Thomas S. Ray is an evolutionary biologist known for his research in tropical biology, digital evolution, and the human mind.

Early life and education
Ray earned his undergraduate degrees in biology and chemistry at Florida State University. He then proceeded to Harvard University, where he received his master's and Doctorate in Biology, specializing in plant behavior.

Career
Ray began his career as a member of the Society of Fellows at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor and a member of the faculty of the University of Delaware's School of Life and Health Sciences. In 1993 he received a joint appointment in Computer and Information Science at U. Delaware while also being appointed to the External Faculty of the Santa Fe Institute.

In August 1998 he joined the Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International's Human Information Processing Research Labs Evolutionary Systems Department as an invited researcher before eventually becoming a Professor in the Zoology (later Biology) & Computer Science departments at the University of Oklahoma.

Throughout his career he has studied different disciplines:

 Tropical Biology (1974 - 1989) where he focused on foraging behavior among vines primarily located throughout Costa Rica.

 Artificial Life (1990 -2001) which delved into digital evolution by natural selection via the Tierra system.

 Architecture of the Human Mind (Current) investigating mental disorders, evolvability, consciousness, and molecular mental mechanisms as they relate to neurochemical interactions with psychoactive drugs.

Mindstate Design Labs – as the scientific founder of Mindstate Design Labs, Ray researches psychoactive drugs to explore the chemical architecture of the human mind, proposing "mental organs" with specific neurotransmitter receptors that contribute to mental states and mental disorders.

Tropical biology
From 1974 to 1989, Ray worked as a tropical biologist, studying the evolution, ecology, and natural history of various organisms inhabiting rain forests. His research primarily focused on the foraging behavior of vines in the Araceae family, but also included studies on ants, butterflies, and beetles . Ray conducted most of his field work in Costa Rica, where he established the Finca El Bejuco biological station in the northern lowland rain forests. He continues to own and operate this station and remains deeply involved in rain forest conservation in Costa Rica.

Artificial life and digital evolution
In 1990, Ray turned his attention to artificial life, exploring the outcomes of evolution by natural selection within digital computation . This work began with the creation of Tierra, a system in which self-replicating machine code programs evolve by natural selection. His work in this field has attracted significant media attention . In 2000, he implemented a new system called Virtual Life, building upon Evolved Virtual Creatures, a concept originally created by Karl Sims. In 2003, Ray collaborated with Ivan Tanev to further develop the Virtual Life project.

Architecture of the Human Mind
The research conducted by T.S. Ray has substantially contributed to our understanding of the human mind, consciousness, and the effects of psychoactive substances. He has hypothesized that the human mind is composed of "mental organs," which are populations of neurons bearing a specific G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) (and other metabotropic receptors) on their surface. These mental organs are thought to provide a direct link between mental properties—such as joy, consciousness, and reason—and the genes and regulatory elements associated with GPCR. Importantly, because there is heritable genetic variation associated with these mental organs, they can evolve over time.

Ray's studies on psychedelic drugs have further elaborated on this theory. His research posits that the diverse effects of these substances can be attributed to their interactions with different mental organs. The breadth of these interactions is significant, with psychoactive substances showing activity across a wide range of receptor sites. This interaction pattern supports the idea that the diversity in effects of these drugs is likely due to their diverse interactions with different mental organs, emphasizing the roles of dozens of different receptors.

The theory also offers a fresh perspective on the effects of MDMA, a drug that is known for its unique entactogenic mental state. Traditional views suggest that MDMA's effects are primarily due to neurotransmitter release, especially serotonin. However, Ray proposes an alternative hypothesis: the distinctive mental state caused by MDMA arises from the simultaneous direct activation of imidazoline-1 (I1) and serotonin-2 (5-HT2) receptors, which correspond to specific mental organs. According to this theory, a mental organ can only enter consciousness if two things occur: the mental organ is directly activated at its defining receptor, and 5-HT2 is simultaneously activated.

To test these hypotheses, Ray has proposed the "primer/probe" method . A "primer" is a drug that selectively activates certain serotonin receptors, while a "probe" is a drug that activates a non-serotonin receptor corresponding to the mental organ that researchers want to bring into consciousness for study. By using both a primer and a probe, it is possible to load a mental organ into consciousness and thus study its role in the mind.

Taken together, this body of research provides an innovative framework for understanding the human mind, consciousness, and the effects of psychoactive substances, suggesting a direct linkage between mental properties, neuronal structures, and genetic components    .

Mindstate Design Labs
Currently, Ray is the scientific founder of Mindstate Design Labs, where his research revolves around psychoactive drugs as tools for probing the chemical architecture of the human mind. He proposes the existence of "mental organs", defined as populations of neurons bearing specific neurotransmitter receptors on their surface. Ray's work aims to use the diversity of mental organs to discover, design, and create diverse mental states.

Academic appointments
Over the years, Ray has held several academic positions. In 1981, he joined the faculty of the University of Delaware, School of Life and Health Sciences. In 1993, he received a joint appointment in Computer and Information Science at the University of Delaware and was appointed to the External Faculty of the Santa Fe Institute. Later that year, he joined the Evolutionary Systems Department at ATR (Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International Human Information Processing Research Labs in Japan as an invited researcher. In August 1998, he became a Professor of Zoology (later Biology) at the University of Oklahoma, with an adjunct appointment as a Professor of Computer Science.

Tierra Software

Tierra is a computer program developed by Dr. Thomas S. Ray in the early 1990s. This innovative software allowed computer programs to compete for time (central processing unit (CPU) time) and space (access to main memory). Within the Tierra virtual machine, these computer programs are evolvable and capable of self-replicating and recombining. The virtual machine of Tierra is written in C and operates on a custom machine instruction set designed to facilitate code changes and reordering, featuring elements such as "jump to template" as opposed to the relative or absolute jumps common to most instruction sets.

The Tierra model has been utilized to explore the fundamental processes of evolutionary and ecological dynamics in a computational environment. It facilitates the investigation of processes such as the dynamics of punctuated equilibrium, host-parasite co-evolution, and density-dependent natural selection. Unlike more conventional models of evolutionary computation, such as genetic algorithms, Tierra does not have an explicit, or exogenous, [Fitness_function|fitness function]] built into the model. The fitness function in Tierra is endogenous, with survival and death being the core factors determining the "fitness" of a program, resulting in an instance of natural selection.

According to Ray and other researchers, this setup might allow for more "open-ended" evolution, in which the feedback dynamics between evolutionary and ecological processes can change over time. However, this claim is yet to be realized. Like other digital evolution systems, Tierra eventually reaches a point where novelty ceases to be created, and the system at large either begins looping or ceases to 'evolve'. The challenge of implementing true open-ended evolution in an artificial system is an ongoing question in the field of artificial life.

Researchers Mark Bedau and Norman Packard developed a statistical method of classifying evolutionary systems. In 1997, they applied these statistics to Evita, an artificial life model like Tierra and Avida, concluding that Tierra-like systems do not exhibit the open-ended evolutionary signatures of naturally evolving systems. Similarly, Russell K. Standish measured the informational complexity of 'organisms' within Tierra and did not observe complex growth in their evolution.

Personal life
Ray was born in Norman Oklahoma. He has a daughter named Ariel Ivy Ray who was born in 1993.

Sample of Publications
Strong, D. R. and T. S. Ray.  1975.  Host tree location behavior of a tropical vine (Monstera gigantea) by skototropism.  Science, 190: 804–06.

Ray, T. S., and C. C. Andrews.  1980.  Antbutterflies: Butterflies that follow army ants to feed on antbird droppings.  Science 210: 1147–1148.

Ray, T. S.  1980.  Syngonium oduberi (Araceae): A new species from the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica.  Aroideana 3(4): 128–129.

Ray, T. S.  1983.  Monstera tenuis.  In D. Janzen [ed.], Costa Rican natural history, 278–80.  University of Chicago Press.

Ray, T. S.  1985.  The host plant, Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae), of Agrias (Nymphalidae).  J. Lep. Soc. 39(4):266–267.

Ray, T. S.  1988.  Diversification of growth habits in the Araceae. Amer. J. Bot.76(Suppl.): 276.

Ray, T. S.  1990.  Metamorphosis in the Araceae. Amer. J. Bot. 77(12): 1599–1609.

Ray, T. S.  1991.  Evolution and optimization of digital organisms.  In: Billingsley K. R., E. Derohanes, H. Brown, III [eds.], Scientific Excellence in Supercomputing: The IBM 1990 Contest Prize Papers, Athens, GA, 30602: The Baldwin Press, The University of Georgia.  Publication date: December 1991, Pp. 489–531.

Ray, T. S.  1991.  An approach to the synthesis of life. In : Langton, C., C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer, & S. Rasmussen [eds], Artificial Life II, Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, vol. XI, 371–408.  Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley.  ,

Ray, T. S.  1992.  Foraging behaviour in tropical herbaceous climbers (Araceae).  Journal of Ecology 80: 189–203.

Ray, T. S.  1994.  An evolutionary approach to synthetic biology: Zen and the art of creating life.  Artificial Life 1(1/2): 195–226. Reprinted In: Langton, C. G. [ed.], Artificial Life, an overview. The MIT Press, 1995.

