Arab Indonesian cuisine (Indonesian: Masakan Arab-Indonesia) is characterized by the mixture of Middle Eastern cuisine with local Indonesian-style. Arab Indonesians brought their legacy of Arab cuisine—originally from Hadhramaut, Hejaz and Egypt—and modified some of the dishes with the addition of Indonesian ingredients. The Arabs arrived in the Nusantara archipelago to trade and spread Islam. In Java, since the 18th century AD, most of Arab traders settled on the north coast and diffuse with indigenous, thus affecting the local cuisine culture, especially in the use of mutton meat and ghee in cooking.

List of Arab Indonesian foods
This list also includes Indonesian dishes that has experienced of acculturation or assimilation to Arab cuisine.

Dishes
 Asinan nanas, pineapple in spicy and sour sauce.
 Gulai, curry dish with main ingredients might be poultry, goat meat, beef, mutton, various kinds of offal, fish and seafood, and also vegetables such as cassava leaves and unripe jackfruit.
 Hummus, a dip, spread, or savory dish made from cooked, mashed chickpeas blended with tahini, lemon juice, and garlic.
 Kamir, a round-shaped bread that almost similar to appam, consisting of flour, butter, and egg mixture.
 Kofta, meatballs or meatloaf of minced or ground meat—usually beef, chicken, or lamb—mixed with spices or onions.
 Manakish, pizza-like flatbread.
 Marak, goat meat dish with pumpkin and chicken meat.
 Murtabak, stuffed pancake or pan-fried bread, sometimes filled with beef and scallions.
 Naan, a leavened, oven-baked flatbread. It is usually eaten with an array of sauces such as curries.
 Nasi kabsah, mixed rice dish.
 Nasi kebuli, steamed rice dish cooked in goat broth, milk, and ghee. Usually served during Mawlid.
 Nasi gonjleng, steamed rice with spices, very similar in terms of flavor with Nasi Kebuli.
 Nasi goreng domba, a mutton fried rice.
 Nasi goreng kambing, a spicy fried rice with goat meat, cooked in ghee.
 Nasi samin, fragrant yellow rice dish cooked in spices
 Nasi mandi, rice dish made from rice, meat (lamb, goat or chicken), and a mixture of spices.
 Nasi minyak, a cooked rice with ghee and spices.
 Rabeg, mutton dish.
 Roti maryam, roti canai—influenced by Indian paratha.
 Roti pita, yeast-leavened round flatbread baked from wheat flour, sometimes with a pocket.
 Saltah, stew dish with the base is a brown meat stew called marak, a dollop of fenugreek froth, and sahawiq. Rice, potatoes, scrambled eggs, and vegetables are common additions to saltah.
 Sate kambing, a satay variant made of goat meat.
 Shawarma, roasted meat, especially when cooked on a revolving spit and shaved for serving in sandwiches.
 Tabbouleh, vegetarian salad.
 Tongseng, a dish of goat meat, mutton or beef stew dish in curry-like soup with vegetables and sweet soy sauce.

Desserts and snacks
 Asida, Moluccan pudding dish made up of a cooked wheat flour lump of dough, sometimes with added butter or honey. It is popular during Ramadan.
 Falafel, spiced mashed chickpeas formed into balls or fritters and deep-fried.
 Ka'ak, biscuit or cookie shaped into a ring.
 Kaak, small circular biscuit.
 Katayef, a sort of sweet dumpling filled with cream or nuts.
 Maamoul, filled pastry or cookie made with dates, nuts such as pistachios or walnuts and occasionally almonds, or figs.
 Makmur, traditional Arab-Malay pastry, made from butter, ghee and flour. Usually served during special occasion of Eid ul-Fitr.
 Samosa, a fried or baked dumpling with a savoury filling, such as spiced potatoes, onions, peas, or lentils.

Gallery

See also

 Cuisine of Indonesia
 List of Indonesian dishes
 Arab Indonesian
 Arab cuisine

References

Indonesia
Indonesian cuisine-related lists
Arab diaspora in Indonesia

Arab Indonesian cuisine


In enzymology, a perillyl-alcohol dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

perillyl alcohol + NAD+  perillyl aldehyde + NADH + H+

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are perillyl alcohol and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are perillyl aldehyde, NADH, and H+.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is perillyl-alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called perillyl alcohol dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in limonene and pinene degradation.

References

EC 1.1.1
NADH-dependent enzymes
Enzymes of unknown structure

Perillyl-alcohol dehydrogenase


A paramilitary is an organization whose structure, tactics, training, subculture, and (often) function are similar to those of a professional military, but which is not part of a country's official or legitimate armed forces. Paramilitary units carry out duties that a country's military or police forces are unable or unwilling to handle. Other organizations may be considered paramilitaries by structure alone, despite being unarmed or lacking a combat role.

Overview
Though a paramilitary is, by definition, not a military, it is usually equivalent to a light infantry or special forces in terms of strength, firepower, and organizational structure. Paramilitaries use "military" equipment (such as long guns and armored personnel carriers; usually military surplus resources), skills (such as battlefield medicine and bomb disposal), and tactics (such as urban warfare and close-quarters combat) that are compatible with their purpose, often combining them with skills from other relevant fields such as law enforcement or search and rescue. They rarely use extensive military equipment such as artillery and armed military aircraft.

In peacetime, paramilitaries are often assigned to protect high-profile sites, such as government facilities, infrastructure, airports, seaports, or borders. They may also be tasked with roles of VIP protection or counterterrorism. Depending on the organization the paramilitary operates under, they may also be reassigned until they are needed again; for example, members of a police tactical unit may be assigned to standard patrol duties until requested.

A paramilitary may fall under the command of a military, train alongside them, or have permission to use their resources, despite not actually being part of them. In some instances, paramilitaries may train members of an actual military in tactics they specialize in, such as arrest procedures.

Legality
Under the law of war, a state may incorporate a paramilitary organization or armed agency (such as a law enforcement agency or a private volunteer militia) into its combatant armed forces. The other parties to a conflict have to be notified thereof.

Some countries' constitutions limit freedom of association by prohibiting paramilitary organizations outside government use. In most cases, there is no definition of paramilitary, and court decisions are responsible for defining that concept.

Types

Depending on the definition adopted, "paramilitaries" may include:

Military organizations
 The auxiliary forces of a state's military or government, military reserve forces, such as national guard, presidential guard, republican guard, state defense force, home guard, civil guard, imperial guard, and royal guard forces
 Private military contractors and mercenaries
 Irregular military forces, such as militias, partisans, resistance movements, freedom fighters, rebel groups, liberation armies, guerilla armies, militants, insurgents, and terrorist groups

Law enforcement
 Semi-militarized law enforcement units within civilian police, such as police tactical units, SWAT, Emergency Service Units, and incident response teams
 Gendarmeries, such as the Dutch Royal Marechaussee, Egyptian Central Security Forces, European EUROGENDFOR, Turkic TAKM, and Chilean Carabineros de Chile
 Border guards, such as the Australian Border Force, Indian Border Security Force, Bangladeshi Border Guards Bangladesh, and Turkish village guards
 Security forces of ambiguous military status, such as internal troops, railroad guard corps, and railway troops
 Branches of intelligence agency tasked with law enforcement or security operations:
 CIA Special Activities Center Special Operations Group and Global Response Staff
 Tactical federal agency branches of the American FBI, DEA, ATF, and ICE, among other federal agencies
 Federal Protective Forces
 NASA Emergency Response Teams

Civil defense
 Civil defense
 Fire departments in many countries are often organized like paramilitaries despite being unarmed
 Ambulance service
 Belgian Civil Protection
 Singapore Civil Defence Force
 Australian State Emergency Service
 Ukrainian State Emergency Service
 Lithuanian Riflemen's Union

Political
 Armed, semi-militarized wings of existing political parties:
 the Italian Fascist Party's Voluntary Militia for National Security, and Black Brigades
 Weimar paramilitary groups, belonging to political parties in the Weimar Republic:
 the Nazi Party's paramilitary groups: NSFK, NSKK, SA, and SS
 the Monarchist German National People's Party's Der Stahlhelm
 the Communist Party of Germany's Parteiselbstschutz
 Northern Irish paramilitary groups during the Troubles
 Sinn Féin's Irish Republican Army
 PUP's Ulster Volunteer Force
 Hamas' Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades
 African National Congress' UMkhonto we Sizwe

Examples of paramilitary units

See also
 :Category:Rebel militia groups
 International Association of Gendarmeries and Police Forces with Military Status
 List of Serbian paramilitary formations
 Militarization of police
 Police tactical unit
 Security forces
 Fourth-generation warfare
 Violent non-state actor
 Military urbanism
 Private army
 Guerrilla warfare
 List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel
 List of paramilitary organizations

References

Further reading
 Golkar, Saeid. (2012) Paramilitarization of the Economy: the Case of Iran's Basij Militia, Armed Forces & Society, Vol. 38, No. 4
 Golkar, Saeid. (2012). Organization of the Oppressed or Organization for Oppressing: Analysing the Role of the Basij Militia of Iran. Politics, Religion & Ideology, Dec., 37–41. doi:10.1080/21567689.2012.725661

External links

Civil–military relations

Military terminology
Private security industry

Paramilitary


Northwest Roseau is an unorganized territory in Roseau County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 18 at the 2000 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the unorganized territory has a total area of 125.9 square miles (326.2 km2); 114.4 square miles (296.3 km2) is land and 11.5 square miles (29.9 km2) (9.16%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 18 people, 7 households, and 4 families residing in the unorganized territory. The population density was . There were 22 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the unorganized territory was 100.00% White.

