William Peters Hepburn (November 4, 1833 – February 7, 1916) was an American Civil War officer and an eleven-term Republican congressman from Iowa's now-obsolete 8th congressional district, serving from 1881 to 1887, and from 1893 to 1909. According to historian Edmund Morris, "Hepburn was the House's best debater, admired for his strength of character and legal acumen."   As chair of one of the most powerful committees in Congress, he guided or sponsored many statutes regulating businesses,   including most notably the Hepburn Act of 1906.  The Hepburn Act authorized the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission to require railroads to charge "just and reasonable" rates.

Background
Hepburn was born in Wellsville, Ohio and raised from the age of seven in Iowa City, Iowa. His schooling was limited to a few months in an Iowa City academy.  The great-grandson of Revolutionary War officer, printer, and congressman Matthew Lyon, and the great-great-grandson of Thomas Chittenden, the first Governor of Vermont, he was first engaged as an apprentice printer, before studying law.  He became prosecuting attorney of Marshall County in 1856 as well as serving as district attorney for the eleventh judicial district from 1856 to 1861.  He was also the clerk to the Iowa House of Representatives.

In May 1860, Hepburn was one of two delegates representing counties in the eleventh judicial district at the 1860 Republican National Convention, where Abraham Lincoln was nominated. The following March, when serving a brief term as a lobbyist for those counties in Washington D.C., Hepburn attended Lincoln's presidential inauguration.

Civil War service
During the Civil War, he served as an officer in the 2nd Regiment Iowa Volunteer Cavalry. He was promoted from captain of Company B to major of the First Battalion on September 13, 1861, then to lieutenant colonel in 1862. He participated in the final stage of the Battle of Island Number Ten near New Madrid, Missouri, and saw combat during the Siege of Corinth, the Battle of Iuka in northeastern Mississippi, and the Battle of Collierville, Tennessee. From time to time he was also assigned as an inspector of cavalry for the Army of the Cumberland and, due to his legal experience, served as an acting inspector general and court martial president or judge advocate for troops in the lower Mississippi River theater.

He was mustered out on October 3, 1864, upon the expiration of his term of service.  He moved his family to Memphis, Tennessee before returning to Iowa in 1867, to a home in Clarinda. In 1886, he joined the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (MOLLUS), through that organization's District of Columbia Commandery, as Companion #04476. The MOLLUS was the first post-Civil War veterans' organization, founded by and for those who served as commissioned officers in the Union army and navy.

First service in Congress
Soon after Hepburn established his legal practice in Clarinda, Iowa, he again became active in Republican politics. In 1880, Hepburn was elected as a Republican to the United States House of Representatives from Iowa's 8th congressional district, after defeating incumbent William F. Sapp in the district convention on the 346th ballot.  He was re-elected in 1882 and 1884, but was defeated in the 1886 general election by Independent Republican Albert R. Anderson. Anderson, a former state railroad commissioner, had run on an anti-monopolist, anti-corporate platform, and "specialized in the unfairness and excesses of the prevailing railroad rates." Historians have viewed Hepburn's defeat as a catalyst for authorization of a federal Interstate Commerce Commission, which became a higher priority for other congressman who hoped to avoid Hepburn's fate.

In 1888, two years after his defeat, he was the principal opponent to James F. Wilson for the Republican nomination for U.S. Senate.  However, when it became apparent that he lacked the votes among the Iowa General Assembly to defeat Wilson, his supporters withdrew his name from consideration.

After the election of President Benjamin Harrison returned the White House to Republican hands in 1889, Hepburn served as Solicitor of the Treasury.

Return to Congress
In 1892, after three terms away from Congress, Hepburn ran again for his former seat after Anderson's successor, Republican James Patton Flick, declined to run for a third term.  Hepburn won his party's nomination and the general election, and was re-elected seven more times. During this period he served as Chairman of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

In 1894, Hepburn finished a distant second in the Republican caucus to nominate a successor to retiring U.S. Senator Wilson.

In 1899, Hepburn briefly became a candidate for election as Speaker of the House, but soon deferred to the successful candidacy of fellow Iowan and Civil War veteran David B. Henderson. Hepburn became notorious for his disdainful treatment on the House floor of newer members, prompting the New York Times to refer to him as the "House Terror."  However, Hepburn was also an enduring but outspoken advocate to reform House rules that vested autocratic powers in Speakers of the House.

Even before the publication of Upton Sinclair's expose The Jungle, Hepburn led efforts to adopt federal laws regulating food quality.  In 1902 the Hepburn Pure Food Act passed the House (but not the Senate). When such a bill finally passed both houses as the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 (following the publication of Sinclair's book), Hepburn was the bill's floor manager.

Hepburn was also instrumental in appropriating funds for a canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.  Hepburn initially preferred a route through Nicaragua over a route through Panama, but ultimately became a key House sponsor of appropriations measures necessary for completion of the canal through Panama.

Hepburn Act of 1906
He also sponsored the Hepburn Act of 1906, a major priority in the second term of President Theodore Roosevelt.  The Act gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates and led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers. Scholars consider the Hepburn Act the most important piece of legislation regarding railroads in the first half of the 20th century, while economists debate whether it went too far, and if its passage contributed to the Panic of 1907.

Surprise defeat, and success at House reform
When running for his twelfth term in 1908, Hepburn was upset in the general election by his Democratic opponent, William D. Jamieson.  In a year of strong Republican victories in Iowa (led by Presidential candidate William Howard Taft), Jamieson won majorities in eight of the district's eleven counties.  Hepburn's loss was attributed to "purely local conditions and local strife," such as anger over bank failures and Hepburn's choices for local postmasters.

After his defeat but before his final term ended, he became the chairman of a 25-member group seeking once again to reform House rules that allowed Speaker Joe Cannon to amass even greater powers.  This time, Hepburn's reform efforts succeeded; Speaker Cannon was forced to surrender the power to block bills he did not like from coming to the floor once they received committee support.

After Congress
Hepburn returned to the practice of law, first in Washington, D.C., then in Clarinda.  He died on February 7, 1916.

Honors
The small town of Hepburn, Iowa, a few miles north of Clarinda, was named in his honor.

His home in Clarinda, known as the William P. Hepburn House, is a National Historic Landmark.

References

 Retrieved on 2009-05-06

1833 births
1916 deaths
People from Wellsville, Ohio
Politicians from Iowa City, Iowa
Iowa lawyers
People of Iowa in the American Civil War
Union Army officers
People from Clarinda, Iowa
Progressive Era in the United States
Washington, D.C., Republicans
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Iowa
Chittenden family
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers

William P. Hepburn


Roger Caesar Marius Bernard de Delgado Torres Castillo Roberto (1 March 1918 – 18 June 1973), better known as Roger Delgado, was a British actor. He began his acting career in 1939. He is best known as the first actor to play the Master in the BBC science fiction series Doctor Who. He appeared as the Master in 37 episodes from 1971 until his death in 1973.

Delgado was born in Whitechapel, London. He was the son of a Belgian mother and a Spanish father. He served as a major during the Second World War. He was married to Kismet Shahani.

On 18 June 1973, Delgado was killed in a car accident in Nevşehir, Turkey. He was 55. He died while filming the French-German TV miniseries La Cloche tibétaine (English: Tibetan Bell).

References

Other websites

1918 births
1973 deaths
Actors from London
British military personnel of World War II
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
Road accident deaths

Roger Delgado


Baby-Sitters Little Sister is a series spin-off of The Baby-Sitters Club novel series. Written by Ann M. Martin, the series centered on six later seven-year-old Karen Becky Sue Brewer, the stepsister to Kristin Amanda "Kristy" Thomas, who is President of The Baby-Sitters Club. In this series, Karen is a second grader at Stoneybrook Academy. The stories are about the adventures that Karen and her best friends Hannah "Hannie" Papadakis and Nancy Dawes have. Karen usually tries to do the right thing, but because she has been through some hard times in her young life, she sometimes makes a mistake. She does, however, learn from her mistakes.

In the beginning of the series, Karen and her younger brother, Andrew, live primarily with their mother, Lisa, and stepfather, Seth Engle in Forest Drive. Karen and Andrew do not get to spend much time with their father, Watson Brewer, and stepmother, Elizabeth "Liz" Thomas-Brewer in McLelland Road every other weekend. Therefore, they end up missing the extended family so much that they request to spend equal time with both families. Karen and Andrew now spend one month at the "little house" and another month at the "big house".

Although the series covered holiday celebrations every year in real-time, Karen only celebrated her birthday once (she turned seven years old in Baby-Sitters Little Sister #7, Karen's Birthday).

On April 30, 2019, it was announced that there are plans for a series of Baby-Sitters Little Sister graphic novels illustrated by Katy Farina and colored by Braden Lamb. The first graphic novel, Karen's Witch, was released on December 26, 2019. Three more graphic novels followed: Karen's Roller Skates was released on July 7, 2020, Karen's Worst Day was released on December 29, 2020, Karen's Kittycat Club was released on July 20, 2021, Karen's School Picture was released on February 1, 2022, Karen's Birthday was released on January 3rd, 2023, Karen's Haircut was released on July 4th, 2023, followed by Karen's Sleepover in May 2024.

See also

List of The Baby-sitters Little Sister novels

References

Series of children's books
The Baby-Sitters Club

Baby-Sitters Little Sister


Sirshendu De is an Indian engineering scientist. He is a professor of the Department of Chemical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur. Sirshendu De's research interests include membrane separations, transport processes and flow through micro-channels.

