Anmar (, ) is an Arabic tribe consisting mainly of the Adnanite Arabs.

While Mudar was supposed to have a son, Anmar's tribes had perished. The Prophet says Anmar was one of the tribes of Yemen, a son of Saba the Qahtanite.

One of Anmar ibn Nizar's children, Khath'am, managed to survive. He was the ancestor of the tribe named after him.

References

Tribes of Arabia

Anmar


Susan Jane Smith  (born 1956) is a British geographer and academic. Since 2009, she has been mistress of Girton College, Cambridge. Smith previously held the Ogilvie Chair of Geography at the University of Edinburgh from 1990 to 2004 and until 2009 was a professor of geography at Durham University, where she played a key role in establishing the Institute of Advanced Study. On 1 October 2011, she was conferred the title of Honorary Professor of Social and Economic Geography in the Department of Geography at the University of Cambridge for five years, which was renewed until 2021.

She studied at Oxford University, reading geography at St Anne's College and completing her DPhil at Nuffield College. She held research fellowships at St Peter's College, Oxford,  Brunel University and the University of Glasgow.

Smith's research is concerned with the challenge of inequality, addressing themes such as residential segregation, housing for health, and fear of crime. Her current work focuses on inequalities in the housing market. In 2010, Smith gave the Tanner Lectures on Human Values at Cambridge University with the title "Care-full markets – Miracle or Mirage?" which examined—from a perspective of the ethics of care—the moral economy of the housing market. Her work combines qualitative and quantitative approaches, and she is interested in an array of participatory techniques. In collaboration with Dr Mia Gray and the Menagerie Theatre Company, Smith has developed a project on "public choices in times of austerity", an experiment in dramatising the findings of a study in Interactive Forum Theatre style.

Smith plays euphonium with the City of Cambridge Brass Band.

Honours
In 1999, Smith was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences (FAcSS). In 2000, she was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In 2008, she was elected Fellow of the British Academy (FBA).  In 2010, she was appointed a Tanner lecturer at Clare Hall, Cambridge, a recognition for "uncommon achievement and outstanding abilities in the field of human values". In 2014, she was awarded the Victoria Medal of the Royal Geographical Society.

References

1956 births
Living people
Academics of Durham University
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Mistresses of Girton College, Cambridge
Fellows of St Peter's College, Oxford
Fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences
Fellows of the British Academy
Alumni of St Anne's College, Oxford
British geographers
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Alumni of Nuffield College, Oxford
Women geographers
Victoria Medal recipients

Susan J. Smith


Johan Wester (born 19 December 1967 in Lund, Sweden) is a Swedish comedian and actor.

Together with Anders Jansson he wrote and created the comedy sketch-show Hipphipp!. He has been a contestant in the Swedish TV game show På spåret three times and ended up as winner twice, 2007/2008 and 2008/2009.

In 2010 he acted in the Swedish production of Spamalot at Nöjesteatern in Malmö.

In 2012, he became the host for Intresseklubben, a Swedish version of the British panel show QI.

References

Swedish comedians
1967 births
Living people

Johan Wester


Marc Breslow (July 7, 1925 – December 1, 2015) was an American television director, specializing in game shows for Mark Goodson Productions. Breslow was the director throughout the CBS and syndicated run of Match Game during the 1970s and early 1980s, as well as the CBS and syndicated run of Card Sharks during the late 1980s, as well as Classic Concentration, during the late 1980s and early 1990s, and was the original director of the 1972 version of The Price Is Right. Breslow was relieved of his position as director of The Price Is Right by Mark Goodson in 1986 due to clashes with the show's former host, Bob Barker. Paul Alter replaced Breslow as director of The Price Is Right, though Breslow remained on The Price Is Right credits until 1996 under the title of Creative Consultant as part of a 10-year, $1 million severance package. He continued to direct other shows for Mark Goodson Productions. Breslow died on December 1, 2015, at the age of 90.

References

External links

1925 births
2015 deaths
American television directors
Mass media people from Kansas City, Missouri

Marc Breslow


James Edward Brewton (November 4, 1930 – May 11, 1967) was an American painter and printmaker who synthesized expressionism, graffiti and Pataphysics.

He was born November 4, 1930, in Toledo, Ohio, and died by suicide in Philadelphia at age 36, on May 11, 1967. At the time of his death, Brewton was beginning to distinguish himself as one of Philadelphia's premier painters and printmakers.

Training and career
While in his teens, Brewton studied drawing at the Toledo Museum of Art and painting with John Charvet. At 21, Brewton joined the Marines and served in the Korean War. He did surprisingly well, climbing to the rank of sergeant. Combat changed him, however: He became a pacifist, protesting the Vietnam War and painting antiwar works. Brewton's health was wrecked, and he was increasingly plagued by debilitating spine problems.

Although Brewton's style became expressionistic and inspired by graffiti, his training was traditional. Taking advantage of the G.I. Bill, he studied at the Ruskin School at Oxford in 1954-55 and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (PAFA) from 1955 through 1958. At PAFA, Brewton was a protégé of Franklin C. Watkins and Hobson Pittman. Pittman owned a self-portrait by Brewton, which he featured during tours of his art collection (like the one organized by the Radcliffe Club of Philadelphia in 1961) and exhibited in the show, "Paintings, Drawings, Prints, and Sculpture Collected and Owned by Fourteen Philadelphia Artists."

Marcel Duchamp was a guest lecturer at PAFA, and Brewton riffed off of Duchamp's work throughout his life. At The Print Club (now The Print Center), where Brewton worked on weekends, he first saw the work of Asger Jorn and was greatly impressed by the wildly expressive and colorful work of the CoBrA group. Among Brewton's friends were Claire Van Vliet, Erik Nyholm, and Jim McWilliams; through Van Vliet and Nyholm, Brewton later befriended Jorn, living in Denmark for months at a time. Other strong influences were André Breton and Alfred Jarry. These European, avant-garde inspirations were unusual for a Philadelphia-based artist in the 1950s.

Brewton's work won awards and prizes, and he was championed by critics in Philadelphia and New York while still a student. "Mr. Brewton's career was launched dramatically," ran his obituary in The Philadelphia Inquirer in 1967, "when his canvas 'The Suicide of Judas' won the prestigious $1000 Schiedt prize …. the tall ex-marine sergeant, a veteran of the Korean War, thus captured—at the very early age of 28—the same award William Glackens, Stuart Davis, Hans Hofmann, Ivan Albright and Charles Burchfield had earned in their maturity."

From his base in Philadelphia, Brewton traveled whenever he could, to Spain, France, England and Denmark. He and his then-partner, writer Barbara Holland, lived in Denmark during much of 1962. In early 1964, Brewton lent several works he owned to the Philadelphia Museum of Art's Asger Jorn exhibition.

In the last years of his life, Brewton was represented by Harry Kulkowitz's Kenmore Galleries, on Rittenhouse Square in Philadelphia. His prints were selling well, and the Philadelphia Museum of Art holds several in its permanent collection. From his colorful, CoBrA-inspired phase, Brewton had progressed to muted, wall-like pieces incorporating graffiti. By 1965, the works had evolved into a synthesis of graffiti ("anonymous and therefore for all mankind")  and Alfred Jarry's philosophy of 'Pataphysics. Brewton called these works "Graffiti Pataphysic" and also continued to paint portraits.

By the time he died in 1967, Brewton had "had several one-man shows, and museum curators were beginning to exhibit interest," as Nessa Forman wrote in The Philadelphia Inquirer. "There was an artist," Forman continued, "who was ahead of his time, who was brilliant, sensitive and nonviolent, who loved his art and just wanted to paint. And he committed suicide…."

Illness and death
In pain and facing partial paralysis even if spine surgery were successful, Brewton shot himself at around 3 p.m. on May 11, 1967. Four days after his death, Brewton's work was shown at the Socrates Perakis gallery in Philadelphia, along with that of Jim McWilliams, Thomas Chimes and sculptor Paul Anthony Greenwood. "Artist's Suicide Gives Tragic Overtone to Exhibit," ran the headline of Dorothy Grafly's review.

A year later, a memorial show was held at the Peale Galleries at PAFA. Hobson Pittman wrote for the catalogue, "A truly gifted artist. … Jim Brewton, from his earliest work, gave evidence of a peculiar and constant search for the nebulous and metaphysical symbol. … His standard of judgement was … innate, as it is with genuinely endowed artists. His deep understanding of aesthetics was evident in everything he did."

Recent exhibits
After a 1971 memorial solo show at Kenmore Galleries, Brewton's work was scattered and he was gradually forgotten by the public. "But not by his only child," wrote Edith Newhall in The Philadelphia Inquirer. In 2008, Brewton's daughter and friends incorporated the James E. Brewton Foundation and began hunting for his artwork, eventually uncovering hundreds of paintings, prints and constructions. Brewton's portrait of Edgar Allan Poe was shown at Woodmere Art Museum in 2012  and, in 2014, his first solo exhibition in 43 years was mounted at Slought. The solo at Slought, part of a conference organized by the Philadelphia Avant-Garde Studies Consortium at the University of Pennsylvania, "catches Brewton about four years after the elegant realism of his student days," wrote Newhall, concentrating on his Pataphysically influenced works. "Watching the creative leaps and bounds in this selection of a mere 28 works," Newhall continued, "one senses that Brewton knew his lifespan as an artist would be sharply circumscribed - that the sky was the limit."

References

External links
 James E. Brewton Foundation, Inc.
 Philadelphia Avant-Garde Studies Consortium, Inc.
 Slought
 CoBrA Museum
 Museum Jorn (formerly Silkeborg Museum of Art)
 Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
 Philadelphia Museum of Art
 The Print Center (formerly The Print Club)
 Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art
 Toledo Museum of Art

1930 births
1967 deaths
Modern painters
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Abstract painters
Artists from Toledo, Ohio
Painters from Ohio
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni
Suicides by firearm in Pennsylvania
Painters who died by suicide
Alumni of the Ruskin School of Art
Suicides in Philadelphia
1967 suicides
United States Marine Corps non-commissioned officers
20th-century American male artists

James E. Brewton


Kyan Douglas (born Hugh Edward Douglas Jr.; May 5, 1970) is an American television personality and stylist. He was the grooming expert on the American television program Queer Eye from 2003 to 2007.

