Web analytics is the measurement, collection, analysis, and reporting of web data to understand and optimize web usage. Web analytics is not just a process for measuring web traffic but can be used as a tool for business and market research and assess and improve website effectiveness. Web analytics applications can also help companies measure the results of traditional print or broadcast advertising campaigns. It can be used to estimate how traffic to a website changes after launching a new advertising campaign. Web analytics provides information about the number of visitors to a website and the number of page views, or create user behavior profiles. It helps gauge traffic and popularity trends, which is useful for market research.

Basic steps of the web analytics process

Most web analytics processes come down to four essential stages or steps, which are:
 Collection of data: This stage is the collection of the basic, elementary data. Usually, these data are counts of things. The objective of this stage is to gather the data.
 Processing of data into metrics: This stage usually takes counts and makes them ratios, although there still may be some counts. The objective of this stage is to take the data and conform it into information, specifically metrics.
 Developing KPI: This stage focuses on using the ratios (and counts) and infusing them with business strategies, referred to as key performance indicators (KPI). Many times, KPIs deal with conversion aspects, but not always. It depends on the organization.
 Formulating online strategy: This stage is concerned with the online goals, objectives, and standards for the organization or business. These strategies are usually related to making profit, saving money, or increasing market share.

Another essential function developed by the analysts for the optimization of the websites are the experiments:

 Experiments and testing: A/B testing is a controlled experiment with two variants, in online settings, such as web development.
The goal of A/B testing is to identify and suggest changes to web pages that increase or maximize the effect of a statistically tested result of interest.

Each stage impacts or can impact (i.e., drives) the stage preceding or following it. So, sometimes the data that is available for collection impacts the online strategy. Other times, the online strategy affects the data collected.

Web analytics technologies
There are at least two categories of web analytics, off-site and on-site web analytics.
Off-site web analytics refers to web measurement and analysis regardless of whether a person owns or maintains a website. It includes the measurement of a website's potential audience (opportunity), share of voice (visibility), and buzz (comments) that is happening on the Internet as a whole.
On-site web analytics, the more common of the two, measure a visitor's behavior once on a specific website. This includes its drivers and conversions; for example, the degree to which different landing pages are associated with online purchases. On-site web analytics measures the performance of a specific website in a commercial context. This data is typically compared against key performance indicators for performance and is used to improve a website or marketing campaign's audience response. Google Analytics and Adobe Analytics are the most widely used on-site web analytics service; although new tools are emerging that provide additional layers of information, including heat maps and session replay.

In the past, web analytics has been used to refer to on-site visitor measurement. However, this meaning has become blurred, mainly because vendors are producing tools that span both categories. Many different vendors provide on-site web analytics software and services. There are two main technical ways of collecting the data. The first and traditional method, server log file analysis, reads the logfiles in which the web server records file requests by browsers. The second method, page tagging, uses JavaScript embedded in the webpage to make image requests to a third-party analytics-dedicated server, whenever a webpage is rendered by a web browser or, if desired, when a mouse click occurs. Both collect data that can be processed to produce web traffic reports.

On-site web analytics

There are no globally agreed definitions within web analytics as the industry bodies have been trying to agree on definitions that are useful and definitive for some time, that is saying, metrics in tools and products from different companies may have different ways to measure, counting, as a result, a same metric name may represent different meaning of data. The main bodies who have had input in this area have been the IAB (Interactive Advertising Bureau), JICWEBS (The Joint Industry Committee for Web Standards in the UK and Ireland), and The DAA (Digital Analytics Association), formally known as the WAA (Web Analytics Association, US). However, many terms are used in consistent ways from one major analytics tool to another, so the following list, based on those conventions, can be a useful starting point:

 Bounce rate - The percentage of visits that are single-page visits and without any other interactions (clicks) on that page. In other words, a single click in a particular session is called a bounce. A high bounce rate can indicate that the content or user experience needs improvement.
 Click path - the chronological sequence of page views within a visit or session. Analysis of this path provides information about users' session goals and user goals.
 Hit - A request for a file from the webserver.  Available only in log analysis.  The number of hits received by a website is frequently cited to assert its popularity, but this number is extremely misleading and dramatically overestimates popularity.  A single web-page typically consists of multiple (often dozens) of discrete files, each of which is counted as a hit as the page is downloaded, so the number of hits is really an arbitrary number more reflective of the complexity of individual pages on the website than the website's actual popularity.  The total number of visits or page views provides a more realistic and accurate assessment of popularity.
 Page view (pageview)  - A request for a file, or sometimes an event such as a mouse click, that is defined as a page in the setup of the web analytics tool. Usually the number of pageview is more than Visits and Visitors (Unique Visitors).  An occurrence of the script being run in page tagging.  In log analysis, a single page view may generate multiple hits as all the resources required to view the page (images, .js and .css files) are also requested from the webserver. A "refresh" of same webpage can be counted as another pageview. For example, at time: 16:07, user viewed page A, 2 seconds later, the user clicks "refresh" button in the browser, the number of pageview of page A then is 2.
 Visitor/unique visitor/unique user - The uniquely identified client that is generating page views or hits within a defined period time (e.g. day, week or month). A uniquely identified client is usually a combination of a machine (one's desktop computer at work for example) and a browser (Firefox on that machine).  The identification is usually via a persistent cookie that has been placed on the computer by the site page code.  An older method, used in log file analysis, is the unique combination of the computer's IP address and the User-Agent (browser) information provided to the web server by the browser.  The "Visitor" is not the same as the human being sitting at the computer at the time of the visit, since an individual human can use different computers or, on the same computer, can use different browsers, and will be seen as a different visitor in each circumstance. Increasingly, but still, somewhat rarely, visitors are uniquely identified by Flash LSO's (Local Shared Objects), which are less susceptible to privacy enforcement.
 Visit/session - A visit or session is defined as a series of page requests or, in the case of tags, image requests from the same uniquely identified client. Usually, the number of Visits is more than Visitors (Unique Visitors). A unique client is commonly identified by an IP address or a unique ID that is placed in the browser cookie. A visit is considered ended when no requests have been recorded in some number of elapsed minutes.  A 30-minute limit ("time out") is used by many analytics tools but can, in some tools (such as Google Analytics), be changed to another number of minutes.  Analytics data collectors and analysis tools have no reliable way of knowing if a visitor has looked at other sites between page views; a visit is considered one visit as long as the events (page views, clicks, whatever is being recorded) are 30 minutes or less close together.  A visit can consist of a one-page view or thousands. A unique visit session can also be extended if the time between page loads indicates that a visitor has been viewing the pages continuously.
 Active time/engagement time - Average amount of time that visitors spend actually interacting with content on a web page, based on mouse moves, clicks, hovers, and scrolls.  Unlike session duration and page view duration/time on page, this metric can accurately measure the length of engagement in the final page view, but it is not available in many analytics tools or data collection methods.
 Average page depth/page views per average session - Page depth is the approximate "size" of an average visit, calculated by dividing the total number of page views by the total number of visits.
 Average page view duration - Average amount of time that visitors spend on an average page of the site.
 Click - "refers to a single instance of a user following a hyperlink from one page in a site to another".
 Event - A discrete action or class of actions that occur on a website. A page view is a type of event. Events also encapsulate clicks, form submissions, keypress events, and other client-side user actions.
 Exit rate/% exit - A statistic applied to an individual page, not a web site.  The percentage of visits seeing a page where that page is the final page viewed in the visit.
 Data Segmentation - Web analytics tools allow data segmentation, which means breaking down data into smaller subsets based on criteria such as demographics, location, or behavior. This provides a deeper understanding of different audience segments.
 First visit/first session - (also called 'Absolute Unique Visitor' in some tools) A visit from a uniquely identified client that has theoretically not made any previous visits.  Since the only way of knowing whether the uniquely identified client has been to the site before is the presence of a persistent cookie or via digital fingerprinting that had been received on a previous visit, the First Visit label is not reliable if the site's cookies have been deleted since their previous visit.
 Frequency/session per unique - Frequency measures how often visitors come to a website in a given time period.  It is calculated by dividing the total number of sessions (or visits) by the total number of unique visitors during a specified time period, such as a month or year.  Sometimes it is used interchangeable with the term "loyalty."
 Impression -  The most common definition of impression is an instance of an advertisement appearing on a viewed page. An advertisement can be displayed on a viewed page below the area actually displayed on the screen, so most measures of impressions do not necessarily mean an advertisement has been view-able.
 New visitor - A visitor that has not made any previous visits. This definition creates a certain amount of confusion (see common confusions below), and is sometimes substituted with analysis of first visits.
 Page time viewed/page visibility time/page view duration - The time a single page (or a blog, ad banner) is on the screen, measured as the calculated difference between the time of the request for that page and the time of the next recorded request.  If there is no next recorded request, then the viewing time of that instance of that page is not included in reports.
 Repeat visitor - A visitor that has made at least one previous visit. The period between the last and current visit is called visitor recency and is measured in days.
 Return visitor - A unique visitor with activity consisting of a visit to a site during a reporting period and where the unique visitor visited the site prior to the reporting period. The individual is counted only once during the reporting period.
 Session duration/visit duration - Average amount of time that visitors spend on the site each time they visit. It is calculated as the sum total of the duration of all the sessions divided by the total number of sessions. This metric can be complicated by the fact that analytics programs can not measure the length of the final page view.
 Single page visit/singleton - A visit in which only a single page is viewed (this is not a 'bounce').
Site overlay is a report technique in which statistics (clicks) or hot spots are superimposed, by physical location, on a visual snapshot of the web page.
 Click-through rate is a ratio of users who click on a specific link to the number of total users who view a page, email, or advertisement. It is commonly used to measure the success of an online advertising campaign for a particular website as well as the effectiveness of email campaigns. Another common known definition of click-through rate (CTR) is the total numbers clicked divided by total number of Impressions, as the metric of Click-Through Rate is to measure the ration of clicks and impressions, not the number of users (who clicked and saw).

