Ian Pearce (5 February 1947 – 1 December 1993), also known by the nickname Bunny, was an Australian rugby league footballer and coach. A Queensland representative in the pre-State of Origin interstate rugby league series, Pearce played club football for the Redcliffe Dolphins in the Brisbane Rugby League as a goal-kicking  in the 1970s and 1980s. Pearce is remembered as one of the club's greatest players, despite never winning a premiership.

Background

Pearce was born in Blackbutt, Queensland on 5 February 1947. The son of a Benarkin forestry worker, Peace grew up in Blackbutt and played rugby league for the town's club in the South Burnett Rugby League as a goal-kicking centre, with whom he won the 1968, 1973, and 1974 SBRL senior finals. Pearce kicked the game-winning field goal in the 80th minute of the 1968 final to win 6–5 over Kilkivan-Goomeri, and took over captain-coaching duties of the Blackbutt-Kilcoy side for the 1974 competition from Les Clarke.

Pearce also played several games for the Wide Bay Bulls during his time at Blackbutt, including in the 1970 Gold Top Cup State Championship, a predecessor of the Winfield State League featuring most of the Queensland Country teams and a combined Brisbane side, where he scored a try in Wide Bay's 17–9 win over Ipswich. Another notable appearance with the Wide Bay side came during Great Britain's 1974 tour of Australia and New Zealand, where Pearce played in the centres in the Bulls' 12–24 loss to the Lions at Maryborough.

Club career

Having won his final competition in Blackbutt in 1974, Pearce moved to the Redcliffe Dolphins the following year, where he was appointed captain of the side and would primarily play as a fullback. The Dolphins made the BRL Grand Final in Pearce's first year at the club, a game in which he scored a try and 6 goals, but Redcliffe ultimately lost 24–26 to Western Suburbs.

Pearce captained Redcliffe to the finals again in 1976, but the side were knocked out in an elimination final by Southern Suburbs, who had finished 6th on the ladder but defeated Wynnum-Manly in a playoff to reach the finals. Pearce's three penalty goals were Redcliffe's only points in the game, which had a final score of 14–6 with no tries being scored. Coach Barry Muir left the club after the 1976 season, leading to Pearce being appointed captain-coach for the following year.

As captain-coach, Pearce led Redcliffe to a minor premiership and grand final in 1977, winning the Ira Berk Datsun player of the year award, though the Dolphins would lose the grand final 13–17 to Eastern Suburbs.

Pearce retained his captain-coach role in 1978, where Redcliffe won another minor premiership but were knocked out of the preliminary final in a 13–17 loss to Fortitude Valley. The match drew a crowd of 18,000, the largest of the season before the grand final, and was ultimately decided by goal kicks, as each team scored three tries (including one to a young Wally Lewis). Valleys winger Mick Neill kicked four goals, while Pearce only managed two from four at more difficult angles. Despite the disappointing finish to the season, Pearce won the Ira Berk Datsun player of the year award again in 1978, along with the prestigious Rothmans Medal, and finished as the BRL's top points scorer that year, beating the likes of Neill and Mal Meninga. Pearce's 266 points in 1978 is the record for most points scored in a BRL season, and he was the first Redcliffe player to win the Rothmans Medal.

Pearce's time as captain-coach came to an end in 1979, when former Redcliffe player Ron Raper returned to coach the club after leading Western Suburbs to two premierships. Pearce retained the captaincy, but Redcliffe missed the finals for the first time in five years, finishing sixth on the ladder. After missing the finals again in 1980, by just 3 competition points, the club turned to Queensland coach and former Redcliffe great Arthur Beetson, who was named as captain-coach for the 1981 season. This was the only year of Pearce's first-grade career in which he did not captain the Redcliffe side, which finished only one competition point behind minor premiers Southern Suburbs. The Dolphins beat Souths 21–10 in the semi-finals, with Pearce scoring a try and 6 goals, but Souths would knock Wynnum-Manly out of the preliminary final to face Redcliffe again in the grand final. Redcliffe would lose the grand final 13–9, but Pearce was recognized as the runners'-up best player, scoring their only points with a try and 3 goals.

Pearce led Redcliffe for the first two games of the 1982 Woolies Pre-season before being sidelined for 10 weeks with a knee injury, returning in round 1 of the regular season after missing the remainder of the pre-season and the Winfield State League, including Redcliffe's 15-23 final loss to Eastern Suburbs. Pearce was sidelined after Round 3, being replaced as fullback by Trevor Benson and as captain by hooker Bob Jones. He returned on the wing in round 14, scoring a try and 3 goals. Pearce played his final game of rugby league at fullback in Redcliffe's 0-35 semi-final loss to Wynnum-Manly.

Representative career

Pearce's first representative appearance came while he was still playing for Wide Bay and Blackbutt, when he was selected for the Queensland Country side in the annual City v Country match.

In 1973, Pearce was selected as a reserve for the Queensland rugby league team, in the event that Valleys centre Gerry Fitzpatrick was unable to play, though Fitzpatrick passed a late fitness test and Pearce did not take the field. He was first named in the Queensland starting side in 1974, where he played all three games of the series at fullback, kicking 9 goals including Queensland's only points in game 3, a 4–4 draw in which no tries were scored. Pearce would also play for Queensland against Great Britain during their 1974 tour, having already played in the tour for Wide Bay.

Pearce was named as fullback and captain of the Brisbane rugby league team for the 1975 Thiess Toyota Country vs City match, to determine selections for that year's interstate series. After the Brisbane team won 51–2, no country players were selected for Queensland, while Pearce was named captain. Pearce would lead Queensland to a 14–8 win over New South Wales in the first game of the series, the first time Queensland had won an interstate match since 1970 and the last time they would do so before the introduction of the State of Origin selection rules. Pearce also played in the remaining two matches, both losses, kicking a total of 5 goals in the series.

Pearce initially retained his position as Queensland fullback the following year, though he lost the captaincy to Greg Veivers. After participating in the team's warm-up tour of central and north Queensland, Pearce would kick 2 goals in game one of the series before being replaced by Valleys fullback Alan Mills.

Post playing

After retiring from playing in 1982, Pearce served as secretary manager of the Redcliffe Leagues Club, before accepting an offer to coach the side in 1985. The 1985 season was not successful for Redcliffe, however, with the side missing the finals for the first time since 1980, and Pearce was replaced as coach by Darryl Van de Velde.

Pearce was killed in a road accident on 1 December 1993, aged 46.

Legacy

In 1995, Redcliffe awarded the first Ian Bunny Pearce Trophy for their highest points scorer of the season.

In 2008, Pearce was named at fullback in the Wide Bay region's team of the century.

In 2020, Pearce was named at fullback in the Redcliffe Dolphins' best all-time team.

In 2022, Pearce was named the fifth greatest Redcliffe player in a list of the Dolphins' top 75 players for the club's 75th anniversary.

The Blackbutt sportsground has been renamed in Pearce's honour.

Statistics

Club

Representative

Coaching

References

1947 births
1993 deaths
Australian rugby league coaches
Australian rugby league players
Queensland rugby league team players
Redcliffe Dolphins coaches
Redcliffe Dolphins players
Rugby league fullbacks
Rugby league centres
People from Wide Bay–Burnett

Ian Pearce (rugby league)


The Burning Times is a 1990 Canadian documentary, presenting a feminist account of  the Early Modern European witchcraft trials.
It was directed by Donna Read and written by Erna Buffie, and features interviews with feminist and Neopagan notables, such as Starhawk, Margot Adler, and Matthew Fox. The Burning Times is the second film in the National Film Board of Canada's Women and Spirituality series, following Goddess Remembered (1989) and preceding Full Circle (1993).

The opening and closing theme music, composed by Loreena McKennitt, was released as the track titled "Tango to Evora" on her 1991 album The Visit.

Criticism

Numbers of women killed

In the film, Thea Jensen calls this period in history a "Women's Holocaust".  She notes that a total number of victims is unknown but that the high number often given is nine million deaths, over a period of 300 or more years. Otherwise, scholarly "high" estimates range around 100,000, with estimates around 60,000 more common.
The nine million figure, according to modern scholarship, originates with a 1784 article by Gottfried Christian Voigt, in which he estimates the figure of 9,442,994 executions between AD 600 and 1700 - a period of 1,100 years - unsupported by any evidence.

Criticisms of the Catholic Church

According to William Donohue and Robert Eady of the Catholic Civil Rights League, the movie is inaccurate in other respects, e.g., placing Trier in France instead of Germany, and dating a stone cross there that is recorded to have been erected in 958 AD to 1132 AD without further explanation. The cross is shown as a "symbol of a new religious cult that was sweeping across Europe," despite Christian presence since 286. Eady, a member of the League in Canada, has cited the film in a complaint to broadcast regulators, in particular mentioning offense at the movie's quote: "it took the Church two hundred years of terror and death to transform the image of paganism into devil worship, and folk culture into heresy."  Eady describes the documentary as propaganda intended to represent the Christian Church as "a wicked, patriarchal, misogynist institution".
Jack Kapica adds "Women have genuine grievances with the Church. The Burning Times, however, is not going to help their cause."

References

External links

The Burning Times at the National Film Board of Canada (requires Adobe Flash)

1990 films
National Film Board of Canada documentaries
Early Modern witch hunts
1990s feminist films
Documentary films about violence against women
Films about Wicca
1990 documentary films
1990s supernatural films
1990s in modern paganism
1990s English-language films
1990s Canadian films

The Burning Times


Ramon d'Abadal i de Vinyals (1888–1970) was a Catalan historian, politician and journalist.

Life
Abadal i de Vinyals was born in Vic. He graduated in law at the University of Barcelona in 1910. He also completed studies in history in both Barcelona and in several French centers.
Towards 1909-10 he was affiliated with Joventut Nacionalista, the youth wing of la Lliga Regionalista (the Regionalist League).

Shortly thereafter his political career began, which included terms as the provincial member of parliament for Vic (1917 and 1921).

In the Commonwealth of Catalonia, he worked at numerous commissions – including that of the Biblioteca de Catalunya (Library of Catalonia) - and he was a vice-president of the Board of Education.

He was a promoter of Accio Catalana, which he left when the Republic was founded, returning to la Lliga. He was the director of the newspaper La Publicitat when it was 'catalanized' (1922), and also the effective director of La Veu de Catalunya (1933–36).

He was also one of the founders of the newspaper L'Instant (The Instant) (1935).

In 1936, he moved to Italy, and in 1939 he returned to Catalonia, dedicating himself to the study of history, with special attention to the period of the Catalan counts and its antecedents.

He died in 1970 in Barcelona.

