The South Sydney Rabbitohs are a professional Australian rugby league club based in Redfern, a suburb of inner-southern Sydney, New South Wales. They participate in the National Rugby League (NRL) premiership and are one of nine existing teams from the state capital, Sydney. They are often called Souths or The Bunnies.

The club was formed in 1908, as one of the founding members of the New South Wales Rugby Football League, making them one of Australia's oldest rugby league teams. The Rabbitohs were formed, under their original 1908 articles of association, with the NSWRL competition, to represent the Sydney municipalities of Redfern, Alexandria, Zetland, Waterloo, Mascot and Botany. They are one of only two NSW foundation clubs still present in the NRL, the other being the Sydney Roosters.

The Rabbitohs' traditional heartland covers the once typically working-class suburbs of inner-south Sydney. The club is based in Redfern, where the club's administration and training facilities are located, however they have long held a wide supporter base spread all over New South Wales. The team's home ground is currently Stadium Australia in Sydney Olympic Park. South Sydney are the most successful professional team in the history of Australian rugby league with twenty-one first grade premierships.

History

Origins
The South Sydney District Rugby League Football Club was formed at a meeting on 17 January 1908 at Redfern Town Hall when administrator J. J. Giltinan, cricketer Victor Trumper and politician Henry Hoyle gathered together in front of a large crowd of supporters. The club played in the first round of the newly formed New South Wales Rugby League, defeating North Sydney 11–7 at Birchgrove Oval on 20 April 1908. The team went on to win the inaugural premiership then successfully defended their title in the 1909 season, winning the Grand Final by default. During these early years Arthur Hennessy was considered the "founding father" of the South Sydney rugby league club. A hooker and prop forward, Hennessy was Souths' first captain and coach. He was also New South Wales' first captain and Australia's first test captain in 1908. S. G. "George" Ball became Club Secretary in 1911 after Arthur Hennessy stood down from the position, and he remained in that capacity for over fifty years, only retiring a few years before his death in 1969.

NSWRFL & ARL (1908–1997)
After further premiership success in 1914 and 1918, South Sydney won seven of the eight premierships from 1925 to 1932, missing out only in 1930. The 1925 side went through the season undefeated and is only one of six Australian premiership sides in history to have achieved this feat. Such was Souths' dominance in the early years of the rugby league competition that the Rabbitohs were labelled "The Pride of the League".

South Sydney struggled between 1940–1948. South Sydney's longest losing streak of 22 games was during the period 1945–1947. In the 1945 season they only managed to win one game while in 1946 they were unable to win a single game.

1950s golden era (1949–1957)
1949 would mark the beginning of almost a decade of great success for South Sydney, winning five of the six premierships from 1950 to 1955, and losing the 1949 Grand Final against St. George, and also the 1952 Grand Final against Western Suburbs in controversial circumstances. The 1951 side's point scoring feat in their 42–14 victory over Manly-Warringah remains the highest score by a team in a Grand Final and "the miracle of '55" involved South Sydney winning 11 straight sudden death matches to win the premiership. Players that were involved in these years included Denis Donoghue, Jack Rayner, Les "Chicka" Cowie, Johnny Graves, Ian Moir, Greg Hawick, Ernie Hammerton, Bernie Purcell and Clive Churchill. Churchill, nicknamed "the Little Master" for his brilliant attacking fullback play, is universally regarded as one of the greatest ever Australian rugby league players.

In the late 1950s Souths began a poor run of form failing to make the finals from 1958 to 1964, during this time receiving the 1962 wooden spoon.

More premiership success (1965–1971)
In 1965 a talented young side made the Grand Final against St. George who were aiming to secure their tenth straight premiership. The young Rabbitohs were not overawed by the Dragons' formidable experience and in front of a record crowd of 78,056 at the Sydney Cricket Ground, they went down narrowly 12–8. The nucleus of this side went on to feature in Australian representative teams for the next six years and ensured another golden period for South Sydney making five successive grand finals from 1967 to 1971, winning four. Bob McCarthy, John O'Neill, Eric Simms, Ron Coote, Mike Cleary and John Sattler from 1965 were later joined by Elwyn Walters, Ray Branighan, Paul Sait, Gary Stevens and coach Clive Churchill to form a fearsome combination before internal strife and poaching by other clubs from 1972 onwards unravelled the star studded pack. From this period comes part of South's and Australian Rugby League folklore when in the 1970 premiership decider against Manly, captain John Sattler inspired the side to victory playing out 70 minutes of the match with his jaw broken in three places after being king hit by Manly prop John Bucknall.

Financial trouble and exclusion (1972–1999)
Financial problems started to hit Souths in the early 1970s, forcing some players to go to other clubs. The licensed Leagues Club, traditionally such an important revenue provider to all first grade league sides, was closed in 1973 but a "Save Our Souths" campaign ensured the club survived. "Super Coach" Jack Gibson's arrival turned the club's form, winning the pre-season competition in 1978. The club captured victories in the mid-week Tooth Cup competition in 1981 and in the pre-season "Sevens" competition in 1988. The Rabbitohs made the finals on five occasions in the 1980s, including a dominant season to finish as minor premiers in 1989. The 1989 season proved to be the club's most successful in years, but was also the last time the club reached the finals until 2007. The following season the Rabbitohs finished as wooden spooners.

The club stayed afloat in the 1990s despite major financial problems. Souths' only success came in 1994 when they won the pre-season competition, defeating the Brisbane Broncos 27–26 in the final. The Super League War and the eventual formation of the National Rugby League affected the club greatly when it was determined in 1998 that the newly formed competition would be contracted to 14 teams for the 2000 season. Following a series of mergers by other teams, and a planned merger with Cronulla-Sutherland was met with staunch opposition from both clubs, South Sydney failed to meet the National Rugby League's selection criteria to compete in the competition and were subsequently excluded from the premiership at the end of the 1999 season.

Fight for readmission
In 2000 and 2001, South Sydney fought their way back into the competition following a string of high-profile legal battles against the National Rugby League and News Limited. A number of well attended public rallies took place during this time, as supporters from many different clubs got behind South Sydney's case. Upon appeal to the Federal Court in 2001, South Sydney won readmission into the premiership for the 2002 season.

National Rugby League (2002–present)
After being readmitted, the Rabbitohs were initially unsuccessful in the premiership, finishing amongst the bottom three teams for five seasons straight including three wooden spoons. Following this, the club was taken over by actor Russell Crowe and businessman Peter Holmes à Court in 2006. In the 2007 season the Rabbitohs played in their first finals campaign since 1989.

May 2008 saw the sudden resignation of the then current executive chairman and CEO, Peter Holmes à Court. He had been appointed to the role of CEO at the start of 2008. Reports suggested that Holmes à Court had been forced to stand down after his relationship with Russell Crowe had deteriorated beyond repair.

The South Sydney Rabbitohs celebrated their centenary year during the 2008 National Rugby League season. That year they were named the National Trust's inaugural 'Community Icon', in recognition of the club's significant longstanding contribution to sport and sporting culture at both state and national levels.

Return to premiership success
The arrival of Sam Burgess and Greg Inglis to the club in the early 2010s saw the Rabbitohs rise to the top of the ladder. Following consecutive preliminary final exits in 2012 and 2013, they defeated the Roosters in the 2014 preliminary final to advance to their first grand final since their successful 1971 campaign.

Following a slim 6–0 lead in the first half of the 2014 grand final, Souths scored four second half tries to defeat Canterbury 30–6. This was the Rabbitohs first premiership win in 43 years. Sam Burgess received the Clive Churchill medal despite playing the entire match with a fractured cheekbone, suffered from a head clash during the first tackle of the match.

Following the premiership victory, South Sydney were presented with the Keys to the City of Randwick by Mayor Ted Seng at a presentation ceremony at Souths Juniors in Kingsford and later the same day awarded the Keys to the City of Sydney by Lord Mayor Clover Moore at a reception at Sydney Town Hall.

On 23 October 2014, Holmes à Court sold his 50% share of Blackcourt League Investments Pty Limited, and consequently his 37.5% stake in South Sydney, to James Packer's ScrumPac Pty Ltd, a subsidiary of Packer's Consolidated Press Holdings.

After elimination early in the 2015 finals series, a 9-game winning streak in 2018 saw the Rabbitohs return to premiership contention. This season marked the start of five consecutive preliminary finals appearances in the late 2010s and early 2020s. After losses in consecutive years to the Roosters, Raiders, and Panthers, South Sydney defeated the Sea Eagles in 2021 to advance to the grand final against Penrith.

With the game poised at 8–8 in the second half, Cody Walker threw a pass that was intercepted by Panthers winger Stephen Crichton who scored untouched. Souths scored in the final five minutes of the match, but halfback Adam Reynolds missed the conversion from the sideline and a subsequent field-goal attempt, either of which would have seen the game tied. Penrith won the game 14–12. The Panthers defeated the Rabbitohs in the 2022 preliminary final, ending their season for the third year in a row.

Prior to the 2022 season, Atlassian founder Mike Cannon-Brookes became a partial owner of the Rabbitohs by buying one third of the management firm alongside Crowe and Packer. Together, these three own 75% of the Rabbitohs; the remaining 25% of the club is owned by fans.

Emblem

The club mascot is the rabbitoh, a now-disused term that was commonly used in the early 20th century to describe hawkers who captured and skinned rabbits and then sold the meat at markets, so named because they would shout "rabbit-oh!" around the markets and suburbs to attract buyers. The club is also informally referred to as the Rabbits, Bunnies or Souths.

Exactly how South Sydney came to be known as the Rabbitohs is unknown. According to one version of events, dating from pre-schism days at the turn of the 20th century, some of the club's players earned some extra money on Saturday mornings as rabbit-oh men, staining their jerseys with rabbit blood in the process; when they played in those blood stained jumpers that afternoon, opponents from wealthier rugby clubs did not always appreciate the aroma and would mockingly repeat the "Rabbitoh!" cry. Another version was that the term was a disparaging reference by opposing teams to South's home ground being plagued with "rabbit 'oles"; in those early days Redfern Oval was then known as Nathan's Cow Paddock. A third version claims the Rabbitoh name was adopted from that of the touring Australian rugby union teams of the early 1900s who were nicknamed "Rabbits" prior to discarding the name in 1908 in favour of the moniker "Wallabies".

The "Rabbitoh" emblem, a running white rabbit, first appeared on the team's jersey in 1959. The Rabbitoh emblem has in various forms been carried as the club's crest on every player's jersey ever since. The original "Rabbitoh" emblem design that appeared on the team's jerseys throughout the 1960s and 1970s has now been incorporated on the current jersey.

The South Sydney Rabbitohs celebrated their centenary year during 2008. The club released a centenary emblem to commemorate the occasion. To also coincide with the centenary year, Souths opted to alter their logo by removing the red and green oval from their emblem for a solid white rabbit with the words South Sydney Rabbitohs set in uppercase type.

