The Potter–Collyer House is a historic house at 67 Cedar Street in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. The house, first constructed in 1863, is representative of vernacular architecture of the Pawtucket due to the great modifications to the home which has obscured the original structure of the home. Believed to have begun as a -story cottage with a gable roof, subsequent additions and expansions have added a two-story hip-roof addition and greatly altered the floor plan due to enlargement and remodeling. The Potter–Collyer House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

History
The house was originally constructed in 1863 for Elisha O. Potter, but it was sold to Samuel S. Collyer four years later. Little is known of Potter's life, but Collyer was a partner in the N. S. Collyer & Company. Collyer would later become the Chief of the Pawtucket Fire Department in 1874 and died in 1884 from injuries sustained in the line of duty. Collyer would be memorialized by the town with the Collyer Monument, which is also on the National Register of Historic Places. The house was moved  from its original location in 1962 due to the construction of Interstate 95 in Rhode Island.

Design
The house is a timber-frame house that was originally constructed on the west side of Pine Street, but its original form is not known for sure due to the extent of its expansion and remodeling. The NRHP nomination states that it could have been a -story gabled roof cottage with a cross-gable in the center, a style popular during the mid-century in Pawtucket. This original structure retains little of its form except for the Gothic hood moulds on the second floor end windows and the Gothic bargeboards. A two-story hipped roof addition was constructed in two phases, one completed before 1877 and the other between 1895 and 1902. Though the NRHP also states that the original house was enlarged in the late 1860s or 1870s without specification to the work done at the time. The additions include a bay window on the facade and openwork on the porch sides. The later alterations to the building worked to complement the distinctive bargeboards of the cottage with the work on the eaves and window heads of the addition.

The house has an unconventional floor plan which has two doorways on opposite ends of the original cottage with the main entrance formerly on the east side. The NRHP nomination again notes that the doorways may have replaced an earlier vestibule on the original house. The eastern entrance leads to a library/office, that may have originally been a stairhall, and is connected to the eastern of the two front rooms. The western doorway, opposite, leads to a hallway with a three-run staircase with newels and balusters. The western room has a Renaissance Revival-style built-in bookcase and a slate fireplace mantel. The rear addition holds the dining room which has a "pseudo-exposed-beam ceiling" dated to around 1909. Though not detailed in the NRHP listing, the survey notes that the upstairs is simple in detail and appears intact, but that the "chamber floor plan in the front of the house appears to have been altered during the 1880s remodeling".

Significance
The Potter–Collyer House is architecturally significant as a unique example of vernacular architecture of Pawtucket in the 19th century. The NRHP nomination states that the alterations and remodeling of the home have produced a "most unusually composed and picturesquely detailed [building]." Despite having been moved and altered, the house is unique and significant example of vernacular architecture. The Potter–Collyer House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Pawtucket, Rhode Island

References

External links
 Potter-Collyer House at LandmarkHunter.com

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Houses in Pawtucket, Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Pawtucket, Rhode Island
Houses completed in 1863

Potter–Collyer House


In molecular biology, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell by the direct uptake and expression of DNA from its surroundings.

Transformation occurs naturally in some species of bacteria, and can also be done artificially. Bacteria that are capable of being transformed, whether naturally or artificially, are called competent.

Transformation is one of three processes by which outside genetic material may be brought into bacterial cells. The other two are conjugation (transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact), and transduction (injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage into the host).

Transformation may also used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells, such as animal and plant cells. Introduction of foreign DNA into eukaryote cells is usually called "transfection".

History
Transformation was first demonstrated in 1928 by British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith. Griffith discovered that a harmless strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae could be made virulent after being exposed to heat-killed virulent strains.

Griffith thought some "transforming principle" from the heat-killed strain was responsible for making the harmless strain virulent. In 1944 this transforming principle was identified as being genetic by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty. They isolated DNA from a virulent strain of S. pneumoniae and using just this DNA were able to make a harmless strain virulent. They called this uptake and incorporation of DNA by bacteria 'transformation'. See Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment.

The results of these experiments were at first sceptically received by the scientific community. Not until the discovery of other methods of genetic transfer (conjugation in 1947 and transduction in 1953) by Joshua Lederberg were Avery's experiments accepted. Transformation did not become routine procedure in laboratories until 1972 when Cohen successfully transformed Escherichia coli by treating the bacteria with calcium chloride. This created an efficient and convenient procedure for transforming bacteria and opened the way for biotechnology and research.

Transformation of animal and plant cells was also investigated with the first transgenic mouse being created by injecting a gene for a rat growth hormone into a mouse embryo in 1982.

In 1907 a bacterium that caused plant tumors, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, was discovered and in the early 1970s the tumor inducing agent was found to be a DNA plasmid called the Ti plasmid. By removing the genes in the plasmid which caused the tumour and adding in new genes researchers were able to infect plants with A. tumefaciens and let the bacteria insert their chosen DNA into the genomes of the plants.

Not all plant cells are susceptible to infection by A. tumefaciens, so other methods were developed including electroporation and micro-injection. Particle bombardment was made possible with the invention of the Biolistic Particle Delivery System (gene gun) by John Sanford in 1990.

References

Horizontal gene transfer
Bacteria

Transformation (genetics)


Urchin barrens are places in the ocean where sea urchins have eaten and killed so many kelp plants that they turned a kelp forest into something like a desert. This happens when there are too many sea urchins. The fish, krill and other animals that live in the kelp either die or leave. Urchin barrens occur in coastal areas of the Pacific Ocean.

Urchin barrens had been forming for a long time, but in the second half of the 2010s, there were suddenly many more.

Causes

People first noticed urchin barrens in the 1800s when the sea otters were hunted for their fur. People killed so many sea otters that they almost went extinct. Sea otters like to eat sea urchins, so without sea otters to eat them, there were many, many sea urchins.

Warm ocean currents also affect sea urchin populations. In some places, kelp forests turn into urchin barrens and then grow back depending on the currents that year.

Starfish also eat sea urchins. The sunflower starfish is the only animal that regularly eats the purple sea urchin. Even sea otters like red sea urchins more than they like purple sea urchins. When a disease in 2013 killed most of the starfish on the Pacific coast, there were many more purple sea urchins left. One study showed that the number of purple sea urchins in one reef off the coast of Oregon increased 10,000% in the five years between 2014 and 2019. They either ate or crowded out the red abalone and red sea urchins that humans like to eat. The abalone fishery in California closed in 2018, a loss of US$44 million per year.

When purple sea urchins run out of food, they try to eat each other, and then they become dormant, as if sleeping. They do not try to reproduce, so their gonads shrink. Because the gonads are the part of the urchin that humans like to eat, dormant purple sea urchins cannot be caught and sold for food.

Climate change

Scientists said the warmer water in the early 2010s weakened the bull kelp. In 2016, a mass of warm water nicknamed the "Blob" kept the coast of California very warm. The warm water also made it easier for the sea urchins to reproduce, so they had many more young than usual.

A study showed that 90% of the bull kelp off the coast of California had been killed in the late 2010s.

Restoration
Scientists performed tank and ocean experiments on other animals, such as lobsters, to see if they would eat enough purple sea urchins to help the kelp forests grow back, but they only helped a little.

In places where sea otters have returned, like Juan de Fuca Strait, they ate enough sea urchins that the kelp forests grew back.

Some companies hired red abalone divers to collect purple sea urchins and bring them to controlled sea ranches where they could be fed until they were healthy enough to sell for human use.

References

Biomes
Echinoderms
Habitats

Urchin barren


Sérgio Dutra Santos (born 15 October 1975 in Diamante do Norte) is a Brazilian professional volleyball player. He is also known as Serginho or Escadinha. He plays in the libero position. In 2009 he became the first Libero to be named MVP in the World League.

Overview
He is widely regarded as one of the best liberos of all time and is unquestionably the best libero of the 2000s, with more awards than any other libero. Known for his service reception and digging skills, teams often attempted to avoid Sergio when serving.

Beyond his defensive abilities, he was also capable of running the offense as a 'second setter' if the setter was forced to make the first contact. This was in large part due to Sergio playing the setting position while growing up and subbing in as a setter for his professional club teams over the years.

Other websites
 FIVB Profile
 Scheda su Legavolley.it

Brazilian volleyball players
1975 births
Living people

Sergio Santos


Jan van Brederode (Santpoort, 1370/1372 – Azincourt, 25 October 1415) was lord of Brederode and during his life lay brother and soldier.

Life
Jan was the son of Reinoud I van Brederode and Jolanda van Gennep. In 1390 he succeeded his father as the 7th lord of Brederode. Jan had an elder brother named Dirk or Diederik, who had chosen for a life in a monastery, causing all inheritance to go to Jan instead. In 1396 he campaigned against the rebellious West-Frisians together with Albert I, Duke of Bavaria, and in 1398 he made a pilgrimage to Ireland to visit the St. Patricks Fire. After his pilgrimage Jan invested a lot of money in founding new chapels and monasteries. In 1393 he married Johanna van Abcoude. After a childless marriage, they both decided to enter a monastery in 1402.

The heritage of Brederode, which included large debts, was given to Jan's younger brother Walraven I van Brederode. Jan entered the monastery Zeelheim in Diest as brother-abbot with the intention of putting his remaining life in the service of God. However, soon problems emerged, as his younger brother Walraven was taken captive at the Siege of Gorinchem (1402) and spent 7 years in captivity, held by Jan V van Arkel, lord of Arkel, which prevented Walraven from paying the debts that Jan had collected. In May 1407 William van Abcoude, father of Johanna van Abcoude, died. William's brother Gijsbrecht having died two years before that, the title and domains of Abcoude fell to Jacob van Gaasbeek, a nephew of the family. In the spring of 1409 Jan, with the intention of challenging Jacob van Gaasbeek's inheritance, resigned his position as lay brother so that he would be eligible for the title and domains of Abcoude, but he needed his wife for that as well. Jan, however, was unable to arrange a meeting with his wife, after which he besieged the monastery at Wijk bij Duurstede. Bishop Frederik van Blankenheim led the army of the Sticht against him and took him prisoner, after which he was handed over to Jacob van Gaasbeek. Van Brederode remained in captivity until 1412, when he travelled to France with the intention of joining the English army. Unfortunately the English  commanders were aware of his past and refused his entry, after which he travelled to France and joined their army. Jan I van Brederode participated in the Battle of Agincourt, where he died at the age of 44.

