Sports in Colombia includes professional sports leagues, as well as amateur leagues for numerous sports. Football, cycling, and roller skating are the most popular sports in Colombia. The Government of Colombia sponsors numerous individuals and teams nationally and internationally through the Ministry of Culture to enable sportspeople to represent Colombia in competition. The achievements of professional sportspeople are a source of national pride for Colombians.

Football

The Colombian Football Federation was founded in 1924 and has been associated with FIFA and CONMEBOL since 1936.  Colombia's national team participated in a FIFA World Cup in 1962, followed by others in 1990, 1994, 1998, 2014 and 2018. Its best presentation was in 2014, when the team reached the quarter-finals and James Rodríguez became top scorer of the tournament. The only "olympic goal" (a goal made directly from one corner shot) in the World Cup was scored for Colombia by Marcos Coll, beating legendary goalkeeper Lev Yashin in a 4–4 draw with the Soviet Union in 1962. A golden era existed for the national team from the mid-1980s towards the late 1990s when it became one of the most powerful teams in football, with a generation of talented players such as Carlos Valderrama, Andrés Escobar, René Higuita and Faustino Asprilla.

Colombia was the champion of the 2001 Copa América, which they hosted and set a new record of being undefeated, conceding no goals and winning each match. Prior to that success, they were runners-up to Peru in the 1975 Copa América. Colombia was the first team to win FIFA best mover in 1993 where the achievement was first introduced (with some help from their famous 5-0 thrashing of South American powerhouse Argentina at the qualifiers for the 1994 FIFA World Cup) and the second team after Croatia to win it twice, with the second being in 2013. Colombia also hosted the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup and is to host the 2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup. Colombia was organized to host the 2020 Copa América with Argentina. However, on May 20, 2020, Colombia was removed due to the 2021 Colombian protests, and Argentina was later removed due to COVID-19 issues. Brazil became the host for the cup.

The nation also qualified for the 1968, 1972, 1980, and 1992 Summer Olympics. Throughout the years, many Colombians have also worked for leagues in other nations. The national clubs compete in the Categoría Primera A, which also participates in international tournaments like Copa Libertadores de América upon winning or finishing in the first places. In club football, Atlético Nacional became the first Colombian club team to win the Copa Libertadores in 1989 and later in 2016. Once Caldas were the surprise winners of the 2004 Copa Libertadores and the second Colombian team to do so.

Cycling

Cycling in Colombia became very popular with the beginning of the annual Vuelta a Colombia race in 1951, followed by the annual Clásico RCN starting in 1961. The triumphs of Martín Emilio "Cochise" Rodríguez in European cycling competitions increased the sport's popularity, which in turn helped to develop the Colombian Cycling Federation. Rodriguez was followed by professional Colombian cyclists known as the "Colombian beetles", which include up to this date Luis "Lucho" Herrera, Luis Felipe Laverde, Fabio Parra, Víctor Hugo Peña, Santiago Botero, Mauricio Soler. The "escarabajo" (beetle) nickname was coined by radio announcer José Enrique Buitrago, while watching Ramón Hoyos climb a hill ahead of French professional racer José Beyaert during the 1955 Vuelta a Colombia.

Colombian cycling has enjoyed a renaissance in the early 2010s, with Colombian riders enjoying international success. One of the factors cited for this success has been the establishment of the 4-72 Colombia cycling team (formerly known as Colombia es Pasión-Café de Colombia), which has developed several cyclists who have gone on to compete for UCI Worldteams. The government-backed Colombia-Coldeportes cycling team competed at the 2013 Giro d'Italia, and was the first all-Colombian team to do so for 21 years. The team aimed to secure UCI ProTeam status and compete in the Tour de France, however the team announced its disbanding in October 2015 due to the withdrawal of financial support from Coldeportes, the Colombian government's sports ministry. Riders who graduated to the UCI World Tour from the team included Esteban Chaves and Darwin Atapuma. High-profile riders emerging in this period include Nairo Quintana, Rigoberto Urán, Sergio Henao, Carlos Betancur and Mariana Pajón. The two main strongholds of the sport in Colombia are the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the centre of the country and Antioquia in the west, both being mountainous regions.

During the 1990s, the government of the Colombian capital, Bogotá introduced the Ciclovía, which became popular and were introduced later into other Colombian cities. The government of Bogotá later built Bogotá's Bike Paths Network to sponsor the practice of sports by the population and to curb the city's increasing pollution by drivers. The network extends throughout the city with bicycle use increasing five times in the city. There is an estimated 300,000 to 400,000 trips made daily in Bogotá by bicycle.

Champions
 María Luisa Calle, bronze medal winner in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens and World Champion.
 Fabio Parra, 3rd place in the tour de France, 1988
 Santiago Botero, Time trial world champion
 Martín Emilio "Cochise" Rodríguez, Hour world record holder and world champion in 4,000 m pursuit.
 Marlon Pérez, Youth World Champion in the points race, 1994
 Efraín Domínguez, Double world record in kilometer and 200 m pushed 1987
 Luis "Lucho" Herrera, "El jardinerito", Champion of the Dauphiné Libéré (1988, 1991) and Vuelta a España (1987), first non-European to win the Tour de France Mountains classification (1985)
 Martín Ramírez, Champion Dauphiné Libéré 1984
 Alfonso Flórez Ortiz, Champion Tour de l'Avenir 1980
 Víctor Hugo Peña, one of only three Colombian cyclists to have ever worn the yellow jersey in the Tour de France (2003).
 Rigoberto Urán, silver medal winner in the Men's Olympic Road Race, 2012 Summer Olympics, second place in the Giro d'Italia (2013, 2014), second place in the Tour de France (2017).
Mariana Pajón, gold medal winner at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the women's BMX event, gold medal winner at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the women's BMX event.
Carlos Oquendo, bronze medal winner at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the men's BMX event.
Nairo Quintana, 2nd place overall in the Tour de France, 2013, 1st place overall Tour of the Basque Country, 2013, 1st place overall Vuelta a Burgos, 2013, 1st place overall Giro d'Italia 2014, winner of Tirreno–Adriatico 2015, 1st place overall Vuelta a España 2016.
Edwin Ávila, double track cycling world champion in the points race (2011,2014).
Esteban Chaves, second place in the Giro d'Italia (2016)
Carlos Ramirez placed third at the  2016 Summer Olympics in men's BMX
Iván Sosa, 1st place overall in the 2018 Vuelta a Burgos
Fernando Gaviria wearer of the Yellow Jersey in the 2018 Tour de France
Egan Bernal winner of the general and youth classifications in the 2019 Tour de France and 2021 Giro d'Italia

Martial arts

Boxing
Professional boxing in Colombia is mostly practiced in Caribbean region and the Pacific Region. Boxing in Colombia was also introduced by Europeans in the late 19th century and became popular in Latin America in the early 20th century, and in Colombia became popular in the 1960s, with the triumphs of Antonio "Kid Pambele" Cervantes who became a two time world Jr. Welterweight champion. He was then followed by boxers like Prudencio Cardona, Rodrigo Valdéz, Fidel Bassa, and many more. The success of these boxers created a fan base and many Colombians started to follow the sport. The National Boxing Commission of Colombia (Comisión Nacional de Boxeo de Colombia) was created and regulated the practice of boxing in Colombia.

In the 1980s, the success of Miguel "Happy" Lora reigned in the bantam weight division (118 pounds) -WBC- from 1985 to 1988 and the silver medal in the Pan American Games of Carlos José Tamara. Another boxers have figured internationally and won some titles such as Ener Julio, Joel Julio, among others.

During the 1990s, surged Irene "Mambaco" Pacheco who became a world champion in the IBF Flyweight category, and in the 2000s, Fulgencio Zúñiga current IBO Super middleweight champion, recently, Yuberjen Martinez won the silver medal in Rio 2016.

Champions
 Tomas Molinares, World Boxing champion, welter jr division (WBA) 1988
 Prudencio Cardona, World Boxing champion, light division 1982 (WBC)
 Ricardo cardona, World Boxing champion
 Elvis Álvarez, World Boxing champion, light division 1989–1990 (WBO), 1991 (WBA)
 Irene Pacheco, World Boxing champion FIB, fly division 1999
 Kermin Guardia, World Boxing champion OMB, minimum division
 Beibis Mendoza, World Boxing champion AMB, minifly division
 Camilo el "Bambino" García, World Boxing champion FIB, fly division 1992
 Daniel Reyes, World Boxing champion FIB, minimum division
 Rodrigo Valdéz WBC Middleweight Champion, Undisputed World Middleweight Champion
 Luis "Chicanero" Mendoza, World Boxing champion
 Jorge Eliecer Julio, World Boxing champion and Bronze medal 1988 Olympic Games
 Mauricio Pastrana, World Boxing champion
 Antonio Cervantes "Kid" Pambelé, World Boxing champion, welter jr
 Miguel "Happy" Lora, World Boxing champion, 1985 until 1988 (WBC)
 Fidel Bassa, World Boxing champion, light division 1987–1989 (WBA)
 Rafael "Derby" Pineda, Campeón Mundial de Boxeo Welter jr
 Ener Julio, World Boxing champion, welter jr
 Edison Miranda
 Carlos Maussa, World Boxing champion, welter jr
 Miguel "Huracán" Barrera, World Boxing champion FIB, minimum division
 Miguel "Mascara" Maturana, World Boxing champion Aficionado rooster division, Montreal, Canadá 1981
 Joel Julio
 Robinsón Pitalúa
 Clemente Rojas, bronze medal, 1972 Summer Olympics
 Alfonso Pérez, bronze medal, 1972 Summer Olympics
 Jorge Julio Rocha, bronze medal, 1988 Summer Olympics
 Yuberjen Martinez, silver medal, 2016 Summer Olympics
 Rubén "Huracán" Palacios, World Boxing champion, feather division OMB
 Juan Urango, World Boxing champion, super light division FIB

Roller skating

With the introduction of inline skates in Colombia during the 1990s, roller skating became widely practiced throughout most of the main cities in the country. It was mostly popular in the main and medium size cities such as Cartagena, Cali, Bogotá, Pasto, Barrancabermeja, Barranquilla, Medellín, and Valledupar.

