Takaya ( – ) was a lone wolf who lived on a small group of islands in British Columbia, Canada for eight years. His life was documented by conservation photographer Cheryl Alexander in the 2019 documentary film Takaya: Lone Wolf, and in the book of the same name, which was released in September 2020.

In March 2020, Takaya was shot and killed by a hunter. This sparked outrage among Takaya's local and international following, and has prompted calls for changes to the laws that permit the recreational killing of wolves in B.C. without a special license.

Life
In 2012, when Takaya was two years old, he left his pack behind and traveled over 25 miles through urban and suburban areas. He then swam almost two miles through strong currents to reach a small archipelago located off the southeastern tip of Vancouver Island and are accessible by boat or kayak from the nearby city of Victoria. The archipelago includes Discovery Island and Chatham Islands. The Chatham Islands and the northern part of Discovery Island are Indigenous reserve land, under the control of the Songhees First Nation, while the southern part of Discovery Island is a provincial park.

When Takaya was first spotted on the islands, officials closed the provincial park. Conservation officers attempted to trap the wolf, speculating that if he remained on the island, he would become too comfortable around people. However, Takaya avoided the traps that were set out for him, and after the Songhees Band Council passed a motion stating that the wolf should be allowed to remain free, the conservation service decided to leave him alone.

Living in the islands
Takaya proceeded to live by himself in the islands for the next eight years. During this time, Alexander began to study Takaya seriously. She traveled out to the islands regularly, with special permission from the Songhees, to photograph the wolf and observe his behaviour. She set up trail cameras around his territory and recorded over one thousand hours of video footage.

Takaya developed skills such as catching and skinning seals, hunting for prickleback fish, and stealing eggs from the nests of Canada geese. He also learned how to dig for fresh water during periods of drought, surprising biologists like Chris Darimont, who stated that Takaya pushed the boundaries of what scientists believed to be ecologically possible.

Encounter with campers
Takaya's ability to coexist with human visitors to the islands was called into question in September 2016, when a group of campers reported that they and their dogs had been "cornered" by the wolf. Conservation officers closed the park for several months in order to assess whether the wolf posed a risk to humans. In an interview with a local radio host, Alexander said that she had never observed any signs of aggression from Takaya. She expressed disappointment that the campers had not come forward to provide a clear description of the wolf's behaviour, as it "most likely wasn't aggressive."

Alexander worried that the campers had imperiled Takaya's future on the islands by creating the perception that he was a danger to humans. However, in May 2017, officials confirmed that Takaya had merely been showing signs of curiosity, not aggression. The provincial government reopened the park for day use only and reiterated that dogs and other pets were not permitted on the island.

Leaving the islands
Takaya continued to live and hunt on the islands until January 2020, when he suddenly departed for reasons unknown. Alexander suggested that he may have been swept ashore while swimming between islands. Alternatively, he may have left the island to search for a mate. He was next seen walking down the sidewalk in the neighbourhood of James Bay in Victoria, where he was tranquilized by conservation officers and relocated to an undisclosed wilderness location on the west coast of Vancouver Island.

A month later, at the end of February 2020, Alexander received a message from a woman who believed that she had spotted Takaya near the urban area of Port Renfrew. Later, she received a photograph of a wolf from a farmer who lived in the same area. She confirmed that the wolf was Takaya and began to worry that he would be in danger now that he had ventured back into an urban area.

On March 24, 2020, Takaya was shot and killed by a hunter near Shawnigan Lake, about 50 kilometres away from where he was originally released.

Legacy

Artistic tributes
Takaya's story was featured in the documentary Takaya: Lone Wolf on CBC, BBC, or ARTE. Following the release of this documentary, artwork in honour of Takaya was created and sent to Alexander, often including personal messages about what Takaya's story meant to them. An international collection of artwork was showcased in the Takaya Lone Wolf International Arts Festival in Victoria on October 24, 2020.

Mural

Takaya has also been the subject of several large-scale public art installations in Victoria.

After Takaya's death, local mural artist Paul Archer and a group of his friends travelled out to Discovery Island to create a memorial for Takaya. They painted a larger-than-life portrait of the wolf on the wall of an old foghorn building, an area where Takaya used to sit when he was alive. The mural was approved by Rob Sam, the Chief of the Songhees Nation, who thanked Archer and his team for their tribute to Takaya.

Driftwood sculpture
Artist Tanya Bub created a five-foot-tall, 150-pound sculpture of Takaya using over 1000 pieces of driftwood, shells, and kelp that she and Alexander had collected from the shores of Discovery Island. This sculpture was displayed in the lobby of the historic Empress Hotel in downtown Victoria.

Marble sculpture
In 2020, an anonymous donor commissioned a sculpture of Takaya to be carved by artist Kent Laforme from a 25,000 pound block of island marble. Although this sculpture has not yet been committed to a particular location, there is a possibility that it could be located in at Cattle Point in Oak Bay, overlooking the islands where Takaya once lived.

The sculpture features a cylindrical hole, which acts as a lookout point and an acoustic sound tunnel through which visitors could howl in honour of Takaya.

On October 5, 2023, at just after 10 am, the Takaya stone was unveiled at Cattle point, by members of the Songhee's nation and artist Kent Laforme. A small gathering of public and members of the Songhees nation commemorated this event with drummers.

Political campaigns
After Takaya's death, two local non-profit organizations began to use his story in campaigns to stop the recreational killing of wolves in British Columbia. Pacific Wild invited supporters to "Take Action for Takaya" by signing their Save B.C. Wolves petition, which has now been signed by over 500,000 people.

Educational impact
Takaya's story has been used by educators to develop programs about wolves and their roles in Earth's ecosystems. Takaya inspired LiveIt, an online educational company, to create an educational initiative about wolves for children in Grades 2–6.

References

Individual animals in Canada
Individual wolves

Takaya (wolf)


Saint Aldate (; died 577) was a bishop of Gloucester, venerated as a saint with the feast day of 4 February. Aldate's life is not detailed historically, but he was probably a Briton killed by the Anglo-Saxons at Deorham. He is reported to have roused the countryside to resist pagan invasion forces. He is mentioned in the Sarum and other martyrologies; his feast occurs in a Gloucester calendar (14th-century addition); churches were dedicated to him at Gloucester and Oxford, as well as a famous Oxford street: St Aldate's, Oxford and a minor street in Gloucester. But nothing seems to be known of him: it was even suggested that his name was a corruption of "old gate".

References
 Baring-Gould and Fisher, ii. 426–8; Early British Kingdoms after 1100, ii. 40

Southwestern Brythonic saints
577 deaths
Year of birth unknown

Saint Aldate


In mammals and birds, sleep can be divided into two categories. In one of them, the eyes move rapidly. This is called REM-sleep (from rapid eye movement). Most dreams take place in this phase. REM-sleep occurs normally at intervals throughout the night. The periods of REM-sleep increase in length in the second half of the night. REM-sleep was first discovered in 195253. The function of REM sleep is not well understood.

Nathaniel Kleitman and his student Eugene Aserinsky defined rapid eye movement and linked it to dreams in 1953. REM sleep was further described by researchers including William Dement and Michel Jouvet.

The other category, where this movement of the eyes does not happen, is called NREM-sleep (Non-REM sleep). Usually, dreams do not occur during this time. There are three or four stages of NREM-sleep. Stage I is just barely sleeping, or dozing. Stage II is also light sleep. Normally, in adult humans, about half of the time spent asleep is spent in light sleep. Stages III and IV are called deep sleep. Deep sleep is necessary for growth and healing. It can be quite difficult to awaken someone who is in stage III or stage IV sleep. Sometimes stages III and IV are combined and called stage III.

Adult humans normally sleep in cycles of 90 to 110 minutes each. The night's sleep can be four or five of these cycles. Each cycle includes, in this order: stage I, stage II, stage III (IV), stage II and REM.

The fact that birds and mammals both show REM and NREM sleep suggests that the trait evolved before the two groups diverged in their evolution. That suggests that the REM/NREM feature is both early and important in the evolution of land vertebrates.

REM and dreams
Rapid eye movement sleep is associated with dreaming. Waking up sleepers during a REM phase is a common way to get dream reports. 80% of typical people can give some kind of dream report under these circumstances. Sleepers awakened from REM tend to give longer more narrative descriptions of the dreams they were experiencing. They estimate the duration of their dreams as longer.