Ray, T. S.  1994.  Evolution, complexity, entropy, and artificial reality.  Physica D 75: 239–263.

Thearling, Kurt, and Thomas S. Ray.  1997. "Evolving Parallel Computation," Complex Systems, 10(3):229–237.  (June 1996)

Ray, T. S.  1998.  Selecting Naturally for Differentiation: preliminary evolutionary results.  Complexity, 3(5): 25–33.  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Ray, T. S. 2001. Aesthetically Evolved Virtual Pets. Leonardo 34(4): 313–316.

Ray, T. S. 2002. Kurzweil's Turing Fallacy. In: Jay Wesley Richards [ed.]. "Are We Spiritual Machines?: Ray Kurzweil vs. the Critics of Strong AI", with George Gilder, Ray Kurzweil, William Dembski, John Searle, Michael Denton and Thomas Ray. Discovery Institute, Seattle. Pp. 116–127.

Ray, T.S.  2010.  Psychedelics and the Human Receptorome.  PLoS ONE.  , February 2, 2010.

Ray, T. S.  2012.  Mental Organs and the Origins of Mind.  In: L. Swan (Ed) Origins of Mind, pp. 301–326. New York / Heidelberg: Springer.

Ray, T. S.  2015. Constructing the ecstasy of MDMA from its component mental organs: Proposing the primer/probe method. Medical Hypotheses / Elsevier, 87, 48 – 60.

Ray, T.S. 2017. Mental Organs and the Breadth and Depth of Consciousness. Transform Press. June 27, 2017.

External links

 Tom Ray's Personal Home Page

 VirtualLife project

 Publications on Tropical Biology

 Artificial Life Publications

 Publications on the human mind

References

1954 births
American ecologists
21st-century American zoologists
Researchers of artificial life
University of Oklahoma faculty
University of Delaware faculty
Florida State University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Living people

Thomas S. Ray


Splosion Man is a 2.5D action platform video game developed by Twisted Pixel Games for the Xbox 360, available through the Xbox Live Arcade digital download service. It was released on July 22, 2009, as part of the Xbox Live Summer of Arcade. Players control 'Splosion Man, an escaped science experiment with the ability to explode himself repeatedly, as he works his way through obstacles and traps trying to exit the fictional laboratory known as Big Science.

Splosion Man received positive reviews, and was voted by Xbox Live players as the Best Original XBLA Game of 2009. IGN listed the game eleventh in their top twenty-five Xbox Live Arcade titles of all time. Splosion Man placed thirteenth overall in sales and as of year-end 2011 had sold over 487,000 units. A sequel, titled Ms. Splosion Man, was released on July 13, 2011.

Gameplay
The game's title character, Splosion Man, was created by the fictional laboratory Big Science. The character is made entirely of explosive material. The aim of the game is to go through a series of levels consisting of puzzles, traps, and enemies to escape the facility. A splode is effectively a jump, and can also be used to kill enemies, demolish walls, detonate explosive barrels or trigger other effects. The character can explode up to three times in quick succession at which point he will need to take a breather to replenish his supply.

Splosion Man includes a story mode consisting of fifty levels, including three bosses, as well as up to four-player cooperative gameplay, with fifty coop-exclusive levels. When playing cooperatively the players are each presented in a different color to distinguish them from others. All players share the same screen which zooms in and out according to how close players are to one another. The game does not contain any usable items, but hidden in each level is a cake which can be consumed for extra points or achievements.

Development and marketing
Pre-production for Splosion Man began in early 2008, coinciding with winding down of development of The Maw, another Twisted Pixel Games title. The pre-production began in order to keep the team working on a title once The Maw was completed. Production began in December 2008, and development began in January 2009. In April 1, Twisted Pixel released a press announcement that a new game called Splosion Man would be released onto the Xbox Live Arcade. The next day, Twisted Pixel confirmed that the game wasn't an April Fool's Day hoax and that it would be released later in the year. It was featured at the 2009 PAX convention at Twisted Pixel's booth. Splosion Man was released for Xbox Live Arcade on July 22. It was the first of five titles to be released as part of Microsoft's Summer of Arcade for the Xbox 360. The developers specifically timed the development cycle so in hopes that it would be one of the titles included.

The premise for Splosion Man spawned from a random idea proposed by Sean Riley, one of the developers involved in the game. His idea was to develop a game about "a guy who splodes in a world only made of glass". The team joked about the concept until it eventually progressed into a full-fledged video game. Splosion Man was made a downloadable title due its simplicity in comparison to creating a retail game. The developers stated that practically any platform game may have had some influence on Splosion Man, though they credited Earthworm Jim for his sense of humor and Sonic the Hedgehog when comparing a sense of speed. The concept art was drawn by retired concept artist Jerome Crackershack, which was picked up by Dave Leung. Leung later became the art lead and, in the words of Splosion Man director James Bear, "ran with [it] and brought [it] to life". Bear explained that the game's humor was not a big part of the pre-development process, and that they "just wanted to make an awesome game". The "Way of the Coward" mode, which allowed players to skip a stage by dying enough times in a row, was added so players could experience the whole game. Using this mode also garbs the protagonist with a pink tutu.

Splosion Man is the first title to provide Avatar Awards to players of the game. Twisted Pixel has no plans to port Splosion Man to other consoles. While no traditional downloadable content was released for the game, two exclusive levels were later included in Twisted Pixel's Comic Jumper: The Adventures of Captain Smiley and can be unlocked through gameplay.

Reception

Splosion Man received "favorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

Reviewers generally praised the game's humor, simplicity, and inexpensive price. Brett Todd of GameSpot called Splosion Man "one of the most original platformers to come down the road in a while", adding the price was "very reasonable". IGN reviewer Daemon Hatfield also lauded the game's humor, gameplay and personality, adding "not a moment goes by without seeing something new and exciting". The level design, overall gameplay length and personality were high points for Eduardo Reboucas of Game Revolution, who continued with stating that the game was "easy to play, hard to master". Eurogamers Dan Whitehead enjoyed the game overall, but occasional repetitive level design and some minor control issues. GamesRadar+'s Nathan Meunier enjoyed the game overall, also citing the comical musical score, but shared the feeling that the level design becomes repetitive.

411Mania gave it a favorable review and said: "For 800 Microsoft Points, this game offers a lot of fun and enjoyment, both by yourself and with friends. Whether it is trying to beat levels, find hidden cakes or beat the par time, there is a lot to do in this game. For such a simplistic game on the surface, there is a lot to be had here, and this is one of the hidden gems in the Summer of Arcade games. Definitely try this game, but this game is really worth the price of admission." The A.V. Clubs Samantha Nelson gave it a B+ and wrote: "Unlike many platformers that are packed with button-pressing combos to master, Splosion Man revels in simplicity. As the game manual expressly states, every button on your controller makes you do the same thing: 'splode'." In contrast, Teletext GameCentrals Roger Hargreaves gave it seven out of ten, saying that, "Like any good firework[s] display this fun platformer retains its charm even after the novelty runs out."

It was voted by the Xbox Live community as the Best Original Xbox Live Arcade Game of 2009. In August 2009 Shadow Complex developer Donald Mustard praised the quality of recent downloadable games, specifically mentioning Splosion Man for how unique it and others are. In a September 2010 ranking, IGN listed Splosion Man eleventh in their top twenty-five Xbox Live Arcade titles of all time. By October 2011, that rank had dropped to fifteenth.

Sales
Splosion Man was a commercial success, along with the four other Summer of Arcade titles. A Microsoft Australia representative stated that all five of these titles would have made the top 10 best-selling games in Australia in their first week of release. It launched as the second best-selling game in the week of July 20, 2009, with over 70,000 players. It ranked third in the following week. It was the fifth best-selling Xbox Live Arcade title during the week of August 10, 2009. It later appeared at number eight during the week of August 24. The game placed thirteenth overall 2009 sales. As of January 2011, Splosion Man had sold over 390,000 units. As of year-end 2011 it had moved to over 487,000 units.

Sequel

Twisted Pixel Games developed a sequel to Splosion Man titled Ms. Splosion Man. The female version of 'Splosion Man was selected, according to Josh Bear of Twisted Pixel Games, as part of an underlying homage to Ms. Pac-Man. It was Bear's opinion that Ms. Pac-Man was an improvement on Pac-Man and Ms. Splosion Man is likewise meant to be an advancement on Splosion Man. It was released on July 13, 2011.

Controversy
In January 2011, Capcom released an iOS game entitled MaXplosion, which featured several similarities to Splosion Man, including the same game mechanics. Twisted Pixel programmer Mike Henry said he believed the game to be "a complete theft". Twisted Pixel CEO Michael Wilford also pointed out that Twisted Pixel Games had once pitched Splosion Man to Capcom, but the game was rejected. Wilford later explained that the pitch to Capcom was presented to the US branch of the company, and that the UK division handles all mobile game development. He stated that it was unlikely that Capcom US passed on the game pitch to Capcom UK. Twisted Pixel did not plan to take legal action against Capcom. Capcom responded to the allegations saying that the game was developed independently by Capcom Mobile, a different division from the one that had discussions with Twisted Pixel, and the game's similarities to Splosion Man was a coincidence. Twisted Pixel included a hidden jab towards Capcom in the game's sequel, Ms. Splosion Man. Upon finding a secret area the character Star from Comic Jumper: The Adventures of Captain Smiley notices similarities to other games, calling it "a ripoff". The character then states "Who made this game? Capcom?"

