Georgiacetus is an extinct genus of ancient whale known from the Eocene period of the United States.
Fossils are known from Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi and protocetid fossils from the right time frame, but not yet confirmed as Georgiacetus, have been found in Texas () and South Carolina ().

 created a new clade, Pelagiceti, for the common ancestor of Basilosauridae and all of its descendants, including Neoceti, the living cetaceans. He placed Georgiacetus near the base of this clade together with Eocetus and perhaps Babiacetus because of the assumed presence of a fluke and very compressed posterior caudal vertebrae in these genera.

Georgiacetus is an extinct protocetid (early whale) which lived about  and hunted the rich, Suwannee Current powered coastal sea which once covered the Southeastern United States. This was during the earliest Bartonian Stage of the Eocene Epoch ().
Current research puts Georgiacetus as the link between the protocetids and modern whales, making the Georgia whale a scientifically important ancestor to all modern whales. An articulated and completed cast of the find is currently on display at the Georgia Southern University Museum in Statesboro, Georgia; Georgia Southern University also houses the actual 1983 Georgiacetus fossils and has the animal's fossilized hip bones on display.

Discovery

Georgiacetus was discovered in 1983 during the construction of the nuclear power plant Plant Vogtle in Burke County, Georgia (in the Lutetian Blue Bluff Formation, , paleocoordinates ).
The find consisted of three individuals all identified as belonging to the same species; two of the individuals were represented by isolated bones recovered separately which included a few vertebrae, ribs and tooth crowns.

The main find was discovered during the cutting of a drainage channel for the plant's River Water Intake Structure on the Savannah River at a depth of about  below the surface. It was a 75%-80% complete individual consisting of more than 60 bones and teeth; including a well-preserved skull and mandible. Fortunately, Georgia Power halted construction activities in the area and assisted in the recovery effort. The main mass was collected from an area about  square, they were not articulated. There was evidence of light scavenging with scratches on one rib but only ten shark's teeth were recovered with the find. There was no duplication of fossilized bones in the main mass so a single individual was represented. This was an adult animal with fully erupted and well-worn molars. There was no apparent cause of death. The main mass of bones were first reviewed in the field (1983) by geologist E. A. Shapiro of the Georgia Geologic Survey (which was "abolished" in 2004). On Shapiro's recommendation, Georgia Southern University was called in and Richard Petkewich and Gale Bishop led the effort to recover the specimen.

Description

Cranium and dentition
Dr. Richard Hulbert, also with Georgia Southern University at that time, led the research team which described the find as a new genus and species in 1998. The skull is more than  long,  wide and about  deep, fleshed out it would have been decidedly larger.

The structure of its inner ear bones confirms Georgiacetus as belonging with the whales; throughout their long history, all whales and their terrestrial ancestors have possessed an identifiable and unique inner ear bone structure.

It's hard to know the total length of the animal as no legs or tail vertebrae were found, but researchers estimate a length of at  considering the head would have been nearly three feet long for a living animal.

Georgiacetus was equipped as an active predator capable of taking and processing large prey. There was a prominent crest at the top rear of the skull which would have anchored powerful jaw muscles. The front teeth were curved, banana-shaped (though in life most of the banana shape would have been deep in the jaw with just the tip exposed) and peg-like. These teeth were adapted to seize and hold struggling prey; moving back in the jaws there were deeply rooted triangular edged teeth for shearing, and further back were sharp molars for crushing. Large fish, birds or turtles could have been caught and processed into manageable chunks.

The tooth and skull arrangement shows a clear, direct relationship between the Basilosauridae family and Georgiacetus. Basilosaurids possessed teeth and a skull remarkably similar in function and structure, both have nostrils (blowholes) located halfway back on the snout, just in front of the eyes. The basilosaurid tooth arrangement appears as a more efficient and specialized version of the Georgiacetus arrangement. Georgiacetus predated the basilosaurids by nearly three million years; the Georgia Whale was very likely the source of the basilosaurids.

Postcranium
 described new Georgiacetus material from Alabama and Mississippi. These finds included several tail vertebrae, teeth, and a partial mandible. The most important find was a single end-of-tail vertebra, one which would have occupied the very end of the vertebral column. This end-of-tail vertebra possessed two distinct, muscle supporting flanges. It did not show that simplified, compressed end-of-tail arrangement seen in both modern whales and Basilosaurus. It did not show any fluke supporting adaptations. This single vertebra showed that Georgiacetus apparently lacked a fluke and likely swam with its hind legs.

Georgiacetus had a tail and lacked the fluke present in slightly younger fossils. It probably swam using its hindlimbs by wiggling its hips and moving its trunk up and down, a locomotor behaviour abandoned by modern whales. Whales evolved in South Asia, and it was previously thought that the fluke helped early whales spread across Earth from there, so Georgiacetus' presence in America and its legs and tail contradicts this hypothesis.

 also established the clade Pelagiceti to show the relationship between Georgiacetus, the basilosaurids and modern whales. This clade begins just after Georgiacetus, includes the basilosaurids, baleen and toothed whales. This shows that Georgiacetus led to the basilosaurids, which in turn led to modern whales.

The right and left hip bones of Georgiacetus were recovered though no hind leg or tail material was preserved. The hip bones were relatively large and showed well developed sockets. This indicates that Georgiacetus had well developed hind legs. Because the hip bones were so much larger than those known from Basilosaurus, and Basilosaurus was a dramatically larger animal than Georgiacetus, it was cautiously assumed that the hind legs of Georgiacetus were much larger, relative to body size, than the tiny hind legs of Basilosaurus. Yet the hip bones were not fused to the spine, (neither are those of Basilosaurus) which suggests that the Georgia whale probably could not support its own weight out of the water.

Paleoenvironment
Global sea levels were about  higher than modern levels when these whales lived. The fossils were discovered  inland from the modern coastline. The invertebrate fossils recovered along with the main mass of bones showed that the whale died well off-shore in a shallow, open water environment approximately  from the coastline (today Georgia's Fall Line).  These invertebrate fossils also allowed accurate dating of the remains.

Dispersal into North America
Georgiacetus was held as the earliest North American whale until  published a paper on Carolinacetus, a slightly older, more primitive whale than Georgiacetus, based on a partial skull, mandible, several teeth, ribs and vertebra. An important find in itself, one of the interesting questions the authors asked was how did whales get to North America?

Whales emerged about 52 million years ago in the Tethys Ocean (between present-day India and Asia). It was a warm, fertile shallow sea very much like the one which covered southeastern United States 40 million years ago when whales (Georgiacetus & Carolinacetus) were already present in America. There are two schools of thought on how they got there: one involves a direct, deep water Atlantic crossing, the other involves a polar route northwards up the European coastline, across to Greenland, and southward along the North American coastline. This polar route would not have been a cold water trip as the climate was much warmer then and Greenland was very likely green. Both routes would require long deepwater crossings. Also, as sea levels were much higher at that time, the journey would be longer than it is today.

Whichever route taken, the fact that the journey occurred shows that by the time Carolinacetus and Georgiacetus lived, whales (which did not yet possess flukes) were already capable of extended deep water activity.

Notes

References

External links

Protocetidae
Prehistoric cetacean genera
Fossil taxa described in 1998
Eocene mammals of North America

Georgiacetus


The 84th Punjabis was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was raised by Captain Donald Macdonald at Vellore on 12 August 1794, as the 34th Battalion of Madras Native Infantry. It was designated as the 84th Punjabis in 1903 and became the 10th (Training) Battalion, 1st Punjab Regiment in 1922. In 1943, it was converted into the 1st Punjab Regimental Centre. In 1947, the 1st Punjab Regiment was allocated to the Pakistan Army. In 1956, the 1st, 14th, 15th and 16th Punjab Regimental Centres where amalgamated to form the Punjab Regimental Centre.

Early history
The regiment had its antecedents in the old Madras Army of the British East India Company, which was largely responsible for the British conquest of south and central India. It was raised at Vellore in August 1794, as the 34th Madras Battalion. The regiment's first action was during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War near Mallavelly on 27 March 1799. On 4 May, it fought in the Battle of Seringapatam, where Tipu Sultan made his last stand. The regiment's next major action was in the Second Maratha War, where it fought in the Battle of Assaye on 3 September 1803, under General Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington. The regiment's  performance was much appreciated during the day's fierce fighting, where it suffered 228 casualties. As a reward, it was permitted to display the word "Assaye" with the device of an elephant on their colours and appointments. In 1810, it took part in the expeditions to Bourbon Island and Mauritius in the Indian Ocean. It was again engaged against the Marathas during the Third Maratha War of 1817–19, which decisively broke the Maratha power in India. In the latter part of the 19th century, the regiment did not see much action, although it saw active service in Burma.

84th Punjabis
In 1902, the regiment, now designated as the 24th Madras Infantry, was reconstituted with Punjabi Muslims, Sikhs and Rajputs. Next year, as a result of the reforms brought about in the Indian Army by Lord Kitchener, all Madras units had 60 added to their numbers, and the regiment's designation was changed to 84th Punjabis. During the first three years of the First World War, the 84th Punjabis remained deployed on the North West Frontier of India. In March 1917, they were dispatched to Mesopotamia, where it operated on the Euphrates Line. By now, the Turkish Army in Mesopotamia had been largely defeated and the regiment did not see any significant fighting. In November 1918, it moved to Salonika in Greece and then six weeks later to the Russian Transcaucasia in support of the White Russian forces fighting the Bolsheviks. After spending 1919–20 in Turkey as part of the Allied occupation forces, it returned home in October 1920.

Subsequent history
After the First World War, the	84th Punjabis were grouped with the 62nd, 66th, 76th and 82nd Punjabis, and the 1st Brahmans to form the 1st Punjab Regiment in 1922. The battalion was redesignated as 10th Battalion, 1st Punjab Regiment and became the Training Battalion of the regiment, based at Jhelum. During the Second World War, 10/1st Punjab was converted into the 1st Punjab Regimental Centre. In 1947, the 1st Punjab Regiment was allocated to Pakistan Army, and in 1956, it was merged with the 14th, 15th and 16th Punjab Regiments to form one large Punjab Regiment. The 1st Punjab Regimental Centre was merged with the 14th, 15th and 16th Punjab Regimental Centres to form the Punjab Regimental Centre. It is based at Mardan.

Lineage

1794: 34th Battalion of Madras Native Infantry
1797: 2nd Battalion 12th Regiment of Madras Native Infantry
1824: 24th Regiment of Madras Native Infantry
1885: 24th Regiment of Madras Infantry
1901: 24th Madras Infantry
1903: 84th Punjabis
1922: 10th (Training) Battalion 1st Punjab Regiment
1942: 10/1st Punjab Regimental Training Centre
1943: 1st Punjab Regimental Centre
1956: Punjab Regimental Centre

See also
1st Punjab Regiment
Punjab Regiment

References

Further reading
Qureshi, Maj MI. (1958). The First Punjabis: History of the First Punjab Regiment 1759–1956. Aldershot: Gale & Polden.
Wilson, Lt Col WJ. (1882–88). History of the Madras Army. Madras: The Government Press.
Phythian-Adams, Lt Col EG. (1943). Madras Infantry 1748–1943. Madras: The Government Press.
Rizvi, Brig SHA. (1984). Veteran Campaigners – A History of the Punjab Regiment 1759–1981. Lahore: Wajidalis.

