Charles Augustus Steen (December 1, 1919 – January 1, 2006) was a geologist who made and lost a fortune after discovering a rich uranium deposit in Utah during the uranium boom of the early 1950s.

Early years
Charlie Steen was born in 1919 in Caddo, Stephens County, Texas, the son of Charles A. and Rosalie Wilson Steen, and attended high school in Houston. As a teen Steen worked summers for a construction company that helped finance his education; this is the same company that his first stepfather Lisle had died working at. He went on to study at John Tarleton Agricultural College in Stephenville, Texas, where he met his wife Minnie Lee Holland, and in 1940 transferred to the College of Mines and Metallurgy of the University of Texas, receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree in geology in 1943.

Ineligible for the draft because of his poor eyesight, Steen spent World War II working as a petroleum geologist in the Amazon Basin of Bolivia and Peru. Returning to Texas in 1945, he married Minnie Lee ("M.L."). He started graduate school at the University of Chicago but after a year returned to Houston to take a job doing field work for the Standard Oil Company of Indiana. However, within two years he had been fired for insubordination and had trouble getting a job as a geologist anywhere in the oil industry.

The uranium boom

While unemployed, Steen read in the December 1949 issue of The Engineering and Mining Journal that the United States federal government had issued incentives for domestic uranium prospectors.  Under the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission had the authority to withdraw lands from the private sector in order to examine them as possible sites for uranium mining. During World War II, the Manhattan Project had received most of its uranium from foreign sources in Canada and the Belgian Congo. However, it had also received some from vanadium miners in the American Southwest, where uranium was often a by-product of mining (before the atomic bomb uranium was not a valuable metal). There was a concern that the United States would not have enough domestic supply of uranium for its nuclear weapons program.

In the late 1940s and early 1950s the Atomic Energy Commission established itself as the only legal buyer of uranium in the U.S. and artificially manipulated prices to reflect their current uranium needs. By raising the price of uranium, they created an incentive for prospectors in the Four Corners region.

Despite the fact that his three sons, Johnny, Andy and Charles Jr. were all less than four years old and his wife was expecting another child, Steen borrowed $1,000 from his mother and headed for the Colorado Plateau, determined to strike it rich. After being in Colorado for several months, the Steens moved into a tarpaper shack in Cisco, Utah. Steen and his family were struggling to get by and were often hungry so Charlie made the decision to move his family to Tucson, Arizona. Steen worked as a carpenter in Tucson for about a year before he returned to his claims in Utah. He and his family once again packed up and headed to their claims. This final trip back to Utah would be the most detrimental for the family because Steen's wife contracted pneumonia, and her medical bills consumed the $350 remaining from the sale of Steen's trailer.

Steen could not afford the standard radiation-detecting equipment used by uranium prospectors - the Geiger counter. Instead, he used a secondhand diamond drill rig and his geologic training for his prospecting. At the time, each prospector had his own idiosyncratic theory about where to find uranium. The uranium industry was composed primarily of individual prospectors and geologists who would attempt to find a large deposit and either mine it for themselves or mine it for a large company (such as Union Carbide) who would transport the ore from the mine to the uranium mill where it could be converted into yellowcake. Steen's theory on uranium deposits was that they would collect in anticlinal structures in the same manner as oil, which others on the Plateau dismissed as "Steen's Folly".

Mi Vida uranium deposit

On July 6, 1952, Steen hit it big but he didn't realize until three weeks later. He was drilling down through the layers of sandstone when his drill bit broke off at a depth of 197 feet, just 3 feet short of his goal. Finding this massive deposit of uranium ore only became apparent when he took a piece of the blackish core he found while drilling weeks earlier back to Cisco. He stopped to fill up his jeep and decided to have the core tested by a friend with a Geiger counter and they found that the piece made the Geiger counter needle fluctuate wildly. The high grade uranium deposit was located at Big Indian Wash of Lisbon Valley, southeast of Moab, Utah (). Sometimes recognized as one of the most important deposits of any kind found during the last century, the claim was named the "Mi Vida" mine (My Life) by Steen. The Mi Vida mine was one of the first big strikes of the uranium boom. Steen made millions off his claims, and provoked a "Uranium Rush" of prospectors into the Four Corners region, similar to the Gold Rush of the 1850s in California.

In Moab, Steen built a $250,000 hilltop mansion to replace his tarpaper shack, with a swimming pool, greenhouse, and servants' quarters.  the home he built still stands and has been transformed into a restaurant called The Sunset Grill, named because the structure looks over the valley towards the sunset in the west. He also formed a number of companies to continue his uranium work, including the Utex Exploration Company, the Moab Drilling Company, the Mi Vida Company, Big Indian Mines, Inc., and later the Uranium Reduction Company. He made his money well-known, inviting the entire population of Moab to annual parties in a local airport hangar, having his original worn prospecting boots bronzed, and flying to Salt Lake City in his private plane for weekly rumba lessons. He donated $50,000 towards a new hospital in Moab and gave land for churches and schools.

Political involvement
Steen was elected to the Utah State Senate in 1958, but quickly became disillusioned with politics. He resigned from office in 1961 and moved to a ranch near Reno, Nevada, building a 27,000 square foot (2,500 m2) mansion near the residence of the Comstock millionaire miner, Sandy Bowers. He sold the Utex Exploration Company and the Uranium Reduction Company in 1962.

After the uranium rush
By the late 1950s, the US government had enough uranium for its needs and had stopped supporting high prices of the ore, killing the market by 1960. Steen attempted to diversify his interests by investing in Arabian horse breeding, a marble quarry, an airplane factory, a pickle plant, and real estate. He met with financial losses and misfortune. In 1968 he filed for bankruptcy after the Internal Revenue Service seized his assets to pay back taxes. In 1971 he suffered a severe head injury working on a copper prospect.

Death
Long-suffering from Alzheimer's disease, Steen died on January 1, 2006, in Loveland, Colorado. Minnie Lee died on July 14, 1997. Their ashes were scattered at the Mi Vida mine site.

Legacy

Steen's legacy lives on through his four sons who were once the recipients of a $130 million fortune that their father lost after the decline of the uranium market in the late 1950s. Although Steen lost most of his fortune after the uranium crash due to poor money management and frivolous spending, he is still recognized for his Cold War contributions for supplying the United States with all of the uranium it needed for its weapons program. His story about finding the Mi Vida mine inspired two films and several books along with getting the small desert town of Moab, Utah, on the map as "The Uranium Capital of the World" and the "Richest Town in America". After Steen struck it rich, he requested that Congress allow him to build his own mill without government funding, resulting in the only major atomic facility to be privately funded.

On November 4, 2016, a historical marker commemorating the Lisbon Valley's uranium heritage and noting Charlie Steen's discovery was dedicated on the Anticline Overlook road off U.S. 191. The marker was funded entirely by private donations. Artist Michael Ford Dunton created an arch to frame the historical marker and the view to the location of the Mi Vida mine, seven miles east of the marker.

See also
Moab uranium mill tailings pile
Uranium mining in Utah

References

Further reading

External links
Steen: A legend in his own time
 National Mining Hall of Fame inductee bio
Moab Historical Museum

20th-century American geologists
American mining businesspeople
Utah state senators
University of Texas at El Paso alumni
1919 births
2006 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Neurological disease deaths in Colorado
University of Chicago alumni
20th-century American politicians
People from Stephens County, Texas

Charles Steen


TOP Bud is the first TV reality television show set in a Los Angeles, California medicinal marijuana collective. TOP Bud is created and produced by Blue Dream Media, a Los Angeles entertainment company and shopped by Original Media, an Endemol USA company. CNBC Business News reported that interest in the subject matter has "Blown up."

The show was described to The New York Times as "a cross between "LA Ink," the TLC show produced by Original about a lively tattoo parlor, and "Weeds,"Weeds (TV series) the Showtime hit drama about a dope-dealing mother of two.".

References

American reality television series
Year of television series debut missing
Year of television series ending missing

TOP Bud


McLure is a settlement in British Columbia. Carl's fruit stand on the Yellowhead Highway is a popular stop for tourists.
There is also the McLure reaction ferry which is the only crossing of the North Thompson River between Kamloops and Barriere.

Settlements in British Columbia

McLure, British Columbia


María de la Cruz Toledo (September 18, 1912 – September 1, 1995) was a Chilean political activist for Women's suffrage, a journalist, a writer, and a political commentator. In 1953, she became the first woman ever elected to the Chilean Senate.

Early life
De la Cruz was born in Chimbarongo, Chile, the daughter of Marco Aurelio de la Cruz and Edicia Toledo. She studied at the Colegio Rosa de Santiago Concha and the Liceo Nº5 of Santiago. From a very young age, she wrote articles and poems. In 1940, she published a book of poems (Transparencias de un Alma), and in 1942, a short novel (Alba de Oro). She was also the publisher and editor of the magazine Luz y sombra (Light and Shadows), dedicated to promote culture among and understanding of blind people. As a radio journalist, she made a name for herself in Radio "Nuevo Mundo", where her daily magazine program María de la Cruz habla (María de la Cruz Speaks Out) was a great success.

Political career

Through her radio program and her writings, she focused on increasing the political participation of women in politics and exposed the struggle of Chilean women to obtain the right to vote. In 1946, de la Cruz founded the Feminine Party of Chile.  These actions were the culmination of a long struggle that began in 1913 and ended in 1949, when President Gabriel González Videla signed the law that granted the right to vote in all elections to women in Chile.

The Feminine Party grew up very quickly among middle-class and working women. In 1948, de la Cruz ran for a senate seat, but even though she had the support of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, she lost the election. During the 1952 presidential election, she became Ibáñez's campaign manager.  After he won the presidency, he offered her a position in his cabinet as Minister of Education, but she refused, nominating instead María Teresa del Canto from her own party.

Ibáñez then backed her as a candidate to replace him in the senate. She also obtained the support of the Partido Democrático de Chile, the Movimiento Nacional Independiente, the Organización de Mujeres Independientes, the Movimiento Nacional Ibañista, and her own Partido Femenino, being elected senator on January 4, 1953, the first woman ever to reach the Chilean senate. She won with 107,585 votes to the runner-up's 68,350, the highest margin ever obtained at that point.

