Rodney Glenn Jones (born 1950) is an American poet and retired professor of English at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.

He was born and reared near Falkville, Alabama, gained a B.A. in 1971 at the University of Alabama and an M.F.A. at the University of North Carolina in 1973. He taught poetry at high schools in Tennessee, Alabama and Virginia from 1974 to 1978 and then became a writer in residence at Virginia Intermont College from 1979 to 1984. He was finally appointed Professor of English at the Southern Illinois University in Carbondale. He retired in 2012.

Jones was named a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and the winner of the 1989 National Book Critics Circle Award. His other honors include a Guggenheim Fellowship (1985), the Peter I.B. Lavan Award from the Academy of American Poets, the Jean Stein Award from the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, a Southeast Booksellers Association Award, and a Harper Lee Award.

Bibliography
 The Story They Told Us of Light (1980)
 The Unborn (1985)
 Transparent Gestures (1989)
 Apocalyptic Narrative (1993)
 Things That Happen Once (1996)
 Elegy for the Southern Drawl (1999)
 Kingdom of the Instant: Poems (2004)
 Salvation Blues (2006) (winner of the Kingsley Tufts Poetry Award, shortlisted for the 2007 International Griffin Poetry Prize)
 Imaginary Logic (2011)
 Village Prodigies (2017)

References

External links
 Griffin Poetry Prize biography
 Griffin Poetry Prize reading, including video clip
 Profile on Blackbird online journal Web site
 Announcement of Rodney Jones winning prestigious 2007 Kingsley Tufts Poetry Award in Southern Illinois University Carbondale News
 The winter of his content - interview with Rodney Jones in seMissiourian.com News
Rodney Jones, "An Absence I Know I Won't Reclaim". Southern Spaces, 22 January 2009.
 Video of Rodney Jones' reading at Boston Court Performing Arts Center in Pasadena, CA, 3/9/09, as featured on www.Poetry.la
 Poetry Foundation biography
 2012 Retirement Announcement for SIUC Faculty

1950 births
Living people
Writers from Alabama
People from Carbondale, Illinois
American academics of English literature
Southern Illinois University Carbondale faculty
Journalists from Illinois
People from Morgan County, Alabama
20th-century American poets

Rodney Jones (poet)


Pearl Elliott (October 21, 1887 – August 10, 1935) was a notorious madam of Kokomo, Indiana, United States.  She was best known as an early associate of the Prohibition era gangster Harry Pierpont and later of the bank robber John Dillinger.  Along with the gun moll Mary Kinder, she was one of two women listed on the Chicago Police Department's Public Enemies list in 1933.

Early life

Elliott was born October 21, 1887, in Hillisburg, Clinton County, Indiana, the daughter of John Newton and Mary Belle (Booker) McDonald. The family were residing in Ward 3 of the city of Frankfort, Clinton County, by 1900.

Elliott married Earl C. Crawford in 1907 in Coles County, Illinois. Her second marriage was to Charles E. McGath on December 20, 1911, in Logansport, Indiana. Her third marriage was to William Jasper Hughes on May 25, 1918, in Howard County, Indiana, and later that year the couple were living at 1601 North McCann, with Hughes'  occupation listed as laborer. By 1920, they were living at 518 Union Street in Kokomo, where his occupation was listed as a buyer and seller of horses. The following year, they were still at the same address, but he was listed as a horse buyer.

Elliott's fourth and last marriage was to George "Dewey" Elliott.

Operating Kokomo brothel
Elliott was well known to the local authorities in Kokomo, frequently appearing in the police blotter of the local paper, a record of arrests and other events at the police station. On November 30, 1929, she was a victim of a crime, when the radiator cap was stolen from her car while parked outside her residence, reported as 606 North Market Street. Elliott's home was raided by Kokomo police on the weekend of December 14, 1929, and she was charged with operating a house of ill fame.  The case was later dismissed by Judge George Shenk in the city court.

In the 1930 city directory of Kokomo, Elliott and her husband were listed as residing at 606 North Market Street. On September 16 of the same year, Elliot, along with Mrs. John Kiefer and Miss Bernice Rose were guests of Mrs. Sylvia Clevenger of Terre Haute. Clevenger would later figure in dealings with the Dillinger gang of bank robbers.

On September 18, 1931, Elliott was one of eight people taken into custody during a police raid of  Washington Street, where she was listed as an old offender.  She was charged with operating a disorderly house and pleaded guilty when brought before Judge Shenk. On December 22, 1931, Curly Keane, a local criminal who was arrested at Pearl's residence on North Washington Street, implicated himself in the robbery of a Peru grocery store. In the 1932 city directory of Kokomo, Elliott and her husband were listed as furnishing rooms at  North Washington.

Association with Harry Pierpont
At the time of a robbery of the South Side State Bank in Kokomo in 1925, Elliott reportedly harbored the bank robbers Harry Pierpont, Ted Skeer and Earl Northern at her boarding house on the corner of Washington and Madison streets. Shortly after their escape from the Indiana State Prison at Michigan City on September 26, 1933, there were reports that Pierpont and other members of the gang were in Kokomo at Elliott's home. In a jailhouse interview, Pierpont denied that he had any use for Elliott since his robbery in Kokomo in 1925.  He stated that he was in Kokomo the day after the prison break from Michigan City and visited Elliott's house on North Washington Street but did not find her there. She disappeared from the Kokomo area after the release of John Dillinger from the Lima, Ohio, jail by Pierpont and his associates. on October 12, 1933.

Association with John Dillinger

Elliott was alleged to be a 'treasurer' and advance 'fixer' for the Dillinger gang. In December 1933, Harold Trimby, arrested by police in Milwaukee, reported that Dillinger had been in that city two weeks previously.  Dillinger was reportedly in the company of Harry Pierpont, Russell Clark, Dewey Elliott and Pearl Elliott,  and the gang were in Milwaukee trying to dispose of $40,000 in bonds obtained in a robbery at Racine, Wisconsin, on November 20.

On December 28, 1933, Elliott was listed on Chicago Police Department's Public Enemies List, with orders to 'shoot to kill' as an associate of Dillinger.  Local police in Kokomo noted that she had been known to harbor criminals in the past, and just prior to the escape of the convicts from Michigan City, she had operated a barbecue north of Kokomo on Highway 31. On January 25, 1934, members of the Indiana State Police raided the boarding house formerly operated by Elliott, based on a tip that members of the gang were expected to be there.  The raid took place just hours before Dillinger and the rest of his gang were captured in Tucson, Arizona.

On February 16, 1934, Elliott eluded Peru, Indiana, police who had stationed a road block on U.S. Route 31 upon reports from Kokomo police that she had been seen heading in that direction. On March 3, 1934, John Dillinger escaped from the Crown Point, Indiana, jail.  For eighteen days, Dillinger, Pearl Elliott and Joseph Burns hid out in a Chicago apartment.  Two weeks advance rent was paid for the apartment by a woman identified as Elliott.

On March 24, 1934, a tip that a man resembling Dillinger was seen in Chicago travelling with a woman resembling Elliott failed to pan out. On April 5, 1934, Elliott was reportedly seen in Kokomo at a service station, where she was in the company of two men and was driving a Pontiac sedan.  Kokomo police reported that she was not wanted by local police, Chicago or Wisconsin officials at the time.

On July 25, 1934, Elliott was reportedly seen in Mooresville, Indiana, at the funeral of Dillinger. A correspondent from the International News service stated that she was with four other women of the Dillinger gang. The women were believed to be Irene Williams, Margaret Behrens, "Babe" Longacre and Mary Kinder.  Elliott was quoted as saying, "I came here for a last look at Johnny.  He never threw me down and I wouldn't do it on him."

Post Dillinger

In November 1934, news reports from Frankfort, Indiana said that Elliot was dying at her mother's home from an incurable disease. Her husband Dewey was reportedly living in Florida at the time.

Death

Elliott died August 10, 1935, at her mother's home in Clinton County, Indiana. She was buried in Greenlawn Cemetery in Clinton County.

References

Bibliography

1887 births
1935 deaths
American prostitutes
American female criminals
People from Kokomo, Indiana
People from Clinton County, Indiana
American female gangsters

Pearl Elliott


The Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law (Temporary Order) 5763 is an Israeli law first passed on 31 July 2003. The law makes inhabitants of the West Bank and Gaza Strip ineligible for the automatic granting of Israeli citizenship and residency permits that are usually available through marriage to an Israeli citizen (i.e., family reunification). It expired on 6 July 2021, but was reauthorized on 10 March 2022.

History
The law originated in a 2002 Cabinet order freezing the issue of citizenship on family reunification grounds between Israeli citizens and residents of areas governed by the Palestinian National Authority. The law was extended in mid-2005 but limited its scope to those families where the husband is under 35 years of age and the wife is under 25 years old. In the interim the law was tested against Israel's Basic Laws, which operate in a manner similar to a constitution, when the Association for Civil Rights in Israel, filed a 2003 petition to have the law struck down. Commenting on the law, Prime Minister Ariel Sharon said: "There's no need to hide behind security arguments. There's a need for the existence of a Jewish state." while Finance Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said: "Instead of making it easier for Palestinians who want to get citizenship, we should make the process much more difficult, in order to guarantee Israel's security and a Jewish majority in Israel."

The law was upheld in a split 6-5 High Court decision rendered in 2006, but the decision criticized a number of aspects of the law. In particular, the minority judgement, written by Chief Justice Aharon Barak, emphasized the temporary nature of the law's effect, arguing that "the appropriate goal of increasing security is not justifying severe harm to many thousands of Israeli citizens."

A draft bill to replace the law rather than seek a second renewal following the expiry of its application in January, 2007, sought to expand the areas targeted by the law beyond Palestinian Authority-controlled areas to include other regions with which Israel is in a state of military conflict.

The law was challenged again in 2007. A number of human rights organisations  and  public figures petitioned the Supreme Court arguing that the law violates the right to family life and the right to equality of Palestinian citizens of Israel. In 2012, the Court issued its decision rejecting the petitions and confirming the constitutionality of the law. The majority of the Court ruled that there was no violation of the right to family life or the right to equality. They further stated that to the extent that these rights are violated, the violation is considered proportionate and therefore justified according to section 8 of Basic Law: Human Dignity and Freedom. The majority justices explained that the Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip are considered to be "enemy nationals". This, for the majority, is considered a relevant distinction that justifies the law.