Lucid dreams are reported far more often in REM sleep. The mental events which occur during REM usually have dream 'hallmarks' including narrative structure, convincingness (like waking life), and instinctual themes.

Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder (more specifically a parasomnia) in which people act out their dreams.

Apart from its present distribution, nothing is known about the evolution of this brain feature, and its function is not exactly known. Experiments on humans suggests they need rem sleep or they get obvious mental deterioration.

References

Physiology
Sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep


Lucius Julius Sex. f. L. n. Caesar was a member of the patrician house of the Julii Caesares at Ancient Rome, and held the office of praetor in 183 BC.

Family
Lucius was the son of Sextus Julius Caesar, who had distinguished himself as praetor in 208 BC, during the Second Punic War.  He had at least one brother, Sextus, who obtained the consulship in 157, and probably a second, Gaius, a senator who wrote a history of Rome in Greek about 143 BC.

Although it was common for the eldest son in a family to be named after his father, Lucius, apparently named after his grandfather, was probably the eldest brother.  Following the cursus honorum, he was probably approaching forty years of age when he was elected praetor, and was probably born no later than 220 BC, while his brother, Sextus, first appears in history holding the rather junior post of military tribune in 181, and did not become consul for another twenty-four years after that.  Further, Lucius had a son, also named Lucius, who was praetor in 166, and thus was probably born before 200; Sextus' son only obtained the praetorship in 123 BC.

Career
Elected praetor for 183 BC, Lucius was assigned the province of Cisalpine Gaul.  The senate gave him the task of preventing the Transalpine Gauls from building a city on the site of Aquileia, where they had begun to settle, but to do so without resorting to open hostilities.  A Roman colony was planned for the location, and triumvirs were appointed for that purpose in the same year; thus Lucius played a crucial role in the founding of what would become one of the largest cities of classical antiquity.

See also
 Julia (gens)

References

Bibliography
 Titus Livius (Livy), Ab Urbe Condita (History of Rome), book xxxix.
 Wilhelm Drumann, Geschichte Roms in seinem Übergang von der republikanischen zur monarchischen Verfassung, oder: Pompeius, Caesar, Cicero und ihre Zeitgenossen, Königsberg (1834–1844).
 "Caesar" and "L. Julius Caesar" (no. 3), in the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).
 T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, American Philological Association (1952).

3rd-century BC births
2nd-century BC Roman praetors
Lucius
Year of birth uncertain

Lucius Julius Caesar (praetor 183 BC)


Columbia is the state capital and the 2nd most populous city in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 Census, it has a population of 137,300.

It is the county seat of Richland County, but a small portion of the city is in Lexington County. It is home to the University of South Carolina.

Just east of the city is Fort Jackson, the U.S. Army's largest and most active initial entry training installation,

History
Columbia is on the fall line from the Appalachian Mountains. The fall line is the spot where boats cannot travel any farther upstream and is also the spot farthest downstream where falling water can usefully power a mill.

The state capital before 1790 was Charleston on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. In 1786, the legislature decided to move the money to the state's center. The site of Columbia was chosen for its location on the river just 13 miles (21  km)  northwest of South Carolina's geographic center. The State Legislature first met there in 1790. After remaining under the direct government of the legislature for the first two decades of its existence, Columbia was incorporated as a village in 1805 and then as a city in 1854. Columbia received a significant stimulus to development when it was connected in a direct water route to Charleston by the Santee Canal. This canal connected the Santee and Cooper Rivers in a 22-mile (35  km) section. It was first chartered in 1786 and completed in 1800, making it one of the earliest canals in the United States. With increased railroad traffic, it ceased operation around 1850.

Columbia was one of the first planned cities in the United States.  It is known for its wide streets.

After Sherman's March to the Sea the Union Army attacked and occupied Columbia, an important military center. On February 17, 1865, a fire destroyed much of the city and killed many people.

The 20th century saw Columbia emerge as a regional textile manufacturing center. In the 1920s, Columbia business people constructed a large dam on the Saluda River to make hydroelectric power. The dam, using the native red clay soil and bedrock, was the largest earthen dam in the world when it was completed in 1930. Lake Murray, formed by the dam, is 41 mil, es (66  km) long and 14 miles (23  km) wide at its widest point. When the lake was finished, it was the world's largest artificial reservoir. The company built the dam grew to become SCANA Corporation, one of Columbia's largest employers.

The city of Columbia has recently accomplished several redevelopment projects and has several more planned. The historic Congaree Vista, a  district running from the central business district toward the Congaree river, features several historic buildings that have been rehabilitated.

Transportation
The Central Midlands Regional Transit Authority (CMRTA), operates mass transit in the greater Columbia area including Cayce, West Columbia, Forest Acres, Arcadia Lakes, Springdale, and the St. Andrews area. CMRTA operates express shuttles and bus services serving Columbia and its immediate suburbs. The authority was established in October 2002 after SCANA released ownership of public transportation back to the City of Columbia. Since 2003, CMRTA has provided transportation for more than 2 million passengers, expanded route services, and introduced 43 new ADA-accessible buses offering safer, more comfortable transportation. CMRTA has also added ten natural gas-powered buses to the fleet.

The Central Midlands Council of Governments is investigating the potential for rail transit in the region. Routes into downtown Columbia originating from Camden, Newberry, and Batesburg-Leesville are in consideration, as is a potential line between Columbia and Charlotte connecting the two main lines of the future Southeastern High-Speed Rail Corridor.

Columbia's central location between the population centers of South Carolina has made it a transportation focal point with three interstate highways and one interstate spur.

The city and its surroundings are served by Columbia Metropolitan Airport (IATA:CAE; ICAO:KCAE). The city is served daily by Amtrak and Greyhound Lines buses.

Education
Columbia has the main campus of the University of South Carolina, chartered in 1801 as South Carolina College and in 1906 as the University of South Carolina. The university has 350-degree programs and enrolls more than 27,500 students throughout 15 degree-granting colleges and schools. It is an urban university in downtown Columbia, just south of the Capitol.

Other colleges are Allen University, Benedict College, Columbia College, Columbia International University, Lutheran Theological Southern Seminary, and Midlands Technical College.

Counties

Metropolitan
 Calhoun County, Fairfield County, Kershaw County, Lexington County, Richland County, Saluda County

Micropolitan
 Newberry County, Orangeburg County

References

Other websites
 City of Columbia official website

County seats in South Carolina
Columbia, South Carolina
State capitals in the United States
1805 establishments in the United States
1800s establishments in South Carolina
Cities in South Carolina

Columbia, South Carolina


The Zhangxun Restoration was an attempt to restore the Qing Dynasty in July 1917.

In 1911 after the Xinhai Revolution, the Qing Dynasty died. It was the last monarchy of China after thousands of years. The last emperor of the Qing was Puyi. General Zhang Xun tried to put Puyi back on the throne in 1917. Zhang got an army and entered Beijing.

But it lasted only a few days, from July 1 to July 12. Troops from the Republic of China (1912–1949) quickly ended it.

Citations

20th century in China
1917

Zhangxun Restoration


The Circular Staircase is a mystery novel by American writer Mary Roberts Rinehart. The story follows dowager Rachel Innes as she thwarts a series of strange crimes at a summer house she has rented with her niece and nephew. The novel was Rinehart's first bestseller and established her as one of the era's most popular writers. The story was serialized in All-Story for five issues starting with the November 1907 issue, then published in book form by Bobbs-Merrill in 1908.

Rinehart was inspired to write the novel after a visit to Melrose, a Gothic Revival castle in Northern Virginia.

The Circular Staircase pioneered what became known as the "had I but known" school of mystery writing, which often feature female protagonists and narrators who foreshadow impending danger and plot developments by reflecting on what they might have done differently. Rinehart employed this formula in many of her later works, and it inspired dozens of subsequent stories. The novel was adapted for the screen twice: as a silent film in 1915, and for the television series Climax! in 1956. Its best known adaptation was as the play The Bat, which became a major Broadway hit and inspired a number of later works, including several adaptations of its own.

Plot
Rachel Innes is a spinster who has had custody of her orphaned niece and nephew since they were children. The siblings Halsey and Gertrude are now 20 and 24, respectively, and they talk Rachel into renting a house in the country for the summer.
The country-house is owned by the Armstrong family (who is currently away on vacation), and currently only has a housekeeper named Mary.

