The Catholic University of America (CUA) is a private Catholic research university in Washington, D.C. It is a pontifical university of the Catholic Church in the United States and the only institution of higher education founded by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Established in 1887 as a graduate and research center following approval by Pope Leo XIII, the university began offering undergraduate education in 1904. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".

Its campus is adjacent to the Brookland neighborhood, known as "Little Rome", which contains 60 Catholic institutions, including Trinity Washington University, the Dominican House of Studies, and Archbishop Carroll High School, as well as the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception.

CUA's programs emphasize the liberal arts, professional education, and personal development. The school stays closely connected with the Catholic Church and Catholic organizations. The residential U.S. cardinals put on the American Cardinals Dinner each year to raise scholarship funds. The university also has a long history of working with the Knights of Columbus; its law school and basilica have dedications to the involvement and support of the Knights.

History

Founding

At the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore in 1866, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops first discussed the need for a national Catholic university. At the Third Plenary Council on January 26, 1885, bishops chose the name The Catholic University of America for the institution.

In 1882, Bishop John Lancaster Spalding went to Rome to obtain Pope Leo XIII's support for the university, also persuading his family friend Mary Gwendoline Caldwell to pledge $300,000 to establish it. On April 10, 1887, Pope Leo XIII sent James Cardinal Gibbons a letter granting permission to establish the university. On March 7, 1889, the Pope issued the encyclical Magni Nobis, granting the university its charter and establishing its mission as the instruction of Catholicism and human nature together at the graduate level. By developing new leaders and new knowledge, the university was intended to strengthen and enrich Catholicism in the United States.

The university was incorporated in 1887 on  of land next to the Old Soldiers Home. President Grover Cleveland was in attendance for the laying of the cornerstone of Divinity Hall, now known as Caldwell Hall, on May 24, 1888, as were members of Congress and the U.S. Cabinet.

Growth

When the university first opened on November 13, 1889, the curriculum consisted of lectures in mental and moral philosophy, English literature, the sacred scriptures, and the various branches of theology. At the end of the second term, lectures on canon law were added. The first students were graduated in 1889. By 1900 CUA was one of the 14 colleges that offered doctorate programs which formed the Association of American Universities.

In 1904, the university added an undergraduate program. The president of the first undergraduate class was Frank Kuntz, whose memoir of that period was published by the Catholic University of America Press. The university gives an annual award named for Kuntz.

Bishop and Rector Thomas J. Shahan gave a speech to the Ancient Order of Hibernians in 1894 in which he advocated for Irish independence in language, culture, and politics. This resulted in the Hibernians endowing a chair of Gaelic Languages and Literature at the university. Only Harvard University had a similar position at the time, and this attracted the attention of William Butler Yeats. During a trip to the United States, Yeats spoke to students in McMahon Hall on February 21, 1904. In a follow-up letter to Shahan, he said: "you have surely a great university and I wish we had its like in Ireland."

Reconstruction and Civil Rights eras
Despite Washington being a Southern and segregated city when the university was founded, it admitted black Catholic men as students. At the time, the only other college in the District to do so was Howard University, founded for African-American education after the Civil War. In 1895, Catholic University had three black students, all from DC. "They were simply tested as to their previous education, and this being found satisfactory, no notice whatever was taken of their color. They stand on exactly the same footing as other students of equal intellectual calibre and acquirements", according to Keane. Conaty, speaking to President William McKinley during a visit on June 1, 1900, said that the university, "like the Catholic Church ... knows no race line and no color line."

This policy was reversed in 1914, with CUA kowtowing to segregationist policies and commencing denial of admissions to Black students.

Interwar period
In 1935, the university's coat of arms was designed by Pierre de Chaignon la Rose.

A victory parade for the 1936 Orange Bowl champions went up Pennsylvania Avenue on its circular route from Union Station to campus. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, "on his way to church, became an unwitting parader, when the march de triumph jammed traffic in front of the White House."

In 1938, due to the rise of the antisemitic priest Charles Coughlin and not long after Kristallnacht, CUA officials asked CBS and NBC to broadcast an event live from the university campus. The broadcast had little effect, participating clerics did not mention Coughlin, and barely mentioned Nazi conduct by name, while offering general support for Jews.

The university began admitting Black students again in 1936, following protests from Thomas Wyatt Turner, the Federated Colored Catholics and NAACP (both of which Turner co-founded), and the Catholic Interracial Council. Forty Black students were enrolled by 1939 with most in the School of Arts and Sciences. However, Black students continued to experience discrimination at the university with segregation practiced in many parts of the campus until the mid-1940s.

Law school
In 1954, Columbus University merged with the law program of CUA to become the Columbus School of Law at The Catholic University of America, after the American Bar Association in 1951 challenged law schools not affiliated with a university. The CUA law school was the first professional school of the university.

Recent history
The presence of CUA attracted other Catholic institutions to the area, including colleges, religious orders, and national service organizations. Between 1900 and 1940, more than 50 international Catholic institutions rented or owned property in neighboring Brookland. During the post-World War II years, Catholic University had a dramatic expansion in enrollment, thanks to veterans making use of the G.I. Bill to complete college educations. By the early 21st century, the university has over 6,000 students from all 50 states and around the world.

In 2018 the university experienced some challenges as administrators worked to reduce a $3.5 million deficit. Some faculty objected to the draft plan and voted "no confidence" in the president and provost.

On September 22, 2021, it was announced that John Garvey would be stepping down as President of Catholic University on June 30, 2022.

Knights of Columbus

The Knights of Columbus and The Catholic University of America have a history of "a close and supportive relationship" that dates almost to the founding of the university.

In 1899 the National Council of the K of C established a Knights of Columbus Chair of American History at the university. More than 10,000 Knights were on hand on April 13, 1904, to present a $55,633.79 check ($1,399,831.80 in 2012 dollars) to endow the chair.

In December 1904 Cardinal Gibbons appealed to the Knights for more financial aid to help meet operating costs after some investments went sour. The Order gave nearly $25,000. By 1907 the financial situation of Catholic University had improved but was still shaky. Every Knight was asked to contribute $1 a year for a five-year period, and in December 1913, a $500,000 endowment was established.

In 1920 the order contributed $60,000 toward the Catholic University gymnasium and drill hall, which later was adapted for use as the Crough Building housing the School of Architecture. In 2006, the Knights announced an $8,000,000 gift to the university to renovate Keane Hall and rename it as McGivney Hall, after the Knights' founder, Michael J. McGivney. The building, which was vacant, now houses the Washington session of the Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family, which was funded by the Knights and established at the Dominican House of Studies adjacent to the CUA campus in 1988.

A $1,000,000 trust was established in August 1965 to fund the Pro Deo and Pro Patria Scholarship, providing twelve undergraduate scholarships annually to the university. In 1989 the Knights voted a $2,000,000 birthday gift to the U.S. bishops on their bicentennial, to be given to Catholic University and used to fund special projects jointly chosen by the university and the Knights. Part of it was used to build the Columbus School of Law.

Papal visits
CUA is the only American university to have been visited by three popes and is one of only two universities to have any visits by a pontiff. Pope John Paul II visited on October 7, 1979. On April 16, 2008, Pope Benedict XVI gave an address at the campus about Catholic education and academic freedom. Pope Francis visited on September 23, 2015, during his trip to the United States, where he celebrated Mass on the east portico of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception.

Campus

The CUA campus is in the residential community of Brookland in Northeast Washington; its main entrance is 620 Michigan Ave., NE. The campus is bound by Michigan Avenue to the south, North Capitol Street to the west, Hawaii Avenue to the north, and John McCormick Road to the east. It is three miles (5 km) north of the Capitol building.

The tree-lined campus is . Romanesque and modern design dominate among the university's 48 major buildings. Between McMahon and Gibbons halls and alongside the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception runs The Mall, a large strip of grass often used by Ultimate Frisbee players and sunbathers. Conte Circle is in the middle of Centennial Village, a cluster of eight residential houses.

The Edward J. Pryzbyla University Center opened in the spring of 2003, bringing student dining services, the campus bookstore, student organization offices, an 800-person ballroom, a convenience store, and more student services under one roof. The John K. Mullen Library completed a $6,000,000 renovation in 2004.

The Columbus School of Law is on the main campus and has a building with mock courtrooms, a library, chapel, classrooms, and offices.

Theological College, the United States' national Catholic seminary, is affiliated with CUA, sending students there for their studies. Also located near campus is the St. John Paul II Seminary, a minor seminary for the Archdiocese of Washington but also serving nearby dioceses and hosting seminarians from dioceses around the country. Students from the minor seminary study for their undergraduate philosophy degrees at the university. Several organizations of religious life also have seminaries nearby—including the Josephites, Carmelites, Franciscans, Oblates of Mary Immaculate, and Paulists—all of which send students to CUA.

In April 2004, CUA purchased  of land from the Armed Forces Retirement Home. It is the largest plot of open space in the District and makes CUA the largest university in D.C. by area. There are no plans for the parcel other than to secure it for future growth.

In 2007, CUA unveiled plans to expand its campus by adding three new dormitories to the north side of campus. The first of these, the seven-story Opus Hall, was completed in 2009 in the university's traditional Collegiate Gothic style. It houses 420 upper-class students and is Washington's first LEED-certified dormitory. Opus Hall is the first residential community to house both male and female students since the 2007 adoption of a single-sex dormitory policy.

CUA demolished Conaty and Spellman dormitories, which allowed for the development of Monroe Street by Bozzuto contracting. In partnership with the university, Monroe Street Market and the Brookland Arts Walk opened in 2014. A CUA Barnes & Noble bookstore opened on Monroe. New apartments in the development allow older students the opportunity to reside off campus within walking distance of the university.

