A foundation garment (also known as shapewear or shaping underwear) is an undergarment designed to impermanently alter the wearer's body shape, to achieve what some view as a more fashionable figure. The function of a foundation garment is not to enhance a bodily feature (as would, for example, a padded bra) but to make it look more presentable.

Specific styles of foundation garments have been essential to some fashion movements, and were required in some social situations during various fashion periods.

History
The concept of foundation garments dates back centuries, with early forms of corsets and girdles being worn to shape and control the body's appearance. In ancient civilizations, such as Greece and Rome, women utilized binding materials to enhance their figures. Over time, corsets became popular during the Renaissance and Victorian eras, with their purpose evolving from structural support to creating an exaggerated hourglass shape.

Women have worn foundation garments, such as corsets and brassieres, for a very long time. Foundation garments were patented by Marion M Chubby in 1965 (categorized in elastic corsets).

In the early 20th century, the invention of elastic materials and the introduction of new designs led to the development of modern shapewear. The Roaring Twenties brought about the "flapper" style, which involved a looser silhouette, but foundation garments were still used to control and shape the body. In the mid-20th century, advancements in fabric technology and the women's liberation movement led to more comfortable and practical options for shaping garments.

Debenhams recorded a 75% increase in shapewear sales between 2009 and 2013.

Description
Foundation garments are worn to modify body shape. They usually require technological advances in garment design and lightweight fabrics to create different body figures. A foundation garment may be worn for a specific outfit. Being underwear, the foundation garment should not be visible under the outerwear.  A general-purpose "all the way" shaper with clear straps that starts at the bust and ends at the knee or mid-calf is also available.

Foundation garments may come with a built-in strapless bra for dresses and halters.

In a broader definition, a foundation garment is a piece of garment that provides body-redefining shapes such as a bra.

Garments may be categorized according to level of shape control offered, for instance, light, medium, or firm. The simplest foundation is a body-liner or bodysuit, which is an ultra-light-weight leotard and offers a light touch of smoothing. These are available in a unitard style (shortened legs) or a camisole-leotard style. The leotard is better and is available in boy-leg and capri-leg lengths, with spaghetti straps, low cut necklines, and even scoop backs, to cater to the outerwear under which the garments will be worn. These softly smooth the figure and provide light support. Micro-fiber camisoles and boy-leg briefs or "hot pants" are also available. Girdles are often called "body shapers" or "contour garments". These garments are made with more Lycra spandex as compared to the 10% Lycra / 90% cotton blend of most leotards, and they offer the highest level of shaping and support.

Types of foundation garment
Foundation garments come in a variety of styles and designs to cater to different body shapes and clothing needs. Some common types include:

 Corsets: Traditional corsets, worn around the waist, provide shaping and cinching effects to create an hourglass figure.
 Girdles: These extend from the waist to the hips or thighs, providing control and shaping for the lower abdomen, hips, and buttocks.
 Control Panties: These are designed to target the lower abdomen and hips, providing a seamless and smooth appearance under clothing.
 Body Shapers: These are one-piece garments that shape the entire torso, including the abdomen, waist, hips, and sometimes the thighs.
 Thigh Shapers: These focus on shaping and smoothing the thighs, providing control and support for a slimmer appearance.

Fabric and construction
Foundation garments are constructed using various fabrics, depending on the desired level of control, comfort, and breathability. Common materials include nylon, spandex, Lycra, and cotton blends. Many modern shapewear pieces incorporate seamless construction techniques to minimize visible lines under clothing and enhance comfort.

Controversies and criticism
The use of foundation garments, particularly corsets, has faced criticism throughout history. Critics argue that excessive and prolonged use of tightly fitted shapewear may pose health risks, including discomfort, restricted breathing, and organ compression. However, advancements in design and materials have addressed many of these concerns, with modern shapewear focusing on comfort and flexibility.

Popularity and cultural impact
Foundation garments have gained significant popularity in modern times, driven by societal pressure to achieve a certain body ideal. They are widely utilized by individuals of all genders and body types, and their influence can be seen in fashion trends and red carpet events, where celebrities and brands often credit shapewear for their sleek and polished appearances.

See also
 Lingerie

References

Lingerie
Corsetry

Foundation garment


The dinosaurs of Romania are mostly Cretaceous in age, though a series of footprints referred to Parabrontopodus mcintoshi was described from the Early Jurassic of Anina, southwestern Romania. Lowermost Cretaceous dinosaurs come from a bauxite mine in the Bihor County (northwest Romania) that has yielded thousands of disarticulated bones. Uppermost Cretaceous dinosaurs have been known from the Hațeg Basin (south Transylvania) since the end of the 19th century, mostly as bone concentrations (fossiliferous pockets); more recently, nests with dinosaur eggs, including hatchlings, have been found in Hațeg. Although separated by a gap of approximately 60 million years, the two dinosaur faunas from Romania share some common features: predominance of ornithopods, absence of large theropods (although the Maastrichtian Hațeg assemblage has several small theropods), and, in general, the small size of the individuals (see also insular dwarfism).

The discovery of dinosaur bones in a bauxite mine at Cornet-Brusturi, near Oradea (Bihor County) was made accidentally by two miners in 1978 during ore exploitation. Almost at the same time, research in the already known Uppermost Cretaceous dinosaur-bearing deposits from the Hațeg Basin were restarted by Dan Grigorescu, after an interruption of more than 60 years, since Franz Nopcsa's work in the region.

The Berriasian bauxite deposits at Cornet have yielded approximately 10,000 bones and bone fragments, mainly from ornithopod dinosaurs and rarer pterosaurs. The region was located to the east of the Piemont-Liguria Ocean, and during the Early Cretaceous formed an archipelago of coral and volcanic islands, not too dissimilar to today's Indonesia or the Caribbean. As the Apulian Plate moved northwest towards the end of the Cretaceous and the beginning of the uplift of the Alpide belt, the offshore Hațeg Island was formed at the rim of the shrinking Tethys Ocean.

Among the species that lived here are: Zalmoxes, Telmatosaurus, Balaur, Rhabdodon, Magyarosaurus and Struthiosaurus. Other prehistoric creatures that lived among them, without being dinosaurs are: Allodaposuchus and Hatzegopteryx.

References

Grigorescu, Dan. Dinosaures de Roumanie, Laboratory of Palaeontology, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, University of Bucharest, Romania, C. R. Palevol 2 97–101, 2003

See also
Tara Hategului dinosaur geopark
Hateg Island

Romania
Fauna of Romania
Prehistory of Romania

Dinosaurs of Romania


X-Men: The Manga, published simply as X-Men in Japan published by Marvel Comics. It is a manga adaptation of the 1992 X-Men animated series. It was published directly to tankobon format by Takeshobo in 1994 under their Bamboo Comics imprint in order to promote the Japanese airing of the show. The first volume was published and the publication date is from March 1998 - April 1999. Therefore, manga lasted 13 volumes, each volume adapting two episodes from the TV series (thus covering the first two seasons), with a different manga artist drawing each story. In addition to the books, Takeshobo also published a manga tie-in to the X-Men: Children of the Atom arcade game drawn by Miyako Cojima that was published in Comic Gamma from 1994 to 1995, but was not collected in book form. In 1998, Marvel Comics adapted the manga into English as a monthly title, publishing 26 issues covering the first 13 stories.

List of volumes (Japanese edition)

See also

X-Men titles
Manga series
1998 comics debuts
Superheroes in anime and manga
Takeshobo manga
Manga based on comics

X-Men: The Manga


Charles Butler (1571 – 29 March 1647), sometimes called the Father of English Beekeeping, was a logician, grammarian, author, priest (Vicar of Wootton St Lawrence, near Basingstoke, England), and an influential beekeeper. He was also an early proponent of English spelling reform. He observed that bees produce wax combs from scales of wax produced in their own bodies; and he was among the first to assert that drones are male and the queen female, though he believed worker bees lay eggs.

