Ivanhoe, Texas may refer to the following places:

Ivanhoe, Fannin County, Texas, an unincorporated community
Ivanhoe, Tyler County, Texas, a city incorporated in November 2009
Ivanhoe North, a city incorporated in November 2009 that was then merged with the City of Ivanhoe through a November 2010 vote.

Ivanhoe, Texas


Victoria Zugah better known as Vicky Zugah is a Ghanaian female actress and celebrity who hails from the Volta Region of Ghana.

Early life
She is the third daughter of Mr. Komla Zugah and Miss Beatrice Patu from the Volta Region.

Career
Her acting career started when her friends told her she has the ability to act and that she has all features that qualifies her to become an actress, so she had an opportunity to feature in her first movie which she starred alongside Jackie Appiah and the late Suzzy Williams.Her first movie Trokosi became her breakthrough movie and she believe that she was lucky. She loves to learn from her peers and experienced actors in the industry in other to improve upon her skills to act good movies.

Filmography
List of movies she has acted over the years.

 Trokosi
 Total Exchange
 Cross My Heart
 My Darling Princess
 June 4
 Araba Lawson
 Big Girl Club
 Girls Connection
 True Colour
 Pretty Queen
 Tears of Womanhood
 The Return of Beyonce
 The  Bible
King without culture
Inner woman
Oyaw No
Agatha
Act of Shame
Mummy's daughter

References

Living people
21st-century Ghanaian actresses
Ghanaian film actresses
Year of birth missing (living people)

Vicky Zugah


The Dutch–Hanseatic War was a conflict between the County of Holland, acting independently of the rest of the Burgundian Netherlands of which it formed part, and the Hanseatic League. It led to little actual fighting, with a Dutch fleet patrolling Øresund while a Hanseatic fleet blocked their access to the Baltic Sea. It ended after Eric of Pomerania was forced from the throne of Denmark in 1440, and the new king Christopher of Bavaria sought a resolution. Peace was concluded in 1441 with the Treaty of Copenhagen.

Background
The Dutch–Hanseatic War was a war of trade competition and control of Baltic shipping. For several years, tensions between Dutch and Hanseatic traders had risen as the Hanseatic traders struggled to keep Dutch trade with Livonia limited. In response, the Dutch had begun employing privateers against German shipping.

Events and resolution
On 14 April 1438 a formal war was declared by the Dutch administration against the six Wendish cities of the League—Hamburg, Lübeck, Lüneburg, Greifswald, Stettin (now Szczecin) and Anklam—and the County of Holstein, and on 23 April the Hanseatic League informed its member cities of the situation and advised shipping via Flanders, rather than Holland or Zeeland. Little actual fighting took place throughout the war, though in May 1438 the Dutch mobilised all suitable ships in Holland and ordered the construction of 79 new vessels. During much of 1438–1440, the Dutch fleet patrolled Øresund but didn't manage to penetrate deeply into the Baltic Sea itself, as the Wendish fleet managed to block the passage. The State of the Teutonic Order however declared itself neutral, and the cities in Prussia refused any military assistance to support the Hanseatic war effort.

When Eric of Pomerania was forced from the throne of Denmark in 1440, an opening for a settlement with the new king Christopher of Bavaria presented itself. Though nominally allied with the Hanseatic cities, he favoured reconciliation and a solution to the conflict, and even awarded Dutch traders the same rights as Hanseatic traders in Denmark. In September 1441 a peace settlement was made through the Treaty of Copenhagen. The settlement meant that the two parties granted each other free trading rights, which gave the Dutch unrestricted access to trade on the Baltic again. This was to be of long-term benefit for the Dutch rather than the German cities, but the peace settlement also contained costly reparations which the Dutch had to pay.

References

Wars involving the Hanseatic League
Wars involving the Netherlands
Trade wars
1430s conflicts
1440s conflicts
15th century in the Netherlands
15th century in the Burgundian Netherlands

Dutch–Hanseatic War


SpareBank 1 is a Norwegian alliance and brand name for a group of savings banks. The alliance is organised through the holding company SpareBank 1 Gruppen AS owned by the participating banks. In total the alliance is Norway's second largest bank with total assets of NOK 625 billion, 352 branches and 6300 employees. The alliance has its head office in Oslo, Norway. The banks in the SpareBank 1 Alliance distribute SpareBank 1 groups' products and collaborate in key areas such as brands, work processes, expertise development, IT operations and system development.

Companies in the group include the mutual fund company ODIN Forvaltning, the life insurance company SpareBank 1 Livsforsikring, the insurance company SpareBank 1 Skadeforsikring, the credit card company SpareBank 1 Medlemskort, SpareBank 1 Utvikling, the commercial bank Bank 1 Oslo, the car finance company SpareBank 1 Bilplan (19.9%) and the securities company First Securities (24.5%).

History
In 1996 the original members of the alliance, Sparebanken SMN, Sparebanken Nord-Norge, Sparebanken Rogaland and Sparebanken Vest founded the alliance, at first (but never branded) as Sparebankgruppen. The same year the company bought the life insurance company DAVID Livsforsikring, now SpareBank 1 Livsforsikring, in addition to part of the mutual fund company ODIN Forvaltning, now wholly owned by SpareBank 1. In 1997 the alliance of small savings banks Samarbeidende Sparebanker.

In 1998 the Swedish bank FöreningsSparbanken (now Swedbank) purchased 24% of the company. The same year Sparebank 1 established a credit card company followed in 1999 with the establishment of the real estate agent EiendomsMegler 1. The company also buys part of First Securities.

The same year SpareBank 1 purchased VÅR Bank from the labour union Landsorganisasjonen (LO). This bank was renamed Bank 1 Oslo, with branches in Oslo and Akershus while other branches of the bank were taken over by other alliance members. LO acquired at the same time 10% of the stocks in SpareBank 1.

In 2003 the first major member of the alliance leaves when Sparebanken Vest sells its shares. In 2006 Sparebanken Hedmark entered the group, while FöreningsSparbanken sold its shares.

Member banks
SpareBank 1 Gruppen is owned by the participating banks. Sparebanken Hedmark (12%), SpareBank 1 SMN (19.5%), SpareBank Nord-Norge (19.5%) and SpareBank 1 SR-Bank (19.5%) all own part of the company directly while the remaining banks own through Samarbeidende Sparebanker (19.5%). The labor union Landsorganisasjonen (10%) also has an ownership in the company.

Samarbeidende Sparebanker consists of:
SpareBank 1 Buskerud-Vestfold
SpareBank 1 Østfold Akershus
SpareBank 1 Hallingdal
SpareBank 1 Gudbrandsdal
SpareBank 1 Ringerike Hadeland
SpareBank 1 Nordvest
SpareBank 1 Nøtterøy–Tønsberg
SpareBank 1 Telemark
SpareBank 1 Lom og Skjå
SpareBank 1 Søre Sunnmøre

Other associates:
Rygge-Vaaler Sparebank
BNbank

Sponsorships
Sparebank 1 sponsors the Norwegian Tippeligaen football team Viking F.K.  The Sparebank 1 logo can be found on the back across the top of the shirt.

External links

 SpareBank 1 web site

Banking in Norway
Companies based in Oslo
Organizations established in 1996
Banking organizations
1996 establishments in Norway

SpareBank 1


The painted burrowing frog (Neobatrachus pictus) is a species of burrowing frog native to western Victoria, eastern South Australia and southern New South Wales. They are also one of six species of frog which inhabit Kangaroo Island.

Description
The painted burrowing frog is a moderate sized plump frog, reaching 55 mm in length. It is grey to yellow above with brown, olive or green patches. There is sometimes a thin, paler stripe running down the back. The belly is white. The rear toes are partially webbed and the metatarsal tubercles (shovel like structures on the heel of the foot to assist with burrowing) are completely black. The pupil is a vertical slit when contracted, and the iris is silver to gold.

Ecology and behaviour
Painted burrowing frogs inhabit waterholes, dams or pools of watercourses in woodland, grassland, and cleared areas. Males make an elongated trilling sound while floating in water after heavy rains, mainly in winter and autumn. Like other Neobatrachus the species is an adapted burrower and will often spend periods of time underground to avoid drought conditions.

Eggs are laid as loosely adherent clumps which may break apart. Tadpoles are large and reach about 78 mm (at about stage 35). Development takes about 4 to 7 months and metamorphs are often observed from September to November.

When threatened, this species will sometimes rear up all its legs, inflating its body to appear larger to discourage some predators.

It is an uncommon species being threatened with habitat loss and is classified as endangered in New South Wales.

Similar species
It is similar to other species of Neobatrachus, particularly the Sudell's frog (N. sudelli) and the trilling frog (N. centralis), from which it is distinguished by lack of baggy skin around the groin and metatarsal colouring respectively.

References
Anstis, M. 2002. Tadpoles of South-eastern Australia. Reed New Holland: Sydney.
Robinson, M. 2002. A Field Guide to Frogs of Australia. Australian Museum/Reed New Holland: Sydney.
New South Wales Threatened Species Profile

Neobatrachus
Amphibians of New South Wales
Amphibians of Victoria (state)
Amphibians of South Australia
Amphibians described in 1863
Frogs of Australia
Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters

Painted burrowing frog


This is a list of the characters in The Sarah Jane Adventures series.

Main Characters

Sarah Jane Smith
Sarah Jane Smith is a journalist who writes about and fights aliens. She used to travel through time and space with a man called The Doctor. Now she lives on Bannerman road with her adopted son, Luke.

Luke Smith
Luke was made by the Bane to observe human brain patterns and is an assembly to the whole human race. In Series 4, Luke was haunted by the Nightmare Man and Luke's first dream would bring serious problems to the human race.  In Series 2, Mrs Wormwood returns, kiddnapping Luke.

Maria Jackson
Maria is a good friend to Sarah Jane and the others. In the first episode, Invasion of the Bane, Maria's friend Kelsey Hooper took her to the Bubbleshock factory, where Maria met Luke after he got activated, and where Maria's life changed- forever.

She was in episodes between Invasion of the Bane and the Last Sontaran. She also appeared for a short while in the Mark of the Berserker.

Clyde Langer
Clyde is a member of the group, and helps Sarah Jane.

he first started in the episode in the revenge of the slitheen

Rani Chandra
Rani first arrived on Bannerman Road when her dad became headmaster of the local school.

K-9
K-9 is Sarah Jane's robot dog.

Other Characters

Alan Jackson
He is Maria's father. He is divorced and for the majority of the series, he was unaware that his daughter was secretly fighting aliens. At the end of Series One, he found out and decided that he was going to help. He recently took a job in America, meaning that he had to take Maria with him.

