The Hampton Down Stone Circle is a stone circle located near to the village of Portesham in the south-western English county of Dorset. Archaeologists believe that it was likely erected during the Bronze Age. The Hampton Down ring is part of a tradition of stone circle construction that spread throughout much of Britain, Ireland, and Brittany during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age, over a period between 3,300 and 900 BCE. The purpose of such monuments is unknown, although archaeologists speculate that they were likely religious sites, with the stones perhaps having supernatural associations for those who built the circles. However, it has been suggested that the site is not a stone circle at all, but is instead made up of kerbstones from a Bronze Age round barrow.

A number of stone circles were built in the area around modern Dorset, typically being constructed from sarsen stone and being smaller than those found elsewhere. The Hampton Down ring was erected on an open downland ridge overlooking the coast. It originally contained either eight or nine sarsen stones and had a diameter of 20 feet (6.5 metres) across with a track leading to it from the north. By 1908 the circle had been shifted east of its original position, with a hedge built across the site, and the number of stones increased to sixteen. By 1964 the number of stones had further increased to twenty-eight. In 1965, Geoffrey J. Wainwright oversaw an archaeological excavation which revealed the circle's original location and dimensions, after which it was reconstructed in its original location with the extraneous stones removed.

Location

Positioned at the national grid reference 35960865, Hampton Down Stone Circle is located on the southern edge of an open downland ridge at a height of 680 feet above sea level. Located 1 kilometre (0.6 miles) north-west of Portesham on private land, it is positioned on the rim of Portesham Hill and overlooks the coast. Had the vegetation levels been low at the time of the circle's creation then it would have permitted extensive panoramic views of the coastline. The site is a scheduled monument, and thus accorded legal protection under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979.

Context

While the transition from the Early Neolithic to the Late Neolithic—which took place with the transition from the fourth to the third millennium BCE—witnessed much economic and technological continuity, it also saw a considerable change in the style of monuments erected, particularly in what is now southern and eastern England. By 3000 BCE, the long barrows, causewayed enclosures, and cursuses which had predominated in the Early Neolithic had ceased being built, and were instead replaced by circular monuments of various kinds. These include earthen henges, timber circles, and stone circles. These latter circles are found in most areas of Britain where stone is available, with the exception of the island's south-eastern corner. They are most densely concentrated in south-western Britain and on the north-eastern horn of Scotland, near Aberdeen. The tradition of their construction may have lasted for 2,400 years, from 3300 to 900 BCE, with the major phase of building taking place between 3000 and 1,300 BCE.

These stone circles typically show very little evidence of human visitation during the period immediately following their creation. This suggests that they were not sites used for rituals that left archaeologically visible evidence, and may have been deliberately left as "silent and empty monuments". The archaeologist Mike Parker Pearson suggested that in Neolithic Britain, stone was associated with the dead and wood with the living. Other archaeologists have suggested that the stone might not represent ancestors, but rather other supernatural entities, such as deities.

The area of modern Dorset has only a "thin scatter" of stone circles, with nine possible examples known within its boundaries. The archaeologist John Gale described these as "a small but significant group" of such monuments, and all are located within five miles (eight kilometres) of the sea. All but one—Rempstone Stone Circle on the Isle of Purbeck—are located on the chalk hills west of Dorchester. The Dorset circles have a simplistic typology, being of comparatively small size, with none exceeding 28 metres (92 feet) in diameter. All are oval in shape, although perhaps have been altered from their original form. With the exception of the Rempstone circle, all consist of sarsen stone. Much of this may have been obtained from the Valley of Stones, a location at the foot of Crow Hill near to Littlebredy, which is located within the vicinity of many of these circles. With the exception of the circle at Litton Cheney, none display evidence of any outlying stones or earthworks around the stone circle.

The archaeologists Stuart and Cecily Piggott believed that the circles of Dorset were probably of Bronze Age origin, a view endorsed by the archaeologist Aubrey Burl, who noted that their distribution did not match that of any known Neolithic sites. It is possible that they were not all constructed around the same date, and the Piggotts suggested that while they may well be Early Bronze Age in date, it is also possible that "their use and possibly their construction may last into the Middle and even into the Late Bronze Age".
Their nearest analogies are the circles found on Dartmoor and Exmoor to the west, and the Stanton Drew stone circles to the north. It is also possible that the stone circles were linked to a number of earthen henges erected in Dorset around the same period.

Description

Burl described the Hampton Down Stone Circle as a "megalithic chameleon". A photograph from 1908 showed sixteen stones as part of the monument, a number that was again recorded by the Piggotts in 1938. However, by 1964 twenty-eight stones were found to be part of the circle. As of 1939, a hedge and bank split the circle in two, from north-to-south, separating the three most westerly stones from the rest of the circle. Investigations revealed that when the field to the east of the hedge was cleared in 1964, a large number of stones had been found on the surface and had been moved to the site of the other stones. It is possible that these other stones had also once been part of a prehistoric monument, such as a long barrow or round barrow, which had once existed in the vicinity. The stones are sarsen.

Commenting on the site in 1939, the Piggotts opined that ten stones in the eastern half of the ring were likely in their original position. They expressed the view that "owing to [the stone's] rough cube-like shapes it is impossible to decide whether they are upright or recumbent". Based on what they believed to be the stones in their original position, they estimated the circle's original diameter at 35 feet (11–12 metres).

Excavation

In 1964 the stones in the circle were disturbed by agricultural activity. It was then decided that the site would be excavated, a project which was ordered by the Ministry of Public Building and Works and carried out in May 1965 under the directorship of Geoffrey J. Wainwright. The 28 stones were moved from the site using a crane to permit the archaeologists to excavate the area beneath them.

The excavation revealed that the location of the stones was not their original prehistoric position. The original location of the circle was identified as existing a few feet to the west, under the adjacent hedge. The original circle had either eight or possibly nine sockets for stones and was oval shaped. The perimeter of the ring was defined by V-shaped ditches on its eastern and western perimeters. The maximum axis of the circle would have been approximately 20 feet (6.5 metres), making it considerably smaller than the size proposed by the Piggotts.
There was a 4 feet (1.2 metre) wide track leading to the circle from the north, with Burl opining that "if this had been an avenue it was a very poor one". Three stake-holes were found at the western side of the circle, where it was joined by the track.

If used as a space for rituals, the Hampton Down circle would have only been able to accommodate a few individuals standing within it at any given time. It was also not the site of any cremation deposits, unlike some stone circles in Northern Britain. Burl suggested that the Hampton Down Stone Circle may never have been part of the prehistoric stone circle tradition, but that the stones were actually once the kerbstones of a round barrow. To support this suggestion, he noted that round barrows were known at Poole, around 20 miles (32 kilometres) to the east of the site.

The excavation yielded no finds, and thus it produced no means of reliably dating the construction of the site. Wainwright suggested that the ring was Early Bronze Age on the basis of other, dated circles in Britain. Based on his analysis of the site's stratigraphy, he argued that the stones had likely been removed from their original position amid agricultural development in the second half of the seventeenth century.
According to Burl, the history of the site "illuminates the perils of superficial fieldwork".
As of 2003, the Hampton Down ring was the only one of the Dorset circles to have seen excavation.

Following excavation, several stones were placed in the original sockets in order to create a reconstruction of the original circle. A fence was then erected around the circle to discourage further interference.

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links
Hampton Down Stone Circle at The Megalithic Portal
Hampton Down Stone Circle at The Modern Antiquarian

History of Dorset
Stone circles in Dorset
Scheduled monuments in Dorset

Hampton Down Stone Circle


Gustaaf Adolf Frederik Molengraaff (27 February 1860 – 26 March 1942) was a Dutch geologist, biologist and explorer. He became an authority on the geology of South Africa and the Dutch East Indies.

Gustaaf Molengraaff studied mathematics and physics at Leiden University. From 1882 he studied at Utrecht University. As a student he made his first journey overseas when he joined the 1884–1885 expedition to the Dutch Antilles led by Willem Frederik Reinier Suringar and Karl Martin. He became PhD with a thesis on the geology of Sint Eustatius. He studied crystallography in Munich, where he also took the opportunity to study the geology of the Alps nearby.

In 1888 Molengraaff took a job as a teacher at the University of Amsterdam. Before his assignment courses in geology were given by the chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff. During his assignment in Amsterdam, Molengraaff travelled to South Africa to study gold deposits (1891) and to Borneo (1894) where he explored large parts of the inland. Teaching at Amsterdam was not to his liking, because there were too little materials and students available.

In 1897 Molengraaff became "state geologist" of the Transvaal Republic. His task was to start the geological survey of the Transvaal. While mapping the Transvaal he discovered the Bushveld complex. In 1900 he got involved in the Second Boer War and had to return to the Netherlands. This gave him time to write a report on the geology of the Transvaal, and travel to Celebes, where he (again) studied gold deposits.

Due to his reputation as a geologist he could return to South Africa in 1901 to work as a geological consultant. One of his assignments was to describe the newly found Cullinan diamond for the Central Bank of South Africa. Meanwhile the Boer War still had his attention. One of his ideas was to give each soldier a small tin identity card, which later became practice in armies around the world.

In 1906 he became professor at Delft University and this time he got enough resources and students to make his work successful. The same year he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1910-1911 he led a geological expedition to Timor. His research at Delft was mainly on the material collected during that expedition, and on the geology of the Netherlands. In 1927 he was a guide of the Shaler Memorial Expedition to South Africa, organized by Harvard University. On the expedition he met Alexander Du Toit, both geologists were among the (at that time rare) supporters of Alfred Wegeners' continental drift theory.

Molengraaff was a close friend of W. F. Gisolf, who named his youngest son after him but died in a Japanese concentration camp.

Molengraaff retired in 1930.

References

Sources
 F. R. van Veen, 2004, Gustaaf Molengraaff, een avontuurlijk geleerde
 H. A. Brouwer, 1942: Levensbericht van Gustaaf Adolf Frederik Molengraaff in jaarboek der K.N.A.W. 1941–1942
 A. J. Pannekoek, 1962: Geological research at the universities of the Netherlands, 1877–1962 in Geologie & Mijnbouw, vol. 41 no. 4 pp. 161–174

External links

19th-century Dutch explorers
19th-century Dutch geologists
20th-century Dutch East Indies people
20th-century Dutch explorers
20th-century Dutch geologists
1860 births
1942 deaths
Academic staff of the Delft University of Technology
Leiden University alumni
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
People from Nijmegen
Academic staff of the University of Amsterdam
Utrecht University alumni
Wollaston Medal winners
Presidents of the Geological Society of South Africa

Gustaaf Adolf Frederik Molengraaff


Stephen Gardner Champlin (July 1, 1827 – January 24, 1864) was an American physician, lawyer, soldier, and judge. He served in the Union Army during the American Civil War, rising to the rank of brigadier general before succumbing to wounds he received in combat.

Early life
Champlin was born in Kingston, New York, a son of Jeffrey Clarke Champlin (1798–1872) and his wife Allis Ellen (1804–1873). He received his initial education at local public schools, and then he attended the academy at Rhinebeck in Dutchess County for a single term.

In 1842 Champlin began studying medicine at Harpersfield in Delaware County, and by 1845 a he had a medical practice located at Wawarsing in Ulster County.

Champlin decided in 1848 to give up working as a physician, and by 1849 he was studying to become a lawyer. He attended State and National Law School for two terms, and in 1850 he  continued his studies with Theodoric R. Westbrook in Kingston. He was admitted to the bar later in 1850, and commenced practice in Albany, New York.

On January 1, 1851, Champlin married Mary E. Smedes in Wawarsing. They had one child, a son named Alexander. In 1853 the Champlins moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan. Champlin practiced law in partnership with Lucius Patterson.  In 1856 he was elected judge of the Recorder's Court, and served two years.

He was active in the Michigan state militia.  On April 22, 1856 he was elected captain of the Grand Rapids Light Artillery ("Ringgolds" Light Artillery). During 1857 he began a new law partnership, this time with Harry Yale. In February 1858 Champlin was elected a major of the militia's Grand River Battalion. That fall he was elected the Prosecuting Attorney for Kent County.

Civil War service

When the American Civil War began in 1861, Champlin chose to follow the Union cause. On June 10 he entered the Union Army as a Major in the 3rd Michigan Infantry. This regiment was organized at Grand Rapids to serve three years, and left the city on June 13. Camplin was in command of a reconnaissance on August 30 near Bailey's Corners in Virginia. Afterwards he was highly praised for his performance in this minor action by the Union Army of the Potomac's commander, Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan. On September 5, McClellan sent the 3rd Michigan an aide with the following message: "The general is much pleased with Major Champlin's dispositions on the occasion, which he deems eminently proper, and he desires you to convey his thanks to Major Champlin for the efficient manner in which this service was performed." That fall Champlin was appointed commander of the 3rd Michigan, with the rank of colonel as of October 28.

Champlin participated during the 1862 Peninsula Campaign, and was wounded in his hip at the Battle of Seven Pines on May 31. Subsequently he was granted a 30-day leave to mend. Champlin was commended for his actions during the battle by divisional commander Maj. Gen. Philip Kearny, shortly before the latter's own death in combat.

Partially recovered, Champlin led his regiment during the Second Battle of Bull Run on August 28–30, and was again injured during the battle's last day, re-opening his wound he received in May. During this second leave for recuperation, Champlin was promoted to brigadier general in the Union Army, to rank from November 29, 1862. While resting in Washington, D.C., he wrote to Michigan Governor Austin Blair on January 3, 1863, formally resigning his command of the 3rd due to his promotion.

In 1863 Champlin was appointed to command of the Draft Depot at Camp Cleveland, Ohio. However this order was revoked in late August, most likely due to his health condition. Instead, Champlin was assigned to the command of the Draft Depot near his home in Grand Rapids on September 22. Champlin's hip wound still bothered him, and he reportedly resigned his commission in the Union Army on November 8, 1863.

Champlin died in early 1864 at his home due to his wounds. His funeral was conducted at St. Mark's Church in Grand Rapids on January 28, and he was buried there in Fulton Street Cemetery. In his honor, Grand Army of the Republic Post #29 in Grand Rapids was named for him.

See also

List of American Civil War generals (Union)

Notes

References

 thirdmichigan.blogspot.com 3rd Michigan site biography of Champlin.

External links

1827 births
1864 deaths
People of Michigan in the American Civil War
Union Army generals
Politicians from Kingston, New York
People from Grand Rapids, Michigan
People from Wawarsing, New York
Union military personnel killed in the American Civil War

Stephen Gardner Champlin


The Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA), or CommBank, is an Australian multinational bank with businesses across New Zealand, Asia, the United States and the United Kingdom. It provides a variety of financial services including retail, business and institutional banking, funds management, superannuation, insurance, investment and broking services. The Commonwealth Bank is the largest Australian listed company on the Australian Securities Exchange as of August 2015 with brands including Bankwest, Colonial First State Investments, ASB Bank (New Zealand), Commonwealth Securities (CommSec) and Commonwealth Insurance (CommInsure). Commonwealth Bank is also the largest bank in the Southern Hemisphere.

Founded in 1911 by the Australian Government and fully privatised in 1996, the Commonwealth Bank is one of the "big four" Australian banks, with the National Australia Bank (NAB), ANZ and Westpac. The bank was listed on the Australian Stock Exchange in 1991.

The former global headquarters of Commonwealth Bank were the Commonwealth Trading Bank Building on the corner of Pitt Street and Martin Place, Sydney, which was refurbished from 2012 for retail and commercial uses, and (from 1984 to 2012) the State Savings Bank Building on Martin Place, which was sold in 2012 to Macquarie Bank. The headquarters were moved to Tower 1, 201 Sussex Street and two new nine-storey buildings which were built at the site of the former Sega World Sydney, in Darling Harbour on the western side of Sydney's city centre.

In 2018, findings from the Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking, Superannuation and Financial Services Industry have indicated a negative culture within the Bank, amid allegations of fraud, deception, and money laundering, among various other crimes.

References

Banks of Australia
1911 establishments

Commonwealth Bank


Centripetal acceleration is a force that acts on a body that revolves around a centre of a circular path. This force keeps the body in circular motion.  Newton's first law is that a moving object will continue in its motion in a straight path unless acted on by an external force.

When you hold a rope with an object attached to it, and spin it in a circular motion around the hand of the person holding the rope, the rope becomes tight and keeps the body from flying away. This force acts towards the center of motion, not away from it.

An object changes direction, but may maintain a constant speed, if acted upon by a centripetal acceleration.  In such a case, we know from its  angular frequency that . From Newton's second law we know that force equals mass times acceleration. Here acceleration is the negative of the radius coming from the centre of the circular motion.

In this formula, think that the centripetal force and the centripetal momentum are the same thing because they are both measured in Newtons.

If, however, the angular frequency is not constant (as might be the case in a roller-coaster ride) then  does vary with respect to time. Here

Thus

as  and  , which we know from the angular frequency.

Geometric proof for uniform circular motion

In the figure to the right we define the displacement vector  to represent motion in a circle.  The magnitude of  is denoted as  and represents the radius of the particle's orbit.

Force
Mechanics

Centripetal force


Rubber City Rebels are an American punk band from Akron, Ohio that formed in 1976.

Early years
The original lineup of the band consisted of Rod Firestone (vocals), Buzz Clic (guitar), Donny Damage (bass), Stix Pelton (drums) and Pete Sake (keyboards). Firestone was previously known as "Rod Bent" when he was performing in the band King Cobra at a bar called The Crypt. When he and Clic began playing originals there, the band became the Rubber City Rebels.

In their early years, the Rebels were fans (and friends) of fellow Greater Cleveland-area bands the Dead Boys and Devo. Their breakout show was opening for the Dead Boys at legendary New York City rock club CBGB in 1977. This led to a split album with the Bizarros, titled From Akron, which was released that year and received praise from Robert Christgau. Firestone and Clic would go on to open The Crypt in Akron, at the time, the only punk rock club in the Midwest. Bands including the Dead Boys, Devo, Pere Ubu and the Bizarros played at this club.

The Rebels moved to Los Angeles in 1978, minus Pelton (who was replaced on drums by Mike Hammer) and Sake (keyboards were deemed unnecessary for the band's change to a heavier sound), and gained considerable fame on the Sunset Strip. They frequently headlined at the famous Whisky a Go Go for bands such as the Knack, Fear, the Kats, the Nu Kats, the Dickies and the Plimsouls. The band was signed to Sire Records; however, a clash between band and record label ensued and the recording contract was terminated before the Rebels could record their debut album.

Following some personnel changes (Damage and Hammer left to form the Hammer Damage Band, replaced by Johnny Bethesda and Brandon Matheson, respectively), the Rebels signed a deal with Capitol Records, helped in no small way by Doug Fieger, lead singer of the Knack (who were also signed to Capitol) and a self-professed fan of the band. Matheson and Fieger had previously been members of the Sunset Bombers and had one album released on Ariola Records. The Rebels eponymous debut album was released in 1980. Although praised by critics, sales of the album never vaulted the band past its underground status.

They can be seen near the end of the 1982 movie The Assassination Game, performing "Born Dead" and "Rebel to the Rescue" behind the curtains in the theater. Linda Hamilton's character runs through the crowd at the show, attempting to escape from a pursuer.

In 1983, Firestone released a 12" EP, Trouble, with his band the Firetones.

Eventually the Rebels faded from the scene and ceased touring in 1988, although they never officially disbanded.

Recent years

Despite not touring or recording any new material through the 1990s, the Rebels' reputation and support among fans remained strong and in 2001, Mind Control Laboratories released a remastered Rubber City Rebels which featured improved sound quality and the addition of several bonus tracks. White Noise Records also released Re-Tired that year, a collection of live tracks and the Rebels' half of the From Akron LP. The band toured to support the new releases, featuring a reunion with former members Hammer and Damage.

Boosted by the popularity of their reunion tour and the 2001 releases, the Rebels returned to the studio to record their second album, Pierce My Brain, which was released in 2002. The album track "(I Wanna) Pierce My Brain" was included on the soundtrack for the 2003 skateboarding video game Tony Hawk's Underground.

Although Damage left the band following the first reunion shows, he was quickly replaced by Bob Clic (Buzz's brother and member of the Lewd) who plays on Pierce My Brain. The Rebels still play infrequent shows across the United States and Europe.

Current lineup
Rod Firestone - vocals
Buzz Clic - guitar
Bob Clic - bass
Mike Hammer - drums

Discography

Studio albums
From Akron split LP with The Bizarros (1977, Clone Records)
Rubber City Rebels (1980, Capitol Records; reissued 2000, Mind Control Labs)
Pierce My Brain (2002, Munster Records)

Singles
"Such a Fool"  (1977, Live at the Crypt)
"Child Eaters" (1977, Live at the Crypt)
"Young and Dumb" (1980, Flaming Orange Records)
"Bluer Than Blue" (1980, Capitol Records)
"Brainwaves" (1981, self-release)
"Annoyed, Destroyed, Unemployed" (2011, self-release)

Compilation albums
Re-Tired (2001, White Noise Records)
The Akron Years (1977) (2005, Wizzard in Vinyl)
The Hollywood Years (1979-1984) (2005, Wizzard in Vinyl)

Live albums
Live from Akron (2000, Mind Control Labs)

Compilation appearances
"Rubber City Rebels" on The Akron Compilation (1978, Stiff Records)
"Young and Dumb" on L.A. In: A Collection of Los Angeles Rock and New Wave Bands (1979, Rhino Records)
"Caught in a Dream" on Welcome to Our Nightmare: A Tribute to Alice Cooper (1993, Triple X Records)

References

External links
 Official Website

Musical groups from Akron, Ohio
Punk rock groups from Ohio
Musical groups established in 1976
Capitol Records artists
1976 establishments in Ohio

Rubber City Rebels


In the branch of mathematics called category theory, a hopfian object is an object A such that any epimorphism of A onto A is necessarily an automorphism.  The dual notion is that of a cohopfian object, which is an object B such that every monomorphism from B into B is necessarily an automorphism.  The two conditions have been studied in the categories of groups, rings, modules, and topological spaces.

The terms "hopfian" and "cohopfian" have arisen since the 1960s, and are said to be in honor of Heinz Hopf and his use of the concept of the hopfian group in his work on fundamental groups of surfaces.

Properties
Both conditions may be viewed as types of finiteness conditions in their category.  For example, assuming Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice and working in the category of sets, the hopfian and cohopfian objects are precisely the finite sets.  From this it is easy to see that all finite groups, finite modules and finite rings are hopfian and cohopfian in their categories.

Hopfian objects and cohopfian objects have an elementary interaction with projective objects and injective objects.  The two results are:
An injective hopfian object is cohopfian.
A projective cohopfian object is hopfian.
The proof for the first statement is short: Let A be an injective hopfian object, and let f be an injective morphism from A to A.  By injectivity, f factors through the identity map IA on A, yielding a morphism g such that gf=IA.  As a result, g is a surjective morphism and hence an automorphism, and then f is necessarily the inverse automorphism to g.  This proof can be dualized to prove the second statement.

Hopfian and cohopfian groups

Hopfian and cohopfian modules
Here are several basic results in the category of modules.  It is especially important to remember that RR being hopfian or cohopfian as a module is different from R being hopfian or cohopfian as a ring.

 A Noetherian module is hopfian, and an Artinian module is cohopfian.
 The module RR is hopfian if and only if R is a directly finite ring.  Symmetrically, these two are also equivalent to the module RR being hopfian.
 In contrast with the above, the modules RR or RR can be cohopfian or not in any combination.  An example of a ring cohopfian on one side but not the other side was given in .  However, if either of these two modules is cohopfian, R is hopfian on both sides (since R is projective as a left or right module) and directly finite.

Hopfian and cohopfian rings
The situation in the category of rings is quite different from the category of modules.  The morphisms in the category of rings with unity are required to preserve the identity, that is, to send 1 to 1.

 If R satisfies the ascending chain condition on ideals, then R is hopfian.  This can be proven by analogy with the fact for Noetherian modules.  The counterpart idea for "cohopfian" does not exist however, since if f is a ring homomorphism from R into R preserving identity, and the image of f is not R, then the image is certainly not an ideal of R.  In any case, this shows that a one sided Noetherian or Artinian ring is always hopfian.
 Any simple ring is hopfian, since the kernel of any endomorphism is an ideal, which is necessarily zero in a simple ring.  In contrast, in , an example of a non-cohopfian field was given.
 The full linear ring EndD(V) of a countable dimensional vector space is a hopfian ring which is not hopfian as a module, since it only has three ideals, but it is not directly finite.  The paper  also gives an example of a cohopfian ring which is not cohopfian as a module.
 Also in , it is shown that for a Boolean ring R and its associated Stone space X, the ring R is hopfian in the category of rings if and only if X is cohopfian in the category of topological spaces, and R is cohopfian as a ring if and only if X is hopfian as a topological space.

Hopfian and cohopfian topological spaces
 In , a series of results on compact manifolds are included.  Firstly, the only compact manifolds which are hopfian are finite discrete spaces. Secondly, compact manifolds without boundary are always cohopfian.  Lastly, compact manifolds with nonempty boundary are not cohopfian.

References

External links
Hopfian group
Co-hopfian group

Category theory
Group theory
Module theory
Ring theory

Hopfian object


WonderKing Online (Korean: 원더킹 Japanese: ワンダーキング) was a free-of-charge, 2D, side-scrolling massively multiplayer online role-playing game created by the South Korean company ToWinGames.

Gameplay
WonderKing was a MMORPG which centers on venturing throughout an expansive world, fighting various monsters in real-time combat, in a style that can be pleasantly associated with side-scrolling adventure platforms from the 32-bit genre. The players combat monsters and complete quests, in the process acquiring in-game currency called "Zed", experience points (EXP), and various items. Players can kill monsters alone, or they can form a party with up to five total characters. Loot is shared based on relative damage and level of characters in the party, more being awarded to the higher-level members.

WonderKing uses a 2D scrolling viewpoint similar to a platform game. The controls for the game are executed using the keyboard and mouse. The keyboard is used for many game functions, and much of it can be rearranged to suit users' needs. The mouse is mainly used to trigger non-player characters (NPCs) and manipulate items.

WonderKing characters exist in "servers." Players are allowed to create up to 3 characters in each server. Each server, similar in content between each other in the same version, is split into at most fifteen channels, among which characters are allowed to freely switch. Currently there is no way of transferring characters between servers.

Characters
At the character creation screen players choose what class they would like to play as. Beginning classes include Swordsman, Mage, Thief, and Scout. The Korean servers also include a robot-riding Machine class. New players begin on a map called Tutorial, as the name states, it explains to the player basic game commands. Further class progression is only allowed within the scope of the class chosen at character creation. The only time that the classes split again is during the first class advancement where each Swordsman, Mage, Thief, or Scout, must choose between two "sub-classes". A Swordsman can become either a Knight or Warrior. A Mage can become either a Priest or a Wizard. A Thief can become either a Rogue or Ninja, and a Scout can become either an Archer or Gunner.

In addition to combat statistics, characters have "attraction". Once characters reach level 15, they are able to raise the attraction of any other character once per day. A character cannot raise same character's attraction more than once per month.

Some WonderKing servers have a feature that tracks players total ranking, job ranking, and world ranking. Rank information is available from the region website of the player. Titles also exist for the North American version of WonderKing for the PvP system. PvP Titles are gained from experience rewarded from winning or losing PvP matches in a similar way to the leveling system.

The highest level in the game is currently 140, while Ignited Games is working on implementing the 3rd class skills. The current class skills go as follows: Beginner class skills, 1st Upgrade Skills at level 30, and 2nd Upgrade skills at level 80.

Guilds
Players can form Guilds with other players. Guild creation costs a certain amount of Zed, depending on the version being played and where the Guild Creation Item is bought from. The purpose of a guild is to be able to find and chat with others more easily, bond with other players, promote cooperation, and battle using teamwork. Members have their guild's name listed above their character name. A guild's size is determined by half the level of the guild master.

Quests
There are over a hundred available quests, each with varying prerequisites; most quests may require the player to have attained a certain level or to have completed another certain quest. Most available quests require the player to retrieve a certain amount of spoils attained from monsters or to traverse an obstacle course. Some quests can be repeated, although the reward(s) and given EXP may be different from those attained during their first completion.

Jump quests are a unique type of quest in which a character starts at one area of a map and uses timed jumps to get from one to another specific platform. Players attempt to avoid enemies and obstacles that can knock them off of the platforms. Unlike MapleStory, some skills, abilities, clothing, and items that increase jumping distance or speed have effect during these quests.

Economy
Items can be acquired from monster drops, purchased from other characters or shops, or obtained as rewards for completing a quest. These items are used for various purposes. Players are also able to trade items.

Since WonderKing is free, the developers introduced the Item Mall to generate revenue. This is a virtual shop where players can buy items using real money. Most Item Mall items expire after a certain period of time. Pets, modeled after animals, mythical creatures, and Zodiac signs, such as bunnies, dragons, and pandas follow the owner around and can be equipped to pick up spoils dropped by enemies. Mounts are also available from the Item Mall and require an item called Mount Fuel in order to be used. Mount Fuel is store bought and only lasts for a certain amount of time when used.

The Open Market is a place set aside for people who wish to sell their items amongst other players. Miniature shops can be set up in this area, allowing people to browse their stock. Snack Stalls, which are required to set up a shop, are available through certain Miscellaneous Item Selling NPCs as well as the Item Mall. One can meet with players located in other towns, provided the town contains an Open Market entrance. However, one cannot use the Open Market to travel between towns.

Real money trading between players is prohibited in WonderKing, and results in a ban. This includes trading Zed (ingame currency) with Gcoin Items (items bought with real money).

World

There are six main locations released so far in WonderKing. These locations include Elgaill Island, Francis, WonderPlus, Hellen Town, Nagpha Swamp, and Lamupel Highlands. The beginner-friendly island features low leveled monsters and short tutorial quests to introduce players to different aspects of gameplay. Players can take a boat from the Elgaill Docks located on the northern side of the Elgaill Island which will take them to the Francis Docks on the Francis map.

Unfortunately, Wonderking has been shut down because the staff of Ndoorsgames decided that there was not enough time to be given to the game in order to give it justice. With bugs and hackers running freely, Wonderking was shut down in late December. They announced that they would reopen it once they fixed it in the future.

Events
Events vary, some events only the top three or so will get a prize, usually an item of some sorts. Users are notified of an upcoming event by a scrolling box at the top of the game screen. Events are known to bring an influx of players to the event's respective locations, which generally causes massive connection lag and sometimes even disconnections. The large amount of special effects during an event can significantly slow down the player's PC.

Occasionally, certain versions of the game hold events that celebrate a certain event in real-life or an event specific to that version, such as a holidays or Facebook events. During these events, certain aspects of the game are modified in celebration; for example, the Wonder Day experience rate, Friends Referral event or special new items may be released.

Player vs. Player
In the North American version of WonderKing exists a PvP system. This system is still under development by Ignited Games. Players can face off against each other in 1v1 combat. There is also a Guild PvP feature under development which is often referred to as GvG . Players face off on certain maps only accessible from making a challenge with another player. There are a total of 4 maps and an option to randomly select the map. Damage that players do is nerfed when facing off on each other, but HP and MP is unchanged. It is pretty well balanced so that level difference does not affect the players chance to win. For example, a level 30 player has an equal chance to beat a level 100 player as the level 100 player to defeat the level 30 player. Currently there is also a Battleground system underdevelopment and an NPC named Benson appears to have a major role in this feature. There is only one Battleground map.

Transportation
In WonderKing, there is an NPC named Wapi who teleports players to towns and places for a certain price (in Zed). Wapi is in all the towns, but not all the locations that he can teleport players to. It is also important to know that not all prices are the same when traveling back and forth between the towns. Wapi also gives a discount for players below level 10.

Mining
This is one major implementation that WonderKing Online has that is separate from MapleStory (at least, until MapleStory's recent Chaos update), mining. Each player can purchase pick axes from the NPC named Dozer located near each Mining Site entrance. The Mining Site is a lot like how the Open Market works, players can enter from each town that has the portal to the Mining Site, but can not use the Mining Site to transverse between different towns. When Mining the player has to have pickaxes in their inventory which stack up to 10 per inventory slot. Each time a pickaxe is used (to start the mining process, by default, the key to press is 'B') a bar will appear showing number of pickaxes in inventory and loading bar. The loading bar tells the player how long until the next pickaxe will be used. Each pickaxe has a chance to find a mineral or ore, and it is also possible to find nothing, as well as finding more than one ore or mineral on the same pickaxe usage.

Monster Book
The Monster Book in WonderKing can be used to collect items called Monster Cards. Monster Cards drop from various monsters and there are certain cards for each level range. In order to complete a set of cards, a player must find parts A, B, and C to the set. Once this is completed a player can then use the three pieces to transform into the monster for a certain period of time. Players can also move around and fight in this costume. It will disappear upon death or once time runs out. Certain cards are also available from the Item Mall.  Applied transformations can be canceled anytime by pressing the "Cancel" button in the Monster Book tab.

Shutdown
Due to legal problems which prevented the developers releasing new content such as classes, maps, and mobs, plus a massive amount of hackers & exploiters, IgnitedGames decided to temporarily close the game. Although they stated that the game would be available once everything is back to normal between Ignited and Ryu&Soft, WonderKing was shut down on 29 December 2011.

As of January 8, 2013, IgnitedGames stated that they are still under negotiation with Ryu&Soft and that the pair are in open communication.
As of July 11, 2019, IgnitedGames stated nothing.

References

External links
 WonderKing Online Ignited Games' Site – North American WonderKing Online
 Wonderking 2 Gameheart' Site (Japanese)
 Wonderking 2 Crazy Dog Game' Site (Thailand)
 Wonderking 2 Game Chorus' Site (Korean)

2007 video games
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
Video games developed in South Korea
Windows games
Windows-only games
Side-scrolling video games
Inactive massively multiplayer online games

WonderKing Online


The Ford Crown Victoria was a large, rear wheel drive car.  It was the last big, V8, RWD sedan made by an American automobile company.  In the 1980s, it was called the LTD Crown Victoria.  Back then, it also came as a station wagon called the Country Squire. It was redesigned in early 1991 for the 1992 model year when it became the Crown Victoria and saw the station wagon axed due to falling demand. It was redesigned for the 1998 model year. It has been widely used by both the general public as well as large businesses, government and law enforcement bodies. In 2008 Ford made the Crown Victoria "fleet-only", meaning they would no longer sell them one by one to the general public but could be obtained as used models. They are most commonly seen as police cars and taxis. The Crown Victoria also has the distinction of being the last car Ford sold with an analogue odometer when it was updated for the 2006 model year. It was discontinued after the 2011 model year without a direct replacement.

Related pages
Chevrolet Caprice

Other websites
Ford Crown Victoria Virtual Showroom

Crown Victoria

Ford Crown Victoria


Opico (or San Juan Opico) is a municipality in the La Libertad department of El Salvador.

It is located 42 kilometers from San Salvador, capital of the republic. The municipality has an area of 218 km² and a population of 74,280 inhabitants; according to the 2007 census it is ranked No. 13 in population.

Within its territory are pre-Columbian archaeological sites like Joya de Cerén and San Andrés and a church built in the colonial era.

History
Opico was established as an Indian village in 1572 and received the title of town in 1881.

Administrative divisions
It has 27 cantons:
San Jose la Cueva, Talcualuya, El Castillo, Buena Vista, Nombre de Dios, San Antonio, San Pedro Martir, Tehuicho, Barranca Honda, Los Amates, Pitichorro, Nueva Encarnación, Chantusnene, San Nicolás Encarnación, Minas de Plomo, San Pedro Oriente, San Felipe, Los Encuentros, Agua Escondida, Lomas de Santiago, Joya de Ceren, Sitio del Niño, Chanmico, Matazano, Sitio Grande, El Jabali, Las Delicias, and Las Granadillas.

Sports
The local football club is named Juventud Independiente and it played in the Salvadoran Premier Division after being promoted in Summer 2011. Now they play in the second division. They play their home games at the Complejo Municipal.

External links
Municipal website

Municipalities of the La Libertad Department (El Salvador)

Opico


Gerald McConnell (1931 – June 14, 2004) was an American illustrator best known for his works on paperback books. He was born in East Orange, New Jersey and studied under Frank J. Reilly and Dean Cornwell. McConnell also worked on many advertisements, paintings for places like the Air Force Museum, NASA Museum, and National Park Department.

McConnell was known later in his career for his three-dimensional art, improving protections for artist as a leader of the Graphic Artist Guild, teaching for a short time at the Pratt Institute, creating several art books, and founding Madison Square Press.

External links
Gallery

American illustrators
1931 births
2004 deaths

Gerald McConnell


During the Bosnian War, there was an ethnic cleansing campaign committed by the Bosnian Serb political and military leadership – Army of the Republika Srpska, mostly against Bosniak and Croat civilians in the Prijedor region of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992 and 1993. The composition of non-Serbs was drastically reduced: out of a population of 50,000 Bosniaks and 6,000 Croats, only some 6,000 Bosniaks and 3,000 Croats remained in the municipality by the end of the war. After the Srebrenica massacre, Prijedor is the area with the second highest rate of civilian killings committed during the Bosnian War. According to the Sarajevo-based Research and Documentation Center (IDC), 4,868 people were killed or went missing in the Prijedor municipality during the war. Among them were 3,515 Bosniak civilians, 186 Croat civilians and 78 Serb civilians. , 96 mass graves have been located and around 2,100 victims have been identified, largely by DNA analysis.

History
The crimes committed in Prijedor have been subjected to 13 trials before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Politicians, soldiers and police officers in the Serb SDS and crisis staff, including Milomir Stakić, Milan Kovačević, Radoslav Brđanin, ranging to the highest leaders including general Ratko Mladić, Bosnian Serb president Radovan Karadžić, and Serbian president Slobodan Milošević have been charged with genocide, persecution, deportation, extermination, murder, forced transfers, and unlawful confinement, torture as crimes against humanity (widespread, systematic attacks against a civilian population) and other crimes, have been alleged to have occurred in Prijedor. The ICTY has characterized the Prijedor events of 1992 as having met the "actus reus" (guilty act) of genocide through killing members of the group and causing serious bodily and mental harm to members of the group. However, the requirement of the specific intent to physically destroy was not established beyond reasonable doubt. However, the events of 1992 in Prijedor were part of the larger joint criminal enterprise to forcibly remove Bosnian Muslims and Croats from large territories of Bosnia. In 2013, investigators were led by two Bosnian Serb civilians who worked in and around the camps to a mining complex, unearthing the largest mass grave in Bosnian war, and the discovery of over 1,000 bodies in both the Tomašica and Jakarina Rose mass grave sites.

Background

Following Slovenia's and Croatia's declarations of independence in June 1991, the situation in the Prijedor municipality rapidly deteriorated. During the war in Croatia, the tension increased between the Serbs and the communities of Bosniaks and Croats.

Bosniaks and Croats began to leave the municipality because of a growing sense of insecurity and fear caused by intensifying Serb propaganda. The municipal newspaper Kozarski Vjesnik started publishing allegations against the non-Serbs. The Serb media propagandised the idea that the Serbs had to arm themselves. Terms like Ustasha (Ustaše), Mujahideen (Mudžahedini) and Green Berets (Zelene beretke) were used widely in the press as synonyms for the non-Serb population. Radio Prijedor disseminated propaganda insulting Croats and Bosnian Muslims. As one result of the takeover of the transmitter station on Mount Kozara in August 1991 by the Serbian paramilitary unit the Wolves of Vučjak, TV Sarajevo was cut off. It was replaced by broadcasts from Belgrade and Banja Luka with interviews of radical Serb politicians and renditions of Serb nationalist songs, which would previously have been banned.

Political developments before the takeover

On 7 January 1992, the Serb members of the Prijedor Municipal Assembly and the presidents of the local Municipal Boards of the Serbian Democratic Party proclaimed the Assembly of the Serbian People of the Municipality of Prijedor and implemented secret instructions that were issued earlier on 19 December 1991. The "Organisation and Activity of Organs of the Serbian People in Bosnia and Herzegovina in Extraordinary Circumstances" provided a plan for the SDS take-over of municipalities in BiH, it also included plans for the creation of Crisis Staffs. Milomir Stakić, later convicted by ICTY of mass crimes against humanity against Bosniak and Croat civilians, was elected President of this Assembly. Ten days later, on 17 January 1992, the Assembly endorsed joining the Serbian territories of the Municipality of Prijedor to the Autonomous Region of Bosnian Krajina in order to implement creation of a separate Serbian state on ethnic Serbian territories.

On 23 April 1992, the Serbian Democratic Party decided inter alia that all Serb units immediately start working on the takeover of the municipality in co-ordination with the Yugoslav People's Army and units of the future Army of the Republika Srpska). By the end of April 1992, a number of clandestine Serb police stations were created in the municipality and more than 1,500 armed Serbs were ready to take part in the takeover.

Takeover

A declaration on the takeover prepared by the Serb politicians from the Serbian Democratic Party was read out on Radio Prijedor the day after the takeover and was repeated throughout the day. When planning the anticipated takeover, it was decided that the 400 Serb policemen who would be involved in the takeover would be sufficient for the task. The objective of the takeover was to take over the functions of the president of the municipality, the vice-president of the municipality, the director of the post office, the chief of the police etc.

During the night of 29/30 April 1992, the takeover of power took place. Employees of the public security station and reserve police gathered in Čirkin Polje, part of the town of Prijedor. Only Serbs were present and some of them were wearing military uniforms. The people there were given the task of taking over power in the municipality and were broadly divided into five groups. Each group of about twenty had a leader and each was ordered to gain control of certain buildings. One group was responsible for the Assembly building, one for the main police building, one for the courts, one for the bank and the last for the post-office.

The ICTY concluded that the takeover by the Serb politicians was an illegal coup d'état, which was planned and coordinated a long time in advance with the ultimate aim of creating a pure Serbian municipality. These plans were never hidden and they were implemented in a coordinated action by the Serb police, army and politicians. One of the leading figures was Milomir Stakić, who came to play the dominant role in the political life of the Municipality.

Armed attacks against the civilians

After the takeover, civilian life was transformed in a myriad of ways. Tension and fear increased significantly among the non-Serb population in Prijedor municipality. There was a marked increase in the military presence of Serb formations in the town of Prijedor. Armed soldiers were placed on top of all the high rise buildings in Prijedor town and the Serb police established checkpoints throughout the town of Prijedor.

In the Stakić case, the ICTY concluded that many people were killed during the attacks by the Serb army on predominantly Bosnian Muslim villages and towns throughout the Prijedor municipality and several massacres of Bosnian Muslims took place and that a comprehensive pattern of atrocities against Bosnian Muslims in Prijedor municipality in 1992 had been proved beyond reasonable doubt.

Propaganda

After the takeover, Radio Prijedor propagated Serb nationalist ideas characterising prominent non-Serbs as criminals and extremists, who should be punished for their behaviour. One example of such propaganda was the derogatory language used for referring to non-Serbs such as Mujahideen, Ustaše or Green Berets. Both the print and broadcast media also spread what can be only considered as blatant lies according to the ICTY conclusion about non-Serb doctors: Dr. Mirsad Mujadžić of the Bosniak ethnic group was accused of injecting drugs into Serb women making them incapable of giving birth to male children and Dr. Željko Sikora, a Croat, referred to as the Monster Doctor, was accused of making Serb women abort if they were pregnant with male children and of castrating the male babies of Serbian parents. Moreover, in a "Kozarski Vjesnik" article dated 10 June 1992, Dr. Osman Mahmuljin was accused of deliberately having provided incorrect medical care to his Serb colleague Dr. Živko Dukić, who had a heart attack. Dr. Dukić's life was saved only because Dr. Radojka Elenkov discontinued the therapy allegedly initiated by Dr. Mahmuljin. The appeals were broadcast aimed at the Serbs to lynch the non-Serbs. Moreover, forged biographies of prominent non-Serbs, including Prof. Muhamed Čehajić, Mr. Crnalić, Dr. Eso Sadiković and Dr. Osman Mahmuljin, were broadcast. According to ICTY conclusion in Stakić verdict Mile Mutić, the director of Kozarski Vjesnik and the journalist Rade Mutić regularly attended meetings of Serb politicians (local authorities) in order to get informed about next steps of spreading propaganda.

Strengthening of Serb forces

In the weeks following the takeover, the Serb authorities in Prijedor worked to strengthen their position militarily in accordance with decisions adopted on the highest levels. On 12 May 1992, the self-appointed Assembly of the Serbian People established the Serbian Army under Ratko Mladić's command by bringing together former JNA (later Army of Serbia and Montenegro and Army of Republika Srpska) units.

Major Radmilo Željaja issued an ultimatum calling for all Bosniak citizens to hand over their weapons to the Serbian Army and to declare their loyalty to the Serbian Republic and to respond to the mobilisation call-ups. The ultimatum issued also contained a threat that any resistance would be punished. For the most part, the civilian population complied with these requests turning in their hunting rifles and pistols as well as their permits and in the belief that if they handed in their weapons they would be safe. House searches performed by soldiers of the homes of the non-Serb population were common and any weapons found were confiscated.

Marking of non-Serb houses and people

Many non-Serbs were dismissed from their jobs in the period after the takeover. The general tendency is reflected in a decision of the Serb regional authorities i.e. Crisis Staff of the Autonomous Region of Krajina (ARK) dated 22 June 1992, which provides that all socially-owned enterprises, joint-stock companies, state institutions, public utilities, Ministries of the Interior, and the Army of the Serbian Republic may only be held by personnel of Serbian nationality.

The announcements broadcast on the radio, from 31 May 1992 onward, also obliged non-Serbs to hang white bed sheets outside their homes and wear white armbands, as a demonstration of their loyalty to the Serbian authorities. Charles McLeod, who was with the ECMM and visited Prijedor municipality in the last days of August 1992, testified that while visiting a mixed Serb/Bosnian Muslim village he saw that the Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) houses were identified by a white flag on the roof. This is corroborated by the testimony of Barnabas Mayhew (ECMM), who testified that the Bosnian Muslim houses were marked with white flags to distinguish them from the Serb houses.

Attack on Hambarine

Hambarine was predominantly Bosniak village in Prijedor municipality. On 22 May 1992, Serb controlled Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) issued an ultimatum to the residents of Hambarine. The residents were to surrender several individuals alleged involved in attack on JNA. The ultimatum was not complied with and around noon the next day the shelling of Hambarine began. The shelling came from three directions from the north-west in the Karane area, from the area of Urije and from the area of Topic Hill. There were two or three Serb tanks and approximately a thousand soldiers during the attack. The bombardment of Hambarine continued until about 15:00. The Bosniak residents tried to defend the village, but they were forced to flee to other villages or to the Kurevo woods to escape the shelling. There were approximately 400 refugees, mostly women, children and elderly people, who fled Hambarine as a result of the attack that saw the Serb soldiers kill, rape and torch houses. A military operation was consequently concentrated on the Kurevo forest.

Attack on Kozarac

The area of Kozarac, surrounding Kozarac town, comprises several villages, including Kamičani, Kozaruša, Sušići, Brđani, Babići.

After the Serb takeover of Prijedor, the population of Kozarac tried to control the perimeter of their town and organized patrols. After the attack on Hambarine, another ultimatum was issued for the town of Kozarac. Radmilo Željaja delivered the ultimatum on Radio Prijedor, threatening to raze Kozarac to the ground if residents failed to comply. Following the ultimatum, negotiations took place between the Bosniak and the Serb sides which were unsuccessful. Stojan Župljanin, later accused of war crimes by ICTY and one of the most wanted fugitive besides Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić, who led the Serb delegation, said that, unless his conditions were met, the army would take Kozarac by force. As of 21 May 1992, the Serb inhabitants of Kozarac started to leave the town. Kozarac was subsequently surrounded and the phone lines were disconnected. On the night of 22 and 23 May 1992, detonations could be heard in the direction of Prijedor and fires could be seen in the area of Hambarine.

The attack started on 25 May 1992 and ended on 27 May at 13:00 hrs. A military convoy comprising two columns approached Kozarac, and its soldiers opened fire on the houses and checkpoints and, at the same time, shells were fired from the hills. The shooting was aimed at people fleeing from the area. The shelling was intense and unrelenting. Over 5,000 Serb soldiers and combatants participated in the attack. Serb forces included the 343rd Motorised Brigade (an enlarged motorized battalion) supported by two 105 mm howitzer batteries and one M-84 tank squadron. After the shelling, Serb forces shot people in their homes and that those who surrendered were taken to a soccer stadium of Kozarac where some men were randomly shot. After the people had been killed or fled their homes, the soldiers set fire to the houses. There was extensive destruction of property in Kozarac as a result of the attack. The houses had been not only destroyed, but leveled to the ground using heavy machinery. The medical centre in Kozarac was damaged during the attack. The attack continued until 26 May 1992 when it was agreed that the people should leave the territory of Kozarac. A large number of people in Kozarac surrendered that day. The Serb authorities explained that all those who wished to surrender should form a convoy and that a ceasefire would be in effect during this period. It was later learned that when the convoy, which left that day, reached the Banja Luka–Prijedor road the women and men were separated. The women were taken to Trnopolje and the men to Omarska and Keraterm concentration camps, which shocked the world when BBC reporters discovered them. A large number of women and children arrived in Prijedor on the day of the attack. The Prijedor intervention platoon, led by Dado Mrđa, Zoran Babić and others intervened and began to mistreat the women and children. Some time later in that day, buses arrived, and they ordered women and children to board these buses for Trnopolje camp.

No wounded had been allowed out of Kozarac. For example, according to Dr. Merdžanić's testimony before the ICTY he had not been given permission to arrange the evacuation of two injured children, one of whom had her legs completely shattered, and he had instead been told that all the "dirty Muslims" (in Serbian language: balija) should die there, as they would be killed in any event. In the attack at least 100 people were killed, and 1,500 deported to concentration camps. A report sent by colonel Dragan Marčetić to the Serb Army Main Staff dated 27 May 1992 states that the wider area of Kozarac village, i.e. the area of the village of Kozaruša, Trnopolje, Donji Jakupovići, Gornji Jakupovići, Benkovac, Rakovic has been entirely freed of Bosniaks (80–100 Bosniaks were killed, about 1,500 captured and around 100–200 persons were at large on Mt. Kozara).

The Report of the Commission of Experts in Bosnia v. Serbia Genocide Case before the International Court of Justice states that the attack on Kozarac lasted three days and caused many villagers to flee to the forest while the soldiers were shooting at 'every moving thing'. Survivors calculated that at least 2,000 villagers were killed in that period. The villagers' defence fell on 26 May. Serbs then reportedly announced that the villagers had 10 minutes to reach the town's soccer stadium. However, many people were shot in their homes before given a chance to leave. One witness reported that several thousand people tried to surrender by carrying white flags, but three Serb tanks opened fire on them, killing many.

Attack on Briševo
Between the 24 and 25 July 1992, Bosnian Serb Forces attacked the predominantly Croat village of Briševo, near Prijedor. According to the 1991 census, Briševo had a population of 340 people, by ethnicity, 305 Croats, 16 Yugoslavs, 7 Serbs, 1 Bosniak, and 11 others. Violence against ethnic Bosniaks and Croats in towns and villages around Prijedor had been increasing since May 1992, on 30 May 1992, Serbian-controlled Radio-Prijedor proclaimed the creation of a "Crisis Staff of the Serb municipality of Prijedor", that Serb forces had already began an "armed attack on the city of Prijedor" and that Serbs were fighting against Ustashe-Muslim forces", which further contributed to the atmosphere of hostility between the ethnic groups. On 31 May 1992, Serb authorities issued an ultimatum to the inhabitants of Briševo to hand over all weapons, promising the local population would not be harmed if they did, although local Croat leaders complied, Serb forces entered the village that day and arrested prominent Croats and those suspected of supporting the HDZ, these individuals were then taken to internment camps near Sanski Most. On 24 July 1992, Serb forces of the 5th Kozara Brigade from Prijedor and the 6th Krajina Brigade from Sanski Most shelled the village at 9:00 am and then moved into the village by foot. There Serb forces began a two-day massacre, burning homes and property and murdering Croat civilians wherever they were found, many Croatian women were raped before being killed and some victims were even forced to dig their own graves before being killed. Serb forces murdered some 67 Croat civilians, destroyed 65 family homes including the village Catholic Church, those who were not killed were driven out. During the ICTY trials, Milomir Stakić was found guilty of persecution, deportation and extermination against non-Serbs in the Prijedor region, which included the killings in Briševo.

Camps

During and after Kozarac, Hambarine and Briševo massacres, Serb authorities set up concentration camps and determined who should be responsible for the running of those camps.

Keraterm camp

Keraterm factory was set up as a camp on or around 23/24 May 1992. There were four rooms in the camp, Room 2 being the largest and Room 3 the smallest. By late June 1992, there were about 1,200 people in the camp. Every day people were brought in or taken away from the camp. The numbers increased considerably by late July. The detainees were mostly Bosnian Muslims and to a lesser extent Croats. The detainees slept on wooden pallets used for the transport of goods or on bare concrete in a big storage room. The conditions were cramped and people often had to sleep on top of each other. In June 1992, Room 1 held 320 people and the number continued to grow. The detainees were given one meal a day, made up of two small slices of bread and some sort of stew. The rations were insufficient for the detainees.

Omarska camp

The Omarska mines complex was located about 20 km from the town of Prijedor. The first detainees were taken to the camp sometime in late May 1992 (between 26 and 30 May). The camp buildings were almost completely full and some of the detainees had to be held on the area between the two main buildings. That area was lit up by specially installed spot-lights after the detainees arrived. Female detainees were held separately in the administrative building. According to the Serb authorities documents from Prijedor, there were a total of 3,334 persons held in the camp from 27 May to 16 August 1992. 3,197 of them were Bosniaks (i.e. Bosnian Muslims), 125 were Croats.

With the arrival of the first detainees, permanent guard posts were established around the camp, and anti-personnel landmines were set up around the camp. The conditions in the camp were horrible. In the building known as the "White House", the rooms were crowded with 45 people in a room no larger than 20 square meters. The faces of the detainees were distorted and bloodstained and the walls were covered with blood. From the beginning, the detainees were beaten, with fists, rifle butts and wooden and metal sticks. The guards mostly hit the heart and kidneys, when they had decided to beat someone to death. In the "garage", between 150 and 160 people were "packed like sardines" and the heat was unbearable. For the first few days, the detainees were not allowed out and were given only a jerry can of water and some bread. Men would suffocate during the night and their bodies would be taken out the following morning. The room behind the restaurant was known as "Mujo's Room". The dimensions of this room were about 12 by 15 metres and the average number of people detained there was 500, most of whom were Bosniaks. The women in the camp slept in the interrogations rooms, which they would have to clean each day as the rooms were covered in blood and pieces of skin and hair. In the camp one could hear the moaning and wailing of people who were being beaten up.

The detainees at Omarska had one meal a day. The food was usually spoiled and the process of getting the food, eating and returning the plate usually lasted around three minutes. Meals were often accompanied by beatings. The toilets were blocked and there was human waste everywhere. Ed Vulliamy, a British journalist, testified that when he visited the camp, the detainees were in a very poor physical condition. He witnessed them eating a bowl of soup and some bread and said that he had the impression they had not eaten in a long time. They appeared to be terrified. The detainees drank water from a river that was polluted with industrial waste and many suffered from constipation or dysentery. No criminal report was ever filed against persons detained in the Omarska camp, nor were the detainees apprised of any concrete charges against them. Apparently, there was no objective reason justifying these people's detention.
The Omarska camp was closed immediately after a visit by foreign journalists in early August. On 6 or 7 August 1992, the detainees at Omarska were divided into groups and transported in buses to different destinations. About 1,500 people were transported on 20 buses.

Trnopolje camp

The Trnoplje camp was set up in the village of Trnoplje on 24 May 1992. The camp was guarded on all sides by the Serb army. There were machine-gun nests and well-armed posts pointing their guns towards the camp. There were several thousand people detained in the camp, the vast majority of whom were Bosnian Muslim and some of them were Croats. According to approximation, on 7 August 1992 there were around 5,000 people detained there. Women and children were detained at the camp as well as men of military age. The camp population had a high turnover with many people staying for less than a week in the camp before joining one of the many convoys to another destination or concentration camps. The quantity of food available was insufficient and people often went hungry. Moreover, the water supply was insufficient and the toilet facilities inadequate. The majority of the detainees slept in the open air. The Serb soldiers used baseball bats, iron bars, rifle butts and their hands and feet or whatever they had at their disposal to beat the detainees. Individuals were who taken out for questioning would often return bruised or injured. Many women who were detained at the Trnopolje camp were taken out of the camp at night by Serb soldiers and raped or sexually assaulted.

Slobodan Kuruzović, the commander of the Trnopolje camp, estimated that between 6,000 and 7,000 people passed through the camp in 1992. Those who passed through the camp were not guilty of any crime. The International Red Cross arrived in the camp in mid-August 1992. A few days later the detainees were registered and received a registration booklet. The camp was officially closed down on 30 September, although there is evidence to suggest that some 3,500 remained for a longer period, until they were transferred to Travnik in Central Bosnia.

Other detention facilities

There were also other facilities in Prijedor which were used to detain Bosniak and other non-Serb people. Such detention facilities included Yugoslav People's Army barracks, Miška Glava Community Centre and a police building in Prijedor known as the SUP building.

The JNA barracks in Prijedor were known as the Žarko Zgonjanin barracks. They were used as a transition detention center. Some people who were fleeing the cleansing of Bišćani were trapped by Serb soldiers and taken to a command post at Miška Glava. The next morning they were called out, interrogated and beaten. This pattern continued for four or five days. Several men from the village of Rizvanovići were taken out by soldiers and have not been seen since. Around 100 men were arrested in the woods near Kalajevo by JNA soldiers and reserve police and taken to the Miška Glava cultural club. The detention cells were located behind the main SUP building (police building). There was also a courtyard where people were called out at night and beaten up. Prisoners detained in this building were also regularly threatened and insulted. Guards would curse them by calling them "balija", a derogative term for Muslim peasants of low origin.

Killings in camps

Numerous killings, both inside and outside the camps were committed during the Prijedor ethnic cleansing.

On the basis of the evidence presented at the Stakić trial, the Trial Chamber finds that over a hundred people were killed in late July 1992 in the Omarska camp. Around 200 people from Hambarine arrived in the Omarska camp sometime in July 1992. They were initially accommodated in the structure known as the White House. Early in the morning, around 01:00 or 02:00 on 17 July 1992, gunshots were heard that continued until dawn. Dead bodies were seen in front of the White House. The camp guards, one of whom was recognised as Živko Marmat, were shooting rounds into the bodies. Everyone was given an extra bullet that was shot in their heads. The bodies were then loaded onto a truck and taken away. There were about 180 bodies in total.

On 24 July 1992, the massacre at the Keraterm camp, known as the Room 3 massacre was committed as one of the first larger massacres committed inside the camp. New Bosniak detainees from the earlier-cleansed Brdo area were incarcerated in Room 3. For the first few days, the detainees were denied food as well as being subjected to beatings and other physical abuse. On the day of the massacre, a large number of Serb soldiers arrived in the camp, wearing military uniforms and red berets. A machine-gun was placed in front of Room 3. That night, bursts of shooting and moans could be heard coming from Room 3. A machine gun started firing. The next morning there was blood on the walls in Room 3. There were piles of bodies and wounded people. The guards opened the door and said: "Look at these foolish dirty Muslims – they have killed each other". The area outside Room 3 was covered with blood. A truck arrived and one man from Room 1 volunteered to assist with loading the bodies onto the truck. Soon after, the truck with all the bodies left the compound. The volunteer from Room 1 reported that there were 128 dead bodies on the truck. As the truck left, blood could be seen dripping from it. Later that day, a fire engine arrived to clean Room 3 and the surrounding area.

ICTY/MICT

The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was a body of the UN established to prosecute serious crimes committed during the Yugoslav Wars, and to try their perpetrators. The tribunal was an ad hoc court located in The Hague, Netherlands. It handed down some 20 sentences in relation to crimes perpetrated in the Prijedor municipality. One notable verdict was against ex-Bosnian Serb leader, Radovan Karadžić, who was convicted for crimes against humanity and war crimes across Bosnia, including Prijedor. He was sentenced to a life in prison. On 22 November 2017, general Ratko Mladić was also sentenced to a life in prison.

Other important convictions included Milomir Stakić, the ex-President of the Prijedor Municipal Assembly, who was sentenced to 40 years in prison, Bosnian Serb politician Momčilo Krajišnik, who was sentenced to 20 years in prison, and Radoslav Brđanin, ex-President of the Autonomous Region of Krajina Crisis Staff, who was handed over a 30 years' jail term. Stojan Župljanin, an ex-police commander who had operational control over the police forces responsible for the detention camps, and Mićo Stanišić, the ex-Minister of the Interior of Republika Srpska, both received 22 years in prison each. Bosnian Serb politician Biljana Plavšić pleaded guilty and admit guilt. She was sentenced to 11 years' in prison for persecution of non-Serbs.

Ex-guards of the Keraterm camp were also convicted: Duško Sikirica was sentenced to 15 years, Damir Došen to 5 years and Dragan Kolundžija to 3 years for beatings, whereas the guards of the Omarska camp were also convicted: Zoran Žigić was sentenced to 25 years, Mlado Radić to 20 years, Miroslav Kvočka to 7 years imprisonment, Milojica Kos to 6 years and Dragoljub Prcać sentenced to 5 years imprisonment. Predrag Banović, who pleaded guilty to 25 charges, was sentenced to 8 years in prison. Duško Tadić was sentenced to 20 years in jail. Darko Mrđa, an ex-special Bosnian Serb police unit member who was involved in the Korićani Cliffs massacre case, pleaded guilty and was handed over a 17-year jail term.

Memorials
In 2010, a memorial was opened in Kozarac in remembrance of the Bosniak civilian victims who died in the concentration camps run by Serbian authorities during the war. However, according to The Economist, authorities in Prijedor refuse to allow a memorial to the mostly Bosniak children killed in the city during the war.

See also
 List of massacres in the Bosnian War

References

Books

External links
IWPR – Prijedor Genocide Trial

Bosnian genocide
Mass murder in 1992
Massacres in the Bosnian War
Serbian war crimes in the Bosnian War
Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War
Crimes against humanity
Persecution of Muslims
Massacres of Croats
Massacres of Bosniaks

Prijedor ethnic cleansing


The Forgotten Daughter is a children's historical novel by Caroline Snedeker. It is set in ancient Rome, where a nobleman's daughter, believed dead, is being raised as the daughter of a slave. The novel, illustrated by Dorothy P. Lathrop, was first published in 1933 and was a Newbery Honor recipient in 1934.

This historic fiction novel is set in 2nd century AD. Roman centurion Laevinius is away when his Greek wife dies giving birth. The child, Chloe, is made a slave and Laevinius is told they both died. Chloe's life is harsh, only brightened by the stories her friend Melissa tells. Chloe's future looks bleak, and her love for a noble Roman seems doomed, until the plague reunites her with her father.

The book has been praised for accurate details that show the culture and everyday life of early Rome.

References

1933 American novels
American children's novels
Children's historical novels
Newbery Honor-winning works
Novels set in ancient Rome
Novels set in the 2nd century BC
1933 children's books
Novels by Caroline Snedeker
Children's books set in ancient Rome
Children's books set in the 2nd century

The Forgotten Daughter


The Department of Labor Building, also known as the William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building, is a historic office building, located at 14th Street, and Constitution Avenue, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Federal Triangle. It was the headquarters building for the United States Department of Labor from its opening until the 1970s. It later housed the U.S. Customs Service, and is currently occupied by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

History

Arthur Brown, Jr. designed the building between 1928 and 1931, and construction was completed in 1934.

The building was constructed as part of the Federal Triangle development.
Although plans to redevelop the slum Murder Bay had existed for decades, Congress did not fund the purchase of land or construction of buildings in the area until 1926. In July 1926, the government proposed building a Department of Labor Building between 13th and 14th Streets NW, on the north side of B Street NW (now Constitution Avenue NW). In March 1927, the government proposed adding a second building to the east (between 12th and 13th Streets NW) for "Independent Offices" (the building's purpose was later changed to be the headquarters of the Interstate Commerce Commission, or ICC). Design work proceeded slowly. In April 1930, President Herbert Hoover proposed building a $2 million "Departmental Auditorium" to connect the Labor and ICC buildings.

President Hoover laid the cornerstones for the Labor/ICC building on December 15, 1932.
Freemasons trained in masonry assisted the President in laying the cornerstones.
Hoover personally oversaw the dedication of the cornerstone at the Labor end of the building.
His words were broadcast over loudspeaker to the workers at the ICC end of the structure, who placed the ICC cornerstone simultaneously at the President's instruction (becoming the first time in Washington history that a single person dedicated two cornerstones at the same time).
William Green, President of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), attended the laying of the cornerstone for the Labor building.

The building was designated by Congress as a contributing structure to the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site in 1966, and it was subsequently listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

Agency occupants
The Department of Labor was the original occupant of the building. It vacated the building in 1979 when its employees moved to the Frances Perkins Building. The Customs Service took occupancy in 1979 and remained until the late 1990s, when it moved to the Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center. In 2002 EPA moved in, and the building was designated as the "EPA West" building.

In 2013 Congress designated the William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building as a complex including the EPA West Building, along with two adjacent buildings which were formerly known as the Interstate Commerce Commission Building (and subsequently designated as "EPA East") and the Ariel Rios Federal Building.

See also
Andrew W. Mellon Auditorium (Departmental Auditorium, renamed for Mellon in 1987)

References

External links
wikimapia
https://www.flickr.com/photos/wallyg/3643241562/

Buildings of the United States government in Washington, D.C.
Office buildings in Washington, D.C.
Government buildings completed in 1934
United States Department of Labor
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Arthur Brown Jr. buildings
Office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
Historic district contributing properties in Washington, D.C.
1934 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Federal Triangle

Department of Labor Building


Siege is a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and HTTPS load testing and web server benchmarking utility developed by Jeffrey Fulmer. It was designed to let web developers measure the performance of their code under stress, to see how it will stand up to load on the internet.

It is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) open-source software license, which means it is free to use, modify, and distribute.

Siege can stress a single URL or it can read many URLs into memory and stress them simultaneously. It supports basic authentication, cookies, HTTP, HTTPS and FTP protocols.

Performance measures
Performance measures include elapsed time of the test, the amount of data transferred (including headers), the response time of the server, its transaction rate, its throughput, its concurrency and the number of times it returned OK. These measures are quantified and reported at the end of each run.

This is a sample of siege output:
 Ben: $ siege -u shemp.whoohoo.com/Admin.jsp -d1 -r10 -c25
 ..Siege 2.65 2006/05/11 23:42:16
 ..Preparing 25 concurrent users for battle.
 The server is now under siege...done
 Transactions: 250 hits
 Elapsed time: 14.67 secs
 Data transferred: 448,000 bytes
 Response time: 0.43 secs
 Transaction rate: 17.04 trans/sec
 Throughput: 30538.51 bytes/sec
 Concurrency: 7.38
 Status code 200: 250
 Successful transactions: 250
 Failed transactions: 0

Siege has essentially three modes of operation: regression, internet simulation and brute force. It can read a large number of URLs from a configuration file and run through them incrementally (regression) or randomly (internet simulation). Or the user may simply pound a single URL with a runtime configuration at the command line (brute force).

Platform support
Siege was written on Linux and has been successfully ported to AIX, BSD, HP-UX, and Solaris. It compiles on most UNIX System V variants and on most newer BSD systems.

References

External links

Load testing tools
Software testing

Siege (software)


Play Like a Champion Today is a saying written on a sign created by Coach Bud Wilkinson of the University of Oklahoma Sooners in the 1940s to inspire the players as they entered Owen Field. It is located overhead in the tunnel leading out to the field in the south end zone at Oklahoma Memorial Stadium. The University of Notre Dame Fighting Irish football program later began using the saying as well.

University of Oklahoma

The University of Oklahoma has used a sign with the phrase since the late 1940s, under coach Bud Wilkinson. Traditional during home games at Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium Oklahoma players and coaches touch the "Play Like a Champion Today" sign posted above the locker room doors as they head into the tunnel that leads to the field before every home game. For away games a travel version is posted by equipment staff for the players to touch as they depart the locker room for the field.

As the team enters the field, the Sooners run under a crimson banner that displays 'Play Like a Champion' that is flanked by flags representing each of Oklahoma's seven national championships.

University of Notre Dame

The term has been used by Notre Dame since at least 1986 when Lou Holtz came across a photo in a Notre Dame book with the sign "Play Like A Champion Today." After asking around and coming up with no one remembering the sign and what had happened to it, he had a new sign painted and placed in a stairwell between the home team locker room and the tunnel to the field of Notre Dame Stadium. This original sign was painted by Laurie Wenger in the fall of 1986.

It is a tradition by players to touch it on their way out of the locker room.  Above the sign is a listing of Notre Dame's eleven national championships.

In 1991, the University granted Wenger exclusive marketing rights to the phrase. In 2004, with the support of the University the sign became the registered trademark of Play Like a Champion Today, Inc. Since that time, the University and PLACT, Inc. jointly license companies to produce co-branded products.

References

External links
The Meaning Behind The Sign
The University of Oklahoma - Play Like a Champion

Oklahoma Sooners football
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football

Play Like a Champion Today


Michael James Peterson (born August 7, 1959) is an American country music artist. He made his debut on the country music scene in 1997 with his second self-titled album (following his 1986 release featuring contemporary Christian songs), which produced five Top 40 hits on Billboards Hot Country Singles & Tracks, including the Number One hit "From Here to Eternity". Peterson's second album, 1999's Being Human, produced two more chart singles, and a third album, 2004's Modern Man, was issued only in Europe. Peterson also made a cameo appearance on an episode of Walker, Texas Ranger.

Biography
Michael Peterson was born in Tucson, Arizona, on August 7, 1959. At an early age, he was influenced by the music that his grandmother listened to, such as Cole Porter and Roger Miller.

After attending high school at Richland High School in Richland, WA, Peterson later earned a football scholarship to Pacific Lutheran University, where he won a national championship. One of his teammates, Brad Westering, was also working as a producer for Deniece Williams at the time. Through Westering, Peterson got the opportunity to write songs for Williams, as well as gospel headliners The Imperials. This all led to the production of Peterson's first release, "Michael Peterson", a collection of contemporary Christian songs, on Sparrow Records in 1986. Eventually, Peterson traveled to Nashville, Tennessee, where he started working as a professional songwriter, collaborating with other writers such as Josh Leo and Robert Ellis Orrall.

Michael Peterson
Orrall suggested that Peterson sign to a recording contract, and in December 1996, Peterson was signed to Reprise Records, a division of the Warner Music Group. His debut single, "Drink, Swear, Steal & Lie", was released that year, charting at No. 3 on the Billboard country charts and No. 86 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was the lead-off single to Peterson's self-titled debut album (not to be confused with the Christian album of the same name from 1986), which also produced four more chart singles. The second one, "From Here to Eternity", became Peterson's first and only Number One hit, while "Too Good to Be True" reached No. 8. Following it were "When the Bartender Cries" at No. 37 and "By the Book" at No. 19. The album was certified gold by the RIAA for shipping 500,000 copies in the U.S. Also in 1997, Peterson was named Male Artist of the Year by Billboard.

In 1998, Peterson appeared on Jenny Simpson's 1998 self-titled album, singing duet vocals on "Grow Young with You". Peterson made a guest appearance on a 1998 episode of Walker, Texas Ranger called "Eyes of a Ranger."

Being Human
Peterson released his second album, Being Human, in 1999. Its lead-off single, "Somethin' 'bout a Sunday", failed to reach top 40, and "Sure Feels Real Good" peaked at No. 39. Also in 1999, Peterson co-wrote the title track to Travis Tritt's album No More Looking over My Shoulder, which was released as a single. After a Super Hits album for the label, Peterson exited Warner Music Group.

Modern Man
After his departure from Warner, Peterson signed to Monument Records Nashville. His third studio album, Modern Man, was to have been released in 2002 for the label. Although its title track and "Lesson in Goodbye" both entered the country charts (with the former being the highest-debuting single of his career), the album itself was not issued in the US due to a restructuring of the label's parent company. AGR, a European record label, acquired the album and issued it in Europe in 2004. Six singles were released from it in Europe, including Peterson's own rendition of "No More Looking over My Shoulder." Also included on the album was the track "Right About Now", which Ty Herndon later released from his 2007 album of the same name.

After Modern Man
Peterson's songs have been covered by a number of artists. Though his last charting single was in 2002, he continues to release albums and performs at military benefits.

Discography

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Singles

A"By the Book" did not enter the Hot 100, but peaked at number 1 on Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles, which acts as a 25-song extension of the Hot 100.

Music videos

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 Michael Peterson Music

1959 births
American country singer-songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
Living people
Musicians from Tucson, Arizona
Reprise Records artists
Pacific Lutheran University alumni
Country musicians from Arizona
Singer-songwriters from Arizona

Michael Peterson (singer)


Helen Elizabeth Skelton (born 19 July 1983) is an English television presenter and actress.

Works

She co-presented CBBC's programme Blue Peter from 2008 to 2013. Since 2014 she has been the presenter of Countryfile.

She also co-hosted two series of the BBC One television programme Holiday Hit Squad alongside Angela Rippon and Joe Crowley. She also hosted the daytime series The Instant Gardener which ran for two seasons. She is currently a dancer on the celebrity dancing show Strictly Come Dancing.

Early life

Skelton was born on July 19, 1983, in Carlisle, Cumbria, England. She grew up on a dairy farm in the town of Kirkby Thore. She attended the local primary school and then Appleby Grammar School. Then she graduated from the Cumbria Institute of the Arts. She earned a degree in journalism. During her time in college, he worked as an extra on Coronation Street and Cutting It.

Skelton is a qualified tap dance teacher and has said that if she weren't a broadcaster, she would be a teacher. His brother Gavin Skelton is a professional footballer and has also been a player-manager.

1983 births
Living people
English actors
English television presenters

Helen Skelton