Off-site web analytics

Off-site web analytics is based on open data analysis, social media exploration, and share of voice on web properties.
It is usually used to understand how to market a site by identifying the keywords tagged to this site, either from social media or from other websites.

Web analytics data sources
The fundamental goal of web analytics is to collect and analyze data related to web traffic and usage patterns. The data mainly comes from four sources:
 Direct HTTP request data: directly comes from HTTP request messages (HTTP request headers).
 Network-level and server-generated data associated with HTTP requests: not part of an HTTP request, but it is required for successful request transmissions - for example, the IP address of a requester.
 Application-level data sent with HTTP requests: generated and processed by application-level programs (such as JavaScript, PHP, and ASP.Net), including sessions and referrals. These are usually captured by internal logs rather than public web analytics services.
 External data: can be combined with on-site data to help augment the website behavior data described above and interpret web usage. For example, IP addresses are usually associated with Geographic regions and internet service providers, e-mail open and click-through rates, direct mail campaign data, sales, lead history, or other data types as needed.

Web server log file analysis

Web servers record some of their transactions in a log file. It was soon realized that these log files could be read by a program to provide data on the popularity of the website. Thus arose web log analysis software.

In the early 1990s, website statistics consisted primarily of counting the number of client requests (or hits) made to the web server. This was a reasonable method initially since each website often consisted of a single HTML file. However, with the introduction of images in HTML, and websites that spanned multiple HTML files, this count became less useful. The first true commercial Log Analyzer was released by IPRO in 1994.

Two units of measure were introduced in the mid-1990s to gauge more accurately the amount of human activity on web servers. These were page views and visits (or sessions). A page view was defined as a request made to the web server for a page, as opposed to a graphic, while a visit was defined as a sequence of requests from a uniquely identified client that expired after a certain amount of inactivity, usually 30 minutes.

The emergence of search engine spiders and robots in the late 1990s, along with web proxies and dynamically assigned IP addresses for large companies and ISPs, made it more difficult to identify unique human visitors to a website. Log analyzers responded by tracking visits by cookies, and by ignoring requests from known spiders.

The extensive use of web caches also presented a problem for log file analysis. If a person revisits a page, the second request will often be retrieved from the browser's cache, and so no request will be received by the web server. This means that the person's path through the site is lost. Caching can be defeated by configuring the web server, but this can result in degraded performance for the visitor and bigger load on the servers.

Page tagging

Concerns about the accuracy of log file analysis in the presence of caching, and the desire to be able to perform web analytics as an outsourced service, led to the second data collection method, page tagging or "web beacons".

In the mid-1990s, Web counters were commonly seen — these were images included in a web page that showed the number of times the image had been requested, which was an estimate of the number of visits to that page. In the late 1990s, this concept evolved to include a small invisible image instead of a visible one, and, by using JavaScript, to pass along with the image request certain information about the page and the visitor. This information can then be processed remotely by a web analytics company, and extensive statistics generated.

The web analytics service also manages the process of assigning a cookie to the user, which can uniquely identify them during their visit and in subsequent visits. Cookie acceptance rates vary significantly between websites and may affect the quality of data collected and reported.

Collecting website data using a third-party data collection server (or even an in-house data collection server) requires an additional DNS lookup by the user's computer to determine the IP address of the collection server. On occasion, delays in completing successful or failed DNS lookups may result in data not being collected.

With the increasing popularity of Ajax-based solutions, an alternative to the use of an invisible image is to implement a call back to the server from the rendered page. In this case, when the page is rendered on the web browser, a piece of JavaScript code would call back to the server and pass information about the client that can then be aggregated by a web analytics company.

Logfile analysis vs page tagging

Both logfile analysis programs and page tagging solutions are readily available to companies that wish to perform web analytics. In some cases, the same web analytics company will offer both approaches. The question then arises of which method a company should choose. There are advantages and disadvantages to each approach.

Advantages of logfile analysis

The main advantages of log file analysis over page tagging are as follows:
 The web server normally already produces log files, so the raw data is already available. No changes to the website are required.
 The data is on the company's servers and is in a standard, rather than a proprietary, format. This makes it easy for a company to switch programs later, use several different programs, and analyze historical data with a new program.
 Log files contain information on visits from search engine spiders, which generally are excluded from the analytics tools using JavaScript tagging. (Some search engines might not even execute JavaScript on a page.) Although these should not be reported as part of human activity, it is useful information for search engine optimization.
 Log files require no additional DNS lookups or TCP slow starts. Thus there are no external server calls that can slow page load speeds, or result in uncounted page views.
 The web server reliably records every transaction it makes, e.g. serving PDF documents and content generated by scripts, and does not rely on the visitors' browsers cooperating.

Advantages of page tagging

The main advantages of page tagging over log file analysis are as follows:

 Counting is activated by opening the page (given that the web client runs the tag scripts), not requesting it from the server. If a page is cached, it will not be counted by server-based log analysis. Cached pages can account for up to one-third of all page views, which can negatively impact many site metrics.
 Data is gathered via a component ("tag") in the page, usually written in JavaScript. It is typically used in conjunction with a server-side scripting language (such as PHP) to manipulate and (usually) store it in a database.
 The script may have access to additional information on the web client or on the user, not sent in the query, such as visitors' screen sizes and the price of the goods they purchased.
 Page tagging can report on events that do not involve a request to the web server, such as interactions within Flash movies, partial form completion, mouse events such as , , , , etc.
 The page tagging service manages the process of assigning cookies to visitors; with log file analysis, the server has to be configured to do this.
 Page tagging is available to companies who do not have access to their web servers.
 Lately, page tagging has become a standard in web analytics.

Economic factors

Logfile analysis is almost always performed in-house. Page tagging can be performed in-house, but it is more often provided as a third-party service. The economic difference between these two models can also be a consideration for a company deciding which to purchase.

 Logfile analysis typically involves a one-off software purchase; however, some vendors are introducing maximum annual page views with additional costs to process additional information. In addition to commercial offerings, several open-source logfile analysis tools are available free of charge.
 For Logfile analysis data must be stored and archived, which often grows large quickly. Although the cost of hardware to do this is minimal, the overhead for an IT department can be considerable.
 For Logfile analysis software need to be maintained, including updates and security patches.
 Complex page tagging vendors charge a monthly fee based on volume i.e. number of page views per month collected.

Which solution is cheaper to implement depends on the amount of technical expertise within the company, the vendor chosen, the amount of activity seen on the websites, the depth and type of information sought, and the number of distinct websites needing statistics.

Regardless of the vendor solution or data collection method employed, the cost of web visitor analysis and interpretation should also be included. That is, the cost of turning raw data into actionable information. This can be from the use of third party consultants, the hiring of an experienced web analyst, or the training of a suitable in-house person. A cost-benefit analysis can then be performed. For example, what revenue increase or cost savings can be gained by analyzing the web visitor data?

Hybrid methods

Some companies produce solutions that collect data through both log files and page tagging and can analyze both kinds. By using a hybrid method, they aim to produce more accurate statistics than either method on its own.

Geolocation of visitors
With IP geolocation, it is possible to track visitors' locations. Using an IP geolocation database or API, visitors can be geolocated to city, region, or country level.

IP Intelligence, or Internet Protocol (IP) Intelligence, is a technology that maps the Internet and categorizes IP addresses by parameters such as geographic location (country, region, state, city and postcode), connection type, Internet Service Provider (ISP), proxy information, and more. The first generation of IP Intelligence was referred to as geotargeting or geolocation technology. This information is used by businesses for online audience segmentation in applications such as online advertising, behavioral targeting, content localization (or website localization), digital rights management, personalization, online fraud detection, localized search, enhanced analytics, global traffic management, and content distribution.

Click analytics

Click analytics, also known as Clickstream is a special type of web analytics that gives special attention to clicks.

Commonly, click analytics focuses on on-site analytics. An editor of a website uses click analytics to determine the performance of his or her particular site, with regards to where the users of the site are clicking.

Also, click analytics may happen real-time or "unreal"-time, depending on the type of information sought. Typically, front-page editors on high-traffic news media sites will want to monitor their pages in real-time, to optimize the content. Editors, designers or other types of stakeholders may analyze clicks on a wider time frame to help them assess performance of writers, design elements or advertisements etc.

Data about clicks may be gathered in at least two ways. Ideally, a click is "logged" when it occurs, and this method requires some functionality that picks up relevant information when the event occurs. Alternatively, one may institute the assumption that a page view is a result of a click, and therefore log a simulated click that led to that page view.

Customer lifecycle analytics

Customer lifecycle analytics is a visitor-centric approach to measuring. Page views, clicks and other events (such as API calls, access to third-party services, etc.) are all tied to an individual visitor instead of being stored as separate data points. Customer lifecycle analytics attempts to connect all the data points into a marketing funnel that can offer insights into visitor behavior and website optimization. Common metrics used in customer lifecycle analytics include customer acquisition cost (CAC), customer lifetime value (CLV), customer churn rate, and customer satisfaction scores.

