The R.G. Stewart was a commercial packet steamer. On June 4, 1899, it caught fire and sank in Lake Superior, off the coast of Michigan Island in Chequamegon Bay. The site of the wreck was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.

History
The R.G. Stewart was built in Buffalo, New York, in 1878. It was originally used as a ferry on the Niagara River. The ship was brought to Duluth, Minnesota in 1882 and purchased by Captain Cornelius "Con" Flynn in 1894. Flynn used the ship to carry passengers and cargo to various ports along the south shore of Lake Superior, and had a very profitable business for several years.

On Saturday, June 3, 1899, Flynn left Hancock, Michigan with three passengers and his crew. The cargo included some live cattle. After stopping in Ontonagon, Michigan, The R.G. Stewart was destined for its home port of Duluth. A heavy fog soon developed, making visibility very poor. At 11:00 pm, running blind, the ship suddenly crashed aground on Michigan Island. All efforts to free the ship failed, and the crew decided to wait until morning to deal with the problem.

The next morning, the crew watched for other passing boats who could have helped, but no boats were sighted, and Captain Flynn decided to deal with the problem himself. The engines were started, and he pushed them feverishly in hopes of backing the boat off its standing point. Unfortunately, this caused the boilers to overheat, and the ship was set on fire. With the whole ship severely ablaze, the cattle were pushed overboard to save them. The cattle successfully swam to shore.

Several of the crew and passengers used the lifeboat, while some swam to shore. All survived, except for a crew member named George McKenna, who drowned. The eleven survivors were found by the keeper of the Michigan Island Light, who offered them food and shelter for the night. The following morning he took them to the mainland in his boat.

See also
Apostle Islands
List of shipwrecks of the United States

References

1878 ships
Maritime incidents in 1899
Shipwrecks of the Wisconsin coast
Shipwrecks on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
Shipwrecks of Lake Superior
Apostle Islands
National Register of Historic Places in Ashland County, Wisconsin
Ships built in Buffalo, New York

SS R.G. Stewart


You're in the Navy Now is a 1951 American war comedy film about the United States Navy in the first months of World War II. The film was directed by Henry Hathaway and stars Gary Cooper as a new officer wanting duty at sea but who is instead assigned to an experimental project without much hope of success. It was released by 20th Century Fox and its initial release was titled U.S.S. Teakettle. When the film failed to gain an audience, it was re-titled to the present title.

Filmed in black-and-white aboard the active Navy patrol craft PC-1168, You're in the Navy Now featured the film debuts of Charles Bronson, Lee Marvin and Harvey Lembeck in minor roles as crewmen. Screenwriter Richard Murphy was nominated by the Writers Guild of America for "Best Written American Comedy", basing his script on an article written by John W. Hazard in The New Yorker. Hazard, a professional journalist and naval reservist, had served during World War II as executive officer of the PC-452, a similar craft that served in 1943–44 as a test bed for steam turbine propulsion.

Plot
At Norfolk Naval Base in the opening months of World War II, Lieutenant John W. Harkness, a newly commissioned officer, bids goodbye to wife Ellie and reports aboard the PC-1168 unaware that his civilian background in engineering and his Rutgers education has elected him, by means of a hole punched in an IBM card, to head a secret project and command the ship. The Navy has installed a steam engine and an experimental evaporator-condenser in the ship to test its feasibility in patrol craft and has assigned Harkness to conduct the sea trials.

The crew of the submarine chaser assume that Harkness is Regular Navy. Her chief boatswain's mate, Chief Larrabee, and her chief machinist's mate are the only experienced seamen aboard. PC-1168'''s crew are all newly inducted civilians, and her officers recently commissioned "90 day wonders". The exec, Lt. (j.g.) Barron, is a good-natured idea-man whose knowledge of seamanship is out of books. The engineering officer, Ens. Barbo, has no training, education, or experience in engineering. And the supply-Mess officer, Ens. Dorrance, is plagued by seasickness.

After badly damaging the bow of the ship their first time underway, Harkness and his officers butt heads with gruff Commander Reynolds, who oversees the project as the representative of Rear Admiral Tennant. The first trial results in the ship being towed into port, disparaged as the "USS Teakettle" by the rest of the base. Reynolds restricts the crew to the ship until they make the system work, and as the failures mount, the crew's morale plummets, threatening the entire project. Ellie, who is with the WAVES, gets information to her husband about Tennant's activities.

The officers hit upon a scheme to enter a crewman in the base boxing championship to unite the crew. They train an engine room sailor, Wascylewski, to represent the ship. The crew bets heavily on their shipmate, and to ensure that the "Teakettle" does not fail a sea trial scheduled for the day of the fight, smuggles distilled water aboard. Wascylewski breaks his ribs during the sea trial, forcing Barbo to stand in, but surprisingly he wins the championship.

The film climaxes with the Official Sea Trial of the "Teakettle" in which the crew improvises a successful run. Even so, the trial ends in humiliation for the crew when the ship rams an aircraft carrier — again. At the board of inquiry that follows, Admiral Tennant reveals to Harkness that the selection of his crew was no fluke. The Navy already knew that experts could run the system; it needed to see if novice sailors, who made up the overwhelming percentage of the wartime Navy, could quickly learn to operate it.

As a reward for the trials and tribulations of the USS "Teakettle," to the delight of Chief Larrabee and the relief of Captain Harkness, the experimental steam power plant is replaced with a marine diesel. The PC-1168 is then assigned to convoy escort duty in the North Atlantic.

Cast
Gary Cooper – Lieutenant John Harkness
Jane Greer – Ensign Ellie Harkness
Millard Mitchell – Chief George Larrabee
Eddie Albert – Lieutenant (j.g.) Bill Barron
John McIntire – Commander W.R. Reynolds
Ray Collins – Rear Admiral L.E. Tennant
Jack Webb – Ensign Tony Barbo
Richard Erdman – Ensign Chuck Dorrance
Charles Bronson – Wascylewski [Waszylewski?]
Harry von Zell – Captain Danny Eliot
Ed Begley – Port commander
Harvey Lembeck – Seaman Norelli
Lee Marvin – signalman
Jack Warden – Helmsman Morris
Henry Slate  – Engineer Ryan

Production
Development
The screenplay was based on the article "The Flying Teakettle" by John W. Hazard, printed in the January 21, 1950 issue of The New Yorker. This humorous piece recounted incidents from Hazard's own World War II experience as captain of a diesel-powered warship. Though both Hazard and his crew had little experience at sea, they were selected to participate in a Navy experimental program that ultimately ended in failure.

Upon purchasing the rights, 20th Century Fox changed the title to U.S.S. Teakettle. Though neither director Henry Hathaway nor screenwriter Richard Murphy was adept at comedy, the studio relied on the "potential absurdities" of the storyline about inexperienced reservists "guiding an unreliable vessel through treacherous waters" to carry the film.

Casting
Studio contract player William Lundigan was initially considered for the lead role of Lieutenant John Harkness. When the budget was increased to include location filming at U.S. Navy yards in Virginia, the studio hired Gary Cooper to increase the audience appeal and bankability of the project. The film marked Cooper's first starring role for 20th Century Fox, which had hired him as an extra in the 1925 silent film The Lucky Horseshoe. Joanne Dru was the studio's first choice for the character of Ensign Ellie Harkness, but when she declined to sign a long-term contract, Jane Greer was cast instead.

The film marked the screen debuts of Lee Marvin, Charles Bronson, and Harvey Lembeck, and the second film appearance of Jack Warden.

FilmingYou're in the Navy Now was filmed in black-and-white in 1950 on location in Newport News, Virginia, at the Norfolk Naval Yard in Hampton Roads, Virginia, and aboard the PC-1168 based there. Except for stock footage of a boxing match, verisimilitude in the film was high. Aside from PC-1168, ships that appeared prominently in the film were , , , , , , , and . With the exception of the Albemarle, all (including PC-1168) were anachronistic to the date of the storyline.

ReleaseU.S.S. Teakettle premiered at the Roxy Theater in New York City on February 23, 1951. 20th Century Fox launched a nationwide promotional tour featuring Cooper, who also agreed to appear in the film's trailer.

Reception
Critical reviews
The film received positive reviews from critics. Variety called it "rib-tickling filmfare", noting that the series of adventures aboard ship "are run off smartly and help to disguise fact that there's practically no plot". This review also cited Cooper's performance for "sharpening up the entertainment values". Bosley Crowther of The New York Times praised the screenplay, acting, and directing, calling it "the most explosively funny service picture that has come along since the nickelodeon versions of the sinking of the battleship Maine". Otis Guernsey Jr. wrote in his review for Herald-Tribune: "Gary Cooper is ideally cast. His acting is of the economical and yet clear and versatile type that would make any audience identify itself with his frustration".

Box office and re-titling
Despite glowing reviews, the film did not attract audiences. Rather than re-edit and re-release the film, 20th Century Fox gave it a new title, You're in the Navy Now, in March 1951 and continued its run. With the new title, the film fared slightly better at the box office. It eventually lodged a net loss of $122,000.

Modern reviews
Modern reviews are less complimentary. Craig Butler of AllMovie calls You're in the Navy Now "a disappointing naval comedy that seems to have played much better when it was originally released. ... Seen today, it's labored and frequently boring". Butler critiques Hathaway's direction as "workmanlike and uninspired", and Cooper's "attempts at comedy are too often forced". Erickson agrees: "Viewed today, You're in the Navy Now doesn't seem quite as funny as many observers thought it was in 1951, hampered by the cut-and-dried 'factory' look common to most 20th Century Fox releases of the era".

Lawsuit
Arthur Curtis, author of the 1944 novel Hey, Mac! You're in the Navy Now, sued 20th Century Fox for $100,000 in March 1953, claiming the film title infringed on his book's title. The case was decided in the studio's favor by a California superior court in July 1953; a California District Court of Appeals upheld the lower court's decision in April 1956.

 See also You're in the Army Now'', a 1941 comedy film

References

Sources

External links

1951 comedy films
1951 films
20th Century Fox films
American comedy films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Henry Hathaway
Films scored by Cyril J. Mockridge
Films about the United States Navy in World War II
Military humor in film
1950s English-language films
1950s American films

You're in the Navy Now


Shackleton is an impact crater that lies at the lunar south pole. The peaks along the crater's rim are exposed to almost continual sunlight, while the interior is perpetually in shadow. The low-temperature interior of this crater functions as a cold trap that may capture and freeze volatiles shed during comet impacts on the Moon. Measurements by the Lunar Prospector spacecraft showed higher than normal amounts of hydrogen within the crater, which may indicate the presence of water ice. The crater is named after Antarctic explorer Ernest Shackleton.

Description

The rotational axis of the Moon passes through Shackleton, near the rim. The crater is  in diameter and  deep. From the Earth, it is viewed edge-on in a region of rough, cratered terrain. It is located within the South Pole–Aitken basin on a massif. The rim is slightly raised about the surrounding surface and it has an outer rampart that has been only lightly impacted. No significant craters intersect the rim, and it is sloped about 1.5° toward the direction 50–90° from the Earth. The age of the crater is about 3.6 billion years and it has been in the proximity of the south lunar pole for at least the last two billion years.

