Kenneth C. Millett (born 1941) is a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Santa Barbara. His research concerns low-dimensional topology, knot theory, and the applications of knot theory to DNA structure; his initial is the "M" in the name of the HOMFLY polynomial.

Millett graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1963 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics. He earned his Ph.D. in 1967 from the University of Wisconsin under the supervision of Edward R. Fadell. After short-term instructor positions at the University of California, Los Angeles and MIT, he joined the UCSB faculty in 1969 and was promoted to professor in 1979.

Millett won the Carl B. Allendoerfer Award of the Mathematical Association of America in 1989 and the Chauvenet Prize in 1991 for a paper on knot theory with W. B. R. Lickorish.
He became a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2000. In 2012, he became one of the inaugural fellows of the American Mathematical Society.

Selected publications
with Eric J. Rawdon, Andrzej Stasiak:
with Michal Jamroz, Wanda Niemyska, Eric J. Rawdon, Andrzej Stasiak, Piotr Sułkowski, Joanna I. Sulkowska:
with Joanna I. Sułkowska, Eric J. Rawdon, Jose N. Onuchic, Andrzej Stasiak:
with D. Jonish:
with P. Freyd, D. Yetter, J. Hoste, W. B. R. Lickorish and A. Ocneanu:

References

External links
Home page
Google scholar profile

1941 births
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Topologists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society

Kenneth Millett


The Central Atlantic magmatic province (CAMP) is the result of a huge volcanic outburst which started at the end of the Triassic period.

It is the Earth's biggest continental large igneous province, with an area of about 11 million km2. It is mainly of basalt, and formed before the breakup of Pangaea in the Mesozoic Era. It may have caused the end-Triassic extinction event.

The subsequent breakup of Pangaea created the Atlantic Ocean and provided a legacy of basaltic dikes, sills, and lavas over a vast area around the present central North Atlantic Ocean.

References

Volcanic landforms
Triassic
Extinction events
Large igneous provinces

Central Atlantic magmatic province


Crybaby Bridge is a nickname given to some bridges in the United States. The name often reflects an urban legend that the sound of a baby can be, or has been, heard from the bridge. Many are also accompanied by an urban legend relating to a baby or young child/children where the mother threw her baby off the bridge and felt so bad that she killed herself. She now looks for her baby while crying in the river sadly.

Kentucky
A bridge on Sleepy Hollow Road near the border between Jefferson and Oldham counties in Kentucky was known as Crybaby Bridge.  Reportedly, mothers would drop their unwanted, sick, or deformed babies off the bridge to drown in the water, and their crying can still be heard there.  The original bridge has been replaced by a newer one made of steel and concrete.  The bridge is one of several rumors about locations along Sleepy Hollow Road.

Ohio

Egypt Road, Salem

Although the bridge is off of Egypt Road near Salem, Ohio, it is actually on what used to be West Pine Lake Roads., which now dead-ends to the east of the bridge. Legends attribute the crying baby to one that fell in and accidentally drowned. There is also a rumor that there is a cult of some sort in the woods surrounding the bridge. In 2010, there was a murder of an elderly woman that was found, strangled to death, and burned just off the bridge.

Map:

Maryland

In Weird Maryland: Your Travel Guide to Maryland's Local Legends and Best Kept Secrets, authors Matt Lake, Mark Moran, and Mark Sceurman include three first-person narratives of crybaby bridge experiences in Maryland. The locations mentioned are the Governor's Bridge Road bridge, one on Lottsford Vista Road, and a third unspecified but possibly described the Lottsford Vista Road bridge as well. The latter narratives make mention of purported Satanic churches near the bridge and the appearance of the Goatman.

Texas

De Kalb
"Crybaby Bridge", or "Spook Bridge", located about 25 miles west of Texarkana, runs across county road 4130, located 4 miles south of De Kalb, Texas. Legend says that a mother driving a car plunged into the creek, and the baby drowned in the near-freezing waters.

Lufkin
Jack Creek, a stream west of Lufkin, Texas, has for years been known as Cry Baby Creek, supposedly because a woman and a baby died when their auto veered off a wooden bridge and fell into the steep creek. Annette Sawyer of Lufkin said visitors who come to the site at night claim they have heard sounds resembling a baby crying. One visitor supposedly found the imprint of a baby's hand on her auto window after returning from the bridge.

Port Neches
"Sarah Jane Bridge" on East Port Neches Avenue in Port Neches, Texas, is said to be the bridge from which a baby of the same name was thrown into the alligator-infested water by a man who had murdered the child's mother. It is said Sarah Jane can be heard crying from the water when one stands on the bridge on hot summer nights. The child's mother, a headless ghost wandering the woods nearby, can also be heard whispering "Sarah Jane" as she searches the forest with a lantern. The legendary Sarah Jane is Sarah Jane Block, who lost no children and lived to the age of 99.

Controversy
In 1999, Maryland folklorist Jesse Glass presented a case against several crybaby bridges being genuine folklore, contending that they were instead fakelore that was knowingly being propagated through the internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=olbp37916 |title=The University of Pennsylvania Online Books Page for The Witness; Slavery in Nineteenth Century Carroll County, Maryland |publisher=Onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu |date=2013-10-25 |access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref>

According to Glass, nearly identical stories of crybaby bridges in Maryland and Ohio began to appear online in 1999, but they could not be confirmed through local oral history or the media.

Among Glass' examples was the story of a bridge located in Westminster, Maryland, which concerned the murder of escaped slaves and African American children. It's located specifically on Rockland Road, just off of Uniontown Road outside of Westminster's city limits past Rt. 31. In the 1800s, the story held, unwanted black babies were drowned by being thrown off this bridge. Regional newspapers, such as the American Sentinel and the Democratic Advocate, which usually covered racially motivated murders of the period, make no mention of the events described online.

However, in their book Weird U.S.: Your Travel Guide to America's Local Legends and Best Kept Secrets'', authors Mark Moran and Mark Sceurman relate the story of a purported crybaby bridge on Lottsford Vista Road between Bowie and Upper Marlboro, asserting that this bridge has "made believers out of many skeptics." The text included from their informant makes no mention of escaped slaves but does repeat a familiar component of such legends: an out-of-wedlock birth.

See also
 Overtoun Bridge

References

Sources

American folklore
Reportedly haunted locations in the United States
Maryland folklore
Bridges in the United States

Crybaby Bridge


The Lady Eve is a 1941 American romantic comedy movie directed by Preston Sturges and was based on the story by Monckton Hoffe. It stars Barbara Stanwyck, Henry Fonda, Charles Coburn, Eugene Pallette, Eric Blore, Melville Cooper, Robert Greig and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1942.