Other methods

Other methods of data collection are sometimes used. Packet sniffing collects data by sniffing the network traffic passing between the web server and the outside world. Packet sniffing involves no changes to the web pages or web servers. Integrating web analytics into the webserver software itself is also possible. Both these methods claim to provide better real-time data than other methods.

Common sources of confusion in web analytics

The hotel problem

The hotel problem is generally the first problem encountered by a user of web analytics. The problem is that the unique visitors for each day in a month do not add up to the same total as the unique visitors for that month. This appears to an inexperienced user to be a problem in whatever analytics software they are using. In fact it is a simple property of the metric definitions.

The way to picture the situation is by imagining a hotel. The hotel has two rooms (Room A and Room B).

As the table shows, the hotel has two unique users each day over three days. The sum of the totals with respect to the days is therefore six.

During the period each room has had two unique users. The sum of the totals with respect to the rooms is therefore four.

Actually only three visitors have been in the hotel over this period. The problem is that a person who stays in a room for two nights will get counted twice if they are counted once on each day, but are only counted once if the total for the period is looked at. Any software for web analytics will sum these correctly for the chosen time period, thus leading to the problem when a user tries to compare the totals.

Analytics Poisoning

As the internet has matured, the proliferation of automated bot traffic has become an increasing problem for the reliability of web analytics. As bots traverse the internet, they render web documents in ways similar to organic users, and as a result may incidentally trigger the same code that web analytics use to count traffic. Jointly, this incidental triggering of web analytics events impacts interpretability of data and inferences made upon that data. IPM provided a proof of concept of how Google Analytics as well as their competitors are easily triggered by common bot deployment strategies.

Problems with third-party cookies

Historically, vendors of page-tagging analytics solutions have used third-party cookies sent from the vendor's domain instead of the domain of the website being browsed. Third-party cookies can handle visitors who cross multiple unrelated domains within the company's site, since the cookie is always handled by the vendor's servers.

However, third-party cookies in principle allow tracking an individual user across the sites of different companies, allowing the analytics vendor to collate the user's activity on sites where he provided personal information with his activity on other sites where he thought he was anonymous. Although web analytics companies deny doing this, other companies such as companies supplying banner ads have done so. Privacy concerns about cookies have therefore led a noticeable minority of users to block or delete third-party cookies. In 2005, some reports showed that about 28% of Internet users blocked third-party cookies and 22% deleted them at least once a month.
Most vendors of page tagging solutions have now moved to provide at least the option of using first-party cookies (cookies assigned from the client subdomain).

Another problem is cookie deletion.  When web analytics depend on cookies to identify unique visitors, the statistics are dependent on a persistent cookie to hold a unique visitor ID.  When users delete cookies, they usually delete both first- and third-party cookies.  If this is done between interactions with the site, the user will appear as a first-time visitor at their next interaction point.  Without a persistent and unique visitor id, conversions, click-stream analysis, and other metrics dependent on the activities of a unique visitor over time, cannot be accurate.

Cookies are used because IP addresses are not always unique to users and may be shared by large groups or proxies.  In some cases, the IP address is combined with the user agent in order to more accurately identify a visitor if cookies are not available.  However, this only partially solves the problem because often users behind a proxy server have the same user agent.  Other methods of uniquely identifying a user are technically challenging and would limit the trackable audience or would be considered suspicious.  Cookies reach the lowest common denominator without using technologies regarded as spyware and having cookies enabled/active leads to security concerns.

Secure analytics (metering) methods

Third-party information gathering is subject to any network limitations and security applied. Countries, Service Providers and Private Networks can prevent site visit data from going to third parties.
All the methods described above (and some other methods not mentioned here, like sampling) have the central problem of being vulnerable to manipulation (both inflation and deflation). This means these methods are imprecise and insecure (in any reasonable model of security). This issue has been addressed in several papers, but to date the solutions suggested in these papers remain theoretical.

See also
 List of web analytics software
 Mobile Web Analytics
 Online video analytics
 Post-click marketing
 Session (web analytics)
 Web log analysis software
 Web mining
 Web performance
 Web traffic

References

Bibliography
 Clifton, Brian (2010) Advanced Web Metrics with Google Analytics, 2nd edition, Sybex (Paperback.)

 Farris, P., Bendle, N.T., Pfeifer, P.E.  Reibstein, D.J. (2009) Key Marketing Metrics The 50+ Metrics Every Manager needs to know, Prentice Hall, London.

 Arikan, Akin (2008) Multichannel Marketing. Metrics and Methods for On and Offline Success. Sybex.
 Tullis, Tom & Albert, Bill (2008) Measuring the User Experience. Collecting, Analyzing and Presenting Usability Metrics. Morgan Kaufmann, Elsevier, Burlington MA.

 Bradley N (2007) Marketing Research. Tools and Techniques. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
 Sostre, Pedro and LeClaire, Jennifer (2007) Web Analytics for Dummies. Wiley.
 Burby, Jason and Atchison, Shane (2007) Actionable Web Analytics: Using Data to Make Smart Business Decisions.
 Davis, J. (2006) 'Marketing Metrics: How to create Accountable Marketing plans that really work' John Wiley & Sons (Asia).
 Peterson Eric T (2005) Web Site Measurement Hacks. O'Reilly ebook.

 Zheng, J. G. and Peltsverger, S. (2015) Web Analytics Overview, In book: Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Third Edition, Publisher: IGI Global, Editors: Mehdi Khosrow-Pour

Audience measurement
Digital marketing
Market research

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km:ការវិភាគតាមអ៊ីនធើណែត
fi:Kävijäseuranta
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Web analytics


The Sibley Railroad Bridge is a three-span through truss single-track railroad bridge belonging to the BNSF Railway between Jackson County, Missouri, and Ray County, Missouri, at Sibley.  The bridge carries the BNSF Marceline Subdivision over the Missouri River. It is the only single-track segment of the subdivision. The original 1887–88 bridge was a three-span Whipple through truss and was later reconstructed with Parker through truss spans.  Besides the freight trains of BNSF Railway, it is also used by Amtrak's Southwest Chief.

After reaching the south bank of the river, the tracks curve west and pass Kansas City Power & Light Company's Sibley Operating Station, a coal-fired electrical generating plant. A now-removed loop track around the plant formerly allowed coal delivery to the plant by rail. The plant's 757-foot chimney is visible from several miles away.

The bridge can be viewed from the observation deck of the Fort Osage visitor's center.

See also
List of crossings of the Missouri River

References
Bridgehunter.com profile

Buildings and structures in Jackson County, Missouri
Buildings and structures in Ray County, Missouri
BNSF Railway bridges
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
Railroad bridges in Missouri
Parker truss bridges in the United States

Sibley Railroad Bridge


Summer at Mount Hope is a black comedy romantic novel, written by Australian author Rosalie Ham. Like Ham's debut novel The Dressmaker, it is also set in small rural community but in 1890s Australia. The novel centred on protagonist Phoeba Crupp and her struggle with money and male companionship.

Ham also wrote this novel like her debut one while studying her creative writing course at RMIT University. The novel was first published by Duffy & Snellgrove on June 1, 2005. It was later re-published on January 9, 2010.

Setting and themes

The novel is set in small rural Australian community at Mount Hope located to the north of Pyramid Hill in northern Victoria, Australia. The town is set between Melbourne and Geelong in the year 1894, during the period of drought and depression.

The novel explores a number of themes from pastoralists and squatters, to itinerants and suffragettes campaigning for women's rights, and the advent of new technology. But like Ham's first novel, it also focused on gossip and privations in small communities and their effects.

Plot
In 1894, Phoeba Crupp is an independent woman who does not pay any attention to her mother and sister's concern of getting married, while her father is completely focused on his vineyard. Phoeba is content to spend her time with her best friends Hadley and Henrietta, until she is forced into a world of men and money.

Characters
Phoeba Crupp : Protagonist of the novel, unconventional, intelligent and independent woman who does not bend to societies rules.
Hadley Pearson : Phoeba's childhood friend, lives on a neighbouring farm who is in love with her and wants to marry her.
Lilith Crupp : Phoeba's younger sister, an open flirt whose only ambition is to find a suitable bachelor for marriage.
Henrietta Pearson : Phoeba's plain and unmarriageable best friend, and Hadley's sister.
Mrs. Crupp : Phoeba's mother, she detests her husbands travelling for the vineyard and wants to marry her two daughters off.
Mr. Crupp :Phoeba's father, he is fond of his elder daughter but mostly focused on his vineyard.
Mrs. Pearson : Hadley and Henrietta's mother.

Reception
The novel was largely compared to Jane Austen's work and especially her 1813 novel Pride and Prejudice by many critics.

