The Battle of Sihang Warehouse ()  took place from October 26 to November 1, 1937, and marked the beginning of the end of the three-month Battle of Shanghai in the opening phase of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Defenders of the warehouse held out against numerous waves of Japanese forces and covered Chinese forces retreating west during the Battle of Shanghai.

Accounts from Chinese, Japanese, and Western sources on the Defense of Sihang Warehouse vary significantly in nature, with both Chinese and Western accounts remembering the conflict as an excellent defense against a vastly numerically superior enemy, while Japanese records point to the defense being a relatively unremarkable event within the entire Battle of Shanghai. As Chinese memoirs and Japanese combat reports for the event largely contradict each other, there remains debate over what truly occurred during the defense.

Regardless of the integrity of Chinese and Japanese claims, the defense of the warehouse and media reporting of the event provided a morale-lifting consolation to the Chinese army and people in the demoralizing aftermath of the Japanese invasion of China. The warehouse's location just across the Suzhou Creek from the foreign concessions in Shanghai meant the battle took place in full view of the western powers.

Because of the warehouse's proximity to the foreign concessions in Shanghai, the Japanese did not use naval bombardment on the area, since a stray shot might land in the concessions and provoke an incident with the Europeans and Americans, whom the Japanese wanted to keep out of the war. Moreover, the Japanese dared not use mustard gas here as they did elsewhere in Shanghai, in full view of the foreign powers. This proximity drew the attention, if only briefly, of the international community to Chiang Kai-shek's bid for worldwide support against Japanese aggression.

In Chinese, the warehouse defenders are known as the Eight Hundred Heroes, because commander Xie Jinyuan, not wanting to reveal their true strength to the Japanese, provided an exaggerated number to Girl Guide Yang Huimin to announce to the public.

Background

Using the Marco Polo Bridge Incident as a pretext, the Imperial Japanese Army launched an invasion of China on 7 July 1937. As the Imperial Japanese Army swept down from the north, fighting between Chinese and Japanese forces started in Shanghai on 13 August. Despite having logistical problems, inferior equipment and training, and a lack of air and heavy artillery support, the Chinese held on to Shanghai, much of it reduced to ruins in the three month battle.

However, the Japanese did not attack the foreign concessions in the city and remained on peaceable terms with the foreign powers, though tensions were high. They did not occupy the concessions until four years later, following Japan's decision to go to war against the Allies.

By 26 October 1937, Chinese resistance in the district of Zhabei was faltering. Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek wanted to withdraw all forces in the area to defend the rural western regions of Shanghai, and ordered Gu Zhutong, acting commander of the 3rd Military Region, to leave the 88th Division behind to buy time and canvass international support by showing the other nations of the Nine Powers (which were to convene on 6 November) China's determination to resist the Japanese war of aggression.

Gu was personally attached to the 88th and unwilling to leave the division behind, as he used to be the commanding officer of the 2nd Division, which became the 88th after reorganisation. He telegraphed the 88th's divisional commander Sun Yuanliang, who vehemently opposed this plan and sent his chief of staff Zhang Boting (張柏亭) to Gu's Headquarters, about 20 km from the frontlines, to argue against it.

Neither Gu, Sun nor Zhang were about to disobey Chiang's orders, but Sun (via Zhang) suggested to Gu that the number of troops left to cover the withdrawal would not matter for such a show of determination. In his words, "How many people we sacrifice would not make a difference; it would achieve the same purpose."  He proposed that a single regiment from the division be left behind to defend one or two fortified positions, and Gu approved this plan. Zhang returned to the 88th's divisional headquarters at Sihang Warehouse. There, Sun decided that even a regiment would be a terrible waste of lives and decided on a single over-strength battalion instead. Xie Jinyuan (謝晉元), a relatively new commander in the 88th Division, volunteered to lead the battalion.

At 10 p.m. on 26 October, the 524th Regiment, based at the Shanghai North Railway Station, received orders to withdraw to the divisional headquarters at Sihang Warehouse. 1st Battalion commander Yang Ruifu was distraught at having to abandon a position he had held for more than two months, but agreed to do so after being shown Sun's orders for the 1st Battalion to defend Sihang Warehouse.

The warehouse, also known as the Chinese Mint Godown by those from the concessions, is a six-story concrete building situated in Zhabei District north of Suzhou Creek, at the north-western edge of New Lese Bridge (now North Tibet Road Bridge). Built jointly by four banks—hence the name Sihang (literally meaning, Four Banks)—in 1931, it sits on a  plot of land, with an area of ,  wide by  long, and  high, making it one of the tallest buildings in the area. The warehouse, used as the divisional headquarters of the 88th Division prior to this battle, was stocked with food, first aid equipment, shells and ammunition.

Order of battle and equipment

National Revolutionary Army

 524th Regiment, 88th Division: Regimental commander (CO), Army Lieutenant Colonel Xie JinyuanExecutive officer (XO), Army Major Shangguan Zhibiao (上官志標)
 1st Battalion, 524th Regiment: Battalion Commander, Army Major Yang Ruifu (楊瑞符)
1st Company, 1st Battalion: Company commander, Army Captain Tao Xingchun (陶杏春)
2nd Company, 1st Battalion: Company commander, Army Captain Deng Ying (鄧英)
3rd Company, 1st Battalion: Company commander, Army Captain Shi Meihao (石美豪, wounded), Army Captain Tang Di (唐棣)
Machine Gun Company, 1st Battalion: Company commander, Army Captain Lei Xiong (雷雄)

Initially containing around 800 men, the 1st was technically an over-strength battalion, but casualties suffered over the course of the Battle of Shanghai reduced its actual strength just prior to the battle to 452 men (some sources give 423), including officers. Because of the confusion of the general retreat, some units may have failed to make it to the warehouse, which caused a further reduction in strength, down to only 414 men present at the beginning of the battle. Two months of intense fighting had also whittled down the original German-trained troops, and after five rounds of reinforcements, the majority of soldiers and officers in the battalion were garrison troops from the surrounding provinces.

Most of the men were from the 1st Battalion, 5th Regiment of the Hubei Provincial Garrison. Hubei did not want to send its best troops to Shanghai, as these had trained over a decade to fight against the Chinese Communists. Thus, many of the soldiers sent as reinforcements to Shanghai were green recruits, with the latest batch recruited after the outbreak of war on 7 July. Official communications referred to the defenders as the 524th Regiment to mislead the Japanese as to their actual strength, even though only the 1st Battalion took part in this battle, and other elements of the regiment continued to be active well into 1939. Eventually the 1st Battalion came to be equated with the 524th Regiment, even within official documents of the period.

The regiment was assigned used equipment from the front-line troops of the 88th, and was well equipped considering the poor equipment that most Chinese forces had. Photos and records show that soldiers were each issued a rifle, likely a Hanyang 88 or Chiang Kai-shek rifle, 300 rounds of 8 mm Mauser, two crates of grenades, a German-made M1935 helmet, a gas mask, and food pouch. There was a total of 27 light machine guns, mostly Czech ZB vz.26, approximately one for each squad. The four water-cooled Type 24 Maxim guns were the only heavy weapons available to the battalion—a mortar platoon assigned to them was never mentioned by participants of the battle, and was therefore unlikely to have joined the battle.

Imperial Japanese Navy
 Shanghai Special Naval Landing Force: Rear Admiral Okochi Denshichi
 Shanghai SNLF 10th Battalion: Lieutenant-Commander Haji Kitaro
 Shanghai SNLF 8th and 9th Companies

Since 1927, the Imperial Japanese Navy had stationed naval landing forces in Shanghai for the protection of Japanese expatriates and their interests in the city. On June 1, 1932, in the aftermath of the January 28th Incident, the naval landing forces in Shanghai were organized into a permanent force protection of the city known as the Shanghai Special Naval Landing Force (Shanghai SNLF).

Captain Okochi Denshichi had been assigned command of the Shanghai SNLF on November 16, 1936, and was promoted to Rear Admiral at the beginning of the following month. Prior to the Battle of Shanghai the Shanghai SNLF had a strength of just over 2300 men, but in response to the Oyama Incident on August 9, 1937, the force would be hastily reinforced with Special Naval Landing Forces and ship crews deployed on land. Reinforcements would continue to arrive throughout the course of the battle, eventually bringing the force to just over 10,000 men in strength by October 1937.

On October 27, 1937, the Shanghai SNLF began their advance on Chapei, organizing their 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 10th, and 12th Battalions into the "Chapei Force" for the operation. The Shanghai SNLF 10th Battalion would be assigned to the Chapei Force's Southern Section and serve as the main force opposing the defenders of Sihang Warehouse.

The 10th Battalion had been raised in August 1937 from some 520 reservists at the Sasebo and Kure Naval Districts. Lieutenant Commander Haji Kitaro, an instructor at the Naval Gunnery School in Yokosuka was appointed as to the Shanghai SNLF to serve as the battalion's commander. Since landing in Shanghai on August 19, the battalion had engaged in intense urban combat and suffered a number of casualties.

During the assault on Sihang Warehouse, the Shanghai SNLF 10th Battalion would be reinforced by roughly 260 sailors of the Yokosuka 2nd Independent SNLF Company and another 200 sailors from the Kure 1st SNLF 2nd Company. The Shanghai SNLF's 8th and 9th Companies, originally attached to the 4th Battalion (Artillery Battalion), would also provide support with howitzers and mountain guns.

Altogether about 980 infantrymen from the Shanghai SNLF's reinforced 10th Battalion and another 200 artillerymen from the 8th and 9th Companies were involved in the Japanese assault on Sihang Warehouse.

Battle

Chinese Account of Events

October 27

The various companies of the battalion were spread out across the front lines that night. Yang Ruifu sent the 1st Company to Sihang Warehouse and personally led the 2nd Company. The 3rd Company, Machine Gun Company and part of the 1st Company could not be contacted. What initially seemed a disastrous start to the defense was averted at nine in the morning, when these companies turned up at the warehouse, having heard the orders through word of mouth from other forces that had retreated from Zhabei. That these men essentially volunteered for this suicidal mission was later noted by Chiang Kai-shek as exemplary soldierly conduct.

In early morning, news circulated throughout Shanghai that there were still Chinese forces defending Zhabei at Sihang Warehouse. This piqued the interest of Girl Guide Yang Huimin (楊惠敏), who later played a large part in this battle. At around 4 a.m. she walked to the British guard post at the Chinese end of New Lese Bridge, where she noticed a British soldier throwing a pack of cigarettes into the warehouse.

Yang asked the soldier what he was doing, and he answered that there were Chinese soldiers inside. She wrote a message and asked the British soldier to stuff it in a pack of cigarettes and throw it over. After a while a message was thrown back saying that the soldiers in the warehouse wanted food, ammunition and lubricant for their firearms. She left the bridge and pleaded with the head of the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce, who initially did not believe her story, much to her frustration.

