The history o Tunis, the lairgest ceety o Tunisie, began even afore that o Carthage. The existence o the locality is attestit frae the early fowert century BC. Acause o its geostrategic poseetion, it attracts the envy o aw the Mediterranean ceevilizations an subsequently came unner the domination o the Berbers, Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Spaniards, Turks,  etc..

Tunis is locatit in north-eastren maist tip o Africae, borderin the Gulf o Tunis, close tae Carthage. It became the caipital o Tunisie wi the advent o the dynasty in 1229 Hafsids. Confirmed in its status efter unthirldom, it an aa became the caipital o the govrenorate o the same name syne its inception in 1956.

Carthage

The historical study o Carthage is problematic. Acause its cultur an records wur destroyed bi the Romans at the end o the Third Punic War, vera few Carthaginian primary historical soorces survive. While thare are a few auncient translations o Punic texts intae Greek an Laitin, as well as inscriptions on monuments an biggins discovered in North Africae, the main soorces are Greek an Roman historians, includin Livy, Polybius, Appian, Cornelius Nepos, Silius Italicus, Plutarch, Dio Cassius, an Herodotus. Thir writers belanged tae fowks in competeetion, an aften in conflict, wi Carthage. Greek ceeties contendit wi Carthage ower Sicily, an the Romans focht three wars against Carthage. No surprisingly, thair accoonts o Carthage are extremely hostile; while thare are a few Greek authors who teuk a favourable view, thir wirks hae been lost.

Recent excavation haes brocht muckle mair primary material tae licht. Some o thir fynds contradict aspects o the traditional picture o Carthage, an muckle o the material is still ambiguous.

Early history

The existence o the toun is attestit bi soorces datin frae the 4t century BC.
In the 2nt millennium BC a toun, oreeginally named Tunes, wis foondit bi Berbers an an' a' ower time occupied bi Numidians. In 146 BC, the Romans destroyed Tunis (alang wi Carthage). Housomeivver, the ceety wis subsequently rebuilt unner the rule o Augustus an became an important toun unner Roman control an the centre o a buimin agricultural industry. Situatit on a hill, Tunis served as an excellent pynt frae which the comins an goins o naval an caravan traffeck tae an frae Carthage coud be observed.  Tunis wis ane o the first touns in the region tae faw unner Carthaginian control, an in the centuries that follaed Tunis wis mentioned in the military histories associatit wi Carthage.  Sicweys, durin Agathocles' expedeetion, which landit at Cape Bon in 310 BC, Tunis chynged haunds on various occasions.

When Agathocles dee'd in 288 BC, a lairge company o Italian mercenaries who haed previously been held in his service foond themsels suddent athoot employment. Rather than leave Sicily, thay seized the ceety o Messana. Namin themsels Mamertines (or "sons o Mars"), thay became a law untae themsels, terrorizin the surroondin kintraside.

The Mamertines became a growin threat tae Carthage an Syracuse alike. In 265 BC, Hiero II, umwhile general o Pyrrhus an the new tyrant o Syracuse, teuk action against them. Faced wi a vastly superior force, the Mamertines dividit intae twa factions, ane advocatin surrender tae Carthage, the ither preferrin tae seek aid frae Rome. As a result, embassies wur sent tae baith ceeties.

While the Roman Senate debatit the best course o action, the Carthaginians eagerly agreed tae send a garrison tae Messana. A Carthaginian garrison wis admittit tae the ceety, an a Carthaginian fleet sailed intae the Messanan harbor. Housomeivver, suin efterwards thay began negotiatin wi Hiero. Alairmed, the Mamertines sent anither embassy tae Rome askin them tae expel the Carthaginians.

 Hiero's intervention haed placed Carthage's military forces directly athort the nairae channel o water that separatit Sicily frae Italy. Mairower, the presence o the Carthaginian fleet gae them effective control ower this channel, the Strait o Messina, an demonstratit a clear an present danger tae nearbi Rome an her interests. The Roman senate wis unable tae decide on a course o action an referred the matter tae the fowk, who votit tae intervene.

The Roman attack on the Carthaginian forces at Messana triggered the first o the Punic Wars. Ower the course o the next century, thir three major conflicts atween Rome an Carthage wad determine the course o Wastren ceevilization. The wars includit a Carthaginian invasion led bi Hannibal, which nearly preventit the rise o the Roman Empire. Eventual veectory bi Rome wis a turnin pynt which meant that the ceevilization o the auncient Mediterranean wad pass tae the modren warld via Soothren Europe insteid o North Africae.

Shortly efter the First Punic War, Carthage faced a major mercenary revolt which chynged the internal poleetical landscape o Carthage (bringin the Barcid faimily tae prominence), an affectit Carthage's internaitional staundin, as Rome uised the events o the war tae base a claim bi which it seized Sardinie an Corsica.

Durin the Mercenary War, it is possible that Tunis served as a centre for the native population o the aurie, an that its population wis mainly componed o peasants, fishermen, an craftsmen.  Compared tae the auncient ruins o Carthage, the ruins o auncient Tunis are no as lairge.  Accordin tae Strabo, it wis destroyed bi the Romans durin the Third Punic War.  Baith Tunis an Carthage wur destroyed; Tunis, housomeivver, wis rebuilt first.  The ceety is mentioned in the Tabula Peutingeriana as Thuni.  In the seestem o Roman roads for the Roman province o Africae, Tunis haed the title o mutatio ("wey station, restin place").  Tunis, increasingly Romanized, wis an aa eventually Christianized an became the seat o a bishop. Housomeivver, Tunis remained modestly sized compared tae Carthage durin this time.
In the 9t century BC, the ceety wis taken ower bi Phoenicians frae Carthage. The Berbers teuk control o Tunis in 395 BC but it wis suin lost when Agathocles invadit Africae an establisht his heidquarters thare. When Agathocles left Africae, the Carthaginians teuk control o the ceety ance again.

Islamic conquest
Follaein the final destruction o Carthage, it wis no till the 7t century that Tunis achieved its awn importance, unner the control o Arab Muslims. The medina o Tunis, the auldest section o the ceety, dates frae this period, durin which the region wis conquered bi Arab troops led bi the Ghassanid general Hassan Ibn Numan. The ceety haed the naitural avantage o coastal access, via the Mediterranean, tae the major ports o soothren Europe. Early on, Tunis played a military role; the Arabs recognised the strategic importance o its proximity tae the Strait o Sicily. Frae the beginnin o the 8t century Tunis wis the chef-lieu o the aurie: it became the Arabs' naval base in the wastren Mediterranean Sea, an teuk on considerable military importance. Unner the Aghlabids, the fowk o Tunis revoltit numerous times, but the ceety profitit frae economic improvements an quickly became the seicont maist important in the kinrick. It wis briefly the naitional caipital, frae the end o the reign o Ibrahim II in 902, till 909 when the Shi'ite Berbers teuk ower Ifriqiya an foondit the Fatimid Caliphate.

Local opposition tae the authorities began tae intensify in September 945, when the Kharijite insurgents occupied Tunis, resultin in general pillagin. Wi the rise o the Zirid dynasty Tunis gained importance, but the Sunni population toleratit Shi'ite rule less an less, an carried oot massacres against the Shi'ite community. In 1048 the Zirid ruler Al-Muizz ibn Badis rejectit his ceety's obedience tae the Fatimids an re-established Sunni rites throughoot aw o Ifriqiya. This decision infuriatit the Shi'ite caliph Al-Mustansir Billah. Tae punish the Zirids, he unleasht the Banu Hilal Arab tribe on Ifriqaya; a lairge pairt o the kintra wis put tae fire, the Zirid caipital Kairouan wis razed in 1057, an anerlie a few coastal touns, includin Tunis an Mahdia, escaped destruction. Exposed tae violence frae the hostile tribes that settled aroond the ceety, the population o Tunis repudiatit the authority o the Zirids an swore allegiance tae the Hammadid prince El Nacer ibn Alennas, who wis based in Béjaïa, in 1059. The govrenor appointit bi Béjaïa, haein reestablished order in the kintra, didna hesitate tae free hissel frae the Hammadids tae foond the Khourassanid dynasty wi Tunis as its caipital. This sma independent kinrick picked up the threads o trade an commerce wi ither naitions, an brocht the region back tae peace an prosperity.

Frae the 12t century tae the 16t century, the auld ceety wis controlled bi the Almohad an the Hafsid Berber dynasties. Durin this period Tunis wis ane o the richest an grandest ceeties in the Islamic warld, wi a population o aboot 100,000.

New caipital o Tunisie
In 1159, the Almohad 'Abd al-Mumin teuk Tunis, owerthrew the last Khourassanid leader an instawed a new govrenment in the kasbah o Tunis. The Almohad conquest merked the beginnin o the dominance o the ceety in Tunisie. Haein previously played a minor role ahint Kairouan an Mahdia, Tunis wis promotit tae the rank o provincial caipital. In 1228, Govrenor Abû Zakariya Yahyâ seized pouer an, a year later, teuk the title o Emir an foondit the Hafsid dynasty. The ceety became the caipital o a Hafsid kinrick stretchin towards Tripoli an Fez. Walls wur biggit tae pertect the emergin principal toun o the kinrick, surroondin the medina, the kasbah an the new suburbs o Tunis. In 1270 the ceety wis taken briefly bi Louis IX o Fraunce, who wis hopin tae convert the Hafsid sovereign tae Christianity. Keeng Louis easily captured Carthage, but his airmy suin fell victim tae an ootbreak o dysentery. Louis hissel dee'd afore the walls o the caipital an the airmy wis forced oot.  At the same time, driven bi the reconquest o Spain, the first Andalusian Muslims an Jews arrived in Tunis an wad acome o fundamental importance tae the economic prosperity o the Hafsid caipital an the development o its intellectual life.

Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire teuk nominal control o Tunis in 1534 when Barbarossa Hayreddin captured it frae the Hafsid Sultan  Mulai Hassan, who fled tae the court o Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor an Keeng o Spain. Charles, sufferin losses frae the corsairs operatin oot o Djerba, Tunis, an Algiers, agreed tae reinstate Mulai Hassan in exchynge for his acceptance o Spainyie suzerainty. A naval expedeetion led bi Charles hissel wis dispatched in 1535, an the ceety wis quickly recaptured. The veectory against the corsairs is recordit in a tapestry at the Ryal Palace o Madrid. The resultin protectorate lastit till the Ottomans reteuk Tunis in 1574. Efter 1591, the Ottoman govrenors (Beys) wur relatively independent, an baith piracy an trade continued tae flourish.

