Conformal gravity refers to gravity theories that are invariant under conformal transformations in the Riemannian geometry sense; more accurately, they are invariant under Weyl transformations  where  is the metric tensor and  is a function on spacetime.

Weyl-squared theories
The simplest theory in this category has the square of the Weyl tensor as the Lagrangian

where  is the Weyl tensor. This is to be contrasted with the usual Einstein–Hilbert action where the Lagrangian is just the Ricci scalar. The equation of motion upon varying the metric is called the Bach tensor,

where  is the Ricci tensor. Conformally flat metrics are solutions of this equation.

Since these theories lead to fourth-order equations for the fluctuations around a fixed background, they are not manifestly unitary. It has therefore been generally believed that they could not be consistently quantized. This is now disputed.

Four-derivative theories
Conformal gravity is an example of a 4-derivative theory. This means that each term in the wave equation can contain up to four derivatives. There are pros and cons of 4-derivative theories. The pros are that the quantized version of the theory is more convergent and renormalisable. The cons are that there may be issues with causality. A simpler example of a 4-derivative wave equation is the scalar 4-derivative wave equation:

The solution for this in a central field of force is:

The first two terms are the same as a normal wave equation. Because this equation is a simpler approximation to conformal gravity, m corresponds to the mass of the central source. The last two terms are unique to 4-derivative wave equations. It has been suggested that small values be assigned to them to account for the galactic acceleration constant (also known as dark matter) and the dark energy constant. The solution equivalent to the Schwarzschild solution in general relativity for a spherical source for conformal gravity has a metric with:

to show the difference between general relativity. 6bc is very small, and so can be ignored. The problem is that now c is the total mass-energy of the source, and b is the integral of density, times the distance to source, squared. So this is a completely different potential from general relativity and not just a small modification.

The main issue with conformal gravity theories, as well as any theory with higher derivatives, is the typical presence of ghosts, which point to instabilities of the quantum version of the theory, although there might be a solution to the ghost problem.

An alternative approach is to consider the gravitational constant as a symmetry broken scalar field, in which case you would consider a small correction to Newtonian gravity like this (where we consider  to be a small correction):

in which case the general solution is the same as the Newtonian case except there can be an additional term:

where there is an additional component varying sinusoidally over space. The wavelength of this variation could be quite large, such as an atomic width. Thus there appear to be several stable potentials around a gravitational force in this model.

Conformal unification to the Standard Model
By adding a suitable gravitational term to the Standard Model action in curved spacetime, the theory develops a local conformal (Weyl) invariance. The conformal gauge is fixed by choosing a reference mass scale based on the gravitational constant. This approach generates the masses for the vector bosons and matter fields similar to the Higgs mechanism without traditional spontaneous symmetry breaking.

See also
Conformal supergravity
Hoyle–Narlikar theory of gravity

References

Further reading

 Falsification of Mannheim's conformal gravity at CERN
 Mannheim's rebuttal of above at arXiv.

Conformal geometry
Lagrangian mechanics
Spacetime
Theoretical physics
Theories of gravity

Conformal gravity


In chemistry, a ladder polymer is a type of double stranded polymer with the connectivity of a ladder. In a typical one-dimensional polymer, e.g. polyethylene and polysiloxanes, the monomers form two bonds, giving a chain.  In a ladder polymer the monomers are interconnected by four bonds.  Inorganic ladder polymers are found in synthetic and natural settings. Ladder polymers are a special case of cross-linked polymers because the crosslinks exist only with pairs of chains.

According to one definition, a ladder polymer, adjacent rings have two or more atoms in common.

Organic ladder polymers
Organic ladder polymers are interesting because they can exhibit exceptional thermal stabilities and the conformation of the subunits is constrained.  Because they are less flexible, their processing can be challenging. An early example was derived from condensation of the 1,2,4,5-tetraaminobenzene with naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride.

Inorganic and organometallic ladder polymers
Some polysilicates are ladder polymers.  One example is provided by the mineral tremolite.

In the area of coordination chemistry, the ladder structure is seen in some coordination polymers.  Illustrative is the polymer [CuI(2-picoline]n.  When the 2-picoline is replaced by a tertiary phosphine, it forms a tetrameric cubane-type cluster, [CuI([[PR3]]4.  In both cases, the Cu(I) centers adopt tetrahedral molecular geometry.

References

Polymer chemistry

Ladder polymer


Gerard Kerkum (17 December 1930 – 26 May 2018) was a Dutch footballer and was twice chairman of Dutch football team Feyenoord Rotterdam.

Kerkum, born in Rotterdam, played a total of 349 matches in Feyenoord's (Feijenoord in those days) first team from 1951 to 1965. He was the team's captain for many years and scored a total of 13 goals for the club. He played one match for the Dutch national team.

After his career Kerkum entered the Feyenoord staff and board before he became the first and to present only former Feyenoord player to be chairman of the club in 1982. He stayed at the club until 1989, when Feyenoord suffered with financial problems and was succeeded by Jorien van den Herik. In 1984 Feyenoord won the double, winning both the Eredivisie and the KNVB Cup.

In the time that Van den Herik was Feyenoord's chairman (1989–2006) Kerkum was no longer part of the team, but always stayed in contact with those who were. After the growing pressure on Van den Herik in the media and by the fans in 2006 due to financial trouble and underachievements Feyenoord decided that the club's future had to be re-evaluated. This was done by a newly formed commission called the Commissie Kerkum, led by Gerard Kerkum.

The Commissie Kerkum had several meetings and finally came to the conclusion things at the club had to change. One of the results was that Van den Herik had to leave the club in December 2006. As Feyenoord was unable to find a new chairman right away Van den Herik was temporary replaced by Kerkum himself, until the end of the 2006–07 season. From then on Dick van Well took over as the new chairman at the club.

References

External links

 Feyenoord Wie is Wie - Feyenoorders door de jaren heen

1930 births
2018 deaths
Men's association football defenders
Dutch men's footballers
Feyenoord players
Dutch businesspeople
Footballers from Rotterdam
Eredivisie players
Netherlands men's international footballers

Gerard Kerkum


Lionel Barrymore (born Lionel Herbert Blyth; April 28, 1878 – November 15, 1954) was an American actor of stage, screen and radio as well as a film director. He won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in A Free Soul (1931), and is known to modern audiences for the role of villainous Mr. Potter in Frank Capra's 1946 film It's a Wonderful Life.

He is also particularly remembered as Ebenezer Scrooge in annual broadcasts of A Christmas Carol during his last two decades. He is also known for playing Dr. Leonard Gillespie in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's nine Dr. Kildare films, a role he reprised in a further six films focusing solely on Gillespie and in a radio series titled The Story of Dr. Kildare. He was a member of the theatrical Barrymore family.

Early life
Lionel Barrymore was born Lionel Herbert Blyth in Philadelphia, the son of actors Georgiana Drew Barrymore and Maurice Barrymore (born Herbert Arthur Chamberlayne Blyth). He was the elder brother of Ethel and John Barrymore, the uncle of John Drew Barrymore and Diana Barrymore and the great-uncle of Drew Barrymore, among other members of the Barrymore family. He attended private schools as a child, including the Art Students League of New York. While raised a Roman Catholic, Barrymore attended the Episcopal Academy in Philadelphia. Barrymore graduated from Seton Hall Preparatory School, the Roman Catholic college prep school, in the class of 1891.

Barrymore was married twice, to actresses Doris Rankin and Irene Fenwick, a one-time lover of his brother, John. Doris's sister Gladys was married to Lionel's uncle Sidney Drew, which made Gladys both his aunt and sister-in-law. Doris Rankin bore Lionel two daughters, Ethel Barrymore II and Mary Barrymore. Neither child survived infancy. Barrymore never truly recovered from the deaths of his girls, and their loss undoubtedly strained his marriage to Doris Rankin, which ended in 1922. Years later, Barrymore developed a fatherly affection for Jean Harlow, who was born about the same time as his daughters. When Harlow died in 1937, Barrymore and Clark Gable mourned her as though she had been family.

Stage career

Reluctant to follow his parents' career, Barrymore appeared together with his grandmother Louisa Lane Drew on tour and in a stage production of The Rivals at the age of 15. He later recounted that "I didn't want to act. I wanted to paint or draw. The theater was not in my blood, I was related to the theater by marriage only; it was merely a kind of in-law of mine I had to live with." Nevertheless, he soon found success on stage in character roles and continued to act, although he still wanted to become a painter and also to compose music. He appeared on Broadway in his early twenties with his uncle John Drew Jr. in such plays as The Second in Command (1901) and The Mummy and the Hummingbird (1902), the latter of which won him critical acclaim. The Other Girl in 1903–04 was a long-running success for Barrymore. In 1905, he appeared with John and Ethel in a pantomime, starring as the title character in Pantaloon and playing another character in the other half of the bill, Alice Sit-by-the-Fire.