The campus is served by the Brookland-CUA station on the Red Line of the Washington Metro. Near the campus are the offices of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops and the Franciscan Monastery of the Holy Land in America.

Satellite campuses
In 2015 CUA began a partnership with the Australian Catholic University to effectively own and operate a second campus in Rome, Italy. It is housed in a former convent and includes a chapel. Before being sent home during the COVID-19 pandemic, 35 students were at the campus.

In 2020, a partnership with Pima Community College created a satellite campus in Tucson, Arizona. In 2021, a new site in Alexandria, Virginia, occupying 18,500 square feet on the second floor of Catholic Charities USA's headquarters building was opened to offer a number of noncredit certificate programs.

Green initiatives and sustainability
CUA has environmental sustainability programs, including participation in Earth Day, Casey Trees tree planting, and Campus Beautification Day. CUA's newest building, Opus Hall, is LEED-compliant, and the school buys 30% of its electricity from green sources. CUA participated in the 2010 College Sustainability Report Card rating.

In 2009, the School of Architecture and Planning introduced a Master of Science program in sustainable design.

Academics

Catholic University has 12 schools:
School of Architecture and Planning
School of Arts and Sciences
Tim and Steph Busch School of Business
School of Canon Law
School of Engineering
Columbus School of Law
Benjamin T. Rome School of Music, Drama, and Art
Conway School of Nursing
School of Philosophy
Metropolitan School of Professional Studies
National Catholic School of Social Service
School of Theology and Religious Studies
It also has 21 research centers and facilities as well as serving as home to the Catholic University of America Press, established in 1939. The 12 schools offer Doctor of Philosophy degrees (or appropriate professional degrees) in 66 programs and Master's Degrees in 103 programs. Undergraduate degrees are awarded in 72 programs by six schools: architecture and planning, arts and sciences, engineering, music, nursing, and philosophy.

Undergraduates combine a liberal arts curriculum in arts and sciences with courses in a major field of study. The Metropolitan School provides programs for adults who wish to earn baccalaureate degrees or participate in continuing education and certificate programs on a part-time basis. Catholic University is the only U.S. university with an ecclesiastical faculty of canon law (established by the Holy See in 1923) and is one of the few U.S. universities with ecclesiastical faculties of philosophy and sacred theology. Theological College, the university seminary, prepares men for the priesthood. The School of Theology and Religious Studies is a member of the Washington Theological Consortium.

The Catholic University of America announced on January 8, 2013, the creation of a School of Business and Economics. Previously housed in the School of Arts and Sciences as Department of Business and Economics, the university's board of trustees voted in December 2012 to confirm the creation of the school commencing January 1, 2013, after a three-year process of discernment, evaluation, and planning. In fall 2013, the School of Library and Information Science became a department of the School of Arts and Sciences, giving the university its present composition.

Ninety-eight percent of full-time faculty have doctoral or terminal degrees and 68% teach undergraduates. Of the full-time faculty, 59% are Catholic. In 2018, every tenured and tenure track professor of biology received funding from the National Institutes of Health, which is "quite rare in any university".

CUA was one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities, although it withdrew its membership in 2002, citing a conflict with its mission. In addition, it has been recommended by the Cardinal Newman Society in The Newman Guide to Choosing a Catholic College. It was described as one of the 25 most underrated colleges in the United States.

Research centers and facilities

According to the National Science Foundation, CUA spent $25.5 million on research and development in 2018.

Over time, several national Catholic scholarly associations became based at the university, including the Catholic Biblical Association of America, publisher of the Catholic Biblical Quarterly, and (for many years) the American Catholic Philosophical Association. The university is also home to the Catholic University of America Press.

Research institutes located here include:
Center for Advanced Training in Cell and Molecular Biology
Center for Advancement of Catholic Education
Center for American Catholic Studies
Center for Catalan Studies
Center for Irish Studies
Center for Medieval and Byzantine Studies
Center for Pastoral Studies
Center for the Study of Culture and Values
Center for the Study of Early Christianity
Center for the Study of Energy and Environmental Stewardship
Center for Ward Method Studies
Homecare and Telerehabilitation Technology Center
Institute for Astrophysics and Computational Sciences
Institute for Biomolecular Studies
Institute for Christian Oriental Research
Institute for Communications Law Studies
Institute for Policy Research and Catholic Studies (formerly the Life Cycle Institute)
Institute for Sacred Music
Institute for Social Justice
Institute of Musical Arts
Latin American Center for Graduate Studies in Music
Vitreous State Laboratory

Libraries
The main library on campus is the John K. Mullen of Denver Memorial Library. The library system houses more than 1.3 million books and print volumes and provides access to tens of thousands of electronic journals and books. The University is also a partner in the Washington Research Library Consortium. The special collections of the university support advanced research and preserve University records, manuscript collections, and audiovisual materials which document the history of Catholics in America and the history of Catholic University. Rare books collections contain materials ranging from medieval manuscripts to modern first editions. The Semitics/Institute of Christian Oriental Research (ICOR) library supports research on the languages of the Bible and the ancient Near East. A special autonomous library, the Oliveira Lima Library (sometimes referred to as the Ibero-American Library), houses one of the largest collections of rare books on history and literature of Portuguese Brazilian culture outside of Brazil.

Pima Community College
In 2019, a partnership with Pima Community College was announced whereby students could earn an associate degree from Pima and a bachelor's degree in business management from Catholic University.

Over the course of the program, two-thirds of courses will be taken remotely and one-third will be taken on the Pima campus. Some local business leaders will serve as adjunct professors.

Between 20 and 25 students will initially be admitted to the program, which has a total four year cost of $32,000.

Catholic University officials recognized that most Hispanics in the United States are Catholics but historically have not had access to Catholic higher education in their areas. According to a university press release, an analysis by Catholic University found that of "the 25 U.S. cities with the largest total increases in the Hispanic population, nine have no Catholic college or university in close proximity." Given this, in 2017, Catholic University began exploring partnerships with existing institutions in the Southwest. Several cities with large populations of Hispanics and Catholics were considered when then-Tucson Mayor Jonathan Rothschild heard of Catholic University's desire to open a satellite campus. He called the university's provost and then connected the provost with the bishop.

Academic Freedom

Dismissal of Professor Charles Curran
In 1967, a tenured professor of theology, Reverend Charles E. Curran, was fired for his views on birth control but was reinstated after a five-day faculty-led strike. In 1986, the Vatican declared that Curran could no longer teach theology at Catholic University after the Curia department in charge of promulgating Catholic doctrine, headed by Josef Ratzinger, decided he was unfit. The areas of dispute included publishing articles that debated theological and ethical views regarding divorce, artificial contraception, masturbation, pre-marital intercourse, and homosexual acts.

As noted in the American Association of University Professors report, "Had it not been for the intervention of the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Professor Curran would undoubtedly still be active in the university's Department of Theology, a popular teacher, honored theologian, and respected colleague." Curran's attorneys argued that CUA did not follow proper procedures or its policy statements in handling the case. In response, CUA claimed that the Vatican's actions against Curran trumped any campus-based policy or tenure rules. In 1989, Curran filed suit against Catholic University, claiming unlawful termination. Curran's case was ultimately dismissed; the court found Catholic University had the right to fire Curran for teaching theology from a viewpoint that contradicted the school's religion.

In 1990, the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) defended Curran and censured Catholic University's administration for failing to adhere to the AAUP's Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure. The AAUP found that "unsatisfactory conditions of academic freedom and tenure have been found to prevail" at The Catholic University of America. , the administration of Catholic University remains on the list of censured institutions. AAUP censure is a purely symbolic designation that does not effect an institution's accreditation or the standing of AAUP members and prospective members on the faculty at a school whose administration remains under censure.

The administration of Catholic University has consistently reached out to the AAUP to explore lifting the censure. The two conditions for having the censure removed are inviting Curran, whose license to teach Catholic theology had been suspended by the Vatican, back to campus and changing the university's "Statement on Academic Freedom". President David M. O'Connell refused to do either, stating, "Every American university has a right to govern itself according to its own identity, mission, standards, and procedures." The Vatican's decision regarding Curran's qualifications to teach Catholic theology was made unilaterally and is unlikely to change unless Curran's stances come into compliance with church teachings. The Catholic University of America's bylaws require the school to comply with relevant Vatican policies and designates that the Archbishop of Washington D.C., who is chosen by the Vatican, is ex officio the school's chancellor. This system makes it extremely unlikely Catholic University will amend the school's charter and come into compliance with the current conditions expressed by the AAUP for lifting their censure of the school's administration.

Speaker policy
The university as a policy does not allow outside guests to speak on campus to any audience if they have previously expressed an opinion on abortion or other serious issues conflicting with the Catholic Church's teaching. Applying this policy in 2004, CUA was criticized for rescinding Stanley Tucci's invitation for a seminar about Italian cinema, because he had lent past support for Planned Parenthood.

The next year, in 2005, the school was criticized for initially rejecting an application for recognition of a student chapter of the NAACP; one of the reasons officials cited in its rejection was the national organization's pro-choice stance. In 2006 the CUA administration barred a student-run on-campus performance of Eve Ensler's The Vagina Monologues.

In 2009, the school made its speaker policy more stringent, prohibiting all candidates for political office from speaking on campus. Representatives of both Democratic and Republican clubs on campus have criticized the decision.

Demographics
The student population in 2019 was 5,059. Approximately 91% of undergraduates receive some form of financial aid. There are slightly more female students at 53%, and a 1:7 faculty to student ratio. 83.8% of full-time faculty have a terminal degree.

