is a 1964 Japanese anthology horror film directed by Masaki Kobayashi. It is based on stories from Lafcadio Hearn's collections of Japanese folk tales, mainly Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things (1904), for which it is named. The film consists of four separate and unrelated stories. Kwaidan is an archaic transliteration of the term , meaning "ghost story". Receiving critical acclaim, the film won the Special Jury Prize at the 1965 Cannes Film Festival, and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Foreign Language Film.

Plot

"The Black Hair"
 was adapted from "The Reconciliation" and "The Corpse Rider", which appeared in Hearn's collection Shadowings (1900).

An impoverished swordsman in Kyoto divorces his wife, a weaver, and leaves her for a woman of a wealthy family to attain greater social status. However, despite his new wealthy status, the swordsman's second marriage proves to be unhappy. His new wife is shown to be callous and selfish. The swordsman regrets leaving his more devoted and patient ex-wife.

The second wife is furious when she realizes that the swordsman not only married her to obtain her family's wealth, but also still longs for his old life in Kyoto with his ex-wife. When he is told to go into the chambers to reconcile with her, the swordsman refuses, stating his intent to return home and reconcile with his ex-wife. He points out his foolish behavior and poverty as the reasons why he reacted the way he did. The swordsman informs his lady-in-waiting to tell his second wife that their marriage is over and she can return to her parents in shame.

After a few years, the swordsman returns to find his home, and his wife, largely unchanged. He reconciles with his ex-wife, who refuses to let him punish himself. She mentions that Kyoto has "changed" and that they only have "a moment" together, but does not elaborate further. She assures him that she understood that he only left her in order to bring income to their home. The two happily exchange wonderful stories about the past and the future until the swordsman falls asleep. He wakes up the following day only to discover that he had been sleeping next to his ex-wife's rotted corpse. Rapidly aging, he stumbles through the house, finding that it actually is in ruins and overgrown with weeds. He manages to escape, only to be attacked by his ex-wife's black hair.

"The Woman of the Snow"
 is an adaptation from Hearn's Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things (1903).

Two woodcutters named Minokichi and Mosaku take refuge in a boatman's hut during a snowstorm. Mosaku is killed by a . When the  turns to Minokichi she remarks that he is a handsome boy and takes pity by sparing him because of his youth. The  warns him to never mention what happened or she will kill him.

Minokichi returns home and never mentions that night. One day while cutting wood he comes across Yuki, a beautiful young woman travelling at sunset. She tells him that she is on her way to Edo, as she lost her family and has relatives there who can secure her a job as a lady-in-waiting. Minokichi offers to let her spend the night at his house with his mother. The mother takes a liking to Yuki and asks her to stay. She never leaves for Edo and Minokichi falls in love with her. The two marry and have children, living happily. The older women in the town are in awe over Yuki maintaining her youth even after having three children.

One night, Minokichi gives Yuki a set of sandals he has made. When she asks why he always gives her red ribbons on her sandals, he tells her of her youthful appearance. Yuki accepts the sandals and tries them on. She is stitching a kimono in the candlelight. In the light, Minokichi recalls the  and sees a resemblance between them. He tells her about the strange encounter. It is then that Yuki reveals herself to be the , and a snowstorm comes over the home. Despite the fact he broke his word, she refrains from killing him because of their children. Yuki then leaves Minokichi with the children, warning him to treat them well or she will return and kill him. She disappears into the snowstorm, leaving Minokichi heartbroken. Minokichi places her sandals outside in the snow, and after he goes back inside, they disappear as Yuki accepts them.

"Hoichi the Earless"
 is also adapted from Hearn's Kwaidan (though it incorporates aspects of The Tale of the Heike that are mentioned, but never translated, in Hearn's book).

Hoichi is a young blind musician who plays the . His specialty is singing the chant of The Tale of the Heike about the Battle of Dan-no-ura fought between the Taira and Minamoto clans during the last phase of the Genpei War. Hoichi is an attendant at a temple and is looked after the others there. One night he hears a sound and decides to play his instrument in the garden courtyard. A spectral samurai appears and tells him that his lord wishes to have a performance at his house. The samurai leads Hoichi to mysterious and ancient court. Another attendant notices that he went missing for the night as his dinner was not touched. The samurai re-appears on the next night to take Hoichi and affirms that he has not told anyone. Afterwards, the priest asks Hoichi why he goes out at night but Hoichi will not tell him. One night, Hoichi leaves in a storm and his friends follow him and discover he has been going to a graveyard and reciting the Tale of Heike to the court of the dead Emperor. Hoichi informs the court that it takes many nights to chant the entire epic. They direct him to chant the final battle - the battle of Dan-no-ura. His friends drag him home as he refuses to leave before his performance is completed.

The priest tell Hoichi he is in great danger and that this was a vast illusion from the spirit of the dead. They tell Hoichi that if he obeys them again they will tear him to pieces. Concerned for Hoichi's safety, a priest and his acolyte write the text of the Heart Sutra on his entire body including his face to make him invisible to the ghosts and instruct him to meditate. The samurai re-appears and calls out for Hoichi. Hoichi does not answer. Hoichi's ears are visible to the samurai as they forgot to write the text on his ears. The samurai, wanting to bring back as much of Hoichi as possible, rips his ears off to show his lord his commands have been obeyed.

The next morning, the priest and the attendants see a trail of blood leading from the temple. The priest and the acolyte realize their error and believe the ears were a trade for Hoichi's life. They believe the spirits will now leave him alone.

A local lord attend at the temple with a full retinue. They have heard the story of Hoichi the earless and wish to hear him play his . He is brought to court of the lord. Hoichi says he will play to console the sorrowful spirits and allow them to rest.

The narrator indicates than many wealthy noble persons would come to the temple with large gifts of money and Hoichi-the-earless became a wealthy person.

"In a Cup of Tea"
 is adapted from Hearn's Kottō: Being Japanese Curios, with Sundry Cobwebs (1902).

Anticipating a visit from his publisher, a writer relates an old tale of an attendant of Lord Nakagawa Sadono named Sekinai. While Lord Nakagawa is on his way to make a New Year's visit, he halts with his train at a tea-house in Hakusan. While the party is resting there, Sekinai sees the face of a strange man in a cup of tea. Despite being perturbed, he drinks the cup.

Later, while Sekinai is guarding his Lord, the man whose face appeared in the tea reappears, calling himself Heinai Shikibu. Sekinai runs to tell the other attendants, but they laugh and tell him he is seeing things. Later that night at his own residence, Sekinai is visited by three ghostly attendants of Heinai Shikibu. He duels them and is nearly defeated, but the author notes the tale ends before things are resolved and suggests that he could write a complete ending, but prefers to leave the ending to the reader's imagination.

The publisher soon arrives and asks the Madame for the author, who is nowhere to be found. They both flee the scene in terror when they discover the author trapped inside a large jar of water.

Cast

Kurokami
 Michiyo Aratama as First wife
 Misako Watanabe as Second Wife
 Rentarō Mikuni as Husband
 Kenjiro Ishiyama as Father
 Ranko Akagi as Mother

Yuki-Onna
 Tatsuya Nakadai as Minokichi
 Keiko Kishi as the Yuki-Onna
 Yūko Mochizuki as Minokichi's mother
 Kin Sugai as Village woman
 Noriko Sengoku as Village woman

Miminashi Hōichi no Hanashi
 Katsuo Nakamura as Hoichi
 Tetsurō Tamba as Warrior
 Takashi Shimura as Head priest
 Yoichi Hayashi as Minamoto no Yoshitsune
 Kazuo Kitamura as Taira no Tomomori
 Yōsuke Kondō as Benkei

Chawan no naka
 Haruko Sugimura as Madame
 Osamu Takizawa as Author / Narrator
 Nakamura Ganjirō II as Publisher
 Noboru Nakaya as Shikibu Heinai
 Seiji Miyaguchi as Old man
 Kei Satō as Ghost samurai

Production
While he was a student, producer Shigeru Wakatsuki, founder, and CEO of Ninjin Club, converted the idea of a film adaptation of Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things. In 1964, Toho began a three-film deal with director Masaki Kobayashi that concluded with the production Kwaidan. Kobayashi worked with composer Takemitsu Toru for six month to produce the film's score. The film exhausted its budget three quarters into production, which led Kobayashi to sell his house.

Release
Kwaidan premiered at the Yūrakuza Theater, the most prestigious theater in central Tokyo on December 29, 1964. The roadshow version of Kwaidan was released theatrically in Japan on January 6, 1965 where it was distributed by Toho. The Japanese general release for Kwaidan began on February 27, 1965. Kwaidan was reedited to 125 minutes in the United States for its theatrical release which eliminated the segment "The Woman of the Snow" after the film's Los Angeles premiere. It was released in the United States on July 15, 1965 where it was distributed by Continental Distributing. Kwaidan was re-released theatrically in Japan on November 29, 1982 in Japan as part of Toho's 50th anniversary.

Reception

In Japan the film won Yoko Mizuki the Kinema Junpo award for Best Screenplay. It also won awards for Best Cinematography and Best Art Direction at the Mainichi Film Concours. The film won international awards including Special Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film at the Academy Awards.

In a 1967 review, the Monthly Film Bulletin commented on the colour in the film, stating that "it is not so much that the colour in Kwaidan is ravishing...as the way Kobayashi uses it to give these stories something of the quality of a legend." The review concluded that the Kwaidan was a film "whose details stay on in the mind long after one has seen it." Bosley Crowther, in a 1965 New York Times review stated that director Kobayashi "merits excited acclaim for his distinctly oriental cinematic artistry. So do the many designers and cameramen who worked with him. "Kwaidan" is a symphony of color and sound that is truly past compare." Variety described the film as "done in measured cadence and intense feeling" and that it was "a visually impressive tour-de-force."

