Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function. They produce gastrointestinal hormones or peptides in response to various stimuli and release them into the bloodstream for systemic effect, diffuse them as local messengers, or transmit them to the enteric nervous system to activate nervous responses. Enteroendocrine cells of the intestine are the most numerous endocrine cells of the body. They constitute an enteric endocrine system as a subset of the endocrine system just as the enteric nervous system is a subset of the nervous system. In a sense they are known to act as chemoreceptors, initiating digestive actions and detecting harmful substances and initiating protective responses. Enteroendocrine cells are located in the stomach, in the intestine and in the pancreas. Microbiota play key roles in the intestinal immune and metabolic responses in these enteroendocrine cells via their fermentation product (short chain fatty acid), acetate.

Intestinal enteroendocrine cells
Intestinal enteroendocrine cells are not clustered together but spread as single cells throughout the intestinal tract.

Hormones secreted include somatostatin, motilin, cholecystokinin, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and enteroglucagon. The enteroendocrine cells sense the metabolites from intestinal commensal microbiota and, in turn, coordinate antibacterial, mechanical, and metabolic branches of the host intestinal innate immune response to the commensal microbiota.

K cell
K cells secrete gastric inhibitory peptide, an incretin, which also promotes triglyceride storage. K cells are mostly found in the duodenum.

L cell
L cells secrete glucagon-like peptide-1, an incretin,  peptide YY3-36, oxyntomodulin and glucagon-like peptide-2. L cells are primarily found in the ileum and large intestine (colon), but some are also found in the duodenum and jejunum.

I cell
I cells secrete cholecystokinin (CCK), and have the highest mucosal density in the duodenum with a decreasing amount throughout the small intestine. They modulate bile secretion, exocrine pancreas secretion, and satiety.

G cell

Stomach enteroendocrine cells, which release gastrin, and stimulate gastric acid secretion.

Enterochromaffin cell
Enterochromaffin cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells with a close similarity to adrenomedullary chromaffin cells secreting serotonin.

Enterochromaffin-like cell
Enterochromaffin-like cells or ECL cells are a type of neuroendocrine cell secreting histamine.

N cell
Located in a increasing manner throughout the small intestine, with the highest levels found in the in ileum, N cells release neurotensin, and control smooth muscle contraction.

S cell

S cells secrete secretin mostly from the duodenum, but also in decreasing amounts throughout the rest of the small intestine, and stimulate exocrine pancreatic secretion.

D cell

Also called Delta cells, D cells secrete somatostatin.

Mo cell (or M cell)

 found in crypts of the small intestine, especially in the duodenum and jejunum.
 Different from the Microfold cells (M cells) that are in Peyer's patches.
 Secrete motilin

Gastric enteroendocrine cells
Gastric enteroendocrine cells are found in the gastric glands, mostly at their base. The G cells  secrete gastrin, post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve can release gastrin-releasing peptide during parasympathetic stimulation to stimulate secretion. Enterochromaffin-like cells are enteroendocrine and  neuroendocrine cells also known for their similarity to chromaffin cells secreting histamine, which stimulates G cells to secrete gastrin.

Other hormones produced include cholecystokinin, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, alpha and gamma-endorphin.

Pancreatic enteroendocrine cells
Pancreatic enteroendocrine cells are located in the islets of Langerhans and produce most importantly the hormones insulin and glucagon. The autonomous nervous system strongly regulates their secretion, with parasympathetic stimulation stimulating insulin secretion and inhibiting glucagon secretion and sympathetic stimulation having opposite effect.

Other hormones produced include somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, amylin and ghrelin.

Clinical significance
Rare and slow growing carcinoid and non-carcinoid tumors develop from these cells. When a tumor arises it has the capacity to secrete large volumes of hormones.

History
The very discovery of hormones occurred during studies of how the digestive system regulates its activities, as explained at Secretin § Discovery.

Other organisms
In rats (Rattus rattus) the short-chain fatty acid receptor  is expressed both by this cell type and by mast cells of the mucosa.

See also

APUD cells
Neuroendocrine tumors
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers

References

External links
 - "Endocrine System: duodenum, enteroendocrine cells"

Endocrine system
Animal cells
Stomach
Secretory cells

Enteroendocrine cell


Robert de Fiennes, named Moreau (1308–1385) was the 28th Constable of France.

His father was Jean de Fiennes, Lord of Tingry and Chatelain of Bourbourg. His mother was Isabella of Flanders, daughter of Guy, Count of Flanders and Isabelle of Luxembourg.

In 1356, he succeeded Walter VI, Count of Brienne as Constable of France. In 1358, he prevented the English of occupying Amiens. Between 1360 and 1361, he was Governor of Languedoc. After the Treaty of Brétigny, his castle at Fiennes, Pas-de-Calais came into the English sphere of influence. Robert de Fiennes refused to pledge allegiance to the English King, which led to a siege of his castle by 25.000 English soldiers. In 1370, he resigned as Constable because of his age, and he was succeeded by Bertrand du Guesclin.

He married firstly to Béatrice Dame de Gavre, and then to Marguerite de Melun. He had no known children.

Sources

 Jean-Michel Dousseau: Dictionnaire des Connétables et Maréchaux de France. Société Généalogique de l'Yonne, Auxerre, 1996, , S. 19.

Constables of France
People of the Hundred Years' War
1308 births
1385 deaths

Robert de Fiennes


Jamin Dale Pugh (January 25, 1984 – January 17, 2023), better known by his ring name Jay Briscoe, was an American professional wrestler. He was best known for his time with his brother Mark Briscoe as the Briscoe Brothers in Ring of Honor, where he was a two-time ROH World Champion, ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Champion, and record 13-time ROH World Tag Team Champion. Other championships held by Briscoe over his career include the Impact World Tag Team Championship and IWGP Tag Team Championship. He was inducted into the ROH Hall of Fame in 2022.

Professional wrestling career

Early career (2000–2001)

Jay Briscoe was trained to wrestle by Eddie Valentine, Glen Osbourne, and Jim Kettner. He debuted on May 20, 2000, at the age of 16. Throughout 2000, he and his brother Mark wrestled a handful of tag team matches for the Delaware-based East Coast Wrestling Association. In January 2001, they appeared with Maryland Championship Wrestling.

Combat Zone Wrestling (2001–2003, 2010–2012)

The Briscoe Brothers made their debuts for Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) at Delaware Invasion on January 20, 2001, being brought in to job as part of a three-on-one handicap match against Trent Acid. At the inaugural Best of the Best event, a show somewhat atypical of CZW in that it is a tournament spotlighting athletic junior heavyweight wrestling as opposed to violent hardcore matches, the two advanced past the first round in a three-way match with Nick Mondo where the stipulation was whoever took the fall would be eliminated. They were then matched against each other in the second round, with Jay winning and advancing further. This match was seen by fans as the best of the tournament, and seen in retrospect as having been responsible in large part for helping launch the brothers' careers, as they were new to the independent circuit and very young at the time.

After losing in title opportunities at Breakaway Brawl and A New Beginning, the brothers won the CZW Tag Team Championship on July 14, 2001, as they defeated the original H8 Club at H8 Club: Dead?. They lost it, however, in their first defense, to Johnny Kashmere and Justice Pain on July 28, 2001, at What About Lobo? Mark wasn't used for several months after that, but Jay continued on as a singles wrestler in that time, even facing Justice Pain for the CZW Heavyweight Championship at September Slam on September 8, which he lost.

At the end of 2001 and into 2002, CZW's territory (that is, the area at which they held the majority of their events) was shifting from Sewell, New Jersey, to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in order to hold events regularly at the old ECW arena, beginning with December 15's Cage of Death 3. At this event, they faced Nick Gage and Nate Hatred, but wore masks and were identified as The Midnight Outlaws. This was likely to get around the fact that Jay was only 17 and Mark only 16 at the time; this meant, as they were under 18 years of age, that they could not legally work in a sport wrestling exhibition in the state of Pennsylvania. As CZW regularly began holding shows in the Philadelphia area, the Midnight Outlaws made appearances at the next four CZW events. At A Higher Level of Pain on April 13, 2002, Jay appeared across the ring from the Midnight Outlaws, tagging with Ruckus against Mark and someone else. By this time, he had turned 18. Jay and Ruckus won the match, and this was the last time either Jay or Mark appeared for CZW until April 12, 2003, where Jay and Mark both returned for Best of the Best 3. Jay was a surprise entrant after being taunted by A.J. Styles, and Mark filling in for the injured Ruckus. Jay advanced to the semi-finals, where he lost to B-Boy, and Mark lost his fill-in match to Sonjay Dutt. The two faced off with the Backseat Boyz for the CZW World Tag Team Championship at Truth or Consequences on June 14, but failed to win the belts.

On December 11, 2010, at Cage of Death XII, the Briscoe Brothers Returned to CZW challenging newly crowned CZW World Tag Team Champions Philly's Most Wanted of Blk Jeez and Joker to a title match in January. On January 7, 2011, at "From Small Beginnings Come Great Things" Philly's Most Wanted retained the CZW World Tag Team Championships against the Briscoe Brothers in a no contest. The Briscoe Brothers then challenged Philly's Most Wanted to a no disqualification rematch. On February 12, 2011, at "Twelve: The Twelfth Anniversary Event" The Briscoe Brothers defeated Philly's Most Wanted to become the new CZW World Tag Team Champions. They lost the title back to Philly's Most Wanted on May 14, 2011. The Briscoe Brothers returned to CZW again on November 10, 2012, facing Dave and Jake Crist in a losing effort.

