Good Night Elmer is a 1940 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies cartoon short, directed by Chuck Jones, animated by Phil Monroe and written by Rich Hogan. The short was released on October 26, 1940 and features Elmer Fudd.

Plot
The cartoon depicts ill-fated attempts by Elmer, in a rare leading role, to extinguish a candle by his bedside so that he can retire for the night, with the flame always surging again in spite of Elmer's best efforts. Elmer finally succeeds, but only at the expense of wrecking his bedroom in the process, and no sooner than he lies down, the sun comes up, precipitating a nervous breakdown in Elmer Fudd, who starts weeping, bawling, and crying.

Reception
Good Night Elmer was produced around the time Chuck Jones was directing cartoons that bear similarities towards those made by Disney and Harman and Ising. In retrospect, the short was derided by critics and animation enthusiasts, particularly for its dull pacing an noticeable lack of comedy. A review from the Motion Picture Herald in 1942 called the cartoon a "Very poor reel. Not up to standard." Animation historians Jerry Beck and Will Friedwald also called the short "one of the most irritating cartoons ever made" in their book Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons.

Beck again discussed the cartoon on his website, Cartoon Research, in a post about his least favorite Warner Bros. shorts. He would state:"BOR-ring! One of the slowest moving animated shorts I've ever seen. First he can't take off his jacket. Then he can't blow out the candle. The character [Elmer] is so stupid its painful. The short ends with him crying in frustration (something we in the audience can identify with).

It's the equivalent of an Edgar Kennedy live action comedy short… only without the humor, the pacing… or Edgar Kennedy. The animation is beautiful, but there is nothing – I repeat nothing – in this film that couldn't have been done in live action. A depressing film – far opposite of what Jones would start producing in a year or two."

See also
 Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies filmography (1940–1949)

References

External links

Good Night Elmer at the Big Cartoon DataBase
 Watch Good Night Elmer here

1940 films
1940 comedy films
1940 animated films
1940s Warner Bros. animated short films
Merrie Melodies short films
Elmer Fudd films
Night in culture
Animated films without speech
Short films directed by Chuck Jones
Films scored by Carl Stalling
1940s English-language films

Good Night Elmer


Ernest Ropiequet "Jack" Hilgard (July 25, 1904 – October 22, 2001) was an American psychologist and professor at Stanford University. He became famous in the 1950s for his research on hypnosis, especially with regard to pain control.  Along with André Muller Weitzenhoffer, Hilgard developed the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Hilgard as the 29th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.

Biography
Born in Belleville, Illinois, Ernest Ropiequet Hilgard was the son of a physician, Dr. George Engelmann Hilgard, and Laura Ropiequet Hilgard. Hilgard was initially drawn to engineering; he received a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from the University of Illinois in 1924. He then studied psychology, receiving a Ph.D. from Yale University in 1930. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1958. In 1969, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society. In 1984 Hilgard was awarded the NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing from the National Academy of Sciences, of which he was also a member.

Hilgard met fellow psychologist Josephine Rohrs at Yale; they married in 1931 and had two children, Henry (born 1936) and Elizabeth Ann (born 1944). Hilgard died in 2001 in Palo Alto, California, at the age of 97.

Hypnosis
Hilgard is specifically known for his theory that a so-called "hidden observer" is created in the mind while hypnosis is taking place. His research on the hidden observer during hypnotic pain management was intended to provide support for his neodissociationist theory. This theory held that a person undergoing hypnosis can still observe his or her own pain without consciously experiencing any suffering. The phenomenon of the "hidden observer" was controversial and critics claimed it could be manufactured by suggestions, indicating that it was possibly no more than an artifact of the instructions given to the research participants. Writing in the late 1970s (Hilgard, E. (1977). Divided consciousness: Multiple controls in human thought and action. New York, NY: Wiley), Ernest Hilgard became convinced that we all have another being sharing our lives. Hilgard termed this entity the hidden observer.

In one of his books, Hilgard described a classic test demonstrating how this hidden entity is part of our consciousness. He wrote of a blind student who was hypnotized and, while in a trance state, was told that he would become deaf. The suggestion was so strong that he failed to react to any form of noise, even large sounds next to his ear. Of course, he also failed to respond to any questions he was asked while in his trance state. The hypnotist was keen to discover if anybody else was able to hear. He quietly said to the student, Perhaps there is some part of you that is hearing my voice and processing the information. If there is, I should like the index finger of your right hand to rise as a sign that this is the case(Hilgard, 1977, p. 186). The finger rose. At this, the student requested that he be brought out of the hypnotically induced period of deafness. On being awakened, the student said that he had requested to come out of the trance state because I felt my finger rise in a way that was not a spontaneous twitch, so you must have done something to make it rise, and I want to know what you did (p. 186). The hypnotist then asked him what he remembered. Because the trance was light, the student never actually lost consciousness; all that occurred was that his hearing had ceased. In order to deal with the boredom of being deprived of both sight and sound, he had decided to work on some statistical problems in his head. It was while he was doing this that he suddenly felt his finger lift. This was obviously strange to him, because under normal circumstances he was, like all of us, the person who decides on how the body moves. In this case he was not. Not only that, but somebody else in his head was responding to an external request that he had not heard. As far as Hilgard was concerned, the person who responded was the hidden observer.

One of Hilgard's subjects made the following interesting statement about what she experienced, making particular reference to what she sensed was her higher self: The hidden observer is cognizant of everything that is going on ... The hidden observer sees more, he questions more, he's aware of what is going on all of the time but getting in touch is totally unnecessary ... He's like a guardian angel that guards you from doing anything that will mess you up ... The hidden observer is looking through the tunnel, and sees everything in the tunnel ... Unless someone tells me to get in touch with the hidden observer I'm not in contact. It's just there. (Hilgard, 1977, p. 210) The hidden observer protects us from doing anything in hypnosis that we would not do under any circumstance consciously, such as causing someone else physical harm.

Duality of personality
This idea of the basic duality of human personality is culturally and historically almost universal. The ancient Chinese called these two independent consciousnesses hun and po, the ancient Egyptians the ka and the ba, and the ancient Greeks the Daemon and the Eidolon. In each case, the two entities shared their senses and perceptions of the external world but interpreted those perceptions with regard to their own history, knowledge, and personality.

For the Greeks, the relationship was an unequal one. The higher self, the Daemon, acted as a form of guardian angel or higher self over its lower self, the Eidolon. The Stoic philosopher Epictetus wrote: God has placed at every man's side a guardian, the Daemon of each man, who is charged to watch over him; a Daemon that cannot sleep, nor be deceived. To what greater and more watchful guardian could He have entrusted each of us? So, when you have shut the doors, and made darkness in the house, remember, never to say that you are alone; for you are not alone. But God is there, and your Daemon is there (Epictetus, 1998/2nd century, 14:11) The belief was that the Daemon had foreknowledge of future circumstances and events and as such could warn its Eidolon of the dangers. It was as if in some way the Daemon had already lived the life of its Eidolon.

Textbooks
Hilgard was also the author of three hugely influential textbooks on topics other than hypnosis.  The first, "Conditioning and Learning", jointly authored with Donald Marquis, was very widely cited up until the 1960s. When Gregory Kimble updated a second edition in 1961, Hilgard and Marquis's names were made part of the title, a distinction, as Hilgard himself noted, usually reserved for deceased authors.