Biography
Butler was born into a poor family in Buckinghamshire, South East England, but became a boy chorister at Magdalen College, Oxford at the age of eight. At the age of ten, he matriculated, taking his BA in 1584 and his MA in 1587.  In 1593, Butler became Rector of Nately Scures in Hampshire in 1593 and in 1595 became also Master at the Holy Ghost School, Basingstoke. He resigned to accept an incumbency at Wootton St Lawrence in 1600 and served that rural post until his death on 29 March 1647. He was buried in an unmarked grave in the chancel of his church.

Beekeeping
Butler was engaged in beekeeping at his rural parsonage in Hampshire and made the first recorded observations about the generation of beeswax, which was previously thought to be gathered by honeybees from plant materials.  He was not the first to describe the largest honeybee as a queen, rather than king - a distinction usually granted to Spaniard Luis Mendez de Torres for his 1586 observation, which was confirmed by Swammerdam's later microscopic dissections. However, Butler popularized the notion with his classic book The Feminine Monarchie, 1609. Butler may have misinterpreted the queen's function when he found queenless colonies sometimes develop eggs laid by "laying workers", however there is no doubt he saw the queen as an Amazonian ruler of the hive. As an influential beekeeper and author, his assertion that drones are male and workers female, was quickly accepted. For his discoveries and his book, Butler is sometimes called the Father of English Beekeeping.

The Feminine Monarchie
The Feminine Monarchie, originally published by Joseph Barnes, Oxford, in 1609, is the first full-length English-language book about beekeeping. It remained a valid and practical guide for beekeepers for two hundred fifty years, until Langstroth and others developed and promoted moveable comb hives. Butler revised The Feminine Monarchie in 1623 and 1634. It was translated into Latin in 1678 and 1682, then from Latin back to English again in 1704. The title expresses Butler's main idea that the colony is governed, not by a king-bee, as Aristotle claimed, but by a queen-bee. The last edition written by Butler contains ten chapters, including sections regarding bee gardens, hive-making materials, swarm catching, enemies of bees, feeding bees, and the benefits of bees to fruit (pollination). The book gives an excellent account of skep beekeeping, including methods of predicting - from tone pitch of the buzzing bees - when swarming might occur.  Butler even transliterated the tones and included the Bees' Madrigal on a musical score in the 1623 edition. He further suggested that musicians may trace the roots of music back to the sounds of the hive.

Spelling reform
Charles Butler published an English grammar (1633) with proposals to improve spelling to a phonetic alphabet. In his book, Butler condemned the vagaries of traditional English spelling and proposed the adoption of a system whereby 'men should write altogeđer according to đe sound now generally received'. The 1634 edition of his beekeeping classic was written and published in his new orthography.

Other writings
Butler authored a bestselling school textbook, The Logic of Ramus (1597), an introduction to the philosophy of the Protestant French contemporary Pierre de la Ramée. He also published a book on music theory, The principles of musik in singing and setting (1636), and a theological defence of marriage between first cousins, coinciding with the engagement and subsequent marriage of his daughter to his nephew.

References

External links

1571 births
1647 deaths
English beekeepers
Linguists of English
Orthographers
17th-century English Anglican priests
English music theorists
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
Beekeeping pioneers
People from Wootton St Lawrence

Charles Butler (beekeeper)


Millard House, also known as La Miniatura, is a textile block house designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and built in 1923 in Pasadena, California.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

Wright's textile block houses

The Millard House was the first of Frank Lloyd Wright's four "textile block" houses — all built in Los Angeles County in 1923 and 1924. Wright took on the Millard House following his completion of the Hollyhock House in Hollywood and the Imperial Hotel in Japan.

By this time, Wright felt typecast as the Prairie house architect and sought to broaden his architectural vision.  Wright turned to the concrete block as his new building material.  Wright wrote in his autobiography that he chose to build with concrete blocks as they were "the cheapest (and ugliest) thing in the building world," and he wanted to see "what could be done with that gutter-rat." The textile-block houses were named for their richly textured brocade-like concrete walls.  The style was an experiment by Wright in modular housing; he sought to develop an inexpensive and simple method of construction that would enable ordinary people to build their own homes with stacked blocks.  By adding ornamental designs to mass-produced blocks, Wright hoped the blocks could become a "masonry fabric capable of great variety in architectural beauty."  Writer Hugh Hart described Wright's concept this way: "By unifying decoration and function, exterior and interior, earth and sky — perforated blocks served as skylights — Wright saw his Textile Block Method approach as an utterly modern, and democratic, expression of his organic architecture ideal."

Design of Millard House

Wright was commissioned to build Millard House by Alice Millard, a rare-book dealer for whom Wright had built a house in Highland Park, Illinois in 1906.  Seeking to integrate the Millard House with the land, Wright designed the house to cling to the lot's steep ravine, nestled it among the trees, and fabricated the house's concrete blocks using sand, gravel and minerals found on the property.  By using roughly textured, earth-toned blocks, he sought to blend the house with the color and form of the trees and hillside.  While the design was in most ways a departure from Wright's prior work, it was consistent with his lifelong love of natural materials and his belief that buildings should complement their surroundings.  He later said that Millard House "belonged to the ground on which it stood."

The blocks were created in wooden molds with patterns on the outside and smooth on the inside.  The blocks feature a symmetrical pattern of a cross with a square in each corner.  Wright reinforced the blocks using conventional mortar.  The project cost $17,000 — 70% more than the $10,000 budget Millard had given to Wright.  Some accounts state that the builder walked off the job, "leaving Wright to finish the project himself, out of his own pocket".

The  house consists of a vertical three-story block.  The first floor has the kitchen, servant's room and a dining room opening onto a terrace with a reflecting pool.  The second floor has the main entrance, guest room, and a two-story living room with a fireplace and balcony.  The third floor contained Millard's bedroom with a balcony overlooking the living room and outdoor terrace.

Like many of Wright's households , Millard House suffered from leaks during rains.  After the house flooded in a storm,  Millard wrote a letter to Wright complaining about the inadequate storm drain that resulted in the basement filling entirely with muddy water and the water rising to six inches (152 mm) in the dining room.

Millard added a separate studio in 1926, designed by Wright's son, Lloyd Wright.

Critical response

The initial critical response to Millard House and the textile block structures was not positive. The homes were greeted with "howls of laughter", as Beaux Arts-trained architects were "appalled" to see a common building material used for the facades and interior walls of expensive homes.  As The New York Times later said of the California houses built by Wright in the 1920s: "It didn't help that he was obsessed at the time with an untested and (supposedly) low-cost method of concrete-block construction. What kind of rich person, many wondered, would want to live in such a house? Aside from the free-spirited oil heiress Aline Barnsdall, with whom he fought constantly, his motley clients included a jewelry salesman, a rare-book dealing widow and a failed doctor."

However, Wright himself took great pride in Millard House.  He said of it: "I would rather have built this little house than St. Peter's in Rome."  Over the years, critical views of Millard House became positive, and it is now considered one of Wright's finest works.

In 1965, the Los Angeles Times columnist Art Seidenbaum wrote: "Environmentally, the place is fascinating because it still looks modern in a neighborhood that is gracious but aging.  Or, maybe better, the Millard house is of no time and its own place."

In 1969, Millard House was ranked as one of the 12 most significant landmarks in the Los Angeles area by a panel of ten distinguished citizens and architecture experts.

In 1980, The New York Times noted that the Millard House was known around the world and ranked it among the few buildings in Los Angeles that "have become classic works of the 20th Century."

In popular culture
The house appears as the Secarus IV home of the Albino, an alien villain in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Blood Oath", which aired on American television on March 27, 1994.

