The Forest Dale Historic District is located in the southeastern part of Salt Lake City, Utah and is roughly bounded by 700 East, Interstate 80, Commonwealth Avenue, and 900 East. It includes the "cohesive core" of the Forest Dale Subdivision platted in 1890, as well as the larger Town of Forest Dale, which was incorporated on January 6, 1902, disincorporated in the fall of 1912, and reabsorbed into the city of Salt Lake City. Both the subdivision and town were created by George Mousley Cannon (December 25, 1861–January 23, 1937), a member of the Cannon family, a prominent Intermountain West political family. The land for Forest Dale was originally Forest Farm, which Cannon had bought in 1889 from the estate of Brigham Young.  Despite being bordered on 2 sides by major traffic corridors and on a third by a major arterial highway, the district "maintains its historic "inner-ring" suburban quality due to its tree-lined streets, uniform setbacks, and the similarity of scale in the housing stock." Forest Dale Golf Course is just southeast across I-80, and Fairmont Park is just to the east, separating Forest Dale from downtown Sugar House. The S Line (formerly known as Sugar House Streetcar) includes two stops near Forest Dale and Parley's Trail runs along the streetcar line.  The streetcar and trail opened in late 2013 and early 2014, respectively.

On April 23, 2009, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). One of the most significant buildings in the district is the George M. Cannon House, which is listed separately on the NRHP.

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
Neighborhoods in Salt Lake City
Populated places established in 1890
1890 establishments in Utah Territory
National Register of Historic Places in Salt Lake City

Forest Dale Historic District


Sherman Joseph Maisel (July 8, 1918 – September 29, 2010) was an American economist who served as a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors from 1965 to 1972. Research on mortgage policy conducted by Maisel led to the expansion of the roles played by Fannie Mae and Ginnie Mae in encouraging the broader availability of loans to homeowners.

Maisel was born on July 8, 1918, in Buffalo, New York. After completing his undergraduate degree in economics from Harvard University in 1939, Maisel worked as a research economist working for the Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C. He served in the United States Army during World War II beginning in 1941, attaining the rank of Captain by the time he completed his military service in 1945. After a brief career for the Foreign Service in Brussels, Maisel returned to Harvard, where he earned Master of Public Administration and a Master of Arts in economics in 1947 and 1948 and was awarded a Ph.D. in 1949.

Hired by the Haas School of Business in 1948, Maisel helped establish the school's Center for Real Estate and Urban Economics. Maisel became involved in local politics, and was elected to the board of education of the Berkeley Unified School District, serving from 1962 to 1965. After the board approved a plan to address segregation in the district's junior high schools, Maisel faced and won a recall election, in which he encouraged students at the University of California, Berkeley to register and participate in the vote. When he was nominated to serve as a governor of the Federal Reserve System, he met with President Lyndon B. Johnson, who expressed more interest in the details of the Berkeley recall vote than in Maisel's opinions on economic policy.

Research performed by Maisel concluded that the traditional pattern of local savings and loan associations making mortgage loans to home buyers exacerbated recessions because they were less willing to lend during economic downturns. As a member of a White House task force on mortgage policy, Maisel and his colleagues recommended that Ginnie Mae should provide guarantees for mortgage-backed securities and that Fannie Mae should be operated independently of the federal budget. These changes were intended to provide greater liquidity to the mortgage market, which would add to economic activity in up or down markets by making it easier to obtain mortgages.

As a member of the National Bureau of Economic Research's senior research staff from 1978 to 1980, he worked on a project for the national Science Foundation that studied how government insurance of bank accounts effected capital and risk levels assumed by banks and other lending institutions. The group's findings exposed the moral hazard that existed based on the access to guaranteed funds and from the focus on book value rather than real net worth. The group's recommendations were not followed, and many of the changes the group opposed were implemented, factors that helped exacerbate the savings and loan crisis in the 1980s and cost the federal government billions in rescue costs of bad loans.

After his seven-year term expired in 1972, Maisel returned to California and resumed teaching at Haas until his retirement in 1986. He was a fellow of the American Finance Association, and was the organization's president in 1973.

Maisel died in San Francisco at the age of 92 on September 29, 2010, due to respiratory failure. He was survived by his wife, Lucy Cowdin Maisel, who died on June 17, 2019, from respiratory failure.  Lucy and Sherman met in 1939 when they were both interns with the National Institute for Public Affairs. He was survived by a daughter, Margaret Maisel of Miami, Florida a son, Larry Maisel of London, England and two grandchildren Nicholas Maisel of Los Angeles, And Elena Horowitz of West Palm Beach, Florida.

References

Publications

 Macroeconomics: Theories and Policies. New York: W.W. Norton, 1982.
 Risk and Capital Adequacy in Commercial Banks. U. of Chicago Press, 1981. Midway Reprint Edition, 1986.

External links
Statements and Speeches of Sherman J. Maisel

1918 births
2010 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
Deaths from respiratory failure
Economists from California
Economists from New York (state)
Federal Reserve System governors
Haas School of Business faculty
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
School board members in California
United States Army officers
Writers from Berkeley, California
Writers from Buffalo, New York
Lyndon B. Johnson administration personnel
Nixon administration personnel
Presidents of the American Finance Association
Federal Reserve economists

Sherman J. Maisel


"Hills Like White Elephants" is a short story by Ernest Hemingway. It was first published in August 1927, in the literary magazine transition, then later in the 1927 short story collection Men Without Women. Later the story was adapted for film in 2002. "Hills Like White Elephants" is a short 38-minute film; British actor Greg Wise played The American.

Synopsis

The story focuses mainly on a conversation between an American man and a young woman, described as a "girl," at a Spanish train station while waiting for a train to Madrid.  The girl compares the nearby hills to white elephants.  The pair indirectly discuss an "operation" that the man wants the girl to have, which is implied to be an abortion, that was taboo to talk about.

Analysis
While there is little context or background information about the characters, several scholars have analyzed how the setting influences the story. The expatriate atmosphere is "a motivating factor in character action," writes Jeffrey Herlihy in In Paris or Paname: Hemingway's Expatriate Nationalism. Setting the piece in Spain "dramatizes the peripatetic subject" and allows the man to discuss abortion outside the "restraints from the behavioral prescriptions of his place of origin." This use of a foreign setting makes Spain not merely a background but "a catalyst of textual irony" in the story.

Readers must come to their own conclusions based on the dialogue. This has led to varying interpretations of the story. One point of debate is whether or not the woman decides to get an abortion. Critics like Stanley Renner assert that the details in the story imply that the woman decides to keep the baby: "The logic of the story's design enjoins the conclusion that she smiles brightly at the waitress's announcement of the train because she is no longer headed in the direction of having the abortion that she has contemplated only with intense distress". Other critics conclude that the woman ultimately decides to get an abortion. Furthermore, most critics acknowledge that the story has several possible interpretations: "The two organizing questions of the narrative—will they have the abortion or the baby? Will they break up or stay together?—imply four possible outcomes: 1) they will have the abortion and break up; 2) they will have the abortion and stay together; 3) they will have the baby and break up; and 4) they will have the baby and stay together". There are many essays written which argue for all of these possibilities and more. There is no universal consensus because of the nature of the story; the reader is simply not given much information.

Symbolism
The description of the valley of Ebro, in the opening paragraph, is often seen as having deeper meanings: "It has long been recognized that the two sides of the valley of the Ebro represent two ways of life, one a sterile perpetuation of the aimless hedonism the couple have been pursuing, the other a participation in life in its full natural sense." Critics also point to the various positions of the characters, with relation to the train tracks and the valley, to show a wide variety of possible symbolic interpretations.