Colours
South Sydney has used cardinal red and myrtle green colours on its playing jerseys for the vast majority of the club's history. Prior to the establishment of the rugby league club in 1908, the South Sydney rugby union team originally wore a red and green hooped jersey. Some sources have suggested that this combination of colours was due to the local rugby union club being nicknamed the "Redfern Waratahs". The first British inhabitants had often called the waratah a "red fern" instead, hence giving the suburb its name, and ultimately the local rugby club its emblem. Red and green dominate the colours of the waratah and hence, possibly, the South Sydney Rugby League Football Club adopted these colours for their jerseys. However, the suburb of Redfern was named in honour of William Redfern, one of the first doctors of the colony, who treated convicts and poor settlers as well as the wealthy.

The club's jersey has been a hooped-styled one comprising alternating red and green, and has been used for the vast majority of the club's history. In 1945 and 1946 the club broke with this tradition and used a green design with a red "V" around the collar, before reverting to the original hoop style. From 1980 to 1984 the team played in a strip which saw the inclusion of white hoops within a predominately green design with a central red stripe and was affectionately known as the "Minties" jersey (so-called due to its apparent similarity to the wrapper design of the popular sweet). With the introduction of "away" jerseys towards the end of the 20th century, the club initially introduced a predominantly white jersey for away matches which was changed to a predominantly black one for the 2006 season.

Before the start of the 2007 season, the club announced that the away jersey would be styled identically to the traditional home jersey, with the exception of sponsorship and the rabbit emblem, which has been styled similarly to the one that initially featured on jerseys in the 1960s. For season 2009, the rabbit emblem is black for home matches whilst the emblem is the original white for away matches.

The playing shorts worn were historically black, though in the late 1970s the club adopted green shorts with a red vertical stripe. This was then superseded by the white shorts of the "Minties" outfit. When the club subsequently reverted to their traditional playing strip, the decision was made to wear black shorts once more. In 2008 the Rabbitohs wore white shorts to match the white stripe running down the side of their jersey.

Geographic area
The South Sydney District Rugby League Football Club (precursor to the current corporate entity) was formed, under the original 1908 articles of association with the NSWRL competition, to represent the Sydney municipalities of  Alexandria, Botany, Mascot, Waterloo, Maroubra and Zetland.

Souths have a proud history of Indigenous players from the local district clubs including La Perouse United, Redfern All Blacks and Indigenous recruits from Country NSW.

Stadium
During the early years of the New South Wales Rugby League premiership, "home games" were not assigned very often. However, South Sydney played most of their games at the Royal Agricultural Society Ground (Sydney Showground) from 1908 until the club's departure in 1920. From 1911 onwards, the Sydney Sports Ground was also used interchangeably with the Agricultural Ground over a decade for hosting matches. In 1947 the club played its final season at the Sports Ground, before relocating to Redfern Oval in 1948. It was here that team played in the heart of the club's territory and played the vast majority of its allocated home matches.

In 1988, the club began to play in the Sydney Football Stadium, just built upon the former Sydney Sports Ground and Sydney Cricket Ground No. 2 Oval. The side continued to play here up until 2005, with the exception of 2000 and 2001 when South Sydney was absent from the premiership. During 2004–2005, when the Rabbitoh's contract with Sydney Football Stadium was about to expire, new home grounds were investigated at Gosford, North Sydney Oval and Telstra Stadium. Eventually the decision was made to relocate to Telstra Stadium at Sydney Olympic Park. The move was generally not well received by the fans, but provided considerably more income for the club, which was several million dollars in the red at the end of 2005.

In 2006, the club relocated home games to Stadium Australia in Sydney's west (known as Telstra Stadium until the conclusion of 2007). In February 2008, the Rabbitohs renewed their partnership with Stadium Australia (which was then known as ANZ Stadium) to play NRL home games and home finals at the venue for the next 10 years, commencing season 2008. The agreement ran until the end of 2017, superseding the inaugural three-year home ground arrangement at ANZ Stadium that started in 2006.

As well as their main home ground, South Sydney also play home games at the Sunshine Coast Stadium and at the Central Coast Stadium during the year.

During 2008 the City of Sydney Council completed a $19.5 million upgrade and renovation of Redfern Oval. From season 2009, the upgraded Redfern Oval provided the Rabbitohs with training facilities and a venue for hosting pre-season and exhibition matches.

In 2023, the Rabbitohs relocated their headquarters and first team training facilities from Redfern Oval to the Heffron Centre, a $58M community sporting complex in Maroubra owned by Randwick City Council. The South Sydney Rabbitohs' $26M Community and High Performance Centre provides training facilities for the NRL, Women's and NSW Cup teams, as well as facilities for the administrative, commercial and Souths Cares staff members.

Supporters
The South Sydney Rabbitohs continue to have a large supporter base in their traditional areas of South-eastern Sydney, despite having moved from Redfern Oval two decades ago, while also enjoying wide support throughout other rugby league playing centres around the country. The official South Sydney supporter group is known as "The Burrow".

South Sydney at one stage had the highest football club membership in the National Rugby League, with membership exceeding 35,000 as of June 23, 2015. That member number also included more than 11,000 ticketed members, the highest of the Sydney-based NRL clubs. Following the conclusion of the 2021 NRL season, new figures showed South Sydney to have the second highest membership of Sydney NRL clubs behind Parramatta.

It was announced during the 2010 Charity Shield game that both St. George Illawarra and Souths had exceeded the 10,000 milestone, making the 2010 season the first time two Sydney clubs had entered the season with 10,000 ticketed members each. The club had members from every state in Australia and international members in 22 countries. Football club membership peaked at some 22,000 when the club was re-admitted to the National Rugby League for season 2002.

"Group 14", a collection of club backers including businessmen, politicians, musicians and media personalities, was formed before the Rabbitohs' exclusion from the NRL in 1999. Members include Anthony Albanese, Laurie Brereton, Michael Cheika, Rodger Corser, Michael Daley, Andrew Denton, Cathy Freeman, Nick Greiner, Deirdre Grusovin, Ron Hoenig, Ray Martin, Mikey Robins, and Mike Whitney. They contributed to South Sydney's bid for reinstatement, following the club's exclusion from the competition at the end of the 1999 season. A sustained campaign of public support that year, unprecedented in Australian sporting history, saw 40,000 people attended a rally in the Sydney CBD in support of South Sydney's cause. In 2000 and 2001, public street marches took place in Sydney with in excess of 80,000 people rallying behind the Rabbitohs. The club also has a number of high-profile supporters as well, many of whom were dominant figures in their battle to be readmitted into the premiership in 2000 and 2001. In 2007, supporters set a new club record for attendance with an average home crowd figure of 15,702 being the highest ever since the introduction of the home and away system in 1974.

Notable supporters
South Sydney have many notable supporters, many of whom have engaged with the club through the ownership of Russell Crowe.
Ben Affleck, American actor
Anthony Albanese, 31st Prime Minister of Australia
Pamela Anderson, Canadian actress
Christian Bale, British actor
Boris Becker, former German tennis champion
Richard Branson, British entrepreneur
Laurie Brereton, Australian politician
Michael Cheika, former Wallabies coach
Rodger Corser, Australian actor
Russell Crowe, New Zealand-Australian actor and part owner of the Rabbitohs
Tom Cruise, American actor
Michael Daley, Australian politician
Ellen DeGeneres, American talk show host
Andrew Denton, Australian television presenter
Snoop Dogg, American rapper
Jimmy Fallon, American television presenter
Cathy Freeman, Olympian most famous for 400m win at Sydney 2000
Stephen Fry, British actor
Chris Green, South African-Australian cricketer
Nick Greiner, 37th Premier of New South Wales
Deirdre Grusovin, Australian politician
Adam Hills, Australian television presenter
Lleyton Hewitt, Australian Grand Slam tennis champion
Ron Hoenig, Australian politician
Eddie Jones, current Wallabies coach
Kristina Keneally, 42nd Premier of New South Wales
Jay Leno, American television presenter
Ray Martin, Australian television presenter
Eva Mendes, American actress
Martina Navratilova, Czech-American tennis player
Cameron Norrie, British tennis player
Graham Norton, British television presenter
Jamie Oliver, British celebrity chef
Ricky Ponting, former Australian cricket team captain
Pat Power, former Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Canberra and Goulburn
Kagiso Rabada, South African cricketer
Burt Reynolds, American actor
Mikey Robins, Australian TV presenter
Cristiano Ronaldo, Portuguese soccer player and multiple Ballon d'Or winner
Tanveer Sangha, Australian cricketer
Mike Whitney, former Australian cricketer and television host
Oprah Winfrey, American talk show host

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Reggie the Rabbit
Reggie the Rabbit is the Rabbitohs' mascot. The mascot first appeared in lifesize form in 1968 after celebrity fan Don Lane brought back a suit from the US in time for the 1968 grand final against Manly Warringah Sea Eagles, won by the Rabbitohs 13–9. Perhaps the most notable of the early Reggies was the club's groundsman Reg Fridd. Standing just over four feet tall, the Rabbitohs lured the diminutive New Zealander from a touring production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarves, the same troupe that had yielded the second Reggie, Roscoe Bova, killed in a car accident in the early 1970s. Most teams in the National Rugby League maintain mascots. During 2000 and 2001, when Souths was excluded from the NRL, Anth Courtney was Reggie Rabbit appearing at the second Town Hall rally and at games at Redfern Oval as well as being active in travelling extensively around the state to attend fundraisers as Reggie Rabbit.

South Sydney Leagues Club

The Juniors
The Juniors aka Souths Juniors on Anzac Parade in Kingsford, New South Wales has been the club's leagues club since the old Souths Leagues closed in 2013. The club is owned by the South Sydney District Junior Rugby Football League.

Juniors at the Junction
Juniors @ The Junction (Since 2009) – The result of a merger with South Sydney Junior Rugby League Club (Kingsford) and the struggling Maroubra Returned and Services League (RSL) Club. The club is on the site of the former Maroubra RSL club on Anzac Parade and Haig Street.

The Juniors on Hawkesbury
The Juniors on Hawkesbury (Since 2008) – in the Hawkesbury River

South Sydney Leagues Club
The South Sydney Leagues Club, colloquially known as Souths Leagues, was the club's official leagues club. The club closed in 2013 after being placed into administration with large debts.

Culture and tradition
In 1999 Russell Crowe bought the foundation bell at the Red and Green Ball for the club.

Team songs

Glory, Glory to South Sydney
The club's most well known song is played when the team runs out for home games and after victories at home. Originally recorded in 1967  by the Will Dower Sounds as "South's Victory Song" [sic], "Glory, Glory to South Sydney" is one of the best-known NRL team songs, prominently featuring in promotional materials, merchandise and even the #GGTSS hashtag.

The original version was written when there were 10 clubs in the NSWRFL premiership, and predates the admission of Penrith and Cronulla-Sutherland for the 1967 season, despite its release date.

The song is likely to have been inspired by Glory Glory (football chant), sharing Battle Hymn of the Republic's tune and coincided with the club's most recent "golden era". While the NSWRFL premiership had been won for 11 consecutive seasons by the St. George Dragons, the Rabbitohs had a strong team and won the 1967 NSWRFL premiership, going back-to-back in 1968 and winning all but one Grand Final between then and 1971.

The song was heavily played and featured in the club's "fightback" effort when they were excluded from the 14-team NRL seasons in 2000 and 2001. In 2004, Allan Caswell wrote an updated and modernised version, referencing the 15 teams in the NRL Telstra Premiership at the time, which was played at home games for several years before being replaced by the original.