Because the orbit of the Moon is tilted only 1.5° from the ecliptic, the interior of this crater lies in perpetual darkness. Estimates of the area in permanent shadow were obtained from Earth-based radar studies. Peaks along the rim of the crater are almost continually illuminated by sunlight, spending about 80–90% of each lunar orbit exposed to the Sun. Continuously illuminated mountains have been termed peaks of eternal light and have been predicted to exist since the early nineteenth century.

The shadowed portion of the crater was imaged with the Terrain Camera of the Japanese SELENE spacecraft using the illumination of sunlight reflected off the rim. The interior of the crater consists of a symmetrical 30° slope that leads down to a  diameter floor. The handful of craters along the interior span no more than a few hundred meters. The bottom is covered by an uneven mound-like feature that is  thick. The central peak is about  in height.

The continuous shadows in the south polar craters cause the floors of these formations to maintain a temperature that never exceeds about . For Shackleton, the average temperature was determined to be about , reaching 88 K at the crater floor. Under these conditions, the estimated rate of loss from any ice in the interior would be 10−26 to 10−27 m/s. Any water vapor that arrives here following a cometary impact on the Moon would lie permanently frozen on or below the surface. However, the surface albedo of the crater floor matches the lunar far-side, suggesting that there is no exposed surface ice.

This crater was named after Ernest Shackleton, an Anglo-Irish explorer of Antarctica from 1901 until his death in 1922. The name was officially adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1994. Nearby craters of note include Shoemaker, Haworth, de Gerlache, Sverdrup, Slater, and Faustini. Somewhat farther away, on the eastern hemisphere of the lunar near side, are the larger craters Amundsen and Scott, named after two other early explorers of the Antarctic continent.

Exploration

From the perspective of the Earth, this crater lies along the southern limb of the Moon, making observation difficult. Detailed mapping of the polar regions and farside of the Moon did not occur until the advent of orbiting spacecraft. Shackleton lies entirely within the rim of the immense South Pole-Aitken basin, which is one of the largest known impact formations in the Solar System. This basin is over 12 kilometers deep, and an exploration of its properties could provide useful information about the lunar interior.

A neutron spectrometer on board the Lunar Prospector spacecraft detected enhanced concentrations of hydrogen close to the northern and southern lunar poles, including the crater Shackleton. At the end of this mission in July 1999, the spacecraft was crashed into the nearby crater Shoemaker in the hope of detecting from Earth-based telescopes an impact-generated plume containing water vapor. The impact event did not produce any detectable water vapor, and this may be an indication that the hydrogen is not in the form of hydrated minerals, or that the impact site did not contain any ice. Alternatively, it is possible that the crash did not excavate deeply enough into the regolith to liberate significant quantities of water vapor.

From Earth-based radar and spacecraft images of the crater edge, Shackleton appears to be relatively intact; much like a young crater that has not been significantly eroded from subsequent impacts. This may mean that the inner sides are relatively steep, which may make traversing the sides relatively difficult for a robotic vehicle. In addition, it is possible that the interior floor might not have collected a significant quantity of volatiles since its formation. However other craters in the vicinity are considerably older, and may contain significant deposits of hydrogen, possibly in the form of water ice. (See Shoemaker (lunar crater), for example.)

Radar studies preceding and following the Lunar Prospector mission demonstrate that the inner walls of Shackleton are similar in reflective characteristics to those of some sunlit craters. In particular, the surroundings appear to contain a significant number of blocks in its ejecta blanket, suggesting that its radar properties are a result of surface roughness, and not ice deposits, as was previously suggested from a radar experiment involving the Clementine mission. This interpretation, however, is not universally agreed upon within the scientific community. Radar images of the crater at a wavelength of 13 cm show no evidence for water ice deposits.

Optical imaging inside the crater was done for the first time by the Japanese lunar orbiter spacecraft Kaguya in 2007. It did not have any evidence of significant amount of water ice, down to the image resolution of 10 m per pixel.

On November 15, 2008, a 34-kg probe made a hard landing near the crater. The Moon Impact Probe (MIP) was launched from the Indian Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft and reached the surface 25 minutes later. The probe carried a radar altimeter, video imaging system, and a mass spectrometer, which will be used to search for water.

Potential uses

Some sites along Shackleton's rim receive almost constant illumination. At these locales sunlight is almost always available for conversion into electricity using solar panels, potentially making them good locations for future Moon landings. The temperature at this site is also more favorable than at more equatorial latitudes as it does not experience the daily temperature extremes of 100 °C when the Sun is overhead, to as low as −150 °C during the lunar night.

While scientific experiments performed by Clementine and Lunar Prospector could indicate the presence of water in the polar craters, the current evidence is far from definitive. There are doubts among scientists as to whether or not the hydrogen is in the form of ice, as well as to the concentration of this "ore" with depth below the surface. Resolution of this issue will require future missions to the Moon. The potential presence of water suggests that the crater floor could be "mined" for deposits of hydrogen in water form, a commodity that is expensive to deliver directly from the Earth.

This crater has also been proposed as a future site for a large infrared telescope. The low temperature of the crater floor makes it ideal for infrared observations, and solar cells placed along the rim could provide near-continuous power to the observatory. About 120 kilometers from the crater lies the 5-km tall Malapert Mountain, a peak that is perpetually visible from the Earth, and which could serve as a radio relay station when suitably equipped.

In 2006, NASA named the rim of Shackleton as a potential candidate for its lunar outpost, originally slated to be up and running by 2020 and continuously staffed by a crew by 2024. The location would promote self-sustainability for lunar residents, as perpetual sunlight on the south pole would provide energy for solar panels. Furthermore, the shadowed polar regions are believed to contain the frozen water necessary for human consumption and could also be harvested for fuel manufacture. The crater is a major landing site candidate for the Artemis program and could be explored by a crew starting in 2024 with the first lunar outpost in 2028.

In popular culture

Shackleton plays prominently in the alternate history television drama series For All Mankind. In the program, astronauts in a fictionalized version of the Apollo 15 mission land near Shackleton in 1971 and discover water ice in the crater walls. Later, the United States and the Soviet Union establish competing, crewed bases next to the crater to take advantage of the ice for drinking, oxygen and other uses.

Shackleton was also the site of the first lunar base in Mass Effect.  It was chosen as a location due to its hypothesised water ice deposits.

Shackleton was the location for the site of the Chinese National Space Agency moonbase Guang Han Gong-1 in the fictional podcast series Transmissions from Colony One.

See also

 Colonization of the Moon
 Lunar ice
 Lunar south pole

References

External links
  Shackleton Crater Topography Visualization from NASA LRO

LQ30 quadrangle
Impact craters on the Moon

Shackleton (crater)


Veslud is a commune. It is in the Picardie region in the Aisne department in the north of France. In 2012, 253 people lived there.

The motto « Vetus lucus semper virens » ("Old sacred wood still green") suggests it might have been a place of cult during Antiquity.

A German cemetery was built at the end of World War I, where 1,704 soldiers are buried.

Communes in Aisne

Veslud


Mama(s) or Mamma or Momma may refer to:

Roles
Mother, a female parent
Mama-san, in Japan and East Asia, a woman in a position of authority
Mamas, a name for female associates of the Hells Angels

Places
Mama, Russia, an urban-type settlement in Mamsko-Chuysky District of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia
Mama Airport, an airport there
Mama (river), a tributary of the Vitim in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia
Mama Municipality, Yucatán, a municipality of Yucatán
Mama, Yucatán, the municipal seat of the Mama Municipality, Yucatán

Anatomy
The breast, the upper ventral region of a mammal's torso; see:
Mamma (anatomy) of humans
Mammary gland of female mammals
Udder of female quadruped mammals

Art, entertainment, and media

People and fictional characters
Big Bad Mama, stage name of Lynn Braxton, professional wrestler from the Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling
Big Mama, former manager of American professional wrestler Jimmy Valiant (born 1942)
Gemma Teller Morrow, a character on The Sons of Anarchy television show, called "Mama" by her lover Nero Padilla
Mama Fratelli, a character in the 1985 American adventure comedy The Goonies
Mama Maybelle Harper, a character in the American TV sitcom Gimme a Break!
Mamas K. Chandran (born 1981), Indian film director, known professionally as Mamas
Mama Threadgoode, a character in the 1991 American comedy-drama movie Fried Green Tomatoes
Momma Lift, a character in the 1987 American crime comedy movie Throw Momma from the Train
Shylo Malsawmtluanga, an Indian footballer nicknamed Mama
Thelma Harper or "Mama", a fictional character on The Carol Burnett Show and the sitcom Mama's Family
 Mama Thakur, fictional villain in the 1994 Indian film Dilwale, played by Paresh Rawal

Film and television
Ma-ma (1976 film), a Soviet–French–Romanian musical film directed by Elisabeta Bostan
Mamma (1982 film), a Swedish film directed by Suzanne Osten
Mama (1990 film), a Chinese film directed by Zhang Yuan
 "Mama", a 1985 episode of the TV sitcom Gimme a Break!
Mamá (2008 film), an Argentine short film directed by Andres Muschietti
Mama (2013 film), a Spanish-Canadian-Mexican supernatural horror directed by Andres Muschietti
Ma Ma (2015 film), a Spanish film directed by Julio Medem
Mama (American TV series), a 1949–1957 American comedy–drama series
Mama (South Korean TV series), a 2014 South Korean television series
"Mama", a season 3 final episode of Servant (TV series)

Literature
Mamma (1908), a novel by Rhoda Broughton
"Mama", a short story by Dorothy Allison in the collection Trash: Short Stories (1988)
Mama: Love, Motherhood and Revolution, a 2015 anthology by Antonella Gambotto-Burke
Momma, a syndicated comic strip

Music

Bands
Momma (band), an American indie rock band from Los Angeles, California formed in 2018

Albums
Mama (Brenda Fassie album) or the title song, 1994
Mama (Nomeansno album), 1982
Mama (Vitas album), or the title song, 2003
Mama (EP) or the title song (see below), by EXO-K and EXO-M, 2012
Mama, an EP by Adrian Eagle, 2019

