Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) that bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.

Recombinant DNA is the general name for a piece of DNA that has been created by combining two or more fragments from different sources. Recombinant DNA is possible because DNA molecules from all organisms share the same chemical structure, differing only in the nucleotide sequence. Recombinant DNA molecules are sometimes called chimeric DNA because they can be made of material from two different species like the mythical chimera. rDNA technology uses palindromic sequences and leads to the production of sticky and blunt ends.

The DNA sequences used in the construction of recombinant DNA molecules can originate from any species. For example, plant DNA can be joined to bacterial DNA, or human DNA can be joined with fungal DNA. In addition, DNA sequences that do not occur anywhere in nature can be created by the chemical synthesis of DNA and incorporated into recombinant DNA molecules. Using recombinant DNA technology and synthetic DNA, any DNA sequence can be created and introduced into living organisms.

Proteins that can result from the expression of recombinant DNA within living cells are termed recombinant proteins. When recombinant DNA encoding a protein is introduced into a host organism, the recombinant protein is not necessarily produced. Expression of foreign proteins requires the use of specialized expression vectors and often necessitates significant restructuring by
foreign coding sequences.

Recombinant DNA differs from genetic recombination in that the former results from artificial methods while the latter is a normal biological process that results in the remixing of existing DNA sequences in essentially all organisms.

DNA creation

Molecular cloning is the laboratory process used to create recombinant DNA. It is one of two most widely used methods, along with polymerase chain reaction (PCR), used to direct the replication of any specific DNA sequence chosen by the experimentalist. There are two fundamental differences between the methods. One is that molecular cloning involves replication of the DNA within a living cell, while PCR replicates DNA in the test tube, free of living cells. The other difference is that cloning involves cutting and pasting DNA sequences, while PCR amplifies by copying an existing sequence.

Formation of recombinant DNA requires a cloning vector, a DNA molecule that replicates within a living cell. Vectors are generally derived from plasmids or viruses, and represent relatively small segments of DNA that contain necessary genetic signals for replication, as well as additional elements for convenience in inserting foreign DNA, identifying cells that contain recombinant DNA, and, where appropriate, expressing the foreign DNA. The choice of vector for molecular cloning depends on the choice of host organism, the size of the DNA to be cloned, and whether and how the foreign DNA is to be expressed. The DNA segments can be combined by using a variety of methods, such as restriction enzyme/ligase cloning or Gibson assembly.

In standard cloning protocols, the cloning of any DNA fragment essentially involves seven steps: (1) Choice of host organism and cloning vector, (2) Preparation of vector DNA, (3) Preparation of DNA to be cloned, (4) Creation of recombinant DNA, (5) Introduction of recombinant DNA into the host organism, (6) Selection of organisms containing recombinant DNA, and (7) Screening for clones with desired DNA inserts and biological properties.
These steps are described in some detail in a related article (molecular cloning).

DNA expression

DNA expression requires the transfection of suitable host cells. Typically, either bacterial, yeast, insect, or mammalian cells (such as Human Embryonic Kidney cells or CHO cells) are used as host cells.

Following transplantation into the host organism, the foreign DNA contained within the recombinant DNA construct may or may not be expressed. That is, the DNA may simply be replicated without expression, or it may be transcribed and translated and a recombinant protein is produced. Generally speaking, expression of a foreign gene requires restructuring the gene to include sequences that are required for producing an mRNA molecule that can be used by the host's translational apparatus (e.g. promoter, translational initiation signal, and transcriptional terminator).

Specific changes to the host organism may be made to improve expression of the ectopic gene. In addition, changes may be needed to the coding sequences as well, to optimize translation, make the protein soluble, direct the recombinant protein to the proper cellular or extracellular location, and stabilize the protein from degradation.

Properties of organisms containing recombinant DNA
In most cases, organisms containing recombinant DNA have apparently normal phenotypes. That is, their appearance, behavior and metabolism are usually unchanged, and the only way to demonstrate the presence of recombinant sequences is to examine the DNA itself, typically using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Significant exceptions exist, and are discussed below.

If the rDNA sequences encode a gene that is expressed, then the presence of RNA and/or protein products of the recombinant gene can be detected, typically using RT-PCR or western hybridization methods. Gross phenotypic changes are not the norm, unless the recombinant gene has been chosen and modified so as to generate biological activity in the host organism. Additional phenotypes that are encountered include toxicity to the host organism induced by the recombinant gene product, especially if it is over-expressed or expressed within inappropriate cells or tissues.

In some cases, recombinant DNA can have deleterious effects even if it is not expressed. One mechanism by which this happens is insertional inactivation, in which the rDNA becomes inserted into a host cell's gene. In some cases, researchers use this phenomenon to "knock out" genes to determine their biological function and importance. Another mechanism by which rDNA insertion into chromosomal DNA can affect gene expression is by inappropriate activation of previously unexpressed host cell genes. This can happen, for example, when a recombinant DNA fragment containing an active promoter becomes located next to a previously silent host cell gene, or when a host cell gene that functions to restrain gene expression undergoes insertional inactivation by recombinant DNA.

Applications  of recombinant DNA

Recombinant DNA is widely used in biotechnology, medicine and research. Today, recombinant proteins and other products that result from the use of DNA technology are found in essentially every western pharmacy, physician or veterinarian office, medical testing laboratory, and biological research laboratory. In addition, organisms that have been manipulated using recombinant DNA technology, as well as products derived from those organisms, have found their way into many farms, supermarkets, home medicine cabinets, and even pet shops, such as those that sell GloFish and other genetically modified animals.

The most common application of recombinant DNA is in basic research, in which the technology is important to most current work in the biological and biomedical sciences. Recombinant DNA is used to identify, map and sequence genes, and to determine their function. rDNA probes are employed in analyzing gene expression within individual cells, and throughout the tissues of whole organisms. Recombinant proteins are widely used as reagents in laboratory experiments and to generate antibody probes for examining protein synthesis within cells and organisms.

Many additional practical applications of recombinant DNA are found in industry, food production, human and veterinary medicine, agriculture, and bioengineering. Some specific examples are identified below.

Recombinant chymosin  Found in rennet, chymosin is an enzyme required to manufacture cheese. It was the first genetically engineered food additive used commercially. Traditionally, processors obtained chymosin from rennet, a preparation derived from the fourth stomach of milk-fed calves. Scientists engineered a non-pathogenic strain (K-12) of E. coli bacteria for large-scale laboratory production of the enzyme. This microbiologically produced recombinant enzyme, identical structurally to the calf derived enzyme, costs less and is produced in abundant quantities. Today about 60% of U.S. hard cheese is made with genetically engineered chymosin. In 1990, FDA granted chymosin "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) status based on data showing that the enzyme was safe.
Recombinant human insulin  Almost completely replaced insulin obtained from animal sources (e.g. pigs and cattle) for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes. A variety of different recombinant insulin preparations are in widespread use. Recombinant insulin is synthesized by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, or yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) which then produces insulin for human use. Insulin produced by E. coli requires further post translational modifications (glycosylation) whereas yeast are able to perform these themselves by virtue of being a more complex host organism. The advantage of recombinant human insulin is after chronic use patients don't develop an immune defence against it the way animal sourced insulin stimulates the human immune system.
Recombinant human growth hormone (HGH, somatotropin)  Administered to patients whose pituitary glands generate insufficient quantities to support normal growth and development. Before recombinant HGH became available, HGH for therapeutic use was obtained from pituitary glands of cadavers. This unsafe practice led to some patients developing Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Recombinant HGH eliminated this problem, and is now used therapeutically. It has also been misused as a performance-enhancing drug by athletes and others. DrugBank entry
Recombinant blood clotting factor VIII  A blood-clotting protein that is administered to patients with forms of the bleeding disorder hemophilia, who are unable to produce factor VIII in quantities sufficient to support normal blood coagulation. Before the development of recombinant factor VIII, the protein was obtained by processing large quantities of human blood from multiple donors, which carried a very high risk of transmission of blood borne infectious diseases, for example HIV and hepatitis B. DrugBank entry
Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine  Hepatitis B infection is controlled through the use of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, which contains a form of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen that is produced in yeast cells. The development of the recombinant subunit vaccine was an important and necessary development because hepatitis B virus, unlike other common viruses such as polio virus, cannot be grown in vitro. Vaccine information from Hepatitis B Foundation
Recombinant antibodies Recombinant antibodies (rAbs) are produced in vitro by the means of expression systems based on mammalian cells. Their monospecific binding to a specific epitope makes rAbs eligible not only for research purposes, but also as therapy options against certain cancer types, infections and autoimmune diseases.
Diagnosis of infection with HIV  Each of the three widely used methods for diagnosing HIV infection has been developed using recombinant DNA. The antibody test (ELISA or western blot) uses a recombinant HIV protein to test for the presence of antibodies that the body has produced in response to an HIV infection. The DNA test looks for the presence of HIV genetic material using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Development of the RT-PCR test was made possible by the molecular cloning and sequence analysis of HIV genomes. HIV testing page from US Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
Golden rice  A recombinant variety of rice that has been engineered to express the enzymes responsible for β-carotene biosynthesis. This variety of rice holds substantial promise for reducing the incidence of vitamin A deficiency in the world's population. Golden rice is not currently in use, pending the resolution of regulatory and intellectual property issues.
Herbicide-resistant crops  Commercial varieties of important agricultural crops (including soy, maize/corn, sorghum, canola, alfalfa and cotton) have been developed that incorporate a recombinant gene that results in resistance to the herbicide glyphosate (trade name Roundup), and simplifies weed control by glyphosate application. These crops are in common commercial use in several countries.
Insect-resistant crops  Bacillus thuringeiensis is a bacterium that naturally produces a protein (Bt toxin) with insecticidal properties. The bacterium has been applied to crops as an insect-control strategy for many years, and this practice has been widely adopted in agriculture and gardening. Recently, plants have been developed that express a recombinant form of the bacterial protein, which may effectively control some insect predators. Environmental issues associated with the use of these transgenic crops have not been fully resolved.

History

The idea of recombinant DNA was first proposed by Peter Lobban, a graduate student of Prof. Dale Kaiser in the Biochemistry Department at Stanford University Medical School. The first publications describing the successful production and intracellular replication of recombinant DNA appeared in 1972 and 1973, from Stanford and UCSF. In 1980 Paul Berg, a professor in the Biochemistry Department at Stanford and an author on one of the first papers  was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on nucleic acids "with particular regard to recombinant DNA".  Werner Arber, Hamilton Smith, and Daniel Nathans shared the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of restriction endonucleases which enhanced the techniques of rDNA technology.

Stanford University applied for a US patent on recombinant DNA in 1974, listing the inventors as Herbert W. Boyer (professor at the University of California, San Francisco) and Stanley N. Cohen (professor at Stanford University); this patent was awarded in 1980. The first licensed drug generated using recombinant DNA technology was human insulin, developed by Genentech and licensed by Eli Lilly and Company.