Chrissie
Chrissie is Maria's mum. She cannot remember Sarah Jane's name and has been heard calling her Suzie-Q, Sally-Anne, Mary Jane and Calamity Jane.

Haresh and Gita Chandra
Rani's parents. Haresh is the headmaster of the local High School and although he's very friendly, he does dislike it when children are naughty. In comparison, his wife, Gita is very forgetful, and calls Sarah-Jane 'Sarah'.

The Doctor

He's a Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey. Sarah Jane once travelled with him in Time and Space and after telling the others about her wonderful adventures, they eventually get to meet him at Sarah Jane's wedding.

Aliens

Androvax
This alien can enter people's body's and take over speech and movement. They are very tricky to spot because of this.

Ancient Lights
These are lights from before the Big Bang with a lot of powers. The Ancient Lights took over Martin Trueman and started to use him to prophesise an end to the world. They tried to take over people starsign by starsign.
he used people to get rich instead of cleaning toilets

Bane
Large, tentacle-covered aliens which can disguise themselves as humans. They can slightly mind-read and tried to enslave the human race with Bubble Shock, Invasion of the Bane. They also tried to create the Perfect Human and this was Luke Smith.

Berserkers
These were a group of aliens which wore pendants, allowing them to obtain psychic powers. A Beserker Pendant was found by a boy at Park Vale School and this allowed his to do as he pleased. It was later found by Clyde's father. When they hold the pendant it's most common that they will have blue lines across their body.

Blathereen
The Blathereen are similar to the Slitheen (see below) in the fact that they are a family and not a species. The Blathereen, unlike the Slitheen, are orange and their main aim is to spread peace throughout the universe. Sarah Jane and the gang was tricked by a pair of Blathereen-Slitheen to trust them. They planted a poisonous plant around the Earth and people everywhere grew sick.

Eve
She is a red alien from an unknown species that escaped during a war between her people and the Daleks. Her Ship crashed in a seaside resort in Danemouth and Ship ordered the caretaker of a funfair to look after her until it had rebuilt.

Gorgon
One look at the Gorgon and you will turn to stone. That's what happened to Maria's father. They originate from the planet Gorgos.

Groske
The Groske are a different race to the Graske, they are notably blue instead of pink in skin colour. Some Groske crash-landed and were found by U.N.I.T. in 2006. Since then they have earned their keep as workmen in U.N.I.T. bases. Groske can be mistaken for Graske if you have not met them before, as Clyde, Rani and Sarah-Jane find out in Death of the Doctor, but Groske seem to have a hatred for the Graske. This two-part episode is the first appearance of the Groske.

Judoon
Interstellar thug police from the planet Jadoon and resemble rhino-headed soldiers. They are hired by others to solve crimes. In Prisoner of the Judoon, one was seen chasing an Androvax. They wear a black uniform.

Krislok the Graske
From the planet Griffoth, Krislok works for the Trickster and steals people from Time and Space and allows the Trickster to make them vanish from the Time Lines. Krislok was also tricked by the Trickster as his spaceship was about to crash into working for him for Eternity.

Kudlak, General
He is a member of the bug-like species Uvodni. He was a warrior for his species until he was injured and had to stop. He took control of Laser Tag centres across the world and the winning children were beamed up to a space station far above Earth to be prepared to fight in a war. Little did the General know, the war was actually over. With that, the children were returned.

Mona Lisa
The famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci came alive due to an alien organism in the paint that Leonardo used. Hidden below the art gallery is a painting so terrifying that they call it The Abomination.

Mr Smith
Mr Smith is Sarah Jane's supercomputer that she hides in her wall. It is really a Xylock- an alien race that has a huge memory store. It first communicated with Sarah Jane's laptop when she bought the house and it promised Sarah Jane that he would help her in keeping the Earth safe for as long as he was functional. There is occasional banter between it and K-9.

Slitheen
The Slitheen are a family of aliens from the planet Raxacoricofallapatorius. They go around the galaxy causing trouble and their main aim in life is to make as much money as possible regardless of whom they harm in the process. In The Lost Boy, they planned to bring the moon crashing down. To defeat these green monsters, you need to throw vinegar-based products on them, as they are made of calcium and the result is a huge, gooey explosion.

Sontarans
Clone species from the planet Sontar. They love wars and will do anything for a fight. They complained in Doctor Who for not being allowed to take part in the Time War.

Star Poets
Star Poets are a race of fictional aliens. After Maria Jackson saw Sarah Jane Smith talking to one in The Sarah Jane Adventures episode called Invasion of the Bane. It was revealed that Sarah Jane was using the Star Poet for help with a poem. Sarah Jane was given a device that would bring the Star Poet back, if she ever needed its help again. Another member of the same species, with the name Mary, was seen in the "Torchwood" episode "Greeks Bearing Gifts". Torchwood showed that the race can communicate telepathically using pendants and Sarah Jane Adventures showed that they could also fly. On the official Sarah Jane Adventures website, Mr Smith stated that they were "Butterfly People"", but there have been many Torchwood references to them as being "Arcateenian". In situations like this, the continuity is left unknown.

Trickster
An evil being with no eyes hidden within a veil. All he wants to do is wreak havoc. He first took Sarah Jane out of her Time Line and replaced her with Andrea Yates- something that never happened. Because of this, the end of the world nearly happened. Secondly, he tempted Sarah Jane to save her parents that she never knew before they died and she did so and the whole Earth paid the price. Without parents, she never met the Doctor and without Sarah Jane, the Doctor failed to save the Earth and it was enslaved by the Trickster. During an episode of Doctor Who, Turn Left, one of the Trickster's Brigade, a Time Beetle, latched onto Donna Noble and made her turn right instead of left. She never met the Doctor, the Doctor died and so did everyone else in the whole universe. Finally, the Trickster tricked Sarah Jane's fiancé into saving his own life and marrying Sarah Jane. Although he did love Sarah Jane, if Sarah Jane married him, she'd forget about the Earth and leave it wide open to attacks. With the help of the Doctor and the sacrifice of her fiancé, the Earth was once again safe.

References

Sarah Jane Adventures
Doctor Who
Sarah Jane Adventures

List of characters in The Sarah Jane Adventures


Naji Subhy Paul Irénée Hakim (Arabic:  ناجي صبحي حكيم [Naji Sobhi Hakim]; born 31 October 1955) is a Franco-Lebanese organist, composer, and improviser.

He studied the organ under Jean Langlais at the Conservatoire de Paris, and succeeded Olivier Messiaen as titular organist at the Église de la Sainte-Trinité, Paris, holding this position from 1993 to 2008. Before this, he was titular organist at the Sacré-Cœur basilica in the same city from 1985 to 1993, succeeding Daniel Roth.

Hakim's numerous improvisations and compositions for organ, orchestra, and other instruments have received renown. His works have been published by Schott Music, UMP, Combre, Éditions Alphonse Leduc, ABRSM, Fitzsimons, Éditions Gérard Billaudot, and American Carillon.

Biography

Youth: 1955–1972
Naji Subhy Paul Irénée Hakim was born into a Catholic family on 31 October 1955 in Beirut, Lebanon; to a businessman father, Subhy (died 2022), and his wife Katy Hakim. His Christian name is Paul.

His family were music-loving: his father played the mandolin and sang; his mother is an amateur pianist, and he and his three siblings also studied a variety of instruments of different types. Before the organ, Hakim studied the cello.

When he was five, he heard a pipe organ in his school, the Collège du Sacré-Coeur of Beirut. The instrument was built by Debierre-Gloton. Impressed by its sound, Hakim asked his mother two years later to get him a piano, to which she obliged. From then on, Hakim received his first piano lessons from his mother, who self-taught.

His brother, Amine, noticed the then-9 year old Hakim's enthusiasm for the organ and helped him break into the organ loft at the college. Naji was able to pull out all of the organ's stops before playing a single note. Frightened by the sound, the two brothers ran away. The school director took notice of the incident and ordered for the loft to be re-secured.

Hakim, who received permission to practise for half an hour every week (and later received unlimited access to the organ loft, chapel, and campus of the school for practising, under the consent of a new director), then taught himself the organ by using the method books of Jacques-Nicolas Lemmens, Harold Gleason and Marcel Dupré. He would later give his first recital in this chapel aged 15. A year later, he would later master the third of Dupré's Trois préludes et fugues, op. 7, and César Franck's First Chorale in E major.

Studies: 1972–1980
Many had noticed the young man's prodigiousness in the organ and talent for music, however, due to the prompting of his father, Hakim, aged 16, entered the Ecole Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Beyrouth in 1972. He was advised that a musical career in Lebanon would have not been suitable by the present circumstances. The outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975, which caused the closure of his engineering school, forced him to flee to Paris in autumn of that year, where he completed his studies at Télécom in 1977.

He also took up a position as substitute organist at Sainte-Odile in Paris and prepared to enter the Conservatoire de Paris, failing the entrance examinations in 1976. Hakim then met Jean Langlais (1907–1991), organist of Sainte-Clotilde and an esteemed composer and organist, and began private lessons in organ playing and improvisation with him in a relationship that lasted about ten years. With his newfound friendship and encouragement, he was able to enter the conservatoire the following year; where he obtained seven first prizes in organ performance, organ improvisation, harmony, counterpoint, fugue, analysis, and orchestration.

Hakim was in the classes of Rolande Falcinelli (organ and improvisation), Roger Boutry (harmony), Jean-Claude Henry (counterpoint), Marcel Bitsch (fugue), Jacques Castérède (analysis) and Serge Nigg (orchestration); as well as that of Langlais himself (organ).

Professional career: 1980–2019
He was appointed as titular organist of the Basilique du Sacré-Cœur, Paris in 1985, succeeding Daniel Roth. He left in 1993 when he succeeded Olivier Messiaen after the latter's death at the Église de la Sainte-Trinité, Paris, from 1993 until 2008. He serves as Professor of Musical Analysis at the Conservatoire National de Région de Boulogne-Billancourt, and visiting professor of organ, improvisation, analysis, and composition at the Royal Academy of Music, London.

Hakim's compositional output includes instrumental music, symphonic music, and choral music. His works for the organ includes more than three dozen solo pieces, a number of works for organ and other instruments, and four organ concertos with orchestra.

Present day: 2019–
Despite retiring from the academic scene, Hakim remains an active professional concert organist today.

Awards
Hakim has won many awards for performance, improvisation, and composition.  For example, his Symphonie en trois mouvements won the composition prize of the "Amis de l'Orgue" in 1984.  The Embrace of Fire won first prize in 1986 in the International Organ Competition in memory of Anton Heiller, at Southern Missionary College in Collegedale, Tennessee.  In addition, he was awarded the Prix de Composition Musicale André Caplet from the Académie des Beaux Arts in 1991. He has also been the recipient of prizes at the International Organ Competitions held in Beauvaiss (1981), Haarlem (1982), Lyon, Nuremberg, St. Albans (1983) (where he has since served on the jury), Chartres (1984), Strasbourg, and Rennes.

