High Society is a 1956 American musical romantic comedy film directed by Charles Walters and starring Bing Crosby, Grace Kelly, and Frank Sinatra. The film was produced by Sol C. Siegel for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and shot in VistaVision and Technicolor, with music and lyrics by Cole Porter.

The film is a musical remake of the 1940 screwball comedy film The Philadelphia Story, which was based on the 1939 play The Philadelphia Story by Philip Barry. High Society'''s screenplay was written by John Patrick and involves a successful popular jazz musician (Crosby) who tries to win back the affections of his ex-wife (Kelly), who is preparing to marry another man. The cast also features Celeste Holm, John Lund, and Louis Calhern, in his final film, with a musical contribution by Louis Armstrong. The film was Kelly's last professional appearance before she married Prince Rainier III and became Princess consort of Monaco.

Plot
Successful singer-composer C.K. Dexter-Haven (the grandson of a Newport "robber baron") is divorced from wealthy Newport, Rhode Island, socialite Tracy Samantha Lord. Dexter, who lives next door to the Lord estate, remains in love with her but she is now engaged to socially prominent and snobbish George Kittredge. As Tracy prepares for her upcoming wedding, Dexter is busily organizing elements of the Newport Jazz Festival.

Meanwhile, Spy, a tabloid newspaper, possesses embarrassing information about Tracy's errant father, Seth Lord, and has coerced the family into allowing reporter Mike Connor and photographer Liz Imbrie to cover the nuptials. Tracy, resenting their forced presence, begins an elaborate charade, including introducing her Uncle Willy as her father, while Seth is passed off as "wicked" Uncle Willy.

As a wedding gift, Dexter gives Tracy a scale model of their former sailboat, "True Love," which evokes her memories about their happy honeymoon aboard it. Tracy gradually realizes George knows little about her true self and has instead created an idealized image of her. When Tracy drives Mike around Newport, he notices some neglected mansions; Tracy explains many owners have been forced to board up or sell off their properties due to high taxes. Her Uncle Willy is selling his own estate. The two form a mutual attraction, leaving Tracy to choose from three very different men during a course of self-discovery. During the wedding-eve party at Uncle Willy's house, George catches a tipsy Tracy kissing Dexter on the patio. George leaves Tracy in an empty room to sober up but, still tipsy, she climbs out the window and runs into Mike. George finds her again after she and Mike have had a swim in the Lords' pool. The next day, Tracy has hazy memories of the previous night. She initially intends to go through with the wedding, then prods George into agreeing to call it off. While informing the waiting guests the wedding is canceled, Dexter suddenly proposes that he be the groom. Knowing she loves him, Tracy accepts. Liz and Mike, who now realize they love each other, tell Tracy and Dexter that they are not writing a story about the wedding or other events to protect the family's privacy.

Cast
 Bing Crosby as C. K. Dexter-Haven
 Grace Kelly as Tracy Lord
 Frank Sinatra as Mike Connor
 Celeste Holm as Liz Imbrie
 John Lund as George Kittredge
 Louis Calhern as Uncle Willie
 Sidney Blackmer as Seth Lord
 Louis Armstrong and His Band as themselves
 Edmond Hall – clarinetist
 Trummy Young – trombonist
 Billy Kyle – pianist
 Arvell Shaw – bassist
 Barrett Deems – drummer
 Margalo Gillmore as Mrs. Seth Lord
 Lydia Reed as Caroline Lord
 Gordon Richards as Dexter Haven's butler
 Richard Garrick as Lords' butler
 Philo McCullough as party guest (uncredited)

Production

Filming took place between January and March 1956. The location scenes were mostly shot in and around Clarendon Court in Newport, Rhode Island, which was then owned by Mae Cadwell Hayward, and later purchased in 1970 by Claus von Bülow.

The location, according to Turner Classic Movies, enabled them to take advantage of the Newport Jazz Festival, established in 1954, incorporating it into the film by giving Crosby's character a background as a descendant of a Gilded Age robber baron who became a jazz composer and friend of jazz star Louis Armstrong, who plays himself in the film, and patron of the Festival. As name-checked by Crosby in the song "Now You Has Jazz", where each musician takes a small solo, Armstrong's band members were Edmond Hall (clarinet), Trummy Young (trombone), Billy Kyle (piano), Arvell Shaw (bass), and Barrett Deems (drums).

This film featured Kelly's final role before she became Princess of Monaco; it was released three months after her marriage to Prince Rainier III. In the film, Kelly wore the Cartier engagement ring given to her by Rainier. Sinatra was 40 and Crosby 53 while playing the love interests of Kelly, who was 26 during the filming. Sinatra biographers George Jacobs and William Stadiem claimed Crosby kept his distance from Sinatra during the production and remained strictly professional when Sinatra desired companionship, and that it "killed" Sinatra to think that Crosby considered himself a higher class singer. However, this is rejected by TCM, which states that "in spite of a rumored rivalry between Frank Sinatra and Bing Crosby, the two worked together very amicably during the shoot."

They claim that Sinatra was fascinated with Grace Kelly – as were many of her previous co-stars – and would have loved to have an affair with her but feared rejection and embarrassment in front of Crosby, who had previously had an affair with Kelly.

The sailboat used in the film, the True Love (originally the Venona II based on the Malabar design by John Alden built for racing), sails on Seneca Lake out of Watkins Glen, NY as an excursion boat for Seneca Sailing Adventures, LLC.

Musical numbers

Producer Sol C. Siegel paid Porter $250,000 for his first original film score in eight years; it introduced a couple of pop standards, including "True Love" and "You're Sensational". Not only did Sinatra and Crosby collaborate for the first time, but behind the scenes two master orchestrators – Conrad Salinger and Nelson Riddle – melded their arrangements under the baton of Johnny Green. Armstrong and his band get a couple of standout moments and Kelly has her only role in a musical.

 "Overture"
 "High Society Calypso" – Louis Armstrong & his band
 "Little One" – C.K. (Bing Crosby)
 "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" – Mike (Frank Sinatra), Liz (Celeste Holm)
 "True Love" – C.K. (Crosby), Tracy (Grace Kelly)
 "You're Sensational" – Mike (Sinatra)
 "I Love You, Samantha" – C.K. (Crosby)
 "Now You Has Jazz" – C.K. (Crosby), Armstrong & his band, individually introduced by name
 "Well, Did You Evah!" – C.K. (Crosby), Mike (Sinatra)"Well Did You Evah" from Bing Crosby Hit Songs-131-140 at the Internet Archive. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
 "Mind if I Make Love to You?" – Mike (Sinatra)

A soundtrack album was released the year of the film's release and was a major success in both America and the United Kingdom. It has been said that one of the main reasons star Sinatra was drawn to the film was a mock-tipsy duet with his boyhood idol Crosby on "Well, Did You Evah!", a song from an earlier Porter show, DuBarry Was a Lady (1939), re-adapted and added at the last minute when it was noted that the two singers did not have a duet to perform in the film.

The title of the song "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" gained new significance a half-century later as the title of a global game show franchise. "I Love You, Samantha" has also become a jazz favorite for improvisations.

Release

Critical reception
Opening on July 17, 1956, High Society garnered mixed reviews, often being compared as a lesser offering to The Philadelphia Story, a previous adaptation in 1940 of the same play starring Cary Grant in the Crosby part, Katharine Hepburn in the Kelly role, and James Stewart in an Oscar-winning turn as the reporter played in the remake by Sinatra. Variety observed: "High Society should spell high finance business all over. It's a solid entertainment every minute of its footage. Fortified with a strong Cole Porter score, film is a pleasant romp for cast toppers Bing Crosby, Grace Kelly and Frank Sinatra who, tactfully, get alphabetical top billing. Their impact is almost equally consistent. Although Sinatra has the top pop tune opportunities, the Crooner makes his specialties stand up and out on showmanship and delivery, and Miss Kelly impresses as the femme lead with pleasantly comedienne overtones. This is perhaps her most relaxed performance ..."

Bosley Crowther of The New York Times described it as "flimsy as a gossip-columnist's word", missing "the snap and the crackle that its un-musical predecessor had." According to Time, in spite of its "Who's Who cast" the film is "simply not top-drawer"; a "good deal of the screenplay seems as dated today as the idle rich ... [Kelly] lacks the gawky animal energy that Katharine Hepburn brought to the 1939 play and the 1941 movie, [Crosby] saunters through the part rather sleepily, without much of the old Bing zing [, and] Sinatra plays the reporter like a dead-end kid with a typewriter."

Box-office

At the North American box-office, High Society was a success. It was one of the 10 highest grossing films of 1956 in the US and Canada earning $5,602,000, and $2,656,000 elsewhere, resulting in a profit of $1,148,000.

Awards and nominationsHigh Society received two Academy Award nominations, and nearly received a third. The film was initially nominated in the 1956 Academy Awards for Best Motion Picture Story, even though it was based on the 1940 film The Philadelphia Story and thus was not eligible in that category. Moreover, the nominated writers, Elwood Ullman and Edward Bernds, had written not this film, but a 1955 Bowery Boys film also titled High Society.

According to the book Inside Oscar'', Steve Broidy, president of The Bowery Boys home studio Allied Artists, told the press, "This just proves what we've known all along – that the Bowery Boys series couldn't have lasted this long if not for the fine writers." The joking in the press aside, Ullman and Bernds sent a telegram to the Academy Award Board of Governors, acknowledging the error and requesting that their names be removed from the final ballot.

Broadway adaptation
More than 40 years following the film's release, it was adapted for the stage as a Broadway musical with several Porter songs from other sources added to the score. The Broadway production opened on April 27, 1998, at the St. James Theatre, with John McMartin and Anna Kendrick. Kendrick received a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. The show ran for 144 performances.

See also
 List of American films of 1956

References

External links

1956 films
1956 musical comedy films
1956 romantic comedy films
1950s American films
1950s English-language films
1950s romantic musical films
American films based on plays
American musical comedy films
American romantic comedy films
American romantic musical films
Comedy film remakes
Comedy of remarriage films
Films about music and musicians
Films about social class
Films about socialites
Films about tabloid journalism
Films about weddings
Films directed by Charles Walters
Films produced by Sol C. Siegel
Films scored by Cole Porter
Films scored by Johnny Green
Films scored by Saul Chaplin
Films set in country houses
Films set in Rhode Island
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in Rhode Island
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Musical film remakes
Remakes of American films
Romance film remakes

High Society (1956 film)


An Accounting Entity is simply an Entity for which accounting records are to be kept.