Student life

There are over 100 registered student clubs and organizations at CUA for a wide variety of interests including athletics, academics, social, Greek life, service, political and religious.
Annual events include week-long Homecoming celebrations, the Mr. CUA competition, and several dances including the Beaux Arts Ball, the Mistletoe Ball, and the Athletes Ball. In addition to radio station WCUA, other campus media outlets include The Crosier, a scholarly publication concerning Catholic social teaching, The Tower, the campus' independent weekly newspaper, and CRUX, a literary magazine.

Although Catholic University states that it does not have any Greek life on campus, it has three Greek social organizations and one Greek service organization. Catholic University Greek life includes Alpha Delta Gamma, the national Catholic social fraternity–Kappa chapter, and Kappa Tau Gamma, the local Christian social-service sorority. Although not officially recognized by the university, the Sigma-Psi chapter of the Kappa Sigma fraternity received an official charter in 2014. The members are all students of the university and are active on and around the campus. The national service fraternity, Alpha Phi Omega, has a chapter (Zeta Mu) on campus as well. Former Phi Kappa Theta DC Omega chapter is inactive.

Music and drama
The music and drama programs, as part of a class, stage productions each semester, performances ranging from Broadway productions to plays and operas. Catholic University students also participate in a symphony orchestra and choral groups, including a cappella groups Take Note, RedLine, and the Washingtones.

There have been several songs associated with the university over the years. The most recent fight song, written by Steve Schatz, was adopted in 2002. The original fight song, "The Flying Cardinals", dates back to before the 1930s. There are two alma maters, considered to be the university's official songs. The first, "Hail CUA" was set to music composed by Victor Herbert and was adopted in 1920. The other, "Guardians of Truth" by Fr. Thomas McLean, actually came in 2nd place in the 1920 competition but was widely adopted in the ensuing years.

Albert Von Tilzer, composer of Take Me Out to the Ball Game, wrote two songs for the university, We're Rooting For You and CU Will Shine Tonight. The earliest sports song, Through the Town, dates from 1916. Drink a Highball was a popular song during Prohibition. In honor of the university's 125th anniversary, an hour-long nostalgic musical revue was performed.

Campus ministry and religious life
84% of undergraduates and 59% of graduate students self-identify as Catholic. The campus ministry has two groups of student ministers: the "resident ministers" who live in residence halls and focus primarily on upperclassmen and the "house members", who focus on freshmen.

The Friday Night Planning Committee works with the house members to plan activities for Friday nights that are alcohol-free. Campus ministry also coordinates university liturgies, plans and runs retreats, and operates the online Prayernet.

Athletics

Catholic (CUA) athletic teams are called the Cardinals. The university is a member of the Division III of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Landmark Conference for most of its sports since the 2007–08 academic year. They are also associate members of the New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference for football, and the Mid-Atlantic Rowing Conference for rowing. The team colors are red (PMS 1805) and black. The first recorded football game was played against Mount Saint Mary's College on November 28, 1895, but records indicate earlier track and field events.

The university beat the University of Mississippi at the second Orange Bowl in 1936, 20–19. They also tied the Arizona State Teachers College at Tempe (now Arizona State University) in the 1940 Sun Bowl. The basketball Cardinals played in the 1944 NCAA basketball tournament, finishing as the Eastern Fourth Place team in the eight-team era of the tournament. They lost to runner-up Dartmouth College 63-38 in the regional semifinals, and Temple University 55-35 in the regional consolation game.

CUA competes in 25 NCAA Division III intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis and track & field (indoor and outdoor); while women's sports include basketball, cross country, field hockey, golf, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and volleyball.

Non-varsity sports
Students field club teams in sports including cheerleading, ice hockey, rugby, sailing and lacrosse.

The ice hockey team competes in the Delaware Valley Collegiate Hockey Conference (DVCHC) of the ACHA and plays at the Fort Dupont Ice Arena in Washington, D.C. The team won the Mason-Dixon Collegiate Hockey Association (MDCHA) Championship in 2009, the Blue Ridge Hockey Conference (BRHC) Championship in 2015, and the DVCHC Patriot Division Championship in 2019.
The men's club lacrosse team competes in Division 2 of the Chesapeake Conference in the National College Lacrosse League. The team has secured the NCLL Division 2 National Championship for 2015, 2016, and 2017.
The men's rugby team competes in the Potomac Rugby Conference of the NSCRO.
The women's rugby team competes in the Capital Rugby Union of the NSCRO.
The sailing team competes in the Middle Atlantic Intercollegiate Sailing Association of the ICSA.

Notable alumni and faculty

There are many notable alumni of The Catholic University of America, particularly in the arts, in the Catholic Church and in public service. Graduates include cardinals, bishops, priests, and nuns. CUA's current total of alumni exceeds 83,000, including 12 living cardinals.

In 1942, Catholic University became the first university to award a doctorate in geology to an African American, Marguerite Williams.

University rectors and presidents
 Bishop John J. Keane (1887–1896)
 Bishop Thomas J. Conaty (1896–1903)
 Bishop Denis J. O'Connell (1903–1909)
 Bishop Thomas J. Shahan (1909–1927)
 Bishop James Hugh Ryan (1928–1935)
 Bishop Joseph M. Corrigan (1936–1942)
 Bishop Patrick J. McCormick (1943–1953)
 Bishop Bryan J. McEntegart (1953–1957)
 Bishop William J. McDonald (1957–1967, last Rector)
 Clarence C. Walton (1969–1978, first President)
 Edmund D. Pellegrino (1978–1982)
 William J. Byron (1982–1992)
 Patrick Ellis (1992–1998)
 Bishop David M. O'Connell (1998–2010)
 John H. Garvey (2010–2022)
 Peter Kilpatrick (2022–present)

Board of trustees

CUA was founded by the nation's bishops, and they continue to have a presence on the board of trustees. There are 48 elected members, and the bylaws stipulate that 24 must be clerics, 18 of which must be members of the bishops' conference. Of the 51 total trustees (including the university president), 24 are bishops (including seven cardinals). In addition, there are one religious sister and two priests.

References

Further reading
 Malesky, Robert P. The Catholic University of America (Arcadia Publishing, 2010); brief popular history. online.

 Mitchell, Peter M. "The Dismissal of Father Charles Curran and the Catholic University Strike, April 1967." U.S. Catholic Historian (2014): 1-26. online

 Nuesse, C. Joseph. The Catholic University of America: A Centennial History (CUA Press, 1990) online.

Pace, Edward. "The Catholic University of America." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3 (1908) online
 White, Joseph M. "A Seminary for the Nation's Pontifical University: The Founding of Theological College of The Catholic University of America." US Catholic Historian 28.3 (2010): 19-42. online

External links

Official athletics website

1887 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities
Catholic Church in Washington, D.C.
Catholic universities and colleges in Washington, D.C.
Universities and colleges established in 1887
Pontifical universities
Pope Leo XIII
Private universities and colleges in Washington, D.C.

Catholic University of America


Barbara Avedon (June 14, 1925 – August 31, 1994) was an American television writer, political activist, and feminist. She founded the anti-war organization Another Mother for Peace.

Biography
She was one of the writers for the television series Bewitched, and helped a group of Jefferson High School students write the episode "Sisters at Heart". She also wrote for Executive Suite and Fish, a 1977-78 spin-off from Barney Miller. With Barbara Corday, Avedon created Cagney & Lacey, the world's first dramatic television series to place women in both of its starring roles. They came up with the idea for this television series after having read Molly Haskell's book From Reverence to Rape which stated that there had never been a female buddy film. Avedon and Corday initially intended Cagney & Lacey to be a film. While they were writing the series together, Avedon was more experienced and proficient in screenwriting than Corday, and Avedon mentored Corday in this area throughout the series. They were best friends for nearly a decade.

Personal life
Avedon married twice. Her first husband was Phil Sharp; they remained married until his death. Her second husband was Mel Avedon; they had one child before the marriage was dissolved. Her son Joshua is a co-founder of Jumpstart, a not-for-profit that focuses on transforming the broader Jewish community through spirituality, learning, social activism, and culture, and the Jewish congregation IKAR.

References

1925 births
1994 deaths
American women television writers
American feminist writers
20th-century American women writers
American women screenwriters
20th-century American screenwriters
Screenwriters from New York City

Barbara Avedon


Mighty Motorsports is a defunct NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series team. Used to be owned by racer Rob Ferguson, it fielded the No. 24 PMI Heating and Air Conditioning Chevrolet Silverado driven by Wayne Edwards in the early part of 2006 before its closure. The team was sold to Ferguson by previous owner Lonnie Troxell in 2005. The team's corporate headquarters were located in Poway, California, but the shop was in Mooresville, North Carolina.

The team made its debut in 2000 at Homestead-Miami Speedway. Edwards, who was a co-owner of the team, drove the No. 93 WorldBestBuy.com Chevy to a 27th-place finish. Edwards ran twelve other races that year, his best finish a 19th at Loudon, leading to a 30th-place finish in the owner's points. Edwards made two starts for the team in 2001, both resulting in early engine failures. Other drivers raced for Troxell that year were Mike Harmon, Jerry Hill, and Mike Leffingwell. Hill had the best finish for the team, posting a 17th-place run at Texas.

After Edwards left, The team continued to use rotating drivers in 2002, as Randy Briggs, Jody Lavender, Michael Dokken, Brad Bennett, and Jerry Allec, Jr. all shared the ride during the season, with Briggs posting the best finish of the season, a 23rd at Kansas. In 2003, Teri MacDonald began running with Troxell in an aborted run at Rookie of the Year, before Dokken, Trevor Boys, Dana White, Dokken, Roland Isaacs, and Jason White shared the ride for the rest of the season. The team finished 26th in points that season.

