The Ghegs (also spelled as Gegs; ) are one of two major dialectal subgroups of Albanians (the other being the Tosks) They are also differentiated by minor cultural, dialectal, social and religious characteristics. The Ghegs live in Albania (north of the Shkumbin river), Kosovo, North Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro. The Ghegs speak Gheg Albanian, one of the two main dialects of Albanian language. The social organization of the Ghegs was traditionally tribal, with several distinct tribal groups of Ghegs.

The Ottoman Empire annexed and ruled the Tosk-inhabited south at the beginning of the 15th century, while the territory populated by Ghegs remained out of the reach of the regular Ottoman civil administration until the beginning of the 20th century. As a consequence, the Ghegs evolved isolated from the Tosks. Similarly, the Islamization of the Ghegs was incomplete, with a large area of northwestern Albania remaining Catholic. The Ottomans never completely subdued the northern Albanian tribes of Ghegs because they were more useful to them as a stable source of mercenaries. Instead, they implemented the bayraktar system, and granted some privileges to the bayraktars (banner chiefs) in exchange for their obligation to mobilize local fighters to support military actions of the Ottoman forces.

Terminology
Proper Gegnia (the land of the Gegë) is located north of the Shkumbin river along its right bank and extends up to modern border between Mat and Mirdita, where Leknia begins. Leknia itself is bordered to the north by Malësia. None of these regions overlap with one another and each has its own self-identification. This is reflected in the fact that only the people of proper Gegnia call themselves Gegë, while moving northwards it is not a form of regional self-identification. For example, the people of the Dukagjin highlands when asked about their regional appellation would reply na nuk jemi gegë, gegët janë përtej maleve (we are not Gheghs, the Ghegs live beyond the mountains).

The popular perception in non-Albanian literature of all northern Albanians as Ghegs is a product of identifying major dialect groups with all corresponding regional groupings. Likewise, only the people of certain regions in southern Albania identify as Tosks.

Etymology
The etymology of the term Gheg is not completely clear. According to the writer Arshi Pipa, the term Gegë was initially used for confessional denotation, being used in pre-Ottoman Albania by its Orthodox population when referring to their Catholic neighbors. Some theories say that the term Gegë is derived from the onomatopoeic word for "babbling", in contrast to Shqiptare which is the Albanian word for those who speak clearly. This is sometimes considered illogical because the self-ethnonym Shqiptare seems to have been developed by Ghegs.
According to the Austrian-Czech linguist Julius Pokorny, it derived from (Attic) Greek "γίγας" (giant). From the Homeric mythology the giants of the Acroceraunian mountains and probably denoting originally warlike invading tribes descending from Epirus. Cognate to Arbëreshë (dialectal and archaic) "glatë" (tall, long) (Standard Albanian "gjatë", Gheg "gat"); Albanian "gatë" (heron) and Latin "gigas" (giant).

Territory

In Albania, Ghegs predominantly live north of the Shkumbin river and in areas of the mountainous north. This region is widely referred to by Albanians as Gegënia or Gegnia and as Gegëria.

The Ottoman Turkish term, used during the times when Albania and the wider area was included in the empire, was Gegalık, meaning land of the Ghegs. During the late Ottoman period apart from the term Arnavudluk (Albania) being used for Albanian regions, the designation Gegalık was also used in documents by Ottomans. Gegëni or Gegalık encompassed the İșkodra, Kosovo, and a small area of the Monastir vilayets. In the 1880s, Albanians defined the wider region of Gegalık (Ghegland) as encompassing the Ottoman administrative units of İșkodra (Shkodër) and Duraç (Durrës) sanjaks that composed İșkodra vilayet (province), the sanjaks of Yenipazar (Novi Pazar), İpek (Pejë), Priștine (Prishtinë), Prizren, Üsküp (Skopje) of Kosovo vilayet and the sanjak of Debre (Debar) in Monastir vilayet.

Little more than half of ethnic Albanians from Albania are Ghegs. Except for a Tosk population in north-western Greece and around lake Prespa as well as southern North Macedonia, all ethnic Albanians in the Balkans who live outside of Albania (Kosovo, North Macedonia and Montenegro) are Ghegs.

Language

The Ghegs speak Gheg Albanian, one of the two main Albanian dialects. The Albanian communist regime based the standard Albanian language mostly on Tosk Albanian. This practice has been criticized, notably by Arshi Pipa, who claimed that this decision deprived the Albanian language of its richness at the expense of the Ghegs, and referred to the literary Albanian language as a "monstrosity" produced by the Tosk communist leadership which conquered anti-Communist north Albania militarily, and imposed their Tosk Albanian dialect on the Ghegs. Although Albanian writers in former Yugoslavia were almost all Ghegs, they chose to write in Tosk for political reasons. This change of literary language has significant political and cultural consequences because the language is the main criterion for Albanian self-identification.

Social organization
The social organization of the Ghegs was traditionally tribal. The Ghegs of Northern Albania are one of only two tribal societies which survived in Europe until the middle of the 20th century (the other being the Montenegrin highlanders in Montenegro and southern Serbia). The tribal organization was based on the clan system of loyalties, and the dispersed settlement pattern of separate, scattered, mostly fortified homesteads. There are several distinct tribal groups of Ghegs which include Mirëdita, Kelmendi, Palabardhi, Kuqi, Vasajt, Hoti, Kastrati, Berisha, Krasniqi and Shala. Other important tribal groupings include the highlanders of the Dibra region known as the "Tigers of Dibra". Western Kosovo during the late Ottoman period was dominated by the Albanian tribal system, while parts of Albanian society within wider Kosovo were also part of the urban-professional and landowning classes of major towns.

The Ghegs, particularly those who lived in the north-eastern area, were the most faithful supporters of the set of traditional laws (Kanun), traditional hospitality, and blood feud. Among Gheg Malësors (highlanders) the fis (clan) was headed by the oldest male and formed the basic unit of tribal society. A political and territorial equivalent consisting of several clans was the bajrak (standard). The leader of a bajrak, whose position was hereditary, was referred to as bajraktar (standard bearer). Several bajraks composed a tribe, which was led by a man from a notable family, while major issues were decided by the tribe assembly whose members were male members of the tribe.

The organization of once predominantly herder Gheg tribes was traditionally based on patrilineality (a system in which an individual belongs to his or her father's lineage), and on exogamy (a social arrangement where marriage is allowed only outside of a social group). The land belongs to the clan, and families are traditionally extended, consisting of smaller families of many brothers who all live in one extended ménage (). Girls were married without their consent, while bride stealing still existed to some extent until the early 20th century. Marriage was basically an economic and political deal arranged among the members of the tribe, while those who got married had no say in the matter. Sworn virginity was occasionally practised among the Ghegs. Child betrothal was also practised by the Ghegs, sometimes even before birth.

Religion
Christianity in Albania was under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome until the eighth century. Then, dioceses in Albania were transferred to the patriarchate of Constantinople. In 1054 after the schism, the north became identified with the Roman Catholic Church. Since that time all churches north of the Shkumbin river were Catholic and under the jurisdiction of the Pope. Various reasons have been put forward
for the spread of Catholicism among northern Albanians. Traditional affiliation with the Latin rite and Catholic missions in central Albania in the 12th century fortified the Catholic Church against Orthodoxy, while local leaders found an ally in Catholicism against  Slavic Orthodox states.

During the Ottoman period in the history of Albania (1385–1912), the majority of Albanians converted to Islam. Today, the majority of Ghegs are Sunni Muslims, with a large minority being Catholic. Catholic Albanians are most heavily concentrated in northwestern Albania and the Malësia region of southeastern Montenegro, in both of which they form of a majority of population, while they have a thinner distribution in central Albania and northeastern Albania and Kosovo. There are also Ghegs who practice Orthodox Christianity, mainly living in the southwest of the Gheg-speaking region, especially Durrës (where they formed 36% of the population in 1918) and Elbasan (where they formed 17% of the population in 1918). Orthodox Ghegs were traditionally also heavily concentrated in the region of Upper Reka (Reka e Epërme) in North Macedonia. There are also some groups of Ghegs who practice Bektashism, living in areas such as Kruja and Bulqiza. Additionally, as is the case with all Albanians as a legacy of the Enver Hoxha regime, many people don't identify with any faith, and a large number of people do not usually attend the services of any religion.

Culture

After the Tanzimat reforms in the second half of the 19th century, aiming to gain influence over Catholic Albanians, Austria-Hungary, with Ottoman approval, opened and financed many schools in the Albanian language, and Franciscan seminaries and hospitals, and trained native clergy, which all resulted in the development of literature in the Albanian language. The culture of the Ghegs blossomed at the beginning of 20th century. Gjergj Fishta and the Scutarine Catholic School of Letters led by Fishta significantly contributed to this blossoming. The Ghegs are known for their epic poetry.

The revival of Catholicism among Albanians gave a new and important impulse to the rise of Gheg culture.

Physical anthropology
The Ghegs have often been described as taller, more slender and having a lighter skin color than the Tosks, who are described as being of a darker Mediterranean type. The Tosks have smaller noses and rounder faces than Ghegs. C. S. Coon described the Ghegs as being of the "Dinaric type". Some claim that this difference has been reduced because of population movement in the period after 1992. The average height of Ghegs seems to be between 1.77 m to 1.87.

The average height of Ghegs in Kosovo is 180.6 cm. These results classify the population of Kosovo among the tallest in the world.

History

Pre-Ottoman and Ottoman period

There was a distinction between Ghegs and Tosks before the Ottomans appeared in Albania at the end of the 14th century.