Doris Lanier writes about the significance of absinthe (which the girl is reminded of when they drink anisette) in the story. Lanier explains the drink "was alluring not only because of its narcotic effects but also because of its reputation as an aphrodisiac." Lanier asserts that every detail in "Hills Like White Elephants" is intentionally placed by Hemingway, and that the absinthe could have several possible connotations. She postulates that "the addictive quality of the drink…is meant to emphasize the addictive nature of the couple's lifestyle…It is an empty, meaningless existence that revolves around traveling, sex, drinking, looking at things, and having pointless conversations about these things". Another possible interpretation of the absinthe relates to its appeal and effects. Like the man and woman's relationship, it is alluring at first, but "it becomes a destroyer of the child, who is aborted; a destroyer of the girl, who endures the physical and emotional pain of aborting the child she wants; and a destroyer of the couple's relationship". It is important to note that this interpretation assumes the couple have the abortion and end their relationship, as well as that the young woman wants to continue the pregnancy; none of these are certain, due to the ambiguity of the story.

The title "Hills Like White Elephants" is a symbol within Hemingway's short story that requires analysis to depict its meaning and relevance to the story as well. Repetition of words and phrases is a common trait found within Hemingway's short story, a habit that is not done without cause. This was done in an attempt to emphasize importance on certain matters, such as he does with the title of the story. Within the story, Hemingway makes "two references to the whiteness of the hills and four to them as white elephants". The most common belief as to the meaning of this reference has to do with color comparisons used throughout the story. In correlation with the drink "absinthe" as mentioned above, there is believed to be a contrast of joy and sorrow between the black licorice of the alcoholic drink and the whiteness of the hills. This can also be contrasted with the comparison between the white hills and the dry, brown countryside that represents the same joy and sorrow as the former. However, the true meaning of the title does not become fully known until the topic of getting an abortion is revealed between the couple, as the man states, it's an "awfully simple question... not really an operation at all... just to let the air in". It is then understood that the use of the term "white elephants" may in fact be a reference to the white elephant sale. It's a sale put together through the donation of unwanted gifts, making the reader believe that this may be correlating with the act of getting an abortion. It could also mean the literal translation of elephant in the room meaning something painfully obvious that is not to be spoken about or referenced. "Elephant in the room" is a term used mainly by couples having a relationship crisis or difficulty including break-ups, divorce, cheating, marriage, adoption, or abortion.  This is viewed differently between the couple. The child is seen "as simply a white elephant to the man" to be rid of, whereas the woman only sees it as this due to the father's views.

The final reference to the hills is when the girl contemplates her decision of getting an abortion through the following line, "it will be nice again if I say things are like white elephants, and you'll like it?" This is to provide an immediate understanding of the white elephant reference when we learn that the story's conflict revolves around an unwanted pregnancy is associated with the ubiquitous white elephant sale. These sales raise money that is worthwhile cause for people to donate unwanted objects. This is shown in "Hills Like White Elephants" as to the man, the girl is a white elephant with the child.

Another important symbol in the story is the bamboo curtain. Many interpretations see the curtain as a barrier between Jig and the American. Literally, the curtain is a barrier between the American and the girl while he drinks in the bar among other "reasonable people" while the girl sits outside. Figuratively, the beaded curtain separates Jig, a sensitive girl who notices and touches the beads from the American who only acknowledges the drink advertisement and pays no more attention to the curtain than the hills.

David Gilmour points out that the bead curtain has an even more specific symbolism. When Jig takes hold of two strands, the American believes that she views them as a rosary, giving a clue to Jig being Catholic. Gilmour goes on to state that any leap to thinking of Spain, Catholicism, and the abortion as connected ideas is a stretch and if Jig were praying, she would most likely be praying to turn back time so that she may not be entangled with the American. This belief is supported when she states, while holding the two strands, that she wants things to be as they were before. In contrast, Gary Elliott writes that the beaded curtain and its similarity to a rosary lends insight to the girl's reluctance to go through with the abortion and is almost certainly indicative of her Catholic background. He goes on to say that while the curtain is a physical barrier between the two, it is really her religion, symbolized by the beads, that separates them.

Dialogue
"They look like white elephants," she said.
"I've never seen one," the man drank his beer.
"No, you wouldn't have."
"I might have," the man said. "Just because you say I wouldn't have doesn't prove anything."
The girl looked at the bead curtain. "They've painted something on it," she said. "What does it say?"
"Anis del Toro. It's a drink."
"Can we try it?"
The reader must interpret their dialogue and body language to infer their backgrounds and their attitudes with respect to the situation at hand, and their attitudes toward one another. From the outset of the story, the contentious nature of the couple's conversation indicates resentment and unease. Some critics have written that the dialogue is a distillation of the contrasts between stereotypical male and female relationship roles: in the excerpt above, for instance, the woman draws the comparison with white elephants, but the hyper-rational male immediately denies it, dissolving the bit of poetry into objective realism with "I've never seen one." By saying, "No, you wouldn't have" she implies he hadn't had a child before, or hadn't allowed birth in the past. She also asks his permission to order a drink. Throughout the story, the woman is distant; the American is rational. There may be more serious problems with the relationship than the purely circumstantial. Though the immediate problem is the unwanted pregnancy, the experience has revealed that the relationship is a shallow one. While most critics have espoused relatively straightforward interpretations of the dialogue, a few have argued for alternate scenarios.

Reception
"Hills Like White Elephants" has been criticized for being anti-feminist; it has also been interpreted as being pro-feminist. The anti-feminist perspective emphasizes the notion that the man dominates the woman in the story, and she ultimately succumbs to his will by getting the abortion. Frederick Busch asserts that the woman "'buries her way of seeing as she will bury her child.'" However, critics also argue that the female character makes her own decision in the end, and the story is actually pro-feminist. Stanley Renner claims that "Hills Like White Elephants" is primarily empathetic towards the female character: "So firmly does the story's sympathy side with the girl and her values, so strong is her repugnance toward the idea of abortion, and so critical is the story of the male's self-serving reluctance to shoulder the responsibility of the child he has begotten that the reading I have proposed seems the most logical resolution to its conflict." However, Doris Lanier describes the drink that the woman has as "absinthe," a narcotic that the man uses to influence the woman's mind.

References

External links
 Full text of "Hills Like White Elephants" at HathiTrust Digital Library

1927 short stories
Abortion in fiction
Short stories about elephants
Short stories by Ernest Hemingway
Works originally published in French magazines
Short stories set in Spain

Hills Like White Elephants


A.P. Indy (March 31, 1989 – February 21, 2020) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse. In 1991, he won the Hollywood Futurity. He had his most successful year in 1992, winning the San Rafael Stakes, Santa Anita Derby, Peter Pan Stakes, Belmont Stakes and Breeders' Cup Classic. He was the 1992 American Horse of the Year and was added to the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 2000.

A.P. Indy was foaled at Lane's End Farm in Versailles, Kentucky. He died at his birthplace on February 21, 2020. He was 31.

References

Thoroughbred racehorses

A.P. Indy


Theresa J. Kaijage (born 1947) is a social worker who advocates for those infected with HIV/AIDS in Tanzania. Kaijage works to raise awareness about the disease and tries to assuage the negative social implications that accompany the diagnosis of HIV/AIDS in Africa.Theresia Kaijage is also the founder and director of the Tanzanian non-governmental organization, WAMATA, which educates and provides counseling services to those with HIV/AIDS.

Education and career
At the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Kaijage received a Bachelor of Arts in education in 1978. She then went on to receive a master's degree in Social work from Washington University in St. Louis in 1985. In 2004, Kaijage got her PhD in Social Work and Masters of Public Health from the University of Pittsburgh.

Kaijage began her career as a school teacher in Tanzania and from there she became a Fulbright Scholar. After losing many friends and family members to HIV/AIDS, Kaijage saw a trend in the familial and social ostracism that accompanied the grim diagnosis. It was then that the vision of WAMATA emerged. Kaijage now dedicates her life to those with HIV/AIDS. She became a vital component in the battle to educate and trying to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS in Africa. Kaijage was especially important during the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) summit. During the UNAIDS summit, Kaijage proposed that mothers who are HIV positive should not breastfeed, but they should find alternate methods of feeding their infant. This caused great stir among the world health leaders who advocate that breastfeeding is the best way to feed infants in developing nations, even if the mother is HIV positive. This did not resonate well with Kaijage and she tried very hard to change this. In 1997, UNICEF and the WHO changed the guidelines on breastfeeding. Now mothers with HIV should avoid breastfeeding only when alternate means of nourishing the infant is acceptable, feasible, safe, affordable and sustainable.