Colombia is a hub for roller skaters. The national team is a perennial powerhouse at the World Roller Speed Skating Championships and has won the overall title nine times in the past 12 years. Colombia also exports state-of-the-art technology in this sport.

Notable

 Claudia Ruizm Female Inline speed skating world champion 300 meters, 1990
 Luz Mery Tristan, Female Inline speed skating world champion 5,000 meters, 1990
 Guillermo Leon Botero, Inline speed skating world champion 20,000 meters, 1990
 Luis Eduardo Moreno, Inline speed skating world champion in China, 300 meters
 Liana Holguín, Female Inline speed skating world champion in China
 Andrés Felipe Muñoz, 15,000 meters Inline speed skating Junior world champion in Abruzzo, 2004 in China 2005
 Brigitte Méndez, Female Inline speed skating world champion, 15.000 m elimination, Abruzzo (Italy) 2004, Sushou (China) 2005, 1.000 m line Sushou (China) 2005
 Juan Nayib Tobón, Multiple World champion Inline speed skating in China
 Silvia Natalia Niño, Multiple Inline speed skating world champion
 Diego Rosero, Multiple Inline speed skating world champion
 Cecilia Baena, Female Inline speed skating world champion
 Berenice Moreno, Female Inline speed skating world champion
 Jorge Botero, Inline speed skating world champion
 Jennifer Caicedo, Female Inline speed skating world champion, 500 meters Duisburg (Germany), and Suzhou (China), and in Barquisimeto (Venezuela)
 Edwin Guevara, Inline speed skating world champion, 1996, 1998
 Anderson Ariza, Inline speed skating world champion, 2002
 Alexandra Vivas, Female Inline speed skating world champion, 10,000 meters (Italy) 2004
 Nelson Garzon, Inline speed skating world champion, 10,000 meters points, 2006
 Jersy Puello, Inline speed skating world champion, 200 m and 1.000 m (Italy) 2004
 Carolina Upegui, Inline speed skating world champion, 15,000 meters (Italy) 2004
 Kelly Martinez, Inline speed skating junior world champion, 15,000 meters  Barquisimeto (Venezuela) 2003
 Jorge Cifuentes, Inline speed skating junior world champion, 1.000 m, 500 m J (Italy) 2004
 Martin Cardenas, National Skating Champion 100 m child (Colombia) 2003.
 Sara Vallejo World Figure Skating Champion Youth 200 m (Colombia) 2007.
 Maria Claudia salazar skating 15,000 m Youth 2007
 Ahmed Hamed 300 m skating world Champion Palestina youth 2007

Motorsports

 Roberto Guerrero, former Formula One and IndyCar driver
 Martin Cardenas, 250cc Grand Prix motorcycle racing rider.
 Yonny Hernández, MotoGP Grand Prix motorcycle racing rider.

Juan Pablo Montoya is the most successful racing driver from Colombia. He is one of only three drivers to have won races in American open-wheel car racing, Formula One, and NASCAR, along with Americans Dan Gurney and Mario Andretti. Montoya was the CART champion in 1999, and is a two-time winner of the Indianapolis 500, in 2000 and 2015.

Basketball

Colombia hosted the 1982 Basketball World Cup, one of the most watched events the country has ever hosted. Since then, the country's basketball team has declined a bit. Throughout the decades, Colombia produced several internationally recognized players such as Juan Palacios, who has played in several of Europe's elite competitions and Braian Angola who recently became the first Colombian player Drafted in the NBA.

Chess
 Miguel Cuéllar
 Boris de Greiff
 Ilse Guggenberger
 Luis Augusto Sánchez
 Alonso Zapata, Finished Second Youth World Championship 1977, Great Internacional Masters.

Athletics

 Caterine Ibargüen, Athlete, Gold medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics, silver medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics, two gold medals in the IAAF World Championships in Athletics, and two gold medals in the 2011 Pan American Games and 2015 Pan American Games.
 Ximena Restrepo, Athletic runner, Bronze medal, 1992 Olympic Games
Luis Fernando López, athlete, bronze medal at the 2011 World Championship in 20 km race walking
Anthony Zambrano is a sprinter who won silver medals at the 2020 Olympic Games and the 2019 World Athletics Championships in the 400m.
Sandra Arenas won a silver medal in the Women's 20 kilometres walk at the 2020 Olympic Games.

Baseball

 Liga Colombiana de Béisbol Profesional
 Colombia, Baseball World Cup Champions 1947, 1965
 Colombia Gold medal Bolivarian Games in Lima, Peru, 1947
 Colombia Gold medal Central American and Caribbean Games in Barranquilla, 1946
 Orlando Ramírez, Major League Baseball
 Jackie Gutiérrez, Major League Baseball player
 Jolbert Cabrera, Major League Baseball player
 Orlando Cabrera, Major League Baseball player (Champion 2004 World Series with Boston Red Sox).
 Luis Castro, Major League Baseball player
 Édgar Rentería, Major League Baseball player (Champion 1997 World Series with Florida Marlins and 2010 World Series with San Francisco Giants).
 Emiliano Fruto, Major League Baseball player, pitcher Seattle Mariners
 Ernesto Frieri, Major League Baseball player, pitcher Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim

Bowling
 Jairo Ocampo, Bowling World Champion, 1974
 Armando Mariño, Bowling World Champion, 1983
 Clara Juliana Guerrero, Female Bowling World Champion, 2003, 2006, and 2009
 Luz Adriana Leal, bronze medal at the 1995 World Championship
 Sara Vargas, World Ranking Masters Champion
 Paola Gómez, bronze medal at the 2011 World Championship
 Andrés Gómez, Professional title holder
Manuel Otalora, World Games Champion in 2009
Anggie Ramírez, World Games Silver medalist in 2009 and 2013 Ibero-American Champion
Laura Fonnegra, Gold Medalist at the 2010 World Youth Championship
Santiago Mejía, Pan American Gold Medalist
Juan Francisco Gómez, Pan-American Gold Medalist
Juliana Franco Arango, Bronze medal at the 2012 World Youth Championship and Pan-American Gold Medalist

Golf
Currently, Camilo Villegas is the most recognized Colombian golfer in the world. He has been a PGA Tour professional in the United States since 2006. In 2008, Villegas was the first PGA Tour player in 11 years to win his first two PGA Tour events back-to-back. He is currently among the top 10 ranked golfers in the world, according to the Official World Golf Rankings.

Marisa Baena was the inaugural champion of the HSBC Women's World Match Play Championship in 2005.

Camilo Benedetti, Diego Vanegas, and Manuel "Manny" Villegas (the younger brother of Camilo Villegas) are currently playing professional golf in the United States on the Nationwide Tour, with hopes of eventually graduating to the PGA Tour. David Vanegas is playing on the equivalent Challenge Tour with the prospect of promotion to the European Tour.

Weightlifting

 María Isabel Urrutia, female weightlifter, multiple times world champion and gold medal, 2000 Olympic Games
 Óscar Figueroa, male weightlifter, Figueroa won Olympic Gold at the 2016 Summer Olympics, silver medal winner at the 2012 Olympic Games, silver medal winner at the 2006 Santo Domingo, gold medal winner at the 2008 Callao
 Mabel Mosquera, female weightlifter, bronze medal, 2004 Olympic Games
 Diego Fernando Salazar, male weightlifter, silver medal, 2008 Olympic Games

Olympic wrestling
 Albeiro García, World Champion Greco-Roman wrestling, Stockholm, 1980
 Joselio Mosquera, World Champion Greco-Roman wrestling
 Jackeline Rentería – 2008 and 2012 Olympics – Women's Freestyle – Bronze – 55 kg

Rugby league
Although Rugby league is a minor sport in Colombia they have a national team.

Tennis
 Santiago Giraldo, professional tennis player
 Alejandro Falla, professional tennis player
 Juan Sebastián Cabal, professional tennis player
 Robert Farah Maksoud, professional tennis player
 Mauricio Hadad, professional tennis player
 Fabiola Zuluaga, female professional tennis player
 Catalina Castaño, female professional tennis player
Mariana Duque, Female Professional tennis player (as of 2016 current no.1 female tennis player in Colombia)

Shooting
 Helmut Bellingrodt, Shooting world champion, 1972, 1984 Olympic Games
 Bernardo Tovar, Automatic pistol world champion in Moscow 1990 and seven-time champion of in pistol, fast shooting, and automatic pistol.

Winter sports
The skating federation has started to develop ice sports, including bandy, ice hockey, short track and speed skating

Tejo
Tejo is the national sport of Colombia.

Beach volleyball
Colombia featured a women's national team in beach volleyball that competed at the 2018–2020 CSV Beach Volleyball Continental Cup.

Climbing

Colombia is also a popular destination for technical rock climbing, with opportunities for bouldering, sport climbing, trad climbing and a mix of styles. The town of Suesca is surrounded by established rock climbs and draws climbers from all over the world.

Athletes in other sports

 Yuri Alvear, female judoka, Bronze medal winner at 2012 Olympic Games, 3 time World Champion
 Óscar Muñoz, taekwondoka, Bronze medal winner at 2012 Olympic Games
 Orlando Duque, High Diving World Champion
 Natalia Sánchez, archer, World Championship bronze medalist
 Mauricio Rivas, fencer, World Championship bronze medalist

Medals by Games
 As of the 2019 Parapan American Games

Global Games

Regional Games

Sub Regional Games

Inter Regional Games

See also
 Colombia at the Olympics

References

Sport in Colombia


Winter is a town in Sawyer County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 969 at the 2000 census. The Village of Winter is located within the town, but not a part of it. The unincorporated community of Hay Stack Corner is also located in the town. The town claims to be the largest town in Wisconsin.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 285.3 square miles (738.9 km2), of which 279.5 square miles (723.9 km2) is land and 5.8 square miles (15.0 km2 or 2.03%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 969 people, 381 households, and 276 families residing in the town. The population density was 3.5 people per square mile (1.3/km2). There were 1,203 housing units at an average density of 4.3 per square mile (1.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 94.22% White, 3.82% Black or African American, 1.14% Native American, 0.52% Asian, 0.21% from other races, and 0.10% from two or more races. 1.55% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 381 households, out of which 23.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.0% were married couples living together, 5.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.3% were non-families. 22.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.72.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 17.9% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 25.3% from 25 to 44, 31.4% from 45 to 64, and 19.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 118.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 123.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $33,500, and the median income for a family was $41,125. Males had a median income of $31,442 versus $22,614 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,033. About 10.2% of families and 12.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.8% of those under age 18 and 12.6% of those age 65 or over.

