Chullo (, from ) is an Andean style of hat with earflaps, made from vicuña, alpaca, llama or sheep's wool. Alpaca has wool-like qualities that help to insulate its wearer from the harsh elements in the Andean Mountain region. Chullos often have ear-flaps that can be tied under the chin, to further warm the wearer's head.

Hats have been used in the Andean Mountain region by indigenous peoples for thousands of years. Wearing different types and colors has a significance among certain Andean natives. According to Peruvian historian Arturo Jiménez Borja, the Chullo has its origins in the cultural exchange between Spaniards, who incorporated elements of their birretes and the original hat of the Andeans.

See also
 Andean culture
 Andean textiles
 Aguayo
 Chuspas
 Lliklla

References

External links

Latin American clothing
Hats
Bolivian clothing
Chilean clothing
Peruvian clothing

Chullo


Adrian Public Schools are a collection of schools in Adrian, Michigan, United States, which have about 2800 students in four elementary schools, one middle school and one high school. Initially established in 1828, the school system has undertaken numerous transformations, including new buildings and schools, as well as the destruction of one through fire.

History

Establishment
In 1828, a school committee authorized the building of a combination school and meeting house at the corner of South Main and Winter Street.

From 1828 to 1849, four school districts developed in Adrian. Each had its own building and equipment, hired its own teachers, and levied a tax on heads of families. The tax was based on the length of time the children in the family attended school. In 1848 a temporary Board of education was formed to combine the four districts. Funds were raised and the cornerstone for a new building was laid on July 8, 1851. Known as the Union school building it opened for classes on September 13, 1852.  A report to the Superintendent of Public Instruction noted that the three story building often contained over 500 students.

The rapid growth of the school population in the late 1850s made it necessary to build four new school buildings:

1857 East Branch for primary grades on East Maumee Street
1859 South Branch for primary grades at South Main and Beecher streets
1860 West Branch for primary and grammar grades at West Maumee and McKenzie streets.
1861 North Branch for primary and grammar grades at Hunt and Broad streets.

In 1859 a resolution was passed to establish a free school paid for by levying a property tax on constituents within the district. The resolution came ten years before the State of Michigan declared the common schools in the state free.

On the morning of August 10, 1866, the Union school building burned down. Faced with full buildings at the branch schools, the district rented a number of buildings in the city to hold the 500 students that had been displaced by the fire. Property was purchased at the corner of Division and Church streets to build a new Central building. The new building was designed to accommodate 1000 students, and cost $70,000. On April 23, 1869 Central was opened.

Expansion
By 1901 the building became so crowded that it was necessary to rent a room from St. John's Lutheran School. The next year a committee visited Detroit and Kalamazoo to observe various types of architecture and furnishings. In June 1907 a contract was given for a new building near Center Street. The school opened in September of that year and was named in honor of Thomas Jefferson.

During the same time plans for a new high school were also being drawn up. The project originally had a $50,000 that grew to $70,000 and finally reached $90,000. On November 1, 1907, the cornerstone for the new building was laid. By September 30, 1908, classes began in the new facility.

In 1919 the Branch Schools were renamed after the three martyred presidents and the first president. East became McKinley (and later Old McKinley); North, Washington; West, Lincoln; South, Garfield. All of the buildings (except Washington and Jefferson) were torn down and replaced in different locations.

On October 2, 1925, an authorization to build three elementary schools was passed. Two of the new buildings were to have two kindergarten rooms, twelve classrooms, and an auditorium. The third building was to have eight classrooms, two kindergarten rooms, and a combined gymnasium and auditorium.

Garfield was dedicated on November 30, 1927, followed by Lincoln, December 2, 1927, and McKinley, December 6, 1927.

In November 1952, a bond issue was passed for construction of two new elementary schools and an addition to McKinley. In a break from tradition of naming elementary buildings after presidents the northwest building was named "Effie Alexander Building". Alexander had begun her career in 1919 and was longtime supervisor of elementary education. The building planned for the south side of Adrian was named in honor of Earl C. Michener. He was a 30-year veteran of the United States Congress.

A $4.5 million bond issue passed on February 16, 1956, to build a new high school building. Construction began on a site located between Loveland Road and Riverside Ave. By September 1959 the building was ready for students. In August of that same year the 90-year-old Central Building was torn down.

In 2007 a new Performing Arts Center was opened at Adrian High School.

Schools
Adrian High School
Springbrook Middle School
Alexander Elementary School
Lincoln Elementary School
Michener Elementary School
Prairie Elementary School

References

Educational institutions established in 1828
Adrian, Michigan
School districts in Michigan
Education in Lenawee County, Michigan
1828 establishments in Michigan Territory

Adrian Public Schools


Paradox is a relational database management system currently published by Corel Corporation.

It was originally released for MS-DOS by Ansa Software, and then updated by Borland after it bought the company. In mid 1991 Borland began the process to acquire Ashton-Tate and its competing
dBase product line; A Windows version was planned for release by Borland in 1992, but was delayed until January 1993, by which time Microsoft's Access for Windows was available. It was last updated in 2009.

Paradox for DOS
Paradox for DOS was a relational database management system originally written by Richard Schwartz and Robert Shostak, and released by their Belmont, California-based company Ansa Software in 1985.

The New York Times described it as "among the first of an emerging generation of software making extensive use of artificial intelligence techniques," and noted that Paradox could read the competing Ashton Tate's dBase files.

In September 1987, Borland purchased Ansa Software, including their Paradox/DOS 2.0 software. Notable classic versions were 3.5 and 4.5. Versions up to 3.5 were evolutions from 1.0. Version 4.0 and 4.5 were retooled in the Borland C++ windowing toolkit and used a different extended memory access scheme.

Paradox/DOS was a successful DOS-based database of the late 1980s and early 1990s. At that time, dBase and its xBase clones (Foxpro, Clipper) dominated the market. Other notable competitors were Clarion, DataEase, R:Base, and DataFlex.

The features that distinguished Paradox/DOS were:
 An enhanced design and implementation of visual Query by Example that was supported by an AI engine for heuristic, dynamic query optimization.
 Effective use of conventional, extended, and expanded memory – caching data tables and particularly indexes, which caused Paradox to execute tasks very quickly in contrast to the explicit skills required for xBase performance optimisation.
 An innovative programming language, the Paradox Application Language (PAL), that was readable, powerful, and could be recorded from keyboard actions (rather like Lotus 1-2-3 macro recording).
Lotus-like text menus and windows, which was the native interface (in contrast to dBase, which had a command-line interface with menus layered on top).
 Particularly in Paradox 1.0 and 2.0, the user and programming manuals won readability awards  – they were copiously illustrated, well laid out, and explanations were written in common English.

There are a few MSDOS emulators, among which are dbDOS (a paid-for product) and https://www.vdos.info/ (which has a freeware option), both of which provide the ability to run Paradox for DOS applications (such as Paradox 4.5 for DOS) on Windows Vista and above 64-bit operating systems.

Paradox for Windows

Paradox for Windows is distinctly different from Paradox for DOS, and was produced by a different team of programmers. Paradox for Windows applications are programmed in a different programming language called ObjectPAL.  Although key features of the DOS product, the QBE and the database engine, were ports keeping the DOS code, there was a major break in compatibility from PAL to ObjectPAL and in the shift to a GUI design metaphor for Forms and Reports.  The ObjectPAL changes were controversial but forced since PAL was based on keystroke recording actions that had no equivalent in Windows.  An object-based language based on ideas from Hypercard was used in place of keystroke recording.  The Forms and Reports designers used device-independent scaling including ability to work in zoomed mode for detailed layout.  The mouse right-click was used for access to Forms and Reports properties, inspired by the Xerox Alto and Smalltalk, in a way now almost universal to Windows programs.  The ObjectPAL was (like Hypercard) associated with the visual objects - also revealed by right click.  Property inspection and layout tools could be "pinned up" to stay on screen, an idea borrowed from the NeXT and now fairly widely adopted in Windows.

For approximately the first year of development the object-oriented code was written in C aided by macros, until Turbo C++ was available, at which point the remaining parts of the code were written in C++.  The product manager up until shipping version 1.0 was Joe Duncan.  The development and QA team totaled about 30 people.

Both Paradox for Windows and Quattro Pro for Windows, a closely related project, started development under beta versions of Windows 3.0, in the spring of 1990.  Paradox/Windows ended up delayed about a year beyond its original plan, shipping in early 1993. The reasons were many, but not entirely surprising for a major rewrite, in an OO language with new tools, shifting to a GUI paradigm, on what was essentially a first version operating system.  Still it was a big problem for the company and Microsoft managed to ship Access a couple of months ahead of Paradox for Windows, a major marketing win for Microsoft.

In 1990, Borland also started work on an internal dBASE clone for both DOS and Windows, written in assembler, which was planned to ship in 1992.  By early 1992 it became clear that Ashton-Tate was in difficulties on developing Windows versions of their products and so Borland switched plans, instead acquiring the company and anointing their internal project as the official successor.  Part of the Ashton-Tate acquisition was the InterBase rdbms and it was decided that Paradox/W should be able to work with InterBase as well as the Paradox engine, and this led to the creation of an IDAPI engine based around InterBase.

The acquisition also shifted focus.  Paradox had historically competed against dBASE in some markets, and Paradox/W originally was designed to improve the competitive position in the developer-oriented market.  After dBASE was acquired, this was no longer desirable, and emphasis shifted toward an ease-of-use market.  However the product could not be changed to match the emphasis (this occurred in later releases) at that late stage, making the product somewhat overly complex for the entry level market.

Microsoft's first desktop database program, Microsoft Access, did a good job of addressing that same market, and got there first when it debuted at COMDEX November 1992.  In response to Borland's acquisition of Ashton-Tate, Microsoft acquired FoxPro and incorporated its Rushmore technology into the Access Jet Engine to significantly improve its performance.

Microsoft Access offered many features that were easier for end users and developers to implement, including a more intuitive query interface using Windows links between fields rather than the Paradox text tagging of fields in QBE, and the Access Basic programming language which was more similar to PAL than ObjectPAL.  Access and Paradox significantly differed in the way they presented results from queries.  Access showed records before a query was completed and without the overhead of creating an output table.  Paradox showed the results only after all the records were retrieved and an ANSWER table created.  This performance difference was significant for large datasets and negatively impacted Paradox/W.

