Louis Alexander Waldman (; born October 29, 1965) is an American art historian and author specializing in the Italian Renaissance.

Early life
Waldman was born near Detroit, Michigan on October 29, 1965.

Education
Waldman attended Hunter College (B.A. 1989) and subsequently studied with Sir John Pope-Hennessy and Kathleen Weil-Garris Brandt at the Institute of Fine Arts (Ph.D. 1999).

Career
Since 1999, Waldman taught at the University of Texas at Austin, where they received the College of Fine Arts Teaching Excellence Award (2008), the Dads' Association Centennial Teaching Fellowship (2004), the Department of Art and Art History Teaching Excellence Award (2005), and the Texas Blazers Faculty Excellence Award (2008).
They were the first Assistant Director for Programs at Villa I Tatti, The Harvard Center for Italian Renaissance Studies (2007–10), and was for several years Associate Editor of the journal I Tatti Studies.
Waldman's research on Florentine art is characterized by an emphasis on reconstructing social networks, families, artists' shops, and the workings of patronage.
Waldman has held fellowships from the Samuel H. Kress Foundation at the Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz, the Fulbright Foundation, and Villa I Tatti. They were elected an Accademico d'onore of the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno in Florence in 2004.

Research
A number of Waldman's publications employ a combination of archival research and connoisseurship to identify and reconstruct the careers of previously anonymous artists of the Renaissance. In a long series of essays, they established the identities of such prolific painters as Giovanni Larciani (formerly known as the Master of the Kress Landscapes), Bartolomeo Ghetti (formerly known as the Master of the Copenhagen Charity), Bernardo di Leonardo (formerly the Master of Memphis), Mariotto di Francesco Dolzemele (whom he hypothetically identified as the Master of Serumido), and others.

Waldman is known as a scholar unafraid of controversial topics. In 2007 an international media coup resulted from the claim by Hungarian art historian Mária Prokopp and Zsuzsanna Wierdl art restorer that a fresco in the Archiepiscopal Castle of Esztergom in Hungary was the work of Sandro Botticelli. The official endorsement of their discovery by Hungary's Minister of Culture in a much publicized press conference made debate difficult for by Hungarian academics and curators.  Waldman published the first extended refutation of the Botticelli theory, which on the basis of historical and stylistic evidence he described as "abszurdus" (absurd). That negative judgement has been no reaffirmed by subsequent researchers in Hungary and abroad.

In the spring of 2008 Waldman identified a painting of the Annunciation in a provincial museum of Hungary, the Móra Ferenc Múzeum in Szeged, as the work of Giorgio Vasari.  The work had previously been catalogued by the museum as the work of Agnolo Bronzino. A number of scholars doubted the Vasari attribution.  The controversy received considerable public attention after Waldman, writing in the catalogue of an exhibition held at the Szépművészeti Múzeum in 2009, presented a preparatory drawing made by Vasari for the painting (now in the Pierpont Morgan Library, New York) and identified it on the basis of documents as part of the lost decorations for the Chapel of St. Michael in the Torre Pia of the Vatican, which Vasari painted for Pope Pius V in 1570-71.

Waldman again made headlines in April 2009 when they publicly presented documentary evidence revealing that some time before June 1505 Leonardo da Vinci painted a portrait of his beloved uncle, Francesco da Vinci. They argued that the red-chalk drawing in Turin—one of the most famous drawings in the history of art due to its frequent misidentification as a self-portrait—is likely to be a preparatory study for the lost painting of Leonardo's uncle.

Personal life
Waldman's early childhood, and in particular their relationship with their troubled and abusive father (who died when he was nine) is  discussed in a memoir by their sister Sharon Harrigan, Playing with Dynamite (Truman State University Press, 2017).

Bibliography
 Baccio Bandinelli and Art at the Medici Court: A Corpus of Early Modern Sources (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 2004).
 Edited (with Caroline Elam): Craig Hugh Smyth—In Memoriam (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 2009).
 Edited (with Machtelt Israëls): Toward a Festschrift: Renaissance Studies in Honor of Joseph Connors (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 2010).
 Edited (with Péter Farbaky): Italy and Hungary: Humanism and Art in the Early Renaissance (Florence: Officina Editrice, 2011).
 Edited (with Gerhard Wolf and Joseph Connors): Colors Between Two Worlds: The Florentine Codex of Bernardino de Sahagún (Florence: Officina Editrice, 2011).

References

Bibliography
Cristina Acidini Luchinat, "Presentazione," in La valle dei tesori, exh. cat., Fucecchio, Museo Civico, 2006, unpaginated.

External links
 Blog "Serio Ludere" (in Latin)
  Accademici d'onore of the Accademia degli Arti del Disegno in Florence
 Department of Art and Art History, University of Texas at Austin
 Villa I Tatti, the Harvard Center for Italian Renaissance Studies

American art historians
Hunter College alumni
New York University Institute of Fine Arts alumni
Harvard University staff
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Writers from Michigan
Living people
1965 births

Louis A. Waldman


A least developed country (LDC) is a country that the United Nations considers to be the least developed out of all the countries in the world. They normally have the lowest ratings on the Human Development Index. The idea to name LDCs started in the late 1960s. The first group of LDCs was listed by the UN in November 1971.

Classification process
Indicators are used to determine whether a country is a least devleoped country.
The gross domestic product, per person, is low. Currently, the average over three years is considered.
An index measuring social factors, such as health,  education and literacy among adults. Currently, the Human Assets Index is used for this purpose.
A third index looks at how vulnerable the economy is as a whole. Currently, the Economic Vulnerability Index is used.

To be considered a least developed country, a country must have high levels of poverty, low human resources and a vulnerable economy. The UN looks at indicators, such as gross national income, nutrition, health, education and literacy. Economic vulnerability is recorded on the Economic Vulnerability Index.

LDC criteria are reviewed every three years. Countries may stop being considered an LDC when indicators show that they have become developed enough. Since the LDC category was created, four countries have graduated to developing country status. The first country to do this was Botswana in 1994. The second was Cape Verde, in 2007. Then Maldives in 2011, and Samoa in 2014.  It is expected that Equatorial Guinea and Vanuatu will be the next countries to be promoted from LDC status.

, there are 48 least developed countries. There are also three countries which meet the criteria for LDC status, but have asked to not be included in the index: Ghana, Papua New Guinea and Zimbabwe.

Current list

The "least developed countries" according to the United Nations:

Africa (34 countries)

Asia (9 countries)

Oceania (4 countries)

Americas (1 country)

Related pages
 Developed country
 Developing country
 Third world
 List of countries by Human Development Index
 Poverty line
 Small Island Developing States

References

More reading
 United Nations, "LDCs: Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries, and Small Island Developing States"
 World Trade Organisation, ""WTO Launches Trade Initiative for Least Developed Countries", FOCUS newsletter, WTO, Geneva, Switzerland, November 1997 issue 24.

Other websites
 Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, United Nations
 United Nations List of LDCs

Economic geography

Least developed country


Bori () is a form of dried lentil dumplings popular in Bengali cuisine. It is made from a paste of urad dal and winter melon which is sun-dried for 3–5 days. Once fully dried, it can easily last for about a year.

Recipe
The paste is laid out by hand on a mat in the sunlight. It sticks to the mat while wet but when the bori dries completely it can easily come off. In its simplest form bori takes the conical shape naturally occurring due to the way the paste is laid out.

Intricate artistic designs can also made with the paste when squeezed out through a piping bag. This is called naksha bori. It is also called gohona bori or gayna bori because the designs often look like those of jewellery (gahana or gayna is Bengali for jewellery). To avoid breaking naksha bori when removing from the mat, a layer of poppy seeds is spread before laying the paste. The district of Purba Medinipur is famous for its naksha bori. Preparing bori is almost exclusively done by women of the household, sometimes assisted by children. Contrary to the common notion, it is not grown on trees.thumb|Bori making|279x279px

Consumption
Bori can be fried and eaten as a snack or can be added to fish or vegetable dishes to enhance taste and to add variety.

See also

 Masaura
 Soya chunks

References

External links
 Recipe for bori
 Short article on bori, including gahona bori

Bengali cuisine
Plant-based fermented foods

Bori (food)


Packet may refer to:
 Packet (information technology), a formatted block of data carried by a packet mode computer network
 Packet radio, a form of amateur radio data communications using the AX25 protocol
 Packet (sea transport), a packet service is a regular scheduled service, carrying valuable freight and first class passengers
 C-82 Packet, a U.S. military transport aircraft
Packet Newspapers - newspapers with the title including the word "Packet", after a place-name.
 A small parcel e.g. Cigarette packet, Sugar packet

Related pages
 Package

Packet


Earle Maynier (died September 1972) was a Jamaican diplomat who served as Jamaica's High Commissioner to Canada from 1962 to 1965. Maynier also played a part in the Trade Liberalization Proposals that were made by the West Indies. He graduated from the London School of Economics in 1944. He also attended the University of Toronto.

Maynier was the chief economic advisor to two prime ministers, Alexander Bustamante, the first prime minister of the country, and to Norman Washington Manley, who served as the second prime minister of Jamaica.

Earle Maynier was married to Elsie Solomon Hylton. They had two daughters, Helen and Shirley. His second wife was Dr. Hyacinth Lightbourne, who was among the first three female Jamaican doctors in the nation. She was a graduate of the University of London Medical School.  His third wife was Ivy Lawrence, a graduate of McGill University. She received her law degree from the University of Toronto.

References

Jamaican diplomats
Year of birth missing
1972 deaths
High Commissioners of Jamaica to Canada

Earle Maynier


Maniacal is a 2003 horror film directed by Joe Castro, and written by Eric Spudic.

Plot

While his sister Janet is out with friends one night in 1994, the disturbed Gilbert Gill uses a hammer to wound his alcoholic father and kill his sexually abusive stepmother before being arrested by Officer Spiegel. Gilbert is placed in the Hitchberg Sanitarium, where he is tormented by hallucinations of his stepmother.

Three years later, on the day he is scheduled to visit his father and sister at home, Gilbert escapes the sanitarium, murdering several employees and patients on his way out. Hijacking a pickup truck, Gilbert breaks into his old house, creates makeshift weapons out of some assorted objects and goes to a horror shop, where he steals a clown mask and slits the throat of the clerk.

While Mr. Gill and Spiegel search for Gilbert, Janet, Spiegel's daughter D.J. and their friend Brooke have a slumber party and horror film marathon at the Spiegel house, being joined by D.J. and Brooke's boyfriends, and their friend Lance. When D.J., Brooke and their respective boyfriends go to the bedrooms to have sex they are murdered by Gilbert, who then goes after Janet and Lance. When Mr. Gill and Spiegel arrive, Gilbert wounds his father, blows Spiegel's head off with his shotgun, and crushes Lance's skull.