WAMATA

WAMATA is a Swahili acronym for the phrase "Walio Katika Mapambano Na AIDS Tanzania" which means "People in the fight against AIDS in Tanzania". Kaijage opened her home to a young woman, infected with HIV and her child who was not infected. Kaijage observed that breastfeeding took a lot of energy from the mother; she would get out of breath and pass out. Kaijage would frequently have to rush her to the emergency room. Kaijage and the mother she took in sought out alternatives to breast milk. After the mother stopped breastfeeding, she became much healthier. She had more energy; she thrived and the baby thrived. This is what catalyzed Kaijage to invest all of her energy into WAMATA. A main goal of WAMATA is to empower women with their reproductive rights, as well as to provide information on mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Through counselling sessions offered by WAMATA, infected women learn about the risks of breastfeeding and alternative feeding methods, such as spoon feeding beans and juices, to ensure the long-lasting health of the child. With WAMATA, Kaijage seeks to "break down the barriers in health care by bringing AIDS care to the homes of those unable to leave their beds." Kaijage does not only want to combat the spread of HIV/AIDS locally, but globally. The organization has received funding from the Clinton Foundation and the Global Fund in order to reach greater lengths and depths.

References

External links

http://www.wamatatz.org/
http://www.unaids.org/en/

Health in Tanzania
Living people
HIV/AIDS researchers
1947 births
University of Dar es Salaam alumni
University of Pittsburgh alumni
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
People in public health
Tanzanian social scientists
Social workers

Theresa J. Kaijage


Total benefits of ownership (TBO) is a calculation that tries to summarise the positive effects of the acquisition of a plan. It is an estimate of all the values that will affect a business.

TBO is a financial estimate intended to help buyers and owners determine the direct and indirect benefits of a product or system. It is used to determine potential return on investment (ROI). The usage of TBO may lead to an increase in efficiency and productivity of a business, improvements in decision-making, or improvements in the workforce. It helps to identify important areas which a business should be focusing on, as well as uncovering the hidden aspects of the decisions made by the firm.

Use of concept
TBO goes beyond the initial purpose or implementation benefit to consider the full benefit of a decision or an asset over its useful life. A TBO analysis often shows there can be a large difference between the short-term benefit to the business and its long-term benefit. This can include

 operational cost savings,
 productivity improvements
 enhancements to a business's ability to compete
 greater employee retention
 increased brand equity
 expanding sales reach

For example, a small company can now have access to worldwide markets without the costs of travel. The decisions made from TBO analysis help to add monetary profit into the company's account.

Importance of TBO
While many companies perform a total cost of ownership (TCO) analysis, TBO is considered to be as important as TCO. TCO aims to minimize the total cost of the business, whereas TBO targets the maximum value of the project. Enterprise decision-makers often use both methods to estimate the actual value of an investment or strategic venture.

When considering a business proposition, the enterprise decision-makers always consider other alternatives while deciding whether the original plan is the best. An advantage of using TBO is that it identifies the value of the short term and the long-term benefits of the propositions. This system helps the company to prioritize the importance of each decision. This analysis not only serves as a tool to reduce cost but also as a way to plan the future of the business, in a more detailed and sophisticated way.

For example, a company is considering whether to invest in a long-term project, such as infrastructure. TBO will consider whether the long-term benefit may outweigh the short-term benefits of opportunity cost; whether the money spent on investment may have a better alternate purpose, e.g. using the budget to improve training schemes for workers.

Examples of different industries using Total Benefits of Ownership

Retailing industry with the use of Internet
The TBO concept is widely used within the web industry. For example, TBO identifies the benefits of using the Internet in a business. These include the exclusion of fixed cost (i.e. rent), as well as the decreasing cost of online advertisement.

Some of the key elements are incorporated in the benefit of ownership within retailing industry.
 Cheaper transportation cost
 Increase in global demand for products
 Decrease in variable cost ( i.e. cheaper wages)
 Benefits of outsourcing

Computer and software industries etc
 Software becomes more user-friendly
 Quicker data analysis
 Greater data storage space

See also
Total cost of ownership (TCO)
Return on Investment
Profit
Productivity

References

Product management
Management accounting
Costs
Decision analysis

Total benefits of ownership


Peace Thru Vandalism / When in Rome Do as The Vandals is a compilation album by the southern California punk rock band The Vandals. It was originally released in 1989 by Restless Records (and later reissued Time Bomb Recordings, a record label founded by Social Distortion frontman Mike Ness). It is a CD re-release of the band's first EP, Peace thru Vandalism, and first LP, When in Rome Do as The Vandals, containing all of the tracks from both releases.  The Restless version has the tracks from When In Rome Do As The Vandals first while the Time Bomb version has the two records in chronological order.

In the album's liner notes Brent Turner is credited as having performed all of the bass tracks on When in Rome Do as the Vandals, however by the time of that album's release Chalmer Lumary had joined the band on the bass position. Lumary is therefore listed in the liner notes as the band's official bass player. The liner notes also erroneously list Joe Escalante as writing and composing the entirety of the album's content, whereas the majority was written by Stevo and Jan Nils Ackermann. Furthermore, many tracks from Peace Thru Vandalism had been written and performed prior to Escalante's involvement in the band, adding to the suspicious nature of the inclusion.

Track listing
"Wanna Be Manor" (Ackermann/Jensen)
"Urban Struggle" (Ackermann/Jensen)
"The Legend of Pat Brown" (Ackermann/Jensen)
"Pirate's Life" (Ackermann/Escalante)
"H.B. Hotel" (originally performed by Elvis Presley) (Presley/Durden/Axton)
"Anarchy Burger (Hold the Government)" (Escalante/Jensen)
"Ladykiller" (Escalante/Jensen)
"Birthday Bash" (Escalante/Jensen)
"Master Race (In Outer Space)" (Escalante/Jensen)
"Big Bro vs. Johnny Sako" (Escalante/Jensen/Ackermann)
"Mohawk Town" (Ackermann/Jensen)
"Viking Suit" (Escalanete/Jensen/Ackermann)
"Hocus Pocus" (originally performed by Focus)
"I'm a Fly" (Escalante/Jensen/Ackermann)
"Slap of Love" (Ackermann/Jensen)
"Airstream" (Escalante/Jensen)
"Rico" (Ackermann/Jensen)

Writing credits are as they appear on the original Restless Records CD.  Later versions credit all songs to Joe Escalante.

Performers
Steven Ronald "Stevo" Jensen - vocals, scratch box on "Ladykiller"
Jan Nils Ackermann - guitar, acoustic guitars on "Mohawk Town" and "Rico"
Steve Pfauter - bass (tracks 1-6)
Brent Turner - bass (tracks 7-17)
Joe Escalante - drums, trumpet on "Rico"
Brett Gurewitz - backing vocals on "Anarchy Burger (Hold the Government)"
Chalmer Lumary - backing vocals (tracks 7-17)

Album information
Record label: Restless Records, Time Bomb Recordings (reissue)
Produced by Thom Wilson
All songs written by The Vandals, copyright 1982, 1984 and 1989 Greco Roman Publishing, except "H.B. Hotel" by Elvis Presley and "Hocus Pocus" by Focus.
Front cover art by Fritz Quadrata and Art Bad
Back cover art & design by Mike Doud
Back cover photos by Alan Newberg

References

The Vandals albums
Albums produced by Thom Wilson
1989 compilation albums
Time Bomb Recordings compilation albums


The National Language Service promotes and facilitates communication across languages in South Africa.

