One criticism of this policy is that patients and their referring clinicians needed more meaningful information to make a genuinely informed choice, some of which is provided by the NHS website "Find and Choose a Hospital" comparison feature.

References

External links
 Choose and Book Official site
 Find out about hospital choice in the NHS
 Compare NHS hospital services
 BMA Choose and Book Guidance
 BBC News report on problems

National Health Service (England)
Government services web portals in the United Kingdom
Health care software

Choose and Book


Microcolona epixutha is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1897. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from New South Wales.

The wingspan is 6–8 mm. The forewings are reddish-ochreous, irregularly mixed with whitish, irrorated on the margins and sometimes also towards the middle of the disc with dark fuscous. There is a black basal median dot and the stigmata is raised and black. There is dark fuscous costal suffusion towards two-thirds. The hindwings are fuscous.

References

Moths described in 1897
Microcolona
Moths of Australia

Microcolona epixutha


The first Highland Land League () emerged as a distinct political force in Scotland during the 1880s, with its power base in the country's Highlands and Islands. It was known also as the Highland Land Law Reform Association and the Crofters' Party. It was consciously modelled on the Irish Land League.

The Highland Land League was successful in getting Members of Parliament (MPs) elected in 1885 (in the 1885 general election). As a parliamentary force, it was dissipated by the Crofters' Act of 1886 and by the way the Liberal Party was seen to adopt Land League objectives. The Land League also used direct action protest tactics and the use of these tactics was to reappear in the early 20th century. The protests included rent strikes and land occupations (which came to be known as land raids) by crofters, cottars and squatters. Perhaps the Land League's best known slogan was Is treasa tuath na tighearna. This Gaelic saying or proverb is usually translated as The people are mightier than a lord.

Background
By the 1880s the common people or peasantry of the Highlands and Islands had been cleared from large areas of their ancestral lands, the clearances (known as the Highland Clearances) having occurred during the decades following the Battle of Culloden in 1746. Many emigrated to Canada, the US, as well as Australia and other British colonies. Many who did not emigrate were crammed into crofting townships on very small areas of land where they were very vulnerable to abuse and exploitation by their landlords. Many lacked even crofts of their own and became cottars and squatters on the crofts of other people. Landlords turned most of the land over to use as sheep farms and hunting parks called deer forests. In addition, in the 1880s, the Highlands and Islands were recently ravaged by the potato famine of the mid 19th century. The 1880s were also a time, however, of growing democracy and of government which was increasingly responsive to public opinion, particularly after the electoral reform Act of 1884. As many crofters in the Scottish Highlands newly qualified as £10 occupiers, the Act empowered Scottish Gaels to form the Crofters' Party and Highland Land League.

In the early 1880s, in terms of gaining sympathetic public opinion, crofters were protesting very effectively, with rent strikes and land raids, about their lack of secure tenure of land and their severely reduced access to land. The government responded in 1883 with a commission of enquiry headed by Francis Napier, and the Napier Commission published recommendations in 1884. Napier's report fell a long way short of addressing crofters' demands, and it stimulated a new wave of protests.

The Crofters' Party

The earlier protests had been largely confined to Skye. In 1884 protest action was much more widespread, many thousands of crofters became members of the Highland Land League and among the list of MPs elected in the 1885 United Kingdom general election there were Crofters' Party MPs elected by the constituencies of Argyllshire (Donald Horne Macfarlane), Inverness-shire (Charles Fraser-Mackintosh), Ross and Cromarty (Roderick Macdonald) and Caithness (Gavin Brown Clark). At Wick Burghs John Macdonald Cameron was also allied with the Crofters Party. A year later Parliament created the Crofters Act.

