Winston Frederick Justice (born September 14, 1984) is a former American football offensive tackle. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the second round (39th overall pick) of the 2006 NFL Draft. He played college football at USC.

Currently, Winston Justice is a vice president based in Bernstein's Nashville headquarters, serving as an asset manager to multigenerational families, entrepreneurs, and nonprofits. Prior to joining Bernstein in 2019, he was a portfolio manager for PIA's Alternative Investments Group. Earlier, he co-founded MJC Capital, an early-stage investment vehicle, and also served as a portfolio manager for Wells Fargo Securities.

He holds BA in Public Policy from the University of Southern California, an MBA from George Washington University, and the Certified Investment Management Analyst designation from The Yale School of Management.

Winston's philanthropic work includes serving on the board of directors for YCAP, Nashville Coaching Coalition, and service efforts with Habitat for Humanity of Collier County, Young Life Naples, and Eagles Fly for Leukemia in Philadelphia. In 2010, he was the recipient of the Walter Payton Philadelphia Man of the Year award. He relocated to Nashville in 2018 with his wife and their three children.

Early years
Justice attended Long Beach Polytechnic High School in Long Beach, California.

College career
Justice played college football at the University of Southern California.  He was regarded as one of the best tackles to come out of USC.  Justice blocked for two Heisman Trophy winners and 1 former (quarterbacks Carson Palmer and Matt Leinart, and running back Reggie Bush).

Professional career

Philadelphia Eagles
Justice was selected in the second round with the 39th overall pick by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 2006 NFL Draft. However, the Eagles did consider using their first round draft pick on him. Many considered him a first round pick because of his athleticism and other abilities.

His first NFL start came against the New York Giants on September 30, 2007. In the Eagles' 16–3 loss, Justice allowed six sacks. Justice was outmatched by defensive end Osi Umenyiora of the Giants in his first appearance in the NFL. Justice made his second career start against the Carolina Panthers on September 13, 2009, and played well against star defensive end Julius Peppers.

After starting right tackle Shawn Andrews was placed on injured reserve due to a back injury on September 15, 2009, Justice became the full-time starter at the position.  Justice started all sixteen games in 2009.

On November 24, 2009, Justice was given a four-year contract extension, which put him under contract until the end of the 2013 season.

In 2010, he was the recipient of the Walter Payton Philadelphia Man of the Year award. Justice was also a player elected team representative and helped advocate for this teammates.

Justice was placed on the active/physically unable to perform list on July 28, 2011, due to a knee injury. He was activated on September 3.

Indianapolis Colts
Justice was traded to the Indianapolis Colts on March 14, 2012, along with the Eagles' sixth round pick in 2012 for the Colts' sixth round pick in 2012.

Denver Broncos
On September 18, 2013, the Denver Broncos signed Justice after starting left offensive tackle Ryan Clady suffered a season-ending foot sprain.  In 2014, the Denver Broncos re-signed Justice.

Personal life
Justice is a Christian. Justice has spoken about his faith saying, "I work to glorify God. ... I think my goal is to be a great offensive tackle. But, my major goal is to glorify God. I want people to see Christ in me, when I play. Not being fearful, to giving his all on every play."

Winston Justice currently lives in Nashville with his wife Dania and three children Selah, Calais, and Tali.

References

External links
Denver Broncos bio
Philadelphia Eagles bio

1984 births
Living people
Players of American football from Long Beach, California
American football offensive tackles
USC Trojans football players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Indianapolis Colts players
Denver Broncos players
Long Beach Polytechnic High School alumni

Winston Justice


Zemīte Manor () is a manor house in Zemīte, Zemīte Parish, Tukums Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. Damaged by fire both in 1905 and 1931, the structure was repaired each time. It currently houses the Zemīte primary school.

History
Zemīte Manor (or Knight's Manor) was known since 1437 as an estate of Štekmest and later on of von Butlar.
The Butlar family owned estate until 1673, after which the owners were von Lebel, von Mirbach, von Plettenberg and von Berrie. From 1790 to 1920 manor belonged to von Firks family.
The manor house was built in the Biedermeier era of spectacular construction forms around 1850. At the same time the park around it was also created.  Later in the 19th century, a square tower of Neo-Renaissance style, whose sole function was to confirm the owner of the building, was additionally built. Manor house was burned in 1905 and shortly thereafter restored. Then it was burned again in 1931 and once again restored. Consequently, the original interior decoration of the building has not survived.

In 1937, in the old granary of the manor, was in the Guard House. In 1943 several manor houses were burnt down. In 1945, the Zemīte Manor established a Car and Horse Leasing Point, and an executive committee of the Zemīte Parish Workers' Deputies Council had it headquarter. In the former Guard House was established the Machine and Tractor Station. In 1951 the station was liquidated and handed over to Kandava RTU, and in 1962 a new company was established on the basis of it - the Tukuma Lauktehnikas branch. During the Soviet era, the palace housed a cafeteria and apartments. The idea at that time was to build a museum in the castle tower.

Modern era
The former mansion is now municipal property. In 2000, the Kandava Regional Council invested in its reconstruction and since then Zemīte Elementary School is in the palace. On September 1, 2000, with the participation of President Vaira Vike-Freiberga, the school moved to these beautiful premises. On September 22, 2018, Zemīte School celebrated its 170th birthday.

Local legends
It is said that at midnight in Zemīte  Manor one can meet the Blue Lady. In Zemīte Manor Park the face of the Park Guard is carved on the linden tree trunk and the Lover's chair as well.

See also
List of palaces and manor houses in Latvia

References

External links
  Zemīte Manor
 Zemīte Manor

Manor houses in Latvia
Tukums Municipality
Courland

Zemīte Manor


The Winchester Model 1897 was an early pump-action shotgun invented by John Moses Browning. It was so popular that it was used by the US military during both World War I and World War II. It was deadly weapon at short range, especially in trenches, so the military called it "trench gun". Even though the gun was pump action, the shooter could shoot quickly by holding down the trigger while pumping the shotgun.
Shotguns

Winchester Model 1897


Shower of Stars (also known as Chrysler Shower of Stars) is an American variety television series broadcast live in the United States from 1954 to 1958 by CBS. The series was broadcast in color which was a departure from the usual CBS  programming practices of the 1950s.

Overview
Shower of Stars is typically composed of musical comedy revues with an occasional straight play.  It was shown on approximately a monthly basis during its run (1954-1958), and was designed to contrast with the heavy dramatic content of the program with which it shared its timeslot, Climax!  Both programs were sponsored by Chrysler Corporation, and both were hosted by William Lundigan.

Famous entertainers of the era who appeared multiple times on Shower of Stars included Jack Benny, Bob Crosby, Betty Grable, Van Johnson, Shirley MacLaine, Fredric March, Frankie Laine, Ethel Merman, Basil Rathbone, Red Skelton, Mario Lanza and Ed Wynn Liberace.  March and Rathbone starred as Ebenezer Scrooge and Jacob Marley, respectively, in a 1954 musical adaptation of Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol, with songs by Bernard Herrmann and Maxwell Anderson. This was the first musical version of the story to be televised, and the first in color. Rathbone would go on to play Scrooge himself, in another TV musical adaptation of the story, the 1956 version of The Stingiest Man in Town. (Rathbone would again play Scrooge in a 1958 non-musical British half-hour television version of the story, with Fredric March as narrator.) The most frequently-appearing artist, however, was Jack Benny, who appeared in one role or another in a majority of the program's broadcasts.

Awards and nominations

Episode status
The extant episodes of Shower of Stars have survived only in black-and-white kinescopes of the original color broadcasts, which have been lost. The episodes carry no copyright notice and are thus in the public domain in the United States. The Internet Archive holds seven episodes in its collection.

References

External links

1954 American television series debuts
1958 American television series endings
1950s American variety television series
CBS original programming
English-language television shows
American live television series
Television series by CBS Studios
Television series by Desilu Productions

Shower of Stars


Governance, risk management and compliance (GRC) is the term covering an organization's approach across these three practices: governance, risk management, and compliance.

The first scholarly research on GRC was published in 2007 where GRC was formally defined as "the integrated collection of capabilities that enable an organization to reliably achieve objectives, address uncertainty and act with integrity." The research referred to common "keep the company on track" activities conducted in departments such as internal audit, compliance, risk, legal, finance, IT, HR as well as the lines of business, executive suite and the board itself.

Overview
Governance, risk management, and compliance are three related facets that aim to assure an organization reliably achieves objectives, addresses uncertainty and acts with integrity. Governance is the combination of processes established and executed by the directors (or the board of directors) that are reflected in the organization's structure and how it is managed and led toward achieving goals. Risk management is predicting and managing risks that could hinder the organization from reliably achieving its objectives under uncertainty. Compliance refers to adhering with the mandated boundaries (laws and regulations) and voluntary boundaries (company's policies, procedures, etc.).

GRC is a discipline that aims to synchronize information and activity across governance, and compliance in order to operate more efficiently, enable effective information sharing, more effectively report activities and avoid wasteful overlaps. Although interpreted differently in various organizations, GRC typically encompasses activities such as corporate governance, enterprise risk management (ERM) and corporate compliance with applicable laws and regulations.

Organizations reach a size where coordinated control over GRC activities is required to operate effectively. Each of these three disciplines creates information of value to the other two, and all three impact the same technologies, people, processes and information.

Substantial duplication of tasks evolves when governance, risk management and compliance are managed independently.  Overlapping and duplicated GRC activities negatively impact both operational costs and GRC matrices. For example, each internal service might be audited and assessed by multiple groups on an annual basis, creating enormous cost and disconnected results. A disconnected GRC approach will also prevent an organization from providing real-time GRC executive reports. GRC supposes that this approach, like a badly planned transport system, every individual route will operate, but the network will lack the qualities that allow them to work together effectively.

If not integrated, if tackled in a traditional "silo" approach, most organizations must sustain unmanageable numbers of GRC-related requirements due to changes in technology, increasing data storage, market globalization and increased regulation.

