WICD (channel 15) is a television station licensed to Champaign, Illinois, United States, affiliated with ABC. Owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group, the station has studios on South Country Fair Drive in downtown Champaign, and its transmitter is located northeast of Homer, along the Vermilion–Champaign county line.

Although identifying as a separate station in its own right, WICD is considered a semi-satellite of WICS (channel 20) in Springfield/Decatur. As such, it simulcasts all network and syndicated programming as provided through its parent, and the two stations share a website. However, WICD airs separate commercial inserts and legal identifications. Local newscasts, produced by WICS, are simulcast on both stations. WICD serves the eastern half of the Central Illinois market while WICS serves the western portion. The two stations are counted as a single unit for ratings purposes. Although WICD maintains its own facilities, master control and most internal operations are based at WICS' studios on East Cook Street in Springfield's Eastside section.

Through joint sales and shared services agreements (JSA/SSA), Sinclair also provides certain services to the area's Fox affiliate, Springfield-licensed WRSP-TV, channel 55 (and its semi-satellite, Urbana-licensed WCCU, channel 27) as well as Decatur-licensed CW outlet WBUI, channel 23 (all are owned by GOCOM Media, LLC). WRSP and WBUI share studios with WICS but WBUI also maintains an advertising sales office on South Main Street/US 51 in downtown Decatur. WCCU's advertising sales operation is also based out of WICD's studios.

History
The station signed on April 23, 1959 as WCHU (for Champaign–Urbana). It was an NBC affiliate and aired an analog signal on UHF channel 33. It was owned by Plains Television Partners and was a low-power, full-time satellite of Springfield's WICS. The WCHU signal traveled about  from a transmitter at its studios atop the Inman Hotel in Downtown Champaign. However, getting a decent signal from Springfield ( west of Champaign) was usually hit-or-miss at best. Plains Television had to build a microwave tower in Northwestern Champaign to send the WICS signal to the WCHU studios. With a more reliable signal, the station began a more routine schedule on September 14. It began broadcasting in color the next year.

In July 1960, Plains Television Partners bought WDAN-TV in Danville. That station had debuted on December 19, 1953 as a low-powered ABC affiliate broadcasting on channel 24 with a signal radiating about  from its transmitter. WDAN was owned by the Gannett Company along with the Danville Commercial-News newspaper and WDAN radio (1490 AM). After the sale, Plains Television changed WDAN-TV's call letters to WICD (for "WICS Danville"; Federal Communications Commission [FCC] regulations at the time required separately-owned stations to use different call signs, and the Commercial-News retained WDAN radio) and made it a full repeater of WCHU. From 1960 until 1967, WCHU/WICD aired some locally originated programs from the WCHU studios in Champaign. However, WICD's transmitter was not capable of broadcasting local programming in color.

In June 1966, Plains Television announced WCHU and WICD would merge into a single full-power station broadcasting on channel 15. It would operate under WCHU's license and studios at the Inman Hotel in Champaign, but use the WICD call letters—whose meaning was now altered to mean "WICS Champaign/Danville". The new station would broadcast at a million watts from the tallest tower in Illinois, at . The new station was to have gone on-air in January 1967, but an ice storm toppled the tower. It was eventually rebuilt and the new WICD went on-air in July. However, there are unconfirmed reports of a delay in the final paperwork for the revamped station. According to some reports, it may have still been using the WCHU call letters when it signed on at full power for the first time. The station moved from the Inman Hotel to its current studio facility on Country Fair Drive in 1978.

In 1986, Plains Television sold WICS to Guy Gannett Broadcasting (no relation to the much larger Gannett Company), but retained WICD. The two stations operated as a regional network simulcasting most network and syndicated programming. This arrangement nearly brought down WICD, even though it was a very prosperous period for NBC as a whole. For much of the 1980s it looked like channel 15 would revert to being a full-time satellite of WICS. In 1994, Plains Television sold WICD to Guy Gannett, who pumped significant resources into the station, particularly its news department.

Guy Gannett then sold most of its television properties, including WICD/WICS, to the Sinclair Broadcast Group in 1999. Soon after Sinclair took over, it turned around and announced it was selling WICS/WICD as well as KGAN in Cedar Rapids, Iowa to Sunrise Television. However, the FCC did not allow Sunrise to buy WICD/WICS due to Sunrise's ownership structure. Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst (HMTF), an investment firm controlled by then-Texas Rangers and Dallas Stars owner Tom Hicks, owned a large block of Sunrise stock. HMTF is majority stockholder of the LIN TV Corporation, then-owner of WAND in Decatur. The FCC ruled HMTF held enough stock in Sunrise that an acquisition of WICD/WICS would result in a duopoly between two of the four highest-rated stations in the market, which is forbidden by FCC rules. Sinclair subsequently withdrew the offer to sell the three stations in 2000. The station's 46-year affiliation with NBC ended on September 5, 2005 when, as part of a larger national deal between LIN TV and NBC that also involved WDTN in Dayton, Ohio (who swapped affiliations with WICS/WICD's Dayton sister station WKEF the year before), WICD and WICS swapped affiliations with WAND and became ABC affiliates.

With this switch, WICD replaced WAND as the default ABC affiliate for the Illinois side of the Terre Haute, Indiana market, which had not had an ABC affiliate of its own since longtime affiliate WBAK-TV switched to Fox in 1995. The network swap actually improved reception for ABC programming on the Illinois side of the market. WICD's transmitter is not far from the Indiana line, while WAND's transmitter in Argenta is near the middle of the state. Due to contracts with satellite providers, for a long time WICS was the only ABC station in the market uplinked on the Champaign–Springfield–Decatur local feeds. However, Dish Network's Champaign–Springfield–Decatur feed began airing WICD on February 23, 2013 alongside WICS. For the same reason, when Dish dropped WRTV from Indianapolis as the local ABC affiliate for the Terre Haute feed, it uplinked WICS rather than WICD. This ended at the start of the 2011–12 television season, when WAWV-TV rejoined ABC.

In March 2011, WICD added music video channel TheCoolTV to its second digital subchannel and Comcast digital channel 807. On August 31, 2012, TheCoolTV was dropped from all Sinclair stations, including WICD. On December 31, 2012, Sinclair Broadcast Group closed on the purchase of the non-license assets of GOCOM's three television stations, WRSP/WCCU and sister station WBUI for approximately $25.6 million. Sinclair is providing sales and other non-programming services to the stations pursuant to shared services and joint sales agreements. Both WRSP/WCCU and WBUI were initially operated from separate facilities from WICS/WICD. However, WCCU quickly moved its advertising sales operation from its location on South Neil Street/U.S. 45 in Champaign into WICD's studios. Eventually, WRSP and WBUI also moved from their offices on Old Rochester Road in Springfield and were consolidated into WICS' facility.

News operation

For its first half-century on the air, WICD operated a separate news department, airing a full schedule of newscasts. In later years, there was a considerable amount of resource sharing between the two outlets such as with video footage and personnel. This was particularly the case when covering Decatur (which is located between each of the station's studios). WICS had a slightly larger news department than WICD. Several on-air personnel at WICD performed "one-man-band" multimedia journalism duties such as shooting video, editing coverage, and producing. At one point, WICD also operated a Vermilion County Bureau on North Washington Street in Danville (home to WDAN (1490 AM), WDNL (102.1 FM), and WRHK (94.9 FM)).

Lately, WICS/WICD have been very competitive in the local news race after years of being a distant second behind longtime dominant WCIA. Beginning with the November 2006 Nielsen ratings period, the two actually briefly led with viewership in East-Central Illinois. This is because the station's ratings are combined by Nielsen Media Research and considers WICS and WICD to be a single station for counting purposes. The latter is identified as "WICS+" in ratings books and has continued battling WCIA for the top spot splitting the position over various time slots. Basically, WICD's existence benefits WICS even though the satellite is technically combined with the primary station.

Along with several other Sinclair properties, WICS/WICD did not participate in the wider implementation of the company's now-defunct, controversial News Central format for their newscasts. This operations saw local news operations reduced at some stations and combined with national news coverage, weather forecasting, and sports headlines based out of Sinclair's headquarters in Hunt Valley, Maryland. WICS/WICD, however, did air "The Point" (a one-minute conservative political commentary) that was also controversial and a requirement of all Sinclair-owned stations with newscasts until the series was discontinued in December 2006.

On September 11, 2006, a news share agreement was established with WRSP/WCCU (then separately controlled). As a result, a nightly prime time newscast began airing on those two stations that was jointly produced by WICS/WICD. Known as NewsChannel at 9 on Fox Illinois, it airs for a half-hour from a modified set at WICS's Springfield studios featuring unique duratrans indicating the Fox-branded show. From the start, NewsChannel at 9 competed with a newscast already established in the time slot on then-UPN affiliate WCFN (produced by WCIA).

Unlike the WRSP/WCCU show, WCFN's broadcast originated from WCIA's Champaign facilities but was targeted specifically at a Springfield audience. Although the WRSP/WCCU newscast featured market wide coverage, including contributions from WICD reporters, there was a separate weeknight weather segment seen on WRSP and WCCU. WCFN's prime time broadcast would be eventually canceled by WCIA on September 28, 2009. On October 7, 2013, the weekday edition of NewsChannel at 9 was expanded to an hour.

The effort on WRSP/WCCU was further expanded on January 20, 2014 when WICS began producing a two-hour weekday morning show for the Fox affiliates. Known as Good Day Illinois, the program can be seen from 7 until 9 and offers a local alternative to the national morning programs seen on the big three networks. It also competes with another two-hour local newscast seen at same time on MyNetworkTV affiliate WCIX (produced by WCIA).

On June 26, 2010, rival WAND became the first television station in East-Central Illinois to upgrade news production to high definition level. It would not be until December 2012 that local newscasts seen on WICS would be upgraded to HD. Included with the change was a new set at the Springfield studios and updated Sinclair corporate graphics. Until October 13, 2014, WICD's separate weekday newscasts at its Champaign headquarters were not included in the upgrade because that set lacked high definition cameras.

On March 26, 2011, WICD ceased airing its own newscasts on weekends opting to simulcast those from WICS. These broadcasts are known as ABC NewsChannel and feature a common graphics package seen on WICS and WICD. Multimedia journalists based at WICD's Champaign studios still provide coverage of the eastern areas of the market. The change represented the second attempt at a joint market-wide product by WICS/WICD. At one point in time, there had been a newscast weeknights at 5 that was simulcast on both outlets originating from Springfield.