The outcome and the reasoning of this ruling by the Supreme Court has been criticised because of its negative implications for the constitutional rights of the Palestinian citizens of Israel. The majority justices in this decision treated the rights of the Palestinian citizens of Israel as though they are an immigrant non-citizen group and not a homeland indigenous minority.  The Court also discussed the role of demographic considerations and showed inclination to accept restricting the rights of the Palestinian citizens in order to preserve a Jewish majority among the population in Israel. It is argued that the arguments and justifications used by the Supreme Court  provide the building blocks for a legal framework that explicitly institutionalises separate hierarchical categories of citizenship.

The law expired on 6 July 2021, after the new coalition government headed by Naftali Bennett failed to muster enough votes for its extension; despite Yamina striking a deal with the coalition parties Ra'am, Labor Party and Meretz to let it pass in return for reducing the extension period to six months, granting A-5 visa to 1,600 Palestinian families, and resolving the issue of 9,700 Palestinians staying in the country from permission by the IDF. The opposition right-wing members from parties like Likud voted against the extension in order to humiliate the government, while the Arab Joint List and rebel Yamina MK Amichai Chikli also voted against it.

After the expiry of the law, the number of applications for residency increased but the Interior Minister Ayelet Shaked instructed the Population, Immigration and Border Authority to continue to act as if the law was still in place. On 11 January 2022, the Supreme Court issued an  order instructing the government "to act in accordance with existing law alone" and that "it is no longer authorized to act based on a law, emergency provisions or regulations that were issued pursuant to it as long as this law is not in effect."

The law was later reintroduced in Knesset and passed on 10 March 2022 by a 45–15 vote with the help of opposition lawmakers from Likud and the Religious Zionist Party, after Interior Minister Ayelet Shaked and Religious Zionist Party MK Simcha Rothman drafted a version that would be acceptable to the parties of the coalition government as well as the opposition. Coalition members Meretz and Ra'am voted against it. The new version allows the Interior Ministry to put quotas on permits granted under "exceptional humanitarian cases" and cancel permits of Palestinians for activities against the state like spying or terrorism.

Debate

Those in favor of the law, such as Ze'ev Boim, say it is aimed at preventing terrorist attacks and that "We have to maintain the state's democratic nature, but also its Jewish nature." In the Israeli Supreme Court decision on this matter, Deputy Chief Justice Mishael Cheshin argued that, "Israeli citizens [do not] enjoy a constitutional right to bring a foreign national into Israel ... and it is the right—moreover, it is the duty—of the state, of any state, to protect its residents from those wishing to harm them. And it derives from this that the state is entitled to prevent the immigration of enemy nationals into it—even if they are spouses of Israeli citizens—while it is waging an armed conflict with that same enemy."

Supporters also cite demographic concerns about the family reunification process. According to demographer Arnon Sofer, had the process continued unabated, 200,000 Palestinians would receive Israeli citizenship in the first decade alone, and the number of Palestinians in Israel would rise exponentially due to the law and high population growth. Within sixty years, Jews would be a minority within Israel (not including the West Bank and Gaza Strip), effectively destroying the Jewish character of the state.

Critics argue that the law is discriminatory because it disproportionately affects Israeli Arabs, since Israeli Arabs are far more likely to have spouses from the West Bank and Gaza Strip than other Israeli citizens. Such critics have included the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, which unanimously approved a resolution stating that the Israeli law violated an international human rights treaty against racism; and Amnesty International, which has argued that "[i]n its current form the law is discriminatory and violates fundamental principles of equality, human dignity, personal freedom and privacy, enshrined in the Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty, as well as the right of children to live with both parents, and other fundamental rights enshrined in international human rights treaties to which Israel is a party and which it is obliged to uphold." When the law was renewed in June 2008, the publisher of the Israeli daily Ha'aretz argued that its existence makes Israel into an apartheid state.

In January 2012, Arab Knesset member Jamal Zahalka expressed concern that the law would lead to large-scale emigration of Arab Israelis from Israel into Palestinian Authority areas, and claimed that Israel was taking advantage of the Supreme Court's decision to bring about an exodus of Arabs from Israel.

See also
Amendment No. 28 to the Entry Into Israel Law
Israeli nationality law
Visa policy of Israel
Visa requirements for Israeli citizens
Israeli passport
Israeli identity card
Who is a Jew?
Relationships between Jewish religious movements
Law of Return
Yom HaAliyah

References

External links
Unofficial translation of the full text of the law, from the Knesset site

Israeli immigration law
Politics of Israel

Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law


The Bashkir rebellion was one of the first major insurrection of the Bashkirs in the second half of the 17th century.

Causes of rebellion
Since the mid-16th century, the Bashkirs were vassals of the Tsardom of Russia. The main reason for the rebellion was the fear of losing patrimonial rights to lands received under the terms of accession to Russia as a result of the Russian expansion. The Bashkirs were also unhappy with the arbitrariness of the Ufa governor and complained about increasing taxes and abuse by officials during collections.

Place of the uprising

Distribution of the uprising in the territory of the middle reaches of the river Iset, Miass in the east to the middle reaches of the Kama River in the west, from the river Yaik (now the Urals) in the south to the river Chusovoi in the north.

Fighting
The uprising began in the summer of 1662 in the Urals. Bashkirs led by Sarah Mergena, Uraslanbek Bakkin and other leaders attacked Kataysky jail, Dalmatia Nev'yansky, monasteries Aramilsky, Irbitskoi, Belosludskuyu, Murzinskoe and other Settlements and managed to capture some of them. To fight the rebels, the royal government sent a large military force. Near the lake Irtyash they held a major battle. Another area of struggle was North Bashkortostan, where the rebels took the town of Kungur, Stepanovski jail, Vozdvizhenski and destroyed Russian villages, monasteries and towns along the river Sylva. The Uprising spread as the Nogai and Kazan Darugha road. The rebels, led by Gaura Akbulatov and Ulekeya Krivoy besieged the city of Ufa, Menzelinsk and other strongholds, villages and countryside. Against the Nogai and Kazan, the Bashkir government sent a large force led by Kazan warlord Prince Fyodor Volkonsky . Arriving in the city of Ufa, he sent death squads against the insurgents, and at the same time appealed to the Bashkirs to cease fighting. In autumn 1662 the majority of the Bashkirs agreed to the talks, which ended without result.

In the spring of 1663, the renewed uprising spread throughout the territory of Badzhgard. After deciding to continue the fight, the rebels tried to find allies. The Bashkir Siberian Darugha strengthen old ties with non-Russian peoples of the Trans-Urals. In addition, they established contact with the prince Kuciuk, great-grandson of Kuchum as well. At the time of the uprising, descendants of the last Siberian Khan Kuchum lived in south-east. Having lost the Siberian Khanate to Russia in 1598, the House of Siberia was looking for an opportunity to organize anti-Russian actions. Consequently, the uprising in Bashkiria from their point of view, was very welcome. On the move in 1662, they did not participate. But, since the winter of this year, one of them—the Siberian prince Kucuk—is among the Bashkirs Siberian Darugha. Kucuk appeared in the camp of the rebels after the death of their top leader Sarah Mergen in early 1663.

We know that the princes of Siberia, including Kucuk, did not represent a major force in the military sense. The rebels were trying, apparently, to use the Prince as a figure around which they could unite the mass of non-Russian Trans-Urals. It is no accident they were negotiating in parallel with the Kalmyks to get more help.

Trans-Ural rebels operating in the river basins Iset, Neiva, Irbit attacked forts, settlements, monasteries, established on Bashkir lands. The rebel Nogai and Kazan horsemen are still operating in the central and western region, near Ufa and the Trans-Kama fortresses. The residents of these roads were also looking for allies. They have established relationships with the Kalmyk taishas Daichin s and Ayuka. Bashkirs supported Mansi (Voguls), and Kungurskye Siberian Tatars, Mari, Kalmyks. The tsarist government once again offered the Bashkirs to negotiate. Rebels Nogai resumed talks with the commander of Ufa in autumn 1663. Their ambassadors Dinmukhamet Yulaev and Aktai Dosmuhametov in early 1664 went to Moscow and in February returned to grant charters, in which the king has granted the Nogai Bashkirs. The Bashkir Kazan Darugha began negotiations with the commander of Ufa in the summer of 1664. In autumn 1664 the Siberia Bashkirs also resumed talks with the tsarist authorities. Their ambassadors visited Tobolsk and entered into an agreement with the governor.

Results of the insurrection

The tsarist government, unable to defeat the rebels, was forced to meet their basic requirements. Ufa governor's Stolnik Andrei Volkonsky was prematurely removed from office, and replaced, at the request of the Bashkirs, by F.I. Somov. More significant was a concession to the government on the land issue: the patrimonial right to land of the Bashkirs was officially confirmed. The new governor was ordered to consider petitions by Bashkirs against land grab by Russian migrants and to meet their demands. The government also promised to end the abuses by tribute collectors as well.

See also
 Bashkir rebellion of 1704–1711
 Bashkir rebellion of 1735–1740

References

Sources
 Bashkir Rebellion 1662–1664 Biennium, Bashkir Encyclopedia
 Ustiugov NV, Bashkir rebellion 1662–1664 gg., To Sat: Historical Records, Vol 24, Moscow, 1947;
 Akmanov, I.G. Башкирские восстания XVII — начала XVIII вв. [Bashkir Rebellion 17th — Beginning of the 18th Century]. - Ufa Kitap, 1998.
 Akmanov, I.G. Башкирия в составе Российского государства в XVII — первой половине XVIII в. [Bashkortostan within the Russian state in the 17th — the first half of the 18th century]. - Sverdlovsk: in the Urals. University Press, 1991.

External links
 Bashkortostan: A Brief Encyclopedia
 Bashkortostan within the Russian State. Rebellion against oppression and violence
 Bashkir Rebellion
 Leaders of the Rebellion of the 17th and 18th Centuries. Bashkirs of Kazan Railway

1662 in Russia
1663 in Russia
1664 in Russia
Conflicts in 1662
Conflicts in 1663
Conflicts in 1664
17th-century rebellions
Rebellions in Russia
Rebellions against the Russian Empire
History of Bashkortostan

Bashkir rebellion of 1662–1664


Marc Sabat (born 22 September 1965) is a Canadian composer based in Berlin, Germany, since 1999.