Controversy
Scientists associated with the initial development of recombinant DNA methods recognized that the potential existed for organisms containing recombinant DNA to have undesirable or dangerous properties. At the 1975 Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA, these concerns were discussed and a voluntary moratorium on recombinant DNA research was initiated for experiments that were considered particularly risky. This moratorium was widely observed until the National Institutes of Health (USA) developed and issued formal guidelines for rDNA work. Today, recombinant DNA molecules and recombinant proteins are usually not regarded as dangerous. However, concerns remain about some organisms that express recombinant DNA, particularly when they leave the laboratory and are introduced into the environment or food chain. These concerns are discussed in the articles on genetically modified organisms and genetically modified food controversies. Furthermore, there are concerns about the by-products in biopharmaceutical production, where recombinant DNA result in specific protein products. The major by-product, termed host cell protein, comes from the host expression system and poses a threat to the patient's health and the overall environment.

See also

 Asilomar conference on recombinant DNA
 Genetic engineering
 Genetically modified organism
 Recombinant virus
 Vector DNA
 Biomolecular engineering
 Recombinant DNA technology
 Host cell protein
 T7 expression system

References

Further reading
 The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology. Touchstone Books, . 2nd edition: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1996 paperback: .
 Micklas, David. 2003. DNA Science: A First Course. Cold Spring Harbor Press: .
 Rasmussen, Nicolas, Gene Jockeys: Life Science and the rise of Biotech Enterprise, Johns Hopkins University Press, (Baltimore), 2014. .
 Rosenfeld, Israel. 2010. DNA: A Graphic Guide to the Molecule that Shook the World. Columbia University Press: .
 Schultz, Mark and Zander Cannon. 2009. The Stuff of Life: A Graphic Guide to Genetics and DNA. Hill and Wang: .
 Watson, James. 2004. DNA: The Secret of Life. Random House: .

External links

 Recombinant DNA fact sheet  (from University of New Hampshire)
 Plasmids in Yeasts (Fact sheet from San Diego State University)
 Animation illustrating construction of recombinant DNA and foreign protein production by recombinant bacteria
 Recombinant DNA research at UCSF and commercial application at Genentech Edited transcript of 1994 interview with Herbert W. Boyer, Living history project. Oral history.
 Recombinant Protein Purification Principles and Methods Handbook
 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Oral History Program, Oral History Collection on the Recombinant DNA Controversy, MC-0100. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Distinctive Collections, Cambridge, Massachusetts

American inventions
Biotechnology
Genetics techniques
Molecular genetics
Molecular biology
Synthetic biology
1972 in biotechnology

Recombinant DNA


Samuel Hammond D.D. (died 10 December 1665, in Hackney) was a Church of England minister, and later a nonconformist.

Biography
Hammond is said to have been a 'butcher's son of York', although the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography notes no butchers of his surname on the lists of freemen of that city.

In 1638 Hammond entered King's College, Cambridge as a sizar. There he was servitor to Dr. Samuel Collins (1576–1651), professor of divinity at Cambridge, and by the Earl of Manchester's interest obtained a fellowship in Magdalene College. He created a great impression in the university by his preaching in St. Giles's Church, and obtained many pupils and followers. Sir Arthur Hesilrigge took him into the north of England as his chaplain, and he settled for some time as minister in Bishopwearmouth, but moved from there to Newcastle. An order of the common council, dated 5 November 1652, appointed him as preacher at St Nicholas's Church, Newcastle, on Sunday and lecturer on Thursday, at a salary of £100.

While at Newcastle Hammond was concerned in the examination and exposure of an impostor named Thomas Ramsay. This man's frauds were exposed in a tract entitled A False Jew: or a Wonderful Discovery of a Scot, baptized at London for a Christian, circumcised at Rome to act a Jew, rebaptized at Hexham for a Believer, but found out at Newcastle to be a Cheat. The dedicatory epistles are signed by Tho. Weld, Sam. Hammond, Cuth. Sidenham, and Wil. Durant. The tract contains a second title-page and pagination, which is the Declaration and Confession published by the impostor under the name of Joseph ben Israel. The Baptist minister of Hexham, Thomas Tillam, supposed himself unfairly treated in this pamphlet, and replied to it by'Banners of Love displayed …; or an Answer to a Narrative stuffed with Untruths, by four Newcastle Gentlemen. Hammond also helped to write a tract attacking the Quakers, entitled The Perfect Pharise, under Monkish Holines, opposing the Fundamental Principles of the Doctrine of the Gospel, … manifesting himself in the Generation of men called Quakers. Hammond's name comes third among five Newcastle ministers who sign this tract. An introductory epistle 'to the Reader' by Hammond appears in a book called God's Judgements upon Drunkards, Swearers, and Sabbath-Breakers.

At the Restoration he was ejected from his charge at Newcastle, and retired to Hamburg as minister to the society of merchants there. Lord-Chancellor Hyde objected to renew the charter of the society of merchants, which was nearly expired, if they retained Hammond, and he was compelled to leave. He went first to Stockholm, where a merchant named Cutler befriended him. The historian Edmund Calamy mentions with praise a letter from Stockholm as having 'something of the spirit and style of the martyrs,' though it was apparently never printed. Hammond then proceeded to Danzig, and finally to London, taking up his abode in Hackney. He died on 10 December 1665.

Notes

References

1665 deaths
Ejected English ministers of 1662
Fellows of Magdalene College, Cambridge
Year of birth unknown

Samuel Hammond (minister)


Jan Gunnar Hoff (born 22 October 1958) is a Norwegian jazz pianist, composer, arranger and professor, living in Bodø, known from cooperations with jazz musicians like Pat Metheny, Mike Stern, Alex Acuña, Audun Kleive, Mathias Eick, John Surman, Karin Krog, Maria João, Marilyn Mazur, Anders Jormin, Arve Henriksen, Per Jørgensen, Tore Brunborg, Bjørn Kjellemyr, Ernst-Wiggo Sandbakk, Per Mathisen, Gary Novak, Arild Andersen, Tore Johansen, Nils Petter Molvær, Ståle Storløkken, Gary Husband a.o.

Career

Hoff was born in Bodø. He is a graduate of the Teachers' College in Bodø and Bergen, and was further educated in the Jazz program at Trondheim Musikkonservatorium under Terje Bjørklund (1986–89), and in composition at Norges Musikkhøgskole (2001). He had his jazz debut with his own trio on Ad Lib Jazzklubb (1976). Hoff's background includes classical piano, progressive rock, pop and jazz.
Hoff has released 20 recordings as soloartist and co-leader and he has composed 250 works for different settings. In 2005 he received the prestigious Edvard-prize (named after Edvard Grieg) for his jazz mass Meditatus and the same year he wrote the commission work for Vossajazz. In 2013 Jan Gunnar Hoff and his "Hoff Ensemble" was nominated for US Grammy Awards with their album Quiet winter night.
Hoff's quartet album Fly North with Marilyn Mazur, Anders Jormin and Arve Henriksen was nominated for the Norwegian Grammy, Spellemannpris 2014. Jan Gunnar Hoff has performed in Los Angeles, New York, London, Zagreb, Milano, St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kiev, Stockholm, Istanbul, Havana, Riga and other major cities.

In January 2014 Hoff received the highest distinction in Norwegian Jazz, the Buddy-award. In May 2014 he was credited internationally as an official Steinway Artist. Since 2016 Hoff has released a number of albums: Stories - solo piano 2L 2016, Terra Nova w/mezzo-soprano Marianne Beate Kielland, Lawo classics 2017, Polarity with Audun Kleive, Anders Jormin, Morten Lindberg, 2L April 2018, Barxeta II with Per Mathisen and Horacio Hernandez, Losen Records June 2018, Jan Gunnar Hoff Group feat. Mike Stern on Losen Records November 2018,  Gladiator w/Gary Novak, Per Mathisen in 2021 and the solo album HOME in 2022 (2L, Morten Lindberg). Hoff is working as a professor at the University of Tromsø and the University of Agder. He co-founded The Groove Valley JazzCamp in Beiarn, and was artistic director for TGV Jazz camp from 2005 to 2009. Hoff also initiated Bodø Jazz Open which was launched in January 2011, where he was artistic leader and festival head until 2020.

Honors
«Stubøprisen» 1997
«Edvardprisen» Church Music, for Meditatus, 2005
«Nordlysprisen» 2006
«US Grammy Awards» 2013 (nomination for album Quiet winter night, as arranger and leader)
«Buddyprisen» 2014
«Steinway Artist» 2014
«Spellemann» 2014 (nomination)
«Nordland Fylkes kulturpris» 2019
«Bodø Municipality cultural award» 2021

Selected works
 FASER, a suite in four movements for the concert debut at FINN 1992
 Winds, sea and rhythm, for regional musicians Bodø Kommune 2001
 Blå sitron, for string quartet and jazz trio 2002
 Meditatus, premiered at Nattjazz in Bodø Domkirke, December 17, 2004 with Bodø Domkor (Edvard Prize in 2005)
 Free Flow Songs, commissioned for Vossajazz 2005 (tour in 2006)
 Magma, commissioned work for Jan Gunnar Hoff Group feat. Mike Stern 2006
 Seven seasons, commissioned work for Festspillene in Harstad 2007
 Fantasie nr.1, commissioned work for NMFU 2007
 Songs for trio, commissioned work for Acuña/Hoff/Mathisen CD Jungle City 2008
 Electric blue, commissioned work for NMFU 2009
 For ingens øyne, commissioned work for Hamsunjubileet 2009, with Bjørn Sundquist, Audun Kleive, Bjørn Kjellemyr
 Pictures, commissioned work for Nordland Musikkfestuke 2011, with Knut Erik Sundquist, Unni Wilhelmsen, and others
 Living, commissioned work for Bodø Jazz Open 2012, with Anders Jormin, Arve Henriksen, Marilyn Mazur
 Munch, commissioned work for solo piano 2013
 Hammars suite, composition for jazz trio and string orchestra 2014
 Terra Nova, commissioned work for Bodø Domkor (and jazz group) 2014
Terra Nova - songs for Marianne Beate Kielland (mezzo-soprano) 2016
Barxeta II - compositions for jazz/fusion trio
Polarity - compositions for jazz trio
Mike Stern & Jan Gunnar Hoff Quartet - compositions for recording 2018
Vaapstenjeanoe - commission for Festspillene Helgeland, 2020