On March 13, 2015, Sinclair announced that WICD would shut down its separate news department and cancel its weekday newscasts focused on the eastern areas of the market. This change took effect after the final WICD-produced newscast aired on April 3. In its place are newscasts simulcast from WICS (in all time slots) which provide market-wide coverage, including content from the eastern areas through a downsized bureau at WICD's studios. Despite this significant reduction, WICD began airing a full hour-long Champaign-based prime time newscast (weeknights at 9) on WCCU on April 7, 2015 entitled Fox Champaign News at Nine.

The existing hour-long WICS-produced newscast on WRSP, which had been simulcast on WCCU, was refocused to Springfield and became known as Fox News at Nine. The weekend edition of the prime time news will continue to be a market-wide product simulcast on WRSP and WCCU. With the exception of the WCCU newscast, WICD no longer produces Champaign-specific local news.

Notable former on-air staff
Emily Carlson
Drew Griffin – now at CNN
Dave Malkoff – now at The Weather Channel
Kent Ninomiya

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
WICD shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 15, on February 17, 2009, the original target date on which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 41, using virtual channel 15.

References

External links

WRSP/WCCU "Fox 55/27 Illinois"
WBUI "CW 23"

ABC network affiliates
Comet (TV network) affiliates
Charge! (TV network) affiliates
TBD (TV network) affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1959
Television stations in Illinois
Sinclair Broadcast Group
1959 establishments in Illinois
Champaign, Illinois

WICD (TV)


Radiotelevisione della Repubblica di San Marino, commonly known as San Marino RTV (abbreviated SMRTV), is the public service broadcaster of San Marino. On 13 June 2011, San Marino RTV changed its name to SMtv San Marino. In November 2013, the name was changed back to San Marino RTV.

The broadcaster currently operates two television channels (San Marino RTV and San Marino RTV Sport) and two radio stations (Radio San Marino and Radio San Marino Classic).

History

San Marino RTV was founded in August 1991 thanks to a share capital of Ente per la Radiodiffusione Sammarinese (ERAS, San Marino Broadcasting Company) and the Italian public service broadcaster, RAI. Both participated with 50% of the capital. The agreement between both parties is subject to periodic reviews to guarantee and update the public service broadcasting objectives. San Marino RTV broadcasts in Italian, the official language of San Marino.

Experimental radio broadcasts began on 27 December 1992. On 28 February 1993, Radio San Marino was launched broadcasting 24 hours a day. Experimental television broadcasts began on 24 April 1993. On 28 February 1994 a regular television service was launched, broadcasting from 10:00 A.M. to 2:00 A.M.

In July 1995, San Marino RTV became a full member of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). The establishment is also a founding member of the (C.R.I., Italian speaking radio and television broadcasting community).

In 2007, San Marino RTV started expressing interest in entering the Eurovision Song Contest. On 27 November 2007, it was announced that San Marino would make its debut at the Eurovision Song Contest 2008, held in Belgrade, Serbia. After having been absent in the 2009 and 2010 contests due to financial problems, San Marino reached the final for the first time in the 2014 contest.

In 2011, San Marino RTV attempted to participate in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest, but decided to withdraw in October of that year. On 25 October 2013, it was announced that San Marino would make its debut at the 2013 contest, held in Kyiv, Ukraine.

On 11 October 2014, the channel opened an office in Rome with correspondent Francesca Billotti.

From 22 December 2016 San Marino RTV has been broadcasting in high definition on digital terrestrial, and since 22 February 2018 it has also been broadcasting in HD on satellite.

Starting 20 October 2021, the channel began broadcasting throughout Italy on channel 831 in MPEG-4 SD on RAI Mux B. In December of the same year,  Ludovico Di Meo was appointed General Manager of San Marino RTV, a position he held to 29 January 2023.

Services

Radio
 Radio San Marino (102.7 FM): San Marino's first national radio station, broadcast since 27 December 1992. Its programming is generalist, with special attention to information.
 Radio San Marino Classic (103.2 FM): Music station created in June 2004 that plays classic pieces of Italian and international music. It also broadcasts the matches of the San Marino Football League and sessions of the Grand and General Council.

On its website, you can listen to the signal life and download the programs through a podcast service.

Television
 San Marino RTV: Generalist channel that is broadcast 24 hours a day. Its programming focuses on news, documentaries, films, cultural and sporting events in San Marino. Since 2018, San Marino RTV has broadcasts in HD on the digital terrestrial channel 573.
 San Marino RTV Sport: Programming includes live events, news, and interviews

Logo history

See also
RAI
List of Italian-language television channels

References

External links

Television in San Marino
European Broadcasting Union members
Mass media companies established in 1991
Television channels and stations established in 1991
1991 establishments in San Marino
Companies of San Marino
Italian-language television networks

San Marino RTV


Shalu Monastery () is small monastery  south of Shigatse in Tibet. Founded in 1040 by Chetsun Sherab Jungnay, for centuries it was renowned as a centre of scholarly learning and psychic training and its mural paintings were considered to be the most ancient and beautiful in Tibet. Shalu was the first of the major monasteries to be built by noble families of the Tsangpa during Tibet's great revival of Buddhism, and was an important center of the Sakya tradition.

Repair and reconstruction
Repair and reconstruction of Shalu Monastery began on May 13, 2009, according to the Chinese government Xinhua online news. "The project, one of Tibet's biggest heritage renovation projects under the 11th Five Year Plan (2006–2010), involves reinforcement of its buildings, maintenance of sewage treatment facilities and improvement of fire and flood control systems", a prefectural government official said. It is planned to spend more than 16 million RMB yuan on the project.

Further reading
 Vitali, Roberto. 1990. Early Temples of Central Tibet. Serindia Publications. London. . Chapter Four: "Shalu Serkhang and the Newar Style of the Yüan Court." Pages 89–122.
 von Schroeder, Ulrich. 2001. Buddhist Sculptures in Tibet. Vol. One: India & Nepal; Vol. Two: Tibet & China. (Volume One: 655 pages with 766 illustrations; Volume Two: 675 pages with 987 illustrations). Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd. . Zhwa lu («shalu») monastery, pp. 554, 922, 925, 1085, 1088, 1129: Zhwa lu gSer khang («shalu serkhang»), 554, 842, 922, 925; Figs. XIV–14–16, XV–8. Jo khang («jokhang»), p. 922; Pls. 47C, 229A, 230C, 231B, 231D, 314A, 329E. gNyer khang byang («nyerkhang chang»); Pls. 268C–D, 301A, 313A, 324E. gTsug la g khang («tsuglakhang»); Pl. 292A. Yum chen mo lha khang («yum chenmo lhakhang»), pp. 842–843; Figs. XIII–14–16. gZhal yas lha khang byang («shalye lhakhang chang»), pp. 439, 441, 913, 922; Figs. VII–3–4, XV–2; Pls. 169A, 169B, 229B, 229C, 230A, 230B, 231A, 231E, 322B. gZhal yas lha khang lho («shalye lhakhang lho»), pp. 922, 1129; Pls. 232B–C, 233B–C, 234B, 252D–F, 315A, 315B, 315C, 315D, 315E, 318D, 318E.

Notes

External links

Shalu Monastery - The Shalu Association

Buddhist monasteries in Tibet
Buddhist temples in Tibet
Sakya monasteries and temples
1040 establishments in Asia
Religious organizations established in the 11th century
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet
11th-century Buddhist temples
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1040

Shalu Monastery


An interrobang or interabang is a grammatical symbol which combines both the exclamation mark (!) and the question mark (?).

The basic purpose of is to put at the end an exclamatory sentence, such as one where we are in disbelief (ex. You did what‽)

It is a very uncommonly used symbol as most people would simply end their exclamatory questions with both of the symbols like this: !? or ?!

On a computer an interrobang looks like this: ‽

On a chromebook the unicode is: Ctrl+Shift+u+2+0+3+D

Punctuation

Interrobang


Schola Antiqua is a Spanish group devoted to the research of early music in general and Gregorian chant in particular. It is based in Madrid since its foundation in 1984.

The group has organized concerts in several places of Christian pilgrimage, such as Jerusalem, Rome and Santiago de Compostela, as well as religious music concerts.

The group has collaborated with such well-known groups as La Colombina, Ensemble Plus Ultra, His Majesty's Sagbutts and Cornetts, Ensemble Baroque de Limoges, Ministriles de Marisas, La Grande Chapelle.

, the director and conductor is Juan Carlos Asensio Palacios, who studied in the Valle de los Caídos abbey choir, and now is a member  of the Atêlier de Paléographie Musicale of the world-famous Solesmes Abbey  and  Professor in the  Conservatorio Superior de Música de Salamanca and also  professor in the Escola Superior de Música de Catalunya.

Recordings

Published reviews of recordings
Academic sources:

General sources:
 http://www.scholaantiqua.com/criticaspdf/scherzo092007.pdf Scherzo Sept 2007, in Spanish, on CD "Dicit Dominus"
 http://www.scholaantiqua.com/criticaspdf/L'education%20musicale06_2007.pdf L'education musicale, June 2007, in French, on CD "Visperas de Confesores" (Jose de Nebra)
 http://www.scholaantiqua.com/criticaspdf/fraternite%20evangelique04_2006.pdf Fraternite Evangelique, April 2007, in French, on CD "Officium Hebdomadae Sanctae" (T.L. de Victoria)

Published reviews of performances
Reviews of its performances have appeared in such general newspapers, as  El País  and The Times
 http://www.scholaantiqua.com/criticaspdf/scherzo052007_1.pdf Scherzo, May 2007, in Spanish, on its performance at Semana de Música Religiosa de Cuenca 2007 (Spain)
 http://www.scholaantiqua.com/criticaspdf/scherzo052007_2.pdf Scherzo, May 2007, in Spanish, on a Concert about D.Scarlatti at Madrid (Spain)
 http://www.scholaantiqua.com/criticaspdf/Alhajat-Beirut%2021032007.pdf Alhajat-Beirut (Lebanon), V.O., 21 May 2007, about a Concert in Beirut (Lebanon)
 http://www.scholaantiqua.com/criticaspdf/criticaOita.pdf Ōita's Diary, Japan, October 2006, in Japanese, on a concert in that city.

These and many other references can be found at the group home page

References

External links
 http://www.scholaantiqua.com home page

Early music groups
Spanish musical groups
Musical groups established in 1984

Schola Antiqua, Madrid


The Church of St. James the Greater is an Episcopal church located in the heart of the Bristol Historic District in Bristol Borough, Pennsylvania. It is part of the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania and the Episcopal Church in the United States of America.

Early history
In 1702, the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG) sent George Keith to America to promote Anglican worship in the colonies. Keith, a former Quaker who had become convinced that the Society of Friends was drifting too far from orthodox Christian belief, had left the Philadelphia area a few years earlier and returned to England, where he connected with the Church of England, began to study for the priesthood, and was ordained by Henry Compton, the bishop of London. He was joined in his missionary efforts in the colonies by John Talbot, the chaplain of the H.M.S. Centurion, the ship on which Keith sailed from England.

