James Henry Molyneaux, Baron Molyneaux of Killead, KBE, PC (27 August 1920 – 9 March 2015) was a Northern Irish unionist politician who served as leader of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) from 1979 to 1995, and as the Member of Parliament (MP) for South Antrim from 1970 to 1983, and later Lagan Valley from 1983 to 1997. An Orangeman, he was also Sovereign Grand Master of the Royal Black Institution from 1971 to 1995, and a leading member of the Conservative Monday Club.

Early life
Born in Killead, a small village in County Antrim, to William Molyneaux and Sarah Gilmore, Molyneaux was educated at a nearby school in Aldergrove. Although he was brought up as an Anglican, he briefly attended a local Roman Catholic primary school.

Military service
Molyneaux served in the Royal Air Force between 1941 and 1946, including most of the Second World War. He took part in the liberation of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp and occasionally gave interviews about what he saw there. On 1 April 1947, he was promoted to flying officer.

Political career
From 1964 until the 1970s, Molyneaux served on Antrim County Council,. At the 1970 general election he was elected to the House of Commons as UUP Member of Parliament (MP) for South Antrim, succeeding Sir Knox Cunningham, with whom he had worked closely as honorary secretary of the South Antrim Unionist Association.

South Antrim had one of the largest electorates of any parliamentary constituency, and it consistently returned Unionist MPs with large majorities. Cunningham's 1959 majority of 50,041 was the largest in the United Kingdom, achieved with 95.1% of the votes. Molyneaux won over 60% of the votes in each of the four elections he contested in South Antrim, and at the 1979 general election his 69.0% share of the votes gave him a majority of 38,868 votes, the largest in the United Kingdom.

Molyneaux's maiden speech, made on 15 February 1971, focused on the security situation in Northern Ireland at that time, and concluded: "The vast majority of people in Northern Ireland are keen to make their contribution to the greater unit of the United Kingdom, just as we, their representatives in this House, try to play our part. Collectively, Ulstermen and women will do what is asked of them, as they have done in the past, both in peace and in war."

In October 1974, Molyneaux became leader of the Ulster Unionists in the House of Commons. From 1982 to 1986, he sat as a UUP member for South Antrim in the Northern Ireland Assembly which was unable to deliver devolution at that time. Molyneaux was admitted to the Privy Council in 1982, and in October that year he survived two Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) assassination attempts.

With then UUP leader Harry West, Molyneaux had played a significant role in negotiations with James Callaghan's minority Labour government which led to Northern Ireland's representation in the Commons being increased from 12 to 17 seats, under the House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1979. The extra seats were added for the 1983 general election, when the resulting boundary changes divided South Antrim, and Molyneaux was elected for the new seat of Lagan Valley.

UUP leadership
Harry West had lost his Westminster seat in the October 1974 general election, and did not stand in the subsequent general election in May 1979.  Then in the European Parliament election held in June of that year, West stood in the new three-seat Northern Ireland constituency.  He was not only out-polled by almost three-to-one by the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) leader Ian Paisley but was beaten to the third seat by his own party colleague John Taylor. West resigned the leadership shortly after his defeat, and was succeeded by Molyneaux.

After a decade of turmoil in which the UUP had four leaders and many splits, Molyneaux was seen as a steadying influence. He was a traditional right-wing Orangeman with a quiet style which contrasted with the flamboyance of Ian Paisley's leadership of the DUP. His reticence was both innate and tactical; as his party was united around a constitutional stance rather than a socio-economic programme, he regarded his task as more like that of a manager than a leader, and his successor David Trimble said that Molyneaux "did things quietly and consensually".  He was so deeply loyal to the Conservative-turned-Ulster Unionist MP Enoch Powell that Northern Ireland Secretary Jim Prior said that Powell worked James Molyneaux with his foot.  In his memoirs, Prior wrote that "at Westminster he was Enoch's puppet"  while Molyneaux had called Prior "pig-headed and stupid" in 1983, unsuccessfully demanding Prior's replacement.

Molyneaux was generally regarded as a member of the integrationist wing within the UUP (favouring direct rule from Westminster with some extension of local government powers, as opposed to the devolutionist preference for a revived Northern Ireland Parliament or a new regional Assembly). This preference was widely attributed to the influence of Enoch Powell. Critics within Molyneaux's party saw Molyneaux as a do-nothing leader, with undue deference to the Conservative Party. Molyneaux's defenders argue that his primary concern was party unity, and that the UUP was so divided that only a minimalist policy could hold it together. His ability to accommodate the various factions of unionism was enhanced by his leadership of the  Royal Black Institution and his senior role in the Orange Order.  Under his leadership, there was no repetition of the splits of 1970s, and the slide in the party's vote share was halted. He was, however, the last UUP leader to avoid those perils.

During the 1980s, Molyneaux was an active member of the Conservative Monday Club. Molyneaux was co-opted onto the club's Executive Council on 23 June 1983. and later became a vice-president of the club. In the October 1985 Conservative Party Conference issue of the club's tabloid newspaper, Right Ahead, just before the signing of the Anglo-Irish Agreement, he contributed a lengthy article entitled 'Northern Ireland – Ulster belongs to Britain NOT to the Irish Republic'. Molyneaux was present at an Executive Council meeting in December 1990 which accepted a decision to stop employing salaried staff at the Club because of its financial deficit. He subsequently left the Monday Club in February 1991.

In March 2016, gay Conservative Party activist Christopher Luke claimed that he had had a long-term platonic 'David and Jonathan' relationship with Molyneaux until the latter's death.  Luke had claimed to have met Molyneaux at a Monday Club event in 1984. However, Molyneaux's relatives and former colleagues questioned the truthfulness of Luke's claims, which were not verified by others. Luke died at the age of 50 in December 2017. According to the book Angels with Blue Faces, by the journalist Lyra McKee, Molyneaux was interviewed by a senior RUC detective in relation to the Kincora Boys' Home abuse scandal but not arrested or charged, although McKee alleged that he and others were involved in a conspiracy relating to the case:

Politically, under Molyneaux's leadership, the UUP gained the newly created seats of East Antrim, Lagan Valley, Londonderry East, Newry and Armagh, Strangford, and Upper Bann in the 1983 general election, as well as gaining North Belfast (from the DUP) and Fermanagh and South Tyrone (from Sinn Féin).  It also held South Belfast and his former constituency of South Antrim throughout his time as party leader; the more conservative DUP did not increase its number of (three) MPs over that time and by 1992, several unionist majorities were secured by electoral pacts between the two parties.

The party lost Newry and Armagh in 1986 and South Down in 1987 but maintained its number of (nine) MPs in the 1992 general election, including future leader David Trimble following his success in the 1990 Upper Bann by-election. Two life peers representing the party were also appointed in the early 1990s - Lord Cooke and Lord McConnell. The UUP was the largest party in the 1982-1986 Northern Ireland Assembly and increased its number of councillors in each local government election between 1981 and 1993.

Former Sunday Times journalist Chris Ryder reflected that Molyneaux was "at heart a shire Conservative" and an "intensely private and discreet man". Molyneaux had led an UUP delegation to hold talks with the Irish Government in Dublin in 1992, a significant development at that time, and his support for the Downing Street Declaration by John Major and Albert Reynolds in 1993 was "crucial, for it helped calm deep unionist fears".

Anglo-Irish Agreement
Molyneaux's loyalty to the Conservatives led to him being taken by surprise by the November 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement, and overshadowed by Ian Paisley.

On 17 December 1985, Molyneaux resigned his seat, along with his fourteen unionist colleagues in the House of Commons, in protest at the Anglo-Irish Agreement. The fifteen Unionist MPs hoped that the by-elections could be portrayed as referendum on the agreement. He was re-elected in the resulting January 1986 by-election, along with all but one of the fourteen other unionists: the UUP's Jim Nicholson, who was defeated in Newry and Armagh by Seamus Mallon of the SDLP.

He felt most at home in Westminster, and believed that behind-the-scenes influence in London was the most effective path for unionist influence.  He opposed formal power-sharing between unionists and nationalists, and routinely dismissed political initiatives, criticising SDLP leader John Hume for "grubbing around the back-streets of Belfast" to open dialogue with Sinn Féin while the IRA's violent campaign continued.

Peace process
In August 1994, the Provisional IRA called a ceasefire, which Molyneaux described as "the most destabilising event since partition" and "the worst thing that has ever happened to us".

In March 1995, Molyneaux was challenged for the leadership of the UUP by a 21-year-old student and, although he won easily, the election saw a strong protest vote against Molyneaux's leadership registered. Following the UUP's poor showing in the 1995 North Down by-election, Molyneaux yielded to renewed pressure to retire as leader in September of that year; he had also just turned 75 years of age. After retiring as UUP leader, Molyneaux was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1996. After standing down as an MP at the 1997 general election, Molyneaux was created a life peer on 10 June 1997 as Baron Molyneaux of Killead, of Killead in the County of Antrim.

When a Roman Catholic church near his home was burnt down by loyalist arsonists in the late 1990s, Molyneaux helped raise funds to rebuild it.

His last speech as a Member of Parliament, on 19 March 1997, recognised the Callaghan Government's role in "granting Northern Ireland free and equal representation in the Parliament of the United Kingdom."

Retirement
Molyneaux's maiden speech in the House of Lords, on 3 July 1997, was critical of the peace process and noted "the necessity calmly to consider the impact of current events on the long-term interests of Ulster and to give absolute priority to draining the lake of bitterness in which the terrorists have been permitted to swim for far too long."

On several occasions in his retirement, Molyneaux was publicly critical of his successor, David Trimble. He fiercely opposed the Good Friday Agreement, and in 2003 supported three Ulster Unionist MPs (David Burnside, Jeffrey Donaldson and Martin Smyth) when they resigned the party whip in protest against Trimble's leadership and the party's support for the Agreement.

In the 2005 general election, Molyneaux caused controversy within unionism when he and Smyth endorsed the Democratic Unionist Party candidate Jimmy Spratt over the UUP candidate Michael McGimpsey in Smyth's former constituency of South Belfast. Molyneaux also endorsed Donaldson, his own successor as MP for Lagan Valley, even after Donaldson had defected to the DUP, as well as anti-Trimble UUP candidates such as Burnside. In the election, Donaldson held Lagan Valley by a large majority, while Spratt outpolled McGimpsey (although losing to the SDLP candidate Alasdair McDonnell on a split vote); many claimed that Molyneaux and Smyth's endorsements had contributed to the UUP's disastrous showing. However, Burnside lost his seat.