References
 Joannes à Leydis, Chronicon Hollandiae, passim; D.C. Tinbergen, Des Coninx Summe (Leiden 1907), p. 90 e.v.; W. de Vreese in Biography.
 Johannes a Leydis, Opusculum de gestis regalium abbatum monasterii sancti Athalberti ordinis sancti Benedicti in Egmonda (written between 1477 and 1484).
 Willem Procurator, (translated by M. Gumbert-Hepp; J.P. Gumbert (ed.)), Chronicle. Hilversum, Publisher Verloren, 2001

Specific

1370s births
1415 deaths
Jan
People from Velsen
14th-century people from the Holy Roman Empire
15th-century people from the Holy Roman Empire

Jan I van Brederode


The Banu Sulaym () was a group of Nomadic Arabs. In the 11th century they migrated from Upper Egypt into what is now Tunisia and eastern Algeria. They defeated the Berbers.

History
Oral tradition says that the tribe would have left Arabia to go to Egypt. According to their legend they rebelled against the Caliph of Baghdad in the second half of the 10th century. In 1049, when the Zirid ruler of Tunisia rebelled against Egypt, nomads were sent to punish them. Ibn Khaldun, an early Tunisian historian, said they were like "a cloud of locusts" when they invaded Tunisia. The Arab poets told of their many conquests as they moved west. They were defeated in a series of battles during the 12th century by the Moroccan dynasty. Even though it was an oral history, they were a real tribe. They did come from the Arabian Peninsula. They did control much of North Africa for over a century. They were mostly installed in the south of Tunisia and Libya as well as a minority in the south of Algeria and the Moroccan plains.

Further reading
 Almsaodi, Abdulaziz. Modern history of Yemen

References

Other websites
 Power and Interest News Report

History of Africa
History of Algeria
History of Tunisia
History of Egypt

Banu Sulaym


Dilip Harel Mitra Chenoy (born 22 June 1958)  was appointed Secretary General of FICCI, a leading industry body in India, in April 2018. He was earlier the Managing Director & CEO of National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC), a public-private partnership formed under Section 25 of the Companies Act 1956, from 7 May 2010 to 8 October 2015.

Early life and education
Chenoy was born on 22 June 1958. He completed his schooling (Indian School Certificate) from Hyderabad Public School and graduated with a degree in science (hons.) with a major in chemistry from Delhi University in 1980.

Career
Chenoy spearheaded NSDC for 5 years which aims to skill 150 million Indians by 2022 and hence contributed in harnessing India's demographic dividend. Prior to NSDC, he was associated with Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) for 19 years and served as the Regional Director for Southern region. In 2004, he joined Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) as Director General.

Personal life
In 1983, Cheony married Shama Mitra Chenoy, who is a graduate of the Hindu College and completed her doctorate from Delhi University, with a specialization on Shahjahanabad. Shama is currently working as an associate professor at Delhi University.

Publications
Cheonyhas authored numerous articles in journals on environment, automotive industry as well as several newspaper articles on industry and skill development.
 Chapter on Education and Health, a special focus addition on Uttar Pradesh – Leveraging the Demographic Dividend in Uttar Pradesh
 Public-Private Partnerships to Meet the Skills challenges in India, in Skills Development for Inclusive and Sustainable Growth in Developing Asia-Pacific (181 – 194). Asian Development Bank/Springer – 2013
 Skill Development in India - A Transformation in the Making, in India Infrastructure Report 2012 (pp 199-207), Routledge – 2012
 Skill Development in India: Moving from a supply-side model to Demand led interventions, in IILM Management Review Vol 1, Issue 1 – 2012
 Skill development coming of age in India on 7 December 2012 on adbskilldevelopment.wordpress.com
 Business Today: 'Skills training will become more affordable and accessible' on 28 February 2013
 Industry support is critical on Peoplematters.in
 Top 12 trends : Talent crunch & skill gap on Peoplematters.in
 The strategic shift required is on thinking of tomorrow on Peoplematters.in
 It costs about 9000 to skill a person on Peoplematter.in

References
 NSDC appoints Dilip Chenoy as CEO & MD
 Mr. Dilip Chenoy is currently Managing Director & CEO of the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)
 We need big companies to invest in this (skilling) space: Dilip Chenoy
 Dilip Chenoy one globe 2014 speaker
 Dilip, one of the speaker at The 15th Regulators & Policymakers Retreat 2014
 Skill enhancement is required for employability: Dilip Chenoy

Notes

1958 births
Living people
Delhi University alumni
Indian chief executives
Place of birth missing (living people)

Dilip Chenoy


Sophia of Denmark (Danish: Sofie Eriksdatter and Swedish: Sofia Eriksdotter; 1241–1286) was Queen of Sweden as the consort of King Valdemar.

Background
Sophia was the eldest daughter of Eric IV of Denmark and Jutta of Saxony. She had no brothers, but three sisters, Ingeborg, Agnes and Jutta. Her father was murdered in 1250 when she and her sisters were children. As he left no son, he was succeeded by his brother Abel, and then in 1252 by his second brother Christopher I.

Marriage
The marriage between Sophia of Denmark and King Valdemar of Sweden was arranged as a part of the policy of peaceful diplomacy between Denmark and Sweden which was favored by Birger Jarl, Valdemar's father and the de facto Regent of Sweden. In 1254, Birger Jarl had acted as a mediator between Christopher I and King Haakon of Norway, and when Christopher I needed support against Archbishop Jakob Erlandsen of Lund, an alliance was made between Christopher I, King Haakon of Norway and Birger Jarl in 1258. In connection to this, Christopher I engaged his niece Sophia to Birger's son Valdemar of Sweden, and his niece Ingeborg to Haakon's son Magnus VI of Norway.
A dispensation from the Pope was necessary to allow a marriage within the degree of affinity, which was granted by Alexander IV 1 March 1259 with the motivation that Swedes and Danes would through this marriage be more able to fight against their neighboring Pagans.
In Erikskrönikan it is said that when she was informed about the arranged marriage, she left the room, went into her chamber and asked the Virgin Mary: "Give me happiness with him and him with me."

Queenship
According to Erikskrönikan, the wedding between Sophia and Valdemar took place in 1260 at Ymninge (likely Öninge in Ödeshög), and was described as a grand event with tournaments, dance, games and poetry. Sophia was given the income from Malmö and Trelleborg as well as a fortune in gold and silver as her dowry. However, her position at the wedding was already somewhat less fortunate than when the engagement was announced. Her father-in-law Birger Jarl himself married her uncle Abel's widow, Denmark's queen dowager Matilda of Holstein, and Sophia was thereby given the widow of her uncle Abel, pointed out as her father's murderer, as her mother-in-law. At the time of her wedding, her uncle Christopher I was succeeded by Eric V of Denmark under the regency of Margaret Sambiria, who refused to acknowledge Sophia's right to the inheritance after her father until 1263.

Sophia was described in the chronicles as a politically interested, proud beauty with a sharp tongue and an interest in chess.
Not many details are known about her, but her seal as a queen is preserved, as well as the names of two of her ladies-in-waiting: Margareta Ragnildsdotter and Ingrid.

In 1266, her spouse finally became King de facto after the death of his father Birger Jarl, and her mother-in-law left Sweden. In the conflict between King Valdemar and his brothers, Queen Sophia took the king's side and reportedly also made the conflict worse by insulting her brothers-in-law: she famously called Duke Magnus Birgersson "ket-laböther" ('Magnus the Tinker') and Duke Eric Birgersson "Erik alls intet" ('Really-nothing-Eric').

While Sophia herself and her sister Ingeborg had been married to Kings, their sisters Agnes and Jutta had been forced to become nuns by the Danish regent, to avoid that more of the huge fortune of the sisters were to leave Denmark. In 1271, Agnes and Jutta escaped from the convent in Roskilde and fled to their sister Queen Sophia in Sweden. They were kindly welcomed at the Swedish royal court, but Jutta and Valdemar made a scandal by having an affair. It may have resulted in a child in 1273. The scandal – not only adultery, but also incest, as the church regarded a sister-in-law as a true sister – reportedly led to Valdemar having to make a pilgrimage to Rome to ask for the Pope's absolution. Whether he actually performed the pilgrimage is uncertain. According to the chronicles Queen Sophia commented: "I will never recover from this sorrow. Curse the day my sister saw the kingdom of Sweden."

In 1274, open civil war broke out in Sweden when the king's brothers, Dukes Magnus and Eric, challenged him for the throne. After the Battle of Hova in June 1275, Duke Magnus proclaimed himself King of Sweden. The news famously reached the queen while she was playing chess.
King Valdemar used Sophia's connections and allied with the King of Denmark and Norway against Magnus, but without success. He then attempted to ally with Brandenburg and the Princes of Northern Germany by arranging a marriage between his daughter Ingeborg and Gerhard II of Holstein, and by pawning Gotland to Brandenburg. Sophia sided with Valdemar during the conflict: on 8 September 1277, she as well as Valdemar signed the letter pawning the island of Gotland to Bandenburg in Copenhagen.

Later life
In 1278, Valdemar finally accepted to abdicate permanently in favor of his brother Magnus and took the title quondam rex (former king), and was given some lands in Västergötland and Östergötland. Valdemar settled in Denmark in 1280, while Sophia remained in Sweden. From this point on, they lived separate lives.

