Mohammed Osman Hassan Salih Wardi (; 19 July 1932 – 18 February 2012), also known as Mohammed Wardi, was a Nubian Sudanese singer, poet and songwriter. Looking back at his life and artistic career, Sudanese writer and critic Lemya Shammat called him an "inspirational figure in Sudanese music and culture, whose prolific talent and massive contribution remains unsurpassed in Sudan."

Early life
Wardi was born on 19 July 1932 in a small village called Sawarda close to Wadi Halfa in Northern Sudan. His mother, Batool Badri, died when he was an infant, and his father, Osman Hassan Wardi, died when he was nine years old. He was brought up in a diverse and culturally rich background and developed an interest in poetry, literature, music and singing. To complete his education, he moved to Shendi in Central Sudan, and returned to Wadi Halfa as a secondary school teacher.

Musical career
In 1953, Wardi went to Khartoum for the first time to attend a convention as a teaching representative for his area. After this, he moved to Khartoum and started his career as a musical performer. In 1957, Omdurman Radio chose him to record and sing on national broadcast in an arena with singers such as Abdelaziz Mohamed Daoud, Hassan Atia, Ahmed Almustafa, Osman Hussein and Ibrahim Awad. Wardi recorded 17 songs in his first year. and worked together with poet Ismail Hassan, resulting in more than 23 songs.

Wardi performed using a variety of instruments, including the Nubian kissar and sang in both Arabic and Nubian languages. He has been described as one of "Africa's top singers", with fans mainly in the Horn of Africa. His songs address topics such as romance, passion, Nubian folklore, heritage, revolution and patriotism, with some of his political songs resulting in him being jailed. He was aligned with the political left and a member of the Sudanese Communist Party (the largest in Africa during the Cold War).  After the military coup in 1989, he left Sudan for exile in Cairo and Los Angeles. In 1990, Wardi played a concert for 250,000 Sudanese refugees at a refugee camp in Itang, Ethiopia. He returned to Sudan in May 2002, and was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Khartoum in 2005.

Death
Wardi suffered from kidney failure later in his life. He eventually received a kidney transplant, after one of his fans donated a kidney to him in 2002. He died on 18 February 2012 and was buried in the Farouk Cemetery in Khartoum.

Poets and songwriters, with whom Wardi collaborated
 Abdel-Hadi Osman Ahmed
 Sawi Abdelkafi
 Aljayli Abdelmoneim
 Omer Altayib Ad-dosh – "Banadeha"
 Mubarak Basheer
 Mohamed Muftah Alfaytori
 Ishaq Alhalanqi – "A3z Alnas"
 Ahmed Altahir
 Ibrahim Alrasheed – "Saleem Alzog"
 Abdelrahman Alrayah
 Alsir Dolaib
 Abu Amna Hamid
 Ismail Hassan – "Alhaneen ya Foadi", "Nor Al3en", "Habenak mn Qlobna", "Almostaheel",
 Salah Ahmed Ibrahim – "Altayir Almohajir"
 Mohammed Almakki Ibrahim
 Haile
 Kamal Mahessi – "Jamal Aldoniya"
 Mohammed Abu Qatati – "Almursal"
 Altijani Saeed – "Gult Arhal", " Min Gair Meiad"
 Mahjoub Sharif – "Ya Sha3ban Lahbt thwrtak", "Masajenak", "We Will Build It (The Alternative)" ("حنبنيهو")
 Saadaddin Ibrahim
 Mohammed Abdalla Mohammed Babekir

See also
 Music of Sudan
 List of Sudanese singers

References

External links
 Mohammed Wardi on discogs
Music video "We Will Build It (The Alternative)" ("حنبنيهو") by Mohammed Wardi with English translation and notes

Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/artist/5sUjNf5haB8W7TTOuZSGuO?si=FR-EQyWYQSSf490Y7WfT_Q

Sudanese musicians
Sudanese people of Nubian descent
Nubian people
People from Northern (state)
1932 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from kidney failure
20th-century Sudanese artists
20th-century Sudanese male singers

Mohammed Wardi


The Scribbler is a 2014 American science fiction thriller film directed by John Suits and written by Daniel Schaffer, based on his own graphic novel of same name. The film stars Katie Cassidy, Garret Dillahunt, Eliza Dushku, Kunal Nayyar, Michelle Trachtenberg and Sasha Grey.

Plot
Suki, a young woman suffering from dissociative identity disorder, moves into Juniper Tower, a strange, darkly gothic apartment building, that serves as a halfway house for mental patients who don't need to be institutionalized any longer, but are not completely cured yet. Suki has been given an experimental device that lets her perform a procedure known as The Siamese Burn on herself. The machine is supposed to "burn" all her extra personalities until she only has one left.

At Juniper Tower, Suki reconnects with her friend with benefits Hogan, a man who may fake depression so that he can stay there as the "rooster of the henhouse". She also meets several female tenants and learns that Hogan has slept with most of them. One by one, the girls are found dead from apparent suicide.

Suki soon realizes that the girls have actually been murdered, and is worried that one of her multiple personalities is responsible. She keeps using the "Siamese Burn" to delete them, but the machine has been heavily modified, which leads Suki to believe that one of her personas, the one that committed the crimes, is trying to keep Suki from getting rid of her. She suspects the mysterious "Scribbler", a super-powered being who communicates with her by scribbling messages backwards.

Suki finally understands that the Scribbler has really been trying to help her solve the murders, and embraces her alter ego in order to fight the real killer, Alice, an escaped mental patient who's been hiding at Juniper Tower. Alice turns out to be the evil personality of Veronica, a young woman who unsuccessfully used the "Siamese Burn" to remove her. After the Scribbler overpowers Alice, Veronica commits suicide.

Later that night, Suki is interrogated by Detective Moss, who believes she committed all the murders, and Doctor Silk, who's hoping to figure out what really happened. During the interrogation, Hogan creates a distraction, and Suki uses the Scribbler's supernatural abilities to escape.

Cast

 Katie Cassidy as Suki
 Garret Dillahunt as Hogan
 Michelle Trachtenberg as Alice/Veronica
 Eliza Dushku as Criminal Psychologist Jennifer Silk
 Michael Imperioli as Detective Moss
 Billy Campbell as Sinclair
 Gina Gershon as Cleo
 Sasha Grey as Bunny
 Kunal Nayyar as Karem
 Ashlynn Yennie as Emily
 T.V. Carpio as Satomi
 Richard Riehle as Officer O'Reilly
 Sara Tomko as Psychiatric Nurse Langdon
 Michael Berry Jr. as Hogan (Dog) Voice
 Sir Hollywood as Hogan (Dog)
 Luke Barnett as Orderly
 Brad Culver as Officer

Production

Filming began in May 2012 in Los Angeles at Linda Vista Community Hospital.

Release
The Scribbler premiered at the Glasgow FrightFest on March 1, 2014.  It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 21, 2014.