The Act of 1886

The Act applied to croft tenure in an area which is now recognisable as a definition of the Highlands and Islands: that of the ancient counties of Argyll, Inverness-shire, Ross and Cromarty, Sutherland, Caithness, Orkney and Shetland. (The name is used now as a name for an electoral area of the Scottish Parliament: please see Highlands and Islands). The Act granted security of tenure of existing crofts and established the first Crofters Commission (The same name was given to a different body in 1955). The Crofters Commission had rent-fixing powers. Rents were generally reduced and 50% or more of outstanding arrears were cancelled. The Act failed however to address the issue of severely limited access to land, and crofters renewed their protest actions. At the same time there was a shift in the political climate: William Gladstone's Liberal government fell from power; the new Conservative government was much less sympathetic to the plight of crofters and much more willing to use troops to quell protests. The Liberal Party appeared to adopt and champion Land League objectives and, as a distinct parliamentary force, the Land League fragmented during the 1890s. On the issue of access to land, therefore, little real progress was to be made until after the First World War.

Some resources were put into development of the communications infrastructure of the Highlands and Islands (roads, railways, and harbours) and, in the early years of the 20th century the Congested Districts Board was able to push through the establishment of new crofting townships on Skye and in the Strathnaver area of Sutherland. The Congested Districts Board was created in 1897 and can be seen as a precursor to the Highlands and Islands Development Board, which is known now as Highland and Islands Enterprise (HIE).

A new Liberal government, elected in 1906 (in the 1906 general election), abolished the Congested Districts Board and created the Board of Agriculture for Scotland. The new board's principal task was supposed to be that of pressing forward with land reform in the Highlands and Islands. It was largely ineffective. By 1913 crofters were again staging land raids.

Second League in 1909

Meanwhile, in Glasgow, in 1909, a second Highland Land League was formed as a political party. This organisation was a broadly left-wing group that sought the restoration of deer forests to public ownership, abolition of plural farms and the nationalisation of the land.  Also they resolved to resolutely defend crofters facing eviction by their landlords and they supported home rule for Scotland.

During the First World War (1914 to 1918) politicians made lavish promises about reform which would follow the war, and of course many crofters died in the war itself. After the war the words of politicians did not translate into immediate action, but crofters returning from the war were in no mood to accept government inaction. Land raids began again. To set this Scottish Highland political radicalism in context, the 1916 Easter Rising was recent history in Ireland, as were the Liberal February Revolution and the Communist October Revolution in Russia, not to mention the socialist Kiel mutiny, which helped end the First World War and bring about the German Revolution. With these other events in mind, the Highland Land League, although radical, were positively gentle in their politics compared to radicals in other countries around the same time.

In August 1918 the new Land League had affiliated with the Labour Party, with four candidates for the 1918 general election being joint League-Labour.  By the 1920s they had fully merged with Labour, under the promise of autonomy for Scotland were Labour to gain power in the forthcoming years, which however remained unfulfilled, presumably at least partly because although Labour succeeded in forming a government, they failed to gain a majority in the House of Commons.

Subsequent history
Land League members were then key to the formation of the Scottish National Party in 1934. When faced with new land raids the government responded by giving the Board of Agriculture the money and powers to do something like what had been promised. The Board's work was assisted by a downturn in the profitability of sheep farming and, by the late 1920s, perhaps  of arable land and  of hill pasture had been given over to establishing new crofts. Most of the new crofts were in the Hebrides, the area where Gaelic best survives into the present day. Crofters benefited also in parts of Caithness, Sutherland, Shetland, and various other localities.

Crofting is still a distinct lifestyle today, and the Scottish Crofting Federation continues to represent crofters.

Further reading
 Ian Bradley, "'Having and Holding': The Highland Land War of the 1880s," History Today, Dec 1987, Vol. 37#12 pp 23–28
 Ewen A. Cameron,  "Communication or Separation? Reactions to Irish Land Agitation and Legislation in the Highlands of Scotland, c. 1870-1910," English Historical Review, June 2005, Vol. 120 Issue 487, pp 633–666,
 Edited by Donald E. Meek, Tuath is Tighearna / Tenants and Landlords, Scottish Gaelic Texts Society, 1995.
Andrew G. Newby,  The Life and Times of Edward McHugh (1853 - 1915): Land Reformer, Trade Unionist, and Labour Activist
Andrew G. Newby,  Ireland Radicalism and the Scottish Highlands, 1870-1912
Mairtin O'Caithain,  Fenianism, Michael Davitt and Land and Labour in Scotland
John D. Wood, Henry George's Influence on Scottish Land Reform

