The ACA Memorial Park is a public park and monument located in downtown Binghamton, New York at the intersection of Clinton and Front Streets.

The Park was created by a group of volunteers in the aftermath of the Binghamton shooting at the American Civic Association.

Origins and history

The origin of the park can be traced to an initial meeting between Omri Yigal and David Marsland, in late April 2009. Both men had lost their foreign-born wives in the shooting. Yigal expressed a desire to create a memorial garden on the grounds of the ACA and Marsland was interested in doing something with the other families who had lost loved ones in the tragedy.

After this initial meeting, both men reached out to the other family members and the ACA to gather a group to promote this idea. A number of meetings were held over the summer of 2009, involving family members, members of the ACA board, representatives of the City of Binghamton, and local architects.

Mr. Marsland was asked to head the fundraising efforts on behalf of the other family members. Fund raising efforts lasted nearly four years to accumulate the nearly $230,000 required for the final design.

Madeleine Cotts of IBI-BCK Architects was selected as the architect and oversaw construction of the park itself.

In the fall of 2009, the American Civic Association abruptly withdrew from the project for reasons that were never made public. The Committee, now composed only of the family members of the 13 people slain, instead formed a partnership with the current administration of the City of Binghamton, led by then Mayor Matthew Ryan, in order to allow donations to the park to be tax-deductible. City Council met in early 2010 to discuss the project and approved legislation creating a dedicated account for the purposes of accepting donations for the construction of the park on an existing city lot near the Clinton Street bridge, just north of the ACA.

Location and design

The design of the park was directly based on suggestions from the committee formed of family members. These elements included a vertical 'broken' column, to symbolize a life cut short, bird sculptures placed on posts in an arrangement suggestive of a flock being disturbed and flying away, memorial plaques with text and graphics designed by each family, and a surrounding garden of roses and evergreens, utilizing a tree that existed at the final site.

The group as a whole desired to create a unique and lasting tribute, and when Cotts's proposed designed was revealed in April 2010, it was enthusiastically received.

Fundraising

Initially, fundraising was carried out as a private effort by David Marsland assisted by his mother, Amy. A list of foundations was drafted and mailings sent out, with advice from the architectural team at IBI-BCK, David Young and Madeleine Cotts. The Raymond Foundation granted $5,000 to underwrite the architectural design work and project plan. An early response came from Dr. Lee, who offered to underwrite the entire cost of the central column with a $60,000 donation. After giving a speech to a lunchtime meeting of the Binghamton Rotary, Marsland was approached by area businessman David Alamo, who offered to expand the fundraising team. Marsland reached out to NBT Bank vice-president Jeff Lake, and Alamo recruited George Akel of Giant Family Markets to complete the expanded fundraising team. This combined team then worked on contacting area businesses, individuals and foundations to raise the funds necessary to construct the memorial.

Construction

By late 2012, over $200,000 had been raised toward the construction. Bids were let through the City of Binghamton and awarded to local firms. Milon Townsend of Rochester, NY was selected as the artisan to create the signature glass birds and cast glass column.

Legacy

In the years since construction, the Park has become a much-loved landmark in the City of Binghamton, and annual observances of the tragedy are marked by the laying of flowers and other activities at the park. The original Committee of family members continue to oversee the Park in partnership with the City of Binghamton, who donated the property on which the memorial stands.

References

http://www.visitbinghamton.org/listings/aca-memorial-park/
https://web.archive.org/web/20160305193951/http://www.bckpc.com/project-detail/aca-memorial.html
http://townsquarenewyork.com/work-starts-at-binghamton-aca-memorial-site/
http://www.broomearts.org/public-sculpture/aca-memorial/

Parks in New York (state)
Monuments and memorials in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Binghamton, New York
Parks in Broome County, New York

ACA Memorial Park


Santa Caterina d'Alessandria is a Gothic-style, Roman Catholic church in Pisa, region of Tuscany, Italy.

History
It is mentioned for the first time in 1211, then associated with a hospital. The current edifice was built between 1251 and 1300, commissioned by Saint Dominic himself, and entrusted to the friars of his order.

The façade (completed in 1326) has a pointed shape with white and grey marble, with, in the upper section, two order of small Gothic loggias and a central rose window. The interior, after a fire in 1651, is on a single large hall. Renovated in the 18th century, it houses works by Lippo Memmi (Triumph of St Thomas, 1323), Fra Bartolomeo (Madonna with Sts Peter and Paul, 1511), Santi di Tito, Aurelio Lomi (Martyrdom of St Catherine), Raffaello Vanni, Pietro Dandini (all 16th-17th centuries) and marble sculptures by Andrea Pisano (Tomb of Archbishop Simone Saltarelli, 1343) and his son Nino Pisano ("Annunciation", 1368). Also notable is the tomb of Gherardo Compagni, decorated with a late 16th-century "Pietà" statue.

The wooden pulpit from the 17th century, according to the tradition, was that from which St Thomas Acquinas preached.

In 1320, Simone Martini executed for this church the Saint Catherine of Alexandria Polyptych, one of his best known works. The painting has been moved to the San Matteo Museum in Pisa.

The church is flanked by a bell tower with mullioned windows, attributed to Giovanni di Simone.

References

Sources

External links

Page about the church

Caterina
Caterina
Churches completed in 1300
Gothic architecture in Pisa

Santa Caterina, Pisa


Picture Post was a photojournalistic magazine published in the United Kingdom from 1938 to 1957.  It is considered a pioneering example of photojournalism and  was an immediate success, selling 1,700,000 copies a week after only two months. It has been called the UK's equivalent of Life magazine.

The magazine's editorial stance was liberal, anti-fascist, and populist, and from its inception, Picture Post campaigned against the persecution of Jews in Nazi Germany. In the 26 November 1938 issue, a picture story was run entitled "Back to the Middle Ages": photographs of Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels and Hermann Göring were contrasted with the faces of those scientists, writers and actors they were persecuting.

History
In January 1941 Picture Post published their "Plan for Britain". This included minimum wages throughout industry, full employment, child allowances, a national health service, the planned use of land and a complete overhaul of education. This document led to discussions about post-war Britain and was a populist forerunner of William Beveridge's November 1942 Report.

Sales of Picture Post increased further during World War II, and by December 1943, the magazine was selling 1,950,000 copies a week. By the end of 1949 circulation had declined to 1,422,000.

The founding editor, Stefan Lorant (who had also founded Lilliput and had even earlier pioneered the picture-story in Germany in the 1920s), had been succeeded by (Sir) Tom Hopkinson in 1940. Lorant, who was Jewish, had been imprisoned by Hitler in the early 1930s and later wrote a best-selling book, I Was Hitler's Prisoner. By 1940, he feared that he would be captured in a Nazi invasion of Britain and so fled to Massachusetts, where he wrote important illustrated US histories and biographies.

During World War II, the art editor of the magazine, Edgar Ainsworth, served as a war correspondent and accompanied the American 7th Army on its advance across Europe in 1945. He visited the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp three times after the British army liberated the complex in April 1945. Several of his sketches and drawings from the camp were published in a September 1945 article, Victim and Prisoner. Ainsworth also commissioned the artist Mervyn Peake to visit France and Germany at the end of the war and reported from Bergen-Belsen.

Hopkinson said that his photographers were thoroughbreds and that text could always be written after the event, but if his photographers did not come back with good pictures, he had nothing to work with. Years later, Hopkinson said that the greatest photos he ever received to lay out were Bert Hardy's images from the Korean War's Battle of Incheon, for which James Cameron wrote the article. The magazine's greatest photographers included Hardy, Kurt Hutton, Felix H. Man (aka Hans Baumann), Francis Reiss, Thurston Hopkins, John Chillingworth, Grace Robertson, and Leonard McCombe, who eventually joined Life magazine's staff. Staff writers included MacDonald Hastings, Lorna Hay, Sydney Jacobson, J. B. Priestley, Lionel Birch, James Cameron, Fyfe Robertson, Anne Scott-James, Robert Kee and Bert Lloyd. Many freelancer writers contributed as well, including George Bernard Shaw, Dorothy Parker, and William Saroyan.

On 17 June 1950, Leader magazine was incorporated in Picture Post. Editor Tom Hopkinson was often in conflict with (Sir) Edward G. Hulton, the owner of Picture Post. Hulton mainly supported the Conservative Party and objected to Hopkinson's socialist views. The conflict led to Hopkinson's dismissal in 1950 following the publication of Cameron's article, with pictures by Hardy, about South Korea's treatment of political prisoners in the Korean War.

By June 1952, circulation had fallen to 935,000. Sales continued to decline in the face of competition from television and a revolving door of new editors. By the time the magazine closed in July 1957, circulation was less than 600,000 copies a week.

Picture Post was digitised as The Picture Post Historical Archive, 1938–1957 and consists of the complete, fully searchable facsimile archive of the Picture Post. It was made available in 2011 to libraries and institutions.

Hulton Press Library

As the photographic archive of Picture Post expanded through the Second World War, it became clear that its vast collection of photographs and negatives, both published and unpublished, were becoming an important historical documentary resource. In 1945, Sir Edward Hulton set up the Hulton Press Library as a semi-independent operation. He commissioned Charles Gibbs-Smith of the Victoria and Albert Museum to catalogue the entire archive using a system of keywords and classifications. The Gibbs-Smith system was the world's first indexing system for pictures, and it was eventually adopted by the Victoria and Albert Museum and parts of the British Museum collections.

When Picture Post folded, Sir Edward Hulton sold the archive collection to the BBC in 1957. It was incorporated into the Radio Times photo archive, and the BBC expanded the collection further with the purchase of the photo archives of the Daily Express and Evening Standard newspapers. Eventually, the BBC disposed of its photo archive and the BBC Hulton Picture Library was sold on once more, this time to Brian Deutsch, in 1988.  In 1996, the Hulton Picture Collection was bought by Getty Investments for £8.6 million. Getty Images now owns the rights to some 15 million photographs from the British press archives dating back to the 19th century. In 2000, Getty embarked on a large project to digitise the photo archive, and launched a dedicated website in 2001. A data migration programme began in 2003 and the Hulton Archive was transferred to the main Getty Images website; the Hulton Archive is still available today as a featured resource within the vast Getty holdings.

Present day: Picture Stories
A documentary about the life and photographic legacy of Picture Post, Picture Stories, was produced by Ship of Life Films in 2021.