A second text, "Theories of Learning" (1948), was also widely cited, and lasted for five editions (through 1981); the last three editions involved Hilgard's Stanford colleague Gordon H. Bower.

The third textbook was the well written and wide-ranging "Introduction to Psychology" (1953), which was, according to his biography on the website of the American Psychological Association, "for a long period, the most widely used introductory psychology text in the world." Several editions were co-authored by Rita L. Atkinson or Richard C. Atkinson, another colleague at Stanford and later chancellor of the University of California at San Diego and then president and regent of the University of California.  The 15th edition, published in 2009, is called "Atkinson and Hilgard's Introduction to Psychology".

Publications
Hilgard E.R. and Marquis D.G 1940. Conditioning and learning. New York: Appleton-Century.
Hilgard E.R. and Marquis D.G. 1961. Conditioning and learning. 2nd ed, Prentice-Hall.
Hilgard E.R. 1948. Theories of learning. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Hilgard E.R. and Bower G.H. 1966. Theories of learning. 3rd ed, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Hilgard E.R. 1965. Susceptibility to hypnosis. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Hilgard E.R. 1953, 1970. Introduction to psychology. Harcourt.
Hilgard E.R., Atkinson R.L. and Atkinson R.C. 1975. Introduction to psychology. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Hilgard E.R. 1977. Divided consciousness: multiple controls in human thought and action. New York, NY: Wiley.
Hilgard E.R. 1986. Divided consciousness: multiple controls in human thought and action (expanded edition). New York, NY: Wiley.
Hilgard E.R. 1987. Psychology in America: a historical survey. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Hilgard E.R. and J. Hilgard. 1994. Hypnosis in the relief of pain. Revised ed. Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel.

See also

 Alien hand syndrome
 Bicameral mentality
 Brain asymmetry
 Dual consciousness
 Divided consciousness
 Cognitive Neuroscience
 Folk psychology
 Ideomotor phenomenon
 Julian Jaynes
 Laterality
 Lateralization of brain function
 Left brain interpreter
 Mind-body problem
 Parallel computing
 Philosophy of mind
 Society of Mind
 Split-brain
 Theory of mind

References

Further reading
Mestre M.V., Tortosa F., Samper P., and Nácher M.J.  2002. Psychology's evolution through its texts: analysis of E R. Hilgard's Introduction to Psychology. Psicothema, 14, 810–815.

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20051111062701/http://slick.org/deathwatch/mailarchive/msg00383.html
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2699/is_0004/ai_2699000497
http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1988/A1988M802100001.pdf
http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1984/A1984SW51700001.pdf
http://www.apa.org/about/archives/presidents/bio-ernest-hilgard.aspx
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
Ernest Ropiequet Hilgard Papers

1904 births
2001 deaths
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
20th-century American psychologists
American hypnotists
People from Belleville, Illinois
Stanford University Department of Psychology faculty
University of Illinois alumni
Yale University alumni
Presidents of the American Psychological Association
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Ernest Hilgard


Terrence Deon Long (born February 29, 1976) is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1999 to 2006 for the New York Mets, Oakland Athletics, San Diego Padres, Kansas City Royals, and New York Yankees.

Career
The New York Mets drafted Long in the first round (20th pick) of the 1994 amateur draft.
Long struggled with inconsistency in his 5 years in the Mets minor league systems, but finally earned a call-up in early April, and played in 3 games, failing to get a hit in 3 pinch-hit appearances, before being sent back down to Triple-A Norfolk.

On July 23, 1999, the Mets traded him and minor leaguer Leo Vasquez to the Oakland Athletics for former All-Star pitcher Kenny Rogers.

In 2000, after a fast start while playing in Triple-A, the Athletics called up Long, and he spent the rest of the season with the major league team. He finished the season by hitting .288 with 18 home runs and 80 RBI's and finished 2nd in Rookie of the Year award voting behind Seattle's Kazuhiro Sasaki.

The 2001 season was much of the same for Long, as he hit .283 with 12 home runs and 85 RBIs, appearing in all 162 games for the A's that season. In August of that season, Long signed a 4-year, $11.6 million extension that would keep him under contract through the 2005 season.

The 2002 campaign was somewhat of decline for Long, as he hit just .240 and had only 67 RBIs but did hit a career-high 16 home runs, as he played in all 162 games for the second consecutive season.

In 2003, Long hit .245 with 14 home runs and 61 RBIs, and played in 140 games, but with Oakland looking to increase their star power within the outfield and Long's tumultuous relationship with manager Ken Macha, Long was seen as a trade candidate heading into the 2003 offseason.

On November 26, 2003, the Athletics traded him and All-Star catcher Ramón Hernández to the San Diego Padres for outfielder Mark Kotsay. Used as a fourth outfielder, Long played in 136 games with the Padres in 2004, he saw his average rise to .295 but hit just 3 home runs and had only 28 RBIs.

With one year remaining on his contract, the Padres traded Long, pitcher Dennis Tankersley, and cash to the Kansas City Royals for pitchers Ryan Bukvich and Darrell May on November 8, 2004. For the 2005 season, Long hit .279 with 6 home runs and 53 RBIs in 137 games for Kansas City.

In the 2005 offseason, Long became a free agent, and eventually signed a minor league contract with the Cincinnati Reds, however he failed to make the major league roster out of spring training, and struggled to a .229 batting average in 15 games with the Reds Triple-A affiliate, the Louisville Bats and was released by Cincinnati on May 5, 2006.

On May 18 2006, Long signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees, who later called him to the major league level on May 21, to replace an injured Hideki Matsui. He appeared in 12 games for the Yankees, batting .167 with no home runs and just 2 RBIs. On July 7, Long was designated for assignment by the Yankees.

References

External links
Terrence Long(@tlong1295) - Twitter
, or Retrosheet
Venezuelan Winter League

1979 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball players from Montgomery, Alabama
Binghamton Mets players
Capital City Bombers players
Columbus Clippers players
Kansas City Royals players
Kingsport Mets players
Louisville Bats players
Major League Baseball center fielders
Navegantes del Magallanes players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
New York Mets players
New York Yankees players
Norfolk Tides players
Oakland Athletics players
People from Millbrook, Alabama
Pittsfield Mets players
Sacramento River Cats players
San Diego Padres players
St. Lucie Mets players
Vancouver Canadians players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Terrence Long


Gombe Stream National Park is a National Park in north-western Tanzania.

It borders on Lake Tanganyika, and is just south of the border with Burundi. The regional capital of western Tanganyika, Kigoma, is 10 miles (20 km) south of Gombe.

Established in 1968, Gombe is the smallest national park in Tanzania, with only  of forest running along the hills of the northern shore of Lake Tanganyika.

The terrain has steep valleys, and the forest vegetation ranges from grassland to alpine bamboo to tropical rainforest.

The Park can only be reached by boat.

Wild life

Chimpanzees
The Park is most famous as the place where Jane Goodall did her research on the chimpanzee groups.  The Kasakela chimpanzee community, featured in several books and documentaries, lives in Gombe Stream National Park.

Goodall discovered that the apes eat smaller monkeys regularly. They do this by cooperative hunting, gradually cutting off the monkey's escape routes. The extent of this predation is notable:
"Goodall's Gombe data have also led researchers to take a closer look at the role that hunting plays in chimp feeding habits. One recent Gombe study, for instance, concluded that the 45 members of one troop ate a ton of monkey meat per year. During one hunting binge, chimps killed 71 colobus monkeys in 68 days; one chimp alone killed 42 monkeys over five years. All told, chimps may kill and eat a third of the Gombe's colobus population each year".

