Haramiyida is a possibly polyphyletic order of mammaliaform cynodonts or mammals of controversial taxonomic affinites. Their teeth, which are by far the most common remains, resemble those of the multituberculates. However, based on Haramiyavia, the jaw is less derived; and at the level of evolution of earlier basal mammals like Morganucodon and Kuehneotherium, with a groove for ear ossicles on the dentary. Some authors have placed them in a clade with Multituberculata dubbed Allotheria within Mammalia. Other studies have disputed this and suggested the Haramiyida were not crown mammals, but were part of an earlier offshoot of mammaliaformes instead. It is also disputed whether the Late Triassic species are closely related to the Jurassic and Cretaceous members belonging to Euharamiyida/Eleutherodontida, as some phylogenetic studies recover the two groups as unrelated, recovering the Triassic haramiyidians as non-mammalian cynodonts, while recovering the Euharamiyida as crown-group mammals closely related to multituberculates.

Relationships

Haramiyids show certain similarities to multituberculates, a group of mammals that survived until about 40 million years ago. It is possible that haramiyids are ancestral to multituberculates, although the available evidence is insufficient to be conclusive. Certain characteristics of the teeth seem to rule out a special relationship between the two groups, although some studies still unite haramiyids (or at least euharamiyids) and multituberculates in the Allotheria hypothesis.

In a 2018 study, haramiyidans have been found to be a monophyletic group of non-mammalian Mammaliaformes. In this study, gondwanatheres – usually interpreted as mammals, and derived multituberculates in particular – have been found to be deeply nested among them.

Taxonomy

Order †Haramiyida Hahn, Sigogneau-Russell & Wouters, 1989 [Haramiyoidea Hahn, 1973 sensu McKenna & Bell, 1997]
 †Kirtlingtonia Butler & Hooker, 2005
Family †Haramiyaviidae Butler, 2000
 †Haramiyavia Jenkins et al., 1997
Family †Theroteinidae Sigogneau-Russell, Frank & Hammerle, 1986
 †Theroteinus nikolai Sigogneau-Russell, Frank & Hammerle, 1986
 †Theroteinus rosieriensis Sigogneau-Russell, 2016
Family †Haramiyidae Poche, 1908 [Haramiyidae Simpson, 1947 sensu Jenkins et al., 1997; Microlestidae Murry, 1866; Microcleptidae Simpson, 1928]
 †Eoraetica
Hypsiprymnopsis rhaeticus Dawkins, 1864 [Microlestes rhaeticus Dawkins, 1864]
 †Avashishta bacharamensis Anantharaman et al., 2006
 ?†Allostaffia aenigmatica (Heinrich, 1999) Heinrich 2004 [Staffia Heinrich, 1999 non Schubert, 1911; Staffia aenigmatica Heinrich, 1999]; possible, gondwanathere instead.
 †Thomasia Poche, 1908 [Haramiya Simpson, 1947; Microlestes Plieninger, 1847 non Schmidt-Goebel, 1846; Microcleptes Simpson, 1928 non Newman, 1840; Plieningeria Krausse, 1919; Stathmodon Henning, 1911]
 †T. woutersi Butler & MacIntyre, 1994
 †T. hahni Butler & MacIntyre, 1994
 †T. moorei (Owen 1871) Butler & MacIntyre, 1994 [Haramiya moorei (Owen, 1871) Simpson, 1947; Microleptes moorei Owen, 1871; Microcleptes moorei (Owen, 1871) Simpson, 1928]
 †T. antiqua (Plieninger, 1847) Poche 1908 [Microlestes antiquus Plieninger, 1847; Haramiya antiqua (Plieninger, 1847); Microleptes fissurae Simpson, 1928; Haramiya fissurae (Simpson 1928); Haramiya butleri Sigogneau-Russell, 1990; Thomasia anglica Simpson, 1928]
†Hahnodontidae Sigogneau-Russell, 1991
†Cifelliodon wahkarmoosuch Huttenlocker et al., 2018
† Denisodon
† Hahnodon taqueti Sigogneau-Russell, 1991

†Euharamiyida Bi et al., 1994
?†Gondwanatheria Mones, 1987

Lifestyle

Haramiyids seem to have generally been herbivorous or omnivorous, possibly the first mammalian herbivores; however, the sole haramiyid tested in a study involving Mesozoic mammal dietary habits, Haramiyavia, ranks among insectivorous species. At least some species were very good climbers and were similar to modern day squirrels; and several others have more recently been reassessed as possibly arboreal. General arboreal habits might explain their rarity in the fossil record.

Several euharamiyidans, Maiopatagium, Xianshou, Vilevolodon and Arboroharamiya, took it one step further and developed the ability to glide, having extensive membranes similar to those of modern colugos. In many of these taxa, the coracoid bones (absent in modern therians but present in many other mammal groups, albeit highly reduced) are remarkably large and similar to those of birds and pterosaurs, presumably due to impact stresses at landing.

Mammalian tooth marks on dinosaur bones may belong to Sineleutherus, suggesting that some haramiyidans scavenged on dinosaur remains.

Range

The fossils of Late Triassic Haramiyids are primarily known from Europe and Greenland, while the fossils of Euharamiyids are primarily known from the Middle to Late Jurassic of Asia. Remains of eleutherodontids from Europe are only known from isolated teeth.

The youngest haramiyid fossil genus has been considered to be possibly be Avashishta bacharamensis from the Maastrichtian of India, however, this has not been robustly assessed by phylogenetics. The youngest definitive euharamiyidan is Cryoharamiya from the Early Cretaceous Batylykh Formation of Yakutia, Russia.

Notes

References
 Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska, Richard L. Cifelli, and Zhe-Xi Luo, Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), 249–260.

External links
 Palaeos, Mammaliaformes: Allotheria
 John H Burkitt, Mammals, A World Listing of Living and Extinct Species. Archived from the original on 21 December 2004. Retrieved 2015-06-18.
 Mikko K Haaramo, Haramiyida

Late Triassic synapsids
Jurassic synapsids
Transitional fossils
Norian first appearances
Middle Jurassic extinctions
Taxa named by Gerhard Hahn (palaeontologist)
Taxa named by Denise Sigogneau‐Russell

Haramiyida


Kari Kuivalainen (born 1960) is a Finnish singer-songwriter, best known for his participation in the 1986 Eurovision Song Contest.

Kuivalainen was primarily a composer rather than a singer, and in 1985 he submitted his song "Haaveissa vainko oot mun?" ("Am I Only Dreaming You?") to the Finnish Eurovision selection, where it was performed by Finland's 1981 Eurovision entrant, Riki Sorsa and finished second.

In 1986, he entered another song, "Päivä kahden ihmisen", which was originally intended for singer Kaija Koo.  However, she declined the chance to participate, so Kuivalainen decided to perform the song himself at the National Final, where he was the choice of the jury (by a margin of only one point over former Eurovision participant Kirka) to go forward to represent Finland at the 31st Eurovision Song Contest. Prior to the contest, Kuivalainen changed some of the lyrics to the song, and although it was sung in Finnish, the title was changed to "Never The End", which appeared on screen on the night of the contest and is the name by which the song is commonly known.  The 1986 contest took place in Bergen, Norway on 3 May, with "Never the End" finishing in 15th place of the 20 entries.

Kuivalainen subsequently became a member of band Menneisyyden Vangit, alongside another Eurovision veteran, Vicky Rosti.

References

1961 births
Living people
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1986
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Finland
20th-century Finnish male singers

Kari Kuivalainen


Ouija Board (3 March 2001 – 29 November 2022) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse. She was owned by Edward Stanley, 19th Earl of Derby, and trained by Ed Dunlop and Chris Hinson. In a career spanning four seasons, she won 10 of her 22 races, seven of them Group 1s, including the Oaks in 2004 and the Hong Kong Vase in 2005, while amassing over £3 million in prize money. In 2004, she won the Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf and came second to Intercontinental the following year. In 2006, she regained her crown, becoming the second horse to win Breeders' Cup races in non-consecutive years.

Her silks were black, with a white cap and a single white button below the collar. She had seven different jockeys, with Olivier Peslier, Kieren Fallon, Frankie Dettori and Jamie Spencer all victorious. As a broodmare, she produced Australia, winner of the 2014 Epsom Derby.

Racing career

2003: two-year-old season
Ouija Board's debut came at Newmarket Racecourse over seven furlongs, when finishing third, a length behind the winner. She was turned out  18 days later at Great Yarmouth Racecourse running over the same distance, although she was victorious this time. 11 days later, she made her third start of the season, again at Newmarket, over a furlong extra in a Listed event, and again finished third. It was her final start of the 2003 season.

2004: three-year-old season
Her first outing in 2004 came at Newmarket in the Pretty Polly Stakes over 10 furlongs, a traditional trial for The Oaks. Ouija Board won by six lengths, and her connections opted to go straight to Epsom, rather than run in any other traditional trials such as the Musidora Stakes at York.

She started The Oaks at 7/2 odds second favourite behind the Aidan O'Brien-trained All Too Beautiful, as well as taking on the Godolphin duo of Punctillious and Sundrop. Ouija Board won by seven lengths to help jockey Kieren Fallon complete an Oaks-Derby double. Her next target was the Irish Oaks, in which two of her Epsom victims were reopposing - Punctillious and All Too Beautiful, but neither seriously challenged, and Ouija Board won by a length from the former.

Connections had eyed up a crack at Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe for Ouija Board, attempting to make her the first female to win the race since Urban Sea in 1993. With new jockey Johnny Murtagh aboard, she was boxed in throughout the race and got out late to finish  lengths behind the winner, Bago.

Despite the loss, she remained on target for the Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf at Lone Star Park at the end of October 2004, reunited with jockey Kieren Fallon. She produced her customary turn of foot to win by  lengths. For her 2004 performances, Ouija Board was voted the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Female Turf Horse and named European Horse of the Year.

2005: four-year-old season
Several problems at the start of the 2005 season meant Ouija Board's seasonal reappearance came as late as June at Royal Ascot in the Prince of Wales's Stakes. Jamie Spencer was on-board since Fallon was riding for Ballydoyle and Dettori had a ban that saw him miss the whole of the meeting. Ouija Board lost a shoe round the final bend and tailed off to finish seventh, thirty lengths behind the winner, Azamour.