Taking a cue from Borland's low price Quattro Pro spreadsheet debut against Microsoft Excel,
Microsoft Access debuted with a $99 price.  This undercut the traditional DBMS prices of Paradox DOS, Paradox Windows, and dBase of around $799, which negatively impacted Borland more than any other firm.

The Borland management team, with its 85% market share of the desktop database market, severely underestimated the threat of Microsoft and Microsoft Access.  Still, Paradox/W sold well for a while.  Meanwhile, Borland was going through some serious problems caused by the Ashton-Tate acquisition.  Many product lines were discontinued, corporate reorganization and consolidation was painful, and, even worse, the internal dBASE project at the center of the acquisition rationale was eventually canceled for technical reasons, leaving Borland with a collapse in revenues and a serious need to develop the missing dBASE for Windows in a hurry.  Borland lost the strength to fight the multiple marketing battles it needed for its range of products.  Paradox was minimally marketed to the developers since the company decided it would hold out for a replacement of dBASE, which eventually came out in 1994, too late for the company.

To make matters worse, while the dBASE for DOS clone (FoxBase) copied dBASE closely, the Windows version of this  product was developed without an existing dBASE for Windows model. One of dBASE for DOS's strengths was multi-vendor support, and this was lost in the various Windows xBase products. Borland's Visual dBASE for Windows couldn't run Microsoft's Foxbase for Windows programs and vice versa. Faced with a fragmented market and the need to rewrite programs to take advantage of Windows, there was little incentive for xBase users to stay loyal to the brand they'd used for DOS.

In 1995, Microsoft bundled Access into their Microsoft Office Professional Suite with Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. This effectively killed the end-user desktop database market for standalone products.
Despite solid follow-on versions with improvements to usability for entry-level users, Paradox faded from the market.  It was included in the sale of Borland products to WordPerfect, which were in turn resold as WordPerfect got into financial products, and, at the time of writing, Paradox for Windows, WordPerfect, and Quattro Pro for Windows are all owned by Corel and sold as part of their office suite.  dBASE for Windows came out too late to be a significant player in the Windows market: most dBASE programmers by then had migrated to Microsoft FoxBASE, a very similar database tool.  Borland itself retained the InterBase/IDAPI server and focused efforts on its Delphi tools, which over the years gave it an influential but small part of the data-oriented developer market.

Corel Paradox
Corel acquired certain rights to develop and market Paradox in the mid-1990s and released Corel Paradox 8 in 1997.

Paradox was also bundled in the professional version of Corel's WordPerfect Office suite. Subsequent releases included Office Professional Edition versions 9, 10, 11, 12, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, and 2020. However, it has not been updated since 2009 with the Paradox Hot Fix 1 for X4. All later releases carry same version of 22.214.171.1246.

Users
There is a strong Paradox user base, mainly centered on the Paradox Community and its associated newsgroups.

Although there are many fans of ObjectPAL, the programming language for Paradox/Windows, PAL/DOS scripts could not easily be migrated; the object and event models were completely different, forcing developers using PAL to completely rewrite their database applications.

Notes

References
Notes

External links
 Java library to read Paradox databases
 Paradox JDBC driver
 Paradox Community
 Paradox ObjectPAL code snippets
 pxlib: Library to read and write Paradox databases
 pxtools: convert a Paradox-database into a SQL-database
 Watching the Death of Paradox and Rise of Microsoft Access
 A DOS VM (paradox4dos.com) for running Paradox for DOS on Windows(R) 64-bit machines
 Paradox DB file viewer

Borland software
Corel software
Desktop database application development tools
DOS software
Proprietary database management systems
Windows database-related software
1985 software

Paradox (database)


Ballintoy Parish Church is the main Church of Ireland church of Ballintoy, County Antrim, Northern Ireland. The church, located a short distance from the town, is one of the most northerly churches in the Diocese of Connor. It is a Grade-B+ listed building.

History
The church as it now stands was completed in 1813 as a replacement for an older structure. It was built under the auspices of Revd Robert Trail to a plan drawn by Henry Wynne. In June 1857, a new organ was installed by Dublin-based firm Telford & Telford, at a cost of £37. A renovation was undertaken in 1883 and involved adding a new pulpit, pews, flooring and heating. Repairs were also made to the roof and spire. Further roof repairs were undertaken following damage caused by a hurricane in December 1894.

Architecture
The church is two bays in length, with a single north transept, the tower being retained from an earlier building. Between the nave and the transept is a small chapel or baptistry.

Features
On an exterior wall of the church is a sun dial and tide clock which are dated by an inscription to 1817.

Though no longer rung, the old church bell bears the following inscription:
"Archibald Stewart gave me: Charles, his son, re-cast me, anno 1686 and Archibald the son of Charles re-cast and augmented me anno 1718"

The communion plate or chalice is reputed to have been manufactured before 1638 by Dublin silversmith James Vanderbeg or Vanderbeck.

References

Church of Ireland church buildings in Northern Ireland
Buildings and structures completed in 1813
Churches in County Antrim
19th-century churches in Northern Ireland

Ballintoy Parish Church


Michael Preece (born September 15, 1936) is an American film and television director, script supervisor, producer, and actor best known for directing television series Dallas and Walker, Texas Ranger and films The Prize Fighter and Logan's War: Bound by Honor.

Early life
Preece was born in Los Angeles, California and graduated from Alexander Hamilton High School. His father was a salesman for a cigarette and cigar company, and his mother, Thelma Preece, was the first female business agent in Hollywood and founder of the Script Clerks Guild which later became the Script Supervisor Local 871 IATSE.

Career
While a freshman student at Santa Monica City College in the summer of 1955 in the early days of television Preece took on a job as a script supervisor. He worked as a script supervisor on such TV series as Mr. Novak, I Spy, and Hawaii Five-O and a score of such feature films as The Great Locomotive Chase (1956), The Spirit of St. Louis (1957), The Old Man and the Sea (1958), Cimarron (1962), Mutiny on the Bounty (1962), How the West Was Won (1965), Morituri (1965), Will Penny (1968), True Grit (1969), The Hawaiians (1970), The Getaway (1972), The Paper Chase (1973), and Breakheart Pass (1975). Starting in 1975 Preece directed over 300 episodes of TV series, including Dallas where he set a record for most episodes directed and filmed each cast member firing a gun in order to ensure that no one knew who shot J.R. He also directed episodes of Walker, Texas Ranger, The Streets of San Francisco, Knots Landing, 7th Heaven, Falcon Crest, Barnaby Jones, The Bionic Woman, T.J. Hooker, MacGyver, When the Whistle Blows (TV series), Baywatch, Hunter, Fantasy Island, The Incredible Hulk, Trapper John, M.D., Stingray (NBC TV series), B. J. and the Bear,  Ace Crawford, Private Eye, Mike Hammer (1984 TV Series),  Jake and the Fatman, The Young Riders, Flamingo Road and Renegade.

Preece also directed such films as The Prize Fighter (1979) one of the most financially successful films ever released by New World Pictures, Great Day (1983), Beretta's Island (1994),  Walker Texas Ranger 3: Deadly Reunion (1994), Logan's War: Bound by Honor (1998) (for which he won a Lone Star Film & Television Award for Best TV Director), Dallas: War of the Ewings (1998), and The President's Man (2000).

Personal life
Preece currently resides in Los Angeles, California. In 1969 he married Evelyn Thomas (February 2, 1942 - March 26, 2017). He had four children from a previous marriage. His daughter Gretchen is married to singer-songwriter Randy Newman.

Preece has spoken at Women in Film breakfast meetings.

References

External links

Living people
1936 births
Film directors from Los Angeles
American television directors

Michael Preece


Fono is a rock band, originally from the United Kingdom but later based out of San Diego, California.

History
Fono formed under the name Seven (and originally from Milton Keynes), and released one album and one EP under this name; they also opened for a UK concert by Bon Jovi before changing their name to Fono in 1998. Lead singer Del Currie had previously played with Split Level and Tribe of Dan, and went on a year-long hiatus from songwriting and performing before putting the group together. The band has stated that the name "Fono" has no significance; in an interview, Currie said "It means absolutely nothing".  Following the name change, the group was featured in Kerrang! magazine as one of their Best Unsigned Bands. Not long after, they did sign with a label, and the group released their debut full-length, Goesaroundcomesaround, in 1999. Album reviewers noted the album's American, as opposed to British, rock sound and the group's general appeal to audiences outside the world of Christian rock. In America, the group scored two Christian radio hits with the singles "Now She's 24" (No. 7, 1999) and "Drift Away" ( 16, 2000). They also toured with Robert Plant, The Goo Goo Dolls, Third Eye Blind, and Audio Adrenaline.

After the release of the album, the band relocated permanently to the United States, settling in  San Diego, California in 2000. That year, a restructuring at their record label resulted in their becoming embroiled in a lawsuit which took over two years to resolve; during this time the band was prevented from recording any music. They then began recording a new album, but the studio where they were recording and all of their equipment and masters were destroyed in the Cedar Fire of 2003. The group re-recorded the material and independently released It's the Way That You Use It in 2004 and Too Broken to Break in 2007.

In 2010, vocalist Del Currie released a solo album under the name Zoo Seven.

Members

Current members
Del Currie - vocals, guitar
Andy Ridley - drums
Cindy Cate - bass
Soren Engen - guitar

Former members
Ian Crawford - bass (1996-)

Discography
As Seven
High And Wired (Blinding Music, 1996)
Burn EP (1997)

As Fono
Goesaroundcomesaround (KMG/Big Deal, 1999)
It's the Way That You Use It EP (2004)
Too Broken to Break (2007)

References

External links

British Christian rock groups
Christian rock groups from California
Musical groups established in 1996
Musical groups from San Diego

Fono (band)


FanDuel TV (formerly TVG) is an American sports betting-oriented digital cable and satellite television network owned by FanDuel Group, the U.S. subsidiary of Irish bookmaker Flutter Entertainment. It primarily airs live coverage of U.S. and international horse racing as well as studio shows focused on mainstream sports.

The network was originally established as TVG, which primarily focused on horse racing. In 2008, the network was sold to Betfair. It acquired its main competitor, HRTV, in 2015; the network was renamed TVG2 in October of that year. In 2018, the channel began to add studio programs devoted to mainstream sports from the perspective of sports betting; in 2022, the network was relaunched as FanDuel TV, which builds upon this programming strategy and begins forays into other forms of live sports coverage. The TVG brand continues to be used for the network's wagering platform.