 2002: Honorary doctorate from the Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Lebanon
 2007: Pope Benedict XVI conferred on him the "Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice" medal

Personal life
He currently lives in Bayonne with his wife Marie-Bernadette Dufourcet (who he married in 1980), annually visits his homeland of Lebanon, and composes regularly.

They have two children, Jean-Paul, who has followed in his footsteps as a composer, and Katia-Sofia, a musicologist and poet.

Hakim is a polyglot and speaks six languages: French, Arabic, English, Basque, Spanish, and German.

Music
Hakim began composing in 1983.

Organ solo
 Cosmogonie (composed 1983. Unpublished.)
 Petite suite (composed 1983. Waltham Abbey, Essex: UMP, 2004)
 Symphonie en Trois Mouvements (composed 1984. Paris: Combre, 1984)
 The Embrace of Fire: Triptyque (composed 1986. Paris: Combre, 1986)
 Hommage à Igor Stravinsky. Triptyque (composed 1986. Paris: Leduc, 1990)
 Expressions (composed 1988. Chicago, Illinois (USA): H. T. FitzSimons, 1988)
 Memor (composed 1989. London: UMP, 1990)
 Rubaiyat (composed 1990. London: UMP, 1991)
 Variations on two themes:  "Old hundredth" & "Donne secours" (composed 1991. London: UMP, 1991)
 Rhapsody for organ duo (composed 1992. Waltham Abbey, Essex: UMP, 2005)
 Mariales (composed 1993. London: UMP, 1993)
 Incantation
 Pastorale
 Antienne
 Hymne
 Danse
 Le Tombeau d'Olivier Messiaen: Trois Méditations symphoniques (composed 1993. London: UMP, 1994)
 Vexilla regis prodeunt (composed 1994. Paris: Leduc, 1995)
 Canticum (composed 1995. London: UMP, 1996)
 Sinfonia in honore Sancti Ioannis Baptistæ (composed 1996. London: UMP, 1997)
 Pange lingua (composed 1996. Paris: Leduc, 1997)
 Pange lingua
 Nobis datus
 In supremœ nocte cœnœ
 Verbum caro
 Tantum ergo
 Genitori, genitoque
 Te Deum (composed 1997. London: UMP, 1998)
 Bagatelle (composed 1997. London: UMP, 1998)
 Chant de Joie (composed 1997. London: UMP, 1998)
 The Last Judgment (composed 1999. Paris, Leduc, 2000)
 Quatre Études-Caprices for pedal solo (composed 2000. Paris: Leduc, 2001)
 Gershwinesca (composed 2000. Mainz: Schott, 2008)
 In Organo, Chordis et Choro (composed 2001. Paris. Leduc, 2002)
 Le Bien-aimé: Suite symphonique (composed 2001. Paris: Leduc, 2002)
 1. J'ai trouvé celui que mon cœur aime
 2. Notre joie et notre allégresse
 3. Viens, mon Bien-Aimé
 4. Avant que souffle la brise du jour
 5. Son aspect est celui du Liban, sans rival, comme les cèdres
 6. Ses traits sont des traits de feu
 7. Voici qu'il arrive sautant sur les montagnes, bondissant sur les collines
 Ouverture Libanaise (composed 2001. Paris: Leduc, 2004)
 Agapê (composed 2001. London: UMP, 2002)
 Bach'orama: Organ Fantasia on themes by Johann Sebastian Bach (composed 2003. Paris, Leduc, 2004)
 Gregoriana (composed 2003. Paris: Leduc, 2004)
 Salve Regina (composed 2004. Mainz: Schott, 2005)
 Sakskøbing præludier (composed 2005. Paris: Combre, 2006)
 1. Mit hjerte altid vanker  (Always my heart wanders to the birth place of Jesus)
 2. Nærmere, Gud, til dig  (Nearer, my God, to Thee)
 3. O Gud, du ved og kender  (O God, Thou knowest)
 4. At sige verden ret farvel  (The last farewell to life on earth)
 5. Hil dig, Frelser og Forsoner!  (Hail You, Saviour and Atoner)
 6. Den mørke nat forgangen er  (The gloomy night to morning yields)
 7. Nu blomstertiden kommer  (Now the flowers are blooming)
 8. Påskeblomst!  (Paschal Flow'r! why do you care to come forth?)
 9. Op, al den ting, som Gud har gjort  (Arise, all things that God has made)
 10. O kristelighed!  (O thou, image of Christ!)
 11. Så vældigt det mødte os først i vor dåb  (How wonderful, that the Word first met us in baptism)
 12. Befal du dine veje  (Commit thy way [unto God])
 Mit seinem Geist: Variations on "Ein feste Burg" (composed 2006. Mainz: Schott, 2007)
 AALAIKI'SSALAAM: Variations on a Lebanese theme (composed 2006. Mainz: Schott, 2007)
 Esquisses Grégoriennes en forme de Messe basse (composed 2006. Mainz: Schott, 2007)
 1. Nos autem (Entrée)
 2. Ave maris stella (Offertoire)
 3. Pater noster (Élévation)
 4. Ave verum (Communion)
 5. O filii et filiae (Sortie)
 Hommage à Jean Langlais (composed 2006. Mainz: Schott, 2008)
 Glenalmond Suite (composed 2007. Waltham Abbey, Essex: UMP, 2007)
 1. Strømmende
 2. Favnende
 3. Smilende
 4. Jublende
 To call my true love to my dance (composed 2007. Mainz: Schott, 2009)
 1. Theme
 2. Cantabile
 3. Valse
 4. Deciso
 5. Arabesque
 6. Burletta
 7. Tango
 8. Scherzando
 9. Berceuse
 10. Finale
 All my founts shall be within you (Alle mine kilder skal være hos dig) (composed 2007. Mainz: Schott, 2009)
 Ich liebe die farbenreiche Welt (Jeg elsker den brogede verden/I Love The Colourful World) (composed 2008. Mainz: Schott, 2009):
 1. Präludium
 2. Tanz-Toccata
 Arabesques (composed 2009. Unpublished.):
 1. Prélude
 2. Pastorale
 3. Libanaise
 4. Arabesque
 5. Litanie
 6. Rondeau
 Amazing Grace for organ (and soprano ad libitum) (composed 2009. Unpublished.)
Ein Haus voll Glorie schauet, variations on the hymn "Ein Haus voll Glorie schauet", 2017

Organ with other instruments
 Old Hundredth for brass and organ (composed 1983. Paris: Leduc, 1995)
 Fantaisie sur "Adeste, Fideles" with 2nd organ ad libitum (composed 1986. Paris: Bornemann/Leduc, 1988)
 Duo Concertant for organ and piano (or two pianos) (composed 1988. London: UMP, 1990)
 Rondo for Christmas for trumpet and organ (composed 1988. London: UMP, 1990)
 Hymne au Sacré-Cœur for 7 trumpets and organ (composed 1992. Paris: Leduc, 1995)
 Sonate for trumpet and organ (composed 1994. London: UMP, 1995)
 Suite Rhapsodique for horn and organ (composed 2002. London: UMP, 2002)
 Capriccio for violin and organ (composed 2005. London: UMP, 2005)
 Variations on "Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern" for oboe and organ (composed 2008. Mainz: Schott, 2009)
 Sindbad, Fantasy on Omani Popular Songs (Composed following a visit to Oman, 2014)

Orchestral and concertos
 Fantaisie Celtique for piano and orchestra (composed 1985. London: UMP, 1997)
 Concerto for organ and strings (composed 1988. London: UMP)
 Les Noces de l'Agneau: Trois tableaux symphoniques for orchestra (composed 1996. London: UMP, 1997)
 Hymne de l'Univers for orchestra (composed 1997. London: UMP, 1998)
 Seattle Concerto for organ and orchestra (composed 2000. London: UMP, 2000)
 Concerto for violin and orchestra (composed 2002. Paris: Leduc)
 Concerto No. 3 for organ and string orchestra (composed 2003. London: UMP)
 Ouverture Libanaise for orchestra (composed 2004. Paris: Leduc, 2004)
 Sakskøbing præludier for chamber ensemble (flute, clarinet, bassoon, harp, violin, viola, and cello) (composed 2005. Paris: Combre, 2006)
 1. Mit hjerte altid vanker  (Always my heart wanders to the birth place of Jesus)
 2. Nærmere, Gud, til dig  (Nearer, my God, to Thee)
 3. O Gud, du ved og kender  (O God, Thou knowest)
 4. At sige verden ret farvel  (The last farewell to life on earth)
 5. Hil dig, Frelser og Forsoner!  (Hail You, Saviour and Atoner)
 6. Den mørke nat forgangen er  (The gloomy night to morning yields)
 7. Nu blomstertiden kommer  (Now the flowers are blooming)
 8. Påskeblomst!  (Paschal Flow'r! why do you care to come forth?)
 9. Op, al den ting, som Gud har gjort  (Arise, all things that God has made)
 10. O kristelighed!  (O thou, image of Christ!)
 11. Så vældigt det mødte os først i vor dåb  (How wonderful, that the Word first met us in baptism)
 12. Befal du dine veje  (Commit thy way [unto God])
 Påskeblomst for string orchestra (composed 2005. Waltham Abbey, Essex: UMP)
 Concerto No. 4 for organ and chamber ensemble "Det strømmende og uudslukkelige..." (composed 2007. Paris: Combre)

Other instruments and chamber music
 Prélude et Fugue for bassoon quartet (composed 1983. London: UMP)
 Shasta: Suite for harpsichord (composed 1986. Cleveland, Ohio (USA): Ludwig Music 1988)
 Divertimento for guitar quartet (composed 1987. London: UMP)
 Jeu for harp solo (composed 1987. Paris: G. Billaudot, 1990)
 Sonate for violin solo (composed 1994. Paris: Leduc, 1996)
 Caprice en Rondeau for flute and piano (composed 1998. Paris: Leduc, 1999)
 Sonate for violin and piano (composed 2000. Paris: Leduc, 2002)
 Dumia for piano solo (composed 2001. London: Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music, 2001)
 Ouverture Libanaise for piano solo (composed 2001. Paris: Leduc, 2004)
 Påskeblomst for string quartet (composed 2007. Waltham Abbey, Essex: UMP)
 Kammerconcert "Solen skinner altid på Beirut" for flute, clarinet, bassoon, harp, piano, violin, viola and cello (composed 2008. Paris: Leduc
 AALAIKI'SSALAAM: Variations on a Lebanese theme for piano solo (composed 2006. Paris: Leduc, 2009)
 Glenalmond Suite for piano solo (composed 2007. Waltham Abbey, Essex: UMP, 2009)
 1. Strømmende
 2. Favnende
 3. Smilende
 4. Jublende
 Hymne til Alberto Giacomettis Kvinde på Kærre for carillon (composed 2009. Unpublished.)

