Primavera or La Primavera means the season spring in many Romance languages, and it may also refer to:

Geography
 Primavera, Chile
 La Primavera, Vichada, a municipality in Colombia
 La Primavera District, Bolognesi, Peru
 La Primavera Biosphere Reserve, a protected area in Mexico.
 Primavera, an Argentine research station in Antarctica
 Primavera, Pará, Brazil
 Primavera, Pernambuco, Brazil

People
 Dianne Primavera (born 1950), American legislator
 Elise Primavera (born 1955), American author and illustrator
 Giovan Leonardo Primavera (c. 1540–1585), composer and poet
 Giuseppe Primavera (1917–1998), Italian chess player
 Jim Primavera (born 1962), Canadian wheelchair curler
 Joseph Primavera (1926–2006), American violist and conductor
 Jurgenne H. Primavera (born 1947), widely cited Filipina marine scientist
 Nanda Primavera (1898–1995), Italian actress

Art
 Primavera exhibition, annual exhibition at the Museum of Contemporary Art Australia
 Primavera (painting) by Botticelli (c. 1482)
 Primavera Gallery, an art gallery and shop in Cambridge, England

Books
 Primavera, a novel by Francesca Lia Block
 Primavera, a literary magazine from Mount Mary University

Film and TV
Prima Vera (film), a 1917 German silent film starring Erna Morena
Primavera (film), a 2015 Argentine film by Santiago Giralt with Mike Amigorena and Moria Casán
Primavera (telenovela), a 1987 Venezuelan telenovela
"Primavera" (Hannibal), an episode of the television series Hannibal

Music
 Primavera Sound Festival, an annual music festival in Barcelona, Spain
 Prima Vera (band), a Norwegian comedy group
Conjunto Primavera, Mexican music band

Classical
 "La primavera" (concerto), the first concerto of Vivaldi's The Four Seasons
 "La Primavera", the first movement of Ottorino Resphighi's Trittico Botticelliano, one of his orchestral works
"Primavera", art song by Gounod
"Primavera", by Pier Adolfo Tirindelli (1858–1937)
 "Primavera", a tune by Ludovico Einaudi on the album Divenire
"La Primavera", guitar composition by Castelnuovo-Tedesco
"La Primavera", art song by Puccini
"La Primavera", orchestral work by Catalani
"La Primavera", art song by Reynaldo Hahn

Albums
Primavera!, classical album by Suzie LeBlanc and Daniel Taylor
Primavera, Eliana (singer)

Songs
 "Primavera", a Portuguese fado song, made famous by Amália Rodrigues
 "Primavera", a song by Robin Holcomb from Rockabye
 "Primavera", a song by Natalia LaFourcade from Las 4 Estaciones del Amor
 "Primavera", a song by Santana of the album Supernatural
La Primavera (song), song by Sash! (feat. Patrizia Salvadore) on the album Life Goes On
 "La Primavera", a song by Manu Chao's on the album Próxima Estación: Esperanza
Primavera, Riccardo Cocciante  1976

Sport
 Esporte Clube Primavera, a Brazilian football club, in Indaiatuba, São Paulo state
 Primavera Esporte Clube, a Brazilian football club, in Primavera do Leste, Mato Grosso state
 Campionato Nazionale Primavera, Trofeo Giacinto Facchetti, an Italian defunct under-19 football (soccer) competition
 Campionato Primavera 1, successor of Campionato Nazionale Primavera
 Campionato Primavera 2, successor of Campionato Nazionale Primavera
 Coppa Italia Primavera, an Italian football competition played for by youth teams from Campionato Primavera
 Milan–San Remo, an annual classic cycling race nicknamed "La Primavera"

Other
 Pasta primavera, a pasta and vegetable dish
 Primavera (software), a project management software package
 Primavera Online High School
 Primavera Productions, a theater production company
 Primavera Systems, a US-based vendor of project portfolio management software
 "Primavera" is a colloquial name for the Roseodendron donnell-smithii tree and its wood.
 A variant of Vespa scooter

See also
 Printemps (disambiguation)
 Springtime (disambiguation)
 Spring (disambiguation)

Primavera


A detention can be:

 Detention (2003 movie)
 Detention (school), a punishment used in schools
Detention (Cold Case Episode), Episode 58 (Series 3 Episode 12) of CBS TV Drama Cold Case.
 Detention (band), a band from New Jersey
 Detention basin, an artificial flow control structure that is used to contain flood water for a limited period of a time
 Detention (TV series)
 Detention (imprisonment), imprisonment of somebody guilty or suspected of a crime
 Immigration detention, imprisonment of unauthorised person entering a country

Detention


The International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) is an independent international research institute located in Laxenburg, near Vienna in Austria, founded as an East-West scientific cooperation initiative during the Cold War. Through its research programs and initiatives, the institute conducts policy-oriented interdisciplinary research into issues too large or complex to be solved by a single country or academic discipline. These include climate change, energy security, population aging, and sustainable development. The results of IIASA research and the expertise of its researchers are made available to policymakers worldwide to help them make informed and evidence-based policies.

Organization
IIASA has over 400 researchers from 52 countries that work in Laxenburg and an extensive network of collaborators, alumni, and visitors across the globe.

The institute is currently directed by Albert van Jaarsveld. Wolfgang Lutz is the current Interim Deputy Director General for Science. Past directors have included Howard Raiffa, a professor at Harvard Business School and Harvard Kennedy School, Roger Levien, former vice president for Strategy at Xerox, Leen Hordijk, former Director at the Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy, and Detlof von Winterfeldt, professor at the University of Southern California.

IIASA is a non-governmental institution funded by scientific organizations in its member countries, which currently include Austria, Brazil, China, Egypt, Finland, Germany, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Japan, Malaysia (Observer), Mexico, Norway, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, South Korea, Sweden, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Vietnam. Funding for the institute also comes from contracts, grants, and donations from governments, international organizations, academia, business, and individuals. Its research is independent and is not constrained by political or national self-interest of member countries.

History
IIASA was established by a charter signed on 4 October, 1972 by representatives of the Soviet Union, the United States, and ten other countries from the Eastern and Western blocs at The Royal Society in London. It was the culmination of six years' effort driven forward by both the US President Lyndon Johnson and the USSR Premier Alexei Kosygin. For IIASA it was the beginning of a project to use scientific cooperation to build bridges across the Cold War divide and to confront growing global problems on a truly international scale. The first scientist arrived at IIASA in June 1973.

IIASA built international multidisciplinary teams to confront innumerable global challenges both long-standing and emerging. For example, a study on water pollution carried out in the 1980s by a team of IIASA chemists, biologists, and economists still forms the basis of modern water policy design in Japan, USA, and the former USSR.

IIASA's approach of bringing together different nationalities and disciplines to work toward common goals has now been widely imitated, for example, in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme.

Instead of closing in the 1990s upon the end of the Cold War, the institute broadened its mandate from bridging East and West to a general global focus. Today, IIASA brings together a wide range of scientific skills to provide science-based insights into critical policy issues in international and national debates on global change.

Current research
The IIASA mission is to provide scientific guidance to policymakers by finding solutions to global problems through applied systems analysis in order to improve human well-being and protect the environment.

In 2010, IIASA launched a strategic plan for the next ten years that focused on three general problem areas: Energy and Climate Change, Food and Water, and Poverty and Equity.

There are currently nine IIASA research programs carrying out research into the dynamics of global change. These programs use holistic approaches and interdisciplinary collaborations to identify potential solutions needed to bring about a global transformation to true sustainability: Advanced Systems Analysis, Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases, Ecosystem Services and Management, Energy, Evolution and Ecology, Risk and Resilience, Transitions to New Technologies, Water, and World Population.

Major projects

Ten IIASA scientists were among the authors of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (the work of the IPCC, including the contributions of many scientists, was recognized by the joint award of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize). IIASA researchers are major contributors to Working Groups II and III of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report and are invited contributors to Working Groups I, II and III of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report.

The Greenhouse Gases – Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model was launched in 2006 as an extension to the RAINS model which is used to assess cost-effective response strategies for combating air pollution, such as fine particles and ground-level ozone. The Chinese Government officially adopted GAINS in 2019 to strengthen air quality management in the country.

The IIASA led Arctic Futures Initiative (AFI), in collaboration with the Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs culminated in a report that considered how different Arctic actors define and address issues around the human dimension, governance, international cooperation, environmental protection, pollution, climate change, security, safety, economy, tourism, infrastructure, and science and education.

IIASA is a core member of the Food and Land Use (FOLU) Coalition that brings together stakeholders from academia and the public and private sectors to identify and advance solutions that deliver food security, healthy and affordable diets, halt biodiversity loss, restore and protect ecosystem services, and mitigate climate change and environmental pollution.

A partnership with the Global Environment Facility and the UN Industrial Development Organization, the Integrated Solutions for Water, Energy, and Land (ISWEL) project, developed tools and capacities for the cohesive management of water, energy, and land resources in the Indus and Zambezi basins.

Together with the Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN), IIASA initiated the Food Agriculture Land Use Biodiversity and Energy (FABLE) Consortium as a knowledge platform. FABLE brings together research and policy teams from 20 developed and developing countries to advance analytical tools and model-aided decision support to analyze the ability of development pathways to meet national aspirations, while also collectively aligning with, among others, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Agreement.

The IIASA Challenges and Opportunities for Economic Integration within a wider European and Eurasian Space project served as a platform where key stakeholders could engage in evidence-based dialogue. In 2018 the project published three reports containing analyses and recommendations in several important areas. The first report compared product standards and technical regulations in the region and revealed that the Eurasian Economic Union has already adopted international standards more fully than previously realized. The second report on foreign direct investment highlighted that capital flows between the European Union and Russia are declining. The third report looked at trans-Eurasian land transport corridors and argued that enhancing trade between Europe and Asia would require increased capacity, the removal of infrastructure bottlenecks, harmonization of regulatory environments, and enhanced associated investments.