Xie deployed the 1st Company on the right side of the warehouse along Tibet Road, the 3rd Company on the left across from the Bank of Communications building, and the 2nd Company on the other sides. Two heavy machine guns were installed on the roof, and the other machine guns were spread out to each company. Xie noted that the fortifications built by the Nationalist Army before the war in preparation against a European attack from the foreign concessions could be used by the Japanese against the warehouse. Consequently, he ordered these fortifications to be rigged with explosives in case the Japanese tried to occupy them.

Makeshift defenses were constructed from sandbags and the sacks of wheat, corn, beans, and other merchandise stocked within the warehouse. The electric lights in the warehouse were destroyed, and some of the immediate surrounding buildings were razed to clear a killing field.

At 1 p.m. a column of Japanese soldiers were ambushed when trying to secure the outlying fortifications, which had been rigged with explosive booby traps; Chinese gunfire and grenade traps killed eight to ten Japanese soldiers. At 2 p.m. a group of Chinese reconnaissance troops, led by platoon leader Yin Qiucheng (尹求成), exchanged fire with around fifty Japanese soldiers. Chinese defenders continued developing defenses by sealing the warehouse's doors, windows and entry points, as well as constructing makeshift dummy positions on the perimeter to draw Japanese fire and waste ammunition. A short while after, a Japanese company consisting of 194 infantry with machine gun and light artillery support attacked the warehouse from the west, eventually forcing the defenders to retreat inside the warehouse. 3rd Company commander Shi Meihao was shot in the face but continued to command the defense until he was shot again in the leg. About seventy Japanese soldiers had taken cover in a blind spot at the south-west of the warehouse. Chinese troops climbed on the roof and threw mortar rounds and grenades down at the Japanese, killing seven Japanese and wounding between twenty and thirty. A witnessing journalist estimated that around sixty Japanese were killed in total during the assault by machine gun fire and grenades. Having failed their first assault, the Japanese set fire to the north-west section of the warehouse, which stored fuel and wood. It was put out by 5 p.m. In their wake the Japanese looted and burned Zhabei.

At 9 p.m. Yang Ruifu concluded that there would be no more Japanese attacks for the day, and ordered meals to be prepared and fortifications repaired. Two defenders were killed and four wounded on this day, whilst the Japanese had suffered several dozen killed or injured in the first assault.

October 28

The defenders rushed to construct fortifications during the night; nobody was given any sleep. In the morning Xie contacted the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce, whose telephone number was provided by Yang Huimin.

The location of the warehouse, which has been chosen mainly for its sturdy structure and availability (already a divisional headquarters), turned out to be a fortunate one for the defenders. It was across from the foreign concessions in Shanghai, and the Japanese did not dare to call naval artillery strikes on the area, since a stray shot might land in the concessions and provoke an incident with the Europeans and Americans, whom the Japanese wanted to keep out of the war. Moreover, the Japanese dared not use mustard gas here as they did elsewhere in Shanghai, in full view of the foreign powers.

At 7 a.m. a flight of Japanese bombers circled the warehouse but did not drop any bombs, for fear of hitting the concessions. They were driven away from the warehouse by anti-aircraft fire. At 8 a.m. Xie gave a pep talk to the defenders and inspected the defenses constructed by the soldiers. While on the roof, he noticed a group of Japanese soldiers along the Suzhou River, which according to Yang Ruifu's memoirs was some 1 km (1,100 yd) away. Xie grabbed a rifle and shot; one of them promptly fell.

It started to rain around 3 p.m., and the fire and screen of smoke around the warehouse were gradually extinguished. The Japanese launched another major attack concentrated in the west, occupying the Bank of Communications building, and deployed machine gun fusilades and cannon to the north of the warehouse. The cannon were unable to heavily damage the six-foot thick walls of the warehouse, and Japanese troops in the bank building were easily suppressed by the defenders on the roof of the warehouse, who had a higher vantage point. After two hours the Japanese gave up the attack, but managed to cut electricity and water to the warehouse, forcing the defenders to institute rationing.

Some time in the day, a small group of Chinese soldiers led by the 524th's executive officer Shangguan Zhibiao and battalion Field Surgeon Tang Pinzi (湯聘梓) arrived and joined the battle.

Meanwhile, the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce was overjoyed at the news of Chinese defenders left in Zhabei, and news of this spread quickly through radio. Crowds numbering around thirty thousand gathered on the southern bank of the Suzhou River in the rain, cheering the defenders on. More than ten truckloads of aid were donated by Shanghai's citizens. At night the trucks drove near the warehouse, and the defenders constructed a sandbag wall to the trucks, and then dragged the supplies into the warehouse. The unloading of supplies took four hours, during which time three soldiers were killed by Japanese fire. The defenders received food, fruits, clothing, utensils and letters from the citizens. A couple of journalists arrived at the scene, but the commanding officers were busy, and the journalists ended up only meeting Lei Xiong, the Machine Gun Company commander.

Xie arranged with the British officers in the concessions, via the Chamber of Commerce, to transport around ten heavily wounded soldiers from the battle. The British agreed, and the wounded were carried off under the cover of darkness.

The same night, the Chamber of Commerce decided to send the soldiers a flag of the Republic of China. Regiment-sized Chinese units did not carry army or national flags during the war, so when Yang Huimin delivered the flag to the warehouse, Xie had to personally accept the flag as the highest-ranking officer present. Yang Huimin asked for the soldiers' plans, to which the answer "Defend to the death!" was given. Yang Huimin, moved, asked for a list of all the soldiers' names to announce to the entire country.

As doing so would inform the Japanese of their real strength, Xie did not want to release this information. However, he did not want to disappoint Yang Huimin either. Instead, he asked someone to write down around 800 names from the original roster of the 524th Regiment, and this fake name list was given to her. According to Yang Ruifu, the wounded soldiers sent out earlier that night were also ordered to say 800 if questioned about their strength. Thus the story of the "800 Heroes" spread.

October 29

In the early morning of 29 October, residents of Shanghai found a 4-metre-wide (13 ft) flag of the Republic of China flying atop Sihang warehouse. Yang Huimin had only brought the flag, and the defenders did not have a flag pole in the warehouse. Therefore, the flag was hoisted on a makeshift pole made of two bamboo culms tied together. Only a small group of soldiers attended the flag-raising ceremony.

The crowd gathered across the river, reportedly thirty thousand strong, was jubilant, shouting "Long live the Republic of China!" (), while the Japanese were furious and sent aircraft to attack the flag. Because of heavy anti-aircraft fire and fear of hitting the foreign concessions, the planes soon left without destroying the flag. Meanwhile, two days of fighting had damaged or destroyed many field fortifications around the warehouse, and the warehouse itself was also damaged.

At noon the Japanese mounted the largest assault thus far. Hundreds of Japanese infantry attacked the warehouse from all directions with artillery fire and support from Type 94 Te-Ke tankettes. Warned of the attack by spectators, Chinese soldiers resisted the assault from all three sides under intense artillery fire. The Japanese assault pushed the 3rd Company out of their defensive line at the base of the warehouse and forced them into the warehouse itself. The west side of the warehouse originally lacked windows, but the Japanese artillery attacks conveniently opened up firing holes for the defenders. Groups of Japanese soldiers tried to scale the warehouse's walls to the second floor with ladders, but Chinese defenders pushed them over and returned fire with rifles and machine guns. Xie just happened to be at the window where one of the ladders appeared from. He grabbed the first Japanese soldier's rifle, choked him with the other hand, pushed him off, and finally shot another Japanese soldier on the ladder before pushing the ladder off.

During the height of the battle, a group of Japanese soldiers attempted to plant explosives at the base of the West Wall to breach it. Upon noticing this, 21-year old Chinese private Chen Shusheng, strapped grenades to himself and jumped off the building into the group of Japanese soldiers, killing twenty Japanese soldiers in a suicide attack.  The fighting lasted until dark, with Japanese waves now frequently supported by armoured fighting vehicles and artillery fire against the fortified Chinese positions, but to no progress and with heavy casualties.

Japanese troops attempted to flank the warehouse from the river, but were stopped by an makeshift boom fashioned out of Chinese junks at the Zhejiang Road Bridge. British troops in the Settlement refused to move the boom due to the violation of the British Settlement sector, and escorted the Japanese sailors back.

Finally, after all else had failed, the Japanese used an excavator and tried to dig a tunnel towards the warehouse. in conjunction with tank assaults. During this day's battle, Chinese citizens across the river helped the soldiers by writing on large posters, warning of the Japanese army's movements.

October 30 to November 1
The Japanese launched a new wave of attack at 7 a.m. on the 30th. There were fewer infantry assaults at the warehouse this time; the Japanese attack was mainly concentrated artillery fire. Because of the sturdy construction and the abundance of sandbags and materials with which to fortify and mend the warehouse, the defenders simply repaired the warehouse while the Japanese tried to destroy it. Artillery fire was so rapid, recalled Yang Ruifu, that there was approximately one shell every second. When night approached, the Japanese deployed several floodlights to illuminate the warehouse for their artillery to strike at. The battle on the 30th lasted the whole day, with the defenders destroying and damaging several armoured cars.

The foreigners in the concessions in Shanghai did not want the site of combat to be so close to them. With that consideration in mind, and faced with pressure from the Japanese, they agreed to try to convince the Chinese to cease resisting. On the 29th the foreigners submitted a petition to the Nationalist Government to stop the fighting "for humanitarian concerns". To Chiang, the battle was already won as most of the Chinese forces in Shanghai had successfully been redeployed to defend more favourable positions, and the defense of the warehouse now had the attention of the western world, so he gave the go-ahead for the regiment to retreat on 31 October. A meeting was arranged with the British general Telfer-Smollett through the commandant of Shanghai Auxiliary Police (上海警備), Yang Hu (楊虎), and it was decided the 524th would retreat to the foreign concessions and then rejoin the rest of the 88th Division, which had been fighting in west Shanghai. The Japanese commander Matsui Iwane also agreed and promised to let the defenders retreat, but later reneged on the deal. Xie, on the other hand, wanted to remain in the warehouse and fight to the last man. Zhang Boting finally convinced Xie to retreat.

At midnight, 1 November, Xie led 376 men in small groups toward the British concession across New Lese Bridge. At least ten defenders had died during the battle, and another 27 were too heavily wounded to be moved. Consequently, these men agreed to stay behind to man the machine guns and cover the retreat of the remaining forces. During the crossing, two to six soldiers were killed, and ten were wounded by Japanese machine gun and artillery fire. By 2 a.m. the retreat was complete.

