Little Falls Dam is a hydroelectric dam across the Mississippi River in the city of Little Falls, Minnesota, United States.

History
The Little Falls Mill and Land Company was formed in 1849 to build a dam and a sawmill to supply lumber for buildings at Fort Ripley; but when settlers showed up in the area there were other markets for the lumber. James Green, along with a group of co-partners, was the owner of the first dam, a wing dam built on the east channel of the falls. Green died in 1850 and the dam, mill and land were sold.

William Sturgis bought the dam and, with Calvin Tuttle and James Fergus, formed the Little Falls Company, later called Little Falls Manufacturing Company. The company built a larger dam, sawmill, cabinet shop and bridge and owned about  of land. The new dam replaced the original wing dam, but was built on sand and portions of it were washed out by flood waters in the summer of 1859. The dam was repaired, but washed out again the following summer. The Little Falls Manufacturing Company faltered due to a number of factors, including "the ill effects of the economic depression that swept the frontier and ultimately the nation in the late 1850s." William Sturgis and James Fergus left their Little Falls business interests in the hands of their wives while they went west in search of gold. The story of this chapter in Little Falls history is told through letters written between James and his wife Pamelia in the book "The Gold Rush Widows of Little Falls" by Linda Peavy and Ursula Smith.

In 1887, a group of investors from Louisville, Kentucky formed the Little Falls Water Power Company. A new dam was completed in 1888 as a means to redevelop Little Falls, and this created jobs and attracted immigrants to the town. "Prior to the construction of the third dam, the 1880 census showed a population of 508 people in Little Falls.  By 1890, the population more than quadrupled, reaching 2,354 people.  By 1895, it had grown again, more than doubling to a total of 5,116. The dam, and the industries it attracted, was a major factor in that growth."

Construction of the fourth Little Falls dam, this one made of concrete, started with the east wing in 1914. Construction on the west wing was underway by 1918. The dam, including a new power house, was completed by 1921. The larger additional power house was built to house two additional generators, with a third generator being added during the 1980s. Further improvements were made from 2005 to 2010.

The new dam raised the water level an additional four and half feet. This submerged the water power mill at the mouth of the Little Elk River, about one mile upstream. Excavations below the power house increased the total water head to twenty-four feet. The original natural falls had a drop of only about five feet. The impounded water now reaches to the Belle Prairie Rapids, west of the Belle Prairie Church, about 3.5 miles upstream.

Along with the Blanchard Dam ten miles downstream, Little Falls Dam was purchased by Minnesota Power during the 1920s.

In 1978, automation for Blanchard, along with the Sylvan and Pillager dams on the Crow Wing River, were centralized in Little Falls; this allowed a staff of four to do work that had previously required sixteen operators. The operation has since been remotely controlled by Minnesota Power's central dispatchers in Riverton, and the dam is now staffed only by maintenance personnel.

Because generating electricity by water power has little overhead and no fuel costs, this relatively small 4.5 megawatt dam remains economically profitable.

References

External links

Dams in Minnesota
Dams on the Mississippi River
Buildings and structures in Morrison County, Minnesota
Dams completed in 1888

Little Falls Dam


Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational tyre manufacturer based in the city of Milan, Italy. The company, which has been listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922, is the 6th-largest tyre manufacturer and is focused on the consumer production of tyres for cars, motorcycles and bicycles. It is present in Europe, the Asia-Pacific, Latin America, North America and the Post-Soviet states, operating commercially in over 160 countries. It has 19 manufacturing sites in 13 countries and a network of around 14,600 distributors and retailers. In 2015, China National Chemical Corp. Ltd. (ChemChina) took controlling interest of Pirelli; with the Chinese state-owned company agreeing to maintain the tyre company's ownership structure until 2023.

Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre partner and supplier for the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for 2008–2010, FIA Formula One World Championship for 2011–present and for the FIM World Superbike Championship. Pirelli's headquarters are located in Milan's Bicocca district.

Pirelli is now solely a tyre manufacturing company. In the past, it had been involved in fashion and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility.

On 4 October 2017, Pirelli returned to the Milan Stock Exchange after focusing its business on pure consumer products (tyres for car, motorcycles, and bicycles) and related services, and separating the business of industrial tyre.

Pirelli's eponymous calendar has been published since 1964, and has featured the contributions of many famous photographers over the years such as Helmut Newton, Steve McCurry, Peter Lindbergh, Richard Avedon, Bruce Weber, Herb Rits and Annie Leibovitz.

The company's US-based headquarters are located in Rome, Georgia.

History

Founded in Milan in 1872 by Giovanni Battista Pirelli (1848–1932), the company initially specialised in rubber and derivative processes and also made scuba diving rebreathers. Thereafter, Pirelli's activities were primarily focused on the production of tyre and cables (for energy and telecommunications). In 2005, Pirelli sold its cable division to Goldman Sachs, which changed the new group's name to Prysmian.

In the 1950s, Alberto Pirelli commissioned the building of a skyscraper, Pirelli Tower, in the same Milanese area that housed the very first Pirelli factory during the 19th century.

In 1974, Pirelli invented the "wide radial tyre", upon a request from the Lancia rally racing team for a tyre strong enough to withstand the power of the new Lancia Stratos. At that time, racing tyres were either slick tyres made with the cross ply technique (very wide tyres with a reduced sidewall height), or radial tyres, which were too narrow to withstand the Stratos' power and did not provide enough grip. Both were unusable for the Lancia Stratos, as the radials were destroyed within 10 km, and the slicks too stiff. Lancia asked Pirelli for a solution, and in 1975 Pirelli created a wide tyre with a reduced sidewall height like a slick, but with a radial structure.

Subsequently, Porsche started using the same tyres with the Porsche 911 Turbo.

In 1988, Pirelli acquired the Armstrong Rubber Company, which was headquartered in New Haven, Connecticut, US for $190 million.

In 2000, Pirelli sold its terrestrial fibre optic cables business to Cisco and its optical components operations to Corning, for 5 billion euro. It invested, through Olimpia, part of the resulting liquidity to become a majority shareholder in Telecom Italia in 2001, maintaining this position until 2007.

In 2002 the company started a range of Pirelli-branded clothing, watches and eyewear.

In 2005, Pirelli sold its Cables, Energy Systems and Telecommunications assets to Goldman Sachs and the newly formed company was named Prysmian. In the same year, 2005, Pirelli opened its first tyre production plant in Shandong province, China. This was the beginning of the group's production complex in the country.

In 2006, Pirelli chose Slatina for its first tyre production plant in Romania, expanding the facility in 2011.

In 2010, Pirelli completed its conversion to a pure tyre company by selling Pirelli Broadband Solutions and spinning off the real estate assets of Pirelli Re. Fondazione Pirelli was established in the same year to safeguard and celebrate the company's past and to promote business culture as an integral part of Italy's national cultural assets.

In March 2015, it was announced that Pirelli shareholders had accepted a €7.1 billion bid from ChemChina, together with Camfin and LTI, for the company. The transaction was completed and the company was delisted in November 2015.

In May 2017, it was announced that Pirelli returns to the world of cycling with a new road cycling tyre range, P ZERO Velo.

In September 2017, the company announced its intentions to sell up to 40 per cent of its equity capital in an initial public offering as it plans to return to the Milan stock exchange in October.

In March 2019 Pirelli announced a new range of mountain biking tyres, called Scorpion.

In 2021 Pirelli introduced 18-inch tyres for the new aerodynamic and technical changes for 2022 in Formula One.

Business areas
Pirelli is focused on the consumer business, producing tyres for cars, motorcycles, and bicycles.

Car products range
P ZERO: Tyres for ultra-high performance cars. P ZERO branding is used for dry weather Formula One tyres, along with other racing tyres.
Cinturato: Tyres for high-end cars. Cinturato branding is used for wet-weather Formula One tyres.
Sottozero: Winter tyres for high-end cars. Sottozero branding is used for WRC tyres.
Carrier: Tyres for vans.
Ice: Tyres designed for extremely low temperatures.
Scorpion: Tyres for SUV and cross-over.

Moto products range
Diablo: Road and track tyres.
Angel: Street and commuting tyres.
Scorpion: Road and off-road tyres.

Velo products range
P ZERO Velo: Road racing.
Cycl-e: Urban and electric.
Scorpion: Mountain bike.
Cinturato: Gravel.

Corporate affairs

Major shareholders
Pirelli shareholders as of December 2022:

Board of directors
The list of Pirelli Board of Directors:

Marketing
The Pirelli Calendar is published annually, featuring actresses and fashion models. The calendar also features the work of fashion photographers, including Richard Avedon, Peter Lindbergh, Annie Leibovitz, and Patrick Demarchelier.

The Pirelli Internetional Award is given annually for the best international multimedia involving the communication of science and technology conducted entirely on the Internet.

"Power is nothing without control" was the well-known slogan of Pirelli Tyre Company, and was featured in numerous television and print advertisements.

Pirelli is the long-serving main sponsor of Italian football club Inter Milan, having sponsored the Italian team since the 1995–96 season.

Sponsorship

Football
Pirelli has a history of sponsoring football teams. Pirelli is well known for its long-term primary sponsorship of the Italian football club Inter Milan between 1995 and 2021. Pirelli previously appeared as a sponsor on the shirts of the Maltese football club Valletta for a short time.

In reference to Brazil striker Ronaldo's usual goal celebration of both arms outstretched, Pirelli ran a 1998 commercial in which he replaced the figure of Christ from the Christ the Redeemer statue that towers over his home city of Rio de Janeiro while in an Inter Milan strip. It was controversial with the Catholic Church.

Pirelli's sponsorship of football teams is not limited to Europe, South America is a key market and as a result, successful clubs have also been sponsored by the tyre company. The Brazilian team Palmeiras, Uruguayan team Peñarol and Argentinian side Vélez Sársfield all had Pirelli as a shirt sponsor.

When English football club Burton Albion Football Club built their new stadium in 2005, Pirelli became the title sponsor of the new ground. This was because the new stadium, named Pirelli Stadium lies next to the Pirelli factory in Burton-upon-Trent, Staffordshire, England.

In 2009 Pirelli became the title sponsor of the Chinese Super League (CSL), China's top-tier football league.

In 2012, the company became a major sponsor of the Russian Cup.

Motorsport
Pirelli is currently the event title sponsor of the Spanish and Hungarian Grands Prix and sponsored the 2018 French Grand Prix.

The company was the title sponsor of the Pirelli World Challenge from 2011 to 2018.

Pirelli supported rally with their FIA Pirelli Star Driver program as an initiative to support young rally drivers. It was the sole supplier in the top tier of World Rally Championship in 2008–2010, and is now a co-supplier with Michelin. Since its first involvement in WRC in 1973, the manufacturer won 181 events, and produced 25 WRC Driver Champions including Colin McRae (1995), Petter Solberg (2003), Sebastien Loeb (2008–2010).

Pirelli would again become the sole tyre supplier in all three tiers in 2021.

Pirelli has also been a sponsor of rally and gymkhana driver Ken Block's Hoonigan Racing Division since 2010.

America's Cup
Pirelli was sponsor of Emirates Team New Zealand in the 35th America's Cup (2017).

