The Flight of the Goeben, subtitled "World War I Naval Operations in the Mediterranean", is a board wargame published by Simulations Publications Inc. (SPI) in 1970 that simulates the pursuit of the Goeben and Breslau during World War I.

Background
At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben and the light cruiser SMS Breslau were posted to the Mediterranean. All sides in the war at that point hoped Turkey would remain neutral. However, after battlefield setbacks in September 1914 culminated in the Battle of the Marne, Germany decided to persuade Turkey to join the Central Powers, and ordered Goeben and Breslau to proceed to Istanbul in order to offer the service of the German ships to Turkey. Despite orders from the British Admiralty to intercept the two ships, the Germans escaped, and British ships were unable to catch them before they reached Istanbul. Germany sold the two ships to Turkey, though the supposed sale was simply a ruse, since the ships were still staffed by their German crews and officers. In October 1914, the German ships led a Turkish raid on Russia's Black Sea ports, bringing Turkey into the war on the side of the Central Powers. Three British admirals were subsequently censured for their failure to stop the Goeben.

Winston Churchill later wrote that due to the entry of Turkey into the war, Goeben had brought "more slaughter, more misery, and more ruin than has ever before been borne within the compass of a ship."

Description
The Flight of the Goeben is a two-player board wargame in which one player controls the Goeben and Breslau, and the other controls the British and French fleets. The game starts on 2 August 1914, the day before Germany declares war against France, and two days before the UK declares war on Germany.

Objectives
Both players know in general terms what the other wants to accomplish:
 The German player tries to get Goeben and Breslau into either the Atlantic or to the Dardanelles.
 The Allied player tries to find and sink either or both German ships, and, using French transports, must move the 19th Corps from North Africa to France.
However, neither player starts the game knowing exactly what their victory objectives are.

On 3 August, the German player draws a Secret Draw Result (SDR) counter and consults the German Victory Conditions chart that reveal the Victory Points the German player will gain by attaining certain objectives. This is not revealed to the British player.

On 4 August, the Allied player also draws an SDR counter and consults the British Victory Conditions chart, and this also is not revealed to the German player.

Thus neither player knows exactly what they must prevent their opponent from accomplishing.

Gameplay
The players alternate moving their ships, each game turn representing six hours. The Allied player can use search patterns to try to find the German ships, while the German ships try to evade detection.

Coal
Coal fueled most ships of the era, and both players have a coaling index to indicate how much coal every ship on the map ship has left. The Allies must use Malta, North African ports, or Toulon to obtain coal. The Germans can only find coal from Pola, Italian ports (at a reduced rate, since Italy was, at the time, a neutral country) or from German colliers.

Combat
A single die is rolled by the attacking player to determine the number of hits they have achieved. This is modified if a smaller ship is firing on a larger ship.

Advanced rules
There are a number of advanced rules involving non-historic "what if?" conditions, such as what if Italy had joined the Central Powers?

Victory conditions
The game ends at the end of 12 August (33 game turns). The player who collects the most Victory Points from fulfilling achievements derived from their SDR objective, as well as Victory Points awarded for general objectives — German ships escaping, or Allied ships sinking the German ships — is the winner.

Publication history
The Flight of the Goeben was designed by Dave Williams, with graphic design by Redmond A. Simonsen. It was one of the first free pull-out games published in Strategy & Tactics by SPI — then known as Poultron Press — appearing in Issue 21 in 1970. The game did not have die-cut counters; instead, the counters were printed on sheets of paper and had to be cut apart by the players.

The game was later released as a boxed set with die-cut counters.

Reception
In Issue 22 of Albion, Malcolm Watson thought that the designer had "done a good job of making the rules clear and easy to follow. There are a few points which might, perhaps, have been clearer. On the whole, good layout and clear presentation." Watson found the rules innovative, especially the Secret Draw Result mechanism, and also admired the simplicity of combat, which he found "quite in order for the game - a long drawn-out tactical-type engagement would change the emphasis of the game, and this doesn't seem necessary or even desirable; the game stands up well on its own merits." Although Watson found some ambiguities in the rules, he summarized The Flight of the Goeben as "a very fine game — as good as any we have tested. It has many advantages, of which brevity is not the least important for wargamers with limited time for face-to-face play. It is simple in structure, yet sufficiently loaded with variables to make it quite a challenge for expert and novice alike. Highly recommended."

In Issue 8 of the UK magazine Games & Puzzles, Don Turnbull thought that the game "suffers through unclear rules, but once the problems are ironed out it makes interesting play."

The Kommandeur called this "A very good game, rather on the lines mechanically speaking, of Midway or Jutland. The rules are clear and well thought out, and contain one or two interesting new features."

Other reviews and commentary
 Pursuit & Destroy Vol.1 #2
 ''The Wargamer Vol.2 #24

References

Board games introduced in 1970
Board wargames set in Modern history
Naval board wargames
Simulations Publications games
Wargames introduced in the 1970s
World War I board wargames

The Flight of the Goeben


The 22nd GLAAD Media Awards was the 2011 annual presentation of the GLAAD Media Awards presented by the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. The awards seek to honor films, television shows, musicians and works of journalism that fairly and accurately represent the LGBT community and issues relevant to the community. The 22nd annual award ceremonies included 114 nominees in 23 English-language categories and 33 nominees in 9 Spanish-language categories.

The awards were presented in three separate shows; at the Mariott Marquis in New York City on March 19, 2011, at the Westin Bonaventure Hotel in Los Angeles on April 10, 2011 and at the San Francisco Marriott Marquis in San Francisco on May 14, 2011.

Winners and nominees
Winners are presented in bold.

English-language categories
Outstanding Film - Wide Release
 Burlesque - Screen Gems
 Easy A - Screen Gems
 The Girl Who Played With Fire - Music Box Films
 The Kids Are All Right - Focus Features
 Scott Pilgrim vs. The World - Universal Pictures

Outstanding Film - Limited Release
 Howl - Oscilloscope Pictures
 I Love You Phillip Morris - Roadside Attractions
 La Mission - Screen Media Ventures
 Patrik, Age 1.5 - Regent Releasing
 Undertow - Wolfe Releasing

Outstanding Drama Series
 Brothers & Sisters - ABC
 Degrassi - TeenNick
 Grey's Anatomy - ABC
 Pretty Little Liars - ABC Family
 True Blood - HBO (awarded in New York City; accepted by Denis O'Hare)Outstanding Comedy Series Glee - Fox
 Modern Family - ABC
 GREEK - ABC Family
 Nurse Jackie - Showtime
 United States of Tara - ShowtimeOutstanding Individual Episode (in a series without a regular LGBT character)
 "Escape From The Castle!", Bored to Death (HBO)
 "Innocence", Law & Order (NBC)
 "Klaus & Greta", 30 Rock (NBC) (awarded in New York City; accepted by Tina Fey)
 "Queen of Mean", Drop Dead Diva (Lifetime)
 "Samaritan", Law & Order: UK (BBC America)Outstanding Documentary 8: The Mormon Proposition - Red Flag Releasing
 Edie & Thea: A Very Long Engagement - Sundance Channel
 Prodigal Sons - First Run Features
 Sylvester - UnSung (TV One)
 Out. The Glenn Burke Story - Comcast SportsNet Bay AreaOutstanding Reality Program The Fabulous Beekman Boys - Planet Green
 Girls Who Like Boys Who Like Boys - Sundance Channel
 Project Runway - Lifetime
 Top Chef: Just Desserts - Bravo
 TRANSform Me - VH1
				Outstanding Music Artist (LGBT music artists who released an original album in 2010) Antony and the Johnsons - Swanlights (Secretly Canadian)
 Big Freedia - Big Freedia Hitz Vol. 1 (Big Freedia Records)
 Chely Wright - Lifted Off the Ground (Vanguard Records)
 Kele Okereke - The Boxer (Glassnote Records)
 Scissor Sisters - Night Work (Downtown Records) (awarded in New York City)
				Outstanding Talk Show Episode "Constance McMillen" - The Ellen DeGeneres Show (syndicated)
 "Neil Patrick Harris" - The Talk (CBS)
 "Rebuilding Home After Tragedy: The Seth Walsh Story" - The Nate Berkus Show (syndicated)
 "Ricky Martin Coming Out as a Gay Man and a New Dad" - The Oprah Winfrey Show (syndicated) (awarded in New York City)
 "Transgender Kids: Too Young to Decide?" - The Dr. Oz Show (syndicated)Outstanding TV Journalism - Newsmagazine "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" (series) - The Rachel Maddow Show (MSNBC)
 "Gay Teen Suicides" (series) - Anderson Cooper 360 (CNN) (awarded in New York City)
 "Katie Miller: Don't Ask, Don't Tell" - Outside the Lines (ESPN)
 "Olson and Boies on Same-Sex Marriage" - Bill Moyers Journal (PBS)
 "Transitions" - Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel (HBO)Outstanding TV Journalism Segment "Don't Ask…" - CBS Sunday Morning (CBS)
 "Fort Worth Speech" - The Last Word with Lawrence O'Donnell (MSNBC)
 "Gay Teens Talk Their Truth" - CNN Newsroom (CNN)
 "Images of Protest" - ABC World News with Diane Sawyer (ABC)
 "Mom, Dad… I'm Coming Out" - Today (NBC)Outstanding Newspaper Article "Coming Out, Fitting In" by Rosemary Winters (The Salt Lake Tribune)
 "D.C. Gay Couple Caps a Momentous First by Tying the Knot" by Monica Hesse (The Washington Post)
 "Rutgers Student Tyler Clementi's Suicide Spurs Action Across U.S." by Judy Peet (The Star-Ledger (Newark, N.J.)) (awarded in New York City)
 "A Tragic Love Story" by Steve Friess (LA Weekly)
 "Worlds Apart" by Lauren Smiley (SF Weekly)Outstanding Newspaper Columnist Peg Mcentee (The Salt Lake Tribune)
 Leonard Pitts, Jr. (The Miami Herald)
 Frank Rich (The New York Times) (awarded in New York City)
 Eugene Robinson (The Washington Post)
 Rev. Byron Williams (The Oakland Tribune)Outstanding Newspaper Overall Coverage Atlanta Journal-Constitution
 Denver Post (awarded in New York City)
 Los Angeles Times
 The New York Times
 The Salt Lake Tribune

Outstanding Magazine Article
 "All That's Left is God" by Michelle Theall (5280 magazine)
 "'I Was Scared to Sleep': LGBT Youth Face Violence Behind Bars" by Daniel Redman (The Nation)
 "It's a Shocking Trend: Gay Teens Being Bullied to the Point of Suicide" by Kenneth Miller (Ladies' Home Journal)
 "Just Another Girl (Who Used to be a Boy)" by Genevieve Field (Glamour)
 "What Happens When You Find the One...And He's Nothing – Nothing – Like You Expected?" by Allison Cooper (O, The Oprah Magazine) (awarded in New York City)