Japanese Account of Events

The Imperial Japanese Navy did not regard the Defense of Sihang Warehouse as a battle, but rather as part of their advance on Chapei conducted from October 27 through October 31, 1937. As a result, Japanese military records on the event are not particularly detailed.

At 0505 hours on October 27, 1937, the Imperial Japanese Navy's Shanghai Special Naval Landing Force (Shanghai SNLF) ordered their forces to launch a general assault on Chapei. With few of Chiang's defenders left in the Chapei, the Shanghai SNLF moved through the district and captured former enemy strongholds with relative ease. By around 1800 hours Chapei had largely fallen to the Japanese, with the exception of the Four Banks' Joint Warehouse (Sihang Warehouse), where the Shanghai SNLF reported approximately 800 enemy troops to still be held up at.

The Japanese initially advised the troops held up in Sihang Warehouse to surrender, but by the early hours of October 31 with their demands still unmet and signs of the defenders making an escape into the British defense sector of the International Settlement, the Japanese decided to attack the warehouse. On October 31 at 0115 hours the Imperial Japanese Navy confirmed sightings of Chinese troops evacuating into the International Settlement and began to bombard the warehouse with artillery fire from the Shanghai SNLF's 8th and 9th Companies thirty minutes later. At 0300 hours, troops from the Shanghai SNLF's 10th Battalion stormed the Sihang Warehouse and within ten minutes had completely cleaned the warehouse of enemy troops and occupied the building.

After securing the warehouse, the Imperial Japanese Navy reported roughly 80 corpses of fallen Chinese troops and a number of weapons to be inside. The Imperial Japanese Navy's advance on Chapei from October 27 to 31 resulted in a total of 42 wounded, four of which were directly injured during the assault on Sihang Warehouse on October 31. Of the total wounded in the advance on Chapei, two would later succumb from their injuries, including Warrant Officer Tanaka—a platoon leader from the Shanghai SNLF 10th Battalion—who was shot while skirmishing around the warehouse on October 30 and later died on November 2, 1937.

Aftermath
After the retreat the remaining soldiers set forth to regroup with the rest of the 88th Division. However, British troops seized all their weapons and placed the soldiers under arrest. The reason was that the Japanese threatened to invade the concessions if the soldiers were allowed to leave the area. They were herded into the Italian area of the concessions and fenced off.

The Chinese casualties from the battle were disputed; immediate newspapers and reporters claimed between 100 and 200 Chinese soldiers had been killed in the fighting. Xie Jinyuan stated in an interview on November 2 that of the 410 defenders, 10 had been killed and 30 wounded, but later revised this figure to 420 defenders present with 10 killed and 37 wounded. The Imperial Japanese Navy reported finding around 80 dead Chinese soldiers in the warehouse. A 2022 strength data analysis found that since 377 defenders had retreated (along with the 10 wounded men evacuated earlier), and 420 defenders had been present, the Chinese "death toll was likely higher [than 10] though probably fewer than 50 men," with 33 men killed or missing from the battalion roster following the retreat.

Immediately after the battle, Xie Jinyuan stated an excess of 100 Japanese troops had been killed by the defenders. The Japanese casualties asserted by the Chinese would increase postwar, with Sun Yuanliang later estimating that "Enemy corpses in the vicinity of Sihang Warehouse totalled over two hundred approximately." and Xie Jimin alleging "more than 200 enemy troops were killed and countless ones were wounded. Two enemy tanks were also destroyed and two more were damaged. The number of enemies was the sum of the daily counts obtained by observation posts."

Formerly classified records from Imperial Japanese Navy reported a total of 42 wounded during the advance on Chapei from October 27 to 31. Within this figure, four of the wounded sustained their injuries during the final assault on Sihang Warehouse on October 31. Two of those wounded in the advance on Chapei later died of their injuries, including one officer shot outside of the warehouse on October 30 who eventually died on November 2, 1937. The use of tanks—let alone the loss of them—during the assault on the warehouse is absent from Japanese military records. The lack of Japanese corpses left on the battlefield to support the purported Chinese claims has been attributed to dogs dragging away the fallen Japanese troops.

Chiang Kai-shek promoted every defender by a rank and awarded Xie Jinyuan and Yang Ruifu the Order of Blue Sky and White Sun.

After their incarceration, citizens of Shanghai would often visit the troops, giving them performances and entertainment. The officers opened classes for the soldiers, teaching foreign languages, mathematics, and even Christian theology. Chen Wangdao, the Chinese translator of the Communist Manifesto, also visited the camp from time to time. The soldiers spent their day doing military drills and kept their fighting spirit high. Their practice of singing the National Anthem of the Republic of China every day was continuously disrupted by the foreign authorities, until it was violently put down by White Russian mercenaries.

Faced with defeat in the Battle of Shanghai and the loss of a third of the National Revolutionary Army's best-trained troops, the failed but morale-boosting defense of Shanghai proved to the Chinese people and foreign powers alike that China was actively resisting the Japanese. The media capitalized on the defense of the warehouse and lauded the Eight Hundred Heroes, embellished from the original 414, as national heroes, and a patriotic song was also composed to encourage the people to resist Japanese aggression. However, the foreign aid that Chiang tried to canvass for did not arrive; none of the European powers delivered anything more than verbal condemnation of Japan. Only Germany and the Soviet Union provided substantial aid to China before the outbreak of war in Europe, and Germany withdrew its advisors in 1938 because of Japanese pressure.

Within the "Lost Battalion Barracks", the Heroes languished for more than three years. The Japanese had offered to free the soldiers, but only if they disarmed and left Shanghai as refugees. Xie did not agree to these terms, and after refusing numerous offers from Wang Jingwei's collaborationist government, Xie Jinyuan was assassinated on 24 April 1941 at 5 a.m. by Sergeant He Dingcheng and three others of his own troops, who were bought over by Wang Jingwei's government. He died at 6 a.m. More than 100,000 people turned up for his funeral, and he was posthumously made a brigadier general of the National Revolutionary Army.

After the Pearl Harbor attack, Japanese forces occupied the foreign concessions and captured the soldiers. They were shipped off to Hangzhou and Xiaolingwei to do hard labour. Part of the group sent to Xiaolingwei escaped, and some rejoined the Chinese forces to continue fighting the Japanese in a guerilla campaign with the New 4th Army. Thirty-six officers and soldiers were sent to Papua New Guinea to do hard labour, and in 1945 when the war went against Japan, they overpowered their captors and took them prisoner instead.

When the Chinese Civil War broke out, most of the battalion returned to civilian occupations while some choose to fight for either the nationalists or the communists. As the tide of the battle turns against the Nationalists, many officers and some former soldiers, including Girl Guide Yang Huimin, retreated to Taiwan with the Kuomintang government. Soldiers that remained in mainland China are lauded as heroes of anti-imperialism, where they are allowed to keep their nationalist memorabilia such as their medals and uniforms, and also offered a pension and housing from the newly formed People's Republic of China. However, many of the soldiers chose to destroy their memorabilia and hid their history during the Cultural Revolution due to persecution from the Red Guards.

Legacy

Due to a large discrepancy between Japanese combat reports and testimonies of Chinese troops and journalists present during the defense, many of the details have been called into question. Both the Chinese and Japanese have alleged claims which contradict with each other, particularly in regards to losses. Cao Juren, a prominent Chinese war correspondent attached to the Chinese 88th Division during the Defense of Sihang Warehouse, would state postwar "the news in the papers at the time, including my reports, were all bravado and exaggerations, and did not reflect the real situation."

Xie Jinyuan's body was interred in a small garden along Singapore Road (now Yao Road) where his bunk used to be. In 1947 the Shanghai city government renamed Jiaoyuan Park (where the soldiers lived) as Jinyuan Park, and renamed an elementary school in the vicinity 12th District Jinyuan National Elementary School. The road to the west of the warehouse was renamed Jinyuan Road.

On 16 April 1983, Xie's grave was moved to the Wanguo Public Mausoleum (), among other Chinese patriots buried there. In the same year, the barracks area was rebuilt and named Jinyuan Alley. In March 1986 the city council of Xie's hometown, Jiaoling, Guangdong, set up a monument in his honour, and his alma mater Jiankeng Elementary School was renamed Jinyuan Elementary School.

The renovated Sihang Warehouse (including an additional level and a new wing) is still standing, and part of it is now a repository of documents, photos and journals from the Battle of Shanghai. Most of the warehouse is still what it was meant to be—a furniture warehouse—and there is even a bowling alley on the third floor.

In 2005, to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the Chinese victory in the Second Sino-Japanese War, as well as the Allied victory in World War II, China Telecom released a set of themed telephone cards. One card featured Sihang Warehouse and Xie Jinyuan.

The story of the Eight Hundred Heroes has been made into the movies 800 Heroes (1938), Eight Hundred Heroes (1977), and The Eight Hundred (2020).

Gallery

References

External links

 Brigitte Lin page on 1976 movie
 Chinese Movie Database page on the 1938 movie
 Chinese-American leaders petition the mayor of Shanghai for the preservation of Sihang Warehouse
 Old survivors visit graves of old comrades-in-arms
 Structural Analysis of Sihang Warehouse (Abstract)

Sihang Warehouse
1937 in Japan
Battles of the Second Sino-Japanese War
Conflicts in 1937
November 1937 events
October 1937 events

Defense of Sihang Warehouse


Verticordia interioris  is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an openly branched shrub with small, linear leaves and rounded groups of pale to dark pink flowers in early spring.

Description
Verticordia interioris is an open, more or less irregularly branched shrub which grows to  high and  wide. Its leaves are linear in shape, semi-circular in cross-section  long and wrinkled, with the end tapering suddenly to a sharp point.

The flowers are lightly scented and are arranged in rounded groups on the ends of the branches on mostly erect stalks  long. The floral cup is  hemispherical,  long, glabrous and pitted. The sepals are pale pink to dark magenta,  long, spreading and have 5 to 7 long, hairy lobes. The petals are a similar colour to the sepals,  long and sometimes erect, elliptic in shape with a smooth edge. The style is straight, thick,  long and has downward-pointing hairs on one side. Flowering mostly occurs from August to October.

Taxonomy and naming
Verticordia interioris was first described by Charles Gardner from specimens collected by Joseph Maiden in 1909 but Gardner did not publish his description. The first formal, published description was by Alex George in 1991 and the description was published in Nuytsia from specimens found near Leonora by Paul G. Wilson.

The specific epithet (interioris) was chosen by Gardner, and is "from the Latin interior (inner), in reference to the inland occurrence of the species", relative to most other verticordias.

George placed this species in subgenus Eperephes, section Integripetala along with V. helmsii, V. rennieana, V. mirabilis and V. picta

Distribution and habitat
This verticordia grows in sand with clay, loam and gravel, often near salt lakes. It occurs as scattered populations between the Gascoyne River, south almost to Morawa and east to Meekatharra, Leonora and Laverton in the Avon Wheatbelt, Gascoyne, Great Victoria Desert, Murchison and Yalgoo biogeographic regions.