References

External links
Official Web Site of the Town of Winter
Winter Area Chamber of Commerce

Towns in Sawyer County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin

Winter (town), Wisconsin


BBC Sessions and Other Polished Turds is a compilation album by The Vandals, released August 12, 2008 by Kung Fu Records. It was released as a digital download through iTunes and the band's website, as well as on CD in Japan, and finally on CD and Vinyl in the US in 2019. The album collects rare songs by the band from compilations and out-of-print singles, as well as five songs recorded during various sessions at the BBC. It was promoted as "A collection of the band's most rare tracks all sharing one thing in common in that they were recorded when the band didn't give a crap, so they are fun, funny, and unpretentious".

Included are cover versions of songs by the Ramones, Little Jimmy Osmond, the Falling Idols (in which Vandals singer Dave Quackenbush played guitar before joining the Vandals), Supernova, Jilted John, Alice Cooper, Sublime, ZZ Top, and Queen, as well as a cover of the song "Heigh-Ho" from the Walt Disney film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs which originally appeared on a Japanese Disney tribute album.

In fact, only four of the album's sixteen songs were written by The Vandals. "Change the World with My Hockey Stick" originally appeared on the soundtrack album to the film Glory Daze. The BBC sessions include performances of "My Neck, My Back" from the band's album Hollywood Potato Chip and "Canine Euthanasia" from The Quickening. The album's final track is a remix of "You're Not the Boss of Me (Kick It)" from the album Look What I Almost Stepped In...

The band described the album in typical tongue-in-cheek fashion:

Some may think this is a joke, or a hoax, but over the years the Vandals have indeed recorded over a dozen songs for the BBC, mostly for BBC 1's Lock-Up Sessions with Mike Davis. Here are some of the best from those sessions featuring some ZZ Top, Sublime, Queen, and a tear jerking piano version of the dead pet lament "Canine Euthanasia."
The cover songs come from ancient Ramones tributes (try to find any better Ramones renditions than these – impossible), lame Alice Cooper tribute albums, and even a Japanese Disney tribute. The gayest of the gay, however, has to be the Vandals version of the song 9 year-old Jimmy Osmond topped the U.K. pop charts with for 6 weeks in 1972 "Long Haired Lover From Liver Pool." Think of this release as 20 years of people asking for extra songs and the Vandals delivering in their own special way.

Track listing

Personnel
Dave Quackenbush – lead vocals
Warren Fitzgerald – guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Long Haired Lover from Liverpool" and "Don't Stop Me Now"
Joe Escalante – bass guitar, backing vocals
Josh Freese – drum kit, lead vocals on "Costa Mesa Hates Me"
Scott Aukerman – backing vocals on "Heigh-Ho"

References

The Vandals albums
2008 compilation albums
2008 live albums
BBC Radio recordings

BBC Sessions and Other Polished Turds


Norwegian knitting (strikking)  has a history dating from the 16th century.

History
Knitted garments found in Norway have been dated as far back as between 1476 and 1525. Some of the most well known sweater patterns attributed to Norwegian colorwork knitting are the Setesdal Lusekofte and the Fana Fanacofte patterns. Selbu in Trøndelag county is also well known for the  Selburose pattern motif.  Selbu  mittens  first appeared as a vertical column of two snowflakes on the front side of the mittens. The origin of these mittens is attributed to a young girl named Marit Emstad who in 1857 attended church wearing what we now know as Selbu mittens, effectively sparking the imagination of knitters at the time who had never seen anything like it before.

Today there are over 300  registered  mitten patterns attributed to Selbu. There are several brands of Norwegian yarn available today for knitters, including Dale of Norway and Rauma Garn.  Dale of Norway has been a manufacturer of ready wear sweaters which have been worn by Norway's Olympic athletes since 1956.

Many of their sweater patterns most closely associated with knitted  ski sweaters  have been published in English by the manufacturing company.
The heritage of Norwegian knitting has been preserved, documented and translated into English language history and pattern books that are available to modern knitters, mostly notably by the author Annemor Sundbø. The yarn factory Rauma Ullvarefabrikk has also released a substantial number of Norwegian knitting patterns translated into English.

See also
Selburose
Mariusgenser
Lusekofte

References

Other sources

External links
 Fair Isle and Norwegian Knitting: Lets Get Started
 Hillesvag Yarn (used by the Solveig Hisdal in her book "Poetry in Stitches".)

Knitting
knitting, Norwegian
knitting, Norwegian
Textile arts of Norway
Culture of Norway

Norwegian knitting


Origin is a proprietary computer program for interactive scientific graphing and data analysis. It is produced by OriginLab Corporation, and runs on Microsoft Windows. It has inspired several platform-independent open-source clones and alternatives like LabPlot and SciDAVis.

Graphing support in Origin includes various 2D/3D plot types.

Data analyses in Origin include statistics, signal processing, curve fitting and peak analysis. Origin's curve fitting is performed by a nonlinear least squares fitter which is based on the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm.

Origin imports data files in various formats such as ASCII text, Excel, NI TDM, DIADem, NetCDF, SPC, etc. It also exports the graph to various image file formats such as JPEG, GIF, EPS, TIFF, etc. There is also a built-in query tool for accessing database data via ADO.

Features

Origin is primarily a GUI software with a spreadsheet front end. Unlike popular spreadsheets like Excel, Origin's worksheet is column oriented.  Each column has associated attributes like name, units and other user definable labels.  Instead of cell formula, Origin uses column formula for calculations.

Recent versions of Origin have introduced and expanded on batch capabilities, with the goal of eliminating the need to program many routine operations. Instead the user relies on customizable graph templates, analysis dialog box Themes which save a particular suite of operations, auto recalculation on changes to data or analysis parameters, and Analysis Templates™ which save a collection of operations within the workbook.

Origin also has a scripting language (LabTalk) for controlling the software, which can be extended using a built-in C/C++-based compiled language (Origin C). Other programming options include an embedded Python  environment, and an R Console plus support for Rserve.

Origin can be also used as a COM server for programs which may be written in Visual Basic .NET, C#, LabVIEW, etc.

Older (.OPJ), but not newer (.OPJU), Origin project files  can be read by the open-source LabPlot or SciDAVis software. The files can also be read by QtiPlot but only with a paid "Pro" version. Finally the liborigin library can also read .OPJ files such as by using the opj2dat script, which exports the data tables contained in the file.

There is also a free component (Orglab) maintained by Originlab that can be used to create (or read) OPJ files. A free Viewer application is also available.

Editions and support
Origin is available in two editions, the regular version Origin and the pricier OriginPro. The latter adds additional data analysis features like surface fitting, short-time Fourier Transform, and more advanced statistics.

Technical support is available to registered users via e-mail, online chat, and telephone.
A user forum is also available.

There are a few version types that have been offered from Origin and OriginPro as personal, academic, government and student versions. However, the student version is not available for Southeast Asian countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines and Laos.

There is an origin file viewer to see data and charts made with origin. The actual software is Version 9.6.5. This software can convert newer OPJU files to older OPJ files for older versions of Origin.

History
Origin was first created for use solely with microcalorimeters manufactured by MicroCal Inc. (acquired by Malvern Instruments in 2014) The software was used to graph the instruments data, and perform nonlinear curve fitting and parameter calculation.

The software was first published for the public in 1992 by Microcal Software, which later was renamed to OriginLab Corporation, located in Northampton, Massachusetts.

Release history
 2023/04/27 Origin 2023b: built-in LaTeX, Floating windows, Keep pinned windows when switching folders, Export to PDF via MS Print, Scale opju files properly on different resolutions, Duplicate Sheet with New Files, Browser Graph with gadgets, Set external image in graph as linked file, SVG drag & drop to graph, rotate, resize, etc.
 2022/11/3 Origin 2023: Folder Notes, Seesaw Folders, Pin window, Banded Rows, Hide & Protect sheet, Better inserted sheet/table on graph, Graph export with internal preview, clickable export link, Improved Script window with Unicode support, auto fill and syntax coloring,
 2022/5/12 Origin 2022b: Export SVG, GeoTIFF support, rich text in notes window, simpler symbol map, remove formula and links, customize gadget ROI label, distance annotation, arrange & snap windows, high resolution icons on 4K monitor, etc.
 2021/11/16 Origin 2022: Add Notes to Cells, Named Range, Image on Graph as Linked Files, Mini Toolbars on Object Manager, Connect to OneDrive and Google Drive for data.
 2021/4/30 Origin 2021b: Mini toolbar for 3D graph, built-in Shapefile support, insert maps to graphs, NetCDF climate data, SQLite import export
 2020/10/27 Origin 2021. Fully integrated Python support with new originpro package. New formula bar, color manager, chord diagram. New Apps including TDMS Connector, Import PDF Tables.
 2020/4/30 Origin 2020b. Mini toolbar for worksheet & matrix, data connector navigator panel, browser graphs. Worksheet cells no longer showing ####. New Apps such as Canonical Correlation Analysis, Correlation plot etc.
 2019/10/25 Origin 2020. Only provides 64 bit Origin & OriginPro. Mini toolbars, much faster import and plotting of large dataset. Density dots, color dots, sankey diagram, improved pie and doughnut charts. Copy and Paste plot, Copy and Paste HTML or EMF table.
 2019/04/24 Origin 2019b. HTML and Markdown reports.  Web Data Connectors for CSV, JSON, Excel, MATLAB. Rug Plots, Split Heatmap Plot. Validation Reports using NIST data. New Apps for Quantile Regression, 2D Correlation, Isosurface Plot, etc.
2018/10/26  Origin 2019. Data Highlighter for data exploration, Windows-like search from Start menu, Conditional formatting of data cells, Violin plot, New apps like Stats Advisor, Image Object Counter, Design of Experiments, etc.
 2018/4/24  Origin 2018b. Matrices embedded in workbook, Worksheet/matrix data preview, Dynamic graph preview in analysis, Distributed batch processing on multi-core CPU (app).
 2017/11/9  Origin 2018. Cell formula, Unicode, Bridge chart, changed to a more compact file format (OPJU).
 2016/11/10 Origin 2017. Trellis Plot, Geology fill patterns, JavaScript support from Origin C.
 2015/10/23 Origin 2016. First version to support Apps in Origin, also added R support.
 2014/10 Origin 2015  added graph thumbnail previews, project search, heat map, 2D kernel density plot and Python support.
 2013/10 Origin 9.1 SR0 added support for Piper diagram, Ternary surface plot etc.
 2012/10 Origin 9 with high performance OpenGL 3D Graphing, orthogonal regression for implicit/explicit functions
 2011/11 Origin 8.6, first version in 64bit
 2011/04 Origin 8.5.1
 2010/09 Origin 8.5.0
 2009/10 Origin 8.1
 2009/08 Origin 8 SR6
 2007/12 Origin 8 SR1
 2007/10 Origin 8
 2006/01 Origin 7.5 SR6
 2003/10 Origin 7.5
 2002/02 Origin 7.0
 2000/09 Origin 6.1
 1999/06 Origin 6.0
 1997/08 Origin 5.0
 1995/02 Origin 4.1
 1994/07 Origin 3.5
 1993/08 Origin 2.9
 1993/?? Origin 2