Reception
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 40% of ten surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 5.7/10.  Metacritic rated it 27/100 based on six reviews.  Geoff Berkshire of Variety likened it to Sucker Punch as if it were made by The Asylum.  Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "Although ultimately far too muddled in its concept and execution to be anything more than a curiosity, The Scribbler does manage the dubious feat of being one of the strangest films you're likely to see this year."  Film Journal International wrote, "With its endless edginess and unhealthy obsession with madness at its most flamboyant, The Scribbler strains to be a cult film, but even the most diehard lovers of cinema strangeness may find it ultimately too nonsensical and needlessly overwrought."  Gary Goldstein of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Director John Suits seems more concerned with plying eyeballs with creepy atmospherics, showy visual effects and sexy interludes than with propulsive pacing or roiling tension."  Mark Rabinowitz of Paste wrote, "The Scribbler is overwrought, absurd, occasionally exploitative, completely lacking in subplot, takes a good 20–25 minutes to really get going and has acting that varies from excellent to, well, less-than-excellent. It's also hugely fun!" Jess Hicks of Bloody Disgusting rated it 4/5 stars and wrote, "The Scribbler is a great example of how you don't need a few million dollars to make an entertaining superhero movie."  Scott Hallam of Dread Central rated it 3/5 stars and wrote, "The Scribbler is entertaining and has plenty of action to keep viewers interested. If you can handle an ending that feels like an afterthought, then you'll dig this one."

References

External links

2014 films
2014 thriller films
American thriller films
Films about dissociative identity disorder
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films based on British comics
Live-action films based on comics
Films based on Image Comics
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

The Scribbler (film)


Lake City is a city in and the county seat of Columbia County, Florida, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city's population was 12,329. It is the principal city of the Lake City Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is composed of Columbia County, and had a 2010 population of 67,531. Lake City is 60 miles west of Jacksonville.

Lake City began as the town of Alligator in 1821 near the Seminole settlement known as Alligator Village. Alligator became the seat of Columbia County in 1832 when it was formed from Duval and Alachua counties. In 1858 Alligator was incorporated and renamed Lake City. The Battle of Olustee, the largest American Civil War battle in Florida, took place near Lake City in 1864. In 1884 the Florida Agricultural College was established in Lake City as a land grant college; it was relocated to Gainesville in 1905 to form part of the University of Florida. The city's sesquicentennial was held in 2009.

Lake City is known as "The Gateway to Florida" because it is adjacent to the intersection of Interstate 75 and Interstate 10. The city is the site of Lake City Gateway Airport, formerly known as NAS Lake City. Florida Gateway College is located in Lake City.

History

Timucua and Spanish Florida

In 1539 Hernando de Soto and his Spanish expedition arrived in Tampa Bay. The de Soto expedition proceeded north from Tampa Bay looking for gold. His expedition met a large Native American group called the northern Utina, possibly near present-day Lake City, who were part of the western Timucua people. Some northern Utina were led by powerful chiefs. In the 17th century Spanish missionaries established missions in this area, west of the site of present-day Lake City. Called Santa Cruz de Tarihica, it was used by the Spanish to develop agriculture and bring Native Americans within their sphere.

Alligator

In the 18th century, a Seminole community called Alligator Village (Alpata Telophka) occupied this area. Historians do not know when it was established, but its existence was documented by the U.S. Army in 1821. A February 1821 report by Captain John H. Bell mentions that the mico (chief) of Alligator Village had recently died and missed a gathering of chiefs. The most famous resident of Alligator Village was Alligator Warrior (Halpatter Tustenuggee), also known as Chief Alligator. He was the grandson of Micanopy (King) Payne (Mekk-Onvpv Pin) and led Seminole warriors in the Second Seminole War (1835–1842) to resist their people's relocation to the Arkansas Territory (now known as Oklahoma).

After Florida became a territory of the United States in 1821, pioneer and immigrant settlers from the United States formed their own settlement adjacent to Alligator Village and called it Alligator. Following the 1823 Treaty of Moultrie Creek, the residents of Alligator village relocated to the banks of Peace Creek in the newly established Seminole reservation, leaving Alligator Town on its own. When Columbia County was formed in 1832 from Duval and Alachua counties, Alligator Town was designated as the seat of the county government.

During the Seminole Wars, several forts were established in the area, including Fort White on the Santa Fe River, and Fort Alligator, also called Fort Lancaster, in present-day downtown Lake City. By 1845 the last of the Seminole left the area of present-day Lake City or were forcibly removed by the US Army. In 1847 Company C of the Florida Volunteers, which was composed of Lake City members, served in the Mexican–American War.

In November 1858 a railroad was completed connecting Jacksonville to Alligator, which opened the town to more commerce and passenger traffic. Alligator Town was incorporated and its name changed to Lake City in 1859; M. Whit Smith was elected as the town's first mayor. According to an urban legend, the name was changed because the mayor's wife Martha Jane, who had recently moved to the town, refused to hang her lace curtains in a town named Alligator.

Civil War

During the American Civil War the railroad between Lake City and Jacksonville was used to send beef and salt to Confederate soldiers. During the summer of 1862, the 8th Florida Infantry Regiment was mustered in at Lake City. The unit was soon deployed to Virginia and fought as part of the Army of Northern Virginia.

In February 1864 Union troops under Truman Seymour advanced west from Jacksonville. His objective was to disrupt Confederate supplies, and obtain African-American recruits and supplies. Confederate General Joseph Finnegan assembled troops and called for reinforcements from P. G. T. Beauregard in response to the Union threat. On February 11, 1864, Finnegan's troops defeated a Union cavalry raid in Lake City. After the Union cavalry was repulsed, Finnegan moved his forces to Olustee Station about ten miles east of Lake City. The Confederate presence at Olustee Station was reinforced to prepare for the Union troops coming from Jacksonville.

Union forces engaged the Confederates at the Battle of Olustee on February 20, 1864, near the Olustee Station. It was the only major battle in Florida during the war. Union casualties were 1,861 men killed, wounded or missing; Confederate casualties were 946 killed, wounded or missing. The Confederate dead were buried in Lake City. In 1928 a memorial for the Battle of Olustee was established in downtown Lake City.

The Civil War badly damaged Florida's railroads, including the Florida, Atlantic and Gulf Central Railroad. The railroad was rebuilt by carpetbagger George William Swepson and was renamed the Florida Central Railroad in 1868. In 1869 the Pensacola and Georgia Railroad was merged with a railroad from Jacksonville to Lake City to form the Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railroad. In 1874 a fire destroyed most of the wooden buildings in Lake City.

Modern Lake City

In 1874 Lake City's first newspaper was published, called the Lake City Reporter. In 1876 the Bigelow Building was completed; it later was adapted for use as the City Hall. In 1891 Lake City became the first city in Florida to have electric lights from a local power and light company.

By the early 20th century, Lake City had become an important railroad junction, served by the Seaboard Air Line, Atlantic Coast Line, Georgia Southern and Florida Railroad. Hotel Blanche was built in 1902 as an attraction for expected tourists. The hotel was Lake City and Columbia County's major hotel and central business center from 1902 to 1955.

The population of Lake City in 1900 was 4,014; in 1905 was 6,509; and 1910 was 5,032.

Florida Agricultural College was established in 1884 as part of the Morrill Land Grant Act; in 1904 it became a full university with twenty-five instructors. In 1905 the Florida Agricultural College was moved to Gainesville, becoming part of the University of Florida. Columbia High School constructed a second building in 1906 that was used until 1922.

In 1907 Lake City officials leased the former property of the Florida Agricultural College to the Florida Baptist Convention; they founded a Baptist college called Columbia College. Columbia College lasted for ten years until the college became overwhelmed with debt. Columbia College deeded the land and buildings back to Lake City in 1919. During World War I, the campus of Columbia College was used as a training site for local troops for the war. The facility was adapted for use as U.S. Hospital No. 63, the predecessor of the Veterans Hospital constructed in Lake City. More than 34 Lake City soldiers were killed in World War I.

