Carberry Tower is a historic house in East Lothian, Scotland. The house is situated off the A6124 road,  south-east of Musselburgh. Carberry, like Musselburgh is in the parish of Inveresk.  It is protected as a Category B listed building.

History

The lands on which Carberry Tower stands were first mentioned in the 11th century when King David I of Scotland granted "Caerbairin" (Carberry) to the monks of Dunfermline Abbey. The first landowner or lessee was John de Crebarrie, but it was the Johnstone family who were the first owners of Carberry Tower. The original building was a simple square tower house, built more for strength than ornament. In 1541, Hugh Rigg, the King's Advocate, leased the lands from the abbey. It appeared Hugh Rigg had an agreement with the Abbot of Dunfermline to lease until 1585. Both John Knox and George Buchanan recorded an unflattering story that Hugh Rigg advised Regent Arran to change the position of the Scottish army at the nearby Battle of Pinkie in 1547. Buchanan mentions that Hugh was known for his corpulence rather than military skill and Knox suggests that Hugh advised the manoeuvre to keep the English away from Carberry.

In June 1567, on Carberry Hill, part of the Carberry Estate, Mary, Queen of Scots, faced an army assembled by a confederation of her lords. She quickly surrendered herself to the lords, and was then imprisoned. A monument, the Queen's Mount, still stands nearby commemorating the incident.

In 1587, after the Scottish Reformation, the lands and tower of Carberry were annexed by the Crown and new superiors, the Maitlands of Lauderdale, were appointed. The Rigg family were re-installed. They also owned ships, and in 1599 Mungo Rigg of Carberry and James Rigg went to law over the purchase a ship called the Angel and its cargo of Norwegian timber from Harry Watson, a Scotsman based in Bergen. On 1 April 1600, the Riggs received a charter from Anne of Denmark, wife of James VI of Scotland for their lands at 'Carberrie'.

In 1659 the estate passed to Sir Adam Blair of Lochwood, but that family only lived there for 30 years before transferring the property to Sir Robert Dickson of Inveresk, whose son, also Robert, was the Chief Baillie of Musselburgh in 1745, when the rebel Jacobite troops passed between Carberry and Musselburgh on their way to the Battle of Prestonpans on the 21 September of that year. In 1760, John Fullerton moved into Carberry Tower and it was he who began the alterations and enlargement of the tower. It seemed, over the years, as if the extensions were being built, piece by piece, in an anti-clockwise direction. John's niece, Elizabeth, married the Hon. William Elphinstone in 1774 and the house passed into the Elphinstone family in 1801. More alterations on the old tower commenced in 1830.

William Elphinstone, 15th Lord Elphinstone, succeeded to the estate in 1861 and it was he who was largely responsible for the complete redesign of the estate. The arboretum, for cultivating plants, was started during his tenure. His son, Sydney Herbert, 16th Lord Elphinstone, married Lady Mary Bowes-Lyon, sister of Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother. The young Elizabeth visited her sister and helped at the Red Cross bazaar held at Carberry Tower in 1915.

The couple made great improvements to both house and estate, particularly the laying-out of the formal garden in 1911. Specimen trees and many other varieties of plants were planted in the park. Sydney Elphinstone died in 1955 and his wife, Lady Mary, died six years later in 1961. Lady Mary bequeathed the tower to the Church of Scotland. The church used the tower as a conference centre where they built an annexe and a chapel in the park. Much of the estate was sold in small parcels, though most of it is in the ownership of the Buccleuch Estate.

In 2004, the tower was sold to the Gartmore House charitable trust, and in 2008 it underwent major refurbishment.

In April 2011 the property was acquired by Clarenco LLP who trade under the brand AmaZing Venues. After undergoing an extensive multimillion-pound  refurbishment, Carberry Tower is now run as a wedding and events venue and hotel.

In June 2015 Carberry Tower was put up for sale by AmaZing Ventures for £3 Million and sold to Kingsland Estate LDT .

Carberry Festival
Carberry Festival was a Christian arts festival held at Carberry Tower from 1986 for 22 years running until 2008, this was the brainchild of Jock and Margaret Stein who were the resident wardens in charge at that time. Focusing on people who joined in worship and activities, the festival reached its peak in the 1990s, and offered an opportunity for retreat, particularly for young families, in a very tranquil setting, and a house which at that time retained un-commercialised character. Music was a core element of the festival, and artists would often be invited to perform and play small concerts in the small chapel. These artist included people from many countries. Over the years, hundreds of Christian artists including Fischy Music, Suzanne Adam, Vangel, Albert Bogle, Riding Lights Theatre Company and Yvonne Lyon.  The festival also offered a children's program which allowed parents time pursue other activities. On the acquisition of Carberry Tower by (Gartmore House) (at that time) the festival was discontinued.