From retrospective reviews,
In his review of Harakiri, Roger Ebert described Kwaidan as "an assembly of ghost stories that is among the most beautiful films I've seen".  Philip Kemp wrote in Sight & Sound that Kwaidan was "almost too beautiful to be scary" and that "each tale sustains its own individual mood; but all are unforgettably, hauntingly beautiful."

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Kwaidan holds an approval rating of 91%, based on 43 reviews, and an average rating of 7.8/10. Its consensus reads, "Exquisitely designed and fastidiously ornate, Masaki Kobayashi's ambitious anthology operates less as a frightening example of horror and more as a meditative tribute to Japanese folklore."

See also
 List of ghost films
 List of Japanese films of 1964
 List of Japanese submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
 List of submissions to the 38th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
 Hoichi the Earless

References

Footnotes

Sources

External links

 Kwaidan: No Way Out an essay by Geoffrey O'Brien at the Criterion Collection

Text of Lafcadio Hearn stories that were adapted for Kwaidan
The Reconciliation at K.Inadomi's Private Library
 The Story of Mimi-nashi-Hōichi at Gutenberg.org
 Yuki-Onna at Gutenberg.org, read at LibriVox
 In a Cup of Tea at Gutenberg.org

1964 horror films
1960s fantasy films
1960s supernatural horror films
Cultural depictions of Minamoto no Yoshitsune
Jidaigeki films
Films based on short fiction
Films directed by Masaki Kobayashi
Films set in Kyoto
Japanese ghost films
Japanese horror anthology films
Japanese fantasy films
Folk horror films
1960s Japanese-language films
1964 films
Toho films
Films scored by Toru Takemitsu
1960s Japanese films
Japanese films about revenge
Japanese supernatural horror films
Toho tokusatsu films
Tokusatsu films

Kwaidan (film)


Cicurina vespera is a rare species of spider in the family Dictynidae known by the common name Government Canyon Bat Cave meshweaver. It is endemic to Texas in the United States, where it is known from only one cave in Bexar County. This is one of nine invertebrates endemic to the karst caves of Bexar County that were federally listed as endangered species in the year 2000.

Only one specimen of this species was ever collected, a female. The type locality is Government Canyon Bat Cave in the Government Canyon State Natural Area.

The Bexar County karst cave invertebrates are troglobites, species that spend their entire lives in subterranean environments. The threats to all nine species are the same: habitat loss when the caves are filled in or quarried, and habitat degradation via pollution, alterations in water flow, and direct human interference.

References

Dictynidae
Endemic fauna of Texas
Bexar County, Texas
Cave spiders
Spiders of the United States
ESA endangered species
Spiders described in 1992

Cicurina vespera


In law, an appeal is the process in which cases are reviewed by a higher authority, where parties request a formal change to an official decision. Appeals function both as a process for error correction as well as a process of clarifying and interpreting law. Although appellate courts have existed for thousands of years, common law countries did not incorporate an affirmative right to appeal into their jurisprudence until the 19th century.

Terminology

American English and British English have diverged significantly on the topic of appellate terminology.  American cases go up "on appeal" and one "appeals from" (intransitive) or "appeals" (transitive) an order, award, judgment, or conviction, while decisions of British courts are said to be "under appeal" and one "appeals against" a judgment.  An American court disposes of an appeal with words like "judgment affirmed" (the appeal is without merit) or "judgment reversed" (the appeal has merit), while a British court disposes of an appeal with words like "appeal dismissed" (the appeal is without merit) or "appeal allowed" (the appeal has merit).

History
Appellate courts and other systems of error correction have existed for many millennia. During the first dynasty of Babylon, Hammurabi and his governors served as the highest appellate courts of the land. Ancient Roman law recognized the right to appeal in the Valerian and Porcian laws since 509 BC. Later it employed a complex hierarchy of appellate courts, where some appeals would be heard by the emperor. Additionally, appellate courts have existed in Japan since at least the Kamakura shogunate (1185–1333 CE). During this time, the shogunate established , a high appellate court to aid the state in adjudicating lawsuits.

Although some scholars argue that "the right to appeal is itself a substantive liberty interest", the notion of a right to appeal is a relatively recent advent in common law jurisdictions. Commentators have observed that common law jurisdictions were particularly "slow to incorporate a right to appeal into either its civil or criminal jurisprudence".

The idea of an appeal from court to court (as distinguished from court directly to the Crown) was unheard of in early English courts.  English common law courts eventually developed the writs of error and certiorari as routes to appellate relief, but both types of writs were severely limited in comparison to modern appeals in terms of availability, scope of review, and remedies afforded.  For example, writs of error were originally not available as a matter of right and were issued only upon the recommendation of the attorney general (which was initially discretionary but by modern times was regularly granted).  Certiorari was originally available only for summary offences; in the early 19th century, certiorari became available for indictable offences, but only to obtain relief before judgment.  Due to widespread dissatisfaction with writs (resulting in the introduction of at least 28 separate bills in Parliament), England switched over to appeals in civil cases in 1873, and in criminal cases in 1907.

The United States first created a system of federal appellate courts in 1789, but a federal right to appeal did not exist in the United States until 1889, when Congress passed the Judiciary Act to permit appeals in capital cases. Two years later, the right to appeals was extended to other criminal cases, and the United States courts of appeals were established to review decisions from district courts. Some states, such as Minnesota, still do not formally recognize a right to criminal appeals. The U.S. Supreme Court has repeatedly ruled that there is no federal constitutional right to an appeal.

Appellate procedure

Although some courts permit appeals at preliminary stages of litigation, most litigants appeal final orders and judgments from lower courts. A fundamental premise of many legal systems is that appellate courts review questions of law de novo, but appellate courts do not conduct independent fact-finding. Instead, appellate courts will generally defer to the record established by the trial court, unless some error occurred during the fact-finding process. Many jurisdictions provide a statutory or constitutional right for litigants to appeal adverse decisions. However, most jurisdictions also recognize that this right may be waived. In the United States, for example, litigants may waive the right to appeal, as long as the waiver is "considered and intelligent".

The appellate process usually begins when an appellate court grants a party's petition for review or petition for certiorari. Unlike trials, which many common law jurisdictions typically perform with a jury, appeals are generally presented to a judge, or a panel of judges. Before hearing oral argument, parties will generally submit legal briefs in which the parties present their arguments at length in writing. Appellate courts may also grant permission for an amicus curiae to submit a brief in support of a particular party or position. After submitting briefs, parties often have the opportunity to present an oral argument to a judge or panel of judges. During oral arguments, judges often ask questions to attorneys to challenge their arguments or to advance their own legal theories. After deliberating in chambers, appellate courts issue formal written opinions that resolve the legal issues presented for review.

The appeal may end with a reversal, in which the lower court's decision is found to be incorrect (resulting in the original judgement being vacated, and the lower court instructed to retry the case) or an affirmation, in which the lower court's decision is found to be correct.

Appellate courts

When considering cases on appeal, appellate courts generally affirm, reverse, or vacate the decision of a lower court. Some courts maintain a dual function, where they consider both appeals and matters of "first instance". For example, the Supreme Court of the United States primarily hears cases on appeal but retains original jurisdiction over a limited range of cases. Some jurisdictions maintain a system of intermediate appellate courts, which are subject to the review of higher appellate courts. The highest appellate court in a jurisdiction is sometimes referred to as a "court of last resort" or supreme court.

See also
 Appellate procedure in the United States
 Civil procedure
 Criminal appeal
 Judicial review
 List of legal topics
 Scope of review

Notes

References

Appellate review
Judiciaries
Lawsuits
Legal procedure

Appeal


City Hall is a historic government building located in the Downtown Salem District of Salem, Massachusetts.

The Greek Revival building was constructed in 1838, designed by architect Richard Bond (1797–1861). Salem City Hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

The City Council Chamber Room is located on the 2nd floor of Salem City Hall, serving as the site of bimonthly city council meetings and other regular board and commission meetings.

History
City Hall was built in 1837–38 under the supervision of Mayor Leverett Saltonstall and a committee appointed for that purpose. The cornerstone was laid on September 6, 1837. Artifacts buried beneath the cornerstone included copies of local newspapers, the Mayor's speech for the organization of City Government (May 9, 1836), and the new City Charter. The building was enlarged in 1878 by an extension in the rear which did not alter its appearance from the street. The extension doubled the size of the building and brought all existing city offices under one roof.

In 1837, under the administration of President Andrew Jackson, the United States Treasury held a surplus in the amount of nearly $40 million. This surplus was distributed to the various states, which in turn distributed this money to the cities and towns. City Hall was built from this surplus revenue, as Salem's share was nearly $34,000. The building and furnishings cost approximately $22,878 and when finished, and this is perhaps one of the few municipal structures in existence paid for without taxing the citizens.

City Hall was first occupied by the City Council on the evening of May 31, 1838. A formal dedication was held on June 8, 1838.

Since 1837, the building has served as the focal point for the decision making process in Salem. This two-story building was designed and constructed in the style of Greek Revival. The original dimensions were 32 feet high, 45 feet wide and 68 feet long. The side and rear elevations are unadorned brick while the main facade is dressed granite. Three bays wide, this facade is broken by four giant pilasters, one on each corner and one on either side of the recessed center bay. The bays are set with tall windows, 6 over 6. The central entrance is reached by a short flight of granite steps; a cast iron lamp on a bracket projects from above. The tall front double doors are made of mahogany with brass studs outlining the center panels.