Conservation
Verticordia interioris is classified as "Not Threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

Use in horticulture
This verticordia has been grown successfully for up to 7 years in the gardens of verticordia specialists. It has been propagated from seed and from cuttings but has been difficult to establish and maintain.

References

interioris
Endemic flora of Western Australia
Myrtales of Australia
Rosids of Western Australia
Plants described in 1991

Verticordia interioris


Paul Norman (born December 18, 1951) is an American game designer, musician, composer, and computer programmer. He has been active in the music scene since 1970 and has been involved with the development of computer entertainment and information since 1982, including the production of Forbidden Forest in 1983.

Career

Early career
Norman spent fifteen years working as a professional touring and studio musician.

Forbidden Forest
Norman programmed his first major computer program in the 1980s: a video game called Forbidden Forest. Norman's wanted to create a cinematic experience for its user, and he used 6502 machine language to program the game. Forbidden Forest was originally developed for a company known as Synchro, which went out of business when the game was about three-quarters complete. However, the game was eventually bought out by Cosmi and brought to completion. The finished game was described as a "technical masterpiece" by Retro Gamer. The game was released in 1983.

Aztec Challenge
Norman's second title was a graphic adventure game named Aztec Challenge, which was released in 1983 for the Commodore 64. A game with the same title was released for the Atari 8-bit. Norman authored the game's music, programming, and game design. Like his previous game, Aztec Challenge received praise for its "high standard of graphics and sound" from the game magazine publication Your Commodore.

Caverns of Khafka and Super Huey
Following the release of Aztec Challenge, Norman developed another game titled Caverns of Khafka, inspired by an Atari 8-bit computer game of the same name by Robert Bonifacio. The game was released sometime between 1983 and 1984.

On the development of Super Huey (claimed to be the first helicopter simulator launched on the gaming market), Norman cites the television show Airwolf and the movie Blue Thunder as inspirations for its gameplay. The game went on to sell over two million copies. A Steam version of the game and its sequel were made available to the public in 2021.

1990s to present day
In 1990, Norman joined a CD-ROM development team at Tiger Media, acting as a scriptwriter, audio and music producer, creator, and engineer. After two years as a design consultant for Sega, he was contracted to produce audio and video content for the Discovery Channel Software titled Carriers: Fortress at Sea.

Between 1995 and 1999, Norman became a consultant and contributor for internet projects, using Java programming to handle various responsibilities, from GUI to data processing. He spent the next two years developing ideas and methods for a better model of Internet presentations and entertainment, employing Adobe Flash and Caligari Truespace as tools. Later, he developed a web system for learning to play musical instruments, including guitar, piano, and harmonica. Unfortunately, although the website was launched in 2014, it is no longer available to the public.

Games

References

External links
 Digittarius - Official Web Site of Paul Norman

1951 births
American video game designers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people

Paul Norman (game designer)


Tropical Storm Arthur was the first tropical storm of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season. Arthur reached its highest winds of 60 miles per hour on July 16. Arthur started on July 14 near North Carolina, Tropical Storm Arthur moved mostly northwest and Tropical Storm Arthur died on July 16. The remains caused bad weather in Newfoundland and killed one person.

Meteorological History

On July 9 a low-level circulation started. It moved very slowly northwest and did not become a tropical depression. The low-level circulation moved ashore in Florida. Early on July 14 the low entered the Atlantic Ocean. Clouds around the low started growing. Late on July 14 the low became Tropical Depression One, while it was 45 miles south of Hatteras, North Carolina. On the morning of July 15 it became a tropical storm and was called "Arthur". Arthur slowly got stronger until July 16 when it reached its highest winds, which were at 60 miles per hour. Wind shear caused Arthur to die shortly later. The extratropical low was last seen on July 19 while it was near Greenland.

No retirement
Because the damage was low the name "Arthur" was not retired. This caused the name "Arthur" to be used again in 2008, it also did not get retired. So the name "Arthur" is going to be used again in 2012.

References

Arthur
Arthur (2002)

Tropical Storm Arthur (2002)


John R. Knight is an Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School (HMS) and the Associate Director for Medical Education at the HMS Division on Addictions. In 1999, he founded the Center for Adolescent Substance Abuse Research (CeASAR) and its companion outpatient clinic, the Adolescent Substance Abuse Program (ASAP). CeASAR and ASAP were the first programs of their kind to be located at a children's hospital. He is best known as the clinical scientist who developed and validated the CRAFFT substance abuse screen for adolescents. In 2008 he was named the inaugural incumbent of the Boston Children's Hospital Endowed Chair in Developmental Medicine

The CRAFFT Screening Test
Knight and his colleagues first assessed other brief substance abuse screening tests.1-3 They then developed a new brief screener known as "CRAFFT" that was shown to be valid, reliable, developmentally appropriate for adolescents, and practical for use in busy pediatric offices.4,5 CRAFFT has since become the American Academy of Pediatrics' recommended standard of care in its policy statements, and it is recommended in their Bright Futures health supervision visit as the alcohol and drug-use assessment.

Research
 Validity of brief alcohol screening tests among adolescents: a comparison of the AUDIT, POSIT, CAGE, and CRAFFT
Nonmedical use of prescription opioids among U.S. college students: Prevalence and correlates from a national survey
Non‐medical use of prescription stimulants among US college students: Prevalence and correlates from a national survey
Alcohol abuse and dependence among U.S. college students.
Dr. Knight in Other Media
 Interview with Drug-Free Kids
 Q&A with Dr. Knight
  7 Ways to Protect Your Teen from Alcohol and Other Drugs
 Presentation: Dazed and Confused: Medical Marijuana and the Developing Adolescent Brain
Medical Marijuana Use For Children With Developmental Disorders May Do More Harm Than Good
Youth Substance Abuse Still a Serious Problem

Knight has contributed to the following textbooks
 Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, 3rd Edition
 Principles of Addiction Medicine, 5th Edition
 The Soul of Medicine
 Comprehensive Adolescent Health Care
Dr. Knight's Work has been cited in the following textbooks
 Guidelines for Perinatal Care (Forthcoming – Lormand)
 Updates in Adolescent Medicine (Forthcoming – Voss)

References

1. Knight J, Goodman E, Pulerwitz T, DuRant R. Reliabilities of short substance abuse screening tests among adolescent medical patients. Pediatrics (Journal of the Ambulatory Pediatric Association). 2000;105(4):948-953.

2. Knight J. The role of the primary care provider in preventing and treating alcohol problems in adolescents. Ambulatory Pediatrics. 2001;1(3):150-161.

3. Knight J, Goodman E, Pulerwitz T, DuRant R. Reliability of the Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers (POSIT) in an adolescent medical clinic population. J Adolesc Health. 2001;29(2):125-130.

4. Knight JR, Shrier LA, Bravender TD, Farrell M, Vander  J, Shaffer HJ. A new brief screen for adolescent substance abuse. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153(6):591-596.

5. Knight JR, Sherritt L, Shrier LA, Harris SK, Chang G. Validity of the CRAFFT substance abuse screening test among adolescent clinic patients. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156(6):607-614.

Boston University College of Arts and Sciences alumni
American pediatricians
University of Vermont alumni
Harvard Medical School faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people

John R. Knight


A hoof is the foot of certain animals known as ungulates (such as deer, cows, pigs, sheep, and  giraffes). These animals walk on their toes. The toes have a hard cover made out of the same material as fingernails. This is called keratin.

Animal anatomy

Hoof


Lüdenscheid is a big town in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. It is located in the west of the Sauerland region.  It is 86.73 km² and about 72,000 people live there. The mayor of Lüdenscheid is Sebastian Wagemeyer.

History
The first people lived in the Lüdenscheid area around 900 AD. It became a city in 1268.

In the Middle Ages, Lüdenscheid became an important industrial city with many factories. People in Lüdenscheid often worked with metal. They produced buttons and wires. This was very dangerous for the city because they worked with fire. Lüdenscheid was badly damaged by fires in 1530, 1578, 1589, 1656, 1681 and 1723. Lots of buildings burned down and many people were hurt.

Later, many people also worked in the plastics industry.

Geography and climate
Lüdenscheid is located between the rivers Lenne and Volme. There a many mountains and water reservoirs.

The summers are usually comfortable with an average of 20° and the winters are cold with some snow. There is often a lot of rain.

Sights and famous places
Lüdenscheid has a beautiful historic city centre. One of the oldest buildings is the Church of the Redeemer (Erlöserkirche) in the city centre. Its tower was built around 1100. The library was opened in 1857 and is one of the oldest libraries in Germany. Today you can check out books, DVDs, BluRays, CDs, games and other things.

Lüdenscheid has many museums. The most famous museum is the Phänomenta. It is a science museum which shows many interesting inventions. People can do some of the experiments themselves.

Lüdenscheid's most famous park is the Stadtpark, which was created in 1888. There are forests and there is an outdoor stage. You can go to concerts there.

Culture and activities
There are many possibilities to spend you free time in Lüdenscheid.
You can watch theatre plays, musicals, operas and concerts in the Kulturhaus or watch a movie in the cinema.

The Sterncenter, Lüdenscheid's famous shopping centre, has almost 100 shops and restaurants.

Twin towns
Lüdenscheid is twinned with:

  Den Helder, Netherlands, since 1980
  Brighouse, England, since 1983
  Leuven, Belgium, since 1987
  Myślenice, Poland, since 1989
  Romilly-sur-Seine, France, since 1991
  Taganrog, Russia, since 1991

References

Other websites

 Official website

Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia
Märkischer Kreis

Lüdenscheid


A landline (land line, land-line, main line, fixed-line, and wireline) is a telephone connection that uses metal wires from the owner's premises also referred to as: POTS, Twisted pair, telephone line or public switched telephone network (PSTN).

Landline services are traditionally provided via an analogue copper wire to a telephone exchange. Landline service is usually distinguished from other more modern forms of telephone services which use Internet Protocol based services over optical fiber (Fiber-to-the-x) or other broadband services (VDSL/Cable) using Voice over IP, although sometimes modern fixed phone services delivered over a fixed internet connection are sometimes referred to as a landline (non-cellular service).

Characteristics

Landline service is typically provided through the outside plant of a telephone company's central office, or wire center. The outside plant comprises tiers of cabling between distribution points in the exchange area, so that a single pair of copper wire, or an optical fiber, reaches each subscriber location, such as a home or office, at the network interface. Customer premises wiring extends from the network interface ("NID") to the location of one or more telephones inside the premises.

