A lamington is an Australian cake made from squares of butter cake or sponge cake coated in an outer layer of chocolate sauce and rolled in desiccated coconut. The thin mixture is absorbed into the outside of the sponge cake and left to set, giving the cake a distinctive texture. A common variation has a layer of cream or strawberry jam between two lamington halves.

Origins
Lamingtons are believed to be named after either Lord Lamington, who served as Governor of Queensland from 1896 to 1901, or his wife, Lady Lamington. Most sources incline to the former. The earliest known reference to the naming of the lamington, from June 1927, links the cake to Lord Lamington.

The identity of the recipe's inventor has also been debated. Most stories attribute its creation to Lord Lamington's chef, the French-born Armand Galland, who was called upon at short notice to feed unexpected guests. Using only the limited ingredients available, Galland cut up some left-over French vanilla sponge cake baked the day before, dipped the slices in chocolate and set them in coconut. Impressed by Galland's creation, Lamington's guests were said to have later asked for the recipe. This version of events is supported by Lady Lamington's memoirs. Coconut was not widely used in European cooking at that time, but was known to Galland, whose wife was from Tahiti, where coconut was a common ingredient.

One account suggests that the lamington was first served in Toowoomba, when Lord Lamington took his entourage to Harlaxton House to escape the steamy heat of Brisbane, whereas another claims that it was created by Galland at Queensland's Government House in Brisbane during the busy period leading up to Federation in 1901. A further alternative claim is that Lord Lamington's cook, presumably Galland, accidentally dropped a block of sponge cake into a dish of chocolate. It was later discovered that desiccated coconut, sprinkled over the top, made the cakes more appealing.

The first known mention of "Lamington cake" appears in an 1896 newspaper account of a "Lamington Function" at Laidley in Queensland. The event was in honour of Lord Lamington (although it appears he did not attend) and also featured "Lamington Tea", "Lamington Soup" etc., so, in the absence of any description of the cake, the name of the cake might signify nothing more than the name of the event. A 1900 recipe for Lamington Cakes has been found in the Queensland Country Life newspaper. While the recipe originated in Queensland, it spread quickly, appearing in a Sydney newspaper in 1901 and a New Zealand newspaper in 1902. However, none of these recipes indicate the creator of the recipe nor the reason for its name.

A 2014 April Fools' Day story from Guardian Australia falsely claimed the lamington to have been based on a previously unknown New Zealand cake known as a "Wellington". This hoax origin story was later repeated by other sources.

Lamingtons are typically baked in a Lamington pan named for the cake.

Modern-day

Lamingtons remain a popular treat across Australia and New Zealand, and 21 July was designated as National Lamington Day in Australia. Lamingtons are often sold at fundraisers for schools or charity groups, known as "lamington drives". Some Australians shorten the name to "Lammo" (singular) or "Lammos" (plural).

Variants

In Hungary, a similar item is known as , or coconut squares.

A similar but smaller-sized confection is known in South Africa as ystervarkies (little porcupines).

In the U.S. city of Cleveland, they are called coconut bars.

The British Overseas Territory of St Helena Island has a similar variation called coconut fingers, made traditionally for special occasions such as weddings and birthdays.

In New Zealand, a raspberry variant is sold.

The Croatian and Bosnian čupavci is a similar cake. Čupavci are one of the most popular Christmas desserts in Croatia.

In Mauritius, there is a dessert which is a variant of the Lamington cake; It is called the "red Lamington cake", also known as "gato carré rouge" (lit. "red cube cake" or "red square cake" in English and  in French) or "gato Francis" (lit. "Francis cake" in English or  in French). Red dye is used to give the cake its red colour; square pieces of the cake are soaked in the red dye completely and then coated with desiccated coconut, and whipped cream is applied on the top surface of the cake. A half candied cherry or half a strawberry can also be applied on top of the cream as topping. The cake is sometimes strawberry flavoured.

Awards
In 2009, as part of the Q150 celebrations, the lamington was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as an iconic "innovation and invention".

See also

 Australian cuisine
 Coconut cake
 List of desserts

References

Australian desserts
Cakes
Culture of Cleveland
Queensland cuisine
Foods containing coconut
Mauritian cuisine
New Zealand desserts

Lamington


Eulogio "Eloy" Songao Inos (September 26, 1949 – December 28, 2015) was a Northern Marianan politician who served as the seventh governor of the Northern Mariana Islands from 2013 to 2015. Inos, a member of the Republican Party, also served as the eighth lieutenant governor from 2009 to 2013.

He was nominated as lieutenant governor by Governor Benigno Fitial to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Lieutenant Governor Timothy Villagomez. Villagomez was convicted on federal fraud charges. Inos was confirmed by the Senate and was sworn into the lieutenant governor office on May 1, 2009. He was elected to a full term as lieutenant governor in November 2009.

Inos became governor on February 20, 2013, following the resignation of Benigno Fitial, after he was impeached by the House for fraud-related activities. Inos was elected to a full-term as governor in the 2014 gubernatorial election.

Inos died in office on December 28, 2015, local time, in Seattle, Washington, at the age of 66.

Biography

Personal life
Eloy Inos attended Mount Carmel School on Saipan, graduating there from high school in May 1967. Inos obtained a bachelor's degree in accounting (cum laude) from the University of Guam in May 1981. He also studied business administration while at the University of Guam.

Inos has five children. He was the brother-in-law of the late Education Commissioner Rita Inos.

Career
Inos worked as a tax manager for the now defunct Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands' revenue division. Inos was also a former Vice President of the Tan Holdings Corporation, one of the largest garment manufacturers in the Northern Mariana Islands.

He was elected to the First Saipan and Northern Islands Municipal Council, including a stint as council chairman, from 1990 until 1992.

Inos was appointed the Secretary of Finance in the Fitial administration. As Secretary Inos oversaw the financial affairs of the Northern Mariana Islands' government, including taxation, accounting, treasury, electronic data processing, procurement and customs. Inos became Secretary on January 9, 2006, and held the post until May 1, 2009.

Lieutenant governor
Lieutenant Governor Timothy Villagomez, who had held office since 2006, issued his resignation on April 24, 2009 following his conviction on federal fraud charges. Villagomez became the highest ranking CNMI official ever convicted at the time.

According to Article III, Section 3 of the Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, when a vacancy is created for lieutenant governor, the governor must appoint a replacement with the confirmation of the Northern Mariana Islands Senate. On April 27, 2009, Governor Fitial nominated Inos, the then Secretary of Finance in his administration, as the new lieutenant governor to serve for the rest of Villagomez's original term in office. Fitial and Inos had first met years earlier while both were working for the government of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.

Inos was unanimously confirmed by all nine members of the Senate in a vote on May 1, 2009. More than a dozen community and political leaders had offered testimony in support of Inos' confirmation during the hearing, with no opposition by any of the 20 House members. Inos had noted the difficulties of replacing his predecessor during the confirmation hearing, "It's a very difficult situation. would have liked to go ahead and fill the position through the normal election process but again the situation presents itself. We have to fill the vacancy. It's a constitutional mandate. I am very happy that I have an overwhelming support from the people." Governor Fitial swore Inos into office shortly after the conclusion of the Senate's confirmation vote. In taking office through appointment, Inos became the first un-elected Lieutenant Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands in history.

On July 23, 2009, Governor Fitial and Lt. Governor Inos filed to run for re-election with the Election Commission. Fitial won re-election, and Inos was elected to a full term, in a gubernatorial runoff election held on November 23, 2009, defeating Republican Heinz Hofschneider. He was originally scheduled to serve as Lt. Governor for a five-year term, instead of the unusual four years due to changes in the election calendar.

Governor

Inos became governor on February 20, 2013, following the resignation of Benigno Fitial. Fitial was impeached by the House, for multiple counts, related to the commission of felonies, corruption and to neglect of duty, but resigned before his trial before the Senate. Inos won election to a full four-year term in the 2014 gubernatorial election.

Death
Governor Eloy Inos, died in office at the age of 66 while recovering from open heart surgery in Seattle, Washington, on Monday afternoon, December 28, 2015, Pacific Standard Time (corresponding to 9:45 a.m. Tuesday morning, December 29, Chamorro Standard Time in the Northern Mariana Islands). Inos, who also suffered from diabetes, had been hospitalised in Seattle since November 2015 for treatment.

Inos' lieutenant governor, Ralph Torres, was sworn in as Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands on December 29, 2015.

President Barack Obama called Inos a "tireless advocate". Funeral services for Inos were held on January 12, 2016, which the governor of neighboring Guam, Eddie Calvo, proclaimed as a day of mourning.

References

External links
 Lt. Governor Eloy Inos official biography

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1949 births
2015 deaths
Cabinet secretaries of the Northern Mariana Islands
Chamorro people
Covenant Party (Northern Mariana Islands) politicians
Deaths from cancer in Washington (state)
Governors of the Northern Mariana Islands
Lieutenant Governors of the Northern Mariana Islands
Northern Mariana Islands businesspeople
Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands) politicians
Republican Party governors of the Northern Mariana Islands
Saipan and Northern Islands Municipal Council members
University of Guam alumni

Eloy Inos


Electrostatics is a branch of physics that studies slow-moving or stationary electric charges.

Since classical times, it has been known that some materials, such as amber, attract lightweight particles after rubbing. The Greek word for amber,  (), was thus the source of the word 'electricity'. Electrostatic phenomena arise from the forces that electric charges exert on each other. Such forces are described by Coulomb's law.

There are many examples of electrostatic phenomena, from those as simple as the attraction of plastic wrap to one's hand after it is removed from a package, to the apparently spontaneous explosion of grain silos, the damage of electronic components during manufacturing, and photocopier & laser printer operation. Electrostatic forces play a large role at the nanoscale;  for instance, the force between an electron and a proton, which together make up a hydrogen atom, is about 36 orders of magnitude stronger than the gravitational force acting between them. Because they are large at small scales, Coulomb forces between electrons and the positively charged nuclei play a very large role in how atoms and molecules behave.

Coulomb's law

Coulomb's law states that:

'The magnitude of the electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.'