She was duly sworn in and took her place on February 13, 1953. Nonetheless, her political career ended abruptly a few months later.  Her powerful oratory gained her suspicion and enmity from all political sectors. Three women accused her to be involved in the smuggling of watches from Argentina. These accusations grew until they became the Watches affair. On August 4, 1953, she was indicted and stripped of her position for "abusing her position for personal gain", even though the congressional investigation had voted against that measure. The affair eventually dissolved and nothing was ever proved against her. There seems to be little doubt now that the accusations were politically motivated in order to remove her from Congress.

Aftermath
The impact of her fall quickly affected her party and it started to dissolve almost immediately. By 1954, it had ceased to exist. In the 1958 presidential election, she supported Jorge Alessandri, and in the 1964 presidential election, Jorge Prat, but she never managed to regain her former political influence. Eventually, she joined the National Party and was one of the leaders behind the empty-pots movement against Salvador Allende.

She continued her radio program until 1978, when she retired.  She died in Santiago at the age of 83 in 1995.

See also

Carlos Ibáñez del Campo
Amanda Labarca
Elena Caffarena
Chilean political scandals

External links
Short biography

1912 births
1995 deaths
People from Colchagua Province
Members of the Senate of Chile
Chilean feminists
Chilean women journalists
Chilean women poets
Chilean democracy activists
Chilean suffragists
Chilean women novelists
20th-century Chilean women writers
20th-century Chilean novelists
20th-century Chilean poets
20th-century Chilean women politicians
20th-century Chilean politicians
Women members of the Senate of Chile
National Party (Chile, 1966) politicians
Chilean anti-communists

María de la Cruz


A personal watercraft (PWC), also called water scooter or jet ski, is a primarily recreational watercraft that is designed to hold only a small number of occupants, who sit or stand on top of the craft, not within the craft as in a boat.

PWCs have two style categories.  The first and the most popular is a compact runabout, typically holding no more than two or three people, who mainly sit on top of the watercraft as with riding a motorcycle or quadbike.  The second style is a "stand-up" type, typically built for only one occupant who operates the watercraft standing up as in riding a motorized scooter; it is used more for doing tricks, racing, and in competitions.  Both styles have an inboard engine driving a pump-jet that has a screw-shaped impeller to create thrust for propulsion and steering. Most are designed for two or three people, though four-passenger models exist. Many of today's models are built for more extended use and have the fuel capacity to make long cruises, in some cases even beyond .

Personal watercraft are often referred by the trademarked brand names of Kawasaki (Jet Ski), Yamaha (WaveRunner), Bombardier (Sea-Doo), Elaqua (E-PWC) and Honda (AquaTrax).

The United States Coast Guard defines a personal watercraft, amongst other criteria, as a jet-drive boat less than  long. There are many larger "jetboats" not classed as PWCs, some more than  long.

History

Water scooters—as they were originally termed—were first developed in the United Kingdom and Europe in the mid-1950s, with models such as the British 200cc propeller-driven Vincent Amanda, and the German Wave Roller. Two thousand Vincent Amandas were exported to Australia, Asia, Europe and the United States.

The Sea Skimmer was introduced in 1961 as a highly maneuverable version of a propelled surfboard.  It was 1.5m 15.24cm long, powered by an inboard/outboard motor and reached speeds up to 40Km/h. The rider lay on the boat, controlling the speed with hand throttles and using the feet as rudders. Originally manufactured in Kansas City, operations moved to Boynton, Florida in 1962, and changed the name to Aqua-Skimmer.  Aqua-Skimmer ceased operations in 1962 and sold its inventory to the military.  Renamed Aqua Dart (Aqua Dart INC), the Sea Skimmer, Aqua Skimmer, Aqua Dart was modified for military requirements, and saw service in 1962 river reconnaissance missions in Vietnam and other military missions until the 1970s.

In the 1960s, the idea was developed further by Clayton Jacobson II of Lake Havasu City, Arizona, USA. Originally a motocross enthusiast, Jacobson's idea was designed in the mid-1960s, powered by an internal pump-jet rather than an outboard motor, made of all aluminum, and had a fixed, upright handle. Jacobson eventually quit his job in banking to devote himself to developing the idea, and had a working prototype by 1965. It differed slightly from modern personal watercraft but had definite similarities. He completed a second prototype a year later made of fiberglass.
The first Clayton-type PWC to reach the market was designed by Bombardier in the late 1960s. Bombardier's original designs were not very popular and Bombardier left the business before 1970.

In Greece, an inventor named Dimitrios T. Moraitidis, built a prototype and submitted a patent to the government of the Kingdom of Greece on the 5th June 1970, with serial number 40056. He never exploited the invention commercially. He died on March 5, 2022.

Stand-up PWCs were first produced by the Japanese company Kawasaki (under the Jet Ski brand) in 1972, and appeared on the US market in 1973. These were mass-produced boats to be used by only one rider. While they are still produced today, the more popular design is the sit down variety of PWC. These sit down runabouts have been produced by Kawasaki (Jetski), Bombardier (Sea-Doo), Yamaha (WaveRunner), Honda (AquaTrax), Polaris (Sealion) and Arctic Cat (Tigershark). As of 2010, the major manufacturers of PWCs were Kawasaki, Bombardier and Yamaha. Both Yamaha and Kawasaki continue to sell stand-up models but it is a small percentage of the overall market.

Electric PWCs were commercialized in the early 2020s. Electric watercraft are increasing in popularity as gasoline engines produce greenhouse gases and can eject motor oil and gasoline directly into waterways.

Sports

PWC racing competitions take place around the world. There are several disciplines: closed circuit speed races, offshore speed races (offshore), endurance races, freestyle (freestyle) and freeride events. For all these types of events, with the exception of freestyle, there are at least two categories: saddle jets and stand-up jets. For speed races, gear is generally classified according to the degree of authorized modifications: minor modifications fall into the so-called "stock" category, intermediate modifications into the so-called "limited" category, and more extensive modifications into the category. known as "F1". In freestyle and freeride, these categories do not exist, we classify the competitors according to the type of watercraft used (with stand-up or saddle).

The sport is ruled by the World Powerboating Federation (U.I.M.) recognised by the IOC. The current official world series that was established in 1996 is the Aquabike World Championship. The sport is also established at national level and is ruled by each national federations member of the U.I.M.  Aquabike World Championship is known among the motorsports with most different national entries for each competition, reaching up to 32 nationalities and 140 riders registered to compete in Italy in 2018.

Other private competitions also exists such as P1 AquaX which is a personal watercraft racing series, first launched in the UK in May 2011 by London-based sports promoter Powerboat P1. The series attracted a mix of new and current racers to a new type of racing and in 2013, P1 rolled out a second series in the USA. Such was the uptake that the original format needed revising to cope with the influx of new riders and by the end of 2015 over 400 riders from 11 countries had registered to compete in an AquaX event.

In the United States, the main sanctioning bodies are the International Jet Sport Boating Association (IJSBA) and Pro Watercross (PWX). As of 2022, the sport is experiencing exceeding levels of fragmentation and conflict due to poor management of the sanctioning bodies and non-constructive competition between organizations. The IJSBA World Finals competition is traditionally held in Lake Havasu City, Arizona in early October. The Pro Watercross World Finals are typically held in Naples, Florida in November.

Non-recreational uses

PWCs are small, fast, easily handled, fairly easy to use, and affordable, and their propulsion systems do not have external propellers, making them in some respects safer than small motorboats for swimmers and wildlife. For these reasons, they are used for fishing, one of the PWC industry's fastest-growing segments.

Lifeguards use PWCs equipped with rescue platforms to rescue water users from trouble, as well as flood survivors, and carry them to safety. Police and rangers use them to enforce laws in coastal waters, lakes and rivers.  A PWC combined with a wash-reduction system, carrying waterproof loudspeaker equipment and GPS for instructions and distance measurement, has reportedly been used by assistant coaches for rowing sports on the River Tyne.

Further, PWCs are used by the U.S. Navy as surface targets. When equipped with GPS, electronic compass, radar reflector, and a radio modem, the PWC can be controlled remotely with a two-way link. Its small shipboard footprint allows it to be stored in and deployed from the smallest of vessels, and it has been used for target practice for armaments of sizes from  cannon to small arms.

Hazards

Apart from the obvious hazards of collisions and mechanical breakdowns common to all vehicles, operating or riding a PWC can involve a risk of orifice injuries. These injuries are typical of the kinds of injuries that waterskiers experience as a result of falling into the water at speed. Such injuries can occur from simply falling in the water at speed or they can occur from the output end of the pump jet. A rider who falls (or is ejected) off the back can land directly in the path of the PWC's high-pressure jet of water. Unless a rider is appropriately dressed in garments made out of a strong, thick substance like neoprene (as is commonly found in wetsuits), the jet may penetrate any orifice it reaches. All major PWC manufacturers warn about this risk and recommend that passengers wear wet suit bottoms or equivalent protection. The American Waterski Racing Association recommends that all of their racers wear wet suit bottoms for this same reason.

Such orifice injuries can result in permanent disability or death. For example, in 2006, the California Court of Appeal for the First Appellate District upheld a $3.7 million Napa County jury verdict against Polaris Industries arising out of one such incident (which had devastating effects on the victim's lower abdomen).
It is also possible for multiple riders on the same PWC to sustain orifice injuries in a single accident, as actually occurred in a 2007 accident at Mission Bay which resulted in a San Diego County jury verdict affirmed in full on appeal in 2014.

Another noteworthy risk of injury is known as off throttle steering which results from the lack of steering capability while off throttle in certain model PWC  this can result in death or serious bodily injuries.

While also rare, spinal injuries can occur while surf jumping and, potentially, wake jumping. The PWC manufacturers owner's manuals all include warnings regarding jumping at excessive heights, or operating a PWC if there is a prior history of back injury. The current on-product labels say "Jumping wakes or waves can increase the risk of spinal/backbone injuries (paralysis)". The current Kawasaki owner's manual provides: "Slow down before crossing waves. Do not ride if you have a back condition. High speed operation in choppy or rough water may cause back injuries."