The two men traveled to Burlington, then part of the province of West Jersey (now part of the state of New Jersey), and Talbot remained there. He became the first rector of St. Mary's Church in Burlington, and he also preached to a small group of Anglicans in Bristol on Sunday afternoons, crossing the Delaware River by rowboat. Under the leadership of John Rowland and Anthony Burton, that group began in 1712 to build a church in Bristol on land donated by Burton, who also later gave the land now occupied by St. James' historic cemetery. The church was dedicated to St. James the Greater and consecrated in July 1712. The congregation continued to be served by Talbot until his death in 1727.

St. James was the first church in Bristol (the third-oldest town in Pennsylvania after Philadelphia and Chester) and the only Episcopal church in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, for 119 years. Under the leadership of the Rev. George W. Ridgely (rector from 1830–1832), St. James helped establish mission churches at Hulmeville (Grace) and Newtown (St. Luke's).

The parish flourished until anti-British feeling in the 1770s made it an unpopular place (the Episcopal Church did not yet exist, and St. James was still part of the Church of England). The church was abandoned by clergy and members, vandalized and left as a shell of a building, and used by American troops for stabling horses during the American Revolutionary War. After the war, the little church eventually was restored and expanded.

In 1784, representatives from St. James joined members of nine other colonial parishes in establishing the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania and, two years later, in electing the first Bishop of Pennsylvania, the Rt. Rev. William White. The original church was torn down in 1856, and the present building, designed by Philadelphia architect  Samuel Sloan, was built in 1857 at a cost of $13,000.

Church interior

Narthex floor

The floor design was selected by Ellwood F. DeLong of Philadelphia. It is made of ceramic tile patterned on very old composition and styling. The decorative pieces were made from handmade molds and then baked at the Moravian Tile Works in Doylestown, Pennsylvania.

Immediately inside the front doors are the letters S and J for Saint James. The large symbol in the center contains the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet, Alpha and Omega, signifying that God is the beginning and the end of all things.

Four nearby symbols represent the four Gospel writers, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, with their names spelled in Latin. The winged creature with a man's face represents Matthew, whose gospel traces Jesus' human genealogy. The creature with a lion's face is the symbol for Mark, whose gospel begins with "The voice of one crying in the wilderness," suggesting the roar of a lion. Luke's symbol is the oxen, the animal of sacrifice, as Luke stressed the atoning sacrifice of Jesus. John's emblem is the high soaring eagle, reflecting John's lofty and "soaring" gospel, which is far richer theologically than the others.

At the entrance to the left inside door is a Greek cross with the Greek monograms for Jesus (IC) and Christ (XC), and the word "Nika," meaning "conquers." Thus: "Jesus Christ conquers." At the entrance to the right inside door is an alternate monogram for Christ's name, XP, flanked by the Alpha and Omega.

Windows

The side stained-glass windows were installed for the opening of the church in 1857. The large stained glass window in the chancel was commissioned through a donation from the Dorrance family and installed in 1924. It was designed by the great stained-glass artist Nicholas D'Ascenzo, and for it he earned the Gold Medal of the Architectural League of New York in 1925.

Parish house
At the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, the women of the parish formed the Ladies Church Aid Society for "the collection of clothing and delicacies for the soldiers at the front." Augmented by women from other churches, the Society produced an enormous amount of underclothes, sent mostly to the U.S. Hospital at Point Lookout, Maryland, whose chief surgeon was a former Bristolian. Martha Burnet Landreth headed the Society. The organization continued after the war and provided the funds to build the Parish House in 1877, replicating the architectural style of the church and using the same materials, at a cost of nearly $12,000.

Cemetery
The churchyard is almost as old as Bristol, and the cemetery is one of the oldest in Bucks County. Family plots and stones carry many names that are significant in the history of the greater Philadelphia area and the Episcopal Church. The cemetery also contains at least eleven American Revolutionary War veterans and forty Civil War veterans, including several who were killed in action during that war.

 George (1784–1869) and Catharine Breck (1789–1864), parents of two notable figures in the Episcopal Church: the Rev. James Lloyd Breck, the so-called "Apostle of the Wilderness" who evangelized from Pennsylvania to California and founded two Episcopal seminaries, Nashotah House and Seabury Divinity School, and the Rev. Dr. Charles Breck, longtime rector of St. John's Church in Wilmington, Delaware
 Thomas Apthorpe Cooper (1776–1849), one of the first American Shakespearean actors
 John Dorrance (1830–1869), the contractor responsible for digging the Delaware Canal and grandfather of John Thompson Dorrance (1873–1930), who was president of the Campbell Soup Company from 1914 to 1930
 George Gillespie (1671–1721), whose stone is the oldest that is still partly legible, the grandfather of the Rt. Rev. George de Normandie Gillespie (1819–1909), first Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Western Michigan
 Joseph McIlvaine (1719–1787), colonel and commanding officer of the Fifth Battalion of Pennsylvania Militia in the Revolutionary War and father of Joseph McIlvaine, United States Senator from New Jersey (1769–1826) and grandfather of the Rt. Rev. Charles Pettit McIlvaine (1799–1873), second bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Ohio
 William Rodman (1757–1824), who served in the Revolutionary War as a private and subsequently as brigade quartermaster, and later served in the United States House of Representatives

Today
The Church of St. James the Greater continues to be an active parish sponsoring a variety of ministries, including a Sunday School, a monthly dinner for those in need, and weekly collections of food for a local food pantry. The Holy Eucharist, Rite II, is celebrated Sundays at 8:30 a.m.

References

External links

 The Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania website

Episcopal churches in Pennsylvania
Cemeteries in Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Churches in Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Churches completed in 1857
19th-century Episcopal church buildings
Religious organizations established in 1712
1712 establishments in Pennsylvania

Church of St. James the Greater (Bristol)


Clear Creek is an unorganized territory in Carlton County, Minnesota, United States, located near Holyoke. The population was 118 at the 2000 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the unorganized territory has a total area of 36.6 square miles (94.8 km2), of which 36.5 square miles (94.4 km2) is land and 0.2 square mile (0.4 km2) of it (0.44%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 118 people, 48 households, and 33 families residing in the unorganized territory. The population density was . There were 132 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the unorganized territory was 96.61% White, and 3.39% from two or more races.

There were 48 households, of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.3% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.2% were non-families. 20.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.82.

In the unorganized territory the population was spread out, with 23.7% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 38.1% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 136.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 125.0 males.

The median income for a household in the unorganized territory was $36,250, and the median income for a family was $40,833. Males had a median income of $41,250 versus $22,500 for females. The per capita income for the unorganized territory was $29,610. There were no families and 3.2% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 10.0% of those over 64.

References

Populated places in Carlton County, Minnesota
Unorganized territories in Minnesota

Clear Creek, Minnesota


Jack Bushnell Hanna (born January 2, 1947) is a retired American zookeeper and a former director emeritus of the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium. "Jungle Jack" was director of the zoo from 1978 to 1992, and is viewed as largely responsible for elevating its quality and reputation.  His media appearances, particularly with David Letterman, James Corden, Good Morning America, and Maury Povich have made him one of the most notable animal experts in the United States. A 2021 documentary, The Conservation Game, alleged that Hanna participated in the mistreatment and private trade of exotic and endangered animals.

Early life
Hanna was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. He grew up on his family's farm and volunteered for the family veterinarian, Dr. Roberts, when he was 11. He attended The Kiski School, an all-boys boarding school in Saltsburg, Pennsylvania, for high school, graduating in 1965. He majored in business and political science at Muskingum College in New Concord, Ohio, where he got in trouble for keeping ducks in his dorm room and a donkey in a shed behind his fraternity house (The M.A.C.E. Club). In his senior year, Hanna married Suzi, a cheerleader at Muskingum, and graduated in 1968.

Career

Although unable to secure zoning as a zoo for his family's farm, Hanna and Suzi opened a pet shop and petting zoo. In 1972, a three-year-old boy was mauled by a lion at Hanna's farm after the boy slipped past the protective barrier and stuck his arm through the enclosure fence, subsequently losing the arm. Hanna settled a later lawsuit out of court, shut down the petting zoo, and moved his family to Florida.

He worked for a wildlife adventure company and directed the small Central Florida Zoo and Botanical Gardens from 1973 to 1975. When he was offered the position at the Columbus Zoo in 1978, one of the reasons he accepted was because he believed Columbus Children's Hospital had the best treatment available for his daughter Julie's leukemia. She recovered by the age of six, although she needed to have a brain tumor removed later in life.
At the time he became the zoo's director, the grounds of the zoo were unkempt and the facilities run down. Hanna initially struck many as a "zealous" zoo director, often traveling around the zoo grounds after closing to personally pick up trash.  He also realized the importance of increasing the profile of the Columbus Zoo in central Ohio to get more public support and funding, and the "everyman"-seeming Hanna proved to be very well-suited to public relations for the zoo. From 1981 to 1983, Hanna hosted a local television program, "Hanna's Ark", which aired on the local CBS affiliate in Columbus, WBNS. Hanna's live animal demonstrations on Good Morning America and David Letterman's talk show incarnations brought national attention to the Columbus Zoo as well as to Hanna himself. Over the course of Hanna's tenure as director, the zoo made the transition from cage-like enclosures to habitat environments, and the grounds were significantly expanded. The annual attendance of the Columbus Zoo increased by over 400% during this time. Hanna was named director emeritus of the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium in 1992.

Hanna published his autobiography, Monkeys on the Interstate, in 1989. He has published many books for children as well.  He has hosted the syndicated television shows Jack Hanna's Animal Adventures, Jack Hanna's Into the Wild, and Jack Hanna's Wild Countdown, all produced and distributed by Litton Entertainment.  Hanna also occasionally contributed commentary as an animal expert on various local and national news programs, and has done guest spots on other shows such as Larry King Live, Nancy Grace, Maury, and The Hollywood Squares. On September 25, 2003, Jack made a special guest appearance on an episode of Blue's Clues (season 5, episode 35, "Animals in Our House?"). He was also named one of the "50 Most Beautiful People" by People magazine in 1996. Hanna also appeared in Neal McCoy's 2005 music video for "Billy's Got His Beer Goggles On" with a hyacinth macaw, a sloth and an albino burmese python. Hanna, along with Emmy Award-winning musician Mark Frye, released an album through Virgin Records in 1996 entitled Jack Hanna's World.

He was granted honorary doctorates from Muskingum University, Otterbein College, Capital University, and Ohio University.