The documentary features archive interviews with editors Stefan Lorant and Tom Hopkinson and several Picture Post photographers, including Bert Hardy, Thurston Hopkins, John Chillingworth,  Humphrey Spender and David Steen. It also includes the photographer Grace Robertson's last interview, in which she discusses her classic picture story "Mother's Day Off". Modern-day documentary photographers including David Hurn, Daniel Meadows, Anna Fox, Homer Sykes, Peter Dench and Nick Turpin discuss the photography and influence of Picture Post.

Picture Stories received positive reviews and won the Audience Award at the 2021 UK Jewish Film Festival. The Guardian gave the documentary a four-star review, describing it as "inspiring".

References

Citations

Sources
Primary

Secondary

External links

Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom
Getty Images
Magazines published in London
Magazines established in 1938
Magazines disestablished in 1957
Photojournalistic magazines
Photography in the United Kingdom
Stock photography
1938 establishments in the United Kingdom
1957 disestablishments in the United Kingdom

Picture Post


The Enchantress is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by Bob Haney and Howard Purcell, the character made her first appearance in Strange Adventures #187 (April 1966). June Moone is a freelance artist who becomes possessed by an entity originally known only as The Succubus. The resulting merge resulted in the Enchantress, a powerful sorceress considered to be one of the most dangerous black magic practitioners in the DC Universe.  The character has often been depicted as both a villain and anti-hero, establishing herself as a member of various teams such as Shadowpact, the Suicide Squad, and the Sentinels of Magic. In more recent continuities, she is often cast as an ally and adversary for the Justice League Dark and a recurring member of the Suicide Squad.

The Enchantress would make an appearance in mainstream media, portrayed by Cara Delevingne in the 2016 film Suicide Squad as both June Moone and the Enchantress, the latter portrayed as a separate entity possessing her body. The Enchantress entity would also be portrayed by Samantha Liana Cole on the show Legends of Tomorrow, which is part of the Arrowverse. Enchantress and June Moone also make an appearance in the video game Injustice 2.

Publication history
The Enchantress ("The Switcheroo-Witcheroo" as she was bannered on the cover) first appeared in the nine-page lead story of Strange Adventures #187 (April 1966), the National Comics (now DC Comics) flagship science fiction anthology title. She then appeared in two eight-page appearances in the same title: Strange Adventures #191 (August 1966) and 200 (May 1967), written by Bob Haney and drawn by co-creator Howard Purcell. The first two stories were reprinted in Adventure Comics #417 (March 1972) and 419 (May 1972), her only appearances in the 1970s.

Following this, the Enchantress appeared in two linked Supergirl tales in The Superman Family #204–205 (November/December 1980–January/February 1981). Writer Jack C. Harris and artist Trevor Von Eeden proposed to DC an all-female super-team named the "Power Squad" which would have included the Enchantress, but were turned down. The character appeared in a two-part story featuring the Forgotten Villains in the Superman team-up title DC Comics Presents #77–78 (January–February 1985). She was one of the super-characters in Legends #3 (January 1987) and 6 (April 1987), followed by the origin of the Suicide Squad in Secret Origins (vol. 2) #14 (May 1987) and the immediately following Suicide Squad series issues #1–8 (May 1987–December 1987) and 12–16 (April 1988–August 1988), written by John Ostrander; and The Spectre (vol. 2) #11 (February 1988).

Eleven years later, she returned in Green Lantern (vol. 3) #118 (November 1999) and Day of Judgment #1–5 (all November 1999), written by Geoff Johns with art by Matt Smith and Steve Mitchell. She next guest-starred in another DC Comics miniseries JLA: Black Baptism #1–4 (May–August 2001) by Ruben Diaz and Sean Smith (writers) and Jesus Saiz (artist) after which the Enchantress disappeared again until the Day of Vengeance miniseries #1–5 (June 2005–November 2005) by Bill Willingham, who also used her character through the first 16 issues (July 2006–October 2007) of the Shadowpact series that followed directly from Day of Vengeance. Matthew Sturges wrote the title from issue #17–25 (November 2007–July 2008). During that time she also made appearances in the major DC Comics crossover series Countdown, in issues #29 (October 17, 2007) and 28 (October 24, 2007), the associated Countdown to Mystery #1 (November 2007), and one issue of The Trials of Shazam!, #11 (March 2008).

Since the cancellation of Shadowpact, the Enchantress has continued to make minor appearances in the DC Universe, including DC Universe Holiday Special (2008), and the miniseries Reign in Hell #2–8 (September 2008–April 2009). She appeared in Action Comics #885 (March 2010), part of a new cycle of stories by James Robinson which led up to the DC Comics 2010 limited series War of the Supermen.

When DC relaunched their entire line in September 2011, it included a new team comic book titled Justice League Dark which featured the magical characters of the DCU: Shade, the Changing Man; Madame Xanadu; Deadman; Zatanna; John Constantine and Mindwarp. Their first enemy was the Enchantress gone mad.

Fictional character biography
June Moone was a freelance artist who was invited to a costume party at an old castle, and stumbled upon a secret chamber where an unknown magical being (later named as Dzamor) empowered her to fight an evil presence in the castle. Saying the words "The Enchantress", her appearance changes from the blonde-haired June to the black-haired and costumed Enchantress and defeats a minotaur creature from a tapestry. Soon after, she defeats a monster at Cape Kennedy and a mirage of a demonic creature manipulated by a crook.

In her next appearance, however, the Enchantress is a misguided character fighting Supergirl, who prevents her gaining omnipotent magical power and cancelling all other superpowers on Earth, twice. Her villainous side takes over after this, and the Enchantress then continues her career as a member of the Forgotten Villains and part of the army of supervillains during the Crisis on Infinite Earths crossover event.

Suicide Squad

She is next recruited into the newly formed 'Task Force X', soon to be known as the 'Suicide Squad', on the chance that she could keep her villainous side in check. In her first mission, she uses massive magical energy to defeat Brimstone, which sends her over the edge and she becomes temporarily truly villainous. During her tenure with the Suicide Squad, June Moone's control over her Enchantress side becomes weaker, and she destroys at least one mission because of this; teammate Deadshot is tasked with taking her out should she get beyond control. Eventually, Madame Xanadu diagnoses that June's loss of control is because she began using her powers before she could control them, and the only way to counteract this is not to use them until her aura, which protects her from the evil influences in magic, regains its power.

Madame Xanadu gives June a necklace that she cannot remove which, together with a ring to be held by someone else, creates a feedback loop preventing the Enchantress from using magic for evil as a temporary measure. She also raises an army to destroy the town and perform terror attacks as stated in the first mission. June then discovers that her Enchantress persona is, in fact, a separate evil entity from another dimension fused with her, not simply a manifestation of magic. She learned this when she and other Squad members joined Nightshade on a mission to free her homeland, the Nightshade Dimension. There, she found out that the Incubus, who took over that dimension, is the brother of the Dzamor, who merges with her to give her the power of the Enchantress. The Incubus rips his sister out of June, leaving her powerless. Shortly afterwards, June disappears from the Suicide Squad for unknown reasons.

Day of Judgment

Eleven years later, after a storm caused by war in Hell, June breaks free from the Ostrander Mental Institute in New Jersey, where she has been for an indeterminate period of time. Refusing to join with the superheroes fighting a demon invasion on Earth and in Hell, the newly freed Enchantress is possessed by Deadman to manipulate her into helping the fight in Hell. Once there, June's Enchantress persona is murdered by Sebastian Faust as a purely evil act, the only way to reignite the fires of Hell.

JLA: Black Baptism
June Moone is left in a semi-catatonic state after the removal of her Enchantress persona and is committed to 'Elysium Fields Sanitarium' outside Detroit. Faust removes her from the sanitarium and reunites her with her Enchantress persona – who had not been killed by him and has been masquerading as 'Anita Souleata', a succubus working with a group of Mafia-styled demons to create a gateway to Hell and resurrect Hermes Trismegestus, a mad sorcerer who wanted to destroy life on Earth. When June and the Enchantress are re-combined, a new entity called the Soulsinger is temporarily created, which fades away shortly after, leaving the Enchantress behind – once again a separate entity, but cut off from her powers. June Moone is taken to be looked after by Doctor Occult.

Day of Vengeance

The Ragman digs the Enchantress out from under a destroyed forest after the Spectre, bent on killing all magical beings and places on Earth, kills nearly 700 sorcerers, only breaking off when attacked. The Enchantress divines the seduction of the Spectre by Eclipso/Jean Loring, mentally from the safety of the pocket-dimensional 'Oblivion Bar', where many magical entities have gone to escape him. She then leaves to challenge the Spectre on Earth, having first created a gun that can kill her should she turn evil again and offering it to the Ragman. When she overloads again while channeling power from nearly everyone on Earth with magic capabilities to Captain Marvel so that he can defeat the Spectre, she is put out of action by a punch from Blue Devil instead. Recovering quickly enough to devise a plan to lure the Spectre into a trap, the Enchantress helps with the reconstruction of the Rock of Eternity in Gotham City, after facing Doctor Occult, who has been possessed by the spirit of Envy. During the Day of Vengeance series, the Enchantress, the Ragman, Blue Devil and a number of other magical entities form the "Shadowpact" super-team.

Shadowpact

The Shadowpact are summoned by the Phantom Stranger when the town of Riverrock, Wyoming is entrapped in a giant bubble of blood and endangered by "the Pentacle", a team of supervillains, whose goal is to sacrifice the townspeople to summon the Sun King, an ancient rogue god from another dimension. Thirty-seven people perish before the Shadowpact manage to defeat them; the Enchantress is able to tap into the magical powers of Strega, one of the Pentacle and destroy the bubble from within. She also kills one of the Pentacle, the White Bunny, on the spur of the moment after he leaves them and frees the Shadowpact. Due to unexpected side effects of the magic spells needed to defeat the villains, the outside world believe that the Shadowpact has been dead for a year and they are honored with a team statue set inside a park in Metropolis.