Another rare, but unique injury risk with jetboats, is being sucked into the intake side of the pump jet. Current PWC products contain on-product warnings that state: "Keep away from Intake Grate while the engine is on. Items such as long hair, loose clothing, or PFD straps can become entangled in moving parts and result in severe injury or drowning".

There have been fatal accidents involving PWCs. In a notable case, U.S. astronaut Alan G. Poindexter died in 2012 from injuries sustained in a Jet Ski accident in Florida.

See also
 Aqua scooter (of historical interest)
 Jetboard
 Efoil
 Flyboard
 Video games featuring personal watercraft:
 Jet X2O
 Splashdown
 Wave Race
 Wave Race 64
 Wave Race: Blue Storm
 Wetbike
 Yamaha Superjet
 Yamaha Wave Blaster
 Belassi Hypercraft

References

External links

 International Jet Sports Boating Association

Water sports equipment
English inventions

Personal watercraft


Maruthaiya Palaniyandi (10 December 1918 – 9 March 2005) was an Indian politician and trade union leader from Tamil Nadu. He was a member of the Indian National Congress and later, Tamil Maanila Congress.

Personal life

Palaniyandi was born on 10 December 1918 to Maruthaiya. He married  M. Punithavalli. The couple have three sons and a daughter.

Politics

After completing his S. S. L. C., Palaniyandi entered politics and served as a trade union leader. Palaniyandi joined the Indian National Congress and was elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly in 1952 from Lalgudi. He served  as an M. L. A. from 1952 to 1957 when he contested the Lok Sabha elections from Perambalur and was elected. Palaniyandi served as a member of the Lok Sabha from 1957 to 1962 when he lost to Era Seziyan of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Palaniyandi also served as a member of the Rajya Sabha from 1986 to 1992. He was President of the Tamil Nadu Pradesh Congress Committee from 1983 to 1988. Palaniyandi floated the Tamil Maanila Congress in 1996 along with G. K. Moopanar.

External links

1918 births
2005 deaths
Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu
India MPs 1957–1962
People from Perambalur district

M. Palaniyandi


Product information management (PIM) is the process of managing all the information required to market and sell products through distribution channels. This product data is created by an internal organization to support a multichannel marketing strategy. A central hub of product data can be used to distribute information to sales channels such as e-commerce websites, print catalogues, marketplaces such as Amazon and Google Shopping, social media platforms like Instagram and electronic data feeds to trading partners. Moreover, the significant role that PIM plays is reducing the abandonment rate by giving better product information.

PIM solutions are most relevant to business-to-consumer and business-to-business firms that sell products through a variety of sales channels in a range of industries. The use of PIM is generally influenced by a company's:

 wide array of products and/or complex product data set
 frequently changing product characteristics
 increasing number of sales channels
 non-uniform information technology infrastructure (plethora of data sources and formats)
 online business and electronic ordering
 various locales and localization requirements
 support SEO strategies of business

PIM manages customer-facing product data required to support multiple geographic locations, multilingual data, maintenance and modification of product information within a centralized product catalogue. PIM can act as a centralized hub for storing product information and from every channel. Product information kept by a business can be scattered throughout departments and held by employees or systems, instead of being available centrally; data may be saved in various formats, or only be available in hard copy form. It also helps businesses to improve their conversion rate optimization (CRO) by displaying consistent branding and reducing abandonment rate. Moreover, PIM allows the automation of most of the processes of product creation. All in all PIM provides a centralized solution for media independent product data maintenance, efficient data collection, data governance and output.

Synonyms and related terms

Product data management is the use of software or other tools to track and control information related to a particular product. The managed data usually involves the descriptions and technical specifications of a product.
Product resource management is used by some software providers as a synonym for PIM, as well as product content management, mainly popular as a term in England and France.
 Product life-cycle management refers more to a management strategy than to a specific information technology, the goal of which is to optimize the entire life cycle of a product from inception, through engineering design and manufacturing over time.
 Media asset management or digital asset management refers to the management of unstructured multimedia objects such as images, graphics and presentations as well as 'meta-information' (data about data). The term is used primarily in the media business.
 Cross media publishing comes from the print and advertising industries, referring to the coordinated use of multiple media in complementary fashion. It also denotes the repeat usage of individual structural elements such as text, images or graphics within different media.
 Product Information Management & Syndication, which stresses the need for capabilities to seamlessly disseminate product content through (online) sales channels.
Product experience management is a practice for a company to deliver customers an experience around its products or services throughout the customer lifecycle.
Item Master is another term used to refer to the technology that collects, organises and controls the product information within a company.

Technology and use
PIM systems consolidate all product information onto a single platform. It helps connect retailing and manufacturing channels to counter complex challenges in managing and maintaining product data quality. In terms of company information technology infrastructure, this means having a PIM platform running over or alongside a database with an application server, and/or XML-based exchange of product information. This forms a foundation upon which to build sales and procurement business processes. With PIM solutions, access and user authorizations for all database information, ordering processes linked with inventory management systems and the mechanisms for modular expansions are managed via a web-based administration interface.

Point of sales systems and online shopping platforms such as online marketplaces are based upon electronic catalogues. PIM systems can load descriptive product information as content into a catalogue management solution, where products are grouped and managed for specific target markets. Data exchange interface standards such as Open ICEcat allow seamless interchange of electronic catalogues between vendors on the one hand and purchasing firms and marketplace operators. E-procurement solutions are closely related, which automate the procurement process for purchasing goods and services. These create transparency for the product data of multiple vendors to support the centralized management of multi-supplier catalogues and facilitate price and quality research.

Data management systems are often not interoperable meaning that data exchange without PIM can lead to severe repercussions for a business. Some companies use master data management as an information technology resource in lieu of PIM. But master data management systems are not a business application and often lack usability, product data management capability including data enrichment, validation and workflow rules, which impact return on investment.

PIM has witnessed a transformative synergy with Artificial Intelligence (AI), offering enhanced capabilities in the realm of product data management. AI serves as a virtual assistant, supporting product enrichment and decision-making across various business processes within PIM. A few high-impact use cases include auto attribution and writing product copy. AI plays a crucial role in auto attribution, employing neural networks and computer vision to validate attributes applied by team members while suggesting potentially overlooked or missed attributes. This not only ensures the accuracy of product data but also enables automated product categorization, enhancing assortment variety per category and powering search, navigation, and personalization/recommendation systems. Additionally, AI contributes to auto copywriting by swiftly generating product descriptions based on enriched attributes and user prompts. This aids in efficiently crafting diverse romance copy for product categories that share similar descriptions, allowing for rapid content creation and enrichment.

Link with enterprise content management

Enterprise content management is a term encompassing technologies, methods and tools used for gathering, imaging, storing, archiving and providing electronic content. Distinction can be made between four separate sub-areas. Document management systems are deployed for archiving, and product data management involves the management of structured, technical data for such applications as parts diagrams and lists. Content management systems are more commercially oriented and provide a framework for knowledge management or informational service offerings through the management of unstructured, document-type content. PIM systems are used to manage structured data in a business context for feeding into any kind of distribution channel, from electronic catalogues to online shops to print catalogues.

See also
 Identity resolution
 Open Icecat

References

Product management

Product information management


Osney Abbey or  Oseney Abbey, later Osney Cathedral, was a house of Augustinian canons at Osney in Oxfordshire. The site is south of the modern Botley Road, down Mill Street by Osney Cemetery, next to the railway line just south of Oxford station. It was founded as a priory in 1129, becoming an abbey around 1154.  It was dissolved in 1539 but was created a cathedral, the last abbot Robert King becoming the first Bishop of Oxford.  The see was transferred to the new foundation of Christ Church in 1545 and the building fell into ruin. It was one of the four renowned monastic houses of medieval Oxford, along with St Frideswide's Priory, Rewley and Godstow.

History
The house was founded by Robert D'Oyly the younger, Norman governor of Oxford, prompted by his wife, Edith Forne, who, to expiate the sins of her former life as the mistress of Henry I, solicited her husband to this pious work with a story of the chattering of magpies, interpreted by a chaplain as souls in Purgatory who needed the foundation of a monastery to expiate their sins.

Edith was buried in Osney Abbey, in a religious habit, as John Leland describes upon seeing her tomb as it was on the eve of the dissolution: 'Ther lyeth an image of Edith, of stone, in th'  abbite of a vowess, holding a hart in her right hand, on the north side of the high altaire'. The legendary dream of magpies was painted near the tomb.

Osney was (along with St Osyth, Cirencester, Llanthony, and Holy Trinity, London), one of the great Augustinian Canon Regular houses of medieval England. It provided six of the canons of Henry II's re-foundation of the Church of the Holy Cross, Waltham as an Augustinian house in 1177. When Waltham became an abbey in 1184, the first abbot was a canon of Osney. In 1199, the church of St George in Oxford Castle was translated and annexed to the abbey.

The most significant event in the history of the abbey came in April 1222 when the Synod of Oxford met there, charged with applying the Lateran decrees in England. When in July 1237, the papal legate Otto Cardinal Candidus came to Osney, a brawl broke out between a group of scholars from the university and the cardinal's men in which the legate's cook was killed. Otto himself was locked for safety in the abbey tower, emerging unscathed to lay the city under interdict in reprisal.

The current navigation of the River Thames replacing the old navigation to the east side of Osney Island, is believed to have been engineered by the canons of the Abbey to turn their mill.

After the abbey's surrender in 1539, it was, from September 1542 until June 1544, the seat of the new Bishops of Oxford before the see transferred to the new foundation of Christ Church. It has been described as the greatest building Oxford has lost. Great Tom, the bell described as the "loudest thing in Oxford", now hanging in Tom Tower at Christ Church, was taken from the tower of Osney Abbey on its dissolution. A good deal of the monastic property was also transferred to Christ Church, and the remains of the abbey remained as a source of building material for the city and by Charles I during the Civil War. Drawings of the remains were commissioned by John Aubrey in 1640, and the much reduced ruins were later drawn by Thomas Hearne of St Edmund Hall in 1720.

Burials
Ela Longespée
Edith Forne

Today
All the buildings have now been destroyed except a rubble and timber-framed structure which may date from the 15th century. The remnants were Grade II listed in 1954.