Since 2010, IIASA is one of the three "pillar institutions" of the Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital.

The IIASA's Global Energy Assessment was released in 2012. The report was a result of the collaborative and integrated work of over 500 authors, analysts and reviewers worldwide who contributed independent, scientifically based and policy-relevant analysis of current and emerging energy issues and options. The assessment provides an analysis of energy-related issues including sustainable development, poverty eradication, climate change mitigation, health, energy security, and energy access.

Further reading

See also
 All Union Scientific Research Institute for Applied Automated Systems (VNIIPAS/ВНИИПАС)
 Club of Rome

References

External links

 Official site of IIASA

International climate change organizations
Environmental economics
International research institutes
Members of the International Council for Science
Non-profit organisations based in Austria
Research institutes in Austria
Systems thinking
Systems science institutes
Members of the International Science Council


Józef Montwiłł  (9 March 1850 in Mitėniškiai (now Kėdainiai district, Lithuania) – 7 February 1911) was a Polish-Lithuanian social worker, bank owner and philanthropist, notable for the many social societies he founded. A descendant of a noble Lithuanian family, Montwiłł inherited a significant fortune, which he further increased through banking and investment. He financed numerous courses for the poor, among them, was a class of painting and arts, run by - among others - Józef Bałzukiewicz and Ivan Trutnev, from which graduated a renowned Lithuanian artist Juozas Zikaras.

In 1898, Montwiłł also financed a monument to Adam Mickiewicz in Vilnius, designed by Tadeusz Stryjeński. As the tsarist authorities did not allow the monument to be placed in open space, it was built inside Saint John's Church. Montwiłł also created the Lutnia Artistic Society and financed the construction of the society's theatre, in currently Lithuanian National Drama Theatre. Among other societies, he formed and financed the Society of Friends of Sciences, one of the founding members of the Polish Academy of Sciences.

Montwiłł also financed the creation of a Polish school in Vilnius (1907), a city hall in Panevėžys; built already after his death, and the Polish Theatre in Vilnius (in modern times converted to Russian Dramatic Theatre of Lithuania). He died in 1911, and was buried at the Rossa cemetery (Lithuanian: Rasos). His tomb, designed by Zygmunt Otto, was decorated with a sculpture of an angel. Although vandalized in recent times, the tomb remains there. In 1935, a monument to Montwiłł was erected in front of the Franciscan Church. A monument in his honour was built in the square, located in the former Franciscan cemetery in the Trakai Street of Vilnius.

In modern times, the Polish Culture in Lithuania Fund () has adopted Montwiłł as its patron.

References

1850 births
1911 deaths
People from Kėdainiai District Municipality
People from Vilkomirsky Uyezd
Polish Roman Catholics
Members of the 3rd State Duma of the Russian Empire
Polish philanthropists
Polish bankers
Polish businesspeople
Polish economists
19th-century philanthropists
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
Burials at Rasos Cemetery
Businesspeople from the Russian Empire

Józef Montwiłł


Jamii Szmadzinski is an American electric violinist who was a member of the band Shadowfax and Human Drama.

Szmadzinski was born in Michigan, United States, and at the age of 14 earned a scholarship to Interlochen Arts Academy, He went on to Boston Conservatory for composition and performance studies.  He also attended Berklee College of Music in Boston and Film scoring studies at UCLA.

Szmadzinski has produced, composed, arranged and performed for several feature films Kickboxer, Street Justice, Bloodsport, Country, Tender Mercies, The Stray; was concert master for Solo (new AFI film); and a number of television movie credits which include The Mae West Story, Beauty & The Beast, Coweta County and others as a featured soloist.  He was Associate Music Producer of the award-winning series Portrait of America.  Music Producer for Digital Domain in Asia and Record Producer for the legendary Chinese Rock Band "Black Panther.Apple's initial ad campaign was co-composed and performed by Szmadzinski.  Other commercial projects include American Express, 3M products, Pizza Hut, AT&T and Holiday Health Spas with Cher.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Musicians from Michigan
Interlochen Center for the Arts alumni
Boston Conservatory at Berklee alumni
Berklee College of Music alumni
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
American male violinists
21st-century American violinists
21st-century American male musicians

Jamii Szmadzinski


MKB Raduga (, dalam Inggris: Raduga Design Bureau, Indonesia: Biro Desain Raduga). Raduga (bahasa Rusia) secara harfiah berarti "pelangi" adalah sebuah perusahaan dirgantara asal Rusia yang terletak di Dubna dan memproduksi berbagai jenis misil berikut teknologinya. Perusahaan ini merupakan bagian dari biro desain Mikoyan sebelum memisahkan diri menjadi OKB mandiri pada tahun 1957.

Produk

Seri Kometa
 KS-1 Komet (AS-1 "Kennel") - the first Soviet air-launched anti-ship cruise missile, began development 1947
 K-10S (AS-2 "Kipper") - heavy anti-ship missile, Tu-16, 1955

Seri Naval P
 P-15 Termit (SS-N-2 "Styx") - ship-launched cruise missile (the basis for the Chinese HY-2 Silkworm missile), 1955
 P-270/3M80 Moskit (SS-N-22 "Sunburn") - ramjet-propelled anti-ship missile, 1973, in-service 1984

Seri Kh/KSR airborn
 R-4/K-9 (AA-4 "Awl") - long-range air-to-air missile, late 1950s
 KSR-2 (AS-5 "Kelt") - 1956, Tu-16KSR-2
 KSR-5/Kh-26 (AS-6 "Kingfish") - Tu-16K-26, Tu-16KSR-2-5, Tu-16KSR-2-5-11. Development of Kh-22. Development authorized 24 August 1962. Officially entered service 12 November 1969 (along with K-10-26). Retired in 1994.
 KSR-11, (AS-5B) - anti-radar missile, air-launched. 1971
 Kh-15 (AS-16 "Kickback")) - hypersonic aeroballistic short-range attack missile, using liquid-fuel rocket propulsion. Tu-22M2,M3, Tu-95MS. First missiles were built in 1978. Serial production in mid-1980s.
 Kh-20 (AS-3 "Kangaroo") - air-launched cruise missile, Tu-95K. Development of "K-20 system" (consisting of Kh-20 missile, Tu-95K carrier, etc) was authorized 11 March 1954.
 Kh-20M (AS-3 "Kangaroo") - Kh-20 with improved thermo-nuclear warhead. K-20 has officially entered service 9 September 1960. Retired in 1991 due to SALT-1 agreement.
 Kh-22 (AS-4 "Kitchen") - anti-ship missile, Tu-22K, Tu-22M, Tu-95K-22. Development of "missile complex K-22" was authorized 15 April 1958. Officially entered service 09 February 1971. K-95-22 (with Tu-95K-22 aircraft) entered service in 1987.
 Kh-28 (AS-9 "Kyle") - anti-radar missile
 Kh-45, - Sukhoi T-4, Sukhoi T-4MS
 Kh-55 Granat (AS-15 "Kent") - cruise missile, 1976, Tu-95MS, Tu-160. Development was authorized 08 December 1976. The first serial Kh-55 was launched 23 February 1981. Officially entered service (complex of Kh-55 and Tu-95MS) 31 December 1983.
 Kh-58 (AS-11 "Kilter") - anti-radar missile
 Kh-59 Ovod (AS-13 "Kingbolt") - tactical air-to-surface TV-guided missile
 Kh-59M Ovod-M (AS-18 "Kazoo") -
 Kh-2000, - Sukhoi T-4, Sukhoi T-4MS

Lainnya
 85R, 85RU, (SS-N-14 "Silex") - surface-launched torpedo-carrying anti-submarine missiles
 MV-1 - target drone
 KSR-5-NM - target drone
 Burlak, Burlak-M air-launched spacecraft launcher, Tu-160SK

Pranala luar
 Company history

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Perusahaan Rusia
Perusahaan pertahanan
perusahaan manufaktur senjata
Perusahaan pembuat Rudal Taktis
Perusahaan senjata pesawat terbang
Tactical Missiles Corporation
Perusahaan pembuat peluru kendali

MKB Raduga


Addenbrooke's Hospital is a large teaching hospital and research centre in Cambridge, England, with strong affiliations to the University of Cambridge.  Addenbrooke's Hospital is located on the Cambridge Biomedical Campus. It is run by Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and is a designated academic health science centre. It is also the East of England's major trauma centre and was the first such centre to be operational in the United Kingdom.

History
The hospital was founded in 1766 on Trumpington Street with £4,500 from the will of Dr John Addenbrooke, a fellow of St Catharine's College. In 1962 the first building was opened on its present site, on the southern edge of the city at the end of Hills Road.  The last patient left the Trumpington Street site in 1984 and the site was redeveloped in the 1990s – it is now occupied by the Cambridge Judge Business School (in the former main building), as well as Browns Brasserie & Bar (in the former adjacent outpatients building). A new elective care facility was procured under a Private Finance Initiative contract in 2004, It was built by Alfred McAlpine and designed by Llewelyn Davies Architects at a cost of £85 million and completed in spring 2007.

Notable staff

 Margaret Morgan, (1864–   ) matron, 1901–1904
 Alice Blomfield, (1866–1938) matron, 1905–1908

Both these matrons trained at The London Hospital under Eva Luckes. Luckes adopted Florence Nightingale's belief that the new style of matron should be autonomous and solely responsible for their staff. However, as with the Guy's Hospital Dispute these new style of matrons sometimes had issues with the acceptance of their  autonomy. Morgan felt that she had an issue with the acceptance of her authority by some medical staff, and left after three years. Blomfield also experienced an unspecified problem between herself and the medical staff.

Services
Addenbrooke's Hospital provides a full range of clinical services, with two exceptions: cardiothoracic surgery is performed at the adjacent Royal Papworth Hospital (which re-located to the Cambridge Biomedical Campus in 2019); and maternity services are provided at the adjacent Rosie Hospital, which has a midwife-led birth unit and birth pool.