See also
List of places in East Lothian

References

External links

 https://web.archive.org/web/20140424184001/http://www.amazingvenues.co.uk/venues/carberry-tower/discover-carberry-tower/
 Photos from the Geograph Project

Hotels in East Lothian
Castles in East Lothian
Category B listed buildings in East Lothian
Country houses in East Lothian
Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes
16th-century establishments in Scotland

Carberry Tower


The Kalamazoo Gazette is the daily newspaper in Kalamazoo, Michigan, and is part of MLive Media Group, Michigan's largest local media organization. The Gazette publishes seven days a week. Papers are available for home delivery on Thursday and Sunday.

History
Originally founded in 1833 by John D. Defrees as the Michigan Statesman and St. Joseph Chronicle, the paper's name was shortened to the Michigan Statesman after it was purchased by Henry Gilbert. The paper became the Kalamazoo Gazette in 1837.

In April 2010, the Gazette announced it would pay $1,525,000 to the City of Kalamazoo to avoid lawsuits seeking $4 million in previously awarded tax breaks related to the 2002 expansion of their downtown Kalamazoo printing facility. The 2002 expansion cost the Gazette $33 million, including $20 million in new equipment. The breaks were awarded on the condition that the Gazette maintain 175 jobs related to the expansion until 2014.

On November 2, 2011, the Gazettes owners announced that the newspaper would limit home delivery to Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Sundays beginning February 2, 2012 as it made the transition to a digital-first news organization as part of the newly created MLive Media Group. In November, the Gazette also confirmed 77 employees were issued layoff notices related to the reorganization while an unspecified number of employees were hired back by MLive.

On February 2, 2012, the Gazette moved into its new hub at 306 S. Kalamazoo Mall. The hub is an open-office environment and is also designed to accommodate community events. Printing facilities for the Gazette were moved from Kalamazoo to MLive Media Group's printing facility in Walker, Michigan in 2012 and are shared with The Grand Rapids Press and Muskegon Chronicle.

Publishers and editors, 1833-2011
In the early days of the paper, the publisher (owner) and editor were generally the same person. In the 1900s, those roles were commonly separate. A list of people who ran the paper from 1833 to 2011 flows (with year they began):
Editor and publisher
1833 John D. Defrees (in White Pigeon)
1834 Henry Gilbert
1839 E. D. Burr
1841 Henry Gilbert
1846 Volney Hascall
1862 Joseph W. Mansur
1865-1869 Several ownership configurations, involving William Shakespeare, B.S. Gleason, Joseph Lomax, and Elijah J. Clark
1870 Andrew J. Shakespeare
1897 Edgar Bartlett
1898 T. B. Shoaff
1900 Frank Ford Rowe

Awards
In 2009, the Gazette was named "Newspaper of the Year" by the Michigan Press Association. The Michigan Press Association also named the Gazette Newspaper of the Year in its circulation category on Oct. 6, 2013.

In the MPA's annual Better Newspaper Contest for 2013, the Gazette won 23 awards, including first place in all four photo categories (three won by Mark Bugnaski, the fourth by intern Matt Gade), as well as first place for general excellence, editorial writing, local columnist (Julie Mack), feature story (Yvonne Zipp) and sports columnist (David Drew).

References

External links
 Official website
 Kalamazoo Public Library page on the paper's history

Newspapers published in Michigan
Newspapers established in 1834
Advance Publications
Mass media in Kalamazoo, Michigan

Kalamazoo Gazette


Black Lake is a lake in geographic Barager Township in the Unorganized North Part of Algoma District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is part of the Great Lakes Basin, lies entirely within Lake Superior Provincial Park, and is the source of the Coldwater River, which is its primary outflow at the east. The Coldwater River flows to Lake Superior.

See also
List of lakes in Ontario

References

Other map sources:

Lakes of Algoma District

Black Lake (Barager Township)


A mad scientist is a fictional character who is a genius, but who wants to find out and do what no one else ever has and often what he should not. The character Victor Frankenstein is often said to be the first mad scientist, though Coppelius from The Sandman (short story) could also be called a mad scientist and The Sandman was published a year before Frankenstein was.