Works
He has made concert music pieces, works with video, and installations with acoustic instruments and, in some recent pieces, computer-generated electronics, drawing inspiration from investigations of the sounding and perception of small number relations (Just Intonation), American folk and experimental musics, Minimal Art. His work is presented internationally in radio broadcasts and at festivals of new music including the Bludenzer Tage zeitgemäßer Musik, Donaueschinger Musiktage, MaerzMusik, Darmstadt and Carnegie Hall. His works do not fall into a single personal style, but they generally share a crystalline clarity of texture and a seek to focus listeners' perception of sounding structures into a process of musical 'thinking'. Sabat is a frequent collaborator, having worked often with visual artists and other composers, including brother painter and filmmaker Peter Sabat. Other collaborators include John Oswald (composer), Martin Arnold, Nicolas Fernandez, Matteo Fargion, Wolfgang von Schweinitz, Stefan Bartling, and Düsseldorf-based artist Lorenzo Pompa. Sabat's music may be heard on the Plainsound Music Edition YouTube Channel.

Research
Since the early 1990s, Sabat has been reinvestigating harmony by studying the theory and musical applications of Just Intonation. Together with Wolfgang von Schweinitz he conceived and developed a method of staff notation for JI ratios called The Extended Helmholtz-Ellis JI Pitch Notation. He has also studied JI intervals empirically on string and brass instruments, developing a list of so-called "tuneable intervals": ratios within a three-octave span which can readily be tuned by ear using electronic or acoustic sounds. These intervals appear frequently in Sabat's compositions and also are the basis of a self-tuning computer algorithm ("Micromaelodeon") which is currently under development. The HEJI notation was updated and slightly revised in 2020, in collaboration with Thomas Nicholson with contributions from Wolfgang von Schweinitz, Catherine Lamb and M.O. Abbott.

Recent projects
Recent projects include works for orchestra, chamber orchestra, and various ensembles. Sabat is one of few composers composing for larger forces with the sounds of extended just intonation.

Studies, teaching, residencies
Largely self-taught as a composer, Sabat studied violin at the University of Toronto, at the Juilliard School in New York, as well as working privately with improviser Malcolm Goldstein and composers James Tenney and Walter Zimmermann, among others. He attended courses in electronic and computer music at McGill University. In 2008-9 he took part in a postgraduate pilot project initiated by the Berlin University of the Arts, the Graduiertenschule für die Künste und die Wissenschaften.

He teaches courses in composition, acoustics and experimental intonation at the Universität der Künste Berlin, and has been a guest artist at the California Institute of the Arts, at the Liszt Academy Budapest, the Escola Superior in Barcelona, the Janáček Music Academy in Brno and the Paris Conservatoire. He has been a regular lector at the Ostrava Days Festival and Institute since 2017.

In fall 2010, he was artist-in-residence of the Villa Aurora in Los Angeles, followed in 2011 by a one-year Stipendium at the German Academy in Rome, Villa Massimo. Previous residencies include Akademie Schloss Solitude (1997–98, music juror: Christian Wolff), Herrenhaus Edenkoben (1996, music juror: Peter Eötvös).

Career as violinist
Beginning in the 1980s, Sabat has also been active as a performer on violin and adapted viola, concentrating primarily on American Experimental Music of the 20th Century, including his own work. He has recorded CDs of music by James Tenney, Morton Feldman, Christian Wolff, and Maria de Alvear, amongst others. In the 1990s, whilst living in Toronto, he formed a duo with pianist Stephen Clarke, as well as performing with the Modern Quartet and Arraymusic. In recent years Sabat for the most part has concentrated on creating and playing his own music. Together with colleagues Catherine Lamb and Rebecca Lane he is a founding member of the collective Harmonic Space Orchestra.

List of works

source:
 Official Worklist

References

External links
 Plainsound Music Edition

1965 births
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Experimental composers
Microtonal composers
Just intonation composers
Just tuning and intervals
Canadian classical composers
Canadian installation artists
Canadian video artists
Canadian sound artists
Living people
Artists from Ontario
Musicians from Kitchener, Ontario
Canadian expatriates in Germany
Canadian male classical composers
20th-century Canadian composers
Pupils of James Tenney
20th-century Canadian male musicians
21st-century Canadian male musicians

Marc Sabat


Ayao is an orisha in the Santería pantheon. She is the orisha of the air. Ayao is considered to reside in both the forest and in the eye of the tornado. She works closely with Osain and is a fierce warrior. Ayao has among her implements a crossbow with a serpent, a quill, and nine stones. She is commonly placed next to her sister, Oya. Her colors are brown and green. Ayao's cult was thought to be lost among various adherents; however, a growing number of olorichas have her in their possession.

Yoruba goddesses
Wind deities

Ayao


Doña María Tomasa Palafox y Portocarrero, Marquise of Villafranca and Duchess of Medina Sidonia (1780–1835), was a patron and muse of the painter Francisco de Goya y Lucientes and the wife of Francisco de Borja Álvarez de Toledo, 12th Marquis of Villafranca.

In his famous painting, Goya portrays the Marchioness de Villafranca as an artist with brush and maulstick in her hand. She has interrupted her work at the easel and leaning back in her armchair, she is scrutinising her model, her husband—invisible to the viewer—who is posing for his portrait. He must have been seated facing sideways with his profile to the artist, unable to turn the attention to his wife until the picture was done. Goya honoured his aristocratic "colleague" with the inscription of her name on the palette; he himself signed his work with his signature on the arm of the chair. The marchioness, who is fashionably dressed in the Empire style, was certainly more than just a dabbler in art. She was an honorary member of the Madrid Academy, which also honoured her with an award.

Ancestors

References

1780 births
1835 deaths
Maria Tomosa
House of Medina Sidonia
Palafox y Portocarrero, Maria
Spanish art patrons
19th-century philanthropists

María Tomasa Palafox, Marquise of Villafranca


The Wonder Effect is a collection of science fiction stories by American writers Frederik Pohl and Cyril M. Kornbluth, published by Ballantine Books in 1962.

The first novelette, "Critical Mass", is a science fiction piece by Pohl and Kornbluth first published in Galaxy Science Fiction magazine in February 1962, almost four years after Kornbluth's death.  According to a foreword by Pohl in the later collection Critical Mass, the story was assembled from notes Kornbluth made for three story ideas, plus one of Pohl's own from 1954. After Kornbluth's death, his widow turned over his story notes and drafts to Pohl, who completed a dozen or so stories based on this material, most of which were eventually collected in this volume and in the later Critical Mass.

Contents
 "Critical Mass" (from Galaxy Science Fiction, February 1962)
 "A Gentle Dying" (Galaxy Science Fiction, June 1961)
 "Nightmare with Zeppelins" (Galaxy Science Fiction, December 1958)
 "Best Friend" (Super Science Novels, May 1941)
 "The World of Myrion Flowers" (the Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, October 1961)
 "Trouble in Time" (Astonishing Stories, December 1940)
 "The Engineer" (Infinity Science Fiction, February 1956)
 "Mars-Tube" (Astonishing Stories, September 1941)
 "The Quaker Cannon" (Analog Science Fiction and Fact, August 1961)

1962 short story collections
Short story collections by Frederik Pohl
Short story collections by Cyril M. Kornbluth
Science fiction short story collections
Literary collaborations
Ballantine Books books

The Wonder Effect


A sidecar is a small, one-wheeled vehicle that attaches to the side of a motorcycle. This allows one or two additional passengers to be carried in the vehicle. The sidecar's wheel is not in line with any of the motorcycle's wheels.

German troops used many motorcycles with sidecars in World War II, from the BMW and Zündapp brands.

Motorcycles

Sidecar


was a Japanese film director best known in the West for his early films in the Super Giant series, and for his films in the ero guro ("erotic-grotesque") subgenre of pinku eiga such as Shogun's Joy of Torture (1968). He also directed the 1965 film Abashiri Prison, which helped to make Ken Takakura a major star in Japan. Referred to in Japan as "The King of Cult", Ishii had a much more prolific and eclectic career than was generally known in the West during his lifetime.

Early life
Born in Tokyo's Asakusa neighborhood in 1924, Ishii developed a love of cinema early. His parents would often take him to see foreign films, particularly French movies. Ishii worked at Toho Studios as an assistant director beginning in 1942. His film career was interrupted when he was sent to Manchuria during World War II to take aerial photographs for bombing runs.

Shintoho
In March, 1947 Ishii joined the newly founded Shintoho studios. Ishii would later recall his time with Shintoho as, "without doubt the most joyful period of my professional life." While at Shintoho he worked as assistant director to Mikio Naruse, whom he considered his mentor for the rest of his career. He also worked for director Hiroshi Shimizu and studied script writing with Shinichi Sekizawa, best known in the West for his entries in the Godzilla series. Ishii's directorial debut was in 1957 with the boxing film King of the Ring: The World of Glory (Ring no Oja: Eiko no Sekai).

He was next assigned to direct six installments in the children's science-fiction series, Super Giant. This nine-episode series was later re-packaged into four films for U.S. syndicated television as Starman. From 1958 to 1961 Ishii directed four films in the film-noir Line (Chitai) series. For the last of these films, Sexy Line (Sexy Chitai) (1961), Ishii took his cameras to the streets of Asakusa and Ginza, in order to film real life on location. The film has been called "sharp, witty and contagious" and "a lively portrait of the Tokyo underworld, populated by hookers, johns, crooks and cops and shot in cinéma-verité style."

Toei
Shintoho declared bankruptcy in 1961, forcing Ishii to seek employment at another studio. He moved to Toei Company where he directed Flower and Storm and Gang (Hana to Arashi to Gang) (1961), starring Ken Takakura. His 1965 Abashiri Bangaichi with Takakura would solidify that actor's stardom and give Ishii his biggest success of the 1960s. Ishii would go on to direct 10 of the 18 films in this series.

In 1968, Ishii initiated two popular, long-running series for Toei. In the first entry in the Hot Springs Geisha series (1968–1972), Ishii successfully replaced his usual "darkly sardonic cinematic style in favor of this light and frivolous 'mainstream' comedy about geisha masseuses operating inside a hotsprings resort." Ishii left this series to other directors. The Joys of Torture series (1968–1973), however, suited Ishii's taste. Beginning with Shogun's Joy of Torture (1968), Ishii directed all eight entries in the series, which examined the history of torture in Japan. A fan of the work of horror and suspense author Edogawa Rampo since childhood, Ishii adapted many of his horror stories into his films of this period, including Horrors of Malformed Men. The term ero-guro ("erotic-grotesque"), used to describe Rampo's writings, was also applied to Ishii's style in these films, and the term is still used to describe the most extreme of the S&M films in Japan. Of these, the Weissers comment, "The Ishii Torture movies are still the best-made, rivaled only by certain Kōji Wakamatsu productions (especially Torture Chronicles: 100 Years (1975)), a few from Masaru Konuma (i.e., Wife to be Sacrificed and Flower and Snake (both 1974)) and Go Ijuin's Captured For Sex 2 (1986)."