The house appears as Arnold Weber's family home in the second and third seasons of HBO's science fiction series Westworld.

See also
 List of Frank Lloyd Wright works
 List of Registered Historic Places in Los Angeles County, California
 Ennis House, Samuel Freeman House and Storer House — Wright's other three textile block houses

References

Storrer, William Allin. The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion. University Of Chicago Press, 2006,  (S.214)

External links

 Museum of Modern Art article and image of Wright's plans for Millard House
 Photos on Arcaid

Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Pasadena, California
History of Los Angeles County, California
Modernist architecture in California
Houses completed in 1923
Houses in Pasadena, California
1923 establishments in California

Millard House


Adam Hock (born October 9, 1964) is an American businessman who has founded and co-founded several companies in the financial sector. He was married to Latvian model Ginta Lapiņa, but the couple divorced in 2017.

Early life and education
Hock was born in Manhattan and raised in Westchester County, New York. He attended Rutgers University on a football scholarship, until an injury ended his participation.

Professional
After college, Hock co-founded New Beginnings Venture Capital Company, which assisted in the raising of funds for young technology firms. He and his company were recruited and absorbed by the Private Client Services division of Bear Stearns. He founded Integrated Strategies Inc., a management consulting company in the financial services vertical where he held the position of Chief Executive Officer. Integrated Strategies provided management consulting services for  some of the largest financial services companies in the world. Integrated Strategies Inc. was acquired by a publicly traded technology integration company on July 29, 2005.

Work with Libya

Independent Libya Foundation (ILF)
In 2010 Hock founded the Independent Libya Foundation (ILF), with Zurich-based Libyan businessman Basit Igtet. The ILF initially focused on supporting the fledgling rebel movement, and upon its founding, the Libyan National Transitional Council. Hock lobbied for support from the international community to augment the process of recognition of the NTC as the sole legitimate governing body on Libya. On June 14, 2011, Hock (and Igtet) met with the president of Panama, Ricardo Martinelli at the Palacio de las Garzas to lobby for official recognition of the NTC. After the meeting, Martinelli officially recognized the NTC as "the legitimate representative of the Libyan people." Panama became the 14th nation worldwide to recognize the NTC in this manner.

On August 25, 2011, Hock and Igtet met with the President of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos, at Casa de Nariño to lobby for official recognition of the NTC. That same day, Colombia became the 54th nation worldwide to recognize the NTC.
On November 19, 2011, Hock partook in an ILF delegation in Benghazi, Libya to present strategies for rebel re-integration.

U.S.-Libya Chamber of Commerce (USLCC)
In December 2011, Hock was appointed to the board of the U.S.-Libya Chamber of Commerce, a bi-lateral business promotion organization approved by the United States Chamber of Commerce. Hock was replaced by Sara Bronfman, following his indictment on charges of assault.

New York nightclub fight
In 2012 Hock was involved in a fight at a Manhattan nightclub with four younger men, including Pierre Casiraghi and Spyros Niarchos, and two others. Casiraghi was treated for facial injuries at a Manhattan hospital. Hock was arrested on four counts of assault. Hock contended Casiraghi and the others were the aggressors. Nonetheless Hock was prosecuted, and on February 4, 2013, Hock pleaded guilty to disorderly conduct.

References

1964 births
Living people
American business executives
Iona University alumni
People from Westchester County, New York
Businesspeople from Manhattan

Adam Hock


In the Valley of the Kings: Stories is a collection of short stories by the American author, doctor and former professor Terrence Holt. It was published on September 14, 2009 by W. W. Norton & Company.

The book, Holt's only publication, garnered the author a large following and much positive appraisal. In the Valley of the Kings has been praised by Pulitzer Prize winner Junot Diaz, National Book Award winner Gerald Stern, and National Book Award finalist Aleksandar Hemon, among other reviewers. Various stories from the book have individually been featured in the O. Henry Prize Stories, The Kenyon Review and Best of Zoetrope periodicals.

Holt's book crosses a number of genres, placing several short stories in outer space under a Lovecraftian science fiction theme, while others are highly minimal in setting or consistently focus on the narrator's voice. Nearly all of the works exhibit an element of suspense and sometimes horror as well as an experimental or absurdist tendency.

The book's cover art, a semi-transparent detail on a dark blue background, was produced by Ruth Martin.

Plot summaries

In the Valley of the Kings is divided into eight sections (according to the inner lining of the book's dust jacket, "seven short stories and one novella"), each with its own diverse plot and setting.

"Ό Λογος"

An investigative journalist stumbles upon and relates a tale of events regarding an incurable disease as it progresses throughout the world. The outbreak begins with a small child, Tabitha Van Order, who reads the term "Ό Λογος" in a newspaper local to a town in upstate New York. The girl slowly becomes ill and increasingly debilitated before she dies and post-mortem is examined by autopsy workers. Although according to the morticians, there is no conceivable physical cause of death, it is noted that an inscrutable Greek phrase, the aforementioned "Ό Λογος", had appeared subcutaneously etched into her skin for three days prior to her passing. These marks were particularly noticeable on Tabitha's hands and forehead.

Later on, all the physicians who had previously examined the girl's body are found dead. All have expired by various means, the only pattern being that before death every one of them succumbed to a strange, crippling state of mystical psychosis.

While the story portrays the phrase "Ό Λογος" as if it were undecipherable, in reality the Greek may roughly translate to "logos" or "word".

"My Father's Heart"

This story revolves around the life of a man who keeps his deceased father's still-beating and somehow sentient and mobile heart in a glass jar above his fireplace.

"Charybdis"

"Charybdis" concerns the fate of a doomed astronaut whose spacecraft is irreversibly heading towards the surface of the Sun.

"Aurora"

A self-aware, post-human, cyborg spacecraft struggles with existential perils as it finds itself forever stranded among the rings of Saturn. The machine attempts to come to terms with the reality and memories of its human past while still accepting its destiny as a now lone, purposeless fragment of consciousness trapped within the hull of a robotic mechanism.

"Eurydike"

This story presents a foreboding and terror-driven psychological horror about a man who awakens in a disheveled and abandoned building complex located on the surface of a distant planet, suffering from total amnesia and not knowing who he is or where he comes from.

"In the Valley of the Kings

The eponymous and longest section of the book (deemed a novella by the author), In the Valley of the Kings tells the story of an obsessive Egyptologist who has discovered the most massive underground structure ever built: a giant tomb for an unnameable God-king of ancient Egypt whose powers of immortality the researcher tries to unveil, all while fighting a debilitating disease.

"Scylla"

A retired and nostalgic sailor has been made bitter by an institution known only as the "Law".

"Apocalypse"

"Apocalypse" depicts an end-of-the-world scenario from the point of view of a married man living in a suburban area crumbling in anarchy in the wake of an inter-galactic, impending doom.

2009 short story collections
Ancient Egypt in fiction
Detective fiction short story collections
Existentialist books
Mystery short story collections
Science fiction short story collections
Horror short story collections
Thriller short story collections
W. W. Norton & Company books

In the Valley of the Kings


Zanmi Lasante is a sister organization to the Boston-based Partners In Health that operates out of Cange in the central plateau of Haiti. The name, Zanmi Lasante, means Partners In Health in Haitian Creole. It was built in 1985 to treat patients who were incapable of paying hospital fees. Services cost the equivalent of about eighty American cents for everyone "except for women and children, the destitute, and anyone who was seriously ill." Additionally, no one may be turned away.

Its facilities include two  operating wards, "adult and pediatric inpatient wards, an infectious disease center, an outpatient clinic, a women's health clinic (Proje Sante Fanm), ophthalmology and general medicine clinics, two laboratories, a pharmaceutical warehouse, a Red Cross blood bank, and radiographic services." It currently has eight sites in the area of the central plateau of Haiti and serves a catchment area of 1.2 million Haitian peasant farmers

Zanmi Lasante is the largest non-government healthcare provider in Haiti. Its staff includes over 4000 people, most of them Haitians. The staff at Zanmi Lasante is able to treat most common tuberculosis patients for $150–200, while the same case in the U.S. would cost between $15000-20000.