Work
Aside from his early work in the history of law (in 1913 he co-edited with Ferran Valls i Taberner the Usatges de Barcelona (the Usages of Barcelona), notable are some of his main historical works subsequent to 1939: L'abat Oliba, bisbe de Vic, i la seva època (The Abbot Oliba, bishop of Vic, and his Times (1948); Com neix i com creix un gran monestir pirinenc abans de l'any mil: Eixalada-Cuixà ( a 1955 book with research on the Monastery of Saint-André d'Eixalada); Els primers comtes catalans (The first Catalan Counts (1958); Els precedents antics a la historia de Catalunya (The ancient foundations of Catalonia's history, 1967); Dels visigots als catalans (from the Visigoths to the Catalans, 1969, 1970); and, especially, the many volumes of Catalunya carolingia (Carolingian Catalonia, 1926–52, 1955, 1971).

References

People from Vic
1888 births
1970 deaths
Catalan-language writers
University of Barcelona alumni
Complutense University of Madrid alumni
Spanish medievalists
École pratique des hautes études alumni
Regionalist League of Catalonia politicians
Members of the Real Academia de la Historia
Historians from Catalonia
Members of the Institute for Catalan Studies

Ramon d'Abadal i de Vinyals


Don't Look Now is a 1973 Anglo-Italian thriller movie directed by Nicolas Roeg. It stars Julie Christie and Donald Sutherland as a married couple from Hertfordshire who go to Venice, Italy after the accidental death of their daughter. It is based on a short story by Daphne du Maurier.

Other websites

1973 crime thriller movies
1973 horror movies
1970s horror thriller movies
1970s serial killer movies
1970s supernatural movies
British crime thriller movies
British horror movies
English-language movies
Hertfordshire
Italian crime movies
Italian horror movies
Italian thriller movies
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies based on books
Movies set in Venice
Movies directed by Nicolas Roeg
Movies set in England
Movies based on short stories
Movies about child death

Don't Look Now


The Annunciation ( 1440–1445) is an Early Renaissance fresco by Fra Angelico in the Convent of San Marco in Florence, Italy. When Cosimo de' Medici rebuilt the convent, he commissioned Fra Angelico to decorate the walls with intricate frescos. This included the altarpiece, the inside of the monk's cells, the friar's cloister, the chapter house, and inside the corridors; around fifty pieces in total. All of the paintings were done by Angelico himself or under his direct supervision. Out of all of the frescos at the convent, the Annunciation is the most well known in the art world.

The Annunciation is not Fra Angelico's first painting on that theme nor his only one in the convent. His works are scattered across the world in well-known museums and galleries including the Prado. He is credited as the inventor of this type of composition, where Gabriel visits Mary in an outdoor setting. A typical Gothic Annunciation painting contained the archangel Gabriel visiting the Virgin Mary indoors and with Mary enthroned. The figures would appear flat, static, and unrealistic. This painting in particular is supposed to have "achieved heights of singular elegance." The way it handles space and lighting is revolutionary because it is a transition out of the Gothic period and into the Renaissance. Previous versions had no spatial awareness. The figures seemed to float in the air, and lines did not end in a vanishing point. This caused them to be lopsided and disproportional.

This particular version of the Annunciation is located at the top of the stairs on the first floor where the San Marco dormitories are located - on the north side. This is one of only three frescoes that Fra Angelico painted outside on the walls of the corridor instead of inside the cells. The staircase has undergone many renovations including modifications to the window which affects the amount of light entering the convent. This fresco was meant to be viewed under low light. When viewing the painting, there is an invisible light source that would have made additional light unnecessary to the monks viewing the painting. If visitors to the convent viewed the painting today, it would not look authentic. There are now lights illuminating it from many different angles. With its placement at the top of the stairs Fra Angelico sought to bring the scene into the convent and into the daily lives of the monks. A lighter painting at the time would have been used for decoration, while a darker one was meant for reflection and prayer.

The frescos inside the cells at the convent of San Marco were done with reserve. "They were intended for contemplation and meditation and a reflection on poverty. Gold leaf and azurite were reserved for Cosimo de' Medici in his private cell and for the frescos in public spaces in the corridors." The gold leaf and azurite were extravagant materials and were a luxury only given to Cosimo because he was a wealthy patron. The friars were given paintings in their cells for the sole purpose of praying. Even with the gold and azurite, the Annunciation in the north dormitory would have still been relatively dull because of its location in a convent. In the Annunciation Gabriel is seen approaching Mary outdoors in the cloister. Overlooking the loggia, an open-sided room of a convent that faces the outside, it is supported by columns. Gabriel is seen clad in pink and gold with multi-coloured wings stooping down with his gaze fixed on Mary. He is seen with his arms bent at the elbow with his hands crossed over his chest gesturing to Mary. Mary is depicted as sweet and innocent, yet taken aback by Gabriel's arrival. Her innocence and virginity is represented by the Hortus Conclusus seen through the fence and the window in the background. Mary is seated facing him in her typical blue indicating her royal status and her purity. Her arms are folded in the same manner as Gabriel but this gesture shows her acceptance, humility, and submission. The cloister is surrounded by columns from the Composite order. They are all supporting Roman arches. Together they all work to frame Gabriel and Mary and highlight the focal point of the piece. The centre column in the foreground separates the painting into two spaces putting Gabriel and Mary at opposite ends, separating them but at the same time keeping them together.

This fresco was not intended just for aesthetic purposes. Running across the loggia at the bottom of the fresco there is an inscription that instructs the viewer: "Virginis Intacte Cvm Veneris Ante Figvram Preterevndo Cave Ne Sileatvr Ave." It means when you come before the image of the Ever-Virgin take care that you do not neglect to say an Ave. This was a daily reminder for the monks to pray.

References

Fresco paintings in the Museo Nazionale di San Marco
1440s paintings
Paintings by Fra Angelico
Fra Angelico

Annunciation (Fra Angelico, San Marco)


Alwyn Howard Gentry (January 6, 1945 – August 3, 1993) was an American botanist and plant collector, who made major contributions to the understanding of the vegetation of tropical forests.

Education

Gentry was born on January 6, 1945, in Clay Center, Kansas, and received his schooling at the Clay Center Community High School, from which he graduated in 1963. He graduated from Kansas State University in 1967 with a B.A. in physical science and a B.S. in botany and zoology. He earned his master's degree in 1969 at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as a student of botanist Hugh Iltis, with a thesis on the genus Tabebuia (Bignoniaceae) of Central America, a subject which he continued to study at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, from which he received his doctorate in 1972, with a Ph.D. thesis entitled An Eco-evolutionary Study of the Bignoniaceae of South Central America.

Career

Gentry spent his entire working career at the Missouri Botanical Garden, starting as an assistant curator in October 1972. In 1974, he made his first visit to Peru, a country that became the major focus of much of his subsequent work; he made his second trip there in 1976 and by the time of his death had visited the country 33 times. He also maintained his interest in the Bignoniaceae: he contributed treatments of the family to nine volumes, including the Flora of Panama, and had a further five in press when he died.

One of Gentry's major innovations was the use of transect samples as a tool for assessing the composition and structure of tropical forests, known as the Gentry Forest Transect. His method, allied to his encyclopedic knowledge of tropical plants, allowed him to sample a site in a matter of days, and over the course of his career he amassed data from over 200 such transects worldwide.

Because many of the plants which he encountered during his transect sampling were not flowering, Gentry developed the ability to identify species from vegetative specimens, not just from flowers and fruits, an ability that led to the publication of his Field Guide to the Families and Genera of Woody Plants of Northwest South America, completed just months before his death.

In 1990, Conservation International established a "Rapid Assessment Program" (RAP) to undertake quick assessments of areas deemed to be significant for conservation.

Gentry's transect method was well suited to such work and he became increasingly involved as a member of the RAP team.

Death
On August 3, 1993, Gentry was on a Rapid Assessment Program mission in western Ecuador, when the light aircraft in which he was traveling crashed into a mountain ridge near Guayaquil. Four people—the pilot, Gentry, American ornithologist Theodore A. Parker III, and Ecuadorian ecologist Eduardo Aspiazu—died in the crash; three other researchers including biologist Alfredo Luna Narváez survived.

Legacy
Gentry was prolific both as an author and as a plant collector: he published over 200 works and had many more on hand at the time of his death and he collected over 80,000 plant specimens, hundreds of which have proved to be species new to science.

Gentry and Parker are memorialized in the annual Parker/Gentry Award for Conservation Biology of the Field Museum of Natural History.

Several plant species have been named after Gentry, including: Acidocroton gentryi, Citharexylum gentryi, Crossothamnus gentryi, Eleutherodactylus gentryi, Hedyosmum gentryi, Metalepis gentryi, Palicourea gentryi, Phyllanthus gentryi, Sobralia gentryi and Zamia gentryi, as well as a bird, Herpsilochmus gentryi. In several instances, Gentry had been involved in the collection of the type specimens of these plants.

Honors
Marine Fellow, 1991: Pew Fellows Program in Conservation and the Environment
Distinguished Service Award, 1990: Society for Conservation Biology
Fellow, Linnean Society of London
Honorary Member, Sociedade Botanico de Brasil

Selected publications
Gentry, A.H., A. G. Forsyth. 1998. A Field Guide to the Families and Genera of Woody Plants of Northwest South America : (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru) : With Supplementary Notes (paperback). Conservation International, Washington, DC
Gentry, A.H., A. G. Forsyth, R. Vasquez (Illustrator),. 1996. A Field Guide to the Families and Genera of Woody Plants of Northwest South America : (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru) : With Supplementary Notes on Herbaceo. University of Chicago Press Hardcover
Gentry, A.H., A. G. Forsyth. 1993. A Field Guide to the Families and Genera of Woody Plants of Northwest South America : (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru). Conservation International, Washington, DC
Gentry, A.H. 1992. A synopsis of Bignoniaceae ethnobotany and economic botany. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 21(3): 266-270
Gentry, A.H. 1992. Exarata (Bignoniaceae), a new genus from the Choco region of Ecuador and Columbia. Systematic Botany 17(3): 503
Gentry, A.H. 1992. Six new species of Bignoniaceae from upper Amazonia. Novon 2(2): 159
Gentry, A.H. 1992. Tropical forest biodiversity: Distributional pattern and their conservational significance. Oikos 63(1): 19
Gentry, A.H. and R. Ortiz. 1992. A new species of Aptandra (Olacacea) from Amazonian Peru. Novon 2(2): 153
Dodson, C.H. and A.H. Gentry. 1991. Biological extinction in western Ecuador. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 78(2): 273
Faber-Langendoen, D. and A.H. Gentry. 1991. The structure and diversity of rain forests at Bajo Calima, Choco region, western Columbia. Biotropica 23(1): 2
Gentry, A.H. 1990. Four Neotropical Rainforests. Yale University Press, Branford. (627 pp)
Gentry, A. (1976). Bignoniaceae of Southern Central America: Distribution and Ecological Specificity. Biotropica, 8(2), 117-131. doi:10.2307/2989632

References

1945 births
1993 deaths
20th-century American botanists
Kansas State University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences alumni
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Ecuador
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1993
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
Missouri Botanical Garden people
People from Clay Center, Kansas
Conservation biologists

Alwyn Gentry


Digital Ocean, Inc., was founded in 1992 by Jeffery Alhom. Digital Ocean was a maker of wireless products from 1992 until it was disbanded in 1998.