GRC topics

Basic concepts
 Governance describes the overall management approach through which senior executives direct and control the entire organization, using a combination of management information and hierarchical management control structures. Governance activities ensure that critical management information reaching the executive team is sufficiently complete, accurate and timely to enable appropriate management decision making, and provide the control mechanisms to ensure that strategies, directions and instructions from management are carried out systematically and effectively.
 Risk management is the set of processes through which management identifies, analyzes, and, where necessary, responds appropriately to risks that might adversely affect realization of the organization's business objectives. The response to risks typically depends on their perceived gravity, and involves controlling, avoiding, accepting or transferring them to a third party, whereas organizations routinely manage a wide range of risks (e.g. technological risks, commercial/financial risks, information security risks etc.).
 Compliance means conforming with stated requirements. At an organizational level, it is achieved through management processes which identify the applicable requirements (defined for example in laws, regulations, contracts, strategies and policies), assess the state of compliance, assess the risks and potential costs of non-compliance against the projected expenses to achieve compliance, and hence prioritize, fund and initiate any corrective actions deemed necessary. Compliance administration refers to the administrative exercise of keeping all the compliance documents up to date, maintaining the currency of the risk controls and producing the compliance reports. Obligational awareness refers to the ability of the organization to make itself aware of all of its mandatory and voluntary obligations, namely relevant laws, regulatory requirements, industry codes and organizational standards, as well as standards of good governance, generally accepted best practices, ethics and community expectations.  These obligations may be financial, strategic or operational where operational includes such diverse areas as property safety, product safety, food safety, workplace health and safety, asset maintenance, etc.

GRC market segmentation
A GRC program can be instituted to focus on any individual area within the enterprise, or a fully integrated GRC is able to work across all areas of the enterprise, using a single framework.

A fully integrated GRC uses a single core set of control material, mapped to all of the primary governance factors being monitored.  The use of a single framework also has the benefit of reducing the possibility of duplicated remedial actions.

When reviewed as individual GRC areas, the most common individual headings are considered to be Financial GRC, Operational GRC, WHS GRC, IT GRC, and Legal GRC.

Financial GRC relates to the activities that are intended to ensure the correct operation of all financial processes, as well as compliance with any finance-related mandates.
Operational GRC relates to all operational activities such as property safety, product safety, food safety, workplace health and safety, IT compliance asset maintenance, etc.
WHS GRC, a subset of Operational GRC, relates to all workplace health and safety activities
IT GRC, a subset of Operational GRC, relates to the activities intended to ensure that the IT (Information Technology) organization supports the current and future needs of the business, and complies with all IT-related mandates.
Legal GRC focuses on tying together all three components via an organization's legal department and chief compliance officer. This however can be misleading as ISO 37301 refers to mandatory and voluntary obligations and a focus on legal GRC can introduce bias.

The AICD (Australian Institute of Company Directors) however splits risk into three super groups

 Financial Risk
 Operational Risk
 Strategic Risk

Analysts disagree on how these aspects of GRC are defined as market categories.  Gartner has stated that the broad GRC market includes the following areas:
Finance and audit GRC
IT GRC management
Enterprise risk management.

They further divide the IT GRC management market into these key capabilities.
Controls and policy library
Policy distribution and response
IT Controls self-assessment and measurement
IT Asset repository
Automated general computer control (GCC) collection
Remediation and exception management
Reporting
Advanced IT risk evaluation and compliance dashboards

GRC product vendors
The distinctions between the sub-segments of the broad GRC market are often not clear.  With a large number of vendors entering this market recently, determining the best product for a given business problem can be challenging.  Given that the analysts do not fully agree on the market segmentation, vendor positioning can increase the confusion.

Owing to the dynamic nature of this market, any vendor analysis is often out of date relatively soon after its publication.

Broadly, the vendor market can be considered to exist in three segments:

Integrated GRC solutions (multi-governance interest, enterprise wide)
Domain specific GRC solutions (single governance interest, enterprise wide)
Point solutions to GRC (relate to enterprise wide governance or enterprise wide risk or enterprise wide compliance but not in combination.)

Integrated GRC solutions attempt to unify the management of these areas, rather than treat them as separate entities.  An integrated solution is able to administer one central library of compliance controls, but manage, monitor and present them against every governance factor.  For example, in a domain specific approach, three or more findings could be generated against a single broken activity.  The integrated solution recognizes this as one break relating to the mapped governance factors.

Domain specific GRC vendors understand the cyclical connection between governance, risk and compliance within a particular area of governance.  For example, within financial processing — that a risk will either relate to the absence of a control (need to update governance) and/or the lack of adherence to (or poor quality of) an existing control.  An initial goal of splitting out GRC into a separate market has left some vendors confused about the lack of movement.  It is thought that a lack of deep education within a domain on the audit side, coupled with a mistrust of audit in general causes a rift in a corporate environment.  However, there are vendors in the marketplace that, while remaining domain-specific, have begun marketing their product to end users and departments that, while either tangential or overlapping, have expanded to include the internal corporate internal audit (CIA) and external audit teams (tier 1 big four AND tier two and below), information security and operations/production as the target audience.  This approach provides a more 'open book' approach into the process.  If the production team will be audited by CIA using an application that production also has access to, is thought to reduce risk more quickly as the end goal is not to be 'compliant' but to be 'secure,' or as secure as possible. You can also try the various GRC Tools available in market which are based on automation and can reduce your work load.

Point solutions to GRC are marked by their focus on addressing only one of its areas.  In some cases of limited requirements, these solutions can serve a viable purpose.  However, because they tend to have been designed to solve domain specific problems in great depth, they generally do not take a unified approach and are not tolerant of integrated governance requirements.  Information systems will address these matters better if the requirements for GRC management are incorporated at the design stage, as part of a coherent framework.

GRC data warehousing and business intelligence
GRC vendors with an integrated data framework are now able to offer custom built GRC data warehouse and business intelligence solutions.  This allows high value data from any number of existing GRC applications to be collated and analysed.

The aggregation of GRC data using this approach adds significant benefit in the early identification of risk and business process (and business control) improvement.

Further benefits to this approach include (i) it allows existing, specialist and high value applications to continue without impact (ii) organizations can manage an easier transition into an integrated GRC approach because the initial change is only adding to the reporting layer and (iii) it provides a real-time ability to compare and contrast data value across systems that previously had no common data scheme.'

GRC research
Each of the core disciplines – Governance, Risk Management and Compliance – consists of the four basic components: strategy, processes, technology and people.
The organisation's risk appetite, its internal policies and external regulations constitute the rules of GRC. The disciplines, their components and rules are now to be merged in an integrated, holistic and organisation-wide (the three main characteristics of GRC) manner – aligned with the (business) operations that are managed and supported through GRC. In applying this approach, organisations long to achieve the objectives: ethically correct behaviour, and improved efficiency and effectiveness of any of the elements involved.

See also
 Conformity assessment
 Information governance
 ISO 37301:2021 Compliance Management Systems (Previously ISO 19600)
 ISO 31000:2018 Risk Management
 ISO 41001:2018 Facility management — Management systems
 Legal governance, risk management, and compliance
 Records management
 Regulatory compliance

References

Business software
Enterprise modelling


Rostom () (1571–1605), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was a king of Imereti in the periods of 1588–1589 and 1590–1605. A son of Constantine, sometime claimant to the crown of Imereti, he was raised to the throne through the support of Mamia IV Dadiani, prince of Mingrelia, who had deposed King Leon of Imereti in 1588. Rostom's authority was defied, however, by his ostensible vassal Giorgi II Gurieli, prince of Guria, who employed an Ottoman force to dethrone the king in favor of Rostom's relative Bagrat IV. Rostom fled to Mingrelia, from where he continued struggle for the crown. The eastern Georgian king Simon I of Kartli exploited the situation and brought most of Imereti under his control. Rostom fled to Mingrelia, with Manuchar I Dadiani, who rejected Simon's ultimatum and moved into Imereti. He defeated Simon at Opshkviti and ousted him from Imereti in 1590. Rostom was reinstated as king of Imereti and made peace with Simon. His authority was largely nominal though, and the power was effectively held by an aristocratic élite, notably by the prince of Mingrelia. Rostom died childless in 1605 and was succeeded by his half-brother George III.

References

 Вахушти Багратиони (Vakhushti Bagrationi) (1745). История Царства Грузинского: Жизнь Имерети.

1571 births
1605 deaths
Bagrationi dynasty of the Kingdom of Imereti
Kings of Imereti
Eastern Orthodox monarchs

Rostom of Imereti


Presidential elections were held in Northern Cyprus on 11 October 2020 alongside a constitutional referendum, with a run-off held on 18 October 2020. They were originally scheduled to take place on 26 April 2020, but were postponed in March 2020 for six months due to the COVID-19 pandemic. No candidate won a majority of votes in the first round.

The two candidates contesting the second round were Mustafa Akıncı, the incumbent president running as an independent candidate and supporting a federal solution to the Cyprus dispute, and Ersin Tatar, the Prime Minister, running as the National Unity Party candidate, and opposing a federal solution in favour of a two-state solution. During his first term in office after being elected in 2015, Akıncı pursued a relationship with Turkey on the basis of Northern Cyprus not becoming a "sub-administration", whilst Tatar deemed Akıncı's stance too belligerent and promised to repair relations. The elections have been marked by controversies surrounding allegations and reports of interference from the Turkish government, with Akıncı claiming he was threatened by Turkish authorities in an attempt to force him to withdraw his candidacy. Five days before the first round, Tatar announced a partial reopening of the ghost town of Varosha, sparking international condemnation and the fall of his cabinet after the junior partner in the coalition withdrew from the government.

Despite the parties of candidates receiving lower votes in the first round predominantly supporting Mustafa Akıncı, including the Republican Turkish Party (CTP), Tatar won a narrow victory in the second round and thus became the 5th President of Northern Cyprus. His victory, which was the closest ever margin in the history of Northern Cyprus, was welcomed by most political parties in Turkey.

Electoral system
The President of Northern Cyprus is elected using the two-round system. If no candidate receives a majority of the vote in the first round, a second is held between the top two candidates.