Other wildlife
Gombe Stream's high levels of diversity make it an increasingly popular tourist destination. Besides chimpanzees, primates living in Gombe Stream include beachcomber olive baboons, Red Colobus monkeys and vervet monkeys.

The park is also home to over 200 bird species and bushpigs.  There are also 11 species of snakes, and occasional hippopotamus and leopards.

Visitors to the park can trek into the forest to view the chimpanzees, as well as swim and snorkel in Lake Tanganyika with almost 100 kinds of colourful cichlid fish.

References

National parks in Africa
Geography of Tanzania

Gombe Stream National Park


Miniature bull riding is a rodeo sport that involves a youth rider getting on a miniature bull and attempting to stay mounted while the animal attempts to buck off the rider. It is bull riding on a smaller scale, as both the bull and the rider are smaller than in professional rodeo. All competitors are under age 18.

Adult bull riding has been called "the most dangerous eight seconds in sports": it requires riders to stay atop a bucking bull for eight seconds with only the use of a rope tied behind the bull's forelegs. Touching the bull or himself with his free hand, or getting bucked off prior to the eight-second mark, results in a no-score ride. Two judges score the rider based on his ability up to 25 points each for up to a total of 50 points. Another two judges score the bull on his bucking performance for up to 25 points each for a total of up to 50 points.

Miniature bull riding has been called the "logical step" between steer riding and junior bull riding for young athletes. Although the bulls are smaller than is typical for bull riding, they are still half a ton in weight, which can result in injuries to riders such as broken bones. However, the parents and riders involved in the sport accept the risks.

Comparison to other events
Children interested in pursuing bull riding have traditionally been started riding sheep, called mutton busting, prior to moving to bulls or steers. According to 12-year-old rider Caleb Griego, "staying on a sheep is more about squeezing with your legs and leaning to the front. Riding a bull takes a lot more technique. You gotta focus on keeping your legs down and staying over the front [of the bull]." One of his friends added that "it's harder to ride a sheep because it has no kick to set you back up on the rope".

Some participants in the industry believe that miniature bull riding will revolutionize bull riding given that they are more effective preparation for traditional bull riding than alternatives like steer riding. Compared to steers, miniature bulls are broader, stronger and buck more, making them more akin to full-size bulls. The use of miniature bull riding as part of bull riding training for children "just may be a way to get on top in competitive bull riding".

Miniature Bull Riding Association
The Miniature Bull Riders Association (MBR) was created in 2010 as a small stock contractor and now has its own finals event in Las Vegas, Nevada at the same place and time as the adult finals, the National Finals Rodeo. More than 50 riders from ages 6 to 14 compete in circuit events across the United States. In 2011, two-time Professional Bull Riders (PBR) World Champion bull rider Chris Shivers became part owner of the MBR to help develop future PBR riders. As of February 28, 2015, the PBR became the presenting sponsor of the MBR. Shivers and former PBR bull rider Mike White both have had sons competing on this tour.

Tuff-N-Nuff Rodeo Association
Another organization, Tuff-N-Nuff Miniature Rodeo Association, brought miniature bull riding to the National Western Stock Show for the first time in January 2014. Johnny Hopkins, a retired professional bull rider who owns the association, used a scaled-down version of his circuit. The Miniature Rodeo Association is now the largest association in the world, and holds multiple divisions for competitors based on age: tiny tots, 4 and under; pee wees, 5- and 6-year-olds; juniors, 7 to 10 years old; seniors, 11 to 14 years old; super seniors, 15 to 19 years old; and open, which is any age. "Putting them on their first bull or their first bucking horse, no matter what age they are, we have the livestock for getting them off to a good start," Johnny Hopkins said. "And we pride ourselves on that. We build their confidence one ride at a time."
Tuff-N-Nuff now owns about 70 head of cattle, one of the largest herds in the industry. Hopkins deliberately purchased bulls that did not buck as much, and were therefore less attractive to most contractors, as he felt that "if they purchased bulls that the kids could ride and learn on and build their confidence, they would get along so much better than if the kids were bucked off all the time". The Hopkins also added other types of miniature events. In 2015, they added the Miniature Rodeo World Tour. The organization, its events, and tour continue to evolve.

References

External links
 Professional Bull Riders
 Profession Rodeo Cowboys Association
 Championship Bull Riding
 National Junior Bull Riding Association
 Miniature Bull Riders Association
 Tuff-N-Nuff Miniature Rodeo Association
 Miniature Bull Riding - YouTube
 The Ride With Cord McCoy Miniature Bull Riding

Bull sports

Rodeo events

Miniature bull riding


Academic Society of Iranians in Japan, () abbreviated as ASIJ, is a non-governmental and non-profit organization of Iranian students and researchers in Japan. According to the articles, apart from internal aims, the organization aims at promoting relations and exchange between the academics of Iran and those of other countries, particularly Japan.

Major Activities
ASIJ annually holds an international conference in Tokyo with presentations in Persian, English and Japanese languages.  In the multi-disciplinary conference, in addition to Iranian and Japanese education authorities as invited guests, members from various Japanese university present and discuss their latest scientific achievements.

ASIJ in the Media
Aftab News Agency, February 25, 2006: The First Annual Conference of ASIJ was held. (inPersian:اولین نشست جامعه علمی ایرانیان در ژاپن برگزار شد).

IRNA (Islamic Republic News Agency), February 24, 2007: The Second Annual Conference of ASIJ was held. (inPersian: دومين سمينار سالانه جامعه علمي ايرانيان در ژاپن برگزار شد).

NHK World Radio Japan, Persian, March 4, 2007, 12:41:10-12:50:00JST: An introduction to the Academic Society of Iranians in Japan by the radio program "Barg-e-sabz" (inPersian:معرفی جامعه علمی ايرانيان در ژاپن  )

References

Student societies in Japan
Ethnic student organizations
Iran–Japan relations
Student organizations established in 2004

Academic Society of Iranians in Japan


Star Wars Infinities is a graphic novel trilogy published by Dark Horse Comics from 2002 to 2004. It tells a non-canon alternate version of each film in the original Star Wars trilogy in which a point of divergence occurs and changes the outcome of the story. Each individual Infinities story is unrelated to the others and is set within the timeline of their original film.

A New Hope

Star Wars Infinities: A New Hope is a 2002 four-part story arc in the Star Wars Infinities series of comic books. It is an extended alternate ending of the 1977 film Star Wars in which Luke Skywalker's proton torpedoes fail to destroy the Death Star.

Synopsis
At the Battle of Yavin, events begin to change when the torpedoes fired by Luke Skywalker experience a technical malfunction and fail to destroy the Death Star, but prevent the complete destruction of Yavin 4. Unable to fire a fully charged shot from the Death Star's superlaser, Governor Tarkin orders the technicians to fire, but the reduced power only nearly levels the Massassi Temple on the moon's surface.

The Imperials send out a wing of TIE Fighters to pick off the remaining members of Red Squadron. Luke, enraged by the failure of the mission and the apparent destruction of Rebel base, turns his fighter to face the TIEs alone. Eventually, Han Solo convinces Luke to flee and the Millennium Falcon jumps into hyperspace with Luke's X-Wing on its tail.