As Gilbert begins strangling Janet, she starts rambling about he is going to be punished and go to Hell, and that he must ask God for forgiveness. Gilbert suffers a psychotic break, drinks cleaning chemicals he finds in the Spiegel's washroom, and dies in his sister's arms.

Cast

 Perrine Moore as Janet Gill
 Lee Webb as Gilbert Gill
 Carl Darchuk as Garrett Gill
 Brannon Gould as Lance
 Heather Chase as D.J. Spiegel
 Jon Prutow as Josh
 David Ortega as Dane
 Carol Rose Carver as Brooke
 Deborah Huber as Nancy Gill
 Michael Robert Nyman as Officer Spiegel
 David Scalzetto as Eddie Brandt

Reception

Christopher Null of Contactmusic.com gave Maniacal a 2/5, and opened his review with, "I've not laughed this hard at a horror movie in years. And that's because -- while Joe Castro's direction is iffy, Eric Spudic's script is predictable, and the entire cast's acting is poor -- makeup effects wiz Castro has a way of exploding a person's head that you just have to see to believe". Similarly, Joe Bob Briggs stated, in a review for United Press International, "It's by the numbers, but it never bogs down" and "What the script lacks in originality, and the execution lacks in acting, is more than made up for by some of the most gruesome special effects you'll see this side of the 60 Minutes makeup room".

References

External links

2003 films
2003 horror films
2000s American films
2000s English-language films
2000s teen horror films
American independent films
American slasher films
American splatter films
American teen horror films
Horror films about clowns
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about mass murder
Films directed by Joe Castro
Films set in 1994
Films set in 1997
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in psychiatric hospitals
Films shot in Los Angeles

Maniacal (film)


Adam Blackley (born 22 February 1985 in Melbourne) is a former Australian pitcher. He is the brother of Travis Blackley.

Career
In 2003, Blackley was signed to the Boston Red Sox by Australia national baseball team manager Jon Deeble. He made his debut with the GCL Red Sox that year and allowed only 13 hits in 242/3 IP, posting a remarkable 0.73 ERA. In 2004, he was promoted and posted 4–3 with a 3.39 ERA for the Augusta GreenJackets but pitched with less success for the Lowell Spinners (0–1, 7.71). The next year, he was 6–3, 4.01 ERA with Lowell and was promoted to the Greenville Drive (2–7, 6.15) for the rest of the season. In 2006, the southpaw was limited an injury to his elbow and spent his year back down with the GCL Red Sox (3.86) and Wilmington Blue Rocks (0–2, 4.64). He made his debut for the national team in the 2006 Intercontinental Cup and performed well, not allowing any runs in 12 innings. He led the tournament with the lowest ERA and made the All-Star team as the top left-handed pitcher.

In 2007, Adam worked out of the bullpen for Lowell (2–2, 4.70) and Greenville (1–0, 6.75). Blackley again starred in international play in the 2007 Baseball World Cup and was 1–0 with a 1.42 ERA, allowing just one run in six-plus innings against the South Korea national baseball team and allowing one run in six against the Mexico national baseball team in a quarterfinals victory.

Travis pitched poorly against Mexico in 2008 for the Olympic Qualification Tournament, he left with a no-decision but Australia lost when Adam Bright struggled to relieve. Australia failed to qualify for the 2008 Olympics.

He was then released by Boston and then signed with the El Paso Diablos, going 7–9 with a 4.98 ERA. That winter, he went 4–1 with a 3.95 ERA for the Victoria Aces in the 2009 Claxton Shield. Blackley was on the provisional Australian roster for the 2009 World Baseball Classic but did not make the final cut.

He signed with the Amsterdam Pirates for 2009. In the 2009 European Cup Nettuno phase, Blackley went 1–0, tossing 7 shutout innings against Caffè Danesi Nettuno. He was Amsterdam's Opening Day starter on 11 April. He allowed only 3 hits in 7 shutout innings for a win over Kinheim, which had won two of the three prior titles. In the final four of the 2009 European Cup, Blackley was credited with a loss to Fortitudo Bologna.

Blackley was announced for the roster of the Melbourne Aces for the Australian Baseball League's inaugural 2010–11 season.

References

External links

Baseball Victoria Profile
Sox Prospects

1985 births
Living people
Australian expatriate baseball players in the Netherlands
Australian expatriate baseball players in the United States
Augusta GreenJackets players
Baseball pitchers
Sportspeople from Melbourne
El Paso Diablos players
Greenville Bombers players
Greenville Drive players
Gulf Coast Red Sox players
Lowell Spinners players
Melbourne Aces players
Wilmington Blue Rocks players
Sportsmen from Victoria (state)

Adam Blackley


Henry Knollys Foster MBE (30 October 1873 – 23 June 1950) was an English first-class cricketer who played for Oxford University and Worcestershire. He first  played for Worcestershire in 1888 at the age of only 14.

The oldest of seven brothers who played cricket for Worcestershire, Foster was a forceful right-handed middle-order batsman who acted as captain at Worcestershire for 11 of the first 12 season in which the county competed in the County Championship. He was also for many of those seasons second only to his brother R.E. "Tip" Foster as the county's leading batsman.

Educated at Malvern College, Foster matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford in 1892, and first played first-class cricket at Oxford. Not picked for any matches at all in 1893, he won a Blue against Cambridge in each of the next three seasons. In the Varsity match of 1895, he scored 121 in two hours as Oxford, set a target of 331 to win, reached just 196 all out.

Foster captained Worcestershire in the county's very first Championship match in 1899 and led the side every season until 1910, except for 1901. He scored 1,000 runs in a season eight times, and five times averaged more than 40 runs per innings. Among his 29 first-class centuries, he hit 216 against Somerset in 1903 — the first double hundred for Worcestershire in first-class cricket
—and 215 against Warwickshire in 1908, both at Worcester.

Unlike his brother R.E. "Tip" Foster, Foster did not play Test cricket, but he led the amateur side in both Gentlemen v Players matches in 1910, and was named as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1911. He stood down as Worcestershire captain after 1910, but returned for the 1913 season. He then played intermittently until 1925, when he finally retired. In 1907, 1912 and again after the First World War, he acted as an England selector.

Foster was also a champion rackets player, being English singles champion eight times and winning several doubles titles.  He and his brother, W. L. Foster, won the Public Schools Championship for Malvern in 1892. In the next four years he represented Oxford and proved victorious in both Singles and Doubles. Several times, efficiently partnered, he carried off the Doubles Championship, and from 1894 to 1900 and again in 1904 he won the Singles Championship. He also represented Oxford University at rackets for four years.

The Foster family
Foster was the oldest of the seven sons of Henry Foster who in 1867, aged 23, joined the staff of Malvern College, a public school founded in  1865. He was ordained as a priest in 1869, and married in 1871 when he took up a position as a housemaster at Malvern College,  a post  which  he held for 48 years.  He was an accomplished all-round sportsman who  played not only cricket and fives, but was also a rower and an archer for Winchester College,  Cambridge.  He made many  contributions to  sport in Malvern and was active in the making of the cricket pitch, acquiring a football field, swimming baths and racquets courts. He was the first scratch golfer in the Midlands and a founder member of Worcestershire Golf Club. Of the 10 surviving children, there were 7 boys and 3 girls. All seven brothers born at No 5 later joined their father's house as pupils and for virtually 25 years held sway in the sporting arena.

Between them, the seven Foster brothers scored a total of 42,000 runs in First Class Cricket.  The girls also played cricket and were exceptional golfers and Cicely played for England.

Private life
Foster was land agent for the Stoke Edith and Prestwood estates of PH Foley.

References

External links

 Wisden Obituary : Henry Foster

1873 births
1950 deaths
English cricketers
England cricket team selectors
English racquets players
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Malvern College
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
Oxford University cricketers
People from Malvern, Worcestershire
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Worcestershire cricketers
Worcestershire cricket captains
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
North v South cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
Harry
Cricketers from Worcestershire

Harry Foster (cricketer)


Seid or Seiðr  is an Old Norse word for a kind of sorcery which was practised in Norse society. It is connected with Norse religion. No one knows where seid came from. It was practiced less with the spread of Christianity in Scandinavia. The practice was recorded in Norse stories (sagas) found by archeologists. Many scholars say that seid was like shamanism.

Both male and female Scandinavians practiced this form of magic. By doing so, they were often persecuted by society because they brought a taboo on themselves.

In pre-Christian Norse mythology, seid was associated with the god Odin, their god of war, poetry and sorcery. It was also associated with the goddess Freyja, who was their goddess of love and fertility.

Today, followers of modern paganism adopted forms of magic that they called seid. Their practices have since been studied by many researchers in the field of pagan studies.

More reading

  Ch. 6.

Magic (paranormal)
Germanic mythology
Witchcraft

Seiðr


The Museo de la Palabra y la Imagen (Spanish for Museum of the Word and the Image) is an innovative museum located in San Salvador, El Salvador. It was founded in the late 1990s by the Venezuelan journalist Carlos Henríquez Consalvi as a museum dedicated to collecting and preserving memories of the Salvadoran civil war, incorporating memories across the political spectrum. The general enthusiasm of the public quickly prompted the MUPI to expand and it now includes a variety of exhibits that deal with various moments in the nation's past.

Projects
One of its projects has been the production of the documentary Cicatriz de la Memoria (Scars of Memory) with U.S. historian Jeffrey Gould regarding the 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising. Integral to the project was the idea of the "cine-forum," in which the MUPI took the documentary "on tour" throughout the country and abroad, organizing screenings in community centers, schools, and universities, followed by lively discussion sessions. More recently, the MUPI has worked in an exhibit regarding the memory of the massacre of El Mozote, and has also worked in collaboration with the art museum MARTE in a joint exhibit about the acclaimed Salvadoran writer and artist, Salarrué.

Archives
The MUPI has an impressive archive that includes historical photographs, manuscripts, and video recordings:
 Movie archive: considered El Salvador's most important audiovisual archive including takes from the Salvadoran civil war, Salvadoran productions (Baltazar Polio, Alejandro Coto, Guillermo Escalón, etc.) and registers about literature, history, folklore, etc. This archive is used for audiovisual productions, TV programs or educative products.
 Photo archive:  contains more than 35,000 images dating from 1872 until present. Most important themes are:
 Images about indigenous culture. 1896
 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising.
 Armed conflict 1980 - 1992.
 Personalities collection: Masferrer, Claudia Lars, Roque Dalton, Monseñor Romero, María de Baratta, etc.
 Kabrakan collection: Images about natural phenomenon in El Salvador: earthquakes, eruptions, tsunami and floodings.
 Women's collection: Prudencia Ayala, Amparo Casamalhuapa, etc.
 History collection: important events in El Salvador.
 Audio archive: conserves Radio Venceremos transmissions as well as recordings about cultural and contemporary history themes including personalities voices and testimony about human rights or Women's rights in El Salvador.
 Social Science library: especialized in historic investigation and social sciences about El Salvador and Central America.