Outstanding Magazine Overall Coverage
 The Advocate/Out (awarded in New York City)
 The Chronicle of Higher Education
 Entertainment Weekly
 People
 US Weekly

Outstanding Digital Journalism Article
 "The Camera in the Closet: Gay Service Members Speak Out to ABC News About Don't Ask, Don't Tell" by Mary Kathryn Burke (ABCNews.com)
 "'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' Hurts African-American Women the Most" by Lynette Holloway (TheRoot.com)
 "Ice Cracks Beneath Weir's Critics" by LZ Granderson (ESPN.com)
 "View From Washington" (series) by Kerry Eleveld (Advocate.com) (awarded in New York City)
 "Wrestler Hudson Taylor a Champion for Gay Rights" by Jim Buzinski (Outsports.com)

Outstanding Digital Journalism - Multimedia
 "Bridal Bliss: Aisha and Danielle" by Bobbi Misick (Essence.com) (awarded in New York City; accepted by Aisha Mills and Danielle Moodie, with Essence.com editor, Emil Wilbekin)
 "Censoring Wojnarowicz" (IntheLifetv.org)
 "A Gay Family Album" (Newsweek.com)
 "Kicked Out But Ready to Go Back" by Jon Groat (Newsweek.com)

Outstanding Blog
 The Bilerico Project by various
 Blabbeando by Andres Duque
 Joe. My. God. by Joe Jervis (awarded in New York City)
 Pam's House Blend by Pam Spaulding
 Rod 2.0 by Rod McCollum

Outstanding Comic Book
 Buffy the Vampire Slayer by Scott Allie, Brad Meltzer, Joss Whedon (Dark Horse Comics)
 Fogtown by Andersen Gabrych (Vertigo/DC Comics)
 Veronica #202 (introducing Kevin Keller) by Dan Parent (Archie Comics)
 X-Factor by Peter David (Marvel Comics) (awarded in New York City)
 Young Avengers: Children's Crusade by Allan Heinberg (Marvel)Outstanding Los Angeles Theater Dr. Cerberus by Robert Aguirre-Sacasa
 Haram Iran by Jay Paul Deratany
 Revolver by Chris Phillips
 Something Happened by L. Trey Wilson (awarded in New York City)
 The Twentieth-Century Way by Tom JacobsonOutstanding New York Theater: Broadway & Off-Broadway In the Wake by Lisa Kron
 The Kid, book by Michael Zam, lyrics by Jack Lechner, music by Andy Monroe
 Passion Play by Sarah Ruhl
 The Pride by Alexi Kaye Campbell (awarded in New York City)
 Secrets of the Trade by Jonathan TolinsOutstanding New York Theater: Off-Off Broadway Lay of the Land by Tim Miller
 Let Them Eat Cake by Holly Hughes, Megan Carney and Moe Angelos
 This One Girl's Story, book by Bil Wright, music and lyrics by Dionne McClain-Freeney
 Vaginal Davis Is Speaking from the Diaphragm by Vaginal Davis
 When Last We Flew'' by Harrison David Rivers (awarded in New York City)

Other awards
 Excellence in Media Award: Russell Simmons (awarded in New York City)
 Vito Russo Award: Ricky Martin (awarded in New York City)

Spanish-language categories
Outstanding Novela
 ¿Dónde Está Elisa? (Telemundo) (awarded in New York City)

Outstanding Music Artist
 Christian Chávez, Almas transparentes (EMI)
 Fedro, Besos excesos'' (Warner Music)

Outstanding Daytime Talk Show Episode
 "Mamá vístete de hombre" - Casos de Familia (Univision) (awarded in New York City)
 "No quiero padre, ni hermano" - Casos de Familia (Univision)
 "La Proposición 8" - Caso Cerrado (Telemundo)
 "El sida no mata amor" - Caso Cerrado (Telemundo)
 "Yo no soy un pervertido" - ¿Quién Tiene la Razón? (Univision)

Outstanding Talk Show Interview
 "Entrevista con hombres transgénero" - Don Francisco Presenta (Univision)
 "Entrevista con Manolo Cardona de Contracorriente" - Escenario (CNN en Español)
 "Matrimonios del mismo sexo" - Al Punto (Univision)
 "Saliendo del closet después de los 30" - El Show de Cristina (Univision) (awarded in New York City)

Outstanding TV Journalism – Newsmagazine
 "En busca de Emma" - Levántate (Telemundo)
 "En el cuerpo equivocado" - Al Rojo Vivo (Telemundo)
 "En nombre del amor" - Primer Impacto (Univision) (awarded in New York City)
 "Indignante Abuso" - Primer Impacto (Univision)
 "Ricky Martin…Sin secretos" - Aquí y Ahora (Univision)

Outstanding TV Journalism Segment
 "Aumenta el hostigamiento" - Despierta América (Univision) (awarded in New York City)
 "El matrimonio de homosexuales" - Encuentro (CNN en Español)
 "Matrimonios del mismo sexo; Sí vs No" - Mega News Nocturno (Mega TV)
 "Pueblo Chico, Orgullo Grande" - Noticias Univision 33 (KTVW-TV 33 [Phoenix, Ariz.])
 "Reconocimiento Nacional" - Noticiero Telemundo (Telemundo)

Outstanding Newspaper Article
 "Acosados hasta el punto del suicidio" by Rubén Moreno (La Opinión) (awarded in New York City)
 "Homofobia en el deporte: el último closet" by Alberto C. Medina Gil (Primera Hora)
 "El regalo de Ricky Martin: La revelación de homosexualidad del cantante es un gran avance para la sociedad gay, dicen expertos" by Sigal Ratner-Arias (Associated Press)
 "Terror en la comunidad gay" by Osman Pérez Méndez (El Nuevo Día)
 "El viaje largo para encontrarse a sí misma" by Santos Juárez (El Diario NY)

Outstanding Magazine Article
 "Estoy feliz de ser quien soy" by María Morales (People en Español) (awarded in New York City)
 "Fedro, de ¡Viva el Sueno!, piensa casarse y adoptar a un niño" by Abel Jimenez  (TvNotas USA)
 "Reaccionaron líderes, políticos, sicólogos, y artistas de esta sociedad" by Ana Lilia Cortés (TvNotas USA)
 "Ricky Martin, un papá en paz" by Lena Hansen (People en Español)

Outstanding Digital Journalism Article
 "Christian Chávez reacciona contra Paquita la del Barrio" by Yoselín Acevedo (PeoplenEspanol.com)
 "Fedro llegó para quedarse" by Amy Linares (PadrisimoMagazine.com)

References

22nd
GLAAD
2011 in California
2011 in LGBT history
2011 in New York City
2011 in Los Angeles
2011 in San Francisco
Lists of LGBT-related award winners and nominees

22nd GLAAD Media Awards


Bruce Stark (1933 - December 29, 2012) was an American artist noted for his caricatures of entertainment and sports figures.

Born in 1933 in New York, he moved with his family at age three to New Jersey. After serving with the Navy during the Korean War, he attended the School of Visual Arts, dug ditches, drove a truck and freelanced artwork, finally landing a permanent job in 1960 as a staff artist with the New York Daily News, where he contributed celebrity caricatures and sports cartoons for the next 22 years, continuing to live in New Jersey with his wife Pat and two sons, Bob and Ron.

During those decades, Stark also created covers for Time, Fortune, Industry Week, Forbes and TV Guide, plus numerous paperback covers. He contributed interior artwork to Reader's Digest, Mad, The Saturday Evening Post, Golf Digest and other magazines.

He died on December 29, 2012, of emphysema at the age of 79.

Animation
Rankin/Bass Productions produced an animated television special, The Mad, Mad, Mad Comedians, telecast April 7, 1970, on ABC. It combined actual voices with Bruce Stark's animated caricatures of Jack Benny, George Burns, Phyllis Diller, George Jessel, Jack E. Leonard, Groucho Marx, the Smothers Brothers, Flip Wilson and Henny Youngman. Paul Frees supplied the voices of W.C. Fields, Chico Marx and Zeppo Marx.

Listed in Who's Who in America for over 20 years, Stark was a two-time winner of the National Cartoonists Society's Reuben Category Award for Best Sports Cartoonist of the Year (1966, 1975), as well as Best Special Features Cartoonist for 1968.

Awards and exhibitions
His work is represented in the permanent collections of the Everett Dirksen Library, the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York and the Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield, Massachusetts. For three years (1970, 1971, 1973), he won the New York Newspaper Guild's Page One award for Best Sports Cartoon of the Year. His one-man shows include the Art Institute in Pittsburgh, the University of Pennsylvania (1970) and the New York Bank for Savings (1971). He retired from the Daily News in 1982, but continued to freelance.

His caricature originals have been requested by many of his subjects, including Art Carney, Xavier Cugat, Buddy Hackett, Suzanne Pleshette, Priscilla Presley and Ted Williams.

Family
His son, Ron Stark, is also an artist, focusing on sports art and illustration since 1991. Living in Indian Harbour Beach, Florida with his wife Trish and their four children (Elizabeth, Jack, Chipper, Victoria), Ron has illustrated for books, magazines, newspapers and Topps cards. His oil painting of Knute Rockne can be seen on Knute Rockne: A Portrait of a Notre Dame Legend by Michael R. Steele, and he Illustrated Peter Golenbock's book, The Spirit of St. Louis. Artwork created by Ron Stark for Ted Williams' personal collection was later donated to the Ted Williams Museum.

External links
Art of Bruce Stark
National Cartoonists Society Awards
Ron Stark Studios

References

1933 births
2012 deaths
American cartoonists
Artists from New York City
People from Indian Harbour Beach, Florida

Bruce Stark


The Orkney Wireless Museum in Kirkwall, Orkney, Scotland, houses a collection of domestic and military wireless equipment. It developed from the private collection of the late Jim MacDonald from St Margaret's Hope and marks the importance of wireless communications in Orkney during World War II.

Museum
The Orkney Wireless Museum is located at Kiln Corner, Kirkwall in Orkney and is run on an entirely voluntary basis. It is registered as a Charitable Company. The Friends of the museum, from all over the world, help raise funds for the museum. The local branch of the society organises volunteers to man the Museum every day of the season, from April to September.

The displays and photographic archive bear testament to the strategic and military importance of Orkney during World War II. In the collection there is much reference to the Home Fleet in Scapa Flow, Orkney. The museum demonstrates the importance of wireless communications and Radar to the civilian and military populations.

The Amateur Radio call sign GB2OWM is frequently activated at the museum. During the Orkney Science Festival every September, worldwide contacts are made and QSL cards are subsequently exchanged with the stations contacted.

