Marea Bambina Alice Yann was an Australian nurse and charity shop worker who was murdered on 30 September 2003.

The murder remains unsolved. A $1 million reward is currently being offered to anyone who provides information which leads to a person being convicted of Yann's murder.

Yann's former son-in-law Joseph (James) Unumadu was charged with her murder in February 2006 but was acquitted when he was found not guilty by a jury after a two-week Supreme Court trial in February 2008. He continues to maintain his innocence.

Background
Yann was known for her charity work. She volunteered at a opportunity shop and had helped reformed alcoholics and drug addicts.

Yann moved to the Victorian town of Healesville in 1995 after having moved from Acheron, and had recently retired from her work at the charity store located on the Maroondah Highway. She had been a widow for twenty years prior to her death, following the death of her husband in 1984.

Murder
Yann's body was discovered in an armchair at her Juliet Crescent home by her gardener at approximately 9:00 AM on 30 September 2003. Her last known contact with a family member was a telephone call with her daughter in Queensland at approximately 9:30pm on 29 September 2003.

No weapon was found at the scene but an autopsy revealed her death was caused by significant injuries to her upper body. Her murder took place just weeks before she was due to celebrate her 70th birthday in November 2003.

Yann's son Jeff Yann was critical of the way extensive resources had been deployed to resolve the Melbourne gangland killings while his mother's murder remained unsolved. He said if his mother's murder investigation had been better funded, it may have led to an expeditious arrest of his mother's killer.

In 2005, Yann's family issued a $100,000 reward in the hope the killer would be brought to justice. At that time, Detective Acting Inspector Jeff Maher said the community should be outraged at Yann's murder considering her community work and the fact she didn't appear to have any enemies.

Inquest
In inquest into Yann's death was held at the Coroners Court of Victoria in February 2006. During the inquest, it was revealed Victoria Police suspected her former son-in-law Joseph (James) Unumadu.

Unumadu was a sheet metal worker who had migrated to Australia from Nigeria in 1976, marrying Yann's daughter Pauline five years later.

The inquest was told a purported witch doctor in Nigeria was contacted by Unumadu two months before Yann's murder. According to a witness, Yann had told her that Unumadu had handed her his mobile phone while driving and told her that his witch doctor was on the line. According to the witness, the witch doctor then told Yann that something terrible would happen within seven days' time.

The coroner was also told during the inquest that Unumadu had manhandled and harassed Yann in the months leading up to her death. Pauline Yann told the inquest that while her mother once had a struggle with Unuamdu, she had never feared for her life. Yann's son Jeff Yann told the inquest that Unumadu had threatened his mother with a knife months before she was killed.

A forensic scientist who attended the murder scene said Yann had been repeatedly struck more than 20 times in a quick series of blows that had left large amount of blood splattered throughout the loungeroom. When her body was found, the television was still on and the security door was unlocked.

Unumadu refused to give evidence during the inquest on the grounds that he might incriminate himself.

Arrest and trial
Unumadu was then arrested and charged with Yann's murder on 8 February 2006 and remanded in custody. After Unumadu's arrest, Yann's son Jeff Yann thanked the Victorian Homicide Squad for their "diligence" and "faith".

A two-week trial was held at the Supreme Court of Victoria in February 2008.

During the trial, police alleged Unumadu killed Yann after she took her daughter's side after her marriage with Unumado broke down. A witness during the trial claimed Unumado had confessed to murdering Yann and boasted that the police had no evidence to prove that he did it.

Evidence pertaining to Unumadu using his witch doctor to allegedly intimidate Yann was banned by Justice Betty King, as was evidence relating to alleged death threats which was deemed too prejudicial.

After five hours of deliberations, the Supreme Court jury found Unumadu not guilty of Yann's murder.

Yann's family was frustrated that hearsay evidence was unable to be heard by the jury. This included allegations that Unumado had threatened to kill Yann, and Jeff Yann's claim that his mother had told her Unumadu had assaulted her by grabbing her around the throat. The prompted Yann's family to lobby the Victorian Government to quickly pass proposed new laws regarding the admissibility of hearsay evidence during murder trials.

An associate professor at the University of Melbourne's law school said that while there could be no guarantee, the proposed changed could have potentially enabled the jury to hear evidence of Unumadu's alleged assault on Yann and his alleged threats to kill Yann.

Yann's daughter Ronda Chagoury said she hoped the proposed changes could spare other families from the "shocking" ordeal hers had gone through.

In 2021, Yann's sister Deanne Green said she had always been "bewildered" by the fact that so much of "a very good case" had to be thrown out due to the inadmissibility of hearsay evidence.

Unumadu continues to maintain his innocence. In a newspaper article in The Australian, he is quoted as saying: "For years I was persecuted for a vile murder I did not commit... I spent two years of my life in remand, while the police and members of the family smeared my name. On Google, my name remains as the suspect. I am innocent and the police needed to look elsewhere but didn't."

Review
In September 2021, Victoria Police announced it would review the case.

This followed an interview on 3AW in which Detective Inspector Tim Day told Neil Mitchell that he would like to see Marea Yann's murder solved before he retires. Describing the murder as "solvable", Day said Yann's murder always comes back to him.

A Victoria Police spokesperson that the cold case was in the process of being reviewed "in line with current investigation practices and in light of changes to legislation." If new and compelling evidence is brought to light, a person could now be charged with the same crime a second time due to changes to double jeopardy laws.

In May 2023, Victoria Police announced a $1 million reward for anyone who provides information that leads to a person being convicted for Yann's murder.

Television documentary
In May 2023, it was announced a television documentary entitled Who killed Marea?, hosted by Denham Hitchcock, would be aired on Sky News Australia on 17 May 2023, which would investigate the circumstances surrounding Yann's death.

References

2003 murders in Australia
Australian murder victims
People murdered in Victoria (state)
People murdered in Australia
Australian women nurses
Australian nurses
Australian humanitarians

Murder of Marea Yann


The Olympic Peninsula is a peninsula of the Pacific Northwest. It is located in west of the state of Washington. The Olympic Mountains are located in the Olympic Peninsula. It is home to the Olympic National Park. The western part of the peninsula is the wettest place in the contiguous United States (outside Hawaii and Alaska).

Peninsulas of the United States
Geography of Washington (state)

Olympic Peninsula


James Chilton ( 1556 1620).  He was a passenger on Mayflower and was the oldest person on the ship.

Chilton was probably in Canterbury, England. Chilton is a very old family name in Canterbury. Chilton married and had a total of ten children.  Unfortunately many of the children died young.  They moved to Sandwich where Moses Fletcher also lived.

The Chiltons did not have the same religious beliefs as the Church of England. They were called Separatists.  This religion was not allowed in England.  He and his family left England and joined a religious group in Leiden, Holland.

The Chiltons were not welcome by some people in Leiden.  This may have been because of their religion.  James and his daughter were attacked by several boys who threw rocks at them.  When Chilton tried to speak to the crowd, he was struck in the head by a large cobblestone, and was knocked unconscious.

On the Mayflower

The Chilton family on the Mayflower consisted of James Chilton, the oldest Mayflower passenger, his wife, and their daughter Mary. Two of their daughters were married and stayed in Leiden. Isabella came over later in another ship.

The Mayflower left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the Mayflower reached land at Cape Cod hook. They landed on November 21. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other. The Mayflower was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.

William Bradford was also a Mayflower passenger and he kept a journal of life in Plymouth Colony.  The journal mentions the Chilton family.  He states the Chiltons had another daughter who was married and came to Plymouth Colony later in another ship.

Death and Burial
Chilton died on December 18, 1620. His wife died about a month after him during the "first sickness" but his daughters lived a long life. Chilton and his wife are named at the monument at Cole's Hill Burial Ground.

References

1550s births
1620 deaths
Mayflower passengers

James Chilton


Élisabeth Fanger (born 1956) is the French author of J'avais dix-huit ans (), an autobiographical account of her adventures following her bank-robber boyfriend Sid Mohamed Badaoui on the run from Paris. The trip would lead them to Spain, Morocco, and eventually Greece. Fanger's novel was made into the 2004 Benoît Jacquot film À tout de suite (English translation of title: Right Away).

Biography
Élisabeth Fanger, who went by Lili, was an attractive art student in Paris. The daughter of a wealthy French industrialist, she became bored of her bourgeoisie lifestyle. She met Sid Mohamed Badaoui ("Bada") at a bar on Paris's Champs Élysées in December 1974. Two months later, in February 1975, he called her explaining that he was on the run after a bank-robbery on Paris's Avenue de la République failed to go as planned, and resulted in a ten-hour hostage standoff that left a bank cashier and one of the robbers dead. Fanger gave Bada safe haven at her home, then fled the country with him, and with André Bellaïche (another man involved in the robbery), and Bellaïche's girlfriend.

Relying on the money from the robbery, they fled to Spain, then to Morocco, Bada's original home. Their travels together ended, however, when Fanger was detained for questioning by Greek customs authorities in Athens. Left without money, baggage, or friends, she struggled to survive alone in Greece.

Upon returning to France, she faced criminal charges of aiding the fugitives, and was defended by Robert Badinter. Fanger was found guilty and sentenced to prison, but received a pardon.

She published her autobiography J'avais dix-huit ans (I was 18) in 2004, and the book was made into the 2004 Benoît Jacquot film À Tout de Suite, starring Isild Le Besco as Lili.

Fanger now lives in the south of France, and focuses on her two passions: psychoanalysis and inventions.

See also
À tout de suite
André Bellaïche
Gang des postiches

References

External links
J'avais 18 ans, at Amazon.fr
Élizabeth Fanger's blog

1956 births
Living people
French women memoirists
French memoirists
Writers from Paris
Recipients of French presidential pardons
Big Brother (France) participants
French people of Russian-Jewish descent

Élisabeth Fanger


The Dzungar conquest of Altishahr resulted in the Tibetan Buddhist Dzungar Khanate in Dzungaria conquering and subjugating the Genghisid-ruled Yarkent Khanate in Altishahr (the Tarim Basin in southern Xinjiang). It put a final end to the independence of the Chagatai Khanate.

Conquest

The Turkic Muslim sedentary people of the Tarim Basin were originally ruled by the Chagatai Khanate (or its offshoot the Yarkent Khanate) while the nomadic Oirat Dzungar Buddhists in Dzungaria ruled over the Dzungar Khanate.

The Dzungar Oirats led by Sengge attacked the Chagatai Khanate during the reign of Abdullah Khan.

The Naqshbandi Sufi Khojas, descendants of the Prophet Muhammad, had replaced the Chagatayid Khans as the ruling authority of the Tarim Basin in the early 17th century. There was a struggle between two factions of Khojas, the Afaqi (White Mountain) faction and the Ishaqi (Black Mountain) faction. The Ishaqi defeated the Afaqi, which resulted in the Afaqi Khoja inviting the 5th Dalai Lama, the leader of the Tibetan Buddhists, to intervene on his behalf in 1677. The 5th Dalai Lama then called upon his Dzungar Buddhist followers in the Dzungar Khanate to act on this invitation. The Dzungar Khanate then conquered the Tarim Basin in 1680, setting up the Afaqi Khoja as their puppet ruler.