Local in San Salvador
The museum owns a building in the capital and organizes exhibitions about identity, culture and historic memory. It has various exhibition halls as well as a cinema hall and produces books, audiovisual works and many educational and cultural activities.

References

External links
 Museum website

1990s establishments in El Salvador
Museums in El Salvador
Military and war museums
San Salvador
Salvadoran Civil War
History museums

Museo de la Palabra y la Imagen


Stinnett is a town in Washburn County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 263 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Stanberry is located in the town, situated  west of Hayward on County Highway M. The ghost town of Harmon was located in the town.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 35.7 square miles (92.3 km2), of which, 34.4 square miles (89.2 km2) of it is land and 1.2 square miles (3.2 km2) of it (3.42%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 263 people, 100 households, and 69 families residing in the town. The population density was 7.6 people per square mile (2.9/km2). There were 133 housing units at an average density of 3.9 per square mile (1.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 90.87% White, 2.28% Native American, 0.38% from other races, and 6.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.32% of the population.

There were 100 households, out of which 36.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.0% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.0% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.13.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 29.7% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 33.1% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 10.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $27,750, and the median income for a family was $36,250. Males had a median income of $25,417 versus $16,607 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,169. None of the families and 2.8% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 8.3% of those over 64.

References

Towns in Washburn County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin

Stinnett, Wisconsin


.google is a brand top-level domain (TLD) used in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. Created in 2014, it is operated by Alphabet Inc., Google's parent company. It is notable as one of the first gTLDs associated with a specific brand. The company's first usage of the TLD was with com.google, an April Fools' Day joke website that hosted a horizontally mirrored version of Google Search. The domain currently hosts multiple Alphabet Inc. products and services, and plans exist to move other Alphabet properties to .google as well.

Google also owns a number of other top-level domains, including .goog (for sites such as  and ), .gmail (a Brand TLD relating to its Gmail service), .gle (for shortened URLs such as goo.gle and forms.gle), .chrome (for sites such as apps.chrome and the target server of hosted Chrome Apps such as calculator.apps.chrome) and .youtube (for sites such as about.youtube and blog.youtube).

The .chrome, .gle, .gmail, .google, and .youtube TLDs have all been included in the HSTS preload-list; as a result, popular web browsers will only connect to a webpage in one of those domains using HTTPS.

References

External links
 IANA .google WHOIS info

Google
Computer-related introductions in 2014
Google

.google


Beckford's Tower, originally known as Lansdown Tower, is an architectural folly built in neo-classical style on Lansdown Hill, just outside Bath, Somerset, England. The tower and its attached railings are designated as a Grade I listed building. Along with the adjoining Lansdown Cemetery it is Grade II listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England.

The tower was built for William Thomas Beckford, a rich novelist, art collector and critic, to designs by Henry Goodridge, and was completed in 1827. Beckford used it as a library and a retreat, with the cupola at the top acting as a belvedere providing views over the surrounding countryside. The Italianate building at the base of the tower housed drawing rooms and a library. Extensive grounds between Beckford's house in Lansdown Crescent and the tower were landscaped and planted to create Beckford's Ride.

William Beckford's ability to build, and to collect, was made possible by the wealth he inherited and continued to accumulate as an owner of plantations and enslaved people, and through the compensation he received from the government following the abolition of slavery. This aspect of his life is explored within the Beckford Tower Museum displays.

Following Beckford's death in 1844, the tower and lands were donated to Walcot parish and a burial ground created, with the Scarlet Drawing Room being converted into a chapel. In 1931 the house and tower were damaged by a fire and a public appeal was made for funds for its restoration. The cemetery closed in 1992 and the next year the site was bought by the Bath Preservation Trust who have carried out extensive renovation. It is now home to a museum displaying furniture originally made for the tower and paintings, prints and objects illustrating Beckford's life as a writer, collector and patron of the arts.

History

Beckford's Tower in Lansdown, overlooking the city of Bath, was completed in 1827 for wealthy local resident William Beckford, to a design by Bath architect Henry Goodridge. Beckford was a novelist, an art collector and patron of works of decorative art, a critic, travel writer and sometime politician, reputed at one stage to be the richest commoner in England. In 1822 he sold Fonthill Abbey, and a large part of his art collection, to John Farquhar for £330,000, and moved to Bath, where he bought No. 20 Lansdown Crescent and No. 1 Lansdown Place West, joining them with a one-storey arch thrown across a driveway. In 1836 he also bought Nos. 18 and 19 Lansdown Crescent.

Located at the end of pleasure gardens called Beckford's Ride which ran from his house in Lansdown Crescent all the way north to the tower at the top of Lansdown Hill, Beckford used the monument as both a library and a retreat. He also made it his habit to ride up to the tower to view the progress of gardens and works, then walk back down to Lansdown Crescent for breakfast. From the top of the tower, with a strong spyglass, Beckford could make out shipping in the Bristol Channel. Beckford wished that he had built the tower forty feet higher and admitted: "such as it is, it is a famous landmark for drunken farmers on their way home from market".

Beckford's own choice of the best of works of art, vertu, books and prints, as well as the rich furnishings from Fonthill Abbey, were rehoused in his adjoining houses in Lansdown Crescent, Bath and at the tower. One long narrow room in the tower was fitted out as an "oratory", where the paintings were all of devotional subjects and a marble Virgin and Child stood bathed in light from a hidden skylight. In 1841 some of the contents of the tower were sold during a two-day sale and the rooms refurnished.

Later owners

After Beckford's death on 2 May 1844 his younger daughter Susan Euphemia Beckford, wife of Alexander Hamilton, 10th Duke of Hamilton, removed the books and greatest treasures to Hamilton Palace and the tower was put up for sale. It failed to reach its reserve, however. In 1847 the tower was sold for £1,000 to a local publican who turned it into a beer garden. Eventually it was re-purchased by Beckford's daughter, who gave the surrounding land to Walcot parish for consecration as a cemetery in 1848. This enabled the return of Beckford's body from his tomb in Bath Abbey Cemetery, Lyncombe Vale (off Ralph Allen Drive) for reburial near the tower as he had originally wished. His self-designed tomb – a massive sarcophagus of polished pink granite with bronze armorial plaques – stands on a hillock in the cemetery surrounded by an oval ditch and ha-ha. On one side is a quotation from his Gothic novel Vathek: "Enjoying humbly the most precious gift of heaven to man – Hope"; and on another these lines from his poem, A Prayer: "Eternal Power! Grant me, through obvious clouds one transient gleam Of thy bright essence in my dying hour." The Scarlet Drawing Room was converted into a chapel in 1848 to serve the cemetery. In 1864 the Rector of Walcot gave £100 for the repair of tower stonework and in 1884 a similar amount of money for further repairs to the upper part of the tower, but the condition of the stonework was deteriorating by 1898 and described in 1918 as "piteous and dilapidated".

In 1931 an unexplained fire destroyed much of the interior of the house, which had been turned into a cemetery chapel. The local fire brigade managed to stop the fire reaching the wooden stairs to the top of the tower. Prebendary F. E. Murphy, the rector of Walcot, established an appeal for funds of £300 for the restoration. By 1954 the stairs up the tower had become unsafe and a further appeal for public funds for the restoration was started. In 1970 the Church Commissioners declared the chapel redundant and plans drawn up by the new owners, Dr & Mrs Hilliard, to renovate the tower and create two flats. In 1972 the tower was designated as a Grade I listed building. The Beckford Tower Trust and the museum were established in 1977.

Bath Preservation Trust
Since 1993 the tower has been owned by the Bath Preservation Trust and managed by its subsidiary, The Beckford Tower Trust, a registered charity. The tower was restored in 1995 and was opened to the public in 2001. The ground floor of the tower is available to rent through the Landmark Trust as a holiday home.

In 2019, Historic England placed the tower on their Heritage at Risk Register as it was suffering from water penetration. In the same year, Bath Preservation Trust announced it was raising funds for a £3million project to restore the tower and surroundings, including the grotto tunnel, and increase public engagement. An initial £390,900 was received from the National Lottery Heritage Fund in December 2019, and the trust was able to buy the site, of about 2.5 acres, in 2021. In September 2022, a £3 million grant from the National Lottery Heritage Fund was confirmed, reaching the then fundraising target of £3.9 million.

Architecture

Standing  high, the tower has three stages. The first stage is square with small windows and terminates in a Doric entablature and cornice. The second stage has plain square piers forming three openings with recessed arches. The tower is topped by a gilded lantern (or belvedere), based on the peripteral temple at Tivoli and the Tower of the Winds at Athens. The octagonal belvedere has a cast iron roof supported by eight columns. A stone spiral cantilevered staircase leads to the 53 wooden stairs giving access to the cupola at the summit. At the base of the tower was a furnace and pump which sent warm air up through the structure.

Below the tower is an Italianate building. On the ground floor was the Scarlet Drawing Room and a vestibule with an annexe which housed a kitchen and offices. The first floor held the Crimson Drawing Room, sanctuary and library.

Cemetery and grounds

From Beckford's house in Lansdown Crescent to the tower, a series of interlinked gardens were laid out which became known as Beckford's Ride. Nearest the crescent was a terraced Italianate garden and then a plantation of conifers. Above the plantation was a quarry garden and dyke garden; a grotto tunnel under a track led into the tower garden. Specialist planting included Pinus arborea, Royal Fern (Osmunda regalis) and Cistus alpina, in order to encourage bird species including nightingales, linnets and thrushes. The old quarry was made into a walled garden with fruit and vegetables.

Henry Goodridge designed a Byzantine entrance gateway to the grounds. Bronze railings were later added which had surrounded Beckford's original tomb in Bath Abbey Cemetery. The railings were removed during World War II and replaced in 2000. The gardens were surrounded by stone walls around  high.

Part of the grounds were donated to the local parish after Beckford's death and consecrated as a cemetery in 1848. It became known as Lansdown Cemetery and burial plots were laid out in a grid pattern. It was extended in 1947 and again in 1961. In addition to Beckford's tomb, the cemetery is also the burial site for several notable people from Bath, including Henry Goodridge, Field Marshall William Rowan, the Holburne family who founded the Holburne Museum, Anne (the wife of Sir Richard Bickerton, 2nd Baronet) and the feminist writer Sarah Grand.

The cemetery closed in 1992 and since then has been maintained by the local council and the Lansdown Cemetery Trust.

Museum

The tower is home to a museum displaying furniture originally made for the tower, alongside paintings, prints and objects illustrating William Beckford's life as a writer, collector and patron of the arts. Visitors can climb the spiral staircase to the restored belvedere below the lantern and experience panoramic views of the surrounding countryside.