Candidates
11 candidates ran in the first round of the election:
Mustafa Akıncı (Independent, supported by TDP and others)
Tufan Erhürman (CTP)
Ersin Tatar (UBP)
Kudret Özersay (Independent, supported by HP)
Serdar Denktaş (Independent, supported by DP)
Erhan Arıklı (YDP)
Fuat Türköz Çiner (MDP)
Arif Salih Kırdağ (Independent)
Alpan Uz (Independent)
Ahmet Boran (Independent)
Mustafa Ulaş (Independent)

Campaigns

Mustafa Akıncı

Akıncı, the incumbent president, sought re-election as an independent. He announced his candidacy and set out his vision for a second term on 5 February 2020 at a rally in Nicosia titled "Trust and Determination Evening". He defended the federal model for the resolution of the Cyprus dispute as the only feasible and reasonable option, declaring "We do not want to be a minority amongst Greek Cypriots, nor do we want to be a sub-administration dependent on Turkey." His re-election bid was shaped around the slogan "The Answer is Akıncı" (), and the themes promoted in the campaign included "trust", "determination", "sincerity" and "responsibility", all associated with Akıncı.

The left-wing Communal Democracy Party (TDP) chairman Cemal Özyiğit declared his party's support for Akıncı's re-election on 23 October 2019, when Akıncı was yet to announce his candidacy. Other parties to declare support for Akıncı in the first round were the extraparliamentary Communal Liberation Party New Forces, Independence Path, United Cyprus Party and Left Movement. The Republican Turkish Party declared its support for Akıncı in the second round, while the New Cyprus Party called on voters not to vote for Ersin Tatar.

Ersin Tatar

Ersin Tatar, leader of the right-wing National Unity Party (UBP) and Prime Minister, put forward his candidacy representing the UBP on 18 January 2020. He set out his vision for the Presidency on 16 September 2020, in an event in Nicosia titled "We are walking to a new future". Whilst Tatar has said that he would be willing to negotiate with Greek Cypriots for a resolution of the Cyprus dispute, he advocated a two-state solution, involving separate Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot states in the European Union as his preferential model. He based this on his position that, having been explored as an option 1977, he believed the federal model for Cyprus to have been exhausted. A key campaign promise was to fully reopen the ghost town of Varosha, with the land being used by its original inhabitants under Turkish Cypriot sovereignty. He also held that Akıncı had been too belligerent with regards to the relationship with Turkey, and he said that he would undo the "damage" in the Turkey-Northern Cyprus relations brought upon by Akıncı.

Tatar's central campaign slogan was "We are walking to a new future" (), with an emphasis in his campaign on the message "Enough is enough! We will not lose another five years."

Political parties to declare support for Tatar in the second round were the Democratic Party the Rebirth Party and extraparliamentary the Nationalist Democracy Party.

Tufan Erhürman

Tufan Erhürman, head of the left-wing Republican Turkish Party (CTP), Leader of the Main Opposition and former Prime Minister, put forward his candidacy as the representative of his party on 17 December 2019, in an expanded party meeting in Nicosia. A proponent of the federal solution, Erhürman initially set out a "three-piece" vision for the Presidency, with the three pieces consisting of a comprehensive solution to the Cyprus dispute, a proactive foreign policy and a self-sustaining economy. He promised to campaign proactively against the embargo against Northern Cyprus on fields such as trade and sports, whilst still striving for a "result-oriented" process to solve the Cyprus dispute. Whilst the President of Northern Cyprus has often left the major executive functions to the office of the Prime Minister, Erhürman promised a more active role for the Presidency in internal politics, foreseeing the Presidency as a stabiliser and a "bridge" between the short-lasting, volatile governments of Northern Cyprus.

Erhürman emphasised that he would place relations with Turkey, the European Union and Greek Cypriots "on the correct footing", with a particular emphasis on Turkish Cypriot "will" and self-sufficiency. He promoted "dialogue" as a basis for relations with Turkey, saying that he would act "responsibly, not problematically".

Erhürman's campaign slogan was "The correct one is Tufan Erhürman" (), with a particular messaging focus on "all-round leadership".

Kudret Özersay
Kudret Özersay, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign of Affairs, resigned from his position as head of the People's Party (HP) to run as an independent, supported by the HP. Özersay's campaign emphasised his previous experience as Chief Negotiator and a scholar of international law, and used the slogan "This is his job" (, with a double meaning, also meaning "he can get this done"). Özersay ran on a platform advocating that there were alternatives to a federal solution, proposing a model of "partnership based on collaboration" instead. Another key campaign promise was to reopen Varosha, but only after "informing the international community correctly" about the nature of the reopening.

Campaign issues

Controversy over Turkish interference
Mustafa Akıncı made multiple statements over the course of the campaign that the government of Turkey was actively interfering in the elections against him. He stated on 1 October that members of the Turkish parliament of the ruling Justice and Development Party and Nationalist Movement Party were touring villages in Northern Cyprus, telling people not to vote for Akıncı, and that he had been receiving insults and threats from Turkish "sources". The Turkish embassy in Nicosia released a statement condemning "the mentality that considered every Turkish team on the island an interference in the elections" and said that it was unacceptable that "Turkey was being turned into campaign material".

On 9 October, Akıncı stated that he had been threatened by Turkish authorities early in his campaign, with a "person related to intelligence activity in Cyprus" telling his Chief of Staff that it would be "better for Akıncı himself, his family and the nation" if he withdrew from the election. He also revealed that his, his Chief of Staff's and his campaign team's emails had been hacked into. The Turkish embassy in Nicosia categorically denied that Akıncı had been threatened. Tatar said that it was unacceptable for a President to make such statements about Turkey.

On 5 October, Özgür Gazete, an online newspaper in Northern Cyprus, published photos of Ersin Tatar meeting advisors of the Turkish Vice-president Fuat Oktay in a hotel in Kyrenia, reporting that the meetings had been taking place daily with Tatar briefing a Turkish ruling party campaign team about campaign developments and receiving strategic directives. Tatar released a statement in response, claiming that "foreign intelligence agencies had been secretly photographing technical teams from Turkey and serving them to websites set up specifically to manipulate the election". He claimed that the photos were a violation of his right to privacy, and that the state would "take legal action against those who committed against the State and the nation". Tatar's statement was condemned by the CTP, the TDP and various civil society organisations as an assault on the freedom of the press.

Various pro-government Turkish newspapers also ran headlines attacking Akıncı in the run-up to the election.

Partial reopening of Varosha and the fall of the government
On 6 October 2020, with five days to go before the election, Ersin Tatar flew to Ankara upon the special invitation of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. This was the date for the scheduled reopening of the Northern Cyprus Water Supply Project after months of repairs, but the High Electoral Board had banned any political speeches at the reopening ceremony in Cyprus. The ceremony took place nonetheless, with Tatar and Erdoğan taking part virtually via videoconferencing from a live press conference in Ankara.

During the ceremony, Tatar announced that the ghost town of Varosha, which had been sealed off during the 1974 conflict after the flight of its Greek Cypriot population, would be partially reopened on 8 October. This would involve the reopening of a couple of avenues and the beach for the public to visit. Erdoğan stated his support for the move and said that the infrastructure work required would be completed swiftly.

The move met with condemnation from Josep Borrell, the foreign policy chief of the European Union, and expressions of concern from the United Nations Security Council and Russia. The UN Security Council presidential statement urged the reversal of the decision and that the UN Security Council decisions regarding Varosha be respected.

This move was seen as a pre-election political manoeuvre by other political figures in Northern Cyprus. Akıncı said that the developments were "a black stain on Turkish Cypriot democracy", saying that they constituted "yet another development in the interference with our elections just to confer advantage to one candidate". He also called using the reopening of Varosha as campaign material a "grave mistake".

Kudret Özersay, Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs and member of the People's Party, the junior partner in the ruling coalition, said that he had no prior knowledge of the reopening, and that without a Council of Ministers decision, this could not possibly be a real reopening of Varosha. The Party Assembly of the People's Party decided to withdraw from the coalition, leading to a collapse of the government, citing Ersin Tatar's "bypassing" of his coalition partners and "using Varosha as an election ploy" as the reason.

Opinion polls

First round

Second round

Results
The first round results were regarded in the Turkish Cypriot media as a disappointment for Özersay, Arıklı and Denktaş, and especially for Özersay, who had suffered a loss of 15% from the previous election. Özersay said that he would "reconsider his future political career" based on the election results, saying that he had performed far below his expectations. Erhürman congratulated the two candidates reaching the second round and said that the election results would be critiqued by the CTP Party Assembly.

On 13 October, the CTP Party Assembly unanimously voted to support Akıncı in the second round, citing their common goal of the federal solution as the rationale. Arıklı's YDP and the Democratic Party endorsed Tatar for the second round. The DP decision was a contested one, and as a response, Serdar Denktaş resigned from the party that he had previously led for 21 years, releasing a statement implying that he would vote for Akıncı and saying "If my party cannot defend its honour, I have to defend mine".

Tatar was elected in the second round by a narrow margin, winning 51.74% of the vote. The Gazimağusa and İskele districts swayed the result in favour of Tatar, with Tatar attaining 70.79% of the votes in İskele. Tatar had a lead of 1% in Girne District, whilst Akıncı won all three remaining districts, garnering 56.14% of the votes in the capital Lefkoşa District.

Aftermath
Speaking after he was elected, Tatar thanked the Turkish Cypriot electorate, who elected him "out of free will", as well as the political parties that supported him in the second round, "motherland Turkey" and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. He promised an expansion of the relations with Turkey, stated that he would be ready for talks on the resolution of the Cyprus dispute "based on facts" and speaking in English, said "We are the voice of Turkish Cypriots, we are fighters, we are fighting to exist within the TRNC, Therefore our neighbours in the south and the international community should respect our fight to live with freedom within the TRNC." Tatar was immediately congratulated by Turkish President Erdoğan, as well as the Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu.

In his concession speech, Akıncı congratulated Tatar, but reiterated that "this was not an election conducted under normal circumstances", and wished that "no one would resort to these ways once again". He also said that "it would be beneficial for Turkish Cypriots to assess which results came out of which region". He announced that he would be ending his political career.