The Sydney Morning Herald comparing it to Austin's work said "Summer at Mount Hope bears a passing resemblance to the Jane Austen oeuvre insofar as there are daughters to be married and eligible bachelors to be found." But finally said that "(it) is more unabashed romance set against a backdrop of grapes, dust and drought than a historical document. This is light summer reading; a period-drama with the requisite sunny, fluffy-cloud ending." Gillian Mary Dooley in a review for "Writers' Radio" a radio program by Radio Adelaide said that "There are so many echoes of Pride and Prejudice in this novel that it's hard to believe they're not deliberate." But ultimately concluded that "it is an engaging novel with likeable and plausible characters living in a world created with intelligence, imagination, humour and verve." Peter Pierce of The Bulletin said, "The novel is a delight. Complex beneath its witty surface, and one of the surprising fictional treats of the year." While Liam Davidson in his review titled "Jane Austen Meets Steele Rudd" for The Australian said "While it's the social and romantic intrigue that carries the story, it's Ham's wickedly black humour and finely researched social observation that deliver the real joy of the book."

References

External links
 Duffy & Snellgrove
 Rosalie Ham's official website

2005 Australian novels
Duffy & Snellgrove books
Black comedy books
Australian romance novels
Historical romance novels

Summer at Mount Hope


The Eastern Regional Research Center (ERRC) is a United States Department of Agriculture laboratory center in Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania.  The Center researches new industrial and food uses for agricultural commodities, develops new technology to improve environmental quality, and provides technical support to federal regulatory and action agencies.

With approximately , ERRC is the second largest of the Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) research centers.

History
ERRC was one of four regional labs set up by the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, when Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania was chosen to host this facility, named the Eastern Regional Research Center.  The other regional labs set up by the 1938 act are located in Peoria, Illinois (National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research), New Orleans, Louisiana (Southern Regional Research Center), and Albany, California (Western Regional Research Center).

Landmark Designation
The American Chemical Society designated the research on food dehydration processes at the Eastern Regional Research Center as a National Historic Chemical Landmark in a ceremony in Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, on April 18, 2007. The plaque commemorating the event reads:

"Chemists, chemical engineers, and food technologists at the Eastern Regional Research Center developed innovative dehydration technologies, most notably the potato flake process and explosion puffing. These technologies created opportunities for the development of novel, high-quality convenience foods and food ingredients for domestic and global markets. Instant mashed potatoes and formulated potato crisps, both made from potato flakes, are among the most popular and recognizable food products ever created. These food dehydration technologies increased U.S. potato production and utilization, provided key products for food aid programs, and made a lasting and significant impact on the ways in which foods are processed worldwide."

References

External links
 Eastern Regional Research Center — official website

1938 establishments in Pennsylvania
Agricultural research institutes in the United States
Buildings and structures in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
United States Department of Agriculture facilities
Research institutes in Pennsylvania

Eastern Regional Research Center


Holiday Beach () (officially Holiday Beachside Resort) is beach and visitor attraction located along Binhai Road, Haikou, Hainan, China.

The 7-kilometre-long, 33 hectare beach area was officially established in 1995. It is essentially an extension of Xixiu Park, which is directly to the east of Holiday Beach. Since then, it has undergone development with the establishment of visitor attractions such as restaurants, swimming pools, and an amphitheatre.

The land beside the beach has been landscaped and pathways created. The entire shoreline is maintained by workers who remove rubbish.

The beach itself is roughly twenty metres from seawall to waterline, and is visited by tourists and locals alike. The waters are used by swimmers, sailboaters, windsurfers, and occasionally  kitesurfers. The beach has also been the site of major competitions for such sports as kitesurfing and volleyball.

Shaokao area

The shaokao area consists of several hundred stone tables and benches, each with a barbecue area in the centre. Patrons pay 180 RMB to use the table, which includes 6 kg of charcoal. Groups bring their own food, typically chuanr and soft drinks or beer. It is well-known and popular among residents of Haikou, in particular, young people. Each evening crowds arrive, and on weekends, this area is commonly filled to capacity.

2015 typhoon damage
The beach suffered damage from Typhoon Rammasun in 2014. Around May 2015, coastal reinforcements are being installed. By 2017 the reinforcements were completed and no damage from the typhoon remained.

References

External links

Haikou
Beaches of China
Landforms of Hainan
1995 establishments in China
Tourist attractions in Haikou

Holiday Beach (Haikou)


Galaxy 2 Galaxy is a live electronic and jazz music collective featuring members of Underground Resistance. The name comes from an EP created by Mike Banks in 1993. Fame in the techno community rose from the release of A High Tech Jazz Compilation in 2005.

History
Jeff Mills and Mike Banks had an idea that jazz music and musicians could operate with the same "man machine" doctrine that was seen in Kraftwerk's music. This was presaged by early experiments with synthesisers and jazz by artists including Herbie Hancock, Stevie Wonder, Weather Report, Return to Forever, Larry Heard and Lenny White's Astral Pirates. This pointed them in this direction and led to the first "hi-tech jazz release on UR which was Nation 2 Nation in 1990. Mike Banks subsequently released the Galaxy 2 Galaxy EP on UR in 1993.

This EP was an example of "hi-tech jazz" which was a style of music pioneered by UR and named after the track on this EP. Subsequently, the tracks "Journey of the Dragons" and "Hi-Tech Jazz" have appeared on a number of compilations by artists including Danny Krivit and Laurent Garnier. On these compilations, rather than credit Banks, the tracks were attributed to Galaxy 2 Galaxy.

Having created this EP, Mike Banks did not use the name Galaxy 2 Galaxy again. However, from 2005 to commemorate the Tsunami Disaster Relief, the name was used as a name for various members of Underground Resistance playing live, using the same concept as Timeline. This live band includes such notables from the UR stable as Esteban Adame, Santiago Salazar, DJ Dex, Gerald Mitchell, Raphael Merriweathers Jr. and Mike Banks.

Discography

Galaxy 2 Galaxy

A1  Hi-Tech Jazz (The Science)
A2  Hi-Tech Jazz (The Elements)
B1  Journey Of The Dragons
B2  Star Sailing
C1  Astral Apache (Star Stories)
C2  Deep Space 9 (A Brother Runs This Ship)
D1  Rhythm Of Infinity
D2  Metamorphosis

A Hitech Jazz Compilation
Disc 1

1  Metamorphosis (3:26)
2  Transition (6:23)
3  The Theory (Mind Mix) (2:25)
4  Return Of The Dragons (7:14)
5  Big Stone Lake (4:18)
6  Sometimes I Feel Like (6:14)
7  Body And Soul (5:32)
8  Nation 2 Nation (5:19)
9  303 Sunset (3:25)
10 A Moment In Time (3:09)
11 Jupiter Jazz (4:30)
12 Amazon (4:36)
13 Astral Apache (5:20)
14 Deep Space 9 (5:46)

Disc 2

1  Hi-Tech Jazz (5:37)
2  Star Sailing (6:31)
3  Windchime (6:09)
4  Timeline (6:35)
5  First Galactic Baptist Church (7:11)
6  Inspiration (6:31)
7  Momma's Basement (7:09)
8  Afro's, Arps And Minimoogs (12" Mix) (6:48)

References

Detroit techno
Livetronica music groups

Galaxy 2 Galaxy


In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Heawood graph is an undirected graph with 14 vertices and 21 edges, named after Percy John Heawood.

Combinatorial properties
The graph is cubic, and all cycles in the graph have six or more edges. Every smaller cubic graph has shorter cycles, so this graph is the 6-cage, the smallest cubic graph of girth 6. It is a distance-transitive graph (see the Foster census) and therefore distance regular.

There are 24 perfect matchings in the Heawood graph; for each matching, the set of edges not in the matching forms a Hamiltonian cycle. For instance, the figure shows the vertices of the graph placed on a cycle, with the internal diagonals of the cycle forming a matching. By subdividing the cycle edges into two matchings, we can partition the Heawood graph into three perfect matchings (that is, 3-color its edges) in eight different ways. Every two perfect matchings, and every two Hamiltonian cycles, can be transformed into each other by a symmetry of the graph.

There are 28 six-vertex cycles in the Heawood graph. Each 6-cycle is disjoint from exactly three other 6-cycles; among these three 6-cycles, each one is the symmetric difference of the other two. The graph with one node per 6-cycle, and one edge for each disjoint pair of 6-cycles, is the Coxeter graph.

Geometric and topological properties
The Heawood graph is a toroidal graph; that is, it can be embedded without crossings onto a torus. One embedding of this type places its vertices and edges into three-dimensional Euclidean space as the set of vertices and edges of a nonconvex polyhedron with the topology of a torus, the Szilassi polyhedron. Another embedding is the following: Tile the plane using regular hexagons, and color them periodically with 7 colors. For any color, the hexagons of this color form a triangular grid. In this grid, one can take a parallelogram with centres in the middle of the hexagons of the chosen color. Folding this parallelogram will give a torus, tiled with 7 hexagons, using the Heawood graph (as pictured in the gallery below, but with a square)

The graph is named after Percy John Heawood, who in 1890 proved that in every subdivision of the torus into polygons, the polygonal regions can be colored by at most seven colors. The Heawood graph forms a subdivision of the torus with seven mutually adjacent regions, showing that this bound is tight.

The Heawood graph is the Levi graph of the Fano plane, the graph representing incidences between points and lines in that geometry. With this interpretation, the 6-cycles in the Heawood graph correspond to triangles in the Fano plane. Also, the Heawood graph is the Tits building of the group SL3(F2).

The Heawood graph has crossing number 3, and is the smallest cubic graph with that crossing number . Including the Heawood graph, there are 8 distinct graphs of order 14 with crossing number 3.

The Heawood graph is the smallest cubic graph with Colin de Verdière graph invariant μ = 6.