References

External links

1992 software
Data analysis software
Earth sciences graphics software
Plotting software
Regression and curve fitting software
Windows software

Origin (data analysis software)


Empire Ranch is a working cattle ranch in southeastern Pima County, Arizona, that was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. In its heyday, Empire Ranch was one of the largest in Arizona, with a range spanning over , and its owner, Walter L. Vail, was an important figure in the establishment of southern Arizona's cattle industry. It is currently owned by the Bureau of Land Management with a grazing lease to a private operator.

History

Establishment
Empire Ranch is located on the eastern slope of the Santa Rita Mountains in Cienega Valley, fifty-two miles southeast of Tucson and about  north of Sonoita. The property overlooks a shallow depression called Empire Gulch, through which a spring-fed rivulet bordered by cottonwoods courses eastward to Cienega Creek. The surrounding meadows are "thickly covered" with sacaton and salt grass. Tucson businessman Edward Nye Fish first occupied the site of the ranch in 1871, but it is uncertain whether or not he built the original four-room adobe house and corral, which may have already been there when he arrived.

On August 22, 1876, an Easterner named Walter Vail and his English business partner, Herbert R. Hislop, purchased Empire Ranch and its 612 head of cattle from Fish and his partner, Simon Silverberg, who had acquired the 160-acre tract only two months earlier from Fish's brother-in-law, William Wakefield, at a price of $500. Fish and Silverberg wanted $3,800 for the ranch and cattle; but to expedite the sale, they settled on a considerably lower price of $1,174. Vail and Hislop immediately began expanding their holdings in the area by acquiring new lands and improving the ranch's infrastructure. In its heyday, Empire controlled  of rangeland between the Santa Rita, Rincon, Whetstone, and Huachuca Mountains.

When Walter's wife, Margaret, arrived from New Jersey in the summer of 1881, Vail undertook a variety of improvements on the ranch house. Up to that time, Walter had added only a kitchen, pantry, cook's room, and business office to the original four-room structure – just enough to accommodate the cowboys who worked the ranch. Shortly after Margaret's arrival, Walter built her an eight-room addition to the earlier dwelling, including two bedrooms, a living room, a dining area and a covered porch. The imposing structure boasted  high ceilings, three stone fireplaces for heating, and a fashionable half-hexagon bay window opening off the living room. The Empire Ranch house became a showplace ranch house in southern Arizona. The red-shingled adobe building proved so attractive that, contrary to the common practice among territorial ranch families, Margaret chose to live on the ranch instead of at a separate residence in Tucson. More rooms were added as the years went on, resulting in the current twenty-two room house that is preserved today.

The origin of the name Empire Ranch remains unclear. Walter's brother, Edward, said that Walter renamed the Fish holdings after acquiring the property in 1876, claiming "he would make an Empire of it someday." However, in writing to his sister on November 25, 1876, Herbert Hislop stated: " ...it was called the Empire Ranch before we bought it and we have not altered the name." Other accounts suggest that either Fish called the quarter-section spread "the Empire" in a promotional flurry to make it more attractive, or that William Wakefield named the ranch after the nearby Empire Mountains. The evidence weighs against Edward Vail's romanticized version.

Vail and Hislop hoped to increase their herd of cattle to about five thousand head. To underwrite expansion and help meet their debts, they took in a third partner in October 1876. Another Englishman, John H. Harvey, had heard about the ranch through Walter's uncle, Nathan. Nathan Vail had been a friend and one-time business partner of Harvey's uncle in England. Learning that John Harvey had money to invest, Nathan had encouraged him to visit Tucson and the Empire Ranch, which he did in the early weeks of October. The wealthy Englishman, although inexperienced at ranching, saw strong potential for the small ranching venture and joined the partnership. The firm changed its name to Vail, Hislop, and Harvey. The neighboring cattlemen called them the "English Boys' Outfit." To keep pace with its new identity, the Empire changed horse brands from "V" to "VH," but kept the familiar heart-shaped brand for the cattle.

Apaches

Indian raids were an ever-present threat, and nearby ranches stopped operation. The Empire, however, remained to fight for their land and their horses (which were considered the prize to the Indians). In the earliest years, hostile Apaches were an ever-present threat to the ranching operations. The Chiricahua Apaches, who had been moved to the San Carlos Indian Reservation in June 1876, became restless and fled south to their old haunts in the Whetstone and Chiricahua Mountains. Roving bands raided ranches throughout the Cienega Valley, escaping to the nearby hills with a prized haul of horses. Ranchers who sought to retrieve their stack often came back empty-handed, or failed to return at all. In the face of increasing raids, several ranchers near the Empire abandoned their holdings and moved to Tucson. Vail and Hislop, however, were willing to "shoot the renegades on sight."

The ranch's isolation and its herd of workhorses made it a likely target for attack. The ranch lay a full day's ride by horseback from Tucson. The only major ranch in the vicinity was Don Sanford's Stock Valley Ranch, located  northeast. Vail and Hislop knew that help would not be forthcoming in the event of a raid. The horses had to be constantly guarded. During the day, the riding stock, which numbered nine saddle horses, twenty brood mares, and twelve colts, grazed in a large fenced-in pasture  from the ranch house. At night they corralled their stock in an adobe enclosure attached to the house. The possibility of a devastating loss of riding stock remained foremost in their thoughts, as Hislop reflected: "How long we shall keep them out of Apaches' hands I do not know, as I suspect we being the only owners of any number of horses around here, that they will pay us a visit."

The Indian activity prompted the United States Army to take action. Writing to his brother, Edward Vail, on January 20, 1876, Walter reported that "this last outbreak has made so much talk that the Government is going to establish a fort  south of our place, which I hope will put a stop to Indian trouble in this part of the country." As anticipated, the army established Camp Huachuca on March 3, 1877. However, the camp was too distant to provide protection for the Cienega Valley. Vail and his partners refused to be terrorized by the Apaches. They instructed their cowboys to ride the range well-armed and never alone. Even when renegades were reported in the vicinity the cattlemen would not curtail ranch activities. As Edward Vail related: "... the Indians were supposed to be out, but we never stayed home on that account, as it was necessary to keep working."

The youthful cattlemen did not suffer greatly from the Apaches. They struck repeatedly in the vicinity but made off with only two horses of the "VH" brand. In a series of raids between August 1876 and February 1877, they stole several herds of livestock and killed three cowboys immediately south of the ranch, but each time skirted around the property. Yet not until Geronimo's renegades surrendered to General Nelson A. Miles on September 4, 1886, did the owners of Empire Ranch completely relax.

An opportunity to build the Empire herd came in January 1877. The three cattlemen, hoping to avoid the expense and trouble of driving herds from distant ranges, had made inquiries about other cattle in southern Arizona. In the latter part of January, they learned that S. S. "Yankee" Miller, foreman for John Chisum's ranch on the San Pedro River near St. David, had driven a large herd of Durhams, Herefords, and longhorns from New Mexico to the vicinity of Benson. Vail visited Miller at his Benson encampment and purchased 793 cattle at fourteen dollars per head. In the same exchange, Vail disposed of 620 sheep that he had previously bought from his neighbor, Henry M. Kemp. The flock had been a constant nuisance; and Vail gladly parted with them, even at a loss of forty cents per head.

The transaction was not without incident, though. Before Vail could remove the herd, a band of Chiricahua Apaches silently approached Miller's compound and crept away with all their horses under cover of darkness. Vail awoke before dawn to discover the loss. Several of the trail crew set out on foot to pursue the thieves south to the Whetstone Mountains but en route dropped the plan for fear the Apaches might outnumber them in their mountain stronghold. They went back by Empire Ranch and picked up enough horses to enable them to safely drive the cattle from the Chisum range to the ranch. In this incident, the Empire's closest scrape with Apaches, Vail had been fortunate; he had lost only one horse, none of the cattle, and no one had been hurt.

Sheep

In the late spring of 1877, Vail, Hislop, and Harvey decided to introduce better bred beeves into their herd. In April, Walter Vail rode east with Miller and a Chisum trail outfit to John Chisum's Long Rail Ranch on the Pecos River in New Mexico. Here, Vail purchased forty Durham bulls from Chisum, but injured his knee before he could start back to Arizona. Leaving the cattle, he went to a cousin's home in Netawaka, Kansas, and spent five painful months recuperating. In the fall, Vail and several Chisum trailhands drove the blooded bulls through Apache-controlled territory to the Empire Ranch.

During Vail's absence, Hislop and Harvey had trouble with a sheepherder settling adjacent to Empire Ranch. The neighbor refused to contain his flock on his own range and arrogantly drove them onto the ranchland to water. When the sheep crowded along Cienega Creek, cattle were forced to scatter and move away from the water. The situation infuriated Hislop, who warned the trespasser to stay clear of their land or they would stampede his sheep. The sheepman ignored Hislop's warnings, and the prospect of range warfare loomed.