The NLS' core objective is to meet the language requirements of the constitution by facilitating, promoting and providing a translation and editing service in all the official languages and by managing language diversity through language planning and terminology projects.

The NLS functions as the Government's professional language support system by translating official documents in all the official languages. Its terminology service assists with the development and modernisation of the technical vocabularies of the official languages. The language planning functions include advising the Government on the development of language policy and implementation strategies.

References

Languages of South Africa
Government agencies of South Africa
Year of establishment missing

National Language Services


Peter-Jürgen Boock (born 3 September 1951) is a German former terrorist of the Red Army Faction.

Earlier life
After completing secondary school, Boock began training as a mechanic but soon quit. Claiming that his father was a staunch Nazi, Boock then left his parents' home and travelled to the Netherlands. He became involved with illegal drugs, and was arrested for possession. Soon after this he attempted suicide. He spent the next few years in rehabilitation programmes and living in re-education homes, and came in contact with Gudrun Ensslin and Andreas Baader. He wanted to join the Red Army Faction but was deemed too young. He moved to Frankfurt am Main and continued abusing drugs. In 1973, he married Waltraud Liewald (who would also later become an RAF terrorist).

Terrorism
At some point between 1975 and 1976, Boock joined the RAF and went underground. He travelled to Southern Yemen, where he received terrorist training (including hostage taking and hijacking). He became an involved member of the second generation Red Army Faction.

In July 1977 he was the getaway driver in the plot to kidnap Jürgen Ponto. The plot fell through however, and Ponto was murdered.
In August 1977, Boock constructed a rocket launcher called the Stalin Organ, which was capable of firing primitive missiles. He trained the weapon on the offices of the Federal Prosecutor. The launcher didn't work, and Boock claimed that he had a change of heart at the last minute and deliberately sabotaged the weapon himself.
In September 1977, Boock was involved in the kidnap-murder of Hanns-Martin Schleyer, and was one of the RAF kidnappers who opened fire on Schleyer's car.
In 1978 he was arrested in Yugoslavia, with Brigitte Mohnhaupt, Sieglinde Hofmann and Rolf Clemens Wagner. They were later freed and flown to a country of their choice because West Germany turned down an offer from Yugoslavia to extradite them in exchange for eight Croatian political fugitives in West Germany.

Arrest and imprisonment
Boock distanced himself from the RAF in 1980. However in 1981 he was arrested in Hamburg. He played down his role within the RAF, though was sentenced to life imprisonment terms for his involvement in the Ponto and Schleyer murders. In 1992 he admitted his full involvement in certain RAF activities, such as the Schleyer murder.

He was freed from prison on 13 March 1998 and now works as a freelance writer near Freiburg.

In 2007, he accused Stefan Wisniewski of the murder of Siegfried Buback.

References

Living people
1951 births
People from Nordfriesland
German people convicted of murder
German prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
People convicted of murder by Germany
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Germany
Members of the Red Army Faction
People convicted on terrorism charges

Peter-Jürgen Boock


Mount Durham () is a mainly ice-free mountain,  high, standing at the east side of the mouth of Scott Glacier and marking the northwestern limit of the Tapley Mountains in the Queen Maud Mountains of Antarctica. First observed in December 1929 by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition (ByrdAE) geological party under Laurence Gould, the mountain was climbed in December 1934 by the ByrdAE geological party under Quin Blackburn, and was named by Richard E. Byrd after Durham, NH, the seat of the University of New Hampshire and home of Stuart D.L. Paine, a member of the latter party.

References

Mountains of the Ross Dependency
Gould Coast

Mount Durham


Federico da Montefeltro, also known as Federico III da Montefeltro  KG (7 June 1422 – 10 September 1482), was one of the most successful mercenary captains (condottieri) of the Italian Renaissance, and lord of Urbino from 1444 (as Duke from 1474) until his death. A renowned intellectual humanist and civil leader in Urbino on top of his impeccable reputation for martial skill and honour, he commissioned the construction of a great library, perhaps the largest of Italy after the Vatican, with his own team of scribes in his scriptorium, and assembled around him a large humanistic court in the Ducal Palace, Urbino, designed by Luciano Laurana and Francesco di Giorgio Martini.

Biography

Federico was born in Castello di Petroia in Gubbio. Guidantonio da Montefeltro, lord of Urbino, Gubbio and Casteldurante, and Duke of Spoleto acknowledged Federico as his illegitimate son. Two years later he was legitimized by Pope Martin V, with the consent of Guidantonio's wife, Caterina Colonna, who was Martin's niece. However, there were persistent rumours that Federico was not Guidantonio's son, but his grandson. Guidantonio had an illegitimate daughter named Aura, who, in 1420, married Bernardino Ubaldini della Carda, a captain in Guidantonio's employ. It was rumoured that, being without a son and heir at the time, Guidantonio took his daughter's firstborn son soon after birth and passed the child off as his own. This rumour was recorded by various commentators during Federigo's lifetime, including Pope Pius II.

In the aftermath of the Peace of Ferrara (see Wars in Lombardy) in 1433, he lived in Venice and Mantua as a hostage. In 1437 he was knighted by Emperor Sigismund, and in the same year, he married Gentile Brancaleoni in Gubbio.

At sixteen, he began a career as condottiero under Niccolò Piccinino. In 1441 he distinguished himself in the conquest of the castle of St. Leo, which Federico was to hold for the rest of his life. After Piccinino's resignation, he went to Pesaro to defend it against his great enemy in the Marche, Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, lord of Rimini.

On 22 July 1444, his half-brother Oddantonio da Montefeltro, recently created Duke of Urbino by Pope Eugene IV, was assassinated in a conspiracy: Federico, whose participation in the plot has never been firmly established, subsequently seized the city of Urbino. However, the financial situation of the small dukedom being in disarray, he continued to wage war as a condottiero. His first condotta was for Francesco I Sforza, with 300 knights: Federico was also one of the few condottieri of the time to have a reputation for inspiring loyalty among his followers. In the pay of the Sforza—for Federico never fought for free—he transferred Pesaro to their control, and, for 13,000 florins, received Fossombrone as his share, infuriating Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta. Despite Federico's efforts, the Sforza sovereignty in the Marche was dismantled in the following years. When Sforza left for Lombardy, Sigismondo instigated a riot in Fossombrone, but Federico reconquered it three days later.

After six years in the service of Florence, Federico was hired in 1450 by Sforza, now Duke of Milan. However, he could not perform his duties as he lost his right eye during a tournament. Malatesta profited from his injury to obtain the position under Sforza, whereupon Federico in October 1451 accepted instead a proposal by Alfonso V of Aragon, King of Naples, to fight for him against Florence. After the loss of the eye, Federico – no stranger to conspiracies and one of the leaders that inspired Niccolò Machiavelli to write Il Principe – had surgeons remove the bridge of his nose (which had been injured in the incident) and eyelid. This improved his field of vision to a considerable extent, rendered him less vulnerable to assassination attempts – and, as can be seen by his successful career thereafter, restored his merits as a field commander.

In 1453 the Neapolitan army was struck by malaria, and Federico himself risked losing his healthy eye. The Peace of Lodi of the following year seemed to deprive him of occasions to exhibit his ability as a military commander. In 1458 the death of both Alfonso and of his beloved illegitimate son, Buonconte, did not help to raise Federico's mood. His fortunes recovered when Pius II, a man of culture like him, became Pope and made him Gonfaloniere of the Holy Roman Church. After some notable exploits in the Kingdom of Naples, he fought in the Marche against Malatesta, soundly defeating him at the Cesano river near Senigallia (1462). The following year he captured Fano and Senigallia, taking Sigismondo Pandolfo prisoner. The Pope made him vicar of the conquered territories.