Sirshendu De obtained his Bachelors, Masters and PhD degrees in Chemical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur. He joined Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur in the year 1998. De has won almost every award in the field of Chemical Engineering from Amar Dye Chem award ( 2000) to Herdilia Award (2010). He has also won INAE Young Engineer award (2001),Young Engineer award, Department Of Science and Technology (2001), Sisir Kumar Mitra memorial award (2003), Department of Atomic Energy- SRC Outstanding Investigator award (2012) and Silver Jubilee Young Engineer award (2012) from the Indian National Academy of Engineering, New Delhi.

In 2011, he was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, the highest science award in India, in the engineering category.

He is also a Fellow of Indian National Academy of Engineering, and National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad. Besides being a prolific scientist, De has also published a number of books and holder of a number of patents. His most important invention being the low cost arsenic filter, whereby he designed an ultra low cost arsenic filter directed for the rural households of India. He is also the developer of an indigenous, low cost process for spinning dialysis membrane. He has won National Award for Technology Innovation in category of polymers in public healthcare as well as being adjudged in Top 10 of DST-Lockheed Martin award for IC2 Business Development Support for this technology.

De has over 250 international journal publications/peer reviewed articles, over 50 conference presentations (national and international). He is the hoder of 15 patents (national and international), has authored 8 books and 4 of his developed technologies have been transferred to the industry. His work has been cited over 3400 times, with his H-index being 52. Presently he is the INAE Chair Professor of Chemical Engineering at Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur.

Major research interests

Membrane separations (analysis, design and development of ultrafiltration / reverse osmosis systems), Application of mathematical methods and modeling for transport processes; Heat and mass transfer; Modeling of material processing; Pollution control; Effluent treatment.

Products developed for research and industry

1. A low cost hollow fiber membrane spinning unit

2. Complete table top set up of hollow fiber membrane module.

3. Design of pilot scale nanfiltration and ultrafiltration units.

4. Design of pilot unit for ceramic membrane filtration.

5. Design of low cost arsenic filter unit both for community and domestic scales.

References

Living people
Engineers from West Bengal
Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science
1967 births
Indian chemical engineers
20th-century Indian chemists
Scientists from Kolkata

Sirshendu De


Jimmy Jatt Amu (born October 15, 1966), professionally referred to by his stage name DJ Jimmy Jatt, is a Nigerian disc jockey who is revered as one of the pioneering Afrobeats hip hop DJs in Nigeria. He started out his music career as a rapper under the sobriquet Master J but delved into DJing after his failure in getting signed by a record label despite releasing a handful of songs including a demo recording. He is best known for his Jimmy's Jump Off concert, an event he started in 2008 to become one of the most attended entertainment events in Nigeria. In 2006, he won the Hip Hop World Hall of Fame award at the maiden edition of The Headies for his contribution to hip-hop in Nigeria.

Early life and career
Jimmy Amu is a native of Ijebu Ode, Ogun State, but he was born and bred in Lagos Island, Lagos State, Nigeria where he had his basic and secondary education. Born to a father who was a sound equipment dealer, Jimmy Jatt developed interest in music at a tender age. He grew up listening to various genres of music including pop, afrojuju, highlife, afrobeat, jazz, hip-hop, rhythm and blues and soul.
He began his career as a rapper under the stage name Master J but had to switch into DJing after he failed to secure a record label contract upon releasing several songs and demos. He soon became popular as a DJ for hosting a street carnival called "Road Block", an event which involved lyrical rap battles between upcoming and underground rappers. In 2007, he released a mixtape titled The Definition, a compilation of songs which features several Nigerian artistes including Sound Sultan, 2Baba, Mode 9, Naeto C, 9ice, Ruggedman, eLDee, M.I among others. The mixtape included "Stylee", a song which features vocals from 2Baba, Mode 9 and ElaJoe and went on to be nominated in two categories at the 2007 edition of the Channel O Music Video Awards. With a T.V programme called Jimmy's Jump Off, several collaborations, awards and nominations and endorsement deals; DJ Jimmy Jatt is highly recognised and revered for pushing hip-hop in Nigeria.

Discography

Studio albums
The Definition (2007)
The Industry Vol 1 (2014)
Urban Heartbeat (2017)

References

External links

1966 births
Living people
People from Ijebu Ode
Musicians from Ogun State
Nigerian hip hop DJs
Nigerian hip hop musicians
Afrobeats musicians

DJ Jimmy Jatt


The family Eupleridae is a group of carnivores found in Madagascar. The family has of eight species and seven genera in two subfamilies. They live in a variety of habitats, from humid forests, marshes, bogs, and swamps, to deserts and savannas.

The Euplerids are a clade. They are descendents of ancestors which rafted over from Africa about 20 million years ago (mya). They are closely related to mongooses. The fossa and the Malagasy civet (Fossa fossana) are believed to be the most ancient surviving species in this group.

Euplerids usually have slender bodies with relatively small heads. Head and body length ranges from 250 mm to 800 mm. Euplerids are primarily carnivorous, eating small mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs, insects, crustaceans, and other invertebrates. Fossa fossana and Galidia elegans may also eat some fruit.

Reproduction
Fossas form monogamous pairs, while species in the genera Galidia, Mungotictis, and Salanoia live alone or in pairs, suggesting that they are monogamous for one breeding season only. Mungotictis individuals live in small groups with several adults of each sex, but it is not known if all of the adults in a group breed. Cryptoprocta only live alone, suggesting a polygynous or polygynandrous mating system.

Euplerids have definite breeding seasons. Each species' season is different and lasts from two to eight months. Gestation lasts around three months. Usually, just one or two young are born per litter, though Cryptoprocta can have up to four. Weaning takes place between two and four and a half months.

Conservation status
All species in this family are threatened. The main causes are loss of habitat and hunting by humans or dogs. (IUCN 2006)

References

Feliformia
Mammals of Africa

Eupleridae


Marcel Céline Gerard Edgard Vanthilt  (; born 24 August 1957) is a Belgian singer and television presenter.

Early life
Marcel Vanthilt was born on 24 August 1957, in Lommel, Belgium. After attending high school, Marcel studied at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and attained a bachelor's degree in political sciences. He came to Brussels because he knew the VRT had offices there. He didn't know at the time there was something like a drama school, like St.-Lukas in Brussels. In 1977, during his spell at the university, he discovered Punk.

Musical career

Arbeid Adelt!
Marcel Vanthilt rose to fame with his group 'Arbeid Adelt!' (literally: "Labor ennobles"), formed in 1981. He provided vocals and played keyboard for the group, singing mainly in Dutch. They made 2 EPs ('Jonge Helden' and 'Le chagrin en Quatre-vingt') and scored minor hits with 'De Dag dat het zonlicht...' and 'Lekker Westers'. Despite the initial success, the group decided to split. One year later, they reformed, only to split again after releasing one single ('Stroom'). The reason behind this was the discontent of the group with their record label, and also differing opinions between the group members about the future of the band. Vanthilt noted the following comment: "They saw us as a kind of clowns. They refused to bring out the songs that were representative of what we were doing, and released "Stroom" en "Witte kom hie". Those were both good jokes, good for a laugh at the live gigs, but not good as a release two years after your last record."

In 1991 the group got together again and got a deal from Virgin Records. This resulted in their first full CD, 'Des Duivels Oorkussen'. However, they were not able to break through commercially.

In 1996 he also recorded the song "I Shoot Dikke Jo" with the Tuvan throat singing ensemble Huun-Huur-Tu.

Other
Vanthilt tried to gain musical fame with two other groups: "The Yéh-yéhs" and "Groep Z"(in 2004). Both stints were unsuccessful.

He also designed the album cover of Clouseau's record En Dans (2001).

Television career

VPRO

In the early 1980s Vanthilt worked for VPRO on Dutch television. One of the projects he worked on was the presentation of Big Fun in the Big Town (1986), a documentary about Hip hop music, credited for making the genre very popular in the Netherlands. It became available on DVD in 2012.

MTV VJ
From 1987 to 1990, Vanthilt lived in London. There he became a VJ for the new music station MTV Europe. His most famous programme there was "Cokes & Vanthilt", which he presented in co-operation with Ray Cokes. The two got together again on New Year's Eve 2008 for a one time show on Belgian network Canvas.

United States
From 1996 to 1998, Vanthilt moved to the United States, in pursuit of his wife. He tried to launch an acting career, but was ultimately unsuccessful. He can be seen as an extra in an episode of Friends (S3E17). After he divorced his wife, he returned to Belgium. He also wrote columns and was reporter for the magazine Panorama. He bundled his columns in a book, called Ha!Merika! and also adapted it to a theatre show.

Belgian TV and radio career
From 1998 onwards, Vanthilt became involved with the media in Belgium, mostly on Flemish radiostation Studio Brussel and TV-station Eén. On TV, he hosted various shows, such as quizzes ('Quix', 'ViaVia', 'De lage Landen'). His most famous quiz was perhaps 'Tien voor Taal', a language-centered quiz, which he co-hosted with Dutch presenter Anita Witzier. He had a short stint with vtm, for which he hosted 'Tilt' (1993–1995), but soon returned to the VRT. He further hosted reality show "Wit in Vegas" (2005), in which he accompanied couples wanting to get married in Las Vegas. On 26 November 2005, Vanthilt co-hosted the Junior Eurovision Song Conteset with Maureen Louys. In recent years, Vanthilt has appeared on screen as a talkshow host. From 2006 to 2009 he appeared as a weekly guest in late night talkshow "De laatste show". He continued on to host the summer talkshow Zomer 2007 and Zomer 2008, in alternation with Ben Crabbé. Since 2009 he has his own summer talkshow, Villa Vanthilt. These shows are recorded in a makeshift studio in a Flemish city. In 2009, the cities chosen were Ghent and Hasselt; in 2010 Hasselt and Kortrijk. He has since started the 2011-season of Villa Vanthilt, five weeks in Dendermonde and five weeks in Roeselare. His program is scheduled to run to the end of August. Since 2009, Vanthilt also hosts Ook getest op mensen, a TV show mainly focusing on health related consumer issues (Eén).