A subscriber's telephone connected to a landline can be hard-wired or cordless and typically refers to the operation of wireless devices or systems in fixed locations such as homes. Fixed wireless devices usually derive their electrical power from the utility mains electricity, unlike mobile wireless or portable wireless, which tend to be battery-powered. Although mobile and portable systems can be used in fixed locations, efficiency and bandwidth are compromised compared with fixed systems. Mobile or portable, battery-powered wireless systems can be used as emergency backups for fixed systems in case of a power blackout or natural disaster.

Other aspects of landline is the ability to carry high-speed internet popularly known as Digital subscriber line (DSL) which links back to the digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM) within the central office, T-1/T-3, or ISDN.

Usage and statistics
In 2003, the CIA World Factbook reported approximately 1.263 billion main telephone lines worldwide. China had more than any other country, at 350 million, and the United States was second with 268 million. The United Kingdom had 23.7 million residential fixed home phones.

The 2013 statistics show that the total number of fixed-telephone subscribers in the world was about 1.26 billion. The number of landline subscribers continuously decreases due to upgrades in digital technology and the conveniences that come with switching to wireless, internet, optical fiber, or computer network-based alternatives.  there were about 1.26 billion fixed-telephone subscribers in the world, but this number has been dwindling due to the rise of mobile networks and the obsolescence of old copper wire networking.

In many parts of the world, including Africa and India, the growth in mobile phone usage has outpaced that of landlines. In the United States, while 45.9 percent of households still had landlines as of 2017, more than half had only mobile phones. This trend is similar in Canada, where more than one in five households used mobile phones as their only source for telephone service in 2013. However, voice over IP (VoIP) services offer an alternative to traditional landlines, allowing numbers to remain in use without being tied to a physical location, making them more adaptable to modern ways of working.

Successors

2000s

In many countries, landline service has not been readily available to most people. In some countries in Africa, the rise in cell phones has outpaced growth in landline service. Between 1998 and 2008, Africa added only 2.4 million landlines. In contrast, between 2000 and 2008, cell phone use rose from fewer than 2 in 100 people to 33 out of 100. There has also been a substantial decline of landline phones in the Indian subcontinent, in urban and even more in rural areas.

In the early 21st century, installations of landline telephones has declined due to the advancement of mobile network technology and the obsolescence of copper wire networking. It is more difficult to install landline copper wires to every user than it is to install transmission towers for mobile service that many people can connect to. Some predict that these metallic networks will be deemed completely out of date and replaced by more efficient broadband and fiber optic landline connections extending to rural areas and places where telecommunication was much more sparse. In 2009, The Economist wrote "At current rates the last landline in America will be disconnected sometime in 2025."

In 2004, only about 45% of people in the United States between the ages of 12 and 17 owned cell phones. At that time, most had to rely on landline telephones. Just 4 years later, that percentage climbed to about 71%. That same year, 2008, about 77% of adults owned a mobile phone.

2010s
In the year 2013, 91% of adults in the United States owned a mobile phone. Almost 60% of those with a mobile had a smartphone. A National Health Interview Survey of 19,956 households by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released May 4, 2017 showed 45.9 percent of U.S. households still had landlines, while 50.8 percent had only cell phones. Over 39 percent had both.

In Canada, more than one in five of households use cell phones as their only source for telephone service. In 2013, statistics showed that 21% of households claimed to only use cellular phones. Households that are owned by members under the age of 35 have a considerably higher percentage of exclusive cell phone use. In 2013,  60% of young household owners claimed to only use cell phones. In 2019, 54% of Canadian households and 80% of French households had a landline telephone.

2020s
In June 2020, it was reported that 60% of Australian adults used only mobile phones, with no landline. In 2021, only 14.5% of Australian and 29.4% of American households used landline at home. In contrast, 73% of UK households still used landline in 2020. In 2022, 82.9% of German households had at least one landline phone.

 Estonia and the Netherlands have retired the legacy parts of the public switched telephone network (PSTN). In the United Kingdom, the analogue copper landline network is due to be terminated in 2025. The VoIP replacement is known as "Digital Voice" (on a BT service) in the UK. France, Germany and Japan are also in the process of replacing theirs.

By means of porting, voice over IP services can host landline numbers previously hosted on traditional fixed telephone networks. VoIP services can be used anywhere an internet connection is available on many devices including Smartphones, giving great flexibility to where calls may be answered and thus facilitating remote, mobile and home working, for example. VoIP porting allows landline numbers to remain in use, whilst freeing them from actual landlines tied to one location. This is useful where landline numbers are believed to be preferred by callers, or where it is preferable that legacy landline numbers remain connected.

See also

 Basic exchange telecommunications radio service
 Plain old telephone service
 Local loop
 Last mile
 Field telephone

References

Telephony
Local loop

de:Festnetzanschluss

Landline


The following is a list of notable alumni of Choate Rosemary Hall, also known informally simply as Choate. A private, college-preparatory, boarding school located in Wallingford, Connecticut, it took its present name and began a coeducational system with the merger in 1971 of two single-sex establishments: the Choate School (founded in 1896 in Wallingford) and Rosemary Hall (founded in 1890 in Wallingford, moved later to Greenwich, Connecticut).

A

 Edward Albee '46, Pulitzer-winning playwright
 Lauren Ambrose (did not graduate), film and TV actress
 William Attwood '37, diplomat and journalist

B
 William Sims Bainbridge '58, sociologist
 Felix Barker (exchange student), British historian, theatre and film critic, president of The Critics' Circle
 David N. Barkhausen, Illinois state legislator and lawyer
 Florieda Batson '21, hurdler, 1922 Olympian
 Nat Benchley '64, writer, actor, producer
 Joseph Beninati, real estate developer and private equity investor
 Stephen Bogardus '72, Obie-winning stage actor
 Chester Bowles '19, governor of Connecticut, US ambassador to India

C

 Arne H. Carlson '53, governor of Minnesota
 Dov Charney '87, head of American Apparel
 Noah Charney '98, novelist and art historian
 Tanay Chheda 2014, film actor
 Julie Chu 2001, Olympic hockey player
Kristen Clarke '93, Civil Rights lawyer
 Glenn Close '65, actress
Jeff Coby '13, Haitian-American basketball player
 Lewis Augustus Coffin 1908, architect
 Geoffrey Cowan '60, American lawyer, professor, author, and non-profit executive.
 Cason Crane 2011, mountain climber
 Caresse Crosby 1910 (Mary Phelps Jacob, Mrs. Harry Crosby), socialite, poet
 Jamie Lee Curtis '76, BAFTA, Golden Globe and Oscar-winning actress

D

 John Danilovich '68, diplomat, U.S. ambassador to Brazil and Costa Rica, CEO of Millennium Challenge Corporation
 Mathieu Darche '96, NHL ice hockey player
 Chris Denorfia '98, MLB baseball player
 Bruce Dern (did not graduate), actor
 Tom Dey '83, film director
 Lorenzo di Bonaventura '76, film producer, president of Warner Brothers
 Donna Dickenson '63, philosopher, medical ethicist
 John Dos Passos 1911, novelist
 Michael Douglas '63, two-time Oscar-winning actor
 John T. Downey '47, spy, prisoner of war, judge
 Paul Draper '54, winemaker
 Andres Duany '67, architect, urban planner, founder of the New Urbanism movement
 Avery Dulles '36, educator, philosopher, Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
 Matt Dunne '88, Vermont state senator and state representative

E
 James R. Eddy '49, veteran, lawyer, politician, judge
 Walter D. Edmonds '21, historical novelist

F
 Caterina Fake '86, founder of Flickr
 Robert Fitzgerald '29, poet, critic, classicist, translator
 Geoffrey S. Fletcher '88, Oscar-winning screenwriter and film director
 Katherine B. Forrest '82, U.S. federal judge

G

 Oliver M. Gale '27, advertising and public relations pioneer
 Bruce Gelb '45, president of Clairol, U.S. ambassador to Belgium
 Paul Giamatti '85, Emmy- and SAG-winning actor
 Philip Gourevitch '79, journalist, author
 James Griffin '51, philosopher
 Roy Richard Grinker '79, anthropologist

H

 Jin Ha 2008, American actor known for his roles in the TV series Devs and Love Life in addition to the musical Hamilton
 William O. Harbach '40, Emmy- and Peabody-winner, founding producer of The Tonight Show and The Steve Allen Show
 Amanda Hearst 2002, heiress, journalist, philanthropist
 Buck Henry '48, comedian, actor, director, and screenwriter
 Hong Jung-wook '89, Korean entrepreneur and ex-politician
 Brian Hartzer '85, chairman, BeyondPay

I
 Kim Insalaco '99, Olympic hockey player
 Brett Icahn businessman

J
 Eric M. Javits '48, American ambassador, nephew of Senator Jacob Javits
 Hardy Jones '61, conservationist filmmaker, author

K

 Bob Kasten '60, U.S. Senator from Wisconsin
 William Kaufmann '35, Cold War strategist
 John F. Kennedy '35, 35th President of the United States
 Joseph Kennedy Jr. '33, naval pilot
 Sarah Kernochan '65, novelist, screenwriter, songwriter, and Oscar-winning director
 Whitman Knapp '27, U.S. federal judge
 Hilary Knight 2007, Olympic hockey player
 John K. Koelsch '41, Medal of Honor recipient
 Herbert Kohler, Jr. '57, president of the Kohler Company
 Ben Kurland (did not graduate), film and TV actor

L

 James Laughlin '32, poet and founder of New Directions Publishing
 Alan Jay Lerner '36, creator of My Fair Lady, Camelot, and Gigi, winner of three Oscars and three Tonys
 Elad Levy '89, leader, researcher, innovator, for the treatment of stroke in neurosurgery
 Sir Michael Lindsay-Hogg (did not graduate), stage and television director, actor, writer
 Alan Lomax '30, pioneering ethnomusicologist, folklorist, oral historian

M

 Robert McCallum Jr. '64, U.S. ambassador to Australia
 Douglas McGrath '76, actor, director, screenwriter
 Ali MacGraw '56, Golden Globe-winning actress
 George J. Mead 1911, aircraft engineer, co-founder of Pratt & Whitney
 Paul Mellon '25, philanthropist, art collector, donor of the Yale Center for British Art and the National Gallery of Art East Wing
 Peter Rodgers Melnick '76, film, theater, and television composer
 Tift Merritt '93, singer-songwriter
 Helen Stevenson Meyner '46, U.S. Congresswoman from New Jersey
 Rebecca Miller '80, actress, screenwriter, director, novelist
 William T. Monroe '68, diplomat, U.S. ambassador to Bahrain
 Emil "Bus" Mosbacher '39, yachtsman, America's Cup winner, U.S. Chief of Protocol
 Robert Mosbacher '44, U.S. Secretary of Commerce
 Robert Mosbacher Jr. '69, Republican Politician and Former President and CEO of Overseas Private Investment Corporation