In 1979 an expansion was done to house city archives. In 2010, an exterior elevator was installed to the back of the 1979 expansion. Handicapped access was installed to help modernize an existing historic public facility and to make Salem City Hall accessible to people with disabilities. These improvements were paid for with $300,000 from the U.S. Government. In 2012 a $2 million restoration was begun that was to be completed in 2013. This renovation will be for total exterior work & the repairs will replace or repair the brick walls, roof and windows on Salem City Hall.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Salem, Massachusetts

References

Buildings and structures in Salem, Massachusetts
City halls in Massachusetts
Government buildings completed in 1838
Salem
National Register of Historic Places in Salem, Massachusetts
1838 establishments in Massachusetts
1830s architecture in the United States
Neoclassical architecture in Massachusetts

City Hall (Salem, Massachusetts)


The Quaker Universalist Fellowship  is a religious organization serving predominantly individuals with an ongoing association with the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), a universalist understanding of Quaker teachings and traditions, and a commitment to religious pluralism. It has published books and periodicals from Landenberg, Pennsylvania since the 1980s.

It calls itself
 an informal gathering of persons who cherish the spirit of universality that has always been intrinsic to the Quaker faith
and says that its mission is
 to foster the understanding that within everyone is a directly accessible spiritual light that can lead people to equality, simplicity, justice, compassion and peace.

Somewhat different from the way the term Universalism is typically understood in Christian theology, Quaker universalism focuses on the "belief that there is a spirit of universal love in every person, and that a compassion-centered life is therefore available to people of all faiths and backgrounds."

Publications
 Margery Post Abbott, Lanny Jay, W. Norman Cooper, Waiting and resting in the true silence
 David Boulton, Militant seedbeds of early Quakerism : two essays
 Samuel D. Caldwell, That blessed principle : reflections on the uniqueness of Quaker universalism, 1988
 Avery Dulles, Revelation and the religions
 Rhoda R. Gilman, The universality of unknowing : Luther Askeland and the wordless way, 2007
 Douglas Gwyn, The Quaker dynamic : personal faith and corporate vision
 Gene Knudsen-Hoffman, Kingdon W. Swayne, Spirit and trauma : a universalist world view as an instrument of healing
 Margery Larrabee, There is a hunger : mutual spiritual friendship, 1994
 Carol P. MacCormack, Jack Mongar, Hildegard of Bingen, a 12th century holistic world view
 Anthony G Manousos, Islam from a Quaker perspective, 2002
 A. Ernest Morgan, Should Quakers receive the Good Samaritan into their membership?, 1998
 John Nicholson (Quaker writer), The place of prayer is a precious habitation, 1994
 David Rush, They too are Quakers : a survey of 199 nontheist Friends
 Daniel A. Seeger
 Quaker universalists : their ministry among Friends and in the world, 1989
 The boundaries of our faith : a reflection on the practice of goddess spirituality in New York Yearly Meeting, from the perspective of a Universalist Friend, 1991
 I have called you friends (John 15:15), 1997
 The mystical path : pilgrimage to the one who is always here, 2004
 Michael Anthony Sells, The generous Qur'an : ten selected suras
 Mulford Quickert Sibley
 and Rhoda Gilman, Authority and mysticism in Quaker and Buddhist thought : essays
 In praise of Gandhi : technology and the ordering of human relations, 2005
 Kingdon W Swayne, Universalism and me
 Elizabeth G. Watson, Journey to universalism
 Patricia A. Williams
 Hazardous engagement : God makes a Friend, 2006
 Universalism and religions, 2007

References

Quaker organizations based in the United States
Book publishing companies based in Pennsylvania
Christian groups with universalist beliefs
Religious organizations established in the 1980s
Publishing companies established in the 1980s

Quaker Universalist Fellowship


Alfonso "El Panameno" Joseph was born in the Republic of Panama, and immigrated to New York City at 11 years of age, where he studied music and became one of the forefront bassists of the Cuban bandleader Arsenio Rodríguez. Joseph is a featured guest in a major television production about the era of Afro-Cuban music at The Palladium in New York La Epoca.

Joseph's musical career began in the mid-1950s, learning and playing guitar with many Puerto Rican groups, "conjuntos", and playing diverse rhythmic variations of Puerto Rican music. He replaced the guitar strings with electronic strings and used the guitar as a bass, playing only the last four strings. With this convention, he became a bass player. Soon after, he graduated to Fender bass guitar and an Ampeg bass amplifier. Joseph was one of handful of bass players at that time, who introduced and popularized the bass guitar in the Latin, Jazz, Latin/Jazz and R&B venue.

Throughout the 1960s, Joseph performed at the Palladium and in the late Sixties and early Seventies, he performed at the Roseland Ballroom in New York. During the same era, he also played bass at Birdland, a club with regular jazz and Latin Jazz performances.

As a bass player and vocalist, Joseph accompanied several bandleaders and musicians during the main era of Latin music and Latin Jazz, including Arsenio Rodríguez and Candido. Arsenio Rodríguez was a Cuban tres guitarist, regarded as the originator of a Latin style called the son montuno. He taught Joseph the techniques of Cuban bass rhythms and syncopation. Joseph performed with Rodríguez at Carnegie Hall and recorded with him on Ansonia Records Arsenio Rodríguez y Su Conjunto, (Vol.2) and on Tico Records (Arsenio Dice... Arsenio Says). Candido, a Cuban Latin-Jazz percussionist, also coached and trained Joseph on Cuban bass rhythms and syncopation. Joseph recorded with Candido as vocalist, with Tito Puente conducting and playing vibes and timbales and he often substituted with Cachao on bass, (Tico Records, Candido's Latin McGuffas Dust).

After the death of his mentor, Arsenio Rodríguez, Joseph partially retreated from performing and relocated to the Litchfield Hills of northwestern Connecticut, dedicating most of his time to composing and orchestrating. Joseph has since relocated to Richmond, Virginia and has been working with his son - film director, producer, and  international instructor Josue Joseph on the international project called "La Epoca", which is about the Palladium-era in New York, and Afro-Cuban music and rhythms, as well as Mambo and Salsa as dances.

References

Living people
American bass guitarists
American entertainers of Cuban descent
American jazz musicians
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Guitarists from New York (state)
American male bass guitarists
American male jazz musicians

Alfonso Joseph


Stanton Park, previously known as Stanton Square, is a national park in Washington D.C. It is located at the intersection of Maryland Avenue and Massachusetts Avenue in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Northeast, Washington, D.C. It is bounded by 4th Street to the west and 6th Street to the east. North and south of the park are the respective westbound and eastbound lanes of C Street, NE.

The park is named after Edwin M. Stanton, the United States Secretary of War during the American Civil War, whose attempted later removal prompted the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson. Located in the center of Stanton Park is a statue of American Revolutionary War Major General Nathanael Greene. The park was included in Pierre L'Enfant's original plan for the city.

A playground is located in the western section of the park; a section in the eastern half is often used by dog walkers. The park is maintained by the National Park Service and as such, dogs are not allowed off-leash.

"Stanton Park" is also commonly used to describe the surrounding neighborhood. There are no official boundaries, but the Stanton Park Neighborhood Association represented the area from 2nd Street, NE to 10th Street, NE, and from East Capitol Street to H Street, NE.

See also
List of circles in Washington, D.C.
Pershing Park
Sonny Bono Park
Stead Park

References

Capitol Hill
Parks in Washington, D.C.
Urban public parks

Stanton Park


Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells.

Conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer, as are transformation and transduction, though these two other mechanisms do not involve cell-to-cell contact.

Bacterial conjugation was discovered by Nobel Prize winners Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum. They showed that the bacterium Escherichia coli entered a sexual phase during which it could share genetic information.

Bacterial conjugation is often incorrectly regarded as the equivalent of sexual reproduction, since it involves the exchange of genetic material. During conjugation the donor cell provides a conjugative or mobilizable genetic element that is most often a plasmid or transposon. Most conjugative plasmids have systems ensuring that the recipient cell does not already contain a similar element.

The genetic information transferred is often beneficial to the recipient. Benefits may include antibiotic resistance, xenobiotic tolerance or the ability to use new metabolites. Such beneficial plasmids may be considered bacterial endosymbionts. Other elements, however, may be viewed as bacterial parasites and conjugation as a mechanism evolved by them to allow for their spread.

Mechanism

The basic conjugative plasmid is the F-plasmid, or F-factor. The F-plasmid is an episome (a plasmid that can integrate itself into the bacterial chromosome) with a length of about 100,000 base pairs.

There can only be one copy of the F-plasmid in a given bacterium, either free or integrated, and bacteria that possess a copy are called F-positive or F-plus (denoted F+). Cells that lack F plasmids are called F-negative or F-minus (F-) and can function as recipient cells.

Inter-kingdom transfer
The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case of inter-kingdom conjugation.

For example, the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid of Agrobacterium and the root-tumor inducing (Ri) plasmid of A. rhizogenes contain genes that are capable of transferring to plant cells. These genes turn plant cells into factories producing chemicals used by the bacteria for nitrogen and energy. Infected cells form crown galls or root tumours, respectively. The Ti and Ri plasmids are thus endosymbionts of the bacteria, which are in turn endosymbionts (or parasites) of the infected plant.

Genetic engineering
Conjugation is a convenient means for transferring genetic material to a variety of targets. In laboratories successful transfers have been reported from bacteria to yeast, plants, mammalian cells, and isolated mammalian mitochondria.

Conjugation has advantages over other forms of genetic transfer. In plant engineering, Agrobacterium-like conjugation complements other standard vehicles such as tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). While TMV is capable of infecting many plant families these are primarily herbaceous dicots. Agrobacterium-like conjugation is also primarily used for dicots, but monocot recipients are not uncommon.

References

Bacteria
Horizontal gene transfer

Bacterial conjugation


Paloma Faith Blomfield (born 21 July 1981) is an English singer and actress. Her debut studio album, Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful?, was released in 2009 and was certified double platinum in the UK. The album spawned the singles "Stone Cold Sober", "New York", and "Upside Down", and earned Faith her first BRIT Award nomination in 2010.