His most important radio show was "Was het nu 70, 80 of 90" (Was it 70, 80 or 90?), but he also hosted the "Album 100".

References

20th-century Belgian male singers
20th-century Belgian singers
Living people
Belgian radio presenters
Belgian rock singers
Belgian pop singers
English-language singers from Belgium
Belgian game show hosts
Belgian television talk show hosts
VJs (media personalities)
Album-cover and concert-poster artists
People from Lommel
1957 births
21st-century Belgian male singers
21st-century Belgian singers
Vrije Universiteit Brussel alumni

Marcel Vanthilt


Sanna Laura Voutilainen (born 17 May 1975 in Jyväskylä) is a Finnish pop singer.

Career
Voutilainen's debut single was called "Muuttanut oot maailmain" but her breakthrough came with the 1993 single "Kerran" which reached the Top Ten of the Finnish charts in January 1994. Also in 1994 the singer's debut album Laura Voutilainen was released selling in excess of 120,000 units; Voutilainen was consequently honored as Finland's top female vocalist with the Emma Award for 1994, an honor she again earned for the year 1996.  Voutilainen has released a total of six albums and since 1999 she has hosted a TV show of her own.

Voutilainen participated in the Finnish national preliminary round for Eurovision 2002 with the song "Addicted to You". With 46 points awarded by the jury and 36% of the public vote "Addicted to You" easily won the right to represent Finland at Eurovision 2002: despite heavy promotion - reportedly the most ever afforded a Finnish Eurovision entrant - and high expectations for its Eurovision placing, "Addicted to You" finished Eurovision 2002 in twentieth place out of a field of twenty-four and failed to reach the Finnish Top Ten, stalling at #11.

In 2007 Voutilainen made a bid to again represent Finland at Eurovision participating in Euroviisut 2007,the Finnish national preliminary for Eurovision 2007. Voutilainen was one of twelve contenders at Euroviisut 2007 each of whom sang two songs in the semi-finals with one of each contender's songs being advanced to the final: of Voutilainen's two semi-final numbers: "Kosketa Mua" and "Take a Chance", the last-named advanced to the Euroviisut 2007 final where it placed fourth.

Discography

Albums

Laura Voutilainen (1994)
Kaksi karttaa (Two Maps) (1996)
Lumikuningatar (Snowqueen) (1997) - Christmas album
Etelän yössä (In the Southern Night)  (1998)
Puolet sun auringosta (Half of Your Sun) (2001 / Eurovision edition 2002)
Päiväkirja (Diary) (2003)
Tässä hetkessä (In This Moment) (2005)
Lauran päiväkirja (Laura's Diary) (2006) - collection
Kosketa mua (Touch me) (2007)
Palaa (Come back) (2008)
Sydänjää (Heart Ice) (2009)
Suurimmat Hitit (Biggest Hits) (2010)
Ihmeitä (Wonders) (2011)
KokoNainen (Whole Woman) (2013)
Miks ei  (2017)
Minun tähteni  (2019)

EPs
Lauran joulu (2005)

Singles
"Addicted to You" (2002)
"Miks Ei" (2016)

Dubbing

See also
 List of best-selling music artists in Finland

References

External links
Official homepage of Laura Voutilainen

1975 births
Living people
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2002
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Finland
21st-century Finnish women singers
Finnish voice actresses
People from Jyväskylä
20th-century Finnish women singers

Laura Voutilainen


Jacqueline Mary du Pré  (26 January 1945 – 19 October 1987) was a British cellist. At a young age, she achieved enduring mainstream popularity. Despite her short career, she is regarded as one of the greatest cellists of all time.

Her career was cut short by multiple sclerosis, which forced her to stop performing at the age of 28; she died 14 years later at the age of 42.

She was the subject of the 1998 biographical film Hilary and Jackie, which attracted criticism for perceived inaccuracy and sensationalism.

Early years, education
Du Pré was born in Oxford, England, the second child of Iris Greep and Derek du Pré. Derek was born in Jersey, where his family had lived for generations. After working as an accountant at Lloyds Bank in St Helier and London, he became assistant editor and later editor of The Accountant. Iris was a talented concert pianist who had studied at the Royal Academy of Music.

At the age of four du Pré is said to have heard the sound of the cello on the radio and asked her mother for "one of those".  She began with lessons from her mother, who composed little pieces accompanied by illustrations, before enrolling at the London Violoncello School at age five, studying with Alison Dalrymple. For her general education, du Pré was enrolled first at Commonweal Lodge, a former independent school for girls in Purley, and then at the age of eight, transferred to Croydon High School, an independent day school for girls in South Croydon. In 1956, at the age of 11, she won the Guilhermina Suggia Award, and was granted renewal of the award each year until 1961. The Suggia award paid for du Pré's tuition at the Guildhall School of Music in London, and for private lessons with the celebrated cellist William Pleeth.

In late 1958, the family moved to London, where Derek du Pré took the job of Secretary of the Institute of Cost and Works Accounting. In January 1959, du Pré was enrolled in Queen's College, where she fell behind in her schoolwork, and in December du Pré's parents withdrew her from the school. This ended du Pré's general education; she never took the GCE.

From an early age, du Pré was entering and winning local music competitions alongside her sister, flautist Hilary du Pré. In 1959 she began appearing at children's and young musicians' concerts, including with fellow students at the Guildhall end-of-term concert in March, followed by an appearance on BBC Television, playing the Lalo Cello Concerto. In May she repeated the Lalo concerto with the BBC Welsh Orchestra in Cardiff, with an additional recording of the Haydn Cello Concerto at the BBC Lime Grove Studios with the Royal Philharmonic. In 1960 du Pré won the Gold Medal of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and the same year participated in a Pablo Casals masterclass in Zermatt, Switzerland. Pleeth entered her in the Queen's Prize competition for outstanding musicians under 30. The panel, chaired by Yehudi Menuhin, unanimously awarded du Pré the prize, and Menuhin subsequently invited her to play trios with him and his sister.

Career
In March 1961, at the age of 16, du Pré made her formal début at Wigmore Hall, London. She was accompanied by Ernest Lush, and played sonatas by Handel, Brahms, Debussy and Falla, and a solo cello suite by Bach.  She made her concerto début on 21 March 1962 at the Royal Festival Hall playing the Elgar Cello Concerto with the BBC Symphony Orchestra under Rudolf Schwarz; repeating the Elgar at The Proms with the same orchestra on 14 August of the same year, under Sir Malcolm Sargent. In September 1962, du Pré débuted at the Edinburgh Festival with Brahms' Second Cello Sonata, followed by débuts in Berlin in September and Paris in October, playing the Schumann Cello Concerto. After the Paris début, du Pré enrolled at the Conservatoire de Paris to study for six months with Paul Tortelier, the tuition paid by her final Suggia Award stipend, although she continued to refer to Pleeth as her primary teacher.

In 1963, du Pré performed at The Proms, playing the Elgar Concerto with Sir Malcolm Sargent. Her performance of the concerto proved so popular that she returned three years in succession to perform the work. At her 3 September 1964 Prom Concert, she performed the Elgar concerto as well as the world premiere of Priaulx Rainier's Cello Concerto. Du Pré became a favourite at the Proms, returning every year until 1969.

In 1965, at age 20, du Pré recorded the Elgar Concerto for EMI with the London Symphony Orchestra and Sir John Barbirolli, which brought her international recognition. This recording has become a benchmark for the work, and one which has never been out of the catalogue since its release. Du Pré also performed the Elgar with the BBC Symphony Orchestra under Antal Doráti for her United States début, at Carnegie Hall on 14 May 1965. In 1966 du Pré studied in Russia with Mstislav Rostropovich, who was so impressed with his pupil that at the end of his tutorship he declared her "the only cellist of the younger generation that could equal and overtake [his] own achievement."

In 1968, at the suggestion of Ian Hunter, a composition was created by Alexander Goehr specifically for du Pré, Romanza for cello and orchestra, op.24, which she premiered at the Brighton Music Festival, with Daniel Barenboim conducting the New Philharmonia Orchestra.

In addition to those already mentioned, Du Pré performed with numerous orchestras throughout the world, including the London Philharmonic, Cleveland Orchestra, New Philharmonia Orchestra, BBC Symphony Orchestra, New York Philharmonic, Philadelphia Orchestra, Chicago Symphony, Israel Philharmonic, and the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra. She made her debut with the Berliner Philharmoniker in 1968 playing Dvořák's Cello Concerto in B minor with Zubin Mehta. She regularly performed with conductors such as Barbirolli, Sargent, Sir Adrian Boult, Daniel Barenboim, and Leonard Bernstein.

Du Pré primarily played on two Stradivarius cellos, one from 1673 and the Davidov Stradivarius of 1712.  Both instruments were gifts from her godmother, Isména Holland, the wife of composer Theodore Holland. She performed with the 1673 Stradivarius from 1961 until 1964, when she acquired the Davidov. Many of her most famous recordings were made on this instrument, including the Elgar Concerto with Barbirolli, the Robert Schumann Cello Concerto with Barenboim and the two Brahms cello sonatas. From 1969 to 1970 she (like Casals before her) played on a Francesco Goffriller cello, and in 1970 acquired a modern instrument from the Philadelphia violin maker Sergio Peresson. It was the Peresson cello that du Pré played for the remainder of her career until 1973, using it for a second, live, recording of the Elgar Concerto, and her last studio recording, of Frédéric Chopin's Cello Sonata in G minor and César Franck's Violin Sonata in A arranged for cello, in December 1971.