History
Zanmi Lasante was created by Paul Farmer, Ophelia Dahl, Tom White, Jim Yong Kim, and Todd McCormack in 1983. It was formed to provide medical care to a small village named Cange in the central plateau of Haiti, that Farmer described as: "amazingly, biblically, dry and barren." Farmer was horrified by the living conditions that the people living in Cange suffered: "An individual might exist in misery this great almost anywhere, but it was hard to imagine an entire community poorer and sicker than this."

It began as a small community clinic, and its mission of servicing the poor was inspired by an idea that Farmer valued: "doctors are lawyers for the poor" -Rudolph Virchow.

Paul decided to create his own health clinic after visiting the other major healthcare clinics and hospitals in Haiti and being disappointed that they refused care to individuals without money

Zanmi Lasante faced Haitian opposition during its initial stages. The hospital outwardly supported the democratically elected president Father Jean-Bertrand Aristide in 1990. When Aristide was removed from power by the Haitian Junta, or military, Farmer spoke out against them; thus Zanmi Lasante became at odds with the military. On multiple occasions, the military investigated the medical complex, threatening to shut it down, or to attack the staff. Only the threat that Zanmi Lasante was the best chance at healing a Haitian soldier when he inevitably became ill was enough to deter them. The clinic saw three years of hardship, with patients afraid to seek medical treatment for fear of getting attacked by Haitian Junta, and Farmer forbidden from entering the country. Fortunately, Aristide was reinstated as president in 1994, and Partners in Health was able to continue improving upon Zanmi Lasante.

Zanmi Lasante built schools, houses, and water sanitation systems throughout its catchment area to prevent disease as well as treat it once it arose. Zanmi Lasante has helped educate 9,400 Haitian children. Farmer set up Zanmi Lasante to be a fully functioning, autonomous healthcare system even in his absence. In fact, Zanmi Lasante has not lost a tuberculosis patient in 12 years (at the time Tracy Kidder wrote Mountains Beyond Mountains ).

In 2002, the organization's Director of Strategic Planning Loune Viaud won the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award for her work, and in 2003 was named one of Ms. magazine's "Women of the Year".

See also
 Paul Farmer

References
 notes

External links
 Zanmi Lasante on Partners in Health website
 Website of Boston University students devoted to helping Haiti

Partners in Health
Hospital buildings completed in 1985
Mission hospitals

Zanmi Lasante


Firebird Books (launched January 2002) is an imprint of Penguin Group (USA) Inc., publishing mainly paperback reprint editions of science fiction and fantasy for teenagers and adults.

It was created by Sharyn November, one of the few children's book editors who works with teenagers.  In the process, she discovered that some of her best readers loved speculative fiction, and were going into the adult genre sections of bookstores and libraries in order to find it.

Firebird has quickly become the most recognizable imprint of its kind, and Sharyn November was named a World Fantasy Award Finalist in both 2004 and 2005 for her work. Firebirds Rising, the second anthology November edited for the imprint, is a 2007 World Fantasy Award Finalist.

"Firebirds", the first anthology, consists of short sci-fi/fantasy stories by the likes of Lloyd Alexander, Emma Bull, Charles Vess, Michael Cadnum, Kara Dalkey, Nancy Farmer, Nina Kiriki Hoffman, Diana Wynne Jones, Patricia A. McKillip, Garth Nix, Meredith Ann Pierce, Delia Sherman, Sherwood Smith, Nancy Springer, Megan Whalen Turner, Elizabeth E. Wein, and Laurel Winter.

Notes and references

External links
Firebird Books

Book publishing companies based in New York (state)
Publishing companies established in 2002
2002 establishments in New York City

Firebird Books


Andreas Koukouma is a commentator and literary critic of the left. As a poet he is known by his pen-name Antis Kanakis. His poems and short stories deal with universal themes and are written in the Cypriot dialect. His poems also address the Turkish invasion of 1974, in which with others he unsuccessfully fought to repel, and promote the peaceful co-existence of Turkish and Greek Cypriots.

Early life and arrest

Koukouma was born in Angastina a village in the Famagusta District, Cyprus, 1946. His parents were Georgios and Maria Koukoumas. He was educated at Angastina Primary School, Famagusta Gymnasium B, and after he completed his military service went to the USSR where he completed a History Degree at Moscow University. He married in a registry in Moscow to his Russian wife in 1971 and in Cyprus again (at the insistence of his father who demanded a Greek Orthodox church wedding) in 1972. They have two children.

In 1974 George Papadopoulos ordered, with the go ahead of the CIA, EOKA B to overthrow the government of President Makarios III. Within a few days Koukamas was arrested and was to be executed. Held in a Famagusta military jail, Koukoumas was on a list of 2000 left wingers that EOKA B planned to kill, but he was saved by the Turkish invasion when his captors realised they needed every soldier that they could muster if they were to repel the Turkish invasion. Because of this reprieve Koukoumas found himself in the front line. After the war like 200,000 other Greek Cypriots, he and his family became refugees moving to the south of the Green Line as Angastina the village they lived in was occupied by Turkish forces. They now live in Latsia, which has now become a dormitory suburb of Nicosia.

Career

Koukouma was Secretary of EDON, Progressive Democratic Organisation of Youth (ΕΔΟΝ – Ενιαία Δημοκρατική Οργάνωση Νεολαίας), Famaguta, 1973–1977. Then he was appointed Education Officer of PEO, the Pancyprian Federation of Labour (ΠΑΓΚΥΠΡΙΑ ΕΡΓΑΤΙΚΗ ΟΜΟΣΜΟΝΔΙΑ). In 1986 he was elected mayor of Latsia, one of the towns that surround Nicosia. Ten years later in 1996 he lost the mayoralty to Christakis Christofides.
In the 1992 elections he was elected to the House of Representatives of Cyprus to represent Nicosia District. In 2009 as a Latsia municipality council member he supported euroCALL ( European for adults lifelong learning).

Journalism

Over the years Koukouma wrote political and literary articles and book reviews in mainly left- wing newspapers. Some of those were: Haravgi, Ergatiko Vima ("Labour Stride")and Youth, . His writing also appeared in magazines such as New Age and Cypria .

Literary career

A poet, short story writer, essayist, journalist, critic and playwright, Koukouma began his writing as a child. Early in his literary career he adopted the pen name Antis Kanakis (Anti is the name Andy in English but in ancient and modern Greek can be a pun on against). His short stories are sometimes based on actual events that happened in Angastin the village that he grew up in. Giorgos Papaleontiou Kehagiogliou in History of modern Cypriot literature especially praises the "outstanding strange short story The girl with the snake.

Poetry Books

To Bloodied Cyprus, Published by EDON, Famagusta, Cyprus,1975.
Poems, 1975.
Memory and Conscience, 1977.
Without the AN, Nicosia, Cyprus, 1997. .
Writing History, 1978.
The Ship, Nicosia,1980.
We Continue, Printed by Avghi(Dawn), Nicosia 1982.
Action Deduct, 1985.
Retrospective Reflection,1992.
Mesaritika Motiva, 1992.
Illuminated Line, 2000.

Short stories

The Root, Printed by AVGI (Dawn), Nicosia, 1986.

References

Cypriot poets
Mayors of places in Cyprus
Greek Cypriot writers
Cypriot journalists
Living people
1946 births
Cypriot politicians
People from Famagusta District

Andreas Koukouma


National Aluminium Company Limited (abbreviated as NALCO; incorporated in 1981) is an Indian public sector company having integrated and diversified operations in mining, metal and power. Presently, the Government of India holds a 51.5% equity stake in NALCO, while the Ministry of Mines has administrative control over the company.