Other websites

1941 romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
Paramount Pictures movies
Movies set in Connecticut

The Lady Eve


Gustaf Nobel ( , ; born 1950 in Stockholm) is a Swedish businessman and humanitarian, and a member of the Nobel family. He is the Chairman of the Nobel Charitable Trust (since 2010).

He studied at the University of Lund, and has worked in management positions in various companies in 15 countries around the world. Since 2005 he has lived in France. He is currently CEO of Conversus SARL, a company owned by the Nobel family. He is also involved in environmental issues and renewable energy.

References

Gustaf
Swedish expatriates in France
1950 births
Living people

Gustaf Nobel


Basirhat is a city of West Bengal, India. It is located on the banks of the Ichamati (Ichhamati) River.

Geography

Location
Basirhat is located at .

Area overview
The area shown in the map is a part of the Ichhamati-Raimangal Plain, located in the lower Ganges Delta. It contains soil of mature black or brownish loam to recent alluvium. Numerous rivers, creeks and khals criss-cross the area. The tip of the Sundarbans National Park is visible in the lower part of the map (shown in green but not marked). The larger full screen map shows the full forest area. A large section of the area is a part of the Sundarbans settlements. The densely populated area is an overwhelmingly rural area. Only 12.96% of the population lives in the urban areas and 87.04% of the population lives in the rural areas.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

Civic administration

Police station
Basirhat police station covers an area of 267 km2 and serves a population of 637,538. Basirhat PS has under it Basirhat town outpost and two other outposts at Panitor and Boatghat. The police district has a 22 km border, out which 14 km is land border and 8 km is riverine border. 11 km of the border remains unfenced. Basirhat PS has jurisdiction over Basirhat municipal area and Basirhat I CD Block.

Around half of the 4,095 km long India-Bangladesh border has been fenced and vigil along the border has been tightened up. As of 2017, Cattle smuggling across the border was unofficially estimated to be a Rs. 4,000 crore business, half of it across the Basirhat border and the balance through Malda and Murshidabad.

In 2017, The Sunday Guardian reported, "The crackdown by the Border Security Force (BSF) on the illegal, but lucrative, business of cow smuggling along the India-Bangladesh border in West Bengal's North 24 Parganas district, resulted in immense resentment among a section of the area's minority community. This culminated in the communal flare-up in the state's Basirhat sub-division earlier this month. A source close to the state's ruling Trinamool Congress told The Sunday Guardian over phone, "Cow smuggling to Bangladesh, through the riverine border in Basirhat, Taki and other adjoining areas, has taken a hit as the BSF has become very strict and is maintaining a constant vigil. This has hurt the locals, who were earning crores from these illegal activities. Rendered jobless, they blamed the situation on the majority community.""

CD block HQ
The headquarters of Basirhat I CD block are located at Basihat.

Demographics

According to the 2011 census, Basirhat Municipality had a population of 125,254. Basirhat had a sex ratio of 981 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 87.35%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 18.94% and 0.41% of the population respectively.

Bengali is the predominant language, spoken by 99.77% of the population.

Education
Basirhat College was established in 1947. Affiliated with the West Bengal State University, it offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit, philosophy, political science, history, geography, education, accountancy, mathematics, physics, chemistry, botany, zoology, physiology and economics. It also offers general courses in arts, science and commerce, and a post-graduate course in Bengali.

Healthcare
Basirhat District Hospital functions with 300 beds.

Basirhat is one of the areas where ground water is affected by arsenic contamination.

Notable people
 Saptarshi Banerjee
 Rafikul Islam Mondal
 Titumir

External links

 Basirhat Municipality Website

References

Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district
Cities in West Bengal

Basirhat


Hart Haller (Hal) Empie (1909–2002) was an American artist, cartoonist, illustrator, teacher and pharmacist. He was best known for his portrayals of places and people of the American Southwest

Early life
Hal Empie was born in a dirt-floored, one-room adobe near Safford, Arizona (territory) to pioneer settlers Allie and Hart Empie. As a young man, he worked at the Best Drug Store while attending grammar school. Upon graduation in 1927, he entered the University of Arizona in pre-med and then the Capitol College of Pharmacy in Denver Colorado. After passing exams in Colorado and Arizona, Hal was issued a special license to practice pharmacy before the age of twenty one, making him the youngest licensed pharmacist in Arizona History.

In 1929 Hal married Louise Reinhardt and in 1934 they purchased the drugstore in nearby Duncan, Arizona. He set up his easel in his pharmacy and painted between filling prescriptions.

Career
A self-taught artist, Hal Empie refused to copy photographs. His only art lessons were six weeks studying the old master techniques with European master Frederic Taubes.

Artistic success began very early in Hal's career. National press brought invitationals including:  The Museum of Modern Art, the Polish Embassy, and the Los Angeles County Museum. He was in his twenties when he was first recognized by the American Federation of Arts in Washington D.C..

As a cartoonist, Hal created the famous Empie Kartoon Kards, the first western cartoon postcard copyright. He was a major contributor to early issues of Arizona Highways (magazine). Postcards were marketed in thirty-eight states. Original printings are housed in the Archives Center, National Museum of American History,  and The Smithsonian.

After a major Gila River flood in Duncan, the Empies moved to Tubac, Arizona and built the Hal Empie Studio and Gallery in 1986. Hal and Louise were married seventy-two years, raising three children. Hal painted his entire life. His career spanned over three quarters of a century, and at the time of his passing in 2002 he was the oldest continuous resident artist in Arizona

Recognition
 Duncan, Arizona- Outstanding Citizen Award, 1939
 Arizona State Board of Pharmacy – 50 Years of Pharmacy, 1979
 University of Arizona Alumni Association – Distinguished Citizen Award, 1980
 History of Arizona Advisory Committee – Certificate of Recognition, 1982
 Arizona Pharmacy Board- Honorary Doctorate of Pharmacy, 1982
 Arizona Pharmacy Association- Honorary President, 1983
 Hal Empie Day- Safford, Arizona
 Key to the City- Safford, Arizona

Museum Collections
 Amerind Museum
 Phippen Museum of Western Art
 Smithsonian National Museum of American History
 Billy Ireland Cartoon Library and Museum
 Syracuse University Library Special Collections
 Tucson Museum of Art
 Tubac Center of The Arts
 State of Arizona Supreme Court Building
 University of Arizona Pharmacy Museum
 Arizona State Capitol Library