In 1906, after a series of disappointing appearances in plays, Barrymore and his first wife, the actress Doris Rankin, left their stage careers and travelled to Paris, where he trained as an artist. Lionel and Doris were in Paris in 1908 where their first baby, Ethel, was born. Lionel confirms in his autobiography, We Barrymores, that he and Doris were in France when Bleriot flew the English Channel on July 25, 1909. He did not achieve success as a painter, and in 1909 he returned to the US. In December of that year, he returned to the stage in The Fires of Fate, in Chicago, but left the production later that month after suffering an attack of nerves about the forthcoming New York opening. The producers gave appendicitis as the reason for his sudden departure. Nevertheless, he was soon back on Broadway in The Jail Bird in 1910 and continued his stage career with several more plays. He also joined his family troupe, from 1910, in their vaudeville act, where he was happy not to worry as much about memorizing lines.

From 1912 to 1917, Barrymore was away from the stage again while he established his film career, but after the First World War, he had several successes on Broadway, where he established his reputation as a dramatic and character actor, often performing together with his wife. He returned to the stage in Peter Ibbetson (1917) with his brother John and achieved star billing in The Copperhead (1918) (with Doris). He retained star billing for the next 6 years in plays such as The Jest (1919) (again with John) and The Letter of the Law (1920). Lionel gave a short-lived performance as MacBeth in 1921 opposite veteran actress Julia Arthur as Lady MacBeth, but the production encountered strongly negative criticism. His last stage success was in Laugh, Clown, Laugh, in 1923, with his second wife, Irene Fenwick; they met while acting together in The Claw the previous year, and after they fell in love he divorced his first wife. He also received negative notices in three productions in a row in 1925. After appearing in Man or Devil in 1926, he signed a film contract with MGM and after the advent of sound films in 1927, he never again appeared on stage.

Film career

Barrymore joined Biograph Studios in 1909 and began to appear in leading roles by 1911 in films directed by D. W. Griffith. Barrymore made The Battle (1911), The New York Hat (1912), Friends, and Three Friends (1913). In 1915, he co-starred with Lillian Russell in a movie called Wildfire, one of the legendary Russell's few film appearances. He also was involved in writing and directing at Biograph. The last silent film he directed, Life's Whirlpool (Metro Pictures, 1917), starred his sister, Ethel. He acted in more than 60 silent films with Griffith.

In 1920, Barrymore reprised his stage role in the film adaptation of The Copperhead. Also in 1920, he starred in the lead role of The Master Mind, with Gypsy O'Brien co-starring.

Before the formation of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1924, Barrymore forged a good relationship with Louis B. Mayer early on at Metro Pictures. He made several silent features for Metro, some of which are now lost. In 1923, Barrymore and Fenwick went to Italy to film The Eternal City for Metro Pictures in Rome, combining work with their honeymoon. He occasionally freelanced, returning to Griffith in 1924 to film America. In 1925, he left New York for Hollywood.

Prior to his marriage to Irene, Barrymore and his brother John engaged in a dispute over the issue of Irene's chastity in the wake of her having been one of John's lovers. The brothers didn't speak again for two years and weren't seen together until the premiere of John's film Don Juan in 1926, by which time they had patched up their differences. Barrymore signed a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1926 and his first picture there was The Barrier. His first talking picture was The Lion and the Mouse; his stage experience allowed him to excel in delivering the dialogue in sound films.

On the occasional loan-out, Barrymore had a big success with Gloria Swanson in 1928's Sadie Thompson and the aforementioned Griffith film, Drums of Love. In 1929, he returned to directing films. During this early and imperfect sound film period, he directed the controversial His Glorious Night, with John Gilbert; Madame X, starring Ruth Chatterton; and The Rogue Song, Laurel and Hardy's first color film. He was credited with being the first director to move a microphone on a sound stage. Barrymore returned to acting in front of the camera in 1931. In the following year, he won an Academy Award for his role as an alcoholic lawyer in A Free Soul (1931), after being considered in 1930 for Best Director for Madame X. He played alongside Greta Garbo in the 1931 film "Mata Hari". He could play many characters, like the evil Rasputin in the 1932 Rasputin and the Empress (in which he co-starred for the only time with siblings John and Ethel) and the ailing Oliver Jordan in Dinner at Eight (1933 — also with John, although they had no scenes together). He played Professor Zelen, the Occultist expert, in the classic horror Mark of the Vampire (1935).

During the 1930s and 1940s, he became stereotyped as a grouchy but sweet elderly man in such films as The Mysterious Island (1929), Grand Hotel (1932, with John Barrymore), Little Colonel (1935, with Shirley Temple and Bill "Bojangles" Robinson), Captains Courageous (1937), You Can't Take It with You (1938), On Borrowed Time (1939, with Cedric Hardwicke), Duel in the Sun (1946), Three Wise Fools (1946), and Key Largo (1948).

In a series of Doctor Kildare movies in the 1930s and 1940s, he played the irascible Doctor Gillespie, a role he repeated in an MGM radio series that debuted in New York in 1950 and was later syndicated. Barrymore had broken his hip in an accident, hence he played Gillespie in a wheelchair. Later, his worsening arthritis kept him in the chair. The injury also precluded his playing Ebenezer Scrooge in the 1938 MGM film version of A Christmas Carol, a role Barrymore played every year but two (replaced by brother John Barrymore in 1936 and replaced by Orson Welles in 1938) on the radio from 1934 through 1953. He also played the title role in the 1940s radio series Mayor of the Town.

He is well-known for his role as Mr. Potter, the miserly and mean-spirited banker in It's a Wonderful Life (1946) opposite James Stewart.

He had a role with Clark Gable in Lone Star in 1952. His final film appearance was a cameo in Main Street to Broadway, an MGM musical comedy released in 1953. His sister Ethel also appeared in the film.

Politics
Barrymore was a Republican. In 1944, he attended the massive rally organized by David O. Selznick in the Los Angeles Coliseum in support of the Dewey-Bricker ticket as well as Governor Earl Warren of California, who would become Dewey's running mate in 1948 and later the Chief Justice of the United States. The gathering drew 93,000, with Cecil B. DeMille as the master of ceremonies and with short speeches by Hedda Hopper and Walt Disney. Among the others in attendance were Ann Sothern, Ginger Rogers, Randolph Scott, Adolphe Menjou, Gary Cooper, Edward Arnold, William Bendix, and Walter Pidgeon.

Barrymore registered for the draft during World War II, despite his age and disability, to encourage others to enlist in the military.

He loathed the income tax, and by the time he was appearing on Mayor of the Town, MGM withheld a sizable portion of his paychecks, paying back the IRS the amount he owed.

Medical issues
Several sources argue that arthritis alone confined Barrymore to a wheelchair. Film historian Jeanine Basinger says that his arthritis was serious by at least 1928, when Barrymore made Sadie Thompson. Film historian David Wallace says it was well known that Barrymore was addicted to morphine due to arthritis by 1929. A history of Oscar-winning actors, however, says Barrymore was only suffering from arthritis, not crippled or incapacitated by it. Marie Dressler biographer Matthew Kennedy notes that when Barrymore won his Best Actor Oscar award in 1931, the arthritis was still so minor that it only made him limp a little as he went on stage to accept the honor. Barrymore can be seen being quite physical in late silent films like The Thirteenth Hour and West of Zanzibar, where he can be seen climbing out of a window.

Paul Donnelly says Barrymore's inability to walk was caused by a drawing table falling on him in 1936, breaking Barrymore's hip. Barrymore tripped over a cable while filming Saratoga in 1937 and broke his hip again. (Film historian Robert Osborne says Barrymore also suffered a broken kneecap.) The injury was so painful that Donnelly, quoting Barrymore, says that Louis B. Mayer bought $400 worth of cocaine for Barrymore every day to help him cope with the pain and allow him to sleep. Author David Schwartz says the hip fracture never healed, which was why Barrymore could not walk, and MGM historian John Douglas Eames describes the injury as "crippling". Barrymore himself said in 1951, that it was breaking his hip twice that kept him in the wheelchair. He said he had no other problems, and that the hip healed well, but it made walking exceptionally difficult. Film historian Allen Eyles reached the same conclusion.

Lew Ayres biographer Lesley Coffin and Louis B. Mayer biographer Scott Eyman argue that it was the combination of the broken hip and Barrymore's worsening arthritis that put him in a wheelchair. Barrymore family biographer Margot Peters says Gene Fowler and James Doane said Barrymore's arthritis was caused by syphilis, which they say he contracted in 1925. Eyman, however, explicitly rejects this hypothesis.

Whatever the cause, Barrymore's performance in Captains Courageous in 1937 was one of the last times he would be seen standing and walking unassisted. Afterward, Barrymore was able to get about for a short period of time on crutches even though he was in great pain. During the filming of 1938's You Can't Take It With You, the pain of standing with crutches was so severe that Barrymore required hourly shots of painkillers. By 1938, Barrymore's disability forced him to relinquish the role of Ebenezer Scrooge (a role he made famous on the radio) to British actor Reginald Owen in the MGM film version of A Christmas Carol. From then on, Barrymore used a wheelchair exclusively and never walked again. He could, however, stand for short periods of time such as at his brother's funeral in 1942.

Composer; graphic artist; novelist

Barrymore also composed music. His works ranged from solo piano pieces to large-scale orchestral works, such as "Tableau Russe," which was performed twice in Dr. Kildare's Wedding Day (1941) as Cornelia's Symphony, first on piano by Nils Asther's character and later by a full symphony orchestra. His piano compositions, "Scherzo Grotesque" and "Song Without Words", were published by G. Schirmer in 1945. Upon the death of his brother John in 1942, he composed a work "In Memoriam", which was performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra. His orchestral Partita was given multiple performances. He also composed the theme song of the radio program Mayor of the Town.