On October 19, 2011, Hanna assisted Ohio police in tracking down several escaped exotic animals near Zanesville, Ohio. Hanna provided police assistance with expertise in tracking down the animals, which included lions, leopards, wolves, primates, bears, and eighteen tigers.

In May 2018 at the Los Angeles Zoo's annual Beastly Ball, Hanna received the Tom Mankiewicz Leadership Award for his work in conservation.

In June 2020, Hanna announced his retirement from the Columbus Zoo effective at the end of the year.

Criticism of Copenhagen Zoo giraffe culling
Hanna criticized the killing of the healthy eighteen-month-old giraffe Marius in Copenhagen Zoo, which was killed rather than offered for adoption after being classified as genetically over-represented in zoo breeding programs. Hanna said this would not happen in an American zoo. Soon after, he raised money to prevent a separate male giraffe culling at the Jyllands Park Zoo, which is also in Denmark, where zookeepers had said they might kill the giraffe if they brought in some females for breeding. Hanna said he was willing to provide refuge including transport for this giraffe. The Jyllands Park Zoo later stated that they did not actually plan to bring in a new female or to kill the male that was at the facility.

Health
In 2019, Hanna was diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease. He retired from public life in 2021, and he and his wife, Suzi, moved to Montana. In April 2021, Hanna's family publicly announced that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and would make no further public appearances. His daughters stated that "his condition has progressed much faster in the last few months than any of us could have anticipated". By 2023, Hanna's Alzheimer's disease had progressed to the point where he no longer recognized most family members.

Allegation of improper animal trading practices
On April 6, 2021, filmmakers of an independent documentary, The Conservation Game, alleged that the Columbus Zoo and former zoo director Jack Hanna misrepresented where his ambassador animals had been acquired from or had been transferred to and that the zoo had been dealing with unaccredited private facilities that, in some cases, may not have provided appropriate animal care. The documentary directly connected Hanna to exploiting  immunocompromised animal cubs, including snow leopards, with some of the cubs he used dying at early ages or disappearing from record, despite Hanna's assurances that the cats were healthy and safe.

Zoo officials responded to the documentary by cutting ties with most of the unaccredited private institutions named in the documentary. Former zoo official Suzi Rapp defended one of the private institutions, saying that the lack of certification of the facility does not necessarily indicate that the institution is not a good facility. Hanna's family released a statement saying they had not seen the documentary, could not speak for him, and could not consult him on the matter due to the effects of his dementia.

References

External links

1947 births
Living people
People from Knoxville, Tennessee
Television personalities from Tennessee
Zoo directors
American people of Lebanese descent
People with Alzheimer's disease
Muskingum University alumni
Otterbein University alumni
The Kiski School alumni
20th-century American zoologists
21st-century American zoologists

Jack Hanna


The Radiata is a superphylum which includes both the echinoderms and the ctenophores. It is not part of the usual classification system, and is not used by all biologists.

The group includes the radially symmetric animals of the Eumetazoa. The echinoderms, however, are members of the Bilateria, because they exhibit bilateral symmetry in their developing stages. Their radial symmetry is secondary.

Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1983 defined a subkingdom called Radiata consisting of the phyla Porifera, Myxozoa, Placozoa, Cnidaria and Ctenophora in Radiata, that is, all the animals that are not in Bilateria.

The Five Kingdom classification of Lynn Margulis and K.V. Schwartz keeps only Cnidaria and Ctenophora in Radiata.

Cladistic classifications do not recognize Radiata as a clade. The radiata, in this sense, are diploblastic, meaning they have two primary germ layers: endoderm and ectoderm. Cavalier-Smith's use of the term Radiata includes animals with a single germ layer such as sponges.

Although radial symmetry is usually given as a defining characteristic of radiates, a few members of the class Anthozoa, which are now considered as the most basal and oldest group of cnidarians, are actually bilaterally symmetric.

Newer research strongly indicates that bilateral symmetry evolved before the split between Cnidaria and Bilateria: the radially symmetrical cnidarians have evolved radial symmetry secondarily. This means the bilaterism in species like N. vectensis has a primary origin. Also the free-swimming planula larvae of cnidarians exhibit bilateral symmetry. Ctenophores show biradial symmetry.

References

Other websites
Taxon: Subkingdom Radiata
Origins of Bilateral Symmetry: Hox and Dpp Expression in a Sea Anemone - retrieved February 2, 2006

Groups of phyla
Taxonomy

Radiata


Broughton (2001 pop.: 24) was a former town in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality about 12 miles from the former city of Sydney, Nova Scotia. Expected to be a boomtown when first settled, it was mostly abandoned when mining operations failed.
During the First World War, Broughton was used by the 185th Cape Breton Highlanders as training ground. During this time the famous Broughton Arms Hotel burned to the ground in April 1916. The Hotel is believed to have had North America's first revolving door.

History

Broughton was first settled at the turn of the 20th century as a mining town for the Cape Breton Coal, Iron & Railway Company, started by British mining engineer Thomas Lancaster and British businessman Col. Horace Mayhew which intended to develop the coal seam at Cochrane's Lake (aka: Loon Lake).  The pair raised millions of dollars, mostly from English investors, and construction on the town was started, with streets laid out and a number of large official buildings constructed, including the Office Building, the Assistant Manager's House, the Broughton Arms Hotel and Crown Hotel. Remains of these substantial buildings can still be seen today, the scale of which giving an impression of the town's lofty ambitions.  A railway was built connecting to the Sydney & Louisburg Railway at False Bay Head, continuing through Broughton Junction to Broughton, a distance of 4 ½ miles, construction beginning in 1905 and completed in 1906. Seemingly too much money and effort was spent on the details and modern conveniences of the "most up-to-date modern city", one of the first attempts at a planned community in Canada, and not enough attention to the actual mine operation.  The company went bankrupt in 1907 after it failed to secure rail transportation to get its coal to port.  It is said this was due to the opposition of the Dominion Coal Company, which would not allow its Sydney and Louisburg Railway to carry the coal produced by the mine.
The British pair left Cape Breton, abandoning the company and the town.

The community remained active until its peak in 1916. The army had taken over the hotels to house officers and men during the First World War. After the end of the war the community declined rapidly. Some residents still live in the area.

A long article, detailing this company's history, appeared in the Montreal Daily Star, 25 May 1907.

References

Settlements in Nova Scotia

Broughton, Nova Scotia


Mathew Hu Xiande (27 August 1934 – 25 September 2017) was a Roman Catholic bishop.

Ordained to the priesthood in 1985, Hu Xiande served as coadjutor bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningbo, China from 2000 to 2004. He then served bishop of the diocese from 2004 until his death.

Notes

1934 births
2017 deaths
21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in China
People from Ningbo

Mathew Hu Xiande


Taxicab Confessions is a television series of hidden camera documentaries that aired on HBO from 1995 through 2006.

When passengers enter the cab, they are recorded with several small cameras hidden in the taxi. The producer prompts passengers into discussing their past and/or present circumstances. This has led some participants to reflect on their life, recalling extreme tragedies or triumphs. Much is verbally or visually graphic, including explicit sex talk and sex acts performed in the back seat. At the end of the taxi ride, passengers are asked to sign waivers allowing the hidden camera footage to be used on the program, and footage of this revelation is sometimes seen during the closing credits.

Separating the segments are short video montages showing life in the city, incorporating quick cuts of club interiors, flashing neon signage, strippers and the homeless, along with the series theme music, "Over the Rainbow" by Me First and the Gimme Gimmes.

The series originated in New York, moved to Las Vegas, and then returned to New York.

Awards and nominations
The first episode won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Informational Series or Special in 1995. The show was also nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Non-Fiction Program (Reality) in 2001 and 2002.

See also
 Cash Cab, a game show set in a taxi

References

External links

1995 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
1990s American reality television series
2000s American reality television series
1990s American documentary television series
2000s American documentary television series
Taxis
HBO original programming
American hidden camera television series
English-language television shows
HBO Shows (series) WITHOUT Episode info, list, or Article

Taxicab Confessions


John Marley (11 November 1823 – 4 April 1891) was an English mining engineer from Darlington who together with ironmaster John Vaughan made the "commercial discovery" of the Cleveland Ironstone Formation, the basis of the wealth of their company Bolckow Vaughan and the industrial growth of Middlesbrough. He was an effective leader of engineering operations at Bolckow Vaughan's mines and collieries. He ended his career as a wealthy independent mine-owner and president of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers (NEIMME).

Life and career
Marley was born at Middridge Grange, by Shildon, County Durham, England, not far from the town of Heighington. He was educated at Denton near Darlington. From 1840 he served as assistant at several Durham collieries (coal mines). In 1845 he worked as a surveyor for the Stockton and Darlington Railway.

In 1846 he became resident viewer at Woodifield Colliery, the start of his career at Bolckow & Vaughan. Over the next two decades, he became the head of engineering operations for Bolckow and Vaughan's mines and collieries, capably organising a wide range of mining operations. In 1850, Vaughan and Marley made their famous "discovery" of the main seam of Cleveland Ironstone. The existence of iron in the Cleveland hills was in fact well known, possibly since ancient times and certainly since at least 1811, as repeated attempts had been made to sell it, but without success.

In 1852, Marley, then at Bishop Auckland, became a founding member of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers (NEIMME); he joined the NEIMME council in 1856, giving his address as Mining Offices, Darlington. He became Vice-President in 1872. He served as President from 1888 to 1890.

In 1863, Marley discovered a deposit of rock salt at Middlesbrough while drilling for water. He resigned from Bolckow Vaughan in 1867, but continued to consult with them until 1869.

In 1870, Marley became chairman of his own company, the newly registered North Brancepeth Coal Co. Ltd. It grew to include 4 collieries.

Family
By 1881, John Marley was living at Thornfield House, Darlington with his wife Sarah, four daughters, Caroline, Florence, Ethel and Isabel, and a son, Hugh. Another son J.W. Marley wrote a posthumous biographical note about Marley for the Institution of Mining Engineers. His nephew, Thomas William Marley followed him as chairman of the North Brancepeth Coal company.

"Discovery"

History and geology

Iron has been worked in Cleveland on a small scale since before Roman times. The Cleveland Ironstone Formation consists of seams of marine ironstone alternating with shale and siltstone, of Lower Jurassic age.

The Cleveland Ironstone Formation represents the Middle Lias or Upper Pliensbachian-Domerian. Two Ammonite zones (rock layers identified by particular fossils) are (largely) included: those indexed by Pleuroceras spinatum and Amaltheus margaritatus.