Notes

Defunct political parties in Scotland
Distributism
Resistance to the Highland Clearances
Political parties established in 1909
Politics of Highland (council area)
19th century in Scotland
20th century in Scotland
1885 establishments in Scotland
1909 in Scotland
Highlands and Islands of Scotland
Crofting
History of human rights
Human rights in Scotland
Land reform in Scotland
Squatting in the United Kingdom
Georgist parties
Rent strikes

Highland Land League


Dora the Explorer: Super Star Adventures is an adventure video game for the Game Boy Advance released in 2004. It was developed by Imaginengine and published by Global Star. The game is designed for preschoolers ages 3–6 and is based on the Nick Jr. franchise, Dora the Explorer.

Gameplay
The game is unique in that it uses pictures and symbols to communicate rather than words. The object of the game is to capture one of the six explorer stars. Each explorer star has a special power such as the ability to be noisy or the ability to create music. In order to capture the star, the player must complete a hide-and-seek activity. These activities include maze navigation, matching games, side-scrolling race games, a "Frogger"-type game, a complete-the-pattern activity and a song playing game.

Reception
The game was met with mainly negative reception from critics. [[Electronic Gaming Monthly|Electronic Gaming Monthly'''s]] reviewer Seanbaby stated, "[...] this game is for idiots. I don't care if they're four; if they play this, they're idiots."

 References
"Dora the Explorer: Super Star Adventures ". IGN. Retrieved 2011-09-09.

Global Star Software (2004) Dora the Explorer: Super Star Adventures Manual

Seanbaby (2005). "Seanbaby's Rest of the Crap". Electronic Gaming Monthly'' (189): 136. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
2004 video games
Adventure games
Game Boy Advance games
Game Boy Advance-only games


The Heinkel He 113 was a fictitious German fighter aircraft of World War II, invented as a propaganda and possibly disinformation exercise.

Development
In 1940, Nazi Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels publicised the fact that a new fighter was entering service with the Luftwaffe. The plan involved taking pictures of Heinkel He 100 D-1s at different air bases around Germany, each time sporting a new paint job for various fictional fighter groups. The pictures were then published in the press with the He 113 name, sometimes billed as night fighters (despite lacking even a landing light).

The aircraft also appeared in a series of "action shot" photographs in various magazines such as Der Adler, including claims that it had proven itself in combat in Denmark and Norway. One source claims that the aircraft were on loan to the one Luftwaffe Staffel in Norway for a time, but this might be a case of the same misinformation working many years later.

It is unclear even today exactly whom this effort was intended to impress—foreign air forces or Germany's public—but it seems to have been a successful deception. British intelligence featured the aircraft in AIR 40/237, a report on the Luftwaffe that was completed in 1940. There the top speed was listed as 628 km/h (390 mph). It also states the wing was 15.5 m2 (167 ft²) and it noted that the aircraft was in production. Reports of 113s encountered and shot down were listed throughout the early years of the war.

Specifications (He 100D-1 {He 113})

References

Further reading

Fictional aircraft
He 113
World War II fighter aircraft of Germany
Disinformation operations

Heinkel He 113


Kamakahelei (c. 18th century - 1794), was alii nui, or Queen regnant, of the island of Kauai. She was the ruling chiefess of Kauai reigning from 1770 - 1794. In some historical references she has been described as a regent for her sons Keawe and Kaumualii. She was the sovereign of the Island of Kauai at the time Captain James Cook landed on its shores. The Chiefess Kamakahelei Middle School in the district of Puhi is named after her. This school serves the Kalaheo to Hanamaulu districts on the island of Kauai.