See also
Sham Castle, another folly overlooking Bath
Browne's Folly, another folly overlooking Bath

References

Bibliography

External links

 Beckford's Tower and Museum
 Beckford's Tower on Flickr

Grade I listed buildings in Bath, Somerset
Grade I listed towers
Landmark Trust properties in England
Museums in Bath, Somerset
Art museums and galleries in Somerset
Decorative arts museums in England
Towers completed in 1827
Towers in Somerset
Folly towers in England
Monuments and memorials in Somerset
Observation towers in the United Kingdom
Grade II listed parks and gardens in Somerset
Redundant churches
Cemeteries in Bath, Somerset
1827 establishments in England
Beckford family

Beckford's Tower


Hang 'Em High is a 1968 American DeLuxe Color revisionist Western film directed by Ted Post and written by Leonard Freeman and Mel Goldberg. It stars Clint Eastwood as Jed Cooper, an innocent man who survives a lynching; Inger Stevens as a widow who helps him; Ed Begley as the leader of the gang that lynched Cooper; and Pat Hingle as the federal judge who hires him as a Deputy U.S. Marshal.

Hang 'Em High was the first production of The Malpaso Company, Eastwood's production company.

Hingle portrays a fictional judge who mirrors Judge Isaac Parker, labeled the "Hanging Judge" due to the large number of men he sentenced to be executed during his service in the late 1800s as District Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas.

The film also depicts the dangers of serving as a Deputy U.S. Marshal during that period, as many federal marshals were killed while serving under Parker. The fictional Fort Grant, base for operations for that district judge seat, is also a mirror of the factual Fort Smith, Arkansas, where Judge Parker's court was located.

Plot
In Oklahoma Territory in 1889, retired lawman Jed Cooper is surrounded by a posse of nine men: Captain Wilson, Reno, Miller, Jenkins, Stone, Maddow, Tommy, Loomis, and Charlie Blackfoot. They demand the receipt for the cattle Cooper is driving. The cattle seller is a robber who killed the rancher. Cooper explains that he knew nothing about the murder, but only Jenkins expresses doubts about his guilt. After Reno takes Cooper's horse and saddle and Miller takes his wallet, the men hang him from a tree and ride away.

Shortly afterward, Marshal Dave Bliss rescues a half-dead Cooper and takes him to Fort Grant, where the territorial judge, Adam Fenton, determines that Cooper is innocent, sets him free, and warns him not to take his own revenge. As an alternative, Fenton offers Cooper a job as a marshal. Cooper accepts, and Fenton warns him not to kill the lynchers, but to bring them in for trial.

While picking up a prisoner, Cooper sees his horse and saddle in front of a local saloon. He finds Reno inside and tries to arrest him, but Reno draws on him, forcing Cooper to gun him down. Jenkins, learning of Reno's death at the hands of a marshal with a hanging scar, turns himself in and provides the names of the rest of the posse. Cooper finds Stone in the town of Red Creek, arrests him, and has the local sheriff, Ray Calhoun, put him in jail. Most of the men Cooper seeks are respected citizens of Red Creek, but Calhoun honors Cooper's warrants for their arrest.

While en route to arrest the other men, Cooper and Calhoun come across the murder of two men and the rustling of their herd. Cooper forms a posse of his own to pursue the stolen herd, and discovers that the rustlers are Miller and two teenage brothers, Ben and Billy Joe. He prevents the rustlers from being lynched themselves, then takes them to Fort Grant single-handedly when the posse deserts him. He frees Ben and Billy Joe from their bonds after they insist that only Miller committed the murders. Miller attacks Cooper after freeing his hands, but Cooper subdues him and brings all three men in to Fort Grant.

Fenton sentences the three rustlers to be hanged, despite Cooper's defense of the teenagers. Fenton insists that the public will resort to lynching if they see rustlers going unpunished, threatening Oklahoma's bid for statehood. Some time later, Calhoun arrives at Fort Grant and offers to pay Cooper for his lost cattle with money from Captain Wilson and the other lynchers. Cooper makes it clear that while they are alive he still intends to arrest them. With the bribe rejected, Blackfoot and Maddow flee, while Tommy and Loomis remain loyal to Wilson and agree to help him kill Cooper.

During a public hanging for Miller, the brothers, and three other men, the lynchers ambush Cooper in a brothel, seriously wounding him. Cooper survives and is slowly nursed back to health by a widow, Rachel Warren. Rachel reveals she is hunting for the outlaws who killed her husband and raped her. She and Cooper begin an affair; he says that she might never find her rapists. Cooper tries to resign, but Judge Fenton gives him the location of Wilson's ranch, where Wilson, Tommy, and Loomis are hiding.

The three men try to ambush Cooper as he approaches the ranch house. Cooper survives, stabs Loomis to death, and shoots Tommy. He tries but fails to capture Wilson before he hangs himself.

After returning to Fort Grant, Cooper hands in his marshal's star and demands that Fenton sign a pardon for Jenkins, who is both contrite and seriously ill. The two men debate the merits of territorial justice. Fenton insists that he is doing as well as he can, cursing the fact that his is the only court in the territory with little recourse for plaintiffs; and tells Cooper that if he disagrees with him, the best thing he can do is to help Oklahoma become a state (and thus get proper courts) by continuing to serve as a U.S. marshal. Cooper takes back his star in exchange for Jenkins' release. Fenton then gives Cooper fresh warrants for Blackfoot and Maddow, telling him, "The law still wants 'em." Cooper nods and rides off.

Cast
 Clint Eastwood as Marshal Jedediah Cooper
 Inger Stevens as Rachel Warren
 Ed Begley as Captain Wilson
 Pat Hingle as Judge Adam Fenton
 Ben Johnson as Marshal Dave Bliss
 Charles McGraw as Sheriff Ray Calhoun
 Ruth White as Madame "Peaches" Sophie
 Bruce Dern as Miller
 Alan Hale Jr. as Matt Stone
 Arlene Golonka as Jennifer
 James Westerfield as Prisoner
 Dennis Hopper The Prophet
 L. Q. Jones as Loomis
 Michael O'Sullivan as Francis Elroy Duffy
 Joseph Sirola as Reno
 James MacArthur as The Preacher
 Bob Steele as Jenkins
 Bert Freed as Schmidt, The Hangman
 Russell Thorson as Maddow
 Ned Romero as Charlie Blackfoot
 Jonathan Goldsmith as Tommy (credited as Jonathan Lippe)
 Bruce Scott Zahariades as Billy Joe (credited as Bruce Scott)
 Michael Lembeck as Marvin the store clerk (uncredited)

Production
Eastwood spent much of late 1966 and 1967 dubbing for the English-language version of the Dollars Trilogy and being interviewed, something which left him feeling angry and frustrated. Stardom brought more roles in the "tough guy" mould, and Irving Leonard, his business manager, gave him a script to a new film, the American revisionist Western Hang 'Em High, a cross between Rawhide and Leone's westerns, written by Mel Goldberg and produced by Leonard Freeman. However, the William Morris Agency had wanted him to star in a bigger picture, Mackenna's Gold, with a cast of notable actors such as Gregory Peck, Omar Sharif, and Telly Savalas. Eastwood, however, did not approve and preferred the script for Hang 'Em High, but had one complaint which he voiced to the producers: the scene before the six-man hanging, where the hero is attacked by the enemies. Eastwood believed that the scene would not be believable if set in a saloon. They eventually agreed to introduce a scene with Cooper taking a prostitute upstairs during the hanging, and having the attack take place afterwards as Eastwood enters the bordello's bar. Eastwood signed for the film with a salary of $400,000 and 25% of the net earnings of the film, playing the character of Jed Cooper, a man accused by vigilantes of a rancher's murder, lynched and left for dead, who later seeks revenge.

With the wealth generated by the Dollars trilogy, Irving Leonard helped set up Eastwood's long-desired new production company, The Malpaso Company, named after Malpaso Creek, which flows through property Eastwood owned at the time in Monterey County, California. Leonard became the company's president and arranged for Hang 'Em High to be a joint production with United Artists. Directors Robert Aldrich and John Sturges were considered as director, but on the request of Eastwood, old friend Ted Post was brought in to direct. He was signed against the wishes of Freeman, whom Eastwood overruled. Post was important in casting for the film and arranged for Inger Stevens of The Farmer's Daughter fame to play the role of Rachel Warren. She had not heard of Eastwood or Sergio Leone at the time, but instantly took a liking to Eastwood and accepted. Clint Eastwood and Inger Stevens began a short relationship during filming.

Score
Composer Dominic Frontiere was given eight days to compose an Ennio Morricone type score. His theme appeared in a large number of cover versions ranging from Hugo Montenegro to Booker T and the M.G.s.  It was also covered by Wall of Voodoo in a medley with other "spaghetti western" music.

Filming
Although the film is purportedly set in Oklahoma Territory, Freeman arrived in Las Cruces, New Mexico, on May 25, 1967, to scout locations. That same day, Freeman located the tree to be used for the hanging in the opening scene, about 12 miles north of Las Cruces. Filming began June 27, 1967, in the Las Cruces area, with additional scenes shot at White Sands. The interiors were shot at MGM studios.  The opening lynching scene was filmed June 29, 1967, next to the Rio Grande. The tree used for the hanging is no longer standing and the riverbed is now overgrown with thick brush. Eastwood had considerable leeway in the production, especially in the script, which was altered in parts such as the dialogue and setting of the barroom scene to his liking.

Reception
The film became a major success after release in August 1968, and with an opening-day revenue of $5,241 in Baltimore alone, it became the biggest United Artists opening in history, exceeding all of the James Bond films at that time. It debuted at number five on Varietys weekly survey of top films and had recouped production expenses within two weeks of screening. It eventually grossed $6.8 million in the United States and  abroad, for a total of  grossed worldwide.

It was praised by critics, including Arthur Winsten of the New York Post, who described Hang 'Em High as "a Western of quality, courage, danger and excitement." Variety gave the film a negative review, calling it "a poor American-made imitation of a poor Italian-made imitation of an American-made western." George Tashman wrote in Berkeley Gazette that it was, "all intents and purposes," an "apple pie" western, "a Spaghetti Western made in Hollywood."

As of February 2022, Hang 'Em High has a 92% freshness rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

Legacy
The song "Hang 'Em High" by American rock band My Chemical Romance is named after the film.

See also
 List of American films of 1968

Bibliography

References

External links

 Hang 'Em High at Vista Records

1968 films
1968 Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) films
1960s English-language films
Films about capital punishment
Films directed by Ted Post
Films scored by Dominic Frontiere
Films set in 1889
Films set in Oklahoma
Films shot in New Mexico
Malpaso Productions films
United Artists films
Films about the United States Marshals Service
Revisionist Western (genre) films
1960s American films

Hang 'Em High


Thomasville Air Force Station (ADC ID: TM-197, NORAD ID: Z-197) is a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station.  It is located  north-northwest of Thomasville, Alabama.  It was closed in 1969.