History

TVG (1999–2022)

FanDuel TV was launched on July 14, 1999, as TVG (short for Television Games Network) and was founded as a joint venture of TV Guide Inc. (which at the time was owned by both Liberty Media and News Corp.), the National Thoroughbred Racing Association, and AT&T Broadband.

In May 2006, TVG introduced several new programs to its schedule, including Morning Line, Fandicapping, :58 Flat, Lady Luck (an all-female panel discussion program focusing on the day's races), and Drive Time (which covered exclusive racing from the Meadowlands). TVG places microphones on select jockeys, owners, trainers, and the starting crew.

The channel formerly operated a fictional betting site, TVGfree.net, which allowed it to have a presence in the fifteen states that prohibit televised and off-track betting, operating similarly to poker sites that use the .net domain to differentiate their fictional betting sites from the .com sites that allow gambling. The site was discontinued at the start of 2012 due to a site upgrade and currently redirects to TVG.com.

At the end of February 2007, TVG ended its longtime affiliation with Churchill Downs Incorporated. On May 2, 2008, Gemstar-TV Guide was acquired by Macrovision (now TiVo Corporation) for $2.8 billion.

Macrovision, which purchased Gemstar-TV Guide to boost the value of VCR Plus+ and electronic program guide patents, later stated that it was considering a sale of TVG, TV Guide Network, and the TV Guide print edition's namesake to other parties.

At the end of 2008, Macrovision sold TVG to British bookmaker Betfair for $50 million. The deal was completed on January 27, 2009, separating the channel from the company, which acquired its founding owner in 2007. In February 2015, Betfair acquired TVG's sole competitor, HRTV, and began to consolidate it into TVG's facilities. The network was rebranded as a sister network, TVG2, in October 2015.

In July 2018, the network announced that it was developing studio programs dedicated to sports betting. The U.S. Supreme Court recently struck down the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 1992, making it legal for states outside of Delaware, Oregon, Montana, and Nevada to allow sports betting. Paddy Power Betfair had also recently acquired the daily fantasy sports service FanDuel with the intent to use it as its main U.S. subsidiary. On September 9, 2018, coinciding with the 2018 NFL season, TVG Network premiered the new Sunday morning programs The Barstool Sports Advisors and More Ways to Win.

The network saw an increase in prominence during the COVID-19 pandemic, as the shutdown of nearly all other live sports prompted increased interest in horse racing and off-track betting at tracks that remain active. The limited tracks available resulted in greater prominence given to smaller tracks and meets such as Nebraska's Fonner Park and Oklahoma's Will Rogers Downs, and the network's personalities made efforts to accommodate new viewers and explain the technical terminology associated with horse racing and wagers. TVG also reached an agreement with the mainstream sports channel NBCSN (which reaches at least 80 million homes as opposed to TVG's 45 million) to simulcast a block of Trackside Live on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday afternoons.

FanDuel TV (2022–present)
In July 2022, it was reported that FanDuel was considering a relaunch of TVG Network as FanDuel TV as early as September 2022, building upon More Ways to Win by adding a morning block of sports talk shows as well as sports news segments interspersed throughout its live racing block. Such a service would compete primarily against VSiN, which was recently acquired by FanDuel's main U.S. competitor, DraftKings.

FanDuel officially announced the planned relaunch on August 25, 2022; it added a live, weekday program featuring former NFL Network host Kay Adams and announced plans for shows developed by Pat McAfee's PMI Network and a content deal with The Ringer. The network also expanded its live sports programming into international basketball via an agreement with Sportradar, adding coverage of Australia's National Basketball League, the Chinese Basketball Association, the LNB in France, and Germany's Basketball Bundesliga. The rebranding was completed in September 2022, with TVG renamed FanDuel TV and TVG2 renamed FanDuel Racing.

Wagering services
FanDuel offers wagering services under the TVG name to residents of Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey (under 4NJBets), New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming. Account holders are able to wager online at TVG.com and by landline or mobile phone.

Programming
FanDuel TV covers over one hundred tracks, with exclusive coverage of several tracks, including North American tracks such as Woodbine Race Course, Keeneland Race Course, Del Mar Racetrack, Meadowlands, and Monmouth Park. The network also broadcasts races from various tracks in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Japan, Norway, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Sweden, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom.

Coverage includes events such as the Travers Stakes, Haskell Invitational, Pacific Classic, Hollywood Gold Cup, Blue Grass Stakes, Wood Memorial, Melbourne Cup, Japan Cup, and the All American Futurity.

Current programming
The blanket title Live Racing is currently used for FanDuel TV's coverage of horse racing, replacing Trackside Live and other blocks. Its sub-blocks include East Coast, Coast to Coast, West Coast, Night Cap, and International.

The channel's current studio programs include

 Up & Adams, a weekday morning sports talk program hosted by Kay Adams.
 Run it Back, an NBA-focused program, aired on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday mornings, hosted by Michelle Beadle, Chandler Parsons, and Shams Charania.

On-air talent
Commentators

 Adam McGrath
 Andie Biancone
 Christina Blacker
 Simon Bray
 Caton Bredar
 Matt Carothers
 Britney Eurton
 Gabby Gaudet
 Scott Hazelton
 Nick "Sarge" Hines
 Kurt Hoover
 Joaquin Jaime
 Mike Joyce
 Caleb Keller
 Lisa Kerney
 Peter Lurie
 Jorge Ortuzar
 Parlay Paul
 Rich Perloff
 Ken Rudulph
 Todd Schrupp
 Dave Weaver

References

External links

Television channels and stations established in 1999
Companies based in Hillsboro, Oregon
English-language television stations in the United States
Sports television networks in the United States
Television networks in the United States
Horse racing mass media
Online gambling companies of the United States
1999 establishments in the United States

FanDuel TV


Masonboro Sound Historic District is a national historic district located near Wilmington, New Hanover County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 22 contributing buildings, 2 contributing sites, 8 contributing structures, and 1 contributing object near Wilmington.  The district developed during the 19th and early-20th century and includes notable examples of Italian Renaissance and Colonial Revival style architecture.  There are 10 contributing dwellings and 13 contributing outbuildings. Notable dwellings include the Carr-Ormand House (1932), Willard-Sprunt-Woolvin House (1880), Cazaux-Williams-Crow House (Halcyon Hall, 1877, 1880s, 1937), Parsley-Love House (Hickory Hill, 1885, 1912), Live Oaks (1913), Taylor-Bissinger House (1937), the "Doll House" (1924), and Hill-Anderson Cottage (c. 1835).

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Colonial Revival architecture in North Carolina
Renaissance Revival architecture in North Carolina
Buildings and structures in Wilmington, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in New Hanover County, North Carolina
Houses in New Hanover County, North Carolina

Masonboro Sound Historic District


The Battle of Honey Springs was an American Civil War battle and fought on July 17, 1863. It was an important victory for Union forces in their efforts to gain control of the Indian Territory. The battle was also unique in the fact that white soldiers were the minority in both forces.

Background
The Confederate commander in the Indian Territory at this time was Douglas H. Cooper. He wanted to capture Fort Gibson, the main Union fort in the territory. If the Confederates captured the fort, they could control the territory. Cooper had to wait along the Elk Creek, near Honey Springs. Cooper had several regiments from Texas in his army. There were several Indian regiments with the Confederates. Cooper needed reinforcements from Arkansas before he attacked the fort.

The Union commander in the terriroty was James G. Blunt. He found out about the Confederates's plans. He decided to attack first. His army had regiments from Kansas, Wisconsin, and Colorado. There were also regiments of Indians in the Union army.

The battle
The battle started near dawn on July 17. The two armies started fighting north of Elk Creek. The Confederates slowly retreated back to the creek. The Union and Confederate soldiers fought along the creek for several hours. The Confederates started retreating when the center of their line was attacked by the 1st Kansas Colored Infantry.

Aftermath
Cooper had to burn many of his supplies at Honey Springs to prevent Blunt from capturing them. The Confederates lost 627 casualties. The Union army lost 75 casualties.

Sources
 Comtois, Pierre. "Frontier Battle of Honey Springs", in America's Civil War, November 1997.
 Manning, Michael J. "They Fought Like Veterans: The Civil War in Indian Territory April 1861 – September 1, 1863", in Blue & Gray Magazine, Vol. XXVIII, issue 3.
 Ryan, David M. "The All–American Battle", in Civil War Times, February 2004.

Honey Springs
19th century in Oklahoma
1863 in the United States
July 1863 events

Battle of Honey Springs


Wage insurance is a form of proposed insurance that would provide workers with compensation if they are forced to move to a job with a lower salary. The idea is usually proposed as a response to outsourcing and the effects of globalization, although it could equally be proposed as a response to job displacement due to increasingly productive technology (e.g. factories, or computers). Economic consensus generally holds that in both cases—the integration of the global economy through free trade, on one hand, and greater technological efficiencies, on the other—the changes will have a net benefit across the world. However, economic theory also indicates that, while people over the aggregate will be better off, many individuals will not be able to keep their current job at their current wages. Those individuals may be able to retrain and move to more highly paid wages, and the reduced cost of goods (which is likely to result from either case under consideration) may offset at least some of the wage loss. These compensating effects  are likely to take several years to come about, however, and some people might never be fully compensated by normal market mechanisms. Wage insurance would offer compensation in these situations.

History
The idea of wage insurance has been tested as early as 1995 in Canada's Earnings Supplement Project.

Robert Litan and Lori Kletzer proposed the idea for wage insurance in United States in the 2001 paper A Prescription to Relieve Worker Anxiety.

In 2003, Kletzer issued another paper called Trade-related Job Loss and Wage Insurance: A Synthetic Review.

In 2007, the Council on Foreign Relations published The Case for Wage Insurance. In the document  Robert LaLonde argues that the United States' Trade Adjustment Assistance should be modified to include a form a wage insurance.