Somewhat controversially, whilst sponsored by Real Insurance in 2005 and 2006, the club made their entrance to a version of The Real Thing as a tie-in. Upon the expiration of the deal, the club reverted to "Glory Glory", but this time a modernised pop version incorporating only the chorus and "South Sydney" chant sung by a female vocalist.

As of 2023, the original 1967 version is used officially by the club and featured at the club's 2014 and 2021 Grand Final appearances.

Victory song
The Rabbitohs' victory song (also known as the "player's song") appears to be of pre-WWII origin, but awareness has grown over the years and especially around the passing of club legend John Sattler, whose performances of the song around the club's 2014 and 2021 NRL Grand Final in various media have become somewhat iconic within the South Sydney community and were played after the club's win the week after his passing.

The lyrics have varied over the year in a form of Oral tradition - the current version sung by the players after a win only features the first verse/stanza, preceded recently (in 2023) by a player or special guest calling out "If You're Happy and You Know It", responded en masse with claps.

The tune of the song differs by segment - the main part as still sung, according to John Sattler's version, is based on the melody of The Stars and Stripes Forever.

The version of the song that appears to have been sung during John Sattler's time at the club, that has since become well-known, features the same opening stanza as the current version (sans the closing "Up the Rabbitohs!" catchcry), sung to the tune of The Stars and Stripes Forever, followed by the following lyrics to the tune of Notre Dame's Victory March.

The following lyrics have also been performed by Sattler in interviews, to various tunes

Botany Road
The Burrow (supporters' group) began singing a chant to the tune of Take Me Home, Country Roads during the club's resurgence in the 2010s, generally reserving this chant for when victory was assured within 5 minutes of full time.

Flags, banners and scarves bearing Botany Road are found throughout South Sydney's supporters at games, referencing the eponymous road that runs through the heart of the South Sydney geographical area.

The song is now an iconic part of the Rabbitohs fan experience, especially during rivalry and Finals Series games. The early repetitions are normally sung at a slow and deliberate pace a capella, with the pace increasing closer to full time and supporters clapping along as the time runs down.

Other club songs

The Burrow chants
The Burrow have numerous Football chants, both in support of the club and its players as well as against rivals. Some of the most prominent songs and chants, as found in their songbooks, include "South Sydney 'Til I Die", "Rabbitohs", the aforementioned "Botany Road" and several player-based songs, including a version of Whole Again in appreciation of Damien Cook.

The Burrow also gather in their bay to sing their own version of Under the Southern Cross I Stand after Rabbitohs victories, adapted from the Australian national cricket team.

Fightback-era songs
During the club's exile, numerous supporters of the club contributed songs to raise awareness of their plight and to serve as a fundraiser through the sale of "The Glory of South Sydney" CD and VHS.

Allan Caswell and Mark Egan penned "Souths Can Stand Alone", which was performed at several fundraisers and protests. The song claims "if they dump South Sydney, they're dumping Rugby League" and thanks George Piggins for his efforts. A music video featuring a montage of South Sydney moments and heroes was included on the VHS version.

Caswell himself became a prominent figure in the campaign, creating several satirical or parody versions of well-known songs, including the club's own "Glory Glory", in protest of News Corp Australia and the National Rugby League's decision to exclude South Sydney from the 2000 and future seasons.

Other contributions included "Glory in their Eyes", a song by John Maclean that touches on the long period since Souths' last premiership and the struggle of long-time Souths supporters having to accept the loss of their club, "Rabbitohs" by Daniel Lissing which concludes with the line "South Sydney marches on" in defiance of their exclusion, as well as "Calling All Rabbits" which was constructed from commentary and news soundbytes relating to famous moments on-field, the fight to remain in and return to NRL competition and the like.

Other songs
One of the more famous South Sydney inspired songs in recent years is "The Day John Sattler Broke His Jaw" by Perry Keyes and later covered by The Whitlams and the Black Stump Band, referencing not only the famous heroics of John Sattler in the 1970 Grand Final, but also life in 1970s Australia and inner-city Sydney. The song's chorus incorporates Frank Hyde's famous "if it's high enough, if it's long enough, it's straight between the posts" commentary.

A Rabbitohs fan covered Eddie Vedder's song All the Way, adapting the original's references to the Chicago Cubs' century-long struggle to win their next World Series to South Sydney's exclusion and long premiership drought, and the ending of that drought in 2014. The Cubs would win their first World Series since 1908 (also the year Souths participated and won in the inaugural NSWRFL competition) in 2016.

Several supporters have written songs of their own, occasionally garnering some interest within the community.

Pre-game, Souths often have a hype package put together as well as team lineups presented to music. Previous choices for these have included Cochise, Kryptonite and Hail to the King, often interpolated with the "South Sydney" chant just prior to the entrance of the players.

Kit sponsors and manufacturers

Rivalries
A book, The Book of Feuds, chronicling the rivalries of the Rabbitohs with their NRL competitors was written by Mark Courtney at the instigation of Russell Crowe. It has been used as a motivational tool before Souths matches and was later released on sale to the public.

Major
 Sydney Roosters – South Sydney and their fans have built up rivalries with other clubs, particularly the Sydney Roosters (Eastern Suburbs), the only other remaining foundation club.

While South Sydney were historically strongly working class, the Roosters were viewed by South's supporters as 'Silvertails' - supported by upper class folk from Sydney's Eastern suburbs.

South Sydney and the Roosters share inner-Sydney territory, resulting in a strong rivalry since 1908 when Souths beat Eastern Suburbs in the first grand final 14–12. Games between the neighbouring foundation clubs have since formed part of the oldest "local derby" in the competition. The rivalry increased after 1950 due to conflict between junior territories and since the 1970s escalated once more as both clubs drew key players away from each other (Souths lost internationals Ron Coote, Elwyn Walters and Jim Morgan to the Roosters from their last era of premiership winning teams, whilst more recently Souths lured key forwards Bryan Fletcher, Peter Cusack and centre Shannon Hegarty away from the Roosters 2002 premiership winning side) and later Michael Crocker. Other players to run out for both clubs include Ashley Harrison, Luke Keary, Angus Crichton, Daniel Suluka-Fifita and Latrell Mitchell. In round 1, 2010, South Sydney and Roosters became the first clubs to play 200 matches against each other. The Sydney Roosters 36–10 victory put the ledger at 105 games won by South Sydney, 90 by the Roosters (Eastern Suburbs) and 5 drawn. In 2014, Souths defeated the Sydney Roosters in the preliminary final to reach their first grand final in 43 years. In 2018, the Sydney Roosters defeated Souths 12–4 in the preliminary final at Allianz Stadium which was the last game to be played at the venue.  The crowd of 44,380 was also a ground record. In 2019, the two clubs met in the qualifying final which was played at the Sydney Cricket Ground.  South Sydney had beaten the Sydney Roosters only a week prior in the final game of the regular season but in the qualifying final, the Roosters won the match 30–6 in a dominant display.

In 2020, the Sydney Roosters managed to record a victory over South Sydney 28–12 in round 3.  In the final round of the 2020 NRL season, Souths defeated the Sydney Roosters 60–8. This was the biggest win South Sydney had ever recorded over their rivals eclipsing the previous score set in 1952 when Souths defeated Eastern Suburbs 52–0.

Before round 25 of the 2022 NRL season where the two sides were to meet, Sydney Roosters CEO Nick Politis issued a warning to South Sydney stating that the new Sydney Football Stadium has always been the home ground and territory of the Eastern Suburbs club and not South Sydney.  Souths had declared they wanted to leave Stadium Australia and make the new Sydney Football Stadium as their home ground.  Politis said to Fox Sports "I've heard other people say they want to play there because it's their home, The point is we've been there since 1928. We started with the old sports ground and then 30 years with the old Allianz Stadium, Nobody else has played there. For another club to say we want to go there because it's our home, it's not their home. The Roosters are the only people that belong there. It's our true home and it's very sacred".

Despite Politis claims, the South Sydney club had used the Sydney Sports Ground as a home ground before Eastern Suburbs and the two clubs often ground shared for the first 30 years of its existence at the venue. In the 2022 elimination final, seven players were sin binned which was the most in an NRL era game as South Sydney upset the Sydney Roosters 30-14 ending their season.
To celebrate their rivalry, South Sydney and the Sydney Roosters play for the Ron Coote Cup annually.

 St George Dragons and St George Illawarra Dragons – The long-standing rivalry against St. George results in the annual Charity Shield match, originally played against the original St. George Dragons and now (since the joint venture formed with Illawarra Steelers) played against the current team, St. George Illawarra.

South Sydney and St. George have met several times in grand finals prior to the joint-venture and being the north-eastern neighbours of St. George, had many fierce encounters. In 2001, South Sydney chairman and club legend George Piggins said there would be no chance of the Charity Shield being revived if Souths were to be included back into the NRL saying "The Dragons: They sold us out". This was in reference to St. George signing an affidavit at the time which included that it would be detrimental if Souths were returned to the competition.

In 2018, both sides met for the first time in a finals match since 1984. Souths won a close semi-final 13–12.

 Balmain Tigers – From 1908–1999, South Sydney had a fierce rivalry with Balmain. The rivalry with Balmain began in 1909 when both teams  agreed to boycott the final which was being held as curtain raiser to a Kangaroos v Wallabies match. As agreed, Balmain did not turn up. However, Souths did turn up and were officially awarded the Premiership when they kicked off to an empty half of the field.

South Sydney would later meet Balmain in the 1916 premiership final which Balmain won 5–3. In 1924, Balmain and Souths met in the grand final which is also the lowest scoring grand final in NSWRL/NRL History.  Balmain ran out 3-0 winners with the match only seeing one try.
In 1939, Balmain and Souths met once more in the grand final with Balmain winning 33–4. In the 1969 NSWRFL season enmity was again fueled between the clubs with Balmain's controversial victory against South Sydney in the grand final that year.

Minor
 Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles – South Sydney first met Manly-Warringah in the 1951 NSWRFL season's Grand Final.  South Sydney would win the match 42-14 which as of 2022 is the highest scoring grand final in NSWRL/NRL history.  Souths would then meet in the 1968 and 1970 grand finals which South Sydney both won.  In the 2013 preliminary final, Souths were looking to reach their first grand final since 1971 when they faced off against Manly.  Souths lead the match 14-0 early on but were eventually defeated by Manly 30–20. In the 2021 NRL season, South Sydney and Manly once again met in the preliminary final but on this occasion South Sydney ran out comfortable winners to reach the 2021 NRL Grand Final.

Manly have, since 1970, purchased many of Souths' star players including John O'Neill, Ray Branighan, Ian Roberts, and more recently Dylan Walker.

 Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs – A more recent feud that primarily developed in the years 2014 and 2015, following the 2014 NRL Grand Final and a controversial Good Friday match. They were also Grand Finalists in 1967 with South Sydney prevailing 12−10. Annually, South Sydney and Canterbury-Bankstown compete in the Good Friday game, competing for the Good Friday Cup.

Players

Current squad

Notable players

The Magnificent XIII (2002)
In 2002 on the Rabbitohs' readmission to the competition, The Magnificent XIII, a team consisting of great South Sydney players over the years was selected by a panel of rugby league journalists and former Souths players and coaches. The team consists of 17 players (four being reserves) and a coach representing the South Sydney Rabbitohs Football Club from 1908 through to 2002.