Vocal works
 Saul de Tarse: Oratorio for choir, soloists and orchestra (composed 1991. Paris: Leduc, 2000)
 Missa resurrectionis for soprano solo (composed 1994. London: UMP, 1995)
 Missa redemptionis for SATB choir a capella (composed 1995. London: UMP, 1995)
 Phèdre: Cantata for mezzo-soprano and piano (composed 1997. London: UMP, 1998)
 Children for SATB choir a capella (composed 1999. London: UMP, 1999)
 Messe Solennelle for choir and organ (with 2nd organ ad libitum) (composed 1999. London: UMP, 1999)
 Magnificat for soprano, violin and organ (composed 1999. Paris: Leduc, 2002)
 Gloria for choir and organ (composed 2002. London: UMP, 2002)
 Ave maris stella for choir and organ (composed 2003. London: UMP, 2003)
 Phèdre for mezzo-soprano and orchestra (composed 2004. London: UMP)
 The Dove for tenor and string quartet (composed 2005. Mainz: Schott, 2006)
 The Dove for tenor (or soprano) and organ (composed 2005. Mainz: Schott, 2006)
 The Dove for tenor and string orchestra (composed 2005. Mainz: Schott, 2005)
 Jesu Redemptor omnium for choir, brass quintet, timpani and percussion (composed 2005. London: UMP)
 Det strømmende: Canon  (composed 2005. Unpublished.)
 Magnificat for three treble voices and organ (composed 2006. Mainz: Schott, 2008)
 Nunc dimittis for three treble voices and organ (composed 2006. Mainz: Schott, 2008)
 Magnificat for soprano and organ (composed 2006. Mainz: Schott, 2008)
 Verbum caro factum est for three treble voices and organ (composed 2007. Mainz: Schott, 2008)
 The Angel Cried (Megalynarion of Pascha) for SATB choir and congregation (composed 2007. Mainz: Schott, 2008)
 Set Me As A Seal Upon Your Heart (Læg mig som en seglring ved dit hjerte) for SATB choir a cappella (composed 2008. Mainz: Schott, 2009)
 Amazing Grace for soprano (ad libitum) and organ (composed 2009. Unpublished.)

Discography
 Naji Hakim plays Naji Hakim, Signum Records. ,
 Naji Hakim : Seattle Concerto for organ, Marie-Bernadette Dufourcet, organ ; Seattle Symphony Orchestra dir. Gerard Schwarz, Ifo Records.
 Naji Hakim : Piano works, Nicolas Chevereau, piano, Rejoyce Classique.

References

Sources

Further reading

 Chase, Thomas. "An Interview with Naji Hakim."  The American Organist 30 (1996): 68–70.
 Davis, Hope Alysia.  An Examination of Compositional Techniques in Selected Organ Solo Compositions of Naji Hakim.  D.M.A. document, Louisiana State University, 1996.
 Dawes, Christopher.  "Le Style, c'est l'homme...: an interview with Naji Hakim."  Organ Alternatives 9 (Autumn/Winter 2001): 2–5.
 Dhaussy, Jacques.  "Naji Hakim : « Rendre la musique d'église à des personnes compétentes »" Una Voce 216 (Janvier-Février 2001): 24–26.
 Dufourcet, Marie-Bernadette.  "Entretien avec Naji Hakim."  L'Orgue 210 (April, May, June 1989): 20–21.
 Johansen, Amy.  "Naji Hakim: An Introduction to His Life and Works."  The American Organist 24 (May 1990): 288–290.
 Larson, Karen E.  Pitch and Proportion in "The Embrace of Fire" by Naji Hakim. D.M. document, Indiana University, 1993.

External links
 Official website
 Naji Hakim Schott
 UMP Composers – Naji Hakim

1955 births
Living people
Musicians from Beirut
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Cathedral organists
Composers for pipe organ
French classical organists
French male organists
French classical composers
French male classical composers
EMI Classics and Virgin Classics artists
Lebanese classical organists
Lebanese composers
Organ improvisers
20th-century French composers
21st-century French composers
21st-century organists
20th-century French male musicians
21st-century French male musicians
Male classical organists

Naji Hakim


Donald Rathbun Dwight (born March 26, 1931) is an American newspaper executive and politician who served as the 64th Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts from 1971 to 1975.

Early life
Donald Rathbun Dwight was born on March 26, 1931, in Holyoke, Massachusetts. His family owned the Holyoke Transcript-Telegram. Dwight graduated from Deerfield Academy in 1949 and went on to attend Princeton University. On August 9, 1952, he married Susan Russell, also of Holyoke, at the Second Congregational Church in Holyoke. Dwight graduated from Princeton in 1953. After college, he served two years in the United States Marine Corps. He then worked for his family's newspaper, where he became assistant to the publisher in 1957. He also served as a South Hadley town meeting member, director of the J. Russell and Co. and the New England Daily Newspaper Association, trustee of the Mechanics Savings Bank, chairman of Massachusetts Newspaper Information Service, treasurer of the Concord Monitor and the Valley Photo Engraving Corp., and president of the Edwardsville Intelligencer.

Department of Public Works
From 1963 to 1966, Dwight was the Associate Commissioner of the Massachusetts Department of Public Works. During the final two years of his tenure he was in charge of administration and fiscal affairs under Commissioner Francis W. Sargent. After his resignation, he resumed his job at the Holyoke Transcript.

Commissioner of Administration and Finance
From September to December 1968, Dwight directed several task forces that researching state problems for Lieutenant Governor Francis W. Sargent, who was about to become Acting Governor upon the resignation of John A. Volpe. In December 1968, Dwight was appointed by Sargent to serve as Commissioner of Administration and Finance. He was sworn in on January 7, 1969. He was also named chairman of the special commission to modernize state government under Sargent.

Lieutenant governor
On June 18, 1970, Sargent's running mate in the upcoming election, State Representative Martin Linsky, dropped out of the race and Sargent chose Dwight to replace him on the ticket. Linsky's withdrawal came after it was revealed that police officers had once stopped his car and informed him that the woman he was traveling with was a prostitute. Dwight had been a close confidant of Sargent since their days at the Department of Public Works and Sargent described him on more than one occasion as the man he most trusted. Dwight defeated State Senator John M. Quinlan and Springfield mayor Frank H. Freedman at the Republican convention to win his party's nomination for Lieutenant Governor.

The Sargent-Dwight ticket defeated the Democratic ticket of Kevin White and Michael Dukakis 57% to 43%. After the election, Sargent chose Dwight to conduct the search for potential cabinet members.  During Dwight's tenure as Lieutenant Governor, he kept a low profile and tried not to upstage Sargent due to his respect for him. He was not involved in any major policy decisions.

During the 1974 campaign, Sargent tasked Dwight with putting the major aspects of the reelection campaign together, including coordinating advertising and assembling a field organization. Sargent and Dwight were defeated in the general election by the Democratic ticket of Michael Dukakis and Thomas P. O'Neill III 54% to 42%.

Later life
After the defeat, Dwight began laying groundwork for a potential gubernatorial run, which he ultimately did not pursue. In September 1975 he turned down the position of Assistant Secretary of Transportation for Congressional and Intergovernmental Affairs and moved to Minneapolis to become associate publisher of the Minneapolis Star and Minneapolis Tribune. On April 20, 1976, he was promoted to president and publisher. He remained with the paper until November 1, 1982, when John Cowles Jr., president and chief executive officer of the paper's parent company Cowles Media Company, decided to take over as publisher.

In 1980, Dwight was the subject of a federal investigation relating to the awarding of a state contract during his time as Commissioner of Administration and Finance and Lieutenant Governor. The investigation came after William V. Masiello, a former design firm owner, testified before the Special Commission Concerning State and County Buildings (also known as the Ward Commission after its chairman, John William Ward) that he paid Dwight $2000 in cash in exchange for a state contract. Dwight denied the allegations and called them "an absolute lie by a professional liar". On May 11, 1981, U.S. Attorney Edward F. Harrington announced that Dwight had been cleared of any wrongdoing.

From 1984 to 1985, Dwight was president and chief executive officer of a health service company.  He went on to publish seven New England newspapers and became chairman of Newspapers of New England. In 1988, he formed the public relations firm Clark, Dwight & Associates in Greenwich, Connecticut.

References

1931 births
Living people
American newspaper publishers (people)
Deerfield Academy alumni
Lieutenant Governors of Massachusetts
Massachusetts Republicans
Politicians from Holyoke, Massachusetts
Princeton University alumni
Massachusetts Secretaries of Administration and Finance

Donald Dwight


The Sarajevo Haggadah is an illuminated manuscript that contains the illustrated traditional text of the Passover Haggadah which accompanies the Passover Seder. It belongs to a group of Spanish-Provencal Sephardic Haggadahs, originating "somewhere in northern Spain", most likely city of Barcelona, around 1350, and is one of the oldest of its kind in the world.

The Haggadah is owned by the state and kept in National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo. Its monetary value is undetermined, but a museum in Spain required that it be insured for $7 million before it could be transported to an exhibition there in 1992.

The Sarajevo Haggadah is inscribed a National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina by KONS, on 17 January 2003, as movable cultural property.
The Sarajevo Haggadah was submitted by Bosnia and Herzegovina for inclusion in UNESCO's Memory of the World Register and was included in 2017.

Description
The Sarajevo Haggadah is handwritten on the recto and verso in Hebrew, using square script typical for mediaeval Spain, on bleached calfskin vellum and illuminated with some gold. It opens with 34 pages of illustrations of key scenes in the Bible from creation through the death of Moses. Its pages are stained with wine, evidence that it was used at many Passover Seders.  It was probably created as a wedding gift for a marriage between the two families whose coats of arms appear at the bottom of the opening page.  The Golden Haggadah in the British Library is another medieval book from Catalonia, a few decades older.

History
The Sarajevo Haggadah has survived many close calls with destruction. Historians believe that it was taken out of the Iberian Peninsula by Jews who were expelled by the Alhambra Decree in 1492. Notes in the margins of the Haggadah indicate that it surfaced in Italy in the 16th century. It was sold to the National Museum in Sarajevo in 1894 by a man named Joseph Kohen.