Winter Sports
Pirelli sponsored Alpine World Ski Championship and Ice Hockey World Championship IIHF from 2017 to 2021. The company is also sponsor of the Italian Ski Team and of the Swiss Ski Team.

Baseball
Pirelli also was a sponsor of the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball from 2014 to 2020.

Motorsport
Pirelli is the only allowed tyre brand in the FIM World Superbike Championship since 2007 (along with its support classes, such as the Supersport World Championship). Pirelli has also been awarded the contract for the control tyre supply in the British Superbike Championship from 2008 until at least 2010.

Pirelli was also the official tyre partner and supplier of the World Rally Championship from 2008 to 2010, until the company withdrew to focus on its Formula One commitments. Pirelli returned to the championship in 2014, however only partnering tyres for a few private teams as Michelin was the major tyre partner and supplier. Pirelli stepped up their involvement in the championship when they signed a deal to supply tyres to all Junior WRC participants, with its champions receiving a Ford Fiesta R5 with free tyres, fuel and free rally registration package for the next season's World Rally Championship-2. Pirelli subsequently returned full time to the WRC since 2021 season.

Pirelli was also partnered Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series from 2008 until 2010 before being replaced by Continental AG in 2011.

The company has been the official supplier of the GT World Challenge America since 2011 and the GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup since 2013.

Formula One
Pirelli has been the sole tyre supplier in Formula One since 2011 following Bridgestone's decision to withdraw from the role at the end of 2010. Pirelli previously competed in Formula One from 1950–1958, 1981–1986 and 1989–1991. Pirelli also supplies tyres for the FIA Formula 2 Championship, FIA Formula 3 Championship (formerly GP3 Series) and F1 Academy, that form the feeder series to Formula One. Pirelli's deal is due to end after the 2027 Formula One World Championship.

The Italian tyre manufacturer introduced a colour coding system to help identify the tyre compounds used by drivers during races. Each compound has its own colour, which appears on the sidewalls of the tyre.

Since the 2019 season, Pirelli has used three colours to identify its dry-weather P Zero tyres: white for hard, yellow for medium, and red for soft. As well as the dry-weather slick tyres, there are two wet-weather grooved tyres: green for the intermediate and blue for the full wet. These tyres are branded Cinturato, a name that dates back to the 1950s.

At the start of Pirelli's Formula One tenure in 2011, the company was given the technically challenging task of designing tyres that degraded rapidly in order to promote more pit stops and overtaking, with the aim of making the races more exciting and entertaining. However, the brief from the sport's organisers has changed over the years, as the cars themselves evolved with the introduction of the turbo hybrid era in 2014.

Pirelli has also faced controversy on a number of occasions in Formula One, especially during the 2013 British Grand Prix, which featured multiple tyre failures. Pirelli subsequently changed the construction of the tyres to prevent further incidents, switching to Kevlar belts.

At the 2015 Belgian Grand Prix, a tyre on Sebastian Vettel's Ferrari suffered from a blowout at . Immediately after the race Pirelli claimed that excessive wear caused the blowout but following a more detailed analysis, the company said that in fact, a cut had caused the tyre failure.

A number of major changes to the Formula One tyres were introduced for the 2017 season. The most obvious visual difference was an increase of width by 25%, both front and rear, increasing from 245-mm to 305-mm at the front and 325-mm to 405-mm at the rear. The actual rim size remained unchanged from the traditional 13 inches.

The faster cornering speeds as a result of this change imposed significantly increased loads on the tyres. Pirelli was consequently asked to produce tyres with less degradation that were more resistant to overheating, for the fastest cars in Formula One history.

A far-reaching alteration to the Formula One technical regulations for 2022, covering every aspect of the car, prompted another significant change to the tyres. With an imminent move to 18-inch rims after more than 50 years of the 13-inch size, Pirelli's 2022 tyres maintain the same tread width as before, but diameter has increased from 660 millimetres to 720 millimetres. The sidewall height is also reduced to give the tyres a more modern low-profile look.

Overseas investment
In April 2012, Pirelli & C. SpA signed a joint venture agreement with Indonesian counterpart PT Astra Autoparts a subsidiary of PT Astra International for the construction of a motorcycle tyre plant with a total investment of $120 million. 60 per cent of shares will be held by Pirelli. Pirelli hoped to strengthen its presence in the largest motorcycle market in the world, Southeast Asia which has 250 million motorcycles.

Audio system
In July 2018, Pirelli launched a Formula One wheel-shaped Bluetooth speaker, P Zero Sound. The Bluetooth speaker measures  in diameter, weighs  and has a 100-watt amplifier, a  mid-woofer, a  tweeter and also offers Bluetooth 4.0 with AptX for wireless connectivity. IXOOST is the manufacturer of P Zero Sound speaker, which majorly manufactures Motorsports-themed audio systems. The wheel-shaped speaker costs €2400, which is equivalent to about $2,800.

See also

 List of Italian companies
 Formula One tyres

Notes

References

External links

PirelliTyre.com  Pirelli Tyres Worldwide
Yahoo! Pirelli & C. S.p.A. Company Profile
Portronics Bluetooth Speaker

Automotive companies of Italy
Tire manufacturers of Italy
Cycle parts manufacturers
Automotive companies established in 1872
Rebreather makers
Italian brands
Watch manufacturing companies of Italy
Multinational companies headquartered in Italy
Italian companies established in 1872
1920s initial public offerings
Companies listed on the Borsa Italiana
Formula One tyre suppliers
Diving equipment manufacturers

Pirelli


Elachista lastrella is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found from Germany to Spain.

The wingspan is .

The larvae feed on Bromus erectus. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a long slender corridor at the underside of the lower leaves. Most mines ascend from the base of the leaf to the tip. The frass is deposited in a narrow continuous line. A single may make two to three mines. Only the final mine is full depth. They are yellowish with a brownish head. Larvae can be found in early spring.

References

lastrella
Moths described in 1896
Moths of Europe

Elachista lastrella


Wolfgang Dachstein (1487–1553) was a German organist, composer, and lyricist.

He was born in Offenburg. From 1503 Dachstein studied Music and Theology with Martin Luther at Erfurt.  He entered the Dominican convent in Strasbourg and in 1521 became the organist at St Thomas' Church, Strasbourg.  In early 1523 he left the convent and sided with the Reformation.  He married in 1524.

In 1541 Dachstein became the organist at Strasbourg Cathedral and at the same time the music teacher at the Gymnasium there.  He obeyed the Augsburg Interim and stayed in his post throughout.  He was the first notable organist of the Reformation.

Dachstein used his poetical and musical ability in the service of the Reformation.  He was involved in the formulation of the Agenda and provided German Psalms, such as the melodies for the "Teutschen Kirchenampt 1525", an early hymnbook.  His paraphrase of Psalm 137, "An Wasserflüssen Babylon" (By the Rivers of Babylon), which appeared both in the "Teutschen Kirchenampt 1525" and in Luther's "Babstschem Gesangbuch" of 1545, is well known.  Today the melody is inseparably linked with Paul Gerhardt's text "Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld" ("A Little Lamb goes and bears the Guilt", EG 83).  Also by Dachstein are the melody for "Im Frieden dein, o Herre mein" ("In Your peace, my Lord", EG 222) and the second melody for Luther's "Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir" ("From deep affliction I cry out to you", EG 299 II). Dachstein's Psalms are also included in Sigmund Hemmel's psalter.

He died in Strasbourg on 7 March 1553.

References

 Dachstein, Wolfgang.  In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ABD).  Volume 47, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1903, p. 610.
 Siegried Fornaçon: Dachstein, Wolfgang.  In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NBD).  Volume 3, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1957, , p. 465.
 Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz: Wolfgang Dachstein.  In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexicon (BBKL).  Volume 1, Bautz, Hamm 1975.  2nd unchanged edition, Hamm 1990, , p. 1192.

German organists
German male organists
German lyricists
People from Offenburg
1487 births
1553 deaths
German Protestant Reformers
German Dominicans
16th-century German composers

Wolfgang Dachstein


Houchang Esfandiar Chehabi is a scholar of Iranian studies at the Frederick S. Pardee School of Global Studies at Boston University where he is Professor of International Relations and History.

Chehabi is Iranian-German and was born in Tehran, Iran. He is a former Harvard faculty member, as well as UCLA. He received his MA and DPhil from Yale University.

His publications focus on Iran and its history and politics. His books include Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran under the Shah and Khomeini (1990) and Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years (2006). In 2015 he was a Fellow at the  Alexander Von Humboldt Foundation in Berlin.

References

External links
 Houchang E. Chehabi, Pardee School of Global Studies, Boston University
 Interview - Houchang E. Chehabi

Boston University faculty
Pardee School of Global Studies faculty
Yale University alumni
Iranian emigrants to the United States
Living people
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Harvard University faculty
Iranian expatriate academics
Year of birth missing (living people)
American male non-fiction writers

Houchang Chehabi


Max Halbe (4 October 1865 – 30 November 1944) was a German dramatist and main exponent of Naturalism.

Biography
Halbe was born at the manor of Güttland (Koźliny) near Danzig (Gdańsk), where he grew up. He was a member of an old family of peasants who had immigrated two centuries earlier from Westphalia. He attended the gymnasium (secondary school) at Marienburg. In 1883 he began his study of law at the University of Heidelberg. He studied history and Germanic philology at the University of Berlin, 1885–1887. He obtained his doctorate at the University of Munich in 1888.

He then moved to Berlin. In both Berlin and Munich, Halbe became acquainted with the leaders of the new naturalistic movement in German literature, and became associated with the Free Stage () movement in 1889. He was strongly influenced by the association with, and the works of, Johannes Schlaf and Arno Holt. In the spring of 1890, he wrote the play Free Love (), later called Ein Verhältnis (1895). He married the same year. Halbe was not entirely in accord with the Freie Bühne, and with consistent naturalism (see Gerhart Hauptmann), as the latter deviated considerably from his own tendencies.

He published Eisgang in 1892, and then his primary work, Jugend (Youth), in 1893, which was, after Hauptmann's Die Weber, the most successful contemporary stage play in Germany. It was difficult for him to get Eisgang and Jugend performed, although Jugend got a performance on the Freie Volksbühne in 1892. Jugend was especially difficult to place:  famous theatre managers in Berlin (L'Arronge, Barnay, Blumenthal) refused it, but Lautenburg accepted and performed it with great success in 1893. The drama, whose unaffected and sympathetic treatment of sexual relationships made no concessions to prevailing bourgeois morality, won it the enthusiastic praise of socialist critics. Franz Mehring, the principal spokesman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany on culture, warmly welcomed Jugend and referred to Halbe, along with Gerhardt Hauptmann, as "one of the princes of Genius land." In 1917 an operatic version of Jugend, composed by Ignatz Waghalter, was premiered in Berlin at the Deutsches Opernhaus (now known as the Deutsche Oper) to great acclaim.

Halbe's next play, the comedy The Tourist in America () made the impression of being witless, and his reputation rapidly declined. Constant laments were uttered by critics as to his failure to fulfill the promise of his early work. Halbe decided to move to the rural atmosphere of  Kreuzlingen, on Lake Constance, in 1894.

