is a Japanese politician of the Liberal Democratic Party, a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature).

A native of Miyagi Prefecture, she attended Miyagi Gakuin Women's Junior College and Mitsui Memorial Hospital Nursing School; University of Alabama at Birmingham, and University of Illinois at Chicago for her Doctorate (PhD.) in the United States.

She was elected to the House of Representatives for the first time in September 2005. She currently resides in her home prefecture in Japan, and she is divorced from Bloomberg media professional, J. M. Moran (Chicago Illinois).

See also
 Koizumi Children

References

External links
 Official website in Japanese.

1959 births
Living people
Female members of the House of Representatives (Japan)
Japanese nurses
Koizumi Children
Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) politicians
Members of the House of Representatives (Japan)
Politicians from Miyagi Prefecture
University of Illinois Chicago alumni
University of Alabama at Birmingham alumni
Japanese expatriates in the United States
21st-century Japanese women politicians

Toshiko Abe


Forests for the 21st Century is a short video promoting and explaining the benefits of forest landscape restoration.  In the last few centuries people have removed more than half of the world's forest cover. Deforestation is currently responsible for nearly 20 per cent of global carbon emissions. This tide of deforestation can be reversed, but we can make a much greater impact if we also put back some of our lost forests.  Planting more trees can lock up more carbon, improve the environment and people's lives. Many regions and countries have already restored much of their forest.

Summary
The film includes examples of successful restoration projects in the UK, at Shinyanga in northern Tanzania and in the Miyun area of China.  New information indicates that there are many millions more hectares of lost forests and degraded lands that are suitable for restoration than previously estimated. The extent of global opportunities for forest restoration is illustrated in the video for the very first time.

The 15 minute film was produced in November 2009 by the Forestry Commission of Great Britain and the IUCN on behalf of the Global Partnership on Forest Landscape Restoration.

References

External links

Reforestation
Documentary films about forests and trees
Sponsored films
2009 films
British documentary films
Direct-to-video documentary films
2000s British films

Forests for the 21st Century


The Royal Guard of the Archers (Portuguese: Guarda Real dos Archeiros) was the palace guard of the Portuguese Monarchs from the 16th century until the end of the monarchy in Portugal in 1910. Its members were armed with halberds, the Guard being also known as the Royal Guard of the Halberdiers (Portuguese: Guarda Real dos Alabardeiros).

The Royal Guard of the Archers was mainly a ceremonial guard. The security of the Monarchs and the Royal Family was mainly entrusted to regular Army units, some elite regiments being especially chosen of this function, like the Marines Regiment in the 17th and early 18th centuries and the 2nd Lancers Regiment late 19th and early 20th centuries.

History
Before the existence of the Royal Guard of the Halberdiers, King John II of Portugal created a Guard of Riders (Portuguese: Guarda de Ginetes) for his protection, composed of light cavalry troopers. King Manuel I kept this light cavalry guard and established that it should be composed of 200 riders. Apparently, King John III had discontinued the Guard of Riders, being known that he traveled by public places with little or no guard protection.

The Royal Guard of the Halberdiers was created by King Sebastian, as a company of foot halberdiers, all Portuguese, appointing as its first captain, Francisco de Sá de Meneses, count of Matosinhos.

In 1580, Philip II of Spain became the King of Portugal, establishing the Iberian Union and naming archduke Albert of Austria as Viceroy of Portugal, with residence in Lisbon. The Royal Guard of the Halberdiers was kept, but archduke Albert created within it a second company made up of German halberdiers. The Guard continued to be kept – with the Portuguese and the German companies – by the following viceroys, being mainly responsible by their protection as the Kings didn't live in Portugal.

In the 16th century, similar halberdier guards were created in Portugal by the University of Coimbra and by the Dukes of Braganza. The first – still existing today – was responsible for the police of the University and the city of Coimbra and the second was responsible for the ducal protection.

On 1 December 1640, Portuguese Independence was restored and Duke John of Braganza became King of Portugal as John IV. John IV kept the Royal Guard of the Halberdiers, with the Portuguese and German companies, while his former ducal guard of halberdiers was transformed into the company of halberdiers of the Prince's guard.

The Royal Guard of the Halberdiers became increasingly just a ceremonial and palace guard. The military protection of the Portuguese Monarchs was given to Army and Marine units. As in Portugal, military units with the specific function of royal guard never existed – except for brief periods in the 19th century – the Kings security was entrusted to regular military units, some elite regiments being preferably chosen for this task.

The Guard followed the Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil in 1807. In 1822, Prince Peter of Portugal declared the Independence of Brazil becoming Emperor Peter I of Brazil. Inspired in the Portuguese Guard, Peter I created a similar Imperial Guard of the Archers (Portuguese: Guarda Imperial dos Archeiros).

By Decree of 28 August 1833, the three companies of the Royal Guard of the Archers were merged in just one company made up only of Portuguese. The Guard existed until the end of the Monarchy and the establishment of the Portuguese Republic on 5 October 1910.

Gallery

References

See also

Royal guard
Portuguese Marines
2nd Lancers Regiment (Portugal)
Imperial Guard of the Archers of the Empire of Brazil

Royal guards
Military units and formations of Portugal
Portuguese royalty

Royal Guard of the Archers


Bruce E. Dale is a professor of chemical engineering at Michigan State University.  He specializes in studies of renewable energy sources, and is currently working on creating methods of turning grass into ethanol for use as fuel.

Dale received his bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Arizona and his Ph.D. from Purdue University.

Dale is a convert to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served as a missionary for the church in the Mexico West Mission.  He has been a bishop and Sunday School teacher in the LDS Church.  From 1999 to 2008 Dale served as stake president of the Lansing Michigan Stake.

Prior to joining the faculty of MSU, Dale was a professor at Colorado State University and at Texas A&M University.

In July, 2009 Dale and George W. Huber co-authored the front-page article for Scientific American about the potential of organic food, specifically non-edible organic fuels.

Sources
MSU faculty bio page
article by Dale on biomass
Huffington Post article on alternative energy sources by Dale
"New Stake Presidents", Church News, November 22, 2008
intro bio about Dale
"New stake presidencies", Church News, October 17, 1999

American chemical engineers
Colorado State University faculty
Converts to Mormonism
Michigan State University faculty
Purdue University College of Engineering alumni
Texas A&M University faculty
University of Arizona alumni
American Mormon missionaries in Mexico
Living people
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Place of birth missing (living people)
Latter Day Saints from Arizona
Latter Day Saints from Indiana
Latter Day Saints from Michigan
Latter Day Saints from Colorado
Latter Day Saints from Texas
Year of birth missing (living people)

Bruce E. Dale


Armstrong's acid (naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid) is a fluorescent organic compound with the formula C10H6(SO3H)2.  It is one of several isomers of naphthalenedisulfonic acid. It a colorless solid, typically obtained as the tetrahydrate. Like other sulfonic acids, it is a strong acid.  It is named for British chemist Henry Edward Armstrong.

Production and use
It is prepared by disulfonation of naphthalene with oleum:
C10H8  +  2 SO3   →   C10H6(SO3H)2
Further sulfonation gives The 1,3,5-trisulfonic acid derivative.

Reactions and uses
Fusion of Armstrong's acid in NaOH gives the disodium salt of 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, which can be acidified to give the diol. The intermediate in this hydrolysis, 1-hydroxynaphthalene-5-sulfonic acid, is also useful.  Nitration gives nitrodisulfonic acids, which are precursors to amino derivatives.

The disodium salt is sometimes used as a divalent counterion for forming salts of basic drug compounds, as an alternative to the related mesylate or tosylate salts. When used in this way such a salt is called a naphthalenedisulfonate salt, as seen with the most common salt form of the stimulant drug CFT.  The disodium salt is also used as an electrolyte in certain kinds of chromatography.

References

Reagents for organic chemistry
Naphthalenesulfonic acids

Armstrong's acid


Zingiberales is an order of flowering plants. The order has been widely recognised by the taxonomists, at least for the past few decades. This order includes many familiar plants like ginger, cardamom, turmeric, galangal and myoga of the Zingiberaceae or ginger family, and bananas and plantains of the Musaceae or banana family, along with arrowroot of the Marantaceae or arrowroot family.

Zingiberales


Her Highness Rajmata Shiv Kumari of Kotah (1 March 1916 – 12 January 2012) was an Indian Hindu royal and the daughter of Maharaja Ganga Singh of Bikaner.

Early life
Born in 1916 (although other sources indicate 1913 and 1915) she was married to Maharao Bhim Singh of Kotah in 1930. She was not, however, bound by the traditional restrictions of the Purdah. Kumari's father ensured that she received modern education along with her male siblings at home. The Rathor Rajput princesses was skilled in shooting and killed more than forty tigers both before and after her marriage.

As the Maharani of Kotah she became committed to the cause of education along with her contemporary and friend, Maharani Gayatri Devi of Jaipur. Kumari is vice-president of the latter's Maharani Gayatri Devi Girls' Public School in Jaipur.

Politics

While her husband was the ceremonial governor of Rajasthan, Kumari was also active in politics and was elected to the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly as an independent member from Khanpur (Jhalawar District) from 1966-71. Along with her husband and family she traveled all around the world in the early decades of India's independence.

Kumari was active in the socio-economic uplift of the Rajput community and is the vice-president of the Rajput Sabha. Like her contemporaries in Indian royalty she remained interested in the preservation of wildlife and jungle habitat. She managed a small estate near Kota called Nawal Bagh, which had been bequeathed to her by Maharao Bhim Singh.

Rajmata

Following the death of Maharao Bhim Singh in 1991, Kumari became the Rajmata (Queen Mother) while her son Brijraj Singh became the next Maharao.  The royal residence of Umaid Bhawan was converted into a hotel but she continued to reside in the upper portions of the palace until her death in January 2012.

Death
Kumari died on the evening of 12 January 2012. She had been admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of the Bharat Vikas Parishad Hospital in Kota on 9 January following a deterioration in the functioning of her kidneys. On the afternoon 12 January she was brought back by her family to her residence, the Ummed Bhawan Palace, without any improvement in her condition and the doctors declaring her death only a matter of time. Her last rites were performed on 13 January 2012.

References

BIKANER (Princely State)
Rajmata Shiv Kumari of Kota dies at 96

1910s births
2012 deaths
People from Kota, Rajasthan
Hindu monarchs
People from Bikaner
Queen mothers
Indian female royalty

Shiv Kumari of Kotah


The 1910 NHA season was the first season of the National Hockey Association men's professional ice hockey league. The season started on January 5, but was suspended immediately and the league then absorbed the Ottawa and Shamrocks teams of the Canadian Hockey Association and the season continued from January 15 to March 15. Seven teams played 12 games each. The Ottawa Hockey Club played two Stanley Cup challenges during the season, but lost the Cup to their rivals the Montreal Wanderers who won the league championship and played a Cup challenge afterwards.