Khoja Afaq asked the 5th Dalai Lama when he fled to Lhasa to help his Afaqi faction take control of the Tarim Basin (Kashgaria). The Dzungar leader Galdan was then asked by the Dalai Lama to restore Khoja Afaq as ruler of Kashgaria. Khoja Afaq collaborated with Galdan's Dzungars when the Dzungars conquered the Tarim Basin from 1678-1680 and set up the Afaqi Khojas as puppet client rulers. The 5th Dalai Lama blessed Galdan's conquest of the Tarim Basin and Turfan Basin. The 5th Dalai Lama received war spoils from the Dzungar Khan Galdan which were seized from the Muslims. The Muslims were called "heretics" by them.

The Qarataghlik (Black Mountains) propagated anti-Afaq Khoja literature. For his action of inviting Dzungar invasion and rule, Afaq Khoja is viewed as a perfidious betrayer collaborator by some Uyghur nationalists while he and his grave was still honored and revered as a saint by other Uyghurs.

Dzungar rule over Altishahr

"We now come to the rise of the Zungars or Kalmuks, a Mongol race which then dwelt in Ili and the surrounding districts. Under Khan Haldan Bokosha, one of the outstanding figures of the period, their power stretched northwards to Siberia and southwards to Kucha, Karashahr and Kunya-Turfan; but Haldan rebelled against the Chinese and was decisively beaten.

His nephew and successor, Tse Wang Rabdan, ruled from Hami on the east to Khokand on the west, and, until his murder in 1727, was the most powerful of Zungarian rulers. The Torgut Mongols from fear of him fled to the banks of the Volga. Sir Henry Howorth gives an interesting account of the relations between Tse Wang and the Russians, from which it appears that Peter the Great, attracted by rumours of gold in Eastern Turkestan, despatched a body of 3000 men up the Irtish with Yarkand as their objective; but the Zungars assailed the column and forced it to retire.

To return to the Khoja family, its most celebrated member was Hidayat Ulla, known as Hazrat Apak or "His Highness the Presence," head of the Ak Taulins, who was regarded as a Prophet second only to Mohamed. Expelled from Kashgar he took refuge at Lhassa, where the Dalai Lama befriended him and advised him to seek the aid of the Zungars. In 1678 the latter seized Kashgar, which remained in their power for many years, and Hazrat Apak ruled as the deputy of the Khan, paying tribute equivalent to £62,000 per annum. In his old age the saint retired from the world to end his days among his disciples." - Sir Percy Sykes and Ella Sykes. Sykes, Ella and Percy Sykes. pages 270-271 Through deserts and oases of Central Asia. London. Macmillan and Co. Limited, 1920.

The Dzungar Khan Galdan launched his invasion of the Tarim Basin in 1680. The Dzungars had received submissions from Hami and Turfan, who sent soldiers to join the 120,000 strong Dzungar force in the invasion. The Dzungar Oirat army and its allies in the White Mountain sect then easily conquered the Tarim, defeating and killing the Chagatai Prince Bābak Sultān, the son of the Chagatai leader Ismā'il Khan. Kashgar and Yarkand fell to the Dzungars and they killed the Chagatai General Yiwazibo Beg. The Dzungars had deported the Chagatai royal family of Isma'il Khan to Ili after capturing them.

The Chagatai royal ʿAbdu r-Rashīd Khan II was selected as puppet ruler by Galdan, however, Āfāq Khoja soon caused trouble and the strife between Āfāq and ʿAbdu r-Rashīd led to Āfāq's second exile, and ʿAbdu r-Rashīd was also forced into exile in Ili after in Yarkand an outbreak of violence happened in 1682, and he was replaced by Muhammad Amin Khan who was his younger brother. Qing China received tribute from Muhammad Amin via Turfan two times, in 1690s the Mughals received an embassy from him, and in 1691 Muhammad Amin asked for deliverance from the "Qirghiz infidels" (Dzungars) when the Khan Subhān Quli of Bukhara received his embassy, these were attempts by Muhammad Amin to ask these foreign countries (Qing China, Mughal India, and Bukhara) for assistance against the Dzungars to regain independence.

The Āfāqi Khoja White Mountain supporters rebelled and murdered Muhammad Amin in 1694 and seized power under Yahyā Khoja, son of Āfāq Khoja, but Āfāqi rule continued for only two years before revolts resulted in the murder of both son and father Khojas. Muhammad Mu'min (Akbash Khan), another younger brother of ʿAbdu r-Rashīd was made Khan in 1696 however the Kashghar begs and the Kyrgyz staged a revolt and seized Muhammad Mu'min during an assault on Yarkand, then the Dzungars were asked to intervene by the Yarkand begs, which resulted in the Dzungars defeating the Kyrgyz and putting a total termination to Chagatai rule by installing Mirzā 'Ālim Shāh Beg as ruler in Yarkand.

Since 1680 the Dzungars had ruled as suzerain masters over the Tarim, for 16 more years using the Chagatai as their puppet rulers. The Dzungars used a hostage arrangement to rule over the Tarim Basin, keeping as hostages in Ili either the sons of the leaders like the Khojas and Khans or the leaders themselves. Although the Uighur's culture and religion was left alone, the Dzungars substantially exploited them economically.

The Uighurs were forced with multiple taxes by the Dzungars which were burdensome and set by a determined amount, and which they did not even have the ability to pay. They included water conservancy tax, draught animal tax, fruit tax, poll tax, land tax, tress and grass tax, gold and silver tax, and trade tax. Annually the Dzungars extracted a tax of 67,000 tangas of silver from the Kashgar people in Galdan Tseren's reign, a five percent tax was imposed on foreign traders and a ten percent tax imposed on Muslim merchants, people had to pay a fruit tax if they owned orchards and merchants had to pay a copper and silver tax. Annually the Dzungars extracted 100,000 silver tangas in tax from Yarkand and slapped livestock, stain, commerce, and a gold tax on them. The Dzungars extracted 700 taels of gold, and also extracted cotton, copper, and cloth, from the six regions of Keriya, Kashgar, Khotan, Kucha, Yarkand, and Aksu as stated by Russian topographer Yakoff Filisoff. The Dzungars extracted over 50% of the wheat harvests of Muslims according to Qi-yi-shi (Chun Yuan), 30-40% of the wheat harvests of Muslims according to the Xiyu tuzhi, which labelled the tax as "plunder" of the Muslims. The Dzungars also extorted extra taxes on cotton, silver, gold, and traded goods from the Muslims besides making them pay the official tax. "Wine, meat, and women" and "a parting gift" were forcibly extracted from the Uighurs daily by the Dzungars who went to physically gather the taxes from the Uighur Muslims, and if they dissatisfied with what they received, they would rape women, and loot and steal property and livestock. Gold necklaces, diamonds, pearls, and precious stones from India were extracted from the Uighurs under Dāniyāl Khoja by Tsewang Rabtan when his daughter was getting married.

67,000 patman (each patman is 4 piculs and 5 pecks) of grain 48,000 silver ounces were forced to be paid yearly by Kashgar to the Dzungars and cash was also paid by the rest of the cities to the Dzungars. Trade, milling, and distilling taxes, corvée labor, saffron, cotton, and grain were also extracted by the Dzungars from the Tarim Basin. Every harvest season, women and food had to be provided to Dzungars when they came to extract the taxes from them.

When the Dzungars levied the traditional nomadic Alban poll tax upon the Muslims of Altishahr, the Muslims viewed it as the payment of jizyah (a tax traditionally taken from non-Muslims by Muslim conquerors).

Uighurs known as tariyachin were enslaved and were involuntarily moved to Ili and other parts of Dzungaria to engage in agricultural work on farms by the Dzungars, and the Dzungars heavily punished Muslims who tried to run away, viewing the Uighurs as inferiors. The Dzungars forced Turkic Muslim farmers who became their prisoners to move from southern Xinjiang (Altishahr) to northern Xinjiang (Dzungaria) to work on farms in Ili so that the Dzungars could benefit from the food grown at the farms.

Labor of all sorts and high taxes were imposed on the Uighurs moved to Ili. The Uighur merchants (Boderge) played crucial roles in commerce as middlemen between foreigners and Dzungar nobility but even then the Dzungars viewed them as inferior and "as slaves". It was said by Qianlong, "During the heyday of the Dzungars, they [the Uighurs] were made to work like slaves, forced to abandon their former dwellings to come to Ili and made to rechannel the water to plant paddy. They served and paid taxes without daring to slacken. For years they have been harbouring hatred!"

It was mostly the Dzungar elite such as nobles, lamas, and officials who benefited from their looting of other peoples, eating well and being clothed well with spectacular temples being built, while the ordinary Dzungar herdsmen remained in poverty. It was a system of "racial and class oppression" by the Dzungars upon the common Uighurs, which led to Uighur opposition against Dzungar rule.

The Qing defeat of the Dzungars went hand in hand with the anti-Dzungar resistance of the ordinary Uighurs, "many of them, unable to bear their misery, which was like living in a sea of fire, fled but were not able to find a place to settle peacefully." The Uighurs carried out "acts of resistance" like hiding the goods which were collected as taxes or violently resisting the Dzungar Oirat tax collectors, but these incidents were infrequent and widespread anti-Dzungar opposition failed to materialize. Many opponents of Dzungar rule like Uighurs and some dissident Dzungars escaped and defected to Qing China during 1737-1754 and provided the Qing with intelligence on the Dzungars and voiced their grievances. ʿAbdu l-Lāh Tarkhān Beg and his Hami Uighurs defected and submitted to Qing China after the Qing inflicted a devastating defeat at the battle of Jao Modo on the Dzungar leader Galdan in September 1696.

The Uighur leader Emin Khoja (Amīn Khoja) of Turfan revolted against the Dzungars in 1720 while the Dzungars under Tsewang Rabtan were being attacked by the Qing, and then he also defected and submitted to the Qing. The Uighurs in Kashgar under Yūsuf and his older brother Jahān Khoja of Yarkand revolted in 1754 against the Dzungars, but Jahān was taken prisoner by the Dzungars after he was betrayed by the Uch-Turfan Uighur Xiboke Khoja and Aksu Uighur Ayyūb Khoja. Kashgar and Yarkand were assaulted by 7,000 Khotan Uighurs under Sādiq, the son of Jahān Khoja. The Uighurs supported the 1755 Qing assault against the Dzungars in Ili, which occurred at the same time as the Uighur revolts against the Dzungars. Uighurs like Emin Khoja, 'ʿAbdu l-Mu'min and Yūsuf Beg supported the Qing attack against Dawachi, the Dzungar Khan. The Uch-Turfan Uighur Beg Khojis (Huojisi) supported the Qing General Ban-di against in tricking Davachi and taking him prisoner. The Qing and Amin Khoja and his sons worked together to defeat the Dzungars under Amursana.