In 1895 Halbe went to Munich again, where, with Josef Ruederer, he founded the Intimate Theater for Dramatic Experiments (),  in which writers and poets appeared on the stage, and was a co-founder of Munich Popular Theatre (). As a member of the Munich artist society, his circle included Otto Erich Hartleben, Frank Wedekind, Hanns von Gumppenberg, Ludwig Thoma and Eduard von Keyserling.

He began writing again. The dramas Lebenswende and Mutter Erde (the latter standing with Jugend as his most famous work; a translation into English, Mother Earth, appeared in German Classics, Vol. XX, New York, 1914) and the novelle Frau Mesek are of this period.

When the National Socialists seized power in January 1933, Halbe, like Gerhart Hauptmann, did not openly speak against them, and held aloof from politics. But on 22 October 1933, he signed a statement of loyalty to Adolf Hitler. As one of the few writers of significance that remained in Germany, the Nazis used him for advertising, which after the war damaged his reputation, and led to widespread rejection of his work.

In 1933 and 1935 his biography Scholle und Schicksal and Jahrhundertwende were published. Halbe died in the age of 79 at his manor house in Neuötting, Bavaria.

Works
 Ein Emporkömmling (1889)
 Freie Liebe, drama (1890)
 Der Eisgang, drama (1892)
 Jugend, drama (1893)
 Der Amerikafahrer, comedy (1894)
 Lebenswende (1896)
 Mutter Erde, drama (1897)
 Der Eroberer (1898)
 Die Heimatlosen (1899)
 Das Tausendjährige Reich, drama (1899)
 Haus Rosenhagen, drama (1901)
 Walpurgistag (1902)
 Der Strom, drama (1904)
 Die Insel der Seligen (1905)
 Das wahre Gesicht (1907)
 Blaue Berge, comedy (1909)
 Der Ring des Gauklers, play (1911)
 Die Tat des Dietrich Stobäus, novel (1911)
 Freiheit. Ein Schauspiel von 1812 (1913)
 Schloß Zeitvorbei, dramatic legend (1917)
 Die Traumgesichte des Adam Thor, play (1929)
 Generalkonsul Stenzel und sein gefährliches Ich, novel (1931)
 Heinrich von Plauen, drama (1933)
 Scholle und Schicksal. Geschichte meines Lebens, autobiography (1933)
 Jahrhundertwende. Geschichte meines Lebens 1893-1914, autobiography (1935)
 Erntefest (1936)
 Die Elixiere des Glücks, novel (1936)
 Kaiser Friedrich II (1940)
 Jo, novel (1917)

Notes

References
 Josef Egginger: Der Dichter Max Halbe im Öttinger Land. In: Oettinger Land, Altötting. 15 (1995). S. 127–135.
 Ulrich Erdmann: Vom Naturalismus zum Nationalsozialismus? Zeitgeschichtlich-biographische Studien zu Max Halbe, Gerhart Hauptmann, Johannes Schlaf und Hermann Stehr. Mit unbekannten Selbstzeugnissen. 	Frankfurt am Main u.a.: Lang, 1997.
 Andreas Lothar Günter: Präfaschistische Weltanschauung im Werk Max Halbes. Frankfurt am Main u.a.: Lang, 2002. (= Europäische Hochschulschriften; Reihe 1, Deutsche Sprache und Literatur; 1841)
 Joachim Kalcher: Perspektiven des Lebens in der Dramatik um 1900. Köln u.a.: Boehlau, 1980. (= Kölner germanistische Studien; 14)
 Heinz Kindermann: Max Halbe und der deutsche Osten. Danzig: Rosenberg, 1941. (= Danzig in Geschichte und Gegenwart; 4)
 Werner Kleine: Max Halbes Stellung zum Naturalismus innerhalb der ersten beiden Dezennien seines dramatischen Schaffens. (1887-1900). Zeulenroda: Sporn,1937.
 Peter Oliver Loew: "Die Heimat sucht den Dichter – der Dichter sucht die Heimat. Max Halbe und Danzig". In Das literarische und kulturelle Erbe von Danzig und Gdańsk, hrsg. v. Andrzej Kątny, Frankfurt am Main (u.a.) 2004,  (Danziger Beiträge zur Germanistik, Bd. 15).
 Stadtbibliothek München (Hrsg.): Max Halbe zum 100. Geburtstag. München: Lehle, 1965.
 Thorsten Stegemann: Literatur im Abseits. Studien zu ausgewählten Werken von Rainer Maria Rilke, Hermann Sudermann, Max Halbe, Gottfried Benn und Erich Kästner. Stuttgart: Ibidem-Verlag, 2000.
 Karl Ude: "Max Halbes Nachlass. Ein Münchner Spiegel der Jahrhundertwende". In: Schwabing von innen. München 2002. S. 45–54.
 Herbert Weder: Die Stimmungskunst in Max Halbes Gegenwartsdramen unter bes. Berücksichtigung Ibsens. Ein Beitrag zur Theorie und Geschichte des Dramas um 1900. Würzburg: Werkbund. 1932.
 Friedrich Zillmann: Max Halbe. Wesen und Werk. Würzburg/Main: Holzner, 1959. (= Der Göttinger Arbeitskreis; Schriftenreihe; 62)

External links
 Biography (German)

1865 births
1944 deaths
People from Gdańsk County
Writers from the Province of Prussia
19th-century German novelists
20th-century German novelists
German male short story writers
German short story writers
German poets
German male poets
German male novelists
German male dramatists and playwrights
19th-century German dramatists and playwrights
20th-century German dramatists and playwrights
19th-century German short story writers
19th-century German male writers
20th-century German short story writers
20th-century German male writers

Max Halbe


Warfarin (sometimes sold as Coumadin) is a powerful water-soluble compound. It prevents blood from clotting. It does that by reducing the production of factors by the liver that promote clotting. It is called an "anticoagulant agent". It is a powerful rat poison. In concentrated form, it causes bleeding of internal organs which leads to death.

It is also used, in very low doses, to prevent thrombosis in humans. This is the local coagulation or clotting of the blood in the circulatory system. In such cases, it makes heart attacks, strokes, and pulmonary embolism less likely. The degree of anticoagulation is monitored by blood tests.

References

Drugs
Blood
Organic compounds
Poisons

Warfarin


Stuart Broomer is a Canadian editor, music critic, pianist, writer, jazz historian, and composer. He is a former editor with CODA magazine and currently works as an editor at Coach House Books. As a music critic he has written articles for Amazon.com, The Globe and Mail, Toronto Life, Down Beat, Musicworks, Cadence Magazine, ParisTransatlantlic and Signal to Noise. He has also authored more than 60 liner essays for musicians internationally. His book Time and Anthony Braxton () was published by The Mercury Press in 2009. He is a member of the music faculty at George Brown College.

Broomer is a graduate of The Royal Conservatory of Music where he studied music composition and piano with Samuel Dolin. As a pianist, he is best known for playing in the jazz trio "Broomer, Mars & Smith" in the 1970s and later the duo "Stuart Broomer & John Mars" during the 1980s, both of which included compositions by Broomer in their repertoire. The duo released a 1983 album, Annihilated Surprise, on Ugly Dog Records.

References

Canadian book editors
Canadian music critics
Canadian jazz pianists
Canadian composers
Canadian male composers
The Royal Conservatory of Music alumni
Canadian writers about music
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
Canadian male pianists
21st-century Canadian pianists
21st-century Canadian male musicians
Canadian male jazz musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)

Stuart Broomer


The pearl cichlid (Geophagus brasiliensis) is a species of fish in the cichlid family. It is native to southeastern Brazil (north to Bahia), Paraguay, Uruguay and far northeastern Argentina, where it is found in rivers, lakes, and nearby slightly brackish lagoons. It has been introduced to several countries far from its native range, including the United States, Australia, the Philippines, and Taiwan. This species is popular among aquarists.

G. brasiliensis is part of a species complex that also includes the rarer G. diamantinensis, G. iporangensis, G. itapicuruensis, G. multiocellus, G. obscurus, G. rufomarginatus and G. santosi from the Brazilian state of Bahia (most species) or São Paulo (G. iporangensis).

Appearance

The males can reach a length up to , while females only reach a bit more than half that size. Its main body colour can be pale light brown to dark blue or almost purple; their colours change with moods and during mating sessions.  The pearl cichlid has one dark spot which may visible on its body, located towards its tail; it also may display several black bands running top to bottom down its body. Its markings, which cover its body, are bright blue speckles which shine brightly in a healthy fish; they have red fins which may have blueish tones and be tipped in black, but these colours also may change, brighten, or fade depending on the mood. They can grow quite large, with males reaching just over a foot and females generally a little smaller. In a group, they  usually pair up once they are around 2–3 in long; at this time they can be quite territorial, and keep other fish away from their breeding space.

Breeding
The sex of the fish is often unclear until it reaches adult size, at which point the size difference between the genders becomes pronounced. Breeders often attempt to pair the fish without sexing them; two females may pair up in which case the fish lay eggs that never hatch. Once a male-female pair is found, they tend to yield 150–200 offspring after successfully mating. Unlike certain other species, they do not have to be separated from their young.

Introduction to Australia
In Australia, it has been released into the Tweed River system, New South Wales, and the Swan River system, Western Australia, where it inhabits fresh and brackish water at a wide range of pHs.

References

Further reading
Sterba, G. (1967). Freshwater Fishes of the World. The Pet Library, Ltd., New York, 879p.
Nelson, J. S. (1994). Fishes of the World, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 600p.

External links
 http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/docs/pub/IMPFeralFish/index.php?0506

Pearl cichlid
Fish described in 1824

Pearl cichlid


Alhaji Lamin Jusu Jarka is a Sierra Leonean former businessman and current chairman of the victims' right's organization Amputees and War Wounded Association (AWWA). Jarka was the Chief Security Officer of Barclay's Bank in Freetown before the 1999 invasion of Freetown by the Revolutionary United Front rebel group during the recent civil war. During the war, his arms were forcibly amputated after he refused to give his daughter to the troops. After the war ended in 2002, Jarka set up the AWWA principally among the injured that live in a camp in the Murray Town section of Freetown but also as a nationwide organization.

References

1958 births
Living people
Sierra Leonean amputees
Sierra Leonean disability rights activists
Activists with disabilities

Lamin Jusu Jarka


The Python Minefield Breaching System is used by the British Army to clear minefields. It replaces the Giant Viper, and has the ability to clear a safe lane in minefields 180–200 m long and 7.3 m wide through which vehicles can pass.

The system works by firing a single rocket from a launcher mounted on a 136 kilogramme trailer which has to be towed to the edge of the mined area. Attached to the rocket motor 250 mm L9 53 kg is a 228 m long hose packed with 1455 kg of pe6/al explosive. After the hose lands on the ground it detonates and destroys over 90% of mines along its entire length. The 10% that are not destroyed are simply pushed aside to safety. It can be used in tandem to defeat double impulse mines or mines of greater depth. It also contains a 9 kg high explosive substitute at the end with a .9 kg booster of pe4.

Python has been used operationally with the Trojan AVRE in Afghanistan.  During Operation Moshtarak the Royal Engineers attempted to use this traditional mine clearance equipment in the Counter-IED role in support of a major British Army advance.