Songs
"Mama" (6ix9ine song), 2018
"Mama" (B. J. Thomas song), 1966
"Mama" (Clean Bandit song), 2019
"Mama" (Exo song), 2012
"Mama" (Genesis song), 1983
"Mama" (Jonas Blue song), 2017
"Mama" (Spice Girls song), 1997
"Mama" (Umberto Tozzi and Laura Branigan song), 1983
"Mama" (Vladimir Arzumanyan song), Armenia entry in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2010
"Mama (Ana Ahabak)", by Christina Stürmer, 2003
"Mama (Loves a Crackhead)", by Plan B, 2006
"Mamas" (song), by Anne Wilson and Hillary Scott, 2022
"Mamma" (song), a 1940 Italian song composed by Cesare Andrea Bixio and Bixio Cherubini; covered in English by David Whitfield (1955), Connie Francis (1960), and others
"Mama", by Alabama Shakes from Boys & Girls, 2012
"Mama", by Ant Wan, 2019
"Mama", by Beth Hart from Screamin' for My Supper, 1999
"Mama", by Brymo from Oṣó, 2018
"Mama", by BTS from Wings, 2016
"Mama", by Chris Brown from Exclusive, 2007
"Mama", by Electric Light Orchestra from ELO 2, 1973
"Mama", by Ella Eyre and Banx & Ranx, 2019
"Mama", by Godsmack from IV, 2006
"Mama", by Helen Reddy from Music, Music, 1976
"Mama", by Il Divo from Il Divo, 2004
"Mama", by The Kelly Family, 1999
"Mama", by Kim Appleby from Kim Appleby, 1990
"Mama", by The Lonely Island from Turtleneck & Chain, 2011
"Mama", by Lyfe Jennings from I Still Believe, 2010
"MAMA", by MadClip (1987-2021) Greek-American rapper
"Mama", by My Chemical Romance from The Black Parade, 2006
"Mama", by Oingo Boingo from Boi-ngo, 1986
"Mama", by The Sugarcubes from Life's Too Good, 1988
"Mama", by The-Dream from Love Hate, 2007
"Mamá", by Timbiriche from La Banda Timbiriche, 1982
"Mama", by Toto from Hydra, 1979
"Mama", by Trina from The One, 2019
"Mama", by Yemi Alade from Mama Africa, 2016
"M.A.M.A", by Nana Mizuki from Alive & Kicking, 2004

Other music
MAMA Records, an American record label
Mnet Asian Music Awards, an annual South Korean music awards show
MTV Africa Music Awards, a continental music awards show

Other entertainment
Mama (magazine), a Swedish magazine
Mama (1966), a stage musical by Mbongeni Ngema

Brands and enterprises
MAMA & Company, a UK live-venue and event management company
MAMA Gallery, an art gallery in Los Angeles, California
MAMMA (association), Modernist Architects of Morocco Memorial Association
Murray Art Museum Albury, New South Wales, Australia
Massachusetts Academy of Math and Science at WPI (MAMAS)
Mama, a brand of instant noodles by Thai President Foods

Computing and technology
Mama (software), an object-oriented programming language
Mamma.com, a metasearch engine operated by Copernic

Religion and mythology
Mammes of Caesarea or Mammas (259–275), semi-legendary child-martyr of the 3rd century
Mami (goddess) or Mama, a goddess in the Babylonian epic Atra-Hasis
Ninhursag or Mamma, a Sumerian earth goddess

Other uses
Mama (wasp), a genus of wasps in the tribe Euphorini
Mama and papa, in linguistics, the sequences of sounds corresponding to the words for "mother" and "father"
Mama or sugar mama, a term for an age disparity in sexual relationships in which the older partner takes care of the younger, usually financially

See also
Baby mama (disambiguation)
Big Bad Mamma, a track from the soundtrack to the 1997 film, How to Be a Player
La Mama (disambiguation)
Lil Mama (born 1989), American hip hop recording artist
Ma (disambiguation)
Ma-Mha, a 2007 Thai film
Mame (disambiguation)
Mami (disambiguation)
Mamma mia (disambiguation)
Mammatus cloud
Mamo (song), by Anastasia Prikhodko, Russia's 2009 Eurovision entry
Maternal insult or "yo mama joke"
Mom (disambiguation)
Mommy (disambiguation)
Mother (disambiguation)
Suga Mama (disambiguation)

Mama


Wolong National Nature Reserve  is a national park in Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China. It was established in 1963. The reserve has an area of about 200,000 hectares. There are over 4,000 different species recorded in the reserve. Wolong National Nature Reserve houses more than 150 endangered giant pandas.

In June 1980, the China Research and Conservation Center for the Giant Panda was established. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and the Chinese government cooperated to establish the center. Researchers have made trials on how to breed the giant pandas. They have successfully bred 66 panda cubs.

A mountain stream runs through the Wolong Valley (where the Reserve is); the stream is heavily armoured with boulders and smaller rounded stones. Stream waters are rather alkaline with pH levels in the range of 8.91. (Hogan, 2007) Water quality turbidity is quite high due to extensive sand and gravel mining in stream.

According to a 2001 research by Dr. Jianguo Liu of Michigan State University, the rate of destruction is higher after the reserve's creation than before its creation. Using NASA's satellite images and records of the number of people there, Liu's research team concluded that due to tourism and the increase in the number of people, the reserve is facing an unprecedented threat. "Tourists do not think they have an impact on panda habitat, but indirectly each visitor has some impact," Liu said. "We do not see ourselves as a destructive force, but we are."

References

Other websites
 Giant panda cubs at Wolong National Nature Reserve
 Wolong Panda Club
 Dutch informational website about Wolong

Biosphere reserves
Geography of the People's Republic of China

Wolong National Nature Reserve


Jonathan Estabrooks (born 1983) is a Canadian baritone, record producer, filmmaker and graduate of the Juilliard School. He is active in the Canadian and American opera, concert and musical theatre worlds and on YouTube. He was executive producer and creator of Artists for the Arts, a charity single and music video in support of Americans for the Arts in their efforts to save the National Endowment for the Arts

Music career
Born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Estabrooks began his musical training as a member of the Opera Lyra Ottawa Boys Choir and Opera Lyra Chorus. He first sang with orchestra in 1994 as the Shepherd Boy in Tosca by Puccini. In 1993 he joined the Company of Musical Theatre, appearing is such productions as Annie, Oliver! as 'Oliver Twist', the Will Rogers Follies and West Side Story.

In October 1999, he sang as part of a vocal quartet for the opening of a new US Embassy in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada for then President Bill Clinton, and Prime Minister of Canada, Jean Chrétien.

He earned his Bachelor of Music degree from the University of Toronto in 2006 and his Masters of Music degree from the Juilliard School in 2009, where he was a student of Marlena Malas. He is a graduate of Ashbury College. He has also coached with Brian Zeger, Joan Dornemann, Craig Rutenberg, Margo Garrett, Nico Castel, Joan Dornemann and Denise Massé.

Estabrooks sang with the Juilliard Orchestra for the New York Premiere of Siarra a work for baritone and orchestra as part of the 2009 Juilliard Focus Festival. Estabrooks was a finalist in the 2007 Bryan Law Opera Competition and the 2009 Lyndon Woodside Solo Competition performed at Carnegie Hall.

He made his National Arts Centre Orchestra debut in 2007, with Pinchas Zukerman conducting and his National Arts Centre recital debut in 2009.

Estabrooks was the baritone soloist in Brahms' Eine Deutsches Requiem with Coro Vivo Ottawa in 2008 and has also performed with the Kennett Symphony of Chester County and the Aldeburgh Connection recital series. He was also a 2009 finalist in the Brian Law Opera Scholarship in Ottawa sponsored by the National Capital Opera Society.   He appeared with pianist Joel Harder at the Caramoor Festival, presenting three concerts for the Holiday Musicale series at the Rosen House.

On June 19, 2009 in Ottawa, he made his National Arts Centre Recital debut with soprano Meghan McPhee as participants in the NAC Summer Music Institute. Other recent credits include performances with the Israeli Chamber Orchestra, and a 20-city tour in L'Elisir d'Amore with Jeunesses Musicales.  In April, at New York's Weill Recital Hall, Estabrooks won the top prize in a competition presented by the Oratorio Society of New York.

Estabrooks made his Opera Lyra Ottawa main-stage debut in the role of Silvio in September 2011 at the National Arts Centre. He debuted with the Greenwich Choral Society singing the baritone solo for In Terra Pax and a world premiere by composer  Rob Mathes.

He made his Toronto Symphony Orchestra debut on October 9 and 10, 2012 with conductor Steven Reineke in a program entitled "Some Enchanted Evening: The Music of Rodgers & Hammerstein" with Broadway stars Ashley Brown and Aaron Lazar. He returned to Roy Thomson Hall with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra on May 20 and 21, 2014 to perform in Classical Broadway: Lerner and Loewe.

On March 5, 2013, Estabrooks made his Carnegie Hall-Stern Auditorium Debut with conductor Kent Tritle and the Oratorio Society of New York in the New York premiere of Paul Moravec's 'Blizzard Voices'.

He appeared as the Baron in the Opera Lyra Ottawa production of La Traviata on March 21 and 23, 2013 with the National Arts Centre Orchestra alongside Corrine Winters, Eric Magiore, Marion Newman, Gregory Dahl and conductor Tyrone Paterson.

On July 15, 2013, Estabrooks successfully raised US$25,730 on the funding website Kickstarter for the recording of his debut album with orchestra.  Entitled "These Miles" it was released on April 8, 2014 fusing elements of classical, pop and classic musical theatre with the lushness of the Macedonia Radio Orchestra. Collaborations include tenor Jonathan Antoine, formerly of the duo Jonathan and Charlotte and New Age classical pianist and composer Jennifer Thomas (pianist). It was produced by Dave Reitzas, Oran Eldor and himself and was recorded with the help of over 50 musicians from around the world.

On November 21 & 22, 2014, Estabrooks made his Vancouver Symphony Orchestra debut in a program of Lerner and Loewe alongside Steven Reineke, tenor David Curry, and soprano Amy Wallis.

In March 2015 he made his Seattle Symphony debut with conductor Steven Reineke in a program entitled "Some Enchanted Evening: A Rodgers & Hammerstein Celebration" with Broadway stars Ashley Brown and Aaron Lazar.

On September 24, 2015, with only 2-weeks notice, he stepped in for an ailing baritone to play the lead role of Bum Phillips in Bum Phillips All American Opera, telling the story of the head coach of the Houston Oilers. The performance marked the opera's Houston premiere at the  Stafford Township Arts Center and a benefit for the Dan Pastorini charity.

On March 7, 2017, executive producer Estabrooks, producer Michael J. Moritz Jr., Broadway orchestrator Charlie Rosen, and producer Van Dean of Broadway Records  helped gather a galaxy of stars at Avatar Studios in New York and Los Angeles  gathered a galaxy of voices and performers for an all-star single and video to benefit Americans For The Arts. Their gospel-tinged cover of The Beatles' "With a Little Help From My Friends" was released on March 23, 2017, just a week after the National Endowment for the Arts and other arts organizations came under fire in President Trump's proposed budget. Participating artists included television star Annie Golden, Chris Mann and Peter Hollens; Broadway stars Telly Leung, Lexi Lawson, Liz Callaway, Ektor Rivera, Bryan Terrell Clark (Hamilton), Lillias White (Fela!, The Life), Aaron Lazar (The Last Ship, The Light In the Piazza), Ashley Brown, Carmen Cusack, Cass Dillon, Lauren Jelencovich (Yanni Vocalist), Noah Stewart; spoken word artists Taylor Mali, Trace DePass, Shanelle Gabriel; cabaret stars Natalie Douglas and KT Sullivan, and a pop chorus of 50 accompanied by full orchestra.