The Enchantress then helps the Ragman defeat an assassin sent to kill him, in the course of which they are attacked by the Wild Hunt of legend and temporarily transformed into mystical hellhounds. Shortly after, her spells are all that save Jim Rook, the Nightmaster, after he is stabbed by his own sword fighting Etrigan the Demon; staying at his side for days without sleep and keeping him alive by trading a day of her life for a day of his until he heals himself by the power of his sword. After the Shadowpact are seconded to Checkmate to infiltrate Kobra's organization, she then helps foil Doctor Gotham's plan to destroy Chicago by entering his inter-dimensional cloak and destroying most of the thousands of magical artifacts contained within. She takes an apprentice, Laura Fell, the Warlock's Daughter before they both unwittingly almost allow a race of mindless creatures called "the Unbound" to reach Earth while creating a portal to the Land of Nightshades, where the Nightmaster, Nightshade and the Ragman are trapped. She frees her colleagues and the inhabitants of the Nightshades Dimension by creating a magical virus to combat the mage-created virus that created the Unbound – mixing a possessed creatures' soul with the essence of the Nightmaster's virtues. When the Nightmaster decides to stay in the Nightshade Dimension, the Enchantress kisses him. On returning to Earth, she participates in the final battle against the Sun King.

The Shadowpact, including the Enchantress, helped Captain Atom return to Mirabai's dimension – where General Sam Lane (Lois Lane's father) has moved the main base of his secret anti-Kryptonian 'Project 7734'.

The New 52
In 2011, DC Comics cancelled all their titles and relaunched 52 new comics as part of The New 52. One of these was Justice League Dark, which features a number of supernatural-themed heroes including Shade, the Changing Man, Zatanna, John Constantine, and Madame Xanadu coming together to fight an insane Enchantress who has become separated from June Moone. During the crisis, the Enchantress' powers begin randomly appearing across the world, causing chaos: the Sphinx of Gizah comes to life and attacks tourists and hundreds of duplicates of June Moone appear to search for the original. While the Justice League tries to intervene, the Enchantress manifests as a colossal monster made up of the bodies of hundreds of June Moones and defeats Superman, Wonder Woman and Cyborg with ease. John Constantine deduces that Madame Xanadu said an incantation that separated June Moone from the Enchantress and reads an incantation that reverses the spell, reuniting the Enchantress and June Moone again.

DC Rebirth
During DC Rebirth, the Enchantress serves as a member of the Suicide Squad again and during the "Black Vault" story arc, they retrieve an alien item that serves as a portal to the Phantom Zone. However, once they bring it back to Belle Reve Penitentiary, it causes all the inmates to go into a killing frenzy except Harley Quinn, Amanda Waller, Killer Croc and Rick Flag. June Moone lets the Enchantress out, who also remains unaffected due to being a magical entity. She manages to get Harley Quinn to the Vault but is incapacitated by Zod when he sucks the air out of her lungs.

In one of the later issues, June Moone was called upon by Amanda Waller to help a military general whose house had been possessed by a demon. She turns into the Enchantress, but she ends up scheming with the demon to escape Amanda Waller and destroy the world. She turns back to June to have the demon remove the bomb device and set the Enchantress free, but the demon attacks her and frightens her. June, in retaliation, unleashes magic and banishes the demon without turning into the Enchantress.

During the Justice League vs. Suicide Squad storyline, the Enchantress is sent with the Suicide Squad to stop a cult from sinking an island as a sacrifice to their god. The Justice League arrives and clashes with the Suicide Squad and she defeats Superman with ease once she realizes he's sensitive to magic. When Maxwell Lord breaks into Belle Reve Penitentiary along with Rustam, Lobo, Doctor Polaris, the Emerald Empress and Johnny Sorrow, the original Suicide Squad, she threatens Maxwell Lord only to be quickly overwhelmed by his telepathic powers.

Characterization

Love interests
Despite having been characterized as having some disdain for men, June has formulated romances with characters throughout her history:

In comics, June's first love interest in publication was Alan Dell, whom was attracted to the Enchantress persona not knowing that the Enchantress was also June herself. Sebastian Faust was also featured as one of her love interests; Faust and June/Enchantress first met during Day of Judgement, where the two's brief friendship is interrupted when Faust sacrifices Enchantress to reignite the flames of Hell in a bid to eventually stop Asmodeus from completely gaining the power of the Spectre. Attracted to June, Sebastian is guilt ridden by his actions and stays his distance as she returns to Alan. Sometime later, he returns to help June as the separation of the Enchantress and June slowly kills her and voiced continual hope that the two would be in a romantic relationship should he find a way to restore her Enchantress personality to save her from death. Eventually, Faust succeeds in doing so while seemingly sacrificing himself in a battle with a powerful sorcerer. Ragman was revealed to also have been attracted to Enchantress although when he kissed her, she vehemently rejected his advances. In recent continuities, Killer Croc also has dated Enchantress, the two of them subtly pushed together by Amanda Waller as a mean of controlling the both of them later while the two established a genuine connection. This would come to fruition when Killer Croc's life is leverage against June in her membership of Suicide Squad Black, a mythical counterpart to Suicide Squad, as Waller pits her against a re-invented version of Sebastian Faust (whom she doesn't share a romance with in the new continuity) and his eco-terrorist cohorts alongside the rest of the team, facing similarly manipulations.

In media, June's most prominent love interest is Rick Flag in the DC Extended Universe, the former chosen by Amanda Waller deliberately so the two of them would form a close bond and become lovers, allowing her to have leverage over the two. Their relationship would come to an end in the sequel of Suicide Squad due to the death of Rick Flag.

Powers and abilities
The Enchantress is a depicted as a powerful sorceress within the DC Universe, widely regarded as one of the most dangerous mystical villains in the superhuman community. Her prowess is comparable to other powerful dark magic practitioners such as the Wizard (William Zard), Tannarak and Sebastian Faust. It is also said that the Enchantress possesses greater sorcerous strength than Zatanna.

By invoking the name "Enchantress," she can transform into her magical state and possess a plethora of abilities granted to her by magic, such as flight, the ability to phase through solid objects, object transformation, and shape-shifting.  In the New 52 era onward, the Enchantress possesses reality-warping abilities and exhibits enough power to defeat Superman in combat. Enchantress also exhibits a unique sensitive to magic which enables her to establish connections with other magical entities. For instance, she linked to the essence of Eclipso, conveying his thoughts to her companions. She has also demonstrated the ability to track the Spectre through mystical means and remotely accessed the powers of other magic users, including channeling the combined magical energy of numerous beings to assist Captain Marvel in battling the Spectre.

While her primary focus is on magic, the Enchantress possesses average athletic and hand-to-hand combat skills. She is also a skilled artist. In some recent interpretations, the character can access magical powers without fully invoking the Enchantress entity. Additionally, she possesses several arcane items, including the Nightwitch's "Herne-Ramsgate Cauldron," which aids her in locating various magical creatures throughout the DC Universe. Her magical hat is known to conceal various tricks and enchantments.

Other versions

Flashpoint
In the alternate timeline of the 2011 Flashpoint storyline, the Enchantress is a member of the Secret Seven. It is revealed she is a traitor when she turns Captain Thunder back to his mortal form after which Billy Batson is killed, though by this stage she had already murdered most of the Secret Seven; she states she does not care which side she is on as long as she can cause pain and havoc. The Enchantress is killed by Kal-El landing on her.

In other media

Television
 The Enchantress appears in the Legends of Tomorrow episode "The Great British Fake Off", portrayed by Samantha Liana Cole. This version is an immortal magic-user with a previous history involving John Constantine. In Ancient Egypt, the Fate Clotho visits Enchantress to solicit her help in hiding a piece of the Loom of Fate. In 1910 England, Enchantress hides the fragment in a boarding house and disguises herself as its elderly keeper, Mrs. Hughes (portrayed by Marion Eisman). Constantine and Zari Tomaz of the titular Legends and a group of evil historical figures appear at the boarding house in search of the fragment, though the Legends claim it first and kill the latter. Before they leave, Constantine alludes to Mrs. Hughes' true identity while Enchantress secretly hints at seeing him again.
 June Moone and the Enchantress appear in the DC Super Hero Girls (2019) episode "#OneEnchantedEvening", respectively voiced by Ashley Spillers and Kari Wahlgren. The former is an art teacher at Metropolis High School.
 The Enchantress appears in Harley Quinn, voiced by Leila Birch. This version is a member of the Suicide Squad's "A-team" who later enters a relationship with squad-mate Killer Croc.

Film

 The Flashpoint incarnation of the Enchantress makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox.
 June Moone and the Enchantress appear in Suicide Squad, both portrayed by Cara Delevingne. The former is an archaeologist who becomes possessed by the latter while exploring an ancient temple and opening a totem containing the Enchantress' spirit, though the spirit is unable to take full control unless Moone says her name. After securing her heart, Amanda Waller selects the Enchantress and Rick Flag, who entered a relationship with Moone, for the Task Force X program. However, the Enchantress secretly steals back her heart and goes rogue to free her brother, Incubus. Together, they attempt to build a superweapon to conquer Earth, but Task Force X kill Incubus and the Enchantress, freeing Moone.

Video games
 The Enchantress appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
 The Enchantress appears as an assist character in DC Legends.
 June Moone and the Enchantress appear as downloadable playable characters in Injustice 2, both voiced by Brandy Kopp.
 The Enchantress appears as a playable character in DC Unchained.
 The Enchantress appears as a playable character in Lego DC Super-Villains.

Miscellaneous
 June Moone appears in DC Super Hero Girls (2015), voiced by April Stewart. This version is an art teacher at Super Hero High.
 June Moone and the Enchantress appear in the Suicide Squad novelization, in which it is revealed the latter once ruled alongside Incubus as Incan deities, being likened to Mama Quilla and Inti respectively.

Notes

References

Further reading

External links
 Enchantress entry at Comicvine
 Enchantress entry at Tom Morrow's DC Universe
 The Enchantress at Mike's Amazing World of Comics

Characters created by Bob Haney
Comics about magic
Comics characters introduced in 1966
DC Comics characters who can teleport
DC Comics characters who use magic
DC Comics characters with accelerated healing
DC Comics fantasy characters
DC Comics female superheroes
DC Comics female supervillains
DC Comics film characters
DC Comics witches
Female characters in film
Female film villains
Fictional characters with elemental transmutation abilities
Fictional characters who can manipulate reality
Fictional characters who can turn intangible
Fictional characters with energy-manipulation abilities
Fictional characters with spirit possession or body swapping abilities
Fictional illusionists
Fictional necromancers
Fighting game characters
Magical supervillains
Merged fictional characters
Suicide Squad members

Enchantress (DC Comics)


HMAS Burdekin (K376) was a  that served the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) from 1944 to 1946. She was named for the Burdekin River in Queensland and was one of twelve River-class frigates built for the RAN during World War II.

Construction
Burdekin was launched at Walkers Limited, Maryborough on 30 June 1943 and commissioned on 27 June 1944. Her patron was K. Collings, daughter of Senator Joe Collings, Minister for the Interior and Leader of the Government in the Senate.

