Royal Challengers Bangalore (often abbreviated as RCB) are  a professional franchise cricket team based in Bengaluru, Karnataka, that plays in the Indian Premier League (IPL). It was founded in 2008 by United Spirits and named after the company's liquor brand Royal Challenge.

The Royal Challengers have not won the IPL but finished runner-up on three occasions between 2009 and 2016. The team holds the records of both the highest and the lowest totals in the IPL – 263/5 and 49 respectively.

Franchise history
In September 2007, the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) announced the establishment of the Indian Premier League, a Twenty20 competition to be started in 2008. The teams for the competition, representing 8 different cities of India, including Bangalore, were put up on auction in Mumbai on 20 February 2008. The Bangalore franchise was purchased by Vijay Mallya, who paid 111.6 million for it. This was the second highest bid for a team, next only to Reliance Industries' bid of 111.9 million for the Mumbai Indians.

The brand value of Royal Challengers Bangalore was estimated to be  in 2019, according to a survey conducted by Duff & Phelps.

Team history

2008–2010: Initial seasons
Kohli-Amrish Reddy Batting

Ahead of the 2008 player auction, the IPL named Rahul Dravid as the icon player for the Bangalore franchise, which meant that Dravid would be paid 15% more than the highest bid player at the auction. The franchise acquired a number of Indian and international players at the auction such as Jacques Kallis, Anil Kumble, Zaheer Khan, Mark Boucher, Dale Steyn and Cameron White. They also signed up Ross Taylor, Misbah-ul-Haq and India under-19 World Cup winning captain Virat Kohli in the second round of auction. The team won only 4 of the 14 matches in the inaugural season, finishing seventh in the eight-team table. Only Dravid managed to score more than 300 runs in the tournament and they had to even bench their costliest foreign player Kallis for a few of the matches due to his poor form.

The string of failures midway through the season led to the sacking of the CEO Charu Sharma, who was replaced with Brijesh Patel. Team owner Vijay Mallya went on to publicly criticize Dravid and Sharma for the players selected by them at the auction and stated that his "biggest mistake was to abstain from the selection of the team." Eventually the chief cricketing officer Martin Crowe resigned.

At the 2009 player auction, the franchise signed up Kevin Pietersen for a record sum of 1.55 million, making him the joint costliest player, along with fellow Englishman Andrew Flintoff who was signed up by the Chennai Super Kings for the same amount. They also traded Zaheer Khan for Robin Uthappa with the Mumbai Indians and also roped in local batsman Manish Pandey from them. Ahead of the tournament, which was shifted to South Africa due to the general elections, the Royal Challengers named Pietersen as the team captain for the season. Bangalore continued to struggle during the initial games of the 2009 season, winning only two of their first six games under the new captain. However, the team's fortunes improved after Pietersen left for national duty and Kumble took over the captaincy, as the team went on to win six of their remaining eight league games to finish third on the points table. The team qualified for the semifinal where they faced the Super Kings. Electing to field first, Bangalore restricted their opponents to 146 and chased down the total with 5 wickets in hand, thanks to 48 and 44 by Pandey and Dravid respectively. In the final against Deccan Chargers, the Royal Challengers bowlers, led by Kumble's 4 for 16, kept the Chargers down to 143/6. However, they struggled in the runchase, with only four batsmen reaching double figures, and lost the match by six runs in a tense finish.

In 2010, the Royal Challengers continued under Kumble's captaincy and finished the regular season with seven wins from 14 matches and 14 points. They were one of the four teams tied on 14 points with two semifinal spots at stake; they qualified for the semifinal as their net run rate was superior to those of the Delhi Daredevils and the Kolkata Knight Riders. In the semifinal, the Royal Challengers were defeated by the table-toppers Mumbai Indians by 35 runs. With a convincing nine-wicket win over defending champions Deccan Chargers in the third-place playoff, the Royal Challengers qualified for the 2010 Champions League Twenty20. Kumble retired at the conclusion of the Champions League, having led the team to the semifinals of both the IPL and the CLT20 that year.

2011–2012: IPL and champions league Finals

On 8 January 2011, the IPL Governing Council held the auction for the fourth season of the league. The franchises had the option of retaining a maximum of four players for a sum of US$4.5 million. However, Royal Challengers retained only one of their players, Virat Kohli, leaving the rest of the players back in the auction pool. When other IPL franchises let go the non-performers from each of their teams, RCB lost the top performers from the previous season by releasing them back to the auction pool.
On Day-One of the auction, Bangalore bought Sri Lankan Tillakaratne Dilshan for $650,000, their former player and Mumbai Indians spearhead Zaheer Khan for $900,000, ace middle order batsman AB de Villiers for $1.1 million, former New Zealand skipper Daniel Vettori for $550,000, India's new sensation, who played with Mumbai Indians until last season, Saurabh Tiwary for a whopping $1.6 million, Australia's Dirk Nannes for $650,000 and India's young talent Cheteshwar Pujara for $700,000. West Indian batsman Chris Gayle was brought in as a replacement for the injured Dirk Nannes in the middle of the tournament. Vettori led the side for the fourth season of the IPL.

RCB kicked off their campaign with a comfortable six-wicket win over the newly formed team, Kochi Tuskers Kerala. But then, they suffered three big defeats at the hands of Mumbai Indians, Deccan Chargers and Chennai Super Kings. At this stage, speedster Dirk Nannes was ruled out of the tournament and the RCB team management named West Indian opener Chris Gayle as his replacement. Gayle started off the tournament with a century (102* off 55 balls) against Kolkata Knight Riders, giving the Challengers an emphatic 9-wicket win. RCB also managed to beat Delhi Daredevils and Pune Warriors in their next two matches. They went on to beat Kings XI Punjab by a big margin of 85 runs, after Gayle smashed his second century of the tournament (107 off 49 balls). They won their next two matches against Kochi and Rajasthan Royals, both comprehensively by 9 wickets. They also defeated Kolkata in a rain-affected match at Bangalore. But then, Kings XI Punjab, riding on a blistering hundred by their skipper Adam Gilchrist, ended RCB's 7-match winning streak, with a huge 111-run margin win. In their last league match, the Challengers beat the defending champions Chennai Super Kings by 8 wickets to end at the top of the points table. Chris Gayle, shining once again with the bat, scored an unbeaten 75 off 50 balls.

Royal Challengers faced Chennai Super Kings in the 1st qualifier at Mumbai. Virat Kohli scored an unbeaten 70 off just 44 balls to help RCB put up 175/4 in their 20 overs. Despite losing early wickets, Chennai went on to win the match by 6 wickets. The win took Chennai to the final and RCB faced Mumbai Indians in the 2nd qualifier in Chennai. Batting first, Royal Challengers made a massive 185/4 in 20 overs on a slow Chepauk track. Chris Gayle was the star once again for them as he scored a blistering 89 runs off 47 balls. Mumbai never looked in the hunt for a win as they collapsed to a 43-run defeat. The Royal Challengers qualified for the final with this win and went on to face Chennai at their home ground in the final. Winning the toss, Chennai elected to bat first in the final. The Super Kings posted a huge total of 205/5. The Challengers did not bat well and lost the match by 58 runs. Chris Gayle was named Man of the Tournament and Bangalore set a new IPL record for the most successive wins by winning 7 matches on the trot.

Royal Challengers Bangalore qualified for the main event of the 2011 Champions League Twenty20 as they finished runners-up in the 2011 Indian Premier League, this made the Challengers the first and only team ever to play in all the three seasons of the tournament. The Challengers, placed in Group B in the first round of the tournament, kicked off their quest for glory with a last-ball defeat to the Warriors. They suffered a big 9-wicket defeat at the hands of the IPL counterparts Kolkata Knight Riders in their second group match, leaving them with two must-win matches in order to qualify for the semi-finals. They registered their first win in the competition, in an emphatic manner, by beating Somerset by 51 runs, thanks to Chris Gayle's 46-ball 86. The win also consolidated their poor net run-rate. In their last group match, they faced the champions from Australia, the Southern Redbacks. Batting first, the Redbacks rode on a century by Daniel Harris (108* from 61 balls) to set RCB a target of 215. The Royal Challengers came out with a spirited batting performance with Tillakaratne Dilshan and Virat Kohli scoring half-centuries. However, the Redbacks hampered the run-chase by picking up wickets at regular stages towards the end of the innings. With six runs required off the last ball to win the match, RCB found an unlikely-hero in Arun Karthik, who struck Daniel Christian for a six over deep mid-wicket, to take RCB through to the semi-finals. The Challengers, despite being level on points with Kolkata Knight Riders and Warriors, qualified for the semi-finals on basis of having a better net run-rate than the two teams.

The Royal Challengers played the New South Wales Blues in the semi-finals of the tournament. Winning the toss, Daniel Vettori put the Blues in to bat and the decision seemed to backfire as the Blues amassed 203/2 in 20 overs, mainly due to the efforts of David Warner who struck an unbeaten 123 off just 68 balls. Despite losing Dilshan early in the chase, RCB got off to a rollicking start with Chris Gayle smashing 92 runs from only 41 deliveries. He was ably supported by Kohli, who struck an unbeaten 84 from 49 balls to give RCB a comfortable 6-wicket victory with 9 balls to spare. They took on an injury-hit Mumbai Indians in the final at Chennai. Mumbai winning the toss, chose to bat and put up a modest total of 139 in 20 overs. After getting off to a blistering start with the bat, the Challengers lost wickets at regular intervals before getting bundled out for 108 in 19.2 overs, falling short of the target by 31 runs. Mumbai skipper Harbhajan Singh was awarded the Man of the Match for picking 3/20 in his four overs.

In the pre-season transfer window, Royal Challengers Bangalore transferred Australian all-rounder Andrew McDonald from Delhi Daredevils. RCB paid US$100,000 as transferred fees. Royal Challengers Bangalore also retained Chris Gayle for the next two IPL seasons.

Before the 2012 auction, RCB had got Andrew McDonald transferred from Delhi Daredevils. They had also bought out the contracts of Johan Van der Wath, Jonathan Vandiar and Nuwan Pradeep. In the auction, RCB bought only Vinay Kumar for $1 million and Muttiah Muralitharan for $220,200.

Royal Challengers Bangalore began the 2012 IPL without the services of talisman Chris Gayle who had arrived in India, carrying a groin injury he had sustained in the preceding Bangladesh Premier League. Sreenath Aravind, RCB's most
successful bowler in 2011 too was laid low by injury and Harshal Patel emerged as the preferred third seamer in the side
ahead of Abhimanyu Mithun. AB de Villiers and Muttiah Muralitharan gave the team a winning start against Delhi but 3 consecutive losses followed. The team rallied back, Chris Gayle finding his touch to hit 5 consecutive sixes off
Rahul Sharma and Saurabh Tiwary hitting a six off the last ball to win the team a tight chase against Pune. Gayle shone
again at Mohali in a comprehensive win while de Villiers, Tillakaratne Dilshan and KP Appanna engineered another win in
Jaipur. A washed out match at Bangalore against Chennai denied the team a chance at gaining 2 points outright, the teams sharing
points 1-1 each. Two subsequent losses put RCB in competition with Rajasthan Royals, Chennai Super Kings and Kings XI
Punjab for the last play-offs slot. Daniel Vettori benched himself so the team could play Muttiah Muralitharan as one of the four foreigners allowed in the
playing XI, Virat Kohli taking up the captaincy duties. The team signed Prasanth Parameswaran, who played for Kochi Tuskers
Kerala in the 2011 IPL, as a replacement for the injured Sreenath Aravind. A spectacular chase against Deccan Chargers at Bangalore and two routs in Mumbai and Pune put the team back on track for a
place in the play-offs. RCB went down to Mumbai in a hard-fought match at Bangalore but bounced back in Delhi as Chris
Gayle became the first man to hit 3 centuries in the IPL, hitting 128* at Delhi.

Other results in the tournament now placed RCB in direct competition with Chennai for the final play-offs slot. The teams
were tied on points with Chennai ahead on net run-rate but RCB had a game in hand while Chennai had played out their
games. A batting failure at Hyderabad in RCB's final game of the season led to the end of the team's 2012 campaign, making
it the first time since 2009 that they failed to qualify for both the play-offs and the Champions League Twenty20. Chris Gayle was the highest run scorer of the tournament for the second year in a row, scoring 733 runs at 61.08 with 7
fifties, 1 hundred and a strike rate of 160.74. Vinay Kumar finished as the 5th highest wicket taker of the tournament
with his 19 wickets from 17 matches.

2013-2015: Kohli captaincy and intermediate seasons

Before the 2013 auction, RCB released Mohammad Kaif, Charl Langeveldt, Dirk Nannes, Luke Pomersbach and Rilee Rossouw. At the auction, RCB bought Christopher Barnwell, Daniel Christian, Moisés Henriques, Ravi Rampaul, Pankaj Singh, R. P. Singh and Jaydev Unadkat.
RCB kicked off their 2013 campaign by winning their first 6 home games, starting with a 2-run win over Mumbai Indians where Chris Gayle scored 92* off 58 balls and Vinay Kumar picking up 3 wickets.
But they suffered a super-over defeat to the newly formed Sunrisers Hyderabad but then they beat the same opponents convincingly by 6 wickets where Virat Kohli smashed a brilliant 93*. They also beat Kolkata Knight Riders by 8 wickets. Gayle and Kohli were in a tremendous form with the bat while Vinay Kumar was the hero with the ball. RCB suffered a shock in the next match against Chennai Super Kings where R. P. Singh conceded a no-ball on the last ball of the match which was a catch. However, the team rallied back to win their next 3 games. One of the matches against Pune Warriors India saw Chris Gayle smash 175 off just 66 balls which was the highest individual score in T20 cricket and RCB put up 263-5 which was the highest total in T20 cricket. Pune never fought back in the chase and eventually lost the match by 130 runs. People often nicknamed Bangalore as "Ban-gayle-ore". However, the team began to lose matches away from home. One of the matches against Punjab saw David Miller score 101 off just 38 balls to guide Punjab to an unlikely victory. RCB only managed to beat Pune Warriors India and Delhi Daredevils away from home. They were now in direct competition with Sunrisers Hyderabad with 16 points from 13 matches who were also with 16 points from 13 matches. A batting failure against Kolkata and a poor fielding and bowling performance against Punjab at Bangalore left RCB in a do or die situation in their last league match against Chennai Super Kings at Bangalore. Fortunately, RCB registered a stunning win in their last match which was affected by rain. Now, RCB could only qualify for the playoffs if Kolkata would beat Hyderabad. Unfortunately, Sunrisers Hyderabad won the match convincingly by 5 wickets which ended RCB's 2013 campaign. Chris Gayle was the leading run scorer for the team, scoring 708 runs and Vinay Kumar was the leading wicket taker by taking 22 wickets.

Virat Kohli was named the captain of RCB team. Before the 2014 auction, AB de Villiers, Chris Gayle and Virat Kohli were retained from the previous seasons. The players bought in the 2014 auctions were Albie Morkel, Mitchell Starc, Ravi Rampaul, Parthiv Patel, Ashok Dinda, Muttiah Muralitharan, Nic Maddinson, Harshal Patel, Varun Aaron, Vijay Zol and Yuvraj Singh who was the most expensive player fetching a massive ₹14 crore. They ended up 7th in the points table and didn't qualify for the playoffs in the 2014 IPL.

RCB retained Virat Kohli, AB de Villiers, Chris Gayle, Mitchell Starc, Ashok Dinda, Varun Aaron, Harshal Patel, Yuzvendra Chahal, Nic Maddinson, Rilee Rossouw, Abu Nechim, Yogesh Takawale, Vijay Zol and Sandeep Warrier for the 2015 Indian Premier League. They also bought Manvinder Bisla and Iqbal Abdulla from Kolkata Knight Riders and Mandeep Singh from Kings XI Punjab during the Transfer Window. They bought Darren Sammy, David Wiese, Adam Milne, Sean Abbott, Subramaniam Badrinath, Jalaj Saxena, Sarfaraz Khan and Dinesh Karthik for  from the 2015 Player Auctions.

Royal Challengers Bangalore started their season with an unconvincing win against KKR at Kolkata, supported by a knock of 96 by Chris Gayle. But they lost their next three matches in Bangalore to SRH, MI, and CSK. Two great bowling performances ensured RCB secured dominant wins against RR and DD, winning by 9 wickets and 10 wickets respectively. Their next match against RR got washed out after a strong batting performance from RCB. They lost a close match to CSK, but recovered by crushing Kings XI Punjab by 138 runs, supported by a century by Chris Gayle, and a four-wicket haul for Sreenath Aravind and Mitchell Starc. Royal Challengers' good form continued when AB de Villiers and Virat Kohli smashed the highest T20 partnership ever (later beaten by the same pair in IPL 2016) against Mumbai Indians, to secure a good win. Later, RCB lost to Kings XI Punjab in a rain affected match, putting their playoff qualification in doubt. They faced SRH in the next match, again affected by rain. Amidst a lot of drama, and stunning performances from Virat Kohli and Gayle, RCB won an unlikely match in Hyderabad. Now, the only way they could be out of the playoffs became very unlikely, yet possible. RCB lost their chance to be placed second in the points table after rain washed out their final match against DD.

They ended the league stage at the third position, with 7 wins from 14 matches. On 20 May, they faced the Rajasthan Royals in the Eliminator and earned a spot in Qualifier 2. However, they lost to the Chennai Super Kings in the Qualifier 2, and ended the season finishing third. AB de Villiers, Virat Kohli and Chris Gayle ended by being the 4th, 5th and 6th highest run scorers of the season respectively, while Yuzvendra Chahal was RCB's highest wicket taker, being the 3rd highest in the season.

2016: Dream Season

In light of financial scandals involving owner/chairman Vijay Mallya, Amrit Thomas became the chairman of the Royal Challengers. RCB changed the team logo and also became the first team in IPL to adopt different jerseys for home and away matches. Virat Kohli, AB de Villiers, Chris Gayle, Mitchell Starc, David Wiese, Adam Milne, Varun Aaron, Mandeep Singh, Harshal Patel, Kedar Jadhav, Sarfaraz Khan, Sreenath Aravind, Yuzvendra Chahal, and Abu Nechim were retained by RCB for the 2016 Indian Premier League. From player auctions, they bought Shane Watson for , Kane Richardson and Stuart Binny for ₹2 crore each, and Travis Head and Samuel Badree for ₹50 lakhs each. Other players that joined the team were Sachin Baby, Iqbal Abdulla, Praveen Dubey, Akshay Karnewar, Vikramjeet Malik and Vikas Tokas. KL Rahul and Parvez Rasool also joined RCB for the IPL 2016 edition.

Royal Challengers Bangalore started their season with a blitz from AB de Villiers and Virat Kohli against SRH at Bangalore, to comfortably win their first match. A bludgeoning century from Quinton de Kock meant RCB lost their second match of the season. Their form deteriorated in the coming matches, winning only one match of the next five. Although, Virat Kohli and AB de Villier's brilliant form, along with the emergence of KL Rahul as an important member of RCB's batting, were positive points. Royal Challengers needed to win at least 6 of their next seven matches to have a chance at qualifying for the playoffs. They won matches against KXIP and Rising Pune Supergiant, the new entrant in the tournament. But a loss against Mumbai Indians meant they needed 4 wins in 4 matches to qualify. Since then, Virat Kohli found himself in a sublime form, with captaincy and the bat. RCB most notably defeated the Gujarat Lions by 144 runs, the highest margin in the IPL history, during this 4 match winning streak. Through other match results, RCB ended at an unlikely second position at the end of the league stage. Virat Kohli dominated the run-scoring list, while Shane Watson and Yuzvendra Chahal collectively topped the wicket taking list at the end of the league stage. They faced the Gujarat Lions in the Qualifier 1 at their home ground, the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium. They won by 4 wickets to make it to their third final in nine seasons. They played the final against SRH, again in Bangalore. RCB lost a hard-fought match by 8 runs, to end as runners up in this ninth season of the IPL. This is the third instance of RCB losing the final in the IPL. Yuzvendra Chahal and Shane Watson ended second and third respectively on the list for most wickets. At the launch event of his biography, 'Driven: The Virat Kohli Story' in New Delhi, in October 2016, Kohli discussed how loyalty was important to him and that he planned to never play for another IPL team.

2017–2019: Bottom-table finishes

Virat Kohli, AB de Villiers, Chris Gayle, Mitchell Starc, Adam Milne, Mandeep Singh, Harshal Patel, Kedar Jadhav, Sarfaraz Khan, Sreenath Aravind, Yuzvendra Chahal, Shane Watson, Stuart Binny, Travis Head, Samuel Badree, Sachin Baby, Iqbal Abdulla, Praveen Dubey and KL Rahul were retained by RCB for the 2017 Indian Premier League. From the player auctions, they bought Tymal Mills for , Aniket Chaudhary for ₹2 crores, Pawan Negi for ₹1 crore and Billy Stanlake for ₹30 lakhs. Mitchell Starc dropped out of the season to prepare for the Champions Trophy which led to the management to replace him with Tymal Mills. The team was the worst hit with injuries as their captain Virat Kohli and AB de Villiers did not play for the initial matches which led to the making of Shane Watson as the interim captain. Even their star players KL Rahul and Sarfaraz Khan were ruled out of the season due to their prolonged injuries.

They lost their first match of the season as they were bundled out by 172 and lost by 35 runs to Sunrisers Hyderabad in Hyderabad. But they won their second match against Delhi Daredevils in their home ground. However, they lost the next three matches in a row against Kings XI Punjab, Mumbai Indians and Rising Pune Supergiant respectively. Though AB de Villiers made a quick fire 89 off 46 balls, RCB lost the match against Kings XI Punjab as the other players made 57 dot balls. The match against Mumbai Indians saw Virat Kohli's comeback with a quick 62 off 47 balls and Samuel Badree becoming the 14th player in the IPL history to claim a hat-trick, but they lost the match as Pollard made 70 off 47 balls to win the match for Mumbai Indians. They lost the match against Rising Pune Supergiant by a massive 27 runs. But in their next game against Gujarat Lions, they won by 20 runs and coincidentally Chris Gayle became the first player to score 10,000 runs in T20s. However, in their next game against Kolkata Knight Riders, on the day when RCB made 263/5 against Pune Warriors India in 2013 which was the highest IPL score, they were bundled out for 49 all out which is the lowest IPL score and also where no batsman could score 10 runs. They kept losing matches consecutively as they could not make high scores and their big guns – Chris Gayle, Virat Kohli and AB de Villiers failing repeatedly. The pitch in M. Chinnaswamy Stadium was changed from a usual batting to the bowling pitch which made the batsmen struggle for runs. They ended up at the bottom of the table and they changed their squad for each match which was the reason for its downfall. However, they finished their miserable season on a high note after winning against Delhi Daredevils by 10 runs in Delhi. They made low scores like 49 all out against Kolkata Knight Riders, 96/9 against Rising Pune Supergiant and 119 all out against Kings XI Punjab.

In the 2018 IPL, RCB ended up 6th in the points table and didn't qualify for the playoffs. Fans of RCB started to use ee sala cup namde (this time, cup is ours) during 2017, and it became a meme trending on social media sites since 2018 before and during subsequent IPLs.

Ahead of the 2019 IPL, Royal Challengers Bangalore spent ₹16.4 crores (US$2.4 million) to buy nine players – Shivam Dube, Shimron Hetmyer, Akshdeep Nath, Prayas Barman, Himmat Singh, Gurkeerat Singh Mann, Heinrich Klaasen, Devdutt Padikkal and Milind Kumar. In-between the tournament, one of the best fast bowlers in the game Dale Steyn joined the squad and was crucial for the team's victories. Unfortunately for RCB, he was ruled out of the tournament after playing 3 matches due to a shoulder injury. Despite their hard efforts, RCB failed yet again to deliver in the group-stages. Out of the 14 games played, they won five, lost eight and tied one. Consequently, they ended at the bottom of the points table for the second time (previously in 2017).

A lot of eyes were laid on the Captain of the team Virat Kohli because he was to lead his country in the upcoming Cricket World Cup, this put a lot of pressure on the captain. In spite of this pressure, Kohli scored a total of 464 runs which included one match winning century and two half centuries, making him the second player to reach the milestone of 5,000 runs in the IPL after Chennai Super Kings' All-rounder Suresh Raina.

Even with RCB's disappointing performance in the season, most of their matches were close encounters and their fans were thoroughly entertained. At the end of the 12th season of the IPL franchise, RCB still remains among the three original teams of the franchise (the other two include Kings XI Punjab and Delhi Capitals) which haven't won the IPL trophy yet.

2020-present: Regain In Form

Before the start of 2020 IPL, RCB had released many of their players, including Akshdeep Nath, Colin de Grandhomme, Dale Steyn, Heinrich Klassen, Himmat Singh, Kulwant Khejroliya, Marcus Stoinis, Milind Kumar, Nathan Coulter-Nile, Prayas Ray Barman, Shimron Hetmyer, and Tim Southee. During the IPL auction, they added Aaron Finch (₹4.4 crore), Chris Morris (₹10 crore), Joshua Philippe ( ₹20 lakh), Kane Richardson (₹4 crore), Pavan Deshpande (₹20 lakh), Dale Steyn (₹2 crore), Shahbaz Ahamad (₹20 lakh) and Isuru Udana (₹50 lakh). RCB released a new logo and a new jersey ahead of the 2020 season.

RCB qualified for the playoffs of the 2020 IPL for the first time since 2016, but they failed to win the title after losing to Sunrisers Hyderabad in the Eliminator. Devdutt Padikkal was the team's leading run scorer with 473 runs, followed by Virat Kohli (466 runs) and AB de Villiers (454 runs). Yuzvendra Chahal was the pick of the bowlers with 21 wickets, followed by Chris Morris and Mohammad Siraj with 11 wickets each.

Before the 2021 IPL season, RCB released Chris Morris, Aaron Finch, Moeen Ali, Isuru Udana, Dale Steyn, Shivam Dube, Umesh Yadav, Pawan Negi, Gurkeerat Mann, and Parthiv Patel (retired). During the IPL Auction they added Glenn Maxwell, Mohammed Azharuddeen, Sachin Baby, Kyle Jamieson, Srikar Bharat, Rajat Patidar, Dan Christian, Suyash Prabhudessai, and Finn Allen to their squad. This was AB de Villiers's last season in the IPL, as he announced his retirement in November 2021.

RCB faced the same fate as they did in the previous season, failing to lift the trophy once again after losing to Kolkata Knight Riders in the Eliminator. This season saw the rise of Harshal Patel as the team's breakout player as he finished the season with 32 wickets, equaling the record for highest number of wickets taken in a season and winning the Purple Cap. Glenn Maxwell was the highest run scorer for the team with 513 runs (fifth highest in the season).  Virat Kohli achieved the feat of becoming the first ever batter to score 6000 runs in the IPL during the season.

The 2022 season saw some major changes in the team as before the start of the season star batter AB de Villiers announced his retirement in November 2021 and RCB announced a new captain, Faf du Plessis, after former captain Virat Kohli announced his retirement from captaincy following the second leg of 2021 IPL season. They also appointed Sanjay Bangar as the new head coach.

Ahead of the IPL Mega Auction, RCB retained Virat Kohli, Glenn Maxwell and Mohammad Siraj.  During the auction they bought Shahbaz Ahmed, Wanindu Hasaranga, Harshal Patel, Finn Allen, Faf du Plessis, Mahipal Lomror, David Willey, Sherfane Rutherford, Suyash Prabhudessai, Aneeshwar Gautam, Dinesh Karthik, Anuj Rawat, Siddarth Kaul, Akash Deep, Luvnith Sisodia, Karn Sharma, Josh Hazlewood, Jason Behrendorff, Chama Milind.

The season saw the addition of two new teams making it a 10 team season. RCB finally managed to go past eliminator mark after consecutively losing in the previous two seasons, yet they failed to win the title after they lost to Rajasthan Royals in the Qualifier 2. The new captain Faf du Plessis ended the season with 468 runs, the highest for the team. The 2022 season was not a fruitful one for Virat Kohli, as he scored only 341 runs at an average of 22.73. Wanindu Hasaranga was the team's highest wicket taker with 26 wickets.

Ahead of the 2023 season RCB bought Reece Topley, Will Jacks, Rajan Kumar, Avinash Singh, Sonu Yadav, Himanshu Sharma, Manoj Bhadange in the auction.

Team identity

Livery

Vijay Mallya wanted to associate one of his top-selling liquor brands, either McDowell's No.1 or Royal Challenge with the team. The latter was chosen, hence the name.

Logo
The logo initially consisted the RC emblem in yellow on a circular red base with the black text "Royal Challengers Bangalore" in standard format surrounding the circular logo. The RC crown emblem with the roaring lion placed on the top of the logo was derived from the original Royal Challenge logo. No significant changes took place in the design of the logo except for the replacement of colour yellow with gold from 2009. This logo also had a dotted white circle around the RC emblem. The team also uses an alternate logo for the Game for Green matches where the green plants surround the logo and the text Game for Green is placed below the logo. The logo was redesigned in 2016 with the inclusion of black as a secondary color. The lion emblem in the crest was enlarged and the shield was omitted in the new design. In 2020, a new logo was unveiled featuring a bigger lion and the crown returning from the previous logo. The RC emblem was omitted for this crest.

Jersey
The jersey colors of the team in 2008 were red and golden yellow, the same as the unofficial Kannada flag, with player names printed in white and numbers printed in black in the rear. Yellow was replaced with gold in the future seasons. Starting from 2010, blue was introduced on the apparel as a tertiary colour. The jersey design saw tweaks every season, major being the one for 2014 where blue dominated over gold. From 2014, the player names and numbers were printed in gold. As of 2015, more yellowish shade of gold was used on the jerseys. Black replaced blue as the tertiary colour in 2016. Also from 2016, two versions of the jersey were used, one for home matches and the other for away ones. The kit design remained the same until 2019. The home and away concept was scrapped from 2020 and a darker shade of blue replaced black. A design similar to the previous "home" version of the jersey was adopted for 2020 and 2021. A completely redesigned jersey with the deep blue as a dominant shade with gold accents was used in 2022 while red was seen predominantly on the trousers.

RCB also has a tradition of replacing red with green on the kits for the "Game for Green" matches which occur once a season. In 2020, as a tribute to the COVID-19 frontline workers, a match was played by RCB with sky-blue colour replacing red on the kits.

Reebok manufactured kits for the team from 2008 to 2014 and Adidas supplied the kits in 2015. Zeven manufactured the kits for the team from 2016 to 2019. Wrogn manufactured the kits in 2020 while Puma became the official kit manufacturer since 2020.

Theme song
The theme song of the team for the 2008 season was "Jeetenge Hum Shaan Se". The team anthem, "Game for More" was created for the 2009 season. The music was composed by Amit Trivedi and written by Anshu Sharma. A new anthem, "Here We Go The Royal Challengers" was created for the 2013 season and was used till 2015. The anthem "Play Bold" was composed by Salim–Sulaiman, sung by Siddharth Basrur and was released in 2016 during the launch of jerseys for the season. For 2017, the same anthem was recomposed and sung by Anand Bhaskar in 6 languages – English, Kannada, Telugu, Bengali, Marathi and Punjabi.

Ambassadors
Katrina Kaif was the brand ambassador for the team in 2008. Deepika Padukone, Ramya, Puneeth Rajkumar, Shiva Rajkumar, Upendra and Ganesh have been the ambassadors for the team in the later seasons.

Kit manufacturers and sponsors

Rivalries
Royal Challengers Bangalore have active rivalries with Chennai Super Kings, Kolkata Knight Riders and Sunrisers Hyderabad.

Rivalry with Kolkata Knight Riders
The rivalry between Kolkata Knight Riders and Royal Challengers Bangalore is one of the oldest in the IPL. The inaugural match of IPL was played between both the teams in which KKR won by 140 runs due to a 158* off just 73 balls by Brendon McCullum.

In IPL 2009, both teams faced off against each other again in which RCB won both times. In the second time they faced each other, Ross Taylor scored a blitzkrieg 81* off 33 balls to win it for RCB by six wickets.

In the 2012 edition of IPL, KKR was at the lower half of the IPL table and needed to win the crucial match against RCB. KKR won the toss and chose to bat first. The skipper Gautam Gambhir led from the front with 93 (51). In reply, RCB lost wickets at regular intervals, as only Chris Gayle managed to put up a fight with a score of 86 (58). The next time they met, Gambhir again was the thorn of RCB as he top scored for KKR at a tough pitch, taking KKR to a competitive total of 165. RCB in reply made 129, as Lakshmipathy Balaji ripped through their lineup with a 4/18 in 4 overs.

In the 2015 IPL edition, RCB and KKR took part in a match reduced due to rain. It was reduced to a 10 over match. RCB won the toss and elected to field. For KKR, Andre Russell was the top scorer as he scored 45 off just 17 balls as he took them to a score of 111/4 in just 10 overs. Mitchell Starc took one wicket for 15 runs in 2 overs. In reply, RCB were at 0–48 at 3.4 overs before Brad Hogg got Chris Gayle out. After that, RCB stuttered and started to collapse as they were reduced to 3–81 in 7.2 overs. When Virat Kohli got out to Andre Russell, the match looked to be over for RCB. However, Mandeep Singh scored 45 off just 18 balls hitting 3 sixes and 4 fours.

In the 2017 IPL edition, Kolkata Knight Riders and Royal Challengers Bangalore locked horns with one another again. In the first match between them, RCB got KKR put for a score of 131 after KKR got off to a strong start of 0–48 in 3.3 overs. However, KKR reduced RCB to 49/9 before getting the final wicket, resulting in RCB getting the lowest score in the history of IPL – 49 all out. Nathan Coulter Nile, Colin de Grandhomme and Chris Woakes got three wickets each. In the next time they faced, Sunil Narine scored the fastest fifty of IPL then and the second fastest now (50 off 15 balls). KKR made the highest score made in powerplay in any IPL match, and chased down the target offered by RCB easily.

The 2019 IPL saw Virat Kohli scoring 84 off 49 and AB de Villiers scoring 63 off 32, taking RCB to a total of 205/3. KKR had a strong start scoring 28/0 in 1.3 overs before losing wickets at regular intervals and having their run rate reduced. They were 139/4 in 15.5 overs. Dinesh Karthik and Andre Russell however brought back the chase on control. Karthik got out scoring 19 off 15, leaving KKR at 153/5 in 17 overs. Andre Russell, however, took KKR over the line as he scored 48 off 13, hitting Mohammed Siraj for 23 runs in one over.

In the next match, RCB struck back as Virat Kohli made his 5th IPL century scoring 100 runs in 58 balls only. Moeen Ali scored 66 runs in only 28 balls as RCB scored 213 runs. For KKR, Nitish Rana scored 85 off 46 and Andre Russell scored 65 off 25, taking the game to the wire. However, RCB won the match by 10 runs, with Virat Kohli being Man of the Match.

Rivalry with Chennai Super Kings

The rivalry with Chennai Super Kings stems from the Kaveri River water dispute between the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The rivalry is also called "Kaveri derby" and "South Indian derby". The Super Kings beat the Royal Challengers in the final of the 2011 IPL, the only meeting between the two teams at an IPL final.

Rivalry with Hyderabad franchises
Another notable rivalry between RCB is with the Hyderabad franchises, first with the Deccan Chargers and now with the Sunrisers Hyderabad. The Deccan Chargers won 6 out of the 11 clashes between the two and the Sunrisers currently lead by 12 games to 9. There is also a notable trend where the Hyderabad franchise has jeopardised RCB's campaign in some way or the other. The 2009 IPL final and the 2016 IPL final were both won by the Deccan Chargers and Sunrisers Hyderabad respectively. Their 2020 clash was also at a high stake eliminator, where a fifty by Kane Williamson trumped RCB to knock them out of IPL 2020. In a more recent example, despite their abysmal 2021 season, SRH were able to beat a resurgent RCB, causing them to end up in 3rd place and forcing them to play the eliminator, which they lost to KKR.

Support and fan following
The Royal Challengers have a huge and passionate fan base all over India and especially in the city of Bangalore. The fans, known to be loyal and vocal in their support, often turn up in large numbers for RCB's home matches turning the stadium into what is called a "sea of red". They are well known for their chants of "R-C-B, R-C-B" and chants of "A-B-D, A-B-D" for their maestro batsman AB de Villiers, and the co-ordinated Mexican wave at the Chinnaswamy. The stadium organisers also provide the home team fans with cheer kits, RCB flags and noisemakers among other items. Royal Challengers Bangalore have formed a fan-following group named as Bold Army.

During the 2014 IPL, the Royal Challengers became the first team to provide free Wi-Fi connectivity to fans at their home ground. 50 access points were set up using fibre optic cables to provide the connectivity to fans on match days at the Chinnaswamy.

Seasons

Indian Premier League

Champions League T20

Current squad
 Players with international caps are listed in bold.
  denotes a player who is unavailable for the entire season
  denotes a player who is currently unavailable for selection

Administration and support staff

Result summary

By Opposition

Last Updated on 27 May 2022

References

External links

2008 establishments in Karnataka
Indian Premier League teams
Cricket in Bangalore
Sport in Karnataka
Sport in Bangalore
Cricket clubs established in 2008
United Breweries Group

Royal Challengers Bangalore


A refresh rate is the number of times a new image is shown on a screen (such as a television or computer monitor) per second. It is measured in hertz (Hz), which is a measurement of frequency. This means that a screen with a refresh rate of 60 Hz will show 60 images per second. The refresh rate is related to another measurement, the frame rate or frames per second (fps). In relation to a screen, the frame rate is how many images a device (such as a computer) is sending to the screen per second to be shown on the screen.

If a device is running at 30 frames per second, and the screen has a refresh rate of 60 Hz, then 30 images per second will be shown to the viewer. Even though the screen can display more images per second, it is only getting 30 images per second from the device. However, the device runs at 120 frames per second, then only 60 images per second will be shown on the screen. This is because the screen can not display more than 60 images per second (its refresh rate).

As the refresh rate of a screen increases, the amount of images shown also increases. This can make the picture shown on the screen clearer, avoiding motion blur. (Motion blur is when something moves very fast, and it looks blurry. If a screen can not show images fast enough to keep up with an object, motion blur might happen.) Many televisions and computer monitors run at 60 Hz. This is a very common refresh rate. Because 60 frames per second is a common frame rate, 60 Hz monitors can show most things very clearly. However, some people want to have a higher refresh rate, because they use things like video games or very high quality videos, which can have much higher frame rates. Many screens have 120 Hz, 144 Hz, or 240 Hz refresh rates for this reason.

Display technology

Refresh rate


The Committee on Transport, Industry, Communications, Energy, Science and Technology is one of the ten permanent committees of the Pan-African Parliament. It is responsible for the following areas:

 Consider issues relating to the development of transport and communications.
 Assist Parliament to oversee the development and implementation of policies of the Union relating to transport, communication, science and technology and industry
 Consider issues relating to the use of science and technology for the development of the Continent
 Assist Parliament to supervise the development policies and the Union implementation programmes for matters of industry, science, technology and energy.
Chairperson of the Committee is Hon Mostefa Boudina of Algeria.

Deputy Chairperson of the Committee is Hon Henriette Massounga Nono from Gabon.

Rapporteur of the Committee is the Hon Suzanne Vos from South Africa.

Transport

Committee on Transport, Industry, Communications, Energy, Science, and Technology


Jiří Fischer (born July 31, 1980) is a Czech former professional ice hockey defenceman in the National Hockey League (NHL) who played his entire career with the Detroit Red Wings. He currently serves as Detroit's Director of Player Evaluation.  Fischer was selected in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft in the first round, 25th overall, by the Red Wings, and was a part of the team that won the 2002 Stanley Cup.

Fischer's playing career ended after he went into cardiac arrest in a November 2005 game, and narrowly escaped death due to the immediate action of doctors and other arena personnel. He subsequently retired due to his heart problems.

He also served as the assistant coach for the Czech Republic during the 2012 IIHF World Junior Hockey Championships.

Endorsement work
In 2003, Fischer appeared with fellow NHL defenseman Chris Pronger in a television commercial for Dodge Ram trucks. The commercial featured a black Ram truck running along a track, which then smashes into a wall. Fischer and Pronger, along with two other unnamed players, exit the truck in full hockey gear. Pronger then intones "I've been hit harder," and Fischer answers "Me too." The commercial was played during the 2003 NHL Stanley Cup playoffs. Neither defenseman were playing at the time as both were recovering from torn anterior cruciate ligament injuries when the commercial was filmed.

In-game cardiac arrest
During a game on November 21, 2005, against the Nashville Predators, Fischer collapsed on the bench after going into cardiac arrest. After being unconscious for six minutes, Fischer was resuscitated by CPR and by an automated external defibrillator by Dr. Tony Colucci, and was taken to Detroit Receiving Hospital. The game was postponed due to Fischer's injury, and was made up on January 23, 2006. This marked the first time in NHL history a game had been postponed due to injury. The makeup game was played for the full 60 minutes, though the Predators were allowed to maintain their 1-0 lead from the original game. Nashville ultimately won by a score of 3-2.

Fischer was released from the hospital on November 23, 2005. Although the exact cause of Fischer's collapse remained unknown, team physician Tony Colucci indicated that Fischer's heart may have experienced either ventricular tachycardia, a type of racing heartbeat, or ventricular fibrillation, a disorganized cardiac rhythm. Doctors ordered Fischer to avoid all physical activity for four to six weeks, and no prognosis was made on whether he would be able to continue his ice hockey career. Fischer continued to suffer heart trouble after the in-game incident. On November 28, Fischer suffered a "brief, abnormal cardiac rhythm", while at his home in Detroit. He was released from the hospital two days later.

Fischer's future as a hockey player remained in question over a year after his collapse. By the time his contract expired at the end of the 2006-07 season, it was obvious he would never be medically cleared to play again, and he was forced to retire.  General manager Ken Holland wanted to keep Fischer in the organization, and offered him a job as director of player development.  Fischer had long liked working with young players and accepted.

Return to the ice
Fischer returned to the ice for the Detroit Red Wings in the first of two Alumni Showdown games at Comerica Park as part of the 2013 Hockeytown Winter Festival on December 31, 2013, scoring the first goal of the game.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Notes

External links

The Healthy Hope Jiri Fischer Foundation

1980 births
Cincinnati Mighty Ducks players
Czech ice hockey defencemen
Detroit Red Wings executives
Detroit Red Wings draft picks
Detroit Red Wings players
HC Bílí Tygři Liberec players
Hull Olympiques players
Living people
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
People from Hořovice
Stanley Cup champions
Ice hockey people from the Central Bohemian Region
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in Canada
Czech sports executives and administrators

Jiří Fischer


Unpaid work is work without pay. It may be provided by people who are members of a family; volunteer workers who work for charity or recreation; students who take internship or apprenticeship positions for experience. This may be different to forced labour, in which the worker is a prisoner or a slave.

References

Labor
Employment

Unpaid work


The Carlos Botelho State Park () is a state park is the state of São Paulo, Brazil.
It protects a mountainous area of Atlantic Forest. The park contains more than half of Brazil's remaining population of endangered southern muriqui, the largest primate in the Americas other than man.

Location

The Carlos Botelho State Park has its headquarter is São Miguel Arcanjo, São Paulo.
It has an area of .
The surrounding land includes private landholdings and three private natural heritage reserves, Zizo Park, Rio Taquaral Park and Onça Parda (Cougar) Park.
The regional economy is based on agriculture, particularly banana farming in the south, and ecotourism.
The park's headquarters is in the Planalto region of the Upper Paranapanema River basin, in the municipalities of São Miguel Arcanjo and Capão Bonito.
The Sete Barras center is in the Vale do Ribeira region, in the basin of the Ribeira de Iguape River, in the municipality of Sete Barras.

History

The area occupied by the park was divided into four forest reserves in 1941, named Carlos Botelho, Capão Bonito, Travessão and Sete Barras.
The Carlos Botelho State Park was created by state decree 19.499 of 10 September 1982.
The objectives are to ensure full protection of fauna, flora and natural beauty, and to support education, recreational and scientific activities.
Since its creation the park has attracted many researchers, mainly due to its position between two important river basins, its place in the Paranapiacaba ecological continuum, and the many endemic species it shelters.
Land ownership has been fully regularized, and there are no residents in the park.

São Paulo state decree 58.148 of 21 June 2012 created the Paranapiacaba Conservation Units Mosaic, consisting of the  Alto Ribeira Tourist State Park, Intervales State Park, Carlos Botelho State Park, Xitué Ecological Station, Nascentes do Paranapanema State Park and the Serra do Mar Environmental Protection Area in the municipalities of Eldorado, Sete Barras, Tapiraí, Juquiá, Ribeirão Grande and Capão Bonito.
The purpose was to promote integrated and participatory management of the conservation units, and to seek to guarantee conservation of the areas covered.

In November 2015 a section of the SP-139 Nequinho Fogaça Highway that passes through the park was inaugurated by state governor Geraldo Alckmin.
It had been closed since January 2014 while being upgraded.
The road used ecologically friendly paving, and has underpasses and overpasses for the animals.

Environment

The park covers a steep and mountainous area with altitudes ranging from .
Average temperatures are  with maximum temperature of .
There may be frost in June and July, with light but persistent rainfall in the winter.
Annual rainfall is from , with the period from September to February having the most rain.
In the lower parts the average temperature is  and average annual rainfall is .
There are many rivers and waterfalls.

The park is in the Atlantic Forest biome.
The vegetation is mainly montane and submontane rainforest.
In the highest parts of the park there are small areas of dense high montane rainforest and alpine meadows on shallow and stony soils.
There is dense lowland rainforest in the areas below .
Some of the forest is well preserved, with a continuous canopy of more than , while other areas have secondary formations with a lower and more open canopy.
The park interior has areas that are rich in bamboos, particularly Guadua tagoara.

An inventory of vascular species published in 2011 identified 1,143 species in 528 genera and 140 families.
There was rich biodiversity among the Myrtaceae, Orchidaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Melastomataceae, Lauraceae, Rubiaceae and Bromeliaceae.
The inventory did not include all species of herbs, lianas and epiphytes.
More than 60 of the species were endangered.
Evidence of illegal logging of palmito-juçara (Euterpe edulis) is common in some parts of the park.

About 1,200 southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides) remain in Brazil, of whom more than half live in the park.
Other endangered species include the jaguar (Panthera onca) and the black-fronted piping guan (Pipile jacutinga).
More than 220 species of birds have been identified, but the actual number may be much higher.
Species include Amazon parrots, blue-bellied parrot (Triclaria malachitacea), white-necked hawk (Buteogallus lacernulatus) and black hawk-eagle (Spizaetus tyrannus).

Activities

The park headquarters in São Miguel Arcanjo has an Environmental Education Center with a Zoology Museum and a library with many publications on ecology, animals and plants.
The Marco Antônio dos Santos Costa center has an auditorium for 40 people where environmental videos are displayed.
There are waterfalls and adventure sports.
The park has several trails with varying degrees of difficulty, some taking more than a day, and some requiring a guide.
The Figueira trail in the Sete Barras center is  long and leads to a huge old fig tree.

The two main trails are near the park headquarters.
The Rio Taquaral trail starts at the forest police inspection station and ends on the banks of the Taquaral River.
It is  long and is marked with signs for students.
It shows the succession from fields to secondary forest that is being regenerated to undisturbed native forest.
The Represa (Dam) trail follows winding paths and crosses streams through dense greenery, and is best visited with monitors who can interpret the environment.
The  Represa e Fornos (Dam and Furnaces) trail has medium difficulty, requires a guide, and takes about three and a half hours.
It passes the ruins of five kilns used to make charcoal in the 1940s when the park was a farm.

Notes

Sources

Further reading

State parks of Brazil
Protected areas established in 1982
1982 establishments in Brazil
Protected areas of São Paulo (state)

Carlos Botelho State Park


Madison Welch (born 27 August 1988) is an English former glamour model and Page 3 girl. She has made several appearances in lads mags such as Zoo Weekly.

She made an appearance on an episode of BBC's Top Gear in 2009 as James May's co-driver in a classic car rally and has also featured in comedy sketches on Russell Howard's Good News.

In 2011, Welch appeared as a "Forest Woman" in the Danny McBride fantasy film Your Highness.

See also

The Sun (United Kingdom)
Lad culture

References

1988 births
Glamour models
Living people
Page 3 girls

Madison Welch


An American Rhapsody () is a 2001 biographical drama film written and directed by Éva Gárdos. Based on Gárdos' life story, the film tells the story of a 15-year-old girl from a Hungarian-American family.

The film stars Nastassja Kinski, Scarlett Johansson, Tony Goldwyn, and Mae Whitman.

Plot
In 1950, a Hungarian couple, Peter and Margit, are forced to flee from the oppressive Hungarian People's Republic for the United States, taking along their eldest daughter Maria. Unfortunately, due to an unforeseen complication they leave behind their infant daughter, Suzanne, who is then raised by a kind foster couple. Five years later, Peter and Margit arrange for the American Red Cross to bring Suzanne to their new home in Los Angeles. There, the perplexed young girl is forced to accept her sudden change in home and country, which leads to a troubled upbringing. At age 15, Suzanne, rebellious and unsure of herself, tries to come to terms with her roots and decides to travel back to Budapest, Hungary, to unravel her past and to find her true identity.

Cast
 Nastassja Kinski as Margit Sandor
 Scarlett Johansson as Suzanne Sandor (age 15)
 Kelly Endrész Banlaki as Suzanne (age 5–6)
 Raffaella Bánsági as Suzanne (infant)
 Tony Goldwyn as Peter Sandor
 Mae Whitman as Maria Sandor (age 10)
 Larisa Oleynik as Maria Sandor (age 18)
 Ági Bánfalvy as Helen
 Zoltán Seress as George
 Zsuzsa Czinkóczi as Teri
 Balázs Galkó as Jeno
 Lisa Jane Persky as Patti
 Colleen Camp as Dottie
 Emmy Rossum as Sheila (age 15)
 Éva Soreny as Eva
 Kata Dobó as Claire
 Jacqueline Steiger as Betty

Reception
An American Rhapsody received mixed reviews, currently holding a 51/100 rating on Metacritic based on 22 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 55% approval rating based on 60 reviews, with an average rating of 5.61/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Though obviously a labor of love, American Rhapsody is an uneven, heavy-handed effort, particularly in the second half".

References

External links

2001 films
2001 biographical drama films
2001 independent films
2001 multilingual films
2000s American films
2000s coming-of-age drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s Hungarian-language films
American biographical drama films
American coming-of-age drama films
American independent films
American multilingual films
Autobiographical films
English-language Hungarian films
Films about film directors and producers
Films about immigration to the United States
Films scored by Cliff Eidelman
Films set in 1950
Films set in 1955
Films set in 1956
Films set in 1958
Films set in 1965
Films set in Hungary
Films set in Los Angeles
Films shot in Budapest
Films shot in Los Angeles
Fireworks Entertainment films
Hungarian-American history
Hungarian biographical drama films
Hungarian multilingual films
Paramount Pictures films

An American Rhapsody


The Aldrich Building is a historic building located at 98 Monroe Center, NW in Grand Rapids, Michigan.  It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 12, 1982.

History
The Aldrich Building was built in 1869 by druggists Edward Wilson and John Harvey, who operated their business from the first floor and rented out the upper floors. It was significant at the time for being the first building in Grand Rapids constructed with large plate glass windows in the storefronts. Wilson and Harvey owned the building until 1885, when it was purchased by Euphrasia Alcrich, whose family owned the buildings on either side. In 1887, a pair of physicians began practicing out of the building, and in 1910 the first dentist began practicing in the building. A dentistry practice operated in the building until at least the 1980s. In 1936, a Fannie Farmer Candies store moved into the first floor space, and remained there into the 21st century. They were replaced with a coffee shop in 2008. The building was renovated in 2013.

Description
The Aldrich Building is a three-story brick commercial Italianate building, shaped like a wedge due to its location at the corner of two streets which form an obtuse angle. The first-floor facade was likely modernized in the early 20th century. Brick pilasters run from the street level up to a cornice line at the top of the building, where they merge with a brick frieze. The upper stories contain eight-foot-tall, one-over-one windows framed with brick molding. The window heads are semi-circular on the second floor and semi-hexagonal on the third. Decorative elements on the upper floors are constructed of brick, stone, and wood.

See also

References

Buildings and structures in Grand Rapids, Michigan
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Italianate architecture in Michigan
Buildings and structures completed in 1869

Aldrich Building


Donald Odanga (died 20 January 2008) was a Kenyan Basketball International.

Odanga played for the Kenya national basketball team, Kenya Railways and defunct Premiership side Post Bank. Odanga played for Railways from early 1980s before moving to defunct premier league side Post Bank in 1990. He was a member of the national team between 1989 and 1994.

Death

Odanga was hit by a stray bullet while standing about 200m away from a scene where policemen were trying to disperse a rowdy mob in Mathare on 20 January 2008. "It is unfortunate that Odanga who was one of the best players of his generation had to die this way," Nairobi Province Basketball Association chairman Ronny Owino said in Nairobi on Thursday.

References

Year of birth missing
2008 deaths
Kenyan men's basketball players
Accidental deaths in Kenya
Deaths by firearm in Kenya
Firearm accident victims

Donald Odanga


Edmond Anthony Lapierre (25 January 1866 – 20 June 1960) was a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Montreal and became a sales representative.

Lapierre attended St. Mary's Academy in Montreal. He worked with Greenshields in that city for 18 years. Moving to northern Ontario, he became a member of Sudbury's Board of Trade and was a director of the Mattawa Fur Company, and served on various associations.

He was first elected to Parliament at the Nipissing riding in the 1921 general election after an unsuccessful campaign as a Laurier Liberal there in the 1917 election. Lapierre was re-elected in 1925 over Conservative candidate John Ferguson, and in 1926 over Conservative candidate and former Sudbury mayor Alfred Laberge. He left federal politics at the end of his term in the 16th Canadian Parliament and did not seek another term in the 1930 election. He was subsequently a member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario for the provincial Liberals from 1934 to 1937.

References

External links

1866 births
1960 deaths
Franco-Ontarian people
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Ontario Liberal Party MPPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Politicians from Greater Sudbury

Edmond Lapierre


Friedrich Bezold (9 February 1842 – 5 October 1908) was a German otologist and professor at the University of Munich. He made several contributions to early audiology.

He is best known for developing hearing tests with tuning forks and his work to improve education for the hearing impaired. He was also the first physician to provide a clear understanding of mastoiditis.

The following medical terms are named after him:
 Bezold's abscess
 Bezold's mastoiditis: mastoiditis with perforation into the gigastric groove that creates a deep neck abscess.
 Bezold's sign: indication of descending mastoiditis
 Bezold's test: method of testing deafness by use of a tuning fork
 Bezold's triad: Three symptomatic indications of otosclerosis: 1. diminished aural perception of low frequency tones,  2. retarded bone conduction, 3. negative Rinne test
 Bezold-Edelmann continuous scale: A series of tuning forks along with Galton's whistle or monochord, in which all perceptible notes can be heard in continuous sequence. Named along with physician Adolf Edelmann (1885-1939).

References
 Friedrich Bezold @ Who Named It

1842 births
1908 deaths
Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
German otolaryngologists

Friedrich Bezold


Moritz Fuerst (March 1782  – 1840) was an American artist of Jewish-Slovak origin. He was born in Pezinok, near Bratislava, and died in Philadelphia.

Prior to immigrating, he was enlisted by the American consul at Livorno, Italy, in 1807, and came to the United States to work as an engraver. In 1808 he settled in Philadelphia, where he set up business as a seal and steel engraver and die-sinker. He was subsequently employed by the United States Mint in Philadelphia and soon received recognition as an early American medalist. Thirty-three of his patriotic commemoratives and portraits, including his best-known work which honored heroes of the War of 1812, are still issued by the U.S. Mint. He struck the official portraits of Presidents James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren. He also executed the first recorded American Jewish medal, to commemorate the death in 1816 of the patriot and religious leader Gershom Seixas.

1782 births
1840 deaths
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Jewish American writers
American people of Slovak-Jewish descent
People from Pezinok
United States Mint engravers

Moritz Fuerst


Gautam Vaghela (5 January 1936 – 6 April 2010) was an Indian artist.

His early art education was at the Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art in Bombay. He later he went on to train in fresco and mural techniques in Banasthali, Rajasthan. From 1962 to 1994 he was associated with the Weaver's Service Centre at the government of India's Ministry of Textiles. He retired as Director, Coordination and Design Exports for the Centres and Indian Institutes of Handloom Technology. The W.S.C's had artists working closely with weavers for the development of modern textile designs, and it was at the Centre that Vaghela interacted with artists including K.G. Subramanyan, Prabhakar Barwe and Ambadas.

Vaghela has illustrated several books including The Story of Dance: Bharata Natyam by Krishna Sahai and Another India: An Anthology of Indian Contemporary Fiction and Poetry with British painter Howard Hodgkin. In more than four decades as an artist and designer, he has exhibited all over India and overseas, including at the 1966 Biennale de Paris and the 1967 São Paulo Art Biennial.

Awards
1982: Padma Shri
1990: Maharashtra Gaurav Puraskar

Selected illustrations
The Story of Dance: Bharata Natyam by Krishna Sahai  (2003)
Another India: An Anthology of Indian Contemporary Fiction and Poetry (1990)

References

1936 births
2010 deaths
Indian illustrators
Indian male painters
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art alumni
20th-century Indian painters
20th-century Indian male artists

Gautam Vaghela


The Prime Minister's Department (; Jawi: جابتن ڤردان منتري) is a federal government ministry in Malaysia. Its objective is "determining the services of all divisions are implemented according to policy, legislation / regulations and current guidelines". It is headed by the Prime Minister of Malaysia followed by other Minister in the Prime Minister's Department. The Department consists of the Prime Minister's Office, the Deputy Prime Minister's Office and more than 50 other government agencies and entities. The Prime Minister's Department was established on July 1957. Its headquarters are in Perdana Putra, Putrajaya.

Structure
Formerly known as the General Administration, Prime Minister's Department. The Department was organized into an Innovation and Human Resource Management Division, a Finance Division, a Development Division, an Accounts Division, a Management Services Division, an Internal Audit Division, a Corporate Communications Unit Division, an Events Management Division and a Legal Advisor Office Division. All nine (9) divisions are reporting to the Senior Deputy Secretary-General and assisted by the two Deputy Secretary-General which are Deputy Secretary-General (Financial and Development) and Deputy Secretary-General (Management).

Organisation
 Prime Minister of Malaysia
 Minister in the Prime Minister's Department
 Deputy Minister in the Prime Minister's Department
 Chief Secretary to the Government
 Senior Deputy Secretary-General
 Under the Authority of Senior Deputy Secretary-General
 Legal Advisor's Office
 Internal Audit Division
 1Malaysia Civil Servants Housing Unit
 Corporate Communication Unit
 Integrity Unit
 Deputy Secretary-General (Financial and Development)
 Project Development Division
 Account Division
 Finance Division
 Deputy Secretary-General (Management)
 Innovation and Human Resources Management Division
 Management Services Division
 Event Management Division

List of departments and agencies, statutory bodies, companies, foundations, committee, under Prime Minister's Department.

(As of 29 January 2019)

Departments and Agencies (51)

 Prime Minister's Office of Malaysia (PMO), or Pejabat Perdana Menteri Malaysia (PPM). (Official site)
 Malaysia Civil Defence Force, or Angkatan Pertahanan Awam Malaysia (APM). (Official site)
 National Disaster Management Agency (NADMA), or Agensi Pengurusan Bencana Negara (APBN). (Official site)
 Sabah and Sarawak Affairs Division, or Bahagian Hal Ehwal Sabah dan Sarawak.
 Legal Affairs Division, or Bahagian Hal Ehwal Undang-Undang (BHEUU). (Official site)
 Legal Aid Department, or Jabatan Bantuan Guaman (JBG). (Official site)
 Malaysia Department of Insolvency (MdI), or Jabatan Insolvensi Malaysia. (Official site)
 Ceremonial and International Conference Secretariat Division, or Bahagian Istiadat dan Urusetia Persidangan Antarabangsa (BIUPA). (Official site)
 Cabinet, Constitution and Inter-Government Relation Division, or Bahagian Kabinet, Perlembagaan dan Perhubungan Antara Kerajaan (BKPP). (Official site)
 Property and Land Management Division, or Bahagian Pengurusan Hartanah (BPH). (Official site)
 Research Division, or Bahagian Penyelidikan.
 Protection Division, or Bahagian Perlindungan (UPS). (Official site)
 Judicial and Legal Training Institute, or Institut Latihan Kehakiman dan Perundangan (ILKAP). (Official site)
 National Palace, or Istana Negara. (Official site)
 Department of Federal Territory Islamic Affairs, or Jabatan Agama Wilayah Persekutuan (JAWI). (Official site)
 National Audit Department, or Jabatan Audit Negara. (Official site)
 Syariah Judiciary Department Malaysia, or Jabatan Kehakiman Syariah Malaysia (JKSM). (Official site)
 Sabah Syariah Judiciary Department Malaysia, or Jabatan Kehakiman Syariah Malaysia Negeri Sabah
 Department of Islamic Development Malaysia, or Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (JAKIM). (Official site)
 Department of Awqaf, Zakat and Haji, or Jabatan Wakaf, Zakat dan Haji (JAWHAR). (Official site)
 Islamic Dakwah Foundation of Malaysia, or Yayasan Dakwah Islamiah Malaysia (YADIM). (Official site)
 Malaysian Islamic Economic Development Foundation, or Yayasan Pembangunan Ekonomi Islam (YaPEIM). (Official site)
 Malaysian Awqaf Foundation, or Yayasan Waqaf Malaysia (YWM). (Official site)
 Alhijrah Media Corporation, or Perbadanan Media Alhijrah. (Official site)
 Institute of Islamic Understanding, or Institiut Kefahaman Islam Malaysia (IKIM). (Official site)
 Department of Orang Asli Development or Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli (JAKOA). (Official site)
 Attorney General's Chambers (AGC), or Jabatan Peguam Negara. (Official site)
 Department of Federal Territory Syariah Prosecution, orJabatan Pendakwaan Syariah Wilayah Persekutuan
 Public Service Department (PSD), or Jabatan Perkhidmatan Awam Malaysia (JPA). (Official site)
 Department of National Unity and Integration, or Jabatan Perpaduan Negara dan Integrasi Nasional (JPNIN). (Official site)
 Advisory Board, or Lembaga Penasihat (LP). (Official site)
 Federal Territory Syariah Court, or Mahkamah Syariah Wilayah Persekutuan (MSWP). (Official site)
 National Security Council, or Majlis Keselamatan Negara (MKN). (Official site)

 Parliament of Malaysia, or Parlimen Malaysia. (Official site)
 Malaysia Office of the Chief Government Security Officer (CGSO), or Pejabat Ketua Pegawai Keselamatan Kerajaan Malaysia (KPKK). (Official site)
 Office of the Chief Registrar Federal Court of Malaysia, or Pejabat Ketua Pendaftar Mahkamah Persekutuan Malaysia. (Official site)
 Federal Territory Mufti's Office, or Pejabat Mufti Wilayah Persekutuan. (Official site)
 Office of the Keeper of the Rulers' Seal of the Conference of Rulers', or Pejabat Penyimpan Mohor Besar Raja-Raja Malaysia. (Official site)
 Office of the Former Prime Minister Secretariat Office, or Pejabat Urusetia Bekas Perdana Menteri Malaysia.
 Secretariat Office of Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, or Pejabat Urusetia YAB Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad.
 Secretariat Office of Tun Abdullah Haji Ahmad Badawi, or Pejabat Urusetia YAB Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
 Secretariat Office of Dato' Sri Mohd Najib bin Tun Abdul Razak, or Pejabat Urusetia YAB Dato' Sri Mohd Najib bin Tun Abdul Razak
 National Governance, Integrity and Anti-Corruption Center, or Pusat Governans, Integriti dan Anti-Rasuah Nasional (GIACC). (Official site)
 Public Complaints Bureau (PCB), or Biro Pengaduan Awam (BPA). (Official site)
 Enforcement Agency Integrity Commission (EAIC), or Suruhanjaya Integriti Agensi Penguatkuasaan (SIAP). (Official site)
 The Malaysia Institute of Integrity, or Institut Integriti Malaysia (IIM). (Official site)
 Asian International Arbitration Centre (AIAC), or Pusat Timbang Tara Asia Serantau. (Official site)
 Malaysian Administrative Modernisation and Management Planning Unit (MAMPU), or Unit Pemodenan Tadbiran dan Perancangan Pengurusan Malaysia. (Official site)
 Implementation Coordination Unit (ICU), or Unit Penyelarasan Pelaksanaan. (Official site)
 Federal Territories Land Executive Committee Secretariat, or Urusetia Jawatankuasa Kerja Tanah Wilayah Persekutuan (UJKT). (Official site)
 Malaysian Indian Society Transformation Unit, or Unit Transformasi Masyarakat India Malaysia (MITRA).

Statutory Bodies (13)
 Pilgrimage Fund Board, or Lembaga Tabung Haji (LTH). (Official site)
 Federal Territory Islamic Religious Council, or Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan (MAIWP). (Official site)
 Judicial Appointments Commission (JAC), or Suruhanjaya Perlantikan Kehakiman (SPK). (Official site)
 Election Commission of Malaysia (EC), or Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya Malaysia (SPR). (Official site)
 Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC), or Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia (SPRM). (Official site)
 Public Services Commission of Malaysia (PSC), or Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Awam Malaysia (SPA). (Official site)
 Education Service Commission Malaysia (ESC), or Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Pelajaran Malaysia (SPP). (Official site)
 Judicial and Legal Service Commission Malaysia, or Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Kehakiman dan Perundangan
 Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (HRC), or Suruhanjaya Hak Asasi Manusia Malaysia (SUHAKAM). (Official site)
 Raja-Raja and the Yang di-Pertua-Yang di-Pertua Negeri Higher Studies Scholarship Fund Board, or Kumpulan Wang Biasiswa Pengajian Tinggi Raja-Raja dan Yang di-Pertua Yang di-Pertua Negeri. (Official site)
 Department of Security & Administration (Lembaga Pembangunan dan Keselamatan Negara). Y.Bhg Dr. Zainuddin B. Arshad (Ekonomi), Y.Bhg Ir. Dr. Abdul Rahman B. Mahmud (Pentadbiran Sumber Asli & Galian), Y.Bhg Prof. Dr. Tan Fah Kui (Perdagangan Antarabangsa), Y.Bhg Tan Sri Vincent Tan Chee Yioun (Pembangunan). (site)
 Langkawi Development Authority, or Lembaga Pembangunan Langkawi (LADA). (Official site)
 Hindu Endowments Board State Pulau Penang, or Lembaga Wakaf Hindu Negeri Pulau Pinang

Under the Companies Act (7)
 Khazanah Nasional Berhad (Khazanah) (Official site)
 Malaysian Industry-Government Group for High Technology (MiGHT). (Official site)
 Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS). (Official site)
 Permodalan Nasional Berhad (PNB). (Official site), a subsidiary of the Bumiputra Investment Foundation or Yayasan Pelaburan Bumiputra
 Perbadanan Nasional Berhad (PNS). (Official site)
 Perbadanan Usahawan Nasional Berhad (PUNB). (Official site)

Foundations (1)
 National Legal Aid Foundation, or Yayasan Bantuan Guaman Kebangsaan (YBGK).

Committee (2)
 Governance, Government Procurement and Finance Committee, or Jawatankuasa Siasatan Tadbir Urus, Perolehan dan Kewangan Kerajaan
 Secretariat of Special Committee for Review of Law and Election Travel Affairs, or Sekretariat Jawatankuasa Khas Untuk Menyemak Semula Undang-undang dan Urusan Perjalanan Pilihan Raya

See also
 Minister in the Prime Minister's Department

References

External links

 Prime Minister's Department official portal

Federal ministries, departments and agencies of Malaysia
Ministries established in 1957
1957 establishments in Malaya
Malaysia
Malaysia
Malaysia
Malaysia
Malaysia
Malaysia
Malaysia
Malaysia
Malaysia

Prime Minister's Department (Malaysia)


Inuvik Boot Lake is a territorial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories, Canada.

Together with Inuvik Twin Lakes, it is one of two electoral districts that represent Inuvik; both were created in 1999 from the previous monolithic Inuvik riding.

Geography
Inuvik Boot Lake borders Inuvik Twin Lakes to the northwest, west and southwest, bounded by Centennial Street, Reliance Street, Franklin Road, Distributor Street and Water Street. Inuvik Boot Lake is named for Boot Lake in the south of the electoral district.

History
The 2011 election marked the first time that voters in Inuvik Boot Lake actually voted in a territorial election since the 1999 election, as in both 2003 and 2007 the only candidate was Floyd Roland, who was returned by acclamation.

Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs)

Election results

2023 election

2019 election

2015 election

2011 election

2007 election
In this election, no other candidate registered to run for this riding, so Floyd Roland was returned by acclamation.

2003 election
In this election, no other candidate registered for this riding, so Floyd Roland was returned by acclamation.

1999 election
In the 1999 election, the main issue territory-wide was the question of native self-government and control over the Northwest Territories' resources. The Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories runs on a consensus government model, so no political parties exist; although some groups have attempted to revive a partisan legislature, to date such attempts have failed.

References

External links
Website of the Legislative Assembly of Northwest Territories

Northwest Territories territorial electoral districts
Inuvik

Inuvik Boot Lake


Pelso Plate or Pelsonia Terrane is a small tectonic unit. It is situated in the Pannonian Basin in Europe. The Carpathian Mountains and the basin surrounded by them were formed from the Cretaceous until the Miocene in the collision of continental Europe with smaller continental fragments of ALCAPA, Tisza, Pelso and Dacia microplates. The Zagreb-Hernád line is the former plate margin between the Pelso of African origin and the Tisza Plate of Eurasian origin.

The Pelso block is sometimes considered as southern portion of the ALCAPA and compared with internal zone of Western Carpathian Mts. which is called Internal Western Capathians. The typical feature of this zone is Dinaric - Apulian facies of Triassic rocks, while the whole Alcapa is in some papers considered as part of the Apulian plate. The Pelso sensu stricto is therefore composed of Tornaic, Bukkic and Silicic superunits, that evolved south of the Meliata-Halstatt Ocean and the superimposed Cenozoic sedimentary cover.

References

Geology of the Carpathians
Tectonic plates
Cenozoic geology
Geology of Hungary
Geology of Slovakia
Cenozoic Europe
Terranes

Pelso Plate


Wilho F. Saari (July 7, 1932 – January 19, 2022) was a Finnish American player of the kantele, the Finnish psaltery. Kreeta Haapasalo, a well-known kantele player in Finland in the 19th century, was his great-great grandmother. Wilho's father, Wilho Sr., also performed the kantele in public, only in Washington, having brought a kantele with him to America in 1915.

In 2005, Washington's governor, Christine Gregoire, awarded Saari the Governor's Heritage Award for his work popularizing and teaching the kantele. Wilho Saari is a resident of Naselle, Washington. In 2006, Saari was one of ten recipients of the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) award of a National Heritage Fellowship, the country's highest honor in the folk and traditional arts.

Saari both taught and performed around the country. In Astoria, Oregon and Naselle, Washington he performed at FinnFest USA '06, an annual national festival, where he participated in the world premiere of a Kantele Mass composed by Jarkko Yli-Annala.

Saari was married for over 50 years to his "Roadie" Kaisa, of Kuopio, Finland. Together, they had two children. Saari also had six grandchildren. He died on January 19, 2022, at the age of 89.

References

External links
 Washington State Arts Commission – Folk Arts – Master Artist – Wilho Saari
 Finlandia Foundation National – Wilho Saari POY 2011 Finnish Kantele

1932 births
2022 deaths
Place of birth missing
American people of Finnish descent
Kantele players
National Heritage Fellowship winners
People from Pacific County, Washington
Musicians from Washington (state)

Wilho Saari