References

External links

2009 video games
Action games
Microsoft games
Platformers
Indie games
Side-scrolling video games
Twisted Pixel games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with 2.5D graphics
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
Xbox 360-only games
Xbox 360 games
Multiplayer and single-player video games

'Splosion Man


David John Breeze, OBE, FSA, FRSE, HonFSAScot, Hon MIFA (born 25 July 1944) is a British archaeologist, teacher and scholar of Hadrian's Wall, the Antonine Wall and the Roman army. He studied under Eric Birley and is a member of the so-called "Durham School" of archaeology. He was a close friend and colleague of the late Dr Brian Dobson.

Personal life
Breeze was educated in Blackpool Grammar School. He attended the University of Durham, from which he was awarded his Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD) in 1970. His thesis was titled The immunes and principales of the Roman army.

Education and Work
After working for the department of archaeology at the University of Durham in 1968–69, Breeze was appointed an Assistant Inspector of Ancient Monuments in the Ministry of Public Building and Works. He succeeded Iain MacIvor as Chief Inspector of Ancient Monuments for Historic Scotland in 1989, serving in this role until 2005.

He is an honorary professor at the University of Durham, the University of Edinburgh, the University of Newcastle upon Tyne and the University of Stirling.

He led the team which resulted in the Antonine Wall being ascribed as a World Heritage Site in 2008, and formed part of the group which created the Frontiers of the Roman Empire World Heritage Site, of which this is the first multi-national example. He chaired the Culture 2000 project Frontiers of the Roman Empire (2005–08). He edited, with Sonja Jilek, a multi-language series of books on the frontiers of the Roman Empire. Published so far are volumes on the Roman limes in Hungary (2008), the lower Danube limes in Bulgaria (2008), Slovakia (2008), The Danube Limes: A Roman River Frontier (2009), the Antonine Wall (2009), Hadrian's Wall (2011), the Danube limes in Austria (2011), North Africa (2013), Serbia (2017), The Lower German Limes (2019), Egypt (2021), Dacia (2021), Upper Germanic Limes (2022), The Eastern Frontier (2022), The Saxon Shore (2022) and Wales (2022) all available online. The report on his excavations at the Roman fort at Bearsden on the Antonine Wall was published in 2016, with a separate 'popular' account shortly afterwards.

Affiliations and other activities
Breeze has served as president of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (1987–90), the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne (2008–11), the Royal Archaeological Institute (2009–12) and the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society (2011–14). He was Chairman of the British Archaeological Awards from 1993 to 2009 and of the International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies from 2000 to 2015, and the Senhouse Museum Trust, Maryport, from 2013 to 2018; he is now a patron of the trust. He was one of the founders of the Hadrianic Society in 1971, and is now a patron of its successor, the Roman Army School held in Durham each Easter. Breeze has chaired the organising committee for the 1989, 1999, 2009 and 2019 Pilgrimages of Hadrian's Wall, probably the oldest archaeological tour in the UK, and edited the 14th edition of the Handbook to the Roman Wall, the oldest archaeological guide-book in the UK to have been continuously in print and up-dated. He is a corresponding member of the German Archaeological Institute.

Honours and awards
Breeze was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Letters by the University of Glasgow in 2008. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2009.

He was awarded Current Archaeology Archaeologist of the Year award at the Archaeology Awards 2009, and the European Archaeological Heritage Prize in 2010. Breeze was presented with a Festschrift in 2009: The Army and Frontiers of Rome edited by William S. Hanson and published by the Journal of Roman Archaeology.

In 2021, Breeze was awarded the Kenyon Medal by the British Academy "for his outstanding contribution to the archaeology of the Roman Empire and to ensuring the inscription of the Antonine Wall as a World Heritage Site".

Publications

Breeze, D. J. 1979, Roman Scotland, a guide to the visible remains, Newcastle upon Tyne: Frank Graham.
Breeze, D. J. 1982, The Northern Frontiers of Roman Britain, London: Batsford.
Breeze, D. J. 1983, 2nd ed. 2002, Roman Forts in Britain, Princes Risborough: Shire Publications.
Breeze, D. J. 1987, 2nd ed. 2002, Hadrian's Wall, a souvenir guide to the Roman Wall, London: English Heritage.
Breeze, D. J. 1987, A Queen's Progress, Edinburgh: Her Majesty's Stationery Office
Breeze, D. J. 1996, second edition 2006, Roman Scotland: Frontier Country, London: Batsford.
Breeze, D. J. 1998, Historic Scotland, 5000 Years of Scotland's Heritage, London: Batsford.
Breeze, D. J. 2002, Historic Scotland: People and Places, Batsford, London.
Breeze, D. J. 2006, John Collingwood Bruce's Handbook to the Roman Wall, 14th ed. Newcastle upon Tyne: Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne.
Breeze, D. J. 2006, The Antonine Wall, Edinburgh: John Donald.
Breeze, D. J. 2006, Hadrian's Wall, London: English Heritage.
Breeze, D. J. 2007, Roman Frontiers in Britain, Duckworth: London.
Breeze, D. J. 2007, Frontiers of the Roman Empire World Heritage Site Proposed Extension The Antonine Wall, 2 volumes, Edinburgh: Historic Scotland.
Breeze, D. J. 2008, Edge of Empire, Scotland's Roman Frontier, The Antonine Wall, Edinburgh: Birlinn.
Breeze, D. J. 2011, The Frontiers of Imperial Rome, Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books.
Breeze, D. J. (ed) 2012, The First Souvenirs, Enamelled Vessels from Hadrian's Wall, Kendal: CWAAS.
Breeze, D. J. 2013, Roman frontiers in their landscape settings, Newcastle: The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne.
Breeze, D. J. (ed) 2013 200 years, The Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne 1813-2013, Newcastle: Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle
Breeze, D. J. (ed) 2014, The Impact of Rome on the British Countryside, London: Royal Archaeological Institute.
Breeze, D. J. 2014, Hadrian's Wall: A History of Archaeological Thought, Kendal: CWAAS.
Breeze, D. J. 2016, The Roman Army, London: Bloomsbury.
Breeze, D. J. 2016, Bearsden: A Roman Fort on the Antonine Wall, Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.
Breeze, D. J. 2016, Hadrian's Wall: Paintings by the Richardson Family, Edinburgh: John Donald.
Breeze, D. J. 2016, Bearsden. The Story of a Roman Fort, Oxford: Archaeopress.
Breeze, D. J. 2018, Maryport. A Roman Fort and its Community, Oxford: Archaeopress.
Breeze, D. J. 2018, The Crosby Garrett Helmet, Kendal: CWAAS.
Breeze, D. J. 2019, Hadrian's Wall. A Study in Archaeological Exploration and interpretation, Oxford: Archaeopress.
Breeze, D. J. with Mark Richards and Peter Savin 2019, Hadrian's Wall. A Journey Through Time, Carlisle: Bookcase.
Breeze, D. J. 2020, The Pilgrimages of Hadrian's Wall, 1849-2019: A History, Kendal: Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society and Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle.
Breeze, D. J., Clarke D. V. and Mackay, G. 1980, The Romans in Scotland. An introduction to the collections of the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland, Edinburgh: National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland.
Breeze, D. J. and Dobson, B. 1993, Roman Officers and Frontiers, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.
Breeze, D. J. and Dobson, B. 1st ed. 1976, 4th ed. 2000, Hadrian's Wall, London: Penguin.
Breeze, D. J. and Bishop, M. C. (eds) 2013, The Crosby Garrett Helmet, Pewsey: The Armatura Press for Tullie House.
Breeze, D. J. and Edwards, B. J. N. 2000, The Twelfth Pilgrimage of Hadrian's Wall, 1999, Kendal: CWAAS and SANT.
Breeze, D. J., Fleet, C., Stevenson, J. (eds) 2011, Mapping and Antiquities in Scotland, Scottish Geographical Journal 127, number 2, June 2011.
Breeze, D. J. and Jilek, S. (eds) 2008, Frontiers of the Roman Empire: The European Dimension of a World Heritage Site, Edinburgh: Historic Scotland.
Breeze, D. J., Jones, R. H. and Oltean, I. A. (eds) 2015, Understanding Roman Frontiers, Celebrating Professor Bill Hanson, Edinburgh: John Donald.
Breeze, D. J. and Munro, G. 1997, The Stone of Destiny, Symbol of Nationhood, Edinburgh: Historic Scotland.
Breeze, D. J. and Ritchie, A. 1991, Invaders of Scotland, Edinburgh: Historic Scotland.
Breeze, D. J. and Thiel, A. 2005, The challenge of presentation. Visible and invisible parts of the Frontiers of the Roman Empire World Heritage Site in the United Kingdom and Germany, Amsterdam: Stichting voor de Nederlandse Archeologie.
Breeze, D. J., Thoms, L. M. and Hall, D. W (eds) 2009,  First Contact, Rome and Northern Britain, Perth: Tayside and Fife Archaeological Committee.
Breeze, D. J., Welander, R. and Clancy, T. O (eds) 2003, The Stone of Destiny, artefact and icon, Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.
Breeze, D. J. and Woolliscroft, D. J. (eds) 2009, Excavation and Survey at Roman Burgh-by-Sands, Kendal: CWAAS.
Breeze, D. J. and Hanson, W. S., (eds) 2020, The Antonine Wall. Papers in Honour of Professor Lawrence Keppie, Oxford: Archaeopress.
Breeze, D. J., Ivleva, T., Jones, R. H. and Thiel, A., 2022. A History of the Congress of Roman Frontier Studies 1949-2022, Oxford: Archaeopress.