Operational history

World War II
Burdekin was posted to New Guinean waters in October 1944. From November 1944 to May 1945, she escorted convoys travelling between New Guinea and the Philippines. In May 1945, she supported the Australian landing at Tarakan and carried out surveillance operations in the Borneo and Celebes areas.

The frigate was awarded the battle honours "Pacific 1944–45" and "Bornero 1945" for her wartime service.

Post-war
After a refit in Sydney, Burdekin operated in the Netherlands East Indies following the end of the war. The Japanese surrender of Dutch Borneo was accepted on board the ship by Major General Milford of the 7th Australian Division, on 8 September 1945 and the ship later participated in occupation duties off Borneo and Macassar.

Decommissioning and fate
HMAS Burdekin returned to Australia in January 1946 and was paid off from the RAN and placed in reserve on 18 April 1946.

She was declared for disposal on 9 November 1960 and sold for scrap to the Tolo Mining and Smelting Company of Hong Kong on 21 September 1961.

References

 Sea Power Centre – Australia HMAS Burdekin ship history

River-class frigates of the Royal Australian Navy
Ships built in Queensland
1943 ships

HMAS Burdekin


Kilwarlin Moravian Church was founded in 1755 by the evangelist John Cennick following a Moravian mission in Ireland that began in Dublin in 1746. Kilwarlin is a small village near Hillsborough in County Down.

History
John Cennick, a teacher at the Moravian School for the children of miners in Kingswood, worked alongside John Wesley in the evangelical revival in the Bristol area of England. He subsequently became a Minister of the Moravian Church. In 1746, he was sent to Dublin to preach in an evangelical campaign in Ireland. This work resulted in Moravian societies in counties Antrim, Down, Londonderry, Armagh, Tyrone, Cavan and Donegal.

Cennick founded the Kilwarlin congregation in 1755 and built a church for it. In 1759, the congregation purchased some land for a burial ground. There was also a manse for the minister's residence. About eighty people attended the church. However, by 1834, the buildings were in ruins and only six members remained.

Kilwarlin's renewal came with the arrival of a new minister, Basil Patras Zula.

Zula, born in 1796, was a Greek chieftain who had fought in the War of Independence against the Turks. The Turkish commander put a price on Zula's head and this, together with subsequent ambushes, appears to have induced a nervous state of mind for the remainder of the latter's life. He spent some time hiding in Italy but, in 1822, returned to Greece to take part in the siege of Missolonghi. The slaughter revolting him, he went to Smyrna where he met an Englishman, Sir William Eden. Eden returned to England in 1828, taking Zula with him, and, from there, the two men went to Ireland.

In Dublin, Zula met a Moravian school teacher called Ann Linfoot who knew Greek and was able to converse with him. Linfoot invited Zula to attend services at the Bishop Street Moravian Church in Dublin. Joining the congregation, Zula eventually offered himself for service as a Minister of the Moravian Church and was accepted. In 1829, he married Ann Linfoot and, in 1834, the couple accepted a call to serve the Kilwarlin congregation.

A new church was built and opened for worship in March 1835. Twenty six new members joined the congregation on the same day. The congregation continued to expand and, in January 1837, Zula was ordained by Hans Peter Hallbeck, a Moravian bishop from South Africa.

When rebuilding Kilwarlin Manse, Zula incorporated 'a number of escape mechanismstwo doors in all the downstairs rooms, two separate staircases and outside at the back a small room built on stilts with a trap-door leading to a hiding place under the floor'. Zula never had to put these devices to use and died naturally in Dublin on . His body was brought back to Kilwarlin for burial. His widow, Ann, continued to live in the manse and ran a boarding school for 'Select Young Ladies' until her own death in 1858.

A curious feature of Kilwarlin Moravian Church is that Zula, at his own expense, had the grounds landscaped to represent the terrain of the ancient Battle of Thermopylæ in which the Spartan army saved Athens from attack by the Persians. Most of the landscaping still remains.

Notes and references

Bibliography

Churches completed in 1835
Churches in County Down
Congregations of the British Province of the Moravian Church
Moravian churches in the United Kingdom
Register of Parks, Gardens and Demesnes of Special Historic Interest
19th-century churches in Northern Ireland

Kilwarlin Moravian Church


Four Mile Creek is a creek located in Walton County, Florida. Freeport, Florida is located along its banks.

Its source is located west of Auxiliary Field 11, an unpaved field on Eglin Air Force Base.

It is fed by Thomas Branch and Lafayette Creek. Four Mile Creek and Lafayette Creek meet at the Marse Landing at Four Mile Creek, a public access boat ramp located near the port area of Freeport.

It then flows into the LaGrange Bayou.

The Harry A. Laird Park is located along its banks, near where it is crossed by Florida State Road 20.

Name
Although it is named Four Mile Creek, according to satellite images, its length is longer than four miles. The exact origin of its name is unclear.

A likely origin may be that it received its name from Four Mile Landing, a former name of Freeport, located along its banks.

References

Bodies of water of Walton County, Florida
Rivers of Florida

Four Mile Creek (Walton County, Florida)


Aaron Joseph Callaghan (born 8 October 1966) is a football manager and retired player. He played in the Football League for Stoke City, Crewe Alexandra, Oldham Athletic and Preston North End.

Playing career
Callaghan was born in Dublin and began his career with English club Stoke City progressing through the youth ranks at the Victoria Ground and signed a professional contract in 1984. Stoke were having a woeful 1984–85 season and with the team already relegated Callaghan was given the chance to play First Division football playing in five matches towards the end of the season. He began the 1985–86 season on loan at Crewe Alexandra where he made 10 appearances. On his return to Stoke he played in eight matches under the management of Mick Mills. He made just three appearances for Stoke in 1986–87 and was sold to Oldham Athletic in October 1986.

Callaghan remained at Boundary Park for two seasons making 21 appearances before joining Crewe Alexandra in May 1988. He spent four seasons at Crewe helping the side gain promotion in 1988–89 which was followed by relegation in 1990–91. In total he played in 197 games for Crewe scoring ten goals before leaving for Preston North End. He spent two seasons at Deepdale making 44 appearances scoring three goals before returning to Ireland to play for Shelbourne. He then went on to play for Crusaders, St Patrick's Athletic, Dundalk and ended his playing career with Longford Town.

International career
Callaghan scored in Ireland's U-17 win over Northern Ireland in November 1983. He was in the panel for the 1984 UEFA European Under-18 Championship as Liam Tuohy's side made it to the semi-finals in the USSR. On 26 February 1985, he produced a great performance as Ireland beat England 1–0 in the opening qualifying match of the 1986 UEFA European Under-18 Championship.

He was selected for the 1985 FIFA World Youth Championship finals in the Soviet Union but on 19 August, five days before it was scheduled to start, he was recalled by Stoke City as he was needed for first team duty by manager Mick Mills the following Saturday. However, Callaghan did not play and would not make a senior appearance for the club until six months later. The defender made two Republic of Ireland national under-21 football team appearances, playing alongside Denis Irwin and Pat Dolan in a 0–0 draw in Belgium in September 1986 and in the 2–1 defeat to Scotland at Oriel Park in October 1987.

Managerial career
He was also player-manager of Crusaders for one year and in 2000 the club qualified for Europe after he had made three European appearances as a player. Apart from a brief spell as Athlone Town manager in 2004, Aaron had been a coach at Longford Town from July 2002 until the end of the 2006 season. Following a year out from the game, Aaron was appointed Longford Town FC manager in December 2007. Due to financial constraints at the club Aaron resigned as manager on 30 August 2008. Aaron was one of the first coaches in Ireland to obtain the UEFA Pro Licence in 2007. He is currently a coach education tutor for the Football Association of Ireland and sports development officer for Dublin City Council. Aaron has played for the Republic of Ireland U21s and was appointed Rep of Ireland U.14 International Coach for 2 years in 1997.

He was the 1st team coach at UCD and St.Patrick's Athletic before taking over as manager of Bohemians in time for the 2012 season.

Callaghan was appointed as Bohemians manager on 31 December 2011. Despite financial constraints at the club, he led his team to a comfortable midtable finish in a season that included a 4–0 victory over Shamrock Rovers and Bohs' first league win in Tallaght Stadium. He was rewarded for this good season by being offered a two-year contract extension by the Bohs board of directors, which he signed in November 2012. On 15 July 2013 Callaghan was relieved of his duties by the club's board of directors.

On 13 October 2016, Callaghan returned to management in Northern Ireland, taking over at Carrick Rangers. Within a few months at the club, Callaghan saw his side through to their first ever League Cup Final.

Media work
In 2015 Aaron Callaghan joined the LeagueofIreland.ie team as a journalist giving the views on a number of topics in the League of Ireland from a manager points of view. Currently still involved in the site.

Career statistics
Source:

A.  The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals in the Full Members Cup, Football League Trophy and Football League play-offs.

Honours
 Crewe Alexandra
 Football League Fourth Division third-place promotion: 1990–91

 Crusaders
Irish League: 1994–95, 1996–97
Irish League Cup: 1996–97
Gold Cup: 1995–96

 Shelbourne
League of Ireland Cup: 1995–96

 Dundalk
FAI Cup: 2002

References

1966 births
Living people
Republic of Ireland men's association footballers
Republic of Ireland men's under-21 international footballers
Stoke City F.C. players
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Republic of Ireland association football managers
Shelbourne F.C. players
St Patrick's Athletic F.C. players
Dundalk F.C. players
League of Ireland players
League of Ireland managers
Longford Town F.C. managers
Crusaders F.C. players
Glenavon F.C. players
Crusaders F.C. managers
NIFL Premiership players
English Football League players
Men's association football defenders
People from Lucan, Dublin
Sportspeople from South Dublin (county)
Carrick Rangers F.C. managers
Athlone Town A.F.C. managers
Association footballers from County Dublin
Irish expatriate sportspeople in England
Republic of Ireland expatriate men's association footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England

Aaron Callaghan


Sidney Parker, also known as S. E. Parker, (9 November 1929 – December 2012) was an English egoist and a former individualist anarchist who wrote articles and edited several journals from 1963–1993. Notably Parker wrote the introductions to the books Might is Right (Loompanics Unlimited, 1984) and The Ego and Its Own (Rebel Press, 1982) by Max Stirner.