Upon arriving Rachel and her long-time maid Lydia set about hiring staff and setting up in the house before Halsey and Gertrude arrive the next day.  They receive an ominous warning that there is a ghost in the house from Thomas, an older man who has worked for the Armstrongs for many years and agrees to return and work as a butler for Rachel.  The first night Lydia and Rachel are awoken by the sounds of an intruder sneaking around and dropping a metal golf stick on a staircase.
The next morning Gertrude and Halsey arrive along with Jack Bailey, a local banker who is a friend to Halsey and engaged to Gertrude.

The next night Rachel is again woken by a loud sound and a dead body is found at the bottom of a circular set of stairs.  The police arrive led by Detective Jamieson and the body is identified as Arnold Armstrong, the estranged son of the house owner Paul Armstrong.  Halsey and Jack are both missing and while searching for them Rachel discovers Halsey's pistol thrown into a tulip bed.  She hides this discovery from the police who question both her and Gertrude.  Gertrude provides an alibi for Halsey and Jack, claiming they left just before Arnold was shot to death.

Rachel is determined to remain in the house until the mystery is solved and her nephew is cleared of all suspicion despite the fact that there continue to be break-ins and mysterious tapping noises during the night.  A few days later Halsey returns without Jack and refuses to provide any explanations.  Jack and Halsey both had a poor relationship with Arnold because Arnold treated Gertrude badly.  The day Halsey returns news breaks that the local bank (which is owned by Paul Armstrong, and where Jack works, and also where Halsey and Gertrude keep their substantial inheritance) has gone bankrupt because someone who worked there stole a bunch of money.  Suspicion immediately falls on the missing Jack Bailey, who turns himself into police custody that day proclaiming his innocence.

Jack is released from police custody due to claimed illness.  Rachel continues to investigate and hires a new gardener on the recommendation of Halsey.  She discovers that Thomas and the housekeeper Mary have been hiding a very ill Louise Armstrong (the step-daughter of Paul Armstrong and fiance of Halsey) in the groundskeeper's house.  News arrives that Paul Armstrong has died due to heart disease and poor health.  Thomas the groundskeeper dies of a heart attack not much later.

The stable is lit on fire as a distraction so someone can break into the house, but Rachel realizes this and manages to shoot the would-be-burglar in the foot but the burglar still gets away.  Louise breaks off her engagement with Halsey against her own wishes to marry the local coroner.  Late at night Detective Jamieson and the new gardener wake up Rachel and take her to a graveyard, where they dig up the grave of Paul Armstrong and determine that the body in the grave is not that of Paul Armstrong.  When Halsey finds out he takes off angrily, and then his car is found crashed into a train with him still missing.  Halsey remains missing for several days until finally being discovered tied up in a train car by a hobo.  Investigation into the bank fraud determines it was Paul Armstrong who stole the money, not Jack Bailey.  Paul Armstrong had then hid the money in his house in a secret room and faked his own death, promising the local coroner a marriage with his stepdaughter Louise if the coroner would go along with the plan.  Paul and the coroner had been the burglars trying to break into the house over the past month.

Paul dies when he falls down the stairs while fleeing from the police after breaking into his mansion again.  Arnold Armstrong was shot by the housekeeper Mary, who was the sister of Arnold's secret ex-wife.  Mary's sister had died giving birth to Arnold's child and Mary had been raising the child without any help from Arnold for several years.  After Arnold was disinherited from his family he began to blackmail Mary by threatening to take his child away from her if she did not give him money.  He also beat her with a golf stick.  Jack Bailey had disguised himself as the new gardener to help with the investigation and ultimately cleared his name of all charges and marries Gertrude.  Halsey and Louise also got back together after her stepfather died.

Adaptations

In 1912, Rinehart's friend Beatrice DeMille, mother of Cecil B. Demille, tried to work out a deal for her son's new film company to purchase the rights to The Circular Staircase and another Rinehart story. Though this failed to come together, Rinehart was soon able to sell her work to film companies, beginning with a group of comic stories that Essanay Studios adapted as short films in 1914. In 1915, Rinehart sold the film rights to The Circular Staircase to Selig Polyscope Company for an apparently small amount. The silent film, released in 1915, was the first feature-length adaptation of Rinehart's work. It was directed by Edward LeSaint and starred Guy Oliver as Halsey, Eugenie Besserer as Ray, and Stella Razeto as Gertrude. It received lukewarm reviews; one critic wrote that it followed the novel too closely to be effectively cinematic. The film is now lost.

The Circular Staircase was also adapted for an episode of the television series Climax! that aired on June 21, 1956. The episode starred Judith Anderson as Rachel Innes.

The Bat

The Circular Staircase'''s most notable adaptation was as the 1920 stage play The Bat. Rinehart started working on the play in 1917 with Avery Hopwood; they made a number of alterations to the source to prepare it for the stage. They renamed characters, changed plot elements, and most significantly, added the titular villain, who disguises his identity under a frightening bat costume until the play's denouement. The Bat opened on August 23, 1920 at Broadway's Morosco Theatre. It was an immediate success with both audiences and critics. It ran for 878 performances in New York, and six additional companies took the show to other cities, in addition to a later London production and numerous individual performances. The play was extremely lucrative for Rinehart and her husband Stan, who had invested much of their wealth into it.

Rinehart later denied that The Bat was connected to The Circular Staircase after the works' similarities led to legal troubles over film rights. In 1920, Rineheart bought back The Circular Staircase rights from Selig Polyscope, and hoped to license The Bat for a film. However, Selig re-released the 1915 Circular Staircase under the title The Bat. Rinehart tried to file suit to keep Selig from using the title. The Bat led to several adaptations of its own. In 1926, Rinehart licensed a novelization of The Bat, published under her name but ghostwritten by Stephen Vincent Benét, partly to distance The Bat from The Circular Staircase. It was filmed three times: as the 1926 silent film The Bat, as the 1930 talking film The Bat Whispers, and as the 1959 horror picture The Bat''.

References

Bibliography

External links

The Circular Staircase at RedeemingQualities

Joyce McDonald at GirleBooks (October 2009)
Full novel at PinkMonkey

1908 American novels
American mystery novels
American novels adapted into films
Works by Mary Roberts Rinehart
American novels adapted into plays
Bobbs-Merrill Company books

The Circular Staircase


Ryszard S. Michalski (May 7, 1937 – September 20, 2007) was a Polish-American computer scientist. Michalski was Professor at George Mason University and a pioneer in the field of machine learning.

Biography
Michalski was born in Kalusz near Lvov on 7 May 1937.

He received an equivalent of Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering at the Universities of Technology in Kraków and Warsaw in 1959; obtained M.S. Computer Science at the Polytechnic Institute of
St. Petersburg in 1961; and Ph.D. in Computer Science at the Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice in 1969. In the period 1962–1970 he worked at the Institute of Automation of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS) in Warsaw, during which he and  Jacek Karpiński developed an early successful learning system for recognizing handwritten alpha-numeric characters.

He emigrated to America in 1970, worked at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign until moved with his research group to the George Mason University in 1988. Although leaving Poland, he worked part-time at the Institute of Computer Science of PAS in Warsaw.

Ryszard S. Michalski died on 20 September 2007 from cancer at his home in Fairfax.

Academic life
Michalski was cofounder of Machine Learning and Inference Laboratory at George Mason University.  He earned a patent for the university with Learnable Non-Darwinian Evolution Model (LEM), a form of evolutionary computation, in 2003.

He cofounded the Journal of Machine Learning in 1986 and helped organize the first international multistrategy machine learning conferences in 1991.

Work
Michalski influenced wide areas, notably in machine learning, but also in the broadly understood areas of data analysis and knowledge discovery. Some of his offspring are listed below. (See more on his homepage at GMU)
 Learning system for handwritten character recognition (1966)
 AQ algorithm (1969)
 Conceptual clustering (1980)
 Multistrategy learning  (1984)
 Logic of human plausible reasoning-with Alan Collins (1979–1989)
 Multistrategy data mining/Knowledge segment (1991)
 Data-driven constructive induction (1991)
 Hypothesis-driven constructive induction (1991)
 Inferential theory of learning (1991)
 Learning trees from rules (1993)
 Natural induction (1996)
 Learnable Evolution Model-LEM (1997)
 Data Inferencing (1998)
 Knowledge Mining (2001)
 Attributional calculus (1998/2004)

Honors and awards
Michalski was elected to Foreign Member of the Polish Academy of Sciences in 2000  and Fellow of AAAI. Poland President honored him with the Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland in July 2007.