However, she bounced back at Newmarket three months later in her next start, in the Group 3 Princess Royal Stakes, winning under new jockey Frankie Dettori. Her end-of-season aim was once again the Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf, although she was partnered by another new jockey, US Hall of Fame rider Jerry Bailey. The race was run over a furlong less than the previous year due to the race being run at Belmont Park. Ouija Board finished second, a length behind the winner.

Her relatively short season meant she was still fresh, and connections decided to send her to Japan for a crack at the Japan Cup, in which she finished fifth to Alkaased, by two lengths. She was sent to Hong Kong two weeks later for the Hong Kong Vase. Under regular rider Kieren Fallon, Ouija Board won by two and a half lengths.

2006: five-year-old season
It was decided that Ouija Board would stay in training for one final season, with the Dubai Sheema Classic her first target. Kieren Fallon was again on board, and she ran very flat whilst finishing fourth, although Fallon reported that 'she was not herself,' and that the firework display just minutes beforehand unsettled her badly.

Ouija Board was next shipped to Sha Tin Racecourse in Hong Kong for April's Queen Elizabeth II Cup, where she was reunited with Frankie Dettori for the HK$14 million (US$1.8 million) Group One event. Although running over 10 furlongs, 2 furlongs shorter than her preferred distance, she finished 3rd to winner Irridescence. Although never admitted, connections felt Dettori holding her up in the rear for so long cost her the race.

A return visit to the scene of arguably her greatest triumph was next, as she was sent to Epsom for a crack at the Coronation Cup.  André Fabre's Shirocco went off favourite and won. Ed Dunlop said after the race that a trip to Royal Ascot was not completely out of the question, with either the Prince of Wales's Stakes over 10 furlongs or Hardwicke Stakes over her preferred 12 furlong distance.

Ouija Board was confirmed as a runner in the Prince of Wales's Stakes, in a very competitive race. Dubai World Cup winner Electrocutionist, Champion Stakes and Dubai Duty Free Stakes winner David Junior, Brigadier Gerard Stakes winner Notnowcato, Breeders' Cup Turf runner-up Ace and Manduro all lined up against her. With new jockey Olivier Peslier aboard, Ouija Board won by half a length.

She was entered for the Coral Eclipse  17 days later, with another new jockey in Christophe Soumillon on board. However, she was bumped around in midfield and denied a run, finishing fifth, with David Junior winning. Soumillon was berated by critics for his ride, and again criticised by connections, although again this was not confirmed.

Ouija Board had been considered for the "King George", but connections felt she had not recovered from her cuts and bruises from the Eclipse and was left out, although she was confirmed a runner in the Group 1 Nassau Stakes at Goodwood Racecourse a week later.

Dettori was once again aboard as Ouija Board lined up in a very competitive field, including Hong Kong Cup winner Alexander Goldrun, Coronation Stakes winner Nannina, Echelon, and Race For The Stars, a half-sister to Hawk Wing.  Ouija Board and Alexander Goldrun battled eye-to-eye for the final quarter of a mile. Ouija Board was declared the winner after a photo finish.

She lined up next for the Irish Champion Stakes in a rematch with Alexander Goldrun from Goodwood, and the additional threat of Dylan Thomas, the Budweiser Irish Derby winner, coming from the formidable trio of Magnier, Aidan O'Brien and Fallon. Ouija Board was partnered by Jamie Spencer once more, due to Dettori riding in the St. Leger Stakes on the same day and Fallon engaged in the same race. Spencer took Ouija Board past Dylan Thomas with just over a furlong to go, but the colt battled back to win by a neck.

The Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf at Churchill Downs had always been her main seasonal target, and with regular partner Dettori aboard, she was sent off a very warm favourite, and despite being boxed in with three furlongs to go, she sprinted clear of the field and won.

Retirement
Just a day before Ouija Board was due to run in her last ever race, the Hong Kong Vase, a slight injury was discovered, resulting in immediate retirement.  If placing second or higher in the race, she would have become the highest-earning British race horse in history. She was awarded the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Female Turf Horse in 2006, to add to her previous win of the same award in 2004.

Ouija Board was pensioned from broodmare duties in 2018 and died on 29 November 2022, at the age of 21.

Stud record
Ouija Board gave birth to a bay colt by Kingmambo on 9 February 2008 now named Voodoo Prince, and was then covered by top German stallion Monsun, the foal of which was a colt born on 14 February 2009 and named Aegaeus. Ouija Board gave birth to her third foal at Stanley House Stud in Newmarket in 2010, a filly by Galileo named Filia Regina. She is the first filly produced by the multiple Group 1-winning daughter of Cape Cross, and consequently will be retained to race by Lord Derby. Voodoo Prince and Aegaeus made their racing debuts at Newbury on 16 April 2011 and 16 April 2012.

2008 Voodoo Prince (GB) : Bay gelding, foaled 9 February, by Kingmambo (USA) - won 3 races in England before being sold to race in Australia for £80,000. Now races under the name Our Voodoo Prince. Winner of 3 races in Australia including the 2014 Group 3 Easter Cup at Flemington Racecourse  euthanized after fracturing a hind pastern in his last race at Flemington December 2015

2009 Aegaeus (GB) : Bay gelding, foaled 14 February, by Monsun (GER) - won 2 races in England 2012-13, sold to race in Germany

2010 Filia Regina (GB) : Bay filly, foaled 20 February, by Galileo (IRE) - minor winner in England 2013, now a broodmare also at Stanley House Stud, Foaled a bay filly by Dubawi 10 March 2016

2011 Australia (GB) : Chestnut colt, foaled 8 April, by Galileo (IRE) - won 2 races in Ireland 2013 including G3 Breeders' Cup Juvenile Turf Trial Stakes, Leopardstown and in 2014 winner of The Derby, Irish Derby at The Curragh and G1 International Stakes at York.

2013 Frontiersman (GB) : Brown colt, foaled 10 February, by Dubawi (IRE) - won 3 races and placed twice, including 2nd G1 Coronation Cup at Epsom, from 8 starts in England to date (2/06/17)

Pedigree

References

 NTRA bio
 Racing Career
 Ouija Board at Stanley House Stud

2001 racehorse births
2022 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in the United Kingdom
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf winners
European Thoroughbred Horse of the Year
Eclipse Award winners
Cartier Award winners
Irish Classic Race winners
Thoroughbred family 12-b
Epsom Oaks winners

Ouija Board (horse)


Maria Teresa Antoinette Josephine Poniatowska (28 November 1760, Vienna, then under the Habsburg monarchy, now Austria – 2 November 1834, Tours, France) was a Polish noblewoman, known as the niece of king Stanisław August Poniatowski.

Life
She was the eldest child of Maria Theresa, countess of Wchinitz and Tettau, and Andrzej Poniatowski, a Polish nobleman serving in the Austrian and Czech armies and brother of king Stanisław August Poniatowski. One of her godparents was empress Maria Theresa. Her father died of tuberculosis when she was thirteen and so Stanisław became her guardian.

Living in Vienna, she fell ill aged sixteen and had to have part of an eyeball removed. When she reached eighteen in 1778, king Stanisław arranged for her to marry Count Wincenty Tyszkiewicz, Leliwa coat of arms, count of Łohojsk and Świsłocz and clerk of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. However, the marriage proved unsuccessful and she soon left her husband. From 1807 to 1837, she was closely associated with the French foreign minister Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord.

Sources
http://www.zamek-krolewski.pl/blogi-zamku-krolewskiego/poniatoviana/posty/maria-teresa-tyszkiewicz-1

1760 births
1834 deaths
Maria Teresa
Maria Teresa
Nobility from Vienna

Maria Teresa Poniatowska


Vinicius is the mascot of the 2016 Summer Olympics, and Tom is the mascot of the 2016 Summer Paralympics. The mascots represent Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Vinicius represents Brazilian animals, and his body has parts of cats, monkeys, and birds. Tom represents Brazilian plant life.

A Brazilian company called Birdo made the mascots. The Olympic organizers only wanted mascots made by Brazilian companies. The organizers chose Birdo's mascots in August 2013, and they showed them to the public on 23 November 2014, but the mascots did not have names yet at that time. The organizers asked the public to choose names for them. The public chose to name the mascots after Vinicius de Moraes and Tom Jobim. Vinicius de Moraes and Tom Jobim wrote the song "The Girl from Ipanema".

The Olympic organizers made a children's television series about the mascots. The Rio organizers also made many toys and other merchandise of the mascots. The organizers gave wrestling coaches soft dolls of Vinicius. If the coaches did not like a referee's call, then they would throw the doll into the ring. Many people thought that this was funny. Paralympic medalists got special dolls of Tom. They were special because the leaves on Tom's head were the same color as their medals. Some observers liked how the mascots looked. Others thought they looked strange.

History

Creation
The organizers of the 2016 Summer Olympics (Rio 2016) started to ask for mascot designs in November 2012. The events were going to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, so the Olympic organizers only wanted designs from Brazilian companies. Directors from the Brazilian film festival Anima Mundi helped the Rio 2016 organizers choose the mascots.

After looking at the designs, the Rio 2016 organizers chose three of them and asked children to help them choose the final mascot. The children were six to twelve years old and were from either Rio de Janeiro or São Paulo. The organizers gave the three designs to the children, but they did not tell the children that they were for the Olympics. The organizers only told the kids about the mascots' personalities. The children responded with comments such as "'This is my friend', 'This one seems stuck-up', 'This one has cool hair'; and 'That one looks silly'". The organizers used the children's comments to make the mascot designs better.

A group of judges chose the final mascots in August 2013. The group included members of the Rio 2016 organizers, the International Olympic Committee, the Brazilian Olympic Committee, and the Brazilian Paralympic Committee, and people who worked in animation, illustration, advertising and market research. All of the judges agreed to choose a set of two mascots, one for the Olympic Games and the other for the Paralympic Games. A São Paulo-based animation company named Birdo created these mascots. Birdo and the organizers began to create content featuring the mascots, working in secrecy.

Naming and unveiling
The organizers showed the public the mascots on 23 November 2014, but they had not yet decided what to name them. On 24 November 2014, the mascots appeared publicly in costumes for the first time at the Ginásio Experimental Olímpico Juan Antonio Samaranch, a school for talented young athletes in Rio. The organizers let the public pick the names of the mascots in an online vote. There were three candidates in the vote:
 "Oba and Eba" – Brazilian Portuguese expressions of joy
 "Tiba Tuque and Esquindim" – "tiba" means "a lot" in Tupi–Guarani languages; "tuque" comes from batuque, a kind of Brazilian music; and "esquindim" is a Brazilian Portuguese word for natural sway
 "Vinicius and Tom" – the names of musicians Vinicius de Moraes and Tom Jobim, the co-writers of the song "The Girl from Ipanema"

The voting ended after three weeks on 14 December 2014. "Vinicius and Tom" won with 44 percent of 323,327 votes.