British Indian Army infantry regiments
Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)
Military history of the Madras Presidency
Military units and formations established in 1794
Indian World War I regiments
Military units and formations disestablished in 1922
1794 establishments in British India

84th Punjabis


Hermann II (28 March 1222 in Creuzburg – 3 January 1241) was the Landgrave of Thuringia and the son of Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia, and Saint Elizabeth of Hungary.

Life

With Louis's death in 1227, his brother Henry Raspe assumed the regency due to the minority of four-year-old Hermann. Henry managed to officially succeed his brother after the death of Elizabeth in 1231. Hermann never reigned and died ten years later; some historians have accused Henry of poisoning the youth. He was married to Helen, daughter of Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

References

Bibliography

1222 births
1241 deaths
People from Wartburgkreis
Monarchs deposed as children
Medieval child monarchs
Landgraves of Thuringia
Ludovingians

Hermann II, Landgrave of Thuringia


Provider may refer to:

 A supplier
 Health care provider, an individual or institution that provides health care services
 Internet service provider,  a business or organization that offers access to the Internet and related services
 Provider model, a design pattern originally developed by Microsoft for use in the .NET framework
 A euphemism for prostitute, most often referring to high-end sex workers who do not display their profession to the general public
 A breadwinner of a family, usually used by the manosphere to refer to a traditional husband.
 C-123 Provider, an American military transport aircraft
 "Provider" (Angel), a 2002 episode of the television series Angel
 "Provider", a song by Days of the New from their 1999 album Days of a New
 "Provider" (N.E.R.D. song), 2001
 "Provider", a song by IQ from their 1997 concept album Subterranea
 Providers, a Danish music production duo made up of Jeppe Federspiel and Rasmus Stabell
 "Provider" (Frank Ocean song), 2017

Provider


Persian architecture or Iranian architecture is the name of the Architecture style of Iran from the Pre-Islamic period until the Islamic period of today. this type of architecture style including also the Persian Garden style.

Other websites

 United Iranian Architects of Europe
 Tehranimages. Contemporary photos taken in some of the oldest districts of Tehran.
 Contemporary Architecture of Iran's Official Website

Iran
Architectural styles

Persian architecture


Madison Julius Cawein (March 23, 1865 – December 8, 1914) was a poet from Louisville, Kentucky.

Biography
Madison Julius Cawein was born in Louisville, Kentucky on March 23, 1865, the fifth child of William and Christiana (Stelsly) Cawein. His father made patent medicines from herbs. Thus as a child, Cawein became acquainted with and developed a love for local nature.

After graduating from high school, Cawein worked in a pool hall in Louisville as a cashier in Waddill's New-market, which also served as a gambling house. He worked there for six years, saving his pay so he could return home to write.

His output was thirty-six books and 1,500 poems.   His writing presented Kentucky scenes in a language echoing Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats. He soon earned the nickname the "Keats of Kentucky". He was popular enough that, by 1900, he told the Louisville Courier-Journal that his income from publishing poetry in magazines amounted to about $100 a month.

In 1912 Cawein was forced to sell his Old Louisville home, St James Court (a -story brick house built in 1901, which he had purchased in 1907), as well as some of his library, after losing money in the 1912 stock market crash. In 1914 the Authors Club of New York City placed him on their relief list. He died on December 8 later that year and was buried in Cave Hill Cemetery.

Influence
In 1913, a year before his death, Cawein published a poem called "Waste Land" in a Chicago magazine which included Ezra Pound as an editor. Scholars have identified this poem as an inspiration to T. S. Eliot's poem The Waste Land, published in 1922 and considered the birth of modernism in poetry.

The link between his work and Eliot's was pointed out by Canadian academic Robert Ian Scott in The Times Literary Supplement in 1995. The following year Bevis Hillier drew more comparisons in The Spectator (London) with other poems by Cawein; he compared Cawein's lines "...come and go/Around its ancient portico" with Eliot's "...come and go/talking of Michelangelo."

Cawein's "Waste Land" appeared in the January 1913 issue of Chicago magazine Poetry (which also contained an article by Ezra Pound on London poets).

Cawein's poetry allied his love of nature with a devotion to earlier English and European literature, mythology, and classical allusion. This certainly encompassed much of T. S. Eliot's own interest, but whereas Eliot was also seeking a modern language and form, Cawein strove to maintain a traditional approach. Although he gained an international reputation, he has been eclipsed as the genre of poetry in which he worked  became increasingly outmoded.

Works

Volumes of poetry
Blooms of the Berry, J. P. Morton (Louisville, KY), 1887.
The Triumph of Music and Other Lyrics, J. P. Morton, 1888.
Accolon of Gaul, with Other Poems, J. P. Morton, 1889.
Lyrics and Idyls, J. P. Morton, 1890.
Days and Dreams: Poems, Putnam (New York and London), 1891.
Moods and Memories: Poems, Putnam, 1892.
Red Leaves and Roses: Poems, Putnam, 1893.
Poems of Nature and Love, Putnam, 1893.
Intimations of the Beautiful, and Poems, Putnam, 1894.
The White Snake and Other Poems, Translated from the German into the Original Meters, J. P. Morton, 1895.
Undertones, Copeland & Day (Boston), 1896.
The Garden of Dreams, J. P. Morton, 1896.
Shapes and Shadows: Poems, R. H. Russell (New York, NY), 1898.
Idyllic Monologues: Old and New World Verses, J. P. Morton, 1898.
Myth and Romance, Being a Book of Verse, Putnam, 1899.
One Day & Another: A Lyrical Eclogue, Badger (Boston), 1901.
Weeds by the Wall: Verses, J. P. Morton, 1901.
Kentucky Poems, Dutton (New York, NY), 1902.
A Voice on the Wind and Other Poems, J. P. Morton, 1902.
The Vale of Tempe: Poems, Dutton, 1905.
Nature-Notes and Impressions, Dutton, 1906.
The Poems of Madison Cawein.  Volumes 1–5.  Small, Maynard (Boston), 1907.
An Ode Read August 15, 1907, at the Dedication of the Monument Erected at Gloucester, Massachusetts, in Commemoration of the Founding of Massachusetts Bay Colony in the Year Sixteen Hundred and Twenty-Three, J. P. Morton, 1908.
New Poems, Grant Richards (London), 1909.
The Giant and the Star: Little Annals in Rhyme, Small, Maynard, 1909.
The Shadow Garden (A Phantasy) and Other Plays, Putnam, 1910.
Poems by Madison Cawein, Macmillan (New York, NY), 1911.
The Poet, the Fool and the Faeries, Small, Maynard, 1912.
The Republic, A Little Book of Homespun Verse, Stewart & Kidd (Cincinnati), 1913.
Minions of the Moon: A Little Book of Song and Story, Stewart & Kidd, 1913.
The Poet and Nature and the Morning Road, J. P. Morton, 1914.
The Cup of Comus: Fact and Fancy, Cameo Press (New York, NY), 1915.

Musical versions

 In 2017 Mad Duck recorded a version of At the sign of the skull and City of darkness in the album Braggart stories and dark poems

Brochures
Let Us Do the Best We Can, P.F. Volland (Chicago), 1909.
So Many Ways, P. F. Volland, 1911.
The Message of the Lilies, P. F. Volland, 1913.
Christmas Rose and Leaf, Forest Craft Guild (New York), 1913.
Whatever the Path, Forest Craft Guild, 1913.
The Days of Used to Be, Forest Craft Guild, 1913.

Anthology contributions

Library of Southern Literature, edited by Edwin Anderson Alderman and Joel Chandler Harris, Martin & Hoyt (New Orleans), 1907
Modern American Poetry: A Critical Anthology, 4th revised edition, edited by Louis Untermeyer, Harcourt (New York, NY), 1930.

References

 A Literary History of Kentucky (University of Tennessee Press, 1988), William S. Ward
"Madison Cawein." Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Gale Biography In Context. Web. 29 December 2010.
Rothert, Otto Arthur. The Story of a Poet: Madison Cawein. Louisville, KY: J.P. Morton & Co., 1921.
 Times Literary Supplement, letter from Robert Ian Scott (8 December 1995).
The University of Chicago Library.  "American Poetry Full-Text Database Bibliography."  Chadwyck-Healey, Inc.  Web.  29 December 2010.

External links

Bevis Hillier on Eliot and Cawein (pdf)
Text of Cawein's Waste Land
Poems and information about Madison Julius Cawein at Poemist
Books of Cawein's poems online
Poems, selected by Cawein (1911)
Cawein bibliography

Picturography
 Index entry for Madison Cawein at Poets' Corner

1865 births
1914 deaths
Poets from Kentucky
Writers from Louisville, Kentucky
Burials at Cave Hill Cemetery
19th-century American poets
20th-century American poets
American male poets
20th-century American male writers
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters

Madison Cawein


British America comprised the colonial territories of the English Empire, and the successor British Empire, in the Americas from 1607 to 1783.
These colonies were formally known as British America and the British West Indies immediately prior to thirteen of the colonies seceding in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) and forming the United States of America.

After the conclusion of war in 1783, the term British North America was used to refer to the remainder of Great Britain's possessions in what became Canada, the British West Indies in reference to its various island territories, Belize, and Guyana. The term British North America was used in 1783, but it was more commonly used after the Report on the Affairs of British North America, published in 1839 and generally known as the Durham Report.

History

A number of English colonies were established in America between 1607 and 1670 by individuals and companies whose investors expected to reap rewards from their speculation. They were granted commercial charters by Kings James I, Charles I, and Charles II, and by the British Parliament. Later, most colonies were founded, or converted to, royal colonies. In 1607, the London Company (fully titled the Virginia Company of London, but better known as the "Virginia Company") founded the first permanent settlement on the James River at Jamestown, Virginia upstream from Chesapeake Bay. English settlement in the Somers Isles (or Islands of Bermuda), 640 miles off Cape Hatteras, began in 1609 with the wreck of the Sea Venture, leaving the Virginia Company in de facto possession of Bermuda. The company's charter was extended in 1612 to officially encompass the archipelago, and settlers were despatched to join the three men remaining there from the Sea Venture (and plans were begun for an under-company that would become the Somers Isles Company). This was followed, in 1620, with the Pilgrims establishing the Plymouth settlement in New England. English Catholics settled the Province of Maryland in 1634, under Cecilus Calvert, second Lord Baltimore.

A state department in London known as the Southern Department governed all the colonies beginning in 1660 along with a committee of the Privy Council, called the Board of Trade and Plantations. In 1768, Parliament created a specific state department for America, but it was disbanded in 1782 when the Home Office took responsibility for the remaining possessions of British North America in Eastern Canada, the Floridas, and the West Indies.