Biography
Kamakahelei was one of three daughters of High Chief Kaumeheiwa, the son of High Chief Lonoikahaupu and High Chiefess Kamuokaumeheiwa, and his wife, High Chief Kaapuwai, possibly the daughter of Peleioholani, Alii nui of Oahu and Alii nui of Kauai. According to tradition, her grandfather Lonoikahaupu was five generations in descent from the 13th Alii Aimoku of Kauai, Kalanikukuma. His family had traditionally ruled in Waimea and the south-western section of the island, although always in subordination to the elder line of Kauaian chiefs. It is unclear why Kamakahelei succeeded Peleioholani as the Alii of Kauai. It is not certain that she was his granddaughter or a close relative. The legends remain silent between the transaction of rule between the two dynasties.

She first married Kaneoneo, Peleioholani's grandson and the pretender to the throne of Oahu of the Kualii line. He had rights to the succession to Kauai, but it is not known if he contended with his wife over the rule of the island. Kaneoneo's father, Kūmahana, was deposed by the Ewa chiefs, who replaced him with Kahahana. The latter was the last king of Oahu.

She and her first husband had two daughters: Lelemahoalani and Kapuaamohu. Kaneoneo died during the rebellion on Oahu against Mauian King Kahekili II in the year 1785 or 86.

Kamakahelei next married Kaeokulani, a prince of Maui and brother of Kahekili II. They had a son Kaumualii. Together they united rule of the island of Niihau, her husband's domain, and the Island of Kauai.

Successors
After Kamakahelei's death in 1794, her husband Kaeokulani may have briefly taken regency over his son as he did his nephew Kalanikūpule's inheritance of Maui. Kaeokulani died the same year, killed at the Battle of Kukiiahu, at Kalauao, Oahu on December 12, 1794. Her son continued to ruled the kingdom of Kauai independently until he consented to becoming a vassal of Kamehameha the Great.

References

1794 deaths
Niihau
Royalty of Kauai and Niihau
Year of birth uncertain
Hawaiian queens regnant
18th-century monarchs in Oceania
18th-century women rulers

Kamakahelei


, also known as Emperor Tenchi, was the 38th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.   His reign started in 661 and ended in 671.

Traditional narrative
Before he became the monarch, his personal name (imina) was  .

He was the son of Emperor Jomei.

Events of Tenji's life
Prince Naka no Ōe was made heir apparent and Crown Prince in 661.

 661: In the third year of Empress Saimei's reign, she died. Her son received the succession (senso), but he governed as Crown Prince for the next six years.  He did not formally accept the monarch's role and duties and powers.
 668: Emperor Tenji became the monarch (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 668: In the seventh year of Tenji's reign, flammable water (petroleum) from Echigo Province was presented to Emperor Tenji.
 672: Tenji is said to have compiled the first Japanese legal code. This was the Ōmi Code, consisting of 22 volumes.  These  law became effective in the last year of Tenji's reign.

Prince Ōtomo (Ōtomo-shinnō) was the favorite son of Emperor Tenji; and he was also the first to be accorded the title of Daijō-daijin.

Tenji improved the military forces which had been established during the Taika reforms.

After his death
The actual site of Tenji's grave is known.  This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Yamashina-ku, Kyoto.

The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Tenji's mausoleum.  It is formally named Yamashina no misasagi.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Other websites

626 births
671 deaths
Emperors of Japan

Emperor Tenji


Henry Alexius Courtney Jr. (January 6, 1916 – May 15, 1945) was an officer of the United States Marine Corps Reserve during World War II and a posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor.

Biography
Courtney was born January 6, 1916, in Duluth, Minnesota. He received his bachelor's degree from the University of Minnesota and his law degree from Loyola University Law School in Chicago. He was admitted to practice law in Illinois and Minnesota in 1940, shortly after joining his father's law firm in Duluth.

He received his commission as a second lieutenant in the Marine Corps Reserve in February 1940 and in March of that year was placed in command of the Duluth unit of the Marine Corps Reserve, which was mobilized and sent to San Diego for training. He then served in Iceland for ten months.

At Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, he participated in the first United States offensive of World War II, commanding a company of the 1st Marine Division.

His next combat action was the Battle of Okinawa, for which he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. While serving as executive officer of a battalion of the 22nd Marines, 6th Marine Division on Okinawa, he was killed in action after exhibiting great courage and self-sacrifice leading a successful night attack against enemy positions on Sugar Loaf Hill 14 – May 15, 1945. He was also posthumously awarded the Purple Heart and Gold Star in lieu of a second Purple Heart for wounds received in that campaign.

The Medal of Honor was presented to his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Henry A. Courtney, Sr., of Duluth on December 30, 1947, by Commandant of the Marine Corps General Alexander A. Vandegrift. Major Courtney's remains were initially buried in the 6th Marine Division Cemetery on Okinawa. In 1948 his remains were re-interred in Calvary Cemetery in Duluth. A replica of Major Courtney's Medal of Honor will be on display at the Veterans' Memorial Hall (Duluth, Minnesota); a program of the St. Louis County Historical Society.

Namesake
In 1955, the destroyer escort  was named for him.  Marine Corps Base Camp Courtney on Okinawa, Courtney's place of death, is named in his honor.

Medal of Honor citation
The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to

for service as set forth in the following CITATION:

For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as Executive Officer of the Second Battalion, Twenty-Second Marines, Sixth Marine Division, in action against enemy Japanese forces on Okinawa Shima in the Ryukyu Islands, 14 and 15 May 1945. Ordered to hold for the night in static defense behind Sugar Loaf Hill after leading the forward elements of his command in a prolonged fire fight, Major Courtney weighed the effect of a hostile night counterattack against the tactical value of an immediate Marine assault, resolved to initiate the assault, and promptly obtained permission to advance and seize the forward slope of the hill. Quickly explaining the situation to his small remaining force, he declared his personal intention of moving forward and then proceeded on his way, boldly blasting near-by cave positions and neutralizing enemy guns as he went. Inspired by his courage, every man followed without hesitation, and together the intrepid Marines braved a terrific concentration of Japanese gunfire to skirt the hill on the right and reach the reverse slope. Temporarily halting, Major Courtney sent guides to the rear for more ammunition and possible replacements. subsequently reinforced by twenty-six men and a LVT load of grenades, he determined to storm the crest of the hill and crush any planned counterattack before it could gain sufficient momentum to effect a break-through. Leading his men by example rather than by command, he pushed ahead with unrelenting aggressiveness, hurling grenades into cave openings on the slope with devastating effect. Upon reaching the crest and observing large numbers of Japanese forming for action less than one hundred yards away, he instantly attacked, waged a furious battle and succeeded in killing many of the enemy and in forcing the remainder to cover in the caves. Determined to hold, he ordered his men to dig in and, coolly disregarding the continuous hail of flying enemy shrapnel to rally his weary troops, tirelessly aided casualties and assigned his men to more advantageous positions. Although instantly killed by mortar burst while moving among his men, Major Courtney, by his astute military acumen, indomitable leadership and decisive action in the face of overwhelming odds, had contributed essentially to the success of the Okinawa Campaign and his great personal valor throughout sustained and enhanced the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country.

/S/ HARRY S. TRUMAN

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

References

Further reading

1916 births
1945 deaths
University of Minnesota alumni
United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
People from Duluth, Minnesota
United States Marine Corps officers
United States Marine Corps personnel killed in World War II
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
Loyola University Chicago School of Law alumni
United States Marine Corps reservists
Military personnel from Minnesota

Henry A. Courtney Jr.


Ed Coukart was an American football official in the National Football League (NFL) from the 1989 to 2005 NFL season. He served as an umpire and officiated in Super Bowl XXXVII in 2003 and selected as an alternate for Super Bowl XXXII in 1998. Coukart wore the uniform number 71.