There were 7 households, out of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.4% were married couples living together, and 28.6% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.20.

In the unorganized territory the population was spread out, with 16.7% under the age of 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 11.1% from 25 to 44, 50.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 80.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.5 males.

The median income for a household in the unorganized territory was $55,625, and the median income for a family was $56,250. Males had a median income of $0 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the unorganized territory was $25,867. None of the population or the families were below the poverty line.

References

Populated places in Roseau County, Minnesota
Unorganized territories in Minnesota

Northwest Roseau, Minnesota


Cedille Records () is the independent record label of the Chicago Classical Recording Foundation.

History
In 1989, James Ginsburg, the son of U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, founded Cedille Records as a for-profit classical music recording company featuring Chicago-area musicians. Ginsburg's vision for Cedille was "to record local musicians overlooked by the major labels." Cedille is the only Chicago-based classical label since Mercury Living Presence in the 1950s. In 1994, Cedille was transformed into a not-for-profit record label under the umbrella of the Chicago Classical Recording Foundation.

The label's releases included The Pulitzer Project, an album featuring Chicago's Grant Park Symphony Orchestra which includes two world premier recordings: William Schuman's "A Free Song" (Pulitzer 1943) and  Leo Sowerby's "Canticle of the Sun" (Pulitzer 1946).

Awards and honors
Several CDs released on the label have won or been nominated for Grammy Awards. In 2004 Brahms & Joachim Violin Concertos was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Classical and in 2005 Robert Kurka Symphonic Works was nominated in the same category. In 2008 the ensemble eighth blackbird won the Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance for their album strange imaginary animals. In the same year, Judith Sherman won the Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Classical for her work with the label. strange imaginary animals was included among her production credits along with  Jennifer Koh's album String Poetic, which was nominated in the Best Chamber Music Performance category in the same year. In 2009, Ursula Oppens' album Oppens Plays Carter was nominated for Best Instrumental Soloist Performance (without orchestra) in 2009. Most of those nominated for Grammy Awards and an additional thirty-one albums released on the label have received Classics Today's highest rating, 10/10.

The song "Nulla in Mundo Pax Sincera" from A Vivaldi Concert was featured in the documentary Pale Male, an episode of the documentary series Nature on PBS.

Roster
 Dmitry Paperno
 Easley Blackwood, Jr.
 David Schrader
 Kim Scholes
 Rembrandt Chamber Players
 Patrice Michaels
 Georgia Mangos and Louise Mangos
 Chicago Symphony Orchestra
 Boston Symphony Orchestra
 Vermeer Quartet
 John Bruce Yeh
 Chicago Chamber Musicians
 Chicago Baroque Ensembles
 Paul Freeman
 Rachel Barton Pine
 Czech National Symphony Orchestra
 Joyce Castle
 Chicago Opera Theater
 Encore Chamber Orchestra
 His Majestie's Clerkes
 Patrick Sinozich
 Alex Klein
 Mary Stolper
 Wendy Warner
 Chicago Pro Musica
 Pacifica Quartet
 Nancy Gustafson
 Cathy Basrak
 Chicago Sinfonietta
 Prague Chamber Chorus
 Gaudete Brass Quintet
 Michael Tree
 Jennifer Koh
 Grant Park Orchestra
 New Budapest Orpheum Society
 eighth blackbird
 Amelia Trio
 Recho Uchida
 Jorge Federico Osorio
 Mathieu Dufour
 Charles Pickler
 Gary Stucka
 Scottish Chamber Orchestra
 Orion Ensemble
 Elizabeth Buccheri
 Cavatina Duo
 Matthew Hagle
 Trio Settecento
 Biava Quartet
 Lincoln Trio
 William Ferris Chorale
 Composer Festival Orchestra
 Richard Young
 Ricardo Castro
 Jennifer Larmore
 Royal Philharmonic Orchestra
 Chicago a cappella
 Ursula Oppens
 Chicago Children's Choir
 Baroque Band
 Beethoven Project Trio
 Jerome Lowenthal
 Irina Nuzova
 Kuang Hao-Huang
 New Brandenburg Collegium

See also
 List of record labels

References

External links
 Official website
 Inside Publications profile of Cedille Records and James Ginsberg (2004)

Record labels established in 1989
American independent record labels
Companies based in Chicago
Classical music record labels

Cedille Records


Loston Harris is an American jazz pianist and vocalist. Harris plays primarily from the Great American Songbook in a traditional style. He is a regular performer at various venues in New York City including Jazz at Lincoln Center, has recorded five albums, and appeared in a feature film.

Biography

Loston Harris began his studies at Virginia Commonwealth University as a percussion major. After hearing Harris playing the piano, visiting professor Ellis Marsalis urged the percussionist to switch instruments. Harris later transferred to Howard University where he studied piano with Geri Allen and Billy Taylor.

In 1995 Harris toured with Wynton Marsalis, and in 1996 with Marcus Roberts. He has released five albums, the most recent in 2013. Additionally, he appeared as himself in the 2005 film Little Manhattan. Harris currently leads the house band at the Carlyle Hotel's Bemelmans Bar.

Discography

Stepping Stones (1996)
Comes Love (1998)
Timeless (2003)
Why Try to Change Me Now? (2010)
Swingfully Yours (2013)

External links
 Official website
 Yanow, Scott. "Loston Harris Biography." Allmusic

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Virginia Commonwealth University alumni

Loston Harris


泰国农业部(กระทรวงเกษตรและสหกรณ์ )主要管理泰国个农业生产;技术革新搭仔经济相关个事务。

泰国农业一览

农业部地址
Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives,Phaya Thai Road,Ratchathevi, Bangkok 10400

部长
 Theera Wongsamut

副部长
 Adisorn Peangkate
 Banphot Hongthong

参考页面

泰国各部

 All the departments under M.O.A.C.

 Deputy Prime Minister Suthep Thaugsuban DEM
 Deputy Prime Minister Korbsak Sabhavasu DEM
 Deputy Prime Minister Sanan Kajornprasart CTP
 Minister for Office of the Prime Minister Satit Wongnongtaey DEM
 Minister for Office of the Prime Minister Virachai Virameteekul DEM
 Minister of Defence General Prawit Wongsuwan DEM
 Minister of Finance Korn Chatikavanij DEM
 Deputy Minister of Finance Pradit Pataraprasit RC
 Deputy Minister of Finance Dr Pruektichai Damrongrat PPD
 Minister of Foreign Affairs Kasit Piromya DEM
 Minister of Tourism and Sports Chumphol Silpa-archa CTP
 Minister for Social Development and Human Security Witoon Nambutr DEM
 Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives Theera Wongsamut
 Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives Chartchai Pukkayaporn FON
 Minister of Transport Sophon Saram FON
 Deputy Minister of Transport Kuakul Danchaiwijit CTP
 Deputy Minister of Transport Prajak Kaewklahan FON
 Minister for Natural Resource and Environment Suwit Khunkitti SAP
 Minister of Information and Communication Technology Ranongruk Suwanchawee PPD
 Minister for Energy Wannarat Channukul RC
 Minister of Commerce Pornthiva Nakasai BJT
 Deputy Minister of Commerce Alongkorn Pollabutr DEM
 Minister of Interior Chaovarat Chanweerakul FON
 Deputy Minister of Interior Boonjong Wongtrairat FON
 Deputy Minister of Interior Thaworn Senneam DEM
 Minister of Justice Pirapan Salirathavibhaga DEM
 Minister of Labour Phaithoon Kaeothong DEM
 Minister of Culture Teera Slukpetch DEM
 Minister for Science and Technology Khunying Kalaya Sophonpanich DEM
 Minister of Education Jurin Laksanawisit DEM
 Deputy Minister of Education Chaiwuti Bannawat DEM
 Deputy Minister of Education Narisarat Chawaltanpithak
 Minister of Public Health Witthaya Kaewparadai DEM
 Deputy Minister of Public Health Manite Nopamornbodi
 Minister of Industry Charnchai Chairungrueng PPD

看别样
 泰国农业
 泰国经济
 泰国内阁
 泰国政府

外部链进
Official Website in English

泰国政府部门

泰国农业部


Robert (Bob) Gosselin (born 1951-2023) was a conservative Republican politician in Oakland County, Michigan and is an Oakland County Commissioner.

Biography

Gosselin was born in Berkley, Michigan and attended Berkley High School. He attended, but did not graduate from Lawrence Technological University, where he studied engineering. He is also a licensed builder, licensed realtor and licensed heating contractor.

He is married to Jan Gosselin and has three children.

Political career

Gosselin was elected to the Troy City Council in 1993. He served until 1997.

In 1998, he was elected to the Michigan House of Representatives to represent the then-42nd District which included portions of Rochester Hills and Troy. He was re-elected to the same seat in 2000. In 2002, after his district was consolidated into Troy and Clawson, he ran for and lost a Michigan Senate seat against incumbent Shirley Johnson in the 13th District. In 2004, Gosselin again sat in the Michigan House, this time representing the new 41st District.

In 2006, Gosselin became a candidate for County Commissioner in the 13th District which includes the southern portion of  Rochester Hills and a northern  portion of Troy with a portion of Bloomfield Township. He unseated a moderate Republican incumbent, Will Molnar, in the primary. He handily won his general election bid for that seat. According to the Oakland Press:
However, with Gosselin term-limited out-of-office, the younger Knollenberg became the Republican nominee for State House in 2006, defeating Mike Bosnic in the August 2006 primary. Bosnic, who also ran in 2004 in a three-way race against Gosselin, was endorsed by Gosselin in 2006. Despite Gosselin's endorsement, Knollenberg won by 7%, or roughly 700 votes, over Bosnic.

Political philosophy

Gosselin has achieved a reputation of being a conservative who appeals to the religious right as well as a strong libertarian bloc of Oakland County politics. As such, he has gained the reputation of challenging establishment mainstream, moderate, and liberal Republicans. This was the case in his 2002 bid for the State Senate as well as his 2004 House election.

Gosselin has traditionally supported a strong relationship between State Government and Judeo-Christian religion. He has sponsored various legislation to place the words "In God We Trust" and the Ten Commandments at the Michigan State Capitol in Lansing. In support of this legislation, which failed, but ultimately won by putting them in the Lansing Capital thru House Resolutions HCR 0056 of 2002 and HR 0024 of 2005. Gosselin traveled the state with fellow Republican Representative Jack Hoogendyk with the 2.6-ton granite tablets involved in the 2003 Justice Roy Moore Ten Commandments controversy. Gosselin holds the controversial belief that the U.S. Constitution does not deliberately dictate a separation between church and state and instead is a mere protection of all religious beliefs.

Consistent with his conservative philosophy, Gosselin also strongly opposes abortion. In the legislature he supported bills that would make it illegal to coerce a woman into having a legal abortion, requiring ultrasounds to be shown prior to abortions, to prohibit physicians and health facilities from accepting prepayment for abortions, and to establish a "Choose Life Fund," funded with revenue from the sale of a "Choose Life" specialty license plate.

Despite his interest in government regulation of abortion and association of government with religion, Gosselin has maintained significant support for and from libertarians. For instance, he endorsed libertarian David Eisenbacher for City Council in Troy. This is because of his strong opposition to state and local regulations, taxation and benefits. While in the legislature, he voted against every single budget citing overspending in State Government. He was the author of a package of legislation known as "Michigan Citizens First," which cut welfare benefits from illegal immigrants. He consistently favored substantial cuts to government welfare programs.

However, with Gosselin term-limited out-of-office, the younger Knollenberg became the Republican nominee for State House in 2006, defeating Mike Bosnic in the August 2006 primary. Bosnic, who also ran in 2004 in a three-way race against Gosselin, was endorsed by Gosselin in 2006. Despite Gosselin's endorsement, Knollenberg won by 7%, or roughly 700 votes, over Bosnic.

2006 State Senate election

In 2006, Gosselin initially ran for the Michigan Senate against fellow State Representative Shelley Taub. Many state political observers were anticipating a lively free-for-all between these two. This prediction was based upon the open animus between former Senator Shirley Johnson and Gosselin. Gosselin accused Johnson, who is a moderate Republican, of accepting donations from a pro-Gay group. He also attacked her position on abortion. Johnson actively worked for Marty Knollenberg's 2004 campaign against Gosselin. A joke between many observers was that if Gosselin were to win the Republican nomination, Johnson would endorse the Democrat, and one Republican insider seriously acknowledged this possibility.

When Democrat Andy Levin, son of Congressman Sander Levin and nephew of U.S. Senator Carl Levin, entered the race, however, Republican leadership became concerned. Former Michigan Senator and fellow Troy State Representative John Pappageorge was coaxed by the Michigan Republican Party to run for the 13th District seat, as they believed he was the only one with the name recognition and fundraising ability to retain the seat in the general election. When Pappageorge entered the race, Gosselin dropped out.

Pappageorge defeated Taub in the primary in August 2006 by a two-to-one margin. He narrowly defeated Andy Levin in one of the closest and most controversial state senate races in November, by a margin less than that of the vote totals accumulated by the Green Party candidate.

Election history

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! align=left valign=top | 1998 Candidate
! align=right | Party
! align=right | Popular votes
! align=right | Vote percentage
|-
| align=left valign=top|Bob Gosselin
| valign="top"|Republican
| valign="top"|20,285
| valign="top"|68%
|-
| align=left valign=top|Jacquelyn Moore
| valign="top"|Democrat
| valign="top"|9,712
| valign="top"|32%
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! align=left valign=top | 2000 Candidate
! align=right | Party
! align=right | Popular votes
! align=right | Vote percentage
|-
| align=left valign=top|Bob Gosselin
| valign="top"|Republican
| valign="top"|27,104
| valign="top"|67%
|-
| align=left valign=top|Jerry Bixby
| valign="top"|Democrat
| valign="top"|13,279
| valign="top"|32%
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
|}

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! align=left valign=top | 2002 Candidate
! align=right | Party
! align=right | Popular votes
! align=right | Vote percentage
|-
| align=left valign=top|Shirley Johnson
| valign="top"|Republican
| valign="top"|13,412
| valign="top"|55%
|-
| align=left valign=top|Bob Gosselin
| valign="top"|Republican
| valign="top"|11,141
| valign="top"|45%
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
|}

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! align=left valign=top | 2004 Candidate
! align=right | Party
! align=right | Popular votes
! align=right | Vote percentage
|-
| align=left valign=top|Bob Gosselin
| valign="top"|Republican
| valign="top"|3,754
| valign="top"|38%
|-
| align=left valign=top|Marty Knollenberg
| valign="top"|Republican
| valign="top"|2,851
| valign="top"|29%
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
|-
| align=left valign=top|Mike Bosnic
| valign="top"|Republican
| valign="top"|2,734
| valign="top"|28%
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
|-
| align=left valign=top|Kathleen O'Laughlin
| valign="top"|Republican
| valign="top"|464
| valign="top"|5%
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
|}

References

External links
 Oakland County Board of Commissioners website.  Gosselin represents district 13.

1951 births
County commissioners in Michigan
Lawrence Technological University alumni
Living people
Members of the Michigan House of Representatives
People from Berkley, Michigan
21st-century American politicians
American far-right politicians
Christian nationalists

Robert Gosselin


Paul Samuel Whiteman (March 28, 1890 – December 29, 1967) was an American bandleader, composer, orchestral director, and violinist.

As the leader of one of the most popular dance bands in the United States during the 1920s and early 1930s, Whiteman produced recordings that were immensely successful, and press notices often referred to him as the "King of Jazz". His most popular recordings include "Whispering", "Valencia", "Three O'Clock in the Morning", "In a Little Spanish Town", and "Parade of the Wooden Soldiers". Whiteman led a usually large ensemble and explored many styles of music, such as blending symphonic music and jazz, as in his debut of Rhapsody in Blue by George Gershwin.

Whiteman recorded many jazz and pop standards during his career, including "Wang Wang Blues", "Mississippi Mud", "Rhapsody in Blue", "Wonderful One", "Hot Lips (He's Got Hot Lips When He Plays Jazz)", "Mississippi Suite", "Grand Canyon Suite", and "Trav'lin' Light". He co-wrote the 1925 jazz classic "Flamin' Mamie". His popularity faded in the swing music era of the mid-1930s, and by the 1940s he was semi-retired from music. He experienced a revival and had a comeback in the 1950s with his own network television series, Paul Whiteman's Goodyear Revue, which ran for three seasons on ABC. He also hosted the 1954 ABC talent contest show On the Boardwalk with Paul Whiteman.

Whiteman's place in the history of early jazz is somewhat controversial. Detractors suggest that his ornately orchestrated music was jazz in name only, lacking the genre's improvisational and emotional depth, and co-opted the innovations of black musicians. Defenders note that Whiteman's fondness for jazz was genuine. He worked with black musicians as much as was feasible during an era of racial segregation. His bands included many of the era's most esteemed white musicians, and his groups handled jazz admirably as part of a larger repertoire.

Critic Scott Yanow declares that Whiteman's orchestra "did play very good jazz...His superior dance band used some of the most technically skilled musicians of the era in a versatile show that included everything from pop tunes and waltzes to semi-classical works and jazz. [...] Many of his recordings (particularly those with Beiderbecke) have been reissued numerous times and are more rewarding than his detractors would lead one to believe."

In his autobiography, Duke Ellington declared, "Paul Whiteman was known as the King of Jazz, and no one as yet has come near carrying that title with more certainty and dignity."

Biography

Early life

Whiteman was born in Denver, Colorado. He came from a musical family: his father, Wilburforce James Whiteman was the supervisor of music for the Denver Public Schools, a position he held for fifty years, and his mother Elfrida (née Dallison) was a former opera singer. His father insisted that Paul learn an instrument, preferably the violin, but the young man chose the viola. According to Chris Popa, Whiteman was Protestant and of Scottish, Irish, English, and Dutch ancestry.

Career
Whiteman's skill at the viola resulted in a place in the Denver Symphony Orchestra by 1907, joining the San Francisco Symphony in 1914. In 1918, Whiteman conducted a 12-piece U.S. Navy band, the Mare Island Naval Training Camp Symphony Orchestra (NTCSO). After World War I, he formed the Paul Whiteman Orchestra.

That year he led a popular dance band in the city. In 1920, he moved with his band to New York City where they began recording for the Victor Talking Machine Company. The popularity of these records led to national fame. In his first five recordings sessions for Victor, August 9 – October 28, 1920, he used the name "Paul Whiteman and His Ambassador Orchestra", presumably because he had been playing at the Ambassador Hotel in Atlantic City. From November 3, 1920, he started using "Paul Whiteman and His Orchestra."

Whiteman became the most popular band director of that decade. In a time when most dance bands consisted of six to ten men, Whiteman directed a more imposing group that numbered as many as 35 musicians. By 1922, Whiteman already controlled some 28 ensembles on the East Coast and was earning over $1,000,000 a year.

In 1926, Paul Whiteman was on tour in Vienna, Austria when he met and was interviewed by a young ambitious newspaper reporter named Billy Wilder who was also a fan of Whiteman's band. Whiteman liked young Wilder enough, that he took him with the band to Berlin where Wilder was able to make more connections in the entertainment field, leading him to become a screenwriter and director, eventually ending up in Hollywood.

In 1927, the Whiteman orchestra backed Hoagy Carmichael singing and playing on a recording of "Washboard Blues". Whiteman signed with Columbia Records in May 1928, leaving the label in September 1930 when he refused a pay cut. He returned to RCA Victor between September 1931 and March 1937.

"The King of Jazz"

Beginning in 1923 after the Buescher Band Instrument Company placed a crown on his head, the media referred to Whiteman as "The King of Jazz". Whiteman emphasized the way he approached the well-established style of jazz music, while also organizing its composition and style in his own fashion.

While most jazz musicians and fans consider improvisation to be essential to the musical style, Whiteman thought the genre could be improved by orchestrating the best of it, with formal written arrangements. Eddie Condon criticized him for trying to "make a lady" out of jazz. Whiteman's recordings were popular critically and commercially, and his style of jazz was often the first jazz of any form that many Americans heard during the era. Whiteman wrote more than 3000 arrangements.

For more than 30 years Whiteman, referred to as "Pops", sought and encouraged promising musicians, vocalists, composers, arrangers, and entertainers. In 1924 he commissioned George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue, which was premiered by his orchestra with the composer at the piano. Another familiar piece in Whiteman's repertoire was Grand Canyon Suite by Ferde Grofé.

Paul Whiteman And His Orchestra
Whiteman hired many of the best jazz musicians for his band, including Bix Beiderbecke, Frankie Trumbauer, Joe Venuti, Eddie Lang, Steve Brown, Mike Pingitore, Gussie Mueller, Wilbur Hall (billed by Whiteman as "Willie Hall"), Jack Teagarden, and Bunny Berigan. He encouraged upcoming African American musical talents and planned to hire black musicians, but his management persuaded him that doing so would destroy his career due to racial tension and America's segregation of that time.

In 1925, seeking to break up his musical selections, Whiteman's attention was directed by a member of his organisation to Bing Crosby and Al Rinker, who would perform as members of his orchestra, and later, as two of the three frontmen of The Rhythm Boys.

He provided music for six Broadway shows and produced more than 600 phonograph recordings. His recording of José Padilla's "Valencia" topped the charts for 11 weeks, beginning March 30, 1926, becoming the No. 1 record of 1926.

Red McKenzie, leader of the Mound City Blue Blowers, and cabaret singer Ramona Davies (billed as "Ramona and her Grand Piano") joined the Whiteman group in 1932. The King's Jesters were with Paul Whiteman in 1931. In 1933, Whiteman had a No. 2 hit on the Billboard charts with Ann Ronell's "Willow Weep for Me".

In 1942, Whiteman began recording for Capitol Records, co-founded by songwriters Buddy DeSylva and Johnny Mercer and music store owner Glenn Wallichs. Whiteman and His Orchestra's recordings of "I Found a New Baby" and "The General Jumped at Dawn" was the label's first single release. Another notable Capitol record he made is the 1942 "Trav'lin Light" featuring Billie Holiday (billed as "Lady Day", due to her being under contract with another label).

Movie appearances

Whiteman appeared as himself in the 1945 movie Rhapsody in Blue on the life and career of George Gershwin, and also appeared in The Fabulous Dorseys in 1947, a bio-pic starring Jimmy Dorsey and Tommy Dorsey. Whiteman also appeared as the baby in Nertz (1929), the bandleader in Thanks a Million (1935), as himself in Strike Up the Band (1940), in the Paramount Pictures short The Lambertville Story (1949), and the revue musical King of Jazz (1930).

Radio and TV
Although giving priority to stage appearances during his peak years in the 1920s, Whiteman participated in some early prestigious radio programs. On January 4, 1928, Whiteman and his troupe starred in a nationwide NBC radio broadcast sponsored by Dodge Brothers Automobile Co. and known as The Victory Hour (The program introduced the new Dodge "Victory Six" automobile). It was the most widespread hookup ever attempted at that time. Will Rogers acted as MC and joined the program from the West Coast, with Al Jolson coming in from New Orleans. Variety was not impressed, saying: "As with practically all of the important and high-priced commercial broadcasting programs under N.B.C. auspices in the past, the Dodge Brothers' Victory Hour at a reputed cost of $67,000 was disappointing and not commensurate in impression with the financial outlay." However, the magazine noted. "...The reaction to Paul Whiteman's grand radio plug for "Among My Souvenirs"…was a flock of orders by wire from dealers the day following the Dodge Brothers Victory Hour broadcast."

Dodge Brothers must have been satisfied with the results of the broadcast because on March 29, 1928, Whiteman took part in a second Dodge Brothers radio show over the NBC network, which was entitled Film Star Radio Hour. Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, John Barrymore, and several other Hollywood stars were featured. United Artists Pictures arranged for additional loudspeakers to be installed in their theatres so that audiences could hear the stars they had only seen in silent pictures previously. The New York Herald Tribune commented: "...Of Mr. Paul Whiteman's share in the pretentious program, only the best can be said. Mr. Whiteman's orchestra is seldom heard on the radio, and its infrequent broadcasts are the subject of major jubilations, despite the presence of tenors and vocal harmonists in most of the Whiteman renditions."

In 1929, Whiteman agreed to take part in a weekly radio show for Old Gold Cigarettes for which he was paid $5,000 per broadcast. Old Gold Presents Paul Whiteman and His Orchestra was an hour-long show on Tuesday nights over CBS from station WABC in New York. The Whiteman Hour had its first broadcast on February 5, 1929, and continued until May 6, 1930. On May 7, 1930, he was paid $325,000 for 65 radio episodes.

Whiteman then became far busier in radio. His shows were:
January 27, 1931 – July 1, 1932, Blue Network. 30m, Tuesdays at 8, then Fridays at 10. Allied Paints (1931), Pontiac (1932).
July 8, 1932 – March 27, 1933, NBC. 30m, Fridays at 10, then Mondays at 9:30. Pontiac (to September), then Buick.
June 26, 1933 – December 26, 1935. NBC. 60m, Thursdays at 10. The Kraft Music Hall, often with Al Jolson.
January 5 – December 27, 1936, Blue Network. 45m. Sundays variously at 9, 9:15, and 9:45. Paul Whiteman's Musical Varieties. Woodbury Soap. With Bob Lawrence, Johnny Hauser, Morton Downey, Durelle Alexander, songs by the King's Men, and announcer Roy Bargy. The show featured a children's amateur contest. Near the end of the run Whiteman introduced comedian Judy Canova, who inherited timeslot and sponsor in the Woodbury Rippling Rhythm Revue.
December 31, 1937 – December 20, 1939, CBS. 30m. Fridays at 8:30 until mid–July 1938, then Wednesdays at 8:30. Chesterfield Time, with Joan Edwards, Deems Taylor (musical commentary) and announcer Paul Douglas. Whiteman took over the slot vacated by Hal Kemp and two years later vacated it for the sensational new Glenn Miller orchestra.
November 9 – December 28, 1939, Mutual. 30m, Thursdays at 9:30.
June 6 – August 29, 1943, NBC. 30m, Sundays at 8. Paul Whiteman Presents. Summer substitute for Edgar Bergen. Chase and Sanborn.
December 5, 1943 – April 28, 1946, Blue/ABC. 60m. Sundays at 6. Paul Whiteman's Radio Hall of Fame. Philco.
September 5 – November 14, 1944, Blue Network, 30m, Tuesdays at 11:30. Music of current American composers.
January 21 – September 23, 1946, ABC. 30m, Mondays at 9:30. Forever Tops. "a weekly program featuring the top tunes of the day."
September 29 – October 27, 1946, ABC. 60m, Sundays at 8. The Paul Whiteman Hour. Extended until November 17, 1947, as a 30m show, The Paul Whiteman Program, various days and times.
June 30, 1947 – June 25, 1948, ABC. 60m, five a week at 3:30. The Paul Whiteman Record Program. Glorified disc–jockeyism.
September 29, 1947 – May 23, 1948, ABC. 30m, Mondays at 8, then at 9 after October On Stage America, for the National Guard. Whiteman's orchestra with John Slagle, George Fenneman, etc. Producer: Roland Martini. Director: Joe Graham. Writer: Ira Marion.
June 27 – November 7, 1950, ABC. 30m, Tuesdays at 8. Paul Whiteman Presents.
October 29, 1951 – April 28, 1953, ABC. Various times. Paul Whiteman's Teen Club. An amateur hour with the accent on youth.
February 4 – October 20, 1954. ABC. 30m. Thursdays at 9 until July, then Wednesdays at 9:30. Paul Whiteman Varieties.

In the 1940s and 1950s, after he had disbanded his orchestra, Whiteman worked as a music director for the ABC Radio Network. He also hosted Paul Whiteman's TV Teen Club from Philadelphia on ABC-TV from 1949 to 1954. The show was seen for an hour the first two years, then as a half-hour segment on Saturday evenings. In 1952 a young Dick Clark read the commercials for sponsor Tootsie Roll. Whiteman's TV-Teen Club, along with Grady and Hurst's 950 Club, proved to be an inspiration for WFIL-TV's afternoon dance show called American Bandstand.

He also continued to appear as guest conductor for many concerts. His manner on stage was disarming; he signed off each program with something casual like, "Well, that just about slaps the cap on the old milk bottle for tonight."  In the early 1960s, Whiteman played in Las Vegas before retiring.

Personal life
On August 18, 1931, Whiteman married for the fourth and final time to actress Margaret Livingston in a ceremony in Denver, Colorado. Livingston was unable to have children, and the couple adopted four.

Whiteman lived at Walking Horse Farm near the village of Rosemont in Delaware Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey, from 1938 to 1959. After selling the farm to agriculturalist Lloyd Wescott, Whiteman moved to New Hope, Pennsylvania, for his remaining years.

Paul Whiteman died of a heart attack on December 29, 1967, in Doylestown Hospital, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, aged 77. He was survived by his wife and children.

Motorsports

Whiteman was a close friend of NASCAR and Daytona International Speedway founder Bill France.

On June 13, 1954, the #4 Jaguar XK120, driven by Al Keller, won the International 100 race of the Grand National series, held on a one mile road course on the airport at Vineland,  New Jersey. This was the first, and so far only, victory by a European car in NASCAR's top series. The car was owned by Ed Otto, race promoter and co-founder of NASCAR, but was entered under the ownership of Whiteman to avoid issues arising from conflicts of interest - Keller won a $1,000 first prize, and Whiteman's registration as owner survives in archives.

The #7 Cadillac owned by Whiteman ran in five Nascar Grand National races during the 1954 season, with future Hall of Famer Junior Johnson driving in three and Gwyn Staley driving in two. In the 1955 season, it ran in one race with Junior Johnson driving.

"Paul Whiteman Trophy" races, arranged by the Central Florida Region SCCA, were held from 1958 until 1972. The 1958 event was held at the New Smyrna Beach Airport, and from 1961, it was held annually at the Daytona Speedway.

Legacy

The Paul Whiteman Orchestra introduced many jazz standards in the 1920s, including "Hot Lips", which was in the Steven Spielberg movie The Color Purple (1985), "Mississippi Mud", "From Monday On", written by Harry Barris and sung by the Rhythm Boys featuring Bing Crosby and Irene Taylor with Bix Beiderbecke on cornet, "Nuthin' But", "Grand Canyon Suite" and "Mississippi Suite" composed by Ferde Grofé, "Rhapsody in Blue", composed by George Gershwin who played piano on the Paul Whiteman recording in 1924, "Wonderful One" (1923), and "Wang Wang Blues" (1920), covered by Glenn Miller, Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman, and Joe "King" Oliver's Dixie Syncopators in 1926 and many of the Big Bands. "Hot Lips" was recorded by Ted Lewis and His Jazz Band, Horace Heidt and His Brigadiers Orchestra (1937), Specht's Jazz Outfit, the Cotton Pickers (1922), and Django Reinhardt et Le Quintette Du Hot Club De France.

Herb Alpert and Al Hirt were influenced by the Paul Whiteman Orchestra, particularly the solo work of trumpeter Henry Busse, especially his solo on "Rhapsody in Blue".

Compositions
Whiteman composed the standard "Wonderful One" in 1922 with Ferde Grofé and Dorothy Terris (also known as Theodora Morse), based on a theme by film director Marshall Neilan. The songwriting credit is assigned as music composed by Paul Whiteman, Ferde Grofé, and Marshall Neilan, with lyrics by Dorothy Terriss. The single reached No. 3 on Billboard in May 1923, staying on the charts for 5 weeks. "(My) Wonderful One" was recorded by Gertrude Moody, Edward Miller, Martha Pryor, Mel Torme, Doris Day, Woody Herman, Helen Moretti, John McCormack; it was released as Victor 961. Jan Garber and His Orchestra, and Ira Sullivan with Tony Castellano also recorded the song. Henry Burr recorded it in 1924 and Glenn Miller and his Orchestra in 1940. On the sheet music published in 1922 by Leo Feist it is described as a "Waltz Song" and "Paul Whiteman's Sensational Waltz Hit" and is dedicated "To Julie". "Wonderful One" appeared in the following movies: The Chump Champ (1950), Little 'Tinker (1948), Red Hot Riding Hood (1943), Sufferin' Cats (1943), Design for Scandal (1941), Strike Up the Band (1940), and Westward Passage (1932).

"I've Waited So Long" was composed with Irving Bibo and Howard Johnson and copyrighted in 1920. Whiteman also arranged the song. "How I Miss You Mammy, No One Knows" was composed with Billy Munro and Marcel Klauber in 1920 and arranged by Marcel Klauber.

The 1924 song "You're the One" was composed by Paul Whiteman, Ferde Grofé, and Ben Russell in 1924 and copyrighted on February 1, 1924.

He co-wrote the music for the song "Madeline, Be Mine" in 1924 with Abel Baer with lyrics by Cliff Friend.

Whiteman composed the piano work "Dreaming The Waltz Away" with Fred Rose in 1926. Organist Jesse Crawford recorded the song on October 4–5, 1926, in Chicago, Illinois, and released it as a 78 on Victor Records, 20363. Crawford played the instrumental on a Wurlitzer organ. The recording was also released in the UK on His Master's Voice (HMV) as B2430.

In Louis Armstrong & Paul Whiteman: Two Kings of Jazz (2004), Joshua Berrett wrote that "Whiteman Stomp" was credited to Fats Waller, Alphonso Trent, and Paul Whiteman. Lyricist Jo Trent is the co-author. The Fletcher Henderson Orchestra first recorded "Whiteman Stomp" on May 11, 1927, and released it as Columbia 1059-D. The Fletcher Henderson recording lists the songwriters as "Fats Waller/Jo Trent/Paul Whiteman". Whiteman recorded the song on August 11, 1927, and released it as Victor 21119.

On May 31, 1924, the song "String Beans" was copyrighted, with words and music by Vincent Rose, Harry Owens, and Paul Whiteman.

In 1927, Paul Whiteman co-wrote the song "Wide Open Spaces" with Byron Gay and Richard A. Whiting. The Colonial Club Orchestra released a recording of the song on Brunswick Records in 1927 as 3549-A with Irving Kaufman on vocals.

In 1920, he co-wrote the music to the song "Bonnie Lassie" with Joseph H. Santly with lyrics by John W. Bratton. The song was recorded by Charles Hart who released it as an Okeh 78 single, 4244.

Whiteman also co-wrote the popular song "My Fantasy" with Leo Edwards and Jack Meskill, which is a musical adaptation of the Polovtsian Dances theme from the opera Prince Igor by Alexander Borodin. The Paul Whiteman Orchestra recorded "My Fantasy" with Joan Edwards on vocals in 1939 and released it as a 78 single on Decca Records. Artie Shaw also recorded the song and released it as a single on Victor Records in March 1940 with Pauline Byrns on vocals.

Awards and honors
In 2006 the Paul Whiteman Orchestra's 1928 recording of Ol' Man River with Paul Robeson on vocals was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. The song was recorded on March 1, 1928, in New York and released as Victor 35912-A.

In 1998, the 1920 Paul Whiteman recording of "Whispering" was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Paul Whiteman's 1927 recording of "Rhapsody in Blue", of which was an electrically recorded version, was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1974.

He was inducted in the Big Band and Jazz Hall of Fame in 1993.

He was awarded two Stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Recording at 6157 Hollywood Boulevard and for Radio at 1601 Vine Street in Hollywood.

He had two songs listed in the National Recording Registry, the first was the June 1924 performance of Rhapsody In Blue, with George Gershwin on piano, which was listed in 2003. The second one was the song "Whispering", which was listed in 2020.

On April 16, 2016, Paul Whiteman was inducted into the Colorado Music Hall of Fame.

Major recordings

 "Whispering", 1920, 1998 Grammy Hall of Fame inductee. Sold nearly two million copies by 1921, awarded gold disc.
 "The Japanese Sandman", 1920
 "Wang Wang Blues", 1921, 1,000,000 sales, on the soundtrack to the 1996 Academy Award-winning movie The English Patient
 "My Mammy", 1921, 1,000,000 sales
 "Cherie", 1921, 405,647 sales
 "Say It With Music", 1921
 "Song of India", 1921, 1,000,000 sales, music adapted by Paul Whiteman from the Chanson Indoue theme by Nikolai Rimski-Korsakov from the opera Sadko (1898)
 "Hot Lips (He's Got Hot Lips When He Plays Jazz)", 1922, 1,000,000 sold, featured in the motion picture The Color Purple (1985)
 "Do It Again", 1922, 523,106 sold
 "Three O'Clock in the Morning", 1922, 3,000,000 sold
 "Stumbling", 1922
 "Wonderful One", 1922, music composed by Paul Whiteman and Ferde Grofé, with lyrics by Theodora Morse
 "I'll Build a Stairway to Paradise", 1923
 "Parade of the Wooden Soldiers", 1923, 722,895 sales
 "Bambalina", 1923
 "Nuthin' But", 1923, co-written by Ferde Grofé and Henry Busse
 "Linger Awhile", 1924, 1,000,000 sales
 "What'll I Do", 1924, 538,434 sales
 "Somebody Loves Me", 1924, 678,403 sales
 "Rhapsody in Blue", 1924, acoustical version, arranged by Ferde Grofé, with George Gershwin on piano
 "When the One You Love Loves You", 1924, composed by Paul Whiteman
 "Last Night on the Back Porch", 1924, 427,784 sales
 "Oh, Lady Be Good!", 1924
 "All Alone", 1925, 835,586 sales

 "Indian Love Call", 1925, 526,884 sales
 "Charlestonette", 1925, composed by Paul Whiteman with Fred Rose
 "Birth of the Blues", 1926
 "Valencia", 1926, 1,012,687 sales
 "My Blue Heaven", 1927
 "Three Shades of Blue: Indigo/Alice Blue/Heliotrope", 1927, composed and arranged by Ferde Grofé
 "In a Little Spanish Town", 1927, 1,000,000 sales
 "I'm Coming Virginia"
 "Washboard Blues", 1927, with Hoagy Carmichael on vocals and piano
 "Rhapsody in Blue", 1927, electrical version, Grammy Hall of Fame inductee
 "From Monday On", 1928, with Bing Crosby, the Rhythm Boys, and Jack Fulton on vocals and Bix Beiderbecke on cornet
 "Mississippi Mud", 1928, with Bing Crosby and Bix Beiderbecke
 "Metropolis: A Blue Fantasy", 1928, composed by Ferde Grofé, with Bix Beiderbecke on cornet
 "Ol' Man River", 1928, first, fast version, with Bing Crosby on vocals

 "Ol' Man River", 1928, second, slow version, with Paul Robeson on vocals, Grammy Hall of Fame inductee
 "Concerto in F"
 "Among My Souvenirs", 1928
 "Ramona", 1928, with Bix Beiderbecke
 "Together", 1928, with Jack Fulton on vocals.
 "My Angel", 1928, with Bix Beiderbecke
 "Great Day", 1929
 "Body and Soul", 1930
 "New Tiger Rag", 1930
 "When It's Sleepy Time Down South", 1931, vocal by Mildred Bailey and the King's Jesters
 "Grand Canyon Suite", 1932
 "All of Me" (vocal Mildred Bailey), 1932, 12,161 sales
 "Let's Put Out the Lights (and Go to Sleep)" (Vocal Ramona Davies), 1932, 11,942 sales
 "Willow Weep for Me", vocal refrain by Irene Taylor, 1933, 8,292 sales (second highest total 1933).
 "It's Only a Paper Moon", 1933, with Peggy Healy on vocals. The Whiteman recording, Victor 24400, was used in the 1973 movie Paper Moon
 "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes" (vocal Bob Lawrence), 1934, Jazz Standards
 "You're the Top", 1934
 "Fare-Thee-Well to Harlem", 1934, with vocals by Johnny Mercer and Jack Teagarden
 "Wagon Wheels" (vocal Bob Lawrence), 1934
 "My Fantasy", 1939, Paul Whiteman co-wrote the song, an adaptation by Paul Whiteman of the Polovtsian Dances theme from the opera Prince Igor by Alexander Borodin, credited to "Paul Whiteman/Leo Edwards/Jack Meskill". Artie Shaw recorded "My Fantasy" in 1940.
 "Trav'lin' Light", 1942, with Billie Holiday on vocals; no. 1 for 3 weeks on the Billboard Harlem Hit Parade chart; no. 23 on the pop singles chart in 1942; V-Disc No. 286A, released in October 1944 by the U.S. War Department.

Grammy Hall of Fame
Paul Whiteman was posthumously inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, which is a special Grammy award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least 25 years old and that have "qualitative or historical significance."

See also

 Ramona (vocalist)

Notes

References

External links

 Paul Whiteman recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.
 Paul Whiteman and His Concert Orchestra with George Gershwin on piano "Rhapsody in Blue", 1924 at Library of Congress
Paul Whiteman (1890-1967) at the Red Hot Jazz Archive
Paul Whiteman: Profiles in Jazz at The Syncopated Times
Paul Whiteman collection at Williams College Archives & Special Collections

1890 births
1967 deaths
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century jazz composers
American male conductors (music)
American jazz bandleaders
American jazz composers
American radio personalities
Articles containing video clips
Big band bandleaders
Columbia Records artists
American male jazz composers
Musicians from Denver
Musicians from New Rochelle, New York
Jazz musicians from New York City
People from Hunterdon County, New Jersey
Musicians from Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Vaudeville performers
Victor Records artists
20th-century American composers
Jazz musicians from Colorado
20th-century American male musicians
United States Navy personnel of World War I

Paul Whiteman


James Hindle Hudson (27 September 1881 – 10 January 1962) was a British Labour Party (and later Labour Co-operative) politician, who served as  a Member of Parliament (MP) for 18 years in two periods between 1923 and 1955.

A lifelong Quaker and pacifist, Hudson was a conscientious objector in the First World War.

He contested the Huddersfield seat at the 1922 general election, and won the seat the following year, at the 1923 election. When the Labour Party split in 1931 over Ramsay MacDonald's formation of a National Government, he lost his seat to the National Liberal candidate, William Mabane.

Hudson unsuccessfully contested the Altrincham by-election in 1933 (where all three candidates were former MPs), and at the 1935 general election he was defeated in Stockport.  After a 14-year absence, he was returned to the House of Commons at the 1945 general election as Labour Co-operative MP for the London constituency of Ealing West.

That seat was abolished in boundary changes for the 1950 general election, when he was elected for the new Ealing North seat, which he held until his defeat at the 1955 general election by the Conservative candidate, John Barter.

See also
1933 Altrincham by-election

References

External links

1881 births
1962 deaths
British conscientious objectors
Independent Labour Party National Administrative Committee members
Labour Co-operative MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
Politics of Huddersfield

James Hudson (politician)


The Bundesstraße 8 (abbr. B8) is a German federal highway in southwestern Germany of great historical importance.  It has existed since the 9th century, known then as Via Publica, and until recent times was a key trade route linking the towns of Brussels, Duisburg, Cologne, Frankfurt, Würzburg, Nuremberg, Regensburg and Passau.  Today it has been replaced as a main route by the A3 motorway, which runs parallel to it.

History
The Via Publica (later known as the Poststraße or Handelsstraße) was first mentioned in 839 in a diploma of Louis the Pious. In the Middle Ages it joined the commercial cities of Cologne, Frankfurt, Nuremberg and Regensburg. The Steinerne Brücke bridge in Regensburg (1135–46), the Innbrücke bridge in Passau (1143), the Lahnbrücke bridge in Limburg (completed 1341) and the main bridges in Würzburg (1133), Frankfurt (before 1222) and Kitzingen (before 1300) are among the oldest stone bridges in central Europe and testify to the historical importance of this road.

In 1615, the general postmaster Lamoral von Taxis was tasked by emperor Matthias with setting up a postal route between Brussels and Prague, via Frankfurt and Nuremberg. To achieve this the Via Publica was expanded to a Poststraße. The present day Bundesstraße 8 is largely identical to the Via Publica. The medieval trade route largely used dry level roads rather than the valleys, which were swampy and impassible after rain. Part of the Via Publcia was referred to as the Mauspfad.

Route / Junctions

See also
Transport in Germany
List of federal highways in Germany (in English)
List of federal highways in Germany (in German)

Roads in North Rhine-Westphalia
Roads in Rhineland-Palatinate
Roads in Hesse
Roads in Bavaria
008

Bundesstraße 8


The Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects, more commonly known as CROWCASS, was an organisation set up to assist the United Nations War Crimes Commission and Allied governments in tracing ex-enemy nationals suspected of committing war crimes or atrocities in Europe during the Second World War. The organisation was originally set up by the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) in 1945.

In 1947, CROWCASS published a four volume list divided into Germans, Non Germans and two supplementary lists of people suspected of committing war crimes between September 1939 and May 1945. To Allied Nazi hunters the CROWCASS lists became known as the 'Nazi Hunter's Bible'. The lists contain over 60,000 people in all. Not all of them are war criminals (some were simply being sought for interrogation or to act as witnesses), however within the pages of CROWCASS are the alleged perpetrators of tens of thousands of war crimes. Among those on the list are Case Registry No 1: Adolf Hitler - wanted for murder by Poland, Czechoslovakia and Belgium.

In 2005, the British government sanctioned the publication of the CROWCASS Consolidated Wanted Lists. Originally the lists were not intended to be in the public domain until the year 2023.

See also
 Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects from the Kingdom of Italy

Footnotes

References
 Simpson, Christopher. Blowback: The first full account of America's recruitment of Nazis, and its disastrous effects on our domestic and foreign policy, Chapter 6 'CROWCASS' pp. 66–79,  1988, Collier Books, Macmillan Publishing Company. 398 pp.
 The Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects, Consolidated Wanted Lists (1947), 2005, The Naval and Military Press, Uckfield

International judicial organizations
Organizations established in 1945


The Boxer Codex is a late-16th-century Spanish manuscript produced in the Philippines. It contains 75 colored illustrations of the peoples of China, the Philippines, Java, the Moluccas, the Ladrones, and Siam. About 270 pages of Spanish text describe these places, their inhabitants and customs. An additional 88 smaller drawings show mythological deities and demons, and both real and mythological birds and animals copied from popular Chinese texts and books in circulation at the time.

The English historian Charles Ralph Boxer purchased the manuscript in 1947 from the collection of Lord Ilchester in London. Boxer recognized the importance of what he called the "Manila Manuscript" and published a paper in 1950 with a detailed description of the codex. He made the manuscript freely available to other researchers for study, and it became known as the Boxer Codex. Boxer eventually sold it to Indiana University, where it is held by the Lilly Library.

Description and contents
The manuscript was written circa 1590 and contains illustrations of ethnic groups in the Philippines, across Southeast Asia, and in East Asia and Micronesia at the time of early Spanish contact. It also contains Taoist mythological deities and demons, and both real and mythological birds and animals copied from popular Chinese texts and books in circulation at the time. Aside from a description of and historical allusions to what is now the Philippines and various other Far Eastern countries, the codex also contains 97 hand-drawn color paintings and illustrations depicting peoples, birds and animals (both real and mythological) of the Philippines, the Indonesian Archipelago, Japan, Taiwan, China, and Mainland Southeast Asia. The first illustration is an oblong fold-out, 74 are full-page colored illustrations and the remaining are arranged four to a page on 22 pages (with some of the quarters remaining blank). Most of the drawings appear to have been copied or adapted from materials brought to the Philippines from China by Martin de Rada: the Shānhǎi Jīng (山海经, The Classic of Mountains and Seas), and books from the shenmo (神魔) genre, which depict deities and demons. The remaining drawings represent individuals, often a male and female pair, as inhabitants from tributaries of China and Taiwan with their distinctive costume; some of these have been refashioned as warriors. The depictions of inhabitants from Chinese tributaries may have been copied from a preexisting source, drawn from memory or perhaps even drawn according to instruction given by Rada or one of the other Europeans who visited China. At least 15 illustrations deal with the inhabitants of the Philippine Archipelago.

History and provenance
The Boxer Codex does not bear any direct statement of authorship or dates of production and there is no dedication that might indicate who was the patron of the work or for whom the work was intended. Its contents indicate that it was written in Manila in the early 1590s. The manuscript was likely compiled at the direction of Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas, the Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines, or his son, Luis Pérez Dasmariñas.

The Boxer Codex depicts the Tagalogs, Visayans, Zambals, Cagayanes or possibly Ibanags, and Negritos of the Philippines in vivid color. The paintings' technique and the use of Chinese paper, ink, and paints suggests that the artist may have been Chinese.

It is believed that the original owner of the manuscript was Luis Pérez Dasmariñas, son of Governor General Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas, the Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines. Luis succeeded his father in office as governor-general. Since Spanish colonial governors kept extensive written reports of the territories they governed, it is likely that the manuscript was written on the governor's orders.

The manuscript's earliest known modern owner was Lord Ilchester. The codex was among what remained in his collection when his estate, Holland House in London, was bombed on September 27, 1940, during the Blitz. It was auctioned in 1947 and came into the possession of Charles Ralph Boxer, an authority on the Far East, and whom it is named. It is now owned by the Lilly Library at Indiana University.

Picture gallery of the illustrations in Boxer Codex

Natives of the Philippines
(All Captions Below Based on Source)

Foreigners present in the Philippines
(All Captions Below Based on Source)

See also
 Códice Casanatense
 José Honorato Lozano
 Damián Domingo
 Juan Luna
 Fernando Amorsolo
 Fabián de la Rosa
 Tipos del País

Notes

References

External links

 Record and manuscript of the Boxer Codex at Indiana University

Primary sources for early Philippine history
Primary sources on Philippine history in the 16th century
History of the Philippines (1565–1898)
1590s books
Filipino nobility
Lilly Library

Boxer Codex


Hezekiah Woodward (1590–1675) was an English nonconformist minister and educator, who was involved in the pamphlet wars of the 1640s. He was a Comenian in educational theory, and an associate of Samuel Hartlib. He was one of those articulating the Puritan argument against the celebration of Christmas.

Life

In the early 1640s he was a preacher at Aldermanbury in London. At this period he was linked with John Milton, as authors in "the frequent printing of scandalous Books by divers". He was officially examined about his writings at the end of December 1644, being released after two days, and having acknowledged authorship of some work or works, thought to have included the anonymous As You Were. Milton either was not pulled in, or was quickly allowed to go.

Then, at St Michael's Church, Bray, he was an Independent minister, but was ejected in 1662, after the English Restoration of 1660. Subsequently he was in Uxbridge, one of the founders of the Old Meeting Congregational Church there.

Writings
He engaged Thomas Edwards, a major writer on the Presbyterian side. Woodward supported Katherine Chidley against Edwards.

As You Were: or a reducing (1644) was published anonymously, and in support of John Goodwin. It was a reply to Faces About, attributed to George Gillespie. Gillespie hit back in Wholesome Severity, from the Presbyterian side.

On education, he advanced the argument that the current grammar schools lacked provision for the most elementary schooling, to the detriment of the quality of the latter. His A Light to Grammar (1641) makes the case for education based on stimulation; A Gate to Science favoured realism and intelligibility in textbooks.

Parents, in his view, delegated too much of a child's upbringing to teachers. He wrote about his own schooling, in A Childes Patrimony (1640), and Portion (1649).

Family

His daughter Frances married John Oxenbridge. His daughter Sarah married Daniel Henchman (c.1627-1685), a founder of Worcester, Massachusetts.

References
C. B. Freeman, A Puritan Educator: Hezekiah Woodward and His "Childes Patrimony", British Journal of Educational Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2 (May, 1961), pp. 132–142

Notes

1590 births
1675 deaths
Ejected English ministers of 1662
17th-century English educators

Hezekiah Woodward


Le Jour (French for "The Day") was a Quebec independence newspaper. It was founded in Saint-Laurent, near Montreal, by Yves Michaud, Jacques Parizeau and René Lévesque. Michaud was editor-in-chief. The paper was published as a daily from 1974 to 1976, and again as a weekly from 1977 to 1978.

History
Initially, Michaud considered Le Québec as a title and a test print bore that name. Finally named Le Jour, its first issue was published on February 28, 1974. With 30,000 copies printed, it became the 14th daily in Quebec. Editor-in-chief Michaud wrote that "[t]his newspaper shall be independentist, social-democrat, national and free". The paper was the property of a cooperative of which the Parti Québécois (PQ), then led by Lévesque, owned 5% of the shares.

Around Michaud was a team composed of assistant editor-in-chief Evelyn Dumas, Gil Courtemanche, Michel C. Auger, Jacques Guay, Paule Beaugrand-Champagne, Laurent Laplante, Jacques Keable and Jean-Pierre Fournier. René Lévesque, journalist by profession, held a column in its pages and cartoonist Berthio was a collaborator. Le Jour covered such subjects as politics, culture, economics, consumption and sports. It gave notable space to the then-emerging Quebec comic strips scene. It excluded advertisers that the newspaper deemed not to be in line with its ideals, like financial institutions because of what it saw as unfair fees (Michaud would become known for fighting against this, earning the nickname "Robin des banques").

The last issue of the daily edition was published on August 24, 1976, three months before the first election won by the PQ on November 15, 1976. Finances had become difficult. A weekly edition with a different staff was published from February 1977 and January 1978.  While other Quebec newspapers would eventually come to be in favour of sovereignty (like Le Devoir), the next one to be specifically devoted to it would be Le Québécois (although different in many regards), founded in 2001 in Quebec City.

See also
List of sovereigntist media
List of Quebec historical newspapers
List of Quebec media
Quebec sovereignty movement
Quebec nationalism
Politics of Quebec
List of newspapers in Canada

References
"28 février 1974 - Parution du quotidien souverainiste «Le Jour»" at Bilan du Siècle
"Le Jour (Saint-Laurent, Île-de-Montréal, Québec)" at the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec
Radio interview of Yves Michaud about the upcoming first issue and assorted information at the SRC archives

External links
Radio interview of Yves Michaud about the upcoming first issue and assorted information at the SRC archives

Newspapers established in 1974
Publications disestablished in 1976
Newspapers established in 1977
Publications disestablished in 1978
Defunct newspapers published in Quebec
French-language newspapers published in Quebec
Quebec sovereigntist media
Newspapers published in Montreal
Daily newspapers published in Quebec
1974 establishments in Quebec
1976 disestablishments in Quebec
1977 establishments in Quebec
1978 disestablishments in Quebec

Le Jour


The Piano Concerto No. 23 in A major K. 488 is a concerto for piano and orchestra written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. It was finished, according to Mozart's own catalogue, on March 2, 1786, two months prior to the premiere of his opera, Le nozze di Figaro, and some three weeks prior to the completion of his next piano concerto. It was one of three subscription concerts given that spring and was probably played by Mozart himself at one of these.

The concerto is scored for piano solo and an orchestra consisting of one flute, two clarinets, two bassoons, two horns and strings.

Structure
The piano concerto has three movements and typically lasts for about 26 minutes:

The first movement is in A major and is in sonata form. The piece begins with a double exposition, the first played by the orchestra, and the second when the piano joins in. The first exposition is static from a tonal point of view and is quite concise, the third theme is not yet revealed. The second exposition includes the soloist and is modulatory. It also includes the previously unheard third theme. The second exposition is ornamented as opposed to the first exposition which is not. The second theme has harmonic tension. This is expressed by dissonances that are played on the beat, and then solved by an interval of a descending second. This is also expressed in the use of chromatics in the melody and bass lines which is a source of harmonic tension, as the listeners anticipate the arrival of the tonic.

The slow second movement, in ternary form, is somewhat operatic in tone. The piano begins alone with a theme in Siciliano rhythm characterized by unusually wide leaps. This is the only movement by Mozart in F minor. The dynamics are soft throughout most of the piece. The middle of the movement contains a brighter section in A major announced by flute and clarinet that Mozart would later use to introduce the trio "Ah! taci ingiusto core!" in his 1787 opera Don Giovanni.

The third movement is a sonata-rondo. It is shaded by moves into other keys as is the opening movement (to C major from E minor and back during the secondary theme in this case, for instance) and with a central section whose opening in F-sharp minor is interrupted by a clarinet tune in D major, an intrusion that, according to Girdlestone, reminds one that instrumental music at the time was informed by opera buffa and its sudden changes of point of view as well as of scene.

References

External links

23
1786 compositions
Compositions in A major

Piano Concerto No. 23 (Mozart)


Trinity Washington University is a private Catholic university in Washington, D.C. The university was founded as Trinity College by the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur in 1897 as the nation's first Catholic liberal arts college for women. Trinity was chartered by an Act of Congress on August 20, 1897. It became Trinity Washington University in 2004.

Trinity is a comprehensive university with five schools; the undergraduate College of Arts & Sciences maintains its original mission as a liberal arts women's college, while men attend Trinity's other schools at both the graduate and undergraduate level. It enrolls more than 1,800 students in its undergraduate and graduate programs in the College of Arts and Sciences, School of Nursing and Health Professions, School of Education, School of Business and Graduate Studies, and School of Professional Studies. Trinity enrolls more District of Columbia residents than any other private university in the city and in the nation – more than half of Trinity's students are residents of the D.C.

An elite collegian institution in its early life, the college faced declining enrollment by the 1980s. It chose to begin recruiting local underprivileged students, and became predominantly black and Hispanic. Trinity's student body in 2020 includes about 95% ethnic minorities, including about 65% Black/African American and 30% Latina/Hispanic. Trinity is designated by the U.S. Department of Education as a Minority Serving Institution and is the only university in the D.C. region, and one of only a few in the nation, designated as both a Predominantly Black Institution (PBI) and Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI).

Trinity has a 97% acceptance rate with 35% of students graduating, and with 63% of graduates earning more than a high school graduate.

History
Trinity College was founded by the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur in 1897 as the nation's first Catholic liberal arts college for women.

For more than 70 years, Trinity educated middle-class Catholic women, who were underrepresented in America's colleges. (For more background on women's higher education, see Origins and types of Women's colleges in the United States.)

When many all-male colleges became co-ed, Trinity's full-time enrollment dropped – from 1,000 in 1969 to 300 in 1989. The school's 12th president, Sister Donna Jurick, responded in the early 1980s by opening a weekend college for working women from the District of Columbia, a racially diverse population the school had previously not served. The first such program in Washington, it became very popular; within three years, it had more students than the undergraduate program.

Under Patricia McGuire, a Trinity alumna, who became president of the college in 1989, Trinity became a multifaceted university that reached out to the Black and Hispanic women of Washington. McGuire split the college into three schools: the historic women's college became the College of Arts and Sciences; the higher-revenue teacher college became the School of Education; and the continuing education classes were folded into a School of Professional Studies. Trinity began recruiting at D.C. high schools. She expanded the professional schools, whose combined enrollment rose from 639 in 1989 to 974 in 1999. By the school's 1997 centennial, it had become the private college of choice for the women of D.C. public schools.

Academics

Five schools
Trinity has an annual enrollment of more than 1,800 students in the university's five schools, which offer undergraduate and graduate degrees.

 The College of Arts and Sciences—Trinity's historic women's school—offers community service opportunities, athletics, student clubs and campus activities. The College of Arts and Sciences offers a number of undergraduate academic programs, including international affairs, criminal justice, forensic psychology, journalism, and business economics.
 Trinity's School of Education is a coeducational graduate program offering degrees in education, counseling, curriculum design, and educational administration. Through its Continuing Education Program, the School of Education also offers professional development courses enrolling 4,000 education professionals each year.
 The School of Professional Studies offers undergraduate degrees designed for women and men seeking to advance or change their careers.
 The School of Business and Graduate Studies encompasses the graduate degree programs of Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.), Master of Science Administration (M.S.A.), and Strategic Communication and Public Relations (M.A.).
 The School of Nursing and Health Professions is home to Trinity's nursing program, which is accredited by Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education. It also offers a Master of Occupational Therapy, Master of Science in Nursing, and Master of Public Health.

Special academic programs

Trinity offers professional programs at a satellite classroom located at THEARC, a multipurpose community facility in southeast Washington, DC. Trinity is the only private university to offer college degree programs in the District of Columbia's underserved neighborhoods east of the Anacostia River.

Rankings
 U S News & World Report ranks Trinity #133-#175 out of 181 Regional Universities North.

Student body

Trinity enrolls more than 1,800 students. In 2020, the student body includes 95% persons of color, including about 65% Black/African American and 30% Latina/Hispanic. 94% of Trinity students are women, reflecting the university's historic and ongoing commitment to women's education.  About 80% of full-time undergraduates are eligible for Pell Grants, with a median family income of just about $25,000. Slightly more than 100 Trinity students are undocumented immigrants.

For 2023, according to the U.S. Department of Education, Trinity had a 97% acceptance rate with 35% of students graduating, 33% transferring, 30% withdrawing, and 2% still enrolled, and with 63% of graduates earning more than a high school graduate.

Trinity is designated by the U.S. Department of Education as a Minority Serving Institution and is the only university in the D.C. region, and one of only a few in the nation, designated as both a Predominantly Black Institution and Hispanic Serving Institution.

Trinity's 2020–21 tuition for a full-time undergraduate is $24,860 for a full year. All full-time undergraduate students in the College of Arts and Sciences receive a scholarship between $10,000 and $15,000. About 80% of the undergraduate students receive Pell Grants and most D.C. students receive D.C. TAG (D.C. Tuition Assistance Grant). With additional grants and loans, the average student pays $1,000 to $2,000 out-of-pocket for tuition.

Athletics
The Trinity Washington athletic teams are called the Tigers. The university is a member in the Division III level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing as an NCAA D-III Independent since the 2015–16 academic year (which they were in a previous stint from 2007–08 to 2011–12). The Tigers previously competed in these defunct conferences: the Great South Athletic Conference (GSAC) from 2012–13 to 2014–15; and the Atlantic Women's Colleges Conference (AWCC) as a founding member from 1995–96 to 2006–07.

Trinity Washington competes in five intercollegiate varsity sports: basketball, soccer, softball, tennis and volleyball.

Facilities
The Trinity Center for Women and Girls in Sports was completed in 2003. It features a basketball arena; walking track; swimming pool and spa; fitness center with weight machines, free weights and cardio equipment and dance studio, tennis courts, and an athletic field. It is free for Trinity students and offers memberships to local residents.

Campus buildings

The campus includes the following buildings:

 Main Hall, which houses most of the administrative offices on campus, many faculty offices and classrooms, as well as the university's admissions office, O'Connor Auditorium, and bookstore.
 Payden Academic Center, opened in 2016, is a LEED-certified learning center that features state-of-the-art nursing and science labs, classrooms for all disciplines and Trinity's technology hub.
 Trinity Center for Women and Girls in Sports is an athletic, recreational and educational complex located in the heart of Trinity's campus.
 Sister Helen Sheehan Library holds more than 200,000 volumes.
 Alumnae Hall, the university's dining hall, serves three meals a day throughout the academic year and is also a residence hall.
 Cuvilly Hall is a residence hall primarily for first-year students.
 Kerby Hall is a residence hall. In the 1980s, it was a residence hall for graduate students of other colleges in Washington, D.C., including Robert Casey, who studied law at Catholic University of America and later became a U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania.
 Notre Dame Chapel hosts many of Trinity's traditions, including Academic Convocation, Freshman Medal Ceremony, Cap and Gown Mass, and Baccalaureate Mass. Dedicated in 1924, it was designed by the architectural firm Maginnis and Walsh and won a national architecture award for ecclesiastical architecture from the American Institute of Architects. It was restored in 1997 and features Guastavino tiles, stained glass windows by Charles Jay Connick and a mosaic by Bancel LaFarge. The chapel hosted the pope during his 1979 visit to the United States.

Honor societies
 Phi Beta Kappa, chapter established in 1971
 Sigma Iota Rho
 Alpha Sigma Lambda
 Beta Kappa Chi
 Lambda Pi Eta
 Psi Chi
 Pi Sigma Alpha
 Phi Alpha Theta

Notable alumni

 Joy Ford Austin, former executive director of Humanities DC
 Cathie Black, former chairman of Hearst Magazines
 Rosemary M. Collyer, Senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia; former Presiding Judge of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
 Kellyanne Conway, former Counselor to the President to Donald Trump, and campaign strategist during his 2016 presidential campaign
 Claire Eagan, Chief Judge on United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma
 Cynthia Eagle Russett, American intellectual historian at Yale University
 Regina Flannery Herzfeld, anthropologist
 Sister Joan Frances Gormley, consecrated virgin who was a noted biblical scholar and translator
 Barbara B. Kennelly, former U.S. Representative from Connecticut
 Maria Leavey, political strategist
 Jane Dammen McAuliffe, former President, Bryn Mawr College
Patricia McGuire, current President, Trinity Washington University
 Caryle Murphy, Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter, The Washington Post
 Eileen Niedfield, Medical Mission Sister, physician, and medical missionary.
 Nancy Pelosi (Class of 1962), former Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
 Noris Salazar Allen, Panamanian bryologist
 Kathleen Sebelius, former United States Secretary of Health and Human Services; former Governor of Kansas
 M. Patricia Smith, former Commissioner of the New York State Department of Labor
 Maggie Williams, former campaign manager to Hillary Clinton
 Alanna Fields, multimedia artist and archivist

References

External links
 Official website
 Official athletics website

Edgewood (Washington, D.C.)
Universities and colleges established in 1897
Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities
Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur colleges and universities
Catholic universities and colleges in Washington, D.C.
Women's universities and colleges in the United States
1897 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Private universities and colleges in Washington, D.C.
NCAA Division III independents

Trinity Washington University


Herbert II (died 9 March 1062) was Count of Maine from 1051 to 1062. He was a Hugonide, son of Hugh IV of Maine and Bertha of Blois.

On the death of Hugh IV, Geoffrey Martel, Count of Anjou occupied Maine, expelling Berthe de Blois and Gervais de Château du Loir, Bishop of Le Mans, who fled to the court of Normandy.

In 1056, Herbert escaped from Le Mans, and himself went to the court of William, duke of Normandy.  There his sister Marguerite was betrothed to Robert Curthose, but died before the marriage could take place. Herbert paid homage to William for the county of Maine, was to marry, Adelida, a daughter of William, but died in 1062.

References

Sources

1062 deaths
11th-century French people
Counts of Maine
Year of birth unknown

Herbert II, Count of Maine