History
Thomasville Air Force Station came into existence as part of Phase III of the Air Defense Command Mobile Radar program. On October 20, 1953, ADC requested a third phase of twenty-five radar sites be constructed.

The 698th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron moved to Thomasville on 1 September 1958 when a test model of the AN/FPS-35 radar was installed for evaluation.  It was the first of the large radars to be deployed, and initially the station functioned as a Ground-Control Intercept (GCI) and warning station.  As a GCI station, the squadron's role was to guide interceptor aircraft toward unidentified intruders picked up on the unit's radar scopes.   Two AN/FPS-90 height-finder radars were added in the early 1960s.

The Ground Air Transmitting Receiving (GATR) Site for communications was located at , approximately 0.8 miles east-northeast from the main site.  Normally the GATR site was connected by a pair of buried telephone cables, with a backup connection of dual telephone cables overhead.  The Coordinate Data Transmitting Set (CDTS) (AN/FST-2) at the main site converted each radar return into a digital word which was transmitted by the GATR via microwave to the Control Center.

In 1959, Thomasville joined the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) system, feeding data to DC-09 at Gunter AFB, Alabama.  After joining, the squadron was redesignated as the 698th Radar Squadron (SAGE) on 1 October. The radar squadron provided information 24/7 the SAGE Direction Center where it was analyzed to determine range, direction altitude speed and whether or not aircraft were friendly or hostile.  On 31 July 1963, the site was redesignated as NORAD ID Z-97.

During the Cuban Missile Crisis, the 9th Aerospace Defense Division implemented an improvised missile warning system directed toward the Cuban missile threat called Falling Leaves.  In October 1962, the SPADATS AN/FPS-49 radar at Moorestown Air Force Station, New Jersey was reoriented south and directed toward Cuba.  A communication network was established with Moorestown, the AN/FPS-78 radar at Laredo Air Force Base, Texas and Thomasville.  All three stations were in turn tied into the command centers at NORAD and at Strategic Air Command.  This missile detection network remained in operation until 28 November and the Moorestown and Laredo sites were returned to their normal SPADATS mission when Soviet missiles were withdrawn from Cuba.  The Thomasville station, retained coverage until late December as a precaution.

The 698th Radar Squadron was inactivated on 30 September 1969 and Thomasville AFS was closed due to a draw-down of ADC and budget constraints.  After its closure, the site was the location of the  Thomasville Mental Health & Rehabilitation Center, and Alabama Department of Youth Services. However, the former closed completely by November 2003.

Today the former radar site is used by the Alabama Southern Community College.  Many of the former Air Force buildings remain, as well as the large AN/FPS-35 search-radar tower, which dominates the site.

Air Force units and assignments

Units
 698th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, assigned 1 September 1958
 Activated 1 December 1957 at Dobbins AFB, GA (not equipped or manned)
 Redesignated 698th Radar Squadron (SAGE) on 1 October 1959
 Inactivated 31 December 1969

Assignments
 35th Air Division, 1 December 1957
 32d Air Division, 15 November 1958
 Montgomery Air Defense Sector, 1 November 1959
 32d Air Division, 1 April 1966 – 31 December 1969

See also
 List of USAF Aerospace Defense Command General Surveillance Radar Stations

References

Notes

Bibliography

 NORAD/CONAD Participation in the Cuban Missile Crisis, Historical Reference Paper No. 8, Directorate of Command History Continental Air Defense Command, Ent AFB, CO, 1 Feb 63 (Top Secret NOFORN declassified 9 March 1996)

Further reading

 Winkler, David F. & Webster, Julie L., Searching the Skies, The Legacy of the United States Cold War Defense Radar Program,  US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, Champaign, IL (1997).
 Information for Thomasville AFS, AL

Installations of the United States Air Force in Alabama
Semi-Automatic Ground Environment sites
Aerospace Defense Command military installations
Buildings and structures in Clarke County, Alabama
Military installations established in 1959
Military installations closed in 1969
1959 establishments in Alabama
1969 disestablishments in Alabama

Thomasville Air Force Station


(John George) Paul Fischer (1786–1875) was a German painter.

Fischer was born at Hanover on 16 September 1786. He was the youngest of three sons of a line-engraver, who died very soon after the birth of the youngest child, leaving his family in poverty. At the age of fourteen, Fischer was placed as a pupil with Johann Heinrich Ramberg, the fashionable court painter, by whom he was employed in painting portraits, theatrical scenery, and generally assisting his master. He became capable of earning enough money to support his mother. In 1810 he betook himself to England, and his Hanoverian connection rendered it easy for him to obtain the patronage of royalty.

He painted miniature portraits of Queen Charlotte and the junior members of the royal family, and was employed by the Prince Regent to paint a series of military costumes. In 1817 he began to exhibit at the Royal Academy, and continued to do so up to 1852, occasionally contributing also to the Suffolk Street Exhibitions. His works were chiefly portraits in miniature, but he occasionally exhibited landscapes in watercolours. He continued to paint up to his eighty-first year, and died 12 September 1875. Fischer was an industrious but inferior artist. Some sketches by him in the print room at the British Museum show spirit and intelligence, especially two pencil portraits of William Hunt and his wife. He published a few etchings and lithographs.

See also
 List of German painters

References

External links
The British Museum: Drawings by Fischer.

1786 births
1875 deaths
Artists from Hanover
19th-century German painters
19th-century German male artists
German male painters

Paul Fischer (painter)


Naaldwijk () is a town in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Westland, and lies about 10 km southwest of The Hague.

Naaldwijk lies in the heart of Westland. The largest economic sector is greenhouse horticulture. The largest flower auction site in the world, operated by , can be found in the nearby village of Honselersdijk.

Naaldwijk was previously a municipality in its own right, covering an area of 25.33 km² (of which 0.23 km² water). It included the towns Honselersdijk and Maasdijk.

On 1 January 2004 the municipality of Naaldwijk was merged with the neighbouring municipalities De Lier, 's-Gravenzande, Monster, and Wateringen to create the
municipality of Westland. Naaldwijk is now the administrative capital of Westland.

The village of "Naaldwijk" has a population of around 15,440.
The statistical area "Naaldwijk", which also can include the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 17,370.

Areas and neighbourhoods
 Galgenblok
 Opstal
 Woerdblok (Waterwijk, Zandstrand, Zandheuvel, Waterrijk)
 Pijletuinen
 Kruisbroek
 Geestcomplex
 Hoogeland
 Floriëndaal

Image gallery

References

External links

Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 2004
Populated places in South Holland
Former municipalities of South Holland
Westland (municipality), Netherlands

Naaldwijk


Destroy All Humans! Path of the Furon is the 4th Destroy All Humans! in the series first released December 1, 2008 in North America for the Xbox 360. The game is made by THQ's Sandblast Games studio for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3.

Gameplay
Destroy All Humans! Path of the Furon has around 30 story missions, 20 side quests, and multiplayer modes. As with previous games in the series, most story missions can be played in any order. Creative director Jon Knoles said that the side quests would have something to do with the story.

The player plays as Crypto, an alien. He can shoot humans, use the jet pack, and use Psychokinesis at the same time. There are now flying enemies, like helicopters and Nexo UFO's that can attack Crypto while he is in his UFO. Buildings can be destroyed and scarred in different ways when attacked with different weapons. The game has a new alert scheme with police, SWAT, military awareness, and Nexo alert. Electricity goes through power lines when damage is caused to them. The player can exit and enter some buildings during some missions.

Reception

The game was given 34/100 by the site Metacritic.

Sources

2008 video games
Destroy All Humans!
Xbox 360 games
PlayStation 3 games
THQ games

Destroy All Humans! Path of the Furon


Theodore Palaiologos (Italian: Teodoro Paleologo, ; 1452–1532) was a 15th- and 16th-century Greek stratiote (light-armed mercenary cavalryman) and diplomat in the service of the Republic of Venice and one of the key early formative figures of the Greek community in Venice. He was not related to the Palaiologos dynasty of the Byzantine Empire, but his family may have been their distant cousins.

Originally a soubashi (debt-collector/police enforcer) in Ottoman service in the Peloponnese, Theodore left Greece in 1478. He would serve as a stratiote for more than forty years, partaking in numerous battles and campaigns and would also serve as a military governor on the Venetian-held Greek island of Zakynthos for thirty years, from 1483 to 1513. As one of the most respected Greeks in Venice, the esteem held for Theodore by the Venetian government is probably what led to the Venetians allowing the local Greeks to construct their own Greek Orthodox church, San Giorgio dei Greci, in the city. After giving up soldiering in 1525, Theodore served as a diplomat and translator, and since he could speak Italian, Greek and Turkish, he accompanied Venetian ambassadors to the Ottoman Empire several times.

Biography

Background and early life
Theodore Palaiologos was born in 1452, the son of Paulos Palaiologos. Paulos was probably from the Morea (the medieval name for the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece) and Theodore was likely born at Mystras, the peninsula's capital. They shared their last name with the Palaiologos dynasty, the final ruling dynasty of the Byzantine Empire, but are unlikely to have been related to the imperial family. The Palaiologos family had been extensive even before they became the empire's ruling dynasty, so it is plausible that Theodore and his family were distant cousins of the emperors. Theodore had three siblings; Georgios (Giorgio or Zorzi in Italian), Matthew (who would become the abbot of a monastery on Zakynthos) and a sister whose name remains unknown.

In his youth, Theodore originally worked as a soubashi (debt-collector/police enforcer) in the Peloponnese on behalf of the Ottoman Empire, which conquered the Morea in 1460, before he, his father, and his brother Georgios, took up service with the Republic of Venice as stratioti (light-armed mercenary cavalrymen) in 1478. In due time, Paulos, Theodore and Georgios would all rise through the ranks to become capo dei stratioti ("head of the stratioti").

Career as a stratiote

One of the earliest preserved references to Theodore is a 1479 decision by the Venetian Senate concerning him, which states that he had recently proven himself in battle on a campaign in Friuli.

In 1483, Theodore and his brother Georgios were appointed as military governors on the Venetian-held Greek island of Zakynthos, being granted grand properties and salaries.

On 15 November 1486, Theodore married Maria Kantakouzene in Corfu. She was the daughter of a Demetrios Kantakouzenos and a woman by the name of Simone Gudellina. Since Maria and her father appears to have been genuine members of the noble Byzantine Kantakouzenos family, Theodore's branch of the Palaiologoi must have had a certain noble status. Theodore and Maria had two sons; Paolo and Demetrio, and six daughters; Efrosina, Emilia, Lucia, Helena, Nicolosa and a sixth daughter whose name is unknown.