N
 Abdi Nazemian '94, Iranian-American writer, recipient of the 2017 Lambda Literary Award for Debut Fiction
Nicholas Negroponte '61, founder of MIT Media Lab and One Laptop per Child
 Philip Nel '88, scholar of children's literature
 Bruce Nelson '58, history professor
 Douglass North '38, Nobel Laureate in Economics
 Victoria Nuland '79, U.S. ambassador to NATO, Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs

O
 Terry O'Neill '70, feminist, president of the National Organization for Women (NOW)
 Emily Oster '98, economist and author
 Ifeoma Ozoma, technology policy researcher

P
 Laurie L. Patton '79, 17th president of Middlebury College and president of American Academy of Religion in 2019
 James Peck '32, World War II pacifist, Freedom Rider during the Civil Rights Movement
 Stacey Plaskett '84, U. S. Virgin Islands delegate to the United States House of Representatives
 Josephine Pucci 2009, U.S. Women's National Hockey Team member
 Jim Pyne '90, NFL player

R
 Prince Anthony Stanislas Radziwill '78, Emmy- and Peabody-winning producer of Primetime Live
 Luis Armando Roche '57, Venezuelan film director
 Rick Rosenthal '66, award-winning film and TV director
 Angela Ruggiero '98, Olympic hockey player, U.S. member of the International Olympic Committee

S

 Nicholas Schaffner '70, author, journalist
 Jamie Schroeder '99, American rower, Olympic gold-medalist, Oxford Blue, winner of The Boat Race
 John Burnham Schwartz '83, novelist
 Martha Schwendener '85, lead singer and songwriter of Bowery Electric
 Maria Semple '82, novelist and screenwriter
 Frederick Charles Shrady '28, sculptor, painter, awarded the Légion d'honneur
 Michael David Shulman (did not graduate), writer, artist, philanthropist
 Bill Simmons '88, sportswriter
 Hedrick Smith '51, New York Times editor, Pulitzer Prize-winner, Emmy-winning PBS producer
 Lee Smith '80, journalist
 Window Snyder '93, digital security innovator
 Gustaf Sobin '53, poet, novelist, and belle-lettrist
 Khari Stephenson 2000, MLS soccer player and member of the Jamaica national football team
 Roger L. Stevens '28, theatrical producer, founding chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts and the Kennedy Center
 Adlai Stevenson '18, two-time Democratic presidential candidate, governor of Illinois, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations
 James Surowiecki '84, author, New Yorker staff writer

T
 Ivanka Trump 2000, heiress, fashion model, entrepreneur, and presidential advisor

U
 Ian Underwood '59, multi instrumentalist, member of the Mothers of Invention.

V
 Chris Vlasto '84, Emmy-winning producer of Good Morning America and 20/20

W
 Prince Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuk 2003, heir presumptive to the throne of Bhutan
 Frank "Muddy" Waters '43, American college football coach
 Katharine Way '20, Manhattan Project nuclear physicist
 H. Bradford Westerfield '44, political scientist
 George Whipple III '73, lawyer and society reporter for NY1
 James Whitmore '40, Tony- and Emmy-winning actor
 David Williams '86, NHL ice hockey player
 Geoffrey Wolff '55, novelist and belle-lettrist

X

Y
 Alexander Morgan Young '88, president of production at 20th Century Fox
 Philip Young '27, Dean of the Columbia Business School and U.S. ambassador to the Netherlands

Z
 Paul Zaloom '70, puppeteer, actor, and educator

References

Chaote Rosemary Hall alumni
Choate Rosemary Hall alumni

List of Choate Rosemary Hall alumni


In combat sports where champions are decided by a challenge, the lineal championship of a weight class is a world championship title held initially by an undisputed champion and subsequently by a fighter who defeats the reigning champion in a match at that weight class. In professional boxing, the lineal champion is informally called "the man who beat the man".

Champions recognized by sanctioning bodies such as the World Boxing Association (WBA), World Boxing Council (WBC), or the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) may vacate their title voluntarily, or be stripped of the title for breaching the sanctioning body's regulations or contracts. There will thus be a breach of continuity in the list of sanctioned champions which the lineal championship is intended to prevent. However, there is no single canonical list of lineal champions at any weight class, because there is no agreed upon method of determining the starting point for each lineage and conflicting opinions on what to do when the current champion retires or moves to a different weight class, although there is agreement that any stripping of a title be discounted.

Sports

Lineal championship


The Pharmaceutical Group of the European Union (PGEU) is the European association representing more than 400,000 community pharmacists contributing to the health of over 500 million people throughout Europe. Its members include the European national associations and representative bodies of community pharmacists.

PGEU was founded in 1959 following the first "pharmacy days" meeting held in Milan, Italy. Its mission is to promote the role of the pharmacist as a key health professionals within national health systems, making a dynamic and evolving contribution to improving the health of the communities they serve.

References

External links
 http://www.pgeu.eu/
 http://www.gpue.eu/ (in French)

Pan-European trade and professional organizations
Organizations established in 1959
Pharmacy-related professional associations


David Bedinadze (; born February 5, 1985, in Batumi) is an amateur Georgian Greco-Roman wrestler, who played for the men's lightweight category. He won a silver medal at the 2006 World Wrestling Championships in Guangzhou, China, and eventually defeated Japan's Makoto Sasamoto for the gold in his division at the 2007 World Wrestling Championships in Baku, Azerbaijan. He also added a bronze medal to his collection from the 2005 European Wrestling Championships in Varna, Bulgaria. Bedinadze is a member of the wrestling team for Dynamo Tbilisi, and is coached and trained by Vaza Gravishvili.

Bedinadze represented Georgia at the 2008 Summer Olympics, where he competed for the men's 60 kg class. He lost the qualifying round match to Bulgarian wrestler and two-time Olympic champion Armen Nazaryan, with a three-set technical score (1–1, 4–1, 5–0), and a classification point score of 1–3.

References

External links
NBC Olympics Profile

Male sport wrestlers from Georgia (country)
1985 births
Living people
Olympic wrestlers for Georgia (country)
Wrestlers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Batumi
World Wrestling Championships medalists

David Bedinadze


John Glad (December 31, 1941 – December 4, 2015) was an American academic who specialized in the literature and politics of exile, especially Russian literature. He also wrote about, and advocated for, eugenics.

Biography
John Glad was born in Gary, Indiana in a family of immigrants from Croatia. His surname in Croatian means "hunger". "I am Ivan Hunger", he used to tell his Russian colleagues.

At age of 17 he began studying Russian and spoke it fluently, which undoubtedly contributed to his marriage to Larisa, nee Romanova, whom he brought from Saratov. He was known as a very good interpreter, and as such he was invited to interpret speeches of high-ranking people from Russia, including Mikhail Gorbachev.

Glad received his MA from Indiana University in 1964 for his thesis "Constance Garnett and David Magarshack as translators of Crime and punishment.", and his Ph.D. degree from New York University in 1970 for his thesis "Russian Soviet science fiction and related critical activity".

Academic work
Glad was a professor of Russian studies at the University of Maryland, and had previously taught at Rutgers University, the University of Chicago, and the University of Iowa. He was also the Director of the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies in the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, in Washington, D.C. (1982–1983), and a Guggenheim Grant recipient (1981). He had written for The Jewish Press, Mankind Quarterly and was interviewed for white nationalist publication The Occidental Quarterly. He was the translator from the Russian of The Black Book: The Ruthless Murder of Jews by German-Fascist Invaders Throughout the Temporarily-Occupied Regions of the Soviet Union and in the Death Camps of Poland During the War of 1941-1945., edited by Ilya Erenburg, and Vasily Grossman.

History of eugenics
Glad wrote two books on the subject of eugenics. Future Human Evolution: Eugenics in the Twenty-First Century advanced humanistic arguments in favour of universal eugenics and has been translated into twelve languages. His second book on the subject, Jewish Eugenics (2011) traced the interactions between Jewish thinkers and activists and eugenics.

Publications

Books
Glad, John. 2006. Future Human Evolution: Eugenics in the Twenty-First Century; preface by Seymour Itzkoff. Schuylkill Haven, PA: Hermitage Publishers.
translated into Russian as Budushchai︠a︡ ėvoli︠u︡t︠s︡ii︠a︡ cheloveka : evgenika XXI veka
Translated into Urdu as Mustaqbil kā insānī irtiqā' : ikkīsvīn̲ ṣadī men̲ ʻilm-i iṣlāḥ-i nauʻ-i insānī,
Glad, John. 2011. Jewish Eugenics. Wooden Shore L.L.C., Washington, D.C.
Glad, John. 1999. Russia Abroad: Writers, History, Politics. Tenafly, NJ: Hermitage & Birchbark Press.
review, A. Brintlinger, Russian Review  59, Part 3 (2000): 453
review, V. Terras, Slavic Review 62, Part 2 (2003): 423
review, L. Dienes, Slavic and East European Journal  44, Part 4 (2000): 672-674
review, W Coudenys, Russian History 27(2): (2000): 247-249
review, A Rogachevskii, The Slavonic and East European Review, Apr., 2001, vol. 79, no. 2, p. 357-360
Glad, John, and Daniel Weissbort. 1992. Twentieth-Century Russian Poetry. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
Glad, John. 1993. Conversations in Exile: Russian Writers Abroad. Durham: Duke University Press.
review, Slavonic and East European Review, Oct., 1994, vol. 72, no. 4, p. 723-724.
review,  Modern Language Review, Jan., 1995, vol. 90, no. 1, p. 271
review,  Slavic and East European Journal, Winter, 2000, vol. 44, no. 4, p. 672-675
Glad, John. 1990. Literature in Exile. Durham: Duke University Press.
review, SubStance, 1992, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 137-142
review,  Slavonic and East European Review, Jul., 1991, vol. 69, no. 3, p. 539
Glad, John 1982 Extrapolations from dystopia : a critical study of Soviet science fiction   Kingston Press, 1982
review, Slavic Review, Spring, 1983, vol. 42, no. 1, p. 157-158
Glad, John, and Daniel Weissbort. 1978. Russian Poetry, the Modern Period. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
review,  Slavic and East European Journal, Autumn, 1979, vol. 23, no. 3, p. 407-408
review, Modern Language Journal, Nov., 1979, vol. 63, no. 7, p. 388-389

Russian literature translations
Generations of Winter, by Vasily Aksenov
The Winter's Hero, by Vasily Aksenov New York : Random House, c1996
Kolyma Tales, by Varlam Shalamov
Poems, by Nikolai Klyuev
Graphite, by Varlam Shalamov

References

External links
The John Glad Interviews - Conversations with Russian Writers

Russian–English translators
American eugenicists
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
Rutgers University alumni
2015 deaths
1941 births
20th-century American translators

John Glad


Aníbal Augusto Milhais GOTE (; 9 July 1895 – 3 June 1970), nicknamed "Soldado Milhões" (; "Soldier Millions", for being "worth a million men"), was the most decorated Portuguese soldier of World War I and the only Portuguese soldier awarded the highest national honour, the Military Order of the Tower and of the Sword, of Valour, Loyalty and Merit on the battlefield instead of the usual public ceremony in Lisbon.