The Ghegs remained out of the reach of the regular Ottoman civil administration until the end of Ottoman rule. In areas where Ghegs were still tribesmen they followed their own laws and lived an autonomous existence. The fact that the tribes of northern Albania were not completely subdued by the Ottomans is raised to the level of orthodoxy among the members of the tribes. A possible explanation is that the Ottomans did not have any real interest in subduing the northern Albanian tribes because they were more useful to them as a stable source of mercenaries. The Ottomans implemented the bayraktar system within northern Albanian tribes, and granted some privileges to the bayraktars (banner chiefs) in exchange for their obligation to mobilize local fighters to support military actions of the Ottoman forces. During the late Ottoman period Ghegs often lacked education and integration within the Ottoman system, while they had autonomy and military capabilities. Those factors gave the area of Gegënia an importance within the empire that differed from Toskëria. Still many Ottoman officers thought that Ghegs, in particular the highlanders were often a liability instead of an asset for the state being commonly referred to as "wild" (). In areas of Albania were Malësors (highlanders) lived, the empire only posted Ottoman officers who had prior experience of service in other tribal regions of the state like Kurdistan or Yemen that could bridge cultural divides with Gheg tribesmen.

The Great Eastern Crisis resulted in Albanian resistance to partition by neighbouring powers with the formation of the Prizren League (1878) which issued a Kararname (memorandum) that declared both Ghegs and Tosks had made an oath to defend the state and homeland in the name of Islam. During the crisis Ghegs and Tosks made besas (pledges of honour) to arm themselves and shed blood to defend their rights. Better armed than its southern Tosk counterpart, Gheg society was in a more effective position to resist the redrawing of borders in the region. Ottoman officials initially assisted Gheg Albanians in their efforts to resist incorporation of their lands into Serbia, Montenegro or Bulgaria. Ghegs experienced a brief moment of an autonomous administration where local tax was collected into Albanian coffers. Calls for an autonomous united Albania made sultan Abdul Hamid II suppress the League of Prizren movement, especially after Gheg Albanians revolted in 1881 and posed a military challenge to Ottoman authority.

Large parts of Gegënia posed a security problem for the Ottoman Empire, due to the tribalism of Gheg society and limited state control. Gheg freedoms were tolerated by Abdul Hamid II and he enlisted them in his palace guard, integrated the sons of local notables from urban areas into the bureaucracy and co-opted leaders like Isa Boletini into the Ottoman system. During the Young Turk Revolution (1908) some Ghegs were one group in Albanian society that gave its support for the restoration of the Ottoman constitution of 1876 to end the Hamidian regime. Subsequent centralising policies and militarism toward the Albanian Question by the new Young Turk government resulted in four years of local revolts by Ghegs who fought to keep tribal privileges and the defense system of kulas (tower houses). Ghegs from the Shkodër region supported the Greçë Memorandum that called for Albanian sociopolitical rights within the Ottoman Empire during the Albanian revolt of 1911. On the eve of the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) Gheg and Tosk Albanians managed to secure two concessions from the Ottoman government: the rights of Albanian ethnicity and rights for the highlander population during the Albanian revolt of 1912.

Albania
The Ghegs were dominant in the political life of Albania in the pre-communist period.

During World War II Nazi Germany recruited Ghegs from the northern territory of the Albanian Kingdom into the 21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg (1st Albanian). This recruitment was also supported by some anthropological research which considered Ghegs an Aryan race.

At the end of World War II, communist forces predominantly composed of Tosks captured Albania after the retreat of the Wehrmacht. That was perceived by many Ghegs as the Tosk takeover of Gheg lands. Most members of the post-war communist regime and three quarters of the Communist Party of Albania members were Tosks. Therefore, the communist takeover was accompanied by the transfer of political power from the Ghegs to the Tosks. The Ghegs were consistently persecuted by the predominantly Tosk regime, which saw them as traditionalist and less developed. After Enver Hoxha died in 1985, he was succeeded by Ramiz Alia, who was one of the few Ghegs among the leaders of the country. He took cautious steps towards changing direction on the national identity issue by gradually assuming the cause of the Ghegs from Kosovo. This change was accompanied by a long-lasting fear that the introduction of "too-liberal" Albanians from Kosovo might disturb the fragile balance between the Tosk and Gheg sub-ethnic groups. Absorbing Yugoslav Ghegs, who were almost as numerous as all Albanians from Albania, could have ruined the predominantly Tosk regime.

After the fall of the communist regime, religion was again the major factor which determined social identity, and rivalry between Ghegs and Tosks re-emerged. The new political leaders of post-communist Albania appointed by Gheg Sali Berisha were almost all Ghegs from northern Albania. The administration of Sali Berisha was identified as northern nationalist Gheg in opposition to southern Socialist Tosk, which additionally increased the contention between Tosks and Ghegs. In 1998 Berisha exploited the traditional Gheg—Tosk rivalry when he encouraged armed anti-Government protesters in Shkodër in actions that forced the resignation of prime minister Fatos Nano.

During the Kosovo War, rivalry between Ghegs and Tosks faded, and a huge number of refugees from Kosovo were catered for with no internal conflict, despite unavoidable grumbles about the disruption of the community and theft.

See also
 Tribes of Albania
 Gegić

References

Further reading

External links
 Northern Albanian Culture and the Kanun - Lecture given by Robert Elsie at the Symposium: Albanese Tradities en Taal: 100 Jaar Onafhankelijk Albanië / Albanian Language and Culture: 100 Years of Independence, University of Leiden, 10 November 2012

Gegëri
Albanian ethnographic regions

Ghegs


The 2022–23 UEFA Champions League is the 68th saison of Europe's premier club fitba tournament organized by UEFA, an the 31st saison since renamed from the European Champion Club's Cup to UEFA Champions League.

The final will be played at the Atatürk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul, Turkey. The grund was originally appointed to host the 2020 UEFA Champions League final, but both this and the 2021 final, which had been subsequently re-allocated to the Atatürk, were moved due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The winner of the 2022–23 UEFA Champions League will automatically qualify for the 2023–24 UEFA Champions League group stage, and also earn the richt to play against the winner of the 2022–23 UEFA Europa League in the 2023 UEFA Super Cup.

Real Madrid are the defending champions, having won a record-extending fourteenth title in the previous edition.

Association team allocation
A total of 78 teams from 53 of the 55 UEFA member associations participate in the 2022–23 UEFA Champions League (the exceptions being Roushie, who are banned from participating due to 2022 Roushie invasion of Ukraine, and Liechtenstein, which does not organise a domestic league). The association ranking based on the UEFA association coefficients is used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:

 Associations 1–4 each have four teams qualify.
 Associations 5–6 each have three teams qualify.
 Associations 7–15 (except Roushie) each have two teams qualify.
 Associations 16–55 (except Liechtenstein) each have one team qualify.
 The winners of the 2021–22 UEFA Champions League and 2021–22 UEFA Europa League are each given an additional entry if they do not qualify for the 2022–23 UEFA Champions League through their domestic league.

Association ranking
For the 2022–23 UEFA Champions League, the associations are allocated places according to their 2021 UEFA association coefficients, which takes into account their performance in European competitions from 2016–17 to 2020–21.

Apart from the allocation based on the association coefficients, associations may have additional teams participating in the Champions League, as noted below:

 (UEL) – Additional berth for UEFA Europa League title holders

UEFA Champions League saisons

2022–23 UEFA Champions League


Germanium is a chemical element. Its chemical symbol is Ge. Its atomic number is 32. It was discovered by Clemens Winkler. It is a shiny, hard, silver-white metalloid. The chemistry of Germanium is quite like tin. Germanium forms many organometallic compounds. It is an important semiconductor material used in transistors. Many of the earliest transistors were based on germanium. Most later ones were based on silicon. The sound of germanium-based amplifiers and effect pedals is associated with 1960s-era rock music. Germanium-based guitar pedals are still made and are often used for their classic sound.

Semimetals

Germanium


Haim Fabrizio Cipriani (born 1971 in Genoa) is a rabbi and a professional musician.

Biography

Cipriani's rabbinical path is rooted in both Italian and chassidic tradition. He has studied at the Collegio Rabbinico Italiano under the guidance of Rav G. Laras and received the traditional orthodox ordination by the Ateret Tzvi Yeshiva, of Shlomo Carlebach's school, and by the New Yorker Rebbe, Rabbi Joseph H. Gelberman at the Rabbinical Seminary International. From 2006 to 2013, he was Rabbi of congregation Lev Chadash in Milan and Rome. Starting from 2012 he has been the Rabbi of the Conservative/Masorti congregation in Marseille (France) and of the Reform congregation in Toulouse (France).
In 2017 he founded in Italy the congregation Etz Haim, for a Judaism without walls, an associate member of the Masorti/Conservative Jewish movement.

In 2008, he published the Siddur "Derech Haim", the first progressive Jewish prayer book in Italian, with original translations, study notes and commentaries. He teaches and lectures in Italy and France.

As a violinist, he has worked with the greatest names of the Baroque musique, Jordi Savall, Marc Minkowski, William Christie, Gérard Lesne, and he has been one of the founding members of the Italian ensemble Europa Galante with Fabio Biondi. He has performed concerts as soloist and chamber musician in the most renowned concert halls of the world, and recorded dozens of discs among which many unpublished works of the Baroque period (Mascitti, Dall'Abaco and much more). Conductor of the ensemble Il Falcone, member of Il Giardino Armonico, he is producing a recording of the complete set of the W.A.Mozart sonatas, in duet with S. Ciomei. In 2006, he played in concert with the famous "Il Cannone", the Guarnerius del Gesù which belonged to Niccolò Paganini.