Jersey All Pro Wrestling (2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2008)

Jay Briscoe made his Jersey All Pro Wrestling (JAPW) debut on March 24, 2001, at March Madness Night 2, losing to Insane Dragon and Dixie teaming with his brother Mark Briscoe. It is unclear how, if at all, JAPW's ownership and management worked around Pennsylvania's child labor law, as both brothers were underage at the time of this and two subsequent appearances in the old ECW arena. They made three other appearances in JAPW in 2001, and unsuccessful challenge for Dragon and Dixie's JAPW Tag Team Championship on June 15 at Here to Stay.

Jay Briscoe made his return to JAPW in 2002. On July 13, 2002, at Unfinished Business, Jay Briscoe and Insane Dragon won the JAPW Tag Team Championship after scoring simultaneous pinfalls on the members of Da Hit Squad. The six men went on to meet in a rematch of sorts at the next event, Royal Consequences 2 on August 10, 2002, Jay and Insane Dragon defended the titles against Da Hit Squad and the team of Mark Briscoe and Deranged in a tables, ladders, and chairs match, which Da Hit Squad won. Two shows later, on September 20 at Family Crisis 2, Da Hit Squad successfully retained the title over the Briscoe Brothers in a regular match.

The Briscoe Brothers did not appear for JAPW again until late 2005, again in a tables, ladders, and chairs match for the tag team title, this time against the teams of Teddy Hart and Homicide, the Backseat Boyz, and The S.A.T. The match, which took place at JAPW's 8th Year Anniversary Show, was won Hart and Homicide. At the next show, Fall Out, the S.A.T. defeated them and thus became number one contenders to the tag team championship. More recent JAPW appearances came in early 2006, losing along with the Outcast Killers to the S.A.T. once again at Wild Card II in a tag team title match, and then at Brotherly Love to the team of Sabu and Sonjay Dutt, a match they also lost. In October 2008, the Briscoe Brothers competed at JAPW's 11th Anniversary Show against LAX (Homicide and Hernandez). During a brawl outside the ring, Mark suffered a large gash on the side of his head.

Ring of Honor (2002–2004; 2006–2023)

Early appearances (2002–2004)

In February 2002, Briscoe wrestled on Ring of Honor's first-ever show, The Era of Honor Begins, losing to Amazing Red. Mark seconded him to the ring but could not wrestle because of Pennsylvania's child labor law (most of ROH's earliest shows took place in Philadelphia). Jay wrestled each of ROH's next four shows, against Spanky, Tony Mamaluke, Doug Williams, and James Maritato, losing to all but Mamaluke. At Honor Invades Boston, when Mark was able to perform, he defeated his brother, in the second-to-last match of the night. The Brothers went on briefly to feud against each other, during which time Jay scored a non-title win over ROH Champion Xavier at Glory By Honor. This earned him a title shot at All-Star Extravaganza, where he lost. At Scramble Madness, back in Boston, the brothers' storyline involved them picking their own partners for a tag team match. Jay picked past foe Amazing Red, whereas Mark's partner was Christopher Daniels, as he seemingly joined The Prophecy. Daniels pinned Red to win the match. The Brothers' feud against one another concluded at the First Anniversary Show, when Jay defeated Mark in a match, and the two hugged afterward to signify their reunion. Mark never explicitly left the Prophecy, but in forming a team with his brother, he stopped teaming with them.

Newly united as a team in ROH, the Briscoe Brothers began, in 2003, to feud with AJ Styles and Amazing Red, then holders of the ROH Tag Team Championship, losing in title matches at Night of Champions, The Epic Encounter, and Death Before Dishonor, which by stipulation was their last match for the title for as long as Styles and Red held it. Before the last match, a poll was held on ROH's website, asking the fans if they wanted to see a third match between the two teams. Over 80% of respondents voted 'yes'. At Beating the Odds, they returned from a brief absence to score a pair of wins which were depicted in the storyline as being improbable, Mark over ROH veteran B. J. Whitmer and Jay in a Four Corner Survival match with ROH World Champion Samoa Joe, NWA World Heavyweight Champion AJ Styles, and Chris Sabin, pinning Sabin to earn a future title shot at Joe. At ROH's Maryland debut, Tradition Continues, Joe retained over Jay.

The Brothers took part in the gauntlet match at Glory By Honor 2, which was held to fill the tag team championship left vacant by Red suffering a serious knee injury. They defeated and eliminated the Special K team of Hydro and Angeldust as well as the Ring Crew Express, before being eliminated by the other Special K team in the match, Izzy and Dixie, due to outside interference from Angeldust. After Izzy and Dixie later won the tag team title, the Brothers were granted a shot at it, at Main Event Spectacles. The reason given in the storyline was they were given the shot since they only lost in the gauntlet match because Special K cheated. In the opening segment of that event, they were aligned with Jim Cornette, because, in the storyline, Cornette wanted to create new champions. They attacked his former client, Samoa Joe, who Cornette abandoned since he already was a champion. They went on to win the belts later in the show. At The Conclusion, The Battle Lines Are Drawn, and The Last Stand, which was by stipulation Joe's last shot at the tag team title for as long as the Briscoe Brothers held it, they retained the belts over Joe and a different partner each time: AJ Styles, Bryan Danielson, and Jerry Lynn, respectively. Since Joe took pinfalls at The Conclusion (to Mark) and The Last Stand (to Jay), both brothers subsequently earned shots at his world title. Both failed, with Mark losing at Final Battle 2003 and Jay being defeated at At Our Best in a memorable and bloody steel cage match.

They dropped the tag team title to the Second City Saints (CM Punk and Colt Cabana) at ROH's Chicago-area debut, ROH Reborn: Stage Two, working in ROH for the first time as outward heels. At the next show, Round Robin Challenge III, the title switched three times among the teams in the round robin challenge: the Second City Saints, the Briscoe Brothers, and the Prophecy team of Dan Maff and B. J. Whitmer. The Briscoe Brothers defeated Maff and Whitmer in the fourth match of the night to win the title for a second time, and then lost it back to Punk and Cabana in the main event. The Brothers both participated in ROH's inaugural Survival of the Fittest tournament, with Mark going over Alex Shelley in his qualifier and Jay falling to Homicide. Mark did not, however, win the elimination final. After losing a two out of three falls tag team title match to Punk and Cabana at Death Before Dishonor II Part 1, ending that feud, they lost in separate singles matches to members of the Rottweilers the next night. Between that and their victory in tag team action at Testing the Limit, it is likely that a feud was planned between the Briscoe Brothers and the Rottweilers.

Return; Tag Team Champion (2006–2013)

The Briscoe Brothers returned to ROH at the Fourth Anniversary Show in February 2006, forcibly including themselves in a match that was at first between the teams of Tony Mamaluke, Sal Rinauro, Jason Blade and Kid Mikaze. They won in their re-debut. They then feuded for the tag team championship again, but much as they had against Styles and Red three years earlier, they lost in three shots against the champions at the time, Austin Aries and Roderick Strong, at Ring of Homicide, Destiny, and Unified. As before, the storyline was that this cost them any chance at the belts for as long as those champs held them. It was around this time that the Brothers became enforcers for Jim Cornette's heel character as ROH Commissioner, fighting battles against his enemies, most notably Homicide and his partner Samoa Joe at Glory By Honor V: Night Two and in anything goes, falls count anywhere, elimination match at Dethroned. During this time, they also feuded with Kenta and his partners Davey Richards and Naomichi Marufuji, facing Kenta and Richards at Time to Man Up and Kenta and Marufuji at Glory By Honor V: Night One.

At Fifth Year Festival: Chicago in February 2007, the Briscoe Brothers defeated Christopher Daniels and Matt Sydal to win the tag team championship. Their reign, however, proved to be brief, as they in turn dropped the belts to Naruki Doi and Shingo Takagi in their first defense, at Fifth Year Festival: Liverpool. After this match, the storyline was that the brothers felt they needed to "man up" due to losing the title in their first defense, just as they had the GHC Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship earlier in the year. Thus, the two faced off what was described as "one time only" at Fifth Year Festival: Finale. The match ended in a draw, with both of them unable to answer the referee's standing ten-count. At the next event, All Star Extravaganza III, they won the title back from Doi and Shingo, but in the course of the match Mark was seriously injured attempting a Shooting Star Press to the floor. Mark was kept in the intensive care unit of a hospital for two nights, and suffered a seizure there before eventually being released. Two weeks later, at Fighting Spirit, Mark made an unadvertised and unannounced return, entering through the crowd to come to his brother's side during his match with Erick Stevens against Kevin Steen and El Generico. The storyline was that with Mark out and injured, Jay was tagging with Stevens as a replacement. The No Remorse Corps then ran in and attacked Stevens, and Jay was momentarily left without a partner until Mark entered. Mark eventually suffered the fall in the match after several bumps to the head. They then began to feud with Steen and Generico. After successfully retaining the tag title over Claudio Castagnoli and Matt Sydal at ROH's first pay-per-view Respect is Earned, Steen and Generico showed up and immediately demanded their title shot; the scene followed with a wild brawl all over the building. The feud was followed on both ROH's standard canon, with Steen defeating Mark at A Fight at the Roxbury, and the PPV series, with the Brothers successfully retaining the tag team title against Steen and Generico at Driven, after which Steen repeatedly attacked both brothers with a ladder. The Briscoe Brothers then retained over Steen and Generico in a steel cage match at Caged Rage and in ROH's first-ever ladder match at Man Up in September 2007.