History
The company was founded in May 1992 by Jeffery Alholm and headquartered in Lenexa, Kansas. The company had several contracts with Apple Inc.,  AT&T, Aironet Wireless Communications (later acquired by Cisco as its wireless LAN division), Harris Semiconductor, the United States Department of Defense. It was a co-developer of the IEEE 802.11 wireless standard and of the industry's first 802.11 chipset. It developed the Seahorse, arguably the world's first smartphone. In addition, by specializing in rapid, custom development, the company concluded multiple individual development contracts for application-specific wireless products in vertical markets. Digital Ocean was granted approximately 20 patents for its development of wireless technologies.

In 1998 it was sold with its assets to Harris Semiconductor to become part of their Intersil division; Intersil was then spun off from Harris one year later.

Products
Several products included:

Starfish
The Starfish product lines include the Starfish Wireless Access Point for LocalTalk and EtherTalk Macintosh, the Starfish with Microcellular Roaming Software which enables seamless roaming, and the Starfish II Ethernet Access Point which Business Wire Magazine explained, "The Starfish II connects to wired networks and acts as the access provider for Manta and Digital Ocean's other station products."

Manta
The Manta product lines include the Manta 500EN EtherTalk Wireless Station with AAUI Connection, and the Manta 10BaseT which allows Wireless network connections at full Ethernet speeds.

Grouper Line
The Grouper line of products were networking devices that used spread-spectrum radio waves to communicate. Groupers could be attached to any PowerBook or used freestanding with any desktop Mac. Placing one Grouper on a wired network would have it serve as a hub for up to 15 other wireless Groupers. Keeping with Digital Ocean's theme, the collection of networked computers was called a school. Wireless devices could access the Grouper-enabled network from within a 250-foot distance indoors to an 800-foot distance outdoors, and the Grouper only used one-sixtieth the power of other comparable wireless devices.

Macintosh
The Macintosh products include; 200LTS Wireless LocalTalk Station for Macintosh

100MPS which allows for a wireless local area connectivity for all Newton MessagePads.

100MPS+
Wireless local area connectivity for all Newton MessagePads; included additional port for serial devices, such as wand barcode readers, laser barcode scanners, and printers.

105MPS
Package included Grouper 100MPS+ with Digital Ocean Pen Reader, bundled with AllPen barcode software for wireless data collection.

100LTS LocalTalk for Macintosh
The original Wireless LocalTalk station for Macintosh that mounted directly to the bottom of 100xx PowerBooks.

Tarpon All-In-One PDA
The Tarpon integrated an Apple Newton and Digital Ocean Grouper with backlighting, a water-resistant and ruggedized case, and built-in wireless LAN, WAN, modem, voice capability for anything from simple peer-to-peer conversations to full telephony, and optional GPS via the PCMCIA slot. The addition of wireless capabilities to Newton-based devices was called "a major step forward" because "without it, they are not really useful." The Tarpon began as the SuperTech 2000, but was then further modified and released to the general public under the new name.

Seahorse

A rugged handheld computer based on the Newton OS 2.0, the Seahorse was backlit, lightweight, and durable, with a variety of integrated communication capabilities: the first CDPD modem ever in a wireless PDA, PCMCIA slot, WLAN modem, and a modular snap-on nose for optional GPS and diffused infrared capabilities. A rugged boot protected Seahorse, while large-capacity, slide-in rechargeable batteries provided around eight hours of continuous use. Together these features made Seahorse a good solution for: remote handheld access to customer service databases, wireless Internet access, precision location applications utilizing handheld GPS systems, and wirelessly accessing corporate and Internet databases to utilize schematics and manuals while in the field.

Digital Ocean began sales of the Seahorse in 1996. Though not its original intention, the Seahorse arguably contained all the intellectual property and engineering in one integrated device to constitute the world's first smartphone, as defined by four parameters:
 a PDA
 with an integrated data/voice phone
 which can access the Internet via a graphical browser
 and complete email tasks
Business Wire Magazine wrote, "'The UB-1 provides Seahorse with a fully featured, economical module in an easy to integrate form factor,' said Jeff Alholm, president and chief executive officer of Digital Ocean. 'Combining PCSI's proven cellular voice and data technology with Seahorse's power performance and options makes Seahorse a leading industry choice for users seeking a versatile and affordable handheld computer.'"  As such a groundbreaking product, the Seahorse received the Cellular Telephone Industry Association's (CTIA) 1996 award for Product of the Year.

Technology
All Digital Ocean wireless LAN (WLAN) products utilized the company's patented protocol and software technologies along with a direct-sequence spread spectrum radio, giving Digital Ocean products superb penetration through walls, exceptional range, reliable data transfer, secure transmissions, and excellent throughput, especially when compared to infrared LAN communication. Digital Ocean products required no additional network operating hardware or software, and fully supported AppleTalk protocol services.

Digital Ocean developed and sold a complete family of LocalTalk and Ethernet wireless network adapters for use with Macintosh desktops, PowerBooks, and Newtons. In addition, the company's microcellular roaming permitted virtually unlimited wireless coverage areas. Their Starfish Access Points deployed microcellular roaming over a building or campus, allowing seamless wireless LAN connections over the entire area, similar to cellular telephones.

In 1996, Digital Ocean partnered with two other companies to provide Apple and PC platforms with their first ability to be on the same wireless LAN network through a single access point. The solution viewed each computer as an agnostic system when accessing the network, which placed all computers on equal footing in regards to their ability to communicate across an enterprise.

Chipsets
In 1995 and 1996, Digital Ocean entered into three-way development contracts with AT&T/Lucent and Aironet to license Digital Ocean's media access control (MAC) chipset technology in return for access to AT&T/Lucent's semiconductor line, the PHY companion chips for each partner (DSSS and FHSS), plus broad development support from all parties. This work led to one common MAC chip for the three parties. Although branded differently for each partner, this common chip came from one manufacturing line and was then sorted and sold by AT&T/Lucent, Harris Semiconductor/Intersil (which by 1998 had acquired Digital Ocean and its assets), and Aironet/Cisco.

Patents
Before it was ratified as a standard, Digital Ocean was the leader in 802.11 capabilities,  placing great emphasis on wireless as the future of communication and technology in general. Digital Ocean's portfolio of around 20 patents weighted heavily in the wireless category. The IEEE had already decided that any standard ratified would need to be at no cost, therefore, as a strategy to maintain their stake in the trajectory of the wireless business, Digital Ocean formed a consortium with its partners to publish an open standard for interoperability among different vendors and their products. They also licensed many of their patents to the emerging 802.11 standard. Some of Digital Ocean's patents included:
 Session management across multiple cells in a microcellular domain without using special or expensive hubs (microcellular roaming).
 Ultra-fast direct sequence acquiring correlator in the RF modem (low power).
 Dynamic priority reservation media access slot assignments in a wireless domain (low power).
 Dynamic migration of coordinating hub functions (unplug and play; no additional software).
 Media access protocol for selectively activating and deactivating the transmitters (low power).
 Media access control technique for user transparent bridging function (unplug and play).
 Technique for bridging LANs having non-unique node addresses (bridging functions between LocalTalk and Ethernet networks).
 An adaptive technique for multi-cell operation using a single-channel wireless data link.
 A method for coding and decoding data for wireless communication.
 Integrated backlight display system for a PDA.

References

1992 establishments in Kansas
1998 disestablishments in Kansas
1998 mergers and acquisitions
American companies established in 1992
American companies disestablished in 1998
Apple Inc. partnerships
AT&T
Companies based in Kansas
Computer companies established in 1992
Computer companies disestablished in 1998
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct mobile phone manufacturers
Display technology companies
Electronics companies of the United States
IEEE 802.11
Multinational companies headquartered in the United States
Networking hardware companies
Personal digital assistants
Smartphones

Digital Ocean


Camellia granthamiana (), or Grantham's camellia, is a rare, endangered species of Camellia, which was first discovered in Hong Kong in 1955.

The distribution of the species is limited in both Hong Kong and Mainland China. Only one individual of the species was found at that time when it was discovered. A few more wild populations were found in Ma On Shan and also in Guangdong(including Shenzhen).

It was first discovered in the ravine of Tai Mo Shan in 1955 by AFCD. It was named in honour of the then Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Alexander Grantham.

Tai Mo Shan Montane Scrub Forest in the upper Shing Mun Valley was assigned as a Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in 1975 as the forest supports this rare species and other species, Camellia waldenae, Amentotaxus argotaenia and many species of orchids.

In Hong Kong, it is a protected species under Forestry Regulations Cap. 96A.

See also

 Hong Kong camellia

References

granthamiana
Flora of Hong Kong
Trees of China
Least concern plants
Plants described in 1956

Camellia granthamiana


The Long Drax swing bridge (also known as the Hull and Barnsley railway Ouse swing bridge) was a swing bridge on the River Ouse near Barmby on the Marsh and Drax, built in the 1880s for the Hull and Barnsley Railway (HBR). The bridge was dismantled in the late 1970s.

History and description

The bridge was built as part of the construction of the Hull and Barnsley Railway (opened 1885); it consisted of three spans; two  bowstring lattice girder approach spans, and a central swinging span of  also of lattice girder design, with a central operating cabin at the swing bridge centre located above the track. The riverside foundations were masonry whilst the inner approach span foundations were each of four piers, and the swing span centre foundations of a square of nine piers. The weight of the iron in the superstructure of the bridge (including approach spans) was .

The swing bridge gave two river openings of 100 ft, and carried two railway tracks. Opening of the bridge was powered by hydraulic machinery, two three cylinder hydraulic motors drove the rotation of the swing span; a hydraulic accumulator was located in the central pier of the nine bridge span piers.

The bridge ironwork was built by Messrs. Handyside of Derby, and hydraulic machinery was supplied by company of Armstrong, Mitchell and Company, for the civil engineering company Lucas and Aird. The HBR's engineers were W. Shelford and G. Bohn.

The bridge was first swung on 6 August 1884.

The Hull and Barnsley Railway line closed in 1968. The bridge was maintained until 1968 in case of future re-use, but was dismantled by Kelsall (Demolitions) Limited in 1976/7.

References

Literature

External links

Hull and Barnsley Railway
Swing bridges in England
Bridges across the River Ouse, Yorkshire
Railway bridges in the East Riding of Yorkshire

Long Drax swing bridge


Karl Friedrich Schapper (December 30, 1812, Weinbach – April 28, 1870, London) was a German socialist and labour leader. He was one of the pioneers of the labour movement in Germany and an early associate of Wilhelm Weitling and Karl Marx.