References

,

1944 births
Academics of Durham University
Living people
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Alumni of University College, Durham
Scholars of Hadrian's Wall
20th-century British archaeologists
21st-century British archaeologists
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
Presidents of the Royal Archaeological Institute

David Breeze


Andy Z. Lehrer (16 May 1930 – 6 February 2014) was a Romanian entomologist. From 1996 until his death, he worked as a research associate in the laboratory of Zoology at the University of Tel Aviv in Tel Aviv, Israel. For several years, he studied flesh flies and blow flies from all over the world.

Lehrer was born in Iaşi, Romania. He died in February 2014, aged 83.

For many years he self-published the journal Fragmenta Dipterologica, for which he was almost the sole contributing author.

Toponymy dispute
In 2005, Lehrer reclassified the genus Bengalia into 11 new genera in 4 subfamilies within a newly designated family, Bengaliidae. The family designation was disputed by Rognes (2006) who noted that it was equivalent to the already established tribe Bengaliini, and that treating it as a family renders the Calliphoridae paraphyletic.  Further Rognes considered all the new genera created as junior names for Bengalia. Lehrer's work added 49 species to the already described 41 species and 18 of these new species were treated as invalid by Rognes. At present, major sources of Dipteran taxonomy do not recognize Lehrer's 10 new genera as valid, nor the 18 new species treated as invalid by Rognes (e.g.).

This dispute reflects that at present, there is no consensus as to the best way to subdivide the Calliphoridae, which many authorities acknowledge is not a natural group (in this case, polyphyletic); the BioSystematic Database of World Diptera, for example, states "The Calliphoridae are marked as a polyphyletic group of convenience as at the present we are unwilling to reduce the Oestridae to a subordinated group within a monophyletic Calliphoridae nor to elevate a number of other groups (Polleniidae, Helicoboscidae, and Bengaliidae) so as to properly delimit both Calliphoridae and Oestridae." Similarly, the dispute at the generic level is that some of Lehrer's genera are paraphyletic, and, additionally, that they are based largely or exclusively upon features of the male genitalia, and it is therefore impossible to identify most female specimens to subfamily, let alone genus (the rejection of Lehrer's subdivisions therefore being both taxonomic and a matter of practicality). The dispute at the species level centers on the fact that Lehrer did not include or examine 24 of the 41 known species in his revision, so of the 31 species he validly described that were not immediately synonymized, many could still potentially be synonyms of these 24 excluded species.

References

1930 births
2014 deaths
Israeli entomologists
Romanian entomologists
Scientists from Iași
Tel Aviv University people
Dipterists

Andy Lehrer


Chéri Hérouard (1881, Rocroi – 1961) was a French illustrator who was most famously known for his forty-five-year work for French society magazine, La Vie Parisienne. Born as Chéri-Louis-Marie-Aime Haumé in Rocroi on 6 January 1881, Hérouard's father died in a hunting accident just before his birth. His mother remarried to a Hérouard, who was a descendant of the doctor of Louis XIII, and Chéri took the new name. Hérouard married Henriette Tabillon on 17 August 1903. Chéri Herouard's first printed artwork appeared in Le Journal de la Jeunesse in 1902. Upon stepping into the Publishing House of Calmann-Lévy, he met Anatole France, who encouraged him to continue his work.

Hérouard often worked with fairy tale characters and was also a pioneer in the comics format. He submitted work to La Semaine de Suzette before being approached by Charles Saglio, who had just purchased La Vie Parisienne, to become an illustrator for the magazine. At first he resisted, saying he didn't think he was skilled enough. Two years later, Hérouard's first illustration for La Vie Parisienne was published on 9 November 1907. The cover illustrations for the magazine were divided among several illustrators, with Hérouard contributing most frequently between 1916 through 1930. He continued his work with the magazine until 1952. He often created illustrations for books such as Dangerous Liaisons in 1945. For Pierrot, he drew Gil Blas de Santillane (1949), Tambour Battant (1950) and Le Capitaine Eclair (1951). Under the pseudonym of Herric, he also created erotic and sadomasochistic illustrations for various books including the Kama Sutra. He died on 2 June 1961.

In 2019 the National Leather Association International established an award named after Hérouard for creators of realistic erotic art.

References

External links

1881 births
1961 deaths
People from Rocroi
Artists from Grand Est
French comics artists
French erotic artists
French illustrators

Chéri Hérouard


Dragoon Wells Massacre is a 1957 American CinemaScope DeLuxe Color Western film directed by Harold D. Schuster starring Barry Sullivan, Dennis O'Keefe, Mona Freeman and Katy Jurado. The supporting cast features Sebastian Cabot, Jack Elam and Hank Worden.

Plot
Wagons converge in the middle of nowhere. One is carrying Army captain Matt Riordan, the only survivor of an ambush by Chief Yellow Claw and his Apache braves. Another is a prison wagon carrying accused killer Link Ferris and a second man, known as Tioga, to town for trial, escorted by Marshal Bill Haney.

A stagecoach turns up next, owned by Jonah McAdam and carrying Matt's former sweetheart Ann Bradley with her new beau, wealthy Philip Scott, as well as Mara Fay, an entertainer. The passengers are warned that Yellow Claw is in the area. Link and Tioga have their shackles removed so they can assist the others when the Apaches attack.

Matt discovers that McAdam is smuggling weapons to the Indians illegally. At a relay station, a young girl is the only one left after the Apaches have burned it to the ground. Ann looks after her while Tioga sacrifices his life to save the child. Matt falls in love with Mara and joins forces with Link to defeat the raiders. For his help, Link is granted his freedom by Haney. As he rides away, Link is followed by Ann.

Cast
 Barry Sullivan as Link Ferris
 Dennis O'Keefe as Capt. Matt Riordan
 Mona Freeman as Ann Bradley
 Katy Jurado as Mara Fay
 Sebastian Cabot as Jonah
 Casey Adams as Phillip Scott
 Jack Elam as Tioga
 Trevor Bardette as Marshal Bill Haney
 Jon Shepodd as Tom
 Hank Worden as Hopi Charlie
 Warren Douglas as Jud
 Judy Strangis as Susan
 Alma Beltran as Station agent's wife
 John War Eagle as Yellow Claw

Production
Parts of the film were shot in Kanab Canyon, Johnson Canyon, the Gap, and the Kanab movie fort in Utah.

Reception
Time Out called it "a highly enjoyable film, magnificently shot by William Clothier and with a surprisingly tight, inventive script by Warren Douglas ".

Comic book adaptation
 Dell Four Color #815 (July 1957)

See also
 First Battle of Dragoon Springs
 List of American films of 1957

References

External links

1957 films
1957 Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) films
Apache Wars films
Films shot in Utah
1950s English-language films
Films directed by Harold D. Schuster
Films produced by Lindsley Parsons
Films with screenplays by Warren Douglas
Films scored by Paul Dunlap
Allied Artists films
Films adapted into comics
1950s American films

Dragoon Wells Massacre


Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) is the Microsoft implementation of NetBIOS Name Service (NBNS), a name server and service for NetBIOS computer names. Effectively, WINS is to NetBIOS names what DNS is to domain names — a central mapping of host names to network addresses. Like the DNS, it is implemented in two parts, a server service (that manages the embedded Jet Database, server to server replication, service requests, and conflicts) and a TCP/IP client component which manages the client's registration and renewal of names, and takes care of queries. Basically, Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) is a legacy computer name registration and resolution service that maps computer NetBIOS names to IP addresses.

WINS is Microsoft's predecessor to DNS for name resolution. Though WINS has not been deprecated, Microsoft advise against new deployments.

References

External links
Official sources
 Microsoft TechNet: Windows Internet Name Service Overview (Chapter 12 of the downloadable book "TCP/IP Fundamentals for Microsoft Windows")
 Microsoft TechNet: WINS Technical Reference
 Microsoft TechNet: WINS Concepts
 MSKB837391: Exchange Server 2003 and Exchange 2000 Server require NetBIOS name resolution for full functionality
Other
 Name Resolution chapter in Using Samba online book (also published by O'Reilly as ), which talks about WINS.