After the ladder match, Jimmy Jacobs and the other members of The Age of the Fall attacked the Brothers and hanged Jay upside-down from the apparatus which held up the belts. It was announced that this would not be included in the footage shown on PPV, although it was soon after shown on ROH's video wire and was included with the DVD of the event. After Mark was again injured in a motorcycle accident, though considerably less serious, Jay was alone in a match held at the taping for ROH's fourth PPV, Undeniable, in October 2007. This was an "anything goes" match loss against Necro Butcher of the Age of the Fall. On November 30, the Briscoe Brothers had a match which was taped to be included in Undeniable, a tag team title defense against Davey Richards and Rocky Romero, which they won. At Final Battle in December 2007, the Briscoe Brothers lost the ROH World Tag Team Championship to Jimmy Jacobs and Tyler Black of The Age of the Fall, but won it back on April 12, 2008, at Injustice, defeating Richards and Romero, who had since won the championship from Jacobs and Black. On April 20, ROH's official website reported that Mark had sustained a wrist injury due to Jacobs stabbing him with his trademark rail spike and stood to miss up to six months. The next day, the company announced that Jay and a partner of his choosing would continue to be recognized as the tag team champions. This partner was later revealed to be Austin Aries. After their successful defense against Jacobs & Black on May 10, 2008, at A New Level, the championship was declared vacant.

Mark returned to active competition at Northern Navigation on July 25, 2009, teaming with Jay and Aries to defeat The Age of the Fall in a no disqualification match. On December 19, 2009, at Final Battle 2009, the Briscoe Brothers won the ROH World Tag Team Championship for a record sixth time by defeating the American Wolves (Davey Richards and Eddie Edwards). They went on to lose the championship to The Kings of Wrestling (Chris Hero and Claudio Castagnoli) at The Big Bang! pay-per-view on April 3. On August 23, 2010, Ring of Honor announced that the company had signed the Briscoe Brothers to contract extensions. The Briscoe Brothers ended their feud with the Kings of Wrestling on December 18, 2010, at Final Battle 2010, where they teamed with their father Mike "Papa" Briscoe in a six-man tag team match, where they defeated Hero, Castagnoli and their manager Shane Hagadorn. On January 25, 2011, Ring of Honor announced that the Briscoe Brothers had signed new contract extensions with the promotion. On March 19 at Manhattan Mayhem IV, the Briscoe Brothers turned heel after suffering an upset loss against the All Night Xpress (Kenny King and Rhett Titus). On September 17 at Death Before Dishonor IX, the All Night Xpress defeated the Briscoe Brothers in a ladder match to become the number one contenders to the ROH World Tag Team Championship. At Final Battle 2011 on December 23, 2011, the Briscoe Brothers defeated Wrestling's Greatest Tag Team (Charlie Haas and Shelton Benjamin) to win the ROH World Tag Team Championship for the seventh time, turning back to faces in the process. On May 12, 2012, at Border Wars, the Briscoe Brothers lost the title back to Haas and Benjamin. On December 16 at Final Battle 2012: Doomsday, the Briscoe Brothers defeated S.C.U.M. (Jimmy Jacobs and Steve Corino) and Caprice Coleman and Cedric Alexander in a three-way match to win the ROH World Tag Team Championship for the eighth time. They lost the title to Bobby Fish and Kyle O'Reilly on March 2, 2013, at the 11th Anniversary Show.

World Champion (2013–2016)

On April 5, 2013, at Supercard of Honor VII, Jay Briscoe defeated Kevin Steen to become the ROH World Champion. Briscoe made his first successful title defense on May 4, 2013, at Border Wars 2013 against Adam Cole. On June 22 at Best in the World 2013, Jay successfully defended the ROH World Championship against his brother Mark Briscoe. The following day, Briscoe made another successful title defense against Matt Hardy. During the weekend ROH shot injury angles with both Briscoe Brothers. On June 25, 2013, it was reported that Jay Briscoe's contracts with ROH had expired and would not be renewed. On July 3, Ring of Honor stripped Briscoe of the ROH World Championship while also noting that Jay was slated to be out of action for three to six months.

Jay Briscoe returned to ROH in September 2013 at Death Before Dishonor XI to hand the ROH World Championship to the winner of the tournament, Adam Cole, who proceeded to attack him afterwards. On October 26 at Glory By Honor XII, Briscoe entered a storyline, where he introduced his own ROH World Championship belt titled the "Real World Title", claiming that he was the true champion since he had never been defeated for the title. Jay received his shot at the ROH World Championship on December 14 at Final Battle 2013, but was defeated by Cole in a three-way match, which also included Michael Elgin. On February 8, 2014, Jay defeated Cole to retain his version of the ROH World Championship. The two world titles were unified in a ladder match on April 4 at Supercard of Honor VIII, where Cole was victorious, following outside interference from Matt Hardy and Michael Bennett. On May 17, the Briscoe Brothers took part in the ROH/New Japan Pro-Wrestling co-produced War of the Worlds iPPV, where they unsuccessfully challenged Bullet Club (Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson) for the IWGP Tag Team Championship.

On September 6, 2014, at All Star Extravaganza 6, Jay Briscoe defeated Michael Elgin to win the ROH World Championship, becoming only the second two-time ROH World Champion. On December 7, at Final Battle 2014, Briscoe successfully retained the ROH World title after defeating Adam Cole in a Fight Without Honor, which would end their year-long feud. On March 1, 2015, at the ROH 13th Anniversary Show, Briscoe successfully retained the ROH World Championship defeating Tommaso Ciampa, Michael Elgin and Hanson in a four corner survival match. On March 27, 2015, at Supercard of Honor IX, Jay Briscoe defeated Samoa Joe in Joe's return match to Ring of Honor successfully retaining the ROH World Championship. Briscoe would go on to defend the ROH World Championship against Jay Lethal at Best in the World in June 2015 but was defeated, ending his championship reign at nine months.

At Best in the World '16 in June 2016, Jay failed to regain the ROH World title against Jay Lethal; the two shook hands afterwards.

Six-Man Tag Team Champion, Tag Team Champion (2016–2023)

At Field of Honor in August 2016, the Briscoe Brothers took part in gauntlet match for the ROH World Tag Team Championship that was won by the Addiction. At All Star Extravaganza VIII in September 2016, the Briscoe Brothers teamed with Toru Yano in a loss to A. C. H., Jay White, and Kushida in the first round of a tournament for the ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championship. At Final Battle in December 2016, the Briscoe Brothers unsuccessfully challenged the Young Bucks for the ROH World Tag Team Championship.

In January 2017, Briscoe defeated B. J. Whitmer in the first round of the "Decade of Excellence" tournament and Jay Lethal in the second round before losing to Christopher Daniels in the finals.

In March 2017, the Briscoe Brothers and Bully Ray defeated The Kingdom to win the ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championship. They lost the titles to Dalton Castle and the Boys in June 2017 at Best in the World. In September 2017 at Death Before Dishonor XV, Briscoe turned on Bully Ray, costing himself, Mark and Ray their match against Hangman Page and the Young Bucks for the ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championship. In October 2017, Mark also turned on Bully Ray.

In March 2018 at ROH 16th Anniversary Show, the Briscoe Brothers defeated the Motor City Machine Guns to win the ROH World Tag Team Championship for the ninth time. They lost the titles to SoCal Uncensored in October 2018.

In March 2022, both Briscoe Brothers were inducted into the ROH Hall of Fame.

In December 2022, at Final Battle, the Briscoe Brothers defeated FTR in a dog collar match to become 13-time ROH World Tag Team Champions. This was Briscoe's penultimate match before his death.

New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2016–2019)

Through Ring of Honor's working relationship with New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), the Briscoe Brothers made their NJPW debut on January 4, 2016, at Wrestle Kingdom 10 in the Tokyo Dome, where they teamed with Toru Yano to defeat Bullet Club to become the inaugural NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Champions. Through their affiliation with Yano, the Briscoe Brothers also became part of the Chaos stable. The three made their first successful title defense the following day against another Bullet Club trio of Fale, Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson. On February 11, 2016 at the New Beginning in Osaka, the Briscoe Brothers and Yano lost the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship to Bullet Club in their second defense. The Briscoe Brothers and Yano regained the title three days later at the New Beginning in Niigata. On February 20 at Honor Rising: Japan 2016, the Briscoe Brothers and Yano lost the title to the Elite

The Briscoe Brothers returned to NJPW in June 2016 at Dominion 6.19 in Osaka-jo Hall, where they defeated Guerrillas of Destiny to win the IWGP Tag Team Championship. They made their first successful title defense on August 14 against Bullet Club. On September 22 at Destruction in Hiroshima, the Briscoe Brothers defeated reigning IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Champions the Young Bucks for their second successful title defense. On October 10, 2016, at King of Pro-Wrestling, they lost the title back to Guerrillas of Destiny.

Impact Wrestling (2022)

On April 1, 2022, at Multiverse of Matches, the Briscoe Brothers made their Impact Wrestling debut, losing to the Good Brothers. On May 7, 2022, they defeated Violent By Design at Under Siege to win the Impact World Tag Team Championship. On the May 8, 2022, taping of Impact Wrestling; they successfully defended the titles in a rematch against Violent By Design. At Slammiversary in June 2022 they lost the titles to the Good Brothers.