Queen Sophia referred to herself as  (former queen) and  (senior queen). She is mentioned in several business documents, such as when she donated the income from the salmon fishing in Norrköping to Skänninge Abbey in 1283. The following year, a Danish court in Nyborg finally settled the matter of her and her sisters inheritance and gave them access to all the lands inherited by their father in Denmark. About the same time, King Magnus had his brother Valdemar in practice declared unfit to manage his business (he eventually had Valdemar imprisoned in 1288). It is unclear how, and if, this affected Sophia, but Magnus did take over the management of the estates of Valdemar and the guardianship of Sophia's daughter's, whose marriages he arranged.

Sophia died in 1286. One source claims she was buried in Vreta Abbey, and another in Ringsted Abbey in Denmark. Her husband was imprisoned in 1288 and lived openly with mistresses in his comfortable prison until his death in 1302.

Issue
Sophia had six children:

 Ingeborg (1263–1292), countess of Holstein, married to Gerhard II, Count of Holstein-Plön
 Eric (1272–1330), riksråd, Danish throne claimant in 1328–29.
 Marina, married in 1285 to Rudolf, Count of Diepholz
 Richeza (d. ), Queen of Poland, married in 1285 to Przemysł II of Poland
 Catherine (d. 1283)
 Margaret (d. after 1288), nun at Skänninge Abbey from 1288.

Notes

References

Further reading

House of Estridsen
1241 births
1286 deaths
Danish princesses
Sophia 1261
House of Bjelbo
13th-century Danish people
13th-century Swedish people
13th-century Danish women
13th-century Swedish women
Daughters of kings

Sophia of Denmark


Events in the year 2010 in the European Union.

2010 was designated as the:
 European Year for Combating Poverty & Social Exclusions

Incumbents
 President of the European Council –  Herman Van Rompuy
 Commission President –  José Manuel Barroso
 Council Presidency –  (Jan–Jun 2010) and  (Jul–Dec 2010)
 Parliament President –  Jerzy Buzek
 High Representative –  Catherine Ashton

Events

January
 1 January
 Spain takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union for the fourth time from Sweden. It is the first country to hold the presidency under the Lisbon Treaty and the new 'trio presidency system' that sees Spain work with the next two countries to hold the office, Belgium and Hungary.
 The Ruhr area (Germany), Pécs (Hungary) and Istanbul (Turkey) share the title of European Capital of Culture for 2010.
 11–19 January – European Parliament committees conduct a series of hearings with the 26 nominees for the next College of European Commissioners.
 20 January – Mr Nikiforos Diamandouros is elected as European Ombudsman for a second time.
 26 January – The amount offered by the EU to relief and rehabilitation efforts in Haiti rises to €400 million, after the country was hit by an earthquake reaching 7.0 on the Richter scale.

February
 9 February – The European Parliament approves the Barroso II Commission: the result is 488 votes in favour to 137 votes against, with 72 abstentions.
 11 February – At an informal meeting in Brussels, Heads of state and government agree to support the Greek government in its efforts to meet the Stability Programme targets for 2010. President Barroso presents his priorities for the EUROPE 2020 strategy, outlining how the EU should chart its way out of the crisis while building a new economic model.
 25 February – The European Court of Justice rules that Israeli goods made in Jewish settlements in the occupied West Bank cannot be considered Israeli.

March
 14–18 March – EU High Representative Catherine Ashton visits the Mid-East including Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, and the Palestinian Territories.
 26 March – At a European Council meeting in Brussels, EU leaders adopt Europe 2020 targets and all 16 eurozone countries back a plan to help Greece deal with its deficit.

April
 10 April – Polish President Lech Kaczynski, his wife, and other public and military figures die in a plane crash on their way to Smolensk in Russia to commemorate 70 years since the Katyn massacre.

May
 7 May – Heads of State and Government within the euro area agree to deeper fiscal consolidation, stronger economic coordination and budgetary surveillance to defend the euro.

June
 17 June – At a European Council meeting in Brussels, EU leaders adopt a 10-year strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth: Europe 2020. They also decide to open accession negotiations with Iceland.
 21 June – EU institutions reach a political agreement on the structure of the European External Action Service, and how it will function.

July
 1 July – Belgium takes over the Presidency from Spain. Priorities, including the economy and the environment, were drawn up at an earlier date in conjunction with Spain and Hungary who share the 18-month period of rotating presidency.
 23 July – 91 European banks undergo stress tests to assess their resilience to economic shocks. All but seven pass the tests.

August
 18 August – The EU announces that it has provided a total of €70 million to help those affected by the recent monsoon floods in Pakistan.

September
 29 September – The EU voices support for Europe's Roma population, speaking out against any restrictions on the free movement of EU citizens.

October
 20 October – Mr Staffan Nilsson is elected as European Economic and Social Committee's President for a two and a half year term.
 29 October – European Council discusses strengthening the eurozone and making economies more crisis-proof.

November
 12 November – G20 leaders at the Seoul summit commit to a joint Action Plan to encourage more balanced growth within the global economy.
 28 November – The EU agrees to support the Irish economy to help safeguard the stability of the euro.

December
 11 December – The Cancún climate conference concludes with the signing of a comprehensive agreement for climate action after 2012.
 20 December – The enhanced cooperation procedure (EU laws only applying in some EU countries initially) is used for the first time, as the European Council agrees on the rights of international couples living within the EU to choose which country's rules apply should they decide to separate.

European Capitals of Culture
The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one calendar year, during which it organises a series of cultural events with a strong European dimension.
  Essen, Germany (representing the Ruhr)
  Istanbul, Turkey
  Pécs, Hungary

See also
 History of the European Union
 Timeline of European Union history

References
 EUROPA — The official EU web portal
 European Union, How the EU works, history, 2010 (europa.eu) is the main source for this list.

Years of the 21st century in the European Union
2010s in the European Union

2010 in the European Union


Tai Loi, also known as Mong Lue, refers to various Palaungic languages spoken mainly in Burma, with a few hundred in Laos and some also in China. Hall (2017) reports that Tai Loi is a cover term meaning 'mountain Tai' in Shan, and refers to various Angkuic, Waic, and Western Palaungic languages rather than a single language or branch. The Shan exonym Tai Loi can refer to:

Western Palaungic branch: De'ang
Lametic branch: Lamet
Angkuic branch: Muak Sa-aak, Mok
Waic branch
Wa: Meung Yum, Savaiq, etc.
Plang: Phang, Kontoi, Pang Pung, etc.

Additionally, Ethnologue (21st edition), citing Schliesinger (2003), lists Doi as a Tai Loi variety in Ban Muang, Sing District, Luang Namtha Province, Laos as a nearly extinct language variety spoken by an ethnic group comprising 600 people and 80 households as of 2003. Schliesinger (2003) reports that elderly Doi speakers can understand the Samtao language. There is considerable variation among the dialects. The Muak Sa-aak variety of Tai Loi shares 42% lexical similarity with U of China; 40% with Pang Pung Plang; and 25% with standard Wa.

References

Hall, Elizabeth. 2017. On the Linguistic Affiliation of 'Tai Loi'. JSEALS vol. 10.2:xix-xxii.

Palaungic languages
Languages of Yunnan

Tai Loi language


The East Florida and Atlantic Railroad was a railroad line from Orlando, Florida, northeast and east to Lake Jesup via Winter Park and Oviedo. It eventually became part of the Seaboard Air Line Railway system, and was most recently part of CSX before being abandoned.

Until April 9, 1891, the line was owned by two separate companies, the Orlando and Winter Park Railway (west of Lakemont station, incorporated November 20, 1886, colloquially known as the Dinky Line) and the Osceola and Lake Jessup Railway (incorporated January 23, 1889). In 1894, the railroad was merged into the Florida Central and Peninsular Railroad, which became part of the SAL in 1902.

The part west of Winter Park was abandoned before the rest, which became part of CSX's former Aloma Branch, connected to the main line at Sanford, Florida. As of 2008, the last active vestige of this branch is currently identified by CSX as its Aloma Spur, which stretches for approximately seven miles from Sanford, skirting the southeastern fringes of that city before closely paralleling State Road 419 for roughly two miles, terminating half a mile from the SR-419/SR-434 fork in the city of Winter Springs.  The remainder has all been abandoned.   The northeastern portion of the Aloma Branch's former right of way has been converted for use as the Cross Seminole Trail, while the branch to the former Orlando Naval Training Center is now the Cady Way Trail.  The last bit in Orlando was in use until recently as a short spur from CSX's main line, and will be used for the Dinky Line Trail.

External links
A plat of the Orlando and Winter Park Railway NOTE: Pages 44 and 45 are Voided in this document and refer to pages 86 and 88 in plat book 1002

References
Railroad History Database

Defunct Florida railroads
Predecessors of the Seaboard Air Line Railroad
Railway companies established in 1891
Railway companies disestablished in 1893
Transportation in Orange County, Florida

East Florida and Atlantic Railroad


Backbone State Park is Iowa's oldest state park, dedicated in 1919.  Located in the valley of the Maquoketa River, it is approximately three miles (5 km) south of Strawberry Point in Delaware County.  It is named for a narrow and steep ridge of bedrock carved by a loop of the Maquoketa River originally known as the Devil's Backbone.  The initial  were  donated by E.M. Carr of Lamont, Iowa. Backbone Lake Dam, a relatively low dam built by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) in the 1930s, created Backbone Lake. The CCC constructed a majority of trails and buildings which make up the park.

History
The area of the Devil's Backbone was a favorite of natural scientists such as W.J. McGee, Thomas Macbride, and Samuel Calvin who visited it to study its ancient geologic formations.  Edward M. Carr bought  in the 1890s to protect the Backbone Ridge from destruction.  MacBride and members of the Iowa Park and Forestry Association thought of it as a prime location for a state park.  The State Board of Conservation, organized in December 1918, recommended buying the land at its first meeting.  It took a little over a year for the purchase to be finalized.  On May 28, 1920, Backbone was dedicated as Iowa's first state park.