Dream Team (2004)
The Rabbitohs announced the South Sydney Dream Team at a gala dinner held on 29 July 2004, at the Westin Hotel in Sydney. 17 players were selected in position as well as a coach to represent the South Sydney Football Club from 1908 through to 2004. The team was selected by a group of Rugby League experts, historians and by Rabbitohs fans through a public vote.

Season summaries

NSWRFL (1908-1994)

ARL (1995-1997)

NRL (1998-present)

Club honours

Individual awards

Club Best & Fairest
The George Piggins Medal is the award given to the Rabbitohs player determined to have been the "best and fairest" throughout an NRL season. The inaugural winner of the award in 2003 was Bryan Fletcher. In 2013, John Sutton and Greg Inglis became the first joint winners of the award.

George Piggins Medal (first grade)

Clive Churchill Medal
The Clive Churchill medal is awarded annually to the player adjudged best on ground in the grand final.

 Clive Churchill (1954)*
 Jack Rayner (1955)*
 Eric Simms (1968)*
 Bob Grant (1970)*
 Ron Coote (1971)*
 Sam Burgess (2014)

* Retrospective medals

Dally M Award Winners

Dally M Medal
Awarded annually to the player of the year over the course of the first grade regular season.
 Robert Laurie (1980)

Rookie of the Year
 Jim Sedaris (1989)
Chris Sandow (2008)
Adam Reynolds (2012)
George Burgess (2013)

Coach of the Year
 Anthony Seibold (2018)

Team of the Year
 Robert Laurie (Five-eighth, 1980)
 Nathan Gibbs (Second row, 1980)
 Mick Pattison (Five-eighth, 1981)
 Ian Roberts (Prop, 1987)
 Phil Blake (Five-eighth, 1989)
 Matt Parsons (Prop, 1999)
 Greg Inglis (Fullback, 2013)
 Sam Burgess (Lock, 2014)
 Damien Cook (Hooker, 2018)
 Cameron Murray (Lock, 2019)
 Cody Walker (Five-eighth, 2021)
 Alex Johnston (Wing, 2022)

NRL Immortals

 Clive Churchill (1981)

NRL Hall of Fame
The NRL Hall of Fame recognises the contribution to rugby league in Australia since 1908.
 Clive Churchill (2002)
 Harold Horder (2004)
 Ron Coote (2005)
 George Treweek (2006)
 Harry Wells (2007)
 Cec Blinkhorn (2018)
 Billy Cann (2018)
 Herb Gilbert (2018)
 Howard Hallett (2018)
 Brian Hambly (2018)
 Bob McCarthy (2018)
 John O'Neill (2018)
 John Sattler (2018)
 Benny Wearing (2018)

Other distinctions

 Nathan Merritt (2006, Ken Irvine Medal)
 Nathan Merritt (2011, Ken Irvine Medal)
 Chris Sandow (2011, top point scorer)
 Greg Inglis (2013, Provan-Summons Medal)
 Damien Cook (2018, Provan-Summons Medal)
 Adam Reynolds (2020, top point scorer)
 Alex Johnston (2020, Ken Irvine Medal)
Alex Johnston (2021, Ken Irvine Medal)
Alex Johnston (2022, Ken Irvine Medal)

Statistics and records

South Sydney are the most successful club in terms of honours and individual player achievements in the history of NSW rugby league.

The club achievements include:
 The Rabbitohs have won the most first grade premierships (21) during the history of elite rugby league competition in Australia, in addition to the most reserve grade premierships (21).
 The club has the distinction of being the only team to win a premiership in their inaugural season (1908).
 The club also has the distinction of scoring the most points (42), most tries (8) and most goals (9) in a grand final, all achieved against Manly in 1951.
 South Sydney's 1925 first grade side is one of six New South Wales sides to ever go through a season undefeated. The club won the premiership in all three grades in 1925, a feat only repeated on three other occasions (Balmain Tigers in 1915 and 1916 and St George Dragons in 1963).
 In 2008, the Rabbitohs equalled the second biggest comeback in Australian Rugby League history. After being down 28–4 after 53 minutes against the North Queensland Cowboys, the Rabbitohs won the match 29–28.

The club's players have also achieved some notable individual game and point scoring milestones:
 John Sutton holds the record for the most first grade games for the club, having played 336 matches between 2004 and 2019.
 Jack Rayner holds the individual record of the most grand final successes as a captain (5) and coach (5) achieved between 1950 and 1955.
 Adam Reynolds holds the club record for the most points, tallying 1896 points between 2012 and 2021.
 Eric Simms scored 265 points on his own for South Sydney in 1969 and this tally remains unsurpassed by any other player at the club.
 Eric Simms still holds a club and competition record for the most goals (112 goals and 19 field goals) in a season, most career field goals (86) and most field goals in a game (5).
 Johnny Graves' tally of 29 points in a match against Eastern Suburbs in 1952 remains the club record for the most individual points in a match. Had this feat been scored as it is today it would have stood at 32 points.
 Alex Johnston is the only player to score 30 tries in a single season in the NRL era. He achieved the feat in both the 2021 and 2022 seasons, the only player in Australian rugby league history to complete the feat twice.
 During his career Bob McCarthy scored 100 tries for the club, the most by a forward.
 Alex Johnston equalled the South Sydney club record of 5 tries in a 2017 match against Penrith at ANZ Stadium in a 42–14 win, joining greats such as Nathan Merritt, Harold Horder, Johnny Graves and Ian Moir. Johnston went on to score another 5 tries against the Sydney Roosters in a 60–8 win in the final round of the 2020 season.
 Alex Johnston passed Nathan Merritt's all-time try scoring record in Souths win 44–18 against Wests Tigers in round 12 of the 2022 season, with 166 tries as of the end of the 2022 season.

Head-to-head records

Defunct teams

See also

List of teams in the NSWRL/ARL/SL/NRL
List of rugby league clubs in Australia

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

External links

Rugby clubs established in 1908
National Rugby League clubs
Rugby league teams in Sydney
1908 establishments in Australia
Redfern, New South Wales

South Sydney Rabbitohs


The Treaty of Fort Harmar (1789) was an agreement between the United States government and numerous Native American tribes with claims to the Northwest Territory.

History

The Treaty of Fort Harmar was signed at Fort Harmar, near present-day Marietta, Ohio, on January 9, 1789. Representatives of the Iroquois Six Nations and other groups, including the Wyandot, Delaware, Ottawa, Chippewa, Potawatomi and Sauk met with Arthur St. Clair, the governor of the Northwest Territory, and other American leaders such as Josiah Harmar and Richard Butler.

The treaty was supposed to address issues remaining since the 1784 Treaty of Fort Stanwix and the 1785 Treaty of Fort McIntosh; but, the new agreement did little more than reiterate the terms of those two previous documents with a few minor changes. The negotiations and document failed to address the most important grievances of the tribes, namely, the settlement of New Englanders in the Firelands portions of the Western Reserve, an area that extended into the territory set aside for the tribes.

Governor Arthur St. Clair had been authorized by Congress and Secretary of War Henry Knox to offer back some lands reserved for American settlement in exchange for the disputed Firelands of the Western Reserve. St. Clair refused to give up these lands and instead, through threats and bribery, negotiated a treaty that simply reiterated the terms of previous treaties. Many Native American leaders met prior to the treaty negotiations to determine an appropriate strategy.  Joseph Brant offered a compromise position which moved the boundary line to the Muskingum River.  Some hardline leaders rejected Brant's compromise, so Brant sent St. Clair a letter asking for early concessions; St. Clair refused, and accused Brant of acting for the British.  Brant decided to boycott negotiations with the United States, and suggested others do the same.  To make matters worse, white settler Lewis Wetzel murdered Seneca Chief Tegunteh on his way to Fort Harmar. (Wetzel was twice arrested for his crimes, but never otherwise punished.) Several regional tribes, such as the Shawnee and Miami, refused to participate when St. Clair refused to attend or sign the treaty, and therefore refused to abide by the treaty.

The new treaty did almost nothing to stop the rash of violence along the frontier from confrontations between settlers and Indians.  Many native nations were infuriated at the treaty, which recognized native rights to sell their lands, while claiming U.S. sovereignty and forcing native tribes to sell their lands immediately.  The failure of the treaty led to an escalation of the Northwest Indian War as a new Western Confederacy fought against settlement and invasion from the United States.  The war would continue for six years and see thousands killed, including some of the worst defeats in U.S. Army history, until the United States defeated the tribal alliance at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794.

In the 1795 Treaty of Greenville, the tribes were forced to give up claims to most of what is now the state of Ohio. This treaty divided the Northwest Territory into two parts; one for the Native Americans and one for the United States settlers.

See also
Fort Harmar
List of treaties
Northwest Indian War

References

Laurence M. Hauptman, Conspiracy of Interests: Iroquois Dispossession and the Rise of New York State (2001).

External links
 Text of the Treaty

Harmar
Harmar
Harmar
Harmar, Treaty of Fort
Marietta, Ohio
Harmar
Aboriginal title in New York

Treaty of Fort Harmar


Dansefeber is the Norwegian iteration of the dance competition show So You Think You Can Dance. It was broadcast on TVNorge (Norway) and hosted by Kjetil Tefke in its first season (2006) and Henriette Lien in the second (2006-2007).  The winners for seasons 1 and 2 were Adil Khan and Hanna Mjåvatn, respectively.

Show format

Like its American predecessor and other shows within the So You Think You Can Dance franchise, prospective competitors are first assessed at open auditions. Dansefeber held several of these auditions in major cities across Norway in its search for its initial talent pool, with dancers from a wide variety of backgrounds encouraged to audition.  The auditions succeeded in drawing in dancers from styles as varied as ballroom, hip-hop, streetdance, contemporary, jazz, and ballet, amongst others.  Dancers who qualified to move beyond this point in the competition earned a ticket to "Feberdagene" ("The Fever Days"), Dansefeber's version of the "Boot Camp" portion of the season.  From the dancers sent on to this phase, twenty dancers (ten male and ten female) were chosen per season to advance to the main portion of the competition.

In the first season, dancers switched partners every week of the competition from the first week of live performance shows.  However, starting in the second season, couples stayed together (unless broken up by an elimination) until the show reached twelve finalists, in a format more consistent with other So You Think You Can Dance shows. Between the top twenty and the top twelve, viewers voted based on the couple, rather than the individual. Once the show reached its top twelve dancers, the dancers randomly pick their partner's name from a hat as well as their style(s) of dance.

Seasons

Finalists

Season 1

The first season was hosted by Henriette Lien and Kjetil Tefke. Judges were ballroom/jazz choreographer Jan Ivar Lund, contemporary choreographer Merete Lingjærde, breakdancer Lars Undli and hip-hop choreographer Vibeke Sørlie.  This first season featured 16 picked from the open audition/Fever Days participants to be perform as finalists in live show. The winner of Season 1 was breakdancer Adil Khan, with Maria Nygård as the first runner-up.

Season 2

The second season was hosted by Henriette Lien alone and judges Merete Lingjærde and Vibeke Sørlie returned, with new judge, the TV-producer Geir Bie. Auditions were held in Oslo, Bergen and Trondheim. This season, the number of finalists was increased to a Top 20 for the live shows.  The winner of season 2 was contemporary dancer Hanna Mjåvatn, with Eric Nærbø named as the runner-up.