100% of net proceeds from the single went to support Americans For The Arts and their efforts in Arts Advocacy, funding and education in order to protect the National Endowment for the Arts.

In October 2019, Estabrooks created the role of Mat Burke in the world premiere production of Anna Christie, a new music drama based on the Eugene O'Neill play. It was composed by Edward Thomas with libretto by Joseph Masteroff and was be produced by Encompass New Opera Theatre at Baruch College Performing Arts Centre. A recording with the original cast, produced by Thomas Z. Shepard and conducted by Julian Wachner, with the orchestra NOVUS New York, was released by Broadway Records on August 16, 2019. It was a collaboration of Trinity Church and Encompass New Opera Theatre and debuted at #6 on the Billboard classical album chart.

Mr. Estabrooks is currently directing and co-producing BLACK OPERA, A documentary film celebrating the breakout careers of the first generation of African-American opera superstars and the future of Opera. It will feature stars past and present including Leontyne Price, Simon Estes, Grace Bumbry, Martina Arroyo, George Shirley and Jessye Norman.

In July 2021, Jonathan joined Emitha LLC as producer and Vice president of Production managing media projects in music and film including full album production (sound mixing/mastering) and visual media (DP/Director). Mr. Estabrooks works with both Crossover Records and Lexicon Classics, two record labels owned by Emitha LLC. To date he has produced and/or mixed over 20 projects in the classical and crossover genres.

LAMENT produced by Mr. Estabrooks for Grammy® nominated baritone Sidney Outlaw and Warren Jones reached #2 on the Billboard Traditional Classical chart.

Awards, honors and distinctions
2011: First Place winner, Oratorio Society of New York's Lyndon Woodside Oratorio-Solo Competition.

Discography

These Miles
Independent (CD: April 8, 2014, ASIN: B00IT4YEFQ)
Play Me – 3:54
Kathy's Song – 3:36
Time After Time – 4:51
Le Cose Che Tu Sei— 4:39
Calling You – 5:12
She – 4:29
Por Una Cabeza – 3:44
Always On My Mind – 3:28
Away From the Roll of the Sea – 4:09
Any Place I Hang My Hat is Home – 4:46
All the Things You Are/Hymne a L'amour – 4:46
Fly Away – 3:36

With A Little Help From My Friends - Single
Broadway Records (Single: March 2017, ASIN: B06XQ7GHYC)
With A Little Help From My Friends – 4:43

Anna Christie: World Premiere Recording
Broadway Records (CD: August 16, 2019, ASIN: B07TNVX4RT)

Disc: 1
Act 1, Scene 1: Prelude
Act 1, Scene 1: Inside Larry's Bar, Chris and Larry
Act 1, Scene 1: Marthy Enters
Act 1, Scene 1: Anna Enters
Act 1, Scene 1: Chris Re-Awakens
Act 1, Scene 1: Anna and Chris Meet
Act 1, Scene 1: Orchestral Interlude
Act 1, Scene 2: Anna and Chris on His Barge
Act 1, Scene 2: Orchestral Interlude
Act 1, Scene 2: Mat Enters
Act 1, Scene 2: Anna and Mat Alone
Act 1, Scene 2: Chris Re-Enters

Disc: 2
Act 2, Scene 1: The Cabin on Chris's Barge; Chris and Anna
Act 2, Scene 1: Mat and Chris
Act 2, Scene 1: Anna Enters
Act 2, Scene 1: Orchestral Interlude
Act 2, Scene 2: On the Deck of the Barge, Anna and Chris
Act 2, Scene 2: Mat Returns

References

External links

Canadian baritones
Canadian operatic baritones
1983 births
Living people
Musicians from Ottawa
21st-century Canadian male singers

Jonathan Estabrooks


The Gopala Tapani Upanishad () is a Sanskrit text, and one of the later Upanishads attached to the Atharvaveda. The Gopāla-Tāpanī is one of the four Tāpinī Upanishads (Nṛsiṁha, Rāma, Tripurā, and Gopāla).

This Vaishnava Upanishad belongs to the Tandya school of the Atharvaveda. Like the Gopala-Tapani Upanishad is an anthology of texts that must have pre-existed as separate texts, and were edited into a larger text by one or more ancient Indian scholars. The precise chronology of Gopala-Tapani Upanishad is uncertain, and it is variously dated to have been composed by the 8th to 6th century BCE in India.

It is one of the largest Upanishadic compilations, and has eight Prapathakas  (literally lectures, chapters), each with many volumes, and each volume contains many verses. The volumes are a motley collection of stories and themes. As part of the poetic and chants-focussed atharvaveda, the broad unifying theme of the Upanishad is the importance of speech, language, song and chants to man's quest for knowledge and salvation, to metaphysical premises and questions, as well as to rituals.

The Gopala-Tapani Upanishad is notable for its lifting metric structure, its mention of ancient cultural elements such as musical instruments, and embedded philosophical premises that later served as foundation for Vedanta school of Hinduism. It is one of the most cited texts in later Bhasyas (reviews and commentaries) by scholars from the diverse schools of Hinduism.

Etymology

The Sanskrit word tāpanīya in the context of these Upanishads is not clear. The word is found in four different forms:  Tāpanī is the most common form used in titles and references, but this appears to be an abbreviated form of the more correct tāpanīya, which appears in the texts themselves.
According to Monier-Williams, tāpanīya ("gold") is described to be the name of a school of the Vājaseyani Saṁhitā  that produced the four Upanishads bearing  this name. This assumes that they come from a common source something disputed by others, who believe that the three other works were written on the model of the  as a result of the success enjoyed by that work in bringing legitimation a particular ancient tradition containing Nṛsiṁha mantra. Deussen reads tapanīya, which means "that which must be heated" or "gold". It also has the meaning of "self-mortification".

The process of self-purification is often compared to smelting gold, which is heated repeatedly in fire to remove any impurities. Deussen thus explains the term is as follows: "Tapanam (austerity) is burning pain-suffering or ascetic self-sacrifice; Nṛsiṁha-tapanam thus means ascetic self-surrender to Nṛsiṁha. Therefore Nṛsiṁha-tapanīya Upanishad is "the doctrine concerning the ascetic surrender to Nṛsiṁha."

Dating
Farquhar dates it to have been composed after Nṛsiṁha-tāpanī Upanishad, which he estimates to be complete by the 7th century. He states that the first of the Tāpanīya Upanishads is believed to be the Nṛsiṁha, which served as the model for the others which took this name.  But it is not sure whether the text was of 7th century because it has no mention in Shankara's works.
The Gopala-Tapani text was extensively commented by the 16th-century scholar Jiva Goswami placing the two limits on its composition century. The 14th-century scholar Vidyaranya commented on Tapani series of Upanishad, so it is possible the text existed by then.

Contents
According to Swami Tripurari's commentary, he subject of the Gopala Tapani Upanishad is the deity Krishna, who is referred to as the knowledge identified by the Vedanta. The text purports to be the source of spiritual practices, which would lead to the realisation that Krishna is the highest truth, and the goal (prayojana) of the text is to foster devotion towards the deity, for the sake of devotion. The text also contains an account of Radha, the principal consort of Krishna, and thus also reverenced by all Radha-worshipping sects.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

Upanishads

Gopala Tapani Upanishad


Ashgabat Fountain is a fountain complex located in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. The complex currently holds two entries in the Guinness Book of Records - one for its size and one for "Most Fountain Pools in a Public Place." Constructed by the Turkish company Polimeks in 2008, the Ashgabat Fountain is located on the road leading from Ashgabat Airport to the city center of Ashgabat.

The Ashgabat Fountain has many decorative elements and is set in impressive landscaping. It is composed of a large-scale system of water jet displays accompanied by music and light. The pool and fountain complex spans 125,000 square meters (12.5 ha) and features 27 synchronized, illuminated, and fully programmable fountains. The fountain's lighting system is powered by solar energy. The complex was designed to represent the legendary ancestors of the Turkic people: Oguz Khan and his six sons: Gün Khan (Lord of the Sun), Ay Khan (Lord of the Moon), Yildiz Khan (Lord of the Stars), Gök Khan (Lord of Heaven), Dag Khan (Ruler of the Mountains) and Deniz Khan (Ruler of the Sea). The project's creative direction was led by the "People's Artist of Turkmenistan," Babasary Annamuradov. According to the sculpture's creators, it is meant to evoke the Turkmen people's peacefulness, their unbreakable unity, and cohesion, and the creative spirit and power of modern Turkmenistan.

Links
 Photos of the opening
 Fountain in Polimeks Insaat
 Ashgabat in Guinness Book

References

Fountains in Asia
Buildings and structures in Ashgabat
Landscape design history
Cultural infrastructure completed in 2008

Ashgabat Fountain


Ray Eden (1968 – 21 March 2011) was a British professional road cyclist. He is best known as the winner of the RTTC National 100-mile Championship in 1995, which he achieved at only his second attempt. He placed second in the event in 1994. Eden also represented Great Britain four times in 1995, including in the Irish Ras stage race in which he won a stage and the points jersey.

Eden joined Rotherham cycle maker Planet X in 1995 and worked there until his death.

Death
Eden died at Doncaster Royal Infirmary on 21 March 2011, having sustained serious head injuries in an incident near his home three days before. A man was subsequently charged with inflicting grievous bodily harm on Eden, and was jailed for manslaughter on 12 August 2011.

References

1968 births
2011 deaths
British male cyclists
British cycling road race champions
Cyclists from Yorkshire
20th-century British people

Ray Eden


Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289 (2001), is a United States Supreme Court case involving habeas corpus and INA § 212(c) relief (repealed 1997) for deportable aliens.

Facts
Enrico St. Cyr, a Haitian citizen, had been a lawful permanent resident (LPR) of the United States for ten years when he pleaded guilty to a controlled substance violation in Connecticut. Under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), St. Cyr became "removable" after he was convicted of a controlled substance violation. Before the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA), INA § 212(c) was interpreted to give the U.S. Attorney General broad discretion to waive deportation of certain LPRs. The AEDPA and IIRIRA, however, limited relief to LPRs and non-LPRs. U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft argued that AEDPA and IIRIRA stripped him of the authority to grant St. Cyr any waiver. St. Cyr, who had pleaded guilty on March 8, 1996, which was prior to the enactment of AEDPA and IIRIRA, had removal proceedings brought against him on April 10, 1997, after the enactment of these Acts, conceded removability but argued that he was entitled to a writ of habeas corpus. The U.S. District for the District of Connecticut accepted St. Cyr's habeas corpus application and agreed that the new restrictions do not apply to removal proceedings brought against an LPR who pleaded guilty to a deportable crime before the enactment of AEDPA and IIRIRA. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed.