The basic concept became the United States Department of Labor's Alternative Trade Adjustment Assistance for Older Workers (ATAA).  The ATAA complements the Trade Adjustment Assistance program, which does not offer a wage subsidy or wage insurance.  The TAA focuses on retraining workers while the ATAA includes a wage subsidy for workers who are considered too old to undergo retraining.  The ATAA program includes a wage subsidy for laid off workers over the age of 50 who held a job with wages less than $50,000 a year, and who start a new job within 26 weeks of being laid off. The program gives a wage subsidy of half the difference between the worker's old and new wages with a maximum subsidy of $10,000.  The subsidy can last for up to two years.

Writing in 2016, Kletzer noted that Barack Obama mentioned wage insurance at a public address. In the article he recommends three to five years as the minimum time period of a worker's previous job to qualify, and that insurance wouldn't be paid until the worker found a new job; hence the insurance would work against the disincentive of losing unemployment benefits.

Economic theory
Economic trade theory assumes that countries will specialize and produce the goods they are relatively good at producing.  This means a country that once had an equal balance between automobile and textile manufacture will concentrate all of its resources in automobile production if it trades with a country that is relatively better at textile production.  While both countries will be better off overall, individual workers can still be hurt.  A worker with years of experience in car manufacturing will find his skills are worthless if his country moves to specialize in textiles.  The former automobile producer will have to enter the textile manufacturing industry as a low skilled worker.  His wages will likely drop since he no longer has valued skills.  Wage insurance would alleviate some of the consequences workers in such situations face.  The worker's insurance policy would pay him a portion of the difference between his wages as a skilled automobile manufacturer to an entry level textile worker.

References

Types of insurance
Wages and salaries

Wage insurance


DWEY (104.7 FM), branded as 104.7 Brigada News FM National-Southern Tagalog, is a news and music FM radio station owned and operated by Brigada Mass Media Corporation in the Philippines. The main broadcast studio, news center and marketing offices are located at the 5th Floor Jacinta Building 2, #1840 EDSA, Brgy. Guadalupe Nuevo, Makati City, and its transmitter is located at Brgy. Talumpok East, Mt. Banoy, Batangas City.

It is heard in major areas in Metro Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Zambales, Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, Quezon Province, Marinduque, Camarines Norte and most of Mindoro and Romblon. However, Batangas serves as the station's broadcast core (as well as frequency spacing regulations per broadcast market).

History and development

Bay Radio era (1998-2013)
It was formerly known as Bay Radio 104.7, the second FM radio station in Batangas, owned by Baycomms Broadcasting Corporation, launched in 1998, operating everyday from 4 am to 12 midnight.

One of the notable activities of the station was its Hataw sa Tag-Araw done every February to June where its regular programming switches to summer-oriented shows. 2013 was its last iteration prior to acquisition.

In October 1, 2013, the station became part of Brigada Mass Media Corporation's acquisition and 100% gradual take-over of Baycomms Broadcasting Corporation then later underwent a soft launch with the borrowed Brigada News FM and Healthline plugs and stingers effective October 28. On February 1, 2014, 104.7 FM underwent a test broadcast with the acquisition of better transmitting facilities. On February 24, 2014, 104.7 FM formally relaunched as Brigada News FM.

Under new management
Since the launching date, Brigada News FM had five iterations with its brand.

Brigada continued to use the old Bay Radio studio as 104.7 Brigada News FM Batangas from launch date until April 25, 2014. At that time, its studios were located at the 2nd Floor, First Crown Building, D. Silang corner Evangelista Streets. Batangas City and the broadcast team was purely consisted of the remaining Bay Radio hold-overs. However, it mostly contained music programs and taped Brigada Healthline blocktimes. It was only during the 1st quarter of 2014 that they started simulcasting Brigada Connection from its sister station in General Santos City as a dry run. In mid-April, the station went to another period of test broadcasts, this time, with its Manila link.

Transfer of studios
On April 28, 2014, Brigada began its operations at the Manila studio as 104.7 Brigada News FM Mega Manila, but retaining its old Batangas studio as a technical facility relaying the entire Manila newscenter. Former Bombo Radyo reporters and anchors from its Makati City studio and Tacloban City were shipped in to lead the first day of the station and form Manila's branch of Brigada News Team. The station also refurbished its audio system through the acquisition of the most advanced state of the art broadcast transmitter and antenna systems from Quark Electronics, that transmits the maximum authorized power and top of the line audio processing equipment called "OMNIA 11".

Brigada also expanded to a 24/7 station and completed power upgrades from 5 kW to 25 kW (ERP of 127.66 kW) with its move to Manila.

Major developments
On May 22, 2014, the station started simulcasting Brigada Phone Tap (later rebranded to The Baby Nicole Show) from Cebu. It further bolstered the prominence of the kid sensation Baby Nicole, who has been enjoying popularity in the Cebuano-speaking Visayas and Mindanao.

Weng dela Peña of DZXL 558 formally joined the team on May 26, 2014. With his arrival, minor timeslot adjustments on news programs was adopted. A week later, Brigada Connection's originating broadcast transferred to Mega Manila from General Santos City. The Mega Manila identification was also dropped and changed into National Broadcast Center. On June 16, 2014, Dennis Padilla joined the team, along with his program, Eat All You Can, from DZXL 558. Two weeks later, former RMN News Nationwide executive producer and DZXL anchor, Leo Navarro, joined the growing news team.

July 2014 saw many changes in the station. On July 5, 2014, Brigada Weekend Joy started its full-blown nationwide simulcast. Brigada Connection added a one-hour afternoon edition simulcast as a supplement to its morning edition. Brigada Balita also expanded to add a noontime edition. Sandy Madarcos and Aika Constantino from Brigada News FM Lucena were also brought to Manila. The station also started to bolster its Sunday programming with the debut of The Morning Sun-Gay Show running at 4:00 am and Quotes Ko 'To! at 4:00 pm. They started simulcasting Cebu City's Malala na Kaya with Kuya Helen every Sunday at 9:00 am. On July 21, 2014, the National Broadcast Center ident was simply shortened to National citing the lengthy brand was too long to identify itself.

August 2014 saw the expansion of Brigada Connection morning slot from a half-hour to 40 minutes to accommodate more provincial reporters. Former CALABARZON stringer Jamielee de Castro of DZXL 558 was added to Brigada News Team as Batangas roving stringer.

On September 1, 2014 there was a programming change. The local Brigada Balita and Brigada Connection was fused to Brigada Balita Nationwide but cutting its afternoon edition to 30 minutes. DriveMax Nationwide expanded to three hours, giving Byaheng Brigada a limited 30-minute slot. At the end of the month, Ley-Mar Baguio-Mamita and Rocky Sigues were reassigned to Brigada News FM Puerto Princesa with the former assuming the post of station manager, while Aika Constantino moved to Daet as its main stringer. Puerto Princesa mainstay Sheryl Ann Aldave moved to Mega Manila. The station also dropped its frequency identification on September 29.

November 2014 saw the return of Brigada Connection on a separate slot, distinct of its earlier iteration prior to Brigada Balita Nationwide and transfer of Glenn Parungao of 102.7 Star FM. Quotes Ko 'To! was replaced by Magpa-MP in its afternoon slot after the latter's debut in the morning block as a dry run last October.

December 2014 saw program changes with the departure of Eat All You Can. It also went into an almost non-stop coverage of Typhoon Ruby (international name, Hagupit) from December 6-9, 2014, airing nationwide.

Brigada News FM stations

References

External links

OPM formatted radio stations in the Philippines
News and talk radio stations in the Philippines
Radio stations established in 1998
Radio stations in Metro Manila
Radio stations in Batangas

DWEY


A chemical reaction is said to be autocatalytic if one of the reaction products is also a catalyst for the same reaction. Many forms of autocatalysis are recognized.

A set of chemical reactions can be said to be "collectively autocatalytic" if a number of those reactions produce, as reaction products, catalysts for enough of the other reactions that the entire set of chemical reactions is self-sustaining given an input of energy and food molecules (see autocatalytic set).

Examples
Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of esters produces carboxylic acids that also catalyze the same reaction. Indeed, the observation of an accelerating hydrolysis of gamma valerolactone to gamma-hydroxyvaleric acid led to the introduction of the concept of autocatalysis in 1890.

The oxidation of hydrocarbons by air or oxygen is the basis of autoxidation.  Like many radical reactions, the rate vs time plot shows a sigmoidal behavior, characteristic of autocatalysis. Many reactions of organic compounds with halogen involve autocatalytic radical mechanisms. For example the reaction of acetophenone with bromine to give phenacyl bromide.

Oscillating reactions such as the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction are more complicated examples that involve autocatalysis. In such reactions the concentrations of some intermediates oscillate, as does the rate of formation of products. Other notable examples are the Lotka–Volterra equations for the predator-prey model, and the Brusselator model.

Autocatalysis applies also to reactions involving solids.  Crystal growth provide dramatic examples of autocatalysis: the growth rate depends on the surface area of the growing crystal.  The growth of metal films from solution using the technique of electroless plating is autocatalytic.  The rate of plating accelerates after some deposition has occurred, i.e., nucleation.

Mathematical description

Autocatalytic reactions are those in which at least one of the products is also a reactant. A simple autocatalytic reaction can be written

with the rate equations (for an elementary reaction)

.

This reaction is one in which a molecule of species A interacts with a molecule of species B. The A molecule is converted into a B molecule. The final product consists of the original B molecule plus the B molecule created in the reaction.

The key feature of these rate equations is that they are nonlinear; the second term on the right varies as the square of the concentration of B. This feature can lead to multiple fixed points of the system, much like a quadratic equation can have two roots. Multiple fixed points allow for multiple states of the system. A system existing in multiple macroscopic states is more orderly (has lower entropy) than a system in a single state.

The concentrations of A and B vary in time according to

and
 .

For an irreversible reaction (i.e. )

and
.
The graph for these equations is a sigmoid curve (specifically a logistic function), which is typical for autocatalytic reactions: these chemical reactions proceed slowly at the start (the induction period) because there is little catalyst present, the rate of reaction increases progressively as the reaction proceeds as the amount of catalyst increases and then it again slows down as the reactant concentration decreases. If the concentration of a reactant or product in an experiment follows a sigmoid curve, the reaction may be autocatalytic.

These kinetic equations apply for example to the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of some esters to carboxylic acids and alcohols. There must be at least some acid present initially to start the catalyzed mechanism; if not the reaction must start by an alternate uncatalyzed path which is usually slower. The above equations (which do not consider the alternate pathway) for the catalyzed mechanism would imply that the concentration of acid product remains zero forever.