In 2004, Edwards returned and had a fifteenth-place run at the Florida Dodge Dealers 250, before Ricky Gonzales ran the next two races for the team. The team did not attempt a race until the Kroger 200, when Edwards failed to qualify. Ferguson attempted the race at Martinsville Speedway, but also failed to qualify. After 2004, Troxell sold the team to Ferguson, who renamed the team "Mighty Motorsports", as well as purchasing equipment and owner's points from Bang! Racing. Edwards started off the season with a ninth-place run at Daytona, but was soon replaced by Casey Kingsland and Blake Mallory. After Edwards finished out the season for the team, the team did not qualify for a race in 2006.

Sources
Troxell - NASCAR Owner
Rob Ferguson Owner Statistics

Auto racing teams in the United States
Companies based in San Diego County, California
Defunct NASCAR teams
Defunct companies based in California

Mighty Motorsports


Skywatch is the official regimental march of the Royal Observer Corps.

The march was composed and scored in 1972 by Wing Commander Roy R C Davies RAF, at the time leader and conductor of the Central Band of the Royal Air Force. The tune is reminiscent of the march of the RAF and has been played on many formal occasions, including two Royal Garden Parties in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II at RAF Bentley Priory and at the Festival of Remembrance in the Royal Albert Hall.

In 1994 Davies donated the original score of Skywatch for inclusion in the book "Forewarned is Forearmed - a tribute to the Royal Observer Corps".

Skywatch continues to feature on musical collections released by the Central Band of the Royal Air Force.

References

British military marches
Royal Observer Corps

Skywatch march


The Transylvanian Trilogy, also called A Transylvanian Tale (Hungarian: Erdélyi történet) or The Writing on the Wall, is a novel in three parts by the Hungarian writer Miklós Bánffy, published from 1934 to 1940. The trilogy tells about the moral decline of the Hungarian nobility and the loss of (Austria-)Hungary as a nation, in the ten years preceding the outbreak of the First World War. The novel tells the story of two cousins, the socially engaged count Bálint Abády and count László Gyerőffy. Their lives are set against the background of the political events in and outside Hungary. A part of the storyline takes place on the Transylvanian Plain, the area where Bánffy himself grew up.

The trilogy appeared just before the Second World War, after which a communist regime came to power in Hungary. This regime initially gave no room for publishing a novel in which the life of the aristocracy stood so central. Only in the 1980s was the book published again in Hungary. The first English translation was published in 1999.

Volumes

First part

The first part of the trilogy is called "Megszámláltattál" ("You are counted") in Hungarian and was finished in 1934. The title is a reference to Daniel 5, 26. In the Biblical Book of Daniel the words "Counted, counted, weighed, divided", which are written on a wall, are interpreted by Daniel to the Babylonian crown prince in the sense that the days of the king are counted, the king weighed but found wanting and his kingdom will be divided among the Medes and the Persians. This book is translated into English with the title They Were Counted.

In this book, Bálint Abády is confronted, among other things, with his impossible love for Adrienne Uzdy (for whom Bánffy's muse Carola Szilvássy stood model) and defends Romanian farmers in the mountain domains that are his family property. His cousin László gets into trouble because of his gambling addiction. The story begins in 1904 and takes place against the background of, among others, the handkerchief vote and the Hungarian crisis of 1905–1906. As a member of the House of Representatives, Bálint is closely involved in these developments. The author, Bánffy, who himself was a member of the House of Representatives, presents his view of things in this way.

Second part

The original title of the second part (1937) is "És hijjával találtattál" ('And you were found wanting'), from Daniel 5, 27. The English translation has been published under the title They Were Found Wanting. The story of the first book continues. The political background includes the arms race and the Bosnian Crisis.

Third part
The Hungarian title of the third and final volume (1940) is Darabokra szaggattatol ("You are torn to pieces"), to Daniel 5, 28. The storyline coincides with the run-up to the First World War and the Austrian mobilization against Serbia. This book appeared in English under the title They Were Divided.

Other languages
The novel was originally written in Hungarian and has been translated into English, German, French, Dutch, Spanish, Italian and Romanian.

References

Transylvanian
Transylvanian
Transylvania in fiction
1930s novels
1930s in Hungary
Novels set in the 1900s
Novels set in Hungary

The Transylvanian Trilogy


Stella Maris Light (), Mount Carmel Light, Har Carmel Light or Haifa Light, is a lighthouse in Haifa, Israel. It is located on the seaward face of Mount Carmel, near Stella Maris Monastery, inside an Israeli Navy base.

The lighthouse is closed to the public and there is no access to the building. It can be viewed from nearby.

History
Over the years there have been lighthouses in several locations on Mount Carmel. An ancient lighthouse was present on the mountain in Roman times. One early mention is a lighthouse located at the original site of the Stella Maris Monastery, as early as 1631.

The current location of the lighthouse is at the summer palace of Abdullah Pasha, the ruler of Acre from 1820 to 1831. The house and lighthouse were built using masonry from the Carmelite monastery that stood there, and was destroyed by order of Abdullah Pasha. In 1831 Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt captured Acre, exiled Abdullah Pasha to Egypt, and returned the building to the Carmelites.

The structure was badly damaged in the First World War. However, the building was restored in the end of the war and the Carmelites added a second floor in 1926. In 1928, with a donation by the Spanish Honorary Consul, the current lighthouse was built. The original lens, as well as plans for the original structure and catadioptric apparatus are on display at the facade of Israeli National Maritime Museum.

In the Second World War the British Army rented the house from the Carmelites to serve in the preparation to the Nazi invasion to the area. The British remained there until their evacuation at the end of the British Mandate in 1948. The building has been used by the Israeli Navy ever since.

See also

 List of lighthouses in Israel

References

 Listed as "Har Karmel (Mount Carmel)".

External links

Lighthouses completed in 1821
Lighthouses completed in 1928
Lighthouses in Israel
Buildings and structures in Haifa
Mount Carmel

Stella Maris Light


Bowdoin College ( ) is a private liberal arts college in Brunswick, Maine. When Bowdoin was chartered in 1794, Maine was still a part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The college offers 35 majors and 40 minors, as well as several joint engineering programs with Columbia, Caltech, Dartmouth College, and the University of Maine.

The college was a founding member of its athletic conference, the New England Small College Athletic Conference, and the Colby-Bates-Bowdoin Consortium, an athletic conference and inter-library exchange with Bates College and Colby College. Bowdoin has over 30 varsity teams, and the school mascot was selected as a polar bear in 1913 to honor Robert Peary, a Bowdoin alumnus who led the first successful expedition to the North Pole. Between the years 1821 and 1921, Bowdoin operated a medical school called the Medical School of Maine.

The main Bowdoin campus is located near Casco Bay and the Androscoggin River. In addition to its Brunswick campus, Bowdoin owns a  coastal studies center on Orr's Island and a  scientific field station on Kent Island in the Bay of Fundy.

History

Founding and 19th century

Bowdoin College was chartered in 1794 by the Massachusetts State Legislature and was later redirected under the jurisdiction of the Maine Legislature. It was named for former Massachusetts governor James Bowdoin, whose son James Bowdoin III was an early benefactor.

Bowdoin began to develop in the 1820s, a decade in which Maine became an independent state as a result of the Missouri Compromise and graduated U.S. President Franklin Pierce. The college also graduated two literary philosophers, the writers Nathaniel Hawthorne and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, both of whom graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1825. Pierce and Hawthorne began an official militia company called the 'Bowdoin Cadets'.

From its founding, Bowdoin was known to educate the sons of the political elite and "catered very largely to the wealthy conservative from the state of Maine." During the first half of the 19th century, Bowdoin required of its students a certificate of "good moral character" as well as knowledge of Latin and Ancient Greek, geography, algebra, and the major works of Cicero, Xenophon, Virgil and Homer.

Harriet Beecher Stowe started writing her influential anti-slavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin, in Brunswick while her husband was teaching at the college, and Brigadier General (and Brevet Major General) Joshua Chamberlain, a Bowdoin alumnus and professor, was present at the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House in 1865. Chamberlain, a Medal of Honor recipient who later served as governor of Maine, adjutant-general of Maine, and president of Bowdoin, fought at Gettysburg, where he was in command of the 20th Maine in defense of Little Round Top. Major General Oliver Otis Howard, class of 1850, led the Freedmen's Bureau after the war and later founded Howard University; Massachusetts Governor John Andrew, class of 1837, was responsible for the formation of the 54th Massachusetts; and William P. Fessenden (1823) and Hugh McCulloch (1827) both served as Secretary of the Treasury during the Lincoln Administration.

With strained slave-relations between political parties, President Franklin Pierce appointed Jefferson Davis as his Secretary of War, and the college awarded the soon-to-be President of the Confederacy an honorary degree. The Jefferson Davis Award was given to a student who excelled in legal studies after a donation was given to the college by the United Daughters of the Confederacy. The award, however, was discontinued in 2015, with the current college president citing it as inappropriate because it was named after someone "whose mission was to preserve and institutionalize slavery".

20th century

Although Bowdoin's Medical School of Maine closed its doors in 1921, it produced Augustus Stinchfield, who received his M.D. in 1868 and became one of the co-founders of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. In 1877, the college would go on to graduate  Charles Morse, the American banker who established a near-monopoly of the ice business in New York, which directly led to the financial Panic of 1907.