British America gained large amounts of territory with the Treaty of Paris of 1763, which ended the French and Indian War in America and the Seven Years' War in Europe. At the start of the American Revolutionary War in 1775, the British Empire included 23 colonies and territories on the North American continent. The Treaty of Paris of 1783 ended the Revolutionary War, and Britain lost much of this territory to the newly formed United States. In addition, Britain ceded East and West Florida to the Kingdom of Spain, which in turn ceded them to the United States in 1821. The Atlantic archipelago of the Bahamas had been administratively grouped with the North American continent, but with the loss of the Floridas was grouped with the British colonies of the Caribbean as the British West Indies. Most of the remaining colonies to the north (including the continental colonies and the archipelago of Bermuda, the nearest landfall from which was North Carolina, but the nearest other British territory from which became Nova Scotia) formed the Dominion of Canada in 1867, with the colony of Newfoundland (which had been the Dominion of Newfoundland from 1907 to 1934, before reverting to a colony) joining the independent Commonwealth realm of Canada in 1949, and Bermuda, elevated (by the independence of the thirteen colonies that became the United States) to the role of an Imperial fortress and the most important British naval and military base in the Western Hemisphere (due to its location,  south of Nova Scotia, and  north of the British Virgin Islands, and handily placed for naval and amphibious operations against its nearest neighbour, the nascent United States, during the 19th Century), remains as a British Overseas Territory today.

In the Caribbean, the British West Indies and other European sugar colonies were at the center for the Atlantic slave trade.

Imperial administration
From 1783 through 1801, the British Empire, including British North America, was administered by the Home Office and by the Home Secretary, then from 1801 to 1854 by the War Office (which became the War and Colonial Office) and Secretary of State for War and Colonies (as the Secretary of State for War was renamed). From 1824, the British Empire was divided by the War and Colonial Office into four administrative departments, including NORTH AMERICA, the WEST INDIES, MEDITERRANEAN AND AFRICA, and EASTERN COLONIES, of which North America included:

North America
 Upper Canada, Lower Canada
 New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island
 Bermuda, Newfoundland

The Colonial Office and War Office, and the Secretary of State for the Colonies and the Secretary of State for War, were separated in 1854. The War Office, from then until the 1867 confederation of the Dominion of Canada, split the military administration of the British colonial and foreign stations into nine districts: North America And North Atlantic; West Indies; Mediterranean; West Coast Of Africa And South Atlantic; South Africa; Egypt And The Sudan; INDIAN OCEAN; Australia; and China. North America And North Atlantic included the following stations (or garrisons):

North America and North Atlantic
 New Westminster (British Columbia)
 Newfoundland
 Quebec
 Halifax
 Kingston, Canada West
 Bermuda

North American colonies in 1775
The Thirteen Colonies that became the original states of the United States were:

 New England Colonies
Province of Massachusetts Bay
Province of New Hampshire
Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
Connecticut Colony

 Middle Colonies
Province of New York
Province of New Jersey
Province of Pennsylvania
Delaware Colony

 Southern Colonies
Province of Maryland
Colony of Virginia
Province of North Carolina
Province of South Carolina
Province of Georgia

Colonies and territories that became part of British North America (and from 1867 the Dominion of Canada):

Province of Quebec northeast of the Great Lakes (including Labrador until 1791)
Nova Scotia (including New Brunswick until 1784)
Island of St. John
Rupert's Land
North-Western Territory
British Arctic Territories

Colonies that became part of British North America (but which would be left out of the 1867 Confederation of Canada:

 Bermuda
Colony of Newfoundland

Colonies and territories that were ceded to Spain or the United States in 1783:

Province of East Florida (Spanish 1783–1823, U.S. after 1823)
Province of West Florida (Spanish 1783–1823, U.S. after 1823)
Indian Reserve (U.S. after 1783)
Province of Quebec southwest of the Great Lakes (U.S. after 1783)

Colonies in the Caribbean, Mid-Atlantic, and South America in 1783
 Divisions of the British Leeward Islands
Saint Christopher (de facto capital)
Antigua
Barbuda
British Virgin Islands
Montserrat
Nevis
Anguilla

 Island of Jamaica and its dependencies
Island of Jamaica
Settlement of Belize in British Honduras
Mosquito Coast
Bay Islands
Cayman Islands
Old Providence Island Colony

 Other possessions in the British Windward Islands
Island of Barbados
Island of Grenada
Island of St. Vincent
Island of Tobago (detached from Grenada in 1768)
Island of Dominica (detached from Grenada in 1770)

See also

 Evolution of the British Empire
 British colonization of the Americas
 Colonial history of the United States
 Former colonies and territories in Canada
 British colonization of Australia
 British colonization of New Zealand
 British North America Acts
 British overseas territories

Notes

References

1607 establishments in the British Empire
1783 disestablishments in North America
1783 disestablishments in the British Empire
British colonization of the Americas
British North America
Colonial United States (British)
Colonization history of the United States
English-speaking countries and territories
History of the Caribbean
States and territories established in 1607

British America


The British Rail Class 24 diesel locomotives, originally known as the British Railways Type 2, were built from 1958 to 1961. One hundred and fifty-one of these locomotives were built at Derby, Crewe and Darlington. The first twenty locomotives were part of the 1955 British Rail modernisation plan. This class was used as the basis for the more powerful Class 25 locomotives.

The final survivor, no. 24081, was withdrawn from Crewe depot in 1980.

24

British Rail Class 24


Franziska Steffen (born August 25, 1981) is an Indonesian-born Swiss freestyle skier, specializing in ski cross and a former alpine skier.

Steffen competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics for Switzerland. She placed 29th in the qualifying round in ski cross, to advance to the knockout stages. She failed to finish her first round heat, and did not advance.

As of April 2013, her only finish at the World Championships is 13th, in 2005.

Steffen made her World Cup debut in January 2003. As of April 2013, she has one World Cup victory, coming at Pozza di Fassa in 2003/04. Her best World Cup overall finish in ski cross is 2nd, in 2003/04.

World Cup Podiums

References

1981 births
Living people
Olympic freestyle skiers for Switzerland
Freestyle skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Indonesian female freestyle skiers
Swiss female freestyle skiers

Franziska Steffen


The sixth-generation Chevrolet Camaro is an American pony car. Produced by automobile manufacturer Chevrolet, it was first introduced to the public on May 16, 2015. Sales started in 2015 for the 2016 model year. The Camaro now utilizes the GM Alpha platform shared with the Cadillac ATS and CTS and features MacPherson struts in front, rather than the former multi-link setup. General Motors claims that 70 percent of architectural components in the new Camaro are unique to the car.

The sixth generation of Camaro saw production return to the United States as the fourth and fifth-generation models had been assembled in Canada.

Like its predecessor, the sixth generation of the Camaro is available in coupé and convertible body styles. Compared to the previous generation, it is  shorter,  narrower and  shorter in height. With similar equipment and engine, it is also more than  lighter.

Production of the sixth-generation Camaro is planned to end in January 2024.

Trim levels and special editions
Trim levels introduced at launch were LT (1LT, 2LT) and SS (1SS, 2SS). Standard equipment on all trims includes automatic air conditioning, cruise control, tilt/telescoping steering wheel, satellite radio, parking assist, and seven airbags.

Chevrolet added a base LS (1LS) trim level for the 2017 Camaro. Trim level content for the LS is identical to that of the base 1LT trim, with the exception that the 2.0 L turbocharged inline-4 engine and 6-speed manual transmission would be the only available powertrain options for the LS trim. The LS trim was initially introduced in coupé form, followed later by an LS convertible. The 1LT trim received the 8-speed automatic transmission with shift paddles as standard equipment for 2017.

For China, the car was introduced on August 31, 2016 and sold under the RS trim with the 2.0 L turbocharged LTG four-cylinder engine and 8-speed automatic gearbox available for 2017 models onwards as standard.

For the 2017 model year, the 1LE Performance Packages returned, tailored for the V6 and V8 powered 6-speed manual-equipped coupé models respectively. Both of 1LE packages offered share a satin black hood wrap, front splitter, and a three-piece rear spoiler. The V6 1LE package adds FE3 suspension from the Camaro SS, 20-inch forged wheels with Goodyear Eagle F1 245/40R20 front tires and 275/35R20 rear tires, Brembo 4-piston front brake calipers, mechanical limited-slip differential with a 3.27:1 ratio, track-cooling package, Alcantara (suede-like) steering wheel, short-throw shifter, dual-mode exhaust, Camaro SS fuel system to accommodate higher-load cornering, and a high-flow front grille. The SS 1LE package adds the Magnetic Ride Control FE4 suspension derived from the ZL1, electronic limited-slip differential with 3.73:1 ratio, 20-inch forged wheels with Goodyear Supercar 3 285/30R20 front tires and 305/30R20 rear tires, Brembo six-piston front brake calipers with two-piece 14.6-inch rotors, track-cooling package, Recaro front seats with Alcantara and leather upholstery, Alcantara steering wheel and short-throw shifter, dual-mode exhaust, and a color heads-up display.

Starting in 2019, the 1LE Package was also available with the four cylinder turbo.  It adds similar equipment to the V6 1LE, including the FE3 suspension, Brembo brakes, 20-inch forged wheels with 245/40 and 275/35 Eagle F1 tires, track cooling, and mechanical limited-slip differential.  The visual changes are also the same as the V6 1LE's.  Car and Driver testing showed the I4 1LE was only 1.6 seconds slower around VIR than the V6.

For the 2020 model year, the Camaro LT1 debuted (not to be confused with the turbocharged I4 or V6-powered 1LT trim), and paired the styling of the standard LT trims with the 6.2L LT1 V8 engine from the SS models. Unlike the SS models, the LT1 trim could be equipped with the RS Package (RPO Code 'WRS') as the LT models. Options and packages also remained the same as the 1LT trim. A new 3LT trim was introduced that included all of the optional equipment of the mid-level 2LT trim, and the 2LT trim was de-contented, deleting the 8-inch touchscreen infotainment system and Bose premium audio system (replaced by a 7-inch touchscreen infotainment system and a 6-speaker audio system, respectively). These features became optional equipment on the 2LT trim.

In 2024, several changes were made to Camaro orders as GM got ready to cut production of the vehicle. A few of these changes included: shortening the production run for the 2024 Camaro, producing fewer units than in previous years, no longer offering fleet or government orders, and removing any GM employee discounts. Several major options were also discontinued such as the turbocharged 2.0L I4 LTG engine, the Rapid Blue and Shadow Gray Metallic paint colors, the lowered suspension and sway bar options, the 20-inch Caliente wheels, and the base 1LS trim level.

SS
The SS model is equipped with a 6.2L LT1 V8 engine offered both as a 6-speed manual and an 8-speed automatic. Chevrolet reports the SS capable of  and  of torque, performing 0- in 4.0 seconds. This model comes in two different trims, the 1SS and 2SS, which are mainly differentiated by their interior features. While the 1SS packs the same power, it lacks the leather heated/ventilated seats of the 2SS. The 2SS includes some other features left out in the 1SS like interior spectrum lighting, heated steering wheel, blind-spot monitoring, Bose audio, and wireless charging. Both trim levels allow the addition of the available 1LE "track package," which adds Alcantara Recaro seats and upgraded performance features detailed elsewhere in this article.  In 2019 and subsequent years the new 10L80 10-speed automatic transmission was offered in the SS trim level.

ZL1

The ZL1 model, which is a high-performance variant of the Camaro SS, was introduced in 2017. It features a lower grille opening for improved cooling, a new front splitter, and a carbon hood insert which removes hot air from the engine compartment. It also features wider front fenders to accommodate wider tires for improved handling, unique rockers, and Magnetic Ride suspension.