Legend
The local newspaper The Northern Echo records the legend of Marley's discovery: "Legend has it that on June 8, 1850, the two men were out shooting rabbits in the Cleveland Hills. Marley tripped over a burrow. As he sprawled down the hole, his hand landed on the purest ironstone he had ever seen. "Eureka!" he shouted." The Echo at once adds "This does the men a disservice."

Commercial reality

The discovery was no serendipitous accident. Marley was asked by his employer, John Vaughan, co-founder of the company Bolckow Vaughan to study the geology of Cleveland, to help him locate a profitably thick seam of ironstone, conveniently close to Middlesbrough. Bolckow Vaughan had already in 1848 "collected and shipped to Middlesbrough several thousand tons found on the coast between Redcar and Skinningrove"; Vaughan guessed that the same thick seams including the main bed might be found inland, in the Eston and Upleatham hills near the railway.

On 8 June 1850, Marley and Vaughan walked the coast to survey it for workable iron ore, expecting to find places where they could "bore" down to find useful amounts. They discovered seams of the ironstone running from the North Yorkshire coast at Staithes inland to the Eston Hills, outcropping at the surface. This find was swiftly exploited, and Middlesbrough grew very rapidly to support the new ironworks developed by Bolckow Vaughan and others in the area. The main ironstone seam (see illustration) in the Eston Hills is 16 feet thick.

Marley is recorded as doubting "whether the Romans or the Monks [of Rievaulx] ever smelted any part of the main bed of ironstone, which has in recent years proved such a source of wealth to the North, because in the various remains of slag and refuse left by them in Bilsdale, Bransdale, Rosedale, Furnace House in Fryupdale, Rievaulx Abbey, and other places, no traces of the main seam of ironstone have been found, although 'dogger band' (or thin clay bands of ironstone) and 'nodules' have been so found along with the charcoal and slag."

Marley described his discovery as follows: "Mr. Vaughan and myself, having gone to examine the hills for the most suitable place for boring, we decided to ascend to the east, adjoining Sir J. H. Lowther's grounds, and so walk along to Lady Hewley's grounds on the west. In ascending the hill in Mr. C. Dryden's grounds, we picked up two or three small pieces of ironstone. We, therefore, continued our ascent until we came to a quarry hole, from whence this ironstone had been taken for roads, and next, on entering Sir J. H. Lowther's grounds to the west, a solid rock of ironstone was lying bare, upwards of sixteen feet thick."

The legend about the rabbit-hole did have some basis in reality: the many rabbit and fox holes provided the prospecting geologists with samples of the underlying rock (away from surface exposures of the geology at natural cliffs) at intervals along the ironstone outcrop. Marley stated "I need scarcely say that, having once found this bed, we had no difficulty in following the outcrop in going westward, without any boring, as the rabbit and fox holes therein were plentiful as we went."

The commercial benefit of the "discovery" was simple: the ironstone was exposed at the surface, "which rendered boring unnecessary." The rock could simply be quarried, and rolled in tramway wagons down to a 2-mile extension of the railway. The rate of growth of ironstone production was prodigious. In 1850, just 4,000 tons of Cleveland Ironstone were extracted. The railway extension opened on 6 January 1851, and in that year, 187,950 tons were extracted.

In 1857, Marley published a paper in the Transactions of the Institution of Mining Engineers on the Cleveland Ironstone, which begins: "To the members of this Institute, this ironstone cannot but be an interesting subject, whether they be mining engineers, coal owners, iron masters, or simply a part of the public personally disinterested, as I believe that nothing has been discovered, within the last twenty years, having so direct an influence on the landed, railway, and mineral wealth, in the North of England, on the South Durham coal field, and on the iron trade generally, as the discovery and application of this large ironstone district." Marley continued: "I suppose it may now be taken as an admitted fact, that the prosperity or depression of the iron and coal trades regulates, in a very material degree, the prosperity or depression of nearly all other commercial pursuits in the same locality."

Marley was correct. In 1864, just 14 years after the discovery of the rich source of ironstone, Bolckow, Vaughan and Company Ltd was registered with capital of £2,500,000, making it the largest company ever formed up to that time. Middlesbrough more than doubled in population from 7600 in 1851 to 19,000 in 1861, and then doubled again to 40,000 in 1871, driven by the iron industry.

References

Sources

 Anon. Obituary. John Marley, 1823–1891.  Minutes of the Proceedings, Institution of Civil Engineers, Vol. 105, 1891, 308–311.
 Jeans, James Stephen. Pioneers of the Cleveland Iron Trade. H.G. Reid, Middlesbrough-on-Tees. 1875.
 Marley, John. Cleveland Ironstone. Outline Of The Main Or Thick Stratified Bed, Its Discovery, Application, And Results, In Connection With The Iron-Works In The North Of England  Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining Engineers, Vol. V, 1857, 165-223.
 Marley, John.  On the Discovery of Rock Salt in the New Red Sandstone at Middlesbrough. Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining Engineers, Vol. XIII, 1863, 17-24.
 Marley, J.W. Memoir Of John Marley. By His Son, J. W. Marley.  Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 41, 1891–92, 28-30.
 Pitts, Marianne. How are the mighty fallen: Bolckow Vaughan Co. Ltd. 1864–1929. April 2007.

External links

 Durham Mining Museum: Biography of John Marley, with photograph
 North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers (NEIMME)
 Cleveland Ironstone Mining Museum
 Cleveland Ironstone exposure at Jet Wyke
 Middle Lias of Staithes (Cleveland Ironstone geology with photographs and diagrams)
 'A Century in Stone' film by Craig Hornby featuring dramatisation of Vaughan and Marley's discovery at Eston

1823 births
1891 deaths
British geologists
People from Heighington, County Durham
British mining engineers
People from Shildon

John Marley (mining engineer)


Tassilo Adam (1878–1955) was a German ethnologist, photographer and filmmaker in what is now Indonesia. Adam photographed palaces, rulers and royal sights in Java, Indonesia. He also worked in Sumatra and other locations in the Dutch East Indies. Adam donated photographs of the Batak people and other Sumatran ethnic groups, as well as notes on central Javanese dance to the Royal Tropical Institute in Amsterdam in August 1944.

Early life
Adam was born in Munich in 1878 to the German painter Emil Adam and an Italian mother. At 16 he studied in Vienna and decided to visit the Batak people in Sumatra. He worked on a Dutch tobacco plantation in Deli, Sumatra.

His experiences included illnesses such as malaria and dengue fever. He took a sick leave and returned to Vienna in 1912, marrying his wife Johanna.

Dutch East Indies
He returned to the Dutch East Indies in 1914 and set up a dark room in Pematangsiantar. He photographed the Kubus, the people of Nias Island, and the Batak. He also collected Batak artifacts which he distributed to Dutch museums. He learned the Batak language and wrote a book on Malay-Batak grammar in 1948 with James Butler.

In 1921 he moved his family to Yogyakarta on Java where he established another photographic studio. He had three children in Sumatra, Lilo, Claus and Inge, and did portraiture and filmed and photographed royal dances and rituals with the permission of Sultan Hamengku Buwono VIII.

Adam documented Wayang Wong theatre, the Wayang Topeng, the Kuda Kepang (Horse Dance), the Serimpi, Bedoyo dances, and Javanese Shadow puppet shows. His photographs also captured the batik costumes used. Other events he documented include the circumcision of a royal prince of the Susunahan of Solo, Indonesia.

Later life
After contracting amoebic dysentery for a third time, he returned to Europe in 1926. He lectured, and sold pictures and films to German language magazines while visiting Salzburg, Vienna, the Netherlands and New York City, where Adam worked as associate curator of oriental art from 1929 to 1933 at the Brooklyn Museum.

His son Claus Adam was a cellist.

Bibliography
"A Personal Experience with Malaria", Knickerbocker Weekly, December 27, 1943
"Batak Days and Ways", Asia; The American Journal on the Orient, February 1930, 118–125; 134–141.
"Wayang Wong: the Javanese Theatre", Knickerbocker Weekly, September 1943, 25–26.

Gallery

See also
Kassian Cephas, court photographer for the VI Sultan of Java

References

1878 births
1955 deaths
German ethnologists
Photographers from Munich
Photography in the Dutch East Indies
German expatriates in the Dutch East Indies

Tassilo Adam


Club Esportiu Principat was an Andorran football club from the city of Andorra la Vella. The club was founded in 1989. He won three times the Andorran Premier League and five times the Andorran Cup. The club was dissolved in 2015.

History

The club was founded in 1989 by Penya Madridista Restaurant Charlie's (Real Madrid Supporters' Club of Charlie's Restaurant) as Club Esportiu Principat. The club had three consecutives league victories between 1997 and 1999 and five consecutives cup trophies between 1995 and 1999. The club was founding member of the Andorran Premier League in 1995.

In 1997 the club was the first Andorran club in an European competition playing versus Dundee United from Scotland. The Andorran team pülayed three times in the (UEFA Cup) but lost in the first round each time.

The senior club was registered in Segona Divisió 2015 but withdrew from the competition in the first round. Lower and youth teams continued to compete in their competitions. In 2015 the club was dissolved.

Colours and badge
The team's traditional color was purple. In the beginnings till the mid-2000s the first kit was white due to the origins of the club linked with Real Madrid supporters in Andorra.

Honours

Primera Divisió:
Winners (3): 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99
Runners-up (1): 1995–96
Copa Constitució:
Winners (5): 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99

References

Other websites
Principat at UEFA.COM
Principat at Weltfussball.de
Principat at Football-Lineups.com

Andorran football clubs
1989 establishments in Europe
2015 disestablishments in Europe

CE Principat


Beaver Brook is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located  in Colchester County. It is a mainly rural community with one small saw mill. Beaver Brook is located on the 236 Highway just west of the community of Old Barns. The "Beaver Brook" runs through the community's farm fields and finally into the Cobequid Bay at the headwaters of the Bay of Fundy.

The land is gently rolling, glaciated hills with fertile soils.

Dairy farming is the main agriculture industry in Beaver Brook. Corn and soy beans are the main crops.

Eagles from Cobequid Bay and the close by Shubenacadie River often fly over Beaver Brook. Hawks are common as well as foxes.

Nova Scotia Route 236 is a busy road that is a shorter route to Windsor, NS, the beginning of the Annapolis Valley

Many of the residents of Beaver Brook work in Truro, a fifteen-minute drive away.

References
Beaver Brook on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Colchester County
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia

Beaver Brook, Nova Scotia


Poul Fechtels Hospital, originally also known as hamborgerske sjæleboder, was a charity in Copenhagen, Denmark. It was originally located at Møntergade 28 but relocated to a new building at Frederikssundsvej 67A in 1908.

History

Poul Fechtel had served as Royal Mint Master for Christian III from 1536 to 1565.