At the top 12 week performance, hip-hop dancer Mona-Jeanette Berntsen, was injured in a hip-hop routine with Ole Petter Knarvik, and was unable to compete further in the competition.  As a result, the judges ruled that she could come back the following season and try out again.  The show was not renewed for a third season, however, but rather replaced by multi-national competition So You Think You Can Dance Scandinavia, which included contestants from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark.  Berntsen was allowed entry to this new competition and was ultimately its first (and only) winner.

See also
Dance on television

Similar shows
 The Ultimate Dance Battle
 Live to Dance/Got to Dance
 America's Best Dance Crew
 Superstars of Dance
 Dance India Dance
 Se Ela Dança, Eu Danço

References

External links
 Dansefeber official website

2006 Norwegian television series debuts
2007 Norwegian television series endings
Norwegian television series based on American television series
TVNorge original programming

Dansefeber


Skin and Other Stories is a collection of short stories written by Roald Dahl. It was published in 2000 by Puffin Books, a division of Penguin Putnam Books. Many of these stories first appeared in the Dahl book, Someone Like You, and also includes the story "The Surgeon", originally published in Playboy magazine in 1986.

Contents
"Skin"
"Lamb to the Slaughter"
"The Sound Machine"
"An African Story"
"Galloping Foxley"
"The Wish"
"The Surgeon"
"Dip in the Pool"
"The Champion of the World"
"Beware of the Dog"
"My Lady Love, My Dove"

2000 short story collections
Short story collections by Roald Dahl

Skin and Other Stories


Six-String Samurai is a 1998 American post-apocalyptic action comedy film directed by Lance Mungia and starring Jeffrey Falcon and Justin McGuire. Brian Tyler composed the score for this film along with Red Elvises, the latter providing the majority of the soundtrack.

The film was greeted with a great deal of excitement when shown at Slamdance in 1998, winning the Slamdance awards for best editing and cinematography, and gathering extremely favorable reviews from influential alternative, cult and indie film publications such as Fangoria, Film Threat and Ain't It Cool News. It is billed as a "post-apocalyptic musical satire".

In a limited theatrical release the film ran for several months in a few theaters, gaining a reputation as a minor cult film; having a budget of $2,000,000, it only made a mere $124,494 at the box offices. An intended trilogy has been discussed but not yet realized, just like the predicted launching of the career of the film's star, Jeffrey Falcon, a martial artist who had appeared in several Hong Kong action movies in the 1980s and early 1990s. While Mungia made several music videos, he did not direct another feature until the 2005 film The Crow: Wicked Prayer.

Plot
In 1957, the Soviet Union attacks the United States with nuclear weapons, rendering most of the nation uninhabitable. The American government has collapsed with the exception of the haven known as Lost Vegas, ruled by King Elvis. The Red Army has been besieging Lost Vegas, but the lack of supplies over the years has relegated them to a gang of thugs. Forty years later King Elvis dies and radio disc jockey Keith Mortimer announces a call for all musicians to come to Lost Vegas to try to become the new King of Rock 'n' Roll. The ending of His message, "Vegas needs a new King!"

Buddy, a lone guitarist and swordsman, saves an unnamed boy he simply calls "Kid" from a group of bandits; consequently, as the Kid's mother was killed by the bandits he tags along with Buddy much to the latter's annoyance. As the duo travel through the desert wasteland, the heavy metal-playing Death stages several attempts to prevent Buddy from reaching Lost Vegas alive and claim the throne for himself. After enduring an attack by a bounty-hunting bowling team, Buddy and the Kid steal a car from another musician to continue their journey. They are later attacked on the road by bandits but escape.

When their car breaks down, Buddy and the Kid attempt to borrow a wrench from a suburban family, unaware that they are cannibals. Buddy leaves the Kid with them and takes off on foot. The Kid is about to be eaten but is spared after a group of Windmill People invade the home and the family flees with Buddy and the Kid's abandoned car after revealing they had a socket wrench needed to fix it. Buddy returns to defeat the Windmill People, the two reunite and continue their journey on an abandoned motorcycle. Meanwhile, Death has been killing off all other musicians coming across his path and taking their guitar picks as trophies.

Buddy and the Kid arrive in the town of Fallout, where he leaves the Kid with some locals and enters a bar to drink and spend time with a cheerleader. Death arrives but the Kid warns Buddy in time for them to flee. Before they do Buddy is approached by a young guitarist, whom he then humiliates. Continuing their travel, Buddy is attacked by the guitarist. Buddy unintentionally kills him in self defense, and, feeling guilty, he lays his sword down and walks away, but the Kid brings it back to him, still believing in Buddy and helping regain his confidence. Eventually the two begin to bond closer. Later, after they collapse in the desert, they are ambushed by Death and his bandmates, a trio of archers. Buddy slides the Kid and his guitar to safety while he battles the archers, but when the Kid is captured by a group of underground mutants, Buddy pursues the mutants to their lair. Death decides not to follow him as there are other musicians left to kill saving Buddy for last.

Buddy manages to save the Kid, and after returning to the surface, they find their road to Vegas blocked by the Red Army. After a grueling battle, Buddy is injured with the Kid dragging him to continue. Death finally catches up to them and engages Buddy in a guitar duel clashing their styles of music against one another; Buddy, Rock 'n' Roll and Death, Heavy Metal. When Buddy proves the better guitarist, an angry Death orders his bandmates to shoot him and the Kid with their bows. Buddy shields the Kid, getting shot in the back, but rises up and battles Death in a sword fight. Death mortally wounds Buddy in the end but the Kid discovers water is Death's weakness after spitting at him. The Kid then melts Death away with his water canteen.

With his defeat, Death's bandmates are in shock that the Kid bested him. They give him a card and tell him with admiration that if he ever needs them to call them, and they take their leave. The Kid, saddened by Buddy disappearing after dying, bravely accepts to finish Buddy's journey. He puts on his clothes and glasses, and carries his sword and guitar. With Lost Vegas now in sight, the Kid has completed Buddy's dream, and the film ends with him turning into Buddy, symbolizing he's inherited His spirit as a crowd cheers him from Lost Vegas.

Cast
Jeffrey Falcon as Buddy, a parody of Buddy Holly
Justin McGuire as the Kid
Stephane Gauger as Death, a parody of Slash
Lex Lang as the voice of Death
George L. Casillas as Mariachi, a parody of Ritchie Valens
Monti Ellison as the Head Pin Pal
Kareem as Bowler #2
Paul Szopa as Bowler #3
Richard McGuire as the Cantina owner
Gabrille Pimenter as Little Man
Dan Barton as Ward Cleaver
Lora Witty as Harriet Cleaver
Rheagan Wallace as Peggy Cleaver
Nathaniel Bresler as Rusty Cleaver
John Sarkisian as the Russian General
Euan MacDonald as Russian Lieutenant #1
Henrik Henrickson as Russian Lieutenant #2
Kim De Angelo as the Mother

The Red Elvises appear as themselves. Director Lance Mungia plays one of the Archers.

Production

Opening sequence distortion
The opening sequence has an intentionally distorted visual effect. The de-anamorphic visuals are a subtle "tribute" to the Chinese martial arts films (notably the films by Shaw Brothers) that often had their wide-screen opening sequences compressed to the 1.33:1 format of TV screens for VHS release.

Thematic elements

Throughout the film there are homages to many major musical movements in the United States. Buddy, the main character, is a symbol of the birth of rock 'n' roll. He shares the same clothing style of Buddy Holly, especially his horn-rimmed glasses.

Death, a character resembling Slash from Guns N' Roses, kills a character representing Jerry Lee Lewis during the film. Death also dispatches a mariachi band and another musician dressed country western style. His minions also torment a traveler dressed in hip hop fashion. Buddy also has a duel with a musician (wielding a ukulele) resembling Ritchie Valens, who died in the same 1959 plane crash as the original Buddy Holly. Death also kills rock music, through the death of Buddy. However, the last scene shows the child donning Buddy's clothing, suggesting that though rock 'n' roll is dead, there is still hope for the future.

The film also has references to the Wizard of Oz, loosely imitating the 1939 movie. A little person instructs Buddy to "follow the yellow brick road". Lost Vegas, seen from the distance, looks like the Emerald City. Death is obsessed with a specific object, Buddy's guitar pick, much like the Wicked Witch trying to get Dorothy's red slippers. Finally, Death is killed when sprayed with water, as was the Wicked Witch. When Buddy dies, his body disappears, leaving only his clothes for the kid to take, again like the Wicked Witch.

Soundtrack

Six-String Samurai: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the original soundtrack to the film; the soundtrack was released by Rykodisc on August 25, 1998.
 United States of Russia (Red Elvises)
 Neverland*
 Love Pipe (Red Elvises)
 A Mother's Hand/Buddy*
 Fly Away Little Butterfly*
 Kill 200 Men (Dialogue)
 Boogie on the Beach  (Red Elvises)
 I Do Not Like Rock & Roll (Dialogue)
 Hungarian Dance #5  (Red Elvises)
 Arrowed Kid/Bowlers on the Floor (Dialogue)
 Rock & Rolling Ourselves to Death (Dialogue)/Jerry's Got the Squeeze Box (Red Elvises)
 Lonely Highway of Love (Dialogue)/Scorchi Chornie (Red Elvises)
 My Darling Lorraine  (Red Elvises)
 Astro*
 Follow the Yellow Brick Road(Dialogue)/Leech (Red Elvises)
 See You Around Kid (Dialogue)/Siberia  (Red Elvises)
 Good Golly Miss Molly  (Red Elvises)
 My Love Is Killing Me (Red Elvises)
 Sacred Funeral*
 Relentless Sun*
 Over the Hill*
 Bring His Guitar to Me(Dialogue)/Sahara Burn*
 A Boy and His Spirit*
 If You Were Me, You'd Be Good-Looking (Dialogue)/Surfing in Siberia (Red Elvises)
 Draggin a Fallen Hero*
 Nice Tuxedo (Dialogue)/Showdown at Not Okay Corral*
 Bend Before the Ways of Heavy Metal (Dialogue)/Dueling Guitars*
 Dream March*
 The Great Battle*
 End of a Hero/Finale*
 On My Way to Vegas*

(*) indicates original score by Brian Tyler

Critical reception
Six-String Samurai received mixed reviews, with a 57% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 21 reviews.

Film Threat gave the film a perfect score of five stars. Leonard Klady of Variety called the film "A rock 'n' roll Mad Max served up Cantonese style, this is one wildly original and highly entertaining American indie with genuine commercial appeal." Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle commented on his review that "If the film didn't have an underlying intelligence, it would soon be irritating -- it's too cartoonish and one-dimensional. But Falcon, an ace martial-arts practitioner, is dazzling as the nerdy main attraction, equally adept at sword fighting and guitar picking." Laurie Stone of The Village Voice wrote on her review: "There's one charming sequence, with vaudeville grace and tragicomedy worthy of Beckett, but the rest of the film, even with startling visual effects and some impish humor, is repetitious and derivative, playing like an endless commercial for bullet-hole chic."