Origin
Milhais was a farmer; he was born on 9 July 1895 in the small village of Valongo de Milhais, a parish of Murça, in northern Portugal.

War service

On 30 July 1915 he was drafted into the Infantry of Bragança. In 1917, he was mobilized to join the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps. He arrived in France in the same year, as a member of the Trás os Montes Brigade of the 2nd Infantry Division of the Expeditionary Corps. The division was deployed to the front line.

The participation of Portugal in World War I took place mostly in Flanders, Belgium. Portuguese soldiers volunteered to infiltrate enemy lines and raid trenches, even though the casualties on both sides for raids were extremely high. Three German divisions had been rotated in the sector facing the 2nd Division in the last nine months before April 1918. The division saw no major battles, but suffered many casualties and extreme fatigue among the front-line soldiers from consecutive night raids. The Portuguese were to have been rotated out of the line on the same morning that the Germans attacked.

On 9 April 1918 Milhais took part in the battle known in Portugal as "The Battle of La Lys" – the first day of Ludendorff's Lys Offensive, otherwise known as "Operation Georgette", and as the "Battle of Estaires" in official British history. He found himself in the midst of the battle, in the field of Isberg, covering the withdrawal of Portuguese and Scots soldiers. Within a few hours, 1,938 men had been killed, 5,198 wounded and about 7,000 taken prisoner. Milhais was in charge of a Lewis gun. He laid down intensive fire against assaults by two German regiments, inflicting many casualties. He managed to cover the retreat of Portuguese and Scots alike, despite coming under heavy attack himself. He fired in all directions and stayed at his post until he ran out of ammunition. Finally, the Germans decided to go around his position, and Milhais found himself alone in the rear of the enemy lines for three days. On the third day, Milhais, still carrying his Lewis gun, rescued a Scottish major from a swamp, and the two reached Allied lines. Milhais was warmly welcomed, but being a modest man, he did not say anything about his feats. However, the officer he had helped reported his actions to the British headquarters and several other testimonials also made his deeds known.

A few months later, Milhais once again held back a German assault single-handed with his Lewis gun, allowing a Belgian unit to retreat safely to a secondary trench without casualties. Both the British observers present in the scene and the Belgian commander included his action in their reports. Milhais was awarded the highest Portuguese distinction - the Order of the Tower and Sword - and the French Légion d'Honneur, awarded on the battlefield before 15,000 Allied soldiers.

On 15 July 1918 the Order of Service of the Battalion published a commendation, given by Major Ferreira do Amaral, which described his action as having been worth a million men, hence the nickname by which he became known: "Soldier Millions".

After the war

On 2 February 1919 he returned to his homeland and married Teresa de Jesus and had nine children with her. After the war ended, the Portuguese economy was near bankruptcy, and Milhais had difficulty providing for his family. The Portuguese government promised to help, but instead of an allowance, named the village where he was born after him. On 8 July 1924 the Parliament renamed the town of Valongo as Valongo de Milhais. The rather shy Milhais lived in the village of Valongo of Milhais, more famous than ever, but as poor as before. He received many decorations and much public praise, but the highly decorated soldier still could not provide for his family.

In 1928, he emigrated to Brazil in an attempt to improve his financial standing. The Portuguese community in Brazil received him as a hero. When the Portuguese living there realized that Milhais was in need, the community gathered funds to send him back to Portugal with enough money to provide for his family. The Portuguese public thought it a national indignity and were angry that the military had done little for Milhais.

On 5 August 1928 he returned to Portugal and to agriculture. He received a small pension, enough to live on as a national hero.

He died on 3 June 1970 in the village named after him.

Legacy
 The village Valongo de Milhais was renamed after him on 8 July 1924.

 Some descendants of Milhais have adopted the surname Milhões.

 A permanent exhibition remembering his achievements can be seen in the Military Museum in the city of Porto. Furthermore, a statue in his honor was erected in his hometown as a national tribute and as a symbol for Portugal.

 The 2018 movie Soldado Milhões ("Soldier Millions", known in English as Courage Of One) was based on the biography of Aníbal Augusto Milhais.

References

Further reading
 Rodrigues, Hugo. "France at War – Portugal in the Great War." World War I – Trenches on the Web. January 25, 2009.

 "Translated version of The Soldado Million – A Hero of Tower and Sword  at the Jornal das Cortes. Google Translate. January 25, 2009

1895 births
1970 deaths
20th-century Portuguese people
Portugal in World War I
Portuguese military personnel of World War I
Portuguese soldiers
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
People from Murça
Portuguese Roman Catholics
Recipients of the Order of the Tower and Sword

Aníbal Milhais


Olise Cla Meredith III (; born June 4, 1983), nicknamed "The Claw," is a former Major League Baseball relief pitcher. He played for the Boston Red Sox, San Diego Padres, and Baltimore Orioles.

Collegiate career
Meredith attended Virginia Commonwealth University and played on their baseball team.  Meredith was used almost exclusively as a reliever. He put up his best numbers in , going 6-0 with a school record 1.19 ERA, which was 2nd best in the NCAA Division I. Meredith posted 8 saves that year, with 70 strikeouts, and only 16 walks. He is also VCU's all time ERA leader at 2.52.

Professional career

Boston Red Sox
Meredith was drafted in the 6th round (185th overall) 2004 Major League Baseball draft by the Boston Red Sox after his junior year at VCU.  He started his pro career with their Single-A affiliate the Augusta GreenJackets. In 13 games, he gave up no runs and saved six games, while striking out 18 and walking three.

He was promoted to Sarasota of the Florida State League after his performance in Augusta and put up a 0-2 record with a 2.20 ERA in 16 games with 12 saves, 16 strikeouts and only three walks. In , he pitched 15 innings over 12 games for the Portland Sea Dogs without giving up an earned run, striking out 12 while walking three.

He made his major league debut on May 8,  against Seattle. Meredith walked two batters before allowing a grand slam to Richie Sexson.

San Diego Padres
On May 1, , Meredith was traded to the Padres, along with then-Red Sox backup catcher Josh Bard, for catcher Doug Mirabelli. Meredith earned a win in his first appearance for San Diego on May 13, 2006, starting off a record-setting rookie campaign. His 1.07 ERA and .170 batting average against led the National League (minimum 50 innings pitched).

He did not surrender a run in 28 consecutive appearances, a span of 33 innings from July 18 through September 12. That streak set a franchise record, eclipsing Randy Jones' 30-inning scoreless streak. The 33 scoreless innings also tied Orel Hershiser's mark in  for the second-longest streak by a rookie since . It now stands as the second-longest scoreless stretch by a rookie relief pitcher in the live-ball era ().

Baltimore Orioles
In July 2009, Meredith was traded to the Baltimore Orioles for infielder Oscar Salazar.

On December 12, 2009, Meredith avoided arbitration and agreed to a one-year contract with the Baltimore Orioles.

After getting sent down on June 22, 2010, he was designated for assignment to make room for recently acquired Jake Fox.

Washington Nationals
The Washington Nationals signed Meredith to a minor league deal with an invite to spring training on February 2, 2011. On March 27, 2011, the Nationals released him.

Post-baseball

Meredith currently resides in Richmond, Virginia with his wife and 3 children. He is a professional firefighter for Henrico County.

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Richmond, Virginia
Boston Red Sox players
San Diego Padres players
Baltimore Orioles players
Augusta GreenJackets players
Sarasota Red Sox players
Portland Sea Dogs players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Portland Beavers players
American people of Welsh descent
VCU Rams baseball players

Cla Meredith


Admiral Richard Lestock (22 February 1679 – 17 December 1746) was an officer in the Royal Navy, eventually rising to the rank of Admiral.  He fought in a number of battles, and was a controversial figure, most remembered for his part in the defeat at the Battle of Toulon, and the subsequent court-martial.

Family and early years
Lestock is believed to have been born on 22 February 1679, though he may have been born some years previously.  He was the second son of Richard Lestock (d. 1713) and his wife, Rebecca (d. 1709).  His father had been magistrate for Middlesex, and commander of a number of merchant ships. On 26 December 1690, the father was among those invited by the Admiralty to volunteer for naval service, which he did. On 6 January 1691 Lestock's father was appointed to command HMS Cambridge.

Lestock followed his father into the navy.  In April 1701 he was appointed third lieutenant to the Cambridge. A number of postings to different ships then followed, to HMS Solebay, HMS Exeter and then HMS Barfleur.  The Barfleur was at this time the flagship of Sir Cloudesley Shovell.  Lestock was present with Shovell at the Battle of Vélez-Málaga.  Shovell then promoted him to his first command, and in August 1705 Lestock became master and commander of the fire ship HMS Vulture.  Whilst in command of her, he was active ashore at the relief of Barcelona and the capture of Alicante.

Captain of the Fowey and the Panther
Lestock took over the command of the 32-gun HMS Fowey on 29 April 1706, and was sent home in September with the news of the surrender of Alicante.  On his return he was among those who helped to destroy a 64-gun French warship off Almeria in December that year.  He was then ordered to join with Sir George Byng to assist the ground forces in the failed attack on Toulon in 1707.  Lestock and the Fowey were then present at the capture of Menorca the following year.  The Fowey was sailing from Alicante to Lisbon in April 1709, when on 14 April she was overhauled by two enemy 40-gun frigates.  A two-hour battle ensued, after which the outgunned Fowey was forced to surrender.  Lestock was exchanged shortly after and returned to England, where he faced a court-martial for the loss of his ship.  He was fully acquitted on 31 August 1709.

His next appointment was to command HMS Weymouth in the West Indies, which he did from 1710 until 1712.  When she was paid off (decommissioned), Lestock went to half pay for five years, before he finally received command of HMS Panther in the Baltic in 1717.  The fleet he joined was under George Byng, whom he had served with before.  Lestock was given command of a seven-ship squadron, and ordered to cruise off Göteborg and in the Skagerrak, operating against Swedish privateers.  Lestock seems to have made a favourable impression, and Byng made him second captain aboard his flagship, the Barfleur, during the Battle of Cape Passaro in 1718.