The force is along the straight line joining them. If the two charges have the same sign, the electrostatic force between them is repulsive; if they have different signs, the force between them is attractive.

If  is the distance (in meters) between two charges, then the force (in newtons) between two point charges  and  (in coulombs) is:

where ε0 is the vacuum permittivity, or permittivity of free space:

The SI units of ε0 are equivalently A2⋅s4 ⋅kg−1⋅m−3 or C2⋅N−1⋅m−2 or F⋅m−1. The Coulomb constant is:

A single proton has a charge of e, and the electron has a charge of −e, where,

These physical constants (ε0, ke, e) are currently defined so that e is exactly defined, and ε0 and ke are measured quantities.

Electric field

The electric field, , in units of Newtons per Coulomb or volts per meter, is a vector field that can be defined everywhere, except at the location of point charges (where it diverges to infinity). It is defined as the electrostatic force  in newtons on a hypothetical small test charge at the point due to Coulomb's Law, divided by the magnitude of the charge  in coulombs

Electric field lines are useful for visualizing the electric field. Field lines begin on positive charge and terminate on negative charge. They are parallel to the direction of the electric field at each point, and the density of these field lines is a measure of the magnitude of the electric field at any given point.

Consider a collection of  particles of charge , located at points  (called source points), the electric field at  (called the field point) is:

where  is the displacement vector from a source point  to the field point , and
is a unit vector that indicates the direction of the field. For a single point charge at the origin, the magnitude of this electric field is  and points away from that charge if it is positive. The fact that the force (and hence the field) can be calculated by summing over all the contributions due to individual source particles is an example of the superposition principle. The electric field produced by a distribution of charges is given by the volume charge density  and can be obtained by converting this sum into a triple integral:

Gauss' law

Gauss's law states that "the total electric flux through any closed surface in free space of any shape drawn in an electric field is proportional to the total electric charge enclosed by the surface." Many numerical problems can be solved by considering a

a Gaussian surface around a body.
Mathematically, Gauss's law takes the form of an integral equation:

where  is a volume element. If the charge is distributed over a surface or along a line, replace  by  or . The divergence theorem allows Gauss's Law to be written in differential form:

where  is the divergence operator.

Poisson and Laplace equations

The definition of electrostatic potential, combined with the differential form of Gauss's law (above), provides a relationship between the potential Φ and the charge density ρ:

This relationship is a form of Poisson's equation. In the absence of unpaired electric charge, the equation becomes Laplace's equation:

Electrostatic approximation
The validity of the electrostatic approximation rests on the assumption that the electric field is irrotational:

From Faraday's law, this assumption implies the absence or near-absence of time-varying magnetic fields:

In other words, electrostatics does not require the absence of magnetic fields or electric currents. Rather, if magnetic fields or electric currents do exist, they must not change with time, or in the worst-case, they must change with time only very slowly. In some problems, both electrostatics and magnetostatics may be required for accurate predictions, but the coupling between the two can still be ignored. Electrostatics and magnetostatics can both be seen as non-relativistic Galilean limits for electromagnetism

Electrostatic potential

As the electric field is irrotational, it is possible to express the electric field as the gradient of a scalar function, , called the electrostatic potential (also known as the voltage). An electric field, , points from regions of high electric potential to regions of low electric potential, expressed mathematically as

The gradient theorem can be used to establish that the electrostatic potential     is the amount of work per unit charge required to move a charge from point  to point  with the following line integral:

From these equations, we see that the electric potential is constant in any region for which the electric field vanishes (such as occurs inside a conducting object).

Electrostatic energy

A test particle's potential energy, , can be calculated from a line integral of the work, . We integrate from a point at infinity, and assume a collection of  particles of charge , are already situated at the points . This potential energy (in Joules) is:

where  is the distance of each charge  from the test charge , which situated at the point , and  is the electric potential that would be at  if the test charge were not present. If only two charges are present, the potential energy is . The total electric potential energy due a collection of N charges is calculating by assembling these particles one at a time:

where the following sum from, j = 1 to N, excludes i = j:

This electric potential,  is what would be measured at  if the charge  were missing. This formula obviously excludes the (infinite) energy that would be required to assemble each point charge from a disperse cloud of charge. The sum over charges can be converted into an integral over charge density using the prescription :

This second expression for electrostatic energy uses the fact that the electric field is the negative gradient of the electric potential, as well as vector calculus identities in a way that resembles integration by parts. These two integrals for electric field energy seem to indicate two mutually exclusive formulas for electrostatic energy density, namely  and ; they yield equal values for the total electrostatic energy only if both are integrated over all space.

Electrostatic pressure

On a conductor, a surface charge will experience a force in the presence of an electric field. This force is the average of the discontinuous electric field at the surface charge. This average in terms of the field just outside the surface amounts to:

This pressure tends to draw the conductor into the field, regardless of the sign of the surface charge.

See also

Electrostatic generator, machines that create static electricity.
Electrostatic induction, separation of charges due to electric fields.
Permittivity and relative permittivity, the electric polarizability of materials.
Quantisation of charge, the charge units carried by electrons or protons.
Static electricity, stationary charge accumulated on a material.
Triboelectric effect, separation of charges due to sliding or contact.

References

Further reading

External links

The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. II Ch. 4: Electrostatics
Introduction to Electrostatics: Point charges can be treated as a distribution using the Dirac delta function

Electrostatics


William Wentworth, 2nd Earl of Strafford (17 March 1722 – 10 March 1791), styled Viscount Wentworth until 1739 was a British peer and member of the House of Lords of Great Britain.

Ancestry and career
Strafford was the only son of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford (1672-1739). His paternal great-grandfather was Sir William Wentworth of Ashby Puerorum, a younger brother of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford of the earlier creation. His father was a cousin of William Wentworth, 2nd Earl of Strafford, who died childless, on whose death in 1695 he became the 3rd Baron Raby. However, the Strafford fortune, with the estate of the great Jacobean house of Wentworth Woodhouse, went to a nephew of the second Earl's. His mother was Anne Johnson, daughter of the wealthy politician and shipowner Sir Henry Johnson and his first wife Anne Smithson. Although his mother brought his father a fortune, it was generally agreed to be a very happy marriage.

The title of Earl of Strafford was created for the third time in 1711, for Strafford's father, and thus came to him on his father's death in 1739. He was also 2nd Duke of Strafford in the Jacobite Peerage. He played less of a political role than his father, although he was granted a farm of the post fines on 25 March 1756 and was appointed a deputy lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire on 4 August 1757.

Builder

Strafford added a neo-Palladian range to Wentworth Castle, his country house in Yorkshire, a project begun in 1759 and completed in 1764. As its principal designer, this gained him an entry in Colvin's Biographical Dictionary of British Architects.
 Strafford's friend Horace Walpole described this south front on 2 August 1770, as showing "the most perfect taste in architecture":

Between 1748 and 1751 he also built as his townhouse Wentworth House, 5, St James's Square, London, to the design of Matthew Brettingham The Elder. It remained the London residence of his descendants until after 1968, and in 1984 was the site of the "Libyan Peoples' Bureau" from which shots were fired which caused the murder of Yvonne Fletcher.

Marriage

In 1741, Strafford married Lady Anne Campbell (born about 1715, died 1785), the second of the five daughters of John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll. The two became part of a social set which included Horace Walpole, who considered the countess to be a "vast beauty" and immortalised her in a poem which was published in 1765.

When Strafford was widowed in 1785, society gossip quickly linked his name with that of Lady Louisa Stuart (1757–1851), leading Lady Diana Beauclerk to remark "So Lady Louisa Stuart is going to marry her great-grandfather, is she?" However, Stuart looked on Strafford merely as an elderly uncle, and not as a suitor, and he for his part did nothing to promote such an alliance.

Strafford died without issue in 1791. He was succeeded by his first cousin's son, Frederick Wentworth, 3rd Earl of Strafford.

Likenesses
Portraits of Strafford include one by Sir Joshua Reynolds which was engraved as a mezzotint by James Macardell. The copy of this in the National Portrait Gallery is erroneously described as 'William Wentworth, 4th Earl of Strafford (1722–1791)'.

Strafford's countess was also painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds.

References

Earls in the Peerage of Great Britain
Deputy Lieutenants of the West Riding of Yorkshire
Dukes in the Jacobite peerage
1722 births
1791 deaths

William Wentworth, 2nd Earl of Strafford (1722–1791)


Memory-mapped I/O (MMIO) and port-mapped I/O (PMIO) are two complementary methods of performing input/output (I/O) between the central processing unit (CPU) and peripheral devices in a computer (often mediating access via chipset). An alternative approach is using dedicated I/O processors, commonly known as channels on mainframe computers, which execute their own instructions.

Memory-mapped I/O uses the same address space to address both main memory and I/O devices. The memory and registers of the I/O devices are mapped to (associated with) address values, so a memory address may refer to either a portion of physical RAM or to memory and registers of the I/O device. Thus, the CPU instructions used to access the memory (.e.g ) can also be used for accessing devices. Each I/O device either monitors the CPU's address bus and responds to any CPU access of an address assigned to that device, connecting the system bus to the desired device's hardware register or uses a dedicated.

To accommodate the I/O devices, some areas of the address bus used by the CPU must be reserved for I/O and must not be available for normal physical memory; the range of addresses used for I/O devices is determined by the hardware. The reservation may be permanent, or temporary (as achieved via bank switching). An example of the latter is found in the Commodore 64, which uses a form of memory mapping to cause RAM or I/O hardware to appear in the 0xD000-0xDFFF range.

Port-mapped I/O often uses a special class of CPU instructions designed specifically for performing I/O, such as the in and out instructions found on microprocessors based on the x86 architecture. Different forms of these two instructions can copy one, two or four bytes (outb, outw and outl, respectively) between the EAX register or one of that register's subdivisions on the CPU and a specified I/O port address which is assigned to an I/O device. I/O devices have a separate address space from general memory, either accomplished by an extra "I/O" pin on the CPU's physical interface, or an entire bus dedicated to I/O. Because the address space for I/O is isolated from that for main memory, this is sometimes referred to as isolated I/O.