Home media
Six-String Samurai was released on a non-anamorphic DVD by Palm Pictures in March 1999. Extras included the theatrical trailer and two music videos by the Red Elvises.

In March 2021, it was announced that the film would be receiving its first ever HD release in a Blu-ray/Ultra HD Blu-ray combo-pack from Vinegar Syndrome. Newly created extras include commentaries with Mungia and cinematographer Kristian Bernier, as well as a brand new extended length making-of documentary directed by Mungia and Elijah Drenner.

Other media
In September, 1998, a single Six String Samurai comic was released from Rob Liefeld's Awesome Entertainment. Written by Liefeld and Matt Hawkins, it featured art by 'Awesome' artists Dan Fraga and John Stinsman. A continuation rather than an adaptation, the plot summary from the comic is as follows:

In this alternate universe, in 1957 the Russians took the United States by nuclear force. Only one piece of the American frontier remained free, a patch of land known as Lost Vegas. Through this desert wasteland wanders the "six string samurai," a latter-day Buddy Holly who handles a guitar or a sword with equal skill. He's a man on a collision course with destiny: It seems that King Elvis, who ruled over the land of Vegas for forty years, has finally taken his last curtain call and the throne now stands empty. But it's a rough road to the big city and the body count is likely to be high, as demonstrated in this postapocalyptic future with a beat we can dance to.

Cultural references
 In the RPG Fallout: New Vegas, an achievement called "New Vegas Samurai" is available with an image based on Six String Samurai's movie poster. it is acquired when the player deals more than 10,000 points of damage with melee weapons.
 The movie itself mentions a town called "Fallout", which is located 200 miles from Vegas.
The intro to the song "Holy Diver Pt.2" by Pannuci's Pizza, is a quote from Head Pin Pal saying "Nice Tuxedo. Nice Tuxedo to die in!"

References

External links

1998 films
1998 independent films
1990s buddy comedy films
1990s science fiction comedy films
1998 martial arts films
American alternate history films
American buddy comedy films
American science fiction comedy films
American satirical films
Cold War films
Cultural depictions of Elvis Presley
Films about music and musicians
Films scored by Brian Tyler
Films set in the Las Vegas Valley
Films shot in California
American martial arts comedy films
American post-apocalyptic films
Films about World War III
1998 action comedy films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films

Six-String Samurai


Hiram Houston Merritt Jr. (January 12, 1902, Wilmington, North Carolina – January 9, 1979, Boston, Massachusetts) was a renowned academic neurologist. Serving as chair of the Neurological Institute of New York and Neurologist-in-Chief at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center in Manhattan's Washington Heights from 1948 to 1967, Merritt played a pivotal role in the training of numerous neurologists, with 35 of his students ascending to department chair positions in universities across the US. He also held the deanship of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons from 1958 to 1970.

Merritt's influential contributions to neurology included the discovery of the anticonvulsant properties of phenytoin (Dilantin) in 1938, alongside Tracy Putnam. This discovery marked a significant breakthrough in seizure management, as phenytoin effectively controlled seizures without the sedative effects associated with phenobarbital.

According to Goodman and Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics:

He also was the sole author of the first five editions of Merritt's Neurology; this popular textbook is in its twelfth edition (Rowland and Pedley, 2009).  His early work on the normal properties of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was updated and published by one of his students, Robert Fishman, in a text that is the acknowledged standard on the topic.

Merritt was also known in his day as an expert on neurosyphilis; his 1946 monograph on the topic provided an overview of this condition, which almost disappeared from the medical eye shortly thereafter owing to the advent of penicillin.

Charles Poser, another eminent neurologist, worked under Merritt, and credited him teaching him the importance of a thorough diagnosis.

Biography
He was a son of Hiram Houston Merritt Sr. (January 6, 1870 - May 9, 1945) and Dessie Ella Cline (September 23, 1872 - January 7, 1946), who were married on January 24, 1898, in Morehead Township, Guilford County, North Carolina.

In 1968, he was sent by the Department of Health to Portugal to assist local doctors after Salazar had a brain haemorrhage.

Merritt died in 1979 from complications of cerebrovascular disease and normal pressure hydrocephalus; ironically, the latter condition was a syndrome whose existence he had never fully accepted during his career. His students who were treating him in New York disagreed over the proper course of action. Eventually, he was taken to the Massachusetts General Hospital, where he died from the after-effects of a neurosurgical operation.

References

External links
 Columbia P&S Medical Review article by Rowland and Stefanis
Dr. Merritt's official biography (Neurological Institute of New York)
Neurological Institute of New York

1902 births
1979 deaths
Vanderbilt University alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Harvard University faculty
Columbia University faculty
American neuroscientists
American neurologists
People with hydrocephalus
20th-century American physicians
20th-century American scientists
American scientists with disabilities
Physicians with disabilities

H. Houston Merritt


MSN Music was a part of MSN's web services. It delivered music news, music videos, spotlights on new music, artist information, and live performances of artists. The website also served as a digital music store from 2004 to 2008.

History
In 2004, Microsoft created an MSN Music download store to compete with Apple's iTunes Music Store, though its sales in comparison were negligible. The store utilized Microsoft's Windows Media Player application and proprietary Windows Media Format files (protected .wma files).

It started out with 1.5 million songs, but decreased to 1.1 million songs due to lagging sales and lack of real support from Microsoft.

The MSN Music store was not compatible with Microsoft's own Zune music player. As of 14 November 2006, MSN Music ceased music sales and now redirects viewers to either Zune or Real Rhapsody websites.

Microsoft acquired MongoMusic on September 13, 2000, and merged its technology.

In 2006, when announcing the closing of MSN Music in the United States, Microsoft promised users that license servers would be maintained for five years but in April 2008, Microsoft announced that the DRM servers for MSN Music would be deactivated on 2008-08-31.  After this date, it was no longer possible to reauthorize purchased songs when changing computers or operating systems.
They have suggested that customers back-up their music by burning it to CD. They later relented, and committed to keeping the DRM servers online through the end of 2011.

MSN's music section nonetheless remained online after 2008, hosting content such as music blogs and photo galleries; it continued to be referred to as MSN Music until folded into MSN's Entertainment section.

Other countries
Although MSN Music Downloads have ceased in the US, MSN Music Downloads (DRM Protected) are still available in the UK via the MSN UK Portal and/or through Windows Media Player although the service is powered by Nokia (formerly OD2).

References

External links
MSN Official website

MSN
Online music stores of the United States

MSN Music


Greg Childers is a Republican politician from Oklahoma who served as a member of the Oklahoma Senate from 2011 to 2012.

Political career
Greg Childers began his political career being elected by Oklahoma's Senate District 43 to the Oklahoma Senate on October 11, 2011. He won the seat in a special election held after his predecessor, Jim Reynolds, resigned after being elected as the Cleveland County Treasurer, beating out Democrat Kennith Meador. Childers holds positions on the Education, Finance, Veterans & Military Affairs, Public Safety and Appropriations Subcommittee on Public Safety and Judiciary Committees. In February he endorsed Newt Gingrich for the 2012 election's Republican presidential candidate.

Childers did not run for re-election in the 2012 election, because his Senate district was redistricted and he no longer lived within its new boundaries.

References

Living people
Republican Party Oklahoma state senators
Year of birth missing (living people)

Greg Childers


Jaime Baço, also spelled Jaume Baco or Jacomart (c. 1410–1461), was a Spanish painter from Valencia.

Most of his life is scarcely documented. He worked in his native city until 1442, when he was called to Naples by Alfonso V of Aragon. He had a deep influence on the local school, including artists such as Colantonio, and in 1445 he returned to Valencia. One year later he was again in Italy, again by the king's request. In that occasion he visited Rome and Tivoli, where he knew cardinal Alfonso Borgia, the future pope Calixtus III. In 1451 he was back to Valencia, remaining there for the rest of his life.

His style did not absorb the influences of Italian Renaissance, but kept the strong influence of Early Netherlandish painting. He left an altarpiece in the church of Santa Maria della Pace, now lost. Jacomart's only documented work is the Retable of Catì, a late work (1460) in collaboration with his follower Juan Rexach. Other works are only attributed, such as the Borgia Triptych in the Collegiate church of Xàtiva, and the panels with St. Benedict and St. Ildephonsus in the Cathedral of Valencia.

Sources

1410 births
1461 deaths
Artists from Valencia
Painters from the Valencian Community

Jacomart


Osteoarthritis normally affects older people: it is a disease where joints wear out. As the joint surface wears away, it sheds particles which stimulate the joint lining to produce fluid. This causes the joint to swell. When the joint cartilage wears away, the core of the bone becomes exposed. The exposed bone rubs against other exposed bone.

Symptoms

Joints will be stiff and painful, and may be swollen. The pain may be worse after exercise. It may get harder to move the joint.

Diseases and disorders of joints

Osteoarthritis


Dipold (died after 1221), known in German as Diepold (or Dietpold) von Schweinspünt, was a German ministerialis who was raised to the Duchy of Spoleto in 1209. Of Bavarian origin, he was a reputed younger son of Berthold II of Vohburg and Adelaide of Ballenstedt. He was originally a vassal of the count of Lechsgemünd. His career in the Mezzogiorno was marked by continual raids and sieges, battles, and sacks recounted in exhaustive detail by Richard of San Germano, a monk of the abbey whose lands were especially hard hit.

Early career

He accompanied Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, to Rome and Sicily in 1191. He was first made castellan of Rocca d'Arce. He made an agreement with the dean of Monte Cassino, Atenulf, and raised a large army. They invaded the lands of the monastery of San Germano, now renamed Cassino, taking the castles of Piumarola and Pignetaro. Dipold defeated a royalist army in pitched battle at Aquino "as a result [his] power increased." In 1191, he captured Richard, Count of Carinola, a former ally of Roger of Andria. During Henry's retreat, Dipold successfully defended the rear from a bridgehead in the Terra di Lavoro.

In the intervening period, Dipold established a base of power in the Campania. He remained mostly on the mainland and acted as Henry's governor there. He strongly supported the regent Markward von Annweiler, but was captured by the count of Caserta. In 1195, he was designated justiciar of the Terra di Lavoro. In 1197, he captured Richard of Acerra and threw him in prison. After turning him over to the emperor, he was granted the county of Acerra. Dipold began increasing his influence through marriage alliances. He married his brother Siegfried to a daughter of the count of Fondi in 1199. He married his daughter to the count of Caserta and his son to a daughter of Peter, Count of Celano.

Frederick's reign

Dipold fought against Walter III of Brienne, a claimant opposed to Henry's son and successor, Frederick I of Sicily. In 1201, Walter defeated and put to flight Dipold on 10 June at Capua. In 1204, he besieged Walter in the fortress of Terracina, but Walter broke the siege and put Dipold to flight. On 11 June 1205, he ambushed and killed Walter while the latter was besieging him at Sarno.

In 1206, Dipold finally convinced the guardian of the young Frederick, William of Capparone, to release the boy to the hands of Walter of Palearia, the chancellor and an ally of the Germans and the Genoese. Capparone, meanwhile, maintained himself in the royal palace until Dipold came to the island and dislodged him. By 1207, Walter, however, distrusted Dipold, who had recently travelled to Rome to be released from excommunication by Pope Innocent III. The chancellor captured him, but Dipold escaped and fled to Salerno, where he entered into open war with Walter and the chancellor's brother-in-law, Peter of Celano. He sorely defeated the men of Naples, allies of Palearia, in May.

