KSPF (98.7 FM, "98.7 The Spot") is a commercial radio station licensed to Dallas, Texas, and serving the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex. KSPF is owned by Audacy, Inc., and airs a classic hits radio format.

KSPF's studios and offices are located off North Central Expressway at North Fitzhugh Avenue in Dallas. The transmitter site is in Cedar Hill off West Belt Line Road, amid the towers for other Dallas-area FM and TV stations. KSPF broadcasts in the HD Radio hybrid format; a simulcast of sister station KRLD is heard on the station's HD2 sub-channel.

History

KROW and KLIF-FM
In 1959, when the station was not yet on the air, it was given the call sign KOST, but that was never used. The station was then rebranded KROW and signed on in 1961 as a Top 40 station under the ownership of noted radio programmer Gordon McLendon. Two years later, the call sign changed to KLIF-FM as a simulcast of McLendon-owned AM 1190 KLIF (now KFXR).

KNUS
In July 1966, the station changed its call sign to KNUS and began an automated progressive rock/underground rock format, with live disc jockeys added in mid-1967. (McLendon had originally planned to provide an all-news format on the station, hence the NUS (pronounced like "news") call letters, but that never took place.) When McLendon sold his AM Top 40 flagship station KLIF to Fairchild Industries in 1972, he offered the company KNUS as well, but Fairchild declined. As part of the sale, McLendon agreed not to operate any AM station within a 150-mile radius of Dallas. Since the agreement did not forbid him to operate an FM station, McLendon continued to own and program KNUS.

By 1971, the station had morphed into a rock-based Top 40 station, which played hit music without teen-oriented "bubblegum" songs. (The station's initial promotion to plug the new Top 40 format had a disc jockey positioned at the top of a flagpole at McLendon's Gemini Drive-In Movie Theatre. The pole had large "KNUS" lettering mounted vertically on each side of the square truss. The pole was still intact in the 1990s, long after the KNUS calls were dropped, and the Gemini had shut down.)

Transition to oldies
KNUS eventually transitioned into a more mainstream Top 40, and it paid off when the station passed KLIF in the ratings in the fall of 1975, becoming one of the first FM Top 40 stations to defeat its chief AM competitor. By the end of the 1970s, however, KNUS had fallen out of the top ten. McLendon sold KNUS to the San Juan Racing Corporation in May 1979, which, in turn, sold the station to John Tenaglia's TK Communications on October 27, 1982. Under Tenaglia's ownership, the station switched to an adult contemporary format as KLVU on October 19, 1981. Initially, the station played hits from 1964 through the 1980s and including then-current product. A handful of pre-'64 oldies were also mixed in. In 1984, after an AM oldies station changed formats, KLVU began adding more pre-1964 oldies in the mix. The music began to lean slightly more up-tempo as well. The station morphed into an all-oldies format in 1985, playing pop oldies from the late 1950s, '60s, '70s, and early '80s. The music from the mid to late-1970s and '80s gradually was eliminated in 1986. By then, KLUV was playing only hits from 1955 to 1973.

Owner John Tenaglia purchased the more-coveted KLUV-spelled call sign for $10,000 from a Haynesville, Louisiana, station, trading 98.7's former KLVU calls (which were established at 98.7 on October 19, 1981, under the station's San Juan Racing ownership). By the late 1980s, KLUV evolved into a 1964 to 1969-based oldies format playing a couple pre-1964 songs each hour and one or two early 1970s songs per hour. Tenaglia sold the rebranded KLUV to CBS on April 21, 1995, for a then-staggering $55 million.

The years when Chuck Brinkman was the program director (1988–2006) included many personalities such as Hubcap Carter, Glen Martin (who had also previously been there during the KNUS and KLVU days), Jason Walker, Jonathan Hayes, Jim Brady, Johnny Michaels, Steve Eberhart, Al Forgeson, Paula Street (who in 1987 went to WODS Boston, now KLUV's sister station), Dave Van Dyke, Charlie Van Dyke (the station's imaging voice at the time), Debi Diaz, John Summers, Jim Prewitt, Jay Cresswell, Bob Gomez, Sandi Sharp, Ben Laurie, Bob deCarlo, Roger Manning (who inherited the Saturday Night Oldies Party from Hubcap Carter), Johnny Stone, John McCarty, Tony Moreno, Mike Wade, Brian Pierce, Kate Garvin, and Ken Fine, who was Chief Engineer.

Death of Ricky Nelson
On December 31, 1985, singer Ricky Nelson and his band were flying to KLUV's New Year's Eve sock hop, hosted by Ken "Hubcap" Carter. The plane crashed near DeKalb, Texas, 136 miles northeast of Dallas, killing Nelson and his entourage.

Transition to classic hits
In 1997, KLUV, like many oldies stations around the United States, began mixing in (in this case, bringing back) hits of the late 1970s and even a few from the early 1980s. In 1998, the station largely removed most of the 1955 to 1963 songs from its playlist. Another CBS station, KLUV (AM) 1190 (now KFXR) and, coincidentally, the same dial position as former sister station KLIF, existed from 1998 to 2000 and primarily played 1950s music. Meanwhile, the main station continued modifying its format to more of a classic hits format with songs from the mid-1960s to early 1980s. By 2003, KLUV no longer played pre-1964 music, with a few rare exceptions. Most years, on Memorial Day weekend, KLUV featured a "Top 500 Countdown" in which the top 500 oldies, as picked by the station's listeners, were played in descending order for the entire weekend. During this time, Breakfast with the Beatles was also one of the specialty programs that aired on KLUV on Sunday mornings.

In 2002, the station was temporarily the radio home of the Dallas Cowboys football team, featuring live broadcasts of their games. In 2006, Dallas Cowboys broadcasts moved to sports radio station KTCK.

From November 23, 1998, to June 27, 2003, KLUV competed with Disney/ABC Radio's KMEO ("Memories 96.7") and again from June 30, 2008, until March 12, 2010, with Citadel Broadcasting's KPMZ ("Platinum 96.7"). Both stations aired a classic adult contemporary format playing soft hits of the 1960s to the 1980s with a couple of pre-1964 songs per hour. (Today, 96.7 is sports station KTCK-FM).

KLUV was the first radio station in the United States to report the death of Michael Jackson in July 2009.

In 2005, with the retirement of long-time radio veteran and morning host Ron Chapman, KLUV hired noted Dallas news personality Jody Dean as his replacement. On October 25, 2010, Jody Dean and the Morning Team started simulcasting the show on then co-owned KTXA. In January 2013, Jody Dean and the Morning Team was downsized to just Jody Dean and Rebekah Black, later adding David Rancken. Jody would retire five years later, and was replaced by Jeff Miles and was shortly named Miles in the Morning. Dean later worked at a local service in Dallas.

Dallas-Fort Worth's Christmas station
KLUV's sister station, then-adult contemporary KVIL (103.7 FM), would usually flip to Christmas music from mid-November to the day after Christmas Day for many years until 2013, when the station shifted to a Hot AC format in May that year. Therefore, the Christmas music format moved to KLUV and began on November 15, 2013. For 2014, the Christmas format began on November 13 and ended at midnight on December 29. From 2013 until Christmas night in 2017, KLUV had simulcast its Christmas music on sister TV station KTXA during that station's annual Yule Log special, which runs from the evening of Christmas Eve to Christmas Day.

When the station first began airing all-Christmas, there had been rumors that KLUV would drop its longtime classic hits format on December 26, 2013 to become a Top 40/CHR station as "Amp Radio 98.7". CBS stated that there were no plans to change KLUV's format, with the station remaining classic hits. This format change was highly unlikely anyway, because the CHR format was already being heard on KHKS, KLIF-FM, and later on KVIL, who would rebrand as "AMP 103.7" in January 2017. In November 2016, KDGE (formerly known as alternative "102.1 The Edge") also switched to Christmas music after the station was relaunched as mainstream adult contemporary "Star 102.1". (KVIL itself shifted to alternative a year later.)

Starting in November 2019, KLUV began playing Christmas music on its HD3 sub-channel with a wider playlist than heard previously on KLUV's main signal. The main channel did not switch to all-Christmas music, continuing its classic hits format through December, but playing some occasional Christmas songs in its regular playlist.

Entercom/Audacy era

On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom (now known as Audacy, Inc.). The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on November 17.

In early 2017, KLUV added in music from the 1990s by artists such as Sheryl Crow and UB40, while gradually phasing out music from the 1960s.

By 2019, KLUV's slogan changed to "Nobody Plays More 80s", which is also being used on other Audacy-owned classic hits stations such as WOGL in Philadelphia.

On June 14, 2023, at 6a.m., KLUV relaunched as "98.7 The Spot", utilizing a brand used at sister station KKHH in Houston. The final song under the KLUV brand was "Celebration" by Kool & the Gang, while the first song as "The Spot" was "Sweet Child o' Mine" by Guns 'N Roses. The change came as a result of the "K-LUV" intellectual property being transferred to Educational Media Foundation (EMF) as part of a deal including ownership of WTSS in Buffalo and WLFP in Memphis; Dallas–Fort Worth had been one of three markets in which EMF's national trademark for K-Love was preempted by an existing usage of the name. "The Spot" launched jockless, with the fate of KLUV's existing airstaff left unannounced. While the new brand is undoubtedly influenced by KKHH's adult hits presentation, KLUV retains a classic hits-style focus on music from the 1970s to 1990s, as Audacy already programs an adult hits format in Dallas–Fort Worth on KJKK. On June 20, Audacy filed to change the station's call sign to KSPF effective June 26, with KLUV being moved to the construction permit for a new EMF-owned station in Huron, South Dakota.

KSPF HD channels

HD2
98.7 (as KLUV at the time) launched HD Radio operations in 2006, including an HD2 sub-channel. Originally, it was called "The Fab Format", playing The Beatles full time. In January 2008, the HD signal changed to KLUV's previous oldies format, playing music from the 1950s, 1960s and some early 1970s. The station was received on HD-equipped radios on 98.7-HD2. On August 2018, it had rebranded as "Smokin' Oldies", while retaining its oldies focus.