From the 17th century to the middle of the 18th century, between China proper and Transoxania, all the land was under the sway of the Dzungars. During this time, the Dzungar pioneered the local manifestation of the 'Military Revolution' in Central Eurasia after perfecting a process of manufacturing indigenously created gunpowder weapons. They also created a mixed agro-pastoral economy, as well as complementary mining and manufacturing industries on their lands. Additionally, the Dzungar managed to enact an empire-wide system of laws and policies to boost the use of the Oirat language in the region. However, after smallpox ravaged the region, the Dzungar Empire was annihilated by Qing China from 1755-1758.

References

Bibliography

History of Xinjiang
Chagatai Khanate
Dzungar Khanate
1670s conflicts
1680s conflicts
Conflicts in 1678
Conflicts in 1679
Conflicts in 1680
Battles involving Mongolia
1680s in Asia
1678 in China
1679 in China
1680 in China
1678 in Asia
1680 in Asia

Dzungar conquest of Altishahr


Pedro Masó Paulet (born 26 January 1927 in Madrid; died 23 September 2008 in Madrid) was a Spanish director, producer, and scriptwriter.

His relation with the cinema began at an early age when he was employed as a boy in the Estudios Chamartín in Madrid.  There he performed many jobs, until he was made chief of production in 1953.

In 1962 he founded his own production company, Pedro Masó Producciones Cinematográficas, with which he produced some of the biggest commercial successes of Spanish film, including Atraco a las tres, Vacaciones para Ivette, Un millón a la basura and La familia bien, gracias.

In 1986 he created the firm Escorpio Films as a branch of Pedro Maso Producciones and subsequently produced his first feature-length movie, entitled El Tesoro with direction by Antonio Mercero and based on the novel of Miguel Delibes.

From 1993 he directed and produced the series Compuesta y Sin Novio for the television station Antena 3, starring Lina Morgan and José Coronado.

Selected filmography
 Las chicas de la Cruz Roja (1958)
 Television Stories (1965)
  La Coquito  (1977)

External links
Filmography

Spanish film directors
Spanish film producers
1927 births
2008 deaths
Honorary Goya Award winners

Pedro Masó


Fanta () is an American-owned German brand of fruit-flavored carbonated soft drinks created by Coca-Cola Deutschland under the leadership of German businessman Max Keith. There are more than 200 flavors worldwide. Fanta originated in Germany as a Coca-Cola alternative in 1940 due to the American trade embargo of Nazi Germany, which affected the availability of Coca-Cola ingredients. Fanta soon dominated the German market with three million cases sold in 1943. The current formulation of Fanta, with orange flavour, was developed in Italy in 1955.

History

Wartime product

During the Second World War, the United States established a trade embargo against Nazi Germany, making the export of Coca-Cola syrup difficult. To circumvent this, Max Keith, the head of Coca-Cola Deutschland (Coca-Cola GmbH), decided to create a new product for the German market, using only ingredients available in Germany at the time, including sugar beet, whey (a cheese byproduct), and apple pomace—the "leftovers of leftovers", as Keith later recalled. The name was the result of a brainstorming session, which started with Keith's exhorting his team to "use their imagination" (Fantasie in German), to which one of his salesmen, Joe Knipp, retorted "Fanta!".

The German plant was cut off from Coca-Cola headquarters following America's entry into the war following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. After the war, the Coca-Cola Company regained control of the plant, formula, and the trademarks to the new Fanta product—as well as the plant profits made during the war.

In 1943 alone, 3 million cases of Fanta were sold in Germany. Many bottles were not consumed as a beverage but used as a cooking ingredient to add sweetness and flavor to soups and stews, as sugar was severely rationed.

During the war, the Dutch Coca-Cola plant in Amsterdam (N.V. Nederlandse Coca-Cola Maatschappij) suffered the same difficulties as the German Coca-Cola plant. Keith put the Fanta brand at the disposal of the Dutch Coca-Cola plant, of which he had been appointed the official caretaker. Dutch Fanta had a different recipe from German Fanta, elderberries being one of the main ingredients.

Fanta production was discontinued in 1949.

In 1955, in Naples, in the SNIBEG plant (Società Napoletana Imbottigliamento Bevande Gassate), thanks to the intervention of Count Ermelino Matarazzo di Licosa, Fanta was produced for the first time in its formulation with oranges, giving life to the product we know today.

Modern product

Following the launch of several drinks by Pepsi-Cola in the 1950s, SNIBERG relaunched Fanta in 1955 with a different formulation. Coca-Cola in 1960 bought the brand, distributing it all over the world. The drink was heavily marketed in Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America, although it did not become widely available in the United States until the 1960s because the company feared it would undermine the strong market position of their flagship cola. Even then, its availability was spotty at best especially after the 1980s due to sister brand Minute Maid selling similar products under its own name. It wasn't until 2001 that Fanta finally received a national push due to the U.S.'s growing Hispanic population and the drink's proven popularity in Latin America.

The modern-day orange Fanta was first produced in Naples, Italy in 1955 by a local bottling plant using locally sourced oranges. The design of the classic annulated bottle comes from these years.

Marketing

75th anniversary version
In February 2015, a 75th-anniversary version of Fanta was released in Germany. Packaged in glass bottles evoking the original design and with an authentic original wartime flavor including 30% whey and pomace, it is described on the packaging as "less sweet" and a German original. An associated television ad referenced the history of the drink and said the Coca-Cola company wanted to bring back "the feeling of the Good Old Times" which was interpreted by many to mean Nazi rule. The ad was subsequently replaced.

International availability
There are more than 200 flavors worldwide; the recipes can differ per country.  The Orange flavor recipe outside the US contains orange juice and the American version has none.

In Mexico, Fanta is made with sugar whereas the US version uses high fructose corn syrup.  In the UK, the sugar content was reduced in 2017 to 4.6g per 100ml in the standard version (non-sugar free) to ensure that the product was below the 5g that will incur the soft drinks levy (sugary drink tax). This was a third lower than the recipe used before 2016, as some of the sugar was replaced by sweeteners.

In Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Poland, Serbia, Romania, Sweden, and some other European countries, there is Fanta Shokata (a wordplay on "soc" which means both "elderberry" and "shock" in Romanian) based on an elderflower blossom extract drink. In Russia, however, "Shokata" is the rebranding of Fanta Citrus, which is more like a common lemonade. This version of the drink is actually clear, like ordinary lemonade, while the bottle is blue-colored.

In early February 2023 The Coca Cola Company announced that Lilt - a Pineapple and Grapefruit soft drink sold in countries such as the UK and the Republic of Ireland would be rebranded  simply as Fanta Pineapple and Grapefruit flavour with rebranding taking effect from 14 February 2023 onwards.

Fanta Flavors
This list contains numerous Fanta flavors from around the world, including well-known and lesser-known fruity variants since the 1940s.

Fanta Berry
Fanta Birch Beer
Fanta Black Cherry
Fanta Blue Raspberry
Fanta Blue Vanilla
Fanta Cherry
Fanta Cherry Limeade
Fanta Citrus
Fanta Dragon Fruit Zero Sugar
Fanta Exotic
Fanta Fruit Punch
Fanta Fruit Twist (Zero)
Fanta Ginger Ale
Fanta Grape (Zero)
Fanta Lemon
Fanta Lemon-Lime
Fanta Orange (Zero)
Fanta Peach
Fanta Pineapple
Fanta Pineapple & Grapefruit
Fanta Piña Colada
Fanta Portello
Fanta Raspberry (Zero)
Fanta Red
Fanta Red Cream Soda
Fanta Red Tangerine
Fanta Root Beer
Fanta Sours
Fanta Strawberry
Fanta Strawberry & Kiwi (Zero)
Fanta Vanilla
Fanta Watermelon (Zero)
Fanta Wild Cherry

See also
 The Coca-Cola Company
 Royal Tru – Fanta's Philippine counterpart
 Minute Maid
 Hi-C
 Hit
 Coca-Cola
 Sprite
 Lilt

References

External links

Products introduced in 1940
Food and drink introduced in 1940
Coca-Cola brands
Fruit sodas
German inventions of the Nazi period
Orange sodas
German drinks
1940 in Germany
Soft drinks

Fanta


Board certification is the process by which a physician or other professional demonstrates a mastery of advanced knowledge and skills through written, oral, practical, or simulator-based testing.

Certification bodies
There are more than 25 boards that certify physician specialists in the United States, although there is no legal requirement for a physician to attain it. Some hospitals may demand that physicians be board certified to receive privileges.

The commonly used acronym BE/BC (board eligible/board certified) refers to a doctor who is eligible or is certified to practice medicine in a particular field.

The term board certified is also used in the nursing field, where a candidate with advanced mastery of a nursing specialty can also become eligible to be Board Certified. Board certification is also used in the field of pharmacy, where a pharmacist can be recognized in specialized areas of advanced pharmacy practice after fulfilling eligibility requirements and passing a certification examination by the Board of Pharmacy Specialties or the National Board of Medication Therapy Management. Doctoral level psychologists (Ph.D., or Psy.D.) may also be board certified by the American Board of Professional Psychology, or the American Board of Professional Neuropsychology or the American Board of Pediatric Neuropsychology.

The FDA encourages board certification of all toxicologists who work in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, especially of those who oversee preclinical product safety studies. The American Board of Toxicology is the oldest and largest certification body in the world to ensure the competency of toxicologists involved in preclinical drug discovery.

Board certification is available to a licensed attorney (J.D.) in the United States as well, although it generally is not considered a form of licensure and usually does not confer additional privileges of any kind. Many state bar associations, including Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas, offer board certification in various specialty areas, such as admiralty law, civil trial law, estate planning (or wills, trusts, and estates) law, family (and/or marital) law, immigration law, and tax law. Other organizations also offer certification, with some being accredited by the American Bar Association. The American Bar Association's Standing Committee on Specialization offers extensive resources to attorneys and consumers.

At least one state allows board certified attorneys to use an acronym similar to board certified doctors: The Florida Bar allows its certified attorneys to use the acronym B.C.S. to identify themselves as a "Board Certified Specialist" and prohibits attorneys not holding board certification from identifying themselves as "experts" or "specialists" (though a non-certified attorney may advertise that he or she "specializes" in one or more areas).

Defining a medical specialty
The core body of knowledge that defines an area of medical specialization is referred to as the core competencies for that specialty. Core competencies are developed through detailed review of the medical literature combined with review by recognized experts from established medical specialties, experts within the new area of specialization and experts from outside the medical profession. This list of core knowledge and skills is then compiled into a draft core competency document.