Barrymore had attended art school in New York and Paris and was a skillful graphic artist, creating etchings and drawings and was a member of the Society of American Etchers, now known as the Society of American Graphic Artists. For years, he maintained an artist's shop and studio attached to his home in Los Angeles. Some of his etchings were included in the Hundred Prints of the Year.

He wrote a historical novel, Mr. Cantonwine: A Moral Tale (1953).

He was also a horticulturalist, growing roses on his Chatsworth Ranch.

Death

Barrymore died on November 15, 1954, from a heart attack in the Van Nuys neighborhood of Los Angeles. He was entombed in the Calvary Cemetery in East Los Angeles.

Tributes
Barrymore received two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960—a motion pictures star and a radio star. The stars are located at 1724 Vine Street for motion pictures, and 1651 Vine Street for radio. He was also inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame, along with his siblings, Ethel and John.

Works

See also

 List of actors with Academy Award nominations

References

Bibliography

Basinger, Jeanine. Silent Stars. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press, 2000.
Bergan, Ronald; Fuller, Graham; and Malcolm, David. Academy Award Winners. New York: Smithmark Publishers, 1994.
Block, Alex Ben and Wilson, Lucy Autrey. George Lucas's Blockbusting: A Decade-by-Decade Survey of Timeless Movies, Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success. New York: itBooks, 2010.

Coffin, Lesley L. Lew Ayres: Hollywood's Conscientious Objector. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2012.
Culbertson, Judi and Randall, Tom. Permanent Californians: An Illustrated Guide to the Cemeteries of California. Chelsea, VT: Chelsea Green Pub. Co., 1989.
Donnelly, Paul. Fade to Black: A Book of Movie Obituaries. London: Omnibus, 2003.
Eames, John Douglas. The MGM Story: The Complete History of Fifty Roaring Years. New York: Crown Publishers, 1975.
Eyles, Allen. That Was Hollywood: The 1930s. London: Batsford, 1987.
Eyman, Scott. Lion of Hollywood: The Life and Legend of Louis B. Mayer. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005.
Kennedy, Matthew. Marie Dressler: A Biography. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2006.

Marzano, Rudy. The Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1940s: How Robinson, MacPhail, Reiser, and Rickey Changed Baseball. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2005.
Norden, Martin F. The Cinema of Isolation: A History of Physical Disability in the Movies. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1994.
Osborne, Robert A. Academy Awards Illustrated: A Complete History of Hollywood's Academy Awards in Words and Pictures. La Habra, CA: E.E. Schworck, 1969.

Reid, John Howard. Hollywood Movie Musicals: Great, Good and Glamorous. Morrisville, NC: Lulu Press, 2006.
Schwartz, David. Magic of Thinking Big. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987.
Silvers, Anita. "The Crooked Timber of Humanity: Disability, Ideology and the Aesthetic." In Disability/Postmodernity: Embodying Disability Theory. Mairian Corker and Tom Shakespeare, eds. New York: Continuum, 2002.
Wallace, David. Lost Hollywood. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2001.
Wayne, Jane Ellen. The Leading Men of MGM. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2005.
Willian, Michael. The Essential It's a Wonderful Life: A Scene-by-Scene Guide to the Classic Film. Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2006.

External links

Lionel Barrymore - allmovie

Photographs of Lionel Barrymore

Lionel Barrymore photo gallery NYP Library
Lionel Barrymore and several other actors on Orson Welles Radio Almanac 1944
Lionel Barrymore in 1902 in "The Mummy and the Hummingbird", portrait by Burr McIntosh for Munseys Magazine
Lionel with brother John Barrymore, 1917
 Lionel Barrymore as a child
Lionel Barrymore - Aveleyman
Kinotv|Lionel Barrymore

1878 births
1954 deaths
19th-century American male actors
20th-century American male actors
American male composers
American composers
American male film actors
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American male radio actors
American male silent film actors
American male stage actors
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
Artists from Pennsylvania
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Best Actor Academy Award winners
Burials at Calvary Cemetery (Los Angeles)
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Male actors from Philadelphia
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Lionel Barrymore


Esther Inglis (1571–1624) wis a miniaturist, that wis skillt in areas sic as calligraphy, writin, an embroidery. She wis born in 1571 in aither Lunnon or in Dieppe an later flittit tae Scotland, whaur she wis upbrocht an mairriet. She haed mony similarities tae Jane Segar, sic as ay signin her wark an aften includin sel-portraits o hersel in the act o writing. Houaniver, unlike Jane Segar, Inglis wis successfu in makin thrift o manuscript beuks creatit fur ryal patrons. Ower the coorse o her life, Inglis componed aboot saxty miniature beuks that display her calligraphic skill wi pentings, portraits, an embroidert covers. She maistly dedicatit her beuks tae the monarchs, Elizabeth I an James VI and I, an fowk in pouer durin their ring. She deet aroond 1624, at the age o 53.

Early life
Inglis wis born tae Nicholas Langlois an Marie Pressot in 1571. Langlois wis a schuil dominie that later becam Master o the French Schuil in Edinburgh, an Pressot wis a skilled calligrapher. Baith o her parents cam frae France, tho it is uncertain as tae whan thay flittit tae Edinburgh, Scotland. Some soorces claim they muived aroond 1569 efter fleein France as Protestant refugees, whiles ithers claim it wis efter the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre aroond 1574. Some soorces forby claim that Langlois becam Master o the French Schuil in Edinburgh in 1574, whiles ithers claim it wis fir actual aroond 1580. In Mairch 1580 James VI gied Nicolas Langlois an Marie Pressot £80 Scots tae help thair debts, contractit twa year earlier.

Langlois taucht baith spikken an written forms o French, as weel as scribal haundwritin, upon whilk he received a lifetime annuity frae King James VI efter becomin Master o the French Schuil in Edinburgh. Due tae his kennin an profession as a teacher, it is jaloused that Inglis wis eddicatit bi her faither in the humanities. Forby, due tae her mither's skills in calligraphy, it is awmaist certain that Inglis learnt her calligraphic skills frae her. Tho there is nae written evidence, Inglis acknawledged her debt tae her parents in ane o her earliest manuscripts, Livret contenant diverses sortes de lettres, whaur she says: "Both parents having bidden me, a daughter has written, breaking the tedium of exile with her pen.".

Mairriage an thrift

Inglis's thrift wis first managed bi her faither, that wrate dedicatory verses for her early beuks. Efter Inglis mairriet Bartholomew Kello in 1596, a relation o Laird Holyroodhouse, he stairtit tae assist her insteid. Kello at times wrate dedicatory letters an poems praisin the recipients o Inglis's warks, as weel as Inglis hersel, bein sae proodfu o her skills that he'd aften sign himsel as "husband of the book's adorner" in the beuk. The mairriage happent efter her "graduation" frae her hame schuillt lifestyle, that wis a common theme amang wummen intellectuals durin this time period. Kello haed thrift as a clerk for James VI's coort, upon whilk Inglis seems tae have haed thrift as Kello's scribe, tho ither resairch seems tae claim that King James VI employed baith as scriveners. In a warrant tae Kello frae James VI, he states that "the said Barthilmo Kello is to write or cause all the said letters by his discretion be written BY THE MOST EXQUISITE WRITER WITHIN THIS REALM." This seems tae indicate that Inglis wud be able tae produce the items as lang as Kello owersaw her wark.

Syne Kello wis a clerk, it wis his job tae gie oot various types o documents, sic as passports, testimonials, an letters o recommendation. Whiles Inglis produced thir items for Kello, she forby uised her skills tae mak a numer o gift beuks. Kello wis in chairge o delivering the documents, an upon deliverin them, he wud include a copy o the gift beuk frae his wife, maist like howpin for a rewaird in return. Kello aften uised Inglis's beuks as a raison tae traivel agate, similar tae the wey he uised his trips as a messenger or information gaitherer tae present his wife's beuks an impose on his hosts for a rewaird. It was in thir beuks that Inglis shawed her talents an skills, introducin impressive drawins on the teetle pages an establishing creative borders on ilk page o text. The manuscripts wis sayed tae be sae braw makit that they seemed as gin they war prentit warks, raither nor bein tot haund drawn. It wis aroond this time period that acause prent becam mair widely available as a growin technology, haund-makit manuscripts wis becomin mair valuable. Amang aw o the manuscripts durin this era, Inglis's beuks ar important acause thay war verra wee in size, wi the smawest manuscript meisurin ane an a hauf inch bi twa inch or twa inch bi three inch, sic as the Argumenta Psalmorum Davidis o Plate 8, dedicatit tae Henry Frederick, Prince o Wales in 1608. Inglis is forby ane o the three wummen leetit as penters in Scotland afore 1700, alng wi Apollonia Kickius an Mrs Morris, in the biographical dictionar bi Michael Apted an Susan Hannabuss.