References

Additional Resources
 Who's Who In American Art, Volume 3. R. R. Bowker, 1940
 Who's Who In American Art, Volume IV. American Federation of Arts, 1947
 Who's Who In The West. Chicago: Marquis - Who's Who, Inc., 1951
 Who's Who In American Art. Bowker, 1961
 Gilbert, Dorothy, ed. Who's Who In American Art. Washington D.C.: American Federation of Arts, 1962
 Manning, Reg. What Is Arizona Really Like? Regason Cartoon Books, 1968
 Opitz, Glen B. Dictionary of American Sculptors: 18th Century to the Present," Illustrated with Over 200 Photographs. Apollo Books, 1984
 Bender, George A. A History of Arizona Pharmacy. Arizona Pharmacy Historical Foundation, 1985
 Who's Who in the West 1985-86. Marquis Who's Who, 1985
 Who's Who in the World 1989-1990. Wilmette, Illinois:  Marquis Who's Who Inc., 1988
 The Red Book Western American Price Index. Southwest Art, 1993
 Southwest Art. Master Index 1971-1993. Boulder, CO: Southwest Art, 1993
 Cooper, Evelyn S. Arizona's Hal Empie. His Life, His Times and His Art. Arizona Historical Foundation 2001
 Art of the West Guidebook of Western Artists, 2001 Edition, Minnetonka, MN: Art of the West, 2001
 Davenport, Ray. Davenport's Art Reference, The Gold Edition 2005. Phoenix, AZ:  LTB Gordonsart, Inc., 2005
 Dunbier, Lonnie Pierson. The Artist's Bluebook: 34,000 North American Artists to March 2005.
 Kinsley, Shaw. Tubac: Images of America. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2009
 Herbert, Harold E.. Graham County: Images of America. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2009
 Davis, Neal F.. Meteor Crater: Images of America. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2016
 O'Bagy Davis, Carolyn. Cameron Trading Post: Images of America. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2016
 Mark, Jay and Peters, Ronald L.. Buckhorn Mineral Baths and Wildlife Museum: Images of America. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2017
 Western Art Collector, Jan. 2018, p. 88.
 Groves, Ann Empie. Way Out West: Hal Empie's Kartoon Kards, The Collection. The Artist's Daughter Publishing, 2019

External links
 Official website
Tucson Museum of Art
Syracuse University Hal Empie Collection
Tubac Historical Society
Arizona Historical Society
Artists of Greenlee County
Billy Ireland Cartoon Museum Hal Empie Collection
https://truewestmagazine.com/article/hal-empie/
 http://www.desertusa.com/desert-arizona/tubac-az.html
 Arizona State Library Braille and Talking Books, free lending library for the legally blind. "Arizona's Hal Empie. His Life, His Times, His Art"
 http://www.greenleecountyhistory.org/duncan.asp?tpm=1_3
 https://americanprofile.com/articles/arizona-oldest-artist-hal-empie/
 Tubac Villager 'Tubac Artist Hal Empie Saw Arizona Statehood Arrive'

American cartoonists
1909 births
2002 deaths
American pharmacists

Hal Empie


Ronald L. Smith is a children's book author. He is the author of Hoodoo (2015), The Mesmerist (2017), Black Panther: The Young Prince (2018), The owls have come to take us away (2019), and Gloom Town (2020). For Hoodoo, Smith won the American Library Association's Coretta Scott King/John Steptoe Award for New Talent.

Early life
Smith was born in Maine to a military family that moved frequently; he also lived in Japan, Alabama, Michigan, Washington, DC, South Carolina, and Delaware, among other places. His love of fantasy and science fiction novels began as a child, but he first worked as a writer in advertising before turning to writing children's fiction.

Fiction career
Smith published his first book, Hoodoo, with Clarion Books in 2015. Set in the 1930s Alabama, Hoodoo earned Smith the American Library Association's Coretta Scott King/John Steptoe Award for New Talent.

Smith's second book, The Mesmerist (Clarion Books, 2017), is set in London at the turn of the century.

In January 2018, Smith published a children's novel for Marvel Comics featuring Marvel's superhero Black Panther. The book, Black Panther: The Young Prince, was released just prior to Marvel's Black Panther film. Reviewing the book in the Bulletin of the Center for Children's Literature, Kate Quealy-Gainer wrote, "Fans will notice allusions to T'Challa's future adventures as the ruling Black Panther, but even the comic-book averse will relate to T'Challa's negotiating of middle-school dynamics and may also appreciate his cleverness as he faces down his enemies." The School Library Journal named the book to a list of eight fantasy "must-reads" featuring a black protagonist; their January 2018 review called it a "must-purchase for all collections."

Personal life
Smith lives in Baltimore.

References

External links

 Official site

Living people
Marvel Comics writers
American children's writers
Writers from Baltimore
Writers from Maine
American fantasy writers
African-American novelists
21st-century American writers
Year of birth missing (living people)

Ronald L. Smith


Thorsten Marschner (born 17 November 1968) is a retired German high jumper.

He finished eighth at the 1994 European Indoor Championships, and won the bronze medal for his club LG Frankfurt at the 1993 German indoor championships.

His personal best outdoors was 2.28 metres, achieved in July 1988 in Neubrandenburg. Indoors, he achieved 2.30 metres in January 1989 in Senftenberg.

References

1968 births
Living people
German male high jumpers

Thorsten Marschner


The Capricorn Plate is a proposed minor tectonic plate lying beneath the Indian Ocean basin in the southern and eastern hemispheres. The original theory of plate tectonics as accepted by the scientific community in the 1960s assumed fully rigid plates and relatively narrow, distinct plate boundaries. However, research in the late 20th and early 21st centuries suggests that certain plate junctions are diffuse across several dozen or even hundred kilometres. The Capricorn Plate is a relatively rigid piece of oceanic crust along the far western edge of the former Indo-Australian Plate. The Capricorn Plate was once joined with the Indian Plate and the Australian Plate to form the Indo-Australian Plate, but recent studies suggest that the Capricorn Plate began separating from the Indian and Australian Plates between  and  along a wide, diffuse boundary.

References

Tectonic plates
Geology of the Indian Ocean

Capricorn Plate


Bergmann's rule is an ecogeographic principle. It states that, within a widely distributed group of animals, the larger ones are found in colder environments, and the smaller ones are found in warmer regions.

So, for example, with bears the largest member is the polar bear, and the smallest members are found in subtropical areas (panda). The largest tiger is the Siberian tiger. Large mammals of the late ice age were in general larger than their descendants today.

The rule is named after nineteenth-century German biologist Carl Bergmann, who described the pattern in 1847, though he was not the first to notice it. Bergmann's rule appears to hold true for many mammals and birds, but there are exceptions.

Although originally put in terms of species, it seems to apply to populations within a species.  Bergmann's rule is most often applied to mammals and birds which are endotherms, but some researchers have also found evidence for the rule in studies of ectothermic species.

In addition to being a general pattern across space, Bergmann's rule has been reported in extinct populations from the fossil record. In particular, reversible dwarfing of mammals happened during two extremely warm but rather brief times in the Palaeogene.

References

Zoology

Bergmann's rule


Mestre Braga (born Antonio Neves Braga; June, 13 1957; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is a Mestre (a master practitioner) of the Afro-Brazilian martial art Capoeira Angola. He is the founder of the capoeira Angola group, Africa Bantu, and one of the founders of the Grupo de Capoeira Angola Pelourinho (GCAP).