Development of the park was deferred until 1925, although trees were planted and planning for a roadway was begun in prior years. Tensions developed between two groups in the 1920s and the 1930s over development.  One group saw the state parks as places that protected the natural areas, and the second group had a multiple-use philosophy of conservation. The multiple-use concept won the debate.  Two camps from the Civilian Conservation Corps, a public work relief program during the Great Depression, developed the park between 1933 and 1942.  CCC Camp SP2 and Camp SP17 developed the overnight cabin and recreational area on the southern end of the park; a picnic, hiking, and camping area in the center; and Richmond Springs on the north end.  Backbone became one of the largest and one of the most extensively developed parks in the state system.

Historic district
Three distinct areas of park were individually listed as historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990: Cabin-Bathing Area (Area A), Picnicking, Hiking & Camping Area (Area B), and Richmond Springs (Area C).  They contain 70 contributing resources and are differentiated by function as described below.  They were incorporated into a larger district the following year.  At that time, an additional 31 resources were added when the historic district expanded; out of the grand total, 21 are considered contributing properties.  The contributing resources include: the stone portals at the north entrance, two stone erosion control dams, an auditorium, two stone latrines, two sets of stone trail steps, a stone wall, two trout rearing ponds, the fish hatchery garage, two stone drinking fountains, a stone pumphouse, a stone lodge now used as a museum, a stone barn, and four commemorative markers.  One of the markers commemorates the Daughters of the American Revolution of Iowa who planted 6,000 trees in the park.  The other three mark three roads that were named for three individuals who were instrumental in establishing the park: State Senator Byron W. Newberry, State Treasurer E.H. Hoyt, and landowner E.M. Carr.  Included within the boundaries of the larger historic district are , the geographical area of the park in 1942 when the CCC completed its development work.  The park was part of a larger study of Iowa's state parks called the .

Cabin-Bathing Area (Area A)
Area A is located at the southern end of the park and around the  Backbone Lake on the Makoqueta River.  Its historic buildings and structures include 17 cabins, pump house, two sets of trail steps, soil erosion dams, six parking areas, paved road, the site of CCC Camp 1756, bathhouse, boathouse, a wall, the beach, two drinking fountains, pit latrine, a sundial and bench, dam, and the sand filter bed.  The lake was created by the dam and spillways that were constructed from August 1933 to October 1934.  The bathhouse was built between September 1934 and April 1935, while the boathouse was built between January and May 1935.  Both of these structures are located on the east side of the lake.  They are composed of roughly coursed limestone, and the boathouse includes a round tower at its south end.  The sundial and bench are located south of the bathhouse on the east shore of the lake.  The semi-circular, courses ashlar bench surrounds a flagstone patio, in the middle of which is the sundial.  They were completed sometime between November 1935 and March 1936.  Eighteen single-family cabins were built north of the bathing area between 1937 and 1941.  It is believed they were built from south to north.  They are all single-story, rectangular, frame structures.  One of the cabins is considered a noncontributing building.

Picnicking, Hiking & Camping Area (Area B)

Area B is located near the center of the park.  Its historic buildings and structures include a picnic shelter/concession, two more picnic shelters, two pit latrines, the site of CCC Camp 781, the east entrance entryways and gate, four overlooks, two trailside benches, six parking lots, a vehicle bridge, trail steps, the Backbone Trail and steps, Watercrest Springs, a sign, a drinking fountain, and paved roads.  The CCC began constructing the picnic facilities beginning in December 1933 and continued until at least 1938.  Work on the Backbone Trail, which follows the top of Backbone Ridge, began at the end of 1933 and continued until about December 1934. The concession was built between January and May 1937.  One of the picnic shelters and the picnic shelter/concession are composed of uncoursed, rough-faced ashlar limestone, and oak timbers.  The second picnic shelter is a rectangular roof that is supported by triple and single timber posts and timber framing.  The Watercrest Springs is a landscaping device composed of two sections of random rubble, limestone retaining walls that are stepped up a hill creating a shallow pool at the head of the natural spring. The remains of CCC Camp 781 includes the concrete foundations from the frame buildings.

Richmond Springs (Area C)
Area C is located on the north end of the park.  Its historic structures include Richmond Springs, steps, and a waterway. The springs are a natural feature that were enclosed by the CCC from June 1934 to March 1935. The waterway was built from October 1935 to March 1936.  It created a new channel from the area to prevent overflow into the springs.  The work was done, in part, to protect the springs as a source of potable water.

Land use
Measuring , the region is heavily forested, mainly in species of oak and maple. The geology of the area is particularly noteworthy. As part of the Driftless Area, it was left unglaciated during the last Ice Age, with very ancient dolomite formations dating from the Silurian period. A large ridge of rock divides the park, resembling a spine, and lends its name to the park and adjacent forest. The area is characterized by active springs, caves, sinkholes and karsts. With cliffs measuring over 80 feet in places, climbing and rappelling are popular, but both require a permit.

Twenty-one miles of multi-use trails support year-round recreational activities, including hiking as well as cross-country skiing and snowmobiling in winter. The lake is noted for its swimming, boating, and fishing. Backbone Creek is known to support both Rainbow and Brown trout, and is stocked by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources from local brood ponds. Campsites (49 electrical and 49 non-electrical) and cabins are available for rental (reservations recommended). Two shower buildings and a playground are also available.

Local wildlife abound in the park and surrounding area, including fox, turkey, and deer.

Backbone State Forest is immediately adjacent to the park. It consists of  of pine forest. Horsebackriding and hunting are permitted in this reserve, but not in the park proper.

The park's administrative headquarters are in Dundee.

Iowa Civilian Conservation Corps Museum
The Iowa Civilian Conservation Corps Museum provides exhibits about the activities of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) in Iowa state parks.  Backbone State Park was the site of two CCC camps, and many of the buildings and trails in the park were built by the CCC.  The museum opened in Spring of 1991.

References

EPA map
Iowa Department of Natural Resources: Backbone State Park
Backbone State Forest
Geology, from IaGSB/IaDNR
Backbone Lake Friends Organization
Dundeeweb
Iowa Trails

External links

 Backbone State Park

Civilian Conservation Corps in Iowa
Civilian Conservation Corps museums
Driftless Area
History museums in Iowa
State parks of Iowa
Museums in Delaware County, Iowa
Protected areas established in 1919
Protected areas of Delaware County, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Delaware County, Iowa
Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Historic districts in Delaware County, Iowa
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Rustic architecture in Iowa

Backbone State Park


N-Phenylnaphthalen-1-amine (NPN) is an aromatic amine  with the chemical formula .

This molecule is notable for its binding affinity in mouse major urinary protein (MUP). This ligand has the greatest binding affinity of all MUP binding ligand discovered, including 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole (SBT), 6-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-heptanone (HMH), and 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP). NPN binds 28 times tighter than SBT. It also makes 38 nonpolar contacts to MUP, whereas IBMP only makes 15 contacts which are the next most nonpolar contacts.  There is a slight difference in the binding affinities and forms for NPN bound in wild-type MUP and the Y120F MUP mutant. In wild-type MUP there is just enough room for the amine group of NPN to makes a water mediated hydrogen bond to Tyr120, whereas in Y120F MUP mutant, there is a slight shift and the amine group makes a direct hydrogen bond to Tyr120. Much is still unknown about the entropic and enthalpic effects of the MUP binding site.

References

1-Naphthyl compounds
Phenyl compounds
Secondary amines

N-Phenylnaphthalen-1-amine


Silikou (,  or Silifke) is a village in the Limassol District of Cyprus, located 5 km south of Pera Pedi.

Silikou village lies in the Kouris valley, situated in the Limassol District of Cyprus. The village is situated close to Trimiklini, Saitas, Dhoros, Monagri, Kouka and Lania villages.

There are two legends as to how the village acquired its name. The first is from the early settlers who founded the village during the Frankish period of 1200 AD. They came from an area in Syria called Silica. The second is from the Greek word vasilikou, which means "regal" or "royal", a reference to a section of the royal family of Cyprus that sought refuge in the village from the Ottomans.

Silikou was a mixed village consisting of Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriot residents. The village is now inhabited by mainly Greek Cypriots and has a population of around 100 permanent residents. Most are elderly as the younger residents have left and now work in the larger nearby towns and cities. Currently we know of two families with younger children being around the ages of 16-23, but overall it is people who were born in the village and never left.

The village has a long tradition of wine making, which began during the Frankish period, coinciding with the arrival of the settlers from Syria in 1200AD. the wine is called commandaria and a winery museum was built in Cypruses president Nikos Anastasiadis old home. The location of the village, which is built at a height of 650 metres above sea level, and the ample supply of water, helped the village prosper. It became a centre for the production of wine, Zivania and the famous Cypriot Commandaria wine, which is similar to a strong port.

A cluster of old oil trees dating back to 1300 AD verifies the long history of the village. These perennial olive trees are located between the cypriot and the Turkish neighborhoods of Silikou, only a few metres away from the Commandaria Museum and the ruins of the old mosque. Olive trees are a very large source of oil in silikou the residents spends months gathering the olives and then take them to the mill producing ample amounts of fresh and pure olive oil straight from nature.

References

 Α. Κωνσταντίνου (2017): "Ρηγάδες, Ιππότες, Ραγιάδες ... Κρασί", Εκδόσεις Κέδρος,

Communities in Limassol District

Silikou


English Mountain is a mountain located in the western foothills of the Great Smoky Mountains region of East Tennessee. Rising to a peak of 3,629 feet, it is known for offering scenic fall colors within a convenient drive from Knoxville.

A few rugged mountain roads provide access to the summit. Alpine Drive provides the main access, providing service to several small communities along with several resort cabins in the area available for tourists.  It continues across the gap to the Wilhite area, forming the only complete pass over the mountain to the Jones Cove and Camp Hollow areas at the southeastern foot of the mountain.

The English Mountain Fire Lookout Tower is a historic landmark, according to the National Park Service, with a single access via Carson Springs Road.

Forbidden Caverns is a cave attraction on the northwestern face of the mountain.