Issues
The Supreme Court answered two questions. The first one was procedural. Do the AEDPA and IIRIRA strip federal district courts of habeas corpus jurisdiction over deportable aliens as previously granted under ? The substantive question was whether the federal laws deny relief under INA § 212(c) to LPRs who would have been eligible for such relief at the time of their convictions?

Decision
In a 5-4 opinion, Justice John Paul Stevens wrote for the majority stating that Congress did not intend to strip the federal district courts of their authority to hear habeas petitions from deportable aliens, and that the AEDPA and IIRIRA did not deny relief under INA § 212(c) to LPRs who would have been eligible for such relief at the time of their convictions. Stevens reasoned that the Supreme Court should interpret statutes as avoiding constitutional issues, such as abridging the right to habeas corpus. He also argued that there is a presumption that administrative proceedings can be appealed to Article III federal courts.

Dissent
Justice Antonin Scalia dissented, arguing that the plain language of the AEDPA and IIRIRA stripped the federal district courts of jurisdiction to entertain habeas corpus petitions. He also argued that the majority was forcing Congress to use "magic words" to overcome the presumption of habeas corpus relief.

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 533
List of United States Supreme Court cases

References

External links

 I-191, Application for Relief Under Former Section 212(c) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA)

United States Constitution Article One case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
United States immigration and naturalization case law
Suspension Clause case law
2001 in United States case law
Deportation from the United States
Haiti–United States relations


Chợ Lớn () was former province of South Vietnam. It was established in December 1899 when Gia Định province was split to four smaller provinces. In 1901 its population was 184,151, 1916 census was 212,536, and February 15, 1920, census was 205,657.

In 1940 it had 4 districts: Đức Hòa, Cần Giuộc, Cần Đước and Trung Quận.
On June 27, 1951, it was merged with Bà Rịa province to form Chợ Lớn-Bà Rịa province.

Later Cần Giuộc, Bến Lức and Đức Hòa districts were merged to Long An province. Bình Chánh District (formerly known as Trung Quận) was merged to Gia Định province and lately was belong to Hồ Chí Minh City.

Former provinces of Vietnam

Chợ Lớn province


Airsoft is a sport that uses fake guns (Airsoft guns) to battle. This game is usually compared with paintball, another sport that uses fake guns to battle. The difference between the two sports are:

Bullets from an Airsoft gun do not explode and leave paint on the target. But, if the BB (the bullets used by airsoft guns) hits hard enough, or hits clothing that is too thin, it can leave bruises and sometimes even make wounds.The BBs do not show clearly a mark showing that a player is hit, players use their own judgement to call themselves out. This system is unreliable, because people can not call themselves out and cheat. Many players usually stop this by 'lighting the player up', or shooting at the cheater until he calls his hit.
Airsoft guns more accurately copy real guns, with Airsoft guns using magazines to load bullets, and Airsoft pistols most of the time using gas to fire the BB (making it look more realistic). Because of this, people use Airsoft guns in Military Simulation events (sometimes said as MilSim).
Airsoft is cheaper to get into, because cheap pull-once-per-shot guns cost at around $5, and BBs costing less than 0.2 cents for each BB,

Because of how simple the sport of Airsoft works (shoot people), people usually make things interesting by changing the gameplay styles. Some examples are short-term battles, organized scenarios, historical reenactments and Military Simulation. Game fields also have very different styles, from battle in small spaces, or battle in big outdoor places. Because of how Airsoft guns work, tactics used in the Military can also  be used in the game.

Sports

Airsoft


François-Joseph Vézina (June 11, 1849 in Quebec City – October 5, 1924 in Quebec City) was a Quebec conductor, composer, organist and music professor. Vézina is buried in the Cimetière Notre-Dame-de-Belmont in Sainte-Foy.

Early life
Vézina, born in 1849, was the son of François Vézina, a house painter and amateur musician who taught his son to play the piano. As a youngster, Vézina briefly studied under Calixa Lavallée but, for the most part, he was a self-taught musician.

Career
Vézina's work as a musician began in military bands. In 1867, he joined the Voltigeurs de Québec and played the baritone horn for the Voltigeurs band. He took over the duty of bandmaster in 1868 and held it until 1879. Vézina later went on to found and direct a number of military, amateur and professional orchestras, most notably the Orchestre Symphonique de Québec (1902-until his death). On June 24, 1880, he conducted the first performance of O Canada which eventually became Canada's national anthem. Vézina was also an accomplished composer. His work includes three opéra comique: Le Lauréat (1906) — libretto by Félix-Gabriel Marchand — Le Rajah (1910) and Le Fétiche (1912). He died before completing a fourth opera: La Grosse Gerbe, adapted from a poem of Léon-Pamphile Le May.

Throughout his career, Vézina's work as a teacher, musician, conductor, composer and active champion for his art made him the central figure in Quebec City's cultural life. He helped found the music school of Laval University in 1922 and taught there until his death. His notable pupils included Henri Gagnon and Robert Talbot.

References

1849 births
1924 deaths
Canadian classical composers
Canadian male classical composers
Canadian classical musicians
Canadian conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Canadian music educators
Musicians from Quebec City
Canadian military musicians

Academic staff of Université Laval
Les Voltigeurs de Québec

Joseph Vézina


USS Barite (IX-161), a Trefoil-class concrete barge designated an unclassified miscellaneous vessel, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for barite, a yellow or white crystalline mineral found in metallic veins, resembling marble. Her keel was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract (T. B7 D1, MC hull 1335) on 24 November 1943 at South San Francisco, California, by the Belair Shipyard of Barrett and Hilp. She was designated IX-161 on 7 February 1944, launched on 18 February 1944 sponsored by Mrs. S. C. Anderson, and delivered to the Navy at her builder's yard on 31 August 1944. She was placed in service the same day.

Service history

World War II, 1944–1945
Towed by , Barite departed San Francisco on 25 September 1944 and entered Pearl Harbor on the morning of 2 October. Clearing that port four days later, again astern of Iroquois, the barge proceeded to Eniwetok. Thence, under tow by the auxiliary ocean tug ATA-124, with  as "retriever" and YMS-276 as escort, Barite reached Ulithi, in the Caroline Islands, on 13 January 1945 and joined the armada of 225 ships present at that advanced base.

Barite served at Ulithi as a floating lubricating oil facility into the spring of 1945, when the advent of the typhoon season made it imperative to shift Service Squadron (ServRon) 10's base to locales other than the Western Caroline Islands. Towed thence to Saipan on 15 May, she operated at that island, in the same capacity, as a unit of Service Division 101, a part of ServRon 10. Towed from Saipan on 30 June 1945, Barite was moved to Leyte, where she served through V-J Day.

Reassigned from Service Division 101 directly to the parent command, ServRon 10, on 28 August 1945, Barite remained in Philippine waters for the remainder of her naval service.

Post-war activities and sale, 1945–1951
Barite was taken out of service and delivered to the War Shipping Administration at Subic Bay on 5 August 1946, and her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 15 August 1946. Subsequently sold to the China-based Asia Development Corporation, the ship was delivered to her purchaser on 23 April 1948. Lloyd's Register of Shipping carried the former Barite through the 1950-1951 editions, after which time she disappeared from the scene.

References

External links

Ships built in the San Francisco Bay Area
Trefoil-class concrete barges
1944 ships

USS Barite


Spanish Netherlands (; ; ; ) (historically in Spanish: , the name "Flanders" was used as a pars pro toto) was the Habsburg Netherlands ruled by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs from 1556 to 1714. They were a collection of States of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries held in personal union by the Spanish Crown (also called Habsburg Spain). This region comprised most of the modern states of Belgium and Luxembourg, as well as parts of northern France, the southern Netherlands, and western Germany with the capital being Brussels. The Army of Flanders was given the task of defending the territory.

The Imperial fiefs of the former Burgundian Netherlands had been inherited by the Austrian House of Habsburg from the extinct House of Valois-Burgundy upon the death of Mary of Burgundy in 1482. The Seventeen Provinces formed the core of the Habsburg Netherlands which passed to the Spanish Habsburgs upon the abdication of Emperor Charles V in 1556. When part of the Netherlands separated to form the autonomous Dutch Republic in 1581, the remainder of the area stayed under Spanish rule until the War of the Spanish Succession.

History

Background

A common administration of the Netherlandish fiefs, centered in the Duchy of Brabant, already existed under the rule of the Burgundian duke Philip the Good with the implementation of a stadtholder and the first convocation of the States General of the Netherlands in 1464. His granddaughter Mary had confirmed a number of privileges to the States by the Great Privilege signed in 1477. After the government takeover by her husband Archduke Maximilian I of Austria, the States insisted on their privileges, culminating in a Hook rebellion in Holland and Flemish revolts. Maximilian prevailed with the support of Duke Albert III of Saxony and his son Philip the Handsome, husband of Joanna of Castile, could assume the rule over the Habsburg Netherlands in 1493.

Philip as well as his son and successor Charles V retained the title of a "Duke of Burgundy" referring to their Burgundian inheritance, notably the Low Countries and the Free County of Burgundy in the Holy Roman Empire. The Habsburgs often used the term Burgundy to refer to their hereditary lands (e.g. in the name of the Imperial Burgundian Circle established in 1512), actually until 1795, when the Austrian Netherlands were lost to the French Republic. The Governor-general of the Netherlands was responsible for the administration of the Burgundian inheritance in the Low Countries. Charles V was born and raised in the Low Countries and often stayed at the Palace of Coudenberg in Brussels.

By the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549, Charles V declared the Seventeen Provinces a united and indivisible Habsburg dominion. Between 1555 and 1556, the House of Habsburg split into an Austro-German and a Spanish branch as a consequence of Charles's abdications: the Netherlands were left to his son Philip II of Spain, while his brother Archduke Ferdinand I succeeded him as Holy Roman Emperor. The Seventeen Provinces, de jure still fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire, from that time on de facto were ruled by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs as part of the Burgundian heritage.

Eighty Years' War

Philip's stern Counter-Reformation measures sparked the Dutch Revolt in the mainly Calvinist Netherlandish provinces, which led to the outbreak of the Eighty Years' War in 1568. In January 1579 the seven northern provinces formed the Protestant Union of Utrecht, which declared independence from the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands by the 1581 Act of Abjuration. The Spanish branch of the Habsburgs could retain the rule only over the partly Catholic Southern Netherlands, completed after the Fall of Antwerp in 1585.

Better times came, when in 1598 the Spanish Netherlands passed to Philip's daughter Isabella Clara Eugenia and her husband Archduke Albert VII of Austria. The couple's rule brought a period of much-needed peace and stability to the economy, which stimulated the growth of a separate South Netherlandish identity and consolidated the authority of the House of Habsburg reconciling previous anti-Spanish sentiments. In the early 17th century, there was a flourishing court at Brussels. Among the artists who emerged from the court of the "Archdukes", as they were known, was Peter Paul Rubens. Under Isabella and Albert, the Spanish Netherlands actually had formal independence from Spain, but always remained unofficially within the Spanish sphere of influence. With Albert's death in 1621 they returned to formal Spanish control, although the childless Isabella remained on as Governor until her death in 1633.