Discography

Discography as a side man

 Flying Norwegians: This Time Around (1979)
 June: E' det sant?/Hvess æ... (1981)
 June: Det e' nu æ lev (1981)
 ASA: Snu pulken (1983)
 Halvdan Sivertsen, Vibeke Sæther, Geir Børresen & Åsmund Huser: Labbetusseviser (1983)
 Arne Benonisen: Looking For Love (1983)
 Terje Nilsen: Pop (1983)
 Halvdan Sivertsen: Amerika (1985, Spellemannpris)
 Dag Kajander: Stormen: Eloise/Petit pictorial (1986)
 Sørpolnissen: Sørpolnissen (1987)
 Nordvest-Russland: Visehjelp til Nordvest-Russland (1989)
 Totenschlager: Bodø-Glimt kassett -89 (1989)
 Torgils Gundersen: Røsslyng/Tilegnet himmelens og jordens skaper – La ditt rike komme (1990)
 Terje Nilsen: Kanskje (1992)
 Mathisens: Mathisens (1993)
 Forenede Fonogramprodusenter: Norske bilder – Sounds and Visions of Norway (1993)
 Rikskonsertene: Levende musikk til alle (1994)
 Pelle Politibil: Glade blålys (1995)
 Terje Nilsen: Sånn (1996)
 Blues Basement: Where the Eagle Flies – Unplugged (1996)
 Gemini Records: Jazz Out of Norway 2 (1996)
 Torgils Gundersen: Tellus. The Blue Album (1997)
 Bodø videregående skole: NRK-opptak november 97 (1997)
 Blues Basement: Ten Years (1998)
 Skoleveiens venner: Skoleveien (2000)
 Tore Johansen: Man, Woman and Child (2000)
 Torgils Gundersen med venner: Kan du hør sirenan... (2001)
 Gemini Records: Distant Reports – Jazz From North Norway (2001)
 Torgils Gundersen: Lysbroen (2001)
 Jan Eggum: President (2002)
 Tore Johansen: Happy Days (2002)
 Dag Kajander: Lykkeland (2002)
 Eva Trones: Lille bille – Eva Trones synger barnesanger av Terje Nilsen (2003, Spellemann)
 Chillinuts: Reworks: What Kind of Machine Is This? (2004)
 Torgils Gundersen: Lånte fjær (2004)
 Music Export Norway: Norway Now – Jazz (2004)
 Jan Eggum: 30/30 (2005)
 Halvdan Sivertsen: 40+ (2005)
 Blues Basement: Blue Tales (2005)
 Terje Nohr: Så langt (2005)
 Alf Kjellman: June 1999 (2007)
 Bodø Domkor: Meditatus (2007)
 Norsk jazzforum: Jazz From Norway 2010 – JazzCD.no 4th Set (2010)
 Tore Johansen: Natt, stille (2010)
 Tore Johansen: Nord (2011)
 Eva Trones: Tango for en (2011)
 Dag Kajander: The Glassblower's Tune (2011)
 Halvdan Sivertsen: Gjør det så gjerne (2012)
 Universal: Stille, stille vinternatt – Musikk fra Blåfjell (2012)
 Dr. Fish: Jeg bor i Lofoten (2013)
 Unni Wilhelmsen: Live with Bodø Rhythm Group featuring Bodø Sinfonietta (2013)
 Norsk jazzforum: Jazz From Norway 2016 – JazzCD.no 7th Set (2016)
 Dag Kajander: Kaldvinds forunderlige reise (2016)
 Dag Kajander: Dag Kajander synger Arvid Hanssen (2017)
 NOSO and Pacho Flores: Deutsche Grammophon (2018)
 Tore Johansen: Natt, Lys (2020)
 Dag Kajander: Salme etter mørketid (single 2022)

See also

 List of jazz arrangers

References

External links

20th-century Norwegian pianists
21st-century Norwegian pianists
Norwegian jazz pianists
Nu jazz musicians
Norwegian jazz composers
Odin Records artists
Curling Legs artists
Grappa Music artists
Losen Records artists
Alessa Records artists
Norwegian University of Science and Technology alumni
Academic staff of the University of Agder
Musicians from Bodø
1958 births
Living people
Academic staff of the University of Tromsø

Jan Gunnar Hoff


Sally Temple is an American developmental neuroscientist in Albany, New York. She is a co-founder and scientific director for The Neural Stem Cell Institute and is a professor of Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology at Albany Medical College  Temple is also the principal investigator in her laboratory that focuses on neural stem cells and therapies for neurological-related disorders

Life
Temple received her B.A. from Cambridge University.  She then continued her PhD education at the University College London and competed her postdoctoral fellowship at Columbia University. Her focus at this time was on optic nerve development.

Temple became a pioneer in the field of stem cell research when she discovered that the embryonic mammalian brain contained a rare stem-like cell.  After this discovery, she focused on neural stem cells and how they develop over time and produce progeny.

She has since been labelled an innovator in the field of stem cells, specifically neural stem cells, which are potentially applicable in cell replacement therapy for ailments like spinal cord injury and neurodegeneration.  She is the president and co-founder of StemCulture, LLC., a company created by scientists in order to create innovative products and promote scientific research.

In 2010 she and John J. Nigro were recipients of the 2010 Citizen Laureate Awards.  This award is meant to recognize leaders in the fields of business, industry, government, and academia.

Previously, she was a fellow of the Alden March Bioethics Institute.

Temple currently is the scientific director of the Neural Stem Cell Institute.  She also is a faculty member for Albany Medical College, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and SUNY Albany. Dr. Temple is married to Dr. Jeffrey Stern, a retinal surgeon, who is the other co-founder of the Regenerative Research Foundation and Neural Stem Cell Institute.

She is a member of the Editorial Board for Developmental Cell.

Research
Temple's current laboratory focuses primarily on neural stem cells and the development for therapies related to eye, brain, and spinal cord disorders.

One of her major accomplishments in her field is the isolation and culturing of a progenitor cell line of glia.  This led to the discovery that the number of cell divisions the cell underwent was determined by internal counting mechanisms. This research also led to her indicating specific markers on progenitor cell lines and external signaling molecules that are involved in the maintenance of neural stem cells.

Some of her other research has indicated that the limited success of embryonic stem cell transplants in neurological cases may be due to the introduction of cells at the wrong developmental stage. This may have a huge impact on neurological therapies using stem cells as a future of medicine.

She has also provided evidence in her field that has shown that progenitor cells gradually lose the ability to divide.  She established that the Foxg1 gene is important in this, because a reduction in its expression results in a delay in this process.

As president of StemCulture, LLC. she is currently working on a new study involving a new product, StemBeads FGF2.  StemCulture, LLC. describe this product as a growth factor supplement that is able to grow FGF2 dependent stem cell cultures in a more efficient way. She also recently identified an important human central nervous stem cell that may lead to important developments in retinal disease treatments.  In 2015, she attended a RPI stem cell and bioengineering meeting and spoke about her retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) research. She discussed how her team has been furthering their research into culturing human retinal stem cells and the use of RPE cells in therapy for age-related macular degeneration.

Patents
Temple has a large number of patents related to neural stem cells and for various methods for culture undifferentiated cells.

Awards
In 2003 Dr. Temple received the Jacob Javitz Merit Award from the National Institute of Health. She was then awarded the MacArthur Fellowship in 2008.  This award in considered a no-strings attached grant intended to supplement the winner's potential for creativity.  Dr. Temple was also the recipient of the 2010 Citizen Laureate Awards.  This was awarded to her by The University at Albany Foundation for her research into treatments for both macular degeneration and Parkinson's disease.

Publications
 Spred1, a negative regulator of Ras-MAPK-ERK, is enriched in CNS germinal zones, dampens NSC proliferation, and maintains ventricular zone structure. Phoenix TN, Temple S. Genes Dev. 2010 Jan 1;24(1):45-56.
 The timing of cortical neurogenesis is encoded within lineages of individual progenitor cells. Shen Q, Wang Y, Dimos JT, Fasano CA, Phoenix TN, Lemischka IR, Ivanova NB, Stifani S, Morrisey EE, Temple S. Nat Neurosci. 2006 Jun;9(6):743-51. Epub 2006 May 7.
 LeX is expressed by principle progenitor cells in the embryonic nervous system, is secreted into their environment and binds Wnt-1. Capela A, Temple S. Dev Biol. 2006 Mar 15;291(2):300-13. Epub 2006 Feb 3.
 Asymmetric distribution of EGFR receptor during mitosis generates diverse CNS progenitor cells. Sun Y, Goderie SK, Temple S. Neuron. 2005 Mar 24;45(6):873-86.
 LeX/ssea-1 is expressed by adult mouse CNS stem cells, identifying them as nonependymal. Capela A, Temple S. Neuron. 2002 Aug 29;35(5):865-75.

References

External links
 The Neural Stem Cell Institute

Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of University College London
American neuroscientists
American women neuroscientists
American women scientists
Columbia University alumni
MacArthur Fellows
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women

Sally Temple


Shahzada 'Prince' Jamal Nazir (; born 1973) is a Pakistani politician. In 2011, he was appointed by Prime Minister Syed Yousaf Raza Gilani as adviser with the status of Federal Minister of State for the Ministry of National Regulations and Services. In 2013, he served in the interim cabinet as the Federal Minister for four ministries that included Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of National Interfaith Harmony (old Minorities Ministry), Ministry of National Health Services Regulations & Coordination, and Ministry of National Heritage & Integration. Currently, he is serving as Member National Commission on Minorites as a former Minister for National Interfaith Harmony.

He is the younger son of the Sufi leader Pir Haroon Al Rasheed. In 2006, he was married to the daughter of Nawab Salahuddin Saeed head of former princely state of Amb now part of KPK.

Education
Mr. Nazir attended high school at the Orme School, in Arizona. He earned his Bachelor of Arts in Economics from the Eli Broad College of Business at Michigan State University. Mr. Nazir received a Juris Doctor from the Sturm College of Law and Master of Laws in Taxation (LL.M.), from Daniels College of Business at the University of Denver. He also has a Master of Public Administration in Personnel and Labor Relations from Northern Michigan University in Marquette, Michigan.

Minister for National Health Services Regulations and Coordination

Drug pricing policy and corruption

Mr. Nazir as Minister for National Health Services Regulations took a strong stance in his own capacity against all forms of corruption facilitated within the Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan. On 9 April 2013, addressing the Senate's Standing Committee on National Regulations and Services, Shahzada Jamal Nazir made clear his resolve stating, "There will be no compromise on corruption, if anybody tries to do so it will be over my dead body." Thereafter he ensured steps were taken in accordance to implement his vision for change and transparency within the departments involved.

Inquiry to probe corruption sent to federal investigation agency
On 3 May 2013, Shahzada Jamal Nazir asked the Director General FIA to hold an inquiry in line with his directions and stance against corruption that has declared a zero tolerance policy. Following are some the subjects that were referred to FIA:

Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP):
Inquiry to probe non-transparent practices, dubious delays, out of line favouritism and losses incurred to the public exchequer pertaining to (a) Pricing (b) Registration and (c) Licensing.

The most important step was the initiatives taken to place moratorium on price
increases which was imposed twice. Also, facilitated a probe by NAB for ensuring that there are no irregularities or favouritism in pricing in DRAP.