Life and work
Parker was born in Birmingham. He quit school at the age of fourteen and never entered formal studies. In the early 1950s he used to "soap-box" at Speaker's Corner in London's Hyde Park, normally just opening the Sunday afternoon meetings of the then London Anarchist Group.
He summarized his career as follows: "[He] has worked his way through the Young Communist League (1944-1946), the British Federation of Young Co-operators (1946-1947), and virtually all the different varieties of anarchism (1947-1982), to emerge as his own man, the penny of conscious egoism having finally dropped."

In 1993 Parker looked back on his career by comparing his first editorial (1963) with a last statement (1993) on his position. In 1963, having arrived at individual anarchism, he had written: "If anarchism is not individualist, then it becomes hodge-podge, half-way house between socialist and democratic myths and the impulse to individual sovereignty." The name of his journal, Minus One, was derived from his statement: "Individualist anarchists are people who do not want to be just 'a plus one in the statistical millions.'" Slowly he emancipated himself from "the closed world of anarchists". The "emotional capital" he had invested in anarchism was such "that I did not finally renounce my adherence to it until almost twenty years later [around 1983]." The anarchism he had finally abandoned was "a creed of social transformation aiming at the ending of all domination and exploitation of man by man", with the "central tenet": "Dominating People Is Wrong". After Parker had changed from individualist anarchist to conscious egoist, and as such, he "can see no reason why I should not dominate others [...] Egoism leaves any way open to me for which I am empowered." Parker closed these final statements with a quotation, not by Max Stirner, but by Ragnar Redbeard.

Parker worked from 1961 to 1994 for British Rail. He died in London.

Editor and Author
Parker founded and edited a journal that appeared subsequently under three resp. four different titles:
 Minus One
 from September 1963 (No. 1) to [autumn] 1980 (No. 44), average 10 pp, irregular intervals
 EGO (incorporating Minus One); subtitle: An Individualist Review
 from 1982 (No. 1) to 1993 (No. 15), (Nos. 4 to 12 titled The Egoist), average 10 pp
 No. 16/17 (1994) was a commemorative issue, celebrating the 150th anniversary of Max Stirner's Der Einzige und sein Eigentum. Parker noted on p. 20: "From the next issue Ego will be incorporated into Non-Serviam which is edited and published by Svein Olav Nyberg. However, I intend to issue occasional 'viewsletters', usually consisting of one or two A4 sized pages." Two of these issues appeared under the title En Marge: No.1 (August 1995), No.2 (September 1996).

Contributions to these journals were made by Parker himself and the following authors:
Max Stirner, Dora Marsden, Benjamin De Casseres, James J. Martin, Murray Rothbard, Donald Rooum, Laurance Labadie, Lyman Tower Sargent, Émile Armand, James L. Walker, Renzo Novatore, Francis Ellingham, Enzo Martucci a.o.

Reception
One early reaction to Parker's ideas was that of Lyman Tower Sargent, who later became one of the world's foremost scholars on utopian studies. He contributed to Parker's journal Minus One. In the first edition of his book Contemporary political Ideologies (1969) he presented Parker as "one of the very few living theorists" of Individualist Anarchism. In later revised editions Parker is no longer mentioned.

External links

 Sidney E. Parker Archives
 Sidney Parker Bibliography
 Sidney Parker: My Anarchism. In: Free Life. The Journal of the Libertarian Alliance, Vol. 2, N° 2, Spring 1981 (Parker explains his conversion from communist anarchism to Egoist individualist anarchism)
 [http://www.unionofegoists.com/s-e-parker/ Section on Parker in Union of Egoists]
 Sidney Parker: The Egoism of Max Stirner
 TOCs of SEP's journal MINUS ONE 1963–1980
 TOCs of SEP's journal EGO 1982–1993
 Sidney Parker: Archists, Anarchists, and Egoists (Review of John Carroll's Selections of Stirner's The Ego...'')
 David Botsford:  (1991)

Notes

1929 births
2012 deaths
Anarchist writers
British anti-capitalists
English male non-fiction writers
Egoist anarchists
Individualist anarchists
People from Birmingham, West Midlands
English anarchists

Sidney Parker (anarchist)


Bomba or Bomba del Chota is an Afro-Ecuadorian music and dance form from the Chota Valley area of Ecuador in the province of Imbabura and Carchi. Its origins can be traced back to Africa via the middle passage and the use of African slave labor during the country's colonial period.  Africans brought to labor as slaves in Ecuador brought with them this music form heavily influenced from the Bantu cultures of the Congo. The people dance in pairs to the drums and use improvisation to build relationships between the dancer and lead drummer.

This music and dance tends to have a prominent Spanish, mestizo and indigenous influence in the melodies. It could go from a mid tempo to a very fast rhythm. It is usually played with guitars along with the main local instrument which is also called bomba which is a drum along with a guiro and sometimes bombos and bongos. A variation of it is la banda mocha which are groups that play bomba with a bombo, guiro and plant leaves to give melody.

Recently it is enjoying some national exposure but outside the Chota Valley it is mostly popular in cities such as Quito and Ibarra which have important concentrations of afro-chotan people. In these cities sometimes it is played in discothèques and has some public performances as well as popularity among mestizo and indigenous people.

The word bomba is most likely of Bantu origin.

List of most popular bomba bands

 Edgar Gonzalon "Negrito de la Salsa"
La Banda Mocha
 Marabu
 Mario Polo
 Mario Congo
 Nery Padilla
 Oro Negro
 Poder Negro

See also
Afro-Ecuadorian

External links
Articles about bomba del chota as well as afro-ecuadorian music
video of "Bomba bomba" by Grupo Marabu
Short documentary about the Banda Mocha, a local variant of bomba music
Choreography of children dancing to Bomba music

Afro-Ecuadorian
Ecuadorian music
Latin American folk dances
Latin dances

Bomba (Ecuador)


The 1915 British football betting scandal occurred when a Football League First Division match between Manchester United and Liverpool at Old Trafford on 2 April (Good Friday) 1915 was fixed in United's favour, with players from both sides benefiting from bets placed upon the result. In all, seven players were found to have participated in the scandal and all were subsequently banned for life, although most later had their bans overturned.

The match
At the time of the match, Manchester United were struggling to avoid relegation, while Liverpool were in mid-table and neither challenging for honours nor facing the threat of relegation themselves. The effects of the First World War provided further motivation to perpetrate a fix – by the end of March it was almost certain that the league would suspend operations after the 1914–15 season was finished, interrupting and possibly ending the footballing careers of everyone then playing in the league. Also, the players perhaps thought that the diversion of the conflict would lessen the attention that would normally be paid to a dubious match result.

The match ended in a 2–0 win to United, with George Anderson scoring both goals. However, the match referee and some observers noted Liverpool's lack of commitment during the game – they had missed a penalty that had been awarded to them, and when Fred Pagnam hit the Manchester United crossbar late in the match, his teammates publicly remonstrated with him.

Investigation and punishments
After the match, handbills started to appear, alleging that a large amount of money had been bet at odds of 7/1 on a 2–0 win to United. The Football Association launched an investigation and found that players from both sides had been involved in rigging the match: Sandy Turnbull, Arthur Whalley and Enoch West of United, and Jackie Sheldon, Tom Miller, Bob Pursell and Thomas Fairfoul of Liverpool; Sheldon was a former United player himself and was found to be the plot's ringleader. Some players, such as Pagnam and United's George Anderson, had refused to take part. Pagnam had threatened to score a goal to ruin the result, hence his late shot against the crossbar; he later testified against his team-mates at the FA hearing. At the same hearing, United player Billy Meredith denied any knowledge of the match-fixing, but stated that he became suspicious when none of his teammates would pass the ball to him.

All seven players were banned from playing for life in a decision handed down on 27 December 1915. The FA concluded that it had been a conspiracy by the players alone – no official from either club was found guilty of wrongdoing, and neither club was fined or had points deducted. West vociferously protested his innocence, even going so far as suing the FA for libel. However, he lost the case and the ban stood. In itself, the ban had no immediate effect on the players' footballing careers, as by that point the Football League had suspended operations for the duration of the First World War. The ban did not apply in Scotland (four of the suspended players were Scottish), however the Scottish Football Association was never called upon to issue any sort of ruling on the players' eligibility there.

Sandy Turnbull was killed while serving in the war, but all the other players, except West, had their bans lifted by the FA in 1919 in recognition of their service to the country; Turnbull received a posthumous reinstatement. The intervention of the First World War meant that the Football League did not resume until 1919–20. This meant that West was the only player involved who was actually unable to play League football due to suspension. Fairfoul also did not return to football although he was re-instated, however the other four players resumed their careers after the war. West had to wait until 1945 for his ban to be lifted, by which time he was 59.

Consequences
Although the players' main motives for the match-fixing appear to be financial, and not to save United from relegation, the two points United won from that game were enough to earn them 18th place and safety, one point ahead of 19th-placed Chelsea, who were nominally relegated. Before the 1919–20 season started, the League decided to expand the First Division by two teams; Chelsea (along with Arsenal) were elected back into the First Division and thus spared the drop.

See also
 1964 British betting scandal, a similar betting scandal nearly 50 years later.
 2011 Turkish sports corruption scandal

References

Further reading

1914–15 in English football
History of football in England
Sports betting scandals
Match fixing in association football
Liverpool F.C.
Manchester United F.C.
Sports scandals in England

1915 British football match-fixing scandal


Bobbie Thomas is an American fashion journalist. She is the Style Editor for NBC's Today Show. She has been considered a beauty and fashion expert for over a decade, and has appeared on TV shows including E! Red Carpet coverage, Style Network's Fashion Police, The View and The Wendy Williams Show.  Her national column, "the Buzz" appeared in In Touch Weekly Magazine. "Bobbie's Buzz" later aired weekly on TODAY with Kathie Lee Gifford and Hoda Kotb.

Early life
Bobbie Thomas was born October 23, 1974, in Providence, Rhode Island, and raised bi-coastal between New England and Los Angeles.  Thomas received a Bachelor of Science in Psychology from the University of Idaho.  During three years of graduate studies, Bobbie volunteered as an advocate and counselor at the Valley Trauma Center, a rape crisis treatment facility.

Career
From FOX and CNN to VH1 and MTV, Thomas has shared tips, tricks and Hollywood secrets with a wide audience.  She has appeared on a variety of E! Entertainment specials, including their annual red-carpet Emmy, Golden Globe, Screen Actors Guild, and Academy Awards coverage. She also co-hosted Fashion Police on the Style Network with Robert Verdi.