In 1464 the new Pope Paul II called him to push back the Anguillara, from whom he regained much of the northern Lazio for Papal control. The following year he captured Cesena and Bertinoro in Romagna. In 1466 Francesco Sforza died, and Federico assisted his young son Galeazzo Sforza in the government of Milan, and also commanded the campaign against Bartolomeo Colleoni. In 1467 he took part in the Battle of Molinella. In 1469, on the death of Sigismondo Pandolfo, Paul sent him to occupy Rimini: however, fearing that an excessive Papal power in the area could also menace his home base of Urbino, once having entered Rimini Federico kept it for himself. After defeating the Papal forces in a great battle on 30 August 1469, he ceded it to Sigismondo's son, Roberto Malatesta.

The matter was solved by the election of Pope Sixtus IV, who married his favourite nephew Giovanni Della Rovere to Federico's daughter Giovanna and gave him the title of Duke of Urbino in 1474; Malatesta married his other daughter Elisabetta. Now Federico fought against his former patrons the Florentines, caught in the Pope's attempt to carve out a state for his nephew Girolamo Riario. In 1478, Federico was involved in the Pazzi conspiracy; in the aftermath of the failed plot, he carried out attacks on the territory of Lorenzo de' Medici.

However, after the death of his beloved second wife Battista Sforza (daughter of Elisabetta Malatesta and Alessandro Sforza), who died from pneumonia after giving birth to their seventh child at 25 years old, he spent much of his time in the magnificent palace in Urbino. The Duke had lost the mate he described as "the delight of my public and private hours"; a contemporary, speaking of their relationship, had called them two souls in one body. In 1482 he was called to command the army of Ercole I of Ferrara in his war against Venice, but was struck by fever and died in Ferrara in September.

Federico's son, Guidobaldo, was married to Elisabetta Gonzaga, the brilliant and educated daughter of Federico I Gonzaga, lord of Mantua. With Guidobaldo's death in 1508, the duchy of Urbino passed through Giovanna to the papal family of Della Rovere—nephews of Guidobaldo.

Achievements

Arts patronage
Federico, nicknamed "the Light of Italy", is a landmark figure in the history of the Italian Renaissance for his contributions to enlightened culture. He imposed justice and stability on his tiny state through the principles of his humanist education; he engaged the best copyists and editors in his private scriptorium to produce the most comprehensive library outside of the Vatican; he supported the development of fine artists, including the early training of the young painter Raphael. He was a patron of the writer Cristoforo Landino.

Federico commissioned for himself a studiolo (a small study or cabinet for contemplation) in both his palace at Urbino and that at Gubbio; both are celebrated for their trompe-l'œil decoration executed in marquetry.  The former is still in situ, the latter was eventually purchased by and brought in its entirety to The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Role in society
Federico took care of soldiers who might be killed or wounded, providing, for example, dowries for their daughters. He often strolled the streets of Urbino unarmed and unattended, inquiring in shops and businesses as to the well-being of the residents of Urbino. All "citizens", defined exclusively — as in ancient Greece — as the male residents of Urbino, were equal under the law regardless of rank.

His academic interests were the classics, particularly history and philosophy.

All his personal and professional achievements were financed through mercenary warfare. Commentators insist on his dedication to the well-being of his soldiers explaining why his men proved loyal to him and why Federico technically never lost a war. He was decorated with almost every military honour. Edward IV of England made him a Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter; he wears the Garter bound round his left knee in the portrait by Pedro Berruguete.

See also

Wars in Lombardy
Dukes of Urbino
Condottieri
Antonio da Montefeltro
Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta
Holy Conversation (Piero della Francesca)
Diptych of Federico da Montefeltro and Battista Sforza

Footnotes

References

External links

Capsule biography
The Gubbio Studiolo and its conservation, volumes 1 & 2, from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Federico da Montefeltro (see index)

1422 births
1482 deaths
People from Gubbio
Book and manuscript collectors
Federico 3
Dukes of Urbino
Montefeltro, Federico 3
Knights of the Garter

Federico da Montefeltro


Saeed Emami (; né Saeed Eslami) (1958–1999) was the Iranian deputy minister of intelligence under Ali Fallahian, and adviser to the Ghorbanali Dorri-Najafabadi. He was appointed as deputy minister in security affairs and the second person of intelligence ministry when he was 32 years old. He is also considered as the designer and leader of many internal and extraterritorial intelligence operations during 90s, especially in the case of western countries, Israel and anti-revolutionary units. He was accused of having independently organized the assassinations of dissidents (known as the "chain murders").

Biography
Emami was born in Abadeh, near Shiraz, Iran. In 1978, he moved to the United States with the help of his uncle, Soltan Mohammad Etemad, to pursue his studies in mechanical engineering. Following the Iranian Revolution, he returned to Iran and became involved in intelligence gathering. In 1984, when the Majlis of Iran (Iranian Parliament) approved the establishment of the Ministry of Intelligence of Iran, he joined the ministry and worked at the foreign directorate during Mohammad Reyshahri's term. Later he was appointed deputy minister during the tenure of Ali Fallahian. He was also the director of the ministry's security directorate.

Background
Some sources claimed that Emami was of Jewish origin, but Ali Fallahian believes that "they just wanted to justify his arrest and torture". According to Hamshahri, he was the first Holocaust denier in the Islamic Republic.

Arrest and death
In 1999, after being charged with orchestrating the Chain Murders, Emami was arrested and imprisoned. According to Muhammad Sahimi:
On 20 June 1999, it was announced that Saeid Emami had died in prison the night before. It was claimed that Emami had attempted to commit suicide by drinking a depilatory compound in the bathroom on 16 June 1999. He had been taken to a hospital and had undergone treatment, but had died on 19 June. It was claimed that he died of a cardiac arrest and because he suffered from respiratory problems. His family held a memorial service for him in which 400 people participated.
Iranian dissidents are reported to believe "he was murdered in order to prevent the leak of sensitive information about MOIS operations, which would have compromised the entire leadership of the Islamic Republic."

He was later alleged to have assisted in the defection of Abolghassem Farhad Mesbahi, a former Iranian Intelligence official. Mesbahi stated he fled Iran in 1996 after his former co-worker Emami warned him of an assassination order. Mesbahi was offered asylum in Germany where he was a witness in the Mykonos restaurant assassinations trial, contributing to a German court ruling blaming Iranian government officials for the attack and issuing an arrest warrant for former Iranian Intelligence Minister Fallahian. It was implied that Emami's arrest was at least in part for this action.

See also

Dariush Forouhar
Ali-Akbar Sa'idi Sirjani

References

1958 births
1999 deaths
Deputies of the Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)
People from Shiraz
Prisoners who died in Iranian detention
Iranian people who died in prison custody
Suicides by poison
Suicides in Iran
Iranian assassins
Iranian Holocaust deniers
1999 suicides

Saeed Emami


Hilda is an unincorporated farming and ranching community established c. 1852 in Mason County, in the U.S. state of Texas. It is located on RM 783, halfway between Mason and Doss. Hilda was founded by German immigrants settling in the Fisher–Miller Land Grant territory. Area residents were farmers and ranchers who traveled to Fredericksburg for their basic supplies, prior to the 1858 establishment of Fort Mason. Today, Hilda is sparsely populated, but still has an active church.

The Hilda Community United Methodist Church was begun as the Beaver Creek United Methodist Church by Reverend Charles Grote c.1851. He initially was called to minister in the communities begun along the Llano River by the Darmstadt Society of Forty: Bettina, Castell and Leiningen. The original services were held outdoors along Beaver Creek. A year earlier, Rev. Conrad Pluenneke had also come to the area to minister to local settlers. In absence of a structure, these ministers were circuit rider pastors. In 1859, August Engel became an additional circuit rider for the congregations. The area Methodists gradually began forming an area organization and drew up a charter. The first parsonage was built in 1861. Erection of a church building that also served as a school took place in 1880. The current existing church was constructed as a replacement in 1902.

Hilda had a post office from 1901 until 1919, at which time the mail services were redirected to nearby Loyal Valley.

See also
 Texas Hill Country

References

External links

Unincorporated communities in Texas
German-American history
German-American culture in Texas
Ghost towns in Central Texas
Unincorporated communities in Mason County, Texas
1852 establishments in Texas

Hilda, Texas


Dunnhumby Limited is a global customer data science company.