Overview
Different CPU-to-device communication methods, such as memory mapping, do not affect the direct memory access (DMA) for a device, because, by definition, DMA is a memory-to-device communication method that bypasses the CPU.

Hardware interrupts are another communication method between the CPU and peripheral devices, however, for a number of reasons, interrupts are always treated separately. An interrupt is device-initiated, as opposed to the methods mentioned above, which are CPU-initiated. It is also unidirectional, as information flows only from device to CPU. Lastly, each interrupt line carries only one bit of information with a fixed meaning, namely "an event that requires attention has occurred in a device on this interrupt line".

I/O operations can slow memory access if the address and data buses are shared. This is because the peripheral device is usually much slower than main memory. In some architectures, port-mapped I/O operates via a dedicated I/O bus, alleviating the problem.

One merit of memory-mapped I/O is that, by discarding the extra complexity that port I/O brings, a CPU requires less internal logic and is thus cheaper, faster, easier to build, consumes less power and can be physically smaller; this follows the basic tenets of reduced instruction set computing, and is also advantageous in embedded systems. The other advantage is that, because regular memory instructions are used to address devices, all of the CPU's addressing modes are available for the I/O as well as the memory, and instructions that perform an ALU operation directly on a memory operand (loading an operand from a memory location, storing the result to a memory location, or both) can be used with I/O device registers as well. In contrast, port-mapped I/O instructions are often very limited, often providing only for simple load-and-store operations between CPU registers and I/O ports, so that, for example, to add a constant to a port-mapped device register would require three instructions: read the port to a CPU register, add the constant to the CPU register, and write the result back to the port.

As 16-bit processors have become obsolete and replaced with 32-bit and 64-bit in general use, reserving ranges of memory address space for I/O is less of a problem, as the memory address space of the processor is usually much larger than the required space for all memory and I/O devices in a system. Therefore, it has become more frequently practical to take advantage of the benefits of memory-mapped I/O. However, even with address space being no longer a major concern, neither I/O mapping method is universally superior to the other, and there will be cases where using port-mapped I/O is still preferable.

x86
Memory-mapped I/O is preferred in x86-based architectures because the instructions that perform port-based I/O are limited to one register: EAX, AX, and AL are the only registers that data can be moved into or out of, and either a byte-sized immediate value in the instruction or a value in register DX determines which port is the source or destination port of the transfer. Since any general-purpose register can send or receive data to or from memory and memory-mapped I/O devices, memory-mapped I/O uses fewer instructions and can run faster than port I/O. AMD did not extend the port I/O instructions when defining the x86-64 architecture to support 64-bit ports, so 64-bit transfers cannot be performed using port I/O.

On newer Intel platforms beginning with 2008 5 series, I/O devices on the chipset directly communicate via a dedicated Direct Media Interface (DMI) bus.

Memory barriers
Since the caches mediate accesses to memory addresses, data written to different addresses may reach the peripherals' memory or registers out of the program order, i.e. if software writes data to an address and then writes data to another address, the cache write buffer does not guarantee that the data will reach the peripherals in that order. Any program that does not include cache-flushing instructions after each write in the sequence may see unintended IO effects if a cache system optimizes the write order. Writes to memory can often be reordered to reduce redundancy or to make better use of memory access cycles without changing the final state of what got stored; whereas, the same optimizations might completely change the meaning and effect of writes to memory-mapped I/O regions.

Lack of foresight in the choice of memory-mapped I/O regions led to many of the RAM-capacity barriers in older generations of computers. Designers rarely expected machines to grow to make full use of an architecture's theoretical RAM capacity, and thus often used some of the high-order bits of the address-space as selectors for memory-mapped I/O functions. For example, the 640 KB barrier in the IBM PC and derivatives is due to reserving the region between 640 and 1024 KB (64k segments 10 through 16)  for the Upper Memory Area. This choice initially made little impact, but it eventually limited the total amount of RAM available within the 20-bit available address space. The 3 GB barrier and PCI hole are similar manifestations of this with 32-bit address spaces, exacerbated by details of the x86 boot process and MMU design. 64-bit architectures often technically have similar issues, but these only rarely have practical consequences.

Examples

A simple system built around an 8-bit microprocessor might provide 16-bit address lines, allowing it to address up to 64 kibibytes (KiB) of memory. On such a system, the first 32 KiB of address space may be allotted to random access memory (RAM), another 16 KiB to read-only memory (ROM) and the remainder to a variety of other devices such as timers, counters, video display chips, sound generating devices, etc.

The hardware of the system is arranged so that devices on the address bus will only respond to particular addresses which are intended for them, while all other addresses are ignored. This is the job of the address decoding circuitry, and that establishes the memory map of the system.  As a result, system's memory map may look like in the table on the right.  This memory map contains gaps, which is also quite common in actual system architectures.

Assuming the fourth register of the video controller sets the background colour of the screen, the CPU can set this colour by writing a value to the memory location A003 using its standard memory write instruction. Using the same method, graphs can be displayed on a screen by writing character values into a special area of RAM within the video controller. Prior to cheap RAM that enabled bit-mapped displays, this character cell method was a popular technique for computer video displays (see Text user interface).

Basic types of address decoding
Address decoding types, in which a device may decode addresses completely or incompletely, include the following:

 Complete (exhaustive) decoding
 1:1 mapping of unique addresses to one hardware register (physical memory location). Involves checking every line of the address bus.
 Incomplete (partial) decoding
 n:1 mapping of n unique addresses to one hardware register. Partial decoding allows a memory location to have more than one address, allowing the programmer to reference a memory location using n different addresses. It may also be done to simplify the decoding hardware by using simpler and often cheaper logic that examines only some address lines, when not all of the CPU's address space is needed. Commonly, the decoding itself is programmable, so the system can reconfigure its own memory map as required, though this is a newer development and generally in conflict with the intent of being cheaper.
Synonyms: foldback, multiply mapped, partially mapped, address aliasing.
 Linear decoding
 Address lines are used directly without any decoding logic. This is done with devices such as RAMs and ROMs that have a sequence of address inputs, and with peripheral chips that have a similar sequence of inputs for addressing a bank of registers. Linear addressing is rarely used alone (only when there are few devices on the bus, as using purely linear addressing for more than one device usually wastes a lot of address space) but instead is combined with one of the other methods to select a device or group of devices within which the linear addressing selects a single register or memory location.

Port I/O via device drivers
In Windows-based computers, memory can also be accessed via specific drivers such as DOLLx8KD which gives I/O access in 8-, 16- and 32-bit on most Windows platforms starting from Windows 95 up to Windows 7. Installing I/O port drivers will ensure memory access by activating the drivers with simple DLL calls allowing port I/O and when not needed, the driver can be closed to prevent unauthorized access to the I/O ports.

Linux provides the  utility to allow reading from and writing to MMIO addresses. The Linux kernel also allows tracing MMIO access from kernel modules (drivers) using the kernel's mmiotrace debug facility. To enable this, the Linux kernel should be compiled with the corresponding option enabled. mmiotrace is used for debugging closed-source device drivers.

See also
 Programmed input–output
 mmap, not to be confused with memory-mapped I/O
 Memory-mapped file
 Early examples of computers with port-mapped I/O
 PDP-8
 Nova
 PDP-11, an early example of a computer architecture using memory-mapped I/O
 Unibus, a memory and I/O bus used by the PDP-11
 Bank switching
 Ralf Brown's Interrupt List
 Coprocessor
 Direct memory access
 Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)

Notes

References

Input/output

Memory-mapped I/O and port-mapped I/O


Rosemarie Keller Skaine (born Grand Island, Nebraska) is an American author and sociologist. She is known for her nonfiction works, especially writings related to other cultures. She is currently an active freelance writer.

In 2015, ABC-CLIO/Praeger Security International, published Skaine's latest book, Sexual Assault in the U.S. Military: The Battle within America's Armed Forces. She has also authored national and international articles.

Skaine earned her Sociology M.A. at the University of Northern Iowa in 1977.

Honors

 Keynote speech "Suicide Warfare and Violence Against Women," interactive dialogue panel, "Dying to Kill: The Allure of Female Suicide Bombers," United Nations Commission on the Status of Women 57: Elimination and Prevention of all Forms of Violence against Women and Girls, March 8, 2013, United Nations Plaza, N.Y.
 Who's Who of American Women 2008 to present, Who's Who in the World 2007 to present, Who's Who in America 2008 to present.
 Hall of Honor Inductee, Grand Island Senor High (NE), 2009.
 Gustavus Myers Center Award for the Study of Human Rights in North America. 1997 for outstanding work on intolerance in North America in Rosemarie Skaine's book, Power and Gender: Issues in Sexual Dominance and Harassment, McFarland & Co., Inc., Publishers, 1996.
 Educational Communications Inc.'s, Who's Who Among America's Teachers: the Best Teachers in America Selected by the Best Students, 6th ed., vol. 3, 2000
 Honorary societies: Pi Kappa Delta, Alpha Kappa Delta, Quill and Scroll, and National Forensic League.

Books by Rosemarie Skaine

 Sexual Assault in the U.S. Military: The Battle within America's Armed Forces. (Praeger Security International (December 2015)
 Abuse: An Encyclopedia of Causes, Consequences, and Treatments. ABC-CLIO/Greenwood (April 2015)
 Suicide Warfare: Culture, the Military, and the Individual as a Weapon. ABC-CLIO/Praeger Security International (January 2013)
 Women in Combat: A Reference Handbook. Contemporary World Issues, Series, ABC-CLIO/Greenwood (January 2011)
  Women of Afghanistan in the Post-Taliban Era. Jefferson, NC: McFarland (2008)
 Women Political Leaders in Africa. Jefferson, NC: McFarland (2008)
 Female Suicide Bombers. McFarland (2006)
 Female Genital Mutilation: Legal, Cultural and Medical Issues. Jefferson, NC: McFarland (2005)
 The Cuban Family: Custom and Change in an Era of Hardship. Jefferson, NC: McFarland (2004)
 Paternity and American Law. Jefferson, NC: McFarland (2003)
 The Women of Afghanistan Under the Taliban. McFarland (2002)
 Women College Basketball Coaches. Jefferson, NC: McFarland (2001)
 A Man of the Twentieth Century: Recollections of Warren V. Keller, A Nebraskan As told to Rosemarie Keller Skaine and James C. Skaine. Cedar Falls, IA: Author's Castle Publishing (1999)
 Women at War: Gender Issues of Americans in Combat. Jefferson, NC: McFarland (1999)
 Power and Gender: Issues in Sexual Dominance and Harassment. Jefferson, NC: McFarland (1996)
 Questions and Answers about Sexual Harassment. Cedar Falls, IA: Affirmative Action, University of Northern Iowa, April 1980, revised editions, June 1982 and January 1990.