Downfall

In exchange for his support, Emperor Otto IV raised Dipold to the title of magister capitaneus totius Apuliae et Terre Laboris and made him Duke of Spoleto between 6 or 10 February 1209. He was incapable, however, of maintaining his authority over his vast territory. In Pisa in November, it was probably he who convinced Otto to invade Sicily.

Dipold fell out with Frederick and the Genoese. In 1218, Frederick sent James of Avellino to arrest him and he was carted back to Germany. According to Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, he was released in 1221 and joined the Teutonic Knights, living many more years. He did not return to Italy and never resurfaces in the chronicles, presumably dying soon after.

Notes

References

Sources
Pavan, Massimiliano (ed). Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani: XL Di Fausto – Donadoni. Rome, 1991.
Annales Casinenses. Translated by G. A. Loud.

Norwich, John Julius. The Kingdom in the Sun 1130-1194. Longman: London, 1970.
Matthew, Donald. The Norman Kingdom of Sicily. Cambridge University Press: 1992.
Ryccardi di Sancto Germano Notarii Chronicon. trans. G. A. Loud.
Riezler, R. Über die Herkunft Dipolds v. Acerra. FDG 16, 1876, 373–374.
Keupp, Jan Ulrich. "Dienst und Verdienst". Die Ministerialen Friedrich Barbarossas und Heinrichs VI. Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 2002.

|-

Dukes of Spoleto
Counts in Italy
People of medieval Bavaria
Teutonic Knights
12th-century births
1225 deaths

Year of birth unknown

Dipold, Count of Acerra


Burmeister is a surname of German origin.

In zoology "Burmeister" refers to:
 Ernst-Gerhard Burmeister, German entomologist
 Hermann Burmeister (1807–1892), German zoologist also in botany "Burmeist."

Other people named Burmeister include:
 Annelies Burmeister (1928–1988), German contralto
 Arnold Burmeister (1899–1988), German military commander
 Carl Christian Burmeister (1821–1898), Danish engineer, co-founder of Burmeister & Wain
 Christfried Burmeister (1898–1965), Estonian speedskater
 Danny Burmeister (born 1963), American football player
 Eileen Burmeister (born 1924), American baseball player
 Forrest Burmeister (born 1913), American football player
 Friedrich Burmeister (1888–1968), German politician
 Friedrich Burmeister (1890–1969), German geophysicist
 Jana Burmeister (born 1989), German football goalkeeper
 Joachim Burmeister (c 1566–1629), German poet and composer
 Judith Burmeister (born 1986), German singer
 Ken Burmeister (born 1947), American basketball coach
 Paul Burmeister (born 1971), American football commentator
 Richard Burmeister (1869–1944), German pianist and composer
 Roy Burmeister (1906–?), Canadian ice hockey player
 Saskia Burmeister (born 1985), Australian actress

See also

 Burmester (disambiguation)

Burmeister


The men's qualification for the 1988 Summer Olympics.

Qualified teams

Automatically qualified
 (as hosts)
Europe (UEFA)

Africa (CAF)

Asia (AFC)

North and Central America (CONCACAF)
 (replaces )

South America (CONMEBOL)

Oceania (OFC)

Qualifications

UEFA (Europe)

The European Qualifiers for the 1988 Summer Olympics tournament took place between 12 November 1986 and 31 May 1988. Italy, Sweden, Soviet Union, West Germany and Yugoslavia gained qualification to the Olympic tournament.

CONMEBOL (South America)

The South American Pre-Olympic tournament was held over a total of three groups from 18 April to 3 May 1987 in Bolivia, and saw Argentina and Brazil qualify.

CONCACAF (North, Central America and Caribbean)

The CONCACAF qualifying rounds and Pre-Olympic tournament was held from 25 January 1987 to 14 February 1988, and saw Mexico and United States qualify.

On 30 June 1988, FIFA banned Mexico from all competitions for two years due to the falsification of documents regarding the ages of players for the 1988 CONCACAF U-20 Tournament. FIFA confirmed on 5 July 1988 that Guatemala would replace Mexico in the final Olympic tournament in Seoul.

CAF (Africa)

The African Qualifiers tournament for the 1988 Summer Olympics took place over a total of four rounds between 16 November 1986 and 31 January 1988. After the fourth round, Nigeria, Tunisia and Zambia gained qualification to the Olympic tournament.

AFC (Asia)

The Pre-Olympic tournaments of the Asian Qualifiers for the 1988 Summer Olympic were held from 16 April 1987 to 26 October 1987. China PR and Iraq qualified, South Korea qualifying automatically as hosts.

OFC (Oceania)

The Oceanian qualifying rounds and Pre-Olympic tournament were held from 15 November 1987 to 27 March 1988. Australia qualify.

References

External links
Games of the XXIV. Olympiad - Football Qualifying Tournament (Seoul 1988) - Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation

qualification

Football at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's qualification


Quiet luxury is a lifestyle characterized by understated elegance and refined consumption, emphasizing exclusivity and discerning taste without overt displays of wealth. Other terms to describe the same concept include stealth wealth, old money aesthetic, or silent luxury. Although these terms have been equated, there may be differences in usage. For example, stealth wealth connotes hiding wealth, whereas quiet luxury connotes subtly signaling wealth.

Background
It is a recurring trend that has been seen numerous times throughout history. The concept's most recent popularity arose in 2023 when conspicuous consumption become less favorable. The ostentatious display of wealth increasingly became perceived as gauche and fostering futile competition. During this time period, the ultrawealthy subtly exhibit their status through expensive, yet inconspicuous, domestic and personal items. This discreet display of wealth is often through subtle signals recognizable only to those in the know. In other words, the wealth is only apparent to those who know what to look for.

The products associated with this lifestyle tend to be high quality but subtle in visuals and marketing. The concept has been likened to minimalism, although more elevated and riskier, and normcore, but more polished.

Reasons for popularity
The rise of social media has led to the increased spectatorship of the lives of the wealthy, with individuals creating narratives of a lavish lifestyle for public consumption. However, quiet luxury emphasizes privacy, discouraging overt displays of wealth that might make one a target. Contemporary status symbols for the wealthy include inconspicuous designer clothing and discreet, yet expensive, jewelry.

The quiet luxury trend in 2023 likely arose for a number of reasons. One is due to the economic conditions following the COVID-19 pandemic when people spent more disposable income on services and less on expensive, trendy products. The fear of economic stagnation or recession influencing the trend led to it being dubbed recessioncore. Also, the television series Succession portrayed some of the wealthiest New Yorkers wearing expensive, yet subtle pieces of fashion and has been attributed to fueling the trend. This led to the term Succession core. The Gwenyth Paltrow civil court case in March 2023 in Utah also contributed to the trend, as her wardrobe reflected the concept as well.

Benefits
The benefits of quiet luxury include that it tends to focus more on the customer's needs and less on image. Also, because of the focus on quality, it tends to be more sustainable. Although it may superficially appear bad for business since the consumer will need to make fewer purchases, it may actually be beneficial for businesses as well, as the consumer may continue to buy goods from the same brand. Quiet luxury also places an emphasis on more conscientious purchasing and investment pieces. Quiet luxury items in theory should have a timeless appeal.

References

Wealth

Quiet luxury


Very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEOIBD) is a type of IBD which starts in people younger than 6 years of age. According to age we can distinguish more specifically two categories within the VEOIBD diagnosis - neonatal IBD (patients younger than 1 month) and infantile IBD (patients younger than 2 years old).

Signs and symptoms
VEIOBD patients present with severe form of the disease that responds poorly to conventional therapies. The symptoms often include not only gastrointestinal tract, but also other tissues, such as pituitary gland, spleen, liver, skin, respiratory tract or blood.

On the other hand, other types of primary immunodeficiency can often manifest with IBD-like symptoms, too. These include the IPEX syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, XIAP syndrome or chronic granulomatous disease.

Causes
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as Crohn's disease (CD) or Ulcerative Colitis (UC), are chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. Up-to-date findings show that the pathogenesis is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. A considerable number of monogenic disorders can be found especially among patients with VEOIBD. Causal mutations can be found in genes involved in epithelial barrier formation (COL7A1, FERMT1), innate (CYBB, G6PC3), as well as the specific immune response and immune regulation (IL10, IL10RA, FOXP3).

References

External links

Gastrointestinal tract disorders


Strengthen the Arm of Liberty is the theme of the Boy Scouts of America's fortieth anniversary celebration in 1950. The campaign was inaugurated in February with a dramatic ceremony held at the base of the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World). Approximately 200 BSA Statue of Liberty replicas were installed across the United States.

Replicas

As part of the Strengthening the Arm of Liberty campaign to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), hundreds of scale replicas of the Statue of Liberty have been created nationwide. The Statue of Liberty, by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, bears the classical appearance of the Roman stola, sandals, and facial expression which are derived from Libertas, ancient Rome's goddess of freedom from slavery, oppression, and tyranny. Her raised right foot is on the move. This symbol of Liberty and Freedom is not standing still or at attention in the harbor, but moving forward, as her left foot tramples broken shackles at her feet, in symbolism of the United States's wish to be free from oppression and tyranny.

Manufacture
Between 1949 and 1952, approximately two hundred  replicas of the statue, made of stamped copper, were purchased by Boy Scout troops and donated in 39 states in the U.S. and several of its possessions and territories. The project was the brainchild of Kansas City businessman, J.P. Whitaker, who was then Scout Commissioner of the Kansas City Area Council.

The copper statues were manufactured by Friedley-Voshardt Co. (Chicago, Illinois) and purchased through the Kansas City Boy Scout office. The statues are approximately  tall without the base, constructed of sheet copper, weigh , and originally cost  plus freight. The mass-produced statues are not meticulously accurate and a conservator noted that "her face isn't as mature as the real Liberty. It's rounder and more like a little girl's."

Present
Many of these statues have been lost or destroyed, but preservationists have been able to account for about 100 of them, and BSA Troop 101 of Cheyenne, Wyoming has collected photographs of more than 100 of them.

Statues include Birmingham, Alabama, Fayetteville, Arkansas, Pine Bluff, Arkansas, Greeley, Colorado, at the Mississippi riverfront in Burlington, Iowa, at Overland Park, Kansas, and at Chimborazo Park in Richmond, Virginia.

The copper skins can oxidize, resembling the original, and some have been renovated. The statue in Burlington had been taken from its original position in Dankwardt Park, completely renovated, repaired, and polished, and then placed on a pedestal at the riverfront, where it sits today.

List of BSA Statue of Liberty replicas

The following is a list of locations of the replica statues .