In 1489, Theodore was granted the small island of Cranae by the Venetian government, but he soon ceded it to another family. In the autumn of 1495, he was present at a siege of Novara, where the Venetians attempted to take the city from France. In March 1496, Theodore was one of the  stratioti who accompanied Venetian naval captain Domenico Malipiero in a campaign in Savona. In 1500 he partook in the Siege of the Castle of Saint George on the island of Cephalonia. In December 1502, Theodore was captured at Canosa di Puglia by French troops, though he was soon freed. In February 1503, he was fighting alongside  other stratioti in Calabria. In August 1511 he was stationed as a guard at Treviso, and from 1511 to 1512 he is recorded as travelling around Italy, serving as a guard and scout. Theodore was taken captive at the Battle of La Motta (7 October 1513), but was released at the end of the month.

In 1513, there was an earthquake on Zakynthos. Theodore's wife Maria died, their youngest daughter was maimed and their son Demetri was injured. Theodore decided to move both his own family, and the family of his brother Georgios, who had been killed in battle near Bressano in 1497, to Venice. Theodore had to look after and support his own eight underage children, Georgios's widow, Theodore, and Georgios's and Theodora's six children; Costantino, Niccolò, Zuanne, Alessandro, Elisabeta and a daughter of unknown name. After Theodore's oldest son Paolo was killed in 1525, Theodore also had to look after Paolo's wife, Emilia, and their six daughters. The large number of people he quickly became responsible for might be why Theodore gave up soldiering.

Later life
After 1525, Theodore became a diplomat in Venetian service. In addition to Greek and Italian, he also spoke Ottoman Turkish, and he frequently accompanied Venetian ambassadors and other officials on their visits to the eastern Mediterranean. Because they could speak Turkish, Theodore and his nephew Costantino (son of his brother Georgios) served as dragomani (translators/interpreters) for Ottoman dignitaries visiting Venice. Theodore had prior knowledge of diplomacy, having accompanied the Venetian ambassador Alvise Maneti to the Ottoman court in Adrianople in March 1500. In 1517, he was recorded as on a diplomatic mission to Constantinople, the Ottoman (and former Byzantine) capital. On account of his years of military service and his work as a diplomat and translator, the Venetian government awarded Theodore with their highest honor; bestowing upon him a Knighthood of Saint Mark.

In addition to serving as a diplomat, Theodore also devoted himself to the Greek community in Venice, of which Theodore was one of the early key formative figures. The local Greeks had been petitioning the Venetian government for a Greek Orthodox church in the city since 1511, a cause which Theodore championed for years, regularly visiting officials and urging them to hand down a resolution. He was admired and respected by the other Greeks in the city. The esteem the Venetian government had for him is likely what eventually resulted in the construction of an Orthodox church in the city.

Theodore was often called upon to settle disputes between towns and their hired stratioti, or between different quarreling bands of stratioti. In 1524, the town of Cattaro appealed to the Venetian government that their stratiote and military governor, Zuanne Paleologo (another son of Theodore's brother Georgios) spent most of his time in Cephalonia, away from the town he was supposed to protect. The people of Cattaro explicitly asked for "Teodoro Paleologo, a loved and much desired man" to travel to Cattaro and restore order. The Venetian senate agreed and on 2 September 1424, Theodore and his son Demetri were sent to Cattaro to replace Zuanne.

Theodore died in 1532. His funeral took place on 3 September that same year and was a grand ceremony. His coffin was carried by a guard of honor of mariners to the temporary structures on the site were the city's Greek Orthodox church, San Giorgio dei Greci, was being built. Despite the building being a Greek Orthodox structure, representatives from local Roman Catholic churches, and other religious representatives, were present, as were dignitaries from the Venetian government. The funeral was held according to Greek rite, the customs of which were adhered to even by the Catholics present.

References

Cited bibliography

Cited web sources

1452 births
1532 deaths
Greek expatriates in Italy
Stratioti
Republic of Venice military personnel
15th-century Greek people
16th-century Greek people
Republic of Venice diplomats
Dragomans
People from the Peloponnese
Venetian Greeks

Theodore Palaiologos (stratiote)


The 9K38 Igla (, "needle", NATO reporting name SA-18 Grouse) is a Russian/Soviet man-portable infrared homing surface-to-air missile (SAM) system. A simplified, earlier version is known as the 9K310 Igla-1 (NATO: SA-16 Gimlet), and the latest variant is the 9K338 Igla-S (SA-24 Grinch).

The Igla-1 entered service in 1981, the Igla in 1983, and the Igla-S in 2004. The Igla has been supplemented by the 9K333 Verba since 2014.

History

The development of the Igla short-range man-portable air defense system (MANPADS) began in the Kolomna OKB in 1972. Contrary to what is commonly reported, the Igla is not an improved version of the earlier Strela family (Strela-2 and Strela-3), but an all-new project. The main goals were to create a missile with better resistance to countermeasures and wider engagement envelope than the earlier Strela series MANPADS systems.

Technical difficulties in the development quickly made it obvious that the development would take far longer than anticipated, however, and in 1978 the program split in two: while the development of the full-capability Igla would continue, a simplified version (Igla-1) with a simpler IR seeker based on that of the earlier Strela-3 would be developed to enter service earlier than the full-capability version could be finished.

Igla-1

The 9K310 Igla-1 system and its 9M313 missile were accepted into service in the Soviet Army on 11 March 1981. The main differences from the Strela-3 included an optional Identification Friend or Foe system to prevent firing on friendly aircraft, an automatic lead and super elevation to simplify shooting and reduce minimum firing range, a slightly larger rocket, reduced drag and better guidance system extend maximum range and improve performance against fast and maneuverable targets, an improved lethality on target achieved by a combination of delayed impact fuzing, terminal maneuver to hit the fuselage rather than jet nozzle, an additional charge to set off the remaining rocket fuel (if any) on impact, an improved resistance to infrared countermeasures (both decoy flares and ALQ-144 series jamming emitters), and slightly improved seeker sensitivity.

The seeker has two detectors – a cooled MWIR InSb detector for detection of the target and uncooled PbS SWIR detector for detection of IR decoys (flares). The built-in logic determines whether the detected object is a target or a decoy. The latest version (Igla-S) is reported to have additional detectors around the main seeker to provide further resistance against pulsed IRCM devices commonly used on helicopters.

The 9M313 missile features a drag-reducing aerospike mounted on a tripod (Igla's 9M39 missile has an aerospike attached directly to the seeker dome, resembling a needle, which is perhaps not coincidentally the translation of its codename, ), which reduces a shock wave, thus providing less dome heating and greater range. The name Igla is derived from these devices.

Like many other MANPADS, Igla-1 and Igla feature so-called rolling airframe missiles. These missiles roll in flight (900–1,200 rpm) so steering the missile requires just a single pair of control surfaces, unlike roll-stabilized missiles, which require separate control surfaces for pitch and yaw. Both 9M313 and 9M39 missiles contain a gas generator, which drives a small gas turbine to provide electrical power, and the pistons, which move the canards used to steer the missile in a bang-bang mode. In addition to that, two exhaust tubes of the gas generator are placed perpendicular to the steering canards to provide maneuverability immediately after launch when the missile airspeed is too low for canards to be effective. Later versions of Igla are reported to use proportional control to drive the canards, which enables greater precision and less oscillation of the flight path.

According to the manufacturer, South African tests have shown the Igla's superiority over the contemporary (1982 service entry) but smaller and lighter American FIM-92A Stinger missile. According to Kolomna OKB, the Igla-1 has a Pk (probability of kill) of 0.30 to 0.48 against unprotected targets which is reduced to 0.24 in the presence of decoy flares and jamming. In another report, the manufacturer claimed a Pk of 0.59 against an approaching and 0.44 against receding F-4 Phantom II fighter not employing infrared countermeasures or evasive maneuvers.

Igla

The full-capability 9K38 Igla with its 9M39 missile was finally accepted into service in the Soviet Army in 1983. The main improvements over the Igla-1 included much improved resistance against flares and jamming, a more sensitive seeker, expanding forward-hemisphere engagement capability to include straight-approaching fighters (all-aspect capability) under favourable circumstances, a slightly longer range, a higher-impulse, shorter-burning rocket with higher peak velocity (but approximately same time of flight to maximum range).

The naval variant of 9K38 Igla has the NATO reporting name SA-N-10 Grouse.

The Igla–1M missile consists of a Ground Power Supply Source (GPSS), Launching Tube, Launching Mechanism & Missile (9M313–1).

There is also a two-barrel 9K38 missile launcher called Dzhigit.

9K338 Igla-S (SA-24 Grinch)

The newest variant, which is a substantially improved variant with longer range, more sensitive seeker, improved resistance to latest countermeasures, and a heavier warhead. Manufacturer reports hit probability of 0.8–0.9. State tests were completed in December 2001 and the system entered service in 2002. Series produced by the Degtyarev plant since 1 December 2004.

Replacement
Since 2014 the Igla is being replaced in Russian service by the new 9K333 Verba (Willow) MANPADS. The Verba's primary feature is its multispectral optical seeker, using three sensors as opposed to the Igla-S' two. Cross-checking sensors against one another better discriminates between relevant targets and decoys, and decreases the chance of disruption from countermeasures, including lasers that attempt to blind missiles.

Operational history

India

Operation Trishul Shakti (1992)

From 28 July 1992 to 2 August 1992 the Indian Army mounted Operation Trishul Shakti to protect the Bahadur post in Chulung when it was attacked by a large Pakistani assault team. On 1 August 1992, Pakistani helicopters were attacked by an Indian Igla missile and Brig. Masood Navid Anwari (PA 10117) then Force Commander Northern Areas and other accompanying troops were killed. This led to a loss of momentum on the Pakistani side and the assault stalled.

Iraq

Desert Storm (1991)

The first combat use of the Igla-1E was during the Gulf War Operation GRANBY. On 17 January 1991, a Panavia Tornado bomber of the Royal Air Force was shot down by an Iraqi MANPADS that may have been an Igla-1E (or Strela-3) after an unsuccessful bombing mission.  The crew, Flt Lts J G Peters and A J Nichol, were both captured and held as prisoners of war (POWs) until the cessation of hostilities.

In addition, an Igla-1E shot down an American F-16 on 27 February 1991. The pilot was captured.

It is uncertain if an AC-130H lost was hit by a 'Strela' missile or a more recent Igla since Iraq had SA-7, SA-14 and SA-16 missiles at the time, according to the SIPRI database.

From 2003

Among the Coalition force losses to MANPADS during the Iraq War some were reported as losses to Igla-1E (SA-16) missiles.

Rwanda
Igla-1E missiles were used in the 1994 shoot down of a Rwandan government flight, killing the presidents of Rwanda and Burundi and sparking the Rwandan genocide.

Cenepa War
During the Cenepa War between Ecuador and Peru, both the Ecuadorian Army and the Peruvian Army (which had 90 functioning firing units) utilized Igla-1E missiles against aircraft and helicopters.