Exhibits

The museum has an extensive collection of early domestic radio and wartime communications equipment. Most of the equipment was built in the UK and US. The museum also houses early advertising and posters. An archive of photographs depicts wartime forces and includes coverage of the building of the Churchill Barriers which were built primarily as naval defences to protect the anchorage at Scapa Flow.

Some examples of exhibits:

 No. 19 Tank Set
 early recording equipment e.g. The Recordon dictating machine made by Thermionic Products Ltd of England – features a flat, magnetically coated paper disk.
 example of 1930s Ardent hearing aid
 a working crystal set (made about 1912) with the crystal/cat's whisker detector clearly visible.  Visitors may put the headphones on and listen to BBC Radio Scotland.
 original Scapa Flow boom defence chart
 U-boat radio
 spy Suitcase Radio
 radios used as Y-stations by Y-service operators
 photographic archive of life in "Fortress Orkney"
 domestic wireless receivers made in the US by companies such as Emerson Radio, Weston, Philco
 wireless receivers made in the UK by companies such as EKCO.

Museum history
Jim MacDonald had a love of wireless sets and gathered an extensive and varied collection of domestic and military wireless equipment. The Museum was founded in 1983 when he was persuaded to display his collection in what he called "An Orkney Wireless Museum" in the family home in St Margaret's Hope, South Ronaldsay. After he died of cancer in 1988, his family carried out his wishes to develop the museum.

In June 1990 a registered family Trust was set up to run the museum. In 1994, the Museum was admitted as a member of the Museums and Galleries Commission of Great Britain. The Museum was awarded a Certificate from the Royal Naval Amateur Radio Society "For work in collecting, preserving and displaying the radio and electronic heritage of Scapa Flow and the Orkney Isles"

In 1997, the collection moved to Kiln Corner, Kirkwall which allowed a greater number of exhibits to be displayed. The Museum has received many financial donations.

Founder
James "Jim" MacDonald (1927–1988) was born and brought up on South Ronaldsay. He was locally educated and served his apprenticeship as an electrician and radio repairman. During his boyhood, wireless was rapidly developing and he started to gather old, interesting sets which were becoming redundant. This became the nucleus for his collection which includes such rare and interesting examples as "Kit Sets" and the very, very expensive models by such famous names as Marconi, Cossor, MacMichael, K.B., Lowe and Amplion.

With the outbreak of war in 1939, he was listed as in a reserved occupation, and worked for the War Office as a civilian in the great Naval Base at Lyness. He was also employed at other RAF sites such as Netherbutton, with one of the world's first active operational Radar installations. (This was actually the prototype, modified, which was shipped from England, as the one being built for Orkney was not nearly ready. When Orkney's was finished, it was sent to Dover where it was to play such a vital role in the Battle of Britain).

After the war, Jim collected as many examples of relevant equipment as he could; many operations were still classified as Top Secret. Another problem to collection was that equipment was deliberately destroyed in order to prevent flooding the market with surplus goods (as had happened after the First World War). The collected equipment had played a vital part in the Battle of the Atlantic and North Sea, and has all seen active service.

References

 Hodge, A., (2006) War & Peace in Living Orkney magazine, Sep-2006
 Orkney Wireless Museum" (publicity leaflet) printed at The Orcadian Ltd., Hatston, Kirkwall, Orkney – 14804.

External links
 Orkney Wireless Museum Official Website
 Netherbutton Radar Masts –  photograph from Orkney Wireless Museum plus some historical comment
 Video of a visit to the museum

World War II museums in the United Kingdom
Museums in Orkney
Telecommunications museums in the United Kingdom
Kirkwall
Museums established in 1983
Communications in Scotland
Military electronics
1983 establishments in Scotland
Scotland in World War II
Science museums in Scotland
Charities based in Scotland
Military communications of the United Kingdom

Orkney Wireless Museum


Madan Lal Dhingra (18 September 1883 — 17 August 1909) was an Indian revolutionary and a pro-independence activist. While studying in England, he assassinated William Hutt Curzon Wyllie, a British official.

Early life

Madan Lal Dhingra was born on 18 September 1883 in Amritsar, India, in an educated and affluent Hindu Punjabi Khatri family. His father, Dr. Ditta Mal Dhingra, was a civil surgeon, and Madan Lal was one of eight children (seven sons and one daughter). All seven sons, including Dhingra, studied abroad.

Dhingra studied at Amritsar in MB Intermediate College until 1900. He then went to Lahore to study at the Government College University. Here, he was influenced by the incipient nationalist movement, which at that time was about seeking Home Rule rather than independence. Dhingra was especially troubled by the poverty of India. He studied the literature concerning the causes of Indian poverty and famines extensively, and felt that the key issues in seeking solutions to these problems lay in Swaraj (self-government) and the Swadeshi movement.

Dhingra embraced with particular fervour the Swadeshi movement, which aimed to increase India's self-sufficiency by encouraging Indian industry and entrepreneurship, and boycotting British (and other foreign) goods. He found that the industrial and finance policies of the colonial government were designed to suppress local industry and favour the purchase of British imports, which he felt was a major reason for the lack of economic development in India.

In 1904, as a student in the Master of Arts program, Dhingra led a student protest against the principal's order to have the college blazer made of cloth imported from Britain. He was expelled from the college for this. His father, who held a high, well-paying position in government service and had a poor opinion of agitationists, told him to apologise to the college management, not to participate in such activities again, and prevent (or revoke) the expulsion. Dhingra refused, and chose not even to go home to discuss matters with his father, but to take a job and live as per his own wishes. Thus, following his expulsion, Dhingra took a job as a clerk at Kalka at the foot of the Shimla hills, in a firm that ran a Tanga carriage service to transport British families to Shimla for the summer months.

After being dismissed for insubordination, he worked as a factory laborer. Here, he attempted to organise a union, but was sacked for making the effort. He moved to Bombay and worked there for some time, again at low-level jobs. By now, his family was seriously worried about him, and his elder brother, Dr. Bihari Lal, compelled him to go to Britain to continue his higher education. Dhingra finally agreed, and in 1906, he departed for Britain to enroll at University College, London, to study mechanical engineering.

With Savarkar

Dhingra arrived in London a year after the foundation of Shyamji Krishna Varma's India House in 1905. This organization was a meeting place for Indian revolutionaries located in Highgate.

Dhingra came into contact with noted Indian independence and political activists Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and Shyamji Krishna Varma, who were impressed by his perseverance and intense patriotism which turned his focus to the independence movement. Savarkar believed in revolution and inspired Dhingra's admiration in the cult of assassination.

Later, Dhingra became distant from India House and was known to frequent a shooting range on Tottenham Court Road. He joined and had a membership in, a secretive society, the Abhinav Bharat Mandal founded by Savarkar and his brother, Ganesh.

During this period, Savarkar, Dhingra, and other student activists were outraged by the 1905 Partition of Bengal. Dhingra was disowned for his political activities by his father, Ditta Mall, who was the Chief Medical Officer in Amritsar. His father went so far as to publish his decision in newspaper advertisements.

Curzon Wyllie's assassination
Several weeks before assassinating Curzon Wyllie, Dhingra had tried to kill Lord Curzon, former Viceroy of India. He had also planned to assassinate the former Lieutenant-Governor of East Bengal, Bampfylde Fuller, but was late for a meeting the two were to attend, and so could not carry out his plan. Dhingra then decided to kill Curzon Wyllie. Curzon Wylie had joined the British Army in 1866 and the Indian Political Department in 1879. He had earned distinction in a number of locations including Central India and above all in Rajputana where he rose to the highest rank in the Service. In 1901, he was selected to be Political aide-de-Camp to the Secretary of State for India. He was also the head of the Secret Police and had been trying to obtain information about Dhingra and his fellow revolutionaries. Curzon Wyllie was said to have been a close friend of Dhingra's father.

On the evening of 1 July 1909, Dhingra, along with a large number of Indians and Englishmen had gathered to attend the annual 'At Home' function hosted by the Indian National Association at the Imperial Institute. When Curzon Wyllie, political aide-de-camp to the Secretary of State for India, was leaving the hall with his wife, Dhingra fired five shots right at his face, four of which hit their target. Cawas Lalcaca (or Lalkaka), a Parsee doctor who tried to save Curzon Wyllie, died of Dhingra's sixth and seventh bullets, which he fired because Lalcaca had come between them.

Dhingra was arrested on the spot by the police.

Trial
Dhingra was tried in the Old Bailey on 23 July. He represented himself during his trial but did not recognize the legitimacy of the court. He stated that his assassination was done in the name of Indian independence and that his actions were motivated by patriotism. He also stated that he had not intended to kill Cawas Lalcaca. He was sentenced to death. After the judge announced his verdict, Dhingra is said to have stated: "I am proud to have the honour of laying down my life for my country. But remember, we shall have our time in the days to come". Madan Lal Dhingra was hanged on 17 August 1909 at Pentonville Prison. He also made a further statement, which is rarely mentioned.

Statement of Dhingra before Pronouncement of Verdict

"I do not want to say anything in defence of myself, but simply to prove the justice of my deed. As for myself, no English law court has got any authority to arrest and detain me in prison, or pass sentence of death on me. That is the reason I did not have any counsel to defend me. And I maintain that if it is patriotic in an Englishman to fight against the Germans if they were to occupy this country, it is much more justifiable and patriotic in my case to fight against the English. I hold the English people responsible for the murder of 80 millions of Indian people in the last fifty years, and they are also responsible for taking away £100,000,000 every year from India to this country. I also hold them responsible for the hanging and deportation of my patriotic countrymen, who did just the same as the English people here are advising their countrymen to do. And the Englishman who goes out to India and gets, say, £100 a month, that simply means that he passes a sentence of death on a thousand of my poor countrymen, because these thousand people could easily live on this £100, which the Englishman spends mostly on his frivolities and pleasures. Just as the Germans have no right to occupy this country, so the English people have no right to occupy India, and it is perfectly justifiable on our part to kill the Englishman who is polluting our sacred land. I am surprised at the terrible hypocrisy, the farce, and the mockery of the English people. They pose as the champions of oppressed humanity—the peoples of the Congo and the people of Russia—when there is terrible oppression and horrible atrocities committed in India; for example, the killing of two millions of people every year and the outraging of our women. In case this country is occupied by Germans, and the Englishman, not bearing to see the Germans walking with the insolence of conquerors in the streets of London, goes and kills one or two Germans, and that Englishman is held as a patriot by the people of this country, then certainly I am prepared to work for the emancipation of my Motherland. Whatever else I have to say is in the paper before the Court I make this statement, not because I wish to plead for mercy or anything of that kind. I wish that English people should sentence me to death, for in that case the vengeance of my countrymen will be all the more keen. I put forward this statement to show the justice of my cause to the outside world, and especially to our sympathisers in America and Germany."