Source of water
The mountain is a significant source of drinking water for nearby communities. The English Mountain Spring releases more than 2 million gallons of water each day, and is the source for several premium bottled water distributors. Since 1997, it has been the source for the English Mountain Spring Water Company of Dandridge, Tennessee, (a supplier of Cracker Barrel restaurants as well to the Visitor Centers within Great Smoky Mountains National Park).

April 2016 wildfire
In spring 2016, a wildfire consumed several hundred acres of forest on the mountain.

See also
Chilhowee Mountain, also on the western edges of the Great Smoky Mountains
Foothills Parkway, a scenic byway in the region
2016 Great Smoky Mountains wildfires

References

External links
English Mountain Spring Water Company
BlingH2o, English Mountain Spring water distributor
An informal history of English Mountain, by Dr. John Rehder

Great Smoky Mountains
Mountains of Cocke County, Tennessee
Landforms of Jefferson County, Tennessee
Mountains of Tennessee

English Mountain


A platinum selling, award-winning DJ, Arnon's rapid ascent through the world of electronic music can be attributed to his charismatic presence and innate mastery of pop melodies. In a few short years, he has gone from producing music in his native Albania to reaching audiences in every corner of the globe, including performances in Russia and Belarus. Arnon has always prided himself on pushing boundaries with every release, and now, he is beginning to see the rewards as his popularity skyrockets. Born Mario Hysneli in 1997, Arnon exploded onto the scene in 2018 with the chart-topping hit "Te Molla." A mixture of traditional Albanian influences and modern EDM production, the track was massively successful in Russia and set the stage for Arnon's international success. Later that year, he struck gold again with "E Pash Une Djallin," which propelled him to some of the biggest stages in Europe and Russia. In the ensuing years, Arnon has continued to evolve as an artist. He has explored a variety of EDM sub-genres en route to expanding his signature sound. Arnon is a once-in-a-generation talent with the ambition and skill to leave a lasting legacy in electronic music.

Arnon


Around the World with Orson Welles is a series of six short travelogues originally written and directed by Orson Welles for Associated-Rediffusion in 1955, for Britain's then-new ITV channel. Despite its title emphasizing the world, it was entirely filmed in Europe. Among other incidents in the episodes, Welles visited Jean Cocteau and Juliette Gréco in Paris, attended a bullfight in Madrid (with co-hosts Kenneth Tynan and Elaine Dundy) and visited the Basque Country.

Production
In March 1955, Associated-Rediffusion had originally commissioned a series of 26 half-hour programmes, but in the end, only 6 were broadcast, and even then, in rather troubled circumstances. Before a contract had even been signed, Welles had rapidly shot a pilot episode himself (the third episode broadcast, "Revisiting Vienna") using loaned money and on the basis of an informal agreement. As Welles had made an agreement with producer Louis Dolivet in 1953 to work exclusively for him (beginning with their troubled film production Mr. Arkadin), Dolivet was brought on board as the series producer.

The filming schedule was ambitious. Once the contract was signed, Welles was expected to make a further 25 episodes in 25 weeks spread out over nine months, with the first broadcast scheduled for September 1955. However, Welles's other commitments interfered with his ability to meet deadlines, and much of the series was left incomplete. Welles spent much of 1955 working on writing, directing and acting in his London stage production Moby Dick—Rehearsed, and after that flopped on the West End, he switched to shooting an (aborted) film adaptation of the play, first in London, and then in Rome – filming Moby Dick—Rehearsed in Rome was under the pretext of working on the Around the World with Orson Welles TV series.

Although Associated-Rediffusion retained a number of rights, including approval of episode synopses, script approval, music approval, and viewing rights for the rushes and final cut, film scholars Jean-Pierre Berthomé and Francois Thomas argue that Welles remained in control much of the time, due to the fragmentary, piecemeal way in which much of the footage was shot, with the writer/director/presenter being the only person who could piece it all together. For instance, Welles shot most of his interviews with only one camera, focussed on the interviewee, and all of the reverse shots of him asking questions had to be shot later in a studio. Frequently, Welles's entire episodes would be heavily studio-dependent; his entire participation in an episode on bullfighting consisted of filming himself entering and sitting down at a bullfight, then filming the bullfight; and the reconstructing part of the audience seats in a studio, so he could record his bullfight commentary months after having watched it.

The first episode missed its initial broadcast deadline, and it was still not finished when it went out the following month – Welles had to provide the voiceover himself, live from Rome, when it was broadcast in the UK. The second episode was missing a voiceover in several sections.  The third and fifth episodes, were the most complete.

Welles had effectively abandoned the production to move back to the USA at the end of 1955, so the fourth and sixth episodes were particularly badly hit. Episode four, on the Paris district of St. Germain des Prés, had to be padded out with stock footage from other documentaries. Episode six had only half the necessary footage, so it was padded out by having two friends of Welles's, Kenneth Tynan and Elaine Dundy (who had been present at the same bullfight he recorded), become guest hosts for the first half of the episode, until the existing footage of Welles could be used. The seventh episode was not originally completed or broadcast.

Episodes
 "Pays Basque I (The Basque Country)", first broadcast 7 October 1955
 "Pays Basque II (La Pelote basque)", first broadcast 21 October 1955
 "Revisiting Vienna" (also known as "The Third Man Returns to Vienna"), first broadcast 4 November 1955
 "St.-Germain-des-Prés", first broadcast 18 November 1955
 "Chelsea Pensioners", first broadcast 2 December 1955
 "Madrid Bullfight", first broadcast 16 December 1955

For many years, it was believed that the third episode, "Revisiting Vienna", was lost. (The episode is also known as "The Third Man Returns to Vienna"; Welles starred in The Third Man in 1949.) In June 2011, the episode was found in the archives at the Wisconsin Historical Society Center for Film and Theater Research in Madison, Wisconsin by Ray Langstone, completing the series.

Orson Welles also worked on a seventh episode entitled "The Tragedy of Lurs", which was not completed. The documentary was based on the controversial Dominici murder case in France, and contained interviews with many of the principals shortly after the trial. A version of the film, using Welles's footage and additional sound, was constructed by French filmmaker Christophe Cognet and integrated into his 52-minute documentary titled The Dominici Affair by Orson Welles (2000).

Home video release
Sets containing what were then thought to be the five sole surviving broadcast episodes and "The Dominici Affair" were separately released on both VHS and DVD. Then, in 2015, to mark the centenary of Welles's birth, the British Film Institute released both DVD and limited-edition Blu-ray sets containing all six broadcast episodes and The Dominici Affair by Orson Welles.

See also
 La pelota vasca

References

External links

1950s British television series
English-language television shows
1955 British television series debuts
1955 British television series endings
ITV television dramas
Works by Orson Welles

Around the World with Orson Welles


Andrea Tafi (1213–1294) was an Italian artist. He is probably best known for his work on the mosaics of the Baptistery in Florence, which were started in 1225 by Jacobus. His pupils included Buonamico Buffalmacco.

Tafi is shown in Frederic Leighton's Cimabue's Celebrated Madonna (1853–1855); the subject matter of this painting is based on Giorgio Vasari's account of how the Rucellai Madonna was carried from Cimabue's home to the church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence.

Vasari includes a biography of Andrea Tafi in his Lives; the biography includes a tale of how Buonamico di Cristofano stopped Tafi from rising so early by pretending to be a demon.

References

Bibliography

1213 births
1294 deaths
13th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Painters from Florence

Andrea Tafi (artist)


Country Pickin': The Don Rich Anthology is a compilation album featuring Don Rich, American guitarist, fiddler, and long-time sideman of Buck Owens, released in 2000.

History
Don Rich was the leader of The Buckaroos, Buck Owens' band, as well as Owens' collaborator and friend. He was a noted guitarist and fiddler who died in a motorcycle accident in 1974. Owens is quoted in the liner notes of this anthology saying "I think my musical life ended when his did." Rich is recognized as one of the chief architects of the Bakersfield sound.

Rich performed lead vocals on some of Owens' albums, and the Buckaroos released their own records. The tracks of the anthology are taken from The Buckaroos' solo albums.

The extensive liner notes by music historian and journalist Rich Kienzle include a biography, rare photos, and tributes from Owens, Dwight Yoakam, Merle Haggard, Marty Stuart and others.

Reception

While praising the compilation and Rich's contributions to Buck Owens' career, music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine called the songs "solid, respectable songs, delivered handsomely" and "[It] might not be a lost classic, but it's fine listening and an appropriate, loving testament to one of the finest guitarists and musicians of his time."

Writing for No Depression magazine, David Hill expressed similar sentiments, writing: "Country Pickin' makes it clear just how talented Rich was. Most of the songs were culled from the Buckaroos' solo albums on Capitol, and while you can't really compare them to the best of Owens' work — classics such as "Cryin' Time" or "Act Naturally" or "Together Again" — that's not really the point. These were recorded in a different spirit, probably at the end of Owens' regular sessions. But they hardly sound tossed-off. Country Pickin' may not be essential listening, but it sure is a lot of fun."