Asymmetric autocatalysis
Asymmetric autocatalysis occurs when the reaction product is chiral and thus serves as a catalyst for its own production. Reactions of this type, such as the Soai reaction, have the property that they can amplify a very small enantiomeric excess into a large one. In another example, sodium chlorate crystallizes as an equilibrium mixture of left- and right-handed crystals.  When seeded appropriated, saturated solutions of this salt (which is optically inactive), will produce batches of single enantiomeric crystals.

Possible role in origin of life

An early example of autocatalysis is the formose reaction, in which formaldehyde and base produce sugars and related polyols.  Characteristic of autocatalysis, this reaction rate is extremely slow initially but accelerates with time.  This kind of reaction has often been cited as being relevant to the origin of life.

Autocatalysis is one explanation for abiogenesis. Illustrative is the reaction amino adenosine and pentafluorophenyl ester in the presence of amino adenosine triacid ester (AATE).  This experiment demonstrated that autocatalysts could exhibit competition within a population of entities with heredity, which could be interpreted as a rudimentary form of natural selection, and that certain environmental changes (such as irradiation) could alter the chemical structure of some of these self-replicating molecules (an analog for mutation) in such ways that could either boost or interfere with its ability to react, thus boosting or interfering with its ability to replicate and spread in the population.

See also
 Assembly theory
 Catalytic cycle
 Reaction–diffusion system
 Morphogenesis

References

External links
Some Remarks on Autocatalysis and Autopoiesis (Barry McMullin)

Catalysis

Autocatalysis


In mathematics, the Kolmogorov continuity theorem is a theorem that guarantees that a stochastic process that satisfies certain constraints on the moments of its increments will be continuous (or, more precisely, have a "continuous version"). It is credited to the Soviet mathematician Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov.

Statement

Let  be some complete metric space, and let  be a stochastic process. Suppose that for all times , there exist positive constants  such that

for all . Then there exists a modification  of  that is a continuous process, i.e. a process  such that

  is sample-continuous;
 for every time ,

Furthermore, the paths of  are locally -Hölder-continuous for every .

Example

In the case of Brownian motion on , the choice of constants , ,  will work in the Kolmogorov continuity theorem. Moreover, for any positive integer , the constants ,  will work, for some positive value of  that depends on  and .

See also
 Kolmogorov extension theorem

References

  p. 51

Theorems regarding stochastic processes

Kolmogorov continuity theorem


Kempston Hardwick railway station serves the village of Kempston Hardwick in Bedfordshire, England. It should not be confused with the nearby town of Kempston. The station has two platforms next to a half-barrier level crossing.

Kempston Hardwick is the least used station in Bedfordshire. It was the least used station up until the publication of passenger numbers in November 2021 and is again the least used station following the publication of the 2021/22 estimates of station usage in November 2022. The least used station in Bedfordshire in the 2020/21 period was Millbrook.

Services
All services at Kempston Hardwick are operated by London Northwestern Railway.

The typical off-peak service is one train per hour in each direction between  and  which runs on weekdays and Saturdays only using  DMUs. There is no Sunday service.

Community Rail Partnership
Kempston Hardwick station, in common with others on the Marston Vale Line, is covered by the Marston Vale Community Rail Partnership, which aims to increase use of the line by involving local people.

History
The level crossing at Kempston Hardwick was opened in 1846 with the construction of the Bedford Railway Company railway line between Bedford (St Johns railway station) and Bletchley.

An agreement with the London and Birmingham Railway was made whereby the railway was to be constructed and operated by the London & Birmingham Railway company, who under the terms of  "The Bedford and the London and Birmingham Railway Act 1846" split the profits from the operation of the line.  During the construction of the line however the London and Birmingham Railway merged with the Grand Junction Railway to form the London and North Western Railway company.

Kempston Hardwick was one of three halts opened by the London and North Western Railway in 1905 between  and Bedford. Their opening coincided with the introduction of a steam railmotor on the Varsity Line; the station platform initially consisted of wooden sleepers laid at ground level for a carriage length. All three closed as a wartime economy measure during the First World War and two were closed during Second World War, never to reopen, leaving Kempston Hardwick as the only survivor. Its survival can be attributed to its convenient location for the nearby Eastwood's Brickworks which was served from 1928 by a private siding on the up side of the line.

The level crossing alongside the station was once controlled by a crossing keeper who lived in a lodge adjacent to his place of work. This was demolished in the 1980s.

In 2003, it was reported that Kempston Hardwick was one of the quietest stations in England as only 38 passengers per month were reported to be using it. Two reasons offered for the lack of custom were the absence of signage indicating the station from the main road, and the lack of parking facilities. Following the release of this story, Silverlink together with Bedfordshire County Council confirmed that they would not be seeking the closure of the station. Station patronage has, however, now increased, according to the Community Rail Partnership which attributes the rise to the creation of significant numbers of jobs in the area. In 2008, it was announced that the area around the railway station could be the location of a new eco-town.

References

External links

DfT Category F2 stations
Former London and North Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1905
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1917
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1919
Railway stations served by West Midlands Trains
Kempston
East West Rail

Kempston Hardwick railway station


The R300 GPU, introduced in August 2002 and developed by ATI Technologies, is its third generation of GPU used in Radeon graphics cards. This GPU features 3D acceleration based upon Direct3D 9.0 and OpenGL 2.0, a major improvement in features and performance compared to the preceding R200 design. R300 was the first fully Direct3D 9-capable consumer graphics chip. The processors also include 2D GUI acceleration, video acceleration, and multiple display outputs.

The first graphics cards using the R300 to be released were the Radeon 9700. It was the first time that ATI marketed its GPU as a Visual Processing Unit (VPU). R300 and its derivatives would form the basis for ATI's consumer and professional product lines for over 3 years.

The integrated graphics processor based upon R300 is the Xpress 200.

Development

ATI had held the lead for a while with the Radeon 8500 but Nvidia retook the performance crown with the launch of the GeForce 4 Ti line. A new high-end refresh part, the 8500XT (R250) was supposedly in the works, ready to compete against NVIDIA's high-end offerings, particularly the top line Ti 4600. Pre-release information listed a 300 MHz core and RAM clock speed for the R250 chip. ATI, perhaps mindful of what had happened to 3dfx when they took focus off their Rampage processor, abandoned it in favor of finishing off their next-generation R300 card. This proved to be a wise move, as it enabled ATI to take the lead in development for the first time instead of trailing NVIDIA. The R300, with its next-generation architecture giving it unprecedented features and performance, would have been superior to any R250 refresh.

The R3xx chip was designed by ATI's West Coast team (formerly ArtX Inc.), and the first product to use it was the Radeon 9700 PRO (internal ATI code name: R300; internal ArtX codename: Khan), launched in August 2002. The architecture of R300 was quite different from its predecessor, Radeon 8500 (R200), in nearly every way. The core of 9700 PRO was manufactured on a 150 nm chip fabrication process, similar to the Radeon 8500. However, refined design and manufacturing techniques enabled a doubling of transistor count and a significant clock speed gain.

One major change with the manufacturing of the core was the use of the flip-chip packaging, a technology not used previously on video cards. Flip chip packaging allows far better cooling of the die by flipping it and exposing it directly to the cooling solution. ATI thus could achieve higher clock speeds. Radeon 9700 PRO was launched clocked at 325 MHz, ahead of the originally projected 300 MHz. With a transistor count of 110 million, it was the largest and most complex GPU of the time. A slower chip, the 9700, was launched a few months later, differing only by lower core and memory speeds. Despite that, the Radeon 9700 PRO was clocked significantly higher than the Matrox Parhelia 512, a card released but months before R300 and considered to be the pinnacle of graphics chip manufacturing (with 80 million transistors at 220 MHz), up until R300's arrival.

Architecture

The chip adopted an architecture consisting of 8 pixel pipelines, each with 1 texture mapping unit (an 8x1 design). While this differed from the older chips using 2 (or 3 for the original Radeon) texture units per pipeline, this did not mean R300 could not perform multi-texturing as efficiently as older chips. Its texture units could perform a new loopback operation which allowed them to sample up to 16 textures per geometry pass. The textures can be any combination of one, two, or three dimensions with bilinear, trilinear, or anisotropic filtering. This was part of the new DirectX 9 specification, along with more flexible floating-point-based Shader Model 2.0+ pixel shaders and vertex shaders. Equipped with 4 vertex shader units, R300 possessed over twice the geometry processing capability of the preceding Radeon 8500 and the GeForce4 Ti 4600, in addition to the greater feature-set offered compared to DirectX 8 shaders.

ATI demonstrated part of what was capable with pixel shader PS2.0 with their Rendering with Natural Light demo. The demo was a real-time implementation of noted 3D graphics researcher Paul Debevec's paper on the topic of high dynamic range rendering. A noteworthy limitation is that all R300-generation chips were designed for a maximum floating point precision of 96-bit, or FP24, instead of DirectX 9's maximum of 128-bit FP32. DirectX 9.0 specified FP24 as a minimum level for conforming to the specification for full precision. This trade-off in precision offered the best combination of transistor usage and image quality for the manufacturing process at the time. It did cause a usually visibly imperceptible loss of quality when doing heavy blending. ATI's Radeon chips did not go above FP24 until R520.

The R300 was the first board to truly take advantage of a 256-bit memory bus. Matrox had released their Parhelia 512 several months earlier, but this board did not show great gains with its 256-bit bus. ATI, however, had not only doubled their bus to 256-bit, but also integrated an advanced crossbar memory controller, somewhat similar to NVIDIA's memory technology. Utilizing four individual load-balanced 64-bit memory controllers, ATI's memory implementation was quite capable of achieving high bandwidth efficiency by maintaining adequate granularity of memory transactions and thus working around memory latency limitations. "R300" was also given the latest refinement of ATI's innovative HyperZ memory bandwidth and fillrate saving technology, HyperZ III. The demands of the 8x1 architecture required more bandwidth than the 128-bit bus designs of the previous generation due to having double the texture and pixel fillrate.