Ishii worked in several of Toei's popular genres during the 1970s, including a Pinky violent film with Reiko Ike, Female Yakuza Tale: Inquisition and Torture (1973), and one of Sonny Chiba's Street Fighter films in the mid-1970s, The Street Fighter's Last Revenge (Gyakushu! Satsujin Ken). Ishii made two contributions to the biker genre with Detonation! Violent Riders (1975) and Detonation! Violent Games (1976). After 1979 Ishii stopped making theatrical films and worked mainly for television during the 1980s.

Later career
Ishii returned to Toei in 1991 with the V-cinema film The Hit Man: Blood Smells Like Roses. In 1993 he made a film of Yoshiharu Tsuge's manga, Master of the Gensenkan Inn (Gensenkan Shujin), and in 1998 he filmed Tsuge's avant-garde manga, Wind-Up Type (Nejishiki). In 1999 he made Jigoku: Japanese Hell, using the trial of Aum sect leader Shoko Asahara as the main inspiration for the plot. Ishii's last film, The Blind Beast Vs The Dwarf (2001) was another based on the work of Edogawa Rampo.

Largely unknown outside Japan during much of his career, late in life, Ishii's work was discovered and gained admirers in the West. Ishii attended festivals devoted to his films given at the Far East Film Festival in Udine and at the Étrange Festival in France. In his later years, Ishii often spoke of a dream project, a gangster epic with Ken Takakura to be called Once Upon a Time in Japan. Ishii died August 12, 2005, before that project ever became a reality. Directing in a wide range of genres throughout his career, including martial arts, science fiction, horror, erotica, and film noir, Ishii's 83 films are a microcosm of popular cinematic trends in Japan during the second half of the twentieth century.

Filmography

References

Sources

 Tominaga, Shinichi. (2000). "Geishas, Motorcycle Gangs and Supergiants: The World of Teruo Ishii—A spirited discussion between Teruo Ishii and cult director Takao Nakano." (Interview conducted in Tokyo, February 2000) in Asian Cult Cinema, #28, July 2000, p. 48–62.

Monell Robert (2017) Bohachi Boshido https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/cinemadrome/viewtopic.php?p=1403#p1403

1924 births
2005 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer in Japan
Japanese film directors
Yakuza film directors
People from Taitō

Teruo Ishii


Mount Batten is a 24-metre (80-ft) tall outcrop of rock on a 600-metre (2000-ft) peninsula in Plymouth Sound, Devon, England, named after Sir William Batten (c.1600-1667), MP and  Surveyor of the Navy; it was previously known as How Stert.

After some redevelopment which started with the area coming under the control of the Plymouth Development Corporation for five years from 1993, the peninsula now has a marina and centre for sea sport.

The Mount Batten Breakwater (also referred to as Cattewater Breakwater and, incorrectly, Mount Batten Pier) to the west doubles as a breakwater for the Cattewater and Sutton Harbour. It was built in 1881 by the Cattewater Commissioners and subsequently refurbished by the Plymouth Development Corporation opening formally in 1995. The unveiling of the plaque by opening of a temporary curtain during the 1995 re-opening ceremony was done so by Tim Fulfit (age 10 at the time) who was a pupil selected from the local Hooe Primary School.

History

Early history
According to excavations reported by Barry Cunliffe in 1988, Mount Batten was the site of the earliest trade with Europe yet discovered in Bronze Age Britain, operating from the late Bronze Age, peaking in the late Iron Age Britain and continuing in operation throughout the Roman period. It appears to have been the primary route of entry to Bronze Age Britain for large quantities of continental commodities such as wine, and is therefore a speculative candidate for the trading centre of 'Ictis' reported by Diodorus Siculus and for the 'Tamaris' of Ptolemy's Geographia. Three fine British-made bronze mirrors were excavated on the peninsula, among many other ancient finds, but were lost in the Plymouth Blitz.

Coastal erosion

Before the Plymouth Breakwater was completed in 1841 and the Mount Batten Breakwater in 1881, the Mount Batten peninsula was subject to significant coastal erosion. In the 17th century, maintenance of the Cattewater required annual removal of silt and rubble which was dumped on the south side of Mount Batten. However, in 1633 and 1634 the Mount Batten isthmus was breached. A sea wall was built to resolve the problem but it wasn't until the breakwaters were built that the problem was finally solved.

Mount Batten Tower

In the later Medieval period, Mount Batten became an important defensive point for the developing settlement at Plymouth Harbour, providing a field of fire from across the other side of the Cattewater, the channel connecting the old town to the sea. In 1652, Mount Batten Tower, a 30-foot high circular artillery fort was built here; it is a Scheduled Ancient Monument.

Maritime incidents
In 1973, a short distance from Mount Batten, the Cattewater Wreck was discovered during dredging. Subsequent survey and excavation work indicated that the wreck was of a 200–300 ton merchantmen believed to have been lost in the early 16th Century. It has the distinction of being the first wreck to be protected under the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973.
On 16 February 1811, the frigate  wrecked on the ground near Cony Cliff Rocks, Mount Batten. Eight seamen lost their lives.

Quarrying at Mount Batten
Extensive quarrying took place at Mount Batten between 1839 and the mid-1860s. Stones from the quarry were used for building steam yards at HMNB Devonport. The quarrying substantially changed the local landscape and threatened the Mount Batten Tower. Following a petition from 53 leading citizens to the Admiralty, Lord Morley, the landowner, imposed restrictions on quarrying thereby saving the tower.

Mount Batten Breakwater

Work on the Mount Batten Breakwater (also referred to as Mount Batten Pier and Cattewater Breakwater) started in 1878 and was completed in 1881 at a total cost of £20,000. It is 915 feet (279 metres) in length and the foundations are 20 feet (6 metres) below the low tide mark. The breakwater was promoted by the Cattewater Commissioners who were responsible for shipping in the area. During the air-station years the breakwater was closed to the public and used, for a period, to store flying boats. In 1995 the breakwater was refurbished and re-opened to the public.

The breakwater is a popular site for local anglers and for those watching ships using the Plymouth Sound. Boats in the Fastnet and Americas Cup, can also be viewed. In August each year, the breakwater is used for the British Firework Championships.

Early tourism
The coastal walk to Jennycliff and local inns, originally built to service those working on the quarries, helped make Mount Batten an increasingly popular destination for Plymothians. During one bank holiday in 1906, some 10,000 visitors took the ferry to the area. This fledgling tourist industry came to an abrupt end when the area was closed to the public.

The air-station years (1913–1986)
Seaplane trials first took place around Mount Batten as early as 1913 and an air-station was subsequently developed. A local commemorative display poster cites the following names and years for the air station:

 1913–1918 as RNAS Cattewater
 1918–1928 as RAF Cattewater
 1928–1986 as RAF Mount Batten

Between 1917 and 1945, with some gaps, it was a flying boat base for both the Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy. The RAF operated search and rescue launches from the base. T. E. Lawrence was stationed there under the moniker Aircraftsman Shaw.

Shorts Sunderland flying boats of the Royal Australian Air Force operated from RAF Mount Batten during World War II, taking part in the Battle of the Atlantic. The RAF finally left in 1986.

Recent history
The former RAF Mount Batten site was transferred to the Plymouth Development Corporation in 1992.

In 1999, the Mount Batten Sailing and Watersports Centre opened on the site of the former sergeants' mess. The peninsula is also home to a small residential community with 22 houses, Spinnaker Quay, dating from 2001.

References

Geography of Plymouth, Devon
Former populated places in Devon

Mount Batten


"Bože pravde" ;  ; "God of Justice") is the national anthem of Serbia, enshrined in Article 7 of the Constitution. It has been around since the 19th century; the music was composed by Slovene musician Davorin Jenko (Davorin Yenko) and the lyrics were written by Jovan Đorđević (Yovan Gyorgyevich) in 1872. Ten years later, it was first adopted when the Kingdom of Serbia was formed, which then lasted until 1919, a year after the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (then known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) was formed. It was fully relinquished in 1945 and was replaced by "Hej, Slaveni!".
Shortly after Serbia and Montenegro split, "Bože pravde" was readopted in November 2006.

Lyrics

References

Other websites

 Parliament of Serbia  A page featuring sheet music for Brass Band, and for Orchestra with mixed choir, as well as an instrumental file

1870s songs
European anthems
National symbols of Serbia

Bože Pravde


Male Pčelice (Serbian Cyrillic: Мале Пчелице) is an urban neighborhood of Kragujevac. It is located in Kragujevac's municipality of Stanovo.

Location and Divisions
Male Pčelice (Novo Naselje and Staro Selo) is one of the most populous single neighborhoods of Kragujevac. In general, Male Pčelice is bordered by the Korićani and Drača to the west, Veliko Polje to the south and Stanovo to the east.

History
Until the 1990s, Male Pčelice was a suburb of Kragujevac, a separate, extremely fast growing town (population 1948: 683; 1953: 668; 1961: 720; 1971: 2,274; 1981: 5,006 ), so it was administratively annexed to the Kragujevac City proper, becoming local community within the city, connected Male Pčelice and the rest of Kragujevac into one continuous built-up area. In 2005 local community of Male Pčelice had a population of 6,333, which was 20% of the population in the urban section of the Stanovo municipality. Male Pčelice is mostly residential area.

Kragujevac neighborhoods

Male Pčelice


Patrick O'Flanagan (born 1947 in Dublin, Ireland) is an Irish geographer and academic.

Career
He is emeritus professor of the Department of Geography at University College Cork, Ireland. He was the former Head of this department. At present, he contributes regularly to the Socio-Territorial Research Group at the University of Santiago de Compostela (Galicia).

His research is mainly focused on Atlantic Europe - with a particular interest in Galicia and Atlantic Iberia - from the perspective of cultural and historical Geography. O'Flanagan helped to define and standardise the actual concept of Atlantic Europe. Other research deals with comparative evolution of port cities, rural change, housing and settlement studies.