Selected works
Michalski was prolific author of scientific works on various topics in computer science, including machine learning, artificial intelligence, and human plausible reasoning. He wrote, co-wrote, or co-edited more than 350 research publications and more than one dozen books. Some of which are listed below. (See more on his homepage at GMU)

Books
 1983. (with  Jaime Carbonell  & Tom M. Mitchell, Eds.)  Machine learning: An artificial intelligence approach. Los Altos, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
 1986. (with  J.G. Carbonell  & Tom Mitchell, Eds.) Machine learning: An artificial intelligence approach. Vol. II. Los Altos, CA: Morgan-Kaufmann.
 1986. (with Tom Mitchell & J. Carbonell, Eds.) Machine Learning: A Guide to Current Research. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
 1990. (with Kodratoff, Y, Eds.) Machine learning: An artificial intelligence approach. Vol. III. Los Altos, CA: Morgan-Kaufmann.
 1993. Multistrategy Learning: A Special Issue of MACHINE LEARNING. Springer.
 1994. (with  George Tecuci, Eds) Machine Learning: A Multistrategy Approach, Volume IV. Morgan Kaufmann
 1998. (with Ivan Bratko & Miroslav Kubat, Eds.) Machine Learning and Data Mining: Methods and Applications. Wiley

Articles
 1980. Pattern recognition as rule-guided inductive inference. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2, 349-361.
 1986. (with Pat Langley) Editorial: Machine Learning and Discovery. Machine Learning 1: 363-366, 1986. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
 1986. (with Brian C. Falkenhainer) Integrating quantitative and qualitative discovery: The ABACUS system. Machine Learning: Volume 1, Issue 4, pp 367–401.

References

External links
 Obituary Ryszard S. Michalski (1937–2007), by Adam Borkowski, 2007

1937 births
2007 deaths
Members of the Polish Academy of Sciences
George Mason University faculty
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
American people of Polish descent
American computer scientists
Cyberneticists

Ryszard S. Michalski


Joshua Anthony Frydenberg () (born 17 July 1971) is an Australian former politician who served as the treasurer of Australia and deputy leader of the Liberal Party from 2018 to 2022. He also served as a member of parliament (MP) for the division of Kooyong from 2010 to 2022.

After leaving university, Frydenberg served as an adviser to Prime Minister John Howard and Foreign Minister Alexander Downer during the Howard government. He also worked for Deutsche Bank until his election to the Australian House of Representatives at the 2010 federal election. Quickly appointed to the frontbench, he went on to serve in several ministerial roles during the Abbott and Turnbull governments from 2013 to 2018, including as Minister for Resources and Minister for the Environment and Energy. In August 2018, he was elected as deputy leader of the Liberal Party following a leadership spill, which saw Scott Morrison elected as leader and prime minister. Morrison subsequently appointed Frydenberg as Treasurer.

At the 2022 federal election, Frydenberg suffered a significant swing against him, and lost his seat to the teal independent candidate Monique Ryan. Frydenberg became the first sitting treasurer to lose his seat since Ted Theodore at the 1931 election. After leaving politics, he became an advisor at investment bank Goldman Sachs.

Early life and education
Frydenberg was born in Melbourne and educated at Bialik and Mount Scopus Colleges. His mother, Erika Strausz, is a psychologist and University of Melbourne professor and his father Harry is a general surgeon. His mother was a Jewish Hungarian born in 1943 who arrived in Australia in 1950 as a stateless child from a refugee camp after escaping the Holocaust. His father is also Jewish; his grandparents emigrated to Australia from Poland in the 1930s.

Throughout his childhood, Frydenberg was a keen tennis player. He lobbied his parents, unsuccessfully, to drop out of high school to pursue a career in tennis. When they refused, Frydenberg stuck up a handwritten sign on his bedroom:  "the pain of discipline is far easier than the pain of regret". After finishing high school, he took a gap year to play tennis full-time in Australia and Europe. Frydenberg played against Mark Philippoussis and Pat Rafter, and represented Australia at two World University Games. He and his father were present at the 1997 Maccabiah bridge collapse.

Frydenberg completed honours degrees in economics and law at Monash University, where he became president of the Law Students Society, before working at Mallesons Stephen Jaques, a large Australian commercial law firm. Frydenberg won both a Fulbright Scholarship to attend Yale University and a Commonwealth Scholarship to attend the University of Oxford. He opted to accept the latter, completing a Master of International Relations at University College, Oxford, with a thesis on Indonesian politics. While deciding between Oxford and Yale, he was introduced to and developed friendships with Greg Hunt, a Fulbright Scholar and future cabinet colleague, and Sir Zelman Cowen, a former Australian governor-general and Oxford provost. He was introduced to the latter through their mutual friend Steven Skala. Cowen "became a mentor to Frydenberg and they spent many Sundays together discussing literature, music, philosophy and law". While at Oxford, Frydenberg was a member of the Oxford University L'Chaim Society.

Frydenberg has also earned a Master of Public Administration from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.

Frydenberg is one of seven Liberal MPs in the 46th Parliament of Australia who have obtained degrees at an Oxbridge or Ivy League university, the others being Alan Tudge, Angus Taylor, Andrew Laming, Dave Sharma, Greg Hunt and Paul Fletcher.

Early career

In 1999, Frydenberg worked as an assistant adviser to Attorney-General Daryl Williams before becoming an adviser to Foreign Affairs Minister Alexander Downer, a post he held until 2003. From 2003 to 2005 he was a policy adviser to Prime Minister John Howard, specialising in domestic security issues, border protection, justice and industrial relations. In 2005 he took up a position as a Director of Global Banking with Deutsche Bank in the company's Melbourne office.

2006 preselection attempt
In 2006, Frydenberg announced that he was seeking Liberal preselection for Kooyong, a safe Liberal seat in Melbourne's eastern suburbs. He was contesting it against the incumbent member, Petro Georgiou, who had held the seat since 1994.

In the days leading to the preselection convention, Queensland frontbenchers Ian Macfarlane, Peter Dutton and Santo Santoro backed Frydenberg's credentials, for which they were criticised by former Victorian Premier Jeff Kennett.

Georgiou won the nomination by gaining 62 of the 85 delegates' votes, with Frydenberg receiving 22 votes and a third candidate, Alastair Armstrong, receiving one vote. After Frydenberg's defeat, federal Treasurer and deputy Liberal leader Peter Costello, who represented the neighbouring seat of Higgins, encouraged Frydenberg to run for pre-selection in Chisholm, a marginal electorate neighbouring Kooyong, held by Anna Burke of the ALP. Frydenberg declined the offer, saying, "This is where I am from, this is where I feel most comfortable and this is where I think there is real work to be done."

After Georgiou announced his decision to retire at the 2010 election, Frydenberg won the preselection vote, defeating industrial lawyer John Pesutto. Frydenberg's candidacy was supported by references from former Prime Minister John Howard and former Opposition Leader Andrew Peacock.

Member of Parliament

Georgiou retired ahead of the 2010 federal election. With the support of former Liberal state president Michael Kroger, Frydenberg won Liberal preselection, and went on to win the seat with 52.56% of the primary vote and 57.55% of the two-party-preferred vote. He was only the fifth person to represent this traditionally safe non-Labor seat in 88 years. He held the seat that was once held by Australia's longest-serving Prime Minister, Robert Menzies.

The first Jewish Liberal elected to the House of Representatives, in his maiden speech, Frydenberg recounted the story of his Jewish grandparents' and great aunt's migration to Australia from Nazi controlled Europe and lauded the contribution of migrants to communities within his electorate. He enunciated his belief in small government, called for stronger ties with Asia while also maintaining a solid alliance with the US and proposed a target of having two Australian universities within the world's top ten by 2030.

Frydenberg is a member of the centre-right faction of the Liberal Party.

Frydenberg has at times been the target of antisemitic attacks, such as defacing his election material with Nazi icons.