On February 27, 2023, the oldies format on the HD2 subchannel was replaced by a simulcast of KRLD's news format, which is also carried on KJKK's HD2 subchannel.

HD3
In early May 2016, 98.7 launched another digital subchannel on 98.7-HD3, and aired Radio Disney's Top 40 format targeted to children and younger teens. (Radio Disney was previously heard on KMKI until September 15, 2015.) Entercom's deal with Radio Disney expired at the end of May 2018. The next month, KLUV-HD3 flipped to a classic AOR-format known as "KLUV Classic Trax," playing deep cuts from the 1970s to the 1990s. Starting with the 2019 holiday season, KLUV-HD3 began airing Christmas music from early November through Christmas Day. The subchannel aired a few public service announcements each hour but had no commercial interruptions. The HD3 signal has since been turned off.

KSPF is heard online on the Audacy platform.

References

External links

2006 Top 500 Countdown
 DFW Radio/TV History
 DFW Radio Archives

Radio stations established in 1961
1961 establishments in Texas
Classic hits radio stations in the United States
SPF
Audacy, Inc. radio stations

KSPF


Quetzalcoatlus  was a huge pterosaur, the largest animal ever to fly. It had a 10 to 12 meters wing-span (33/40 feet), but was light in construction (~200 pounds).

Quetzalcoatlus had an unusually long neck, and when it stood on the ground it was as tall as a giraffe.

Its fossil record is from the Upper Cretaceous of North America, 70–65.5 million years ago. Quetzalcoatlus became extinct at the K/T extinction event.

Its discovery
A college student found the first Quetzalcoatlus fossil in Big Bend National Park in Texas. His name was Douglas Lawson, from the University of Texas in Austin. When he was in the park, he saw a bone sticking out of a rock. Since the bone looked hollow, like the bone of a bird, he thought it was part of a flying creature – and he was right. With his professor's help, he kept digging until lots of bones from an arm and wing were found. The rest of the animal's body was missing. Many others have looked for the rest of that huge pterosaur, but it has never been found. Other fossils of Quetzalcoatlus have been found, but none are as big as the one Lawson found.

Flight
Since Quetzalcoatlus was so large, two researchers suggested it was too heavy to fly. This would have been astonishing, because in the whole fossil record there is no flightless pterosaur. It has been thought their mobility on the ground was too poor for them to survive without flight. However, a recent discussion of this idea concluded they probably could fly after all. Another analysis suggested their flight was quite strong. Since we have only a few bones, the question of weight cannot be settled at present.

Lifestyle
The feeding habits of Quetzalcoatlus (which had a long beak with no teeth) are unknown. This question, and its flight, are still being discussed. The lack of a more detailed skeleton is the main problem in reaching conclusions. Two theories have been proposed.

One idea is that it ate fish, by flying with its jaw in the water, and snapping up fish when it hit them. Texas was largely covered by the Western Interior Seaway at the time. "Of these proposed lifestyles, in-flight piscivory [fish-eating] appears to have gained the most acceptance, with skim-feeding being a frequently suggested foraging method.

The other theory is that it fed on land, partly as a carrion feeder, like vultures and buzzards, and foraged for small animals. This view is gaining ground, because the jaw does not show the adaptations for skimming found in modern birds who catch fish this way.

In flight, it was certainly a soarer, flying on up-currents of air in a warm environment, and its remains come from a site which was far inland in the Cretaceous.

Media
Quetzalcoatlus was shown in the movie When Dinosaurs Roamed America eating a dead Triceratops carcass.

References

Pterosaurs

Quetzalcoatlus


PropBank is a corpus that is annotated with verbal propositions and their arguments—a "proposition bank". Although "PropBank" refers to a specific corpus produced by Martha Palmer et al., the term propbank is also coming to be used as a common noun referring to any corpus that has been annotated with propositions and their arguments.

The PropBank project has played a role in recent research in natural language processing, and has been used in semantic role labelling.

Comparison

PropBank differs from FrameNet, the resource to which it is most frequently compared, in several ways.

PropBank is a verb-oriented resource, while FrameNet is centered on the more abstract notion of frames, which generalizes descriptions across similar verbs (e.g. "describe" and "characterize") as well as nouns and other words (e.g. "description"). PropBank does not annotate events or states of affairs described using nouns. PropBank commits to annotating all verbs in a corpus, whereas the FrameNet project chooses sets of example sentences from a large corpus and only in a few cases has annotated longer continuous stretches of text.

PropBank-style annotations often remain close to the syntactic level, while FrameNet-style annotations are sometimes more semantically motivated. From the start, PropBank was developed with the idea of serving as training data for machine learning-based semantic role labeling systems in mind. It requires that all arguments to a verb be syntactic constituents and different senses of a word are only distinguished if the differences bear on the arguments. Due to such differences, semantic role labeling with respect to PropBank is often a somewhat easier task than producing FrameNet-style annotations.

See also
VerbNet
FrameNet

References

External links
PropBank website
NomBank website
SALSA website

Computational linguistics
Corpora
Natural language processing
Linguistic research

PropBank


Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2 is a 2009 action role-playing video game featuring characters from Marvel Comics. It is the sequel to 2006's Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, and the second installment in the Marvel: Ultimate Alliance series. The game was jointly developed by Vicarious Visions (PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360), n-Space (Nintendo DS, PlayStation 2 and Nintendo Wii) and Savage Entertainment (PlayStation Portable) and published by Activision in September 2009. A port for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Microsoft Windows by Zoë Mode was released in July 2016.

Unlike the first game, which featured an original plot, Ultimate Alliance 2's storyline is mostly based on the Secret War and Civil War story arcs from the Marvel comics. After a series of devastating attacks on the United States, the American government passes the Superhero Registration Act, which forces all super-powered individuals to act under official regulation, in an effort to reduce the chaos that results from their battles. The superhero community is left divided, as some, including Iron Man, support the Act, while others, such as Captain America, oppose it. The two factions quickly find themselves in conflict with each other, all the while a new enemy threatens global peace. The game features two distinct storylines depending on which faction the player selects at the start, which cross over on several instances.

Upon release, Ultimate Alliance 2 received mixed to positive reviews from critics, who generally found it to be inferior to its predecessor. The game was praised for its branching narrative, improved writing and replay value, and new additions to the character roster, but criticized for the absence of certain elements from the first game (which "oversimplified" the gameplay, according to some critics and players). After almost ten years without a new entry in the Marvel: Ultimate Alliance series, a reboot, Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order, was released in July 2019 by Nintendo, without the involvement of Activision (whose license to publish Marvel games expired in 2014).

Gameplay
Marvel Ultimate Alliance 2 borrows much of its gameplay from its predecessor. The game allows players to select a team of four given characters from a larger pool of heroes and villains; team members are interchangeable and may be swapped during gameplay. General gameplay mechanics are similar to those of the X-Men Legends series. The game is played from an isometric dungeon crawl perspective, supporting up to four players simultaneously. The Vicarious Visions version on PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One and PC consoles of the game also features online play via the PlayStation Network, Xbox Live, and Windows Live/Steam respectively.

The power system also has been improved, allowing two characters to combine powers, yielding a new attack, known as a "fusion". Each playable character in the game has a unique fusion with every other playable character in the game. An example is Captain America using his shield to reflect Storm's lightning bolts. Players have the ability to level up characters and earn new abilities and powers.

The Vicarious Visions version on PS3, 360, PS4, Xbox One and PC consoles features an updated character progression system, with each character having four core powers that evolve as the character levels up similar to original X-Men Legends. The n-Space version on Nintendo DS, Nintendo Wii, PlayStation 2, and PlayStation Portable consoles of the game resembles the character progression system found in the original Marvel: Ultimate Alliance and original X-Men Legends, except the power set numbers are different, whereas the Nintendo DS version's power set number is limited to 4 powers limited like in the original X-Men Legends. While the Vicarious Visions version have an alternate costume that requires to be unlocked through defeating multiple enemies in specific conditions, n-space version does not feature an alternate costume selection.

Synopsis

The game begins with a military operation in Latveria, home of the supervillain Doctor Doom. "The story starts with Secret War. We're using Nick Fury's invasion of Latveria as a jumping off point. The rest of the story is derived from the consequences of those actions", stated Dan Tanguay, creative director for Vicarious Visions.

The game then follows the Civil War story arc: a fight between heroes and villains causes an explosion in Stamford, Connecticut, killing 612 civilians (including a number of school children). The government labels the incident "super powered negligence", and the public demand a Superhuman Registration Act. The government passes the act, and all meta-humans are forced to adhere to or disobey the law. In the game, players are able to choose between the Pro-Registration side, headed by Iron Man and Mister Fantastic, or the Anti-Registration side, headed by Captain America and Luke Cage. These characters and several other characters are 'locked' into a specific side during the game's second act but can be used on either side during repeat playthroughs. Two different endings are available, determined by the side chosen at the beginning of the game. Tanguay stated that the story follows into the aftermath of the Civil War.

Plot
Nick Fury leads a team of superheroes on an unsanctioned attack on Castle Doom in Latveria after discovering that the newly elected prime minister, Lucia von Bardas, has been supplying weapons to the Tinkerer, who in turn sells them to supervillains. After the defeats of her forces, Castle Doom is destroyed in an explosion, with Von Bardas assumed dead. One year later, Von Bardas returns as a cyborg and joins forces with several villains to destroy New York City as revenge for the attack on Latveria. The heroes defeat Von Bardas, but the destruction and Fury's unlawful actions cause the U.S. government to consider the Superhuman Registration Act (SRA). In light of this incident, Fury disappears and Maria Hill is sworn in as the new Director of S.H.I.E.L.D., while Iron Man begins lobbying against the act in Washington, D.C.