In 1940 the population of Lake City was 5,836. During World War II, a number of institutions were established to help with the war effort as well as those in Lake City. The Lake Shore Hospital was dedicated in 1940 to provide medical care for those in the Lake City area. The Lake City Woman's Club became the United Service Organizations (USO) headquarters to entertain service personnel stationed in Lake City. Naval Air Station Lake City was commissioned in 1942 on the site of the Lake City Flying Club air field. NAS Lake City was a support facility for Naval Air Station Jacksonville and trained pilots to fly the Lockheed Ventura. Military operations at NAS Lake City ended in March 1946, and it was decommissioned as an active naval air station.

After World War II a local air base was converted for use in 1947 as the Columbia Forestry School. The Columbia Forestry School had low enrollments and funds, forcing the school to seek help from the Florida legislature. The University of Florida assumed management of the school, and in 1950 it became the University of Florida Forest Ranger School. As part of the network of community colleges established in Florida, the school became the Lake City Junior College and Forest Ranger School in 1962. Lake City Junior College was renamed to Lake City Community College in 1970; in 2010 it was renamed as Florida Gateway College.

By 1950, the population of Lake City was 7,467. The forestry products industry (turpentine, lumber, and pulpwood) had become a mainstay of the local economy.

During the Korean War, five Lake City soldiers were killed. A monument was dedicated in 1985 in their honor and memory.

In 1958, the Columbia Amateur Radio Society was formed. This was a group of amateur radio operators who enjoyed the ability to communicate all over the world. This radio club still exists today. Lake City's centennial was celebrated in 1959 with parades, fireworks and a 58-page book documenting one hundred years of progress, A Century in the Sun. The citizens of the town dressed in period attire, complete with whiskers. A good-natured clash arose between the men with additional facial hair and the women who did not like it.

In 1963 Interstate 75 and Interstate 10 were opened, intersecting at Lake City. In the 1960s Columbia County schools were not desegregated. In 1970 a judge ordered all Columbia County public schools to integrate. During the Vietnam War, 23 local Lake City soldiers were either killed or M.I.A.

In 1978 the Columbia County Public Library was established. Downtown Lake City was revitalized in the 1990s with new businesses, shops and restaurants. In 2000 Lake City had a population of 9,980.

On 10 June 2019, Lake City was hit by a cyber ransomware attack that rendered many of the city's communication systems inoperable. On 25 June 2019, the City's insurance company, the Florida League of Cities, paid 42 bitcoins—over US$480,000—for a mechanism to retrieve the City's files and data.

Geography

Lake City is located in northern Florida at 30°11′N 82°38′W (30.1896, –82.6397). It lies near the intersection of Interstate 10 and Interstate 75. Jacksonville is  to the east, Tallahassee is  to the west, Gainesville is  to the south, and Valdosta, Georgia, is  to the northwest.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Lake City has a total area of , of which  is land, and  or 3.20%, is water.

Climate

Lake City is part of the humid subtropical climate zone of the Southeastern United States. Due to its latitude and relative position north of Florida's peninsula it is subject at times to continental conditions, which cause rare cold snaps that may affect sensitive winter crops. The hottest temperature ever recorded in the city was  on June 4, 1918, and the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on February 13, 1899.

Demographics

Lake City first appeared in the 1850 U.S. Census as "Alligator", with a total recorded population of 131.

As of the census of 2010, there were 12,046 people, 4,650 households, 2558 Family households, residing in the city. The population density was 1002.4 per square mile. There were 5,539 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 56.6% White, 37.3% African American, 0.4% Native American, 1.6% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.9% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races.  5.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 4,650 households, out of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.5% were married couples living together, 20.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.9% were non-families. 33.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 19.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $28,533, and the median income for a family was $39,133. Males had a median income of $31,261 versus $27,656 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,083.  20.5% of the population and 17.4% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 25.9% of those under the age of 18 and 14.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Religion

Around 40% of the people of Lake City are affiliated with a religion. Evangelicalism is the largest religious affiliation with 27.9% followed by Protestant (4.7%), African Protestant (3.5%), Catholicism (2.4%) and other religions (1.6%). 59.8% are not affiliated with a religion.

Mountaintop Ministries Worldwide, formerly End Time Ministries and commonly called End Timers, was established near Lake City by Charles Meade in 1984. The basis of the ministry was that Lake City would be the only place to survive Armageddon and believers were to stay in an underground bunker on Meade's property.

Ancestry/ethnicity

As of 2016 the largest self-reported ancestry groups in Lake City, Florida are:

Economy

Lake City and Columbia County are known as "The Gateway to Florida" because Interstate 75 runs through them, carrying a large percentage of Florida's tourist and commercial traffic. Lake City is the northernmost sizable town/city in Florida on Interstate 75 and the location where I-10 and I-75 intersect. Interstate 10 is the southernmost east-west major interstate highway and traverses the country from Jacksonville, Florida, to Santa Monica, California. U.S. 41 and U.S. 90 (the U.S. highway versions of I-75 and I-10) have intersected in Lake City since 1927, long before the Interstate highways were built. The city relies on travelers for a considerable part of its economy.

Lake City is the location of the Osceola National Forest's administrative offices.

Since 2000, three companies have begun large operations in Lake City: Hunter Panels, New Millennium and United States Cold Storage. Target built their first company-owned and third-party-operated perishable food distribution center in Lake City in 2008.

In 2011, The top employers in the Lake City area are:

Arts and culture

Olustee Battle Festival

Every February since 1976, Lake City has hosted the Olustee Battle Festival and reenactment of the Battle of Olustee spanning three days. The festival begins with a memorial service at Oak Lawn Cemetery in Lake City to honor those who died from both sides on day one and ends with a reenactment at the Olustee Battlefield Historic State Park on day three. From day one to day three various activities from live entertainment to exhibits are on display in downtown Lake City and the Olustee Battlefield Historic State Park.

Alligator Warrior Festival

The Alligator Warrior Festival is held each year on the weekend of the 3rd Saturday in October to recognize the early history of Columbia County prior to the Civil War. The first Alligator Festival was held in 1995 at Olustee Park in downtown Lake City. Starting in 2010 the annual festival has been held at O'Leno State Park  south of Lake City where the appropriate facilities exist for a full-scale battle reenactment, historic camping and large crowds.

Parks and recreation

Alligator Lake Park
Falling Creek Falls
Olustee Park
Wilson Park
Osceola National Park
Southside Sports Complex
Youngs Park

Government

Lake City is governed by a council/city manager form of government. The city council consists of five members, with four representing four city districts, while the Mayor serves at-large throughout all of Lake City. The administration of Lake City consists of The City Manager's Office, The Assistant City Manager, Human Resources, Procurement, Finance and Technology.

The Lake City Police Department was founded around 1861 during the Civil War. The first fire department was established in 1883 to complement the police department. Argatha Gilmore was the Chief of Police in 2009 after serving 25 years with the Tallahassee Police Department.

Education

The Columbia County School District operates nine elementary schools, three middle schools, two high schools and an alternative school. Lake City also has one higher education institution, Florida Gateway College, that offers associate degrees and four-year bachelor's degrees.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Airport

The Lake City Gateway Airport is a local center of business. The airport is classified as a general aviation facility, but two on-site operations are somewhat unusual. HAECO (formerly TIMCO) is an aircraft modification and rehabilitation operation for large (B-727, 737 and Airbus A-320 A-319) civilian and military aircraft. The U.S. Forest Service uses C-130 transport aircraft in support of its forest fire-fighting operations in the southeastern United States.

U.S. Highways

 U.S. Route 90
 U.S. Route 41
 U.S. Route 441

Interstate
 Interstate 75
 Interstate 10

Railroad

Lake City was a scheduled stop for Amtrak's Sunset Limited between Los Angeles and Orlando from 1993 to 2005, when damage to railroad lines and bridges by Hurricane Katrina caused the curtailment of all service east of New Orleans,

Freight service is provided by the Florida Gulf & Atlantic Railroad, which acquired most of the former CSX main line from Pensacola to Jacksonville on June 1, 2019.

Notable people

 Brian Allen, NFL linebacker
 Blayne Barber, PGA golf player
 Jerome Carter, NFL safety
 Fred P. Cone, 27th Governor of Florida
 Grace Elizabeth, Model
 Shayne Edge, former Florida Gators and Pittsburgh Steelers punter
 Yatil Green, NFL wide receiver Miami Dolphins
 Harold Hart, American football player
 Bertram Herlong, bishop, Episcopal Diocese of Tennessee
 Timmy Jernigan, NFL Defensive Tackle
 Michael Kirkman, MLB pitcher, World Series, Texas Rangers
 Kimberly Diane Leach, last victim of serial killer Ted Bundy
 Trey Marshall, NFL safety
 Martha Mier, pianist and composer
 Andrew R. Nicholas, historian
 Dwight Stansel, state representative and farmer
 John Franklin Stewart, MLB, 2nd base
 Pat Summerall, NFL placekicker, television sportscaster
 Jasin Todd, former Shinedown  guitarist
 Laremy Tunsil, NFL offensive lineman
 Reinard Wilson, NFL linebacker
 Chubby Wise, fiddler

References

External links

 City of Lake City official website
 Florida Index, historical newspaper for Lake City, Florida fully and openly available in the Florida Digital Newspaper Library

County seats in Florida
Cities in Columbia County, Florida
Micropolitan areas of Florida
Cities in Florida
1830 establishments in Florida Territory
Populated places established in 1830

Lake City, Florida


Clan Calder is a Hieland Scots clan. The clan daes no currently hae a chief therefore it is considered an Armigerous clan.

Oreegins o the Clan

The name Calder is believed tae derive frae the Scots name for a sma stream. Hugh de Cadella, a French knicht wis creatit Thane o Calder, later tae be kent as Cawdor in Nairn, Scotland. Hugh de Kaledouer wis a witness tae a chairter o land near Montrose in aroond 1178.

History

The Calders wur great nobles an held lands aroond the ceety o Inverness frae the 14t century onwards. The touer that stands at the centre o Cawdor Castle wis biggit bi the Calders in aroond 1454.

The Calders mairit intae ither local families parteecularly the Clan Rose who wur Barons o Kilravock.

Unfortunately thair ascendancy came tae an end when Archibald Campbell, Earl o Argyll wis alang wi Hugh Rose o Kilravock appointit guardians tae the infant female heir o the Calder faimily. Campbell tried tae tak the infant female tae Inverary tae be educated. This wis opposed bi her uncles Alexander an Hugh Calder who chased them tae Strathnarin but efter considerable loss o life she wis safely delivered tae Inverary. She wis brocht up as a Campbell an mairit Sir John Campbell o Argyll.

Muriel the last o the Calders dee'd aroond 1575 but her descendent John Campbell o Cawdor wis raised tae the peerage as Lord Cawdor in 1796, an his son wis creatit first Earl o Cawdor in 1827. The name Calder did no dee oot, housomeivver, an the Calders o Asswanly received lands near Elgin in 1440. Margaret Calder the dochter o Sir William Calder o Calder mairit John Munro o Foulis, Chief o the Clan Munro. The Calders o Asswanly received a baronetcy o Nova Scotia in 1686.

See an aa

Armigerous clan
Scots clan

External links
http://www.myclan.com/clans/Calder_173/default.php

Scots clans
Armigerous clans

Clan Calder


Home State Savings Bank was a Cincinnati, Ohio based savings and loan.  Its failure in March 1985 led to a bank holiday for 70 other savings institutions that were insured by the Ohio Deposit Guarantee Fund, a private organization.

Background
Home State Savings Bank was the largest savings institution in Ohio, with $1.4 billion in assets.  It was owned by Marvin L. Warner, a local real estate developer and investor.  He bought the bank in 1958.  Warner had been a part owner of the New York Yankees and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the 1970s, and was the original owner of the United States Football League Birmingham Stallions.  Warner was also a substantial political donor, and had been appointed as the United States ambassador to Switzerland in 1977 by President Jimmy Carter.

Downfall
ESM Government Securities, Inc. of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, was a securities brokerage firm specializing in term repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements. The company was shut down by the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 4, 1985. The company had incurred large losses and had pledged collateral to more than one lender.

Home State Savings Bank was doing substantial business with ESM. After ESM failed, it was revealed that Home State would suffer a loss of about $150 million from their transactions with ESM. A run on the bank ensued with over $100 million withdrawn in a few days. The bank was closed on March 9, 1985. Bank runs ensued on other institutions insured by the Ohio Deposit Guarantee Fund after it was revealed that the fund had insufficient funds to pay off Home State depositors.

On March 15, 1985, Ohio Governor Dick Celeste declared a three-day banking holiday for the 70 other savings institutions covered by the Ohio Deposit Guarantee Fund. They were then told to remain closed until they obtained federal deposit insurance from the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation or Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or until they merged.

Aftermath
Home State Savings Bank was sold on May 29, 1985, to Hunter Savings Association, a part of American Financial Group, and the bank reopened on June 14, 1985. All but one of the other savings institutions covered by the Ohio Deposit Guarantee Fund either merged or obtained federal deposit insurance.

Public confidence declined in financial institutions insured by other state guaranty funds.  In May 1985, Maryland suffered a similar run on state-insured savings institutions after it was revealed that Old Court Savings and Loans and Merritt Commercial Savings and Loan were having financial problems.

Marvin Warner was convicted in March 1987 of nine counts of fraud-related charges relating to Home State Savings Bank and served 28 months in prison. He then moved to a 150-acre horse farm in Ocala, Florida, taking advantage of the homestead exemption in Florida, and died in 2002.  Two of the former presidents of the bank, David Schiebel and Burton Bongard, were also convicted.

Warner's son-in-law Stephen Arky committed suicide in July 1985.  Arky's law firm had represented ESM, and Arky had done personal financial transactions with ESM.

The failure of ESM (along with the failures of other government securities brokerage firms like Drysdale Government Securities, Lombard-Wall, Lion Capital Group, Bevill Bresler and Schulman, and RTD Securities) led to the enactment of the Government Securities Act of 1986.

See also
 Old Court Savings and Loans
 Savings and loan crisis

References

Sources
 Home State Savings collapse: How failure changed protection of your money; Channel 12; YouTube"Home State Savings collapse: How failure changed protection of your money"
 The Crisis: Fifteen Days That Shook Cincinnati; Cincinnati Magazine May 1985 Cincinnati Magazine
 Home State Savings Litigation; Cincinnati Magazine Aug 2001 Cincinnati Magazine
 Keiger, Dale (September 1986) "The Man Who Would Be Somebody." Cincinnati Magazine
 Horstman, Barry M. (December 27, 1999) "Marvin Warner: Financier's fall affected thousands". The Cincinnati Post
 Horstman, Barry M. (April 12, 2002) "Banking scandal's Warner, 82, dies". The Cincinnati Post

Savings and loan crisis
Defunct banks of the United States

Home State Savings Bank


Dunn Peak (sometimes known locally as the Dunn Peaks) is a group of peaks in the central Interior of British Columbia, Canada. Its most prominent summit, Matterhorn Peak, rises to , making it the highest point in the Shuswap Highland.

Geography
Though technically part of the Columbia Mountains to the north and east, the Dunn massif is isolated from other ranges by the Interior Plateau and the Shuswap Highland. The group is bounded by the North Thompson River to the west and north, Harper Creek to the east, and the Barrière River to the south. The nearest towns and cities are Barriere, Clearwater, and Kamloops. As there are no roads in the protected area, access to the alpine area is by trail via the Harper Creek Forest Service road.

Matterhorn Peak is the 92nd most prominent peak in British Columbia.

Ecology
The protected area surrounding the peaks contains old-growth forest, including stands of Engelmann spruce and interior Douglas fir. The park also contains significant wildlife populations, including wolf, cougar, marten, river otter, black bear, mule deer and mountain goat. Several protected avian species are present, such as the great blue heron and bald eagle.

History
James Dunn was a gold prospector in the region who left for California in 1888 after falling sick. He had mined gold with a "rocker" near ChuChua, on the western slopes of Dunn Peak. Nearby Baldy Mountain was the site of the Windpass gold mine from 1916 until 1939.  On April 30, 1996, the massif became the central point of the new  Dunn Peak Protected Area.

References

External links
Dunn Peak Provincial Park

Two-thousanders of British Columbia
Thompson Country
Columbia Mountains
Yale Division Yale Land District

Dunn Peak


Casinos Austria AG, formed in 1967 and based in Austria, is a gaming corporation that owns and operates casinos around the globe. It is one of the largest casino operators in the world. Casinos Austria together with its partners operate in about 40 land-based casinos in 16 countries, 8 shipboard casinos, 15 slot parlors, a range of lottery products in Argentina, and one online gambling platform. Together, the Casinos Austria International (CAI) group's gaming entertainment operations feature over 750 gaming tables and 7,600 gambling machines. The headquarters of the company was located in the Palais Ephrussi in Vienna from 1969 to 2009. It is now located at Rennweg 44 in the 3rd district of Vienna.

Casinos Austria

Casino Baden
Casino Bad Gastein
Casino Bregenz
Casino Graz
Casino Innsbruck
Casino Kitzbühel
Casino Kleinwalsertal
Casino Linz
Casino Salzburg (at Schloss Klessheim)
Casino Seefeld
Casino Velden
Casino Wien
Casino Zell am See

Casinos Austria International
Casino Canberra, Canberra, Australia
Grand Casino Belgrade
Grand Casino Brussels (opened January 19, 2006)
Grand Casino Luzern
The Reef Hotel Casino, Cairns, Australia

Gallery

References

External links

 Casinos Austria website
 Casinos Austria International website
 Casino Holidays website

Gambling companies of Austria

Casinos Austria


Usman Tariq Khawaja was born on 18 December 1986. He is an Australian cricketer who plays for Australia and Queensland. Khawaja started playing first-class cricket for New South Wales in 2008. He played his first international (involving the whole world) match for Australia in January 2011. Khawaja was born in Pakistan and moved to Australia with his family when he was five. He has played county cricket in the United Kingdom. For a short time, he played in the Indian Premier League and the Pakistan Super League.

1986 births
Living people
Australian cricketers

Usman Khawaja


Union Dime Savings Bank was originally chartered in 1859 in New York City, USA. By the time of bank deregulation in 1979 it was starting to suffer losses. With the direction of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, it was acquired by Buffalo Savings Bank and, along with the New York Bank for Savings, became part of the renamed Goldome. In 1990, Manufacturers Hanover Trust bought $2.8 billion in deposits in 24 New York City branches for $27.7 million. By late 1991, Goldome failed and its New York assets were sold to Manufacturers Hanover Trust and the East New York Savings Bank.

An exhibition by Siri Berg based on Arthur Schnitzler's Reigen or La Ronde became a permanent installation of Union Dime Savings Bank.

References

 New York Times, November 29, 1990

Defunct banks of the United States
Banks established in 1859
Banks with year of disestablishment missing
1859 establishments in New York (state)

Union Dime Savings Bank


Street Kings is a 2008 American action thriller film directed by David Ayer, and starring Keanu Reeves, Forest Whitaker, Hugh Laurie, Chris Evans, Common and The Game. The initial screenplay drafts were written by James Ellroy in the late 1990s under the title The Night Watchman.

The film was released in theaters on April 11, 2008, and was followed by a direct-to-video stand-alone sequel Street Kings 2: Motor City in 2011, with Clifton Powell returning as a corrupt cop.

Plot

Tom Ludlow, who became an alcoholic after his wife's death, is an undercover detective for the LAPD's elite Vice-Special unit. He meets with Korean gangsters for a supposed firearms trade who he believes have kidnapped two teenage girls. During the deal, he allows them to beat him and steal his car and a machine gun. Unbeknownst to them, a tracking device on the vehicle leads him to the gang's hideout.

Upon reaching their hideout, Ludlow storms in, kills the gangsters, alters the scene to make the shootings look justified, then finds the girls locked in a closet. While the rest of his unit congratulate him, he is confronted by his former partner, Detective Terrence Washington, who is tired of police corruption, and has begun reporting suspicions to Captain James Biggs of Internal Affairs, who apparently starts an investigation against Ludlow.

Believing Washington snitched on him, Ludlow follows him to a convenience store to beat him up. However, Washington is killed by two gangsters under the pretense of a robbery. The surveillance video shows Ludlow brawling with and subsequently shooting him accidentally during the gunfight. Based on this, his actions are unjustifiable and incriminating. Wander offers Ludlow an alibi by telling him to remove the surveillance footage, and tells the press he was the first to arrive on scene but too late to save Washington.

The DNA of criminals Fremont and Coates is found at the scene, as well as a large amount of cash on Washington. The investigation assumes that Washington was corrupt, stealing drugs from the evidence room and selling them to Fremont and Coates. Ludlow then enlists Detective Paul Diskant's help, who was responsible for the forensic evidence, in his personal investigation.

As Ludlow and Diskant investigate, they eventually find a house in the hills where they find the bodies of the real Fremont and Coates buried in a shallow grave; it is apparent that they were killed long before Washington's death. Ludlow meets with his widowed wife and hands her the surveillance CD. He empathises with her as he lost his wife previously, tells her he was beside Washington when he died and vows to avenge his murder.

Ludlow and Diskant then pose as dirty cops who are willing to take over the stealing and selling of drugs. With Scribble's help they set up a meeting with the two criminals masquerading as Fremont and Coates. Ludlow questions who they really are, when Diskant recognizes them, he is shot dead. Ludlow kills both men and escapes back to his girlfriend's house, where he sees on the news that they were undercover Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department deputies. Ludlow is identified as a 'cop-killer,' so quickly realises there are others behind it. At the same time, Detectives Cosmo Santos and Dante Demille break in and handcuff him.

Santos and Demille admit that they killed and planted Fremont and Coates' DNA and the money at the scene of Washington's murder. Ludlow realizes that Washington was in fact informing on Captain Jack Wander to Biggs, who was the one stealing drugs from the department's evidence room.

To execute Ludlow, Santos and Demille take him out to the house where the bodies of the real Fremont and Coates are, but he manages to break free and kill them both. He then heads to Washington's where he finds Sergeant Mike Clady searching for the surveillance footage. Ludlow subdues Clady before he can kill Washington's widowed wife, then places him in his car trunk.

Ludlow confronts Wander at his house and apprehends him after a brawl. He confesses that he has incriminating evidence against several high-ranking department officials and other politicians, with which he would have used to become LAPD chief and eventually, mayor. Wander, asserting that he is Ludlow's friend and mentor, attempts to bribe him with a large amount of money and incriminating documents, but Ludlow refuses and executes him.

Later, Captain Biggs and Sergeant Green arrive, and Biggs reveals that they used him to bring down Wander and get access to his files by showing him the real corruption within his unit. Biggs offers Ludlow an alibi. As he leaves, Biggs tells him that the department does still need him.

Cast
 Keanu Reeves as Detective Tom Ludlow
 Hugh Laurie as Captain Jimmy Biggs
 Chris Evans as Detective Paul "Disco" Diskant
 Forest Whitaker as Captain Jack Wander
 Naomie Harris as Linda Washington
 John Corbett as Detective Dante Demille
 Cedric the Entertainer as Winston "Scribble"
 Jay Mohr as Sergeant Mike Clady
 Terry Crews as Detective Terrence Washington
 Common as Fake Coates
 Cle Shaheed Sloan as Fake Fremont
 The Game as "Grill"
 Kenneth Choi as Boss Kim
 Martha Higareda as Grace Garcia
 Amaury Nolasco as Detective Cosmo Santos
 Clifton Powell as Sergeant Green
 Noel G. as "Quicks"

Production
In 1997, David Fincher had entered negotiations to direct the film, under its original title The Night Watchman from a screenplay by James Ellroy for New Regency and Warner Bros.

In 2004, it was announced that Spike Lee would be directing the film for a 2005 release. In 2005, it was announced that Oliver Stone was in talks to direct the film. However, Stone later denied this. Training Day screenwriter David Ayer took over the project.

On February 5, 2008, it was announced that Fox Searchlight Pictures changed the film's title from The Night Watchman to Street Kings.

Reception

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes 36% of 152 reviews of the film are positive with average rating of 5.11/10. The site's consensus reads, "Street Kings contains formulaic violence but no shred of intelligence." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 55 out of 100 based on 28 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Box office
In its opening weekend, the film grossed $12.5 million from 2,467 theaters, finishing second at the box office. It went on to gross $26.4 million domestically and $39.2 million internationally for a total of $65.6 million.

Home media

The DVD was released on August 19, 2008, as a single-disc offering with director commentary, and 2-disc special-edition set with numerous documentaries, interviews and a digital copy of the film. It is also available on Blu-ray disc with all the special features of the 2-disc DVD version. By January 2009, the film had made $14.6 million from DVD sales.

Sequel
The film is followed by a sequel, Street Kings 2: Motor City, released direct-to-video in 2011. Other than both featuring Clifton Powell (playing different roles), the films are unrelated.

References

External links

2008 films
2008 action thriller films
2000s crime thriller films
American action thriller films
American crime thriller films
American gang films
American crime action films
2000s crime action films
Dune Entertainment films
Fox Searchlight Pictures films
Fictional portrayals of the Los Angeles Police Department
Films set in Los Angeles
American police detective films
Films directed by David Ayer
Films with screenplays by James Ellroy
Films with screenplays by Jamie Moss
20th Century Studios franchises
Films with screenplays by Kurt Wimmer
Films scored by Graeme Revell
3 Arts Entertainment films
Films set in Koreatown, Los Angeles
Regency Enterprises films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Street Kings


The 1948 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 15th playing of the midsummer classic between the all-stars of the American League (AL) and National League (NL), the two leagues comprising Major League Baseball. The game was held on July 13, 1948, at Sportsman's Park in St. Louis, Missouri, the home of both the St. Louis Browns of the American League (who were the designated host team) and the St. Louis Cardinals of the National League. The game resulted in the American League defeating the National League 5–2.

This was the first All-Star Game to be broadcast on television, albeit only locally.

Browns in the game
The lone representative of the host team was Al Zarilla, a reserve outfielder for the AL, who entered the game playing right field in the top of the 5th inning, and was hitless in two at bats.

Starting lineups
Players in italics have since been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame.

National League
 Richie Ashburn, cf
 Red Schoendienst, 2b – starting in place of Eddie Stanky, due to injury
 Stan Musial, lf
 Johnny Mize, 1b
 Enos Slaughter, rf
 Andy Pafko, 3b
 Walker Cooper, c
 Pee Wee Reese, ss
 Ralph Branca, p

American League
 Pat Mullin, rf
 Tommy Henrich, lf - starting in place of Ted Williams, due to injury
 Lou Boudreau, ss
 Joe Gordon, 2b
 Hoot Evers, cf - starting in place of Joe DiMaggio, due to injury
 Ken Keltner, 3b - starting in place of George Kell, due to injury
 George McQuinn, 1b
 Buddy Rosar, c
 Walt Masterson, p

Umpires

The umpires changed assignments in the middle of the fifth inning – Berry and Reardon swapped positions, also Stewart and Paparella swapped positions.

Synopsis

The NL scored two runs in the top of the 1st inning, on a leadoff single by rookie Richie Ashburn, and later a two-run home run by Stan Musial with one out.  It would be the only runs the NL would score.  The AL got one run back in the bottom of the 2nd inning, on a home run by Hoot Evers.  They later tied the score at 2–2 in the bottom of the 3rd, after two walks, a steal of third base by Mickey Vernon, and a sacrifice fly from Lou Boudreau.  In the bottom of the 4th, the AL pulled ahead with 3 runs; after loading the bases with two singles and a walk, Vic Raschi drove in two runs with a single, followed by one more run scoring on a lineout by Joe DiMaggio.  With the AL up 5–2, there would be no more scoring, despite the NL loading the bases in the 6th inning.

References

External links
Baseball Almanac
Baseball-Reference.com

Major League Baseball All-Star Game
Major League Baseball All-Star Game
Baseball competitions in St. Louis
Major League Baseball All Star Game
July 1948 sports events in the United States
1940s in St. Louis


Frelinghuysen University was a private historically Black university in Washington, D.C., which was open from 1906 to . It provided adult education and social services to poor and working-class African Americans. Founded by activists Jesse and Rosetta Lawson, it was the first school to offer evening and extension courses to African American students in Washington, D.C. Focused on providing service to the working poor, the university charged the lowest tuition possible and held classes in local homes and businesses to reduce commuting time for its students.

First presided over by Jesse Lawson and later by African American scholar Anna J. Cooper, the university offered programs for those with limited or no literacy and a full high school curriculum and courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels. The university was named after Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, a politician from New Jersey, for his support of African-American causes, and several of its schools were named in honor of other public servants who worked to support African Americans. The university's first permanent classroom building, located at 1800 Vermont Avenue in Northwest Washington, D.C., is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its significance to African American education.

Following financial difficulties in the early 1930s and the loss of accreditation in 1937, the school changed its name to Frelinghuysen Group of Schools for Colored Working People in 1940. The university experienced a slow decline throughout the 1940s. Although not awarding degrees, the university still provided educational and social services to the African-American community that were otherwise unavailable during this time. By 1964, Frelinghuysen University had closed.

History

1906–1927
On April 27, 1906, Jesse Lawson and educator and author Kelly Miller organized a branch of the Bible Educational Association in Lawson's home in Washington, D.C., with Miller as its president. Shortly after, Lawson and his wife, Rosetta Lawson, began the Interdenominational Bible College, a school aimed at uplifting the African-American working class. In 1917, the two organizations merged, forming Frelinghuysen University, with Jesse Lawson serving as president. The new university was named in honor of Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, a politician from New Jersey who served as United States Secretary of State under President Chester A. Arthur. Frelinghuysen was chosen for his support of African American causes while serving as a U.S. Senator. The schools in the university were named to memorialize others who had worked to support African Americans. During the time the university was open, these included the John M. Langston School of Law, the Jesse Lawson School of Religion, and the Hannah Stanley Opportunity School.

At the time of the university's founding, over three hundred schools provided evening and extension classes in the District of Columbia. Of those, only Frelinghuysen University admitted African-American students. The university also admitted White students, but the school was designed to cater to the needs of the African-American community. A non-traditional university, it aimed to provide a broad range of academic and religious educational programs and social services to working-class African Americans who had no other learning opportunities. Classes were held in the evenings to accommodate the adult students, allowing them to participate despite working during the day.

The university used a novel "home college" concept to keep costs low. Classes were originally held in the homes and businesses of those in the area, with the Lawsons' home being the first classroom. Running classes out of homes in the area also reduced commuting time to and from class, making it easier for working students to attend classes. To further ease the burden on the non-traditional student body, tuition was kept as low as possible and was billed at a monthly rate rather than charged per semester.

The university purchased its first permanent classroom building in 1921, a location that was later listed on the National Register of Historic Places. That building was sold in 1927, when the university purchased a larger property, with spaces for classrooms, libraries, offices, and dormitories.

Lawson served as university president for twenty-one years until he died in 1927. The growing interest in education among the African American community at this time contributed to the university's popularity, and under his leadership the school had broad appeal and reached a level of prominence in Washington, D.C.

1928–1940
In 1929, prominent African American scholar Anna J. Cooper was elected to succeed Jesse Lawson as president of the university, a post she assumed in 1930. Under Cooper's leadership in the 1930s, Frelinghuysen University focused on increasing literacy among the African-American working poor and providing liberal arts and vocational education for unskilled workers. In a 2009 paper for the journal African American Review, Karen A. Johnson describes Cooper's practice of "decolonizing pedagogy":

The school struggled in the years after Lawson's death, and Cooper began her tenure by addressing the financial difficulties and debt the university had accrued. Attempts to raise enough money from the poor African-American alums to pay the university's financial obligations were not successful. Cooper stabilized the university's finances with budgeting and oversight, leading to a credit on the balance sheet by June 1931. Despite this, there were outstanding back payments on the property the university had purchased in 1927. Unable to raise enough money or secure an underwriter, that property was foreclosed on in 1931. Due to the loss of the building, Frelinghuysen University returned to its "home college" roots, and Cooper began hosting classes in her home.

The university was accredited and awarded degrees from 1927 until 1937. In the 1930s, educators and consumer advocates called for more stringent requirements for colleges providing degrees, which led to accreditation reforms. Despite her connections to the African-American members of the Board of Education, Cooper could not convince the board to maintain the university's accreditation, which was initially declined in 1936. The reason provided by the Board of Education for declining the application was that the school lacked a sufficient endowment. However, the view that Howard University already filled the needs of the African-American community also contributed. Because of the accreditation reforms, many colleges for African Americans lost accreditation, and by 1934, eighty percent of Black colleges in the U.S. were unaccredited.

The John M. Langston School of Law's 1936 application for accreditation was denied due to an insufficient law library and lack of enrollment. The school sued the Board of Education for the right to award bachelor's degrees in law. The attorney for the school, Louis Rothschild, argued that the school's law library was sufficient, and current inactivity at the school was not grounds for refusal. The denial was upheld in 1938, though the ruling stated that the school could still offer legal training.

Following the loss of accreditation, the university changed its name to the Frelinghuysen Group of Schools for Colored Working People in 1940. Although no longer accredited, the school still provided educational and social services to the African-American community that were otherwise unavailable. The school attracted significant community support, with the local Y.W.C.A. donating space for activities, the American Red Cross providing nursing training, and the Daughters of the American Revolution, despite their segregationist practices at the time, donating materials for civics courses. Private citizens and alums also provided support by donating time, expertise, and educational materials, such as African American scholar Carter G. Woodson, who oversaw the completion of a Frelinghuysen student's master's degree in history. Because of this support, the school could maintain a fair-sized library for its students.

Cooper retired from her position as president in 1940, but she continued her involvement with the university, taking a position as its registrar.

1941–1964
Adolphus A. Birch, an Episcopal priest, succeeded Cooper as president after her retirement in 1940. Throughout the 1940s, the university experienced a significant decline, with its final appeal for accreditation being denied in 1943. Community-service education also declined in popularity during this period, making it difficult to find volunteers, and prospective students were less interested in the social and moral focus the school provided. The final closure date of Frelinghuysen University is unclear, with sources disagreeing on the specifics. Catherine Finn, writing for the DCist places the closure in the late 1950s, Melinda Chateauvert states in The Third Step that the school closed in 1960, while Karen Johnson, in In Service for the Common Good, ties the school's final closure to Cooper's death in 1964.

Academics and activism

Frelinghuysen University offered a broad range of adult educational programs for non-traditional students and working-class African Americans, including courses for those with limited or no literacy skills. The university's offerings included a complete high school curriculum and courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels. Courses were also provided for trades and both semi-professional and professional occupations. Often, vocational education and higher education were provided in complement to each other to match the capacity of the student. The student body was made up mostly of men who were long-time residents of Washington, D.C., generally from working-class, uneducated families. The evening classes, while making attendance more accessible for those who worked a trade during the day, could be difficult for women due to their family and work responsibilities. Coursework for women was focused on general education rather than vocational training to help shape the impression of African Americans that their employers would form and aiming to create an expectation of professionalism for domestic workers that would push wages higher and increase respect for the occupation.

The university included schools of liberal arts, applied science, biology, sociology, theology, law, chiropractic, pharmacy, embalming and sanitary science, and commerce. Graduates from the John M, Langston School of Law often went on to work in the Treasury Department or the General Printing Office, and in 1927, an article in the Pittsburgh Courier reported that over seventy-five percent of the graduates from the university's law school went on to pass the Washington, D.C., bar exam.