They often work with fictional technology, they either fail to recognise the dangers of their actions or don't care about the consequences, and some attempt to play God.

Mad scientists are often shown as evil (evil genius) or insane. Some may be neutral or good, even if their actions are dangerous and irresponsible, which can make them mad scientists.

Mad scientists

Mad scientist


Machel Montano (born 24 November 1974) is a soca artist from Trinidad and Tobago. He is the lead of the soca band Xtatik. He had his first hit as a youth with "Too Young To Soca". He then won the 1987 Caribbean Song Festival.

Biography
Montano was born in Curepe (Northwestern Trinidad), and his family moved to Siparia, (Southwestern Trinidad), when he was very young.[6] He attended Siparia Boys' R.C., then Presentation College, a prestigious secondary school in San Fernando, where he was in the choir led by Mrs Cynthia Lee-Mac.[6] Machel first shot to fame as a nine-year-old boy with the song "Too Young To Soca" while he was still in primary school. In 1984, along with his older brother Marcus and neighbours, the group Pranasonic Express was started and, in 1989, the band became Xtatik. In April, 1986, at the age of 11, Montano appeared on the mainstream television show, Star Search.[7] In 1987, he took part in the Trinidad and Tobago National Song Writers Festival, and placed second with his song "Dream Girl". He also won the Caribbean Song Festival in Barbados. Such a win made Machel the first Trinidadian and youngest contestant to win this competition.

Soca
He is the front-man of the soca band The HD Family, and is noted for his high energy, fast-paced, and often unpredictable on-stage performances. In 1987 he was the youngest finalist to ever win the Caribbean Song Festival. His career spans more than 30 years.[2] He now stands as one of the most well-known soca acts in the world, using his leverage as an artist able to sell out shows.[3] Recently he has moved to the Los Angeles area[4] and furthered his pursuit, saying: "I may not be the one to bring it forth, but in the meantime, I have a lot of work to do in order for something to happen." He is very well known in New York City, where he has had sold out concerts in Madison Square Garden many times over.

Solo albums
Too Young to Soca?
Soca Earthquake (1987)
Dr. Carnival (1988)
Katch Ya! (1989)
Breakin Out! (1990)
One Step Ahead! (1991)
2000 Young To Soca (2000 Re-Edition)
The Xtatik Experience (2005)
B.O.D.Y. (2006)
The Book of Angels (2007)
Flame on, released as Wining Season in the United States (2008)
Heavenly Drum (2009)
Album 34 (2010)
The Return (2011)
Double M (2012)
Going for Gold (2012)- Machel Montano and Friends
Machelements (Volume 1) (2013)
Happiest Man Alive (2014)
Monk Monte (2015)
Monk Evolution (2016)

References

Trinidad and Tobago musicians
Living people
1974 births

Machel Montano


The fenestratus (Protomelas fenestratus) is a species of cichlid fish endemic to Lake Malawi in East Africa.  This species can reach a length of  TL.  It can also be found in the aquarium trade.
Protomelas fenestratus is a substrate blower. They blow away the substrate, to uncover insect larvae and crustaceans. They are characterized by vertical bars, and thin horizontal lines of varying darkness depending on location. The males blue colouration obscures the barring when dominant. The lattice like pattern on this fish's body is reminiscent of windows which is what the specific name fenestratus refers to.

References

External links
 Photograph

Protomelas
Fish described in 1935
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Fenestratus


Orpheus is a tabletop role playing game by White Wolf Publishing, set in a microcosm of the World of Darkness. Unlike the other World of Darkness game lines, Orpheus has a specifically planned metaplot and a set number of books that were published. Although it uses the same system as White Wolf's other games, ghosts and spirits are the exclusive focus of this story. Other supernatural creatures in the World of Darkness are strongly discouraged from entering the events of Orpheus. It is, however, tied with Wraith: The Oblivion, White Wolf's previous game dealing with the afterlife; some of the events in Orpheus are related to Ends of Empire, the final book in the Wraith: The Oblivion line.