League business

After the Canadian Hockey Association (CHA) turned down the Wanderers' application to join, Wanderers' manager Jimmy Gardner, along with Renfrew's Ambrose O'Brien worked to put together enough teams to form a league. Gardner approached the Ottawa Senators of the Federal League to have an Ottawa entry, but the players decided to fold the team, rather than compete with the Ottawa Hockey Club. Gardner also approached the Mutual Street Rink of Toronto to form a professional team, but was turned down as the rink was fully booked.

The league was founded on December 2, 1909, at a private meeting at 300 St. James Street, the headquarters of the Dominion Office and Store Fitting Limited in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. At this meeting four franchises were approved:

 Wanderers (represented by P. J. Doran, R. R. Boon, Jimmy Gardner)
 Renfrew (represented by Ambrose O'Brien, George E. Martel, Jim Barnett)
 Cobalt (Thomas C. Hare)
 Haileybury (Noah Timmins)

Eddie McCafferty acted as secretary, and he also was representative of interests in Toronto. A franchise would be held for a future Toronto team. The NHA discussed organizing a team in Ottawa with the Ottawa Lacrosse Club and getting Montreal Le National to join the NHA. The Wanderers and Renfrew signed a pact not to merge with the CHA unless Cobalt and Haileybury were also admitted. The teams pledged a $1,000 bond to stay together.

Two days later on December 4, the NHA held an organizing meeting at the Windsor Hotel in Montreal. The CHA was meeting at the hotel also, and a message was sent to the Ottawa, Shamrocks and Le National teams to seek a merged seven-team league. This was turned down by the CHA, which would not accept Cobalt and Haileybury. The CHA proposed that Renfrew and Wanderers join the CHA, but the NHA teams turned that proposal down.

An executive was elected:
 President – M. Doheney, Renfrew
 Vice-President – Thomas C. Hare, Cobalt
 Sec.-Treasurer – E. John McCafferty
 Executive – J. Ambrose O'Brien, Slaght, Boon, Jack Laviolette and Thomas C. Hare

At the meeting, a franchise for 'Les Canadiens' was granted, to be organized by Jack Laviolette. Mr. Hare of Cobalt put up a security deposit for the franchise on the understanding that it would be transferred to Montreal French sportsmen as soon as possible.

The NHA decided to run the league in a more business-like manner. The league decided to write a standard player's contract. McCafferty, who was also secretary of the Montreal Baseball Club, was to draw up the contract. The NHA also decided to have professional referees. Both of these were innovations in the world of ice hockey.

Regular season

The first Canadiens game ever took place on January 5 under a cloud. Didier Pitre had signed a contract with both the Canadiens and the Nationals. Pitre was risking a $2,000 fine and 60 days jail time. The Nationals had a legal injunction against Pitre playing for the Canadiens. This contributed to an over-capacity crowd at the Jubilee Rink of about 5,000. Pitre did play (he was guaranteed any fines by Canadiens' management) and court action commenced. Pitre was found to not to have a binding contract with the Nationals by the courts. By this time, the CHA had folded, and no contract was enforceable. Pitre would have a long career with the Canadiens, playing into the 1920s.

On January 15, a meeting was held by the league executive and Ottawa and Montreal Shamrocks were admitted to the NHA. The games played before that date were thrown out, and games from that date forwards counted towards the final standings.

On January 22, at a game between Renfrew and Shamrocks, Shamrock's Joe Hall was ejected for striking the judge-of-play Rod Kennedy. After regulation time, the game was tied. Referee Tom Hodge proposed that Hall return for the overtime, but Renfrew objected and did not play the overtime. Hall was later fined $100 for the incident and suspended until January 30. The game was ordered replayed but wasn't due to ice conditions and the game results were accepted as a tie.

On Cyclone Taylor's first return to Ottawa as a member of the Renfrew team, he made his famous promise to score a goal backwards against Ottawa. This led to incredible interest, with over 7000 in attendance. A bet of $100 was placed at the King Edward Hotel against him scoring at all. The Senators would win 8–5 (3 goals in overtime) and more importantly keep Taylor off the scoresheet. Later in the season at the return match in Renfrew, Taylor made good on his boast with a goal scored backwards. This was the final game of the season, and the Senators had no chance at the league title, and don't appear to have put in an effort, losing 17–2.

Final standings

Stanley Cup challenges

During the season, Ottawa, as Cup champion, played a challenge against Edmonton Hockey Club in addition to their regular schedule. They had played a challenge during the CHA season against Galt.

Ottawa vs. Edmonton

Edmonton was champion of the Alberta Amateur Hockey Association.

NHA league champions take over Stanley Cup

The Wanderers won the championship of the NHA and took possession of the Stanley Cup from Ottawa. They had a challenge from Berlin, champions of the Ontario Professional Hockey League and easily defeated them. For 1910, there would be two Stanley Cup holders, Ottawa which held and defended it until March, and Montreal for the rest of the year.

Wanderers vs. Berlin

NHA exhibitions at New York
After the season, the NHA arranged an 'international championship' at New  York City's St. Nicholas Rink. Like the previous spring, Ottawa and Wanderers played a two-game series in New York for a purse of $1,500. Wanderers won both games 4–3. Renfrew next travelled to New York and defeated the Wanderers in a single game for $1,000.

Source

Schedule and results

† Games played before January 15, which were played before the CHA teams joined
were not counted against the final standings.

‡ The January 22 game was abandoned due to an on-ice incident. It was ordered replayed on March 2 in Ottawa, but wasn't played due to soft ice in Ottawa.

Player statistics

Goaltending averages
Note: GP = Games played, GA = Goals against, SO = Shutouts, GAA = Goals against average

Scoring leaders

Stanley Cup engraving
The 1910 Stanley Cup was presented by the trophy's trustee William Foran. The Wanderers never did engrave their names on the Cup for their championship season.

The following Wanderers players and staff were members of the Stanley Cup winning team.

1910 Montreal Wanderers

See also
 Canadian Hockey Association
 List of pre-NHL seasons
 1909 in sports
 1910 in sports
 List of Stanley Cup champions

References

Bibliography

Notes

External links
 NHA history from the Edmonton Oilers website

1909–10 in Canadian ice hockey by league
National Hockey Association seasons

1910 NHA season


The Republic of Sakha also known as Yakutia is one of 85 federal subjects of Russia. It is in the Siberia area of Russia. It is grouped and governed as part of the Far Eastern District. The Far Eastern District contains ten other federal subjects too. Sakha is the largest federal subject of Russia. It stretches across three time zones between UTC+9 and UTC+11. The name Yakutia is also used to refer to the same area. The Yakut people speak a Turkic language.

History
In the past, Yakutia was home to small groups of native tribesmen that hunt to survive. In the 13th to 14 century, the Yakuts started moving north from Lake Baikal to the area. Most of the Yakuts merged or took over the lands of these native tribesmen.

The Yakuts were different from the other tribesmen because they reared cattle, horses and practiced blacksmith skills. These skills allowed them to stay longer in one place. During the 17th century, the Russians, who were Europeans, first arrived in the region. The Yakut tribes united under the famous King Tygyn Darkhan to fight the Russians. But the Yakuts lost because they did not have guns. The Russians then brought the Yakuts under their control and continued to move eastwards. Years later, many people were punished by sending them to live in Yakutia in exile. This was because Yakutia was far from most places. Between 1921 and 1923, during the Russian Civil War, the area was the last land remaining under the control of the White Russians. The area was eventually brought under the control of the Bolsheviks's Red Army. This event was known as the Yakut Revolt.

Under Stalin's rule, several gulags were opened in the area. These gulags were used to house the growing forced labour population. These labourers were brought in to mine the gold minerals to pay for the Soviet Union's industrialization. After the Soviet Union collapsed, Yakutia was given the name Republic of Sakha and continues to be a republic in Russia.

Geography
Sakha is in the north part of Eastern Siberia. Because Sakha is very big, it experiences both polar tundra and subarctic climate. Both climates have long, cold winters, and short, mild summers. There is not a lot of rainfall in the area because of the climate. The tundra climate makes the northern part of Sakha empty and mostly frozen. The subarctic climate allows the southern part of Sakha to have taiga type of forests.

These forests have many animals and birds. There are several mountain ranges around Sakha as well. The Lena Pillars are rock structures found in Sakha. The Lena Pillars are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The region is also rich in minerals like diamond, gold, and coal. The area is also famous for its extreme temperatures. For example during winter the temperature can go to as low as  and during summer as high as .

Demographics

Sakha's population at the end of the Soviet Union decreased for some time according to data. It is currently increasing again. More than half of the population live in cities and towns. Most that do so live in the capital, Yakutsk. Ethnic Yakuts who are Turkic people compose of about half of the population. Russians mostly make up the other half of the population. Most people in Sakha practice Orthodox Christianity or are atheists. Certain aspects of Shamanism, which is a belief that worships spirits and nature, is still practiced by ethnic Yakuts. In recent times, more natives have shown increasing interest in practicing Shamanism. Russian is taught and used commonly in Sakha. But the Yakut language is still commonly used between different native tribes, that are not Yakuts, to talk to one another. Yakut is also taught in some schools and is also used at home.

Culture

The Olonkho is a famous Yakut tale about great people and animals. It talks about legends and present day issues like the breaking apart of Yakut families. It is only performed by experts who have learn the tale thoroughly. This is because the tale is very long. The tale is part of the UNESCO Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. This means that the tale is widely accepted to be important and needs to prevented from being forgotten.

The Republic Day is celebrated on April 27 every year. It celebrates the formation of Yakut ASSR during the Soviet Union in 1922. The Yhyаkh festival is celebrated between 10 and 25 June every year. It is one of two New Year's Day celebrated by the Yakut people. The other being the more recognized New Year's Day in January. It is celebrated to mark the start of the short summer.

Economy
The economy of Sakha mostly relies on the mining of minerals like diamonds, gold, tin and coal. It is the region's largest producer of minerals and raw materials. Sakha also produces 99% of Russia's diamonds. This accounts for about 25% of the world's diamond output. The making of construction materials, jewellery and medicine are also major industries in Sakha. In contrast, the native Yakut people rear cattle and horses or hunt and fish to provide for themselves as well.

Politics
The Head of Sakha is the leader of the republic. The Head is chosen by public vote every five years. The Il Tumen (Legislative Assembly), is the republic's parliament. The Il Tumen are chosen similarly by the public every five years. The majority of lawmakers in the Il Tumen are currently from the United Russia party. The United Russia party is the ruling party of Russia.