Biography
Born Hugh Edward Douglas Jr. in Miami, Florida, Kyan Douglas was raised in Tampa and Tallahassee. He has a sister, Kelli (who first taught him about styling hair). After high school he moved first to Dallas, where he studied philosophy at Brookhaven College and first became interested in religion and the healing arts. He then moved to Austin, where he had initially planned to pursue his interest in acting by studying drama at the University of Texas at Austin, though he was precluded by his extreme shyness. In his mid-twenties, he moved to New Orleans, where he earned a degree in TV production and theater studies at Loyola University. In 1996 three of Douglas' close friends were murdered in a restaurant robbery where both they and Douglas worked. This motivated him to leave New Orleans.

Douglas was in a serious relationship with publicist and gay rights activist Gregory Durham from March 2004 to August 2006. In July 2006, they became briefly engaged. He was previously rumored to be dating (in fall 2003)  Queer as Folk actor Robert Gant. Gant confirmed to TV Guide that the pair had dated briefly, but were just friends.

Douglas moved from New York to Los Angeles, California in 2007. He told the now defunct TV show Out in Dallas that he wanted to pursue acting, and was taking acting classes. In November 2007, he told Sirius satellite radio channel OutQ that he was in the process of purchasing land in Mexico, and was considering opening a yoga retreat there.

Career
Douglas moved to New York City in 1999 and started work in sales for Aveda, then helped them set up the Aveda Institute, a hairstyling and grooming school. He enrolled in its cosmetology program, and after graduating at the top of his class, he joined the New York-based hair salon Arrojo Studio as a colorist. He began working on the makeover TV shows What Not to Wear and While You Were Out as well. In 2002, a client at Arrojo told him about a makeover show that was being cast. Kyan sent a photo of himself and a short bio he'd written to the producers. They called him for an audition and quickly hired him as the show's "Grooming Guru".

As part of Queer Eye "Fab Five" Douglas has co-authored a book and appeared on a soundtrack CD and accompanying DVD based on the show, as well as appeared on many magazine covers and TV talk shows. In 2004 he published Beautified, his own book on grooming for women, and became a spokesman and product advisor for L'Oréal. He was also invited back to speak at his alma mater Loyola University New Orleans in 2004.

In 2009, he took over as host of Ten Years Younger (starting with the show's fourth season) on TLC.

Awards
Queer Eye won an Emmy in 2004 for Outstanding Reality Program, and received a nomination again in the same category in 2005. In 2006, Douglas was awarded the HRC's Humanitarian Award for his work with a number of charities, including HRC, DIFFA, and AmFAR.

References

External links

1970 births
Living people
Primetime Emmy Award winners
LGBT people from Florida
Loyola University New Orleans alumni
People from Tallahassee, Florida
Mass media people from Miami
American LGBT broadcasters
Television personalities from Florida

Kyan Douglas


Joule's laws are two: first about heat produced by an electric current, and second about how the energy of a gas relates to pressure, volume.

Joule's first law shows the relation between heat generated by an electric current flowing through a conductor. It is named after James Prescott Joule and shown as:

Where Q is the amount of heat, I is the electric current flowing through a conductor, R is the amount of electric resistance present in the conductor, and t is the amount of time that this happens for.

Joule's second law says that the internal energy of an ideal gas does not change if volume and pressure change, but does change if temperature changes.

Joule's law is important.

References

Thermodynamics
Electricity

Joule's laws


Rymnio is a village located in Aiani municipal unit, Kozani regional unit, in the Greek region of Macedonia. It is situated on the south shore of the Aliakmon River at an altitude of 330 meters.  The postal code is 50500, while the telephone code is +30 24640. At the 2011 census, the population was 161.

The town of Kozani, the seat of the region, is 29 km from Rymnio.

References

Populated places in Kozani (regional unit)
Kozani

Rymnio


This is a 'list of women's organization by  civics

International

 Alliance of Pan American Round Tables – founded 1916 to foster women's relationships throughout the Americas
 Arab Feminist Union – founded 1945
 Associated Country Women of the World – international organization formed in 1933
 The Association of Junior League International – Women's development organization founded in 1901
 Beta Sigma Phi – founded 1931
 Communist Women's International (1920–1930) – established to advance communist ideas among women
 Council of Women World Leaders – Membership of nearly all the world's current and former women presidents and prime ministers
 Ellevate Network – Global professional network dedicated to closing the gender achievement gap (founded 1997)
 Equality Now – founded in 1992 to ensure gender equality and an end to violence against women
 Every Woman Foundation – celebrating International Women's Day
 Gather the Women Global Matrix — A global grassroots network of women activating the Divine Feminine in Leadership (founded 2003)
 Graduate Women International – Organized to promote women's education (founded 1919)
 Inner Wheel Club – founded 1924 for the wives and daughters of Rotarians
 International Alliance of Women – founded in 1904 to advocate suffrage
 International Alliance for Women – founded 1980 for professional women
 International Association of Women Police – (established 1915) network for women in law enforcement and criminal justice
 International Council of Women – founded in the year 1888, first international women's organization
 International Federation for Research in Women's History – founded 1987, organizes international conferences
 International Federation of Business and Professional Women – founded 1930, network for professional women
International Federation of Women Lawyers – founded 1944, enhances the status of women and children by providing legal aid, legal literacy and education programs, and through advocacy, law reform, research and publications
 International Women's Forum – founded 1974
 International Women's Health Coalition – founded 1984, based in New York to advocate for issues pertaining to women's health, this foundation also helps bring to light severe issues such as the stigmatization of women's health
 International Women's Suffrage Alliance – major suffrage organization
 LeanIn.Org – founded in 2013, runs programs that counter gender stereotypes and advance opportunities for all women. Time's Up (movement)
 Little Entente of Women – umbrella organization for Eastern European women's groups
 National Association of Women in Construction – founded 1955 for the advancement of women in construction
 National Organization for Women – women's equal rights group
 National Women's Register – covers various countries and is a mother's day out program for stay-at-home caregivers
 Nobel Women's Initiative – founded by women Nobel Peace Prize winners
 One Billion Rising – founded 2012, against rape and beating
Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World
P.E.O. Sisterhood – philanthropic organization with chapters in North America (organized 1869)
 Quota International – empowering women, children, deaf, hard-of-hearing, and speech impaired (founded 1919)
 Peace X Peace – founded 2002
Relief Society – Worldwide charitable and educational organization of women in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (founded 1842)
 St. Joan's International Alliance – Feminist Catholic organization founded in 1911
 Soroptimist International – Worldwide service-organisation for women (founded 1921)
 Socialist International Women – founded 1907
 Sweet Adelines International – founded 1945 for women's barbershop harmony singers
 The RINJ Foundation – civil society women's group focused on safety of women & children particularly from sexual exploitation & violence (founded 2012)
TimesUp – organisation all around the world (famous ambassadors: Emma Watson, Meryl Streep)
 UNIFEM – United Nations Development Fund for Women (established 1976)
 UN Women – established 2010
 United Methodist Women – founded in 1869
 Woman's Christian Temperance Union – Anti-alcohol movement (founded 1874)
 Womankind Worldwide – supporting women in Africa, Asia and Latin America
 Women Deliver – a global advocacy organization that works to generate political commitment and financial investment for fulfilling Millennium Development Goal 5 – reducing maternal mortality and achieving universal access to reproductive health.
 Women Without Borders – founded 2002, empowering women as agents of change
 Women for Women International – for women survivors of war
 Women in Animation – in support of women animators
 Women in Parliaments Global Forum – in support of women parliamentarians
 Women in the World Foundation
 Women's Commission For Refugee Women and Children – Seeks to defend rights of refugee women, youth and children (organized 1989)
 Women's Environment & Development Organization – Advocates women's equality in global policy (created 1990)
 Women's International Democratic Federation – founded in 1945 in Paris, organization aimed at improving women's economic rights
 Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) – Women's peace movement (created 1915)
 Women's International Zionist Organization – Founded in 1929 to provide community services in Mandate Palestine, now active in Israel and throughout the Jewish world
 Women's World Banking founded 1979, empowering low-income women around the world through financial inclusion
 Women's WorldWide Web (W4) – Empowering women and girls around the world (founded 2010)
 World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts – founded 1928
 World Pulse – Women's Social Network to connect women globally (founded 2003)
 Young Women's Christian Association – Originally created to provide housing and other services to Christian women (founded 1855)
 Zonta International – founded 1919, a global organization of executives and professionals working together to advance the status of women worldwide through service and advocacy

Africa
ABANTU for Development – seeks to empower women in politics, economy, and development
African Women's Development Fund – founded 2001, supporting women's rights organizations
Akina Mama wa Afrika – founded 1985
Amal Women's Training Center and Moroccan Restaurant – helps disadvantaged women gain work experience by training them in the culinary arts
Association Solidarité Féminine – helps single mothers gain work experience by training them at the association's restaurant, patisserie, and hammamFEMNET – founded 1988
Network for Locally Elected Women of Africa (REFELA) – founded 2011
Sande society – initiating girls into adulthood
Women'sNet – South African support for women activists using technology
WOUGNET – Women of Uganda Network

Angola
Organization of Angolan Women (OMA) – founded 1962

Burundi
National Women's Forum (FNF) – founded 2013

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Dynamique des femmes jurists – founded 2006
Nothing Without Women – founded 2015
Fifty Percent Women or Nothing Dynamic - founded 2019
Women's Association for the Promotion and Endogenous Development (AFPDE) – founded 1999

Egypt
Egyptian Centre for Women's Rights – founded 1996
Egyptian Feminist Union – founded 1923
Mabarrat Muhammad 'Ali or Muhammad 'Ali Benevolent Society, (1909–1964)

Eswatini
Eswatini Single Mothers Organization (SWASMO) – founded 2009

Ethiopia
KMG Ethiopia – founded 1997

Ghana
Mbaasem Foundation, founded 2000 by Ama Ata Aidoo
National Council of Ghana Women (NCGW), 1960–1966
National Federation of Gold Coast Women (NFGCW), 1953–1960
Sirigu Women's Organisation for Pottery and Art (SWOPA), founded 1997

Ivory Coast
Association des Femmes Ivoiriennes – founded 1963

Kenya
Maendeleo Ya Wanawake – founded 1952, women / yahya's rights

Liberia
National Liberian Women's Social and Political Movement (NLWSPM), 1920 by Maude A. Morris
Liberian Women's Social and Political Movement, founded 1946 by Sarah Simpson-George

Libya
Voice of Libyan Women (VLW) – founded 2011

Mali
Association des Juristes Maliennes (AJM) – founded 1988

Mauritania
The Association of Women Heads of Households (AFCF) – founded 1999 by Aminetou Mint El-Moctar