In 1570, Fechtel created a charity with 3,000 eigsdaler in capital with the aim of providing accommodation for indigent citizens. A row of small houses were constructed on a lot in Møntergade which had been granted to the project by Frederick II . The houses were variously referred to as Poul Fechtels Boder", "Mønterboderne" eller "Hamborgerboderne".

The houses were destroyed along with the rest of the street in the Copenhagen Fire of 1728 but a new building was constructed in 1732. Poul Fechtels Hospital moved to a new building on Frederikssundsvej in 1908 and its old buildings were demolished the following year when the street Christian IX2 Gade was created.

See also
 Abel Cathrines Stiftelse

References

External links
 Andelsforeningen Poul Fechtels Hospital

Residential buildings in Copenhagen
Residential buildings completed in 1908
1570 establishments in Denmark

Poul Fechtels Hospital


Shaw and Crompton is a tram stop on the Oldham and Rochdale Line (ORL) of Greater Manchester's light-rail Metrolink system. It opened to passengers on 16 December 2012 and is located in Shaw and Crompton, a part of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, England.

The station sits adjacent to the site of the original Shaw and Crompton railway station, a regional rail station which opened (initially for haulage) on 2 November 1863 and closed on 3 October 2009 for conversion to Metrolink. Known as Shaw railway station between 1974 and 1989, it was along the Oldham Loop Line, which operated from Manchester to Rochdale via Oldham and thus was almost identical to the current Metrolink route.

History

The railway line between  and  was first proposed in 1845, but not authorised until 1859. The line was opened to freight trains on 12 August 1863, and for passengers on 2 November. One of the four new stations opened that day was Shaw,  from Oldham Mumps. The new line from Oldham Mumps to Rochdale East Junction created a Middleton Junction to Rochdale route. In 1880 a line was built from Oldham Werneth to Thorpes Bridge Junction near Newton Heath. Subsequently, the whole Thorpes Bridge Junction to Rochdale East Junction route became known as the Oldham Loop Line. The pattern of train services on the Oldham Loop Line involved a greater number of trains serving the Oldham stations, and less services continuing on to Rochdale. In the 1960s and 1970s fewer and fewer trains ran from Oldham Mumps to Rochdale, and in May 1972 the Secretary of State for Transport announced that this part of the Oldham Loop including Shaw and Crompton Station would be closed. The closure did not go ahead because SELNEC PTE (which became Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive (GMPTE) in 1974) agreed to fund the continuation of services. The involvement of the GMPTE led to a more frequent pattern of trains serving the Oldham Mumps to Rochdale section.

Intended originally to serve local cotton mills, the station later became used by commuters. It was renamed three times: originally named Shaw, it became Shaw and Crompton on 1 December 1897; Shaw on 6 May 1974; and finally Shaw and Crompton on 15 May 1989.

The station had a signal cabin (which supervised the southern end of the single track section to Rochdale, along with the turnback siding used by terminating trains from Manchester) and one of the United Kingdom's sixteen hundred road level crossings. The box was closed and demolished during the conversion work, whilst the crossing is now protected by traffic lights.

After being initially shelved, plans to turn the line into part of Greater Manchester's Metrolink network were accepted by the government on 6 July 2006.

The station closed on 3 October 2009, was converted to light rail and re-opened on 16 December 2012. The new station was built on the opposite side of Beal Lane, removing the need for terminating trams to cross the road. Services were extended from Shaw northbound to Rochdale via Milnrow on 28 February 2013.

A park and ride facility with 93 car parking spaces is located at the station.

Service pattern

 12 minute service to  with double trams in the peak
 6 minute service to  with double trams in the peak

References and notes

External links

 Metrolink stop information
 Shaw and Crompton area map
 Light Rail Transit Association: Manchester to Oldham and Rochdale

Tram stops in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham
Former Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1863
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 2009
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 2012
Tram stops on the East Didsbury to Rochdale line
Shaw and Crompton

Shaw and Crompton tram stop


Arshad Hussain Warsi (born 19 April 1968) is an Indian actor who appears in Hindi films. He is the recipient of several awards including a Filmfare Award from five nominations and is noted for acting in varied film genres.

Before making his acting debut, also served as an assistant director to Mahesh Bhatt in Kaash (1987) and also choreographed a song in Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1993). Warsi made his acting debut in 1996 with Tere Mere Sapne, which was a box office success. His portrayal of Circuit in the comedy film Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. (2003), and its sequel Lage Raho Munna Bhai (2006) for which he won the Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role marked a turning point in his career. He featured in several commercially successful comedy films including Hogi Pyaar Ki Jeet (1999), Hulchul (2004), Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya? (2005), Salaam Namaste (2005), Golmaal: Fun Unlimited (2006), Dhamaal (2007), Krazzy 4 (2008), Golmaal Returns (2008), Ishqiya (2010), Golmaal 3 (2010), F.A.L.T.U (2011), Double Dhamaal (2011), Jolly LLB (2013), Golmaal Again (2017) and Total Dhamaal (2019), and received critical recognition for his work in films including Sehar (2005), Kabul Express (2006), Dedh Ishqiya (2014) and Guddu Rangeela (2015). He is widely regarded by many as one of the most underrated actors in the Hindi film industry.

In addition to acting in films, Warsi has hosted the dance show Razzmatazz in 2001, Sabse Favourite Kaun in 2004 and the first season of the reality television show Bigg Boss for which he was awarded the Indian Television Academy Award for Best Anchor – Game/Quiz Show. He starred opposite Karisma Kapoor in the TV serial Karishma – The Miracles of Destiny (2003) and featured as a judge for Zara Nachke Dikha in 2010. Warsi is married to Maria Goretti since 1999 with whom he has two children.

Early life and education
Warsi was born into a Muslim family in Mumbai. His father, Ahmed Ali Khan (Ashiq Hussain), had worked as a musician in Hindi films and adopted the name Warsi after he became a follower of the Sufi saint Waris Ali Shah. Arshad is the half-brother of singer Anwar Hussain and actress Asha Sachdev from his father's first marriage to actress Ranjana Sachdev. He did his schooling at a boarding school, Barnes School, in Deolali, Nashik district, Maharashtra. He was orphaned at the age of 14 and struggled for a living in Bombay during his early days. He left school after 10th standard.

Early career
Financial circumstances forced Warsi to start work as a door-to-door cosmetics salesman at age 17. Later he worked in a photo-lab. Meanwhile, he developed a keen interest in dancing and received an offer to join Akbar Sami's Dance group in Mumbai, which started his dancing and choreographing in Thikana (1987) and Kaash (1987).

Then in 1991, he won the Indian dance competition, followed by the fourth prize in the Modern Jazz category in the 1992 World Dance championship, London, at the age of 21. Soon, he started his own dance studio, "Awesome" with that money and also formed a dance troupe. It was here that his future wife, Maria Goretti, a St. Andrew's College student, joined him before she became a VJ. He was also associated with English theatre group in Mumbai, choreographing shows for Bharat Dabholkar and got an opportunity to choreograph the title track for the film Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1993). During this time he was offered a role by Jaya Bachchan for Tere Mere Sapne.

Film career

He got his first offer to act in Amitabh Bachchan's production company, Amitabh Bachchan Corporation's first production Tere Mere Sapne in 1996. Before that he had made a small appearance as a dancer in a song in Aag Se Khelenge. He followed this by roles in films such as Betaabi (1997), Mere Do Anmol Ratan and Hero Hindustani (both 1998). His performance in P Vasu's Hogi Pyaar Ki Jeet (1999) was praised by Rediff.com's Suparn Verma. Warsi's next release was Madhur Bhandarkar's directorial debut Trishakti (1999). Completed in 3 years, the film performed poorly at the box office. His only film appearances of 2001 were in Ghaath, followed by Mujhe Meri Biwi Se Bachaao (2001) and Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani (2002). Most of these failed to do well at the box office. In Shashanka Ghosh's Waisa Bhi Hota Hai Part II, he played a common man who saves the life of a goon who is fatally shot. Ronjita Kulkarni wrote that he gave a "winning performance".

In 2003, he rose to fame when he starred as Circuit to Munna Bhai (Sanjay Dutt) in Rajkumar Hirani's comedy Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. which turned out to be a huge box office success and gained him much critical acclaim and a nomination at the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor. He won the Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role for the same. Warsi said in an interview that had the film not worked, his career would have finished. His only release in 2004 was the comedy Hulchul which earned him the GIFA Best Comedian Award and nominations for the Screen Award for Best Actor, Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role and IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role. Warsi played an airport manager opposite Mahima Chaudhry in Samar Khan's Kuchh Meetha Ho Jaye (2005). His performance in Sehar was positively received by critics and Sanhita Paradkar of Rediff.com wrote that: "finally [he is] in a much-deserved lead role". In the same year he appeared as a supporting actor in the romantic comedies Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya? and Salaam Namaste. For the latter, he was nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor. He played a computer hacker in the Vivek Agnihotri-directed suspense thriller film Chocolate. Indrani Roy Mitra of Rediff.com said that Warsi gave a "commendable [performance]" in Vaah! Life Ho Toh Aisi! (2005).

Warsi collaborated with Rohit Shetty for Golmaal: Fun Unlimited (2006), which was the first installment of the Golmaal series. His next release was the comic thriller Anthony Kaun Hai?, directed by Raj Kaushal. The film drew from many Hollywood and Bollywood films and Warsi won praise from critics for his role of a conman. Raj Lalwani opined that the film "belongs to [him]" and that he was "one of the most underrated actors around". He once again teamed up with Rajkumar Hirani and Sanjay Dutt for Lage Raho Munna Bhai (2006), which won him his first Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role, IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor, Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role and Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor. His portrayal of a cameraman kidnapped by the Taliban in the counter-terrorism drama Kabul Express (2006), from Kabir Khan, won appreciation. H S Bunty wrote that Warsi "steals the show". Warsi appeared in the box office success comedy Dhamaal (2007). He played the role of a Pakistani footballer living in London in the sports drama Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal (2007). In director Jaideep Sen's comedy Krazzy 4, Warsi a person suffering from intermittent explosive disorder. The film failed to generate favourable reviews. Ameeta Gupta praised Warsi's performance in Deepak Shivdasani's comedy Mr. Black Mr. White (2008). He reteamed with Rohit Shetty for the comedy Golmaal Returns (2008). His first release of 2009 was Kisse Pyaar Karoon, followed by Ek Se Bure Do. He played lead role in Neeraj Vora-directed comedy Shortkut, a remake of the Malayalam film Udayananu Tharam (2005).