Volumes
There are six books in total in the Orpheus line; the first is the main rulebook, which holds the rules used throughout the series. The five that follow carry out a specific, albeit optional, plotline, told through fiction and roleplaying, as well as expanding on the roleplaying tools presented in the first game. They are, in chronological order:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Title !!White WolfProduct Number!! ISBN
|-
| Orpheus || style="text-align:center;" | WW21000 || style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| Crusade of Ashes || style="text-align:center;" | WW21001 || style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| Shades of Gray || style="text-align:center;" | WW21010 || style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| Shadow Games || style="text-align:center;" | WW21011 || style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| Orphan-Grinders || style="text-align:center;" | WW21012 || style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| End Game || style="text-align:center;" | WW21015 || style="text-align:center;" |
|}
Orpheus is noteworthy in that it began the trend of White Wolf creating game series with limited numbers of supplements. This concept continued on with the Chronicles of Darkness games Promethean: The Created, Changeling: The Lost, Hunter: The Vigil, and Geist: The Sin-Eaters, all of which were initially planned as limited releases.

There also was an anthology based on Orpheus named Orpheus: Haunting the Dead (WW11905 / ).

Character types
Characters in Orpheus are either living individuals capable of astral projection (via meditation or cryonics) or are ghosts of the recently deceased. It is assumed that characters work for the Orpheus Group, a company that employs the talents of projectors and spirits to investigate and clear ghostly activity and perform other tasks difficult for those without access to the world of the dead. The way a person manifests as a ghost is called the Lament; two Laments are projection-based, while two are based on a person being dead.

 Skimmers use drugs and meditative techniques to temporarily eject their souls from their bodies. While they can enter and exit the spirit world quickly, their close connection to their empty shells means damage they take as a ghost manifests on their bodies.
 Sleepers are cryonically frozen; once the body reaches a certain temperature, it is "dead" and ejects the spirit. While in stasis, the body is treated with special drugs to keep necrosis from setting in. While it keeps sleepers from the close connections skimmers have that allows them to be injured, the process means that both entering and leaving the world of ghosts is a slow process.
 Spirits are your run-of-the-mill dead person, souls who have unfinished businesses that allow them to remain on earth. Most who work for Orpheus have a high degree of independence because of a remarkable willpower they held in life that transitions to death; not all spirits, however, are able to keep their independent attitudes when they die and become doomed to repeat themselves endlessly.
 Hues are spirits with one major difference; while alive, they took the designer drug pigment. Pigment keeps a spirit from feeling ultimately fulfilled, so while a hue may be as stubborn as a spirit, they have more fragile forms and are closer to their dark sides.

Each character has a set of special traits, called a Shade, which determine how they manifest and what ghostly powers (or Horrors) they are able to use and which ones they cannot. There are eight Shades in total; the first five were introduced in the Orpheus corebook, while the remaining three were introduced in three of the supplements.

 Banshees are the empathetic shades, full of compassion. They manifest their abilities of emotional manipulation, physical damage, and looking into the future through their voices.
 Haunters are those who care for things over people. This focus allows them to manipulate inanimate objects and machines to a disturbing degree.
 Poltergeists are usually full of rage, either quiet or overt. This allows them to pick up objects without touching them directly, and also to alter their own forms in violent ways.
 Skinriders are control freaks. They are granted the ability to possess the bodies of others and bend them to their will.
 Wisps are the trickster shade. They have abilities that allow them to draw attention, escape in a flash, or manipulate ghostly items.
 Phantasms, introduced in Shades of Gray, are the artists and dreamers. They can see and manipulate the dreams of the living.
 Orphan-Grinders, introduced in The Orphan-Grinders, are ghosts who gave in to their dark sides, and then came back. They can use the abilities of the dark ghosts, or Spectres.
 Marrow, introduced in End Game, can adapt to any situation. Appropriately, they are shapeshifters and also have a rapport with animals.

Antagonists
Along with ghosts as antagonists, there are also rival projection companies, such as Terrel and Squib, and a new designer drug called pigment or black heroin that allows users to see the spirits of the dead. There are also dark spirits called Spectres, some of which are corrupted spirits and hues, and others that have spawned from an unknown but powerful source. These create much of the storyline and challenges the players must face as they move through the series.