On February 4, 1878, Hislop wrote the following in a letter to his sister:

Although the dispute never erupted into conflict, it was a decisive factor in Hislop's decision to give up ranching and return to England. By March 1878, he became annoyed at Vail and Harvey's reluctance to market livestock and recoup their initial investment costs. The partners wanted to delay sales until their herds had produced several calf crops. The troublesome neighbor only reinforced Hislop's distaste for the entire ranching venture. Vail urged him to reconsider, but Hislop would not be swayed. Walter borrowed $6,850 from his Aunt Anna, Nathan's wife, and bought Hislop's interest in the ranch. Upon his departure, Hislop announced that he would never return to "this bloody country again."

Within a year of Hislops departure, Vail and Harvey welcomed a new partner, Walter's older brother Edward. Edward "Ned" Vail had corresponded with Walter since 1876 and shared his brother's belief that the cattle trade would soon be a large and prosperous industry in Arizona. Ned had been brought up on the family farm in New Jersey and then worked seven years in a ship chandler's store in New York City. Like Walter, Ned had no experience with cattle when he arrived at Empire Ranch on May 14, 1879. Walter immediately put his brother to work on the range, thereby forcing Edward to acquire a cattleman's skill and "carry his weight" at the ranch.

Total Wreck

While Walter and his partners were readying their first cattle for market, a silver discovery was made near Empire Ranch which vitally affected its destiny. In January 1879, an itinerant prospector named John T. Dillon, located three mining claims on the boulder-strewn eastern slope of the Empire Mountains. "The whole damned hill is a total wreck," Dillon remarked to co-claimants Walter L. Vail and John A. Harvey. Vail and Harvey liked the description and christened one of the three sites the "Total Wreck." Legal entanglements prevented immediate exploitation of the claim; but when the court re-affirmed their title, the owners incorporated the operation as the Total Wreck Mining and Milling Company.

In 1881, Walter and Nathan Vail secured full control of the corporation, sold shares of the company in New York City, and launched a large-scale development at the Total Wreck. Two years later, its production rivaled that of the most prosperous mines in Arizona Territory. However, the depression in silver prices in 1884 crippled the operation, and the Vails closed it three years later when ore yields fell too low for profit. Although the Total Wreck prospered for only a brief period, it produced over $500,000 in revenue, which contributed significantly to the expansion and development of Empire Ranch.

Later years

In 1886, the ranch was incorporated as the Empire Land and Cattle Company, with California entrepreneur Carroll W. Gates buying half-interest in 1889. The Empire management searched out new markets in Kansas City and Los Angeles when the home market collapsed in the mid-1880s. Vail and Gates bought or leased additional grasslands in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and California during drought years of the early nineties. While furthering his own business, Vail argued prominently for cattlemen's interests as a legislator, county supervisor, and president of the Livestock Ranchman's Association.

By 1898, the Vails had nearly forty thousand cattle, most of which were Herefords, on their combined ranges. Vail and Gates converted the home ranch fully to "breeder-feeder" operations, with Arizona-bred cattle shipped outside the territory to fatten. Beginning in 1902, they siphoned corporate assets into lucrative real estate, horse raising, and resort investments on the West Coast. For a time, California endeavors profited Vail and Gates more so than the Arizona ranch. Although Walter Vail died in 1906, his heirs operated Empire Ranch by the same, successful principles Walter had used, until its final sale to the Boice, Gates and Johnston company in 1928.

By 1951, Frank Boice and his family assumed full control of the property. Around the same time, the ranch was featured in several Western films starring many of Hollywood's most famous actors, such as John Wayne, Gregory Peck and Steve McQueen. In 1969, Empire Ranch was sold to the Gulf American Corporation for a proposed real estate development and later resold to the Anamax Mining Company for mining and water potential. None of these developments materialized, and the ranch continues to work with cattle. In the 1980s, the owners began to restore the buildings to their original state and in 1988 the ranch became public land administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The Empire Ranch Foundation was established as a private non-profit organization in 1997 to work with the BLM to develop private support to preserve the buildings and enhance the educational and recreational opportunities it offers to the public. In 2000, Congress combined Empire Ranch and the surrounding ranchland with the Las Cienegas National Conservation Area. The Vera Earl Ranch assumed the grazing lease on the Empire Ranch in 2008.

On April 25–26, 2017, the Sawmill Fire, which had been started two days earlier by a gender reveal party, significantly impacted the Empire Ranch, though fortunately its historic buildings were not damaged by the flames thanks to the efforts of firefighters. During the incident, the fire came as close as 50 feet to the buildings.

Gallery

See also

 Aztec Land & Cattle Company
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Pima County, Arizona
 Pantano, Arizona
 Vail, Arizona
 Vail Ranch

References

External links

Empire Ranch Foundation

Ranches on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona
Buildings and structures in Pima County, Arizona
Cattle companies of the United States
History of Pima County, Arizona
American frontier
Cowboy culture
Apache Wars
Sheep Wars
1871 establishments in Arizona Territory
Protected areas of Pima County, Arizona
Bureau of Land Management areas in Arizona
Coronado National Forest
National Register of Historic Places in Pima County, Arizona

Empire Ranch


Morgan Bates (July 12, 1806 – March 2, 1874) was a politician from the U. S. state of Michigan.

Early life and publishing career
Bates was born near Glens Falls, New York.  He apprenticed as a printer at Sandy Hill and worked as a journeyman printer in Albany and other places.  In 1826, he published the Warren Gazette in Warren, Pennsylvania; Horace Greeley worked for him as a journeyman printer.  In 1828, he took charge of the Chautauqua Republican in Jamestown, New York.  In 1830, he went to New York City and helped Greeley launch the New Yorker (not the modern magazine).  In 1833, he was foreman with George Dawson in the office of the Detroit Advertiser, which he purchased in 1839, publishing it as a Whig paper until 1858.  Between 1849 and 1856 he made two trips to California via Cape Horn and started the first daily paper west of the Rocky Mountains, the Alta California in San Francisco.  In 1856, he became a clerk in the office of the Auditor General in Lansing, Michigan and served two years.  Then he moved to Traverse City, Michigan and started the Grand Traverse Herald, which he published for sixteen years.

Politics
Bates served as treasurer of Grand Traverse County from 1861 until his death in 1874, with the exception of a gap during the Andrew Johnson administration.  He was also a delegate to the 1868 Republican National Convention which nominated Ulysses S. Grant for U. S. President.

In 1868, Bates was elected the 19th lieutenant governor of Michigan and served from 1869–1873 under Governor Henry P. Baldwin.

Death
Bates died at the age of sixty-seven and is interred at Oakwood Cemetery in Traverse City.

References
Political Graveyard

External links

1806 births
1874 deaths
Lieutenant Governors of Michigan
Michigan lawyers
Michigan Republicans
Burials in Michigan
County treasurers in Michigan
Politicians from Glens Falls, New York
People from Hudson Falls, New York
Politicians from Jamestown, New York
People from Traverse City, Michigan
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers

Morgan Bates


Thomas Duncan (April 14, 1819 – January 7, 1887) was a career officer in the U.S. Army, serving as a lieutenant colonel during the American Civil War. In 1867, he was nominated and confirmed for appointment as a brevet brigadier general in the regular army, to rank from March 13, 1865, for his service in the Civil War.

Biography
Duncan was born in Kaskaskia, Illinois. He began his military career at age 13, serving as a private in the Illinois Mounted Volunteers in 1832 during the Black Hawk War. On May 27, 1846, he was appointed from Illinois as a first lieutenant in the Regiment of Mounted Rifles. He served during the Mexican–American War, and was engaged in the siege and surrender of Veracruz. He was promoted to captain on March 12, 1848.

Duncan was promoted to major in the Regular Army and was transferred to the reorganized 3rd Cavalry Regiment (United States) on August 3, 1861. During the Civil War, he commanded Fort Craig in New Mexico, and was in charge of the 3rd Cavalry Regiment (United States) forces at the Battle of Valverde, New Mexico. He was wounded in a skirmish at Albuquerque on April 8, 1862, and was appointed brevet lieutenant colonel in the regular army for his actions in that engagement. He was assistant provost marshal for the Department of the Northwest, District of Iowa from April 25, 1863, through 1864. He was appointed brevet colonel to rank from March 13, 1865.

Following the war, he remained in the Regular Army. As a lieutenant colonel, he commanded a detachment of the 5th U.S. cavalry starting July 28, 1866. During this time, William "Buffalo Bill" Cody served as a scout for the regiment. Duncan later commanded the District of Nashville until September 1868.

On March 1, 1867, President Andrew Johnson nominated Duncan for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general in the regular army, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 2, 1867.

After his command of the District of Nashville, Duncan was ordered to the Department of the Platte, was stationed successively at Fort McPherson and Fort D. A. Russell, and was afterward in charge of the construction of Sidney Barracks. Lingering complications from his wound compelled him to be medically retired from active service on January 15, 1873.

Thomas Duncan died in Washington, D.C., on January 7, 1887, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

See also

 List of American Civil War brevet generals (Union)

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .

1819 births
1887 deaths
Union Army officers
United States Army officers
People of Illinois in the American Civil War
American people of the Black Hawk War
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People from Kaskaskia, Illinois

Thomas Duncan (general)


România liberă ("") is a Romanian daily newspaper founded in 1943 and currently based in Bucharest. A newspaper of the same name also existed between 1877 and 1888.

History and profile

The name România liberă was first used by a daily newspaper focusing on politics published between 15 May 1877, (one day after Romania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire) and 13 April 1888, and afterwards by daily with somewhat erratic publication between 1915 and 1920.

The current series of România liberă began on 28 January 1943, during World War II, as an illegal newspaper of the Union of Patriots, a front organisation of the Communist Party. During the war it opposed the Nazi-allied government of Ion Antonescu, issuing calls to sabotage of the war industry and open armed resistance. Although after 1947 all the newspapers were controlled by the Communist Party, it has been described as the least ideological daily during the era of Nicolae Ceaușescu. It was also the only Romanian newspaper allowed to publish full-page advertisement sections.

In 1988, four journalists from România liberă, Petre Mihai Băcanu, Anton Uncu, Mihai Creanga, and Alexandru Chivoiu, attempted to publish a clandestine newspaper called Romania in which they criticized the Romanian leader Nicolae Ceaușescu and the censorship of the press, demanding press freedom and democracy. The four journalists were arrested by the Securitate, the secret police of the Communist regime, and were thrown in prison. They were freed on December 22 by the revolutionaries who had overthrown Ceausescu. They returned to România liberă and transformed the newspaper into a voice of the opposition to communism.