It is one of the largest integrated bauxite–alumina–aluminium–power complex in the country, encompassing bauxite mining, alumina refining, aluminium smelting and casting, power generation, rail and port operations.

The company is the lowest-cost producer of metallurgical grade alumina in the world and lowest-cost producer of bauxite in the world as per a Wood McKenzie report. With sustained quality products, the company's export earnings accounted for about 42% of the sales turnover in the year 2018–19 and the company is rated as third-highest net export earning CPSE as per a Public Enterprise Survey report.

The company is harnessing renewable energy aligning to the ambitious programmes of the Indian government. The company has already commissioned 198 MW wind power plants and further 50 MW wind power plants are in pipeline, making it the highest producer of renewable energy among PSUs.

Operations

NALCO is headquartered at Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

NALCO operates from two major Units
 Mining and Refinery (M&R) complex
 Smelter and Power (S&P) complex
Port Facilities at Visakhapatnam and Paradip.
Wind Power Plants
Gandikota, Andhra Pradesh – 50.4 MW (2.1MW, 24 nos. WEGs)
Ludarwa, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan – 47.6 MW (0.85 MW, 56 nos. WEGs)
Devikot, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan – 50 MW (2 MW, 25 nos. WEG)
Sangli, Maharashtra – 50.4 MW (2.1MW, 24 nos. WEGs)
Solar Power at Nalco Corporate Office, Bhubaneswar & NALCO Research & Technology Center, Bhubaneswar
 Regional offices at Kolkata, Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai & Bangalore
10 operating stockyards at various locations in the Country

Products
Main products of NALCO are as follows:

Aluminium Metal
 Ingots
 Alloy Ingots
 T-Ingots
 Sows
 Billets
 Wire Rods
 Cast strips

Alumina & Hydrate
 Calcined Alumina
 Alumina Hydrate

Rolled Product
 Aluminium Rolled Products
 Aluminium Chequered Sheets

Power
 Thermal Power
 Co-generation Power
 Wind Power
 Solar Power

Employees
As in June 2019, there were 6496 employees on the company's roll.

Expansions

 To be more resilient to the vagaries of market, the company has prepared a New All-Weather Business Model. It has extensive plans for brownfield and greenfield expansion projects, which include the ongoing 5th Stream Refinery project of 1 MTPA capacity in existing Alumina Refinery at Damanjodi (Brownfield), development of Pottangi bauxite mines, Utkal D&E coal mines in Odisha, establishment 5 lakh TPA brownfield Smelters in Odisha.
 As part of backward integration, the company is establishing a caustic soda plant in JV with Gujarat Alkalies & Chemicals Limited (GACL) in Gujarat and a CT Pitch plant in JV with NINL in Odisha.
 The company has formed JV Company named 'Angul Aluminium Park Private Ltd' (AAPPL) with Odisha Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation (IDCO) to give a boost to ancillary, upstream & downstream products related to aluminium industry.

Research & Development

 NALCO Research & Technology Centre (NRTC) is located at Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
 NALCO has set up a research center "NALCO Research & Technology Center (NRTC)" at Gothapatana, Bhubaneswar. This Research Center is equipped with QEMSCAN (SEM-EDX), XRD, XRF, ICP-MS, Sedigraph, Laser Particle size analyser, UTM, DSC, TGA, ICP-OES, BET Analyzer, Potentiometer, OES, CHNS Analyzer, Metallurgical Microscope, Whiteness Index meter etc. The testing activities at NRTC has been started from 2019 on regular basis. R&D wing of NALCO Research and Technology Center has been recognized by DSIR, Government of India on 29.05.2020. Testing of outside samples on chargeable basis has been started and detail information is available at NALCO website (www.nalcoindia.com).
 The company pursues its R&D activities fervently and has already filed 36 patents out of which 17 patents have been granted and 5 have been commercialized until Dec 2018. As a part of its effort to convert waste to wealth, the company is endeavoring to salvage iron concentrate from red mud, Gallium from spent liquor. The company has also successfully commissioned a first of its kind de-fluoridation process based on nano-technology to de- contaminate the effluent water of Smelter solving a long-standing fluoride contamination problem of the area.

Right to Information Act

Since NALCO is a public authority, it comes under the Right to Information Act. Thus, NALCO is required to provide information to various RTI queries asked by general public.

See also
 List of countries by aluminium production
 List of alumina refineries
 List of aluminium smelters

References

Aluminium companies of India
Mining companies of India
Ministry of Mines (India)
Government-owned companies of India
Companies based in Bhubaneswar
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1981
1981 establishments in Orissa
Indian brands
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange

National Aluminium Company


Henry FitzGerald Heard (6 October 1889 – 14 August 1971), commonly called Gerald Heard, was a British-born American historian, science writer and broadcaster, public lecturer, educator, and philosopher. He wrote many articles and over 35 books.

Heard was a guide and mentor to numerous well-known people from the 1940s through the 1960s, including Aldous Huxley, Henry Luce, Clare Boothe Luce, and Bill Wilson, co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous. His work was a forerunner of, and influence on, the consciousness development movement that has spread in the Western world since the 1960s.

Early life
The son of an Anglo-Irish clergyman, Heard was born in London. He grew to be an earnest, disciplined, resolute young man. He studied history and theology at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, graduating with honours in history. After working in other roles, he lectured from 1926 to 1929 for Oxford University's extramural studies programme. Heard took a strong interest in developments in the sciences and, in 1929, edited The Realist, a short-lived monthly journal of scientific humanism whose sponsors included H.G. Wells, Arnold Bennett, Julian Huxley, and Aldous Huxley. In 1927 Heard began lecturing for the South Place Ethical Society. During the 1930s he became the first science commentator for the BBC.

As a young man, he worked for the Agricultural Cooperative Movement in Ireland. In the 1920s and early 1930s, he acted as the personal secretary of Sir Horace Plunkett, founder of the cooperative movement, who spent his last years at Weybridge, Surrey. Naomi Mitchison, who admired Plunkett and was a friend of Heard, wrote of that time: "H.P., as we all called him, was getting past his prime and often ill but struggling to go on with the work to which he was devoted. Gerald [Heard] who was shepherding him about fairly continually, apologized once for leaving a dinner party abruptly when H.P. was suddenly overwhelmed by exhaustion". In the mid-1920s, Heard began a romantic relationship with socialite Christopher Wood, the young heir to a large grocery fortune, with whom he lived in London; by around 1935, however, Heard had declared himself celibate, through he continued to cohabit with Wood periodically until the 1950s.

Horace Plunkett owned real estate in the U.S. states of Nebraska and Wyoming, and left some properties to Heard in his will.

Career
Heard first embarked as a book author in 1924, but The Ascent of Humanity, published in 1929, marked his first foray into public acclaim as it received the British Academy's Hertz Prize. From 1930 to 1934, he served as a science and current-affairs commentator for the BBC. From 1932 to 1942, Heard was a council member of the Society for Psychical Research.

In 1931 Heard had initiated an informal research group to look into developing group-mindedness or group communications, which became known as The Engineers Study Group because several of its members were engineers who afterwards were involved in the early development of computers. Naomi Mitchison also participated actively in the group.

After 1936, Heard broke with Mitchison over her outspoken support for the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War and her attempt, together with other members of the group, to run arms to Republican Spain. In his last letter to Mitchison, Heard expressed his sympathy for the victims of the war in Spain but compared the taking of sides in a war to "The relatives of a patient suffering from a deadly disease believing that he is curable by a hedge doctor (...) I am convinced that the way civilization is going is fatal, and the usual remedies only inflame the disease".