Articles and Book Chapters by Rosemarie Skaine

  "Women Political Leaders in Africa." In Gender and Women's Leadership: A Reference Handbook, edited by Karen O'Connor, Sage, 2010.Hardcover  (hardcover). Go to the following link, then click on page 345 which will take you directly to Skaine's article which appears in Volume II, pp 345–353 (https://books.google.com/books?id=-3J_3pDNZlkC)
 "Female Genital Mutilation." World Book Online Reference Center, 2008. [Place of access.]  Sept. 17, 2008 http://www.worldbookonline.com/wb/Article?id+ar752224..
 "Neither Afghan Nor Islam." "Symposium on September 11, 2001: Terrorism, Islam and the West," Ethnicities, London: Sage Publications Ltd., Volume 02, Issue 02, June 2002.
 "Terrorist Attack & Natural Disaster Preparedness: Review of Hanley J. Harding's educational book to help citizens be prepared for a possible attack, C/B/R/N:  Chemical/Biological/Radiological/Nuclear Disaster Familiarization and Overview Manual, August 18, 2006 and updated  June 30, 2007, Authorsden (http://www.authorsden.com/visit/viewarticle.asp?id=23821)
  "Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)."  Stanley Sandler (ed.), Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2002, p. 826.
 "Warren V. Keller: A Visit to His Roots." Coauthored by Rosemarie and James Skaine, The Hottel-Keller Voice, Newsletter, March 1995, pp. 7,8.
  "Harassment is a Leadership Issue." (military op-ed), Iowa View/Essay/Comment Des Moines Register, Nov. 29, 1996, 13A.
 "Properly Trained Servicewomen Can Overcome Physical Shortcomings." James Haley (ed.), Women in the Military, San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, c2004.
 "Overturning Paternity." Ron Brown and Laura Morgan (eds.), 2004 Family Law Update, New York, NY: Aspen Publishers  (November 2003), January 2004, 25-60.
 "Sexual Harassment." St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture, edited by Tom Pendergast and Sara Pendergast. 5 Vols., Farmington Hills, Michigan, St. James Press, 1999. (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/pg_2/)
 "Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis." St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture,  edited by Tom Pendergast and Sara Pendergast. 5 Vols., Farmington Hills, Michigan, St. James Press, 1999. (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_bio/ai_2419200910/)
 "Dear John" Letter. Anna Holmes (ed.), Hell Hath No Fury: Women's Letters from the End of the Affair, New York, N.Y.: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2002, 176-177.
 "Keeping Music Alive." Iowan Magazine  (ISSN 0021-0722)
 "Doug Koempel, Iowa Performing Artist." The Iowan Magazine, Des Moines, IA: The Iowan, Inc., July–August 1999.
 "Lessons in Love and Life." Personal Romance, Fort Lee, NJ: Dynasty Media Corp., January 1985.
 "Sexual Harassment in the Workplace." Coauthored Donald E. Maypole and Rosemarie Skaine, Social Work, Journal of the National Association of Social Workers, vol. 28, no. 5, September–October 1983.
 "Sexual Harassment of Blue Collar Workers." Coauthored Donald E. Maypole and Rosemarie Skaine, Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, vol. IX, no. 4, December 1982.
 "Organizational Structure, Supervision and Job Satisfaction:  A Study of their Interrelationships in a Rural Setting." Coauthored Rosemarie Skaine and Satish Sharma, Osmania Journal of Sociology, January 1979, vol., no. 1. An earlier version appeared in Annual Proceedings of the Southern Association of Agricultural Scientists, 1979, New Orleans, Louisiana.
 "Issues in Rural-Urban Work Settings:  Gender and Sexual Harassment." Coauthored Rosemarie Skaine and Donald E. Maypole, Annual Proceedings of the Southern Association of Agricultural Scientists, Atlanta, Georgia, 1981.

References

 "Rosemarie Skaine." Bibliography. Amazon.com, 2016. (https://www.amazon.com/Rosemarie-Skaine/e/B000APQFNG)
 "Rosemarie Keller Skaine." Who's Who in America, 2015; Who's Who in the World, 2015; and Who's Who of American Women, 2008–2009, Marquis Who's Who Biographies.
 "Rosemarie Keller Skaine." Biography. Grand Island Public Schools Foundation, 2009. (http://www.gips.org/assets/site/Foundation/images/HOH/Hall%20of%20Honor%20Bios%205-6-14.pdf)
 "Rosemarie Skaine." AuthorsDen. 2016. (http://www.authorsden.com/rosemarieskaine)

External links
 Rosemarie Skaine on AuthorsDen

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women writers
University of Northern Iowa alumni
People from Grand Island, Nebraska
American sociologists

Rosemarie Skaine


The Platamon Castle (), an important part of the history of Pieria, is a Crusader castle (built between 1204 and 1222) in Macedonia, Greece and is located southeast of Mount Olympus, in a strategic position which controls the exit of the Tempe valley, through which passes the main road connecting Macedonia with Thessaly and southern Greece. The tower (donjon), which overlooks the highway, is an imposing medieval fortress.

Important discoveries are the board of Hellenistic wall, that confirm the suggestion that on this position was the ancient Greek city Herakleion and the gate in the wall of the donjon. The core of the city Herakleion remains to be found, but it is posited that it is located on the northwest side of the castle's hill due to shells and coins found during recent excavations.

History
The place, which today is occupied by the castle, was used by the city of Herakleion (Ἡράκλειον) in pre-Christian times.
Not only on the top of the castle hill, but also at the foot of the hill, were settlements that were assigned to this ancient city. Around 360 BC Skylax of Karyandar described the place as "the first Macedonian city behind the river Peneios". The Roman historian Titius Livius has a more accurate position determination. "Between Dion and Tembi lying on a rock," he described the place, which is identical with the position of the castle. But even earlier, since the Bronze Age, a settlement of the castle hill has been proved.

In the year 430 BC, The Athenians conquered the place to control from here the Thermaic Gulf to their possessions on the Chalkidiki. At the same time, the country's most popular north-south route runs along the hill. At the beginning of the 3rd century BC, the city and the now established port were destroyed. By what, or by whom, is not exactly known. A short time later the region was conquered by the Romans. In the year 169 BC,  from Thessaly coming, they held their camp in the plain between Herakleion and Leivithra before starting their campaign against the Macedonian Kingdom. Of course the outstanding strategic importance of the hill was not hidden from them. Probably from this time comes the acropolis, the upper town, which was surrounded by a low wall. From the time around Christ's birth to the middle Byzantine epoch, in the 10th century AD, little evidence was found of the events at this time. The name Platamon for the close vicinity of the hill emerges for the first time. With this term Homer referred to a rock surrounded by the sea. In the 12th century, the city of Platamon is described and the castle as such is mentioned for the first time.

In 1204, Franconian knights founded the Kingdom of Thessaloniki in the course of their conquest of Constantinople, which also included the castle of Platamon. They finally finished the bulwark, but had to clear it again in 1217 to make way for the Comnenus, a Byzantine aristocracy. The further history of the place remains changing and the castle always finds new masters. At the end of the 14th century the Turks came and were replaced by the Venetians in 1425. They remained until the 400 years of the Turkokratia in Greece began. The last battles took place in the Second World War. New Zealand troops who had moved into this area were bombed.

The Castle

A footpath leads from the parking lot to the gate of the castle. It is open every day between 08:30 and 15:00. What we call Platamon today included the city of Platamon and the actual castle. The extensive area is designed as a polygon and had irregular towers at irregular intervals. At the foot of the hill, to the left and right of the land, which extends into the sea, are two smaller towers. Only the main tower, the donjon, which is surrounded by its own wall, is located in the western part of the complex. Unfortunately, it is not open to visitors. Here, in fighting, was the last retreat for the inhabitants. For strategic reasons, there is only a relatively narrow gate that can be defended well. Many of the basics of churches, houses, a smithy, pottery and other buildings testify to the life of the past. Partially well-preserved cannons served in the later Middle Ages, the defense of pirates and the general defense of the fortress. To ensure the water supply during a longer lasting siege, there are several cisterns on the site.

The walls have a height of 7.50 to 9.50 m and have a thickness between 1.20 and 2 meters. In the course of the centuries, they have been continually increased, and the individual sections of the building can still be seen today. Except for the destroyed upper part of the defense route in the east, they are well preserved. The wall is accessible in several places for visitors and invites you to enjoy the fantastic view of the surroundings.

Originally the castle complex was surrounded by another, lower wall. It formed the first line of defense in an emergency. The only intact building is the small church Agia Paraskevi. It is richly decorated and offers space for around 30 believers.

Paradoxically, the construction of a railway tunnel through the hill a few years ago has, from the point of view of archaeologists, used the facility more than harmed. During the construction, further ground plans of buildings were discovered which are assigned to the historic city of Herakleion.

Present use
Today, the acropolis serves as one of the Olympus Festival venues. In the open air, with good acoustics, theatrical performances and concerts take place here.