Formation

The company was formed by husband and wife team Clive Humby and Edwina Dunn. Humby was a University of Sheffield trained mathematician and the couple both worked at Caci. Wanting to start his own business, Humby resigned from Caci and left on the day that Dunn was dismissed. The couple started dunnhumby in 1989, in the kitchen of their Chiswick, west London home. The company began working with clients, including Cable & Wireless and BMW. In May 2018, dunnhumby acquired marketing and promotions management company Aptaris.

Tesco Clubcard

Dunnhumby originally gained prominence for helping establish Tesco Clubcard. In 1994, Tesco, which was second in the UK retail market to Sainsbury's, wanted to create a new loyalty card. The man responsible for Tesco's trials, Grant Harrison, attended a conference where Clive Humby was speaking.

Harrison agreed a trial with Tesco's then marketing director Terry Leahy and, after successful trials throughout 1994, the company was asked to present their findings. The first response from the board came from Tesco's then-Chairman Lord MacLaurin, who said, "What scares me about this is that you know more about my customers after three months than I know after 30 years."

Current business
Tesco originally bought a 53% stake in 2001 for a reported £30m, increasing this to 84% in 2006, before purchasing the rest of the shares. The company employs more than 2,500 people in 30+ countries, selling information from a 40-terabyte database to companies including Procter & Gamble, Coca-Cola and US retailer Kroger. Dunn and Humby resigned from the company in October 2010 and remained non-executive directors through early 2013. Dunn and Humby invested in the theatre analytics business Purple Seven in 2013.

KSS Retail, a provider of analytics software and services for retail price optimization and promotions planning, was acquired by dunnhumby in 2010. Founded in Manchester, UK, KSS Retail operated as a separate business unit until October 2015, when it was rebranded as dunnhumby Price and Promotion. KSS Retail developed and commercialized optimization software called PriceStrat that helps retailers identify the right prices and promotions as part of a revenue management and merchandising strategy. Through dunnhumby Price and Promotion, the business also provides artificial intelligence software that helps retailers with promotions and market basket analytics.

BzzAgent, a Boston-based social marketing and advocacy start-up, was acquired by dunnhumby in 2011. Founded in 2001, BzzAgent runs word-of-mouth networks in North America, Brazil and the United Kingdom, enlisting unpaid volunteers to try products from companies including Procter & Gamble, Unilever and L'Oréal, then share opinions about those products with others, in-person and online. PowerReviews acquired BzzAgent from dunnhumby in July 2018.

Berlin-based global advertising technology firm Sociomantic was acquired by dunnhumby in 2014, according to dunnhumby's then CEO Simon Hay, to improve customers' online experiences by "mak[ing] online content personalised for people, based on what they actually like, want and need." The company, founded in 2009, uses real-time bidding technology to purchase and display personalized digital advertising in milliseconds. Sociomantic operates in over 60 markets and 19 offices worldwide.

Given the trading difficulty at Tesco, in autumn 2014, it was suggested that the company might be on offer for sale at £2 billion. The BBC reported in January 2015 that Tesco was seeking a buyer for the company. In April 2015, The Kroger Company announced it would buy much of Dunnhumby USA and create a new consumer insights subsidiary called 84.51°, effective immediately.

In March 2019, dunnhumby announced its partnership with the food and pharma Canadian company METRO. The purpose of this partnership is for dunnhumby to help METRO deliver more relevant customer experiences through the provision of customer data.

In 2022, dunnhumby's revenue was £362.6m with a reported profit of £32.1m.

References

External links

1989 establishments in the United Kingdom
Companies based in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
Business services companies of the United Kingdom
Mass media companies of the United Kingdom
Advertising agencies of the United Kingdom
Tesco
Companies established in 1989
Information technology companies of the United Kingdom

Dunnhumby


Ocean Wave was a steamboat that was operated from 1891 to 1897 on the Columbia River, from 1897 to 1899 on Puget Sound and from 1899 to 1911 as a ferry on San Francisco Bay.  Ocean Wave is perhaps best known for transporting summer vacationers from Portland, Oregon to seaside resorts near Ilwaco, Washington during its service on the Columbia River.  This vessel is also known for being the first ferry placed in service by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway.

Construction
Ocean Wave was built at Portland, Oregon by J.H. Steffen for the Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company. Ocean Wave was a side-wheeler type of steamboat, designed by Jacob Kamm, a wealthy business man who had extensive experience in steamboats.

In early July 3, 1891, Jacob Kamm and his son, Charles T. Kamm, were rushing to complete the work on the new steamer, in an effort to have the vessel running by July 15, 1891, as the low water in the river could prevent the river steamer then on the route, the T.J. Potter, from making the scheduled time to Ilwaco.  On July 15, 1891, it was reported that Ocean Wave had been launched, that the boat had cost $70,000 to construct, and that it bore a "striking resemblance to the T.J. Potter"  The new steamer would make connections with the Ilwaco trains and probably would be run in opposition to the Union Pacific's boat on the Portland-Ilwaco route.

Specifications
As completed in 1891, Ocean Wave was , with a beam of  and depth of hold of

These dimensions were measured over the hull.  The size of the deck, which was built on outriggers or supporters attached to the hull, and the cabin structure (called the "house") on the deck, were different, and often much wider, particularly for side-wheelers.  The house was 56 feet wide at its maximum, necessarily overhanging the hull by 8 feet maximum on each side.  The extreme length of the vessel was reported to have been 203 feet.

The overall size of the vessel was 724.40 gross tons and 507.34 net tons.  The merchant vessel registry number was 155207.

Ocean Wave had two steam engines had a cylinder diameter of 18 inches and a stroke of 84 inches.  The engines were manufactured by James Rees and Co., of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and were of the independent balance puppet valve type.  The engines were designed to generate 190 nominal horsepower, turning the side wheels at twenty-two to twenty-five revolutions per minute.  The side wheels themselves were  in diameter, and the planks mounted on the wheel that bit into the water (called "buckets) were  feet long.   The steam engines coupled to the stern wheels were expected to be readily capable of driving the boat at a speed of 18 miles per hour.

The boat was reported to have cost $75,000.  There were accommodations for 115 passengers in state rooms, with berthing for 75 more.

Operations on the Columbia River

The first pilot of Ocean Wave was Capt. Lester A. Bailey (b.1850), who had previously commanded the large sidewheeler Olympian on the route from Portland to Ilwaco.  Others who served on Ocean Wave on the Ilwaco route were Charles T. Kamm, as master, and Joseph Hayes, as chief engineer.

In 1889, the Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company had built a narrow gauge railroad on the Long Beach Peninsula, then generally called the "North Beach."  The company depended heavily on summer vacationers coming from the Portland area and other parts of Oregon.  Ocean Wave was built to help transport vacationers to the company's dock at Ilwaco, Washington.  The dock, which was in Baker's Bay, near Cape Disappointment, was in shallow water, and steamers could not get near the dock if the tide was too far out.  Because the trains needed to arrive at the dock at same time as the steamers, the IR&N became known as the "railroad that ran by the tide."

Starting in 1891, Ocean Wave made tri-weekly trips from Portland to Astoria and Ilwaco. One historian described how it might have appeared when the steamer met the train at Ilwaco:

The steamer was also available for excursions.  On Saturday, August 15, 1891, Ocean Wave was chartered for an excursion by the Signal Corps of the First Regiment of the Oregon Native Guards.  Fireworks were set off when the boat departed from the Taylor Street dock in Portland at 9:00 pm.  About 300 people were on board.  A band was embarked on the steamer, and played a tune, "Out on the Ocean Wave", as several thousand people gathered along the river to witness the boat's departure.  Ocean Wave arrived at Astoria, Oregon at 9:00 a.m. the next day, and disembarked some of the passengers, then proceeded to Ilwaco, where the steamer met the narrow gauge train at the dock.