In Aprile 1655 the Inglish admiral Robert Blake wis sent tae the Mediterranean tae extract compensation frae states that haed been attackin Inglish shippin. Anerlie the Bey o Tunis refused tae comply, wi the result that Blake's fifteen ships attacked the Bey's arsenal at Porto Farina (Ghar el Melh), destroyin nine Algerian ships an twa shore batteries, the first time in naval warfare that shore batteries haed been eliminatit athoot landin men ashore.

In the 16t century Tunis wis ane o the principal theatres o confrontation atween the Spainyie monarchy an the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman troops, unner the leadership o Hayreddin Barbarossa, appeared afore the Bab El Jazira on 18 August 1534 an pillaged the ceety. Charles V, cawed tae the rescue bi European leaders menaced bi the Ottoman advance in the Mediterranean, reteuk the ceety on 6 August 1535, an restored Hafsid sovereignty.

Confrontin the difficulties previously encoontered, the Ottoman Uluç Ali Reis, at the heid o an airmy o janissaries an Kabyles, reteuk Tunis in 1569. Housomeivver, follaein the Battle o Lepanto in 1571, the Spainyie succeedit in retakin the ceety an re-establishin the Hafsid sovereign. Follaein thir conflicts, the ceety finally fell intae Ottoman haunds in August 1574. Haein acome an Ottoman province govrened bi a Pasha who wis appointit bi the Sultan based in Constantinople, the kintra wis no slow tae attain a certaint autonomy (1591). Unner the rule o deys an Moorish beys, the caipital sprang intae new life. Its population grew bi additions frae various ethnicities, amang which wur Moorish refugees frae Spain, an economic activities diversified. Tae traditional industry an trade wi distant lands wis addit the activity o the Barbary pirates, then in thair gowden age. Profits obtained frae the trade in Christian slaves alloued the rulers tae big sumptuous structures that revived the airchitectural heritage o the Middle Ages.

At the beginnin o the 18t century, Tunisie entered intae a new period in its history wi the advent o the Husainid dynasty. Successive Husainid rulers made great progress in developin the ceety an its biggins. Durin this period, the ceety prospered as a centre o commerce. Takin avantage o diveesions athin the rulin hoose, Algerians captured Tunis in 1756 an put the kintra unner superveesion. At the beginnin o the 19t century, Hammouda Bey faced bombardment bi the Venetian fleet, an the ceety experienced a rebellion in 1811. Unner the reign o Hussein Bey II, naval defeats bi the Inglis (1826) an French (1827) saw the French acome increasingly active in the ceety an in the economy.

Various soorces estimate the 19t-century population tae hae ranged frae 90,000 tae 110,000 indwallers. Durin the later 19t century, Tunis became increasingly populatit bi Europeans, parteecularly the French, an immigration dramatically increased the size o the ceety. This resultit in the first demolition o the auld ceety walls, frae 1860, tae accommodate growthe in the suburbs. The ceety spilled ootside the aurie o the earlier toun an the banks o the lake, an the new destricts wur modrenised wi runnin water (1860), lichtin gas (1872), roads, waste collection (1873), an communication wi adjacent suburbs an the ceety centre. The crafts an traditional trades declined somewha, as the newcomers increased trade wi Europe, introducin the first modren industries an new forms o urban life.

Development unner the Protectorate

The French occupied the ceety frae 1881 tae 1956, haein established a protectorate seestem o admeenistration that recognised the nominal authority o local govrenment.  In those years thare wur huge European colonies (lik the Tunisian Italians) in Tunis. Europeans formed hauf the population. The ceety expandit an creatit new boulevards an neighborhuids.

The creation o the French protectorate in 1881 wis a turnin pynt in Tunis's history, causin rapid redevelopment o the ceety in the span o twa tae three decades. The ceety rapidly spread oot o its fortifications: it dividit intae a traditional Arab-populatit auld ceety, an a new ceety populatit bi immigrants, wi a different structur frae that o the traditional medina. Tunis an aa benefittit frae French construction o a water supply, naitural gas an electricity netwirks, public transport services an ither public infrastructure.

Tunis wis quiet durin the First Warld War. Efter the war, the ceety faced new transformations as the modren portion grew in importance an extendit its netwirk o boulevards an streets in aw directions. In addition, a series o satellite ceeties emerged on the urban rim an encroached on the municipality o Tunis proper. In the economic sphere, commercial activities expandit an diversified as modren industries continued tae grow, while traditional industry continued tae decline.

Durin Warld War II, Tunis wis held bi Axis forces frae November 1942 tae Mey 1943. It wis thair last base in Africae, as thay escaped tae Italy efter bein surroondit bi Allied forces frae Algerie in the wast an frae Libie in the east. On 7 Mey 1943, at 15:30 in the efternuin, Tunis fell tae the Allies, who haed defeatit maist o the German Fift Panzer Airmy left guardin the ceety. At twal-oors on 20 Mey 1943, the Allies held a veectory parade on Avenue Maréchal Galliéni an Avenue Jules Ferry tae signal the end o fechtin in North Africae. Haein succeedit in drivin the Axis pouers oot o Tunisie, the Allies uised Tunis as a base o operations tae stage assaults against the island o Pantellerie, then Sicily, an finally Italy.

Follaein the Seicont Warld War, suburbs grew up quickly aroond Tunis tae facilitate rapid industrialization.

Growth syne unthirldom

Efter unthirldom in 1956, Tunis haes consolidatit its role as the caipital, first wi the establishment o a constitution statin that the Chamber o Deputies an the Presidency o the Republic must hae thair heidquarters in Tunis an its suburbs. In a vera short time, a rapid transformin o the colonial ceety proceedit. As the ceety haes grown an native Tunisians gradually began tae replace the extensive European population, conflict atween the Arab ceety an the European ceety haes gradually decreased wi the arabization o the population.

Acause o population pressure an the rate o migration tae the caipital, the ceety continued tae grow, even wi the creation o new destricts in the suburbs. Auld biggins hae gradually been renovatit an upgradit an new biggis hae come tae influence the urban landscape. At the same time, an active policy o industrialization is developin the municipal economy.

The Arab League wis heidquartered in Tunis frae 1979 tae 1990. The Arab League, which represents 22 Arab naitions, transferred its heidquarters tae Tunis in 1979 acause o Egyp's peace wi Israel but haes been heidquartered back in Egyp syne 1990.

References

Tunis

History o Tunis


Young Christian Democrats (, JKD) is the youth organization in Lithuania. JKD (Jaunieji Krikscionys Demokratai) was founded in 1993 as a non-governmental organization and unites more than 1,000 young people in 30 branches in different districts of Lithuania as well as abroad. JKD members are active members of our community – political scientists, doctors, politicians, teachers, students, journalists, construction workers, farmers, etc., ages 16 through 35.  Chairperson - Goda Karazijaitė.

Mission

To carry out the youth politics with an important stress on social security, human dignity and Christian Democratic values.

Values

JKD Primary values are:

• a free individual with a strong feeling of responsibility

• legal equality

• justice

• solidarity

Young Christian Democrats think that our society should be grounded in fundamental family values; each member of the society must have the freedom of personal initiative and a strong feeling of responsibility.

International activities
JKD is one of the founding members of YEPP (Youth of the European People's Party) and had the member of the Board in this organization for 4 years. Dozens of international projects together with Belarusian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Georgian, German, Latvian, Norwegian, Russian, Swedish and Ukrainian partners were carried out. JKD work closely with Konrad Adenauer and Eduardo Frei Foundations.

External links

Political organizations based in Lithuania
Youth organizations based in Lithuania
Organizations based in Vilnius

Young Christian Democrats (Lithuania)


Leo Vroman (April 10, 1915 – February 22, 2014) was a Jewish-Dutch-American hematologist, a writer and a poet (mainly writing in Dutch) and an illustrator.

Early life
Vroman was born in Gouda. He studied biology at Utrecht University. When the Nazis occupied the Netherlands on May 10, 1940, he went to London.

Education
After the war, Vroman went to New York. There he worked as a hematology researcher. He has been an American citizen since 1951.

Death
Vroman spent his last years in Fort Worth, Texas. He died on February 22, 2014, aged 98.

Books
 with Edward F Leonard: The Behavior of blood and its components at interfaces, Columbia University Seminar on Biomaterials, New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 1977. Vol. 283 in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
with Edward F Leonard and Vincent T Turitto: Blood in contact with natural and artificial surfaces, New York Academy of Sciences, New York, N.Y., 1987. Vol. 516 in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

References
 www.nrc.nl

Other websites

 The Vroman Effect by C. H. Bamford, S. L. Cooper, T. Tsuruta, 1992
 Poetry International on Vroman
 Vroman's publications at WorldCat (libraries)
  The Vroman Foundation

1915 births
2014 deaths
American biologists
American illustrators
American painters
American playwrights
American poets
Dutch artists
Dutch Jews
Dutch poets
Dutch physicians
Jewish American scientists
Jewish American writers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Gouda
Refugees from Nazism
Writers from South Holland

Leo Vroman


Slovensko Slovákom is a Slovak ethnic nationalist phrase which means "Slovakia belongs to Slovaks". The Slovak People's Party used it as a slogan in favor of Slovak autonomy within Czechoslovakia, anti-Czech sentiment during the Slovak State era, and also an antisemitic message ("Slovensko Slovákom, Palestína Zidom"—"Slovakia belongs to the Slovaks, Palestine to the Jews"). In the twenty-first century, it is still used by Slovak nationalists opposed to the EU and by the Kotleba party.

References

Anti-Czech sentiment
Antisemitism in Slovakia
Euroscepticism in Slovakia
Political catchphrases
Racism in Slovakia
Slovak nationalism
Xenophobia in Europe

Slovensko Slovákom


"Robbie"  is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov. It was the first of Asimov's positronic robot stories. In 2016, "'Robbie" won a retrospective 1941 Hugo Award for best short story.  "Robbie" was the fourteenth story written by Asimov, and the ninth to be published. It was the first story in Asimov's Robot series.

Significance
Central to the story is the technophobia that surrounds robots, and how it is misplaced. Almost all previously published science fiction stories featuring robots had followed the theme of robot turning against their creator, in common with the monster featured in Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein. Asimov has consistently held the belief that the Frankenstein complex was a misplaced fear. The majority of Asimov's works concerning robots attempted to provide examples of the help that they could render for humanity.

History
Asimov began writing the story on June 10, 1939.
Asimov wrote "Robbie" in May 1939. He was inspired to write a story about a sympathetic robot by the story "I, Robot" by Otto Binder, which had recently been published in the January 1939 issue of Amazing Stories.

After John W. Campbell of Astounding Science Fiction rejected the story in June, Asimov briefly hired Frederik Pohl as literary agent, but he could not find a magazine to accept it. Pohl then became editor of Astonishing Stories and Super Science Stories in October 1939. In March 1940 Pohl purchased "Robbie" for the latter magazine. For its first publication, Pohl renamed the story "Strange Playfellow," a title Asimov thought "distasteful".

When the story was reprinted in the first collection of Asimov's robot stories, I, Robot (a title Asimov had not wanted), he had his preferred title of "Robbie" restored. The reprint contained a number of revisions to the text. "Robbie" was later reprinted in The Complete Robot (1982), and Robot Visions (1990).The story was the first of Asimov's positronic robot stories to see publication.

Plot summary

Synopsis of 1940 version
In the year 1982, a mute robot, nicknamed Robbie, is owned by the Weston family. He serves as a nursemaid for their daughter, Gloria.

Mrs. Weston has become concerned about the effect a robot nursemaid might have on developing social skills and worries that he might malfunction and harm her. Gloria prefers Robbie's company to that of other children. Mr. Weston gives in to his wife's badgering and returns Robbie to the factory. Gloria's parents claims that Robbie had, for no reason, "walked away". They have replaced him with a collie dog called Lightning.

The effort fails. Gloria, missing her best friend, stops enjoying life. Her mother thinks it would be impossible for Gloria to forget Robbie while surrounded by the places where they once played. Mrs. Weston convinces her husband to take them to New York City, where he happens to work. Gloria, getting the wrong idea, optimistically, that they have gone to the city in search of Robbie.

Among other tourist attractions, the Westons visit the Museum of Science and Industry; Gloria sneaks away to see a "Talking Robot" (in modern terms, a computer), an immobile machine which takes up the whole room. It can answer questions posed to it verbally by visitors. Gloria asks the machine if it knows  to find Robbie, "a robot... just like you." The computer, unable to comprehend the question, breaks down.

Mr. Weston approaches his wife with the idea of touring a robot factory. Gloria can then see robots as inanimate objects, not "people". During the tour, Mr. Weston asks to see a room where robots make other robots. One of the robot assemblers is Robbie. Gloria runs in front of a moving vehicle in her eagerness to get to her friend, but is rescued by Robbie. Mrs. Weston confronts her husband: he had set up the encounter all along. When Robbie saves Gloria's life, an unplanned part of the reunion, Mrs. Weston relents. The two friends can stay together.

1950 revision
The revised version changes the date to 1998 and adds a cameo appearance by Susan Calvin, at that time a college student studying robots, during the Talking Robot scene. Other changes include:
 Direct mention of the First Law of Robotics
 Robbie's upper appendages are described as hands rather than tentacles.
 The Douglas expedition to the Moon is changed to the Lefebre-Yoshida expedition to Mars.
 Mrs. Weston (and the text) refers to the dog as "it", rather than "he".
 The Finmark Robot Corporation is renamed to U.S. Robots.
 More details are added on the description of the visivox Gloria has seen with her family.
 The reference to Mr. Weston commuting to New York via his private auto-gyro is removed.
 The reference to the effects on Mr Weston's heirloom watch of the powerful electro-magnet is deleted.
 Additional description related to the Talking Robot and its capacities.
 Various sociological comments, such as "[t]here's bad feeling in the village" and a reference to unions and dislocation (replacing a reference to Mr. Struthers' speech on "Robots and the Future of the Human Being"), are interpolated.  A reference to a law restricting robots on public streets is moved.
 Mrs. Weston's justification for her conclusion that Mr. Weston engineered the reunion, starting with "Robbie wasn't designed for engineering or construction work," is interpolated.

Adaptations
The story was broadcast as episode one of a five-part 15 Minute Drama radio adaptation of I, Robot on BBC Radio 4 in February 2017.

Reception
Groff Conklin called the story "completely charming".

References

External links

1940 short stories
Fiction set in 1996
Robot series short stories by Isaac Asimov
Works originally published in Super Science Stories

Robbie (short story)


In mathematics, the conjugate transpose, also known as the Hermitian transpose, of an  complex matrix  is an  matrix obtained by transposing  and applying complex conjugate on each entry (the complex conjugate of  being , for real numbers  and ). It is often denoted as  or  or  or (often in physics) .

For real matrices, the conjugate transpose is just the transpose, .

Definition
The conjugate transpose of an  matrix  is formally defined by

where the subscript  denotes the -th entry, for  and , and the overbar denotes a scalar complex conjugate.

This definition can also be written as

where  denotes the transpose and  denotes the matrix with complex conjugated entries.

Other names for the conjugate transpose of a matrix are Hermitian conjugate, adjoint matrix or transjugate. The conjugate transpose of a matrix  can be denoted by any of these symbols:
 , commonly used in linear algebra
 , commonly used in linear algebra
  (sometimes pronounced as A dagger), commonly used in quantum mechanics
 , although this symbol is more commonly used for the Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse

In some contexts,  denotes the matrix with only complex conjugated entries and no transposition.

Example
Suppose we want to calculate the conjugate transpose of the following matrix .

We first transpose the matrix:

Then we conjugate every entry of the matrix:

Basic remarks
A square matrix  with entries  is called
 Hermitian or self-adjoint if ; i.e., .
 Skew Hermitian or antihermitian if ; i.e., .
 Normal if .
 Unitary if , equivalently , equivalently .

Even if  is not square, the two matrices  and  are both Hermitian and in fact positive semi-definite matrices.

The conjugate transpose "adjoint" matrix  should not be confused with the adjugate, , which is also sometimes called adjoint.

The conjugate transpose of a matrix  with real entries reduces to the transpose of , as the conjugate of a real number is the number itself.

Motivation
The conjugate transpose can be motivated by noting that complex numbers can be usefully represented by  real matrices, obeying matrix addition and multiplication:

That is, denoting each complex number  by the real  matrix of the linear transformation on the Argand diagram (viewed as the real vector space ), affected by complex -multiplication on .

Thus, an  matrix of complex numbers could be well represented by a  matrix of real numbers. The conjugate transpose, therefore, arises very naturally as the result of simply transposing such a matrix—when viewed back again as an  matrix made up of complex numbers.

Properties of the conjugate transpose
  for any two matrices  and  of the same dimensions.
  for any complex number  and any  matrix .
  for any  matrix  and any  matrix . Note that the order of the factors is reversed.
  for any  matrix , i.e. Hermitian transposition is an involution.
 If  is a square matrix, then  where  denotes the determinant of  .
 If  is a square matrix, then  where  denotes the trace of .
  is invertible if and only if  is invertible, and in that case .
 The eigenvalues of  are the complex conjugates of the eigenvalues of .
  for any  matrix , any vector in  and any vector . Here,  denotes the standard complex inner product on , and similarly for .

Generalizations
The last property given above shows that if one views  as a linear transformation from Hilbert space  to  then the matrix  corresponds to the adjoint operator of . The concept of adjoint operators between Hilbert spaces can thus be seen as a generalization of the conjugate transpose of matrices with respect to an orthonormal basis.

Another generalization is available: suppose  is a linear map from a complex vector space  to another, , then the complex conjugate linear map as well as the transposed linear map are defined, and we may thus take the conjugate transpose of  to be the complex conjugate of the transpose of . It maps the conjugate dual of  to the conjugate dual of .

See also
Complex dot product
Hermitian adjoint
Adjugate matrix

References

External links

Linear algebra
Matrices

Conjugate transpose


In the field of multivariate statistics, kernel principal component analysis (kernel PCA)
is an extension of principal component analysis (PCA) using techniques of kernel methods. Using a kernel, the originally linear operations of PCA are performed in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space.

Background: Linear PCA
Recall that conventional PCA operates on zero-centered data; that is,
,
where  is one of the  multivariate observations.
It operates by diagonalizing the covariance matrix,

in other words, it gives an eigendecomposition of the covariance matrix:

which can be rewritten as
.
(See also: Covariance matrix as a linear operator)

Introduction of the Kernel to PCA
To understand the utility of kernel PCA, particularly for clustering, observe that, while N points cannot, in general, be linearly separated in  dimensions, they can almost always be linearly separated in  dimensions. That is, given N points, , if we map them to an N-dimensional space with
 where ,
it is easy to construct a hyperplane that divides the points into arbitrary clusters. Of course, this  creates linearly independent vectors, so there is no covariance on which to perform eigendecomposition explicitly as we would in linear PCA.

Instead, in kernel PCA, a non-trivial, arbitrary  function is 'chosen' that is never calculated explicitly, allowing the possibility to use very-high-dimensional 's if we never have to actually evaluate the data in that space. Since we generally try to avoid working in the -space, which we will call the 'feature space', we can create the N-by-N kernel

which represents the inner product space (see Gramian matrix) of the otherwise intractable feature space. The dual form that arises in the creation of a kernel allows us to mathematically formulate a version of PCA in which we never actually solve the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the covariance matrix in the -space (see Kernel trick).  The N-elements in each column of K represent the dot product of one point of the transformed data with respect to all the transformed points (N points). Some well-known kernels are shown in the example below.

Because we are never working directly in the feature space, the kernel-formulation of PCA is restricted in that it computes not the principal components themselves, but the projections of our data onto those components. To evaluate the projection from a point in the feature space  onto the kth principal component  (where superscript k means the component k, not powers of k)

We note that  denotes dot product, which is simply the elements of the kernel . It seems all that's left is to calculate and normalize the  , which can be done by solving the eigenvector equation

where  is the number of data points in the set, and  and  are the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of . Then to normalize the eigenvectors , we require that

Care must be taken regarding the fact that, whether or not  has zero-mean in its original space, it is not guaranteed to be centered in the feature space (which we never compute explicitly). Since centered data is required to perform an effective principal component analysis, we 'centralize'  to become

where   denotes a N-by-N matrix for which each element takes value . We use  to perform the kernel PCA algorithm described above.

One caveat of kernel PCA should be illustrated here. In linear PCA, we can use the eigenvalues to rank the eigenvectors based on how much of the variation of the data is captured by each principal component. This is useful for data dimensionality reduction and it could also be applied to KPCA. However, in practice there are cases that all variations of the data are same. This is typically caused by a wrong choice of kernel scale.

Large datasets

In practice, a large data set leads to a large K, and storing K may become a problem. One way to deal with this is to perform clustering on the dataset, and populate the kernel with the means of those clusters. Since even this method may yield a relatively large K, it is common to compute only the top P eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the eigenvalues are calculated in this way.

Example

Consider three concentric clouds of points (shown); we wish to use kernel PCA to identify these groups. The color of the points does not represent information involved in the algorithm, but only shows how the transformation relocates the data points.

First, consider the kernel

Applying this to kernel PCA yields the next image.

Now consider a Gaussian kernel:

That is, this kernel is a measure of closeness, equal to 1 when the points coincide and equal to 0 at infinity.

Note in particular that the first principal component is enough to distinguish the three different groups, which is impossible using only linear PCA, because linear PCA operates only in the given (in this case two-dimensional) space, in which these concentric point clouds are not linearly separable.

Applications
Kernel PCA has been demonstrated to be useful for novelty detection and image de-noising.

See also
 Cluster analysis
 Nonlinear dimensionality reduction
 Spectral clustering

References

Dimension reduction
Signal processing
Machine learning algorithms
Kernel methods for machine learning

sv:Principalkomponentanalys#Olinjär PCA

Kernel principal component analysis


Engelard de Cigogné was a 13th-century French-born administrator from Touraine who served King John of England.

He was born in the little village of Cigogné, just south of Tours in France, ( a relative; possibly a son or half brother or nephew by marriage) of Gérard d'Athée, A trusted relative and principal overlord,, Knight and military commander to King John. John had paid a considerable ransom of between 1000m and 2000m to secure Gérard's freedom after he had been captured in the storming of Loches Castle in 1205, of which he was castellan. Gérard had then joined Engelard and other of his relatives in England and had been appointed High Sheriff of Gloucestershire and Herefordshire in 1208.

Engelard was appointed High Sheriff of both Gloucestershire and Herefordshire in 1210, following on from Gérard. The whole family of Gérard, including Engelard, were the only people to be condemned by name in Magna Carta, which was drawn up in 1215 during the baronial revolt of that year. In it the king made a number of commitments to meet the barons' demands, of which Item 50 specifically promised that Gérard Athée and his whole family would henceforth be banned from office. Engelard was duly relieved of his shrievalties in Gloucestershire and Herefordshire, although another member of the proscribed group, Philip Marc, remained in his post as High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire until 1222. Engelard himself was compensated with the post of Constable of Windsor Castle, which he held until 1223.

The barons had meanwhile invited Prince Louis of France, the future Louis VIII of France, to be King of England in place of John and the French prince duly occupied southern England and besieged the castles of Odiham, Dover and Windsor. As Constable of Windsor Engelard ( De Athe) led its resistance to a besieging force led by the Count of Nevers until the besiegers left to pursue other objectives. After peace was restored Engelard was rewarded for his services by being given the manor of Benson in Oxfordshire. He was also appointed High Sheriff of Oxfordshire and Berkshire for 1233 and reinstated as Constable of Windsor Castle in 1234, holding the post until 1242.

He was so trusted by Henry III that he was once appointed to keep Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany, in his custody. Eleanor was a cousin of Henry and posed a potential threat to the crown, and was thus confined since 1202, then at Bristol Castle.

He died in 1244. He had married Agatha and had a son, Oliver. The previous Christmas the king had sent him a personal gift of wine as a tribute to a loyal and valued servant of the Crown.

References

1244 deaths
People from Tours, France
High Sheriffs of Gloucestershire
High Sheriffs of Herefordshire
High Sheriffs of Oxfordshire
High Sheriffs of Berkshire
People from Windsor, Berkshire

Engelard de Cigogné


The Diazoalkane 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (an organic reaction) between a 1,3-dipole diazo  compound (notably diazomethane) and a dipolarophile. When the dipolarphile is an alkene, the reaction product is a pyrazoline.

The reaction product of a cycloaddition between diazomethane and trans-diethyl glutaconate is a 1-pyrazoline. This reaction is 100% regioselective because the diazo terminal nitrogen atom bonds exclusively to the alpha-carbon of the ester. The reaction is also a syn addition, and the configuration in the dipolarophile is preserved. The 1-pyrazoline is unstable and isomerizes to the 2-pyrazoline due to favorable conjugation with the ester group.

With diazo(phenyl)methane as the reactant the regioselectivity is reversed and the reaction is extended even further by simple air organic oxidation of the 2-pyrazoline to the pyrazole.

Another example of a diazo cycloaddition is a diazo-thioketone coupling.

References

Cycloadditions
Heterocycle forming reactions

Diazoalkane 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition


Nicola Domenico Sansone (; born 10 September 1991) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Serie A club Lecce. Born in Germany, he has represented the Italy national team.

Club career
Sansone was born in Munich in Germany and his first club was SV Neuperlach. At the age of 10, he transferred to Bayern Munich, where he progressed through the Junior Team. He made his debut for Bayern's reserve team in January 2010, in a 3. Liga match against Dynamo Dresden. He made three more appearances in the 2009–10 season, and was a regular in the team during the 2010–11 season. In October 2010, he was named on the substitutes bench for the first-team in a Bundesliga match against SC Freiburg. He was released in June 2011 after Bayern's reserves were relegated from the 3. Liga.

Sassuolo
On 21 January 2014, Sansone along with teammates Pedro Mendes and Aleandro Rosi joined Sassuolo from fellow Serie A club Parma. Sansone and Mendes both signed co-ownership deals, for €2.5 million and €500,000 respectively. Rosi however made a loan switch from Parma to Sassuolo, as part of the swap with Jonathan Rossini also in temporary deal.

In June 2014 Raman Chibsah and Sansone joined Sassuolo outright for an additional €5.75 million from Parma, as well as Parma bought back Mendes for €2.5 million.

Villarreal
On 7 August 2016, Sansone signed with Villarreal on a five-year contract reported to be in the region of €13 million. He made his club debut in a 1–1 away draw against Granada in La Liga, on 20 August, and scored his first goal for the club in a 2–0 away win over Málaga in La Liga, on 10 September.

Bologna
On 4 January 2019, he joined Italian club Bologna on loan with an obligation to buy.

Lecce
On 11 September 2023, Serie A club Lecce announced the signing of Sansone.

International career
Sansone made his U17 debut in November 2007 along with Bayern teammate Roberto Soriano. Both players also called up to 2008 Minsk under-17 International Tournament He scored a goal in the second match, a 3–0 win against Belarus. However, he was not called up to 2008 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship elite round in March.

He played for the Italy U19 team on 11 March 2009, the second match of the 2009–10 season (for which only players born in or after 1991 were eligible), and he was also called up to the team's next friendly match against Ukraine (class of 1990 team), as Ukraine was preparing for the 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship finals. He scored a goal in the match, which ended in a 2–2 draw. He then dropped from the team, as he did not receive a call-up to the U18 team (class of 1991) for a friendly tournament in Slovakia. In November 2009, he was recalled to the U19 team for 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship qualification. He replaced captain Jacopo Sala in the first match, then started in the next two matches as a wing forward, partnered with forward Mattia Destro and Nicolao Dumitru against San Marino, ahead of Marco D'Alessandro, who started in the first match. In the last match against Republic of Ireland, Sansone was partnered with Destro in a 4–4–2 formation. Sansone was then selected in one of the three friendly matches before the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship elite qualification, but never received a call-up again, as some of the players had recovered from injury and other players had returned from the U21 team (Fabio Borini and midfielder Soriano, etc.).

Sansone made his U20 debut in February 2012. He also played an unofficial friendly against the Italy under-21 Serie B representative team in December 2011.

On 31 May 2015, Sansone received his first senior Italy national team call-up from Antonio Conte.

On 16 June 2015, Sansone debuted for the Italian senior team after being substituted on for Stephan El Shaarawy in the 68th minute in a 1–0 friendly defeat to Portugal.

Style of play
Sansone is a fast and agile forward with a slender physique and an eye for goal. He possesses good technique and dribbling skills, which enable him to take on opponents in one on one situations. He is capable of playing as a second striker, but his preferred position is as a left winger, a position which allows him to cut into the centre to strike on goal with his favoured right foot or make attacking runs into the area in order to create space for teammates.

Career statistics

Club

International

References

External links

 International Caps at FIGC.it

1991 births
Living people
Men's association football forwards
People of Campanian descent
Footballers from Munich
Italian men's footballers
Italy men's international footballers
Italy men's youth international footballers
Italy men's under-21 international footballers
German men's footballers
Italian expatriate men's footballers
Italian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Italian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
German expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
German sportspeople of Italian descent
FC Bayern Munich II players
Parma Calcio 1913 players
FC Crotone players
US Sassuolo Calcio players
Villarreal CF players
Bologna FC 1909 players
US Lecce players
3. Liga players
Serie B players
Serie A players
La Liga players

Nicola Sansone


Harpyhaliaetus is a former genus of eagles. Recent studies have shown that the solitary eagle is closely related to the black-hawks, in particular the savanna hawk (Buteogallus meridionalis) which is smaller and browner but otherwise very similar to Harpyhaliaetus. Therefore, this genus is now merged into that of the black-hawks.

It contained the following species:

Buteoninae
Bird genera
Obsolete bird taxa

Harpyhaliaetus


Carlos Ferreira de la Torre (1914–1990) was a Spanish sculptor.

Ferreira was born in Madrid and spent his childhood in Tarragona, Madrid, Getafe, Corunna and Toledo, finally settling in Madrid in 1934. He did not complete his studies in fine art or the physical sciences.

In 1948, with financial assistance from the French government, he went to Paris, and in 1951 he returned to Spain, with a grant from the Spanish Commission for Cultural Relations. In 1951 he had shows in Madrid, Barcelona and Bilbao together with Ferrant, Jorge Oteiza and Serra.

His work is scattered all over Spain, especially in Madrid, in the open air and in private collections. He has twice taken part in the Venice Biennale (1950 and 1956). In Barcelona, in addition to Maternitat ("Maternity"), he has a relief measuring 1.75 x 1.20 metres (5' 8" x 3' 11") in a branch of the Banco Guipuzcoano, executed in 1959.

In the 1970s he settled in Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife.

1914 births
1990 deaths
20th-century Spanish sculptors
20th-century Spanish male artists
Spanish male sculptors

Carlos Ferreira de la Torre


Martin William Charles Olley (born 27 November 1963) is a former English cricketer. Olley was a right-handed batsman who played primarily as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Romford, Essex and later educated at Felsted School in Essex.

Olley made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Cambridge University in 1983. This was his only major appearance for the county.

The following season he made his Minor Counties Championship debut for Hertfordshire in 1985 against Bedfordshire. He represented the county in Minor Counties Championship matches from 1985 to 1990, playing his final Championship match for the county against Norfolk. He made his MCCA Knockout Trophy debut in 1985 against Bedfordshire. He played in the Trophy for Hertfordshire from 1985 to 1990, with his final match for them coming against Bedfordshire. It was while playing for Hertfordshire that he made his debut in List A cricket. This came against Worcestershire in the 1985 NatWest Trophy. From 1985 to 1989, he represented the county in 5 List A matches, the last of which came against Nottinghamshire in the 1989 NatWest Trophy.

While still playing for Hertfordshire, Olley played 4 first-class matches for Middlesex in 1988, the last of which came against Hampshire. These matches brought a close to his first-class, a career in which he scored 77 runs at a batting average of 15.40, with a high score of 27*. While behind the stumps he took 12 catches.

Following the end of the 1990 season, he joined Cambridgeshire, making his Minor Counties Championship debut against Suffolk. Olley represented the county in Minor Counties Championship matches from 1991 to 1994, playing his final one against Staffordshire. His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut for the county came in 1991 against Lincolnshire. Olley played 3 further Trophy matches for the county from 1991 to 1993, the last of which came against Bedfordshire.

Olley also played List A cricket for Cambridgeshire when they were permitted to take part in the domestic one-day tournament featuring the first-class counties. His debut in that format for the county came against Kent in the 1991 NatWest Trophy. From 1991 to 1994, he represented the county in 2 further List A matches against Northamptonshire in the 1992 NatWest Trophy and Hampshire in the 1994 NatWest Trophy.

Olley played a total of 8 List A matches during his career. In these he scored 90 runs at a batting average of 18.00, with a high score of 20*. Behind the stumps he took 4 catches.

References

External links
Martin Olley at Cricinfo
Martin Olley at CricketArchive

1963 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Romford
Cricketers from Essex
People educated at Felsted School
English cricketers
Northamptonshire cricketers
Hertfordshire cricketers
Middlesex cricketers
Cambridgeshire cricketers
Wicket-keepers

Martin Olley


"The Juice of the Barley" is a traditional Irish drinking song from around the mid-19th century.  The Clancy Brothers, as well as  several other bands have made recordings, and popular dance renditions of the song.

The phrase "bainne na mbó ar na gamhna" in the chorus is Irish, and means "Cows' milk for the calves".

Because most of the people who sing this song don't know a single word of Irish, and they usually learn it by hearing it (as is normal in the oral tradition) rather than seeing it in writing, the first line of the chorus exists in many strange forms.  There are also several versions of the English verses.

References

Ballindalloch Press (2002), Song Sample

Irish folk songs
Drinking songs
Songs about alcohol

The Juice of the Barley


Austintown Log House is a log cabin near Youngstown, Ohio, United States, listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 30, 1974. It is managed by the Austintown Historical Society and commonly known as the "Austin Log Cabin".

Historic uses

Discovery
In 1973, St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, in Austintown Township, Ohio, bought an abandoned house adjacent to the church property. In the process of tearing down the house, log-like beams were discovered. Demolition stopped. Volunteers removed the artificial brick and siding from the structure revealing a two-story log cabin. The steeple notch on the corner logs indicated that the cabin has been built prior to 1824. A deed search was undertaken. This title search revealed that Calvin Austin sold  to John Packard on April 29, 1814, for $500.00. Further research indicated that Austintown Township, Ohio, was named for Calvin Austin who was a land agent for the Connecticut Land Company. It was obvious that this priceless treasure must be preserved.

Residents
The earliest residents of the house were John Harris Packard (listed as one 108 resident heads of household in Austintown in 1820 census) and his second wife, Mary Alfred (or Alford) Barnes Packard. John Harris Packard was born January 30, 1748, in North Bridgewater, Massachusetts. He and his second wife, Mary, and their 10 children migrated to Austintown in 1814. Upon John's death on January 7, 1827, in Austintown, Ohio, the log house and surrounding  were willed to his son, William Packard. On January 14, 1828, deed records indicate a transfer of  from William and Martha Packard to Samuel Dorwat (Dorworth) for $150. Records indicate that in 1829, Dorwat and his wife, Sarah "Ann" Burgett Dorwat, sold  including the house to Henry Lawrence (alternately spelled Lorins) and his wife Polly for $50. In 1845, these  were sold to Abraham Dustman and his wife, Rebecca Mauer Dustman, for $406. The Dustmans lived there with their five children. Dustman was a farmer and is thought to have built the barn that was destroyed in a fire in 1910. In 1850, Dustman sold the property to Henry Wehr and his wife Margaret for $510. Wehr dug the wells and added the hog shed. At some point, Henry sold the property to his nephew, Levi Wehr. In the "Archeology of Log Cabin," Dr. John White describes Levi as "a heavy and secretive drinker" because White found at least 183 whiskey bottles secreted in the foundation of the second barn built by Levi in 1910. Levi and his wife, Emma, raised two daughters in the house. The house was owned in the 1940s by Willard Wesley Stricklin. Stricklin is reported to have dug out the root cellar below the kitchen. The house was occupied from 1948 to 1963 by Joseph Hanko. Hanko dug out cellar under main house and added the small bathroom extension. The house sat vacant from 1964 until 1973 when it was acquired by St. Andrew's Episcopal Church.

Preservation
The Austintown Community Council worked with members of the community to raise funds for the restoration of the cabin. With the approval of township officials, the group developed an innovative fundraiser which involved standing at the busiest intersection in Austintown and collecting money from drivers in cars stopped at the red light. This, coupled with pennies collected from school children; donations from school PTAs, civic organization, and various church groups; bake sales, book sales, and a flea market yielded $50,000 with which to restore the cabin. While some volunteers were fundraising, other volunteers, under the guidance of an architect knowledgeable in historical preservation, were removing the cabin's roof and replacing it with a wood shake roof, removing interior walls, replacing windows with panes of glass from a 100-year-old school house, and adding a furnace and new plumbing. They sealed the logs with preservatives, and they replaced the chinking with a cement mixture to simulate the original the clay, straw, mud and rock chinking. They restored the fireplace using century-old brick and an old barn beam for the mantel. As a result of their efforts, the Austin Log Cabin was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975. A $2,500 grant from the Ohio American Revolution Bicentennial Commission allowed the dedication of the Austin Log Cabin on July 4, 1976, as Austintown's Bicentennial Project. The Austintown Historical Society was formed on July 21, 1976, for the purpose of maintaining the Austin Log Cabin. It became a 501(c)(3) in 1976 and was incorporated in 1979.

Modern status
The Austintown Historical Society continues to maintain the Austin Log Cabin and is responsible for the upkeep, utilities, and day-to-day maintenance. It has furnished the Austin Log Cabin through donations of period furnishing including a bed slept in by Frank Ohl, a historical figure in Austintown, a spinning wheel, yarn winder, two primitive tables, and Ohio Bicentennial memorabilia. One room of the Cabin is dedicated to the Bicentennial of the United States and memorabilia of that era. Another upstairs room of the Cabin is outfitted as a one-room school house replete with documents and photos of Austintown's 12 one-room school houses, a coal stove, desks, period books, and yearbooks from Austintown Fitch High School dating from 1917 to the present day. The basement is furnished with antique farm implements. A corn crib, a three-seat outhouse, a smokehouse, various farming implements, and a coal car from one of Austintown's earliest coal mines are located outside. The Austin Log Cabin has served as the site for an Archaeological Dig supervised by the late Dr. John White, professor emeritus of anthropology at Youngstown State University. In addition to the cabin, Dr. White's dig revealed the existence of a multipurpose shed which was at one time used as a chicken coop, a stock well dug in 1860-70 and abandoned by 1930, a chicken house, two outdoor privies—one dug in 1950 and one right before 1950, a barn, a second barn built circa 1910, a hog shed, a house well, a cistern, and a summer house. Relics collected during these digs are displayed throughout the Cabin as is the book, Archaeology of the Log House, produced by Dr. White. The cabin is open for free tours on the first Sunday of every month from 1-4 and by appointment other times.

References

External links

Houses completed in 1814
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Museums in Mahoning County, Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Mahoning County, Ohio
Log cabins in the United States
Historic house museums in Ohio
Houses in Mahoning County, Ohio
Log buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio

Austintown Log House


The 2019 English football summer transfer window ran from 16 May to 8 August 2019. Players without a club may be signed at any time, clubs may sign players on loan dependent on their league's regulations, and clubs may sign a goalkeeper on an emergency loan if they have no registered senior goalkeeper available. This list includes transfers featuring at least one club from either the Premier League or the EFL Championship that were completed after the end of the winter 2018–19 transfer window on 31 January and before the end of the 2019 summer window.

Transfers
All players and clubs without a flag are English. Note that while Cardiff City and Swansea City are affiliated with the Football Association of Wales and thus take the Welsh flag, they play in the Championship, and so their transfers are included here.

Loans

References

England
Summer 2019

List of English football transfers summer 2019


The R-7 Semyorka is a family of Russian and Soviet rockets. They were first developed as an intercontinental ballistic missile. Then it evolved into rockets carrying people. Some of the rockets in this family include the Soyuz, Voskhod, and Vostok. The R-7 rockets are known for the korolev cross, which happens when the rockets separate their boosters.

Rockets

R-7 (rocket family)


Quahog ( ) is a fictional city in the U.S. state of Rhode Island that serves as the primary setting of the American animated sitcom Family Guy and other related media. The Griffin family, the Browns, the Swansons, and Glenn Quagmire live on Spooner Street, with the Griffin family residing at 31 Spooner Street.  As revealed in the season 7 episode "Fox-y Lady", the city's ZIP code is 00093. Peter's birth certificate in the season 13 episode "Quagmire's Mom" gives Peter's birth location as Newport County.

Background
In the season seven episode "Peter's Progress", Cleveland's Jamaican cousin Madame Claude reads Peter's palm and discovers that he was related to Griffin Peterson, the supposed founder of Quahog where the previously mentioned history of Quahog was a myth.

Fictional history
In 17th-century England, an ancestor of Peter, Griffin Peterson, founds Quahog after being exiled to the New World and later wins ownership of it in a talent show against his king.

People and locations

Mayor
Adam West was the mayor of Quahog until the death of his namesake voice actor. He appeared on a recurring basis from his first appearance in season 2 until his final appearance in season 17. Quahog's current mayor is Mayor West's cousin, Wild Wild West, voiced by Sam Elliott, who was introduced in the episode "Wild Wild West".

News anchors
The town's local "celebrities" are Tom Tucker, an arrogant, baritone-voiced news anchor at Channel 5, and Diane Simmons, the station's 40-year-old former news co-anchor who was killed off in "And Then There Were Fewer". The two work alongside Tricia Takanawa, a stereotypical Asian reporter who speaks with a nasal monotone cadence; and Blaccu-Weather meteorologist Ollie Williams, a fast-talking chubby African-American man who rarely speaks for more than about 1–2 seconds.

The Drunken Clam
The Drunken Clam is a bar owned by Jerome and formerly Horace (who died in "Save the Clam") that Peter frequently visits along with his friends: Joe Swanson, a paraplegic police officer; former deli owner turned mailman Cleveland Brown and sex-crazed airline pilot bachelor Glenn Quagmire. The Drunken Clam is easily recognized by its animated neon sign on the roof at the front of the building. It depicts a clam swigging from a bottle and becoming intoxicated, judging by the "xx" eyes and the bubbles rising.

The Drunken Clam is also known as the location in which any of the group's schemes and adventures are hatched or take place. Peter works as an assembly worker in a toy factory in early episodes but is a self-employed fisherman and an employee of the fictitious Pawtucket Brewery in later episodes. Peter entertains the Clam's patrons on the piano while drunk in "Wasted Talent".

In "One if by Clam, Two if by Sea", after a hurricane, The Drunken Clam became "The Clam's Head Pub", much to Peter and the guys' disgust, as new owner Brit Nigel Pinchley took over. Despite their best efforts of them to claim back the bar, the Brits had convinced them to leave. However, after Pinchley burned down the Clam's Head Pub as an insurance fraud, and his subsequent arrest and execution, Horace returned from Florida, having had an alligator lay eggs in his lower intestine and getting into a knife-fight with his mother, losing a testicle in the process. The Clam was rebuilt by Horace, Peter and the gang and began running again. The episode reveals that Peter has been going to the Clam since at least 1977.

In "Blind Ambition", Peter falls off its roof and kills Joan Cusack. Also, in that same episode, the bar burns to the ground when God tries to impress a woman by lighting her cigarette with a thunderbolt. God and Jesus escape by driving away in their Cadillac Escalade, but a blind Peter, without realizing it, rescues Horace from the inferno and becomes a local hero. The Drunken Clam becomes a Karaoke Bar in "Don't Make Me Over", as the gang helps Horace to put the bar back on its feet against the competition from a new shopping mall. Other renovation attempts, including the original theme to the film Coyote Ugly, had previously failed.

As seen in "Stewie B. Goode", Brian takes Stewie to the Clam in an effort to persuade him of the dangers of alcohol. Brian is unsuccessful in his attempt, and is so drunk that he is unable to drive, giving an equally intoxicated Stewie his car keys. Stewie crashes Brian's Prius through the wall of the bar, an event shown on the news by Tom Tucker in an attempt to expose Peter. In "Meet the Quagmires", Death shows up when Horace falls off his ladder in the Clam, while trying to fix the TV—Horace is only knocked unconscious. This allows Peter to ask Death to return him to the 1980s, so he can live a wild youth. Part of that experience includes visiting the 1980s bar—then called "St. Elmo's Clam"—a reference to the electrical phenomenon and to the song "St Elmo's Fire". Here Peter plays "Menstrual Ms. Pac-Man", meets and makes out with actress Molly Ringwald, and joins Cleveland at an evening disco. This contradicts the bar's appearance in "One if by Clam, Two if by Sea", where in the same year, it was still The Drunken Clam. The Clam's back room, complete with a table tennis table, is seen in "Hell Comes to Quahog", in which Joe becomes competitive and beats Peter, Cleveland and Quagmire at table tennis.

In the sixth season episode "Believe It or Not, Joe's Walking on Air", the guys' significant others, Lois, Bonnie and even Muriel, wife of recurring character and Jewish pharmacist Mort Goldman, as well as Cleveland's girlfriend at the time, Bernice, begin hanging out at the Clam, forcing the guys to open the Quahog Men's Club. The guys were able to reclaim the Clam soon after. Due to Cleveland's absence from Family Guy, Peter, Quagmire and Joe meet their new black friend, Jerome, in "Jerome Is the New Black". However, the vacancy reopens at the end of the episode. In "Back to the Pilot", it is revealed that if Frank Sinatra had never been born, The Clam would be long abandoned as of 2009 in the Apocalyptic Universe, as it is seen in shambles. Horace dies in "Save the Clam", leaving the guys to try to find a way to save the bar from foreclosure. Eventually, Jerome shows up and reveals he bought the Clam with his sports earnings, allowing it to stay open.

In "Finders Keepers", a waiter tells Stewie that his placemat is a real treasure map, then tells a probably false story about Miles "Chatterbox" Musket which impresses Peter, despite Lois's insistence that it is a joke. Refusing to give up, Peter and Lois search leads them to The Drunken Clam. Behind a painting of legendary Quahog founder Miles "Chatterbox" Musket, they find a treasure chest containing an expired restaurant coupon for a free meal which was a promotion by The Founding Father Restaurant. The Clam is parodied as "Ye Soused Mackerel" in the Romeo and Juliet segment of "Heart Burn".

References to real-world locations
Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane resided in Providence, Rhode Island during his time as a student at the Rhode Island School of Design, and the show contains distinct Rhode Island landmarks similar to real-world locations. MacFarlane often borrows the names of Rhode Island locations and icons such as Pawtucket and Buddy Cianci for use in the show. Several times every episode (except for the Star Wars episodes), the actual Providence skyline can be seen in the distance. The three buildings that are depicted are, from left to right and furthest to closest: One Financial Center, 50 Kennedy Plaza, and the Superman Building. This ordering of buildings and the angle at which they are viewed indicates that Quahog is primarily west of downtown Providence. Quahog is often stated to be either Johnston, Cranston, North Providence, Scituate, or a western portion of Providence itself. However, in a few episodes, Quahog is shown to have a coastline in episodes such as "Fifteen Minutes of Shame", "Fore, Father", and "Perfect Castaway", which only Cranston and Providence possess. This is supported by the fact that the real-world "31 Spooner Street" is located in Providence, immediately due west of Roger Williams Park. MacFarlane has said in the DVD commentary for the episode "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein" that the street was named after Spooner Hill Road, which is his childhood home. Also, a map seen in "Fifteen Minutes of Shame" does not resemble a map of the neighborhood of Spooner Street.

In "Not All Dogs Go To Heaven", the "zoom out" at the end shows Quahog to be somewhere between Cranston and Warwick, almost directly north of the Theodore Francis Green Airport. In "E. Peterbus Unum", a map of Rhode Island is shown, with Quahog shaded in red, shown in the vicinity of Tiverton. Quahog is also shown to be within driving distance to Newport, which is also where Lois Griffin's parents Babs and Carter Pewterschmidt live. In an interview with Providence's Fox affiliate WNAC-TV, MacFarlane stated that the town is modeled after Cranston.

Name significance

A quahog is an edible clam. The name "Quahog", however, appears to be based on the unrelated toponym Quonochontaug, though both are from the Narragansett language. Select regional DVD releases to state on the rear cover "Meet the Griffins and find out what in the name of Quonochontaug, Rhode Island is going on in their heads!", giving "Quonochontaug" as the name for the fictional Quahog. Many of the features of Quahog exist in Quonochontaug, such as a coast. Many people living in Quonochontaug commonly refer to the town as Quahog. However, the real Quonochontaug is a tiny village community of no more than a few hundred people located within the rural town of Charlestown, Rhode Island, more than halfway across the state from Providence where the skyline would not be visible.

In a 2007 interview with The New York Times, producer and writer Danny Smith stated: "When we first started doing the show, Fox wanted us to make the show specific to one town or region. I remember turning to Seth and saying, 'Oh, man, Rhode Island. It has to be Rhode Island.'" For Smith, the town had to be fictional. "Years ago, I was writing for a show called Nurses and I wrote a joke about Pawtucket. It was just a joke, but a lot of people from Pawtucket took it seriously, including the Mayor of Pawtucket. I was vilified back home on talk radio. I had visions of people from Pawtucket chasing me down Benefit Street with pitchforks and torches. I didn't want to risk having another town angry with me, so it was my idea to create Quahog, Rhode Island."

References
  Text was copied from The Drunken Clam at Family Guy Wiki, which is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license.

Family Guy
Fictional populated places in Rhode Island

Quahog (Family Guy)


Institute for Personal Robots in Education (IPRE) was initiated by a $1 million grant from Microsoft Research to Bryn Mawr College and the Georgia Institute of Technology and announced in July 2006. IPRE is designing introductory computer science curricula centered on a Personal Robot. Their vision is that each student will purchase a small, inexpensive robot at the bookstore which they will use throughout their classes in exploring computer science. The hope is that the robot will cost about as much as a textbook. IPRE will develop the hardware, software, and curricular materials for these courses.

The software being developed for introductory computer science courses is called Myro, short for My Robot, and is based in part on Pyro from Python Robotics. Myro is an interface to communicate with robots. It is designed to be used through a number of computer languages, include Python, Ruby, and Scheme.

The robot currently being used is the Scribbler from Parallax, Inc. (company) augmented with a small computer board, called the Fluke. The Fluke contains Bluetooth and a camera. This allows any robot that has a serial interface to be controlled through the low-cost Fluke.

History
 Announced in July 2006
 First courses taught at Bryn Mawr College and Georgia Institute of Technology in Spring 2007

See also
 Python Robotics

References

External links
 Institute for Personal Robots in Education
  - details on the Fluke board

Computer science education
Microsoft initiatives
Robotics organizations
Bryn Mawr College
Research institutes established in 2006
2006 in robotics


The Mansfield school desegregation incident is a 1956 event in the Civil Rights Movement in Mansfield, Texas, a suburb of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex.

In 1955, the Mansfield Independent School District was segregated and still sent its black children to separate, run down facilities, despite the Brown v. Board of Education court decision in 1954. Three students brought a suit with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.  In Jackson v. Rawdon, the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in favor of the students. In 1956, Mansfield ISD became the first school district in the state ordered by a federal court to desegregate.  The school board approved the measure and allowed Mansfield High School to desegregate. Although other districts in Texas desegregated quietly that fall, the mayor and police chief of Mansfield did not approve of this measure. When school started on August 30, 1956, they joined over 300 whites in front of Mansfield High School. Their goal was to prevent the enrollment of the three black students.  The town turned into complete turmoil as three black effigies were hanged as part of the demonstration.

Texas Governor Allan Shivers was a noted segregationist and used the power of his office to resist implementation of Brown v. Board of Education. Shivers dispatched Texas Rangers to prevent integration, led by Captain Jay Banks, who, in addition to threatening to arrest black students, refused to take down an effigy of a black man hanging by a noose at the entrance of Mansfield High School. Shivers then authorized the Mansfield Independent School District to send its black students to Fort Worth, Texas. By doing this the school district had effectively ignored a federal court order for integration.

After the transfer of the black students to Fort Worth, the demonstrations soon ended.  This led to Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus to attempt a similar ordeal in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957. Later that year, Texas passed more segregation laws that delayed integration even further.

Facing the lack of federal funds, the Mansfield Independent School District quietly desegregated in 1965. The decade long defiance of a federal school integration order was one of the longest in the nation during that period.