As the Style Editor of NBC's Today Show, her weekly TodayShow.com Style Buzz articles have become a popular fixture for the Fashion & Beauty section, and are often pulled to also appear on MSN.com and MSN messenger, as well as MSNBC.com's home page.

Her work with national clothing retailers has included fashion commentary for both the youth and adult market   and presently she serves as Simon Property Group's Style Expert, visiting malls across the United States and hosting events.

In the fall of 2009, Thomas launched Bobbie.com. The blog features a variety of Thomas' styling ideas, Do-It-Yourself projects and houses an archive of her Today Show segments.

In 2010, Thomas signed on to lead a team of women in the "Latisse Wishes Challenge" benefitting the Make-a-Wish foundation.

Personal life
Thomas dated N Sync member JC Chasez during the group's prime between 1998 and 2001.
In March 2012, Thomas got engaged to lawyer Michael Marion. The couple was married on May 31, 2013 at Kathie-Lee Gifford's home in Connecticut. On December 3, 2014, Thomas announced that she was pregnant with her first child via IVF. Their son Miles Thomas Marion was born in 2015. The two had a long-haired chihuahua named Chica. In 2019, Marion suffered an ischemic stroke and Thomas began sharing his recovery journey with viewers and followers. Michael Marion died on December 1, 2020.

References

External links
 Bobbie.com
 Bobbie on Twitter
 Bobbie on Facebook
 Bobbie's Style Buzz on TodayShow.com

1974 births
Living people
American fashion journalists
NBCUniversal people
People from Providence, Rhode Island
University of Idaho alumni
American women journalists

Bobbie Thomas


Maas Thajoon Akbar, KC (15 June 1880 – 22 April 1944) was a Ceylonese (Sri Lankan), judge and lawyer. He was a judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon and Solicitor General of Ceylon.

Born to M. S. J. Akbar, a wealthy coconut planter, Akbar was educated at the Royal College, Colombo. After gaining a first class division pass at the London Matriculation, he won the coveted scholarship to University of Cambridge: he entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge in 1897 where he did the Mechanical Science Tripos to qualify as an engineer. However, he subsequently switched over to law and was called to the bar at Gray's Inn as a barrister.

He returned to Ceylon in 1905, and  while practicing law as an advocate, he also worked as a lecturer and examiner at the Ceylon Law College. In 1907 he became a Crown Counsel in the Attorney General's Department and went on to become the Solicitor General of Ceylon and Acting Attorney General, when C.H. Elphinstone, the Attorney General at that time was away on furlough. As the Solicitor General he was a member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon and had served as a District Judge on occasions too.

He chaired the University Commission and became the first Muslim to adorn the Supreme Court Bench. When he was appointed as a King's Counsel, he was the first Ceylon Muslim to receive the honor. At the time of his retirement he was the senior-most puisne justice.

Akbar was the Chairman of the University Commission on whose recommendation the Legislative Council resolved, in 1928, that the University should be of the unitary and residential type, and that it should be located in the Dumbara Valley near Kandy.

He was the founder of the Ceylon Moslem Educational Society, that established the Hussainiya Boys' School and the Fathima Girls' School.

References

External links
 Akbar, Maas Thalep

1880 births
1944 deaths
Puisne Justices of the Supreme Court of Ceylon
20th-century Sri Lankan judges
Alumni of Royal College, Colombo
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Members of Gray's Inn
20th-century King's Counsel
Members of the Legislative Council of Ceylon
District Courts of Sri Lanka judges
Solicitors General of Ceylon
British Ceylon judges

Maas Thajoon Akbar


Mary of Jesus of Ágreda  (), OIC, also known as the Abbess of Ágreda (2 April 160224 May 1665), was a Franciscan abbess and spiritual writer, known especially for her extensive correspondence with King Philip IV of Spain and reports of her bilocation between Spain and its colonies in New Spain. She was a noted mystic of her era.

A member of the Order of the Immaculate Conception, also known as Conceptionists, Mary of Jesus wrote 14 books, including a series of revelations about the life of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Her bilocation activity is said to have occurred between her cloistered monastery in rural Spain and the Jumano Indians of central New Mexico and West Texas, as well as Tucson, and inspired many Franciscan missionaries in the New World. In popular culture since the 17th century, she has been dubbed the Lady in Blue and the Blue Nun, after the color of her order's habit.

Life

Early life
She was born María Coronel y de Arana, the daughter of Francisco Coronel and Catalina de Arana, in Ágreda, a town located in the Province of Soria. The couple had 11 children, of whom only four survived into adulthood: Francisco, José, María and Jerónima. The family had close ties with the Franciscan friars of the Friary of San Julián, which lay on the outskirts of the town. Either the mother would go to the friary with her children for Mass and confession, or the friars would visit the family home. Nonetheless, Mary later recalled that, as a very young child, she felt her parents were very hard on her.

Mary of Jesus' biographer and contemporary, the bishop José Jiménez y Samaniego, was a longtime friend of the Coronel family, and wrote that even as a young girl, she had ecstasies and visions in which she felt that God was instructing her about the sinfulness of the world. At the age of four, she was confirmed by Diego de Yepes, a bishop and the biographer and last confessor of Teresa of Avila, who was reportedly impressed with the child's spiritual acumen.

When Mary of Jesus was twelve, she made the decision to enter a monastery, having decided upon that of the Discalced Carmelite nuns in Tarazona. As her parents prepared to accompany her there, Catalina de Arana had a vision that she was to turn the family home into a monastery in which both she and her daughters were to commit their lives as nuns. While the young María was agreeable to this arrangement, her father refused to go along with it. In this he was supported by his brother, Medel, as well as by their neighbors, who all considered this arrangement a violation of their marriage vows. His resistance lasted for three years, until in 1618, then considered an older man in his early fifties, he (and later his brother) entered the Franciscan Friary of San Antonio in Nalda as a lay brother. Her brothers, who had already become friars, continued their studies toward the Catholic priesthood in Burgos. She and her mother entered the convent together, January, 1619.

Monastic life

Catalina and her daughters then converted their family home into the Monastery of the Immaculate Conception, to be a part of the Order of the Immaculate Conception. The choice of this Order was a part of the huge devotion to the Immaculate Conception of Mary which marked Spanish spirituality of that period. They began this endeavor as part of the Discalced—or reformed—branch of the Order. Unfortunately, there were no monasteries of this branch in the region, so three nuns of the original Calced branch were brought from their monastery in Burgos to serve as the abbess of the community and to train them in the life of the Order. Mary of Jesus was 16 when she and her mother and sister took the religious habit of the Order and she was given the religious name by which she is now known. She felt, though, that she had to make up for her years of laxity during the period of contention between her parents and the delay in the foundation of the monastery resulting from it.

As other women soon joined the community, the monastery was rebuilt (and completed in 1633), although when reconstruction began the community's coffers contained 24 reales (approximately 2.5 Spanish dollars at the time), supplemented by a donation of 100 reales from devotees and many other gifts and hours of voluntary labor. Once she had made her religious profession in 1620, Mary of Jesus began to experience a long period of illness and temptations. After her mother's death, which her fellow nuns elected her, now twenty-five years old, as their abbess. Though rules required the abbess to be changed every three years, Mary remained effectively in charge of the monastery until her death, except for a three-year sabbatical in her fifties.

Throughout her life, Mary of Jesus was inclined to the "internal prayer". Like her countrywoman Teresa of Avila a generation earlier, these prayerful experiences led to religious ecstasies, including reported accounts of levitation. As this form of prayer was practiced frequently among women, the Inquisition kept a watchful eye on those who advocated the practice.

Mystical bilocation
Between 1620 and 1623, Mary of Jesus reported that she was often "transported by the aid of the angels" to settlements of a people called Jumanos. The Jumano Indians of New Spain (what is today Texas and New Mexico) had long been requesting missionaries, possibly hoping for protection from the Apaches. Eventually a mission led by the Franciscan Friar Juan de Salas visited them in 1629.

The abbess reported further but less frequent visits afterwards, all while she physically remained in the monastery at Ágreda. They thus are considered bilocations, an event where a person is, or seems to be, in two places at the same time.
Before sending the friars, Father Alonzo de Benavides, Custodian of New Mexico, asked the natives why they were so eager to be baptized. They said they had been visited by a Lady in Blue who had told them to ask the fathers for help, pointing to a painting of a nun in a blue habit and saying she was dressed like that but was a beautiful young girl. The Jumanos visiting Isleta indicated that the Lady in Blue had visited them in the area now known as the Salinas National Monument, south of modern-day Mountainair, New Mexico, about 65 miles (104.6 km) south of Albuquerque.
At the same time, Fray Esteban de Perea brought Benavides an inquiry from Sor María's confessor in Spain asking whether there was any evidence that she had visited the Jumanos.

As reports of Mary's mystical excursions to the New World proliferated, the Inquisition took notice, although she was not proceeded against with severity, perhaps because of her long written relationship with the Spanish king.

Accounts of Mary's mystical apparitions in the American Southwest, as well as inspiring passages in Mystical City of God, so stirred 17th and 18th century missionaries that they credited her in their own life's work, making her an integral part of the colonial history of the United States.

Written works

María de Ágreda's best known single work is the Mystical City of God (Spanish: Mistica Ciudad de Dios, Vida de la Virgen María), consisting of eight books (six volumes). This related her revelations about the terrestrial and heavenly life, reportedly received directly from the Blessed Virgin Mary. The books include information about the relationship of the 'Blessed Virgin' with the Triune God, as well as the doings and Mysteries performed by Jesus. The narrative contains extensive details and covers the New Testament time line. It also relates advice given by the Holy Mother on how to acquire true sanctity.

The Mystical City of God, the biography of Mary, is now frequently studied in college and university programs of Spanish language and culture, for its contribution to Baroque literature. Written in elegant Spanish, it relates both terrestrial and spiritual details. These included the way the earth looks from the space (contained in her unpublished 17th Century "Tratado de rendondez de la Tierra"); the Immaculate Conception of Virgin Mary, the Assumption of Mary, the duties of Michael the Archangel and Gabriel the Archangel; and meticulous detail on the childhood of Jesus. Other details that Mary related concerned Christ's Passion, Resurrection and Ascension.

German philosopher and theologian Joseph Görres, while expressing his admiration for the wonderful depth of its speculations, finds that the style is in the bad taste of the period, pompous and strained, and very wearisome in the prolixity of the moral applications appended to each chapter.

In addition to her 14 published works, Mary of Jesus also served as the spiritual (and sometimes political) advisor to King Philip IV of Spain, at his request and for more than 22 years. Their surviving correspondence includes over 600 letters.