Formative years
Braga began practicing Capoeira in the early 1970s when at age 14 he joined the Capoeira Regional Palmares Group in Rio de Janeiro. There he encountered Mestres Roni, Zé Macaco and Cabelo Vermelho. After the group disbanded, he continued his practice of Capoeira with Mestre Touro and Dentinho (Grupo Corda Bamba).

In 1975 during the Rio de Janeiro carnival, Braga met Mestre Moraes at a roda in Central do Brazil. This would be the turning point in his evolution towards Capoeira Angola. Through Mestre Moraes, Braga discovered Capoeira Angola, a strand of Capoeira that originated from the teaching of Mestre Pastinha. Mestre Moraes' Rio de Janeiro school was the first school to teach Capoeira Angola outside of Bahia.  It was founded by Mestre Moraes after he moved from Salvador, Bahia to Rio de Janeiro for his military practice.

Mestre Braga trained in Capoeira Angola with Mestre Moraes and, on 16 December 1978, he received the title of mestre along with his colleagues Neco and Zé Carlos. In December 1979, together with Mestre Moraes, Mestre Braga made a trip to Salvador de Bahia where he visited Mestre Pastinha.

Foundation of GCAP
In 1980, the GCAP association was founded.  The idea behind the association originated from Mestre Neco; the association aimed to fight the Brazilian government's prosecution of the African culture at the time.  The label of the group, with a berimbau and two zebras fighting (as a reference to the African origins of Capoeira), was created by Braga. The association was meant to unite under the same label the masters of capoeira Angola from Rio (Moraes, Braga, Neco and Zé  Carlos).

In 1982, Moraes returned to Salvador Bahia, leaving the three young masters full autonomy and the responsibility to continue his teachings. Prior to his departure, Mestre Moraes promoted Marco Aurelio to the rank of mestre.

Present day
In 1994, Braga left GCAP and founded his own group, Grupo Africa Bantu G/ECAAB (1995). In 1997, after moving to Denmark, he established an Africa Bantu group in Aarhus and Copenhagen.  Later, in 2002 he set up the Africa Bantu group in Geneva, Switzerland, where he still teaches today.

Lineage
 The "lineage" of Capoeira Angola mestres under Mestre Pastinha

External links
 Capoeira Africa Bantu

Capoeira mestres
Brazilian capoeira_practitioners
1957 births
Sportspeople from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Living people

Antonio Neves Braga


The Path to 9/11 is a melodramatic, event-based television movie. It is about the events between the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the few minutes just after the September 11 attacks. The movie was criticized for saying untrue things about events and some people and for not showing all sides of things.

The cast includes Patricia Heaton, Harvey Keitel and Donnie Wahlberg. Keitel was warned that some things in the movie were not true. When the TV network was trying to fix the issue, however, it was too late. There were arguments on what was true or untrue.

This movie aired in two parts in September 2006 on the ABC Network.

Movies based on the September 11 attacks
American thriller movies
American drama movies
2006 movies
Movies set in Manhattan

The Path to 9/11


Enigma was a musical project by British producer and musician Nigel Wright in the early 1980s. The recordings were by session musicians and singers who performed medleys of popular disco tracks. In 1981, the singles "Ain't No Stopping" and "I Love Music" reached #11 and #25 on the UK Singles Chart, respectively. They also released an album, Ain't No Stoppin, which reached #80 on the UK Albums Chart in September 1981. Their releases were under the Creole Records label.

Band members were Tino Rowe (vocals), Martin Jay (vocals and guitar), Jill Saward (vocals), Tracy Ackerman (as Tracy Lee Ackerman) (vocals), and Steve Underwood (bass guitar). Saward, Ackerman and Underwood all had associations with the band Shakatak, of which Wright was a member.

In 1987, Wright released one more single under this name before embarking on another remix project under the name Mirage, which also scored a few hits over a brief period.

Discography

Albums

Singles

References

English dance music groups
British disco groups
Medley music groups

Enigma (British band)


Griffith Williams (c.1589–1672) was the Anglican bishop of Ossory. He was opposed to the Puritans.

Life
Williams was born at Treveilian in the parish of Llanrug, near Carnarvon, in 1589 or 1590, the son of a freeholder in the parish. His mother was a descendant of the house of Penmynydd in Anglesey. He matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford, on 15 June 1604. He was sent there by his uncle, but after his aunt took a dislike to him, his means of support were cut off.

Through John Williams, Williams obtained employment at Cambridge as a private tutor, and was admitted to Jesus College, where he graduated B.A. in 1605-6 and M.A. in 1609. He was incorporated M.A. at Oxford on 10 July 1610, graduated B.D. at Cambridge in 1616, and proceeded D.D. in 1621. He was ordained deacon by the bishop of Rochester and priest by the bishop of Ely, serving as curate at Hanwell in Middlesex. In 1608 he was presented to the rectory of Foxcott in Buckinghamshire by Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, and afterwards became lecturer at St. Peter's in Cheapside and at St. Paul's Cathedral for five years.

On 11 January 1611–12 he was instituted rector of St Benet Sherehog in London through the influence of his patron, John Williams, and resigned the rectory of Foxcott. He had strong high-church sympathies, which roused the dislike of the puritans, and after the appearance of his first publication, The Resolution of Pilate, they prevailed on John King, bishop of London, to suspend him in 1616. He was also bound over to appear at Newgate to answer the charges brought against him, but was discharged by Thomas Coventry (afterwards Lord Coventry), who estreated the recognisances of his accusers.

After his suspension, from which he was eventually released on appeal to the prerogative court, he resigned his living, retired for a short time to Cambridge, and, on his return to London, found friends in the archbishop of Canterbury, George Abbot, and in the chancellor, Sir Thomas Egerton, who presented him to the rectory of Llanllechid in Carnarvonshire. Here he became involved almost immediately in a dispute with his diocesan, Lewis Bayly, bishop of Bangor, a strong puritan, to whom his ecclesiastical views cannot have been acceptable. Bayly wished him to exchange his living for another, and, on his refusal, presented articles against him ex officio. Williams appealed to the court of arches, and Abbot came to his rescue, reprimanding Bayly, and giving Williams licence to preach through several dioceses in his province.

London and Bangor
Four years later, however, finding his position intolerable, after a visit to Cambridge he returned to London, and in 1625 became domestic chaplain to Philip Herbert, 1st earl of Montgomery (afterwards 4th Earl of Pembroke), and tutor to his children. In 1626 he was presented to the rectory of Trefdraeth in Anglesey. On 17 July 1628 he was installed prebendary of the eighth stall at Westminster, and on 28 March 1634 he was instituted dean of Bangor. About 1636 he was appointed a royal chaplain. He was on the point of being nominated tutor to Prince Charles and the Duke of Gloucester, but at the last moment William Laud, who disliked him in spite of their theological sympathies, obtained the appointment of Brian Duppa instead. Williams also states that "before he was forty years old, he narrowly escaped being elected bishop of St. Asaph," probably on the death of John Hanmer, but on that occasion also saw another preferred to him at the instance of Laud.