A Peruvian Air Force Mi-25 attack helicopter was shot down on 7 February 1995 around Base del Sur, killing the three crewmen, while an Ecuadorian Air Force A-37 Dragonfly was hit but managed to land on 11 February. Hits on additional Ecuadorian aircraft were claimed but could not be confirmed.

Bosnia
On 16 April 1994 during the Siege of Goražde, while attempting to bomb a Serbian tank an RAF Sea Harrier was shot down by an Igla fired by the Army of Republika Srpska. The pilot ejected and was rescued by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

During Operation Deliberate Force, on 30 August 1995; a French Mirage 2000D was shot down over Pale by an Igla fired by air defence units of the Army of Republika Srpska. The pilots, Lt. Jose-Manuel Souvignet (pilot) and Capt. Frederic Chiffot (back-seater), were captured and freed in December 1995.

Yugoslavia
During Operation Allied Force, two A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft were hit by Igla-1E missiles. On 2 May 1999, one A-10 was hit over Kosovo and was forced to make an emergency landing at Skopje Airport in north Macedonia due to damage. The following day, an A-10 was hit beneath the cockpit, however serious damage was avoided due to the warhead failing to detonate.

Chechnya

The 2002 Khankala Mi-26 crash occurred on 19 August 2002 when a team of Chechen separatists brought down a Russian Mil Mi-26 helicopter in a minefield with an Igla; this resulted in the death of 127 Russian soldiers in the greatest loss of life in the history of helicopter aviation. It was also the most deadly aviation disaster ever suffered by the Russian armed forces, as well as their worst loss of life in a single day since 1999.

Egypt
On 26 January 2014, the militant group Ansar Bait al-Maqdis shot down an Egyptian Mi-17 over the northern Sinai peninsula using a suspected Igla-1E or Igla. How the group came to obtain the weapon is currently unknown.

Libya
During the 2011 military intervention in Libya, Libyan loyalist forces engaged coalition aircraft with a certain number of Igla-S. Three Igla-S were fired against British Apache attack helicopters of the 656 Squadron Army Air Corps operating from the amphibious assault ship . According to the squadron commander at the time, they were all dodged by insistent use of decoy flares by the gunships who in exchange successfully engaged the shooters.

On 23 March 2015, a Libya Dawn-operated MiG-23UB was shot down with an Igla-S (reportedly a truck-mounted Strelets variant) while bombing Al Watiya airbase (near Zintan), controlled by forces from the internationally recognized House of Representatives. Both pilots were killed.

Plot against Air Force One
On 12 August 2003, as a result of a sting operation arranged as a result of cooperation between the American, British and Russian intelligence agencies, Hemant Lakhani, a British national, was intercepted attempting to bring what he had thought was an older-generation Igla into the United States. He is said to have intended the missile to be used in an attack on Air Force One, the American presidential plane, or on a commercial US airliner, and is understood to have planned to buy 50 more of these weapons.

After the Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti (FSB) detected the dealer in Russia, he was approached by US undercover agents posing as terrorists wanting to shoot down a commercial plane. He was then provided with an inert Igla by undercover Russian agents, and arrested in Newark, New Jersey, when making the delivery to the undercover US agent. An Indian citizen residing in Malaysia, Moinuddeen Ahmed Hameed and an American Yehuda Abraham who allegedly provided money to buy the missile were also arrested. Yehuda Abraham is president and CEO of Ambuy Gem Corp. Lakhani was convicted by jury in April 2005, and was sentenced to 47 years in prison.

Syria

Video has surfaced showing rebels using an Igla-1E on a Syrian government helicopter. Such weapons were believed to have been looted from a Syrian army base in Aleppo in February 2013. In 2014, a member of the rebel group Harakat Hazm was filmed aiming an Igla-1E into the air on the same day that the group was filmed operating BGM-71 TOW missiles. Whether these weapons were raided from regime stockpiles or supplied via overseas is unknown. However, Russia reportly denied Syrian demand for Iglas in 2005 and 2007, fearing these weapons to be used by Hezbollah.

Ukraine

On 14 June 2014, Russian separatist forces near Luhansk International Airport in Eastern Ukraine shot down an IL-76 of the Ukrainian Airforce probably using an Igla MANPADS, killing all 49 Ukrainian service personnel on board.

The Igla saw extensive use by Ukrainian forces during the early stages of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

On March 22, 2022, the Ukrainian 80th Air Assault Brigade claimed to have shot down a Russian cruise missile over the Mykolaiv Oblast with an Igla system.

On April 17, 2022, Ukrainian forces reported shooting down a Ka-52 attack helicopter with an Igla MANPADS.

On April 21, 2022, Ukrainian forces located in the Kharkiv Oblast reportedly shot down a Russian Su-34 aircraft with an Igla system.

On May 22, 2022, Ukrainian paratroopers from Lviv downed a Russian Su-25 attack aircraft with an Igla system.

On June 18, 2022, Ukraine's 72nd Separate Mechanized Brigade downed a Russian Sukhoi Su-25 attack aircraft with an Igla system.

On October 10, 2022, Ukrainian soldiers claimed to have shot down a Russian
cruise missile with a 9K38 Igla.

Nagorno Karabakh

On 12 November 2014, Azerbaijani forces shot down an Armenian Army Mi-24 of a formation of two which were flying near the Azerbaijani border. All three on board died when the helicopter was hit by an Igla-S MANPADS fired by Azerbaijani soldiers while flying at low altitude, and crashed.

Turkey
On 13 May 2016, PKK militants shot down a Turkish Army Bell AH-1W SuperCobra attack helicopter using 9K38 Igla (SA-18 Grouse) version of this missile system. The missile severed the tail section from the rest of the helicopter, causing it to fragment in midair and crash, killing the two pilots on board. The Turkish government first claimed that it fell due to technical failure before it became clear that it was shot down. The PKK later released video footage of the rocket being fired and striking the helicopter.

Variants

 Igla-1 is a simplified early production version. It is known in the West as SA-16 Gimlet. It had a maximum range of 5 000 m and could reach targets at a maximum altitude of 2 500 m.
 Igla-1E is an export version. It has been exported to a number of countries.
 Igla (SA-18 Grouse) is a standard production version. It was adopted in 1983. Currently it is in service with more than 30 countries, including Russia.
 Igla-D, version developed specially for the Soviet airborne troops. Its launch tube can be disassembled and carried in two separate sections in order to reduce dimensions.
 Igla-M is a naval version for the naval boats. Its Western designation is SA-N-10 Grouse.
 Igla-V is an air-to-air version, used on helicopters.
 Igla-N is a version with much larger and more powerful warhead.
 Igla-S, sometimes referred as Igla-Super. It is an improved variant in the Igla, which entered service with Russian Army in 2004. It is known in the West as SA-24 Grinch.

Comparison chart to other MANPADS

Operators

Igla and Igla-1 SAMs have been exported from the former Soviet Union to over 30 countries, including Angola, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cuba, East Germany, Egypt, Hamas, Ecuador, Eritrea, Finland, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, North Korea, North Macedonia, Peru, Poland, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam and Zimbabwe. Several guerrilla and terrorist organizations are also known to have Iglas. Alleged Operatives of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam a terrorist organization fighting for a homeland for Tamils in the island of Sri Lanka were arrested in August 2006 by undercover agents of the FBI posing as arms dealers, while trying to purchase the Igla. In 2003 the unit cost was approximately US$60,000–80,000.

Large numbers have been sold to the government of Venezuela, raising United States concerns that they may end up in the hands of Colombian guerrillas. Photo evidence of the truck mounted twin version in service with the Libyan Army emerged in March 2011. 482 Igla-S missiles were imported from Russia in 2004. Some were unaccounted at the end of the civil war and they could have ended up in Iranian inventory. Israeli officials say Igla-S systems were looted from Libyan warehouses in 2011 and transported by Iranians through Sudan and turned over to militants in Gaza and Lebanon.

Igla-1 (SA-16)

Current operators

  Al-Shabaab

 : 20 pieces.

 : Produced locally by VMZ Sopot.

  Hezbollah

: 40 Djigit launchers, 382 MANPADS bought in 2002

 : Locally produced.

 : Licensed production since 2004. According to Arms Trade RTF by Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1,000 SA-16 have been produced as of 2014.
 : SA-16. Upgrades/improvements by Diseños Casanave.
 : Igla-1M for marine forces and on Delfinul submarine.

 : provided by India in 2007, 54 operational as of 2020
: Produced under license.
 : Received as debt payment from Russia.

 Tigray Defense Forces

  Produce under license. 48 launchers supplied in 2001–2002.
  Vietnam People's Navy (400 missiles)

Former operators
 : known as ItO 86; former operator.
 : Received around 1988–1989, passed on to successor states.
 : Passed on to successor states.
  UNITA
  Islamic Courts Union
  Tamil Eelam- Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

Evaluation-only operators
 : It was planned to implement the production of the 9K310 Igla-1E at the Mesko plant. Due to the political changes and the lack of transfer of some documentation by the Soviet side, it was decided to develop its own systems of a portable anti-aircraft missile launcher called Grom and later Piorun.

Igla (SA-18)

Current operators

 : 2,500 launchers supplied in 2001–2002

 : 50 launchers supplied in 2002. Used by the Marines.

 : Used by Ground Forces and Airborne Forces.

 Republic of Singapore Air Force

 : Used by air defence units.

Former operators
 : Known as ItO-86M; former operator
 : Passed on to successor states
  Hizbul Islam

Evaluation-only operators
 : Bought 40 launchers for evaluation by ASELSAN SAM launch system.

Igla-S (SA-24)

Current operators
 : 200 missiles. Received more as of 2018.
 : 300 launchers with 1,500 missiles.
 : Reported usage.

 : Reported usage.
 : Reported usage.

  Islamic State Sinai Province

 : Used by ground units, marine units, and airborne units.

  mounted on Toyota Pickups

  Syrian rebels: Photo evidence of SA-24 MANPADS (man-portable) in the possession of Syrian rebels was first reported on 13 November 2012. "As far as I know, this is the first SA-24 Manpads ever photographed outside of state control", said one expert.

 : locally assembled and confirmed to be localized (named as Project KC-I), a model designated as TL-01 is suspected to be an indigenous derivative of the Igla-S.

Potential operators
: Russia offered the Igla-S to the Argentine Military as part of a bigger deal to modernize Argentina Air Defence.

Failed bids
 : Newer models were offered to the Finnish Army to replace older models in service, but American FIM-92 Stinger was selected instead.

Other uses
 The GLL-8 (Gll-VK) Igla is a recent Russian scramjet project conducted by TsIAM.