Partial bibliography

The Living Landscape, Kilgalligan, Erris, County Mayo, (with S. O Cathain), Dublin, 1974.
Rural Ireland, 1600-1900: Modernization and Change, (with P. Ferguson and K. Whelan), Cork, 1987.
Bandon, Irish Historic Towns Atlas, No.3, Dublin, 1988.
Cork, History and Society, (with N. Buttimer), Cork, 1993.
Xeografía Histórica de Galicia, Xerais, Vigo, 1996.
"Galicia en el marco geográfico y histórico de la Europa Atlántica", in Xeográfica I, pp. 115–133, Santiago de Compostela, 2001.
Port cities of Atlantic Iberia, c. 1500-1900, Aldershot, 2008.

References

External links
"Profile of Professor Patrick O'Flanagan at UCC"

See also
Atlantic Europe

Irish geographers
Academics of University College Cork
1947 births
20th-century Irish people
21st-century Irish people
Living people
Cultural geographers

Patrick O'Flanagan


Dharambir Singh (born 10 December 1990) is an Indian male sprinter.  In July 2016, he set a new national record for India when he won the 200 metres race at the Indian Grand Prix in Bengaluru.
His time of 20.45 seconds was under the 20.50 seconds qualifying threshold for the 200 metres race in the 2016 Summer Olympics. He became the first competitor for India to qualify for the 200 metres at the Olympics in 36 years.

However, on 2 August 2016 Singh failed to board his flight to Rio de Janeiro, and was reported to have failed a drug test. The following day India's National Anti-Doping Agency announced that an unnamed athlete had failed a drug test.
This would be Singh's second doping offence, and he was stripped of his 2012 National Inter-state gold medal because of not going to a compulsory drug test and also handed an eight-year ban.

References

1990 births
Living people
Indian male sprinters
Olympic athletes for India
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for India

Dharambir Singh


Dilbagh Singh is a Punjabi language singer-songwriter and film actor. Singh was born in Delhi, but is currently based in Mumbai, India.

Musical career
In 2014, Dilbagh Singh gave the hit song "Thodi Jinni Peeti Hai". Dilbagh Singh sang the hit song "Mari Gali" for the soundtrack of the 2015 film Tanu Weds Manu: Returns. In 2016, Singh was a celebrity judge at the Delhi College of Arts and Commerce's auditions for the Oppo Delhi Times Fresh Face 2016 competition.

Singh claims Kishore Kumar, Jagjit Singh, and Gurdas Mann as among his musical inspirations. Singh typically performs eight to ten international shows abroad in a year, and double that in India. Despite being a Punjabi singer, he has also performed in states such as Tamil Nadu, Hyderabad, Assam and West Bengal.

Singh has also acted in a Bollywood movie in the year 2018 which costars Rahul Bagga, rajpal yadav and Mustaq Khan. He was initially signed for just lending his voice to the songs in the movie, but the filmmakers soon realised that Singh's jovial nature suited a character in the movie and they brought him on board as an actor also.

References

Living people
Punjabi-language singers
Male actors from Delhi
Punjabi-language lyricists
Year of birth missing (living people)

Dilbagh Singh (singer)


Jampack was a demo series from Sony under its PlayStation Underground brand. It was used to advertise and preview upcoming and released PlayStation and PlayStation 2 games through demos and featurettes. It often included imported game demos, behind-the-scenes videos on developers and games, as well as cheat codes and saved games. Jampack often served as a preview for the PlayStation Underground online magazine.

The series previewed many popular games from the PS2's lifespan, ranging from SSX Tricky and Final Fantasy X to Need for Speed Underground and Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3.

Many of the later PS2 Jampack volumes were issued with the option of a counterpart that removed or replaced any demos for mature-rated and some teen-rated games, essentially serving as a clean version of the compilations.

Volumes

Notes

References

PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation 2 games

Jampack


DirecTV Cinema (previously known as Direct Ticket, Blockbuster Ticket, Blockbuster Pay-Per-View Movies, and DirecTV Pay-Per-View) is DirecTV's video on demand and pay-per-view platform for film content. Films are released as is done on other pay-TV services, along with exclusive film premieres priced at premium rates before entering theatrical distribution.

History
Launched with DirecTV in 1994, the Direct Ticket service, as it was known then, carried much the same output as other PPV services did: first-run movies (starting every half-hour), sports, and other special events. The service originally took up channels 101 through 199 when it first began. It had a distinct advantage over cable-based services such as Viewer's Choice and Request TV, in that due to DirecTV's digital compression technology, it enabled them to transmit more channels that it could reserve to offer pay-per-view content to customers. (Most cable systems of the era had headend capacities capable of transmitting only one or two PPV channels; at the time, however, some systems had begun to make system upgrades within their service areas to increase channel capacity, allowing them to offer as many as five PPV channels in these so-called "rebuild areas", depending on the provider.) Furthermore, because a phone jack was built into the Digital Satellite System (DSS) set-top boxes, PPV purchases could be made directly through the set-top-box mere minutes before or even during a movie or event; cable subscribers would have to call a phone number to authorize the purchase hours in advance. Movies were offered for as little as $3.99 a showing. New movies would be added every week.

Also offered by DirecTV were several sports-oriented PPV services, most notably NFL Sunday Ticket; these services were promoted separately from the other PPV channels. By 1996, DirecTV had expanded the capabilities of the Direct Ticket service to include Dolby Surround sound, broadcasting films in letterbox format, and the "All-Day Ticket" (meaning once a program was purchased, it could be viewed on any Direct Ticket channel showing it until 6:00 a.m. the following day). Via the alternate audio functionality on the DSS boxes, select films could also be viewed with Spanish audio.

In 2001, the Direct Ticket service was rebranded as Blockbuster Ticket, as part of a joint marketing venture between DirecTV and Blockbuster that began in 2000 (though the rebranding did not take effect until 2001, as Blockbuster needed to meet sales goals for the DirecTV service itself); it was partially a means of Blockbuster attempting to stay ahead of the curve technology-wise. This meant that Blockbuster stores would now promote the Blockbuster Ticket service in-store at their pre-existing DirecTV kiosks. Blockbuster also received a cut of PPV revenue from DirecTV customers who signed up at a Blockbuster store. Event programming continued to use the Direct Ticket name and was not co-branded.

By 2005, the Blockbuster venture had ended and the service was renamed simply to DirecTV Pay-Per-View. However, advances in technology meant DirecTV could now being offering video-on-demand services as its cable rivals did, in conjunction with PPV service. DirecTV On Demand requires an internet connection, and for some viewers, that isn't an option; thus, DirecTV Cinema (as it became known by 2012) continues to offer traditional pay-per-view service, now on channels 126 through 177. A 4K Cinema channel is offered on channel 107.

DirecTV currently has deals with film distributors A24 and Vertical Entertainment to release select films exclusively on the platform, 30 days prior to their theatrical releases.

In December 2014, it was announced DirecTV Cinema would premiere digitally re-mastered versions by Harvey Weinstein of the films El Cid and Circus World exclusively for the month of January 2015.

References

DirecTV
Video on demand services
 Pay-per-view television stations in the United States

DirecTV Cinema


Joe Turnham (born October 28, 1959, in Lee County, Alabama) is a United States politician who chaired the Alabama Democratic Party from 2005 to 2011.

Family and education
Turnham and his family reside in Auburn, and he is the son of Pete Turnham, a retired educator and a former member of the Alabama House of Representatives.

He attended Samford University in Birmingham, but transferred to and later graduated from Auburn University in 1981 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration. Upon graduation he joined "Alabama Contract Sales, Incorporated," the family business.
Joe is an accomplished consultant and business development specialist who works with companies and organizations all over the world.

Community activism
Turnham has served on civic boards and has been active in church. While President of the Auburn Kiwanis Club  he was named Kiwanian of the Year. He also served in the Auburn Chamber of Commerce, Lee County Habitat for Humanity, Boys and Girls Clubs of Greater Lee County.  Turnham is a founding board member of Land Trust of East Alabama, board member of the Chattowah Alabama Land Trust, Vice-chair of Redeem the Vote and board member of Sigma Nu Fraternity House Corporation.

Turnham has participated as a lay missioner to Venezuela and in various leadership capacities in Trinity United Methodist Church in Opelika. Joe was also the local Lee County Democratic Club President and the Lee County Democratic Party Chairman.

Political career
As one of the youngest people to ever serve in the position, Turnham was elected Chairman of the Alabama Democratic Party in October 1995 and served through most of 1998.

In his first bid for elected public office in 1998, Turnham was Democratic nominee for the 3rd District's U.S. Congressional seat against incumbent U.S. Congressman Bob Riley. Turnham lost the race with 42% of all votes cast. Five newspapers endorsed him.

In 2002, Turnham was again the party nominee for the 3rd District's U.S. Congressional seat running against Republican Mike Rogers.  This campaign became especially negative as the Rogers campaign provided a phone number in a television ad and encouraged voters to "Call Joe Turnham and tell him he's too liberal for Alabama".  Neck and neck in the polls, a well timed visit from U.S. President George W. Bush campaigning on behalf of Rogers a week before the election was able to give Rogers the boost he needed to eventually win the election with only 50.31% of the vote.

In 2005, Turnham was again elected Chair of the Alabama Democratic Party filling the term of Redding Pitt who had resigned.

Turnham was unopposed for re-election to a full term as party chair. On January 20, 2007, he was unanimously re-elected by the State Democratic Executive Committee to a term that runs through 2011.

He is also a member of the Board of Directors of Democrats for Life of America.

Media and party recognition
For 31 months he was a member of the Democratic National Committee in Washington. He has been featured in state and national news publications including The National Journal and a January 1998 front page spread in the Wall Street Journal. He has also appeared on several nationally syndicated programs including the Oliver North Show. Most recently he founded Conservation Alabama, originally called the Alabama League of Environmental Action Voters (AlaLEAVs), as a political arm for Alabama's environmental movement.

References

External links

1959 births
Living people
Samford University alumni
Auburn University alumni
People from Auburn, Alabama
Auburn High School (Alabama) alumni
Alabama Democrats
Alabama Democratic Party chairs

Joe Turnham


Aspects of the Novel is a book based on a series of lectures delivered by E. M. Forster at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1927, in which he discusses the English language novel. By using examples from classic texts, he highlights what he sees as the seven universal aspects of the novel, which he defined as: story, characters, plot, fantasy, prophecy, pattern, and rhythm.