Once the core competency document is drafted, the certifying organization and its associated professional academy, college or society review the document against the existing literature and again solicit expert opinion regarding the domains of competence and areas of competency contained in the document. The core competencies are next formatted using a psychometric taxonomy such as Bloom's Taxonomy based on the core competencies required by physicians practicing in the area of specialization as non-specialists and as specialists or sub-specialists. Development of the first core competency document takes five to ten years and is a prerequisite to creating the certification examination.

Certification examinations
Physicians seeking board certification in a given area of specialty must successfully complete and pass an examination process designed to test their mastery of the minimum knowledge and skills contained in the core competency document. Prior to taking the examination, a physician must graduate with a degree, either MD, DO or DPM and meet all other prerequisites to certification as set out by the certifying agency or "board."

The examination itself may consist of one or more parts. Traditionally, an exhaustive written examination is required of all candidates for board certifications in any specialty. While written examinations are adequate measures of basic knowledge, they do not test the mastery of skills or the application of knowledge as well. Many specialties have over the decades attempted to evaluate skills through "practical" examinations using "model" patients (actors) or by observing the physician candidate in a clinical environment. The practical examination has been criticized for being subjective and irreproducible even in the hands of an experienced examiner. As a result, computerized animatronic human patient simulator based examinations are now being adopted. The traditional written examination is also rapidly being replaced by computer-based testing.

The certification application and examination process for physicians is similar to the process for attorneys. Most state bar associations and organizations approved by the American Bar Association to certify attorneys in a particular area of law generally require five or more years of practice in that area, a minimum number of continuing legal education credits in that area, and references from peer attorneys, judges, or others qualified to comment on the attorney applicant's certification candidacy. Examinations vary, but many utilize multiple choice and essay questions to test the attorney's substantive knowledge and experience. For example, the Texas Board of Legal Specialization generally administers a six-hour examination consisting of three hours of essay questions in the morning and three hours of multiple choice questions in the afternoon, although the format varies based on the area of specialty.

Certifying agencies for physicians
Board certification is overseen by different agencies and organizations throughout the world. In most cases, these organizations are not only specific to a particular type of physician training (MD vs. DO), but a specific country or group of countries. There are three agencies or organizations in the United States which collectively oversee the certification of M.D.s and D.O.s in the 26 recognized medical specialties. These organizations are the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) and the American Medical Association; the American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists (AOABOS) and the American Osteopathic Association; the American Board of Physician Specialties (ABPS) and the American Association of Physician Specialists. AOABOS and ABPS each have associated with national medical organizations functioning as an umbrella for its various specialty academies, colleges and societies (see table). The American Board of Medical Specialties represents the largest of these organizations, with over 800,000 US physicians having received certification from one or more of its 24-member Boards. The ABMS is not affiliated with any medical society. ABPS is recognized by most states, however, there are some states where physicians are not, by law, allowed to call themselves "board certified" if the specialty designation is from their boards.  Additionally, there are alternative national medical boards, i.e. the National Board of Physicians and Surgeons, with over 10,000 board-certified physicians, that meet national quality standards, including the Joint Commission, the National Committee on Quality Assurance, and the Utilization Review Accreditation Commission, and has gained acceptance by accredited health plans.  However, there is controversy with the medical boards certification and re-certification process, and more competition among medical boards' certification agencies have been addressed by a growing number of states and the US Department of Justice.

Although controversial as of methods used, many legacy boards of certification now require that physicians demonstrate, by examination, continuing mastery of the core knowledge and skills for their chosen specialty with recertification of various durations by specialty, between every 7 and every 10 years.  More contemporary boards require demonstration of accredited continuing education and maintenance of institutional professional privileges.

Certifying agencies for attorneys
Most state bar associations restrict their licensed attorneys from advertising that they are certified, experts, or specialists in a particular area of law unless they are either (a) certified by the state bar association or (b) certified by an organization approved by the American Bar Association. This approach generally follows Rule 7.4 of the American Bar Association's Model Rules of Professional Conduct. The American Bar Association's Standing Committee on Specialization lists specialty certification programs, including state bar associations and the specialty areas offered for certification purposes.

ABA Model Rule 7.4(b) specifically allows patent attorneys to advertise their specialty, and Rule 7.4(c) allows admiralty lawyers to do so. In the case of patent attorneys, admission to practice before the patent division of the United States Patent and Trademark Office requires that the attorney pass a federally administered examination.

Specialty colleges

Medical specialty colleges are societies that represent specialist physicians. Any physician may join these organizations, though most require board certification in order to become a fellow of the college and use the respective post-nominal letters. Similarly, legal specialty colleges are societies that represent specialist lawyers. Fellows of a particular legal specialty college might or might not be board certified. The American College of Trust and Estate Counsel, which was originally known as the American College of Probate Counsel, is one of the oldest legal specialty colleges, although the American College of Trial Lawyers was founded a year later (1950).

Criticism
While medical licensing in general has been criticized, the board certification process itself has generated a number of controversies and debates. Since many certification boards have begun requiring periodic re-examination, critics in newspapers such as The New York Times have decried board certification exams as being "its own industry", costing doctors thousands of dollars each time and serving to enrich testing and prep companies rather than improving the quality of the profession.

Some also have reported that testing has evolved into a more generalized examination, where a significant portion of the test is not relevant to the specialty a given doctor practices, and thus passing rates are much lower.

See also
Board examination
American Board of Obesity Medicine

References

External links
 American Association of Physician Specialists, Inc. (AAPS)
 American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS)
 American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists (AOABOS)
 American Board of Physician Specialties (ABPS)
 American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP)
 American Board of Medical Psychology (ABMP)
 International Board for Quality in Healthcare (IBQH)
 Board of Pharmacy Specialities (BPS)
 National Board of Medication Therapy Management (NBMTM)
 American Board of Professional Neuropsychology (ABN)
 National Board of Physicians and Surgeons (NBPAS)

Healthcare in the United States
Medical regulation

Board certification


Eight Thirty (March 27, 1936 – April 7, 1965) was an American Hall of Fame  Thoroughbred racehorse. He was owned by George D. Widener, Jr. and bred by his Erdenheim Farm. Widener is one of only five people ever named an Exemplar of Racing. Eight Thirty was a descendant of Fair Play, who had been purchased from the estate of August Belmont, Jr. by Widener's uncle, Joseph E. Widener.

Racing at age two in 1938, Eight Thirty won two important graded stakes races but was overshadowed by  William Ziegler Jr.'s  Champion 2-Yr-Old Colt El Chico.

In 1939, Eight Thirty started his three-year-old racing season slowly and did not enter any of the American Classic Races. However, competing in the East Coast racing scene along with greats such as Johnstown and Challedon, in one month alone, Eight Thirty won four straight important stakes races. He ended his season with seven wins out of his ten starts. Racing at age four and five, he won six of ten starts while setting a track record in his win in the 1940 Massachusetts Handicap.

Retired to stud duty at his owner's breeding farm, Eight Thirty proved to be a successful Stallion. He sired 44 stakes winners and was the damsire of 1962 Belmont Stakes winner Jaipur. Eight Thirty died on April 7, 1965.

Eight Thirty was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1994.

Pedigree

References
 Eight Thirty's pedigree and racing stats
 Fair Play at the United States' National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame

1936 racehorse births
1965 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United States
United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees
Widener family
Thoroughbred family 11-g
Chefs-de-Race

Eight Thirty


Islamic ethics is the name for a number of moral teachings, which have been influenced by Islam. Scholars have developed a set of rules how people should behave in society. As there are different movements in Islam, they sometimes do not agree. Where it is used, Islamic law is also influenced by the local interpretation of Islamic ethics.

Ethics in Islam sets a trend  1400 years back when nobody had ever established such a system ,system of equality ,system of moral rights ,system of general ethics. In our daily lifestyle we meet with lot of ethics such as business ethics, professional ethics,managerial ethics,corporate ethics,family ethics,system ethics,
organizational ethics etc.But in all the ethics mentioned above Islamic ethics is very pure and unchangeable  as it is not been made  by any organization ,system,or any individual it is made by Almighty Allah who's law's can never be changed or added.

Religious ethics
Islamic law

Islamic ethics


Red Clydeside was the era of political radicalism in Glasgow, Scotland, and areas around the city, on the banks of the River Clyde, such as Clydebank, Greenock, Dumbarton and Paisley, from the 1910s until the early 1930s. Red Clydeside is a significant part of the history of the labour movement in Britain as a whole, and Scotland in particular.

Some newspapers of the time used the term "Red Clydeside" to refer, largely derisively, to the groundswell of popular and political radicalism that had erupted in Scotland. A confluence of charismatic individuals, organised movements and socio-political forces led to Red Clydeside, which had its roots in working-class opposition to Britain's participation in the First World War, although the area had a long history of political radicalism going back to the Society of the Friends of the People and the "Radical War" of 1820.

1911 strike at Singer
The 11,000 workers at the largest Singer sewing machines factory, in Clydebank, went on strike in March–April 1911, ceasing to work in solidarity with 12 female colleagues protesting against work process reorganisation. This reorganisation involved an increase in workload and a decrease in wages. Following the end of the strike, Singer fired 400 workers, including Jane Rae one of the women activists, and all strike leaders and purported members of the Industrial Workers of Great Britain, among them Arthur McManus, who later went on to become the first chairman of the Communist Party of Great Britain between 1920 and 1922.

Labour unrest, in particular by women and unskilled labourers, greatly increased between 1910 and 1914 in Clydeside, with four times more days on strike than between 1900 and 1910. During these four years preceding World War I, membership of those affiliated to the Scottish Trades Union Congress rose from 129,000 in 1909 to 230,000 in 1914.

Anti-war activism

To mobilise the workers of Clydeside against the First World War, the Clyde Workers' Committee (CWC) was formed, with Willie Gallacher as its head and David Kirkwood its treasurer. The CWC led the campaign against the coalition governments of H. H. Asquith and David Lloyd George and the Munitions of War Act 1915, which forbade engineers leaving the company they were employed in. The CWC met with government leaders, but no agreement could be reached and consequently both Gallacher and Kirkwood were arrested under the terms of the Defence of the Realm Act and jailed for their activities.

Anti-war activity also took place outside the workplace and on the streets in general.  The Marxist John Maclean and the Independent Labour Party (ILP) member James Maxton were both jailed for their anti-war propagandizing.