References

Sources

External links
 Greek Ministry of Culture
 Free Travel Guide about the Olympus region Title: Mount Olympus - Ancient Sites, Museums, Monasteries and Churches

Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Pieria
Buildings and structures completed in 1222
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Greece
Kingdom of Thessalonica
Crusader castles in Greece
Buildings and structures in Pieria (regional unit)
Medieval sites in Central Macedonia
13th-century fortifications in Greece

Platamon Castle


Mayobridge () is a village within Newry, County Down, Northern Ireland, lying on the small river Clanrye which divides the townlands of Mayo and Bavan. It is located within the Newry and Mourne District Council area - it had a population of 1,069 people in the 2011 Census.  It falls within the parish of Clonallan, and historically within the barony of Upper Iveagh Upper.

Demography
Mayobridge is classified as a small village or hamlet by the NI Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA). It had a usually resident population of 1,069 according to the 2011 census.

Facilities

On 15 August 1859, Dr. Leahy, the co-adjutor bishop of the diocese, blessed the foundation stone of a new Catholic church to replace the existing, more primitive Mass House put up in 1806 (parts of which are still visible in the disused Parochial Hall); and a curate was appointed to live in Mayobridge. The new church, dedicated to St. Patrick, was erected on the site of a former Mass Rock. A fine Gothic-style building, reputed to be the largest 'country' church in the diocese, it could hold up to 600 worshippers in comfort, and commanded a fine view of the surrounding countryside right into County Armagh.  It was completed on 12 October 1862, with a dedicatory sermon by the Bishop of Kerry, Dr. David Moriarty.

A police barracks was moved in 1854 from the Mayo side of  the village to the Bavan side, and returned in 1865.

The local primary school, St. Patrick's Primary School, is located on Chapel Hill.

Sport
Mayobridge St. Patrick's is the oldest Gaelic Athletic Association club in County Down.
The minutes of the Central Council of the GAA record that on April 30, 1888 an application for affiliation was received from St Patrick's, Mayobridge. The acceptance of the application makes it the oldest registered GAA club in the county. Mayobridge won their tenth Down Senior Football Championship (and their fifth consecutive championship) in 2008. Mayobridge's reserve (seconds) team also won the Down Premier Reserve Football Championship and their minor team won the Down Minor Football Championship in 2008.

Notable people
Kieran Goss (b. 1962) contemporary singer, songwriter
Tommy Sands (b. 1945) folk singer, songwriter and radio broadcaster
Mickey Linden, Gaelic footballer, winner of All-Ireland Senior Football Championship in 1991 and 1994
Tom O'Hare (b. 1942) Gaelic footballer, winner of All-Ireland Senior Football Championship in 1968

See also
List of villages in Northern Ireland

References

Villages in County Down

Mayobridge


Thietmar (II) ( – 3 August 979) was Margrave of Meissen from about 976 until his death.

Life
Thietmar was the eldest of three brothers, all sons of Margrave Christian, count in the Saxon Eastern March, and his wife Hidda, sister of Margrave Gero the Great. His brothers were Archbishop Gero of Cologne and Margrave Odo of the Saxon Ostmark.

Thietmar strengthened the ties with the mighty Billung dynasty by marrying Swanehilde (d. 1014), daughter of Margrave Hermann Billung, acting Duke of Saxony from 961. The couple had one son: Gero II, who in 993 would succeed Thietmar's brother, Odo, as Margrave of the Saxon Eastern March.

In 951, he was first recorded when he succeeded his father as margrave in the Gau Serimunt. Between 951 and 978, he was also count in the Saxon Schwabengau. After the death of his uncle Gero the Great in 965, Thietmar inherited large parts of whose vast Marca Geronis and upon the death of Margrave Wigbert (before 976) received the Margraviate of Meissen from the hands of Emperor Otto II.

On 29 August 970, Margrave Thietmar and his brother Gero of Cologne founded the abbey of Thankmarsfelde, which between 971 and 975 became a royal monastery. It was moved to Nienburg at the confluence of the Saale and Bode rivers in 975. In the years which followed, Thietmar and Gero made further donations of land to the monastery, where Thietmar is also buried.

Thietmar was succeeded by the Schwabengau count Rikdag. His widow Swanehilde married Rikdag's successor Margrave Eckard I of Meissen.

Notes

Sources

920s births
979 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Margraves of Meissen

Thietmar, Margrave of Meissen


Francis Thomas Sprogell, Sr. (November 28, 1895 – July 31, 1978) was an American professional golfer who played in the early-to-mid 20th century. His best finish in a major championship was a tie for ninth place in the 1922 PGA Championship. He won the 1921 Tennessee Open and the 1925 Michigan PGA Championship.

Sprogell designed and built at least five golf courses in Michigan. In 2015 he was inducted into the Michigan PGA Section Hall of Fame. Sprogell died in Florida in 1978.

Early life and marriage
Sprogell was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 28, 1895, the son of Orrin Aloysius Sprogell (1867–1956) and Elizabeth Kelly (1871–1943). His formative years were spent in the west Philadelphia area where he lived on the same block with John McDermott and Morrie Talman.  The boys were first introduced to golf when they worked as caddies at the Aronimink Golf Club. Around 1915, he was married to Helen Donnelly. The couple had three children: sons Donald and Frank, Jr. and a daughter, Dorothy.

Golf career
Sprogell, who was described by golf writer Eddie Ervis as being "tall and ram-rod straight", worked at a number of different clubs during his career including Pocono Pines Golf Club, Philmont Country Club, Bon Air Country Club, and Llanerch Country Club where he was posted during the 1915 and 1916 seasons.

In 1921, he beat Bobby Jones in an exhibition match by the score of 69 to 71, but Sprogell modestly said, "that was before Bobby hit his stride". He was elected as the secretary of the PGA of America in December 1941 and remained in that post until 1946.  He was also president of the Michigan PGA Section for eight years.  In 1957 he became the head professional and general manager of the Dunedin Country Club in Dunedin, Florida. Sprogell also spent a number of years working in Alabama where his daughter Dorothy was born.

Sprogell on golf
In 1959, Sprogell said, "being a golf pro is not really a job.  It seems apart from working people.  After all these years I still get a thrill when I turn the key to unlock the door to my pro shop because I know that today I'll talk more golf, meet new people, and teach someone something about golf".

1922 PGA Championship
The 1922 PGA Championship was the fifth PGA Championship, held August 14–18 at Oakmont Country Club in Oakmont, Pennsylvania, a suburb northeast of Pittsburgh. The match play field of 64 competitors qualified by sectional tournaments. This was the first PGA Championship with a field of 64 in the bracket; the previous four had fields of 32 players. In the Friday final, Gene Sarazen defeated Emmet French 4 and 3.

Sprogell started off in a first round match in good form, defeating Willie Hunter 3 and 1. He continued to play well in a second round match in which he beat Dan Kenny 4 and 3. His luck ran out in a third round match against Gene Sarazen – the eventual winner of the tournament – and he was beaten by the score of 9 and 7 in 36 holes of match play. He finished T9 for the tournament.

Death and legacy
Sprogell died on July 31, 1978, in Dunedin, Florida. His wife Helen preceded him in death in 1976. In 2015 he was inducted into the Michigan PGA Section Hall of Fame.

Professional wins (2)
1921 Tennessee Open
1925 Michigan PGA Championship

Results in major championships

Note: Sprogell never played in the Masters Tournament or The Open Championship.

? = Unknown

"T" = Tied for a place
DNP = Did not play
R64, R32, R16, QF, SF = Round in which player lost in PGA Championship match play
Yellow background for top-10

Sources:

References

American male golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Golf administrators
Golf course architects
Golfers from Philadelphia
1895 births
1978 deaths

Frank Sprogell


Grand Boulevard or Grand Avenue is a north/south street in Kansas City, Missouri, United States.  Grand runs along the 200 east block in the Kansas City street grid system (2 blocks east of Main Street). In the Downtown and Crown Center areas of Kansas City, it is an arterial route, continuing on the north as the Grand Ave. Viaduct passing through Richard L. Berkley Riverfront Park and on the south intersecting with Main Street at about the 2800 South Block.

The street was renamed Grand Boulevard of the Americas from 3rd Street to 22nd Street in honor of the Organization of American States.

In some areas of the city, streets running along the same gridline are known as Warwick Boulevard. Between 60th and 65th, Grand is called Morningside Lane. Then, it joins Rockhill to Gregory. South of 83rd street, Grand is not a through street but appears erratically as the name of various culs-de-sac.

Places
 Richard L. Berkley Riverfront Park is near its starting point.
 KC Streetcar starting point is located at 3rd & Grand. RideKC transit center is across the street.
 River Market is located at 3rd & Grand.
 Arabia Steamboat Museum is located at 400 Grand.
 City Market is located at 5th & Grand.
 UMB Bank headquarters is located at 1010 Grand. A branch is at 1010 Grand and 1800 Grand with ATMs seen every couple blocks or miles.
 It passes from 12th Street to I-670 on Grand by the Power & Light District.
 The College Basketball Experience is located at 1301 Grand and connected to the Sprint Center at 1407 Grand.
 United Methodist Church of the Resurrection Downtown campus is located at 1601 Grand.
 The Kansas City Star historic headquarters building is located at 1729 Grand.
 Crown Center is located at 2450 Grand near its ending point.
 Hallmark Crown Center and Halls Crown Center are tenants in Crown Center. Hallmark Visitors Center is at 2450 Grand in Crown Center.
 Legoland Discovery Center Kansas City connected to SEA LIFE Kansas City is located at 2475 Grand.
 Shook, Hardy & Bacon headquarters is at 2555 Grand.
 Grand Boulevard is used by majority of the Kansas City Area Transportation Authority | RideKC bus routes.
 Intersects with U.S. Route 71, U.S. Route 40, I-70, I-670, I-35, and US 24.

Notes

Streets in Kansas City, Missouri
Boulevards in the United States

Grand Boulevard (Kansas City, Missouri)


A toothpick is a small thin stick of wood, plastic, bamboo, metal, bone or other material. It has at least one and sometimes two pointed ends. The first mention and patent for it was in February 1872. A person can push a toothpick between their teeth to remove very small pieces of food, after a meal. Toothpicks are also used for celebrations to hold or stick small appetizers (like cheese cubes or olives).