Morocco
Amal Women's Training Center and Moroccan Restaurant – founded 2012
Democratic Association of Moroccan Women – founded 1985
Association Solidarité Féminine – founded 1985 by Aïcha Chenna
Miss Moto Maroc – founded 2011

Mozambique
 Organization of Mozambican Women – founded 1973

Namibia
Epako Women's Center – founded 2011
Namibia Women's Action for Equality Party – founded 1994
Sister Namibia – founded 1989

Nigeria
DeltaWomen – founded 2010
International Women's Society – founded 1957
National Association of Nigerian Prostitutes
National Centre for Women Development (NCWD) – founded 1997
National Commission for Women (NCW) – founded 1988
Rural Women Energy Security (RUWES) – founded 2013
Women in Management, Business and Public Service (WIMBIZ) – founded 2001
Women Consortium of Nigeria (WOCON) – founded 1993 by Bisi Olateru-Olagbegi
Women in Nigeria (WIN) – founded 1982
Women's Technology Empowerment Centre (W.TEC) – founded 2008

Republic of the Congo
African Women's Union of the Congo (UFAC)
Femmes-Caïmans – founded 1956

Rwanda
Pro-Femmes Twese Hamwe – founded 1992

Senegal
Henriette-Bathily Women's Museum – opened 1994
Yewwu-Yewwi – founded 1984

Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone Women's Movement (SLWM) – founded 1951 by Constance Cummings-John
National Congress of Sierra Leone Women (NCSLW) – founded 1960

Somalia
Abay Siti – founded 19th century
IIDA Women's Development Organisation – founded 1991
Puntland Women Lawyers Association
Sixth Clan – founded 2002 by Asha Haji Elmi
Somali Women's Democratic Organization – founded 1977

South Africa
African National Congress Women's League – founded 1948, replacing Bantu Women's League founded 1918 by Charlotte Maxeke
Natal Organisation of Women – founded 1983
National Movement of Rural Women (NMRW) – founded 1990
Women Forward – founded 2008
Women's Enfranchisement Association of the Union – founded 1911

Uganda
Association of Uganda Professional Women in Agriculture and Environment
Eliezah Foundation Initiative Uganda – founded 2005
FEMRITE – women writers association, founded 1995
Uganda Women Parliamentary Association
Uganda Women's Network
Women At Work International – founded 2003
WOUGNET – founded 2000

Zambia
Zambia Alliance of Women – founded 1978
Zambian National Women's Lobby – founded 1991

Zimbabwe
Akashinga – founded 2017
Zimbabwe Women Writers – founded 1990
Zimbabwe Women's Bureau – founded 1978
Zimbabwe Women's Resource Centre and Network – founded 1990

Asia
 All-China Women's Federation (ACWF)
 Arab Feminist Union
 Honour for Women National Campaign – India
 OYSS Women
 Na'amat – Israel-based women's organization
 National Alliance of Taiwan Women's Associations (NATWA)
 WomensHub – Philippines support for women activists using technology

Afghanistan

Afghan Women's Business Federation – founded 2005
Afghan Women's Council – founded 1978
Afghan Women's Network – founded 1996
Anjuman-i Himayat-i-Niswan – founded 1928
Democratic Women's Organisation of Afghanistan – founded 1965
Kapisa Women's Center – founded 2008
Ministry of Women's Affairs (Afghanistan) – founded 2001
Women for Afghan Women – founded 2001
Women's Welfare Association – founded 1946
Young Women for Change – founded 2011

Bahrain
Supreme Council for Women – advisory body to the government

Bangladesh
Bangladesh Homeworkers Women Association
Bangladesh Mahila Parishad – founded 1970
Bangladesh Mahila Samiti
Bangladesh National Women Lawyers' Association

China
Tiananmen Mothers – founded 1989

East Timor
Rede Feto – established 2000, umbrella organization

India
All Bengal Women's Union, founded 1932
All India Federation of Women Lawyers
All India Women's Conference, founded 1927, the third national women's organisation
Angami Women Organization
Association of Theologically Trained Women of India
Bharatiya Grameen Mahila Sangh (National Association of Rural Women India)
Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Andolan (Indian Muslim Women's Movement)
Bhumata Brigade
Centre for Equality and Inclusion
Centre for Women's Development Studies
Confederation of Women Entrepreneurs
Friends of Women's World Banking
Gulabi Gang
Honour for Women National Campaign
Indian Women Scientists' Association
Mahila Atma Raksha Samiti, women's rights
Ministry of Women and Child Development
Msf Haritha, founded 2012, empowering women
Nari Mukti Sangh founded 1990, women's liberation
National Council of Women in India, founded in 1925, the second national women's organisation
Odanadi Seva Trust, founded 1984, trafficking
OYSS Women
Project Nanhi Kali, supporting girls' education
RAHI Foundation, incest and abuse support
Sabala Organization, women's empowerment
Sanlaap, women's rights
Self Employed Women's Association
Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad, women's cooperative
Women's Indian Association, founded 1917, the first national women's organisation
Working Women's Forum, founded 1976, empowering poor women

Indonesia
Aisyiyah, founded 1917, women's empowerment
Gerakan Wanita Sosialis
Isteri-Sedar
Murba Women's Union
Wanita Indonesia
Working Women's Front
 Perikatan Perempuan Indonesia, founded 1928, the first national women's organization

Iran
Jam'iyat-e Nesvan-e Vatankhah, founded 1918
Kanoun-e-Banovan, founded 1935
Mourning Mothers, mothers of children killed in violence

Iraq
Women's Awakening Club, founded 1923
General Federation of Iraqi Women, founded 1969
Iraqi Women's League, founded in the 1950s
Organization of Women's Freedom in Iraq, founded 2003
Republican Women's Organization, founded 1960

Israel
Bat Shalom, Jewish and Arab women for peace, established 1994
Coalition of Women for Peace
Haifa Women's Coalition
Israel Women's Network
Machsom Watch, controlling checkpoints
Na'amat, affiliated with the Labour Zionist Movement
Women of the Wall
Women's International Zionist Organization

Japan
Asia-Japan Women's Resource Center
Chifuren (National League of Regional Women's Organizations)
League of Women Voters of Japan, established 1945
New Japan Women's League, established 1946
New Women's Association (1920–1922)
Sekirankai, women's socialist organization

Lebanon
 Syrian-Lebanese Women's Union, founded 1920

Malaysia
All Women's Action Society
Sisters in Islam, founded 1988
Women's Aid Organisation

Nepal
ABC Nepal
Nepal Progressive Women's Federation
Rastriya Janashakti Mahila Sangh
Women LEAD

Myanmar
Myanmar Women's Affairs Federation
Shan Women's Action Network
Women's League of Burma, founded 1999

North Korea
Socialist Women's Union of Korea

Pakistan
All Pakistan Women's Association, founded 1949
Aurat Foundation, founded 1986
Blue Veins (Pakistan), health advocacy
Pakistan Federation of Business and Professional Women
Pakistan Foreign Office Women's Association
Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan, moved to Pakistan in early 1980s
Sindhiani Tahreek (Sindhi women's movement)
Tehrik-e-Niswan (The Woman's Movement)
Women Media Center
Women's Action Forum, established 1981

Palestine
Arab Women's Executive Committee, founded 1929
General Union of Palestinian Women, founded 1965

Philippines
Third World Movement Against the Exploitation of Women

Qatar
Qatari Women Association

Singapore
Young Women Muslim Association of Singapore

South Korea
Chanyang-hoe, founded 1898
Korea Women's Hot Line
Korean Women's Associations United, founded 1987
Korean Women Workers Association, founded 1987
Sunseong-hoe, founded 1896
Yo-u-hoe, founded 1899

Syria
 Syrian-Lebanese Women's Union, founded 1920
General Union of Syrian Women, founded 1967
Kongreya Star, founded 2005

Taiwan
Foundation of Women's Rights Promotion and Development
National Alliance of Taiwan Women's Associations, founded 2001

Thailand
Anjaree, gay rights
Shan Women's Action Network

United Arab Emirates
Dubai Women Establishment, established 2006

Yemen
 Adeni Women's Club, founded in 1943
 General Union of Yemeni Women, founded in 1968
 Women National Committee, founded 1996, government body
 Yemeni Women's Union, founded in 1990

Europe
European Feminist Forum
European Women's Lobby
National Alliance of Women's Organisations
Terre des Femmes
Zonta International, founded 1919, NGO Member Council of Europe, UN Consultative status

Albania
Gruaja Shiqiptare, founded in 1928

Austria
Allgemeiner Österreichischer Frauenverein

Azerbaijan
 Ali Bayramov Club, first women's organization in Azerbaijan, founded in 1920.

Belgium
Cercle des Femmes Peintres (1888–1893)
Ligue belge du droit des femmes, founded in 1892 in support of women's rights
Union des femmes de Wallonie, founded in 1912 for women in the French-speaking province of Wallonia

Bulgaria
Bulgarian Women's Union or Balgarski Zhenski Sayuz (1901–1944), umbrella organization

Czech Republic
Ženský Klub Český
Women's National Council

Denmark
Danish Women's Defence Association (Danske Kvinders Forsvarsforening), 1907–1921, in support of Denmark's neutrality
Danish Women's Society (Dansk Kvindesamfund), world's oldest women's rights organization, founded 1871
De Danske Husmoderforeninger (The Danish Housewives Associations)
Fødselsstiftelsen (Maternity Institution)
Kvindevalgretsforeningen (Women's Suffrage Association), women's organization (1889–1898) specifically focused on suffrage
Kvindelig Fremskridtsforening (Women's Progress Association) (1885–1893), focus on women's voting rights
Kvindelige Kunstneres Samfund (Society of Female Artists), founded 1916
Kvindelig Læseforening (Women Readers' Association), 1872–1945
Kvinderådet (The Women's Council in Denmark), Danish arm of the International Council of Women
KVINFO, The Danish Center for Research on Women and Gender
Landsforbundet for Kvinders Valgret (National Federation for Women's Right to Vote)
Lesbian Movement (Lesbisk Bevægelse), 1974–1985
Ligestillingsrådet, The Danish Equal Opportunities Council, 1975–2000
Red Stocking Movement (Rødstrømpebevægelsen) 1970–1985, left-wing women's rights movement

Estonia
Tartu Eesti Naesterahva Selts, founded 1907

Finland
Naisasialiitto Unioni, founded 1892, Finnish arm of the International Alliance of Women
Women's Bank, supporting women's businesses in developing countries