The failing wars intended to regain the 'heretical' northern Netherlands meant significant loss of (still mainly Catholic) territories in the north, which was consolidated in 1648 in the Peace of Westphalia, and given the peculiar inferior status of Generality Lands (jointly ruled by the United Republic, not admitted as member provinces): Zeelandic Flanders (south of the river Scheldt), the present Dutch province of North Brabant and Maastricht (in the present-day Dutch province of Limburg).

French conquests
As the power of the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs waned in the latter decades of the 17th century, the territory of the Netherlands under Habsburg rule was repeatedly invaded by the French and an increasing portion of the territory came under French control in successive wars. By the Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659 the French annexed most of Artois, and Dunkirk was ceded to the English. By the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (ending the War of Devolution in 1668) and Nijmegen (ending the Franco-Dutch War in 1678), further territory up to the current Franco-Belgian border was ceded, including Cambrai, Walloon Flanders, as well as half of the county of Hainaut (including Valenciennes). Later, in the War of the Reunions and the Nine Years' War, France annexed other parts of the region that were restored to Spain by the Treaty of Rijswijk 1697.

During the War of the Spanish Succession, in 1706 the Habsburg Netherlands became an Anglo-Dutch condominium for the remainder of the conflict. By the peace treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt in 1713/14 ending the war, the Southern Netherlands returned to the Austrian Habsburg monarchy forming the Austrian Netherlands.

Provinces
From 1581 the Habsburg Netherlands consisted of the following territories, all part of modern Belgium unless otherwise stated:
the Duchy of Brabant, except for North Brabant part of the Generality Lands of the Dutch Republic in 1648, including the former Margraviate of Antwerp (now mostly Belgium, some in Netherlands)
the Duchy of Limburg, except for Limburg of the States part of the Dutch Generality Lands from 1648
the Duchy of Luxembourg, a sovereign state from 1815 (parts in modern Belgium, France and Germany)
the Upper Quarter (Bovenkwartier) of the Duchy of Guelders (Now Netherlands and Germany: the area around Venlo and Roermond, in the present Dutch province of Limburg, and the town of Geldern in the present German district of Kleve)
the County of Artois, ceded to France by the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees (now in France)
the County of Flanders, except for Zeelandic Flanders part of the Dutch Generality Lands from 1648, Walloon Flanders ceded to France by the 1678 Peace of Nijmegen (now in Belgium and France French Flanders)
the County of Namur
the County of Hainaut, southern part with Valenciennes ceded to France by the 1678 Peace of Nijmegen (now in Belgium and France)
the Lordship of Mechelen
the Tournaisis
the Prince-Bishopric of Cambrai (the Cambrésis), not part of the Seventeen Provinces, incorporated by King Philip II in 1559, ceded to France by the 1678 Peace of Nijmegen (now in France: roughly the central part of the département Nord)

See also
History of Spain
History of Netherlands
History of Belgium

Notes

References

Former states in the Low Countries
Habsburg Netherlands
Early Modern Luxembourg
16th century in the Habsburg Netherlands
17th century in the Habsburg Netherlands
18th century in the Southern Netherlands
16th century in the Netherlands
Belgium–Spain relations
Netherlands–Spain relations
1581 establishments in the Spanish Empire
1714 disestablishments in the Spanish Empire
1581 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1714 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
States and territories established in 1581
States and territories disestablished in 1714

Spanish Netherlands


Hanna Maria Karjalainen (born 8 July 1980 in Oulu) became known in 2003 when she won the Haluatko filmitähdeksi (Do You Want To Be A Film Star?) competition, where the prize was the central role in the film Levottomat 3. Karjalainen acted in the 2004 movie, but the role was more minor than promised. Before that, Karjalainen had acted in a minor role in the 2001 film Rölli ja metsänhenki.

Karjalainen is a University of Jyväskylä graduate.

From 2006 to 2009, Karjalainen acted in the MTV3 soap series Salatut elämät, where she played Laura Kiviranta's talkative cousin Salla Laitela (former Tervajoki, née Mattila).

Karjalainen has recorded R&B music with an alias "HannaB".

References

1980 births
Finnish film actresses
Living people
Finnish television actresses
Finnish soap opera actresses
Reality casting show winners
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Hanna Karjalainen


Floyd Landis (born October 14, 1975) is an American road racing cyclist, now best remembered because of the Tour de France 2006 doping scandal. He is a time-trial specialist and a strong climber.

Landis turned professional in 1999 with the Mercury Cycling Team. He joined the US Postal Service team in 2002, and moved to the Phonak Hearing Systems team in 2005.

Doping
Landis was fired from the Phonak team on 5 August 2006. The doping test after stage 17 of the 2006 Tour de France showed he had a very high testosterone/epitestosterone ratio.  The rules say that for every one unit of one chemical he should have four unites of the other (a 4 to one (4:1) ratio).  Landis's test showed a ratio of 11:1.

Landis appealed to the USA Cycling and saying the tests were not done properly. USA Cycling asked three people from the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) to study Landis's claims.  On 20 September 2007 that group voted 2 to 1 against him.  Landis was stripped of his title as winner of the 2006 Tour de France by the UCI, and banned from professional racing for two years.

Under UCI rules, the cyclist's national federation, in this case USA Cycling decides if the rules have been broken, but because of the science involved they asked the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) to help.

Biography

Floyd Landis was born in  Farmersville, Lancaster County,   Pennsylvania.

Landis was brought up a Mennonite, and rode his first races wearing sweatpants because his religion forbade wearing shorts; he won anyway.   Landis' father, is a devout Mennonite, and tried to stop him from racing his bike by giving him extra chores. He had no time to train during the day, so he would sneak out of the house at night to train, sometimes at 1 or 2 a.m. and often in the freezing cold. His father, found that Floyd had been going out at night and often followed him at a distance to make sure he was not getting into trouble. Today, Floyd Landis's father is a supporter of his son and says he is one of Floyd's biggest fans.

2006 Tour de France

Before the 2006 Tour de Francemost people thought the winner would be either Ivan Basso or Jan Ullrich, who finished second and third respectively in the 2005 tour. Days before the race, the Operación Puerto doping case forced Basso and Ullrich to withdraw, and Landis became one of the  favourites to win

Hip ailment
Landis performance up to Stage 16 of the Tour de France and his comeback in Stage 17 is surprising because of his hip ailment, called osteonecrosis, which was revealed in an article in The New York Times during the 2006 Tour de France.  This means he was in constant pain.

Doping investigation

On July 27, 2006 the Phonak Cycling Team said Floyd Landis had a urine test come back positive, having an unusually high ratio of the hormone testosterone to the hormone epitestosterone (T/E ratio) after Stage 17. Landis denied having doped. Phonak stated that he would be dismissed should the backup sample also test positive. It did, and Landis was suspended from professional cycling and dismissed from his team. Landis's personal physician later disclosed that the test had found a T/E ratio of 11:1 in Landis, far above the maximum allowable ratio of 4:1.

The tests were done by French government's anti-doping clinical laboratory, the National Laboratory for Doping Detection (LNDD)which is part of the Ministry of Youth, Sport, and Social Life, and is  and is accredited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).)

Appeal
On May 14, 2007 a meeting began between the USADA and Landis about the doping allegations. On September 20, 2007, the arbitrators found Landis guilty of doping.

As Landis forfeited his Tour title, the second place rider, Óscar Pereiro, became the race's official winner. Landis has also been banned from the sport for two years, dated retroactively to January 2007.

Landis's former team, Phonak has already been disbanded

The USADA had more B samples taken during the Tour de France 2006 examined. After Landis's attempts to prevent these tests had failed, traces of exogenous testosterone were found in several samples in a test of seven samples. These confirmation tests were done at the same French lab Landis's team was trying to discredit for the first positive results.

Landis did race in France in 2007 so that the appeal could be decided in the United States first.  If the raced in France  they may start their own investigation because doping is illegal in France.

Among Landis's lawyers are José Maria Buxeda of Spain and Howard L. Jacobs of the United States. Buxeda represented Spanish cyclist Roberto Heras when he was suspended for two years after testing positive for doping. Jacobs has also defended athletes accused of doping, such as cyclist Tyler Hamilton and sprinter Tim Montgomery. They are also representing Kazakh cyclist Alexandre Vinokourov who was accused of blood doping, kicked out of the 2007 Tour de France, and fired from his cycling team.

Verdict
On September 20, 2007 Landis was found guilty of doping by a 2-1 vote of the hearing committee. The committee said that there were mistakes testing the sample so they will not say that there was a high amount of the natural chemical testosterone.  But the committee did say was proof of artificial testosterone  and that

Landis does have the right to appeal the decision of the committee to the Court of Arbitration for Sport.

Major results

1999 - Mercury Pro Cycling Team
 2nd overall and 1 stage win – Cascade Classic

2000 - Mercury Pro Cycling Team
 Overall – Tour du Poitou-Charentes

2001 - Mercury Pro Cycling Team
 Boulevard Road Race

2002 - U.S. Postal Service
 2nd overall – Dauphiné Libéré
 3rd stage, Tirreno-Adriatico
 61st overall – Tour de France

2003 - U.S. Postal Service
 77th overall – Tour de France

2004 - U.S. Postal Service
 Overall – Volta ao Algarve
 Stage 5 – Volta ao Algarve
 Team time trial – Tour de France
 Team time trial – Vuelta a España
 23rd overall – Tour de France

2005 - Phonak Hearing Systems
 3rd overall and Stage 3 win – Tour de Georgia
 9th overall – Tour de France

2006 - Phonak Hearing Systems
 1st, Profronde van Stiphout
 Disqualified - Tour de France
 Yellow jersey, General Classification leader during Stages 12, 13, 16 and 20.
 1st, Stage 17 (voted most combatative rider of the day)
 1st, USA Cycling National Racing Calendar series
 1st overall – Tour de Georgia
 1st, Stage 3 (ITT) – Tour de Georgia
 1st overall – Paris-Nice
 1st overall – Tour of California
 1st, Stage 3 (ITT) – Tour of California

References

Other websites

 Floyd Landis' Website
 Sex, drugs and sports: Prostaglandins, epitestosterone and sexual development
 Floyd Landis profile
 Trust But Verify: News, Research and Commentary about the Floyd Landis doping allegations.

1975 births
Living people
American cyclists
Doping cases in cycling
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
Tour de France cyclists

Floyd Landis


AppalCART (Appalachian Campus Area Rapid Transit) is a free public bus network located in Boone, North Carolina. It provides fare-free fixed route and paratransit service throughout Appalachian State University and Boone, as well as low-fare van service to other towns within Watauga County. In 2013, AppalCART reported a ridership of 1,712,873 passenger trips.