Three days later during a telecast of The New Warriors, Nitro kills over 600 civilians in Stamford, Connecticut, prompting the SRA's immediate passage. Opposing the act, Captain America goes underground, along with several other superheroes and S.H.I.E.L.D agents who form a group called "The White Star". In response, the Pro-Registration group develops nanite technology and use it to mind control several supervillains to increasing their ranks. At this point, the player is given the ability to side with Anti-Registration or Pro-Registration factions; the missions and boss encounters during the following chapters differ based on which side the player chooses. The two sides have several skirmishes, including a Pro-Registration raid on a White Star base, and an Anti-Registration attack on a prison convoy carrying their allies.

When the Anti-Registration heroes respond to a hostage situation at a Stark Industries chemical plant, Iron Man appears and reveals it to have been a hoax. He attempts to negotiate with Captain America, promising amnesty, but Captain America refuses and a battle ensues between the two factions. The nanite-controlled villains go haywire and attack the agents they were programmed to help, stealing explosives to destroy the facility. Disguised as one of the agents, Fury enlists the help of a group of heroes to disarm the bombs, but before he can disarm the final one, he is attacked by Venom. The explosion wounds the heroes and seemingly kills Fury, but he is revealed to be a Life Model Decoy. The real Fury saves the injured heroes and takes them to his hideout, where he has recruited the Tinkerer to help discover the malfunction's cause. To obtain a sample of the nanite formula, the group travels to Prison 42 in the Negative Zone, where most of the captured heroes and villains are held. They collect the samples and Fury activates the prison's self-destruct system to prevent the nanites' spread but does not escape with the others; he and several other heroes are presumed dead.

The heroes learn the nanites survived and have now spread worldwide, causing the SRA's temporary suspension to combat the threat. A group of heroes travels to Wakanda, where they help Black Panther and the Dora Milaje defend the country from nanite agents, now under the moniker of "The Fold." Establishing a temporary base in Wakanda, they develop a cure and learn that Fury survived, now under the Fold's control. The heroes infiltrate a base in Iceland to broadcast a nanite stasis signal that will paralyze those in the Fold's control, allowing them to be cured. At the culmination of their mission, the heroes face off against Tinkerer, revealed to be the Fold's creator, and a nanite-controlled Nick Fury enhanced with numerous superpowers. After defeating Fury, everyone is freed from the nanites, and Fury receives a presidential pardon.

The game's ending depends on which side the player chose. In the Anti-Registration ending, Congress repeals the Superhero Registration Act and the President pardons the Anti-Registration heroes. In the Pro-Registration ending, Congress amends the Superhero Registration Act, making it voluntary, and Iron Man becomes the new Director of S.H.I.E.L.D.

Characters
The game includes some format-specific characters, with additional characters released as downloadable content. In addition, each character on the PS3 and Xbox 360 versions has one alternate costume that can be unlocked during the course of the game. Stan Lee, co-creator of Marvel Comics and creator of many of the characters, also lends his likeness and voice to New York senator Lieber; this marks the first time Stan has made a physical cameo in a video game. On April 1, 2009, Aunt May was announced to be a playable character on the official website as part of an April Fool's joke.

Several playable characters also appear as bosses throughout the game, such as battling Iron Man if the player chooses the Anti-Registration path, or facing Captain America on the Pro-Registration path. Other playable characters are unlocked by defeating them, such as Deadpool, Green Goblin and Venom.

Juggernaut was available as a pre-order bonus incentive for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions. A patch was released to allow those who do not have Juggernaut installed to play with others who have the character. On October 9, 2009, downloadable content was announced for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions, which included new characters and comic missions, as well as new achievements. It was released on November 5, 2009, for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. Additionally the once pre-order exclusive character Juggernaut was available for $1.99/160MSP. The content was removed from both networks on December 31, 2009, with Activision claiming the content was "a limited time offer". On July 1, 2010, Activision re-released the DLC on Xbox Live and the PlayStation Network shortly thereafter, at Xbox Live where it was released on July 3, 2010, and at PlayStation Network where it was released on July 20, 2010. Players could purchase both the five-character DLC pack and the Juggernaut pre-order character for the same cost previously mentioned. Activision, however, stipulated that the content would only be available until December 31, 2010. The expansion packs returned to the European PlayStation Network in January 2012, but were not added back to Xbox Live. In January 2014, the packs were removed once again from the PlayStation Network. As the 2016 re-release is based on the Vicarious Visions versions, it includes all downloadable content by default.

 Black Panther
 Blade
 Cable
 Captain America
 Carnage
 Cyclops
 Daredevil
 Deadpool
 Gambit
 Green Goblin
 Hulk
 Human Torch
 Iceman
 Invisible Woman
 Iron Man
 Iron Fist
 Jean Grey
 Juggernaut
 Luke Cage
 Magneto
 Mr. Fantastic
 Ms. Marvel
 Nick Fury
 Penance
 Psylocke
 Sentry
 She-Hulk
 Songbird
 Spider-Man
 Storm
 Thing
 Thor
 Venom
 Wolverine

Development
The game was officially announced in a press release by Activision on February 8, 2008. MUA2 was released on September 15, 2009. At E3 2008, it was given the official name of Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2: Fusion, which would later be shortened to Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2. On February 5, 2009, a new trailer was released, revealing that the story would continue from the Secret War saga into Marvel Comic's Civil War. Three days later, the game was featured at New York Comic Con, where players were able to take green screen pictures and have themselves superimposed into the game's backdrops.

Vicarious Visions, developers for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions, upgraded the Alchemy engine in several ways, including adding Havok physics technology, a new 3D sound system and syncing character's lips to dialogue. Vicarious Visions also had a development blog which began on February 6, 2009 and which is updated bi-monthly. Users could follow Vicarious Visions' creative director Dan Tanguay and executive producer Jennifer Oneal on Twitter as they answer questions and post news about MUA2.

The Nintendo DS, PlayStation 2 and Nintendo Wii versions were developed by n-Space, with Savage Entertainment porting the PS2 version to the PSP. Version 3.5 of the Alchemy engine was used, and a team of around thirty developers worked approximately thirteen months to develop the game. Online multiplayer for the Wii is not supported due to time constraints during development. Several changes were made to the next-gen versions of MUA2 late during n-Space's development, accounting for the fact that Stan Lee does not cameo in these versions, that there are no alternate costumes, nor on-the-fly character swapping. n-Space created a series of articles to address fan concerns, the "perceived shortcoming[s]" of the game, and to answer questions. The Wii version of the game used WiiConnect24 to implement a feature known as B.R.A.G. (Broadcast Realtime Accomplishment Gloating), which allows players to share level results and high scores, and also features extensive use of the Wii remote for puzzles and manning turrets. Users could also follow n-Space president and founder Dan O'Leary via Twitter to receive updates on the game.

As of 2020, the multiplayer servers for Marvel Ultimate Alliance 2, like other games published by Activision, have been shut down.

Reception and sales

The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions of Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2 have received positive reviews from most critics, and Metacritic currently holds the game at 74/100 for the PlayStation 3 and 73/100 for the Xbox 360. Brian Michael Bendis, writer for Marvel Comics, was given an early opportunity to play the game, to which he later tweeted: "Happy to give a huge thumbs up for Ultimate Alliance 2. The stills do it no justice. It's gorgeous". The Nintendo DS and Wii fared much poorer, holding 65/100 and 50/100 for their respective platforms.

GameSpot Kevin VanOrd stated that the game delivers "the button-mashing, power-flinging, over-the-top action fans of the original would expect", additionally praising the branched story and unlockables, citing additional replay value. However, the reviewer cited "technical oddities" and said that the "RPG elements were stripped down". 1Up.com Thierry Nguyen was more critical, saying that the game was "like Ben Reilly: almost, but not quite as good as the original", citing issues with alternate costumes that "seem pretty lame", "a persistent feeling of oversimplification" and that a hope that "either Raven returns as the developer or Vicarious Visions learns from its missteps". He did however praise a "more coherent story", new fusion abilities, and gameplay tweaks. IGN Greg Miller gave the game a 7.7 /10, praising its new fusions and "healthy cast" but criticizing the game's similar gameplay to its predecessor, inconsistent voice acting, and its weak CG cutscenes.

The Xbox 360 and PlayStation versions were nominated for a 2009 D.I.C.E. Award for Outstanding Achievement in Adapted Story.

According to the NPD sales group the Xbox 360 version of Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2 was seventh in sales for September 2009, selling 236,000 units. However, the sales dropped in October 2009, with the game no longer listed in the top ten in sales.

Sequel

On December 6, 2018, a third game was announced in the Ultimate Alliance franchise titled Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order. Unlike the previous games which were released on multiple consoles, this installment is published by Nintendo as a Nintendo Switch exclusive. The game features a team of heroes uniting to prevent Thanos and the Black Order from obtaining the Infinity Stones.

Notes

References

External links

Marvel Ultimate Alliance 2 on developer Vicarious Visions' website

2009 video games
Activision games
Cooperative video games
Marvel Ultimate Alliance
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nintendo DS games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation Portable games
Superhero crossover video games
Vicarious Visions games
Video game sequels
Video games based on Marvel Comics
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games scored by Trevor Morris
Video games set in a fictional country
Video games set in Africa
Video games set in Europe
Video games set in Iceland
Video games set in New Jersey
Video games set in New York City
Video games set in Washington, D.C.
Video games using Havok
Wii games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Xbox One games
Savage Entertainment games
Video games developed in the United States
Zoë Mode games
N-Space games

Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2


Peranakan refers to mixed Chinese and Malay/Indonesian people. Many Peranakans trace their origins to 15th-century Malacca.

The first Baba-Nyonya originated, from the 15th century, from marriages between Chinese merchants and Malay or Indonesian women.

The Baba-Nyonya partly adopted Malay customs in order to integrate into local communities. During British rule, they acquired a strong influence in the Straits colonies and were even nicknamed the King's Chinese.

Today, their particular identity tends to fade slowly, the younger generation adopting a more standardised Chinese culture.

In Java, Indonesia, the term Peranakan designates the mixed Chinese communities of locals from the cities of Pasisir (north coast of the island). In the Indonesian context, their outward characteristics fadesd all the more as the Indonesians categorized as Chinese properly speaking were forced, during the Soeharto regime (1966-98), to hide outward traces of their identity.