Although Ceaușescu was killed in December 1989, the power in Romania was taken mostly by former members of the Communist Party, notably Ion Iliescu. România liberă newspaper became the most critical voice against Iliescu and his government. The newspaper promoted conservative values, democracy, and the argued that Romania should join NATO and the European Union. They also wrote extensively about the abuses of the Securitate during the Communist Party's rule.

In 1990, România liberăs circulation rose as high as 1.5 million. However, those numbers  fell off ten years later, and in 2000 the paper was purchased by the German company WAZ. Echoing complaints of journalists at rival daily Evenimentul Zilei, which was owned by the Swiss press trust Ringier, România liberă journalists complained in September 2004 that foreign owners were telling them to lessen political coverage and tone down their negative reporting of the government. Their concern was echoed by a variety of organizations including the Open Society Foundations. Paper's management denied the charges.

In the case of România liberă, this protest took the form of a statement in the edition of 13 September 2004, in which the newspaper's editors protested interference by WAZ. They accused their German ownership of having no concern for the public interest, and accused Klaus Overbeck in particular of trying to dictate to them what they could print in the newspaper. At the time of purchase WAZ had promised to confine themselves to the business side of the newspaper and stay out of editorial matters.

The paper has published The New York Times International Weekly on Fridays for some time beginning with 2009. This eight-page supplement featured a selection of English-language articles from The New York Times.

In 2010 WAZ left the Romanian market and its shares at România liberă, leaving businessman Dan Adamescu as single share holder of Medien Holding Group.

References

External links

1877 establishments in Romania
Newspapers established in 1877
1943 establishments in Romania
Newspapers established in 1943
Communist newspapers
Newspapers published in Bucharest
Romanian Communist Party
Romanian-language newspapers
Underground press in World War II
Romanian news websites

România liberă


The third cholera pandemic was the cholera pandemic that occurred from 1846 to 1860, and was the third large-scale cholera outbreak in history. Some scholars also believe that the pandemic began in 1837 and did not end until 1863. The pandemic started in India and spread to all parts of the world. In the Russian Empire, more than 1 million people died of cholera. It is one of the deadliest epidemics in history.

03
1840s
1850s
1860s

Third cholera pandemic


Alone with Her is a 2006 American suspense film directed by Eric Nicholas and starring Ana Claudia Talancón, Colin Hanks, Jordana Spiro. The plot is about a tech-savvy stalker who uses spy cameras to force his way into the life of a young woman.

The film tells the story through the lenses of spy cameras.

Plot

The film starts with Doug (Colin Hanks) seeking out his next prey. He becomes obsessed with a woman named Amy (Ana Claudia Talancón), and sneaks numerous spy cameras in her apartment. By doing this, he is able to learn details of her life, and what he learns about things like her musical and film tastes he uses to seduce her.

He meets her at a coffee shop a few times and strikes up conversations with her. The two become friends, but it seems as though Amy isn't interested in continuing the relationship further. Using what he learns about her through the cameras, he gets her fired from her job by breaking into her car, stealing her computer and stops her burgeoning relationship with a co-worker.

When he visits her apartment, Amy's friend is suspicious of him, especially when she asks him about a section of Seattle—where he says he's from—that doesn't even exist. She becomes so suspicious of Doug that she begins asking around about him.

Doug, sensing that the truth about him might be uncovered, murders the roommate, and then comforts Amy as she's grieving. The two begin getting romantic one night and are about to have sex, but Doug can't get an erection. By the time he says he's able to perform, Amy tells him she can't because she doesn't want to wind up hurting his feelings.

Amy then discovers that Doug installed a spy camera in her bedroom when he makes a remark about her masturbating. After a struggle, Doug eventually kills Amy. The film ends with Doug seeking out his next prey.

Soundtrack
The film features music from A Cricket in Times Square and other rock bands as well as original music by David E. Russo.

Reception
The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2006 and was given a limited theatrical release in the United States in January 2007.

As of October 2009, the film had a 69% rating at Rotten Tomatoes, based on 29 critic reviews. With the consensus being "Alone With Her is a tense psychological thriller that overcomes its contrivances with fine performances and a perpetually unsettling mood."

Newsday film critic Jan Stuart wrote, "Nicholas' indie-film wrapping conceals a B-picture waiting to cut loose in its final 15 minutes, when it devolves into generic stalker-thriller theatrics of the Julia-Roberts-in-distress kind."

Entertainment Weekly film critic Lisa Schwarzbaum gave the film a positive review, calling it "a Blair Witch Project for the new, surveillance-obsessed millennium."

Alternate ending
An alternate ending, included with the DVD, shows Amy getting the upper hand over Doug in the final fight, and bashing him with a blunt object. As he lies on the bed, dazed, she prepares to bash him in the head just as the camera shorts out, and we hear a large thud. The scene changes to Amy sobbing in her living room after she has torn her home apart looking for hidden cameras.

References

External links

2006 films
2006 psychological thriller films
American psychological thriller films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Alone with Her


Furcacaudiformes is an extinct order of jawless fish in the class Thelodonti.

Because the paucity of intact fossils, especially since some families are known entirely from scale fossils, taxonomy of thelodonts is based primarily on scale morphology. A 2009 assessment of thelodont taxonomy by Wilson and Märss merges the orders Loganelliiformes, Katoporiida and Shieliiformes into Thelodontiformes, places families Lanarkiidae and Nikoliviidae into Furcacaudiformes (because of scale morphology) and establishes Archipelepidiformes as the basal-most order.

References

External links

Thelodonti
Devonian jawless fish
Prehistoric jawless fish orders

Furcacaudiformes


HMS Flycatcher was a stone frigate name for the Royal Navy's headquarters for its Mobile Naval Air Bases which supported their Fleet Air Arm units.

Flycatcher was based first at RNAS Ludham, Norfolk then moved to Middle Wallop.

On 1 April 1947 Kai Tak Airport in Hong Kong was recommissioned as HMS Flycatcher.

The previous HMS Flycatcher was an ex-Turkish motor patrol boat. Built in 1912 by Thornycroft, she was sunk on 9 November 1914 by HMS Espiegle in Shatt-al-Arab, salvaged, and returned to service late 1915, armed with 1 6-pounder gun and 1 machine gun. Sold c1923.

See also
List of air stations of the Royal Navy

References

External links

Royal Navy bases in England
Military in Norfolk

HMS Flycatcher


Agência Abreu is a travel agency and the largest travel organization in Portugal.  The current headquarters are in Porto, with the main office in Linda–a–Velha, a suburb of Lisbon, in a spacious office building. Abreu has offices throughout Portugal, with over 120 retail locations in the mainland, and the islands of Madeira and the Azores.

History
The Abreu Agency was established in Porto in 1840 by Bernardo Abreu. At the time, emigration from northern Portugal and Galicia to Brazil and Venezuela was significant, and Abreu, a noted businessman in Porto, opened his agency to offer passport and visa services, as well as sales of train tickets to Lisbon and ship passages to and from South America.

Thus the oldest travel agency in the world was created from the close ties Portugal and Brazil still enjoy. After World War II, as the growth of commercial aviation shortened the distances between continents and international tourism expanded, Abreu developed into its current organization.

Five generations later, the company is still owned by the same family and their direct descendants.

Viagens Abreu today
Agência Abreu offers an integrated service, with specialized departments covering all the major areas of the business (B2C and B2B, inbound and outbound): Leisure Travel, Corporate Travel, Youth Travel, Senior Travel, Tour Operation, Destination Management, congresses, groups and incentives, fairs, and exhibitions.

A steady growth in the Portuguese market lead to the expansion of the company to international locations, with the opening of companies in Brazil, Spain, England, and the United States.

The company owns one of the main tour operator companies in Portugal, Club 1840, which operates Long Haul and Medium Haul charter operations, Scheduled flights operations, Escorted Tours in Europe, and all around the world, Cruises, Theme Parks, Winter holidays, etc.

Agência Abreu also owns Abreu Carga, a cargo company that operates air, land, and ocean freight from, to, and within Portugal.

Agência Abreu has a stake in Pousadas de Portugal.

References

External links
Official website (Portugal)
Official website (Brazil)
Official website (USA)
Official website (Spain)
Backpacking Thailand

Travel agencies
Travel and holiday companies of Portugal
Transport companies established in 1840
Privately held companies of Portugal

Viagens Abreu


The Katuic people (also Co Tu, Ca Tang; ; Katu: ) are an ethnic group of about 102,551 who live in eastern Laos and central Vietnam. Numbered among the Katuic peoples, they speak a Mon-Khmer language. Katuic languages have been developed by Paul Sidwell, but Sidwell's work is not commonly used in Katuic communities since English barriers.

Laos
The Katu in Laos live in Sekong Province along the upper Sekong River and in the highland basin of the Song Boung river watershed along the border with Vietnam's Quảng Nam and Thừa Thiên–Huế Provinces. There were 28,378 of them in Laos in 2015.

Vietnam

The Vietnamese government's official name for the Katu ethnic group is "Co Tu". Within Vietnam, Katu people are indigenous groups recognized by the Vietnamese government and they almost live in the provinces of Thừa Thiên–Huế, Quảng Nam, and Da Nang city. The Katu in Vietnam numbered 50,458 in the 1999 census, 61,588 in the 2009 census, and 74,173 in the 2019 census.

The Katu typically serve rice cooked in bamboo stems such as zăr, aví hor, koo dep, koo g'đhoong, and cha chắc, and drink a beverage called tavak. Their famous dances are tung tung (performed by males) and ya yá (performed by females). They play h'roa in ordinary life. Traditional Katu homes are on stilts and those who live on the Laotian border are known for growing jute and weaving. Some 15,000 Katu in Thừa Thiên–Huế speak Phuong, a Katuic dialect often recognized as a separate language. They also notorious for the wide variety of Austroasiatic carrying baskets that they have developed. Nowadays, Katu peoples' lives are modernized, and many young Katuic people go to the cities to study and find jobs. Some of them go abroad to advance their education. Dr Tho Alang (Alăng Thớ) is recognized as the first Katu people gained a Doctor of Philosophy (in Management) from the RMIT University (Australia).