On the same site is the long disused Osney Mill, now converted to housing, close to Osney Lock. To the west is Osney Cemetery and to the south is Osney Mill Marina, on a 500m long island originally formed for the mill. To the north are the busy arterial road leading west out of Oxford, Botley Road, and Oxford railway station.

References

Bibliography
Margaret Dickens, History of Hook Norton 912 to 1928
E.B. Fryde et al., eds, Handbook of British Chronology, 3rd edition (London: Royal Historical Society, 1986)
 David Knowles and R. Neville Hadcock, Medieval Religious Houses of England and Wales (London: Longman, 1971)
George Lipscomb, The History and Antiquities of the County of Buckingham (1847)
Jan Morris, Oxford, 3rd edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001)

 W.A. Pantin, 'The Fourteenth Century' in The English Church and the Papacy in the Middle Ages, ed by C.H. Lawrence (Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1999 (1965))
Maurice Powicke, Stephen Langton (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1928)

External links
 Ruins of Osney Abbey

1539 disestablishments in England
Religious organizations established in the 1120s
Monasteries in Oxford
Augustinian monasteries in England
Former buildings and structures in Oxford
Former churches in Oxfordshire
Ruins in Oxfordshire
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
1129 establishments in England
Ruined abbeys and monasteries

Osney Abbey


Darling Companion is an American drama movie. The movie is about hard times in a family that has a dog. Diane Keaton plays Beth. Dianne Wiest plays Penny.

This movie was shot in 2010. It was released in April 2012. The movie received bad reviews. It didn't make much money.

American drama movies
2012 drama movies
Movies directed by Lawrence Kasdan
American independent movies

Darling Companion


Peninsula College is a public community college in Port Angeles, Washington, on the Olympic Peninsula. It is part of the Washington Community and Technical Colleges system and offers a Bachelor of Applied Science in Applied Management degree, transfer Associate degree programs, professional-technical degrees and certificates, community education courses, and pre-college courses. It also has distance education and online learning options.

Peninsula College's service district encompasses Clallam and Jefferson Counties and extends from the Pacific Ocean at Neah Bay to Brinnon on Hood Canal.

History
The college was founded in 1961 by a group of local citizens who wanted to be able to continue their education without having to travel to college centers in Bremerton or across Puget Sound. The first classes were held in a small building on the Port Angeles High School campus, but the number of students who enrolled in the college grew larger than the available facilities could accommodate. Construction of a permanent campus began in 1964, and a year later the first classes were held on the present site of Peninsula College in Southeast Port Angeles, with additional classes offered across the service district. Today, the main campus covers 75 acres (30.4 ha) of land and houses 15 buildings, including the first Longhouse (ʔaʔk̓ʷustəƞáwt̓xʷ) built on a community college campus in the United States.  Its focus is on meeting the higher education and workforce development needs of its service area.

Facilities

Port Angeles Campus

The main Port Angeles campus has computer labs, lecture halls, a student childcare center, gymnasium, fitness center, soccer field, and student union building, known as the Pirate Union Building or PUB. The PUB houses a theater, art gallery, food services, a bookstore, lounge area, and student government offices. Since 2001, more than three-quarters of the college's original structures have been remodeled or replaced. These include Maier Hall, completed in 2011; a Library/Media Center, completed in 2008; Keegan Hall, completed in 2007; and a Longhouse, completed in 2007.

Maier Hall is the largest building on campus, at 62,950 square feet (5,850 m2). The facility includes classrooms, a Basic Skills Center, faculty offices, and a learning lab area that includes computer, math, English, and foreign language labs.

The 56,000-square-foot (5,200 m2) Keegan Hall Science and Technology Building contains a lecture hall, 13 labs, five classrooms, faculty offices, and two conference rooms in two separate wings—a Science Wing and a Technology Wing.

The newest building on campus, the 41,650-square-foot (3,870 m2) Allied Health and Early Childhood Development Center, opened in March 2017. Along with teaching labs and spaces for health and early childhood education programs, this building also houses the on-campus childcare center.

The Peninsula College Longhouse (ʔaʔk̓ʷustəƞáwt̓xʷ) was the first longhouse in the nation built on a community college campus. A collaboration between the college and six local tribes: Hoh, Quileute, Makah, Port Gamble S'Klallam, Jamestown S'Klallam, and Lower Elwha Klallam, the Longhouse serves as a cultural center on campus, hosting frequent campus, community and tribal events.

The 26,680-square-foot (2,480 m2) library is a central teaching-learning resource with a smart classroom, individual and group study areas, conference rooms, print and nonprint collections, and research workstations. Its focus is on supporting the curriculum of Peninsula College alongside collecting and supporting the works of scholars associated with the college and the area.

Forks Campus

The Forks campus is located in Forks, Washington, 57 miles (92 km) west of Port Angeles. The site includes classrooms, conference rooms and study areas, and serves the West End of the Olympic Peninsula.

East Jefferson County locations

Peninsula College has two locations in East Jefferson County—the main campus located in historic Fort Worden in Port Townsend, and a second site, the Jefferson Education Center, located in Port Hadlock. Basic Skills, English as a Second Language, GED classes, community education classes, and Professional Development and Business Training are offered. The Fort Worden location, recently renovated, received an honorable mention award at the AIA Washington Council Civic Design Awards Ceremony in 2017 based on its preservation of historic aspects while creating a modern learning environment.

Academics
Peninsula College offers a Bachelor of Applied Science (BAS) in Applied Management degree designed to enable applicants with AAS, AAS-T, AA, and AS degrees to combine their lower-division technical or transfer preparation with upper-division credits in business management, resulting in a four-year degree. The college also awards three associate degrees designed for transfer to baccalaureate institutions awarding the Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science degrees: Associate in Arts, Associate in Science, and Associate in Business Education.  The Associate of Arts degree is one of the highest enrolled programs at Peninsula College. Additionally, the college awards the Associate in Applied Science and Associate in Applied Science–Transfer degrees in addition to professional and technical education programs.

Student demographics 2015-16
As an open-access institution, Peninsula College admits all persons, provided they are eighteen years of age or older; or are a high school graduate or equivalent; or have applied for admission under the provisions of a student enrollment options program such as Running Start, a successor program, or other local enrollment options program.

During the 2015–2016 academic year, Peninsula College students had the following student profile:

 FTE Student Count:                          2205
 Full-time:                                    60%
 Part-time:	                               40%
 Female: 	                               61%
 Male:                                        39%
 Median Age:                                  26
 Students of color: 	                       24%
 Students who work while attending classes:    35%
 Students with children:	               25%
 Peninsula College also had 162 international students from 15 countries.

Athletics

Peninsula College competes in the Northwest Athletic Conference (NWAC) as the Pirates, fielding men's and women's teams for soccer and basketball.  The teams have received the following conference championship titles:
 2016: Women's Soccer
 2015: Men's Soccer, Women's Basketball
 2013: Women's and Men's Soccer
 2012: Men's and Women's Soccer
 2011: Men's Basketball
 2010: Men's Soccer

Accreditation

Peninsula College is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities (NWCCU) to award associate and applied baccalaureate degrees. Its next evaluation will be in Spring 2018. Peninsula College is approved by the Veterans Administration for attendance by veterans under Public Laws 550 and 894.

Notable alumni
Ben Johnson, former Chairman of the Makah Tribal Council (1998–2000, 2001–2007)

References

External links
 Official website

Community colleges in Washington (state)
Universities and colleges accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities
Universities and colleges established in 1961
Education in Port Townsend, Washington
Port Angeles, Washington
Buildings and structures in Clallam County, Washington
Education in Clallam County, Washington
1961 establishments in Washington (state)

Peninsula College


An electronic book (also called an e-book, ebook or digital book) is a book in digital form. E-books can be read on computers or other electronic devices such as e-book readers. E-book readers, such as the Amazon Kindle, the Kobo eReader and the Barnes and Noble Nook are devices which are dedicated to showing e-books.

History

The first e-book might have been the Index Thonisticus, prepared by Roberto Busa in the late 1940s. However, this is sometimes not called an ebook because the digital text was (at least at first) meant to develop an index and concordance, rather than as a published edition in its own rights.

Despite the extensive earlier history, it is commonly reported that the inventor of the e-book is Michael S. Hart. In 1971, Hart was given extensive computer time by the operators of the Xerox Sigma V mainframe at the University of Illinois. Seeking a worthy use of this resource, he created his first electronic document by typing the United States Declaration of Independence into a computer.

One early e-book was the desktop prototype for a proposed notebook computer, the Dynabook, in the 1970s at PARC: a general-purpose portable personal computer capable of displaying books for reading.

In 1992, Sony launched the Data Discman, an electronic book reader that could read e-books that were stored on CDs. One of the electronic publications that could be played on the Data Discman was called The Library of the Future.

Early e-books were generally written for specialty areas and a limited audience, meant to be read only by small and devoted interest groups. The scope of the subject matter of these e-books included technical manuals for hardware, manufacturing techniques and other subjects. In the 1990s, the general availability of the Internet made transferring electronic files much easier, including e-books.

The current eBook standard is the EPUB file. There are other proprietary formats like .MOBI, AZW, IBA and PDF.

Advantages
 E-books are searchable. You can easily search for any information in an e-book, instead of turning page after page.
 When you need certain information, you can get it immediately, by downloading an e-book.
 No trees are required to manufacture paper for the pages of ebooks.
 E-books can show links, for easy access to more information and related websites.
 E-books take up less space.  You don't need a library or a room to store them. You can store hundreds and thousands of e-books on your computer.
 No prime cost of paper and transportation.
 Functional and convenient: it combines with much other software, make itself more functional and convenient.
 Easy for authors or publishers to revise or update the books.
 Individualization:different backgrounds, front covers, back covers etc., according to people's needs.
 Self publishing: Any one can write books and let people read them through Internet without publishing to a paper book.