National Council for Homoeopathy (NCH):
i)	Irregularities committed in reimbursement of TA/DA to Council Members.

ii)	Irregularities committed in appointment of acting Registrar NCH.

iii)	Irregularities committed in conduction of 2012 annual / supplementary examination.

iv)	Irregularities committed in cash withdrawal for payment of salary to 16 ghost employees in connivance with the then Deputy Secretary (Admn) NR&S who was also the Chairman of the NCH Finance Committee. A monthly cheque of Rs 365,009/- was withdrawn as cash w.e.f 1 July 2012 and paid to the then DS(Admn). Mode and method of disbursement of this money is unaccounted for. Show Cause notice served to the President NCH for his administrative and financial negligence in the affairs of the council.

Ordered external audit of NCH and formed a Ministerial team to accompany NCH inspection teams while visiting homoeopathic institutions to ensure transparency.

Pharmacy Council of Pakistan (PCP):

i)	Irregularities committed in granting of permission for evening shift of Pakistan Institute of Pharmacy, Dubai Garden, Plot No 5, GT Road, Sahiwal.

Pakistan Medical & Dental Council ("PMDC"):

i)	FIA may wish to take cognizance of the 19 medical colleges recognised by the former Registrar and the Ministry staff at the time.

ii)	Irregularities committed in granting recognition to Doctors / Dentists without fulfilment of codal formalities.

Achievements to reform the functions of the Ministry

The Federal Minister for National Regulations & Services, Shahzada Jamal Nazir ever since assuming charge of the Ministry of National Regulations & Services (now National Health Services Regulations and Coordination) has adopted a zero tolerance policy against corruption and malpractices in this Ministry. Mr. Jamal Nazir after assuming the helm of affairs not only initiated inquiries and made administrative changes in almost all subjects which are under the control of this Ministry. An operation 'clean up' the house from financial and administrative irregularities and mis-governance was decided upon so that good governance practices can be implemented and culprits are brought to the book for misusing official authority and plunder of the public exchequer or public interest at large.

The following initiatives have been undertaken by the Honorable Minister for NR&S, Shahzada Jamal Nazir after assuming charge of this Ministry:-

Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan ("DRAP"):
Registration
 Initiatives will be taken to make life saving drugs freely available in the market.
 Procedure for registration of drugs has been review in line with stringent measures adopted by international regulatory authorities.

Pricing
 Directives have been issued to finalise Drug Pricing Policy so that the prices are fixed in a transparent manner and drugs are made available at affordable prices to the general public.
 Pricing moratorium imposed on directions of Federal Minister till the approval of Pricing Policy.

Administrative Measures
 Framing of service rules and regulations.
 Removal of un-qualified persons from the Policy Board.
 Directions to develop strategy against low quality and illegal drug manufacturers.
 Vigilance cell be established for monitoring DRAP

National Council for Homoeopathy ("NCH")
 External audit of NCH ordered.
 Financial discipline instituted in NCH.
 Show Cause notice served to the President NCH for his administrative and financial negligence in the affairs of the council.
 New honest officer appointed as chairman Finance Committee of NCH w.e.f 18 April 2013.
 Ministerial team formed to accompany NCH inspection teams while visiting homoeopathic institutions to ensure transparency.
 Stringent in-house measures being adopted to curb the menace of maladministration and financial apathy in the council as reported by the general public at large.
 All financial and administrative amendments proposed in the NCH rules have been withheld from further processing until the same have been scrutinised further.

National Council for Tibb ("NCT")
 Preparation for elections are being made by this Ministry in light of relevant rules for appointment of a regular Tibb Council composed of relevant members as specified in the UAH Act, 1965.
 Financial discipline instituted in NCT, clear instructions to submit monthly bank statements to the Ministry.
 Amendments in yardsticks governing NCT regulations pertaining to Tibb educational institutions being scrutinised in light of justifications and resources.

International Health Regulation (IHR-2005)
 Action plan submitted to the World Health Organization (WHO) for obtaining two years extension for implementation of IHR-2005.
 Legislative, surveillance and response capacities being developed in collaboration of WHO for ensuring effective communication from the district level to the Federal level.

Pakistan Medical & Dental Council ("PMDC")
 An inquiry is being conducted expeditiously against the 19 medical colleges recognised by the former Registrar and the Ministry staff involved.
 Directive to implement the existing PMDC rule for teaching hospitals that they have to make 50% of beds available free of cost to the public. This matter was also discussed with the Honorable Chief Minister of Punjab who has concurred with the Federal Minister's proposal.
 Directive to develop and maintain a database of specialists so that their affiliation with teaching institutions can be tracked to avoid their inclusion by multiple institutions.
 Directive to launch a campaign against quackery starting with the Islamabad Capital Area to turn this into a model for other regions.
 Further directions to use modern investigative techniques and latest audio visual technology to record evidence against quacks.
 Directive to co-ordinate with PEMRA to fight quackery and false advertising on media
 Directive to propose amendments to the PMDC Act and necessary regulations to make it more effective in its fight against quacks

Administrative initiatives in the Ministry ("MoNRS")
 A case for re-substitution of the post of Director General NR&S to its original nomenclature of Joint Secretary has been submitted to the Prime Minister via the Establishment Division as the same was converted without approval of the competent authority.

Directorate of Central Health Establishment ("CHE") Karachi
 The acting Director of CHE, Dr Liaquat Ali Bhutto removed on complaints of corruption, favouritism and general administrative mismanagement.
 Dr Sher Baz Khan, senior most Doctor of CHE has been given current charge of Director CHE.
 All tenders initiated by Dr Liaquat Ali Bhutto have been cancelled by this Ministry. Furthermore, CHE has been directed not to initiate any new tender without prior permission of this Ministry.

Pharmacy Council of Pakistan
 Permission given by former Deputy Secretary (Admn) MoNRS, Mr Mustaeen Ahmed Alvi to Pharmacy College in Sahiwal has been withdrawn as the same was issued in contravention of rules without prior approval of the competent authority.
 Pharmacy Council has been advised to furnish brief and give presentation to honourable Minister on current administrative and financial issues with emphasis on achievements of the Pharmacy Council.

Minister for National Interfaith Harmony

As Federal Minister for National Interfaith Harmony, Mr. Jamal Nazir made all efforts for peace and tolerance in the society actively promoting interfaith dialogue and harmony among the people of different faiths.

 Information was collected regarding major worship places of Hindu and Sikh communities and the Ministry was instructed to provide them with fool proof security and protection.
 Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources was approach for the Sui-Gas connection for the temple of the Hindu community on priority basis.
 The occupied land of Lady Fatima Church, Islamabad was made possible to be released and was instructed to vacate land from illegal occupation.
 NADRA authorities were directed to accept the old record of the Christian families as maintained by the Churches.

Achievements as Minister for Religious Affairs

 Eid was celebrated for the first time on the same day throughout the country. On the directions of the Minister the members of Central Rohet-e-Hilal Committee & Qasim Ali Khan Masjid were sent to each other's offices for consultation and co-ordination.
 Re-organization of 'Madaris Board' was initiated; but it was stopped due to change of government.
 The Islamic ideology Council was asked within the span of 29 days to clarify the business of idol-crafting, and for decoration, putting them at different public parks or places, with the exceptions for those that have historical value or are at the places of worship of Pakistani Non-Muslims.
 In Islamabad the 7th Avenue was renamed after Owais Al-Qarni with the proper request to and approval of the then Prime Minister. However, the current government has made no progress on it.

Minister for National Heritage and Integration

Federal Minister for National Heritage and Integration, Shahzada Jamal Nazir made efforts for promotion of Pakistani literature and welfare of writer's community.

Inquiry sent to Federal Investigation Agency to Probe Corruption:
Central Board of Film Censors (CBFC)
Irregularities with respect to:-
i)	Files of movie censored are not complete in all respects and important documents are missing.
ii)	Additional fee of motion pictures which was to be deposited in the national treasury was not deposited as per prescribed rules.
iii)	Importers were in total control of this regulatory body and Indian Motion Pictures detrimental to the interest of Pakistan like AIK THA TIGER and AGENT VINOD were allowed in the era of the Ex-Chairman for which FIA inquiries in Islamabad and Lahore circles are still underway. Despite two (2) reminders to the parent Ministry by the incumbent administration, a financial audit has not been commenced.

It is alleged that certification of Foreign films was done against money under the table and for English films the going rate was at the times of the former chairman CBFC.
iv)	164 cards were issued to individuals who were so-called (coordinators) of the CBFC for facilitating their free entry into cinema houses across the country. This was a blatant disregard to rules as no such post exists.
v)	Members made to CBFC to facilitate approval of films on a fast track basis.

Proposed Policy and Achievements for Central Board of Film Censors
Encouraged Local Industry: On the directions of the Minister Mr. Jamal Nazir, Pakistani film producers were directed to be given a level playing field to compete with imported films in an effort to reinvigorate the film industry of Pakistan.
Highest Revenues in 5 years: Over 1 million was deposited in the national treasury in Federal Government receipts during the brief time Shahzada Jamal Nazir was the Minister. It was the highest revenue collection in the past 5 years.
MoFA included in CBFC: An official member of the Censor Board was added from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as the CBFC is also responsible for censoring and regulating films of foreign missions located in Pakistan.
Zero Tolerance on Corruption: As per Shahzada Jamal Nazir's directive a stringent policy was adopted by the incumbent Administration for zero tolerance on corruption and strict adherence to the rules. FIA was engaged to investigate complaints of corruption over last five years.

Cultural Heritage Diorama on Saudi Arabia at Lok Virsa Heritage Museum, Islamabad
On the directions of Federal Minister Shahzada Jamal Nazir, the Ministry of National Heritage & Integration was pleased to establish a Cultural Heritage Diorama on the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia at the Lok Virsa museum, Islamabad. This was to illustrate not only the cultural of Saudi Arabia, but to in fact show how their cultural impacted upon the culture of Pakistan when Islam was introduced by the Arabs to the subcontinent. To honour the commitment of the Saudi Ambassador H.E. Dr. Abdul Aziz Bin Ibrahim Al Ghadeer to the people of Pakistan, on the directions of Shahzada Jamal Nazir the cultural diorama was named Al-Ghadeer room.

Member National Commission on Minorites
In 2014, the Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif approved of Mr. Jamal Nazir to be appointed as a Member on National Commission on Minorities. A commission, which in co-ordination with the Ministry of Religious Affairs is an initiative of the Prime Minister to engage Pakistanis of all beliefs in an interfaith dialogue to create harmony. He works for the minorities in Pakistan has been highly appreciated even in the international community.

Nusrat Islam Peoples Network

Shahzada 'Prince' Jamal Nazir serves as Present Chairman of NIPN (Nusrat Islam Peoples Network). Nusrat-e-Islam is a social network of likeminded individuals in Pakistan from all walks of life, who are dedicated to creating a better Pakistan at all levels and providing humanitarian services to the people of Pakistan regardless of religion, colour, caste or creed as envisioned by the founding father Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Professional Legal Experience
Mr. Jamal Nazir has served as law clerk to Honorable Sidney B. Brooks, Chief Judge for the US Bankruptcy Court for the District of Denver, Colorado. As a summer associate he also worked at the Gorsuch Kirgin LLP, a Denver, CO. based law firm. And as a bankruptcy associate at General Capital Partners, an investment firm. Among other literary contributions, he has authored a comprehensive article on Estate and Gift Taxation and Family Limited Partnerships.