Molyneaux made his last speech to the House of Lords in February 2006, expressing concern for families affected by poor service from the Child Support Agency. He continued to regularly vote in the House of Lords until his last vote on the Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 in October 2008.

Death
Molyneaux died at the age of 94 in Antrim, Northern Ireland, on 9 March 2015, Commonwealth Day.

Tributes were formally paid in the Northern Ireland Assembly and led by then UUP party leader, Mike Nesbitt, who remarked: "The sight of Lord Molyneaux as Ulster Unionist leader wearing his medals as he laid the wreath on behalf of the party at the Cenotaph every Remembrance Sunday in London was a powerful image that epitomised the ideals of dignity and service, which he embodied."

Arms

See also
 List of Northern Ireland Members of the House of Lords
 List of Northern Ireland members of the Privy Council

Sources

References

External links

 Theyworkforyou.com - speeches by James Molyneaux MP (to 1997)
 Theyworkforyou.com - speeches by Lord Molyneaux (to 2006)

1920 births
2015 deaths
Members of Armagh County Council
Molyneaux of Killead
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Leaders of the Ulster Unionist Party
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Antrim constituencies (since 1922)
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Lagan Valley
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Northern Ireland MPAs 1982–1986
Politicians from County Antrim
People of The Troubles (Northern Ireland)
Royal Air Force officers
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
Ulster Unionist Party members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
Ulster Unionist Party life peers
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
People from Killead

James Molyneaux, Baron Molyneaux of Killead


Jerome C. Steiner (January 7, 1918 – February 1, 2012) was an American professional basketball player.  He played two seasons in the National Basketball League (NBL), one of the two leagues that merged to form the National Basketball Association.

Steiner, a 5'7" point guard was a basketball player for Butler University from 1937 to 1940.  He made the 1940 All-American team as a senior for the Bulldogs.

After graduating from Butler, Steiner played for one season for the Indianapolis Kautskys of the NBL for the 1945–46 season.  After serving in World War II until 1946, Steiner took a job teaching and coaching at Shortridge High School in Indianapolis while playing for the Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons.  He left the game after the 1946–47 season.

Steiner died on February 1, 2012, in Bonita Springs, Florida.

References

1918 births
2012 deaths
All-American college men's basketball players
American men's basketball players
American military personnel of World War II
Basketball players from Indiana
Butler Bulldogs men's basketball players
High school basketball coaches in the United States
Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons players
Indianapolis Kautskys players
Point guards

Jerry Steiner


Little Sonny (born Aaron Willis; October 6, 1932, in Greensboro, Alabama) is an American electric blues harmonica player, singer and songwriter. His early mentor and inspiration was Sonny Boy Williamson II. Nevertheless, Little Sonny stated that his nickname was originated by his mother: "[She] called me 'Sonny boy' from the time I can remember." He has released eight albums, including three for a subsidiary of Stax Records. His 1973 release, Hard Goin' Up, reached the Top 50 in the Billboard R&B chart.

Biography
Willis was born in 1932 and raised solely by his mother. He relocated to Detroit in 1953. He had no real interest in music, he said, "But then I saw Sonny Boy Williamson II." Willis was "spellbound at the way he played. After the show I went home and practiced for hours. Every day after that I would practice until I got the sound I wanted." His daytime job was working in a used car lot.

His first professional appearance was at the Good Times Bar in Detroit, playing in Washboard Willie's backing group. He put together his first band in March 1956. For the following fifteen years he performed in numerous Detroit clubs, often boosting his earnings by photographing customers between his performances on stage. He often performed with John Lee Hooker, Eddie Kirkland and Baby Boy Warren. Another club stalwart, Eddie "Guitar" Burns, accompanied him on Little Sonny's debut single, "I Gotta Find My Baby" (1958), released by Duke Records. It was co-written by Little Sonny's wife, Maggie. His follow-up release, "Love Shock", was for Excello Records. He received $25 for that track. He then established his own label, Speedway Records, and sold enough copies of his next single, "The Mix Up", to pay his production costs.

Home-recording his own tracks, in 1966 he leased "The Creeper" and "Latin Soul" to Revilot Records. A later track, "Sonny's Bag", became his first Top 20 hit in Detroit. By late 1969, Little Sonny recorded his debut album, the predominantly instrumental New King of Blues Harmonica, which he cut in less than six hours. It was released by Enterprise, a subsidiary of Stax Records. Despite their reputation for soul music productions, Little Sonny released three albums for the label in the early 1970s. He also briefly appeared in the Stax stadium concert film, Wattstax.

Black & Blue (1971) and Hard Goin' Up (1973) followed, with Little Sonny using an Old Standby 34B harmonica. A lean period ensued, until the British label Sequel Records issued Sonny Side Up in 1995. His accompanists included the keyboard player Rudy Robinson, a regular session musician in Detroit in the 1960s and 1970s, and the guitarist Aaron Willis, Jr., Little Sonny's son, who had both played on Hard Goin' Up over 20 years earlier.

Little Sonny performed at Black Hills State University on June 24, 2000.

His photograph collection, housed in the basement of his Detroit home, includes shots of John Lee Hooker, Eddie "Guitar" Burns, Eddie Kirkland, Joe Hunter, Eddie Willis, Bobby Bland, Washboard Willie, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. Little Sonny performed on October 4, 2008, at the Motor City Blues & Boogie Woogie Festival, in Detroit, with Eddie "Guitar" Burns, Otis Clay and Bobby Rush.

Discography
New King of Blues Harmonica (1970), Enterprise/Stax
Black & Blue (1971), Enterprise/Stax (reissued in 1992)
Hard Goin' Up (1973), Enterprise/Stax (number 42, Billboard R&B chart)
Ann Arbor Blues & Jazz Festival, Vol. 2: Blues with a Feeling (1995), Schoolkids (live album)
Sonny Side Up (1995), Sequel (UK)
Blues with a Feeling (1996), Sequel (UK)
Live in Japan 1994 (1997), P-Vine
The Best Love I've Ever Had (2003), P-Vine

References

1932 births
Living people
American blues harmonica players
American blues singers
American male singers
American male songwriters
Blues musicians from Alabama
Detroit blues musicians
Harmonica blues musicians
People from Greensboro, Alabama
Songwriters from Alabama

Little Sonny


Reza Abedini (, born 1967 in Tehran) is an Iranian graphic designer and a professor. His works keep a modern theme as he blends traditional Islamic patterns, calligraphy and culture. He combines simple illustrations with poetic typography and elegant layouts, exploring the beauty of the Persian language. He is also an art critic, independent art director with Reza Abedini Studio and the editor-in-chief of Manzar magazine in Iran.

Early life
He graduated in 1985 from the School of Fine Arts in Tehran, majoring in graphic design. He went on to get a second degree and majored in painting from the Tehran University of Art and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1992. Upon graduating until 1993 he was the Editor of the visual section of Sureh Monthly Magazine. In 1993, he founded Reza Abedini Studio an independent design consultancy and art direction studio.

Design
His design influences, including Aleksander Rodchenko, Ikko Tanaka, Sani'ol Molk Ghafari, Roman Cieslewicz and Mirza Gholam-Reza Esfahani.

Abedini has won dozens of national and international design awards. In 2006, he received the Principal Prince Claus Award in recognition of his creativity in the production of unique graphic designs and the personal manner in which he applied and redefined the knowledge and accomplishments of Iran's artistic heritage, thus making them highly interesting. The award also focuses on the diversity of historical and modern Iranian culture, recognizing the impact of graphic design as an influential international means of communication.

Abedini has been a member of the Iranian Graphic Designers Society since 1997, he was a jury member at several biennials worldwide. His name is listed in Meggs History of Graphic Design as one of the world's outstanding post-digital graphic designers.

Academic career
Since 1996, he has been a professor at the University of Tehran in graphic design and visual culture. He previously was a visiting assistant professor of graphic design and visual culture at the American University of Beirut.

Honors and awards

1993, 1994, 1996 – First Prize: best film poster of Fajr International Film Festival Iran
1994 – Film Critics Special Award for the Best film poster, Iran
1996 – IRIB'S Special Award: The Best film poster, Iran
1999 – 3rd Award: poster, The 6th Biennial of Iranian Graphic Designers, Tehran
1999 – Special Award: Creativity from Iranian Graphic Designers Society, Tehran
2003 – Special Prize: China International Poster Biennale China
2004 – The Union of Visual Artists of the Czech Republic Award, Brno, Czech
2004 – Second prize: 15th Festival d'affiches de Chaumont France
2004 – Gold Prize: Hong Kong International Poster Triennial Hong Kong
2004 – First prize and gold medal: 8th International Biennial of the Poster in Mexico
2004 – Silver prize: Second International Poster Biennale Korea
2004 – First prize: The First international Biennale of the Islamic world Poster, Iran
2005 – Bronze Medal: The 2nd China International Poster Biennial CIPB, China
2005 – First prize: 9th Press Festival of Children & Young Adults, Iran
 2006 – Principal award, Prince Claus Award, Netherlands

Bibliography
 Reza Abedini (Vision of Design) by Jianping He ()
 Reza Abedini (design & designer)  by Alain le Quernec ()
 New Visual Culture of Modern Iran  by Reza Abedini and Hans Wolbers ()
 Iran. Gnomi e giganti, paradossi e malintesi  by Reza Abedini and Ebrahim Nabavi ()

See also
Other Iranian Prince Claus Award winners
Rakhshan Bani-Etemad
Ebrahim Nabavi

Notes

External links
 Reza Abedini's Official Website
 Reza Abedini won Prince Claus Award

Iranian graphic designers
Iranian typographers and type designers
Iranian expatriate academics
Academic staff of the University of Tehran
Art educators
Writers from Tehran
1967 births
Living people
Iranian poster artists

Reza Abedini


WHOM (94.9 FM, "94.9 HOM") is an American radio station which airs an adult contemporary radio format.   WHOM is owned by Townsquare Media and transmits from atop Mount Washington in New Hampshire, its community of license.  Mount Washington is the tallest peak in the Northeast.