See also
 Mine-clearing line charge

References

External links
 .

Military engineering vehicles of the United Kingdom
Mine warfare countermeasures

Python Minefield Breaching System


The 43rd Scripps National Spelling Bee was held in Washington, D.C. at the Mayflower Hotel on June 3–4, 1970, sponsored by the E.W. Scripps Company.

The winner was 14-year-old Libby Childress of Mount Airy, North Carolina, with the winning word "croissant". The competition ended with an 18-word duel with 14-year-old Tom Moe Jr. of Denver, who eventually misspelled "corymb" as "".

There were 74 spellers this year, 44 girls and 30 boys. The first-place prize was $1000 (and a trip to New York City), $500 for second, $250 for third, $100 for next five, $75 for next ten, and $50 each for the remaining spellers.

As of 2015, Childress is the last entrant from North Carolina to win the national contest.

References

Scripps National Spelling Bee competitions
Scripps National Spelling Bee
Scripps National Spelling Bee
Scripps National Spelling Bee

43rd Scripps National Spelling Bee


The Jeannine Rainbolt College of Education is the education unit of the University of Oklahoma in Norman. As of fall 2005, the school had an enrollment of 639 undergraduates and 777 graduates. The building is also called Collings Hall.

The College of Education began in 1930 under then president William Bennett Bizzell. It was headed by its first dean, Dr. Ellsworth Collings. To this day, the College of Education main offices reside in Collings Hall. Dr. Gregg Garn is the current dean.

In October 2008 it was announced that the College of Education had received a $8 million gift from H.E. (Gene) Rainbolt in honor of his late wife, Jeannine Rainbolt. Because of that contribution, the OU Board of Regents unanimously voted to rename the college in Rainbolt's honor. It is the only college at OU to be named for a female.

Part of Rainbolt's gift, with other gifts and university funding, was used to pay for a $9.5 million renovation to Collings Hall. Construction, which concluded in summer of 2010, reconstructed the building's facade and add an additional 15,000 feet of classroom space. It was the building's first major building project since 1958.

The Jeannine Rainbolt College of Education was designated an Apple Distinguished Program for 2013–15. The Apple Distinguished Program designation is reserved for programs that meet criteria for innovation, leadership and educational excellence and demonstrate Apple's vision of exemplary learning environments. The college participates in a one-to-one iPad initiative, where students who are enrolled in the undergraduate teacher education program each receive an iPad at the beginning of their first semester in the college. Upon successful completion of the degree program the students keep the device and the digital content they created to use in their teaching careers.

Academic programs
Instructional Leadership & Academic Curriculum
Early Childhood Education
Elementary Education
English Education
Mathematics Education
Science Education
Social Studies Education
Reading Specialist
Instructional Leadership
Teacher Education
Educational Leadership & Policy Studies
Adult and Higher Education
Educational Administration, Curriculum, and Supervision
Studies
Educational Psychology
Instructional Psychology and Technology
Counseling Psychology
Special Education

External links
University of Oklahoma College of Education

Notes

Education, College of
Schools of education in Oklahoma
Universities and colleges established in 1930
1930 establishments in Oklahoma

Jeannine Rainbolt College of Education


Purshia glandulosa is a species of flowering plant in the rose family known by the common names antelope bitterbrush, desert bitterbrush, Mojave antelope brush, and cliff-rose.

Distribution
The plant is endemic to the southwestern United States, where it occurs in California, Arizona, southern Nevada, and Utah. It is found in the Great Basin region, Mojave Desert, and chaparral-sagebrush scrub ecotone in the Eastern Sierra Nevada, Tehachapi Mountains, Eastern Transverse Ranges, and Peninsular Ranges. Other habitats include pinyon-juniper woodland, conifer forest, and Joshua tree woodland.

This species arose via hybridization between Purshia stansburiana (Stansbury cliffrose) and Purshia tridentata (antelope bitterbrush) . It is sometimes considered a variety of the latter species. It can hybridize with both of its parent species.

This plant can grow on many types of soils, mainly those that are well-drained. It can grow on sites that have little soil, such as rock outcrops, and it is a pioneer species of eroded rock habitat. It does not tolerate large amounts of water, especially in the summer, and it favors areas that have an annual precipitation around 10 inches. It is tolerant of fire, layering and resprouting easily after its aboveground parts burn. The varieties grow from .

Description
Purshia glandulosa is an evergreen shrub growing up to  tall, but often remaining smaller depending on environmental conditions. It has a deep taproot which may extend nearly  deep in the soil, an adaptation to drought. At times, the plant produces root nodules where it can fix nitrogen.

The flowers are white and fragranced. The bloom period can range from February through June, depending on the variety.

It reproduces by seed, by layering, and by resprouting from its root crown. It can also regenerate from root bits that are severed several feet below ground. Regeneration from seed is relatively uncommon, because its seeds have low rates of germination and they do not easily yield seedlings that will survive. The seeds have a very hard coat and germinate better if they are stratified. Also, the plant does not produce seed until it is approximately 10 years old.

Varieties
Named varieties of the species include:
Purshia tridentata var. glandulosa — from California to Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and northwestern Mexico.
Purshia tridentata var. tridentata — from California to British Columbia, Montana, and New Mexico.

Uses
The Navajo, Klamath, Paiute, Shoshoni, and other Native American tribes used it as a traditional medicinal plant. The bark of the tree was used as a trade item by the Navajo, primarily for its use in blending with animal fur for the production of clothing and in making bedding material, as well as for making infant cradle boards.

The plant is a good forage for wild ungulates such as pronghorn, as well as livestock. It is not deciduous, so its foliage is available to animals in the winter.

References

External links
 Calflora Database: Purshia tridentata (Antelope bitterbrush)
 Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of  Purshia tridentata
UC CalPhotos Gallery of Purshia tridentata

glandulosa
Hybrid plants
Flora of California
Flora of Arizona
Flora of Nevada
Flora of Utah
Flora of the Great Basin
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Flora of the California desert regions
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine

Purshia glandulosa


The Gila trout (Oncorhynchus gilae) is a species of salmonid, related to the rainbow trout, native to the Southwest United States. Prior to 2006 the Gila trout was federally listed as endangered. In July 2006, after much work by the Game and Fish departments in New Mexico and Arizona, the US Forest Service and the US Fish and Wildlife Service, the Gila trout was down-listed to threatened, with a special provision called a "4d rule" that will allow limited sport fishing – for the first time in nearly half a century. By the time the Gila trout was closed to fishing in the 1950s, its numbers and range were so depleted and so reduced this copper-colored trout simply wasn't very accessible to anglers.  As of 2011 there is fishing in both states for this fish.

Range
The Gila trout is native to tributaries of the Gila River in Arizona and New Mexico. The Gila trout is found historically in the Verde and Agua Fria drainages in Arizona. A note in the archives of Aldo Leopold, dated 1923, contains anecdotal evidence of a native trout in Tonto Creek, AZ. Gila trout have persisted in five streams within the Gila National Forest, New Mexico, including: Iron, McKenna, and Spruce creeks in the Gila Wilderness Area, along with Main and South Diamond creeks in the Aldo Leopold Wilderness Area.

Description

Gila trout have a yellow body, with black spots. The average total length is about ; with maximum total length approximately . Gila trout are closely related to Apache trout. However, Apache trout can have a spot behind and in front of the pupil (eye) and big noticeable spots on the body whereas Gila trout are characterized by numerous small dark spots on the upper half of the body.

Biology
Gila trout can be found in small mountain water streams, and in confined pools. They are opportunistic feeders that feed on aquatic insects such as trichopterans, ephemeropterans, chironomids, and coleopterans, as well as small fishes.

Reproduction
Depending on the water temperature, spawning season occurs in late spring and summer. The number of eggs produced from females held in hatcheries averaged about 150. The maximum fecundity observed was 686 eggs.

Conservation
The Gila trout has been threatened by competition and hybridization with introduced game fish such as the rainbow trout. However, the primary cause of reduced Gila trout populations is habitat loss caused by loss of water flow and shade-giving trees, caused in turn by fires, human destruction of riparian vegetation, livestock overgrazing, agricultural irrigation and water diversion, and channelization of streams in the Gila trout's native range. By the time the Gila trout was listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1967 its range had reduced from several hundred miles of stream to just 20 in the Gila Wilderness and Aldo Leopold Wilderness. After listing USFWS began an aggressive program of stream restoration, removing the introduced trout, restoring and repairing riparian vegetation (to maintain cooler water temperatures), and restocking restored streams with young Gila trout. The Mora National Fish Hatchery and Technology Center in northern New Mexico keeps brood stocks of the Gila trout and supplies the fish for restocking.  The species is now more secure than it was in the 1970s, having been moved to 10 new streams, though populations and habitat are still far below those originally established. Conservationists hope to eventually delist the species and allow fishing, thus forming alliances with fishermen in order to help preserve the species. Major wildfires and drought will always play a major role in the status of any trout species.

Notes

References

  Listed as Endangered (EN B2ad+3c v2.3)

External links

YouTube video Catching A Gila Trout

Oncorhynchus
Cold water fish
Trout, Gila
Trout, Gila
Trout, Gila
Natural history of Arizona
Gila River
White Mountains (Arizona)
Fish described in 1950
Trout, Gila
ESA threatened species

Gila trout


"Black Mass" is a song by English rock band Creeper. Written by the group's lead vocalist Will Gould and guitarist and backing vocalist Ian Miles, it was produced by Neil Kennedy and featured on the band's 2016 third extended play (EP) The Stranger. The song was released as the only single from the EP on 11 January 2016, and as the first of two music videos on 28 January.

Composition and lyrics
According to Creeper's lead vocalist Will Gould, the lyrics of "Black Mass" were written "from the perspective of the character of The Stranger, the heartbroken monster who is the EP's namesake. They're partly inspired by recounts of sleep paralysis, where sufferers describe seeing a 'black matter' or 'black mass' haunting them in their rooms at night, while they lie paralysed in bed." The song draws from a number of inspirations, including punk rock band Jawbreaker (on the verses), singer Elvis Presley (in the middle eight) and record producer Jim Steinman (on the chorus), all of which the band's frontman described as "on purpose and very intentional ... a pastiche, a wink and a nod to the listener".

Ali Shutler of Upset magazine described "Black Mass" as one of the fastest songs released by Creeper to date, noting a "rhythmic, frantic dance" pace in the intro and "the hurried yell of, 'Hey!'" which "sees the track kick in proper". In a review of the song for DIY, Tom Connick described "Black Mass" as a mix between "fist-aloft punk-rock and ballroom blitz", comparing its style to that of singer Meat Loaf and punk band Misfits. Shutler continued by claiming that, despite its fast pace and short running length, the track has "plenty of room for those big band theatrics", including Gould "channeling his inner-crooner".

Promotion and release
"Black Mass" was premiered on the BBC Radio 1 Rock Show with Daniel P. Carter on 10 January 2016 as the day's "Rockest Record", before its single release the following day. The music video for the track followed on 28 January. Directed by Jamie Carter, the video was filmed in the band's hometown of Southampton at a rehearsal space in which Gould and others used to practise. Gould described the choice of location for the filming of the video as "really nice ... as it gave the video a quiet sense of continuity".