The Heawood graph is a unit distance graph: it can be embedded in the plane such that adjacent vertices are exactly at distance one apart, with no two vertices embedded to the same point and no vertex embedded into a point within an edge.

Algebraic properties
The automorphism group of the Heawood graph is isomorphic to the projective linear group PGL2(7), a group of order 336. It acts transitively on the vertices, on the edges and on the arcs of the graph. Therefore, the Heawood graph is a symmetric graph. It has automorphisms that take any vertex to any other vertex and any edge to any other edge.
More strongly, the Heawood graph is 4-arc-transitive.
According to the Foster census, the Heawood graph, referenced as F014A, is the only cubic symmetric graph on 14 vertices.

It has book thickness 3 and queue number 2.

The characteristic polynomial of the Heawood graph is . It is the only graph with this characteristic polynomial, making it a graph determined by its spectrum.

Gallery

References

Individual graphs
Regular graphs

Heawood graph


Casimiro Gennari (29 December 1839 – 31 January 1914) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and was former Prefect of the Congregation of the Council.

Early life and priesthood
Casimiro Gennari  was born in Maratea, Basilicata. He did his initial studies with the Jesuits in Naples and at the seminary of Salerno.

He was ordained to the priesthood on 21 March 1863 in Salerno. He then did pastoral care in the diocese of Conversano. He was the founder of the monthly Il Monitore Ecclesiastico, to help the clergy be in tune with the teaching of the Church, and was the first of its kind.

Episcopate
He was appointed as Bishop of Conversano on 13 May 1881. He was  consecrated, two days later by Cardinal Edward Howard. He was named assessor of the Congregation of the Holy Office on 15 November 1895. He was promoted to the titular see of Lepanto on 6 February 1897 but retained the administration of the see of Conversano.

Cardinalate
He was created Cardinal-Priest of San Marcello on 15 April 1901 by Pope Leo XIII. He participated in conclave of 1903 that elected Pope Pius X. He was appointed as Prefect of the Congregation of the Council on 20 October 1908 by Pope Pius, holding the post until his death in 1914.

References

1839 births
1914 deaths
People from Maratea
20th-century Italian cardinals
Bishops in Apulia
Members of the Sacred Congregation of the Council
19th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
Cardinals created by Pope Leo XIII

Casimiro Gennari


The Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (EASME) is an Executive Agency of the European Commission. EASME was founded in 2003 as the Intelligent Energy Executive Agency (IEEA) and was renamed the European Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation (EACI) in 2007, finally becoming EASME in 2014. It is responsible for managing specific programmes in the fields of energy, the environment, and business support. Its goal is to promote sustainable development while improving the competitiveness of European industries.
While the Agency has its own legal identity, it reports to several Directorates-General of the European Commission, which remain responsible for programming and evaluation of the programmes.

Organisation

The Agency was created in 2003 to implement the Intelligent Energy – Europe (IEE) programme, which seeks to foster market conditions for the development of new energy technology  and is overseen by the European Commission's Energy Directorate-General. IEEA was the first Executive Agency to be established.

In 2007, its mandate was extended to include the Commission's 2007-2013 Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme 2007-2013 (CIP) and the Marco Polo Programme 2007-2013. It was also renamed EACI. In practice, this meant that the bulk of the Agency's work was split into three programmes from other DGs. It continued working on IEE. The agency then also became involved in the operations of the Eco-Innovation programme, which was overseen by DG Environment and provides assistance to pre-market environmental products. It also handled parts of the Marco Polo programme, which works to shift road haulage to rail and water transport, and was managed by DG Mobility and Transport.

In 2014, the agency changed its name to EASME, and it became responsible for other programmes in addition to IEE and Eco-Innovation.  It currently handles the operations of parts of Horizon 2020, the EU Research and Innovation programme. EASME is also responsible for the majority of COSME, the EU programme for the Competitiveness of Enterprises and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises. It also operates part of LIFE, a financial instrument to support conservation and environmental actions in the EU. Finally, EASME is managing parts of the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund, which finances the EU's maritime and fisheries policies.

EASME is a temporary agency, initially established for a period beginning on 1 January 2004 and ending on 31 December 2008. This period has been extended to 2024.

EU Sustainable Energy Week (EUSEW)

EASME works with the Energy Directorate-General to organise an annual event, the EU Sustainable Energy Week (EUSEW), which aims to bolster the development of renewables and greater energy efficiency through knowledge-sharing and the showcase of new ideas. EUSEW was first launched in 2006.

The Agency also helps give visibility to separate events through its Energy Days. These are organised by independent actors, and promoted by EASME.

External links
EASME website
EU Sustainable Energy Week
Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation
Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme 2007-2013
Commission Decision 2004/20/EC of 23 December 2003 setting up an executive agency, the "Intelligent Energy Executive Agency", to manage Community action in the field of energy in application of Council Regulation (EC) No 58/2003
Commission Decision 2007/372/EC of 31 May 2007 amending Decision 2004/20/EC in order to transform the Intelligent Energy Executive Agency into the Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation

References

Agencies of the European Union
Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union
2004 in the European Union
2004 establishments in Belgium
Government agencies established in 2004
Organizations related to small and medium-sized enterprises


The Principality of Hutt River, previously known as the Hutt River Province, is the oldest micronation in Australia. The principality claims to be an independent sovereign state.  It is unrecognized except by other micronations, but got de facto legal status on 21 April 1972.

The principality is located  north of Perth, near the town of Northampton.

The principality was founded on 21 April 1970 by Leonard George Casley when he and his friends proclaimed their secession from the state of Western Australia.

History
The Principality of Hutt River was created in 1969, as a province by the name of Hutt River Province, in response to a dispute with the government of Western Australia over what the Casley family considered draconian wheat production quotas. The Casley farm had around  of wheat ready to harvest when the quotas were issued which allowed Casley to sell only 1,647 bushels or approximately . Initially the five families who owned farms in Hutt River banded together to fight the quota and Casley lodged a protest with the Governor of Western Australia Sir Douglas Kendrew. The Governor replied "no rectification of our Quota would be allowed" which, as he acts as the Queen's representative, made Her Majesty technically liable, in Tort, for applying an unlawful imposition as the quota had not yet been passed into law. Casley then lodged a claim under the Law of Tort for $52 million in the belief the claim would force a revision of the quota. Two weeks later the government introduced a bill into Parliament to "resume" their rural lands under compulsory acquisition. After approaches to the government to reconsider the acquisition bill failed, Casley and his associates resorted to a British law (the Treason Act 1495) which they felt allowed them to secede and declare their independence from the Commonwealth of Australia. Casley states that he nonetheless remains loyal to Queen Elizabeth II. Casley was elected administrator of the new "sovereign state" by his family.

The government of Western Australia determined it could do nothing without the intervention of the Commonwealth. The Governor-General of Australia, Sir Paul Hasluck, later stated that it was unconstitutional for the Commonwealth to intervene in the secession. In letters with the governor-general's office, Casley was called the "Administrator of the Hutt River Province" by mistake. The Royal Prerogative, makes this recognition binding on all courts.  After the government threatened him with prosecution, Casley styled himself His Royal Highness Prince Leonard I of Hutt to take advantage of a Commonwealth law that a monarch could not only not be charged, but that anyone who interfered with his duties could be charged with treason. Although the law in this matter has since changed, the Australian government has not taken any action against Hutt River since the declaration. Under Australian law, the government had two years to respond to Casley's declaration; the failure to respond gave the province de facto legal status on 21 April 1972.

In 1976, Australia Post refused to handle Hutt River mail, forcing mail to be redirected via Canada. Following repeated demands by the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) for the payment of taxes, on 2 December 1977 the province officially declared war on Australia. Prince Leonard notified authorities of the cessation of hostilities several days later. The mail service was restored and tax requests ceased. Hutt River citizens are now classed by the ATO as non-residents of Australia for income tax purposes; thus income earned within the province is exempt from Australian taxation. The province levies its own income tax of 0.5% on financial transactions by foreign companies registered in the province and personal accounts.

While the principality does not pay taxes, the Australian government's current official position is that it is nothing more than a private enterprise operating under a business name.

In the early 1980s Hutt River Province declared itself to be a kingdom, but soon after reverted to its original status of a principality. The principality proceeded to release a number of its own stamps and coins.

In September 2006 Prince Leonard decided to change the name to "Principality of Hutt River" and dropped the word "Province".

Statistics
The Principality of Hutt River is situated  north of Perth along the Hutt River. It is about  in size.

Exports include wildflowers, agricultural produce, stamps and coins. Tourism is also important to its economy with 40,000 tourists visiting the principality every year.

Very few people live in Hutt River, but the principality claims a world-wide citizenry of 13,000.

The Principality has no standing army, but a number of its citizens have been awarded military commissions. Honorary guardsmen attend the prince on formal occasions, and despite being completely landlocked, naval commissions have been conferred on supporters of the principality.

The principality's capital, Nain, is named after Nain in Galilee.

Government
When the Principality of Hutt River seceded, a bill of rights, a brief document outlining the rights of "Hutt River" citizens, was drafted. It also provided for an administration board to govern the principality until a permanent government could be set up. When Casley declared himself a prince, the administration board was abolished and the Hutt River Principality became a benevolent absolute monarchy, with a legislation committee to draft new legislation. In 1997, the legislation committee presented a proposal for a constitution to the prince and his cabinet. Its most recent version is effective from 1 January 2011.  All citizens over 18 living in the principality have the right to elect the parliament.