WHOM's signal is among the strongest FM signals in the world, and the station can be heard in five states (New Hampshire, Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York) and one Canadian province. Under proper conditions, the signal can reach as far east as Acadia National Park in Eastern Maine, as far north as Southern Quebec, as far south as Boston and as far West as the Adirondack Mountains in Upstate New York. Although the station can be heard over much of Northern New England, WHOM broadcasts from and considers itself part of the Portland radio market.  WHOM claims on its website and on the air that it has the largest coverage area of any FM station in the United States.  Sister station 103.7 WPKQ also broadcasts from atop Mount Washington, but its signal is not as strong as WHOM's.

In addition to local DJs, the station also airs the syndicated John Tesh radio show in the evening.  From late November to December 25, WHOM switches to an all-Christmas music format.

History

WMTW-FM
The station that is today WHOM signed on the air July 9, 1958, as WMTW-FM. Along with Channel 8 WMTW-TV (channel 8), which had signed on in 1954, WMTW-FM was owned by Mount Washington Television, an ownership group that included former Maine governor Horace Hildreth. For most of its early years, WMTW-FM broadcast a beautiful music format, featuring quarter-hour sweeps of mostly soft instrumentals, with limited talking and commercials.

The WMTW stations were sold to Jack Paar of Tonight Show fame in 1963.  Jack Paar, in turn, sold WMTW-FM-TV to Mid New York Broadcasting in 1967.  In 1971, Mid New York sold WMTW-FM to Alpine Broadcasting while retaining the TV station.

With the ownership change, the radio station switched its call letters to WWMT, then to WMTQ in 1973, and then finally to the current WHOM in 1976. That call sign previously was used by New York City radio stations 1480 AM (now WZRC) and 92.3 FM (now WINS-FM).  The station offered an easy listening format consisting of instrumental versions of pop songs from artists like Henry Mancini, Ray Conniff, Percy Faith, Chet Atkins, and Herb Alpert, as well as several soft vocals per hour like The Carpenters, Dionne Warwick, Johnny Mathis, and Perry Como. This format continued through the 1980s.

WHOM
In January 1990, WHOM dropped the easy listening music for a soft adult contemporary format, dubbed "soft and easy favorites" by the station.  It continued to market itself as an easy listening station and retained its air staff. In the mid 1990s, the station began adding softer songs by contemporary hit artists and began playing current product. By 2000, WHOM was more of a mainstream adult contemporary station.

The station was sold to Fuller-Jeffrey Broadcasting by Barnstable Broadcasting in 1996.  Fuller-Jeffrey then sold most of its stations, including WHOM, to Citadel Broadcasting in 1999. Citadel merged with Cumulus Media on September 16, 2011.

Sale to Townsquare Media
On August 30, 2013, a deal was announced in which Townsquare Media would acquire 53 Cumulus stations, including WHOM, for $238 million. The deal was part of Cumulus' acquisition of Dial Global; Townsquare and Dial Global are both controlled by Oaktree Capital Management. The sale to Townsquare was completed on November 14, 2013.

References

External links
 WHOM Website

HOM
Mainstream adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
Townsquare Media radio stations
Radio stations established in 1958
Mount Washington (New Hampshire)
1958 establishments in New Hampshire

WHOM


Thomas Tooke (; 28 February 177426 February 1858) was an English economist known for writing on money and economic statistics. After Tooke's death the Statistical Society endowed the Tooke Chair of economics at King's College London, and a Tooke Prize.

In business, he served several terms between 1840 and 1852 as governor of the Royal Exchange Corporation.  Likewise, he served for several terms as chairman of the St Katharine's Docks company. He was also an early director of the London and Birmingham Railway.

Life
Born at Kronstadt on 29 February 1774, he was the eldest son of William Tooke, at that time chaplain to the British factory there. Thomas began his professional life at the age of fifteen in a house of business at St Petersburg, and subsequently became a partner in the London firms of Stephen Thornton & Co., and Astell, Tooke, & Thornton.

He took no serious part in discussion of economic questions until 1819, when he gave evidence before committees of both Houses of Parliament on the resumption of cash payments by the Bank of England. Tooke was one of the earliest supporters of the free trade movement which assumed the form in the petition of the merchants of the City of London presented to the House of Commons by Alexander Baring, on 8 May 1820. This document was drawn up by Tooke; and the circumstances which led to its preparation are described in the sixth volume of his History of Prices. Lord Liverpool's government, especially through William Huskisson after 1828, moved in the direction sought.

It was to support the principles of the merchants' petition that Tooke, with David Ricardo, Robert Malthus, James Mill, and others, founded the Political Economy Club in April 1821. From the beginning Tooke took part in its discussions, and continued to attend its meetings to the end of his life.

Out of controversy over paper money emerged the Bank Charter Act 1844, the main object of which was to prevent the over-issue of notes. Tooke was opposed to the provisions of the act. He thought that by some changes in the management of the Bank of England, coupled with the compulsory maintenance of a much larger reserve of bullion, more satisfactory results would be achieved.

Besides giving evidence on economic questions before several parliamentary committees, such as those of 1821 on agricultural depression and on foreign trade, of 1832, 1840, and 1848 on the Bank Acts, Tooke was a member of the factories inquiry commission of 1833. He retired from active business on his own account in 1836, but was governor of the Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation from 1840 to 1852, and was also chairman of the St. Katharine's Dock Company. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in March 1821, and membre correspondant de l'Institut de France (Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques) in February 1853. He resided in London at 12 Russell Square, then later in Richmond Terrace, and at 31 Spring Gardens, where he died on 26 February 1858. He is buried at Kensal Green Cemetery.

In the year after Tooke's death the Tooke professorship of economic science and statistics at King's College, London, was founded in his memory, the endowment being raised by public subscription. There was a watercolour sketch of Tooke in the office of the Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation, and a portrait was painted by Sir Martin Archer Shee.

Works
As a follower of Ricardo, Francis Horner, and Huskisson, Tooke was a supporter of the principles embodied in the report of the bullion committee of 1810. The three years which followed the Resumption of Cash Payments Act 1819 were marked by a fall in the prices of nearly all commodities. An opinion gained ground that the fall was due to a contraction of the currency which was assumed to result from the return to cash payments. To combat this view was the task to which Tooke applied himself in his earliest work, Thoughts and Details on the High and Low Prices of the last Thirty Years (1823), and the same line of argument is pursued in his Considerations on the State of the Currency (1826), and in a Letter to Lord Grenville (1829). He entered on a detailed examination of the causes which might affect prices, and claimed to establish the conclusion that the variations, both during the period of restriction and after the resumption, were due to circumstances directly connected with the commodities themselves, and not to alterations in the quantity of money.

The History of Prices
Tooke is best known for his History of Prices and of the State of the Circulation during the Years 1793–1856 (6 vols., 1838–1857). In the first four volumes he treats (a) of the prices of corn, and the circumstances affecting prices; (b) the prices of produce other than corn; and (c) the state of the circulation. The two final volumes, written with William Newmarch, deal with railways, free trade, banking in Europe and the effects of new discoveries of gold.

The first two volumes dealt with the period from 1793 to 1837, and were published in 1838. His conclusions were that the high prices which, speaking generally, ruled between 1793 and 1814 were due to a relatively large number of unfavourable seasons, coupled with the obstructions to trade which were created by the Napoleonic Wars; while the lower range of prices in the subsequent years was attributable to a series of more prolific seasons, the removal of the state of war, and improvement in the processes of manufacture and industry.

The History of Prices was completed in six volumes; the third, dealing with the years 1838–9, was published in 1840, the fourth in 1848, and the fifth and sixth in 1857, the year before Tooke's death. The whole work comprises an analysis of the financial and commercial history of the period which it covers. The later volumes record of the steps by which Tooke gradually severed himself from the supporters of the currency theory, the direct heirs of the bullionists of 1810 and 1819. This summary of Tooke's views represents his opinions as they took shape between 1840 and 1844, and were defined in his Enquiry into the Currency Principle (1844). But in his earlier writings there are many passages inconsistent with his later opinions.

The supporters of the 'currency theory,' whose principles were adopted by Robert Peel and embodied in the Act of 1844, were represented by Samuel Jones Loyd, Robert Torrens, and George Warde Norman.  They contended that banks of issue, by the arbitrary extension of their circulation, could produce a direct effect on prices, and thus stimulate financial speculation; that convertibility on demand was not a sufficient safeguard; and that the only adequate remedy was to separate the business of issue from that of banking in such a way that the former should regulate itself automatically, and that the discretion of the directors should be confined to the latter.

Tooke, on the other hand, reinforced later on by John Fullarton and James Wilson, maintained that a paper currency which was readily convertible on demand must necessarily conform to the value of a purely metallic currency; that for this purpose no other regulation was required beyond ready convertibility; that under these conditions banks had no power of arbitrarily increasing their issues; and that the level of prices was not directly affected by such issues. Before the committee of 1832 Tooke stated that, according to his experience, a rise or fall of prices had invariably preceded, and could not therefore be caused by, an enlargement or contraction of the circulation. This view, while inconsistent with the quantity theory of money, is consistent with the real bills doctrine. On this view, a fall in the value of the assets of a money-issuing bank would cause the value of the bank's notes to fall. The public would then require more notes to conduct business, and the bank would willingly issue those notes to customers who offered assets of adequate value in exchange. Thus the quantity of notes would increase after the price level had risen.

Family
He married, in 1802, Priscilla Combe, by whom he had three sons.

Bibliography
A History of Prices in six volumes:

Notes

References

Sources

Obituaries
 Obituary Notices of Fellows Deceased, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1857–1859 vol 9 pp 550–551
 Thos Tooke F.R.S. Journal of the Statistical Society of London, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jun. 1858), pp. 198–201. Reprints the obituary in the Economist and describes the plans for a Tooke memorial.

External links

 An Inquiry into the Currency Principle, from Archive for the History of Economic Thought

The National Portrait Gallery has two pictures of Tooke
 Search the collection

There is information on the Tooke chair and the distinguished economists who have held it in
 P. M. Robinson: Denis Sargan – Some Perspectives

1774 births
1858 deaths
People from Kronstadt
People from Petergofsky Uyezd
Classical economists
English economists
Insurance underwriters
Fellows of the Royal Society
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom

Thomas Tooke


Anne Hill () is the most prominent hill on Radian Ridge in the Royal Society Range of Victoria Land. It rises to  at the east side of Lava Tongue Pass. It was named after Anne C. Wright (later Anne Wright-Grassham), a geologist with, firstly, the New Zealand Geological Survey field party in this area, 1977–78, then with United States Antarctic Research Program field parties, 1982–83, 1983–84, and 1985–86 seasons, with work at Ross Island, Minna Bluff, Mount Discovery, Mount Morning, and Mason Spur.