Alabama
Birmingham - Linn Park, located on the west side of the Jefferson County Courthouse building facing Linn Park; the replica at Liberty Park is not a BSA piece

Arkansas

 Fayetteville, Washington Regional Medical Center, North Hills Blvd
 Pine Bluff, 10th Avenue between Georgia & State Streets on Esplanade opposite South Side Civic Center
 Sherwood, Amy Sanders Branch Library, 31 Shelby Road

California
 Bellflower, John Simms Park, 16601 South Clark Avenue

Colorado

 Colorado Springs, Old City Hall, 107 North Nevada Avenue
 Denver, Missing
 Estes Park, Estes Park Elementary School, 1505 Brodie Ave.
 Fort Collins, 1526 City Park Dr.
 Greeley, Corner of 9th Street and 9th Avenue, 901 N 9th Ave.
 Gunnison, Leslie J. Savage Library at Western State College of Colorado, 600 N. Adams, north wall of the main floor. Originally in Crawford
  Johnstown, Letford Elementary School, 1099 S Jay Ave
 Kremmling, Corner of Park St and 2nd St, outside the Kremmling Area Chamber of Commerce
 La Junta, City Park, 10th St. and Colorado Avenue, 1010 Colorado Ave
 Longmont, Roosevelt Park, Coffman Street and Longs Peak Avenue, 708 Coffman St.
 Loveland, Lakeside Park, 399 E Eisenhower Blvd
 Pueblo, Pueblo County Courthouse, 10th Street
 Sterling, Logan County Courthouse, off Main St
 Trinidad, County Courthouse, First Street and Maple Street
 Walsh, Corner of Santa Fe st and N Neveen St
 Ward, Camp Tahosa

Florida
 Orlando, Magnolia and Orange Avenue
 Quincy, Wallwood Scout Reservation, 23 Wallwood BSA Drive

Georgia

 Atlanta, Georgia State Capitol, Northwest corner of Capitol grounds. Corner of Washington Street and Martin Luther King Drive
 Rome, at Camp Sidney Dew

Guam

Hagatna Harbor, Guam

Idaho
 Caldwell, Caldwell Memorial Park, Near Grant Street

Illinois
 London Mills, Village Veteran Park
 Warsaw, Rolston Park
 Benton in front of the library
 Oregon Camp Lowden, BSA

Indiana
 Dupont, Camp Louis Ernst, BSA, 75 feet west of Indiana SR 7
 Gary, 401 Broadway, City Hall
 Madison, Jefferson County Courthouse, Northwest corner
 Peru, Miami County Courthouse, Courthouse square, south side
 Plymouth, Marshall County Commissioners, Marshall County Courthouse
 South Bend, Old Courthouse, 101 South Main Street

Iowa

 Bloomfield, Courthouse
 Burlington, on the banks of the Mississippi River
 Cedar Falls, Veterans Memorial Park
 Cedar Rapids, 1st Ave Bridge, south tip of Ellis Island
 Clarence, City Park
 Clinton, Eagle Point Park
 Decorah, Decorah Courthouse, 201 West Main
 Des Moines, Iowa State Capitol, East 12th Street
 Dubuque, Between West 6th and 7th
 Fairfield, in front of Jefferson County Courthouse
 Fort Madison, Central Park, Corner of 9th Street & Ave F
 Grundy Center, Grundy Courthouse Square
 Independence, Independence Courthouse, 331 1st Street East
 Iowa City, Campus of City High School
 Leon, Courthouse, North Main Street, town square
 Mason City, Central Park
 Manly, Central Park
 Mount Pleasant, North West Corner of the Henry County Court House
 Muscatine, in front of City Hall, 215 Sycamore Street
 Sioux City, Sioux City Municipal Auditorium
 Waterloo, Soldiers and Sailors Park
 Waverly, Bremer County Courthouse, Highway 3, Waverly and Bremer Avenue
 West Liberty, in front of the City Hall
 West Point, Center of Town Square
 Woodbine, in front of the library

Kansas

 Coffeyville, in front of the high school
 Colby, Fike Park, Corner of Franklin and East 8th Street
 Eldorado, Butler County Historical Society Museum
 Garden City, Finney County Courthouse, 8th Street side
 Garnett, Courthouse Square
 Harlan, Roadside Park, US 281, 5 miles from Harlan
 Hays, Hays Public Library, 1205 Main
 Hillsboro, Hillsboro Memorial Park, Birch Street
 Independence, Penn and Locust
 Kingman, Kingman Elementary and Junior High School, North Main Street
 La Crosse, La Crosse City Park, South Main Street
 Leavenworth, City Hall, Lawn, northeast corner of 5th and Shawnee
 Lebanon, Kansas Geographical center of the lower 48 states
 Liberal, Liberal Memorial Library, 519 North Kansas
 Medicine Lodge, Medicine Lodge Grade School, 320 North Walnut, Northwest corner
 Overland Park, Shawnee Mission North High School, 7401 Johnson Drive
 Parsons, Parsons Middle School, Southwest corner, 28th and Main
 Pratt, Gateway Park, Corner of East First and Stout
 Russell, Lincoln Park, Corner of 4th and Lincoln Streets
 St. John, City Park Square, Northeast corner, 4th and Broadway
 Salina, Oakdale Park, 320 East Ash
 Smith County, located in small park overlooking the North Fork of the Solomon River Valley just west of U.S. 281
 Topeka, Kansas State Capitol grounds
 Troy, Doniphan County Courthouse, Southwest grounds
 Washington, Washington County Courthouse, C Street and 3rd
 Wichita, Roosevelt Middle School, 2100 East Douglas

Kentucky
Leitchfield, Grayson County Courthouse

Massachusetts
 Fall River, John F. Kennedy Park, Corner of Bradford and Broadway Avenue
  Lawrence, Lawrence Public Library

Michigan

 Mackinac Island, Mackinac Island Marina

Minnesota
  Hibbing, City Hall, 401 East 21st Street

Mississippi
Columbus, located on Main Street

Missouri

 Boonville, Cooper County Courthouse, Main Street, In front of Courthouse
 Butler, Butler Grade School
 Cape Girardeau, Intersection of Broadway and West End Boulevard
 Columbia, Formerly located Municipal Building, 505 West Broadway (1950–73)
 Concordia, Central Park, Seventh Street at Gordon Street
 Jefferson City, Missouri State Capitol, Capitol and Jefferson Streets, west of Department of Highway and Transportation building
 Kansas City, Meyer Boulevard and Prospect Avenue
 Kansas City, North Kansas City High School, Circular promenade near Iron, Howell, and East 23rd Streets
 Lamar, SE corner of Courthouse lawn
 Lexington, County Court House, 1001 Main Street
 Liberty, Franklin Elementary School, 201 West Mill Street
 Malden, Intersection of Business Highway 25 and Downing Street
 Marshall, Indian Foothills Park, North entrance
 Memphis, County Courthouse, Corner of Monroe and Market Streets
 Mexico, Audrain County Courthouse
 North Kansas City, North Kansas City High School, Circular promenade near Iron, Howell, and East 23rd Streets
 Memphis, Scotland County Courthouse, Corner of Monroe and Market Streets
 Osceola, H. Roe Bartle Scout Reservation
 St. Joseph, Smith Park, Francis between 11th and 12th
 Salisbury, City Park
 Sedalia, Pettis County Courthouse
 Silva,  Lewallen Scout Camp
 Slater, SE corner of Elm St.
 Springfield, in front of County Courthouse

Montana
 Great Falls, Gibson Park, Park Drive and 2nd Avenue North
 Lewistown, Prospect and Main Streets

Nebraska
 Alma, in front of the courthouse
 Chadron, War Memorial Park Complex, 9th & Shelton Streets
 Columbus, Pawnee Park, 33rd Avenue
 Falls City, Court House, 17th and Stone St.
 Fremont, Masonic Park, 77 and Highway 30
 Gering, U and 10th
 Grand Island, Pier Park
 Hastings, 12th Street
  Lincoln, Antelope Park
 Norfolk, Central Park, 510 Pasewalk Avenue
 Scottsbluff, 10th and North 27th Street
 David City, City park main entrance. Hwy 15

Nevada
 Las Vegas, New York-New York Hotel and Casino

New York
 Hudson, Intersection of Columbia and Green Street
 Le Roy, Wolcott Street, Opposite Woodward Memorial Library
 Niagara Falls, Rainbow Bridge Plaza
 Oneonta, Neawha Park
 Schenectady, Intersection of Erie Boulevard and Union Street
 Utica, Median between Elm Street and Pleasant Street

North Carolina
  Wilmington, Thalian Hall, Front lawn, northeast corner of Third and Princess Streets

North Dakota
 Fargo, Main and 2nd Streets

Ohio
Camp Miakonda, Sylvania(Toledo)

Oklahoma

 Blackwell, Memorial Swimming Pool, 1400 South Main Street
 Chickasha, Shannon Springs Park, part the Grady County Veterans Memorial, southeast of W Montana Ave and S 12th Street
 Cushing, City Park, 900 block of South Little Street
 Edmond, Edmond Historical Society and Museum, 431 South Boulevard
 Enid, Garfield County Courthouse, Grand and Broadway Streets
 Lindsay, north Main St.
 Miami, Ottawa County Courthouse, corner of A Street and Central S.E.
 Muskogee, Spaulding Park, Spaulding Park Lake
 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma County Courthouse, near corner of Park and Hudson (Statue of Liberty)
 Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation Capitol, corner of Keetoowah and Muskogee
 Tulsa, Northwest corner of the Sidney Lanier grade school property, located on Harvard Avenue between 17th and 19th streets
 Wewoka, Seminole County Courthouse, 100 block of Wewoka Avenue

Oregon
 Medford, corner of South Oakdale Avenue and West 8th Street

Pennsylvania
 Berwick, Borough Hall, Market Street
 Bloomsburg, Bloomsburg Memorial Elementary School, West 5th and South Market Streets
 Ellwood City, Lincoln High School, 5th and Crescent Avenue
  New Castle, Owen Penfield Fox Park, Mill and Grove Streets
 York, Kiwanis Park, North Newberry Street and Parkway Boulevard, on island in lake

South Carolina
 Columbia, Realtors Park, Intersection of Barnwell, Blossom and Devine Streets

Texas
  Big Spring, Texas, City Hall, Southwest corner of Third & Nolan Street
  Dallas, Fair Park, North side of Hall of State
 Midland, Midland County Courthouse, 200 West Wall Street
 Port Arthur, Lions Park
 Statue of Liberty Replica Monument, Texas State Capitol, Austin, Texas

Virginia
 Richmond, Chimborazo Park

Washington

 Statue of Liberty (Seattle), Alki Point

West Virginia
 Fairmont, Veterans of Foreign Wars Post 629, 802 Fairmont Ave

Wisconsin
 Kenosha, inside Kenosha History museum on Simmon's Island
 Madison, Warner Park, Corner of Northport and Sherman Avenue

Wyoming
 Torrington, Goshen County Courthouse, N.E. corner of 21st Avenue and East A Street
 Wheatland, Platte County Courthouse, 800 9th Street
 Cheyenne, Lions Park

Artifacts
A Strengthen the Arm of Liberty brass pin was produced for uniform and civilian wear. The pin is in the shape of the Statue of Liberty superimposed on a fleur de lis. The Robbins Company, which made BSA's Eagle medals for many years, made these pins and the winged "R" hallmark is prominently displayed on the reverse. A commemorative neckerchief slide was made for Boy Scouts and for the Cub Scouts.

See also

 Replicas of the Statue of Liberty
 Scouting museums
 Scouting memorials

Notes

References

External links

Replica Statue of Liberty Search

Replicas of the Statue of Liberty
Boy Scouts of America
Scouting monuments and memorials

Strengthen the Arm of Liberty