The Hannah Stanley Opportunity School at Frelinghuysen University, named after Cooper's mother, provided a general education course to prepare students for community service. The university also offered home nursing classes, supported by the Washington, D.C., chapter of the Red Cross. Colored American Forward was founded at the university in 1917, with its members working to aid and protect the large number of African Americans leaving the southern United States for northern and western states during the Great Migration.

Campus
Upon opening in 1906, the first classes were taught in the Lawsons' home at 2011 Vermont Avenue. Until 1921, when the university purchased its first building, it used a "home college" system, where classes were exclusively held in homes and businesses in the area.

Frelinghuysen University's first permanent building was located at 1800 Vermont Avenue in the Shaw neighborhood of Northwest Washington, D.C. Purchased in 1921, the building was used for classrooms until 1927. Diller B. Groff built the house in 1879, and it was first inhabited by insurance agent Edwin P. Goodwin and his family. A two-story structure of red brick, the Queen Anne style home had a triangular floor plan with an octagonal corner tower. The university's use of this location was significant for demonstrating the social change in the neighborhood, as it transitioned from speculative housing for middle-class White residents to a leading neighborhood for African-American residents. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 for significance in the area of African American education, and it is also part of the Greater U Street Historic District. Today, the building is listed on the Washington D.C. African American Heritage Trail.

In 1927, needing to expand its dedicated class space, the university sold its first building and purchased a larger property at 601 M Street. Formerly a home for the elderly, managed by the Methodist Episcopal Church, the property included three buildings with sixty-six rooms and a large lawn. Initial plans were to use the largest building, with thirty-eight rooms, for lecture halls and offices, with the smallest building housing workshops for industrial education. There would be dormitories in the third building and the largest building. The university could not make payments consistently and fell into arrears, and the property was foreclosed on in 1931. Following the foreclosure, Cooper donated the use of six rooms of her home at 201 T Street to Frelinghuysen University to be used as a library and classrooms.

Notes

References

Footnotes

External links

 Howard University – Frelinghuysen University memorabilia
 Decennial Catalogue

Houses completed in 1879
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
Queen Anne architecture in Washington, D.C.
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Washington, D.C.
1906 establishments in Washington, D.C.
1917 establishments in Washington, D.C.
1950s disestablishments in Washington, D.C.
Freling
Historically segregated African-American schools in Washington, D.C.
Adult education in the United States
Defunct private universities and colleges in Washington, D.C.
Defunct high schools in the United States

Frelinghuysen University


WeberHaus GmbH & Co. KG is a German home builder of off-site manufactured houses. The head office and one of two production halls is in Rheinau-Linx, Germany. The family-owned company produces prefabricated single and multi-family houses as well as wooden prefabricated commercial constructions.

WeberHaus employs about 1,140 people (including apprentices). The annual turnover amounts to 250 million euros (2017).

Locations
At the production halls in Rheinau-Linx (Baden-Württemberg) and Wenden-Hünsborn (North Rhine-Westphalia) WeberHaus produced 745 houses for the European market in 2017. In addition to Germany, the company is active in France, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Ireland and Switzerland.

History and Development

In 1960 Hans Weber took over a two-man carpentry business in Rheinau-Linx, which specialized in the production of residential buildings in timber frame (timber framing). In 1961, the first three prefabricated houses were built. In the 1970s, the first factory buildings were built in Linx, the license was acquired and henceforth only own houses were built. In 1978 a second factory was built in Wenden-Hünsborn.

In 1985, WeberHaus opened the first builders center in the industry at the Rheinau-Linx headquarters, a hall with sample solutions and advice for future clients. In 1991, WeberHaus was the first house construction company to introduce low-energy construction as the standard. In 1993, the first WeerHaus branch in Switzerland was founded in Kindhausen. In October 2000, WeberHaus opened the World of Living at the Rheinau-Linx headquarters, Europe's first and so far only theme park for building Since 2006 WeberHaus offers  Plus Energy Houses. In addition to company founder Hans Weber and his wife Christa Weber, his daughter Heidi Weber-Mühleck is one of the managing partners. Commercial director is Stephan Jager and Peter Liehner is managing director sales / marketing.

Ecology
Since 1990, WeberHaus has been building only  low-energy houses and in 1996 developed the first zero-heating house, where solar plants produce hot water and electricity. In 2000, the first passive house followed with direct heating and heat recovery and in 2006 the plus energy house, which gains more energy than it needs. Every WeberHaus today is equipped with an ecological building shell. The wood fiber insulation board protects the house from external influences such as cold, heat and noise.

World of Living
In October 2000 WeberHaus opened the "World of Living" at the headquarters in Rheinau-Linx (Baden-Wurttemberg), Europe's first and so far only adventure park in the areas of building and living. The park covers an area of 75,000 square meters and offers a 5,000 square meter showroom. The World of Living show park is a space dedicated to choice, inspiration and imagination for contemporary home designs. The park features the Universe of Time - a curated history of home design through the ages and a village of full-size show homes.

Awards

 2002 – 2005 – WeberHaus receives award from the Federal Association of German Prefabricated Housing
 2004 – Baden-Württemberg Timber Construction Award
 2005 – Fachschriften publishing house presents Strebel Award to WeberHaus
 2005 – Das Einfamilienhaus magazine's House of the Year Award
 2007 – Golden Helios eco-award
 2007 – CRM Best Practice Award for WeberHaus family
 2008 – WeberHaus receives House of the Year Readers' Choice Award from Der Bauherr magazine
 2008 – SCHÖNER WOHNEN magazine's House of the Year Award
 2011 – WeberHaus wins Technology Cube for their smart energy and smart home concept
 2012 – WeberHaus PlusEnergie concept wins 2012 365 Landmarks in the Land of Ideas competition
 2012 – WeberHaus wins 2012 German Dream House competition
 2013 – House of the Year readers' choice award
 2013 – WeberHaus founder receives Business Award
 2014 – WeberHaus takes pole position in the smart prefab homes category
 2015 – WeberHaus received excellent grading in Sustainable Building certificate
 2015 – Winning in the category of Plus Energy Homes, WeberHaus took home the prestigious Deutscher Traumhauspreis (German Dream House Award)
 2015 – Second Runner-Up for WeberHaus Energy Saving Homes
 2016 – German consumer studies society test Winner
 2016 – Sustainable building by the Bau-Institut Resource efficiency and sustainability
 2017 – Winner of Brand Champions

 2017 – Winner of German Dream House Award, premium and family houses categories.
 2017 – Winner of German Model House Award, premium sector
 2017 – Awarded 1st place for Service Champions
 2017 – Value for Money Check by Focus Money
 2018 – First place at the "Großer Deutscher Fertighauspreis 2018"

WeberHaus is also awarded with numerous quality Labels:

 Member of the Quality Association Deutscher Fertigbau (QDF)
 Toxproof-label of the TÜV Rheinland/Berlin-Brandenburg
 Natureplus-quality mark for the outer wall ÖvoNatur (stands for health compatibility, environmentally friendly production and conservation of finite resources)

 The RAL organisation: This label shows that the WeberHaus production and house build processes are monitored by a third party
 Recommended medical housing, Awarded by the Society of Residential Hygiene, Construction Medicine and Interior Toxicol
 Minergie certification of Switzerland for excellent building insulation and rational use of energy
 30-year warranty: Every WeberHaus prefabricated home comes with a 30-year guarantee on the timber frame elements

Other websites
 Website of Weberhaus
 Website of World of Living

Companies of Germany

WeberHaus