Meanwhile, Heard played a minor part in the development of the Peace Pledge Union. Heard became well known as an advocate for pacifism and argued for the transformation of behaviour through meditation and "disciplined nonviolence". In 1937 he emigrated to the United States to give some lectures at Duke University. Heard was accompanied by Aldous Huxley; Huxley's wife, Maria; and their son Matthew Huxley. In the United States, Heard's main activities were writing, lecturing, and the occasional radio or television appearance. He had developed an identity as an informed individual who recognised no intrinsic conflict among history, science, literature, and theology. Though he lectured at Duke, Heard turned down the offer of a post there and traveled west to settle in California.

Heard was the first among a group of literati friends (several others of whom, including Christopher Isherwood, were also British) to discover Swami Prabhavananda and Vedanta. Heard became an initiate of Vedanta. Like that of his friend Aldous Huxley (another in the circle), the essence of Heard's mature outlook was that a human being can effectively pursue intentional evolution of consciousness. He maintained a regular discipline of meditation, along the lines of yoga, for many years. He took interest in parapsychology and was a member of the Society for Psychical Research.

Heard concluded that the impediment to be addressed was "the problem of letting in a free flow of comprehension beyond the everyday threshold of experience while keeping the mind clear." In 1942, he founded Trabuco College as a facility where comparative religion studies and practices could be pursued. It was essentially a cooperative training center for the spiritual life. Living as a freelance scholar, Heard had enjoyed security in America by way of what he had inherited from Horace Plunkett as well as his own family. He used some of his inherited resources toward this most ambitious of projects. The idealistic experiment required land, and Heard bought 300 acres in Trabuco Canyon, in the Santa Ana Mountains.

Heard was the guiding light and a helpful resident sage but, by nature, he was neither an organizer nor a manager. Felix Greene, a nephew of Christopher Isherwood, had filled those roles. Professionally, Greene ultimately pursued a career in journalism and film-making, but at the founding of Trabuco, he had exercised some talent in the planning of architecture and land-development. Soon after the very able Greene left the community and got married, the practical side of life at Trabuco College began to slide. Heard deeded the land and facilities to the Vedanta Society of Southern California, which still maintains the facility as a Ramakrishna monastery and retreat.

In the mid 1950s, Heard was featured as series lecturer in the Sequoia Seminars (a precursor to the Esalen Institute), organized by Emilia and Harold Rathbun, PhD.

Psychedelics
In 1954 Heard tried mescaline and, in 1955 tried LSD. He felt that, used properly, these had strong potential to "enlarge Man's mind" by allowing a person to see beyond his ego.

In August 1956, Alcoholics Anonymous founder Bill Wilson first took LSD—under Heard's guidance and with the officiating presence of Sidney Cohen, a psychiatrist then with the California Veterans Administration Hospital. According to Wilson, the session allowed him to re-experience a spontaneous spiritual experience he had had years before, which had enabled him to overcome his own alcoholism. In the late 1950s, Heard also worked with psychiatrist Cohen to introduce others to LSD, including John Huston and Steve Allen. With experience, Heard arrived at a judicious view of the value of psychedelics, since at their best the insights and ecstasies they facilitate are temporary states. Religion writer Don Lattin wrote that Heard's view was "LSD might provide an experience of the great mysteries, but it offered no instant answers."

Heard was also responsible for introducing the then unknown Huston Smith to Aldous Huxley. Smith became one of the pre-eminent religious studies scholars in the United States. His book The World's Religions is a classic in the field, has sold over two million copies and is considered a particularly useful introduction to comparative religion. The meeting with Huxley led eventually to Smith's connection to Timothy Leary.

Five Ages of Man
In January 1964, what some consider to be Heard's magnum opus, a book titled The Five Ages of Man, was published. (A new edition, retitled The Five Ages of Humanity, has been published.) According to Heard, the prevalent developmental stage among humans in today's well-industrialized societies (especially in the West) should be regarded as the fourth: the "humanic stage" of the "total individual," who is mentally dominated, feeling him- or herself to be autonomous, separate from other persons. Heard writes (p. 226) this stage is characterised by "the basic humanic concept of a mankind that is completely self-seeking because it is completely individualized into separate physiques that can have direct knowledge of only their own private pain and pleasure, inferring but faintly the feelings of others. Such a race of ingenious animals, each able to see and to seek his own advantage, must be kept in combination with each other by appealing to their separate interests."

In modern industrial societies, a person, especially if educated, has the opportunity to begin entering the "first maturity" of the humanic "total individual" in his or her mid teens. However, according to Heard, a fifth stage is in the process of emerging, a post-individual psychological phase of persons and therefore of culture. According to Heard, the second maturity can be one that lies beyond "personal success, economic mastery, and the psychophysical capacity to enjoy life" (p. 240)

Heard termed this phase "Leptoid Man" (from the Greek word lepsis: "to leap") because humans increasingly face the opportunity to "take a leap" into a considerably expanded consciousness, in which the various aspects of the psyche will be integrated, without any aspects being repressed or seeming foreign. A society that recognises this stage of development will honour and support individuals in a "second maturity" who wish to resolve their inner conflicts and dissolve their inner blockages and become the sages of the modern world. Further, instead of simply enjoying biological and psychological health, as Freud and other important psychiatric or psychological philosophers of the "total-individual" phase conceived, Leptoid man will not only have entered a meaningful "second maturity" recognised by his or her society, but can then become a human of developed spirituality, similar to the mystics of the past; and a person of wisdom.

But collectively and culturally we are still in the transitional phase, not really recognising an identity beyond the super-individualistic fourth, "humanic" phase. Heard's views were cautionary about developments in society that were not balanced, about inappropriate aims of our use of technological power. He wrote: "we are aware of our precarious imbalance: of our persistent and ever-increasing production of power and our inadequacy of purpose; of our critical analytic ability and our creative paucity; of our triumphantly efficient technical education and our ineffective, irrelevant education for values, for meaning, for the training of the will, the lifting of the heart, and the illumination of the mind."

In May 2023, a revised and retitled edition of Heard's The Five Ages of Man was released as The Five Ages of Humanity.

Death
Toward the end of his life, Heard was given a bit of financial assistance by Henry Luce and Clare Booth Luce. Heard died on 14 August 1971 at his home in Santa Monica, California, of the effects of several earlier strokes he had, beginning in 1966. At his request there were no memorial services, and his body was donated to the Willed Body Program at UCLA Medical Center.

Legacy
Trabuco College, and Heard's general philosophy and the ideas and opinions of his later years, were influences on the founding of the Esalen Institute. Michael Murphy and Dick Price started organizing seminars at Esalen near Big Sur in 1962, with Heard being a notable presenter. Murphy and Price went on to officially establish the Institute in 1964. In turn, the institute has been a source of inspiration, and a prototype, of many other retreats and growth centers extending the human potentials movement.

In popular culture: James Lapine's Broadway musical Flying Over Sunset includes a character named "Gerald Heard," modeled on the real-life Gerald Heard. The Heard character was played by Robert Sella in the first Broadway run (beginning in December 2021, though closing early during the mid-COVID period). Three other characters—Cary Grant, Aldous Huxley and Claire Boothe Luce—are modeled on those widely known public figures, each of whom, in real life, actually had repeated LSD experience. In the play (set in the 1950s), each of these three characters deals with a nagging emotional challenge, and Lapine delivers the play's essence in Act II, when the three have a shared LSD session with Heard serving as their guide.