In 2012, Faith released her second studio album, Fall to Grace, which charted at number two on the UK Albums Chart and earned her a double platinum certification. The album produced her first top ten single, "Picking Up the Pieces", the top twenty cover version of INXS's "Never Tear Us Apart", and earned her two BRIT Award nominations. In 2014, Faith released her third studio album, A Perfect Contradiction, which stands as her most successful album to date, also receiving a double platinum certification. The album spawned the hit singles "Can't Rely on You" and "Only Love Can Hurt Like This", with the latter also topping the charts in Australia. Her fourth studio album, The Architect, was released in 2017 and debuted at number one in the UK, becoming Faith's first number-one album. In 2020, she released her fifth studio album, Infinite Things.

In addition to her solo work, Faith collaborated with the duo Sigma on the 2014 single "Changing", which charted at number one in the UK, and DJ Sigala on "Lullaby", which reached the top ten in 2018. As an actress, she has appeared in St Trinian's (2007), The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus (2009), Dread (2009), Youth (2015), and Pennyworth (2019–2022). Faith was a judge on the fifth series of The Voice UK in 2016, and on The Voice Kids in 2020.

Early life
Paloma Faith Blomfield was born in the Hackney area of London on 21 July 1981, the daughter of an English mother and Spanish father. Both of her parents were raised in Norfolk. Her parents separated when she was two years old and divorced two years later. She was raised by her mother in Stoke Newington, although she maintains a close relationship with her paternal grandmother. As a child, she took ballet classes in Dalston. After completing her A-levels at City and Islington College, she went on to study for a degree in contemporary dance at the Northern School of Contemporary Dance in Leeds, while working as a hip-hop dancer at the nightclub LoveDough. She then studied for an MA in theatre directing at Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design and took various part-time jobs as a sales assistant at Agent Provocateur, a singer in a burlesque cabaret, a bartender, a life model, and a magician's assistant.

Music career

2007–2008: Career beginnings
Faith's first foray into music began when she mimicked famous soul and jazz singers including Etta James and Billie Holiday, whom she admires and cites as influences for her own work. She met her managers Jamie Binns and Christian Wåhlberg of Lateral Management in 2007. Binns had been tipped off by the producer Peanut, a client who had recently worked with Faith in his studio and been impressed. He met up with Faith shortly afterwards and was "completely blown away", later saying, "I wasn't sure what this girl was going to do – she was an actress and a singer – but there was just something about her in that artistic realness that when I came out of the meeting I called Christian and said, 'We have to do something with this girl!

During her time at college, Faith worked in a pub where the manager asked her to front his band, which they later called Paloma and the Penetrators. During a performance with the band at a cabaret show, she was scouted by an A&R man from Epic Records, who invited her to sing for the manager of the label. 20 minutes into the audition, she asked the manager to turn his phone off; when he refused, she walked out. The manager later called her and offered her a contract, claiming that he had seen many acts since their meeting but none had been as memorable as her. She turned down an opportunity to join Amy Winehouse's band in order to write and perform her own songs. Her first recognised work was the song "It's Christmas (and I Hate You)", which she recorded as a duet with Josh Weller in 2008.

2009–2013: Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful? and Fall to Grace

In June 2009, Faith released her debut single "Stone Cold Sober", which reached number 17 on the UK Singles Chart. Her second single, "New York", was released in September 2009, charting at number 15 in the UK. It was later re-released as an updated version featuring rapper Ghostface Killah. In September 2009, she released her debut album, Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful?, for which she wrote or co-wrote all of the songs in the UK, Sweden and America. It debuted at number 14 on the UK Albums Chart and later peaked at number nine, remaining in the chart for 16 weeks. and becoming BBC Radio 2's "Album of the Week" from 19 September 2009. She released her third single, the album's title track in December 2009. The song peaked at number 64 in the UK. In the same year, Faith appeared as a vocalist on Basement Jaxx's Scars album and American hip-hop artist MF Doom's album, Born Like This.

In March 2010, Faith released her fourth single "Upside Down", which reached number 55 in the UK. To promote the album, she embarked on her first headlining tour of the UK and Ireland commencing in March. The Times described the tour as being "full of theatrical artifice, but based on the rock-solid foundation of [Faith]'s sensational singing voice and a personality that sparkled like a rough diamond". She performed a live set for the BBC's Radio 2 Introduces... and gave an interview to host Dermot O'Leary. Faith performed at numerous festivals throughout that summer, including T4 on the Beach, the Cheltenham Jazz Festival and the 2010 iTunes Festival. In May 2010, Faith featured on the theme song "Keep Moving" to the 2010 British film 126.96.36.199, alongside Adam Deacon and Bashy. In October 2010, Faith released "Smoke & Mirrors" as the final single from her debut album.

In January 2011, Faith was nominated for British Female Solo Artist at the 2011 BRIT Awards, where she also performed "Forget You" alongside Cee Lo Green. She appeared on the charity single "Hard Times" with Plan B and Elton John in May 2011. In May 2012, Faith released her second studio album Fall to Grace. She enlisted record producers Nellee Hooper and Jake Gosling to work with her on the project. The album charted at number two on the UK Albums Chart. The album's first single "Picking Up the Pieces" reached number seven on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Faith's first top ten single. In May 2012, Faith joined The Voice UK as one of four guest mentors. She worked with coach Danny O'Donoghue during the battle rounds phase of the competition and also performed "Picking Up the Pieces" during the results show.

In August 2012, Faith released "30 Minute Love Affair" as the second single from Fall to Grace. She recorded a version of INXS's "Never Tear Us Apart" for a John Lewis advertisement, which began airing on television from September 2012. It was later included on the album as a single. Faith released "Just Be" as the fourth single from the album on in December 2012. She performed the track on Later... with Jools Holland. In early 2013, Faith embarked on a headline UK and Ireland tour in support of the album. She received two nominations at the 2013 BRIT Awards; for Best Female and for Best British Album for Fall to Grace. The album has been certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry for sales in excess of 700,000 copies.

2014–2021: A Perfect Contradiction, The Architect and Infinite Things

In January 2013, Faith revealed that she had begun to write her third studio album during her time in the US. Later that year, she headlined the Evolution Festival in Newcastle upon Tyne. In March 2014, Faith's third album A Perfect Contradiction was released. It became her fastest-selling album to date, debuting at number two in the UK and receiving a double platinum certification. The lead single "Can't Rely on You" produced by Pharrell Williams, became her second top ten in the UK. The album's second single "Only Love Can Hurt Like This", written by Diane Warren, became her most successful single to date, reaching number six in the UK, number one in Australia and number three in New Zealand. After the success of the single, the album reached a new peak of number four in Australia. The album's third single, "Trouble with My Baby" was released in August 2014.

In September 2014, British drum and bass duo Sigma released their single "Changing", featuring vocals from Faith. It debuted at number one in the UK, becoming her first UK number one single. In November 2014, a repackaged "Outsider's Edition" of her third album was released featuring four new songs including the single "Ready for the Good Life". The same month, Faith joined the charity group Band Aid 30 along with other British and Irish pop acts, recording a new version of the track "Do They Know It's Christmas?" to raise money for the 2014 Ebola crisis in West Africa. At the 2015 Brit Awards, Faith won the award for British Female Solo Artist, becoming her first win.

In June 2015, Faith confirmed that she had started the process of creating her fourth studio album. She made reference to Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin as inspirations for the record. In August 2015, it was announced that Faith would become a coach on The Voice UK. As well as her role on the show, Faith launched her own management and publishing company.

In August 2017, Faith returned with the lead single "Crybaby" from her fourth album entitled The Architect. The album was later released in November, debuting at number one on the UK Albums Chart, becoming Faith's first UK chart-topping album. Three further singles from the album have been released: "Guilty", "'Til I'm Done" and "Warrior". In February 2018, Faith released a collaboration with DJ Sigala, "Lullaby", which charted at number six in the UK, becoming her fourth top ten single as a lead artist and fifth overall. The following month, Faith covered the 1960s song "Make Your Own Kind of Music" by Mama Cass. It featured in a TV commercial by Škoda which was heavily played throughout the year, causing the track to chart at number 28 in the UK. In November 2018, Faith released a re-issue "Zeitgeist Edition" of The Architect, featuring six new songs including "Make Your Own Kind of Music", "Lullaby" and "Loyal".

In 2020, Faith reprised her role as a coach on The Voice UKs children's counterpart,  The Voice Kids for its fourth series. In August 2020, the title of her fifth studio album was announced as Infinite Things.

2023–present: The Glorification of Sadness
In October 2023 Faith confirmed the release of her lead single from her upcoming album "How You Leave a Man" would be released on 11 October. On the release date of the single Faith announced a nationwide tour that would begin in April 2024 and her sixth studio album would be released on 16 February 2024 titled The Glorification of Sadness. Faith has confirmed the album is inspired by the separation of her long term relationship.

Television and film career
In 2007, Faith appeared in an episode of the BBC police drama HolbyBlue portraying a thief. She was also cast as Andrea in St Trinian's in 2007. Faith was also cast in Terry Gilliam's The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus as Sally, the girlfriend of the Devil (played by Tom Waits) in 2009. She also appeared in the horror film Dread as Clara Thornhill. She later starred in the Channel 4 series Coming Up and the short film A Nice Touch. Of getting the part, she stated "I don't think they even knew I was an actress. I went to an audition and they said that they liked my interpretation of the character and I said, 'I'm just being myself'." In 2013, she appeared as cabaret performer Georgia, in a television adaptation of P. G. Wodehouse's Blandings (episode "The Crime Wave at Blandings") on the BBC. In 2015 she appeared as herself in Paolo Sorrentino's Youth. Later that year, Faith also appeared as Tinker Bell in the TV film Peter & Wendy, based on J. M. Barrie's novel Peter Pan.