Track listing
 "Buckaroo" (Bob Morris) – 2:01
 "Orange Blossom Special" (Evrin T. Rouse) – 2:09
 "I'm Layin' It on the Line" (Don Rich) – 2:27
 "The Happy Go Lucky Guitar" (Buck Owens, Rich) – 1:57
 "Cajun Fiddle" (Owens, Rich) – 1:45
 "Out of My Mind" (Rich, Red Simpson) – 3:23
 "Round Hole Guitar" (Owens, Rich) – 2:22
 "Tumwater Breakdown" (Rich) – 1:54
 "Chicken Pickin'" (Owens, Rich) – 2:08
 "Love's Gonna Come a Knockin'" (Owens, Rich) – 1:56
 "Buckersfield Breakdown" (Morris, Rich) – 2:00
 "I'll Be Swingin' Too" (Owens, Rich) – 2:03
 "Sad Is the Lonely" (Bobby Warren, Harlow Wilcox) – 2:47
 "Pretty Girl" (Rich) – 1:45
 "Chaparral" (Morris, Rich) – 1:58
 "I'm Coming Back Home to Stay" (Rich) – 2:14
 "Spanish Moonlight" (Rich) – 2:10
 "Saturday Night" (Rich) – 1:50
 "I'm Goin' Back Home Where I Belong" (Rich) – 2:19
 "Aw Heck" (Rich) – 1:51
 "Georgia Peach" (Rich) – 1:19
 "Tim-Buck-Too" (Rich) – 2:22
 "Pickin-Nickin'" (Rich) – 2:35
 "Country Pickin'" (Owens, Rich) – 1:42

Personnel
Don Rich – guitar, fiddle, vocals
Buck Owens – guitar
Doyle Holly – bass, guitar, background vocals
Jay McDonald – steel guitar
Tom Brumley - pedal steel guitar
Jelly Sanders – guitar
Red Simpson – guitar
Wayne Wilson – guitar
Bob Morris – bass
Kenny Pierce – bass
Ken Presley – drums
Willie Cantu – drums
Jerry Wiggins – drums
Production notes:
Ken Nelson – producer
Buck Owens – producer
Bob Irwin – mastering
Tim Livingston – project manager
Efram Turchick – project manager
Rich Kienzle – liner notes
Rich Russell – design

References

2000 compilation albums
Bakersfield sound
Sundazed Records compilation albums

Country Pickin': The Don Rich Anthology


Matthew F. Jones is an American novelist and screenwriter. Jones grew up in rural upstate New York and currently lives in Charlottesville, Virginia. His novels have been translated into various foreign languages and several times have been named on best novels of the year lists. Three of his novels, A Single Shot, Deepwater and Boot Tracks, have been made into major motion pictures.  He has taught creative writing at a number of colleges and universities, including Randolph Macon College, Lynchburg College and the University of Virginia.  He grew up on a horse and dairy farm in rural upstate New York and currently lives in Charlottesville, Virginia.

Patrick Andersen, in a Washington Post review of Jones's 2006 novel Boot Tracks, termed the phrase 'literate noir' to describe the tense, psychological nature of his work. And in a starred review of Jones's 1999 psychological thriller Deepwater, Booklist critic Bill Ott described Jones as a 'leading contemporary author of country noir, a subgenre whose roots trace back to James M. Cain's Post Man Always Rings Twice.'  A film version of Deepwater was released under the same name in 2006, starring Lucas Black, Peter Coyote and Lesley Ann Warren.  Jones's own screenplay of his 1996 novel "A Single Shot" was made into a film of the same name in 2012 and released in 2013. The film version of the novel stars Sam Rockwell, William H. Macy, Jeffrey Wright, and Kelly Reilly.

Bibliography
Novels
The Cooter Farm (1992)
The Elements of Hitting (1994)
A Single Shot (1996)
Blind Pursuit (1997)
Deepwater (1999)
Boot Tracks (2006)

Filmography
 A Single Shot (2013)

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century American novelists
Writers from Charlottesville, Virginia
Novelists from Boston
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Virginia

Matthew F. Jones


Frank Van Passel (born 23 June 1964) is a Belgian film director and producer. In 1995, he made his directorial film debut with Manneken Pis, which premiered at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival and won the Mercedes-Benz Award, Grand Golden Rail, Award of the Youth and the Prix Guillermo del Toro . The film received the André Cavens Award for Best Film and four awards at the Joseph Plateau Awards. Van Passel's next film, Villa des Roses (2002), was adapted from the 1913 novella of the same name by Belgian writer Willem Elsschot. The film starred Julie Delpy, Shaun Dingwall and Shirley Henderson. It won Best Feature at the Hollywood Film Festival and was nominated for three awards at the British Independent Film Awards.
His TV-series received numerous awards, including a Special Commendation Prix d'Europe and the FIPA D'OR Grand Prize in Biarritz for The Emperor of Taste and the TV-critics Award and De HA! van Humo for Terug naar Oosterdonk.
He was co-founder of Caviar, a production company with offices in Brussels, Antwerp, Los Angeles, Paris, Amsterdam, London and Prague. Since 2018 he has been working as a freelance director, directing theatre and TV series such as Dag Sinterklaas (Ketnet) and Renaissances (TF1).

Director

 Renaissances (2021)
 Dag Sinterklaas (2019) (co-direction Stijn Coninx)
 Amateurs (2014)
 Het varken van Madonna (2011)
 De Smaak van De Keyser (2009)
 Villa des Roses (2001)
 Terug naar Oosterdonk (1997)
 Manneken Pis (1995)
 Poes Poes Poes
 Bex & Blanche
 Smeerlappen (1990)
 Ti Amo (1989)
 De Geur van Regen (1988)

Producer

 Vele Hemels
 Sprakeloos
 Patrouille Linkeroever
 Le Tout Nouveau Testament aka *The Brand New Testament
 Black
 Paradise Trips
 Terug naar morgen
 Tabula Rasa
 Amateurs
 Clan
 My Queen Karo
 Bedankt & Merci
 Bo
 Dennis van Rita
 Koning van de Wereld
 De Laatste Zomer
 Linkeroever
 Dirty Mind
 De Smaak van De Keyser
 Anneliezen
 Smoorverliefd
 Silent Stories
 Dikke Vrienden

References

External links

1964 births
Belgian film directors
Belgian film producers
Living people

Frank Van Passel


Qarin I (Persian: کارن), was the eighth ruler of the Bavand dynasty from 839 to 867.

Biography
His brother, Shapur, was murdered in 825 by a Qarinvand named Mazyar, who then conquered his domains. With the aid of Abbasids and Tahirids, however, Qarin managed to reclaim his domains from Mazyar. During the same period, Mazyar was betrayed by his brother Quhyar, and was sentenced to death in Baghdad. In 842, Qarin converted to Islam, where he was rewarded with the title of Abu'l-Muluk.

In the 860s, western Iran was governed by the Tahirid Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir, whose brother Sulayman ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir deputized him in Tabaristan and Gurgan. Popular resentment of the Tahirids' rule increased through the oppression of their officials, especially their fiscal agents in the province. Consequently, in 864 a rebellion broke out in the towns of Ruyan, Kalar and Chalus, led by two "sons of Rostam". The rebels called upon Hasan ibn Zayd, an Alid, to lead them, and allied themselves with the neighbouring Dailamites. Hasan, who assumed the regnal name al-Da'ī ila'l-ḥaqq ("He who summons to the Truth"), was recognized as emir by a part of the local population, and even secured the allegiance of the Justanid king of Daylam, Vahsudan ibn Marzuban. Qarin, however, opposed Zaydid rule in Tabaristan, and allied himself with Sulayman ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir against Hasan, but was defeated by Hasan in a battle, who had Qarin's domains devastated and his brother Ja'far ibn Shahriyar killed. Qarin then had to swear loyalty to the Zaydids and send his two sons Surkhab ibn Qarin and Maziar ibn Qarin as hostages to the Zaydid court, but quickly mutinied against Hasan, and in 868, was forced to flee to Kumis. Qarin I died in 867, and was succeeded by his son or grandson Rustam I.

References

Sources

Bavand dynasty
9th-century monarchs in Asia
9th-century Iranian people
Converts to Islam from Zoroastrianism
867 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Zoroastrian monarchs
Vassal rulers of the Abbasid Caliphate

Qarin I


Decline to State (DTS) was an affiliation designation on the California voter registration form that allows voters to register to vote without choosing a party affiliation. It is similar to what in other states would be called declaring oneself as an independent. , 23.97% of California's registered voters have "no party preference".

In February 1999, 13% of registered voters in California declined to state a party affiliation.  That figure had risen to 18% by January 2006, and to 20% by October 2008.  The growth of the category Decline to State follows California's switch from the closed primary to an open primary system in 1996 following the adoption of Proposition 198.  Until 1996, only voters who were registered with a political party could vote in that party's primary election.  In the June 1998 and March 2000 primary elections, voters could vote for any candidate in any party's primary.

On June 26, 2000, the United States Supreme Court decided in California Democratic Party, et al. v. Jones 530 U.S. 567 (2000) that California's open primary system violated the right of free association.  In January 2001, following the passage of SB28 (Ch. 898, Stats. 2000), a new modified closed system took effect in which voters registered with a particular party can only vote in that party's primary, but voters who decline to state a party affiliation can vote in one party's primary if the party agrees to allow it (California Elections Code §2151).

The Democratic and Republican parties had both allowed voters who decline to state a party affiliation to vote in all of their respective primary elections until the 2008 presidential primary election, in which the Republican party disallowed the practice.

See also
 Independent politician
 Independent voter
 None of the above

References

External links
California Secretary of State on No Party Preference

Elections in the United States
Politics of California

Decline to State


Emmanuel University  is a private Christian college in Franklin Springs, Georgia. It is affiliated with the International Pentecostal Holiness Church and enrolls more than 800 students. The college offers both associate and bachelor's degrees.

History
Emmanuel University was founded in 1919 as the Franklin Springs Institute in Franklin Springs, Georgia. In its first years it taught high school courses grades eight through eleven and three college-level courses. The first buildings were two hotels and a skating rink.  In 1931, the college was forced to close for two years during the Great Depression. When it reopened, the new president, Thomas Aaron, began to refocus the institute's priorities from being a high school to a college. In 1939, the name was changed to Emmanuel College and the high school was called Emmanuel Academy.

The year 1967 saw the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools grant the two year college full accreditation.  During the 1970s, a four-year School of Christian Ministries was established and accredited by the American Association of Bible Colleges and in 1991, major changes to curricular offerings also accompanied accreditation as a four-year institution from the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges. In 2023, its name changed to Emmanuel University.

Academics

The institution offers over 30 areas of study and confers associate degrees, bachelor's degrees and graduate degrees.