Transmission choices are a rev matching 6-speed manual or a newly developed 10-speed automatic. The 10-speed 10L90 transmission was developed in collaboration with Ford. General Motors manufactures its own version in its own factory in Romulus, Michigan. A more track-focused version known as the ZL1 1LE features Multimatic spool-valve shocks (similar to the previous generation of the Camaro Z28), a new front splitter, dive planes and a rear wing, and wide Goodyear Eagle F1 Supercar tires. Weight was also reduced by  as compared to a standard ZL1.

Performance figures include a  acceleration time of 3.5 seconds, a 1/4 mile time of 11.4 seconds at . The ZL1's official top speed is .

The ZL1, along with the SS, were banned for sale in California and Washington due to their brake pads containing toxic metals and asbestos that were banned in California in 2014 and brake pads containing more than 5% of copper will be prohibited starting in January 2021. GM plans to reintroduce the ZL1 and SS in the two states for the 2022 model year with new brakes that meet state regulations.

Special Editions
50th Anniversary Special Edition

The first special edition of the new Camaro became available in 2017. Available on 2LT and 2SS models in both coupe and convertible body styles, the 50th Anniversary Special Edition includes Nightfall Gray Metallic exterior paint, unique 20-inch aluminum-alloy wheels and wheel center caps, the RS Appearance Package (for LT/2LT models only), an orange 50th Anniversary exterior decal package with hood and rear trunk lid stripes, a "FIFTY" emblem on each front fender, a Nightfall Gray Metallic-painted front splitter, orange-painted front and rear brake calipers (front only for LT/2LT), black leather-and-Alcantara-trimmed seating surfaces with orange color accent stitching (including stitching on the dashboard, door panels, and steering wheel), and special door sill plates. However, all 2017 Chevrolet Camaro models received the same "FIFTY" badge on the bottom of the three-spoke steering wheel to commemorate the Camaro's 50th Anniversary.

Hot Wheels Special Edition

At the 2017 SEMA Show in October 2017, Chevrolet introduced the Chevrolet Camaro Hot Wheels Special Edition, designed to commemorate both the 50th Anniversary of Hot Wheels die-cast toy vehicles, as well as all Hot Wheels diecast Chevrolet Camaro models, with inspiration coming from an actual Hot Wheels toy car. Available on 2LT and 2SS models in both coupe and convertible body styles, the Hot Wheels Special Edition includes a unique Crush Orange exterior paint, 20-inch Graphite-finished machined-face aluminum-alloy wheels (with summer-only tires on SS/2SS models), a Satin Graphite exterior decal package with hood and rear trunk lid stripes and silver accents, Satin Graphite exterior accents, a "Hot Wheels 50th Anniversary" front fender emblem, a unique front grille with Galvano chrome inserts, orange-painted front and rear brake calipers (front only for LT/2LT), a black Chevrolet bowtie emblem, a Jet Black leather-trimmed interior with orange color accent stitching (including stitching on the dashboard, door panels, and Alcantara-wrapped steering wheel), illuminated front door sill plates with the 'Hot Wheels' insignia, premium carpeted floor mats with orange-colored stitching and "Ghost Stripes", and orange knee bolsters and seat belts.

Redline Edition

For the 2018 model year, Chevrolet introduced the Chevrolet Camaro Redline Edition which joins the lineup of Chevrolet Redline Edition models already on sale at dealerships nationwide. The Redline Edition package included 20-inch black aluminum-alloy wheels with red accent stripes (including summer-only tires), black-painted side mirrors, a black lower front grille insert with red accent stripes, black bowtie emblems, Gloss Black front fender accent hash marks with red accents, a blackout rear tail lamp panel, darkened tail lamps, premium carpeted floor mats with red accents, and Gloss Black "Camaro" emblems on each front fender with red outlining.

ZL1 Garage 56 Edition

Prior to the 2023 24 Hours of Le Mans, Chevrolet released the 2024 Camaro ZL1 Garage 56 Edition to commemorate the NASCAR Cup Car participating in the race, featuring unique graphics inspired by the race car and a NASCAR-inspired rear spoiler. The model is based on the ZL1 1LE. Production is limited to 56 units.

Collector's Edition

To commemorate the final model year of Camaro production, Chevrolet released the 2024 Camaro Collector's Edition for all trims of the Camaro. Each vehicle features unique exterior stripes, wheels and lug nuts, painted brake calipers and side spears, a black front grille and exterior side mirrors, an Alcantara flat-bottom steering wheel, and unique panther badging on the steering wheel, floor mats, and exterior of the vehicle. All Collector's Edition Camaros except the ZL1 will be painted Panther Black Metallic Tintcoat (paint code GLK), with LT, LT1, and SS models receiving gloss metallic paint, and the ZL1 model receiving unique Panther Black Matte (paint code GNW). LT and LT1 models will also come equipped with the RS Package (RPO Code "WRS"), and ZL1 models will receive a black fuel door with a visible carbon fiber insert and carbon fiber interior moldings. The Collectors edition in the ZL1 package is a batch of 350 cars with 300 going to the US market and 50 going to the Canadian market, other trims are not limited in numbers.

Engines and transmissions
The sixth generation of the Chevrolet Camaro is available with three engine options:
 The 2.0 liter LTG Ecotec turbocharged straight-four, which has a power output of  at 5,600 rpm and  of torque at 3,000 rpm and is the first four-cylinder in a Camaro since the 3rd generation model. It is available on 1LS, 1LT and 2LT trims.
 The 3.6 liter LGX V6 engine, having a power output of  at 6,800 rpm and  of torque at 5,300 rpm.
 The 6.2 liter LT1 V8 engine, which is shared with the Corvette C7 and has a power output of  at 6,000 rpm and  of torque at 4,400 rpm.

Engines installed on high-performance models include:
 The 6.2 liter supercharged LT4 V8, which is shared with the Corvette Z06 and has an output of  at 6,400 rpm and  of torque at 3,600 rpm.

All engines were initially available with a 6-speed manual and 8-speed automatic transmissions, except for the ZL1 models, which use a 10-speed automatic in addition to a standard 6-speed manual. The 8-speed was replaced by the 10-speed automatic in the 2019 SS and 2020 V6 models.

European Union's new Euro 6d-Temp automotive emission regulations have ended the European sale of Camaro on 31 August 2019. The 6.2-litre V8 engine fitted to the export version of Camaro could not be modified further to meet the new emission regulations.

For 2024, GM has discontinued the turbocharged 2.0L I4 LTG engine and the base 1LS trim level as part of their efforts to slow down production of the Camaro.

HSV Chevrolet Camaro (Australia)
General Motors Holden's performance division, Holden Special Vehicles, was engaged in the import and conversion of the Camaro to right-hand-drive and Australian Design Rules, from the second half of 2018. Unlike Holden's previous American import, the Chevrolet badge remained on the converted Camaro. The Holden Suburban was also originally built as RHD, rather than being converted after arriving in Australia.

HSV imported and converted the European Camaro 2SS and ZL1. The manual gearbox, along with the ZL1 model, were made available in 2019. Imports stopped in early 2020 following limited sales, with the possibility remaining of resuming them in the future under the new GMSV brand.

Redesign
In fall 2018 (for the 2019 model year), the sixth-generation of the Camaro received a mid-cycle redesign, along with the majority of the Chevrolet car lineup (including the Spark, Cruze and Malibu), in which the front end styling was universally panned. Changes for the 2019 model year also included a new third-generation MyLink infotainment system, revised exterior and interior styling, new alloy wheel designs, the addition of the 1LE Performance Package for the base 2.0 L I4 equipped LT models (the 1LE Performance Package was previously only offered on V6-equipped LT and V8-equipped SS and ZL1 models), the addition of two new exterior colors (Riverside Blue Metallic and Satin Steel Gray Metallic), and a new performance hood for SS models. The SS also dropped the optional 8-speed automatic in favor of the 10-speed automatic. Driver-assistance features were also improved on the 2019 model, including Lane Change Alert with Side Blind Zone Alert. The 2019 Chevrolet Camaro went on sale in the fall of 2018. The MyLink infotainment systems were replaced by the new Infotainment 3 systems, in both seven-inch and eight-inch sizes, the latter available with connected GPS navigation.

Chevrolet also exhibited a 2019 Camaro SS at the 2018 SEMA Show in the new Shock yellow-green exterior color, which became available in early 2019. It also featured a "concept" front end, which unlike the production version of the SS has a body-colored bumper and the Chevy "bow-tie" badge moved to the upper grille.

For the 2020 model year, Chevrolet revised the front-end styling of the Camaro SS, the front bumper is now colored and the Chevy "bow-tie" has been moved to the upper grille. A new entry-level V8 trim called the "Camaro LT1 V8" equipped with a 6.2 L LT1 V8 engine rated at  was added to the line-up. The V6 model is now equipped with a 10-speed automatic transmission as an option and replaces the previous 8-speed transmission. A new exterior color option called the "Rally Green" was added. The 2020 Camaro went on sale in fall 2019.

Exterior paint colors

Gallery

Motorsports

Pratt Miller developed the Chevrolet Camaro GT4.R for GT4 international racing in 2017. While based on the Camaro ZL1, regulations preventing the use of superchargers meant the naturally-aspirated LT1 6.2 liter V8 from the Camaro SS instead of the ZL1's LT4 supercharged V8 was used in the racing car featuring direct fuel injection, a carbon fiber intake, a custom camshaft, a Motec data acquisition system and a Bosch MS6 ECU. The engine has a power output up to . Other changes include the Xtrac paddle-shift operated 6-speed sequential transmission, an Xtrac Salisbury type differential, six-piston Brembo front brake calipers with four-piston rear calipers, custom adjustable front and rear antiroll bars, and two-way adjustable Öhlins TTX-46 front struts and TTX-36 rear dampers. Exterior changes include wider front fenders, a hood extractor, aerodynamic side skirts, lightweight carbon fiber doors and front fascia, a custom GT4 specification carbon fiber rear spoiler, GT4 specification front dive planes, and a GT4 specification carbon fiber front splitter the car also has 18-inch forged Forgeline one-piece alloy wheels with racing slicks. The total weight of the car is .

The Camaro ZL1 replaced the Chevrolet SS, which has been used since 2013. The new Camaro started participating in the 2018 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series season, and it won on its debut in the 2018 Daytona 500 with driver Austin Dillon. In the 2020 NASCAR Cup Series, the Camaro won its first NASCAR Cup Series championship with driver Chase Elliott. In the 2021 Season, Chevrolet backed-up their title with Kyle Larson, who won his first Cup championship.

The Camaro SS is also currently used in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, being driven by the likes of A. J. Allmendinger, and Austin Hill. The SS has been used since the 2018 NASCAR Xfinity Series, and it won in its first race at Daytona. Tyler Reddick beat teammate Elliott Sadler in the closest finish in NASCAR history. The SS has so far won 2 championships, in 2018 and 2019, both won by Tyler Reddick.

The Camaro ZL1 replaced the Holden Commodore in the Supercars Championship, starting from 2023.