References

Hills of Victoria Land
Scott Coast

Anne Hill


TasTAFE is a Tasmanian tertiary education body of the Australian state-based Technical and Further Education system run by the Tasmanian State Government. The main campuses are located at Hobart, Warrane, Claremont, Glenorchy, Launceston, Alanvale, Devonport and Burnie.

Previous structures
TasTAFE was originally known as TAFE Tasmania and included two institutes, the Institute of TAFE Tasmania and the Drysdale Institute.

The Institute of TAFE Tasmania and Drysdale Institute were wound up in 2008 and two new bodies—the Tasmanian Polytechnic and the Skills Institute—began delivering statewide vocational education and training on 1 January 2009.

The Tasmanian Polytechnic was one of three organisations created through the Tasmania Tomorrow reforms. The other two organisations were the Tasmanian Academy and the Tasmanian Skills Institute.

The Tasmanian Polytechnic was created from the merger of Tasmanian Colleges and TAFE Tasmania, following the Tasmanian State Government's reform of post-year-10 education in 2009. This significant restructure envisaged taking place over a three-year period with the expectation of all colleges making the transition by 2011. TAFE Tasmania had been created by combining the Institutes of TAFE in Hobart (formerly Hobart Technical College, which operated from 1888 to 1994), Launceston, North West and Drysdale (Tasmania's provider of training in hospitality and tourism), with other institutions.

In the second semester of 2013, the Polytechnic was dissolved and a reformed TAFE Tasmania began operating as TasTAFE.

See also
Education in Tasmania
Department of Education (Tasmania)

Notes

External links
TasTAFE, Tasmania's public sector post-compulsory vocational education and training

Education in Tasmania
Technical and further education

TasTAFE


Electron is an unincorporated community in Pierce County in the state of Washington, US.

Electron sits along the Puyallup River just northeast of Lake Kapowsin and is the site of the Electron Hydroelectric Project, a power plant operated by Puget Power. Above the plant, 10.1 miles upriver, is the Electron Diversionary Dam, which runs water to the power plant via a wooden flume. The dam and power plant project was constructed in 1903-04 and began operation on April 12, 1904. Electron was the site of a CCC camp in the 1930s. A mudslide destroyed the original powerhouse in 1936; rebuilding was partially completed in 1937 and fully rehabilitated in 1941. There is a small town park in Electron.

References

Census-designated places in Pierce County, Washington
Census-designated places in Washington (state)

Electron, Washington


Great Scotland Yard is a street in Westminster, London, connecting Northumberland Avenue and Whitehall. By the 16th century, this 'yard', which was then a series of open courtyards within the Palace of Whitehall, was fronted by buildings used by diplomatic representatives of the Kingdom of Scotland. In the 19th century, it was a street and open space, which was the location of a public entrance to the original headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service of London, causing the name "Scotland Yard" to become synonymous with the police service.

History

Although the etymology is not certain, according to a 1964 article in The New York Times, the name derives from buildings that accommodated the diplomatic representatives of the Kingdom of Scotland and the Scottish kings when they visited the English court – in effect, acting as the Scottish embassy, although such an institution was not formalized. Scotland Yard was certainly built and so named by 1515, as Henry VIII's sister, Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scots, was lodged there.

By the 17th century, the yard housed government buildings and residences for English civil servants. The architects Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren lived there, as did the poet John Milton from 1649 to 1651, during the Commonwealth of England under the rule of Oliver Cromwell. Towards the end of the 17th century, the district was already associated with prominence and prestige; for example in the 1690s in his satirical A Tale of a Tub, Jonathan Swift claimed the regard of "my worthy brethren and friends at Will's Coffee-house, and Gresham College, and Warwick Lane, and Moorfields, and Scotland Yard, and Westminster Hall, and Guildhall; in short, to all inhabitants and retainers whatsoever, either in court, or church, or camp, or city, or country...".

According to the Metropolitan Police Service, the original Metropolitan Police Commissioner's office at 4 Whitehall Place, had a rear entrance on Great Scotland Yard. An 1862 map of Westminster shows the location. Over time, Scotland Yard was used generally as a metonym for the police headquarters.

Richard Horwood's 1799 map of London shows Great Scotland Yard on the eastern side of Whitehall, opposite the Admiralty. Below it are two streets that are culs-de-sac: Middle Scotland Yard, where Whitehall Place is today, and Lower Scotland Yard, entered from Middle Scotland Yard. Lower Scotland Yard was where the War Office building was erected in 1906, but was, according to the 1862 map, renamed Middle Scotland Yard when Whitehall Place, originally a cul-de-sac, took the place of the original Middle Scotland Yard.

The Clarence public house, named after the Duke of Clarence, dates from 1896. It was originally attached to the opposite corner of Great Scotland Yard by an archway. The archway was removed during the 1908 redevelopment of Great Scotland Yard, and the end of the building was refaced with slightly different coloured bricks.

Since 1953, The Civil Service Club has been based in the Old Fire House at numbers 13–15, and is a social club for current and former members of the Civil Service.

Great Scotland Yard Hotel
3–5 Great Scotland Yard is now a five-star Hyatt luxury hotel located on Great Scotland Yard Road in Westminster. It has a very long history as it sits on the previous site of the Ministry of Defence Library, but was built in 1906 as the Central London Recruiting Office. The hotel has 152 rooms with 15 suites and a stand-alone townhouse located at 1 Great Scotland Yard. The Edwardian townhouse has its own private entrance and has two bedrooms across five floors. The hotel also contains four bars and restaurants and a gym.

The history of the building is split between the back and the front of the hotel.

The back of the hotel

997–1541
It has been claimed that the Kings of Scotland had part of Whitehall Palace for their use when they visited Westminster, and that this is the origin of the name "Great Scotland Yard".

In approximately 997–1105, a residence was first given to Kenneth III of Scotland, as his residence. The last of the Scottish royal family who resided here was Margaret, Queen of Scots, wife of James IV of Scotland and sister to King Henry VIII. She resided here after the death of her husband at the Battle of Flodden.

1541–1910
After 1541, it was used as the homes of prominent civil servants due to its proximity to Whitehall Palace. These included Inigo Jones, who designed Covent Garden, Lincoln Inn Fields and Banqueting House, and Christopher Wren who designed St Paul's Cathedral and many London churches. The English poet John Milton, who wrote Paradise Lost, lived on-site from 1649 to 1651.

This house was originally named the Marshalsea Court House. There were also numerous private residences until 1910. On the right-hand side of the Marshalsea Court House were Royal Stables constructed before 1812 (exact date unknown). They were the stables for the Admiralty and then was used by the police from 1837 onwards. The police also expanded into the Marshalsea Court House from 1847.

The current building as we know it was constructed in 1910.

The front of the hotel

Pre-1812
Not much is known about this space. It is likely that it was an empty courtyard until 1812, where a coach house and reservoir were built to house the king's horses and stewards.

1812–1874
Not much changed between these years and the building continued to be used as the Royal Stables. Then, in 1873 the Metropolitan Police brought the stables from the Waterloo and Whitehall Railway company and built the 'Hackney Carriage & Detective Department' in 1874. The building was the first dedicated space for the detective department and was where all the high-profile cases were processed and high-profile prisoners were held.

The striking and individual architecture of Great Scotland Yard is recognisable and iconic to many worldwide. Its Edwardian red brick, Portland stone and the famous green doors were all part of the 1874 design. The green doors have borne witness to many historic events and characters and have become a symbol and shorthand for Great Scotland Yard as part of the city of London's rich heritage.

1874–1910
On 30 May 1884, the Fenians exploded a bomb at the location, which blew a hole in the wall of Scotland Yard, and damaged the Rising Sun public house. People came to inspect the damage, and the proprietor charged 3d () a head for spectators, and his premises thereby gained unsought attention.

Later that year, the Metropolitan Police repaired the building and converted it to accommodate living quarters for the Police Commissioner and his top deputies on the first floor. The façade as we know it was refurbished in 1910, along with the sides of the hotel, creating the building as we know it now.

History of the whole building, 1910–2013
The current Edwardian building was completed in 1910 and served as the British Army Recruitment Office for World War I and World War 2. It was used by the Ministry of Defence until 2013, first as a recruitment office and then as a library until 2004.

In 2013, the building was purchased by the UAE company LuLu Group for £110 million.

Filming location
A World War II scene in the motion picture Atonement (2007) with Keira Knightley and James McAvoy was filmed in this road, as was a scene from Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010). The road was also used as part of the car chase scene from the James Bond film Skyfall (2012).. It was also used for the opening scene of the Marvel Studios film Doctor Strange in 2016.

References

External links

 The Story of 13–15 Great Scotland Yard

Streets in the City of Westminster

Great Scotland Yard


Revolutionary Communist League (in Spanish: Liga Comunista Revolucionaria (LCR), in Basque: Liga Komunista Iraultzailea, in Catalan: Lliga Comunista Revolucionària, in Galician: Liga Comunista Revolucionaria) was a political party in Spain. It was founded in 1971 by members of the Catalan group Comunisme, a split of the Popular Liberation Front (FLP). The LCR had a trotskyist ideology, adopting more heterodox political positions in the 1980s.

History

Foundation and clandestinity
The LCR was founded in 1971 by members of the Catalan group Communisme, a split of the Popular Liberation Front (PLF or Felipe). It was the Spanish section of the Fourth International (post-reunification), one of the fractions of the Trotskyist Fourth International. The LCR had the purpose of being a revolutionary party that rejected class collaboration and advocated a model of territorial organization based in a confederation of republics, recognizing of the right of self-determination for all the peoples of Spain.

In 1972 the LCR suffered a split called Communist League (LC), which joined the LCR again in 1978. In 1973 it merged with a split of ETA after VI Assembly called for that very ETA-VI: the majority of the members of that organization, revolutionary communists, decided to abandon armed struggle as a way of fighting against the Francoist State and decided to seek unity with similar groups in the rest of Spain. With this union the LCR gained presence in the Basque Country, which until then the LCR had not just presence, using the name of LCR-ETA (VI).