The college went on to educate and eventually graduate Arctic explorers Robert E. Peary, class of 1877, and Donald B. MacMillan, class of 1898. Robert Peary named Bowdoin Fjord and Bowdoin Glacier after his alma mater. Peary led the first successful expedition to the North Pole in 1908, and MacMillan, a member of Peary's crew, explored Greenland, Baffin Island, and Labrador in the schooner Bowdoin between 1908 and 1954.

Wallace H. White, Jr., class of 1899, served as Senate Minority Leader from 1944 to 1947 and Senate Majority Leader from 1947 to 1949; George J. Mitchell, class of 1954, served as Senate Majority Leader from 1989 to 1995 before assuming an active role in the Northern Ireland peace process.

In 1970, the college became one of a very limited number of liberal arts colleges to make the SAT optional in the admissions process, and in 1971, after nearly 180 years as a small men's college, Bowdoin admitted its first class of women. Bowdoin also phased out fraternities in 1997, replacing them with a system of college-owned social houses.

In 1970, Bowdoin began competing in the Colby-Bates-Bowdoin Consortium, with Bates and Colby. The consortium became both an athletic rivalry and an academic exchange program.

21st century
On January 18, 2008, Bowdoin announced that it would eliminate loans for all new and current students receiving financial aid, replacing those loans with grants beginning with the 2008–2009 academic year. President Barry Mills stated, "Some see a calling in such vital but often low paying fields such as teaching or social work. With significant debt at graduation, some students will undoubtedly be forced to make career or education choices not based on their talents, interests, and promise in a particular field but rather on their capacity to repay student loans. As an institution devoted to the common good, Bowdoin must consider the fairness of such a result."

In February 2009, following a US$10 million donation (equivalent to $ million in ) by Subway Sandwiches co-founder and alumnus Peter Buck, class of 1952, the college completed a $250-million capital campaign. Additionally, the college has also recently completed major construction projects on the campus, including a renovation of the college's art museum and a new fitness center named after Peter Buck.

On July 1, 2015, Clayton Rose succeeded Mills as president. Eight years later, on July 1, 2023, Safa Zaki succeeded Rose as the first woman ever to assume presidency of the college.

Admissions
The acceptance rate for the class of 2027 was 8.0 percent. The applicant pool consisted of 10,966 candidates, up from 9,376 for the class of 2026.

U.S. News & World Report classifies Bowdoin as "most selective." Of enrolling students, 89% are in the top 10% of their high school graduating class. Although Bowdoin does not require the SAT in admissions, all students may submit a score upon application. The middle 50% SAT range for the verbal and math sections of the SAT is 660–750 and 660–750, respectively—numbers of only those submitting scores during the admissions process. The middle 50% ACT range is 30–33.

The April 17, 2008, edition of The Economist noted Bowdoin in an article on university admissions: "So-called 'almost-Ivies' such as Bowdoin and Middlebury also saw record low admission rates this year (18% each). It is now as hard to get into Bowdoin, says the college's admissions director, as it was to get into Princeton in the 1970s." Many students apply for financial aid, and around 85% of those who apply to receive aid. Bowdoin is a need-blind and no-loans institution. While a significant portion of the student body hails from New England—including nearly 25% from Massachusetts and 10% from Maine—recent classes have drawn from an increasingly national and international pool. The median family income of Bowdoin students is $195,900, with 57% of students coming from the top 10% of highest-earning families and 17.5% from the bottom 60%. Although Bowdoin once had a reputation for homogeneity (both ethnically and socioeconomically), a diversity campaign has increased the percentage of students of color in recent classes to more than 31%. In fact, admission of minorities goes back at least as far as John Brown Russwurm 1826, Bowdoin's first African-American college graduate and the third African-American graduate of any American college.

Academics

Course distribution requirements were abolished in the 1970s but were reinstated by a faculty majority vote in 1981 due to an initiative by oral communication and film professor Barbara Kaster. She insisted that distribution requirements would ensure students a more well-rounded education in a diversity of fields and therefore present them with more career possibilities. The requirements of at least two courses in each of the categories of natural sciences/mathematics, social and behavioral sciences, humanities/fine arts, and foreign studies (including languages) took effect for the class of 1987 and have been gradually amended since then. Current requirements require one course each in natural sciences, quantitative reasoning, visual and performing arts, international perspectives, and difference, power, and inequity. A small writing-intensive course, called a first-year seminar, is also required. The most popular majors, by 2021 graduates, were:
Political Science and Government (82)
Econometrics and Quantitative Economics (61)
Biology/Biological Sciences (30)
Biochemistry (28)
Neuroscience (25)
English Language and Literature (25)
Mathematics (25)

In 1990, the Bowdoin faculty voted to change the four-level grading system to the traditional A, B, C, D, and F system. The previous system, consisting of high honors, honors, pass, and fail, was devised primarily to de-emphasize the importance of grades and to reduce competition. In 2002, the faculty decided to change the grading system so that it incorporated plus and minus grades. In 2006, Bowdoin was named a "Top Producer of Fulbright Awards for American Students" by the Institute of International Education.

Other notable Bowdoin faculty include (or have included): Edville Gerhardt Abbott, Charles Beitz, John Bisbee, Paul Chadbourne, Thomas Cornell, Kristen R. Ghodsee, Eddie Glaude, Joseph E. Johnson, Richard Morgan, Elliott Schwartz, Kenneth Chenault, and Scott Sehon.

Rankings

In the 2022 edition of the U.S. News & World Report rankings, Bowdoin was ranked tied for 6th best overall among liberal arts colleges in the United States, tied at 3rd for "Best Undergraduate Teaching", 7th in "Best Value Schools", and tied at 23rd for "Most Innovative Schools".

In the 2022 Forbes college rankings, Bowdoin was ranked 48th overall among 498 universities, liberal arts colleges, and service academies and 7th among private liberal arts colleges.

Bowdoin College is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.

Bowdoin was ranked first among 1,204 small colleges in the U.S. by Niche in 2017.

Based on students' SAT scores, Bowdoin is tied with Williams for 5th in Business Insider's smartest liberal arts colleges, with an average score of 1435 for math and critical reading combined. Among all colleges, it is tied with Brown, Carnegie Mellon, and Williams for 22nd.

The college was ranked 5th in the country by Washington Monthly in 2019 based on its contribution to the public good, as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service.

In 2006, Newsweek described Bowdoin as a "New Ivy", one of a number of liberal arts colleges and universities outside of the Ivy League, and it has also been dubbed a "Hidden Ivy".

Student life

Bowdoin's dining services have been ranked #1 among all universities and colleges nationally by Princeton Review in 2004, 2006, 2007, 2011, 2013, 2014, and 2016, with The New York Times reporting: "If it weren't for the trays, and for the fact that most diners are under 25, you'd think it was a restaurant."

Bowdoin uses food from its organic garden in its two major dining halls, and every academic year begins with a lobster bake outside Farley Fieldhouse.

Recalling his days at Bowdoin in a 2005 interview, Professor Richard E. Morgan (class of 1959) described student life at the then-all-male school as "monastic" and noted that "the only things to do were either work or drink". This is corroborated by the Official Preppy Handbook, which in 1980 ranked Bowdoin the number two drinking school in the country, behind Dartmouth. These days, Morgan observed, the college offers a far broader array of recreational opportunities: "If we could have looked forward in time to Bowdoin's standard of living today, we would have been astounded."

Since abolishing Greek fraternities in the late 1990s, Bowdoin has switched to a system in which entering students are assigned a "college house" affiliation correlating with their first-year dormitory. While six houses were originally established following the construction of two new dorms, two were added effective in the fall of 2007, and one added in the fall of 2019, bringing the current total to eight: Baxter, Quinby, MacMillan, Howell, Helmreich, Reed, Burnett, and Boody-Johnson. The college houses are physical buildings around campus that host parties and other events throughout the year. Those students who choose not to live in their affiliated house retain their affiliation and are considered members throughout their Bowdoin career.

Clubs

The largest student group on campus is the Outing Club, which leads canoeing, kayaking, rafting, camping, and backpacking trips throughout Maine. One of the school's two historic rival literary societies, The Peucinian Society, has recently been revitalized from its previous form. The Peucinian Society was founded in 1805. This organization counts such people as Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain amongst its former members. The other, the now-defunct Athenian Society, included Nathaniel Hawthorne and Franklin Pierce as members.

Bowdoin competes in the Standard Platform League of RoboCup as the Northern Bites, where teams compete with five autonomous Aldebaran Nao robots. Bowdoin won the world championship in RoboCup 2007, beating Carnegie Mellon University, and finished 2nd in the 2015 US Open.

Media and publications
Bowdoin's student newspaper, The Bowdoin Orient, is the oldest continuously published college weekly in the United States. The Orient was named the second-best tabloid-sized college weekly at a Collegiate Associated Press conference in March 2007 and the best college newspaper in New England by the New England Society of News Editors in 2018.

The school's literary magazine, The Quill, was published between 1897 and 2015. The Bowdoin Globalist, an international news, culture, and politics magazine affiliated with the Global21 organization of college magazines, has been publishing since 2012. The Bowdoin Globalist transitioned to a digital-only platform in 2015 and changed its name to The Bowdoin Review. The college's radio station, WBOR, has been operating since the early 1940s. In 1999, The Bowdoin Cable Network was formed, producing a weekly newscast and several student-created shows per semester.

A cappella

Six a cappella groups are on campus; the Meddiebempsters are the oldest. Founded in the spring of 1937, the Meddies performed in USO shows after World War II.