Use of Vinicius in Olympic wrestling events

In the sport of wrestling, coaches may challenge a referee's call by throwing a "soft object" into the ring. This is normally a foam brick, but wrestling rules do not exactly say what the soft object must be. The Rio 2016 organizers gave wrestling coaches soft plush dolls of Vinicius to throw into the ring when they wished to challenge a call. One wrestler's coach got a Vinicius doll with a red shirt, while the opponent's coach got one with a blue shirt.

Many people thought this was funny. NBC Sports commentators started to call Vinicius "the challenge mascot". Dustin Nelson, a news writer for the website Thrillist, wrote that the mascot took "a little of the anger out of a challenge". Jason Bryant, the official commentator for wrestling at the 2016 Olympics, was surprised to see this at the Olympics because there is a lot of emphasis on "protocol" at the Olympics. However, Byrant eventually said that it does not matter what the challenge object is if it has cultural importance to the location of the competition. Coach Mike Malinconico argued that the Olympic organizers should not have done this.

Characteristics

Vinicius is the Olympic mascot, and he is named after Brazilian musician Vinicius de Moraes. Vinicius's design represents Brazilian wildlife. The design combines "the agility of cats, sway of monkeys and grace of birds." Vinicius can stretch his arms and legs as long as he wants. His mission is "to spread joy throughout the world and celebrate the friendship that flourishes between people from all over the world" at the Olympic Games.

Tom is the Paralympic mascot, and is he named after Brazilian musician Tom Jobim. Tom's design represents the plants of Brazilian forests. Tom can pull any object out of his head. His mission is "to inspire everybody to use creativity and determination to always reach further and have fun."

Vinicius and Tom "were both born from the joy of Brazilians" after the International Olympic Committee chose Rio de Janeiro to host the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. The mascots are named after Vinicius de Moraes and Tom Jobim, who co-wrote the 1962 bossa nova song "The Girl from Ipanema".

Media

Animated shorts
On 5 August 2015, Cartoon Network Brazil started to broadcast animated short films with the mascots. The series is named Vinicius e Tom – Divertidos por Natureza ("Vinicius and Tom – Fun by Nature" or "Vinicius and Tom – Natural Entertainers"). The series has 32 episodes. Each episode is two minutes long. Divertidos por Natureza is the third television cartoon series based on Olympic mascots. It is also the first cartoon created in the Americas based on Olympic mascots. The show follows Vinicius and Tom as they live in Brazilian forests and cities. The mascots are also sometimes joined by the "Carioca Sisters" (). The sisters are named Bela, Sol, and Vida.

The series is designed to promote the mascots. Turner Broadcasting System, the owner of Cartoon Network, spent US$750,000 to develop the series. Cartoon Network helped to coproduce the series because it won a competition held by the Rio 2016 organizers to select a collaborator for the series. Brand director Beth Lula said that the mascots "are one of the principal methods of engaging the public with the Games. The cartoon will give them life, reinforcing the emotional link of the public with the event." The series is targeted towards children, but the show's staff said that adults will like it too too.

Merchandise

The mascots were included among the merchandise of the Rio 2016 Games. Merchandise items ranged in size from a Lego kit to life-size dolls. The organizers gave Paralympic medalists stuffed toys of Tom. They colored the leaves on the dolls' heads in gold, silver, or bronze in order to match with their medals. The Vinicius and Tom Lego kit is the first time that Lego made a commercial version of Olympic mascots. An employee at a Rio 2016 merchandise store said that the mascots were "the most popular thing by far. ... Kids and adults all love them, especially Vinicius, he is the favourite."

The Rio 2016 Organizing Committee thought that the mascots could make up a quarter of merchandise sales in Rio. Overall, merchandise sales were 11 percent higher than what they thought, according to Rio 2016 spokesperson Mario Andrada. The best-selling item was a hat in the shape of Vinicius's head. The second-best-selling item was a pair of Havaianas with a drawing of Vinicius on it.

Reception

Julia Glum wrote about Vinicius and Tom in an article in the International Business Times. She said that the "mascot for the Olympic Games is almost always strange-looking, and Rio de Janeiro is no exception. ... though they're by far not the craziest Olympic animals to ever exist ..." In an article published by Mic, Brianna Provenzano called the mascots "lovable". She described their appearance as "sweet and simple", and she highlighted their symbolisms for the animals and plants of Brazil. On the other hand, Charlotte Wilder wrote an article in USA Todays sports column For The Win. She said that she was unimpressed by Vinicius's design: "Whoever was in charge of coming up with this creature of the huge hands and feet did exactly what it looks like, which is mash up a bunch of animals, video game characters, and cartoons, stuff it with some synthetic filling, and call it day." Robert John Young, Professor of Wildlife Conservation at the University of Salford, thought that Rio 2016 should have given more attention to environmental protection by using actual animal species instead of inventing their own animal. Young also thought that the organizers should have included a female name in the public vote.

Carlos Merigo wrote on Brazilian website B9 that the mascots bring back "the colorful, loving and fun atmosphere that marked the Olympic mascots over the decades". Merigo called them a "return to origins" following the "shapelessness" of Wenlock and Mandeville, the mascots of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. Neha Prakash wrote an article on digital media website Mashable. Prakash said that Vinicius and Tom "are more nostalgia-inducing than nightmarish" compared to the "terror" of the mascots of the 2014 Winter Olympics. Many people compared the art style of the mascots to that of the Pokémon franchise. Stephen Wood wrote an article on the history of Olympic mascots in Paste, and he compared them to the style of Adventure Time, an American animated television series. In an article published on Slate's culture blog Brow Beat, Matthew Dessem wrote that there were no big problems with the mascots when compared to previous Olympic mascots: "Like the best Olympic mascots of yore, Vinicius and Tom are well-suited to plush toys and licensing deals and will be completely forgotten within a year." Leila Cobo wrote an article published by Billboard, and she praised the organizers of Rio 2016 for "celebrating music in a most joyful and profound way" by naming the Olympic mascot after Vinicius de Moraes.

References

Other websites

 Official website (archived)
  – the animated shorts, published on the official YouTube channel of Rio 2016
 Birdo Studio – official website of the studio that created the mascots

2016 Summer Olympics

Vinicius and Tom


Luis Francisco de Benavides Carrillo de Toledo, Marquis of Caracena, Marquis of Fromista (20 September 1608 – 6 January 1668) was a Spanish general and political figure. He served as Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands between 1659 and 1664.

Born in Valencia, a member of a noble Spanish family, he made a career in the army during the many battles in Italy and Flanders between 1629 and 1659. He conquered the fortress of Casale Monferrato in 1652.

He was Governor of Milan between 1648 and 1656. After the defeat of John of Austria the Younger in the Battle of the Dunes (1658), Caracena was appointed to succeed him. After the conclusion of the Treaty of the Pyrenees, the Habsburg Netherlands saw a period of relative peace. Despite this fact, governing wasn't easy for Caracena, since by then various wars had pushed Spain to the brink of bankruptcy.

In 1664 he returned to Spain to assume command of the war against Portugal, which was going poorly after a series of military setbacks, most recently after the defeat in 1663 in the Battle of Ameixial, near Estremoz of the same John of Austria the Younger. Caracena's command of the Spanish forces in Portugal was brief; he was decisively defeated by António Luís de Meneses at the Battle of Montes Claros in 1665. The defeat effectively ended the War of Restoration in favor of the Portuguese.

After the battle, Caracena was charged with treason and cowardice. He defended himself by claiming that he was not to blame, but rather the defeat was due to the poor state of the Spanish army, intrigue in the Spanish Court, and the lack of funds to protract a war against Portugal. Afterwards, he was disregarded by the Spanish Crown and died of disease in Madrid in 1668.

External links

1608 births
1668 deaths
Spanish generals
Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands
Military personnel of the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)

Luis de Benavides Carrillo, Marquis of Caracena


Jillian Armenante (born July 5, 1964) is an American television and film actress, known for playing the role of Donna Kozlowski on the TV show Judging Amy.

Life and career
Armenante was born in Paterson, New Jersey, and grew up in Wyckoff, New Jersey.

Her feature-film credits include Vice, Hail, Caesar!, Bad Teacher, A Mighty Heart, North Country and Girl, Interrupted. On television, Armenante has made guest appearances on several shows including Fresh Off the Boat, The Mayor, Shameless, Medium, Party Down, Castle, The Closer, Private Practice, Grey's Anatomy, Las Vegas, ER, Six Feet Under, The West Wing, and Northern Exposure.

With Alice Dodd, her wife, Armenante co-produced, co-directed and co-wrote Laura Comstock's Bag-Punching Dog and In Flagrante Gothicto at the Circle X Theatre Company. Laura Comstock's Bag-Punching Dog won the Theatre L.A. Ovation Award for "Best New Musical" and "Best Musical Production".

In Flagrante Gothicto received:
 Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Awards for writing, directing and production
 The Ted Schmitt Award for "Most Outstanding Debut of a New Play"
 LA Weekly Theater Award for playwriting and comedy ensemble
 Back Stage West Garland Awards for production, direction, writing, ensemble and Lead Actress (Alice Dodd)

In Flagrante Gothicto was produced at The Empty Space Theatre in Seattle in their 2003 season.

Armenante directed the world premiere of Great Men Of Science, Nos. 21 & 22. The show received a Theatre L.A. Ovation Award for "Best Production in a 99 seat theatre", and The L.A. Weekly Award for Best Production. She also produced The Texarkansas Waltz at Circle X Theatre.

Regionally, she has acted at the Empty Space Theatre in the title role of The Salvation Of Iggy Scrooge; at the Group Theatre in Marisol; at New City Theatre in Stript and 3 Americanisms.

She played "Melony" in a stage version of The Cider House Rules which was performed at The Atlantic Theater in New York City, the Seattle Repertory Theatre, and at The Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles. For this role she was nominated for a Drama Desk Award, received a Garland Award and a Theatre World Award for "Debut on the New York Stage". The show also received a Theatre L.A. Ovation Award for "Best Production in a Larger Theatre".