Abbott government

At the 2013 federal election, Frydenberg was re-elected with the largest swing to the Liberal Party in the seat since 1975. He was sworn in as a Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister on 18 September 2013, with particular responsibility for the government's deregulation agenda. On 23 December 2014, Frydenberg was sworn in as Assistant Treasurer in a ministerial reshuffle and replaced Arthur Sinodinos, who resigned due to delays in an ICAC inquiry.

Turnbull government

Following the September 2015 Liberal leadership ballot where Malcolm Turnbull became the Prime Minister, Frydenberg was appointed the Minister for Resources, Energy and Northern Australia in the First Turnbull Ministry. In February 2016, the Nationals Matt Canavan took over responsibility for Northern Australia in the rearranged ministry.

In 2015, he declared that he had switched positions regarding same-sex marriage and publicly supported same sex marriage.

With the re-election of the Turnbull government in 2016, Frydenberg became the Minister for the Environment and Energy in the Second Turnbull Ministry.

Parliamentary eligibility
In the years following the 2016 election, numerous members of parliament were deemed to be ineligible to sit in parliament due to them breaching Section 44 of the Constitution of Australia, which prohibits MPs from having dual citizenship.

In the course of the 2017-18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis, suggestions were raised that Frydenberg might be in breach of Section 44, as his mother and her family had come to Australia as refugees from Hungary and was stateless at the time, but subsequently Hungary conferred citizenship by descent, which may have applied to Frydenberg. Documents from the National Archives show that Frydenberg's grandparents and mother were considered "Hungarian" when they arrived in Australia, but had applied for a certificate of exemption, listing their nationality as "stateless".

Labor Party MPs were split on whether the matter should be investigated:  Mark Dreyfus indicated that he would pursue the matter, but other Labor MPs requested that he desist. Ed Husic said that he felt uncomfortable with his party questioning the legal citizenship of stateless Jewish refugees escaping Europe. Mark Butler stated that it was not the party's official position to pursue the matter.

Following the 2019 election, Frydenberg was taken to court over the issue by a constituent, Michael Staindl. In March 2020, the Federal Court ruled that Frydenberg was eligible to sit in parliament. Frydenberg was awarded legal costs of $410,000 against Staindl, of which Staindl paid him $350,000.  In July 2022, the Federal Court approved a settlement in which Staindl would make no further statement disparaging Frydenberg or his lawyers and no further payment would be required.

Morrison government

Two leadership spills were carried out by the Liberal Party in August 2018, with the second resulting in Treasurer Scott Morrison replacing Malcolm Turnbull as party leader and prime minister. Julie Bishop did not seek re-election as deputy leader, and in the resulting ballot Frydenberg won a majority in the first round with 46 votes, while Trade Minister Steven Ciobo received 20 and Health Minister Greg Hunt received 16. During Morrison's subsequent press conference, he announced that Frydenberg would replace him as Treasurer.

Frydenberg delivered his first federal budget in April 2019. At the 2019 federal election, he retained his seat of Kooyong with a reduced majority, following a challenge from high-profile Greens candidate Julian Burnside. Perceiving Burnside as a strong contender, the Liberal Party doubled its spending on the campaign in Kooyong, from $500,000 to $1 million. Frydenberg received a primary swing of -8.2% against him, as well as the lowest Liberal vote in Kooyong in 97 years.

In July 2019 a Kooyong resident petitioned the High Court, as Court of Disputed Returns, for a ruling that Frydenberg had been ineligible owing to foreign citizenship, being allegedly a citizen of Hungary. On 23 November 2019 it was reported that Frydenberg had received confirmation from the Hungarian government that no record could be found of Hungarian citizenship of himself or his mother. On 12 December 2019, since factual as well as legal questions remained unresolved, Justice Gordon of the High Court (who was critical of parties' delay) referred the case to the Federal Court. On 17 March 2020, a Full Court of the Federal Court found on the basis of expert evidence that Frydenberg's maternal family had lost their Hungarian citizenship upon leaving Hungary, so that he was not and had never been a Hungarian citizen, and consequently he was not ineligible to be elected to the federal parliament.

In the lead-up to the 2022 election, Frydenberg's marginal seat of Kooyong faced a significant challenge by independent candidate Monique Ryan, who was a part of the "teal independent" movement. At the election on 21 May, Frydenberg lost his seat to Ryan, and he conceded defeat two days later. Frydenberg's loss would mark the first time that the seat of Kooyong would not be held by the Liberal Party or its predecessors since its inception in 1901.

Frydenberg reportedly had a close working relationship with Morrison and "often stayed overnight at Kirribilli".

Life after politics
In July 2022, Frydenberg joined investment bank Goldman Sachs as a senior regional advisor for the Asia Pacific. In September 2023, Frydenberg was appointed as the chairman of Goldman Sachs' Australian and New Zealand operations, a move which led Frydenberg to rule himself out of re-contesting Kooyong in 2025.

Personal life
Frydenberg is married and has two children.

Frydenberg is a supporter of the Carlton Football Club, and served as the club's number-one ticket holder for 2021 and 2022. In 2019, he was the Melbourne Storm number-one ticket holder.

See also
 List of Jewish members of Australian parliaments

References

External links

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1971 births
Living people
21st-century Australian politicians
Abbott government
Alumni of University College, Oxford
Australian investment bankers
Australian public servants
Australian people of Polish-Jewish descent
Australian people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Businesspeople from Melbourne
Jewish Australian politicians
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Kooyong
Members of the Cabinet of Australia
Monash Law School alumni
Morrison government
Politicians from Melbourne
Treasurers of Australia
Turnbull government
Energy ministers of Australia
Environment ministers of Australia
People educated at Mount Scopus Memorial College

Josh Frydenberg


Pescia is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is in a central zone between the cities Lucca and Florence.

Important monuments and buildings
 Palazzo Palagio
 Palazzo Della Barba
 Cathedral
 Communal Palace
 City Library

Economy
Economic activities of the city are about flowers and paper.

Twin cities
  Nerja, Spain
  Oullins, France

Cities in Tuscany
Settlements in Pistoia

Pescia


The Jaceruba Environmental Protection Area (, formerly the Rio São Pedro de Jaceruba Environmental Protection Area) is a municipal environmental protection area in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Location

The Jaceruba Environmental Protection Area (APA Jaceruba) is in the northwest of the municipality of Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, on the border with the municipalities of Miguel Pereira and Japeri.
It is in an inaccessible region adjoining the Tinguá Biological Reserve to the east.
It is accessed by RJ-119, a dirt road in poor condition.
It has an area of  about .
The APA contains remnants of Atlantic Forest.
Threats include deforestation, burning and irregular occupation.

History

Before the APA was created the area was used for hunting, capture of wild animals for sale and extraction of hearts of palm.
Restaurants by the roadside freely advertised the sale of bush meat.
The area was also under pressure from real estate speculators due to the expansion of the metropolitan arc of Rio de Janeiro.

The Rio São Pedro de Jaceruba Environmental Protection Area was created by municipal decree 6.492 of 6 June 2002.
On 5 November 2002 by municipal decree 6.547 it was renamed the APA Jaceruba (Jaceruba Environmental Protection Area).
Law 3.592 of 7 July 2004 confirmed creation of the APA with an area of about  with the purpose of protecting natural resources considered essential to the local residents, encouraging environmental education and preserving the natural landscape with emphasis on protection and preservation of the forests, springs and headwaters of the São Pedro River basin.

The APA is part of the Central Rio de Janeiro Atlantic Forest Mosaic, created in 2006.
On 20 January 2010 Maria Emilia Nascimento wrote to Carlos Minc, federal Minister of the Environment, asking for help in ensuring the safety of representatives of the APA on the council of the mosaic. They had been suffering from threats and attacks in the isolated APA.

Notes

Sources

Environmental protection areas of Brazil
Protected areas of Rio de Janeiro (state)
2002 establishments in Brazil

Jaceruba Environmental Protection Area


Čestmír Císař (2 January 1920 – 24 March 2013) was a Czech and Czechoslovak politician and diplomat. He served as the first Chairman of the Czech National Council from 1968 to 1969 when the Czech Republic was part of Czechoslovakia during the Communist era.  A leading advocate for reforms of the Communist Party, Císař introduced a series of liberal reforms to Communist Czechoslovakia, becoming a major figure in the Prague Spring as a result. He sought to create a new form of socialism with a "human face." His reforms were repealed following the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. He was removed from office and expelled from the Communist Party until the Velvet Revolution of 1989.