Toothpicks sometimes have plastic frills or look like small paper umbrellas or flags.

History
The toothpick is the oldest tool for cleaning teeth. The skulls of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens, show clear signs of teeth picked with a tool. Toothpicks that are made of bronze have been found in prehistoric graves in Northern Italy and in the East Alps.

Materials used to make toothpicks
There are artistic toothpicks made of silver in antiquity, as well as from mastic wood.

In the 17th century, toothpicks were luxury objects. They were made using precious metal and set with expensive stones.

The first toothpick-manufacturing machine was developed by Marc Signorello in 1869. Another was patented in 1872, by Silas Noble and J. P. Cooley.

Wooden toothpicks are cut from birch wood. Logs are first cut into thin sheets, which are then cut, chopped, milled and bleached into each toothpicks. Plastic toothpicks, also called dental pics, are still made in America in Georgia, by Armond's Manufacturing. Nowadays other ways of keeping include using dental floss, toothbrushes, and oral irrigators.

References

Hygiene
Food utensils

Toothpick


Peninsular Malaysia (; Jawi: سمننجڠ مليسيا; ; Tamil: தீபகற்ப மலேசியா), historically known as Malaya (; Jawi: تانه ملايو), also known as West Malaysia or the Malaysian Peninsula, is the part of Malaysia that occupies the southern half of the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia and the nearby islands. Its area totals approximately , which is nearly 40% of the total area of the country; the other 60% is in East Malaysia on the island of Borneo.

It shares a land border with Thailand to the north and a maritime border with Singapore to the south. Across the Strait of Malacca to the west lies the island of Sumatra, and across the South China Sea to the east lie the Natuna Islands of Indonesia. At its southern tip, across the Strait of Johor, lies the island country of Singapore. Most of Peninsular Malaysia's interior is forested, mountainous and rural; the majority of Malaysia's population and economy are concentrated on the coastal western half, which is where the country's prominent urban areas are located.

States and territories

Peninsular Malaysia consists of 11 out of the 13 states, and two out of the three federal territories of Malaysia, which includes the national capital of Kuala Lumpur. The states are listed as the following:

Perlis
Kedah
Penang
Perak
Selangor
Negeri Sembilan
Malacca
Johor
Pahang
Terengganu
Kelantan

Two federal territories are embedded within Selangor, which are Putrajaya and Kuala Lumpur.

Etymology

Originally comprising the states and territories of the Federation of Malaya, the then Federation under the Malaysia Agreement merged with the self-governing State of Singapore, the Crown Colony of North Borneo and the Crown Colony of Sarawak to form the new Federation called Malaysia. The merger was initially proposed in order to reunify Singapore with its hinterland in the Federation as they were originally associated under British Malaya but later separated and governed separately after the formation of the Malayan Union. Even when the Malayan Union transformed into the Federation of Malaya, Singapore was not a part of it. Although politically distinct, Malaya was then seen geographically as comprising the States of the Federation of Malaya in the Peninsula and Singapore. In order to facilitate the merger, the Borneo States (which initially included Brunei too) were brought in as well as it was believed that with the inclusion of the various ethnic groups in Borneo, the racial arithmetic would be offset such that the influx of ethnic Chinese from Singapore would not politically overwhelm Malaya, satisfying the Malay ultras.

Ultimately, both Malaysia and Singapore agreed that after a merger, Singapore would retain autonomy in labour, education and health, among others, unlike the other states in the Federation of Malaya. In exchange, Singapore received a underproportioned representation in the House of Representatives of Parliament. Singapore within Malaysia was seen as having a special status (similar to Northern Ireland in the scheme of the United Kingdom) and was thus not grouped with the other non-autonomous states in the Peninsula. Although this arrangement was brief and Singapore was ultimately expelled from the Federation two years later in 1965, becoming a fully sovereign country, the Interpretation Act 1965 of the Parliament of Singapore still defines Malaya as comprising the States of Malaya and Singapore in a geographical sense. Today, the States of Malaya are colloquially referred to as Peninsular Malaysia and West Malaysia, excluding the Borneo States and Singapore. The term should also not be confused with the Malay Peninsula, which includes lands that are a part of Myanmar and Thailand.

Terminology
States of Malaya/Peninsular Malaysia comprises the States of Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Penang, Perak, Perlis, Selangor, and Terengganu, as well as the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya.

Malaya comprises the States of Malaya and the Republic of Singapore.

Malay Peninsula comprises the southern tip of Myanmar, southern Thailand, the States of Malaya and Singapore.

Demographics

The majority of people on Peninsular Malaysia are ethnic Malays, predominantly Muslim. Large Chinese and Indian populations exist. The Orang Asli are the indigenous people of Peninsular Malaysia; in 2022, they numbered around 209,575 and mostly lived in inland parts of the region.

Economy
As of 2012, Peninsular Malaysia oil production stood at 520,000 barrel of oil equivalent per day.

Other features

East Coast and West Coast
The term East Coast (; Jawi: ڤنتاي تيمور)  is particularly used in Malaysia to describe the following states in Peninsular Malaysia facing the South China Sea, a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean:

Kelantan
Pahang
Terengganu

The term West Coast (; Jawi: ڤنتاي بارت) refers informally to a collection of states in Peninsular Malaysia situated towards the western coast generally facing the Strait of Malacca which is a component of the Indian Ocean, as opposed to the East Coast. Unlike the East Coast, the West Coast is partitioned further into three regions (as seen in #States and territories), including:

 The Northern Region: Perlis, Kedah, Penang and Perak.
 The Central Region: Selangor and the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya.
 The Southern Region: Negeri Sembilan, Melaka and Johor.

Even though Johor has a coastline facing the South China Sea on the Pacific Ocean, it is not generally regarded as an East Coast state, since the main coastline of the state is located on the Straits of Johor of the Indian Ocean.

West and East Malaysia
The distinction between West and East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak) goes beyond the sphere of geography. Being separate regions administratively before the formation of the Malaysia, there exists more autonomy than the original States of Malaya, e.g. in having a different judicial court structure and separate immigration regulations. These rights were granted as part of Sarawak's 18-point agreement and Sabah's 20-point agreement with the Federation of Malaya during the formation of expanded federation.

See also

 East Malaysia, the Bornean portion of Malaysia
 Geography of Malaysia
 Golden Chersonese
 Malaya (disambiguation)
 Malayan dollar

References

External links

Geography of Malaysia
Malaysia
Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia


Edmund Melson Clarke, Jr. (July 27, 1945 – December 22, 2020) was an American computer scientist and academic noted for developing model checking, a method for formally verifying hardware and software designs. He was the FORE Systems Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. Clarke, along with E. Allen Emerson and Joseph Sifakis, received the 2007 ACM Turing Award.

Biography
Born in Newport News, Virginia, Clarke received a B.A. degree in mathematics from the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, in 1967, an M.A. degree in mathematics from Duke University, Durham NC, in 1968, and a Ph.D. degree in Computer Science from Cornell University, Ithaca NY in 1976. After receiving his Ph.D., he taught in the Department of Computer Science  at Duke University, for two years. In 1978, he moved to Harvard University, Cambridge, MA where he was an assistant professor of Computer Science in the Division of Applied Sciences. He left Harvard in 1982 to join the faculty in the Computer Science Department at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA. He was appointed Full Professor in 1989. In 1995, he became the first recipient of the FORE Systems Professorship, an endowed chair in the Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science.  He became a University Professor in 2008 and became an emeritus professor in 2015.

He died from COVID-19 in December 2020, at age 75, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania.

Work
Clarke's interests included software and hardware verification and automatic theorem proving. In his Ph.D. thesis he proved that certain programming language control structures did not have good Hoare-style proof systems. In 1981 he and his Ph.D. student E. Allen Emerson first proposed the use of model checking as a verification technique for finite-state concurrent systems. His research group pioneered the use of model checking for hardware verification. Symbolic model checking using binary decision diagrams was also developed by his group. This important technique was the subject of Kenneth McMillan's Ph.D. thesis, which received an ACM Doctoral Dissertation Award. In addition, his research group developed the first parallel resolution theorem prover (Parthenon) and the first theorem prover to be based on a symbolic computation system (Analytica).  In 2009, he led the creation of the Computational Modeling and Analysis of Complex Systems (CMACS) center, funded by the National Science Foundation.  This center has a team of researchers, spanning multiple universities, applying abstract interpretation and model checking to biological and embedded systems.

Professional recognition
Clarke was a fellow of the ACM and the IEEE.  He received a Technical Excellence Award from the Semiconductor Research Corporation in 1995 and an Allen Newell Award for Excellence in Research from the Carnegie Mellon Computer Science Department in 1999.  He was a co-winner along with Randal Bryant, E. Allen Emerson, and Kenneth McMillan of the ACM Paris Kanellakis Award in 1999 for the development of symbolic model checking.  In 2004 he received the IEEE Computer Society Harry H. Goode Memorial Award for significant and pioneering contributions to formal verification of hardware and software systems, and for the profound impact these contributions have had on the electronics industry.  He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2005 for contributions to the formal verification of hardware and software correctness.  He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2011.  He received the Herbrand Award in 2008 in "recognition of his role in the invention of model checking and his sustained leadership in the area for more than two decades." In 2012, he received an honorary doctorate from TU Wien for his outstanding contributions to the field of informatics. He received the 2014 Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science from the Franklin Institute for "his leading role in the conception and development of techniques for automatically verifying the correctness of a broad array of computer systems, including those found in transportation, communications, and medicine."  He was a member of Sigma Xi and Phi Beta Kappa.

See also
 List of pioneers in computer science

References

External links

 Home page at Carnegie Mellon University
 Online biography from home page
 Turing Award announcement
 Model Checking book
 CMACS home page

1945 births
2020 deaths
People from Newport News, Virginia
American computer scientists
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
University of Virginia alumni
Duke University alumni
Cornell University alumni
Duke University faculty
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences faculty
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Turing Award laureates
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Formal methods people
Scientists from Virginia
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania
The Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science laureates

Edmund M. Clarke


Ma Jun, may refer to:

Ma Jun (historian) (born 1953), Chinese historian.
Ma Jun (footballer) (born 1989), Chinese footballer.
Ma Jun (environmentalist) (born 1968), Chinese environmentalist.
Ma Jun (engineer) (born 1962), Chinese environmental engineer.
Ma Jun (mechanical engineer), ancient Chinese mechanical engineer.