In Seattle, she was a member of Annex Theatre for eight years, where she appeared in The Fatty Arbuckle Spookhouse Review, Bessemer's Spectacles, Tattoo Girl, and Hamlet The Musical. At Annex, she directed Triplets In Uniform, Exquisite Torture, and Running From Boomerangs. She was the Associate Artistic Director for Alice B. Theatre where she produced Pretty, Witty and Gay and Memory Tricks by Marga Gomez at the Broadway Performance Hall.

Personal life
Armenante is married to actress Alice Dodd. The couple have two daughters: Hazel Georgia Dodd Armenante and Heloise Margaret Armenante Dodd.

Filmography

Film

Television

Other work

References

External links

Living people
1964 births
Actresses from New Jersey
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American theatre directors
American women theatre directors
American theatre managers and producers
American LGBT actors
LGBT people from New Jersey
Actors from Paterson, New Jersey
People from Wyckoff, New Jersey
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Theatre World Award winners

Jillian Armenante


Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitors (IαI) are plasma proteins consisting of three of four heavy chains selected from the group ITIH1, ITIH2, ITIH3, ITIH4 and one light chain selected from the group AMBP or SPINT2.  They function as protease inhibitors.

IαI form complexes with hyaluronan (HA), generating a serum-derived hyaluronan-associated protein (SHAP)-HA complex.  The SHAP-HA complex is found in very high concentration in rheumatoid arthritic synovial fluid suggesting it has a role in the inflammatory response.

References

External links

Protease inhibitors
Human proteins
Arthritis

Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor


, code-named  was a Type C-3 cargo submarine of the Imperial Japanese Navy used during World War II for a secret mission to Lorient, France, then occupied by Germany, during which she was sunk.

Valuable cargo
She is also known as Japan's "Golden Submarine", because she was carrying a cargo of gold to Germany as payment for matériel and technology.  There has been speculation that a peace proposal to the Allies was contained on board the I-52 as well, but this is unlikely on two counts:  there is no evidence that the Japanese government was interested in peace proposals or negotiated settlements at that stage in the war; and the Japanese kept an open dialogue with their diplomatic attachés via radio and diplomatic voucher through Russia, and had no need for long and uncertain transfer via a submarine bound for a Nazi-controlled area of western Europe.

It is believed that 800 kg (1,760-lbs) of uranium oxide awaited I-52 for her return voyage at Lorient according to Ultra decrypts. It has been speculated that this was for the Japanese to develop a radiological weapon (a so-called "dirty bomb") for use against the United States.  (The amount of unenriched uranium oxide would not have been enough to create an atomic bomb, though if used in a nuclear reactor it could have created poisonous fission products).

She was also to be fitted with a snorkel device at Lorient. In addition, 35 to 40 tons of secret documents, drawings, and strategic cargo awaited I-52s return trip to Japan: T-5 acoustic torpedoes, a Jumo 213-A motor used on the long-nosed Focke-Wulf Fw 190D fighter, radar equipment, vacuum tubes, ball bearings, bombsights, chemicals, alloy steel, and optical glass.

Type C-3 submarines
This class of submarines was designed and built by Mitsubishi Corporation, between 1943 and 1944, as cargo carriers.  They were quite long and carried a crew of up to 94.  They also had a long cruising range at a speed of .  The Japanese constructed only three of these submarines during World War II (I-52,  and ), although twenty were planned. They were the largest submarines ever built at that time, before the enormous Sentoku subs were built, and were known as the most advanced Japanese submarines of their time.

The keel of I-52 was laid on 18 March 1942, and she was commissioned on 28 December 1943 into the 11th Submarine Squadron, Kure Naval District, with Commander Kameo Uno as the commanding officer. In January 1944, Admiral Mineichi Koga, the commander of the Combined Fleet, selected I-52 for a special mission to Germany.

Yanagi missions
Yanagi missions were enabled under the Axis Powers' Tripartite Pact to provide for an exchange of strategic materials and manufactured goods between Germany, Italy and Japan. Initially, cargo ships made the exchanges, but when that was no longer possible submarines were used.

Only five other submarines had attempted this intercontinental voyage during World War II:  (April 1942),  (June 1943),  (October 1943),  (November 1943), and  (August 1943).  Of these, I-30 was sunk by a mine, I-34 by the British submarine , and I-29 by the United States submarine  (assisted by Ultra intelligence).

Fatal voyage
On 10 March 1944, on her maiden voyage, I-52, led by Commander Kameo Uno, departed Kure via Sasebo for Singapore.  Her cargo from Japan included 9.8 tons of molybdenum, 11 tons of tungsten, 2.2 tons of gold in 146 bars packed in 49 metal boxes, 3 tons of opium and 54 kg of caffeine. The gold was payment for German technology. She also carried 14 passengers, primarily Japanese technicians, who were to study German technology in anti-aircraft guns and engines for torpedo boats.

In Singapore she picked up a further 120 tons of tin in ingots, 59.8 tons of caoutchouc (raw rubber) in bales and 3.3 tons of quinine, and headed through the Indian Ocean, to the Atlantic Ocean.

On 6 June 1944, the Japanese naval attaché in Berlin, Rear Admiral Kojima Hideo, signaled the submarine that the Allies had landed in Normandy, thus threatening her eventual destination of Lorient on the coast of France.  She was advised to prepare for Norway instead.  She was also instructed to rendezvous with a German submarine on 22 June 1944 at 21:15 (GMT) at the co-ordinates .  I-52 responded with her position, being .  The message was intercepted and decoded by US intelligence; I-52 had been closely watched all the way from Singapore.  Guided by the F-21 Submarine Tracking Room and F-211 "Secret Room" of the Tenth Fleet which was in charge of the Atlantic section, a hunter-killer task force was targeted towards her.

On the night of 22 June 1944 about  west of the Cape Verde Islands off the coast of Africa, I-52 rendezvoused with , a Type IXC/40 U-boat commanded by Kapitänleutnant Kurt Lange.  U-530 provided her with fuel, and also transferred a Naxos FuMB 7 radar detector, and an Enigma coding machine, along with two radar operators, Petty Officers Kurt Schulze and Rolf Behrendt, and a German liaison officer for the trip through the Bay of Biscay, Kapitänleutnant Alfred Schafer.

US task force
A US task force assembled as a submarine hunter-killer group, consisting of the escort carrier USS Bogue and five destroyer escorts, en route to the United States from Europe, was ordered to find and destroy the Japanese submarine. This task force departed from Casablanca on 15 June 1944, and was commanded by Captain Aurelius B. Vosseller. It also had 9 General Motors FM-2 Wildcats and 12 Grumman TBF-1C Avengers of VC-69 on board. The task force, on its way from Hampton Roads to Casablanca, had sunk another Japanese submarine, the Type IX RO-501 (formerly U-1224) on 13 May 1944. This was a very effective force, sinking 13 German and Japanese submarines between February 1943 and July 1945.

The five destroyer escorts were:
 , Lieutenant J. E. Johansen.
 , Commander T. S. Lank, TF 51 commander.
 , Lieutenant R. E. Peek.
 , Lieutenant Commander G. R. Atterbury.
 , Lieutenant Commander H. E. Cross.

Arriving in the area of the meeting on the evening of 23 June, the carrier began launching flights of Avengers at around 23:00 GMT to search for the submarines. U-530 escaped undetected.

At approximately 23:40, Ed Whitlock, the radar operator in Lieutenant Commander Jesse D. Taylor's Avenger aircraft, detected a surface contact on his malfunctioning radar (only the right half of its sweep was working).  Taylor immediately dropped flares, illuminating the area, and attacked.  After his first pass, he saw the depth charge explosions just to starboard of the submarine – a near miss – and the submarine dived. Taylor dropped a purple sonobuoy, a newly developed underwater microphone that floated on the surface to pick up underwater sounds and transmit them to the aircraft.  A searching aircraft usually drops these in packs of five, code-named purple, orange, blue, red and yellow (POBRY). The operator is able to monitor each buoy, in turn, to listen for sounds emitted by the enemy craft.

Hearing what sounded like submarine propeller sounds, Taylor began a torpedo attack, dropping a Mark 24 "mine". The Mark 24, code-name "Fido" and designated a "mine" for secrecy, was actually the first Allied acoustic torpedo, developed by the Harvard Underwater Sound Lab, which homed in on noises made by the submarine. Fido was designed to be a "mission kill" weapon – to damage the submarine so that it would have to surface and be captured, rather than destroy it. Within minutes of dropping the torpedo, Taylor's sonobuoys detected the sounds of an explosion and a hull breaking up.

As Commander Taylor's watch ended, the operators on USS Bogue and Taylor all thought he had sunk the sub. However, as Taylor's patrol ended, he was relieved by Lieutenant Junior Grade William "Flash" Gordon, accompanied by civilian underwater sound expert Price Fish. They arrived on the scene just after midnight and circled with Taylor for some time. At about 0100 on 24 June 1944, Fish reported hearing some faint propeller noise in the area.

Captain Vosseller ordered a second attack; Gordon checked with Taylor about the exact position of the sonobuoy and dropped another "Fido" torpedo where he believed the submarine to be. Taylor departed the area at 0115, but Gordon stayed to circle the area and listen for any sign of activity. He heard nothing and was relieved by Lieutenant (junior grade) Brady, who continued to watch and listen, but no further activity was reported.  Next morning, USS Janssen reached the site () and found flotsam: a ton of raw rubber, a piece of silk, and human flesh.

The sonobuoy recording of the last few moments of I-52s sound still survives in the US National Archives in Washington D.C. in the form of two thin-film canisters marked "Gordon wire No. 1" and "Gordon wire No. 2" dated 24 June 1944. The wire from Taylor's attack has not been found; however, a set of 78 rpm vinyl recordings that include segments of Taylor's wire recordings has been located. These records were produced during the war for training pilots.  On the wire and vinyl recordings, Lieutenant Gordon can be heard talking to his crew, along with the sound of a torpedo exploding, and metal twisting. Subsequent to the discovery of the wreck (see below), analysts at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, experts in analyzing modern submarine sounds, studied these recordings and concluded that the I-52 was sunk by Taylor.  The propeller sounds heard by Gordon were actually from U-530, nearly  away, reaching Gordon's sonobuoys through a "surface duct".  This quirk of underwater sound propagation traps sounds in a channel near the surface and can transmit them for many miles.  At the time, the Navy credited the sinking of the I-52 to both Gordon and Taylor, as it was uncertain whether the ship was sunk on the first attack.