In Pakistan he is a High Court advocate  and has served as legal adviser/corporate lawyer with the Oil and Gas Development Company Limited (OGDCL). Mr. Jamal Nazir has also briefly taught Business Law to the MBA students at the Air University Islamabad, Pakistan.

References

External links

1973 births
Members of the Senate of Pakistan
Government of Yousaf Raza Gillani
Living people
Eli Broad College of Business alumni
Sturm College of Law alumni
Northern Michigan University alumni
Federal ministers of Pakistan

Shahzada Jamal Nazir


Bowie Seamount, or SG̱aan Ḵinghlas ("Supernatural One Looking Outward") in the Haida language, is a large submarine volcano in the northeastern Pacific Ocean, located  west of Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, Canada. The seamount is also known as Bowie Bank. The English name for the feature is after William Bowie of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.

The volcano has a flat-topped summit rising about  above the seabed, to  below sea level. The seamount lies at the southern end of a long underwater volcanic mountain range called the Pratt-Welker or Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain, stretching from the Aleutian Trench in the north almost to Haida Gwaii in the south.

Bowie Seamount lies on the Pacific Plate, a large segment of the Earth's surface which moves in a northwestern direction under the Pacific Ocean. It is adjacent to two other submarine volcanoes; Hodgkins Seamount on its northern flank and Graham Seamount on its eastern flank.

Geology

Structure
Seamounts are volcanic mountains which rise from the seafloor. The unlimited supply of water surrounding these volcanoes can cause them to behave differently from volcanoes on land. The lava emitted in eruptions at Bowie Seamount is made of basalt, a common gray to black or dark brown volcanic rock low in silica content (the lava is mafic). When basaltic lava makes contact with the cold sea water, it may cool very rapidly to form pillow lava, through which the hot lava breaks to form another pillow. Pillow lava is typically fine-grained, due to rapid cooling, with a glassy crust, and has radial jointing.

With a height of at least  and rising to within only  of the sea surface, Bowie Seamount is the shallowest submarine volcano on the British Columbia Coast, as well as in Canadian waters, and one of the shallowest submarine volcanoes in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Most seamounts are found hundreds to thousands of metres below sea level, and are therefore considered to be within the deep sea. If Bowie Seamount were on land it would be about  higher than Whistler Mountain in southwestern British Columbia and  lower than Mount Robson, the highest mountain in the Canadian portion of the Rocky Mountains.

Bowie Seamount is about  long and  wide. Its flat-topped summit is made of weakly consolidated tephra and consists of two terraces. The lowest terrace is about  below sea level while the highest is about  below sea level, but contains steep-sided secondary summits that rise to within  below sea level. From a physical perspective, the effective size of the submarine volcano is considerably large. The effects of other submarine volcanoes along the Pacific Northwest, including Cobb Seamount off the coast of Washington, affect the composition and abundance of plankton up to  away from the seamount summit due to the upwelling of nutrients from deeper waters. Because of its similar size, Bowie Seamount most likely has a similar effect on its adjacent waters.

Eruptive history

Bowie Seamount was formed by submarine eruptions along fissures in the seabed throughout the last glacial, or "Wisconsinian", period, which began about 110,000 years ago and ended between 15,000 and 10,000 years ago. While most submarine volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean are more than one million years old, Bowie Seamount is relatively young. Its base was formed less than one million years ago, but its summit shows evidence of volcanic activity as recently as 18,000 years ago. This is recent in geological terms, suggesting the volcano may yet have some ongoing volcanic activity.

Close to Bowie's submerged summit, former coastlines cut by wave actions and beach deposits show that the submarine volcano would once have stood above sea level, as either a single volcanic island or as a small cluster of shoals that would have been volcanically active. Sea levels during the last glacial period, when Bowie Seamount was formed, were at least  lower than they are today. It would have had a land area similar to, if not larger than, Midway Atoll in the central Pacific Ocean.

Origins
There is some disagreement about the origin of Bowie seamount: Geological studies indicate that the Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain may have formed above a center of upwelling magma called a mantle plume. The seamounts comprising the Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain would be formed above the mantle plume and carried away from the mantle plume's magmatic source as the Pacific Plate moves in a northwesterly direction towards the Aleutian Trench, along the southern coastline of Alaska.

The volcanic rocks which make up some of the seamounts in the Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain are unusual in that they have an acid-neutralizing chemical substance like typical ocean-island basalts but a low percentage of strontium as found at mid-ocean ridge basalts. However, the strontium-bearing volcanic rocks comprising Bowie Seamount also contain lead. Therefore, the magma mixtures that formed Bowie Seamount seem to have originated from varying degrees of partial melting of a depleted source in the Earth's mantle and basalts which had distinctly high lead isotopic ratios. Estimates during geological studies indicate that the abundance of the depleted-source component ranges from 60 to 80 percent of the erupted material.

Some aspects of the origin of the Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain remain uncertain. The volcanic rocks found at the Tuzo Wilson Seamounts south of Bowie are fresh glassy pillow basalts of recent age, as would be expected if these seamounts are located above or close to a mantle plume south of Haida Gwaii. However, the origin of Bowie Seamount is less certain because even though the seafloor which Bowie lies on formed 16 million years ago during the late Miocene period, Bowie's summit shows evidence of recent volcanic activity. If Bowie Seamount formed above a mantle plume at the site presently occupied by the Tuzo Wilson Seamounts, it has been displaced from its magma source by about  at a rate of about  per year. The geologic history of Bowie Seamount is consistent with its flat-topped eroded summit, but the source for Bowie's recent volcanic activity remains uncertain. Still others, such as Dickens Seamount and Pratt Seamount further north of Bowie Seamount, fall a little to the side of the chain's expected trend. Another hypothesized origin of some or all seamounts in the Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain is that they formed on top of the Explorer Ridge, a divergent tectonic plate boundary west of Vancouver Island, and have been displaced from it by seafloor spreading.

Although some of the seamounts in the Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain appear to follow the expected age progression for a mantle plume trail, others, such as Denson Seamount, are older than that hypothesis would suggest. As a result, the Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain has also been proposed by geoscientists to be a mix of ridge and mantle plume volcanism.

Biology

Bowie Seamount supports a biologically rich area with a vigorous ecosystem. Studies have recorded high densities of crab, sea stars, sea anemones, sponges, squid, octopus, rockfish, halibut and sablefish. Eight species of marine mammal have been found in the Bowie Seamount area, including Steller sea lions, orca, humpback and sperm whales, along with 16 varieties of seabirds. This has made Bowie Seamount a rare habitat in the northeast Pacific Ocean and one of the most biologically rich submarine volcanoes on Earth. The rich marine life is due to the intense food supply of microscopic animals and plants, including phytoplankton and zooplankton.

SGaan Kinghlas-Bowie Seamount Marine Protected Area
Because of its biological richness, Bowie Seamount was designated as Canada's seventh Marine Protected Area on April 19, 2008 under the Oceans Act. The announcement was made by federal Fisheries Minister Loyola Hearn and Gidansda Guujaaw, President of the Council of the Haida Nation, in Skidegate on Haida Gwaii (formerly called the Queen Charlotte Islands). During the announcement, Natural Resources Minister Gary Lunn said: "Bowie Seamount is an oceanic oasis in the deep sea, a rare and ecologically rich marine area, and our government is proud to take action to ensure it is protected. By working in partnership with the Council of the Haida Nation and groups like the World Wildlife Fund-Canada, we are ensuring this unique treasure is preserved for future generations."

The Marine Protected Area measures about  long and  wide, totaling an area of . The Bowie Seamount Marine Protected Area also includes Peirce Seamount (also called Davidson Seamount) and Hodgkins Seamount. Previous to this designation, beginning in 1997, Bowie Seamount was a Haida marine protected area.

Diving explorations and studies
The shallow depth of Bowie Seamount makes it the only underwater mountain off the British Columbia Coast easily reached using scuba diving equipment. In March 1969, dives were made at the submarine volcano by Canadian Forces Maritime Command divers from the CSS Parizeau. Two dives were made to the summit where monochrome photographs were taken to record the environment and some biological samples were gathered to detect possible harmful plants, animals, or bacteria. These specimens were identified at the Pacific Biological Station in Nanaimo, creating a list of eleven varieties of sea bottom invertebrates.

In August 1969, Canadian Forces Maritime Command divers made more dives during scientific studies by the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. They found very dense shoals of rockfish floating over Bowie's flat-topped summit and a variety of bottom life. A number of monochrome photographs were taken and a few seaweeds were collected, but no species record was created for other types of oceanic life around Bowie Seamount.

In November 1996, an issue of the National Geographic Magazine included an article titled "Realm of the Seamount", describing dives made at Bowie Seamount by two explorers named Bill Curtsinger and Eric Hiner. They explored the slopes of Bowie Seamount using scuba diving equipment down to . Their photographs featured one of Bowie's rugged peaks thickly covered with seaweeds and colourful sea bottom invertebrates. Shoals of young rockfish were seen on Bowie's steep flanks.

Scientist Bill Austin of Khoyatan Marine Lab in the Northeast Pacific examined a video made during the National Geographic dives to identify the benthic flora and fauna of Bowie Seamount. From the video, Austin recognized some of the most noticeable invertebrates and noted that a few species generally occurring in the intertidal zone and in shallow subtidal environments were found deeper than might normally be expected, and were bigger than normal.

A team of five divers, led by photographer/videographer Neil McDaniel, visited the seamount August 3–5, 2003 and conducted a biological and photographic survey of the summit down to depths of about . A total of 18 taxa of algae, 83 taxa of conspicuous invertebrates and 12 taxa of fishes were documented, approximately 180 underwater still photographs were taken and approximately 90 minutes of digital video were recorded. Of particular note were the dense schools of rockfish hovering over the summit and numerous curious prowfish.

Indigenous people
To the Haida, the indigenous people who played a key role in establishing the Bowie Seamount Marine Protected Area, the submarine volcano is called SGaan Kinghlas. In Haida language it means "Supernatural Being Looking Outward".

Haida have long recognized seamount as a special place. Gidansda Guujaaw, former President of the Council of the Haida Nation, has said: "SGaan Kinghlas represents a shift in recognizing the need for respect and care for the Earth. This is a very significant turning point in reversing the trends that have been leading to the depletion of life in the sea."

Marine hazard
Given its shallow depth, Bowie Bank is a potential marine hazard. Waves up to  high have been recorded along the British Columbia Coast during heavy weather, enough to expose the bank by wave troughs and cause devastation to any vessel transiting the seamount. For this reason, Environment Canada has recognized Bowie Seamount as a hazard to navigation, and it is avoided by shipping vessels.