Disadvantages
 eBooks aren't good for your eyes and you will feel tired after you look at the screen for a long time.
 eBook readers require power.  If there is a power outage and the batteries die, the user will not be able to access the book.
 e-readers have plastics and heavy metals, this is not good for the environment and is worse than paper.
 People can't get the special feeling that they can feel when they read a paper book.
 eBooks are often tied to a digital rights management platform that only offers a license to access the eBook and not direct ownership. Compatible e-readers or sharing of an ebook are disabled or are tightly controlled.
 As sales of paper books decline, local bookshops lose business. Some bookstores leverage their reputation in the community to sell ebooks on their own using platforms like Papertrell

References

Other websites

E-books "E-books copy editing"
https://wiki.mobileread.com/wiki/Main_Page

E-book


Ritesh Batra (born 12 June 1979) is an Indian film director and screenwriter. Batra's Hindi-language debut feature film The Lunchbox premiered at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival and won the Rail d'Or (Grand Golden Rail). Batra also won the Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best First Feature Film in 2014. The Lunchbox was the highest-grossing foreign film in North America, Europe and Australia for 2014 grossing over US$25 Million. The film was also nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language in 2015.

He then directed the English-language film The Sense of an Ending (2017), an adaptation of Julian Barnes' Booker Prize-winning novel. 2017 also saw the release of Batra's Our Souls at Night on Netflix. Batra's latest film is Photograph, released in 2019.

Early life and background
Ritesh grew up in a middle-class family in Mumbai, India. His father Joginder Batra, worked in the Merchant Navy of India and his mother Manju Kapoor Batra, is a house wife. His elder sister Radhika Batra Shah runs a tea business. Ritesh completed his high school from AVM High School in Mumbai and later went to the United States to complete his higher studies.
Ritesh worked as a consultant at Deloitte after graduating from Drake University, Iowa in Economics. But after three years of working he went back to school to chase his childhood dream of filmmaking. He attended New York University but dropped out of the film school.

Career
Batra began his filmmaking career by writing and directing shorts. His Arab language short Café Regular, Cairo, screened at over 40 international film festivals and won over 12 awards including Critics Prize (FIPRESCI) Best Film at International Short Film Festival Oberhausen and Best Film at German Star of India. Batra was part of the Sundance Screenwriters and Directors lab with his project "Story of Ram" in 2009. He subsequently was made the Time Warner Story Telling Fellow at Sundance Film Festival and Annenberg Fellow at Sundance Film Academy. In 2011 Batra returned to India to make a documentary on the lunchbox delivery system in Mumbai. It was this venture of Batra's which conceptualized his first feature film The Lunchbox (2013). He developed this project through the TorinoFilmLab Framework programme in 2012.

The Lunchbox premiered at the Cannes Critics Week 2013 and won Rail d'Or (Grand Golden Rail). At Cannes the movie prompted a bidding war. Sony Pictures Classic acquired the North American rights to the film. The Lunchbox has been nominated for 33 Awards and won 25 so far. In 2014, Batra founded his own production company PoeticLicense Motion Pictures and is currently developing a slate of films.

Filmography as director

Awards
 Time Warner Storytelling Fellow – Sundance Film Festival
 Annenberg Fellow – Sundance Film Institute

The Lunchbox, 2013
 (Nominated) "Film not in the English Language" – BAFTA 2015
 Rail d'Or (Grand Golden Rail) – Cannes Film Festival
 Best First Feature – Toronto Film Critics Association Award
 Best Director Award – Odesa International Film Festival
 Church of Iceland Award – Reykjavik International Film Festival
 Best Screenplay – 7th Asia Pacific Screen Awards
 Best Screenplay – Asian Film Academy
 Best Screenplay – Asia Pacific Film Festival
 Jury Grand Prize – 7th Asia Pacific Screen Awards
 Best Screenplay – 7th Asia Pacific Screen Awards
 Muhr AsiaAfrica Special Mention – Dubai International Film Festival
 Best Film – Amazonas Film Festival, Brazil
 Canvas Audience Award – Ghent International Film Festival, Belgium
 Audience Award – World Cinema Amsterdam
 Best Director – International Festival Young Filmmakers of Saint-Jean-de-Luz
 Audience Award – Belfast Film Festival, UK
 Best Feature Film – Zagreb Golden Pram Award

Cafe Regular Cairo, 2011
 Critics Prize (FIPRESCI) Best Film – International Short Film Festival Oberhausen
 Jury Special Mention – Tribeca Film Festival
 Jury Special Mention – Chicago International Film Festival
 Best Short Film – The Warp
 Best Short Film – German Star of India
 Clipagem Trophy – Kinoforum – Brazil
Honours
 Chief guest at 8th Filmsaaz where he was given lifetime membership of the prestigious University Film Club, Aligarh Muslim University.

References

External links

Film directors from Mumbai
Living people
Hindi-language film directors
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Indian documentary filmmakers
Filmfare Awards winners
1979 births
21st-century Indian film directors

Ritesh Batra


The Jangam (Kannada; ಜಂಗಮರು) or Jangamaru  are a Shaiva order of religious monks. They are the priests (Gurus) of the Hindu Shaiva sect, Gurus of Veerashaiva sect and are disciples of Lord Shiva as mentioned in Basava Puranas. The meaning of word Jangam is 'moving linga'. Jangama is one who is endowed with true spirit of Agamic knowledge, and has sacrificed his life for giving Samskara (good)  character building practices in all sections of the Hindu society.

Jangama is a community who are engaged in professions like priestly hood, religious preachings, some in various kings courts as advisors and some designated positions in various parts of north and south India. Jangams are pure vegetarians and are forbidden to touch any non vegetarian food items, including eggs.

History
Jangams Sages: claim they originated from a part (thigh) of Lord Shiva's body. According Hinduism "Shiva wanted to give some donation to Brahma and Vishnu but when they refused he became so angry that it led to his creating the Jangam Sages". The Jangam sages go from one place to another and explain the different saints the story of the holy union of Lord Shiva and Parvati. Another version is that Lord Shiva at his wedding created two recipients of his alms, one Jangam, from the sweat of his brow, the other Lingam, from his thigh. According to Hinduism "Shiva had blessed the Jangams with immortality (i.e., entire world is destroyed by nature or some other factors to destroyed the nature, Jangam will Live) but declared that they would live by Religious Begging in Lord Shiva temples (by priest, religious prayer, prayer for healing, and Guru) after some religious event completed by them in Prayer in Hinduism."

They known as  'Jangam' ('Jangam Sages') in Himalayas and Maharashtra, as 'Jangam Ayya' in Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, and as Swamy, Tata, in Karnataka. They also known as 'Jangam Veerashaiva Pandaram' is Tamil Nadu and Kerala , Jangam Jogi in Haryana,  and Jangam Deva in Andhra Pradesh. In Nepal different names given to the wandering Shivite (worshippers of Shiva) mendicants who are believed to be descendants of the original 'Jangam'. In most of Shiva temples the Jangams perform the Pooja (prayer) as per ParameswarAgama. The Jangam priests may preside over all rituals however special regard is given to marriage rites in Lingayatism and Shaivism section of Hinduism.

Jangama Acharya in Telangana
Jangams hold intellectual history refers to the historiography of ideas and thinkers. Jangam community were traditional religious mendicant class were considered auspicious in early time but during the colonial period were reduced to poverty. Most Jangama Devaras falls under priestly class of Agamic practices and understand difficult ideas, subjects and use knowledge to expand services as government advisors and political advisors. Jangama is one who is endowed with true spirit of Agamic knowledge, and has sacrificed his life for giving Samskaras (good) character.

Jangam (Pandaram) In Tamil Nadu and Kerala

The Pandaram or Thambiran is surname  of Jangam people. The name pandaram is from Tamil word meaning storing place of valuable jewels, navarathna. In ancient days jangamas were placed to maintain the jewels of Lord Shiva temples and palaces in Tamil Nadu. Jangam Lingayath Pandaram in Tamil Nadu are Land holders, Traders, Sanyasis or Monk in (Arunachalesvara Temple) or Priests of Lord Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu. Many Jangam live in Tamil Nadu's various districts also In Kerala's districts including Palakkad, Kollam and Kottayam. They're mentioned in many stories of Purana's and other Religious text, in which Jangamas are depicted as Shiva.

In Tamil Nadu Historically they were known as "Virashaiva Jangam". The "Linga Pooja" ("Lingadharanam") and "Kula Deiva Pongal" are the main (must) ceremony in the marriage among Jangam Lingayats Pandarams. Most of Hindus cremate the dead, but in Jangam Lingayat Pandaram, the dead are buried. The dead are buried (must be) with their Ishta linga in their hand in a simple sitting cross-legged dhyana position. Unlike other Hindus, whose functions are presided by Brahmins, in jangam lingayat pandaram tradition 'Jangam Bhandari' (Jangama purohit) a Head priest specifically for jangams will preside the marriage and funeral.

Jangam Acharya in Karnataka

Veerashaivism contains two sections, one the ancient race of Veerashaiva jangam (the priests at Srisailam and Kedarnath) and the Lingayat which constitutes all different working classes who later changed their way of life as lingayatism, a sect of Hinduism. They believe in formless god in form of Ista-Linga and no other idol. The Jangam Lingayat are known as Lingayath, True Shivavatari , Movable Lingam, Jangam Sage, Jangama , Lingayat, Jangam Acharya in Lord Shiva temples in Karnataka.

The lingayata movement and vachanas form an integral part of Karnataka lingayata community. The main names related to the movement are Basavanna, Allama Prabhu, Akka Mahadevi, Dohara Kakkaiyya, Haralayya, Aaydakki Lakkamma and Madara Chennayya. This movement had many philosophies attached to it, example: work is worship 'kayakave kailasa', dignity of labour, gender equality, no caste discrimination, considering one's body as temple, importance to transition, change, movement (bodily worn linga) in contrast to something that is stationary (temple)- 'sthavarakkalivuntu, jangamakkalivilla'. This movement was similar to bhakti movement of vaishanava community where sharanas or jangamas wrote and sang philosophical songs in Kanada language.

Jangam in Haryana
Jangam is a style of devotional music dedicated to Lord Shiva by Jangam community from Haryana. Their instruments are small and portable (being travellers) like dafli, khanjari, khartal. Jangam Gāyan is a narrative sung by the Jangam and is performed in the temple courtyards of Lord Shiva temples to huge gatherings. Sometimes, there are public performances in village squares. The members of this community are wandering mendicants and earn their living mainly by performing the element in Lord Shiva temples. The Jangams are also live in Shiva the state of Haryana in India. The community is concentrated in and around Kurukshetra, the great battle field of the epic of Mahabharata and in the historical town of Thaneswar which has been a strong centre of the Pasupati (Lord Shiva) tradition of Shaivism.  They also live in the adjoining states of Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.