During World War II, the manuscript was hidden from the Nazis and Ustashe by the Museum's chief librarian, Derviš Korkut, who risked his life to smuggle the Haggadah out of Sarajevo. Korkut gave it to a Muslim cleric in a village on a mountain of Bjelasnica, where it was hidden in a mosque. In 1957, a facsimile of the Haggadah was published by Sándor Scheiber, director of the Rabbinical Seminary in Budapest.  In 1992 during the Bosnian War, the Haggadah manuscript survived a museum break-in and it was discovered on the floor during the police investigation by a local Inspector, Fahrudin Čebo, with many other items thieves believed were not valuable. It survived in an underground bank vault during the Siege of Sarajevo by Serb forces. To quell rumors that the government had sold the Haggadah in order to buy weapons, the president of Bosnia presented the manuscript at a community Seder in 1995.

Restoration and conservation
In 2001, concerned with the possible continuing deterioration of the Sarajevo Haggadah which was stored in a city bank vault under less than ideal conditions, Dr. Jakob Finci, the head of Sarajevo's Jewish Community, appealed to Jacques Paul Klein, the Special Representative of the Secretary General and Coordinator of United Nations Operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, for his assistance in ensuring the preservation and restoration of this priceless historical treasure.

Klein quickly agreed and developed a plan to secure the required funding, identify an internationally recognized expert to undertake the restoration and make space available in the United Nations Headquarters building where the restoration efforts could begin.

When the project became public knowledge, Klein was surprised at reticence of some local Bosnian officials to support the project. Only after informing President Izetbegovic of their obstructionism and letting him know that the International Community would take a dim view of their total lack of cooperation in the restoration efforts did President Izetbegovic clear the way for the restoration project to begin.

Klein initiated an international campaign to raise the required funding.  Contributions came from individuals, institutions and governments from around the world.  With funding in hand and with Dr. Pataki, from Stuttgart's Akademie Der Bildenden Künste, ready to begin the restoration project a climate-controlled room was refurbished in Sarajevo's National Museum to house the Haggadah as the centerpiece, surrounded by documents of the Catholic, Orthodox and Muslim faiths.  Additionally, as a beau geste to the City of Sarajevo, a second climate-controlled vault was funded to house the national archives of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

New vault room

On 2 December 2002, the vault room was dedicated by the Special Representative of the Secretary General in the presence of senior Bosnian government officials, the diplomatic community and international media as well as the public.  The Sarajevo Haggadah and other sacred and historical religious documents had, at last, found a worthy home.

In October 2012, the Haggadah's future exhibition was left in limbo following a drought in funding for the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which shuttered its doors after going bankrupt and not paying its employees for almost a year. In 2013 the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art attempted to arrange for a loan of the Haggadah, but due to internal political battles within Bosnia and Herzegovina, the loan was eventually refused by Bosnia's National Monuments Preservation Commission.

However, the Haggadah was again on display as of September 2015, following the National Museum's re-opening.

Reproductions
In 1985 a reproduction was printed in Ljubljana, with 5,000 copies made. The National Museum subsequently authorized the publication of a limited number of reproductions of the Haggadah, each of which has become a collector's item. In May 2006, the Sarajevo publishing house Rabic Ltd., announced the forthcoming publication of 613 copies of the Haggadah on handmade parchment that attempts to recreate the original appearance of the 14th century original, alluding to the 613 Mitzvot.

A copy of the Sarajevo Haggadah was given to former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair by the Grand Mufti of Bosnia and Herzegovina Mustafa Cerić during the awards ceremony for the Tony Blair Faith Foundation's Faith Shorts competition in December 2011. The Grand Mufti presented it as a symbol of interfaith cooperation and respect, while recounting the protection of the Jewish book by Muslims on two occasions in history. Another copy was given by the Grand Mufti Mustafa Cerić to a representative of the Chief Rabbinate of Israel during the interreligious meeting "Living Together is the Future" organised in Sarajevo by the Community of Sant'Egidio.

Cultural references
There is a brief mention of the manuscript in the motion picture Welcome to Sarajevo. The novel People of the Book, by Geraldine Brooks (2008), crafts a fictionalised history of the Haggadah from its origins in Spain to the museum in Sarajevo. The Winter, 2002, issue of the literary journal Brick published Ramona Koval's account of the disputes surrounding the proposed UNESCO-funded display of the original codex in the context of the post-Dayton Agreement UN-supervised 1995 peace settlement.

The history of Derviš Korkut, who saved the book from the Nazis, was told in an article by Geraldine Brooks in The New Yorker magazine. The article also sets out the story of the young Jewish girl, Mira Papo, whom Korkut and his wife hid from the Nazis as they were acting to save the Haggadah. In a twist of fate, as an elderly woman in Israel, Mira Papo secured the safety of Korkut's daughter during the Bosnian war in the 1990s.

References

External links

 Pictures from the Sarajevo Haggadah
 National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Sarajevo Haggadah in the Bezalel Narkiss Index of Jewish Art

14th-century illuminated manuscripts
Culture in Barcelona
Culture in Sarajevo
Haggadah of Pesach
History of Sarajevo
Jewish illuminated manuscripts
Judaism in Bosnia and Herzegovina
National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sephardi Jewish culture in Europe
Sephardi Jewish culture in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Written monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Siege of Sarajevo
National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sarajevo Haggadah


Pablo Alfonso Espinosa of the Monteros Rueda (born 24 December 1941) is an Ecuadorian news anchor and vice-president of news of Ecuavisa in Quito. He holds the Guinness World Record for "Longest career as Television News broadcaster".

Early life
Espinosa de los Monteros was born on 24 December 1941 in Quito, Ecuador. His parents were from Ibarra.

Career
Espinosa de los Monteros worked for different radio stations in the cities of Ibarra and Guayaquil until 1962. In 1963 he was news director for Radio La Prensa.  He began in Ecuavisa in 1967, the year of its foundation, as the first news anchor of the station.  He was News Director for almost three decades. He hosted the Ecuadorian version of "Who wants to be millionaire" (2001 - 2004 and 2009 - 2011). He received the "Honorato Vázquez" medal from the Ecuadorian government in 1992.

Records
In August 2014, he obtained the Guinness World Record for "Longest career as Television News broadcaster".

References

1941 births
Living people
Television news anchors
Ecuadorian journalists
People from Quito
Ecuadorian television personalities

Alfonso Espinosa de los Monteros


Locked Rooms is the eighth book in the Mary Russell series by Laurie R. King.  It was published in 2005. Unlike King's previous Mary Russell novels, Locked Rooms is split into 5 separate "books". The books alternate between the familiar Mary Russell first-person narrative and a third-person narrator following Sherlock Holmes.  The events of the novel follow directly that of The Game.

Mary Russell and Sherlock Holmes sail to San Francisco to close up the house and businesses that Mary inherited after her family's death.  Throughout her adolescence and adulthood, Mary has blamed herself for the family's fatal automobile accident. A puzzling codicil to the Russells' will, a break-in at the family house, and a failed attempt on Mary's life quickly draw Holmes and eventually Mary into an investigation of the real cause of her parents' death. Holmes and Russell team up with a former Pinkerton agent Dashiell Hammett, several residents of Chinatown, and a cast of irregulars to solve the mystery that has plagued Mary for ten years.

Plot summary
On their way back to Britain from India, Holmes and Russell stop at Russell's childhood home in San Francisco. As they approach San Francisco, Russell becomes more and more distracted. Holmes concludes from this, and her recurring dreams of falling objects, a faceless man, and locked rooms, that she is repressing some unpleasant memory. Russell denies this and tries to track down the psychiatrist who helped her recover from the trauma she suffered when she precipitated the car accident that killed her family. On the way, she meets a Chinese man, Long, who was the son of her parents' good friends. Long saves her from a murder attempt before introducing himself and saying that his own parents were killed shortly after her own parents died. When Russell finally tracks down the name of her psychiatrist, she learns that she was murdered after Russell departed for England several years ago.

Holmes determines from the fact that there was a recent break-in at Russell's house, Russell's anxiety and distraction, the murder of the psychiatrist, and the most recent attempt on Russell's life, that there is something serious amiss. He hires Dashiell Hammett to join his investigation.  They conclude that Russell was present during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, despite her denial of this fact, and it was this experience that produced the dream about falling objects.  He learns from an interview with a survivor of the earthquake that Russell was very frightened by a man with several bandages on his face looking for her father — he had covered up his face because he had been burned while fighting a fire, and this made him appear faceless.

Both Russell and Hammett visit the site of the Russell family car accident. Russell then takes a vacation to her family's summer home with her friends Flo and Donny.  During the vacation, she recovers her wits enough to realize that somebody is trying to murder her and all the people that could possibly be connected with the car accident that killed her parents, from Long's parents to her psychiatrist. She visits the garage that collected the remainder of her parents' car and learns that the brake rod was cut and she is not to blame for their deaths; they were murdered.

Russell returns to her city house, fully recovered and determined to find out who was behind all the murders. Using fengshui, which Long's family was very interested in, they dig up the garden and find a box with a confession, written by Russell's father, and several valuable items in it. In the letter, he says that he helped a man get away with murder of a policeman, looting, and arson to cover up the evidence during the 1906 earthquake. The man in question was the one posing as a rescuer with the bandaged face. The letter concludes with the statement that Mr. Russell is going to disclose this information in order to free his conscience, and adds that he warned the person responsible of his intentions. The letter was written only days before the family members' deaths.

Holmes had previously set up Irregulars in the form of street kids to spy on Hammett's house in case of an attempt on Hammett's life. They report on a break-in involving the two suspects, the burnt man and his "sister". They end up on a chase that takes them to Chinatown, where one of Long's friends calls on the crowd to prevent them from getting away. Russell confronts the two before they are arrested, and finally unlocks the last "room" — a memory she had of seeing the man near her parents' car the day they died.

External links

2005 American novels
Mary Russell (book series)
Novels set in San Francisco
Fiction set in 1924
Bantam Books books

Locked Rooms


Al-`Askarī or the `Askariyya Mosque/Shrine (Arabic: مرقد الامامين علي الهادي والحسن العسكري; transliterated: Marqad al-Imāmayn `Alī l-Hādī wa l-Ħassan al-`Askarī) is a Shī`a Muslim holy site. It is in the Iraqi city of Samarra. Samara is 60 miles from Baghdad. It is one of the most important Shīite mosques in the world. It was built in 944. Its dome was destroyed in February 2006 (see al-`Askarī Mosque Bombing).

The remains of the tenth and eleventh Shī`a Imāms, `Alī l-Hādī and his son Hassan al-`Askarī, known as "the two `Askarīs" (al-`Askariyyān), rest at the shrine. It stands next to a shrine to the Twelfth or "Hidden" Imām, Muħammad al-Mahdī. The `Askariyya Shrine is also known as the "Tomb or Mausoleum of the Two Imāms", "the Tomb of Imāms `Alī l-Hādī and Hassan al-`Askarī" and al-Hadhratu l-`Askariyya.

Also buried inside the Mosque are the remains of Hakimah Khatun, sister of `Alī l-Hādī, and of Narjis Khatun, mother of Muħammad al-Mahdi.

Time magazine reported at the time of the 2006 al-Askari mosque bombing that "al-Askari [is] one of Shi'ite Islam's holiest sites. Only the shrines of Najaf and Karbala are more important. Even Samarra's Sunnis hold al-Askari in high esteem. The expression 'to swear by the shrine' is routinely used by both communities".

History
The Imāms `Alī l-Hādī (also known as an-Naqī) and Hassan al-`Askarī lived under house arrest in the part of Samarra that had been Caliph al-Mu'tasim's military camp (`Askaru l-Mu'tasim). As a result, they are known as the `Askariyyān ("Dwellers in the Camp"). They died and were buried in their house on Abī Ahmad Street near the mosque built by Mu'tasim. A later tradition attributes their deaths to poison.

The shrine around their tombs was built in 944 by the Hamdanid governor Nasīr ad-Dawla. It became a focus for pilgrims. It was developed and rebuilt several times in following centuries, including, in particular, by Arslan al-Basasiri around 1053 and by Caliph an-Nasīr li-Dīn Allāh in 1209.

Nasir ad-Din Shah Qajar undertook the latest remodelling of the shrine in 1868, with the golden dome added in 1905. Covered in 72,000 gold pieces and surrounded by walls of light blue tiles, the dome was a dominant feature of the Samarra skyline. It was approximately 20 metres in diameter by 68 metres high.

Bombings

2006 attack
On February 22, 2006, at 6:55 a.m. local time (0355 UTC) explosions occurred at the mosque. The explosions destroyed its golden dome and severely damaged the mosque. Several men, one wearing a military uniform, had earlier entered the mosque. They tied up the guards there and set explosives, which resulted in the blast. Two bombs were set off by five to seven men dressed as personnel of the Iraqi Special forces who entered the shrine during the morning.

2007 attack
At around 9 a.m. on 13 June 2007, suspected al-Qaeda people destroyed the two remaining 36m-high golden minarets flanking the dome's ruins. No fatalities were reported. Iraqi police have reported hearing "two nearly simultaneous explosions coming from inside the mosque compound at around 9 a.m." A report from state run Iraqia Television stated that "local officials said that two mortar rounds were fired at the two minarets."

References

Other websites
 Aljazeera picture gallery
 Images of the destruction: before and after
 BBC picture gallery
 BBC video
 NYT picture gallery

Mosques in Iraq
10th-century buildings and structures

Al-Askari mosque


Paul Allen Smith, Jr. (born March 12, 1960) is an American television host, garden designer, conservationist, and lifestyle expert. He is the host of three television programs. P. Allen Smith's Garden Home and P. Allen Smith's Garden to Table are distributed to public television by American Public Television. His 30-minute show Garden Style is syndicated by The Television Syndication Company.  Smith is one of America's most recognized gardening and design experts, providing ideas and guidance through multiple media venues. He is the author of the Garden Home series of books published by Clarkson Potter/Random House, including Bringing the Garden Indoors: Container, Crafts and Bouquets for Every Room and the cookbook, Seasonal Recipes from the Garden, inspired by the abundance of food from his farm and a family of cooks. In 2014, Smith's television shows were successful at the Taste Awards with Smith returning to Little Rock with four Taste Awards. In 2015, Smith was inducted into the Taste Hall of Fame for his significant impact in the world of taste and broadcast entertainment. Garden Home won a 2017 Taste Award for "Best Green or Organic Program".

Life and work
Born in Little Rock, Arkansas, and raised in McMinnville, Tennessee, Smith is a fourth-generation nurseryman and horticulturalist. In 2009, Smith founded the Heritage Poultry Conservancy, an organization dedicated to the preservation and support of all threatened breeds of domestic poultry. He attended Hendrix College, graduating in 1983, and received a Rotary International Scholarship to study garden design and history at the University of Manchester in England, where he also studied English gardens that had been visited by John Adams and Thomas Jefferson in the 18th century.

After returning to the United States, he entered the nursery and garden-design business with his family in Little Rock, Arkansas, where he focused on reviving interest in perennials. Smith also became a private tour guide to European gardens and started teaching gardening workshops, which then led to appearances on local television shows.

In the half-hour episodes of P. Allen Smith Garden Home, Smith shares lifestyle trends and stories of people who are making a positive impact in their communities.  Some episodes are filmed at Smith's Arkansas Home, Moss Mountain Farm, near Little Rock, Arkansas.

Smith has also appeared frequently on The Weather Channel, the CBS Early Show, the NBC Today Show and other national TV programs teaching viewers gardening and design techniques. He has also written several books on gardening and contributes pieces to numerous publications.

Smith's design firm, P. Allen Smith & Associates, specializes in estate master planning, garden design and installation, with projects at public institutions, private corporations, and family estates.  He is a former Board Member of the Royal Oak Foundation (the American partner of England's National Trust) and has contributed to preservation efforts at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello and George Washington's Mount Vernon among other historic properties.  He is a Certified Fellow of the Royal Horticultural Society and is an Honorary Member of the Garden Club of America.  Smith received the Garden Club of America's 'Medal of Honor' in 2006 at the GCA's 93rd Annual Meeting Awards Dinner in Denver, Colorado.

Homes
Located in the historic Quapaw Quarter of Little Rock, Arkansas, the original Garden Home is a 1904 Colonial Revival cottage surrounded by a series of garden rooms designed by Smith. He purchased the house for one United States dollar and relocated it to a  vacant lot. The bargain price was contingent on Allen receiving permission from the local historical commission to move the home from its original site and restore it elsewhere in the city. This garden was created to illustrate his 12 principles of design, the basis of his first book in the Garden Home series.

Smith also built Moss Mountain Farm, also known as The Garden Home Retreat, which is located on the banks of the Arkansas River. It encompasses more than 500 acres of land dating back to 1840. The centerpiece is the cottage, built in the American Greek Revival style and constructed in an eco-friendly manner. Directly behind the cottage is the croquet lawn, which is framed by a summer kitchen and art studio. The surrounding garden includes a fountain garden that separates two wings of garden rooms filled with a mix of annuals, herbs, perennials, roses, shrubs and ornamental grasses. Beyond the flower gardens are orchards filled with heritage apple trees, stone fruit and blueberries, a one-acre vegetable garden, a bluebird trail, wildflower fields and a daffodil hill, which overflows with more than 300,000 daffodils blooming each spring. Various outbuildings, from barns to mobile chicken homes, are located throughout the grounds and surrounding pastures. Moss Mountain Farm is open to the public on select days and is available for hosting special events and weddings.

Career highlights
 Host of public television series, P. Allen Smith's Garden Home
 Host of P. Allen Smith's Garden to Table
 Host of P. Allen Smith Gardens

Publications
Smith has authored the following books:

 P. Allen Smith's Garden Home (2003)
 P. Allen Smith's Container Gardens: 60 Container Recipes to Accent Your Garden (2005)
 P. Allen Smith's Colors for the Garden (2006)
 P. Allen Smith's Living in the Garden Home: Connecting the Seasons with Containers, Crafts, and Celebrations (2007)
 P. Allen Smith's Bringing the Garden Indoors: Containers, Crafts, and Bouquets for Every Room (2009)
 P. Allen Smith's Bulb Garden: Colorful Blooms & Lush Foliage (2010)
 P. Allen Smith's Rose Garden: Roses for Every Garden (2010)
 P. Allen Smith's Seasonal Recipes from the Garden (2010)
 P. Allen Smith's Veggies & Herbs: From Garden to Table (2010)

Awards and honors
 Member of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem
 2017 Taste Award for "Best Green or Organic Program"

References

External links
 P. Allen Smith's Garden Home Website
 P. Allen Smith speaks at the National Book Festival (10/4/2003)
 "The Martha Stewart of the South", Kim Severson, The New York Times, 4 August 2010.

Living people
American television personalities
People from McMinnville, Tennessee
Gardening television
1960 births
Hendrix College alumni
People from Little Rock, Arkansas
Serving Brothers of the Order of St John

P. Allen Smith


In ancient Greece, an agonothetes (plural ; ) was the president or superintendent of one of the sacred Panhellenic Games. Alternative names for the same role included athlothetes, particularly in Athens.

At first the person who instituted the games and defrayed the expenses was the agonothetes; but in the great public games, such as the Olympic Games and Pythian Games, these presidents were the representatives of different states, or were chosen from the people in whose country the games were celebrated; thus at the Panathenaic Games at Athens ten  were elected for four years to superintend the various contests.

In English, by confusion with the native -s plural form, the singular agonothete and plural agonothetes are sometimes encountered.

Bibliography
Clément Sarrazanas, La cité des spectacles permanents : organisation et organisateurs des concours civiques dans l'Athènes hellénistique et impériale, 2 vol., Bordeaux, Ausonius Editions, 2021, 990 p. (ISBN 9782356133977).

References

Ancient Greek titles
Panhellenic Games

Agonothetes


Mrs. Delafield Wants to Marry is a 1986 American made-for-television romantic comedy film directed by George Schaefer and starring Katharine Hepburn and Harold Gould which premiered on CBS on Easter Sunday, March 30, 1986. It tells the story of a widow who shocks her upper-class, Anglo-American family when she announces that she has fallen in love with her Jewish doctor. His family is equally unhappy with the news, and both individuals have to fight the prejudices of their families.

Plot
Margaret Delafield, a rich elderly lady and widow of Spaulding 'Spud' Delafield (an unseen character),is rushed to hospital. She is not expected to survive, and her two sons and daughter gathering at her bedside are more concerned with their expected inheritance. Her doctor, Dr Marvin Elias, encourages her to fight. Margaret makes a full recovery and returns home to a welcome party for family and friends.

Her sons Horton and Chipper and daughter Doreen are concerned that Margaret and Marvin seem to  be spending more time together than might be expected for a doctor/patient relationship. They are devastated when Margaret and Marvin announce their impending wedding, and see their inheritance slipping away. They try to persuade her to change her mind, and Marvin's children are equally doubtful.

Margaret's favourite church refuses to perform a mixed marriage (Marvin is Jewish) and Marvin's rabbi is equally unwilling. They decide on a small country church and invite all family and friends.

The wedding is a mixture of Jewish and Christian symbolism, with a monastic chorus, harp music and medieval minstrels. The families are reconciled and the newlyweds leave for a honeymoon in Hawaii.