Amongst Greek Cypriots, the left-wing opposition party AKEL called the election result a "negative development", but added that "the Greek Cypriot side must remain committed and consistent in resuming negotiations from the point they left off". EDEK stated that the Greek Cypriots should put an "end to illusions", claiming that the results showed that Ankara had the defining role in decision making in the north. President Nicos Anastasiades stated that the verdict of Turkish Cypriots is absolutely respected.

References

Northern Cyprus
Northern Cyprus
Presidential elections in Northern Cyprus
Northern Cyprus
President
2020s in Cypriot politics

2020 Northern Cypriot presidential election


Lakeview, also spelled Lake View, is one of the 77 community areas of Chicago, Illinois. Lakeview is located in the city's North Side. It is bordered by West Diversey Parkway on the south, West Irving Park Road on the north, North Ravenswood Avenue on the west, and the shore of Lake Michigan on the east. The Uptown community area is to Lakeview's north, Lincoln Square to its northwest, North Center to its west, and Lincoln Park to its south. The 2020 population of Lakeview was 103,050 residents, making it the second-largest Chicago community area by population.

Lakeview includes West Lakeview and Lakeview East. West Lakeview includes smaller neighborhood enclaves: Roscoe Village, Lincoln Hub and Southport Corridor. Lakeview East
known as the Greater Lakeview area, hosts the Central Lakeview Business District, Sheridan Station Corridor, Wrigleyville, Broadway Corridor and North Halsted, famous for its large LGBT population,  holds a pride parade each June. Wrigleyville surrounds Wrigley Field, the home of the Chicago Cubs. Lakeview is home to the Belmont Theater District, showcasing over 20 theaters and live performance venues located near the Belmont 'L' station.  In 2013, Money Magazine named Lakeview  number three in its top ten big-city neighborhoods in its Best Places to Live rankings.

History

Settlement
Lakeview was used as a camp and trail path for the Miami, Ottawa, and Winnebago Native American tribes. In 1837, Conrad Sulzer of Winterthur, Zürich, Switzerland, became the first known European settler to live in the area. In 1853, one of the first permanent structures was built by James Rees and Elisha Hundley on the corner where present-day West Byron Street (or West Sheridan Road) meets North Lake Shore Drive. It was called the Hotel Lakeview, named for the hotel's unobstructed view of the shore of Lake Michigan. It gained what was characterized as a resort atmosphere.

The early settlement continued to grow, especially because of increased immigration of the farming families from Germany, Luxembourg, and Sweden. Lakeview experienced a population boom as Chicago suffered a deadly and devastating cholera outbreak. The Hotel Lakeview served as a refuge for many Chicagoans but became filled to capacity. Homestead lands were sold, and housing was built. Access to the new community was provided by a wooden plank road connected to present-day West Fullerton Parkway, which was called Lakeview Plank Road and is present-day North Broadway. With infrastructure and a growing population, residents realized it was time to organize formal governance to provide essential public services.

Lakeview Township

Also according to the Lakeview East Chamber of Commerce, Lakeview was an incorporated Illinois civil township with a charter granted by the Illinois General Assembly, independent of neighboring Chicago. Lakeview's first township election was held in 1857. The main building was Town Hall at the intersection of present-day West Addison and North Halsted streets. A building still bearing that name stands today as the former headquarters of the Chicago Police Department's 23rd District. Lakeview Township included all land east of Western Avenue, between Devon Avenue and North Avenue, generally encompassing the community areas of Edgewater, Uptown, Lakeview and Lincoln Park, as well as the eastern sections of what are now the community areas of North Center and Lincoln Square.

During the Civil War, the present-day bustling intersection of North Broadway, North Clark Street and West Diversey Parkway was home to Camp Fry. When the camp opened in May 1864, it served as a training facility for the volunteer 132nd and 134th Illinois Infantry regiments. Shortly after their deployment to Columbus, Kentucky, the camp was converted to a prison for Confederate soldiers, where conditions were markedly different from those of many other prisoner-of-war camps. The few residents of the area known as Lakeview Township often complained of rebel sing-alongs held in the camp from time to time.

Lakeview's early industry was farming, especially crops of celery, and at the time it was considered a celery-growing capital. From 1870 to 1887, the population of the township grew from 2,000 citizens to 45,000. As a result, there was growing need of more public-service access, and Lakeview was absorbed into Chicago in 1889 as a way of meeting those demands. In 1889, a real estate boom became a major economic stimulant. According to the Lakeview East Chamber of Commerce, over forty percent of the neighborhood's present-day buildings were constructed during that time.

Streets

West Addison Street was named after Thomas Addison, an English doctor who first described Addison's disease.
West Barry Avenue was named after the commander of the Continental Navy ship Lexington during the Revolutionary War, John Barry. West Belmont Avenue was named after the American Civil War's Battle of Belmont on November 7, 1861, in Mississippi County, Missouri. North Broadway, which used to be called Evanston Avenue after the nearby municipality of Evanston, Illinois, was renamed after Broadway in New York City. North Clark Street was named after the legendary frontier explorer George Rogers Clark. West Diversey Parkway was named after beer brewer Michael Diversey. William Butler Ogden, the first mayor of Chicago, named North Halsted Street after financiers William H. and Caleb Halsted. It was formerly called Dyer Street, in honor of Thomas Dyer, mayor of Chicago. West Irving Park Road was named after the author Washington Irving.

Philip Sheridan features prominently on the corner of West Belmont Avenue and North Lake Shore Drive, memorialized as a towering statue depicting Sheridan on horseback. The U.S. Army general is the namesake of North Sheridan Road. In 1871, he brought troops to Chicago in the aftermath of the Great Chicago Fire and was authorized by Mayor Joseph Medill to take control of the city under martial law. He was later made commanding general of the U.S. Army by President Chester A. Arthur.

Notable residents

 John Peter Altgeld (1847–1902), 20th Illinois Governor and significant progressive era politician. He resided at the Brewster Apartments at 500 W. Diversey after leaving the governorship in 1897.
 Dean Baker (born 1958), macroeconomist
 Charlie Chaplin, the silent film comedian, lived at the Brewster Apartments when he was filming movies with Essanay Studios in 1915.
 Lucy Flower, the social reformer who was instrumental in establishing Cook County's juvenile court system, lived at 1920 W. Wellington.
 Buckminster Fuller (1895–1983), the famous inventor, lived at 429 W. Belmont and had his studio at 729 W. Belmont.
 Pearl M. Hart (1890–1975), Chicago criminal defense attorney known for representing homosexuals, juveniles, and others, lived at 2821 N. Pine Grove.
 Paul Harvey (1918–2009), radio broadcaster for ABC News Radio notable for his The Rest of the Story segments. He resided at 3400 North Lake Shore Drive in the 1950s.
 Cody Keenan, Director of Speechwriting for President Barack Obama from 2013 to 2017. He was a childhood resident of Lake View until his family moved to Evanston, Illinois.
 Robert S. Kennemore (1920–1989), recipient of the Medal of Honor for conduct at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir. He resided at 746 West California Terrace prior to his enlistment in the United States Marine Corps in 1940.
 Scott MacArthur (born 1979), actor and writer. He was a childhood resident of Wrigleyville.
 Minnie Miñoso, the first Afro-Cuban player in Major League Baseball and first first Black player to play for the Chicago White Sox. He lived in Wrigleyville after his retirement from baseball.
 Mike Nussbaum, actor and director of stage and screen. Currently resides in Lakeview East.
 Mike Royko (1932-1997), author and Pulitzer Prize winning newspaper columnist. He lived in Lake View from 1981 to 1985 during his self-described Condo-Man period.
 Michael Silverstein (1945-2020), linguist, MacArthur Fellow, and pioneering professor of linguistics, anthropology, and sociology at the University of Chicago. He resided at 3800 North Lake Shore Drive.
 Art Telcser (1932–1999), 64th Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives. Telcser was a resident of Lake View during his legislative career including his two-day stint as Speaker.
 Elizabeth Wood, the first executive director of the Chicago Housing Authority, lived at 3145 North Cambridge Avenue.

Communities
Lakeview is divided into Lakeview East and Lakeview West, with Lakeview East having distinctive areas that include Wrigleyville, and North Halsted with the latter including Boystown, the city's gay village. Lakeview East expanded borders to also include the Central Lakeview area which is home to Wrigley Field, home of the Chicago Cubs. The boundaries of Lakeview are 1800 west to the west, Montrose to the north and Clark to the east north of Irving Park, but the rest is of Irving Park to the north, Lake Michigan to the east, and Diversey to the south.

Lakeview (East)

Lakeview East is considered the Greater Lakeview area.  Lakeview East expanded its boundaries in 2017 to include the Central Lakeview area which is home to Wrigley Field.  Lakeview East boundaries are defined as: Lake Shore Drive on the East, Racine on the West, Diversey Parkway on the South and Irving Park on the north. Lakeview East area consists of two of the largest entertainment districts in Chicago, Boystown and Wrigleyville. Lakeview East is notable for its Jewish population and has Four synagogues, Chabad of East Lakeview Anshe Sholom B'nai Israel (Modern Orthodox), Anshe Emet Synagogue (Conservative), and Temple Sholom (Reform and largest synagogue in the Chicago area).

Lakeview, especially along the Lake Shore Drive and Broadway corridors, consists of upscale condominiums and higher-rent mid-rise apartments and lofts. Small businesses, boutiques, restaurants and community institutions are found along North Broadway and North Halsted Street.

Gentrification, diversification and population shift have changed Lakeview, with new developments and new businesses such as Mariano's and Target.  Historic churches remain preserved as integral parts of the community, such as Lakeview Presbyterian Church and Saint Peter's Episcopal Church. Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church is the residence of an episcopal vicar and auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago. It is also the mother church of the local vicariate and the Archdiocesan Gay and Lesbian Outreach, controversially created by Cardinal Joseph Bernardin, which is one of the largest of the few gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender Catholic welcoming congregations created and authorized by a diocese in the United States.

The Lakeview Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is in southeastern Lakeview, as is the Newport Avenue District, which spans Newport Avenue between Halsted Avenue and Clark Street and includes the historic Vautravers Building.