Criticisms
Some critics have taken issue with the fact that Forster, as a renowned novelist, formulated a normative theory of how to write prose. W. Somerset Maugham commented that, having read the book, "I learned that the only way to write novels was like Mr. E. M. Forster." Virginia Woolf, reviewing Aspects of the Novel in Nation and Athenaeum, on the other hand, praised some aspects of the book. According to Woolf, Forster, unlike other male critics, never exercises stern authority to save the lady (i.e. fiction), he merely acts as a casual friend who happens to have been admitted into the bedroom. Woolf concedes, however, that this is ultimately not very helpful when it comes to formulating rules: "So then we are back in the old bog; nobody knows anything about the laws of fiction".

References

Notes

 Oliver Stallybrass, 'Editor's Introduction', in Aspects of the Novel (Penguin Books, 1980)

External links
 Full text of Aspects of the Novel at the Internet Archive

1927 non-fiction books
Books about literature

Aspects of the Novel


Prevail Health Solutions is a Chicago-based healthcare technology company that created a system for online delivery of evidence-based mental health care. The company aims to create greater access to cost-effective therapy for those who have difficulty seeking and receiving adequate treatment.

Prevail was founded in January 2008 by Richard Gengler, then an MBA student at the University of Chicago. It was born out of the need to provide effective and accessible mental health care to the growing number of veterans  returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. Gengler, a former US Navy pilot, leveraged his background to create a unique delivery model to bring mental health treatment to returning troops.

Prevail has received grants from the National Science Foundation's Small Business Innovation Research Program. Additionally, the McCormick Foundation has supported this effort to help returning veterans through a grant to the Veterans' Corporation. Prevail was also awarded a contract through the Veterans Health Administration to deliver mental health care through its online platform.

Products & Services
Prevail's first program, Vetsprevail, is an online behavioral health program designed to assist veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom readjust to life after deployment. Prevail has expanded its products to include iPrevail, Moms Prevail, Students Prevail, Warriors Prevail, and Warriors Prevail Family.

References

Companies based in Chicago
Health care companies based in Illinois

Prevail Health Solutions


George Washington Memorial Park is located at the center of Jackson, Wyoming. More generally known as "Town Square", the park is notable for its elk-antler arches at each corner of the park, collected from the nearby National Elk Refuge by Boy Scouts and periodically rebuilt. The square originally existed as an open space in the center of town that was made into a park in 1934. The park center also contains a stone memorial to John Colter.

The Town Square originated as an open space in the middle of Jackson where no buildings had yet been built, surrounded by more developed blocks in the sparsely settled street grid of the town. The area was used as a commons area by people and occasionally as a thoroughfare for migrating elk. In 1917 the town graded the surrounding street and obtained title to most of the land, using excess material from the grading to even out depressions in the square's surface. In 1924 the town undertook further improvements to the area, now called "the little park in the center of the town." The initiative yielded further grading. A few trees were planted, and were then indifferently maintained.

With the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of George Washington approaching in 1932, the state of Wyoming cooperated with Congress to prepare memorials throughout the state. The Wyoming plan was to establish a George Washington Memorial Park in as many communities as possible. The Town Square was designated the George Washington Memorial Park for Jackson in 1932. The organizing committee, which included Olaus Murie, raised the requisite $150 in public donations to landscape the park. Plantings were not ready until 1933. However, labor shortages remained a problem, and little work was accomplished. Jackson applied for and received $3092 from the New Deal Civil Works Administration, which allowed the town to organize a land transfer allowing the sole building on the square property, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows Hall, to move to another site. Altogether, more than $6000 in CWA funds were expended, just before the CWA was closed down in 1934.

In short order the Square became the center of Jackson's civic life. A memorial to John Colter was placed in the center of the park in 1939. In 1953 the local Rotary Club built an arch of elk antlers at the southwest corner of the park. Arches were erected at the remaining corners in 1966, 1967 and 1969.

In 1959 a house originally built by Charles Wort was moved onto the square, becoming known as the "Stage Stop." The move was unpopular and possibly illegal, but the building remained until 1995 when it was given to Wyoming Senator Alan Simpson, whose grandfather had used the building as a law office. A modern replacement was built in its stead. It was not until 1976 that a plaque was placed in the park for the United States Bicentennial naming the park "George Washington Memorial Park." Stone facings were added to the antler arches the same year.

References

External links

George Washington Memorial Park at the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office

Protected areas of Teton County, Wyoming
Parks in Wyoming
Jackson, Wyoming
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
National Register of Historic Places in Teton County, Wyoming
1934 establishments in Wyoming
Protected areas established in 1934
Monuments and memorials to George Washington in the United States

George Washington Memorial Park (Jackson, Wyoming)


The Battle of Jalula was fought between the Sasanian Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate soon after conquest of Ctesiphon.
After the capture of Ctesiphon, several detachments were immediately sent to the west to capture Qarqeesia and Heet the forts at the border of the Byzantine empire. Several strong Persian armies were still active north-east of Ctesiphon at Jalula and north of the Tigris at Tikrit and Mosul. The greatest threat of all was the Persian concentration at Jalula. After withdrawal from Ctesiphon, the Persian armies gathered at Jalula north-east of Ctesiphon, a place of strategic importance from where routes led to Iraq, Khurasan and Azerbaijan. The Persian forces at Jalula were commanded by General Mihran. His deputy was General Farrukhzad a brother of General Rostam Farrokhzād, who had commanded the Persian forces at the Battle of Qadisiyyah. As instructed by the Caliph Umar, Saad ibn Abi Waqqas reported all the matter to Umar. The Caliph decided to deal with Jalula first; his plan was first to clear the way north before any decisive action against Tikrit and Mosul. Umar appointed Hashim ibn Utba to the expedition to Jalula. Some time in April 637, Hashim marched at the head of 12,000 troops from Ctesiphon and after defeating the Persians at the Battle of Jalula, laid siege to Jalula for seven months, until it surrendered on the usual terms of Jizya.

Prelude
After capturing Ctesiphon, several detachments were immediately sent west to capture Qarqeesia and Heet, forts at the border of Byzantine empire. Strong Persian garrisons north-east of Ctesiphon at Jalula and north of Tigris at Tikrit and Mosul, posed a threat to Muslim invaders. The greatest threat of all was the Persian concentration at strategic fort of Jalula.
The Persian forces at Jalula were commanded by general Mihran Razi. His deputy was General Farrukhzad a brother of General Rostam Farrokhzād, who commanded Persian forced at Battle of Qadisiyyah.
Jalula was a town of great strategic importance, a bottle-neck to Northern Iraq. To have Jalula under the rule meant to have the gate to Northern Iraq. Persians therefore expected an attack on Jalula. Defense of Jalula was also very important for the strength of Empire and maintain order in the far flung frontiers of the Persian Empire.
As instructed by the Caliph Umar, Saad ibn Abi Waqqas, Muslim commander in chief on the Persian front, reported all the strategic situation to Umar who decided to deal with Jalula first. His plan was to first clear his rear before any decisive action further north against Tikrit and Mosul. Umar appointed Hashim ibn Utba to the expedition of Jalula. Some time in April 637, Hashim marched at the head of 12,000 troops from Ctesiphon and made contact with Persians outside Jalula fort.

Battlefield

At Jalula, both the flanks of Persians and Muslims rested upon natural obstacles. Diyala River on east and broken ground on the west. Broken ground was unsuitable for cavalry and even the movement of infantry en masse was difficult and would have exposed them to Persian Fire-Power.

Opposing plans
Mihran, the Persian commander at Jalula, was a veteran general who had fought Muslims in Qadisiya and knew well of the Muslims' tactics. He dug entrenchments and placed caltrops in front of them, to slow down Muslim advances. The Persian troops intended to wear the Muslims down by letting them launch a frontal attack thus exposing themselves to Persian archers and siege engines led artillery. The caltrops also hindered the speed of Muslim cavalry and infantry. Mihran deployed his army in classical defensive formation with the intention of launching the attack when Muslims had suffered enough and the nucleus of their power had been destroyed.
Hashim, the Muslim commander, on reaching the battlefield, analyzed that the Persians could not be attacked from the flanks due to those natural barriers and approaching them from the front would be costly. He decided to lure the Persians out of the defenses of entrenchments and caltrops. Hashim planned to launch a frontal attack and make a feint retreat under Persian fire, and once the Persians were away from their trench, his cavalry would capture the bridge on the trench, cutting off the Persians' escape route.

Rashidun troops deployment
In the records of Muslim chroniclers from the era of the 7th century to 10–11th centuries there is known the detail about the composition of the Rashidun army and units involved in this battle. There is some version of the deployment composition.

It is recorded by Tabari that the Rashidun army was composed of 12,000 troops with the deployment as follow:
 Hashim ibn Utba as overall commander
 Al-Qa'qa'a ibn Amr at-Tamimi commanding the vanguard
 Si'r bin Malik commanding the right wing of the army.
 Amr bin Malik bin Utba commanding the left wing of the army.
 Amr bin murra al Juhani commanding the rear guards.

While Talha (Tulayha) ibn Khuwaylid ibn Nawfal al-Asadi; Amru bin Ma'adi Yakrib; Qays ibn Makshuh and Hujur bin Adi were coming later as the reinforcements. Generally, the overall troops were consisting of prominent figures of the Ansar and Muhajireen during the first battles of Muslims and portions of Bedouin who formerly rebelled during Ridda wars

Ahmad ibn A'tham provides a slightly different version from Tabari's composition, namely:
 Jarir bin Abdullah al Bajali commanding the right wing of the army.
 Hujr bin Abdullah al-Kindi commanding the left wing of the army.
 Makshuh al Muradi commanding the obscure placement of wing units of the army.
 Amr bin murra al Juhani commanding the cavalry in the center.
 Talha (Tulayha) ibn Khuwaylid ibn Nawfal al-Asadi commanding the infantry.

Baladhuri also mentions very briefly a composition which is similar to that of Ahmad ibn A'tham's, except he includes Jarir bin Abdullah.