Aftermath
On 30 August 1944, the Kriegsmarine officially declared I-52 sunk in the Bay of Biscay as of 25 July 1944, with all 95 crew, 14 passengers, and three German personnel. The Imperial Japanese Navy declared I-52 missing on 2 August 1944, and struck her from service on 10 December 1944 as sunk.

Recent salvage operations
In late 1994, a salvage operation named Project Orca was launched to try to locate the I-52 and retrieve her valuable cargo of gold. Despite the commissioning of the Russian research ship Akademik Keldysh for the project and an extensive search, by March 1995 the search had proved to be a failure (Hamilton-Paterson 1998). Very shortly afterwards, however, in the spring of 1995, Paul Tidwell, working with the ocean exploration company Meridian Sciences, Inc. (later renamed Nauticos Corp.) located the wreck  deep, mostly upright. The vessel was found nearly  from the datum quoted by the U.S. Navy at the time of the sinking, but within  of the coordinates computed by Meridian.  Meridian's analysts used historical ship logs from the U.S. task force as well as from the German U-boat to reconstruct the events of the battle and correct navigation errors using a process called "re-navigation," or RENAV. Her conning tower is intact and her hull number is still visible. The bow is broken up, probably due to impact on the bottom, and a large hole, probably caused by one of the torpedoes, is aft of the conning tower. Debris was scattered over a large area. Plans were made to raise the sub and recover the gold. The Japanese government objected, indicating that they considered the wreck site a grave. Tidwell worked on the proper procedures with the Japanese government and received the approval of the war graves authorities in Japan. Tidwell's team took down a Japanese naval ensign and affixed it to the wrecked submarine. A metal box from the debris field was brought to the surface in the hope that it would contain some of the sunken gold (worth US$25 million at that time – US$109,085,000 (~109 millions of US$) in 2020), but when opened, the salvors were disappointed to find not gold, but opium. It was dumped overboard.

The plan was to recover the entire conning tower, diplomatic pouches, gold, coding equipment, (Japanese and German) and more. The recovered items would be taken to New Orleans for cleaning, conservation, and corrosion treatment to prepare for an exhibition.  Mandalay Bay Casino had offered $20 million for the exhibition. After three years in Las Vegas everything except the gold would be returned to Japan to be placed at the city of Kure in a permanent exhibition.

There are no full-size Japanese World War II submarines on display anywhere in the world; however, captured Japanese midget submarines are on display at the Admiral Nimitz Museum in Fredericksburg, Texas, at the USS Bowfin Submarine Museum & Park, close to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and at the Australian War Memorial, Canberra.

The Japan Times reported that Tidwell intended to return to the site and raise the submarine in November 2005 or May 2006. However, as of March 2021, Tidwell's plans have not been fulfilled.

Media coverage
 In 2000 the National Geographic Society commissioned and produced a documentary called, Submarine I-52: Search for WWII Gold, on the I-52 and Tidwell's salvage effort.
  The October 1999 issue of the National Geographic featured an article on the I-52 sinking and salvage.

References

  Boyd, Carl. U.S. Navy Radio Intelligence During the Second World War and the Sinking of the Japanese Submarine I-52, Journal of Military History 63 (2): 339–354, April 1999.
 Hamilton-Paterson, James. (1998) Three Miles (5 km) Down: A Hunt for Sunken Treasure, New York: Lyons Press.
 Listen to the training records
 Listen to the wire recording from the aircraft

External links
 Pictures from various sources related to I-52 (captions in French)
 Paul Tidwell's website about the ongoing recovery & salvage operation

Type C3 submarines
Ships built by Kure Naval Arsenal
1943 ships
World War II submarines of Japan
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Submarines sunk by aircraft
Japanese submarines lost during World War II
Maritime incidents in June 1944
Warships lost in combat with all hands
Submarines lost with all hands
Ships sunk by US aircraft

Japanese submarine I-52 (1942)


Predictive text is an input technology used where one key or button represents many letters, such as on the physical numeric keypads of mobile phones and in accessibility technologies. Each key press results in a  prediction rather than repeatedly sequencing through the same group of "letters" it represents, in the same, invariable order.  Predictive text could allow for an entire word to be input by single keypress.  Predictive text makes efficient use of fewer device keys to input writing into a text message, an e-mail, an address book, a calendar, and the like.

The most widely used, general, predictive text systems are T9, iTap, eZiText, and LetterWise/WordWise.  There are many ways to build a device that predicts text, but all predictive text systems have initial linguistic settings that offer predictions that are re-prioritized to adapt to each user.  This learning adapts, by way of the device memory, to a user's disambiguating feedback that results in corrective key presses, such as pressing a "next" key to get to the intention. Most predictive text systems have a user database to facilitate this process.

Theoretically the number of keystrokes required per desired character in the finished writing is, on average, comparable to using a keyboard.  This is approximately true providing that all words used are in its database, punctuation is ignored, and no input mistakes are made typing or spelling. The theoretical keystrokes per character, KSPC, of a keyboard is KSPC=1.00, and of multi-tap is KSPC=2.03. Eatoni's LetterWise is a predictive multi-tap hybrid, which when operating on a standard telephone keypad achieves KSPC=1.15 for English.

The choice of which predictive text system is the best to use involves matching the user's preferred interface style, the user's level of learned ability to operate predictive text software, and the user's efficiency goal. There are various levels of risk in predictive text systems, versus multi-tap systems, because the predicted text that is automatically written that provide the speed and mechanical efficiency benefit, could, if the user is not careful to review, result in transmitting misinformation.  Predictive text systems take time to learn to use well, and so generally, a device's system has user options to set up the choice of multi-tap or of any one of several schools of predictive text methods.

Background

Short message service (SMS) permits a mobile phone user to send text messages (also called messages, SMSes, texts, and txts) as a short message.  The most common system of SMS text input is referred to as "multi-tap". Using multi-tap, a key is pressed multiple times to access the list of letters on that key. For instance, pressing the "2" key once displays an "a", twice displays a "b" and three times displays a "c". To enter two successive letters that are on the same key, the user must either pause or hit a "next" button. A user can type by pressing an alphanumeric keypad without looking at the electronic equipment display. Thus, multi-tap is easy to understand, and can be used without any visual feedback. However, multi-tap is not very efficient, requiring potentially many keystrokes to enter a single letter.

In ideal predictive text entry, all words used are in the dictionary, punctuation is ignored, no spelling mistakes are made, and no typing mistakes are made.  The ideal dictionary would include all slang, proper nouns, abbreviations, URLs, foreign-language words and other user-unique words.  This ideal circumstance gives predictive text software the reduction in the number of key strokes a user is required to enter a word. The user presses the number corresponding to each letter and, as long as the word exists in the predictive text dictionary, or is correctly disambiguated by non-dictionary systems, it will appear.  For instance, pressing "4663" will typically  be interpreted as the word good, provided that a linguistic database in English is currently in use, though alternatives such as home, hood and hoof are also valid interpretations of the sequence of key strokes.

The most widely used systems of predictive text are Tegic's T9, Motorola's iTap, and the Eatoni Ergonomics' LetterWise and WordWise.  T9 and iTap use dictionaries, but Eatoni Ergonomics' products uses a disambiguation process, a set of statistical rules to recreate words from keystroke sequences.  All predictive text systems require a linguistic database for every supported input language.

Dictionary vs. non-dictionary systems

Traditional disambiguation works by referencing a dictionary of commonly used words, though Eatoni offers a dictionaryless disambiguation system.

In dictionary-based systems, as the user presses the number buttons, an algorithm searches the dictionary for a list of possible words that match the keypress combination, and offers up the most probable choice. The user can then confirm the selection and move on, or use a key to cycle through the possible combinations.

A non-dictionary system constructs words and other sequences of letters from the statistics of word parts. To attempt predictions of the intended result of keystrokes not yet entered, disambiguation may be combined with a word completion facility.

Either system (disambiguation or predictive) may include a user database, which can be further classified as a "learning" system when words or phrases are entered into the user database without direct user intervention.  The user database is for storing words or phrases which are not well disambiguated by the pre-supplied database. Some disambiguation systems further attempt to correct spelling, format text or perform other automatic rewrites, with the risky effect of either enhancing or frustrating user efforts to enter text.

History
The predictive text and autocomplete technology was invented out of necessities by Chinese scientists and linguists in the 1950s to solve the input inefficiency of the Chinese typewriter, as the typing process involved finding and selecting thousands of logographic characters on a tray, drastically slowing down the word processing speed.

The actuating keys of the Chinese typewriter created by Lin Yutang in the 1940s included suggestions for the characters following the one selected.  In 1951, the Chinese typesetter Zhang Jiying arranged Chinese characters in associative clusters, a precursor of modern predictive text entry, and broke speed records by doing so.  Predictive entry of text from a telephone keypad has been known at least since the 1970s (Smith and Goodwin, 1971). Predictive text was mainly used to look up names in directories over the phone, until mobile phone text messaging came into widespread use.

Example

On a typical phone keypad, if users wished to type the in a "multi-tap" keypad entry system, they would need to:

 Press 8 (tuv) once to select t.
 Press 4 (ghi) twice to select h.
 Press 3 (def) twice to select e.

Meanwhile, in a phone with predictive text, they need only:

 Press 8 once to select the (tuv) group for the first character.
 Press 4 once to select the (ghi) group for the second character.
 Press 3 once to select the (def) group for the third character.

The system updates the display as each keypress is entered, to show the most probable entry. In this example, prediction reduced the number of button presses from five to three. The effect is even greater with longer words and those composed of letters later in each key's sequence.

A dictionary-based predictive system is based on hope that the desired word is in the dictionary. That hope may be misplaced if the word differs in any way from common usage—in particular, if the word is not spelled or typed correctly, is slang, or is a proper noun.  In these cases, some other mechanism must be used to enter the word. Furthermore, the simple dictionary approach fails with agglutinative languages, where a single word does not necessarily represent a single semantic entity.

Companies and products

Predictive text is developed and marketed in a variety of competing products, such as Nuance Communications's T9. Other products include Motorola's iTap,  Eatoni Ergonomic's LetterWise (character, rather than word-based prediction), WordWise (word-based prediction without a dictionary), EQ3 (a QWERTY-like layout compatible with regular telephone keypads); Prevalent Devices's Phraze-It; Xrgomics' TenGO (a six-key reduced QWERTY keyboard system); Adaptxt (considers language, context, grammar and semantics); Lightkey (a predictive typing software for Windows); Clevertexting (statistical nature of the language, dictionaryless, dynamic key allocation); and  Oizea Type (temporal ambiguity); Intelab's Tauto; WordLogic's Intelligent Input Platform™ (patented, layer-based advanced text prediction, includes multi-language dictionary, spell-check, built-in Web search).