At various times and for various reasons, the Peranakan migrated extensively within the Nusantara region, between Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. This has resulted in a greater homogeneity of this population. The Peranakan culture is losing its positions and its popularity. Due to the political motives of the countries, the Peranakans of Malaysia and Singapore are increasingly approaching the culture of the Chinese on the mainland. At the same time, the Peranakans of Indonesia, due to the long ban on the Chinese language and the persecution of the Chinese during the reign of Suharto, are increasingly losing their native culture.

Baba and Peranakan Chinese speak a Malay creole, "Baba Malay", a mixture of English, Malay and Hokkien (a Chinese dialect).

Migrations to neighboring countries led to the emergence of small Peranakan communities in Vietnam and Australia .

References

Asian people

Peranakan


Self aligning torque (SAT), also known as aligning torque or aligning moment (Mz, moment about the z direction), is the torque that a tire creates as it rolls along, which tends to steer it, i.e. rotate it around its vertical axis. In the presence of a non-zero slip angle, this torque tends to steer the tire toward the direction in which it is traveling, hence its name.

The magnitude of this torque can be calculated as the product of the lateral force generated at the contact patch and the distance behind the wheel centre at which that force acts. This distance is known as the pneumatic trail. The steering torque around a non-vertical steer axis with non-zero mechanical trail is given by

 (trail + pneumatic trail) · cos(caster angle) · Fy.

Even if the slip angle and camber angle are zero, and the road is flat, this torque will still be generated due to asymmetries in the tire's construction and the asymmetrical shape and pressure distribution of the contact patch. Typically for a production tire this torque reaches a maximum at 2–4 degrees of slip (this figure depends on many variables) and falls to zero as the tire reaches its maximum lateral force capability.

See also
Vehicle dynamics

References

Milliken and Milliken "Race Car Vehicle Dynamics" Chapter 2

Automotive safety
Tires
Motorcycle dynamics

Self aligning torque


John Coakley Lettsom FRS (1744 – 1 November 1815, also Lettsome) was an English physician and philanthropist born on Little Jost Van Dyke in the British Virgin Islands into an early Quaker settlement. The son of a West Indian planter and an Irish mother, he grew up to be an abolitionist. He founded the Medical Society of London in 1773, convinced that a combined membership of physicians, surgeons and apothecaries would prove productive. As the oldest such in the United Kingdom, it is housed in London's medical community at Lettsome House, Chandos Street, near Cavendish Square. Lettsom was its mainstay, as founder, president (1775–1776, 1784–1785, 1808–1811 and 1813–1815) and benefactor.

Life

John Coakley Lettsom was born into the Quaker community on the island of Little Jost Van Dyke in the British Virgin Islands, in 1744. John and his brother were the sole survivors of seven sets of male twins, sons of Edward and Mary Lettsom. John alone was sent to England at the age of six to be educated.

At school in Lancashire the antics of the young Lettsom attracted the attention of the Quaker preacher Samuel Fothergill, who introduced his protégé to his brother, the London physician, Dr John Fothergill. Having completed an apprenticeship to a Yorkshire apothecary, Lettsom came to London in 1766 and through the influence of Dr Fothergill commenced his medical training at St Thomas' Hospital. His studies were interrupted by the death of his father, prompting his return to Tortola in the British Virgin Islands, where he freed the slaves he had inherited and provided medical care for the local population. As the only doctor in the islands at that time, he was able to earn a considerable sum, his diligence and industry enabling him to resume his studies in Europe. John Coakley Lettsom matriculated at the Leyden University in the Netherlands on 8 June 1769, and received his Medical Doctor degree there on 20 June 1769. His thesis concerns the natural history of the tea-tree.

Lettsom became a close friend of Benjamin Franklin and William Thornton.

In 1779 he bought land in Camberwell and had a villa at Grove Hill, away from the pollution of London. The villa was demolished when the estate was broken up in the early 1800s, but one of its cottages, 'The Hermitage' (number 220 Camberwell Grove) survives, at the junction with Grove Hill Road. A side-street, Lettsom Street,; Lettsom Gardens, a community garden; and a nearby housing estate are named in his honour. The cottage is Grade II listed.

Career
Lettsom's career accelerated with membership of Royal College of Physicians in London and marriage to Ann (Nancy) Miers (1748-1830), daughter of John Miers. She was born in Crooked Lane, London in about 1760: "A plain stumpy little woman whose only attraction was the large fortune she was known to possess!", but actually a singularly sweet person.

By the age of 30 Lettsom's reputation as a physician, author and Fellow of the Royal Society was established. Furthermore, he had founded the General Dispensary in Aldersgate Street and the Medical Society of London. He was a founder member of the Royal Humane Society in 1774, initiated the Sea-bathing Infirmary at Margate (1791), became a pillar of the Royal Jennerian Society (for vaccination), and gave his support to the Society for the Relief of Widows and Orphans of Medical Men, the Society for the Relief of Debtors, and the Philanthropic Society for homeless children. Numerous other clubs, societies, hospitals, dispensaries, and charitable institutions in the United Kingdom and North America benefited from Lettsom's patronage, while from his pen there flowed a stream of "Hints", pamphlets, diatribes, and letters promoting Sunday schools, female industry, provision for the blind, a bee society, soup kitchens and the mangel-wurzel, while condemning quackery, card parties, and intemperance. In the diversity of his interests, as physician, philanthropist, botanist, mineralogist and collector, Lettsom was in the mould of that giant of the previous generation of London physicians, Sir Hans Sloane. He financed botanical expeditions and cultivated American plants in his garden at Camberwell.

As founder, President (1775–76, 1784–85, 1808–11 and 1813–15) and benefactor of the London Medical Society, Lettsom was the mainstay of the society from 1773 until his death in 1815. His influence remained strong and his example inspired the next generation of fellows — men such as Dr Thomas Pettigrew, his biographer, and Dr Henry Clutterbuck, who followed in Lettsom's footsteps as President of the Society and physician to the General Dispensary. In 1791 Lettsom won the society's Fothergillian Prize for a treatise entitled Diseases of Great Towns and the Best Means of Preventing them.

Lettsom was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1787. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1788.

For at least some of his years working in London, he lived in Newington Green, a village full of English Dissenters clustered round a green and its Unitarian church. There he met the young Mary Wollstonecraft and others intent on social reform.

Humour

Lettsom is reported to have written the following about himself:

Richard Woodman attributes similar words to the fictional naval surgeon Mr Lettsom in The Bomb Vessel:

Abolitionism
Lettsom was also a noted abolitionist. In 1767 he had returned to the British Virgin Islands after the death of his father, and found himself the owner of a share of his father's slaves, whom he promptly manumitted. Lettsom then set up a medical practice on Tortola, and as the only physician on the island amassed a small fortune of £2,000 in a mere six months, whereupon he gave half to his mother (who had remarried) and returned to London.

When his good friend, William Thornton, sought his advice about setting up a colony for freed slaves on the west coast of Africa, Lettsom counselled against it and suggested spending the money acquiring and manumitting the slaves in North America instead.

At the end of his life, Lettsom's son, Pickering Lettsom, returned to Tortola to practice law and there he married a wealthy widow, Ruth Georges née Hodge, who had inherited some 1,000 slaves from her grandfather, Benzaliel Hodge. Pickering Lettsom died about a month after the marriage, and his new wife (some 16 years his senior) died a few months later on 21 January 1809, leaving all her property to her father-in-law, John Lettsom. By a twist of fate, shortly before his own death, Lettsom, who had freed all the slaves he had ever owned, found himself the owner of another 1,000 slaves. Lettsome himself died before he could decide what to do with them and they were inherited by his grandson, William Pickering Lettsom.

Entomology

Lettsom was an entomologist. He wrote The naturalist's and traveller's companion, containing instructions for collecting and preserving objects of natural history and for promoting inquiries after human knowledge in general. London: E. and C. Dilly (1774).

See also
William Cullen

Notes

References

Further reading

ODNB article by J.F. Payne 'Lettsom, John Coakley (1744–1815)', rev. Roy Porter, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 27 October 2015

Florence Lewisohn, Tales of Tortola and the British Virgin Islands (1966)
Sambrook Court: the letters of J.C. Lettsom at the Medical Society of London, edited by Christopher Lawrence and Fiona A. Macdonald. The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at University College London, 2003

External links
Lettsom, John Coakley.  The Naturalist's and Traveller's Companion, first published in 1772
Postgraduate Medical Journal 2004;80:350–354
A quaker viewpoint on John Lettsom

Three poems in the 'Camberwell' sequence:

1744 births
1815 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
British Virgin Islands physicians
British abolitionists
British Virgin Islands Quakers
British entomologists
Quaker abolitionists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Society
Leiden University alumni
British slave owners
Members of the American Philosophical Society

John Coakley Lettsom


In algebraic geometry, given a category C, a categorical quotient of an object X with action of a group G is a morphism  that
(i) is invariant; i.e.,  where  is the given group action and p2 is the projection.
(ii) satisfies the universal property: any morphism  satisfying (i) uniquely factors through .
One of the main motivations for the development of geometric invariant theory was the construction of a categorical quotient for varieties or schemes.

Note  need not be surjective. Also, if it exists, a categorical quotient is unique up to a canonical isomorphism. In practice, one takes C to be the category of varieties or the category of schemes over a fixed scheme. A categorical quotient  is a universal categorical quotient if it is stable under base change: for any ,  is a categorical quotient.

A basic result is that geometric quotients (e.g., ) and GIT quotients (e.g., ) are categorical quotients.

References
  Mumford, David; Fogarty, J.; Kirwan, F. Geometric invariant theory. Third edition. Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete (2) (Results in Mathematics and Related Areas (2)), 34. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994. xiv+292 pp.

See also
Quotient by an equivalence relation
Quotient stack

Algebraic geometry

Categorical quotient


David Lloyd Bowen (7 June 1928 – 25 September 1995) was a Welsh football player and manager, who captained his country to their first ever World Cup finals, in 1958.