In June 2020, a statue modeled after Texas Ranger Captain Jay Banks, called One Riot, One Ranger, was removed from Dallas Love Field. It was first dedicated in 1961, 5 years after the Mansfield School Desegregation Incident.

References

Further reading

External links
 Mansfield School Desegregation Incident at the Handbook of Texas Online
 The Crisis at Mansfield, online museum, University of North Texas

Community organizing
History of civil rights in the United States
Civil rights movement
1956 in the United States
Mansfield, Texas
1956 in Texas
1956 protests

Mansfield school desegregation incident


Ethel Austin was an English clothing retailer. At its commercial peak it operated around three hundred stores. The company was purchased from the founding family in June 2002, the company ceased operation in January 2013, after numerous times entering administration.

History

The company was founded in 1934 by Ethel Austin, in the front room of her terraced house in Liverpool, helping neighbours with their knitting. This proved so successful, that within five years of going into business, she had opened three shops. The business became a well known and established chain in the North West and North Wales throughout the mid to late twentieth century. Ethel Austin herself died in January 1989, at the age of 88.

In June 2002, the Austin family sold the business to a management team backed by Lloyds Development Capital (LDC) for £55 million. In June 2004, two years later, ABN-AMRO Capital bought the business for £122.5 million. In May 2007, it was announced that the company had won the contract to supply uniforms for the event of Liverpool - European City of Culture 2008.

In November 2007, the company ran new adverts on television, which used the BodyRockers song "I Like the Way (You Move)". At this point, the company had over three hundred stores.

Difficulties and administration
On 15 April 2008, Ethel Austin Ltd entered administration, managed by Menzies Corporate Restructuring. The following day, it was announced that thirty three stores would be closed within three weeks, with job losses totalling 275, with an additional 181 employees made redundant at the company head office and distribution centre at Knowsley, Merseyside. On 19 May 2008, it was reported that Elaine McPherson, former boss of clothing chain MK One, had bought the company for an undisclosed sum, promising to return it to its 'former glory'.

On 8 February 2010, it was reported that the chain had gone into administration again. On 10 February 2010, administrators announced that there would be job cuts over 496 in the company's head office and distribution depot. It was anticipated that there would also be store closures totalling 196, resulting in further job losses.

On 19 August 2011, it was revealed that Ashloch Ltd, founded by the London based former Blackwell's director Sue Townsend, had purchased the company and the sixty two remaining stores of Ethel Austin, saving over four hundred jobs. However, Ashloch was forced into administration managed by Duff & Phelps on 11 July 2012, after a landlord of a store in Manchester called in bailiffs after an unpaid rent bill, jeopardising the future of the company.  Also in July, the brand was bought by Ricli Limited, owned by Liric owner Mike Basso.

The restructuring specialist GA Europe, a subsidiary of Great American Group, acquired the debt of  Ashloch and operated the stores while the company was in administration. On 30 July 2012, Liric, a firm controlled by the clothing entrepreneur Mike Basso, acquired 32 of the Ethel Austin stores from GA Europe. On 11 January 2013, the company declared insolvency, and closed all of the remaining stores closed with immediate effect.

Relaunch
In May 2015, a new store in Runcorn was announced. A clearance store also opened in Units 15 to 16a in Liverpool City Centre L1 1QE in 2016.

References

Retail companies established in 1934
Defunct companies based in Liverpool
Defunct retail companies of the United Kingdom
Retail companies disestablished in 2013
British companies established in 1934
British companies disestablished in 2013
1934 establishments in England
2013 disestablishments in England
Clothing retailers of England
Clothing companies of England

Ethel Austin


Brothers Benjamin Adamowicz (born in Krajsk, Russian Empire, 1898; died June 1979, New York), and Joseph Adamowicz (born in Jankowszczyzna, Russian Empire, 1893; died November 1970, New York), born Bolesław and Józef Adamowicz,  were American businessmen of Polish descent and amateur aviators, who were known for their transatlantic flight in 1934.

Early life
They were born in  and Janowszczyzna (near ), Wilejka powiat, Vilna Governorate of the Russian Empire (now — Minsk Region, Belarus). Before World War I they emigrated to the United States and after working in a sugar factory, they started their own small business in New York City, in 1918, producing soda water and soft drinks.

In 1928, they flew in an aircraft for the first time as passengers, sparking their enthusiasm for aviation. They bought a Waco biplane and learned to fly at a basic level. Impressed by trans-Atlantic flights, they decided to fly across the Atlantic themselves. In May 1932 they won a minor tourist aircraft contest at Floyd Bennett field, which encouraged them to pursue their plans.

Careers
The brothers bought a long-distance plane, the Bellanca J-300, registration NR797W, c/n 3003, for US$22,000. In addition to the standard 1627l fuel tanks, it was fitted with an additional 440-gallon tank, and extra emergency fuel in cans. The plane had a Polish national White Eagle and the name "City of Warsaw" painted on the fuselage.

In August 1933, the plane was damaged by a hired pilot while landing in Harbour Grace, Newfoundland. After repairs, the brothers decided to try again. Although Ben Adamowicz had learned to fly blind, both brothers were purely amateur aviators. Moreover, their aircraft was not fitted with a radio, which made their trip more dangerous.

On 28 June 1934, Benjamin and Joseph Adamowicz took off from Floyd Bennett Field in New York City and landed in Harbour Grace, Newfoundland. On 29 June at 5:AM they took off for their Atlantic trip. After six hours of flight, they encountered a problem with ice. Benjamin managed to fly lower and regain control (Joseph, writing a flight log in English, surprisingly wrote in Polish at one moment: "God, have mercy on us"). Then, for a few hours, they flew in a heavy rainstorm. After they managed to get above the clouds they noticed that the main fuel tank was leaking.  Luckily, after pumping in emergency fuel, they determined it was enough to reach Europe. On the morning of 30 June, they crossed a shore-line, but due to fog and clouds, they were unable to determine their position (a result of their poor navigation skills). After flying for 3 hours without sight of land they reversed direction, and after an additional hour, the fog cleared and the brothers decided to land in a small meadow, while avoiding a herd of cattle, near Caen in France.

The next day, after repairing the landing gear, they took off for Paris, then Germany, where they were forced to land due to fuel leaks. On July 2, the brothers arrived in Warsaw, Poland, where they were treated as heroes. Another Pole had already flown across the Atlantic, Stanislaw Skarzynski in May 1933.  By that time, more pilots had managed to fly across the Atlantic, but it was still a very risky trip, even for professional pilots. The Adamowicz brothers may have been the first amateur pilots in the world to make a transatlantic flight.

After a celebration, they sold their aircraft to a government organization in Poland, and sailed back to their business in the USA.

Further reading
 Zofia Reklewska-Braun and Kazimierz Braun (Bracia Adamowiczowie Emigranci – lotnicy; Pierwsi polscy zdobywcy północnego Atlantyku Z archiwum pisarza, t. II. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego.  Rzeszów 2011. (inn Polish)

See also
Lituanica, for another contemporary transatlantic flight

References
Janusz Łukaszewicz: Szarża przez Atlantyk in "Skrzydlata Polska" nr 6/2004 (2296) (in Polish)
 Bohdan Arct, Rycerze Biało-Czerwonej Szachownicy, Warszawa, 1966
 Andrzej Przedpełski, Przez wielką wodę, Wiraże nr 10/2004
 Wacław Sobol, Lotnicy z Bożej łaski w: Marian Romeyko (red), Polska lotnicza, Warszawa 1937, s.281-286
Zofia Reklewska-Braun and Kazimierz Braun (Bracia Adamowiczowie Emigranci – lotnicy; Pierwsi polscy zdobywcy północnego Atlantyku Z archiwum pisarza, t. II. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego.  Rzeszów 2011 (in Polish).   (https://web.archive.org/web/20110927061225/http://www.univ.rzeszow.pl/wfil/ifp/nowosciwydawnicze.php.
Zofia Reklewska-Braun and Kazimierz Braun.  The Adamowicz Brothers.  Immigrants—Aviators.  First Polish Conquerors of the North Atlantic.  Buffalo, NY:  Polish Cultural Foundation, 2011.

Polish aviators
American aviators
Belarusian aviators
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Sibling duos
People from Vilnius

Adamowicz brothers


Kirill "Kirka" Babitzin (22 September 1950 – 31 January 2007) was one of the most commercially successful Finnish musicians. His career spanned from the late 1960s until his death in 2007.

Previously associated with Ilkka Lipsanen's The Islanders band, Kirka went on to record a wide array of rock and pop music. Some of his most famous songs include Hetki Lyö (Beat the Clock), Leijat (Kites) and Varrella virran (Down by the River). His 1988 album Surun Pyyhit Silmistäni (The Sadness in Your Eyes) went on to be one of the best sold records in Finnish history. He also represented Finland in the 1984 Eurovision Song Contest.

Early life

Kirill Babitzin was born in Helsinki in 1950 to a Russian family. His father, Leon Babitzin was from St. Petersburg and fled to Finland in the aftermath of the October Revolution. His mother, Elizaveta Babitzin (née Zarubina) was partially of German-Russian descent and was born in Lappeenranta. He first got into music at the age of five when his grandmother gave him an accordion. He won an accordion competition at the age of ten.

Musical career

His first band was The Creatures, which he joined in 1964 assuming stage name Kirka.

Kirka began attaining fame  when he joined the band The Islanders in 1967. Originally led by Ilkka "Danny" Lipsanen, the band became hugely popular. Kirka also recorded with Blues Section. Kirka used his fame to launch into a solo career soon-after. Kirka cited his 1960's breakthrough Hetki lyö (orig. Beat The Clock composed by Gottehrer-Stroll, a 1968 Elfstone B side) with The Islanders as his greatest achievement. Despite his initial success in the late 1960s and early 1970s, Kirka suffered from money-troubles through the late 1970s.

Kirka represented Finland in Eurovision Song Contest 1984, finishing a strong ninth with the song Hengaillaan. Four years later, he got his greatest chart success with Surun pyyhit silmistäin, a melancholic pop-schlager.

Babitzin was awarded the Emma award for best male singer twice, first in 1984 and then in 2000. He died suddenly on 31 January 2007 at his home due to a ruptured aortic aneurysm. His widow Paula Nummela is a jewellery designer.

Family
Several Babitzin siblings are established musicians in their own right. In 1978, Kirka released a duet album with sister Anna; the next year, another sister Marija ("Muska") joined in.

Kirka's brother was popular rock musician Sammy Babitzin, who was killed in a car crash in 1973. Sammy's signature hit Daada daada tells a story of high-speed automotive cruising.

Discography

Kirka Babitzin released 78 singles and almost 60 albums, including 15 collections. Kirka's album Surun pyyhit silmistäni (1988) became the biggest selling album in Finnish history; it has now been relegated to all-time third place.