The music video for "Black Mass" combines footage of the band performing with "glimpses of [The Stranger]", the titular subject of the band's 2016 EP on which the song is featured. Gould outlined the concept of the video as "a dream that our EP's cover character named Madeline is experiencing. She's in the middle of an episode of sleep psychosis with the band performing to her in her dream. She awakes to find herself in her bedroom." He went on to describe the band's part in the video as "performing in a dream world".

Critical reception
Media response to "Black Mass" was positive. Upset magazine's Ali Shutler claimed that the song is "made for massive rooms", while still being "just as unifying, emotional and powerful as anything [the band have] put their name to yet". Tom Connick of DIY magazine praised the song for showcasing The Stranger, which he claimed was the band's "most triumphant step ... yet", while Rock Sound writer Andy Biddulph hailed the track as "a goth-punk dream" and "just wonderful". The song was Q magazine's Track of the Day on 6 February 2016, and was also featured in the Kerrang! Best Songs of 2016 So Far" feature in June 2016, with writer George Garner praising it as "a supernatural goth-punk stalker with a bassline to kill for".

References

External links
"Black Mass" music video on YouTube

2016 songs
2016 singles
Creeper (band) songs
Roadrunner Records singles

Black Mass (song)


Nicolaas Govert "Dick" de Bruijn (; 9 July 1918 – 17 February 2012) was a Dutch mathematician, noted for his many contributions in the fields of analysis, number theory, combinatorics and logic.

Biography
De Bruijn was born in The Hague where he attended elementary school between 1924 and 1930 and secondary school until 1934. He started studies in mathematics at Leiden University in 1936 but his studies were interrupted by the outbreak of World War II in 1939. He became a full-time Assistant in the Department of Mathematics of the Technological University of Delft in September 1939 while continuing his studies. He completed his undergraduate studies at the University of Leiden in 1941. He received his PhD in 1943 from the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam with a thesis entitled "Over modulaire vormen van meer veranderlijken" advised by Jurjen Ferdinand Koksma.

From June 1944 he was a Scientific Associate working in Philips Research Laboratories in Eindhoven.

He married Elizabeth de Groot on 30 August 1944. The couple had four children: Jorina Aleida (born 19 January 1947), Frans Willem (born 13 April 1948), Elisabeth (born 24 November 1950), and Judith Elizabeth (born 31 March 1963).

De Bruijn started his academic career at the University of Amsterdam, where he was Professor of Mathematics from 1952 to 1960. In 1960 he moved to the Technical University Eindhoven where he was Professor of Mathematics until his retirement in 1984. Among his graduate students were Johannes Runnenburg (1960), Antonius Levelt (1961), S. Ackermans (1964), Jozef Beenakker (1966), W. van der Meiden (1967), Matheus Hautus (1970), Robert Nederpelt Lazarom (1973), Lambert van Benthem Jutting (1977), A. Janssen (1979), Diederik van Daalen (1980), and Harmannus Balsters (1986).

In 1957 he was appointed member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was Knighted with the Order of the Netherlands Lion.

Work

De Bruijn covered many areas of mathematics. He is especially noted for:
 the discovery of the De Bruijn sequence,
 discovering an algebraic theory of the Penrose tiling and, more generally, discovering the "projection" and "multigrid" methods for constructing quasi-periodic tilings,
 the De Bruijn–Newman constant,
 the De Bruijn–Erdős theorem, in graph theory,
 a different theorem of the same name: the De Bruijn–Erdős theorem, in incidence geometry,
 the BEST theorem in graph theory, and
 De Bruijn indices.

He wrote one of the standard books in advanced asymptotic analysis (De Bruijn, 1958).

In the late sixties, he designed the Automath language for representing mathematical proofs, so that they could be verified automatically (see automated theorem checking). Shortly before his death, he had been working on models for the human brain.

Publications
Books, a selection:
 1943. Over modulaire vormen van meer veranderlijken
 1958. Asymptotic Methods in Analysis, North-Holland, Amsterdam.

Articles, a selection:
 de Bruijn, Nicolaas Govert. "A combinatorial problem", 1946.  In Proceedings of the Section of Sciences, Vol. 49, No. 7, pp. 758–764. Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie v. Wetenschappen.
 de Bruijn, Nicolaas Govert. "The mathematical language AUTOMATH, its usage, and some of its extensions." Symposium on automatic demonstration. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1970.
 de Bruijn, Nicolaas Govert. "Lambda calculus notation with nameless dummies, a tool for automatic formula manipulation, with application to the Church-Rosser theorem." Indagationes Mathematicae (Proceedings). Vol. 75. No. 5. North-Holland, 1972.

References

External links

 Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn's obituary
 Bruijn N.G. de at win.tue.nl (in Dutch)

1918 births
2012 deaths
20th-century Dutch mathematicians
Graph theorists
Leiden University alumni
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam alumni
Academic staff of the University of Amsterdam
Academic staff of the Eindhoven University of Technology
Scientists from The Hague
Knights of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn


Everman was a Christian rock band signed to BEC Recordings. According to Brad Miles, he came up with the band's name while driving through the city of Everman, Texas.

When Glen Kimberlin and Chris Brush left in 2004 to pursue studio session work they were replaced by Rich Way (bass) and Zach Fisher (drums). David Dewese (guitar) replaced Marcus Yoars, who went on to become Associate Editor of Plugged In Magazine.

Brad Miles is currently the Coordinator of Student Activities at Wayland Baptist University and the Pastor of Stonebridge Fellowship in Plainview, Texas.

Discography
Everman (2003)

References

Christian rock groups from Tennessee
Musical groups from Nashville, Tennessee
Musical groups established in 1996

Everman (band)


Gall wasps, also called gallflies, are the family  (Cynipidae) of the order Hymenoptera. They are in the Apocrita suborder of wasps.

About 1300 species of this small creature (1-8 mm) are known worldwide, with about 360 species of 36 different genera in Europe and some 800 species in North America.

Plant galls
The larvae of most gall wasps develop in plant galls they induce themselves.

The plant galls develop after the female insect lays the eggs. The inducement for the gall formation is largely unknown. The hatching larvae nourish themselves with the nutritive tissue of the galls, in which they are well-protected from external environmental effects.

70% of the known species live in oak trees. One can find galls on nearly all parts of such trees, some on the leaves, the buds, the branches, and the roots. Other species of gall wasps live in eucalyptus trees, rose bushes or maple trees, as well as many herbs.

Reproduction and development
Most species have an alternation of generations, with a two-sex generation and a parthenogenic generation each year.

Parasitism
A gall provides the developing wasp with a safe refuge for this most vulnerable stage of its life cycle. However, other wasps have found a way to penetrate this defence and parasitise the larva(e) within.

Some of these parasitoids use their long, hardened egg-laying tube (ovipositor) to bore into the gall and lay an egg on the helpless gall maker. These parasitoids may, in turn, be preyed upon by other wasps, hyperparasitoids.

Footnote
An early collector of gall wasps was Alfred Kinsey.

References

Wasps

Gall wasp


Mina Agossi (6 January 1972, Besançon) is a French singer-songwriter.

Biography

Agossi, whose mother is from France and whose father is from Benin, began her career as the protege of Archie Shepp. In her youth, she lived with her mother, a Mathematics professor, in Niger, Morocco and the Ivory Coast. She began her career as a theater actress; in 1993 she sang in a Swing- and New Orleans Jazz Band, with whom she toured in France and Ireland. She finally shifted her to Modern Jazz and henceforth sang under her own name. Since then, she has worked in a trio composed of vocals, bass and drums and linked her Jazz with different musical elements, such as Chanson and Rock Music. Aside from their own compositions, they also covered Monk's "Well You Needn't", Jimi Hendrix's "Voodoo Child", Pink Floyd's "Money" and The Beatles's "And I Love Her". After years in Spain she returned to France and then moved to Great Britain in 1993, where she worked with Vincent Guérin.

After the album Voice & Bass, she became increasingly famous in the French Jazz Scene and also appeared in the United States. Her album EZ Pass to Brooklyn was recorded with Alexander Hiele (Bass) und Bertrand Perrin (Drums) in New York in 2001, which was influenced by the 11 September 2001 attacks. This album was a stylistic blend of Hip-Hop and R&B. Since her album Well You Needn't (2005), she performed for Candid and was accompanied by Ichiro Onoe (Drums) and Eric Jacot (Bass). She performed at the Festival International de Jazz de Montréal in 2007 and in Blue Note in New York. In 2010 she worked on (Just Like a Lady) with guitarist and composer Phil Reptil.

She co-produced the Music Documentary Mina Agossi, une voix nomade (2007) with Arte, which shows her on two international tours with Jean-Henri Meunier, where they also visited their fathers in their homeland.

Awards

Agossi was nominated for the ADAMI in 2005 and for the Victoires du Jazz in 2006. In December 2010 she was knighted as a Chevalier dans l'ordre national du Mérite.

Discography

 1995 : Les pantalons gris (with Gilles Blandin) (Lord's Records)
 1997 : Voice and Bass (with Vincent Guérin und Loïc Roignant)
 2001 : Alkemi (with Philippe Combelle, Eigenproduktion)
 2001 : E.Z. pass to Brooklyn (live) (Cristal Records)
 2004 : Carrousel (Cristal Records)
 2005 : Well You Needn't (Candid)
 2007 : Who Wants Love? Live at Jazz Standard, New York City (Candid)
 2008 : Simple Things ? (Candid)
 2010 : Just Like a Lady (Naïve Records)
 2011 : Red Eyes (Naïve Records) – featuring Archie Shepp

References

External links
 Website

Portrait at Rfi musique

French women singer-songwriters
French singer-songwriters
Knights of the Ordre national du Mérite
1972 births
Living people
21st-century French singers

Mina Agossi


Otho Lee Gaines (April 21, 1914 – July 15, 1987) was an American jazz singer and lyricist. Gaines wrote the lyrics for "Take the "A" Train" and "Just A-Sittin' and A-Rockin'", two jazz standards by Billy Strayhorn.

Lee Gaines was from Buena Vista, in Mississippi, and began singing as a bass in high school, he formed a vocal quartet at Langston University in 1933, and returned to the United States in 1937 having toured South America. Gaines was a founding member of the Delta Rhythm Boys who achieved their peak popularity in the 1940s and 50's, having recorded with Ella Fitzgerald, Count Basie, Jimmy Lunceford, Charlie Barnet, Fred Astaire, Ruth Brown and Les Paul.

The Delta Rhythm Boys moved to Europe in the 1950s. Gaines had lived in Finland for a year at the time of his death from cancer in 1987 and he is buried in Maunulan uurnalehto, an urn cemetery at Helsinki (section 39, lot 109). Gaines was married to Muriel Gaines, a calypso singer and former Cotton Club dancer.

References

1914 births
1987 deaths
Musicians from Brooklyn
American lyricists
American jazz singers
American expatriates in Finland
Singers from New York City
Langston University alumni
People from Chickasaw County, Mississippi
Singers from Mississippi
20th-century American singers
Songwriters from New York (state)
Songwriters from Mississippi
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
Jazz musicians from Mississippi

Lee Gaines


Patrick Jermaine Herschel van Luijk (born 17 September 1984 in Spijkenisse) is a Dutch sprinter.