See also
Volcanism of Western Canada
List of volcanoes in Canada
List of Marine Protected Areas of Canada
Bowie hotspot

References

External links

Bowie Seamount protected on B.C. Coast
Bowie Seamount Marine Protected Area

Volcanoes of British Columbia
Submarine volcanoes
Seamounts of the Pacific Ocean
Hotspot volcanoes
Ridge volcanoes
Pleistocene volcanoes
Haida
Former islands of Canada
Underwater diving sites in Canada
Marine Protected Areas of Canada
Protected areas of British Columbia
Natural hazards in British Columbia
Polygenetic volcanoes
Undersea banks of the Pacific Ocean
Former islands from the last glacial maximum
Seamounts of Canada

Bowie Seamount


Yekaterina Alexandrovna Lobysheva (; born 13 March 1985) is a retired Russian speed skater. She won bronze medals in the team pursuit at the 2006 and 2014 Winter Olympics.

Career
In the season of 2005–06 Lobysheva acted for the first time in the European Championships Allround. After good results on the short distances (1st in 500 m, 4th in 1500 m) she finished sixth in the rankings. Thus she placed herself for the World Allround Speed Skating Championships in 2006 where she, despite her good 500 m (second) did not qualify for the final 4th distance. She was the thirteenth in the ranking.

In the same year she won three matches at the 1500 World Cup in the B group. She placed herself for the 1000 and 1500 meters at the Olympic Winter Games in Turin. She became the eleventh and sixth respectively.

At the European Championships Allround 2007 Lobysheva, thanks to third place in the 500 m, was thirteenth in the final rankings. She was with this class its second World Cup Championship Allround skating together in 2006 and ended on the thirteenth place in the rankings.

At the European Championships Allround 2008 she ended (in her hometown Kolomna) in tenth place. In the 500 m, she was in first place as in the year 2006. She ensured that these rankings show places for the World Allround Championship and finished this time in the fourteenth place in the rankings.

In the season of 2008–09 she skated in no European Allround Championship nor in the World Allround Championship, since this season she decided to work more on her sprint qualities (500 m, 1000 m and 1500 m) for next year's Olympics in Vancouver. Her trainer was Sergey Klevchenya.

In 2009 the World Sprint Championship was in her home country, Russia (Moscow). This was her second World Sprint Championship and she ended as 19th in the rankings.

At the 2014 Winter Olympics she was a member of the bronze medal winning Russian pursuit team.

References

External links

1985 births
Russian female speed skaters
Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic speed skaters for Russia
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in speed skating
Olympic bronze medalists for Russia
People from Kolomna
Living people
Sportspeople from Moscow Oblast

Yekaterina Lobysheva


"Starvation/Tam Tam Pour L'Ethiopie" is a double A-sided charity single released in 1985, and recorded by two charity ensembles formed specially for the occasion, also known as "Starvation" and "Tam Tam Pour L'Ethiopie" respectively. The aim was to raise money for the starving people of Ethiopia.

The idea of gathering artists together to make a charity record was copied from Bob Geldof's Band Aid project, which was number one in the UK charts at the time Starvation/Tam Tam was recorded in December 1984.  Band Aid was criticised by some for featuring very few black musicians, and none at all from Africa. The Starvation/Tam Tam record was meant to rectify this.

"Starvation", a cover version of a Pioneers song, featured a number of musicians associated with the 2 Tone era (the group were originally going to be called "The 2 Tone All Stars"), including members of The Specials, Madness, UB40 and General Public, as well as The Pioneers themselves.  It was produced by Jerry Dammers and recorded at Liquidator Studios in London.

"Tam Tam Pour L'Ethiopie" was recorded in Paris and featured an ensemble of African artists.  Many of the musicians in question were from French-speaking countries, but lyrics in a number of African languages - including Douala, Lingala, Wolof, Malinke and Swahili - also featured on the record.  It was produced by Manu Dibango.

The record was released on the Zarjazz label and reached #33 in the UK charts, marking the only time that a record to raise money for Africa actually featuring African artists has entered the UK Top 40.

The 12" version of the single featured a different mix of "Starvation", and a much longer two-part version of "Tam Tam Pour L'Ethiopie".  Also featured is an exclusive track called "Haunted", which was written and produced by Dick Cuthell and performed by Dick Cuthell featuring Afrodiziak.

Proceeds from the record were distributed to the charities Oxfam, War On Want and Médecins Sans Frontières.

Line-up

Starvation

Vocals: Ali Campbell, Robin Campbell, Earl Falconer (UB40); Jackie Robinson, Sydney Crooks, George Agard (The Pioneers)
Keyboards: Jerry Dammers
Guitar: Lynval Golding
Bass: Mark Bedford
Drums: Daniel Woodgate
Percussion: John Bradbury, Geraldo Darbilly
Talking Drums: Gasper Lawal
Cornet, Flugelhorn, Trumpet: Dick Cuthell
Trombone: Annie Whitehead
Additional vocals: Dave Wakeling
Toasting: Ranking Roger
Backing vocals: Lorenza Johnson, Claudia Fontaine, Caron Wheeler, Naomi Thomson (Afrodiziak)

Tam Tam Pour L'Ethiopie

Guitars: Samba N'go, Souzy Kasseya, Ioroma Sika, Jerry Malekani, Francis M'bappe
Saxophone: Manu Dibango
Cora: Mory Kante
Drums: Boffi Banengola
Piano: Ray Lema
Synthesizers: Poto Doubongo, Ray Lema
Shekere: Brice Wouassi, Marcel De Suza
Congas: Ismael Toure
Percussion: Nino Gioia
Talking Drums: King Sunny Adé
Choir: Sylvie Etenna, Willy Ngeh Nfor, Kialla Peple, Mutela Shakara from the group Bobongo Star, Canat Ballou, Toni Mbaichi, Salif Keita and Tagus from the group Les Ambassadeurs, Yves N'Djocko, Sylvaine Amix, Florence Titty, Elolongue Sissi, Georgia Dibango, Valery Lobe, Dou Kaya, Touré Kunda, Bovick, Moona with the participation of Sarah, Sheena Williams
Voices: King Sunny Adé, Zao, André Marie Tala, M'pongo Lave, Pamelo, Malopoets, Hugh Masekela, Youssou N'Dour
Lyrics & Singing in Douala: Florence Titty, Elolongue Sissi, Georgia Dibango
Lyrics & Singing in Lingala: M'Bamina
Lyrics & Singing in Malinke: Salif Keita
Lyrics & Singing in Wolof: Ismael, Sixu and Ousmane Touré Kunda
Lyrics & Singing in Swahili: Bovick, Souzy Kasseya, Ray Lema

Track listing
7"
Starvation:  "Starvation" (Agard/Crooks/Robinson) - 3:00
Tam Tam Pour L'Ethiopie:  "Tam Tam Pour L'Ethiopie" (Tam Tam Pour L'Ethiopie) - 4:15

12"
Starvation:  "Starvation (African Version)" (Agard/Crooks/Robinson) - 4:40
Dick Cuthell featuring Afrodiziak:  "Haunted" (Cuthell) - 4:18
Tam Tam Pour L'Ethiopie:  "Tam Tam Pour L'Ethiopie (Part One)" (Tam Tam Pour L'Ethiopie)  - 4:10
Tam Tam Pour L'Ethiopie:  "Tam Tam Pour L'Ethiopie (Part Two)" (Tam Tam Pour L'Ethiopie)  - 5:54

1985 singles
Zarjazz singles
All-star recordings
Charity singles
Madness (band)

Starvation/Tam Tam Pour L'Ethiopie


The Anniston Museum of Natural History is a museum in Lagarde Park, Anniston, Alabama, exhibiting more than 2,000 natural history items on permanent display, including minerals, fossils, and rare animals in open dioramas.

In addition to exploring Alabama's natural heritage, the museum features diorama-style exhibits that begin in pre-history and extend to the North American wilderness and the African savannah. Each of the museum's seven exhibit halls explores a different natural history theme. The Environments of Africa Hall contains more than 100 African animals displayed in simulated natural settings. Other highlights include 2,000-year-old Egyptian mummies from the Ptolemaic period, a cave-dwelling creatures exhibit and a children's discovery room. The Dynamic Earth depicts the planet's formation and includes minerals, fossils, gemstones and dinosaurs. Nature Space offers a large learning area with hands-on activities. On the grounds are a wildlife garden, open-air animal exhibits, nature trails and the Berman Museum of World History.

A Changing Exhibit Gallery provides fresh exhibits on a regular basis.

The museum's history dates from 1930, when H. Severn Regar offered his personal collection of historical objects and biological specimens to the city of Anniston. Included were extinct and endangered species collected by 19th-century naturalist William Werner. This gift formed the cornerstone of the museum's Birds of the Americas exhibit hall, which features more than 400 specimens of North American birds in their habitats. The museum is an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution.

References

External links
Anniston Museum of Natural History

Museums established in 1976
Natural history museums in Alabama
Museums in Calhoun County, Alabama
Smithsonian Institution affiliates
Egyptological collections in the United States
Institutions accredited by the American Alliance of Museums
Paleontology in Alabama
Buildings and structures in Anniston, Alabama

Anniston Museum of Natural History


Leo Ernest Whitt (born June 13, 1952) is an American former professional baseball catcher. He played 15 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), including twelve for the Toronto Blue Jays, and was the last player from the franchise's inaugural season of 1977 to remain through 1989.  He has managed the Canada national baseball team since 2004. Whitt was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 1997 and the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 2009.

Whitt made his MLB debut for the Boston Red Sox in 1976.  For eight consecutive seasons from 1982 to 1989, he reached double figures in home runs and 100 hits in each of five consecutive seasons from 1985 to 1989.  He was selected as an All-Star in 1985.  As manager for the Canada national team, his competitions include the 2004 Summer Olympics, four World Baseball Classic (WBC) tournaments, and the Pan Am Games, where they won two gold medals in 2011 and 2015.

Playing career

Boston Red Sox (1976)
Whitt was selected in the 15th round of the 1972 amateur draft by the Boston Red Sox, and he made his major league debut on September 12, 1976, pinch hitting for Carlton Fisk in the seventh inning, grounding out. He finished the game as the Red Sox catcher, as Boston defeated the Cleveland Indians 11–3. Whitt recorded his first career hit on September 21, hitting a home run off Jim Colborn of the Milwaukee Brewers in a 3–1 loss. He appeared in eight games with Boston, batting .222 with a home run and 3 RBI. With his path to the majors blocked by future Hall-of-Famer Fisk, he was left unprotected during the expansion draft held after the 1976 season and selected by the Blue Jays.

Toronto Blue Jays (1977–89)
Whitt saw very little playing time with the Blue Jays in 1977. Appearing in 23 games, he hit .171 with no home runs and 6 RBI. In 1978, he saw even less time with Toronto, playing in just two games, going hitless in four at-bats. In 1979, Whitt spent the entire season with the Syracuse Chiefs, the Blue Jays AAA affiliate in the International League. Whitt speculated in his autobiography that Blue Jays manager Roy Hartsfield had a low opinion of his potential, as most of the catching duties went to Alan Ashby and Rick Cerone. With Hartsfield's departure prior to the 1980 season, new manager Bobby Mattick expanded Whitt's role as a player, and Whitt remained with the club for the next ten years.