Her friendship with musicians Yehudi Menuhin, Itzhak Perlman, Zubin Mehta and Pinchas Zukerman, and marriage to Daniel Barenboim led to many memorable chamber-music performances. In a book review for two biographies about the cellist, Eugenia Zukerman, the flautist and former wife of Pinchas Zukerman, judged du Pré "one of the most stunningly gifted musicians of our time". The 1969 performance at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London of the Schubert Piano Quintet in A major, "The Trout", was the basis of a film, The Trout, by Christopher Nupen. Nupen made other films featuring du Pré, including Jacqueline du Pré and the Elgar Cello Concerto, a documentary featuring a live performance of the Elgar; and The Ghost, with Barenboim and Zukerman in a performance of the "Ghost" Piano Trio in D major, by Beethoven.

Personal life
Du Pré met pianist and conductor Daniel Barenboim in London on Christmas Eve 1966. Shortly before the Six-Day War of 1967, she cancelled all of her current engagements and flew to Jerusalem with Barenboim. There, she converted to Judaism and they married at the Western Wall on 15 June 1967 after giving concerts around Israel for its troops and citizens. Barenboim and du Pré were highly regarded as a "golden couple" in the music industry during the late 1960s and early 1970s, with their extensive performing and recording collaborations being ranked as some of the finest of their time.

The posthumous memoir A Genius in the Family (later renamed Hilary and Jackie) by Jacqueline's siblings Hilary du Pré and Piers, published well after her death, alleges that she had an extramarital affair with Christopher Finzi, her brother-in-law, from 1971 to 1972 when she was visiting Hilary's family.

Multiple sclerosis
In 1971, du Pré's playing declined as she began to lose sensitivity in her fingers and other parts of her body. She was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in October 1973. Her last recording, of sonatas by Chopin and Franck (the latter originally for violin), was made in December 1971. She went on sabbatical from 1971 to 1972, and performed only rarely. She started performing again in 1973, but by then her condition had become severe.  For her January tour of North America, some of the less-than-complimentary reviews were an indication that her condition had worsened except for brief moments when her playing was without noticeable problems. Her last London concerts were in February 1973, including the Elgar Concerto with Zubin Mehta and the New Philharmonia Orchestra on 8 February.

Her last public concerts took place in New York in February 1973: four performances of the Brahms Double Concerto with Pinchas Zukerman and Leonard Bernstein conducting the New York Philharmonic were scheduled. Du Pré recalled that she had problems judging the weight of the bow, and just opening the cello case had become difficult. As she had lost sensation in her fingers, she had to coordinate her fingering visually. She played only three of the four concerts, cancelling the last, in which Isaac Stern took her place on the programme with Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto.

Whilst definitive diagnosis of du Pré's MS type is not available, some speculate that it was relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Use of corticosteroids may have had adverse effects, including Cushing's syndrome.

Death

Du Pré died in London on 19 October 1987 at age 42, and is buried in Golders Green Jewish Cemetery.

The Vuitton Foundation purchased her Davidov Stradivarius for just over £1 million and made it available on loan to Yo-Yo Ma. After being owned by the Norwegian cellist Øyvind Gimse, the 1673 Stradivarius, named by Lynn Harrell the Du Pré Stradivarius in tribute, is now on extended loan to Hungarian cellist István Várdai. Du Pré's 1970 Peresson cello is currently on loan to cellist Kyril Zlotnikov of the Jerusalem Quartet.

There is a blue plaque celebrating her memory at her former home, 27 Upper Montagu Street, Marylebone.

In 2021, actress Miriam Margolyes claimed in her memoir This Much is True that du Pré died in an assisted suicide. She stated that her therapist, Margaret Branch, told her that she assisted the suicide via lethal injection. Du Pré's husband, Daniel Barenboim, called the claim "unverifiable" and said it had "absolutely nothing to do with the reality of Jackie's passing".

Cultural depictions

Book and film
The posthumous memoir A Genius in the Family by Hilary and Piers du Pré was written at the same time as  the 1998 film Hilary and Jackie, directed by Anand Tucker, which was based partially on interviews with Hilary and Piers. The film's release promoted the popularity of the memoir. Both the book and the film have been criticised for sensationalising Jacqueline du Pré's personal life, although the general claim of an affair was supported by others.

The memoir's content in general remains factually unsupported and disputed, and contains significant omissions. The memoir's actual description of events is ambiguous, and describes Jacqueline's sudden request for sexual "therapy sessions" as occurring within a period of extreme mental depression. The unusual depression (deemed an early symptom of multiple sclerosis) also coincided with a long period in which Finzi took the initiative in verbally comforting Jacqueline. Hilary claims that she was helping her sister through her depression. She also argues, however, that she was victimised by her sister's demands, and concludes that her sister had a desire for her husband. The memoir's account of the affair with Finzi was contested by Hilary's daughter, Clare Finzi, who suggested that her father was a serial adulterer who had seduced her emotionally vulnerable aunt in a time of great need to gratify his own ego. The posthumous allegation of an affair, combined with Hilary's claim to be victimised, inevitably generated a controversy over Jacqueline du Pré's personal life.

The film Hilary and Jackie differs from the memoir on several key factual points, and has been criticised by some for imposing a scandal on Jacqueline's personal life. Clare Finzi, Hilary's daughter, charged that the film was a "gross misinterpretation which I cannot let go unchallenged." It portrays Jacqueline from Hilary's point of view before moving to a portrayal of events as imagined from Jacqueline's own perspective. The film contains factually disputed elements, portraying Jacqueline as being predatory and actively planning to seduce her sister's husband. The director, Anand Tucker, defends the film's portrayal of an affair by arguing that extant alternatives amount to canonisation or hagiography, and that he was "deeply moved [by] Hilary's sacrifice". The film and book were also defended for their emotional power and broad authenticity, despite fictional content regarding aspects of Jacqueline's personality and the specifics of events.

Writing in The Guardian, however, Hilary defended the film's depiction of events and her sister's personality, arguing that it accurately portrayed her darker side, the "MS side"; and in The New Yorker she argued that detractors simply "want to look only at the pieces of Jackie's life they [are ready to] accept". According to Hilary, "[t]he ravages of MS changed Jackie's personality. The Jackie I knew and loved died years before her actual death in 1987, but to be truthful I had to show the MS side of her". Others, such as Christopher Nupen, took a different view, holding that Jacqueline's struggle with multiple sclerosis was more complex, with sustained periods of normality even to the very end.

Ballet
Choreographer Cathy Marston choreographed a one-act ballet titled The Cellist, based on du Pré's life, for The Royal Ballet. The ballet premiered in 2020 at the Royal Opera House, with Lauren Cuthbertson as "The Cellist", Matthew Ball as "The Conductor" and Marcelino Sambé as "The Instrument".

Opera
Jacqueline, by Luna Pearl Woolf (music) and Royce Vavrek (libretto) had its world premiere at Canada's National Ballet School's Betty Oliphant Theatre in Toronto, in a production by Tapestry Opera, on 19 February 2020.

Honours and awards
Du Pré received several fellowships from music academies and honorary doctorate degrees from universities for her outstanding contributions to music in general and her instrument in particular. In 1956, at the age of 11, she was the second recipient (after Rohan de Saram in 1955) of the prestigious Guilhermina Suggia Award, and remains the youngest recipient. In 1960, she won the Gold Medal of the Guildhall School of Music in London and the Queen's Prize for British musicians. She was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1976 New Year Honours. At the 1977 BRIT Awards, she won the award for the best classical soloist album of the past 25 years for Elgar's Cello Concerto.

After her death, a rose cultivar named after her received the Award of Garden Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society. She was made an honorary fellow of St Hilda's College, Oxford, whose music building bears her name.

In 2012, she was voted into the first Gramophone Hall of Fame.

Discography

On DVD
 Remembering Jacqueline du Pré (1994), directed by Christopher Nupen
 Jacqueline du Pré in Portrait (2004), directed by Christopher Nupen
 The Trout (1970 documentary released on DVD in 2005), directed by Christopher Nupen
 Jacqueline du Pré: A Celebration of Her Unique and Enduring Gift (2007), directed by Christopher Nupen
 Hilary and Jackie (1998), dramatised portrait directed by Anand Tucker

References

Sources

External links

 Biography on "Cellist.nl" Database

1945 births
1987 deaths
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century English musicians
Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama
Burials at Golders Green Jewish Cemetery
20th-century converts to Judaism
Neurological disease deaths in England
Deaths from multiple sclerosis
People with multiple sclerosis
EMI Classics and Virgin Classics artists
English classical cellists
English Jews
English people with disabilities
Jewish classical musicians
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Croydon High School
musicians from Oxford
British women classical cellists
20th-century English women musicians
20th-century cellists

Jacqueline du Pré


Heterodon platirhinos, also known as the Eastern hognose snake, is a species of mildly venomous colubrid snake. It lives throughout North America.

Description
The average length for an adult eastern hognose snake is 71 cm (28 in) in length. The most amazing feature is the upturned nose. It is used for digging in sandy soils. It can be red, green, orange, brown or gray to black depending on where it comes from. The belly tends to be a solid gray, yellow, or cream-colored.

Distribution and Habitat
It is found from southern New Hampshire south to the southern tip of Florida and into the central United States. Eastern hognose snakes are also found as far west as Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, and into the southern tip of South Dakota. In total, they are found in about thirty states in the United States and are also found in southern Ontario.