The main requirements for something to be considered an "accounting entity" are:
 It can own property the value of which can be measured in financial terms
 It can incur debts or liabilities which can also be measured in financial terms
 It can therefore be assigned a value for its net worth or solvency which is the difference between the two

Examples of accounting entities include corporations, clubs, trusts, partnerships and individuals.

References

Accounting
Elaiza 2020

Accounting entity


Peter Partington (born September 9, 1939) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1985 to 1987 who represented the Niagara region riding Brock. He later served as chair of the Niagara Regional Council from 2003 to 2010.

Background
Partington was born in St. Catharines, Ontario. He has a Bachelor of Arts degree and a law degree from the University of Western Ontario. He practiced as a barrister and solicitor before entering political life. Partington was called to the bar in 1965, and was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1976.

Politics

Provincial
He was elected to the Ontario legislature in the 1985 provincial election, defeating Liberal Party candidate Bill Andres in the electoral district of Brock. The Progressive Conservatives won a narrow minority government in this election, and Partington briefly served as a backbench supporter of Frank Miller's administration before the PCs were defeated in the house.  In opposition, he served as his party's critic for the Solicitor General and Municipal Affairs.

He was defeated in the 1987 election, losing to Liberal candidate Mike Dietsch in a Liberal sweep of the province.

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Niagara Regional Council
Partington was elected to the Niagara Regional Council in 1994, and became its chair in 2003. He was director of the Association of Municipalities of Ontario in 1999–2000, and served as director and president of the Ontario Great Lakes Foundation from 2000 to 2003. He was re-elected to a fifth term in the 2006 municipal election and was acclaimed to the position of Regional Chair for the 2006–2010 term.

In January 2010, Partington announced he would not be seeking re-election to Niagara Regional Council in the 2010 municipal elections. He gave his final state-of the region address in April 2010.

References

External links

1939 births
Living people
Politicians from St. Catharines
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs
University of Western Ontario alumni
Western Law School alumni

Peter Partington


Arnab Basu is a product manager, game designer and a videogames producer. He has contributed to the Tomb Raider series for Crystal Dynamics on Tomb Raider: Anniversary  and Tomb Raider: Underworld.  And later, at Eidos Interactive for Batman: Arkham Asylum.

Arnab is a secretary on the Board of Directors for the Institute of Play, a not-for-profit which promotes game design as a non-traditional education tool. His focus has been enhancing primary education for kids around the world by harnessing new media and game design techniques to build flexible, on-demand learning ecologies.
He has given talks on game design at the Game Design Expo, Vancouver Film School, Vancouver' 2008 and the Game Developers Conference, Lyon, 2007

Basu  graduated with an MET degree from the Entertainment Technology Center at Carnegie Mellon in 2006. He holds a BE in Computer Science and Engineering from Visvesvaraya Technological University

References

External links
 Official Website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Carnegie Mellon University College of Fine Arts alumni

Arnab Basu


"You Are What You Is" is a single which Frank Zappa released from his 1981 album of the same title. The song is known for going out of its way to use improper English, basically mocking the rest of its context. It was the B-side for 1982 single "Valley Girl". This song was also remixed for the 1984 album Thing-Fish.

Meaning
The lyrics, which essentially tell the listener to be themselves and embrace their culture, tell the stories of two young men, both of whom Zappa describes as "foolish". The first man is from a middle class family who has a great life, but he pretends to come from a culture of hardship and sings the blues to be manly. Then the song refers to him as even trying to eat like someone going through hardship. He begins to talk like the character Kingfish, from the radio show Amos and Andy, who was known for being a heavily stereotypical black character. These themes overall relate to Zappa's dislike of poseurs. The second young man "of the negro persuasion, devoted his life to become a caucasian". Like the first man, he changes his diet to fit in with the culture he is looking to join. It goes over the stereotype of African-Americans eating pork and collard greens. His story is a commentary on African-Americans who are not proud of their heritage and feel following the Caucasian culture would bring them more acceptance. Eventually the song goes into a frenzy of racial stereotyped one-liners including involving a loose story about working at the post office and referencing lyrics in the next song that serves as a segue until it transitions into the next song, "Mudd Club".

Music video
In 1984, Zappa released a music video. Although the film clip used advanced color graphics on normal dance and singing type footage, its circulation was restricted due to parts of it where an actor, who was made to look like Ronald Reagan, was sitting in what looked like an electric chair whilst applying hair pomade. It is also notable for being the only conventional music video that Zappa ever made. The lyrics also contain the sentence "I ain't no nigger no more", which likely also had an effect on its broadcast. The video was banned from ever being aired on MTV. This didn't prevent it from being featured on "Canoe", a 1993 episode of the American television show Beavis and Butt-Head, also aired on MTV (though the show abruptly switches to "The Animal Song" by The Europeans early on, then returns to Zappa for the tail end of "You Are What You Is", to which Butt-Head replies, "This is still on? That pisses me off!").

References to other songs
"You Are What You Is" contains references to other songs throughout his career and on the album itself, commonly referred as Zappa's "Conceptual Continuity". References include "Gimme a five dollar bill and an overcoat too" from "Wonderful Wino" on Zoot Allures, "Lonesome Cowboy Burt" from "200 Motels", with the lyric "Where's my waitress?", and the song "Harder Than Your Husband", which is the 2nd song on the album. Another reference is "Robbie, take me to Greek Town", more prominent in "Jumbo Go Away", and "I'm goin' down 'n' work the wall 'n' work the floor" from "Mudd Club."

Covers
The a cappella group The Persuasions covered "You Are What You Is" on their album Frankly a Cappella.

Track list7"A. "You Are What You Is" – 4:22
B. "Pink Napkins" – 4:3212"'
A1. "You Are What You Is" – 4:22
A2. "Pink Napkins" – 4:32
B1. "Harder Than Your Husband" – 2:29
B2. "Soup 'N Old Clothes" – 7:50

References

1981 songs
Frank Zappa songs
Songs written by Frank Zappa
Song recordings produced by Frank Zappa
Songs against racism and xenophobia
Cultural depictions of Ronald Reagan

You Are What You Is (song)


Thérèse DePrez (February 17, 1965 – December 19, 2017) was an American production designer.

DePrez was born and raised in Rochester, New York, the daughter of Gene and Patricia DePrez. She cited her influences as being filmmaker/artist Jean Cocteau, filmmaker Georges Melies and the films Dr. Strangelove and Blade Runner. While attending the Parsons School of Design in New York City, DePrez worked on several off-Broadway stage productions prior to being hired for her first film assignment in 1991's The Refrigerator.

Her work included the films Arlington Road, High Fidelity, How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days, Dark Water, Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium and Fighting.

In 2010, DePrez did the production design of the Darren Aronofsky thriller Black Swan. Aronofsky stated he had been attempting to collaborate with DePrez on many of his previous projects, but was unsuccessful until Swan. Her work on the film resulted in an Art Directors Guild Award and a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design at the 64th British Academy Film Awards. Her final film credits included Premium Rush, Stoker, Out of the Furnace and The Drop. As well as film, she also worked on the set design for David Bowie's A Reality Tour in 2003.

DePrez was diagnosed with breast cancer in May 2015. A GoFundMe was set up by her friend Derrick Kardos. Initially cancer-free by March 2016, DePrez died of the disease on December 19, 2017, at the age of 52. She was included in the annual In Memoriam section of the 90th Academy Awards and received "Special Thanks To Thérèse DePrez (1965-2017)" in the closing credits of the 2019 film The Lodge.

References

External links
Thérèse DePrez at the Internet Movie Database

1965 births
2017 deaths
American art directors
American production designers
Deaths from breast cancer
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Artists from Rochester, New York
Women production designers

Thérèse DePrez


Northeastern Ontario is a region in the Canadian province of Ontario. It includes the districts of Algoma, Sudbury, Cochrane, Timiskaming, Nipissing, and Manitoulin. Parry Sound District and District Municipality of Muskoka are sometimes included in Northeastern Ontario, although they are usually included in Central Ontario.

Northeastern Ontario is sometimes included with Northwestern Ontario as Northern Ontario. One difference between the two parts is that Northeastern Ontario has a large Franco-Ontarian population. Almost 25 percent of Northeastern Ontario's population speaks French as a first language.

Regions of Ontario

Northeastern Ontario


Our Lady of Solitude Monastery is a Catholic foundation in the United States.

It was founded in May 2005 by Mother Angelica, who also founded Eternal Word Television Network and built the Shrine of the Most Blessed Sacrament in Hanceville, Alabama. The monastery is located about one hour west of downtown Phoenix, in the rural desert and farming community of Tonopah, Arizona. It is located within the territory of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Phoenix but is not subject to it.

Our Lady of Solitude Monastery sprang from the order of Poor Clares of Perpetual Adoration, one of many branches of the Poor Clares, founded by Saint Clare of Assisi. They are a contemplative order of nuns in the Franciscan tradition, founded in France in 1854 by Marie Claire Bouillevaux. The nuns have dedicated themselves to their main apostolate of Perpetual Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament in a spirit of reparative thanksgiving. They pray especially for Catholic priests.

References

External links
 DesertNuns.com the official website

Christian organizations established in 2005
Poor Clare monasteries in the United States
Catholic Church in Arizona
2005 establishments in Arizona

Our Lady of Solitude Monastery


Martino di Bartolomeo or Martino di Bartolomeo di Biago was an Italian painter and manuscript illuminator active between 1389 and 1434. He was one of his generation's principal painters of the Sienese School. From specific aspects of his early style, he is believed to have trained in the studio of Taddeo di Bartolo. As a young man Martino collaborated with Giovanni di Pietro da Napoli (active 1402-1405) in Pisa. The fresco cycle in the church of San Giovanni Battista di Cascina, outside Pisa, bears Martino's signature, and the date 1398. He returned permanently to Siena in 1405; there he painted several prominent fresco cycles in the Duomo and the Palazzo Pubblico. Further official commissions for altarpieces and for polychromy of sculptures attest to his versatility and to his prestige as one of the city's official artists.

Martino's early activity as an illuminator of manuscripts is based on Luciano Bellosi's recognition of his hand in the set of choirbooks commissioned for the cathedral of Lucca by its bishop, Niccolò Guinigi, in 1394.

When he contracted with the Collegiata of San Gimignano for the polychromy of the carved wooden Annunciation in 1420, the sculptor, Jacopo della Quercia, stood guarantor. Jacopo's father, Pietro di Angiolo, worked in Martino's shop.