He is professor of baroque violin at the conservatory of Bari, in Italy.

Notes and references

External links
 Official website
 Comunità Etz Haim
 Ensemble Il Falcone
 Giardino Armonico

1971 births
Baroque-violin players
Italian classical violinists
Male classical violinists
Italian Reform rabbis
Jewish classical violinists
Living people
Italian performers of early music
21st-century classical violinists
21st-century Italian male musicians
21st-century Italian rabbis
Musicians from Genoa
Clergy from Genoa

Haim Fabrizio Cipriani


The Lewes bomb was a blast-incendiary field expedient explosive device, manufactured by mixing diesel oil and Nobel 808 plastic explosive. It was created by Lieutenant Jock Lewes, one of the original members of L Detachment SAS in 1941.

History
The SAS needed a combined incendiary and explosive device light enough to be carried by a small group of commandos yet powerful enough to destroy and set fire to aircraft on an enemy airfield. Weighing approximately , the Lewes bomb could be carried in quantity by an individual.

The only available bomb at the time was too cumbersome to be carried by a paratrooper. Lewes experimented with various types of incendiary and explosive materials, using trial and error. The final design used  of plastic explosive, mixed with a  of thermite and a small amount of diesel oil and steel filings. Inside the mass was inserted a   dry guncotton booster, plus a detonator attached to a thirty seconds fuse. Alternatively, Lewes bombs could be triggered by pencil detonators or booby-trap firing devices such as pressure release switches.
It is not clear what was used as a container for the explosive, though it was probably a small canvas bag of some sort. In use, the device was placed inside the cockpit or on the wing of an aircraft in order to ignite the aviation fuel stored within.

A disadvantage of the Lewes bomb was that the detonators could be unreliable; several raids failed when their pencil-detonators were rendered unusable by heavy rain. The timing of the detonators could also be affected by the desert heat; after a raid in December 1941 one party reported the 30-minute time pencils had detonated in just 18 minutes due to the warmth of the night.

In the hands of the SAS the Lewes bomb was an effective weapon against parked aircraft; following an attack in December 1941, an assessment was carried out by a group of Italian engineers on some unexploded bombs found on aircraft at their airfield. After repairing the fuses, they placed the bombs "with school-boy enthusiasm" on some old aircraft, exactly as they had been found. The result, they reported, was that "in every case the firing of the charge, besides causing considerable damage due to the explosion, set the fuel alight... causing complete destruction of the vehicle". However they also noted that the fires did not "seem to have been due to any particular qualities of the explosive, but to the accurate placing of the charges in proximity to the fuel tanks"

References

Sources

Gavin Mortimer (2011) The SAS in World War II:  Osprey Publishing

World War II grenades of the United Kingdom
World War II weapons of the United Kingdom
Bombs
Incendiary grenades
Special Air Service
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1941

Lewes bomb


Xceedium, Inc., was a network security software company providing privileged identity and access management solutions which was subsequently acquired by CA Technologies. Their software is used to control and manage the risks that privileged users, privileged accounts (admin, root, etc.) and privileged credentials (passwords, certificates, digital keys, etc.) pose to systems and data.

History
Xceedium Inc., was founded in 2000 by David Van and David Cheung when the company split from Lucid Technologies Group, a company created in 1995. The company developed software for internal use that provided its consultants with secure remote access to sensitive customer systems. This software became the core technology for the Xceedium GateKeeper product. Xceedium's products were aimed at mid-large sized enterprises in vertical market segments including banking and financial services, retail, telecom, healthcare, energy and government agencies. They marketed their product through a global partner network.

Xceedium's headquarters was originally located in Jersey City, New Jersey until it relocated to Northern Virginia in March 2011. Initial funding for the venture-backed company came from ArrowPath Venture Partners and Nationwide Mutual Capital.

Xceedium was a private, venture capital backed company with funding from ArrowPath Venture Partners and Nationwide Mutual Capital. In June 2012, Xceedium closed a $12 million financing led by ArrowPath Venture Partners bringing the total capital raised to $25 million Xceedium was acquired by CA Technologies in August 2015.

Products
Xceedium Gatekeeper was the first product designed by the company, initially built with out-of-band and in-band KVM for remote IT control. The GateKeeper software was updated to provide network-based access control and session recording/playback.  Later, GateKeeper and Cloakware Password Authority (a product acquired from Irdeto) were integrated to form Xceedium Xsuite.

The main capabilities of Xceedium Xsuite were: role-based access control, command filtering (white/black list), user containment (prevents SSH based leapfrogging or RDP hopping to unauthorized nodes), session monitoring/policy violation alerting, session recording and playback and privileged password vaulting and management. The Xceedium Xsuite platform enabled organizations to apply the principle of least privilege, which holds that systems and individuals should only be granted access to the resources and commands that are absolutely necessary for the required task. According to the company, Xsuite limited access for privileged users to the systems and commands for which they are explicitly authorized (Role-based access control). It also monitored the activities of privileged users and sent alerts when individuals attempted to violate a policy. The system recorded privileged user sessions such as telnet, RDP, SSH, and VNC and provided a mechanism to replay recorded session for investigations and forensics.

Xsuite Cloud for Amazon Web Services (AWS) was introduced as an extension to the Xsuite platform. It provided privileged identity and access management for standalone AWS implementations or hybrid architectures that can include infrastructure nodes (e.g., servers, network devices, storage devices, security systems) running on: AWS Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), private clouds, as virtual machines or traditional single OS/hardware scenarios

Following the acquisition of Xceedium by CA, Xceedium Xsuite was integrated into the CA product range as CA Privileged Access Manager.

References

2000 establishments in Virginia
2015 mergers and acquisitions
2015 disestablishments in Virginia
American companies established in 2000
American companies disestablished in 2015
CA Technologies
Computer companies established in 2000
Computer companies disestablished in 2015
Computer security software
Defunct computer companies of the United States

Xceedium


Assyrians in Turkey (, Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ) or Turkish Assyrians are an indigenous Semitic-speaking ethnic group and minority of Turkey who are Eastern Aramaic–speaking Christians, with most being members of the Syriac Orthodox Church, Chaldean Catholic Church, Assyrian Pentecostal Church, Assyrian Evangelical Church, or Ancient Church of the East.

They share a common history and ethnic identity, rooted in shared linguistic, cultural and religious traditions, with Assyrians in Iraq, Assyrians in Iran and Assyrians in Syria, as well as with the Assyrian diaspora. Assyrians in such European countries as Sweden and Germany would usually be Turoyo-speakers or Western Assyrians, and tend to be originally from Turkey.

The Assyrians were once a large ethnic minority in the Ottoman Empire, living in the Hakkari, Sirnak and Mardin provinces, but, following the Sayfo (1915, also known as the Assyrian genocide), most were murdered or forced to emigrate to join fellow Assyrians in northern Iraq, northeast Syria, and northwest Iran. Most of those who survived the genocide and stayed in Turkey left the country for Western Europe in the 2nd half of the 20th century, due to conflicts between the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and the Turkish Land Forces. As of 2019, an estimated 18,000 of the country's 25,000 Assyrians live in Istanbul. According to Yusuf Çetin, Spiritual Leader of the Syriac Orthodox Community, as of 2023, there are 25,000-30,000 Assyrians in Turkey, including 17,000 to 22,000 in Istanbul, most of them in Yeşilköy, where the new Mor Ephrem Syriac Orthodox Church was inaugurated on 8 October 2023.

History

Ottoman era

The Ottoman Empire had an elaborate system of administering the non-Muslim "People of the Book." That is, they made allowances for accepted monotheists with a scriptural tradition and distinguished them from people they defined as pagans. As People of the Book (or dhimmi), Jews, Christians and Mandaeans (in some cases Zoroastrians) received second-class treatment but were tolerated.

In the Ottoman Empire, this religious status became systematized as the "millet" administrative pattern. Each religious minority answered to the government through its chief religious representative. The Christians that the Ottomans conquered gradually but definitively with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 were already divided into many ethnic groups and denominations, usually organized into a hierarchy of bishops headed by a patriarch.

As for the 5 Assyrian Tribes of Hakkari, The Shimun Patriarchate in Qodshanis, who the Tribes worshipped because it was the Assyrian Church of the East's Holy See: was directly subservient to the Sublime Porte, who the see paid the taxes to which they collected from the tribes.

Those who had converted to Protestantism did not want to pay an annual tribute to the older churches through local bishops who then passed some of it up to the Patriarch who then passed some of it to the Porte in the form of taxes. They wanted to deal directly with the Porte, across ethnic lines (even if through a Muslim administrator), in order to have their own voice and not be subjected to the rule of the Patriarchal system. This general Protestant charter was granted in 1850.)

Gaunt has estimated the Assyrian population at between 500,000 and 600,000 just before the outbreak of World War I, significantly higher than reported on Ottoman census figures. Midyat, in Diyarbekir vilayet, was the only town in the Ottoman Empire with an Assyrian majority, although divided between Syriac Orthodox, Chaldeans, and Protestants. Syriac Orthodox Christians were concentrated in the hilly rural areas around Midyat, known as Tur Abdin, where they populated almost 100 villages and worked in agriculture or crafts. Syriac Orthodox culture was centered in two monasteries near Mardin (west of Tur Abdin), Mor Gabriel and Deyrulzafaran. Outside of the area of core Syriac settlement, there were also sizable populations in the towns of Diyarbakır, Urfa, Harput, and Adiyaman as well as villages. Unlike the Syriac population of Tur Abdin, many of these Syriacs spoke other languages.

Under the leadership of the Patriarch of the Church of the East, based in Qudshanis, Assyrian tribes ruled the Hakkari mountains (east of Tur Abdin, adjacent to the Ottoman–Persian border) with aşiret status—in theory granting them full autonomy—with subordinated farmers. Hakkari is very mountainous with peaks reaching up to  separated by steep gorges, such that many areas could only be accessed by footpaths carved into the side of mountains. The Assyrian tribes sometimes fought each other on behalf of their Kurdish allies. Church of the East settlement began to the east on the western shore of Lake Urmia in Persia, in the town of Urmia and surrounding villages; just north, in Salamas, was a Chaldean enclave. There was a Chaldean area around Siirt in Bitlis vilayet (northeast of Tur Abdin and northwest of Hakkari), which was mountainous but less so than Hakkari, but the bulk of Chaldeans lived farther south, in modern-day Iraq and outside of the zone that suffered genocide during World War I.

Republic of Turkey
After 1923, local politicians went on an anti-Christian campaign that negatively affected the Syriac communities (such as Adana, Urfa or Adiyaman) that had not been affected by the 1915 genocide. Many were forced to abandon their properties and flee to Syria, eventually settling in Aleppo, Qamishli, or the Khabur. The Syriac Orthodox patriarchate was expelled from Turkey in 1924, despite its declarations of loyalty to the new Turkish government. Unlike Armenians, Jews, and Greeks, Assyrians were not recognized as a minority group in the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. The remaining population lived in submission to Kurdish aghas, and were subjected to constant harassment and abuse which pushed them to emigrate. Turkish laws denaturalized those who had fled and confiscated their property. Despite their actual citizenship rights, many Assyrians who remained in Turkey had to re-purchase their own properties from Kurdish aghas or risk losing their Turkish citizenship. Some Assyrians continued to live in Tur Abdin until the 1980s; this was the last substantial Christian population in Turkey living rurally in its original homeland. Some scholars have described ongoing exclusion and harassment of Syriacs in Turkey as a continuation of the Sayfo.

Unlike other persecuted Christian groups like the Greeks and Armenians, the Assyrian community of Turkey managed to sustain its numbers after the Assyrian Genocide but they had many hardships nevertheless. In the 1960s, it became increasingly unsafe for Assyrians/Syriacs in Midyat, the regional centre of Tur Abdin. Muslims incited violent anti-Christian protests as a response to events unfolding in Cyprus. This led to many Assyro-Syriacs not seeing a future for themselves in their ancestral homeland. By the 1980s the Assyrian population of Turkey was around 70,000 people, although down from the 300,000 or so in total who survived after the genocide. The currently diminished number of 28,000 Assyrians today was caused largely due to Kurdish insurgencies in the 1980s and the bad state of most of the Middle East, along with the forever looming issue of Turkish governmental discrimination. By the end of the conflict in the late 1990s, less than 1,000 Assyrians were still in Tur Abdin or Hakkari, with the rest living in Istanbul.

In 2001, the Turkish government invited Assyrians/Syriacs to return to Turkey, but some speculate that the offer was more of a publicity stunt, as a land law passed a short time before caused Assyrians who owned untilled farms or land with forests on them (which a large amount did, as those in diaspora could not till or maintain the properties they owned while living elsewhere) to have the land they owned confiscated by the state and sold to third parties. Another law made it illegal for non-Turkish nationals to purchase land in Mardin province, where most Assyrians would have immigrated to. Regardless of those laws a few did come, such as those who still had their citizenship and could buy property and managed to avoid having their land taken – but many more who could have come back could not due to the laws passed.

Some Assyrians who have fled from ISIL have found temporary homes in the city of Midyat. A refugee center is located near Midyat, but due to there being a small Assyrian community in Midyat, many of the Assyrian refugees at the camp went to Midyat hoping for better conditions than the refugee camp had. Many refugees were given help and accommodation by the local Assyrian community there, perhaps wishing that the refugees stay, as the community in Midyat is in need of more members.

In 2013, Assyrians were allowed to open the first school operating in their mother tongue since 1928. The same year, 55 Syriac churches, monasteries, and cemeteries in Mardin Province confiscated by the Turkish state were returned to them. On 8 October 2023, the Mor Ephrem Syriac Orthodox Church opened, the first church built since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey. As of 2023, the Syriac community owns 113 properties registered in the name of community foundations.

Language
Unlike Armenians, Jews, and Greeks, Assyrians were not recognized as a minority group in the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne and could not open schools teaching their language. The last Assyrian-language school was closed in 1928.

On 18 June 2013, the Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court ruled in favor of Assyrians' right to use their mother tongue as stated in the Treaty of Lausanne. The Ministry of Education accepted the decision and a first kindergarten opened in 2014. In 2023, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced the opening of a new Assyrian school, funded by the government.

Classical Syriac and modern Surayt are taught are Mardin Artuklu University.

In a 2017 survey, 64% of Assyrians in Istanbul declared "Assyrian" as their mother tongue, while 27% declarer Turkish.

Religion

The Assyrians are an ethnic group divided into a variety of different Christian churches, and those churches vary dramatically in liturgy and structure, and even dictate identity (see Terms for Syriac Christians). The predominant Christian denomination among Assyrians in Turkey is the Syriac Orthodox Church, with their 15,000–20,000 followers being called Syriacs. Due to migration, the Syriacs' main residential area in Turkey today is Istanbul, where between 12,000 and 18,000 live. Between 2,000 and 3,000 Syriac Orthodoxs still live in Tur Abdin, and they are spread among 30 villages, hamlets, and towns. Some of these locations are dominated by Syriacs while others are dominated by the Kurds. Additionally, there are a few Syriac Orthodox Christian communities in Izmir, Ankara, İskenderun, Diyarbakir, Adıyaman, Malatya, Elazığ, and a few other places. As part of the return movement some Syriac Orthodox returned to Tur Abdin villages from Germany, Sweden and Switzerland.

The second largest denomination is the Chaldean Catholic Church in Turkey, which has around 7,000–8,000 members who live primarily in Diyarbakir, Mardin, Sirnak province, and Istanbul. In 2016 it was estimated that there were about 48,594 Chaldean Catholics in Turkey. Diyarbakir was the city in which the Chaldean Catholic Church was founded when it separated in 1552 from the Assyrian Church of the East. Prior to the Sayfo there was also a large community of Nestorians, or followers of the Assyrian Church of the East, and Syriac Catholics. The Nestorian Tribes lived in the Hakkari mountains on the southeastern edge of Turkey's border, which is now part of the modern day Sirnak and Hakkari provinces. Additionally, the Patriarch of the Nestorian church had his See until mid-1915 based in a village in that region known as Qodshanis after he and his followers settled there in the 1660s, making Turkey the center of their church structure.

The Syriac Catholic Church had their See in Mardin during the 1800s after being driven out of Aleppo due to oppression by the Syriac Orthodox Church. A large community lived in the southeast in the Tur Abdin region until they were massacred and forced to flee during the Sayfo to Lebanon, where the See was reestablished. There is still a tiny Syriac Catholic community that lives in Mardin and Istanbul, but most Syriac Catholics now live in Iraq, Syria, or Lebanon. Syriac Protestant Churches exist in Turkey as well.

References

Sources

See also

 Assyrian homeland
 Christianity in Turkey
 Minorities in Turkey

External links

Ethnic groups in Turkey

Assyrians in Turkey


Joseph Alexander Leckie (24 May 1866 – 9 August 1938) was a British Liberal, later Liberal National politician and leather manufacturer.

Education and business life
Leckie was born in Govan in Glasgow, the son of John and Isabella Leckie. He was educated at Glasgow Academy and Bellahouston Academy, Glasgow. Leckie joined his father's wholesale saddlery and leather goods manufacturing business, which had branches in Glasgow, London and Walsall. He travelled widely on the company's business in Europe, Canada, the US and Central America. He continued to work for the company until 1928. During this time he was a member and sometime president of Walsall Incorporated Chamber of Commerce. Leckie later became a member of the Council of the Federation of Chambers of Commerce of the British Empire. He married Jean Wightman, the daughter of a Walsall Justice of the Peace.

Public life
Like most late Victorian businessmen, Leckie took an interest in public affairs. As early as 1898 he was chosen as Hon. Secretary to the Walsall Victoria Nursing Institution, and he took an active part in temperance, social and religious works. Presumably reflecting his Glasgow roots, Leckie was a Presbyterian. He served as president of the West Midland Federation of Free Churches and treasurer of the Federal Council of the Free Churches. He also served  as president of the Walsall and District Band of Hope Union for some years. He was a chairman of the Walsall Chamber of Commerce in the early years of the 20th century.

Local politics
Leckie first stood for election to Walsall Council in the Bridge Ward in 1903, describing himself as a Progressive candidate. He was defeated by a local solicitor. This was only a temporary setback, for in 1905 Leckie became a member of the Walsall Education Committee and was chairman of the committee from 1930 to 1937. He became a member of Walsall Town Council in 1916. Elections to the council were suspended because of the First World War and when in April 1916 a sitting councillor in Hatherton Ward resigned to devote more time to his business, Leckie was proposed for co-option and chosen over a candidate put forward by the Labour Party and Trades Council. He retained his seat comfortably at the municipal elections of 1919 and went on to a distinguished local government career. He was later an alderman of what was by then the County Borough of Walsall from 1930 until 1937. He was Mayor of Walsall in 1926–27. In 1933 he was elected to the executive committee of the Association of Education Committees.  In 1937 he was made an honorary freeman of Walsall. He also served as a Justice of the Peace.

Parliament
Leckie was chairman of Walsall Liberal Association from 1912 to 1931 and in 1931 was chosen to be Liberal candidate for Walsall at the general election. This was the election following the formation of the National Government under Ramsay MacDonald. An agreement was made with the Conservatives, and Leckie got a free run against the sitting Labour Member of Parliament (MP) John McShane. When the Liberal Party withdrew from the National Government after the general election and divided into those who supported the coalition and those against, Leckie stayed with the National Liberal group led by Sir John Simon. He stood as a Liberal National again at the 1935 general election and was returned with a majority of 8,969 votes. The by-election in Walsall which followed Leckie's death resulted in a win for the Liberal National (government) candidate Sir George Schuster.

Death
Leckie had suffered from increasing deafness as he grew older. He died following a seizure on 9 August 1938 at a nursing home in Edgbaston, Birmingham, aged 72.

References

External links

1866 births
1938 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
National Liberal Party (UK, 1931) politicians
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
Mayors of places in the West Midlands (county)
Politics of Staffordshire
People from Govan

Joseph Leckie


Ayora is a town in the Community of Valencia. It has 5,303 people. It is in the district of Valle de Ayora and the province of Valencia.

Ayora is in the inland and near Castilla-La Mancha. Sierra Palomera and Sierra del Mugrón are the mountains to the west. Muela de Cortes and Pico Caroig are the mountains to the east. The flat land to the south connects with Almansa. The river valley runs to the north. It connects with Confrentes.

Other websites

Municipalities in the Valencian Community
Province of Valencia

Ayora


The Heidetränk Oppidum near Oberursel in the Taunus in Germany is one of Europe's most important Celtic oppida.

The oppidum was surrounded by ramparts which encircled the settlement of opposite sides of a ravine called the Heidetrankthal.  This imposing rampart was 10 km long and had six gates. The high point of the settlement was in the late La Tène period, but lost its importance in the mid first century BC.  Archaeological finds from the Heidedtrank Oppidium include agricultural implements such as plowshares, hoes, scythe and sickle blades as well as tools and Celtic coins, particularly the so-called "Nauheim Quinarius", which was probably coined in the oppidum itself.

It is considerably younger than nearby settlements at the Altkönig (5th/4th century BC) and Bleibeskopf (8th century BC).

External links
Hessen Archäologie:  Information on the hill forts in the upper Taunus near Oberursel
TeutatesNet:  Map showing environs of the Heidetränk-Oppidum with nearby Altkönig and Bleibeskopf hillforts

Populated places disestablished in the 1st century BC
Archaeological sites in Germany
Iron Age sites in Europe
La Tène culture
Oberursel
Oppida

Heidetrank Oppidum


Riaan Walters (born 10 August 1980) is a Namibian cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman, who often plays as the opening batsman in the Namibian attack.
He played in two One Day Internationals in the Cricket World Cup in 2003, though he remained scoreless in both matches. He also played in the ICC Trophy between 2001 and 2005. In the 2001 tournament his misfield off the final ball of the final cost his side the Trophy.

External links

1980 births
Living people
Namibian cricketers
Namibia One Day International cricketers

Riaan Walters


Future House Music (FHM) is a Dutch record label and music network that specializes in the Future House genre. Their channel has over 1 million subscribers on YouTube.

History
It was started in 2014 by Aart van den Dool and Gino van Eijk. Originally starting out with genres such as electro house, progressive house, deep house and tech house, the label eventually focused on future house as, asserted by Van Eijk, it was "placed on the map" by the genre's pioneers Oliver Heldens and Tchami. Their YouTube channel was started after Van Eijk and Van Den Dool became inspired by Tchami's term-coining of future house.

They eventually decided to use the channel as a platform to "bundle" music of the genre. They said "We had the first mover advantage. Nobody had claimed the name 'Future House Music' yet. We did not know, of course, that it would be that big. But of course we also worked really hard for that." Since the formation of their YouTube channel, the identity of "Future House Music" included an addition of a record label (formed in 2016), merchandises and international events.

Artists

References

Record labels established in 2016
House music record labels
Dutch independent record labels

Future House Music


Thames was a Rescue tugboat that saw service with the Royal Navy during the Second World War.

Named for the River Thames in England, she was launched in 1938. With the outbreak of the Second World War, she was acquired by the Royal Navy in June 1940. She was based at the strategically vital naval base at Gibraltar, moving the large warships there in and out of the harbour. Her duties also included coming to the assistance of any allied ships, naval or merchant, that might be damaged and require towing to safety. If this was impossible, she would take off survivors. To protect against air attacks she was fitted with a 12-pounder anti-aircraft gun.

HMS Ark Royal
On 13 November 1941, the aircraft carrier  was torpedoed some 30 miles off Gibraltar by the . After damage control efforts seemed to have stabilised the subsequent flooding, the commander of Force H, Sir James Somerville sped into Gibraltar aboard the battleship  to organise salvage operations. The Thames and another tug, the St Day were dispatched to the scene. Thames arrived first and was able to attach a tow line to the stricken carrier. She then attempted to tow her to Gibraltar, but her efforts were foiled by the strong current flowing through the Strait of Gibraltar. Despite towing Ark Royal for nine hours at a speed of two knots, she could make little headway. Ark Royal capsized and sank the following day, 14 November, after being overwhelmed by flooding that could not be controlled.

The belief that Ark Royal had been under tow for nine hours led the subsequent Board of Inquiry to assume that Ark Royal had sunk closer to Gibraltar than was actually the case.  The true site of the sinking was not discovered until Ark Royal's wreck was located by a film crew in 2002.

Thames continued in service with the Navy until 1944, by which time the allies had largely secured control of the Mediterranean.  She then left Navy service.

References

 Mike Rossiter, Ark Royal: the life, death and rediscovery of the legendary Second World War aircraft carrier (Corgi Books, London, 2007).
 Thames at Uboat.net

Tugboats of the United Kingdom
1938 ships

HMT Thames (1938)


Benjamin Myer Fogle,  (born 3 November 1973) is an English broadcaster, writer and adventurer, best known for his presenting roles with British television channels Channel 5, BBC and ITV.

Early life
Fogle is the son of English actress Julia Foster and Canadian veterinarian Bruce Fogle. He was educated at two independent schools: The Hall School, Hampstead in London, and Bryanston School in Blandford Forum, Dorset.

Fogle went to Ecuador for a gap year, working in an orphanage teaching English. He then took a second year working on a turtle conservation project on the Mosquito Coast of Honduras and Nicaragua.

Fogle studied for a degree in Latin American studies at the University of Portsmouth, before studying for a year at the University of Costa Rica.

During this time Fogle also became a Midshipman in the Royal Naval Reserve, serving as an URNU officer on  and delivering aid to war-torn Bosnia and Croatia.

Career

Magazines
Fogle's initial jobs included picture editor at Tatler magazine.

Television
Fogle first came to public notice when he participated in the BBC reality show Castaway 2000, which followed a group of thirty-six people marooned on the Scottish island of Taransay for a year, starting 1 January 2000. This was a social experiment aimed at creating a fully self-sufficient community within a year.

Fogle is a television presenter who has worked for the BBC, ITV, Channel 5, Sky, Discovery and the National Geographic channels in the UK. He has hosted Crufts, One Man and His Dog, Countryfile, Country Tracks, Extreme Dreams with Ben Fogle, Animal Park, Wild on the West Coast, Wild in Africa, "Ben Fogle – African Migration" and Ben Fogle's Escape in Time. Fogle made a film about the facial deforming disease noma for a BBC Two documentary Make Me A New Face which followed the work of the charity Facing Africa and Great Ormond Street Hospital.

Fogle has produced films about naval history and the Royal National Lifeboat Institute (RNLI) for the History Channel and followed Princes William and Harry on their first joint Royal Tour in Botswana and made an exclusive documentary called Prince William's Africa. He marked the centenary of Captain Scott's expedition to the South Pole with The Secrets of Scott's Hut. Fogle is popular on the motivational and corporate speaking circuit. His new series, Swimming with Crocodiles will air on BBC Two, Storm City in 3D on Sky One and National Geographic. Fogle has become a special correspondent for NBC News in the United States.

Fogle appeared on the programme Countryfile with John Craven from 2001 to 2008, during which he reported on a number of UK rural pastimes. He rejoined the programme in 2014.

Since 2013, Fogle has presented two series of Harbour Lives, a documentary series on ITV. In 2014, Fogle joined the presenting team on ITV series Countrywise with Liz Bonnin and Paul Heiney, which covers aspects of the British coast and country.

In 2013, Fogle presented a new show for Channel 5 called Ben Fogle: New Lives in the Wild, that saw him follow the stories of people living in the wild and isolated from society. Fogle also took over as the host of Animal Clinic on Channel 5, replacing Rolf Harris.

Sport

Atlantic Rowing Race

Fogle was the first to cross the line in the pairs division of the 2005–2006 Atlantic Rowing Race in "Spirit of EDF Energy", partnered by Olympic rower James Cracknell. While competing in the 3,000-mile race, the pair had their boat fully capsized by huge waves. They made landfall in Antigua at 07.13 GMT on 19 January 2006, a crossing time of 49 days, 19 hours, 8 minutes. After penalties, they were placed second in the pairs and fourth overall. In 2007, the BBC series that followed the pair, Through Hell and High Water, won a Royal Television Society award.

Marathon des Sables
He has also completed the six-day Marathon des Sables for the World Wide Fund for Nature across  of the Sahara Desert and the Safaricom Marathon in Kenya for the Tusk Trust, with Longleat Safari Park keeper Ryan Hockley. Fogle has completed the Bupa Great North Run in 1 hour 33 minutes, the London Marathon and the Royal Parks Half Marathon. He beat EastEnders actor Sid Owen in a three-round charity boxing match for BBC Sport Relief under the training of Frank Bruno and he recently re-ran the Safaricom marathon in Kenya with the injured Battleback Soldiers.

Amundsen Omega 3 South Pole Race
Fogle teamed up with Cracknell once again, together with Ed Coats, a Bristol-based doctor, as Team QinetiQ to take part in the inaugural "Amundsen Omega 3 South Pole Race".  Six teams set out to race across the Antarctic Plateau to commemorate the historic race of 1911 between Roald Amundsen and Robert Falcon Scott. Having led the race for much of the time, the team took 18 days, 5 hours and 10 minutes to complete the  race, coming second overall, 20 hours behind the Norwegian team, who commended them on making it "a fantastic race", and over two days ahead of the next placed team. Fogle suffered hypothermia and frostbite to his nose and the team experienced temperatures as low as . The race was filmed by the BBC for the series On Thin Ice and was aired in Summer 2009. Five episodes of On Thin Ice were broadcast on BBC Two Sunday evenings receiving a peak record of 3.7 million viewers. Macmillan published an account of their journey, Race to The Pole, which became a top-10 best-seller in the UK.

In October 2009, Fogle and Cracknell cycled a rickshaw 423 miles from Edinburgh to London non-stop. They took 60 hours to reach the capital, raising money for SSAFA (Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen and Families Association). The event was filmed as part of The Pride of Britain Awards. Fogle and Cracknell planned to take part in the Tour Divide race in 2010, a 3,000-mile mountain-bike race across the Rocky Mountains, from Banff in Canada to the border of Mexico. The world record is held by American Matthew Lee and stands at 17 days. The race was put on hold after Cracknell received life-threatening injuries after being knocked from his bicycle in America while training.
In 2013, Fogle and Cracknell teamed up again for their third and final expedition across the Empty-quarter of Oman for a new BBC Two series.

Mount Everest
On 16 May 2018, Fogle summited Mount Everest, completing the climb over a six-week period whilst accompanied by two local sherpa guides, as well as Kenton Cool.
His trek also included former Olympic cyclist Victoria Pendleton, who  abandoned her attempt early owing to severe altitude sickness.
A film Our Mount Everest Challenge (The Challenge: Everest) documented by CNN, aired in June 2018, to highlight environmental issues around mountains in his new role as UN patron of the wilderness. The whole project was made possible by Fogle's good friend, Princess Haya Bint Al Hussein of Jordan, in memory of her father alongside raising awareness and money for The Red Cross.

Writing
Fogle has written ten books; The Teatime Islands (2004) in search of the remaining islands in the British Empire in which he travels to Saint Helena, Ascension Island, the Falkland Islands, the British Indian Ocean Territories and Tristan da Cunha. He also tried to visit Pitcairn Island by private yacht, but when the inhabitants learned that he was a journalist they refused to let him land. Fogle claims that they suspected that he was a spy, and after six hours of interrogation he was refused permission to visit and deported. He was also accused of attempting to smuggle a breadfruit on to the island. The book was short-listed for the WHSmith's people's award for Best Travel Book.

He has also written Offshore (2006), published by Penguin Books, in which he travelled around Britain in search of an island of his own. He visited the Principality of Sealand and attempted to land on Rockall in the North Atlantic. In 2006 he published The Crossing, published by Atlantic books and co-written with Cracknell followed their Transatlantic rowing bid. In 2009, The Race to the Pole was published by Macmillan and spent ten weeks in the best-seller list. His seventh book Labrador was released in 2015. In it, he explores the origin, characteristics and exploits of the breed.

In 2016, Land Rover: The Story of the Car that Conquered the World was published. English: A Story of Marmite, Queuing and Weather, which was published in 2017, examines the English national character. He published his tenth book, Up, in October 2018. Co-written with his wife, Marina, Up documents his planning, training and eventual summit of Mount Everest.

In 2019 Fogle launched a children's book series, co-written by best-selling children's author Steve Cole (author) and illustrated by Nikolas Ilic. Inspired by Fogle's real-life encounters with animals, the series follows the character of Mr Dog and his many sidekicks and friends. Between March 2019 and January 2020, four Mr Dog books were published, with two more billed for late 2020.

Fogle writes a weekly Country Diary for the Sunday Telegraph and is a regular columnist for The Daily Telegraph and travel writer for The Independent and has contributed to the Evening Standard, The New York Times, the Sunday Times and Glamour magazine. He has interviewed Gordon Brown and Prince William for the Mail on Sundays LIVE magazine. He is guest director of Cheltenham Literary Festival and a regular at the Hay-on-Wye festival.

Activism

Fogle is the UN Patron of the Wilderness, a role that sees him highlight the pressure and impact on the earth's wildest corners. His aim is to focus more attention on the conservation cause and inspire greater global action to ensure our actions do not damage the environment.

He is the President of the Campaign for National Parks. Fogle is also: an ambassador for the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Tusk; a supporter of the Duke of Edinburgh award scheme, and Hearing Dogs for Deaf People. He is a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. He is also a patron for the British Hedgehog Preservation Society, the Prince's Trust, the Royal Parks Foundation, Child Bereavement UK and ShelterBox.

Alongside the historian Philippa Gregory, Fogle is a patron of the UK Chagos Supporters Association, fighting for the islanders' rights to return to the British Indian Ocean Territory. He has described "the story of the Chagos islanders' treatment at the hands of the UK government" as "one for which I am ashamed to be British [...] a story of deceit [... which has] shaken my very principles on conservation and democracy".

In August 2014, Fogle was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.

On 11 May 2020 Fogle announced that his Twitter account would henceforth be donated to a different charity on a rolling, weekly basis. The first charity selected was WECare, a UK and Sri Lankan registered veterinary charity. The repurposing of Fogle's Twitter account followed an incident of widespread trolling of Fogle following his suggestion of a nationwide sing-along to mark the 94th birthday of Queen Elizabeth II on Tuesday 21 April 2020.

Filmography
Television

Personal life
In 2006, Fogle married Marina Charlotte Elisabeth, daughter of Jonathan Hunt (son of John, Baron Hunt of Fawley) and Monika (daughter of Herbert Kuhlmann, of Schloss Urstein, Salzburg, Austria). Their first child, a boy named Ludovic Herbert Richard Fogle, was born in 2009. Their second child, a girl named Iona, was born in 2011. In 2014, they had a stillborn son, Willem; Marina also nearly died after suffering an acute placental abruption at 33 weeks.

While filming a series of Extreme Dreams in Peru in 2008, Fogle contracted leishmaniasis, which left him bedridden for three weeks on his return home. He was treated at London's Hospital for Tropical Diseases. Fogle went on to make a documentary, Make Me a New Face, about children suffering from flesh-eating bacteria called noma in Ethiopia. The documentary was broadcast on BBC Two.

Fogle was awarded an honorary doctorate of letters by the University of Portsmouth in 2007.

His waxwork was recently unveiled at Madame Tussauds. He was awarded the Freedom of the City of London in 2013.  Fogle has had an acting cameo on the television programme Hotel Babylon.

On 20 February 2013, BBC Newsbeat published an article stating that he had claimed that his drink had been spiked at a pub in Gloucestershire. He described the effects as making him try to jump out of a window, and he subsequently spent a night in hospital.

See also

 List of English writers
 List of television presenters
 Old Bryanstonians

References

External links

 benfogle.com, his official website
 Ben Fogle on Eden

 Atlantic Rowing Race

1973 births
Living people
20th-century English non-fiction writers
21st-century English memoirists
Alumni of the University of Portsmouth
British Jews
English people of Scottish descent
English people of Canadian descent
English television presenters
English travel writers
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
People educated at Bryanston School
People educated at The Hall School, Hampstead
University of Costa Rica alumni
British summiters of Mount Everest
Royal Naval Reserve personnel

Ben Fogle


Charles Price (died 1645) was a Welsh soldier and  politician who sat in the House of Commons  variously between 1621 and 1642. He fought on the Royalist side in the English Civil War and is believed to have been killed in a duel.

Early life

Price was probably the son of James Price of Pilleth who had been a soldier in the wars of Queen Elizabeth and an MP for Radnorshire. Price became a soldier, and in 1619 was party to a duel, when he was a second to Sir Robert Vaughan of Llwydiarth who had challenged Lord Herbert of Cherbury. The duel was stopped by James I.

Political career

In 1621, Price was elected Member of Parliament for Radnor  and  was a strong supporter of the Protestant ascendancy and parliamentary privilege, and an opponent of monopolies. He was re-elected MP for Radnor in 1624 . He went to Ireland as captain of the Radnorshire and Brecknockshire Militia in 1625. In 1625 he was re-elected MP for Radnor and was returned again in 1626 and 1628  when he remained critical of the court and took an interest in the army and in Welsh measures. He was cited before the council on 22 October 1626. On 18 July 1627 he took recruits to Flanders for Sir Charles Morgan's Staden campaign. He was at Portsmouth  with the army when George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham was assassinated on  28 August 1628 and was first to bring the news to Charles I. In parliament in 1629, he was in favour of moderation following the Petition of Right.

In 1637 Price became deputy steward for Rhayader to Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke and in 1638 he was serving again in Ireland. He petitioned the council regarding his claims on the Monachdy estate, on which he had redeemed mortgages to keep it in the family. Later he lent King Charles £1000  on the basis of promises regarding the Monachdy estate. He does not appear to have taken part in the Bishops' Wars from 1639 to 1640.

In April 1640, Price was elected MP for Radnorshire in the Short Parliament. He was re-elected MP for Radnorshire for the Long Parliament in November 1640. He served on the committee for privileges and was teller for the ayes when the house divided on the Root and Branch Bill to abolish the  episcopacy. He helped prepare charges against Sir Francis Windebank, but was opposed to the action against Strafford . He took an active part in the measures taken to suppress the Irish rebellion of November 1641 and was nominated for a commission in the army sent for that purpose.

On the outbreak of Civil War Price helped to put the royal commission of array into force in Radnorshire, and was the first Welsh MP to be disabled from sitting in parliament on 4 October 1642. He was captured and imprisoned at Gloucester in November 1642 and at Coventry in January 1643, but was released and attended the King's Parliament at Oxford on 22 January 1644.

Death

Price was killed in a duel before May 1645 according to Lord George Digby's Cabinet of 23 March 1646. His family never enjoyed the Monachdy  estate and his widow compounded for the Pilleth estate in 1653.

References

|-

Year of birth missing
1645 deaths
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for constituencies in Wales
Cavaliers
English duellists
Duelling fatalities
English MPs 1621–1622
English MPs 1624–1625
English MPs 1625
English MPs 1626
English MPs 1628–1629
English MPs 1640 (April)
English MPs 1640–1648
Oxford Parliaments

Charles Price (Royalist)


Hartmut Heinrich (born 5 March 1952 in Northeim, Lower Saxony) is a German marine geologist and climatologist. Heinrich was Head of the Marine Physics Department at the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH) in Hamburg until September 2017. He was actively involved in global Argo Ocean Observing Programme, environmental research and administration, and adaptation to climate change. In 1988 he described the suddenly occurring climate changes in the history of the Earth, which have since been named after him, Heinrich events.

Since October 2017 he is freelancer (10°E maritime consulting) for climate and environment. In October 2017 the Free and Hanseatic City honoured his important contribution to climatic research with the title "Professor honoris causa".

Heinrich studied geology at the University of Göttingen and attained a doctorate at the University of Kiel in marine geology. The discovery that was named for him, Heinrich events, periods of substantial ice output of the continental ice sheets by which the global climate is strongly affected, were subsequently confirmed by investigations of ice core samples from the Greenland ice sheet by the Greenland ice core project (GRIP). Heinrich warns of the consequences of global warming that could occur precipitously and of far larger effects on navigation, coastal populations and the marine environment.

Selected publications

References

1952 births
Living people
People from Northeim
German climatologists
21st-century German geologists
Marine geologists
20th-century German geologists

Hartmut Heinrich


Haroun Tazieff (Warsaw, 11 May 1914 – Paris, 2 February 1998) was a Franco-Belgian volcanologist and geologist of Tatar origins. He was a famous cinematographer of volcanic eruptions and lava flows, and the author of several books on volcanoes. He was also a government adviser and French cabinet minister. He also served in the Belgian resistance during World War II.

Early life
His parents met and married in 1906 while they were both students in Brussels. They later returned to Warsaw, Russian Partition, where their first son, Salvator, died at two months and where Haroun was born. His father, Sabir, was a Muslim medical doctor, of Tatar descent and his mother, Zenita Iliyasovna Klupta, was a Tatar chemist and doctor of natural science and holder of a bachelor's degree in political science. His father was conscripted into the Russian Army and died during the First World War, a fact that did not reach the family until 1919. In 1917 Haroun emigrated to Brussels with his widowed mother.

Haroun received a degree in agronomy in Gembloux in 1938, and another degree in geology at the University of Liège in 1944. He was later a Secretary of state in France, in charge of protection against major risks.

Career
Haroun Tazieff participated in the first detailed exploration of the "Saint-Martin" La Verna cave system in the French Pyrenees. In 1952, while he was filming Marcel Loubens' ascent of the Pierre-Saint-Martin rock face, the cable of the hoist broke and Loubens fell over 80 meters. Loubens died 36 hours later but his body could only be recovered from the cave in 1954.

He became famous in France after publishing a book entitled, "Le Gouffre de la Pierre Saint-Martin" in 1952.

He directed the documentary movie Le volcan interdit (1966) about the Nyiragongo Mountain in the Democratic Republic of Congo, which he was the first to climb in 1948.

The National Geographic film, The Violent Earth, was based on Tazieff's expeditions to the volcanoes Mount Etna on Sicily in 1971 and Mount Nyiragongo in 1972. In these expeditions he attempted, unsuccessfully, to descend into the active lava lake in order to collect samples — something he had managed to achieve on a previous expedition in 1959.

Tazieff died in 1998 and was buried in the Passy Cemetery in Paris.

Publications
His publications, mostly in French, were translated into English, and included texts about forecasting volcanic and earthquake events.
They include:
 Cratères en feu, Édition Arthaud, 1951 (Gallimard jeunesse 1973 und in 4. editions Arthaud 1978)
 Tore der Hölle. Vulkankunde, Rüschlikon-Zürich, Müller, 1950
 L'Eau et le Feu, Édition Arthaud, 1954. German edition: Im Banne der Vulkane. Abenteuer eines Geologen im ostafrikanischen Graben, Brockhaus 1955
 Les rendez-vous du diable, Édition Hachette, 1959, 1961
 Geburt eines Vulkans – afrikanisches Abenteuer, Lux 1962
 Der Ätna und seine Nachbarn – Stromboli, Vulcano, Lipari, Lux 1960
 Histoires de volcans, Le Livre de Poche, 1978.
   with Clément Borgal and Norbert Casteret 15 aventures sous terre, Éditions Gautier-Languereau, 1970.
 L'Etna et les volcanologues, Édition Arthaud, 1973
 Vingt-cinq ans sur les volcans du globe, 2 volumes, Éditions Nathan, 1974–1975.
 L'odeur du soufre: expédition en Afar, Éditions Stock, 1975,
 Cordillères, séismes et volcans, Laffont, 1975
 Niragongo, ou le volcan interdit, Flammarion, 1975. Deutsche Ausgabe Niragongo, Rüschlikon-Zürich, Müller 1980
 Le gouffre de la Pierre Saint-Martin, Arthaud, 1952, Neuauflage 1976, Online bei Association de recherches spéléologiques internationales de la Pierre Saint-Martin
 Jouer avec le feu, Seuil 1976
 La Soufrière et autres volcans: la volcanologie en danger. Éditions Flammarion 1979
 Ouvrez donc les yeux : conversations sur quelques points brûlants d'actualité (Conversations with Claude Mossé), Laffont 1980.
  with Claude Villers Ça sent le soufre, Éditions Nathan 1981.
 Les volcans et la dérive des continents, Presses universitaires de France, 1973, 1984, 1991, deutsche Ausgabe Vulkanismus und Kontinentwanderung, DVA 1974
 Sur l´Etna, Flammarion 1984, deutsche Ausgabe Der Ätna- der Berg, seine Gefahren, seine Zukunft, Busse-Seewald 1988
 Quand la terre tremble, 3. edition, Fayard 1986
 La prévision des séismes, Hachette, Collection questions de science, 1987
 Les volcans, Hachette littérature 1987
  with Max Derruau Le volcanisme et sa prévention, Masson 1990
  with Bernard Amy, Florence Trystram: Sur l'Etna, 3. edition, Flammarion, 1991
 Les défis et la chance: ma vie, Éditions Stock - L. Pernoud, 2 volumes, 1991–1992 (Autobiography, Vol. 1: De Pétrograd au Niragongo, Vol. 2:  Le Vagabond des Volcans)
 La terre va-t-elle cesser de tourner?: pollutions réelles, pollutions imaginaires, 2nd edition, Éditions Séghers, 1992.
 Erebus - Volcan Antarctique, Arthaud 1978 and Collection Babel, Terres d'aventures. Actes Sud. 1994
 Volcans, Éditions Bordas, 1996.
 South from the Red Sea, The Travel Book Club, Lutterworth Press, translated by Naomi Lewis.

References

External links
 The La Verna Cave system in the Pyrenees-Atlantiques

1914 births
1998 deaths
Lipka Tatars
People from the Russian Empire of Lipka Tatar descent
Ecology Generation politicians
20th-century French geologists
20th-century Polish geologists
University of Liège alumni
Volcanologists
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Belgium
Burials at Passy Cemetery
Belgian emigrants to France

Haroun Tazieff


Bernard II Tumapaler (or Tumpaler, Occitan: Bernat, Spanish: Bernardo; c. 1020between 1064 and 1090) was Duke of Gascony from 1039 to 1052 and Count of Armagnac from 1020 to 1061.

Bernard was the son of Adalais, daughter of William V of Aquitaine and Prisca, and Girard I Trancaleon, whom he succeeded in Armagnac. Prisca was a daughter of William II of Gascony and it was through her that Bernard inherited his Gascon claim. Prisca's claim was passed to her son Odo on the death of her brother Sancho VI in 1032. Bernard was recognised duke in turn on the death of his uncle Odo in 1039, but probably only in the southern regions and not in the region around Bordeaux. Later his title to Gascony was contested by his uncle Guy Geoffrey, younger half-brother of Odo, but not descended from William II. Guy Geoffrey, however, was married to Garsenda, daughter of Aldabert II of Périgord and Alausia, the second daughter of the late Sancho VI.

Eventually, after a protracted fight, Bernard was defeated at the Battle of La Castelle (fought between Cazères and Grenade on the Adour) and had to relinquish Gascony to Guy Geoffrey for 15,000 sous. However, by then the title was almost empty, as most of Gascony had been dismembered and parcelled out as appanages, being in the hand of the counts of Béarn, Bigorre, Armagnac, Comminges, Astarac. Guy Geoffrey had only conquered a rump Gascony. Bernard fought the archbishop of Auch, partisan of Guy Geoffrey. He abdicated from Gascony before 4 May 1052 and Armagnac by 1061. He may have entered a monastery. In May 1063, he led a rebellion of the Gascon barons against Guy Geoffrey, who had inherited the Duchy of Aquitaine in the meanwhile, but was soundly defeated and Gascony firmly bound to Aquitaine. He disappeared from history, but is not surely dead until 1090.

He married Ermengard and had three children:
 Arnold
 Girard, along with Arnold made a joint donation to the Abbey of Cluny in 1049.
 Gisela married Centule V of Béarn

Notes

Sources
Higounet, Charles. Bordeaux pendant le haut moyen age. Bordeaux, 1963.

Counts of Armagnac
Dukes of Gascony
1020s births
11th-century French nobility
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain

Bernard II Tumapaler


Joan Waste (1534 - 1 August 1556) was a blind woman who was burned in Derby because she would not stop being a Protestant. She had bought a Bible so that friends could read to her.

Biography
Waste was blind when she was born in 1534. Her parents were William and Joan Waste. William's job was to cut people's hair and make rope. By the age of twelve, Joan had learned to make ropes and clothes.

In 1553, Queen Mary came to the throne and it was made illegal to hold Protestant views. Mary condemned 277 people for not having the right sort of religion. This crime was called heresy.

Joan Waste was taken to court for breaking the law. The judge was a man employed by the bishop. She had to defend her views and was told she would die. She had not liked the fact that the church services were being read in the language of Latin. She was to die for being a Protestant and for refusing to agree with the Catholic Church. She bought a Bible in English, but the Catholic Church wanted them to only be in Latin. She asked friends to read to her for a penny.

 Her trial took place at All Saints Church. This main building has been rebuilt, but the tower was built in 1530. This tower is now part of Derby's cathedral.

On the day of her death she walked arm-in-arm with her twin brother to be burned.

Her death took place at the Windmill Pit on the Burton Road in Derby. She was hanged over the fire with a rope. She fell into the fire when the rope burned through.  The judge was Antony Draycot. He went home to his meal.

The place where Joan Waste was killed is now the site of a church. When Elizabeth I of England became queen in 1559 she removed Ralph Baines from the job of Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield. Baines was sent to be a prisoner of  the Bishop of London. The judge was also sent to be a prisoner. He died after being released in 1571.

References

1534 births
1556 deaths
Blind people
English Protestants
Executed English people
People from Derby

Joan Waste


Mark Werner Snijders (born 12 March 1972) is a Dutch former footballer. He spent eight years with AZ Alkmaar and then three years playing in the Football League with Port Vale.

Career
Snijders left his home town club AZ Alkmaar for English First Division club Port Vale following a successful trial in the summer of 1997, leaving behind a newly signed contract with AZ. He was one of a number of John Rudge's Dutch signings. He made his Vale debut in a 2–1 win over Stockport County at Vale Park on 9 September 1997. He scored his first goal for the club eighteen days later, in a 2–0 home win over Queens Park Rangers. In all he made 25 appearances that season, picking up his second goal in a 3–2 win over Manchester City at Maine Road. His classy play and skilful reading of the game impressed the Vale faithful.

In 1998–99 the club were battling against relegation, Snijders played five games in August, but fell out of the first team and only made a total of twelve appearances. He had suffered with injuries and a loss of form. The 1999–2000 season saw Vale suffer relegation and the departure of Rudge. Snijders was a semi-regular under both Rudge and his replacement Brian Horton, playing 22 games that season. He was sent off at the Alexandra Stadium, in a 2–1 defeat to near rivals Crewe Alexandra on 7 March. He was released by the club at the end of the season and joined his old amateur side AFC '34, back in the Netherlands.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1972 births
Living people
Footballers from Alkmaar
Dutch men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
AFC '34 players
AZ Alkmaar players
Dutch expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Port Vale F.C. players
Eerste Divisie players
Eredivisie players
English Football League players

Mark Snijders


Zoë Records is an independent record label that is a part of the Rounder Records group. Zoë predominantly distributes albums by folk rock and alternative pop artists. Artists who have released albums on the label include Mary Chapin Carpenter, Lisa Loeb, Grant Lee Phillips, Juliana Hatfield, Jules Shear, and The Nields. Preteen pop girl group Girl Authority also recorded for the label.

Distribution
Zoë is also the American distributor for releases by a number of Canadian artists who have separate deals with major or independent labels in Canada, such as Jann Arden, Cowboy Junkies, Sarah Harmer, Kathleen Edwards, Great Big Sea, Rush, the Cash Brothers, and the Tragically Hip. The record label is named after Zoë Virant, the daughter of CEO John Virant and former member of pop group Girl Authority.

Roster

Mary Chapin Carpenter
Merrie Amsterburg
The Harris
Felix Brothers
Jann Arden
The Bacon Brothers
Blake Babies
BoDeans
Dean & Britta
Tracy Bonham
Cash Brothers
Cowboy Junkies
The Damnwells
Gord Downie
Minnie Driver
Chris Duarte Group
Juliana Hatfield
Nicolai Dunger
Kathleen Edwards
Euphoria (Canadian band)
Girl Authority
Great Big Sea
Kay Hanley
Sarah Harmer
The Kennedys
King Wilkie
The Knitters
John Linnell
Lisa Loeb
Laura Love
Nerissa & Katryna Nields
The Nields
Dolores O'Riordan
Steven Page
Grant-Lee Phillips
Marky Ramone and the Intruders
Rush
Jules Shear
Duncan Sheik
Shivaree
Tangle Eye
Vienna Teng
They Might Be Giants
The Tragically Hip
Martha Wainwright
King Wilkie
Philip "Money" Owusu

Discography

See also
 List of record labels

References

External links
Official Website

American independent record labels
Folk record labels
Pop record labels
Alternative rock record labels

Zoë Records


James Young Kānehoa (August 7, 1797 – October 1, 1851) was a member of the court of King Kamehameha II and Kamehameha III during the Kingdom of Hawaii. Sometimes he is confused with his half-brother John Kalaipaihala Young II known as Keoni Ana.

Life
He was born August 7, 1797, at Kawaihae, Hawaii. His father was John Young who was the British advisor of Kamehameha I.
Kānehoa was Young's second son by his first wife, the chiefess Namokuelua of Oahu aristocracy. His mother was of chiefly rank, though not high. Kānehoa had an elder brother named Robert Young, born in 1796. His father had four children from another wife named Kaʻōanaʻeha who was the niece of Kamehameha I. His half-siblings were Fanny Kekela, Grace Kamaikui, Jane Lahilahi, and John Kalaipaihala.

He left Hawaii at a young age, perhaps at the age of nine.  He was sent to the United States to be educated along with his brother Robert.  Robert would join the US Army and die in the War of 1812.  He became a merchant mariner like his father; for many years he sailed between Philadelphia, his home port, and England.  Eventually, his experience abroad and his fluency in English led to recognition by Kamehameha II when Kānehoa returned to Hawaii. Kānehoa was entrusted with the official letters of introduction and served as translator. Kamehameha II, his queen and three other chiefs contracted the measles and died abroad. He survived and served as the official interpreter for High Chief Boki, the new leader of the royal party, when he met King George IV. Kānehoa accompanied the bodies of his king and queen back to Honolulu aboard  in 1825.

He served as a member of the House of Nobles during Kamehameha III's reign from 1845 to 1851. From 1846 he was a member of the first Board of Land Commissioners under Kamehameha III.  Other members were William Richards, John Ricord, John Papa ʻĪʻī, and Zorobabela Kaʻauwai. Their duties were to settle or quiet land claims during the Great Mahele. He also was the governor of Maui 1842–1851  when he had to deal with a smallpox epidemic. In later life, he attitude was one of melancholy.
He died October 1, 1851, not long after his stepmother Kaʻōanaʻeha. In his last illness, he was a patient at Rooke House, the place so connected with the Young family.
After his funeral, his remains were deposited at the Pohukaina Tomb, located on grounds of ʻIolani Palace. It isn't certain if his remains are still buried in the plot at Pohukaina or if they ever transported along with those of other members of the Young family and other royals to the newly constructed Royal Mausoleum at Mauna ʻAla in 1865.

Marriage and children
Kānehoa married three times.  His first marriage was to Sarah Kaniaulono Davis, the daughter of Isaac Davis, his father's comrade in arms. The wedding ceremony was performed by an English chaplain, and Mrs. Laura Judd states that it may have been the first Christian marriage in the Hawaiian Islands.
He and Sarah had no children of their own but they hānai (adopted) one from Kānehoa's sister Jane Lahilahi and her husband Joshua Kaeo.  This boy was named Keliimaikai Kaeo and called Alebada.
One other marriage was to Haale and they had a daughter named Jane Lahilahi Young (1812–1862). Jane married a chief name Nuʻuanu and had a son named Samuel Nuʻuanu.

Kānehoa's last marriage was to Hikoni Kahele. Kānehoa willed most of his landholdings to Alebada but he died on October 13, 1851, shortly after his adoptive father.
During the last six years of his life, he got to know his young niece Emma Rooke.  He made his wishes clear to his wife, Hikoni, that his home in Lawai, a large ahupuaʻa that he owned in the district of Koloa, Kauaʻi where he served as a judge for a time, should one day be given to her.  The rest of his lands were inherited by his widow and after her death willed to Emma.

Family tree

References

1797 births
1851 deaths
Young, James
Hawaiian Kingdom politicians
Governors of Maui
Members of the Hawaiian Kingdom House of Nobles
Members of the Hawaiian Kingdom Privy Council
19th-century American politicians

James Kānehoa