Environmental record

Bowdoin College signed onto the American College and University President's Climate Commitment in 2007. The college followed through with a carbon neutrality plan released in 2009, with 2020 as the target year for carbon neutrality. According to the plan, general improvements to Maine's electricity grid will account for 7% of carbon reductions, commuting improvements will account for 1%, and the purchase of renewable energy credits will account for 41%. The college intends to reduce its carbon emissions 28% by 2020, leaving the remaining 23% for new technologies and more renewable energy credits. The plan includes the construction of a solar thermal system, part of the "Thorne Solar Hot Water Project"; cogeneration in the central heating plant (for which Bowdoin received $400,000 in federal grants); lighting upgrades to all campus buildings; and modern monitoring systems of energy usage on campus. In 2017 the college was on track to meet the 28% own source reduction target, and efforts have continued in the areas of energy conservation, efficiency upgrades and transitioning to lower carbon fuel sources. Bowdoin's facilities are heated by an on-campus heating plant that burns natural gas. In February 2013, the college announced that 1.4% of its endowment is invested in the fossil fuel industry. The disclosure was in response to students' calls to divest these holdings.

Between 2002 and 2008, Bowdoin College decreased its CO2 emissions by 40%. It achieved that reduction by switching from #6 to #2 oil in its heating plant, reducing the campus set heating point from 72 to 68 degrees, and by adhering to its own Green Design Standards in renovations. In addition, Bowdoin runs a single stream recycling program, and its dining services department has begun composting food waste and unbleached paper napkins. Bowdoin received an overall "B−" grade for its sustainability efforts on the College Sustainability Report Card 2009 published by the Sustainable Endowments Institute.

In 2003, Bowdoin committed to achieving LEED-certification for all new campus buildings. The college has since completed construction on Osher and West residency halls, the Peter Buck Center for Health & Fitness, the Sidney J. Watson Arena, 216 Maine Street, and 52 Harpswell all of which have attained LEED, Silver LEED or Gold LEED certification. The new dorms partially use collected rainwater as part of an advanced flushing system.

Campus

Brunswick main campus

Bowdoin College's main campus in Brunswick ranges over an area of  and includes 120 buildings, some of which date back to the 18th century. Prominent buildings on the campus include the college's oldest building, Massachusetts Hall, the Parker Cleaveland House, and the Harriet Beecher Stowe House. The campus has two museums. The Bowdoin College Museum of Art is located in the Walker Art Building, while the Peary-MacMillan Arctic Museum is situated in Hubbard Hall.

Other properties
The  Schiller Coastal Studies Center is located  south of Orr's Island in Harpswell, Maine.

Bowdoin College operates the Bowdoin Scientific Station on Kent Island in the Bay of Fundy in New Brunswick.

Athletics

Organized athletics at Bowdoin began in 1828 with a gymnastics program established by the "father of athletics in Maine," John Neal. In the proceeding years, Neal agitated for more programs, and himself taught bowling, boxing, and other sports.

Bowdoin College teams are known as the Polar Bears. They compete as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division III level, primarily competing in the New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC), of which they were a founding member in 1971.

The mascot for all Bowdoin College athletic teams is the Polar bear, generally referred to in the plural, i.e., "The Polar Bears." The uniform color is white. The fight song, Forward The White, was composed by Kenneth A. Robinson, class of 1914.

The college's rowing club competes in the Colby-Bates-Bowdoin Chase Regatta annually. The rowing club also competes as a member of the American Collegiate Rowing Association; the women's team won its first national championship in 2023. The field hockey team are four-time NCAA Division III National Champions; winning the title in 2007 (defeating Middlebury College), 2008 (defeating Tufts University), 2010 (defeating Messiah College), and 2013 (defeating Salisbury University). The men's tennis team won the 2016 NCAA Division III Championship after defeating Emory University in Kalamazoo, Michigan.

Principal athletic facilities include Whittier Field (capacity: 9,000), Morrell Gymnasium (1,500), Sidney J. Watson Arena (2,300), Pickard Fields, and the Buck Center for Health and Wellness.

Notable alumni

Notable Bowdoin alumni include (by year of graduation):
U.S. Secretary of Treasury, U.S. Representative, & U.S. Senator from Maine William Pitt Fessenden (1824)
 U.S. President Franklin Pierce (1824)
 Poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1825)
 Novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne (1825)
 Journalist and Republic of Maryland governor John Brown Russwurm (1826)
 Medical missionary to the Batticotta Seminary, Nathan Ward
 Mayor of Oakland, California (1867–1869) and founding Regent of the University of California (1868–1874), Samuel Merritt (1844)
 Joshua Young, Unitarian minister, presided over funeral of John Brown (1845)
 Civil War general Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain (1852)
 Philosopher, minister, and academic Charles Carroll Everett (1850)
 Civil War general Oliver Otis Howard who helped to found Howard University (1850)
 Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Melville Fuller (1853)
 U.S. Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed (1860)
 Civil War general Thomas W. Hyde, Medal of Honor recipient, author, founder of Bath Iron Works (1861)
 Mayo Clinic co-founder Dr. Augustus Stinchfield (1868)
 Physicist Edwin Hall (1875)
 Freelan Oscar Stanley, inventor of the Stanley Steamer, and builder of the Stanley Hotel (1877)
 Arctic explorer Admiral Robert Peary (1877)
 Cravath, Swaine & Moore Presiding Partner Hoyt Augustus Moore (1895)
 Gold mine owner, entrepreneur, investor and philanthropist Sir Harry Oakes (1896)
 Chairman and, later, Secretary-General of the Shanghai Municipal Council, Stirling Fessenden (1896)
 Arctic explorer Donald B. MacMillan (1898)
 Business leader and President, Manufacturers Trust Company Harvey Dow Gibson (1902)
 US Senator Paul H. Douglas (1913)
 Pulitzer Prize–winning poet Robert P. T. Coffin (1915)
 Sex researcher Alfred Kinsey (1916)
 Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist Hodding Carter (1927)
 Film and television actor Gary Merrill (1937)
 Congressional Medal of Honor recipient Everett P. Pope, who displayed conspicuous gallantry during the Battle of Peleliu (1941)
 Recipient of two Silver Stars, Andrew Haldane, who was killed in action during the Battle of Peleliu (1941)
 M*A*S*H creator H. Richard Hornberger (1945)
 Businessman and philanthropist Bernard Osher (1948)
 Businessman and independent financial consultant Raymond S. Troubh (1950)
 Co-founder of the Subway sandwich chain Peter Buck (1952)
 U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Thomas R. Pickering (1953)
 U.S. Senator George Mitchell (1954)
 President and chairman of the board of L.L. Bean, Leon Gorman (1956)
 Chairman and CEO of Ted Bates Worldwide, Donald M. Zuckert
 U.S. Senator and Secretary of Defense William Cohen (1962)
 Photographer Abelardo Morell (1971)
 Senior judge of the US District Court for the District of Maine John A. Woodcock Jr. (1972)
 American Express CEO Kenneth Chenault (1973)
 Harlem Children's Zone President and CEO Geoffrey Canada (1974)
 Alvin Hall, financial adviser, author, and media personality (1974)
 San Francisco Mayor Ed Lee (1974)
 Investor Stanley Druckenmiller (1975)
 Economist and former Governor of the Federal Reserve Lawrence B. Lindsey (1975)
 NBC News Senior Legal and Investigative Correspondent Cynthia McFadden (1978)
 Senior Managing Director of The Blackstone Group John Studzinski (1978)
 Olympic gold medalist Joan Benoit Samuelson (1979)
 Former Barclays CEO Jes Staley (1979)
 Barron's editor-at-large Andrew E. Serwer (1981)
 Netflix founder and CEO Reed Hastings (1983)
 HBO Academy Award-winning producer Kary Antholis (1984)
 Fashion designer and entrepreneur Ruthie Davis (1984)
 Prison Break and Private Practice actor Paul Adelstein (1991)
 Composer, writer, and musician DJ Spooky (1992)
 Pulitzer Prize-winning author Anthony Doerr (1995)
 New York Times Justice Department reporter Katie Benner (1999)
 Poet, critic, and performer Claudia La Rocco (2000)
 Former general manager, New York Mets Jared Porter (2003)
 Comedian Hari Kondabolu (2004)
 Civil rights activist DeRay Mckesson (2007)
 New York State Assembly Member Zohran Mamdani (2014)
 The Wall Street Journal reporter Evan Gershkovich (2014)
 Tennessee House of Representatives Member Justin J. Pearson (2017)

Bowdoin graduates have led all three branches of the American federal government, including both houses of Congress. Franklin Pierce (1824) was America's fourteenth President; Melville Weston Fuller (1853) served as Chief Justice of the United States; Thomas Brackett Reed (1860) was twice elected Speaker of the House of Representatives; and Wallace H. White, Jr. (1899) and George J. Mitchell (1954) both served as Majority Leader of the United States Senate.

References

External links

 Official athletics website

1794 establishments in Massachusetts
Education in Brunswick, Maine
Educational institutions established in 1794
Universities and colleges established in the 18th century
Liberal arts colleges in Maine
Private universities and colleges in Maine
Tourist attractions in Brunswick, Maine
Universities and colleges in Cumberland County, Maine
Need-blind educational institutions

Bowdoin College


James Simpson (1781–1853) was a Scottish advocate and author.

Life
He was born in Edinburgh, the son of William Simpson, minister of the Tron Church, Edinburgh, by his wife Jean Douglas Balderston. He was called to the bar in 1801. In early life he was acquainted with Sir Walter Scott, and was one of those who read Waverley before publication. In 1815 he visited the scene of the battle of Waterloo immediately after the event.