Notes

References
 Bénézit, Emmanuel, ed., Dictionnaire critique et documentaire des Peintres, Sculpteurs, Dessinateurs et Graveurs, Originally published 1911-1923, Paris, Librairie Gründ, 1976.
 El Paso Museum of Art, The Samuel H. Kress Collection, El Paso, El Paso Museum of Art, 1961.
 Encyclopedia of World Art, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1959-1987.
Pinacoteca Nazionale, Siena: Altarpiece with Saints James, Catherine, Magdalen and Ansano

External links
Italian Paintings: Sienese and Central Italian Schools, a collection catalog containing information about Bartolomeo and his works (see index; plate 30-31).

14th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
15th-century Italian painters
Painters from Siena
Fresco painters
Catholic painters
Manuscript illuminators

Martino di Bartolomeo


Sarah Francesca Mugabe (née Hayfron; 6 June 1931 – 27 January 1992) was the first wife of Robert Mugabe (former President of Zimbabwe) and the First Lady of Zimbabwe from 1987 until her death in 1992. She was popularly known as Amai (Mother) in Zimbabwe.

Early life
Born Sarah Francesca Hayfron in 1931 in the Gold Coast (present-day Ghana), then a British colony. Sally and her twin sister, Esther were raised in a political family which was part of the growing nationalist politics in the colonial Gold Coast. She went to Achimota School, then went on to university to study before qualifying as a teacher.

She met her future husband, Robert Mugabe, in the Gold Coast at Takoradi Teacher Training College where they were both teaching, and went with him to Southern Rhodesia, where they were married in April 1961 in Salisbury.

Exile and family

A trained teacher who asserted her position as an independent political activist and campaigner, Hayfron demonstrated this activism as early as 1962 when she was active in mobilising African women to challenge the Southern Rhodesian constitution.  She was charged with sedition and sentenced to five years imprisonment. Part of the sentence was suspended.

In 1967, Sally went into exile in London, and resided in Ealing, West London; her stay in Britain was financed, at least in part, by the British Ariel Foundation. This was a charity founded in 1960. She spent the next eight years agitating and campaigning for the release of political detainees in Rhodesia, including her husband who had been arrested in 1964 and was to remain incarcerated for ten years. Their only son, Nhamodzenyika, who was born in 1963 during this period of detention and imprisonment, would succumb to a severe attack of malaria and die in Ghana in 1966. Mugabe was prevented from attending the burial of his son. Her father died in 1970.

The British Home Office attempted to deport her in 1970, but after her husband, still in prison, petitioned the British Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, she was given British residency. Her case for residency was supported by two British Government ministers in particular: Labour MP Maurice Foley, and the Conservative peer Lord Lothian.

With Robert Mugabe's release in 1975 and subsequent departure for Mozambique with Edgar Tekere, Sally rejoined her husband in Maputo. Here, she cast herself in the new role of a mother figure to the thousands of refugees created by the Rhodesian Bush War. This earned her the popular title Amai (Mother).

Return to politics

In 1978, she was elected ZANU-PF Deputy Secretary for the Women's League.
In 1980 she had to make a quick adjustment to a new and national role of the wife of Zimbabwe's first black Prime Minister. She officially became the First Lady of Zimbabwe in 1987 when her husband became the second President of Zimbabwe. She was elected Secretary General of the ZANU-PF Women's League at the Party's Congress of 1989.

She also founded the Zimbabwe Child Survival Movement. Sally Mugabe launched the Zimbabwe Women's Cooperative in the UK in 1986 and supported Akina Mama wa Afrika, a London-based African women's organisation focusing on development and women's issues in Africa and the United Kingdom.

Death and remembrance

Sally Mugabe died on 27 January 1992 of kidney failure. Upon her death, she was interred at the National Heroes Acre in Harare, Zimbabwe. In 2002, to mark the 10th anniversary of her death, Zimbabwe issued a set of five postage stamps of a common design using two different photographs, each photograph appearing on two of the denominations. She is remembered fondly with love and affection, as she is still considered the founding mother of the nation of Zimbabwe.

References

External links

1931 births
1992 deaths
Gold Coast (British colony) people
Deaths from kidney failure
Zimbabwean educators
Zimbabwean women educators
Alumni of Achimota School
First ladies of Zimbabwe
ZANU–PF politicians
Zimbabwean twins
Ghanaian emigrants
People from Southern Rhodesia
Sally

Sally Mugabe


A sewing machine is used to stitch fabric together with thread.  Sewing machines were an invention of the industrial revolution that made it possible to sew faster than people could sew by hand. Some sewing machines are also used for embroidery.   Since the invention of the first working sewing machine, generally considered to have been the work of Englishman Thomas Saint in 1790, the sewing machine has greatly improved the efficiency and productivity of the clothing industry.

Home sewing machines are designed for one person to sew individual items while using a single stitch type. In a modern sewing machine the fabric easily glides in and out of the machine without the inconvenience of needles and thimbles and other such tools used in hand sewing, automating the process of stitching and saving time.

Industrial sewing machines, by contrast to domestic machines, are larger, faster, and more varied in their size, cost, appearance, and task.

History

Invention
Charles Fredrick Wiesenthal, a German-born engineer working in England was awarded the first British patent for a mechanical device to aid the art of sewing, in 1755. His invention consisted of a double pointed needle with an eye at one end.

In 1790, the English inventor Thomas Saint invented the first sewing machine design, but he did not successfully advertise or market his invention. His machine was meant to be used on leather and canvas material. It is likely that Saint had a working model but there is no evidence of one; he was a skilled cabinet maker and his device included many practically functional features: an overhanging arm, a feed mechanism (adequate for short lengths of leather), a vertical needle bar, and a looper.

His sewing machine used the chain stitch method, in which the machine uses a single thread to make simple stitches in the fabric. A stitching awl would pierce the material and a forked point rod would carry the thread through the hole where it would be hooked underneath and moved to the next stitching place, where the cycle would be repeated, locking the stitch. Saint's machine was designed to aid the manufacture of various leather goods, including saddles and bridles, but it was also capable of working with canvas, and was used for sewing ship sails. Although his machine was very advanced for the era, the concept would need steady improvement over the coming decades before it could become a practical proposition. In 1874, a sewing machine manufacturer, William Newton Wilson, found Saint's drawings in the London Patent Office, made adjustments to the looper, and built a working machine, currently owned by the London Science Museum.

In 1804, a sewing machine was built by the Englishmen Thomas Stone and James Henderson, and a machine for embroidering was constructed by John Duncan in Scotland. An Austrian tailor, Josef Madersperger, began developing his first sewing machine in 1807. He presented his first working machine in 1814.

The first practical and widely used sewing machine was invented by Barthélemy Thimonnier, a French tailor, in 1829. His machine sewed straight seams using chain stitch like Saint's model, and in 1830, he signed a contract with Auguste Ferrand, a mining engineer, who made the requisite drawings and submitted a patent application. The patent for his machine was issued on 17 July 1830, and in the same year, he opened (with partners) the first machine-based clothing manufacturing company in the world to create army uniforms for the French Army. However, the factory was burned down, reportedly by workers fearful of losing their livelihood following the issuing of the patent.

A model of the machine is exhibited at the London Science Museum. The machine is made of wood and uses a barbed needle which passes downward through the cloth to grab the thread and pull it up to form a loop to be locked by the next loop. The first American lockstitch sewing machine was invented by Walter Hunt in 1832. His machine used an eye-pointed needle (with the eye and the point on the same end) carrying the upper thread and a falling shuttle carrying the lower thread. The curved needle moved through the fabric horizontally, leaving the loop as it withdrew. The shuttle passed through the loop, interlocking the thread. The feed let the machine down, requiring the machine to be stopped frequently and reset up. Hunt eventually lost interest in his machine and sold individual machines without bothering to patent his invention, and only patenting it at a late date of 1854. In 1842, John Greenough patented the first sewing machine in the United States. The British partners Newton and Archibold introduced the eye-pointed needle and the use of two pressing surfaces to keep the pieces of fabric in position, in 1841.

The first machine to combine all the disparate elements of the previous half-century of innovation into the modern sewing machine was the device built by English inventor John Fisher in 1844, thus a little earlier than the very similar machines built by the infamous Isaac Merritt Singer in 1851, and the lesser known Elias Howe, in 1845. However, due to the botched filing of Fisher's patent at the Patent Office, he did not receive due recognition for the modern sewing machine in the legal disputations of priority with Singer, and it was Singer who won the benefits of the patent.

Elias Howe, born in Spencer, Massachusetts, created his sewing machine in 1845, using a similar method to Fisher's except that the fabric was held vertically. An important improvement on his machine was to have the needle running away from the point, starting from the eye. After a lengthy stay in England trying to attract interest in his machine, he returned to America to find various people infringing his patent, among them Isaac Merritt Singer. He eventually won a case for patent infringement in 1854, and was awarded the right to claim royalties from the manufacturers using ideas covered by his patent, including Singer.

Singer had seen a rotary sewing machine being repaired in a Boston shop. As an engineer, he thought it was clumsy and decided to design a better one. The machine he devised used a falling shuttle instead of a rotary one; the needle was mounted vertically and included a presser foot to hold the cloth in place. It had a fixed arm to hold the needle and included a basic tension system. This machine combined elements of Thimonnier, Hunt and Howe's machines. Singer was granted an American patent in 1851, and it was suggested[by whom?] he patent the foot pedal or treadle, used to power some of his machines; unfortunately, the foot pedal had been in use too long for a patent to be issued. When Howe learned of Singer's machine he took him to court, where Howe won and Singer was forced to pay a lump sum for all machines already produced. Singer then took out a license under Howe's patent and paid him $1.15 per machine before entering into a joint partnership with a lawyer named Edward Clark. They created the first hire-purchase arrangement to allow people to buy their machines through payments over time.

Meanwhile, Allen B. Wilson developed a shuttle that reciprocated in a short arc, which was an improvement over Singer and Howe's. However, John Bradshaw had patented a similar device and threatened to sue, so Wilson decided to try a new method. He went into partnership with Nathaniel Wheeler to produce a machine with a rotary hook instead of a shuttle. This was far quieter and smoother than other methods, with the result that the Wheeler & Wilson Company produced more machines in the 1850s and 1860s than any other manufacturer. Wilson also invented the four-motion feed mechanism that is still seen on every sewing machine today. This had a forward, down, back and up motion, which drew the cloth through in an even and smooth motion. Charles Miller patented the first machine to stitch buttonholes. Throughout the 1850s more and more companies were being formed, each trying to sue the others for patent infringement. This triggered a patent thicket known as the Sewing Machine War.