Radeon 9700 introduced ATI's multi-sample gamma-corrected anti-aliasing scheme. The chip offered sparse-sampling in modes including 2×, 4×, and 6×. Multi-sampling offered vastly superior performance over the supersampling method on older Radeons, and superior image quality compared to NVIDIA's offerings at the time. Anti-aliasing was, for the first time, a fully usable option even in the newest and most demanding titles of the day. The R300 also offered advanced anisotropic filtering which incurred a much smaller performance hit than the anisotropic solution of the GeForce4 and other competitors' cards, while offering significantly improved quality over Radeon 8500's anisotropic filtering implementation which was highly angle dependent.

On March 14, 2008, AMD released the 3D Register Reference for R3xx.

Performance
Radeon 9700's architecture was very efficient and much more advanced compared to its peers of 2002. Under normal conditions, it beat the GeForce4 Ti 4600, the previous top-end card, by 15–20%. However, when anti-aliasing (AA) and/or anisotropic filtering (AF) were enabled it would beat the Ti 4600 by anywhere from 40–100%. At the time, this was quite special, and resulted in the widespread acceptance of AA and AF as truly usable features.

Besides advanced architecture, reviewers also took note of ATI's change in strategy. The 9700 would be the second of ATI's chips (after the 8500) to be shipped to third-party manufacturers instead of ATI producing all of its graphics cards, though ATI would still produce cards off of its highest-end chips. This freed up engineering resources that were channeled towards driver improvements, and the 9700 performed phenomenally well at launch because of this. id Software technical director John Carmack had the Radeon 9700 run the E3 Doom 3 demonstration.

The performance and quality increases offered by the R300 GPU are considered to be one of the greatest in the history of 3D graphics, alongside the achievements GeForce 256 and Voodoo Graphics. Furthermore, NVIDIA's response in the form of the GeForce FX 5800 was both late to market and somewhat unimpressive, especially when pixel shading was used. R300 would become one of the GPUs with the longest useful lifetime in history, allowing playable performance in new games at least 3 years after its launch.

Further releases
A few months later, the 9500 and 9500 PRO were launched. The 9500 PRO had half the memory bus width of the 9700 PRO, and the 9500 was also missing (disabled) half the pixel processing units and the hierarchical Z-buffer optimization unit (part of HyperZ III). With its full 8 pipelines and efficient architecture, the 9500 PRO outperformed all of NVIDIA's products (save the Ti 4600). Meanwhile, the 9500 also became popular because it could in some cases be modified into the much more powerful 9700. ATI only intended for the 9500 series to be a temporary solution to fill the gap for the 2002 Christmas season, prior to the release of the 9600. Since all of the R300 chips were based on the same physical die, ATI's margins on 9500 products were low. Radeon 9500 was one of the shortest-lived product of ATI, later replaced by the Radeon 9600 series. The logo and box package of the 9500 was resurrected in 2004 to market the unrelated and slower Radeon 9550 (which is a derivative of the 9600).

Refreshed

In early 2003, the 9700 cards were replaced by the 9800 (or, R350). These were R300s with higher clock speeds, and improvements to the shader units and memory controller which enhanced anti-aliasing performance. They were designed to maintain a performance lead over the recently launched GeForce FX 5800 Ultra, which it managed to do without difficulty. The 9800 still held its own against the revised FX 5900, primarily (and significantly) in tasks involving heavy SM2.0 pixel shading. Another selling point for the 9800 was that it was still a single-slot card, compared to the dual-slot requirements of the FX 5800 and FX 5900. A later version of the 9800 Pro with 256 MB of memory used GDDR2. The other two variants were the 9800, which was simply a lower-clocked 9800 Pro, and the 9800 SE, which had half the pixel processing units disabled (could sometimes be enabled again). Official ATI specifications dictate a 256-bit memory bus for the 9800 SE, but most of the manufacturers used a 128-bit bus. Usually, the 9800 SE with 256-bit memory bus was called "9800 SE Ultra" or "9800 SE Golden Version".

Alongside the 9800, the 9600 (a.k.a. RV350) series was rolled out in early 2003, and while the 9600 PRO didn't outperform the 9500 PRO that it was supposed to replace, it was much more economical for ATI to produce by way of a 130 nm process (all ATI's cards since the 7500/8500 had been 150 nm) and a simplified design. Radeon 9600's RV350 core was basically a 9800 Pro cut in half, with exactly half of the same functional units, making it a 4×1 architecture with 2 vertex shaders. It also lost part of HyperZ III with the removal of the hierarchical z-buffer optimization unit, the same as Radeon 9500. Using a 130 nm process was also good for pushing up the core clock speed. The 9600 series, all with high default clocking, was shown to have quite a bit of headroom by overclockers (achieving over 500 MHz, from 400 MHz on the Pro model). While the 9600 series was less powerful than the 9500 and 9500 Pro it replaced, it did largely manage to maintain the 9500's lead over NVIDIA's GeForce FX 5600 Ultra, and it was ATI's cost-effective answer to the long-time mainstream performance board, GeForce4 Ti 4200.

During the summer of 2003, the Mobility Radeon 9600 was launched, based upon the RV350 core. Being the first laptop chip to offer DirectX 9.0 shaders, it enjoyed the same success of the previous Mobility Radeons. The Mobility Radeon 9600 was originally planned to use a RAM technology called GDDR2-M. The company developing that memory went bankrupt and the RAM never arrived, so ATI was forced to use regular DDR SDRAM. Undoubtedly there would have been power usage savings, and perhaps performance gains with GDDR2-M. In fall 2004, a slightly faster variant, the Mobility Radeon 9700 was launched (which was still based upon the RV350, and not the older R300 of the desktop Radeon 9700 despite the naming similarity).

Later in 2003, three new cards were launched: the 9800 XT (R360), the 9600 XT (RV360), and the 9600 SE (RV350). The 9800 XT was slightly faster than the 9800 PRO had been, while the 9600 XT competed well with the newly launched GeForce FX 5700 Ultra. The RV360 chip on 9600 XT was the first graphics chip by ATI that utilized Low-K chip fabrication and allowed even higher clocking of the 9600 core (500 MHz default). The 9600 SE was ATI's answer to NVIDIA's GeForce FX 5200 Ultra, managing to outperform the 5200 while also being cheaper. Another "RV350" board followed in early 2004, on the Radeon 9550, which was a Radeon 9600 with a lower core clock (though an identical memory clock and bus width).

Worthy of note regarding the R300-based generation is that the entire lineup utilized single-slot cooling solutions. It was not until the R420 generation's Radeon X850 XT Platinum Edition, in December 2004, that ATI would adopt an official dual-slot cooling design.

New interface
Also in 2004, ATI released the Radeon X300 and X600 boards. These were based on the RV370 (110 nm process) and RV380 (130 nm Low-K process) GPU respectively. They were nearly identical to the chips used in Radeon 9550 and 9600, only differing in that they were native PCI Express offerings. These were very popular for Dell and other OEM companies to sell in various configurations; connectors: DVI vs. DMS-59, card height: full-height vs. half-height.

Later the Radeon X550 was launched, using the same chip as Radeon X300 graphics card (RV370).

Models

See also
 List of AMD graphics processing units

References

External links
 3D Chip and Board Charts, by Beyond3D, retrieved January 10, 2006
 ATI's Radeon 9700 (R300) – Crowning the New King, by Anand Lal Shimpi, Anandtech, July 18, 2002, retrieved January 10, 2006
 ATI Radeon 9700 PRO Review, by Dave Baumann, Beyond3D, August 19, 2002, retrieved January 10, 2006
 Matrox's Parhelia - A Performance Paradox, by Anand Lal Shimpi, Anandtech, June 25, 2002, retrieved January 10, 2006
 Infos zur ALDI Grafikkarte Radeon 9800 XXL (in German), Infos about ALDI graphic card Radeon 9800 XXL, retrieved November 21, 2006
 AMD Radeon R3xx 3D Register Reference Guide
 techPowerUp! GPU Database

ATI Technologies products
Graphics cards
Computer-related introductions in 2002

Radeon R300 series


Pork barrel, or simply pork, is a metaphor for the appropriation of government spending for localized projects secured solely or primarily to direct spending to a representative's district.

The usage originated in American English, and it indicates a negotiated way of political particularism.

Political science
Scholars use it as a technical term regarding legislative control of local appropriations. In election campaigns, the term is used in derogatory fashion to attack opponents.

Typically, "pork" involves national funding for government programs whose economic or service benefits are concentrated in a particular area but whose costs are spread among all taxpayers. Public works projects, certain national defense spending projects, and agricultural subsidies are the most commonly cited examples.

Citizens Against Government Waste outlines seven criteria by which spending in the United States can be classified as "pork":

 Requested by only one chamber of Congress
 Not specifically authorized
 Not competitively awarded
 Not requested by the President
 Greatly exceeds the President's budget request or the previous year's funding
 Not the subject of Congressional hearings
 Serves only a local or special interest.

History and etymology
The term pork barrel politics usually refers to spending which is intended to benefit constituents of a politician in return for their political support, either in the form of campaign contributions or votes.

In the popular 1863 story "The Children of the Public", Edward Everett Hale used the term pork barrel as a homely metaphor for any form of public spending to the citizenry. However, after the American Civil War, the term came to be used in a derogatory sense. The Oxford English Dictionary dates the modern sense of the term from 1873.

Pork barrel originally came from storing meat. By the 1870s, references to "pork" were common in Congress, and the term was further popularized by a 1919 article by Chester Collins Maxey in the National Municipal Review, which reported on certain legislative acts known to members of Congress as "pork barrel bills". He claimed that the phrase originated in a pre-Civil War practice of giving slaves a barrel of salt pork as a reward and requiring them to compete among themselves to get their share of the handout.
More generally, a barrel of salt pork was a common larder item in 19th-century households, and could be used as a measure of the family's financial well-being. For example, in his 1845 novel The Chainbearer, James Fenimore Cooper wrote: "I hold a family to be in a desperate way, when the mother can see the bottom of the pork barrel."

Examples
An early example of pork barrel politics in the United States was the Bonus Bill of 1817, which was introduced by Democrat John C. Calhoun to construct highways linking the Eastern and Southern United States to its Western frontier using the earnings bonus from the Second Bank of the United States. Calhoun argued for it using general welfare and post roads clauses of the United States Constitution. Although he approved of the economic development goal, President James Madison vetoed the bill as unconstitutional.