Controversy
In June 2011, Pugh caused controversy for making homophobic remarks when he tweeted that he saw "a lot of fags out in New York today". Two months later, in the aftermath of Hurricane Irene, he wrote on Twitter to "dedicate" the hurricane to "all da hoes, sluts, skanks, he-shes, she-hes and homos that be whorin it up on da eastcoast". In May 2013, he attracted an even more widespread backlash for a tweet that said, "The Delaware Senate passed a bill yesterday that allows same sex couples to get married. If that makes you happy, then congratulations ... try and teach my kids that there's nothing wrong with that and I'll fucking shoot you." Later that month, he apologized for the comment on ROH's website and again at a house show, explaining that the comments were meant to reflect the worldview of the "redneck character [he] plays on TV" and not his real views. He also agreed to donate his full salary from the next two shows to the Partners Against Hate charity.

In 2021, Ian Riccaboni, who is an active LGBTQ campaigner outside of wrestling, stated "If folks only knew how Jay supports and puts over all talent, specifically LGBTQ+ talent, as a leader in the locker room." Jay's previous anti-LGBTQ tweets were said to have stopped the brothers from being considered in tryouts for the WWE, as well as being banned from appearing on All Elite Wrestling television and pay-per-views due to the intervention of an unnamed WarnerMedia executive. However, this ban was lifted following his death in 2023, when wrestling journalist Dave Meltzer stated that within the wrestling business, Pugh was considered to have completely reformed his views on the LGBT community following his tweets from the early 2010s, and that Pugh had the support of LGBT wrestlers such as Effy.

Personal life
Pugh married his wife, Ashley Pugh (née Ashley Crothers), in 2008. The couple remained together until his death, and had three children together.

Death
Pugh died in a car crash in Laurel, Delaware, on January 17, 2023, at the age of 38, when a Chevrolet Silverado 1500 being driven in the opposite direction of Pugh's Chevrolet Silverado 2500 unexpectedly crossed the center line and collided with his vehicle head-on. His death was announced on Twitter by Ring of Honor owner Tony Khan. His funeral was held on January 29, 2023, at Laurel High School, with eulogies being delivered by his parents, brother, and fellow wrestler and commentator Caprice Coleman.

Legacy
On January 18, an episode of Ring of Honor Honor Club was created as a Briscoe tribute show, entitled Jay Briscoe Tribute and Celebration of Life. The next day, Wrestling Observer Radio journalist Dave Meltzer revealed that plans were made to hold another tribute to Briscoe when Ring of Honor resumed airing its weekly series later in the year.

On the January 20 WWE SmackDown, WWE commentator Michael Cole paid tribute to Briscoe, labeling him and brother Mark as "one of the greatest tag teams in wrestling". WWE CCO Triple H similarly paid tribute in a tweet, commending him as an "...incredible performer who created a deep connection with wrestling fans across the globe."

On Night Two of Wrestle Kingdom 17 on 21st January, 2023, New Japan Pro-Wrestling and Pro Wrestling Noah paid tribute to Briscoe by having talent from both companies (led by Hiroshi Tanahashi and Naomichi Marufuji) accompany pictures of Briscoe to the ring, where a ten-bell salute was conducted while the Briscoes' theme played.

Briscoe's brother, Mark, defeated Jay Lethal in the main event of the 25th January 2023 edition of AEW Dynamite, which would have been Jay's 39th birthday. The entire locker room came out to celebrate Mark's win in honor of his brother. After winning the AEW World Tag Team Championships in April 2023, Briscoe's former rivals, FTR, adorned the nameplates on the titles in his name in tribute.

A locker room at Laurel Middle School was subsequently named the "Jamin Pugh Locker Room" in memory of Pugh.

Championships and accomplishments

Combat Zone Wrestling
 CZW World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Mark Briscoe
Extreme Rising
Match of the Year (2012) with Mark Briscoe vs. Blk Out vs. los Dramáticos
Extreme Rising Moment of the Year (2012) with Mark Briscoe Debut in a Cage match against Blk Out and los Fantásticos.
Full Impact Pro
FIP Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mark Briscoe
Game Changer Wrestling
GCW Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Mark Briscoe
 House of Glory
 HOG Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mark Briscoe
Impact Wrestling
Impact World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mark Briscoe
Jersey All Pro Wrestling
JAPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with the Insane Dragon
 National Wrestling Alliance
 Crockett Cup (2022) – with Mark Briscoe
New Japan Pro-Wrestling
IWGP Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mark Briscoe
NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship (2 times, inaugural) – with Mark Briscoe and Toru Yano
NWA Wildside
NWA Wildside Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mark Briscoe
Premier Wrestling Federation
PWF United States Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
PWF United States Heavyweight Championship Tournament (2009)
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Ranked No. 7 of the top 500 wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2015
Pro Wrestling Noah
GHC Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mark Briscoe
Pro Wrestling Unplugged
PWU Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mark Briscoe
Real Championship Wrestling
RCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mark Briscoe
RCW Tag Team Championship Tournament (2009) – with Mark Briscoe
Ring of Honor
ROH World Championship  (2 times)
ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Bully Ray and Mark Briscoe
ROH World Tag Team Championship (13 times) – with Mark Briscoe
Honor Rumble (2009)
ROH Year-End Award (3 times)
Tag Team of the Year (2019) –
Tag Team of the Decade (2010s) –
Tag Team of the Year (2021) –
ROH Hall of Fame (class of 2022)
Squared Circle Wrestling
2CW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mark Briscoe
USA Xtreme Wrestling
UXW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mark Briscoe
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Tag Team of the Year (2007) – with Mark Briscoe
 Feud of the Year (2022)

References

External links

1984 births
2023 deaths
People from Salisbury, Maryland
American male professional wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from Delaware
Professional wrestlers from Maryland
ROH World Champions
ROH World Tag Team Champions
TNA/Impact World Tag Team Champions
ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Champions
NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Champions
IWGP Heavyweight Tag Team Champions
GHC Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Champions
NWA Georgia Tag Team Champions
Road incident deaths in Delaware
Expatriate professional wrestlers in Japan
American expatriate sportspeople in Japan
GCW Tag Team Champions

Jay Briscoe


The Grand Rapids Dam was a dam located on the Wabash River on the state line between Wabash County and Knox County in the U.S. states of Illinois and Indiana. The dam was built in the late 1890s by the Army Corps of Engineers to improve navigation on the Wabash River.  The dam was located near Mount Carmel, Illinois.

Background and construction
The Wabash Navigation Company was originally commissioned to build the Grand Rapids Dam. Its charter was approved by the Illinois and Indiana legislatures in the early decades of the nineteenth century. President Andrew Jackson vetoed the project during his administration in the 1830s, refusing any federal support.

Eventually the state of Indiana allowed the Wabash Navigation Company in 1849 to construct the first timber crib structure as part of it.  Thomas S. Hinde first surveyed the area where the dam was proposed to be built. After completing the survey, he recommended that the dam should be built. As it happened, he recommended a site next to property that he owned, which would give him access to the water power provided by the dam.

Although the first stages of work happened in 1849, the construction of the concrete-and-stone lock and dam was not completed until 1897 and cost $260,000. After the dam was built, it was a popular tourist destination because of the improved fishing conditions below the dam, where water levels could be kept advantageous for the fish and they fed in the turbulence. In 1922, Frederick Hinde Zimmerman built the Grand Rapids Hotel next to the dam to take advantage of this attraction. The lock and dam were abandoned in 1931.

References

Dams in Indiana
Dams in Illinois
Wabash River
Buildings and structures in Wabash County, Illinois
Dams completed in 1897
United States Army Corps of Engineers dams

Grand Rapids Dam


Bush Christmas (also known as Prince and the Great Race) is a 1983 Australian Christmas drama film and a remake of the 1947 film of the same name. The film marked actress Nicole Kidman's first feature film role. It was filmed on location on the Lamington Plateau, Queensland. It is also notable for music by the Bushwackers.

Plot
In rural Queensland, the Thompson family, struggling to keep its farm from foreclosure, hopes their horse, Prince, will win the New Year's Cup so that they can use the winnings to pay off the debt.  However, two struggling lowlifes, Bill and Sly (John Ewart and John Howard), find out about the horse and steal it, escaping into the nearby mountain range.

With the father off droving cattle and the thieves having sabotaged all forms of transportation and communication before escaping, the Thompson children Helen (Nicole Kidman) and John (Mark Spain), and their English cousin Michael (James Wingrove), saddle up their own horses and go after the crooks on their own, with Manalpuy, a local Aboriginal who works on the farm, assisting them.

Production
At one stage Howard Rubie was announced as director and he was involved in casting. However, for a time it seemed the film might not go ahead so Rubie accepted a chance to direct The Settlement instead.

The movie was shot in Queensland in Beaudesert and Rathdowney. Funding came in part from the Australian Film Commission, the Film and TV Institute (WA) and Queensland Film Corporation.

Release

Box office
Bush Christmas grossed $122,035 at the box office in Australia, which is equivalent to $322,172
in 2009 dollars.

Home media
Bush Christmas was released on DVD by Umbrella Entertainment in December 2012. The DVD is compatible with all region codes and includes special features such as the theatrical trailer, press kit stills and the script.

See also
 List of Christmas films

References

External links

Bush Christmas at the National Film and Sound Archive
Bush Christmas at Oz Movies

1983 films
1980s Christmas drama films
Remakes of Australian films
Australian Christmas drama films
Remakes of British films
1980s English-language films
Films based on Australian novels
Films set in Queensland
Films shot in Queensland
Films directed by Henri Safran
1983 drama films
English-language Christmas drama films

Bush Christmas


Set of jewelry, also known as the Vulci group is a set of 5th century BCE Etruscan metalwork collection by an unknown jeweler. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

The history of the set is unknown.  It was discovered in a two chamber tomb in the ancient site of Vulci in 1832.  The burial featured a two chamber tomb of a man and woman, who were most likely married in life.