Ossory
In 1641 he was raised to the Irish see of Ossory by a patent dated 11 September. He had resigned his prebend a few months before, but retained his deanery in commendam till his death. On 26 September he was consecrated, but in less than a month he was forced to fly to England by the outbreak of the Irish rebellion of 1641. He came to Apethorpe in Northamptonshire, where he possessed a house, and where he had settled his wife and children. On the night of his arrival he was arrested by a troop of cavalry, under Captain Flaxon, and carried before the parliamentary commissioners at Northampton.

His position was perilous, for he had with him the manuscript of his Vindiciæ Regum, with the words "The Grand Rebellion" written largely on the cover. The sheets were actually in the hands of Sir John North, one of the commissioners, but Williams contrived to get it from him before he had looked at the title, and afterwards, by representing himself as a victim of the Irish rebels, he procured a safe-conduct and the restitution of his belongings. He immediately rejoined the king, and attended him, as chaplain, at the battle of Edgehill on 23 October 1642.

1642–1644
Early in 1643 he published his Vindiciæ Regum, or the Grand Rebellion; that is a Looking-glass for Rebels, whereby they may see, how by Ten Several Degrees they shall ascend to the Heighth [sic] of their Design (Oxford, 4to). This vigorous invective against the parliamentarians attained considerable fame, and was publicly burnt by order of parliament. It immediately drew a reply from John Goodwin, entitled Os Ossorianum, or a Bone for a Bishop to pick, which also appeared in an abridged form, as Os, Ossis, and Oris, within the same year.

In the meantime, after spending most of the winter of 1642–3 at Oxford, Williams retired to Wales to compose a second onslaught on the parliamentarians, The Discovery of Mysteries, or the Plots and Practices of a prevalent Faction in this present Parliament to overthrow the established Religion ... and to subvert the fundamentall Lawes of this famous Kingdome (Oxford, 1643, 4to; 1645, 4to). Falkland, misliking some of its sentiments, desired to suppress it, but he was over-ruled by the king. Its publication earned Williams fresh notoriety and substantial punishment. On 8 March 1643/44, while he was preaching at the university church before the royalist parliament, his house at Apethorpe was plundered by the parliamentary troops, his wife and children driven forth, and his possessions sequestered. His sufferings increased his zeal, and in the following winter appeared Jura Majestatis; the Rights of Kings both in Church and State, granted first by God, secondly, violated by Rebels, and, thirdly, vindicated by the Truth; and the Wickedness of the Faction of this pretended Parliament at Westminster (Oxford, 1644, 4to).

In 1643, shortly before his last work was published, he was employed by the king to try to bring over his patron, the Earl of Pembroke. Repairing to London he found the earl in bed, and so incensed him by his exhortations that he was forced to retire hastily in great dread that the earl would deliver him into the hands of parliament.

On trying to quit the city he was stopped and brought before the lord mayor, to whom he said that "he was a poor pillaged preacher from Ireland, who came to London to see his friends," and now desired to go to some friends in Northampton. By this means he obtained a pass to Northampton and reached Oxford, whence, shortly after, he passed into Wales, and thence to Ireland. During these years he contributed to the royal cause as freely from his purse as with his pen, giving the king the greater part of his private revenue.

1645–1660
In 1645 he visited England and had an interview with the king, and on his return found himself in Anglesey when it submitted to General Thomas Mytton. After in vain exhorting the royalists to resist, he managed by a succession of adroit stratagems to reach Ireland, and on 1 April 1647 was presented to the rectory of Rathfarnham, near Dublin. He resided in that city until its surrender in the same year, when he was included by name in the benefits of the capitulation. Ormonde sent him a sum of money to relieve his necessities, but on his way to Wales, to live on a small patrimony he possessed there, he was taken prisoner by Captain Beeche, who robbed him of all he had and left him to make his way back to Dublin in a destitute condition. Dr. Loftus furnished him with money to carry him to London, and he appealed to the committee of sequestrations for the benefits of the Dublin capitulation. On learning that he was the author of Vindiciæ Regum, the committee told him he deserved to have his head cut off, and passed on to the next business without giving him any redress. Armed with a letter from Fairfax, he had better fortune with the committees at Northampton and Anglesey, to which he was driven by poverty to resort on foot. After regaining his small possessions, he lived at his house in Llanllechid in great poverty, preparing his Great Antichrist for press. His old patron, Pembroke, offered him a valuable living in Lancashire if he would submit to parliament; but this he refused, as well as an offer of Henry Cromwell's of £100 a year on the same terms. In 1651, when Charles was marching on Worcester, he preached before the judges at Conway, and manifested such strong royalist tendencies that he saved himself only by flight.

Return to Ireland
He made various attempts to get his Great Antichrist printed, but could find no one bold enough to venture on it. In 1660, while crossing to Ireland, he heard at Holyhead the news of the Restoration, and the next morning, preaching in Dublin at St. Bride's, was the first in Ireland to pray publicly for the king. He further celebrated the event by the publication of his  'O' Αντιχριστός, the Great Antichrist revealed (London, 1660, fol.), in which he triumphantly showed antichrist to be "neither pope nor Turk," but the Westminster Assembly, whom he characterised in the title as a "collected pack or multitude of hypocritical, heretical, blasphemous, and most scandalous wicked men, that have fulfilled all the prophesies of the Scripture, which have forespoken of the coming of the great Antichrist."

On repairing to his diocese he found his palace and cathedral in ruins, and was immediately involved in numerous lawsuits in his endeavours to recover the alienated lands of the see, in which he was generally unsuccessful. In 1664 he published The Persecution and Oppression of John Bale, Bishop of Ossory, and of Griffith Williams, that was called to the same Bishopric (London, 4to), an animated autobiography, to which he appended a description of the distressed condition of the clergy of his diocese. Some statements in the appendix drew down the censure of the upper house of convocation at Dublin, and he was reduced to plead that they had inadvertently slipped in. He spent considerable sums in restoring his cathedral and repairing the damage wrought by the rebels.

For some years he held the prebendary of Mayne in his diocese in commendam, exchanging it on 21 Feb 1671-2 for the precentorship, which, however, he resigned on 14 March. Rumours of his death were rife in 1671, but he died on 29 March 1672, and was buried in his cathedral at Kilkenny. He left property to endow almshouses for eight poor widows to be erected in the churchyard of the cathedral, and also bequeathed his lands in Llanllechid for the benefit of the poor. Both his successors had some degree of connection with the Bangor area of Wales.