One of the most famous alleged pork-barrel projects was the Big Dig in Boston, Massachusetts. The Big Dig was a project to relocate an existing  section of the Interstate Highway System underground. The official planning phase started in 1982; the construction work was done between 1991 and 2006; and the project concluded on December 31, 2007. It ended up costing US$14.6 billion, or over US$4 billion per mile. Tip O'Neill (D-Mass), after whom one of the Big Dig tunnels was named, pushed to have the Big Dig funded by the federal government while he was the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.

During the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign, the Gravina Island Bridge (also known as the "Bridge to Nowhere") in Alaska was cited as an example of pork barrel spending. The bridge, pushed for by Republican Senator Ted Stevens, was projected to cost $398 million and would connect the island's 50 residents and the Ketchikan International Airport to Revillagigedo Island and Ketchikan.

Pork-barrel projects, which differ from earmarks, are added to the federal budget by members of the appropriation committees of United States Congress. This allows delivery of federal funds to the local district or state of the appropriation committee member, often accommodating major campaign contributors. To a certain extent, a member of Congress is judged by their ability to deliver funds to their constituents. The Chairman and the ranking member of the U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations are in a position to deliver significant benefits to their states. Researchers Anthony Fowler and Andrew B. Hall claim that this still does not account for the high reelection rates of incumbent representatives in American legislatures. Former Hawaii Senator Daniel Inouye described himself as "the No. 1 earmarks guy in the U.S. Congress." Inouye regularly passed earmarks for funding in the state of Hawaii including military and transportation spending.

See also

Citizens Against Government Waste
Corporate welfare
Earmark (politics)
Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006
Golden Fleece Award
Government waste
Money loop
People's Initiative Against Pork Barrel
Porkbusters
Spoils system

References

Political terminology of the United States
Public choice theory
Conflict of interest
English-language idioms
Ethically disputed political practices
Political pejoratives
Metaphors referring to objects
Metaphors referring to food and drink

Pork barrel


Simone Barrientos (born 5 October 1963) is a German politician. Born in Eisleben, Saxony-Anhalt, she represents The Left. Simone Barrientos has served as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Bavaria from 2017 until 2021.

Life
Barrientos grew up in Neustrelitz as the child of a single mother who was a dancer with the folklore ensemble of the GDR and the Friedrich-Wolf-Theater in Neustrelitz. She was also looked after in state nurseries and in a Catholic children's home. After attending school, she first learned the profession of an industrial electrician at the Deutsche Reichsbahn. At the age of 17 she gave birth to a son whose father had left for the "West". She completed a further apprenticeship as a commercial advertiser. After the fall of the Berlin Wall in the GDR, she worked in various sectors until 2008: as a draftswoman, interpreter, in a casting office and in film production. From 2008 to 2017, she managed the publishing house Kulturmaschinen. She became member of the bundestag after the 2017 German federal election, where she was a member of the Committee for Culture and Media. She was also the spokesperson for cultural policy for her parliamentary group.

References

External links

 Bundestag biography

1963 births
Living people
Members of the Bundestag for Bavaria
Female members of the Bundestag
21st-century German women politicians
Members of the Bundestag 2017–2021
People from Eisleben
Members of the Bundestag for The Left

Simone Barrientos


Iraqw is a Cushitic language spoken in Tanzania in the Arusha and Manyara Regions. More and more people speak it because the Iraqw people are absorbing neighbouring ethnic groups. The language has many Datooga loanwords, especially in poetic language. The Gorowa language to the south shares numerous similarities and is sometimes considered a dialect.

Languages of Africa
Cushitic languages

Iraqw language


Shukra (Sanskrit: शुक्र, IAST: Śukra) is a Sanskrit word that means "clear" or "bright". It also has other meanings, such as the name of an ancient lineage of sages who counselled Asuras in Vedic mythology. In medieval mythology and Hindu astrology, the term refers to the planet Venus, one of the Navagrahas.

Hindu mythology
Venus

Shukra


Moshe Sharett, Hebrew: משה שרת , born Moshe Shertok, Hebrew: משה שרתוק, (October 15, 1894 in Kherson (Russian Empire, nowadays Ukraine) - July 7, 1965 in Jerusalem) was an Israeli politician of Mapai Party.

Sharett moved to Ottoman Palestine in 1906. He studied at Istanbul University and the London School of Economics.

In 1920s he worked as a journalist in the United Kingdom. He returned to Mandatory Palestine in 1931, and became a member of the Assembly of Representatives.

He was one of those who signed the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel in 1948.

Sharett was chosen into the first Knesset in 1949, and stayed a Member of Knesset till his death.

He was also in the government. He was Foreign Minister from 1948 to 1956. During this time he was also Prime Minister from January 26, 1954 to November 3, 1955, succeeding fellow party member David Ben-Gurion (last one succeeded Sharett).

Moshe Sharett died in 1965 at the age of 80.

References
 Bio at Knesset Website

1894 births
1965 deaths
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Members of the Knesset
Government ministers of Israel
Israeli political leaders
Jewish Israeli politicians
British journalists
Mapai politicians
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Prime Ministers of Israel
Ukrainian Jews
Zionists

Moshe Sharett


Aghapy TV is a Coptic Christian TV station broadcasting in Arabic via satellite to Coptic Christians in Egypt and in North America via Spiritcastsatellite systems.

Aghapy is the Greek & Coptic word Agape, which means love or sometimes equal to "unconditional love".

It was founded in 2005 by the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria.

Aghapy TV headquarters are located in Cairo, Egypt.
Aghapy TV founded by Fr. Bishoy Elantony under the supervision of Bishop Botros. Aghapy TV started broadcasting into N. America via 97 degree Galaxy West satellite. Soon afterwards, it was available on the Galaxy 25 Satellite System along with CTV (Coptic TV). However, while CTV is still on air via Galaxy Satellite, the Galaxy service for Aghapy TV was eventually discontinued in North America, having been replaced by Dish Network 775 in April 2009. In terms of free-to-air satellite, Aghapy TV is available in Australia and New Zealand via Optus D2 and elsewhere on Telstar 12 (except North America). Aghapy TV also broadcasts on various digital channels in Asia, Africa, Australia and New Zealand via UBI World TV along with CTV.

References

External links

 Available on Spiritcast Systems
"The Love Network: New Coptic TV Channel 'Aghapy' Hits the Airwaves" by Vivian Salama. https://web.archive.org/web/20071114152955/http://www.tbsjournal.com/SalamaCoptic.html

2005 establishments in Egypt
Coptic culture
Coptic diaspora in North America
Copts in Cairo
Television stations in Egypt
Television channels and stations established in 2005
Arabic-language television stations
Mass media in Cairo

Aghapy TV


Robert McCulloch SSC is an Australian priest and member of the Missionary Society of St. Columban, who served in Pakistan from 1978 to 2011. He was decorated by the Government of Pakistan for his services to health and education in 2012.

Early life
McCulloch was born in 1946 in Alexandra, Victoria, to Bruce John McCulloch and Jean Frances Crowe. He was educated at St Patrick's School, Mentone, Our Lady of the Assumption Parish Primary School, Cheltenham, and St Bede's College, Mentone.

McCulloch entered the Society of St Columban in 1964, spending his initial year of probation in Sassafras, Victoria. He began his studies at St Columban's Seminary in Sydney in 1965 and was ordained a priest in 1970. In 1976 he received a Master of Arts in Church History from The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. Since 1978 he has worked to increase the education and basic health care of the poor and mainly non-Christian people of Pakistan.

Work in Pakistan
McCulloch has served in two Diocese of Hyderabad parishes: Kotri, a rural area  east of Karachi; and Machar Colony, a community of 300 Catholic families in the slums of Hyderabad. After a spell in Badin, he started working with the semi-nomadic Hindu tribe of Parkari Kohli in Tharparkar District. During this period, McCulloch helped the tribe design an alphabet for their language, for which he called on two linguists for their help. After the local population had opted for using the Sindhi alphabet, with a few minor changes, people gathered proverbs and sayings and launched the first Parkari Kohli newspaper, Prem Paracha. In this he helped to save the native language and culture.

McCulloch has had as a goal of his ministry the improvement of health care in the country. He sits on the administrative board for St. Elizabeth's Hospital, Hyderabad. He has established an outreach medical program at the hospital to provide vaccinations for infants and children, medical care for their mothers, and diagnosis and care of tuberculosis patients.

McCulloch has also developed schools in Pakistan that are now attended by more than 550 children. He has chaired the Board of Governors for the Centre of Academic Excellence, a project he initiated in 2007 to provide educational, spiritual, moral and personal formation for 100 Catholic boys.

McCulloch has lectured at the National Catholic Institute of Theology in Karachi, Pakistan in liturgy and church history.

McCulloch has established a palliative care unit. It is the first home-based palliative care unit for the terminally ill in Pakistan.

The St. Vincent de Paul Society of Victoria, through its overseas development initiatives, is providing ongoing financial support for McCulloch's health and educational programs.

In October 2012, the head of the Vatican's Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization, Archbishop Rino Fisichella launched Parts I and II of the Catholic Catechism in Urdu. McCulloch was involved in its translation from 2004 to 2012. Along with Emmanuel Neno this work was completed in 2014. The Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization has approved the Urdu translation and authorised its publication. The translation took 13 years to complete.

Award
On 15 February 2012, the President of Pakistan approved conferment of Sitara class of the Nishan-e-Quaid-i-Azam on McCulloch for his services to Pakistan in health and education.

On 25 March 2012, more than 600 people gathered at St Anthony's Church in Karachi for a special Mass to celebrate Sister John Berchmans Conway RJM and McCulloch receiving the country's highest civilian award.

McCulloch has been transferred to Rome and is serving as the Procurator General of the Society of St Columban.

On 9 May 2012, McCulloch was inducted into the St Bede's Old Collegians Hall of Fame.

References

1946 births
People from Alexandra, Victoria
20th-century Australian Roman Catholic priests
21st-century Pakistani Roman Catholic priests
Australian emigrants to Pakistan
Australian Roman Catholic missionaries
Catholic University of America alumni
Living people
Recipients of the Nishan-e-Quaid-i-Azam
Religious leaders from Karachi
Roman Catholic missionaries in Pakistan
Roman Catholic medical missionaries
Missionary educators
20th-century Pakistani Roman Catholic priests
Missionary Society of St. Columban

Robert McCulloch (priest)


Keezhvaipur is a village in the Mallappally Taluk which is one of five Taluks that makes up the Pathanamthitta district, in Kerala State, India.It Is Part Of Thiruvalla Constituency.Keezhuvaipur lies in the bank of river Manimala and is famous for its traditions, cultures, and customs. The town is located on the Kottayam-Punalur State Highway. Keezhuvaipur is 3 km away from Mallappally, 11 km from Kozhencherry and 13 km from Tiruvalla.