In 1980, Whitt became the Blue Jays starting catcher, as he appeared in 106 games, hitting .237 with six home runs and 34 RBI. He saw his numbers slip in 1981, as Whitt hit .236 with a home run and 16 RBI in 74 games during the strike-shortened season. On May 15 of the latter year, his fly ball was caught by Cleveland Indian outfielder Rick Manning for the final out of Len Barker's perfect game.

Whitt broke out offensively in 1982. Throughout 105 games, he hit .261 with 11 home runs and 42 RBI for the Blue Jays. His 11 home runs ranked third on the team.

In 1985, Whitt was named to the 1985 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. He appeared in the game in the sixth inning as a defensive replacement for Carlton Fisk and caught teammate Dave Stieb. Whitt also caught in the seventh inning for Donnie Moore of the California Angels before Gary Ward of the Texas Rangers pinch hit for Whitt in the eighth inning. During the season, Whitt hit .245 with 19 home runs and 64 RBI, as he helped the Blue Jays make the playoffs for the first time in team history. In the 1985 ALCS against the Kansas City Royals, Whitt appeared in all seven games, hitting .190 with 2 RBI as the Blue Jays lost the series.

On September 14, 1987, Whitt hit three home runs in a game against the Baltimore Orioles, helping the Blue Jays hit a major league record ten home runs in the game. Toronto defeated the Orioles 18–3. Whitt would have the best season of his career in 1987, as he hit .269 with 19 home runs and 75 RBI in 135 games.

In 1989, Whitt played in 129 games, hitting .262 with 11 home runs, his lowest total in a season since 1982, and his 53 RBI were the lowest total since 1984. In the playoffs, Whitt played in all five games against the Oakland Athletics in the 1989 ALCS, batting .125 with a home run and 3 RBI, as the Blue Jays lost the series.

To make room for young catchers Pat Borders and Greg Myers on the major league roster, on December 17, 1989, the Blue Jays traded Whitt and Kevin Batiste to the Atlanta Braves for Ricky Trlicek. Whitt was the last player from the expansion 1977 team to play for the Blue Jays.

Whitt's autobiography, Catch: A Major League Life, covered the 1988 season and his early days in the minors, and caused a stir due to Whitt's labeling of umpire Joe Brinkman as "incompetent".

Atlanta Braves (1990)
Whitt joined the Atlanta Braves for the 1990 season, and had a disappointing season, as he hit .172 with two home runs and 10 RBI in 67 games. On October 15, the Braves released Whitt.

Baltimore Orioles (1991)
On April 7, 1991, Whitt returned to the American League, signing with the Baltimore Orioles. In 35 games, Whitt hit .242 with 3 RBI, and he was released by the Orioles on July 5.

Whitt appeared in 1,328 games over his career, 1,218 of them with the Blue Jays. In his career, he recorded 938 hits, and had a batting average of .249 with 134 home runs and 534 RBI. In 12 career playoff games, Whitt hit .162 with one home run and 5 RBI.

Business activities
Whitt invested in and was part owner of the Mother's Pizza chain in southern Ontario in 1983. He would frequently appear at the restaurants and sign autographs for fans. Mother's Pizza featured an "Ernie Whitt Special" pizza on the menu. The chain went bankrupt in 1992.

Post-playing career

Honors
Whitt was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 1997.

On June 20, 2009, it was announced that Whitt, along with former major league right fielder Larry Walker, were inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame.

Managerial and coaching career
Whitt remained active as an ambassador of Canadian baseball following his major league career. In the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, he guided the Canadian team to a fourth-place finish in the baseball tournament.  Whitt also managed the Canada national baseball team to a third-place finish in Pool B at the 2006 World Baseball Classic.

Whitt also served as both the Blue Jays' bench coach and first base coach starting in 2005, and was rumoured to be a potential replacement for then-incumbent manager John Gibbons until Gibbons and several coaches were fired midway through the 2008 season. He was the manager of the Clearwater Threshers in the Philadelphia Phillies' minor league system. Whitt continues to be a roaming instructor in the Phillies' organization.

Whitt has managed Team Canada in following World Baseball Classics, World Baseball Cup, and the Pan Am Games.  In the 2011 Pan Am Games in Guadalajara, Mexico, Canada won that tournament's gold medal. and a bronze medal in the IBAF World Baseball Cup.

References

External links

1952 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American League All-Stars
Atlanta Braves players
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball coaches from Michigan
Baseball players from Detroit
Boston Red Sox players
Bristol Red Sox players
Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Canada national baseball team managers
Cardenales de Lara players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Charleston Charlies players
Greenville Braves players
Major League Baseball catchers
Minor league baseball managers
Olympic baseball managers
Rhode Island Red Sox players
Sportspeople from Detroit
Syracuse Chiefs players
Toronto Blue Jays coaches
Toronto Blue Jays players
Williamsport Red Sox players
Winston-Salem Red Sox players
Winter Haven Red Sox players
World Baseball Classic managers

Ernie Whitt


The Central Children's Home of North Carolina, officially the Central Children's Home of North Carolina, Inc., and historically known as Grant Colored Asylum, was founded in Oxford, North Carolina, in 1883. The home is a residential group environment for children up to young adults.

A state historical marker was placed in front of the building by the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources Historical Marker Program.

Mission
The Central Children's Home cares for disadvantaged, orphaned, and troubled children. Admission is accepted from social services organizations that includes the North Carolina Department of Social Services for applicants between the ages of nine to twenty-one with an IQ of 70 or above. The Robert L. Shepard Scholarship Fund was established in 1943, to aid children seeking a college education or vocational training.

History
The Orphanage was established as a segregated orphanage with Congressional funding in 1883, through the Colored Orphanage Association (formed in 1882), that was supported by Congressman Henry P. Cheatham. A twenty-three-acre farm was purchased for $1,565.00 just outside Oxford. The city has grown and the home is now inside the area known as Southern Oxford. The orphanage building was built in 1915, and is a two-story brick building with a -story tower and Italianate style design elements. Other early buildings are a small, square, brick building that was erected in 1934 as Cheatham's office and an "L"-shaped brick building originally built as a smokehouse.

Originally chartered as the Grant Colored Asylum the name was changed to the "Colored Orphanage Asylum of North Carolina" in 1887, the "Colored Orphanage of North Carolina" in 1927, the "Central Orphanage of North Carolina" in 1965, and finally receiving the current name "Central Children's Home of North Carolina" in 1986. The first director was superintendent, Robert L. Shepard and he directed the Home until Cheatham took over and ran it for 28 years.

Support
Founded with Congressional funding, the Children's Home operates through a 30-member Board of Directors on donations from citizens, and organizations. Members of the board of directors include the General Baptist State Convention of North Carolina with 44 member associations, Women's Baptist Home and Foreign Missionary Convention, American Legion Pilgrimage Committee, Prince Hall Grand Lodge, and the Grand Chapter Order of Eastern Star.

Affiliations
The Children's Home is affiliated with the Child Welfare League of America (CWLA), Southeastern Child Care Association, National Association of Homes and Services for Children, Child Welfare League of America, is nationally accredited by the Council on Accreditation, and licensed by the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services.

NRHP
The building that the Children's home was originally located in was entered on the list of the National Register of Historic Places August 31, 1988.

References

External links
Central Children Home of North Carolina
General Baptist State Convention of North Carolina online

African-American history of North Carolina
Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Orphanages in North Carolina
Buildings and structures in Granville County, North Carolina
Organizations established in 1883
National Register of Historic Places in Granville County, North Carolina
1883 establishments in North Carolina


Liberty Records was a record label founded in the United States by chairman Simon Waronker in 1955 with Al Bennett as president and Theodore Keep as chief engineer. It was reactivated in 2001 in the United Kingdom and had two previous revivals.

History

1950s
Liberty's early releases focused on film and orchestral music. Its first single was Lionel Newman's "The Girl Upstairs". Its first big hit, in 1955, was by Julie London singing her version of the torch song, "Cry Me a River", which climbed to No. 9 in the Billboard Hot 100. It helped Liberty sell her first album, Julie Is Her Name.

In 1956, Liberty signed Henry Mancini and released two singles and several albums by him. He left in 1958, signing with RCA Victor, where his record sales increased. Billy Rose and Lee David's song "Tonight You Belong to Me" reached number 4 (US) and number 28 (UK) when it was performed by teen sisters Patience and Prudence (McIntyre), selling over a million copies. Liberty also scored a Top 10 hit with Margie Rayburn's "I'm Available" and the singer went on to record two dozen singles for them.

The label's biggest rock singer was Eddie Cochran who starred in his second film, Untamed Youth. His first hit for the label was John D. Loudermilk's "Sittin' in the Balcony" in 1957, then came "Summertime Blues" and "C'mon Everybody".

The roster included R&B act Billy Ward and His Dominoes after Jackie Wilson quit, replacing him with ex-Lark Eugene Mumford. Their version of Hoagy Carmichael's 1927 song "Stardust" reached No. 13 in the Billboard Hot 100 and 13 on the UK Singles Chart in October 1957. It was the group's only million seller.

By 1958, Liberty was close to bankruptcy when singer-songwriter Ross Bagdasarian, performing as David Seville, had a number one hit with his novelty song "Witch Doctor". Later that year, he combined multi-track recording with the altered speed technique he had used in "Witch Doctor" and introduced the Chipmunks (Alvin, Simon, and Theodore—named after Liberty executives Bennett, Waronker, and Keep, respectively.) in "The Chipmunk Song (Christmas Don't Be Late)". In the months leading to Christmas of 1958, the record went to number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the first Christmas record to reach number 1 on that chart and selling 4.5 million copies.

Also in 1958, Liberty formed a sublabel called Freedom which lasted through 1959, when Liberty moved to its long-time address at 6920 Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood.

1960s and 1970s

Liberty's most successful signing of the early 1960s was Bobby Vee, picking up "Suzie Baby", a single he recorded with the Shadows for Soma. He covered the Clovers' 1955 doo-wop ballad "Devil or Angel" in mid-1960 and later that year recorded Gene Pitney's "Rubber Ball", which made him an international star. In the summer of 1961 Vee had a hit with "Take Good Care of My Baby", which peaked at number one (US) and number 3 (UK). He had hits until 1970. Other acts on the roster were Willie Nelson, Jan and Dean, Johnny Burnette, Gene McDaniels, Del Shannon, Ralph Williams/The Marauders, Gary Lewis and the Playboys, Timi Yuro, and Vikki Carr. Snuff Garrett produced easy listening albums credited to "The 50 Guitars of Tommy Garrett". Liberty sent an annual report for the fiscal year ended January 31, 1962 that included a limited edition 33-1/3 vinyl record with songs by Bobby Vee, Timi Yuro, Gene McDaniels, Si Zentner, and Tommy Garrett. A welcome message recorded by Simon Waronker was also included.