External links
 Orpheus in The official World of Darkness wiki
 Interview with Lucien Soulban (Orpheus Developer)

World of Darkness
Role-playing games introduced in 2003

Orpheus (role-playing game)


The modern Arab tone system, or system of musical tuning, is based upon the theoretical division of the octave into twenty-four equal divisions or 24-tone equal temperament, the distance between each successive note being a quarter tone (50 cents). Each tone has its own name not repeated in different octaves, unlike systems featuring octave equivalency. The lowest tone is named yakah and is determined by the lowest pitch in the range of the singer. The next higher octave is nawa and the second tuti. However, from these twenty-four tones, seven are selected to produce a scale and thus the interval of a quarter tone is never used and the three-quarter tone or neutral second should be considered the characteristic interval.

By contrast, in the European equally tempered scale the octave is divided into twelve equal divisions, or exactly half as many as the Arab system. Thus, when Arabic music is written in European musical notation, a slashed or reversed flat sign is used to indicate a quarter-tone flat, a standard flat symbol for a half-tone flat, and a flat sign combined with a slashed or reversed flat sign for a three-quarter-tone flat, sharp with one vertical line for quarter sharps, standard sharp symbol (♯) for a half-step sharp, and a sharp with three vertical lines for a three-quarter-tone sharp. A two octave range starting with yakah arbitrarily on the G below middle C is used.

In practice much fewer than twenty-four tones are used in a single performance. All twenty-four tones are individual pitches differentiated into a hierarchy of important pitches—pillars—which occur more frequently in the tone rows of traditional music and most often begin tone rows, and scattered less important or seldom occurring pitches (see tonality).

The specific notes used in a piece will be part of one of more than seventy modes or maqam rows named after characteristic tones that are rarely the first tone (unlike in European-influenced music theory where the tonic is listed first). The rows are heptatonic and constructed from augmented, major, neutral, and minor seconds. Many different but similar ratios are proposed for the frequency ratios of the tones of each row and performance practice, as of 1996, has not been investigated using electronic measurements.

The current tone system is derived from the work of Farabi (d. 950 CE) (heptatonic scales constructed from seconds), who used a 25-tone unequal scale (see tetrachord), and Mikha'il Mishaqah (1800–1888) who first presented the 24-tone equal-tempered division. Some strict traditionalists and musicians also use a 17-tone set, rejecting the 24-tone division as commercial.

See also
Jins
Arabic maqam

References

T
Equal temperaments
Microtonality

Arab tone system


Port St. Joe is a city and the county seat of Gulf County, Florida. It is located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 98 and State Road 71. As of the 2020 census, the population was 3,357, a decline from 3,644 as of the 2000 census.

History
St. Joseph was founded in 1835 by businessmen from nearby Apalachicola, which was troubled by legal conflict over land titles. It was mostly abandoned in 1841 after a yellow fever epidemic; a storm surge produced by a hurricane in 1844 destroyed what structures remained.

During the Civil War, Florida was a leading producer of salt for the Confederate army. On September 15, 1862, a Union officer on board the USS Kingfisher wrote that he an his men had sent a demand to the extensive salt works at Saint Joseph that they cease production. When the work was not halted, the Kingfisher went into Saint Joseph bay, sent at least 50 men in land, and destroyed the salt works.

In the early 20th century a new settlement was founded close to the original after the arrival of the Apalachicola Northern Railroad in 1909. It appears that the more informal "Port St. Joe" was adopted for official use around this time.

The community was extensively damaged by Hurricane Michael on October 10, 2018.

Geography

Port St. Joe is located in southern Gulf County at  (29.807968, –85.297684), within the Florida Panhandle and along the Emerald Coast. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which  is land and , or 21.86%, is water. The city limits extend into St. Joseph Bay, an arm of the Gulf of Mexico.

U.S. Route 98 passes through Port St. Joe as Monument Drive in the north and Constitution Drive in the south. US 98 leads northwest along the Gulf shore  to Panama City and southeast  to Apalachicola. Florida State Road 71 (Cecil G. Costin Sr. Boulevard) leads northeast  to Wewahitchka.

Port St. Joe averages only  above sea level. At its highest point it is only  above sea level. This portion of the town has been dubbed "Highland View".

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,644 people, 1,402 households, and 1,030 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 1,571 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 68.52% White, 30.10% African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 0.05% from other races, and 0.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.55% of the population.

There were 1,402 households, out of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.2% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.5% were non-families. 24.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.6% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 21.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $33,800, and the median income for a family was $39,489. Males had a median income of $30,244 versus $21,111 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,205. About 11.2% of families and 13.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.2% of those under age 18 and 11.7% of those age 65 or over.