Transportation
Sakha lies north of the important Trans-Siberian railway and Trans-Siberian Highway. Thus there is some distance between the republic and the main travelling routes across the country. The main road link in Sakha is the Lena Highway towards the south or the Kolyma Highway towards the east. The roads can generally be passed all year round, except across the Lena River where there is no bridge. Therefore, cars have to take a ferry across the river during summer or drive on the ice in winter. The Amur-Yakutsk train line connects Sakha with the rest of the Trans-Siberian railway. The republic has several airports, including the Yakutsk International Airport. Flights from these airports link Sakha to cities further away. The usage of the Northern Sea Route to transport goods is also possible at certain times of the year.

References

Federal subjects of Russia

Sakha


The Narrator is the unnamed protagonist and unreliable narrator of the 1996 book Fight Club and it's 1999 movie version. He has DID and is also known as Tyler Durden.

Biography
The Narrator is a businessman in his 30's and is bored by his business life and can't sleep. As a result, he created the Tyler Durden persona. He and Tyler Durden came up with the idea of Fight Club and Project Mayhem, a terrorist group made for men who are unhappy with consumerism. As the Narrator slept one day, Tyler vanished. He talked to people of Project Mayhem and they called him Tyler Durden. The Narrator realized that he and Tyler Durden share the same body.

Portrayal
The Narrator is portrayed by Edward Norton while Tyler Durden is portrayed by Brad Pitt.

Name
In the book and movie, the Narrator's name wasn't mentioned. He uses fake names such as Cornelius, Rupert and Travis. In the movie's script, it is Jack.

Fictional characters introduced in 1995
Dissociative identity disorder in fiction

The Narrator (Fight Club)


A conditioner (or hay conditioner) is a farm implement that crimps and crushes newly cut hay to promote faster and more even drying. Drying the hay efficiently is most important for first cutting of the hay crop, which consists of coarse stalks that take a longer period of time to draw out moisture than finer-textured hays, such as second and subsequent cuttings.

A conditioner is made up of two grooved rollers which the hay is forced through, causing the stalks to split, thus allowing the liquid trapped behind cell walls (sap and cell sap) to leak out and also giving more surface area for evaporation. The stand-alone conditioner is no longer used on most farms, since the conditioner has been incorporated into mower-conditioners, which combine the mower and conditioner into a single machine. The names Haybine and Discbine are brand names of mower-conditioners, although some farmers use these names somewhat generically.

Mower-conditioners

Mower-conditioners are a staple of large-scale hay making. Mower-conditioners are defined by the mechanisms that accomplish mowing and conditioning.

There are three types of mowers: sickle bar mowers, disc mowers, and drum mowers. Sickle bar mowers use a reciprocating blade to cut the grass and typically use a reel to fold the grass over the knife. Disc mowers have a number of hubs across the cutting width, each hub having a small (18") rotating disc with knives. Drum mowers use two or three large plates (called the drums, about 36" across) which ride over the ground as they are spinning. A sickle bar mower's main advantage over disc mowers and drum mowers is the reduced horsepower requirements. Its disadvantage is the extra maintenance required due to the high number of moving parts and wear items. Disc mowers were historically considered an "all the eggs in one basket" kind of mower because all the mower hubs were in one large gearbox. If one blade hit something and a gear tooth broke, the whole gearbox would suffer a catastrophic failure, and there would be nothing worth fixing. If anything broke, everything broke. Drum mowers prevented this by having typically two belt-driven drums compared to six or more gear-driven hubs. Modern disc mowers use isolated gearboxes, and if one fails it can be swapped out without rebuilding the entire machine.

Conditioners come in three main types: rubber-roller conditioners, steel-roller, and flail. The roller conditioners consist of two opposing rolls that have a raised, interlocking pattern. The rollers have either a rubber or steel pattern and a steel main shaft. The crop is crimped between the rollers, decreasing the drying time. The flail conditioner is an arrangement of steel Vs on a main shaft that beat the crop against the top of the mower-conditioner. The flail conditioner reduces drying time by removing the waxy coating on the crop.

Even though conditioners can shorten the dry time of the hay, they can come with problems in the hayfield. The space between the two opposing rolls can decrease or increase by the users needs, but there is a max area of opening. This can cause a breakdown or problem in the machine. If the hay is wet or lay downed in the field it can bunch together when pushed into the conditioner rolls. This can jam the rolls, even causing the hay to wrap completely around them. If caught early, the user can shut down the machine and cut the hay free by hand. If it is not caught early this can stop the bars from rolling, thus stopping the belts from turning the machine, then stopping the tractor. If this happens, one is looking at major problems with their machinery. Not only can this damage the rolls, but also the belts on the mower-conditioner can snap, and the tractor itself will be receiving considerable amounts of stress on its engine. Even though this can be a major money and time-consuming problem, if the user is alert and constantly aware of their equipment's performance, this issue should never go further than a small stoppage.

Haybine is the brand name of the first mower-conditioner.  It combined the sickle bar mower and the hay conditioner to promote faster drying hay all in one process. The current versions produced by New Holland are branded the Discbine, since they now feature faster disc mowers.

See also

Swather
Baler
Tedder (machine)

References

Agricultural machinery

Conditioner (farming)


William Vincent Jephson (6 October 1873 – 12 November 1956) was an English cricketer. Jephson was a right-handed batsman who played occasionally as a wicket-keeper.

Jephson made his first-class debut for Hampshire in the 1903 County Championship against Derbyshire. Jephson played 57 first-class matches for Hampshire, 56 before the First World War, with his final match for Hampshire coming against Middlesex in 1919. In his 57 matches for Hampshire, Jephson scored 1,571 runs at a batting average of 16.89, with six half centuries and a high score of 90 against Worcestershire in 1903. Jephson took 36 catches and made a single stumping. Jephson additionally played a single first-class match for Hambledon in a commemorative match against an England XI in 1908. During the match, Jephson scored his maiden and only first-class century with a score of 114*.

In 1908 Jephson played his first match for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Yorkshire. Jephson played 4 matches for the club, with his final match coming against Nottinghamshire in 1920. Jephson scored 92 runs at an average of 11.50, with a high score of 63 against the Australian Imperial Forces in 1919. In 1920 Jephson joined Dorset, making his debut for the county in the 1920 Minor Counties Championship against the Kent Second XI. Jephson played 30 Minor Counties matches for Dorset, with his final match for the county coming against Devon in 1925.

Jephson died at Monkton Combe, Somerset on 12 November 1956.

External links

1873 births
1956 deaths
People from Welwyn Hatfield (district)
English cricketers
Hampshire cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Dorset cricketers
Cricketers from Hertfordshire

William Jephson (cricketer)


Pablo Luna Carné (May 21, 1879 Alhama de Aragón – January 28, 1942 Madrid) was a Spanish composer. His best-known composition is the aria "De España vengo" from the zarzuela El niño judío.

Life
Pablo Luna received his first lessons in music theory from an organist at a church in his birthplace, Alhama de Aragón. His father, Pablo Luna Ferrer, who was a member of the Civil Guard, had moved with his family to the valley of the Ebro. He studied harmony with Teodoro Ballo and composition with Miguel Arnaudas. As a violinist, Luna would make money in hotels, cafes, churches and a small chamber orchestra, as well as in theaters. In 1903 he wrote his first operetta, Lolilla, la Petenera which was followed in 1904 by La Escalera de los Duendes (The Ladder of the Elves).

In 1905, he moved to Madrid to learn more about the world of zarzuela. In particular, he contacted Ruperto Chapí, the second director of the Teatro de la Zarzuela, and Tomás Barrera Saavedra, a later director of the orchestra, Jerónimo Giménez y Bellido and others. He also knew the librettist Luis Pascual Frutos, who wrote the libretto for the operetta Mussetta, which premiered successfully in 1908. This operetta was followed by many other stage works.

In Zaragoza premiered with great success 11 March 1911 his zarzuela Molinos de viento (Windmills). Luna was the same who led the orchestra on the night of reopening of the Teatro de la Zarzuela, after a fire, in 1914. In 1918, he released one of his greatest works, El niño Judío (The Jewish Boy), an exponent of the new style full of exoticism and sophistication. In March 1925 a grand concert was given in his honor and he was awarded the gold medal of the city of Zaragoza. He closed the trilogy of his three most successful zarzuelas with Benamor (1928).

He also wrote eleven screenplays under the pseudonym García Sandoval. Pablo Luna has various streets named after him, and has a school with his name in Alhama de Aragón (Zaragoza).

Works

Works for orchestra
 Una noche en Calatayud, suite-fantasía
 ¡Arre borrico!, jota

Works for band
 Ballesteros, paso-doble jota
 Danza del Fuego from "Benamor"
 Fantasía from "Molinos de viento"
 Intermedio from "La Pícara Molinera"
 Selección from "El Asombro de Damasco"
 Selección from "El niño judío"
 Selección from "Una noche en Calatayud"

Theatrical works
Revistas
 1909 A.C.T., Que se va el tío, (with Tomás Barrera Saavedra)
 1909 El Club de las solteras, Pasatiempo cómico-Lírico in 1 act and 5 scenes, with libretto by Manuel Fernández del Puente, (with Luis Foglietti)
 1911 El paraguas del abuelo, cuento fantástico in 1 act (with Tomás Barrera Saavedra) - libretto by Guillermo Perrín y Miguel de Palacios
 1918 La Mujer artificial o la receta del doctor Miró, 3 acts - libretto by Carlos Arniches and Joaquín Abati
 1921 La Tierra del Carmen
 1924 Rosa de fuego Revista in 3 acts - Libretto by Antonio Paso
 1927 El Fumadero
 1927 Roxana, la cortesana
 1929 El Antojo
 1932 ¡Cómo están las mujeres!, 2 actos - libretto by Francisco García Loygorri
 1934 Las Peponas
 1934 Los Inseparables, 2 acto - libretto by Leandro Blanco and Alfonso Lapena
 1935 Las Ansiosas (with José Ruiz de Azagra)
 1935 La Colasa del Pavón
 1935 Al Cantar el gallo
 1935 Las siete en punto, reportage of a great spectacle in 20 episodes, divided in 2 parts, a prologue an epilogue and an apotheosis - text: Leandro Blanco and Alfonso Lapena
 1936 Piezas de Recambio, Humorada lírica in 2 acts - libretto by Fernando Neyra and García Sandoval.
 1936 La sal por arrobas, 2 acts (with Jacinto Guerrero) - libretto by Antonio Paso