Marriage
By his wife Anne he left children. He was not always on good terms with her, and in October 1635 she brought a suit for alimony against him in the court of high commission, but the case terminated in a reconciliation.

Works
Besides the works already mentioned, Williams was the author of:
The Delights of the Saints, London, 1622, 8vo.
Seven Golden Candlestickes, holding the Seven Greatest Lights of Christian Religion, London, 1627, 4to.
The True Church, shewed to all Men that desire to be Members of the Same, London, 1629, fol.
The Right Way to the Best Religion, London, 1636, fol.
Seven Treatises very necessary to be observed in these very bad Days, to prevent the Seven Last Vials of God's Wrath, that the Seven Angels are to pour down upon the Earth, London, 1661, fol.
The Description and the Practice of the four most admirable Beasts explained in Four Sermons, London, 1663, 4to.
A True Relation of a Law Proceeding, betwixt ... Griffith, lord bishop of Ossory, and Sir G. Ayskue, London, 1663, 4to.
Several Sermons on Solemn Occasions and Treatises, London, 1665, 4to.
Four Treatises, London, 1667, 4to.

To him also has been ascribed An Examination of such Particulars in the Solemne League and Covenant as concern the Law; proving it to be destructive of the Lawes of England, both Ancient and Moderne, Oxford, 1644, 4to.

Notes

References
Attribution
 Cites:
Williams's Works
Ware's Irish Bishops, ed. Harris, pp. 420–7
Wood's Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 952-6
Notes and Queries, 1st ser. x. 252, 425, 6th ser. vi. 305
Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500–1714
Graves and Prim's Hist. and Antiq. of Kilkenny Cathedral, 1857, pp. 39, 43–45
Wynn's Hist. of Gwydir Family, 1878, p. 97
Dwnn's Heraldic Visitations, p. 222
Richard Mant, Church of Ireland, 1840, i. 565, 596–8, 663–4
John Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy, 1714, ii. 2
Richard Newcourt, Repertorium Ecclesiasticum, London 1710, i. 304, 926
Laud's Works (Libr. of Anglo-Catholic Theol.), iv. 495.

External links

1580s births
1672 deaths
Deans of Bangor
17th-century Anglican bishops in Ireland
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
17th-century Welsh Anglican priests
Anglican bishops of Ossory

Griffith Williams (bishop)


Christmas Lake is a spring-fed lake covering approximately  in the western Minneapolis suburbs of Shorewood and Chanhassen.  The lake is crossed by the border of Hennepin and Carver counties, with most of the area lying within the jurisdiction of the former.  Christmas Lake is known for its exceptional water clarity, the best in the Minneapolis metropolitan area, with a DNR-reported clarity level of .  This clarity can be attributed to the fact that Christmas Lake is a spring fed lake with a sandy bottom.  Although relatively small in area, Christmas Lake becomes deep (its maximum depth is ) very quickly, forming the basin of a depression that extends all along "the Ridge" (the rim of the lake's basin). The steep nature of the shoreline means that many houses are built far above the lake with railed motorized carts to provide access to the docks at the water level.

Although Christmas Lake is located very near to the much larger and more populated Lake Minnetonka, the lake culture is much different, with fewer powerboats and jetskis, although this is slowly changing.  Christmas Lake is connected to Lake Minnetonka by an underground canal which can be used to raise the water level of Lake Minnetonka during droughts.

Christmas Lake falls under the jurisdiction of the city of Shorewood, Minnesota, although much informal control is maintained by the close-knit community of homeowners, under the aegis of the Christmas Lake Homeowners Association.  Neighbors organize an annual Fourth of July boat parade, where boat owners turn their boats into water-borne floats, and parade from dock to dock along the shoreline.

Wildlife
Christmas Lake is home to a number of native and introduced species of fish, the most prevalent of which are largemouth bass, bluegill and pumpkinseed sunfish, crappie, northern pike, carp, and rainbow trout.  However, due to the small size of the lake, the fish (with the exception of carp) do not generally grow to large sizes. Some fish consumption guideline restrictions have been placed on the lake's bluegill, carp, northern pike, and white sucker due to mercury contamination.

For the first time in recent memory, trumpeter swans have since 2004 been using Christmas Lake as a stop-over on their flyway during their winter migration south.  At first a small number of swans stayed for a few days, and by 2011 that number had grown to over four dozen in three different groups who stayed on the lake for more than a month.  As Christmas Lake is deeper than surrounding lakes, and usually the last in the neighborhood to freeze over, the swans are able to swim and feed later in the season.

In the fall of 2014, zebra mussels were observed in the lake and the Minnehaha Creek Watershed District subjected approximately one acre of it to an experimental series of chemical treatments, first the Zequanox killed-bacteria biological pesticide (in its first use in a lake), followed by copper, and then by potash (in its third such use in the U.S.). Divers later confirmed that none had survived within the treated area, but discovered ten more of them nearby, attached to indigenous mussels, and in May the treatment was applied to that additional area.

The name

The lake is named for Charles W. Christmas, first county surveyor of Hennepin County, who platted the original town site of Minneapolis for John H. Stevens and Franklin Steele.

References

External links
 MN DNR Report on Christmas Lake
 Christmas Lake Homeowners Association Website
 Christmas Lake Trumpeter Swan Photo Gallery

Lakes of Minnesota
Lakes of Hennepin County, Minnesota
Lakes of Carver County, Minnesota

Christmas Lake


The Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli was the conflict in which the territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli passed from Portuguese rule to independent rule, with Indian allegiance, in 1954.

Dadra and Nagar Haveli were small undefended Portuguese overseas territories, part of Portuguese India since 1779. The territories were enclaves, without any access to the sea, administered by the Portuguese Governor of the district of Damão.

After India attained independence in 1947, some residents, with the help of volunteers from organizations such as the United Front of Goans (UFG), the National Movement Liberation Organization (NMLO), the Goa People's Party (affiliated to Communist ideology), the Communist Party of India as well as nationalist organizations such as the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and the Azad Gomantak Dal (AGD) occupied Dadra and Nagar Haveli in 1954 and displaced Portuguese rule. The territories were subsequently merged into the Republic of India in 1961.

Background

After Indian independence in 1947, pro-India activists in the Portuguese Indian provinces, as well as Indians from other places, proposed removing Portuguese control of Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and integrating them with India. This was in line with the ideology of Mahatma Gandhi, who had, before India's independence, affirmed that "Goa cannot be allowed to exist as a separate entity in opposition to the laws of the free State [of India]".

Appasaheb Karmalkar, a bank employee with the Goa government took the reins of the National Liberation Movement Organization (NLMO) for the control of Portuguese-ruled Indian territories. The Goa People's Party and the then- Communist Party of India has been arming and mobilizing Warli Adivasis in the neighboring districts since the mid-40's. Com L.B. Dhangar, Roopji Kadu and 'Godutai' Godavari Parulekar led the Warli communists during the Dadra Nagar Haveli struggle against Portuguese colonialism, around the slogan of 'Land to the tiller'!