Jangam Math in Nepal
In the 9th century, the king Narendra Dev of Lichhivi dynasty has described the Jangam Pratishthan, which is available in stone inscription in Anantlingeshwor temple, in which he has addressed the name of the Chancellor of Jangam Pratisthan and explained rights and duties performed by them. These evidences indicate that Jangam community was present in Nepal before the 9th century. The king of Karnatvansh Shri Nanya Dev became ruler of Mithila state (in Northern Bihar) by dynasty in the 11th century. During the period Veerashaiva Jangam were the Rajaguru of the King Nanya Dev. After ruling the Mithila dynasty for 240 years, King Harisingh Dev Mall became the king of Nepal Mandal and established the capital at Bhaktapur City and there is a Jangam Math. Devi Tula Bhavani was the deity they worshiped and they started spreading the religion of veerashaivism in the region. When Malla dynasty was established in Nepal Mandal Veerashaiva religion had started. It establishes that Veerashaiva religion section of Hinduism had its roots since the 9th century. There is a stone inscription belonging to Nepali Year 692, which explains the role of Hari Singh Dev Mall of mallavansa, who renovated the Jangam math in Bhaktapur. With this, we can say that Veerashiava Religion was established in Nepal in the 13th century.

Jangamwadi Math in Uttar Pradesh
Jangamwadi Math is the oldest Math among all the maths of Kashi, Kashi Vishwanath Temple in Uttar Pradesh, that is also known as Jnana Simhasana or Jnana Peetha. Jangam means knower of Shiva, wadi means living place. One among the five of the holiest shrines for the Veerashaivism Lingayath religion.The documented historical records date it back to 8th CE, however, it is hard to verify the exact date. It is said that Raja Jaichand donated land for this Mutt that has seen an unbroken lineage of 86 Jagatgurus. Present Peethadhipati or the guru of the Peeth is Shri Jagadguru Chandrashekhar Shivacharya Mahaswami.

Jangamwadi Math and its association with Mughals
1.Akbar and the Goswamis of Jangam Bari Math of Benaras1

The Goswamis of Jangam Bari Math of Benaras belonged to the Shaivite sect of South India. This sect had various Shiva Temples at Benaras, Arial, Prayagraj and Gaya. Since its foundation during sixth century A.D., this ancient Math has been enjoying imperial grants and favours. The oldest document of land grant to this math was made by a Hindu Raja, Jainanad Deo, ruler of Kashi in V.S. 631/574 A.D. of 800 paces of land in favour of its head priest Malik Arjun Jangam. Malik Arjun Jangam was the title of the head priest of this Math. This Math attracted the attention of emperor Akbar during 1566 A.D. Akbar issued a farman dated 973 A.H./1565-66 A.D. granting 480 bighas of land in the name of Arjun Jangam the head priest.

2.Jahangir's Relations with Goswami's of Jangambari Math of Benaras2

Jahangir came into contact with Jangamas, when he was in revolt against his father during 45th regnal year of Akbar i.e in 1600 A.D. at Allahabad. He made Allahabad his imperial seat and acted as an independent ruler. During this period he issued a farman to Malik Arjunmal Jangam with the seal of Sultan Salim.
The farman dated Mihr Ilahi 45 R.Y/September, October 1600 A.D. It was addressed to the āmils, jagirdars and karosis of pargana Haveli Banaras, confirming 178 bighas of land as grant in favour of Malik Arjunmal Jangam. It bears the seal of sultan Salim on the top. It also appears from a document that the property rights of the Jangamas were also protected by the Mughal government.

2.Aurangzeb's Relations with Goswami's of Jangambari Math of Benaras3

Aurangzeb carried on the traditions of his forefathers in granting favours to Hindu religious communities, a continuity underscored by his dealings with the Jangam, a Shaivite group. The Jangam benefited from Mughals orders beginning under Akbar, who confirmed their legal rights to land in 1564. The same Jangam received several farmans from Aurangzeb that restored land that had been unfairly confiscated (1667), protected them from a disruptive local Muslim (1672), and returned illegally charged rent (1674).

Jangam Deva in Andhra Pradesh
Jangam or Jangama is one who is endowed with the true knowledge, sacrificed his life for the society, and avoided all the worldly happiness and attained the divine happiness. Jangam, a Sanskrit word, etymologically means that which moves. When this word applied to a person, in the context of Lingayath religion, it symbolizes a man who moves from place to place preaching moral and religious values in Shaivism, Veerashaivism and Jangama dhyana section of Hinduism.

True Jangam
Jangams are divided into Virakhtas (celibates), Samanyas (common Jangams), Ganachans (managers), and Mathapatis or Matapathys (Beadles). Pancha peethadhishas represent five faces of Shiva and considered highest class of Jangams, dedicate themselves to celibacy. The Samanya Jangam is the ordinary Jangam who had the initiation performed on him. They live common life, conducts marriages, begs, serves temples or lives by agriculture. When a Jangam goes begging, he wears a garter of bells called Jang below his right knee, and carries a cobra cane. Mathapatis/Matapathys (Beadles) and Ganachans (managers) are Jangams who hold rent-free lands.

The two main categories of Jangam are (1_Sthira  and 2_Chara). Sthira Jangama: is a person who, staying in math (mutt) i.e., has to carry on mass education, preaching to the people, and giving them the necessary guidance to achieve spiritual progress called   Jangama dhyana, and to perform certain rituals related to birth, marriage, death and holy communication etc. Chara Jangama is one who constantly moves around, preaching as he goes, without settling at any particular place and without accumulating any property of his own.

Demographic distribution
The community is distributed throughout India and also in Nepal. However, they form a significant proportion of population in the southern states of India mainly Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab and Gujarat.

Ancient Jangam Tradition
In Jangam community, the male child after the initiation (Ayyachar) will be handed over to the custody of Jangam (Guru). The child will be brought up under the shelter of Jangam (in mutt/math) and by his blessings he, too, can become a Jangam of any of the maths. Jangam priests live in 'maths' and guide their followers in Hindu religious and spiritual matters.

Main Tenets of Jangam
The Linga is tied to the womb in the 8th or 9th month of mother's pregnancy for the prospective child. Linga wearing ceremony to the child is thus performed before the child takes birth.

Lingayath or veerashaiva jangam worship is centred on the Hindu god Shiva as the universal god in the iconographic form of Ishtalinga. The jangam always wear the Ishtalinga held with a necklace. The Istalinga is made up of small blue-black stone coated with fine durable thick black paste of cow dung ashes mixed with some suitable oil to withstand wear and tear. The Ishtalinga is a symbolism for Lord Shiva. It is viewed as a "living, moving" divinity with the devotee. Every day, the devotee removes this personal linga from its box, places it in left palm, offers puja and then meditates about becoming one with the linga, in his or her journey towards the atma-linga.

Veershaiva Jangams celebrate a Hindu festivals, namely, Deepavali, Shivrathi, Ugadi, Nagarpanchmai, Kollipaki Adi Jagadguru and Renukàcharya jayanti etc. Among these festivals Shivratri is an important one. On this day all elderly people observe fast and they perform Bhajanas (Prayer) in praise of 'Lord Shiva'.

Jangam Theology
They wear, Linga on their body, the Linga is always cased in a silver box called 'karadige',  which is tied round the neck by a thread called 'Shivdhara' They worship the Linga daily after taking bath, smear their forehead with 'Vibhuti' and do not touch food without offering 'Niyvedya' to the 'Istalinga'.

The Lingas are divided into two types called "Jangam Linga" and "Sthavaraa Linga".  Further, Lingas are known as Jangama and Sthavara. Jangam or chara Lingas are those that appear on the neck of the Jangam Lingayats who tie a Linga to their neck to their life of Jangam. The Lingas housed in Garbhagrhas and carved on walls of temples belong to Sthvaraa Lingas as mentioned Agama shastra of Veera Saiva Theology.

Burra katha
Ancient Jangam Burra katha or "Jangam Katha" is a special religious folk dance of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Jangam Katha, is a special Dance of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. In the performance, the main artist (Jangams) narrates a religious Hindu story, plays music and dance on the tunes. The co-artists beat drums and speak to him, enriching certain events in the story. Currently, Jangam Katha is called as Burra katha, Tamboora Katha, Saradha Katha, and Jangamayyala kathaalu.

Veeragase Dance
Verragase dance is mainly performed by the Jangams also called as Maheshwaras. Veeragase gets its name from the Hindu lord Veerabhadra. The performers of this Dance are also called "Lingadevaru". It is performed in Hindu temples in South India at important gatherings by Jangams.

Ancient "Veeragase Dance" is performed by (minimum) two artists and usually Veeragase Dance has to be an even number. The person who narrates the story take turns in the performance, progressively these stories have included the story of Veerabhadra who is the other avatar of Lord Shiva. Jangam Verragase Dance is a real religious vigorous dance based on Hindu lord veerabhadra stories.

Jangama dhyana

Jangama dhyana is a meditation technique, which has been practiced by various Jangam sages over the centuries. Jangama means 'eternal existence' and dhyana means meditation. Hence Jangama dhyana is Meditation on the Eternal Existence of the Self. Jangama dhyana is an ancient Jangam meditation technique which involves concentrating the mind and sight between the eyebrows.

Jangam Dance
Jangam Dance is an Indian folk dance performed in the honour of Shiva in Hindu Temples. The term Jangam has been derived from the movable emblem of Shiva. In Jangam dance, the dancers recite verses of Girija kalyana on the mythological marriage of Siva and Parvati. The recitation is done in a ritualistic hypnotic monotone. Their dramatic presence is heightened by their headgear, a brass band with the image of a snake and peacock feathers flashing in the air.