In 2010, Warsi won the Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor and was nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor and the IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor for the black-comedy Ishqiya. He appeared alongside Naseeruddin Shah and Vidya Balan. He produced and acted in Hum Tum Aur Ghost. The film received negative reviews and performed poorly financially. He once again collaborated with Rohit Shetty for the comedy Golmaal 3. It was a commercial success. Raja Sen opined that "Warsi [was] killing all the streetside-cred he's built up with bhai-sidekick roles by overdoing it." His 2011 releases include the comedies F.A.L.T.U and Double Dhamaal, which were both above-average grossers. The former was directed by Remo D'Souza and was inspired by the 2006 American comedy film Accepted, directed by Steve Pink. Preeti Arora called the latter a "huge disappointment".

His only film role in 2012 was in a guest appearance in Ajab Gazabb Love. CNN-IBN wrote that Warsi was "good and effective". His first release of 2013 was the action-thriller Zila Ghaziabad in which he played the role of a gangster. Charu Thakur criticised the film but praised Warsi's performance. He played a lawyer in the Subhash Kapoor-directed Jolly LLB, his first solo hit. Raja Sen wrote that he was "earnest to a fault". He was awarded the BIG Star Entertainment Award for Most Entertaining Actor in a Comedy Film (Male) and the IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role and Apsara Film Producers Guild Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role for his performance in the comedy drama. The film won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi. Warsi played an important role in the Amrit Sagar Chopra-directed sex comedy  (2013). He starred as the titular detective in Samir Tewari's comedy Mr Joe B. Carvalho opposite Soha Ali Khan. Panned by critics, the film failed to perform well at the box office. He starred in Abhishek Chaubey's Dedh Ishqiya (2014). He suffered a head injury while shooting an action scene for Manish Jha's comedy film The Legend of Michael Mishra. Ashish R Mohan's comedy Welcome to Karachi (2015) featured Warsi alongside Jackky Bhagnani and Lauren Gottlieb. Rohit Vats and Shubha Shetty-Saha lauded Warsi's acting and comic timing. Warsi's next superhit was Golmaal Again in 2017, in which he reprised the role of Madhav from previous Golmaal films, starring alongside Ajay Devgn, Tabu, Parineeti Chopra, Shreyas Talpade, Kunal Khemu and Tusshar Kapoor. It went on to become one of the year's highest grossers and was a blockbuster at the box office. After Golmaal Again, he went on to star in Bhaiyyaji Superhitt, Fraud Saiyaan, Total Dhamaal, Pagalpanti while film Zamaanat, a courtroom drama directed by S Ramanathan, is still unreleased. Arshad Warsi's latest release was in March 2022, the Akshay Kumar and Kriti Sanon starrer 'Bachchan Pandey'.

Television career
Warsi was the co-host of the dance show Razzmatazz (2001) on Zee TV. He starred opposite Karisma Kapoor in the TV serial Karishma – The Miracles of Destiny from 2003 to 2004. It aired on Sahara One. He hosted a popular award show Sabse Favourite Kaun (2004) for STAR Gold. He was the host of Bigg Boss 1 (2006), the Indian version of the reality television series Big Brother which was aired on Sony Entertainment. Warsi won the Indian Television Academy Award for Best Anchor—Game/Quiz Show for this. He has also done a small cameo on Disney Channel's television show Ishaan: Sapno Ko Awaaz De (2010).

Personal life

Arshad Warsi married Maria Goretti on 14 February 1999. They have two kids, son named Zeke Warsi, born on 10 August 2004 and daughter Zene Zoe Warsi, born on 2 May 2007. Zeke also, made a special appearance in Salaam Namaste. During his school days, Warsi was a national level gymnast.

Reception and in the media
Naseeruddin Shah said that: "He is easily the best all-round actor in this generation", while Vidya Balan said of Warsi: "He reminds me of the great European actors who can fit into any role. But he is completely under-utilised". In his book Hero Vol.2, Ashok Raj has called him "one of the most talented actors among today's breed". Despite being a well known actor, Warsi does not prefer giving auditions. Bhawana Somaaya has called him "one of the best three dancers of the Hindi film industry". Director Samir Tewari called him "the most underrated and un-utilised actor." Boman Irani also feels the same and called him a "natural and unique performer".

He considers himself a better serious actor than a comic one. He's also an avid biker and was part of a bikers' gang in school.

Filmography

Accolades

Warsi won the Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role in 2007. He has been awarded the Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role twice (in 2004 and 2007).

References

External links

 Arshad Warsi on Bollywood Hungama

1968 births
Indian male film actors
Indian male voice actors
Indian male singers
Indian male comedians
Indian television presenters
Living people
Male actors in Hindi cinema
Filmfare Awards winners
Male actors from Mumbai
Film producers from Mumbai
International Indian Film Academy Awards winners
Zee Cine Awards winners
Screen Awards winners
Singers from Mumbai
20th-century Indian male actors
21st-century Indian male actors
Indian Sunni Muslims
Indian Sufis

Arshad Warsi


Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani (, also Romanized as "Mohammad–Reza Shafi'i Kadkani") (born 10 October 1939) is an Iranian writer, poet, literary critic, editor, and translator.

Kadkani was born in Nishapur, Razavi Khorasan.

He is currently professor of literature at Tehran University.  Shafiei-Kadkani is known for his works on literary criticism and modern Persian poetry.

Education

Kadkani did not attend formal primary and secondary education. His parents sent him to classical religious schools at an age when others were going to formal government-sponsored primary and secondary schools. In interviews, he has credited his command of Persian and Arabic literature to his classical training.

He was spotted leafing through poetry books in a bookshop when a professor of literature noticed him—and impressed by Kadkani's vast command of Persian poetry—recommended that he formally pursue literature at the University of Mash-had.

Shafiei-Kadkani graduated from Tehran University with a doctorate degree in Persian literature.

He was a student of prominent figures such as Badiozzaman Forouzanfar, Mohammad Moin, and Parviz Natel-Khanlari.

Books

Kadkani has written several books on the art of poetry, the first of which was completed in 1955, and published about 10 years later. Two of his most famous books are the following.

 Poetry and Music
 Poetry and Imagination

Kadkani has also researched, edited and compiled several classical books of Persian poetry, including all major works of Attar. Kadkani dedicates some of these Attar volumes to his father.

In 2018, Kadkani published a 3-volume treatise on the Persian poet Hafez. Two of these are based on his lectures at the University of Tehran. The third consists of a collection of his notes on Hafez' poetic lexicon. Kadkani credits his mother for having introduced him to Hafez and dedicates this 3-volume work to her.

Poems

He started publishing his poems in local publications at an early age while still living in the Khorasan province of Iran.

Originally, he used the pen-name of "Sereshk", which in Persian can mean "tear". This pen-name was also based on the Persian abbreviation of his full name.
His most famous poem -- Happy Journeys!—has brought him international attention. It has decorated a wall in Leiden. It has also been inscribed on tombstones of many Persians, abroad and at home. (Use of poetry on tombstones is a long-standing tradition in the Persian-speaking world.)

See also

 Persian literature
 List of Persian poets and authors

References

External links

1939 births
Living people
Poets from Nishapur
20th-century Iranian historians
Iranian translators
Iranian literary critics
People related to Persian literature
Researchers of Persian literature
Faculty of Letters and Humanities of the University of Tehran alumni
Distinguished professors in Iran

Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani


Franz Schubert (original German title: Franz Schubert – Ein Leben in zwei Sätzen) is a 1953 Austrian film depicting composer Franz Schubert's life and work.

It was shot at the Rosenhügel Studios in Vienna with sets designed by the art director Leo Metzenbauer.

Plot
Franz Schubert works as an assistant teacher in the school led by his father.  In his spare time, however, the young man, who considers Ludwig van Beethoven to be his unattainable role model, devotes himself to writing music. As public acceptance is denied to him, his friends lobby at the music publisher Anton Diabelli for a public performance of Schubert's music. During a reception, at which Schubert performs his Ave Maria, he gets to know singer Therese Grob.

Schubert decides to quit the employment at his father's and, instead, to concentrate merely on music, and moves in his with friends, poets Franz von Schober and Moritz von Schwind and painter Johann Mayerhofer. There, he is inspired to set Johann Wolfgang von Goethes ballad Der Erlkönig to music.

Schubert friends encourage him to play his music in public. Schubert and Therese, who sings his songs, are made one. The two make a living with performing Schuberts songs. Schubert, though, develops doubts, whether he can express himself in songs appropriately, and so decides to turn to writing symphonies and operas. As Schubert applies for the position of a Vice Director of Music, Therese hands over to the Secretary of the Court Theatre Schuberts latest work, the Unfinished Symphony. Disagreements arise during the rehearsals for Schubert's latest opera, as the singer of the leading part considers the music too difficult to sing. Music publishers Tobias Haslinger and Anton Diabelli reject his music. Even his very promising application as a Vice Director of Music proves to be unsuccessful.

Thus, depressed Schubert decides to tour his songs in order to make a living. In this period of time, he writes the Winterreise.

After having returned, Schubert decides to have lessons in counterpoint with Beethoven, but shies away from contacting his idol. Shortly later, while being plagued by health problems, Schubert gets a visit from Beethoven's secretary Anton Schindler. Sickly Beethoven sends some Goethe poems to Schubert to be set in music, as Beethoven regards Schubert to be the better song composer.

As Schubert wants to visit Beethoven, he arrives too late: Beethoven has died. Schubert is one of the torchbearers during Beethoven's funeral. Suffering from more and more serious health problems, Schubert is no longer able to perceive the success of a public performance of his music. He dies one year after his idol.

Cast
Heinrich Schweiger: Franz Schubert
Aglaja Schmid: Therese Grob
Hans Thimig: Father Schubert
Karl Bosse: Heinrich Grob
Maria Eis: Madame Schechner
Rolf Wanka: Franz Schober
Louis Soldan: Moritz von Schwind
Michael Janisch: Bergmann
Anni Korin: Netty
Erwin Strahl: Johann Mayerhofer
Karl Mittner: Ferdinand Schubert
Fritz Hinz-Fabricius: Court opera singer Vogl
Richard Eybner: Secretary of the Court theatre
Chariklia Baxevanos: Young girl
Fritz Imhoff:
Senta Wengraf
Fred Hennings
Otto Treßler
Franz Pfaudler
Alma Seidler
Susanne Engelhart
Karl Ehmann
Marianne Gerzner
Franz Herterich
Gisa Wurm

External links

1953 films
1950s biographical drama films
Austrian biographical drama films
1950s German-language films
Biographical films about musicians
Films about classical music and musicians
Films directed by Walter Kolm-Veltée
Films shot in Vienna
Films set in Vienna
Films set in the 1810s
Films set in the 1820s
Film
Films about composers
1950s historical drama films
Austrian historical drama films
Films shot at Rosenhügel Studios

Franz Schubert (film)


Victor Joseph Planchon (12 January 1863, Paris -  1 February 1935, Lyon) was a French chemist. He worked with the Lumière brothers to develop a celluloid emulsion process.