Simultaneously the Azad Gomantak Dal (AGD), led by Vishwanath Lavande, Dattatreya Deshpande, Prabhakar Sinari and Gole, along with volunteers of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh led by Raja Wakankar and Nana Kajrekar had been planning an armed assault on Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Wakankar and Kajrekar visited the area around Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman several times in 1953 to study the topography and to get acquainted with workers and leaders who were agitating for the merger of the Portuguese territory with India.

The National Movement Organisation (NMO), Azad Gomantak Dal (AGD) and RSS agreed to form a United Front for liberation of D & N, in April 1954. Raja Wakankar and Nana Kajrekar of RSS reported that Lavachha, a village in Union of India, which was situated in between Dadra And Nagar Haveli, which was separated from each other by 4 km belt of land, was the most suitable place for liberation operation

In April 1954 the NLMO, AGD and RSS agreed to form a United Front for invasion of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. At a meeting in Elphinstone garden, an armed assault was planned. Independently, another organization, United Front of Goans (UFG), also pursued similar plans.

On 21 July 1954, the Communist Party of India forced the Portuguese to retreat from Dadra, a small landlocked territory bordering Nagar Haveli under leaders like Francis Mascarenhas, Narayan Palekar, Parulekar, Vaz, Rodriguez, Cunha.

J.D. Nagarwala, DIG of the Special Reserve Police, which had been deployed along the territory, had been sympathetic with the separatists. He had himself visited the area often and advised the separatists on the next moves.

The Portuguese situation
The situation all around Dadra and Nagar Haveli was controlled by Special Reserve Police (SRP) of the Government of India. Mr. J. D. Nagarwala DIG was in overall control of SRP with the purpose of checking and preventing the infiltration of military personnel and material from Goa to Nagar Aveli, via Damão and Dadra. The SRP also controlled the entry of civilians, to and from the Portuguese areas, by issuing permits, to stop the possibility of infiltration of undesirable persons, like workers and leaders of Communist Party. The Portuguese Chief of Police at Silvassa, Señ. Falcão, had a total Police force of 329 constables – out of which, 3 were at Dadra and 9 were at Naroly.

Dadra was surrounded from all sides by Indian territory and Naroly would get isolated by River Daman-Ganga during the Monsoon. So, it was decided, by the separatists, to take over Dadra and Naroly during Monsoon, in the month of July. And the takeover of Silvassa would be worked out after occupying Dadra and Naroly.

Invasion of Dadra
Dadra had a total of 3 police officers to maintain law and security in the region. The UFG, led by Francis Mascarenhas, Viman Sardesai and others, attacked the police station of Dadra on the night of 22 July 1954, assassinating Aniceto Rosário, inspector at Dadra Police Station. There were 2 other police guards in the police station, who were overpowered by the UFG forces. The next morning, an Indian flag was hoisted to declare Dadra a free territory. A panchayat for Dadra was formed under the administration of Jayanti Bhai Desai.

Invasion of Naroly
A total of 6 police officers were in charge of the security in the Naroly region, at that time. On 28 July some 20 to 25 RSS activists led by Wakankar and 8 to 10 AGD volunteer fighters led by Sinari crossed the Darotha river and reached Naroly and stormed the police station. The Chief, his constable and the other 4 Portuguese police officers were forced to surrender. Thus on 28 July 1954 Naroly was liberated from Portuguese rule. On 29 July a Panchayat for Naroli was established.

Invasion of Luhari
On 30 July, close to 200,000 Indian Adivasi Communist protestors rallied on the Indian side of the Dadra Nagar Haveli borders. The small police force was unable to restrain them and a detachment charged into Luhari village. 35 other villages in the Daman-Ganga area were attacked by the Adivasi people on that day.

While the Indian troops were supportive of the liberation struggle, the Morarji Desai-led Congress government was wary of allowing Communists to lead the struggle. The CPI was the biggest national opposition party at the time and the union government was anxious to contain its sphere of influence. Top leaders, including Com. Roopji Kadu, were arrested from Silvassa and the Special Reserve Police was deployed at the borders to not allow Communist detachments to enter. Instead, it was the RSS that led the charge into the town of Silvassa, whom by now had made arrangements to receive 150 trained militants from Poona.

Invasion of Silvassa
After Naroly had been captured, there were rumors that thousands of Warli communists as well as UFG fighters were planning an attack on Silvassa. The Portuguese police, under the leadership of Captain Virgílio Fidalgo, retreated to Silvassa, leaving only 5 officers to protect the village of Piparia – a village north of Silvassa, bordering the Indian village of Lavachha. The separatists led by volunteers of the RSS and the AGD took this opportunity, crossed the river and captured Piparia.

Captain Fidalgo was asked by the separatists (led by Karmalkar) to surrender, but as there was no response from the Administrator the separatists decided to march towards Silvassa. Two units were led by the RSS and the third was led by the AGD. All three units moved from three different directions to Silvassa. Fidalgo with 150 Police personnel fled south, to the village of Khanvel, leaving the separatists with no resistance as they entered Silvassa on 2 August. They then declared the territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli independent. The RSS's Kajrekar was placed in charge of the unit, while the AGD's Lavande was put in charge of treasury.

Surrender of Captain Fidalgo
Rumors were circulating that Portuguese reinforcements were coming to Nagar Haveli from Goa via Daman, so Kajrekar immediately contacted Nagarwala and requested a wireless set to enable the separatists to keep in contact with the Indian SRP Headquarters. The wireless set obtained from the Indian SRP was installed in one of the houses by the riverside. Bandu Karkhanis, an RSS volunteer, who knew how to operate the wireless set was put in charge. He was under instructions that in case of an emergency, he should throw the set in the river, cross the river and take shelter in the Indian territory which was just nearby and protected by Indian SRP.

Captain Fidalgo who was moving deep in Nagar Haveli with his 150 men were constantly followed by the militants. While the Portuguese set up rearguard defenses on the river bank, the Indian volunteer forces crossed the flooded river with local ferries on 10 August, assaulting the Portuguese forces at Khanvel and forcing them to retreat. The Portuguese unit eventually surrendered to the SRP at Ulad (Udva) on 11 August 1954.

At a public meeting, Karmalkar was chosen as the first administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

Integration into India

The integration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli into India was not recognized by any other countries before 1974. In the decision of 12 April 1960 in the "Case Concerning Right of Passage Over Indian Territory", the International Court of Justice clearly stated that Portugal had sovereign rights over the territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli but India had the right to deny passage to armed personnel of Portugal over Indian territories. The residents of the former colony requested the Government of India for administrative help. K.G. Badlani, an officer of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) was sent as the administrator.