The Rebel forces attempt to flee the Yavin system, but are captured by the Imperials. The Rebel leaders are imprisoned on the Death Star to await execution, but Princess Leia is taken to Coruscant, where she is put under house arrest at the Emperor's residence, the great former Jedi Temple. Once there, Darth Vader subtly begins Leia's conversion to the dark side of the Force.

After the Falcon drops out of hyperspace, Luke and Han argue and Luke accuses Han of having abandoned the Rebellion. Luke pulls out his lightsaber and threatens to kill Han. Obi-Wan Kenobi's ghost then appears and tells Luke that he is moving into the dark side. Obi-Wan then instructs Luke to travel to Dagobah and seek out the Jedi Master Yoda. Han takes Luke to Dagobah, where he begins his training under Yoda's tutelage. Han then leaves with Chewbacca to finish the repairs on the Falcon. While on Dagobah, Luke enters a mysterious cave as part of his training. There, he fights and kills a vision of Darth Vader and is shocked to find Leia's face under the helmet.

Five years later, the Empire celebrates the fifth anniversary of the Rebellion's defeat by renaming the Death Star the Justice Star, which then eclipses Coruscant's sun as a sign of everlasting peace. Now trained in the ways of the Sith, Leia convinces the Emperor to reinstate the Imperial Senate. Han and Chewbacca watch coverage of the celebrations in a bar on Ord Mantell and then board the Falcon and head back to Dagobah.

On Dagobah, Luke's training is nearing completion. The last test is for Luke to re-enter the cave. Luke is again confronted by a vision of Vader but is now able to overcome his fears and completely connect to the Force. Han arrives soon after and informs Luke of Leia's whereabouts. Yoda then reveals to Luke the truth that Leia is really his sister and that Vader is their father.

Luke, Yoda, Han, Chewbacca and R2-D2 then take the Falcon to the Coruscant system. Once there, the Falcon lands on the Justice Star where Yoda and R2-D2 debark. Yoda confronts Tarkin, now an admiral, and takes control of him with a Jedi mind trick.

Chewbacca flies the Falcon to Coruscant, where Luke and Han attempt to infiltrate the Emperor's palace. Once there, Luke and Han defeat a number of red-cloaked Imperial Guards and a reprogrammed, more aggressive C-3PO before confronting the Emperor and his two apprentices, Vader and Leia. At his master's orders, Vader turns his lightsaber over to Leia, who duels with Luke. Luke refuses to kill her and reveals to her that she is his sister. When Leia refuses to kill her brother, the Emperor attacks them both with Force lightning. Vader intervenes to protect Luke and Leia.

Luke, Leia, Han and C-3PO then escape to the Falcon as the Emperor overcomes Vader. Yoda, using R2-D2 to control the Justice Star's orbit, contacts the Emperor and announces that he is coming to see him and will be there soon. The Justice Star crashes into Coruscant, destroying both the planet and the battle station and killing Yoda, Tarkin and the Emperor.

Later, R2-D2's memory is inserted into an identical body. The story ends with Luke and Leia being visited by the ghosts of Obi-Wan, Yoda and Anakin Skywalker during the inaugural celebration of the first Chancellor of the New Republic, Leia, on the planet Naboo.

The Empire Strikes Back

Star Wars Infinities: The Empire Strikes Back is a 2003 four-part story arc in the Star Wars Infinities series of comic books. It is an alternate telling of the 1980 film The Empire Strikes Back in which Luke Skywalker freezes to death during the blizzard on Hoth. The comic is not a direct sequel to Star Wars Infinities: A New Hope, but rather a sequel to the events after the actual film version of A New Hope.

Synopsis
Three years after the Rebels' success at the Battle of Yavin, the Alliance sets up a new base on the remote ice world of Hoth. After escaping from a Wampa ice monster, Luke sees the spirit of Obi-Wan instructing him to go to Dagobah and find the Jedi Master Yoda. Events begin to change when Han's Tauntaun dies before Han can find the missing Luke. Unable to find Luke in time and with no way to keep him warm, Han is unable to save Luke from death by exposure. But before Luke's death, the young Jedi imparts Obi-Wan's message to Han.

Later, during the funeral for Luke, Han tells Leia that he has to go to Dagobah, believing that he is to train as Jedi. Just then, the Empire attacks and the Rebellion starts to evacuate Hoth. The Millennium Falcon, unable to effectively escape the Hoth System due to a malfunctioning hyperdrive, sets a course for Bespin, where Han hopes he can get repairs to the ship. Unbeknownst to Han, Darth Vader has hired a number of bounty hunters to follow the Falcon, including Boba Fett, who follows the Falcon to Bespin.

Upon his arrival at Bespin, Han meets up with his gambling buddy Lando Calrissian. Casually laughing off Han's claim that he's going to become a Jedi, Lando agrees to repair the Falcon's hyperdrive. When Lando returns to his office, he finds Boba Fett sitting at his desk, demanding that Han, Leia, Chewbacca and C-3PO be turned over to him, but what Boba does not know is that they have already arrived (as Han decided not to go into the asteroid field). Fett is led into a trap by Lando and is knocked unconscious after grappling with Han and Chewbacca.

After the repairs are finished and the Falcon leaves Bespin, Lando returns to his office to admire his new desk, which is crafted using Boba Fett now carbonite-encased. However, Vader's ship arrives soon after the Falcon leaves and demands that Lando turn over the Rebels to him. Upon learning that the Falcon has already left, Vader orders the devastating bombardment of Cloud City, killing every inhabitant.

Eventually, the Falcon arrives at Dagobah where Han is surprised that he is not to be trained as a Jedi, but Leia is instead. Yoda tells Leia that Luke was her brother and her father is Darth Vader. Han, determined to settle his debt with Jabba the Hutt, leaves Leia on Dagobah to train with Yoda.

During the next several months, Han gathers together the money he needs to pay off Jabba, Leia trains with great fervor, and Darth Vader continues his search for Luke, not knowing the youth's fate; dismissing rumors that Luke has died, Vader insists that he can still sense Luke's presence.

Eventually, Han, Chewbacca, and C-3PO return to Tatooine to settle Han's debt, but upon their arrival, they are captured by Jabba's thugs and the Falcon is stolen by a bounty hunter. Han and Chewbacca are taken to Jabba's palace where they are forced to do battle with two nexu that Jabba keeps in a pit beneath his audience chamber. Han and Chewbacca are able to escape with R2-D2's help, and the now freed nexu tear through Jabba's palace, destroying everything in sight. In the confusion, Han and Chewbacca are able to board a Hutt shuttlecraft and escape to the docked Falcon in Mos Eisley.

Soon after Han's escape, Vader arrives at Jabba's palace to question him about Han's presence. Jabba says that he does not know where Han is now. Vader recognises C-3PO and demands that his former creation be handed over to him. After returning to his ship, Vader dismantles C-3PO and retrieves Dagobah's location from the droid's memory.

Back on Dagobah, Leia is in the last stages of her training. Yoda sends her on a mission to find a crystal for her lightsaber from a nearby cave. During Leia's absence, Vader arrives and confronts Yoda. Using his connection to the Force, Yoda delves deep into Vader's psyche and confronts the man inside, Anakin Skywalker, who is surrounded by multiple layers of the dark side of the Force. During the mental battle, Leia finds her crystal and receives an image of Vader confronting Yoda. In his mind, Anakin fights off shadows of long-deceased Jedi such as Obi-Wan Kenobi, Mace Windu and Qui-Gon Jinn. During the confrontation, Vader learns of Luke's death. Vader is then able to deliver a fatal blow to Yoda despite the mental link, severing the Jedi's lock on his mind.