Helen Crawfurd was opposed to conscription and, although there were anti-war and anti-conscription campaigns in organisations such as the WIL being organised and run by middle-class women, few working-class women were involved in Scotland.  Frustration on her part on their lack of representation, Helen Crawfurd organised a grassroots meeting called 'The Great Women's Peace Conference' involving socialist-minded women in June 1916.  From this meeting, and alongside her fellow Rent Striker Agnes Dollan, The Women's Peace Crusade (WPC) arose  in November 1916 in Govan, Glasgow.  As intended, the organisation initially attracted working-class women in Govan to activism, and with open air meetings throughout Glasgow, Edinburgh and within Lowland Scotland they began to extend their reach. By 1917, street meetings were regularly being held all around the districts of Glasgow and beyond, including Partick, Maryhill, Bridgeton, Parkhead, Govan, Govanhill, Whiteinch, Shettleston, Springburn, Possilpark, Bellahouston, Rutherglen, Paisley,  Overnewton Barrhead, Cambuslang, Blantyre, Alloa, Cowdenbeath, Drongan, Drumpark, Douglas Water and Lanark. As a further indicator of their success, a mass demonstration was organised by the WPC on Sunday 8 July 1917, in which processions marched to the sound of music and the flying of banners from two sides of the city to the famous Glasgow Green in the centre of the city.  As the two streams of Crusaders approached the green they merged into a huge colourful and noisy demonstration of around 14,000 participants.

By the time that the Peace Crusade disbanded it had become a UK-wide organisation.

Rent strikes

At the turn of the twentieth century the Clydeside area in Glasgow experienced rapid industrial and population growth during which time Glasgow became  Scotland's largest city, Its population grew from almost 200,000 in 1851 to over 1,000,000 in 1921. Despite this exponential growth, housing remained a huge problem for its inhabitants as few houses were added to Glasgow's housing stock to accommodate the influx of immigrants from all over Scotland, other areas of Britain and Europe. Eleven percent of Glasgow's housing stock was vacant due to speculation and few new houses were built as landlords benefited from renting out overcrowded and increasingly dilapidated flats. As Highlanders and Irish migrants came to Glasgow, the city's population increased by 65,000 people between 1912 and 1915 while only 1,500 new housing units were built. Glaswegian activists had demanded legislation and the building of municipal housing as early as 1885, when the Royal Commission on Housing and the Working Class noted the housing crisis. The Scottish Housing Council organised in 1900 and under pressure from trade unions the Housing Letting and Rating Act 1911 was passed. The act introduced letting by month, previously workers with unstable jobs had been forced to put up a year's rent payment. But as landlords increased rents protests by tenants became more frequent.

John Maclean of the British Socialist Party organised the Scottish Federation of Tenants' Associations in 1913 to fight against rent increases and championed public housing. In 1914 the Independent Labour Party Housing Committee and the Women's Labour League formed the Glasgow Women's Housing Association. Under the leadership of Mary Barbour, Mary Laird, Helen Crawfurd, Mary Jeff, Jessie Stephen and Jessie Fergusson the Glasgow Women's Housing Association became the driving force behind the rent strike that started in May 1915 in the industrialised area of Govan. Tenants refused to pay the latest increase in rents and staged mass demonstrations against evictions, resulting in violent confrontations. With the start of the First World War local young men left Glasgow to serve in the army overseas, and the first violent protest in the Govan district took place in April to resist the eviction of a soldier's family. As evictions were repeatedly attempted with support from the police, women attacked the factors and the sheriffs' men.

In early summer 1915, the rent strikers were supported by mass demonstrations and by August, the rent strikers had found widespread support in Glasgow. Rent strikes spread from heavily industrialised areas of the city to artisanal areas and slum areas. Strikes ignited in Partick, Parkhead, Pollokshaws, Pollok, Cowcaddens, Kelvingrove, Ibrox, Govanhill, St Rollox, Townhead, Springburn, Maryhill, Fairfield, Blackfriars, and Woodside. In October 1915, 15,000 tenants were on rent strike and a demonstration led by women converged on St Enoch Square. By November, 20,000 tenants were on rent strike as violent resistance against evictions continued. Trade unions threatened factory strikes if evictions supported by the police continued and following demonstrations on 17 November, legal action against rent strikers was halted. State Secretary of Scotland Thomas McKinnon Wood asked the Cabinet to freeze all rents at pre-war levels and in December, the Rents and Mortgage Interest Restriction Act 1915 received royal assent.

In March 2018, to mark International Women's Day, a bronze sculpture of Barbour was unveiled in Govan, Glasgow portraying Barbour leading a line of strikers.

The 40 Hour Strike

The left-wing activities continued after the end of the war. The campaign for a 40-hour week, with improved conditions for the workers, occupied the exertions of organised labour. On 31 January 1919, a massive rally, organised by the trade unions, took place on George Square in the city centre of Glasgow. It has been estimated that as many as 90,000 people were present, and the Red Flag was raised in the centre of the crowd. The gathering descended into what is generally considered to have been a police riot, with the Riot Act being read, and attacks made on the strike leaders as they exited the City Chambers.

The Coalition government panicked, fearing a possible threat to order or even a Bolshevik-style insurrection. It was only fourteen months since the Russian Revolution, and the German Revolution was still in progress in January 1919. Troops based in the city's Maryhill barracks were locked inside their post, with troops and tanks from elsewhere being sent into the city to control unrest. No Glaswegian troops were deployed, and few veterans, with the government fearing that fellow Glaswegians might sympathise with the strikers if a revolutionary situation developed in Glasgow. Young, mostly untried, troops were transported from camps and barracks around the country and stationed on the streets of Glasgow, specifically to combat this possibility. However, the situation ultimately calmed down and no violent confrontations occurred between the troops and strikers before the government ordered the soldiers to be withdrawn from Glasgow.

A revolutionary moment?

There remains a debate on the left, over whether the Red Clydeside movement constituted a revolutionary opportunity for the working-class, though on the face of it, it would appear that the revolutionary potential of the Clydeside working-class has been exaggerated. Firstly, except Maclean, none of the labour leaders developed a class analysis of the war, nor did they seriously consider threatening the power and authority of the state. Furthermore, it was the behaviour of those conducting the war, not the war itself that provoked opposition within the labour movement. The Independent Labour Party's May Day Manifesto of 1918 makes this very clear in calling for A Living Wage for all and Justice for our Soldiers and their Dependants. Moreover, the massive demand for men to fight in the war meant that few Glaswegian families escaped personal loss of some kind. To undermine the war effort was to risk alienating the working-class, which many labour leaders were unwilling to do-–apart from Maxton, Gallacher and Maclean.

William Gallacher, who would later become a Communist MP claimed that, whilst the leaders of the rally were not seeking revolution, in hindsight they should have been.  He claimed that they should have marched to the Maryhill Barracks and tried to persuade the troops stationed there to come out on the protesters' side.

The trade union leaders, who had organised the meeting, were arrested.  Most were acquitted, although both Gallacher and Manny Shinwell were put in jail for their activities that day, Shinwell also being charged with an inflammatory speech the week before in James Watt Street in the city's docks, in an episode that later erupted into a race riot.

"Reds" in Parliament

The aura of Red Clydeside grew as delegations of organised labour replaced the Liberal Party as the political formation most popular among the working class.  This manifested itself at the 1922 general election, when several of the Red Clydesiders were elected to serve in the House of Commons (most of them Independent Labour Party members).  They included Maxton, Wheatley, Shinwell, Kirkwood, Neil Maclean and George Buchanan.

According to the Labour Party, the Red Clydesiders were viewed as having a dissident left-wing character. Many of them, most notably Maxton and Wheatley, were great critics of the first and second Labour governments, elected in 1924 and 1929 respectively.

The Red Clydeside era still impacts upon the politics of the area today. Ever since, Glasgow has been known for political and industrial militancy. The Upper Clyde Shipbuilders Work In of 1971 offers a pertinent example. Until 2015, the Labour Party held the most influence as the dominant political force in the area.

This period in Glasgow's colourful past remains a significant landmark for those on the political left in Scotland. The story of the Red Clydesiders can still be politically motivating. At the 1989 Glasgow Central by-election, the Scottish National Party candidate Alex Neil called himself and the SNP member of Parliament for Govan at the time, Jim Sillars; the "new Clydesiders".

Popular culture
The album Red Clydeside by Alistair Hulett and Dave Swarbrick contains nine songs about the movement, particularly the anti-war protests and the rent strike. The Red Clydeside movement was also featured in John McGrath's play Little Red Hen, performed by 7:84.

References

Further reading
 Dawson, Alan. "Red Clydeside: a digital history of the labour movement in Glasgow 1910-1932". Dunaskin News 5 (2004) online.
 Dowse, Robert E. Left in the Centre: The Independent Labour Party 1893–1940. London: Longman's, 1966.
 Duncan, Robert and McIvor, Arthur, eds. Militant Workers: Labour and class conflict on the Clyde 1900–1950 (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1992) [essays]
 Gallacher, William. (1978) [1936]. Revolt on the Clyde: An Autobiography (4th ed. London: Lawrence and Wishart).
 Griffin, Paul. "Diverse political identities within a working class presence: Revisiting Red Clydeside." Political Geography 65 (2018): 123–133.
 Kenefick, William. Red Scotland! The Rise and Fall of the Radical Left, c. 1872 to 1932 (Edinburgh University Press, 2007). Pp. 230.
 Jenkinson, Jacqueline. "Black Sailors on Red Clydeside: rioting, reactionary trade unionism and conflicting notions of 'Britishness' following the First World War," Twentieth Century British History (2008) 19#1 pp 29-60.
 MacLean, Ian. The legend of Red Clydeside (Edinburgh: J. Donald, 1983)
 Melling, Joseph. "Whatever Happened to Red Clydeside?'" International Review of Social History (1990) 35#1 pp 3–32.
 Middlemas, Robert Keith. The Clydesiders: A Left Wing Struggle for Parliamentary Power. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1965.
 Walker, Graham. "Maxton, James (1885–1946)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011 online

External links

 Archive images and information
 Radical Glasgow (extended version of book by John Couzin)
 Libcom.org/history – Red Clydeside page
 Information resources on the history of Red Clydeside

History of socialism
History of the Labour Party (UK)
History of Glasgow
Economic history of Scotland
Political history of Scotland
British trade unions history
Trade unions in Scotland
Politics of Glasgow
World War I
Protests in Scotland
20th century in Scotland
Far-left politics in Scotland
Rent strikes

Red Clydeside


Sher Singh (4 December 1807 – 15 September 1843) was the fourth Maharaja of the Sikh Empire.  Elder of the twins of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, founder of the Sikh Empire and Maharani Mehtab Kaur. His reign began on 18 January 1840 following his assault on Lahore which ended the brief regency of Maharani Chand Kaur. He was assassinated on 15 September 1843 by Ajit Singh Sandhawalia.

Birth
Sher Singh was the son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Maharani Mehtab Kaur, he had a younger twin brother Tara Singh (1807-1859).

Early life
In 1820, Maharaja Ranjit Singh granted him the privilege of being seated in the Darbar and bestowed civil and military honors on him. From 1831 to 1834 he acted as Governor of Kashmir and in 1834 he was a commander in the force that captured Peshawar from the Afghans.