Royal Family

His Royal Highness Prince Leonard I of Hutt was the style that has been used by Leonard George Casley since his creation of the Hutt River Principality.  Prince Leonard was married to Her Royal Highness Princess Shirley of Hutt, Dame of the Rose of Sharon (née Shirley Butler).  They have seven adult children, among them is Crown Prince Ian (born 1947) who is the Prime Minister of the Principality, and is Prince Leonard's heir apparent.

Prince Leonard died of a lung infection on 13 February 2019 at the age of 93.

Prince Ian is involved heavily in the wildflower production, with the product not only being exported to Perth, Western Australia but to many cities internationally.

Princess Shirley plays host to the many dignitaries and diplomatic representatives visiting the principality each year as well as receiving many of the television crews and magazine journalists. She is also royal patron and chairwoman on the board of directors of the Red Cross of Hutt.

In the royal family there are 24 grandchildren and 23 great-grand children in the direct line.

Prince Leonard pursued a number of occupations before purchasing a large wheat farm near Northampton, Western Australia and Geraldton, Western Australia in the 1960s.
A former mathematician and physicist who worked for NASA in the 1950s, the prince has had a star named in his honour.

Despite his advancing years the prince Leonard is known as a keen-minded "bush lawyer". He is also an adherent of hermeticism, a subject on which he has privately published a number of research papers and books.

Prince Leonard is the subject of a permanent exhibit at the National Museum of Australia in Canberra.

Currency

A set of low denomination banknotes was introduced in 1974. The first Hutt River coins were not issued until 1976.

The currency of the Hutt River Province Principality is the Hutt River Dollar, which is divided into 100 cents. The Hutt River Dollar is tied at a one-to-one ratio with the Australian dollar.

First series: 1976 - 1978
There were four denominations: 5₵, 10₵, 20₵ and 50₵. These were issued between 1976 and 1978, but the 1978 issue was a proof only issue. There was also a silver $30 coin and a gold $100 coin, struck only in proof.

Silver Jubilee $1 coin
In 1977 $1 coins were struck to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II. These coins are known as "holey dollars", a nickname which is applied to the extremely rare New South Wales 5/- coin and the Prince Edward Island 5/- coin, which were cut and counterstamped from Spanish-American Pieces of Eight (8 Reales).

Coins of the same design were struck again in 1978, without the inscription "Queens's Jubilee".

Later series
Most of the coins of later series have specific commemorative topics and are usually made of precious metal. The issuance of coins went on until 2000, and resumed with new issues beginning in 2007 to celebrate the 60th wedding anniversary of the Prince and Princess.

Status and criticism
The Australian Ambassador to the United Arab Emirates, Jeremy Bruer, upon hearing that an office claiming to represent the "Hutt River Province" was operating in Dubai and allegedly selling travel documents, stated that the Australian Government did not recognise the "Hutt River Province", legally or in any other way.

He further stated that: "The area of land which is described as the 'Hutt River Province' is a privately owned wheat-growing property on the Hutt River, north of Geraldton in the State of Western Australia. It has no special status. It has no separate sovereignty and remains subject to the Australian Constitution and the laws of Australia."

Regarding the use of titles, the ambassador said that: "The Australian Government does not recognise the 'royal titles' nor titles of office, such as 'Head of State', 'State minister' and 'Minister for Foreign Affairs' assumed by the family owning the property nor the use of terms such as 'consulates' and 'principality' in relation to the 'Hutt River Province'."

However, the Hutt River Province argues that it is an independent entity within the Australian legal system and the Commonwealth has no right to dispute the claimed de facto legality it was given in error by the Governor General's office, and its own failure to respond to the claim. To overturn this de facto recognition, the West Australian Governor General's office would have to submit the secession to arbitration, something which the Hutt River Province claims is not done due to legal uncertainty related to the fact that Western Australia in its entirety was never officially proclaimed as British Territory.

Although passports issued by the "Hutt River Province" are not legally recognised by the Australian Government, they have been accepted on a case-by-case basis for overseas travel.

In 2010 Brendon Grylls, the Western Australian Minister for Regional Development and Lands, was asked if his state had a position on the province. He replied "Only that Prince Leonard is an enigma...There is nothing currently on my agenda as Minister...that relates to that."

Treatment by Australian Government departments
On the whole, Australian Government departments do not interfere with Hutt River Province. While the Australian Taxation Office has issued a warning on its website for the public not to purchase companies from the PHR, it has not acted against the principality.
The principality had plans to start a university in its territory, which is illegal within Australia. However, the government authorities did not act against PHR. Similarly, the PHR does not pay taxes to the ATO.

Treatment by European Government departments
In 2008, the Council of the European Union issued a memorandum identifying Hutt River passports among known "fantasy passports...issued by private organisations and individuals" to which a visa should not be affixed.

References

 "Mini-states Down Under are sure they can secede", by Nick Squires, The Daily Telegraph (UK) , 24 February 2005.
 "If at first you don't secede…", by Mark Dapin, The Sydney Morning Herald – Good Weekend, 12 February 2005, pp 47–50
 "Unusual World Coins", by Colin R Bruce, Krause Publications, 2005, , p240

Other websites

PHR
 Principality of Hutt River (PHR) website
 Permanent Representative of the PHR Berlin-Germany , multilanguage site
 PHR website/Charge D'Affaires for New England
 HRP US Representative Office website (Updated 2007)
 Hutt River Principality, Cabinet Magazine

Australian Government
 Australian Taxation Office's viewpoint on HRP's business
 National Museum of Australia

Other
 Time Magazine article/1975
 ABC TV transcript/2003
 Interview with H.R.H. Prince Leonard

Western Australia
Micronations

Principality of Hutt River


Bob Hager (born 24 May 1961 in Waukon, Iowa) is a former Republican party member of the Iowa House of Representatives, representing District 16 from 2011 to 2013. Hager was first elected to the state house in 2010.

During his legislative session, Hager served on the following committees:
 Economic Growth/Rebuild Iowa
 Environmental Protection, Vice Chair
 Local Government
 Natural Resources
 Subcommittee on Economic Development (Joint Appropriations)
Hager is a Roman Catholic and a small business owner. Together with his wife, Kristi, he owns and operates Upper Iowa Resort & Rental, a resort and camping operation near Dorchester, IA. They also run Living Stone, a Waukon-area nonprofit re-entry home for ex-cons, the homeless and other persons in need.

Aside from managing his businesses, Hager has sat on the Allamakee Community School District Board of Education since 2004.

References

Sources
Iowa Republicans bio of Hager
Iowa legislature bio of Hager

1961 births
Republican Party members of the Iowa House of Representatives
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
American Roman Catholics

Bob Hager (politician)


Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer (22 December 1831, in Vienna – 15 January 1897, in Vienna) was an Austrian entomologist. He was a curator at the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna, where he was the first keeper of the Lepidoptera. Rogenhofer was mainly interested in Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera.

Beside him Josef Mann (1804-1889) worked as a keen technician and collector for the benefits of the museum. Mann described many species of Lepidoptera new to science focussing on Microlepidoptera.

Works
 with Cajetan Freiherr von Felder and Rudolf Felder Reise Fregatte Novara. Lepidoptera.Three volumes (1865-1867).

Sources
 Anon. 1897 [Rogenhofer, A. F.]: Entomologist's Monthly Magazine (3) 33:108

External links

Hymenopterists
Austrian lepidopterists
Scientists from Vienna
1831 births
1897 deaths

Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer


Herbert Warington Smyth (4 June 1867 – 19 December 1943) CMG, FGS, FRGS, was a British traveller, writer, naval officer and mining engineer who served the government of Siam and held several important posts in the Union of South Africa.

Early life
Known as Warington, he was the elder son of Sir Warington Wilkinson Smyth FRS, Professor of Mining at the Royal School of Mines, and his wife Anna Maria Antonia Story Maskelyne. His younger brother Sir Nevill Maskelyne Smyth won the Victoria Cross at the Battle of Omdurman. He was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge.

Career
After being an unpaid assistant to the Mineral Adviser to the Office of Woods from 1890 to 1891, he went to Siam. There he was Secretary of the Government Department of Mines from 1891 to 1895 and Director General from 1895 to 1897. He became a Commander of the Order of the White Elephant of Siam and received the Murchison Award of the R.G.S. for journeys in Siam in 1898. In 1898, he was secretary of the Siamese legation from 1898 to 1901.

Warington Smyth was called to the bar in 1899 and in 1900 was delegate for Siam to the Congres International, Paris Exhibition. In 1900, he was Hon Secretary for London of the National Committee for the organization of a Volunteer Naval reserve. In 1901 he went to South Africa where he was Secretary for Mines in the Transvaal from 1901 to 1910. He was also Member of Legislative and Executive Councils, Transvaal in 1906 and 1907 and a JP and Advocate of the Supreme Court of the Transvaal. He was also President of the Transvaal Cornish Association from 1907 to 1910, in which year he was awarded the Queen's South Africa medal. From 1910, he was Secretary for Mines and Industries in South Africa and Commissioner of Mines for Natal as well as Chief Inspector of Factories.