Leia then arrives and duels with Vader. Vader offers her the chance to join him and rule the galaxy, but Leia refuses. Before Vader can strike her down, Han and Chewbacca arrive in the Falcon. Han then fires on Vader and kills him. Before Yoda dies, he tells Leia to pass what she has learned on to others. Leia burns her father's body on a funeral pyre before leaving with Han on the Falcon to rejoin the Rebels and save the galaxy.

Return of the Jedi

Star Wars Infinities: Return of the Jedi is a 2004 three-part story arc in the Star Wars Infinities series of comic books. It is an alternate telling of the 1983 film Return of the Jedi in which C-3PO is damaged in Jabba the Hutt's throne room, and there is no one to translate for Jabba and Leia. The comic is not a direct sequel to the previous Infinities stories, but rather a sequel to the events after the actual film versions of A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back.

Synopsis
Princess Leia, posing as a bounty hunter, infiltrates Jabba's palace in an attempt to rescue Han Solo, who has been frozen in carbonite. During the negotiations, C-3PO is translating for the disguised Leia, until Jabba knocks C-3PO over and the droid is damaged and unable to function. With no translator, Leia is forced to reveal her identity and she threatens Jabba with a thermal detonator, telling him to release Solo.

During the ensuing melee, Leia and Chewbacca chase after Boba Fett, who escapes with Han Solo's carbonite-encased body. Leia fires on Fett but misses and hits the carbonite block's life support control panel. Leia, Chewbacca and a disguised Lando escape from Jabba's palace and reunite with Luke shortly before the thermal detonator goes off, killing everyone within Jabba's palace. Luke promises Leia that he will find Han.

On Dagobah, Yoda, now on his deathbed, senses that he will die before Luke arrives. On Tatooine, Luke is able to get a lead on Boba Fett's whereabouts. Yoda dies on Dagobah; Luke, and the Emperor sense it. The Emperor sends Vader to Dagobah to investigate.

Luke arrives on Dagobah and is greeted by Yoda and Obi-Wan's ghosts. They  confirm Vader's claim that he is Luke's father and reveal that Leia is Luke's sister. Realizing that he has to confront Vader on his own, Luke has R2-D2 record a message for Leia and send a message to the Rebellion and takes off from the planet. Just then, a Star Destroyer drops out of hyperspace over Dagobah. Luke, captured by Vader, is taken to the second Death Star in orbit over Endor and is brought before the Emperor.

Meanwhile, Boba Fett is holding a meeting with Imperial officials, hoping to sell them Han in his carbonite block. Leia, Chewbacca and Lando track Fett down and interrupt the meeting, and kill Fett in the skirmish. Leia and the others return to the Rebel fleet with Han's frozen body. After thawing out Han from the carbonite, Leia is informed by a medic that the damage to the life support control unit resulted in Han becoming permanently blind. Lando then prepares the Falcon for an assault on the second Death Star, set to commence when the station's energy shield is destroyed by a Rebel unit on Endor's moon.

Before the fleet leaves for Endor, Leia receives Luke's message from R2-D2 which reveals that they are twins and that Vader is their father. A second transmission reveals Luke's subsequent capture and that no rescue attempt is to be made. Leia takes the Slave-1, commandeered after Fett's death, and heads straight to the Death Star to rescue Luke. Han realizes what has happened and asks Lando if he can accompany him and Chewbacca on the Falcon.

Leia arrives at the Death Star, but is soon captured and brought before the Emperor. Meanwhile, the Rebel fleet outside the Death Star engages the Imperial fleet while waiting for the ground assault team to destroy the shield generator. However, the battle between the Rebel and Imperial units on Endor disturbs the Ewoks, causing them to attack both sides.

On the Death Star, Palpatine orders Vader to kill Leia. Luke unleashes his lightsaber and duels with Vader himself. Vader overpowers Luke and the Emperor tells him to join them or die. Leia attempts to intervene, but is subdued by Force Lightning from the Emperor.

Han, despite his blindness, takes Chewbacca's place in the Falcons gunner turret after Chewbacca is injured. The Falcon flies down to Endor after a Kamikaze Rebel sacrifices himself to destroy the Imperial bunker exposing the shield over the moon, and destroy the shield generator itself, allowing the Rebel fleet in space to enter the half-exposed Death Star. Lando takes the Falcon back to the Death Star to rescue Luke and Leia.

Luke is face-to-face with Vader, and reveals that he and Leia are Vader's children. Vader is stunned by the revelation but declares that it is now too late. Luke and Vader's duel continues. Vader overpowers Luke, at the cost of one of his arms. However, Vader is unable to kill his own children and surrenders; this turns Vader away from the dark side of the Force, and he becomes Anakin Skywalker once again.

During the duel, the Emperor escapes and Luke and Leia carry their wounded father to the Falcon waiting in the docking bay; they escape and the Death Star explodes. Sometime later, on the Rebel flagship, Luke informs Mon Mothma that the Emperor is alive and still a threat. Anakin, a Jedi once more and now clad in a white variation of the life-support suit he wore as Vader, agrees to help the Rebels track down Palpatine.

See also
 Elseworlds, a similar concept by DC Comics
 Star Wars Tales
 Star Wars: Visionaries
 What If?, a similar concept by Marvel Comics

External links
 Dark Horse Listing for part 1
 Dark Horse Listing for part 2
 Dark Horse Listing for part 3
 Dark Horse Listing for part 4
 Dark Horse Listing for TPB
 Dark Horse Listing for part 1
 Dark Horse Listing for part 2
 Dark Horse Listing for part 3
 Dark Horse Listing for part 4
 Dark Horse Listing for TPB
 Dark Horse Listing for part 1
 Dark Horse Listing for part 2
 Dark Horse Listing for part 3
 Dark Horse Listing for part 4
 Dark Horse Listing for TPB

Infinities
Dark Horse Comics titles

Star Wars Infinities


Isabella II (12124 May 1228), also known as Yolande of Brienne, was a princess of French origin, the daughter of Maria, the queen-regnant of Jerusalem, and her husband, John of Brienne. She was reigning Queen of Jerusalem from 1212 until her death in 1228. By marriage to Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Isabella also became Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Sicily and Germany.

Infant Queen
Isabella II was born in Andria, in the southern Italian Kingdom of Sicily. She was the only child of Maria of Montferrat, Queen of Jerusalem, and John of Brienne. Maria was the daughter of Queen Isabella I of Jerusalem by her second husband Conrad I, and heiress, on her mother's death, of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Maria died shortly after giving birth to Isabella II in 1212, possibly by puerperal fever. Because of this, Isabella II was proclaimed Queen of Jerusalem when she was only a few days old. Because her father John did not have a direct claim on the throne, he ruled as regent.

Marriage with Frederick II

During a meeting between John of Brienne, Pope Honorius III and Frederick II in the city of Ferentino in 1223, Isabella's fate was decided: Frederick accepted to finally go to the Crusade, but only as the legitimate King of Jerusalem, and this was only possible if he agreed to take the young Queen Isabella II as his wife (by this time, Frederick was a widower). This was planned by the Pope, who hoped by this bond to attach the Emperor firmly to the Sixth Crusade. The betrothal was confirmed, but the Emperor still delayed his departure until August 1225, when he and Isabella were married by proxy in the City of Acre. Days later, Isabella II was crowned as Queen of Jerusalem.