A native of Shadyside, Ohio, Coukart attended Northwestern University before graduating from Lasalle Law School and University of Wisconsin's Graduate School of Banking. Coukart later became the President of Potters Bank and Trust in East Liverpool, Ohio, where he resides. Upon retiring as an NFL official, he serves as a supervisor in the NFL front office. Some of Coukart's main responsibilities as a supervisor include traveling to one venue a week during the regular season and reviewing tapes from other games to analyze and evaluate the officiating in the game and training officials.

He called the first leaping penalty since 1938 in a 2003 Monday Night game between the Indianapolis Colts and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa.

External links
AREA RESIDENT GOES FROM THE NFL FIELD TO NEW YORK OFFICE

Living people
National Football League officials
People from Belmont County, Ohio
Year of birth missing (living people)
Northwestern University alumni

Ed Coukart


National Car Rental is a private American rental car agency based in Clayton, Missouri, United States. National is owned by Enterprise Holdings, along with other agencies including Enterprise Rent-A-Car, and Alamo Rent a Car. National typically caters to business travelers through its Emerald Club loyalty program that allows frequent customers to pick their own vehicles without stopping to fill out forms or deal with customer representatives.

Overview

National was founded by 24 independent rental car agents on August 27, 1947. It had grown from 60 locations in the United States in 1947 to over 2000 locations internationally .

In 1987, Paine Webber, a historical American brokerage firm, gained majority ownership of National.

In 1995, National was owned by an investment group containing William Lobeck of Tulsa, Alvin Swanner of New Orleans, and Archer McWhorter of Houston. Lobeck was a former president of Chrysler's car rental unit and a former owner of Thrifty Rent A Car, a competitor of National.  It was later sold in 1995 at an estimated price of $1 billion.

In 1996, National acquired the Canadian fleet and operations of Tilden Rent-a-Car.

In 1996, National was acquired by Republic Industries (later renamed AutoNation). AutoNation spun off its car rental properties as ANC Rental in 2000. ANC filed for bankruptcy a year later; its properties were sold to Vanguard Automotive Group (controlled by Cerberus Capital Management) in 2003.  On August 1, 2007 Enterprise Rent-A-Car assumed control of Vanguard Automotive Group.

References

External links

Retail companies established in 1947
Transport companies established in 1947
National
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2001
Private equity portfolio companies
Enterprise Holdings
Car rental companies of the United States

National Car Rental


John Alexander Frances MacDougall (born April 20, 1947 in Port Hood, Nova Scotia) is a former Canadian politician. He represented the riding of Timiskaming in the House of Commons of Canada from 1982 to 1993, as a member of the Progressive Conservative Party.

He first entered Parliament in 1982, in a byelection following the death of the riding's prior MP, Bruce Lonsdale.

On April 23, 1993, MacDougall became the centre of controversy when he made comments in the House of Commons attacking Sunera Thobani, the new head of the National Action Committee on the Status of Women:

Thobani, in fact, had just received her landed immigrant status, and MacDougall's comments were widely criticized as racist.

MacDougall did not run for reelection in the 1993 election.

References

External links

1947 births
Living people
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs

John MacDougall (Ontario politician)


Robert D. Raiford (December 27, 1927 – November 17, 2017) was an American radio broadcaster and actor, best known for his political/social commentaries delivered during The John Boy and Billy Big Show, a morning radio program heard on stations throughout the American South. He was from Concord, North Carolina and majored in communication at the University of South Carolina. Raiford got his start in broadcasting in 1944 by calling play by play at baseball games. His first real radio job was at WEGO (AM) in Concord, North Carolina. Raiford has appeared in 28 movies, often portraying judge characters. He frequently closed his commentaries with the line "Who says that? I say that!", which also served as the title of a book containing excerpts from these segments. Early in his career, Raiford worked for WTOP radio and WTOP-TV, both CBS News affiliates in Washington, D.C. His best-known work was a live radio broadcast on WTOP, a CBS Radio affiliate, covering the state funeral of President John F. Kennedy. He also worked at Charlotte radio station WBT, and hosted a show on WIST, which aired Charlotte's first telephone talk radio format. Raiford later taught Communications at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. From 1978 to 1986, Raiford was a news anchor and talk show host for Charlotte's NBC television affiliate, known as WRET-TV and later WPCQ-TV during his tenure there (it is now WCNC-TV).