Wrigleyville

Formerly a working-class neighborhood, Wrigleyville is the nickname of the neighborhood directly surrounding Wrigley Field. Wrigley Field is the home of the Chicago Cubs. Within Lakeview East, its borders run from north to south, Grace Street to Cornelia Avenue and from east to west, Wilton Avenue to Racine Avenue.

Wrigleyville features low-rise brick buildings and houses, some with rooftop bleachers colloquially called Wrigley Rooftops where people can purchase seats to watch baseball games or concerts that, while generally more expensive than tickets for seats within the park itself, come with all you can eat and drink service. Proprietors are able to do so under special agreements with the Cubs organization. Many Wrigleyville bars and restaurants (particularly on North Clark Street) feature sports-oriented themes. Bars such as Sluggers, Murphy's Bleachers, Casey Moran's, Merkle's, Sports Corner and The Cubby Bear host the Cubs crowds near the Wrigley Field intersection of North Clark Street and West Addison Street.

Boystown

The Boystown section of Lakeview holds the distinction of being the nation's first officially recognized gay village. In 1998, then Mayor Richard M. Daley endeavored to create a $3.2 million restoration of the North Halsted Street corridor, and the city erected rainbow pylon landmarks along the route. In 2012, the Legacy Project began the ongoing process of installing plaques on the pylons that commemorate important people and milestones in LGBT history. It is also the cultural center of one of the largest lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities in the nation. Boystown has grown into a cultural center for the LGBT residents living within the Chicago metropolitan area.

The area caters to Chicago nightlife, featuring more than 60 gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender bars, restaurants and nightclubs. It is now home to Center on Halsted, an LGBT community center that hosts an array of public programs open to the public that provide fun, educational and enlightening opportunities for members of the LGBT community and allies.

The area is host to the Chicago Pride Parade, one of the largest gay pride parades in the nation, which takes place in Lakeview on the last Sunday of each June. The community area has also been host to several other major events: In 2006 it played host to an international sports and cultural festival, Gay Games VII, with its closing ceremonies held at Wrigley Field and headlined by Cyndi Lauper. The area also holds the Northalsted Market Days, an annual two-day festival event geared toward the LGBT community. Northalsted also includes some of Chicago's off-Loop theater, specialty restaurants, greystone and brownstone walk-up buildings and other historic architecture, trendy fashion outlets, wine boutiques, chain stores, and independent shops.

The district's informal boundaries, overlapping with Lakeview East, are Irving Park Road on the north, Broadway on the east, Wellington Avenue on the south, and Sheffield Avenue on the west. The Center on Halsted, an LGBT community center, is also located in this area.

Inclusiveness concerns and Northalsted name change

In November 2020, the Chicago Reader, an alternative newspaper, published an article criticizing the area for focusing on "affluent white gay men," rather than the "entire spectrum of the [ LGBT ] community." Due to inclusiveness concerns, the Boystown name has been dropped by some businesses and some community organizations in exchange for Northalsted, a name styled by the area business association in 2021. Despite the renaming efforts, the area is still colloquially called Boystown.

Some residents have voiced concern that the name change will dilute the neighborhood's gender identity.

Lakeview (West)
West Lakeview is located along the border of the Roscoe Village community area. West Lakeview Neighbors, a residential organization, defines West Lakeview as the area bounded by West Addison Street on the north, West Diversey Parkway on the south, North Southport Avenue on the east and North Ravenswood Avenue on the west. Affordable real estate and popular culture, such as that found along busy Southport Avenue, draws young adults from all over the city for quiet living or casual dining. A historic destination that opened just north of West Lakeview on August 22, 1929, is the Music Box Theatre, which opened as a new technology sound film venue. The theater brands itself today as "Chicago's year-round film festival".  Dinkel's Bakery, which was located in West Lakeview near Lincoln and Roscoe, operated in the neighborhood for a century (1922-2022).

Sheridan Station Corridor

Sheridan Road, from Irving Park Road to the North and Byron/W. Sheridan Street to the South,  is the home of the CTA's Sheridan station. The neighborhood name, although only comprising a small area, helps to differentiate this particular Sheridan Road from the other parts of Sheridan Road in Lakeview, Uptown, Edgewater and Rogers Park (and into the North Shore suburbs). This area was once known colloquially as "Restaurant Row". The strip itself has been located at various times in either the 44th or 46th ward. It is distinguished by the Sheridan "L" Station as well as its proximity to Wrigley Field. Neither technically East, West or Central Lakeview, it is seen as the gateway between Uptown to the North and Lakeview to the South. The residential neighborhood organization is Lakeview East Neighbors Association and the business district has recently been enveloped by Lakeview East Chamber of Commerce.

Government and politics

Elected officials
Lakeview belongs to four Chicago City Council wards, electing four aldermen as representatives of these wards. Business owner Thomas Tunney represents the 44th Ward. Social worker James Cappleman represents the 46th Ward and Scott Waguespack represents the 32nd Ward. A small portion of the Lakeview community (which includes Lakeview H.S., the Graceland West neighborhood and a small part of the Southport Neighbors Association) is represented by Matt Martin of the 47th Ward. Tunney is the first openly gay alderman to serve in the Chicago City Council.

Lakeview residents are represented in the Illinois Senate by Sara Feigenholtz of the state's 6th District. The residents also elect members of the Illinois House of Representatives: Ann Williams of the 11th District, Yoni Pizer of the 12th District and Greg Harris of the 34th District.

Lakeview is represented in the United States Congress by former Cook County Commissioner Mike Quigley, elected from the 5th Congressional District, and by a former consumer rights advocate, Jan Schakowsky, elected from the 9th Congressional District.

Neighborhood councils
Thirteen independent neighborhood organizations made up of residents serve as vehicles for direct neighborhood involvement and provide input to municipal and commercial leaders. The Lakeview Citizens' Council was formed in 1952 and is composed of: Belmont Harbor Neighbors, Central Lakeview Neighbors, East Lakeview Neighbors, Hamlin Park Neighbors, Hawthorne Neighbors, Sheil Park Neighbors, South East Lakeview Neighbors, South Lakeview Neighbors, Southport Neighbors Association, Triangle Neighbors, West DePaul Neighborhood Association and West Lakeview Association.

Two of these organizations do not all fall in the Lakeview Community Area. West DePaul Neighborhood Association is in the Lincoln Park Community Area and Hamlin Park Neighbors is in the North Center Community Area. All others fall within Lakeview's boundaries.

Another community group, the Lakeview Action Coalition, is composed of 44 institutional members. They include religious congregations of various denominations, social service agencies, banks, and merchants.

Presidential elections
The Lake View community area has supported the Democratic Party in the past two presidential elections. In the 2016 presidential election, Lake View cast 40,357 votes for Hillary Clinton and cast 5,646 votes for Donald Trump (82.75% to 11.58%). In the 2012 presidential election, Lake View cast 32,004 votes for Barack Obama and cast 10,172 votes for Mitt Romney (73.89% to 23.49%).

Services

Houses of worship
 Anshe Emet Synagogue
 Anshe Sholom B'nai Israel Congregation
 Broadway United Methodist Church
 Chabad of Lakeview
 Chicagoland Community Church
 Cornelia Avenue Baptist Church
 Destination Church Chicago
 Evangelical Lutheran Church of Saint Luke
 Grace Chicago Church
 Holy Trinity Lutheran Church
 Lakeview Lutheran Church
 Lakeview Presbyterian Church
 Messianic Congregation of Chicago
 Missio Dei
 New Life Community Church
 North-side Islamic Mosque of Chicago, Roscoe Masjid.
 Our Lady of Mount Carmel Roman Catholic Church
 Resurrection Lutheran Church
 Saint Alphonsus Roman Catholic Church
 Saint Andrew Roman Catholic Church
 Saint Bonaventure Catholic Church
 Saint Peter's Episcopal Church
 Salvation Army
 Second Unitarian Church
 Temple Sholom
 Wellington Avenue United Church of Christ

Health
Lakeview is an important area of the city for health and medicine as it is home to several hospitals and other related institutions. Despite the comparative affluence of the community area, Lakeview social services are also geared toward those needing affordable care, such as displaced youth living on the streets.

Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center and Saint Joseph Hospital of Resurrection Health Care serve residents throughout Chicago and its suburbs.

The Howard Brown Health Center, with several branch locations throughout Lakeview, provides health services for the gay, lesbian and transgender communities as well as for the poor. It offers specialized assistance in HIV, AIDS, domestic violence, therapy and various youth services such as the Broadway Youth Center and the PATH Program for HIV+ Youth.

Center on Halsted, formerly Horizons Community Services, is also a major source of comprehensive social services for the gay and lesbian community. The Illinois Department of Public Health contracts the services of Center on Halsted for a telephone hotline for HIV, AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases.

Parking

Automobile parking is at a premium in Lakeview, especially during special events such as Chicago Cubs home games at Wrigley Field. Special residential parking permits are required for parking on some Lakeview streets; in commercial areas, limited metered parking is available. High-priced public parking lots are available for visitors and baseball fans but are hard to come by. Lakeview residents on blocks with parking restrictions may purchase temporary parking permit slips, available at aldermanic constituent offices, for guests invited to private residences.

Transportation
A majority of Lakeview's public transportation needs are met by the Chicago Transit Authority, which provides resident and visitor access to the Red Line, Purple Line and Brown Line services of the Chicago Elevated railway rapid transit. Lakeview is served by six L stations: Addison (Red Line), Belmont (Red, Brown, Purple Lines), Paulina (Brown Line), Sheridan (Red Line), Southport (Brown Line), and Wellington (Brown and Purple Lines).

The Chicago Transit Authority also operates numerous bus routes in Lakeview, the busiest being those running along North Lake Shore Drive with express services to downtown Chicago, including the Loop, via North Michigan Avenue and its Magnificent Mile. Bus routes entering and leaving Lakeview are 8 Halsted, 9 Ashland, 22 Clark, 36 Broadway, 77 Belmont, 134 Stockton–LaSalle Express, 135 Clarendon–LaSalle Express, 136 Sheridan–LaSalle Express, 143 Stockton–Michigan Express, 146 Inner Drive Express, 147 Outer Drive Express, 148 Clarendon–Michigan Express, 151 Sheridan, 152 Addison, and 156 LaSalle.