The goings-on are observed by George, Margaret's neighbour and best friend, who breaks the fourth wall to comment on proceedings.

Cast
Katharine Hepburn as Margaret Delafield
Harold Gould as Dr. Marvin Elias
Bibi Besch as Doreen Delafield
Denholm Elliott as George Parker
Brenda Forbes as Gladys Parker
Charles Frank as Chipper Delafield
Suzanne Lederer as Shirley Elias
John Pleshette as David Elias
David Ogden Stiers as Horton Delafield
Kathryn Walker as Sarah

Award nominations
The film was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards: Outstanding Drama/Comedy Special, Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Special (Katharine Hepburn) and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Special (Harold Gould).  George Schaefer was also nominated for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Dramatic Specials at the Directors Guild of America Awards.

References

External links

1986 television films
1986 films
1986 romantic comedy films
American romantic comedy films
CBS network films
Films directed by George Schaefer
1980s American films

Mrs. Delafield Wants to Marry


Neil Munro (1947–July 13, 2009) was a Scottish-born Canadian director, actor and playwright.

Acting career
Born in Musselburgh, Scotland, Munro moved to Toronto at an early age. After graduating from the National Theatre School of Canada in 1967, he quickly established himself as one of the most compelling theatre actors in Canada, performing with Toronto Arts Productions, the National Arts Centre (where he played Hamlet, touring the role nationally), the Citadel Theatre, Theatre Calgary, Tarragon Theatre and the Toronto Free Theatre, as well as at the Shaw Festival and the Stratford Festival.

Directing and writing
In 1985, Munro decided to retire permanently from acting for the stage, and to concentrate on directing and playwriting, appearing as an actor only occasionally on film, television and radio.  His most notable appearances include The Jonah Look (which he also wrote), Beethoven Lives Upstairs (as Beethoven), John and the Missus and Dancing in the Dark (1986).  His plays include Bob's Kingdom (Factory Theatre), Extreme Close Up (Toronto Free Theatre, 1980), an acclaimed adaptation of Shakespeare's Hamlet, entitled Hamlet's Room (Theatre Plus, 1991) and, for Shaw Festival in 2005, an adaptation of Georges Feydeau's C'est une femme du monde called Something on the Side.

Shaw Festival
In the early 1990s, Munro was invited by Christopher Newton to become Resident Director at Shaw Festival. For that company he directed many acclaimed and often controversial productions of plays such as Misalliance, The Plough and the Stars, Chaplin (The Trial of Charles Spencer Chaplin, Esq.), Lord of the Flies,  Counsellor-at-Law, Saint Joan, The Front Page, The Petrified Forest, Rashomon, Marsh Hay, The Seagull and all of The Shaw Festival's productions of Granville Barker's plays, including The Voysey Inheritance, The Marrying of Ann Leete, Rococo, Waste, The Secret Life, His Majesty and The Madras House. Munro also directed for most of the major English-language theatres in Canada, including Neptune Theatre, Stratford Festival, Citadel Theatre and Canadian Stage Company.

Awards and achievements
Munro received a Best New Play Dora Award for Bob's Kingdom and a Best Director Dora Award for Hamlet's Room. He was also a Chalmers Award nominee for best new play for Extreme Close Up and, as an actor, has won two ACTRA awards.

Personal life
Munro was married to the actor and painter Carole Galloway, who died in 2000; the couple had no children. Munro died in London, Ontario, after a lengthy struggle with cancer, on July 13, 2009.

Filmography

References

External links

1947 births
2009 deaths
20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
Canadian male stage actors
Canadian theatre directors
Male actors from Toronto
People from Musselburgh
Scottish emigrants to Canada
National Theatre School of Canada alumni
Canadian male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian male writers
Dora Mavor Moore Award winners

Neil Munro (actor)


Automatic double-tracking or artificial double-tracking (ADT) is an analogue recording technique designed to enhance the sound of voices or instruments during the mixing process. It uses tape delay to create a delayed copy of an audio signal which is then played back at slightly varying speed controlled by an oscillator and combined with the original. The effect is intended to simulate the sound of the natural doubling of voices or instruments achieved by double tracking. The technique was developed in 1966 by engineers at Abbey Road Studios in London at the request of the Beatles.

Background
As early as the 1950s, it was discovered that double-tracking the lead vocal in a song gave it a richer, more appealing sound, especially for singers with weak or light voices.  Use of this technique became possible with the advent of magnetic tape for use in sound recording. Originally, a pair of single-track tape recorders were used to produce the effect; later, multitrack tape machines were used. Early pioneers of this technique were Les Paul and Buddy Holly.

Before the development of ADT, it was necessary to record and mix multiple takes of the vocal track. Because it is nearly impossible for a performer to sing or play the same part in exactly the same way twice, a recording and blending of two different performances of the same part will create a fuller, "chorused" effect with double tracking. But if one simply plays back two copies of the same performance in perfect sync, the two sound images become one and no double tracking effect is produced.

Invention
ADT was invented specially for the Beatles during the spring of 1966 by Ken Townsend, a recording engineer employed at EMI's Abbey Road Studios, mainly at the request of John Lennon, who despised the tedium of double tracking during sessions and regularly expressed a desire for a technical alternative.

Townsend came up with a system using tape delay, . Townsend's system added a second tape recorder to the regular setup. When mixing a song, its vocal track was routed from the recording head of the multitrack tape, located before the playback head, and fed to the record head of the second tape recorder. An oscillator was used to vary the speed of the second machine, providing variation in delay and pitch depending on the change in the second machine speed. This signal was then routed from the playback head of the second machine to a separate channel on the mixer. This allowed the vocal delayed by a few milliseconds to be combined with the normal vocal, creating the double-tracked effect.

Use by The Beatles
The Beatles were ecstatic over Townsend's technique and used it throughout their 1966 album Revolver and on many of their subsequent recordings. Most of the double-tracked vocals heard on the rest of the album were created using ADT, while the group also used the technique on a number of the instrumental parts to colour the sounds – there is factually more use of ADT on the mono version of the album than on the more widely known stereo version, with the lead guitar on "Taxman" and the backwards guitar on "I'm Only Sleeping" treated with the effect.

When used on a stereo mix, ADT could be used to create the impression of two different vocal parts on either side of the stereo picture. This technique was used on the stereo mixes of "I'm Only Sleeping", "Love You To", "And Your Bird Can Sing", and "Doctor Robert" (on "Here, There and Everywhere", the similar effect heard is actually two different vocals manually double-tracked and panned; on "Eleanor Rigby", the effect is obtained by a combination of manual double-tracking and ADT). This technique could also be applied to instrumental parts as well: on "Love You To", the same use of ADT was applied to the acoustic guitar track, giving the impression of multiple guitars panned left and right.

Flanging
Lennon dubbed the technique "flanging" after producer George Martin jokingly told him it was produced using a "double-bifurcated sploshing flange". Only years later did Martin learn that another technique, also called flanging, was already in use. The term referred to an engineer alternately pressing and releasing his finger against the flange (rim) of the supply reel on one of two synchronized tape machines as the same audio signal was combined and transferred to a third machine, slightly slowing the machine then allowing it to come back up to speed and in sync with the other, applying a "swooshing" comb filtering effect to the combined audio signal. Alternatively, the engineer could press the flange of one supply reel, then the other, to achieve a fuller effect.

An additional explanation for the pedigree of flanging has it named after Fred Flange, a pseudonym given to Matt Monro by Peter Sellers, who used a Monro recording to open his 1959 Sinatra parody album Songs for Swingin' Sellers. The album was produced by Martin, and presumably the connection with flanging comes from Monro's mimicking (double-tracking) Sinatra. Engineers at Abbey Road realised that the technique they had developed needed a proper technical name and eventually christened it ADT, short for "Artificial Double Tracking", although elsewhere the term "Automatic Double Tracking" became more common.

ADT versus manual double tracking
Townsend's process succeeded in simulating manual double tracking quite effectively; however, attentive listeners can often tell the difference between ADT and "real" double tracking, with the former having a synthetic quality to it and having none of the audible differences between the vocal tracks frequently present in the latter. Over the years, many artists, including the Beatles, continued to use both manual double tracking, ADT, or a combination of both in different circumstances depending on the effects they wished to achieve, with each technique thought to have certain unique qualities of its own.

Use in music

The Beatles used ADT widely in conjunction with manual double-tracking on all their subsequent albums, with the exception of Let It Be, which was initially intended to be an "honest" album utilising no technical artifice (ADT can still be heard on the finished album, however, because Phil Spector treated a Hammond organ part with it on his mix of the title track). Some notable examples of ADT used by the Beatles in the years following Revolver include "Within You Without You" (on which ADT was purportedly used on almost every vocal and instrumental part on the track), "I Am the Walrus" (which uses ADT in conjunction with equalisation to help simulate a "fake stereo" effect on the second half of the stereo mix, which was sourced from the mono mix, by splitting the entire mix between the channels), and the unusually wide ADT used on the lead vocal tracks on "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite" and "Blue Jay Way". On "While My Guitar Gently Weeps", Eric Clapton used ADT to make his guitar sound 'less bluesy', according to Ian MacDonald in Revolution in the Head.

Other users of ADT
Townsend's technique, and minor variations on it, quickly caught on with other artists and record producers. Former Beatles engineer Norman Smith used ADT extensively on Pink Floyd's debut album The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, recorded at Abbey Road in 1967. As well as using it for more conventional simulated double tracking, Smith made much use of the technique to split Syd Barrett's vocals between the stereo channels. In some cases, Smith (or possibly Barrett himself) used such extraordinarily wide ADT in this way as to give the slightly disorientating impression of not so much double tracking but two quite separate voices on either channel wildly out of time with each other – the best example of this is perhaps on "Bike". Similar effects were later used on some of Barrett's solo works, perhaps indicating his fondness for this unusual use of ADT. Pink Floyd themselves continued to use ADT on most, if not all, of their subsequent albums up until the 1980s, with one notable use being on "Alan's Psychedelic Breakfast", where a part of the drum track is treated with ADT.
In the US, Simon and Garfunkel began to use ADT on stereo mixes of their songs to split vocal tracks between the channels, examples of which include "Mrs. Robinson" and "Cecilia".

Gary Kellgren, Jimi Hendrix's engineer, used ADT extensively on all of Hendrix's albums. He frequently split vocal, guitar, and even drum parts between the stereo channels.

As the music industry's hunger for technological advances increased, new devices were created to make it easier and faster to achieve the same results.  Thus, the industry saw analog delay devices created and brought to market that no longer needed tape machines to achieve the ADT effect.  They used electronic circuits instead.Much later on, these analog delays were augmented by digital delay units. There has since been a thriving market among guitarists and other musicians for guitar pedals, or effects units, reproducing chorus and delay that owe their development to ADT. Nowadays, the ADT and similar effects are available as computer software plugins.

Psychedelic music
With the rise of psychedelic music, many artists used variations on Townsend's technique to create the "flanging" effect mentioned above, adding a slightly disorienting "swooshing" quality to instruments and voices (although in practice this effect is actually more similar to what today is called "phasing" rather than "flanging"). The Beatles themselves used this effect on "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" and more prominently on "Blue Jay Way". A notable example of this technique is "Itchycoo Park" by the Small Faces, where the effect is prominent almost throughout the entire track, particularly on the vocals, drums and cymbals during the chorus. Hendrix also used this technique extensively. An example of an ADT variation being used to create an effect more similar to what is considered "flanging" today (rather than phasing) is on the Beatles' White Album tracks "Cry Baby Cry" (acoustic guitar) and "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" (lead guitar).

Doubling echo

A similar technique to ADT is doubling echo, which uses short delays to mimic the double tracking effect. Many effects units were developed to produce similar sounds, such as chorus, flangers, and phasers, all of which use an oscillating delay (or, in the phaser, a variable phase network).  Other notable uses of ADT doubling echo are apparent on select material by Elton John.  Some examples of this can be heard on Nigel Olsson's drums, especially the tom toms, on the songs "Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me" from the Caribou album, as well as "Better Off Dead" and
"Someone Saved My Life Tonight" on Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy.

Arrival of digital technology
With the advent of digital recording, tape- and analog-based delay methods have not been much used, though many of these analog techniques are frequently emulated using comparable digital techniques, or in some cases plugins which are used to extend the capabilities of a digital audio workstation. Some musicians and engineers may casually use the term ADT to refer to any form of simulated double tracking, including digital delay used in this manner. One of the very few examples of the original ADT technique being used in recent times is on the Beatles' Anthology albums from the mid-1990s, on which George Martin and Geoff Emerick decided to revive the analogue technique rather than simply use the modern digital alternatives to achieve a more authentic sound, feeling that ADT produced a warmer, less synthetic sound than digital delay and the latter would be inappropriate for use on recordings made on analogue equipment in the 1960s.

Notes

References

Further reading

Abbey Road: The Story of the World's Most Famous Recording Studios by Brian Southall, Peter Vince and Allan Rouse, 1982, London, Patrick Stephens (publisher), .

Audio effects
The Beatles music

Automatic double tracking


The common ling (Molva molva), also known as the white ling or simply the ling, is a large member of the family Lotidae, a group of cod-like fishes. It resembles the related rocklings, but it is much larger and has a single barbel. This species is unrelated to the pink ling, Genypterus blacodes, from the Southern Hemisphere. The common ling is found in the northern Atlantic, mainly off Europe, and into the Mediterranean Basin. It is an important quarry species for fisheries, especially in the northeastern Atlantic, although some doubts exist as to the sustainability of the fisheries. As an edible species, it is eaten fresh, frozen, or dried, but also preserved in lye, while the roe is a delicacy in Spain.

Description
The common ling is the longest and one of the largest of the cod-like fish, the Gadiformes, which can reach lengths of 200 cm and weights of 30 kg. It is long and slender with a small head and small eyes and a large mouth, which has large teeth, with the upper jaw projecting beyond the lower jaw, which bears an obvious sensory barbel. Of the two dorsal fins, the anterior dorsal fin is short, having 14–15 fin rays, with a rounded profile, while the posterior dorsal fin is much longer with 61–68 fin rays and is uniform in height and is similar in length to the anal fin. The anal fin is also elongated and has 58-64 fin rays. The vertebral count of this species is between 63 and 65 vertebrae. The caudal peduncle and the pelvic fins are short, with the pelvic fin not reaching past the pectoral fins. The dorsum is a marbled greenish-brown, sometimes reddish-brown on the most upper part, lightening on the flanks and underside. A distinct white edge is seen on the anal and dorsal fins and they have a dark spot at their posterior end. However, the spot on the anterior dorsal fin is more conspicuous than that on the posterior dorsal fin. The juvenile fish tend to be lighter in colour than adults and are often marked with pale purplish iridescent lines.  A common ling measuring  in length was caught off Shetland on 24 February 2013. This is the largest ling ever caught on rod and line in British waters.

Distribution
The common ling is a North Atlantic species found in the further eastern coast of Canada, southern Greenland, Iceland, and the north-eastern Atlantic from the Barents Sea, around the coasts of the UK, becoming scarcer towards the south, and north-western Europe, south to the Straits of Gibraltar and into the north-western coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. It is rare in the Mediterranean and in the North Sea, where it occurs as far east as the Skagerrak and Kattegat.

Habitat and biology
The common ling is a demersal species that can be found over rocky substrates from 15 to 600 m or more in depth; it is most common between 100 and 400 m. The juveniles, less than 2 years old, are coastal, occurring in depths of 15–20 m, and pelagic; at 3 years, they migrate to deeper areas. Sexual maturity is attained at 5 years for males, at a length of around 80 cm and 5 or 6 years for females when they are between 90 and 100 cm in length. The spawning period runs from March to July and the eggs and larvae are pelagic. Each female may carry 20 to 60 million eggs. The main spawning areas are found at depths of 200 m from the Bay of Biscay to the Norwegian Sea, at depths of 100 to 300 m off southern Iceland, and at 50 to 300 m in the Mediterranean Sea. They grow rapidly, gaining 8–10 cm in length per year,  a 1-year-old fish has a typical length of 20 cm, 2-year-olds 31–35 cm. The females grow at a faster rate than the males. The maximum recorded lifespan is 10 years for males and 14 for females, at which age they attain a length around 200 cm.

Common ling is mainly a solitary and benthic species, which hides among rocks, crevices, and wrecks in deep water, although they are often free swimming in deep water. They are mainly piscivorous and their main prey include species such as Trisopterus esmarkii, Atlantic cod, Atlantic herring, and flatfish, but they also feed on crustaceans (e.g. European lobsters), cephalopods, and echinoderms (e.g. starfish).

Human uses

The ling is edible; it is marketed in fresh, salted, or dried forms, and used as fishmeal. The salted roe of the ling is considered a delicacy in Spain and is known as huevas de maruca. Ling can be made into lutefisk. The common ling is targeted by commercial fisheries using trawls, although long lines are used in some mainland European- and Faroese-based fisheries.  This is a deep-water species and its swim bladder is badly damaged by being brought up to the surface from the depths; the advice for sport anglers is, therefore, that boat-caught ling should not be returned to the sea and that they should stop fishing when enough have been caught for the table. The stock is thought to be reasonably good, but the IUCN has stated that  no data are available on the population size or any population trends, that the population in the Mediterranean Sea may be marginal, with the major portion of its global range in the Atlantic. So, no data are available to allow a determination the status of the ling beyond data deficient. Ling is regarded as a "fish to avoid" for consumers by the Marine Conservation Society because it is trawled. In 1999, the total catch of common ling reported to the Food and Agriculture Organization was 53,870 tonnes and the countries with the largest landings were Norway with 19,215 tonnes and the United Kingdom with 11,350 tonnes.

References

External links

 Alan Davidson. Oxford Companion to Food (1999), "Ling". p. 454
 C.Michael Hogan, (2011) Sea of the Hebrides. Eds. P. Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC.
 Marine Fauna Gallery of Norway

common ling
Spanish cuisine
Fish of Europe
Fish of the North Atlantic
Fauna of Atlantic Canada
common ling
common ling

Common ling


Stack may refer to:

Places
 Stack Island, an island game reserve in Bass Strait, south-eastern Australia, in Tasmania's Hunter Island Group
 Blue Stack Mountains, in Co. Donegal, Ireland

People
 Stack (surname) (including a list of people with the name)
 Parnell "Stacks" Edwards, a key associate in the Lufthansa heist
 Robert Stack Pierce (1933–2016), an American actor and baseball player
 Robert Stack (1919 – 2003), and American actor and television show host
 Brian "Stack" Stevens (1941–2017), a Cornish rugby player

Arts, entertainment, and media
 Stack magazine, a bimonthly publication about high school sports
 Stacks (album), a 2005 album by Bernie Marsden
 Stacks, trailer parks that were made vertical, in the film Ready Player One

Computing
 Stack (abstract data type), abstract data type and data structure based on the principle of last in first out
 Stack (Haskell), a tool to build Haskell projects and manage their dependencies
 Stack in Macintosh, one of a collection of documents created with HyperCard (as in a stack of virtual cards)
 Stack in LiveCode, one of a collection of program scripts created with LiveCode's Transcript programming language
 Call stack, stack data structure that stores information about the active subroutines of a computer program
 Stack machine, an architecture centered around a pushdown stack
 Protocol stack, a particular software implementation of a computer networking protocol suite
 Solution stack, a group of software systems, increasing in abstraction from bottom to top
 Stack-based memory allocation, a memory allocation scheme based on the principle of "last in, first out"
 Stacks (Mac OS), a folder view on the Dock of macOS
 Stacks blockchain, a Bitcoin smart contract platform

Science and technology
 Stack (geology), a large vertical column of rock in the sea
 Stack (mathematics), a sheaf that takes values in categories rather than sets
 Algebraic stack, a special kind of stack commonly used in algebraic geometry
Stacks Project, an open source collaborative mathematics textbook writing project
 Stacking (chemistry), or pi stacking, attractive, noncovalent interactions between aromatic rings
 Yellow stackhousia, a plant
The stack (model of planetary computation), a political and design theory of planetary-scale computation coined by Benjamin H. Bratton
 Stack, an assembled multistage rocket
 Stack (microelectronics), a two-layer gate insulator in MOSFET, usually high-κ-oxide over SiO2

Transportation
 Operation Stack, parking lorries on the M20 in Kent, England, when Channel crossings are disrupted
 Stack interchange, a free-flowing grade-separated junction between two roads
 The Stack, the interchange of I-10 and I-17 in Phoenix, Arizona

Other uses
 Stack Ltd, the company that owns 0verflow
 Stack (unit), a US unit of volume for stacked firewood
 Amp stack, of guitar amplifiers
 Library stack,  compactly spaced bookshelves in libraries
 Smoke stack or chimney
 Flue-gas stack, the industrial terminology for an industrial plant chimney
 Funnel (ship), the smokestack or chimney on a ship
 Stack effect, the movement of air into and out of buildings, chimneys, flue-gas stacks, or other containers

See also

 Haystack (disambiguation)
 Stacker (disambiguation)
 Stacking (disambiguation)
 Stak (disambiguation)

Stack