Young Germany and Mazzini
Schapper was born on December 30 1812 in Weinbach. His father, Christian Schapper, was a priest. Karl Schapper studied forestry in Giessen. As a student, he joined a radical fraternity, and in 1832, he participated in an insurrection known as Frankfurter Landsturm. The would-be revolutionaries seized an arsenal and wanted to overthrow the Frankfurt diet and proclaim a republic. Schapper was imprisoned, but after three months, he managed to escape, making his way to Switzerland. There he worked as a forestry worker and typesetter. He joined the radical organisation 'Young Germany' and became a follower of the utopian communist Wilhelm Weitling. 'Young Germany' was modelled on, and affiliated with, Giuseppe Mazzini's 'Young Italy', and in 1834, Schapper participated in Mazzini's attempt at an armed invasion of Savoy from Switzerland. This was Mazzini's second attempt; like the first, in 1833, it was unsuccessful. Schapper was once again imprisoned.

The League of the Just and Blanqui
On his release, Schapper resumed his activities in 'Young Germany' and was associated with the exiled German democrat Georg Fein (1803–1869) in setting up workers' educational circles. In 1836, Schapper was deported from Switzerland for his political activities and went to Paris. He joined the French section of 'Young Germany' and the communist 'League of the Banned', soon renamed 'League of the Just'. It was later renamed the 'Communist League', on the initiative of Wilhelm Wolff. The League maintained relations with French utopian communist Étienne Cabet and the Neo-Babouvists. In 1839, the League was implicated in an unsuccessful insurrection by the 'Society of the Seasons', led by Auguste Blanqui and Armand Barbès. Schapper, who had been involved, was caught and imprisoned. In 1840 he was expelled from France and went to London, where he re-organised the Communist League. In spite of the failure of the Blanquist insurrection, its organisational model left a lasting impression on Schapper's mind.

Chartism and Harney
In England, Schapper was involved in organising the German Workers Educational Association and the Fraternal Democrats, with Chartist leader Julian Harney. The Fraternal Democrats promoted republicanism and democracy and attempted to give aid to the many radical political refugees in London; they thus helped forge links among the revolutionaries of different countries. The Fraternal Democrats were also affiliated with the British labour movement. Other Chartists with whom Schapper collaborated included Ernest Jones.

The 1848 Revolution and Marx
The League had originally followed Wilhelm Weitling's lead, but in the 1840s it came under the influence of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Schapper became head of the 'Communist Correspondence Committee' and organised the publication of Marx' and Engels' Communist Manifesto in 1848. Schapper also contributed to the Communist Journal (Kommunistische Zeitschrift) published by the League. He is thought to have been the author of an anonymous commentary on the Communist Manifesto and polemicized against the radical democrat Karl Heinzen.

The Revolution of 1848 brought Schapper back to Germany. He went first to Cologne, where he helped publish, and occasionally wrote for, Marx' Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Together with Joseph Moll, he organized the Workers' Association; this was an embryonic trade union as well as a political organisation. It was a forerunner of Ferdinand Lasselle's 'General German Workers' Association' and, indirectly, of the German Social-Democratic party. After briefly being imprisoned in Cologne, Schapper went to Nassau, where he participated in the democratic movement in Wiesbaden. In 1849 he was arrested again and charged with high treason for having strongly criticized the new constitution adopted by the Frankfurt parliament. He was acquitted of the capital charge but expelled from Germany. He returned to London, where he lived in dire poverty and tried to support himself as a language tutor. He also resumed work on behalf of the Communist League.

However, in 1850, a bitter quarrel led to a split, with Marx and Engels on one side and Karl Schapper and August Willich on the other. Schapper's conflict with Marx had been building for some time. The final break came over the question how to react to the defeat of the revolution. Marx argued for building a mass workers' movement for the future; Schapper and Willich wanted to prepare for further insurrections. Schapper and Willich formed their own group, the Communist Central Committee, modelled on the conspiratorial Blanquist organisations they knew from the 1830s. However, their efforts came to nought, and Willich soon emigrated to the United States, where he became a general in the Union army during the Civil War.

The First International
Schapper and Marx were reconciled in 1856. Schapper was involved in founding the International Working Men's Association (the First International) in London in 1864. His long-standing contacts with French, British, Swiss, Italian, Belgian and American radicals, socialists and trade unionists were a valuable asset to Marx. In 1865 Schapper was elected to the General Council of the First International, the organisation's governing body. In the factional conflicts within the International, Schapper loyally supported Marx. However, Schapper's health had been poor for some time. He suffered from tuberculosis. Karl Schapper died in London on April 28, 1870.

Significance
Karl Schapper was important for several reasons: As a communist of working-class background, he was one of the pioneers of the labour movement in Germany. As a member of Young Germany, he was one of the most important links between the German 'Vormärz' and the Italian Risorgimento. As a member of the League of the Just, Schapper helped forge links between German socialists and the radical French communist and Blanquist groups of the 1830s and '40s. In the Communist League, Schapper helped pave the way from the utopian communism of Weitling to the 'scientific socialism' of Marx and Engels. In the 1840s, Schapper helped build bridges between German socialists and the radical wing of the British Chartist movement. Schapper played a role in the 1848 Revolution in Germany and, subsequently, in founding the First International.

Notes

Sources
Lewiowa, S. "Karl Schapper." In: Marx und Engels und die ersten proletarischen Revolutionäre. Berlin 1965.
Becker, G. "Karl Schapper." In: Männer der Revolution von 1848. Berlin, 1970.
Kuhnigk, A. M. Nassaus Tribun deutscher Arbeiterbewegung: Karl Schapper aus Weinbach (1812–1870). Weinbach, 1980.
Idem, Karl Schapper. Ein Vater europäischer Arbeiterbewegung. Limburg, 1980.
Kuhn, A. Die deutsche Arbeiterbewegung. Stuttgart 2004.
Gant, B. "Schapper, Karl Hermann Christian Friedrich." In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Volume 22. Berlin 2005, p. 564 f.
Henderson, W. O. The Life of Friedrich Engels. Volume 1. London, 1976.
Lattek, C. Revolutionary Refugees: German Socialism in Britain, 1840–1860. New York, 2006.
Weisser, H. British Working-Class Movements and Europe, 1815–48. Manchester, 1975.
The Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Moscow, 1979.

1812 births
1870 deaths
People from Limburg-Weilburg
People from the Duchy of Nassau
German socialists
German communists
German revolutionaries
Members of the International Workingmen's Association
Politicians from Hesse
University of Giessen alumni

Karl Schapper


Tambov (, ; ) is a city and the administrative center of Tambov Oblast, central Russia, at the confluence of the Tsna and Studenets Rivers, about  south-southeast of Moscow. With a population of 261,803 as of 2021, Tambov is the largest city, and historical center, of the Tambov Oblast as a whole.

Etymology
The name "Tambov" originates from a Mokshan word ().

Geography

Urban layout
In terms of its layout, Tambov was no different from other fortified cities –  the Kremlin, the prison and a small settlement. The chosen place was in full compliance with the requirements of the fortification. From the north and east, the new fortress was washed by rivers, and from the west and south it was protected by artificial ditches filled with water by the Studenets River. The Kremlin was surrounded by a six-meter wooden wall with 12 towers, from the south-west it was adjoined by a prison, also surrounded by a wall, and beyond the river there was a settlement. A church, a voivode's house, several administrative buildings and a mobile cellar were built inside the Kremlin. The Cossacks who were serving lived in a prison, and trading shops soon opened up here. Craftsmen settled on the posad.

As the urban area grew, settlements began to appear, where service people settled –  Pushkarskaya, Streletskaya, Polkovaya. Peasants settled in Pokrovskaya Sloboda. The central part of the city was occupied by the former Kremlin and posad. There were streets in the Kremlin: Lipetskaya, Namestnicheskaya, Penzenskaya, crossing Bolshaya Astrakhanskaya street. Shirokaya, Dvoryanskaya, Monastyrskaya and Streletskaya streets appeared in the posad. The Pokrovskaya Sloboda included Seminarskaya, Pokrovskaya, Nachalnaya s Odnodvorcheskaya streets. It was the southern outskirts of the 18th-century city. Behind the Varvara Church was Invalidnaya Sloboda. In the northern part of the city in the 18th century, across the Studenets River, there were Pushkarskaya and Polkovaya settlements. They were separated by a small river Gavryushka. As the borders of the Russian state advanced to the south, Tambov lost its importance as a military guard fortress by the end of the 17th century. The city was increasingly becoming a transit trade center. By that time, there were three districts on the territory of Tambov. The Kremlin remained a place of concentration of military and administrative power. Ostrog acquired trade functions: there were shops, a kruzhniy yard and a customs hut. Posad became a place for the development of crafts and the construction of grain warehouses. The defensive structures of the city were renewed again in 1738, when it was ordered to fix and re-equip the Tambov fortress in connection with the outbreak of the Russian-Turkish war. However, the city did not acquire military significance. In 1779, the Tambov governorship was formed, later renamed to the province.

For about 150 years since its establishment in 1636, Tambov freely developed around the fortress, which stood at the bend of the Tsna River, and was divided into two parts by the Studenets River. By that time, there were settlements here: Cossack (Streletskaya), Pushkarskaya, Storozhevaya (Kazachya, Казачья), Polkovaya, Panskaya and Pokrovskaya.

The city's layout began to change after 1781. As part of the redevelopment of the Russian cities at the 18th century the new system of provincial cities was to be embodied in their newest appearance –  in the spatial and architectural order, expressed in geometric correctness and regularity of the international style of classicism, in contrast to the previously existing picturesque structure, which began to be perceived as a mess. The general plan of Tambov was approved on December 9, 1781, by Catherine II. The urban planning document was aimed at clearing the urban space of old, random buildings, freely located, and creating an ordered grid-structure with geometrically regular lines of houses and straight streets. In 1781, Governor-General Roman Illarionovich Vorontsov was invited to Tambov from St. Petersburg to the newly opened position of the provincial architect from the "soldiers' children" of the collegiate registrar Vasily Antonovich Usachev, who became the coordinator of the implementation of Tambov's urban planning plan. The streets of the city center were based on the old roads that formed around the fortifications of the fortress, erected in 1636 under the governor Roman Boborykin. The central axis of the foundation of the oldest building in Tambov, the Transfiguration Cathedral now does not fit into the regular plan of the central part of Tambov, recalling the initial originality of the space of the fortified city. A number of longitudinal streets appeared: First and Second Dolgie (Dolovye Streets) and Obvodnaya, which along the river valley. Rzhavets circled the western part of the city. From Tambov there were roads to Penza and the district towns of Kozlov, Morshansk, Lipetsk. Streets sprout along these roads. Kuzminskaya Street led out through the village. Kuzminka on the Astrakhan tract. Noblemen settled on the central cross street. The street is named Shirokaya Dvoryanskaya. In the shopping districts of the city, Khlebnaya Square was formed, it is bordered by Khlebnaya and Muchnaya streets. Near Sennaya (later Bazaar) squares are formed from the east by Proyezhaya, and from the west –  by Vyez'zhaya streets. The outskirts of the streets were inhabited by petty officials – clerks and odnodvorets, which was reflected in their names. The southern part of the city was built up at the beginning of the 19th century. New, First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth streets appear here, and later –  Kirpichnaya, Kamennaya and Invalidnaya streets.