Biography
Patrick van Luijk was born in 1984 to a Dutch mother and a Jamaican father. Sports have always been the most important hobby of Van Luijk and he started with football at an early age for local team FC Bakestijn. He continued his career at Xerxes and later, when his friends joined Sparta Rotterdam he was scouted by Feyenoord and he played in their youth squads for a few years. Because he did not feel at home at Feyenoord he played for RVVH Ridderkerk for a while before joining FC Dordrecht. Because his education was suffering from all the football commitments he decided to slow down on it and focus on his school again.

He felt it was time for a change and fighting sports got his interest at first. For three years he practiced ninjutsu, but he did not know if he would feel like continuing in the sport. When his former girlfriend told him about sprinting he was unsure if another change in sports would be a smart thing. After asking several more times he finally decided to do an athletics trial with a friend in which they did all athletics disciplines from shot put to long jump and from high jump to javelin throw. The last and final event was the sprint and he was addicted straight away.

As of October 2004 he started becoming active as a sprinter, training twice a week. It didn't take him a long time to become the fastest runner at the team and this encouraged him to become better. In local meetings with other teams however he was not able to win yet and because he always wanted to win he decided to join a better team named Rotterdam Atletiek. From February 2005 he is coached by Errol Esajas and since that time he is training six times a week instead of the two times before. This resulted in his participation at the European Championships of 2006 after only being active in the sport for two years. At the European Championships he reached the final with the 4 × 100 metres relay team together with Timothy Beck, Caimin Douglas and Guus Hoogmoed. In the final they finished in eighth position with 39.64 while they had been running 38.85 in the semi-final. Van Luijk also participated at the 200 metres where he was eliminated in the second round.

In 2007 Van Luijk won his first national title at the 60 metres indoor and a year later he tried to defend his title, but he came only 0.004 too short on Guus Hoogmoed to finish in second position that time. Later in 2008 he became the Dutch national champion over 100 and 200 metres outdoor, claiming his second and third title. The 4 × 100 metres relay team together with team mates Maarten Heisen, Caimin Douglas and Guus Hoogmoed (Gregory Sedoc and Virgil Spier as reserves) did qualify for the Olympics. Initially they finished in 17th position during the qualification process while only the first 16 teams would qualify, but due to the cancellation of the Australian team they were allowed to start in Beijing. In their qualification heat Heisen, Hoogmoed, Van Luijk and Douglas placed third in behind Trinidad and Tobago and Japan, but in front of Brazil. Their time of 38.87 was the fifth fastest out of all sixteen participating nations in the first round and they qualified for the final. In the final, the second baton change between Hoogmoed and Van Luijk failed, resulting in a slow time. They still finished the race to place seventh, before the disqualified Chinese team.

Personal bests
Outdoor
100 metres - 10.25 (2008, Leiria)
200 metres - 20.47	 (2012, Leiden)

Indoor
60 metres - 6.66 (2011, Apeldoorn; 2011, Zoetermeer; 2009, Apeldoorn)

Honours
 60 metres (indoor) - Dutch National Championships, 2007
 60 metres (indoor) - Dutch National Championships, 2008
 100 metres - Dutch National Championships, 2008
 200 metres - Dutch National Championships, 2008
 200 metres - European Athletics Championships, 2012
 4 × 100 metres - European Athletics Championships, 2012

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Dutch male sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Dutch people of Jamaican descent
European Athletics Championships medalists
Olympic athletes for the Netherlands
People from Spijkenisse
World Athletics Championships athletes for the Netherlands
Sportspeople from South Holland

Patrick van Luijk


The 1960 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Melbourne Football Club and Collingwood Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 24 September 1960 in extremely wet conditions due to persistent rain during the previous week. It was the 63rd annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1960 VFL season. The match, attended despite the conditions by 97,457 spectators, was won by Melbourne by a margin of 48 points, marking that club's 11th premiership victory.

Collingwood's score stands as the lowest it has kicked since the sixth round of 1900, and its sixth-lowest ever. Their four scoring shots is the second-lowest by any team since the tenth round of 1908, with only Fitzroy against Footscray in 1953 having fewer. Even the two goals the Magpies did score were regarded as very lucky. One was from a long kick that just made the distance, and the other was after an easy mark by Melbourne full back Tassie Johnson was dropped in the goal square.

This was Melbourne's seventh premiership appearance in successive seasons, having won all these contests except the 1954 VFL Grand Final and 1958 VFL Grand Final.

Teams

{|
|valign="top"|

Umpire: Jack Irving

Scoreboard

Statistics

Goalkickers

References
AFL Tables: 1960 Grand Final
 The Official statistical history of the AFL 2004
 Ross, J. (ed), 100 Years of Australian Football 1897-1996: The Complete Story of the AFL, All the Big Stories, All the Great Pictures, All the Champions, Every AFL Season Reported, Viking, (Ringwood), 1996.

See also
 1960 VFL season

VFL/AFL Grand Finals
Vfl Grand Final, 1960
Melbourne Football Club
Collingwood Football Club

1960 VFL grand final


Piki is a bread made from blue corn meal used in Hopi cuisine.

Preparation
Blue corn, a staple grain of the Hopi, is first reduced to a fine powder on a metate. It is then mixed with water and burnt ashes of native bushes or juniper trees for purposes of nixtamalization (nutritional modification of corn by means of lime or other alkali). The thin batter is then smeared by hand over a large flat baking stone that has been heated over a fire and coated with oil made from pounded seeds of the native American plants squash and sunflower, and also from the seeds of watermelon, which though originally from Africa, has been in the Americas for at least 500 years.  Piki bread bakes almost instantaneously and is peeled from the rock in sheets so thin they are translucent. Several sheets of the bread are often rolled up loosely into flattened scrolls.

Piki takes several days to make from scratch. Piki is prepared by women in various phases of the courtship and marriage ritual. It is eaten by the couple on the morning of the marriage ceremony. In some Hopi pow wows it is handed out by the kachina dancers.

See also

 List of maize dishes

References

External links
 Piki's recipe video.

Tortilla
Native American cuisine
Maize dishes
Mexican cuisine
Cuisine of the Western United States
Hopi culture

Piki


Leighton Edward Buckwell (November 28, 1918 – January 2, 1997) was a provincial level politician from Alberta, Canada. He served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1967 to 1975 sitting with the Social Credit caucus in government and opposition.

Political career
Buckwell ran for a seat to the Alberta Legislature in the 1967 Alberta general election. He won the electoral district of Macloed defeating three other candidates by a comfortable margin to hold the district for the Social Credit party.

He ran for a second term in office in the 1971 Alberta general election. Buckwell increased his popular vote to be returned to his district. He faced a tough fight in the three-way race from Progressive Conservative candidate Danny Le Grandeur who finished a close second.

The Social Credit party lost government and formed the official opposition after 1971. Buckwell ran for a third term in office in the 1975 Alberta general election facing a four cornered battle. He lost some of his popular vote and was defeated by Progressive Conservative candidate Thomas Walker to finish second.

Buckwell died on January 2, 1997.

References

External links
Legislative Assembly of Alberta Members Listing

Alberta Social Credit Party MLAs
1918 births
1997 deaths

Leighton Buckwell


The Thornton Road Poltergeist refers to stone-throwing incidents in a residential area of Birmingham, England, in 1981 and the subsequent police investigation.

History
In 1981, Ward End residents at Thornton Road told police they could not locate the source of stones being thrown that were causing significant damage to windows and roof tiles. Chief Inspector Len Turley investigated, saying his team went to great lengths to catch the individual or individuals responsible.  Officers camped outside overnight and reportedly employed night sights, image intensifiers and automatic cameras, but failed to find the source of the stone throwing, prompting some writers to ascribe the incident to a poltergeist.

Police later speculated that the stones may have been launched  from the houses using a home-made catapult.

References

Literature
Fairley, John & Welfare Simon 1984: Arthur C. Clarke's World of Strange Powers pages 31–34. .
Time Life Books 1989: Mind Over Matter pages 53–54. .

1981 in England
1980s in Birmingham, West Midlands
English ghosts
Telekinesis
Poltergeists

Thornton Road poltergeist


Skin cancer is the term that is used for all bad forms of growth of the skin. In everyday use, people often talk about melanoma, but there are other forms of skin cancer, too. These are usually named after the type of cell that grows uncontrollably. Most skin cancers develop in the epidermis. Very often a tumor can be seen, so it is often possible to detect skin cancer at an early stage. Very few people with skin cancer will die of the disease., though it can be disfiguring. Melanoma survival rates are poorer than for non-melanoma skin cancer, although when melanoma is diagnosed at an early stage, treatment is easier and more people survive.

Skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer. Melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers combined are more common than lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer. Melanoma is less common than both basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, but it is the most serious — for example, in the UK there were over 11,700 new cases of melanoma in 2008, and over 2,000 deaths. It is the second most common cancer in young adults aged 15–34 in the UK.  Most cases are caused by over-exposure to UV rays from the sun or sunbeds.

Non-melanoma skin cancers are the most common skin cancers.  The majority of these are basal cell carcinomas.  These are usually small spot growths caused by too much exposure to the sun over time.  They do not usually spread, and rarely kill.

Types

References

Cancer

Skin cancer


Sir Alfred George Temple FSA (27 October 1848 – 8 January 1928) was the director of the Guildhall Art Gallery in London, England, from 1886 to 1928.

Temple was born in London and educated at Denmark Hill Grammar School. He joined an underwriting firm as a junior clerk, but was sacked two years later for throwing a ledger at a senior clerk. Six months later he joined the Town Clerk's Department of the City of London Corporation, following in the footsteps of his father, grandfather and great-uncle, who had served the Corporation for a total of 85 years between them.

He took evening classes at the Lambeth School of Art and the South Kensington Museum (now the Victoria and Albert Museum), and when the Corporation established the Guildhall Art Gallery in 1886, Temple was appointed its first director, a post he held until his death. He built up the collection into one of the best in England and also wrote many books and articles on art.

Temple was knighted in the 1920 New Year Honours.

He died at his home in College Road, Dulwich, South London, and was buried at nearby West Norwood Cemetery.

Footnotes

References
Obituary, The Times, 9 January 1928

1848 births
1928 deaths
Businesspeople from London
English art historians
English curators
Directors of museums in the United Kingdom
Knights Bachelor
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery

Alfred Temple


Jean-Joseph de Mondonville (, 25 December 1711 (baptised) – 8 October 1772), also known as Jean-Joseph Cassanéa de Mondonville, was a French violinist and composer. He was a younger contemporary of Jean-Philippe Rameau and enjoyed great success in his day. Pierre-Louis Daquin (son of the composer Louis-Claude Daquin) claimed, "If I couldn't be Rameau, there's no one I would rather be than Mondonville".

Life

Mondonville was born in Narbonne in Occitania (South France) to an aristocratic family which had fallen on hard times. In 1733, he moved to Paris where he gained the patronage of the king's mistress Madame de Pompadour and won several musical posts, including violinist for the Concert Spirituel.