Isabella arrived in Italy with twenty galleys sent by Frederick II to bring her to her father and married in person to Frederick II in the cathedral of Brindisi, on 9 November 1225. During the ceremony, Frederick declared himself King of Jerusalem and immediately saw to it that his new father-in-law John of Brienne, the current regent of Jerusalem, was dispossessed and his rights transferred to him. The contemporary chronicles described the exotic wedding celebrations, which took place in the Castle of Oria, and the indignant reaction of her father John of Brienne, now without royal authority.

Death
After the wedding, Isabella was kept in seclusion by her husband, in Palermo. Aged 14, in November 1226, she gave birth to her first child, a daughter (referred to by some sources as Margaret); the baby died in August 1227. On 25 April 1228 Isabella gave birth to her second child, a son, Conrad, in Andria, Bari, but a few days later, on 4 May, she died following childbirth complications. She was buried in the Andria Cathedral.

Ancestry

Notes

References

Uwe A. Oster: Die Frauen Kaiser Friedrichs II, Piper, Munich 2008.
Jacqueline Alio: Queens of Sicily 1061-1266, Trinacria, New York 2018.
Alberto Gentile: LE QUATTRO MOGLI DI FEDERICO II: FRA MITO E REALTÀ (Italian) in stupormundi.it [retrieved 22 May 2014].

|-

|-

1212 births
1228 deaths
13th-century monarchs of Jerusalem
13th-century women rulers
13th-century women from the Holy Roman Empire
Queens regnant of Jerusalem
15th-century Italian women
Holy Roman Empresses
Royal consorts of Sicily
Medieval child monarchs
House of Brienne
Wives of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
Deaths in childbirth
15th-century Sicilian people

Isabella II of Jerusalem


Midnight Star is a first-person shooter video game developed by Industrial Toys, the company's debut product. It was released on February 5, 2015 for iOS devices, with other platforms to be available later. Set 120 years into the future, the game takes players aboard the MSRV-Joplin, a research vessel newly outfitted with military weaponry to explore a mysterious signal coming from within the Solar System. When disaster strikes, the Joplin crew is transported across the universe to take part in a war that is not their own.

Gameplay

Midnight Star is a mobile sci-fi shooter that requires the player to perform combat tasks and upgrade weapons to advance through the game.

Video game website Joystiq wrote "The first video and screenshots of Midnight Star, along with details of an interstellar, time-paradoxical story and a devastating war, seem to justify Industrial Toys' bold pitch, promising a fresh approach to mobile gaming in more than just PR BS."

'We spent the last six or seven months in heavy R&D, in lab coats, figuring out how to create a control system that felt right,' Harris says. 'You've heard us dump on virtual joysticks and other things that have been ported over from console gaming to touch, and we've eschewed that completely. Once we got that right, we saw a whole bunch of cascading effects of that control scheme, into every aspect of the game: from the way we build encounters and levels, to the way we create our guns and bad guys. So the control scheme will be a big thing.'"

The game features both a single-player and an asynchronous multiplayer system that attempts to fit within mobile play patterns while offering a longer-term immersion experience. "With Midnight Star, we're looking to change expectations for what kind of experience core gamers get from their mobile devices," Industrial Toys CEO Alex Seropian told gaming website Polygon. "We're breaking new ground on everything from the visuals to the story to the ongoing support we'll provide in the way of content, events and player involvement. It's gonna be nuts."

Plot

Setting
Most of the game is set on an alien world light years from Earth, but it begins 120 years in the future on Earth with a young graduate of West Point, Charlie Campbell as he prepares to join the crew of Morning Star Research Vessel (MSRV) Joplin to investigate an intelligent signal they received from Saturn's moon, Titan. The crew encounters a powerful artifact of obvious alien design, and after Charlie activates it, the rest of the game follows him as he travels back-and-forth from the Joplin to an alien planet whose mysteries he begins to discover.

As Charlie continues his journey, he learns about his mission, the intra-governmental agreement that sent him out to the outer reaches of the Solar System, and the conflict that he encounters on the alien world. With the help of his crew, he also starts to figure out how to undo the awful events of the early portion of the game by harnessing the changes that he begins to undergo.

Name
The title of Midnight Star is derived from the Morning Star Protocol, an agreement that the future nations of the Earth have adopted to react should humanity ever encounter an intelligent alien signal or communication. The agreement allows for a coordinated effort to investigate, encounter and react to the behaviors of the alien race or technology, be it welcoming, hostile or otherwise. Should it be welcoming, the signal is designated "Morning." If it is hostile, the signal is designated "Midnight."

Expansions

Midnight Star is a game that will expand over time, so it was be released in multiple installments that tell the story from the first encounter of the alien artifact to the eventual conclusion of the initial conflict.

Midnight Rises
The story of how Charlie's mission came to be and the events leading up to the beginning of the game are told in Midnight Rises, a separate application and was released on January 29, 2015 for iOS devices. Written by John Scalzi with artwork from Mike Choi, Midnight Rises is a graphic novel experience that lets users investigate the back story, find hidden content and make choices for Charlie that affect the game itself. Readers learn more about the characters that populate the Midnight Star universe and what motivates them prior to the beginning of the game. The story of Midnight Rises begins with the reception of the first alien signal to Earth, introduces Charlie's history and culminates with the launching of the MSRV Joplin.

The application serves as a primer and source for all things Midnight Star, including a detailed timeline of Earth's history, personnel reports on Joplin crewmembers and background information on the technology featured in the game. In addition, playing through the Midnight Star game will unlock content in Midnight Rises, with sections of the application made available after getting to certain parts of the game.

Sequel
In March 2016, Industrial Toys announced that the sequel would be titled Midnight Star: Renegade and it is set 120 years after the events of Midnight Star. It has been released for Android and iOS on 11 August 2016.

References

External links
 Official Website
 Industrial Toys Official Website
 Industrial Toys on Twitter

2015 video games
Electronic Arts franchises
First-person shooters
IOS games
IOS-only games
Multiplayer online games
Science fiction video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
2015 graphic novels
Video games developed in the United States
Unreal Engine games

Midnight Star (video game)


William C. Scott,  (October 6, 1921 – April 17, 1998) was a Canadian politician.

A Progressive Conservative, Scott, a merchant by profession, was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1965 federal election representing the Ontario riding of Victoria. The riding was renamed Victoria—Haliburton, and Scott was re-elected as its Member of Parliament (MP) in seven successive elections. He served as a backbencher until 1989 when he was appointed parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Veterans Affairs. On July 1, 1992, Scott was appointed to the Queen's Privy Council for Canada in recognition of his long political service. The appointment allowed him to be addressed as The Honourable William C. Scott.

His daughter, Laurie Scott, is the Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario representing the riding of Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock.

External links

Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
1921 births
1998 deaths

William C. Scott


The Galibi Order of Sufism is a descendant of the Qadiriya and Rifa'iya orders – the integration of the earliest and the most popular orders established in Islam. It was known as the Qadiriyyah-Rufai order until the order branched off its ancestor school in 1993, and began to be called after the name of its sheikh, Galip Hasan Kuşçuoğlu. The Order's central dargah is in Ankara and it has various branches throughout Turkey (e.g., Istanbul, Çorum, Adana, Gaziantep, Kütahya, Isparta, Antalya). The Galibi are Hanifi in fiqh and Alevi in disposition.