Kello an Inglis actit as business pairtners as weel as romantic pairtners. Thay lost an investment o £4,000 Scots in 1598 tae the bankrupt ryal financiers Thomas Foulis an Robert Jousie. Inglis actit as Kello's scribe for his wark an in time he becam her publicist an business manager. Whan James becam the King o Ingland, Kello an Inglis flittit tae Essex naur Lunnon, an bidit there frae aboot 1606 tae 1615 afore returnin tae Edinburgh, whaur the twa stayed until Inglis's daith in 1624. Upon shiftin tae Ingland, Kello an Inglis maist likely haed howped tae resume thair wark as a clerk an a scribe, but James haed inheritit a coort frae Queen Elizabeth, makin this difficult. Kello forby becam Rector o Willingale in Essex in 1607 an later becam Rector o Spexhall in Suffolk in 1620.

Early manuscripts: 1605–1607
The first manuscript that Inglis presented in Ingland wis dedicatit tae Susanna Herbert in Februar 1605, a body she didnae ken personally. The manuscript compiled excerpts o religious text, an decorative alphabets, an wis pit thegither tae demonstrate her skill as a calligrapher. Syne Herbert haed juist ainnly recent-like become Lady Herbert, it is possible that Inglis presentit her wi this manuscript howpin for a poseition in Herbert's hoosehauld, as weel as a rewaird for the manuscript itsel.

Efter 1605, Inglis began approachin her dedicatees hersel, raither nor haein her husband dae it for her. In Januar 1606, Robert Sidney, Lucy Russell, Countess o Bedford, an Lady Erskine o Dirleton wis aw gien a New Year's gift beuk frae Inglis. Like Herbert, aw three o thon fowk wis strangers tae Inglis, as she didnae ken ony o thaim personally. Unlike the manuscript presentit tae Herbert houaniver, thir manuscripts shawed a new style bi Inglis. Her beuks wis smawer an oblong in size, wi ilk page o text illustratit wi a colourful flouer or a wee bird. Her teetle pages forby haed flouered borders, an the oblong size o the beuks wis unique, as they war niver fand in any ither medieval manuscripts frae this era. Juist like the manuscript gien tae Herbert, thir gift beuks wis meant tae shaw aff Inglis's skill as a calligrapher. Ilk page displayed a different style o haundwritin, tho there wis nae alphabet includit as there haed been wi the manuscript gien tae Herbert. Insteid, there wis colourfu birds, flouers, or butterflies on the tap o ilk page.

Inglis essentially uised furthset beuks as a stairt for her ain creativity. Artisans durin this period fir uisual copied text frae ither beuks bi rewritin it wi styled signatures an addin borders an sic in the form o their ain wark. Ane common practice amang airtisans wis tae create multiple copies o the same beuk but include different dedications, wi ilk addressin a different recipient. Anither common theme amangst airtisans durin this time period wis tae rewrite awready-prentit texts back intae manuscript.

In Julie 1606, King Christian o Denmark cam tae Ingland tae visit. Chancellor Christianus Friis accompanied him, that wis weel kent for his generosity. Acause o this, Inglis prepared anither flouer illustrated manuscript specifically for Friis, probably howpin for a generous rewaird. This manuscript wis maistly alike tae the three New Year's gifts, tho Inglis drew different flouers taen frae anither series, the Florae Deae. This series wis supposedly immensely faur ben at this time, as the same flouers wis later drawn on pentit glass at Lydiard Park in Wiltshire, as weel as ither ceities.

Whiles Inglis didnae seem tae be a verra inventive airtist, she aften shawed hersel as a heichly skilled yin, whase wark wis wirth employin an collectin. She wis forby assertive in acknawledgin her talents, aften includin text in her gifts that sayed "written and illuminated by me, Esther Inglis".

Prince Henry's patronage: 1607–1614

Inglis mainly makit her flouer illustratit manuscripts in 1606 an 1607, wi ainly twa-three exceptions, an stairtit producing far less manuscripts in nummer efter 1607. It isnae clear how come, but some propone the idea that the illustrations wis simply nae as faur ben as thay uised tae be, or that thay were tae labour-intensive tae keep producing continually. There's the idea that Inglis cud hae fand patronage at Prince Henry's coort as weel. Combined wi her husband's stipend, this micht hae gien thaim enouch financial stability tae nae hae tae produce sic illustratit manuscripts, or e'en mony manuscripts avaa. Frae 1607 tae 1614, Inglis produced ainly aicht manuscripts that ar kent, wi five o thaim bein dedicatit tae aither Prince Henry or tae Sir David Murray. Forby, Inglis rarely approached ither patrons durin this time period, thus providin forder evidence tae the idea that she haed fand some form o patronage in Henry's hoosehauld, an as sic nae langer haed need tae mak sic warks, or e'en shaw her airtistic skills for advertisement.

Flouer illustration theories
Inglis's uiss o flouers in her wark wis primar uised tae produce attractive manuscripts, that wid create thrift or rewaird opportunities. Houaniver, this micht nae hae been the ainly raison Inglis decidit tae uise flouers. In mony o her dedications, Inglis pit stress on the fact that whit she wis daein wis "a wumman's wark". This shaws that she wis awaur o the poseition she ws in as a wumman in a patriarchal society.  As a wumman, she ws limitit in her chyce o texts, that is maist likely whit wye she focussed mainly on biblical or devotional texts.

There is forby the theory that she uised flouers in her warks tae shaw a form o symbolism, wi ilk flouer representin summat in particular. In an independent portrait o her, makit in 1595, a wee knot o flouers can be seen in the tap left-haund corner. Componed o lavender sprigs an carnations, this seembolises luve an chastity, an a year later Inglis wis mairriet tae Kello. Houaniver, there is nae substantial evidence tae support this theory.

Personalisation o beuks
Early in her thrift, afore her signature flouer themed manuscripts, Inglis teuk her inspiration frae the designs o prentit beuks, eften copyin engraved teetle borders, ornaments, an initials. Twa o whit is thocht tae be her maist bonny beuks frae this period ar the C.L. Psaumes de David, dedicatit tae Prince Maurice o Nassau in 1599, an Le Livre de l'Ecclesiaste, dedicatit tae the Viomtesse de Rohan in 1601. Baith warks mell elements frae a wheen o soorces, that aw wark thegither tae mak gift beuks wi the chairacter an personality o the recipient in mind. For ensaumple, in the beuk gien tae Prince Maurice is a drawin o a corslet, shield, an wappens, as the Prince spent maist o his time in the field fechtin for the Protestant cause. Autho it disnae seem that aw o Inglis's beuks ar designed in sic weys for the recipient, it dis seem that this wis the case for thon tw beuks.

Later in her thrift, Inglis stairtit drawin in colour an illustrating different flouers, fruits, or wee ainimals that aften shawed in the borders o Flemish manuscripts. Een later in her career, she turnt back tae makin recreatit prentit beuks, sic as reproducing fifty-ane o the Emblemes ou devises chrestiennes bi Georgette de Montenay for Prince Charles.

Awtho creative borders an colourful illustrations wis pairt o Inglis's technique, she embroidert her wark an aa. Inglis makit jewel-like covers for her ryalty warks, fir usual embroidert wi seed pearls an gowd an siller thread on reid velvet. The cover o ilk beuk complements her beuks' inner display o skilled calligraphic style, teetle pages, sel-portraits, ornaments, ink drawins, an emblems.

Protestant involvement
Inglis' parents wis practicin Protestants, an thay flittit frae thair hame in France durin the Protestant persecutions, that maks it likely that Inglis ws brocht up Protestant as weel. Inglis an her husband wis kent tae be supporters o the Protestant religion. Mony o Inglis's beuks wis e'en gien as gifts tae memmers o the Protestant commonity aroond Elizabeth I an James VI.

Oot o aboot saxty different manuscripts that hae been identified as the wark o Inglis, maist ar copies o Protestant religious texts. Thir manuscripts includit psalms frae the Geneva Bible, as weel as ither versions o the Bible, verses frae the Proverbs an Ecclesiastes, an the Quatrains o Guy Du Faur, Seigneur de Pibrac, an Octonairs o Antoine de la Roche Chandieu, twa renount French saxteent-yearhunner religious writers.

Bairns
Inglis haed fower survivin bairns. The ainly bairn that's name is kent is Samuel, that succeedit his faither as Rector o Spexhall in Suffolk during his lifetime, an possibly again his will. Twa ither sons, Isaac an Joseph, are beerit in Willingale Kirk, Essex, whaur thair faither Bartholomew wis rector. Twa brass plaques in the chancel, datit 1614, commemorate thaim wi a simple epitaph.

References

Fremmit airtins

 Esther Inglis
 Calligraphy Books
 New Year's Gift Books
 Embroidered Books
 http://womenshistory.about.com/library/weekly/aa021223a.htm
 http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101015292/
 http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_medieval_and_early_modern_studies/v032/32.3frye.html
 British Library, catalogue entry for Esther's manuscript poems o Guy de Faur, 1614 written for David Murray o Gorthy
17t-century Scots writers
Scots weemen writers
Scots writers
Scots translators
Scots weemen penters
16t-century Scots fowk
1571 births

Esther Inglis


The Cecil Recreation Complex at the Cecil Commerce Center is a comprehensive recreational facility on the west side of Jacksonville, Florida. The $25 million project was part of the 2000 Better Jacksonville Plan and will eventually include . The City of Jacksonville, Parks and Recreation department manages the facilities.

History
Prior to 1999, Naval Air Station Cecil Field included nearly . During that era, the city of Jacksonville created the Cecil Field Park, which is now part of the Cecil Recreation Complex. The new gymnasium and fitness center are located there. Amenities that remain from the Navy days include: an 18-hole golf course, two lighted baseball fields, an outdoor basketball court, a football field, two pedestrian docks for fishing at Lake Newman, numerous picnic tables, grills, and playground equipment; restrooms, two adult softball fields, a youth softball field and six lighted tennis courts.

Facilities

Equestrian center

The Jacksonville Equestrian Center is the jewel of the Cecil Recreation Complex. The  multi-purpose center was opened in March 2004 and its 4,000 seats have hosted a diverse group of events which range from Dressage to Rodeo; the Royal Lipizzan Stallions to the 4-H annual horse show. Non-equestrian events have included Monster truck shows, Demolition derby, music concerts and band camp.

Community Center
The center has programs for children, teens, senior citizens and home schooling. Computer literacy programs are available for everyone. Community organizations can utilize the facilities for their meetings, and private groups can rent it for special events.

Aquatics Center
The facility, built for $5.7 million in 2004, has an olympic-sized pool and a family/exercise pool
The heated indoor pools can be used year-round, but in the summer, large glass panels are opened for air circulation. The facility has hosted scores of high school swim meets since 2004. In addition to open swimming, lessons are available for children and adults. Infants and toddlers have their own programs, water babies and water tots, respectively. Water aerobics classes are utilized by many senior citizens and a youth swim team is sponsored during the summer.

Softball diamonds
The Cecil Fastpitch Softball Complex includes four lighted fields, with usage limited to girls fastpitch softball teams and girls tee-ball. Lake Fretwell Adult Softball features two fields and two pavilions.

Gymnasium
Activities in the gym itself are open basketball and volleyball; racquetball courts are also utilized. The fitness center includes free weights and Nautilus exercise equipment for individual use. Programs include Cardiovascular workouts, senior aerobics and personal training. Saunas are located in both locker rooms.

References

External links
Official site at Jaxevents.com
City of Jacksonville, Recreation & Community Services, Cecil Recreation Complex

Sports venues in Jacksonville, Florida
Culture of Jacksonville, Florida
Parks in Jacksonville, Florida
Westside, Jacksonville

Cecil Recreation Complex


Sybil Marshall (26 November 1913 – 29 August 2005) was a British writer, novelist, social historian, broadcaster, folklorist and educationalist.

Biography
Born as Sybil Mary Edwards in Ramsey Heights, the daughter of a smallholder on the Fens who had left school at the age of nine, she was educated at Ramsey Heights Elementary School (1919–1923) and Ramsey Grammar School in Cambridgeshire (1924–1932). Marshall was not able to attend university because no scholarship was available so she started work in 1933 as an untrained teacher, first in Essex and then in Huntingdon. As an unqualified teacher at Kingston Primary School in Cambridgeshire from 1942 to 1948 she worked on her own in one room containing 26 pupils aged between 4 and 11. Here Marshall developed teaching methods based on integrating subjects and encouraging children's creativity. Later written up as An Experiment in Education, her methods influenced the 1967 Plowden Report into primary education in Britain. She attended Exhall Grange Emergency Training College in Coventry from 1948 to 1949, before going to Kingston County School in Cambridgeshire as Headteacher.

When this school closed because it was too small she went to New Hall, Cambridge in 1960 aged 48 to read English. She completed the three-year degree course in two years. She was lecturer in primary education at the University of Sheffield from 1962 to 1967 and was an educational adviser to Granada Television for the series Picture Box from 1965 to 1978. She was Reader in Primary Education at the University of Sussex from 1967 until her retirement in 1976.

Later years
On retiring Marshall began a new career as a writer of fiction, writing her first novel at the age of 80 after a 10-year battle with cancer. Her trilogy – A Nest of Magpies (1993), Sharp Through The Hawthorn (1994) and Strip The Willow (1996) – are semi- autobiographical. She also published academic works on education and her childhood memoirs of growing up in the Cambridgeshire fenland. She was Sue Lawley's castaway on Desert Island Discs in 1993 and was a winner of the Angel Prize for Literature for her Everyman's Book of English Folk Tales (1981). In 1995 she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree by the University of Sussex.

Personal life
In 1939 she married Francis Marshall, a local farmer. She gave birth to a still-born son in 1940 and in 1941 had her daughter Prue, who later also became a headmistress. Frank Marshall found it hard to handle such an independently minded wife and left her for another woman. They divorced in 1948. In 1963 Marshall met the historian and illustrator Ewart Oakeshott at a dance. He left his wife for her and they became partners for life - although they only married in 1995, after the death of Oakeshott's first wife, by which time Marshall was 82.

Oakeshott predeceased her.

Bibliography
Fenland Chronicle (1963)
An Experiment in Education, Cambridge University Press (1963)
Adventure in Creative Education
Once Upon A Village (1979)
The Silver New Nothing (1987)
A Pride of Tigers (1992)
Everyman's Book of English Folk Tales
A Nest of Magpies (1993)
Sharp Through The Hawthorn (1994)
The Chequer-Board (1995)

References

External links
Life in the Fens

Schoolteachers from Cambridgeshire
1913 births
2005 deaths
British educational theorists
20th-century British novelists
Alumni of New Hall, Cambridge
Academics of the University of Sheffield
Academics of the University of Sussex

Sybil Marshall


StoRMChaser is a Danish jazz big band/orchestra led by British musician Django Bates comprising his students from Copenhagen's RMC, Rhythmic Music Conservatory,

History

StoRMChaser is Bates' most recent project to date and is drawn from the young post-graduate students from the courses he leads at the Rhythmic Music Conservatory in Copenhagen, Denmark. As with Bates' other current big band/orchestra, Delightful Precipice, StoRMChaser is a 19-piece band.

The band name incorporates the acronym of Rhythmic Music Conservatory. Bates notes "What I said at my (2005) interview (for the Rhythmic Music Conservatory) was that if I got the job, if I got the chance, I'd form a band with the letters RMC in the name and take it round the world and put the RMC on the map. They looked at me for a moment and then it was kind of, "Go on then, do it."

Regarding the band, Bates has commented "The young musicians of StoRMChaser are at the tip of their international careers and accept that music of substance and detail may take months to slot together. Their reward is that they are the only people in the world who can play this music with the required level of joy, commitment, and understanding."

The band has played live with Django Bates on various occasions, in particular on the British tour in autumn 2008 to promote the Bates album on which they had performed that year - Spring Is Here (Shall We Dance?). Reviewing one of these concerts in The Guardian, John Fordham commented " (Bates) encourages as many people as possible to play different things at the same time, and frequently to play off the beat as well. The result not only hangs together, but hurtles dizzyingly, and sometimes hilariously, into space."

In a 2008 interview on the All About Jazz website, Bates described his work with the band in these terms:
"I thought "Spring Is Here" would work with StoRMChaser, because I've worked a lot with young musicians, presenting them with what is in some ways complex music, and it's always been my experience that if you go at it with utter confidence and commitment it's successful. When you start, it's an enormous mountain to climb — sometimes we'd rehearse something for a week and then there'd be a gig where we could try it out — but the adrenalin and the excitement that is created by the process kick in and you're swept along with it... We meet every Friday and just keep pressing home, playing around, having fun. The RMC set-up means I can experiment. To have a band like this that I can play around with every Friday—it's a real luxury. It's something people like Duke Ellington had. Ellington had his band on a retainer and so he could always call them up when he needed to and say, "Could you come in and play this chord for me? It's a wonderful resource to have. I had it back in the days of Loose Tubes. We met up even when there was nothing new to play. It was like a social commitment, a very nice social commitment. It gives the opportunity to try out ideas — slow processes, rather than the usual thing where you write all the music and go into the studio and read it, nail it, get it down and that's that."

Discography

on Django Bates' albums:

Spring Is Here (Shall We Dance?), Lost Marble Recordings, LM003

References

External links
Django Bates homepage

Danish jazz ensembles
Musical groups established in 2006

StoRMChaser


Sestā grupa (Sixth Group) is the most northern district of Liepāja, located near Karosta and Tosmare.

History
On the present territory of the district in the second half of 20th century was located USSR military warehouses - sixth group of rear supply of Baltic Fleet, which gives the name to this area of the city. From 1997 the district is located on the territory of Liepaja Special Economic Zone, but is mostly uninhabited and are not built up, because of the lack of infrastructure, which was dismantled after withdrawal of Russian army from Liepāja in 1994.

References

Neighbourhoods in Liepāja

Sestā grupa (Liepāja)


The Bolivian flood of 2002 was a disastrous flood in La Paz city that affected many places on February 19, 2002. Torrents of water raged through the streets destroying road surfaces brick walls, torrents of water dragged people through the streets of the city. The flash flooding caused at least 69 deaths and 150 people received treatment in city hospitals. It was one of the most of the decade terrible flood that affected La Paz city and the government financed the economic and natural losses.

Chronology of events
 At 2:20 PM on February 19, 2002, a height of 10 km of cloud mass caused a great hail
 The hailstorm lasted an hour and a half
 At 3:30 pm there were multiple floods risking the lives of many people
 The hailstorm ended at 3:45 pm
 Emergency and fire brigade are called immediately to attend to the affected areas.
There were also many volunteers who helped to collaborate in the emergency situation.
 There were power cuts that aggravated the situation of the emergency phase.
 Until 8 pm there were 130 injured and 50 missing.
 The final report was 69 deaths from hailstorm.
 The government proceeded to make heavy expenses in order to redress the damages.

Background
The city of La Paz presents a very complex topography. One of the factors that caused the floods was the collapse of the Choqueyapu River, since due to its poor structure in one of its points, and because it is a channel through which wastewater passes, it collapsed during heavy rains.

The structure that the city has is characterized by steep slopes and a geological substrate that alternates permeable and impermeable layers, favored the amplification of the accident.

Another factor that could cause this incident was the high vulnerability of the city, with intense occupation of risk areas and that it has buildings and infrastructure poorly prepared to face situations like this.

Consequences
Lots of volunteers started joining the firefighters and the police efforts to relieve the extreme hail the city has received. Honda St. was considerably affected because the sewer system at that time couldn't withstand the 40cm of hail. As a result, a new sewer system was installed. Also, the street was leveled to prevent the effects of a future flood.

Lots of shops and street vendors lost their products. Official estimates point out that nearly 60 millions dollars were lost that day. Juan del Granado, mayor of La Paz, stated that relief efforts would go on for 10 days at least with 2000 workers deployed to help the many areas that were affected by the flood.

As a result of the flood, 200 families had to abandon their houses. However harsh, the flood didn't affect the whole city. Downtown and the south side of the city were the most affected, along with some north eastern areas of the city.[5]

Street markets, such as Uyustus, and Max Paredes were severely affected by the flood.

References

 Bolivia: Floods 2002 - Information Bulletin n° 1 - Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
 Granizada e inundación del 19 de febrero de 2002. Un modelo de crisis para la aglomeración de La Paz
 Bolivia: Decreto Supremo Nº 26504, 19 de febrero de 2002
 International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR)
 Extreme precipitation in La Paz.pdf
 El 19 de febrero de 2002 la noche se anticipó con luto y desnudó la inviabilidad de La Paz

2000s floods in South America
2002 floods
Natural disasters in Bolivia
Water in Bolivia
2002 in Bolivia
21st century in La Paz
2002 disasters in Bolivia

2002 La Paz floods


The Cambridge News (formerly the Cambridge Evening News) is a British daily newspaper. Published each weekday and on Saturdays, it is distributed from its Milton base. In the period December 2010 – June 2011 it had an average daily circulation of 20,987, but by December 2016 this had fallen to around 13,000. In 2018, the circulation of the newspaper fell to 8,005 and by June 2023 the preceding 6-month average was 2,597.

History

The paper was founded by William Farrow Taylor as the Cambridge Daily News in 1888, and after a slow start saw sales rise as an appetite for knowledge of the news and sport grew among the Cambridge public. As its following steadily grew, the fledgling paper survived the need for modernisation in the early twentieth century (Captain Archibald Taylor, son of the founder, was the first managing director to introduce a standard typeface during this time, for example), the uncertain economic climate during the 1920s and 1930s and the printing shortages of the Second World War.

In the 1920s the Taylors sold the paper to the Iliffe family, who sold it in 1938 and then reacquired it in 1959, moving it to a larger premises on Newmarket Road: they continued to turn the paper into a profit-making business under the new name of the Cambridge Evening News, starting in 1969.  The headquarters moved from Newmarket Road to Milton in 1997. In 2012, Local World acquired the title from Yattendon Group.

In 2007, the paper started publishing an early morning "Sunrise" edition titled simply Cambridge News, as well as the afternoon edition. The evening edition was stopped the following year, and Evening was removed from the paper's title.

The Cambridge News had eight sister papers with a more local circulation as part of the Weekly News series: Cambridge, Ely, Huntingdon, St Ives and St Neots (all in Cambridgeshire), Haverhill and Newmarket (in Suffolk), Royston (in Hertfordshire) and Saffron Walden (in Essex).

Until 2002 the St Neots edition was titled St Neots Evening News and the Huntingdon & St Ives edition Huntingdon and St Ives Evening News for around three years, before reverting to their original names. The paper is also active in local community campaigns such as its long running 'Action on the A14' campaign which demands action be taken on the dangerous road that bisects the paper's readership area, and also sponsors numerous local events such as the Village & Community Magazine Awards and the annual Business Excellence Awards, while running its own Community Awards to recognise readers who have made a difference in the area. The editor from February 2008 until April 2016 was Paul Brackley. David Bartlett was appointed editor in June 2016.

On Saturday 13 September 2014, the newspaper was relaunched with a new design, alongside daily paid-for regional editions Hunts News, Royston News and Walden News replacing the free weekly publications.

The 6 December 2017 edition of Cambridge News was noted for a printing error on the front page. The newspaper went to print with a main headline consisting of placeholder text which read "100PT SPLASH HEADING HERE" instead of the intended news story, followed by more filler text contained in a strapline. After images of the cover spread virally on social media, the editor-in-chief apologised to readers and blamed a technical error in the publishing process.

Awards
The paper won Regional Newspaper of the Year at The Newspaper Awards held in 2009 and 2013. This award was part sponsored by its own parent organisation.

Online media
Cambridge News publishes most of its news online via its website. The site can be viewed for free and without registration although the e-edition of the newspaper is behind a paywall.

References

External links
 Cambridge News Online
 Iliffe Print Cambridge

Mass media in Cambridge
Newspapers published in Cambridgeshire
Newspapers established in 1888
Daily newspapers published in the United Kingdom

Cambridge News


{{Infobox comics story arc
|title          = The Great Darkness Saga
|image          = Great Darkness Saga TPB.jpg
|caption        = {{Descript-cvr|Legion of Super-Heroes: The Great Darkness Saga TPB'|||1989}}. Art by Keith Giffen.
|publisher      = DC Comics
|startmo        = August
|startyr        = 1982
|endmo          = December
|endyr          = 1982
|titles         = Legion of Super-Heroes vol. 2, #287, #290–294, Annual #1 and #3,Booster Gold #32
|notable        = y
|main_char_team = Legion of Super-HeroesDarkseid
|writers        = Paul LevitzKeith Giffen
|artists        =
|pencillers     = Keith GiffenLarry Mahlstedt
|inkers         = Larry Mahlstedt
|TPB            = The Legion of Super-Heroes: The Great Darkness Saga HC
|ISBN           = 978-1-4012-2961-0
|TPB1           = The Legion of Super-Heroes: The Great Darkness Saga TPB
|ISBN1          = 0930289439
|cat            = Legion of Super-Heroes
|sortkey        = Great Darkness Saga
}}
"The Great Darkness Saga" is a five-issue American comic book story arc featuring the Legion of Super-Heroes. It was written by Paul Levitz, with art by Keith Giffen and Larry Mahlstedt. Published by DC Comics in 1982, the arc first appears in Legion of Super-Heroes vol. 2, #290–294. It is notable for featuring appearances by virtually every living past and present Legionnaire as of 1982, as well as most of the team's 30th-century allies, including the Legion of Substitute Heroes, the Wanderers, the Heroes of Lallor, and the 20th-century Kryptonian refugee Dev-Em. The heroes battle an immensely powerful being shrouded in darkness, ultimately revealed to be the ancient ruler of Apokolips, Darkseid.

Plot

In the 30th century, Legion of Super-Heroes co-founder Cosmic Boy leads a group of Legionnaires to investigate attacks on the Museum of the Mystic Arts and the Tower of London, both located on Earth. Included in the squad is 20th-century member Superboy and the latest addition to the team—Jacques Foccart, the new Invisible Kid.Jacques Foccart acquired the power of invisibility and joined the Legion in Legion of Super-Heroes vol. 2, Annual #1 (1982). At each site they are attacked by beings of great power, who are shrouded in darkness and serve their "Master", who controls the "Great Darkness". Through the use of a teleportation warp, the beings escape with two items: a mystical wand from the museum and the sword Excalibur from the Tower of London. When a third Servant attempts to steal the Orb of Orthanax from Talok VIII, she is captured. However, a fourth Servant appears and escapes with the Orb. At his unknown base of operations, the Master absorbs the artifacts' power. The captured Servant is taken back to Legion headquarters. When she is brought in close proximity to Invisible Kid's younger sister Danielle Foccart, who has been possessed by Computo, Danielle's brain activity spikes. In effect, the Servant causes the unconscious Computo to have a nightmare.

Through genetic testing, Mon-El and Dream Girl determine that the captured Servant is a clone of Lydea Mallor, Shadow Lass' 20th-century ancestor. Meanwhile, on the planet Avalon, the fourth Servant frees Mordru. Just as Mordru is about to destroy the Servant, the Master appears and defeats him. Shortly thereafter, on the prison planet Takron-Galtos, the Legionnaires discover that the Naster has drained the abilities of another powerful Legion foe, the Time Trapper.

Dream Girl's precognitive abilities allow her to foresee the Servants attacking her sister, the White Witch, on their homeworld Naltor, and she and a squad of Legionnaires go to stop them. During the attack, Invisible Kid seizes a teleportation warp and confronts the Master, who is amused by the notion that he is presumptuous enough to confront him and warps him back to Naltor. Seeing the Master's face frightens Invisible Kid on such a fundamental level that he gains a large white hair streak.

In the midst of the crisis, the Legion holds its long-delayed election, choosing Dream Girl as its new leader. She leads a squad of Legionnaires to the Sorcerers' World, where they repel an attack by the Master and several Servants. Mon-El confronts the Master directly and immediately recognizes him, but is easily defeated. The Master then reads his mind, learning that Mon-El recognized him because of all that the Legionnaire witnessed during his time in the Phantom Zone.Mon-El spent a thousand years in the Phantom Zone to avoid dying after being exposed to lead, which is fatal to natives of the planet Daxam. – Superboy #89 (June 1961); Adventure Comics #305 (February 1963). Additionally, the Master learns of Mon-El's homeworld, Daxam. The sorcerers cast a spell intended to defend them against the Master, and  conjure a humanoid baby. Meanwhile, on Earth, the three Legion founders (Cosmic Boy, Saturn Girl, and Lightning Lad) determine that two of the Servants are clones of Superman and one of the Guardians of the Universe. In response, they send out a general alarm, calling all Legionnaires to duty.

The Legionnaires manage to locate the Master's homeworld. Engaging the Servants in battle, Wildfire destroys the Guardian clone, while Element Lad exposes the Superman clone to gold kryptonite, allowing Timber Wolf to destroy him. Afterward, Brainiac 5 recognizes the Master's homeworld, and is able to deduce his identity. Meanwhile, the Master has travelled to Daxam. Having added the powers of Mordru, the Time Trapper and others to his own abilities, he transposes Daxam with his own homeworld. Consequently, Daxam's three billion natives each gain powers equal to those of Superman or Mon-El, and all of them fall under the thrall of the Master, who is determined to conquer the entire universe. At the villain's command, the Daxamites use their powers to physically reshape the planet in the image of the Master himself: Darkseid.

Brainiac 5 is the only Legionnaire (other than Mon-El) with any knowledge of Darkseid or his homeworld, Apokolips. Once he briefs Dream Girl, she sends out a second alarm to all of the Legion's super-powered allies, including Supergirl (who resides in the 20th century) and the Legion of Substitute Heroes. Throughout United Planets territory, the Kryptonian intelligence agent Dev-Em, the Heroes of Lallor, the Wanderers, the Substitute Heroes and the Legionnaires all struggle to hold back the onslaught of attacking Daxamites. On Takron-Galtos, a de-powered Chameleon Boy fends off an attack from a Daxamite child, Ol-Vir.

As the humanoid child inexplicably ages at an accelerated rate, the White Witch casts a spell transporting the people on Daxam to Apokolips and vice versa. She is forcibly aided by a powerful unknown entity. When Darkseid tries to seize the child, the entity completes the aging process and reveals itself to be Darkseid's ancient enemy Izaya, Highfather of New Genesis. Highfather transforms the last remaining Servant into a clone of Darkseid's son Orion, who is destined to someday destroy his father. Before fading into nothingness, Highfather summons Superboy and Supergirl to Apokolips, with his power allowing them to maintain their abilities under a red sun. Darkseid destroys the Orion clone and sends Superboy back to the 20th century. He then becomes so preoccupied with battling Supergirl and the other Legionnaires that he loses mental control of the Daxamites, who make their way toward the planet. Realizing that he cannot defeat the Daxamites, Darkseid concedes defeat and vanishes, taking Apokolips with him. As he departs, he declares that he has left the Legionnaires with the "curse of darkness" which will destroy them from within, promising "that which is purest of you shall be the first to go". In the aftermath of the crisis, White Witch is inducted into the Legion, while Light Lass decides to quit.

Epilogue
Months later, Saturn Girl and Lightning Lad have a child, Graym. During the delivery, Darkseid secretly kidnaps the other child, Garridan; transforms him into Validus; and sends him years into the past, where he would encounter the Legion, unrecognized by his parents or anyone else. Thus, Darkseid declares triumphantly that his curse is fulfilled.Some time later, Saturn Girl and Lightning Lad discover Validus' true identity, and Darkseid restores him to normal. – Legion of Super-Heroes vol. 3, Annual #2 (1986).

Continuity
Following the events of the Zero Hour: Crisis in Time! mini-series, this storyline and all other Legion stories predating October 1994 were removed from continuity. However, a new incarnation of the original Legion was introduced in 2007, in "The Lightning Saga" storyline in the Justice League of America and Justice Society of America titles. DC writer Geoff Johns later stated that this incarnation of the Legion shares the same history as the original Legion up to the events of Crisis on Infinite Earths, including the events of "The Great Darkness Saga". Moreover, when DC released its post-Infinite Crisis version of Darkseid's origin in 2008, "The Great Darkness Saga" was listed as one of the character's "essential storylines", strongly suggesting that the events of this tale were included in post-Infinite Crisis continuity. Additionally, a subsequent Legion tale explicitly referred to "The Great Darkness Saga" in general, and Darkseid's victory over Mordru (on the planet Avalon) in particular.

Validus and the other Fatal Five members were among the villains in Superboy-Prime's incarnation of the Legion of Super-Villains, as seen in the Final Crisis: Legion of 3 Worlds mini-series. However, Garridan Ranzz (the infant who was abducted by Darkseid in the original continuity) was recently depicted as a young child living with his parents Saturn Girl and Lightning Lad, and his twin brother Graym. Thus, it appears that Validus and Garridan are not the same being in current continuity.

During one of his missions to protect the timeline, Booster Gold arrived on Daxam at the beginning of the Great Darkness Saga—he was meant to arrive there three days before the war began, but misread his instructions—in order to recover the helmet of Doctor Fate to prevent Darkseid acquiring it. He departed Daxam along with Rani, an orphan girl who became his adopted daughter.

In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, there appears to have been little (if any) effect on this story arc, and the tale is still firmly within current continuity. In a New 52 Legion story, a Daxamite official remarked that the people of his world "still mourn how Darkseid used us for violence", an apparent reference to the events of "The Great Darkness Saga". In a subsequent tale, the Legion was confronted with a massive interplanetary crisis. Cosmic Boy described it by exclaiming that "[t]he Legion hasn't faced anything this awful on so many worlds since the Great Darkness!" In her response to his statement, Shadow Lass similarly mentions Darkseid, the Servants and the rampage of the enthralled Daxamites.

Collected editions

The story is collected in the trade paperback Legion of Super-Heroes: The Great Darkness Saga (). First printed in 1989, it includes a 7-page prologue from issue #287 and the epilogue from Annual #3, and a replica of a team poster from the same period. A second printing was released in August 2002.

A hardcover "Deluxe Edition" was published in November 2010 (), including issues before and after the main "Saga" (#284–296 and Annual'' #1), but excluding the epilogue story and poster. The hardcover also includes the script for the first part and character designs by Giffen. DC has announced a trade paperback edition shipping February 2013.

Reception
The story has been called by Medium "the franchise's most significant story". It also hailed the saga as helping with the development of how Darkseid was viewed by showing that he was "capable of anchoring a massive, complex plot as the uber-antagonist". Gizmodo has stated that the story "made the Legion of Super-Heroes one of the best-selling franchises of the early '80s".

References

External links

Comics by Keith Giffen
Comics by Paul Levitz

The Great Darkness Saga


A drop tower or big drop is an amusement park ride consisting of a central tower with a gondola that wraps around the structure. Drop towers lift the gondolas up, release them in freefall before decelerating the descent. Usually the ride goes through several cycles of ascent, freefall and slowed descent.

Amusement rides

Drop tower


"Anna Wintour" is a song recorded by American singer and rapper Azealia Banks. It was released on April 6, 2018, by eOne and Chaos & Glory as the planned lead single from her mixtape Fantasea II: The Second Wave. Production of the song was handled by Junior Sanchez, while the song was penned by Banks, Sanchez, Dorian Strickland, Kevin James, and "Shug". The song is named after Anna Wintour, who is the editor-in-chief of Vogue, and is about self empowerment. The music video was released on May 24, 2018, and surpassed 1 million views in 48 hours.

Production
While Banks was signed to Interscope Records, Junior Sanchez was commissioned by the label to do a remix of Banks's song "Ice Princess," from Broke with Expensive Taste (2014), with the working title of the track being "Anna Wintour". This would explain the presence of a sample in the song. One of the initial plans for the song was for it to feature Mel B, however, this concept was ultimately scrapped due to scheduling conflicts. Another concept that Banks had envisioned for the song was for it to feature Nicki Minaj. When discussing her reasoning for the title of the song, Banks stated:
"My choice to name this song 'Anna Wintour' is telling; I relate to Anna Wintour so much as a strong, powerful and larger than life soul in a petite, tidy and feminine body. While others may see Anna as intimidating, I see a woman who was born into this world with an absolute certainty about her place in it."

Critical reception
Shaad D'Souza of the website Noisey stated, "The song is a fun, upbeat vogue track, and it features Azealia rapping and singing some of her sweetest lines ever. "I feel in love babe, I really know that your love is enough," she sings on the chorus, "I'm so lucky you found me in the day." It's beautiful! The song is called "Anna Wintour," I assume, because it's a vogue track, and Anna Wintour is the editor of Vogue. Wordplay! I'm feeling really positive about Fantasea II, and "Anna Wintour" is a great start to a new era for Azealia." Myles Tanzer of The Fader commented on Banks' vocals, stating: "...she hits soulful high notes in the pre-chorus, glides through a pop section with her trademark fluid delivery, screams over the song's breakdown, and even stops to rap a ferocious verse."

Dazed put "Anna Wintour" on its 20 best tracks of 2018 list, saying the song "showed, once again, that the rapper really knows how to make a dance floor anthem. Channeling the energy of Vogue's iconic editor with the same glow she exhibits while "stuntin' in front row", "Anna Wintour" felt like it could have been a real comeback moment for Banks, marking an upwards artistic trajectory as she embarked on her new album." The Line of Best Fit placed it on 25th spot in its Fifty Best Songs of 2018, remarking that "its impossibly catchy 90s house beat plays host to both Banks' powerful voice and unstoppable bars. It treads the pop/rap line in a way that no other artist is doing in 2018. It feels retro but not dated, and sticks to Banks' signature sound without feeling too same-old."

Pitchfork ranked it on its 100 best songs of 2018 list, saying that "the rapper's messy public persona yields the floor to a bracing showcase of her dexterity. She pulls triple duty as house diva, raging wraith, and cold-blooded killer, nailing each part and metabolizing Junior Sanchez's fiercely generic Ibiza track into a raw energy source. "Anna Wintour" joins "Thank U, Next" and "Honey" among the few songs about self-love released this year that betray greater depth than vapid Instagram inspo, and it offers a reminder of what makes the often-frustrating Banks so great: Like this song's namesake, she knows how to keep us looking."

Music video

On May 24, 2018, Banks released the music video for "Anna Wintour". The video features Banks in and around an abandoned warehouse dancing and was directed by choreographer and long time backup dancer Matthew Pasterisa. Prior to the music video's release, Banks responded to accusations that her music video was too similar to Kanye West's 2016 video for "Fade", claiming that Teyana Taylor stole the choreography from Pasterisa and didn't give him credit until lawyers were involved. Taylor denied these claims and called on Pasterisa to comment, to which he said he wasn't directly involved with "Fade" but received credit regardless.

Track listing
Digital download
"Anna Wintour" – 4:33

Charts

References

2018 singles
2018 songs
Azealia Banks songs
MNRK Music Group singles
Songs written by Azealia Banks
Songs with feminist themes
Cultural depictions of businesspeople
Cultural depictions of publishers
Cultural depictions of journalists
Cultural depictions of American women
Songs written by Junior Sanchez

Anna Wintour (song)


Daniel D. Page (March 5, 1790April 29, 1869) was the second mayor of St. Louis, Missouri, United States.

Daniel Page was born in Parsonsfield, Maine, in 1790. At the age of fifteen, he moved to Portland, Maine, where he learned to be a baker, later setting up his own shop in Boston, Massachusetts.  In Boston, he met and married Miss Deborah Young. Shortly thereafter, he moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, and became established in the tobacco trading business.  Despite his success, he moved to St. Louis, Missouri in 1818 due to his wife's failing health as she was adversely affected by the climate in New Orleans.

Page was elected the mayor of St. Louis in 1829 and went on to serve four consecutive one-year terms.  He was only the second mayor of St. Louis, the first being William Carr Lane who stepped down after serving six years in office.  During his administration, many of the streets in St. Louis were graded and paved, a night watch was established for the protection of the citizens, and street cleaning and refuse collection were begun. Page also strengthened the Health Department and advocated for an improvement to public waterworks system.

After his tenure as mayor had ended, Page turned his attention to his business matters.  In 1833, he built the first steam-powered flour mill in St. Louis.  In 1848, he partnered with his son-in-law Henry D. Bacon and created the banking house of Page & Bacon.  During this time, he invested heavily in railroads and real estate.  Page & Bacon closed in 1855 on account of financial difficulties from building of the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad.

Daniel Page died in Washington, D.C., on April 29, 1869, and was buried in Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis. Page Boulevard in St. Louis was named in his honor.

References

External links
 Daniel D. Page at the St. Louis Public Library: St. Louis Mayors Online Exhibit.

1790 births
1869 deaths
Mayors of St. Louis
American bakers
Missouri Whigs
19th-century American politicians
People from Parsonsfield, Maine

Daniel Page


Palattu Koman is a 1962 Indian Malayalam-language film. The story of the film is based on the life of Palattu Koman, a pioneer of the Indian martial art form Kalaripayattu. The film was directed by Kunchacko (1912–1976) and produced by Geetha Salam (Excel Productions). Sathyan, S. P. Pillai, Rushyendramani and Bahadoor were in the leading cast. The music director, Baburaj, wrote a critically acclaimed soundtrack that included the number "Poove Nalla Poove" sung by  Santha P. Nair and penned by Vayalar Ramavarma. Palattu Koman, produced by Udaya Studios under the banner of Excel Productions Productions, and directed by Kunchacko, was an adaptation of a ballad from the Vadakkan Paatu. Following the grand success of the screen adaptation of a similar ballad, Unniyarcha (1961), the producers picked up another such ballad for Palattu Koman.

The film tells the story of Palaattu Koman, a pioneer of kalarippayattu. "Komappan" is an epic poem written by the noted poet Kundoor Narayana Menon, who in 1912 popularised the ballad of Paalattu Koman and his love affair with his enemy's sister. The script by Sarangapani for this film closely follows this epic poem by Kundoor.

The film was mainly shot at the Udaya Studios and the backwaters of Kerala. Leading stars of the time like Satyan, Ragini, Kottayam Chellappan, S. P. Pillai, Bahadur played major roles in the film. Rushyendramani (Sree Ramani in the title cards), the popular singing star of early Telugu cinema who was noted for her heroic roles, appeared in a major role. Besides sword fighting that was mandatory in these tales, the film included fights between man and wild animals. In fact, the hero's fight with a tiger was a high point of the film. These scenes were canned impressively using the available equipment and techniques of the time. Such fight scenes were factors that helped make the film a box office success.

The producers had planned to name the film Konki Amma or Kunki Amma. The gramophone records of the film have the title as Konki Amma on them. This has caused confusion with regard to the credits of the songs.

Plot
The film tells the story of a feud between two families, Thonnooram Veedu and Kaippulli Paalattu Tharavadu. Chandrappan is the head of Thonnooram Veedu. He has an eye on the treasure kept in an underground cell of the Paalaattu mansion. A dispute between the children of the two families results in a bloody fight. Chandrappan kills the husband and all nine children of Kunki Amma of the Paalaattu family.

Kunki Amma is rescued by the chieftain of the jungle, where she was taken to be killed. She gives birth to a boy and takes an oath to destroy the entire Thonnooram Veedu. She reaches the Paalaattu in disguise along with her aide Pankan. With the blessings of the snakes guarding the treasure at the mansion, Kunki succeeds in escaping from there with the treasure. Kunki's son Koman, who undergoes training in martial arts, becomes a master in the art. He starts off on a mission, to eradicate the Thonnooram Veedu clan and thereby to fulfil the desire of his mother.

Koman falls in love with Unniyamma without knowing that she is the sister of Chandrappan. Chandrappan and his group take Kunki Amma into custody and torture her. Koman defeats Chandrappan and frees Kunki Amma. All the members of Thonnooram Veedu, except Unniyamma, are killed. Koman marries Unniyamma, bringing the film to a happy end.

Cast

 Sathyan as Palattu Koman
 Manavalan Joseph
 Boban Kunchacko
 Kanchana
 Ragini as Unniyamma
 Bahadoor
 S. P. Pillai as Pankan
 Jayanthi
 Kottayam Chellappan as Chandrappan
 S. J. Dev
 Velayudhan Nair
 Jijo
 K. S. Gopinath
 Kundara Bhasi
 Baby Seetha
 Sunny
 Baby Savithri
 Ochira Sankarankutty
 Sreeramani

Songs
Out of the 12 songs penned by Vayalar Rama Varma and set to tune by M. S. Baburaj, some of them turned super hits. The hit duet was sung by A. M. Raja and P. Susheela, "Chandana Pallakkil Veedu Kaanan Vanna..." is considered one of the best romantic songs in the language. The duet by Santha P. Nair and Jikki, "Poove Nalla Poove..." is another popular hit. The other hits from this film include "Ayyappan Kaavil Amme..." (P. Leela), "Manassinakkathu Oru Pennu..." (K. P. Udayabhanu). Will be remembered: The only Malayalam film in which the noted singing star of South Indian cinema, Rushyendramani acted. The film will also be remembered for its good music.

Soundtrack
The music was composed by M. S. Baburaj with lyrics by Vayalar Ramavarma and P. K. Sarangapani.

References

External links
http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=105

1962 films
1960s Malayalam-language films
Kalarippayattu films
Indian biographical films
Films scored by M. S. Baburaj
1962 martial arts films
1960s biographical films

Palattu Koman