See also
Lingayatism
Jangama dhyana
Burra katha
Shaivism
Veeragase

References

External links

Lingayat's Unique Symbol for Alimighty, Supreme GOD – Lingam and Jangam Guru
Jangam Katha as art

UNESCO -Intangible Cultural Heritage UNESCO- Jangam (https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/india-IN)
Ancient Jangam Burra Katha
Intangible Cultural Heritage – Jangam Gayan (http://ignca.nic.in)
Jangam Nepal
Jangam Devotional Music
Intangible Cultural Heritage – Jangam (http://sangeetnatak.gov.in)
Vira Saivism: Jangam or Jangama  (http://www.saivism.net)
Jangam in Andhra Pradesh
Jangam in Haryana
Jangam in Kerala

Indian Hindu monks
Lingayatism
Shaivism
Hindu religious leaders
Hindu priests
Hindu monks
Gurus

Jangam


Victor Peter Chang, AC (born Chang Yam Him; 21 November 19364 July 1991), was a Chinese-born Australian cardiac surgeon and a pioneer of modern heart transplantation in Australia.  His sudden murder in 1991 stunned Australia, and is considered one of the most notorious in the country's history. Chang was given a state funeral, and in 1999, he was voted Australian of the Century at the People's Choice Awards.

After completing his medical studies at the University of Sydney and working in St Vincent's Hospital, he trained in the United Kingdom and the United States as a surgeon before returning to Australia. In St Vincent's Hospital, he helped establish the National Cardiac Transplant Unit, the country's leading centre for heart and lung transplants. Chang's team had a high success rate in performing heart transplantations and he pioneered the development of an artificial heart valve. In 1986, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia for his "service to international relations between Australia and China and to medical science".

In 1991, Chang was murdered by two young men in a failed extortion attempt. His legacy includes setting up his own Foundation, the Victor Chang Foundation. Additionally, after his death the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute was created, and the Victor Chang Lowy Packer Building at St Vincent's Hospital was established.

Early life and education
Chang was born in Shanghai to Australian-born Chinese British parents. He grew up in Hong Kong, where he attended primary school in Kowloon Tong and spent two years in St. Paul's College. Chang's father Aubrey sent him and his younger sister to Sydney in 1951 to stay with extended family. Chang attended Belmore Boys' High School in Belmore and completed his secondary education at Christian Brothers' High School in Lewisham. On 7 April 1948, Chang's mother died from breast cancer at the age of 33, prompting him to consider a career in medicine at the age of 12. He undertook his tertiary education at the University of Sydney, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Medical Science with First-Class Honours and a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery in 1962.

Medical career

Medical training
After completing his medical education, Chang interned at St Vincent's Hospital under the tutelage of cardiac surgeon Mark Shanahan who sent him to London to train with British surgeon Aubrey York Mason.

Chang became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1966 and trained in cardiothoracic surgery at the Royal Brompton Hospital. In London, he met and married his wife Ann (née Simmons).

Chang spent two years in the United States at the Mayo Clinic and became chief resident. In 1972, he returned to St Vincent's Hospital, where he was a consultant cardiothoracic surgeon and was appointed Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons in 1973 and Fellow of the American College of Surgeons in 1975.

Cardiothoracic surgery career
At St. Vincent's Hospital, Chang worked with surgeon Harry Windsor, who had performed Australia's first heart transplant in 1968. The advent of anti-rejection drugs in 1980 made heart transplants more feasible, and Chang lobbied to raise funds in order to establish a heart transplant program at St. Vincent's. On 8 April 1984, a team of doctors led by Chang operated on 14-year-old Fiona Coote, who became Australia's youngest heart transplant patient.

Between 1984 and 1990, Chang's unit performed over 197 heart transplants and 14 heart–lung transplants. The unit had a high rate of success, with 90% of those receiving transplants from the unit surviving beyond the first year. In 1986, Victor Chang was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) "in recognition of service to international relations between Australia and China and to medical science".

Concerned about a shortage of organ donors, Chang led the assembly of a team of scientists, engineers, and marketing specialist to develop an artificial heart and manufacture inexpensive heart valves. In 1980, he met Frank Tamru, who acted as a marketing and sales specialist, while he worked for Shiley Laboratories in Singapore. Together with engineers Richard Martin and Brij Gupta, Chang and Tamru founded Pacific Biomedical Enterprises Ltd., which headquartered in Singapore and set up facilities to develop mechanical and tissue heart valves, called St. Vincent's Heart Valves, in Guangzhou and Sydney. The valves were widely used throughout Asia.

Death

On the morning of 4 July 1991, Chang was shot twice in the head in a failed extortion attempt. His body was found slumped in the gutter next to his Mercedes-Benz 500SL in the Sydney suburb of Mosman. Two Malaysian men, Chew Seng (Ah Sung) Liew and Choon Tee (Phillip) Lim,  picked Chang at random from a magazine featuring Asians who had 'made it good' in Australia. They ran their Toyota Corolla into Chang's vehicle, forcing him to pull over. After getting into an argument with Chang who refused to give them money, Liew fired the fatal shots. The first shot entered near the right cheek and exited below the right ear, while the fatal second, fired from point-blank range, entered the right temple and passed through the brain. Police investigators initially suspected the involvement of Triad syndicates, but later concluded the killing was an amateur act.

Trial
Capital punishment in New South Wales had been abolished in 1985; Liew pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 26 years in prison with a non-parole period of 20 years. Lim, who pleaded not guilty and claimed he did not know Liew had a gun, received a minimum to maximum sentence of 18 to 24 years. Another man, Stanley Ng, abandoned an extortion plan a day before the murder. He had unsuccessfully tried detaining Chang twice to force him to give $3 million. Ng was granted immunity for his evidence. The prosecution alleged the plan had been to abduct Chang, tie him up with his family at his home in Clontarf, and threaten to hang them to coerce Chang into withdrawing money from the bank. In his ruling, Supreme Court Judge John Slattery stated, "It was an absurd, improbable plan, always doomed to failure".

On 26 October 2009, Lim was awarded parole. Following a public outcry and objection by the New South Wales Corrective Services Minister, John Robertson, his release was put on hold, pending another parole hearing. In the New South Wales Supreme Court, that decision was quashed due to the Parole Authority making a procedural error. Lim was freed from Parramatta Correctional Centre on 1 March 2010 into the custody of immigration officers waiting outside. He was to be deported back to Kuala Lumpur on 2 March, but the flight was cancelled for technical reasons. He was flown out of Australia on 3 March.

After 21 years in prison, Liew was granted parole. In his parole hearing, he made a broad apology for the crime and believed that his long term in prison had had a good effect. There was a small outcry from NSW Attorney-General Greg Smith; however, this was retracted and Liew was released from prison on 12 October 2012 and was met by immigration officers. He was sent back to Malaysia the next day.

Memorial
Chang was given a state funeral. Chang was cremated and his ashes were buried under a memorial plaque at Green Park, Darlinghurst, opposite St Vincent's Hospital. This is mentioned in the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute Website as a "tragic circumstance".

Legacy

In 1984, Chang founded the Victor Chang Foundation to grant funds in two areas that he felt passionate about: education and innovation in the fields of cardiology and cardiothoracic surgery. The foundation continues today under the leadership of his daughter Vanessa Chang.

On 15 February 1994, the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, a body intended to focus on researching "the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of heart muscle diseases", was launched by Prime Minister Paul Keating with Kerry Packer as its patron. The "Dr Victor Chang Science Labs" in Christian Brothers' High School are named after him. In 1999, Prime Minister John Howard announced Chang as Australian of the Century at the People's Choice Awards after a decision between two Australian larrikins and two lifesavers. Swimmer Dawn Fraser, cricketer Donald Bradman, and ophthalmologist Fred Hollows were other contenders.

In St Vincent's Hospital, the Victor Chang Lowy Packer Building was established in 2008 with $35 million from the state government and $45 million in corporate and private donations. Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark officially opened the building and declared that Chang "was an original thinker and saw the need for research and the development of heart assist devices and, not least, he is known for his legendary caring for his patients and their families". In Time magazine's "A Golden Anniversary" article, which lists people who have shaped the last "50 Years in the South Pacific" (1959–2009), Chang was listed as the figure of 1979–1989.

In 2017, a Sydney Ferries Emerald-class ferry was named Victor Chang.

Minor planet 24450 was named after him.

Personal life
Chang met his wife Ann Simmons in 1966. He was the on-call emergency physician at St. Anthony's Hospital in North Cheam, London, where Ann took herself after being taken unwell at a party. They had 3 children: Vanessa, Matthew, and Marcus.

Cars "provided a chance for Dad to get away from it all; they were his hobby and his opportunity to relax". He restored a 1950's MG TF, and enjoyed the opportunity to vigorously drive many cars, including his 1982 Citroën CX Prestige and several Porsches.

Chang had two younger siblings: sister Frances and brother Anthony. He was irreligious but was known to ask Sister Bernice to say a prayer for his patients and was known for his compassion.

References

Further reading

 Margaret Harris, "Chang, Victor Peter (1936–1991)", Obituaries Australia, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University

External links
 Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute
 Victor Chang Foundation
 Victor Chang publications on PubMed

1936 births
1991 deaths
20th-century Australian medical doctors
Alumni of St. Paul's College, Hong Kong
Australian cardiac surgeons
Australian medical researchers
Australian murder victims
Australian people of Chinese descent
Companions of the Order of Australia
Deaths by firearm in New South Wales
Murder in Sydney
People from Shanghai
People murdered in Sydney
Sydney Medical School alumni
20th-century surgeons

Victor Chang


Larry Cox (born 1945) is the former executive director of Amnesty International USA (AIUSA).

Cox was born in Lakewood, Ohio. He graduated from Avon Lake High School in Avon Lake, Ohio in 1963.

He graduated from Mount Union College with a B.A. in history. He first joined AIUSA in 1976 as a press officer, going on to become communications director and deputy executive director, and director of AIUSA's program campaigning against the death penalty.  In 1985 he became deputy secretary general at the Amnesty International General Secretariat based in London.

In 1990 he left Amnesty to become executive director of the Rainforest Foundation, a position he held until 1995 when he was appointed senior program officer at the Ford Foundation. He returned to AIUSA as executive director in 2006, continuing in the role until 2011. Since November 2013, he has served as Co-Director of Kairos: The Center for Religions, Rights, and Social Justice at Union Theological Seminary (New York City).

References

External links
 Profile at Amnesty International USA
 Publications and interviews

1945 births
Living people
American human rights activists
American press secretaries
People from Lakewood, Ohio
Amnesty International people
Activists from Ohio
People from Avon Lake, Ohio

Larry Cox (Amnesty International)


Minnaram () is a 1994 Indian Malayalam-language romantic tragedy film written and directed by Priyadarshan from a story by Cheriyan Kalpakavadi. The film stars Mohanlal, Shobana, and Thilakan, in main lead roles, with Sankaradi, K. P. Ummer, Jagathy Sreekumar, Geetha Vijayan, Venu Nagavally, and Lalu Alex in supporting roles. It was produced by R. Mohan through Goodknight Films. The film was a commercial success at box office.

Plot
Bobby, who was orphaned at an early age, is raised by his uncle, Retd. I.G Matthews, as his son. Everyone adores him, particularly his cousin Baby's pre-teen children. He is engaged to Tina, Chackochan's daughter. Nina, his college sweetheart, unexpectedly appears with an infant who was purportedly fathered by Bobby. He vigorously refutes her accusations and goes to considerable lengths to show that she is mistaken. Bobby is also exposed as a liar when Nina manipulates Matthews into believing her story.

Bobby's family is forced to take on the duty of keeping the new information hidden from Chackochan since they are unable to make an immediate decision. As a result, Nina is introduced to others as a home instructor for Baby's children. Bobby is unable to verify his claims that the child is not the consequence of his previous relationship with Nina. This leads to a series of humorous occurrences involving Unnunni, who becomes anxious about Bobby having an illicit affair with his wife, Daisy. Bobby tells Daisy, who has been his best friend since childhood, about how his relationship with Nina began, evolved, and ended. In the interim, Nina proves to be a skilled tutor and gradually forges close relationships with every member of Bobby's family except for Bobby.

When Chackochan finally learns that Nina has already been married to Bobby, he calls off the ceremony and publicly shames Matthews for being dishonest. Bobby, with nothing to lose, demands Nina to be his wife for real, but Nina flatly refuses. Nina, unable to deal with Bobby's intimidation, breaks down and tells him the truth.

Baby learns the truth from Nina about the child and is informed that Bobby has been telling the truth about everything. During his troubled marriage, Baby had an affair with Nina's sister, who ultimately died during labor, leaving Nina in a precarious position to deliver the child in Baby's care. Baby first declines, fearing that the scandal will destroy his marriage. But Matthews overhears the talk and slaps Baby. He also feels sad for Bobby, who had already suffered plenty.

However, fate has a cruel twist in store for Nina when she faints shortly after rejecting Bobby's proposal to marry her. Bobby and his family are then informed by Nina's brother, Dr. Romy, that she shares the same deadly illness as her sister, polycythemia vera. He worries that she must have accidentally missed one or two doses, resulting in her collapse. He recalls Nina's adamant desire to guarantee that her niece was not orphaned, and her pledge that she would die only in her brother's arms. Along with a group of medical professionals, Bobby's family is fighting against the odds for Nina's health. Nina is relieved to see that her niece has been happily welcomed into her extended family. However, her emotional outburst puts her in critical condition, leaving the family in mental anguish.

Bobby works against the clock to get the radioactive phosphorus medication (Phosphorus-32) in time to prevent his loved one from having an acute relapse, as per the predetermined timeline. Despite his best efforts and everyone's prayers, he is unable to arrive in time to save her. Both Dr. Romy and Bobby are devastated. With the family now silently grieving, the movie concludes with Bobby seemingly by himself as well.

Cast

Mohanlal as Bobby
Shobana as Neena, Bobby's love interest
Thilakan as Retd. I. G. Matthews, Bobby's father
Lalu Alex as Dr. Romy, Neena's brother
Anju as Teena, Chackochan's daughter
Jagathi Sreekumar as Unnunni
K. P. Ummer as Chackochan
Venu Nagavalli as Baby
Sankaradi as Iyer
Augustine as Doctor Stephen
Maniyanpilla Raju as 'Mazhuvan' Manikantan / Lassar
Kuthiravattam Pappu as Cleetus, Tutor
T. P. Madhavan as Doctor Peter
Geetha Vijayan as Jaya
Subhashini as Daisy
Reena as Reena
Bobby Kottarakkara as Michael
Ravi Menon as Priest Ouseppachan
Nandhu
 Antony Perumbavoor as James, a man at badminton court
 Baby Ambili as child artist
 Master Krishna (Hari Krishna Bharadwaj) as child artist
 Priyadarshan
 Jithesh Krishnankutty as Jithumon
 Aswathi as child artist
 Thara Thomas Moolayil as Maala Mol , Nina's niece
 Karthika Prathap as child artist

Music

Remake
Minnaram is the remake of 1972 malayalam movie Brahmachari starred by Premnazir and Sharadha
It was remade in Tamil as Azhagana Naatkal in 2001. Priyadarshan himself loosely remade the film in Hindi as Hungama 2 (2021). However, a dog explosion comedy sequence from this movie had been earlier used by Priyadarshan in another Hindi movie Yeh Teraa Ghar Yeh Meraa Ghar.

References

External links

1994 films
1990s Malayalam-language films
Indian romantic comedy films
Films shot in Ooty
Malayalam films remade in other languages
Films directed by Priyadarshan

Minnaram


The Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005 place a duty on employers within Great Britain to reduce the risk to their employees health by controlling the noise they are exposed to whilst at work.  The regulations were established under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and implement European Council directive 2003/10/EC.  The regulations replaced the 'Noise at work regulations 1989' which previously covered noise in the workplace.  The regulations came into force for most industries on 6 April 2006 with the music and entertainment sectors coming into line two years later on 21 April 2008.  In Northern Ireland the legislation is dealt with in 'The Control of Noise at Work Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2006.

Everyone in the engineering environment is exposed to noise and could suffer temporary or permanent hearing loss, the control of noise at work regulations require employers to eliminate or reduce noise levels.

Differences with previous legislation
The regulations replaced the Noise at Work regulations 1989 which had been introduced as a response to the 1986 European directive 86/188/EEC.  In 2001 the Swedish presidency of the EU put forward a proposal which would seek to replace the existing directive with a new one, 2003/10/EC.  This directive replaced the previous and in the UK became the Control of Noise at Work regulations 2005.  Differences between the pieces of legislation included a reduction in the threshold for hearing and protection and the introduction of noise control.  It introduced the daily exposure limit value as well as a permitted weekly value.  It also introduced requirements for health surveillance and hearing testing. 8-

Exposure limits
The regulations introduced a number of exposure limits in relation to noise in the workplace.  They defined the average level of noise that an employee could be exposed to during an average day or week as well as what the peak pressure would be within that period.  The exposure levels were set in decibels (dB) and given either an 'A' weighting, representing the average exposure or a 'C' rating, representing the peak exposure.  The lower exposure level of 80 dB(A) meant that should an employee's average exposure be over that amount then the employer would be required to assess the risk to workers health and provide employees with information and training.  The upper exposure level of 85 dB(A) represented the limit at which employers needed to provide hearing protection and hearing zones.  The exposure limit value of 87 dB(A) represented the limit at which employees should not be exposed.

Table of exposure limits

Risk Assessment
The regulations are one of a number of Health and Safety pieces of legislation that require the 'suitable and sufficient' assessment of risks to employees as a result of work activities.  By law the employer has to assess the 'noise problem' at work then a risk assessment would need to be carried out and plan put in place for how to deal with it:

identify where the risk is and who might be affected.
contain a reliable estimate of the employees exposure and compare the exposure with the exposure limits and values
identify what is needed to comply with the law i.e. whether noise control measures or hearing protection may be needed.
identify any employees who may need to be provided with 'health surveillance' and whether any are at particular risk.

Prosecutions arising from the regulations
In October 2011 a factory in Burnley which manufactured flooring surfaces for horse riding centers was fined £16,000 after it failed to put practical measures in place to comply with an improvement notice from a specialist Health and Safety Executive (HSE) inspector.  The staff at the factory worked several hours a day near a granulator machine, which shredded material into tiny pieces and which was "as loud as a chainsaw".  Although the court heard that some changes had been made, the daily exposure to employees working in the factory remained high.  HSE inspector Matthew Lea said "The Control of Noise at Work Regulations require employers to put measures in place to ensure that their employees can work safely, without putting their hearing at risk."  Speaking on the dangers of exposure to noise he said "Noise-induced hearing loss is a degenerative condition and the ear cannot repair itself. It's therefore important that employers take these dangers seriously as there is no going back once hearing is damaged."

References

Health and safety in the United Kingdom
Safety codes
Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
2005 in United Kingdom case law


Christof Ebert (born 1964 in Stuttgart) is a German computer scientist and entrepreneur.

He studied electrical engineering and computer sciences from 1984 to 1990 at the University of Stuttgart and Kansas State University. In 1994, he received his Ph.D. at the University of Stuttgart on complexity control during the product life-cycle. From 1994 to 2007, he worked at Alcatel: first in Stuttgart, then, in 1996, in Antwerp, and, as of 2001, in Paris. As director of engineering, he had global responsibility for software platforms and technology. Recognizing his contributions in productivity improvement, systems engineering, and product lifecycle management, he was named member of Alcatel's technical academy. In 2006, he founded Vector Consulting Services, where he is managing director and Partner.

Christof is an adjunct professor at the University of Stuttgart and has authored several books and over 150 scientific publications. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Software and the Journal of Systems and Software and is chair of the conference series IEEE International Conference on Global Software Engineering (ICGSE). Being an IEEE Distinguished Visitor, he is working on requirements engineering, product management and software engineering.

Further reading
 Christof Ebert: Global Software and IT Wiley, New York, USA, 2011,
 Christof Ebert and Reiner Dumke: Software Measurement Springer, 2. edition, New York 2007,

External links
Vector Consulting Services
Blog on Software Technology
University of Stuttgart
IEEE Software magazine
Sorbonne University MIKS program

1964 births
Living people
Computer systems researchers
Businesspeople from Stuttgart
German computer scientists
Academic staff of the University of Stuttgart
University of Stuttgart alumni

Christof Ebert