From 1954 to 1961, the territory was administered as Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli by a body called the Varishta Panchayat of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

During the years the territories enjoyed de facto independence, mail from Dadra and Nagar Haveli was routed through the Indian town of Vapi close to the border. Initially, remaining stocks of stamps of Portuguese India were overprinted LIBERATED AREAS in two lines. A single revenue stamp was also issued by Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

In 1961 when Indian forces took over Goa, Daman, and Diu, Badlani was, for one day, designated the Prime Minister of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, so that, as Head of Government, he could sign an agreement with the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, and formally merge Dadra and Nagar Haveli with the Republic of India. This was done by the Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of India.

The territory was only recognized as part of the Indian Union, together with all the other former Portuguese possessions, after the recognition of that fact by Portugal, after the Carnation Revolution of 1974. A treaty was signed on 31 December 1974 between India and Portugal on recognition of India's sovereignty over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

Until 2006, Portugal continued to grant Portuguese citizenship to all natives of Dadra and Nagar Haveli who wished to have it. In that year, this was amended to include only those who had been born before 19 December 1961.

See Also
Maratha handover of Nagar Haveli (1783)
Portuguese purchase of Dadra (1785)

References

External links
Case Concerning Right of Passage Over Indian Territory

Annexation
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Indian independence movement
1954 in India
1954 in Portugal
India–Portugal relations
Military history of India
Conflicts in 1954
July 1954 events in Asia
August 1954 events in Asia
Invasions by India
Communist Party of India

Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli


Fred H. Moore (1882–1933) was a socialist lawyer and the defense attorney of the controversial Sacco and Vanzetti case. He had collaborated in many labor and Industrial Workers of the World trials.  He played a minor role in several celebrated I.W.W. trials, including the Los Angeles Times bombing case in 1911 and the Ettor–Giovannitti case, which arose from the 1912 Lawrence, Massachusetts, textile strike. Following the acquittal of Ettor and Giovannitti, Moore spent the next several years roaming the country defending I.W.W. organizers.  He was involved in the Centralia massacre trial and the mass prosecution, on charges of sedition, of the I.W.W. in Chicago in 1918.  Errors in a later trial, however, led Big Bill Haywood to demand Moore's resignation as I.W.W. attorney in 1920.  Moore's career was revived by his being hired to head the defense team for Sacco and Vanzetti in the summer of 1920.

Sacco and Vanzetti case

Many Italians involved with the defense of Sacco and Vanzetti were suspicious of Moore from the start, but they desperately needed a lawyer, any lawyer. "We didn't know what to do", said Aldino Felicani, head of the Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee. "We were just in despair." Arriving in Boston and meeting with the two defendants, Moore immediately saw the case as more than a murder trial.  The uncompromising anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti, Moore realized, had the potential to spark an international cause célèbre. While preparing his courtroom case, Moore began alerting labor and socialist organizations in America and Europe, thus setting the stage for the worldwide attention the two men would later draw.

But Moore's style annoyed more than the Defense Committee. Unkempt and utterly indifferent to decorum, he inspired little confidence in his clients. Sacco came to loathe Moore, and Vanzetti later regretted hiring him. In a letter written to Moore from prison, Sacco signed "Your implacable enemy, now and forever, Nick Sacco." Their fears were borne out in court, where Moore proved both incompetent and inflammatory. In the steamy courtroom, he frequently took off his jacket, and once, his shoes, enraging Judge Webster Thayer. Thayer routinely denied Moore's motions and lectured the California-based lawyer on how law was conducted in Massachusetts. Thayer once told reporters that "no long-haired anarchist from California can run this court!"

Fred Moore was considered by some much more than a criminal defense attorney. Eugene Lyons, a strong socialist who later went on to be a senior editor of Reader's Digest described Moore as an idealist with "no conscience once he decided his client was innocent. He would stop at nothing, frame evidence, suborn witnesses, have his people work on witnesses who had seen the wrong things". Lyons worked with Moore on publicity to stimulate the sympathies of those who were unaware of the two Italian anarchists' trials.

Moore's summation before the jury likewise failed to mention other factors that might have acquitted the men, including a cap found at the scene that did not fit Sacco and anomalies concerning Vanzetti's gun.

After Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted, however, Moore's passion for politics and notoriety consumed him.  For the next three years, he dug up evidence in his clients' defense while simultaneously publicizing the case through worldwide labor channels. While the names Sacco and Vanzetti were chanted in marches across Europe and later South America, Moore filed appeal after appeal, keeping the men from a quick trip to the electric chair. He also interviewed several prosecution witnesses, raising doubts that still dog the case. However, Moore continued to anger both the defendants and their defense committee, and was dismissed from the case in 1924. He returned to Los Angeles to live with his ailing mother. He never tried another case. He did however, weigh in on the Sacco-Vanzetti case. In 1928, after the men had been executed, author Upton Sinclair interviewed Moore in connection with a book Sinclair was writing about the case. Sinclair was stunned to hear that Moore had come to conclude that both Sacco and Vanzetti were guilty. Many have since cited this as proof of their guilt, but others were skeptical. "Fred is embittered because he was dropped from the case and it has poisoned his mind", said one of Moore's many ex-wives. Boston corporate attorney William Thompson, who waged a spirited defense of the men following Moore's dismissal, never doubted the innocence of Sacco and Vanzetti. "To have known you 6 years ago", Vanzetti wrote to Thompson in 1926, "I would never have been a convict."

Death
Moore died of cancer in Los Angeles in 1933.

References

External links
 Summation of Fred Moore for the Sacco and Vanzetti defense

California lawyers
Criminal defense lawyers
Industrial Workers of the World people
1882 births
1933 deaths
American socialists

Fred Moore (attorney)


Colin Banton (born 15 September 1969) is a South African born former English cricketer. Banton was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Fish Hoek, Cape Province.

Banton made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire in 1995. He made 6 further first-class appearances for the county that season, the last coming against Warwickshire in the County Championship.  In his 7 first-class appearances for Nottinghamshire, he scored 292 runs at a batting average of 29.20, with 2 half centuries and a high score of 80*.  His highest score came on debut against Cambridge University.  In that same season he made his List A debut for the county against Lancashire in the 1995 Benson & Hedges Cup. His second and final List A appearance came in the same season against Essex.  In his 2 matches, he scored 41 runs at an average of 20.50, with a high score of 40.

After leaving Nottinghamshire, he made a single MCCA Knockout Trophy appearance for Buckinghamshire in 1996 against Devon.   He also previously had played Second XI cricket for the Middlesex Second XI in 1993.

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
People from Fish Hoek
English people of South African descent
English cricketers
Nottinghamshire cricketers
Buckinghamshire cricketers
Cricketers from the Western Cape

Colin Banton