France
Association femmes et mathématiques, founded 1987
British and Commonwealth Women's Association, founded 1962
Fédération Française des Sociétés Féministes (1891–1893)
French Union for Women's Suffrage (1909–1944)
Gouines rouges, feminist lesbian movement
Groupe Feministe Socialiste, founded 1899
Kering Foundation
Ligue Française pour le Droit des Femmes
National Council of French Women, founded 1901
Ni Putes Ni SoumisesUnion des femmes pour la défense de Paris et les soins aux blessés, 1871, during the Paris Commune
Women's Grand Lodge Of France

Georgia
Taso Foundation, National Women's Fund and Memory Research Center

Germany

Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine (Federation of German Women's Associations) (1894–1933)
Democratic Women's League of Germany, founded 1947
Deutscher Verband für Frauenstimmrecht, suffrage organisation (1902–1919)
Deutscher Frauenring
Deutsches Frauenwerk, Nazi association
German Association of Female Citizens, founded 1865
League of German Girls (1930–1945), Nazi association
League of Jewish Women (Germany) (), founded 1904
National Socialist Women's League (1931–1945)
Queen Louise League or , founded 1923, pro-monarchic
Terre des Femmes, founded 1981

Greece
Greek League for Women's Rights, founded 1920

Hungary
Christian Women's League
Feminist Association (1904–1942), fought for women's equality in all areas
Sisters of Social Service

Iceland
Icelandic Women's Rights Association, founded 2007

Ireland
Cumann na mBan (Irish Women's Council), founded 1913
Cumann na Saoirse
Dublin Women's Suffrage Association fought for women's suffrage
Inghinidhe na hÉireann (1900–1914), daughters of Ireland
Irish Catholic Women's Suffrage Association, set up in Dublin in November 1915
Irish Countrywomen's Association
Irish Housewives Association (1942–1992)
Irish Women's Franchise League, women's suffrage group founded in 1908
Irish Women's Liberation Movement
Irish Women's Suffrage Society
Irish Women Workers' Union (1911–1984)
National Women's Council of Ireland

Italy
Associazione per la donna (Association for Women), founded in 1896 in support of women's civic and political rights
Comitato pro suffragio femminile (Committee for Women's Suffrage), founded in 1905 in support of women's voting rights
Consiglio Nazionale delle Donne Italiane (National Council of Italian Women), a federation founded in 1903 to improve conditions for women
Malta
Women of Malta Association, founded in 1944 in favor of women's suffrage

Netherlands
Arbeid Adelt, meaning Labour is Ennobling, full name Algemeen Nederlandsche Vrouwenvereeniging Arbeid Adelt (1871–1953)
Dutch Women's Council, founded 1898
Mama Cash founded 1983, funding organization
Vereeniging voor Vrouwenkiesrecht (Women's Suffrage Organization), established 1894
Vrije Vrouwen Vereeniging (Free Women's Organization), established 1889

North Macedonia

 The Assumption (society), founded 1885

Norway
Forum for Women and Development (FOKUS), established 1995
Kvinnestemmerettsforeningen
MiRA Resource Centre for Black, Immigrant and Refugee Women, established 1989
National Association for Women's Suffrage (Norway)
Norwegian Association for Women's Rights
Norwegian Conservative Party's Women's Association, founded 1925
Norwegian Labour Party's Women's Federation, 1901–2005
Norwegian National Women's Council, founded 1904
Norwegian Women's Lobby, established 2014
Norwegian Women's Public Health Association
Nordic Women's University, established 2011
Women's Front (Kvinnefronten), established 1972

Poland
Centrum Praw Kobiet, founded 1995, women's rights and prevention of violence against women
Ukrainian Women's Union (1920–1938), nationalist and feminist organization representing non-Soviet Ukrainian women

 Portugal

Capazes, founded in 2014
Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas, founded in 1914
UMAR (Alternative and Answer Women's Union), founded in 1976

RomaniaLiga Femeilor Române, founded 1894Liga Drepturile si Datoriile Femeii'', founded 1911
Women in Business Romania, founded 2009

Russia
Communist Women's International, founded 1920, advancing Communist ideas among women

Slovakia
Živena, founded 1869

Slovenia
Splošno slovensko žensko društvo, founded 1901

Spain
Asociación Nacional de Mujeres Españolas (1918–1936)
Asociación para la Enseñanza de la Mujer, established 1870
Sección Femenina (1934–1977), women's branch of the Falange movement

Sweden
Christian Democratic Women's League
Fredrika Bremer Association, active from 1884
Group 8, active from 1968 to 2004
Married Woman's Property Rights Association, active from 1873 to 1896
Moderate Women, established 1912, representing the Moderate Party
National Association for Women's Suffrage active from 1902 to 1921
National Council of Swedish Women, founded 1896
Nya Idun, founded 1885
SD Women, representing Sweden Democrats
Social Democratic Women in Sweden, established 1920
Stockholms allmänna kvinnoklubb (Stockholm Public Women's Club), founded 1892
Swedish Women's Educational Association, promoting Swedish language and culture internationally
Swedish Women's Lobby, established 1997
Välgörande fruntimmerssällskapet, active from 1819 to 1934

Switzerland
Federation of Swiss Women's Associations
PeaceWomen Across the Globe, founded 2003

Turkey

 Osmanlı Műdafaa-ı Hukûk-ı Nisvan Cemiyeti  – founded 1913
 Türk Kadinlar Birligi – founded 1924
Flying Broom – founded 1996
Ka-Mer – founded 1997, offers protection and legal aid

Ukraine
Ukrainian Women's Union, (1920–1938), active outside Soviet Ukraine

United Kingdom
Back Off Scotland, anti-harassment group
Birds Eye View, film
Brighton Women's Centre, safe, women-only space
British Federation of Women Graduates
British Women's Temperance Association
Church League for Women's Suffrage, founded 1909
Conservative Women's Organisation, the organisation for women members of the Conservative Party (UK)
Co-operative Women's Guild, founded 1893
Fair Play For Women
Freedom Charity, organisation for helping victims of forced marriage and associated violence
Engender, Edinburgh-based feminist organization
Feminists Against Censorship, established 1989
HeForShe
Junior League
Ladies National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts, founded 1869
League of Jewish Women
Married Women's Association, established 1938
Medical Women's Federation, established 1917
Merched y Wawr, established 1967
Mothers' Union, founded 1876
National Assembly of Women, founded 1952, women's rights
National Society for Women's Suffrage, founded 1867
National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, major woman's suffrage group
National Women's Register (NWR), network of local groups and individual members who enjoy lively discussion and conversation
Open Door Council, founded 1926, equal opportunities
Organisation of Women of African and Asian Descent
People's Suffrage Federation
Rape Crisis England and Wales, feminist charity and umbrella body for Rape Crisis Centres across England and Wales
Royal College of Midwives, founded 1881
Socialist Women's Network
Society for Promoting the Employment of Women, established 1859
Society of Women Artists, founded
Society of Women Musicians, founded 1911
The Association of Loyal Orangewomen of Ireland
Women in Data, founded 2014
Women in Publishing, founded 1979
Women's Engineering Society, founded 1919
Women's Guild of Arts, founded 1907
Women's Institutes (WI), 6,500 local organisations, founded 1915
Women's Labour League, founded 1906, promoting political representation
Women's Liberal Federation, Liberal Party
Women's Local Government Society, founded 1888
Women's Social and Political Union (1903–1917), a major suffrage organization in the United Kingdom

Yugoslavia
Yugoslav Women's Alliance, founded in 1919
 Feminist Alliance of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, founded 1923

North America
North American Indian Women's Association, founded 1970
White Buffalo Cow Society, for the Mandan and Hidatsa peoples
Women of All Red Nations, in support of Native American women

Belize
Women's Issues Network of Belize, established 1993

Canada
Calgary Women's Emergency Shelter
Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women
Canadian Association of Elizabeth Fry Societies
Canadian Federation of University Women
Canadian Research Institute for the Advancement of Women
 Canadian Unitarian Universalist Women's Association
Canadian Women in Literary Arts
Canadian Women's Foundation
Canadian Women's Press Club, founded 1904
 Canadian Women's Suffrage Association
Canadian Women Voters Congress
Congress of Black Women of Canada
DisAbled Women's Network Canada
Dominion Women's Enfranchisement Association, established 1889
Equal Voice, founded 2001
Federated Women's Institutes of Canada
Federated Women's Institutes of Ontario
Fédération des femmes du Québec, founded 1966
Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire
Junior League
Lesbian Organization of Toronto
Local Council of Women of Halifax
National Action Committee on the Status of Women, founded 1971
National Council of Women of Canada
National Organization of Immigrant and Visible Minority Women of Canada
Native Women's Association of Canada
Nova Scotia Voice of Women
Ottawa Rape Crisis Centre
Ottawa Women's Training and Employment Network
Pauktuutit, Inuit women
REAL Women of Canada
 Servants Anonymous Society
University Women's Club of Toronto
Vancouver Rape Relief & Women's Shelter, established 1973
Women's Legal Education and Action Fund, founded 1985

Cuba
Federation of Cuban Women, established 1960
Ladies in White, relatives of jailed dissidents, founded 2003

Nicaragua
Luisa Amanda Espinoza Association of Nicaraguan Women, founded 1977

United States
African-American Women for Reproductive Freedom, founded 1990
Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority, founded 1908
American Association for Women Radiologists
American Association of University Women (1881)
American Equal Rights Association
American Heritage Girls
American Legion Auxiliary, founded 1919
American Woman Suffrage Association
Alabama's Colored Women's Club, covering clubs from 1888
Assata's Daughters, founded Chicago 2015, protesting police violence
Association of Black Women Historians, founded 1979
Association of Deans of Women and Advisers to Girls in Negro Schools, 1929–1954
Association for Women in Communications
Association for Women in Science (AWIS)
Big Sisters
Business and Professional Women's Foundation
Catholic Daughters of the Americas, founded 1903
Chicago Abortion Fund, founded 1985
Collegium of Black Women Philosophers, founded 2007
Combahee River Collective, 1974–1980, Black feminist lesbian organization
Commercial Real Estate Women
Concerned Women for America
Contemporary Club of Newark, founded in 1909, in Newark, New Jersey.
Daughters of the American Revolution, historical society, founded 1890
Daughters of Utah Pioneers, historical society, founded 1919
Delta Delta Delta, sorority, founded 1888
Degree of Pocahontas
Delta Sigma Theta sorority, founded 1913
EMILY's List
Equal Rights Advocates
Feminists for Life
Feminist Majority Foundation
General Federation of Women's Clubs (1890)
Girls on the Run, founded 1996 for pre-teens
 Girl Scouts of the United States of America
 Girls Who Code
Hadassah
Independent Women's Forum
Kappa Alpha Theta, sorority, founded 1870
JC's Girls
Job's Daughters International
Junior League
La Leche League
Ladies of Liberty Alliance, founded 2009
Lambda Tau Omega, founded 1988
League of Women Voters
Leather & Lace Motorcycle Club, founded in Florida, 1983
Mothers of the Movement, mothers of African American children
Motor Maids, motorcycle club, founded 1940
National American Woman Suffrage Association
National Association for Women in Education
National Association of Colored Women's Clubs, founded 1896
National Association of Professional Women
National Black Feminist Organization, founded 1973
National Coalition of 100 Black Women, founded 1970 in New York City
National Council of Jewish Women
National Council of Negro Women
National Council of Women of the United States, founded in 1888, affiliated with the International Council of Women
National Federation of Republican Women
National Organization for Women (NOW)
National Organization of Black Women in Law Enforcement, founded 1985
National Panhellenic Conference, women's sororities, established 1902
National Woman Suffrage Association
National Woman's Party, suffrage organization founded in 1913 by Alice Paul
National Women's Political Caucus, pro-choice organization founded in 1972
New York Women's Agenda, umbrella group
Ormes Society, promoting black women in the comic book industry
Professional Woman's League of New York, founded 1892 in New York City
Pythian Sisters
Rainy Day Club, founded 1896 in New York City
Rebekah Degree
Red Hat Society
Relief Society, founded 1842
Royal Neighbors of America
Salsa Soul Sisters, black lesbian organization
Sigma Gamma Rho sorority, founded 1922
Sisters in Crime, established 1986 for female crime authors
Society of Women Engineers, founded 1950
Spinsters of San Francisco, founded 1929
Sweet Adelines International, founded in 1945
Texas Federation of Women's Clubs, founded 1897
United Daughters of the Confederacy, national association of female descendants of Confederate war veterans formed in September 1894
U.S. Women's Chamber of Commerce
Veteran Feminists of America
Women Creating Change, founded 1915
Women's Caucus for Art, founded 1972
Woman's Christian Temperance Union, officially founded 1874
Women Employed, founded 1973, based in Chicago
Woman's Foreign Missionary Society, founded 1869, attached to the Methodist Episcopal Church
Women's Institute for Science, Equity and Race (WISER), founded 2016
Women's Loyal National League, 1863–1864, organized to abolish slavery, first national women's political organization in the United States
Women's Missionary and Service Commission, name established 1955, attached to the Mennonite Church
Woman's Missionary Union
Women's Political Council, formed 1946, active in the 1950s
Women's Refugee Commission
Women's Trade Union League, 1903–1950, encouraging women to organize trade unions
Younger Women's Task Force
Zeta Phi Beta sorority, founded 1920
Zonta International Empowering women through Service and Advocacy, founded 1919

Oceania

Australia
 Adelaide Women's Club (1922–1938)
Australian Federation of University Women, founded 1922
Australian Women Chamber of Commerce & Industry
 Australian Women's Health Network health advocacy organisation
 Country Women's Association, founded 1922
 Emily's List (Australian Labor Party organisation for the equalising of women in politics, started by Joan Kirner)
 Federated Association of Australian Housewives, founded 1923
League of Women Voters of South Australia (1909–1979)
Lyceum Club (Australia), founded 1972
Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors, founded 1902
 National Council of Women of Australia, founded 1888, affiliated with the International Council of Women
National Council of Women of Queensland, founded 1905
Union of Australian Women (1950–1995)
 Women's Electoral Lobby, founded 1972
Women's National Emergency Legion (1938–1947)
Women's Peace Army, founded 1915
Women's Service Guilds (1909–1997)

New Zealand
Māori Women's Welfare League
National Council of Women of New Zealand
New Zealand Prostitutes' Collective

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands National Council of Women, founded 1983
Women's Rights Action Movement

South America

Argentina
Associación Madres del Dolor (Mothers in Pain), established 2004
Foundation for Studies and Research on Women (FEIM), established 1989.
Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo, established 1977. An organization of women whose grandchildren "disappeared".
Mothers of the Plaza 25 de Mayo, organization of mothers whose children "disappeared" in the Santa Fe Province.
Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, established 1977. An organization of mothers whose children "disappeared".
Ni una menos (Not one [woman] less), established 2015. Against machista violence.

Bolivia
Atene Femenino, founded 1923. White upper-class women's organization working for women's rights.
Bartolina Sisa Confederation, founded 1980. Union for peasant women in Bolivia.
Mujeres Creando, founded 1992. Anarcha-feminist collective.

Brazil

Brazilian Women's Articulation (AMB – Articulação de Mulheres Brasileiras), founded 1994. Links women's organizations across Brazil.
Brazilian Women's Federation, active 1949 to 1957. Leftist feminist group associated with the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB).
Federação Brasileira pelo Progresso Feminino (FBPF), founded 1922. Women's suffrage organization.
Geledés - Black Women's Institute, founded 1988. Black feminist NGO.

Chile
Círculo de Estudios de la Mujer, active 1979 to 1983. Response to the Pinochet dictatorship.
National Council of Women (Chile), founded in 1919. Women's suffrage organization.
Pro-Emancipation Movement of Chilean Women, active 1935 to 1953. Women's organization with national political strategy. Restarted in 1983 as an umbrella organization of women's groups.

Colombia
Butterflies with New Wings Building a Future (Butterflies), founded 2010. Self-help group of forcibly displaced and local women in Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca.
WWB Colombia, founded 1980. Microfinance institution.

Mexico
Coalition of Mexican Feminist Women, active 1976 to early 1980s. Feminist organization focussing on abortion rights.

Paraguay
Coordinación de Mujeres del Paraguay, founded 1987. National network of feminist organizations.
Liga Paraguaya de los Derechos de la Mujer, founded 1951.
Unión Femenina del Paraguay (UFP), active 1936 to 1937
Unión Democrática de Mujeres, active 1946 to 1947.

Peru
Accion para la Liberacion de la Mujer Peruana (ALIMUPER), active 1973 to the early 1980s. Middle-class feminist organization.
Flora Tristán Peruvian Women's Center, founded 1979. Middle-class feminist organization.

Uruguay
Consejo Nacional de Mujeres del Uruguay (CONAMU), founded 1916. Organization pressing for women's suffrage and other women's issues.
Cotidiano Mujer, founded 1985. Feminist collective based in Montevideo.
Independent Democratic Feminist Party, active 1933 to 1938. Feminist political party founded by Sara Rey Álvarez.
Uruguayan Women's Suffrage Alliance. Founded 1919. Women's suffrage organization.

See also

 List of women's associations
 List of women's conferences
 List of human rights organizations
 List of organizations for women in science
 List of women's rights activists
 List of women pacifists and peace activists
 Women's suffrage organizations
 Women's rights

References

Lists of organizations

Human rights-related lists
Organizations

List of women's organizations


Association football – commonly known as football (or soccer in the United States and Canada), () – is a popular sport in Andorra.  Prior to political developments in 1994, most football in the landlocked principality had been amateur with the notable exception of FC Andorra which has played in the Spanish football league system since 1948.

The Andorran Football Federation – the country's national football governing body – runs the Andorra national football team, as well as administering the nation's professional leagues the Andorran First and Andorran Second divisions.  The national federation also organizes the Copa Constitució annual tournament and the one-off Andorran Supercup ().

History
After the 1993 Andorran constitutional referendum resulted in independence for the state, the Andorran Football Federation () was founded in 1994.  The FAF was admitted to FIFA and UEFA in 1996, the same year the national team was organized. The country is represented in association football by the Andorra national football team. The men's national team played its first friendly at the Camp d'Esports d'Aixovall on 13 November 1996 losing to Estonia 1–6.  The team gained its first competitive win in a European Championship qualifier on 11 October 2019, against Moldova.  Since then the national team has recorded seven victories, one each against Albania, Belarus, Hungary, Liechtenstein, North Macedonia, Moldova and San Marino. They are one of the most penalized teams in Europe, having received more red and yellow cards in the WC 2006 Qualifiers than any other team. CE Principat was the first Andorran team to represent the nation in European Club Competitions appearing in the first qualifying round of the 1997–98, 1998–98, and 1999–2000 UEFA Cups.

League system
Professional football in Andorra is organized by the national federation and currently consists of two professional leagues.  The Lliga Nacional de Fútbol, also known as Primera Divisió (First Division) or as Lliga Multisegur Assegurances for sponsorship reasons., is the top football league.  The Andorran Segona Divisió (Second Division), or Lliga UNIDA for sponsorship reasons, is the second highest football league in Andorra.  The system has a hierarchical format with promotion and relegation between the leagues.

FC Andorra

Futbol Club Andorra is a professional football club based in Encamp, Andorra, established in 1942. Although based in Andorra, they have competed in the Spanish football league system since 1948. They currently play in Segunda División, the second tier.

Football stadiums in Andorra

See also
Football in Spain
Football in Catalonia

References

External links
  League321.com - Andorran football league tables, records & statistics database.

Football in Andorra


WFNI (1070 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Indianapolis, Indiana. It is owned by Emmis Communications and carries a sports format, featuring ESPN Radio programming. The studios and offices are located at 40 Monument Circle in downtown Indianapolis.

WFNI's AM signal, 50,000 watts by day and 10,000 watts at night, went dark at midnight on August 3, 2021. Emmis Broadcasting sold the land on which the six-tower array stood, off Perry Worth Drive near Interstate 65 in Whitestown, Indiana. Emmis says it is looking for a new site for its AM transmitter but none has been found yet.

1070 AM as WIBC

Early years
The station signed on the air on October 30, 1938. Its original call sign, WIBC, stood for the owner, the Indiana Broadcasting Company. The construction permit had previously held the call letters WGVA, for Glenn Van Auken. He was the company's president. WIBC began as a 1,000-watt daytime-only station. It was sold in 1939 to H. G. Wall.

The station was approved in 1940 to broadcast at night. It moved from 1050 to 1070 kilocycles as part of the enactment of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA) in 1941. With the move, the daytime power increased to 5,000 watts. Initially independent, the station became a network affiliate of the Mutual Broadcasting System in April 1941.

WIBC was sold in 1944 to the Indianapolis News, making it the first newspaper in Indiana to own a radio station. Four years later, WIBC was separated from the Indianapolis News and sold directly to Charles M. Fairbanks and his associates, who owned the newspaper. In 1950, WIBC got a power boost to 50,000 watts by day and 10,000 watts at night.

Fairbanks attempted to start a television station on Channel 13. However, the Federal Communications Commission ruled in favor of the competing bid of the Cincinnati-based Crosley Broadcasting Corporation, which launched WLWI. Fairbanks sued, arguing that a local owner should be prioritized for the last VHF allocation available in town. Fairbanks prevailed in the initial battle to have the 1957 grant to Crosley overturned, but the FCC set aside the order in 1961. The two parties settled the dispute in 1962 when Crosley sold Fairbanks its Atlanta television station.

In 1960, WIBC added an FM station at 93.1, WIBC-FM, which initially aired an automated classical music format in its early years.

Indianapolis 500
Beginning in 1946, WIBC carried the Indianapolis 500 as a Mutual Broadcasting System affiliate, since Mutual had the rights to broadcast the motor race. WIBC establish a broadcasting tradition when the station struck a last-minute deal to provide coverage of the 1952 Indianapolis 500, with Sid Collins as the lead announcer, after Mutual pulled out as the Indianapolis 500 official broadcaster.

The next year, its coverage grew to include personalities from and was simulcast on the other major stations in town: WFBM (1260 AM), WIRE (1430 AM), WISH (1310 AM), and WXLW (1590 AM). WIBC became the flagship station of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network and remains so as WFNI.

"Radio Indiana, WIBC"
As television took over most network programming in the 1950s and 60s, WIBC switched to a middle of the road (MOR) format of popular adult music, news, sports and talk. The station established itself as a highly regarded full service broadcaster, placing an emphasis on its colorful air personalities.

In the 1970s, the WIBC stable included Jerry Baker, who was also the voice of Indiana University Hoosiers basketball and the Indiana Pacers; Paul Page, the voice of the Indianapolis 500 on radio and later on television, and who served as an award-winning newsman at WIBC in the early 1970s, reporting from the first Indianapolis-area traffic helicopter (known as the "Ten Seven-Oh Whirlybird") until a serious crash nearly killed him and his pilot in 1977; and Chuck Riley, who did afternoons before becoming a very successful voice-over talent in Los Angeles. Doing sports on Riley's afternoon drive-time show was "Hockey Bob" Lamey, who got that nickname from doing play-by-play for the short-lived Indianapolis Racers WHA team a decade before the Indianapolis Colts moved from Baltimore and named Lamey the "Voice of the Colts". Another long-time fixture was former news director Fred Heckman, who began at WIBC in 1957 and was recognized for his "My Town Indy" features.

During the Great Blizzard of 1978, WIBC was granted temporary emergency authorization for nighttime broadcasting at full daytime power (50 kW) until the storm was over. Normally the station was licensed to transmit with only 10 kW of power at night.

Switch to talk
Over the 1980s, more talk programming was added and music was reduced, as listeners increasingly turned to FM for music. Under new general manager Tom Durney, WIBC became a full-time talk radio station in January 1993—eliminating all music shows—and also updated its presentation and cut back its news department. The moves were controversial: news director Heckman walked out, claiming a hostile working environment, while far-right host Stan Solomon's statements resulted in a suspension and backlash from advertisers.

Current owners Emmis, who also owned WENS (97.1 FM), purchased WIBC and the FM station, by then WKLR-FM, in 1994 from Horizon Broadcasting for $26 million. Heckman, who had sued WIBC for age discrimination, settled his claim and returned to the station later that year. He remained at WIBC until retiring in 2000 at the age of 76.

Sports radio WFNI

WFNI was born as a result of a three-frequency, two-company station swap. These moves were provoked in part because Emmis had acquired the rights to the Indianapolis Colts football team for the 2007 season, which left the station with the rights to all major sports teams in Indianapolis. To avoid tedious shuffling of games among its stations and frequent preemption of regular programming, Emmis decided to clear a frequency for a new all-sports station in Indianapolis. The move began on October 8, 2007, when the format and branding of Top 40 WNOW-FM ("Radio Now"), which was struggling, was sold to Radio One and moved to 100.9 MHz, the former frequency of now defunct smooth jazz WYJZ. This was done so that Emmis could clear the 93.1 frequency for news/talk WIBC, which had been on 1070 kHz on the AM dial.

On October 8, 2007, it was announced  that effective December 26, the WIBC call letters and news/talk programming would move to 93.1 FM, and that WIBC's sports programming would remain on 1070 AM, joined by programming from ESPN Radio, effective January 7, 2008. The new call letters WFNI were announced in December. 93.1 began stunting an all-Christmas music format as WEXM between October 8 and December 25. With the 1070 frequency open, Emmis launched its sports radio format on December 26 with a series of classic Indianapolis sporting events, ahead of its official launch date, January 7, 2008.

Prior to WFNI's launch, ESPN Radio talk programming had been heard on 950 WXLW, a lower-power station, from 2002 to 2007. Before that, 1260 WNDE was an ESPN Radio network affiliate from 1992 to 1994 and again from 1996 until switching to Fox Sports Radio in 2002. WIBC carried some ESPN Radio programming from 1994 to 1996, mostly GameNight on weekend evenings and some major live sporting events.

ESPN Radio's national sports broadcasts (MLB baseball, college football and NBA basketball) were all heard on WFNI, finally sorting out an unusual rights division among as many as four stations in the market during the early 2000s. (The NBA had often been heard on WIBC and Sunday Night Baseball on WNDE, regardless of which station had the main network affiliation.)

WFNI's current local weekday lineup consists of The Wake-Up Call with Kevin Bowen and Andy Sweeney from 7-10 a.m.; Query and Company, with former WIBC and WNDE host Jake Query from noon to 3:00 p.m.; and The Ride with longtime Indy drive-time host JMV (John Gliva) from 3:00 to 6:00 p.m..

Local sports
WFNI was the flagship station of the NBA's Indiana Pacers, and the co-flagship, alongside sister station WLHK, for the NFL's Indianapolis Colts. WFNI was also the flagship of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network, carrying the Indianapolis 500 (simulcast with WIBC), the rest of the NTT IndyCar Series, and all NASCAR races held at IMS.

In addition, WFNI aired the Indiana High School state championship games in football and girls' and boys' basketball (which was shared with WIBC in the event of Pacers conflicts).

Previously, WFNI aired Indiana University football until 2021, when it moved to WIBC, the longtime Indianapolis home of Indiana's men's basketball games. In addition, they were also the flagship for Butler Bulldogs men's basketball from 2010 to 2021.

FM 107.5 The Fan
The simulcast with FM translator W298BB (107.5 FM) was officially launched on February 19, 2013, following a short test period. At first, the translator sometimes broke away from 1070 with a different broadcast schedule, carrying ESPN Radio's The Herd and SVP & Rusillo in middays before simulcasting WFNI's The Ride with JMV. All other local shows and local play-by-play were simulcast, with the AM and FM feeds splitting whenever conflicts arose.

On October 16, 2015, Emmis split the simulcast of WFNI and W298BB. A new translator, W228CX at 93.5, began simulcasting WFNI full-time, as W298BB began carrying ESPN Radio on a full-time basis.

On March 30, 2017, the simulcast switched back to W298BB, due to problems with W228CX interfering with other nearby stations, while also discontinuing the full-time ESPN national feed. With the move, WFNI began calling itself "107.5 and 1070 The Fan." Some time later, 93.5 was itself revived, with the branding changing to "93.5 and 107.5 The Fan".

The AM frequency went off the air at midnight on August 3, 2021, as Emmis sold portions of the land on which the AM station's transmitters are located for commercial development.

On June 13, 2022, Emmis announced it would sell its entire cluster in Indianapolis to Urban One.  Emmis continues to own the license and occasionally run WFNI on a temporary transmitter since it was signed off to preserve the license with the national master ESPN Radio schedule outside its hourly station identification.

References

External links

FCC History Cards for WFNI

FNI
Radio stations established in 2007
Emmis Communications radio stations
Mass media in Indianapolis

WFNI


Crime After School (German: Verbrechen nach Schulschluß) is a 1959 West German drama film directed by Alfred Vohrer and starring Peter van Eyck, Christian Wolff and Heidi Brühl. It was based on a novel by Walter Ebert.

The film's sets were designed by the art directors Ellen Schmidt and Mathias Matthies. It was shot at the Wandsbek Studios in Hamburg.

Alfred Vohrer's 1975 film with the same title is not a remake.

Cast
 Peter van Eyck as Dr. Knittel
 Christian Wolff as Fabian König
 Heidi Brühl as Ulla Anders
 Corny Collins as Viola von Eikelberg
 Erica Beer as Erna Kallies
 Alice Treff as Frau König
 Elsa Wagner as Frau Teichen
 Ingrid van Bergen as Königs Hausmädchen
 Richard Münch as Oberst Dr. König
 Bum Krüger as 1. Gerichtsdiener Willi Störtebecker
 Joseph Offenbach as 2. Gerichtsdiener Hein
 Günther Jerschke as Defense lawyer Dr. Baumriss
 Claus Wilcke as Günther 'Bimbo' Steppe
 Wolfgang Koch as Joachim 'Teddy' von Eikelberg
 Jörg Holmer as Jürgen Richter
 Walter Clemens as Horst Bregulla

References

Bibliography
 Bock, Hans-Michael & Bergfelder, Tim. The Concise CineGraph. Encyclopedia of German Cinema. Berghahn Books, 2009.
 Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.

External links

1959 films
1959 drama films
German drama films
West German films
1950s German-language films
Films directed by Alfred Vohrer
Films shot at Wandsbek Studios
1950s German films

Crime After School (1959 film)


The Iron Giant is an 1999 science fiction action fantasy mecha animated film produced by Warner Bros..

Cast

 Vin Diesel as The Iron Giant
 Eli Marienthal as Hogarth Hughes
 M. Emmet Walsh as Earl Stutz
 Christopher McDonald as Kent Mansley
 John Mahoney as General Rogard
 James Gammon as Marv Loach/Floyd Turbeaux/General Sudokoff
 Harry Connick, Jr. as Dean McCoppin
 Jennifer Aniston as Annie Hughes
 Cloris Leachman as Miss Tensedge
 Frank Thomas as himself
 Ollie Johnston as himself
 Jack Angel, Bob Bergen, Rodger Bumpass, Robert Clotworthy, Jim Cummings, Paul Eiding, Bill Farmer, Pat Fry, Rick Miller, Patrick Pinney, Phil Proctor, Brian Tochi and Hans Zimmer as Soldiers
 Marcel Jeannin as Councilman
 Hans Zimmer as Helmsman
 Jim Cummings as Boat Captain
 Patrick Pinney as Fisherman
 Carole Jeghers as Maine woman #3 and squirrel
 Stephen Ouimette as Soldier
 David L. Lander as Hunter

Possible sequel
On July 2017, Warner Animation Group announced that development for the sequel to the film titled The Iron Giant Christmas Carol. Charles Dickens will based on A Christmas Carol novel. Following that month, Diesel and Aniston will reprise the roles of The Iron Giant and Annie Hughes.

Segments
 The giant robots are both segment films such as The Luke Movie and Logan and Luke.

1999 science fiction movies
1990s action movies
1999 animated movies
American science fiction movies
American action movies
American animated movies
Movies directed by Brad Bird
Robot movies
Movies set in Maine
Movies set in Iceland
Movies set in the 1950s
Cold War movies
Warner Bros. movies
Movies about giants
Movies composed by Michael Kamen

The Iron Giant


Otgar, Otger or Odgar is a Germanic masculine given name (from Proto-Germanic *Audawakraz). It may refer to:

 (fl. 8th century), missionary
Autchar (fl. 8th century), Frankish nobleman
Otgar of Mainz, archbishop (826–847)
, bishop of Eichstätt (847–880)
Hoger (died 906), abbot and music theorist
Otgar, founding abbot of Saint-Pons-de-Thomières (937–940)
Otgar, bishop of Speyer (962–970)
, Catalan count (c.862–c.872)
Otger Cataló, figure of Catalan legend

See also
Hoger
Ogier (disambiguation)

Otgar


Form, Fit, and Function (F3 or FFF) is a concept used in various industries, including manufacturing, engineering, and architecture, to describe aspects of a product's design, performance, and compliance to a specification. F3 refers to a set of characteristics or requirements that are essential for the design and compatibility of products, components, or systems, and can have legal considerations in regulated industries like aviation and defense (e.g., for technical data rights and configuration management).

The concept originates in the 1960s, and in some cases as form-fit-function.  The United States (US) Government formally recognized it in the legal incorporation of Public Law 98-525 regarding technical data and design changes.  F3 can also refer to the ability of a replacement unit or technology upgrade to be compatible with existing systems, or be compatible with change control procedures (e.g., NASA's use in reliability via military standards).

Alternate Uses
Some organizations have supplemental considerations for F3. The United States Navy has been using Form, Fit, Function, and Interface (F3I) since the 1970s, and NASA has published references to Form, Fit, Function, and Reliability to facilitate reliable designs.

Definitions

In the Code of Federal Regulations - US Government
Form The form of a commodity is defined by its configuration (including the geometrically measured configuration), material, and material properties that uniquely characterize it. For software, the form means the design, logic flow, and algorithms.

Fit The fit of a commodity is defined by its ability to physically interface or connect with or become an integral part of another commodity. For software, the fit is defined by its ability to interface or connect with a defense article.

Function The function of a commodity is the action or actions it is designed to perform. For software, the function means the action or actions the software performs directly related to a defense article or as a standalone application.

By Clickfold Plastics, Inc.
Fit refers to the ability of the part or feature to connect to, mate with, or join to another feature or part within an assembly. The "fit" allows the part to meet the required assembly tolerances to be useful.

Form refers to such characteristics as external dimensions, weight, size, and visual appearance of a part or assembly. This is the element of F3 that is most affected by an engineer's aesthetic choices, including enclosure, chassis, and control panel, that become the outward "face" of the product.

Function is a criterion that is met when the part performs its stated purpose effectively and reliably. In an electronics product, for example, function can depend on the solid-state components used, the software or firmware, and quite often on the features of the electronics enclosure selected. Poorly placed or sized ports and misleading or missing labeling are two of the most common ways in which an enclosure can fail the function criterion.

Note on Source
The above definitions were modified from the original source, which is no longer available from the original webpage. Also, the company's new website no longer hosts their own F3 definitions.

References

External links

Product design

Form, fit and function


George Washington Thomas Lambert  (13 September 1873 – 29 May 1930) was an Australian artist, known principally for portrait painting and as a war artist during the First World War.

Early life
Lambert was born in St Petersburg, Russia, the posthumous son of George Washington Lambert (1833 – 25 July 1873, in London) of Baltimore, Maryland. The younger Lambert's mother was Annie Matilda, née Firth, an Englishwoman. Mother and son soon moved to Württemberg, Germany, to be with Lambert's maternal grandfather. Lambert was educated at Kingston College, Yeovil, Somerset. The family, consisting of Lambert, his mother and three sisters, decided to emigrate to Australia. They arrived in Sydney aboard the Bengal on 20 January 1887.

Career

Lambert began exhibiting his pictures at the Art Society and the Society of Artists, Sydney in 1894. Lambert began contributing pen-and-ink cartoons for The Bulletin in 1895 and began painting full-time in 1896. Illustrations by Lambert formed part of the bush ballads of the Fair girls and gray horses (1898) and Hearts of gold (1903) anthologies of Scottish-Australian poet Will H. Ogilvie (1869–1963).

In 1899 he won the Wynne Prize with Across the Blacksoil Plains. He studied at the Julian Ashton Art School in Sydney until 1900. Later, he won a travelling scholarship for 150 pounds from the government of New South Wales. He spent a year in Paris before moving to London where he exhibited at the Royal Academy. Lambert was awarded a silver medal at an international exhibition for his painting The Sonnet in Barcelona in 1911. He was most known during this time as a portrait artist.

War artist

Lambert became an official Australian war artist in 1917 during the First World War. His painting Anzac, the landing 1915 of the landings on the Gallipoli peninsula in Turkey, is the largest painting at the Australian War Memorial collection. Lambert, as an honorary captain, travelled to Gallipoli in 1919 to make sketches for the painting. Another noted work was A sergeant of the Light Horse (1920), painted in London after his travels in Palestine.

During the war years, George Lambert spent much time in London, where it is suggested he was romantically involved with fellow artist Thea Proctor.

Return to Australia
Lambert returned to Australia in 1921, where he had success in Melbourne with a one-man show at Fine Art Society gallery. He was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1922. He often visited the homestead of Colonel Granville Ryrie of the Australian Light Horse at Michelago, New South Wales and there painted The Squatter's Daughter and Michelago Landscape.

In the second annual Archibald Prize in 1922, now Australia's most prestigious art prize for portraiture, Lambert's work was disqualified as he had not been a resident in Australia for twelve months. He submitted a self-portrait for the third year, competing with William Macleod who entered with the subject of The Bulletin cartoonist 'Hop' Hopkins. In 1927 he won the Archibald Prize with his work titled Mrs Murdoch.

In November 1927 he was commissioned to create a statue of writer Henry Lawson; the work depicting Lawson in rough clothes accompanied by a swagman, a dog and a fence post was unveiled in The Domain, Sydney on 28 July 1931 by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Philip Game.

Personal life
Lambert married Amelia Beatrice 'Amy' Absell (1872–1963) in 1900. Their children were Maurice Lambert (1901–1964), a noted sculptor and associate of the Royal Academy, and Constant, the British composer and conductor, born in London in 1905. Kit Lambert (1935–1981), manager of the rock group The Who, was their grandchild.

Lambert died on 29 May 1930 at Cobbitty, near Camden, New South Wales, and is buried in the Anglican section of South Head Cemetery.

Some of his family papers from 1874 to 1942 are held in the State Library of New South Wales, Sydney.

Gallery

See also

Australian art

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 Artist profile - Australian War Memorial
 Lambert exhibition, Gallipoli and Palestine landscapes - Australian War Memorial
 George Washington Lambert at Australian Art

 Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections

1873 births
1930 deaths
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Australia
Australian war artists
World War I artists
Archibald Prize winners
Archibald Prize finalists
Australian portrait painters
George Washington
Russian portrait painters
British war artists

Wynne Prize winners
20th-century Australian painters
20th-century Australian male artists
Symbolist painters
Associates of the Royal Academy
Julian Ashton Art School alumni
Australian male painters
Australian people of German descent
Australian people of American descent
Visual artists in early 20th-century Australia

George Washington Lambert


"Helpless" is the twelfth episode of season three of the television show Buffy the Vampire Slayer. It was written by David Fury, directed by James A. Contner, and first broadcast on The WB on January 19, 1999.

Plot
In the library, Giles shows Buffy a variety of crystals, ostensibly to teach her how to identify them. Later, on patrol, Buffy's strength suddenly deserts her and she is nearly killed by a vampire. Buffy reports the problem to Giles and demonstrates her poor performance when throwing knives at a target. At home, Buffy is disappointed to find that her father is too busy to take her to the ice show for her 18th birthday; she suggests to Giles that he could take her instead. Giles has Buffy stare at a crystal until she falls into a trance, then injects her with a mysterious substance. Meanwhile, Quentin Travers, the head watcher, sets up an extreme test for the slayer, assisted by two men named Hobson and Blair.

Buffy tries to intervene when Cordelia's argument with an aggressive suitor becomes physical, but she is casually knocked aside. Buffy enlists the help of her friends to figure out what is wrong. She visits Angel who gives her a book for her birthday. He tells her about how he saw her before she was the slayer and how he loved her from the second he first saw her. Kralik, the captive vampire intended for Buffy's test, breaks out of his straitjacket while Blair is giving him his pills. He turns Blair into a vampire.

Giles goes to find Quentin at the Sunnydale Arms building, but discovers that Kralik is missing and Hobson is dead. Buffy, walking home alone, is confronted by Kralik. Blair chases her until Giles drives by and picks her up. At the Summers' home, Joyce hears a noise out front where she finds Kralik wrapped up in Buffy's jacket. Giles tells Buffy that she has lost her strength due to the injections of muscle relaxant and adrenaline suppressors he had given her, and about the test. Furious, Buffy returns home where she finds a picture of her mother bound to a chair and gagged by Kralik.

Buffy goes to the Sunnydale Arms building, beats Blair unconscious and then is chased by Kralik until his need for pills becomes unbearable. Buffy steals them away, and slides down a laundry chute where she finds her mother. Kralik breaks through the door and grabs his pills back, washing them down with a nearby glass of water. Buffy had filled the glass with holy water, causing Kralik to burn from within. Buffy frees her mother as Giles arrives and stakes Blair.

Back at the library, Quentin congratulates Buffy on her accomplishment, but Buffy is also angry with him. Because of Giles' fatherly relationship with the slayer, Quentin fires him from the Watchers' Council and prepares to assign a new watcher to Buffy, warning them not to interfere before leaving. However, Giles is still the school librarian and offers to help Buffy as a freelancer.