Schools and libraries
Port St. Joe, within Gulf District Schools, has one elementary school, with Dolphins as mascot. It has a joint middle-high school, Port St. Joe High School, with Sharks as the mascot. The school colors are purple and gold. There is also a small private school, Faith Christian School, which has the lions as its mascot. All of the public schools are located on one development strip set aside under the Department of Education. This begins with the elementary school and its playground and continues with the football stadium, a quarter mile running track, and finally the high school and adult school stretching a distance of about 5 city blocks. Port St. Joe also has a community college that offers two year associate degrees.

Port St. Joe has a library co-located with the senior citizens center, sheriff's office, courthouse, and animal shelter off State Road 71.

The Florida Constitutional Convention of 1838 took place in the former town of St. Joseph, the site of which is now part of Port St. Joe. There is a museum and monument commemorating this event.

Local media

Radio
 WEBZ 99.3 FM (Urban)
 W216BT 91.1 FM (repeater of WFSW-FM, Panama City)
 WDBW-LP, 97.3 FM (Long Avenue Baptist Church, repeater of Bible Broadcasting Network)
 WOYS 106.5 FM Classic Rock/Blues/Beach Music
 WFCX 100.5 FM Tropical Rock

Newspaper
The Star

Transportation
Port St. Joe is served by a variety of transportation modes.

Water
Port St. Joe is traversed by the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway (GIWW), a federally maintained canal with a channel of  deep by  wide, which provides access from St. Marks, Florida, to Brownsville, Texas. From the GIWW, barges can be moved inland on various river systems including the Mississippi River, Tombigbee River Waterway System, and the Apalachicola River. The Apalachicola River is Gulf County's eastern boundary.

The Port of Port St. Joe shipping channel is congressionally authorized to a depth of  and connects to the shipping lanes of the Gulf of Mexico and to the world. Existing facilities include a manufacturer of chemical lime from dolomite, a chemical plant, a 9 million ton/year dry bulk barge-to-rail transloading terminal, and a builder of dive-cruise ships.

Rail
The AN Railway previously served the industries and port of Port St. Joe and had a history of transporting a variety of products including wood chips and other forest products, chemicals, and coal. In light of the latter, most of its  mainline consisted of heavy duty,  rail on concrete ties. The AN connected with the Class I CSX Transportation at Chattahoochee, Florida. There is currently no rail service in Port St. Joe.

Highway
Gulf County's highway transportation needs are met with three main corridors: U.S. Route 98 along the coast and through Port St. Joe providing a route west to Panama City and east to Apalachicola, State Road 22 westward from Wewahitchka to Panama City, and State Road 71 from Port St. Joe northward toward Alabama and Georgia. Further, State Road 71 provides a low-traffic connection to Interstate 10, with only two traffic signals between Port St. Joe and Interstate 10 over the  distance.

Notable people

 Greg Lewis, retired NFL running back
 Calvin Pryor former NFL strong safety
 Roman Quinn, MLB player
 Jason Shoaf, member of the Florida House of Representatives
 Clifford Chester Sims, United States Army soldier and Medal of Honor recipient

See also
Centennial Building
Constitution Convention Museum State Park
Port Theatre Art and Culture Center
St. Joseph, Gulf County, Florida
St. Joseph Catholic Mission Church

References

External links

 City of Port St. Joe official website
 Gulf County Tourist Development Council
 Gulf County Chamber of Commerce
 The Star, newspaper that serves Port St. Joe; available in full-text with images in Florida Digital Newspaper Library

St. Joe, Port
County seats in Florida
Cities in Gulf County, Florida
Cities in Florida
Populated coastal places in Florida on the Gulf of Mexico
Populated places established in 1835
1835 establishments in Florida Territory

Port St. Joe, Florida


is a Japanese investor and businessman best known as the founder of the video game developer Square. Miyamoto graduated from Waseda University in 1983, and joined his father's electric power conglomerate, Den-Yu-Sha as a programmer in their software division. After transforming the games division from a group of generalist programmers into specialists working together on a common project, the group was spun out into its own company in 1986. Miyamoto served as president of the company until 1991, though he remained a major shareholder in the company.