In 1963, Liberty was sold to electronics corporation Avnet for $12 million. Avnet also bought Blue Note, Imperial, Dolton, Aladdin, and Minit. After two years of losses, Avnet sold the labels back to Al Bennett for $8 million. Liberty earlier acquired Pacific Jazz, founded in 1952. In 1966, Sunset was started to reissue records from the acquired labels. Sunset's catalog included Eddie Harris (The Explosive Eddie Harris), Jimmy Reed (Something Else), Les McCann (Django), Teddy Buckner (A Salute to Satchmo), Wild Bill Davis (Flying Home), Lester Young (Giant of Jazz), The Ventures (Supergroup),  and Chet Baker (Swings Pretty).

Liberty recordings were distributed in the UK by the Decca group on London Records, then by EMI on Liberty. Liberty established a branch office in London, which signed the Bonzo Dog Band, Idle Race, and the Aynsley Dunbar Retaliation. After moving distribution to Philips in 1967, they returned to EMI in 1970. Liberty also signed the Searchers. In 1967, Liberty issued the first single by Family. Ron Kass, onetime president of Liberty, became the head of Apple, the label of the Beatles. Ron Bledsoe, assistant to Al Bennett, was picked by Clive Davis to run the Nashville branch of Columbia. In 1966 singer Johnny Rivers started another Liberty subsidiary, Soul City. The following year, Liberty discontinued the Dolton label and moved its catalog to the parent label. In 1967, Liberty signed Canned Heat, which had three hit singles for the label. In 1968, Liberty was bought for $24 million by Transamerica Corporation, an insurance company, and combined with United Artists. Two years later Imperial and Minit were shut down and transferred its catalog and artists to Liberty and United Artists. In 1970 Sugarloaf scored a top 10 hit in the United States with "Green-Eyed Lady", which reached number 3 on the Billboard chart. Sugarloaf would score again in 1975 with "Don't Call Us, We'll Call You" (US number 9).

In 1971, Liberty and its remaining labels (except for Soul City, whose catalog was sold to Bell and Blue Note) were shifted to United Artists, and Liberty was no more. In 1978, Artie Mogull and Jerry Rubinstein acquired United Artists and Liberty with money they borrowed from Capitol. In February 1979, Capitol's parent company EMI foreclosed on them and took over Liberty. Eight months later, Thorn Electrical Industries merged with EMI to form Thorn EMI.

1980s and 1990s

In 1980, EMI dropped the United Artists name and revived the Liberty name. EMI used Liberty to reissue the catalogs of United Artists, Liberty, and Imperial. From 1980 to 1984, Capitol used Liberty in America primarily as a country music label for acts such as Kenny Rogers and Dottie West, though heavy metal band Manowar was also signed to the company. In the United Kingdom, many new wave acts like The Stranglers were moved over to the 'new' label from United Artists (as Kirk Kerkorian had purchased the name for his film company) and were soon joined by new acts such as New Romantic band Classix Nouveaux. In 1991, Capitol-EMI renamed its Capitol Nashville label to Liberty before returning to the Capitol Nashville name four years later.

In 1994, Liberty president Jimmy Bowen founded a sister label called Patriot Records, whose roster included Bryan Austin, Lisa Brokop, John Berry, Deana Carter, John Bunzow, and Noah Gordon. After the label closed in 1995, Berry, Brokop, and Carter transferred to Capitol Nashville.

2000s to 2010s
After releasing many late-1990s Europop acts like the Hermes House Band, EMI reformatted the label in 2001 to focus on 'heritage acts'. The label, operating in a similar sphere to that of rival Sanctuary, signed The Alarm (then branded as the Alarm MMVI) and Prefab Sprout, with the Stranglers releasing their first EMI album in over twenty years, Norfolk Coast, on the label in 2004. Liberty also licensed the Bangles' 2003 album Doll Revolution from their own indie label Down Kiddie! Records, distributing it in Canada and some European countries alongside the United Kingdom. The label later went into abeyance, never bringing out newer releases again.

Liberty Records artists

See also
 Nocturne Records
 List of record labels

Further reading

References

External links

American record labels
British record labels
Jazz record labels
1955 establishments in New York (state)
1971 disestablishments in New York (state)
1980 establishments in the United States
1984 disestablishments in the United States
1991 establishments in the United States
1995 disestablishments in the United States
2001 establishments in the United Kingdom
2004 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Record labels established in 1955
Record labels disestablished in 1971
Record labels established in 1980
Record labels disestablished in 1984
Record labels established in 1991
Record labels disestablished in 1995
Record labels established in 2001
Record labels disestablished in 2004
Re-established companies
EMI
United Artists Records
American companies established in 1955
Defunct record labels of the United Kingdom
Defunct record labels of the United States

Liberty Records


Alina Plugaru (born 18 December 1987) is a Romanian entrepreneur and former pornographic film actress, who has been called in Romania "The Queen of Porn". She started acting in erotic videos in 2006, after having worked as a stripper and model.

Life and career
Plugaru was born in Vaslui, Romania. At the age of 15, Plugaru decided to pursue a career in modeling and she moved to Bucharest. On the day she turned sixteen she started working as an exotic dancer. She danced her way around the country for two years, gaining in popularity, until a visit to a porn set piqued her interest in a hardcore career. She started her porn career in 2006, just after her 18th birthday, with the porn star and director Zenza Raggi.

Plugaru appears regularly as a featured dancer in Romania and other countries. In the past few years she was a regular guest at the most important European erotic fairs such as The Eros Show Bucharest, The Barcelona International Erotic Film Festival (FICEB), The Lisbon International Erotic Festival (SIEL), The Eros Porto, The Eros & Amore Vienna and The Eros Show Sofia.

In the last years she won the Best Romanian Porn Actress Awards at the Romanian Erotic Industry Awards (PIER 2008 & PIER 2009). Plugaru was recognized for her contributions to the advancement of the Romanian adult entertainment industry.

In March 2009 she was voted The Ideal Romanian Woman and nearly a quarter (24.69%) of website visitors voted for her in an online poll.

On 24 September 2009 Plugaru announced her retirement from the adult film industry.

Plugaru founded the erotic dance troupe Erotic Dreams Show by Alina Plugaru in 2011 and she performs frequently with her erotic dance troupe at festivals, private parties and public venues. In May 2011 she received the Best Show Awards for her erotic dance troupe, at the Romanian Erotic Industry Awards (PIER 2011).

After her retirement from the adult film industry, she manages her business, one of the top rated erotic massage parlor in Bucharest.

In 2015, Plugaru was a contestant in the PRO TV reality series Sunt celebru, scoate-mă de aici! (the Romanian version of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!). She was voted off the show after 16 days by a public vote.

Television
 Sunt celebru, scoate-mă de aici! (2015) Studio: Pro TV
 Nimeni nu-i perfect (2009) Studio: Prima TV
 Making Of (2007) Studio: Open Media Productions
 Secretul Mariei (2005) Studio: La Dolce Vita Productions & Antena 1 TV

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
People from Vaslui
Romanian women in business
Romanian pornographic film actresses
Models from Bucharest

Alina Plugaru


Leonard Napoleon Boston (1871–1931) was an American physician remembered for describing Boston's sign.

Biography
Leonard Boston was born in 1871 in Philadelphia, and graduated with an M.D. in 1896 from the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia. He became Professor of Physical Diagnosis in 1912, and then Associate Professor of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1919. He became Professor of Principles and Practice of Medicine at the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1928. He died from erysipelas in 1931.

References

1871 births
1931 deaths
Physicians from Philadelphia
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
Deaths from skin disease

Leonard N. Boston


Robert Perry (born in South Wales) is a Welsh novelist and television screenwriter. He was script-editor on the BBC soap opera EastEnders, as well as writing for the television series Family Affairs and Is Harry on the Boat?. He has also worked as a storyliner on Emmerdale.

He is also known for a writing partnership with Mike Tucker on a variety of spin-offs relating to the television series Doctor Who, specifically for the character of the Seventh Doctor.

Prose Writing
Perry's first writing work was the short story Question Mark Pyjamas in the second volume of the Virgin Decalog anthology series: this was the first story that Perry wrote with his long-term writing partner Mike Tucker. This was followed by several stories for the BBC Short Trips anthology, again all co-written with Tucker.

In October 1997, the first book in Tucker and Perry's self-styled Season 27 run was publish as part of BBC Books' Past Doctor Adventures series. The book, Illegal Alien, was rumoured to be based on a script which was in consideration for production had a twenty-seventh season of Doctor Who gone ahead. Tucker and Perry continued to write their Season 27 stories, with the novels Matrix (1998), Storm Harvest (1999), and Loving the Alien (2003).

In 2003, Tucker and Perry also wrote the novella Companion Piece'' for Telos Publishing Ltd.'s range of Doctor Who novellas, introducing a new companion, Catherine Broome.

External links
 Outpost Gallifrey's Robert Perry page
 Telos' Companion Piece page

20th-century British male writers
20th-century British novelists
21st-century British male writers
21st-century British short story writers
British male television writers
British soap opera writers
Living people
Welsh male novelists
Welsh science fiction writers
Welsh short story writers
Welsh television writers
Writers of Doctor Who novels
Year of birth missing (living people)

Robert Perry (writer)


Helga Guitton (born 18 December 1942) is a German radio and television presenter. She was a disc jockey and interviewer for RTL and was presenter of the 1973 Eurovision Song Contest.

Biography
Guitton worked for RTL from 1964 to 1994. On Radio Luxemburg she co-hosted Tag Schatz, Tag Scherz with Jochen Pützenbacher, who later recalled that they worked so well together, there were rumours they were romantically involved. In 1983 she insisted on co-hosting a memorial programme for a colleague who had died of cancer, to give him moral support, but broke down crying. She hosted the weekday evening programme Viva – die Lust, zu leben, which included quizzes and interviews as well as music.

In the 1990s she worked for RTL plus, now RTL television; in 1988 she was engaged with Rainer Holbe to moderate a sexy interview show, "Kopfkissen-Gespräche bei Prominenten" (Pillow talk with VIPs); she later called these "Liebe ist..." interviews her most successful and enjoyable work, while she called Radio Telex her greatest failure. Her 1985 interview with a combative Klaus Kinski, who ate and drank throughout, only half an hour of which was broadcast, appears on the DVD Kinski Talks I, issued by WDR in 2010.

On 7 April 1973, she was the presenter for the Eurovision Song Contest.

After leaving broadcasting, Guitton became a style and behaviour coach.

See also
List of Eurovision Song Contest presenters

References

External links
TV serials presented by Helga Guitton, at Fernsehserien.de

1942 births
Living people
Mass media people from Königsberg
German television presenters
German women television presenters
Norddeutscher Rundfunk people
RTL Group people

Helga Guitton