Verdict of court
While he was being removed from the court, he said to the Chief Justice – "Thank you, my Lord. I don't care. I am proud to have the honour of laying down my life for the cause of my motherland."

Reactions

At a public meeting held on 5 July 1909, several Indian political leaders condemned the murder of Wyllie, but Savarkar voted against the formal resolution to condemn Dhingra, arguing that proper voting procedure had not been followed at the meeting and that he wanted Dhingra to be "treated fairly before being condemned as a criminal". After Dhingra's execution, the Abhinav Bharat Society led by Savarkar printed a postcard portraying Dhingra as a revolutionary. Savarkar's comrade V. V. S. Aiyar described the murder as "a glorious act", and praised Savarkar for being "the real guru, the Avatar of Krishna, who had produced a man like Dhingra." Several Indian and British leaders had criticized Dhingra's actions and Savarkar's public defence of Dhingra.

Guy Aldred, the printer of The Indian Sociologist, was sentenced to twelve months hard labor. The August issue of The Indian Sociologist had carried a story sympathetic to Dhingra. Dhingra's actions also inspired some of the Irish, who were fighting to establish an independent Ireland.

Mahatma Gandhi commented on Dhingra's actions. Speaking on the matter, he said:

After Dhingra went to the gallows, The Times of London wrote an editorial (24 July 1909) titled "Conviction of Dhingra".  The editorial said, "The nonchalance displayed by the assassin was of a character which is happily unusual in such trials in this country.  He asked no questions.  He maintained a defiance of studied indifference.  He walked smiling from the Dock."

Although the response to the assassination in Britain was one of outrage, admiration for Dhingra's act was privately expressed by David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill, who is reported to have called Dhingra's statement "[t]he Finest ever made in the name of Patriotism".

Last words from gallows
The following are said to be Madan Lal Dhingra's last words, just before he died at the gallows:

I believe that a nation held down by foreign bayonets is in a perpetual state of war. Since open battle is rendered impossible to a disarmed race, I attacked by surprise. Since guns were denied to me I drew forth my pistol and fired. Poor in wealth and intellect, a son like myself has nothing else to offer to the mother but his own blood. And so I have sacrificed the same on her altar. The only lesson required in India at present is to learn how to die, and the only way to teach it is by dying ourselves. My only prayer to God is that I may be re-born of the same mother and I may re-die in the same sacred cause till the cause is successful. Vande Mataram! ("I praise thee mother!")

Remembrance

After his execution, Dhingra's body was denied Hindu rites and buried by the British authorities. His family having disowned him, the authorities refused to turn over the body to Savarkar. Dhingra's coffin was accidentally found while authorities searched for the remains of Shaheed Udham Singh, and repatriated to India on 13 December 1976. His remains are kept in one of the main squares, which has been named after him, in the city of Akola in Maharashtra.

There was a demand from some groups that his ancestral home be converted into a museum. However, his descendants refuse to acknowledge his legacy and refused to participate in events organised to honour his death in August 2015. The family sold his ancestral house and refused an offer to purchase it made by BJP leader Laxmi Kanta Chawla who intended to turn it into a museum.

In popular culture
In the movie Veer Savarkar, actor Pankaj Berry portrayed Madan Lal Dhingra.

See also
 India House
 List of Indian independence activists

References

Sources
 Laurence, John (1930). A History of Capital Punishment, London, Sampson Low, Marston, & Co.
 Waraich, Malwinder Jit Singh & Kuldip Puri (2003). Tryst with Martyrdom: Trial of Madan Lal Dhingra (July–August 1909), Chandigarh: Unistar, .

Further reading

 Dhingra Leena | Exhumation: The Life and Death of Madan Lal Dhingra | Non-fiction | Hope Road (17 Aug. 2021) | ISBN 978-1913109820

External links

 The trial of Madan Lal Dhingra. The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, 1674–1913. Old Bailey Online.
Case of Madar Lal Dhingra. Black Kalendar.

1883 births
1909 deaths
20th-century executions by England and Wales
Alumni of University College London
India House
Indian nationalist assassins
Indian people convicted of murder
Indian people executed abroad
Executed Indian revolutionaries
Executed assassins
People convicted of murder by England and Wales
Revolutionary movement for Indian independence

Madan Lal Dhingra


Issam Abdel-Tawab Abdel Alim (عصام عبدالتواب عبدالعليم) was a member of al-Jihad convicted in Egypt's Returnees from Albania case. He was the only member extradited from Bulgaria, following his capture by the CIA in Sofia in July 1998. He was one of 14 people subjected to extraordinary rendition by the CIA prior to the 2001 declaration of a War on Terror.

During his interrogations, he alleged he was frequently tortured; his genitals were repeatedly electrocuted and his right arm incapacitated after being the subject of a "sharpening tool".

At trial, he described how the group began training its recruits in Yemen in 1990, where they were schooled in Sharia, political history of militant Islamic movements, surveillance techniques and document forgery. He also noted that he had met Muhammad al-Zawahiri in the country.

Held incommunicado from his arrest on July 13 until September 12, he was sentenced to either 10 or 15 years' imprisonment.

References

Egyptian Islamic Jihad
Egyptian torture victims
Living people
People extradited to Egypt
People extradited from Bulgaria
Year of birth missing (living people)

Issam Alim


Khaani (, Feminine version of Khan) is a 2017 Pakistani drama television series premiered on 6 November 2017 on Geo Entertainment. It is directed by Anjum Shahzad, produced by Abdullah Kadwani and Asad Qureshi under 7th Sky Entertainment and written by Asma Nabeel. It stars Feroze Khan as Mir Hadi and Sana Javed as Sanam Ali Khan.

The show was inspired by the real incident of the murder of Shahzeb Khan, which took place in 2012 in Karachi.

Plot
The story opens with Sanam Khan (Sana Javed), nicknamed Khaani. She is timid and cowardly unlike a Khan, and her family, who are busy preparing for Khaani and her twin brother Sarim's upcoming birthday. Meanwhile, Sarim is about to graduate when he angers a rich, spoilt son of a politician named Mir Hadi (Feroze Khan). A fight ensues, and Sarim is shot by Hadi 4 times and killed instantly.

Devastated over the murder of Sarim, Khaani's family file a court case against Hadi, they begin receiving threats, face a lot humiliation and harassment.  However, Khaani, who has matured and grown a backbone since her brother's death, is steadfast even when her parents waver in the situation. She goes to meet Hadi in the jail and warns him that he will be stuck in this jail forever. A few days later, Khaani reaches her home, only to find Hadi there, free! He points a gun on her forehead and with the fear of getting her shot, Khaani's mother agrees to sign the maafinama (papers in which he has claimed to forgive Hadi and happily take the case back). Khaani curses him, saying that he'll suffer immensely despite being free. He leaves and later thinks about how he literally placed the loaded gun on her forehead, but she didn't even shiver a slightest bit. Seeing this courage, Hadi is surprised and gradually gets infatuated and obsessed with her. He stalks her, one time to the grave of Sarim where she poured her heart and Hadi, hiding in the back, feels sympathy towards her. He also sends her gifts which she burns, seeing that she isn't willing to accept him, he sends her love letters without revealing his identity. Khaani starts to like her mysterious admirer, but when she realizes that "H" mentioned in the letters is really Hadi, she lets go of her feelings.

Hadi's parents are extremely against his unrelenting interest in Khaani and plan an 'accident' to kill her. Khaani ends up in the hospital, and when Hadi learns it was planned by his father, he confronts him and openly declares his love for Khaani, threatening to take his own life if she dies. Khaani survives with just minor injuries, and Hadi is then determined to marry her. He tries to persuade her but is unsuccessful. Seeing their son's marriage to Khaani as an opportunity to gain a favorable impression and votes in the upcoming election, Hadi's parents agree to help him get Khaani but ask him to be patient while they convince her parents. However, Hadi grows impatient and forcefully betroths her to himself when his father is away on a business trip. This leads to Khaani and her family deciding to escape during the night and go into hiding. Hadi obsessively tries to search for her, and his relationship with his father worsens when he refuses to help Hadi find Khaani with his resources.

Meanwhile, Khaani gets a well-paid job in an office and makes fast friends with her boss's great-granddaughter, Raima, who misses her late mother. Arham, Raima's father and the boss's grandson, starts to fall for Khaani and confesses his love to her, to which she refuses because she hasn't recovered emotionally from the scars left by Mir Hadi. Eventually, she gives in to her feelings and accepts Arham's proposal.

Hadi learns from his best friend, Ali, of Khaani's location, and defies his parents' wish by setting out to find her. To his shock and hurt, he arrives at her home just in time to see her in her bridal gown, preparing for her wedding. He kidnaps her and leaves a letter in her room in which he states that he has Khaani away with him, Khaani's mother reads this later and is devastated. Meanwhile, Hadi takes her and asks her why she never fears him. She badly insults him and tells him that she can never ever love him. Resigned, he returns her home and leaves in a dejected and depressed manner. Khaani's family keeps her kidnapping a secret from the groom's family and proceeds to take her to the wedding hall.

Hadi is overcome by the true essence of love and starts seeking the meaning behind his feelings. Meanwhile, Khaani is happily married and living with Arham's family. However, Arham's family is informed by Hadi's mother, who wants revenge, about Khaani's kidnapping and her family's lies about the past and her brother's cause of death, calling her virtue and character into question, thus resulting in her humiliation. She abruptly leaves the house without informing anyone, and Arham feels lonely in her absence. He decides to bring her back, even though his mother is against it.

Hadi, in contrast, is achieving high levels of love and spirituality. Despite his friend and family's requests, he decides to make a Sufi shrine his humble abode and stays there from then onwards, finding that his old home reminds him too much of all his guilty acts and regrets. He also starts experiencing spiritual visions in the form of a woman during his stay in the shrine. This spirit assists him in recognizing true love. Hadi questions the spirit on how to achieve the ultimate love, to which she replies that it is a lifelong, never-ending process.

After returning to her husband Arham's home, both Khaani and Arham decide to reopen Khaani's brother Sarim's murder case file in an attempt to prosecute Mir Shah (Mehmood Aslam), Hadi's father, and Hadi himself, who shot Sarim.