Operetas
 1908 Musseta - libretto by Luis Pascual Frutos
 1909 La Reina de los mercados, 1 act - libretto by Guillermo Perrín and Miguel de Palacios
 1910 Molinos de viento, 1 act - libretto by Luis Pascual Frutos
 1911 La Canción húngara
 1912 Canto de primavera, 2 acts - libretto by Luis Pascual Frutos
 1913 :es:Los cadetes de la Reina, 1 act
 1913 La alegría del amor, 1 act - libretto by Ramón Asensio Más and José Juan Cadenas Muñoz
 1914 La Corte de Risalia
 1914 El Rey del mundo, 1 act - libretto by José Maria Martín de Eugenio
 1916 Jack, 3 acts - libretto by Maxim Brody, Franz Martos y Emilio González del Castillo
 1916 Sybill, 3 acts - libretto by Maxim Brody, Franz Martos and Emilio González del Castillo
 1916 El Asombro de Damasco, 2 acts - libretto by Antonio Paso Cano and Joaquín Abati, based on a story from the Thousand and One Nights
 1918 Los Calabreses
 1921 El Sinvergüenza en Palacio, (with Amadeo Vives)
 1923 Benamor, 3 acts
 1939 Flor de Cerezo o La Gata encantada

Zarzuelas
 1903 Lolilla, la Petenera
 1904 Escalera de los Duendes
 1906 La Corte de Júpiter, (with Eduardo Fuentes Parra)
 1908 Fuente Escondida
 1908 La Fiesta del Carmen (with Pedro Códoba)
 1909]Oro y sangre
 1909 Salón moderno
 1909 Las Lindas perras, (with Rafael Calleja Gómez)
 1910 Llevar la derecha
 1910 Huelga de criadas, (with Luis Foglietti)
 1910 Vida de príncipe, 1 act, (with Luis Foglietti) - libretto by Antonio López Monís and Ramón Asensio Más
 1911 El Dirigible, (with Arturo Escobar)
 1911 Las Hijas de Lemnos
 1911 Sangre y arena, 1 act (with Pascual Marquina Narro) - libretto by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, Gonzalo Jover and Emilio Gónzalez del Castillo
 1911 La Romerito, (with Rafael Calleja Gómez)
 1912 Las Malas pulgas, (with San Nicolás)
 1912 La Mujer de su marido
 1913 Los Cuatro gatos (with Arturo Lapuerta)
 1913 La Cucaña de Sotanillo
 1913 La Gloria del vencido, (with Marcelino Amenazavas)
 1915 La Boda de Cayetana, o una Tarde en Amaniel
 1915 La Sultana, (with Arturo Lapuerta)
 1915 Amores de aldea (with Reveriano Soutullo Otero)
 1916 El Patio de los naranjos, 1 act - libretto by Julio Pellicer y López and José Fernández del Villar
 1917 La Casa de enfrente, sainete in 1 act - libretto by Serafín Álvarez Quintero and Joaquín Álvarez Quintero
 1917 Los Patineros, (with Luis Foglietti)
 1918 El Aduar
 1918 El niño judío, 2 acts and 4 scenes - libretto by Enrique García Álvarez and Antonio Paso
 1918 Trini la clavellina
 1919 La Mecanógrafa
 1919 Muñecos de trapo, farsa musical in 2 acts - libretto by Antonio Paso
 1919 Pancho Virondo, zarzuela in 2 acts and 4 scenes - libretto by Enrique García Álvarez and Antonio Paso
 1920 El suspiro del moro, 1 act (with Eduardo Fuentes Parra) - libretto by Antonio López Monís and Juan López Núñez
 1921 Los Papiros, zarzuela in 3 acts - libretto by Serafín Álvarez Quintero and Joaquín Álvarez Quintero
 1921 Su Alteza, se casa
 1922 Los Apuros de Pura
 1922 Los Dragones de París
 1923 La Moza de las campanillas
 1924 Calixta la prestamista
 1924 La Joven Turquía
 1925 La Paz del molino 2 acts, the second in three scenes - Libreto de Manuel Góngora y Miguel Manzano
 1925 Sangre de Reyes, 2 acts (junto con Francisco Balaguer Muriel) - libretto by Angel Torres del Alamo and Antonio Asenjo Pérez Campos
 1925 El Tropiezo de la Nati
 1925 Las Espigas, (with Enrique Bru) (1873–1951)
 1926 Las Mujeres son así
 1926 La Pastorela, 3 acts (with Federico Moreno Torroba) - libretto de Fernando Luque and Enrique Calonge
 1927 El Tiro de pichón
 1928 La Chula de Pontevedra, sainete in 2 acts (with Enrique Bru) - libretto by Enrique Paradas and Joaquín Jiménez
 1928 La Manola del Portillo, (with Federico Moreno Torroba)
 1928 La Pícara molinera, zarzuela in 3 acts - Angel Torres del Alamo and Antonio Asenjo Pérez.
 1929 El Caballero del guante rojo
 1929 La Moza vieja, zarzuela in 3 acts - libretto by Federico Romero and Guillermo Fernández Shaw
 1929 La Ventera de Alcalá, (with Rafael Calleja Gómez )
 1931 Currito de la Cruz
 1931 Morena y sevillana
 1931 Flor de Zelanda- 2 acts - Luis Fernandez de Sevilla and Anselmo C. Carreño
 1932 Los moscones - sainete in 2 acts - Pedro Lerena and Anselmo C. Carreño
 1939 Cocktail
 1939 Una copla hecha mujer
 1941 Las Calatravas, 3 acts - libretto by Federico Romero and José Tellaeche
 1944 Pilar de la victoria, (with Julio Gómez)

Other theatrical works
 1916 El sapo enamorado (the frog in love), pantomime - based on a story by Tomás Borrás
 La Boda de Antón, (with Emilio Acevedo)
 La Rabalera
 La Flor del camino

References

External links
 Pablo Luna Carné in the Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa
 Geocities: Pablo Luna
 Biografías y Vidas: Pablo Luna

Spanish classical composers
Spanish male classical composers
1879 births
1942 deaths
Musicians from Zaragoza
20th-century classical composers
Spanish opera composers
Male opera composers
Spanish male writers
Male screenwriters
20th-century Spanish musicians
20th-century Spanish male musicians
20th-century Spanish screenwriters
20th-century Spanish male writers

Pablo Luna


Anders Ekström, born 1965, is a Swedish historian of ideas, professor at the department of History of Science and Ideas at the University of Uppsala.

Biography

Ekström's holds a Ph.D from 1994, The World on Display: The Stockholm Exhibition of 1897 and the World's Fairs of the Nineteenth Century (title in translation), which was awarded the Johan Nordström and Sten Lindroth prize for scholarly excellence. More recently, Ekström has been awarded prizes for his interdisciplinary work and for initiating debates on the role of the humanities in future societies.
Anders Ekström previously held positions at Uppsala University, the Swedish Institute of Studies in Education and Research (Stockholm), Linköping University, and KTH Royal Institute of Technology (Stockholm). He was a visiting fellow at the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study in Uppsala in 1999. In 2005-2006, he was a visiting researcher at University of Cambridge. In 2013, he was a visiting fellow at the Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities (CRASSH) and at Clare Hall College, both in Cambridge. In 2012, he was appointed Adjunct Professor of Media History at the Department of General History at the University of Turku in Finland. In 2014, he was elected Vice-Dean of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Uppsala, with special responsibility for research and Ph.D training. In 2014-2015, he was an expert on the Swedish government's official committee on museums.

Research

He has published on modern cultural history, media history and theory for more than 25 years, including 10 individually authored, co-authored and edited books. His overall research and teaching interests include modern Scandinavian and European cultural and intellectual history (especially 1800-1950), media history, visual culture, cultural theory, museum and exhibition studies, science and society, science and media, history of humanities, research and higher education policy.

Selected publications

Den utställda världen: Stockholmsutställningen 1897 och 1800-talets världsutställningar, Nordiska museets handlingar nummer 119, Nordiska museet 1994, , dissertation.
Dödens exempel: självmordstolkningar i svenskt 1800-tal genom berättelsen om Otto Landgren, Atlantis, Stockholm 2000, .
Representation och materialitet: introduktioner till kulturhistorien, Nya Doxa 2009, .
Viljan att synas, viljan att se: medieumgänge och publik kultur kring 1900, Monografier utgivna av Stockholms stad nummer 212, Stockholmia, Stockholm 2010,  (inb)
Alltings mått: humanistisk kunskap i framtidens samhälle, Norstedts, Stockholm 2012, , (tillsammans med Sverker Sörlin)

References

Living people
20th-century Swedish historians
1965 births
21st-century Swedish historians
Intellectual historians
Academic staff of Uppsala University

Anders Ekström (historian of ideas)


The Porta Nigra (Latin for black gate), referred to by locals as Porta, is a large Roman city gate in Trier, Germany. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The name Porta Nigra originated in the Middle Ages due to the darkened colour of its stone; the original Roman name has not been preserved.

History

Roman
The Porta Nigra was built in grey sandstone after 170 AD. The original gate consisted of two four-storeyed towers, projecting as near semicircles on the outer side. A narrow courtyard separated the two gate openings on either side. For unknown reasons, however, the construction of the gate remained unfinished. For example, the stones at the northern (outer) side of the gate were never abraded, and the protruding stones would have made it impossible to install movable gates. Nonetheless, the gate was used as a town entrance for centuries until the end of the Roman era in Trier.

In Roman times, the Porta Nigra was part of a system of four city gates, one of which stood at each side of the roughly rectangular Roman city. It guarded the northern entry to the Roman city, while the Porta Alba (White Gate) was built in the east, the Porta Media (Middle Gate) in the south, and the Porta Inclyta (Famous Gate) in the west, next to the Roman bridge across the Moselle. The gates stood at the ends of the two main streets of the Roman Trier, one of which led north-south and the other east-west. Of these gates, only the Porta Nigra still exists.

Middle Ages
In the early Middle Ages the Roman city gates were no longer used for their original function and their stones were taken and reused for other buildings. Moreover, iron and lead braces were broken out of the walls of the Porta Nigra for reuse. Traces of this destruction are still clearly visible on the north side of the gate.

After 1028, the Greek monk Simeon lived as a hermit in the ruins of the Porta Nigra. After his death (1035) and sanctification, the Simeonstift monastery was built next to the Porta Nigra to honor him.

To save it from further destruction, the Porta Nigra was transformed into two superimposed churches with identical floor plans. The upper church was accessible to the monks and the lower church was open to the general public.

The church naves were created by extending the first and second floors over the inner courtyard. An apse was constructed onto the east tower. Additional levels and a spire were added to the western tower. The top floor of the eastern tower was removed, and a new clerestory level was built over the nave, east tower and apse. Windows of the western tower were enlarged to become entrance doors (still visible).

The ground floor with the large gates was buried inside a terrace, and a large staircase was constructed alongside the south side (the town side) up to the lower church. A small staircase led further up to the upper church.