Fiction
Heard wrote fiction under the name H.F. Heard. This included
three detective novels about Mr. Mycroft (implied to be Sherlock Holmes after
his retirement). Mr. Mycroft and his friend, Mr. Silchester, appeared in three novels: A Taste for Honey, 1941 (televised in 1955 as Sting of Death and filmed, as The Deadly Bees, 1967);
Reply Paid; and The Notched Hairpin. The Great Fog and Other Weird Tales and
The Lost Cavern and Other Tales of the Fantastic are collections of stories that include both science fiction
and ghost stories. Hugh Lamb has described The Great Fog and The Lost Cavern as "two splendid books of short stories".
The Black Fox is an occult thriller featuring black magic.  Doppelgangers is a dystopian novel, influenced by Huxley's Brave New World, set after the "Psychological Revolution." Anthony Boucher described Doppelgangers as "in style and imagination, the most exciting and provocative piece of science fiction since the heyday of M. P. Shiel."

Bibliography
Non-fiction
 1924 Narcissus: An Anatomy of Clothes
 1929 The Ascent of Humanity
 1931 The Emergence of Man
 1931 Social Substance of Religion: An Essay of the Evolution of Religion
 1932 This Surprising World: A Journalist Looks at Science
 1934 These Hurrying Years: An Historical Outline 1900–1933
 1935 Science in the Making
 1935 The Source of Civilization
 1936 The Significance of the New Pacifism (Published in The New Pacifism)
 1936 Exploring the Stratosphere
 1937 The Third Morality
 1937 Science Front, 1936
 1939 Pain, Sex and Time: A New Outlook on Evolution and the Future of Man
 1940 The Creed of Christ: An Interpretation of the Lord's Prayer
 1941-1942 Training for the Life of the Spirit
 1941 The Code of Christ: An Interpretation of the Beatitudes
 1941 Man The Master
 1942 A Dialogue in the Desert
 1944 The Recollection
 1944 A Preface to Prayer
 1945 The Gospel According to Gamaliel
 1946 The Eternal Gospel
 1948 Is God Evident?: An Essay Toward a Natural Theology
 1949 Prayers and Meditations: A Monthly Cycle Arranged for Daily Use (edited by Gerald Heard)
 1950 Is God in History?: An Inquiry into Human and Prehuman History in Terms of the Doctrine of Creation, Fall, and Redemption
 1950 Morals Since 1900
 1950 Is Another World Watching?: The Riddle of the Flying Saucers
 1952 Gabriel and the Creatures (UK edition entitled Wishing Well)
 1955 The Human Venture
 1959 Training For a Life of Growth
 1964 The Five Ages of Man: The Psychology of Human History; rvsd. ed, 2023, as The Five Ages of Humanity
Fiction (published under H.F. Heard)
 1941 A Taste for Honey
 1942 Murder by Reflection
 1942 Reply Paid: A Mystery
 1944 The Great Fog and Other Weird Tales
 1947 Doppelgangers: An Episode of the Fourth, The Psychological, Revolution
 1947 The President of the United States, Detective
 1948 The Lost Cavern and Other Tales of the Fantastic
 1949 The Notched Hairpin: A Mycroft Mystery
 1950 The Black Fox: A Novel of the Seventies

See also
Explorations Volume 2: Survival, Growth & Re-birth
Sri Aurobindo
Richard Bucke
Lancelot Law Whyte
Buckminster Fuller
Aldous Huxley
Lucille Kahn
Walter Russell
Arthur M. Young
Noosphere

References

External links

 Gerald Heard Official Biography by Jay Michael Barrie at the Gerald Heard website

 Gerald Heard on the Mystical Site www.mysticism.nl
 JSTOR
 Gerald Heard Bibliography 1900–1978 (work in progress ... 50% complete)

1889 births
1971 deaths
Academics of the University of Oxford
Duke University faculty
English essayists
English pacifists
English science fiction writers
English mystery writers
English horror writers
English short story writers
Ghost story writers
British parapsychologists
Human Potential Movement
Writers from London
Mystics
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
People associated with Conway Hall Ethical Society
Male essayists
English male short story writers
English male novelists
20th-century English novelists
20th-century British short story writers
20th-century British essayists
British emigrants to the United States
20th-century English male writers
Psychonautics researchers

Gerald Heard


Martin Bruce Cameron (born 24 August 1935) is an Australian politician. He was a Liberal Party of Australia member of the Australian Senate from May to October 1969. He was later a member of the South Australian Legislative Council from 1971 to 1990, sitting as a Liberal except during 1973–1976, when he represented the splinter Liberal Movement.

State defeat and Senate term
In 1968 Cameron contested the safe Labor House of Assembly seat of Millicent for the Liberal and Country League (LCL) after objecting to the views of incumbent Des Corcoran on road transport control. Cameron gained a 13% swing but lost by one vote.  Cameron challenged the result at the Court of Disputed Returns, which ordered a by-election.  Corcoran comfortably won the by-election.

Early in 1969, Senator Keith Laught died suddenly and Cameron was nominated by Premier Steele Hall as his replacement. However, Cameron's time in the Senate was brief, for an election for the vacancy was held to coincide with the 1969 Australian federal election in October and he was defeated by Labor's Don Cameron (no relation).

State politics

Cameron entered South Australia's Legislative Council in 1971, following the retirement of Sir Norman Jude. He became an important ally of Steele Hall (then Leader of the Opposition), representing the increasingly visible moderate forces within the party. Cameron often opposed his fellow LCL Legislative Councillors, due to his support for Universal Suffrage for that chamber.

This tension within the LCL led to the formation of the Liberal Movement the following year. Led by Hall and Robin Millhouse, the movement originally functioned as a faction within the LCL. Cameron was one of its most prominent supporters. After the 1973 Election, the LCL (led at this stage by Bruce Eastick) expelled the Liberal Movement. Although some Liberal Movement members, such as future Premiers David Tonkin and Dean Brown, decided to remain in the LCL, Cameron left with Hall and Millhouse. Cameron was the only Liberal Movement member of the Legislative Council until the 1975 Election when he was joined by John Carnie.

However the Liberal Movement was vastly outpolled by the LCL (renamed the Liberal Party in 1974), and there was a push from within both parties for reunification. In 1976 Cameron and Hall rejoined the Liberal Party, while Millhouse initially formed the New LM before helping found the Australian Democrats.

Despite not serving in the Tonkin ministry, Cameron assumed the position of Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Council after the election of the John Bannon Labor government at the 1982 Elections. He held this position until his retirement from politics in 1990.

Following his retirement from the council, Cameron served a term as president of the South Australian branch of the Liberal Party. Later, he became a vocal supporter of the 'yes' case in the 1999 republic referendum.

References

Cameron M.B., 'Upper Houses I Have Known' in Hall S.R. (et al.), A Liberal Awakening: The LM Story, Investigator Press, Leabrook, 1973. pp. 71–81
Jaensch D. & Bullock J., Liberals in Limbo: Non-Labor Politics in South Australia 1970-1978, Drummond, Melbourne, 1978.

1936 births
Living people
Liberal and Country League politicians
Liberal Movement (Australia) politicians
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of South Australia
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the Australian Senate for South Australia
Members of the South Australian Legislative Council
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
20th-century Australian politicians

Martin Cameron (South Australian politician)


Erik Schumann (15 February 1925 – 9 February 2007) was a German actor. He appeared in 100 films and television shows between 1942 and 1997. He was most successful during the 1950s and 1960s, when he played leading roles in several German films.  He starred in the 1964 film Time of the Innocent, which was entered into the 14th Berlin International Film Festival. Schumann also worked as a stage and dubbing-voice actor in German synchronisations. Among his dubbing roles were Tony Curtis in Some Like It Hot, Cary Grant in Bringing Up Baby and Jack Nicholson in Prizzi's Honor. He also performed the German voice of Stinky Pete in Pixar's third feature film Toy Story 2, originally performed by Kelsey Grammer.