In 1856, the Sewing Machine Combination was formed, consisting of Singer, Howe, Wheeler, Wilson, Grover and Baker. These four companies pooled their patents, with the result that all other manufacturers had to obtain a license and pay $15 per machine. This lasted until 1877, when the last patent expired. James Edward Allen Gibbs (1829–1902), a farmer from Raphine in Rockbridge County, Virginia patented the first chain stitch single-thread sewing machine on June 2, 1857. In partnership with James Willcox, Gibbs became a principal partner in Willcox & Gibbs Sewing Machine Company.

Willcox & Gibbs commercial sewing machines are still used in the 21st century.

Elias Howe, born in Spencer, Massachusetts, created his sewing machine in 1845, using a similar method to Fisher's except that the fabric was held vertically. An important improvement on his machine was to have the needle running away from the point, starting from the eye. After a lengthy stay in England trying to attract interest in his machine, he returned to America to find various people infringing his patent, among them Isaac Merritt Singer. He eventually won a case for patent infringement in 1854, and was awarded the right to claim royalties from the manufacturers using ideas covered by his patent, including Singer.

Singer had seen a rotary sewing machine being repaired in a Boston shop. As an engineer, he thought it was clumsy and decided to design a better one. The machine he devised used a falling shuttle instead of a rotary one; the needle was mounted vertically and included a presser foot to hold the cloth in place. It had a fixed arm to hold the needle and included a basic tension system. This machine combined elements of Thimonnier, Hunt and Howe's machines. Singer was granted an American patent in 1851, and it was suggested[by whom?] he patent the foot pedal or treadle, used to power some of his machines; unfortunately, the foot pedal had been in use too long for a patent to be issued. When Howe learned of Singer's machine he took him to court, where Howe won and Singer was forced to pay a lump sum for all machines already produced. Singer then took out a license under Howe's patent and paid him $1.15 per machine before entering into a joint partnership with a lawyer named Edward Clark. They created the first hire-purchase arrangement to allow people to buy their machines through payments over time.

Meanwhile, Allen B. Wilson developed a shuttle that reciprocated in a short arc, which was an improvement over Singer and Howe's. However, John Bradshaw had patented a similar device and threatened to sue, so Wilson decided to try a new method. He went into partnership with Nathaniel Wheeler to produce a machine with a rotary hook instead of a shuttle. This was far quieter and smoother than other methods, with the result that the Wheeler & Wilson Company produced more machines in the 1850s and 1860s than any other manufacturer. Wilson also invented the four-motion feed mechanism that is still seen on every sewing machine today. This had a forward, down, back and up motion, which drew the cloth through in an even and smooth motion. Charles Miller patented the first machine to stitch buttonholes. Throughout the 1850s more and more companies were being formed, each trying to sue the others for patent infringement. This triggered a patent thicket known as the Sewing Machine War.

In 1856, the Sewing Machine Combination was formed, consisting of Singer, Howe, Wheeler, Wilson, Grover and Baker. These four companies pooled their patents, with the result that all other manufacturers had to obtain a license and pay $15 per machine. This lasted until 1877, when the last patent expired. James Edward Allen Gibbs (1829–1902), a farmer from Raphine in Rockbridge County, Virginia patented the first chain stitch single-thread sewing machine on June 2, 1857. In partnership with James Willcox, Gibbs became a principal partner in Willcox & Gibbs Sewing Machine Company.

Willcox & Gibbs commercial sewing machines are still used in the 21st century.

Clothing manufacturers were the first sewing machine customers, and used them to produce the first ready-to-wear clothing and shoes. In the 1860s consumers began purchasing them, and the machines—ranging in price from £6 to £15 in Britain depending on features—became very common in middle-class homes. Owners were much more likely to spend free time with their machines to make and mend clothing for their families than to visit friends, and women's magazines and household guides such as Mrs Beeton's offered dress patterns and instructions. A sewing machine could produce a man's shirt in about one hour, compared to 14 1/2 hours by hand.

In 1877 the world's first crochet machine was invented and patented by Joseph M. Merrow, then-president of what had started in the 1840s as a machine shop to develop specialized machinery for the knitting operations. This crochet machine was the first production overlock sewing machine. The Merrow Machine Company went on to become one of the largest American Manufacturers of overlock sewing machines, and continues to be a global presence in the 21st century as the last American over-lock sewing machine manufacturer.

In 1885 Singer patented the Singer Vibrating Shuttle sewing machine, which used Allen B. Wilson's idea for a vibrating shuttle and was a better lockstitcher than the oscillating shuttles of the time. Millions of the machines, perhaps the world's first really practical sewing machine for domestic use, were produced until finally superseded by rotary shuttle machines in the 20th century. Sewing machines continued being made to roughly the same design, with more lavish decoration appearing until well into the 1900s.

The first electric machines were developed by Singer Sewing Co. and introduced in 1889. By the end of the First World War, Singer was offering hand, treadle and electric machines for sale. At first the electric machines were standard machines with a motor strapped on the side, but as more homes gained power, they became more popular and the motor was gradually introduced into the casing.

References

Machines
Home appliances

Sewing machine


Giuseppe Poggi (3 April 1811 – 19 March 1901) was an Italian architect, mainly active in Tuscany.

Biography
A native of Florence, he received numerous commissions from the city's upper bourgeoisie for renovations of palaces and gardens.

From 1864 he designed the city's urban renovation, which included the demolition of the walls, and the creation of the Viali di Circonvallazione to encircle the city. At the sites of the former gates of the city, he created scenographic squares, such as the Piazza Cesare Beccaria and the Piazza della Libertà. He later designed the viale dei Colli, a panoramic walk ending with the Piazzale Michelangelo.

He died at Florence in 1901.

1811 births
1901 deaths
19th-century Italian architects
Architects from Florence
Italian urban planners

Giuseppe Poggi


Bamber Bridge Football Club is a football club based in Bamber Bridge, near Preston, Lancashire, England. They are currently members of the  and play at the Sir Tom Finney Stadium. The club is fully owned by a community organisation that represents supporters of the club.

History
A Bamber Bridge club played in the late 19th century, but the modern club was established in 1952. The new club joined the Preston & District League, progressing to the Senior Division. In 1974 they merged with Walton-le-Dale, continuing in the Preston & District League. They went on to win the league's Guildhall Cup in 1978–79, before completing a Premier Division and cup double in 1980–81. After winning the Lancashire FA Amateur Shield in 1981–82 and another Guildhall Cup win in 1984–85, they won back-to-back Premier Division titles in the next two seasons, before winning a league and cup double in 1989–90.

In 1990 Bamber Bridge moved up to Division Two of the North West Counties League. Their second season in the league saw them win the division, resulting in promotion to Division One; they also reached the semi-finals of the FA Vase, where they lost 2–0 to Wimborne Town. After finishing as runners-up in Division One in the following season (1992–93), a second successive promotion was achieved when the club moved up to Division One of the Northern Premier League.

In 1994–95, a second-place finish saw Bamber Bridge promoted to the Premier Division, with the club also winning the league's Challenge Cup in their first season in the league and victory in the final of the Lancashire FA Challenge Trophy. The following season they won the Premier Division, which would have usually resulted in promotion to the Football Conference. However, Irongate was not deemed up to standard for the fifth tier, and the club remained in the Northern Premier League,

In 1999–2000 Bamber Bridge reached the first round of the FA Cup for the first time. After beating St Albans City 2–0, they lost 1–0 at Cambridge United in the second round. The club remained in the Premier Division until the end of the 2001–02 season, in which they finished bottom; although they beat Radcliffe Borough 3–2 in the promotion/relegation play-off semi-final, they were beaten 2–1 by Ashton United in the final.

Although Bamber Bridge returned to the Premier Division as a result of league restructuring following the creation of the Conference North and South, their stay was short-lived as they were relegated to Division One at the end of the 2004–05 season. However, the season did see them win the President's Cup. When the league added a third division in 2007, the club were placed in Division One North.

A fourth-place finish in 2013–14 saw Bamber Bridge qualify for the promotion play-offs. After beating Warrington Town 1–0 in the semi-finals, they lost 3–2 to Ramsbottom United in the final. In the following season they finished third, again qualifying for the play-offs, this time losing 2–0 to Darlington 1883 in the final after beating Northwich Victoria 2–1 in the semi-final. A fourth-place finish in 2017–18 saw the club reach the play-offs, in which they defeated Tadcaster Albion 2–1 in the semi-finals and Prescot Cables 1–0 in the final to earn promotion to the Premier Division. The club qualified for the play-offs again in 2022–23 after finishing third in the league; after beating Gainsborough Trinity 5–3 on penalties in the semi-finals (after a 1–1 draw), they lost the final 1–0 to Warrington Town.

Ground
Following the 1974 merger, the club played at the King George's Playing Field. In 1983 they purchased a plot of derelict land to build their own ground, with the name Irongate taken from the local area. The first game was played in August 1987. The ground was officially named the Sir Tom Finney Stadium after Finney's death in 2014. It currently has a capacity of 3,000, of which 554 is seated and 800 covered.

The record attendance of 2,300 was set for a friendly match against the Czech Republic national team shortly before Euro 96, as the Czechs were using Irongate as a training ground; the result was a 9–1 win for the Czechs. The ground has also hosted the home games of the Preston North End women's team and is currently the home of Blackburn Rovers Ladies.

Honours
Northern Premier League
Premier Division champions 1995–96
Challenge Cup winners 1994–94
President's Cup winners 2004–05
North West Counties League
Division Two champions 1991–92
Preston and District League
Premier Division champions 1980–81, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1989–90
Guildhall Cup winners 1978–79, 1980–81, 1984–85, 1989–90
Lancashire FA Challenge Trophy
Winners 1994–95
Lancashire FA Amateur Shield
Winners 1981–82
Lancastrian Brigade Cup
Winners 1976–77, 1989–90, 1990–91
Lytham Medal Competition
Winners 1975–76

Records
Best league position: First in the Northern Premier League Premier Division, 1995–96
Best FA Cup performance: Second round, 1999–2000
Best FA Trophy performance: Second round, 1994–95, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000
Best FA Vase performance: Semi-finals, 1991–92
Record attendance: 2,300 vs Czech Republic, friendly, 1996
Record transfer fee received: £15,000 from Wigan Athletic for Tony Black, 1995
Record transfer fee paid: £10,000 to Horwich RMI for Mark Edwards

See also
Bamber Bridge F.C. players
Bamber Bridge F.C. managers

References

External links
Official website

Football clubs in England
Fan-owned football clubs in England
Sport in South Ribble
Association football clubs established in 1952
Football clubs in Lancashire
1952 establishments in England
North West Counties Football League clubs
Northern Premier League clubs

Bamber Bridge F.C.