Unaware that Hadi is a completely changed man now, who only wants to spread love and practice spirituality, both Arham and Khaani persist on with the case reopening. Hadi's father tries many ways to stop his son from being punished but fails each time. Hadi himself declares he is guilty and the court gives him the death penalty. Mir Shah is afraid to face the world and commits suicide, whereas Hadi is given a last wish, to which he says he wishes to meet Khaani. Hadi's mother begs Khaani's mother to save her son from death, so Khaani's parents in turn request Khaani to forgive Hadi. Khaani is first reluctant but then decides to forgive Hadi. She visits him a few minutes before his execution and tells him that he does not need to die as she has forgiven him. Hadi begs Khaani to let him die, but she leaves, telling him that death will be his easy way out and living will be the hard way. In the ending, Hadi is shown teaching other prisoners love and how to practice spiritually. The show ends with Hadi saying 'This is not my doing but it is all thanks to God.'

Cast

Main
 Feroze Khan as Mir Hadi
 Sana Javed as Sanam Ali Khan "Khaani"

Recurring
 Mehmood Aslam as Mir Shah – Hadi's father
 Saman Ansari as Sitara Shah – Hadi's mother
 Malik Emad as Ali as Hadi's best friend
 Shehzad Mukhtar as Mitthal – Mir Shah's right-hand man
 Salma Hassan as Sonia Salman Ali Khan – Sanam's mother
 Rashid Farooqui as Salman Ali Khan – Sanam's father
 Rimha Ahmed as Sana Ali Khan – Sanam's sister
 Shehzeen Rahat as Sara Ali Khan – Sanam's sister
 Muhammad Mubarik Ali as Arham – Sanam's Husband
 Qavi Khan as Hamid Malik – Arham's grandfather
 Seemi Pasha as Iffat – Arham's mother
 Khushi Maheen as Raima – Arham's daughter

Cameo
Ali Ansari as Sarim Ali Khan (Dead)
Qazi Wajid as Judge
Zia Gurchani as Khaani's lawyer against Mir Hadi

Interruption
Khaani was on hiatus beginning on 2 April 2018 due to the ban of Geo Entertainment Network, but the broadcast resumed again on 23 April 2018.

Soundtrack

The OST was sung by Rahat Fateh Ali Khan. It has gained more than 88 million views on YouTube.

International broadcast
Due to its immense popularity serial is broadcast by MBC Bollywood in Middle East in 2019 under the same title and is also available on Sahid.net in Arabic. The show was also aired in Somaliland on Horn Cable Television Network under the same title in 2019.

Netflix
Later in mid 2019, the series was also released on Netflix due to its immense popularity.

Reception
The serialcreated  new records of popularity soon after its inception and  became viral especially on social media. Khaani OST has been appreciated with millions of views.  Moreover, the episodes uploaded on the official channel page on YouTube has garnered millions of views and trended on the top 3 positions. Khaani won over audience nationally and internationally. IMDb gave 8.1 out of 10, according to the TRP charts Khaani first episode gained 4.8 TRP ratings. Its second episode gained 4.1 TRP. Its third episode received 4.9 TRP ratings. Its fourth episode received 5.1 TRP ratings. Khaani fifth episode gained 4.7 TRP ratings. Its sixth episode received 5.4 TRP ratings and seventh episode with 6.82 TRP and eighth episode got 7.4 TRP. The 9th episode of Khaani on the first day of new year got 8.2. On its 11th episode it got 8.9 TRPs and a peak rating of 10.1 leaving behind Hum TV's serial Alif Allah Aur Insaan (TV series). This was the highest rating for any drama serial at that point. Its 12th episode received rating with 9.1 TRPs. On its 13th episode got 8.3 TRPs. Khaani's 14th episode peak rating was 7.1 TRPs. Its 15th episode received rating with 9.0 TRPs. its 17th episode received 7.4 TRPs. Khaani 18th episode got 8.0 TRPs and until highest rating with 10.00 TRPs on its 20th episode. The second last episode of the serial got more than 5 million views on YouTube and gain 8.9 TRP ratings, and the last episode of the serial had 10.1 TRP.

Before the telecast of last episode, a campaign was started by Geo Entertainment about the end of Mir Haadi's story and was largely appreciated by the Khaani viewers.

Accolades and nominations

References

External links

Geo TV original programming
Urdu-language television shows
Pakistani drama television series
2017 Pakistani television series debuts

Khaani


Henry Cyril Franklin (17 May 190822 October 1973), known professionally as David Franklin, was an English opera singer and broadcaster. His professional singing career, which began in 1936, was twice cut short, first by army service in the Second World War and then by a throat operation in 1951, which badly affected his singing voice and forced him to retire. He made a second career as a writer and broadcaster, becoming known to a wider public through his appearances on the BBC radio shows My Music and Twenty Questions.

Early years
Franklin was born in London in 1908, the son of Henry James Franklin, a joiner, and his wife Jane Maria, née Chapman. He was educated at Alleyn's School, Dulwich, and St Catharine's College, Cambridge, and worked as a schoolmaster from 1930 to 1935, singing as a pastime. In 1931 he married Hilda Bickell, with whom he had two sons and two daughters; the sons both died in infancy.

After lessons from the singing teacher Jani Strasser, Franklin auditioned for Fritz Busch, the musical director of Glyndebourne and was invited to perform at the 1936 Glyndebourne Festival, playing the Commendatore in Don Giovanni and the Second Priest in The Magic Flute. In the latter work he was promoted to the role of Sarastro for the 1937 Festival, in succession to Alexander Kipnis. The Times said of him:

In 1938 he again sang the Commendatore and added Banquo in the English premiere of Verdi's Macbeth, to the Macbeth of Francesco Valentino. In addition to opera, during the late 1930s he established himself as, in the words of The Times, one of the country's leading oratorio basses.

Covent Garden
After war-time service Franklin appeared at Sadler's Wells in 1946 as Sir James Pinchbeck (Cancian) in the first performance in England of I quattro rusteghi and then  joined the new resident company at Covent Garden as principal bass until a throat condition ended his singing career in 1951. He created the role of Mars in the premiere of Arthur Bliss's The Olympians, and in the Italian repertoire he sang Sparafucile in Rigoletto, Ramfis in Aida and Colline in La bohème.

In the German opera repertoire Franklin played Sarastro, Rocco in Fidelio, King Mark in Tristan und Isolde, Hunding in Die Walküre, Fafner in Das Rheingold and Siegfried, Pogner in Die Meistersinger and, a part for which he was particularly well known, Baron Ochs in Der Rosenkavalier. His other roles included Zuniga in Carmen and Pimen in Boris Godunov. The Times commented, "in all these parts his resonant, deep bass of uncommon range and his height and dignity of bearing were great assets".

During Franklin's time at Covent Garden almost all performances were given in English, a practice with which he was strongly in sympathy. He placed a high value on putting across the drama of operas, which he felt was best done in the vernacular. After he retired from singing he appeared again at Covent Garden in the speaking role of Zamiel, the demon "Black Huntsman" in Der Freischütz in 1956.

Later career
An operation to treat an enlarged thyroid badly damaged Franklin's singing voice and led to his retirement from professional singing in 1951. He turned to writing and broadcasting. He wrote the libretto for Phyllis Tate's opera The Lodger. From 1967 to 1973 he was a team member on the light-hearted BBC radio quiz My Music. He also became the chairman of the long-running radio panel game Twenty Questions from 1970 to 1972, in succession to Stewart MacPherson, Gilbert Harding and Kenneth Horne. In 1970 he published an autobiography, Basso Cantante, which Alan Blyth described in The Musical Times as "an outspoken, wise,  amusing book from which both singers and the layman can learn much".

Franklin died of a heart attack on 22 October 1973 at Ronkswood Hospital, Worcester. He was survived by his wife and daughters.

Notes and references

Notes

References

1908 births
1973 deaths
Operatic basses
English basses
Classical music radio presenters
20th-century British male opera singers

David Franklin (broadcaster)


Sigrid Kressmann-Zschach (1929–1990) was a German architect, businesswoman and entrepreneur. Her best known works are the Ku'Damm Karrée and Steglitzer Kreisel buildings in Berlin.

Biography

Sigrid Zschach was born in Leipzig on 27 July 1929. She graduated with a degree in architecture at the Technical University of Dresden. In the 1950s she moved to Berlin. Kressmann-Zschach married three times and is known to have had several lovers. She became known as a skillful and wealthy career woman but also for her style, blonde hair and good looks.

Kressmann-Zschach's second marriage was to Willy Kressmann, mayor of the affluent Berlin-Kreuzberg district. It allowed her to enter Berlin 'society' and she was able to obtain first hand information about new construction projects. Kressmann-Zschach heard of plans to build a new subway system to Steglitz and produced designs for a 30-storey office block, with a subway station in the basement and Germany's first shopping mall. She secured a DM180 million contract for the scheme, which became known as the Steglitzer Kreisel. The project caused continual scandal as costs escalated and eventually Kressman-Zschach's development company went bankrupt.

Kressmann-Zschach ultimately employed over 300 people. In 1971, when she employed 200 people, it was reported she resisted the election of a works council, complaining that her employees spent a third of their time in discussion rather than working. She sacked three ringleaders and demoted another. However, in the same year Kressmann-Zschach took her staff on an expenses-paid trip to New York, in return for their commitment to stay with the company for a certain period.

Kressmann-Zschach died from cancer aged 61, on 28 October 1990. Her obituary credited her with having given Berlin a piece of 'Dallas' or 'Denver'.

Notable works
 Jerusalemer Kirche, Friedrichstadt, Berlin (1968)
 Steglitzer Kreisel, Steglitz, Berlin (1968–1974)
 Kurfürstendamm Square, Berlin

References

1929 births
1990 deaths
20th-century German architects
German women architects
Architects from Leipzig
20th-century German women artists

Sigrid Kressmann-Zschach


G alpha subunits are one of the three types of subunit of guanine nucleotide binding proteins, which are membrane-associated, heterotrimeric G proteins.

Background
G proteins and their receptors (GPCRs) form one of the most prevalent signaling systems in mammalian cells, regulating systems as diverse as sensory perception, cell growth and hormonal regulation. At the cell surface, the binding of ligands such as hormones and neurotransmitters to a GPCR activates the receptor by causing a conformational change, which in turn activates the bound G protein on the intracellular-side of the membrane. The activated receptor promotes the exchange of bound GDP for GTP on the G protein alpha subunit. GTP binding changes the conformation of switch regions within the alpha subunit, which allows the bound trimeric G protein (inactive) to be released from the receptor, and to dissociate into active alpha subunit (GTP-bound) and beta/gamma dimer. The alpha subunit and the beta/gamma dimer go on to activate distinct downstream effectors, such as adenylyl cyclase, phosphodiesterases, phospholipase C, and ion channels. These effectors in turn regulate the intracellular concentrations of secondary messengers, such as cAMP, diacylglycerol, sodium or calcium cations, which ultimately lead to a physiological response, usually via the downstream regulation of gene transcription. The cycle is completed by the hydrolysis of alpha subunit-bound GTP to GDP, resulting in the re-association of the alpha and beta/gamma subunits and their binding to the receptor, which terminates the signal. The length of the G protein signal is controlled by the duration of the GTP-bound alpha subunit, which can be regulated by RGS (regulator of G protein signalling) proteins or by covalent modifications.