History

Tambov was founded by the decree of Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich on April 17, 1636 (Old Style). Originally, it was a border fortress against attacks by the Crimean Tatars, but it soon declined in importance as a military outpost. It then became the region's administrative and trade centre.

In the first half of the 17th century, the Tsardom of Russia created the Belgorosk defensive line to protect the lands from the raids of nomads and to strengthen the southern borders. Together with other cities, a fortress city of Tambov was built on it, the foundation of which dates back to 1636. The diploma of Mikhail Fyodorovich issued on April 17, 1636 (Old Style) reads: "To put from Shatskiy Ukraine, on the field, on the Tsna river, at the mouth of the Lipovitsa river the city of Tambov, and in it to arrange service people." The original name of the city was spelled "Tonbov" and was associated with the supposed site of the fortress on the Lipovitsa River opposite the Mordovian village of Tonbov and the river of the same name. But the city was founded in another place, downstream of the Tsna River, at the mouth of the Studenets River. The head of the construction and the first voivode of the new fortress, stolnik Roman Boborykin, chose a place for the fortress more suitable in military and commercial terms. From the first years of its existence, Crimean and Nogai Tatars attacked Tambov more than once. The Tambov garrison successfully repelled almost all the attacks of the steppe inhabitants, but there were also failures. So, in the spring of 1644, the Tatars who suddenly attacked the city managed to capture 20 Cossacks, and during the pursuit another 30 warriors died. For ten years the city fortifications collapsed and fell into disrepair. In 1647, construction of ready-made defensive structures began in Tambov, which lasted for seven years. The Kremlin was reequipped with new cannons sent from Tula, a new cellar and "sovereign's grain stores" were erected in it to store grain supplies and other products in case of a siege. During the Azov campaigns, the city became the site of the formation of military units that left for Azov. As a district town, Tambov is attributed to the Azov province in 1708.

In 1719 it became the main city of the then-established Tambov province. The province became part of the Azov province, which in 1732 was renamed after its capital city, Voronezh. Trade routes passed through Tambov, connecting it with Moscow, the cities of the Black Earth Region and the Volga Region. The roads were served by about 500 Tambov coachmen, but farmers remained the main population of the city. Due to the large amount of unplowed land in the Tambov province, animal husbandry developed widely, and with it trade in livestock and especially wool, which was in high demand in the Russian markets. Tambov wool became the reason for the creation of the first cloth factories in Tambov.

However, the administrative and commercial functions of the city were not in line with the slow economic growth of Tambov. In terms of the number of townspeople, it lagged behind many provincial centers such as Oryol, Kursk and Voronezh. In the 1780s things began to change when poet and statesman Gavrila Derzhavin was appointed as the governor. He proved himself to be an excellent administrator and expert in the economy of the region entrusted to him. Derzhavin made his apartment a place for public meetings, concerts, and even a school for children and youth, in which arithmetic and grammar were taught. Derzhavin took care of the establishment in the city of a club and boarding school for children of the nobility. With the assistance of the educator Nikolay Novikov, he opened a printing house in Tambov, where the first local newspaper, secular books and translations of foreign novels began to be published. A theater, a public school with a four-year period of study was opened in the city, preparations were made for the compilation and publication of a topographic description of the entire governorship. Derzhavin put a lot of effort into the development of navigation along the Tsna, and the river sluice proposed by him made it possible to deliver timber and building stone to Tambov, which the city had previously been deprived of. With his resignation, many projects that contributed to the development and improvement of Tambov were never completed. Only in 1822, almost 40 years later, the paving of the Tambov streets began, for which the stone, prepared during Derzhavin times, was used.

Roman Boborykin, the emperor's court menial (stolnik) and voivode was the town's first builder. Thanks to his experience, the fortress was completed rapidly. Tambov was granted city status in 1719.

In 1779, Tambov Viceroyalty was formed, and on August 16, 1781, Empress Catherine the Great approved the city's coat of arms depicting a beehive, symbolizing the town's hardworking residents. This viceroyalty was formed from southern parts of Ryazan Viceyorality and northern parts of Voronezh Viceyorality. In March 1786, the disgraced Russian poet and statesman Gavrila Derzhavin was appointed the governor of Tambov Governorate—a post that he held until December 1788. Even during that brief tenure, he accomplished a great deal: a theatre, a college, a dancing school, a printing business, an orchestra, and a brickyard were built. Tambov later erected a monument to Derzhavin.

In November 1830, during the Cholera Riots in Russia, the citizens of Tambov attacked their governor, but they were soon suppressed by the regular army. Later in the 19th century, Tambov became a significant cultural centre that supported a growing number of schools, libraries, and other institutions. By 1897, its population was more than 50,000 people.

During the Civil War, in 1920–1921, the region witnessed the Tambov Rebellion—a bitter struggle between local residents and the Bolshevik Red Army. In 1921, a Tambov Republic was established, but it was soon crushed by the Red Army under the command of Mikhail Tukhachevsky. Between 1928 and 1934, Tambov became okrug centre in Central Black Earth Oblast. After dissolving the oblast on June 13, 1934, it became the raion center in Voronezh Oblast. Tambov finally became the centre of Tambov Oblast, which was created from oblasts of Voronezh and Kuybyshev on September 27, 1937. The oblast had present form after separation of Penza Oblast (formerly part of Kuybyshev one) on February 4, 1939.

During and after World War II, most of the Malgré-nous prisoners of war (Frenchmen from annexed Alsace and Moselle who were conscripted in the Wehrmacht) were jailed in "Camp #188" at Tambov. Between 4,000 and 10,000 of them died in this camp. In 1991, a  high guyed television antenna was built in Tambov.

Administrative and municipal status

Tambov serves as the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Tambovsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Tambov—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Tambov is incorporated as Tambov Urban Okrug.

Transportation
The city is a large industrial center and is served by Tambov Donskoye Airport. Tambov is also the location of the Tambov air base of the Russian Air Force. A railway connection between Tambov and Moscow was first established in 1871. The railroad goes on to Saratov and is not electrified. There are also small suburban trains, or "rail buses" that connect Tambov Oblast's capital with other cities, such as Michurinsk, Uvarovo, and Kirsanov.

Climate
Tambov has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). The average temperature of the coldest month (February) is about -8 °C, the warmest month (July) – about +20 °C. Because of the southerly location the average annual temperature in Tambov is about 2 degrees higher than in Moscow. Annual rainfall ranges from 400 to 650 mm, more than half of them (about 270 mm) of precipitation falls in the warm season. Duration of the warm period is 154 days.

Culture
The city is home to two universities, Derzhavin Tambov State University and Tambov State Technical University. The Tambov Art Gallery houses a vast collection of canvases by Russian and West-European artists. Russia's oldest drama theater is located in Tambov, as well as two universities, two military colleges, a musical school, a museum of local lore, and other cultural institutions.

In the Russian popular culture has long had a reputation of a gloomy city dangerous for living (which is only partly related to the notorious Tambov Mafia). Since recently, the Tambov Wolf became the city's icon; its origin goes back to the proverb "A wolf from Tambov is your comrade" (i.e. you are no friend to me, you have nothing to do with me).

Sports
Tambov's professional association football team FC Tambov played in the Russian Premier League for 2 years, before dissolving in 2021. The team previously known as FC Spartak Tambov, founded in 1960 and dissolved in 2014. A basketball team BK Tambov plays in Russian Superleague, 2nd Division. Ice hockey team is HC Tambov plays in Supreme Hockey League, the second level of ice hockey in Russia.

Notable people

Victoria Barbă (1926–2020), Moldovan animated film director
Andrey Kolmogorov (1903–1987), mathematician
Constantin Fahlberg, a chemist known for artificial sweetener Saccharin
Sergei Rachmaninoff, musician
Alexander Lodygin, electrical engineer
Nikolay Fyodorov, religious philosopher
Lev Kuleshov, movie director
Ida Kar, photographer
Victor Merzhanov, pianist
Anastasia Rodionova, tennis player
Arina Rodionova, tennis player
Yuri Zhirkov, football player
Daria Trubnikova, rhythmic gymnast
Tambovskaya Bratva, a famous (still active) criminal gang from Tambov covering many areas of Russia.
Maksim Mysin, footballer
Vladimir Pchelintsev, top Soviet sniper in WW2

Twin towns and sister cities

Tambov is a sister city of:
 Sukhumi, Abkhazia
 Grodno, Belarus
 Balchik, Bulgaria
 Dobrich, Bulgaria
 Bar-le-Duc, France
 Genoa, Italy
 Alushta, Republic of Crimea, Russia
 Terre Haute, Indiana, United States

References

Notes

Sources

External links

Official website of Tambov
Pictures of Tambov
Tambov news

Tambov Rebellion by Sennikov Published by Posev, in Moscow 2004.

Tambovsky Uyezd

Tambov


The Misselwood Concours d'Elegance is an American classic car and motorcycle event that takes place on the last weekend in July at the Misselwood Estate, in Beverly, Massachusetts, and has been referred to as one of the most scenic classic car events on the East Coast and New England region. The event is a fundraiser for scholarship funds for Endicott College. A Concours d'Elegance (from French meaning a competition of elegance, lit. "concourse of elegance", referring to the gathering of prestigious cars) dates back to 17th Century French aristocracy, who paraded horse-drawn carriages in the parks of Paris during summer weekends and holidays.

History
Founded in 2009 by Patrick Cornelissen, the inaugural event took place in the summer of 2010 as the North shore Concours d'Elegance, and attracted 1,000 spectators and around 65 concours cars. Nowadays, the Misselwood Concours d'Elegance draws spectators and automobiles from all over the United States.

For the 2011 edition, the show moved to its current fixed date of the last weekend in July. That year the show also added a non-judged collector field, in addition to the established concours field.

After the 2012 edition, the show was renamed Misselwood Concours d'Elegance as homage to the extraordinary oceanfront property once owned by Susan B. Cabot, a Boston Brahmin – one of the "first families of Boston".

In 2012 a partnership was formed with the Essex National Heritage Commission to help support a Tour d'Elegance, which takes place on the Saturday preceding the Concours d'Elegance. Following the Essex Coastal Scenic Byway, the tour lets drivers explore the winding roads of Cape Ann, starting in Newburyport and ending at the Misselwood Estate.

Shifting to a full weekend of events, a Tour d'Elegance, similar to the Pebble Beach Tour d'Elegance and the Road Tour organized at the Amelia Island Concours, was added in 2013. The inaugural event featured 80 vehicles, including a 1908 Stanley Model K from the Owls Head Transportation Museum, although a broken linkage rod ended the tour early for the caretakers.