Eastern hognose snakes are mostly found in places with dry, sandy, or mixed sandy soils. They are usually found in grassy fields, fields that contain crops, and along woodland edges. Sometimes they can be found near small bodies of water. Eastern hognose snakes are also sometimes found in buildings such as greenhouses and barns.

Diet
The Eastern hognose snake eats mainly frogs, lizards, salamanders, insects, other invertebrates, and small rodents. It is only mildly venomous. That means that, much like garter snakes, there's only enough toxins in their saliva to paralyze small animals.

Predators
The predators of the Eastern hognose snake are raccoons, Virginia opossums, red foxes, hawks, common king snakes, cottonmouths, tarantulas.

Behaviour
Eastern hognose snakes are diurnal animals. They will swim to cross between habitats and to find food or mates. Eastern hognose snakes are mostly active from early April until October or November depending on the temperature. Eastern hognose snakes usually begin hibernation anywhere from early September into November. If the temperatures drop to 19 degrees Celsius, they will begin their hibernation. Eastern hognose snakes hibernate by themselves in either burrows made by themselves or abandoned mammal burrows. Eastern hognose snakes tend to burrow at night into sandy soil.

Reproduction
Eastern hognose snakes mate in April and May. They lay 8 - 40 eggs in June or early July. They do not take care of the eggs or young. The eggs hatch after about 60 days, from late July to September. The hatchlings are 16.5–21 cm (6.5–8.3 in) long.

Defense
When threatened, the hognose will play dead. It sometimes even lets its tongue hang from its mouth.

Venom
It is often thought to be nonvenomous because it is not harmful to humans but it does have venom. Bitten humans who are allergic to the saliva have been known to experience swelling, but no human deaths have been recorded.

Conservation status
Eastern hognose snakes are listed as least concern on the IUCN red list. In the future, they may be threatened because of habitat destruction and decrease in the number of toad in their native areas. Eastern hognose snakes are sometimes mistaken for pygmy rattlesnakes and are often killed because of this.

Economic importance
Eastern hognose snakes eats lots of small mammals, insects, and amphibians and therefore limit their populations. They have the strongest role in limiting toad populations. Eastern hognose snakes have been reported to be mildly venomous to humans.

References

Colubrids
Snakes of North America

Eastern hognose snake


Whether providing services as an accountant or auditor, a certified public accountant (CPA) owes a duty of care to the client and third parties who foreseeably rely on the accountant's work. Accountants can be sued for negligence or malpractice in the performance of their duties, and for fraud.

Sources of CPAs' liability
Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) opinions affect their clients and their judgments can further affect investors, stockholders, firm creditors, or even partners. Large public accounting firms perform thousands of audits annually. Ultimately they will find unmodified reports on financial statements that could appear to be misleading.  If CPAs fail to modify the audit report on financial statements that are materially misstated, investors and firm creditors may experience substantial losses.

Depending on the jurisdiction, CPAs may be liable for damages based upon common law, statutory law, or both. Common law liability arises from negligence, breach of contract, and fraud. Statutory law liability is the obligation that comes from a certain statute or a law, which is applied, to society. Recoveries from these liabilities vary by their source or "theory". Some of these theories are:
 Privity: CPAs and their clients enter into a contract with an agreement to perform certain services. Liability occurs when there is a breach of contract.  This applies to the CPA if they don't perform what they stated in the engagement letter and the client suffers damages.
 Professional negligence: Negligence may be viewed as "failure to exercise due professional care".  Both clients and third parties can sue CPAs for the tort of negligence, which is a wrongful act, injury, or damage for which a civil action can be brought. Negligence can be referred to as ordinary negligence and gross negligence. Ordinary negligence is defined as failure of duty in accordance with applicable standards, and gross negligence is the lack of concern for the likelihood that injuries will result.
 Fraud: Fraud is defined to be a misrepresentation of a material fact by a person who is aware of his or her actions, with the intention of misleading the other party with the other party injured as a result.
 Statutory liability: CPAs have statutory liability under both federal and state securities laws. Statutory liability provides cover for defense costs, fines and penalties charged against the firm. Under statutory law, an auditor can be held civilly or criminally liable.
Due to the risk of liability, CPAs and accounting firms may carry professional liability insurance to provide some protection from legal claims and lawsuits, although some firms choose to self-insure. Concerns about high damage awards and insurance costs have led to proposals to limit liability for public accounting firms.

Common law

Liability to clients
CPAs have an obligation to their clients to exercise due professional care. With an engagement letter, it provides the client and other third parties with rights of recovery. Therefore, if the CPAs are not performing within the agreement set forth in the contract this will be considered a breach of contract. The clients may also claim negligence against the CPAs if the work was performed but contained errors or was not done professionally. This is considered a tort action.

In order to recover from an auditor under common law negligence theory, the client must prove:
 Duty of care
 Breach of Duty
 Losses
 Causation

CPAs may defend against a breach of contract if they can prove that the client's loss occurred because of factors other than negligence by the auditors. If the auditor proves the loss resulted from causes other than the auditor's negligence, a client may be accused of contributory negligence. If a state follows the doctrine of contributory negligence, the auditor may eliminate their liability to the client based on contributory negligence by the client. Many states do not follow this doctrine. Most states permit a jury to assess the fault and apply the correct percentage of fault to the parties involved. This is called comparative negligence.

Liability to third parties
Not all suits brought to an auditor are from a direct client. Third parties can also sue an auditor for fraud, in which case a contract (privity) is necessary. In order for a third party to prevail in a case, there are a number of things they must prove. First, the third party must prove that the auditor had a duty to exercise due care. Second, the third party must prove that the auditor breached that duty knowingly. Third, the third party must prove that the auditor's breach was the direct reason for the loss. Finally, the third party must prove that they suffered an actual loss.

Ultramares (known user) approach
In order for the court to decide if the auditor's duty actually extended to the third party, for ordinary negligence, there are four legal approaches each state could follow. First is the Privity approach, which states the auditor is liable to a third party if an existence of a contract is in existence. This approach was established in Ultramares Corporation v. Touche and is the most limiting approach in respect to scope. Ultramares occurred in 1933 where the defendant CPA distributed an unqualified opinion on the balance sheet of a company. In addition to the CPAs estimations, Ultramares wrote out several loans to the company shortly before the company declared bankruptcy. Ultramares sued the CPA for ordinary negligence. The New York Court of Appeals ruled that CPAs are held accountable for ordinary negligence to their clients and third parties who identify themselves as users of the CPAs reports.

The "near privity" approach was established in Credit Alliance Corp. v. Arthur Andersen & Company. This approach states that the auditor has liability under ordinary negligence if the third party is known to be using the financial statements and there has been some sort of direct communication between the two parties.  An example could be the auditor directly giving a report to the bank that will be providing the loan for an actual client.

Restatement of Torts (foreseen user) approach
The "foreseen" or "Restatement Standard" approach was established by the American Law Institute's (ALI) Second Restatement of Law of Torts. With this approach the auditor is liable to all third parties in which their reliance is foreseen even if the auditor doesn't know the third party.  This approach came about due to Rusch Factors, Inc. v. Levin. In this case, the CPA was found accountable for ordinary negligence to the third party who had not been specifically identified but the CPA was aware that the financial statements were to be used by this party.

Rosenblum (foreseeable user) approach
The "reasonably foreseeable" approach which was created due to Rosenblum v. Adler. This method is very liberal and broad in terms of scope, unlike the privity approach. This system holds an auditor liable to all third parties that rely on financial statements.

Statutory liability
Statutory law consists of written laws created by legislative bodies. Lawsuits brought against auditors based on statutory provisions differ from those under common law. Common law theories of liability may evolve or change over time, and interpretation and application may differ between jurisdictions, while statutory law is constrained to a greater degree by the text of the underlying statute.

United States
The two most important laws relating to auditors' liability are the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. CPAs must also be concerned with the application of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) and with each state's blue sky laws (which regulate the issuance and trading of securities within a certain state).

The Securities Act of 1933 requires a company to register with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). In order to complete registration, the company must include audited financial statements and numerous other disclosures. If the registration statement was to be found materially misstated, both the company and its auditors may be held liable. Those who initially purchase a security offered for sale are the only ones protected by the 1933 Act.  These security purchasers, known as the plaintiffs, only need to prove a loss was constant and that the registration statement was misleading. They do not need to prove that they relied upon the registration or that the auditors were negligent. In order for an auditor to avoid liability, they must provide proof that the audit was performed with due diligence, the plaintiff's losses were not caused by misstated financial statements, the plaintiffs knew of the misstatement at the time the securities were purchased, or the statute of limitations had expired (one year after the discovery of the misstatement, but no more than three years after the security was offered to the public).  The due diligence defense is the defense that most auditors raise, even though it is difficult for auditors to prove their innocence.  The standing precedent on interpretation of due diligence is Escott v. BarChris Construction Corporation, decided in 1968.

The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 requires all companies under SEC jurisdiction to file an annual audit and have quarterly review of financial statements. While the 1933 Act creates liability only to those investors involved in the initial distribution of public offerings, the 1934 Act increases that responsibility to subsequent purchasers and sellers of the stock. This act provides absolute protection to original and subsequent purchasers and sellers of securities. These plaintiffs must prove that:

there was a substantial loss,
the financial statements were misleading, and
they relied upon the financial statements.

According to Ernst & Ernst v. Hochfelder, plaintiffs must show proof of scienter (the intent to deceive, manipulate, or defraud). In order to avoid liability, auditors must prove they are normally able to establish "good faith" unless they have been guilty of gross negligence or fraud. In addition, the auditors may rely on causation, meaning that the losses experienced by the plaintiffs were caused by factors other than the auditor's behavior.

Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act
In 1970, Congress established the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). This act was established as a means of making sure that CPAs who may have been involved with any illegal mob or racketeering activity were brought to justice. The RICO Act allows for triple damages in civil cases that were brought under the act. This later became an issue of liability in Reves vs. Ernst & Young. This was a significant court case, in that, the court decided that for accountants to be liable for damages of a company under this act, they must have participated in the operation or management of the organization. This also led to the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act which essentially eliminated securities fraud as a civil action under RICO unless prior conviction.

Criminal liability under the Securities Acts
The Continental Vending case (also known as United States v. Simon) has set the precedent of severe charges for accountants.  In this case, the U.S. court of appeals convicted three CPAs of gross negligence. Although the CPAs had proof to establish that they complied with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and the U.S. generally accepted accounting standards, Mano states that the district court judge instructed the jury that mere compliance with professional accounting standards was not a complete defense. This led to the conviction of the three CPAs, who were later pardoned by President Richard Nixon.

As the accounting standards and principles evolve, it is essential for those in regulation, of litigation and in the accounting profession to be aware of the principles and the potential risks affiliated with the system concerning liability. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) along with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) have implemented consequences for those who are involved in auditing fraud and any other illegal or unethical behavior in the field. In 1995, the SEC established the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act which in essence mandated auditors to have even stricter guidelines as they pertains to any fraudulent or misleading behavior of their clients.  This act simply states that the auditors must promptly report any illegal acts of its clients to the company's board of directors and if severe enough, to the SEC. According to the guidelines of this Act, auditors are relieved of sanctions if they report required information about clients to the SEC in a timely manner.

References

Accounting in the United States
Public liability

Legal liability of certified public accountants


The Undying Fire is a science fiction novel by Fletcher Pratt. It was first published in both hardcover and paperback by Ballantine Books in 1953. The novel has also been translated into Italian. The book is an expansion of the author's novella "The Conditioned Captain," originally published in the magazine Startling Stories in the issue for May, 1953.

Plot
The story involves an interstellar expedition to steal a neptunium motor from the planet Danaan, punctuated by various political and romantic complications.

Reception
Groff Conklin, writing in Galaxy Science Fiction, called the book "tenuous," rating it "far below the best that Fletcher Pratt can do." He noted that "[t]he astropolitics encountered are involved and the various love motifs energetic, but neither do much to rescue the book from its basic weakness--lack of inventiveness."

The book was also reviewed by the editors of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, August 1953, an anonymous reviewer in Startling Stories, January 1954, P. Schuyler Miller in Astounding Science Fiction, February 1954, Damon Knight in Science Fiction Adventures, March 1954, and L. Jerome Stanton in Future Science Fiction, March 1954.

References

1953 American novels
1953 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
Ballantine Books books
Novels by Fletcher Pratt

The Undying Fire (Pratt novel)


Knjaževac Airport (in use 1989–1996) was situated north of Knjaževac, 500 m north of the village of Minićevo, on the right side of the Knjaževac-Zaječar road and railway. The airport was opened on 19 September 1989 and it was designed for sport flights airplanes, gliders and parachuting jumps, and especially for ultra light aircraft. The surrounding area is very attractive because of the clean nature, it had a large potential for aero tourism in the Knjaževac municipality. The two pilot zones "Mali izvor" and "Debelica" were near the airport.
Flights were controlled from Niš Constantine the Great International Airport. The airport was closed in 1996, when the local government returned the land to previous owners in an attempt to stop the growing displeasure about the situation in the country. What remains of the airport is an old hangar which is not in use anymore and the aircraft that was used at the airport, PZL-104 Wilga 35A, which stands like a monument to a forgotten era of Yugoslavian aviation. The aircraft has not been flown since 1996, and since the airfield was destroyed in a matter of hours, it was unable to fly to the nearest working airport. During the years it was torn apart by thieves and all that remains now is a shell of a dead plane. The main pilot in charge of the airfield and the Knjaževac Aero Club was Velibor Antonić. The last flight in his career was in the very same Wilga 35A.

Food and accommodation were available in motels at the airport, in Suvodolski monastery (5 kilometres from the airport), there are also tourist attractions in the vicinity and Hotels in Knjaževac and Zaječar.
connections to the city by train and bus.

The closed airport is close to the new ski centre with new ski lifts on Stara Planina.

External links
 Knjaževac Airport information (PDF)

Defunct airports
Airports in Serbia

Knjaževac Airport


Alonso Coello Camarero (born 12 October 1999) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Toronto FC in Major League Soccer.

Early life
Born in Madrid, Spain, Coello began playing football at age four with Madrid Sur de Vallecas, eventually moving onto the Atlético Madrid youth system, when he was six, where he played for five years. Afterwards, he joined the youth system of Rayo Vallecano. With the Rayo Vallecano Juvenil, he won the Copa Federación Nacional Juvenil.

College career
In 2018, Coello moved to the United States to attend Florida Atlantic University, where he played for the men's soccer team, joining through the La Liga ProPlayer initiative, a program that allows players from academy teams in Spain, between the ages 16 and 22, to go to the United States to play college soccer, where they can earn a university degree concurrently. At FAU, he studied economics. He scored his first goal on 19 October 2018, on a free kick, against the FIU Panthers. During his freshman season, he led the team with four assists and was named to the C-USA All-Conference Third Team and the C-USA All-Freshman Team. As a sophomore, he became FAU's first-ever player to earn C-USA First Team honors. In his junior year, he was named to the All-C-USA Second Team. In his senior year in 2021, he was named to the All-C-USA Second Team, All-C-USA Tournament Team, and United Soccer Coaches All-Southeast Region Third Team, as FAU reached the C-USA finals for the first time in program history. He served as a team captain from 2019 to 2021.

Club career
In 2019, Coello played with the Dalton Red Wolves in USL League Two. In 2020, he was set to join the Portland Timbers U23 in USL2, however, the season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2022, Coello signed a professional contract with Toronto FC II in MLS Next Pro. He made his debut on April 3 against FC Cincinnati 2. He scored his first professional goal on 8 May, converting a penalty kick against New York City FC II. He served as team captain and played a team-high 2,189 minutes in 25 appearances.

In March 2023, Coello joined the Toronto FC first team on a short-term four day loan ahead of the team's match against the San Jose Earthquakes. He made his Major League Soccer debut on 25 March, starting the match against San Jose, playing the full 90 minutes. He signed a second short-term loan for the following match, as well. In April 2023, he was signed to a permanent contract with the first team for the 2023 season, with club options for 2024 and 2025, after having played the maximum number of two games under MLS short-term loan agreements.

Career statistics

References

External links

1999 births
Living people
Spanish men's footballers
Spanish expatriate men's footballers
Footballers from Madrid
Men's association football midfielders
Florida Atlantic Owls men's soccer players
USL League Two players
Atlético Madrid footballers
Rayo Vallecano players
Toronto FC II players
MLS Next Pro players
Toronto FC players
Major League Soccer players

Alonso Coello (footballer)


The Chickasaw Capitol Building housed the government of the Chickasaw Nation during its last six years of existence. The government ceased to exist on March 4, 1906, a little more than one year before Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory combined to form the present state of Oklahoma. The building was sold to Johnston County, Oklahoma, in 1992, which used it as the county courthouse. The Chickasaw Nation repurchased the structure and has turned it into a museum.

Creation of the National Capitol
After the Chickasaws were forced to emigrate to the Indian Territory, they built their main town, Tishomingo, where they constructed a one-room log council house to serve as their capitol.  In 1856, the Chickasaws built a two-story brick building that would be their capitol until 1898. The ravages of the Civil War and the aftermath of financial hard times left the 1856 building in a sorry state. The Chickasaw leaders ordered that the old building be dismantled and that a new capitol should be put in its place.

However, by 1898, the negotiations were well underway between the Chickasaws, Choctaws and U.S. Government that would result in the Atoka Agreement. A key provision stated that the tribal governments were to be terminated on March 4, 1906.The tribal chiefs ratified the document in November 7, 1896, though it had to be approved by Chickasaw voters in an election held in August 1898.

Despite the knowledge that the capitol would soon become useless because the Nation itself would become defunct, the Nation pursued construction of an imposing building as a memorial to the existence of the Chickasaw people. Robert M. Harris, who was elected Governor in 1896, is credited with being the driving force behind the construction. The Victorian gothic structure is built of red granite from Pennington Creek. The rock came from a quarry owned by Harris, and was cut and hauled into town on mule-drawn wagons. The building encloses  of space and sits amid spacious, well-kept grounds in Tishomingo, Oklahoma.

After Statehood
The building continued to serve until November 7, 1908, when Oklahoma officially became a state and the Chickasaw Nation was officially notified to vacate the premises. It remained vacant until 1910, when the Chickasaw Nation sold it to Johnston County, Oklahoma for use as a courthouse. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1910. The Chickasaw Nation bought it back from Johnston County to turn it into a museum.

Museum
The museum is open Monday through Friday, 8 AM to 5 PM, and Saturday, 10 AM through 4 PM. Tours are offered Tuesday through Friday from 10 AM through 4:30 PM. The largest exhibit presents Chickasaw government history from 1856 through 1907. Other featured exhibits include a replica of Governor Douglas Johnston's office, the National Secretary's vault, a Chickasaw Governors portrait collection, a rotating photography exhibit, and the Chickasaw National Well, just outside the building.

See also
Atoka Agreement
Chickasaw Nation Capitols

Notes

References

External links
 "Chickasaw National Capitols. NPHR Inventory-Nomination Form." November 5, 1971.