An additional gate (the much smaller Simeon Gate) was built adjacent to the East side of the Porta Nigra and served as a city gate in medieval times.

Modern
In 1802, Napoleon Bonaparte dissolved the church in the Porta Nigra and the monastery beside it, along with the vast majority of Trier's numerous churches and monasteries. On his visit to Trier in 1804, Napoleon ordered that the Porta Nigra be converted back to its Roman form. The clerestory level and church tower were deconstructed, and the inner courtyard was reinstated. However, the apse was preserved in a truncated form, and the eastern tower was not rebuilt to its original height. The terrace surrounding the ground floor level was removed.

Local legend has it that Napoleon originally wanted to completely tear down the church, but locals convinced him that the church had actually been a Gaulish festival hall before being turned into a church. Another version of the story is that they told him about its Roman origins, persuading him to convert the gate back to its original form.

It was designated as part of the Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986 because of its testimony to the influence of Trier in the Roman Empire and its unique architecture as both a city gate and a double church.

Today
Generally the Porta Nigra is still in remarkable condition. Its modern appearance goes back almost unchanged to the reconstruction ordered by Napoleon, with a crowning cornice and parapet on its top. Roman columns line the last 100 m of the street leading to the gate from the south, positioned as they had been in Roman times to give he impression of the colonnade that once lined its route into the city.

The gate is closed to cars today, but stands right next to one of the main streets of Trier. Air pollution, particularly the exhaust fumes of passing cars, continues to darken and damage its stones.

The gate, including the upper floors, is open to visitors. In summer, tours are offered by a guide costumed as a centurion (a Roman army officer) in full armor.

New Trier Township in Cook County, Illinois, USA, is named after Trier, and New Trier Township High School's seal depicts the Porta Nigra.

References

 Fiske Kimball, George Harold Edgell et al.: History of Architecture. Research & Education Assoc. 2001  (restricted online version (Google Books))
 Jas Elsner: Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph: The Art of the Roman Empire AD 100-450. Oxford University Press 1998,  (restricted online version (Google Books))

External links

Site of the Porta Nigra in Google Maps
Porta Nigra Photos

Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Germany
Gates in Germany
Buildings and structures in Trier
Fortifications in Germany
200
Buildings and structures completed in the 2nd century
World Heritage Sites in Germany

Porta Nigra


Ben Blankenship (born December 15, 1988) is an American middle distance runner. He is a world record holder as a member of the 2015 USA Distance medley relay team, of which he ran the 1600-meter anchor leg.

Running career

Elementary school
Blankenship attended St. Croix Catholic school in Stillwater, Minnesota. Classmates from his elementary recall Blankenship to be the fastest runner at St. Croix Catholic  when running the mile run at the Old Athletic Field located near the elementary school.

High school
At Stillwater Area High School, Blankenship was the Minnesota State AA Champion at 1600 meters in both 2006 and 2007. Also in 2005, he led his team to second place in Cross Country. His high school had previously molded other prolific distance runners such as Luke Watson and Sean Graham.

Collegiate
He began his collegiate career at Mississippi State University.  After a year there he transferred to his home state University of Minnesota. By 2010, he became the first Golden Gopher to break the 4 minute mile, when he ran 3:57.83 at the indoor Washington Qualifier meet. In December 2011, his sacrum fractured from his training, and Blankenship made a decision to quit running during his junior year at Minnesota.

Post-collegiate

After graduating from Minnesota, he moved to Colorado and worked for a friend's excavation company. However, he traveled to London to watch a friend participate in the 2012 Summer Olympics, and became interested in returning to running after he felt his injuries were gone. He subsequently moved to Washington, D.C., where he lived for a year. After working out consistently for the first time in college, he won the 2013 Crystal City Twilighter, a 5K road race, in 15:10. His agent, Stephen Haas, worked to convince Oregon Track Club to invite Blankenship to train professionally in Eugene, and eventually Blankenship accepted the offer.

Both his best 1500 meters and mile personal track records have been set indoors, his 3:53.13 mile set while finishing second in a world class field at the New Balance Indoor Grand Prix in 2015 ranks as the #8 time by an American.  His road mile personal best of 3:52.7, set while winning the "Minnesota Mile" is the fastest mile in Minnesota state history.

At the 2015 IAAF World Relays Blankenship put the weight of his team on his shoulders at the end of the distance medley relay.  While he received the baton in first place, similar to a move in track cycling strategy, he immediately conceded the lead to Kenyan Timothy Cheruiyot, who in turn broke contact and attempted to run away with the race.  Blankenship's even paced lack of aggression also let the Australian team anchor by Collis Birmingham back into contention.  When Cheruiyot paid the price for his front running, Blankenship passed the tiring Cheruiyot.  But Cheruiyot was not broken and stayed with in contact all the way to the final straightaway where Blankenship's speed put the race away.  With the oddly strategic ending, the 0.06 of a second improvement on the existing world record by a Kenyan team in 2006 was more of an accident than a plan.

A month and a half later, at the 2015 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships, Blankenship finished a disappointing fourth place, .02 behind Leo Manzano, only 0.03 behind second place Robby Andrews  who finished with a late rush, to miss making the team for the 2015 World Championships.

He won the 2016 Medtronic TC 1 mile, setting a course record of 3:55.8 and taking home the USATF Road Mile title.

On July 10, 2016, Blankenship finished third in the 1500 meters finals at the 2016 United States Olympic Trials, qualifying him to compete in the 1500 meter race at the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Blankenship then finished 8th in the Olympic Final.

In September 2017, Blankenship set a record for the fastest 1 mile time in Alaska, achieving a time of 3:57.85. This makes Blankenship one of only two to run a mile in under 4 minutes in Alaska ever, along with Kyle Merber.

Blankenship currently lives in Eugene, Oregon and trains with the Oregon Track Club.

Blankenship won a US national xc title over 10 km in 29:21 at 2018 USATF National Club Cross Country Championships.

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
People from Stillwater, Minnesota
Sportspeople from Washington County, Minnesota
Sportspeople from Minnesota
American male middle-distance runners
World Athletics record holders (relay)
Minnesota Golden Gophers men's track and field athletes
Mississippi State Bulldogs men's track and field athletes
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
USA Indoor Track and Field Championships winners

Ben Blankenship


Frederick John Read (1857–1925), was an English organist and academic.

Read was taught by C. W. Corfe and J. F. Bridge, becoming Organist of Christ Church, Reading, in 1876. He joined the staff of the Royal College of Music ten years later.  During the first period he spent at Chichester, the Harris organ case was installed. Read also seems to have improved the standard of the choir, but The Dean and Chapter of the time took a dim view of absences due to his London teaching work, and so he resigned in 1902.

The peak of Read's teaching career was his appointment as Dean of the Faculty of Music at the University of London. He was reappointed to Chichester on Crowe's retirement and died in office. A memorial to Dr. Read  is in the south transept of the Cathedral.

Some of his anthems and a service in D for men's voices were published by Novello.

References

1857 births
1925 deaths
English organists
British male organists
Organists & Masters of the Choristers of Chichester Cathedral
Academics of the Royal College of Music
Academics of the University of London
Male classical organists

Frederick Read


A History of British Birds is a natural history book by Thomas Bewick, published in two volumes. Volume 1, Land Birds, appeared in 1797. Volume 2, Water Birds, appeared in 1804. A supplement was published in 1821. The text in Land Birds was written by Ralph Beilby, while Bewick took over the text for the second volume. The book is admired mainly for the beauty and clarity of Bewick's wood-engravings, which are widely considered his finest work, and among the finest in that medium.

British Birds has been compared to works of poetry and literature. It plays a recurring role in Charlotte Brontë's novel Jane Eyre. William Wordsworth praised Bewick in the first lines of his poem "The Two Thieves": "Oh now that the genius of Bewick were mine, And the skill which he learned on the banks of the Tyne."

The book was effectively the first "field guide" for non-specialists. Bewick provides an accurate illustration of each species, from life if possible, or from skins. The common and scientific name(s) are listed, citing the naming authorities. The bird is described, with its distribution and behaviour, often with extensive quotations from printed sources or correspondents. Those who provided skins or information are acknowledged. The species are grouped into families such as "Of the Falcon", using the limited and conflicting scientific sources of the time. The families of land birds are further grouped into birds of prey, omnivorous birds, insectivorous birds, and granivorous birds, while the families of water birds are simply listed, with related families side by side.

Each species entry begins on a new page; any spaces at the ends of entries are filled with tail-pieces, small, often humorous woodcuts of country life. British Birds remains in print, and has attracted the attention of authors such as Jenny Uglow. Critics note Bewick's skill as a naturalist as well as an engraver.

Background

Early scientific works on birds, such as those of Conrad Gessner, Ulisse Aldrovandi and Pierre Belon, relied for much of their content on the authority of the Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle and the teachings of the church, and included much extraneous material relating to the species, such as proverbs, references in history and literature, or its use as an emblem. The arrangement of the species was by alphabetical order in Gessner's , and by arbitrary criteria in most other early works. In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, Francis Bacon had advocated the advancement of knowledge through observation and experiment, and the English Royal Society and its members such as John Ray, John Wilkins and Francis Willughby sought to put the empirical method into practice, including travelling widely to collect specimens and information.

The first modern ornithology, intended to describe all the then-known birds worldwide, was produced by Ray and Willughby and published in Latin as  (Three Books of Ornithology) in 1676, and in English, as The Ornithology of Francis Willughby of Middleton, in 1678. Its innovative features were an effective classification system based on anatomical features, including the bird's beak, feet and overall size, and a dichotomous key, which helped readers to identify birds by guiding them to the page describing that group. The authors also placed an asterisk against species of which they had no first-hand knowledge, and were therefore unable to verify. The commercial success of the Ornithology is unknown, but it was historically significant, influencing writers including René Réaumur, Mathurin Jacques Brisson, Georges Cuvier and Carl Linnaeus in compiling their own works.

George Edwards was a leading British naturalist and illustrator in the 17th century. He was the librarian to the Royal College of Physicians with access to their collection of 8,000 books, and he used these, together with stuffed and live animals, to produced illustrated publications. His four-volume A Natural History of Uncommon Birds (1743–1751) and its three supplements covered more than 600 natural history topics, and his publications enabled Linnaeus to name 350 bird species, including many type specimens. When he was researching published sources for his bird project, Bewick relied particularly on Edwards' book and the multi-volume Histoire Naturelle of the French naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon.

Thomas Bewick

Thomas Bewick was born at Cherryburn, a house in the parish of Mickley, Northumberland, and he was apprenticed at the age of 14 to Ralph Beilby, an engraver in Newcastle upon Tyne, and learnt how to engrave on wood and metal.