Jacqueline Isobel Dean, kent as Jacqui Dean, is a New Zealand politeecian, an umwhile member o the kintra's pairlament in Wellington, representin the Naitional Pairty.  She is a consteetuency member unner the proportional representation seestem, representin Otago.

New Zealand Naitional Pairty MPs
1957 births
Livin fowk
Fowk frae Palmerston North
Weemen members o the New Zealand Hoose o Representatives
Members o the New Zealand Hoose o Representatives
21st-century New Zealand politeecians
21st-century weemen politeecians
Candidates in the New Zealand general election, 2017

Jacqui Dean


Sponge grounds, also known as sponge aggregations, are intertidal to deep-sea habitats formed by large accumulations of sponges (glass sponges and/or demosponges), often dominated by a few massive species. Sponge grounds were already reported more than 150 years ago, but the habitat was first fully recognized, studied and described in detail around the Faroe Islands during the inter-Nordic BIOFAR 1 programme 1987–90. These were called Ostur (meaning "cheese" and referring to the appearance of the sponges) by the local fishermen and this name has to some extent entered the scientific literature. Sponge grounds were later found elsewhere in the Northeast Atlantic and in the Northwest Atlantic, as well as near Antarctica. They are now known from many other places worldwide and recognized as key marine habitats.

Sponge grounds are important habitats supporting diverse ecosystems. During a study of outer shelf and upper slope sponge grounds at the Faroe Islands, 242 invertebrate species were found in the vicinity and 115 were associated with the sponges. In general, fish fauna associated with sponge grounds are poorly known, but include rockfish and gadiforms. Sponge grounds are threatened, especially by bottom trawling and other fishing gear, dredging, oil and gas exploration and undersea cables, but potentially also by deep sea mining, carbon dioxide sequestration, pollution and climate change.

Prehistoric sponge grounds
By studying spicules in sediments cores taken from sponge grounds on the slopes of the Flemish Cap and Grand Bank (off Newfoundland, Canada), scientists managed to detect the presence of sponges in the past. The oldest record for Geodiidae sponges in this region was found in a long core collected in the slope of the Grand Bank, where typical sterraster spicules were found in the top of a submarine landslide deposit older than 25 000 BP. Continuous presence of sponges was recorded on the southeastern region of the Flemish Cap as far as 130 000 BP. It seems the distribution range of the Geodiidae in this area significantly expended after the deglaciation.

References

Sponge biology
Ecosystems
Oceanographical terminology

Sponge ground


Smothering meat, seafood or vegetables is a cooking technique used in both Cajun and Creole cuisines of Louisiana. The technique involves cooking in a covered pan over low heat with a moderate amount of liquid, and can be regarded as a form of stove-top braising. The meat dishes cooked in this fashion are typically served over boiled or steamed white rice as a rice and gravy, while the vegetables are typically served as side dishes.

Description
This method of food preparation involves using the Maillard reaction to "brown" the featured meat or vegetables and usually the aromatic "trinity" as well, then deglazing with stock or water and simmering the mixture over low heat for an extended period of time. It is often done in a cast iron pot or dutch oven, so the heat can be evenly applied and distributed.

Meat
A large variety of meats are "smothered" in South Louisiana cuisine, including both domestic animals and wild game. Domestic animals cooked in this fashion include chicken, domestic duck, pork, beef (including such organs as the liver), and domestic rabbit. Wild game commonly cooked in this fashion include squirrel, rabbit, nutria rat, feral pig, woodcock, wild duck, and venison. Originally a dish made from cheap cuts of meat favored by farmers and laborers, popular versions of the dish such as "smothered steak" and "smothered pork roast" are served throughout Acadiana at local "plate lunch houses". Raised on Rice and Gravy, a 2009 documentary film by Conni Castille and Allison Bohl, chronicles the prevalence of the dish at local plate lunch houses and its enduring popularity in local cuisine.

Shellfish

In French, the word "étouffée" means "smothered". Étouffée can be made using different shellfish, the most popular version of the dish being Crawfish Étouffée, although shrimp is also used. Originally étouffée was a popular dish in the Acadiana area surrounding Lafayette. In the late twentieth century a waiter at the popular Bourbon Street restaurant, Galatoire's brought the dish in to his employer to try, the dish was added to their menu.  Other restaurants in the city of New Orleans soon followed, with the dish gaining in popularity with locals and tourists alike. Many Cajun restaurant owners claim that étouffée is the most popular dish on their menus.

Vegetables
Varieties of vegetables cooked by smothering include cabbage, okra, potatoes and corn. The vegetables are kept from burning by the addition of animal fats or oils, or the addition of meat products such as salt pork or andouille.

References

Cajun cuisine
Cooking techniques
Culinary terminology
Wild game dishes

Smothering (food)


The term Large Scale structure of the Universe refers to the patterns of galaxies and matter on scales much larger than individual galaxies and groupings of galaxies. These correlated structures can be seen up to billion of light years in length and are created and shaped by gravity. On large scales, the Universe displays coherent structure with galaxies residing in groups and clusters on scale(s)of ~1-3 megaparsecs(Mpc) which lie at the intersections of long filament of galaxies that are usually >10 Mpc in length. Vast regions of relatively empty space, known as voids, contain very few galaxies and span in the volume in between these structures.

It's amplified to enormous proportion by gravitational forces, producing ever-growing concentrations of dark matter in which ordinary gases cool, condense and fragment to create galaxies.

The Large Scale Structure incorporates the notion of all the content in the universe which includes Galaxies —most of them bound in Galaxy clusters and Superclusters,Dark matter and Dark energy. While precise figures are impossible to acquire, it is currently thought that Dark Energy makes up 68% of the universe, Dark Matter follows with 27%, Radiation (Neutrinos and Photons) consisting of 0.1-0.2% meanwhile matter (anything made up of Atoms) consists of 4.9%. Other revised studies suggest that Dark Energy makes up 70% of the universe, Dark Matter following suit with 25%, Free Hydrogen and Helium make up ~4%,Neutrinos constituting 0.3% and other chemical elements constituting 0.003%.

The composition and contents of the universe have changed over time,have influenced the Cosmos' evolution and will decide the Ultimate fate of the universe. After the Big Bang and for the next 3 billion years, the universe was Radiation dominated as can be evidenced from the Cosmic Microwave Background(CMB).For the next 3—7.7 billion years, the universe was matter dominated and its expansion started to progressively slow down, however, since then, the universe became dominated by a poorly understood form on vacuum energy known as Dark Energy. — a form of energy that has since then accelerated the universe's expansion.

Dark energy
Main article: Dark energyThe term dark energy can be used to refer to a subset of all causes of the observed accelerating expansion of the universe. In 1998, two Cosmology research teams, the High-Z Supernova Search Team and the Supernova Cosmology Project set out to measure the universe's rate of expansion which, according to Cosmological methods of the time, should have being slowing down as the immense gravitational pull generated by the Cosmic Web should have dominated over the expansion rate drawing the observable universe's contents back into a singularity as the Big Crunch predicted. Instead, via the measurement of very distant supernovae, Cosmologists deduced that the universe was expanding, and that the expansion rate was indeed uncontrollably accelerating, seemingly caused by an unknown spacetime phenomena now given the term dark energy. Dark Energy's nature is still unknown, even less well understood unlike the hypothetical dark matter. It is probably in the form of an exotic type of vacuum energy exerting negative pressure on the universe.

Its density is also extremely low,~6×10-¹⁰ J/m³ or ~7×10-30 g/cm³. Much less than the density of normal matter or dark matter. However, it is dominant because

(1.) It doesn't dilute away unlike normal and dark matter are projected too — It is constant (in terms of Density)

(2.) Its values add up over large cosmic scales and dominates over gravitational energy at such scales.

Due to this inherit dominance, it is Dark Energy's behavior which will dictate the universe's far future.

Dark matter
For the full article,see Dark matterDark matter is the term given to an apparent hypothetical invisible mass that is currently thought to consist of 85% of the universe's mass. It is thought that every galaxy has dark matter worth the galaxy's mass many times over, primarily situated at the outer edges of galaxies. It is currently agreed that dark matter must be some kind of hypothetical particle unknown to the Standard Model.

Background to the discovery of dark matter
Dark Matter's existence was first postulated by Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky who hypothesized it's existence based on observations of the Coma Cluster. Applying the virial theorem, Zwicky noticed that there was an apparent contradiction based on the speed of the galaxies which indirectly led him to obtain evidence of dark matter which he called dunkle materie (literally dark matter). Zwicky estimated its mass based on the motions of galaxies near its edge and compared that to an estimate based on its brightness and number of galaxies. He estimated the cluster had about 400 times more mass than was visually observable. The gravitational effect of the visible galaxies was far too small for such fast orbits, thus there must have been mass hidden from view. Based on these conclusions, Zwicky inferred that some unseen matter provided the mass and associated gravitational attraction to hold the cluster together. Zwicky's estimates were off by more than an order of magnitude, mainly due to an obsolete value of the Hubble constant, the same calculation today shows a smaller fraction, using greater values for luminous mass. Nonetheless, Zwicky did correctly conclude from his calculation that the bulk of the matter in the Coma cluster was dark matter. Generally though, it is agreed by physicists that dark matter will not play any significant role in regards to the  Far Future of the universe

'Normal' Matter & Radiation

Baryonic Matter

A baryon is a particle consisting of three quarks/antiquarks (In other words, a hadron). Therefore, baryonic matter can in very rather simple terms be referred to as anything consisting of particles consisting of three standard model based particles. By extension, this includes atoms,groups of atoms(molecules) and the various large scale structures they form such as humans,the Earth, stars etc. Baryonic matter in much simpler commutative terms is what can interact electromagnetically, gravitationally and via the weak force and the strong nuclear force.

On the largest scales, normal matter contributes to the Cosmic Web. A spread collection of all the universe's contents in in its sheer volume into a series of protruding structures synonymous to webs. With the path constituent of galaxy filaments made up of Galactic walls which are then made up of superclusters,galaxy clusters, individual galaxy groups and on to individual collections of galaxies.

Radiation
For the full article, see Radiation

Radiation can best and most accurately be termed as the movement of particles or energy through space. There's many forms of radiation from gravitational waves (sometimes simply termed as gravitational radiation) to electromagnetic radiation (light, also electromagnetic waves.)

However, due to such a broad definition, the universe is full of radiation everywhere, from the billions of neutrinos passing through our bodies and Earth to the light that is being received by your eyes.