Government buildings completed in 1898
1898 establishments in Oklahoma Territory
National Register of Historic Places in Jackson County, Oklahoma
Native American museums in Oklahoma
Chickasaw Nation

Chickasaw Capitol Building


The Wandelweiser Group is a collective for composers and performers of contemporary classical music. Inspired by the work of John Cage, the Wandelweiser Group writes experimental music, which is typically of a very quiet nature and often incorporates performance art. The musicologist Tim Rutherford-Johnson describes them as a "significant feature of art music in the 21st century."

Based around the publisher Edition Wandelweiser, they also have their own record label Wandelweiser Records. Prominent members of the group include Jürg Frey, Taylan Susam and Mark So

Overview
The Wandelweiser Group was founded in 1992 by Dutch-born flautist Antoine Beuger and German violinist Burkhard Schlothauer. In 1993 Swiss clarinetist Jürg Frey was invited to join, followed by American guitarist Michael Pisaro, Swiss pianist Manfred Werder, then Austrian trombonist Radu Malfatti the following year, then American trombonist Craig Shepard, and others. The group runs its own publishing operation, Edition Wandelweiser, and its own record label Wandelweiser Records.

The music of the Wandelweiser collective is characterized by sparse, quiet, fragile soundscapes incorporating frequent silences. According to Radu Malfatti, Wandelweiser music is about "the evaluation and integration of silence(s) rather than an ongoing carpet of never-ending sounds." Michael Pisaro suggests that Wandelweiser works, which often involve extended durations of hours or longer, offer an alternative relationship to time; these pieces "become not a duration to mark, but a space to occupy".

John Cage is a figure of central importance to the Wandelweiser composers; their music is often referred to as "silent music," taking as its starting point Cage's work 4'33", the first composition to consist largely of silence, after the "Marche Funebre" by the Frenchman Alphonse Allais. According to Pisaro, "Beginning with the music of John Cage, it has become possible to see time as having its own structure: not as something imposed on it from the outside by music, but something which is already present, which exists alongside the music."

Performers
 Makiko Nisikaze
 Mark So
 Quatuor Bozzini
 Cristián Alvear

Composers
 Antoine Beuger
 Dante Boon
 Daniel Brandes
 Johnny Chang
 Jürg Frey
 Ben Glas
 Mark Hannesson
 Eva-Maria Houben
 Carlo Inderhees
 Marcus Kaiser
 Jukka-Pekka Kervinen
 Bin Li
 Radu Malfatti
 André O. Möller
 Anastassis Philippakopoulos
 Michael Pisaro
 Kory Reeder
 Burkhard Schlothauer
 Sam Sfirri
 Craig Shepard
 Thomas Stiegler
 Taylan Susam
 Stefan Thut
 Emmanuelle Waeckerlé
 Manfred Werder

References

Citations

Sources

External links
Edition Wandelweiser homepage
The Sound of Silence article from Paris Transatlantic
CD review by La Folia
Article from Neue Musikzeitung
"Wandelweiser und so weiter" 6CD Box Set dedicated to Wandelweiser composers
History of Wandelweiser by Michael Pisaro
Wandelweiser archives at le son du grisli
Alex Ross on Wandelweiser

International music organizations
Composition schools
Arts organizations established in 1992

Wandelweiser


Imidazole (ImH) is a molecule and an organic compound. Its chemical formula is C3N2H4. It is a white or colourless solid that is soluble in water, producing a mildly alkaline solution.

Many natural products, especially alkaloids, have the imidazole ring. This ring system is present in important biological building blocks, such as histidine, and the related hormone, histamine.

References

Organonitrogen compounds

Imidazole


John Dunstan "Torchy" Atkinson  (3 March 1909 – 27 February 1990) was a New Zealand horticultural scientist and scientific administrator.

Atkinson was born in Wellington, New Zealand on 3 March 1909. His father was the solicitor Arnold Atkinson (1874–1917), and his mother was Mary Herrick Atkinson (née Hursthouse). He was known as Duncan by his family, but friends and colleagues almost all referred to him as Torchy for his red hair, and the name stuck even after he had turned grey. New Zealand's tenth Premier, Sir Harry Atkinson, was his grandfather.

Atkinson wrote his master's thesis at Massey University in 1932 with the title Studies on the dieback of lacebarks, Myxosporium hoheria. n.f.sp. He was the director of Fruit Research Station of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), and later the director of the Plant Diseases Division. His research has contributed significantly to New Zealand's strong position as an exporter of fruit. After his retirement in 1974, he was commissioned to write the history of the DSIR. In the 1975 New Year Honours, Atkinson was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, for services to scientific research.

Atkinson died at Birkdale, Auckland, on 27 February 1990.

References

1909 births
1990 deaths
New Zealand horticulturists
20th-century New Zealand botanists
Atkinson–Hursthouse–Richmond family
New Zealand Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People associated with Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (New Zealand)

Torchy Atkinson


The following is a list of series currently or formerly broadcast by Investigation Discovery (ID), a channel dedicated to true crime documentaries that launched in 2008. Most of ID's programs are original productions, but it also airs re-titled off-network reruns, including ABC's 20/20, CBS's 48 Hours, and NBC's Dateline.

On June 7, 2015, ID aired its first ever scripted mini-series; Serial Thriller: Angel of Decay chronicled the investigation of convicted (and later executed) serial killer Ted Bundy. A second installment, Serial Thriller: The Chameleon, premiered as a two-part miniseries in December 2015, chronicling the crimes that resulted in the execution of American serial killer Stephen Morin. A third installment, Serial Thriller: The Headhunter, about serial killer Edmund Kemper (which possibly includes the story of serial killer Herbert Mullin), premiered on February 20, 2016.

Current programming

Upcoming programming

Former programming

Reruns
20/20 on ID
48 Hours on ID
Dateline on ID

References

General

External links

ID

List of programs broadcast by Investigation Discovery


Okarche ( ) is a town in Canadian and Kingfisher counties in Oklahoma, United States, that is part of the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Area. The population was 1,215 at the 2010 census, a 9.5 percent increase from 1,110 at the 2000 census.

History
Okarche is located on land that, before 1830, was within the historic area of the Wichita people. The location was in territory assigned to the Creek and Seminole people when removal of tribes from the southeastern United States began in 1830. After the Civil War, parts of Indian Territory were designated for resettlement of Plains Indians. The site of the future town of Okarche was just inside the eastern border of the Cheyenne and Arapaho reservation.

From 1867 to 1884, cattle were driven through the area on the Chisholm Trail from Texas to railheads in Kansas. Later the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad and the state road which would become the Meridian Highway and U.S. Highway 81 would follow roughly the same route through Oklahoma Territory.

On March 2, 1887, the U.S. Congress approved construction of a railroad through Indian Territory. The Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway was given a  right of way through the territory and authorized to take additional right of way for stations every  of track. Railway assets would be turned over to the CRI&P in June 1890. Construction proceeded southward from Caldwell, Kansas, and was completed to Pond Creek by April 1889 and to El Reno in January 1890. The railway depot where Okarche was platted was completed at that time.

The Okarche post office was established June 28, 1890. Cheyenne and Arapaho lands were opened to settlement by land run on April 19, 1892. The town was incorporated in 1905 – two years before statehood. The name of the town is a portmanteau, derived from parts of three words, Oklahoma (OK), Arapaho (AR), and Cheyenne (CHE). The Southern Arapaho and Cheyenne Native American tribes had been relocated to Oklahoma from the northern Great Plains in the late 19th century. The town's population hovered in the 400s for more than three decades after statehood had risen to over 1,200 by 2010.

By the late 1890s, German immigrants were a greater part of the population and German a widely used language of the community. Many had come to America in the wave of 1.5 million German immigrants to the United States in the 1880s and lived in states to the north such as Iowa, Nebraska, or Missouri before coming to Oklahoma Territory. Catholic and Lutheran churches with schools were established as immigrants sought to keep faith and customs from the old country alive in their new home. St. John's Lutheran Church was founded in 1892 and Holy Trinity Catholic Church in 1893. Worship and education was conducted principally in German until American entry into World War I in 1917. Bilingual worship would continue for about two decades.

When federal highway numbering was implemented in November 1926, the Meridian Highway through Okarche was designated US-81 and fully paved in the Okarche area by 1931. The Northwest Highway (OK-3) was opened as a gravel-surfaced road in 1939 and fully paved by 1947. Okarche now has four-lane divided highway access to neighboring communities, including the Oklahoma City metro area. The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad entered its final bankruptcy in 1975. The Union Pacific Railroad now operates on the former Rock Island route.

Geography
Okarche is located on the boundary of Kingfisher and Canadian counties. U.S. Route 81 leads south  to El Reno and  to Interstate 40, and  north of Kingfisher. Oklahoma State Highway 3 leads southeast  to Oklahoma City.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Okarche has a total area of , of which , or 0.14%, is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,215 people, 468 households, and 321 families residing in the town. There were 496 housing units. The racial makeup of the town was 92.8% White, 0.6% African American, 2.3% Native American, 0.0% Asian, 2.3% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.4% of the population.

Of the 468 households, 28.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.3% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.4% were non-families. 29.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.9% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 28.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.3 males.

According to the 2013 American Community Survey, the median income for a household in the town was $54,688, and the median income for a family was $76,250. Males had a median income of $50,682 versus $31,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $32,547. About 6.1% of families and 15.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.7% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
The town is best known for Eischen's Bar, which claims to be "the oldest bar" in the state of Oklahoma and is famous for its secret recipe fried chicken. In 2009, Food Network's program, Guy Fieri's Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives, visited Eischen's, and the bar was featured on the television show.