The business prospered, becoming Newcastle's leading engraving service with an enviable reputation for high-quality work and good service. Now partners, Bielby and Bewick published their History of Quadrupeds in 1790, and its success encouraged them to consider producing a new book on British birds. In preparation for this major work, Bewick spent several years engraving the necessary wood blocks.

Bewick became well known for his engravings, including  the woodcuts for Oliver Goldsmith's Traveller and The Deserted Village, for Thomas Parnell's Hermit, and for William Somervile's Chase. Perhaps the best known of his prints is The Chillingham Bull, executed on an exceptionally large woodblock for Marmaduke Tunstall, a Yorkshire landowner. Bewick also produced and illustrated several editions of Aesop's Fables throughout his creative life. His success meant that Bewick had at least 30 pupils who worked for him and Beilby as apprentices, the first of whom was his younger brother John.

Bewick died at his home on 8 November 1828. He was buried in Ovingham churchyard, beside his late wife Isabella, who had died two years earlier on 1 February 1826, and not far from his parents and his brother John.

Approach

The preface to A History of British Birds states that "while one of the editors  of this work was engaged in preparing the cuts, which are faithfully drawn from Nature, and engraved upon wood, the compilation of the descriptions .. (of the Land Birds) was undertaken by the other , subject, however, to the corrections of his friend, whose habits had led him to a more intimate acquaintance with this branch of Natural History", and goes on to mention that the compilation of text was the "production of those hours which could be spared from a laborious employment", namely the long hours of work engraving the minutely detailed wood printing blocks. What the preface does not say is the reason for this statement about the "editors", which was an angry stand-off between Bewick and Beilby. Beilby's original intention was to have an introduction which merely thanked Bewick for his "assistance", and a title-page naming Beilby as the sole author. Bewick's friend (and his wife's godfather) Thomas Hornby heard of this, and informed Bewick. An informal trade panel met to judge the matter, and the preface as printed was the result; Beilby's name did not appear on the title-page.

Each species of bird is presented in a few pages (generally between two and four; occasionally, as with the mallard or "Common Wild Duck", a few more). The first item is a woodcut print of the bird, always either perched or standing on the ground, even in the case of water birds – such as the smew – that (as winter visitors) do not nest in Britain, and consequently are rarely seen away from water there. Bewick then presents the name, with variations, and the Latin and French equivalents. For example, "The Musk Duck" is also named on the line below as "Cairo, Guinea, or Indian Duck", and the next line "(Anas moschata, Linn.—Le Canard Musque, Buff.)" provides the scholarly references to the giving of the Latin binomial by Linnaeus (Linn) and a French description by Buffon (Buff).

The text begins by stating the size of the bird. Bewick then describes the bird, typically in one paragraph, naming any notable features such as the colour of the eyes ("irides"), the bill, the legs, and plumage on each part of the body. Next, the origin and distribution of the species are discussed, with notes or quotations from authorities such as John Ray, Gilbert White and Buffon.

Bewick then mentions any other facts of interest about the bird; in the case of the musk duck, this concerns its "musky smell, which arises from the liquor secreted in the glands on the rump". If the bird hybridizes with other species, this is described, along with whether the hybrids are fertile ("productive").

Finally, Bewick acknowledges anyone who had helped him. The musk duck is stated to have been drawn from a "living specimen" which was however "excepting the head, entirely white", unlike the "general appearance" shown in the woodcut; the bird "was lent to this work by William Losh, Esq., of Point Pleasant, near Newcastle". Losh, one of Bewick's many collaborators, was a wealthy partner in Losh, Wilson and Bell, manufacturers of chemicals and iron. Many of the birds, especially the rarer species, were necessarily illustrated from skins rather than from life. For example, for the Sabine's snipe, "The author was favoured by N. A. Vigors, Esq., [who had described the supposed species] with a preserved specimen, from which the above figure is taken." In A Memoir (posthumously published in 1862), Bewick states that he intended to "stick to nature as closely as I could", but admits that he had "in several cases" to rely on the stuffed "preserved skins" of his neighbour Richard Routledge Wingate.

The grouping of species gave Bewick difficulty, as the scientific sources of the time did not agree on how to arrange the species in families, or on a sequence or grouping of those families. Bewick, for example, uses family groups like "Of the Falcon", in which he includes buzzards and sparrowhawks as well as what are now called falcons. The families of land birds are further grouped into birds of prey, omnivorous birds, insectivorous birds, and granivorous birds, while the families of water birds are simply listed, with what seemed to be related families, such as "Of the Anas" (ducks) and "Of the Mergus" (sawbill ducks), side by side.

Each account is closed with a miniature woodcut known from its position in the text as a tail-piece. These small artworks depict aspects of country life, often with humorous subjects, but all with Bewick's eye for detail, style, and precision. Some add to the illustration of the bird in question, as for example the heron, where the tail-piece shows one heron catching an eel, and another flying away. The tail-piece for Sabine's snipe, a gamebird, shows a hunter firing, and a small bird falling to the ground. There is no exclusion of human life from the images: one tail-piece depicts a works complete with smoking chimney beside a river.

Outline

Land birds

The first volume "containing the History and Description of Land Birds" begins with a preface, an introduction, and a list of technical terms illustrated with Bewick's woodcuts. The introduction begins:

In no part of the animal creation are the wisdom, the goodness, and the bounty of Providence displayed in a more lively manner than in the structure, formation, and various endowments of the feathered tribes.

The birds are divided into granivorous (grain eating) and carnivorous groups, which are explained in some detail. The speed, senses, flight, migration, pairing behaviour and feeding of birds are then discussed, with observations from Spallanzani and Gilbert White, whose Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne was published in 1789. The pleasure of watching birds is mentioned:

To the practical ornithologist there arises a considerable gratification in being able to ascertain the distinguishing characters of birds as they appear at a distance, whether at rest, or during their flight; for not only every genus has something peculiar to itself, but each species has its own appropriate marks, by which a judicious observer may discriminate almost with certainty.

Bewick also mentions conservation, in the context of the probable local extinction of a valuable resource:

"Both this and the Great Bustard are excellent eating, and would well repay the trouble of domestication; indeed, it seems surprising, that we should suffer these fine birds to be in danger of total extinction, although, if properly cultivated, they might afford as excellent a repast as our own domestic poultry, or even as the Turkey, for which we are indebted to distant countries."

The 1847 edition, revised with additional woodcuts and descriptions, is organized as follows, with the species grouped into families such as the shrikes:

Water birds

The second volume "containing the History and Description of Water Birds" begins with its own preface, and its own introduction. Bewick discusses the question of where many seabirds go to breed, revisits the subject of migration, and concludes with reflections on "an all-wise Providence" as shown in Nature.

The 1847 edition is organized as follows:

 Foreign Birds

The 'foreign birds' are not grouped but just listed directly as species, from Bearded Vulture to Mino. Fifteen birds are included, with no description, and despite their placement in the table of contents, they appear at the front of the volume as an 'Appendix'.

Reception

Bewick's Birds was an immediate best-seller. When Land Birds appeared, the whole print sold out by the middle of 1798; 1000 copies of the demy size (8¾ x 5⅝ in, 221 x 142 mm), 850 of the royal octavo  (10 x 6¼ in, 253 x 158 mm), and 24 of the grand imperial (22 x 30 in, 559 x 762 mm).

Contemporary

In 1805, the British Critic wrote that it was "superfluous to expatiate much on the merits of a work" that everyone liked because of "the aptness of its descriptions, the accuracy of its figures, the spirit of its wood engravings, and the ingenious variety of its vignettes."

The 1829 Magazine of Natural History commented that "Montagu's Ornithological Dictionary and Bewick's Birds .. have rendered [the] department of natural history popular throughout the land".

Ibis, reviewing the Memoir of Thomas Bewick, written by himself in 1862, compares the effect of Bewick and Gilbert White, writing "It was the pages of Gilbert White and the woodcuts of Bewick which first beguiled the English schoolboy to the observation of our feathered friends", and "how few of our living naturalists but must gratefully acknowledge their early debt to White's 'History' and to the life-like woodcuts of Bewick!" The reviewer judges that "Probably we shall not wrong the cultivated annalist of Selborne by giving the first place to Bewick." However, comparing them as people, "Bewick has not the slightest claim to rank with Gilbert White as a naturalist. White was what Bewick never was, a man of science; but, if no naturalist, Bewick was a lover of nature, a careful observer, and a faithful copier of her ever-varying forms. In this, and in this alone, lies his charm."

The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannicas entry on Thomas Bewick describes "the British Birds" as "his great achievement, that with which his name is inseparably associated", observing that "Bewick, from his intimate knowledge of the habits of animals acquired during his constant excursions into the country, was thoroughly qualified to do justice to this great task."

Modern

John Brewer, writing in the London Review of Books, says that for his Birds, "Bewick had acquired national renown as the artist who most truthfully depicted the flora and fauna of the British countryside." He adds that "Bewick's achievement was both technical and aesthetic." In his view, Bewick "reconciled nature, science and art. His engravings of British birds, which represent his work at its finest, are almost all rendered with the precision of the ornithologist: but they also portray the animals in their natural habitat – the grouse shelters in his covert, the green woodpecker perches on a gnarled branch, waders strut by streams ..." He observes that "Most of the best engravings include a figure, incident or building which draws the viewer's eye beyond and behind the animal profile in the foreground. Thus the ploughboy in the distant field pulls our gaze past the yellow wagtail ..."

British Birds, reviewing a "lavishly illustrated" British Library book on Bewick, writes that "No ornithologist will ever regard Thomas Bewick, known primarily for The History of British Birds (1797–1804), as a naturalist of the same standing as contemporaries such as Edward Donovan, John Latham and James Bolton", noting however that Bewick helped to define "a certain English Romantic sensibility". More directly, the review notes that "Bewick was aware that his role was to offer a modest guide to birds that the common man not only could afford but would also want to possess." Bewick was not "a scientist, but he was a perfectionist". The book's text was written by "failed author" Ralph Beilby, but the text is "almost extraneous" given Bewick's masterpiece.

The Tate Gallery writes that Bewick's " best illustrations ... are in his natural history books. The History of British Birds (2 vols, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1797–1804) reveals Bewick's gifts as a naturalist as well as an engraver (the artist was responsible for the text as well as the illustrations in the second volume)." The article notes that the book makes "extensive use of narrative tailpieces: vignettes in which manifold aspects of north-country life are expressed with affection, humour and a genuine love of nature. In later years these miniature scenes came to be more highly regarded than the figures they accompany."

Dissenting from the general tone of praise for Bewick, Jacob Kainen cites claims that "many of the best tailpieces in the History of British birds were drawn by Robert Johnson", and that "the greater number of those contained in the second volume were engraved by Clennell. Granted that the outlook and the engraving style were Bewick's, and that these were notable contributions, the fact that the results were so close to his own points more to an effective method of illustration than to the outpourings of genius." Kainen argues that while competent, Bewick "was no Holbein, no Botticelli—it is absurd to think of him in such terms—but he did develop a fresh method of handling wood engraving."