See also
 Ashurkhana
 Jamatkhana
 Imambargah
 Khalwatkhana
 Khanaqa
 Mejlis
 Musallah
 Hussainia
 Tekkes
 Malamatiyya
 Mawlawiyyah
 Hurufiyya
 Rifa'iyya
 Qadiriyya
 Qalandariyya
 Bektashiyyah
 Naqshbandiyyah
 Zahediyya
 Khalwatiyya
 Bayramiyya
 Safaviyya

References

External links
 Galibi Order
 galibindir.net

Sufi orders
Shia Sufi orders

Galibi Order


The 11th annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from 23 June to 4 July 1961. The Golden Bear was awarded to the Italian film La notte directed by Michelangelo Antonioni.

Jury
The following people were announced as being on the jury for the festival:

International feature film jury
 James Quinn, producer (United Kingdom) - Jury President
 France Roche, journalist, film critic, actress and screenwriter (France)
 Marc Turfkruyer, film critic (Belgium)
 Satyajit Ray, director (India)
 Gian Luigi Rondi, film critic (Italy)
 Hirotsugu Ozaki, theatre critic (Japan)
 Nicholas Ray, director (United States)
 Falk Harnack, director and screenwriter (West Germany)
 Hans Schaarwächter, journalist and writer (West Germany)

International documentary and short jury
 Willem de Vogel, actor (Netherlands) - Jury President
 Else Goelz, journalist (West Germany)
 Mohammed Gamal Eldin Rifaat, (United Arab Emirates)
 Luis Gómez Mesa, film critic and writer (Spain)
 Max Lippmann, film critic (West Germany)
 Ingeborg Lyche, chairperson of the Statens Filmsentral (Norway)
 Flávio R. Tambellini, producer (Brazil)

Films in competition
The following films were in competition for the Golden Bear award:

Key
{| class="wikitable" width="550" colspan="1"
| style="background:#FFDEAD;" align="center"| †
|Winner of the main award for best film in its section
|}

Awards

The following prizes were awarded by the Jury:

International jury awards
 Golden Bear: La notte by Michelangelo Antonioni
 Silver Bear: Makkers Staakt uw Wild Geraas by Fons Rademakers
 Silver Bear for Best Director: Bernhard Wicki for Das Wunder des Malachias
 Silver Bear for Best Actress: Anna Karina for Une femme est une femme
 Silver Bear for Best Actor: Peter Finch for No Love for Johnnie
 Silver Bear Extraordinary Jury Prize: 마부 Mabu by Kang Dae-jin
 Silver Bear Extraordinary Jury Prize: Une femme est une femme by Jean-Luc Godard

Documentaries and short films jury awards
 Golden Bear (Documentaries): Description d'un combat by Chris Marker
 Silver Bear special prize (Documentaries): Traumland der Sehnsucht by Wolfgang Müller-Sehn
 Short Film Golden Bear: Gesicht von der Stange? by Raimund Ruehl
 Silver Bear for Best Short Film: Chimichimito by José Martín
 Silver Bear Extraordinary Jury Prize (Short film): ex aequoDe lage landen by George SluizerLo specchio, la tigre e la pianura by Raffaele AndreassiSirènes by Emile DegelinMorning on the Lièvre by David Bairstow

Independent jury awards
FIPRESCI Award
La notte by Michelangelo Antonioni
OCIC Award
Question 7 by Stuart Rosenberg
C.I.D.A.L.C. Award
La patota by Daniel Tinayre

Youth Film Award
Best Feature Film Suitable for Young People: Question 7 by Stuart Rosenberg
Best Documentary Film Suitable for Young People: Description d'un combat by Chris Marker
Best Short Film Suitable for Young People: De lage landen by George Sluizer
Honorable Mention: Gesicht von der Stange? by Raimund Ruehl

References

External links
 11th Berlin International Film Festival 1961
1961 Berlin International Film Festival
Berlin International Film Festival:1961  at Internet Movie Database

11
1961 film festivals
1961 in West Germany
1960s in West Berlin

11th Berlin International Film Festival


Amir Ordacgi Caldeira (born 1950 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian physicist. He received his bachelor's degree in 1973 from the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, his M.Sc. degree in 1976 from the same university, and his Ph.D. in 1980 from University of Sussex. His Ph.D. advisor was the Physics Nobel Prize winner Anthony James Leggett. He joined the faculty at Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) in 1980. In 1984 he did post-doctoral work at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics (KITP) at University of California, Santa Barbara and at the Thomas J. Watson Research Laboratory at IBM. In 1994–1995 he spent a sabbatical at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is currently a full professor at Universidade Estadual de Campinas. He was the recipient of the Wataghin Prize, from Universidade Estadual de Campinas, for his contributions to theoretical physics in 1986.

Caldeira's research interests are in theoretical condensed matter physics, in particular quantum dissipation and strongly correlated electron systems. His best known work is on the Caldeira–Leggett model, which is one of the first and most important treatments of decoherence in quantum mechanical systems.

Selected Scientific Articles

See also
 Cristiane de Morais Smith

References

1950 births
20th-century Brazilian physicists
Living people
Members of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences
Academic staff of the State University of Campinas
Theoretical physicists
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro alumni
Fellows of the American Physical Society

Amir Caldeira


Ellesse is an Italian sport apparel company originally founded in 1959 in Umbria, Italy. It has been part of the British Pentland Group since 1987.

History

Ellesse was founded by Leonardo "Mantis" Servadio on 19 June 1959 in Perugia, Umbria, Italy. The name Ellesse derives from Servadio's initials, "L.S.", which are spoken "elle" and "esse" in Italian.

Ellesse grew in popularity during the 1970s as a producer of skiwear, such as quilted jackets and ski pants. In 1979, Ellesse's Jet Pant, a ski pant featuring padded knees and a wide lower leg to fit around a ski boot, was included in an event at the Pompidou Centre in Paris celebrating Italian design.

Another sport with which Ellesse has been closely associated since its early years is tennis. The Ellesse logo references the form of a tennis ball with the shape of the tips of a pair of skis.

Through the 1970s and 1980s, Ellesse gained a reputation for combining sportswear functionality with street-level fashion styling. It was one of the first sportswear brands to feature their logo prominently on the outside of their garments. During the mid-1980s, French designer Jean-Charles de Castelbajac worked with Ellesse, an early collaboration between a sportswear company and a fashion designer. The UK casuals adopted the brand in the 1980s as premium sportswear took off across British lad culture.

Celebrity endorsements
A number of sports celebrities have endorsed Ellesse, including tennis players Tommy Haas, Chris Evert, Guillermo Vilas, Boris Becker, Mats Wilander, Pat Cash, Arantxa Sánchez, Anna Kournikova and Jose Vilela, skiers Marc Girardelli and Jean-Luc Crétier, and Formula 1 driver Alain Prost.

Other celebrities associated with the brand include boxer Muhammad Ali, Natas Kaupas and Maurice Cheeks, and actors Brigitte Nielsen and Roger Moore.

Ellesse also ventured into football sponsorship, and it manufactured the kits for the New York Cosmos in the 1980s.

In October 2021, Elesse partnered with the YouTube group The Sidemen in a collaboration with their own clothing brand, SDMN.