On the afternoon of June 13, 1893, Ocean Wave came downriver from Portland, Oregon to Astoria, and then crossed across the Columbia to Ilwaco, Washington.
Later, Ocean Wave made its first trip of the summer from Portland direct to Ilwaco on July 3, 1893.  The steamer was "crowded with Portlanders who intend spending the summer at the North Beach."  On July 21, 1893, the Oregon City Transportation Company, a steamboat concern, announced that through September 30, it would sell tickets to all points on North Beach, traveling on Ocean Wave with baggage being checked and transferred at no extra charge.  On August 4, 1893, it was advertised that tickets on the steamers Telephone, Lurline, Ocean Wave and the tug Illwaco were interchangeable.

On June 30, 1896, Ocean Wave arrived with the first group of vacationers for the season on the beaches.  On the same day, the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company and the White Collar Line reached an agreement whereby there would be two steamers, Ocean Wave and T.J. Potter, running twice daily between Astoria and Portland.  A rail link between Portland and Astoria was under construction at the time, but had not yet reached Astoria.  Completion of the rail link was expected to be soon, if the steel for the rails were to be delivered.  Passengers for Gearhart and Seaside, Oregon would be landed at Flavel rather than a landing known as "the old bridge" until trains ran into Astoria.  The roundtrip fare from Portland to Ilwaco would be $3.50 during the 1896 summer season.

Ownership issues

In July 1895 the board of directors of the Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company, known as the IR&N, voted to lease Ocean Wave to the Columbia River and Puget Sound Transportation Company, also known as the CR & PSN and commonly referred to as the White Collar Line. At that time the CR & PSN had on the Columbia River two fast and well-known sternwheelers Telephone and the Bailey Gatzert.  One of the IR&N company directors, Jacob Kamm, did not agree with this decision, and he placed a maritime lien (called a "libel") on Ocean Wave for $17,851 for services provided by Kamm's firm, the Vancouver Transportation Company.  While Kamm and Loomis were both on the board of directors of the IR&N, a disagreement between them had arisen, reportedly because Ocean Wave, designed by Kamm, had proven to be a slower boat than Loomis had wanted.

If the lien had remained in place, it would have forced Ocean Wave to be tied up during the entire summer season when the boat would otherwise be at its most profitable.  Kamm stated that if Ocean Wave were to be released from the libel, he would place his own steamboats, Lurline and Undine, in opposition.  The editor of the Daily Astorian looked forward to such an event, which would generate a rate war among the steamboats supplying service between Portland and Astoria.

As of July 16, 1895, the dispute was still not settled, and Ocean Wave was still not running on its most profitable route, the Portland-Astoria-Ilwaco run.  The matter was resolved soon thereafter, when Louis A. Loomis (1830-1913), the chief founder of IR&N, went to San Francisco to obtain a loan of $85,000.  Loomis estimated it would take over $64,000 to pay off all of the claims of Jacob Kamm.  Loomis had been convinced that no one in the state of Oregon would lend him the money to pay Kamm's claims, so he had gone to San Francisco for the money.  The rumor Astoria was that Loomis obtained the funds from the Morgan Oyster Company, who were also substantial stockholders in the IR&N.

With the proceeds of the loan, Loomis was able to pay off Kamm. Sheriff Sears of Multnomah County, released the lien.  With the lien gone, the lease of Ocean Wave to the CR&PSN went through.  Ocean Wave began running on July 18, 1895.  Thereafter Ocean Wave was operated on the Columbia River, and advertised, as one of the steamboats of the White Collar Line.

Transfer to Puget Sound

In December 1897, Ocean Wave was sold to a syndicate who intended to bring the steamer north to Puget Sound. Another source states the vessel was chartered to Cook and Co., a Puget Sound concern.

On December 7, 1897, President Loomis of the IR&N handed over Ocean Wave to Capt. Charles Clancy, who was to take the steamer down the Columbia River and around the Olympic Peninsula to Puget Sound.   According to one non-contemporaneous source, the reason for the sale was that Ocean Wave was not in the same speed class as the primary competition, T.J. Potter.  The boat was reported to have been under powered and therefore somewhat slow in actual service.

Other sources state or suggest that the reason for the sale was to permit Ocean Wave to be used in the shipping boom triggered by the Klondike Gold Rush.  Ocean Wave saw some service running from Puget Sound to Vancouver, British Columbia under Gary (or Cary) W. Cook (b.1862).

According to one source, when the bottom fell out of the Klondike market, Ocean Wave was left with nothing to do.  In December 1898, Ocean Wave was taken from Tacoma to the Fraser River in British Columbia to be placed in lay up for an indefinite time.  The owners were reported to have been afraid to keep the vessel in the "teredo-invested water" of Puget Sound.

Purchase by Santa Fe Railroad

By 1899, the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad had completed its transcontinental line with its western terminus at Point Richmond.  To complete the final part of the line to San Francisco, the railroad needed a steamer to carry its passengers across the bay.  Santa Fe had a new ferry boat ordered and under construction at Union Iron Works but this would not be complete in time.  With no suitable local steamer available, the railroad's traffic manager, W.A. Bissell, asked Capt. John Leale, of the Southern Pacific ferry lines, to go to Pacific Northwest to attempt to locate an appropriate vessel.

Leale's employer, Southern Pacific, was willing to cooperate with the Santa Fe, and so Leale went to the Pacific Northwest to look for a boat.  Leale first went to Portland, Oregon, and then to Puget Sound, where he met Gary W. Cook.  Cook took Leale north to New Westminster, British Columbia, where Cook had had the Ocean Wave docked, and offered the boat to Leale  Leale liked the strong build of the vessel, so bought Ocean Wave for his own account, subject to the conditions that it be delivered to San Francisco and it be able to raise steam and turn its wheels over under its own power once it arrived there.

Transfer to San Francisco Bay
At 9:30 pm, on Saturday, May 20, 1899, Ocean Wave departed Port Angeles, Washington under the tow of the powerful ocean-going steam tug Richard Holyoke.  Ocean Wave was not built to operate on the open sea, so before the transfer, it had to boarded up to protect against breaking waves.  Water ballast was pumped into the hull.  The weather was good and Holyoke arrived with the tow a day earlier than expected, on May 24, 1899.  Once the boat arrived, and met with Santa Fe's approval following inspection, the railroad purchased the vessel from Leale.

Reconstruction

On arrival in San Francisco, Ocean Wave was tied up to the Washington Street wharf.  Modifications had to be made to refit Ocean Wave for ferry service. Within one-half hour, carpenters had begun to work on the vessel.  There were fifty staterooms on the main deck and over one hundred on the upper deck, all of which had to be removed, to convert the upper deck into a single large passenger lounge (called a "saloon") and the lower deck into a freight area.   The bow had to be reconfigured to allow boarding over the front of the vessel at the ferry landing slips in the bay.

Later the steamer was sent to Hay and Wright's shipyard at Oakland Creek. When complete, Ocean Wave would be a "single ender" ferry, like the San Rafael which was then operating on the bay.  Once in service, Ocean Wave and San Rafael would be the only single-ender ferries running on the bay, with all the rest being double-enders.

In May 1899, it was reported that the time necessary to accomplish the reconstruction work would be about two months, and would be done about August 1, 1899. However, Ocean Wave was in the yard for seven months, and was finished a few days before April 8, 1900.

Ferry operations

Santa Fe planned for Ocean Wave to meet its passenger trains at Point Richmond, then transported the passengers and their associated luggage and freight across San Francisco Bay to the Market Street ferry terminal.  However, difficulties in completing the rail line to Point Richmond prevented Ocean Wave from being immediately placed into this service.  Instead the boat was used at first to haul supplies from San Francisco to Point Richmond.