Athletics
The Emmanuel athletic teams are called the Lions. The college is a member of the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Conference Carolinas as a provisional member since the 2014–15 academic year (with NCAA D-II full member status since 2018–19); while its men's lacrosse team competes in the SouthEastern Lacrosse Conference (SELC); and its men's volleyball team competes in the Mid-America Men's Volleyball Intercollegiate Conference (MAMVIC). They were also a member of the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA), primarily competing as an independent in the South Region of the Division I level. The Lions formerly competed in the Southern States Athletic Conference (SSAC; formerly known as Georgia–Alabama–Carolina Conference (GACC) until after the 2003–04 school year) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1999–2000 to 2013–14.

Emmanuel competes in 32 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include archery, baseball, basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, swimming, tennis, track & field, triathlon, volleyball and wrestling; while women's sports include acrobatics & tumbling, archery, basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track & field, triathlon, volleyball and wrestling; and co-ed sports include bass fishing, cheerleading and clay target shooting.

Club sports/intramurals
For men and women, Emmanuel also offers a wide variety of intramural sports including basketball, football, golf, soccer, tennis, track and field, volleyball, and weightlifting.

Athletics expansion
In recent years, the college has expanded its athletic department. In 2012 Emmanuel College added men's and women's lacrosse, men's volleyball, and clay target shooting along with opening its  athletic center that contains a basketball arena, volleyball court, a fitness center, an aerobics room, a swimming pool, a bowling alley, and a Papa John's. The men's basketball team finished runners up in the NAIA national championship game in 2014, and the cross country team finished third at Nationals in Fall of 2013. The college also announced that men's and women's swimming and men's and women's bowling will be added for the 2013–14 academic year. Wrestling has also been added and will start competing in the 2015–16 school year.

See also
International Pentecostal Holiness Church

References

External links
 Official website
 Official athletics website

1919 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Buildings and structures in Franklin County, Georgia
Council for Christian Colleges and Universities
Education in Franklin County, Georgia
Universities and colleges established in 1919
Conference Carolinas schools
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Private universities and colleges in Georgia (U.S. state)

Emmanuel University


Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-Centimeters, or FIRST, was an astronomical survey of the Northern Hemisphere carried out by the Very Large Array. It was led by Robert H. Becker, Richard L. White, and David J. Helfand, who came up with the idea for the survey after they had completed the VLA Galactic Plane survey in 1990, as well as Michael D. Gregg and Sally A. Laurent-Muehleisen. The survey was started 50 years after the first systematic survey of the radio sky was completed by Grote Reber in April 1943.

Survey
The survey covers 10,575 square degrees, around 25% of the sky, with regions centred on the North and South Galactic poles. The regions were chosen so that they would also be covered by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) in 5 optical bands, and the survey was comparable to the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey in terms of resolution and sensitivity.

The observations were made in 'B' configuration at a wavelength of  (in the L Band), with an angular resolution of 5 arcsecond. It was proposed at the same time as the NRAO VLA Sky Survey, and trial observations for both surveys were taken in 1992. Survey observations of the North Galactic pole started in 1993, with 144 hours of observing time in April and May 1993 for test observations and the initial survey strip of 300 square degrees, producing an initial catalogue of 28,000 sources. Survey observations continued until 2004. Observations of the South Galactic pole were made in 2009 and 2011; the 2011 observations used the EVLA. The target flux density limit was 1 milliJansky, with an <0.15mJy r.m.s. noise limit.

The survey data was analysed using an automated pipeline through the Astronomical Image Processing System. Images and catalogues from the survey were made available after quality checks, without a proprietary period. Several versions of the survey catalogue have been generated, with the first published in 1997, and the latest () published in December 2014. The catalogue includes over 70,000 cross-identifications with SDSS and the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS). The expectation was that  radio sources would be observed and 65,000 images produced by the survey; the 2014 catalogue included 946,432 sources.  Sources in the catalogue follow a naming convention comprising the survey name and source coordinate with the format "FIRST Jhhmmss.s+ddmmss"; the convention is registered with the International Astronomical Union.

Science
The resolution of the survey was chosen so that optical counterparts to the radio sources could be identified; complex radio sources with multiple components could be resolved (to avoid optical misidentifications); and radio morphology (e.g., Fanaroff-Riley classification) could be identified. The survey aimed to contribute to science on quasars and active galaxies; galaxy evolution; galactic astronomy; the large-scale structure of the Universe; and dark matter. The survey produced a series of papers. The survey paper has been referenced by over 1,600 other scientific publications.

The survey sources were cross-matched with the Palomar Sky Survey to create the FIRST Bright Quasar Survey (FBQS), which comprised quasar candidates that were then followed up with optical spectroscopy. The initial survey found 69 quasars, with 51 being newly identified. A number of broad absorption line quasars were discovered by FIRST. Other, high-redshift quasars were identified in the survey by cross-matching with SDSS.

Variability was detected in over 1600 sources during the course of the survey, including stars, pulsars, galaxies, quasars, and unidentified radio sources.  On large scales, the two-point correlation function between radio galaxies was observed.

References

Astronomical surveys
Observational astronomy


The Secret Policeman's Ball 2012 was the title of the show staged as a benefit for human rights organization Amnesty International at New York City's Radio City Music Hall on 4 March 2012, it was one of the long-running series of similar Amnesty benefits.

Like its predecessors in 2006 and 2008, the show title was a reprise of the title of the 1979 Amnesty benefit show, The Secret Policeman's Ball, which heralded the organization's breakthrough in public awareness and fund-raising.  To celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of Amnesty International, the show took place in the United States for the first time on March 4, 2012 at Radio City Music Hall in New York City, instead of its usual location in London.

Content
The show was produced by James Serafinowicz and featured a mix of prominent comedians from Britain and the United States. After a taped introduction by Archbishop Desmond Tutu, the comedy lineup included:

 Jon Stewart
 Russell Brand
 Eddie Izzard
 Reggie Watts
 Ben Stiller
 Peter Serafinowicz
 Fred Armisen
 Kristen Wiig
 Seth Meyers
 Jason Sudeikis
 Bobby Moynihan
 Jay Pharoah
 Taran Killam
 Rachel Dratch
 Catherine Tate
 David Cross
 Bob Odenkirk
 Hannibal Buress
 Sarah Silverman
 Paul Rudd
 Matt Berry
 John Oliver
 Rashida Jones
 Chris O'Dowd
 David Walliams
 Jimmy Carr
 Noel Fielding
 Micky Flanagan
 Jack Whitehall
 Tim Roth
 Bill Hader (as Julian Assange)
 Rex Lee (as Kim Jong-un)
 John van der Put (as Piff the Magic Dragon)

There was a cameo appearance by Richard Branson, Liam Neeson introduced formerly imprisoned Burmese comedian and political activist Zarganar.

The musical lineup consisted of Mumford & Sons, Reggie Watts with Peter Serafinowicz, and a concluding set by Coldplay.

Additionally, Beavis and Butt-head appeared in an animated sequence and former Monty Python members Michael Palin, Eric Idle, and Terry Jones appeared in pre-recorded video segments explaining comedically why they were not there.  At several moments in the show, Statler and Waldorf from the Muppets commented on the event and spoke to performers from a balcony.

Aziz Ansari, The Antics, Maya Rudolph and Stephen Colbert had been rumoured to appear but ultimately did not do so.

The event was streamed live on Epix. Peter Serafinowicz provided the voice of the announcer. It was later shown on Channel 4 in the UK on 9 March 2012, with extra behind the scenes interviews with some of the performers.

The show was presented by Jimmy Carr, providing voice-overs, as well as recorded links out of ads by various comedians.

References

External links
Official Event Website

2012 in New York City
American comedy
Amnesty International
British comedy
Radio City Music Hall
March 2012 events in the United States

The Secret Policeman's Ball 2012


Antipyretics (, from the words anti- meaning 'against' and  meaning 'feverish') are substances that reduce fever. Antipyretics cause the hypothalamus to ignore increases in temperature caused by prostaglandin. The body then works to lower the temperature, which results in a reduction in fever.

Most antipyretic medications have other purposes. The most common antipyretics in the United States are ibuprofen and aspirin. These are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used mainly as analgesics to relieve pain, but which also have antipyretic properties. Acetaminophen or (paracetamol), is an analgesic with weak anti-inflammatory properties.

There is some debate over using medication to control fever. Fever is part of the body's immune response to infection. A study by the Royal Society found controlling fever causes at least 1% more influenza cases of death in the United States, which results in at least 700 extra deaths per year.

References

Analgesics

Antipyretic


St. John's Church, St. John's Episcopal Church, or St. John's Episcopal Church, Broad Creek (formerly King George's Parish), is a historic Episcopal church located at 9801 Livingston Road in  Fort Washington, Prince George's County, Maryland. It is a rectangular Flemish bond brick structure with a bell hipped roof. The interior features a barrel vaulted ceiling with an intricate support system.

Parish history
This is the oldest church site in Prince George's County, and one of the "Original 30 Parishes". The General Assembly by the Act of June 2, 1692 in the colonial Province of Maryland established King George's Parish (also known as the "Parish of Piscataway") of the Church of England. The Parish name reflects the local Piscataway tribe. The local freeholders at Broad Creek then chose a "select" vestry and completed parish organization on January 20, 1693, authorizing Col. John Addison to purchase 78 acres of ground and obtain a contractor to build a church. The Parish at that time included a considerable portion of the future Episcopal Diocese of Washington, including all of the District of Columbia. It endured until 1726, when "Prince George's Parish" was established. Piscataway then became known as St. John's, although officially its title was "King George's Parish". Its first church at Broad Creek, begun in May 1695 of wood, and which was soon called the "Broad Creek Church". This original church was replaced in 1713 by a second wooden structure, and was in turn replaced by a third structure in 1723, which was enlarged between 1764 and 1768. The present brick building, is the fourth structure built on the same site, was completed in 1767–1768. The congregation still holds their weekly services in this building.