See also
 List of Russian weaponry
 Anza
 Misagh-2
 RBS 70
 Starstreak
 Mistral

References

External links

 Gibka 3M-47 naval turret mount, air defense missile system (Navy recognition)
 SA-18 Igla 9K38 man-portable air defence missile system on armyrecognition.com

9K38
KB Mashinostroyeniya products
Military equipment introduced in the 1980s

9K38 Igla


Ed Z'berg Sugar Pine Point State Park is a state park in California in the United States. It occupies nearly two miles of the western shore of Lake Tahoe and a total of about  of forested mountains in El Dorado County. Originally called Sugar Pine Point State Park, its name was changed in 2003 to honor Edwin L. Z'berg, a California state assemblyman who specialized in environmental legislation and worked to develop state parks and other natural areas.

Natural features
The park is in the high Sierra Nevada mountain range at an elevation of around . It is covered in mixed coniferous forest with tree species such as Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi), white fir (Abies concolor), Sierra lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta ssp. murrayana), California incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens), sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), and red fir (Abies magnifica). Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) are part of the local fall foliage display. This forest is not pristine, having been subjected to heavy logging in the late 1800s. Wood was used by miners in the Comstock Lode and other great mineral deposits. Long-term fire suppression and periods of drought and bark beetle infestation have altered the fire regime. Controlled burns are used to help prevent very destructive wildfires.

The park is bisected by General Creek, a stream about 15 kilometers long which runs from the Desolation Wilderness into Lake Tahoe. On the General Creek Trail along the stream there are lakes, mountain meadows with wildflowers, and two large moraines. The trail leaves the park and enters Eldorado National Forest.

In the summer, the high temperature is about  and the low is near . Winter highs reach about 40 °F and the coolest lows are below . The park receives about 32 inches of precipitation in an average year, mostly in the form of snow in the winter.

History
The area was inhabited by the Washoe people, who made a summer home on the lakeshore. Their stone mortars can be found in the park. The trapper William "General" Phipps was the first white settler on the land. The cabin he built in 1860 still stands.

In 1903 the wealthy San Francisco banker Isaias W. Hellman obtained land and built the Pine Lodge, now also known as the Hellman-Ehrman Mansion. The house was designed by Walter Danforth Bliss and featured electric lighting, indoor plumbing, and water directly from the lake. The estate included a tennis court, two boathouses, and cabins for the 27 resident staff. Hellman's family spent summers on the estate for decades, and sold it to the state in 1965 when the park was established. The family still provides funds for the upkeep of the mansion and property.

The 1960 Winter Olympics were held in and around the nearby Squaw Valley Ski Resort. The biathlon and cross-country skiing events took place in what is now the state park. The park and the communities of the western shore of Lake Tahoe hold an annual Olympic Heritage Celebration Week every January to commemorate the events.

Recreation
This is the only California state park in the Sierra Nevada that operates recreational facilities during the winter. There are 11 miles of skiing and snowshoeing trails for public use, some of which were sites of the Olympic events in 1960. Some snow paths are machine groomed. Park rangers lead occasional snowshoeing tours of the park. Winter camping is available, with many more sites opening for the summer.

Other summer recreation includes swimming and other beach activities, fishing, and hiking. There is a nature center for education and interpretation.

See also
D. L. Bliss State Park
Sugar Pine Point Light

References

State parks of California
1965 establishments in California
History of El Dorado County, California
Parks in El Dorado County, California
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Venues of the 1960 Winter Olympics
Lake Tahoe
Protected areas established in 1965
Nature centers in California
National Register of Historic Places in El Dorado County, California

Ed Z'berg Sugar Pine Point State Park


Birkrigg or Birkrigg Common is an open-area of limestone countryside near the town of Ulverston on the Furness Peninsula in southern Cumbria, England. There is extensive limestone pavement on Birkrigg, which is protected under The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Birkrigg's peak is at , but its position as the high point on the east of the Furness Peninsula affords it extensive views to the Lake District, Yorkshire Dales, Howgills and across Morecambe Bay to Blackpool.

Birkrigg has a long history of human inhabitation, and the common contains Birkrigg stone circle, a Bronze Age stone circle which is a scheduled monument. Other scheduled monuments on Birkrigg are three round cairns and a "prehistoric enclosed hut circle settlement, an associated enclosure, and a bowl barrow".

Birkrigg is land common to the parishes of Aldingham and Urswick, and has been in public ownership since the sixteenth century. Today, Birkrigg is a popular recreation site crossed by several footpaths and bridleways.

References

Furness
Mountains and hills of Cumbria
Aldingham

Birkrigg


Sutton (south settlement or south town in Old English) may refer to:

Places

United Kingdom
England

In alphabetical order by county:
 Sutton, Bedfordshire
 Sutton, Berkshire, a location
 Sutton-in-the-Isle, Ely, Cambridgeshire
 Sutton, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire
 Sutton, Newton, Cheshire
 Sutton, Cheshire East, a civil parish in Cheshire
 Sutton Lane Ends, a village in Cheshire
 Sutton Weaver, Cheshire West and Chester
 Great Sutton, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire
 Guilden Sutton, Chester, Cheshire
 Little Sutton, Cheshire, Ellesmere Port
 Sutton on the Hill, Derbyshire
 Sutton Scarsdale, Derbyshire
 Sutton, Devon, a hamlet near Kingsbridge
 Sutton, a historic name of Plymouth, Devon
 Sutton Harbour, Plymouth, Devon
 Sutton Waldron, Dorset
 Sutton, Essex
 Long Sutton, Hampshire
 Sutton Scotney, Hampshire
 Sutton, Herefordshire
 East Sutton, Kent
 Sutton, Kent
 Sutton-at-Hone and Hawley, Dartford, Kent
 Sutton Valence, Maidstone, Kent
 Sutton Hastings
 Town Sutton
 Sutton Cheney, Leicestershire
 Sutton in the Elms, near Broughton Astley, Leicestershire
 Sutton, Lincolnshire, a location
 Sutton Bridge, Lincolnshire
 Sutton-on-Sea, part of Mablethorpe and Sutton, Lincolnshire
 Long Sutton, Lincolnshire
 Sutton, London (in Surrey until 1965)
 London Borough of Sutton
 Sutton (electoral division), Greater London Council
 Sutton, St Helens, Merseyside
 Sutton, a former village in Middlesex (now part of Heston)
 Sutton, Norfolk
 Sutton cum Lound, Nottinghamshire
 Sutton-cum-Granby, Nottinghamshire
 Sutton-in-Ashfield, Nottinghamshire
 Sutton-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire
 Sutton Bonington, Rushcliffe, Nottinghamshire
Sutton Bonington Campus of the University of Nottingham
 Sutton, Oxfordshire, a location
 Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire (formerly in Berkshire)
 Sutton, Chelmarsh, a location in Shropshire
 Sutton, Shrewsbury, a location in Shropshire
 Sutton, West Felton, a location in Shropshire
 Sutton upon Tern, Shropshire
 Sutton Bingham, Yeovil, Somerset
 Sutton, Somerset
 Long Sutton, Somerset
 Sutton, Staffordshire, a location
 Sutton, Suffolk
 Sutton Hoo near Woodbridge, Suffolk
 Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham, West Midlands
Sutton Park, West Midlands
Sutton Coldfield transmitting station
 Sutton Trinity (ward), an electoral ward in Birmingham
 Sutton, East Sussex, part of Seaford
 Sutton, West Sussex, Chichester
 Sutton-under-Brailes, Warwickshire
 Sutton Benger, Wiltshire
 Full Sutton, East Riding of Yorkshire
 Sutton upon Derwent, East Riding of Yorkshire
 Sutton-on-Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire
 Sutton, Selby, North Yorkshire
 Sutton, a place in the parish of Ellington High and Low, formerly in Healey with Sutton, North Yorkshire
 Sutton Bank, North Yorkshire
 Sutton Grange, North Yorkshire
 Sutton-in-Craven, North Yorkshire
 Sutton-on-the-Forest, North Yorkshire
Sutton Park, North Yorkshire
 Sutton Howgrave, North Yorkshire
 Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe, North Yorkshire
 Sutton, South Yorkshire

Wales
 Sutton, Pembrokeshire, a location
 Sutton, Vale of Glamorgan

Australia
 Sutton, New South Wales
 Sutton Forest, New South Wales

Canada
 Sutton, Ontario
 Sutton, Quebec
 Sutton Island (Nunavut)
 Sutton Range, Vancouver Island, British Columbia
 Rural Municipality of Sutton No. 103, Saskatchewan

Ireland
 Sutton, Dublin, a suburb

New Zealand
 Sutton, New Zealand, in Otago
 Sutton Salt Lake, in Otago

United States
 Sutton-Alpine, Alaska
 Sutton, Massachusetts
 Sutton, Nebraska
 Sutton, New Hampshire
 Sutton, New Jersey
 Sutton, North Dakota
 Sutton, Vermont, a New England town
 Sutton (CDP), Vermont, village in the town
 Sutton, West Virginia
 Sutton County, Texas
 Sutton Island, Maine
 Sutton Township (disambiguation) - two places
 Suttons Bay Township, Michigan
 Suttons Bay, Michigan

People
Sutton (given name)
Sutton (surname) for a list of people with the surname Sutton
Sutton Foster, American actress, singer
Sutton Smith (born 1996), American football player
Sutton Mercer, a fictional character from the Sara Sherpard series: The Lying Game
Sutton Brady, a fictional character from the Freeform series: The Bold Type

Football Clubs
Bishop Sutton A.F.C.
Long Sutton Athletic F.C.
Sutton Athletic F.C.
Sutton Coldfield Town F.C.
Sutton Common Rovers F.C.
Sutton Town A.F.C.
Sutton United F.C.

Other uses
Sutton (constructor), Formula One racing car constructor in 1959
Sutton Place (disambiguation), the name of a number of streets, neighbourhoods and estates
Sutton Publishing, part of The History Press
Sutton station (disambiguation)
Sutton Time, a division of E. Gluck Corporation
USS Sutton, the name of more than one United States Navy ship
Sutton Group, Canadian real estate franchiser
Sutton Vale, fictional workplace on Doctors

See also

Sutton


Michael Louis Bunin (born January 14, 1970) is an American actor, known for playing the role of "Kenny" on the TBS sitcom My Boys.
He is a prolific commercial actor having starred in at least 50 national commercials. He has also guest starred on several hit TV shows including Scrubs, C.S.I., Without a Trace, Charmed, Rules of Engagement, Las Vegas. He is mostly known for his recurring role as Jeff on Superstore.

Though born in Norfolk, VA, most of his youth and young adult life was spent in the Las Vegas Valley, where he attended the University of Nevada, Las Vegas and studied theater arts. His improvisational skills were honed with studies at The Second City Players Workshop in Chicago and the famed Groundlings in Los Angeles.

External links

American male television actors
Living people
1970 births
Male actors from Norfolk, Virginia
Male actors from Nevada
Actors from the Las Vegas Valley
University of Nevada, Las Vegas alumni
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors

Michael Bunin