Keezhuvaipur is a typical Central Tranvancore village with rubber tree plantations, paddy fields and many NRIs (Non-Resident Indians).

Also Keezhuvaipur has the only police station in the Mallappally Taluk. The Pincode of the town is 689587.

Etymology
7 kilometers distance between vaipur and Keezhvaipur. Both are banks of river Manimala. In olden days, Vaipur and Chunkappara and nearby places under the police station  limit of Keezhvaipur.
Vaipur, which is located north of Keezhuvaipur, was very famous in trade in the ancient days. Keezh means 'below'. Keezhvaipur was also famous for its trading links as it had a small port to receive goods(hence the name Keezhvaip-pur,"keezh" meaning 'down' and vaip meaning "keeping" as items were kept down on the ground in the port) by the Manimala river, mainly from bigger towns like Chegenacherri. As it lies below to Vaipur, thus it got the name Keezhuvaipur.

Geography

Keezhuvaipur town is located in central Kerala at a location of . The river Manimala flows through Keezhuvaipur.  It has an average elevation of 3 metres (9 feet) from sea level. Keezhuvaipur is situated in the basin of the Manimala River which is formed from several streams in the Western Ghats in Idukki district. It flows through Pathanamthitta district and joins Pamba River. As per division of places in Kerala as Highlands, Midlands and Lowlands based on altitude, Keezhuvaipur is considered to be part of the Midlands. The general soil type is alluvial soil. The vegetation is mainly tropical evergreen and moist deciduous type.

Transportation
Keezhvaipur lies in the SH 9 which connects the district capitals of Pathanamthitta and Kottayam. Both KSRTC and private buses travel between Kozhencherry and Kottayam. The nearest KSRTC terminal is Mallappally (2 km).  Autorikshaws and taxi are plentiful from Keezhvaipur for travel to remote places.

The nearest railway station is Tiruvalla (13 km) and Chengannur (18 km).
The nearest airport is Cochin International Airport (101 km).  Upcoming Aranmula International Airport is just 15 km away.

Climate

Keezhuvaipur has a tropical climate. Its proximity to the equator results in little seasonal temperature variation, with moderate to high levels of humidity. Annual temperatures range between . From June through September, the south-west monsoon brings in heavy rains as Keezhuvaipur lies on the windward side of the Western Ghats. From October to December, Keezhuvaipur receives light rain from the northwest monsoon, as it lies on the leeward side. Average annual rainfall is 315 cm. Although the summer is from March to May, it receives locally developed thundershowers in May.

Politics

Keezhuvaipur is a part of Thiruvalla Assembly Constituency and Pathanamthitta Loksabha Constituency. Adv. Mathew T Thomas is the current MLA. In Lok sabha, Keezhuvaipur is represented by the sitting MP from Pathanamthitta, Mr. Anto Antony (Indian National Congress).
In Rajya sabha, Keezhuvaipur is represented by the sitting MP from Keezhvaipur itself, Mr. Prof. P J Kurien (Indian National Congress).

Education

Schools in the town include:

Govt Vocational Higher Secondary School.
Mallappally Marthoma English Medium School.
MTLP School Neithelipadi, Keezhvaipur.
Kizhakekkara LP School, Keezhvaipur.
Bishop Abraham Memorial College is the nearest college, which is just 10 km away from the town.

Religion

The majority of the population is either Christian or Hindu. There are five Marthoma churches and one CSI and Pentecost churches, as well as two Hindu Temples, Subramanium and Shiva.

Churches
New India Church of God,Keezhuvaipur.
Church of God (Full Gospel) In India, Perumprammavu
Church of God (Full Gospel) In India, Town Church, near Police Station
Assemblies of God Church
Jerusalem Mar Thoma Church, Keezhuvaipur
St. Thomas Mar Thoma Church, Keezhuvaipur
Mallappally Mar Thoma Church, Keezhuvaipur
Mar Thoma Church, Parakathanam, Keezhuvaipur
Karuthamangal St. Paul's Mar Thoma Church, Narakathani, Keezhvaipur
St. Andrew's C.S.I Church, Keezhuvaipur
St. Thomas Evangelical Church Of India, Keezhuvaipur
CMS Anglican Church, Keezhvaipur
Ebenezer church, Indian Pentecostal church of god (IPC),Keezhuvaipur

Temples

Subramania Swamy Temple
Easwaramangalam Mahadeva Temple

Hospitals

 Rev. George Mathen Mission Hospital, the hospital nearest to Keezhvaipur
 Primary Health Centre, Keezhvaipur
 Govt. Ayurveda Hospital,Keezhvaipur
 Govt. Homeopathic Hospital, Keezhvaipur

References

Villages in Pathanamthitta district

Keezhuvaipur


Jodi Thelen (born June 12, 1962) is an American actress.

Born in St. Cloud, Minnesota, Thelen made her screen debut as Georgia Miles, "a willfully free-spirited girl, naive and narcissistic" in Four Friends in 1981.

Thelen appeared on Broadway in Brighton Beach Memoirs in 1983. Her off-Broadway credits include Springtime for Henry, Largo Desolato at The Public Theater, The Nice and the Nasty at Playwrights Horizons, The Chemistry of Change, and A Body of Water, in which she played the dual roles of Sandy and Malka. For the latter, Variety praised her "stunning transformation" between roles, while The New York Times noted the "welcome comic bite" of her Malka portrayal.

Thelen's television credits include Duet, Grace Under Fire, Touched by an Angel, Joan of Arcadia and Twin Peaks.

Additional screen credits
Four Friends (1981)
Twilight Time (1982)
The Black Stallion Returns (1983)
One Night Stand (1995)
Playback (1996)
The Wedding Singer (1998)
You're Still Young (2004)
Til Death Does His Part (2007)

References

External links

Jodi Thelen at the Off-Broadway Internet Database

1962 births
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Living people
People from St. Cloud, Minnesota
Actresses from Minnesota
21st-century American women

Jodi Thelen


Adam Hochberg is a radio correspondent for National Public Radio based in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Hochberg reports on a broad range of issues in the Southeast. Since he joined NPR in 1995, Hochberg has traveled the region extensively, reporting on its changing economy, demographics, culture, and politics. He covered the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, followed candidates in three Presidential elections, and reported on more than a dozen hurricanes. He's also appeared as a guest on the popular NPR program Wait Wait… Don't Tell Me!.

Before joining NPR, Hochberg worked as a freelance journalist in North Carolina. He was a regular contributor to NPR, CBS Radio, North Carolina Public Radio, and North Carolina's statewide public television network. Prior to that, he served as assistant news director at WPTF Radio in Raleigh and as a reporter at WCHL (AM) Radio in Chapel Hill.

Five times, Hochberg has been named "North Carolina Radio Journalist of the Year" by the Radio-Television News Directors Association. His numerous other journalism awards include two Ohio State Awards, an RTNDA Edward R. Murrow Award Regional Award, and a Corporation for Public Broadcasting Public Radio Program Award.

Hochberg is active in journalism education. He's taught in the Duke University Continuing Education program and served on the board of directors for the University of North Carolina Journalism Alumni and Friends Association. He also has taught communication classes at Peace College in Raleigh.

A native of Chicago, Hochberg received his master's degree in 1986 from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He graduated from the Ohio University Honors Tutorial College in 1985. He and his wife Heidi, along with their daughter Elise, live in Chapel Hill.

Adam Hochberg is the younger brother of PBS NewsHour correspondent Lee Hochberg and Scott Hochberg, a member of the Texas House of Representatives representing District 137 in southwest Houston.

References

American radio reporters and correspondents
American male journalists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Ohio University alumni
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
Duke University faculty

Adam Hochberg


Eugene Franklin Skinner (September 13, 1809 – December 15, 1864) was an early American settler in Oregon and the founder of the city of Eugene, Oregon, which is named after him.

Skinner was born in Essex, New York. His father was Major John Joseph Skinner and his brother was St John Skinner, assistant postmaster under President Andrew Johnson. His mother died while Skinner was young. At age 14, Skinner moved with his family to Green County, Wisconsin. As an adult, Skinner lived in Plattsburgh, New York briefly before settling in Hennepin, Illinois as county sheriff. He married Mary Cook on November 28, 1839.

In May 1845, he and his wife Mary Cook Skinner traveled overland to California, wintering at Sutter's Fort. In 1846, the Skinners headed north to the Oregon Country, joining the party of Elijah Bristow in exploring the Willamette Valley south of present-day Polk County, Oregon. Skinner took a claim downriver of Bristow's claim, and was advised by the local Kalapuya Indian tribe to build high up due to floods. Following this advice, he built his first cabin on the hill known as Skinner Butte.

The Skinners farmed and raised a family of five children: four daughters (Mary, Leonora, Phoebe, and Amelia) and one son, St John. Skinner operated a ferry service across the Willamette River. Historian Robert Clark suggests that Skinner deliberately chose the land he claimed because it was the best location for a local ferry monopoly. After Oregon was organized as a US territory in 1849, Skinner became the local postmaster.

In 1851, Skinner and local judge David Matteson Risdon laid out the town of Eugene City (shortened to "Eugene" in 1889). Skinner donated a portion of his property for county buildings, and took up practicing law, serving as a county clerk and trustee for Eugene City.

Skinner took ill after trying to save his cattle during a flood in 1861, and suffered ill health for the last few years of his life before dying in Eugene on December 15, 1864. He is buried in the Masonic Cemetery in Eugene.

See also
 Statue of Eugene Skinner, installed outside the Eugene Public Library

References

External links

Eugene Skinner sculpture representation, in Building Oregon: Architecture of Oregon & the Pacific Northwest, University of Oregon database

1809 births
1864 deaths
Illinois sheriffs
Oregon pioneers
Oregon postmasters
Lawyers from Eugene, Oregon
People from Essex, New York
People from Plattsburgh, New York
People from Hennepin, Illinois
19th-century American lawyers
American city founders

Eugene Skinner