Related pages

 Inflation (cosmology)

 Dark matter

 Dark energy

 Cosmological principle

References

Universe
Cosmology

Large-scale structure of the Universe


Thomas Mitchell Herr (born April 4, 1956) is an American former professional baseball second baseman, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals, Minnesota Twins, Philadelphia Phillies, San Francisco Giants, and New York Mets, from  to . Although he never won a Gold Glove Award, Herr retired with the highest all-time career fielding percentage for National League second basemen (.989), a figure that was matched and surpassed a few years later when Hall of Famer Ryne Sandberg retired.

Playing career

Herr started his minor league career with the Johnson City Cardinals in 1975. Two years later, he led the league with 156 hits, 80 runs, 50 stolen bases, and 515 at-bats while playing for St. Petersburg. Herr played in the 1982, 1985, and 1987 World Series – all with the Cardinals, finishing fifth in the MVP voting and making his only appearance in the All-Star Game in 1985. During the 1985 season, he set career highs in nearly every statistical category, including 110 RBIs which came along with only 8 home runs. A rare feat in the modern era of baseball, Herr remains the last NL player to drive in 100 or more runs in a season while hitting fewer than 10 home runs. Paul Molitor is the most recent AL and MLB player to drive in 100 or more runs in a season while hitting fewer than 10 home runs (9 home runs, 113 RBI in 1996). Early in the 1988 season he was traded to the Twins for Tom Brunansky.

In a 13-season career, he batted .271 with 28 home runs and 574 RBIs in 1,514 games. He had 1,450 career hits in 5,349 at bats. An excellent second baseman, Herr recorded a career .989 fielding percentage. He is perhaps best remembered for hitting a walk-off grand slam in extra innings against the New York Mets on April 18, 1987. After Herr hit the grand slam many fans at Busch Stadium threw their stadium give-away seat cushions onto the field in celebration. The grand slam is also well known for Jack Buck's memorable call on KMOX radio.

Management career
Herr was hired in November 2004 as the first manager of his hometown Lancaster Barnstormers, a team in the independent Atlantic League of Professional Baseball, and led the team to the 2006 Atlantic League championship. His success in Lancaster piqued the interest of the Washington Nationals, resulting in a managerial position with the Single-A Hagerstown Suns for the 2007 season. The Suns finished last in the Southern Atlantic League in 2007 with a 55–81 record. Following the 2007 season, Herr left the Nationals organization after his request to manage their Double-A affiliate, the Harrisburg Senators, was refused. After leaving the Nationals, he sought employment with other major league organizations, including the St. Louis Cardinals, without success. Herr then sought to return to the Barnstormers as their manager for the 2008 season, but lost out to Von Hayes. In December 2008, the Barnstormers announced that Hayes has hired Herr to be his bench coach in 2009.

Family
Tom Herr's oldest son, Aaron, was drafted by the Atlanta Braves in the first round during the 2001 season. He played the 2005 season with the Springfield Cardinals, the Double-A affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals. Aaron was later traded to the Cincinnati Reds in 2006, and allocated to their former class AA team, the Chattanooga Lookouts. In mid-2006, he was promoted to the class AAA Louisville Bats, where he played his best season. Aaron had a short stint with the class AAA Buffalo Bisons, but a severe groin injury caused him to be reassigned to the Bats for 2008. On March 5, 2009, Aaron joined Tom with the Lancaster Barnstormers for 2009.

Jordan Herr, also one of Tom's sons, played for the Lancaster Barnstormers for the 2008 season. At the conclusion of the season, the Chicago White Sox signed him to their Rookie-level affiliate, the Great Falls Voyagers.

See also
 List of St. Louis Cardinals team records
 List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders

References

External links

Tom Herr at Baseball Almanac
Tom Herr at Baseball Gauge
Tom Herr at Ultimate Mets Database

1956 births
Living people
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Lancaster, Pennsylvania
St. Louis Cardinals players
Minnesota Twins players
Philadelphia Phillies players
New York Mets players
San Francisco Giants players
Major League Baseball second basemen
National League All-Stars
Minor league baseball managers
Johnson City Cardinals players
St. Petersburg Cardinals players
Arkansas Travelers players
Springfield Redbirds players

Tom Herr


Mường Khương is a rural district of Lào Cai province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. Mường is as variation of  Mueang. As of 2003, the district had a population of 48,242. The district covers an area of 552 km². The district capital lies at Mường Khương.

Administrative divisions
Mường Khương, Lào Ca, Cao Sơn, Bản Lầu, Nậm Chảy, Tung Chung Phố, Tả Gia Khâu, Pha Long, Dìn Chin, Tả Ngải Chồ, Thanh Bình, Bản Sen, Lùng Khấu Nhin, La Pan Tẩn, Nấm Lư, Tả Thàng and Lùng Vai.

Mường is a variation of  Mueang.

References

Districts of Lào Cai province
Lào Cai province

Mường Khương district


René Antonio Fortunato (born February 1, 1958) is a Dominican  film director, screenwriter, and producer. Fortunato is best known for his historical documentaries on Dominican government and politics. He began his career as a producer in 1985, with the production of In the Footsteps of Palau (Tras las huellas de Palau). Later in 1988, he gained national and international acclaim with the success of his third documentary April, the Trench of Honor (Abril: La Trinchera del Honor). Fortunato was awarded the Pitirre Prize for Best Caribbean Documentary in the 1990 San Juan Film Festival.

Early life
René Fortunato was born in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. He studied Social Communication at the University of Santo Domingo from 1982 until 1985. Simultaneously, he worked for several Santo Domingo television firms and stations in different aspects of television and film production. From 1978 to 1987, he published numerous articles about film and television in Dominican newspapers and cultural supplements.

Career
Fortunato's first film In the Footsteps of Palau, was a 20-minute short that told the history of the first Dominican filmmaker Francisco Palau. Palau was active in the 1920s and was a seminal figure of Dominican filmography. His second film Frank Almánzar: Images of an artist, was debuted in 1987 and was about the Dominican visionary Bauhaus-trained engraver, illustrator and cultural animator Frank Almánzar. Then in 1988, he achieved national and international fame due to the success of his full-length documentary April, the Trench of Honor. The documentary won Best Documentary of the Caribbean region, in the II International San Juan Film Festival. The documentary is an account of the political situation in the Dominican Republic from the death of dictator Rafael Trujillo in 1961, to the election of Joaquín Balaguer in 1966. Particular focus goes into the 1965 civil war and the subsequent U.S. military invasion. After the success of his documentary, Fortunato went on to make documentaries about Trujillo, Balaguer, and Juan Bosch, which bridge Dominican history and politics from the 1940s to the 1990s.

Filmography
1985: Tras las huellas de Palau (In the Footsteps of Palau)
1987: Frank Almanzar: Imágenes de un artista (Frank Almánzar: Images of an artist)
1988: Abril: La Trinchera del Honor (April: The Trench of Honor)
1991: Trujillo: El Poder del Jefe I (Trujillo: The Power of the Chief I)
1994: Trujillo: El Poder del Jefe II (Trujillo: The Power of the Chief II)
1996: Trujillo: El Poder del Jefe III (Trujillo: The Power of the Chief III)
1998: Balaguer: La Herencia del Tirano (Balaguer: The Inheritance of Tyranny)
2003: Balaguer: La Violencia del Poder (Balaguer: The Violence of Power)
2009: Juan Bosch: Presidente en la Frontera Imperial (Juan Bosch: President at the Imperial Border)

See also
List of Dominican Republic films

References

1958 births
Living people
Dominican Republic film directors
Dominican Republic film producers
Dominican Republic screenwriters
Dominican Republic male writers
Male screenwriters
People from Santo Domingo

René Fortunato


Nora Kathleen "Kay" Miller (21 April 1909 – 16 April 1963), later known as Kathleen McFarlane, was a New Zealand swimmer.

Miller was born in 1909 in Dunedin. She was the daughter of Donald Miller and his wife, Annie Maria (née Lefevre). She was the youngest of six daughters, and her father died when she was less than one year old. Miller went to primary schools in Palmerston, in the Wellington suburb of Kaikorai, and High Street School in Dunedin. From 1924, she attended Otago Girls' High School for two years.

Miller competed in two events at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. She was 19 at the time of the Olympics and her mother, Annie Miller, travelled with the New Zealand Olympic team as a chaperone. Miller entered both the 100 metre freestyle and the 400 metre freestyle, where she qualified for the semi-finals in both events, but failed to reach the final in either. She retired from competitive swimming after the Amsterdam Olympics and coached instead. She became a representative hockey player; first for Otago and then for Wellington. She worked at Chilton House School in Lower Hutt as sports and physical culture mistress.

On 25 May 1940, she married Kenneth Albert "Ken" McFarlane at Wanganui's St Paul's Presbyterian Church. She was afterwards known as Kathleen McFarlane or Kay McFarlane, and the McFarlanes lived in Wanganui. She died in Wanganui on 16 April 1963; the McFarlanes did not have any children.

References

External links

1909 births
1963 deaths
New Zealand female swimmers
Olympic swimmers for New Zealand
Swimmers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Swimmers from Dunedin
People educated at Otago Girls' High School
Sportspeople from Whanganui
People educated at High Street School, Dunedin

Kathleen Miller (swimmer)


Spider-UK of the Captain Britain Corps, or simply Spider-UK, is the name of several British alternate-reality superheroes appearing in American comic books published in Marvel Comics.

The first Spider-UK, Billy Braddock, a Spider-Man endling of the Captain Britain Corps from Earth-833, is introduced in the Spider-Verse event, becoming the leader of the Web Warriors before dying during Spider-Geddon. The second Spider-UK, Zarina Zahari, a Spider-Woman W.H.O. agent from Earth-834, recruited by Madame Web in the lead-up to the End of the Spider-Verse event, in which Billy also returns.

An original incarnation of Spider-UK named Malala Windsor appears in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, voiced by Sofia Barclay.

Publication history
The Billy Braddock version of Spider-UK first appeared in Edge of Spider-Verse #2, as  one of the lead characters in the "Spider-Verse" storyline and was created by Jason Latour and Robbi Rodriguez.

The Zarina Zahari version of Spider-UK first appeared in Edge of Spider-Verse Vol. 2 #1 and was created by Ramzee and Zoe Thorogood.

Fictional character biography

Billy Braddock
Originating from Earth-833,  is one of the newest recruits of the Captain Britain Corps who operates as Spider-UK. Scanning other universes during the "Spider-Verse" storyline, he has seen the deaths of alternate versions of Spider-Man by the Inheritors. Inheritor Jennix detects Billy watching them and immediately cuts the scanner feed. As Saturnyne and Lady Roma discuss their concerns about the Incursions that are destroying many dimensions, Spider-UK tries to explain about the killings of the Spiders across the multiverse. He gets rebuffed by Saturnyne, but a sympathetic Roma gives him a talisman that allows him to travel through the web of life in order to save the remaining Spiders.