2013 also welcomed record crowds and the concours field expanded considerably, opening up an extra show field next to its home at the Misselwood Estate. As only one of two concours shows in the New England region, the Misselwood Concours provides an opportunity for the New England automobile community to congregate and showcase their exceptional vehicles.

Since 2014, the Misselwood Concours has continued to grow and provide scholarship funds for Endicott College students.

Location
Located alongside the Essex Coastal Scenic Byway, on what was once known as Boston's Gold Coast, the Misselwood Estate sits on a small neck with views of Salem and Marblehead. Nearby Manchester-by-the-Sea is referred to as a playground for millionaires, and a favorite of the diplomatic community. Endicott College is the owner of the Misselwood Estate. The location and event has been noticed as the East Coast's Mini Pebble, and is among the top concours shows in the United States.

Awards
Since its inception, the head judging has been done by Bob DeSantis and Rick Beecoff who both had experience with the Castle Hill Concours and are regularly invited to judge at other shows.
 Both automobiles and motorcycles compete for various class awards, yet ultimately compete for the coveted Ervin "Bud" Lyon III Best of Show award, named after the Ervin F. Lyon (1935-2012), an electrical engineer, one of the founders of the American Power Conversion Corporation and co-founder of the Lyon-Waugh Auto Group. In 2010, Bud's Book, author David E. Davis, outlined Lyon's passion for classic automobiles.

Best of Show winners

 2010: 1931 Packard 840 Dietrich Convertible, once owned by King Gustav of Sweden.
 2011: 1932 Duesenberg SJ Dual Cowl Phaeton, owned by the Collings Foundation
 2012: 1948 Delahaye 135M Figoni et Falaschi, owned by Bruce Male
 2013: 1931 Cadillac 456A, owned by Charlie and Cheryl Eggert
 2014: 1914 Locomobile Berline, owned by former olympian Bill Alley
 2015: 1913 Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost, owned by Norm and Molly Shanklin
 2016: 1954 Cunningham C-3, owned by James W. Taylor
 2017: 1914 Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost Alpine, owned by Norm and Molly Shanklin

References

External links
 Misselwood Concours d'Elegance home page

Concours d'Elegance
2010 establishments in Massachusetts
Recurring events established in 2010

Misselwood Concours d'Elegance


Albert Husson (3 August 1912 – 16 December 1978) was a French playwright and theatre director.

On 26 January 1968, Jean Meyer and Albert Husson were both appointed directors of the Théâtre des Célestins in Lyon, which produced numerous adaptations for the theater as well as television. Albert Husson, former secretary general of the Théâtre des Célestins 1944–1959, was specifically responsible for the administrative management, while John Meyer was artistic director.

Albert Husson was a member of the Académie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Lyon.

Comedian
 1936: Romance by Robert de Flers and Francis de Croisset after Edward Sheldon, Théâtre des Célestins
 1937: The Merry Widow by Robert de Flers and Gaston Arman de Caillavet, music by Franz Lehár, Théâtre des Célestins

Works

Adaptator
 1959: La Copie de Madame Aupic after Gian-Carlo Menotti, directed by Daniel Ceccaldi, Théâtre Fontaine, Théâtre des Célestins
 1962: Flora by  and Franco Brusati, directed by Jules Dassin, Théâtre des Variétés
 1963: La Crécelle by Charles dyer, directed by Michel Fagadau, Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse
 1965: Liola by Luigi Pirandello, directed by Bernard Jenny, Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier
 1965: Le Mal de Test by Ira Wallach, directed by Pierre Dux, Comédie des Champs-Élysées
 1965: Le Jour de la tortue by Pietro Garinei and Sandro Giovannini, directed by the authors and Robert Manuel, Théâtre Marigny
 1966:  : L'homme qui a perdu son ombre after the tale Peter Schlemihl by Adelbert von Chamisso, TV director Marcel Cravenne, first broadcast: 16/07/1966
 1966: Comment naît un scénario de cinéma by Cesare Zavattini, adaptation with Hubert Gignoux, directed by Hubert Gignoux, Théâtre de l'Athénée
 1968: Adieu Berthe by Allen Boretz and John Murray, adaptation with Francis Blanche, directed by Jacques Charon, Théâtre des Bouffes Parisiens
 1968: Le Soldat inconnu et sa femme by Peter Ustinov, directed by the author, Théâtre des Célestins
 1969: Le monde est ce qu'il est by Alberto Moravia, directed by Pierre Franck, Théâtre des Célestins, Théâtre de l'Œuvre
 1969: Cash-Cash by Alistair Foot and Anthony Marriott, directed by Michel Vocoret, Théâtre Fontaine
 1971: Le Dieu Kurt by Alberto Moravia, directed by Pierre Franck, Théâtre des Célestins, Théâtre Michel
 1971: Joyeuse Pomme by Jack Pulman, directed by Jacques Rosny, Théâtre des Célestins
 1975: Un mois à la campagne by Ivan Turgenev, directed by Jean Meyer, Théâtre des Célestins
 1976: Hedda Gabler by Henrik Ibsen, directed by Jean Meyer, Théâtre des Célestins
 1976: Qui est qui ? by Keith Waterhouse and Willis Hall, Théâtre Moderne
 1978: Le Colonel Chabert after Honoré de Balzac, directed by Jean Meyer, Théâtre des Célestins
 1984: La Mal de test by Ira Wallach, directed by Raymond Gérôme, Comédie des Champs-Élysées
 1987: Drôle de couple by Neil Simon, directed by Jean-Luc Moreau, Théâtre des Célestins

Author
 1943: L'Immortel Saint-Germainchance, directed by Charles Gantillon, Théâtre des Célestins
 1947: Monsieur Providence, play in 2 acts and one prologue, Théâtre Gramont
 1948: Jardin français dialogues, directed by Julien Bertheau, Théâtre des Célestins
 1948: La Ligne de chance, directed by Charles Gantillon, Théâtre des Célestins
 1952: La Cuisine des anges, directed by Christian-Gérard, Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier (Film We're No Angels, 1955)
 1953: Les Pavés du ciel, directed by Christian-Gérard, Théâtre des Célestins
 1956: La Nuit du 4 août, directed by Christian-Gérard, Théâtre Édouard VII
 1956: L'Ombre du cavalier, directed by Julien Bertheau, Théâtre des Célestins
 1957: Les Pigeons de Venise, directed by Louis Ducreux, Théâtre des Célestins, Théâtre Michel
 1958: La Grande Revue du bimillénaire, in collaboration with Jacques Bodoin, Erge, R. Moreau, Xavier Salomon, Berier, Migy, André Marcel, Théâtre des Célestins
 1958: Une leçon de chant, one-act play, directed by Charles Gantillon, Théâtre des Célestins
 1958: Le Valet de quatre cœurs after Servitore de due padroni by Carlo Goldoni, directed by Charles Gantillon, Théâtre des Célestins
 1961: L'Impromptu des collines, directed by Julien Bertheau, Théâtre du Tertre, Théâtre des Célestins
 1961: Claude de Lyon, directed by Julien Bertheau, Théâtre du Tertre, Théâtre des Célestins
 1963: Le Système Fabrizzi, directed by Sacha Pitoëff, Théâtre Moderne
 1963: Le Théâtre de la jeunesse: La Surprenante Invention du Professeur Delalune, TV director Marcel Cravenne, première diffusion : 30/11/1963
 1964: Devant que les chandelles…, Théâtre des Célestins
 1965: Le Théâtre de la jeunesse: Sans-souci ou Le Chef-d'œuvre de Vaucanson, TV director Jean-Pierre Decourt, first broadcast 22 May 1965
 1966: La Bouteille à l'encre, directed by Jean-Pierre Grenier, Théâtre Saint-Georges
 1969: La Paille humide, directed by Michel Roux, Théâtre de la Michodière
 1972: Le Plaisir conjugal after Lysistrata by Aristophane, Théâtre de la Madeleine
 1973: Le Paysan parvenu after Marivaux, directed by Jean Meyer, Théâtre des Célestins
 1974: Bonne Fête Amandine, directed by Jacques Mauclair, Théâtre des Célestins

Artistic collaboration
 1978: Boule de Suif after Guy de Maupassant, directed by Jean Meyer, Théâtre des Célestins

Prizes and honours
 1947: Grand Prix de la Société des Auteurs for Monsieur Providence

External links

20th-century French dramatists and playwrights
French theatre managers and producers
Writers from Lyon
1912 births
1978 deaths

Albert Husson


Esther Eggertsen Peterson (December 9, 1906 – December 20, 1997) was an American consumer and women's advocate.

Background

Esther Eggertsen grew up in a Mormon family in Provo, Utah. She graduated from Brigham Young University in 1927 with a degree in physical education. She obtained a master's degree from Teachers' College, Columbia University, in 1930. She held several teaching positions during the 1930s. She taught at Bryn Mawr College Summer School for Women Workers in Industry. The school brought milliners, telephone operators and garment workers onto the campus. She later moved to New York City where she married Oliver Peterson. In 1932, the two moved to Boston, where she taught at the Winsor School and volunteered at the YWCA. Peterson was a Latter-day Saint.

Career

In 1938, Peterson became a paid organizer for the American Federation of Teachers. In her job she traveled around New England. In 1944, Peterson became the first lobbyist for the National Labor Relations Board in Washington, D.C. In 1948, the United States Department of State offered Peterson's husband a position as a diplomat in Sweden. The family returned to Washington D.C., in 1957. Peterson joined the Industrial Union Department of the AFL-CIO, becoming its first woman lobbyist.

Peterson was Assistant Secretary of Labor. She was also Director of the United States Women's Bureau under President John F. Kennedy. Peterson worked hard to help get the Equal Pay Act of 1963 passed into law. In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson named Peterson to the newly created post of Special Assistant for Consumer Affairs. She later served as President Jimmy Carter's Director of the Office of Consumer Affairs. Peterson was also Vice President for Consumer Affairs at Giant Food Corporation. She was also president of the National Consumers League.

She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1981. Peterson was named a delegate to the United Nations as a UNESCO representative in 1993. In 2013, Esther Peterson was inducted into the US Department of Labor's Hall of Honor.

Death

Peterson died in December 1997.

Related pages
Great Society
Equal Pay Act of 1963

Notes

References

Other websites
2013 Hall of Honor Inductee Esther Peterson
Archives.gov
Papers, 1884-1998 (inclusive), 1929-1998 (bulk). Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
National Women's Hall of Fame

1906 births
1997 deaths
American activists
American feminists
American Latter Day Saints
American lobbyists
Columbia University alumni
People from Utah
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients

Esther Peterson


The Basenji is a breed of dog. They are known for being one of the smartest dogs. Basenji are excellent at hunting, They are also hunting dogs which can help people find animals.