Reaction
The Mystical City of God was condemned in Rome, 4 August, 1681, by the Congregation of the Inquisition, and Pope Innocent XI had forbidden the reading of it, but, at the instance of Charles II of Spain, suspended execution of the decree for Spain. The book did not attract much attention outside of Spain until a Recollect friar, translated and published the first part of it, at Marseilles in 1696. This resulted in its being referred to a commission of the Sorbonne, which also condemned it in July 1696.

Spanish cardinal José Saenz d'Aguirre sought to have the censure annulled since he considered the judgment of the Sorbonne based on a faulty translation. Investigations of the book were made in 1729, under Pope Benedict XIII, when her canonization was again urged. In 1748, Pope Benedict XIV, while conceding that the book had received the approbation of the Universities of Salamanca, Alcalá, Toulouse, and Louvain, asked the General of the Franciscans to  investigate the authenticity of the writings, as it was alleged that her confessors had tampered with the text.

Discussion continued for and against. German Church historian and canonist, Joseph Hergenröther said that the condemnation of 1681 was because its publication in 1670 ignored Pope Urban VIII's decree of 1625 in the papal bull Sanctissimus Dominus Noster that required a bishop's approval for the publication of private revelations; or because it contained apocryphal stories. It was also suggested that those who followed the philosophical approach of Aquinas (mainly Dominicans) objected to the views of those who followed Duns Scotus (mainly Franciscans) being presented as Divine revelation. Theologian Eusebius Amort wrote a treatise on mysticism, De Revelationibus et Visionibus, etc. (2 vols, Augsburg 1744) directed against the "Mystic City of God,"; it brought him into conflict with several of her Franciscan defenders.

The suspension of the Decree of Innocent XI, condemning the book, was made operative only in Spain, and although Charles II asked to have the permission, to read it extended to the whole of Christendom, Pope Alexander VIII not only refused the petition, but confirmed the Brief of his predecessor. The King made the same request to Pope Innocent XII, who did nothing, however, except to institute a commission to examine the reasons raised by the Spanish Court. Her works had been placed on the Index, but the Franciscans were assured that that was a mistake of the printer, as no condemnation appeared there.

Death and legacy

Less than ten years after her death, Mary of Jesus was declared Venerable by Pope Clement X, in honor of her "heroic life of virtue". Although the process of beatification was opened in 1673, it has not as yet been completed.

The tradition of the apostle St James and the shrine of El Pilar, reputed to be the first church dedicated to Mary, was given by Our Lady in an apparition to Sister Mary Agreda recorded in The Mystical City of God, and is credited with instigating the rebuilding of the fire-damaged Cathedral Basilica in Zaragoza in the Baroque style in 1681 by Charles II, King of Spain, completed and rededicated in 1686.

Incorruptible body
When Mary of Jesus's casket was opened in 1909, a cursory scientific examination was performed on the 17th century abbess's body. In 1989, a Spanish physician named Andreas Medina participated in another examination of the remains and told investigative journalist Javier Sierra in 1991: "What most surprised me about that case is that when we compared the state of the body, as it was described in the medical report from 1909, with how it appeared in 1989, we realized it had absolutely not deteriorated at all in the last eighty years." Investigators took photographs and other evidence before re-sealing her casket, which remains on display in the monastery church. Some consider that incorruptibility, that is, lack of normal rot and decay after death, further evidence of sanctity.

Sainthood process
Her cause was formally opened on 28 January 1673, granting her the title of Servant of God. The abbess is now considered Venerable. After the 400th anniversary of her birth in 2002, several groups (including The Spanish Mariology Society, The Society of Our Lady of the Most Holy Trinity, The Knights of Columbus, The American Council for the Mystical City of God and The Working Group for the Beatification of Sister Maria de Jesus de Agreda) renewed attempts to move her beatification process forward.

In popular culture
San Angelo, Texas, credits the abbess as a pioneering force behind the establishment of early Texas missions.  Jumano Native Americans reminisce about her role in their survival, and her possible connection to the legend of Texas's state flower, the bluebonnet.

She is featured in a work of fiction, The Lady in Blue ("La Dama Azul"), by Javier Sierra (Atria Books, 2005/07, ), as well as in the English biography Maria of Agreda: Mystical Lady in Blue (University of New Mexico Press, 2009). She also served as the inspiration for the novel Blue Water Woman by Ken Farmer (Timber Creek Press, 2016, ), book #7 of The Nations series.

In his memoirs, the 18th-century Italian adventurer Giacomo Casanova describes reading the Mystical City of God during his imprisonment in the Venetian prison I Piombi.

References

Bibliography

 Life of Venerable Mary of Ágreda, by James A. Carrico, Emmett J. Culligan, 1962.
 The Visions of Sor Maria de Agreda: Writing Knowledge and Power, by Clark A. Colahan, University of Arizona Press, 1994.
 Maria of Agreda: Mystical Lady in Blue, by Marilyn H. Fedewa, University of New Mexico Press, 2009.
 Quill and Cross in the Borderlands: Sor María de Ágreda and the Lady in Blue, 1628 to the Present. By Anna M. Nogar. 2018. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.

External links

 María de Jesús de Ágreda | Official home page of her abbey in Spain (English and Spanish)
 Online version of "The Mystical City of God"
 Online unabridged versions of the complete "Mystical City of God" - St. Joseph Publications (English and Spanish)
 Abridged and 4-Volume Works of María de Ágreda in archive.org
 A detailed account of Ágreda's (also known as The Blue Nun) appearances in 17th century America
 Maria de Agreda Delegation Visits UNM
 Project Continua: Biography of Mary of Ágreda

1602 births
1665 deaths
People from the Province of Soria
Conversos
Conceptionist nuns
Franciscan mystics
Franciscan writers
17th-century Spanish nuns
17th-century Spanish women writers
Miracle workers
Spanish spiritual writers
Burials in the Province of Soria
Venerated Catholics
17th-century venerated Christians
17th-century Christian mystics
Incorrupt saints
Marian visionaries
Angelic visionaries
Spanish Christian mystics
Spanish people of Jewish descent

Mary of Jesus of Ágreda


Skill positions in gridiron football are the offensive positions that ordinarily handle the ball and are most responsible for scoring points. Offensive players such as quarterbacks, running backs, and wide receivers are typically considered skill positions, as are tight ends on occasion.

Skill positions are contrasted with linemen and defensive players, which are generally considered to be positions heavily reliant on power and brute strength. Skill position players are often physically smaller than linemen, but they must also be faster and have other talents; such as the ability to throw accurately, handle or catch the ball under pressure, avoid tacklers, or read and exploit defensive weaknesses; which are less of a priority for linemen.

See also
Eligible receiver

References

American football positions

Skill position


meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA or mCPBA) is a peroxycarboxylic acid. It is a white solid often used widely as an oxidant in organic synthesis. mCPBA is often preferred to other peroxy acids because of its relative ease of handling.  mCPBA is a strong oxidizing agent that may cause fire upon contact with flammable material.

Preparation and purification
mCPBA can be prepared by reacting m-chlorobenzoyl chloride with a basic solution of hydrogen peroxide, followed by acidification.

It is sold commercially as a shelf-stable mixture that is less than 72% mCPBA, with the balance made up of m-chlorobenzoic acid (10%) and water. The peroxyacid can be purified by washing the commercial material with a  sodium hydroxide and potassium phosphate solution buffered at pH = 7.5. Peroxyacids are generally slightly less acidic than their carboxylic acid counterparts, so one can extract the acid impurity by careful control of pH. The purified material is reasonably stable against decomposition if stored at low temperatures in a plastic container.

In reactions where the exact amount of mCPBA must be controlled, a sample can be titrated to determine the exact amount of active oxidant.

Reactions
The main areas of use are the conversion of ketones to esters (Baeyer-Villiger oxidation), epoxidation of alkenes (Prilezhaev reaction), conversion of silyl enol ethers to silyl α-hydroxy ketones (Rubottom oxidation), oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and sulfones, and oxidation of amines to produce amine oxides. The following scheme shows the epoxidation of cyclohexene with mCPBA.

The epoxidation mechanism is concerted: the cis or trans geometry of the alkene starting material is retained in the epoxide ring of the product.  The transition state of the Prilezhaev reaction is given below:

The geometry of the transition state, with the peracid bisecting the C-C double bond, allows the two primary frontier orbital interactions to occur: πC=C (HOMO) to σ*O-O (LUMO) and nO (HOMO, regarded as a filled p orbital on a sp2 hybridized oxygen) to π*C=C (LUMO), corresponding, in arrow-pushing terms, to formation of one C-O bond and cleavage of the O-O bond and formation of the other C-O bond and cleavage of the C=C π bond.

References

Chlorobenzenes
Oxidizing agents
Organic peroxy acids
Reagents for organic chemistry

Meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid


Joanna of Castile (6 November 1479 – 12 April 1555), also known as Joanna the Mad, was a reigning queen of Castile and Aragon. She was the daughter of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. When her mother died in 1504, Joanna became Queen of Castile. However, her father ruled instead of her. When her father died in 1516, Joanna became Queen of Aragon, but her son Charles I reigned as king also.

Despite her titles, Joanna never really acted as queen. Her father had her locked in the royal palace. Later her son had her locked in a convent.

Kings and Queens of Spain
1479 births
1555 deaths

Joanna of Castile


PM Press is an independent publisher, founded in 2007, that specializes in radical, Marxist and anarchist literature, as well as crime fiction, graphic novels, music CDs, and political documentaries.  It has offices in the San Francisco Bay Area, Los Angeles, and West Virginia, with their headquarters in New York.

History

PM Press was started in late 2007 by AK Press founder Ramsey Kanaan and several other members of AK Press, including Craig O'Hara.

In their first year, they published Wobblies & Zapatistas, a synthesis of anarchism and Marxism by historian Staughton Lynd and Balkans dissident Andrej Grubacic; Chumbawamba's four-part harmonizing of the history of British dissent in English Rebel Songs 1381–1984; The Big Noise production team's video magazine Dispatches; Lois Ahrens' graphic depiction of the effects of mass incarceration in The Real Cost of Prisons Comix; Teaching Rebellion, the oral histories of the Oaxacan Uprising (also available in a Spanish-language edition); eco-philosopher Derrick Jensen (How Shall I Live My Life? and Now This War Has Two Sides CD), and former Black Panther and freed member of the Angola 3 Robert King (From the Bottom of the Heap: The Autobiography of Black Panther Robert Hillary King); the activism of Staughton Lynd and IWW Starbucks organizer Daniel Gross in Labor Law for the Rank and Filer, and the last three decades of struggle to free political prisoners, Let Freedom Ring.