Career stalled
Despite impressing so highly influential an admiral, Lestock remained on half pay for nearly ten years.  He returned to active duty only in 1728, commanding HMS Princess Amelia.  He moved the next year to join HMS Royal Oak, and served aboard her in the Mediterranean in 1731 under Sir Charles Wager.  He took up his next command, that of HMS Kingston on 21 February 1732 and received orders on 6 April to wear a red broad pennant and prepare to sail to the West Indies to take up the post of commander-in-chief of the Jamaica Station. Contrary winds however stopped him sailing until 29 April.  Three weeks later Sir Chaloner Ogle was appointed commander-in-chief at Jamaica instead, and a letter was written ordering Lestock to strike his flag and return to Britain.  No reason was given.  Lestock was dismayed by this snub, writing in a letter from Port Royal on 21 November:My affair being without precedent I cannot say much, but such a fate as I have met with is far worse than death, many particulars of which I doubt not will be heard from me when I shall be able to present myself to my lords of the admiralty.
Further humiliation followed when he was twice passed over for flag-rank in 1733 and again in 1734. During this period five captains of lesser seniority were promoted. Despite this apparent stalling of his career, Lestock continued in active service.  He was appointed captain of HMS Somerset on 22 February 1734, the Somerset then stationed as guard ship in the Medway. He served aboard her until April 1738, then moving to HMS Grafton, stationed at the Nore. During his time here he was noted for being occasionally overly zealous in arresting vessels that had no right to wear an official pendant.  He was made captain of HMS Boyne in August 1739, and accompanied Sir Chaloner Ogle to the West Indies the following year.

Return to prominence
Whilst in the West Indies, Vice-Admiral Edward Vernon appointed him commodore and third in command of the fleet.  Lestock regularly attended Vernon's naval councils of war.  During the Battle of Cartagena de Indias he was appointed to command the attack on Fort San Luis on 23 March 1741. The battle ended in defeat and the Boyne was severely damaged.  Lestock returned to England in the summer aboard the Princess Carolina.  He then took over the command of HMS Neptune and was appointed Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean Fleet and sent out with a large contingent of reinforcements in November 1741.

Bad weather contrived to delay the sailing for several weeks, and he was unable to join Vice-Admiral Nicholas Haddock's fleet until the end of January 1742.  By this time, the ships had been badly damaged by the weather, and many of the crew were ill or had died.  Nevertheless, Lestock was promoted to rear-admiral on 13 March 1742.  Haddock was forced to return to England a couple of months later due to ill health, leaving Lestock as acting commander-in-chief.  Lestock hoped to have the appointment confirmed from England, but was bitterly disappointed to learn that Vice-Admiral Thomas Mathews had been dispatched to take over command.

Relations with Mathews
The two men had already worked together.  Mathews had been commissioner at Chatham during the period Lestock had been in charge of the guard ships.  Mathews arrived and took over command, and began to openly criticise Lestock's performance.  He also countermanded his appointments.  Mathews was much occupied with the diplomatic duties of his position and relied on Lestock to manage the fleet, but became increasingly resentful of Lestock's inability to do his job owing to his poor health.  Despite sending complaints back home, Lestock was promoted to vice-admiral of the white on 29 November 1743 and remained as Mathews' second.

The Battle of Toulon
It was whilst the two were on the Mediterranean station that the Battle of Toulon was fought on 11 February 1744.  The British fleet attempted to engage a Spanish convoy, with Lestock taking command of the Rear division.  The battle ended in failure for the British. Lestock was accused of adhering to a restrictive interpretation of the fighting instructions and for a failure to take the initiative, so contributing to the failure.  The British had been following the Spanish the previous day, but on the evening of 10 February Lestock halted the rear before it had reached its proper position in line abreast.  By morning they had drifted even further out of line, eventually lying some five miles distant of the rest of the fleet.  Only then did Lestock attempt to reach the action, but arrived too late.

Mathews had been making signals all morning, and had twice sent a lieutenant in a boat to urge Lestock to bring his ships into the battle.  Lestock replied that he was doing all he could, but that some of his ships were slow.  He did not however order his faster ones forwards, nor did he follow Mathews' signal to engage, allowing four lagging Spanish ships to slip away from him.  After the action Lestock argued that the signal for the line was still flying, which he saw as his primary duty to obey.  He would only therefore follow the signal to engage when he could do so from his position in the line.  When challenged why he had allowed such a gap to open between the rear and the rest of the fleet the previous night, Lestock claimed that the rules required him to follow the signal to 'bring to' the moment it was given, this taking precedence over the signal to move to line abreast.  These interpretations were highly dubious, and failed to satisfy Mathews.  He suspended Lestock and sent him home.

The action is debated
On his return, Lestock began to cast blame on Mathews and other captains that had not served in his division.  A pamphlet war ensued, but high and low opinion was against him.  Lestock did have important political friends though, and they managed to obtain a parliamentary inquiry into the outcome.  This took place in the House of Commons over a number of days between March–April 1745, and sharply divided public opinion.  Anti-Mathews speeches were made by Henry Fox and George Grenville, whilst Lestock himself impressed the MPs with his cool, calm demeanour.  Mathews' defence in comparison was seen as heated and disorganized, just as how Lestock claimed Mathews had fought the battle. Mathews was also viewed with suspicion by the naval authorities, who were wary of his 'out of doors' popularity.  The Admiralty Board convened a court-martial made up of officers sympathetic to Lestock, who was acquitted of any wrongdoing.

Controversy over the judgement
The outcome failed to convince the wider population.  A later naval historian wrote in 1758 that:'the nation could not be persuaded that the vice-admiral ought to be exculpated for not fighting' and the admiral cashiered for fighting The evidence of the court-martial was not released and confusion over the true events persisted for some time.  Robert Beatson decided that Lestock 'shewed a zeal and attention which gives a very advantageous idea of his capacity as a seaman and an officer'whilst John Campbell declared in his Lives of the British Admirals that Lestock 'ought to have been shot'.

Public opinion remained divided, but a song written in the earlier nineteenth century about the heroism of Richard Avery Hornsby, entitled Brave Captain Hornsby references Lestock, depicting him as betraying his friends:

There is an old proverb I've lately thought on,
When you think of a friend you're sure to find none;
For when that I thought to see Lestock come by,
He was five miles a distance, and would not come nigh;

Return to service and last days

On 5 June 1746, just two days after his acquittal he was promoted admiral of the blue and given command of a large squadron. The original plan called for the launching of an assault on Quebec, but an attack on the French port of Lorient was decided instead. Despite planning difficulties, the force was landed and nearly succeeded in taking the city. The result was ultimately a failure and was viewed as such by a disappointed public, but Lestock appears to have acquitted himself well. He hoped to receive an appointment to command a spring expedition to North America, but his health suddenly declined, and he died of a stomach ailment on 13 December 1746.

Family and personal life
Lestock probably married Sarah (d. 1744), of Chigwell Row in Essex during his time on half pay in the early 1720s.  They may have had a son, as a boy named Richard Lestock was baptised at Chigwell on 14 July 1723, but if so he presumably died young as no more is heard about him. The couple also had a daughter, Elizabeth, who survived her father. In addition, Lestock promoted a man named James Peers to the command of the Kingston at Jamaica on 26 August 1732.  Peers was apparently spoken of as Lestock's son-in-law; however there was no mention of him in Sarah's will.

His wife predeceased him on 12 September 1744. Their daughter married James Peacock, a purser in the navy. Lestock seems to have been on bad terms with his family, leaving all of his property to an apothecary, William Monke of London. He also left a bequest to his friend Henry Fox, who had been one of those defending him in the Commons.

References

Sources

External links
Lestock's entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
Article on the Battle of Toulon

Royal Navy admirals
Royal Navy personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
Royal Navy officers who were court-martialled
1679 births
1746 deaths
British military personnel of the War of the Quadruple Alliance

Richard Lestock


The Micronesia Challenge is a regional inter-governmental initiative in the western Pacific region that would facilitate more effective conservation of marine and forest resources in Micronesia.

On 5 November 2005, President of Palau Tommy E. Remengesau, Jr. called on his regional peers to join him in the Micronesia Challenge, which would conserve 30 percent of near shore coastal waters and 20 percent of forest land by 2020. Joining the initiative were Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia and Marshall Islands, and the U.S. territories of Guam and Northern Mariana Islands. These nations and territories represent nearly 5 percent of the marine area of the Pacific Ocean and 7 percent of its coastlines.

External links
The Nature Conservancy page on the Micronesia Challenge
New York Times editorial on the Micronesia Challenge, 21 April 2007
Beautify CNMI - a community-based organization working on the Micronesia Challenge in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

Foreign relations of the Federated States of Micronesia
Foreign relations of Palau
Foreign relations of the Marshall Islands
Environment of the Federated States of Micronesia
Environment of Palau
Environment of the Marshall Islands
Environment of Guam
Environment of the Northern Mariana Islands
Palau–United States relations
Marshall Islands–United States relations
Federated States of Micronesia–United States relations

Micronesia Challenge


Rocar De Simon 412E was a model of trolleybus that was manufactured by Rocar in Romania, in 1997 and 2002. A total of only 19 were produced, 18 equipped with DC motors and one with an AC motor. Two were delivered to the Bucharest trolleybus system, #7454 and #7459 (the one on AC), another two were delivered to Cluj and the remaining 15 were delivered to Constanta. Models sent to Constanta are equipped with resistor controller instead of electronic chopper.

Although the bus version was also available with 2 doors, the 412E was only built with the 3-door body. Transmission of all 412E is from Autocamioane Brașov, probably because the motor is somehow identical to the Rocar DAC 112/117/212/217 series. Although it was meant as a replacement for 112/117/212/217 series, they were built in parallel. Like its bus counterpart, it had no articulated version built by ROCAR. Low floor 812E or/and ROCAR Solaris Urbino were designed as its successors, but ROCAR went bankrupt.

5 412E Trolleybuses were sent from Constanta to Piatra Neamt in early 2015, as Constanta shut down its system use in 2010. All 5 are in operation and it is expected for the other 10 to be sent to Piatra Neamt or other cities if needed. They are numbered 158–163.
RATB still operates one, #7459, but it was put in storage along with Rocar 812E Trolleybus #7460 due to high maintenance costs. #7454 was scrapped since 2009.

A similar trolleybus was the Inbus F140, built in 1981, scrapped in 2008. The Rocar De Simon bodywork design was based upon multiple De Simon-bodied buses in Italy, including some Inbus designs. Inbus was a collaboration firm between Breda and De Simon, being a popular choice for Italian bus companies in the 1980s.

See also

Rocar De Simon U412
Rocar De Simon U412-220
Rocar De Simon U412-230
Rocar De Simon U412-260
Rocar De Simon U412-DAF

References

External links

Transport in Romania
Buses
Trolleybuses

ro:Rocar de Simon

Rocar De Simon 412E