Awards and recognition
Motor Trend Magazine 2016 Car of the Year
Car and Driver 2016 and 2017 10 Best Cars

Other media
The concept car of the sixth generation of the Camaro appears in the film Transformers: Age of Extinction as the second alternate mode for Bumblebee, and the paint job resembles that of the convertible variant of the car. A second modified version of the car appears in the film's sequel, Transformers: The Last Knight previewing the redesign of the car which would be introduced in 2018.

References

External links

Chevrolet Camaro
Muscle cars
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Coupés
Convertibles
Cars introduced in 2015

Chevrolet Camaro (sixth generation)


The International Russian Rotary Children's Music Competition is one of the leading events in cultural life of Russian and European youth. The competition take place in the Moscow State Conservatory P. I. Tchaikovsky or other concert halls in Moscow.

This competition was initiated by the President of Rotary Club Moscow International Josef Marous in 2002 and in just 17 years it is giving an important chance to young, talented musicians to become known and to make a serious step in their development as artists. From 2018 on the competition is being organized by RC Moscow East.
The next XVII. competition will be held in the Gnessin Music School in Moscow October 3 and 4, 2020.

Instruments
Piano, violin, violoncello, harp, wind instruments.

Participating countries
Children from Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Cuba, Germany, Hungary, England, Estonia, France, Hong Kong, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Republic of Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovenia, Sweden, Spain, South African Republic, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, USA and Vietnam have already participated in International Russian Rotary Music Competition.

Jury
Members of the jury were People's Artist of the USSR, Professor of Moscow Conservatory, soloist of Moscow Philarmony, Art Director and Conductor of Chamber Orchestra Moskovia Eduard Grach, national artist of Russia and chief conductor of the Moscow State Philharmonic Orchestra Pavel Kogan, People's Artist of Russia, honored Artist of the USSR Dimitri Bashkirov, People's Artist of Russia Vladimir Ovchinnikov, President of EMCY Eckart Rohlfs, national artist of the USSR Natalia Gutman, People's Artist of Russia, Professor of Tchaikovsky Moscow State Conservatory Dmitriy Miller, Merited Artist of Russia, Professor of Tchaikovsky Moscow State Conservatory Kseniya Knorre, Merited Artist of the Russian Federation, director of the Gnessin Music School Mikhail Khokhlov.

Advisory board
Victor Akulian, Russian, Partner of the Audit Department of KPMG in Russia and CIS
Dmitri Bashkirov, Russian, National Artist of Russia, honored artist of the RSFSR, Professor at the Escuella Superior de Musica Reina Sophia in Madrid, Spain.
Yuri Bashmet, Russian, National Artist of the USSR, artistic director and chief conductor of the State Symphonic orchestra ,, Novaya Rossiya,, and chamber orchestra ,, Moscowm Soloists,,.
Tiberius Braun, German, Chairman of the organizing committee, Past-President of RCMI, Chief Representative of TUI (Germany) in RF, PHF
Eduard Grach, Russian, National artist of the USSR, Professor of Tchaikovsky Moscow State Conservatory, soloist of Moscow Philharmonic Society, Art Director and conductor of chamber orchestra "Moskovia".
Ottokar Hahn, German, Vorsitzender des Europäischen Freundeskreises des Julius-Stern-Instituts der Universität der Künste Berlin e.V., Ambassador of the European Commission in Moscow, 1996–1999, Minister of European and Federal Affairs in Saarland, 1985–1990
Mikhail Khokhlov, Russian, Director of Gnesin School of Music, honored worker of arts in RF, Honored Artist of Russia.
Pavel Kogan, Russian, Chief conductor of the State Moscow Symphony Orchestra, National artist of Russia
Sergey Lavrov, Russian, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.
Josef Marous, French/German, Chairman of the Advisory Board, Co-Chairman of the organizing committee. Past-President of Rotary Club Moscow International (RCMI), Past Deputy General Director of OAO TMK, Past Chief representative of ThyssenKrupp in Russia, PHF, Chairman of the Marous Stiftung.
Daniel Pollack, USA, Professor at the University of Southern California, Thornton School of Music, Past visiting Professor of The Juilliard School, Columbia University and Yale's School of Music, Prize winner of the International Tchaikovsky Piano Competition in Moscow 1958, Participant in the juries of International Tchaikovsky Piano Competition, Moscow; Queen Elizabeth, Brussel; Hamamatsu and Sonoda Competitions in Japan; Prokofiev Competition in St. Petersburg; Rachmaninoff Competition, Moscow; UNISA Pretoria, South Africa; Gina Bachauer Competition, Salt Lake City; Ciurlionis Competition, Vilnius.
Vladimir Spivakov, Russian, National artist of the USSR, Conductor of the Orchestra "Moscow Virtuosi"
Yoshinori Sasaki, Japanese, General director of Yamaha in Russia
Alexander Yakupov, Russian, Director of the Russian State Special Academy of Arts,, Art Director of opera-house Moscow State Conservatory, member of the International Academy of Informatization, honored worker of arts in RF, Doctor of fine art, Professor.

Laureates
2002
Roman Kim, Korea/Kazachstan, violin; Vladimir Kozhukhin, Russia, piano; Emma Alikova, Russia, violin; Tatiana Shalaginova, Russia, violin; Dmitry Shishkin, Russia, piano; Dmitry Maiboroda, Russia, piano
2004
Anna Denisova, Russia, piano; Mikhail Mering, Russia, clarinet; Anastasia Vorotnaya, Russia, piano; Elena Ilyinskaya, Russia, violin
2005
Narek Arutyunyan, Armenia, clarinet; Sergey Balyavskiy, Russia, piano; Dmitry Smirnov, Russia, violin; Rimma Benyumova, Russia, violin; Anastasia Kobekina, Russia, violoncello; Timur Nardinov, Russia, flute
2006
Anna Savkina, Russia, violin; Ekaterina Rybina, Russia, piano; Eleonora Makhmudova, Russia, piano; Elena Prosolupova, Russia, violin; Julia Vanyushina, Russia, piano; Katariina Maria Kits, Estonia, violin
2007
Alexandra Lee, Korea/Russia, violin; Vsevolod Brigida, Russia, piano; Christina Toroschina, Ukraine, violin; Anastasia Sokolova, Russia, piano; Dmitry Umerenkov, Russia, piano; Ekaterina Kornishina, Russia, flute; Elizaveta Irgasheva, Russia, piano
2008
Martin Garcia, Spain, piano; Ruslan Shainazarov, Russia, piano; Dmitry Tyurin, Russia, piano, Sarah Zajtman, France, piano; Arseniy Bardovskiy, Russia, flute; Anastasia Pentina, Russia, violin; Tsoi Se Pel, Korea, violin
2009
Yeagy Park, USA, violin; Georgy Krizhenko, Russia, piano; Naina Kobzareva, Russia, violin; Viktor Maslov, Russia, piano; Judith Stapf, Germany, violin, Tamara Popova, Moldova, piano
2010
Pak Di Na, Korea/Russia, flute; Taelia-Yaroslavna Aggejalfis, Russia, harp; Lee Jelin, Korea, violin; Anastasia Egorenkova, Russia, piano; Mark Prikhodko, Belarus, violoncello; Arseniy Mun, Russia, piano
2011
Matvey Sherling, Russia, Saxophone; Roman Boldyrev, Russia, piano; Rodion Synchyshin, Ukraine, violin, Andrey Zabavnikov, Russia, violin; Marja Tikhomirova, Russia, piano; Daria Kalyuzhnaya, Russia, violoncello
2012
Arina Pan, Russia, piano; Marusya Matveeva, Russia, piano; Inga Rodina, Russia, violin; Patricia Bloma, Latvia, saxophone; Danila Vladyko, Russia, violoncello
2013
Yi Ting Ong, Singapore, flute; Mariamna Sherling, Russia, piano; Maria Andreeva, Russia, piano; Robert Neumann, Germany, piano; Polina Tarasenko, Ukraine, trombone, Daniel Lozakovitj, Sweden, violin
2014
Joshua Noronha, Australia, piano; Mikhail Usov, Russia, violin; Sofia Yakovenko, Ukraine, violin; Hasan Denisov-Ignatov, Bulgaria, piano; Anastasia Ivanova, Russia, piano; Sergey Khvorostyanov, Russia, bassoon; Olga Davnis, Russia, piano
2015
Leia Zhu, England, violin; Andrey Varlamov, Russia, Oboe; Varvara Agaeva, Russia, violin; Andrey Ryazantsev, Russia, clarinet; Egor Oparin, Russia, piano; Jennifer Pabebianco del Monaco, Spain, violin.
 2016
Park Boogyeom, Korea, violin; Matvey Blumin, Russia, violin; Sofia Mekhonoshina, Russia, clarinet; Elena Krivorotova, Russia, flute; Anastasia Ivchenko, Russia, piano; Daniil Bessonov, Russia, violin.
2017
Alexander Daviduk, Russia, piano; Stephania Pospekhina, Russia, violin; Milena Piorunska, Poland, violin; Dmitry Pinchuk, Russia, saxophone; Alexander Rublev, Russia, trumpet; Alisa Shishkova, Russia, oboe; Sophia Firsova, Russia, violin.
 2019
Dmitriy Melkumov, oboe; Ivan Chepkin, piano; Sofia Koltakova, violin; Polina Cherkasova, piano; Camilla Soboleva, flute; Yelisey Kosolapov, violin; Artiom Rychagov, violin; Tikhon Evlanov, violoncello; Semion Salomatnikov, trumpet.

External links
The official site of the Competition

Rotary International
Piano competitions
Music competitions in Russia


Scarlett's duck (Malacorhynchus scarletti) is an extinct duck species from New Zealand which was closely related to the Australian pink-eared duck (Malacorhynchus membranaceus). The scientific name commemorates the late New Zealand ornithologist and palaeontologist Ron Scarlett who discovered the holotype in 1941. However, previously undescribed bones of the species found in 1903 were rediscovered in the Otago Museum in 1998. At least 32 fossil remains from deposits in Pyramid Valley, at Ngāpara in the South Island, and at Lake Poukawa in the North Island are in museum collections.

At 800 g Scarlett's duck was twice as heavy as the pink-eared duck. Given the relatively few fossil remains found, it is assumed that Scarlett's duck was a largely nomadic and territorial bird. The pink-eared duck by comparison is gregarious and can form flocks of thousands.

Like its Australian relative, Scarlett's duck had a wide, flattened bill, which has led to an assumption that it was a filter feeder in shallow waters.

Fossil remains found in Māori middens at the Wairau Bar and at Lake Grassmere in the Marlborough region indicate that it was extensively hunted by the early Polynesian settlers. It is presumed to have become extinct in the 16th century.

References

Sources
 Olson, Storrs L. (1977). "Notes on subfossil Anatidae from New Zealand, including a new species of pink-eared duck Malacorhynchus." Emu 77: 132–135.
 Tennyson, A.; & Martinson, P. (2006). Extinct birds of New Zealand. Te Papa Press.
 Worthy, Trevor H. (1995). "Description of some post-cranial bones of Malacorhynchus scarletti, a large extinct Pink-eared Duck From New Zealand." Emu 95(1): 13–22.

 Worthy, Trevor H.; & Holdaway, Richard N. (2002). The Lost World of the Moa. Prehistoric Life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press: Bloomington.

External links
Scarlett's Duck. Malacorhynchos scarletti. by Paul Martinson. Artwork produced for the book Extinct Birds of New Zealand, by Alan Tennyson, Te Papa Press, Wellington, 2006

Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
Anatidae
Extinct birds of New Zealand
Bird extinctions since 1500
Birds described in 1977

Scarlett's duck


Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae ("The Great Art of Light and Shadow") is a 1646 work by the Jesuit scholar Athanasius Kircher. It was dedicated to Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans and published in Rome by Lodovico Grignani. A second edition was published in Amsterdam in 1671 by Johann Jansson. Ars Magna was the first description published in Europe of the illumination and projection of images. The book contains the first printed illustration of Saturn and the 1671 edition also contained a description of the magic lantern.

Ars magna lucis et umbrae followed soon after Kircher's work on magnetism, Magnes sive de Arte Magnetica (1641) and the title was a play on words.  In his introduction Kircher notes that the word 'magna' alluded to the powers of the magnet, so that the title could also be read "The Magnetic Art of Light and Shadow". The work was well known for several decades.

Content

Ars Magna is the first of Kircher's works to follow a symbolic structure. It consists of ten books, represented as the ten strings of the instrument with which the psalmist praises the Lord in Psalm 143. The ten books also have a kabbalistic significance, betokening the ten sefirot.

Kircher dealt comprehensively with many different aspects of light, including physical, astronomical, astrological and metaphysical.  He discussed phenomena such as fluorescence, phosphorescence and luminescence, optics and perspective. He also described pareidolia. The work deals first with the Sun, Moon, stars, comets, eclipses and planets. It also discusses phenomena related to light, such as optical illusions, colour, refraction, projection and distortion. The work includes one of the first scientific on phosphorescence and the luminosity of fireflies. He devoted much care to descriptions of instruments such as sundials, moondials and mirrors that make use of light.  He had written extensively on these subjects in an earlier work, the Primitiae gnomoniciae catroptricae. Kircher also discussed the "magic lantern" - he is sometimes, incorrectly, credited with inventing this device.

In the section "Cosmometria Gnomonica", Kircher set out to show how, by measuring sunlight and shadow, it was possible to measure the universe itself. He estimated the depth of the Earth's atmosphere, the distance between the Moon and the Earth, the diameter of the Sun and its distance from the Earth.

The book concludes with a verse:
<blockquote>"Disperge has radiis animae fulgentibus umbras
Ut tua sit mea lux lux mea sit tua lux"

("Disperse the shadows of the soul with splendid rays, so that your light be mine, and my light, yours.")</blockquote>

IllustrationsArs Magnes Lucis et Umbrae contained thirty-four engraved plate illustrations. The illustration of Saturn was a woodcut.  The planet was represented as a sphere with two nearby ellipses, as the existence of the rings had not yet been discovered in 1641. By the time the second edition was published in 1671, it was understood that Saturn had rings and not two large satellites, but Kircher did not correct the illustration and it was reprinted unchanged.

Frontispiece

The frontispiece for the book by Pierre Miotte combines the physical, metaphysical and allegorical qualities of light. It depicts three realms, the divine, the starry and the earthly. In the divine realm the name of God appears in the Hebrew tetragrammation, surrounded by the nine orders of angels. Immediately below this are represented the two highest means by which humans can understand God's plan, sacred authority ('auctoritas sacra') and reason ('ratio').

In the centre of the starry realm below is a celestial sphere with the signs of the zodiac. On the left site the sun-god, his body marked with the signs of the zodiac that govern the respective parts of the body. He carries a caduceus, a token of Hermes, topped with the symbol of an eye, that may denote hermetic wisdom. His feet rest upon the double-headed eagle of the Habsburgs. From the clouds beneath a hand emerges holding a lantern revealing the text of a book, labelled profane authority ('auctoritas profana') (that is, the writings of ancient pagan philosophers and other authorities).  Facing the sun-god is the moon-goddess, covered in stars and holding a shield which reflects the light of the Sun down to the Earth below. She holds a staff topped with an owl, symbol of Athena, and her feet rest on a peacock, symbol of Juno. Beneath her a finger points to the fourth source of knowledge, the senses ('sensus'), represented by a telescope casting an image of the sun onto a sheet of paper. (Ars Magna contained Kircher's own drawings of sunspots).

Above the earthly level appears the portrait of the Archduke Ferdinand, to whom the book was dedicated. Beneath this, on the left, is a formal garden, perhaps demonstrating the life-giving properties of sunlight and of enlightenment. Here the rays of the Moon are cast into a moondial. On the right a ray of sunlight penetrates the roof of a dark cave, and a mirror casts reflections on the wall of the cave. This is a representation of Plato's famous allegory of the cave.

Universal horoscope of the Society of JesusArs Magna Lucis et Umbrae'' contained many designs for sundials and related devices, including a large foldout sheet that allowed the user to know the time in every part of the world where the Jesuits had missions. Kircher intended to be of practical use, and suggested that it be mounted on wood, and then oriented precisely by use of a sundial. The rose at the bottom of the sheet could be cut out and mounted on stiff paper so that it could be rotated to show the hours. The main design is in the shape of an olive tree.  When the sheet is hung vertically, with pins placed at the nodes of the tree, the shadows of all the pins align to spell "IHS", the logo of the Society of Jesus.

Magic lantern

Kircher's unusual depiction of the magic lantern has been taken by some critics to mean that he had not actually built one or seen it operate, since the illustration shows the mirror not properly alighted with the light source and the glass slider appears in front of the lens tube rather than behind it.  Some argue that these anomalies are due to mistakes by the Dutch publisher Waesberghe; however others hold that the mechanism would work as depicted and that it was a variant of the normal type, designed as an analogicical demonstration of the Neoplatonic metaphysics of light.

External links
Digital copy of Ars Magna on the Internet Archive
Digital copy with index on the Herzog August Library

References

Light
1646 in science
1646 in Italy
Optical phenomena
Shadows
Athanasius Kircher

Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae


Elías Sosa Martínez (born June 10, 1950) is a Dominican former professional baseball pitcher. He was signed by the San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball (MLB) as an amateur free agent on March 4, 1968, and played for the Giants (1972–1974), St. Louis Cardinals (1975), Atlanta Braves (1975–1976), Los Angeles Dodgers (1976–1977), Oakland Athletics (1978), Montreal Expos (1979–1981), Detroit Tigers (1982), and San Diego Padres (1983).

Sosa was used almost exclusively in relief during his 12-year MLB career. He appeared in 601 games, just three as a starter, and performed as both a closer and a long reliever. He twice had an earned run average (ERA) below 2.00 (1977 and 1979), and in his rookie year, 1973, he won 10 games, saved 18, and pitched in 71 games, all of which would become career highs.

In 1973, he saved nine of teammate Ron Bryant's major league-leading 24 wins, including #20.

He finished in the top ten American League or National League pitchers four times for games pitched and games finished, three times for saves, and once for winning percentage.

Other career highlights include:
3 scoreless innings to earn a save against the Philadelphia Phillies (June 2, 1973)
won games on two consecutive days vs. the Atlanta Braves, pitching a combined 4 scoreless innings with 4 strikeouts, no walks, and giving up just one hit (September 1 and 2, 1973)
4 scoreless innings to earn a save against the Cincinnati Reds (July 26, 1974)
4 innings, allowing just one run (unearned), to earn a save against the San Francisco Giants (May 23, 1976)
4.1 scoreless innings, with a career-high 6 strikeouts, for a no decision vs. the San Diego Padres (July 10, 1977)
3 perfect innings to earn a save against the Toronto Blue Jays (May 2, 1978)
4 scoreless innings, allowing just one hit, to earn a save against the San Diego Padres (July 15, 1979)

Sosa allowed just 64 career home runs, or one for every 14.1 innings pitched. He gave up the second home run of three hit by Reggie Jackson of the New York Yankees in Game 6 of the 1977 World Series. For his career, he finished with 59 wins, 51 losses, 83 saves, 330 games finished, and an ERA of 3.32.

In 1989 he played for the St. Petersburg Pelicans of the Senior Professional Baseball Association.

See also
List of Major League Baseball leaders in games finished

External links

Retrosheet

1950 births
Living people
Amarillo Giants players
Atlanta Braves players
Decatur Commodores players
Detroit Tigers players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Canada
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Fresno Giants players
Great Falls Giants players

Leones del Escogido players
Leones de Yucatán players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Montreal Expos players
Oakland Athletics players
Phoenix Giants players
People from La Vega Province
Salt Lake City Giants players
San Diego Padres players
San Francisco Giants players
San Jose Bees players
St. Louis Cardinals players
St. Petersburg Pelicans players

Elías Sosa


General Truman Hempel "Ted" Landon (February 11, 1905 – January 27, 1986) was a U.S. Air Force general and commander, U.S. Air Forces in Europe.

Landon was born in Maryville, Missouri, and grew up in Carlinville, Illinois. After graduation from the Carlinville High School in 1922, he attended Blackburn College in that city and, in 1924, entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York.

He graduated from the academy in 1928 and received his pilot and observer ratings at Kelly Field, Texas, February 15, 1930. General Landon was a command pilot with more than 7,800 hours.

Following two years with the 3rd Attack Group at Fort Crockett, Texas, he served as a flying instructor from 1932 to 1936 at Randolph Field and with the Sixth Bomb Group at France Field in the Panama Canal Zone from 1937 to 1939.

The commander of the 38th Reconnaissance Squadron from 1939 to 1942, General Landon participated in the first mass flight of B-17s from Hamilton Field, California, to Hickam Field, Hawaii, May 13, 1941.

On December 7, 1941, while en route to the Philippine Islands in command of the 38th Squadron, General Landon arrived at Hickam Field, Hawaii, during the Japanese attack. For his actions that day he received the Silver Star. In the film Tora! Tora! Tora!, about the attack on Pearl Harbor, Landon was portrayed by actor Norman Alden.

During World War II he commanded the Seventh Bomber Command in the Central Pacific. While commanding general of the Seventh Bomber Command he also commanded a Joint Task Group under Admiral Nimitz.

With the exception of a tour of duty with the Caribbean Air Command, General Landon post-war assignments were divided between Washington, D.C., and Germany. He served in the NSC 68 study group in 1949. From March 1951 until August 1953 he served as deputy commander-in-chief and chief of staff for USAFE at Wiesbaden, Germany. In June 1956, he assumed command of the Caribbean Air Command, Albrook Air Force Base, Canal Zone, where he remained until August 1959.

His Washington duties were varied. He was the senior air instructor and later commandant of the Army and Navy Staff College. Other assignments included assistant deputy chief of staff for operations, inspector general and deputy chief of staff for personnel, all with Headquarters U.S. Air Force.

He assumed command of the 4th Allied Tactical Air Forces and U.S. Air Forces in Europe on July 1, 1961, succeeding General Frederic H. Smith Jr., who was named vice chief of staff, Headquarters U.S. Air Force. He retired from the Air Force on July 1, 1963, and died on January 27, 1986.

In addition to his Air Force duties, Landon received a Doctor of Laws from Long Island University on January 29, 1960. He was also fluent in German and Spanish, frequently making public speeches in those languages.

Landon is the Great Uncle of actor and jet pilot Landon Ashworth

Decorations and awards

  Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
  Silver Star
  Legion of Merit
  Distinguished Flying Cross with oak leaf cluster
  Air Medal with two oak leaf clusters
  Army of Occupation Medal
  American Defense Service Medal
  American Campaign Medal
  Asiatic Pacific Campaign Medal
  World War II Victory Medal
  National Defense Service Medal

Silver Star citation

The Silver Star is presented to Truman H. Landon, Major, U.S. Army Air Force, for gallantry in action, conspicuous bravery, coolness and expert handling of his airplane while serving with the 18th Reconnaissance Squadron (Heavy), during the Japanese aerial attack on Hickam Field, Territory of Hawaii, on 7 December 1941. Major Landon, Echelon Commander on a flight from Hamilton Field, California, after an all-night flight and with only a small quantity of gasoline remaining which necessitated an early landing, arrived in the vicinity of Hickam Field during the Japanese attack and was subjected to heavy anti-aircraft fire and was attacked by Japanese aircraft. Major Landon's flight was unarmed and unprepared for an attack and rather than risk damaging the aircraft under his control by landing in an inadequate, although protected field, brought about the safe landing of his flight through his skill, coolness and daring under fire.

References

See also
List of commanders of USAFE

1905 births
1986 deaths
Blackburn College (Illinois) alumni
People from Maryville, Missouri
People from Carlinville, Illinois
Military personnel from Missouri
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Air Force generals
United States Army personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Air Medal
Military personnel from Illinois

Truman H. Landon


A-86929 is a synthetic compound that acts as a selective dopamine receptor D1 agonist. It was developed as a possible treatment for Parkinson's disease, as well as for other applications such as treatment of cocaine addiction, but while it had reasonable efficacy in humans it also caused dyskinesias and has not been continued. It has mainly been used as its diacetate ester prodrug adrogolide (ABT-431), which has better bioavailability.

References

D1-receptor agonists
Thiophenes
Catechols

A-86929


A millisecond pulsar (MSP) is a pulsar with a rotational period less than about 10 milliseconds. Millisecond pulsars have been detected in radio, X-ray, and gamma ray portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The leading theory for the origin of millisecond pulsars is that they are old, rapidly rotating neutron stars that have been spun up or "recycled" through accretion of matter from a companion star in a close binary system. For this reason, millisecond pulsars are sometimes called recycled pulsars.

Millisecond pulsars are thought to be related to low-mass X-ray binary systems. It is thought that the X-rays in these systems are emitted by the accretion disk of a neutron star produced by the outer layers of a companion star that has overflowed its Roche lobe. The transfer of angular momentum from this accretion event can theoretically increase the rotation rate of the pulsar to hundreds of times per second, as is observed in millisecond pulsars.

There has been recent evidence that the standard evolutionary model fails to explain the evolution of all millisecond pulsars, especially young millisecond pulsars with relatively high magnetic fields, e.g. PSR B1937+21. Bülent Kiziltan and S. E. Thorsett (UCSC) showed that different millisecond pulsars must form by at least two distinct processes. But the nature of the other process remains a mystery.

Many millisecond pulsars are found in globular clusters. This is consistent with the spin-up theory of their formation, as the extremely high stellar density of these clusters implies a much higher likelihood of a pulsar having (or capturing) a giant companion star.  Currently there are approximately 130 millisecond pulsars known in globular clusters. The globular cluster Terzan 5 contains 37 of these, followed by 47 Tucanae with 22 and M28 and M15 with 8 pulsars each.

Millisecond pulsars, which can be timed with high precision, have a stability comparable to atomic-clock-based time standards when averaged over decades. This also makes them very sensitive probes of their environments. For example, anything placed in orbit around them causes periodic Doppler shifts in their pulses' arrival times on Earth, which can then be analyzed to reveal the presence of the companion and, with enough data, provide precise measurements of the orbit and the object's mass. The technique is so sensitive that even objects as small as asteroids can be detected if they happen to orbit a millisecond pulsar. The first confirmed exoplanets, discovered several years before the first detections of exoplanets around "normal" solar-like stars, were found in orbit around a millisecond pulsar, PSR B1257+12. These planets remained, for many years, the only Earth-mass objects known outside of the Solar System. One of them, PSR B1257+12 D, has an even smaller mass, comparable to that of the Moon, and is still today the smallest-mass object known beyond the Solar System.

Pulsar rotational speed limits

The first millisecond pulsar, PSR B1937+21, was discovered in 1982 by Backer et al. Spinning roughly 641 times per second, it remains the second fastest-spinning millisecond pulsar of the approximately 200 that have been discovered. Pulsar PSR J1748-2446ad, discovered in 2004, is the fastest-spinning pulsar known, as of 2023, spinning 716 times per second.

Current theories of neutron star structure and evolution predict that pulsars would break apart if they spun at a rate of c. 1500 rotations per second or more, and that at a rate of above about 1000 rotations per second they would lose energy by gravitational radiation faster than the accretion process would accelerate them.

In early 2007 data from the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer and INTEGRAL spacecraft discovered a neutron star XTE J1739-285 rotating at 1122 Hz. The result is not statistically significant, with a significance level of only 3 sigma. While it is an interesting candidate for further observations, current results are inconclusive.  Still, it is believed that gravitational radiation plays a role in slowing the rate of rotation. One X-ray pulsar that spins at 599 revolutions per second, IGR J00291+5934, is a prime candidate for helping detect such waves in the future (most such X-ray pulsars only spin at around 300 rotations per second).

Gravitational wave detection using pulsar timing

Gravitational waves are an important prediction from Einstein's general theory of relativity and result from the bulk motion of matter, fluctuations during the early universe and the dynamics of space-time itself. Pulsars are rapidly rotating, highly magnetized neutron stars formed during the supernova explosions of massive stars. They act as highly accurate clocks with a wealth of physical applications ranging from celestial mechanics, neutron star seismology, tests of strong-field gravity and Galactic astronomy.

The proposal to use pulsars as gravitational wave detectors was originally made by Sazhin and Detweiler in the late 1970s. The idea is to treat the solar system barycenter and a distant pulsar as opposite ends of an imaginary arm in space. The pulsar acts as the reference clock at one end of the arm sending out regular signals which are monitored by an observer on the Earth. The effect of a passing gravitational wave would be to perturb the local space-time metric and cause a change in the observed rotational frequency of the pulsar.

Hellings and Downs extended this idea in 1983 to an array of pulsars and found that a stochastic background of gravitational waves would produce a quadrupolar correlation between different pulsar pairs as a function of their angular separations on the sky. This work was limited in sensitivity by the precision and stability of the pulsar clocks in the array. Following the discovery of the first millisecond pulsar in 1982, Foster and Backer improved the sensitivity to gravitational waves by applying in 1990 the Hellings-Downs analysis to an array of highly stable millisecond pulsars.

The advent of digital data acquisition systems, new radio telescopes and receiver systems, and the discoveries of many new millisecond pulsars advanced the sensitivity of the pulsar timing array to gravitational waves in the early stages of the international effort. The five-year data release, analysis, and first NANOGrav limit on the stochastic gravitational wave background were described in 2013 by Demorest et al. It was followed by the nine-year and 11-year data releases in 2015 and 2018, respectively. Each further limited the gravitational wave background and, in the second case, techniques to precisely determine the barycenter of the solar system were refined.

In 2020, the collaboration presented the 12.5-year data release, which included strong evidence for a power-law stochastic process with common strain amplitude and spectral index across all pulsars, but statistically inconclusive data for the critical Hellings-Downs quadrupolar spatial correlation.

In June 2023, NANOGrav published the 15-year data release, which contained the first evidence for a stochastic gravitational wave background. In particular, it included the first measurement of the Hellings-Downs curve, the tell-tale sign of the gravitational wave origin of the observations.

References

External links

"How Millisecond Pulsars Spin So Fast". Universe Today.
"Fast-Spinning Star Could Test Gravitational Waves". New Scientist.
"Astronomical whirling dervishes hide their age well". Astronomy Now.
Audio: Cain/Gay - Pulsars Astronomy Cast - Nov 2009.

Millisecond pulsar

Millisecond pulsar


The Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex (Complejo Cultural Teresa Carreño), also known as  Teresa Carreño Theatre (Teatro Teresa Carreño), is the most important theatre of Caracas and Venezuela, where performances include symphonic and popular concerts, opera, ballet and plays. It is the second largest theater in South America after the Néstor Kirchner Cultural Centre at Buenos Aires.

The theatre was built on a  lot and named after the Venezuelan pianist Teresa Carreño. It is located in the cultural district of the city: Bellas Artes. It houses two concert halls: the José Félix Ribas and the Ríos Reyna (named after José Félix Ribas and Pedro Antonio Ríos Reyna, respectively).

The following are resident performing arts groups:
 Teresa Carreño Opera Choir
 Teresa Carreño Ballet directed up to 2002 by choreographer Vicente Nebrada
 National Philharmonic Orchestra of Venezuela.

Its spaces are also shared by the National Theater Company of Venezuela and the Monte Ávila Editores bookstore (Librerías del Sur).

The artistic director of the theater is the Venezuelan conductor Rodolfo Saglimbeni.

History

In the 1970s, Pedro Antonio Ríos Reyna presented a plan to build a theatre to serve as the residence of the Venezuela Symphony Orchestra. The Simón Bolivar Center expanded the project so that the center would serve multiple uses.

The funds for construction were granted in September 1970, and the architects were Tomás Lugo, Jesús Sandoval, and Dietrich Kunckel.

The theatre was inaugurated in two phases: the José Félix Ribas Hall in February 1976, followed by the Ríos Reyna Hall and the rest of the complex on 19 April 1983.

The center facilities have been expanded with two exhibition halls, one dedicated to the pianist Teresa Carreño and another one to the composer Reynaldo Hahn.

Performance venues

The Teresa Carreño Theatre is an architectonical and cultural masterpiece of Venezuela. It covers a surface of  and has a completed area of over .

Enormous columns and hexagonal roofs in a harmonic overlaid position, integrate the majestic expression of joint architecture and pluralist nature, making it a unique theatre.

 The Ríos Reyna Hall holds 2,400 people. It is the stage for symphonic and multi-genre concerts, operas, Broadway musicals, and the most important ballet company of the city.
 The José Félix Ribas Hall was designed for symphonic and chamber music. Given its intimacy, it could be described as a studio space. It takes the form of a Greek semicircular theatre, a space of 507.5 square meters, a lobby of 160 square meters and capacity for 440 people. It was the official building of the Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar (Venezuela's youth orchestra) from 1976 until the opening of the Inter-American Center for Social Action through Music in 2007.

Artwork
The Theater has extraordinary decoration, with fine pieces of artwork.

 There are some major master pieces from the Venezuelan sculptor Jesús Rafael Soto: white vibrant cubes on yellow projection (in the ceiling of the entrance of the Ríos Reyna Hall), vibrant Buckets on white and black progression (in the parking, in front of the José Félix Ribas Hall), vibrant Pyramids (acoustic ceiling of the José Félix Ribas Hall), black Scripture on white bottom and fire-resistant drop curtain (drop curtains of the Ríos Reyna Hall).
 Pedro Basalo created the Bust of Teresa Carreño located in Cellar 1 area.
 Harry Abend developed the Relief mural on inclined screens (in the troncopyramidal peak of the scene of the Ríos Reyna).
 There are also major artists with  a presence in the Cultural Complex, such as Erling Oloe, Colette Dellozane, Jorge Pizzani and Vincenzo Gemito.

Teatro Teresa Carreño Ballet
It is one of the stable organizations (alongside the Chorus) created from the start of the theatre in 1979. Its debut was in 1980, and since then it has played several important ballets such as The Nutcracker, Guaraira Repano, Swan Lake, Carmen, and others. It is currently composed of around 30 dancers from all over the country.

Its current choreographer is Laura Fiorucci, and the main coordinator of the Ballet is Luis Penso.

See also
 List of concert halls

References

External links

 The Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex official site

Government buildings completed in 1983
Concert halls in Venezuela
Theatres in Venezuela
Theatres in Caracas
Tourist attractions in Caracas
Music venues completed in 1983
Opera houses in Venezuela
1983 establishments in Venezuela
Theatres completed in 1983
Brutalist architecture

Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex


Louis Paul Pojman (  April 22, 1935 – October 15, 2005) was an American philosopher and professor, whose name is most recognized as the author of dozens of philosophy texts and anthologies, which continue to be used widely for educational purposes, and more than one-hundred papers, which he read at some sixty universities around the world. Pojman was known for his work in applied ethics and philosophy of religion.

Writings
Louis Pojman was the author or editor of 34 books and 100 articles, including:

 "The Logic of Subjectivity: Kierkegaard's Philosophy of Religion" (1984)
 "Religious Belief and the Will" (1986)
 "The Abortion Controversy" (2nd ed. 1998)
 "Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong" (7th ed., 2012) [Co-author James Fieser]
 "Global Environmental Ethics" (1999)
 "Life and Death: Grappling with the Moral Dilemmas of Our Time" (2nd ed. 2000)
 "Environmental Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application" (6th ed. 2011) [Co-author Paul Pojman (d. 2012)]
 "The Moral Life: A Reader in Moral Philosophy" (5th ed. 2014) [Co-author Lewis Vaughn]
 "Justice" (2006)
 "Who Are We? Theories of Human Nature" (2006)
 "How Should We Live? An Introduction to Ethics" (2005)
 "Philosophy of Religion" (1998; re-issued in 2009)
 "Philosophy of Religion: An Anthology" (6th ed., 2012) [Co-author Michael Rea]
 "Philosophy: The Quest for Truth" (9th ed. 2014) [Co-author Lewis Vaughn]
 "Philosophy: The Classics" (3rd ed. 2011)  [Co-author Lewis Vaughn]
 "Terrorism, Human rights, and The Case for World Government" (2006)
 "Egoism and Altruism: A Critique of Ayn Rand" (2016)

See also
 Moral absolutism

References

External links
www.louispojman.com Official website

1935 births
Nyack College alumni
Union Theological Seminary (New York City) alumni
Alumni of the University of Oxford
University of Mississippi faculty
Brigham Young University faculty
University of California, Berkeley faculty
American philosophy academics
American Christian writers
Christian philosophers
2005 deaths
People from Cicero, Illinois
Philosophers of religion
20th-century American philosophers
Kant scholars

Louis Pojman


Brains in Bahrain was an eight-game chess match between World Chess Champion Vladimir Kramnik and the computer program Deep Fritz 7, held in October 2002. The match ended in a tie 4-4, with two wins for each participant and four draws.

Outcome of games
The first game was drawn.  Kramnik won games 2 and 3 by "conventional" anti-computer tactics—play conservatively for a long-term advantage the computer is not able to see in its game tree search.  After a draw in game 4, Kramnik lost game 5 due to a blunder.  Game 6 was described by commentators as "spectacular".  Kramnik, in a better position in the early middlegame, sacrificed a piece to launch an attack—a strategy known to be highly risky against computers, which are at their strongest when defending such attacks.  True to form, Fritz found a watertight defense and Kramnik was left in a bad position.  Kramnik resigned the game, believing his position to be lost.  However, post-game analysis has shown that Fritz was unlikely to have been able to force a win—Kramnik gave up a drawn position. The final two games were draws.

Selection of Fritz and creation of Deep Fritz
Fritz had been chosen to play Kramnik by winning a qualifying event in Cadaques, Spain in 2001.  The other competing program was Junior; the reigning world computer chess champion Shredder declined an invitation to compete.  The 24-game match started very poorly for Fritz, which lost five games in a row before coming back strongly in the last ten games to tie the series and finally win the play-off.  Fritz became Deep Fritz when its hardware was extended to an eight-processor machine for the competition.

Advantages
Kramnik was given several advantages in his match against Fritz when compared to most other Man vs. Machine matches, such as the one Garry Kasparov lost against Deep Blue in 1997.  The code of Fritz was frozen some time before the first match and Kramnik was given a copy of Fritz to practice with for several months.  Another difference was that in games lasting more than 56 moves, Kramnik was allowed to adjourn until the following day, during which time he could use his copy of Fritz to aid him in his overnight analysis of the position.

See also
 Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov

References

External links
 Deep Fritz 7 - Product details and price at Chessbase, 28 August 2002
 Brains in Bahrain page on chessgames.com

Chess competitions
Computer chess
2002 in chess
Sport in Bahrain
Human versus computer matches

Brains in Bahrain


Downshire Community School was a co-educational, 11-18 secondary school in Carrickfergus, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, situated on Downshire Road.
Downshire is a Specialist School in Business Studies and Enterprise with Sport. The school opened in 1977 and currently has an enrolment of 803 pupils and 59 teachers.

The school includes twenty general classrooms occupied by the English, Drama, Media Studies, Mathematics, Business Studies, Social Studies, French, Special Educational Needs and Religious Education Departments.

Two Computer Suites, two Music Rooms with separate sound-proofed Practice Rooms, a Business Studies room with Computer network facility, six Science rooms, Animal House and Art Block with Dark Room, Technology and Design block consisting of three multi-material manufacturing rooms, one systems/multi manufacturing room, one systems design room and three planning areas.

Two Home Economics rooms, a careers area, Library, Lecture Theatre with Drama area, a cafeteria, a sports block with Sports Hall, Minor Games Area, Social Area, Coffee Bar, Committee Room, Changing and Shower rooms.
Externally there are extensive playing fields with three all-weather pitches and two grass pitches and a Garden area. The largest block of the school building has three floors. Facing east the third floor classrooms include panoramic views across Belfast Lough, and the County Down coastline.
The Art and Technology corridors circle an enclosed garden, the garden is an extensive plot of trees and a large rockery. The garden is
also home to the schools pet club and garden club.

Downshire School merged with Carrickfergus College and they became Carrickfergus Academy

Downshire also has a youth club which operates weekdays Monday-Thursday. The club has many activities such as football.

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20080319021745/http://www.downshireschool.co.uk/Downshireschool/Site/home.html

Secondary schools in County Antrim
Carrickfergus

Defunct schools in Northern Ireland

Downshire School


Ingvald Marillus Emil Smith-Kielland (9 August 1890 – 29 January 1984) was a Norwegian military officer, diplomat, sports official, and royal servant.

He was born in Egge as the son of Colonel Ingvald Mareno Smith-Kielland (1863–1949) and Ragnhild Johanne Duborgh (1869–1961). He was a brother of painter Per Smith-Kielland. Through his grandmother Maren Elisabeth Bull Kielland (1821–1899), he was a first cousin once removed of people like Alexander Kielland.

He finished his secondary education in 1908, and graduated from the Norwegian Military Academy in 1911 and the Norwegian Military College in 1913. After some years in the military he joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1920, where he helped to negotiate Norwegian fishing rights near Eastern Greenland ("Erik the Red's Land"). He also negotiated with Spain and Portugal when these wine-exporting countries complained about the prohibition in Norway, in effect since the prohibition referendum of 1919. The temperance movement had won the referendum, and Smith-Kielland had been a part of this movement, but he withdrew due to the difficult situation for Norway. Somewhat due to the pressure of Spain and Portugal, the prohibition was lifted after a new referendum in 1926.

Also, before World War II, Smith-Kielland was a sports official. He was the secretary-general of the International Ski Federation from 1933 to 1936 and chaired the Norwegian Skiing Federation from 1934 to 1936. He also oversaw the Norwegian delegations to the 1920 Summer Olympics and the 1928 and 1932 Winter Olympics. In 1918 he married Elisabeth Hesselberg-Meyer (1897–1982), daughter of a landowner.

From 1929 to 1938, Smith-Kielland was a subdirector in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He then worked as a counsellor of the Norwegian legation in London from 1938 to 1941 and 1943 to 1944, and as military attaché at the Norwegian legation in Stockholm from 1941 to 1943. In 1943 Smith-Kielland attended the wedding of prominent Nazi Bjørn Østring. Among the other wedding guests were Nazis Vidkun Quisling, Sverre Riisnæs, Frederik Prytz, Axel Heiberg Stang, Rolf Jørgen Fuglesang. From 1944 he worked for the Czech government-in-exile, and after the war's end he became ambassador to the Czechoslovak Republic. He also had responsibility for Austria from 1946, but after the Communist coup in 1948 he returned to Norway. He spent one year in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs before becoming a part of the Court of the Norwegian royal family.

In 1949 he was appointed as chamberlain and court marshal by King Haakon VII of Norway, and in 1955 he was promoted to lord chamberlain, leaving the position as court marshal vacant for the time being. As lord chamberlain he was the highest economic and administrative officer in the Royal Palace, and also had responsibility for Oscarshall, Skaugum, Kongsseteren and Bygdø Kongsgård. In 1958, one year after King Haakon's death, the entire court of the Norwegian royal family consisted of as few as seven people; Smith-Kielland, Richard Andvord, Odd Grønvold (who eventually had succeeded Smith-Kielland as court marshal) and Ellinor Grønvold, Ingeborg von Hanno and Vincent Bommen. Smith-Kielland retired as lord chamberlain in 1966. His son Ingvald Mareno Smith-Kielland later served as court marshal from 1966 to 1985 and lord chamberlain from 1985 to 1991.

Ingvald Smith-Kielland was decorated with the Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav, the Danish Order of the Dannebrog, the Swedish Order of the Polar Star, the Order of the Lion of Finland, the Icelandic Order of the Falcon and the British Royal Victorian Order. He was also admitted into the exclusive skiing-based social club SK Ull in 1973. He died in January 1984 in Oslo. He and his wife were buried at Vår Frelsers gravlund.

References

1890 births
1984 deaths
Norwegian Military Academy alumni
Norwegian Military College alumni
Norwegian Army personnel of World War II
Norwegian sports executives and administrators
Norwegian civil servants
Ambassadors of Norway to Czechoslovakia
Ambassadors of Norway to Austria
Norwegian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Norwegian expatriates in Sweden
Norwegian military attachés
SK Ull members
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Dannebrog
Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star
Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of Finland
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon
Burials at the Cemetery of Our Saviour

Ingvald Smith-Kielland