Transition
The death of caudillo Francisco Franco, and partly because of the difficulty of explaining outside the Basque Country that reference to ETA, LCR-ETA (VI) changed again its name to LCR. A new independent, but fraternal, organization was founded in the Basque Country with the name of Liga Komunista Iraultzailea (LKI).

The first meeting of LKI, held in Arantzazu, in 1977 and still in clandestinity, ended with the arrest of all the assembly (150 people), although shortly after the arrest they were released and the party began to be tolerated. After the first democratic elections, legalized. In that elections the LCR supported the Front for Workers' Unity (FUT), that gained 41,208 votes (0.22%). One of the militants LKI in those years was Germán Rodriguez, which was murdered by the Spanish police in Pamplona on July 8, in the incidents of the .

The following years the LCR supported several local electoral platforms, although in the mid and late 1980s the party generally campaigned in favor of abstention. Thus, in 1978 in Valencia, the LCR supported the United Left of the Valencian Country (EUPV) along with the Communist Movement of the Valencian Country, and nationalist groups, such as Valencian People's Union. In 1980 the LCR supported Unity for Socialism for the autonomic elections in Catalonia, and in 1982 again in Catalonia, supported the Communist Front of Catalonia to the Spanish general elections.

Unity with the Communist Movement and ideological changes
In the Basque Country, Liga Komunista Iraultzailea, Langile Abertzale Iraultzaileen Alderdia and Nueva Izquierda formed the coalition Auzolan, which also received support from the EMK.

The LCR-MC unit had great importance in the Spanish politics of the 1980s, as they were some of the main promoters of the mobilizations against the NATO (through the Anti-NATO Commission and the Civic Platform) and later against the US bases in Spain, in the trial of the GAL, in the insubordinate movement against the compulsory military service, in the development of the feminist movement or even the first manifestations of the gay pride day. Both groups campaigned for Herri Batasuna (HB) outside of the Basque Country in the elections to the European Parliament of 1987. Collaboration with HB was not without tensions, as both organizations were very critical of the methods of ETA. HB finally gained a seat in Brussels.

Dissolution
In 1991 MC merged with LCR and formed Alternative Left (Izquierda Alternativa), which had a brief existence.

References

 Martí Caussa: Historia de la LCR (1970-1991). Editorial Viento Sur, Madrid. 2014.

Political parties established in 1971
Political parties disestablished in 1991
Communist parties in Spain
Trotskyism in Europe
Anti-Francoism

Revolutionary Communist League (Spain)


The 44th Academy Awards were presented April 10, 1972, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles.  The ceremonies were presided over by Helen Hayes, Alan King, Sammy Davis Jr., and Jack Lemmon. One of the highlights of the evening was the appearance of Betty Grable who made one of her last public appearances. She appeared along with one of her leading men from the 1940s, singer Dick Haymes, to present the musical scoring awards. Grable died the following year. This was the first time in the history of the Awards in which the nominees were shown on superimposed pictures while being announced.

Winners and nominees

Awards
Nominations announced on February 22, 1972. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double dagger ().

Honorary Academy Awards

Charlie Chaplin received an honorary award at this ceremony, for "the incalculable effect he has had in making motion pictures the art form of this century".  Chaplin, who had been living in self-imposed exile in Switzerland for twenty years, came back to the United States to re-market his older films and to receive this award. When introduced to the audience, Chaplin received a twelve-minute standing ovation, the longest in Academy Awards history.

Films with multiple wins and nominations

Presenters and performers

Presenters (in order of appearance)

Performers (in order of appearance)

See also
 29th Golden Globe Awards
 1971 in film
 14th Grammy Awards
 23rd Primetime Emmy Awards
 24th Primetime Emmy Awards
 25th British Academy Film Awards
 26th Tony Awards

References

Academy Awards ceremonies
1971 film awards
1972 in Los Angeles
1972 in American cinema
April 1972 events in the United States
Television shows directed by Marty Pasetta

44th Academy Awards


Robert Charles Christian (October 17, 1945 – February 20, 1974) was an American professional baseball player who played seven seasons (1964–1970) in North America — including parts of three seasons in the Major Leagues with the Detroit Tigers and Chicago White Sox — and two more years (1971–1972) in Japan. A third baseman and outfielder, he threw and batted right-handed, stood  tall and weighed .

Christian was born in Chicago, but his family moved to El Cajon, California, when he was a boy. After attending El Cajon Valley High School and Grossmont College, he signed his first baseball contract with the New York Yankees before the 1964 season. But Christian spent only one season in the Yankee farm system, with the Rookie-level Johnson City Yankees, before he was selected by Detroit in the first-year player draft, and he would play the next four seasons in the Tiger organization. After collecting a career-high 151 hits and batting .319 for the  Toledo Mud Hens, Christian was recalled for his first taste of Major League action after the September 1 roster expansion. The Tigers were breezing to an American League pennant and, ultimately, the 1968 World Series championship, and used Christian in three games as an outfielder, first baseman and pinch hitter. In his second MLB game, he collected his first Major League hit, a double off Camilo Pascual of the Washington Senators. Those three games constituted Christian's entire Tiger career; on September 30, he was sent to the White Sox as part payment for relief pitcher Don McMahon, who had been acquired by Detroit on July 26.

Christian then spent parts of the – seasons with the MLB White Sox (and the remainder with the Triple-A Tucson Toros). He appeared in 39 games played and recorded 143 plate appearances with the 1969 ChiSox, batting .217.  Called up in June, he hit his first Major League home run on June 14 against a future Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher, Jim Palmer, and was Chicago's starting left fielder for much of September.  He began  with the White Sox and stayed with the club into May as a pinch hitter and occasional left fielder. On May 20, his ninth-inning, two-run pinch home run against the California Angels' Tom Murphy was a key hit in a game-winning rally, as Chicago scored three times in the final frame to win, 3–2, at Comiskey Park.  Christian spent most of that season with Tucson, batting .335 before drawing his release to play in Japan. All told, he collected 33 hits during a 54-game Major League tenure, including four home runs and five doubles.

However, illness curtailed both his playing career and his life. Diagnosed with leukemia, Christian died in San Diego, California, at the age of 28. He was survived by his wife and two children.

References

External links

Milner, John, Bob Christian, SABR biography project

1945 births
1974 deaths
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
Baseball players from El Cajon, California
Deaths from cancer in California
Chicago White Sox players
Daytona Beach Islanders players
Deaths from leukemia
Detroit Tigers players
Johnson City Yankees players
Major League Baseball left fielders
Montgomery Rebels players
Rocky Mount Leafs players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Tucson Toros players
Toei Flyers players

Bob Christian (baseball)


Sadio Mané (born 10 April 1992) is a Senegalese professional footballer who plays as a forward or winger for Saudi Pro League club Al Nassr and the Senegal national team. Known for his pressing, dribbling and speed, Mané is often considered one of the greatest African players of all time.

Mané began his professional career with Ligue 2 club Metz at the age of 19, but he departed after a solitary season to join Austrian club Red Bull Salzburg in 2012 for a fee of €4 million, winning a league and cup domestic double in the 2013–14 season. Later that summer, Mané transferred to English club Southampton for a club record fee of £11.8 million. There, he set a new Premier League record for the fastest hat-trick, scored in 176 seconds in a 6–1 win over Aston Villa in 2015.

Mané signed for fellow Premier League club Liverpool in 2016, for a reported fee of £34 million, making him the most expensive African player in history at that time. Having formed a formidable attacking trio with Mohamed Salah and Roberto Firmino after the departure of prolific midfielder Philippe Coutinho, he helped the side reach back-to-back UEFA Champions League Finals in 2018 and 2019, winning the latter. He also finished as the league's joint-top goalscorer in the 2018–19 season, winning the Premier League Golden Boot. Mané then helped end Liverpool's 30-year league title drought by winning the 2019–20 Premier League. In October 2021, he scored his 100th Premier League goal, becoming the third African to reach the landmark. Mané finished fourth and second in the 2019 and 2022 editions of the Ballon d'Or, respectively; and in The Best FIFA Men's Player he ranked fifth in 2019 and fourth in 2020.

At international level, Mané has registered 38 goals in 99 appearances for Senegal since his debut in 2012, and currently ranks as his nation's all-time top goalscorer, and joint-second in all-time appearances. He represented Senegal at the 2012 Olympics, as well as the 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2021 editions of the Africa Cup of Nations. In the 2019 tournament, Mané helped Senegal to a runners-up finish, and a year later, was named African Footballer of the Year. In the 2021 final, Mané scored the winning kick in the penalty shoot-out to give Senegal their first Africa Cup of Nations title and he was also named the Player of the tournament. In 2022, he was crowned African Player of the Year for the second time. Mané also represented his nation at the 2018 FIFA World Cup, in its second-ever appearance in the competition.

Early life

Mané was born to Guineans parents in Bambali, Sédhiou, Senegal. He wished for a career in football, but his father (who was an imam) forbade him from playing the sport as a child; however, his father died when he was seven years old. At the age of 15, he ran away from his home village with the help of a childhood friend, Luc Djiboune, and went to Dakar to pursue his ambition of becoming a footballer; from that time he was supported by his family to fulfill his potential.

Club career

Early career
In 2009, when playing in M'Bour, he was spotted by scouts and later referred to Génération Foot, a club that he helped attain promotion to the second division in the 2010–11 season.

Metz
In 2011, Mané joined Metz which had a partnership with Génération Foot. He made his professional debut on 14 January 2012, coming on as a substitute for Kévin Diaz in the 75th minute of a 0–1 home defeat against Bastia in Ligue 2. He made 19 appearances in his first league season, 12 as a starter, and scored a solitary goal in a 2–5 loss to Guingamp at the Stade Saint-Symphorien on 4 May. Metz was relegated to the Championnat National at the end of the season.

Red Bull Salzburg

Metz set an asking price of €2 million for Mane, and he attracted attention, including from Austrian Bundesliga side Red Bull Salzburg sporting director Ralf Rangnick. Having received several offers throughout the summer, Metz upped their asking price to €4  million, and he moved to Salzburg on 31 August 2012, the third-biggest transfer fee that Metz had ever received.

He scored his first hat-trick for the club on 31 October, in a 3–1 away win at SC Kalsdorf in the third round of the Austrian Cup.

On 27 October 2013, he netted his first hat-trick in the Austrian Bundesliga, during a 3–0 win away to Grödig. He scored another treble on 7 May 2014 as Salzburg won 7–0 at Horn in the cup semi-finals; the season ended with the team winning a domestic double. At the end of August 2014 Mané forced a transfer out of the club, by not coming to the training and to the most important game for Salzburg at that time to qualify for the Champions League.

Southampton

2014–15 season
On 1 September 2014, Mané transferred to Premier League side Southampton for £11.8 million, signing a four-year contract. He made his debut 22 days later in a 2–1 League Cup victory over Arsenal, winning the penalty for Southampton's first goal. He made his first league appearance for the club in another 2–1 victory over Queens Park Rangers on 27 September, starting and assisting Ryan Bertrand for the first goal of the game. He scored his first goal for the club in an 8–0 victory over Sunderland on 18 October, although this was subsequently credited as an own goal by Patrick van Aanholt. He did, however, score his first goal in his next game, a 1–0 win over Stoke City a week later.

In December and January he scored in three successive matches, against Crystal Palace, Chelsea and Arsenal. Mané scored two late winning goals in 1–0 league victories at Queens Park Rangers on 7 February 2015 and at home to Crystal Palace on 3 March respectively. However, Mané had been dropped from Southampton's starting line-up for their 0–2 home defeat to Liverpool on 22 February as a punishment for being late to the stadium.

On 16 May, during Southampton's final home match of the season, Mané scored three times in 2 minutes 56 seconds in a 6–1 win over Aston Villa to set a new Premier League record for the fastest hat-trick. The record had been held since 1994 by Robbie Fowler, who scored three against Arsenal in 4 minutes and 33 seconds. Mané finished the season with 10 goals from 32 appearances in all competitions.

2015–16 season

Mané began the 2015–16 season by registering two assists in the UEFA Europa League third qualifying round first leg match with Vitesse Arnhem at home and scoring in the return leg, as Southampton eased through to the next round 5–0 on aggregate. On 2 December, he took 39 seconds to open the scoring against Liverpool in the quarter-finals of the League Cup, but the Saints eventually lost 6–1 at home.

On 2 January 2016, he was again dropped from the starting line-up by manager Ronald Koeman for a match at Norwich City when he turned up late for a pre-match meeting. He received a straight red card on 12 March at the end of a 2–1 win at Stoke City for a collision into Erik Pieters, although this was quickly overturned on appeal.

Having failed to score in the league for over four months, Mané scored twice in a 3–2 victory over Liverpool on 20 March 2016, followed by five goals in the next five matches, including a hat-trick in a 4–2 victory against Manchester City on 1 May. He finished the season as Southampton's top scorer, with 15 goals in all competitions.

Liverpool

2016–17 season

On 28 June 2016, Mané joined Liverpool for a transfer fee of £34 million (which could rise to £36 million) on a five-year contract. The transfer fee made him the most expensive African player in history at the time. On 14 August, he made his Premier League debut for the Reds, scoring the fourth goal in a 4–3 away win against Arsenal. Having missed Liverpool's defeat at Burnley through a slight shoulder injury, Mané returned to the starting line-up against Burton Albion in the League Cup where he had two assists in a 5–0 win.

On 19 December, Mané scored the only goal of the 227th Merseyside derby in added time against Everton at Goodison Park.
On 11 February 2017, Mané scored two goals within two minutes against Tottenham Hotspur at Anfield, for Liverpool's first league win in 2017. On 20 April 2017, Mané was named in the PFA Team of the Year after scoring 13 league goals in his first season with Liverpool. Despite missing the latter part of the campaign through injury, Mané was awarded the Liverpool Player of the Season award on 9 May 2017.

2017–18 season
In the first match of the new season, on 12 August 2017, away to Watford, Mané scored Liverpool's first goal of the season in a 3–3 draw. He was named Premier League Player of the Month after scoring a goal in each of the Reds' three matches in August. On 9 September 2017, he was given a straight red card in the first half of a 5–0 loss to Manchester City for a high boot against goalkeeper Ederson, resulting in a three-match ban. Mané, Mohamed Salah, Roberto Firmino and Philippe Coutinho made up a prolific attacking quartet dubbed the "Fab Four" and "Fab Three" after the mid-season exit of the latter.

On 14 February 2018, Mané scored his first hat-trick for Liverpool in a 5–0 away win against Porto in the round of 16 first leg of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League. In doing so, he became only the second player to score an away hat-trick for the club in Europe. Later, with a goal in the 3–0 win over AFC Bournemouth on 14 April, he overtook Demba Ba's record of 43 to become the highest scoring Senegalese in Premier League history.

On 26 May, during the 2018 UEFA Champions League final against Real Madrid, Mané scored Liverpool's equalising goal in a 3–1 defeat. In doing so, he became the first Senegalese player to score in the final of the competition. His goal was also his 10th for the campaign which saw Liverpool become the first team in history to have three players score 10+ goals in a single Champions League season, with Mané achieving the milestone alongside fellow forwards Salah and Firmino.

2018–19 season
On 22 November 2018, Mané signed a new long-term deal with Liverpool. On 10 March 2019, Mané scored twice in a 4–2 win over Burnley, the second of which was his 50th competitive goal for Liverpool. His goals also saw him become only the fifth Liverpool player to score in six consecutive home Premier League appearances after Michael Owen, Fernando Torres, Luis Suárez and Salah. Three days later, he scored twice more in a 3–1 win over Bayern Munich to help Liverpool progress to the quarter-finals of the Champions League. In doing so, he became the club's record goalscorer away from home in the competition with seven goals to his name. During Liverpool's next match, he broke another of Ba's records to become the Senegalese player with the most goals scored in a single Premier League season, after scoring his 17th goal for the campaign in a 2–1 win over Fulham. On 20 April, he was one of six players nominated for the PFA Players' Player of the Year award alongside teammate Virgil van Dijk. He was also named in the PFA Team of the Year alongside Liverpool teammates, Trent Alexander-Arnold, Andrew Robertson and Van Dijk.

On the final day of the domestic campaign, Mané scored twice in a 2–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers. His brace took him to 22 goals for the campaign which saw him share the Premier League Golden Boot award with Salah and Arsenal's Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang. On 1 June, Mané helped win an early penalty for Liverpool in the 2019 UEFA Champions League final against Tottenham, only 24 seconds after the kick-off, after his cross was judged to have hit Moussa Sissoko's arm inside the penalty area; Salah subsequently converted from the spot to open the scoring, and Liverpool ultimately won the match 2–0 to claim the title.

2019–20 season

On 14 August 2019, Mané scored twice in the 2019 UEFA Super Cup final against Chelsea in a match that Liverpool won 5–4 on penalties after the game had finished 2–2 after 120 minutes. Mané was named man of the match. Exactly one month later, he scored twice in a 3–1 win over Newcastle United and extended his record run of matches without defeat for Liverpool at Anfield to 50 matches, a league record by any player at a particular stadium. On his 100th Premier League appearance for Liverpool on 5 October, Mané scored his 50th league goal for the club in a 2–1 win over Leicester City.

On 21 October, Mané was named in the 30-man shortlist for the 2019 Ballon d'Or. On 2 December he finished in fourth place for the award, behind Lionel Messi, Liverpool teammate Virgil van Dijk and Cristiano Ronaldo. Two days later, he scored once and assisted two more goals as Liverpool beat Everton 5–2 in the Merseyside derby to extend their unbeaten run in league football to 32 matches, which was a new club record. Later that month, Liverpool won the 2019 FIFA Club World Cup, with Mané setting up the winning goal scored by Firmino in the final against Flamengo.

On 7 January 2020, Mané was named the CAF African Footballer of the Year. He is only the second Senegalese (after El Hadji Diouf) to have won this award.

On 24 February, Mané scored the winner in a 3–2 home win against West Ham United in the Premier League as Liverpool made it 21 consecutive home wins, a league record shared with Bill Shankly's Liverpool team from 1972, and also made it a joint Premier League record 18 wins in a row. On 7 March, Mané scored the winning goal in a 2–1 win against Bournemouth at Anfield as Liverpool set a new English top-flight record of 22 consecutive home wins. Liverpool went on to win the Premier League title at the end of the season.

2020–21 season
On 20 September 2020, Mané opened his scoring account in the 2020–21 Premier League with both Liverpool goals in a 2–0 win away to Chelsea. On 2 October 2020, Mané tested positive for COVID-19. Given his and Liverpool's stuttering form, Mané stated that 2020–21 had been the worst season of his career. On 23 May 2021, the final day of the League season, Mané scored a brace in a 2–0 win over Crystal Palace securing third-place for Liverpool and qualification for the next Champions League season.

2021–22 season

On 18 September 2021, Mané scored his 100th Liverpool goal in a 3–0 home win against Crystal Palace in the Premier League. The goal against Crystal Palace also saw Mané set a new Premier League record by becoming the first player to score in nine consecutive league games against the same opponent. On 16 October, Mané scored his 100th Premier League goal—becoming the third African to reach the landmark after Didier Drogba and Salah—with Liverpool's opening goal in the 5–0 win away to Watford. On 10 April 2022, his 30th birthday, Mané scored Liverpool's equalising goal in a 2–2 away draw against Manchester City. Mané then followed this with two goals against the same opposition on 16 April at Wembley Stadium in a FA Cup semi-final, in a 3–2 win to help Liverpool reach their first FA Cup final since 2012, which they eventually won. On 3 May, he scored the winning goal in a 3–2 away victory over Villarreal in the Champions League semi-final, to secure his team's place in the final, which Liverpool eventually lost 1–0 to Real Madrid. Liverpool narrowly missed out on the chance to achieve a historic quadruple, coming second in the Premier League and the 2021–22 UEFA Champions League but winning both the EFL Cup and the FA Cup.

Bayern Munich
On 22 June 2022, Mané joined Bundesliga club Bayern Munich on a contract with the German side until 30 June 2025. The fee was reported to be €32 million (£27.4m) potentially rising to €41 million (£35m) based on appearances plus individual and team achievements. On 30 July 2022, Mané made his official debut, starting in the 2022 DFL-Supercup and scored his debut goal to help Bayern to 5–3 victory over RB Leipzig at the Red Bull Arena. He followed this up a week later with his first Bundesliga goal in a 6–1 victory over Eintracht Frankfurt.

On 8 November, Mané suffered an injury and had to go off after 20 minutes of Bayern's 6–1 victory against Werder Bremen. Unfortunately, this injury prevented him from competing in the 2022 FIFA World Cup and had to undergo surgery in his right fibula. He stayed out for three months and made his return in February 2023. On 26 February 2023, Mané made his injury return as a substitute after coming on in the 65th minute for Kingsley Coman in Bayern's 3–0 win against Union Berlin.