Description

The Vulci group is a set made of ten pieces of jewelry: a pair of earrings, a necklace, three fibulae, and five rings. The necklace itself is made of eleven pendents that are attached to tube shaped beads.  Depicted on the pendants are a satyr or possibly the god Acheloos and a female head flanked by wings and another head; these designs alternate.  Also on each pendant are imitation carnelian and banded agate.  Sirens form the clasps at the end of the necklace.

There are five rings that are a part of this set.  One is a thin gold band with a cartouche of a sphinx and a lion, dated to about 530 BCE.  Another ring has a much thicker gold band, and unlike the rest of the set, taken from the male's burial chamber.  It features an oval carnelian in the enter, and is flanked by satyr heads on either side.  A third ring features a gold band with a red carnelian that has a scarab on it.  It swivels to show a man holding a club, who may be Hercle.    A similar ring made of banded agate also features a scarab, as well as a youth holding a sword while leaning on a pillar.   Finally there is another large gold band, featuring a bezel with a resting lion. It is surrounded by radiating palmettes.

Three pins also are a part of the set.  One features segments that join to form a pomegranate flower.  Another is much more simple, featuring a little sphere, but little other decoration.  Finally there is a fibula with a double sphinx head, as well as rosettes. The earrings that form the set have a circular band of gold, with filigree branching out from the center.  In the gold band and set in the center are carnelian stones, although some are now missing.  This type of earring was common in Etruscan art, with similar examples in the British Museum.

Later history and influence
This group of material was found in a two chamber tomb in Vulci by Domenico Campanari in 1832.  The tomb ran alongside the Fiora River, and Campanari's entire family was involved with archaeological work in the area and as well as Poggio Buco and Tuscania.  So influential was the family's work with Etruscan excavation, they helped organize some of the very first exhibitions of Etruscan art in places such as London.

Within the tomb, one chamber was set aside for the male buried there, and the other set aside for a female.  It is from the woman's portion of the tomb that the Vulci group was taken.  The jewelry transferred to the hands of Jaques Claud, the Bargon Beugnot, and then to Rougemont de Lowemberg.  By 1930 the set was on the antiquities market, and the museum purchased it in 1940.

The Vulci group is extremely important to the interest in Etruscan culture during the 19th century.  Due to the richness of the materials within, and other like discoveries including a tomb on the property of the Prince of Canino in 1828, it became common for the wealthy to purchase imitation Etruscan jewelry.  The Castellani family were some of the best known for their Etruscan influenced work.

References

Jewelry in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Etruscan artefacts
1832 archaeological discoveries

Vulci set of jewelry


Energy & Utility Skills is an employer-led membership organization that helps to ensure the gas, power, waste management and water industries have the skills they need - now and in the future.

Function
Through a range of products and services, the organization help employers attract new talent, develop their existing workforces, and assure a high level of competence across their businesses.

As the UK authority on professional development and employment in the energy and utilities industries, Energy & Utility Skills help their members embrace new talent and technology to meet the challenges of a competitive global market. Market intelligence is central to their approach. From projecting skills gaps to benchmarking standards, they provide the most accurate, up-to-date information on skills and employment in the energy and utilities sector.

Their partnerships with employers, Government bodies and educational institutions help them to support the UK's agenda, shape the future of the sector's workforce and ensure their stakeholders get the most from their investments.

Industries
 Gas
 Power
 Water
 Waste Management

Structure
The Chief Executive of Energy & Utility Skills is Phil Beach. The headquarters of Energy & Utility Skills is in Solihull, West Midlands. The Energy & Utilities Independent Assessment Service (EUIAS) and the Energy & Utility Skills Register (EUSR) are both part of the Energy & Utility Skills Group.

The National Skills Academy for Power in Solihull is also part of the Energy & Utility Skills Group.

See also
 National Inspection Council for Electrical Installation Contracting, based in Bedfordshire, also known as the NICEIC

References

External links
 Energy and Utility Skills Site

Education in Solihull
Electric power in the United Kingdom
Electrical safety
Electrical trades organizations
Energy education
Energy organizations
Engineering education in the United Kingdom
Natural gas industry in the United Kingdom
Natural gas safety
Sector Skills Councils

Energy and Utility Skills


The Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle (STEP) is a proposed () space science experiment to test the equivalence principle of general relativity. The experiment is thought to be sensitive enough to test Einstein's theory of gravity and other theories.

The basic configuration is that of a drag-free satellite where an outer shell around an inner test mass is used to block solar wind, atmospheric drag, the Earth's magnetic field and other effects which might disturb the motion of a freely-falling inner object. It is designed for an expected sensitivity of one part in 1018.

"Research on the STEP accelerometers began in 1971 at Stanford University, and has been supported since 1977 with NASA funding. STEP has been studied twice by ESA at the Phase-A level and has led two other space agencies (CNES and ASI) to study projects aimed at testing the Equivalence Principle in space. STEP is currently undergoing a Phase A study for NASA's office of Space Science Small Explorer program."

See also
 MICROSCOPE (satellite), a similar experiment conducted by CNES

References

External links
 Stanford Page
 STEP: Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle
 Benjamin Lange, Experimental Gravitational Physics Using Drag-Free Satellites, (2001)

Tests of general relativity
Proposed satellites

STEP (satellite)


Herbrand Edward Dundonald Brassey Sackville, 9th Earl De La Warr,  (20 June 1900 – 28 January 1976), styled Lord Buckhurst until 1915 (and sometimes nicknamed "Buck De La Warr" after that), was a British politician. He was the first hereditary peer to join the Labour Party and became a government minister at the age of 23.

He was later one of the few Labour politicians to follow Ramsay MacDonald in the formation of the National Government and the National Labour Organisation. However, he ended his political career by serving as Postmaster General in the last Conservative administration of Winston Churchill.

Background and education
De La Warr was the son of Gilbert Sackville, 8th Earl De La Warr, and Muriel Agnes, daughter of Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey, eldest son of the railway engineer Thomas Brassey. He was educated at Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford. The son of a Conservative father and Liberal mother, he developed trends towards socialism at university. In 1915 his father was killed in the First World War, and he succeeded to the title as a minor. On reaching 18, he refused as a conscientious objector to take part in active combat, but joined the Royal Naval Reserve (trawler section).

Political career
De La Warr became the first hereditary peer to join the Labour Party, and in February 1924, then aged 23, was one of the youngest ever ministers when he was appointed Lord in Waiting in the first Labour government of Ramsay MacDonald. He made his maiden speech in the House of Lords the same month.

In the second Labour government of 1929 to 1931 he served as Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms (government chief whip in the House of Lords) and Under-Secretary of State for War between 1929 and 1930, as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries between 1930 and 1931 and as a Lord-in-waiting between 1929 and 1931.

In 1931, the Labour government fell and MacDonald formed a National Government. De La Warr was one of only a tiny handful of Labour ministers to join it, and before the 1931 general election was instrumental in the formation of the National Labour Organisation to provide a vehicle of support for MacDonald and other ex-Labour members of the National Government. He resumed office as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, a post he held until 1935, and then served under Stanley Baldwin as Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Education between 1935 and 1936 and as Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies between 1936 and 1937. In 1936, he was sworn of the Privy Council.

In 1937, new Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain gave De La Warr his first cabinet post as Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal. Like several other younger members of the cabinet, De La Warr found himself disagreeing over the government's foreign policy, and contemplated resigning over the Munich Agreement, but decided not to. In the aftermath of the agreement he was transferred in 1938 to be President of the Board of Education. During his time in this post, it was expected that he would oversee legislation for raising of the school leaving age to 15, but the outbreak of World War II deferred all such plans until the end of hostilities.

In April 1940 De La Warr became First Commissioner of Works in a series of ministerial changes by Chamberlain, but was demoted from the cabinet. The following month Chamberlain was replaced by Winston Churchill, who formed an all-party coalition government, and the objections of the Labour Party to National Labour ministers meant that De La Warr was dropped, and he did not return to government for eleven years.

In 1951, in Churchill's peacetime Conservative government, De La Warr was appointed Postmaster General, and as such, was in charge at the time of the Eastcastle Street robbery, before leaving office for the final time in 1955. He continued to contribute regularly to the House of Lords until 1966, but from then on until his death ten years later only spoke twice, both times in 1972.

Apart from his career in national politics, De La Warr was Mayor of Bexhill-on-Sea between 1932 and 1934 and a Justice of the Peace and Deputy Lieutenant for Sussex. In 1956 he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire. The De La Warr Pavilion was built in 1935 in Bexhill-on-Sea and was named after Lord De La Warr. The "De La Warr" in both the pavilion's name and the Earl's name is pronounced "Delaware" (as in the American state named for his ancestor Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr).

Family

Lord De La Warr was twice married. He married firstly Diana Helena, daughter of Henry Gerard Leigh, in 1920. They had two sons and a daughter. Their younger son Thomas Sackville (1922–1943) was killed in action during the Second World War.

After Diana's death in March 1966, he married secondly Sylvia, Countess of Kilmuir, in 1968. She was the daughter of Edith and cotton broker William Reginald Harrison, widow of David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir, and the sister of actor Sir Rex Harrison, famously star of the film, My Fair Lady.