Filmography

References

External links

1925 births
2007 deaths
German male film actors
German male television actors
20th-century German male actors
Deaths from cancer in Germany

Erik Schumann


The Dry River is an intermittent tributary,  long, of the Crooked River in the U.S. state of Oregon. The stream arises near Hampton Buttes north of Hampton and U.S. Route 20 between Brothers and Riley in the Oregon High Desert. Beginning in eastern Deschutes County near its border with Crook County, it flows generally northwest along the Deschutes–Crook county line, crossing briefly into Crook County before turning slightly south and returning to Deschutes County. Along these upper reaches, it flows roughly parallel to the highway, under which it passes several times before turning sharply north near the Horse Ridge Research Natural Area,  southeast of Bend. Continuing north and re-entering Crook County, it passes under Powell Butte Highway, Oregon Route 126 (Ochoco Highway), and Oregon Route 370 (O'Neil Highway) before entering the Crooked River  from the larger stream's confluence with the Deschutes River.

Oregon Geographic Names says that the dry channel of the river, which runs in places between walls of basalt, is clearly marked for more than , from the west end of the desert to the Crooked River. Dry River Canyon, a deeply incised stretch of the river bed near Millican, is used as a hiking path, about  long. The canyon was carved during the wetter climate of the Pleistocene epoch by water flowing from a now-vanished lake in the Millican Valley. Canyon walls in this stretch rise  above the sandy bed of the river. Other sights include large boulders, juniper trees, and Native American petroglyphs.

See also
 List of rivers of Oregon
 List of longest streams of Oregon

References

Rivers of Oregon
Rivers of Crook County, Oregon
Rivers of Deschutes County, Oregon

Dry River (Crooked River tributary)


Guy Thomas "Zeke" Roberts (May 10, 1900 - June 8, 1993) was a professional American football player in the early National Football League and the first American Football League. He played for three pro teams over the course of two years. In 1926 he played with the Canton Bulldogs in the NFL and the Cleveland Panthers in the AFL. He played the following season with the NFL's Pottsville Maroons. Prior to his professional career, Roberts played college football for the Iowa State Cyclones.

College football
Roberts played college football at Iowa State. He played alongside Jack Trice, who became the first African-American athlete at the school. He was also on the field during an October 6, 1923 game between Iowa State and University of Minnesota. It was during that game that Trice received several injuries that led to his death two days later.

Roberts also played in a one professional game, under an alias, while still a student at Iowa State. Following the end of the Cyclones 1924 season, he and two other players were asked to play a post-season game for which they would be paid. During the game, the Iowa State players realized that some of their opponents were from the University of Iowa. Roberts later stated that he still had one year of eligibility on the men's basketball team and was fearful of being caught.

Roberts played four years at Iowa State, but did not graduate.

Professional football
In the summer of 1926, Guy was living in Los Angeles. It was then that he received word from the NFL's Pottsville Maroons regarding him playing with the club that upcoming season. Roberts drove from California to Pottsville, Pennsylvania, on a stripped down Model T Ford. While en route to Pottsville he stopped in Cleveland to see his future wife. While in Cleveland, he met with the manager of the Cleveland Panthers, who were a part of the upstart American Football League. The offered Guy $150 to play for them, which was more that what the Maroons were offering, and he accepted.

However, the league folded after only a few games, and Guy returned to California. As soon as he got back to Los Angeles, the NFL's Canton Bulldogs called Guy with an offer and he soon joined the team and played the remainder of the 1926 with the Bulldogs, alongside Jim Thorpe and Pete "Fats" Henry.

In September 1927, Guy was on Ohio to prepare for his October 1 wedding. It was then that he again received word from Pottsville Marrons asking him to play for the club for the upcoming season. Roberts accepted and he played for the Pottsville Maroons for the 1927 season.

References

External links

1900 births
1993 deaths
Players of American football from Iowa
Iowa State Cyclones football players
Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball players
Canton Bulldogs players
Cleveland Panthers players
Pottsville Maroons players
American men's basketball players

Guy Roberts


The Standards of Lending Practice (previously the Lending Code) are voluntary and set the benchmark for good lending practice in the United Kingdom, outlining the way registered firms are expected to deal with their customers throughout the entire product life cycle.

The Standards of Lending Practice for personal customers covers loans, credit cardis, charge cards and overdrafts. The Standards of Lending Practice for business customers covers loans, credit cards, charge cards and overdrafts, with a separate set of Standards covering asset finance.

Each section of the Standards contains:

 A customer outcome;
 An overall statement of how a firm intends to achieve this outcome; and
 A detailed set of standards that demonstrate the approach.

While a number of these outcomes are well established within firms, new areas do emerge from time to time. As and when they do, the Standards of Lending Practice will evolve to help registered firms develop their approach to them.

References

 The Standards
 The Standards for personal customers
 The Standards for business customers
 Other voluntary standards

External links
 Lending Standards Board

Banking in the United Kingdom

Lending Code


Micropterix huemeri is a species of moth belonging to the family Micropterigidae. It was described by Kurz, Kurz & Zeller in 2004. It is probably endemic of the geologically isolated region of the Marguareis in France.

Adults have been found in high alpine grassland (at elevations higher than 2,000 m) in tall herbaceous vegetation around boulders in July.

The forewing length is 3.9 mm for males and 4.4 mm for females.

References

Micropterigidae
Moths described in 2004
Moths of Europe

Micropterix huemeri


Mount Chortiatis or Hortiatis (), known in Antiquity as Cissus () or Kissos, is a mountain in Central Macedonia, Greece. It rises southeast of Thessaloniki, peaking at 1,201 metres. Besides the city of Thessaloniki, there are several suburbs and villages located on the foothills of Chortiatis, most notably Chortiatis and the affluent suburb of Panorama, both of them belonging in the Pylaia-Chortiatis municipality.  The mountain's landscape is wooded, with part of these woods making up Thessaloniki's Seich Sou Forest National Park. A fall wind that occurs on the Thermaic Gulf was named after the mountain as well.

Mount Chortiatis played a crucial role for the water supply of Thessaloniki from ancient up until modern times. In the late Byzantine period (ca. 1300), the Chortaïtes monastery on the northern slopes of the mountain provided the city and the region east of it with fresh water by an aqueduct whose remains have been partly preserved.

Mythology
The mythological elements around Mount Kissos (or Chortiatis), in the eastern part of the Thermaic Gulf, and the homonymous settlement, refer to King Kissea of Thrace, who is testified by Homer, but also to the ivy, a plant associated with Dionysus. like the vine.

Kissea's daughter, Theano, married the Trojan Antinor and became a priestess of Athena in Ilion. Ifidamas, son of Antinor and Theano, grew up in Thrace near his grandfather Kissea, and married his grandfather's young daughter. While hiking, Ifidamas arrived in Troy, with twelve ships under his command, and was killed by Agamemnon.

References

Chortiatis
Landforms of Thessaloniki (regional unit)
Rhodope mountain range

Mount Chortiatis


This article describes any leap year starting on Wednesday.  Examples include 1908, 1936, 1964, 1992, 2020, 2048, and 2076 in the Gregorian calendar, which is used in most of the world. ED is the dominical letter of that type of year, along with others.

This leap year is one of three leap years that have two Friday the 13ths, the others being Leap year starting on Monday and Leap year starting on Thursday. The Friday the 13ths in this leap year are in March and November. This characteristic is shared with Common Years Starting on Thursday but also have another one in February.

In this leap year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 20, Valentine's Day is on a Friday, Presidents Day is on February 17, the leap day, February 29, is on a Saturday, St. Patrick's Day is on a Tuesday, Mother's Day is on May 10, Memorial Day is on its earliest possible date, May 25, Father's Day is on its latest possible date, June 21, Independence Day is on a Saturday, Labor Day is on its latest possible date, September 7, Columbus Day is on October 12, Halloween is on a Saturday, Veterans Day is on a Wednesday, Thanksgiving is on November 26, and Christmas is on a Friday.

Calendar

Leap years by day

Leap year starting on Wednesday