Textonyms
Words produced by the same combination of keypresses have been called "textonyms"; also "txtonyms"; or "T9onyms" (pronounced "tynonyms" ), though they are not specific to T9. Selecting the wrong textonym can occur with no misspelling or typo, if the wrong textonym is selected by default or user error. As mentioned above, the key sequence 4663 on a telephone keypad, provided with a linguistic database in English, will generally be disambiguated as the word good. However, the same key sequence also corresponds to other words, such as home, gone, hoof, hood and so on.  For example, "Are you home?" could be rendered as "Are you good?" if the user neglects to alter the default 4663 word. This can lead to misunderstandings; for example sequence 735328 might correspond to either select or its antonym reject.  A 2010 brawl that led to manslaughter was sparked by a textonym error. Predictive text choosing a default different from that which the user expects has similarities with the Cupertino effect, by which spell-check software changes a spelling to that of an unintended word.

Textonyms have been used as Millennial slang; for example, the use of the word book to mean cool, since book is the default in those predictive text systems that assume it is more frequent than cool. This is related to cacography.

Disambiguation failure and misspelling
Textonyms are not the only issue limiting the effectiveness of predictive text implementations. Another significant problem are words for which the disambiguation produces a single, incorrect response. The system may, for example, respond with Blairf upon input of 252473, when the intended word was Blaise or Claire, both of which correspond to the keystroke sequence, but are not, in this example, found by the predictive text system. When typos or misspellings  occur, they are very unlikely to be recognized correctly by a disambiguation system, though error correction mechanisms may mitigate that effect.

See also

Concepts
 Assistive technology
 Autocomplete
 Text entry interface
 Input method editor
 Text messaging
 SMS language
 Speech-to-text reporter

References

Further reading

External links

New Scientist article on textonyms
An Australian newspaper article on textonyms
Technical notes on iTap (including lists of textonyms)

Input/output
Mobile technology
Natural language processing

Predictive text


St. Nicholas V, also known as Nicholas VIII (, Nikoloz;  1529 – 1591) was the Catholicos Patriarch of Georgia from 28 February 1584 to 1591. He was born into the Bagrationi dynasty of Kakheti, a son of King Levan (r. 1520–1574). He was canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church as the Holy Father Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, his feast day marked on 18 February (N.S.: 2 March).

Biography
Nicholas was born as a younger son of King Levan of Kakheti either of his first marriage to the Gurian princess Tinatin or his second marriage to a daughter of the shamkhal of Tarku. Nicholas was, thus, a younger brother or half-brother of Alexander II, who won the bloody competition for the throne of Kakheti after Levan's death in 1574.

Nicholas was enthroned as the Catholicos Patriarch of Georgia on 28 February 1584, succeeding on the death of Catholicos Nicholas IV. His tenure was during the turbulent period of Georgia's history; the once flourishing medieval kingdom had been divided into several competing polities and the Georgian church had been split into the eastern and western counterparts, reflecting the country's political division, the eastern church being under the stewardship of Nicholas; his native Kakheti was threatened by the rival expansionism of the Safavid Iran and Ottoman Turkey.

Nicholas corresponded with Patriarch Job of Moscow, who died in 1607, and exchanged gifts with him. He also donated a leather-bound illuminated manuscript of the Gospels, copied in 1049, to the Metekhi church in Tbilisi. The 18th-century author Timote Gabashvili reports that there was an icon of Catholicos Nicholas in the refectory at the Iviron monastery on Mount Athos. Gabashvili also conjectured that another refectory, built at the Iviron at the behest of the Georgian prince Ashotan of Mukhrani, might have been Nicholas's death place.

References

1520s births
1591 deaths
Bagrationi dynasty of the Kingdom of Kakheti
Georgian princes
Catholicoses and Patriarchs of Georgia (country)
16th-century people from Georgia (country)
Saints of Georgia (country)

Nicholas V of Georgia


The Daily Review Atlas, more commonly referred to by local residents as the Review Atlas, is an American daily newspaper published in Monmouth, Illinois. It is owned by Gannett.

It was formed in 1924 through the merger of The Monmouth Daily Atlas (founded ) and The Monmouth Daily Review (began daily publication in 1890). In 1987, the paper was acquired by Hollinger. Current owner GateHouse Media purchased roughly 160 daily and weekly newspapers from Hollinger in 1997.

In addition to the Review Atlas, GateHouse owns the leading paper in the Galesburg area, The Register-Mail, and several area weeklies.

They have had to close because of COVID-19 but they have plans of reopening soon

References

External links

Gannett publications
Newspapers published in Illinois
Warren County, Illinois
Monmouth, Illinois
Newspapers established in 1890

Daily Review Atlas


Amr Khaled Khalifa (born November 27, 1992) is a squash player who represents Egypt.

Early life and education
Amr Khaled Khalifa was born and raised in Cairo, Egypt. He has 4 siblings including his younger brother, Osama Khalifa, who is currently playing #1 for Columbia University Squash. Growing up, Khalifa first learned to play Squash and Swim at the age of 8 at Maadi Club within Cairo. Khalifa won Nationals for both Squash and Swimming Under-11 category.

Khalifa attended high school at the Sakkara International School in Cairo, Egypt and graduated in 2010 with honors.

In January 2013, Khalifa enrolled in St. Lawrence University, a small liberal arts college in Canton, New York in the United States.

Career
Khalifa won the prestigious British Junior Squash Open Under-15 category in 2007 and the Under-17 category in 2009. In 2010, he won the World Junior Title and Team Championship in Quito, Ecuador. He also took the top honors in every age group, U13 to U19 at the Pioneer. He reached a career-high ranking of World No. 50 in August 2011 on the Professional Squash Association Tour with 9 individual titles.

Khalifa left the PSA Tour in December 2012 and enrolled as an undergraduate student at Saint Lawrence University in Canton, New York in January 2013. In February 2013 Khalifa led the St. Lawrence "Saints" squash team to a best ever 6th place overall finish at the United States Intercollegiate Team Squash Championships held at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.

In March 2013, Khalifa won the United States Intercollegiate Individual Squash Championships by defeating senior Todd Harrity from Princeton University in the final match 3 games to 0, at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut. In the semi-final match Khalifa beat Ali Farag from Harvard in a tight 3-2 match. Khalifa was awarded the Player of the Year award during the 2013 St. Lawrence University Squash Banquet and featured in Sports Illustrated "Faces in the Crowd".

In Spring 2014, the Saints climbed from the 6th place overall to 2nd place overall at the United States Intercollegiate Team Squash Championships held at Trinity College in Connecticut.

References

http://www.squashsite.co.uk/2009/boysworldjuniors2010.htm
http://www.stlawu.edu/amr-khalifa-individual-champion-team-advocate
http://collegesquashassociation.com/2013/03/03/st-lawrences-khalifa-wins-2013-mens-individual-championship/

External links

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EbC_NHynKYc
 https://web.archive.org/web/20150725125130/http://www.worldsquash.org/ws/news/tag/amr-khaled-khalifa

Egyptian male squash players
Living people
1992 births
St. Lawrence University alumni
21st-century Egyptian people

Amr Khaled Khalifa


Henry Gray Turner (March 20, 1839 – June 9, 1904) was an American politician, teacher, jurist and soldier. The Henry Gray Turner House in Quitman, Georgia is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Biography
Turner was born near Henderson, North Carolina. He attended the University of Virginia (UVA) in Charlottesville in 1857 before moving to Brooks County, Georgia, in 1859 to teach school.

During the American Civil War, Turner enlisted as a private in the Confederate States Army and eventually rose to the rank of captain. At the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863 he was struck in the left shoulder by a rifle ball and taken prisoner. After the war, he studied law, gained admittance to the state bar in 1865 and began practicing law in Quitman, Georgia. In 1874, Turner was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in the State Assembly and served in that capacity until 1876. He also served as a delegate to the 1876 Democratic National Convention.

After two more terms in 1878 and 1879 in the state house, Turner was elected to the 47th United States Congress as a Democratic Representative. He was re-elected to Congress for seven additional terms until deciding not to run in 1896.

After his political service, Turner returned to his law practice in Quitman. In 1903, he was appointed as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia. Turner died the next year in Raleigh, North Carolina and was buried in West End Cemetery in Quitman. Turner County, Georgia is named in his honor.

Fiction
Turner is the great-grandfather of a fictional character, Henry Gray Turner II, in a book by author Rob Morton, God, Forgive These Bastards. The book places Turner's great-grandson in the early twenty-first century and reads like his memoir. "In the late 1970s," the book jacket reads, "Henry Turner went from being a local hero and star pitcher of the Georgia Tech Wildcats to an abusive, alcoholic drifter. After spending his later years in homeless encampments and psych wards, Turner turned his demons to his advantage and became a kind, beloved street story-teller, a friend of the down-and-out, and a public transit angel."

References

Sources
 Retrieved on 2009-04-16

1839 births
1904 deaths
Confederate States Army officers
Georgia (U.S. state) lawyers
Democratic Party members of the Georgia House of Representatives
People of Georgia (U.S. state) in the American Civil War
Justices of the Supreme Court of Georgia (U.S. state)
University of Virginia alumni
Burials in Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Quitman, Georgia
Turner County, Georgia
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Henderson, North Carolina
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges

Henry G. Turner


The Guaracara River, located in south Trinidad, runs westward approximately 30 km long, out of the Central Range and drains into the Gulf of Paria.  It forms the boundary between the city of San Fernando (to the south) and the Couva-Tabaquite-Talparo Regional Corporation. In local terms it separates Marabella (the northernmost portion of the city) from Pointe-à-Pierre.

The river is heavily polluted, both by non-point agricultural and residential run-off from Marabella and the town of Gasparillo, and from industrial waste (primarily oily run-off) from the oil refinery at Pointe-a-Pierre owned by Petrotrin (the state-owned oil company).

Rivers of Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad (island)
Gulf of Paria

Guaracara River


The East High Street Historic District is a cluster of mansions on the eastern side of Springfield, Ohio, United States.  Located along one of Springfield's most important thoroughfares and once home to some of its most prominent residents, the cluster was named a historic district in 1974.