On 13 April, Mané was suspended and fined by Bayern, following reports he punched teammate Leroy Sané in the dressing room after a 3–0 Champions League quarter-final loss to Manchester City. On 28 May, Mané won the Bundesliga following the concession of two points by league leaders Borussia Dortmund.

Al Nassr

On 1 August 2023, Saudi Pro League club Al Nassr announced the signing of Mané. Mané later revealed that former Liverpool teammates Fabinho and Roberto Firmino had previously contacted him in order to recommend to him that he might join their clubs, Al-Ittihad and Al-Ahli in Saudi Arabia respectively. Mané also stated that his former captain Jordan Henderson had sent him a good luck message upon his departure to Saudi Arabia. Two days later, he made his debut replacing Abdulaziz Saud Al Elewai at halftime in their 1–1 draw with Zamalek in the 2023 Arab Club Champions Cup. He scored his first goal for the club on 14 August in a 2–1 loss against Al-Ettifaq in the league.

International career

2012–2017
Mané was part of the Senegal team at the 2012 Olympic tournament, and started every match as they advanced through Group A as runners-up to Great Britain before losing 4–2 after extra time in the quarter-finals to eventual champions Mexico.

Mané was ruled out of the Senegalese squad for the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations after suffering a calf injury in Southampton's 2–0 win against Arsenal on 1 January 2015. He later returned to the squad, and started in their final two group matches against South Africa and Algeria in a group stage exit.

2017–2019
Mané represented Senegal at the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations in Gabon and scored a goal in each of the nation's opening two games, 2–0 wins against Tunisia and Zimbabwe. After a goalless draw in the quarter-final clash against Cameroon, he missed the penalty in the shoot-out that saw Senegal eliminated from the tournament.

In May 2018, Mané was named in Senegal's 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. He scored the opening goal in a 2–2 draw against Japan in the group stage. Mané started all three of Senegal's group matches as they were eliminated after the first stage, finishing below Japan on fair play points.

Mané was once again called up to Senegal's final squad for the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations. He scored two goals and missed a penalty in a 3–0 win against Kenya, as Senegal finished second in the group stage and qualified for the knockout stage. Mané scored the only goal of the match and missed another penalty in Senegal's 1–0 win over Uganda in the round of 16. He played in Senegal's next three matches as they advanced to the final, losing 1–0 to Algeria in a rematch of Senegal's opening game of the tournament. Despite finishing the competition as runner-up, Mané was named in the Team of the Tournament.

2021–present
At the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations, Mané starred for Senegal as they won the competition for the first time. In the final against Egypt – a match which saw him go up against his Liverpool teammate Mohamed Salah – Mané saw his penalty saved in the 7th minute, but went on to score the winning kick in the penalty shootout. As well as scoring the decisive kick to win the trophy, Mané scored three goals and had two assists prior to the final, and was named the player of the tournament. In the third round of the 2022 World Cup qualifications, he also scored the winning kick in the penalty shoot-out against Egypt after a 1–1 draw on aggregate, in order to qualify his country to the 2022 FIFA World Cup.

On 4 June 2022, Mané scored a hat-trick in a 3–1 win against Benin in the 2023 Africa Cup of Nations qualification, to become Senegal's all-time top scorer with 32 goals, surpassing Henri Camara.

On 11 November 2022, Mané was included in Senegal's 26-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar, despite an injury he picked up during Bayern Munich's 6–1 win over Werder Bremen a few days prior. However, on 17 November, Mané was ruled out of the tournament and withdrew from the squad.

Style of play

Mané was described as a complete player who plays with "high levels of intensity and concentration" by Liverpool teammate Fabinho. Former Liverpool defender Jamie Carragher called Mané a "world-class winger", comparing him to the likes of former Liverpool player John Barnes. He was compared to Cristiano Ronaldo by former Ajax defender Danny Blind, who praised him for his ability to score with either foot and headers, along with making "astonishing" sprints.

A versatile forward, Mané is a prolific goalscorer, whose main traits are his finishing, speed, technique, and trickery in possession, as well as his decision-making, tactical awareness, creativity, agility, balance, control, touch on the ball, and dribbling skills. He has drawn praise in the media for his intelligent play, passing, and his ability to get into good positions, from which he can score goals or create chances for teammates. Known for his quiet and timid personality, his ability to cope with pressure has also been highlighted as one of his main strengths. Beyond his offensive, technical, and creative qualities, his high defensive work-rate has also been noted by pundits, as well as his ability in the air, despite his modest stature of 1.75m (5' 9"). Mané usually plays as a winger on the left flank, a position which allows him to cut into the centre and shoot on goal with his stronger, right foot. During the 2021–22 season, with the signing of Luis Díaz, Mané began playing more as a central striker. Mané has been cited by Kyle Walker as one of the toughest opponents he has ever faced.

Community and philanthropy
In 2019, Mané donated £250,000 ($; €) to build a school in his home town of Bambali, Senegal. In March 2020, Mané donated £41,000 ($; €) to the national committee fighting COVID-19 in Senegal. In 2021, he donated £500,000 ($; €) towards the construction of a hospital in Bambali. In addition, he has also financed the building of a petrol station and a post office for his local community, supplying the school with free laptops and internet from the 4G internet service he financed in the village. In total, he has spent more than £700,000 ($; €) on these upgrades. In addition, he commissioned a €70-a-month stipend to each family in his 2,000-person hometown. This is roughly equivalent to a month's wage for a Senegalese citizen on a minimum wage.

Mané is also an ambassador for Right To Play, an international non-profit organization with a mission to empower vulnerable children. He has collaborated with the non-profit to provide equality and empowerment to young girls and women in Senegal, raising "awareness of the importance for both girls and boys to be able to access sport and education opportunities".

Personal life
Whilst at Liverpool, Mané resided in Allerton, Liverpool, and has been burgled twice, once in November 2017 and again in February 2019. He is a practising Muslim and occasionally is seen making du'a before the start of each match.

He was appointed a Grand Officer of the National Order of the Lion by President of Senegal Macky Sall following the nation's victory at the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations.

Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Red Bull Salzburg
Austrian Bundesliga: 2013–14
Austrian Cup: 2013–14

Liverpool
Premier League: 2019–20
FA Cup: 2021–22
EFL Cup: 2021–22
UEFA Champions League: 2018–19; runner-up: 2017–18, 2021–22
UEFA Super Cup: 2019
FIFA Club World Cup: 2019

Bayern Munich
Bundesliga: 2022–23
DFL-Supercup: 2022
Al Nassr
Arab Club Champions Cup: 2023

Senegal
Africa Cup of Nations: 2021; runner-up: 2019

Individual

 Socrates Award: 2022
CAF Team of the Year: 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019
PFA Team of the Year: 2016–17 Premier League, 2018–19 Premier League, 2019–20 Premier League, 2021–22 Premier League
PFA Fans' Player of the Month: August & September 2016, August 2018, March 2019
Premier League Player of the Month: August 2017, March 2019, November 2019
Liverpool Fans' Player of the Season Award: 2016–17
Liverpool Players' Player of the Season Award: 2016–17
Premier League Golden Boot: 2018–19 (shared)
UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season: 2018–19
UEFA Team of the Year: 2019
Africa Cup of Nations Player of the Tournament: 2021
Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament: 2019, 2021
African Footballer of the Year: 2019, 2022
Onze d'Or: 2018–19
IFFHS Men's World Team: 2019
 ESM Team of the Year: 2018–19
PFA Fans' Player of the Year: 2019–20 Premier League
IFFHS CAF Men Team of The Year: 2020
IFFHS CAF Men's Team of the Decade 2011–2020
IFFHS Best CAF Men's Player of the Year: 2020

Orders
Grand Officer of the National Order of the Lion: 2022

See also

 List of Liverpool F.C. records and statistics
 Premier League records and statistics

References

External links

Profile  at the FC Bayern Munich website
Profile at the Bundesliga website

1992 births
Living people
People from Sédhiou Region
Senegalese men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Men's association football forwards
Génération Foot players
FC Metz players
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Southampton F.C. players
Liverpool F.C. players
FC Bayern Munich footballers
Al Nassr FC players
Ligue 2 players
Championnat National players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
Premier League players
Bundesliga players
UEFA Champions League winning players
First Division/Premier League top scorers
African Footballer of the Year winners
Senegal men's international footballers
2015 Africa Cup of Nations players
2017 Africa Cup of Nations players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
2019 Africa Cup of Nations players
2021 Africa Cup of Nations players
Africa Cup of Nations-winning players
Olympic footballers for Senegal
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Senegalese expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Austria
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia
Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in England
Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in France
Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Senegalese Muslims
Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Senegal

Sadio Mané


Sophie Hedwig of Saxe-Merseburg (4 August 1660 - 2 August 1686), was a German noblewoman member of the House of Wettin and by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Saalfeld.

Born in Merseburg, she was a child of Christian I, Duke of Saxe-Merseburg and his wife Christiana of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg.

Life
In Merseburg on 18 February 1680 Sophie Hedwig married Johann Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. Both belonged to the House of Wettin: she was a member of the Albertine line while her husband belonged to the Ernestine branch. Three years before (1677)  one of Sophie Hedwig's sisters, Christiane, married Christian, Duke of Saxe-Eisenberg, in turn one of Johann Ernest's older brothers, so probably this marriage was instrumental for her future wedding.

The union produced five children, of whom only two survive adulthood:

Christiane Sophie (b. Saalfeld, 14 June 1681 – d. Saalfeld, 3 June 1697).
Stillborn daughter (Saalfeld, 6 May 1682).
Christian Ernst, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (b. Saalfeld, 18 August 1683 – d. Saalfeld, 4 September 1745).
Charlotte Wilhelmine (b. Saalfeld, 4 May 1685 – d. Hanau, 5 April 1767), married on 26 December 1705 to Philip Reinhard, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg.
Stillborn son (Saalfeld, 2 August 1686).

Sophie Hedwig died in childbirth in Saalfeld, two days before her twenty-six birthday. She was buried in the Johanniskirche, Saalfeld.