Addenbrooke's Hospital is a designated major trauma centre. This was the first regional major trauma centre in England to become fully operational and was featured on the BBC documentary series 'Life Savers' in 2013.

Addenbrooke's Hospital is a tertiary referral centre for a number of specialities. It is one of the UK's seven liver transplant centres and performs multivisceral transplants. It is a busy regional neurosurgical centre and has the largest neurological intensive care unit of its kind in Europe. It is also a centre of excellence for renal services, bone marrow transplantation, cleft lip and palate reconstruction, treatment of rare cancers, medical genetics, and paediatrics. Addenbrooke's Hospital is also the designated regional centre for pancreatic, biliary and liver cancer surgery and tertiary referral centre for complex pancreatitis. It has 37 operating theatres, and in addition to the neurosciences (neurosurgery and neurology) critical care unit it also has an adult, a paediatric, and a neonatal intensive care service, and several high-dependency areas (adult, paediatric, transplant, surgical, coronary care).

Addenbrooke's Hospital is an internationally renowned transplant centre.  Addenbrooke's Hospital transplant surgeons have made many notable contributions to the world of transplantation.

The Cambridge Biomedical Campus has an on-site helipad, for the numerous air ambulances that visit - often transporting patients in a critical state to the major trauma centre at Addenbrooke's Hospital.

Transport

Bus
The campus is served by a busy bus station, located on its gateway roundabout, with up to 60 buses arriving there every hour. Addenbrooke's Hospital is directly accessible from three of Cambridge's five Park and Ride sites, of which Babraham Road and Trumpington are nearest. The green Park and Ride buses from the Babraham Park and Ride stop at its main bus station, while the busway service A connects various locations around the site to Trumpington Park and Ride and the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway network. Busway service U from and to Eddington has a stop at the Madingley Road Park and Ride and one outside the hospital's outpatient entrance. All three services also stop at the Cambridge railway station.

Bicycle
Various cycleways lead to Addenbrooke's Hospital and a new cycleway and footpath linking Great Shelford and Addenbrooke's Hospital opened in August 2006, which also marks the 10,000th mile of the National Cycle Network.

Car
Parking is increasingly restricted, as former car parks are being built on, and staff, patients and visitors are encouraged to travel in by bus or bike. A new multi-storey car park with 1050 spaces for visitor and patient parking and a further 63 for disabled parking was opened on 18 April 2008. There is a customer service desk and concession tickets are available for outpatients with appointments.

Transport remains something of a problem due to the volume of people arriving each day. There are approximately 8,000 car movements each day, but only 3,200 car parking spaces available (as of March 2004). With three proposed developments around the hospital, including an extension of the hospital site itself and two residential developments, traffic is expected to increase considerably. For this reason, work for a new access road from Hauxton Road in Trumpington to Addenbrooke's Hospital began in July 2007. The £25million new road opened in October 2010 and provides direct access from the M11 to the Cambridge Biomedical Campus, home to the hospital. It is expected to handle up to 25,000 journeys per day when nearby residential developments are complete. The route was originally intended for access to the hospital only and as such, entrances to the Cambridge Biomedical Campus are fitted with Automatic Number Plate Recognition cameras to monitor traffic entering and leaving the site without stopping. The police have power to issue Fixed Penalty Notices to drivers who are not authorised to use the route.

Rail
The nearest railway station to the campus is Cambridge railway station. A new station, Cambridge South railway station, is intended to serve the campus from 2025 onwards.

Open days
The hospital holds a free open day to allow members of the public to visit areas of the hospital which would usually be inaccessible. The tours include visits to the basement service corridors, the hospital's mortuary, the pathology laboratories, the hospital roof, and one of the operating theatres. In March 2016, over 5,000 visitors attended the event.

Fundraising

Addenbrooke's Charitable Trust (ACT) is the independent registered charity for Addenbrooke's Hospital and its associated hospitals. Its aim is to support and promote the work of Addenbrooke's Hospital for the benefit of patients and staff, by raising extra funds to enhance services, facilities and research.

Incidents
In 2011 an Addenbrooke's Hospital doctor placed a "do not resuscitate" instruction on a patient's notes without consultation with either the patient or the family. The patient later died, and following a court case in 2014 Addenbrooke's Hospital was found to have acted unlawfully in denying the patient life saving treatment.

In 2012, Dr Narinder Kapur, consultant neuropsychologist and Head of the Neuropsychology Service won a case of unfair dismissal against Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. Kapur raised patient-safety concerns, such as the use of unqualified staff in clinics, which were later vindicated by an internal report.

In 2015 an Addenbrooke's Hospital doctor was jailed for 22 years for abusing 18 boys at the hospital, between 2009 and 2013.

In April 2016 Addenbrooke's Hospital was criticised for the treatment of Prof. Sir David J.C. Mackay. Mackay was unable to sleep, being kept awake by noisy staff, excessive heating, lights, and loud machinery that exceeded World Health Organization guidelines. Mackay was reported to be in tears, and died six days later.

In April 2021 a United States Air Force CV22 Osprey helicopter damaged the hospital helipad as it took off. East Anglian Air Ambulance and Magpas were temporarily diverted to Cambridge City Airport while the site was cleared of debris.

In May 2023, a member of staff working as a consultant physician was reported to have inappropriately accessed medical records to obtain personal details relating to their former partner's new partner.

See also
 Healthcare in Cambridgeshire
 List of hospitals in England

Notes

References

External links

 University of Cambridge pages about the Addenbrooke's site
 The Medical School
 Addenbrooke's Charitable Trust (ACT)
 Browns Brasserie & Bar, Cambridge

Buildings and structures in Cambridge
NHS hospitals in England
Teaching hospitals in England
Hospitals in Cambridgeshire
1766 establishments in England
Physicians of Addenbrooke's Hospital

Addenbrooke's Hospital


Pale ale is a golden to amber coloured beer style brewed with pale malt. The term first appeared in England around 1703 for beers made from malts dried with high-carbon coke, which resulted in a lighter colour than other beers popular at that time. Different brewing practices and hop quantities have resulted in a range of tastes and strengths within the pale ale family.

History
Coke had been first used for dry roasting malt in 1642, but it was not until around 1703 that the term pale ale was first applied to beers made from such malt. By 1784, advertisements appeared in the Calcutta Gazette for "light and excellent" pale ale.

By 1830, the expressions bitter and pale ale were synonymous. Breweries tended to designate beers as "pale ales", though customers would commonly refer to the same beers as "bitters". It is thought that customers used the term bitter to differentiate these pale ales from other less noticeably hopped beers such as porters and milds.

By the mid to late 20th century, while brewers were still labeling bottled beers as pale ales, they had begun identifying cask beers as "bitters", except those from Burton on Trent, which tend to be referred to as "pale ales".

Types
Different brewing practices and hop levels have resulted in a range of taste and strength within the pale ale family.

Amber ale

Collier Brothers of London applied for the UK trademark of The Amber Ale in 1876 and the trademark was maintained through changes in ownership until it expired as UK00000009744 in 2002. It was a "pure delicately hopped Pale Ale" positioned between their light bitter and IPA. Since the expiry of the trademark some traditional British bitters have been rebranded as amber ales, in some cases to distinguish them from golden ales sold under the same brand eg Shepherd Neame Spitfire.

Amber ale is an emerging term used in Australia, France (as ambrée), Belgium and the Netherlands and North America for pale ales brewed with a proportion of amber malt and sometimes crystal malt to produce an amber colour generally ranging from light copper to light brown. A small amount of crystal or other coloured malt is added to the basic pale ale base to produce a slightly darker colour, as in some Irish and British pale ales. In France the term "ambrée" is used to signify a beer, either cold or warm fermented, which is amber in colour; the beer, as in Pelforth ambrée and Fischer amber, may be a Vienna lager, or it may be a bière de garde as in Jenlain ambrée. In North America, American-variety hops are used in amber ales with varying degrees of bitterness, although very few examples are particularly hoppy. Diacetyl is barely perceived or is absent in an amber ale.

American pale ale

Anchor Liberty Ale, a 6% abv ale originally brewed by the Anchor Brewing Company as a special in 1975 to commemorate Paul Revere's "Midnight Ride" in 1775, was seen by Michael Jackson, a writer on beverages, as the first modern American ale. Fritz Maytag, the owner of Anchor, visited British breweries in London, Yorkshire and Burton upon Trent, picking up information about robust pale ales, which he applied when he made his American version, using just malt rather than the malt and sugar combination common in brewing at that time, and making prominent use of the American hop, Cascade. By 1983, it was commonly found.

The brewery thought to be the first to successfully use significant quantities of American hops in the notably hoppy style of an APA and use the specific name "pale ale" was the Sierra Nevada Brewing Company. It brewed the first experimental batch of Sierra Nevada Pale Ale in November 1980, distributing the finished version in March 1981. Other pioneers of a hoppy American pale ale are Jack McAuliffe of the New Albion Brewing Company and Bert Grant of Yakima Brewing.

American pale ales are generally around 5% abv, with significant quantities of American hops, typically Cascade. Although American-brewed beers tend to use a cleaner yeast, and American two row malt, it the use of strong American hops in particular that distinguish an APA from a British or European pale ale. The style is close to the American India pale ale (IPA), and boundaries blur, though IPAs are stronger and more assertively hopped. The style is also close to amber ale, though these are darker and maltier due to the use of crystal malts.

Bière de garde

Bière de garde, or "keeping beer", is a pale ale traditionally brewed in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France. These beers were usually brewed by farmhouses in the winter and spring, to avoid unpredictable problems with the yeast during the summertime.

The origin of the name lies in the tradition that it was matured or cellared for a period of time once bottled (most were sealed with a cork), to be consumed later in the year, akin to a saison.