His first opus was a volume of violin sonatas, published in 1733. He became a violinist of the Chapelle royale and chamber and performed in some 100 concerts. Some of his grands motets were also performed that year, receiving considerable acclaim. He was appointed sous-maître in 1740 and, in 1744, intendant of the Chapelle royale. He produced operas and grands motets for the Opéra and Concert Spirituel respectively, and was associated with the Théatre des Petits-Cabinets, all the while maintaining his career as a violinist throughout the 1740s. In 1755, he became director of the Concert Spirituel on the death of Pancrace Royer. Mondonville died in Belleville near Paris at the age of sixty.

Music

Sacred music
Between 1734 and 1755, Mondonville composed 17 grands motets, of which only nine have survived. The motet Venite exultemus domino, published in 1740, won him the post of Maître de musique de la Chapelle (Master of Music of the Chapel). Thanks to his mastery of both orchestral and vocal music, Mondonville brought to the grand motet — the dominant genre of music in the repertory of the Chapelle royale (Royal Chapel) before the French Revolution — an intensity of colour and a dramatic quality hitherto unknown. In 1758, he introduced oratorios as a new genre at the Concert Spirituel.

Operas
Although Mondonville's first stage work, Isbé, was a failure, he enjoyed great success with the lighter forms of French Baroque opera: the opéra-ballet and the pastorale héroïque. His most popular works were Le carnaval de Parnasse, Titon et l'Aurore and Daphnis et Alcimadure (for which he wrote his own libretto in Languedocien, his native dialect of the Occitan language). Titon et l'Aurore played an important role in the Querelle des Bouffons, the controversy between partisans of French and Italian opera which raged in Paris in the early 1750s. Members of the "French party" ensured that Titon'''s premiere was a resounding success (their opponents even alleged they had guaranteed this result by packing the Académie Royale de Musique, where the staging took place, with royal soldiers). Mondonville's one foray into serious French opera - the genre known as tragédie en musique - was a failure however. He took the unusual step of re-using a libretto, Thésée, which had originally been set in 1675 by the "father of French opera", Jean-Baptiste Lully. Mondonville's bold move to substitute Lully's much-loved music with his own did not pay off. The premiere at the court in 1765 had a mixed reception and a public performance two years later ended with the audience demanding it be replaced by the original. Yet Mondonville was merely ahead of his time - in the 1770s, it became fashionable to reset Lully's tragedies with new music, the most famous example being Armide by Gluck.

Selected works
Instrumental
 Sonates pour violon op.1 (1733)
 (6) Sonates en trio pour deux Violons avec la basse continue Œuvre Second, Dédiées à Monsieur le Marquis de la Bourdonnaye, gravées par Le Duc, Paris 1734 6 Pièces de clavecin en sonates op.3 (1734, orchestrated as Sonates en symphonies 1749)
 The preface of op.4 contains the first evidence of a written text concerning playing with harmonic sounds, "Les sons harmoniques" (Paris and Lille, 1738)
 Pièces de clavecin avec voix ou violon op.5 (1748)

Operas
 Isbé (1742)
 Bacchus et Erigone (1747)
 Le carnaval du Parnasse (1749)
 Vénus et Adonis (1752)
 Titon et l'Aurore (1753)
 Daphnis et Alcimadure (1754)
 Les fêtes de Paphos (1758)
 Thésée (1765)
 Les projets de l'Amour (1771)

Grands motets
Mondonville's nine surviving grands motets are:
 Dominus regnavit (Psalm 92) (1734)
 Jubilate Deo (Psalm 100) (1734)
 Magnus Dominus (Psalm 48) (1734)
 Cantate domino (Psalm 150) (1743)
 Venite exultemus (Psalm 95) (1743)
 Nisi Dominus (Psalm 127) (1743)
 De profundis (Psalm 130) (1748)
 Coeli enarrant (Psalm 19) (1750)
 In exitu Israel (Psalm 115) (1753)

Oratorios
Mondonville's three oratorios (none survive) were:
 Les Israélites à la Montagne d'Oreb (1758)
 Les Fureurs de Saul (1759)
 Les Titans (1761)

Recordings of works by Mondonville

 Motets

 Grand motet: Cantate Domino, Chorale des Jeunesses Musicales de France, Orchestre Jean-François Paillard, dir. Louis Martini, Erato (1963)
 Grand motets : Venite exultemus, Dominus regnavit, Orchestre De Chambre Jean-François Paillard, dir. Jean-François Paillard, Erato (1981)
 Grands motets : Venite exultemus ; De profundis.  Petits motets : Regna terrae ; In decachordo psaltorio ;  Benefac Domine, Gillian Fisher, Charles Daniels, Stephen Varcoe, London Baroque, New College Oxford Choir, dir. Edward Higginbottom, 1 CD Hyperion (1988) (OCLC 517682353) ; réédition, 1 CD Hyperion, coll. « Helios » (2000) (OCLC 50117510)
 Grands motets : Dominus regnavit, In exitu Israël, De profundis, Les Arts florissants, dir. William Christie, 1 CD Erato (1997) (OCLC 255380558)
 Grand motets : Coeli enarrant, Venite Exultemus, Jubilate Deo, Chantres de la Chapelle, Ensemble baroque de Limoges, dir. Christophe Coin, (1 CD Auvidis Astrée (1997)
 Grand motet: Nisi Dominus, Le Parnasse Français, dir. Louis Castelain, Only available on YouTube (2003)
 Grand motet: Dominus regnavit, Tafelmusik, dir. Ivars Taurins, CBC Records (2007)
 Grands motets : Cantate Domino, Magnus Dominus, De profundis, Nisi Dominus, Purcell Choir, Orfeo Orchestra, Chantal Santon-Jeffery, Mathias Vidal, dir. Gyögy Vashegyi, Glossa (2016)
 Grands motets : In exitu Israël, Dominus Regnavit, Coeli enarrant, Choeur & Orchestre Marguerite Louise, dir. Gaétan Jarry, Château de Versailles Spectacles (2022)
 Grand motet: In exitu Israël, Le Concert d'Astrée, dir. Emmanuelle Haïm, Warner Classics (2023)

 Instrumental Music

 Pièces de clavecin en sonates avec accompagnement de violon, œuvre 3, Florence Malgoire (violin), Christophe Rousset (harpsichord) 1 CD Verany (1990)
 Six sonates en symphonie, op. 3, Les Musiciens du Louvre, dir. Marc Minkowski, 1 CD Archiv Produktion (1998) (OCLC 956264542) ; réédition, 1 CD Archiv Produktion coll. "Blue" (2003) (OCLC 724831406)
 Pièces de clavecin, op. 5, Luc Beauséjour, Shannon Mercer, Hélène Plouffe, 1 CD Analekta (2008) (OCLC 705324011)
 Sonates en trio, opus 2, Ensemble Diderot, Johannes Pramsohler, violin, Audax (2016)

 Dramatic works

 Daphnis et Alcimadure, Orquèstre e Còrs del Teatre de Montpelhièr, dir. Louis Bertholon, Ventadorn (1981)
 Titon et l'Aurore, Jennifer Smith, Ann Monoyios, Jean-Paul Fouchécourt, Philippe Huttenlocher, Les Musiciens du Louvre, dir. Marc Minkowski, 2 CD Erato (1992) (OCLC 39039271)
 Les Fêtes de Paphos, Véronique Gens, Jean-Paul Fouchécourt, Sandrine Piau, Olivier Lalouette, Agnès Melon, Les Talens Lyriques, dir. Christophe Rousset, 3 CD L'Oiseau-Lyre (1997)
 Isbé, Purcell Choir, Orfeo Orchestra, dir. György Vashegyi, Glossa (2017)

References

Sources
 Brief biographical entry in the Grove Concise Dictionary of Music, 1994, published by Oxford University Press, Inc. on  the Gramophone website.
Booklets to the above recordings
 The Viking Opera Guide ed. Amanda Holden (Viking, 1993)
 C. Pierre, Histoire du Concert spirituel (Paris: Société française de musicologie, 1975).
 R. Machard, Jean-Joseph Cassanea de Mondonville: Virtuose, compositeur et Chef d'orchestre'' (Béziers: Société de Musicologie du Languedoc, 1980).

External links

1711 births
1772 deaths
18th-century classical composers
18th-century French composers
18th-century French male classical violinists
French Baroque composers
French male classical composers
French opera composers
French ballet composers
Male opera composers
Occitan-language writers
People from Narbonne
17th-century male musicians

Jean-Joseph de Mondonville


Francis Henry Lee  (29 April 1944 – 2 October 2023), also known as Franny Lee, was an English professional footballer and businessman. He was also later the chairman and main shareholder of Manchester City, as well as briefly a racehorse trainer and amateur cricket player.

A striker, he played for Bolton Wanderers, Manchester City, Derby County and the England national team. Noted for his speed and determination, he scored more than 200 goals in his career, in which he won League Championship medals with Manchester City and Derby. In 2010, he was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame.

Lee holds the English record for the greatest number of penalties scored in a season, a feat that earned him the nickname Lee 1 (Pen) because that was the way his name often seemed to appear on the list of goal scorers for City in the match results listings in the Sunday papers. This led to accusations of diving. One such accusation, by Leeds United's Norman Hunter, led to an on-pitch fight.

In 1966, Lee founded F. H. Lee Ltd, a firm that recycled paper to manufacture products such as kitchen roll and toilet paper. It operated until 2003 and made him a millionaire. In 1994, Lee became the major shareholder and chairman of Manchester City, but stepped down four years later.

Club career

Bolton Wanderers
As a 16-year-old amateur footballer, Lee made debut for Bolton in November 1960 against Manchester City at Burnden Park. Playing in attack alongside club legend Nat Lofthouse, then 35-years old, both scored in a 3–1 win. He signed professionally in May 1961 and was Bolton's top scorer in the 1962–63 season in the First Division. The following season Bolton were relegated to the Second Division and their second tier campaign, in the 1964–65 season, was Lee's most prolific for the club, scoring 23 league goals. He scored in seven consecutive games at the start of the 1967–68 season and in September 1967 he was transferred to Manchester City having scored 106 goals in 210 appearances for Bolton.

Manchester City
Manchester City manager Joe Mercer signed him for a club record transfer fee of £60,000 in 1967. Mercer described the purchase of Lee for City as "the final piece of the puzzle". He made his Manchester City debut in a 2–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers at Maine Road, and scored his first Manchester City goal the following week at Fulham. In his first season at the club, he scored 16 League goals in 31 appearances, playing a crucial role in City's push for the 1967–68 League Championship; Mercer described him as "the final piece of the jigsaw". The title was decided on the final day of the season, City requiring a win at Newcastle United. City won the match 4–3, Lee scoring one of the goals, and were crowned champions. The following season Lee was part of the Manchester City team that won the 1969 FA Cup.

In the 1969–70 season, Lee was Manchester City's top scorer, an achievement he would subsequently match in each of the next four seasons. His tally that season included one of the most important goals of his career, a penalty in the final of the European Cup Winners' Cup.