Microsoft server technology
Windows communication and services

Windows Internet Name Service


The Adams Memorial is a proposed United States presidential memorial to honor the second President John Adams; his wife and prolific writer Abigail Adams; their son, the sixth President John Quincy Adams; John Quincy Adams' wife Louisa Catherine Adams; and other members of the Adams family including John Quincy Adams' son Charles Francis Adams, Sr., a Civil War diplomat, politician, and editor; and Charles' two sons, Henry Adams, a noted historian and autobiographer, and academician Brooks Adams. As of March 2022, ten of the twelve members of the Adams Memorial Commission had yet to be appointed, with two vacancies to be filled by the U.S. president and eight by Congress.

History
The United States Congress authorized the Adams Memorial Foundation to proceed with the design and construction of a memorial on November 5, 2001. The foundation was authorized to raise private funds to construct a memorial on federal land in Washington, D.C. Once established, the memorial was then to be turned over to the federal government. On December 2, 2002, Congress amended this legislation to permit the Adams Memorial to be constructed within Area 1, the central core of the District of Columbia centered on the National Mall.

The Commemorative Works Clarification and Revision Act of 2003 (CWCRA), however, gave the Adams Memorial Foundation and other memorial efforts then under way just seven years to raise the funds and begin construction. When the memorial foundation was unable to raise the funds, Congress passed legislation on October 30, 2009, giving the Adams Memorial effort until September 30, 2010, to complete its fundraising. On December 2, 2009, Congress passed legislation applying the CWCRA to the Adams Memorial, although the clock began running with passage of the Area I authorization. Congress extended the deadline for fund-raising yet again on May 24, 2010, giving the memorial until December 2, 2013, to finish its efforts.

Authorization for the Adams Memorial expired on December 2, 2013, without a memorial having begun construction. Congress again reauthorized the memorial on July 22, 2014, extending the deadline to December 2, 2020. Following the continued failure of the foundation to select a location and raise funds, the March 2019 John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act established an Adams Memorial Commission to establish the memorial, with members appointed by Congress and the president. President Trump made two of four presidential appointments in fall 2020, Timothy Harleth and Jackie Gingrich Cushman, daughter of former U.S. House Speaker Newt Gingrich, and President Biden made two appointments in March 2023, Peter S. Cooke and Richard A. Houghten.

As of March 2023 the Speaker of the House Kevin McCarthy and Senate President pro tempore Patty Murray have not yet made any of their eight appointments. According to Section 2406 of the 2019 authorizing statute, while the presidential appointments may be any member of the public, the congressional appointments can be only current elected members of the House and Senate.  The commission expires December 2, 2025.

See also
List of national memorials of the United States
Presidential memorials in the United States
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence

References

External links
 : Public Law 107-62, establishing the Foundation
 : Public Law 116-9, reconstituting commission with 2025 expiration date in Section 2406.

Adams political family
Proposed monuments and memorials in the United States

Adams Memorial


The iPad is a brand of iOS and iPadOS-based tablet computers that are developed by Apple Inc., first introduced on January 27, 2010. The iPad range consists of the original iPad lineup and the flagship products iPad Mini, iPad Air, and iPad Pro.

The iPhone's iOS operating system (OS) was initially used for the iPad but in September 2019, its OS was switched to a fork of iOS called iPadOS that has better support for the device's hardware and its user interface is customized for the tablets' larger screens. The iPad's App Store is subject to application and content approval. Many older devices are susceptible to jailbreaking, which circumvents these restrictions. The original iPad was well-received for its software and was recognized as one of the most-influential inventions of 2010.
As of the third quarter of 2021, iPad had a market share of 34.6%; beside personal use, the iPad is used in the business, education, healthcare, and technology sectors. There are two variants of iPad; one has only Wi-Fi and one has support for cellular networks. Accessories include the Apple Pencil, Smart Case, Smart Keyboard, Smart Keyboard Folio, Magic Keyboard, and several adapters.

History

Background

Apple co-founder and CEO Steve Jobs said in a 1983 speech: "What we want to do is we want to put an incredibly great computer in a book that you can carry around with you and learn how to use in 20 minutes... and we really want to do it with a radio link in it so you don't have to hook up to anything and you're in communication with all of these larger databases and other computers".

In 1993, Apple worked on the Newton MessagePad, a tablet-like personal digital assistant (PDA). John Sculley, Apple's chief executive officer, led the development. The MessagePad was poorly received for its indecipherable handwriting recognition feature and was discontinued at the direction of Jobs, who returned to Apple in 1998 after an internal power struggle. Apple also prototyped a PowerBook Duo–based tablet computer but decided not to release it to avoid hurting MessagePad sales.

In May 2004, Apple filed a design trademark patent in Europe for a handheld computer, hypothetically referencing the iPad, beginning a new round of speculation that led to a 2003 report of Apple-affiliated manufacturer Quanta leaking Apple's orders for wireless displays. In May 2005, Apple filed US Design Patent No. D504,889 that included an illustration depicting a man touching and using a tablet device. In August 2008, Apple filed a 50-page patent application that includes an illustration of hands touching and gesturing on a tablet computer. In September 2009, Taiwan Economic News, citing "industry sources", reported the tablet computer Apple was working on would be announced in February 2010, although the announcement was made in that year's January.

The iPad's concept predates that of the iPhone, although the iPhone was developed and released before the iPad. In 1991, Apple's chief design officer Jonathan Ive devised an industrial design of a stylus-based tablet, the Macintosh Folio, which led to the development of a larger tablet prototype project codenamed K48 that Apple began in 2004. Ive sought to develop the tablet first but came to an agreement with Jobs the iPhone was more important and should be prioritized.

iPad

The first generation of iPad was announced on January 27, 2010, and pre-ordering began on March 12. Initial reaction to the product name, which struck many women as a menstrual pun "indicative of a male-helmed team oblivious" to the connotations, mocked it.

A Wi-Fi-capable version was released in the United States on April 3 and a 3G-capable version was released on April 30. Apple released iPad models internationally on May 28, July 23, and September 17. The first iPad has a 1 GHz Apple A4 central processing unit (CPU) with 256 megabytes (MB) of random access memory (RAM) and a PowerVR SGX535 graphics processing unit (GPU). It has four buttons; a home button that directs the user to its homepage, a wake-and-sleep button, and two volume-control buttons. Its multi-touch-based display has a resolution of 1,024 by 768 pixels.

The second generation of iPad was announced on March 2, 2011, and released on March 11. It is 33% thinner and 15% lighter than its predecessor, and uses a dual-core Apple A5 chip consisting of a twice-as-fast CPU and a nine-times-faster GPU. It has one camera each on the front and the back, both of which support Apple's video-telephony service, FaceTime. Apple slimmed the iPad by eliminating the display's stamped-sheet-metal frame, using thinner glass for the screen overlay, and eliminating some space between the display and battery.

The third generation of iPad was announced on March 7, 2012, and released on March 16. It uses a dual-core Apple A5X chip embedded with quad-core graphics. Its Retina Display is 2,048 by 1,536 pixels and its pixels are 50% denser than those of standard displays. Unlike the iPhone and iPod Touch's built-in applications, which work in portrait, landscape-left and landscape-right orientations, the iPad's built-in applications support the upside-down orientation of the device. Consequently, the device has no "native" orientation; only the relative position of the home button changes.

The fourth generation of iPad was announced on October 23, 2012, and released on November 2. It has an Apple A6X chip, improved LTE and WiFi connectivity, a five-megapixel, rear-facing camera that is capable of recording 1080p videos, and a 720p front-facing FaceTime HD camera. Its display has a resolution of 2,048 by 1,536 pixels.

The fifth generation of iPad was announced on March 21, 2017, and released on March 24. It uses an Apple A9 chip with an accompanying M9 motion coprocessor, and its cameras can capture low-light and HD-quality shots. Despite using the same Apple A9 and M9 processors as the 2015 iPhone 6S, it lacks support of the always-on "Hey Siri" voice recognition, a feature advertised as being made possible by low-power processing in those chips.

The sixth generation of iPad was announced and released on March 27, 2018. It uses a dual-core Apple A10 Fusion chip and feature a 1080p and 30fps rear mounted 8-megapixel iSight camera, and a 720p Facetime HD camera. It was the first non-Pro iPad to support the Apple Pencil. It also had faster FaceTime HD, LTE connectivity, Touch ID, and multitask functionalities.

The seventh generation of iPad was announced on September 10, 2019, and released on September 25. It uses a 64-bit Apple A10 Fusion chip, with a 4-core CPU and 6-core GPU. Its slightly larger 10.2" Retina Display has a resolution of 2,160 × 1,620 (3.5 million pixels). It added support for the Smart Keyboard accessory.

The eighth generation of iPad was announced on September 15, 2020, and released on September 18. It uses an Apple A12 Bionic chip, which has a 40 percent faster 6-core CPU and a 2-times faster 4-core GPU than its predecessor. The Apple A12 also included an embedded Neural Engine, and is capable of processing 5 trillion operations per second. Its Retina Display had a resolution of 1668 by 2388 pixels.