Forms of subunit
There are several isoforms of each subunit, many of which have splice variants, which together can make up hundreds of combinations of G proteins. The specific combination of subunits in heterotrimeric G proteins affects not only which receptor it can bind to, but also which downstream target is affected, providing the means to target specific physiological processes in response to specific external stimuli. G proteins carry lipid modifications on one or more of their subunits to target them to the plasma membrane and to contribute to protein interactions.

This family consists of the G protein alpha subunit, which acts as a weak GTPase. G protein classes are defined based on the sequence and function of their alpha subunits, which in mammals fall into several sub-types: G(S)alpha, G(Q)alpha, G(I)alpha, transducin and G(12)alpha; there are also fungal and plant classes of alpha subunits. The alpha subunit consists of two domains: a GTP-binding domain and a helical insertion domain (). The GTP-binding domain is homologous to Ras-like small GTPases, and includes switch regions I and II, which change conformation during activation. The switch regions are loops of alpha-helices with conformations sensitive to guanine nucleotides. The helical insertion domain is inserted into the GTP-binding domain before switch region I and is unique to heterotrimeric G proteins. This helical insertion domain functions to sequester the guanine nucleotide at the interface with the GTP-binding domain and must be displaced to enable nucleotide dissociation.

References

Protein domains
G proteins

G alpha subunit


Hyperplasia (from ancient Greek ὑπέρ huper 'over' + πλάσις plasis 'formation'), or hypergenesis, is an enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the amount of organic tissue that results from cell proliferation. It may lead to the gross enlargement of an organ, and the term is sometimes confused with benign neoplasia or benign tumor.

Hyperplasia is a common preneoplastic response to stimulus. Microscopically, cells resemble normal cells but are increased in numbers. Sometimes cells may also be increased in size (hypertrophy). Hyperplasia is different from hypertrophy in that the adaptive cell change in hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells, whereas hyperplasia involves an increase in the number of cells.

Causes
Hyperplasia may be due to any number of causes, including proliferation of basal layer of epidermis to compensate skin loss, chronic inflammatory response, hormonal dysfunctions, or compensation for damage or disease elsewhere. Hyperplasia may be harmless and occur on a particular tissue. An example of a normal hyperplastic response would be the growth and multiplication of milk-secreting glandular cells in the breast as a response to pregnancy, thus preparing for future breast feeding.

Perhaps the most interesting and potent effect insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF) has on the human body is its ability to cause hyperplasia, which is an actual splitting of cells. By contrast, hypertrophy is what occurs, for example, to skeletal muscle cells during weight training and is simply an increase in the size of the cells. With IGF use, one is able to cause hyperplasia which actually increases the number of muscle cells present in the tissue. Weight training enables these new cells to mature in size and strength. It is theorized that hyperplasia may also be induced through specific power output training for athletic performance, thus increasing the number of muscle fibers instead of increasing the size of a single fiber.

Mechanism

Hyperplasia is considered to be a physiological (normal) response to a specific stimulus, and the cells of a hyperplastic growth remain subject to normal regulatory control mechanisms. However, hyperplasia can also occur as a pathological response, if an excess of hormone or growth factor is responsible for the stimuli. Similarly to physiological hyperplasia, cells that undergo pathologic hyperplasia are controlled by growth hormones, and cease to proliferate if such stimuli are removed. This differs from neoplasia (the process underlying cancer and benign tumors), in which genetically abnormal cells manage to proliferate in a non-physiological manner which is unresponsive to normal stimuli. That being said, the effects caused by pathologic hyperplasia can provide a suitable foundation from which neoplastic cells may develop.

Role in disease
Hyperplasia of certain tissues may cause disease. Pathologic hyperplasia in these tissues may occur due to infection, physiological stress or trauma, or abnormal levels of particular hormones, such as estrogen, ACTH, or cortisol.

Types

Some of the more commonly known clinical forms of hyperplasia, or conditions leading to hyperplasia, include:
 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, also known as prostate enlargement.
 Cushing's disease – Physiopathology of hyperplasia of adrenal cortex due to increased circulating level of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone).
 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia – Inherited disorder of gland (adrenal).
 Endometrial hyperplasia – Hyperproliferation of the endometrium, usually in response to unopposed estrogen stimulation in the setting of polycystic ovary syndrome or exogenous administration of hormones. Atypical endometrial hyperplasia may represent an early neoplastic process which can lead to endometrial adenocarcinoma. The development of endometrial adenocarcinoma from endometrial hyperplasia is a typical example of how the effects of pathologic hyperplasia can lead to neoplasia, and females who exhibit hyperplasia of the endometrium are indeed more likely to develop cancer of these cells.
 Hemihyperplasia – When only half (or one side) of the body is affected, sometimes generating limbs of different lengths.
 Hyperplasia of the breast – "Hyperplastic" lesions of the breast include usual ductal hyperplasia, a focal expansion of the number of cells in a terminal breast duct, and atypical ductal hyperplasia, in which a more abnormal pattern of growth is seen, and which is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer.
 Intimal hyperplasia – The thickening of the tunica intima of a blood vessel as a complication of a reconstruction procedure or endarterectomy. Intimal hyperplasia is the universal response of a vessel to injury and is an important reason of late bypass graft failure, particularly in vein and synthetic vascular grafts.
 Focal epithelial hyperplasia (also known as Heck's disease) – This is a wart-like growth in the mucous tissues of the mouth or, rarely, throat that is caused by certain sub-types of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Heck's disease has not been known to cause cancer.
 Myofibre hyperplasia (also known as double-muscling) – seen in cattle, genetic mutations cause large muscles due to increased proliferation of myofibres and decreased adipose tissue.
 Sebaceous hyperplasia – In this condition, small yellowish growths develop on the skin, usually on the face. This condition is neither contagious nor dangerous.
 Compensatory liver hyperplasia – The liver undergoes cellular division after acute injury, resulting in new cells that restore liver function back to baseline. Approximately 75% of the liver can be acutely damaged or resected with seemingly full regeneration through hepatocyte division, i.e., hyperplasia. This is what makes living-donor liver transplants possible.
 Epidermal hyperplasia of the skin

See also
 List of biological development disorders
Hyperplasia of midface

References

Further reading

External links

Anatomical pathology

Hyperplasia


Sir John Stepney, 3rd Baronet (1618c. 1676) was a Welsh politician who sat in the House of Commons  from 1640 to 1643. He supported the Royalist side in the English Civil War.

Stepney was the son of Sir John Stepney, 1st Baronet, and his wife Jane Mansel, daughter of Sir Francis Mansel of Muddlescomb, Carmarthenshire. He succeeded to the baronetcy on the death of his brother Alban in 1628. In 1637 he was High Sheriff of Pembrokeshire.

In April 1640, Stepney was elected Member of Parliament for Pembroke  in the Short Parliament. He was elected MP for Haverfordwest for the Long Parliament in November 1640 and held the seat until he was disabled from sitting in 1643. He remained loyal to the king and was governor of the town of Haverfordwest during the Civil War. He was captured by the Parliamentary forces at Hereford on 18 December 1645 and  imprisoned. He compounded on 2 March 1646 and was fined £1230 on 23 December 1646. This was reduced to £550 on 1 Oct 1649 and he was discharged on 31 May 1650.

Stepney married Magdalen Jones, daughter of Sir Henry Jones of Abermarlais.

References

|-

1618 births
1676 deaths
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for constituencies in Wales
High Sheriffs of Pembrokeshire
Baronets in the Baronetage of England
Cavaliers
Stepney family
English MPs 1640 (April)
English MPs 1640–1648

Sir John Stepney, 3rd Baronet


Csaba Vastag (born 11 February 1982 in Budapest) is a Hungarian musician, who won the first ever series of the Hungarian X-Faktor in 2010.

Early years
Csaba is one of three brothers, the others being Balázs and Tamás. At age 11 he became an acrobatic rock and roll dancer, and later became lead singer of rock band touring several European countries. In 2000 he graduated from Veszprém Secondary School and enrolled in Veszprém's University of Pannonia (Pannon Egyetem university). He also had vocal training under the supervision of Judit Kővári. In 2001 he took part in a Hungarian production of Hair directed by Mészáros Árpád Zsolt. Vastag played the role of Aquarius in the musical theater piece. His first chart break came in 2008 when he reached No. 4 on the Hungarian Singles Chart.

X-Faktor
In 2010, both Csaba Vastag and younger brother Tamás Vastag became Top 12 finalists on the first ever Hungarian X-Faktor series competition, both reaching Top 5 in week 8, when both became bottom two and Tamás was eliminated. In week 9, Csaba Vastag yet again was voted bottom two but was saved this time as well against opponent Veca Janicsák. But after coming bottom two in two consecutive weeks, he went on to win the contest in the 19 December 2010 final against the other two Top 3 finalists Nikolas Takács (runner-up) and Norbi L. Király (3rd)

Discografia
 A második X (2011)
 Conecto (2013)

References

External links
Csaba Vastag Facebook page

21st-century Hungarian male singers
The X Factor winners
1982 births
Living people

Csaba Vastag


Halvor Kleppen (born 3 September 1947 in Bø, Telemark) is a Norwegian media personality, theme park owner and writer.

He was hired in Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation radio in 1973, and worked in the entertainment department. In the summer of 1982 he presented the show Sumarteltet, where he toured with a circus and made an entertainment show from that. In 1982 he was awarded the Se og Hør readers' TV personality of the year award. He left the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation later that year to become a freelancer. He later hosted the show Starshot on TVNorge, where celebrities were invited to try skeet shooting.

He also co-owns Bø Sommarland, a waterpark in Bø i Telemark. He has also hosted a TVNorge summer show from here, Sommer i Sommarland. He has written several books, mostly about local history or skiing. In 2007 he took a master's degree at Telemark University College.

References

1947 births
Living people
People from Bø, Telemark
Norwegian radio personalities
Norwegian television presenters
NRK people
TVNorge people
Norwegian businesspeople
Norwegian non-fiction writers
Telemark University College alumni

Halvor Kleppen


Guinn v. United States, 238 U.S. 347 (1915), was a United States Supreme Court decision that found certain grandfather clause exemptions to literacy tests for voting rights to be unconstitutional. Though these grandfather clauses were superficially race-neutral, they were designed to protect the voting rights of illiterate white voters while disenfranchising black voters.