Simpson was one of the founders of the Edinburgh modern infant school, in which he tried solve the problem of religious education by permitting the parents to select the religious instructors themselves. Failing to receive adequate support, however, the school was ultimately sold to the kirk session of New Greyfriars. Simpson continued to support the cause of non-sectarian education, and lectured in England and Scotland on the subject. In 1837 he was a witness before the committee of the House of Commons on national education in Ireland, and his appearance lasted seven days.

Simpson died on 2 September 1853, at his house, 33 Northumberland Avenue, Edinburgh.

Works
Simpson published A Visit to Flanders and the Field of Waterloo, Edinburgh, 1815, which rapidly went through nine editions. In 1853 he returned to the subject with Paris after Waterloo, which included a tenth edition of his previous work. In 1823 Simpson was associated with George Combe and Andrew Combe in establishing the Phrenological Journal, to which he was a contributor till it ceased to appear in 1847.

Simpson's other works included:

 Letters to Sir Walter Scott on the Effects of the Visit to Scotland of George IV, Edinburgh, 1822.
 Hints on the Principles of a Constitutional Police, Edinburgh, 1822.
 The State of the Representation of Edinburgh in Parliament, Edinburgh, 1824.
 Necessity of Popular Education as a National Object, Edinburgh, 1834.
 The Philosophy of Education, Edinburgh, 1836.
 Lectures to the Working Classes, Edinburgh, 1844.

An essay of his On the Means of elevating the Profession of Educator in Public Estimation was published in the Educator, London, 1839, a collection of essays written for a prize offered by the Central Society of Education.

References

Attribution

1781 births
1853 deaths
Lawyers from Edinburgh
19th-century Scottish writers
Writers from Edinburgh
Scottish educational theorists
Phrenologists
Advocates

James Simpson (advocate)


Johann Georg Halske (30 July 1814 – 18 March 1890) was a German master mechanic.

Biography
Born in Hamburg, Halske started his own workshop in Berlin in 1844, which he ran together with his partner F. M. Böttcher. In 1847 Halske founded the Siemens & Halske Telegraph Construction Company together with Werner von Siemens. Halske was particularly involved in the construction and design of electrical equipment such as the press which enabled wires to be insulated with a seamless coat of gutta-percha, the pointer telegraph and the morse telegraph and measuring instruments. In 1867 he withdrew from the company because his views on company policy diverged from those of the Siemens brothers and devoted himself in his role as a Berlin city councillor to the administration of the city and the establishment of the Museum of Decorative Art. He remained friends with Werner von Siemens until Halske's death in 1890.
Even after his departure, he continued to support the company and participated financially in the Siemens pension fund, founded in 1872.

References

External links
Lifelines: Johann Georg Halske. Vol. 1, ed. Siemens Historical Institute, Munich 2014 .
Picture, biography, and bibliography in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science

1814 births
1890 deaths
German mechanical engineers
German company founders
19th-century German businesspeople
Businesspeople from Hamburg
Siemens people
Engineers from Hamburg

Johann Georg Halske


The  is a small museum in Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan, that contains material about writers who have lived, died, or were active in the city of Kamakura itself. The museum displays personal effects, manuscripts, first editions, and documents owned by well over a hundred writers of Japanese literature, including Natsume Sōseki and Kawabata Yasunari, as well as film director Yasujirō Ozu. The villa that hosts the museum, its large garden and its rose garden are also of great interest.

The plaque in front of the villa says:

Kamakura Museum of Literature (a villa of the old, noble Maeda family)

The house was erected in 1936 by Toshinari Maeda (前田利為), the 16th head of the Maeda family, (part of the Kaga clan). It stands half way up a hill in Kamakura, overlooking Sagami Bay. It represents the villa architecture of those days. Eisaku Satō, a former Prime Minister and Nobel Peace Prize winner, once made use of it as his villa. It also appeared in a scene from "Spring Snow", a novel by Yukio Mishima, a well-known novelist. It opened to the public as Kamakura Museum of Literature in November 1985. The Main Building of the Kamakura Museum of Literature was registered as a National Registered Tangible Property in April 2000.

References

External links
 Kamakura Trip website "Kamakura Museum of Literature" page (in English)

Buildings and structures in Kamakura, Kanagawa
Museums established in 1985
Museums in Kanagawa Prefecture
Literary museums in Japan
Biographical museums in Japan
1985 establishments in Japan

Kamakura Museum of Literature


Marc Rogers is a Canadian acoustic and electric bassist.

Career
Rogers studied at the University of North Texas College of Music, where he was a member of the One O'Clock Lab Band directed by Neil Slater.

He is a member of the band The Philosopher Kings.  Rogers tours with and is a member of Michael Kaeshammer's band. He has recorded and written music for film and TV including Zoe Busiek: Wild Card, the L Word, Lie With Me and Saint Ralph.

In 1999, Rogers was the bassist for the band Laszlo which featured Norah Jones as the lead singer.

In 2006 he was in a jazz ensemble with Robi Botos, Phil Dwyer, and Terri Lyne Carrington.  They were nominated for a Juno Award in the category Contemporary Jazz Album of the Year for the recording One Take – Volume II.

Rogers is a contributing columnist for Canadian Musician Magazine.

Personal life
Rogers is married to singer/songwriter Karen Kosowski.

Selected discography
Solo
 Marc Rogers – Lunasa (2003)

With Jarvis Church
 Jarvis Church & The Soul Station – Vol. 1 (2012)

With Shawn Hook
Cosmonaut and the Girl (2012)

With Michael Kaeshammer
KaeshammerLive! (2012)
KAESHAMMER (2011)
Lovelight (2009)

With Emma-Lee
Backseat Heroine (2012)

With Sarah Harmer
Oh Little Fire (2010)

With Nelly Furtado
Mi Plan (2009)

With Mark McLean
Playground (2010)

With Anjulie
Anjulie (2009)

With Kelly Jefferson Quartet
Next Exit (2010)
Spark (2005)

With Stereos
Throw Ya Hands Up (Single)(2009)
Summer Girl (Single)(2009)

With Justin Hines
Chasing Silver (2009)

With Kreesha Turner
Passion (2008)

With Serena Ryder
Calling To Say (Single)(2007)

With The Philosopher Kings
Castles (2006)

With Theo Tams
Sing (Single)(2008)

With Fefe Dobson
Joy (2010)

With K'naan
The Dusty Foot Philosopher (2005)

With Peter Katz
More Nights (2007)

With Amanda Stott
Chasing the Sky (2005)

With Sophie Milman
Sophie Milman (2004)

With Emilie-Claire Barlow
Like a Lover (2005)

With Layah Jane
Grievance and Gratitude (2005)

With Emma Roberts
Grievance and Gratitude (2005)

With Matt Dusk
Peace on Earth (2004)

With The Good Lovelies
Let The Rain Fall (2005)

With Emblem3
Nothing to Lose (2005)

With Kate Ceberano
Kensal Road (2013)

With Barbra Lica
That's What I Do (2012)

References

Canadian rhythm and blues musicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Canadian bass guitarists
21st-century Canadian bass guitarists

Marc Rogers


Paul Erlich (born 1972) is a guitarist and music theorist living near Boston, Massachusetts. He is known for his seminal role in developing the theory of regular temperaments, including being the first to define pajara temperament and its decatonic scales in 22-ET.  He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in physics from Yale University.

His definition of harmonic entropy, a refinement of a model by van Eck influenced by Ernst Terhardt has received attention from music theorists such as William Sethares. It is intended to model one of the components of dissonance as a measure of the uncertainty of the virtual pitch ("missing fundamental") evoked by a set of two or more pitches. This measures how easy or difficult it is to fit the pitches into a single harmonic series. For example, most listeners rank a  harmonic seventh chord as far more consonant than a  chord. Both have exactly the same set of intervals between the notes, under inversion, but the first one is easy to fit into a single harmonic series (overtones rather than undertones). In the harmonic series, the integers are much lower for the harmonic seventh chord, , versus its inverse, . Components of dissonance not modeled by this theory include critical band roughness as well as tonal context (e.g. an augmented second is more dissonant than a minor third even though both can be tuned to the same size, as in 12-ET).

For the th iteration of the Farey diagram, the mediant between the th element, , and the next highest element:

is subtracted by the mediant between the element and the next lowest element:

From here, the process to compute harmonic entropy is as follows:
(a) compute the areas defined by the normal (Gaussian) bell curve on top, and the mediants on the sides
(b) normalize the sum of the areas to add to 1, such that each represents a probability
(c) calculate the entropy of that set of probabilities
See external links for a detailed description of the model of harmonic entropy.

Notes

References

External links
"Some music theory from Paul Erlich", Lumma.org.
"A Middle Path: Between Just Intonation and the Equal Temperaments", DKeenan.com.
"Harmonic Entropy on the Xenharmonic Wiki", en.xen.wiki

Living people
1972 births
American music theorists
American male guitarists
21st-century guitarists
21st-century American male musicians

Paul Erlich


Broc Parkes (born 24 December 1981) is an Australian motorcycle racer, best known for his success in the Supersport World Championship. He currently races in the Endurance FIM World Championship aboard a Yamaha YZF-R1.

During 2015 he raced in British Superbikes for half the season, then competed in the Endurance FIM World Championship aboard a YART Yamaha YZF-R1, before being drafted-in to MotoGP on the ART machine for the last race of the season at Valencia, held on 8 November at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo, Spain.

Early years
Born in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales, resulting in the nickname 'The Boy From the Bush'. Parkes was originally inspired to race as a four-year-old, when he saw countryman Wayne Gardner winning a race. Gardner ultimately became his manager.