He took an active part in World War I as an Acting Sub Lieutenant RNR in 1914, serving as Assistant Naval Transport Officer in the South-West Africa Campaign 1914 to 1915, when he was mentioned in dispatches. He became Lieutenant RNVR and Acting Naval Senior Officer at the Cape from 1915 to 1916, and Controller of Imports and Exports for the Union of South Africa in 1917.  In 1919 he was awarded the C.M.G. Following the war, he was South African government delegate to the International Labour Conferences at Washington in 1919 and Geneva in 1922.

He retired in 1927 and returned to England, living at Falmouth, Cornwall where he enjoyed yachting. In World War II, he was still active in the RNVR, serving in 1940 as Lieutenant Commander. He died in 1943 at Redruth.

Family
In 1900 he married Amabel Mary (1879-1965), third daughter of Sir Henry John Sutton KC and his wife Caroline Elizabeth Nanson. They had one daughter Amabel and three sons, Bevil, Nigel and Rodney. His wife's sister Marjorie was married to Julius Bertram

Publications
 Journey on the Upper Me Kong 1895
Five years in Siam: from 1891-1896 (1898). Reprint 1994 Bangkok : White Lotus. . (Chapter 1)
Mast and Sail in Europe and Asia 1st edition 1906, 2nd edition 1929
Sea-Wake and Jungle trail 1925
Chase and Chance in Indo-China  1934

References

Roy Macleod "Instructed men" and Mining Engineers: The associates of the Royal School of Mines and British Imperial Science, 1851–1920 ''  Minerva Volume 32, Number 4 / December, 1994

External links

British travel writers
Royal Navy officers
British expatriates in Thailand
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
Fellows of the Geological Society of London
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War I
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
1867 births
1943 deaths
British expatriates in South Africa

Herbert Warington Smyth


Sometimes people move to a different county or region, because they think that they are economically better off. Economic migration happens for different reasons, for example:
People think they have a better chance of finding a job
They get paid more
Social security is better in the new place
They pay less taxes

Migration

Economic migration


The 1884 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 5 July until 19 July. It was the 8th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1884. The men's doubles (previously hosted by the Oxford University Club) and women's singles (originally planned by the London Athletic Club) were added to the Wimbledon Championships, but these were not started until after the men's singles competition had been completed. The first prize for the women was valued at twenty guineas, and the second prize was valued at ten guineas There were thirteen female competitors.  James Dwight, Arthur Rives and Dick Sears from the United States entered the men's singles event and were the first non-British and overseas players to enter the Wimbledon Championships. The South Western Railway ran special trains to the ground from Waterloo and the temporary Stand A at the Centre Court was converted into a permanent and covered stand.

Champions

Men's singles

 William Renshaw defeated  Herbert Lawford 6–0, 6–4, 9–7

Women's singles

 Maud Watson defeated  Lillian Watson 6–8, 6–3, 6–3

Men's doubles

 Ernest Renshaw /  William Renshaw defeated  Ernest Lewis /  Teddy Williams 6–3, 6–1, 1–6, 6–4

References

External links
 Official Wimbledon Championships website

Wimbledon Championships
Wimbledon Championships
Wimbledon Championships
1884 in sports
July 1884 events

1884 Wimbledon Championships


José María Mohedano Fuertes (1948, Madrid, Spain) is a Spanish lawyer and politician who belongs to the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE).

Mohedano gained a degree in law from the Complutense University of Madrid and also qualified to be a journalist through a church school. He became involved in politics in 1966 and joined the Communist Party of Spain in 1969, remaining a member until 1980. He was the main prosecutor in the case of Yolanda González, a student and member of the Trotskyite Socialist Worker's Party who was assassinated in February 1980 by members of the far right party New Force.

In 1986 he then joined the PSOE and three years later was elected to the Spanish Congress of Deputies representing Valencia Province and was re-elected at the subsequent election in 1993 although he was forced to leave the PSOE group for a period following controversy surrounding his acceptance of a Jaguar car given to him by a private company. He did not stand at the 1996 General Election and returned to legal work, contributing to the creation of a new penal code.

References

Members of the 4th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 5th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
1948 births
Living people
Politicians from Madrid
Lawyers from Madrid
Politicians from the Valencian Community
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politicians
Complutense University of Madrid alumni

José María Mohedano Fuertes


Birgit Klaubert (born 28 September 1954) is a German politician (Die Linke) and former vice president of the Thuringian regional parliament ("Landtag"). From 2014 to 2017 Klaubert served as Thuringia's Minister for Education, Youth and Sport.

Life

Provenance and early years
Birgit Klaubert was born in Schöneck, a small town in the mountains to the east of Plauen in East Germany, and close to the country's frontier with the westernmost extent of Czechoslovakia. She attended school locally in Klingenthal, where passing her school final exams ("Abitur") opened the way to university level education. Between 1973 and 1977 she studied and qualified for a degree as a teacher of History and German at the Karl Marx University of Leipzig (as it was known at that time).   Between 1977 and 1980 she worked as a teacher at the secondary school ("Polytechnische Oberschule") in Altenburg. After that, till 1983, she worked at Altenburg's teacher training institute.

Between 1983 and 1986 she undertook a further period of study as an "Aspirantur" in the history department at the "Clara Zetkin" teacher training college in Leipzig. This led to a doctorate. Her dissertation was entitled "The struggle of Germany's free trades unions to organise women workers between 1896 and the outbreak of the Forst World War" ("Das Ringen der freien Gewerkschaften Deutschlands um die Organisierung der Arbeiterinnen von 1896 bis zum Ausbruch des 1. Weltkrieges").   After this she returned to teaching work at the teacher training institute in Altenburg, where she remained till 1994 when her political involvement translated into a full-time job and a seat in the Thuringian regional parliament ("Landtag").

Politics
While growing she was, like almost all her contemporaries a member of the country's youth organisations, the Free German Youth ("Freie Deutsche Jugend" / FDJ) and the Pioneers.  Birgit Klaubert was a candidate for membership of East Germany's ruling Socialist Unity Party ("Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands" / SED) and the next year, which was the year of her twentieth birthday, she was accepted as a party member. Most sources are silent on her political involvement before 1989:  a biographical note provided by the party of which she is now a member indicates that her political involvement included conducting classes and seminars for groups of children and trades unionists. The same source spells out that she never collaborated with the infamous Ministry for State Security ("Stasi").

Following reunification she became more politically involved. The old SED which had ruled in East Germany relaunched itself as the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), and set about adapting itself for a democratic future. Following further political realignments the party merged into a new party, called simply The Left ("Die Linke") in 2007. Throughout this period, initially at a municipal level and later on the regional stage, Birgit Klaubert remained active as a member of the party through its ups and downs.   She was elected to the Altenburg town council in 1990.

In 1994 she was elected to the Thuringian regional parliament ("Landtag"). Between 13 December 1995 and 12 September 1999, in succession to Ursula Fischer, she led the PDS group in the chamber.   The focus of her own interests in the chamber was on "culture", as broadly defined. She was deeply interested in education and training matters.   In 1999 she was elected one of the two vice-presidents of the Thuringian Landtag, regularly re-elected to the post till 2014.

In 2013 the regional party executive proposed Klaubert as the party's lead candidate for Thuringia in the forthcoming general election. The nomination was supported by the local party committees, and on 2 March 2013 at meeting held at Friedrichroda party delegates voted on the matter. However, when the votes were counted Klaubert was found to have received only 59 of the 120 delegates' votes. Faced with this underwhelming endorsement she withdrew her candidacy. Commentators speculated that the unexpected outcome of the vote reflected general disenchantment with the local party executive rather than hitherto unidentified issues over Klaubert's own candidacy.   After being appointed regional Minister for Education, Youth and Sport in the Ramelow Cabinet she took the opportunity - like Bodo Ramelow himself - to resign her seat in the Landtag.

Klaubert announced her resignation due to illness on July 4, 2017. She was succeeded by Helmut Holter in August 2017.

Beyond politics
Birgit Klaubert is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Regional Centre for Political Education and a member of the REgional Memorials Council. She is also an honorary (unpaid) member of the Supervisory Board of the Altenburg-Gera theatre company.

References

1954 births
Living people
People from Vogtlandkreis
Socialist Unity Party of Germany members
Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany) politicians
The Left (Germany) politicians
Ministers of the Thuringia State Government
Members of the Landtag of Thuringia
Women ministers of State Governments in Germany
20th-century German educators
20th-century German women
21st-century German women politicians

Birgit Klaubert


The Argus As 014 was a pulse jet engine used on the German V-1 flying bomber of World War II.  This was meant to be a simple model that would have been easy to make a lot of for not very much money.  The engine was made from a sheet of steel that was rolled into a tube.  A shutter was placed at one of the ends of the tube, along with a fuel valve and an igniter (something that lights things on fire).

It was thought that this could become a good power source for some last ditch German fighters during the last few days of World War II.

Pulsejet engines

Argus As 014


Charles Roger Hargreaves (9 May 1935 – 11 September 1988) was a British cartoonist, illustrator and writer of children's books. He created the Mr. Men series, Little Miss series and  Timbuctoo series, intended for young readers. The simple and humorous stories, with bold, brightly coloured illustrations, have sales of over 85 million copies worldwide in 20 languages. The first title in the series, Mr. Tickle, was published in August 1971.

Birth
Charles Roger Hargreaves was born in a private hospital at 201 Bath Road, Cleckheaton, West Yorkshire, England, on 9 May 1935 to Alfred Reginald Hargreaves and Ethel Mary Hargreaves. He grew up at 703 Halifax Road, Hartshead Moor, Cleckheaton, outside of which there now is a commemorative plaque.