Císař was born in Hostomice nad Bílinou on 2 January 1920. He studied at Lycée Carnot in Dijon, France. He attended Charles University in Prague but was forced to leave the school following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1939. He worked as an accountant during the Nazi occupation and World War II.

He joined the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) in 1945 following the end of the war. Císař first became involved in the Communist Party's cultural programs in the western city of Plzeň.

Císař served as the department head and Secretary of the KSČ regional committee in Plzeň from 1952 to 1957. He next held the post Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) during the early 1960s.

He served as the country's Minister of Culture and Education of Czechoslovakia from 1963 to 1965. However, he soon angered leaders within the Communist Party (KSČ) for openly expressing liberal viewpoints. Antonín Novotný, the President of Czechoslovakia and head of the KSČ, accused Císař of "dabbling too much with intellectuals." Novotný removed from the ministry in 1965 and sent him out of the country as the ambassador of Czechoslovakia to Romania as a punishment.

Antonín Novotný resigned as First Secretary of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) in January 1968 and was replaced by Alexander Dubček. Císař returned to Czechoslovakia from Romania at the behest of Dubček.

Císař was one of several candidates within the Communist Party who campaigned for President of Czechoslovakia in the aftermath of Novotný's resignation from this office in March. He received widespread support from Czechoslovakian university students, as well as the support of Dubček in the KSČ election. However, Communist Party members chose General Ludvík Svoboda as the new President and head of the KSČ instead of Císař.

He became the Chairman of the Czech National Council in 1968, holding the office during the Prague Spring. Císař introduced a series of liberal reforms within the Communist system and he became a symbol of the Prague Spring.

Císař attempted to halt the 1968 Soviet invasion which ended the Prague Spring. He was removed from office and expelled from the Communist Party (KSČ) in the aftermath of the invasion. He left politics and public life after his removal from office, taking small jobs for a living.

He remained out of politics until the end of the Communist era in 1989. He briefly founded the Obroda group in 1989, a small group of reformed Communist veterans of the Prague Spring who advocated "democratic socialism" in the wake of the Velvet Revolution. However, the group was opposed by Václav Havel and it soon disbanded.

Císař returned to his former career as a diplomat in the 1990s in an agreement with Václav Havel. He served as the representative of Czechoslovakia to the Council of Europe from 1991 to 1992.

Císař focused on his writings during the 1990s and 2000s. In 2013, he attended a victory party to celebrate the election of Miloš Zeman as President of the Czech Republic.

Čestmír Císař died on 24 March 2013 in Prague, at the age of 93.

References

1920 births
2013 deaths
People from Teplice District
Members of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
Government ministers of Czechoslovakia
Members of the National Assembly of Czechoslovakia (1964–1968)
Members of the Chamber of the Nations of Czechoslovakia (1969–1971)
Ambassadors of Czechoslovakia to Romania
Czechoslovak diplomats
Prague Spring
Czech communists
Czech male writers
Czech politicians
Charles University alumni

Čestmír Císař


Phineas and Ferb is a Disney Channel cartoon television series created by Dan Povenmire and Swampy Marsh. It aired from 2007 to 2015 and inspired two spin-offs called The OWCA Files and Milo Murphy's Law. It was also adapted into two movies. The TV movie Phineas and Ferb The Movie: Across The Second Dimension and the Disney Plus original movie Phineas and Ferb The Movie: Candace Against the Universe.

Premise
Phineas Flynn and his stepbrother Ferb Fletcher are two children who spend their summer vacation inventing new machines and/or building large wikt:contraptions so that they and their friends can have fun. Phineas's sister Candace Flynn thinks that their mother would be angry with Phineas and Ferb if she saw the things they build so
Candace spends each day trying to show her what Phineas and Ferb created to get her to punish them (or as Candace puts it to "bust" them.) But Phineas and Ferb's pet platypus Perry is actually a spy secretly working for a group called OWCA (Organization Without a Cool Acronym) known as Perry the Platypus or Agent P who spends every day fighting the evil Dr. Doofenshmirtz. And every day Perry's battle with Doofenshmirtz leads to him accidentally destroying whatever Phineas and Ferb built just before Candace shows it to her mother Linda so Linda sees nothing and doesn't believe Candace who ends up looking crazy.

2007 television series debuts
2015 television series endings

Phineas and Ferb


Prodigal Sons  is a studio album by the Irish folk group The Dubliners. Produced by Bill Whelan, who later became famous for Riverdance, this album featured cellist Nigel Warren-Green as guest musician. Although Luke Kelly recorded his famous versions of "Raglan Road" and "Song for Ireland" during these sessions, neither track featured on this album, although Seán Cannon's version of "Song for Ireland" did. The two Kelly recordings would first appear on the compilation album, Luke's Legacy after his death. The album took its name from John Sheahan's composition, "The Prodigal Son". The album featured both contemporary and traditional songs as well as instrumental pieces.

Track listing

Side One:
 "Building Up and Tearing England Down" (Dominic Behan)
 "Jigs - My Darling Asleep/Paddy in London/An Tathair Jack Walsh"
 "The Newry Highwayman"
 "When Margaret Was Eleven" (Pete St. John)
 "Prodigal Son" (John Sheahan)

Side Two:
 "The Waterford Boys"
 "Reels - The Humours of Scariff/The Flannel Jacket"
 "Now I'm Easy" (Eric Bogle)
 "The Hen's March to the Midden"
 "Song for Ireland" (Phil Colclough)
 "Second World Song" (David McDonagh)

All tracks Trad. Arr. The Dubliners unless otherwise stated

Personnel
Ronnie Drew - guitar, vocals
Barney McKenna - banjo, mandolin, vocals
John Sheahan - fiddle, tin whistle, vocals
Seán Cannon - guitar, vocals
Eamonn Campbell - guitar
Des Moore - guitar
Nigel Warren-Green - cello
Bill Whelan - keyboards, producer
Philip Begley - engineer
Fergus Bourke - photographer
Dara O Lochlainn - sleeve design

References

The Dubliners albums
1983 albums
Polydor Records albums

Prodigal Sons


Yemima Avidar-Tchernovitz (; October 8, 1909 – March 20, 1998) was an Israeli author whose works became classics of modern Hebrew children's literature. Born in Vilna, Lithuania, in 1909, she arrived in Palestine in 1921, at the age of 12.

A teacher and school principal, she also worked in children's radio with Kol Yerushalayim, with the Nursery School Teachers' Theater and on the editorial board of Dvar HaPo'elet. One of her most famous pupils was the actor Chaim Topol. Her books for children are foundational in the sippurei havurah (band-of-friends) genre and were among the earliest based on the ordinary lives of children. In addition to her original works, she translated other works into Hebrew.

Among her honors are the Israel Prize for children's literature (1984) and the Yakir Yerushalaim award (1992).

Publications
Source:

Books published in Hebrew

 Stories for Rama (Sipurim Le-Rama), Stybel, 1936
Daliah, Hatkufah, 1940
Naughty Muki (Muki HaShovav), Massada, 1943
Awake Spring (Ura Ma`ayan), Yavne, 1943
The Swallow Tells Me (HaSnunit Mesaperet), Massada, 1944
Eight in Pursuit of One (Shmonah BeIkvot Ehad), Twersky, 1945; Keter, 1996
He Will Bring Them (Hu Yavi Otam), Twersky, 1945
A Pair of Shoes (Zug Na`alaim), Twersky, 1945
Grandpa Moon (Saba Yareah), Yavne, 1945
One of Ours (Ehad MiShelanu), Twersky, 1947
Kindergarten Songs (Gan Gani Alef, Three volumes, with Levin Kipnis), Twersky, 1947–1952
The Toys` Visit (Bikur HaTza`atzuim), Massada, 1949
Two Friends on the Road (Shnei Re`im Yatzu LaDerech), Twersky, 1950
The Magic Chain (Sharsheret HaKesamim), Newmann, 1952
The Winding Path (BaShvil HaMitpatel), Twersky, 1955
Kushi and Nushi, Massada, 1955[Kushi Ve- Nushi]
The Secret Circle (BeMa`agal HaStarim), Dvir Li- Yladim, 1955
Home (Habaita), Am Oved, 1960
Stories for Nivi (Sipurim LeNivi), Massada, 1962
Grandma's Dove (HaYonah Shel Savta), Massada, 1963
The Daughter (HaBat), Massada, 1966
Nunu, Twersky, 1967
Towers in Jerusalem (Migdalim B`Yerushalayim), Massada, 1968
Diligent Girls (Yeladot Harutzot), Yizre`el, 1968
Operation 52 (Mivtzah 52), Massada, 1971
Michali (Michali), Massada,1974
Really? (BeEmet?), Sifriat Poalim, 1978
Fire Chariot (Rechev Esh), Lichtenfeld-Bronfman, 1979
Tantan Comes to Visit (Tantan Ba LeHitareah), Massada, 1979
Muki is Angry with Mum (Muki BeRogez Al Ima), Massada, 1980
Grandma's Teddy Bear Goes North (Duby Shel Savta Yotze LaTzafon), Sifriat Poalim, 1982
Three Diligent Girls (Shalosh Yeladot Harutzot), Domino, 1983
Hello Grandma, It's Me Talking (Hallo Savta, Zo Ani Medaberet), Keter, 1984
Daddy's Paratrooper Boots (Na`alei HaTzanhanim Shel Aba), Lichtenfeld, 1984
Mommy I'm Bored! (Ima, Mesha`amem Li!), Keter, 1986
Grandma Wears Sportwear (Savta Be Training), Massada, 1988
You Will Not Leave Me at Home (Oti Lo tashiru BaBait), Keter, 1988
Little Fibs (Shkarim Ktanim), Keter, 1990
Who Kidnapped Boaz? (Mi Hataf Et Boaz?) Keter, 1992
Stories for Roee (Sipurim LeRoee), Keter, 1993
Yemima Avidar-Tchernovitz's Big Book (HaSefer HaGadol Shel Yemima Avidar-Tchernovitz), Am Oved, 1995
Grandma Left Through the Windows (Savta Yatza MeHaHalonot), Keter, 1997

Translated books
Kindergarten Songs (Gan-Gani) – English: Tel Aviv, Twersky, 1957
The Daughter: The Diary of an Israeli Girl – English: Ramat Gan, Massada Press, 1969
Home! – Spanish: Buenos Aires, Editorial Israel, 1961
One of Our Own – Spanish: Buenos Aires, Editorial Israel, 1953
Two Friends on the Road – Russian: Jerusalem, Aliya, 1993

Personal life
She was married to the Haganah commander Yosef Avidar.

See also

List of Israel Prize recipients

References

Israeli children's writers
1909 births
1998 deaths
Israel Prize women recipients
Israel Prize in children's literature recipients
Israeli people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Israeli women children's writers
Jews from the Russian Empire
Jews from Mandatory Palestine
Lithuanian emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
People from Vilensky Uyezd
Writers from Vilnius
20th-century Lithuanian Jews
20th-century Lithuanian women writers
20th-century Lithuanian writers
20th-century women writers
Burials at Har HaMenuchot

Yemima Avidar-Tchernovitz


The United Nations Office for Partnerships (UNOP) is a UN body established in 2006 by Secretary-General Kofi Annan to co-create partnerships within the private sector, civil society organizations, academia, and other non-state actors in furtherance of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

UNOP oversees the United Nations Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP) and the United Nations Democracy Fund (UNDEF).

UN Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP)
The United Nations Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP) was established by Secretary-General Kofi Annan in March 1998 to serve as the interface between the United Nations system and the United Nations Foundation—the public charity responsible for administering resources in support of UN causes.

The Deputy Secretary-General is in charge of the UNFIP Advisory Board, which oversees the work of UNFIP.

UN Democracy Fund (UNDEF)
The United Nations Democracy Fund (UNDEF) was established by Secretary-General Kofi Annan in July 2005 to support democratization around the world. It focuses on giving civil society a stronger voice, promoting human rights, and making sure that all groups can take part in democratic processes. Through the Fund, the Office gave money to almost 600 projects in more than 130 countries around the world. These projects ranged from helping women and young people get involved in civil society to media programs that let civil society get its message out.

UNDEF Priorities
The United Nations Democracy Fund was established during the 2005 World Summit as a United Nations General Trust Fund and launched in April 2006, with the United Nations Office for Partnerships (UNFIP) providing administrative support and resource-sharing. Since then, it has become clear that the group that gives grants is a fund for civil society organizations. It is the only United Nations entity that has the word "democracy" in its name, the only United Nations body with the primary purpose of supporting democracy through empowering civil society, and one of the youngest entities in the United Nations system. Most project money goes to local civil society groups in countries that are both in the "transition" phase of democratization and in the "consolidation" phase. By supporting the "demand" side of democratization instead of the "supply" side, the Fund plays a huge role by making a different, and a unique role that enhances and complements the traditional work of the United Nations, which is working with governments, to strengthen democratic governance around the world.

A key part of the Fund's mission is to ensure that all levels of government are accountable to those they serve by increasing the knowledge, capacity, voice, and reach of citizen organizations. With the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in September 2015, the Fund agreed to give priority to projects that, among other things, hold governments accountable for meeting the Sustainable Development Goals.

See also
 Millennium Development Goals

References

External links
United Nations
UN Office of Partnerships
UN Democracy Fund
UN Foundation
MDG Monitor - Tracking the Millennium Development Goals

International charities
United Nations Secretariat
Organizations established by the United Nations
Organizations established in 1998

United Nations Office for Partnerships


Angela Maria Lambert (née Helps; 14 April 1940 – 26 September 2007) was a British journalist and author. She is best known for her novels A Rather English Marriage and Kiss and Kin, the latter of which won the Romantic Novel of the Year Award.

Biography
Lambert was born Angela Maria Helps to an English civil servant and a German-born housewife. She was unhappy when sent to Wispers School, a girls' boarding school in Sussex, where by the age of 12 she had decided that she wanted to be a writer. She went to St Hilda's College, Oxford, where she read politics, philosophy and economics.

In 1962, she married Martin Lambert, they had a son and a daughter, and the union ended five years later, when he left her with two young children to support. Later she also had another daughter with  the Hungarian-born writer Stephen Vizinczey.

She began her career as a journalist in 1969, working for ITN before joining The Independent newspaper in 1988.

Lambert suffered multiple immune disorders and hepatitis C (caught from a blood transfusion) which led to cirrhosis of the liver. Having survived a critical illness in February 2006, she never quite recovered, and became increasingly disabled. She lived in London and France (having bought a house in the Dordogne in 1972). She was survived by her partner of 21 years, television director Tony Price, and her three children.

Works

Novels
 Love Among the Single Classes (1989)
 No Talking After Lights (1990)
 A Rather English Marriage (1992)
 The Constant Mistress (1994)
 Kiss and Kin (1997)
 Golden Lads and Girls (1999)
 The Property of Rain (2001)

Non-fiction
 Unquiet Souls: A Social History of the Illustrious, Irreverent, Intimate Group of British Aristocrats Known As "the Souls" (1987)
 1939: The Last Season of Peace (1989)
 The Lost Life of Eva Braun (2006)

References

External links
Obituary

1940 births
2007 deaths
Alumni of St Hilda's College, Oxford
ITN newsreaders and journalists
English journalists
English non-fiction writers
Writers from London
People educated at Wispers School
RoNA Award winners
20th-century English novelists
21st-century British novelists
20th-century English women writers
21st-century English women writers
Women romantic fiction writers
English women novelists
English women non-fiction writers
British women television journalists
20th-century British businesspeople

Angela Lambert


A tribunal, generally, is any person or institution with authority to judge, adjudicate on, or determine claims or disputes—whether or not it is called a tribunal in its title.
For example, an advocate who appears before a court with a single judge could describe that judge as "their tribunal." Many governmental bodies are titled "tribunals" to emphasize that they are not courts of normal jurisdiction. For example, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda was a body specially constituted under international law; in Great Britain, employment tribunals are bodies set up to hear specific employment disputes. In many (but not all) cases, the word tribunal implies a judicial (or quasi-judicial) body with a lesser degree of formality than a court, in which the normal rules of evidence and procedure may not apply, and whose presiding officers are frequently neither judges nor magistrates. Private judicial bodies are also often styled "tribunals." The word tribunal, however, is not conclusive of a body's function—for example, in Great Britain, the Employment Appeal Tribunal is a superior court of record.