References

|-

1660 births
1686 deaths
House of Wettin
Deaths in childbirth
Daughters of monarchs

Sophie Hedwig of Saxe-Merseburg


San Benedetto is a late-Baroque architecture, Roman Catholic church and former Benedictine monastery in the city Catania, Sicily, southern Italy. The church facade faces Via Crociferi, parallels across via San Benedetto the former-Jesuit church of San Francesco Borgia, and both are about a block south along Crociferi from the church and convent of San Giuliano. Entrance to church and monastery appear to be through Piazza Asmundo #9 near the apse of the church.

History and description

Dedicated to St. Benedict of Nursia, a first church at the site was completed in April 1334, endowed by the noblewoman Alemanna Lumella. However, like most buildings in town, it was razed by the 1693 Sicily earthquake; only 5 nuns survived the disaster. The church was rebuilt by 1714, but construction of the monastery continued until 1763. Giovanni Battista Vaccarini was one of the main architects. The church is part of a monastic complex including also the Badia Maggiore and the Badia Minore, connected by a covered arch (Arco delle Monache Benedettinne) over the road, allowing for the cloistered nuns to cross.

The church was also damaged by bombing in World War II and later restored by the architect Armand Dillon.

The front of the church is preceded by an elaborate iron fence, across the street a wide pedestrian alley winds downhill through steps. The tall facade is flanked by pilasters, and decorated with various statues. The broken pediment of the tympanum has two reclining allegorical female statues representing Fortitude and Temperance. In the center high above the portal is a statue of the Virgin Mary. The entrance door, in wood, has panels with scenes from the life of St Benedict.

Its most famous feature is the Angel's Staircase (Italian: Scalinata dell'Angelo), a marble entrance stair decorated with statues of angels and surrounded by a wrought iron railings.

The interior, with a single nave, is richly decorated with stucco and frescoes, including works by Matteo Desiderato. The vault and semi-dome were frescoed in 1726-1729 by Giovanni Tuccari with depictions of the Life of Saint Benedict and six Allegories surrounding the Triumph of Saint Benedict. The Saint is represented in his traditional iconography, in a festive and cheerful scenario. The high altar is in polychrome marble with hardstone intarsia and bronze panels. The altarpieces inside the church depict an Immaculate Conception by Sebastiano Lo Monaco and a St Benedict by M. Rapisardi (1822–1886). It once contained an altarpiece depicting St Benedict by the Flemish artist Guglielmo Borremans and a Guardian Angel by Matteo Desiderati.

The church is open on Tuesday, Friday and Saturday from 10:00 am to 5:00 pm (last entrance).

Sources

References

http://www.officineculturali.net/benedettine.htm

Roman Catholic churches completed in 1713
18th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Benedetto
Baroque architecture in Catania
1713 establishments in Italy

San Benedetto, Catania


Dave Kirwan is an Australian television and radio host who works as a presenter on The Weather Channel. He was also formerly the only Australian radio announcer in New York City, the number one media market in the United States, being a DJ on CBS owned FM radio station 923-KROCK

His twelve-year media career has spanned across television, radio and voice overs.

Radio
Kirwan started his career at Sydney radio station Sea FM in 1998 before moving to the New South Wales Snowy Mountains station Snow FM. He presented a night-time nationally broadcast program for Broadcast Operations Group in 2001 before returning to Sea FM. In 2000 he was a finalist in the Rawards in the Best Program Director category.

In 2007 he commenced work with 92.3 K-ROCK in New York City presenting weekday shifts before moving to weekends.

Television
In August 2007, Kirwan was the weekend presenter on The Weather Channel.
Kirwan was a reporter with the channel for five years before landing a presenting role hosting the popular Weekend View program.

From 2001–2004, Kirwan was the snow and surf reporter for Today on the Nine Network. He filled in for Steve Jacob's weather segments during the summer of 2005. He also made Australian television history by giving away one million dollars live on air during the program.

Other networks Kirwan has reported for include Fox Sports, FUEL TV, TV1, Sky News and MTV.

He was a reporter with NBC's national WeatherPlus network based out of New York City and weather anchor for satirical website The Onion.

In October 2009, Kirwan returned to The Weather Channel and continues with his job as a presenter of the Weekend team.

Voice Overs
Kirwan is a voice over artist being the promo voice of Nickelodeon and former promo voice for MTV.
Kirwan was chosen as the voice for HBO's Summer Heights High, which was an Australian series aired in the USA.

Other Media Work
He was the spokesperson for Perisher Blue Ski Resort during the ski season.

References and notes

External links
 WXRK profile
 EM Voices profile
 CESD Talent profile

American radio personalities
Australian television presenters
Australian radio personalities
Radio personalities from Sydney
Television personalities from Sydney
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Dave Kirwan


Stefan Sanderling (born 2 August 1964 in East Berlin, East Germany) is an orchestral conductor.  He is the son of the conductor Kurt Sanderling and the double-bass player Barbara Sanderling.  His half-brother is the conductor Thomas Sanderling.  His brother Michael Sanderling is a cellist and conductor.

In his youth, Sanderling played the piano and clarinet.  His early university experience was in Halle, Germany.  At the Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute, Sanderling studied with the conductors Leonard Slatkin, Yuri Temirkanov, Edo de Waart and John Nelson.  He later attended the University of Southern California Thornton School of Music and studied with Daniel Lewis.  He also studied with Kurt Masur at the Leipzig conservatory.

Sanderling's first professional position was in Potsdam, Germany.  In addition, he has been the Music Director of the Staatstheater and the Philharmonisches Staatsorchester Mainz (Philharmonic Orchestra).  In 1996, he became chief conductor of the Orchestre de Bretagne and served in this capacity until the end of the 2003-2004 season.

In the US, Sanderling was appointed the Music Director of the Florida Orchestra in May 2002, and he officially assumed this position in the 2003-2004 season.  In June 2006, Sanderling extended his contract with the Florida Orchestra through the 2010-2011 season.  His contract had been further extended through the 2013-2014 season, at which point he was scheduled to conclude his Florida Orchestra tenure.  There were reports of conflict between Sanderling and the orchestra management, regarding finances and programming, as factors in his departure.  However, in June 2012, the orchestra announced the early conclusion of Sanderling's Florida Orchestra tenure after the 2011-2012 season.  His final appearance with the orchestra was in May 2014.

In the US, Sanderling became principal guest conductor of the Toledo Symphony Orchestra in 2002, with an initial two-year contract.  The orchestra subsequently elevated his title to principal conductor, and he held this post through the 2016-2017 season.  Sanderling conducted the Toledo Symphony Orchestra in its Carnegie Hall debut in May 2011, as part of the 'Spring for Music' festival.  Sanderling became music director of the Chautauqua Symphony Orchestra at the start of the 2008 summer season, a post he held until 2011.

Sanderling is married to the cellist Isabelle Besançon, who formerly played in the Orchestre de Bretagne, where they met.  They were married in November 2002.  On 31 December 2002, there was an incident at the Raymond James Stadium where the couple was supposed to meet the Tampa businessman David Harbert at an American football game, as guests.  A security guard stopped Besançon from entering the stadium because of her oversized purse, a consequence of heightened security concerns after the 11 September 2001 attacks.  The incident escalated because a security guard was reported to have stated that he "couldn't risk letting the couple inside because they were foreigners".  The matter resolved in a letter of apology from Barbara Casey, director of communications for the Tampa Sports Authority, to Sanderling.

In September 2015, Sanderling was named the next chief conductor of the Liechtenstein Symphony Orchestra, effective with the 2016-2017 season.

References

External links
 Biography from The Toledo Symphony Orchestra

1964 births
Living people
German male conductors (music)
USC Thornton School of Music alumni
German expatriates in the United States
German people of Jewish descent
Musicians from Berlin
20th-century German conductors (music)
21st-century German conductors (music)
20th-century German male musicians
21st-century German male musicians

Stefan Sanderling


Life Is a Miracle () is a Serbian drama film directed by Emir Kusturica in 2004. It was entered into the 2004 Cannes Film Festival. It received nomination at the Golden Eagle Award in 2005 for Best Foreign Language Film.

Plot
The film opens just as construction has been completed on a railway connecting mountainous regions of eastern Bosnia and western Serbia in 1992. Luka, a Serbian engineer, has moved to Bosnia from Belgrade with his mentally unstable wife, Jadranka, and his football-playing son, Miloš, to run a railway station and act as caretaker. Luka is at work preparing the opening of the railway while Miloš attempts to become a professional footballer with the Partizan team. Utterly engrossed in his work and blinded by natural optimism, Luka remains deaf to the increasingly persistent rumblings of war, which has broken out in Croatia and threatens to spread.

When the conflict explodes, Miloš is denied his place on the football field when he is enlisted into the Serbian army, and Jadranka disappears on the arm of a Hungarian musician. Eventually, Luka receives news that Miloš has been taken prisoner of war. Luka considers suicide, but a profiteering acquaintance presents him with Sabaha, a Bosnian Muslim whom he has taken hostage.

Luka intends to exchange Sabaha for Miloš, but the two fall in love after they are forced to flee deeper into Serb-controlled territory. When a UN-enforced prisoner exchange is finally arranged, Luka and Sabaha try to escape to Serbia at an attempt to cross the Drina river, but Sabaha is wounded by a Bosnian sniper after squatting to urinate behind a tree. Army nurses narrowly manage to save Sabaha's life, and she is exchanged for Miloš, along with other prisoners. Jadranka also returns, and the family is reunited in their old home, but Luka is lovesick. He lies down in front of a train, but when the train stops to avoid running over a mule, it is revealed that Sabaha is on board, and the two ride away on the mule.

Cast
Slavko Štimac – Luka
Nataša Šolak – Sabaha
Vesna Trivalić – Jadranka
Vuk Kostić – Miloš
Aleksandar Berček – Veljo
Stribor Kusturica – Captain Aleksić
Nikola Kojo – Filipović
Mirjana Karanović – Nada
Branislav Lalević – President
Obrad Djurović – Vujan

See also
List of most expensive Serbian films
Drvengrad

References

External links

 Life Is a Miracle at Box Office Mojo

2004 films
Films directed by Emir Kusturica
Serbian musical films
Serbo-Croatian-language films
Bosnian War films
2000s war comedy-drama films
Serbian war comedy-drama films
Films set in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Films set in Yugoslavia
Küstendorf
Films produced by Alain Sarde
2000s musical comedy-drama films
2004 comedy films
2004 drama films

Life Is a Miracle