Playing career

Born in Maesteg, Bowen first played for Northampton Town. He had only played 12 times for Northampton before catching the eye of Pat Whittaker, son of Arsenal manager Tom Whittaker. He was duly signed by Arsenal in the summer of 1950 as an understudy to Joe Mercer at wing half. He made his debut against Wolves on 24 March 1951, but only made a handful of appearances between 1951 and 1954, when Mercer finally retired due to injury. Arsenal won the old First Division in 1952–53 but he only made two league appearances all season. In 1954–55 Bowen became a regular in the Arsenal side, and would continue to be for the rest of the decade.

In the meantime, Bowen had also made his debut for Wales, in a friendly against Yugoslavia in September 1954. Bowen went on to win 19 caps for Wales, and was the team's captain for their 1958 FIFA World Cup campaign; Wales drew all three of their group matches and qualified for the quarter-finals, where they were beaten 1–0 by Brazil, the goalscorer being a 17-year-old Pelé. Along with goalkeeper Jack Kelsey, Bowen was the first Arsenal player to play in a World Cup.

Bowen's spell at Arsenal coincided with a lack of success at the club, so he did not win any major domestic honours. However, he did play for a London XI in the 1955–58 final of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (forerunner of the UEFA Cup), losing 8–2 on aggregate to FC Barcelona, and was Arsenal captain in his final two seasons. In all he played 162 matches for the club, scoring twice.

Managerial career

In 1959, Bowen returned to Northampton Town as player-manager. Bowen would manage the Cobblers for eight years, and became known as a canny manager who signed quality players despite a tight budget. He steered Northampton from the Fourth Division to the First in just five seasons. However, the club spent only one season (1965–66) at the top, before being relegated.

Bowen left Northampton in 1967, after a second successive relegation, though he rejoined the club for a second stint as manager between 1969 and 1972, by which time they had returned to the Fourth Division. He was in charge during the club's famous 8–2 FA Cup defeat at the hands of Manchester United in 1970, in which George Best scored six times.

In the meantime, he had also been manager of Wales between 1964 and 1974, although the side never did reach the heights it had when he was a player. Wales however did gain a 1–1 draw away to England in the 1974 World Cup qualifiers, a result that would prove costly to England. Bowen continued to stay with Northampton, serving as general manager, secretary and finally as a club director before retiring. He also had a sideline in journalism and bookmaking during his managerial career and was a summariser for ITV alongside commentator Hugh Johns for their coverage of the 1966 World Cup final.

Managerial statistics

Personal life
He died in Northampton in 1995, at the age of 67. The North Stand of Northampton's Sixfields Stadium is named in his honour, as is a residential street in Duston. His son Keith also became a footballer.

References

Welsh men's footballers
Wales men's international footballers
Sportspeople from Maesteg
Men's association football midfielders
English Football League players
Wales national football team managers
Northampton Town F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. players
Welsh football managers
Northampton Town F.C. managers
1958 FIFA World Cup players
1928 births
1995 deaths
London XI players
English Football League managers

Dave Bowen


Chicoo syrup was first developed in Chico, California in 1935. Since then the brand has fallen into relative obscurity but can still be found at certain specialty stores around North America.

Chicoo is a desert syrup often used on ice creams or white jelly though there is a small following of people who use the syrup as an aphrodisiac.

References
Dwight, Jim. North America's Favorite Deserts.
Scott, Pamela. The Story of Chicoo''.

American brands
Brand name desserts

Chicoo


Isaac K. Amuah (1929-1997) was a Ghanaian judge. He was a justice of the Supreme Court of Ghana from 30 November 1995 to 19 August 1997.

Early life and education
Amuah was born on 15 December 1929 in Accra. He had his early education at the Accra Government School and the Methodist Boys' School in Accra. He later proceeded to Mfantsipim School, Cape Coast where he had his secondary education and Fourah Bay College, Freetown, Sierra Leone where he had his tertiary education.

Career
Amuah was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1959, and consequently practiced in a Ghanaian law firm with other Solicitors from 1959 to 1962. On 17 February 1962, he was appointed a District Magistrate in Kumasi. He later became a Circuit Court judge in Accra, where he was based in Jamestown. Amuah rose through the ranks to become an Appeal Court judge and subsequently a Supreme Court judge on 30 November 1995. He remained in this office until his death on 19 August 1997.

Personal life
Amuah died in office on 19 August 1997. His hobbies included reading books.

References

20th-century Ghanaian judges
1929 births
1997 deaths
Justices of the Supreme Court of Ghana

Isaac K. Amuah


Mohamed Jah Massaquoi ( ; born November 24, 1986) is a former American football wide receiver. He played college football at Georgia and was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the second round of the 2009 NFL Draft.

Massaquoi has also been a member of the Jacksonville Jaguars and New York Jets.

Early years
Massaquoi was born in Charlotte, North Carolina to parents from Liberia. He played high-school football at Independence High School in Charlotte. During his four years there his team did not lose a single game and won four straight state championships. He played with two college football notables, former University of Florida quarterback Chris Leak and former University of North Carolina wide receiver Hakeem Nicks.

Career receptions: 274
Career receiving yards: 4,876
Career receiving touchdowns: 76

College career
He finished his collegiate career at the University of Georgia with 158 catches for 2,282 yards and 16 touchdowns, which ranks fourth best in school history. Massaquoi had a strong senior season with career-highs in catches (58), yards (920), and touchdowns (8). In Massaquoi's last four regular-season games at Georgia, he caught 29 passes for 544 yards and 4 touchdowns (including a career-high 3 in Georgia's 45–42 loss to Georgia Tech). His longest reception came in his junior season against SEC East rival Florida, hauling in an 84-yard touchdown pass from quarterback Matthew Stafford.

Professional career

Cleveland Browns

Massaquoi was drafted by the Browns in the second round with the 50th overall pick in the 2009 NFL Draft.

Massaquoi was the Browns leading receiver during his rookie season (2009) with 34 catches for 624 yards, including an NFL best 148 receiving yards (on 8 catches) in Week 4.

In his four years with the Browns, Massaquoi caught a total of 118 passes for 1,745 yards and 7 touchdowns.

Jacksonville Jaguars
Massaquoi was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars on April 5, 2013, on a two-year deal.

He was released on August 19, 2013.

New York Jets
Massaquoi signed with the New York Jets on August 22, 2013. He was released on August 31, 2013.

Accident
In April 2017, Massaquoi had an ATV accident which led to the amputation of four fingers on his left hand.

References

External links

Georgia Bulldogs bio
Cleveland Browns bio

1986 births
Living people
American amputees
American people of Liberian descent
Players of American football from Charlotte, North Carolina
American football wide receivers
Georgia Bulldogs football players
Cleveland Browns players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
New York Jets players

Mohamed Massaquoi


Pôhela Boishakh (Bengali New Year) is the first day of the Bengali calendar. It is on 14 April in Bangladesh and 15 April in other places. The holiday is celebrated in Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal.  It is also celebrated in Bengali communities in the other Indian states like Assam, Tripura, Jharkhand and Odisha and all over India as well where the Bengali community is. It is the same day as the New Year's Days of many Southern Asian calendars.

In Bangladesh, it is a national holiday .

In Bengali, Pohela means 'first'. Baisakh is the first month of the Bengali calendar.

Boishakhi fairs are held in many parts of the country. Various agricultural products, traditional handicrafts, toys, cosmetics, as well as various kinds of food and sweets are sold at these fairs. The fairs also provide entertainment, with singers and dancers. They present folk songs.  Among other attractions of these fairs are puppet shows and merry-go-rounds.

References

Other websites

Festivals in Asia
Bangladeshi culture
West Bengal

Pohela Boishakh


Governorate Council elections in the Nineveh Governorate of Iraq were held on January 30, 2005, simultaneously with the national legislative election.

Results
The province is largely a mix of Sunnis and Kurds, but there is also a significant Shi'ite presence. Despite making the vast majority, almost all Sunni Arabs boycotted the election, leading to the Kurdish party winning almost all of the seats.

The council voted for the independent Sunni Arab, Duraid Mohammed Kashmula, to continue as governor. His brother, Usama Yousif Kashmula, had been appointed as governor of Nineveh Governorate in 2003 by the Coalition Provisional Authority, and Duraid succeeded Usama after he was assassinated in July 2004.

References

Nineveh Governorate
2005 elections in Iraq
Governorate elections in Iraq

2005 Nineveh governorate election


Peter Wilhelm Forchhammer (23 October 1801 – 8 January 1894) was a German classical archaeologist born at Husum in Schleswig.

He was educated at the Lübeck gymnasium and the university of Kiel, with which he was connected for nearly 65 years. In 1830–1834 and 1838–1840 he travelled in Italy, Greece, Asia Minor, and Egypt. In 1843 he was appointed professor of philology at Kiel and director of the archaeological museum founded by himself in co-operation with Otto Jahn.

Forchhammer was an active democrat, and from 1871 to 1873 represented the progressive party of Schleswig-Holstein in the German Reichstag. His published works deal chiefly with topography and ancient mythology. His travels had convinced him that a full and comprehensive knowledge of classical antiquity could be acquired only by a thorough acquaintance with Greek and Roman monuments and works of art, and a detailed examination of the topographical and climatic conditions of the chief localities of the ancient world. These principles are illustrated in his Hellenika Griechenland im Neuen das Alte (1837), which contains his theory of the origin and explanation of the Greek myths, which he never abandoned, in spite of the attacks to which it was subjected. According to him, the myths arose from definite local (especially atmospheric and aquatic) phenomena, and represented the annually recurring processes of nature as the acts of gods and heroes; thus, in Achill (1853), the Trojan War is the winter conflict of the elements in that district.

Other similar short treatises are:
 Die Gründung Roms (1868)
 Daduchos (1875), on the language of the myths and mythical buildings
 Die Wanderwangen der Inachostochter Io (1880)
 Prolegomena zur Mythologie als Wissenschaft und Lexikon der Mythensprache (1891).