The Basenji is often said to be the "barkless" dog. They are also described as being "talking dogs", This is because they don't "bark" like other dogs. They make a unique sound which is like a yodel. They are clean dogs. Basenji are more cat-like than other dogs because of this. They spend a large amount of time cleaning themselves when they have any dirt on their coats. Like cats, Basenjis use their paws to clean themselves. This causes them to rarely have any smell about them.

Basenjis are around the size of a terrier. They  have have wrinkles on their foreheads. They are wonderfully friendly by nature as well as being inquisitive and confident. A Basenji forms a very strong and close bond with a family and in particular with one person in a household.

References

FCI breeds

Basenji


Timbers Army is a group of hardcore supporters of the Portland Timbers, a Major League Soccer franchise in Portland, Oregon.

Artists, writers, doctors, vintners, tattoo artists, soccer moms, and more all support the Portland Timbers on match days. Traveling support is significant and it is estimated that 1,500 members of the Timbers Army would make the trip north for the Timbers v. Sounders Cascadia Cup match in October 2012.

In addition to game-day operations, Timbers Army contributes significantly to charitable causes both in Portland and well as around the world. In 2011 alone, members of Timbers Army donated more than $40,000 to its charitable endeavors as well as spending countless hours volunteering with Friends of Trees, Habitat for Humanity and the Oregon Food Bank. Recently, the Timbers Army committed to raising another $40,000 to put toward the completion of Harper's Playground.

The organizational arm of the Timbers Army, the 107 Independent Supporters Trust, has a paid membership of 2,300. However, as it has always been said: if you want to be Timbers Army, you already are.

The main identifier of a member of the Timbers Army is the green and white bar scarf which says "Timbers Army" on one side and "No Pity" on the other. The most recent version of the scarf also includes a rose (in tribute to Portland's identity as the City of Roses) superimposed over crossed axes as well as the number 107, the section of Jeld-Wen Field where the Army began.

Other websites
Timbers Army website
HarpersPlayground.org

Soccer in the United States
Portland, Oregon

Timbers Army


The sheep wars, or the sheep and cattle wars, were a series of armed conflicts in the Western United States fought between sheepmen and cattlemen over grazing rights. Sheep wars occurred in many western states, though they were most common in Texas, Arizona, and the border region of Wyoming and Colorado. Generally, the cattlemen saw the sheepherders as invaders who destroyed the public grazing lands, which they had to share on a first-come, first-served basis. Between 1870 and 1920, approximately 120 engagements occurred in eight states or territories. At least 54 men were killed and some 50,000 to over 100,000 sheep were slaughtered.

History

Texas
Cattle ranching was a well established trade in Texas by 1870, when sheepherding was starting to become popular in other parts of the Old West. Because of this, in Texas and elsewhere, many cattlemen had close relationships with local government figures and were able to use this influence to their advantage. According to one unnamed Texas historian, "In court action, the cowboy [cattleman] usually won." The sheepherders were always the weaker of the antagonists. They were often advocates of free grazing on public land, while the cattlemen typically fenced off the territory, whether it was public or private land. There were many reasons why cattle ranchers built fences. Mostly it was to mark boundaries, prevent rustling, and keep others from grazing their animals there. There was also the threat of sheep scab. Building fences across the range infuriated the sheepherders, as well as open range cattlemen, so conflicts like the Fence Cutting War became almost inevitable. One of the earliest sheep wars was fought in 1875, in the Charles Goodnight range along the Texas-New Mexico border. Later, sheep wars occurred in the central and West Texas counties of Schleicher, Nolan, Brown, Crane, Tom Green, San Saba and Coleman.

On March 9, 1881, the state of Texas passed a law authorizing the appointment of sheep inspectors, who were to quarantine sheep infected with sheep scab (mange).  However, the law only drove the sheepherders "under cover." There were also laws passed that prevented sheepherders from grazing on public land entirely. Enforcement was largely ineffective though, because there were no representatives of the General Land Office in West Texas. In April 1883, another law was passed that called for sheepherders to present a certificate showing that their herd had been inspected for scabies before crossing any county borders. Cutting fences became a felony in 1884 and, around the same time, West Texas experienced a land rush, which sealed off many sheep and cattlemen from accessing public land. In some cases, sheepherders were forced to cut fences and cross into private property in order to reach public land but, eventually, "a type of code was evolved that required the herder to drive his flocks at least five miles a day on level terrain or at least three miles a day in rougher country [when crossing private land]." Compared to other American states, the level of violence in the Texas sheep wars was minimal.

Arizona
Of all the range wars in American history, the Pleasant Valley War in Arizona was the most costly. It was fought between the families of John D. Tewksbury and Tom Graham. Though both the Tewksbury and Graham families were cattle ranchers, the former supported the sheepherders when they began entering Pleasant Valley in 1885. The sudden appearance of large flocks of sheep on public land, that had been previously used exclusively for cattle, was unnerving for many cowboys, so they "began to unite in defending their range against the sheep." By 1886 it was illegal for sheepherders to move their herds within two miles of cattle grazing land and the Mogollon Rim was an unofficial border, or deadline, which no sheep were permitted south of. Pleasant Valley was located beyond the border so when the Daggs Brothers and the Tewksburys began moving in sheep, the local cattle ranchers, such as the Grahams, resisted violently by attacking the sheepherders. The Grahams and the Tewksburys had been feuding since 1882 but the first bloodshed wasn't until 1885 when John D. Tewksbury leased a herd of sheep from the Daggs Brothers and had it driven into Pleasant Valley by a Basque sheepherder. Somewhere along the trail, the sheepherder was ambushed and killed by Andy Cooper, a member of the Graham faction and associate of the Hashknife cowboys, who were also in conflict with sheepherders. A second incident occurred in February 1887. A Ute shepherd was beheaded about two miles north of the Graham Ranches while he was driving some of the Daggs' sheep through the area. Though no one was ever charged, Tom Graham is believed to have been responsible. The United States Army later dispatched Indian scouts to follow the murderer's trail and, according to author Leland J. Hanchett, the tracks led to Tom's cabin.

The situation escalated into a gunfight at the Middleton Ranch on August 9, 1887. The ranch was owned by a man named George Newton, who was a family friend of the Tewksburys. Members of the Graham faction and some Hashknife cowboys were out searching for Mart Blevins, dead or alive, and they assumed the Tewksburys knew something about his disappearance. The group included five men and was led by Hampton Blevins, the son of Mart and the half-brother of Andy Cooper, who killed the Basque sheepherder. Three of the other men were the Hashknife cowboys John Payne, Thomas Carrington and Robert Glaspie. The final man was another cowboy named Tom Tucker. There were six men occupying the Middleton Ranch when Blevins' party arrived, three of whom were Tewksburys. At first, Blevins' party approached the ranch house and requested food for the night but, at some point, they rode off and began shooting towards the house. However, other accounts say that the first shots were fired from the men inside the house. What is known is that Hampton and John Payne were dead, without loss to the Tewksbury's side. Tucker and Glaspie were also wounded and Carrington "escaped with his clothing perforated by a bullet." A clear defeat for the Graham faction, the war turned into a long series of revenge killings and had little to do with sheep after the first encounters. By the time the war ended, in 1892, about twenty-five people had been killed, including all of the men in the Graham family and most of the Blevins and the Tewksbury families.

There were other sheep wars in Arizona, besides the Graham-Tewksbury feud. In 1884, near the San Francisco Mountain, angry cattlemen rounded up over 100 wild horses, strapped cowbells to their necks, rawhide to their tails, and then drove them into a series of sheep herds numbering more than 25,000, yelling and firing guns in the process. The sheep scattered in all directions, many were killed or wounded and it took a week to gather up and separate the surviving stock. That same year, cowboys drove over 4,000 sheep into the Little Colorado River, many of which died in quicksand.

Wyoming and Colorado

The sheep wars in Wyoming and Colorado were exceptionally violent and lasted until well after the turn of the century. Like in Texas and Arizona, the cattlemen of Colorado were unwilling to share their pastures with the sheepherders, who were crossing into the state from southern Wyoming. In Wyoming alone there were about twenty-four attacks and at least six deaths between 1879 and 1909, though other accounts say that over sixteen people were killed. The most well known of the conflicts was the Routt County Sheep War, in which the cattlemen of Routt County, Colorado attempted to keep the Wyoming sheepherders from entering their grazing ranges. On May 23, 1895, the newspaper Cheyenne Leader reported that four days previously "riders were sent out to scour the country and warn the settlers that sheepmen now holding their flocks on Snake River at the Wyoming line [border], were contemplating an invasion of the Bear River cattle ranges. The effect was electrical, and by noon today fully 350 cattlemen and feeders were assembled to decide upon positive action to keep the sheep back...." Shortly after that, the cattlemen adopted a series of resolutions that established deadlines and effectively banned all sheepherders from entering northwestern Colorado. However, the Cheyenne Leader reported that the sheepherders would most likely disregard the ban and enter the state anyway. To enforce the resolutions, the newspaper said, the "stock feeders and cowboys [cattlemen], with a force of eight hundred to a thousand are holding themselves in readiness forcibly to resist any advance made south of Hahn's Peak by the sheep owners.... A war is imminent and unless the more conservative heads prevail, the rifle will figure a conspicuous part in a Routt County sheep war. The sheep that are causing the trouble are some sixty thousand head belonging to J. G. and G.W. Edwards and others in Wyoming."

Despite the newspaper's claim, most of the sheepherders respected the cattlemen's resolve, which defused the situation before it became too serious. There were, however, at least four violent episodes in the region during the time. The first occurred in 1894, in Garfield County, when 3,800 sheep were driven over cliffs into Parachute Creek. The sheepherder, Carl Brown, attempted to stop the cowboys from killing the flock but he was shot in his hip. When a posse from Parachute, Colorado rode out to the scene, they found the wounded Brown and a "mass of dead sheep at the foot of a 1,000-foot bluff." The Craig Courier reported the following on September 14, 1894; "The owners [of the sheep] are residents of Parachute with rights to the adjacent range and the posse made a futile race to apprehend the raiders. John Miller owned seventeen hundred of the sheep and Charles Brown, uncle of the wounded man, twenty-one hundred." About 1,500 more sheep were massacred the same year in the same county. According to Jack Edwards of Wyoming, in late June 1896, two of his sheepherders were killed by Colorado cowboys and 300 of his herd was massacred. Upon learning of the raid, Edwards headed towards the scene but he was intercepted by a "party of masked men," who ordered him to remove the rest of his flock back across the border. After the raid, on January 23, 1897, Edwards told an Omaha reporter the following; "I have an armed force of about fifty [men] ready for the clash when it comes. I am compelled to keep a small army about my place all the time. A short time ago three hundred sheep were killed and two herders; for a while it looked as though the entire Colorado militia would have to be called out, but the sheepmen and cattlemen looked out for themselves, and there are several graves in the vicinity of Meeker that go to show that they know how to do this." Another incident took place on the morning of November 15, 1899, when forty masked men attacked a sheep camp located on the lower Snake River. During the foray, over 3,000 sheep were "clubbed and scattered", the shepherds were robbed and their wagon was burned.