The ninth generation of iPad was announced and released on September 14, 2021. It uses an Apple A13 Bionic chip, which has a 20% faster CPU and GPU and an embedded, artificial intelligence–immersed Neural Engine. Its 12-megapixel ultra wide front camera adds support for Apple's "Center Stage Mode" technology, which locates people in the frame and tracks the camera view to keep them centered. Its Retina Display added support for the True Tone technology, which automatically adjusts the screen color temperature according to the ambient lighting.

The 10th-generation iPad was announced on October 18, 2022, with pre-orders starting immediately and availability set for October 26. It uses the Apple A14 Bionic chip, has a larger 10.9-inch screen, and replaces the Lightning connector with USB-C. Unlike all previous models in the iPad range, as well as the sixth-generation iPad Pro announced the same day, this model's front-facing camera is placed along the device's long edge, making it more suitable for video calling applications. Despite having a USB-C connector, it is not compatible with the second-generation Apple Pencil that can be used with all other USB-C iPads, instead using the first-generation Pencil with a USB-C-to-Lightning adapter, which will be included with new Pencil purchases. While lacking the Smart Connector of the Pro and Air lines, it is compatible with a new Magic Keyboard Folio announced alongside the device. This model did not immediately replace the 9th-generation iPad; Apple continues to sell the older model at the same price, while the price for the newer 10th generation model was increased.

iPad Mini

The first generation of the flagship, smaller iPad Mini was announced on October 23, 2012, and released on November 2. It uses a dual-core Apple A5 chip, and has hardware resembling that of the second generation of iPad. It has a FaceTime HD camera, a 5-megapixel iSight camera, an ultrafast wireless LTE range, and a 802.11a/b/g/n standard Wifi connectivity. It targets the emerging sector of mini tablets, such as Kindle Fire and Nexus 7.

The second generation of iPad Mini was announced on October 22, 2013, and released on November 12. Its hardware resembles that of the first generation of iPad Air. (below)

The third generation of iPad Mini was announced on October 16, 2014, and released on October 22. It uses an Apple A7 chip with an embedded M7 motion coprocessor, and its 7.9-inch Retina screen display has a resolution of 2048 by 1536 pixels. It includes a 1080p HD camera, a FaceTime HD camera, and a 5-megapixel iSight camera.

The fourth generation of iPad Mini was announced and released on September 9, 2015. It uses a dual-core Apple A8 chip with an embedded Apple M8 motion coprocessor. Its headphone jack was re-positioned with the removal of a mute switch.

The fifth generation of iPad Mini was announced and released on March 18, 2019. It uses an Apple A12 Bionic chip, with a 3-times faster CPU and a 9-times faster GPU than its predecessor. It features a Truetone-based Retina screen display with 25% wider Color and higher pixel density.

The sixth generation of iPad Mini was announced and released on September 24, 2021. It uses an Apple A15 Bionic chip, with a 40% faster 6-core CPU and 80% faster 5-core GPU. Its 16-core Neural Engine and AI accelerators within the CPU delivers a 2x boost of AI performance. Its 12-megapixel Ultra Wide front camera featured Apple's "Center Stage Mode" technology, while its 12-megapixel back camera had larger apertures, True Tone flash, and Smart HDR automatic shadow and highlight recovery. It includes a USB-C port, capable of transferring up to 5 gigabits per second of data; improved landscape stereo speakers; and a brighter Liquid Retina Display.

iPad Air

The first generation of iPad Air was announced on October 22, 2013, and released on November 1. It used an Apple A7 chip with an embedded Apple M7 Motion coprocessor; the chip included over a billion transistors and comprised a 2x faster CPU and GPU. It debuted the 802.11n-based MINO technology used in its Wi-Fi connectivity, and it had an extended range of LTE telecommunication. It also came with a Retina Display.

The second generation of iPad Air was announced on October 16, 2014, and released on October 22. It used an Apple A8X chip with a 2.5x faster CPU. Its 8MP iSight Camera had 1.12-micron pixels and a f/2.4 aperture, while its FaceTime Camera had f/2.2 aperture and 81% light capacity. Its display had a revised 56% lower reflective rate. It also had an extended range of LTE telecommunication service.

The third generation of iPad Air was announced on March 18, 2019, and released on March 25. It used an Apple A12 Bionic with an embedded Neural Engine, 6-core CPU and 4-core GPU. Its 866 Mbit/s WiFi connectivity are LTE-based, and it is equipped with a 1080p HD video camera.

The fourth generation of iPad Air was announced on September 15, 2020, and released on October 23. It used an Apple A14 Bionic chip, which comprised 11.9 billion transistors, a 40% faster 6-core CPU, a 30% faster 4-core GPU, and an embedded Neural Engine that can process 11 trillion operations per second. Its 10.9-inch Liquid Retina Screen display has a resolution of 2360 by 1640 pixels (3.8 million pixels). Its front 7-megapixel Facetime Camera is of 1080p and 60 fps, while its 12-megapixel webcam featured 8 aperture, 4K, 60fps, and video stabilization.

The fifth generation of iPad Air was announced on March 8, 2022, and released on March 18.  It used an Apple M1 chip.

iPad Pro

The first generation of the high-end and professional flagship iPad Pro was announced on September 9, 2015, and released on November 11, (12.9-inch version) and March 31 (9.7-inch).It used an Apple A9X chip, with a 2x higher memory bandwidth and a 1.8x faster CPU than its predecessor. It audio system consisted of 4 audio ports and its volume were more 3x more efficient than the second generation of iPad Air, and its 12-inch screen display had a resolution of 2732 by 2043 pixels.

The second generation of iPad Pro was announced on June 5, 2017, and was released on June 13. It used an Apple A10X chip, with a 6-core CPU and 12-core GPU. It can process 120 Hz HDR quality medias, 2x higher quality than its predecessor. Its ultra-low reflective Retina Display featured a 50% optimized True Tone technology (which automatically adjust the screen accordingly to its ambient color and brightness rates), Wide Color Integration, and up to 500 nit brightness rates. It also had a 12-megapixel rear-facing camera and a 7-megapixel front-facing camera.

The third generation of iPad Pro was announced on October 30, 2018, and released on November 7, and it is the first iPad to support 1TB of storage. It used a 7 nm Apple A12X Bionic chip, which comprised 11 billion transistors, an 8-core CPU, 7-core GPU and an embedded Neural Engine capable of processing 5 trillion operations per second. Apple replaced the Touch ID fingerprint recognition biometric authentication with its facial counterpart, Face ID.

The fourth generation of iPad Pro was announced and released on March 18, 2020. It used an Apple A12Z chip, with an 8-core CPU and 8-core GPU. Its Gbit-class Wi-Fi connectivity is 60% faster than that of its predecessor. It introduced a 10-megapixel ultra-wide camera, alongside its 12-megapixel wide camera, capable of capturing 4k video. These cameras allow it to capture medias with wider visibility, and its audio system automatically detects and attracts any orientation nearby.

The fifth generation of iPad Pro was announced on April 20, 2021, and released on May 21. It used an innovative desktop-class Apple M1 chip, which comprised a 40% faster 8-core CPU, a 4x faster 8-core GPU, and a 4x higher bandwidth. It featured a ƒ/1.8 aperture 12-megapixel wide-angle pro camera (captures high quality shots) and a ƒ/2.4 aperture 10-megapixel ultrawide camera (captures enhanced Augmented Reality interactive experience). It debuted Apple's "Center Stage mode" technology, which pinpoints the positions of the users and automatically tracks the camera view accordingly to perspectivally centralize them. The 12.9-inch version had a mini LED-based Liquid Retina XDR display, compared to the 11-inch model's lesser IPS LCD-based Liquid Retina display.

The sixth generation of iPad Pro was announced on October 18, 2022, and released on October 26. It used an Apple M2 chip, with an 8-core CPU and 10-core GPU.

Cellular connectivity
The iPad comes in two variants: Wi-Fi only and Wi-Fi with cellular support. Unlike the iPhone, the cellular variant did not support voice calls and text messages, but only data connectivity; it also had an additional micro-SIM circuit slot attached on the side. The 3G-based iPad is compatible with any GSM carrier, unlike the iPhone which is usually sold locked' to specific carriers. For the first generation of iPad, cellular access from T-Mobile was limited to slower EDGE cellular speeds because T-Mobile's network at the time used different frequencies.

The second generation of iPad introduced a third tier of CDMA support from Verizon, which is available separately from the AT&T-based version. The fifth generation of iPad used a nano-SIM circuit slot, while its predecessors used micro-SIM. The iPads used two frequency bands; both support the same quad-band GSM and quad-band UMTS frequencies. One supports LTE bands 4 and 17 (principally intended for use on the U.S. AT&T network), and the other supports LTE bands 1, 3, 5, 13, 25 and CDMA EV-DO Rev. A and Rev. B.

Apple extended the range of cellular compatibilities worldwide with the release of the fifth generation of iPad and the second generation of iPad Mini, worldwide and all major carriers across North America. The iPad Air and iPad Mini come in two cellular sub-variants, all of which featured nano-SIMs, quad-band GSM, penta-band UMTS, and dual-band CDMA EV-DO Rev. A and B. One supports LTE bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25 and 26, and the other supports LTE bands 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 18, 19, 20 and TD-LTE bands 38, 39 and 40.