AppalCART is governed by an 8-member board. The current chairman of the board is Quint David. It receives its funding from a mix of federal, state, local, and Appalachian State University funds.

References

External links
Official Website

Bus transportation in North Carolina
University and college bus systems
Appalachian State University

AppalCart


Silver Airways, LLC is a regional airline in the United States with its headquarters in Hollywood, Florida near Fort Lauderdale. It was founded in 2011 with assets from the former Gulfstream International Airlines, and currently operates scheduled flights from its hubs in Fort Lauderdale, Orlando, Tampa, Florida, and San Juan, Puerto Rico. It started flying on December 15, 2011.

 Silver Airways received $20,515,042 in annual Federal subsidies for Essential Air Services that it provided to rural airports in the United States.

History
On November 4, 2010, Gulfstream International Airlines filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy protection. In May 2011, Victory Park Capital bought the assets of Gulfstream International Group, including 21 of Gulfstream's Beechcraft 1900D aircraft from Raytheon Aircraft Credit Corporation. The company had been operating as Continental Connection on behalf of Continental Airlines.

On December 15, 2011, the airline was re-branded as Silver Airways. That same day, they took delivery of one of six recently purchased Saab 340B+ aircraft. Upon the merger of Continental Airlines into United Airlines on April 1, 2012, Silver operated as United Express until the affiliation with United ended in 2013.

In the first half of 2012, Silver Airways made several moves to turn the company around. Its maintenance facilities were moved from Fort Lauderdale to Gainesville Regional Airport, taking over the former Eclipse Aviation facility that had remained vacant since 2009. It purchased six more Saab 340B+ aircraft bringing the Saab fleet to 12. Scheduled service on the Saabs started on the Florida and Bahamas routes. Shortly after, routes from Gainesville Regional Airport to Orlando International Airport and Tampa International Airport began. Silver Airways expanded their network numerous times in the second half of 2012. First, Washington Dulles International Airport started scheduled service to destinations in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Virginia. Its Florida route network expanded to Jacksonville. Service began from Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport to destinations in Mississippi and Alabama. On August 7, 2012, Silver Airways made national news headlines when one of its flights landed at the wrong airport.

In Late 2011 Silver Airways began a new operation in Montana serving eight cities from a hub at Billings. Seven of the eight cities were served through government subsidies by way of Essential Air Service contracts.

On February 11, 2013, Victory Park Capital announced it had hired industry veteran Dave Pflieger to strengthen and grow the airline. On June 28, 2013, Silver Airways announced that it would cease Montana operations over the next few months. The announcement came on the heels of the Department of Transportation's (DOT) decision to eliminate subsidized service in two key Montana communities, Lewistown and Miles City. Service ended after the last flights on July 15, 2013, for Lewistown and Miles City. To ensure no interruption of service and a smooth transition for the flying public in the remaining Montana markets serviced by Silver Airways, Silver continued its operations in those communities until such time as the DOT awarded the routes to another airline and the new carrier started service to those communities. In September 2013, Silver Airways announced an expansion of its intra-Florida and Florida-Bahamas network. In 2013, Silver Airways was named one of the Top 10 Best U.S. Airlines in the Condé Nast Traveler's 26th annual Readers' Choice Awards.

In the first half of 2014, Silver Airways made several network changes. It ended Beechcraft 1900 operations in Cleveland's EAS network. Then, Silver Airways closed much of its Atlanta network and redeployed its aircraft to other markets. In February 2014, the airline and its owners, Victory Park Capital, announced they had obtained up to $73 million in additional financing from GB Credit Partners, LLC, the investment management affiliate of Gordon Brothers Group and Crystal Financial LLC. In February 2014, Silver Airways announced it planned to exit its Cleveland Network, retire its Beech 1900Ds, and strengthen its core network and Saab 340B Plus fleet. In March 2014, Silver Airways completed its first ever IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA). In May 2014, Silver announced a new partnership with JetBlue. In May 2014, Silver Airways announced it was a new stand-alone airline after the launch of its own independent reservations system, CEO Dave Pflieger described the airline as a hybrid carrier, part start-up, part turnaround, both independent and a partner to a larger airline (United). He also noted that it was "rationalizing" its fleet and network and "only flying where it makes sense", so the airline could not only meet but exceed guests' expectations and continue to grow the airline.

In January 2015, Silver Airways added Panama City, Florida, to its list of destinations, by starting services to Orlando and Tampa from the Northwest Florida Beaches International Airport. It also announced the launch of a direct service between Jacksonville and Tampa. On February 27, 2015, Silver Airways previewed its new maintenance headquarters at Orlando International Airport. The project is a complete renovation that will be home to a 38,000 square-foot maintenance, repair and overhaul facility that includes two large aircraft hangars each capable of housing three to four aircraft, as well as office space. Silver Airways has committed to a long-term 30-year lease from the Greater Orlando Aviation Authority to headquarter its new maintenance facility in Orlando. In August 2015, Silver Airways ended its Gainesville service, several months after missing and restructuring payments on its Gainesville maintenance hangar.

On March 2, 2016, Silver Airways filed an application with the U.S. Department of Transportation to provide service from five Florida cities to ten Cuban cities. However, later, Silver Airways was only granted nine Cuban cities, being denied the Havana route. On June 2, 2016, Silver Airways, Great Lakes Airlines and Frontier Airlines announced a partnership for recruiting pilots. On September 13, 2016, it was announced that a majority stake of Silver Airways has been acquired by a private equity firm Versa Capital Management LLC in Philadelphia. On August 1, 2017, Silver Airways announced an order for 20 ATR-42-600 aircraft, with options for up to 30 more.

On April 23, 2018, Silver Airways announced the acquisition of Seaborne Airlines, a San Juan-based airline serving the Caribbean. In November 2019, Silver Airways created a codeshare partnership with Delta Air Lines and American Airlines to provide single ticket booking with baggage transfers to destinations in the Caribbean.

In February 2020, Silver Airways announced new services to Charleston International Airport from its hubs in Fort Lauderdale, Orlando, and Tampa, however due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on aviation, the services were initially postponed until November 2020 when service was started. In March 2020, the airline announced the introduction of its own services to its San Juan base previously acquired along with its subsidiary Seaborne Airlines, with routes from San Juan launching in phases between March and July 2020 as more of the airline's ATR 42-600 aircraft would be delivered.

On November 9, 2021, Silver Airways began contract flying for Amazon Air with feeder flights from Albuquerque, New Mexico and Des Moines, Iowa to Amazon's hub at the Fort Worth Alliance Airport near Fort Worth, Texas. Silver is using two ATR-72-500 aircraft configured for airfreight operations and painted with Amazon's "Prime Air" logo. However, Amazon cut ties with Silver in July 2023, ending the airline's cargo services.

Facilities
The airline headquarters are located in Suite 201 of the 1100 Lee Wagener Boulevard building on the property of Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport in unincorporated Broward County, Florida, near Fort Lauderdale. Previously its headquarters were in Dania Beach, Florida, also near Fort Lauderdale. The airline also maintains a maintenance facility at Orlando International Airport in a facility previously utilized by Comair.
In April 2023, the company faced eviction from Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport for failure to pay rent since 2021.

Destinations

Over its history, Silver Airways has domestically operated both scheduled commercial flights originating from its Fort Lauderdale, Orlando, and Tampa hubs in Florida, as well as Essential Air Services based in Atlanta (Georgia), Billings (Montana), Boston (Massachusetts), Cleveland (Ohio), and Washington D.C. Internationally, the airline operates services between Florida and the Bahamas, and in March 2020 began its own operations based in San Juan (Puerto Rico) to surrounding destinations in the Caribbean, alongside those of its subsidiary Seaborne Airlines.

Interline and codeshare agreements
Silver Airways does not participate in any major global airline alliances, but the airline has interline and codeshare agreements with several airlines. Many of the following airlines are also members of global airline alliances:

 Avianca
 Air Canada
 Alaska Airlines
 American Airlines
 All Nippon Airways
 Azul Brazilian Airlines
 Bahamasair
 Delta Air Lines
 JetBlue Airways
 United Airlines

Fleet
, the Silver Airways fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Historical fleet

References

External links

2011 establishments in Florida
Airlines established in 2011
Airlines based in Florida
Companies based in Broward County, Florida
Privately held companies based in Florida
Regional Airline Association members
Regional airlines of the United States
American companies established in 2011

Silver Airways


From Scotland With Love is a documentary feature film produced by Grant Kier, Heather Croall and Mark Atkin and directed by Virginia Heath, soundtracked by an original studio album by Scottish singer-songwriter King Creosote (Kenny Anderson).

The film was commissioned as part of the Cultural Festival accompanying the 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games. It was screened with live musical accompaniment on Glasgow Green on 31 July 2014. It was produced by Faction North, Crossover, National Library of Scotland and Scottish Screen Archive in association with BBC Scotland and Creative Scotland.

The album was produced by David McAulay and released on 21 July 2014 on Domino Recording Company.

Regarding the album, and its film counterpart, Anderson stated: "It's basically just looking at ourselves in the past – it's like looking at your grandparents' or your great grandparents' generation goofing about, just doing what they're doing. But you have to remember that it wasn't the past for them - they were right at the cutting edge of time like we are now."

Released to widespread critical acclaim, the album reached number twenty-one in the UK Albums Chart; Creosote's highest-charting album to date. The album also peaked at number one on the UK Record Store Chart, and at number three on the Scottish Albums Chart.

Background
Director Virginia Heath was commissioned to create a documentary film, featuring Scottish archive footage, to coincide with the 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games. Kenny Anderson was subsequently approached to craft its soundtrack, whilst recovering from a broken leg, looking forward to the birth of his child, and experiencing the potential collapse of his long-running record label, Fence. Initially hesitant, Anderson noted "I'm traditionally pretty bad when there's a deadline. It's not that I wouldn't deliver something, it's just that I didn't think it would be any good. They kept the Commonwealth Games out of the conversation for a while. I think they thought that once I heard the C-word I would back out all together."

With Anderson on board, he stated: "I haven't really worked with a director before, but I've had directors get in touch and ask if they can use certain songs. That's one thing when a director has their film made and they connect with something that you've written, but it's completely different when a songwriter watches a film and says, 'Oh right, I've got the song for that. [...] I just went for it and I wrote songs and passed them back to Virginia. She would go back and try to find footage that would fit it or she would reject things outright because they were too literal. So I had to hope that what I'd seen in these short films was worthy of writing a song about – and if I'd gone off piste a bit she'd be able to go back and find things that didn't make certain lyrics stand out like a sore thumb."

Film
The film is a 75-minute documentary created entirely from archive film material from the National Library of Scotland and Scottish Screen Archive. It is purely visual with no voiceover - only a musical soundtrack.

Heath pitched for the project alongside her partner Grant Keir and Heather Croall and Mark Atkin in response to an open call for submissions. The team took inspiration from the similar combination of archive footage and live scoring by contemporary musicians (in that case, British Sea Power) on From the Sea to the Land Beyond that had also been produced by Heather Croall and Mark Atkin.