Among the better French known "bières de garde" are Brasserie de Saint-Sylvestre, Trois Monts, Brasseurs Duyck, Jenlain and Brasserie La Choulette, ambrée.

Blonde
Blonde ales are very pale in colour. The term "blonde" for pale beers is common in Europe and South America – particularly in France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, the UK, and Brazil – though the beers may not have much in common, other than colour. Blondes tend to be clear, crisp, and dry, with low-to-medium bitterness and aroma from hops, and some sweetness from malt. Fruitiness from esters may be perceived. A lighter body from higher carbonation may be noticed.

In the United Kingdom, golden or summer ales were developed in the late 20th century by breweries to compete with the pale lager market. A typical golden ale has an appearance and profile similar to that of a pale lager. Malt character is subdued and the hop profile ranges from spicy to citrus; common hops include Styrian Golding and Cascade. Alcohol is in the 4% to 5% abv range. The UK style is attributed to John Gilbert, owner of Hop Back Brewery, who developed "Summer Lightning" in 1989, which won several awards and inspired numerous imitators.

Belgian blondes are often made with pilsner malt. Some beer writers regard blonde and golden ales as distinct styles, while others do not. Duvel is a typical Belgian blonde ale, and one of the most popular bottled beers in the country as well as being well known internationally.

Burton pale ale
Late in the second half of the nineteenth century, the recipe for pale ale was put into use by the Burton upon Trent brewers, notably Bass; ales from Burton were considered of a particularly high quality due to synergy between the malt and hops in use and local water chemistry, especially the presence of gypsum. Burton retained absolute dominance in pale ale brewing until a chemist, C. W. Vincent, discovered the process of Burtonization to reproduce the chemical composition of the water from Burton-upon-Trent, thus giving any brewery the capability to brew pale ale.

English bitter

The expression English bitter first appeared in the early 19th century as part of the development and spread of pale ale. Breweries tended to designate beers as "pale ales", though customers would commonly refer to the same beers as "bitters". It is thought that customers used the term bitter to differentiate these pale ales from other less noticeably hopped beers. Drinkers tend to loosely group modern bitters into "session" or "ordinary" bitters (up to 4.1% abv), "best" or "special" bitters (between 4.2% and 4.7% abv) and "strong" bitters (4.8% abv and over).

India pale ale (IPA)

India pale ale (IPA) is a style of pale ale developed in England for export to India. The first known use of the expression "India pale ale" is in an advertisement in the Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser on 27 August 1829.

Worthington White Shield, originating in Burton-upon-Trent, is a beer considered to be part of the development of India pale ale.

The colour of an IPA can vary from a light gold to a reddish amber.

Irish red ale

The term "Irish red ale" was popularised in the United States and subsequently exported worldwide. The additional variants "red ale", "Irish ale" (,) and "Irish red", have come to be used by brewers mainly in Ireland and the United States, less so elsewhere. Smithwick's and Kilkenny are typical examples of macro-brewed commercial Irish red ale. There are many other smaller and craft examples, such as O'Hara's, Sullivan's, Murphy's, Porterhouse and Franciscan Well.

Irish red ales are characterised by their malt profile and typically have a sweet, caramel or toffee-like taste, low bitterness and amber to red colour - hence the name.

Irish brewers have increasingly adopted the term Irish Red Ale to distinguish their beers in both the domestic and international markets. In the US, the name can also be used simply to describe a darker amber ale, or the abbreviated term "Irish Red" applied to a "reddish" beer brewed as a lager and ambered with caramel colouring - for example Killian's Irish Red.

Strong pale ale
Strong pale ales are ales made predominantly with pale malts and have an alcohol strength that may start around 5%, though typically at 7 or 8% by volume, and may go up to 12%, though some brewers have been pushing the alcohol strength higher to produce novelty beers. In 1994, the Hair of the Dog Brewing Company produced a strong pale ale with an alcohol by volume of 29%. In 2010, Brewdog released "Sink the Bismarck!", a 41% abv pale ale, which is stronger than typical U.S. distilled spirits (40% abv).

 Beer Festivals and Pale Ales
Beer festivals provide a platform for showcasing a diverse range of Pale Ales from around the world, including both traditional English and American varieties. These events offer visitors the opportunity to taste and compare different styles of Pale Ales, while also promoting craft breweries and encouraging experimentation with new Pale Ale recipes. According to an article on the Beer Council website, regional variations of Pale Ales have gained popularity, with English beers focusing more on malt-forward flavors and American versions showcasing bolder hoppiness from US hop varieties, such as citrus and pine notes.

References

BibliographyFarmhouse Ales: Culture and Craftsmanship in the European Tradition, Phil Markowski, Great Beer Guide: 500 Classic Brews, Michael Jackson, Dictionary of Beer'', Ed: A. Webb,

External links
 CAMRA description of Pale Ale
 Difference between pale ale and india pale ale

Beer styles

Pale ale


Yoweragabbie is a small town in the Mid West region of Western Australia between the towns of Mount Magnet and Yalgoo.

The town originated as a railway siding on the Mullewa to Cue line in 1898 when the line was opened, which was constructed to service the surrounding pastoral stations. In 1913 land was set aside for a townsite and was gazetted in 1914. Very little development ever took place at the town.

The name of the town is Aboriginal in origin and is taken for a nearby well. The well had first been recorded on maps surveyed in 1886.

In 1896, following heavy rain, the townsite and the surrounding stations were flooded. The area was inundated again in 1926 resulting in rail services being cancelled.

A pastoral lease, Yoweragabbie Station, existed since as a lease 1880 in the area when it was owned by the Watson family. In 1926 the property had a flock of 21,800 sheep and produced a clip of 458 bales of wool. The station was sold in 1934 to the Yalgoo Pastoral Company and Dr. A. Thompson for over £38,000, at this stage it occupied an area of  and had a carrying capacity of 30,000 sheep. The Yoweragabbie railway siding was situated on the property which shared boundaries with Murrum, Nalbarra and Mundinia Stations.

References

Mining towns in Western Australia
Towns in Western Australia
Shire of Mount Magnet

Yoweragabbie, Western Australia


Preston on Wye is a village and civil parish in Herefordshire, England. It is situated near the River Wye, about 9 miles west of Hereford. Nearby places are Monnington on Wye, Lulham and Moccas.

It was a nascent town in the 13th century, its tradesmen mentioned alongside those of Bromyard, Ledbury, and Ross-on-Wye in a mandate of Henry III of November 1272 as entitled to trade in the city of Hereford "free from toll and all other exactions". But as with other projected towns in medieval Herefordshire like Wigmore it never developed fully.

Village events include plays and medieval banquets by the local drama group, The POW Players. There is a newly refurbished village hall and a pub (The Yew Tree), also a Church of England Church, St Lawrence's, a Baptist Chapel and a Methodist Chapel. There is a bi-weekly bus service into Hereford and daily buses to the local primary school in Madley and secondary school in Kingstone.
The village hall hosts the local community access point "Cow Pats" twice weekly on Wednesday nights and Saturdays, providing a rural cybercafé.

According to the Book of Llandaff a local warrior prince, Gwrfoddw, who was king of Ergyng, after a victory in battle over the Saxons granted land at Bolgros to Bishop Ufelfyw - Bolgros was said to be "on the banks of the Wye, at some distance from Mochros (now Moccas)" - in thanksgiving for the victory. Bolgros is believed to have been Preston-on-Wye, and a church was built on the site of the present church, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, St Peter, St Dubricius and St Teilo.

The village has two seasonal campsites located close to the River Wye for canoeists.

References

External links

Villages in Herefordshire

Preston on Wye


Xihe (), was a solar deity in Chinese mythology. One of the two wives of Di Jun (along with Changxi), she was the mother of ten suns in the form of three-legged crows residing in a mulberry tree, the Fusang, in the East Sea. Each day, one of the sun birds would be rostered to travel around the world on a carriage driven by Xihe.

Folklore also held that once, all ten sun birds came out on the same day, causing the world to burn; Houyi saved the day by shooting down all but one of the sun birds.

Literature

In the poem Suffering from the Shortness of Days (苦晝短), Li He of the Tang dynasty is hostile and even deviant towards the legendary dragons that drew the sun chariot as a vehicle for the passage of time. The following is the relevant excerpt of that poem:

"I will cut off the dragon's feet, chew the dragon's flesh,
so that they can't turn back in the morning or lie down at night.
Left to themselves the old won't die; the young won't cry."

In the Huainanzi, the journey of the sun and the attendant of the sun chariot is described:

"The sun rises up from the Bright Valley, bathes in the Pool of Xian, and rests in the Fusang Tree. This is called Dawn Light.
Ascending the Fusang Tree, it thereupon commences its journey. This is called Emergent Brightness.
[When the sun] reaches the Bent Slope, this is called Dawn Brilliance.
[When the sun] reaches the Steaming Spring, this is called the Morning Meal.
[When the sun] reaches the Mulberry Field, this is called the Late-Morning Meal.
[When the sun] reaches the Balance Beam of Yang, this is called within the Angle.
[When the sun] reaches Kun Wu, this is called the Exact Center.
[When the sun] reaches the Bird Roost, this is called the Lesser Return.
[When the sun] reaches the Valley of Grief, this is called the Dinner Hour.
[When the sun] reaches Woman's Sequence, this is called the Great Return.
[When the sun] reaches the Angle of the Abyss, this is called the Raised Pestle.
[When the sun] reaches Carriage Stone, this is called the Descending Pestle.
[When the sun] reaches the Fountain of Grief, it halts; its female attendant rests her horses. This is called the Suspended Chariot.
[When the sun] reaches the Abyss of Anxiety, this is called Yellow Dusk.
[When the sun] reaches the Vale of Obscurity, this is called Definite Dusk.
The sun enters the floodwaters of the Abyss of Anxiety; sunrise emerges from the drainage stream of the Vale of Obscurity.
[The sun] travels over the nine continents, [passing through] seven resting places, [covering a distance of] 507,309 li.
The divisions [of its journey] make dawn, daylight, dusk, and night."

See also
Mid-Autumn Festival
Shujun
Chinese H-alpha Solar Explorer, named after Xihe
List of solar deities

References

Further reading
Chinese myths

Chinese goddesses
Solar goddesses

Xihe (deity)


Martha Bowes MacCallum (born January 31, 1964) is an American journalist and news host for Fox News. She is the host of The Story with Martha MacCallum, broadcast from Manhattan. MacCallum joined the network in 2004. Her interviews with President Barack Obama, General David Petraeus, Arizona Senator and 2008 Republican presidential nominee John McCain, New Jersey governor Chris Christie, First Lady Laura Bush, and others have been featured on her programs.

Early life

Martha MacCallum, the daughter of Elizabeth B. and Douglas C. MacCallum, Jr., was born and grew up in Wyckoff, New Jersey.  After graduating from Ramapo High School in Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, MacCallum earned her bachelor's degree in political science from St. Lawrence University in the North Country of New York State, and subsequently studied at the Circle in the Square Theatre School on Broadway, founding the Miranda Theater Company in New York. MacCallum next worked as an associate in corporate relations at Dow Jones & Company.

Broadcasting career
MacCallum was at Wall Street Journal Television from 1991 to 1996, where she served as a business news correspondent and anchor for  The Wall Street Journal Report, World Market Outlook, and Business USA. In 1996, she moved to WBIS-TV, a short-lived sports and business station in New York, as an anchor and reporter.

MacCallum was next a reporter/anchor for NBC/CNBC. She frequently contributed to The News with Brian Williams, Today, NBC affiliate news programs, and CNBC World before being assigned to co-anchor CNBC's Morning Call with Martha MacCallum and Ted David. She also appeared on Checkpoint, an evening show which examined homeland security and the War on Terror. MacCallum created the series "Inside the Business" for Business Center, a former CNBC show.

Fox News
MacCallum joined the Fox News Channel in 2004. She hosted The Live Desk from 2006 to 2010 and America's Newsroom from 2010 to 2017. MacCallum hosted the new program, The First 100 Days, on Fox News Channel, which debuted January 9, 2017. It was created as a replacement for Tucker Carlson Tonight when that program moved to the time slot formerly occupied by The Kelly File after Megyn Kelly's departure.
On April 28, 2017, the show was rebranded as The Story with Martha MacCallum.  At the close of 2020, upstart Newsmax surged while MacCallum and Fox plunged in the ratings. She was demoted on January 11, when her show "The Story" was moved from the prime 7 p.m. ET time-slot to the 3 p.m. ET time-slot.

In addition to hosting The Story, MacCallum serves as a fill in host on programs such as America's Newsroom, The Faulkner Focus, Outnumbered, and The Five.

After a mob of Trump supporters stormed the Capitol, MacCallum initially said, "This is a huge victory for these protesters. They have disrupted the system in an enormous way!" Later on during coverage of the events she called them "unsettling" and stated that "control has to be maintained." She likened the storming of the U.S. Capitol to a peaceful protest outside Josh Hawley's home a few days earlier; The New York Times said it was "bizarre" to link "swarms of Trump supporters breaking into the seat of democracy, an event that made worldwide news, to a small-scale incident at the home of a Republican official."

MacCallum is a two-time recipient of the Gracie Award for Women in Journalism and has received the Soldiersocks Commitment To Serve award. Some have also been critical of her for using the term 'China Virus' for COVID-19.

In 2021, assisted by Ronald J. Drez, she published a book titled "Unknown Valor," incorporating the personal stories of several United States Marines into the larger story of the Pacific Campaign.

In July 2023, Fox News announced that MacCallum would be interviewing Buster Murdaugh, the last living son of Alex Murdaugh, who was convicted of murdering his wife Maggie Murdaugh and son Paul in June 2021. She will be presenting the interview in a new Fox Nation series entitled The Fall of the House of Murdaugh. The program is set to debut on September 12.

Personal life
Martha MacCallum married Dan Gregory on August 22, 1992, at St. Elizabeth Church in Wyckoff, New Jersey. Together, they have 3 children; two sons and a daughter.

See also
 New Yorkers in journalism

References

External links

Living people
American television news anchors
Fox News people
Television personalities from Buffalo, New York
People from Ridgewood, New Jersey
People from Wyckoff, New Jersey
Ramapo High School (New Jersey) alumni
St. Lawrence University alumni
American women television journalists
21st-century American journalists
CNBC people
Dow Jones & Company people
1964 births
21st-century American women

Martha MacCallum


Bürgerliches Brauhaus München Public Limited Company was a nineteenth-century large-scale brewery in Munich.

It came into existence in 1880, when the Zenger Brewery of the Hierl family was transformed into a public limited company. Its first managing directors were the brothers Georg and Carl Proebst, the latter being succeeded by Konrad Euler. First Brewery Inspectors and Master Brewers were Johann Baptist Kuttendreier and Ludwig Bauer.

On December 28, 1921 and effective September 1, 1920, the Bürgerliche Brauhaus was merged with Löwenbräu Public Limited Company. At that time, the company owned a brewery, a malthouse, four large-scale beer halls and gardens (Bürgerbräukeller in München-Haidhausen, Restaurant "Bürgerbräu" in the Inner City of Munich, the Bürgerbräu Terraces in Pullach and in Menterschwaige) as well as the protected trademarks "Hellquell" und "Triumphator".

Bibliography
Behringer, Wolfgang: Löwenbräu. Von den Anfängen des Münchner Brauwesens bis zur Gegenwart. München 1991.

Defunct brewery companies of Munich
Companies established in 1880
1880 establishments in Germany

Bürgerliches Brauhaus


In the BitTorrent file distribution system, a torrent file or meta-info file is a computer file that contains metadata about files and folders to be distributed, and usually also a list of the network locations of trackers, which are computers that help participants in the system find each other and form efficient distribution groups called swarms. Torrent files are normally named with the extension .torrent.

A torrent file acts like a table of contents (index) that allows computers to find information through the use of a BitTorrent client. With the help of a torrent file, one can download small parts of the original file from computers that have already downloaded it. These "peers" allow for downloading of the file in addition to, or in place of, the primary server. A torrent file does not contain the content to be distributed; it only contains information about those files, such as their names, folder structure, sizes, and cryptographic hash values for verifying file integrity.

The BitTorrent system has been created to ease the load on central servers, as instead of having individual clients fetch files from the server, BitTorrent can crowd-source the bandwidth needed for the file transfer and reduce the time needed to download large files. Many free/freeware programs and operating systems, such as the various Linux distributions offer a torrent download option for users seeking the aforementioned benefits. Other large downloads, such as media files, are often torrented as well.

Background
Typically, Internet access is asymmetrical, supporting greater download speeds than upload speeds, limiting the bandwidth of each download, and sometimes enforcing bandwidth caps and periods where systems are not accessible. This creates inefficiency when many people want to obtain the same set of files from a single source; the source must always be online and must have massive outbound bandwidth. The BitTorrent protocol addresses this by decentralizing the distribution, leveraging the ability of people to network "peer-to-peer", among themselves.

Each file to be distributed is divided into small information chunks called pieces. Downloading peers achieve high download speeds by requesting multiple pieces from different computers simultaneously in the swarm. Once obtained, these pieces are usually immediately made available for download by others in the swarm. In this way, the burden on the network is spread among the downloaders, rather than concentrating at a central distribution hub or cluster. As long as all the pieces are available, peers (downloaders and uploaders) can come and go; no one peer needs to have all the chunks or to even stay connected to the swarm in order for distribution to continue among the other peers.

A small torrent file is created to represent a file or folder to be shared. The torrent file acts as the key to initiating downloading of the actual content. Someone interested in receiving the shared file or folder first obtains the corresponding torrent file, either by directly downloading it or by using a magnet link. The user then opens that file in a BitTorrent client, which automates the rest of the process. In order to learn the internet locations of peers who may be sharing pieces, the client connects to the trackers named in the torrent file, and/or achieves a similar result through the use of distributed hash tables. Then the client connects directly to the peers in order to request pieces and otherwise participate in a swarm. The client may also report progress to trackers, to help the tracker with its peer recommendations.

When the client has all the pieces, the BitTorrent client assembles them into a usable form. They may also continue sharing the pieces, elevating their status to that of seeder rather than an ordinary peer.

File structure
A torrent file contains a list of files and integrity metadata about all the pieces, and optionally contains a large list of trackers.

A torrent file is a bencoded dictionary with the following keys (the keys in any bencoded dictionary are lexicographically ordered):
 —the URL of the tracker
 —this maps to a dictionary whose keys are dependent on whether one or more files are being shared:
 —a list of dictionaries each corresponding to a file (only when multiple files are being shared). Each dictionary has the following keys:
 —size of the file in bytes.
 —a list of strings corresponding to subdirectory names, the last of which is the actual file name
 —size of the file in bytes (only when one file is being shared though)
 —suggested filename where the file is to be saved (if one file)/suggested directory name where the files are to be saved (if multiple files)
 —number of bytes per piece. This is commonly 28 KiB = 256 KiB = 262,144 B.
 —a hash list, i.e., a concatenation of each piece's SHA-1 hash. As SHA-1 returns a 160-bit hash,  will be a string whose length is a multiple of 20 bytes. If the torrent contains multiple files, the pieces are formed by concatenating the files in the order they appear in the  dictionary (i.e., all pieces in the torrent are the full piece length except for the last piece, which may be shorter).

All strings must be UTF-8 encoded, except for , which contains binary data.

A torrent is uniquely identified by an infohash, a SHA-1 hash calculated over the contents of the  dictionary in bencode form. Changes to other portions of the torrent does not affect the hash. This hash is used to identify the torrent to other peers via DHT and to the tracker. It is also used in magnet links.

BitTorrent v2
The BitTorrent v2 protocol (BEP-0052) introduces a new definition of the torrent file. The basic structure is:
 —the URL of the tracker
 —this maps to a dictionary whose keys are dependent on whether one or more files are being shared:
 —suggested directory name where the files are to be saved
 —number of bytes per piece. This is commonly 28 KiB = 256 KiB = 262,144 B. In v2, it must be a power of 2.
 —number, "2".
 —a tree of dictionaries. Each key represents a directory name or a file name. The file is
 —size of the file in bytes (only when one file is being shared though)
 —For non-empty files this is the root hash of a merkle tree with a branching factor of 2, constructed from 16KiB blocks of the file.
—A dictionary of strings, containing the new type of merkle root hashes for each piece.

The new format uses SHA-256 in both the piece-hashing and the infohash, replacing the broken SHA-1 hash. The "btmh" magnet link would contain the full 32-byte hash, while communication with trackers and on the DHT uses the 20-byte truncated version to fit into the old message structure. It is possible to construct a torrent file with only updated new fields for a "v2" torrent, or with both the old and new fields for a "hybrid" format. However, as a torrent would have different infohashes in v1 and v2 networks, two swarms would form, requiring special handling by the client to merge the two.

A core feature of the new format is its application of merkle trees, allowing for 16KiB blocks of a piece to be individually verified and re-downloaded. Each file now always occupy whole piece sizes and have an independent merkle root hash, so that it's possible to find duplicate files across unrelated torrent files of any piece length. The file size is not reduced (assuming piece size stays the same; v2's tree structure allows larger pieces with fewer ill effects), but the  dictionary required for magnet links are (only in v2-only torrents).

Extensions

A torrent file can also contain additional metadata defined in extensions to the BitTorrent specification. These are known as "BitTorrent Enhancement Proposals." Examples of such proposals include metadata for stating who created the torrent, and when.

Accepted extensions
These extensions have been deployed in one or more implementations as well as having been proven useful through consistent and widespread use. While they may require minor revisions, they are largely considered to be complete, only awaiting the blessing of Bram Cohen in order to be elevated to the status of Final/Active Process.

Distributed hash tables
BEP-0005 extends BitTorrent to support distributed hash tables, specifically Mainline DHT.

A trackerless torrent dictionary does not have an  key. Instead, a trackerless torrent has a  key:
{
  # ...
  'nodes': [["<host>", <port>], ["<host>", <port>], ...],
  # ...
}
For example,
  'nodes': [["127.0.0.1", 6881], ["your.router.node", 4804]],
The specification recommends that  "should be set to the K closest nodes in the torrent generating client's routing table. Alternatively, the key could be set to a known good node such as one operated by the person generating the torrent."

Multiple trackers
BEP-0012 extends BitTorrent to support multiple trackers.

A new key, , is placed in the top-most dictionary (i.e., with  and )
{
  # ...
  'announce-list': [['<tracker1-url>']['<tracker2-url>']],
  # ...
}

HTTP seeds
BEP-0019 is one of two extensions allowing HTTP seeds to be used in BitTorrent.

In BEP-0019, a new key , is placed in the top-most list. The client uses the links to assemble ordinary HTTP URLs – no server-side support is required. This feature is very commonly used by open source projects offering software downloads. Web seeds allow smart selection and simultaneous use of mirror sites, P2P or HTTP(S), by the client. Doing so reducing the load on the project's servers while maximizing download speed.  automatically generates torrents with web seeds.

Private torrents
BEP-0027 extends BitTorrent to support private torrents.

A new key, , is placed in the  dictionary. This key's value is 1 if the torrent is private:
{
  # ...
  'info': {
    # ...
    'private': 1,
    # ...
  },
  # ...
}

Private torrents are to be used with a private tracker. Such a tracker restricts access to torrents it tracks by checking the peer's IP, refusing to provide a peer list if the IP is unknown. The peer itself is usually registered to the tracker via a gated online community; the private tracker typically also keep statistics of data transfer for use in the community.

Decentralized methods like DHT, PeX,  are disabled to maintain the centralized control. A private torrent can be manually edited to remove the private flag, but doing so will change the info-hash (deterministically), forming a separate "swarm" of peers. On the other hand, changing the tracker list will not change the hash. The flag does not offer true privacy, instead operating as a gentlemen's agreement.

Draft extensions
These extensions are under consideration for standardization. Most are already widely adopted as de facto standards.

HTTP seeds
BEP-0017 extends BitTorrent to support HTTP seeds, later more commonly termed "web seeds" to be inclusive of HTTPS.

In BEP-0017, a new key, , is placed in the top-most list (i.e., with  and ). This key's value is a list of web addresses where torrent data can be retrieved. Special server support is required. It remains at Draft status.
{
  # ...
  'httpseeds': ['http://www.site1.com/source1.php', 'http://www.site2.com/source2.php'],
  # ...
}

Merkle trees
BEP-0030 extends BitTorrent to support Merkle trees (originally implemented in Tribler). The purpose is to reduce the file size of torrent files, which reduces the burden on those that serve torrent files.

A torrent file using Merkle trees does not have a  key in the  list. Instead, such a torrent file has a  key in the  list. This key's value is the root hash of the Merkle hash:
{
  # ...
  'info': {
    # ...
    'root hash': <binary SHA1 hash>,
    # ...
  },
  # ...
}

BitTorrent v2 uses a different type of Merkel tree.

Examples

Single file
A de-bencoded torrent file (with  256 KiB = 262,144 bytes) for a file  (whose size is 678 301 696 bytes) might look like:
{
    'announce': 'http://bttracker.debian.org:6969/announce',
    'info':
    {
        'length': 678301696,
        'name': 'debian-503-amd64-CD-1.iso',
        'piece length': 262144,
        'pieces': <binary SHA1 hashes>
    }
}
Note:  here would be a 51 KiB value ().

Multiple files
A de-bencoded torrent file (with  256 KiB = 262144 B) for two files,  and , might look like:
{
    'announce': 'http://tracker.example.com/announce',
    'info':
    {
        'files':
        [
            {'length': 111, 'path': ['111.txt']},
            {'length': 222, 'path': ['222.txt']}
        ],
        'name': 'directoryName',
        'piece length': 262144,
        'pieces': <binary SHA1 hashes>
    }
}

Hybrid, multiple files

See also
 Glossary of BitTorrent terms
 Magnet links

References

External links
 Official BitTorrent Specification
 BitTorrent Definition

BitTorrent
Computer file formats

Torrent file


Vadim Valentinovich Zagladin (; June 23, 1927 – November 17, 2006) was a Soviet and Russian politician and ideologist and one of the leading theoreticians of perestroika. He was a collaborator and adviser to Leonid Brezhnev and Mikhail Gorbachev and, among Soviet politicians, one of those who was the closest to Western Europe. A personal friend of François Mitterrand, Willy Brandt and Giorgio Napolitano, Zagladin was the theorist of a reformed communism that would be very close to European social democracy.

He graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations and taught there from 1949 to 1956. From 1964 to 1988, he was First Deputy Secretary of the International Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, assisting Secretaries Boris Ponomarev and Anatoly Dobrynin. From 1988 to 1991, he was a close advisor to Gorbachev on perestroika and glasnost, and continued his senior advisory role within the Gorbachev Foundation until his death. He was also Vice-President of the Association for Euro-Atlantic Cooperation (AEAC), which promoted links between Russia and NATO.

He was the deviser of the World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates, chaired by Gorbachev, and a founder of the Permanent Secretariat of World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates, the official organizer of the event.

He was the author of many books on international relations.

Works
 To restructure and humanize international relations by V. V Zagladin (1989)
 Our aim: Universal international security by V. V Zagladin (1986)
 International Working-Class and Communist Movement: Historical Record, 1830s to Mid-1940s
 The Soviet peace philosophy: Peace programme in action by V. V Zagladin (1981)
 The Working-Class Movement in the Period of Transition to Imperialism (1871-1904). by V. V., Editor-In-Chief Zagladin (Jan 1, 1981)
 Europe and the Communists. by V., ed Zagladin (1977)
 Internationalism: The communists' guiding principle by V. V Zagladin (1976)
 The World Communist Movement by V. V. (editor) Zagladin (1973)

Sources
Behind the Desert Storm: A Secret Archive Stolen From the Kremlin that Sheds New Light on the Arab Revolutions in the Middle East by Pavel Stroilov (Jul 1, 2011)
The End of the Communist Revolution by Robert Vincent Daniels (Apr 19, 1993
Russia and the Idea of the West by Robert English (Jul 15, 2000)
Soviet Intervention in Czechoslovakia, 1968: Anatomy of a Decision by Jiri Valenta (Oct 1, 1991)
Historical Narratives in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia: Destroying the Settled Past, Creating an Uncertain Future by Thomas D. Sherlock (Apr 17, 2007)
The Soviet Study of International Relations (Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies) by Allen Lynch (Aug 3, 1989)
Moscow and the Italian Communist Party by Joan Barth Urban (1986)
Brezhnev Reconsidered (Studies in Russian and East European History and Society) by Mark Sandle (Jan 18, 2003)
Soviet-British Relations since the 1970s by Alex Pravda and Peter J. S. Duncan (Apr 27, 1990)
Soviet Policy Towards Japan: An Analysis of Trends in the 1970s and 1980s (Cambridge Studies in International Relations) by Myles L. C. Robertson (Jan 14, 2010)
Russia and Globalization: Identity, Security, and Society in an Era of Change (Woodrow Wilson Center Press) by Douglas W. Blum (Mar 26, 2008)

Sources
World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates
Vadim Zagladin at the World Political Forum
Zagladin on the Importance of Communist Unity, RFE/RL, June 20, 1984

1927 births
2006 deaths
Politicians from Moscow
Members of the Central Auditing Commission of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Moscow State Institute of International Relations alumni
Academic staff of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations
Tenth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Eleventh convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Geopoliticians
Russian male journalists
Russian political scientists
Russian politicians
Soviet journalists
Burials at Vvedenskoye Cemetery
20th-century political scientists

Vadim Zagladin


Edmund Strother "Ned" Phelps, Jr. is an American economist. He was born on July 26, 1933 in Evanston, Illinois.  He was given the 2006 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. He is best known for his work on economic growth at Yale University's Cowles Foundation in the 1960s. This includes the idea of the Golden Rule savings rate, which is about how much money should be spent and how much should be saved for the future. Some of his best work is on microeconomics of full employment and how prices affect wages. Part of this work is about the natural rate of unemployment.

Phelps has been the McVickar Professor of Political Economy at Columbia University since 1982.  He is also the director of Columbia's Center on Capitalism and Society.

His Nobel Prize award was announced on October 9, 2006. He received the award on his own, breaking the recent pattern of awarding the prize to two or more winners at the same time.

Biography

Early life and education
Edmund Phelps was born in 1933 near Chicago, but he grew up and went to school in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, where his family had moved when he was six years old. In 1951, he went to Amherst College as an undergraduate student. At his fathers advice, Phelps took his first economics course in his second year at Amherst. His economics teacher was James Nelson and his studies were based on a famous textbook by Paul Samuelson. Phelps was very interested in studying business. He knew of important unsolved problems and had new ideas, such as the gap between microeconomics and macroeconomics.

After receiving his B.A. at Amherst in 1955, Phelps went to Yale University for graduate studies. There, his professors were some of the greatest economists, such as Nobel prize winners James Tobin and Thomas Schelling, and he studied with Arthur Okun. William Fellner and Henry Wallich were very important in his study courses. Phelps received his Ph.D. from Yale in 1959. The work for his Ph.D. was based on an idea by Tobin, that peoples need in an emergency has more effect than sudden price changes.

Research in the '60s and '70s
After receiving his Ph.D., Phelps went to work as an economist for the RAND Corporation. His main interest was macroeconomics, but RAND focused on defense work so Phelps decided to return to the his studies the next year, 1960. He took a research job at the Cowles Foundation, and a teaching job at Yale. At the Cowles Foundation, his research was mainly on future prices and wages, following the work of Robert Solow. As part of this research, Phelps published in 1961 a famous paper on the golden rule savings rate, one of his most important works for economic science. He also wrote papers about other economic theories, such as monetary economics (Ricardian equivalence) and its importance when producing the best economic growth.

Work at the Cowles Foundation gave Phelps the chance to meet with other important economists who were working on growth theory, such as David Cass and Nobel Prize winner Tjalling Koopmans. Also, during the academic year of 1962-63 Phelps visited MIT, where he met with Nobel prize winners Paul Samuelson, Robert Solow and Franco Modigliani.

In 1966, Phelps left Yale and moved to University of Pennsylvania, where he was offered a permanent job as professor of economics. While at Pennsylvania, most of Phelps' research was on the links between employment, wages and inflation. He wrote about this in 1968: "Money-Wage Dynamics and Labor Market Equilibrium". This research had important new ideas about the Phillips curve. It was the first idea of the natural rate of unemployment and said that inflation rates did not affect labour market. In January 1969, Phelps held a meeting at Pennsylvania University to support the research on inflation and employment. The story of the meeting was published the next year in a book which was very important and is known as the "Phelps volume". During this time Phelps worked with other economists on research of economic growth, the effects of monetary and fiscal policy and best population growth.

In the year 1969-1970 Professor Phelps worked for the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Science at Stanford University. Meeting with Nobel prize winners Amartya Sen and Kenneth Arrow, and reading the work of John Rawls, whom he met during that year, gave Professor Phelps an interest to research outside of macroeconomics. In 1972 he published research he named "statistical discrimination". He also published research on economic justice, using ideas from Rawls book "A Theory of Justice".

In 1971, Phelps moved to the Economics Department at Columbia University, where Nobel prize winners William Vickrey and James J. Heckman were studying. Nobel Prize winner Robert Mundell joined three years later, as well as Phoebus Dhrymes, Guillermo Calvo and John B. Taylor. Professor Phelps published research on the inflation tax and the effects of fiscal policy on inflation. In 1972, Phelps published a book about his new theory. The book had many ideas about the effects of being unemployed for a long time and made him more popular.

In the next years, Keynesian economics were thought of as less important after the publication of John Muth's work called rational expectations. Phelps, with Calvo and John Taylor, started a programme to rebuild Keynesian economics with new ideas about prices and wages being kept the same for certain time. Professor Phelps and John Taylor published research in 1977, about how to calculate wages ("Staggered Wages). During the '70s, Phelps and Calvo worked on research for making contracts using asymmetric information.

In the late '70s, Professor Phelps researched with Roman Frydman, who was taught by Phelps. They worked on rational expectations and showed problems in it. A book was published in 1983 about what people said at a big meeting they had to talk about rational expectations in 1981. This book was not thought of as very important.

In 1982 Phelps was made the McVickar Professor of Political Economy at Columbia. During the early '80s he wrote a textbook about economics knowledge. The book, Political Economy, was published in 1985, but was not used in a lot of schools.

European co-workers since mid-'80s
In the 1980s Professor Phelps worked with European universities and institutions, such as Banca d'Italia (most of his 1985-86 holidays were spent in Italy) and Observatoire Français des Conjonctures Économiques (OFCE). He became interested in the continuing high unemployment in Europe and published some work about it with Jean-Paul Fitoussi (the director of OFCE).  During the next years, Professor Phelps worked to calculate the natural rate of unemployment. He published some of his research in a 1994 book. Phelps also worked with Luigi Paganetto at the University of Rome Tor Vergata and, between 1988-98, they held the Villa Mondragone International Seminar.

In 1990 Phelps took part in a mission from the EBRD to Moscow, where he and Kenneth Arrow worked on the reform of the USSR. He became a member of the EBRDs Economic Advisory Board, and stayed there until 1993. Professor Phelps became interested in the Eastern European transition economies while there.

Nobel Prize

In its announcement, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said Phelps' work had "deepened our understanding of the relation between short-run and long-run effects of economic policy."

George Mason University Professor Tyler Cowen wrote in the Marginal Revolution blog that "his main contribution is a better understanding of the Phillips curve and the dynamics of short-run unemployment and the concept of the natural rate of unemployment." Cowen also wrote that "his 1960s macro work was true, important, and extremely influential.  The capital theory work endures and provides a foundation for subsequent theory.  The overall scope is impressive, and Phelps's concerns never strayed far from the real world." Cowen by writing that the award to Phelps meant: "The big questions still matter.  Unemployment, economic growth, labor markets, capital accumulation, fairness, discrimination, and justice across the generations are indeed worthy of economic attention."

Professor Cowen and Berkeley's Professor Brad DeLong both said the choice of Phelps was a good noe, and Harvard Professor Gregory Mankiw said it was "a wonderful choice".

Some books by Professor Phelps

Footnotes

References
 Phelps, Edmund S., "A Life in Economics", autobiography published in "The Makers of Modern Economics", Volume II (1995), edited by Arnold Heertje, Edward Elgar Publishing Co., Aldershot, UK, Brookfield, US
 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (2006), "Edmund Phelps's Contributions to Macroeconomics", Advanced information on Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel

Other websites
 Phelps' homepage
 Columbia University press release
 Nobel profile and links to further announcement details
 Edmund Phelps' syndicated op/ed column
 Center on Capitalism and Society -- Edmund Phelps, director
 Summary of Phelps' influence by George Mason University's Professor Tyler Cowen
 Phelps and the Nobel Prize by Arnold Kling. EconLog and Econlib
 Edmund Phelps's Contributions to Macroeconomics

1933 births
Living people
Academics from Pennsylvania
American economists
American Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from Evanston, Illinois
Yale University alumni
Columbia University faculty
Educators from Evanston, Illinois

Edmund Phelps


A vegetable box scheme is an operation that delivers fresh fruit and vegetables, often locally grown and organic, either directly to the customer or to a local collection point. Typically the produce is sold as an ongoing weekly subscription and the offering may vary week to week depending on what is in season.

Background
Some of the organic veg box schemes in the UK were created by growers such as Guy Watson and Charles Dowding. These schemes are usually operated by the grower or a small co-operative.  By early 2007, according to the Soil Association, retail sales via such schemes were in excess of £100 million per annum.

Many schemes are run on a local or regional basis, delivering food direct from the producer to the consumer. Other schemes offer a nationwide delivery, with produce supplied by a network of growers, co-operatives and wholesalers negating the local food affiliation of these schemes. Some British supermarkets have also begun offering vegetable boxes.

A box scheme often works by subscription. A customer signs up to a weekly or fortnightly delivery of fresh vegetables and/or fruit. The contents will vary week to week as selected by the box scheme provider on the basis of seasonality and availability. Some schemes offer the option of purchasing extra goods to be delivered along with the vegetable box, such as dairy produce and meat.

See also
Community-supported agriculture

References

Organic food
Organic farming
Agroecology
Subscription services

Vegetable box scheme


John A. Mackay (May 17, 1889 – June 9, 1983) was a Presbyterian theologian, missionary, and educator. He was a strong advocate of the Ecumenical Movement and World Christianity.

Early life and education
John A. Mackay was born on May 17, 1889, in Inverness, Scotland, the eldest of five children. The family attended the Free Presbyterian Church, a very small denomination. At the age of 14 at a communion service at Rogart, Scotland, Mackay had a profound religious experience that influenced the remainder of his life.

As a youth he attended the Inverness Royal Academy, where he was a good student, winning several academic prizes upon graduation in 1907. Mackay then studied philosophy and logic at the University of Aberdeen, leaving for a time to pursue theological studies for the Free Presbyterian Church ministry. He returned to Aberdeen to complete his honors degree which he received in 1913. That same year Mackay crossed the Atlantic and enrolled at Princeton Theological Seminary. When he was graduated in 1915, he won a fellowship in didactic and polemic theology, which he used toward studies in Spanish culture at Madrid, Spain, to prepare for missionary work in Latin America.

Mission Field
In 1916 Mackay and Jane Logan Wells, who had been recently married, sailed to Peru where they founded a school, Colegio Anglo Peruano, in Lima, Peru, under the auspices of the Free Church of Scotland. The school was a center for progressive ideas during a period when social and educational reforms were sweeping through Latin America. Haya de la Torre, a political leader in Latin America, taught at the school. The mission also started a mission station at Cajamarca in the northern Peru.

From his position as school master, Mackay entered intellectual circles and became a member of a literary group that included Victor Andres Belaunde, Professor of Philosophy at San Marcos University. Francisco Garcia Calderon Rey and his brother, Ventura, were the group's European correspondents. Five members were corresponding members of the Spanish Academy. In 1925 Mackay was appointed to the Chair of Modern Philosophy at San Marcos and also accepted the chair in Metaphysics.

In 1926 the Colegio was sufficiently rooted to survive without his leadership. Mackay joined the Y.M.C.A. as an evangelist and religious teacher moving his family to Montevideo, Uruguay, where the Y.M.C.A. operated a leadership institute. During the next seven and one-half years, he traveled widely through Chile, Brazil, and Argentina as an evangelistic speaker. He attended the Jerusalem Conference of 1928 and traveled extensively in Europe during his furlough in 1930. From April to July 1930 Mackay and his family lived in Bonn, Germany where he attended the lectures of Karl Barth and began a friendship with him. Under the auspices of the Y.M.C.A. Mackay made many significant addresses in Mexico during the revolutionary period of religious persecution, including an address to over 2,000 men and women in the largest theatre in the town of Chihuahua. Over the years he was invited to speak at 35 Latin American universities.

North American educator
In 1936, Mackay reluctantly left the foreign mission field to become the third president of Princeton Theological Seminary which had recently been weakened by the secession of several professors, including his own former teacher, J. Gresham Machen. For the next 24 years as both president and professor of ecumenics, Mackay worked on many fronts to revive the institution's health, inspiring it to evangelical dynamism and leaving it on a sound footing, with expanded faculty, student body, and campus plant. In 1944, Mackay founded the journal Theology Today to provide insights "into the life of man in the light of God". The editorial board included Robert Elliott Speer, Richard Niebuhr, and J. Harvey Cotton. By 1952 Theology Today was the most widely distributed religious quarterly in the world. After retirement from the seminary, he served from 1961 to 1964 as adjunct professor of Hispanic thought at American University, Washington, D.C.

Church leader
An eloquent and charismatic platform speaker and preacher, Mackay was often called upon to present keynote addresses at conferences, assemblies, and gatherings. As the holder of leadership roles in church organizations, his constituency included tens of millions of Christians. Five leadership roles were particularly significant, the presidency of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions from 1944 to 1951, after which he continued serving as a member of the Mission Board; membership on the Provisional Committee of the World Council of Churches in 1946 and from 1948 membership on the Central Committee of the World Council of Churches; the chairmanship of the International Missionary Council from January 1, 1948, to 1958; membership on the executive committee of the World Alliance of Reformed Churches and from 1954 the presidency of its executive committee; and moderator of the 165th General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, USA, 1953–1954.

These leadership roles gave Mackay platforms that enhanced his spiritual influence and authority. In addition to writing the influential "Letter to Presbyterians", which fortified resistance to McCarthyism in the United States, Mackay was also the primary draftsman of a number of other church statements and messages on behalf of various ecclesiastical councils and conferences.

Although known primarily for his mission work in Latin America, Mackay worked to advance World Christianity through travels and at conferences in Asia, Europe, and Africa. These included the Eastern Asia Christian Conference in Bangkok in 1949, the Asia Study Conference in Lucknow, India in 1952, the All Africa Church Conference, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1958, and the Joseph Cook Lectureship which took him around the world during, 1960–1961.

Thus, as a fellow Presbyterian leader correctly concluded, Mackay exerted influential leadership in three broad areas: Missions, the Ecumenical Movement, and social and political thought and action.

Missionary and ecumenical ideas
Mackay strongly emphasized sensitivity to and experience of the reality of God in Christ and authentic conscious experience of life in Christian community. Frequently asked to preach, his sermons called for response on the part of his hearers. Mackay wrote devotional literature in English and Spanish. He believed in a personal and incarnational approach to foreign missions by which the missionary would become a member of the community and earn the right to be heard through particular service that met specific needs within the receiving culture. These might include the demonstration of authentic Christianity in action through educational, medical, or agricultural service. This gift of service offered a platform through which the missionary could effectively proclaim the faith that he held.

At the Oxford Conference on Church and State in 1937, Mackay coined the phrase that became the byword of the conference, "Let the Church be the Church." He yearned for the Church "to become in its historical existence the dynamic instrument of God's will, which it actually was in its eternal essence," He influenced historical development within the ecumenical movement by his strong advocacy, as at the Central Committee meeting of the World Council of Churches at Rolle in August, 1951. For him "the church is the fellowship of those for whom Jesus Christ is Lord." He believed the Church was truly the Church when it was a missionary Church, and he worked to bring into balance the Church universal, the Una Sancta, with confessional movements within various faith traditions. Mackay advocated visible unity of the Church. His high Christology also stressed a unity of spirit with a diversity of treasures from the various Christian traditions. In this way Mackay helped to lay the foundation for spiritual ecumenism among fellow Christians across denominational lines. Travelling in Chile in 1965 Mackay agreed with Fr. Juan Ochagaria, dean of the Catholic University of Chile's faculty of theology, that the task of both Catholics and Presbyterians is to "make Christians."

In 1964 in Lima, Mackay was presented with the Palmas Magisteriales, a civic honor and the highest government award for educational services to Peru.

In his final years Mackay moved to a Presbyterian retirement community in Hightstown, New Jersey, and died early on June 9, 1983. Coincidentally, the General Assembly of his denomination voted to join the Southern Presbyterian Church later that same morning. It would have pleased Mackay because he had worked for many years for the reunion of the Northern and Southern Presbyterian Churches.

Each of the Mackays' three daughters married Presbyterian clergyman, and their son, Duncan Alexander Duff Mackay, named for the Scottish Free Church missionary to India, Alexander Duff, was an active layman and elder, while working for the U.S. Foreign Service and later the Inter-American Development Bank.

See also
 Colegio San Andrés
 Religion in Scotland

References

Selected writings by John A. Mackay
 Don Miguel de Unamuno: Su personalidad, obra e influencia (1919).
 La Profesiόn de Hombre (1921) Los Intelectuales y los Tiempos Nuevos (1923) Más Yo Os Digo (1927). A los Pies del Maestro (1930).
 El Sentido de la Vida (1931)
 The Other Spanish Christ (1932)
 That Other America (1935)
 A Preface to Christian Theology (1942)
 Heritage and Destiny (1943)
 Christianity on the Frontier (1950).
 God's Order The Ephesian Letter and this Present Time (1953)
 The Presbyterian Way of Life (1960)
 Ecumenics The Science of the Church Universal (1964)
 His Life and Our Life (1964).
 Christian Reality & Appearance (1969)
 Realidad e Idolatria en el Cristianismo Contemporaneo (1970)
 The Meaning of Life (2014)

Writings about John A. Mackay
 John Mackay Metzger, The Hand and the Road: The Life and Times of John A. Mackay (Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2010).
 James H. Moorhead, Princeton Seminary in American Religion and Culture (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2012), 370–421; 422–457.
 Hugh T. Kerr, "John A. Mackay: An Appreciation," in The Ecumenical Era in Church and Society A Symposium in Honor of John A. Mackay, edited by Edward J. Jurji (New York: The Macmillan Company: 1959), 1–17.
 K. Stephen Parmelee, "The Presbyterian Letter Against McCarthyism," Journal of Presbyterian History, vol. 41, no. 4 (December 1963), 201–223.
 H. McKennie Goodpasture, "The Latin American Soul of John A. Mackay," Journal of Presbyterian History, vol. 48, no. 4 (Winter 1970), 265–292.
 Robert R. Curlee and Mary Ruth Isaac-Curlee, "Bridging the Gap: John A. Mackay, Presbyterians and the Charismatic Movement," Journal of Presbyterian History, vol. 72, no. 3 (Fall 1994), 141–156.
 "John A. Mackay: Influences on my Life," Journal of Presbyterian History, vol. 56, no. 1 (Spring 1978), 20–34.
 Theology Today, vol. 16, no. 3 (October, 1959), 319–375.
 Princeton Seminary Bulletin, In Honor of John Alexander Mackay, vol. 52, no. 4 (May 1959), 3–29.
 Luis Alberto Sánchez, "John Mackay y la Educatión Peruana," Leader, vol. 48, no. 46 (Lima, December, 1973), 63–70.
 John M. MacPherson, At the Roots of a Nation (Edinburgh: The Knox Press: 1993). The history of Colegio Anglo Peruana, Lima, Peru.

Scottish Presbyterian missionaries
People from Inverness
Scottish Calvinist and Reformed theologians
20th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Scottish philosophers
20th-century Scottish writers
Scottish educators
1889 births
1983 deaths
People educated at Inverness Royal Academy
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Princeton Theological Seminary alumni
Scottish emigrants to the United States
Presbyterian Church in the United States of America ministers
Presidents of Calvinist and Reformed seminaries
Academic journal editors
People from Hightstown, New Jersey
Presbyterian missionaries in Uruguay
Presbyterian missionaries in Peru
20th-century British philosophers
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John A. Mackay