Accessories

Apple offers many accessories for its iPad models, ranging from keyboards, styluses, cases, to adapters; a 10 W power adapter is bundled with the device. In addition to a camera connection kit which consists of two adapters for the iPad's dock connector, one of USB Type A and one of SD card reader; these adapters can transfer photographs and videos and connect USB audio card and MIDI keyboard.

Apple's list of accessories included the Apple Pencil ― a wireless stylus pen, Smart Cover ― a magnetic screen protector that align to the face of an iPad with three folds that is convertible into a stand, Smart Case ― a fine case combining the functions of a Smart Cover and a back-protection case, Smart Keyboard Folio ― an externally-paired keyboard and a combination of a Smart Case and its predecessor, a Smart Keyboard, Magic Keyboard, ― an externally-paired keyboard similar to the formers but with integrated trackpads which the Smart Keyboard Folio and Smart Keyboard lack.

Software

Since its introduction in 2010, the iPad runs on the iPhone's iOS mobile operating system, but it was later replaced with an optimized derivation, iPadOS, in September 2019. It shares the former's development environment and many of its applications and features. The iPad is compatible with nearly every iPhone application through iOS, and developers can optimize these applications to take full advantage of the iPad's software. They used iOS SDK, a software development kit.

The iOS user interface is based upon direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures such as swipe, tap, pinch, and reverse pinch. Interface control elements include sliders, switches, and buttons. Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device (one common result is the undo command) or rotating it in three dimensions (one common result is switching between portrait and landscape mode). Various accessibility described in § Accessibility functions enable users with vision and hearing disabilities to properly use iOS.

iOS devices boot to the homescreen, the primary navigation and information "hub" on iOS devices, analogous to the desktop found on personal computers. iOS homescreens are typically made up of app icons and widgets; app icons launch the associated app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content, such as a weather forecast, the user's email inbox, or a news ticker directly on the homescreen.
Along the top of the screen is a status bar, showing information about the device and its connectivity. The status bar itself contains two elements, the Control Center and the Notification Center.

iOS' Control Center can be "pulled" down from the top right of the notch, giving access to various toggles to manage the device more quickly without having to open the Settings. It is possible to manage brightness, volume, wireless connections, music player, etc. A homescreen may be made up of several pages, between which the user can swipe back and forth, one of the ways to do this is to hold down on the "dots" shown on each page and swipe left or right. To the right of the last page, the App Library lists and categorizes apps installed on the device. Apps within each category are arranged based on the frequency of their usage. In addition to a category for suggested apps, a "recent" category lists apps recently installed alongside App Clips recently accessed. Users can search for the app they want or browse them in alphabetical order.

iOS' multitasking API included Background audio – application continues to run in the background as long as it is playing audio or video content, voice over IP – application is suspended when a phone call is not in progress, Push notification, Local notifications – application schedules local notifications to be delivered at a predetermined time, Task completion – application asks the system for extra time to complete a given task, Fast app switching – application does not execute any code and may be removed from memory at any time, Newsstand – applications can download content in the background to be ready for the uses, External Accessory – application communicates with an external accessory and shares data at regular intervals, Bluetooth Accessory – application communicates with a Bluetooth accessory and shares data at regular intervals, and Background application update.

iPadOS features a multitasking system developed with more capabilities compared to iOS, with features like Slide Over and Split View that make it possible to use multiple different applications simultaneously. Double-clicking the Home Button or swiping up from the bottom of the screen and pausing will display all currently active spaces. Each space can feature a single app, or a Split View featuring two apps. The user can also swipe left or right on the Home Indicator to go between spaces at any time, or swipe left/right with four fingers.

In iPadOS, while using an app, swiping up slightly from the bottom edge of the screen will summon the Dock, where apps stored within can be dragged to different areas of the current space to be opened in either Split View or Slide Over. Dragging an app to the left or right edge of the screen will create a Split View, which will allow both apps to be used side by side. The size of the two apps in Split View can be adjusted by dragging a pill-shaped icon in the center of the vertical divider and dragging the divider all the way to one side of the screen closes the respective app. If the user drags an app from the dock over the current app, it will create a floating window called Slide Over which can be dragged to either the left or right side of the screen. A Slide Over window can be hidden by swiping it off the right side of the screen, and swiping left from the right edge of the screen will restore it. Slide Over apps can also be cycled between by swiping left or right on the Home Indicator in the Slide Over window and pulling up on it will open an app switcher for Slide Over windows. A pill-shaped icon at the top of apps in Split View or Slide Over allows them to be switched in an out of Split View and Slide Over.

Model support status

Restrictions

Digital rights management

The iPad does not employ digital rights management (DRM), but the OS prevents users from copying or transferring certain content outside of Apple's platform without authorization, such as TV shows, movies, and apps. Also, the iPad's development model requires anyone creating an app for the iPad to sign a non-disclosure agreement and pay for a developer subscription. Critics argue Apple's centralized app approval process and control of the platform itself could stifle software innovation. Of particular concern to digital rights advocates is Apple's ability to remotely disable or delete apps on any iPad at any time.

Digital rights advocates, including the Free Software Foundation, Electronic Frontier Foundation, and computer engineer and activist Brewster Kahle, have criticized the iPad for its digital rights restrictions. In April 2010, Paul Sweeting, an analyst with GigaOM, was quoted by NPR as saying, "With the iPad, you have the anti-Internet in your hands. ... It offers [the major media companies] the opportunity to essentially re-create the old business model, wherein they are pushing content to you on their terms rather than you going out and finding content, or a search engine discovering content for you." But Sweeting also thought that the limitations imposed by Apple impart the feeling of a safe neighborhood, saying, "Apple is offering you a gated community where there's a guard at the gate, and there's probably maid service, too." Laura Sydell, the article's author, concludes, "As more consumers have fears about security on the Internet, viruses, and malware, they may be happy to opt for Apple's gated community." The Russian government has switched from iPads to Android devices over security concerns.

Jailbreaking

Like other iOS devices, the iPad can be "jailbroken", depending on which version of iOS or iPadOS it is running, thus allowing applications and programs that are not authorized by Apple to run on the device. Once it is jailbroken, users are able to download many applications previously unavailable through the App Store via unofficial installers such as Cydia, as well as illegally pirated applications. Apple claims jailbreaking "can" void the factory warranty on the device in the United States even though jailbreaking is legal. The iPad, released in April 2010, was first jailbroken in May 2010 with the Spirit jailbreak for iOS version 3.1.2. The iPad can be jailbroken on iOS versions 4.3 through 4.3.3 with the web-based tool JailbreakMe 3.0 (released in July 2011), and on iOS versions including 5.0 and 5.0.1 using redsn0w Absinthe 2.0 was released on May 25, 2012, as the first jailbreak method for all iOS 5.1.1 devices except the 32 nm version of the iPad 2.

Censorship
Apple's App Store, which provides iPhone and iPad applications, imposes censorship of content, which has become an issue for book publishers and magazines seeking to use the platform. The Guardian newspaper described the role of Apple as analogous to that of British magazine distributor WH Smith, which for many years imposed content restrictions.

Due to the exclusion of pornography from the App Store, YouPorn and others changed their video format from Flash to H.264 and HTML5 specifically for the iPad. In an e-mail exchange with Ryan Tate from Valleywag, Steve Jobs claimed that the iPad offers "freedom from porn", leading to many upset replies including Adbustings in Berlin by artist Johannes P. Osterhoff and in San Francisco during WWDC10.

Original reception
Media reaction to the original iPad was mixed. The media noted the positive response from fans of the device, with thousands of people queued on the first day of sale in a number of these countries.

The iPad was quickly successful and sold in large numbers after its 2010 launch. Analysts have noted that while Apple's previous iPod and iPhone launches took some time till taking off, the iPad was commercially popular from the beginning and faced little market competition during its first year.

Reaction to the announcement
Media reaction to the announcement of the original iPad was mixed. Walter Mossberg wrote, "It's about the software, stupid", meaning hardware features and build are less important to the iPad's success than software and user interface, his first impressions of which were largely positive. Mossberg also called the price "modest" for a device of its capabilities, and praised the ten-hour battery life. Others, including PC Advisor and the Sydney Morning Herald, wrote that the iPad would also compete with proliferating netbooks, most of which use Microsoft Windows. The base model's $499 price was lower than pre-release estimates by the tech press, Wall Street analysts, and Apple's competitors, all of whom were expecting a much higher entry price point.

CNET also criticized the iPad for its apparent lack of wireless sync which other portable devices such as Microsoft's Zune have had for a number of years. The built-in iTunes app is able to download from the Internet as well.