Ma Jun


Notre Dame College (Notre Dame College of Ohio or NDC) is a private Roman Catholic college in South Euclid, Ohio. Established in 1922 by the Sisters of Notre Dame as a women's college, it has been coeducational since January 2001. The Sisters of Notre Dame ended their sponsorship of the college in 2023. Notre Dame College offers 30 majors and individually designed majors and confers undergraduate and graduate degrees through five academic divisions. The college had a total enrollment of 1,106 undergraduate students in fall 2020. The  main academic and residential campus is located  east of Cleveland in South Euclid.

While the majority of Notre Dame's students are from Ohio, the student body represents 35 states and 21 countries. The college offers a number of extracurricular activities to its students, including athletics, honor societies, clubs, student organizations, and athletics.

Fielding athletic teams known as the Notre Dame Falcons, the college is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division II level. Notre Dame is a member of the Mountain East Conference (MEC), a Division II conference that began playing in the 2013–14 school year. Prior to joining the NCAA, the college competed in the NAIA as a member of the American Mideast Conference. The official school and athletic colors are royal blue and gold.

History

Notre Dame College was founded in the summer of 1922 on Ansel Road in Cleveland as a women's college under the guidance of Mother M. Cecilia Romen, SND.  Later that year, Mother Mary Evarista Harks, SND, became NDC's first president (1922–1943). In its early years the college had a faculty population of 9 and a full-time student enrollment of 13 women and 11 novices; in addition 30 students were enrolled in extension courses. On June 15, 1925, NDC conferred its first graduating class in the form of two-year teaching certificates. In the following year, 14 students received their bachelor's degrees and state certificates to teach in Ohio high schools; becoming NDC's first graduating class of four-year college degrees. In June 1923, the Sisters of Notre Dame leased  along Green Road in South Euclid to build a new campus and purchased   in 1924. Construction of the campus began in the fall of 1926 and opened on Sept. 17, 1928. The college later bought the  in 1933. The college was originally located in a single building and expanded over time, Harks Hall was built in 1955 to house resident students with two other residence halls built in the 1960s. NDC constructed the Clara Fritzsche Library in 1971 and the Keller Center in 1987.

Traditionally, this institution of higher education was primarily a residential campus, but in 1978, Notre Dame College began to offer a program known as Weekend College, or WECO. Local residents whose schedules prevented them from taking classes during the normal work week enrolled in weekend college classes to earn a degree. In 2003, WECO celebrated its 25th anniversary. On December 8, 1983, based on its architectural importance, Notre Dame College's historic Administration Building,  built in 1927 in the Tudor Revival and other styles, was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Notre Dame College of Ohio. The building,  designed by architect Thomas D. McLaughlin and built by contractor John T. Gill, originally housed the entire college.

In the fall of 1991, Notre Dame's Master of Education program started. The college saw its first M.Ed. graduates in 1994. Although men had been allowed to enroll in certain programs, such as NDC's Law Enforcement Education A.A. degree program in 1969 and later WECO and master's programs, in 2001 the college officially became coeducational with its first full-time male enrollment. The college graduated its first co-ed class on May 7, 2005. Since the college became coeducational it has seen enrollment double from nearly 1,000 in 2001 to over 2,000 in 2010. In 2008, NDC began construction on two additional residence halls, North and South halls. The structures opened in 2009 at a cost of $15 million.

Academics
Notre Dame College offers associate degrees, bachelor's degrees, and master's degrees and is divided into five Academic Divisions:
 Arts & Humanities
 Business Administration
 Education
 Nursing
 Science & Mathematics

The college also has three special programs and two interdisciplinary programs. NDC currently offers 30 majors in its bachelor's degree programs.  It also offers an Associate in Arts degree in Pastoral Ministry. and a master's degree in National Security and Intelligence Studies. In 2018, the college introduced graduate programs in Business.

Athletics
Notre Dame College's athletic teams are known as the Falcons, whose colors are blue and gold. The school sponsors 22 intercollegiate teams. The college is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division II level. In August 2012, Notre Dame became a charter member of the Mountain East Conference (MEC), a new Division II league that began play in the 2013–14 school year. The MEC, made up mostly of schools leaving the West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, also includes another Ohio school and former NAIA member in Urbana University. It will sponsor 16 sports, eight each for men and women.

Notre Dame College previously competed in National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) as a member of the American Mideast Conference (AMC) from 1998–99 to 2010–11. The college began the transition process during the 2009–10 academic year as an NCAA candidacy institution and was granted provisional status for the 2011–12 academic year. In July 2012, the college received notice it was accepted as a full member starting in the 2012–13 academic year; as a full member the college is eligible for postseason conference and NCAA competition. During its time in the NAIA, the college was known for its men's wrestling program. The team won back-to-back NAIA National Championships in 2010 and 2011. In 2014, the school's second year of NCAA eligibility, Notre Dame College won the Division II national wrestling championship led by four-time national champion and undefeated wrestler Joey Davis.

The men's rugby team won the 2017 USA Rugby men's collegiate Division IAA national championship, defeating UC–Davis, 40–20.

Men's
Sports to be sponsored by the MEC are in italics.
 Baseball
 Basketball
 Bowling
 Football
 Golf
 Rugby
 Soccer
 Swimming and diving
 Wrestling
Track and field
Cross country

Women's
Sports to be sponsored by the MEC are in italics.
 Basketball
 Golf
 Lacrosse
 Rugby
 Soccer
 Softball
 Swimming and diving
 Water polo
 Volleyball
Track and field
Cross country

See also
 List of Roman Catholic universities and colleges in the United States

Notable alumni
 Jarred Brooks - MMA fighter
 Joey Davis - MMA fighter
 Marye Anne Fox - physical organic chemist, university administrator
 Cody Garbrandt - MMA fighter
 Dorothy Schmitt Gauchat - Catholic Worker; co-founder — with her husband, William Gauchat — of Our Lady of the Wayside (Avon, Ohio), a home for children with severe disabilities; and foundress of the Colette Marie Infant Hospice for children with HIV/AIDS
 Mary Beth Ruskai - Mathematical physicist
 Chris Via - professional bowler on the PBA Tour, winner of the 2021 U.S. Open
 Mary Helen Washington - English professor

References

External links

 Official website
 Official athletics website

Catholic universities and colleges in Ohio
Former women's universities and colleges in the United States
Universities and colleges in Cuyahoga County, Ohio
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Cuyahoga County, Ohio
Universities and colleges established in 1922
1922 establishments in Ohio
Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland

Notre Dame College


Richard Yardumian (; April 5, 1917 – August 15, 1985) was an Armenian-American classical music composer.

Life
Yardumian was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the youngest of ten children to Armenian immigrant parents, and began studying the piano at a very early age. His mother, Lucia, was a teacher and organist, and his father, Rev Haig Yardumian, was the founding pastor of the Philadelphia Armenian Evangelical community, which later became the Armenian Martyrs' Congregational Church, now located in Havertown, Pennsylvania.

Very little has been written about Yardumian's early life, but it is known that his family's household was busy and musical. Elijah Yardumian, a concert pianist and a product of the Curtis Institute, served as a musical mentor to his younger brother Richard, who began composing at age 14 and began a formal study of piano, harmony, theory and counterpoint at age 21. He was only 19 when he wrote his most popular piece, The Armenian Suite.

This work, later recorded by the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Utah Symphony, the Bournemouth Symphony, and the Singapore Symphony Orchestra, was also used as the signature theme for the Voice of America radio program Behind the Iron Curtain. Yardumian's earlier compositions frequently reflect the Armenian folk songs and religious melodies he was exposed to as a child.

The Great Depression of the 1930s precluded advanced formal music training for Yardumian, but he continued to progress on his own time. He was a private in the army during World War II when, in 1945, Eugene Ormandy and the Philadelphia Orchestra premiered Desolate City, which marked Yardumian's debut as a composer. This was also the beginning of his long association with Ormandy, which led to several recordings on the Columbia label.

Throughout the history of their relationship, the Philadelphia Orchestra premiered ten of Yardumian's works, bringing the total of known performances worldwide to nearly 100. This number includes the performances of his Story of Abraham, a multi-media composition that included the broadcast of André Girard's unique hand-painted 70mm film sequences.

In 1967, Fordham University, in celebration of its 125th anniversary, commissioned Yardumian to write his mass, Come Creator Spirit, which was premiered at Lincoln Center that year with mezzo-soprano Lili Chookasian. This musically complex piece is now rarely if ever performed, yet it stands as an interesting contribution to the Catholic musical canon, if for no other reason than for its having been penned by a Protestant.

In the 1950s, Yardumian began writing hymns for The Lord's New Church Which Is Nova Hierosolyma, a Swedenborgian congregation, in Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania, a church he later joined and for which he became musical director.

Death
Yardumian died of complications following a heart attack at home in Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania on August 15, 1985. He was the father of thirteen children, including pianist Vera Yardumian, painter Nishan Yardumian and teacher Esther Yardumian.