The term is derived from the tribunes, magistrates of the Classical Roman Republic. "Tribunal" originally referred to the office of the tribunes, and the term is still sometimes used in this sense in historical writings. The tribunal was the platform upon which the presiding authority sat; having a raised position physically was symbolic of their higher position regarding the adjudication of the law.

By country

Australia
In Australia, the term tribunal generally implies a judicial body with a lesser degree of formality than a court, with a simplified legal procedure, often presided over by a lawyer (solicitor or barrister) who is not a judge or magistrate (often referred to as a member of the tribunal). In many cases, the lawyers who function as tribunal members do so only part-time and spend the greater part of their time carrying out other aspects of legal practice, such as representing clients. In many cases, the formal rules of evidence that apply in courts do not apply in tribunals, which enables tribunals to hear forms of evidence that courts may not be allowed to consider. Tribunals generally deal with simpler matters; while legal representation is permitted and not uncommon, self-representation is much more common in tribunals than in courts, and tribunal members and registry staff are generally more accustomed to dealing with self-represented parties than courts are. Appeal from a tribunal is to a court.

Tribunals in the Australian judicial system include the following:
Administrative Appeals Tribunal (under review)
New South Wales Civil and Administrative Tribunal
Queensland Civil and Administrative Tribunal
State Administrative Tribunal of Western Australia
Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal

Every state has a "supertribunal" that covers a wide range of administrative decisions and, in some cases, has civil jurisdiction. In several Australian states, tribunals function as the equivalent of a small claims court.

In the context of sport, "tribunal" frequently refers to the AFL Tribunal, the disciplinary body of the Australian Football League.

Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, tribunal refers to a court that serves some special purpose, of which Bangladesh has several. These have been set up to ensure speedy trial and reduce case congestion in the normal courts. Besides this, Article 117 of the Constitution of Bangladesh empowers the parliament to set up one or more administrative tribunals. No court can entertain any proceeding or make any order regarding any matter within such tribunal's jurisdiction.

Belgium
In the judicial system of Belgium, the names of the lower trial courts can be translated into English as "tribunals" (, , ). In comparison, the higher appellate courts can be translated as "courts" (, , ).

Brazil

The Judiciary of Brazil officially names "tribunal" the appeal court and the ones above it, always with more than one judge. The higher court is the Supremo Tribunal Federal (Supreme Federal Court), followed by the superior tribunals (Superior Tribunal de Justiça, Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, Tribunal Superior do Trabalho, Superior Tribunal Militar). The federal justice is divided into regions; each has its  Tribunal Regional Federal (Regional Federal Court). Also, each state has its own Tribunal de Justiça (Justice Court).

Canada
Civil Resolution Tribunal, an online Tribunal in British Columbia (BC).
Landlord and Tenant Board, formerly the Ontario Rental Housing Tribunal.
Ontario Condominium Authority, facilitates dispute resolution between condo owners and boards regarding issues such as noise complaints.

Hong Kong
The following tribunals exist within the Judiciary of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China: Lands, Small Claims, Labour, Obscene Articles. For public inquiries, commissions are set up instead under the Commissions of Inquiry Ordinance.

India
There are tribunals for settling various administrative and tax-related disputes, including Central Administrative Tribunal, Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, Customs, Excise and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal, National Green Tribunal, Competition Appellate Tribunal and Securities Appellate Tribunal, among others.

The National Company Law Tribunal is a quasi-judicial body in India that adjudicates issues relating to Indian companies.

National Company Law Appellate Tribunal was constituted under Section 410 of the Companies Act, 2013, for hearing appeals against National Company Law Tribunal orders, effective 1 June 2016.

In several states, Food Safety Appellate Tribunals have been created to hear appeals against orders of adjudicating officers for food safety (additional deputy commissioners).

Armed Forces Tribunal is a military tribunal in India. It was established under the Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007.

Permanent Lok Adalat (PUS) is a law court (also known as People's Court) and special tribunal set up in some districts throughout the country. It has been established under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987.

Ireland

In the Republic of Ireland, tribunal popularly refers to a public inquiry established under the Tribunals of Inquiry (Evidence) Act 1921. The main difference between a Parliamentary Inquiry (non-statutory) and a Tribunal of Inquiry in Ireland is that non-statutory inquiries are not vested with the powers, privileges, and rights of the High Court. Tribunals of Inquiry are. Tribunals are established by resolution of the Houses of the Oireachtas to enquire into matters of urgent public importance. It is not a function of Tribunals to administer justice; their work is solely inquisitorial. Tribunals are obliged to report their findings to the Oireachtas. They can enforce the attendance and examination of witnesses and produce documents relevant to the work. Tribunals can consist of one or more people. A layperson or non-lawyer may be the Sole member of a tribunal.

Netherlands

Historically, before the separation of lawmaking, law enforcement, and justice duties in the Netherlands, all sentences were delivered by a tribunal of seven schepenen, or magistrates, appointed by the local count. Such a tribunal was called a Vierschaar, so named for a rope—or cord—drawn (schaar or scheren) in a four-square dimension, wherein the judges sat on four benches. These benches were also positioned in a square, with the defendant standing in the middle. Towns had the Vierschaar privilege to hear disputes. The Vierschaar was usually located in the town hall, and many historical town halls still have such a room, usually decorated with scenes from the Judgement of Solomon.

United Kingdom

The tribunal system of the United Kingdom is part of the national system of administrative justice. Though it has grown up on an ad hoc basis since the beginning of the twentieth century, from 2007, reforms were put in place to build a unified system with recognised judicial authority, routes of appeal, and regulatory supervision.

United States
"Tribunal" is used in the U.S. generally to refer to courts or judicial bodies, as in the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct. The Ohio Rules of Professional Conduct, for instance, define "tribunal" as "a court, an arbitrator in a binding arbitration, or a legislative body, administrative agency, or other body acting in an adjudicative capacity."

By sector

Catholic Church

In the Catholic Church, ecclesiastical courts are called tribunals. Tribunals are distinguished by grade, while proceedings are distinguished by instance; for example, an archdiocesan tribunal may hear a cause in the first instance if the cause is first brought before the archdiocesan tribunal. Or, if the cause was first heard before the diocesan tribunal and is now appealed to the archdiocesan tribunal, the latter may hear the cause in the second instance. Only the Roman Rota can hear causes in the third instance, with limited exceptions. Other tribunals are incompetent in the third instance because of grade (ratione gradus) since they do not have the jurisdiction to judge in the third instance. Tribunals include:

diocesan or eparchal tribunals (including archdiocesan or archeparchal tribunals)
interdiocesan tribunals, that is, a tribunal erected by the Holy See for more than one diocese, either as a tribunal of the first instance or as an appellate tribunal in the second instance
the synod of bishops of patriarchal churches is the highest tribunal within the territory of the patriarchal church, without prejudice to the primacy of the Apostolic See
ordinary tribunal of the patriarchal church, distinct from the eparchial tribunal of the patriarchal church
ordinary tribunals of the Apostolic See
Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura, the highest tribunal in the canon law of the Catholic Church
Tribunal of the Roman Rota, the highest appellate tribunal competent in most causes in the second and third instances and some causes in the first instance
Apostolic Penitentiary, a tribunal for matters concerning the internal forum
Supreme tribunal of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith for certain more grave delicts (canonical crimes)

In health sector
Tribunals also play an integral role in health sectors within and across nations. They are often referred to as "adjunctive tribunals". These quasi-judicial bodies possess regulatory, oversight, and dispute-resolution powers to aid health decision-making and governance. At the same time, the actual effects of adjunctive tribunals on health services are disputed, as little evidence exists to evaluate their efficacy. More empirical evaluations are needed to ensure that tribunals operate in a more evidence-based, systematic manner within the health sector.

See also

Constitutional court
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
Iraqi Special Tribunal

Lindsay Tribunal
Nuremberg Trials
Public Inquiry
Revolutionary Tribunal
Revolutionary tribunal (Russia)
State Administrative Tribunal of Western Australia
The Elder Scrolls III: Tribunal  (Morrowind expansion pack)
Tribunal for Local Governments in Kerala
Tribune
Waitangi Tribunal
World Courts of Women
Canadian tribunals

References

Courts by type

Tribunal