Reception

A reviewer for the BBC wrote that the slayer test made no sense and that "Helpless" would have been better if Faith, the second slayer, were also present. The review said the betrayal of Buffy by Giles, and the strains on their growing father-daughter relationship, was "heart-wrenching". Noel Murray of The A.V. Club described the episode as "one of the most overtly horrific, with creepy dark houses and blood-spattered rooms".

References

External links

Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 3) episodes
1999 American television episodes
Television episodes written by David Fury
Television episodes about abduction

Helpless (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)


Sceliphron laetum is a wasp in the family Sphecidae, the mud-dauber wasps. Like other members of this genus, it is a solitary species and builds cells out of mud in which to rear its young, provisioning them with paralysed spiders, and laying an egg in each. This wasp is native to Australia and southeastern Asia.

Description
Like other members of the family Specidae, the first abdominal segment of S. laetum has been modified into an elongated, slender petiole. This wasp is  long and is largely black, with bold yellow markings. It has membranous wings which fold over the body when at rest. Its head is clad with yellow hairs which thin out ventrally. It lacks an area of bare yellow skin on the lower part of the face which is present in the otherwise similar Sceliphron formosum. The thorax has one or more yellow patches dorsally between the wings. The hind tip of the thorax, the petiole and the front part of the gaster are yellow, the bulbous central portion of the gaster is black and its apex is yellow. The legs are yellow with some black markings.

Distribution
Sceliphron laetum is native to most of Australia and parts of southeastern Asia including Papua New Guinea.

Ecology
The female S. laetum builds a number of cylindrical cells out of mud. These are clustered together in a mass and when the nest is completed, extra mud is used to create ridges on the exterior. She then places the paralysed bodies of several spiders in the call, laying a single egg on the first spider. The female then seals the entrance with mud and proceeds to build, and provision, another cell. Her total fecundity is about eight eggs. Each larva will consume all the spiders in the cell and then pupate, finally emerging as an adult by chewing its way out of the cell.

This wasp most commonly selects orb-weaving spiders as prey, and it has been found that it is selective about the number and species of spiders used.  The egg is frequently laid on a species of Argiope or Neoscona, but these spiders only constituted a small percentage of the total prey collected. The spiny orb-weaver (Gasteracantha) was the most frequently used spider in the later stages of provisioning the cell, but the egg was seldom laid on this species. The researchers hypothesized that the egg was laid on a comparatively soft-bodied species and that the tough spiny abdomen of Gasteracantha would be difficult for an early instar wasp larva to tackle.

The number of spiders per cell varied from three to nine, the wasp adjusting the total number according to their cumulative mass rather than their total volume. Wasps determine the sex of their offspring when they lay the egg. Male wasps in this species are smaller than females, but it was not apparent that eggs that would develop into males had smaller food caches.

References

External links

Sphecidae
Hymenoptera of Australia
Insects described in 1856

Sceliphron laetum


Sir John Prichard-Jones, 1st Baronet (31 May 1841 – 17 October 1917) was a self-made Welsh business man of the Victorian and Edwardian era. His main business was the London West End department store Dickins & Jones.

For most of his life, his name was John Jones. In 1917, a few years after being created a baronet, and a few months before his death, he changed his surname by deed poll to Prichard-Jones.

Life
Born to a Welsh-speaking family at Tyn-Coed, a small farm near Newborough, Anglesey. His parents were Richard Jones, farmer, and Jane Jones, formerly Owen. He was one month on the 1841 census when he is recorded with father and mother Richard and Jane, aged 35 and 30, and siblings Elinor, Richard, William and Owen, aged 15, 9, 6 and 4. At the age of fourteen Jones was apprenticed to a draper in Caernarfon and afterwards moved to Pwllheli, then to Bangor and eventually, when he was nineteen, to London. In 1872, he entered the firm of Dickins, Smith & Stevens in Regent Street. There he was successively promoted to buyer, manager, director, chairman of the board and finally to partner, when the store's name was changed to Dickins & Jones.

He was also involved in the management of other businesses. He was prominent in movements for the promotion of workers' welfare, as well as supporting profit-sharing schemes for his employees. He was Treasurer of the Welsh National Museum and a member of the Council of the North Wales University College at Bangor, of which he was a generous benefactor, becoming Vice-President of the College Council in 1909. The University of Wales awarded him an honorary doctorate.

Jones maintained lifelong links with his native county, where he had a home, Bron Menai, Dwyran. He was made High Sheriff of Anglesey for 1905, and in 1910 a Deputy Lieutenant of Anglesey and a Baronet, for his services to education and the community.

As well as his house in Wales, Jones had a country house at Elstree, in Hertfordshire called Maes yr Hâv.

In 1911, he married secondly Marie, the younger daughter of Charles Read, and with her had two sons. He died at his London home in 1917, resulting from an accident. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his elder son, John Prichard-Jones, then aged four.

The Prichard Jones Institute
The Prichard Jones Institute, opened in 1905 at Newborough, Anglesey, may be described as a community centre for the people of Newborough. It consisted of a library, facilities for exhibitions, meetings and lectures. Also on the site were cottages made available to local elderly people, subject to certain criteria, who would also be paid a pension from a fund established by Sir John Prichard-Jones. The fund was financed through monies gained from a property in London, but unfortunately the property was destroyed through bombing during World War II. Without this fund the building had fallen into disrepair and required renovation.

The Institute is a registered charity.

In 2006 the Pritchard Jones Institute was one of the buildings nominated for the BBC television show Restoration.

References

1845 births
1917 deaths
People from Anglesey
British businesspeople
House of Fraser
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
High Sheriffs of Anglesey
Deputy Lieutenants of Anglesey
People from Elstree
19th-century British businesspeople

John Prichard-Jones


The SS Erinpura Memorial is a memorial in the Mount Herzl cemetery. It is dedicated to the 139 soldiers of the British Army 462 Moving Unit in British Mandate of Palestine on the SS Erinpura that lost their lives in a battle in North Africa with the Air Force of Nazi Germany.

The memorial is next to the Garden of the Missing Soldiers in the National Military and Police Cemetery in Mount Herzl in Jerusalem. It was built in 1985 by the architect Dr. Asher Hirem. It includes concrete covered with stones in a corner of a pool with the names of the 137 soldiers who drowned in the Mediterranean Sea. Their place of burial is unknown with holes for flowers. Two soldiers of the 139 are buried in the cemeteries of the British army in Tripoli, Libya and the other is in England.

A ceremony to the fallen soldiers take place in the Holocaust Remembrance Day.

Gallery

Other websites

 The Erinpura Tragedy in "samilitaryhistory"

Mandatory Palestine
Monuments and memorials in Mount Herzl
Military monuments and memorials in Israel

SS Erinpura Memorial


William Dale Wittliff (January 21, 1940 – June 9, 2019),  sometimes credited as Bill Wittliff, was an American screenwriter, author, and photographer who wrote the screenplays for The Perfect Storm (2000), Barbarosa (1982), Raggedy Man (1981), and many others.

Early life
Wittliff was born in Taft, Texas, on January 21, 1940, and moved to Blanco as a teenager. He studied journalism at the University of Texas at Austin and worked for a publishing house in Austin and was business and production manager for the Southern Methodist University Press in Dallas.

In 1964, he started his own publishing house, Encino Press. The last book from the Encino Press was Blue & Some Other Dogs by John Graves, issued in 1981.

Career
Wittliff wrote Country (1984), and the film would have been his directorial debut, but he quit after his cinematographer was fired.

Wittliff met Willie Nelson in the late 1970s, and he was a writer on Honeysuckle Rose (1980) and Barbarosa (1982), both of which starred Nelson. Wittliff agreed to write a script based on Nelson's album Red Headed Stranger (1975). Wittliff finished a draft in 1979 and Universal Studios green-lighted the film with a budget of $14 million. The studio wanted Robert Redford to play the Red Headed Stranger, a role Nelson had envisioned for himself. Redford turned the part down and Nelson and Wittliff returned their advances to buy the script back. Wittliff went on to direct and co-produce (along with Nelson) the film Red Headed Stranger (1986).

Wittliff wrote screenplays for the Lonesome Dove miniseries (1989) for which he won a Writers Guild of America Award in 1990 for season one, episode one: "Leaving" and a Bronze Wrangler award from the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. In 1995, he won another Bronze Wrangler for Legends of the Fall (1994). Wittliff also received Austin Film Festival's Distinguished Screenwriter Award in 1996.

In 1986, Wittliff founded the Southwest Writers Collection at Texas State University, which featured work by authors and songwriters from Texas and the American Southwest. In 1996, he founded the Wittliff Collection of Southwestern and Mexican Photography at the university.  The university's holdings, now renamed the Wittliff Collections, have grown to become one of the most extensive archives of Southwestern materials in the United States, two key collections being the papers of writers Cormac McCarthy and Sandra Cisneros.  The archive also features an exhibition containing items from Lonesome Dove.

Wittliff was also a distinguished photographer.  His photographs are included in the books Vaquero: Genesis of the Texas Cowboy (2004), La Vida Brinca (2006), and A Book of Photographs from Lonesome Dove (2007).

Personal life
In 1996, Wittliff was recipient of the Austin Film Festival's Distinguished Screenwriter Award.  In 2001, Wittliff was inducted into the Texas Film Hall of Fame. In 1959, he was initiated as a member of the Tau chapter of Kappa Sigma at the University of Texas and in 2012 became the fraternity's 79th recipient of the Man of the Year distinction.  In 2014, Wittliff and his wife Sally Wittliff, an attorney in Austin, Texas, were awarded honorary doctor of letters degrees by Texas State University.

Wittliff died on June 9, 2019, in Austin from a heart attack at the age of 79.

References

External links

 https://www.kappasigma.org/prominent-alumni/
 interview with William D. Wittliff (1981) at the Texas Archive of the Moving Image

1940 births
2019 deaths
American male screenwriters
People from San Patricio County, Texas
People from Blanco, Texas
Screenwriters from Texas

William D. Wittliff


The District Council of Orroroo Carrieton is a local government area in the Yorke and Mid North region  of South Australia. The principal towns are Orroroo and Carrieton; it also includes the localities of Belton, Black Rock, Coomooroo, Erskine, Eurelia, Johnburgh, Minburra, Pekina, Walloway, Yalpara and Yanyarrie, and part of Cradock, Hammond, Moockra, Morchard, Tarcowie and Yatina.

It was created in 1997 from the merger of the District Council of Carrieton and the District Council of Orroroo.

Elected Members

References

External links
 District Council of Orroroo Carrieton

Orroroo Carrieton
Mid North (South Australia)

District Council of Orroroo Carrieton