The 1870 ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution barred each state from denying the right to vote on the basis of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude". In response, several Southern states, including Oklahoma, established constitutional provisions designed to effectively disenfranchise American Descendants of Slavery (ADOS) voters without explicitly violating the Fifteenth Amendment. In his majority opinion, Chief Justice Edward Douglass White held that Oklahoma's grandfather clause was "repugnant to the Fifteenth Amendment and therefore null and void". The decision had little immediate impact, as Southern legislatures found other methods to disenfranchise ADOS.

Background
When Oklahoma was admitted to the Union in 1907, it had adopted a constitution which allowed men of all races to vote, in compliance with the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. However, legislators soon passed an amendment to the Constitution that required voters to satisfy a literacy test. A potential voter could be exempted from the literacy requirement if he could prove either that his grandfathers had been voters or had been citizens of some foreign nation, or had served as soldiers before 1866. As a result, illiterate whites were able to vote — but not illiterate blacks, whose grandfathers had almost all been slaves and therefore barred from voting or serving as soldiers before 1866. Most states that had permitted free people of color to vote in early decades of the 19th century had rescinded that right before 1840. Thus, even blacks who might have descended from families free before the Civil War could not get an exemption from literacy tests. In practice these were highly subjective, administered by white registrars who discriminated against black voters. Oklahoma's amendment followed those of numerous Southern states that had similar grandfather clauses in their constitutions.

The Oklahoma amendment provided:
"No person shall be registered as an elector of this state or be allowed to vote in any election held herein, unless he be able to read and write any section of the Constitution of the state of Oklahoma; but no person who was, on January 1, 1866, or any time prior thereto, entitled to vote under any form of government, or who at that time resided in some foreign nation, and no lineal descendant of such person, shall be denied the right to register and vote because of his inability to so read and write sections of such Constitution. Precinct election inspectors having in charge the registration of electors shall enforce the provisions of this section at the time of registration, provided registration be required. Should registration be dispensed with, the provisions of this section shall be enforced by the precinct election officers when electors apply for ballots to vote."

The amendment came into force before the election of November 8, 1910, was held. During that election, certain election officers refused to allow black citizens to vote; those officers were indicted and convicted of fraudulently disenfranchising black voters, in violation of the 15th Amendment and in violation of Oklahoma State Law.

Fifteenth Amendment
The 15th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States provides the right to not be discriminated against while voting on the basis of race, color, or previous servitude. In the view of some, the Grandfather Clause in the Oklahoma Constitution was void of racial discrimination since it looked at relatives prior to 1866 and not 1871, creating a loophole that allowed discrimination.

History of grandfather clauses
Grandfather clauses were first instituted as a means of allowing whites to vote while simultaneously disenfranchising blacks. The grandfather clause in Guinn v. United States involved requirement that a citizen must pass a literacy test in order to register to vote. At the time, many poor whites in the South were illiterate and would lose their voting rights if contingent upon passing a literacy test. The grandfather clauses were introduced since very few poor whites did not have a grandfather who had been able to vote. These clauses typically allowed poor, illiterate whites to register to vote if they had been able to vote before 1867 or if their ancestors could have voted then, creating a loophole. The laws had time limits, which were used to try to get as many white voters registered as possible before the laws were challenged in court. The modern expression 'grandfathered in', despite its links with this racial history, is not generally associated with it.

Case
The case was argued before the Supreme Court on October 17, 1913. It represented the second appearance before the Court of John W. Davis as United States Solicitor General and the first case in which the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) filed a brief. After the case was argued, the Court ruled that the grandfather clause of the Constitution of Oklahoma was created and intended to exclude as many illiterate black people as possible and include as many illiterate whites as possible. The number of black citizens allowed to vote under the clause approximately equals the number of white citizens barred from voting. This is undoubtedly proof of discrimination and differences in classifying whites and blacks into two classes of illiterates. Therefore, the entire amendment regarding illiteracy in voters is wholly unconstitutional, violating the 15th Amendment. The clause was implemented as a way to try to avoid violating the 15th Amendment while still disenfranchising black voters. The previous conditions of servitude based on the race or skin color of people rendered them incapable of gaining literacy or meeting the ambiguously formed loopholes within said clause. The convictions of Guinn and Beal were upheld.

Decision
The Supreme Court handed down its decision in Guinn v. United States together with Myers v. Anderson, which concerned a grandfather clause in the Maryland constitution. In its decision published on June 21, 1915, the Court found "the grandfather clauses in the Maryland and Oklahoma constitutions to be repugnant to the Fifteenth Amendment and therefore null and void". In his majority opinion, Chief Justice Edward Douglass White held that the grandfather clause was clearly designed to interfere with the voting rights protections of the Fifteenth Amendment even though it was racially neutral on its face.

Opinions
Chief Justice White wrote the majority opinion, writing that the Oklahoma law brings race-based discrimination "into existence since it is based purely on a period of time before the enactment of the Fifteenth Amendment and makes that period the controlling and dominant test of the right of suffrage." The decision was joined by all eight justices who participated in the case; there was no dissenting opinion.

Aftermath
Even though Guinn v. United States seemed to be a major step for black voters in the South, it conveyed a false sense of victory. Oklahoma immediately implemented a new voting statute which restricted voter registration, stating that "[a]ll persons, except those who voted in 1914, who were qualified to vote in 1916 but who failed to register between April 30 and May 11, 1916, with some exceptions for sick and absent persons who were given an additional brief period to register, would be perpetually disenfranchised." After Guinn in Oklahoma, similar constitutional clauses were struck down in former slave states in the South such as Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and Virginia, but just like Oklahoma, these states found other ways to disenfranchise black voters, mainly through poll taxes. Many kept literacy tests in place as only the use of grandfather clauses had been struck down, the result being the only substantive change was poor whites as well as blacks were disenfranchised.

After 23 years, the Supreme Court struck down the new Oklahoma statute in Lane v. Wilson. The Court ruled that the new statute still violated the Fifteenth Amendment because they were "operated unfairly against the very class on whose behalf the protection of the Constitution was here successfully invoked." Guinn successfully paved the way for judicial intervention regarding voter discrimination and disenfranchisement of specific groups, although it did not immediately provide enfranchisement of black voters in the South, as was expected.

See also
 List of United States Supreme Court cases
 Civil rights movement (1896–1954)

References

External links

 Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Guinn et al. v. United States

History of voting rights in the United States
United States Fifteenth Amendment case law
1915 in United States case law
Legal history of Oklahoma
African-American history of Oklahoma
African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement
Oklahoma elections
United States Supreme Court cases of the White Court
United States racial discrimination case law
United States Supreme Court cases

Guinn v. United States


In mathematics, a bijective function or bijection is a function f : A → B that is both an injection and a surjection. This is equivalent to the following statement: for every element b in the codomain B, there is exactly one element a in the domain A such that f(a)=b. Another name for bijection is 1-1 correspondence (read "one-to-one correspondence).

The term bijection and the related terms surjection and injection were introduced by Nicholas Bourbaki. In the 1930s, he and a group of other mathematicians published a series of books on modern advanced mathematics.

Basic properties
Formally:
 is a bijective function if , there is a unique  such that
where the element  is called the image of the element , and the element  the pre-image of the element .

The formal definition can also be interpreted in two ways:
Every element of the codomain B is the image of exactly one element in the domain A.
Every element of the codomain B has exactly one pre-image in the domain A.
Note: Surjection means minimum one pre-image. Injection means maximum one pre-image. So bijection means exactly one pre-image.

Cardinality
Cardinality is the number of elements in a set. The cardinality of A={X,Y,Z,W} is 4. This can be written as #A=4.

By definition, two sets A and B have the same cardinality if there is a bijection between the sets. So #A=#B means there is a bijection from A to B.

Bijections and inverse functions
Bijections and inverse functions are related to each other, in that a bijection is invertible, can be turned into its inverse function by reversing the arrows.

Formally:
Let f : A → B be a bijection. The inverse function g : B → A is defined by if f(a)=b, then g(b)=a.  (See also Inverse function.)
The inverse function of the inverse function is the original function.
A function has an inverse function if and only if it is a bijection.

Note: The notation for the inverse function of f is confusing. Namely,
   denotes the inverse function of the function f, but   denotes the reciprocal value of the number x.

Examples

Elementary functions
Let f(x):ℝ→ℝ be a real-valued function y=f(x) of a real-valued argument x. (This means both the input and output are numbers.)
Graphic meaning: The function f is a bijection if every horizontal line intersects the graph of f in exactly one point.
Algebraic meaning: The function f is a bijection if for every real number yo we can find at least one real number xo such that yo=f(xo) and if f(xo)=f(x1) means xo=x1 .
Proving that a function is a bijection means proving that it is both a surjection and an injection. So formal proofs are rarely easy. Below we discuss and do not prove. (See surjection and injection.)

Example: The linear function of a slanted line is a bijection. That is, y=ax+b where a≠0 is a bijection.
Discussion: Every horizontal line intersects a slanted line in exactly one point (see surjection and injection for proofs). Image 1.

Example: The polynomial function of third degree: f(x)=x3 is a bijection. Image 2 and image 5 thin yellow curve. Its inverse is the cube root function f(x)= ∛x and it is also a bijection f(x):ℝ→ℝ. Image 5: thick green curve.

Example: The quadratic function f(x) = x2 is not a bijection (from ℝ→ℝ). Image 3.  It is not a surjection. It is not an injection. However, we can restrict both its domain and codomain to the set of non-negative numbers (0,+∞) to get an (invertible) bijection  (see examples below).

Note: This last example shows this. To determine whether a function is a bijection we need to know three things:
 the domain
 the function machine
 the codomain
Example: Suppose our function machine is f(x)=x².
This machine and domain=ℝ and codomain=ℝ is not a surjection and not an injection. However,
this same machine and domain=[0,+∞) and codomain=[0,+∞) is both a surjection and an injection and thus a bijection.

Bijections and their inverses
Let f(x):A→B where A and B are subsets of ℝ.
Suppose f is not a bijection. For any x where the derivative of f exists and is not zero, there is a neighborhood of x where we can restrict the domain and codomain of f to be a bisection.
The graphs of inverse functions are symmetric with respect to the line y=x. (See also Inverse function.)

Example: The quadratic function defined on the restricted domain and codomain [0,+∞)
  defined by
is a bijection. Image 6: thin yellow curve.

Example: The square root function defined on the restricted domain and codomain [0,+∞)
  defined by
is the bijection defined as the inverse function of the quadratic function: x2. Image 6: thick green curve.

Example: The exponential function defined on the domain ℝ and the restricted codomain (0,+∞)
  defined by
is a bijection. Image 4: thin yellow curve (a=10).

Example: The logarithmic function base a defined on the restricted domain (0,+∞) and the codomain ℝ
  defined by
is the bijection defined as the inverse function of the exponential function: ax. Image 4: thick green curve (a=10).