Early life
Hargreaves attended Sowerby Bridge Grammar School (now Trinity Academy Sowerby Bridge). He then spent a year working in his father's laundry and dry-cleaning business before gaining employment in advertising. By 1968, he was creative director of the Foote, Cone & Belding agency where he wrote slogans such as "Emigrate to Canada Dry (for the sake of your Scotch)". Originally wanting to become a cartoonist, in 1971, he created a successful series of characters used to promote Askit Powders on television (these were used from 1971 to 1994).

Career

Also, in 1971 while working as the creative director at a London firm, he wrote the first Mr. Men book, Mr. Tickle. Initially, he had difficulty finding a publisher, but once he did, the books became an instant success, selling over one million copies within three years. In 1974, the books spawned a BBC animated television series narrated by Arthur Lowe. A second series the following year saw newer titles transmitted in double bill format with those from the first series.

By 1976, Hargreaves had quit his day job. In 1981, the Little Miss series of books was launched and in 1983, it also was made into a television series narrated by Pauline Collins and her husband, John Alderton. Although Hargreaves wrote many other children's stories—including the Timbuctoo series of 25 books, John Mouse and the Roundy and Squarey books—he is best known for his 46 Mr. Men and 33 Little Miss books.

Death
Between 1975 and 1982, Hargreaves lived with his family on Guernsey. Then, they settled at Sussex House Farm near Cowden, Kent. Hargreaves died on 11 September 1988 at the age of 53 and at the Kent and Sussex Hospital in Royal Tunbridge Wells following a stroke. He was buried in Cowden, East Sussex. He bought the adjacent field to the grave yard at Cowden Church so that he could be buried there. After his death, his son, Adam, continued writing and drawing the Mr. Men and Little Miss characters with new stories (while signing the covers in his father's signature). In April 2004, Hargreaves' widow Christine sold the rights to the Mr. Men characters to the UK entertainment group Chorion, for £28 million. In December 2011, Chorion sold the Mr. Men brand and its associated merchandise business to Japan's Sanrio.

On 4 March 2021, Hargreaves was posthumously awarded a gold Blue Peter badge.

Family
Hargreaves and his wife had four children: Adam, Giles and twins Sophie and Amelia. The first of the Mr. Men characters was allegedly created when Hargreaves' son Adam, then aged 8, asked his father what a tickle looked like. Hargreaves drew a figure with a round orange body and long arms which became Mr. Tickle.

Series by Roger Hargreaves
Mr. Men
Little Miss
Walter Worm
Once Upon a Worm
John Mouse
Things
Albert Elephant, Count Worm and Grandfather Clock
I am...
Timbuctoo
Hippo Potto and Mouse
Easy Peasy People (also by Gray Jolliffe)
Roundy and Squarey
Molly Mischief

Appearances in other books
Some Mr. Men books have Hargreaves drawn in them. He appears in:

Mr. Small
Little Miss Star

Legacy

Google celebrated what would have been his 76th birthday, 9 May 2011, with a series of 16 Google Doodles on its global homepage.

See also

Mr. Men, one of the creations by Roger Hargreaves
Adam Hargreaves, Roger Hargreaves' son
Timbuctoo, one of the creations by Roger Hargreaves

References

External links

1935 births
1988 deaths
English cartoonists
English children's writers
English illustrators
People from Cleckheaton

Roger Hargreaves


Vasily Mikhailovich Badanov (;
14 December 18951 April 1971) was a Soviet military officer and general, best known for his leadership in the Tatsinskaya Raid (1942) and subsequent command of the 4th Tank Army (1943–1944).

Early life, World War I and Russian Civil War
Vasily Mikhailovich Badanov was born in the village of Verkhnyaya Yakushka, Simbirsk Governorate on 14 December 1895. Conscripted into the Imperial Russian Army in 1915 during World War I, he graduated from the Chuguyev Military School as a praporshchik in 1916, and fought as a platoon commander with the 493rd Klin Infantry Regiment on the Southwestern Front. In 1917 he was elected a member of the regimental committee. During the Russian Civil War, Badanov was conscripted into the Red Army in September 1919 and appointed assistant military instructor of the Kurgansky Uyezd Military Commissariat in Tobolsk Governorate. He became a company commander in the 27th Omsk Rifle Division in October of that year and with the division fought as part of the 5th Army against the forces of Kolchak near Kurgan, Petropavlovsk, Omsk, Barabinsk, and Novonikolayevsk. From December of that year Badanov served as assistant military commissar of the Melekessky Uyezd Military Commissariat in Samara Governorate. While serving in this position he was imprisoned for "anti-Soviet activities" between 30 March and 19 July 1920. From February 1921 he was chief of staff of a rifle brigade of the supreme commander's reserve, fighting in the suppression of anti-Soviet resistance in Belorussia. Badanov joined the Communist Party in 1919.

Interwar period
Badanov served as temporary assistant chief of the school of the 21st Separate Brigade of the Cheka from October 1921, soon transferring to serve in the same position with the 13th Separate Brigade of the Cheka. He became commander and military commissar of the 29th Separate Gomel Battalion of the OGPU Troops of the Western Front in June 1922. After serving as commander and military commissar of the 1st Rifle Regiment of the OGPU Troops from December 1923, Badanov entered the Vystrel course in October 1926. Upon graduation in November 1927 he was appointed commander and military commissar of the 26th Separate Chapayev Regiment of the OGPU Troops. After being sent to serve as chief of the machine gun course of the Saratov Reserve Commanders' Retraining School in the Volga Military District during January 1930, he completed retraining at the Leningrad Armored Commanders' Improvement Courses between December 1930 and May 1931. After finishing the courses, Badanov became a battalion commander at the Saratov Armored School.

Badanov completed the Kazan Commanders Technical Improvement Course of the Volga Military District between March and September 1932 and entered the Commanders Academic Technical Improvement Course at the Military Academy of Mechanization and Motorization in March 1934. Upon completion of the course in July of that year, he became commander of a separate battalion of the Moscow Military District. Badanov served as assistant chief for the training and personnel section of the Military-Automobile Technical School of the Volga Military District from April 1936, and in January 1940 became chief of the Poltava Military-Automobile Technical School. By then a colonel, he was appointed commander of the 55th Tank Division of the 25th Mechanized Corps of the Kharkov Military District in March 1941.

World War II
After Operation Barbarossa began, Badanov led the division as part of the 21st Army in the Battle of Smolensk. The division was disbanded in September, and he was appointed commander of the 12th Tank Brigade on the Southwestern Front. The brigade was withdrawn to the front reserve on 22 October, and took part in the Barvenkovo–Lozovaya offensive from 18 January, assigned to the 57th Army. From March 1942, he served as acting deputy commander of the 56th Army for tank forces, fighting in the battles on the approaches to Taganrog. Badanov took command of the 24th Tank Corps of the Southern Front on 19 April. From July, he led it in heavy defensive battles in the Voronezh sector and in the Great Bend of the Don as part of the Bryansk and Voronezh Fronts. At the beginning of December, the corps took part in Operation Little Saturn, with Badanov leading it in the Tatsinskaya Raid into the German rear. Badanov was promoted to lieutenant-general (a rank above major-general in the Soviet system) on 26 December 1942 and became the first recipient of the Order of Suvorov, second class, the same day. For its performance, the corps became the elite 2nd Guards Tank Corps.

Badanov continued to command the 2nd Guards Tank Corps in Operation Gallop in the Donbas in January 1943, and the repulse of the German counteroffensive in the Third Battle of Kharkov in March 1943. He was promoted to command the 4th Tank Army in July 1943, leading it during Operation Kutuzov and the battles for Right-bank Ukraine. The army was withdrawn to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command in September 1943, and in February 1944 joined the 1st Ukrainian Front. On 6 January 1944 he was awarded the United States Distinguished Service Cross for "extraordinary heroism". Badanov was seriously wounded during the Proskurov-Chernivtsi Offensive during March 1944. After recovering, he served as chief of the Military Training Institutions Directorate of the Main Directorate for Formation and Combat Training of the Armored and Mechanized Forces of the Red Army from August of that year.

Postwar
After the end of the war, Badanov continued to serve in his previous position. He served as commander of the Armored and Mechanized Forces of the Central Group of Forces from June 1946. Beginning the Higher Academic Courses at the Voroshilov Higher Military Academy on 30 April 1949, Badanov was appointed chief of the Higher Educational Institutions Directorate of the Armored and Mechanized Forces of the Soviet Army after his graduation in July 1950. He retired on 8 June 1953 and died in Moscow on 1 April 1971, being buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery.

Honours and awards
 Order of Lenin
 Order of the Red Banner, three times
 Order of Suvorov, 2nd class
 Order of Kutuzov, 2nd class
 Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd class
 Order of the Red Star
 Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Il'ich Lenin"
 Medal "For the Defence of Stalingrad"
 Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
 Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"
 Jubilee Medal "XX Years of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army"
 Jubilee Medal "30 Years of the Soviet Army and Navy"
 Jubilee Medal "40 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
 Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
 Distinguished Service Cross

References

Citations

Bibliography

1895 births
1971 deaths
People from Ulyanovsk Oblast
People from Simbirsk Governorate
Bolsheviks
Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of Kutuzov, 2nd class
Russian military personnel of World War I
Soviet lieutenant generals
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)

Vasily Badanov