On the June 9, 2016, episode of The John Boy and Billy Big Show, John Isley ("John Boy") announced that Raiford had retired from the show, due to suffering a stroke the previous August that greatly affected his speech and mobility. Raiford had not delivered any commentaries during the intervening months, choosing to focus on his recovery instead.

Raiford died on November 17, 2017 at age 89.

Filmography

References

External links
Raiford's bio at the John Boy and Billy web site

Archive.org version of Raiford's bio at the John Boy and Billy web site

1927 births
2017 deaths
American male film actors
People from Concord, North Carolina
University of South Carolina alumni
University of North Carolina at Charlotte faculty

Robert D. Raiford


Emil Krieger (8 September 1902, Kaiserslautern – 6 September 1979, Munich) was a German sculptor and artist, especially known for his graphic work and sculpture in bronze, wood, stone and terracotta. His most notable works are the group of four mourners at Langemark German war cemetery, the fountains at the Innenministerium in Munich, the Memorial in Treuchtlingen, the busts of Richard Wagner and of Karl von Fischer in the Bayerisches Nationaltheater, and two large reliefs for the Gedächtniskirche in Kaiserslautern.

Life
He studied woodcarving at the Meisterschule  from 1917 to 1921, and in 1921 in Munich at the Kunstgewerbschule.  His early teachers included Richard Riemerschmid, Adolf Schinnerer and Adelbert Niemeyer.  Between 1925 and 1931 he became a member of the Akademie der Bildenden Künste, where he was taught by Josef Wackerle and Julius Diez.  Under Wackerle he developed his own graphic style and in 1928 he organized his first exhibition.

In the 1930s, he travelled to Holland, France and Spain.  In 1936, he won the Rompreis, enabling him to travel to Italy and Greece.  Between 1946 and 1977, he taught at the Münchener Akademie. He became professor at the Akademie der Bildender Künste in Munich, was honoured by the Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste and received also the silver and golden Seerose.

Sources
The Great War in Flanders Fields

1902 births
1979 deaths
German sculptors
German male sculptors
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
20th-century German sculptors

Emil Krieger


Meadow "Meadowlark" Lemon III (April 25, 1932 – December 27, 2015) was an American basketball player, actor, and Christian minister. For 22 years, Lemon was known as the "Clown Prince" of the touring Harlem Globetrotters basketball team.

Lemon played in more than 16,000 games for the Globetrotters and is a 2003 inductee of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. He was born in Wilmington, North Carolina.

He studied at a historically black college, Florida A&M University in 1952, but was drafted into the US Army before he could finish. The Globetrotters first became aware of Lemon in 1954 while he was in Austria in the army and they were touring Europe.

Lemon died on December 27, 2015 in Scottsdale, Arizona, aged 83.

The White House
Lemon visited the White House to meet President Gerald Ford and First Lady, Betty Ford in 1974.

Lemon says: "I was also a good friend of the Reagan's [sic] because I'm also an actor. I worked closely with Nancy Reagan on her 'Just say no to drugs' program." This was a program started by First Lady Reagan to discourage illegal drug use by young people.

Later life
A born-again Christian, Lemon became an ordained minister in 1986. He received a Doctor of Divinity degree from Vision International University in San Diego, California, in 1988.

In 2009, Lemon became a part-owner of the Smoky Mountain Jam of the American Basketball Association. This was a semi-professional men's basketball league that was formed in 1999.

References

Other websites

 Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Famers: Biography for Meadowlark Lemon
 Meadowlark Lemon at IMDb

1932 births
2015 deaths
African-American basketball players
Sportspeople from North Carolina
People from Wilmington, North Carolina
American basketball players
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees

Meadowlark Lemon