In 2016, Faith became a judge on The Voice UK. She remained on the panel for one series, owing to her pregnancy. In 2017, Faith sang with Grace Davies' on Grace's original song, "Roots", on "The X Factor". In 2018, Faith was cast as  the lead villainess in the Epix series Pennyworth, a Batman prequel. She also voices Portia the goth poodle on 101 Dalmatian Street.

Artistry
Faith is known for her retro and eccentric style. She is a mezzo-soprano. Her music often blends soul and elements of jazz and gospel; she has been consequently compared to Amy Winehouse, Adele and Duffy.

Personal life
During an episode of The Voice UK, Faith claimed she once read an article that called music artist KT Tunstall old despite being only 27 at the time. As she was 27 herself at the time, Faith felt pressure to lie about her age when trying to acquire a record deal, and claimed to be 23. She later admitted to lying about her age, claiming, "I want to be judged for my music, not my age" and would frequently change her age on Wikipedia until a fan provided her birth certificate.

Faith married New Zealand chef Rian Haynes in 2005, though they separated after eight months and were divorced in 2009. She later said of the marriage, "It was just a young, frivolous thing. We were in our early twenties and we did something quickly and realised it was a mistake. But we're still close. I am still friends with him. All my other relationships were the ones that screwed me up, not that one!"

In August 2016, it was revealed that Faith was expecting her first child with long-term boyfriend Leyman Lahcine. She gave birth to a daughter in December 2016, entered into a relationship with Lahcine in 2017 and gave birth to a second daughter in February 2021. In an October 2023 interview with The Independent, Faith stated that she had split from Lachine after a 10 year relationship, but would not confirm that they had been married.

Discography

 Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful? (2009)
 Fall to Grace (2012)
 A Perfect Contradiction (2014)
 The Architect (2017)
 Infinite Things (2020)
 The Glorification of Sadness (2024)

Filmography

Film

Television

Tours
Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful Tour (2010)
Fall to Grace Tour (2012–13)
Paloma Faith Tour (2014–15)
The Architect Tour  (2018)
The Infinite Things Tour (2021)
The Age of Optimism Tour (2022)
 The Glorification of Sadness Tour (2024)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Paloma Faith portrait competition at BBC Blast

1981 births
Living people
English mezzo-sopranos
English soul singers
English women singer-songwriters
English singer-songwriters
English jazz singers
English cabaret pianists
English film actresses
English people of Spanish descent
English female dancers
English rock singers
English women pop singers
Musicians from Hackney Central
Actors from Hackney Central
Alumni of City and Islington College
Alumni of Central Saint Martins
People from Stoke Newington
English television actresses
Age controversies
Salespeople
British burlesque performers
Epic Records artists
RCA Records artists
Sony Music UK artists
Women rock singers
Singers from London
Third British Invasion artists
Brit Award winners
21st-century English actresses
21st-century English women singers
21st-century English singers
Musicians with dyslexia
Actors with dyslexia
English people with disabilities
21st-century women pianists

Paloma Faith


Statement has several meanings:

 The act of saying something; an expression in words.
 The thing stated; a declaration.
 A formal account, implying or claiming to be truthful.
 An official assessment of a situation.
In philosophy and logic, a statement is a sentence which declares that something meaningful is either true or false. See proposition.

Statement


Rock Academy is a private Christian school in San Diego, California, serving students from pre-kindergarten through grade 12. It is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges and the Association of Christian Schools International. As of 2016 it had 405 students.

History
The academy was founded in 2002 under the auspices of Rock Church, an evangelical megachurch founded in 2000 by Miles McPherson. The school opened in September 2002 in space rented from a Baptist church in the Linda Vista neighborhood of San Diego. At its opening the Rock had a student body of 38 students from kindergarten through 6th grade, as well as a preschool. Seventh and eighth grade students were added in 2003.

In 2007 the academy moved to its current home at 2277 Rosecrans Street, adjacent to the Rock Church in Liberty Station, the historic former Naval Training Center San Diego in Point Loma. It then expanded to serve high school students.

Activities

The Academy participates in athletics at the Division 6 (small school) level. In 2015 the Warriors went 8-3 in their division (8-man football) and reached the CIF finals for the San Diego area.

Controversy

In 2010 the Academy and the church were targets of a class action lawsuit by local residents of Liberty Station, claiming that the presence the school and church has harmed their property values.

In 2013 a civil lawsuit was filed alleging that four young girls had been molested by a teacher at the Rock Academy in 2009-10. The teacher was fired in 2010. There was a police investigation of the allegations in 2012, but no criminal charges were filed.

References

External links
 Official website

Private K-12 schools in California
Educational institutions established in 2002
2002 establishments in California
Point Loma, San Diego

Rock Academy


Tobias Williams (born November 19, 1959) is a former American football defensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the New York Jets in the 10th round of the 1983 NFL Draft. He played six seasons, as a defensive end and defensive tackle, all with the Patriots.

The 1987 season was interrupted by a labor dispute.  Soon after the strike began, the Patriots coaching staff accused Williams of throwing a beer bottle at replacement players during a confrontation at a union picket line. Williams missed training camp the next summer; the Patriots retained his rights but they gave him permission to negotiate with other teams. He signed with the Patriots just before the season began. He retired from professional football after that 1988 season.

Since the mid-1990s, he has been an assistant coach at several high schools in suburban Boston, as well as at Bridgewater State College, Dean College and the University at Buffalo.

He played college football at Nebraska.  His daughter Candace Williams was a star college basketball player with the University of New Hampshire Wildcats through the 2009-10 season.

References

External links
New England Patriots bio

1959 births
Living people
American football defensive tackles
American football defensive ends
Nebraska Cornhuskers football players
New England Patriots players
Buffalo Bulls football coaches

Toby Williams


David Arfon Jones is a senior climatologist at the Australian Bureau of Meteorology.

He initially studied mathematics and chemistry at university but changed to atmospheric studies. Jones obtained his PhD in Earth Science from the University of Melbourne, Australia in 1995.  He subsequently completed the postgraduate diploma in weather forecasting in 1995 at the Bureau of Meteorology. In 1995 Jones commenced work in the Climate Analysis Section of the Australian National Climate Centre, focusing on the automation of climate monitoring using objective analysis techniques. Subsequently he moved to the Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre in 1997 undertaking research on the variability and change of Australia's climate.

Jones became the supervisor of Climate Analysis at the Bureau of Meteorology in 2002. In this role he has promoted the automation of analysis, monitoring and forecasting products and the introduction of a range of innovative climate monitoring activities, with a focus on encouraging the interpretation of climate variability in the context of a rapidly changing climate.

Owing to the continued misrepresentation of climate change in the Australian media Jones has written a number of public pieces correcting or explaining climate change including in The Age, and in articles for the Australian Science Media Centre.

In 2006 Jones was awarded the National Australia Day Council Achievement Medallion.

References

External links
Australian Climate Change and Variability

Australian meteorologists
Living people
Australian climatologists
Year of birth missing (living people)

David A. Jones


Renato Brioschi (born 20 April 1948), also known as Renato dei Profeti, is an Italian singer, composer, musician and producer.

Born in Milan, the son of the sculptor Remo, Brioschi was founder, frontman and singer of the musical group I Profeti, with whom he got several hits in the late 1960s. In 1970 he recorded, with the name "Renato dei Profeti", ″Lady Barbara″; the song won the Un disco per l'estate festival and peaked at first place on the Italian hit parade, and following the success of the song Brioschi left the group to pursue a solo career. The same year he debuted as actor starring in Lady Barbara, a musicarello named after the song and directed by Mario Amendola.

After some successful singles, in 1974 Brioschi debuted as singer-songwriter with the song "Giochi senza età", which became a hit in France. In the following years he focused into composing and producing, and was the author of several hits for Alice, Eros Ramazzotti, Mia Martini, Fausto Leali, Viola Valentino among others. In the late 1980s he reprised his activity as a singer, first with his former group I Profeti for a short-lived reunion, later as a soloist.

References

External links

1948 births
Italian male singers
Italian pop singers
Italian composers
Italian male composers
Composers from Milan
Italian record producers
Living people

Renato Brioschi


Glass House Mountains National Park is a heritage-listed national park at Glass House Mountains, Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It is also known as Beerburrum Forest Reserve 1. It is  north of Brisbane and consists of a flat plain punctuated by rhyolite and trachyte volcanic plugs, the cores of extinct volcanoes that formed 26 million to 27 million years ago. The mountains would once have had pyroclastic exteriors, but these have eroded away.

The national park was established in 1994. On 23 June 2010 the Queensland Government announced the expansion of the park to include an additional . It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 May 2007.

Facilities
Camp grounds are available at Glass House Mountains township and Coochin Creek, west of Beerwah. Lookouts have been built at several of the summits. Walking tracks allow access to the summits of Mount Beerwah, Mount Tibrogargan and Mount Ngungun. Access is via the Steve Irwin Way exit from the Bruce Highway.

History
The Glass House Mountains are one of southeast Queensland's most impressive landmarks. They are situated  north of Brisbane and are a group of steep sided plugs of trachyte and rhyolite, once within volcanoes active in the early Tertiary Period. They have been exposed by wind and water erosion of the softer material of the cones and surrounding area and now rise dramatically from the flat coastal plain.

The mountains are central to the creation myths of the region and their spiritual and social importance and links to Indigenous people continues to this day.

The first European description of the Glass House Mountains was by Lieutenant (later Captain) James Cook, when he sailed north up the east coast of Australia on his voyage of discovery in the ship HM Bark Endeavour in 1770. The shape of the mountains reminded him of the huge glass furnaces (glasshouses) back in his native Yorkshire and he named them accordingly. In his log for 17 May 1770 he wrote:this place may always be found by three hills which lay to the northward of it in the latitude of 26 degrees 53 minutes south. These hills lay but a little way inland and not far from each other; they are very remarkable on account of their singular form of elevation which very much resembles glass houses which occasioned me giving them that name: the northernmost of the three is the highest and largest. There are likewise several other peaked hills inland to the northward of these but they are not nearly so remarkable.Nearly thirty years later, Lieutenant (later Captain) Matthew Flinders sailed up the coast in the sloop Norfolk. In his report to the Governor of New South Wales, Captain John Hunter, dated 14 July 1799 he wrote:At dusk Cape Moreton bore west two or three miles, and the highest glass house, whose peak was just topping over the distant land, had opened around it at 3 degrees west or 4 degrees north. Two Haycock like hummocks distinct from any other land opened soon after a few degrees to the southward.On 26 July Flinders took two sailors and the Aborigine Bungaree and landed on the shore with the intention of climbing Mount Tibrogargan. They climbed Mount Beerburrum before setting off for Tibrogargan, which they reached the next day, but which they did not climb.

On 29 November 1823 John Oxley entered observations of the Glass Houses in his field book. Allan Cunningham also mentioned them in his report of 15 July 1829.

In 1839-42 Andrew Petrie and Stephen Simpson explored the Glasshouse Mountains and in 1848 Andrew and John Petrie climbed Beerwah and left a note in a bottle at the summit. Petrie and naturalist Dr Ludwig Leichhardt visited the area in 1843 and 1844 and made geological and botanical observations.

The Glass House Mountains have been an inspiration for artists since they were first described by Cook, including the painting by Conrad Martens' Glasshouse Mountains, Moreton Bay. Numerous poems have been written about them and they have been the subjects of writings such as the short story, The Mountains Played, by Judith Wright.

The mountains have also been a popular subject for both amateur and professional photographers from the early years of photography to the present day. Recent musical works such as Robert Davidson's Tibrogargan and John Gilfedder's work Legend of the Tibrogargan testify to the continuing appeal of the mountains.

The proximity of the peaks to several large coastal population centres makes them destinations for tourists who participate in bushwalking, climbing and take-in the views from the mountains.

The Glass House Mountains provide islands of natural habitat for plants and animals. They conserve regionally significant areas of rhyolitic mountain vegetation that supports 26 plants that are rare, threatened or of conservation interest. The ridges, rocky pavements, scree slopes and gullies provide a variety of habitats for vegetation ranging from Eucalypt open forest to montane heaths and shrublands. The mountains also provide a habitat for many species of fauna, some of which are rare or endangered. The area now known as the Glass House Mountains National Park was first gazetted in 1954. Gazetted areas incorporated smaller parks such as Beerwah, Coonowrin, Ngungun and Tibrogargan. These smaller parks were amalgamated into the Glass House Mountains National Park in 1994.

Description

The Glass House Mountains are a group of dome shaped hills and conical peaks rising sharply above the surrounding sub-coastal lowlands. They are the remnants of rhyolite and trachyte volcanic plugs and are located in southeast Queensland  north of Brisbane and west of the townships of Glass House Mountains and Beerburrum.

Glass House Mountains National Park and Beerburrum Forest Reserve 1 covers eleven of the 16 Glass House Mountains and a small parcel of land known as Blue Gum Creek. The park is in eight sections ranging in size from  and in total cover an area of approximately .

Mount Tibrogargan () and Mount Cooee () are composed of alkali rhyolite. Mount Cooee has caves and there are the remains of an old trigonometry station at the summit. It is a habitat for the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus). Mount Tibrogargan is the third highest and is open for the public to climb.

Mount Beerwah () is composed of alkali trachyte. Near the top, there are large hexagonal cooling columns on its north side (the Organ Pipes). The mountain also has early timber trails and timber getters' campsites on the eastern side. It has caves and is also a peregrine falcon habitat. Mount Beerwah is the highest peak within the park; however public access to the "tourist track" in the National Park has been restricted since 2009.

Mount Ngungun () is composed of alkali rhyolite. This mountain also has good examples of vertical columnar jointing and has caves. There is evidence of early 1950s quarrying activities.

Mount Coonowrin (Crookneck) () is composed of alkali rhyolite. It has good examples of vertical columnar jointing and has caves. Timber and steel pitons left by climbers can be found, though the mountain is now closed to climbers. It is a habitat for the peregrine falcon. Mount Coonowrin is the second highest; however, public access to it has been prohibited since 1999 due to the danger of trachyte rock stability.

Mount Elimbah () is locally called Saddleback because of the saddle like dip between the peaks. It is composed of alkali rhyolite and right-angled trenches used for World War Two infantry training can be seen on the lower slopes

Blue Gum Creek is an area of about . It supports populations of the endangered swamp stringbark Eucalyptus conglomerata. It is an isolated species habitat for several vulnerable species of frogs including wallum froglet Crinia tinnula, wallum sedge frog Litoria olongburensis and Freycinet's frog Litoria freycineti and the rare green thighed frog Litoria brevipalmata.

Mount Miketeebumulgrai () is composed of porphyritic trachyte and provides feeding and nesting places for the black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami) and the rare grey goshawk (Accipiter novaehollandiae).

Mount Coochin, (as known as Coochin Hills) - west hill , east hill , is composed of alkali rhyolite and supports an area of the endangered plant species Leucopogon recurvisepalus.

Mount Beerburrum () is composed of porphyritic trachyte. The mountain has complex rainforest, with some endangered plant species such as Tindal's stringybark (Eucalyptus tindaliae), Pink bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia) and Smooth-barked apple (Angophora leiocarpa). Scribbly gum (Eucalyptus racemosa) is locally predominant in places, with the largest tract retained on Mount Beerburrum. The mountain has a forestry fire tower with a viewing platform at the summit.

Mount Tunbubudla, also known as the Twins (west twin , east twin ), is composed of alkali rhyolite. The majority of the mountain is covered in dry sclerophyll forest. There are also areas of exposed rock dominated by the rare Bronze-barked Tea Tree (Leptospermum luehmannii), a plant restricted to the Glasshouse Mountains.

Mount Tibberoowuccum () is composed of alkali rhyolite. The mountain is a dome-shaped rock surrounded by eucalypt open forest, as well as complex rainforest, although the area is not extensive. There is a small population of Narrow-leaf bitter-pea (Daviesia Mimosoides) present on the southern slope of the mountain. This shrub is widespread in Victoria and New South Wales, but rare in Queensland, and the Mount Tiberoocwuccum population is the most northerly known.

Other peaks include:
 Round Mountain
 Wild Horse Mountain,

Flora

The peaks support a diverse range of habitats including montane heath and shrubland, open forest and woodlands and small rainforest patches on some peaks.The montane heath is particularly rich in threatened and endemic species many of which can be found nowhere else. In total there are 26 species of rare vegetation on the heaths. The Glasshouse Mountains Tea Tree (Leptospermum leuhmanii) is restricted to the peaks and is notable for its beautiful smooth orange bark. The Mount Beerwah Mallee Red Gum (Eucalyptus kabiana) is also endemic and is named after the local Aboriginal Tribe and traditional owners the Kabi Kabi (pronounced Gubbi Gubbi). Other endemic plants include Gonocarpus effusus, Grevillea hodgei, Westringia grandifolia and Leptospermum oreophyllum.

Heritage listing
Glass House Mountains National Park and Beerburrum Forest Reserve 1 was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 May 2007 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

The Glass House Mountains as ancient landforms illustrate the evolution of the landscape and the geological history of volcanic activity in the area. Because of their size and distinctive form they are readily identifiable from a number of distant observation points from both land and sea and so have played an important role in navigation in connection with the European exploration of the east coast of Australia. Captain Cook sighted and named them in 1770. In 1799 Matthew Flinders also reported on the Glass House peaks and camped in the area. Other early explorers connected with them are John Oxley, Alan Cunningham, Andrew Petrie and Ludwig Leichhardt.

The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

The Glass House peaks are visually impressive, rising dramatically from a flat coastal plain and are landmarks that can be seen from as far away as the Scenic Rim on the Queensland and New South border and out to sea. Views of the mountains, and obtained from the mountains, are of high aesthetic value and have inspired countless paintings and photographs. Their majestic and eerie beauty continues to attract large numbers of visitors to the national park areas that contain them.

The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.

The Glass House peaks are central to the creation myths of the region and have a high degree of cultural significance to Indigenous people.

The wider community also values the mountains as recreational venues and their closeness to Brisbane and major centres on the Sunshine Coast have made them readily accessible to day-trippers. The peaks have for many years been popular destinations for people wanting to bushwalk, picnic and to enjoy the volcanic scenery.

See also

 Protected areas of Queensland

References

Attribution

External links

 Queensland Government Department of National Parks, Recreation, Sport and Racing / Parks
 Photos of Mount Beerwah, Glass House Mountains
 Australian National Heritage listing for Glass House Mountains Landscape

National Parks on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland

Protected areas established in 1994
Climbing areas of Australia
Australian National Heritage List
Queensland Heritage Register
Glass House Mountains, Queensland
Geology of Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
1994 establishments in Australia

Glass House Mountains National Park


Claudia Chan Shaw is an Australian-born fashion designer and television presenter of Chinese ancestry.

She was born in Annandale in the inner western suburbs of Sydney, studied at Fort Street High School, and visual communications design at Sydney College of the Arts and export marketing at Monash University. Her mother, Vivian Chan Shaw, designed and produced knitwear, and Claudia used her training to establish an export market for her mother's eponymous clothing label. They currently work as design and retail partners operating a knitwear boutique in Sydney's Queen Victoria Building.

Chan Shaw had appeared on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's (ABC) series Collectors as a guest in 2008, showcasing her collection of tin space toys and toy robots. When panellist Nicolle Warren left the show, Chan Shaw was asked to replace her and appeared in her first episode as a panellist on 14 February 2010.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Australian fashion designers
Australian women fashion designers
Australian television presenters
Australian women television presenters
Australian people of Chinese descent
People from the Inner West (Sydney)
Australian collectors
Toy collectors

Claudia Chan Shaw


The Saladin tithe, or the Aid of 1188, was a tax (more specifically a tallage) levied in England and, to some extent, France, in 1188, in response to the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin in 1187.

Background
In July 1187, the Kingdom of Jerusalem's army was defeated by Saladin at the Battle of Hattin; in October, Saladin captured Jerusalem itself. When news of the city's capture reached Europe by the end of the year, a new crusade was promulgated. In January 1188, Henry II of England and Philip II of France discussed the crusade at Le Mans, with Joscius, Archbishop of Tyre in attendance; on February 11, Henry began to organize the preaching of the crusade in England at Geddington. There he also discussed the "Saladin tithe."

Collection of the tithe
The Saladin tithe was a literal tithe of 10% on revenues and movable properties. The tithe was assessed by dioceses, rather than by shires, and local sheriffs had no role in the collection of the tithe. The money was collected instead by the local priest or bishop, the dean of the local church, the local baron, and a sergeant of the king, as well as, notably, a Knight Templar and a Knight Hospitaller, whose orders were especially concerned with the defense of the Holy Land. Assessments were made by oaths in rural areas, and by a jury in urban areas. Certain items were exempt from assessment:

This year each man shall give in alms a tenth of his revenues and movables with the exception of the arms, horses and garments of the knights, and likewise with the exception of the horses, books, garments and vestments, and all appurtenances of whatever sort used by clerks in divine service, and the precious stones belonging to both clerks and laymen.

Anyone who joined the crusade was exempt from the tithe altogether. This was meant to encourage participation, and many did indeed join in order to avoid the tallage. All other landowners, both clerics and laymen, had to pay the tithe; if anyone disagreed with the assessment of their property, they were imprisoned or excommunicated. While taxes were usually collected by the Exchequer, a separate office with ten tellers was set up to collect the tithe in Salisbury.

According to Gervase of Canterbury, £ was collected from Christians, and another £ was collected from Jews. The amount collected from Jews was more likely £, with another £ collected in 1190. . At the time, this was the largest-ever tax collected in England, although Henry had previously levied other taxes for assistance to the Holy Land, in 1166 and 1185. The tithe was extremely unpopular, despite the general acknowledgement that it was, at least in English eyes, for a worthy cause. Because assessments were made by dioceses, Baldwin of Exeter, the Archbishop of Canterbury, was especially blamed. He spent most of the year (perhaps wisely) in Wales, preaching the crusade, accompanied by the chronicler Giraldus Cambrensis.

The same tithe was levied in France, but Philip did not have the same centralized government there, and faced much opposition which he could not control. The tithe was also levied less successfully in England's territories in France. Henry suggested that William the Lion levy the tithe in Scotland, but William refused, as English power did not yet extend so far north as to force the tithe upon the Scots.

Aftermath
In the end, Henry never went on crusade. In 1189, he was involved in a war with Philip and his own son Richard the Lionheart, and was accused of spending the tithe on provisions for this war. Henry died later in the year before the crusade was underway; according to Girardus, this was divine punishment for such a harsh tithe. Richard succeeded him and found the treasury full, although he collected even more money by selling land and imposing various fines throughout England. Altogether, Henry and Richard succeeded in raising  silver marks with the Saladin tithe.

The subsequent Third Crusade helped capture the Mediterranean coast for the remnant of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, but King Richard could not conquer Jerusalem. On his return home he was taken hostage by Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor. In 1194, another massive tax was imposed on England in order to raise his ransom money. It was essentially a repeat of the Saladin tithe of 1188, but in this case the tax was set at the much higher rate of 25%. The same organizational structure and machinery of collection was used to raise money for King John's wars in France in 1207.

See also
 Taxation in medieval England

References

Further reading
, See also out of print 1st edition English Historical Documents, Volume 2. Oxford University Press, 1979.
 In print edition by Archon Books. 1971.

Third Crusade
Taxation in medieval England
Taxation in France
1188 in England
Medieval economics
1180s in France
Saladin
Richard I of England
Tithes

Saladin tithe


Jennifer Allen (born 1961) is an American author and commentator. She has worked for the NFL Network and as an on-air reporter. She is the daughter of football coach George Allen and sister of politician George Allen and football executive Bruce Allen.

Childhood
Allen grew up the only daughter and youngest child of professional football coach George Allen. She has three brothers. George Allen is a former United States Senator and Governor of Virginia. Bruce was the president and general manager of the Washington Redskins and previously the general manager of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Greg is a clinical psychologist.

Allen's mother came from French Tunisia and was of a Sephardic Jewish background, which became an issue in her brother's 2006 senatorial re-election campaign in Virginia.

Books
Allen is the author of three books, a collection of short stories, Better Get Your Angel On and a memoir, Fifth Quarter: The Scrimmage of a Football Coach's Daughter, describing her childhood as a coach's daughter and relationship that her family had with the members of the Los Angeles Rams and the Washington Redskins that her father coached; as well as the author of Hōkūle'a, Mālama Honua, A Voyage of Hope, a chronicle of the worldwide voyage of a Hawaiian sailing vessel, Hōkūleʻa, which is navigated without modern instruments.

Mālama Honua was published by Patagonia, Inc. in 2017. Mālama Honua, which means in "to care for the Earth", Hawaiian, documented the stories of original peoples and environmentalists in countries and island states around the globe.  In 2018, the book won the Independent Book Publishers Association Category: Nature and the Environment, Gold Award for non-fiction environmental writing.  It also earned Independent Book Publishers Association Silver Award for Coffee Table Book and the Foreword Indies Book Award in the category of Ecology and the Environment.

Pat Conroy called Fifth Quarter "the best book about football I've ever read—and Jennifer Allen never played a down in her life." In The Washington Post, Jonathan Yardley reviewed the book, noting that in writing about her father, she "illuminates his innermost soul and gives us not just a football coach but a human being."

The memoir contains claims that George held her by her feet over Niagara Falls, struck her boyfriend in the head with a pool cue, threw his brother Bruce through a glass sliding door, tackled his brother Gregory, breaking his collarbone, and dragged Jennifer upstairs by her hair. In the book, she wrote, "George hoped someday to become a dentist...George said he saw dentistry as a perfect profession—getting paid to make people suffer."

In May 2006, Allen qualified some of the claims made in the book. With regards to the pool cue incident, she claimed it was a joke and that "Allen was simply testing her boyfriend's reflexes."
With regards to the dentist quote, Allen claims that the book was a "novelization of the past" and written from the perspective of a young girl "surrounded by older brothers and a larger-than-life father." She claims to have a great relationship with her brother and noted that George walked her down the aisle at her wedding.

Career
From 2004 to 2010, Allen contributed to the NFL Network as on-air reporter, focusing on the personal lives of coaches and families in the National Football League (NFL). In January 2006, she discussed how the firing of a head coach affects the coach's family, basing her commentary on her own experiences when her father was fired.

Since 1996, she has also periodically narrated and reported for NFL Films, including the 2013 "Fearsome Foursome" episode of A Football Life. Allen has contributed articles to The New York Times Magazine, George, Play, Rolling Stone, The New York Times, and The New Republic.

Her journalism has also been anthologized. "Dinner, New Year's Eve, 1968," appeared in Football, Great Writing About the National Sport. "Boys! Give Me Boys!" appeared in Because I Said So: 33 Mothers Write About Children, Sex, Men, Aging, Faith, Race, and Themselves, edited by Camille Peri and Kate Moses and published by HarperCollins in 2005. "Euro Disney: A Postcard" was published in Paris In Mind: Stories, Essays, and Reflections on the City of Paris, edited by Jennifer Lee and published by Vintage Books in 2003.

A graduate of New York University (NYU), Allen has taught fiction and non-fiction writing at NYU, Connecticut College, Bennington College, and the University of California, San Diego.

References

External links

Place of birth missing (living people)
1961 births
Living people
21st-century American memoirists
21st-century American women writers
American sportswriters
American women memoirists
National Football League announcers
NFL Network people
Allen family
American people of Tunisian-Jewish descent

Jennifer Allen


Evolution is a collection of short stories that work together to form an episodic science fiction novel by author Stephen Baxter.  It follows 565 million years of human evolution, from shrewlike mammals 65 million years in the past to the ultimate fate of humanity (and its descendants, both biological and non-biological) 500 million years in the future.

Plot summary
The book follows the evolution of mankind as it shapes surviving Purgatorius into tree dwellers, remoulds a group that drifts from Africa to a (then much closer) New World on a raft formed out of debris, and confronting others with a terrible dead end as ice clamps down on Antarctica.

The stream of DNA runs on elsewhere, where ape-like creatures in North Africa are forced out of their diminishing forests to come across grasslands where their distant descendants will later run joyously. At one point, hominids become sapient, and go on to develop technology, including an evolving universal constructor machine that goes to Mars and multiplies, and in an act of global ecophagy  consumes Mars by converting the planet into a mass of machinery that leaves the Solar system in search of new planets to assimilate. Human extinction (or the extinction of human culture) also occurs in the book, as well as the end of planet Earth and the rebirth of life on another planet.  (The extinction-level event that causes the human extinction is, indirectly, an eruption of the Rabaul caldera, coupled with various actions of humans themselves, some of which are only vaguely referred to, but implied to be a form of genetic engineering which removed the ability to reproduce with non-engineered humans.) Also to be found in Evolution are ponderous Romans, sapient dinosaurs, the last of the wild Neanderthals, a primate who witnesses the extinction of the dinosaurs, symbiotic primate-tree relationships, mole people, and primates who live on a Mars-like Earth. The final chapter witnesses the final fate of the last primate and the descendants of the replicator machines sent to Mars that are implied to have reached sentience and colonized the galaxy.
In the epilogue, Joan Useb (a paleontologist introduced in the prologue and in the intermission sections) discusses the philosophy of evolution with her daughter Lucy as they weather the aftermath of Rabaul on the Galapagos, where Charles Darwin made his observations leading to his landmark theory.

Reception
Peter Cannon reviewing for Publishers Weekly stated "here is a rigorously constructed hard SF novel where the question is not whether humanity will reach the stars but how it will survive its own worst tendencies." Kirkus Reviews called this novel "glum, dyspeptic, and depressing." Jackie Cassada said in her review for Library Journal that "spanning more than 165 million years and encompassing the entire planet, Baxter's ambitious saga provides both an exercise in painless paleontology and superb storytelling."

Evolution has been compared to Olaf Stapledon's Last and First Men. Baxter has acknowledged Stapledon's influence.

References

External links

 Lengthy review at http://www.indymedia.ie/article/74240

2002 British novels
Novels by Stephen Baxter
British post-apocalyptic novels
Novels about impact events
Novels about dinosaurs
2002 science fiction novels
2002 short story collections
Books about evolution
Evolution in popular culture
Evolutionary biology literature
Speculative evolution
Fiction about neanderthals
Fiction about dinosaurs
Novels about robots
Novels set on Mars
Apocalyptic novels
Novels set in prehistory
Orion Books books

Evolution (Baxter novel)


Bete-ombro, also known as tacobol, bets, or pau na lata, is a Brazilian form of street cricket. There are two teams of two players, one which has the bat, and the other having the ball, and there are two wickets.

Rules
A player from one team throws the ball from one wicket to the other, while a player from the other team holding a bat stands at the other wicket. The batter can hit the ball and then run between the wickets to score runs, while his partner does the same but crossing him. If the ball is thrown at a wicket before a player from the batting team gets to it, then the teams swap.

Related pages
 Plaquita

References

Cricket
Sport in Brazil

Bete-ombro


Acacia subulata, commonly known as awl-leaf wattle, is a shrub endemic to New South Wales in Australia.

The species grows to between 1 and 4 metres high and has phyllodes that measure 6 to 14 cm long and 0.8 to 1.5 mm wide. These are straight or slightly curved. The globular yellow flowerheads appear in racemes (groups of 3 to 11) in the phyllode axils predominantly from June to December. Plants may flower up to three times a year. These are followed by straight or slightly curved seed pods that are 4 to 18 cm long and 4 to 8 mm wide.

See also
List of Acacia species

References

subulata
Flora of New South Wales
Fabales of Australia
Taxa named by Aimé Bonpland

Acacia subulata


The Transatlantic Review (often styled the transatlantic review) was an influential monthly literary magazine edited by Ford Madox Ford in 1924. The magazine was based in Paris but was published in London by Gerald Duckworth and Company.

Although it published only 12 issues—one in each month in 1924—the magazine had an influential impact on early 20th-century English literature by publishing works such as an early extract from James Joyce's Finnegans Wake. The magazine also contained works by Djuna Barnes, Jean Cassou, H.D., Ernest Hemingway, Selma Lagerlöf, Jean Rhys, Gertrude Stein, and Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven. The magazine was funded by John Quinn, who had been persuaded by Ezra Pound to give money to Ford for the publication of a literary magazine. Ernest Hemingway was the guest editor of the August 1924 edition.

In 1959, Joseph F. McCrindle founded a literary magazine and named it the Transatlantic Review in honour of Ford's 1924 magazine.

References
Bernard J. Poli (1967). Ford Madox Ford and the Transatlantic Review (Syracuse University Press)

1924 disestablishments in France
1924 establishments in France
Defunct literary magazines published in the United Kingdom
Ford Madox Ford
Magazines established in 1924
Magazines disestablished in 1924
Magazines published in London
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom

The Transatlantic Review


St. Walfridus kerk is a church located in Bedum, Netherlands dedicated to Saint Walfridus. The church was founded ca. 1050.

Background

When Bedum became a place of pilgrimage because of the graves of martyrs Walfridus and Radfridus two churches were built, originally in wood; later, as stone and brick churches with improvements to the St Walfridus church into the 16th century because of its regional significance as a pilgrimage church. Of the chapel of Radfridus nothing remains above the ground, and the St. Walfridus church did not survive in good state either due to a downturn in pilgrimages after the 16th century.

Building detail

In ca. 1050 work started on a three-aisled cruciform basilica in Romanesque style, which was completed in the 12th century. Of this church only the tower remains. Traces of arches indicate that this tower originally was part of a reduced westwork, with spaces flanking the tower on both sides. These were demolished soon after. The tower leans forward, more than any other tower in the country. It is argued that the tower leans more than the Leaning Tower of Pisa, due to restoration at the latter site.

Of the original nave only a few pillars and a small piece of wall have survived. In ca. 1484 the church was enlarged into a two-aisled hall-church. The southern side-aisle was replaced by a new one in Gothic style which was of the same height and width as the nave. The southern transept-arm was renewed in the same style and completely integrated in the side-aisle. On the northern side either a lower side-aisle or a series of chapels was added. An incomplete transept-arm is still recognizable. In the first decades of the 16th century a new Gothic choir with an ambulatory was built, fit for the church's use by a chapter, which was demolished by the Protestants in ca. 1600. In about the same period the walls of the northern transept-arm were lowered and partly rebuilt. Later the complete northern wall was renewed.

The sagging of the tower has been a problem for a long time. In the 17th century buttresses were added, which already needed replacing in ca. 1800 and were again demolished in the 1850s. During a restoration in 1953-1958 a more permanent solution was found by adding an underground counter-weight. The same restoration resulted in the lozenge roof of the tower, which replaced a flat roof that had covered the tower ever since a fire destroyed the spire in 1911.

Notes

References

 St Walfridus, Meertens Institute, KNAW (Royal Netherlands Institute of Arts and Sciences), (article link translation from Dutch) accessed 30 August 2008
 History of the church (Dutch)

Churches in Groningen (province)
Rijksmonuments in Groningen (province)
Inclined towers
Towers completed in the 12th century

St. Walfriduskerk


HMS Dampier was a survey ship of the Royal Navy, named after the explorer, author and privateer, William Dampier (1652–1715). Originally intended as a  anti-aircraft frigate, the ship was in commission from 1948 to 1968, spending her entire career based at Singapore, carrying out survey work.

Construction
The ship was ordered on 23 January 1943 from Smiths Dock Company, South Bank, Middlesbrough, as the  Loch Eil. The ship was laid down on 7 August 1944, but the contract was then changed, and the ship was completed to a revised design as a Bay-class anti-aircraft frigate, and launched on 15 May 1945 as Herne Bay (K611). Work on the ship was suspended on 26 September 1945, and she was towed to Chatham Dockyard. In July 1946 work recommenced to convert her into a survey ship. She was renamed Dampier and assigned the pennant number A303.

Service history
Dampier was commissioned on 4 May 1948, and in June arrived at Singapore, which would be her home port for almost the next twenty years. There she was employed in carrying out oceanographic and hydrographic surveys around the coasts of Malaya, Borneo, and Hong Kong, in the South China and Java Seas, with annual refits in Hong Kong, and inspections at Singapore.

On 5 October 1967 Dampier finally left Singapore to return to the UK, arriving at Simon's Town, South Africa, on 17 November. A week later, after local exercises, it was discovered that the ship's starboard propeller shaft was broken. The ship was obliged to continue her voyage on only one shaft. At Freetown, Sierra Leone, she found that there was no suitable equipment available to make repairs. With only three weeks remaining to make the 3,000 miles back to England in time for Christmas, the ship took the unusual step of manufacturing and hoisting a set of sails. Three lug sails made from awning canvas were hoisted on 11 December, and four days later a set of square sails. With the assistance of this rig, Dampier arrived at Chatham on 23 December to be greeted by Flag Officer Medway and the Hydrographer of the Navy.

Dampier was decommissioned at Chatham on 31 January 1968 and reduced to the Reserve. The ship was later placed on the Disposal List, and then sold to a Belgian shipbreaker. She was towed away for breaking-up on 17 January 1969.

References

Publications

External links
 Photo of HMS Dampier

1945 ships
Bay-class frigates
Survey vessels of the Royal Navy

HMS Dampier


Thenpennai River is a river in Tamil Nadu in India. In the Hindu religion, this river is holy.

This river starts in Karnataka state in the Nanthidurga mountains. This river divides into two rivers at Thirukovilur. One river is called Kedilam and other is Thenpennai.

Rivers of India

Thenpennai River


Annington is a historic home located at Poolesville, Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. The house is constructed of brick, Flemish bond, consisting of three two-story sections: a main block three bays wide, a wing to the west two bays wide, and a wing to the east three bays wide. The house was built during the wheat boom of the early 1810s that the western counties of Maryland and nearby Virginia experienced with the opening of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. The Georgian house was built in about 1813, for Daniel Trundle, a planter, and member of the Maryland State Legislature for ten years. The site is a commanding one, overlooking the Potomac River, and during the American Civil War was a strategic lookout point and occupied by Union officers.

Annington was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

References

External links
, including photo in 1988, at Maryland Historical Trust website

Houses completed in 1813
Houses in Montgomery County, Maryland
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Georgian architecture in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Montgomery County, Maryland

Annington (Poolesville, Maryland)