Related pages
Surjective function
Injective function
Inverse function

References

Other websites
  interactive quiz
  interactive

Functions and mappings
Algebra

Bijective function


Our New Orleans: A Benefit Album for the Gulf Coast is an album which presents songs recorded in September and October 2005, shortly after the failure of misdesigned levees flooded New Orleans in the wake of Hurricane Katrina (see: Effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans)  With the destruction of their hometown fresh in their minds, New Orleans artists set about making music that directly acknowledges the city.

Funds from the sale of the record is donated to Habitat For Humanity to aid those affected by the Hurricane Katrina disaster.

Track listing
"Yes We Can Can" – Allen Toussaint
"World I Never Made" – Dr. John
"Back Water Blues" – Irma Thomas
"Gather By The River" – Davell Crawford
"Cryin' In The Streets" – Buckwheat Zydeco
"Canal Street Blues" – Dr. Michael White
"Medley" – The Wild Magnolias
"When The Saints Go Marching In" – Eddie Bo
"My Feet Can't Fail Me Now" – Dirty Dozen Brass Band
"Tou' Les Jours C'est Pas La Meme" – Carol Fran
"L'ouragon" – BeauSoleil
"Do You Know What It Means To Miss New Orleans" – Preservation Hall Jazz Band
"Prayer For New Orleans" – Charlie Miller
"What a Wonderful World" – Wardell Quezergue Orchestra – (featuring Donald Harrison)
"Tipitina And Me" – Allen Toussaint
"Louisiana 1927" – Randy Newman, Louisiana Philharmonic Orchestra

2005 compilation albums
Hurricane Katrina disaster relief charity albums


Roger E. Barrus (born 4 October 1949) is a former Republican member of the Utah State House of Representatives representing central Davis County, Utah.

Early life and career
Barrus was born October 4, 1949, in Blackfoot, Idaho. He received his B.S. in Engineering at Utah State University and worked as an environment and safety engineer until he retired. He currently lives in Centerville, UT with his wife Laurel and four children. Barrus is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Political career
Barrus was elected to the Utah House of Representatives for District 18 in 2000 and has served continuously since then. In 2012 he was re-elected after beating his Democratic opponent Doug Macdonald with 74.3% of the vote.

During the 2014 General Session he served on the House Ethics Committee, the House Natural Resources, Agriculture and Environment Committee and the House Public Utilities and Technology Committee.

2014 Sponsored Legislation

Representative Barrus also floor sponsored SB0242 Alternative Energy Amendments.

References

1949 births
Latter Day Saints from Idaho
Utah State University alumni
People from Centerville, Utah
Republican Party members of the Utah House of Representatives
Living people
21st-century American politicians
Latter Day Saints from Utah
People from Blackfoot, Idaho

Roger E. Barrus


Abram Stevens Hewitt (July 31, 1822January 18, 1903) was an American politician, educator, ironmaking industrialist, and lawyer who was mayor of New York City for two years from 1887 to 1888. He also twice served as a U.S. Congressman from  and chaired the Democratic National Committee from 1876 to 1877.

The son-in-law of the industrialist and philanthropist Peter Cooper, Hewitt is best known for his work with the Cooper Union, which he aided Cooper in founding in 1859, and for planning the financing and construction of the first line of what would eventually develop into the New York City Subway, for which he is considered the "Father of the New York City Subway System".

Early life
Hewitt was born in Haverstraw, New York. His mother, Ann Gurnee, was of French Huguenot descent, while his father, John Hewitt, was from Staffordshire in England and had emigrated to the U.S. in 1796 to work on a steam engine to power a water plant in Philadelphia.

Hewitt earned a scholarship to attend Columbia College. After graduating from the College in 1842, he taught mathematics there, and became a lawyer several years later.

From 1843 to 1844, Hewitt traveled to Europe with his student, Edward Cooper, the son of industrialist entrepreneur Peter Cooper, and another future New York City mayor. During their return voyage, the pair were shipwrecked together. After this, Hewitt became "virtually a member of the Cooper family", and in 1855 married Edward's sister, Sarah Amelia.

Corporate career

In 1845, financed by Peter Cooper, Hewitt and Edward Cooper started an iron mill in Trenton, New Jersey, the Trenton Iron Company, where, in 1854, they produced the first structural wrought iron beams, as well as developing other innovative products. Hewitt's younger brother, Charles, was a manager at the iron mill. Hewitt also invested in other companies, in many case serving on their boards. Hewitt was known for dedicated work for the U.S. government and exceptionally good relations with his employees.

Hewitt supervised the construction of the Cooper Union, Peter Cooper's free educational institution, and chaired its board of trustees until 1903.

Political career

In 1871, inspired by reformer Samuel J. Tilden, Cooper prominently campaigned to remove the corrupt "Tweed Ring", led by William M. "Boss" Tweed, from control of Tammany Hall, and to reorganize the Democratic Party in New York, which Tweed controlled for years through his political machine. Hewitt first ventured into electoral politics in 1874, when he won a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives, where he initially served two terms representing , from March 4, 1875 to March 3, 1879. During his first stint in Congress, he was made head of the Democratic National Committee in 1876, when Tilden ran unsuccessfully for President.

After defeating James O'Brien, his successor in Congress who was a staunch opponent of Tammany Hall, for the Democratic nomination in the 10th district during the 1880 elections, Hewitt regained his old seat and once again served in the U.S. House from 4 March 1881 to 30 December 1886. Hewitt's most famous speech was made at the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge between Manhattan and Brooklyn in 1883.

Hewitt was elected mayor of New York City in 1886. He defeated the labor candidate Henry George as well as the Republican candidate Theodore Roosevelt. Hewitt's election campaign had the support of Tammany Hall. The endorsement was formal and included organizational muscle.

Hewitt refused to review the Saint Patrick's Day parade, a decision that alienated much of the Democratic Party's Irish–American base in the city. Hewitt also refused to allow Tammany the control of patronage they wanted, and Croker saw to it that Hewittt was not nominated for a second term.

Hewitt was considered a defender of sound financial management. He is quoted as saying "Unnecessary taxation is unjust taxation". Hewitt also upheld the civil service reform in the United States. He developed a plan to fund and construct the New York City Subway system.

A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts conducted by Melvin G. Holli of the University of Illinois at Chicago ranked Hewitt as the twenty-sixth-best American big-city mayor to have served between the years 1820 and 1993.

Entrepreneurial career
Hewitt had many investments in natural resources, including considerable holdings in West Virginia, where William Nelson Page (1854-1932) was one of his managers. He was also an associate of Henry Huttleston Rogers (1840-1909), a financier and industrialist who was a key man in the Standard Oil Trust, and a major developer of natural resources.

One of Hewitt's investments handled by Rogers and Page was the Loup Creek Estate in Fayette County, West Virginia. The Deepwater Railway was a subsidiary initially formed by the Loup Creek investors to ship bituminous coal from coal mines on their land a short distance to the main line of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) along the Kanawha River. After rate disputes, the short line railroad was eventually expanded to extend all the way into Virginia and across that state to a new coal pier at Sewell's Point on Hampton Roads. It was renamed the Virginian Railway.

In 1890 Hewitt partnered with Edward Cooper and Hamilton McKown Twombly in forming the American Sulphur Company, which then entered into a 50/50 agreement with Herman Frasch and his partners to form the Union Sulphur Company.

Philanthropy
As philanthropist Hewitt was interested in education. Columbia University gave him the degree of LL.D. in 1887, and he was the president of its alumni association in 1883, and a trustee from 1901 until his death.

In 1876, he was elected president of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, and was a founder and trustee of the Carnegie Institution of Science. He was also a trustee of Barnard College and of the American Museum of Natural History.

Death and family

Abram Hewitt died at his New York City home on January 18, 1903, and was interred at Green-Wood Cemetery. His last words, after he took his oxygen tube from his mouth, were "And now, I am officially dead."

Hewitt's daughters, Amy, Eleanor, and Sarah Hewitt, built a decorative arts collection that was for years exhibited at the Cooper Union and later became the core collection of the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum. His son, Peter Cooper Hewitt (1861–1921), was a successful inventor, while another son, Edward Ringwood Hewitt (1866–1957), was also an inventor, a chemist and an early expert on fly-fishing. He published Telling on the Trout, among other books.

Hewitt's youngest son, Erskine Hewitt (1871–1938), was also a lawyer and philanthropist in New York City. He donated Ringwood Manor to the State of New Jersey in 1936. On February 18, 1909, Erskine Hewitt was named a director of the newly formed National Reserve Bank of the City of New York. On March 2, 1909, Hewitt was elected chairman.

Legacy

One of Cooper Union's academic buildings was named in his honor. It was demolished and replaced by 41 Cooper Square in 2007. An historic twenty-foot column in the Hewitt Building designed by Stanford White was transported—appropriately enough—to its former home at the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York, where it now stands on Abram S. Hewitt's memorial plot.
A New York City fireboat, Abram S. Hewitt, which served from 1903 until 1958 was named in his honor. The fireboat was eventually scrapped, and its remains may be found at the Witte Marine Scrapyard in Rossville, Staten Island.
There is a life-sized white marble statue of Hewitt in the Great Hall of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York in Albany, New York.
The historic village of Hewitt, New Jersey, located within the Township of West Milford, is preserved within Long Pond Ironworks State Park. The village contains the ruins of the iron smelting furnaces operated by Cooper and Hewitt.
 Ringwood Manor in Ringwood, New Jersey, the Hewitt family's summer estate from 1857 to the 1930s, is preserved as the centerpiece of New Jersey's Ringwood State Park.
 Abram Stevens Hewitt School (P.S. 130) in the Bronx, New York, was named for him.
 Hewitt Hall of Barnard College at Columbia University is named for him.
Abram S. Hewitt State Forest along the Appalachian Trail was named in his honor.

References

Hewitt, Abram Stevens
Hewitt, Abram Stevens
Hewitt, Abram Stevens
Hewitt, Abram Stevens
Hewitt, Abram Stevens
Hewitt, Abram Stevens
Peter Cooper
People from Haverstraw, New York
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
History of the New York City Subway
19th-century American politicians
Bourbon Democrats
Columbia University faculty
Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)

Abram Hewitt


A pit prop or mine prop (British and American usage, respectively) is a length of lumber used to prop up the roofs of tunnels in coal mines.

Canada traditionally supplied pit props to the British market. As coal mining declined in importance and metal supports were used, the term became infrequently used.

Though it was merely a log cut to a particular length, it was classified as a finished product and so got around the extra Canadian tariffs on the export of raw lumber.

Because of the large quantities exported, it is probable many ended up in British pulp mills.

Most pit props were made from the wood of spruce trees.

References

Coal mining

Pit prop