On choosing to work with King Creosote, Heath said: "We came to Kenny because we felt he had a great storytelling ability in his lyrics. We knew that to get across some of the complexity of the sequences we wanted, we needed someone who could translate feelings and stories into song."

Heath researched this material over several months, watching hundreds of films in the archive. "The themes are broadly love and loss, work and leisure, resistance and immigration, fighting for justice," she says. "The big themes of the 20th century, mixed with a bit of fun and lightheartedness. It's a universal story but with a strongly Scottish flavour, although we did try and avoid the usual clichés about the country."

Heath sent Anderson a storyboard broken down into three-minute sections showing the different storylines she wanted to pursue. She created fragments of visual material, which he responded to with music. The visuals were returned to the editing room for further development and then sent back again.

It explores themes of love, loss, resistance, migration, work and play, referencing heavy industry, Scotland's shipbuilding past, the fishing industry, war, urbanisation and emigration. It also celebrates community, a good night out and a holiday by the seaside.

"I wanted to make a film about ordinary people," Heath said. "What really interested me was ordinary people's lives and the way people made things, were proud of making things, the sense of community."

Vignettes include miners smoking, couples skating on frozen rivers, a sandwich-board boy advertising Auchtermuchty Flower Show, shipworkers, children being drilled in gasmask wearing, a bombed-out classroom, the old industrial banks of the Clyde, trams going to Scotstoun and Partick, milkmen, cranes, the dead landmark of Ravenscraig steel works, tanks in George Square, and dancing at the Barrowlands.

The accompanying music is judged to go with the images on screen, for example a playground motif for girls rope-skipping down the street, jaunty music for trips to the seaside, and racier sounds for a sequence on dating and nightlife.

The film premiered on BBC Scotland on Sunday 22 June 2014. There were a series of live open-air screenings during the Commonwealth Games.

Recording
After a composing session in a studio near Loch Fyne, From Scotland with Love was recorded at Chem19 Studios, in Blantyre, Scotland, with producer David McAulay. The album also features additional production from The Delgados' Paul Savage, who had previously worked with Anderson on his studio albums, Flick the Vs (2009) and That Might Well Be It, Darling (2013).

The album also features musical contributions from Admiral Fallow's Louis Abbott and Kevin Brolly, Meursault's Pete Harvey and Kate Miguda, and The Delgados' Emma Pollock.

Writing and composition
Upon the album's release, Kenny Anderson noted that there are references to his mother and father throughout From Scotland with Love, stating: "My dad's in this album a lot. There are a lot of songs on it that have little jokes in them for me, or for my dad. [...] [The song], "Leaf Piece", that comes from my mum, that's what she always called it – 'Don't forget your leaf piece!' It's a bag of crisps, or an apple, or a cheese piece. It was a big thing, it was the first break in the day when you were [harvesting potatoes]. You couldn't wait to get your leaf piece. I think it's maybe meant to be 'leave piece' originally – I wonder if it got Anderson-ised."

Regarding the track "For One Night Only", Anderson stated: "It was originally called "Fighting and Shagging". I found that one really hard to write. I knew we needed this upbeat, going-out song, but I can't do that. [...] I'm sure people go out a lot more now than they used to. Even my gran's generation, they'd have a sherry at New Year and that would be it. So I was thinking, big nights out must have been few and far between, and when you did go out, there would be no holding back. If your drunk character – because everyone's got one – could only come out once a year, it would be hugely exaggerated."

Reworkings
The track "Miserable Strangers" features a reprise of the chorus from "678"; a song which previously appeared on the studio album KC Rules OK (2005). A full re-recording of "678" appears during the course of the film, and is included on the deluxe edition of From Scotland from Love.

The song "Pauper's Dough" is a reworking of the song "Harper's Dough", which previously appeared on 12 O'Clock on the Dot (2000). Anderson noted: "The original sentiment I had for "Harper's Dough" was really personal – it was just, you know, can you not pull yourself up by your own bootstraps. It was never a protest song, but now it is. It's one of the most powerful bits in the film. And of course, you can make these big sweeping sentiments – Bono does it all the time – but I don't. [...] Before it was about how I felt like the worst person ever and had to do something about myself; now it's about changing the world. Wow. And I can't take credit for that, that's down to [director] Virginia [Heath] – the footage she used and gave me to write from."

Reception

Critical response

From Scotland with Love received widespread critical acclaim upon its release. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 81, based on 9 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".

Track listing

Personnel

Musicians
Kenny Anderson - vocals, accordion, wine glasses, acoustic guitar
Derek O'Neil - piano, keyboards, organ
Andy Robinson - drums, percussion
Pete Macleod - bass
David McAulay - electric and acoustic guitar, keyboards, synths, banjo, mandolin, percussion, backing vocals
Kevin Brolly - clarinet
Pete Harvey - cello, string arrangements
Asher Zaccardelli - viola
Emma Peebles - viola
Kate Miguda - violin
Paul Savage - drums
Grant Keir - backing vocals, percussion
Amy MacDougall - backing vocals
Louis Abbott - backing vocals
Jill O'Sullivan - backing vocals
Jenny Reeve - backing vocals
Emma Pollock - backing vocals
Beatroute Street Singers - vocals

Recording personnel
David McAulay - producer, mixing (2, 5, 7, 8, 9 & 11
Paul Savage - additional production, engineer, mixing (1, 3, 4, 6 & 10)
Guy Davie - mastering

Artwork
Matthew Cooper - design
Paul J. Street - design
Nick Phillips - logo design
National Library of Scotland Scottish Screen Archive - photographs

References

External links
 Official film website

2014 albums
King Creosote albums
Domino Recording Company albums
2014 documentary films
2014 films
BBC television documentaries
British documentary television films
Scottish documentary films
English-language Scottish films
Works about Scotland
Films without speech
Documentary films about Scotland
2010s English-language films
2010s British films

From Scotland with Love


Michael Omartian (born November 26, 1945) is an American singer-songwriter, arranger, keyboardist, and music producer. He produced number-one records in three consecutive decades. He has earned 11 Grammy Awards nominations and won three. He spent five years on the A&R staff of ABC/Dunhill Records as a producer, artist, and arranger; then was hired by Warner Bros. Records as an in-house producer and A&R staff member. Omartian moved from Los Angeles to Nashville in 1993, where he served on the Board of Governors of the Recording Academy, and has helped to shape the curriculum for the first master's degree program in the field of Music Business at Belmont University.

Omartian has produced albums for many artists, including Clint Black, Michael Bolton, Debby Boone, Steve Camp, Peter Cetera, Christopher Cross, Joe "Bean" Esposito, Amy Grant, Benny Hester, Whitney Houston, The Imperials, The Jacksons, Reba McEntire, Dolly Parton, Cliff Richard, Steely Dan, Rod Stewart, Donna Summer, Wayne Watson, and Trisha Yearwood.

Life and career
Omartian was born in Evanston, Illinois, of Armenian descent.

In the late 1960s, Omartian helped launch Campus Crusade for Christ's music outreach group The New Folk, arranging much of the music and helping to train the singers.

He was a founding member of the 1970s disco-funk band Rhythm Heritage. He played as a session musician for artists including Koinonia, Steely Dan, The Four Tops, Johnny Rivers, Seals and Crofts, Al Jarreau, and Loggins & Messina. In 1973, Omartian arranged and played accordion on Billy Joel's song "Piano Man".

Omartian has recorded a number of highly polished contemporary Christian music albums under his own name, including White Horse, Mainstream, Adam Again, and Conversations (an instrumental album). Virtually all his solo albums are now out of print. Omartian has also produced several Christian albums for others, most notably The Imperials' award-winning albums One More Song for You (1979) and Priority (1980).

In 1980, thanks to Christopher Cross' eponymous debut album, Omartian was nominated for four Grammy Awards, including Producer of the Year, and won three, for Record of the Year ("Sailing"), Album of the Year (Christopher Cross) and Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist ("Sailing"). He received a fifth nomination that year for Best Gospel Performance, Contemporary or Inspirational, for his own album, The Builder, written and performed with his wife, Stormie.

In 1985, Omartian was arranger and a keyboard player for the No. 1 hit "We Are the World" by a supergroup of popular musicians billed as USA for Africa.

In 2003, Omartian scored an audio book rendition of the biblical gospels, called Gospels Come to Life. The audio Bible was read by fellow CCM writer/musician Michael W. Smith, based on musical ideas by Smith. The Spanish-language version of this audio Bible was narrated by CCM artist Jaci Velasquez.

Toward the end of 2006, Omartian contributed to an album with Annie Herring (of 2nd Chapter of Acts) called One on One; he plays piano as the solo instrument throughout with Herring providing vocals. One on One was his second collaboration with Herring, the first being the 1983 album Together Live, a collaborative, in-concert effort with Herring's family trio, 2nd Chapter of Acts, and Omartian's wife Stormie. The live double-LP album was recorded in 1982 at The Church on the Way in Van Nuys, California. The album was also released in video format.

Omartian produced number-one records in three separate decades: the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. He was nominated for Producer of the Year in 1980, 1984, and 1986. In 1991, he was nominated for Album of the Year for Heart in Motion by Amy Grant. In 1995, he was nominated for Country Song of the Year for "When Love Finds You," with Vince Gill, and for Gospel Album of the Year for The Light Inside, with Gary Chapman. In 1994, Omartian produced One Voice, an album for the Summer Olympic Games. His song "Atlanta Reel" was used as the theme for the swimming events.

Discography

 White Horse (1974)
 Adam Again (1977)
 Seasons of the Soul (1979)
 Mainstream (1982)
 Conversations (1986)
 The Race (1991)

Awards
Grammy Awards
In 1980, he was nominated for ten Grammy Awards, three of which he won for producing and arranging on Christopher Cross' debut album:
 1980: Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s) for "Sailing" (with Christopher Cross)
 1980: Record of the Year for "Sailing"
 1980: Album of the Year for Christopher Cross

GMA Dove Awards
 1981: Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year for One More Song for You (The Imperials)
 1982: Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year for Priority (The Imperials)
 1997: Instrumental Album of the Year for The Players (with Dann Huff, Tommy Sims, Tom Hemby, Terry McMillan, Chris Rodriguez, Shane Keister, Mark Douthit, Eric Darken)

References

External links

Yamaha Corporation artist biography
Inside Musicast With Michael Omartian – March 2007

Michael "Omar" Omartian Interview at NAMM Oral History Collection (2017)

1945 births
American performers of Christian music
American male conductors (music)
American music arrangers
American people of Armenian descent
Record producers from Illinois
American rock keyboardists
American session musicians
Grammy Award winners
Living people
Musicians from Evanston, Illinois
Myrrh Records artists
20th-century American pianists
American male pianists
Classical musicians from Illinois
20th-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American keyboardists
21st-century American pianists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
20th-century American keyboardists

Michael Omartian