The Linnean Society writes that the History "shows that he was also an excellent naturalist, a meticulous observer of birds and animals in their habitats."

The University of Maryland writes that "The Birds is specific to those species indigenous to Britain and is incredibly accurate due to Bewick's personal knowledge of the habits of birds in the wild acquired during his frequent bird-watching expeditions." It adds that "Bewick's woodcarvings are considered a pinnacle example of the medium."

Jenny Uglow, writing in The Guardian, notes that "An added delight was the way he filled the blank spaces with 'tail-pieces', tiny, witty, vivid scenes of ordinary life." She describes the importance of Birds in Jane Eyre, and ends "He worked with precision and insight, in a way that we associate with poets such as Clare and Wordsworth, Gerard Manley Hopkins and Elizabeth Bishop. To Bewick, nature was the source of joy, challenge and perpetual consolation. In his woodcuts of birds and animals as well as his brilliant tail-pieces, we can still feel this today." However, in her biography of Bewick, she adds that "The country might be beautiful but it also stank: in his vignettes men relieve themselves in hedges and ruins, a woman holds her nose as she walks between the cowpats, and a farmyard privy shows that men are as filthy as the pigs they despise."

Hilary Spurling, reviewing Uglow's biography of Bewick in The Observer, writes that when Birds appeared, people all over Britain "became his pupils". Spurling cites Charles Kingsley's story of his father's hunting friends from the New Forest mocking him for buying "a book 'about dicky-birds", until, astonished, they saw the book and discovered "things they had known all their lives and never even noticed".

In culture

The History is repeatedly mentioned in Charlotte Brontë's 1847 novel Jane Eyre. John Reed throws the History of British Birds at Jane when she is ten; Jane uses the book as a place to which to escape, away from the painful Reed household; and Jane also bases her artwork on Bewick's illustrations. Jane and Mr Rochester use bird names for each other, including linnet, dove, skylark, eagle, and falcon. Brontë has Jane Eyre explain and quote Bewick:

I returned to my book--Bewick's History of British Birds: the letterpress thereof I cared little for, generally speaking; and yet there were certain introductory pages that, child as I was, I could not pass quite as a blank. They were those which treat of the haunts of sea-fowl; of 'the solitary rocks and promontories' by them only inhabited; of the coast of Norway, studded with isles from its southern extremity, the Lindeness, or Naze, to the North Cape--

Where the Northern Ocean, in vast whirls,
Boils round the naked, melancholy isles
Of farthest Thule; and the Atlantic surge
Pours in among the stormy Hebrides.

In M. R. James' short story, Casting the Runes, a Bewick print is also referenced, described as "a moonlit road and a man walking along it, followed by an awful demon creature."

The English romantic poet William Wordsworth began his 1800 poem The Two Thieves; or, the Last Stage of Avarice with the lines

Oh now that the genius of Bewick were mine
And the skill which he learned on the banks of the Tyne.
Then the Muses might deal with me just as they chose,
For I'd take my last leave both of verse and of prose.

Peter Hall's 1974 film Akenfield (from the 1969 book by Ronald Blythe) contains a scene where the grandfather as a young man is reaping a cornfield. He weeps when he accidentally crushes a bird's egg, an image derived from Bewick's tail-piece woodcut for the partridge. The woodcut shows a reaper with a scythe, a dead bird and its nest of a dozen eggs on the ground under the scythe, which has just lifted. George Ewart Evans used the image on the title-page of his 1956 book about Blaxhall (near Charsfield, on which 'Akenfield' is probably partly based).

Legacy

Bewick's reputation as a wood engraver was at its height in the nineteenth century, with the critic John Ruskin writing that the way Bewick had engraved the feathers of his birds was "the most masterly thing ever done in woodcutting".

The advent of mechanical printing techniques from the 1860s led to something of a decline in his importance, but his fame, already nationwide across Britain for his Birds, grew during the nineteenth century. In 1830, William Yarrell named Bewick's swan in his honour, and Bewick's son Robert engraved the bird for later editions of British Birds.

Bewick had met the American naturalist and bird painter John James Audubon in 1827, and had given him a copy of his Quadrupeds for his children.  The American returned the compliment by naming a newly-discovered US bird species as Bewick's wren in honour of his friend.

The way in which Bewick had organised the text and illustrations in his Birds takes the form of, and sets a precedent for, modern field guides. Indeed, the French naturalist François Holandre (1753–1830) assembled a field guide using Bewick's woodcuts as early as 1800.

Tail-pieces

A selection of tail-pieces from the book, where they have no captions.

Principal editions

Volume 1 first appeared in 1797, and was reprinted several times in 1797, then again in 1798 and 1800. Volume 1 was priced 13s. in boards. Volume 2 first appeared in 1804 (price 11. 4s. in boards). The first imprint was "Newcastle : Printed by Sol. Hodgson, for Beilby & Bewick; London: Sold by them, and G.C. and J. Robinson, 1797–1804." The book was reprinted in 1805, 1809, 1816, and 1817.

In 1821 a new edition appeared with supplements to both volumes and additional figures, with the imprint "Printed by Edward Walker, Pilgrim-Street, for T. Bewick: sold by him, and E. Charnley, Newcastle; and Longman and co., London, 1821." The book was reprinted in many subsequent versions with a 6th edition in 1826, another in 1832, an 8th edition in 1847, and a royal octavo 'Memorial Edition' in 1885.

 A History of British Birds. First Edition.
--- Bewick, Thomas; Beilby, Ralph (1797). Volume 1, Land Birds.
--- Bewick, Thomas (1804). Volume 2, Water Birds.

Selected modern versions

 Bewick's British Birds (2010), Arcturus. (hardback)
 Bewick, Thomas; Aesop; Bewick, Jane (2012). Memorial Edition Of Thomas Bewick's Works: A History Of British Birds. (reproduced in original format) Ulan Press.

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Volume 1: Containing the History and Description of Land Birds
 Volume 2: Containing the History and Description of Water Birds

External links

 The Bewick Society: Publications
 Newcastle Collection: Bewick
 The Folio Society
 Free Project Gutenberg ebook: Why Bewick Succeeded

1797 non-fiction books
1804 non-fiction books
Natural history books
Ornithological handbooks
Woodcuts
English-language books
Books about British Birds

A History of British Birds


Residential Condominium Building Terra Alta is a residential complex located in San Salvador, El Salvador. It is an Archer Group project designed by Salvadoran architect Roberto Antonio Rivera.

The complex consists of 20 floors and 83 apartments, and has a height of 90 metres (301.5 feet). It is part of the construction of several apartment buildings in the area of Colonia Escalon, in response to high housing demand. The design is complemented by semi-circular structures at the ends, covered with green reinforced glass.

It is the fourth tallest building in El Salvador, just below the Torre El Pedregal (110.3 m), the World Trade Center San Salvador (99 m) and the Tower Alisios 115 (92 m).

References

External links

Residential skyscrapers
Buildings and structures in San Salvador

Terra Alta Apartments


Lasse-Maja is a 1941 Swedish historical comedy film directed by Gunnar Olsson and starring Sture Lagerwall, Liane Linden and Emil Fjellström. It also marked the screen debut of actress Mai Zetterling. It was shot at the Sundbyberg Studios in Stockholm. The film's sets were designed by the art director Max Linder. It is based on the career of the nineteenth century thief Lasse-Maja.

Cast
 Sture Lagerwall as 	Lars Molin
 Liane Linden as Lena Andersdotter
 Emil Fjellström as 	Silver-Jan
 John Ekman as Niklas Halling
 Hugo Jacobsson as 	Linus
 Wiktor Andersson as 	Petter
 Arthur Natorp as 	Anders i Lilltorpet
 Rune Carlsten as 	Krusenhielm
 Hjördis Petterson as 	Madame Agathe
 Margit Manstad as 	Liselotte
 Carl Barcklind as 	Ehrenstolphe
 Karl-Magnus Thulstrup as King Karl XIV Johan
 Kerstin Berger as Emilie
 Jeanette Von Heidenstam a s	Anne-Sofie
 Mai Zetterling as 	Fanny
 Willy Peters as 	Alphonse
 Georg Årlin as 	Priest
 Anders Frithiof as 	Judge
 Hugo Björne as 	Place-Major Ehrenstolpe
 Olov Wigren as Adjutant
 Gustaf Hjärne as Prison guard
 Torsten Winge as Police Chief
 Gideon Wahlberg as 	Inn Keeper
 Nils Ohlin as The King's Marshall
 Emmy Albiin as 	Blind mother Britta in Vingåker
 Albert Ståhl as 	Zachrisson, fencer
 Per-Axel Arosenius as 	Man at the inn
 Helga Brofeldt as 	Guest at baron Krusenhielm's party
 David Erikson as 	Priest at baron Krusenhielm's party
 Erik Forslund as 	Prisoner
 Sven-Eric Gamble as Son of man in rowing boat
 Ernst Brunman as 	Inn keeper
 Agda Helin as Inn keeper
 Arne Lindblad as 	Customs guard
 Uno Larsson as 	Soldier
 Helge Karlsson as 	Ola i Backa
 Artur Cederborgh as 	Cook at the jail
 Gösta Grip as 	Lieutenant outside prison in Örebro
 Curt Masreliez as 	Young man at the opera
 Julia Cæsar as 	Woman

References

Bibliography
 Krawc, Alfred. International Directory of Cinematographers, Set- and Costume Designers in Film: Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden (from the beginnings to 1984). Saur, 1986.

External links

1941 films
1941 comedy films
1940s Swedish-language films
Films directed by Gunnar Olsson
Swedish historical comedy films
1940s historical comedy films
Films set in the 19th century
1940s Swedish films

Lasse-Maja (film)


Jenny Wolf (born 31 January 1979) is a former German speed skater. On 10 March 2007 at the ISU World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships in Salt Lake City, Utah, she broke the world record for the women's 500 m in her second race. She finished sixth on the 500 m at the 2006 Winter Olympics of Turin, and tenth on the same distance in 2002.

Wolf won the Speed Skating World Cup in the 2005–06 season on the 500 m. Her favorite distance is the 100 m, but this is not an Olympic event.

Wolf won the silver medal at the 500 m at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, five hundredths of a second after South Korean Lee Sang-hwa over two races. Wolf was the world record holder in the event at the time.

On 13 November 2010, Wolf won her 40th 500 m World Cup race, thereby breaking Bonnie Blair's record, who won 39 World Cup races on that distance.