Selected recordings
Armenian Suite ()
Cantus animae et cordis for strings (1955) () (recorded by Eugene Ormandy and the Philadelphia Orchestra in string orchestra form ())
Chorale-prelude on plainsong Veni Sancte Spiritus, for orchestra ()
Flute Quintet (1951)
Symphony No. 1 (1950), No. 2 Psalms for medium voice and orchestra (written 1947-64 )
Violin Concerto (1949, revised 1960) ()
Passacaglia, Recitative and Fugue for piano and orchestra (1957; played by John Ogdon in concert  and recorded by him twice: with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra under Igor Buketoff; and the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra under Paavo Berglund ()).
Chromatic sonata (1946; recorded by John Ogdon on HMV SLS 868)

Discography
 1960. Passacaglia, Recitative, and Fugue; Cantus Animae et Cordis; Chorale-Prelude. Philadelphia Orchestra: Eugene Ormandy conducting; John Pennink, piano. (Columbia Masterworks MS 6229/ML 5629; LP).
 1963. Symphony No. 1; Violin Concerto. Philadelphia Orchestra: Eugene Ormandy conducting; Anshel Brusilow, violin. (Columbia Masterworks MS 6462 / ML 5862; LP).
 1964. Symphony No. 2; Symphony No. 1; Chorale-Prelude. Philadelphia Orchestra: Eugene Ormandy conducting; Lili Chookasian, mezzo-soprano. (Columbia Masterworks MS 6859; LP).
 1967. Symphony No. 2 "Psalms". Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra: Jussi Jalas conducting; Maiju Kuusoja, mezzo-soprano. (Finlandia Classics FINCLA 26; CD).
 1967. Come, Creator Spirit: a new Mass in English. Chamber Symphony of Philadelphia, Anshel Brusilow conducting  (RCA Victor LSC-2979, LP).
 1976. Armenian Suite; Cantus Animae et Cordis; Symphony No. 1. Bournemouth Symphony, Anshel Brusilow conducting. (EMI EMD 5527; in USA, HNH Records 4043; LP).
 1981. Symphony No. 2 "Psalms" and Armenian Suite. Utah Symphony Orchestra (Varese Sarabande 704.130).

References
Demirjian, Charles. 2004. "Richard Yardumian: A Profile of the Man, His Music and Mission" Forum Magazine.
Richard Yardumian page at Bach-cantatas.com

American male classical composers
American people of Armenian descent
American Swedenborgians
1917 births
1985 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Musicians from Philadelphia
Armenian Protestants
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians

Richard Yardumian


The AGA cooker is a heat storage stove and cooker. The heavy frame is made of cast iron and  absorbs heat from a low-intensity source. Originally, AGAs burnt coke or anthracite. Later versions used gas as the heat source.

The heat is used for cooking. It was invented and initially produced in Sweden. From 1957 all production has been in the United Kingdom.

The cast-iron parts were cast at the Coalbrookdale foundry in the 1940s.  They were still made there by the Aga Rangemaster Group until November 2017 when the company closed the site.

Owners often talk about how the AGA actually makes their homes more energy efficient. The AGA does a number of jobs: it replaces several radiators, a tumble dryer, electric kettle and toaster. It is not just a cooker.

The company which makes AGAs also makes other stoves, such as the Rayburn range.  It is the Aga Rangemaster Group, which was taken over by the US company Middleton Corporation in 2015.

Related pages
Kitchen stove

References

Cooking appliances

AGA cooker


Aaron Becker (born 1974) is an American writer and illustrator of children's books.  He is best known for his wordless children's book Journey, which received positive reviews in the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal and a Caldecott Honor in 2014.

Quest, the second book in Becker's Journey trilogy, was among a small group of children's books praised by National Public Radio (NPR) in anticipation of the announcement of the 2015 Caldecott Award nominees.  Sam Juliano, in his popular Wonders in the Dark blog, also remarked on Quest'''s likelihood of Caldecott attention.

The final book of the trilogy, Return, was released in August 2016. Among the many publications reviewing the book were the Financial Times on 19 August 2016 and the New York Times on 26 August 2016.

Becker published "A Stone for Sascha" in May 2018. The book was reviewed by the New York Times Book Review, Kirkus Reviews, Publishers Weekly, The Boston Globe, et al.

Prior to his children's book work, Becker illustrated scenes in children's animated films, including The Polar Express (2004), Cars (2006), Monster House (2006), Beowulf, and A Christmas Carol.

 Biography
Becker was born and raised in Baltimore, Maryland. He attended Baltimore City College High School. He graduated from Pomona College in 1996, and currently lives and works in Amherst, Massachusetts.

 Published works Journey Trilogy (Candlewick Press)
Book 1: Journey (August 2013)
Book 2: Quest (August 2014)
Book 3: Return (August 2016) A Stone for Sascha'' (May 2018)

References

External links
 Storybreathing - Aaron Becker's official site
 Slideshow of Polar Express artwork
 Animatic developed for title sequence of Polar Express
 Official release trailer for Journey
 The Making of Journey
 Official release trailer for Quest

Living people
American children's writers
American children's book illustrators
Artists from Baltimore
Writers from Baltimore
1974 births
Pomona College alumni
Writers from Amherst, Massachusetts
Artists from Massachusetts

Aaron Becker


Sir Gordon Howard Eliott Hodgkin  (6 August 1932 – 9 March 2017) was a British painter and printmaker. His work is most often associated with abstraction.

Early life

Gordon Howard Eliot Hodgkin was born on 6 August 1932 in Hammersmith, London, the son of Eliot Hodgkin (1905–1973), a manager for the chemical company ICI and an amateur horticulturist, and his wife Katherine, a botanical illustrator. During the Second World War, Eliot Hodgkin was an RAF officer, rising to Wing Commander, and was assistant to Sefton Delmer in running his black propaganda campaign against Nazi Germany.

His maternal grandfather Gordon Hewart, 1st Viscount Hewart was a journalist, lawyer, Member of Parliament (MP) and Lord Chief Justice; and the scientist Thomas Hodgkin was his great-great-grandfather's older brother. Hodgkin was a cousin of the English still life painter Eliot Hodgkin (1905–1987).

During the Second World War, Hodgkin was evacuated with his mother and sister to the US, where they lived on Long Island, New York. On returning, he was educated at Eton College and then at Bryanston School in Dorset. He had decided on a career in art in early childhood and ran away from school to pursue this.

He studied at the Camberwell Art School and later at the Bath Academy of Art in Corsham, where Edward Piper studied drawing under him.

Career

Memoirs (1949), one of Hodgkin's earliest recorded paintings, shows the artist, then aged 17, listening to a female figure reclining on a sofa. Painted with angular forms and black outlines, the work precedes Hodgkin's distinct abstract style.

Hodgkin's first solo show was in London in 1962.

In 1980, Hodgkin was invited by John Hoyland to exhibit work as part of the Hayward Annual at the Hayward Gallery along with Gillian Ayres, Basil Beattie, Terry Setch, Anthony Caro, Patrick Caulfield, Ben Nicholson and others.

In 1981, Hodgkin had collaborated with the Rambert Dance Company's Resident Choreographer, Richard Alston, for his abstract work 1981 for the production of Night Music and later for the production of Pulcinella in 1987.

In 1984, Hodgkin represented Britain at the Venice Biennale, in 1985 he won the Turner Prize, and in 1992 he was knighted.

British Council in India
Hodgkin was invited to design a mural for the front of Charles Correa's 1992 headquarters for the British Council in India.  Hodgkin's mural is of a banyan tree spreading its branches across the walls.  It is a symbol of the British Council's work rooted in the Indian cultural scene.  Hodgkin said of Correa:    "Charles Correa is the most perfect architect you could imagine. He first suggested that I think about the mural as an Indian flag turning into a Union Jack. I said no."

In 1995, Hodgkin printed the Venetian Views series, which depict the same view of Venice at four different times of day. Venice, Afternoon – one of the four prints – uses 16 sheets, or fragments, in a hugely complex printing process that creates a colourful, painterly effect. This piece was given to the Yale Centre of British Art in June 2006 by its Israeli family owners in order to complement the museum's already-impressive collection of Hodgkins.

A major exhibition of his work was mounted at Tate Britain, London, in 2006. Also in 2006, The Independent declared him one of the 100 most influential gay people in Britain, as his work has helped many people express their emotions to others.

In September 2010, Hodgkin and five other British artists, John Hoyland, John Walker, Ian Stephenson, Patrick Caulfield and R.B. Kitaj, were in an exhibition entitled The Independent Eye: Contemporary British Art From the Collection of Samuel and Gabrielle Lurie, at the Yale Center for British Art.

Before his death on 9 March 2017 he was working on two UK exhibitions, one at the Hepworth Wakefield, and another at the National Portrait Gallery.

His prints were hand-painted etchings and he worked with the master printer Jack Shirreff at 107 Workshop.

A feature of his painting was that he made the frame intrinsic to the work "incorporated physically into the painting as part of its making, or created as an illusion to give definition to his subject."

National Life Stories conducted an oral history interview (C466/286) with Howard Hodgkin between 2008 and 2017 for its Artists' Lives collection held by the British Library.

Honours
Hodgkin was appointed a CBE in 1977, and he was knighted in 1992. He received an honorary fellowship from the London Institute in 1999. In 2000, he was awarded an honorary DLitt by the University of Oxford. He was made a Companion of Honour in the 2003 New Year Honours for his services to art. Hodgkin was named 2014 Whitechapel Gallery Art Icon.

Personal life
In 1955, Hodgkin married Julia Lane, by whom he had two children. Hodgkin knew he was gay, even when he was married, and later left his wife. In 2009, The Independent reported that he had been with his partner, the music writer Antony Peattie, for 20 years. They lived in a four-storey Georgian house in Bloomsbury, near the British Museum.

Death
On 9 March 2017, Hodgkin died at the age of 84 in a hospital in London. Tributes to him were made by several figures in British art, including Tate director Nicholas Serota.

References

Further reading

External links

 Artchive information
 Artcyclopedia information
 An audio interview (.ram format) with Hodgkin by Edward Lucie Smith
 Exhibition at Tate Britain, London, 14 June – 10 September 2006
Howard Hodgkin at Ocula

1932 births
2017 deaths
20th-century English painters
21st-century English painters
Alumni of Bath School of Art and Design
Alumni of Camberwell College of Arts
British abstract artists
English contemporary artists
English male painters
English printmakers
English gay artists
English LGBT painters
Hodgkin family
Gay painters
Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
People educated at Bryanston School
People educated at Eton College
People educated at St Andrew's School, Pangbourne
Postmodern artists
Turner Prize winners
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Artists from Hammersmith

Howard Hodgkin