In the 1971–72 season, Lee set a British record for the number of penalties scored in a season, with 15 of his 35 goals scored from the penalty spot – many of the penalties resulted from fouls on Lee, earning him the nickname Lee One Pen. Some journalists, holding the opinion that Lee gained a number of penalties by diving, used the name Lee Won Pen instead. Lee's name is often cited in debates about diving in football; referees' chief Keith Hackett described him as a player who "had a reputation of falling down easily".

Lee also held the record for the most goals in Manchester derbies, scoring ten goals in all against Manchester United, a tally that equalled Joe Hayes' record. This record was later beaten by Wayne Rooney who scored his 11th goal in the fixture on 22 September 2013.

Derby County
Lee left Manchester City in 1974, joining Derby County. For the second time in his career, Lee joined a team viewed as contenders for that season's league title. He was upset at Manchester City's decision to sell him and marked his first match against his former club by scoring the winning goal for Derby. Lee scored twelve league goals that season, Derby winning their second League title and Lee the second championship medal of his career. On 1 November 1975, Lee had a confrontation with Leeds United defender Norman Hunter, which gained a level of infamy after it was screened on Match of the Day. In the first half of the game, the referee adjudged that Hunter had fouled Lee in the Leeds penalty area, and awarded Derby a penalty. Charlie George, and not Lee, took the penalty kick, and scored. In the second half, Lee and Hunter were seen to be exchanging punches in an off-the-ball incident. The referee stopped the game and took both players' names, but it was not immediately clear if he had sent off either or both of them. However, as the two men walked away they began fighting again. After intervention by both sets of players, Hunter left the pitch and Lee was restrained and ushered off the field by a club official. Lee suffered a cut lip following the fight which required four stitches and was subsequently banned for four weeks. In 2003, the incident was named by The Observer as sport's most spectacular dismissal.

Lee played for two seasons at Derby County making 80 appearances and scoring 30 goals. He played his last game as a professional footballer on the last day of the 1975–76 season in a 6–2 away win at Portman Road against Ipswich Town in which he scored two goals.

International career
Lee made his debut for England, aged 24 on 11 December 1968 in a friendly game against Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium. His first goal came in his next game, a 5–0 win, again in a friendly, against France on 12 March 1969.
Lee represented England at the 1970 World Cup in Mexico and was the first English player ever to receive a card in a World Cup, for kicking goalkeeper Félix of Brazil. He played in the 1970 World Cup games against Romania, Brazil as well as the game in which England were eliminated, a 3–2 defeat by West Germany at the Estadio de Guanajuato in León.

Business career

After his playing career, Lee moved into business. His toilet roll manufacturing business FH Lee Ltd once employed Peter Kay, later a famous comedian, who mentions his time there in his autobiography, The Sound of Laughter.

In 1994, Lee became chairman of Manchester City, ousting Peter Swales from the position by purchasing £3 million of shares at a price of £13.35 per share. Lee was welcomed as a hero by City's supporters, who had formed a movement named Forward With Franny backing his attempt to gain control of the club. Upon becoming chairman, Lee made a series of extravagant claims about his plans for the club, announcing that "This will be the happiest club in the land. The players will be the best paid and we'll drink plenty of champagne, celebrate and sing until we're hoarse". In 1995, he appointed his friend Alan Ball as manager, but the appointment proved unsuccessful and the club were relegated. Lee stepped down in 1998, with the club on the brink of relegation to the third tier of English football, a fate that Lee had dismissed at the previous annual general meeting by saying that he would "jump off the Kippax" if the club were relegated. He was succeeded by David Bernstein. Lee retained a shareholding after leaving the board of directors but later sold all his shares to Thaksin Shinawatra in 2007.

In addition to his business ventures, Lee also had a career as a racehorse trainer. Notable horses trained by Lee include Sir Harry Hardman, Allwight Then and Young Jason. Lee gave the trade up in 1996 to pursue his business commitments. In a training career which ran from 1984 to 1996 he trained the winners of 181 races in Britain and Ireland. Jockey Willie Carson said ""He was quite a good trainer and had a proper team of horses at one point."

Personal life
Before becoming a professional footballer Lee showed promise at cricket, representing the Horwich and Westhoughton Schools FA Team in 1958. When his football career came to an end, he briefly returned to cricket, playing for Westhoughton's first XI in 1977 as a medium-fast bowler and middle to lower order batsman.

Lee was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2016 New Year Honours for services to football and charity.

On 2 October 2023, Lee died after a long illness with cancer. He was 79.

Honours

Manchester City
 Football League First Division: 1967–68
 FA Cup: 1968–69
 League Cup: 1969–70
 FA Charity Shield: 1968, 1972
 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1969–70

Derby County
 Football League First Division: 1974–75
 FA Charity Shield: 1975

Individual
Football League First Division Golden boot: 1971–72
Manchester City Player of the Year: 1970
English Football Hall of Fame
1969 Ballon d'Or: 13th
Most penalties scored in First Division: 1972
Manchester City Top Goalscorer: 1969, 1970(shared), 1971(shared), 1972, 1974
Commander of the Order of the British Empire

References

External links

1944 births
2023 deaths
People from Westhoughton
Footballers from Greater Manchester
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton
English men's footballers
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Derby County F.C. players
Manchester City F.C. players
England men's international footballers
1970 FIFA World Cup players
English football chairmen and investors
English Football League players
First Division/Premier League top scorers
Manchester City F.C. directors and chairmen
English Football Hall of Fame inductees
English Football League representative players
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Men's association football forwards
Deaths from cancer in England
British racehorse trainers

Francis Lee (footballer)


Timpul (Romanian for "The Time") is a literary magazine published in Romania. Originally a political newspaper, it was the official platform of the Conservative Party between 1876 and 1914.

The publication is still active (2018) and published as a monthly in Iași, with print and online editions.

References

Newspapers published in Romania
Conservative Party (Romania, 1880–1918)
Mass media in Iași

Timpul


In broadcasting, sister stations or sister channels are radio or television stations operated by the same company, either by direct ownership or through a management agreement.

Radio sister stations will often have different formats, and sometimes one station is on the AM band while another is on the FM band. Conversely, several types of sister-station relationships exist in television; stations in the same city will usually be affiliated with different television networks (often one with a major network and the other with a secondary network), and may occasionally shift television programs between each other when local events require one station to interrupt its network feed.

Sister stations in separate (but often nearby) cities owned by the same company may or may not share a network affiliation. For example, WNYW and WWOR-TV, in New York City and Secaucus, New Jersey, are both owned by Fox Corporation. WNYW is a Fox owned-and-operated station; WWOR-TV is a MyNetworkTV owned-and-operated station. WPSG in Philadelphia and KBCW in San Francisco were the flagship stations of The CW until 2022 and are owned by CBS Television Stations. In addition, stations in different cities affiliated with the same network, but not sharing an ownership tie, may refer to each other informally as sister stations.

Sister networks or sister channels, in many cases, are cable or satellite channels which are launched to either broadcast series which either premiered on the main network but has been moved out of the higher-priority schedule (such as TV Land or  Boomerang), fulfill a specific niche of content which would not be fulfilled on the main network (such as the Nick Jr. Channel or Nicktoons) or broadcast to a wider audience than the main network (such as CNN International or Al Jazeera English). However, in other cases, these cable or satellite channels may only share common ownership.

The establishment and proliferation of sister networks on cable, satellite and internet providers has become easier and more commercially profitable over the history of such media venues.

See also
Concentration of media ownership
Parent company

References

Television terminology
Radio broadcasting

Sister station


Jay Hoggard (born September 24, 1954) is an American jazz vibraphonist.

Biography
Jay Hoggard was raised in a religious family. He was born in Washington, D.C., but grew up in Mount Vernon, New York. His mother taught him how to play piano at a young age. At the age of 15, he started to play the vibraphone.

Hoggard played piano and saxophone before turning to vibraphone. He worked with Anthony Davis and Leo Smith in the early 1970s in New England. After moving to New York City in 1977, he worked again with Davis and with Chico Freeman, Sam Rivers, Cecil Taylor, James Newton, and Kenny Burrell. He has worked with vibraphonists such as Lionel Hampton, Milt Jackson, Tito Puente and Bobby Hutcherson.

Hoggard has played in venues in Africa, South America, Europe, Asia and the Caribbean. In the United States, he has performed at the Kennedy Center in Washington D.C., the Lincoln Center in New York City, and the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in New York City. He has performed at jazz festivals such in St. Lucia, Montreux, Mount Fuji, Pori, and Hartford, Connecticut. He has appeared on television on CBS Sunday Morning and BET Jazz.

Discography

As leader
 Solo Vibraphone (India Navigation, 1979)
 Days Like These (Arista GRP, 1979)
 Rain Forest (Contemporary, 1981)
 Under the Double Moon with Anthony Davis (MPS, 1981)
 Mystic Winds, Tropic Breezes (India Navigation, 1982)
 Riverside Dance (India Navigation, 1985)
 Overview (Muse, 1989)
 The Little Tiger (Muse, 1991)
 The Fountain (Muse, 1992)
 In the Spirit (Muse, 1993)
 Love Is the Answer (Muse, 1994)
 A Night in Greenwich Village (Muse, 1996)
 Soular Power (JHVM, 2008)

As sideman
With Ahmed Abdullah
 Life's Force (About Time, 1979)

With Angelo Badalamenti
 Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (Warner Bros., 1992)
 Twin Peaks: Season Two Music and More (David Lynch 2007)

With Taylor Ho Bynum
 Other Stories (Three Suites) (482 Music, 2005)
 Enter the Plustet (Firehouse 12 2016)

With Anthony Davis
 Song for the Old World (India Navigation, 1978)
 Episteme (Gramavision, 1981)

With Chico Freeman
 Kings of Mali (India Navigation, 1978)
 No Time Left (Black Saint, 1979)
 Peaceful Heart, Gentle Spirit (Contemporary, 1980)
 The Search (India Navigation, 1983)
 Tangents (Elektra Musician, 1984)
 Spirit Sensitive (India Navigation, 1988)

With James Newton
 James Newton (Gramavision, 1983)
 Luella (Gramavision, 1984)
 The African Flower (Blue Note, 1985)
 Romance and Revolution (Blue Note, 1987)

With others
 Anthony Braxton, 4 (Ensemble) Compositions (Black Saint, 1993)
 Kenny Burrell, Guiding Spirit (Contemporary, 1990)
 Color Me Badd, Time and Chance (Giant, 1993)
 Will Downing, Come Together As One (Island, 1989)
 Roberta Flack, Bustin' Loose (MCA, 1981)
 Jerome Harris, In Passing (Muse, 1990)
 Gerry Hemingway, Kwambe (Auricle, 1978)
 Terumasa Hino, Spark (Somethin' Else, 1994)
 Michael Gregory Jackson, Gifts (Arista Novus, 1979)
 Oliver Lake, Talkin' Stick (Passin' Thru, 2000)
 Candi Staton, Candi Staton (Warner Bros., 1980)
 Clifford Thornton, Communications Network (Third World 1972)

References

1954 births
Living people
Musicians from Washington, D.C.
American jazz vibraphonists
Wesleyan University faculty
Wesleyan University alumni
GRP Records artists
Muse Records artists
India Navigation artists

Jay Hoggard