Battle
The battle began with Muslim's frontal attack; after engaging for some time Muslims feint a retreat and fell back in an organized manner. Mihran, sensing the time is on hand to launch an offensive for him, ordered the entrenchments to be bridged. Once the Persian army had attained the battle formation he ordered a general attack.
Up till now the battle had progressed as both commanders had planned. Once Mihran engaged his troops in an open battlefield, Hashim decided to carry out his manoeuvre. He dispatched a strong cavalry regiment under one of his most illustrious cavalry commanders; Qaqa ibn Amr, to capture the bridge over the entrenchments. The bridge was not heavily guarded as virtually all the Persian troops available were used to assault Muslim's main body.
Qaqa manoeuvred around Persian right flank and quickly captured the bridge at their rear. The news of a strong Muslim cavalry detachment in their rear was a serious setback to Persian morale.
Hashim launched a frontal attack with Muslim infantry while Qaqa stuck at Persian rear with his cavalry. Persian troops were trapped between the Muslim army and the natural barriers on the battlefield. Nevertheless, thousands of them managed to escape and reached the Jalula fortress.

Aftermath
The Persians suffered heavy casualties and the battle ended in a complete Muslim victory. Women and Children were enslaved as Spoils of war and Umar says « in fear of Children of these Slave-women who are going to be born , I seek refuge in Allah».  After the battle Hashim laid siege to Jalula. Persian emperor Yazdegerd III was in no position to set a relief force to Jalula and the fortress surrendered to Muslims seven months later on the terms of annual payment of Jizya (tribute). After capturing Jalula Muslims captured Tikrit and Mosul, completing their conquest of Iraq.
After the conquest of Iraq (region west of Zagros mountains) Umar decided to consolidate the conquered territory. He, apparently for the time being, did not want further conquest. He was almost on the defensive until the consistent Persian raids in Iraq compelled him to launch a large scale invasion of the Persian empire.

See also
 Islamic conquest of Persia
 Muslim conquests
 Sassanid Empire

References

Battles involving the Sasanian Empire
Battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate
Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
Military history of Iraq
637

Battle of Jalula


GMO OMG is a 2013 American pseudoscientific documentary film which takes a negative view towards the use of genetically modified organisms used in the production of food, in the United States. The film focuses on Monsanto, a multinational agrochemical and agricultural biotechnology corporation, and their role in the food industry alongside the effects of GMOs and how they are generated.

Directed by Jeremy Seifert and produced by Elizabeth Kucinich, it was given a limited release in the United States on September 13, 2013, and received negative reviews from critics. GMO OMG follows Seifert's search of answers: how do GMOs affect people and the planet. These and other questions take Seifert on a journey from his family's table to Haiti, Paris, Norway, and agra-giant Monsanto.

The sole study specifically cited was widely discredited; see Séralini affair.

Film content

Jeremy Seifert's goal in GMO OMG is to say that citizens of the U.S. are inadequately informed about the corporate manipulation of the food supply. Seifert travels to Haiti, Norway and Paris and interviews commercial and private farmers in order to understand more about their use in these industries. In Haiti Seifert explores the Peasant Movement of Papaye's resistance towards the help of Monsanto and continues his travels to the Svalbard Global Seed Vault that contains 700,000 samples of seeds from every country on earth to prevent the extinction of certain plant species. Seifert ends his world travels in Paris where he talks to scientists about the effects of GMOs on humans. While at home in the U.S. Seifert travels through California to different farms with his family to emphasize how important it is to him that people be more concerned with what they are eating themselves and feeding their families. Seifert also travels to a Monsanto location where he is rejected.

GMOs and farming

GMO stands for Genetically Modified Organism and includes any organism whose genes have been artificially altered to modify their characteristics in some way or another. Genetic engineering does not occur in nature and involves a scientific process including isolation and removal of DNA encoding in a single gene from one organism, manipulating it outside the cell and reinserting it into the same organism or into the genetic material of another organism. The main goal for this process is to introduce a new or altered characteristic to the target organism for desired traits such as resistance to insects and GMOs can even be found in helping with the production of certain medicines and vaccines.

GMO OMG outlines two types of GMOs used in farming, pesticide producers and herbicide resisters. Pesticide producers are plants that can kill insects with an introduced toxin while herbicide resisters are immune to weed killer which allows farmers to use herbicides on crops leaving the plant unharmed. Seifert claims that commercial farmers utilize GMOs to produce crops faster for more profit while private owned farms continue to use traditional farming methods because of their dedication to maintaining the most natural process of growing food.

Peasant movement of Papaye

GMO OMG includes a brief segment on the earthquake that hit Haiti in 2010 with a 7.0 magnitude, not only destroying the homes of Haitian's but also their food crops. Monsanto offered Haiti's citizens 475 tons of seeds for farmers to regrow these crops that were destroyed in the process. Haitian farmers and citizens of the Papaye Peasant Movement, an alliance of people who fight to provide unity of all the peasants of Haiti and promote cultural and economic growth, did not consider this to be helpful, according to the film. The Haitian peasants believed that Monsanto had ulterior motives. Monsanto is a well known corporation in the United States known for their involvement in the agricultural industry, however, the Haitian's believed their gratuities were only due to corporate greed and in the interest of obtaining more profits. Consequentially, this friction between the Peasant Movement and Monsanto created unrest among the Haitians. Haitians showed resistance towards the company by burning thousands of pounds of seeds and refusing to use their GMOs. Executive Director Chavannes Jean-Baptiste, who is also the spokesperson for the National Peasant Movement of the Congress of Papaye, called Monsanto's donation of seeds an attack on small agriculture, farms, biodiversity, Creole seeds, and on the remnants of Haiti's environment.

Monsanto

Monsanto is a corporation involved in the bio-tech and agricultural industries. The bio-tech industry is an industry that specializes in the production of GMOs. Monsanto is most known for their developments in GMOs, however, their success has affected private industry farms and legislation in certain states because of its superiority in biotechnology, according to GMO OMG. In the film, Seifert highlighted that Monsanto has been involved in lawsuits over matters such as patent infringement due to cross pollination of GMOs in commercial farms to plants in private farms. This cross pollination happens when pollen from GMO crops is carried for miles by insects, birds, and the wind to other crops that are then pollinated with the GMOs creating legal crops containing GMO embryos making seed saving a patent issue. Monsanto also threatened to sue the state of Connecticut for wanting to instill a GMO labeling provision that would require products using GMOs to be labeled. Seifert made an attempt to speak with Monsanto and traveled to one of their locations but was immediately kicked out when he asked if he could speak to them about their GMOs.

Reviews and criticisms
The documentary received mixed reviews. Rotten Tomatoes rated the documentary at 56% approval rating based on 16 critics' reviews, with an average score of 5.25/10.

Jeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times calling it, "a gentle, flyover alert to obliviously chowing-down citizens ... without hectoring and with no small amount of charm". RogerEbert.com claims that GMO OMG is an advocacy film inspired by Michael Moore's "Roger and Me", a documentary in which Moore sets out to find the answer to why General Motors closed all of its plants in Flint, Michigan beginning in 1978.  Simon Abrams, the writer of "GMO OMG"'s review on the Roger Ebert website, states that "Seifert's arguments are dependent on unconvincing testimony and leaps in logic" and that "Seifert is apparently mistrustful of scientific terms, studies, and concepts".  RogerEbert.com gave "GMO OMG" a one star rating out of a possible five.

Michael Specter of the New Yorker wrote a scathing review of the documentary in which he dubbed the film "aggressively uninformed".  Specter furthers Abram's notion that the documentary is based on the unreliable testimony of witnesses who are not actually scientists, and that Seifert's film is characterized by intellectual laziness. Scientific American wrote a review titled ""GMO OMG" SRSLY? An #EpicFail in Exercising Our Right To Know", which debunks Seifert's verdict of "science is still out" on whether GMO's are harmful or not. Ferris Jabr, the author of the article, claims that GMO OMG utilizes biased research and statistics that are taken out of their original context.

References

External links

2013 films
Anti-GMO movement
American documentary films
2013 documentary films
Documentary films about agriculture
Documentary films about environmental issues
Pseudoscience documentary films
American independent films
2013 independent films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

GMO OMG


Marlon Troy Riggs (February 3, 1957 – April 5, 1994) was a black gay filmmaker, educator, poet, and activist. He produced, wrote, and directed several documentary films, including Ethnic Notions, Tongues Untied, Color Adjustment, and Black Is...Black Ain't. His films examine past and present representations of race and sexuality in the United States. The Marlon Riggs Collection is housed at Stanford University Libraries.

Early life
Riggs was born in Fort Worth, Texas, on February 3, 1957. He was a child of civilian employees of the military and spent a great deal of his childhood traveling. He lived in Texas and Georgia before moving to West Germany at the age of 11 with his family. He was the son of Jean (mother) and Alvin Riggs (father) and also had a sibling named Sascha.

Later in his life, Riggs recalled the ostracism and name-calling that he experienced at Hephzibah Junior High School in Hephzibah, Georgia. He stated that black and white students alike called him a "punk", a "faggot," and "Uncle Tom." He felt isolated from everyone at the school: "I was caught between these two worlds where the whites hated me and the blacks disparaged me. It was so painful."

Riggs excelled at Nurnberg American High School, where he played football and ran track, and was elected President of the Varsity Club while only a sophomore. He also performed a solo interpretive dance in the school's talent show depicting  American slaves' experiences from Africa through emancipation. From 1973 to 1974 Riggs attended Ansbach American High School's opening year in Katterbach, Germany. He was elected student body president at the military dependents school. In 1974, Riggs returned to the United States to attend college. As an undergraduate, he studied history at Harvard University and graduated magna cum laude in 1978.

While a student at Harvard, Riggs realized that he was gay. Because there were no courses that supported the study of homosexuality, he petitioned the History Department and received approval to pursue independent study of the portrayal of "male homosexuality in American fiction and poetry". As he began studying the history of American racism and homophobia, Riggs became interested in communicating his ideas about these subjects through film.

After working for a local television station in Texas for about a year, he moved to Oakland, California, where he lived for 15 years with his lover, Jack Vincent. Riggs entered graduate school and received his master's degree in journalism with a specialization in documentary film in 1981 from the University of California, Berkeley, having co-produced/co-directed with Peter Webster a master's thesis titled Long Train Running: The Story of the Oakland Blues, a half-hour video on the history of blues music in Oakland, California.

Film career
Upon finishing graduate school, Riggs began working on many independent documentary productions in the Bay Area. He assisted documentary directors and producers initially as an assistant editor and later as a post-production supervisor, editor on documentaries about the American arms race, Nicaragua, Central America, sexism, and disability rights. Because of his proficiency in video technology, Riggs was the on-line editor for a video production company, Espresso Productions.  In 1987, Riggs was hired as a part-time faculty member at the Graduate School of Journalism at Berkeley to teach documentary filmmaking. He became the youngest tenured professor at the Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism.