One of his sisters was Lady Avice Ela Muriel Sackville (d. 1985). He attended her marriage to Stewart Menzies, (leader of British wartime intelligence or 'C'), dressed in a lower-deck seaman's bell-bottomed uniform.

Death
Lord De La Warr died in January 1976, aged 75, and was succeeded in the earldom by his elder and only surviving son, William. The Countess De La Warr died in June 1992.

Note

References

External links

|-

1900 births
1976 deaths
People educated at Eton College
British conscientious objectors
British Secretaries of State for Education
Labour Party (UK) hereditary peers
National Labour (UK) politicians
Lords Privy Seal
United Kingdom Postmasters General
9
4
Herbrand
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
Conservative Party (UK) hereditary peers
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Labour Party (UK) Baronesses- and Lords-in-Waiting
Herbrand Sackville, 09 Earl De La Warr
Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms
Ministers in the Chamberlain wartime government, 1939–1940
Ministers in the Chamberlain peacetime government, 1937–1939
Ministers in the third Churchill government, 1951–1955
Royal Naval Reserve personnel

Herbrand Sackville, 9th Earl De La Warr


New Peasant Poets () was the conditional collective name of a group of Russian poets of the Silver Age of peasant origin. Nikolai Klyuev, Sergei Yesenin, Sergei Klychkov, Alexander Shiryaevets, Pyotr Oreshin, Pavel Radimov, Alexei Ganin and Pimen Karpov are traditionally referred to as "new peasant" poets. The beginning of their creative path was in the 1900s-1910s.

These poets did not call themselves "New peasant" and did not form a literary union or direction with a uniform theoretical platform. However, all "new peasant" poets in one way or another were featured by appeals to the theme of rural Russia contrary to Industrial one, a connection with the world of nature and Russian folklore. At the same time, the stylistic aspirations of "Russian modernism" were also intelligible to them.

The term "new peasant poets" appeared in Russian literary criticism at the turn of the 1910s-1920s in articles by Vasily Lvov-Rogachevsky and Ivan Rozanov. The term was introduced to separate the silver age peasant poets from peasant poets of the 19th century: Alexey Koltsov, Ivan Nikitin, Surikov poets).

Sources
 RONALD VROON THE GARDEN IN RUSSIAN MODERNISM: Notes on the problem of mentalité in the New Peasant poetry // Revue des études slaves. Vol. 69, No. 1/2, VIEUX-CROYANTS ET SECTES RUSSES du XVIIe siècle à nos jours (1997), pp. 135–150
 Michael Makin Nikolai Klyuev: Time and Text, Place and Poet Northwestern University Press, 2010

Writing circles
Russian poetry
Russian literary movements

New Peasant Poets


Ulrica "Ulla" Elisabeth von Liewen (24 February 1747, in Stockholm – 16 May 1775, in Uppsala), was a Swedish courtier and baroness. She was at one point the royal mistress of Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden and is known as the likely mother of Lolotte Forssberg.

Ulla von Liewen was the daughter of the noble Carl Gustaf von Liewen and Ulrika Eleonora Ribbing af Zernava. She served as maid of honor to the queen of Sweden. Originally engaged to count Per Brahe, she was impregnated by the king and gave birth to a daughter. The queen was informed, and agreed to keep the matter a secret and care for the child.

The story was described in 1799 by count Fredrik Georg Strömfelt to Eleonora Charlotta d'Albedyhll after the attempt of Princess Sophia Albertine of Sweden to have Lolotte Forssberg officially acknowledged as her sister, by then countess Stenbock by marriage (though the year is here 1769 instead of 1766):

"Queen Louisa Ulrika had a lady-in-waiting by the name Ulla Liewen, engaged to count Per Brahe, son of the unhappy count Erik. In 1769 she fell sick and was delivered of "The Petite", who was the daughter of Adolf Fredrik. The queen was informed of the secret, but out of friendship for her maid of honor, who had a good name for virtue and the purity of her customs - perhaps also in reference to the utter jealousy, which Her Majesty had displayed in the matter of the charming actress and dancer m:lle Dulondel, with whom the King had a son called Fredriksson, a jealousy which caused the exile of m:lle Dulondel from the realm - the queen promised her husband to care for the child under the vow of secrecy. Those, who have seen countess Stenbock in her younger years, as well as the portrait of Ulla Liewen, can not doubt the matter. Beside, she looks like Adolf Fredrik, and this explains, why people have found such as resemblance between her and princess Sofia Albertina".

Princess Sophia Albertine stated to her intimate friend, countess Caroline Ehrencrona, the she had several reasons to believe that Ulla Liewen was the mother of Lolotte Forssberg, but that she would keep quite about it out of concern for the Liewen family, even though the matter seemed to be an open secret in high society.

In 1770, Ulla Liewen married the politician and courtier baron Charles De Geer (1747–1805). Their daughter Charlotte De Geer later married Hans Henric von Essen. The daughter of her spouse in his second marriage, Vilhelmina, served as mistress of the Robes to Désirée Clary and married Carl Edvard Gyldenstolpe, who was at one point engaged to marry Lolotte Forssberg.

References

 Cecilia af Klercker (1927). Hedvig Elisabeth Charlottas dagbok VI 1797-1799. P.A. Norstedt & Söners förlag Stockholm. Sid. 290-92, 335
 Oscar Fredrik Strokirk: Kultur- och personhistoriska anteckningar / Tredje delen

Mistresses of Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden
Swedish nobility
1747 births
1775 deaths
Swedish ladies-in-waiting
18th-century Swedish people

Ulla von Liewen


Out of an Old Man's Head () is a 1968 Swedish comedy-drama film directed by Per Åhlin and Tage Danielsson, starring Hans Alfredson as an old man remembering his past. Partly a black comedy, the film was released around the same time as the urban renewal of the Klara quarters in Stockholm, and could be seen as a comment both on the demolishing of the old buildings and on the welfare state in general.

Out of the total running time of 77 minutes, about 50 minutes are animated. It is considered to be the first Swedish animated feature film, although the first one that was fully animated was Agaton Sax and the Bykoebing Village Festival.

Plot
On the way home to the run-down shack, he lives in with a can of dog food meant for himself, Johan Björk is accidentally covered by a pile of car tires thrown by a man who fails to notice him. His cries for help aren't perceived by anyone except one drunk, who is caught by the police when calling for assistance. Finally, at night, a young couple making love on the pile of tires notice him. They help him to get up and assist him to his home. He is hurt in the leg and understands that he can't take care of himself anymore, so he is put in a retirement home.

At the home, Johan is sitting in a wheelchair staring out the window, mumbling for himself about his past to an animated flashback. Johan grew up on the countryside, when the grass was always green. His father was strong, his mother liked to bake. He was also harassed by a boy named Evert, while at the same time being in love with Evert's cute sister. At his confirmation, Evert tackled him so that all the girls' dresses were ruined by the sacramental wine. This made Evert's sister laugh at him, and with his heart broken he decided to run away to Stockholm.

Johan started to work as a masonry, and carried bricks and bottles of beer to a foreman who consumed one bottle for ever brick he laid. In his loneliness, Johan fantasized about women, and made his first rousing visit to a brothel. He grew a moustache and visited an amusement park with two friends he had made, Sven and a man from Värmland who he has a hard time remembering the name of. They flirted with girls, and everybody laughed when Johan failed at kicking a can in order to camouflage a fart.

A nurse brings Johan back to reality to give him his medicine. Johan fantasizes about constructing a pyramid scheme that will give him thousands of whiskey bottles. He imagines a life of luxury in Monte Carlo, where he is also being chased by gangsters.

Once again Johan goes back to thinking about his past. He is struck by death angst while thinking of his dead parents. Johan also receives a letter from his son who ran away to America many years ago, since Johan wasn't a particularly successful father. The son is asking for money, while Johan is imagining what the American things mentioned in the letter might look like.

Johan is thinking about the modern day. The blocks he was involved in building are being demolished to give room for modernistic city planning. He summarizes his failed life for himself: poverty ruined his relationship, his son ran away and the wife died. He befriends Sven, another man at the retirement home, and together they drink to make the memories fade.

Cast
 Hans Alfredson as Johan Björk
 Karl-Axel Forssberg as Sven Juhlin
 Monica Ekman as Female student
 Gösta Ekman as Male student
 Rolf Bengtsson as Drunk man
 Fatima Ekman as Foreign lady
 Nurse Ester as Herself
 Nurse Alise as Herself
 Tage Danielsson as Car driver
 Ernst Günther as Man throwing car tires

Production
The live-action scenes were shot on Södermalm, Stockholm and at the retirement home Lundahemmet in Solna Municipality with many of the residents performing as themselves. The film was animated in Malmö from April 1967 to 5 October 1968 by Åhlin and four other animators.

Release
Released on 6 December 1968, the film was a success and made 1,270,971 SEK during the theatrical run in Sweden. It is yet to be released on home media.

References

External links

1968 comedy-drama films
1968 films
Films directed by Per Åhlin
Films directed by Tage Danielsson
Films set in Stockholm
Films with live action and animation
Swedish animated films
1960s Swedish-language films
Swedish comedy-drama films
1960s Swedish films

Out of an Old Man's Head


Henry Godolphin (1648–1733) was a Provost of Eton College and Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral in London – a position in which he clashed with Sir Christopher Wren in the period when the new cathedral had reached the finishing touches.