Among his topographical works mention may be made of:
 Topographie von Athen (1841)
 Beschreibung der Ebene von Troja (1850), a commentary on a map of the locality executed by T. A. Spratt (see Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, xii., 1842)
 Topographia Thebarum Heptapylarum (1854); Erklärung der Ilias (1884), on the basis of the topographical and physical peculiarities of the plain of Troy.

His Demokratenbüchlein (1849), in the main a discussion of the Aristotelian theory of the state, and Die Athener und Sokrates (1837), in which, contrary to the almost universal opinion, he upheld the procedure of the Athenians as perfectly legal and their verdict as a perfectly just one, also deserve notice.

Notes

References

1801 births
1894 deaths
People from Husum
People from the Duchy of Schleswig
German Lutherans
German Progress Party politicians
Members of the Prussian House of Representatives
Members of the 1st Reichstag of the German Empire
Members of the Prussian House of Lords
Archaeologists from Schleswig-Holstein
University of Kiel alumni
Academic staff of the University of Kiel
19th-century Lutherans

Peter Wilhelm Forchhammer


Barclay Edmund Tremaine (April 13, 1839 – January 26, 1907) was a lawyer, judge and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Victoria in the House of Commons of Canada from 1875 to 1876 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Port Hood, Nova Scotia, the son of John Lewis Tremaine and Anna Kearny Caroline Dodd. He was educated at the Horton Academy, studied law and was called to the Nova Scotia bar in 1862. Tremaine first ran for election to the House of Commons in an 1874 by-election held after William Ross was named customs collector for Halifax, but was defeated by Charles James Campbell. After Campbell's election was appealed, Tremaine won the subsequent by-election held in 1875. The following year, he resigned his seat after being named a county court judge for Cape Breton. He served as a judge until 1888. Tremaine resided in Baddeck and died there at the age of 67.

References

1839 births
1907 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Nova Scotia
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Judges in Nova Scotia
People from Baddeck, Nova Scotia

Barclay Edmund Tremaine


The House by the Edge of the Lake () is a  horror film directed by Enzo G. Castellari.

The film was re-edited several years after, with the title Kyra, La signora del lago (Kyra, the Lady of the Lake). The director Castellari defined that film as an "awful horror film with a very low cost budget".

Cast
 Vincent Gardenia as Old painter
 Leonora Fani as Lilian
 Wolfango Soldati as Edoardo
 Patricia Adriani as Lilith
 Caterina Boratto as Kira
 Massimo Vanni as Manuel

Production
Director Enzo G. Castellari explained that the film was developed between his friendship with an aspiring film maker named Jose Sanchez. Castellari met him through his doctor and started teaching him how to write a script and took him on as an assistant. Castellari stated that his script was being finished for a Spanish producer to be shot in Costa Brava which led to Castellari taking charge in directing the film. Castellari's recollections are at odds with the film's credits which credit the film to Jose Maria Nunes a writer and director who was active in the film business since the 1950s with Sanchez only being credited as an actor in a small role.

Filming began in August 1978 in Costa Brava but halted shortly after as the money for the film  ran out.
Castellari did not initially want his named attached to the film, but in order to gain more funds he obliged to having his name attached to the project.

Release
The House by the Edge of the Lake was released in Italy on 28 September 1979. It was released in Spain as Diabla on 11 July 1980. Distributor Rodolfo Putignani invested money his company Cinezeta created the Italian title for the film Sensivita, a word that does not exist in Italian. Castellari found that as soon as editing the film, problems with distribution began which led to further interruptions in filming. Castellari stated that "[Distributor Rodolfo]Putignani and his associate Curti finished it their own way. But my name as director stayed."

The film was re-released in 1986 with additional scenes shot by Alfonso Brescia with editing credited to "Jeffrey Bogart". Castellari did not like the re-edit of the film, recalling he was invited to a horror convention where the film was screened and that "after six minutes I walked [out of] the theater, horrified."

References

Footnotes

Sources

External links

1979 films
Films directed by Enzo G. Castellari
Italian horror films
Films scored by Guido & Maurizio De Angelis
1979 horror films
1970s Italian films

The House by the Edge of the Lake


The succession of Tāufaʻāhau to the throne is a story on itself. He succeeded Tāufaʻāhau Siaosi Tupou I, who was his greatgrandfather, since the latter had outlived his children and grandchildren when he died about 96 years old. He had forcefully married with the highest ranking woman of the land, Sālote Lupepauʻu in 1834 and had without much ado all previous wives and their children declared illegitimate (as good Christians are supposed to have only one wife).

But he had no luck. The first son Tuʻuakitau died in 1842, only 3 years old. His pet and hope for the future, Vuna, followed the road to Pulotu or heavens in 1862. None had yet married. Only then Tāufaʻāhau looked at his other, illegitimate, sons. One of them ʻIsileli Tupou disappeared at sea. That then left only Tēvita ʻUnga. He died in 1875, but at least left 2 sons behind. Unfortunately the first, Uelingatoni Ngū Tupoumālohi died in 1885 and the second, Nalesoni Laifone ʻUnga in 1889. In despair Tāufaʻāhau then, in 1885, nominated Viliami Tungī Halatuituia to take over in case ʻUnga's line would fail completely.

But it never came that far. In fact Tēvita ʻUnga had had a daughter too ʻElisiva Fusipala Taukiʻonetuku (also died in 1889, a few months after her last brother), who had been married with Siaosi Fatafehi Toutaitokotaha a son of Sālote Mafileʻo Pilolevu (Tupou), who had been Tāufaʻāhau I's oldest daughter. Crooked as it seemed, but according to the letter of the constitution, their son, Tāufaʻāhau (Siaosi II) was considered the next in line. In fact it was old Tāufaʻāhau himself who announced in his will of 24 November 1889: Since Fusi is dead, who should have succeeded Laifone, then Tāufaʻāhau should inherit.

Possibly with this wish he tried to bypass all envying chiefs, convinced as he was that they would tear apart the country anyway after his death.

N. Tukuʻaho, M. Taumoefolau, E. Wood-Ellem, A. Kaeppler; Songs & poems of Queen Sālote; ISBN 978-982-213-008-9
E. Wood-Ellem; Queen Sālote, the story of an era

Siaosi Tupou II/en


Mogadischu is a 2008 German made-for-TV thriller film chronicling the events surrounding the hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 181 by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine in 1977. Directed by Roland Suso Richter, it was first shown on public broadcasting channel Das Erste on 30 November 2008.

Synopsis
On 13 October 1977, Lufthansa Flight 181, a Boeing 737-230 Adv named Landshut, is on its way from the vacation island of Mallorca to Frankfurt when it is hijacked by a team of four terrorists representing the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. They demand the release of several leaders of the Red Army Faction (RAF) who are imprisoned in Germany. German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt refuses to negotiate with terrorists, aware that he is endangering not only the lives aboard the Landshut, but also that of German business leader Hanns Martin Schleyer, who is being held hostage by the RAF.

The plane makes its way through several stops to Aden in South Yemen, where the captain, Jürgen Schumann, is murdered by the hijackers. The plane continues on its way, eventually landing in Mogadishu, Somalia. As flight attendant Gabriele Dillmann and the surviving crew try their best to keep their passengers safe and calm, Colonel Ulrich Wegener leads the German federal police's newly formed counter-terrorism unit, GSG 9, in preparations to storm the Landshut.

In the night between 17 and 18 October, Schmidt gives Wegener the order to storm the plane and free the hostages. Somali ranger units create a fire as a distraction, allowing members of GSG 9 to approach the Landshut from behind and from the sides. Operation "Feuerzauber" is successful, with all hostages rescued. Three hijackers are gunned down and killed, the fourth is seriously injured. One GSG 9 member and a flight attendant are injured. Schmidt is informed by phone that "the job is done."

Cast
 Thomas Kretschmann as Jürgen Schumann, captain of Lufthansa Flight 181
 Nadja Uhl as Gabriele Dillmann, a flight attendant aboard Flight 181
 Saïd Taghmaoui as Zohair Youssif Akache, the leader of the hijackers
 Herbert Knaup as Colonel Ulrich Wegener, head of the GSG 9 team
 Jürgen Tarrach as Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski, state minister in the German Chancellery
 Christian Berkel as Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor of Germany
 Simon Verhoeven as Jürgen Vietor, co-pilot
 Tobias Licht as Baum
 Cornelia Schmaus as Lyvia Vamos
 Valerie Niehaus as Birgitt Röhll
 Youssef Hamid as Wadie Haddad, head of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
 Gernot Kunert as Hanns Martin Schleyer, German business leader and hostage of the Red Army Faction
 Franz Dinda as Peter-Jürgen Boock, a member of the RAF
 Bettina Hoppe as Brigitte Mohnhaupt, a member of the RAF
 Sofi Mohamed as Siad Barre, president of Somalia

Production
Filming took place between October and December 2007, at locations in Munich, Berlin, Ulm, Bonn, and Casablanca. The working title was Mogadischu Welcome.

External links

2008 films
2008 thriller films
German thriller films
2000s German-language films
Thriller films based on actual events
Films set in the 1970s
Films about terrorism in Europe
Cultural depictions of the Red Army Faction
2008 television films
German thriller television films
German-language television shows
Films scored by Martin Todsharow
Films shot in Morocco
Films about aircraft hijackings
Films set in Mogadishu
Films set in West Germany
2000s German films
Das Erste original programming

Mogadischu (film)


Jaffee v. Redmond, 518 U.S. 1 (1996), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court created a psychotherapist-patient privilege in the Federal Rules of Evidence.

Background
Mary Lu Redmond was a police officer for the Village of Hoffman Estates, Illinois.  On June 27, 1991, she was the first to respond to a fight-in-progress call. She arrived to find Ricky Allen chasing another man and brandishing a butcher knife.  Redmond repeatedly ordered Allen to drop the knife, but Allen ignored her.  At one point in the chase, it appeared to Redmond that Allen was about to stab the man he was chasing, and so she shot Allen.  Allen died at the scene.

Acting as the representative of Allen's estate, Jaffee filed suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, claiming that Redmond had used excessive force during the altercation.  Witnesses testified that Allen was not armed during the altercation.  During discovery, Jaffee discovered that Redmond had sought counseling from a licensed clinical social worker.  Jaffee sought the social worker's notes for the purpose of cross-examining Redmond at the trial.  Redmond opposed the request, claiming that the notes were protected by the psychotherapist-patient privilege.  The trial judge rejected this argument, and the jury later awarded Allen's estate $545,000 in damages.

Redmond appealed to the Seventh Circuit, which vacated the decision of the trial court and remanded.  In its opinion, the privilege of which Redmond sought to avail herself did exist in federal law, and the trial court should have applied it.  Jaffee asked the Supreme Court to review the Seventh Circuit's decision, and it agreed to do so.

Majority opinion
When the United States Congress enacted the Federal Rules of Evidence in 1975, it expressly left the development of evidentiary privileges to the courts.  The "privilege of a witness... shall be governed by the principles of the common law as they may be interpreted... in the light of reason and experience."  Under these common-law principles, the law favors compelling witnesses to give whatever evidence they can, unless there is some other "public good transcending the normally predominant principle of utilizing all rational means for ascertaining truth."

The psychotherapist-patient privilege, like the attorney–client and spousal privileges, flows from society's desire to facilitate certain relationships of confidence and trust.  "Effective psychotherapy... depends upon an atmosphere of confidence and trust in which the patient is willing to make a frank and complete disclosure of facts, emotions, memories, and fears. Because of the sensitive nature of the problems for which individuals consult psychotherapists, disclosure of confidential communication made during counseling sessions may cause embarrassment or disgrace.  For this reason, the mere possibility of disclosure may impede disclosure of the confidential relationship necessary for successful treatment."  These are the important societal interests the psychotherapist-patient privilege works to protect.

By contrast, if there existed no privilege for communications between psychotherapists and their patients, people would decide not to seek treatment for mental illness, particularly illnesses and traumas that are likely to result in litigation.  If there were no privilege, evidence such as that sought from Redmond by Allen's estate would not likely arise in the first place, and would remain out of court just as if it were privileged.

Two other considerations favored recognizing a federal psychotherapist-patient privilege.  First, all 50 states recognized some form of the psychotherapist-patient privilege; thus, the "reason and experience" of those states counseled in favor of recognizing the privilege in federal courts.  Indeed, as long as federal courts declined to recognize the privilege, those courts undermined the promise made by the states that afforded the privilege to their citizens.  The secrets they shared with their psychologists could still be revealed to the world in federal courts housed across the street from the courts of their own states.

Second, the proposed draft of the Federal Rules of Evidence included nine specific privileges, one of which was a psychotherapist-patient privilege.  In the past, the Court had rejected an attempt to create a state legislative privilege within the Federal Rules of Evidence because that privilege was not included in the draft version of the Rules.  When it rejected the draft including specific privileges, Congress did not specifically intend to reject the individual privileges.  It simply intended to leave the contours of the privileges to the Courts.  For all these reasons, the Court held that a psychotherapist-patient privilege existed within the Federal Rules of Evidence.

The Court also had no trouble applying it to therapy provided by a licensed clinical social worker.  Social workers provide a significant amount of mental health treatment.  Their clients often are of modest means and cannot afford the assistance of psychiatrists and psychologists.  The vast majority of states explicitly extend a testimonial privilege to social workers.  Thus, the Court saw no reason to delimit the privilege so as to exclude social workers from the privilege.

Dissenting opinion
Justice Scalia disputed every major logical premise on which the majority's decision rested.  The heart of his dissent, however, stemmed from two basic propositions.  First, that the relative social importance of psychotherapy was not established.  Effective psychotherapy undoubtedly is beneficial to individuals with mental problems, and surely serves some larger social interest in maintaining a mentally stable society.  But merely mentioning these values does not answer the critical question:  Are they of such importance, and is the contribution of psychotherapy to them so distinctive, and is the application of normal evidentiary rules so destructive to psychotherapy, as to justify making our federal courts occasional instruments of injustice [by excluding truthful evidence from court]?

Second, the lack of sufficient basis to distinguish psychotherapists from others in society in whom people place valuable confidences.  "For most of history, men and women have worked out their difficulties by talking to... parents, siblings, best friends, and bartenders—none of whom was awarded a privilege against testifying in court."  As a result, he could not see how extending an evidentiary privilege to psychotherapists would facilitate mental health treatment.

From Scalia's vantage point, two flaws in the majority's argument were most troubling.  Although all states had a psychotherapist privilege as part of their law, those states had enacted the law through legislation.  The majority, by contrast, was creating one judicially after Congress had expressly declined to do so.  The majority's justification—that the federal privilege was necessary to avoid undermining the laws of the states—seemed to Scalia to be an inverse form of preemption.

Also, the states were not uniform in their treatment of the question presented in the case—whether the testimony of a licensed social worker should be privileged from disclosure in court.  Social workers serve a variety of roles and have a variety of backgrounds and training.  "Does a social worker bring to bear at least a significantly heightened degree of skill — more than a minister or rabbi, for example?  I have no idea, and neither does the Court."

See also
 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 518
 List of United States Supreme Court cases
 Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume

External links

 www.jaffee-redmond.org
  "The Psychotherapist-Patient Privilege After Jaffee v. Redmond: Where Do We Go from Here?", 76 Wash. U. L.Q. 1341 (1998)

United States Supreme Court cases
1996 in United States case law
Federal Rules of Evidence case law
United States evidentiary privilege case law
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court

Jaffee v. Redmond


On a steam locomotive, a driving wheel is a powered wheel which is driven by the locomotive's pistons (or turbine, in the case of a steam turbine locomotive). On a conventional, non-articulated locomotive, the driving wheels are all coupled together with side rods (also known as coupling rods); normally one pair is directly driven by the main rod (or connecting rod) which is connected to the end of the piston rod; power is transmitted to the others through the side rods.

On diesel and electric locomotives, the driving wheels may be directly driven by the traction motors. Coupling rods are not usually used, and it is quite common for each axle to have its own motor.  Jackshaft drive and coupling rods were used in the past (e.g. in the Swiss Crocodile locomotive) but their use is now confined to shunter locomotives.

On an articulated locomotive or a duplex locomotive, driving wheels are grouped into sets which are linked together within the set.

Diameter

Driving wheels are generally larger than leading or trailing wheels. Since a conventional steam locomotive is directly driven, one of the few ways to 'gear' a locomotive for a particular performance goal is to size the driving wheels appropriately. Freight locomotives generally had driving wheels between  in diameter; dual-purpose locomotives generally between , and passenger locomotives between  or so.

The driving wheels on express passenger locomotives have come down in diameter over the years, e.g. from  on the GNR Stirling 4-2-2 of 1870 to  on the SR Merchant Navy Class of 1941. This is because improvements in valve design allowed for higher piston speeds.

Flangeless wheels
Some long wheelbase locomotives (four or more coupled axles) were equipped with blind drivers. These were driving wheels without the usual flanges, which allowed them to negotiate tighter curves without binding.

Some three-driving-axle locomotives also had flangeless wheels on the middle axle, such as the NZR WH class.

Balancing

On locomotives with side rods, including most steam and jackshaft locomotives, the driving wheels have weights to balance the weight of the coupling and connecting rods. The crescent-shaped balance weight is clearly visible in the picture on the right.

Whyte notation
In the Whyte notation, driving wheels are designated by the middle number or numbers in the set. The UIC classification system counts the number of axles rather than the number of wheels and driving wheels are designated by letters rather than numbers. The suffix 'o' is used to indicate independently-powered axles.

The number of driving wheels on locomotives varied quite a bit. Some early locomotives had as few as two driving wheels (one axle). The largest number of total driving wheels was 24 (twelve axles) on the 2-8-8-8-2 and 2-8-8-8-4 locomotives. The largest number of coupled driving wheels was 14 (seven axles) on the ill-fated AA20 4-14-4 locomotive.

Other uses of the term driving wheel
The term driving wheel is sometimes used to denote the drive sprocket which moves the track on tracked vehicles such as tanks and bulldozers.

In popular culture
Many American roots artists, such as The Byrds, Tom Rush, The Black Crowes and the Canadian band Cowboy Junkies have performed a song written by David Wiffen called "Driving Wheel", with the lyrics "I feel like some old engine/ That's lost my driving wheel."

These lyrics are a reference to the traditional blues song "Broke Down Engine Blues" by Blind Willie McTell, 1931. It was later directly covered by Bob Dylan and Johnny Winter.

Many versions of the American folk song "In the Pines" performed by artists such as Leadbelly, Mark Lanegan (on The Winding Sheet), and Nirvana (On MTV Unplugged In New York) reference a decapitated man's head found in a driving wheel. In addition, it is likely that Chuck Berry references the locomotive driving wheel in "Johnny B. Goode" when he sings, "the engineers would see him sitting in the shade / Strumming with the rhythm that the drivers made."

See also

 AAR wheel arrangement
Boxpok
 Drive axles in the article Axle
 Sprocket wheel
 UIC classification
 Whyte notation

References

Steam locomotive technologies
Train wheels

Driving wheel


Jerzy Bogdan Cynk (11 May 1925 – 18 November 2016) was a Polish-British historian, journalist and writer, author of numerous English and Polish language publications on aviation of Poland.

During World War II he was a soldier of the Szare Szeregi and the Home Army. Arrested by the Gestapo in 1943, he was imprisoned in the infamous Pawiak prison and then sent to Auschwitz concentration camp. Transferred to Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg he was liberated by American forces on 3 May 1945. In September of that year he joined the Polish II Corps and briefly served in counter-intelligence in Northern Italy. In 1947 he moved to Bodney in the United Kingdom and then settled in London. Working for various BOC branches, he devoted most of his spare time to studies on Polish aviation history, notably the history of Polish armed forces during World War II.

Since 1953 he started publishing articles in Flight and numerous other journals, including L'Fanatique de l'Aviation, Aerospace Historian, Air Power, Skrzydła and Air Progress. He also authored Poland-related chapters of Jane's All the World's Aircraft (1953/54 and 1963/64 editions). After 1956 his articles started to be published also in Poland, notably in Skrzydlata Polska. He also collaborated regularly with the Polish Section of BBC and the Radio Free Europe.

Apart from being a co-author of several aviation encyclopaedias (including Combat Aircraft of the World and The Lore of Flight), he authored and published numerous books on Polish civil and military aviation, as well as Polish aeroplanes.

References
  Jerzy Bogdan Cynk, accessed 2011-10-25

1925 births
2016 deaths
Polish male writers
Polish resistance members of World War II
British writers
Polish historians
British military historians

Jerzy Cynk


Eli Filip Heckscher (24 November 1879 – 23 December 1952) was a Swedish political economist and economic historian who was a professor at the Stockholm School of Economics.

He is known for the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem, an influential model of international trade that predicts that capital-abundant countries export capital-intensive goods, while labor-abundant countries export the labor-intensive goods.

Biography
Heckscher was born in Stockholm, son of the Jewish Danish-born businessman Isidor Heckscher and his spouse Rosa Meyer, and completed his secondary education there in 1896. He conducted higher studies at Uppsala University (from 1897) and Gothenburg University College (in 1898), completing his PhD in Uppsala in 1907. He was professor of Political economy and Statistics at the Stockholm School of Economics from 1909 until 1919, when he exchanged that chair for a research professorship in economic history, finally retiring as emeritus professor in 1945. In 1929 Heckscher founded the Institute for Economic and Business History Research as a key step in his effort to create the field of economic history in Sweden, and make it a policy-oriented science. He advanced his agenda by recruiting two other scholars, historian Bertil Boëthius (1885–1974) and economist Arthur Montgomery.  Thereby the "Stockholm School" emerged and achieved a voice in government planning.

Prior to World War I, Heckscher was a social conservative who advocated for an interventionist state. During World War I, his attitudes shifted, as he became a proponent of economic liberalism and a staunch opponent of state interventionism.

By 1950 Heckscher had published 1148 books and articles. Well known were his study of Mercantilism, which was translated into several languages, and a monumental Economic history of Sweden in several volumes.

Heckscher's most important work, though, is his 1919 article "The Effect of Foreign Trade on the Distribution of Income." In this article, Heckscher provided a model explaining patterns in international trade now known as the (Heckscher-Ohlin model). Heckscher's   "The Effect of Foreign Trade on the Distribution of Income" was groundbreaking but originally gained little attention for several reasons. First,  Hecksher published the article in the Swedish journal Ekonomisk Tidskrift in Swedish, a language with comparatively less international access. Second, even those reading Swedish and following Hecksher may have overlooked this particular article at first since Heckscher was so prolific (he published 1148 articles and books). Finally, Heckscher was a Jew which was a factor because, just as the significance of the article became apparent beyond Sweden, the rise of anti-Semitism globally and Nazism bans on Jewish authors arguably delayed its greater recognition until after World War II. Heckscher's famous former student Bertil Ohlin at the Stockholm School of Economics (who himself succeeded Heckscher as professor there), significantly expanded on Hecksher's theory, giving it more support and a wider audience. Ohlin won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 long after Heckscher's death.

Heckscher was a member of the American Philosophical Society.

Heckscher–Ohlin theorem

The Heckscher–Ohlin Theorem, which is concluded from the Heckscher–Ohlin model of international trade, states: trade between countries is in proportion to their relative amounts of capital and labor. In countries with an abundance of capital, wage rates tend to be high; therefore, labor-intensive products, e.g. textiles, simple electronics, etc., are more costly to produce internally. In contrast, capital-intensive products, e.g. automobiles, chemicals, etc., are less costly to produce internally. Countries with large amounts of capital will export capital-intensive products and import labor-intensive products with the proceeds. Countries with high amounts of labor will do the reverse.

The following conditions must be true:
 The major factors of production, namely labor and capital, are not available in the same proportion in both countries.
 The two goods produced either require more capital or more labor.
 Labor and capital do not move between the two countries.
 There are no costs associated with transporting the goods between countries.
 The citizens of the two trading countries have the same needs.

The theory does not depend on total amounts of capital or labor, but on the amounts per worker. This allows small countries to trade with large countries by specializing in production of products that use the factors which are more available than its trading partner. The key assumption is that capital and labor are not available in the same proportions in the two countries. That leads to specialization, which in turn benefits the country's economic welfare. The greater the difference between the two countries, the greater the gain from specialization.

Personal life
Eli Heckscher's son was Gunnar Heckscher (1909–1987), a political scientist and the leader of what would later become the Swedish Moderate Party 1961–1965. His grandson is the Social Democratic politician Sten Heckscher.

References

Sources
Bertil Ohlin, "Heckscher, Eli Filip", Svenskt biografiskt lexikon, vol. 18, pp. 376–381.

Further reading

 Carlson, Benny, and Lars Jonung. "Knut Wicksell, Gustav Cassel, Eli Heckscher, Bertil Ohlin and Gunnar Myrdal on the role of the economist in public debate." Econ Journal Watch 3.3 (2006): 511+ online.
 Coleman, Donald Cuthbert,  "Eli Heckscher and the idea of mercantilism." Scandinavian Economic History Review 5.1 (1957): 3–25 online.
 Hasselberg, Ylva. "Networks and Scientific Integrity: Eli Heckscher and the Construction of Economic History in Sweden, 1920–1950." Scandinavian Economic History Review 54.3 (2006): 273–290.
Eli Heckscher, International Trade, and Economic History, Findlay, Ronald, Rolf G. H. Henriksson, Håkan Lindgren and Mats Lundahl, eds., The MIT Press, 2007.

External links

1879 births
1952 deaths
Writers from Stockholm
Swedish economists
20th-century Swedish historians
Swedish Jews
Jewish historians
Economic historians
Trade economists
Uppsala University alumni
University of Gothenburg alumni
Academic staff of the Stockholm School of Economics
Member of the Mont Pelerin Society
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Eli Heckscher


Friend is a South Korean movie released on March 31, 2001. It was made by director Kwak Kyung-taek. Jang Dong-gun and Yu Oh-seong played the lead roles in the movie. The movie is about 4 friends. It covers from their childhood to their adulthood in which they come into a conflict. The movie was almost filmed in Busan and Busan dialect became very sensational after this movie. A lot of actors and actresses in the movie are really from Busan so they have no difficulty in using Busan dialect. Even the director Kwak Kyung-taek is from Busan.

Background
This movie was made motivated by the real experience of the director Kwak Kyung-taek and the real event. 'Sang-taek'(Seo Tae-hwa) is a character that reflects the director Kwak Kyung-taek. This movie is motivated by a real murder case that happened in Busan in 1993. 'June-seok' (Yu Oh-seong) is similar to the real friend of the director Kwak Kyung-taek, a member of a gang. 'Dong-su' (Jang Dong-gun) is similar to the boss of another gang, who is real friend of the director Kwak Kyung-taek.

Plot
In 1976, age thirteen, 'June-seok' (Yu Oh-seong), 'Dong-su' (Jang Dong-gun), 'Sang-taek' (Seo Tae-hwa), and 'Jung-Ho' (Jeong Woon-Taek) are always together and they are best friends. They have nothing to be afraid of when they are together. However, as they grow up, there comes a conflict among them. 'Dong-su' has an inferiority complex to 'june-seok' and their relationship becomes distant. When they become twenty, their lives become very different. 'Jung-Ho' and 'sang-taek' go to university. June-seok becomes a boss of a gang group after his father died, who was a boss of the group. However, 'Dong-su' becomes the member of a gang that is against to the 'June-seok's group. 'June-seok' and 'Dong-su' becomes more distant. After a few years, 'Sang-Taek' is planning to go to America to go to the graduate school. He wants to meet their friends before he leaves but nobody appears in the airport when he leaves. He has an unlucky premonition as he leaves Korea. Finally, there comes a serious conflict between 'Dong-su' and 'June-seok' after that.

References
http://movie.naver.com/movie/bi/mi/basic.nhn?code=30889

South Korean movies
2001 movies

Friend (2001 movie)


Alfred Edwin Brain Jr. (born London, 24 October 1885; died Los Angeles, 29 March 1966) was an English player of the French horn.  He came from a family which included many famous horn players, including his nephew, Dennis Brain who became perhaps the most famous horn player of all time.

Life
A.E.Brain Jr (Junior, to distinguish him from his father who had the same name) was born in 1885.  His father, Alfred Edwin Brain Sr. was a well-known horn player.  Alfred started to learn the trumpet when he was six, but when he was twelve he changed to the French horn and learned from his father.  He studied at the Royal Academy of Music with Adolf Borsdorf and also learned the piano from G.D.Cunningham who was to teach his nephew the organ some forty years later.  His first professional job was with the Scottish Orchestra.  He then played in the Queen's Hall Orchestra and the London Symphony Orchestra.

When World War I broke out he joined the Scots Guards, but later, in 1917, he did a lot of dangerous work in France where the fighting was taking place.  After the war he was awarded the British War Medal and Victory Medal for his bravery.

When he returned after the war he got jobs with several of the London orchestras, including Covent Garden where he played for Sir Thomas Beecham.  His brother Aubrey, also an excellent horn player, returned from the war after him.  By this time Alfred had got all the best horn jobs in London, so it was difficult for Aubrey to find the best jobs.

In 1923 he emigrated to the United States.  He played in the New York Philharmonic Orchestra and later for the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra.  In his later years he recorded a lot in movie studios, including for 20th century Fox.

References
 Oxford Music Online retrieved 21.11.2010
 Pettitt, Stephen. Dennis Brain: A Biography. London: Robert Hale, 1976. ISBN 0-7091-5772-X

1885 births
1966 deaths
British classical horn players
Musicians from London

Alfred Edwin Brain Jr.