Private entities also offer many transportation services. I-GO and Zipcar have several locations in Lakeview. Private companies offer trolley and bus services to certain destinations in the city from Lakeview. Taxi and limousine services are plentiful in the Lakeview area, as well as non-traditional modes of transportation. Bicycle rickshaws can be found especially near Wrigley Field. Bike paths are becoming more and more available on some major streets as well as on some smaller side-streets as part of the City and 44th Ward's "greenway" bike path initiative. For those who prefer to walk or run, manicured walking and running paths are found throughout the community area, with a special path designed for Chicago Marathon training along the lakefront.

The Chicago Marathon training path curves around the Belmont Harbor marina, belonging to the Chicago Park District and managed by contracted companies. There are ten transient slips, several stalls, and finger dock, star dock, and other mooring facilities where boats and yachts can be kept. It is the home of the Belmont Yacht Club.

Entertainment
 Theaters
 Alamo Draft House
 Athenaeum Theatre
Annoyance Theatre
ComedySportz
Briar Street Theater
The Music Box Theatre
 The Playground Theater
 Saint Sebastian Players
 Stage 773
 Theatre Wit
Under the Gun Theater
 Music venues
Metro Chicago
Vic Theatre
 Sports
Wrigley Field

Education
Colleges and Universities

The Salvation Army - College for Officer Training

Primary and secondary schools
Residents are served by Chicago Public Schools.

Zoned K-8 schools serving the area include Agassiz, Greeley, Hamilton, Ravenswood, Nettelhorst, Blaine, and Burley.

Most residents are zoned to Lake View High School while some are zoned to Lincoln Park High School.

The magnet schools Inter-American Magnet School (IAMS) and Hawthorne Scholastic Academy are in Lakeview.

Libraries
As one of the most populated community areas in the city of Chicago, Lakeview has many outlets for education. The John Merlo Branch of the Chicago Public Library houses one of the city's largest collections of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender literature and large collections called the African American Heritage Collection, Chicago History Collection, Judaica Collection, and Large Print Collection. The Chicago Public Library classifies Merlo's Drama and Theatre Collection as very large in size compared to other branches. Although not in Lakeview proper, the Conrad Sulzer Regional Library is host to a special Ravenswood–Lakeview Historical Collection.

Kwagulth Totem Pole

In the Lakeview section of Lincoln Park, overlooking the intersection of North Lake Shore Drive, and West Addison Street is a totem pole of Kwanusila, the Thunderbird of the Kwagu'ł Native American tribe. A plaque below the totem pole reads:

Kwanusila the Thunderbird, is an authentic Kwagu'ł totem pole, carved in Red Cedar by Tony Hunt of Fort Rupert, British Columbia. The crests carved upon the totem pole represent Kwanusila the Thunderbird, a whale with a man on its back, and a sea monster. Many people do not realize that totem poles were only regionally used by First Nations along the coastal areas of British Columbia. Kwanusila is an exact replica of the original Kraft Lincoln Park totem pole, which was donated to the City of Chicago by James L. Kraft on June 20, 1929, and which stood on the spot until October 9, 1985. It was discovered some years before the pole was moved, that a pole of this type did not exist in the types at the Provincial British Columbia Museum located in Victoria, B.C., Canada. Arrangements were made for a duplicate of the Chicago original to be made by the same Amerindian tribe that made the original. A request was made and approved by the Chicago Park District for the original totem pole which existed here to be presented back to British Columbia. Kwanusila is dedicated to the school children of Chicago, and was presented to the City of Chicago by Kraft, Inc. on May 21, 1986.

Prominently visible from Lake Shore Drive, the totem pole is highlighted on Chicago city maps as a place of interest, visited by residents and tourists alike. The totem pole stands in front of the Jarvis Migratory Bird Sanctuary.

Events
A major portion of the Bank of America (formerly LaSalle Bank) Chicago Marathon, one of the largest road races in the world, winds through Lakeview East.  The marathon packs spectators onto the sidewalks of Lakeview to cheer race competitors. The route of the annual Bike the Drive noncompetitive bicycle event, which allows participants to bike on Lake Shore Drive, also travel through Lakeview East.

Lakeview hosts many art events. Each spring, the Lakeview East Chamber of Commerce supports gallery tour groups, taking participants through several area art galleries. September brings visitors to the Lakeview East Festival of the Arts on North Broadway between West Belmont Avenue and West Roscoe Street. More than 150 juried artists exhibit their works along with live entertainment, fine food and a variety of performers.

Paramount among Lakeview's events, drawing the largest crowds, is the annual Chicago Gay Pride Parade held on the last Sunday of each June along North Broadway, North Halsted Street, and West Diversey Parkway. In addition, for one weekend each August, the North Halsted Street corridor is closed off to automobile traffic for Northalsted Market Days, a popular street fair featuring nationally prominent bands and other entertainment. Food and merchandise booths line the temporary pedestrian thoroughfare.

Lakeview hosts a solemn vigil and march each October, gathering at the intersection of West Roscoe and North Halsted streets, in honor of Matthew Shepard. Each year at the Matthew Shepard March Against Anti-Gay Hate, participants focus on several activist themes. In the past, they have marched against hate crimes and anti-gay social policy or have offered support for gay youth. As the event reflects its socially liberal agendas, political organizations such as the Green Party and Democratic Party have shown an increased presence. Socially liberal Republicans also participate to a smaller degree.

Small but popular Lakeview events take place throughout the year. Each July, the Lakeview Garden Walk takes visitors on trolley tours and walks throughout the neighborhood to over eighty garden exhibits. Each exhibit is prepared and presented by individual residents of Lakeview. Once an event that focused on West Lakeview gardens, the exhibits now span the entire Lakeview area. Families with children are drawn to Nettelhorst Elementary School on Easter weekend for an egg hunt and visit with the Easter bunny. They return on Halloween weekend for a costume parade and story-telling.

Halloween is also the time for a major costume competition that takes place on North Halsted, from Belmont to Cornelia, with an annual theme and categories from children and pets to adult groups from humorous to scary.

Gallery

See also

 Meekerville Historic District—in Meekerville Historic District
 National Register of Historic Places listings in North Side Chicago

References

External links

 Official City of Chicago Lakeview Community Map
 Chicago Area Gay and Lesbian Chamber of Commerce
 Lakeview Citizens' Council (LVCC)
 Lakeview East Chamber of Commerce
 Lakeview Chamber of Commerce
 Northalsted Business Alliance
 Central Lakeview Merchants Association- Wrigleyville

Community areas of Chicago
North Side, Chicago
Gay villages in the United States
Jews and Judaism in Chicago
LGBT culture in Chicago
Populated places established in 1857
1857 establishments in Illinois

Lake View, Chicago


Mark Holiday (born June 5, 1987), also known by his stage name DJ Trendsetter or Trendsetter, is an EDM and Hip-Hop DJ and record producer, discovered on BBC Radio 1 by Annie Nightingale in 2013, and having his guest mix on BBC Radio 1 in 2014. He received support from artists like Diplo, DJ M.E.G. $ N.E.R.A.K. (MEG & NERAK), Matisse & Sadko, GLOWINTHEDARK, Annie Mac, DJ Bl3nd, and more,,. Twelve of his tracks and remixes was played on BBC Radio 1, including his remix on Rihanna - Birthday Cake,. Although Mark Holiday was well known in Hip-Hop and POP music industry since 2006, producing few major records and remixes for Timati, Dawn Richard, Trina, Toby Love, Mark Morrison, Lumidee, Really Doe and many more. DJ Trendsetter achieved his popularity as EDM producer after his tracks and releases appeared 47 (forty seven) times in TOP-100 sales charts on Beatport., As record producer Mark working mainly with U.S. based artists and labels. His DJ performance set is a mixture of EDM, and Trap music.

Biography

2005–2012: Career beginnings
Mark Holiday releases his music on U.S. and Italian based labels since 2005, at the beginning of his career, he was signed to various EDM label's like Fluid Groove Records, Stranamente Recordings, Superbia Recordings, Electrico Records, BomBeatz Music, Mercedez Lane, under his alias "Kelly Holiday". After his first releases in electronic music genres, in the year of 2007 he started producing Hip-Hop and mainstream POP music. Under his alias "Trendsetter" or "Mark Holiday" he produced tracks and remixes for U.S. mainstream POP and Hip-Hop artists like Dawn Richard, Lumidee, Really Doe, Shaka Dee, Trina, and also international artists like Timati, Mark Morrison, Ani Lorak, MC Jin, Fernanda Porto.

Future of Trap (2013)
In 2013, after Mark Holiday released his Trap music singles "Disco Diva", "Big Room Trap", and "Damn Son, Where'd You Find This?" on label "Trap Gold Records", he got his tracks playing on several major radio stations across the globe, including BBC Radio 1, RTVE, Radio Record, Megapolis FM, and many more
. Since then, Trendsetter actively releasing his EDM and Trap tracks on Pop Rox Muzik, System Recordings, Trap Gold Records, Get Futuristic Records. His debut Trap music album appeared in TOP-100 sales chart on Beatport, and was ranked #7 in a few days after the release.

#GOLDSWAG, Dark Aesthetics, 33 (2014)
In January 2014 Trendsetter announced three albums to be released in 2014. During his notable guest mix on BBC Radio 1, he premieres several singles from his upcoming albums "#GOLDSWAG" and "Dark Aesthetics". Trendsetter also announced on his Facebook that his best selling trap singles will form compilation entitled "33".

"Theology", "Legacy", "Vivat, Crescat, Floreat" (2017-present)
In 2017 Mark Holiday released most of his music catalog in series of album releases in all download and streaming sites. Current (March 30-th) stats shows that he's music got more than 5 million plays on Spotify, and 35+k subscribers on Shazam (service),.

Discography

Albums
2007
 From the Underground Hausbeat Bag (Italy).
 Electrocute Stranamente Music (Italy).

2013
 Future of Trap Trap Gold Records (USA).

2014
 ##GOLDSWAG, Dark Aesthetics, 33 (2014) "Trap Gold Records" (USA).
 Dark Aesthetics "Trap Gold Records" (USA).
 33 "TRAP GOLD Records" (USA).

2017
 Theology Trap Gold Records (USA).
 Legacy Trap Gold Records (USA)
 Vivat, Crescat, Floreat Miami Mainstage (USA)

Production credits
2011
 Shattered Ice album by Adam Tyler.

2012
 SWAGG - "Baby Be My Girl" by Timati (credits appears in track tags, after bought on iTunes).

2013
 YUP IT'S RED - by "RED" (several tracks on album).

2014
 "Beautiful" - by Lateysha Grace, D Jukes and Sophia May (Official soundtrack of MTV show The Valleys Season 3).

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
American DJs

DJ Trendsetter


Orthetrum hintzi, the dark-shouldered skimmer is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is found in Angola, Benin, Botswana, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, rivers, swamps, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, and freshwater springs.

References

Libellulidae
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Insects described in 1951

Orthetrum hintzi


HAIM (which is said like 'time' with a 'h' instead of a 't') is an American indie pop band. The members are sisters Alana, Danielle, and Este. They released their first album Days Are Gone on September 27 2013. The British newspaper The Guardian put the album at number twelve on their list of 2013's 40 best albums. They are often compared to Fleetwood Mac.

Career
The sisters grew up in the San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles. In 2006 they started HAIM. For the next five years the band performed where they lived. On February 10, 2012 HAIM released their first EP Forever. It was on their website to download for free for a short amount of time.

In January 2013 HAIM won BBC's Sound of 2013 poll.

On September 22, 2013 HAIM released their fourth single from their album Days Are Gone, "The Wire". It reached number sixteen in the UK Singles Chart. It was their highest charting single in the UK yet.

On November 23 2013 HAIM performed their singles "The Wire" and "Don't Save Me" on Saturday Night Live.

Albums
 Days Are Gone (2013)
 Something to Tell You (2017)
 Women in Music Pt. III (2020)

References

Other websites
Official website

2006 establishments in the United States
American pop music groups
Indie bands

Haim


The Tseax River Cone (also known as Aiyansh Volcano) is a cinder cone in British Columbia, Canada. The volcano and the area around it are protected as a provincial park called the Nisga'a Memorial Lava Beds Provincial Park.

In the 18th century it caused the death of about 2000 people.

References

Volcanoes of British Columbia

Tseax River Cone


Claudio Wílliman Gonzalez (born 10 October 1861 in Montevideo – † 9 February 1934 in Montevideo) was a Uruguayan political figure.

Background

Claudio Wílliman's parents, José Williman and Antonia González, were immigrants from Galicia, Spain. José Wílliman's parents himself came from Savoy, France, with Alsatian roots.

Williman studied at the University of Montevideo and graduated with a Doctorate in Law and Social Sciences in 1887. From his adolescence he devoted his intellectual activity to teaching. In 1885 he was appointed professor of Physics at the University, and two years later was entrusted with the chair of the same subject at the Military School. Williman also taught classes in Cosmography and Physical Geography at the Military School, during the first years of its operation, and also taught at various private institutes. He was also, as noted by one study, "one of the initiators of the foundation of the Faculty of Mathematics and was part of its faculty from the first days of its installation, being entrusted with the chair of Industrial Physics that he held for many years." In 1913, the Council of that Faculty granted Williman the title of "ad-honorem" Professor, without a fixed subject, a distinction that ratified by decree of the P.E. Earlier, in 1890, Williman was appointed Dean of the Faculty of Secondary and Preparatory Education. His performance earned him the Chamber of Doctors including him up to three times in the shortlist of candidates for the Rectorate of the University, and In 1902 he was appointed Rector of the University, a position he resigned two years later to occupy the position of Minister of Government. Eight years later, he returned in 1912 to be appointed Rector of the University, a position he resigned in 1915 when he was appointed President of the Board of Directors of the Bank of the Republic. Following his assumption of the Rectorate Williman proposed to provide the University with the necessary buildings to house its different departments. According to one study, "the construction of the current University buildings was due to his management, which Dr. Williman himself inaugurated in 1911, when he was President of the Republic." In 1903, Williman began the founding of the School of Commerce and also laid the foundations of the School of Veterinary Medicine that same year. While these works of progress were carried out "the University reorganized all its services, reviewed the study plans, improved the teaching material and disciplined the teaching staff, a work that culminated in the university law of 1908, prepared and promulgated during his Presidency."

Wílliman was a member of the Uruguayan Colorado Party and was closely identified with the liberal José Batlle y Ordóñez. His political actions dated back to the days preceding the Quebracho revolution. Williman was a incorporated into a group that maintained the resistance against the Government of General Santos, taking an active part in the journalistic campaigns of the time. When the 1886 revolution was organized he went to join its ranks. Williman invaded with the expeditionary army and fought in the action of Palmares de Soto, later, according to one study, "falling prisoner with the best of the revolutionary youth." On returning home he closed the first cycle of his political activity and for many years devoted himself exclusively to the activity of the professor, to the management of the university institution and to the work of his law firm. In the 1898 elections Williman was elected member of the J.E.A. of Montevideo and in that corporation acted as Director of the Treasury. He was also elected member of the Electoral Board. Williman was serving his elective position as councilor when President Cuestas offered him the Ministry of Public Works, but he declined this offer. When the 1904 revolution broke out Williman was entrusted with the 4th of G. G. N. N. In April 1904 Williman took charge of the Ministry of the Interior, and some months later, owing to the fact that the titular Minister of War and Navy, General Vázquez, had gone out on campaign, that Portfolio was also entrusted to Williman, at whose head he found the peace of September 1904.

His grandson José Claudio Wílliman served in the Uruguayan Senate 1985–1990.

President of Uruguay

Williman was chosen by Batlle to succeed him as Uruguayan presidents were constitutionally barred from serving consecutive terms. Batlle's naming of Williman as his preferred successor came in late 1905. On October the 15th 1905 the newspaper "El Siglio" stated "The President of the Republic has told his friends among the legislators that the candidacy of Doctor Claudio Williman for future President of the Republic is the one which he prefers." As noted by one study, "Visitors to Batlle's house in Montevideo were much in evidence. Within 3 days, more than enough vote pledges were secured from the Colorado legislators to assure Williman's election as the next President." On October the 30th, the formal proclamation of Williman signed by 53 Colorado legislators, which was more than the constitutional majority, was published. A campaign was launched to popularize Williman's candidacy, with biographies circulated and committees formed to explain his virtues. In addition to local newspapers in the interior coming out for Williman, all the new Colorado departmental organizations formally announced their support for him, with this Trienta y Tres statement, as noted by one study, being typical: "The Departmental Committee believes itself to be interpreting the will of the coreligionaries of the department who see in Dr. Williman the surest guarantee that his government will carry on in the progressive currents ably sown by the present administration."

In 1907 Williman was elected President of the Republic for the period 1907-1911 by the General Assembly.

His policies generally followed those of Batlle. Williman had indicated that he would continue Batlle's policies in a speech he made to the legislature after taking the oath of office. In his speech, he praised the outgoing government for "its noble and just preoccupation with the betterment of the humble" and called for measures such as a new Ministry of Public Education, a government labor office, reorganisation of public charity, and regulation of corporations. He also stated the need "to resolve the problem of populating the interior, which in the midst of great prosperity remains half deserted, since it is not the existence of a handful of great fortunes which constitutes the wealth of a nation." As noted by one study, "This last sentence got a great round of applause, and the whole speech sat well with the Colorado legislators."

A number of projects were approved during Williman's presidency, including Credits from the Banco de la República for farmers and Reorganization and modernization of the Department of Livestock and Agriculture. A 1908 law provided for the safeguarding of pensions and wages against garnishment. A number of laws were passed concerning commercial, criminal and civil matters, including ones related to the conditional release of convicts, absolute divorce, marks of factory and trade, the legitimacy of natural children, abolition of the death penalty, and the abolition of the third instance in criminal matters. Propaganda against occupational diseases was carried out, and posters containing prophylactic measures against carbuncle or bad grain and other diseases were distributed throughout the country. Departmental Hygiene Inspections were also established to replace Councils which had been in operation since 1895. A Labor Office was also installed. Williman had called for the establishment of a Labor Office or institute, "destined to study everything that is related to the progress of the industries and the aspirations of the workers, in order to cooperate in the solution of the questions and conflicts and, prepare the most opportune legislation in this matter." Through Law 3,147 of 1907 the Ministry of Industry, Labor and Public Instruction was established. In 1911 a military pension fund was established "to administer survivors' pensions for all military officers." Many new public schools were also built, and in 1908 the Executive Power requested and obtained sanction of a law authorizing the creation of the National Institute for the Deaf. Money was also spent on public improvements, such as transit and sanitary works. Many public works were carried out. In the capital this included the extension and completion of Boulevard Artigas al Sud, completion of Avenida Brasil, completion of Rambla Pocitos, construction of the Agricultural Market, construction of the Military and Naval School building, construction of the Blandengues Regiment barracks, police buildings, and groups of school buildings. According to one study "In the departments there were innumerable road works, construction of bridges, sanitation, municipal services, canalizations, dredging, authorization of ports, layout and extension of railways, carried out by the same administration, whose intense work was translated in the economic and financial order in the constantly reproduced fact of the "surplus" in the annual exercises." 392 schools were also built, almost all of which rural. A law of  February the 24th 1911 , "completely regulated the loss and restitution of parental authority , guardianship of minors and the creation of the Council for the Protection of Minors," and a law of 1908 "recognized the right of all mothers to proper maternity care," although in the absence of any machinery this was "a counsel of perfection" until Montevideo in 1915 opened its maternity hospital with 150 beds. In 1909, the Executive Power requested and obtained the abolition of a 5% discount on salaries that public employees had been subject to since 1893. The School Medical Corps was created by law of the Nation and regulated in 1908, entrusting it with "the mission of hygienic surveillance of school buildings, teaching staff, school materials, furniture, programs, prophylaxis of infectious-contagious diseases, study of school retarded, etc. , designating 4 members to perform these tasks." Developments in public assistance took place, with one presidential message from 1910 noting "Equally worthy of mention , under another concept , are the results obtained by the change of regime in the Maternal and Foundling Homes , with the operation of the " Gota de Leche " clinic , whose benefits have been completed with the holding of popular conferences on childcare , dedicated to mothers, and the creation of the Vacation Colony, which has just been joined by children belonging to Public Schools and poor parents, protected by the "Uruguayan League against Tuberculosis."