Life
He was born at Godolphin House, Cornwall, on 15 August 1648 as the fourth son of Sir Francis Godolphin, and younger brother of Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin, by Dorothy, second daughter of Sir Henry Berkeley of Yarlington, Somerset. He was admitted to Eton on 8 October 1665. He matriculated at Wadham College, Oxford on 30 August 1664, and took his Bachelors of Arts in 1668. In the same year, he was elected a fellow of All Souls' College, where he proceeded M.A. in 1672, and B.D. and D.D. on 11 July 1685.

He was made a fellow of Eton College on 14 April 1677. By royal mandate, he was nominated Provost of the college on 16 October 1695, and was installed on 30 October. He was a benefactor to the college, contributing towards the expense of altering the chapel, and erecting at his own cost a copper statue of the founder, Henry VI, in the school yard.

He was nominated Sneating Prebendary of St. Paul's on 13 November 1683, and held the prebend until his death. After the death of William Sherlock he was elected Dean of St. Paul's on 14 July 1707, and installed on 18 July. He resigned the deanery in October 1726, when he returned to the duties of the provost of Eton. During his tenure of office at St. Paul's he had been on the Rebuilding Commission, representing with John Younger and William Stanley – the rising generation of the cathedral chapter. On matters of detail, there were constant disagreements from 1707 until 1711, when the Commission was wound up with the imperious Sir Christopher Wren. Eventually Wren used the influence of the Queen to rid himself of the Commission, and there were polemics published aimed at Wren - now in his early eighties; but on the accession of George I in 1714 the Commission was set up again. There were more arguments about the dome, with a balustrade or railing proposed, Godolphin arguing for the latter. Wren's career ended on an unsatisfactory note of bitterness and criticism.

Godolphin died at Windsor on 29 January 1732/33, and was buried in Eton College Chapel.

One of the earliest extant boarding houses at Eton College, Godolphin House, is named after him.

Family
He married Mary, daughter of Colonel Sidney Godolphin, MP. She died on 30 June 1743. His son, Sir Francis Godolphin, succeeded his cousin Francis Godolphin as 2nd Baron Godolphin of Helston in 1766; on his death in 1785 the title became extinct. His daughter Mary married William Owen of Porkington.

Notes

References

1648 births
1733 deaths
Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
People educated at Eton College
Provosts of Eton College
Fellows of Eton College
Deans of St Paul's
Henry
17th-century English Anglican priests
18th-century English Anglican priests

Henry Godolphin


was a Japanese conductor and composer. He was known for writing original compositions specifically for concert band, as did Toshio Akiyama and Ichitaro Tsujii, but has also written many works for the flute.

Biography
Born in Hiroshima, Japan, as the son of an opera singer, he was in his second year at music school when he was drafted into the Second Unit, Hiroshima Transport Corps of the Japanese army, age 19. This took him to Hiroshima, where he worked on sonar due to his good hearing (but poor sight). He was there when the city was obliterated by the atomic bomb in 1945, being only 1.5 km from the epicenter of the blast and suffering horrendous injuries which were still being treated 60 years later. He is thus a Hibakusha.

After the war he studied at Tokyo University of the Arts under Saburō Moroi, graduating in 1949. Later, in 1965-66 he had the opportunity to study further at the Juilliard School of Music, in New York, under Vincent Persichetti and Václav Nelhýbel.

He was professor of composition, music theory and flute at Tokoha Gakuen University, lecturer in flute and woodwind ensemble at Tokyo University of the Arts, and director of 'Tokyo Wind Symphony Orchestra' :ja:東京吹奏楽団.

He was active in WASBE, the World Association for Symphonic Bands and Ensembles and the Japanese Bandmasters Association.

He also was musical director from 1979 to 1994 of the "International Youth Musicale" in Shizuoka, Japan, and took part as adjudicator in many international music competitions. He himself won numerous awards, such as the Composition Prize of the Ministry of Education (1956), NHK Presidential Composition Prize (1956; both at the National Arts Festival), and UNESCO fellowship for Creative Artist (1966-1967).

He has written opera, solo and ensemble pieces including many for wind band, and published many works for and about this format.

Despite initially being reluctant to take up the atomic bombing as a theme in his music, he eventually felt he had a "mission as an A-bomb victim" and in 1975 composed the first in a series of "Prayer music", the "Dirge" which was requested by and dedicated to the city of Hiroshima and has since been played every year on 6 August at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Ceremony. As of 2012 he was still composing pieces in this series, and has said "I have made it a personal commitment to continue creating compositions in tribute to all the victims of the atomic bomb".

He lived in Chigasaki, with his dog. He had two sons from his wife Taeko Koide, and enjoyed gardening. Some of his children and grandchildren have worked or attended university in the U.S.A. and his own works have also been published in America.

Selected works

Orchestral works
 1955 Suite for Orchestra
 1956 Suite Warabe-Uta for choir and orchestra
 1957 Symphony on the thematic material inspired by Japanese folk songs
 1997 Prayer music No.1 "Dirge"
 2010 Piccolo Concerto

Wind Band Works
 1963 March lay of Hope
 1966 March Forward for Peace
 1966 Warabe-Uta for Symphonic Band
 1969 March Expo' 70 (March Progress and Harmony)
 1969 The Sketch of Pastoral Scenery
 1970 Harmony with Progress march - reworking of EXPO March
 1971 Fantasy for Symphonic Band for the 1971 music festival in Uster, Switzerland
 1973 Scherzando Suite for Symphonic Band for the 1974 Uster music festival
 Prologue
 Pastorale
 Intermezzo
 Perpetual mobile
 Epilogue
 1973 Fantasia on folk themes for wind band - to commemorate the 30th anniversary of publisher Ongaku no Tomo
 1974 Three little Fantasy on the thematic material inspired by Japanese children's song
 Rabbit
 Evening grow
 Wild goose
 1975 Dirge: Prayer Music for Band No. 1
 1976 Poem for Symphonic Band
 1976 Poetic Tune
 1977 Elegy: Prayer Music for Band No. 2 - first performed in Uster
 1978 Fireworks Music on Festival - first performed in Geneva
 1979 Romantic Episode for the 1981 Uster music festival
 1982 Romance for Trumpet and Symphonic Band
 1982 Cupid March
 1983 Jugenparade
 1986 Jugend Parade march
 1986 Song of Hiroshima: Prayer music No.3 for Symphonic Band
 1989 Der Alte im Märchenland
 Fantasy in Folk Song Style

Stage works
 1957 The Fountain of Hawk Opera about a young Noh actor; for soprano, tenor, baritone, choir and piano

Vocal/Choral Works
 1956 The Sea for massed choirs
 1966 Mugon ka (Song Without Words)
 1968 Tanpopo (Dandelion)
 1973 Kozue (Treetop)
 1973 Singing from the Bottom of my Heart for massed choirs
 1975 Paean of Ocean Exposition
 1977 Cherry Blossoms of Japan for massed choirs; text by Maria Hodgson
 2006 Love You Dearly
 2006 Daddy's Lullaby

Chamber Music etc.
 1958 Sonate nr. 1 for Flute and Piano
 1961 Sonata No.2 for Flute and Piano
 1963 Essay on a Day for Flute and Piano
 1965 String quartet primo
 1965 String quartet in two movements
 Allegro
 Adagio ma non troppo
 1972 Two Movements for flute
 1973 Two Pieces for Flute
 Andantino
 Lento
 1975 Warabe-Uta for Flute and Piano
 Lullaby
 Zui Zui Zukkorobashi
 Sunset
 Rabbit
 Grip your hand and open your hand
 When this day breaks
 Pass by
 Wild Goose
 1984 Cantabile for piano
 1985 Uta-Vocalize Japanesque for Flute and Piano
 1988 Nine Dodecaphonic Pieces for two flutes - exercises for twelve-tone music playing
 1990 La Lagrima for Flute and Piano
 1991 Three Lyric Pieces for Flute and Piano
 Lullaby
 Aria
 serenade
 1992 In the Depth of Night for Flute and Cello
 1994 He Kisses the Flute for Flute, Soprano and Piano
 1995 Fantastic Composition for Flute and Piano
 1996 Invitation to the Rhythm for Flute, Percussion and Piano
 1998 Pretty Violinist for Viol and Piano
 2001 Theme and Variations on 'Nel cor Piu non mi Sento' (flute/piano)
 2002 A Ballad for Solo Bass Clarinet
 2003 Omnibus Piece (flute/piano)
 2004 Flowing Tune "The Reverie" (flute/piano)
 2004 String Trio "La improvvisazione", first performed in Cremona
 2005 Longing (Akogare) (flute/piano)
 2006 La Preghiera (Inori), Prayer Music No. 4 for viola solo
 2006 Matins (Akatsuki no Inori), Prayer Music No. 5 for flute/piano
 2006 12 Pieces for piano in the Relaxed Mood (Kutsurogi no Piano)
 2010 Vespers (Yuube no Inori), Prayer Music No. 6 for flute/piano
 2012 Iku hoshi shimo sugiru to mo, Prayer Music No.7 for flute/piano

Works for flute choir or flute orchestra
 1984 Crystal for flute orchestra
 1986 Romantic Episode for flute orchestra
 1987 March Cupid for flute orchestra
 1992 La Storia dei fiori for flute choir (flutes 1/2/3, alto flute, bass flute)
 Crocuc
 Don't-forget me not
 Sweet pea
 Sun flower
 1993 Two Pieces from Greek Myths for flute choir
 Seven maidens pursued by Orion
 Flowers born from the tears of Aphrodite
 1994 Yuki-Onna for flute choir
 1995 Fenice for flute choir
 1996 Per gli amanti for flute choir
 1997 Pinocchio for flute choir
 1998 Composition for Flute Choir No. 1 "Hymn for Celesta"
 Prologue
 Dialogue
 Celestial Serenade
 2000 Composition for Flute Choir No. 2 "Digital piano"
 A piece for Harpsichord in memory of Maestro Joaquin Rodorigo
 La Campana e il Canto
 2003 Romance for flute orchestra