Some of the more serious raids, outside of the northwestern Colorado area, occurred in 1887, 1896, 1902, 1905 and 1909. In 1887, nearly 2,600 heads belonging to Charles Herbert perished when some cowboys burned down his corrals at Tie Siding, Wyoming. In 1896 in Wyoming, about 12,000 sheep were slaughtered in a single night by being driven off a cliff near North Rock Springs. The violence reached its height after the turn of the century. In 1902, near Thermopolis, Wyoming, several thousand sheep were slaughtered and their herders killed. During the summer of 1905, ten masked men attacked a sheep camp on Shell Creek, in the Big Horn Basin. There the cowboys clubbed about 4,000 sheep, out of 7,000, burned the wagons and two sheep dogs. The owner of the massacred flock, Louis A. Gantz, lost about $40,000 as a result. Out of all the sheep raids, the most serious incursion was the Spring Creek Raid of April 2, 1909. Just southwest of Ten Sleep, Wyoming, the sheepherder Joe Allemand and two of his companions were shot and killed by seven or eight masked men. The raiders also killed about twenty-five sheep and two dogs, and burned the wagons with kerosene. Because sheep raiders had never been prosecuted in a Wyoming court before, many believed that the murderers would get away with the massacre. However, seven men were eventually arrested, five of whom were sent to prison. The conviction of the Ten Sleep murderers brought peace to Big Horn County. After the 1909 attack, cattlemen were reluctant to raid sheep camps because now they risked being punished for it. Though there were two more Wyoming sheep raids in 1911 and 1912, no more sheepherders were murdered. The last known sheep raid in Colorado occurred eight years later, in 1920, when 150 sheep were slaughtered for grazing in the White River National Forest.

According to Robert Elman, author of Badmen of the West, the sheep wars ended because of the decline of open rangeland and changes in ranching practices, which removed the causes for hostilities. The Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 also eased some of the tension.

See also

 Sheepshooters' War
 Railroad Wars
 Coal Wars
 County seat war
 Range war
 Family feuds in the United States

References

Bibliography

Aztec Land & Cattle Company
Internal wars of the United States
History of Arizona
History of Colorado
History of Texas
History of Wyoming
Military history of the United States
Wars fought in Arizona
Wars involving the United States
1870s in Wyoming Territory
1870s in Colorado Territory
1870s in Texas
1870s in New Mexico Territory
1870 in Wyoming Territory
1870 in Colorado Territory
1870 in Texas
1870 in New Mexico Territory
1880s in Wyoming Territory
1880s in Colorado
1880s in Texas
1880s in New Mexico Territory
1890s in Wyoming
1890s in Colorado
1890s in Texas
1890s in New Mexico Territory

Sheep wars


Head & Shoulders (H&S) is an American brand of anti-dandruff and non-dandruff shampoo produced by parent company Procter & Gamble. It was introduced in the United States on 1 January 1961 based in Manhattan and used the slogan THE AMERICA AND WORLD's NO. 1 SHAMPOO. The active anti-fungal ingredient in Head & Shoulders is piroctone olamine, with some "clinical strength" varieties also containing selenium disulfide.

It was "The America and World's Number One Anti-Dandruff and Non-Dandruff Shampoo Brand" of shampoo, and it was noted that "[n]o one hair care brand gets so many ad dollars as Head & Shoulders, a twenty year old brand, and no other brand matches its sales", despite it being a "medicated" shampoo. The brand has long been marketed under the tagline, "You Never Get a Second Chance to Make a First Impression", which has been identified as an example of "anxiety marketing" commonly used by Procter & Gamble to drive sales by inducing fears of social consequences associated with the condition that the product claims to address. However, sales of the product dropped off, a phenomenon blamed on overextension of the brand into too many varieties, with over thirty kinds of Head & Shoulders being sold.

Ambassadors
Halsey and Katy Perry (Head & Shoulders North America and Worldwide)
Olivia Rodrigo and Lana Del Rey (Head & Shoulders Asia and New Zealand)
Taylor Swift and Billie Eilish (Head & Shoulders Middle East and Africa)
Julia Michaels and Demi Lovato (Head & Shoulders Europe)
Ariana Grande and Lady Gaga (Head & Shoulders Latin America)

References

External links

Shampoo brands
Hair care products
Skin care
Procter & Gamble brands
Products introduced in 1961

Head & Shoulders


Juglandeae is a tribe of the Juglandoideae subfamily, in the Juglandaceae family.

Walnut tree species comprise the Juglans genus, which belong to the Juglandeae tribe.

 Tribe Juglandeae
  Subtribe Caryinae
 Carya Nutt. – hickory and pecan
 Annamocarya A.Chev.
  Subtribe Juglandinae
 Cyclocarya Iljinsk – wheel wingnut
 Juglans L. – walnut
 Pterocarya Kunth – wingnut

References

Rosid tribes

Juglandeae


Inherence refers to Empedocles' idea that the qualities of matter come from the relative proportions of each of the four elements entering into a thing.  The idea was further developed by Plato and Aristotle.

Overview
That Plato accepted (or at least did not reject) Empedocles' claim can be seen in the Timaeus.  However, Plato also applied it to cover the presence of form in matter.  The form is an active principle.  Matter, on the other hand is passive, being a mere possibility that the forms bring to life.

Aristotle clearly accepted Empedocles' claim, but he rejected Plato's idea of the forms.  According to Aristotle, the accidents of a substance are incorporeal beings which are present in it.

A closely related term is participation.  If an attribute inheres in a subject, then the subject is said to participate in the attribute.  For example, if the attribute in Athens inheres in Socrates, then Socrates is said to participate in the attribute, in Athens.

See also
 Substance theory

References

Further reading

Metaphysical properties
Ontology
Ancient Greek physics

Inherence


The Pittsburgh Penguins are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They began in 1967. They have won the Stanley Cup championship five times; in 1991, 1992, 2009, 2016 and 2017.

History

Early history
The Penguins had many poor seasons in their first 20 years.  They had a good team in the mid-1970s, with players such as Peter Mahovlich, Pierre Larouche, and Jean Pronovost.  They missed the semi-finals in 1975 because they lost four games to three to the New York Islanders after being ahead three games to none.

Comeback
Mario Lemieux helped turn the Penguins into a strong team.  He won the Art Ross Trophy as NHL scoring champion six times, in 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1996, and 1997; the Hart Trophy as most valuable player in 1988, 1993, and 1996; the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs in 1991 and 1992; and the goal scoring title in 1988, 1989, and 1996.  Lemieux did all this even though he had many injuries.

After their two Stanley Cups (which included a record-tying 11 wins in a row in the playoffs in 1992), the Penguins set the NHL record for most wins in a row, with 17 in 1992-93.  They won the President's Trophy that year as the top team in the regular season.

Today
In 2005, the Penguins were one of the worst teams in the league, but they were able to draft Sidney Crosby.  Crosby was 6th in NHL scoring in his rookie (first) season in 2005-06, at the age of 18. In 2007, the Penguins made the playoffs, but were eliminated in five games by the Ottawa Senators in the first round. The next year, the Penguins advanced to the Stanley Cup final. However, the Detroit Red Wings beat them in six games.
Returning the next season with new players such as Matt Cooke, Ruslan Fedotenko, Chris Kunitz, Craig Adams, Pascal Dupuis, Bill Guerin, Miroslav Satan, Hal Gill and more.  The Pittsburgh Penguins finished the 2008-2009 season in 2nd place in the Atlantic Division behind the New Jersey Devils with 99 points (( 45 wins, 28 loses, and 9 overtime loses)).  Pittsbugh went into the NHL Playoffs with the forth seed.  Playing rival Philadelphia Flyers in the first round, the Pens went up on the Flyers two games to none winning in OT in game 2. The Flyers won game 3 in Philadelphia, but lost game 4 at home to send it back to Pittsburgh where the Flyers shut the Pens out 3-0 in game 5, but in game 6 the Pens rolled over the Flyers to win game 6 to advance to the 2nd round of the NHL Playoffs facing the Washington Capitals.  Losing the first two games in Washington  by a goal a piece in each game Pittsburgh had to change up there game to get back into the series.  Behind 2-0 going into game three in Pittsburgh Mellon Arena would see another OT Thriller win by the Pens.  To keep the series alive Pittsburgh won games 4 and 5 but losing in game 6 in OT to force a game 7 back in Washington.  Pittsburgh came out strong to win the game to advance to the Eastern Conference Finals against the Carolina Hurricanes.   With Players Stepping up in the series Pittsburgh sweeps the Cains in 4 straight games to send them back into the Stanley Cup Finals for the second time in a row.  With the Detroit Red Wings winning the Western Conference Final series against the Blackhawks there would be another face off in Detroit with the same two teams.  Last season Detroit won the first 3 games and losing games 4 and 5 (game 5 in triple over time) but to win the Stanley Cup in game 6 at Pittsburgh.  Pittsburgh already knowing how it feels to lose in the Stanley Cup Finals, Pittsburgh knew what could happen.  With a repeat of Detroit, the Red Wings won the first 2-game, making it look like it the Penguins would lose again. Pittsburgh came back to tie up the series 2-2. Pittsburgh lost 5-0 to make the series 3-2, giving Detroit a chance to win it in Pittsburgh for the second time.  Pittsburgh scoring the first two goals, which were by Jordan Staal and Tyler Kennedy. With 11:59 left, Chris Draper of Detroit scored on a rebound to put the game at 2-1.  With 1:43, Detroit player   Dan Cleary had a huge break away but was stopped by goaltender Marc-André Fleury.  Also, with 13 seconds left in regulation, Detroit crashed the net to attempt to send it into OT but Fleury and Rob Scuderi making big stops in front of the net to force a game 7 in Detroit.  With no Scoring in the first period someone had to score soon.  Scoring the Penguins only two goals, Max Talbot scored early in the second and also in the middle of the 2nd period.  With Detroit getting shut out, the Red Wings made the game interesting with 6:07 left in the 2009 NHL season John Ericson scored to make the game 2-1.   Pulling Osgood giving Detroit the extra skater, Detroit had a chance to put the puck in the back of the net with just seconds left, but Fleury with an amazing "Martin Brodeur roll" like save the Pittsburgh Penguins would become the 2009 Stanley Cup Champions.

Members
Jaromír Jágr was also a big star on the Penguins.  He won the Art Ross Trophy five times, in 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001; and the Hart Trophy in 1999.  Tom Barasso, Paul Coffey, Ron Francis, and Kevin Stevens have also been strong players over the years.

The Penguins almost moved to Portland, Oregon in the late 1990s, but Lemieux (along with some investors) bought the team.  Lemieux then came back to play in late 2000 (he had retired in 1997), and continued until 2006.

References

Other websites
 Official website

1967 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Pennsylvania

Pittsburgh Penguins