In 1987 he completed his first professional feature documentary Ethnic Notions. An independently produced documentary, the film was inspired by an exhibit of black memorabilia at the Berkeley Art Center of black stereotypes from the collection of Jan Faulkner. The film received technical support (online editing) from KQED, a public television station in San Francisco, and aired on public television stations throughout the United States. In Ethnic Notions, Riggs sought to explore widespread and persistent stereotypes of African Americans – images of ugly, savage brutes and happy servants – in American popular culture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Edited by Debbie Hoffmann, the film uses voice-over narration provided by African-American actress Esther Rolle in explaining striking film footage and historical stills which expose the blatant racism of the era immediately following the Civil War. The documentary also presents a set of contemporary interviews with historians George Fredrickson and Lawrence Levine, the cultural critic Barbara Christian, folklorist Patricia Turner, and black memorabilia collector Jan Faulkner, who discuss the consequences of historical African-American stereotypes.

The 1989 Marlon completed the landmark experimental documentary film Tongues Untied. Ultimately, it was aired on national PBS as part of the television series P.O.V. The three principal voices of Tongues Untied are those of Riggs, and poets Essex Hemphill and Joseph Beam. Tongues Untied had political backlash; Republican Senator Jesse Helms famously argued to defund the arts after its release.

In 1988, while working both on Color Adjustment and Tongues Untied, Riggs was diagnosed with HIV after undergoing treatment for near-fatal kidney failure at a hospital in Germany. Despite his deteriorating health, Riggs decided to continue to teach at Berkeley and make documentaries.

In the short 1990 piece Affirmations, Riggs explored the African-American males' sexuality and relationship with the African-American community at large. Some of the men expressed the lack of acceptance within the African-American community and the divide their sexual orientation caused. In 1991, Riggs directed and produced Anthem, a short documentary about African-American male sexuality.

In 1991, Marlon founded Signifyin' Works, a non-profit production company that produces films about African-American history and culture.

The 1992 documentary Color Adjustment was Riggs's second film to air on the PBS television series P.O.V., focusing on the representation of African Americans in primetime television from "Amos 'n' Andy" to "The Cosby Show." The film was produced with Vivian Kleiman, edited by Debbie Hoffmann, and narrated by actress Ruby Dee. It includes an original music score by Mary Watkins.

In 1992, Riggs directed the film Non, Je Ne Regrette Rien (No Regret), in which five black gay men who are HIV-positive discuss how they are battling the double stigmas surrounding their infection and homosexuality. The series was screened on World AIDS Day and Day Without Art. It included the participation of Phil Zwickler, David Wojnarowicz, Ellen Spiro, Vivian Kleiman, and others.

In 1993, Riggs received an honorary doctorate from the California College of Arts and Crafts. The same year, Riggs's experimental short Anthem was featured in Frameline's collection of short films entitled Boys' Shorts: The New Queer Cinema.

Shortly after completing Color Adjustment, Riggs began work on what was to be his final film Black Is...Black Ain't, but he died at the age of 37 from complications caused by AIDS on April 5, 1994, before he could complete it. The project was completed posthumously by co-producer Nicole Atkinson, co-director/editor Christiane Badgley, under the supervision of the board of directors of Signifyin' Works: Herman Gray, Vivian Kleiman, and Patricia Turner.

Riggs also wrote poetry, and Tongues Untied contains several of his poems about his life experiences as a black gay man.

Writings
Riggs's writings were published during the late 1980s and early 1990s in various art and literary journals such as Black American Literature Forum, Art Journal, and High Performance as well as anthologies such as Brother to Brother: Collected Writings by Black Gay Men.

In his essay "Black Macho Revisited: Reflections of a SNAP! Queen," Riggs discusses how representations of black gay men in the United States have been used to shape Americans' conceptions of race and sexuality. He argues that Americans' emphasis on the "black macho" figure – the warrior model of black masculinity based on a mythologized view of African history – signifies an exclusion of black homosexual males from the African-American community, which results in their dehumanization and rationalizes homophobia.

Themes and style
Riggs's films deal with representations of race and sexuality in the United States. Riggs was critical of American racism and homophobia. He used his films to show positive images of African-American culture as well as those of physical and emotional love between black men in order to challenge representations of African Americans and black gay men in popular culture.

As a graduate student at Berkeley, Riggs was educated in journalism and conventional documentary filmmaking, which stresses objectivity and employing an academic stance. However his film style quickly evolved to be rather personal and emotional.

Awards and recognition
Riggs's documentaries have received much critical acclaim. Riggs received a national Emmy Award in 1987 for Ethnic Notions. Tongues Untied was awarded the Teddy Award at the Berlin Film Festival. The film received recognition from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association, the New York Documentary Film Festival, the American Film and Video Festival, and the San Francisco International Lesbian and Gay Film Festival.

In 1992, Riggs was awarded the Maya Daren Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Film Institute. Additionally, Color Adjustment won the prestigious George Foster Peabody Award, Erik Barnouw Award from the Organization of American Historians, the International Documentary Association Outstanding Achievement Award, and a premiere screening the Sundance Film Festival. "Color Adjustment" garnered a nomination for a national Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Research.

Riggs received the Frameline Award from the San Francisco International Lesbian and Gay Film Festival for his film Non, Je Ne Regrette Rien (No Regret). Black Is...Black Ain't won the Golden Gate Award at the San Francisco International Film Festival and was praised by the Sundance Film Festival.

In 1993, Riggs received an Honorary Doctorate from the California College of Arts and Crafts in Oakland.

There is a section of a housing unit named The Marlon Riggs Apartments/Vernon Street located in Oakland, California. In 1996, a plaque with a picture of Marlon was hung inside of the building's lobby area. At the time, the housing unit was the East Bay's first building constructed for low-income people with HIV/AIDS.

In 1996, two years after Riggs's death, Karen Everett made a biographical documentary about him, titled I Shall Not Be Removed: The Life of Marlon Riggs.

In 2006, Riggs was inducted into the NLGJA LGBTQ Journalists Hall of Fame.

In 2014, Signifyin' Works challenged the University of California at Berkeley School of Journalism to match a donation of $100,000 and create the "Marlon T. Riggs Fellowship in Documentary Filmmaking." It was the first fellowship named for a documentary filmmaker at a university in the United States. That endowment reached $500,000 thanks to the support of the Ford Foundation and other individual donors.

In 2018, Signifyin' Works received a grant from the Ford Foundation in support of "Tongues Untied@30," a year-long series of global screenings to honor the 30th anniversary of the release of Tongues Untied in 1989. Signifyin' Works President Vivian Kleiman and Brooklyn Academy of Music film curator Ashley Clark collaborated to launch the year with a retrospective Race, Sex & Cinema: The World of Marlon Riggs.

Other screenings included: Los Angeles, Mexico City, Atlanta, London, Paris, Bogota, Istanbul, Mumbai, and beyond. In addition, the 78th Annual Peabody Awards recognized Riggs and Tongues Untied with a tribute presented by Billy Porter, writer and star performer of the FX Peabody Award-winning series, "Pose".

In 2022 Tongues Untied was added to the Library of Congress's National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

Controversy
Prior to a further release to the public on national television after its run in festivals, Riggs's production Tongues Untied triggered a national controversy surrounding the airing of the video on American public television stations. Along with his own funds, Riggs had financed the documentary with a $5,000 grant from the Western States Regional Arts Fund, a re-granting agency funded by the National Endowment for the Arts, an independent federal agency that provides funding and support for visual, literary, and performing artists. The film received much contention due to its depiction of two men kissing.

News of the film's airing sparked a national debate about whether or not it is appropriate for the federal government to fund artistic creations that offended some. Artists stressed their basic right of free speech, of representation on public airwaves, and vehemently opposed censorship of their art. However, several right-wing United States government policymakers and many conservative groups were against using taxpayer money to fund what they claimed were repulsive artistic works.

In the 1992 Republican presidential primaries, presidential candidate Pat Buchanan cited Tongues Untied as an example of how President George H. W. Bush was investing "our tax dollars in pornographic and blasphemous art." Buchanan released an anti-Bush television advertisement for his campaign using re-edited clips from Tongues Untied. The ad was removed from television channels after Riggs successfully demonstrated Buchanan's copyright infringement.

Reverend Donald E. Wildmon, the president of the American Family Association, opposed PBS and the National Endowment for the Arts for airing Tongues Untied but hoped that the film would be widely released because he believed most Americans would find it offensive. "This will be the first time millions of Americans will have an opportunity to see the kinds of things their tax money is being spent on," he said. "This is the first time there is no third party telling them what is going on; they can see for themselves."

Riggs defended Tongues Untied for its ability to "shatter this nation's brutalizing silence on matters of sexual and racial difference." In his defense, Riggs claimed that "implicit in the much overworked rhetoric about "community standards" is the assumption of only one central community and only one overarching cultural standard to which television programming must necessarily appeal."

Death
Marlon Riggs died in his home on April 5, 1994. Tom Leonard, then acting dean of UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism, stated that the cause of death was due to complications from AIDS.

Popular culture
Episode six of the second season of Pose ends with a quote by Riggs.

Filmography as director
 Long Train Running: A History of the Oakland Blues (1981, short)
 Ethnic Notions (1986)
 Tongues Untied (1989) (later aired on POV in 1991)
 Affirmations (1990, short)
 Anthem (1991 short)
 Color Adjustment (1992) (later aired on POV in 1992)
 No Regret (1993, short)
 Boys' Shorts: The New Queer Cinema (1993, co-directed with Mark Christopher, Stephen Cummins, Laurie Lynd, Michael Mayson, and Chris Newby)
 Black is... Black Ain't (1994)

References

External links

Marlon Riggs at the Video Data Bank
Marlon Riggs Critical Resource Page at California Newsreel

American documentary filmmakers
African-American film directors
1957 births
1994 deaths
Activists for African-American civil rights
African-American artists
Filmmakers from California
American gay artists
African-American LGBT people
American LGBT film directors
American LGBT rights activists
LGBT people from Texas
AIDS-related deaths in California
Harvard University alumni
People from Fort Worth, Texas
UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism alumni
Activists from Texas
Activists from California
African-American activists
20th-century American artists
American gay writers
Film directors from Texas
20th-century American LGBT people

Marlon Riggs