Spider-UK was first seen having arrived in Earth-65 where he sees Spider-Woman as a possible recruit for the army of Spider-Men. Spider-UK later accompanies Spider-Woman, Spider-Girl, Spider-Man 2099, Spider-Girl of Earth-982, and Spider-Ham into meeting with Spider-Man and Silk. Spider-UK explains they are the Spiders of other dimensions and that all the strands of the Great Web are converging on Earth-616 Peter. Spider-UK tells him Morlun's elder brother Daemos is coming to Earth-616 and all of them head into a portal to another dimension. When on Earth-13, Spider-Man is told by Spider-UK and Earth-13's Spider-Man who never lost the Enigma Force that there is a war coming and that Spider-Man is the greatest Spider-Man of all. It is explained by Spider-UK and Spider-Man of Earth-13 that Spider-Man is the only Spider-Man that faced an Inheritor and won. Spider-UK gets a reading on the second team and Old Man Spider-Man of Earth-4 says they need to act quickly to recruit them.

When Morlun and his father Solus attack Earth-13, Spider-UK calls Spider-Man and tells him the Safe Zone is lost. Kwaku Anansi of Earth-7082 is a spider totem that is recruited by Spider-UK. Before he can join, Anansi needs to trick a demi-god Mister Mighty after stealing his sheep, then escape from Shungo the Storm God. On Earth-TRN521, Spider-UK recruits the Mexican Spider-Man named Arácnido. On Earth-3123, Karn is stopped from feeding on Spider-Ma'am by Spider-Girl, Spider-UK, Spider-Punk, Spider-Man of India, and Spider-Woman of Earth-807128.

Spider-UK became a sole survivor from Earth-833 after his home reality was destroyed during the Time Runs Out storyline and chose to remain in the reality of the defeated Inheritors along with Anya Corazon.

During the second volume of Spider-Verse set during the Secret Wars event, Spider-UK and Anya Corazon found themselves in the Battleworld domain of Arachnia with no memories of how they got there. They eventually teamed up with Spider-Woman of Earth-65, Spider-Ham, Spider-Man Noir, and Spider-Man of India with neither of them remembering their previous encounter during the original Spider-Verse. After Gwen Stacy meets with the other spider-based heroes after her visit to Oscorp, they are interrupted by the arrival of the Sinister Six (consisting of Doctor Octopus, Electro, Kraven the Hunter, Sandman, Scorpion, and Vulture). The Sinister Six defeat the Spider-Men and bring them to Mayor Norman Osborn who states he wants to help them. This causes Spider-UK and the other Spider-Men to linger around Oscorp for a while. Spider-UK and the other Spider-Men join Spider-Woman of Earth-65 and Arachnia's Spider-Man into defeating Norman Osborn and the Sinister Six.

Following the conclusion of Secret Wars the team of six Spiders will rename itself and feature in a new ongoing series called Web Warriors, a name that was coined by Peter Parker from the Ultimate Spider-Man TV series during the original Spider-Verse.

During the "Spider-Geddon" storyline, Spider-UK has been keeping surveillance on Earth-3145 with the help of Spider-Girl, Spider-Punk, Spider-Man India, and Master Weaver. They find that the Inheritors have become malnourished since they were last seen. While Loomworld was being dismantled, Spider-UK talks to Master Weaver on how the other spider-based heroes have a world to go to while he lost his world during the Incursions as they both consider each other greatest friends. The two of them get alerted to an Inheritor Cloning Engine on Earth-616. The two of them figure out what is happening. On Earth-3145, Jennix has put the Spider-Bot heads to good use by harvesting their transmitters. As they are unable to send a kill signal to the Inheritor Cloning Engine, Spider-UK advises Master Weaver to call the Web Warriors. As Master Weaver states that nobody can fight the Inheritors and win, Spider-UK states that they'll die trying to keep another world from being destroyed. Spider-UK is among the Web Warriors that arrive on Earth-616 and take Miles to confront Superior Octopus. When Morlun emerges from the cloning machine, Spider-UK and Superior Octopus fight Morlun until Verna emerges and snaps Spider-UK's neck to keep Morlun from being harmed.

After the alternate Spider-Men defeat the Inheritors again, Billy's body is laid to rest on Earth-803, the home of Lady Spider.

During the "End of the Spider-Verse" storyline, a resurrected Billy is recruited by Madame Web to warn other Spider-People about Shathra's takeover of the Spider-Verse. While warning three other Spider-People, Billy is stung by one of Shathra's wasps and overtaken by the wasp goddess, before being knocked into another reality by Zarina Zahari, the second Spider-UK.

Zarina Zahari
In a lead-up to the End of the Spider-Verse storyline, Zarina Zahari is a young girl and gamer living in Earth-834's London who gained spider-like abilities and joined the organization W.H.O. (short for Weird Happenings Organization) as this reality's Spider-UK. After besting a wyvern, she was approached by Madame Web to help fight a Multiversal threat that is going to target the spider-powered characters.

Powers and abilities
The Billy Braddock version of Spider-UK has powers similar to Spider-Man which include sticking and climbing on walls, a sixth sense to danger–which he struggles with–and being able to lift approximately 10 tons. He also has his own web-shooters. Spider-UK also makes use of an inter-dimensional device that enables him to travel to different dimensions.

The Zarina Zahari version of Spider-UK can generate bio-electricity where she wears special earrings to keep her bio-electrical abilities in line.

In other media

Film
An original incarnation of Spider-UK named Malala Windsor appears in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, voiced by Sofia Barclay. Described as a composite of Malala Yousafzai and the House of Windsor, she is a member of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Society from Earth-835.

Video games
 The Billy Braddock incarnation of Spider-UK appears as a playable character in Spider-Man Unlimited.
 The Billy Braddock incarnation of Spider-UK appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2.
 The Billy Braddock incarnation of Spider-UK's suit appears as an alternate suit for the titular character of Marvel's Spider-Man.

References

External links
 Spider-UK at Marvel Wiki

Alternative versions of Spider-Man
British superheroes
Fictional characters from parallel universes
Fictional characters with precognition
Marvel Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
Marvel Comics characters with accelerated healing
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics mutates
Marvel Comics superheroes
United Kingdom-themed superheroes
Vigilante characters in comics
Marvel Comics characters with spider powers

Spider-UK


William Henry Murphy III (born August 2, 1973) is an American gospel recording artist and pastor. He started his music career in 2005, with the release of All Day on Epic Records. This album was listed on the Billboard Gospel Albums chart. His second album, The Sound, was released in 2007 on Central South, and was listed on the Top Gospel Albums chart as well. He self-released We Are One in 2011. This album was listed on the Top Gospel Albums chart, along with the Heatseekers Albums chart. His fourth album, God Chaser, was released in 2013 on Verity. The album reached the Gospel Albums chart, as well as the Billboard 200. Murphy is pastor of the dReam Center Church of Atlanta, which he founded.

Early life
Murphy was born in Detroit, Michigan on August 2, 1973. His father and grandfather are pastors/bishops. He moved to Atlanta, Georgia in 2001, with his wife Danielle and two children, to serve as the worship minister at New Birth. He later founded The dReam Center Church of Atlanta in 2006, where Tasha Cobbs was on pastoral staff. His wife, Danielle, is also a pastor at the church. William is the Bishop of Worship in the FGBCF International ministry (Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship) under cofounder Bishop Paul S. Morton.

Music career
Murphy's music career began with the release of All Day on August 16, 2005, on Epic Records. This peaked at No. 22 on the Billboard Top Gospel Albums chart.

His second album, The Sound, was released by Central South Records on May 1, 2007, peaking at No. 23 on the same chart.

His third album, We Are One, was self-released on July 26, 2011, and it peaked at No. 16. It also placed on the Heatseekers Albums at No. 28.

His fourth album, God Chaser, was released on February 5, 2013, by Verity Records. It reached No. 90 on the Billboard 200, and placed at No. 3 on the Gospel Albums chart.

Andy Kellman, writing for AllMusic, said that some of the tracks on this album are "potent numbers", while Cross Rhythms rated the album a seven out of ten.

God Chaser was nominated for Grammy Award for Best Gospel Album at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards.

Discography

References

External links
 Official website
 The Preaching App biography

1973 births
Living people
African-American songwriters
African-American Christians
Musicians from Atlanta
Musicians from Detroit
Songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)
Songwriters from Michigan
Epic Records artists
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people

William Murphy (musician)


In the Mass Rapid Transit system in Singapore, security issues related to crime and terrorism were not high on the agenda of the system's planners since its inception, but since the occurrence of several high-profile terrorism incidents elsewhere, CCTVs have been upgraded and installed across all stations, and security officers patrol inside the trains and within train stations 24/7.

Enforcement

In the wake of heightened security concerns as a result of the September 11, 2001 attacks, and also particularly the 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks in which the commuter rail system was targeted, the Singapore government initiated several measures aimed at securing the rail system from a similar attack. In the months immediately after the Madrid attacks, the two rail operators, SMRT Corporation and SBS Transit, started employing private unarmed guards who patrol the station platforms, and are empowered to check the belongings of commuters. The security firms are G4S Security (for SMRT) and Premier Security (for SBS Transit), but after the security breach at Bishan Depot on August 2011, the security firm; G4S Security revoked contract and moved to Certis CISCO.

In reaction to a second major terrorist attack on a public transport system in the 7 July 2005 London bombings, the police deployed armed Police Tactical Unit officers to patrol within stations the day after the bombings occurred, while pre-existing security measures were placed on higher alert.

On 14 April 2005, the Singapore Police Force made a public announcement on its plans to step-up rail security by establishing a new specialised then known as the Police MRT Unit. These armed officers began visible patrols on the MRT and LRT systems on 15 August 2005, conducting random patrols in pairs in and around rail stations and within trains. Dressed in tactical uniforms similar to members from the Police Tactical Unit, they are however differentiated by blue-coloured berets, and are armed with less firepower with each officer carrying a Taurus Model 85 revolver and T-baton similar to officers from Neighbourhood Police Centres. These officers are trained and authorised to utilise their firearms based on the officers' discretion, including "shoot to kill" if deemed necessary; which was evolved into the independent unit known as the Public Transport Security Command on August 2009. Alcohol is based on an issue, thereby roadblocks were set up to prevent intoxication on the Mass Rapid Transit since January 2009.