References

Lưu Hùng. 2007. A contribution to Katu ethnography. Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Thế Giới.

Indigenous peoples of Southeast Asia
Ethnic groups in Vietnam
Ethnic groups in Laos

Katu people


The Philip K. Dick Award is a science fiction award. It is named after science fiction and fantasy writer Philip K. Dick.  It has been awarded since 1983. Dick died in 1982. The prize is given to the best original paperback published each year in the US. It is given at the Norwescon science fiction convention every year. The Philadelphia Science Fiction Society supports the award. The Philip K. Dick Trust has supported the award since 2005. Books that have won the award have Best Original SF Paperback printed on their covers.

Thomas Disch started this award with help from David G. Hartwell, Paul S. Williams, and Charles N. Brown.  David G. Hartwell and Gordon Van Gelder manage the award now. Some other people who have been in charge of the award include Algis Budrys and David Alexander Smith.

Winners and candidates of the Philip K. Dick Award
Winning authors are listed in bold.
Authors of books that were given special notice or citations are listed in italics. The year in the table below tells the year the book was published. The award was given the next year.

References

Other websites
 The official award homepage
 List of the most honored Philip K. Dick Award nominees
 List of all winning and nominated novels

Literary awards
Science fiction awards
Lists of books

Philip K. Dick Award


Marco Méndez (born Marco Anibal Méndez Ramírez on October 1, 1976, in Uruapan, Michoacán) is a Mexican actor.

Méndez began as a model and later studied acting in Televisa's CEA. He made his television debut as 'Oscar Méndez' in the telenovela, Las vías del amor. Subsequently, he appeared in various other telenovelas, as well as a few films. In the telenovela Muchachitas como tú, he portrayed the role of the dance instructor 'Joaquín', and in the telenovela Querida Enemiga, he played Dr. Bruno Palma.

Telenovelas
 Me declaro culpable (I Plead Guilty) (2017–18) as Javier Dueñas Lopez
 La doble vida de Estela Carrillo (Estela Carrillo's Double Life) (2017) as Don Asdrúbal Guerrero
 Sueño de amor (Dream of Love) (2016) as Óscar Sousa Villaurrutia
 Pasión y poder (Passion and Power) (2015-2016) as Agustín Ornelas
 Porque el amor manda (2012-2013) as Diego Armando Manriquez
Las Bandidas (Bandidas) (2013) as Alonso Cáceres
La que no podia amar (The One Who Couldn't Love) (2011) as Esteban
Triunfo del Amor (Triumph Of Love) (2010) as Fabian Duarte
Mar de amor (Curse by the Sea) (2010) as David Bermudez
Los Exitosos Perez (2009) as Diego Planes
Querida enemiga (Dear Enemy) (2008)  as Bruno Palma
Muchachitas como tú (Young Girls Like You) (2007) as Joaquín
La Verdad Oculta (The Hidden Truth) (2006) as Carlos Ávila
Contra viento y marea (Against All Odds) (2005) as Renato
Mujer de Madera (Wooden Woman) (2004) as Alberto
Amar otra vez(Loving Again) (2004) as Gonzalo
Rubí (2004) as Luis Duarte López
Las vías del amor (The Tracks of Love) (2002) as Oscar Méndez
Salomé (2001) as León

External links

1976 births
Mexican male film actors
Mexican male telenovela actors
Mexican male models
People from Uruapan
Male actors from Michoacán
Models from Michoacán
21st-century Mexican male actors
Living people

Marco Méndez


A linear-feedback shift register is a shift register which will produce a sequence of numbers. The next value of the sequence depends on the current value. Thie first value is usually called seed. Usually, the function XOR is used to link two consecutive values. Commonly, the function XOR is used on a bit-level. With n bits, it is possible to represent 2n numbers, so after 2n-1 values the sequence will repat. In computing, linear-feedback shift registers are commonly used to compute pseudorandom numbers.
There are two common types:
Fibonacci LFSR (after Fibonacci)
Galois LFST (after Evariste Galois)
Both are equivalent, but they produduce different sequences

Computer science

Linear-feedback shift register


Bert de Ruijter (born 1952) known as Leigh Blond, is a Dutch composer, singer and songwriter.

Career
He was born to musically gifted parents in a shipyard town called Hardinxveld. At young age Blond was exposed to the jukebox music of Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry and the Shadows. A little later there were John Mayall, Eric Clapton, Peter Green, Jeff Beck, Champion Jack Dupree, Otis Spann, and Cuby + Blizzards. He learned to play the drum kit, guitar, piano and harmonica. The first bands were formed  and his first self-written songs took place around his 17th birthday.

1969 took him to London to listen to blues music in the Marquee Club. Blond met with Long John Baldry, Christine Perfect, Chris Farlowe and several other British musicians and played with them randomly for a while as a guest guitarist and pianist. Writing his own songs, Blond started to record them in the late 1970s and 1980s. Two EP/LPs came out under his own label, Keys and River of Tears.

In 1990 a project was initiated that included the making of a CD together with Eelco Gelling, Kaz Lux, Herman Deinum and Hans laFaille. The first Leigh Blond CD was released named Bluesness on the Munich Record label.

The second album, See Me Thru (1996/1999) was recorded in England with Gerry Rafferty producer Hugh Murphy. Chris Farlowe, Pavel Rosak and Bryn Haworth contributed on the record. The title song became a top ten hit in several countries in the world with the aid of Sony Music. A tour was organized to promote See Me Thru with a band including Chris Farlowe, Eelco Gelling, Herman Deinum, Hans laFaille, Pavel Rosak, Kim Snelten, Arjan de Swart and Leigh Blond.

In 2004, the album Tribute To PCL came out. This was followed in 2006 by Blueside of the Road, Subtle Ways of Blues (2012) and Dignity (2017). All releases contain songs written by Leigh Blond, who also produced Blueside of the Road, Subtle Ways of Blues and Dignity.

Chris Farlowe and a dozen other musicians recorded Leigh Blond songs between 1985 and today. Half of these covered songs have been copyrighted under other aliases of Blond.

Discography
 River of Tears (1982)
 Bluesness (1992)
 See Me Thru (1999)
 Tribute To PCL (2004)
 Blueside of the Road (2006)
 Subtle Ways of Blues (2012)
 Dignity (2017)
 Innocence (2022)

External links
 Official site of Leigh Blond

Living people
1952 births
Dutch male singer-songwriters
Dutch singer-songwriters
Dutch male guitarists
Dutch pianists
Dutch drummers
Male drummers
Harmonica players
Blues drummers
Blues pianists
Blues guitarists
Blues harmonica players
Dutch blues singers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Male pianists
21st-century pianists
21st-century Dutch male singers
21st-century Dutch singers
People from Hardinxveld-Giessendam

Leigh Blond


Rose Bampton (November 28, 1907 in Lakewood, Ohio – August 21, 2007 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania) was an American opera singer who had an active international career during the 1930s and 1940s. She began her professional career performing mostly minor roles from the mezzo-soprano repertoire in 1929 but later switched to singing primarily leading soprano roles in 1937 until her retirement from the opera stage in 1963.

She notably had a lengthy and fruitful partnership with the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, singing there for eighteen consecutive seasons between 1932 and 1950. Her greatest successes were from the dramatic soprano repertoire, particularly in operas by Richard Wagner.

Not a stranger to the concert repertoire, Bampton was particularly known for her performances of works by Alban Berg, Arnold Schoenberg, and her friend Samuel Barber, notably having performed Barber's compositions with the composer accompanying her in concert.

Early life and career: 1907–1932
Born in Lakewood, Ohio, Bampton grew up in Buffalo, New York. She entered Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa, where she initially began training as a soprano, but was redirected by her voice teacher into the mezzo-soprano repertoire after a serious bout of laryngitis. Shortly after graduating with a bachelor's degree, Bampton made her professional opera debut as Siebel in Gounod's Faust at the Chautauqua Opera in 1929. Her performance was positively received and she was invited to perform at the Worcester Music Festival in Worcester, Massachusetts that summer.

In the fall of 1929 Bampton moved to Philadelphia after being offered a contract to join the roster of singers of the Philadelphia Grand Opera Company (PGOC) where she sang mostly comprimario roles over the next three years. Bampton made her PGOC debut as Mercédès in Georges Bizet's Carmen on October 23, 1929, with a cast that included Sophie Braslau as Carmen, Ralph Errolle as Don José, Chief Caupolican as Escamillo, and Henri Elkan conducting. Other roles with the company included Mistress Bentson in Lakmé (1929), Feodor in Boris Godunov with Georges Baklanoff in the title role (1929), Mama Lucia in Cavalleria rusticana (1929, 1931), Alisa in Lucia di Lammermoor (1930), the shepherd boy in Tosca (1930, 1932), Myrtale in Thaïs (1930, 1932), the first maid in Elektra with Charlotte Boerner as Chrysothemis (1931, 1932), Brangäne in Tristan und Isolde with Paul Althouse as Tristan (1932), Wellgunde in both Das Rheingold and Götterdämmerung (1932), and Waltraute in Die Walküre (1932).

While performing at the PGOC, Bampton entered the Curtis Institute of Music in 1930 to pursue graduate studies in singing where her voice teachers included Horatio Connell and Queena Mario. She also had the opportunity to attend masterclasses given by Lotte Lehmann. While at Curtis she developed a friendship with fellow students, composers Samuel Barber and Gian Carlo Menotti. Barber notably recruited her to sing in the New York premiere of his vocal chamber work Dover Beach in 1933. Bampton also sang several times with the Philadelphia Orchestra in the early 1930s under the baton of Leopold Stokowski. With the orchestra she notably sang the Wood-Dove in the United States premiere of Schoenberg's Gurre-Lieder (1932), was the soloist for a performance of Manuel de Falla's El amor brujo (1932), and sang the role of Kundry in a concert version of Parsifal (1933) among other performances. Bampton made several appearances at the Bethlehem Bach Festival during the early 1930s.