In 1908, the head of the Labor Office Dr. Juan José Amézaga presented a bill on workplace accidents which was passed immediately by the Executive Branch passed to the Assembly. As established by this project, employers or entrepreneurs who are in charge of exploiting an industry or carrying out work included in this law (such as mines, quarries, factories, metallurgical workshops, mines, quarries and factories) "were civilly liable for all accidents that occur to their workers or employees due to their work or due to it." Pensions would be provided in cases of absolute or permanent incapacity, partial and permanent disability, temporary disability, and death. The Work Commission of the Chamber of Deputies, accepted the general lines of the project in an important study, which led "to the rapid sanction of the law in that branch of the Legislative Body." However, a different environment prevailed in the Chamber of Senators, and the project remained there until it was sanctioned in 1920. As noted by one observer, "The Chamber approved a project to regulate work accidents on September 28, 1909. The Senate Legislation Committee came here, studied it, and modified a large part of the project, expanding and correcting it."

In 1910, public assistance was reorganized by a law "voted unanimously by both chambers) that established in Montevideo a general directorate and a Public Assistance council and in the departments "delegated doctors in charge of the functions local." According to the law, every individual indigent or deprived of resources had "the right to free public assistance at the expense of the State." This included services such as child protection, assistance and protection of pregnant women and women in labor, assistance and guardianship of homeless children, assistance and protection of homeless, invalid and chronic elderly, and sick care. Following the passage of this law 5 new pavilions were built in the House of Isolation, the Germán Segura pavilion was enlarged; and a laboratory was set up in the Psychiatric Clinic of the Insane Asylum along with an external office in the Asylum for Foundlings and Orphans. In addition various establishments "have received aid and subsidies, including the Hospital Galán y Rocha, in Paysandú, and the one in Colonia are nearing completion; the one in Rosario has been inaugurated, and first aid rooms have been set up in Colonia, Rivera and Treinta y Tres."

That same year the Executive Power offered a pension scheme for agricultural and industrial workers whose annual wage didn't exceed $300. A plan was also devised by the Insurance Bank "but the lack of satisfactory statistics, the unwillingness of business to submit to the mounting expense of social legislation, and the absence of any wide margin in the wage scale that might be used for employee contributions to a pension fund, checked the acceptance of these plans." The extension of the retirement pension system to private industry later began with the passage of a law of the 6th of October 1919 that provided for the pensioning of employees in the water, telephone, tramway, telegraph, railway and gas distributing services.

Post Presidency

He was succeeded by Batlle who was re-elected in 1911. He returned to the Senate of Uruguay but then left it to become president of the Banco de la República Oriental del Uruguay in 1916. He held that position until 1928.

When his presidential term ended, Williman resigned authority into the hands of his successor and left shortly after for Europe on a rest trip. The whole of 1911 and part of 1912 was dedicated to touring European countries and when Williman returned to the country it was to occupy the position of Rector of the University. Williman at the head of the Rectorate when in 1913 he was elected Senator for the department of Río Negro, a position he inevitably resigned.

Wílliman lived to see much of his and Battle y Ordóñez's democratic legacy destroyed — at least temporarily — by President Gabriel Terra, who reinforced his presidential rule in a coup d'état in 1933.

Death and legacy

Williman was seen as the de facto caretaker president of Uruguay chosen by José Batlle y Ordóñez to succeed him after his first term in office. Williman, however, disliked the idea of being seen as a stand-in for Batlle, telling an historian in 1905 that "Neither by temperament, by education, nor by the principles I have always maintained would I have agreed to a merely inert and purely decorative retention of the government. And if I am not a man capable of accepting such a situation, neither was my predecessor a man capable of making such a demand, be it said in his honor."

Wílliman died in 1934.

A road in Punta del Este and one in Punta Carretas are named after him.

See also

 Politics of Uruguay
 List of political families#Uruguay

References

 :es:Claudio Williman
 :es:José Claudio Williman

Presidents of Uruguay
Uruguayan bankers
19th-century Uruguayan lawyers
University of the Republic (Uruguay) alumni
Academic staff of the University of the Republic (Uruguay)
University of the Republic (Uruguay) rectors
Members of the Senate of Uruguay
Uruguayan people of Galician descent
Uruguayan people of French descent
1861 births
1934 deaths
Colorado Party (Uruguay) politicians

Claudio Williman


A synthetic fuel (or synfuel) is a fuel in liquid or gas form that can be manufactured. Synfuels have long been made from coal. Oil extracted from shale or tar sands is also sometimes called synfuel. Fuels can also be made from non-food crops.

Tar sands are a combination of sand and a thick oil called bitumen. This, along with oil shale, which is a layer of rock riddled with hydrocarbons in the form of kerogen, can be heated with steam to remove the crude oil in the two substances. Like oil, it must be refined before being put to use.

Related pages
 Biofuel

Fuel
Geology

Synthetic fuel


Naval stores are all liquid products derived from conifers.  These materials include rosin, tall oil, pine oil, and terpentine.  Crude gum or oleoresin can be collected from the wounds of living pine trees.

The term naval stores originally applied to the organic compounds used in building and maintaining wooden sailing ships, a category which includes cordage, mask, turpentine, rosin, pitch and tar.These materials were originally used for water- and weather-proofing wooden ships. Masts, spars, and cordage needed protecting, and hulls made of wood required a flexible material, insoluble in water, to seal the spaces between planks.  Pine pitch was often mixed with fibers like hemp to caulk spaces which might otherwise leak.

Presently, pine compounds produced by the naval stores industry are used to manufacture soap, paint, varnish, shoe polish, lubricants, linoleum, and roofing materials.

History

Colonial North America

The Royal Navy relied heavily upon naval stores from American colonies, and naval stores were an essential part of the colonial economy. Masts came from the large white pines of New England, while pitch came from the longleaf pine forests of Carolina, which also produced sawn lumber, shake shingles, and staves.  In the early 1700s the British Crown was involved in the transplantation of Palatine refuges in Great Britain to the New York Province to produce naval stores.

Naval stores played a role during the American Revolutionary War. As Britain attempted to cripple French and Spanish capacities through blockade, they declared naval stores to be contraband. At the time Russia was Europe's chief producer of naval stores, leading to the seizure of 'neutral' Russian vessels. In 1780 Catherine the Great announced that her navy would be used against anyone interfering with neutral trade, and she gathered together European neutrals in the League of Armed Neutrality.  These actions were beneficial for the struggling colonists as the British were forced to act with greater caution.

Zallen tells in detail how turpentine (and rosin) are produced as naval stores.  Pine trees especially in North Carolina were tapped for sap which was doubly distilled to make turpentine and rosin (aka resin)–hence the name tar heels.  The trees were scored with a ledge called a "box" to collect the sap.  Large numbers of slaves were used to score the trees, collect and process the sap.  Zallen describes this as industrial slavery–different from the more common vision of slaves in agriculture.  By the 1840s camphine, a blend of turpentine and grain alcohol, became the dominant lamp fuel in the US. [Zallen prefers the camphene spelling.]

The pine trees of North Carolina were well suited to camphine production.  The business also provided additional need for slaves as production expanded.  Backwoods became more productive.  Slaves were often leased in winter when agriculture was slower.  The value of many was protected by life insurance.  Wilmington, NC became a center of the camphene industry.  In cities, gaslighting was also available, but used by the upper classes.  Camphine was the fuel of the average family.

Zallen reports that after Ft. Sumpter, turpentine producers were cut off from major markets.  Emancipation left them without manpower to collect and process turpentine.  The camps were flammable.  Many were burned in William Tecumseh Sherman's march from Savannah to Goldsboro, NC.  Congress also imposed taxes on alcohol to pay for the Civil War.  That made camphine more costly than kerosene.  Kerosene first produced as coal oil became abundant after the discovery of oil in Pennsylvania.

The major producers of naval stores in the 19th and 20th century were the United States of America, and France, where Napoleon encouraged planting of pines in areas of sand dunes. In the 1920s the United States exported eleven million gallons of spirits. By 1927, France exported about 20 percent of the world's resin.

Separation techniques

Today naval stores are recovered from the tall oil byproduct stream of Kraft process pulping of pines in the United States, though tapping of living pines remains common in other parts of the world.  Turpentine and pine oil may be recovered by steam distillation of oleoresin or by destructive distillation of pine wood; solvent extraction of shredded stumps and roots has become more common with the availability of inexpensive naphtha.  Rosin remains in the still after turpentine and water have boiled off.

See also
Shipbuilding
Naval stores industry
Bark hack

Footnotes

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20101009032732/http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/organization/history/naval_stores.htm
http://www.maritime.org/conf/conf-kaye-tar.htm
http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/V6460E/v6460e04.htm
http://www.hchsonline.org/places/turpentine.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044420/http://www.unctv.org/exploringNC/episode308.html

Resins
Shipbuilding
Timber industry
History of forestry
Non-timber forest products

Naval stores


Foundered strata is a term used by the British Geological Survey in its maps and geological memoirs, and indeed by other authors, to describe rock strata which have collapsed due, for example, to the dissolution of underlying strata. Foundered strata may retain original bedding more or less intact or they may assume a chaotic structure in the process of collapse or some intermediate state of disruption.

Examples of foundered strata are found along the northern margin of the outcrop of the Twrch Sandstone (the former Basal Grit of the Millstone Grit) in the Brecon Beacons National Park of South Wales. The immediately underlying Carboniferous Limestone has dissolved away in numerous locations such as at Pwll Byfre and resulted in the wholesale collapse of the sandstone beds above it. It is thought that the sandstone has been let down several hundred feet in places due to the removal by solution of limestone strata.

References

External links
images of Pwll Byfre and surrounding area on Geograph website

Structural geology
Stratigraphy
Geology of the United Kingdom

Foundered strata