Biography
At the age of fifteen, he joined the staff at a government laboratory in Paris; doing work for the patent office and customs. It was there that he learned chemistry and photography. In 1887, after a short stay at a similar laboratory in Arras, he went to Boulogne-sur-Mer, where he later became Director of the Port Control Laboratory.

Originally interested in photographic plates, he switched to studying celluloid; attempting to create a completely flat surface. The solution involved self-tensioning frames, similar to those used for the glass plates. His technique was so successful that he founded a company to produce the new film: the Union Photographique de Boulogne. He was already acquainted with Louis Lumière so, after a meeting in Paris, he took a roll of the new film to Lyon, where the Lumières were inspired to create the cinematograph. This was followed by a contract between the two companies. The Lumières would use his film exclusively, and he would produce his film with their "Blue Label" plate emulsifier.

Shortly after, he settled in Lyon and established the "Société anonyme des Pellicules françaises", known as PLAVIC (PLAnchon VICtor). Through 1914, the company supplied millions of meters of film. To achieve this level of production, he built three groups of factories in Feyzin, which were capable of producing 40,000 meters per day, as well as preparing the necessary raw materials,

Following World War I, competition from the Pathé factories in Vincennes led Planchon to convert some of his factory output to the production of artificial silk, under the direction of , as he had no descendants of his own.

In 2012, the city of Boulogne-sur-Mer established the "Place Victor-Planchon". Two statues have been installed there; one of Planchon and one of Marilyn Monroe.

References

Further reading
 Association Jean Mitry, Victor Planchon, artisan & industriel du cinématographe chimiste, inventeur, photographe industriel à Boulogne-sur-Mer et Lyon, Ville de Boulogne-sur-Mer, Service de l'Animation de l'architecture et du patrimoine, 2008

External links

1863 births
1935 deaths
19th-century French chemists
19th-century French inventors
French industrialists
History of film
Scientists from Paris

Victor Planchon


Aeneas Soko Chigwedere () (25 November 1939 – 22 January 2021) was a Zimbabwean politician, historian, educationist, and traditional leader. He served as the Minister of Education, Sports, & Culture since August 2001, and was appointed the Resident Minister and Governor of Mashonaland East Province in August 2008. He was installed as Headman Svosve Mubayiwa on 10 March 2008. On 22 January 2021, he died at his farm near Marondera following COVID-19 related complications during the COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe.

Early life
Chigwedere was born in Hwedza district, Zimbabwe. His father was a teacher and had worked as a foreman at a commercial farm, and his mother was a communal farmer. His grandfather was the Chief of the area representing one of the senior houses of the Svosve dynasty. He was schooled at Chigwedere School, Chemhanza Mission, and Waddilove Institute before going to Goromonzi High School.

Zimbabwean and African history
Chigwedere enrolled at the University of London, College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, in 1962 as one of the 25 African students accepted then from Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi. As the first black student to be admitted to study for the History Honors program, from which he graduated in 1964, he strongly felt that he had a duty to work in producing an authentic history of Zimbabwe. He embarked on studying Chimurenga, the 1896–97 anticolonial war, in 1966 towards an MPhil degree. His main theme, contrary to colonial historians who had presented the war as a disjointed response to the 1890 colonisation, was that the war was a coordinated national traditional war: it was inspired by Murenga (the spirit at the Matopos) assisted by Mkwati, Kaguvi, Nehanda and Mbonga, all national Shona spirits; the fighting was led by chiefs with the Rozvis, the last national rulers, taking the command; the aim was to restore Shona sovereignty and Mudzinganyama had been selected to be installed as the national Rozvi chief in 1897; and the Shona targeted all foreign elements. Accordingly, Chigwedere argued that without painstakingly studying the organisation of traditional Shona society and unravelling who Murenga and Nehanda were, or what the Rozvi kingdom was, no meaningful exposition of the war could be made. His main contribution has been to unravelling both the substance and methods of studying precolonial Zimbabwean and African History.

His book From Mutapa to Rhodes (Macmillan 1980) gives the chronology of the precolonial history of Zimbabwe showing how the numerous clans and dynasties in Zimbabwe have a common ancestry, hence common national religious guardians. In addition to archival documents (on early oral tradition), the book reconstructs the history from extensive oral traditions, totemic history and praise poetry, traditional religion and its hierarchies, and traditional praise and war songs. Birth of Bantu Africa (Books for Africa 1982) pushes the thread back and demonstrates that most of the tribes in Southern Africa have common and traceable origins. The Karanga Empire (Books for Africa 1985) analyses in detail the origins, migrations, growth and segmentation of the Tongas and Kalangas.

Other works

Lobola: Pros and Cons (Books For Africa 1982);
The Forgotten Heroes of Chimurenga I (Mercury Press 1991);
The Abandoned Adolescents (Mutapa 1996);
British Betrayal of the Africans: Land, Cattle and Human Rights (Mutapa 2002).

He has authored a series of four textbooks, Dynamics of History I – IV (College Press), in use by Zimbabwe's high schools. He has written and presented numerous papers, conducted several history programs on national radio and television, and the most recent is being broadcast on Zimbabwe television weekly.

Education
Chigwedere joined the Ministry of Education as a high school teacher in 1965 and completed his graduate certificate in education in 1975. He taught briefly at Fletcher and Highfield, but spent most of his teaching career at Goromonzi High School where he rose to become the first black headmaster and principal from 1977 to 1986. Because Goromonzi was the oldest government school, and earlier on, the only school offering advanced level to blacks, Chigwedere's service at the school enabled him to teach and groom many of the persons who later became ministers, parliamentarians, business leaders in Zimbabwe. A short list of his students include his cabinet colleagues Charles Utete, Patrick Chinamasa, Simbarashe Mumbengegwi, Witness Mangwende, July Moyo, Simon Khaya Moyo, and other notables such as author Thompson Tsodzo, clerk of parliament Austin Zvoma, opposition leader Tendai Biti Group CEO For Logistixware  Jaweet Mahachi, cardiologist Jonathan Matenga, journalist Geoffrey Nyarota, and pioneer lawyers Chirunda and Chihambakwe.

Chigwedere was one of the founding members of the National Association of Secondary School Headmasters, served as the first Regional Chair for all Mashonaland and then National Chair up to 1986, and was elected a life member. He also served for a long time on the board of the National Museums and Monuments, chaired the board from 1984 to 1988, and in recognition of his service and studies, was awarded a special service certificate and honorary life membership. From 1987 to 1995, Chigwedere served as Deputy and then Regional Director of Education in the Ministry of Education, and retired early to pursue politics.

Politics
Chigwedere first joined ZANU in 1964 while at university. In 1985, he became Education Secretary for ZANU's Chaminuka District in Goromonzi. In 1993, he rose through the ZANU Marondera (and Wedza) structures from ward level to Secretary of Education for Mashonaland East Province. He contested and won the Wedza parliamentary seat in 1995 with the fourth largest vote count nationally. Among those he had beaten in the primaries was Chenjerai Hunzvi, leader of the war veterans association. He was re-elected to parliament in 2000 and 2005, and in 2008 became a non-constituency senator.

In 1996, he was appointed to chair the ZANU PF commission on education reform, and in 1999 became the Secretary for Administration in Mashonaland East. He was appointed Deputy Minister of Education in July 2000, and in August 2001, Chigwedere became the Minister of Education, Sport and Culture, Zimbabwe's largest ministry both in budget allocation and manpower. His mandate has been to redirect education curricula to suit Zimbabwe's current needs, to integrate culture and mainstream education, and restructure sporting organisations into sustainable accountable professional associations. With large-scale population movements that came with land redistribution, a big part of the Ministry's work has been establishing and reorganising schools in the new farming communities.

From 2003 to 2016, Chigwedere was placed on the United States sanctions list.

Following the March 2008 parliamentary election, Chigwedere was appointed Resident Minister and Governor of Mashonaland East Province by President Robert Mugabe on 25 August 2008; in this capacity, he also served as a Senator. He has also been retained as acting Minister of Education, Sport and Culture.

Traditional chief
Chigwedere descended from one of the senior houses of the Svosve Chieftainship, which has retained its direct connection to the Mutapas that were the national rulers. The Svosve Chieftainship covers the territory traditionally defined by all tributaries that flow into Ruzawi River, down to the Save River – this covers all Marondera and Wedza with Rusike, Mangwende and Makoni to the East, Seke, Chihota and Nenguwo to the North and West, and Nyashanu and the Njanja chiefs to the South. The House of Mubayiwa, which Chigwedere represented, was entrusted with ruling and safekeeping of all the territory encompassing the Wedza mountain and what was referred to as 'kumatirikoti'. Today that territory includes the five wards stretching from the Save river to the south, through Wedza mountain to Marondera along the Watershed road, including repossessed commercial farmland. After being anointed as the successor in 1973 when the last chief was installed, Chigwedere officially took over the reins in March 2008 at a grand ceremony where he received the royal traditional regalia and sacred items entrusted to the chief. He has appointed a council to rule for the duration that he still has political office.

Controversy
Chigwedere attracted controversy and criticism as minister for once suggesting that all students should wear one uniform, for attempting to rename schools that still bear colonial names, and for pushing an act that empowers him to regulate the fees charged by government and private schools. He claimed some of his suggestions have been attempts to dampen the effects of hyperinflation on the education system.

Chigwedere once upheld a primary school headmaster's decision to expel a 7-year old Rastafarian boy because he felt that the boy's dreadlocks did not conform to the school dress. The decision was overturned by the Supreme Court.
Chigwedere also had a TV Program Madzinza e Zimbabwe which traced the lineages of the Zimbabwean clans. The problem came when some historians and academics mostly white academics in the early 2000s who viewed Chigwedere as an academic outcast. He was criticised by scholars from the department of history at the University of Zimbabwe such as David Beach and Terence Ranger for reportedly flawed theories. At one point in time, he attracted attention when he quoted a spirit medium in his academic presentation.

References

 https://web.archive.org/web/20061004060159/http://www.moesc.gov.zw/eduminister/minister.htm
 http://www.ibe.unesco.org/international/ICE47/English/MesMOE/messages/zimbabwe.html
 "Zimbabwe: Private Schools Shut Over High Fees" by Michael Wines, in The New York Times, 5 May 2004.

1939 births
2021 deaths
Government ministers of Zimbabwe
ZANU–PF politicians
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe

Aeneas Chigwedere