When the rail line to Point Richmond was complete, Ocean Wave began service as a ferry.  The first trip occurred on July 6, 1900, when Ocean Wave departed from the Ferry Building in San Francisco, and reached Point Richmond 40 minutes later, where passengers and baggage were transferred to an eastbound Santa Fe train, which would be the first ever to reachnChicago over an entirely Santa Fe-owned right of way.  In charge of Ocean Wave on this trip were Capt. John Lauritzen as master and Chief Engineer Ed Mahoney.

Ocean Wave's engines were too light to handle the heavy traffic on the Point Richmond run.  The new ferry that had been building at Union Works, was launched and named San Pablo.  When San Pablo was placed into service in December 1900, Ocean Wave was switched from the primary boat on the line to the spare or "relief" boat, used when the principal vessel was under repair or otherwise unavailable.  Santa Fe operated the two boats together for about ten years.

In May 1908, the Santa Fe Railroad arranged to have Ocean Wave take a number of excursion trips around San Francisco Bay to view the arrival of the Great White Fleet.  According to an advertisement for the excursions:

Accidents and casualties
Over the years Ocean Wave was involved in a number of accidents, some of which resulted in loss of life.  These occurred both on the Columbia River system and in San Francisco Bay.

Columbia and Willamette river incidents
In January 1893, on the Willamette River, the sternwheeler Telephone, while making a landing to pick up some hogs at the North Portland stockyards, ran into an anchored ship, breaking the ship's bow sprit.  Telephone backed away from the ship, and in so doing collided with Ocean Wave, smashing the sternwheel on Telephone.  Damage to Ocean Wave was about $200 and, to Telephone, about $500.

On Sunday night, August 18, 1895, at 11:30 pm, Ocean Wave while en route from Ilwaco to Portland, ran into and sank a pleasure yacht with five people on board.  Two of the yacht's occupants, John Weatherwax and Ed Wagner, were drowned.  The captain of Ocean Wave reported that the sailboat had no light showing and there was heavy smoke, presumably from the Ocean Wave, prevailing at the time.  On September 25, 1895, the case was investigated by the Steamboat Inspection Service and the officers of Ocean Wave were exonerated of all blame.

On September 6, 1897, deck hand Dell Elbon fell overboard from Ocean Wave as the steamer was passing through the Burnside Bridge.  Elbon was 21 years of age, and had been working as non-union employee during a wage dispute on the Ocean Wave when he fell from the boat.  Elbon's father alleged that his son's death was linked to the labor dispute and that he had been struck on the head prior to going into the water.  The coroner found no evidence of a blow to the head however.

San Francisco bay incidents
On November 27, 1901, a cylinder head blew out on Ocean Wave while the ferry was on the 8:00 a.m. run, causing a deckhand to be slightly scalded by escaping steam.  The engines became useless as a result, but the tug Reliance towed Ocean Wave to and from Point Richmond on the day of the incident, so there as no delay or inconvenience in the ferry service.  The ferry Amador was to take the place of Ocean Wave until repairs could be effected.

During a severe wind storm on February 25, 1902, Ocean Wave was blown off its moorings at Point Richmond and drifted about one-half mile into shallow water where it was grounded.  A tug as well as the ferry San Pablo tried to pull Ocean Wave back into deeper water, but were unsuccessful.  Finally it was decided to put a crew aboard the stranded ferry, and they started a fire in the boiler.  With steam up, Ocean Wave was able to get clear under its own power.  The ferry then went to San Francisco for repairs, but the damage was not very great.

On July 8, 1910, a carpenter, Petrus A. Erickson, was believed to have fallen overboard from the Ocean Wave.  Erickson was thought to have fallen into the bay from the paddle wheel housing where he had been working when the ferry left San Francisco bound for Point Richmond on the afternoon of the 8th.  Erickson's body was initially reported to have been found ten days later, on July 18, 1910, floating beneath Broadway wharf No. 2.  This body was to have been turned over to Erickson's brother.  However, the body recovered on July 18 seems not to have been that of Erickson's.  On August 19, 1910, Peter Nelson, the lighthouse keeper at Lime Point Lighthouse, found a body in the surf.  Based on the clothing on the body, which had been in the water a month or more, Coroner F.E. Sawyer ruled that the body might be that of Erickson.

Later years
By 1911, Ocean Wave was not able to compete with newer and more powerful double-ended ferries that were running on the bay.  The ferry was laid up at Antioch, California and sold back to Captain Leale, who intended to scrap it.  However, when the First World War created a demand for shipping, Ocean Wave was sold to the United States Shipping Board, which used the vessel for about three and one-half years as a receiving ship to house recruits into the Sea Training Service to be trained as merchant seamen.  The boat's engines were removed to make room for more recruits.  In the 1920s the boat was sold again to be used as a floating restaurant. The boat later gradually disintegrated.  According to another source, the boat was burned in 1934 on the mud flats of southern San Francisco Bay, near San Mateo.

See also
Steamboats of the Columbia River
Ferries of San Francisco Bay

Notes

References

Printed sources

On-line newspaper collections

1891 ships
Steamboats of Oregon
Ships built in Portland, Oregon
Ferries of California
Steamboats of California
Steamboats of Washington (state)
Passenger ships of the United States
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
Merchant ships of the United States
Richmond, California
San Francisco Bay
History of San Francisco
Sidewheel steamboats of Washington (state)
Paddle steamers of Oregon
History of Portland, Oregon
History of Pacific County, Washington
Astoria, Oregon

Ocean Wave (sidewheeler)


Thomas Thacher (* 1756; † 19. Oktober 1812) war ein US-amerikanischer Geistlicher der Episkopalkirche in Dedham, Massachusetts.

Thacher graduierte 1775 vom Harvard College. Er wurde Priester in Dedham, Massachusetts. Zahlreiche seiner Predigten und Reden wurden gedruckt.

1807 wurde Thacher in die American Academy of Arts and Sciences gewählt.

Schriften
 A sermon, preached in the Episcopal church in Dedham, December 25, 1797 : being the festival of Christmas.
 An eulogy on George Washington, first president of the United States, and late commander in chief of the American army, who died December 14, 1799. : Delivered at Dedham, February 22, 1800, at the bequest of the inhabitants of said town.
 A Sermon, preached at the Third Parish in Dedham, January 11, 1801.
 The danger of despising the divine counsel : exhibited in a discourse, delivered at Dedham, third precinct, September 13, 1801, the Lord's day after the execution of Jason Fairbanks.
 Sermon, preached at the ordination of the Rev. Joseph Tuckerman, A.M. to the pastoral care of the church in Chelsea, November 4, 1801.
 A tribute of respect to the memory of Samuel Adams, L.L.D., A.A.S., late governor of the commonwealth of Massachusetts : who died, October 2, 1803, in the 82d year of his age : expressed in a discourse, delivered the next Lord's day after his funeral : published by request of the hearers.
 A discourse on the errors of popery : delivered in the chapel of the university in Cambridge, May 8, 1805, at the anniversary lecture founded by the Hon. Paul Dudley, Esq.
 A discourse delivered at Milton, September 9, 1807 : being the day appointed for the dedication of the Academy in that place.
 A sermon, preached at the Third Parish in Dedham, April 7, 1808 : the day appointed by His Excellency, the governour, for a day of humiliation and prayer, throughout the commonwealth of Massachusetts.
 Two discourses : the first delivered on taking leave of the ... third Parish in Dedham, February 26, and the second, at the dedication of the new house in said parish, March 1, 1809.
 The principles and maxims on which the security and happiness of a republic depend : a sermon, delivered before the Governor, the Lieutenant-Governor, the Council, and the two houses composing the legislature of the commonwealth of Massachusetts, May 29, 1811, being the day of general election.
 A discourse delivered on the day of publick fast, April 9, 1812.

Weblinks
 Online-Schriften bei der University of Pennsylvania (upenn.edu)

Einzelnachweise

Anglikanischer Geistlicher (18. Jahrhundert)
Anglikanischer Geistlicher (19. Jahrhundert)
Mitglied der American Academy of Arts and Sciences
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1756
Gestorben 1812
Mann

Thomas Thacher (Geistlicher)