Albums
 Kirka keikalla (1969)
 Kirka (1969)
 Saat kaiken (1971)
 Nykyaikaa (1972)
 Rautaa ja kettinkiä  (1973)
 Kirkan parhaita (1974)
 Tiukka linja (1975)
 Babitzinit konsertissa  (1975)
 Lauantaiyö (1976)
 Kaksi puolta (1977)
 Anna & Kirka (1978)
 Kirkan parhaat (1979)
 Kirka (1981)
 Täytyy uskaltaa (1983)
 Hengaillaan	(gold, 1984)
 Älä sano ei (1985)
 Isot hitit (1985)
 R.O.C.K. (gold, 1986)
 The Spell (gold, 1987)
 Surun pyyhit silmistäni (quadruple platinum, 1988)
 Anna käsi (double platinum, 1989)
 Iskelmäkansio  (1989)
 Parhaat, uudet versiot (1990)
 Ota lähellesi (double platinum, 1990)
 Kasvot peilissä (platinum, 1991)
 Babitzin  (1991)
 Pyydä vain (gold, 1992)
 Kirka (gold, 1994)
 Sadness in your Eyes (1995)
 Tie huomiseen (gold, 1996)
 Hetki lyö: 1967–1997 (platinum, 1997)
 Mestarit Areenalla (triple platinum, 1999)
 Suuri hetki (2000)
 Sinut siinä nään (2002)
 Elämääni eksynyt (2005)
 40 unohtumatonta laulua (2006)
 The Best of Kirka (2007)

See also
List of best-selling music artists in Finland

References
 Official Website
 Kirka Babitzin at Populaarimusiikin museo (in Finnish)
 The list of all-time top records by sold units in Finland (in Finnish)

1950 births
2007 deaths
Musicians from Helsinki
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Finland
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1984
Russian-speaking Finns
Finnish people of Russian descent
Finnish people of German-Russian descent
Finnish pop singers
20th-century Finnish male singers
Finnish rock musicians
English-language singers from Finland

Kirka


All Saints Church, Saltfleetby, is a redundant Anglican church in the village of Saltfleetby All Saints, Lincolnshire, England.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.  The church stands in the marshland of Lincolnshire, and has a leaning west tower.

History
The church dates from the 12th century, with alterations and additions in each of the following three centuries, in 1611, and in 1873.  Inside are fragments of a building probably dating to about 1150.  It was built in the Early English and Perpendicular styles.  It was repaired in 1886 by R. J. Withers.  The church was declared redundant in November 1973, and was vested in the Redundant Churches Fund (the forerunner of the Churches Conservation Trust) during the same year.

Architecture

Exterior
All Saints is constructed in a variety of materials; coursed greenstone, limestone and ironstone rubble, with limestone dressings.  It contains some brick, and parts of it are rendered.  The roofs are in lead and slate, with ridge tiles.  Its plan consists of a nave with a south aisle and a south porch, a chancel with a southeast chapel, and a west tower.  The tower dates from the late 12th century, and was raised in the 15th century.  On its corners are large diagonal buttresses which were added in 1886, the southeast buttress containing a stair turret.  The tower is in three stages with a battlemented parapet and gargoyles at the corners.  In the bottom stage on the west side are two central lancet windows, one above the other.  In the middle stage are rectangular windows on the north, west and south sides, together with the outlines of blocked 12th-century round-headed bell openings on each side.  The top stage, which dates from the 15th century, contains a pair of two-light bell openings on each side.

In the north wall of the nave are two single-light windows flanking a pointed doorway, and to the east of these are large three-light rectangular windows.  The north wall of the chancel contains two pointed windows dating from about 1300, and two lancet windows.  The east wall has a large pointed window, and in the south wall is a three-light rectangular window.  Along the south wall of the aisle are pilaster buttresses with larger buttress alongside, the latter being added in 1886. Towards the east end of the wall is a three-light pointed window dating from the 15th century.  Along the rest of the wall are four windows with Y-tracery, and between the middle two of these is the porch. There is another similar window in the west wall of the aisle. The porch is gabled and dates from the 15th century.  It has angle buttresses and a pointed doorway.  Above the doorway is an inscription in Latin and shields.  Inside the porch are benches.  The doorway into the church dates from the 14th century.

Interior
The tower arch dates from the early 13th century.  The arcade is from about 1200, and is in four bays, plus a smaller bay to the west.  It has pointed arches carried on round piers.  The pointed chancel arch dates from the middle of the 12th century.  There are panelled 14th-century screens between the nave and the chancel, and between the chancel and the chapel.  The chancel has a double south arcade, an aumbry in its north wall and a piscina in the south wall.  In the chapel is a carved stone reredos.  There are two pulpits.  One is in Jacobean style and is ornately carved; the other dates from the early 17th century and was donated to the church by Oriel College, Oxford.  Also in the church is an 18th-century box pew.  The font has a 13th-century octagonal bowl carried on 14th-century shafts, standing on a 15th-century richly carved octagonal base.

See also
List of churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust in the East of England
St Peter's Church, Saltfleetby

References

External links
Geograph images of church and surroundings

12th-century church buildings in England
Grade I listed churches in Lincolnshire
Church of England church buildings in Lincolnshire
English churches with Norman architecture
English Gothic architecture in Lincolnshire
Churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust
Inclined towers
Towers completed in the 12th century

All Saints Church, Saltfleetby


Scutisorex is a genus of African shrews, mammals of the family Soricidae. Members of the genus are the only known mammal species whose vertebrae interlock, a feature which, along with the general enlargement and strengthening of the backbone and ribs, allows them to bear remarkable loads. They also have well developed muscles for flexing their spine in the sagittal plane. It is thought that these adaptations allow the shrews to wedge open spaces between the trunks of palm trees and the stems of dead leaves, as well underneath logs and rocks, allowing them to partake of a reliable source of insect larvae and earthworms that would otherwise be inaccessible.

The genus contains the following species:
 Hero shrew (Scutisorex somereni) - (Thomas, 1910)
 Thor's hero shrew (Scutisorex thori) - Stanley, Malekani & Gambalemoke in Stanley et al., 2013

Analysis of DNA sequences of several genes (mitochondrial cytochrome b and nuclear von Willebrand factor) suggests that the two species of Scutisorex split about 4 Ma ago, and that Scutisorex diverged from other crocidurine shrews about 14 Ma ago.

References

Mammal genera
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas

Scutisorex


Hugh Harman (August 31, 1903 – November 25, 1982) was an American animator. He was known for creating the Warner Bros. Cartoons and MGM Cartoons studios and his collaboration with Rudolf Ising during the Golden Age of American animation.

Career
He began his work with Walt Disney in 1922, working on Disney's early Laugh-O-Gram Cartoons. When that company went bankrupt, Harman and partner Rudolf Ising tried to start a new series based on the Arabian Nights, but were unable to obtain funding. Disney called them back when he began work for Charles Mintz, producing the Alice Comedies live-action/animation hybrid shorts and the Oswald the Lucky Rabbit cartoons.

After a dispute over money, Mintz forced out Disney in 1928 and lured most of his animators, Harman and Ising included, to join him. After Carl Laemmle replaced Mintz with a young Walter Lantz in early 1929, Harman and Ising, alongside a number of former Oswald animators put together a pilot short, "Bosko the Talk-Ink Kid", featuring a character Harman created in 1928 as sound films were becoming popular. The short gained them a contract with Warner Brothers studios to produce animated cartoons with Leon Schlesinger as manager. Harman and Ising started the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons in 1930 and 1931, respectively (Harman would direct the Looney Tune shorts), and produced them until 1933. Following a number of clashes with Schlesinger over budgets, they decided to leave WB and look for another distributor. Harman and Ising took Bosko with them, having previously copyrighted him to avoid facing the same situation Disney had with Oswald. In the meantime, Harman-Ising Pictures outsourced a number of Cubby Bear cartoons for The Van Beuren Corporation.

MGM Cartoons and later career
In early 1934, Harman and Ising were hired by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, which launched the "Happy Harmonies" series in color (incidentally replacing fellow 1920s-era Disney veteran Ub Iwerks), in which Harman redeveloped Bosko into a realistic African-American kid. After yet another money-related quarrel, Harman and Ising were fired by MGM in 1937, being replaced by an in-house cartoon studio headed by Fred Quimby. That same year, Disney borrowed the Harman-Ising Ink and Paint unit for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and the studio also outsourced a number of cartoons for the Silly Symphonies series, although Disney ultimately only accepted Merbabies, the other shorts being released by MGM in early 1938, which after a rocky start with the in-house studio, decided to take Harman and Ising back some time later as production supervisors.

After leaving Metro in 1942, Harman founded a new studio with Disney veteran Mel Shaw. In 1943, the duo signed a deal with Orson Welles to adapt The Little Prince, in which Welles would play the role of the aviator while a random child actor would portray the prince. A few months later, Welles fell ill with hepatitis, nearly dying while recovering in Florida. After this, the deal fell through and the film was scrapped. From 1945 to 1947, his production company would produce various cartoons for the army and for educational films. After a two year hiatus, Harman returned to the animation industry with The Littlest Angel, a collaboration between his company and Coronet Films. Harman's final film he did (albeit incomplete and entirely shipped to Coronet, completed by Gordon A. Sheehan) was Tom Thumb in King Arthur's Court. Harman worked on the film extensively with Mel Shaw, but ultimately gave production to Coronet because he couldn't complete it.

Later life
After Harman-Ising Studios closed in the early 1960s, Harman fell in a state of abject poverty. He lived in a ramshackle house, no longer being able to afford a car, although he often disguised his precarious state by frequently having breakfast at a Beverly Hills restaurant. He had to constantly borrow money from Ising, as well as colleagues Friz Freleng and Roy O. Disney in the 1970s to keep afloat. He also received a monthly allowance from his brother Fred, until Fred's death in January 1982. After that point, Harman was moved into a house on Chatsworth, the rent being paid by his friends, among them animator Mark Kausler and historian Jim Korkis, who had both met Harman through Bob Clampett in 1973.

On November 25, 1982, Harman died after a long illness in his home. He was survived by his son Michael. Harman was married twice, both times ending in divorce. His second wife was a Greek woman named Katia who married him in 1980 but left him soon after gaining her citizenship.

References

External links

1903 births
1982 deaths
20th-century American artists
American animators
American animated film directors
American animated film producers
Film directors from Colorado
Laugh-O-Gram Studio people
Walt Disney Animation Studios people
People from Pagosa Springs, Colorado
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio people
Warner Bros. Cartoons people

Hugh Harman