Meanwhile, two other churches or Chapels of Ease were soon built within the parish, to serve communities too far removed from Broad Creek for convenient attendance at worship.  "Addison Chapel" at Seat Pleasant, now St. Matthews, Addison Parish, started in 1696 in a log house. A chapel at Accokeek, which was briefly known as St. John's Church and now Christ Church (Accokeek, Maryland), was erected in 1698.

The congregation is considered a "Mother Church" for Episcopal and Anglican parishes in suburban Prince George's County as well as Montgomery County, and Washington and the District of Columbia. In 1719, a Chapel of Ease to Piscataway was erected at "Eastern Branch Hundred", which ultimately evolved into St. Paul's Parish at Rock Creek near Rock Creek which flows south through the National Capital and Georgetown to the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and ultimately the Potomac River. Rev. Henry T. Addison became Broad Creek's rector in 1743 and served until the Revolution in 1776. However, Frederick County, Maryland and a corresponding parish, part of which became Montgomery County, Maryland split off in 1748, and 1776 respectively. Therefore, his successors, Rev. (then Bishop) Thomas Claggett and Rev. Walter Addison oversaw growth of the new capital city within this parish. Bishop Claggett, who also served as the Parish's rector until 1809, in 1793 became the first bishop consecrated within the newly formed Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America (itself organized in 1789), at a ceremony held at Trinity Church in Manhattan, in the then-capital city, New York City. A few months later, Rev. Addison became the first priest (presbyter) ordained in America, by Bishop Claggett, whose assistant he became. Bishop Claggett also oversaw in 1793 the first confirmation of young people in the new Protestant Episcopal Church, a class of forty-four presented by the parish's third rector, the Rev. Joseph Messenger.

Beginning in 1794, one of the priests of St. John's parish held services and preached in Georgetown, as well as in the older chapels in Seat Pleasant and Accokeek. The Federal District services were initially held with a few Episcopalian families at the local Presbyterian Church then on 'M' Street through the hospitality of its minister, the Rev. Stephen B. Balch. "Georgetown Parish" was created in 1809. A second parish St. John's was organized in 1815 across from what was then called the President's House. In 1830, a mission was started in Oxon Hill known as St. Barnabas. In 1875, what is now Christ Chapel, Clinton was begun as a mission of St. John's. Thus, from the old "King George Parish" also came "Prince George Parish" which originally embraced all of what is now the city of Washington and Georgetown as well as suburban Montgomery County.

General of the Continental Army and the  First President, George Washington attended services at the Broad Creek church or the Accokeek chapel across the Potomac River from Mount Vernon on numerous occasions, when inclement weather made the roads to Alexandria impassable and boat passage unsafe. He himself, was a vestryman at his home parish of Christ Church in Alexandria, Virginia.

Structure
An unusual outdoor feature of St. John's is the "campanile", consisting of four uprights about forty feet high, with a canopy under which reposes a bell. Slave galleries were common in old colonial churches, but here is found a feature of unique interest - an opening about a foot square in the gallery which was designed to admit the collection bag on the end of a long pole to receive the offering of the colored people in the gallery. The porch was added in the 19th century.

One of the pews in the church bears a silver plate on the door which reads: "In memory of George Washington - - Restored by his Great-Great-Great Grandnephew, George W. Magruder, 1895".

The church is a member of the Episcopal Diocese of Washington, with its offices at the Episcopal Church House at Washington National Cathedral on Mount St Alban in Washington, D.C. and its Bishop of Washington D.C. Also, the  Episcopal Church, U.S.A., with its Presiding Bishop and administrative offices in New York City and also the worldwide Anglican Communion, with its titular head being the Archbishop of Canterbury at Lambeth Palace in London, England.

Gallery

References

External links
, including photo in 1973, at Maryland Historical Trust website
Historical Marker Data Base
St. John's Episcopal Church - Broad Creek website

Gothic Revival church buildings in Maryland
Churches completed in 1767
Churches in Prince George's County, Maryland
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
18th-century Episcopal church buildings
1767 establishments in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Prince George's County, Maryland
Episcopal church buildings in Maryland

St. John's Episcopal Church (Fort Washington, Maryland)


Vellum is a high-quality form of parchment. Originally, it meant calf skin, but in English the term is used more widely.

Like parchment, the skin is prepared to take writing in ink. It was one of the standard writing surfaces used in Europe before paper became available. It continued to be used for high-status documents. The vellum was used for single pages, scrolls, codices or books.

To manufacture vellum, the skin is cleaned, then bleached, stretched on a frame called a "herse", and scraped with a knife. When vellum is scraped, it is by turns wet and dry to create tension. A final finish is got by rubbing the surface with pumice, and treating it with lime or chalk. Then it is ready to accept ink.

Modern "paper vellum" (sometimes called vegetable vellum) is made out of synthetic material instead of mammal skin, but is used for the same purpose as normal vellum.

Use in the past
In ancient Europe, vellum meant good quality prepared animal skin. Calves, sheep, goat and even camel are known to have been used to make vellum. The very best vellum was made from unborn animals. It can be hard to identify the animal used to make old vellum without using a science lab.

French sources defined velum (or velin in French) as made from calves only. This has remained true in modern times.

Usage
Most of the best sort of medieval manuscripts were written on vellum. Some Buddhist texts were written on vellum, and all Sifrei Torah texts are written on vellum or something similar.

A quarter of the 180 copy edition of Johannes Gutenberg's first Bible printed in 1455 was also printed on vellum, presumably because his costumers expected this for a high-quality book. Paper was used for most book-printing at the time.

In art, vellum was used for paintings, especially if they needed to be sent long distances, before canvas became widely used in about 1500, and continued to be used for drawings, and watercolours. Old master prints were sometimes printed on vellum, especially for presentation copies, until at least the seventeenth century.

Limp vellum or limp-parchment bindings was used frequently in the 16th and 17th centuries, and were sometimes gilt. In later centuries vellum has been more commonly used like leather. Vellum can be stained virtually any color but mainly it is not, as many people like its faint grain and hair markings.

Many documents that needed to last long were written in vellum as it was able to last longer than paper. Some vellum-written documents are more than a thousand years old.

Modern usage
British Acts of Parliament are still printed on vellum for archival purposes, as are those of the Republic of Ireland. It is still used for Jewish scrolls, for luxury book covers, memorial books, and for various documents in calligraphy.

Today, because of low demand and complicated manufacturing process, animal vellum is expensive and hard to find. Only one UK company still supplies them. A modern vellum-like alternative is made out of cotton. Known as paper vellum, this material is cheaper than animal vellum and can be found in most art and crafting supply stores. Some brands of writing paper and other sorts of paper use the term "vellum" to suggest quality.

In the artistic crafts of writing, illuminating, lettering, and bookbinding, "vellum" is normally reserved for calfskin, while any other skin is called "parchment".

Paper vellum
Paper vellum is made from cotton. Usually translucent, paper vellum in various sizes is often used in applications where tracing is required, such as architectural plans. Like natural vellum, the paper vellum is more stable than paper, which is frequently critical in the development of large drawings and plans such as blueprints.

Storage
Vellum is typically stored in a stable environment with a stable temperature. If vellum is stored in an environment with less than 11% relative humidity, it becomes fragile, brittle, and susceptible to mechanical stresses; if it is stored in an environment with greater than 40% relative humidity, it becomes vulnerable to mold or fungus growth. The best temperature for the preservation of vellum is 20 ± 1.5 °C (68 ± 3 °F)

References

Writing media
Natural materials

Vellum


A referendum on the "double yes" for referendums was held in Liechtenstein on 13 September 1987. The proposal would mean that during referendums on draft legislation, voters would have the option of rejecting all proposals (an initiative, counter-initiative and a proposal by the Landtag), agreeing with one proposal, or agreeing to several. If voters were to agree with several, they had to rank them in case more than one was approved by voters. It was approved by 62.9% of voters.

Results

References

1987 referendums
1987 in Liechtenstein
Referendums in Liechtenstein
September 1987 events in Europe

1987 Liechtenstein double yes referendum


The egg fruit tree is approximately 8 meters tall and has oblong fruits that range from 7 to 12 centimeters in length. The fruits can vary in shape. Some have a straight point at the end and can be curved at the tip. When ripe, the egg fruit looks golden-orange and occasionally exhibits rusty brown blotches, which is normal for this plant. The interior is similar to both the color and texture of a hard-boiled egg yolk, hence the name, and contains 1-4 hard black seeds. Ripe egg fruit flows a strong musky smell.

Seasons/availability
Egg fruit is available in fall, into summer in tropical climates.

Terminology
Egg fruit is commonly referred to as canistel and botanically classified as Pouteria campechiana. It is a member of the Sapotaceae Family and a close relative of the more popular tropical fruit, Sapota. Egg fruit is also sometimes referred to as yellow sapote. Egg fruit gets its name from the consistency of its flesh. When ripe, the egg fruit is said to resemble a hard-boiled egg yolk with the flavors of roasted sweet potato.

Nutritional value
Egg fruit is rich in vitamin A, B, and C, and also contains iron and calcium.

Applications
Egg fruit is often eaten raw as a simple snack with a sprinkle of salt and lemon juice. It is also used in sweet baking applications as a pumpkin-like ingredient. The pureed flesh may be added into custards, ice creams, bread, pancakes, smoothies, milkshakes or made into jams and marmalades. The egg fruit is a central ingredient in recipes for vegan cheesecake, eggnog, deviled eggs, and even cheese. Complimentary flavors include allspice, cinnamon, ginger, thyme, turmeric, orange, maple syrup, pecans, walnuts, almond, coconut, and vanilla.

Geography/history
The Egg fruit is native to southern North America and northern Central America, including the countries of Mexico, El Salvador, Belize, and Guatemala. It has since been naturalized throughout the world in tropical and subtropical climates. The trees thrive with moderate precipitation, but can also do well in regions of prolonged dry seasons. This fruit was also known for its smelly seeds.

References

Fruits
Sapotaceae

Egg fruit