Military campaigns
Barelvi declared jihad against the Sikhs and established a camp in Balakot. Along with Shah Ismail Dehlvi and his tribesmen, in 1831, Sher Singh accompanied by Pratab Singh Attarwala and Akali Hanuman Singh arrived Balakot. He invested Balakot on all sides. The Sikh slowly advanced narrowing the besieged area gradually. On reaching near the sayyid residence, the sikh drew out their swords, cut down the sayyid troops like grass and shot down Sayyid Ahmed Khan. His head cut off for display, and about 500 followers of Sayyid were killed including Shah Ismail Dehlvi. The entire property of Sayyid fell into the hands of Sikhs. A sum of Rs. 50,000 along with a letter of  appreciation was sent to Sher Singh promising an additional Jagir.

Reign

Sher Singh became the maharaja on 27 January 1841,  after the sudden death of Nau Nihal Singh whose death was set in motion, some say purposely while returning from his father's cremation. He was the half-brother of Nau Nihal Singh's father, former maharaja Kharak Singh.

Proclaimed Maharaja by his wazir (prime minister) Dhian Singh Dogra, he won the throne after a protracted siege of the Lahore Fort which was held by the Royal family. Thousands died in the siege.

Death

Sher Singh was killed as he was asked to inspect a new shotgun brought by Ajit Singh Sandhawalia. Sandhawalia then pulled the trigger and then killed the wounded Sher Singh with his sword by cutting off his head. Ajit Singh Sandhawalia had served as Prime Minister first for Ranjit Singh then for Sher Singh's brother Kharak Singh then Karak Singh's son Nau Nihal each of whom had died shortly after taking office. Ajit Singh Sandhawalia then served as Prime Minister for Kharak Singh's widow Chand Kaur who served as regent. Ajit Singh Sandhawalia preferred having Chand Kaur as regent ruler as it allowed him more power. Chand Kaur had been removed as the expected heir her late son Nau Nihal's daughter in law was about to deliver died stillborn. Sher Singh only had time to utter, "what treachery."  The Sandhawalias also murdered Dhian Singh. The Sandhawalias were thought to have also had designs on the empire.

Legacy
His palace is leased to Baring Union Christian College.

Notes

References

External links

 Maharaja Sher Singh (1807 - 1843)

Sher Singh
1807 births
1843 deaths

Sher Singh


San Pietro, or St Peter, is the Neoclassical-style,  main Roman Catholic church or duomo of the town of Schio, region of Veneto, Italy.

History and description

A chapel at the site was present since medieval times, becoming a church by the 12th-century dependent on the church of Pievebelvicino (Torrebelvicino), which was the mother church of the Val Leogra. With the rising importance of Schio, this became the home of the archpriest for the region and principal church. The nave was built between 1740 and 1754 by Giovanni Battista Miazzi, with refurbishment of the choir in 1780 by Domenico Cerato.  A new church facade was erected between 1805 and 1820, using designs of Antonio Diedo, carried out by Carlo Barrera. The scenographic staircases leading to the raised balcony-platform in front of the facade were erected in 1837 by Tommaso Meduna. The facade has a sober pronaos and flanked by symmetric bell-towers, inspired by the Palladian designs of a chapel (Tempietto Barbaro) at Villa Barbaro in Maser. The adjacent canon's house or manse, with a clock on the facade, and the lateral aisles of the church were added between 1877 and 1879 by Alessandro Rossi.

Inside the altars date to the 18th-century. The interior decoration is by various artists, including Valentino Zajec (bas-reliefs in nave, and statues of the evangelists and apostles);  Giovanni Busato (monochrome frescoes in apse and the altarpiece depicting Saints Carlo and Luigi; Valentino Pupin (ceiling fresco and the altarpiece depicting St Joseph; Romano and Guido Cremasco; Tito Chini (apse and window spandrel decorations), and Alfredo Ortelli (Jesus the teacher). The sacristy has canvases by Alessandro Maganza and Tomaso Pasquotti. The church has two organs, one by Mascioni del 1942 and an 18th-century organ from Puglia.

References

Roman Catholic churches in Veneto
Churches in the province of Vicenza
Neoclassical architecture in Veneto
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
18th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Schio
Neoclassical church buildings in Italy

San Pietro, Schio


The Poulter Laboratory is a research lab within SRI International's Physical Sciences Division known for experiments relating to explosions, impacts, and fire. The lab is named for Thomas Poulter, who gained initial fame as an arctic explorer, and later as an expert in explosives and biosonar at SRI from 1948 until his death in 1978. Their recent projects include improving the safety of hydrogen as a transportation fuel, and the safe disposal of unused ordnance.

References

External links
 Poulter Laboratory at SRI International

SRI International

Poulter Laboratory


State Route 145 (SR 145) is a relatively short north–south highway in Middle Tennessee. The road begins in Woodbury and ends in Auburntown. The current length is .

Route description

SR 145 begins at an intersection with US 70S/SR 1 in Woodbury just west of downtown. The highway goes northward as Auburntown Road to pass through a narrow valley before entering mountainous terrain of the Highland Rim. SR 145 continues north through the mountains before entering another valley. It passes through more farmland before entering Auburntown, where it becomes Woodbury Road. SR 145 then enters downtown and turns northeast for a short time as East Main Street, the former alignment of SR 96 through downtown, before coming to its northern terminus at SR 96.

Major intersections

See also

References

145
Transportation in Cannon County, Tennessee

Tennessee State Route 145


Christiane F. (, ) is a 1981 German biographical drama film directed by Uli Edel that portrays the descent of  Christiane Felscherinow, a bored and depressed 13-year-old growing up in mid-1970s West Berlin, to a 14-year-old heroin addict. Based on the 1978 non-fiction book Wir Kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo (We Children from Zoo Station), transcribed and edited from tape recordings by Kai Hermann and Horst Rieck, the film immediately acquired cult status and features David Bowie as both composer and as himself. In 2013, Felscherinow published her autobiography Christiane F. – My Second Life.

Plot
Thirteen-year-old Christiane Felscherinow lives with her mother, younger sister, and her pet cat in their small apartment in an unkempt multi-storey, concrete social-housing building in a dull neighbourhood on the outskirts of West Berlin. She is tired of living there and is a huge fan of David Bowie. She hears of Sound, a new trending nightclub in the city's centre. Although she is not old enough to get in, she dresses up in high heels and make-up, and asks a popular school friend, Kessi, who goes there regularly, to take her. Kessi also provides her with pills. At the club, she meets a slightly older boy named Detlev, who is part of a clique where everybody uses various types of drugs. The next morning, Christiane and Kessi are waiting for the subway when Kessi's mother finds them and angrily berates Kessi, grabbing her by the arm and telling Christiane to stay away from her daughter.

Christiane starts taking LSD, in addition to abusing pills, and befriends a girl her age named Babsi. After a David Bowie concert, Christiane tries heroin for the first time. As she falls in love with Detlev, Christiane begins using heroin on a regular basis in order to be close to him, gradually becoming more and more dependent on the drug until she is a full-blown addict. After her 14th birthday, Christiane stops going home and spends more and more time at her cohorts' unkempt apartment; she is also drawn to Bahnhof Zoo, a large train and subway station notorious for the drug trafficking and prostitution that takes place in its underpasses and back alleys. Christiane also starts to prostitute herself, imitating Detlev, who sells sex favours to male clients on a regular basis in order to support his heroin addiction.

After being discovered unconscious on the bathroom floor at home due to a heroin overdose, Christiane tries going cold turkey with Detlev, an excruciating experience for both of them. However, they both relapse the moment they revisit Bahnhof Zoo. To fuel her addiction, Christiane steals from home, sells all her possessions, and sinks to abysmal levels. One day, Christiane and Detlev find their best friend and roommate, Axel, dead in the apartment from a fatal overdose, due to a bad batch of heroin he was sold on the streets that Detlev believes to be strychnine. Christiane and Detlev quickly run away, ending up at the apartment of one of Detlev's male clients. When Christiane walks in on the two having very loud anal intercourse, she has a breakdown and flees. She returns to the station in order to find Babsi, only to discover that she is dead of an overdose at barely 14 years old, as plastered all over the front pages of many newspapers. In despair over the deaths of numerous friends, as well as her inability to break free from her heroin addiction, Christiane tries to overdose too. A voice-over says that Christiane eventually recovered, but most of her cohorts either died or are still addicts, including Detlev, whose whereabouts and current condition are unknown.

Cast

Production
The film was shot with a low budget in 1980 and released in 1981, but set between 1975 and 1977 in West Berlin. It skips the beginning and the end of the book, and concentrates on the main story, starting when Christiane begins her nightlife in Berlin at around 13 years old, and stops rather abruptly after her suicide attempt by stating that she recovered. In the real story, Christiane F. never fully recovered from her addiction, nor did her troubles end with going to Hamburg to begin withdrawal.

Originally the film was going to be directed by Roland Klick, but he was fired only two weeks before shooting, after a fallout with Bernd Eichinger. Uli Edel came in to direct the film. Cinematography is bleak and dreary, depicting a dilapidated, working-class Berlin with rundown structures and dirty, blighted backdrops.

The cast is composed mainly of first-time actors, most of whom were still in school at the time and have mostly not pursued acting careers since. Natja Brunckhorst is the only cast member who continued to act in German films and television, starting with 1982's Querelle by Rainer Werner Fassbinder, at the time the highest-grossing film with a strongly homosexual theme. Real life "Stella" (Catherine Schabeck), aged 18 at the time, has a short cameo as the drug dealer that sells the first dose of heroin to Detlev. Most of the extras at the railway station and at SOUND were actual drug users and sex workers. In the scene where Christiane runs through the alleys of the station to find Babsi, the camera lingers on several drug users leaning against the walls of the underpass. In a 2011 interview, Thomas Haustein, who played Detlev and was still in school at the time, recalled how terrified he felt being surrounded by real-life addicts, but that he was able to successfully copy their behaviour for his character. It would now be illegal to have minors act in the film's graphic shoot-up, nudity and sex scenes; at the time, however, all the production needed was a written letter of consent from the parents to proceed with filming.

The David Bowie concert featured in the film actually took place in New York City, with only some of the crew and cast attending, because at the time Bowie was performing on Broadway several nights a week and could not shoot in Berlin. The close-up shots of Bowie were from this New York performance, whereas the mass audience scenes were from an AC/DC concert in Germany.  The two were spliced together to seem as one event.

Natja Brunckhorst recalled a scene which was shot on Kurfürstenstraße where her character is standing alone waiting for someone to pick her up. "It was a long lens shot so the camera team was far away. A car drove up and I was about to get in when I saw, out of the corner of my eye, some of the crew running towards me shouting: "No! No! No!" And it came to me: this was a real guy, not an actor, trying to pick me up. I almost got into a car with someone who wanted to sleep with a 13-year-old," she said.

Reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 71% rating based on 7 reviews.

Both the film and the book acquired cult status in Europe immediately after release, raising awareness of heroin addiction. The popularity of the film was increased by David Bowie's participation as himself (portrayed giving a concert early in the film) and as the main contributor to the soundtrack. Bowie's music from his albums made in Berlin during 1976 and 1977 is played throughout the picture, and as he was at the peak of his popularity during the late 1970s and early 1980s, his presence helped boost the film's commercial success.

Christiane and her cohorts are seen losing consciousness in decrepit lavatory cubicles amidst urine, vomit and blood, injecting in close-ups, cleaning and re-filling syringes directly from the toilet bowl, vomiting all over themselves and falling asleep right on top of it. In one particularly disturbing scene, a junkie climbs over a public toilet stall to steal Christiane's fix, inject himself in the neck, hand back the used syringe and thank her, in front of the horrified gaze of an elderly woman. The depiction of young addicts from seemingly normal families was particularly alarming. At the time junkies were still perceived in popular culture as much older, wilder characters, such as those depicted in Dennis Hopper's Easy Rider or in Lou Reed's songs. Christiane turns 14 halfway through the film, the same age as her friend Babsi, who fatally overdoses. Christiane's boyfriend in the film is 15, portrayed by a 14-year-old actor. None of their companions, two of whom also fatally overdose, are older than 16, as reported by end titles recalling the birth and death dates of the real-life individuals portrayed in the film. The fact that the characters prostitute themselves, both heterosexually and homosexually, at such a young age, revolted audiences.

The film was the most popular West German film of the year with admissions of almost 4.6 million.

Soundtrack

All songs written by David Bowie except "Heroes/Helden" written by Bowie/Eno/Maas, "Boys Keep Swinging" and "Look Back In Anger", both written by Bowie/Eno. According to the book, the real Christiane F. had had her first experience with heroin at a David Bowie concert some years earlier; this is told in the film with David Bowie starring as himself. The concert scene was filmed in October 1980 at New York's Hurrah nightclub, which was redressed to resemble a Berlin nightclub (Bowie was appearing nightly on Broadway at the time so director Ulrich Edel had to shoot the sequence in New York).

 "V-2 Schneider"
 "TVC 15"
 "Heroes/Helden"
 "Boys Keep Swinging"
 "Sense of Doubt"
 "Station to Station" (Live)
 "Look Back in Anger"
 "Stay"
 "Warszawa"

See also
 Memento, a novel by Radek John
 For Your Own Good, by Dr. Alice Miller, discusses Christiane F.'s case at length.

References

External links

 Movie stills

1981 films
1981 directorial debut films
1981 drama films
1981 LGBT-related films
1980s biographical drama films
1980s coming-of-age drama films
1980s teen drama films
Biographical films about children
Coming-of-age films based on actual events
Films about child prostitution
Films about heroin addiction
Films about prostitution in Germany
Films based on non-fiction books
Films directed by Uli Edel
Films produced by Bernd Eichinger
Films scored by Jürgen Knieper
Films set in Berlin
Films set in West Germany
Films shot in Berlin
German biographical drama films
German coming-of-age drama films
1980s German-language films
German LGBT-related films
German teen drama films
LGBT-related coming-of-age films
LGBT-related drama films
LGBT-related films based on actual events
1970s in West Berlin
West German films
1980s German films

Christiane F. (film)


Carl Kundmann (15 June 1838, Vienna – 9 June 1919, Vienna) was an Austrian sculptor, best known for his works which adorn the area around the Ringstraße project.

Life and work
Kundmann studied at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna. After six years, he went to Dresden to study with Ernst Julius Hähnel, who had a major influence on his style. From 1865 to 1867 he lived in Rome, where he worked on designs for a Schubert Monument to be placed in the Stadtpark which had been commissioned by the Vienna Men's Choral Society and financed by Nikolaus Dumba, an industrialist patron of the arts. Where to place the statue was the subject of much debate. Mayor Andreas Zelinka wanted it to be placed in a prominent position but, in 1868, the Artistic Advisory Board prevailed, selecting a more "intimate" location between trees on the edge of the lawn. The foundation was laid that same year and the monument (with three reliefs by Theophil Hansen) was unveiled in 1872. The work was such a success that it earned Kundmann a professorship at the Academy, where he taught until his retirement in 1909. Christian Behrens is probably his best known student.

In 1872, Kundmann entered a competition to create parts of a memorial to the Archduchess Maria Theresa, to be placed between the Naturhistorisches Museum and the Kunsthistorisches Museum, under the direction of Kaspar von Zumbusch. Kundmann received commissions for several statues at both museums. He also worked on memorials to Franz Grillparzer and Wilhelm von Tegetthoff, as well as sculptures for the City hall, the new wing of the Hofburg Palace and the arcades of the University of Vienna. His studio was located at Wiener Gürtel Straße Nr. 3.

A few weeks after his death, a street in Landstraße was renamed the Kundmanngasse in his honor.

Major works

 1867–1873: Statues of Rudolf I of Germany, Leopold I, Margrave of Austria, Prince Eugene of Savoy and Charles Bonaventure de Longueval in the Feldherrenhalle of the Heeresgeschichtlichen Museum in the Arsenal.
 1877: Competition for the Grillparzer Monument in the Volksgarten: Kundmann was commissioned to do the main figure and Rudolf Weyr did the relief panels. The monument was unveiled in 1889.
 1886 Tegetthoff Monument in the Praterstern (a square in the Leopoldstadt district).
 1898 – 1902 Athene Fountain in front of the Austrian Parliament Building.

References

Further reading

External links

1838 births
1919 deaths
Austrian male sculptors
20th-century Austrian sculptors
19th-century Austrian sculptors
19th-century Austrian male artists
20th-century Austrian male artists

Carl Kundmann


Denali is a nameplate used by GMC for its highest trim level on its vehicles. Vehicles with the Denali trim option carry list prices up to 47% higher than base models. Prices range from $38,600 for GMC Terrain to $109,410 for a top-of-the-line Yukon XL Denali (as of 2023).

The Denali nameplate is often used as an insignia or status symbol, and in particular is popular as a less costly alternative to the Cadillac marque. The Yukon Denali line typically represents 40% of Yukon sales in both units and dollars. In 2013 it sold more than 75,558 units of the Denali brand, which accounted for 20% of GMC's sales, making it one of GM's most successful sub-brands.

History

The Denali nameplate started as the top-of-the-line version of the GMC Yukon for the 1999 model year. It was also GM's first attempt to go after sales from the new-for-1998 Lincoln Navigator. At the time of its introduction. General Motors decided to give Cadillac its own luxury SUV so the Denali's exterior was shared with the 1999 Cadillac Escalade, with only the front fascia and lower side body panels differing from the standard Yukon. Although the Yukon was redesigned alongside the Chevrolet Suburban and Chevrolet Tahoe in 2000, the Yukon Denali, Escalade, and Tahoe Limited/Z71 retained their GMT400 base design.

The "Denali" brand was derived from the native Alaskan Athabaskans / Koyukon people's name for the tallest mountain in North America. It is also the name of the Denali National Park and Preserve that surrounds the mountain, as well as Denali State Park.

1999–2000
When introduced in 1999, the Yukon Denali's exterior, which it later shared with the 1999 Cadillac Escalade, differed from the standard Yukon in the front fascia and lower side body panels as well as having unique 16" polished aluminum wheels and a special exhaust cutout for a right side-exiting cast exhaust tip. The interior of the Denali also featured several upgrades not available on the mainstream Yukon. These standard features included an upgraded Nuance leather interior, driver and passenger 6-way power seats with power lumbar support, front and rear heated seats, a Bose 7 speaker (including subwoofer) audio system, an in-dash cassette, single CD player. Beginning in 2000 an in-console 6-disc CD changer was added and the continuous door buzzer was changed in favor of an actual chime that would later be used in the 2001-2002 Tahoe. Zebrano woodgrain accents decorated the front doors and center console. The front and rear doors featured unique "Yukon Denali" stitching in the panels. The unique cladding featured a Denali badge embossed in the lower cladding on the front doors.

The 350 cubic inch 5.7-litre 255 horsepower (L31) V8 was the only engine offered. RPO ZM9 was standard which included Bilstein 46mm shock absorbers and 3.73 front and rear axle ratios as well as a locking rear differential. Separate coolers for the transmission and engine oil were also standard. The Denali upgrade also included GM's automatic transfer case which allowed for push button transitions from 2-wheel high to 4-wheel high to 4 wheel low or fully automatic switching from 2 wheel drive to 4 wheel drive.

2001–2006
It was not until 2001 that the Denali was redesigned based on the GMT800 platform. At the same time, GMC also introduced the extended-length Yukon XL Denali. All 2001-2006 Yukon and Yukon XL Denali models were built at the Janesville Assembly Plant. Embossed side body panels and chrome surrounding the headlights differentiate the Yukon Denali from the regular Yukon. 2001 also saw the introduction of the honeycomb pattern grille which now has become the hallmark of the Denali nameplate. 2001 saw the introduction of the 6.0L V8 application in the standard-size Yukon in the Denali trim for $45,000.00 which it also shared with the Cadillac Escalade. The engine produced 320 hp upon its introduction, then was upgraded to 325 hp in 2003. 2001 also introduced a new upgraded interior and new options such as 20-inch wheels.

The previous (for 2001 only) C3 model of the GMC Sierra trucks were renamed Denali in late 2001 as a 2002 model. The 2002–2004 Sierra Denali was equipped standard with a 325 hp 6.0 L V8, all-wheel-drive, and Quadrasteer, the 4-wheel steering system developed by General Motors. No 5.3 L V8 option was offered (until the 2014 model year with the K2XX platform).

For 2005 to 2007, "Classic body style" Sierra Denalis were equipped with a 345 hp 6.0 L V8. Additionally the trucks from 2005 to 2007 (2007 being classic body style) were changed to a crew cab with a 5'8" bed and did not have Quadrasteer as the 2001-2004 Sierra Denalis had.

2007
In 2007, the GMC Yukon and Sierra lines were completely revamped with the Denali included, now with a 6.2L V8 (producing 380 HP / 417 lb/ft) in the Yukon Denali and (producing 403 HP/ 417 lb/ft) in the Sierra Denali), six-speed automatic transmissions, and many new features and options such as power folding second row seats and rear backup camera. Styling was also changed, particularly the controversial grill and headlights, which made the Yukon look much less aggressive than any previous models. The MSRP's of the 2007 models were not increased.

2008
In 2008, there were few small changes such as the gauge cluster on Sierra Denali.
2008 was the last year Janesville Assembly Plant built all Yukon / Yukon XL Denali before production was sent to Arlington Assembly during the 2009 model year.

GMC Denali XT concept (2008)

Unveiled at the 2008 Chicago Auto Show, the GMC Denali XT was a concept hybrid pickup truck with unibody design using Zeta platform. It had a 4.9 L V8 with Active Fuel Management engine rated at  with E85 ethanol-capability and direct-injection, two-mode hybrid propulsion system, 23-inch aluminum wheels with Kumho 255/35/R23 front and 285/35/R23 rear tires, height-adjustable suspension,  payload and  towing capacities. The vehicle was designed by GM's Australian design studios.

Although General Motors planned for a production version based on Epsilon II platform, it was reported the company cancelled the plan because the unibody design would not give much of an efficiency boost while losing capability for which buyers were willing to pay a premium.

2009
In 2009, minor changes were made to the Yukon Denali. These changes include 403HP instead of 380HP, Cooled and perforated leather seats (optional), Bluetooth Handsfree calling standard, and flat chrome insert/body colored bodyside moldings. Also a power tilt steering wheel is now standard. The Satellite Navigation System (optional) now has the added features of instant traffic updates, and re-routing options. Side Zone Blind Spot Alert is now optional.

2010
The GMC Acadia and GMC Sierra HD were added to the Denali lineup as 2011 models.

2012
The GMC Terrain was added to the Denali lineup as a 2013 model.

2014–present
GMC unveiled its next generation Denalis, beginning with a newly redesigned Sierra pickup for the 2014 model year in 2013, followed by the launching of the 2015 Yukon and Yukon XL SUVs in February 2014.

The GMC Canyon was added to the Denali lineup as a 2017 model.

Models

References

Denali
Sport utility vehicles
Luxury vehicles
Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers

GMC Denali


The STAR Management Week is the highlight of the year at RSM Erasmus University, as it is one of the largest student events in Benelux. This weeklong event is considered the annual pinnacle of STAR. Each autumn, over 100 multinationals, 600 students, and several guest speakers from around the globe participate in the STAR Management Week. The STAR Management Week was first organized in 1987, named Sviib Week. In 1996, the name changed to Sviib Management Week, changing to STAR Management Week in 2005.

The STAR Management consists of a wide array of activities, such as :

 Entrepreneurial Seminar
 Women's Conference
 Workshops
 Corporate Games
 Golf Clinic
 Sushi Workshop
 Company Dinner
 Company Visit
 Inhouse Day
 STAR Party

Academic Activities
The STAR Management Week always opened with the Academic Conference. The STAR Management Week 2013 will be the first edition without this conference. Instead, it will host a Women's Conference and the annual recurring Entrepreneurial Seminar.

The Academic Conference was a distinguished academic event hosting several business and political leaders, who discussed global issues. Past speakers include:

2012
 Jim Stolze - Host of the Day
 Herbert Hainer - CEO Adidas group
 Joost Conijn - Artist
 Kyle MacDonald - One Red Paperclip
 Joseph Oubelkas - Author of '400 brieven van mijn moeder'
 Samuel Aranda - Photographer, Winner of the 'World Press Photo 2012'

2011
 Hans Weijers - CEO Akzo Nobel)
 Jan Heemskerk - Editor-in-Chief at SMM/Playboy
 Rebecca Stephens - First British woman to climb Everest and the Seven Summits
 Eelco Hoekstra - Chairman of the Executive Board of Royal Vopak
 Christof H. Rühl - Group Chief Economist and Vice President of BP plc

2010
 Baptiest Coopmans - Managing Director of Royal KPN NV and member of the Executive Board
 Dick Boer - CEO of Ahold Nederland NV and COO of Royal Ahold NV
 Pieter Jongstra - CEO of Ernst & Young
 Jan Pronk - Former Minister for Development Cooperation and former Minister of Environment
 Joop Munsterman - President of FC Twente and CEO of Royal Wegener NV
 Jan Närlinge - Vice President of Boeing International and President of Boeing Northern Europe
 Ulrich Bez - CEO of Aston Martin

2009
 Chairman of the day: Lucy Hockings - Presenter of BBC World News
 Nick Hoek - CEO of Delta Lloyd Group
 Peter Bakker - CEO of TNT
 Reinhard Gorenflos - Senior Executive of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & co.
 Erik Varwijk - Executive Vice President International and the Netherlands of Air France KLM
 Freek Vermeulen - Associate professor of Strategic & International Management London Business School
 Alex Brenninkmeijer - Ombudsman of the Netherlands
 Maxime Verhagen - Minister of Foreign Affairs

2008
 Guusje ter Horst - Minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations
 Jenny Shipley - Former Prime Minister of New-Zealand
 Chris Zook - Head of Global Strategy Practice Bain & Company
 Jan van Rutte - CEO of Fortis Bank Netherlands N.V.
 Paul Schnabel - Director of The Netherlands Institute for Social Research/SCP
 Chang - former CEO Philips Greater China
 René Paas - Chairman of the National Federation of Christian Trade Unions in the Netherlands
 Henk Volberda - Chairman of the Department of Strategic Management & Business Environment

2007 (Theme: Turn Good into Gold)
 David Eades - presenter of BBC World
 Ibrahim Abouleish - Founder of Right Livelihood Award Laureate
 Wouter Bos - Dutch Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Finance
 Antony Burgmans - Former CEO of Unilever
 Alexander Rinnooy Kan - Chairman of the Social and Economic Council of the Netherlands
 Jeffrey Sachs - Professor and Director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University
 Ben Verwaayen - CEO of British Telecom

2006 (Think Free, Act Different)
 Todd Benjamin - Financial editor and anchorman for CNN
 Ruud Lubbers - Former Prime Minister of the Netherlands, Former United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
 Gerrit Zalm - Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister of the Netherlands
 Hans-Paul Bürkner - President and CEO of The Boston Consulting Group
 Ad Scheepbouwer - CEO of KPN
 Agnes van Ardenne van der Hoeve - Minister for Development Cooperation of the Netherlands, Second and Third Balkenende cabinet
 Prof. dr. Rob de Wijk - Political Risk Expert from the Clingendael Institute
 Chris Zook - Director at Bain & Company

2005 (The Political Risks of Foreign Investments)
 Charles Hodson - CNN Anchorman
 George Möller - CEO of Robeco
 Gordon Redding - INSEAD
 Guoyong Liang - UNCTAD
 Carlos Fortin - UNCTAD
 Mohammed Ibrahim - Founder and CEO of Celtel
 Jack Koolen - Managing Director Monitor Group South Africa
 Tayfun Bayazit - CEO Disbank
 Kaya Tuncer - President of ESBAS

Entrepreneurial Seminar

The Entrepreneurial Seminar is the event where successful entrepreneurs share their experience with young students. Past speakers at the Entrepreneurial Seminar include:

2012
 Menno Beker - Host of the Day and Serial Entrepreneur
 Batul Loomans - Founder Buddha to Buddha
 Angelie Kaag & Cécile Wijdenes - Founders Lily's Cupcakes
 Henk Teunissen - CEO Rivièra Maison
 Philip Hess - Co-founder Senz◦ umbrellas
 Reinout Oerlemans - Founder Eyeworks

2011
 Chairman of the day: Eva Jinek (Journalist, TV anchor)
John de Mol - Co-founder Endemol
 Reynier van Bommel - CEO Van Bommel B.V.
 Jan van Kuijk - Co-founder Flow Traders
 Taco Carlier - Co-founder VANMOOF
 Ridder Drost - Founder Liquido d'Oro BV

2010
 Chairman: Ben Tiggelaar (Author, researcher and speaker)
Marlies Dekkers - Founder Marlies Dekkers
 Harald van der Swinkels - Co-founder Nederlandse Energie Maatschappij
 Marc van der Chijs - Founder Tudou
 Igor Milder - Co-founder of INPACT
 Water Peteri - Co-founder of Quooker
 Bob Ultee - Founder of Sabon

2009
 Chairman: Ben Tiggelaar (Author, researcher and speaker)
 Rob Heilbron - Founder of Sapph Lingerie and co-founder of O'Neill
 Jitse Groen - Founder of Thuisbezorgd.nl and Takeaway.com
 Jacob Gelt Dekker - Founder of One Hour Super Photo and Budget Rent a Car
 Boris Veldhuijzen van Zanten - Serial Internet Entrepreneur Founder of Redirect Services
 Duncan Stutterheim - Founder of ID&T, World's biggest dance entrepreneur
 Kevin Eyres - Chief Executive Officer of LinkedIn Europe
 Mark Wegh - Emerging Entrepreneur 2008, Founder of Porsche Centrum Gelderland
 Thijs Boekhoff - Founder of Squarewise

2008
 Chairman: Ben Tiggelaar (Author, researcher and speaker)
 Mario Moretti Polegato - Founder of Geox
 Dirk Scheringa - Founder of DSB Bank
 Henk Keilman - Founder of RIG Investments
 Richard Homburg - Founder of Homburg N.V.
 Annemarie van Gaal - Founder of AM Media
 Marc Cornelissen - Adventurer and Founder of Xmarx
 Bernhard van Oranje - Co-Founder Levi9 Global Sourcing

2007
 Maarten de Bruijn - Co-founder Spyker Cars N.V. and Founder and CEO Silvestris
 Eric Meurice - President and CEO ASML Holding N.V.
 Clarissa Sarah Slingerland - Founder and CEO MissPublicity
 Justin Sanders - CEO Campina B.V.
 Coen van Oostrom - Founder and CEO OVG Project Development
 Alexander Ribbink - CEO TomTom N.V.
 Yvonne Swaans - Founder and CEO Direct Wonen N.V.

2006
 Chairman: Pieter Witteveen (Founding partner and director OC&C Strategy Consultants Benelux)
 Frits Goldschmeding - Founder, Former President and Former CEO Randstad Holding N.V.
 Nancy McKinstry - CEO and Chairman of the Executive Board Wolter Kluwer N.V.
 Gary Mesch - Co-founder, Former CEO and Former Chairman Versatel Telecom International N.V.
 Marc van der Heijden - Co-founder, Former Chief Regulatory Officer Versatel Telecom International N.V.
Marlies Dekkers - Entrepreneur and Founder of Undressed
 Tierry Schaap - Founder and Chairman of the Management Board BicnkBank
 Peter Swinkels - CEO Bavaria N.V.
 René Frijters - Co-founder and Executive Director of Alex Beleggersbank

2005
 Jorien van den Herik - Former chairman of Feyenoord
 Mario Moretti Polegato - Founder and Chairman of Geox
  - Founder of Centric Holding
 Michiel Muller - Co-founder of Route Mobiel
 Jan van Meerveld - Founder of Heliflight & Events
 Pieter Witteveen - (Founder of OC&C Benelux)

Women's Conference

This Conference will showcase female professionals who will share their experiences and insights on how to fully realize women's potential for professional development. Past speakers include:

2012
 Jacqueline Zuidweg – CEO and Owner of Zuidweg & Partners B.V.
 Joanne Kellermann – Director Nederlandsche Bank
 Willemijn Maas – CEO Avro
 Yolanda Eijgenstein – Founder Why Company?
 Lidwien Schils - Head Renewable Energy and Infrastructure Finance Rabobank International
 Mascha Driessen – Head of YouTube Benelux
 Melissa Raczak – Director Business Consulting Deloitte

References

Student events
Week-long events

Management Week