In 2009, PM releases included a documentary history of the Red Army Faction, a documentary on the 1970s British anarchist urban guerrillas The Angry Brigade, a history of the struggles of incarcerated women in the United States written by Victoria Law, and My Baby Rides the Short Bus, an anthology of personal essays and stories about raising children with disabilities.

2010 saw an edition of Peter Marshall's history of anarchism, Demanding the Impossible, a radical new examination of the politics of pirates by Gabriel Kuhn, the first English-language edition of writings by German agitator and theorist Gustav Landauer, and Tunnel People by photojournalist Teun Voeten, as well as From Here to There: The Staughton Lynd Reader and anthologies of works by Paul Goodman.

PM has also launched a noir imprint, Switchblade; a "Spectacular Fiction" imprint for science fiction; "Found in Translation", featuring translations of fiction by Japanese author Tomoyuki Hoshino, and Calling All Heroes by Mexican novelist Paco Ignacio Taibo II; "Spectre", a political economy imprint, and "Tofuhound", an imprint founded by Vegan Freak authors Bob and Jenna Torres. The "Outspoken Authors" imprint of pocketbooks feature fiction writers with conversations on their work, politics, writing, and engagement—science fiction Terry Bisson, Michael Moorcock, Kim Stanley Robinson and Eleanor Arnason were among the authors featured; crime writer Gary Phillips was the only non-SF author to have an Outspoken Authors title.

PM also published previously unpublished work on politics from Trinidadian revolutionary thinker C. L. R. James, works by the London stencil artist Banksy, healthy cooking from Bitch Magazine founder Lisa Jervis; Arena, a journal of anarchist arts and culture edited by Stuart Christie; and a new imprint with DC's Busboys & Poets.

In 2020, the publisher sold ebooks to Internet Archive in a way to make them available to the public.

In 2022, PM Press relocated from California to New York.

See also

 :Category:PM Press books

References

External links
Official website

2007 establishments in California

American companies established in 2007
Anarchist publishing companies
Book publishing companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Book publishing companies of the United States
Companies based in Oakland, California
Mass media in California
Political book publishing companies
Publishing companies established in 2007

PM Press


Tuoba Hena (;  325–337) ruled as prince of the Tuoba Dai from 325 to 329 and again from 335 to 337. He was the youngest son of Tuoba Yituo and brother of his predecessor, Tuoba Heru.

Life
Tuoba Hena was the youngest of three sons of Tuoba Yituo and Lady Qi. Yituo was chieftain of the central Tuoba branch between 295 and 305. Following the re-unification of the Tuoba tribes and establishment of Dai, his eldest brother, Tuoba Pugen, became the Prince of Dai in 316. He died just a few months into his reign and was succeeded by his unnamed newborn. However, his son would also die in 316, so his cousin, Tuoba Yulü was chosen to succeed him. Lady Qi assassinated Yulü in a coup and place his second-oldest brother, Tuoba Heru on the throne in 321. Hena assumed the throne in 325 after his brother died childless in 325.

In 327, the Later Zhao general, Shi Hu attacked Dai. Tuoba Hena led his troops to face him north of the border pass at Gouzhu (句注, northwest of present-day Dai County, Shanxi) but was defeated. To avoid posing as a threat to Zhao, Hena moved the capital to Daning. Shortly after this, Hena demanded the Helan clan (賀蘭部) to handover Tuoba Yihuai, the son of Tuoba Yulü who had been living with them. The chieftain of the Helan and Yihuai's uncle, Helan Aitou (賀蘭藹頭) refused to do so. Hena then led an attack with the Yuwen tribe against the Helan but failed to meet success, and Yihuai survived the assault.

In 329, the Helan and many other tribes collectively acclaimed Tuoba Yihuai as the new Prince of Dai. As a result, Tuoba Hena fled to the Yuwen tribe to seek refuge.

In 335, Yihuai had his uncle, Helan Aitou (賀蘭藹頭) executed after he felt that his uncle was not showing him enough respect. Aitou's death stirred up anger among the Dai tribes. Hena took the opportunity to return to Dai, where he was warmly-welcomed by the people who acclaimed him the Prince of Dai. With no support to back him up, Yihuai fled to Later Zhao, where he was granted residence by Shi Hu, who by then was the ruler of Zhao.

Hena's second reign lasted for three years. In 337, the Zhao general, Li Mu (李穆), escorted Tuoba Yihuai with 5,000 cavalry to Daning. The tribes once more acclaimed Yihuai as the Prince of Dai, so Hena this time fled to Former Yan in Liaodong, where he was received by the ruling Murong clan. What became of Hena is unknown, as he no longer appears in record from this point on.

References

 Wei, Shou (554). Book of Wei (Wei Shu).
 Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.

4th-century Chinese monarchs
Northern Wei people
Year of birth unknown
Princes of Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)

Tuoba Hena


José María Minella (1909–1981) was an Argentine football player and manager. He played for and managed Argentina's national team.
He played as a midfielder; he was predominantly centre-half, although he initially held more offensive roles, such as in the 1930 world tour, in which he scored 11 times playing for Gimnasia La Plata. The first position he was employed in was that of left midfielder, at Independiente; later, due to his playing characteristics, which led him to manage the game, he was moved to the center, where he was assigned the number 5 of the centromediano. He was gifted with a marked technical ability. Considered as one of the best Argentine midfielders of all time.

Early life

Son of Italian immigrants, he was born in the La Perla district of Mar del Plata from a father originally from Villanova Monferrato.

Club career

He first met football in his native neighborhood, and later moved to Club Independiente in Mar del Plata. Moving to Gimnasia y Esgrima in La Plata, on June 4, 1931 he played there for the first time at a professional level, taking the field against Boca Juniors in Buenos Aires. He composed a solid midfield trio with Montañez and Míguez, and was part of the so-called Expreso, the Gimnasia line-up that came close to winning the 1933 championship, also becoming its captain. He was sold to River Plate for 37,500 pesos, a considerable figure for the time. With the new jersey he was immediately the owner, competing in the tournaments of 1936, 1937 and 1941, won by the club by the red band; in the last of these, however, he was scarcely employed, given his advanced age. In 1942 he left Argentina for Uruguay, and played two editions of the local championship, obtaining two consecutive second places. In 1944 he passed to the Chileans of the Green Cross, where he ended his career.

International career

Minella made his debut in the Argentine national selection in 1933, after the successes with the shirt of Gimnasia; that team, however, was not properly considered official by the Federation. On January 6, 1935 he officially made his debut during the South American Championship in 1935, facing Chile in Lima. In 2-3-5 chosen by Manuel Seoane Minella was deployed as center-half and played the whole tournament in this position. On January 20 he took the field against Peru and on January 27 against Uruguay, both times as a starter, Argentina reached second place in the competition. In 1937 he participated in the second South American Championship, which was held entirely in Buenos Aires. Once again as a central midfielder, Minella was one of the cornerstones of that national team, since he played all the matches of the tournament. He made his debut on December 30, 1936 against Chile, and attended against Peru (January 16, 1937), Uruguay (January 23) and Brazil (January 30). At the end of the tournament, given the parity between Brazil and Argentina in the group, a play-off had to be played, in which Minella did not take part, replaced by Ernesto Lazzatti. In 1940 he participated in the Copa Juan R. Mignaburu and the Copa Héctor Rivadavia Gómez, while the following year he was part of the squad that played the Copa Presidente Roque Saenz Peña. In 1941 he was also called up for the South American, organized in Santiago, integrating the midfield together with Esperón and Sbarra in the first match against Peru on 12 February. On February 16 he was the starter against Ecuador, and on February 23 he played the first 40 minutes of the match with Uruguay. This was his last game in South American Championship premier international tournament. Minella turned down a chance to play for the South American Championship in 1942 where Argentina finished as runners-up.

Managerial career

Minella joined the River Plate bench the year after his retirement as a player; he replaced Renato Cesarini, creator of La Máquina, capable of winning several championships. In 1945, at his debut, Minella's first title as coach arrived, obtained one day from the end thanks to a 2-0 win over Chacarita Juniors. Minella deployed the team following the 2-3-5, the so-called "WM", module particularly popular in South America in those years. The 1946 season saw River hit third place, five points behind the winner, San Lorenzo de Almagro. In 1947 the team led by Minella was still champion, again one day from the end of the championship, defeating Rosario Central. In the 1950s the coach made an important contribution to the club's victories, which followed one another shortly after between 1952 and 1957. Key elements of that team were Ángel Labruna, Néstor Rossi and Amadeo Carrizo. The first trophy was obtained not without difficulty, while in 1953 the River got the better of Racing from Avellaneda; in 1955 the title also came thanks to a positive streak of 16 matches. In 1956 and 1957 the championships were dominated by River, but following the transfer of Omar Sívori to Juventus , the period of success came to an end, and Minella left the bench. In 1964 the coach was called by the Argentine Football Federation to hold the position of coach of the Albiceleste national team ; he made his debut on May 31 in Rio de Janeiro against Portugal. Minella was called up to direct the selection during the Taça das Nações, a tournament that included four national teams. In this event the Argentines obtained the victory, thanks to the three successes with Portugal, Brazil and England, all arrived without conceding goals. The CT made some particular choices, placing lesser known elements at the international level alongside already established players. After this title, he was confirmed on the bench, and took part in various tournaments, mainly of a friendly nature, including the Dittborn Cup and the Chevallier Boutell Cup. He was also the coach who led the national team to qualify for England 1966; however, he was replaced by Osvaldo Zubeldía first and then Juan Carlos Lorenzo, with the latter sitting on the Argentine bench during the Rimet Cup. In 1968 he was recalled as a replacement for Cesarini, and he was the coach for eight other matches, all friendly, collecting three defeats, three draws and two victories.

Honours

As a player

Club
Gimnasia La Plata
Argentine championship: 1929

River Plate
Primera División Argentina: 1936, 1937, 1941
Copa Aldao: 1937

International
Argentina
Copa América: 1937, 1941

As a manager

Club
River Plate
Primera División Argentina: 1945, 1947, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1957
Copa Aldao: 1947
Copa Ibarguren: 1952

Argentina
Taça das Nações: 1964

References

Argentine footballers
1909 births
1981 deaths

José María Minella