Bibliography
 Wolfgang Suppan, Armin Suppan: Das Neue Lexikon des Blasmusikwesens, 4. Auflage, Freiburg-Tiengen, Blasmusikverlag Schulz GmbH, 1994,
 Works by Japanese composers 1991-1992, Compiled by the Japan Federation of Composers, Tokyo: Japan Federation of Composers, 118 p.
 Works by Japanese composers 1989-1990, Compiled by the Japan Federation of Composers, Tokyo: Japan Federation of Composers, 112 p.
 Works by Japanese composers 1983-1984, Compiled by the Japan Federation of Composers, Tokyo: Japan Federation of Composers, 111 p.
 Paul E. Bierley, William H. Rehrig: The heritage encyclopedia of band music : composers and their music, Westerville, Ohio: Integrity Press, 1991,
 David M. Cummings, Dennis K. McIntire: International who's who in music and musician's directory - (in the classical and light classical fields), Twelfth edition 1990/91, Cambridge, England: International Who's Who in Music, 1991. 1096 p.,
 Hitoshi Matsushita: A checklist of published instrumental music by Japanese composers, Tokyo: Academia Music Ltd., 1989. 181 p.,
 Norman E. Smith: March music notes, Lake Charles, La.: Program Note Press, 1986,
 Norman E. Smith, Albert Stoutamire: Band Music Notes.- Composer Information and Program Notes for over 600 Band Favorites, Revised Edition, Neil A. Kjos Music Company, San Diego, CA, 1977, 1979, 1989.
 Japanese composers and their works (since 1868), Tokyo: 1972

References

External links
 Official home page (English)
 Short video interview at age 90 (in Japanese)
 Recording of Dirge at the Hiroshima Peace Ceremony
 Published flute and ocarina works
 Organ arrangement of Dirge (sheet music)

1924 births
2018 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century Japanese composers
20th-century Japanese male musicians
20th-century Japanese people
21st-century classical composers
21st-century conductors (music)
21st-century Japanese composers
21st-century Japanese people
21st-century Japanese male musicians
Composers from Tokyo
Japanese classical composers
Japanese male conductors (music)
Japanese male classical composers
Japanese opera composers
Male opera composers
Musicians from Tokyo

Masaru Kawasaki


The GMC Hummer EV (badged as HEV) is a line of battery electric heavy-duty vehicles produced by General Motors since 2021, and sold as a sub-brand under the GMC marque. The Hummer EV is offered in two variants: a pickup truck and a sport utility vehicle (SUV), unveiled in October 2020 and April 2021 respectively. As of Q3 2022, 783 units have been delivered to customers.

Weighing roughly 10,000 pounds, the Hummer EV is among the heaviest consumer automobiles currently sold in the United States. Its size, mass, and acceleration have led to concerns about the danger it may pose to other road users in the event of collisions, as well as its efficiency and environmental impact.

Overview
The Hummer EV is assembled in Detroit and has batteries produced by LG Chem in South Korea, with plans to later start producing batteries in the US. It is intended that SUV models produced from 2024 onward will be able to charge other electric vehicles using an onboard 19.2 kWh charger.

The electric motors' torque profile makes it suited for towing trailers. It includes various technologies, such as cameras that allow the driver to see underneath it and four-wheel steering. The SUV variant is rated to tow up to  and seats five passengers with  of cargo space behind the rear seats and  with the back seats folded down.

The pickup truck variant has a longer wheelbase than the SUV. The pickup variant has a  high loadbed with a payload capacity of  as well as a  front trunk. It has eighteen cameras installed, as well as front-and-rear pedestrian alerts designed to aid drivers' situational awareness. These accompany numerous other driver-assistance features such as automatic braking and blind-spot warnings.

It weighs , with the battery weighing almost . With a gross vehicle weight rating of  it is classified as a class 3 medium-duty truck in the United States.

Origins

The GMC Hummer EV originates from the discontinued Hummer brand that was founded by AM General, the manufacturer of the original HUMVEE light military vehicle that was later adapted to civilian spec and sold to the public as the Hummer H1. In 1999, General Motors purchased the rights to the Hummer name and began marketing it as a full-fledged brand with a lineup that eventually included the Hummer H2 and Hummer H3. The Hummer brand was discontinued in 2010 following the General Motors bankruptcy.

Trims

Edition 1
Edition 1 started production in 2022 as a limited edition and the sole model available for the first year. It was available for pre-order by the end of the launch event on October 20, 2020. All Edition 1 units are white with a black roof and feature bronze-colored wheels. The interior is a two-tone black-and-gray with bronze accents and Edition 1 badges. The Edition 1 will also feature Easter eggs themed after the Apollo 11 moon landing. Edition 1 has three electric motors with ,  of range, and is fitted with the Extreme Off-Road package, which includes 35-inch mud-terrain tires, skid plates, and rock sliders. The Hummer EV Edition 1 sold out in the first 10 minutes of opening the pre-orders. Initial sales of the Edition 1 were delayed, but were later available in 2022.

The "Crab Walk" feature, which allows the Hummer EV to travel diagonally by using four-wheel steering, comes standard with Edition 1. Edition 1 also includes UltraVision underbody cameras for easier off-road maneuverability and visibility, adaptive air suspension, steel underbody armor, a system called "Extract Mode" which lifts the suspension six inches for more clearance, a driver assistance system that allows for automatic lane change and hands-free driving on compatible highways that have been mapped by GM, a digital key, removable roof panels, and GMC's MultiPro Tailgate. In Extract Mode, approach, departure, and breakover angles are 49.7, 38.4 and 32.2 degrees respectively. Ground clearance is  and maximum water fording depth is . GMC estimates wall-climbing ability at 18 inches and suspension travel at 13 inches.

EV2x
Includes all the features of EV2; however, it will also come standard with 4-wheel steer, Crab Walk, adaptive air suspension with adaptive ride control, and optional Extract mode. This trim will output an estimated 625 hp using a dual motor system, will have an estimated 300+ miles of range, and is expected to be available in Spring of 2023.

EV2
This is the base Hummer EV trim which will include super cruise, HD surround view, digital key, infinity roof, a multi pro tailgate, and rear drop glass among other standard features. The EV2 will output an estimated  using a dual motor system, with an estimates 250+ miles of range. It is expected to be available by Spring 2024.

Production
The Hummer EV is produced at GM's Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly plant in Michigan. Production of the Hummer EV Truck commenced on November 17, 2021, while the Hummer EV SUV started production on January 30, 2023. GM recently invested $2.2 billion in the plant for the production of these electric vehicles.

Marketing
On January 30, 2020, GM released three Quiet Revolution theme teasers of the Hummer EV. These teaser releases were followed up with the first marketing launch with Super Bowl LIV ads on February 2, 2020, with LeBron James as the spokesperson.

In January 2021, GMC announced a multiyear sponsorship deal with Chip Ganassi Racing (CGR) which sees CGR rebranded as GMC Hummer EV Chip Ganassi Racing in the FIA-sanctioned international electric off-road racing series Extreme E. As part of the sponsorship deal, the team's Spark Odyssey 21 body will be styled as the Hummer EV.

Film appearances
A Hummer EV pickup appeared (alongside a number of other GM products) in the 2023 film Barbie, driven by the character Ken.

Criticism and safety concerns

The GMC Hummer EV is over twice the weight of an average American car, and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety had to perform checks to ensure their equipment could handle its mass before crash testing it, since it weighs around  more than the heaviest vehicle they had previously tested. As an SUV, it is considered far more likely to kill pedestrians in accidents than a conventional car, which has been noted by critics concerned about the safety of the vehicle. Jennifer Homendy, the head of the United States' National Transportation Safety Board, said that the Hummer EV is an example of a heavy electric vehicle, which is more likely to kill or seriously injure other road users in the event of a collision, alongside products from other manufacturers such as Ford or Volvo.

It can accelerate from a standstill to  in around three seconds. The vehicle's ability to gain speed so quickly has furthered concerns about the danger it may pose to other road users. In the United States it can be driven by anyone with a normal drivers' license, whilst in Europe a heavy goods vehicle licence may be required to drive it as weighs  more than the maximum allowed for a regular European driving license obtained after January 1997 (3500 kg). These factors have contributed to concerns that some owners may not be sufficiently skilled to drive it safely. General Motors responded to concerns by saying that their "customer's safety is a top priority regardless of the type of propulsion or mass of the vehicle".

It is intended to appeal to customers who otherwise would not have considered buying an electric vehicle, with it expected that most owners will purchase it as a second or third car, likely negating the environmental benefits of its electric drivetrain. However, some believe the Hummer EV may encourage increased uptake of other, smaller electric vehicles. The "Edition 1" variant has a United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) energy-consumption rating of 43 MPGe on highways, 51 MPGe in cities, and 47 MPGe combined and an EPA combined range of . Its high mass leads to high levels of particulate emissions from tire and road wear compared with lighter vehicles, which can cause various negative health effects. Because of this, the Hummer EV has been described by some as an attempt at "greenwashing".

See also
 Electric pickup truck
 Yangwang U8
 Mengshi 917

References

External links

Electric concept cars
Electric trucks
Hummer
GMC vehicles
Cars introduced in 2020

GMC Hummer EV