References

External links

 Photos of Jenny Wolf

1979 births
German female speed skaters
Speed skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic speed skaters for Germany
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in speed skating
Olympic silver medalists for Germany
Speed skaters from Berlin
Living people
World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships medalists
World Sprint Speed Skating Championships medalists
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Berlin

Jenny Wolf


Marlborough Fine Art was founded in London in 1946 by Frank Lloyd and Harry Fischer. In 1963, a gallery was opened as Marlborough-Gerson in Manhattan, New York, at the Fuller Building on Madison Avenue and 57th Street, which later relocated in 1971 to its present location, 40 West 57th Street. The gallery operates another New York space on West 25th Street, which opened in 2007. It briefly opened a Lower East Side space on Broome Street.

History
In 1948, the two initial founders were joined by a third partner, David Somerset, from 1984 the Duke of Beaufort. By 1952 Marlborough was selling masterpieces of late 19th century including bronzes by Edgar Degas and paintings by Mary Cassatt, Paul Signac, Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Alfred Sisley, Auguste Renoir, and drawings by Constantin Guys and Vincent van Gogh.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Marlborough put on a string of exhibitions related to expressionism and the modern German tradition: "Art in Revolt, Germany 1905–1925", "Kandinsky, the Road to Abstraction" and "The Painters of the Bauhaus". These were followed by a Kurt Schwitters show in 1963. In the 1960s Marlborough staged exhibitions by Francis Bacon, Henry Moore, Jackson Pollock and Egon Schiele.

In the 1960s, Frank Lloyd moved to New York City and in 1972 his son Gilbert Lloyd assumed control of Marlborough Fine Art in London. At this time Pierre Levai, Frank Lloyd's nephew, took over the running of Marlborough in New York. During the 1970s and 1980s, Marlborough staged exhibitions by Frank Auerbach, Lynn Chadwick, Lucian Freud, Barbara Hepworth, R. B. Kitaj, Ben Nicholson, Victor Pasmore, John Piper, Graham Sutherland, Jacques Lipchitz, René Magritte, Max Beckmann, Max Bill, and Henri Matisse. The gallery organized the "Schwitters in Exile" exhibition of 1981 which renewed interest in the late work of this artist.

During the 1980s and 1990s, exhibitions of work by Stephen Conroy, John Davies, Bill Jacklin, Ken Kiff, and Paula Rego were held. In 1994 to 1995, R. B. Kitaj had a retrospective exhibition at the Tate Gallery, London travelling to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the Metropolitan Museum, New York. In 2001, Rego showed at Abbot Hall Art Gallery & Museum in Kendal, northern England, which travelled to the Yale Center for British Art in the USA. Another retrospective exhibition of Rego's work, curated by Marco Livingstone, was shown at the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, in 2007. The exhibition then travelled to the National Museum of Women in the Arts, Washington, D.C., in 2008. In 2005, London held an exhibition of prints by the 90-year-old Louise Bourgeois. Lucian Freud's etchings was followed by an exhibition by the American artist Dale Chihuly.

During the 1990s, Marlborough took another new step in exhibiting contemporary art from China. In 1953 Marlborough had already staged a small exhibition of two Chinese painters in London and during the 1960s Marlborough exhibited the abstract paintings of the Taiwanese artist  (who worked in London under the name of ). The gallery exhibited "New Art from China: Post 1979" at the London gallery in 1994.

In 2019, the galleries were consolidated under the direction of Max Levai. Levai began working with the organization in 2012 where he focused on creating exhibitions under the gallery subdivisions of Marlborough Chelsea and Marlborough Contemporary.

Notable exhibitions
In a 2010 exhibition called "Celebrating the Muse: Women in Picasso's Prints from 1905–1968", the gallery exhibited 204 prints by Pablo Picasso.

Rothko case
Before being stopped by a court ruling, Marlborough Gallery sold more than 100 paintings by the late artist Mark Rothko at fraudulently undervalued prices and split the profits with the Rothko executor from whom it had obtained them. In 1975, a New York State court removed the executors, canceled contracts with Marlborough and fined them and the gallery $9.2 million.

References

External links
 London gallery website
 New York gallery website

1946 establishments in England
1963 establishments in New York City
Art museums and galleries in London
Art museums and galleries in Manhattan
Contemporary art galleries in London
Contemporary art galleries in the United States
Art galleries established in 1946

Marlborough Fine Art


Frederick Link Sale (May 2, 1902 – May 27, 1956) was a right-handed pitcher who appeared in one game in for the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1924.  He was a native of Chester, South Carolina.

He attended the University of Georgia where he was a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity.  He lettered in baseball as a pitcher from 1922 to 1924.  He pitched a one-hitter against Oglethorpe University in 1922.  In 1923 he tossed a perfect game against the University of Virginia.

On June 30, 1924, Sale came in to pitch the bottom of the 8th inning of a road game that the Pirates lost to the St. Louis Cardinals 7–5. Facing just four batters, he allowed two hits but no runs in his one inning of work. His lifetime ERA stands at 0.00.

Sale died at the age of 54 in Hermosa Beach, California.

References

External links
Baseball Reference
Retrosheet

Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from South Carolina
Pittsburgh Pirates players
University of Georgia alumni
Georgia Bulldogs baseball players
1902 births
1956 deaths

Freddy Sale


KLCC Property Holdings Berhad (KLCCP; ) is a Malaysian property investment company which owns and manages office, retail and hotel properties in Kuala Lumpur, mainly in the Kuala Lumpur City Centre (KLCC) area. Among the properties owned or managed by the company and its stapled real estate investment trust are the Petronas Twin Towers (the tallest buildings in the world from 1998 to 2004), Suria KLCC, the Mandarin Oriental Kuala Lumpur and Menara Maxis.

The company, along with KLCC Real Estate Investment Trust (KLCC REIT) – which it manages – form the KLCCP Stapled Group. KLCCP shares are stapled with KLCC REIT units; the stapled securities are listed on Main Market of Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad. The group is 75%-owned by Petronas through direct and indirect interests.

KLCCP was incorporated in 2004 as a vehicle to offer a portion of Petronas's property holdings to the public. In 2013, the company undertook a corporate restructuring, which involved the transfer of three prime real estate office properties, including the Petronas Towers, into the newly formed KLCC REIT. KLCCP Stapled Group is the largest REIT in Malaysia with a net asset value of RM12 billion in June 2015.

History

KLCC Property Holdings is the property investment arm of Malaysia's national oil company, Petronas. In 2004, Petronas sold a 46% interest in KLCCP in one of the largest initial public offerings in Malaysia that year.

In 2013, the company undertook a corporate restructuring in which it injected the Petronas Twin Towers, Petronas Tower 3 and Menara ExxonMobil into the newly created KLCC REIT. Consequently, the shares of KLCCP and units of KLCC REIT were stapled (at a ratio of 1 share for every 1.8 million units) to create the KLCCP Stapled Group. The transfer of the properties was done to take advantage of income tax exemption for earnings by a real estate investment trust in Malaysia. The stapled securities were re-listed on the Main Market of Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad in May 2013. The REIT – which is sharia-compliant – is managed by KLCC REIT Management Sdn Bhd, a wholly owned subsidiary of KLCCP.

The group has first right of refusal to acquiring future developments by its majority shareholder, KLCC Holdings Sdn Bhd (the 100%-owned property development subsidiary of Petronas). KLCC Holdings is currently developing an office building and Fairmont Hotel with Qatari Diar REIT (Lot 185) and an office building on Lot 91 with Sapura Resources Berhad. Both are located in the KLCC area.

It is also looking to redevelop the area surrounding the Dayabumi Complex, including constructing a 60-storey hotel, office and retail building known as Dayabumi.

Portfolio
KLCCP Stapled Group has four main business segments: Property investment - Office, Property investment - Retail, Hotel operations, and Management services.

KLCC REIT's portfolio comprises Petronas Twin Towers, Petronas Tower 3 and Menara ExxonMobil, with a combined net lettable area of 4.5 million square feet.

Other properties held by KLCCP include the Dayabumi Complex on Jalan Sultan Hishamuddin, the Mandarin Oriental Kuala Lumpur (75%), the Suria KLCC shopping centre (60%) and Menara Maxis (33%).

References

External links

 KLCC Property Holdings Berhad (MYX: 5089), bursamalaysia.com

2004 establishments in Malaysia
Companies based in Kuala Lumpur
Petronas
Property companies of Malaysia
Malaysian companies established in 2004
Real estate companies established in 2004
Companies listed on Bursa Malaysia
Government-owned companies of Malaysia

KLCC Property Holdings


Ladislav Smoljak (9 December 1931 – 6 June 2010) was a Czech film and theater director, actor and screenwriter.

Biography
Smoljak was born in Prague. He tried to study at an art academy but failed the admission process. He went on to study physics and mathematics, and later worked as journalist and scriptwriter. Together with Zdeněk Svěrák he founded the Theater of Jára Cimrman (Divadlo Járy Cimrmana, DJC)  in Prague, named after a fictitious genius. Smoljak wrote scripts and directed several films; these became very successful in the Czech Republic.

He died of cancer on 6 June 2010 in Kladno.

Filmography

Screenplay
 1974 Jáchyme, hoď ho do stroje! (with Zdeněk Svěrák and Oldřich Lipský)
 1976 Marečku, podejte mi pero! (with Zdeněk Svěrák)
 1976 Na samotě u lesa (with Zdeněk Svěrák)
 1978 Ball Lightning (with Zdeněk Svěrák and Zdeněk Podskalský)
 1980 Trhák (with Zdeněk Svěrák)
 1983 Jára Cimrman ležící, spící (with Zdeněk Svěrák)
 1984 Rozpuštěný a vypuštěný (with Zdeněk Svěrák)
 1987 Nejistá sezóna (with Zdeněk Svěrák)

Director
 1978 Ball Lightning (with Zdeněk Podskalský)
 1981 Vrchní, prchni!
 1983 Jára Cimrman ležící, spící
 1984 Rozpuštěný a vypuštěný
 1987 Nejistá sezóna
 1990 Tvrdý chleba – TV film
 1990 Motýl na anténě – TV film
 1992 Osvětová přednáška v Suché Vrbici – TV film
 1992 Ať ten kůň mlčí! – TV film
 1996 ''Dvě z policejní brašny – TV film

References

External links

Biography (in Czech)

1931 births
2010 deaths
Czech male stage actors
Czech male film actors
Czech male television actors
20th-century Czech dramatists and playwrights
Czech male dramatists and playwrights
Czech screenwriters
Male screenwriters
Czech theatre directors
Recipients of Medal of Merit (Czech Republic)
Deaths from cancer in the Czech Republic
Writers from Prague
Film directors from Prague
20th-century male writers
Burials at Olšany Cemetery

Ladislav Smoljak