Purchase by Pentland Group
In 1994, British brand management company Pentland Group purchased 90% of the shares of Ellesse for £20 million. Pentland had been Ellesse's UK distributor since 1981. Servadio retained 10% of the shares.

Pentland Group also owns other well-known sportswear brands, such as Berghaus and Speedo. It currently licenses the Ellesse brand to partners in countries around the world, who manufacture and distribute Ellesse products in their territory.

In 2009, Ellesse celebrated its 50th anniversary with a party in Rome in July 2009.

See also

Diadora
Erreà
Fila
Kappa

References

External links

 Pentland Group website
 Interviews with Leonardo Servadio

Clothing companies of Italy
Sporting goods manufacturers of Italy
Sportswear brands
Companies based in Perugia
Clothing companies established in 1959
Italian companies established in 1959
Italian brands
Swimwear manufacturers

Ellesse


Samuel Clay Hildreth (May 16, 1866 – September 24, 1929) was an American Thoroughbred horse racing Hall of Fame trainer and owner.

Biography
Born in Independence, Missouri, Sam Hildreth began his training career in 1887, competing at racetracks in the Midwestern United States with such horses as the good racemare Hurley Burley, the dam of Burgomaster. In 1898 he moved to New York City where thoroughbred racing was a leading sport offering the largest purses. He was first hired to train horses owned by wealthy businessman William Collins Whitney, but soon set out on his own, buying horses for himself and training for others. He won his first of seven Belmont Stakes in 1899 with the horse Jean Bereaud for owner Sydney Paget.

By the turn of the 20th century, Samuel Hildreth had expanded his New York operations and owned the largest racing stables at the Fair Grounds Race Course in New Orleans. That year, he appointed former outlaw Frank James as his betting commissioner at the track. Among the horses Hildreth owned was Fitz Herbert (b. 1906) who won the Brooklyn Handicap, Suburban Handicap, and the Jerome Handicap en route to being voted the Horse of the Year in 1909, and again in 1910. Another of his horses, King James, won other important races in 1909, including the Metropolitan Handicap, Sheepshead Bay Handicap, and the California Handicap, and went on to win the Brooklyn Handicap in 1910. In 1909, Hildreth also won his second Belmont Stakes with his own horse, Joe Maddon, and went on to capture the first of three consecutive leading owner and trainer honors in the United States.

The Hart–Agnew Law which banned parimutuel betting was passed by the New York Legislature and resulted in the closure of all New York racetracks between 1911 and 1912. Hildreth and numerous other racing stables went to race in Canada where he won the 1911 Windsor Hotel Cup Handicap at Blue Bonnets Raceway in Montreal. On November 2, 1911, the New York Times reported that Sam Hildreth and jockey Carroll Shilling had sailed to England aboard the RMS Mauretania with the intent of racing there for the stable of American owner, Charles Kohler. However, Kohler subsequently set up operations in France and in 1912 Sam Hildreth trained a stable of horses for him at Val-d'Oise, near Paris.

Sam Hildreth's stable trained for other prominent owners such as August Belmont Jr. for whom he won back-to-back Belmont Stakes in 1916 and 1917. He also met with great success training for Rancocas Stable owned by wealthy oil industrialist Harry F. Sinclair. For Sinclair he won three Belmont Stakes with Grey Lag in 1921, Zev in 1923 and Mad Play in 1924. In an era before the Triple Crown had any significance, Hildreth only entered a few horses in the Kentucky Derby because of the time restraints for the long journey to Kentucky. As such, David J. Leary is listed as the trainer of Zev for his win in the 1923 Kentucky Derby. Back in New York, in October of that year, Zev defeated Epsom Derby winner Papyrus, marking the first time a Kentucky Derby winner defeated an English Derby winner.

Twice Sam Hildreth won more races in a year than any other trainer in the United States and was the top money-earning trainer nine times, a record that stood for more than sixty years until broken by D. Wayne Lukas in 1992. Hildreth's seven Belmont Stakes victories ranks him second only to James G. Rowe Sr. and five times his horses were chosen American Horse of the Year, the highest honor in thoroughbred horse racing.

In 1925, Hildreth co-wrote an article with James R. Crowell titled "Down the Stretch" for The Saturday Evening Post. The two then collaborated on a history of American racing in a book titled "The Spell of the Turf" published in 1926 by J. B. Lippincott & Co. of Philadelphia. In this book, he named Purchase as one of the greatest horses he ever trained.

After forty-three years as a horse trainer, Sam Hildreth died at a hospital in Manhattan, New York following an unsuccessful operation for an intestinal disorder. He was buried in Greenridge Cemetery, Saratoga Springs, New York.

In 1955, Sam Hildreth was posthumously inducted into the newly formed National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.

References

 Hildreth, Samuel C. and Crowell, James R. The Spell of the Turf: The Story of American Racing (1926) Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott & Co.
 Bowen, Edward L. Masters of the Turf: Ten Trainers Who Dominated Horse Racing's Golden Age (2007) Eclipse Press ()

1866 births
1929 deaths
Sportspeople from Independence, Missouri
American horse trainers
American racehorse owners and breeders
United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees
Burials at Greenridge Cemetery

Sam Hildreth


Lasippa viraja, the yellowjack sailer, is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in South Asia.

Subspecies
The subspecies of Lasippa viraja are:
 Lasippa viraja viraja Moore, 1872 – northeast India, Nepal, Myanmar
 Lasippa viraja kanara Evans, 1924 – south India
 Lasippa viraja nar de Nicéville, 1891 – Andamans

Description
Males and females upperside black; markings orange yellow. Forewing: discoidal streak very broad and long, descending a little below vein 4; a short broad band sloping obliquely outwards from middle of dorsum to beyond vein 3, another short broad and somewhat clavate (club-shaped) band sloping obliquely outwards from apical third of costa to below vein 5; beyond these, a subterminal slender line. Hindwing: a subbasal, transverse, very broad, somewhat paler yellow band; a postdiscal slightly narrower transverse band, not quite reaching the costa, anteriorly attenuate, curved slightly inwards; a very faint and ill-defined pale subterminal line. Underside dusky brownish black, the markings as on the upperside but much blurred. Forewing with two subterminal slender lines, the outer not clearly defined. Hindwing: the costa at base yellowish; discal and subterminal pale narrow bands. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen greyish white, the abdomen slightly ochraceous.
There is very little difference between the sexes, or between the wet- and dry-seasonal broods; the latter are on the whole paler both in ground colour and markings.

Wingspan 56–68 mm.

Distribution
Sikkim; Bhutan; Bengal; Orissa; southern India; Assam; Burma and Tenasserim; Thailand; Laos.

Larva
"Feeds on the blackwood tree (Dalbergia latifolia) and also on Dalbergia racemosa and has similar habits to those of N. hordonia, Stoll, which it resembles in form, but the head is bifid at the top, and the dorsal points are wanting, while the last-segment is produced into a single blunt point. The colour is dark greenish brown, the fore part, as in N. hordonia, being much darker than the rest, but bordered with pale grey." (Davidson, Bell & Aitken)

This form, as recorded by Mr. Bell, feeds, like N. hordonia, on decayed (not fresh) leaves.

Pupa
"Like that of N. hordonia but rather broader and the wings more evenly expanded." (Davidson, Bell & Aitken.)

References

Neptis
Butterflies of Asia

Lasippa viraja