Parkes began racing on dirt tracks a year later, with great success. He also raced junior motorcycle speedway and finished second in the 1997 Australian Under-16 Championship in Adelaide. He then switched to circuit racing at the age of sixteen – the legal limit in Australia – going on to win the Australian 125cc title and Australian 250cc Production title in 1999, on Honda machinery.

Going International
Parkes then spent a season in Japan with the Moriwaki squad's Honda equipment, finishing third in the All Japan X Formula series. Parkes then moved to Europe to join the NCR Ducati team for the 2001 World Superbike Championship. He experienced a mechanical failure while running strongly in one race, but he took 16th overall. In 2002 he finished up 11th.

Supersport World Championship
For 2003 he moved to the Supersport World Championship for the BKM Honda team, but the team was late getting race equipment, and did not complete the year due to financial problems. He moved to the crack Ten Kate team for 2004, finishing as championship runner-up behind teammate Karl Muggeridge. For 2005 he joined Yamaha's factory team, struggling for most of 2005 but ending with a victory to come fifth overall. In 2006 he challenged for the title before a crash at Assen left him critically injured – although he returned before the end of the season to come third overall. He finished a distant second to Kenan Sofuoglu in 2007, with back-to-back wins at Brands Hatch and Lausitzring despite a broken collarbone early in the season, and finished 4th in 2008 despite a series-high six poles and a season-opening victory in Losail

Back to World Superbikes

For 2009 Parkes returns to World Superbike – on factory Kawasakis ran by Paul Bird Motorsport, teamed with former Grand Prix winner Makoto Tamada. His team often struggled for results, but he shone in a one-off appearance at the British Superbike Championship round at Brands Hatch. Parkes qualified second and finished second in all of the three races held there, only behind the dominant Leon Camier each time.

2010 was also a struggle for Parkes, who joined the new Echo CRS Honda team. He crashed heavily in pre-season and missed the first three rounds, and was usually a backmarker once he returned. Three races before the end of the season Parkes announced that he separated ways with Echo CRS Honda, and he joined the Motocard Kawasaki team, as the replacement of the injured Joan Lascorz. He also raced a few races at the end of the season in World Supersports with the same team.

Parkes continued in Supersports the next two seasons riding a Kawasaki and a Honda, finishing top five both years. In 2013 Parkes returned to Australia and raced for the factory Yamaha team, winning the Australian FX-Superbike Championship.

Move to MotoGP

In December 2013, it was announced that Parkes would be riding for Paul Bird Motorsport  alongside Michael Laverty for the 2014 MotoGP season. He effectively replaced his countryman Damian Cudlin and continued a 31-year streak of Australia's representation in the premier class of motorcycle racing.

2015

For the early part of 2015, Parkes rode for Shaun Muir Racing's Milwaukee Yamaha team in the British Superbike Championship, until he became unable to continue due to the after-effects of arm-pump surgery. Parkes then competed in Endurance FIM World Championship races on a Yamaha Austria Racing Team machine, with his final race of the season, a one-off riding for ART at Valencia, held on 8 November at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo, Spain, when he retired after completing two-thirds of the race.

Career statistics

Grand Prix motorcycle racing

By season

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Superbike World Championship

Races by year

Supersport World Championship

Races by year

References

External links

Australian motorcycle racers
1981 births
Living people
British Superbike Championship riders
Supersport World Championship riders
Superbike World Championship riders
Sportspeople from Newcastle, New South Wales
Tech3 MotoGP riders
MotoGP World Championship riders

Broc Parkes


August Eigruber (16 April 1907 – 28 May 1947) was an Austrian-born Nazi Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter of Reichsgau Oberdonau (Upper Danube) and Landeshauptmann of Upper Austria. He was convicted of war crimes at Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp and hanged.

Early life and Nazi career
Born in Steyr, Austria, after finishing middle school, Eigruber underwent training in geodesy and fine mechanics at the Austrian Federal Teaching Institution for Iron- and Steelworking. Thereafter, he was active in his profession. In November 1922 he joined the National Socialist Worker Youth of Austria, whose leader he became in 1925. In April 1928, he joined the Nazi Party, whose Steyr-Land district leadership he took up in October 1930. For his activities in the NSDAP, which was banned in Austria, Eigruber was sentenced to several months in prison. From May 1935, Eigruber was the Gau Director (Gaugeschäftsführer) for the banned Party in the Upper Austria Gau, and he took over complete leadership of the Gau as of 1936.

Rise to power in Nazi state
After the Anschluss, he was appointed Landeshauptmann of Upper Austria on 14 March 1938. On 10 April he was elected as a member of the German Reichstag, representing Austria. On 1 June 1938, Eigruber joined the SA, with the rank of SA-Brigadeführer effective 12 March. On 25 July, he also joined the SS as a Standartenführer also with an effective date of 12 March. On 22 May Adolf Hitler appointed him Gauleiter of Reichsgau Oberdonau. He thus united under his control the highest party and governmental offices in his jurisdiction.

In September 1938, Gauleiter Eigruber attended the Reichsparteitag in Nuremberg. When Passau Nazis met at the Deutschmeister Inn, Eigruber joined his allies and reminisced about their venture during the Kampfjahre.

He rose to the rank of SS-Brigadeführer in January 1939 and to SS-Gruppenführer in November 1940. On 1 April 1940, he was installed as Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governor) of Oberdonau. In July 1940, the Donau-Zeitung announced that August Eigruber would travel to Passau by ship. There, he would be ceremonially welcomed at City Hall, and attend the latest play by Hans Baumann. On 16 November 1942 came his appointment as Reich Defense Commissioner (Reichsverteidigungskommissar) for his Gau. On 21 June 1943, Eigruber was promoted to the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer. He was also made an SA-Obergruppenführer on 9 November 1943.

In February 1945, 500 Soviet POWs escaped from Mauthausen. In response, SS soldiers, Sturmabteilung detachments, and Volkssturm men, who were acting on Eigruber's orders, hunted the POWs down in the Mühlviertler Hasenjagd. Nearly all of them were murdered. As for those who were captured, a witness said they heard Eigruber telling commandant Franz Ziereis that "All these pigs will have to be finished."

Toward the end of the war, as U.S. forces approached his capital at Linz, he proclaimed the city a "fortress" to be defended to the bitter end. In April 1945, shortly before the arrival of U.S. forces, he ordered the mass executions of 42 resistance fighters. However, shortly after the beginning of the offensive on 5 May 1945, he fled and proclaimed Linz an open city. He managed to hide out using forged identification papers until 11 August 1945, but was arrested by US Army Counterintelligence, in Sankt Pankraz (a few miles south of Kirchdorf an der Krems).

Conviction and execution
At the Mauthausen-Gusen camp trials, held under the jurisdiction of the Dachau International Military Tribunal, he was sentenced to death by hanging on 13 May 1946 for his responsibility for crimes at Mauthausen concentration camp, where tens of thousands of prisoners died. The sentence was carried out in the prison yard at Landsberg Prison on 28 May 1947. Eigruber's last words were "Lord, take care of Germany. Lord, take care of my family. Lord, take care of my children. I regard it as an honor to be hanged by the most brutal of victors. Long live Germany!"

Decorations and awards
Anschluss Medal, c.1938
Sudetenland Medal, 1939
Honour Chevron for the Old Guard, 25.5.1938
Golden Party Badge, 30.1.1939
Clasp to the Sudetenland Medal, 1939
NSDAP Long Service Award in Bronze, Silver and Gold, 1940-1942

References

Bibliography
 Florian Freund: Der Mauthausen-Prozeß, in: Dachauer Hefte 13 - Gericht und Gerechtigkeit;  Hrsg.: Comité International de Dachau, Brüssel 1997
 Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2007, .

 Erich Stockhorst: 5000 Köpfe – Wer war was im Dritten Reich. Arndt, Kiel 2000, .

1907 births
1947 deaths
Austrian people executed abroad
Executed Austrian mass murderers
Executed Austrian Nazis
Gauleiters
Governors of Upper Austria
Heads of government convicted of war crimes
Heads of government who were later imprisoned
Holocaust perpetrators in Austria
Mauthausen Trial executions
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
People from Steyr
Perpetrators of World War II prisoner of war massacres
Prisoners and detainees of Austria
SS-Obergruppenführer
Sturmabteilung officers

August Eigruber


The Charles Miles House is a historic house at 131 Lincoln Street in Worcester, Massachusetts.  Built about 1850, it was one of the city's finest surviving Italianate residences when it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.  Many of its exterior features have been lost due to the application of modern siding (see photo).

Description and history
The Charles Miles House is located in Worcester's northeastern Brittan Square neighborhood, on the east side of Lincoln Street (Massachusetts Route 70) at its corner with Forestdale Road.  It is a two-story wood-frame house, three bays wide, with a hip roof and modern siding.  A single-story hip-roofed porch extends across its front façade, with square posts rising to arched openings.  The porch roof eave is lined with dentil molding, a detail repeated in a projecting polygonal window bay on the right side.

When listed on the National Register, the building was described as one of Worcester's finest Italianate residences, with corner quoining, a modillioned cornice, and a widow's walk.  Windows were capped by lintels set on consoles.  All of these features have since been lost to exterior alteration.

The house was built c. 1850 by Charles Miles, a clerk working the city's treasury department.
The house was occupied by Dr. Thomas P Coyle from June 16, 1960, until August 1983, who restored much of the first floor interior.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in eastern Worcester, Massachusetts

References

Houses in Worcester, Massachusetts
Italianate architecture in Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1850
National Register of Historic Places in Worcester, Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Worcester County, Massachusetts

Charles Miles House