On 5 November 2018, the Land Transport Authority announced a 6-month trial of enhanced security screening that would take place at selected stations. The trial began shortly after on 12 November, with up to six stations randomly selected to conduct the checks for a period of time. The stations are – Ang Mo Kio and Bedok (November 2018), Promenade (December 2018), Chinatown (February 2019), Tampines and Clementi (March 2019). Checks are done one person at a time to reduce delays, and the data obtained from the trial would be used to improve the screening process.

Announcements & notices

 Recorded audio announcements such as the above played in stations & trains respectively, notices on plasma display screens on station platforms and in train carriages, as well as posters and notices in stations remind commuters to report instances of unattended packages and other suspicious activities to the authorities.

Exercise Northstar V
On 8 January 2006, a major civil exercise, codenamed Exercise Northstar V and simulating bombing and chemical attacks at Dhoby Ghaut, Toa Payoh, Raffles Place and Marina Bay MRT stations was conducted. Thirteen affected stations were closed during the three-hour duration of the exercise, affecting about 3,400 commuters.

Exercise Station Guard

Since 2018, the Land Transport Authority launched Exercise Station Guard, an emergency preparedness ground deployment exercise intended to test the adequacy of existing security measures and maintain vigilance for quicker and effective responses. The first test was held at Newton MRT station, followed by Holland Village MRT station.

Notes

Counterterrorism in Singapore
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

Security on the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)


The Via Postumia was an ancient military Roman road of northern Italy constructed in 148 BC by the consul Spurius Postumius Albinus Magnus.

It ran from the coast at Genoa through the mountains to Dertona, Placentia (the termination of the Via Aemilia) and Cremona, just east of the point where it crossed the Po River. The Via Postumia and the via Aemilia were the most important axes of traffic in Cisalpine Gaul.

From Cremona the road ran eastward to Bedriacum, the current town of Calvatone, where it forked, one branch running to the right to Mantua, the other to the left to Verona, crossing the Adige river on the Ponte Pietra, the only bridge on the Adige river at that time, and then traversing the Venetian plain, crossing the Piave River at Maserada sul Piave until finally reaching Aquileia, an important military frontier town founded by Rome in 181 BC. The Roman conquest of Liguria depended upon this road, and several of the more important towns owed their origin largely to it. Cremona was its central point, the distance being reckoned from it both eastwards and westwards.

Via Julia Augusta is the name given to the Roman road by Augustus Caesar's efforts starting in 13 BC to merge the Via Aemilia Scauri with the Via Postumia, running from Placentia (modern Piacenza) to a triumphal arch in La Turbie, France.  It is later extended to Arelates (modern Arles) joining the Via Domitia, through Dertona (Tortona), Vada Sabatia (Vado Ligure), Albingaunum (Albenga) and Album Intimilium (Ventimiglia).

The ancient Arco dei Gavi still marks the Via Postumia's branch leading to Verona.

Crossing northern Italy from Genoa to Aquileia, it was used as a pilgrim route to the Holy Land. Traveling westward, pilgrims could link up with the Camino de Santiago.

References

Postumia
140s BC establishments
2nd-century BC establishments in Italy

Via Postumia


Cyprian (, , , ) (c. 1336 – 16 September 1406) was a prelate of Bulgarian origin, who served as the Metropolitan of Kiev, Rus' and Lithuania (2 December 1375–12 February 1376) and the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus' (12 February 1376–16 September 1406) in the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. During both periods, he was opposed by rival hierarchs and by the Grand Prince of Moscow. He was known as a bright opinion writer, editor, translator, and book copyist. He is commemorated by the Russian Orthodox Church on May 27 and September 16 (by the Old style).

Early life
Cyprian was a clergyman of Bulgarian origin. He is supposed to have been born in aristocratic family of Tsamblak from the capital Tarnovo. After his upbringing, education, and worldview, he was a hesychast. As a young man Cyprian studied at Kilifarevo, just south of Tarnovo, where he possible accepted his monastic vows and where a disciple of Gregory of Sinai named Theodosius of Tarnovo, who had founded a Hesychast monastery. In Kilifarevo monastery Cyprian met with future Bulgarian patriarch (between 1375 and 1393) Euthymius, who also was studying hesychasm and was later regarded as one of the most important figures of medieval Bulgaria. In 1363 along with Euthymius, Theodosius, and two of Theodosius's followers, Cyprian arrived in Constantinople where he was introduced to Patriarch Callistus I and for a few months studied at the Monastery of Stoudios. Following the death of Theodosius (27 November 1363), Cyprian continued his studies at Mount Athos, becoming a Hesychast. On the other hand, according to Dimitri Obolensky, Cyprian only became a monk in the early 1370s in Constantinople. At Mount Athos Cyprian befriended Philotheus Kokkinos. In the beginning of the 1370s, after the return of Philotheus to the patriarchal throne, Cyprian became "his closest monk".

Background
In 1356, after diplomatic struggles, Patriarch Callistus I of Constantinople united the Metropolis of Halych with the Metropolis of Lithuania under the leadership of Metropolitan Roman. Callistus also confirmed that Alexius remained in possession of the "Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'". All eparchies of the Halych metropolis were transferred to the jurisdiction of a united "Metropolis of Lithuania-Volhynia" (also known as "Lithuania–Halych"). The rivalry between Roman and Alexius continued until Roman's death in 1362, when Lithuania–Halych was placed under the control of Alexius. In 1371, the united metropolis was officially lowered to the rank of a bishopric and placed under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus'. However, it did not end the political rivalry for religious influence in Rus'.

Career

Hostilities between Lithuania and Muscovy
The Grand Duke of Lithuania — Algirdas — attacked Muscovy on three occasions between 1368 and 1372 as part of the Lithuanian–Muscovite War. This was in support of his ally, Mikhail II, Prince of Tver. It may also have been motivated by a desire to advance his calls for a separate metropolis for the Grand Duchy that was independent of Moscow. Cyprian was sent by the Patriarch as a trustee (envoy) to the Rus' princes in the Lithuanian and Muscovite lands with the goal to reconcile the Lithuanian and Tverite princes with Metropolitan Alexius and to prevent the total division of the Church between Wilno and Moscow. In winter of the same year, it is possible that Cyprian visited Kyiv for the first time along with other cities of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. On 9 March 1374 he visited Tver on the consecration of the Bishop of Tver, Euthymius. Later, with Metropolitan Alexius, he left for Pereslavl-Zalessky. Cyprian returned to Constantinople from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania carrying a letter from Orthodox Christian Lithuanian-Ruthenian with a request to the patriarch to consecrate him as the Metropolitan of Lithuania.

Hostilities between Moscow and Lithuania resumed; in August 1375 Muscovite troops captured Tver. Patriarch Philotheus I was aware of the threat of Catholization of the population of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.  He therefore agreed to satisfy the petitions of the previous Grand Duke of Lithuania —Algirdas — to create a separate metropolis in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Philotheus also listened to the petitions of the Eastern Orthodox princes to have Cyprian as their metropolitan. On 2 December 1375 at the Council of Constantinople, Philotheus consecrated Cyprian as "Metropolitan of Kiev, Rus' and Lithuania", under a condition that "upon the death of Alexius, Cyprian should become the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus".

Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus'
On 6 June 1376, Cyprian arrived at his residence in Kiev. He attempted, but failed, to get recognition of his rights in the metropolitan diocese from the Grand Duke of Moscow — Dmitri Donskoi. In fear of his life both from the Grand Duke as well as the approaching armies of Tokhtamysh, Cyprian chose to live either in Lithuania or at Constantinople. On 12 February 1378, Alexius died; by the terms of the agreement with the patriarch, Cyprian was entitled to rule the religious affairs of all Rus'. Instead, the Grand Prince deposed him without seeking the permission of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. In his place, the Grand Prince appointed Pimen (1380–1384). Later, the Grand Price also deposed Pimen. He next appointed Dionysius (1384–1385), again without the permission of Constantinople. In February 1389, Patriarch Antony IV of Constantinople convened a council that restored the unity of the metropolis by finally recognizing Cyprian as "the true bishop of all Rus'". In 1390, Cyprian returned to Moscow and was recognised as the legitimate Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' by the new Grand Prince — Vasili II. Cyprian held this title until his death in 1406. During his term, his main objectives were to preserve a unified metropolis in Rus' and to secure peace with Lithuania.

Achievements

Cyprian is remembered as a wise and experienced church administrator who fought for the unity of the Eastern Orthodox church in the former Rus'. He is mainly responsible for uniting the Church in the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He faced serious opposition during his metropolitanate; Dmitry Donskoy and his advisors were excommunicated for opposing Cyprian's efforts to take up his place in Moscow, and Novgorod the Great – especially Archbishops Aleksei and Ioann II – also opposed his efforts to adjudicate ecclesiastical cases there, which would have allowed him to gain the court fees from Novgorod during the time he sat in judgement there.

Cyprian was an erudite person and alumnus of Tarnovo Literary School. He oversaw the copying and creation of  a number of important works, including the Troitskaia Chronicle (or Troitskaya letopis''') and, probably, the Metropolitan Justice (also known as the Pravosudiye metropolich'ye or Правосудие митрополичье). He also rewrote the Life of Metropolitan Peter, originally written around 1327. He also corrected biblical books and translated a number of ecclesiastic works from Greek into Old Church Slavic.

The Book of Degrees (Stepénnaya kniga), which grouped Grand Duchy of Moscow rulers in the order of their generations, was started by Cyprian in 1390 (but completed only in 1563).

Death
He died on 16 September 1406. Cyprian is buried in the Assumption Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin.  He was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church in the 15th century. St. Kiprian Peak on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named for Cyprian.

 References

Sources
 Cyprian, Metropolitan of Moscow, Orthodox Church in America: http://oca.org/saints/lives/2016/09/16/102627-repose-of-st-cyprian-the-metropolitan-of-moscow-and-all-russia
 N. F. Droblenkova and G. M. Prokhorov, "Kiprian (ok. 1330-16.IX.1406) Mitropolit Kievskii i vseia Rusi," in D. S. Likhachev, Slovar knizhnikov i knizhnosti drevnei Rusi, vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 464-465.

 Cyprian, Metropolitan at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine''
Андреев В.Ф. Из истории Русской Церкви XIV-XV веков. Митрополит св. Киприан. Великий Новгород, 2008.

Russian saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
Metropolitans of Kiev and all Rus' (988–1441)
1330s births
1406 deaths
People from Veliko Tarnovo
14th-century Bulgarian writers
15th-century Bulgarian writers
Bulgarian emigrants to Russia
Bulgarian male writers
15th-century Christian saints
Bulgarian Orthodox bishops
Tarnovo Literary School
Hesychasts

Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev