Vladimir Mikhailovich Zeldin (; 10 February 1915 – 31 October 2016) was a Soviet and Russian stage and film actor. A centenarian, he was among the longest-serving stage performers and continued acting up until his death.

Early life
Zeldin was born in the town of Kozlov (now Michurinsk, Tambov Oblast of Russia), the youngest of five children. With the start of the Russian Civil War the family moved to their relatives in Tver. His mother Anna Nikolayevna Zeldina (née Popova, 1884–1931) was a native Russian teacher turned a housewife. His father Mikhail Yevgenyevich Zeldin (1876—1928) was a musician of Jewish origin who converted to Russian Orthodoxy in order to enter the Moscow Conservatory; he served as a kapellmeister in the Imperial Russian Army concert band and as the head of the Kozlov and Tver music schools after the October Revolution. Vladimir himself was raised in the Russian Orthodox traditions and associated himself with Russian culture.

In 1924 the family moved to Moscow. Zeldin continued studying at the secondary school. He also learned to play trumpet, piano and violin, and at the age of 12 tried to enter The Bolshoi Theatre Ballet School. According to Zeldin, his father wished him a better career and was highly against this decision, so he did everything to prevent his son from entering the school. For several years Vladimir played trumpet in the military band under the Joint State Political Directorate led by his father's friend Feodor Nikolaevsky. In 1935 he graduated from the theatre college at the Mossovet Theatre where he studied under Evgeny Lepkovsky and became its actor.

Career
In 1938 Zeldin moved to the Moscow Transport Theatre (modern-day Gogol Center) where he performed as Antipholus of Syracuse in The Comedy of Errors and Ferdinand in Intrigue and Love, among other roles.

Zeldin became an all-Union celebrity in 1941 starring in the leading role in the musical comedy They Met in Moscow by Ivan Pyryev. His other famous movie works include Boris Olenich in Ballad of Siberia (1947), Aldemaro in Dance Teacher (1952), a clown in Carnival Night (1956), Aleksandr Vladimirovich Serebryakov in Uncle Vanya (1970), Judge in Desyat Negrityat (1987) and grandfather in Cops and Robbers (1997), a remake of the Italian comedy of the same name.

During the Battle of Moscow he and other actors were evacuated to Almaty where he played in the Alma-Ata Russian Drama Theatre. He also visited the frontline to perform for soldiers and was awarded the Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" after the war.

From 1945 to his death Zeldin performed in the Russian Army Theatre. His most famous role was Aldemaro in The Dancing Master play by Lope de Vega. Other popular roles include Tranio in The Taming of the Shrew, Aleksandr Vladimirovich Serebryakov in Uncle Vanya, Albert Gregor in The Makropulos Affair, Frank Gardner in Mrs. Warren's Profession and others. The Most Honest, a satirical play about an elderly Baron Munchausen, was written by Grigori Gorin on Zeldin's suggestion and with him in mind. It was an enormous success and was later adapted by Mark Zakharov into a TV movie The Very Same Munchhausen with Oleg Yankovsky in the lead.

In February 2005 Zeldin celebrated his 90th birthday by performing in the new musical Man of La Mancha (which premiered in December 2004) where he starred both as Don Quixote and Miguel de Cervantes. The role of Don Quixote quickly became his signature role and he closely associated himself with the character.

He celebrated his 101st birthday on stage by performing the leading role in the play Dance with the Master (loosely based on The Dancing Master) and written specially for him. According to the director Yuli Gusman, a total of 200 performances of Man of La Mancha and Dance with the Master were staged during Zeldin's lifetime. Man of La Mancha was last shown just a month prior to the actor's death. Due to a recent hip fracture, he had to perform with a walking stick.

Later years
Zeldin was, as of 2014, the oldest living People's Artist of the USSR. He turned 101 in 2016.

In June 2005, his signature appeared under the open letter by "members of culture, science and public representatives" published in Izvestia where they supposedly expressed support to the court decision concerning the former Yukos management. However, a number of signatories, including Zeldin, denied their involvement.

In October 2013, at the age of 98 he took part in the 2014 Winter Olympics torch relay, becoming the oldest torchbearer in history for that time.

Vladimir Zeldin died on 31 October 2016 and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. He was survived by his third wife Ivetta Evgenievna Kapralova-Zeldina (1933—2017) who died just two months after her husband and was buried near him. They lived together for 52 years.

Vladimir Zeldin's only son (from his first civil wife Lyudmila Martynova) died of a gastric infection at the age of 18 months in 1941. Zeldin took care of his grave until his death.

Honours and awards
Order "For Merit to the Fatherland";
 1st class (20 January 2015)
 2nd class (10 February 2010) - for outstanding contribution to the development of theatrical art, and many years of creative activity
 3rd class (10 February 2005) - for outstanding contribution to the development of theatrical art, and many years of creative activity
 4th class (10 February 2000) - for outstanding contribution to the development of domestic theatrical art
 Order of Friendship (21 June 1995) - for services to the state, achievements in work and significant contribution to strengthening friendship and cooperation between peoples
 Order of the Red Banner of Labour, three times (1968, 1980, ?)
 People's Artist of the USSR (1975)
 People's Artist of the RSFSR (1959)
 Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1954)
 Gratitude "for outstanding creative achievement in musical theatre" National Festival "Musical Heart of Theatre" (2006)
 Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of culture (2008) - for the play "Man of La Mancha"
Stalin Prize, 2nd class (1951)
 Prize "for the honour and dignity" of the National Theatre Award Golden Mask (2010)
 Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow"
Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
 Medal "Veteran of Labour"

Partial filmography

1938: The Oppenheim Family (Семья Оппенгейм) (TV Series) - (uncredited)
1941: They Met in Moscow (Свинарка и пастух) - Musaib Gatyev
1944: Ivan the Terrible (Иван Грозный) - assistant to the Livonian ambassador
1948: Ballad of Siberia (Сказание о земле Сибирской) - Boris Olenich
1952: Dance Teacher (Учитель танцев) - Aldemaro
1956: V kvadrate 45 - Boris Shmelyov diversant
1956: Carnival Night (Карнавальная ночь) - Nikolayev / Tip Clown
1961: Chronicle of Flaming Years (Повесть пламенных лет) - Yevgeniy Gribovskiy
1965: The Tsar's Bride - Bomely
1965: The Salvos of the Aurora Cruiser - poruchik Andronnikov
1967: Bereg nadezhdy - Vandenberg
1968: Neoknchennaya simfoniya - Kherbek
1970: Uncle Vanya (Дядя Ваня) - Professor Aleksandr V. Serebryakov
1971: Mission in Kabul - Major Stein
1974: With You and Without You - Yevstigney - Fyodor's Father
1974: Blokada: Luzhskiy rubezh, Pulkovskiy meredian - von Leeb
1975: Na kray sveta - otets Volodi
1976: We Didn't Learn This - kapitan I ranga
1976: Strakh vysoty - professor Vladimir Dyagilyev
1977: Polkovnik v otstavke - Ivan Mikhaylovich
1977: Tsentrovoy iz podnebesya
1977: Printsessa na goroshine
1977: Blokada: Leningradskiy metronom, Operatsiya Iskra - von Leeb
1978: 31 June (31 июня) (TV Movie) - Meliot, king of Peradore / Mr. Dimmock, chief advertising agency
1979: Dobryaki
1980: Rafferty (Рафферти) (TV Movie) - US Senator Fellows
1981: Zhenshchina v belom - Frederic Fairlie
1983: A Mistery of Blackbirds - police commissioner
1984: Victory (Победа) - James F. Byrnes
1985: Pobeda - Birns
1987: And Then There Were None (Десять негритят) - Judge Lawrence Wargrave
1988: Zapretnaya zona
1989: Kanuvshee vremya
1991: Iskushenye B (Искушение Б) - the Duke
1997: Dandelion Wine (Вино из одуванчиков) - Mr. Spaulding
1998: Cops and Robbers (Полицейские и воры) - grandfather
1998: Classic - Vasya Rezanyj
2000: Zhenshchin obizhat ne rekomenduetsya - Idkind
2006: Park Sovetskogo perioda
2006: Andersen. Life Without Love (Андерсен. Жизнь без любви) - night watchman
2007: Karnavalnaya noch 2, ili 50 let spustya - Old clown
2007: Chertovo koleso
2007: Happy Together (Счастливы вместе) (TV Series) - collector
2010-2011: Svaty (Сваты) (TV Series) - Nikolai Nikolaevich
2015: Ubezhat, dognat, vluybitsya - (final film role)

References

External links

 Vladimir Zeldin. Russian Don Quixote
 Vladimir Zeldin's page at the Russian Army Theatre website

1915 births
2016 deaths
20th-century Russian male actors
21st-century Russian male actors
People from Michurinsk
Academicians of the Russian Academy of Cinema Arts and Sciences "Nika"
Honored Artists of the RSFSR
People's Artists of the RSFSR
People's Artists of the USSR
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Full Cavaliers of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"
Recipients of the Nika Award
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the Order of the Red Star
Men centenarians
Russian centenarians
Russian male film actors
Russian male stage actors
Russian male television actors
Russian people of Jewish descent
Soviet male film actors
Soviet male stage actors
Soviet male television actors
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
Moscow Conservatory alumni

Vladimir Zeldin


HMCS Givenchy was one of twelve  naval trawlers constructed for and used by the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) during the First World War on the east coast. Following the war, the ship was transferred to the Department of Marine and Fisheries for use as a fisheries patrol vessel on the west coast. Givenchy reentered service with the RCN in 1939 as an accommodation ship during the Second World War and was recommissioned from 1940 to 1943. After the war the ship was sold and broken up in the United States in 1952.

Design and description

The RCN's Battle-class trawlers formed part of the Canadian naval response to Admiralty warnings to Canada about the growing German U-boat threat to merchant shipping in the western Atlantic. Intended to augment anti-submarine patrols off Canada's east coast, these ships were modelled on contemporary British North Sea trawlers, since the standard types of Canadian fishing vessels were considered unsuitable for patrol work.

Twelve vessels were ordered on 2 February 1917 from two shipyards, Polson Iron Works of Toronto and Canadian Vickers of Montreal. Those vessels built at Canadian Vickers displaced  and were  long overall with a beam of  and a draught of . The vessels were propelled by a steam-powered triple expansion engine driving one shaft creating  giving the vessels a maximum speed of .

All twelve trawlers were equipped with a QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun mounted forward. This was considered to be the smallest gun that stood a chance of putting a surfaced U-boat out of action, and they also carried a small number of depth charges. The trawlers were named after battles of the Western Front during the First World War that Canadians had been involved in. They cost between $155,000 and $160,000 per vessel.

Service history
Named for the Battle of Givenchy, the ship was constructed by Canadian Vickers at Montreal and launched on 15 September 1917. Intended for use during the 1917 shipping season, the construction of the vessels was delayed by the entry of the United States into the war. With higher wages found south of the border, a shortage of skilled labour developed in the shipyards, coupled with a shortage of construction material. The six vessels ordered from Canadian Vickers were delayed further by difficulty in providing engines for the trawlers. The hulls had been finished during Summer 1917. However, the engines did not arrive until the fall. The ship was commissioned on 22 June 1918.

Givenchy sailed to the east coast where for the 1918 shipping season, all the Battle-class trawlers were assigned to patrol and escort duties based out of Sydney, Nova Scotia. The vessel performed these duties until the end of the war. Along with , and , Givenchy accompanied  on a trip to the west coast via the Panama Canal in early 1919. The trawler was paid off by the RCN on 12 August 1919 at Esquimalt, British Columbia. The vessel was one of nine of the class to transfer to the Department of Marine and Fisheries, where Givenchy became a fisheries patrol vessel.

After the outbreak of the Second World War, Givenchy returned to RCN service on 15 April 1939 and was used as an accommodation ship for the Fisherman's Reserve on the west coast. The ship recommissioned into the RCN from 25 June 1940 to 18 April 1943. Following the end of the war, the ship was sold to private interests on 19 September 1946 and was sold for scrap on 22 September 1952 to be broken up in the United States.

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

External links
 Battle-class trawlers

Battle-class trawlers
World War I naval ships of Canada
1917 ships
Auxiliary ships of the Royal Canadian Navy

HMCS Givenchy


Crocker Land is the name for a supposed eighth continent in the Arctic Ocean. In the year 1906, Robert Peary thought he had seen a landmass, which he named after George Crocker, a member of Peary Arctic Club. He thought that the land was about 130 miles (210 km) north of Ellesmere Island, at 83 degrees north and 100 degrees west.

In 1913, the Crocker Land expedition started, to find Crocker Land. This expedition turned out to be a failure. The captain of the first ship became drunk and ran aground on the rocks. Later an Inuit guide was deliberately shot and killed by one of the expedition members under suspicious circumstances. The expedition eventually became stranded and was not rescued until four years later.

The MacGregor Arctic Expedition in 1937–1938 also took aerial photographs. These show that there is no land at that location. Despite this, some pseudo-scientific organizations still try to present a case for its possible existence.

The expedition did not find Crocker Land. Later, satellite images showed that the continent did not exist, and could not be found. Today, it is believed that what Peary saw, was a fata morgana mirage.

References

Phantom islands

en:Crocker Land

Crocker Land


Jay Stapley (born 13 April 1957) is a British musician.

Career
Stapley started his musical career playing with local bands in Kent and Sussex in the UK. In 1978 he became involved in the London music scene and became a session player and gigging guitarist. He worked alongside various artists and producers on international tours with Roger Waters and Mike Oldfield, the film Withnail and I, and on the albums of Suede, Toyah and Scott Walker.

In 1983 while performing live work with Julian Dawson in Germany, he met producer René Tinner and began working in Tinner's Cologne studio to record guitar tracks for various projects.

Stapley also recorded and toured with Westernhagen, and became his co-producer and musical director.

During the 1990s Stapley recorded four instrumental CDs for WEA. In 2008 CD he released his most recent recording, Edge of the World. He specialises in acoustic and instrumental works.

Stapley has worked with Roland Corporation and Digidesign, demonstrating guitar equipment for both companies. He built his own studio in London where he produces music CDs, as well as television and film scores. he has taught privately, and became one of the first teachers at the Guitar Institute (now called The Institute of Contemporary Music Performance, ICMP). In 2011 he launched the record label Dammit Music, specialising in unusual music projects and contemporary works with singer/songwriters and acoustic music.

Musical history

1979–Present
Guitarist/Musical Director/Backing Vocals. Recording sessions and international tours with artists including Roger Waters, Mike Oldfield, Suede, Scott Walker, Slim Whitman, David Allen Coe, Kirsty MacColl, David Dundas, Westernhagen, David Mead, Henning Staerk, Toyah Wilcox, Bucks Fizz, Peter Jay, Michael Kamen, etc. Film + TV soundtracks including "Withnail and I", "How to get Ahead in Advertising", "Hale and Pace", "The Duty Men", etc.
1981–1993
Whilst working at Roland, Stapley developed and delivered staff training on guitar-based products including guitar synthesizers, samplers, synths, effects processors, sequencers, etc.  Developed and delivered product demonstrations of hardware and software at international trade shows.
1986–2005
During this time Stapley made 7 Platinum Discs, and was co-producer/musician on various CDs for German artist Westernhagen
1991–Present
Westernhagen (Million-selling CDs), Ian Hunt, Wives and Servants, George Frakes, The Cry Baby, Lou Cowell, Pat Orchard, Bill Conlon, Bacardi Europe Cinema Ad, etc.
1996–Present
Audio Editor/Sound Design non-musical industry sectors.
Audio editing/recording/sound design for SDL, Teletubbies, PlayStation games (various) CD-ROMs (various) voice-recording for TFL, EDS, Thales Information Systems, Interalia, Information on Hold, BBC, etc.
1997–Present
Technical Director of Dammit Ltd, responsible for studio management, audio engineering, production, script consultancy, software development.
2010–Present
Director of Dammit Music, responsible for A&R, production, marketing and artist development.
1991–1995
At the Guitar Institute Stapley developed elements of syllabus, administered grades, and administered Live Performance Workshops
1993–1997
Stapley developed and delivered product demonstrations for Digidesign of industry-standard "ProTools" hard-disc recording software at international trade shows.
2004
At Guitar X Stapley also developed and taught Music Technology course and administered Live Performance Workshops
2008
At the ICMP (institute of Contemporary Music Performance), London Stapley was teaching Guitar skills, live performance skills, studio technology. Writing Degree-level course materials and teaching at degree-level.

Discography

 Radio K.A.O.S. (1987) - album by Roger Waters
 Southern Fried (1986) - album by Tim Stone / Jay Stapley
 Blue Lotus (1991) - album by Jay Stapley
 Tower Of Babel (1992) - album by Jay Stapley
 Wanderlust (1994) - album by Jay Stapley
 Ambient Blues (1996) - album by Jay Stapley
 Edge Of The World (2008) - album by Jay Stapley
 Plans For Love (2006) - album by Wives & Servants

References

1957 births
Living people
British male guitarists

Jay Stapley


Class 23 locomotives were part of the 1950s generation of SNCB electric locomotives that included Types 122 (later 22), 123 (later 23), 125, (later 25 and 25.5) and 140 (later 25 and 25.5) built between 1953 and 1961. There were 50 Series 122, 83 Series 123, 16 Series 125 and 6 Series 140 for a total of 155. They were seen across Belgium on passenger and freight trains until they were retired in 2012. Class 23 was later fitted for multiple working, and were often found in pairs. There was no difference in power between the classes as they all used the same traction motors and control equipment.

The 23s differed from the 22s in three ways. The most visible was the ventilation grilles. Those on the Type 122 were mounted on the roof and sometimes had problems with water ingestion. This was corrected by having three grilles mounted low on each side. Six of the 23s (2306-2313-2317-2320-2321-2331) later received an extra vent on one side only, just above the existing central one. The next was additional weight was added to the chassis to increase tractive effort. The third was the 23s had regenerative braking. The reason for these differences was to let them pull heavy freight trains on the line Brussels-Luxembourg.

Loco 123.083 became 124.001 in 1968 and 2401 in 1971. It received a streamlined shroud at one end only that fit over the existing bodywork. It had its own windshield, wipers, washers and headlights. It also was given the ACEC Type G transmission system with a different gear ratio to test. Another change was that the traction motors were completely suspended rather than being just nose suspended. This was all a development stage for what was to have been a four voltage electric loco of . As time went on the four voltage requirement was dropped and the actual production locomotive became the Class 20, introduced late in 1975.  124.001/2401 made a number of test runs between Landegem and Aalter at speeds up to . It was converted back to standard and renumbered to 2383 during 1974. It ran in regular freight and passenger services and became "The Banker of Liège" when it became the normal loco for pushing passenger trains up the steep ramp leading from Liège-Guillemins up to Ans.

Loco 2302 was given ventilation grilles like those on Classes 11-12-21-27 as a test. These were mounted high on each side. The original openings were blanked in and each fitted with a porthole. No other Class 23s ever had these. 2302 retained this arrangement until the end of its service life.

The arrival of the new Class 18 locomotives in early 2012 marked the end of the class, during the spring of 2012 all were withdrawn except a few for banking duties at Liège-Guillemins but even those were soon withdrawn, replaced by Class 77 diesels.

Before 1 January 1971 the locomotives were numbered 123.001-123.083 but from this date the class became . See the above history of 123.083 for detailed information on this loco.

2383 (ex 2401, 124.001, 123.083) is preserved by the SNCB.

References

External links
 HLE 23 at belrail.fr
 rail.lu

National Railway Company of Belgium locomotives
3000 V DC locomotives
Bo′Bo′ locomotives
Electric locomotives of Belgium
Railway locomotives introduced in 1955
La Brugeoise et Nivelles locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Belgium
Bo′Bo′ electric locomotives of Europe

Belgian Railways Class 23


Shade is produced when the sun is shining and an object, a tree for example, blocks the direct sunlight so that it cannot reach a certain spot. The dark image which the object casts on the ground (or on another object) is called shadow, not shade.

Shade can also mean a darker or lighter color of the same base color. For example: in a picture of a tree's shadow, the grass in the shade will be a darker shade of green than the grass out of the shade.

Basic English 850 words
Optics

Shade


The Secret of the Caves is Volume 7 in the original The Hardy Boys Mystery Stories published by Grosset & Dunlap.

This book was written for the Stratemeyer Syndicate by Leslie McFarlane in 1929. Between 1959 and 1973 the first 38 volumes of this series were systematically revised as part of a project directed by Harriet Adams, Edward Stratemeyer's daughter. The original version of this book was rewritten in 1965 by Andrew E. Svenson resulting in two different stories with the same title.

Plot summary (revised edition)
The book begins with Chet Morton showing off his new metal detector to the Hardy boys and Biff Hooper while inviting them to camp at Honeycomb Caves. Meanwhile, their father, Fenton Hardy, is working to protect a Coastal Radar Station from sabotage during its construction. They are interrupted by Mary Todd who tells them that her brother, Morgan Todd, is missing and asks Fenton to find him. The Hardy boys and their father decide to team up to both find Morgan Todd and protect the Coastal Radar Station.

The Hardy boys travel to Kenworthy College and meet Todd's colleague, Cadmus Quill. A clue leads them to Rockaway, but when it is mentioned they notice strange behavior from Cadmus Quill. While driving to Rockaway they hear a radio report that the radar station has been damaged, so they instead return to Bayport. Their help is not needed so they leave for Rockaway, stopping at Palis Paris to purchase a spinning wheel for their Aunt Gertrude. When they stop in at Tuttle's General Store Mr. Tuttle warns them to keep away from Honeycomb Caves because people have seen strange lights and heard shooting coming from the caves. Instead of leaving, the boys decide to camp at Honeycomb Caves with their friends Chet and Biff.

At the caves they meet a strange hermit who invites them for breakfast, then chases them off and even shoots at Frank.  Their adventure continues with Callie Shaw, Iola Morton and Mary Todd trying to get jobs at the Palis Paris, Biff getting knocked out while waiting in the parking lot, Chet's metal detector suddenly exploding and the Hardy boys' boathouse catching on fire.

The story concludes with the Hardy boys finding a submarine delivering supplies to the hermit in the caves.  They explore the cave and learn that the caves have an underground passage to Palis Paris where a device was being built to interfere with the new Coastal Radar Station.  The Hardy boys trap the criminals, including Cadmus Quill, in the cave while the State Police enter from the other end and arrest them all.  The Navy is alerted and intercepts the submarine to find Morgan Todd being held hostage.

Additional formats

The revised edition was used for an episode of the Hardy Boys animated series and a View Master version also exists.

References

1929 American novels
The Hardy Boys books
1965 American novels
Grosset & Dunlap books
Submarines in fiction
1928 children's books
1965 children's books

The Secret of the Caves


A–K

Apple Jacks

A step on the spot, with twisting foot and the weight on the heel, like this.

Ball change
Ball change is a movement where the dancer shifts the weight from the ball of one foot to the other and back. This is mostly used in jazz and jive.

Basic (step / figure / movement / or pattern)
A basic figure is the very basic step that defines the character of a dance. Often it is called just thus: "basic movement", "basic step" or the like. For some dances it is sufficient to know the basic step performed in different handholds and dance positions to enjoy it socially.

Box step

The box step is a dance figure named so because the steps rest in the four corners of a square. It is used, e.g., in American Style ballroom dances: rumba, waltz, bronze-level foxtrot. The leader begins with the left foot and proceeds as follows.
First half-box: Forward-side-together
Second half-box: Backwards-side-together
Every step is with full weight transfer. During the second and fourth step it is advised the foot to travel along two sides of the box, rather than along its diagonal.

Rhythm varies, e.g., it is "1-2-3,4-5-6" in Waltz and "slow quick quick, slow quick quick" in Rumba.

Chaînés / chainé turns / chaines turns

French for "chain", a series of quick turns starting from second position going to first position alternating on either flat feet or on relevé with progression along a straight line or circle.

Chassé
Chassé (French, "to chase") is a dance step with a triple step pattern used in many forms of dance. It is a gliding, flowing step with the feet essentially following a step–together–step pattern. Timing and length of steps vary from dance to dance.

Closed change
Closed change is a basic step in the waltz. The leader steps forward on either foot whilst the follower steps backward on the opposing foot (e.g.: the leader steps forward on their right foot whilst the follower steps back on their left). Both partners will then step to the side on the other foot, and conclude the figure by closing the first foot beside the second (hence the name "closed" of the step). Each step takes up a full beat of the music.

Cross-body lead
Cross-body lead is a common and useful move in Latin dances such as salsa, mambo, rumba and cha-cha-cha.  Basically, the leader, on counts 2 and 3 of their basic step (assuming dancing on 1), does a quarter-left turn (90° counter-clockwise) while still holding on to the follower.  On counts 4 and 5, the follower is led forward across the leader, i.e., firmly led with the leader's right hand on their back, so that the follower travels across to turn and face the opposite direction they were originally facing.  At the same time, the leader does another quarter-left turn as necessary in order to follow the follower and face them. At the end of the move, the dancers have their positions exchanged.

The cross-body lead can be done with single-hand or double hand hold, with or without a follower's underarm turn, or leading the follower to do a free spin.

Dos-à-dos / dosado
Dosado is a circular movement where two people, who are initially facing each other, walk around each other without or almost without turning, i.e., facing in the same direction (same wall) all the time.

Double reverse spin
The double reverse spin is a full left (counter-clockwise) turn in one measure of music. It is danced in waltz, quickstep and tango.

Enchufla
This is a dance movement common in salsa, where the two dance partners facing each other change positions. The dance partners keep contact with one or two hands while stepping to  rotate concentrically over 180 degrees around the same point in opposite directions.

Feather step
The feather step is a basic figure in International Style foxtrot, in which the leader makes three or four steps forward, with the third one (right foot) done outside the follower.

Floss

Free spin
In lead and follow dance, a dance turn performed without partner contact.

Gancho
"Gancho" means "hook" in Spanish and describes certain "hooking actions" in some dances of Latin American heritage, in Argentine tango (leg action) and salsa (arm action and foot action) in particular.

Grapevine
The grapevine or vine starts with a side step, then the working leg goes behind, then stepping to the side, then join.

Head roll

Heel pull
A variant of the heel turn, in which the feet are kept apart.

Heel turn
A ballroom dance move, which is the turn on the heel of the support foot while the other foot is held close and parallel to the support one. At the end of the turn the weight is transferred from one foot to the other.

Impetus
The impetus is a kind of leader's heel turn used in Standard dances. In case of the open impetus, it brings the couple from a closed position into promenade position.

Inside partner step
A step taken forward into the space occupied by the partner, while the partner steps backwards. During this step feet tracks of both partners overlap. See also outside partner step.

Inside turn
The term is applied to an individual turn of a partner in the couple. Basically, it denotes a turn where the arm of the partner doing the turn begins by moving towards the "inside" of the couple (the line running from the center of one partner to the center of the other). The meaning is intuitively clear, but it may be performed in numerous ways and in different handholds, so that even accomplished dancers are confused. In dances such as swing and salsa, inside and outside turns most commonly refer to underarm turns done by the follower.  Since in these dances the follower's right arm is normally used to lead a turn (most commonly by the leader's left arm, but sometimes by the leader's right arm when a cross-hand or "handshake" position is used), an inside turn is normally a left (counter-clockwise) turn, while an outside turn is a right (clockwise) turn.  However, if the follower's left arm is used to initiate the turn, the intended direction of turning may be opposite. (Alternatively, the non-ambiguous terms "left turn" and "right turn" may be used.)

See Direction of movement for more detail.

Kick
Moving the knee upwards and then quickly kicking downwards with the foot. The ankle is stretched, that is, the toes are pointing down.

L–Z

Lock step
A lock step is an alternative variation of a chassé action which occurs when the moving foot swings to a stop across the track of the standing foot rather than closing next to it.  In the Latin dances the combination of the crossed position and the turnout of the feet means that the rear toe will be pointed at the heel of the other foot, while in the Standard dances the lack of turnout means the feet will be parallel.  In Standard the basic locking action is usually preceded and followed by a left side lead.  The Latin lock step is often featured when cha-cha is danced in open position with a one-hand hold.

Moonwalk
The moonwalk is a dance technique that presents the illusion of the dancer being pulled backwards while attempting to walk forward.

Natural turn
Natural turns and some other figures are those in which the dance couple rotates to the right (clockwise).

Open turn
A ballroom dance figure in which during the last step the moving foot passes the support foot, rather than closes to it.

Outside partner step
A step taken with the partner beside the moving foot (e.g., to the left of the left moving foot).  During this step feet tracks of both partners do not overlap.  See also inside partner step.

Outside turn
Cf. Inside turn.

The term is applied to an individual turn of a partner in the couple. Basically, it denotes the lead/follow connection directed "outside" of the center of the spinning individual. Inside and outside terminology can not be determined by relativity to partnership as such position alternates every 180 degrees of rotation. Connection points and application of active side are consistent only with regard to the axis of rotation and direction of spin.

See Direction of movement for more detail.

Pirouette
A pirouette usually means turning or spinning on one foot while touching the standing leg with the opposite leg in a bent position.

Reverse turn
Reverse turns and some other figures are those in which the dance couple rotates to the left (counter-clockwise).

Rondé
See Ballet glossary#Rond de jambe.
A toe of the straight leg draws a semicircle on the floor. In ballroom dances the direction is usually from the front to back.

Shorty George
A forward walk with twisted knees originally performed by George Snowden.

Spin turn
The natural spin turn is a common right-turning move in international standard waltz and quickstep. It can be used, for example, to navigate a corner of the ballroom.

Sprinkler
The sprinkler is a dance move that simulates the motion of a garden irrigation sprinkler.

Suzie Q
Suzie Q or Suzy Q is a step where the feet perform alternating cross steps and side steps with swivel action.

Telemark

Thunder clap
The thunder clap is a form of dance that incorporates clapping in the air with a sliding motion. To perform this dance one must raise one hand and then with the second hand meet the first one half way making a clapping sound; that hand must then fully extend. This motion is repeated to the beat of the music.

Time step
In tap dancing, the time step is a recognizable rhythmic tap combination. The term comes from the time of great tap dancers that used their distinctive time step to tell the band the desired tempo. Common tap time steps are classified as single, double and triple. The basic rhythm and tempo remain the same but the number of sounds that happen on the second and sixth count of an eight-count phrase denotes single (often a single step) double (usually a flap or slap-tap) or triple (commonly shuffle-step). While these are the universal time steps, dancers often choose to create their own time steps, following the pattern two bars repeated three times with a two bar break.
 Time steps is a figure in International Style cha-cha-cha.
 In various rhythmic ballroom/social dances, time step sometimes refers to steps in place that mark the characteristic rhythm of the dance, "2-3-cha-cha-cha" for Cha-cha-cha, "1,2,3,4" for pasodoble, "1,2,3,...5,6,7,..." for "salsa on one", etc.

Walk
The walk is probably the most basic dance move. It exists in almost every dance. Walks approximately correspond normal walking steps, taking into the account the basic technique of the dance in question. (For example, in Latin-dance walks the toe hits the floor first, rather than the heel.)

In dance descriptions the term walk is usually applied when two or more steps are taken in the same direction. A single step, e.g., forward, is called just thus: "step forward".

Walks can be done in various dance positions: in closed position, promenade position, shadow position, sweetheart position, etc.

Curved walks are done along a curve, rather than along a straight line.

Whisk
The various kinds of whisk are dance moves in International Standard and American Smooth dances. They are characterised by the partners crossing their outside legs behind their inside legs, arriving in promenade position.

Wing
The wing is a move in waltz and other Standard dances. Both partners take a step forward, and then the lady walks in a half-circle in front of the man from his right to his left side.

See also
 Glossary of ballet terms
 Glossary of partner dance terms

References

Dance moves
Wikipedia glossaries using subheadings

Glossary of dance moves


B.A.P.S (an acronym for Black American Princesses) is a 1997 American female buddy comedy film directed by Robert Townsend and starring Halle Berry, Natalie Desselle, and Martin Landau. The film was written by Troy Byer and was her first screenplay. The film received largely negative reviews from critics, although it has since been considered a cult classic, especially for Black Hollywood. In total it earned $7.3 million at the box office worldwide.

The film features several celebrity cameos, including LL Cool J, Leon Robinson, Heavy D, and Dennis Rodman.

Plot
Denise "Nisi" (Halle Berry) and Tamika "Mickey" (Natalie Desselle) work at a soul food diner in Decatur, Georgia. Their plan is to one day open the world's first combination hair salon and soul food restaurant if they ever get enough money. Their boyfriends, Ali (Pierre Edwards) and James (A.J. Johnson), hope to one day own a luxury cab company.

Nisi and Mickey hear about a contest for a video girl where the winner gets $10,000 and spend all their savings to fly to Los Angeles for Nisi to compete. On the plane ride there, Nisi reads a book on etiquette and she and Mickey discuss their new hairstyles, which are so tall they block the movie projector.

Although Nisi does not land the dancing girl role, a man named Antonio spots them at the auditions and offers them the same amount of money to be in a different music video and invites them to a Beverly Hills mansion. Once they arrive, they learn about the real reason they were brought there, which was for Nisi to pretend to be the granddaughter of a woman the owner of the house, an aging Mr. Blakemore (Martin Landau), once loved when he was younger named Lily. They agree to the plan, but eventually grow fond of Mr. Blakemore and take care of him and refuse to take his money.

Feeling guilty for deceiving Mr. Blakemore, they plan to return to Decatur and leave a confession letter for him to read after they are gone. However, before they can depart, Mr. Blakemore is rushed to the hospital. Nisi tries to confess to him at his bedside but he silences her before she can finish and passes away soon afterwards. Mr. Blakemore's lawyer, Tracy Shaw (Troy Byer), informs them that he knew all along that Nisi was not Lily's granddaughter because Lily never had any children.

Back at the mansion, Nisi, Mickey, and their boyfriends are preparing to return to Decatur. Mr. Blakemore's lawyer arrives and read's his last will and testament, in which he calls the girls his "B.A.P.S", short for Black American Princesses, and gives them some portion of his wealth. The film ends with Nisi and Mickey opening their combination hair salon and restaurant, which they name "Lily'z".

Cast
 Halle Berry as Denise "Nisi"
 Martin Landau as Mr. Donald Blakemore
 Ian Richardson as Mr. Manley
 Natalie Desselle-Reid as Tamika "Mickey"
 Troy Byer as Tracy Shaw
 Luigi Amodeo as Antonio
 Jonathan Fried as Isaac
 Pierre Edwards as Ali
 A.J. Johnson as James
 Bernie Mac as Mr. Johnson
 Faizon Love as Tiger J
 Rudy Ray Moore as Nate
 LL Cool J as himself, cameo
 Howard Hewett as himself, cameo
 Leon Robinson as himself, cameo
 Heavy D as himself, cameo
 Dennis Rodman as himself, cameo

Production
The film was the first screenplay written by former actress Troy Byer.

Writer Beyer was disappointed by the final cut of the film, and believed that her "words had not honestly made it onto the screen". She explained that this was the first time Robert Townsend had directed a film that he had not written. She used her earnings from this film to direct her first film.

Reception

Critical response
Initial reception was overwhelmingly negative. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 15% based on 33 reviews. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B.

Roger Ebert gave the film a rare no-stars rating, calling it "jaw-droppingly bad and stupid". Ebert included the film on his "most hated" list.
Janet Maslin praised Halle Berry for her comedic performance and described the film as a "watered-down Pretty Woman". Maslin concluded "It's good for a half-hour of humor before the fun starts to dissolve." Esther Iverem of The Washington Post wrote "Despite its idiotic promotional trailers, 'BAPS' is a very funny movie." Lisa Alspector of the Chicago Reader called it "absurdly broad comedy infused with classic emotions and set in sumptuously detailed environments".

In 2018, Anne Cohen of the website Refinery29 called the film a "Black cult classic" and said the film deserved better than its (at the time) 13% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Cohen said "The fact that the film has had such a lasting impact,... proves that the film spoke to its audience."

Accolades
1998 Acapulco Black Film Festival
 Best Actress – Halle Berry (nominated)
1997 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards
 Worst Actress – Halle Berry (nominated)

Stage play adaptation
B.A.P.S. is in development to be produced as a live stage play in 2023 from film producer and playwright Je'Caryous Johnson, who also adapted to the stage other urban movies such as Two Can Play That Game (2017), Set It Off (2018) and  New Jack City (2022). The play was originally slated to open in May 2020, however the COVID-19 pandemic forced the production to close. Natalie Desselle-Reid was also in preparation to reprise her role as Mickey however passed away in 2020. Rapper/singer Inayah Lamis will assume the role from Natalie. Angela White formerly known as Blac Chyna will also star as Nisi. The play will open in October of 2023 and run previews into November of 2023.

References

External links

1997 films
1990s buddy comedy films
American buddy comedy films
American female buddy films
Films directed by Robert Townsend
Films scored by Stanley Clarke
Films set in Beverly Hills, California
Films set in Georgia (U.S. state)
Films set in Los Angeles
New Line Cinema films
African-American comedy films
1997 comedy films
1990s English-language films
1990s female buddy films
1990s American films

B.A.P.S.


Jerry Slocum is an American historian, collector and author specializing on the field of mechanical puzzles. He worked as an engineer at Hughes Aircraft prior to retiring and dedicating his life to puzzles.

His personal puzzle collection, numbering over 40,000 mechanical puzzles and 4,500 books, is believed to be the world's largest.  In 2006, the Association of Game & Puzzle Collectors awarded Slocum with the Sam Loyd Award.

In 2006, Slocum donated over 30,000 puzzles to the Lilly Library at Indiana University:  marking the first time a major collection of puzzles was made available in an academic setting.

Slocum's first book, Puzzles Old and New, published in 1986, was the first comprehensive book to include all types of mechanical puzzles with hundreds of color illustrations of antique puzzles. In the introduction Martin Gardner predicted that the book would "remain a classic for decades."

Slocum has appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, Martha Stewart Living, and eight other nationwide TV shows.

Slocum Puzzle Foundation
In 1993, Slocum founded the Slocum Puzzle Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to educating the public on puzzles through puzzle collecting, exhibitions, publications, and communications.

International Puzzle Party
Slocum also founded the International Puzzle Party in 1978. The first eight International Puzzle Parties (an event dedicated to discussing, showing, and trading mechanical puzzles) were held in Slocum's Beverly Hills living room and evolved into an annual by-invitation-only event rotating between North America, Europe, and Asia.

Works
Slocum has authored or co-authored more than a dozen books on the topic of puzzles.

 Puzzles Old and New, with Jack Botermans (1986)
 The Puzzle Arcade (1996)
 The Tangram Book, with Dieter Gebhardt, Jack Botermans, Monica Ma, Xiaohe Ma 2003  Sterling Publishing Company (Comprehensive, illustrated history, 1,756 problem figures) beautiful photos of historic Tangrams from Asia, Europe and America
 The 15 Puzzle, with Dic Sonneveld, 2006  Slocum Puzzle Foundation.
 The Cube: The Ultimate Guide to the World's Bestselling Puzzle, with David Singmaster, Wei-Hwa Huang, Dieter Gebhardt, Geert Hellings, and an introduction by Ernő Rubik, 2006 , Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, Inc. Covers the history of the Rubik's Cube, with solutions to the 2x2 and 3x3 puzzles.

See also
 Nob Yoshigahara Puzzle Design Competition

References

Sources
Appearance on Martha Stewart Living

External links
 The Slocum Puzzle web site
 The Jerry Slocum Mechanical Puzzle Collection Online

Puzzle designers
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
American art collectors
American male non-fiction writers
Recreational mathematicians
1931 births
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Writers from Chicago

Jerry Slocum


Preto no Branco (literally "black on white") was Boss AC's fourth album released on 16 March 2009 in Portugal.  It celebrates fifteen years of his career from his first album Rapública (or Rapublic).  The album features appearances by Olavo Bilac and TC and the duet by the fado singer Mariza who made the first disco single UPA - Undiso Para Ajudar, a disc with the original duets of Portuguese artists and serves with a company of social actions which had heard on the radio in late 2008, promoted by Associação Encontrar-se.  Samples by Vitorino and the Cape Verdean singer Ildo Lobo are used in the album.  The video of the single Estou Vivo was recorded in Macau.

The album was recorded in Lisbon, Rio de Janeiro and New York City.

Track listing

References

External links
Interview with Boss AC at IOL.pt

2009 albums
Boss AC albums

Preto no Branco


Gerard Slevin (1 November 1919 – 18 January 1997) was born in Cork, Ireland. Slevin was assistant to Edward McLysaght, the Chief Herald of Ireland, from 1944 to 1954, at which time he succeeded McLysaght. He held this position for 27 years until  he retired in 1981.

Career
During his time as Chief Herald, Slevin inaugurated a genealogy advisory service, to assist in requests for help from people of Irish ancestry. Slevin granted the Kennedy family of the United States their coat of arms in 1961.

Slevin was also heavily involved in the design of the European flag, a circle of 12 golden stars on a deep blue background, and in recognition of this was made a member of the Académie Internationale d'Héraldique. His exact role in the design is uncertain (and may continue to remain so). According to some sources (such as archivist and biographer Dr. Susan Hood), he was the actual designer of the flag; others (such as Tom McCarthy, president of the Genealogical Society of Ireland) suggest a more peripheral role. The story that the flag's design was solely that of Slevin continues, however.

References

Irish officers of arms
1919 births
1997 deaths
Flag designers
People from County Cork

Gerard Slevin


Michael Howard (born Feb 18, 1978) is an American actor, film director, screenwriter, cinematographer, and founder of the film company Invisible Productions.

Background

Howard's acting career began at a young age when he made an appearance on Snowball Satellite TV in Germany and acted in the 'Twas the Night Before Christmas play in middle school. He attended High School at Charles M. Russell High School and was in numerous choirs and did some acting as well. After High School, he was premed in college pursuing a degree in biology in Alaska and became an Emergency medical technician and worked in an emergency room. He landed a lead role in a local play and then after receiving an associate degree from the University of Alaska, Howard promptly quit medicine and started studying filmmaking and acting. In 1998, he read and reviewed scripts for American Zoetrope while writing his first screenplay, Reality of Life. Howard then got his Bachelors degree in Recording Arts at the University of Colorado Colorado Springs and created his own indie film company by the name of Invisible Productions.  His company has produced short films, documentaries, and features.

Career

While studying medicine in Alaska, Howard landed a starring role in Jugger's Rain and Tony n' Tina's Wedding which eventually led into his film career.  While making films, Howard continued acting in the theatre at times with Theatreworks in Colorado in roles for To Kill a Mockingbird, Romeo and Juliet, and King Lear.

One of Howard's early short films entitled Lost garnered him awards for Best Actor at the 2004 Biarritz International Short Film Festival and Best Screenplay at the 2004 Festival de Cine Internacional de Barcelona. He was also nominated for Best Actor and Best Film at the New York Short Film Festival and Best Performance at the San Francisco Short Film Festival.

His first feature film was that of his first screenplay, Reality of Life. Howard also directed it and took on a supporting actor role and the film went on to play in Los Angeles and New York.

In 2007, Howard was brought onto the Vail Film Festival by Sean Cross and Scott Cross to be the official videographer for the festival and to shoot and edit the festival including promotions, award ceremonies, parties, screenings, red carpet, and interviews. Howard handles the still photography and videography throughout the festival. This also led to editing commercials for Comcast cable including promotions for companies including Cadillac, Stella Artois, and Audi.  He continues in the position presently.

Howard created a commercial for Canon that advertised the XL-1. A parody on drug addiction, the commercial showed a camera being borrowed for a short time from a dealer in an alley and as soon as a customer starts running around using it, it is stolen by another camera junkie. In 2008, Howard was invited into the worldwide photography project called The Head Project. Photographers received a mannequin head in the mail to use for two weeks and then sent it to a photographer in a different country. Howard was one of the few chosen from the United States and the only artist from the state of North Carolina.

Due to his success with the Vail Film Festival, Howard was brought onto the Los Cabos International Film Festival as the official videographer for their inaugural edition. It launched in Los Cabos from 14 to 17 November 2012 with Edward Norton as the official festival adviser.

Howard co-directed the 2012 Hint Fiction Film Contest with actor/host Bill LeVasseur, based on the published collection of short stories also entitled Hint Fiction. The contest finalists screened at the Vail Film Festival and Howard and LeVasseur spoke about the contest and filmmaking in the short form afterward. The contest gave aspiring filmmakers a chance to work with stories written by Ernest Hemingway, Édith Piaf, or Eric Hsu in creating their 60-second film. Howard brought on writer/filmmaker Kevin Smith and filmmaker/photographer Tao Ruspoli to be celebrity judges for the contest.

Howard wrote and directed his second feature film entitled Where We're Meant to Be and it stars Blayne Weaver (Manic, Return to Never Land), Tate Hanyok (The Mentalist, Shameless), and Sarah Bousquet. The film travels in and out of the lives of a number of different characters as each one connects to the next during their most pivotal moments. It began its festival run in 2016 and was picked up for distribution by Turn Key Films in 2017. During its festival run, the film won multiple Best Film awards as well as awards for Best Screenplay, Audience Award, and various awards for its castmembers. The film also garnered additional nominations for Best Film and a variety of acting roles. The score was written by Steven Grove and the soundtrack  consists of songs from Greg Laswell, Cary Brothers, Jack the Radio, Day at the Fair, Buddy (band), Tom Rosenthal (musician), Butterfly Boucher, and other indie artists from around the world. It was released in the United States and the United Kingdom via Flix Premiere in July 2017. Reviews consisted of lines such as "A thoughtful, beautiful film full of love and emotion…it might just change how you see the world.", "...bravely written script with heartfelt dialogue as well as compelling character development.", "An inventive and exciting approach to storytelling.", and "Where We're Meant to Be is an indie gem.".

Filmography

References

External links

 Invisible Productions, official site
 Michael Howard on Flickr
 Michael Howard on Twitter
 Michael Howard on Instagram

1978 births
Male actors from Colorado
American male film actors
American film editors
American male screenwriters
Film directors from North Carolina
American photographers
Living people
University of Colorado alumni
Charles M. Russell High School alumni

Michael Howard (filmmaker)


Otto van Holland (died 27 March 1249) was a bishop of Utrecht from 1233 to 1249.

Otto was the second son of William I, Count of Holland and his first wife Adelaide of Guelders. He was elected as bishop in 1233, but because of resistance from the canons of Utrecht, his consecration was delayed until 1245. He emerged as a forceful ruler who involved himself primarily in secular affairs. After the death of his brother Floris IV, Count of Holland in 1234, he became guardian of Floris' son William II, Count of Holland, and he governed the County of Holland. He resolved the problems in Drenthe, problems which had cost his predecessor Otto II of Lippe his life. He also subjected the lords of Goor to his authority.

1249 deaths
Prince-Bishops of Utrecht
13th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the Holy Roman Empire
Year of birth unknown

Otto III van Holland


Ion Media, LLC (formerly known as Paxson Communications Corporation and Ion Media Networks) is a division of Scripps Networks that operates the linear broadcast networks Ion Television and Ion Plus. Prior to its acquisition by the E. W. Scripps Company, the company owned and operated over 71 television stations in most major American markets (through its television stations group, Ion Media Television), and also operated Qubo and Ion Shop. After being operated as a private company since it entered and emerged from bankruptcy in 2009, it was acquired by the E. W. Scripps Company and merged with its Katz Broadcasting subsidiary on January 7, 2021, creating the new Scripps Networks division to manage those assets separately from its traditional broadcast network-affiliated television stations.

History

As Paxson Communications Corporation

The company was founded in 1988 by Bud Paxson in Florida. The company purchased radio stations and a couple of television stations, eventually becoming Florida's largest radio group. The radio stations' formats included rock, contemporary hit radio, news and talk, and adult contemporary. The television stations were network affiliates of ABC and NBC. In 1993 the company began to purchase stations on the outer fringes of large television markets.

In 1994, Paxson acquired its first television station, ABC affiliate WPBF in West Palm Beach, Florida.

The company divested itself of both the radio group and major-network affiliated television stations in 1998, focusing on building its own independent TV network, "PAX TV". The company focused on acquiring UHF television stations. Some of these stations are out-of-market stations, such as WPXD in Ann Arbor, Michigan ( from Detroit), KXLI in St. Cloud, Minnesota ( from Minneapolis), WTLK in Rome, Georgia ( from Atlanta), WPXJ in Pavilion, New York ( from both Buffalo and Rochester, New York), and WAYK in Melbourne, Florida ( from Orlando). Still in some markets the company bought low-rated stations that had the same type of signals as established stations with medium to high ratings. These stations included WCFC in Chicago (religious), WTGI in Wilmington, Delaware (brokered), WAKC in Akron, Ohio (Cleveland's secondary ABC affiliate), and channel 35 in Miami (Shopping), among others. In the fall of 1997, a tentative lineup was announced, and it included a family entertainment lineup of drama shows, movies, first-run shows, wildlife shows, sitcoms, and talk shows. The most expensive station acquisition was WBIS in New York City. The city government had sold this station to Dow Jones & Company and ITT in 1996 for nearly US$200 million. In January 1997, Dow Jones launched a business format called S+ during the day and a sports channel after 7 pm and on weekends. Dow Jones/ITT lost money on the operation, sold the station for about $225 million in May 1997, and shut down S+ that June in favor of Bloomberg Business News, Fox Sports Net and a block previewing new networks, IntroTV. Channel 31 was renamed WPXN with plans to be the flagship station of PAX TV in the fall of 1998.

In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the company wanted to buy WPCB, channel 40, from Cornerstone Television, and move the license to channel 16 (which was, and still is, occupied by WINP-TV), with channel 40 used for educational purposes. The two agreed on a purchase price, but the Federal Communications Commission had too many questions about the deal, most relating to the type of broadcast license to be operated on each channel, and it fell through.

The PAX network was launched in 1998 with family dramas such as Life Goes On, Our House, Touched by an Angel, Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, Highway to Heaven, and Bonanza, a game show titled The Reel to Reel Picture Show, sitcoms Dave's World, Here's Lucy and The Hogan Family, and some movies. The network ran weekdays from noon until 1 am. Due to low ratings and mounting financial costs, PAX TV soon reduced its hours. In 1999, they were reduced to between 3 pm and midnight, and in 2002, they were reduced again to 6 pm to midnight.

In September 1999, NBC bought a 32% stake in Paxson. On December 4, 2001, it was announced that Paxson had filed with the FCC an arbitration to block NBC's acquisition of Telemundo. In September 2002, it was announced that Paxson's arbitration against NBC was denied. On November 13, NBC requested a redemption of its investment in Paxson of $549.2 million. In August 2004, NBC Universal filed a lawsuit against Paxson. On November 7, 2005, to settle several lawsuits between the company and NBC Universal, Lowell Paxson granted NBCU an 18-month transferable option to purchase his shares of the company in an agreement which, if activated, would also trigger a sale of the rest of the company. If Mr. Paxson's shares of the company weren't sold in the option window, the company was obligated to buy them back from Mr. Paxson. Concurrent with this deal, Mr. Paxson left the company, and was succeeded by R. Brandon Burgess in the role of President and CEO.

As Ion Media Networks
In 2006, the company adopted its current name.

In May 2007, Ion, NBC Universal, and Citadel LLC reached an agreement for the recapitalization of Ion. Citadel acquired the public common stock of the company, as part of the plan to take the company private. In addition, Citadel invested $100 million of new capital into the company to further support management's plan to revitalize the TV network.

In November 2007, Ion Media Networks was taken to trial, having been sued in Federal Court by Positive Ions, Inc for trademark infringement of the use of the word Ion, resulting in a $1.7 million settlement awarded to Positive Ions, Inc.

In 2008, Ion Media Networks and Comcast reached an agreement to not only continue to carry Ion Television, but also introduced two new digital networks Qubo and Ion Life. By January 2009, Ion had another subchannel network, Urban TV, in the works with BET founder Robert L. Johnson targeted to African-Americans.

In April 2009, it was announced that Ion Media Networks was once again facing balance sheet problems. The company disclosed that it was in discussions with lenders on "a comprehensive recapitalization" of its balance sheet. That translates to an effort to restructure its considerable debt, which stands at $2.7 billion as of April 2009, according to The Wall Street Journal.

On May 19, 2009, Ion Media Networks filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, putting the Ion network under bankruptcy for the second time, saying it had reached an agreement with holders of 60% of its first lien secured debt that would extinguish all of its $2.7 billion in legacy debt and preferred stock and recapitalize the company with a $150 million new funding commitment. It emerged from bankruptcy in December, under the ownership of its bondholders & secured lenders/first lien holders, wiping out Citadel's ownership.

In late 2009, a trio of private equity companies (Black Diamond Capital Management, Avenue Capital Group, & Trilogy Capital) purchased a 62.5% controlling stake in Ion Media Networks from the Ion Media Liquidating Trust (the legal entity selling the stake) through their partnership, Media Holdco L.P. (43.7% owned by Black Diamond via its BD Ion Media GP Holdings subsidiary; 15.8% by Trilogy via its Trilogy Ion, LLC subsidiary; & 40.5% by Avenue via its Avenue Ion Holdings LP subsidiary). The remaining 37.5% of Ion Media Networks remained with the company's senior investors from previous rounds of financing.

Ion Media Networks signed carriage agreements in May 2010 with Advanced Cable Communications and Comcast Colorado Springs for Qubo and Ion Life and with Blue Ridge Cable for Qubo.

By 2012, Media Holdco's stake in Ion Media Networks was at 87%, with the company's senior investors from previous rounds of financing holding 13%.

Sometime in 2013, Ion Media Networks signed a deal with Liberty Media to bring the QVC and HSN networks to most of its Ion Television O&O stations throughout the country on digital subchannels X.5 and X.6.

In December 2013, the United States bankruptcy court approved a plan by creditors of Roberts Broadcasting to transfer East St. Louis-based WRBU and its sister stations, WZRB in Columbia and WAZE-LP in Evansville, Indiana, to a trust with Ion Media Networks (a creditor in Roberts' chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings, which it filed for in 2011) as its beneficiary, with Roberts' attorney subsequently stating that Ion Media Networks would purchase the three stations. The deal is complete on February 10, 2014, and both WZRB and WRBU became Ion stations.

Also in December 2013, Black Diamond purchased Avenue & Trilogy's stakes in Media Holdco, placing Black Diamond as Media Holdco's sole shareholder.

As of November 2014, Media Holdco's majority equity stake in Ion Media Networks is at 85%, leaving the company's senior investors from previous rounds of financing with a minority stake of 15%.

As Ion Media
On April 20, 2017, Ion Media Networks, through its website, announced a name change to "Ion Media" (with the company still legally operating as "Ion Media Networks").

On August 2, 2017, it was reported that 21st Century Fox was proposing that Ion Media contribute its stations into a joint venture with its Fox Television Stations division, to create a larger station group in an effort to counter Sinclair Broadcast Group and their proposed purchase of Tribune Media. The proposal also included the possibility for as many as 26 stations owned by Sinclair or Tribune to be switched from Fox after existing affiliation contracts expire. It has been argued that this deal was intended to place pressure on Sinclair to abandon its acquisition, lest it potentially lose Fox affiliations to the venture.

An analyst felt the proposed partnership was hampered by Ion Media's decision to assert must-carry status over its stations rather than retransmission consent, as Fox would be unable to immediately benefit financially from the partnership's scale, which would have included being able to collect carriage payments for all of the stations. The analyst added that Ion stations alone did not have enough leverage to negotiate with television providers, because of their limited local or first-run programming.

Acquisition by Scripps
On September 24, 2020, Ion Media agreed to be acquired by The E. W. Scripps Company for $2.65 billion, with Berkshire Hathaway making an investment in Scripps to help finance the purchase.  The transaction, which is projected to close in the first quarter of 2021 and is subject to FCC approval, would see Ion Media and its networks combined with Scripps' Katz Broadcasting subsidiary, which already operates five specialty networks, most notably Bounce TV and Court TV. Scripps would also sell 23 of Ion Media's 71 television stations to comply with national ownership caps; the buyer, revealed in an October 2020 FCC filing to be Inyo Broadcast Holdings, has promised to maintain the stations' Ion Television affiliations after the purchase. However, the number of stations to be sold increased according to a Public Applications Report from the FCC on October 16, 2020, and although unconfirmed, it is possible that Scripps could still operates at least some of these stations. Whether or not that pans out remains to be seen. As of October 17, 2020, 27 stations are likely up for sale; however, three of those stations in Philadelphia, San Francisco and Minneapolis are predicated and contingent upon whether Scripps can complete its sale of New York City's WPIX to Mission Broadcasting (to be operated by Nexstar Media Group) in time before these transactions are finalized. If WPIX was sold before these transactions, then those stations will be retained. On October 20, broadcast industry website TV News Check confirmed the pending sales in a "station roundup" report outlining the stations slated to be sold, and the number being reduced to 26 again.

That number, again, is cut down to 23, after Scripps was able to complete its sale of WPIX to Mission Broadcasting on December 30, 2020. As such, Scripps would keep its Ion stations in San Francisco, Philadelphia and Minneapolis.

The transaction, which closed on January 7, 2021, saw Ion Television, Ion Plus, Qubo, and Ion Shop integrated into Scripps' Katz Broadcasting subsidiary (operator of fellow multicast networks Court TV, Ion Mystery, Bounce TV, Laff and Grit).

On January 14, 2021, Scripps announced that it would discontinue Ion Plus, Qubo and Ion Shop effective February 28, 2021. The spectrum allocated to the networks on the former Ion Media stations will be repurposed to carry the Katz-owned networks starting March 1, with the initial slate of Ion Television O&Os adding those networks following the expiration of Scripps/Katz's existing contracts with other broadcasting companies the day prior, and other stations following suit as contracts with existing affiliates expire throughout 2021 and 2022; in markets where major network affiliates operated by Scripps already carry a Katz-owned network, some will be offloaded to the Ion stations to free up limited spectrum capacity during the ATSC 3.0 transition. Several of the Ion Plus full-power stations paired with Ion Television stations were also concurrently sold off to Inyo Broadcast Holdings in order to alleviate local ownership conflicts and national cap issues related to Scripps' purchase of Ion Media under the FCC's regulatory station ownership limits.

In October 2021, Scripps notified the Federal Communications Commission that it had closed the local facilities of the Ion Media stations (with those in duopoly markets having their operations consolidated with the existing Scripps commercial station), and consolidated the regulatory 'studios' for all of the stations at Scripps Center in Cincinnati. The FCC had repealed the Main Studio Rule in 2019 requiring a facility for each station in their local market, and for all intents and purposes, the studios were all office suites with almost no broadcast equipment containing mainly the station's public file with a minimum staff of one engineer and one general manager merely maintaining the network's transmitters. The network's operations remain based out of West Palm Beach.

See also
 Ion Television
 List of Ion Television affiliates
 List of stations owned and operated by Ion Media

References

External links
 Inyo Broadcast Holdings website
 Black Diamond Capital Management website
 Bloomberg profile:Media Holdco, L.P.
 Media companies profile:Media Holdco, L.P.
 Investors Hangout profile:Media Holdco, L.P.

American companies established in 1988
1988 establishments in Florida
Mass media companies established in 1988
Mass media companies disestablished in 2021
Defunct mass media companies of the United States
Defunct broadcasting companies of the United States
Companies based in Palm Beach County, Florida
West Palm Beach, Florida
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2009
Ion Television
Companies formerly listed on NYSE American
2021 mergers and acquisitions
E. W. Scripps Company

Ion Media


Christopher E. Gerty (born October 19, 1975) is an American aerospace engineer who worked on NASA's Constellation Program.  Gerty is an advocate of NASA's Open Government Initiative and is a leading voice on the concept of participatory exploration and collaboration.  He has fifteen years of experience working on complex, technology-intense projects at NASA.  Gerty served as an aquanaut on the NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations 13 (NEEMO 13) crew.

Education
Gerty was born on Long Island in East Moriches, New York.  His father was an insurance underwriter for Metropolitan Life.  Gerty has one younger sister.

Gerty's interest in spaceflight and NASA began at Gatelot Elementary in Lake Ronkonkoma, New York.  His fifth-grade teacher led his class through the investigation of the Challenger accident in 1986.  Gerty's class learned not only about the causes of the accident, but what the Space Shuttle did and why humans traveled in space. To the ten-year-old Gerty, spaceflight seemed like a necessary and noble thing for humans to do, even if there were some risks.

After that experience in elementary school Gerty dreamed of being an astronaut when he grew up.  Gerty attended Hilton High School near Rochester, New York, from 1989 to 1990 and New Paltz High School, New Paltz, New York, from 1991 to 1993.  He took up skiing while in Rochester and floor and roller hockey in New Paltz.

Gerty attended Clarkson University in Potsdam, New York, earning a B.S. in Computer Engineering in 1997.  He played intramural ice hockey while at Clarkson.  During his college years Gerty realized that flying in space was not his real goal, but rather helping humans explore and extend their sphere of influence to other worlds.  One of the reasons he had chosen Clarkson was that it was part of a Space Grant Consortium that received grants from NASA.  Gerty knew that this program only affected graduate students, but that an undergraduate from any school could participate in a NASA cooperative education program.  Through Clarkson's career center he applied for and attained a cooperative education program position at NASA's Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston, Texas, where he worked with programmers, pilots and spaceflight procedure writers.  When Gerty finished several co-op tours and graduated, he knew he wanted to work for NASA, and accepted a job offer at JSC as a flight controller.

NASA career

Gerty's NASA experience includes positions as Robotics Division Engineering Co-op from 1996 to 1998; Aircraft Operations Co-op Engineer at Ellington Field in 1997; and Payloads Flight Controller from 1998 to 2001.  He served as Extravehicular Activity (EVA or spacewalk) Flight Controller and Crew Trainer in the EVA Systems group in Mission Operations from 2001 to 2006.  In that position he taught astronauts how to keep themselves alive and comfortable enough to perform their tasks while doing a spacewalk, or EVA.  As part of this job he performed a simulated EVA in a NASA spacesuit at the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory.  After "spacewalking" underwater, he had a new appreciation for the difficulty of the construction of the International Space Station (ISS) and the skills of the astronauts who performed ISS construction.

After his time in the EVA group, in 2006 Gerty became a Constellation Program Systems Integration Engineer, helping plan for lunar missions.  He worked with a group defining requirements for what humans need to live and work on the surface of the Moon.  The planning covered not only short missions like those of the Apollo program, but long-term missions taking up half a year or more, and covered not only EVAs, but solving the problems of habitation and physiological problems as well.  To do this, the group examined the past Apollo missions, long-duration Expeditions to the ISS, and "spaceflight analog missions" like NEEMO, which in many ways simulate a mission to the Moon.  In Gerty's words:  "NASA has questions like, 'What is the best way for robots and humans to work together on the lunar or Martian surface?', or 'How much room do astronauts need to live and work in 1/6 of the Earth's gravity, compared to the zero-gravity on the ISS?'"

In August 2007, Gerty served as Mission Specialist No. 3 during the NEEMO 13 project, an exploration research mission held in Aquarius, the world's only undersea research laboratory.  He served as a liaison for the Constellation Program, living underwater for ten days to study the effects of long-duration spaceflight and test lunar and Martian exploration concepts.  Gerty wrote:

Spacewalks are very analogous to diving in the ocean.  In both situations you need a supply of oxygen to breathe, relative control of pressure and temperature, a means of moving around in a three-dimensional environment, and protection from the hazards ...  The results [of NEEMO 13] will be used to make us more prepared when it is time to put a few more footprints and tire tracks on the moon, and eventually realize the goal of extending the human race to other planets!

Since 2010, Gerty has been an Open Government Analyst at NASA.  He has a blog located at http://open.nasa.gov/blog/author/cgerty/.

Personal life
Gerty is married to Maureen (Smith) Gerty of Saratoga Springs, New York, a chemical engineer whom he met while in college.  They have two German Shepherds and a cat.  Gerty's hobbies include bicycling, photography, computers, ice hockey, astronomy, camping and traveling.  He is a member of the American Astronautical Society and has taken part in Random Hacks of Kindness.

References

External links

 NASA bio
 Older NASA bio (circa 2000)
 Gerty's blog

1975 births
Living people
American aerospace engineers
American male bloggers
American bloggers
Aquanauts
Clarkson University alumni
Missing middle or first names
NASA people
People from Brookhaven, New York
People from Lake Ronkonkoma, New York
Engineers from New York (state)

Christopher E. Gerty


Charles Taylor Doxey (July 13, 1841 – April 30, 1898) was an American Civil War veteran who served for just over six weeks as a U.S. Representative from Indiana in 1883.

Biography
Born in Tippecanoe County, Indiana, Doxey moved with his mother to Minnesota in 1855 and worked on a farm.
Later moved to Fairbury, Illinois, where he attended the public schools.
He moved to Anderson, Indiana.

Civil War
He entered the service as first sergeant of Company A, Nineteenth Regiment, Indiana Volunteer Infantry, in July 1861.
He was promoted to second lieutenant, subsequently resigned, and then became captain of Company K, Sixteenth Indiana Infantry.

Post-war career
He engaged in the manufacture of staves and headings.
He served as member of the Indiana State Senate in 1876.
He served as member of the board of directors in the first natural-gas companies of Anderson.

Congress
Doxey was elected as a Republican to the Forty-seventh Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Godlove S. Orth and served from January 17 to March 3, 1883.
He was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1884 to the Forty-ninth Congress.

Later career and death
He resumed former business activities.
He died in Anderson, Indiana, April 30, 1898.
He was interred in Maplewood Cemetery.

References

1841 births
1898 deaths
Republican Party Indiana state senators
People from Tippecanoe County, Indiana
Union Army officers
People from Fairbury, Illinois
Politicians from Anderson, Indiana
19th-century American politicians
Military personnel from Illinois
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana

Charles T. Doxey


The Broadway Kids was a concert group based in New York from 1994 to 2004. The group consisted of a rotating company of children, aged 8 to 16, who have performed in at least one Broadway, Off-Broadway or major national touring production. They performed concerts singing showtunes from various musicals, appearing at special events such as Broadway on Broadway, and have recorded five Broadway-centric CDs, one Christmas CD, and two Pop-centric CDs. The Broadway Kids have also appeared in the Off-Broadway show The Broadway Kids Sing Broadway, which has been produced in various theatres in New York and elsewhere. After releasing "Hey Mr. DJ!" in 2002, The Broadway Kids quit recording CDs. They continued to tour throughout 2004 and disbanded shortly after.

Members
Notable past Broadway Kids have included:
Lacey Chabert (Les Misérables, Family Guy, and Mean Girls)
Ashley Tisdale (Les Misérables, Annie, The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, High School Musical (franchise) and Phineas and Ferb)
Christy Carlson Romano (Even Stevens, Cadet Kelly, The Even Stevens Movie and Kim Possible)
Chris Trousdale (Les Misérables, The Sound of Music and member of teen pop boy band Dream Street)
Greg Raposo (Dream Street)
Jesse Eisenberg (numerous, including Academy Award nomination for The Social Network)
Andrea Bowen (Jane Eyre, Sugar Beats and The Sound of Music, Desperate Housewives)
Eden Riegel (Les Misérables, The Will Rogers Follies)
Jenna Ushkowitz (Glee)
Kathryn Zaremba (Annie Warbucks, Full House, and Toothless)
Brandon Uranowitz (Tony Award winner, An American in Paris, Falsettos)
Stephen Scott Scarpulla (Les Misérables, Dora the Explorer)
Crysta Macalush Winton (The Who's Tommy and Les Miserables)
Erin Rakow (Les Miserables, The Diary of Anne Frank, and Sugar Beats)

Discography
 The Broadway Kids Sing Broadway        (1994, Lightyear)
 The Broadway Kids at the Movies        (1997, Lightyear)
 The Broadway Kids Sing Christmas       (1997, Lightyear)
 The Broadway Kids Back on Broadway     (1998, Lightyear)
 The Broadway Kids Sing America         (2000, Lightyear)
 The Broadway Kids The Best of Broadway (2001, Lightyear)
 The Broadway Kids Hey Mr. DJ!          (2002, Lightyear)

Notes

References

External links

Broadway theatre

The Broadway Kids


Justus Buchler (March 27, 1914 – March 19, 1991) was an American philosopher, author and professor. He made contributions to the subjects of naturalism and metaphysics, introducing the concept of the natural complex.

Biography

Buchler was born in New York City, the eldest of three children of rabbi Samuel Buchler and Ida Frost Buchler. Buchler's sister, Beatrice Buchler Gotthold, was the founding editor of Working Woman magazine, and the first female vice president of the New York Times Company.

Buchler earned his Ph.D. in 1938 from Columbia University; his dissertation was published in 1939 as Charles Peirce's Empiricism. In 1942, Buchler became a full-time instructor at Columbia, where he and mentor John Herman Randall Jr. co-authored the textbook Philosophy: An Introduction. In 1950, Buchler became an associate professor at Columbia; in 1956 he was promoted to full professor.

In 1971, Buchler became Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, where he founded a graduate program in philosophical perspectives. In 1972, Buchler was among the founders of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy. In 1973, he was awarded the Butler Silver Medal by Columbia University.

Philosophical work

Buchler's keystone work, Metaphysics of Natural Complexes, builds upon two major principles: ontological parity, which asserts the equal reality of whatever is, and ordinal metaphysics, which asserts the indefinite complexity of whatever is.

Contrasted most clearly with pre-Socratic philosophers, Buchler believed there was no most simple, fundamental substance or element that comprised the universe. Rather, everything is a complex—specifically a natural complex.

All complexes are located within orders, which Buchler defines as 'a sphere of relatedness'. "Every complex—whether entity, process, relation, or possibility—is what it is in virtue of its locatedness in orders, or 'ordinal locations'. Every complex shares traits or locations with other complexes. Moreover, every complex is itself an order and, hence, is uniquely determinate, that is, different from every other complex."

Buchler's earlier books develop his 'metaphysics of human process'. In Toward a General Theory of Human Judgment, Buchler exchanges experience with a broader concept that he calls proception. "According to Buchler, judgment appraises and discriminates some feature or features of the world... and moves toward 'justification' or validation... As a proceiver, one assimilates features of the world in which one is located and seeks to communicate both to oneself and to others aspects of oneself and of the world that is being proceived."

Critical reception

In 1959, a double issue of The Journal of Philosophy was devoted to Buchler's work. Since original publication, however, Buchler's work has been considered to be outside the dominant analytic trends in philosophy. In Creativity in American Philosophy (1984), Charles Hartshorne comments on Buchler's central concept of natural complexes: "I think almost the entire history of philosophy is against such an idea. Only considerable courage could have made it seem worth while to challenge this tradition."

In his 2002 book Socrates Cafe, Christopher Phillips wrote that "Buchler's novel approach to metaphysics seems to herald what Lee Smolin calls 'the lightness of the new search for knowledge'. This search, he says, is based on an underlying philosophy that 'the universe is a network of relations'."

Political activism

Buchler was an active opponent of McCarthyism, co−authoring the paper "Academic Due Process: A Statement of Desirable Procedures Applicable within Educational Institutions in Cases Involving Academic Freedom" in 1954. In 1961, he co−authored Academic Freedom and Civil Liberties of Students in Colleges and Universities and Teacher Disclosure of Information about Students to Prospective Employers; the latter was adopted as a policy statement of the ACLU. From 1958 to 1965, Buchler was Vice Chairman for the National Academic Freedom Committee of the ACLU.

Works

Primary books
 Charles Peirce's Empiricism (1939)
 Toward a General Theory of Human Judgment (1951)
 Nature and Judgment (1955)
 The Concept of Method (1961)
 Metaphysics of Natural Complexes (1966)
 The Main of Light: On the Concept of Poetry (1974)

Other books
 Editor: The Philosophy of Peirce: Selected Writings (1940)
 With John H. Randall Jr.: Philosophy: An Introduction (1942)

Selected articles
 "Russell and the Principle of Ethics", in The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell (1944)
 "The Liberal Arts and General Education" (1952)
 "What Is the Pragmaticist Theory of Meaning?", in Studies in the Philosophy of Charles Sanders Peirce, pp. 21−32 (1952)
 "On the Problem of Liberal Education" (1954)
 "What Is a Discussion?" (1954)
 "Reconstruction in the Liberal Arts" (1954)
 "Ontological Parity", in Naturalism and Historical Understanding: Essays on the Philosophy of John Herman Randall, Jr. (1967)
 "On the Concept of 'The World"', Review of Metaphysics 31, pp. 555–79 (1978)
 "Probing the Idea of Nature", Process Studies 8, pp. 157–68 (1979)

See also

List of American philosophers

References

1914 births
1991 deaths
20th-century American philosophers
20th-century American Jews
Jewish philosophers
Stony Brook University faculty
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni

Justus Buchler


Incisivosaurus ("incisor lizard") is a genus of small, probably herbivorous theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of what is now the People's Republic of China.

The first specimen is a skull that was collected from the lowermost levels (the fluvial Lujiatun beds) of the Yixian Formation. The beds were laid down 125 million years ago (mya) in the Sihetun area, near Beipiao City, in western Liaoning Province.

The most significant, and highly unusual, characteristic of this dinosaur is its apparent adaptation to an herbivorous or omnivorous lifestyle. Its name refers to its rodent-like front teeth, which show wear patterns commonly found in plant-eating dinosaurs.

Description
The initial description of Incisivosaurus showed that the skull, about 10 cm in length (4 inches), had the most complete dentition known for any oviraptorosaur. Their cladistic analysis indicated that Incisivosaurus lies at the base of the oviraptorosaurs, making it more basal than Caudipteryx and Oviraptor. The distinguishing skeletal features of Incisivosaurus, include a long snout that made up about half the total length of the skull, a slender lower jaw with a long fenestra (opening), and its distinctive, large, flattened front teeth. In addition to these unique features, Incisivosaurus shared many traits with more typical oviraptorosaurs, so it is classified in that group.

Several features, including its numerous teeth (most advanced oviraptorids were toothless), show that it was a primitive member of the group. Several features of the skull are similar to the therizinosaurs, another theropod group that was probably herbivorous.

In 2009 the holotype skull was scanned and analyzed in three dimensions. The results indicated that Incisivosaurus had fewer bird-like air spaces in the skull bones than later oviraptorosaurs did. It also found that Incisivosaurus had reduced olfactory lobes and expanded optic lobes, like ornithomimids. These features of oviraptorosaurs were similar to those of birds.

Incisivosaurus is assumed to have been feathered like most other maniraptoran theropods. Its total body length has been estimated at just under 1 meter (3 ft.). It is possible that Incisivosaurus is the same species as Protarchaeopteryx, though more fossil specimens are needed before the two can be directly compared.

References

Oviraptorosauria
Fossils
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Dinosaurs of Asia
Feathered dinosaurs

Incisivosaurus


John Harris (c. 1666 – 7 September 1719) was an English writer, scientist, and Anglican priest. He is best known as the editor of the Lexicon Technicum: Or, A Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1704), the earliest of English encyclopaedias; as the compiler of the Collection Collection of voyages and travels, published under his name; and as the author of an unfinished county history of Kent.

Life

Harris was born about 1666, probably in Shropshire, and was a scholar of Trinity College, Oxford, from 1684 to 1688. He was presented to the vicarage of Icklesham in Sussex, and subsequently to the rectory of St Thomas, Winchelsea. In 1696 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and published a paper in the Society's Philosophical Transactions on microscope observations of animalcula which included the very first description of a bdelloid rotifer.

In 1698 he gave the seventh series of the Boyle Lectures, Atheistical Objections against the Being of God and His Attributes fairly considered and fully refuted.

Between 1702 and 1704 he delivered at the Marine Coffee House in Birchin Lane, London, the mathematical lectures founded by Sir Charles Cox, and advertised himself as a mathematical tutor at Amen Corner. The friendship of Sir William Cowper secured for him the office of private chaplain, a prebend in Rochester Cathedral (1708), and the rectory of the united London parishes of St Mildred, Bread Street and St Margaret Moses, as well as other preferments.

In politics he showed himself a Whig, and engaged in a bitter quarrel with the Rev. Charles Humphreys, who afterwards was chaplain to the High-Church Tory Henry Sacheverell.

Harris for a time acted as vice-president of the Royal Society. At his death, he was completing an elaborate History of Kent in Five Parts of which the first volume only was published, by D. Midwinter of St Paul's Churchyard, London, in 1719.  He is said to have died in poverty brought on by his own bad management of his affairs.

Works

References

External links

Dictionary of Scientific Biography
Harris's 1697 book, Remarks on some late papers relating to the universal deluge : and to the natural history of the earth, in the digital collection of the Linda Hall Library
Description of Remarks... (1697) from a catalog of a 1984 exhibition about Theories of the Earth 1644-1830 at the Linda Hall Library (see bottom of page)

1666 births
1719 deaths
English book editors
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
English male non-fiction writers
People from Winchelsea
People from Icklesham
17th-century Anglican theologians
18th-century Anglican theologians

John Harris (writer)


Luke Timothy Johnson (born November 20, 1943) is an American New Testament scholar and historian of early Christianity. He is the Robert W. Woodruff Professor of New Testament and Christian Origins at Candler School of Theology and a Senior Fellow at the Center for the Study of Law and Religion at Emory University.

Johnson's research interests encompass the Jewish and Greco-Roman contexts of early Christianity (particularly moral discourse), Luke-Acts, the Pastoral Epistles, and the Epistle of James.

Early life
A native of Park Falls, Wisconsin, Johnson was educated in public and parochial schools. A Benedictine monk and priest at St. Joseph Abbey, St. Benedict, Louisiana from 1963 to 1972, he received a B.A. in Philosophy from Notre Dame Seminary in 1966, a M.Div. in Theology from Saint Meinrad School of Theology in 1970, an M.A. in Religious Studies from Indiana University, and a Ph.D. in New Testament from Yale University in 1976. He has taught at St. Meinrad, Saint Joseph Seminary College, Yale Divinity School, and Indiana University.

Academic career
Johnson is a critic of the Jesus Seminar, having taken stances against Burton Mack, Robert Funk and John Dominic Crossan in discussions of the "historical Jesus".  Johnson objects to the Seminar's historical methodology.  He is also a proponent of an early dating for the Epistle of James, arguing:

The Letter of James also, according to the majority of scholars who have carefully worked through its text in the past two centuries, is among the earliest of New Testament compositions.  It contains no reference to the events in Jesus' life, but it bears striking testimony to Jesus' words.  Jesus' sayings are embedded in James' exhortations in a form that is clearly not dependent on the written Gospels.

In some areas, Johnson disagrees with Roman Catholic teaching. He has argued that "same-sex unions can be holy and good" and is in favor of "full recognition of gay and lesbian persons within the Christian communion."

Johnson has produced lectures on early Christianity and ancient Greek philosophy for The Teaching Company.

Recognition
He is the recipient of the 2011 University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award in Religion.

Personal life
Johnson married Joy Randazzo in 1974 and is stepfather to six children and father of one.

Publications

 (Commentary)

 (Commentary)
 (Commentary)

 (Commentary)

 (Commentary)
 (Commentary)

 (Commentary)

 (Commentary)

Johnson is also the author of a large number of scholarly articles, encyclopedia, anthology and popular articles, book reviews, and other academic papers and lectures.

References

External links
Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Religion Senior Fellow
Emory University Faculty Home Page

1943 births
Living people
American Benedictines
American biblical scholars
Catholics from Wisconsin
Christian scholars
Commonweal (magazine) people
Former Benedictines
Indiana University alumni
Indiana University faculty
Laicized Roman Catholic priests
New Testament scholars
People from Park Falls, Wisconsin
Roman Catholic biblical scholars
Seminary academics
Writers from Wisconsin
Yale Divinity School faculty
Yale University alumni

Luke Timothy Johnson