History
Springfield was founded in 1800, but for its first half-century of existence, the land now included within the district was used for agricultural purposes.  However, by the 1840s, Springfield had grown eastward from its original core, and the brothers Gustavus and William Foos platted some of their land along High Street for residential purposes in 1848.  After the Civil War, this portion of East High became a fashionable neighborhood for Springfield's wealthiest citizens, many of whom desired to live at a distance from their places of business.  Despite attempts to cultivate West High Street as the city's millionaires' row in the 1880s, East High remained Springfield's most prestigious address into the 20th century.

Residents

Among the district's prominent residents have been the Buchwalter, Bauer, and Bushnell families of 805, 825, and 838 High respectively.  Edward Lyon Buchwalter and his first wife Clementine Buchwalter were an industrialist and women's club leader, while Charles A. Bauer was a native of the Kingdom of Württemberg who became a mechanical engineer and built himself into one of Springfield's leading engineering consultants.  Asa S. Bushnell and his wife lived at 838 E. High, which in 1908 was regarded as one of the most beautiful homes in Springfield.  Built starting in 1888, this house was his residence while he served as Governor of Ohio in the 1890s.  A heavily Richardsonian Romanesque structure, it includes exterior elements such as a stone facade, windows placed in clusters, and large archways, while the interior includes numerous fireplaces, elaborate woodworking, and multiple chandeliers.  After passing into the ownership of a family named Proust in the 1920s, the house was bought by funeral home operator Austin Richards in 1939, whose company has used the property for over sixty years; it remains in operation as Richards, Raff, and Dunbar Memorial Home.

Preservation
Still extant along portions of East High are examples of prominent late-19th-century architectural styles, including the Richardsonian Romanesque, the Renaissance Revival, and the Italianate styles.  While other neighborhoods once possessed similar collections of styles in close proximity to each other, East High is distinguished because its mix of styles has survived to the present day, unlike that of many other neighborhoods.  In recognition of its architectural significance, a small portion of East High was designated the East High Street Historic District and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.  It is composed of five contributing properties, located at 805, 810, 815, 825, and 838 East High.

References

External links

National Register of Historic Places in Clark County, Ohio
Buildings and structures in Springfield, Ohio
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio

East High Street Historic District (Springfield, Ohio)


Magnesium oxide, or magnesia, is a white solid mineral, made of one part magnesium and one part oxygen. Its chemical formula is MgO. Magnesium oxide is used by libraries to make books last longer. It is also used as an insulator for some electrical wires, and to help crucibles resist high temperatures. Magnesium oxide is also used to treat heartburn and upset stomachs.

References

Chemical compounds
Oxides

Magnesium oxide


Prince Nikolai Leonidovich Obolensky (;  – 11 March 1960) was a Russian governor. Born Orthodox by his princely origin of the Obolensky Russian family of the Rurik Dynasty. In exile he was converted to Catholicism and became a member of the Russian apostolate abroad.

Biography

In 1901 Obolensky graduated from the Faculty of Law, Saint Petersburg State University. He was a member of the Russian Zemstvo. He was also head of the Civil Office of the headquarters of the Supreme Commander (1914-1915). In his career Obolensky was a State Counsellor (1914), member of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia) (1915) and Chairman of the Special Committee for the Struggle against high prices (1916). He was assistant of Warsaw Governor-General, Pavel Yengalychev in 1915. He was also Governor of Kursk Governorate (15/09/1915 - 12/07/1915), Kharkov Governorate (1915) and Yaroslavl Governorate (1916 - 11/05/1917), being dismissed from his post by the decree of the Provisional Government. In exile since 1925, he lived in France. Since 1957, he was honorary chairman of the family union of Prince Obolensky. Together with his son, Sergei Nikolaevich Obolensky adopted Catholicism, and became a member of Russian apostolate.

External links
 http://www.adm.yar.ru/power/gub/gubern/obolensky.shtml
 http://rurik.genealogia.ru/gallery/Obol_NL.htm

1878 births
1960 deaths
Nikolai Leonidovich
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
Former Russian Orthodox Christians
Converts to Eastern Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy
Russian Eastern Catholics

Nikolai Leonidovich Obolensky


The  ("Indigenous Regular Forces"), known simply as the  (Regulars), are volunteer infantry units of the Spanish Army, largely recruited in the cities of Ceuta and Melilla. Consisting of indigenous, primarily Berbers, infantry and cavalry recruited in Spanish Morocco, forming part of the Army of Africa and officered by Spaniards, these troops played a significant role in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939).

History

Establishment
The Regulares were first raised in 1911 as a "batallón indígena" of infantry. Their formation came at a time when the Spanish army was expanding into the Moroccan hinterland from the long-held coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla. Previously use had been made of Moroccan auxiliaries as scouts and the designation of "regulars" appears to have been intended to distinguish the newly raised force as a permanent unit of the Spanish army. Officers and some NCOs were seconded from Peninsular regiments. By 1914 four Groups (, the equivalent of a regiment) had been raised for active service. While the Regulares remained predominantly infantry, recognition of Moroccan skills as horsemen led to the establishment of cavalry squadrons. This mounted element of the Regulares was to remain a conspicuous feature throughout the period of Spanish rule of the protectorate. As such, each Group was composed of a headquarters and service company, two infantry Tabors (battalions) and a cavalry Tabor (squadron) plus a military band and Corps of Drums attached to the regimental headquarters. From 1914 to 1922 the Regulares were expanded in numbers to five "Grupos" based respectively in Melilla, Tetuán, Ceuta, Alhucemas and Larache (the Alhucemas Group was raised in 1921).

The Regulares infantry were known for their ability to traverse "dead ground" without being detected, but their Spanish officers disliked unconventional warfare and only infrequently took advantage of this skill.

Rif Wars
The Moroccan troops generally remained loyal during the Rif War of the early 1920s, although there were reports of mutiny at Yat el Bax following the major Spanish defeat at the Battle of Annual in 1921. During this period the Regulares and the Spanish Legion ("Tercio") emerged as the elite corps of the Spanish Army - long-serving professionals on more or less continuous active service, attracting the best officers. These included the future  Francisco Franco who served initially with the Regulares (from 1913) before transferring to the newly raised Tercio (whose troops were mostly Spaniards) as second in command and commander of its 1st Battalion in 1920.

In 1923 a detachment of the Fuerzas Regulares de Ceuta mounted guard at the Royal Palace in Madrid, indicating the high-profile achieved by the Moroccan troops. In 1934 cavalry and infantry of the Regulares were brought to Peninsular Spain by the Republican Government to assist in the suppression of the rising by Asturian miners that year.

Spanish Civil War
In 1936 the Spanish "Army of Africa" (totaling 30,000 in the Legion and Moroccan Regulares regiments) formed part of the rebellion led by General Franco against the Republican Government in Madrid. In the crucial initial phase of the Spanish Civil War, the rebels were able to airlift a significant number of Moroccan troops plus legionnaires across the Straits of Gibraltar, with German and Italian assistance, in order to become the shock troops of the Nationalist battles. The professionalism and brutality of the Army of Africa played a major part in early Nationalist successes. As the war continued five more  of Regulares infantry were raised plus two of cavalry (the 1st Cavalry Group based in Teutan and the 2nd Cavalry Group in Melilla).

The Regulares with their experience of North African warfare proved to be excellent combatants in the open countryside while advancing from Seville to Madrid during August - November 1936. However they subsequently proved less adapt at street fighting in unfamiliar urban environments. With the raising of substantial Nationalist forces in mainland Spain the role of the Regulares diminished but they retained a key function as shock troops until the end of the Civil War. Conspicuous in Franco's victory parade in Madrid in 1939, the Regulares were the most decorated units of the Nationalist forces. The numbers of the Army of Africa doubled in the course of the war to about 60,000.

In Francoist Spain
Following the Nationalist victory the Regulares were reduced in number but retained their structure. Franco authorized the establishment of a ceremonial mounted honour guard ("Guardia de Su Excelencia el Generalísimo") from the Regulares cavalry which, with colourful Moorish uniforms and white Arabian horses, served in close attendance on him and formed part of his guards unit.

With the independence of Morocco in 1956 the majority of the Moroccan personnel of the Regulares, numbering about 12,500, were transferred to the newly raised Royal Moroccan Armed Forces. The two cavalry units were disbanded and the Groups were reduced to just eight. In 1957 Franco's ceremonial guard in Madrid, the  (Moorish Guards), were replaced by an escort of Spanish cavalry who retained the white cloaks and horses of the Regulares.

Present day

Spain retained the historic enclaves of Melilla and Ceuta and the reduced Groups of Tetuan, Melilla, Ceuta and Alhucemas remained in existence as part of the two garrisons.

As part of a wider reorganisation of the Spanish Army in 1986, the existing 4 Regulares Groups were amalgamated into two light infantry regiments within the present day Spanish Army, which exist to this very day. Their active personnel are Spanish citizens first and foremost, many of them natives of the cities of Ceuta and Melilla, both Muslim and Christian. They retain the traditional divisions of Grupos or Groups (regiments) and Tabores (battalions) as follows:

 Grupo de Infantería Ligera Regulares de Melilla nº 52 (Stationed in Melilla, Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, Peñón de Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas )
 Tabor Alhucemas I
 Tabor Rif II
 Grupo de Infantería Ligera Regulares de Ceuta nº 54 (Stationed in Ceuta )
 Tabor Tetuan II (motorized)
 Anti-tank company

Both the present regiments are also successors to regular infantry regiments of the Spanish Army, which formerly served in Melilla and Ceuta.

In recent years detachments of Regulares have served in peace missions both in Bosnia and Afghanistan.

Evolution
In 1914 Regulares' forces were expanded with the creation of four regiments, titled Groups () Each of these four groups consisted of the regimental headquarters, two Infantry Tabors (battalions) of three companies plus a Tabor of three cavalry troops/squadrons, together with support elements.

Specifically, the Groups of Indigenous Regular Forces were constituted as follows:

 1st Group of Indigenous Regular Forces "Tetuán", (Tetuan)
 2nd Group of Indigenous Regular Forces "Melilla" ( Melilla and Nador )
 3rd Group of Indigenous Regular Forces "Ceuta" ( Ceuta )
 4th Group of Indigenous Regular Forces "Larache" ( Arcila and Larache )

In 1921 and after the Battle of Annual a fifth unit was created:

 5th Group of Indigenous Regular Forces "Alhucemas", with HQ in Segangan .

After the Spanish Civil War, five new groups were raised:

 6th Group of Indigenous Regular Forces "Xauen", based in the city of Xaue.
 7th Group of Indigenous Regular Forces "Llano Amarillo", with headquarters in Cabrerizas, Mellilia.
 8th Group of Indigenous Regular Forces "Rif", based in the Souk el Had, Beni Sicar
 9th Group of Indigenous Regular Forces "Arcila", based in the city of Alcazarquivir.
 10th Group of Indigenous Regular Forces "Bab-Taza", with barracks in Bab-Taza.

Two groups of cavalry were also raised, organized into a regimental HQ and three Tabors of cavalry squadrons/troops each:

 1st Group of Indigenous Cavalry Regular Forces Tetuán
 2nd Group of Independent Indigenous Cavalry Forces Melilla

Uniforms

After a brief establishment period during which the Regulares wore white indigenous dress, the new corps was issued with uniforms modelled on those of the French zouaves. During 1913-14 these were replaced by simplified light khaki, worn with red fez caps and sashes. During the 1930s the Regulares were uniformed similarly to the Tiradores de Ifni but without the . A tarbuch was worn, by the native officers and men, with a sand colored shirt and breeches with brown leather equipment. Spanish officers wore a sand colored variant of the standard Spanish Army uniform with a red topped peaked cap.

Currently the Regulares wear the same camouflage dress for active service and ordinary duties as the rest of the Spanish Army but retain a unique, khaki tropical uniform for semi-formal barrack dress and as the basis of its parade uniform. The most distinctive features of the modern Regulares uniform are the red fez, red or blue sashes and white cloaks (burnous) retained from the Moorish style dress uniforms worn prior to 1956.

Modern parade march
These regiments and their attached battalions march in both quick and slow time on parade and only turn to the slow march when they are ready to render salutes on the march.

Military Music Units
The military bands and Corps of drums of the Regulares regiments and Tabors are commonly known as the Nubas. They are the same as the normal Spanish Army military bands except that the Corps of Drums is a mix of drums, cymbals, tambourines, bugles, trumpets, bagpipes and chirimias or oboes. At the present time only the Corps of Drums is seen in continuous active service, with military band support usually from other units. It was led by a Bugle Major, who in the past was the assistant of the drum major, until in the 2014 National Day Parade the Corps of Drums of the 54th Regulares Group reinstated the practice of being led by a drum major which was formerly in force in the first decades. Personnel of the Nuba wear the same service dress as their comrades.

Depiction in popular culture
The sentence in the Spanish Republican song , as well as one of the verses of  and the opening line of  refer to the Regulares.
The novel Kábila, by the Spanish author and journalist Fernando González Martín, is about a Moroccan who as a teenager hates the Spanish colonial troops but subsequently becomes a soldier of the Regulares, plays a major role in suppressing the Asturias repression and ends up as a high-ranking commanding officer in the military forces of Franco.
A famous  sung from the civil war times till now refers to these military units:

It remains a popular song that is often heard at any "jota" festival or contest.

Awards

The personnel of units of the Regulares, for their role in both the "Pacification" of Morocco and for its participation in the intervention in Spain (mainly in the Civil War of 1936-1939), were awarded with a number of orders and medals by the government. Today the Regulares are the most decorated units of the Spanish Army. Among some of its many Laureates and medals obtained are:

 Laureate Cross of San Fernando:
 Lieutenant Samaniego del Tabor de Caballeria who died in 1912 in the combats and occupation of the Aduar of Haddu al-Lal Kadur. He is the first soldier of Regulares who obtains this decoration.
 Lieutenant Salustiano Sáenz de Tejada y Olózaga, awarded for his merits and death in the combat of 31 March 1924, when he took a convoy to the position of Issen Lassen.
 In 1915 for a doctor of Military Health, assigned to Regulares.
 Laureate Cross of San Fernando (Collective Medal for Units):
 II Tabor of the 5th Group of Indigenous Regulars of Alhucemas, for the actions of Ciudad Universitaria (Parque del Oeste), November 1936.
 V Tabor of the Group of Indigenous Regulars of Ceuta No. 3, for the acts of weapons that occurred between 11/15/1936 and 5/19/1937 in the University City of Madrid. University City actions (Parque del Oeste)
 Collective Military Medal:
 4th Group, by the action of Muires and Haman in 1920 .
 Group of Ceuta No. 3, for the combats of Barranco del Lobo and Casabona in 1921 .
 Group of Regular Infantry Forces of Melilla No. 2, for the actions of Tizzi Assa and Tifaruin, in 1923 .
 Group of Tetuán # 1, by the combats of Peñas de Cayat.
 Group of Indigenous Regulars Alhucemas No. 5, by the combats in the University City (Parque del Oeste) November 1936.
 V Tabor of the Group of Indigenous Regulars of Melilla No. 2, for their actions in the Battle of the Ebro 25 July 1938.
 V Tabor of the Group of Indigenous Regulars of Ceuta No. 3, for its brilliant behavior in the operations of Teruel, Maestrazgo and especially for the cycle of operations of the Ebro. November 1938.

See also

 Spanish Army
 Army of Africa (Spain)
 Tiradores de Ifni, a similar force raised in Ifni
 Guardia Mora
 Goumier
 Spanish Legion
 Mohamed Meziane

References

Bibliography

External links

Military history of Spain
Military units and formations of Spain
Military units and formations of the Spanish Civil War
Spanish Army
Military history of Morocco
Rif War
Military units and formations established in 1911
Colonial troops

Regulares


Macbeth is a play by William Shakespeare.

Macbeth may also refer to:
Macbeth (character), the title character of Shakespeare's play

People
 A family or clan member of the Beaton medical kindred or Clan MacBeth
 Macbeth, King of Scotland, the historical monarch on whom the play is loosely based
 MacBeth Sibaya, a South African footballer
 Ann Macbeth, a British designer
 David MacBeth, an English pop singer
 Don MacBeth, a Canadian jockey
 George MacBeth, a Scottish poet and novelist
 Henry Macbeth-Raeburn, a British printmaker
 James Cruickshank Henderson Macbeth, a Scottish and American chess player, code expert, writer and translator
 Jesse Macbeth, an imposter claiming to be an American soldier involved in war crimes in the Iraq War
 Nancy MacBeth, a Canadian politician
 Norman Macbeth, a British portraitist
 Robert Walker Macbeth, a British painter and printmaker
 MacBeth, nickname of gridiron football player McLeod Bethel-Thompson

Operas
 Macbeth (opera), 1847, rev. 1865, opera by Giuseppe Verdi
 Macbeth (1987 film), film version of the above directed by Claude d'Anna
 Macbeth (Bloch), 1910 opera by Ernest Bloch
 Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk (opera), 1934 opera by Dmitri Shostakovich
 Macbeth (Bibalo), 1989 opera by Antonio Bibalo
 Macbeth (Sciarrino), 2002 opera by Salvatore Sciarrino

Film
 Macbeth (1908 film), directed by J. Stuart Blackton
 Macbeth (1909 French film), directed by André Calmettes
 Macbeth (1909 Italian film), directed by Mario Caserini
 Macbeth (1911 film), silent film starring Frank R. Benson and Constance Benson
 Macbeth (1913 film), directed by Arthur Bourchier
 Macbeth (1915 film), French-language film starring Séverin-Mars and Georgette Leblanc
 Macbeth (1916 film), directed by John Emerson
 Macbeth (1922 film), directed by H. B. Parkinson
 Macbeth (1948 film), directed by and starring Orson Welles
 Macbeth (1971 film), directed by Roman Polański, also known as The Tragedy of Macbeth
 Macbeth (2006 film), directed by Geoffrey Wright
 Macbeth (2015 film), directed by Justin Kurzel
 The Tragedy of Macbeth (2021 film), directed by Joel Coen
 Macbeth (unfinished film), an attempt by Laurence Olivier in the mid-1950s to finance a film

Television
 Macbeth (1954 film), a live telecast film in the Hallmark Hall of Fame series, directed by George Schaefer
 Macbeth (1960 American film), a film in the Hallmark Hall of Fame series, directed by George Schaefer
 Macbeth (1960 Australian film), directed by William Sterling
 Macbeth (1961 film), a Canadian film directed by Paul Almond
 Macbeth (1965 film), an Australian film directed by Alan Burke
 Macbeth (1979 film), videotaped RSC production directed by Phillip Casson
 Macbeth (1982 film), directed by Béla Tarr
 BBC Television Shakespeare - Season Six - Macbeth (1983) directed by Jack Gold
 ShakespeaRe-Told, Macbeth (2005) directed by Mark Brozel
 Macbeth (2010 film), directed by Rupert Goold, and starring Patrick Stewart

Other uses
 Macbeth (Jo Nesbø novel), a 2018 re-telling of the play commissioned by the Hogarth Shakespeare project and set in 1970
 Macbeth (Gargoyles), a fictional character based on both the historical and Shakespearean Macbeth from the Disney animated television series Gargoyles
 Macbeth (band), an Italian gothic metal band
 Macbeth (Taiwanese band), a rock band
 Macbeth (album), an album by Laibach
Shakespeare's Macbeth – A Tragedy in Steel, a 2003 concept album by Rebellion
 Macbeth Footwear, a footwear company
 Macbeth (Strauss), Op. 23 (1880/90), a symphonic poem by Richard Strauss
 HMT Macbeth (T138), a ship
 Macbeth, the original name of the recovery ship SS Artiglio (1906)
 Macbeth II, winner of the 1888 Kentucky Derby
 The Macbeth ColorChecker, a color calibration target
 "Macbeth", a song by John Cale from Paris 1919
 Macbeth, a fictional planet in the video game Star Fox and its reboot Star Fox 64
 The Tragedy of Macbeth Part II: The Seed of Banquo, a sequel in verse by Noah Lukeman
 Hamish Macbeth, main character in a mystery novel series by M. C. Beaton (Marion Chesney), and in the BBC TV series it inspired, Hamish Macbeth
Voodoo Macbeth, a 1936 all-Black production of the play

See also
 McBeth
 MacBeath (disambiguation)
 Lady Macbeth (disambiguation)
 Mac Bethad of Rosemarkie, a 12th-century Bishop of Ross
 Maqbool (2004 film), Indian crime-drama film by Vishal Bhardwaj, adaptation of the play

English-language surnames
Scottish surnames

Macbeth (disambiguation)