A recording of Bampton's performance of the Gurre-Lieder with the Philadelphia Orchestra reached the ears of Giulio Gatti-Casazza, then General Director of the Metropolitan Opera. Impressed with her performance, he contacted Bampton to come and audition for the company. She obliged and ended up being offered a Met contract. According to Opera News, Bampton initially hesitated to accept the invitation as "she had doubts as to whether her true vocal range was mezzo or soprano and was concerned about her lack of stage experience." However, she relented and made her first appearance with the company for an out of town engagement in Philadelphia on November 22, 1932, as Laura Adorno in La Gioconda with Rosa Ponselle in the title role, Giacomo Lauri-Volpi as Enzo, and Giuseppe Sturani conducting.

The Metropolitan Opera and international success: 1932–1950
Just six days after her Met debut in Philadelphia, Bampton made her first appearance at the actual Metropolitan Opera House in New York City, reprising the role of Laura. Over the next four years she sang mostly smaller role at the house: the Sandman in Hänsel und Gretel, Waltraute, Wellgunde, and the Voice from Above in Parsifal. The only two roles of more considerable size that she portrayed were, Amneris in Aida and Brangäne in Tristan und Isolde. During these years she began a romantic relationship with noted Canadian conductor and pianist Wilfrid Pelletier (1896–1982) who was a regular conductor at the Met and the husband of Queena Mario, Rose's teacher at Curtis Institute. After Pelletier divorced his wife, the couple married on May 24, 1937, and, although happily married, never had children.

By the year of her marriage, Bampton was feeling highly frustrated with her lack of good roles at the Met. She therefore decided to establish herself in the soprano repertoire, beginning with a portrayal of Leonora in Il Trovatore at the Met on May 7, 1937, with Arthur Carron as Manrico. Her Met career at the Met flourished after this point with her roles at the house over the next thirteen years including Donna Anna in Don Giovanni, Elisabeth in Tannhäuser, Elsa in Lohengrin, Kundry, and the title roles in Gluck's Alceste and Verdi's Aida among others. Her most frequent role at the house was Sieglinde in Die Walküre alongside Lauritz Melchior. In January 1940 she showed an incredible level of musical versatility when she sang performances of both Aida and Amneris within a week of each other at the Met. Her last and 112th performance at the house was as Elsa on April 17, 1950, with Set Svanholm in the title role and Fritz Stiedry conducting.

In addition to singing at the Met, Bampton sang with many other opera companies throughout the world during the 1930s and 1940s, including performances in Europe and South America. In 1936-1937 she toured Germany and Czechoslovakia in concerts. She made her debut at the Bavarian State Opera as Leonora in 1936, and that same year appeared at the Semperoper in Dresden. In 1937 she made her only appearance at the Royal Opera at Covent Garden as Amneris. That same year she began a decade-long association at the Civic Opera House in Chicago, singing first with the Chicago City Opera Company and later the Chicago Opera Company. Some of her more acclaimed portrayals in Chicago included Maddalena in Andrea Chénier, Sieglinde, and Elsa.

Between 1937 and 1939 Bampton toured England, the Netherlands, and Sweden in concerts. In June, 1939, she was in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, for the Community Concert Association. She sang at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires every year between 1942 and 1948, making her debut with the company as the Marschallin in Richard Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier. At the Teatro Colón she tackled several roles that she never performed anywhere else, most notably several heroines in Strauss operas (Daphne, Chrysothemis and Ariadne), Eva in Die Meistersinger, Agathe in Der Freischütz, and Countess Almaviva in Le nozze di Figaro. In 1946 she appeared in operas at the Teatro Municipal in Rio de Janeiro. In 1949 she sang two roles at the San Francisco Opera, Sieglinde and Donna Anna. In autumn 1950 she made her only appearance with the New York City Opera, singing the Marschallin.

Bampton also worked actively as a recitalist and concert performer during the 1930s and 1940s. She was a regular guest artist with the New York Philharmonic (NYP) and other orchestras. A fruitful professional association with Arturo Toscanini began in 1936, when Bampton sang in Debussy's La Damoiselle élue with the NYP, and included several broadcasts with the conductor and his NBC Symphony Orchestra. In 1944, she performed the role of Leonore for Toscanini's radio broadcast of Beethoven's opera Fidelio. Others in the cast included Jan Peerce and Eleanor Steber. The performance, originally broadcast in two parts, each on a separate week, was released years later on LP and still later on CD. It was Toscanini's first radio broadcast of a virtually complete opera - all of the music was included, but all of the dialogue (except for the spoken melodrama in the prison scene) was omitted.

Later life and career: 1950–2007

Bampton and her husband both decided to leave the Met when Rudolf Bing was appointed the company's new general manager in 1950. Bampton stated in a 1989 interview that, "Both of us got the feeling that we wouldn't be happy with the new regime." She continued to appear in operas into the early 1960s, although her opera schedule after 1950 was sparse in comparison to the schedule she kept in the 1930s and 1940s. Bampton's last opera performance was in Dialogues of the Carmelites as  Mme. de Croissy at Mount Saint Mary College in Newburgh, New York in 1963. She continued to perform sporadically in recitals and concerts into the early 1970s. Her husband died in 1982 and she never remarried.

Bampton portrayed Aunt Polly in the 1956 U.S. Steel Hour production of Frank Luther's musical version of Tom Sawyer.

After her opera career ended, Bampton embarked on a second career as a voice teacher, serving for lengthy periods on the voice faculties of Manhattan School of Music and the Juilliard School (1974–1991). She also had shorter stints on the faculties at University of North Carolina School of the Arts, Drake University and Adelphi University.

She died on August 21, 2007 and was interred at St. David's Episcopal Church in Radnor, Pennsylvania.

References

External links

 Profile on the Mander and Mitchenson Theatre Collection Web Site
 Listing on ASI Satellite Collections Web Site
 Contact Information from the Metropolitan Opera Guild
 Wilfrid Pelletier's Profile on the Canadian Encyclopedia
 Interview with Rose Bampton, May 6, 1985

1907 births
2007 deaths
Burials at St. David's Episcopal Church (Radnor, Pennsylvania)
Curtis Institute of Music alumni
Drake University alumni
Drake University faculty
Juilliard School faculty
Manhattan School of Music faculty
American operatic sopranos
Operatic mezzo-sopranos
People from Lakewood, Ohio
20th-century American women opera singers
American music educators
American women music educators
American women academics
Singers from Ohio
Classical musicians from Ohio
21st-century American women

Rose Bampton


Great Hunter (foaled March 31, 2004 in Pennsylvania) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse. His breeder sold  him in the September 2005 Keeneland Sales to Ilona Whetstone. The colt was resold in June 2006 to J. Paul Reddam for $550,000 but has been the subject of a legal dispute following a lien claim by Fifth Third Bank for indebtedness of the financially strapped Ilona Whetstone.

Career
Racing at age two, Great Hunter was owned by Reddam and trained by Doug O'Neill. He won the 2006 Grade I Lane's End Breeders' Futurity. in which he defeated Circular Quay and Street Sense. but then finished third behind them in the Breeders' Cup Juvenile.

2007
In 2007. Great Hunter won the Grade II Robert B. Lewis Stakes. then was fifth in the Blue Grass Stakes after he ran into severe difficulty from two other horses and was taken up sharply by his jockey, Corey Nakatani.

Great Hunter and stablemate Liquidity ran in the May 5 Kentucky Derby. The pair came in 13th and 14th, respectively.

Great Hunter skipped the Preakness but was confirmed as a starter in the Belmont.  However, he chipped his right front ankle during a workout and missed the race. The injury required surgery and a long recovery period.

Great Hunter returned to training in November and ran in the Grade 1 Malibu Stakes at Santa Anita on December 26, 2007.  The colt placed 11th, just ahead of Cobalt Blue.

2008 and 2009
On January 12, 2008, Great Hunter finished sixth in the Grade 2 San Fernando Stakes at Santa Anita.  He then placed fourth in the Grade 2 Strub Stakes at Santa Anita on February 2, 2008.  On March 1, 2008, he placed 8th in the G1 Santa Anita Handicap.

Despite his lackluster performances since returning to training, Great Hunter was shipped to Nad Al Sheba Racecourse in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, to participate in the 2008 GI Dubai World Cup. He moved up at the top of the stretch, but then flattened out at the eighth pole and placed fifth.  The horse had one unplaced start in 2009 and was retired to stud in 2010.

Stud
Great Hunter currently stands at Haras Los Samanes Polo & Racing in Santa Barbara, Venezuela, for a private-listed stud fee. His first foals were born in 2011.

References

 Great Hunter at the NTRA
 Great Hunter detailed profile at The Thoroughbred Times Company
 Great Hunter's pedigree and partial racing stats
 March 27, 2007 Bloodhorse.com article titled Reddam Seeks Court Protection for Great Hunter
https://web.archive.org/web/20071117045610/http://www.ntra.com/content.aspx?type=news&id=29556

2004 racehorse births
Thoroughbred family 1-n
Racehorses bred in Pennsylvania
Racehorses trained in the United States

Great Hunter


El Muerto is a comic book super-hero in the DC Universe created by Oscar Pinto, Francisco Haghenbeck and Carlo Barberi. His first appearance was in Superman (vol. 2) Annual #12.

Fictional character biography
Pablo Valdez, once a young man in Mexico City who idolized Superman, died in a crumbling building while trying to save a small girl from a hostage situation. He was later resurrected through mysticism as an undead hero. Donning an outfit reminiscent of hanging victims, he became El Muerto. In his new incarnation he ceased idolizing Superman and instead began to hate him. El Muerto blamed his death solely on Superman believing that had he been there, he could have prevented the entire incident. He was also critical on the fact that Superman did not help Mexico in fighting crime on the streets and began to do so himself. El Muerto teamed up with fellow heroes Acrata and Iman in defending the streets of Mexico city from the sorcerer Duran. Eventually, El Muerto met The Man of Steel when a girl used her occult energies to destroy half of downtown Mexico City. Superman arrived to give the three superheroes aid, but his vulnerability to magic meant that all four heroes had to unite to stop the supernatural menace. El Muerto has since reconciled with his former hero and continues to patrol the streets of Mexico City.

El Muerto was present alongside other DC mystical figures at Stonehenge in Infinite Crisis #6.

References

Other sources
DC Comics Home Page
Superman Homepage: Superman Annual #12

Undead superheroes
DC Comics male superheroes
DC Comics undead characters
Comics characters introduced in 2000
Fictional characters from Mexico City
Mexican superheroes

El Muerto (DC Comics)