Critical response
Reviews of the original iPad have been generally favorable. Walt Mossberg then, of The Wall Street Journal called it a "pretty close" laptop killer. David Pogue of The New York Times wrote a "dual" review, one part for technology-minded people, and the other part for non-technology-minded people. In the former section, he notes that a laptop offers more features for a cheaper price than the iPad. In his review for the latter audience, however, he claims that if his readers like the concept of the device and can understand what its intended uses are, then they will enjoy using the device. PC Magazine'''s Tim Gideon wrote, "you have yourself a winner" that "will undoubtedly be a driving force in shaping the emerging tablet landscape." Michael Arrington of TechCrunch said, "the iPad beats even my most optimistic expectations. This is a new category of device. But it also will replace laptops for many people." PC World criticized the iPad's file sharing and printing abilities, and Ars Technica said sharing files with a computer is "one of our least favorite parts of the iPad experience."

The media also praised the quantity of applications, as well as the bookstore and other media applications. In contrast they criticized the iPad for being a closed system and mentioned that the iPad faces competition from Android-based tablets, that outsold iPads in 2013, surpassing iPads in the second quarter of 2013, and have overtaken iPad's installed base, and has lost majority of web browsing to Android, by StatCounter estimates, in South America, Africa, most of Asia many large countries there and in Eastern Europe. The Independent criticized the iPad for not being as readable in bright light as paper but praised it for being able to store large quantities of books. After its UK release, The Daily Telegraph said the iPad's lack of Adobe Flash support was "annoying."

 Recognition
The original iPad was selected by Time magazine as one of the 50 Best Inventions of the Year 2010, while Popular Science chose it as the top gadget behind the overall "Best of What's New 2010" winner Groasis Waterboxx.

 Usage
 Market share

The iPad had a relatively stable tablet global market share. It received a significant drop in the third quarter of 2012 but gradually recovered, although not as abundant as before. As of the third quarter of 2021, it had a market share of 34.6%.

 Business

While the iPad is mostly used by consumers, it also has been taken up by business users. Within 90 days of its release, the iPad managed to penetrate 50% of Fortune 100 companies. Some companies are adopting iPads in their business offices by distributing or making available iPads to employees. Examples of uses in the workplace include attorneys responding to clients, medical professionals accessing health records during patient exams, and managers approving employee requests.

A survey by Frost & Sullivan shows that iPad usage in office workplaces is linked to the goals of increased employee productivity, reduced paperwork, and increased revenue. The research firm estimates that "The mobile-office application market in North America may reach $6.85 billion in 2015, up from an estimated $1.76 billion [in 2010]."

Since March 2011, the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has approved the iPad for in-cockpit use to cut down on the paper consumption in several airlines. In 2011, Alaska Airlines became the first airline to replace pilots' paper manuals with iPads, weighing  compared to  for the printed flight manuals. It hopes to have fewer back and muscle injuries. More than a dozen airlines have followed suit, including United, which has distributed  iPads to cockpits. Also, many airlines now offer their inflight magazine as a downloadable application for the iPad.

 Education and healthcare
The iPad has several uses in the classroom, and has been praised as a valuable tool for homeschooling and distance education. Soon after the iPad was released, it was reported that 81% of the top book apps were for children. The iPad has also been called a revolutionary tool to help children with autism learn how to communicate and socialize more easily.

In the healthcare field, iPads and iPhones have been used to help hospitals manage their supply chain. For example, Novation, a healthcare contracting services company, developed VHA PriceLynx (based on the mobile application platform of business intelligence software vendor MicroStrategy), a business intelligence app to help health care organizations manage its purchasing procedures more efficiently and save money for hospitals. Guillermo Ramas of Novation states, "Doctors won't walk around a hospital with a laptop. With an iPad it's perfect to walk around the hospital with as long as they have the information they need."

In 2013, Gianna Chien (aged 14) presented to more than 8,000 doctors at the Heart Rhythm Society meeting that the Apple iPad 2 can, in some cases, interfere with life-saving heart devices (pacemakers) because of the magnets inside. The iPad User Guide advised pacemaker users to keep iPads at least  away from the pacemaker. A study in 2014 found that the iPad 2 could cause electromagnetic interference (EMI) in implantable cardioverter defibrillators.

 Consumer usage
In the United States, fans attending Super Bowl XLV, the first Super Bowl since the iPad was released, could use an official National Football League (NFL) app to navigate Cowboys Stadium. In 2011, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers became the first NFL club to discontinue the use of paper copies of playbooks, and instead distributed all players their playbook and videos in electronic format via an iPad 2.

The iPad is able to support many music creation applications in addition to the iTunes music playback software. These include sound samplers, guitar and voice effects processors, sequencers for synthesized sounds and sampled loops, virtual synthesizers and drum machines, theremin-style and other touch responsive instruments, drum pads and many more. Gorillaz's 2010 album, The Fall'', was created almost exclusively using the iPad by Damon Albarn while on tour with the band. The music video for Luna Sea's 2012 single, "Rouge", was filmed entirely on an iPad.

Timeline

See also
 List of Apple Inc. media events
 Comparison of e-readers
 Comparison of tablet computers
 Microsoft Surface
 Pen computing

Notes

References

External links

Apple Inc. hardware
Articles which contain graphical timelines
Computer-related introductions in 2010
Foxconn
IOS
Products introduced in 2010
Tablet computers
Touchscreen portable media players

IPad


The Blues Armory is a large brick armory in downtown Richmond, Virginia. Housing the Richmond Light Infantry Blues, the castle-like structure originally served multiple purposes, with a food market on the ground floor and a drill hall for the National Guard of the United States on the top floor.  The level between housed suites of offices for each individual National Guard company. In 1985, the ground floor was converted to retail and restaurant space, part of the 6th Street Marketplace.

The composite steel-reinforced structure is clad with brick and heavily rusticated stone masonry. Completed in 1910, it was designed by the Washington, D.C. firm of Averill and Hall. The castellated design was not entirely whimsical, as the structure was designed to withstand attack during riots. The ground floor was entirely separated from the military upper floors. The structure extends over the sidewalks, forming an arcade at ground level, with five bays on the Marshall Street side and seven bays on Sixth Street. The corners are marked with projecting turrets or bartizans, while the upper level is machicolated. The roof of the drill hall rises above the parapet.

The Richmond Light Infantry Blues existed from 1789. They were called in 1800 to deal with Gabriel's Rebellion, led by the slave Gabriel. During the American Civil War the unit was part of the Army of Northern Virginia. From 1894 the Blues were a battalion, then a regiment after World War II. A 1968 reorganization of the National Guard disestablished the Blues and the armory fell into disuse. By the 1990s the lower level was incorporated into the Sixth Street Market development. The upper floor offices and first floor food court closed in 2002.

The Blues Armory was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 17, 1976.

References

Armories on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Government buildings completed in 1910
Buildings and structures in Richmond, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Richmond, Virginia
Richmond Spiders basketball

Blues Armory


Mezzo Mix (stylised mezzo mix) is a product of The Coca-Cola Company, first introduced in West Germany in 1973. It is a mixture of orange soda and cola, a beverage popular in German-speaking countries, commonly known there as spezi, the generic trademark of the first brand of that type of soda.

Market
Mezzo Mix is sold and produced officially only in Germany, Switzerland and Austria, but there have been cases that the beverage is visible in Belgium as well. The brand's slogan translates into English as "Cola Kisses Orange". In Spain it is called Fanta Mezzo Mix Naranja & Cola. In Sweden it is called Fanta Mezzo and was released in late January 2017 as a limited edition, connected to the music event called Melodifestivalen (Swedish qualifications to Eurovision Song Contest).

Mezzo Mix was previously one of eight international soda flavors featured and available for tasting at Club Cool in Epcot.

Mezzo Mix was later introduced in the United Kingdom in 2019, as a selection for the Coca-Cola Freestyle machine.

Varieties
There were two kinds of Mezzo Mix in the 1990s: orange and lemon.  The latter was unpopular and was discontinued, but a lemon flavored Coke entered the market again in 2003. In July 2007, Mezzo Mix Zero was introduced in Germany as a low-calorie variant. Early 2013 around Valentine's Day, Mezzo Mix Berry Love was introduced in Germany. Instead of an orange-like flavor, it is a raspberry flavor mixed with cola. It was a limited edition, being available only in February.

Ingredients

Mezzo Mix contains water, sugar, orange juice, carbonation, caramel coloring for color, citric acid, flavoring, caffeine, ascorbic acid, and stabilizer.

References

External links
Official site
Mezzo Mix berry love

Coca-Cola brands
Cola brands
Soft drinks

Mezzo Mix


Annina Enckell (born 19 September 1957) is a Finnish award-winning playwright and screenwriter. Annina Enckell has written plays, radio plays, and TV- and feature film screenplays for children and adults in Swedish and Finnish. She is a screenwriter on the Moomins on the Riviera feature film.  She received an award for "De bäst anpassade" at Svenska Teatern, the Swedish National Theatre in Helsinki, and for the feature film Iris (directed by Ulrika Bengts), selected the best film at Oulu International Children's and Youth Film Festival (2011). Enkcell is a graduate of  The Theatre Academy in Helsinki.

References

External links

Living people
1957 births
Writers from Helsinki
21st-century Finnish screenwriters
21st-century Finnish dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Finnish women writers
Finnish women dramatists and playwrights
Finnish women screenwriters

Annina Enckell