Major employers include Nortek, formerly Temtrol, a manufacturer of air handling units, coils and fans; and OEM Systems, a firm specializing in custom fitting commercial vehicles and fuel conversion of vehicles to compressed natural gas.

Notable people
 Daniel Henry Mueggenborg, Roman Catholic bishop
 Stanley Rother, martyred Roman Catholic priest and candidate for sainthood
 Chris Schroder, right-handed pitcher for the Washington Nationals

See also

 List of cities and towns in Oklahoma

References

External links

Oklahoma City metropolitan area
Towns in Canadian County, Oklahoma
Towns in Kingfisher County, Oklahoma
Towns in Oklahoma
Populated places established in 1890
1890 establishments in Oklahoma Territory

Okarche, Oklahoma


Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC) is a partially state-owned publicly listed Chinese pure-play semiconductor foundry company. It is the largest contract chip maker in mainland China.

SMIC is headquartered in Shanghai and incorporated in the Cayman Islands. It has wafer fabrication sites throughout mainland China, offices in the United States, Italy, Japan, and Taiwan, and a representative office in Hong Kong.  It provides integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing services from 350 nm to 7 nm process technologies.

State-owned civilian and military telecommunications equipment provider Datang Telecom Group as well as the China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund are major shareholders of SMIC. Notable customers include Huawei, Qualcomm, Broadcom, and Texas Instruments. SMIC expanded in the early 2020s by building four 28 nm process fabs across China as a result of a joint venture with China's state semiconductor fund; the fabs were expected to come online in 2023 and 2024.

History

SMIC was founded on April 3, 2000, and is headquartered in Shanghai. It was incorporated in the Cayman Islands as a limited liability company. It quickly built a fully-owned plant in Shanghai, acquired a Motorola plant in Tianjin, and then began to build a fully-owned plant in Beijing. SMIC also became involved in two projects in Chengdu and Wuhan, which reversed a common pattern in Chinese development of government building, operating, then transferring industrial projects, such that SMIC operated the company, but the capital costs were borne by municipal government, relieving SMIC of the major cost of its fab plants. SMIC however, exited the relationship with these two 'Reverse BOT' projects in favor of fully-owned and majority-owned manufacturing sites. In 2013, SMIC established a joint venture in Beijing to fabricate using 40 nm and below technologies.

On December 22, 2014, SilTech Shanghai, one of SMIC's indirectly wholly owned subsidiaries; JCET; and China IC Fund entered into a co-investment agreement to form a consortium regarding the proposed acquisition of STATS ChipPAC, a provider of advanced semiconductor packaging and test services incorporated in Singapore, shares of which were listed on the Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited before the acquisition. On June 18, 2015, according to the co-investment agreement, SilTech Shanghai invested US$102 million as a capital contribution for 19.6% ownership interest in Changjiang Xinke, a company incorporated in Jiangsu province, China, which is accounted as an associate of the Group.

On June 23, 2015, Huawei, Qualcomm Global Trading Pte. Ltd., IMEC International, and SMIC announced the formation of the SMIC Advanced Technology Research & Development (Shanghai) Corporation, an equity joint venture company. The joint venture company's focus was to be the R&D for the next generation CMOS logic technology and was designed to build China's most advanced integrated circuit (IC) development R&D platform. SMIC Advanced Technology R&D (Shanghai) Corporation is majority owned by SMIC, while Huawei, IMEC, and Qualcomm are minority shareholders. The focus of the joint venture company is on developing 14 nm logic technology.

On June 24, 2016, SMIC. LFoundry Europe and Marsica Innovation entered into a sale and purchase agreement pursuant to which LFoundry Europe and Marsica agreed to sell and SMIC agreed to purchase 70% of the corporate capital of LFoundry S.r.l. for an aggregate cash consideration of EUR49 million subject to adjustment. The acquisition was completed as of July 29, 2016.

On October 14, 2016, Ningbo Semiconductor International Corporation was jointly established by China IC Capital (the wholly owned investment fund of SMIC), Ningbo Senson Electronics Technology Co., Ltd, and Beijing Integrated Circuit Design and Testing Fund with a registered capital of RMB355 million, equal to US$52.8 million. SMIC holds 66.76% of the ownership interest. NSI will develop analog and specialty semiconductor process technology platforms in the areas of high-voltage analog, radio frequency, and optoelectronics. These developments will support customers in IC design and product development for applications in smart home, industrial, and automotive electronics, new generations of radio communications, augmented reality, virtual reality, mixed reality, and other specialty systems.

In 2018, SMIC had gross profits of $747 million and net profits of $149, with $3.6 billion in revenues. It apparently spend around $550 million on research and development, or about 16 percent of sales. On May 18, 2018, ground was broken on the manufacturing base for SMIC in Shaoxing. SMIC was building a plant that would be the first in China to use 14-nanometer production technology. The company said it would increase its investment capacity by 20% in February 2019.

Current co-CEOs are Zhao Haijun and Mong Song Liang. Zixue Zhou serves as chairman of the board. In May 2019, it was said that SMIC's co-chiefs, Zhao Haijun and Liang Mong-song were at odds over how to focus the company.

On May 24, 2019, SMIC announced it would voluntarily delist from the Nasdaq, citing low trade volumes. Along with low US trading volumes, the company named the high administrative cost of maintaining the NYSE listing.; it joined the exchange 14 years before. On May 25, 2019, it announced it would also delist from the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) following Huawei blacklisting by the United States government.

In 2019, Qualcomm, Huawei, and IMEC were still minority shareholders in SMIC's R&D arm.

In May 2020, in support of the country's Made in China 2025 program; the China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund and the Shanghai Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund invested a combined US$2 billion, gaining, respectively, 23.08% and 11.54% ownership of SMIC. In July 2020 SMIC issued 1,685,620,000 shares at 27.46 yuan per share on the STAR Market of the Shanghai Stock Exchange, raising 46.28 billion yuan ($6.62 billion).

On July 21, 2022, the company established 7 nm technology. This technology was achieved in two years.

Litigation with TSMC

The company was the target of a lawsuit brought by TSMC, accusing SMIC of misappropriating TSMC intellectual property. The first round of litigation ended in 2005 with a $175 million settlement. A second round was opened in 2006.  The liability phase of the lawsuit began on September 9, 2009, in Oakland, California, and the jury found SMIC liable on 61 out of 65 claims.

SMIC entered into a settlement agreement with TSMC to resolve all pending lawsuits between the parties, including the legal action filed by TSMC in California for which a verdict was returned by the jury against SMIC on November 4, 2009, and the legal action filed by SMIC in Beijing. SMIC and TSMC entered into a settlement agreement on November 9, 2009, to settle and dismiss the California case, including all claims and defenses of SMIC yet to be decided in that case and SMIC's appeal in the Beijing case, thus concluding all pending court litigation between the parties.

Key provisions of the settlement include a mutual release of all claims that were or could have been brought in the pending lawsuits; termination of SMIC's obligation to make remaining payments under the prior settlement agreement between the parties (approximately US$40 million); payment to TSMC of an aggregate of US$200 million; and a grant to TSMC of approximately 8% of SMIC's issued share capital and a warrant which would allow TSMC to obtain total ownership of approximately 10% of SMIC's issued share capital.

U.S. sanctions

In September 2020, the United States Department of Commerce declared SMIC a military end-user and required that American technology companies dealing with it obtain a license. The action elicited a rebuke from China's Foreign Ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian.

On 4 October 2020, SMIC stated that the U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security had informed some of SMIC's suppliers that according to U.S. export control regulations they must apply for an export license in advance before supplying SMIC with some American equipment, accessories and original products. In December 2020, the United States Department of Defense named SMIC as a company "owned or controlled" by the People's Liberation Army and thereby prohibited any American company or individual from investing in it.

In December 2020, the United States Department of Commerce added SMIC to the Bureau of Industry and Security's Entity List.

On 6 September 2023, Huawei launched its new Mate 60 smartphone. The phone was powered by a new Kirin 9000s chip, made in China by SMIC. This  processor was the first to use the new 7 nanometer SMIC technology. TechInsights had stated in 2022 that it believed SMIC had managed to produce 7 nm chips, even though faced by a harsh sanctions regime, by adapting simpler machines that it could still purchase from ASML. Holger Mueller of Constellation Research Inc. said that this showed that the US sanctions might have had the effect of  sending China's chip-making industry into overdrive." In 2023, with the release of Huawei's Mate 60 Pro, a phone that contained a chip that may violate current trade restrictions, U.S. Congressman Mike Gallagher said that, "U.S. Commerce Department should end all technology exports to Huawei and China's top semiconductor firm following the discovery of new chips in Huawei phones," and that, "this chip likely could not be produced without US technology and thus SMIC may have violated the Department of Commerce's Foreign Direct Product Rule."

Processes

14 nm
On 14 November 2019, SMIC announced that volume production of 14 nm FinFET had begun.

N+1
N+1 is the follow-on to SMIC's 14 nm process, and is targeted for inexpensive chips. Risk production is planned to begin in the fourth quarter of 2020.

SMIC ordered an EUV step-and-scan system from ASML Holding for $120 million in 2018. The order was blocked after the US government pressured the Netherlands and ASML.

N+2
In 2021, SMIC started shipping 7nm chips.

See also
Semiconductor industry
Semiconductor industry in China
List of semiconductor fabrication plants

References

External links

Semiconductor companies of China
Foundry semiconductor companies
Companies based in Shanghai
Electronics companies established in 2000
2000 establishments in China
Companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange
2004 initial public offerings
Chinese brands
Government-owned companies of China
Offshore companies of the Cayman Islands