Biography

Square
Miyamoto graduated from Waseda University in 1983, but he was not interested in joining his father's electric power conglomerate, Den-Yu-Sha, instead pondering a career in women's clothing manufacturing. He started his career developing computer games in the software division of Den-Yu-Sha at Yokohama. At the time, game development in Japan was usually conducted by only one programmer. Miyamoto recognized that it would be more efficient to have graphic designers, programmers, and professional story writers working together on common projects. To recruit for this new organizational structure, Miyamoto opened an Internet café-like salon in Yokohama and offered jobs to those who demonstrated exceptional programming skills. This strategy discovered Hisashi Suzuki, who would go on to become CEO of Square, and he in turn recruited Hironobu Sakaguchi, the eventual creator of Final Fantasy. In 1986, Miyamoto spun Square out from Den-Yu-Sha to become an independent company with a focus on making games for the Famicom video game system in Japan. He stepped down as president of Square in 1991.

Square Enix Merger
During the discussion of the merger of Square and Enix in 2002, his approval of the merger was essential because of his major stake in Square. Initially, the ratio of Square shares was to be 1 to .81 shares of Enix, which  Miyamoto objected to. When the merger went through, 1 share of Square resulted in 0.85 shares of Enix. Miyamoto made 5 million shares, or 9% of the company, available for purchase in the summer of 2002, but still retained 31.04% ownership. He is as of March 31, 2018 the tenth largest shareholder of Square Enix.

References

Square (video game company)
1957 births
Living people
Japanese businesspeople
Square Enix people
Waseda University alumni

Masafumi Miyamoto


Howard Lee Grimes (August 22, 1941 – February 12, 2022) was an American drummer, best known as a member of the Hi Rhythm Section on records by Al Green, Ann Peebles and others in the 1970s.

Life and career
Born in Memphis, Tennessee on August 22, 1941, Grimes first performed in public at the age of 12, with Rufus Thomas.  By his late teens he recorded regularly on sessions for Satellite Records, which later became Stax, where he was tutored by Al Jackson, Jr.  He also began working with bandleader and record producer Willie Mitchell at Hi Records, taking over as Mitchell's main drummer after Jackson's death. As a key member of the house band at Mitchell's Royal Studios in Memphis, Grimes was instrumental in creating some of the most memorable songs and soul grooves of the 1970s.

After the demise of Hi Records in the late 1970s, Grimes continued to perform with Teenie Hodges and other members credited as Hi Rhythm or, on the 1994 album Perfect Gentlemen, the Hodges Brothers.

Grimes died from kidney failure on February 12, 2022, at the age of 80.

References

External links

1941 births
2022 deaths
20th-century African-American musicians
20th-century American drummers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century African-American people
African-American drummers
American male drummers
American session musicians
Deaths from kidney failure
Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee

Howard Grimes


Halina Czerny-Stefańska ([ˈxaˈlina t͡ʂɛrnɨ stɛˈfaj᷉ska] 31 December 19221 July 2001) was a Polish pianist.

Life
She studied piano under her father, Stanisław Szwarcenberg-Czerny, as well as with Alfred Cortot at the École Normale de Musique in Paris, and later with Józef Turczyński and Zbigniew Drzewiecki in Warsaw.  She was a joint First Prize winner at the IV International Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw in 1949, sharing this prize with Bella Davidovich.  Her repertoire was restricted to few composers other than Frédéric Chopin and even her Chopin repertoire was not large.  For example, she did not play the Piano Concerto No. 1 in E minor live until 1951, and she never played the F minor concerto at all, as she did not like it.

She was proven to be the real pianist in a recording of the E minor concerto that was misattributed to Dinu Lipatti. The recording was released in 1966 by EMI, and on the 1971 British release was a note to the effect that, although the name of the conductor and orchestra were not known, there was no doubt the soloist was Lipatti. The BBC broadcast the recording in 1981, and a listener wrote in, noting the similarities between it and a Supraphon recording from the early 1950s with Czerny-Stefańska under Václav Smetáček. Tests revealed these were one and the same recording. The so-called Lipatti recording was withdrawn.

Halina Czerny-Stefańska was a juror in many piano competitions including the Leeds International Pianoforte Competition, the International Tchaikovsky Competition, and the Marguerite Long-Jacques Thibaud Competition.  She was also a juror at the International Chopin Piano Competition for many years.

Her daughter, with husband Ludwik Stefański (1917–1982) is Elżbieta Stefańska-Łukowicz (b. 1943), is a harpsichordist and professor at the Academy of Music in Kraków, Poland.

Halina Czerny-Stefańska died in Kraków on 1 July 2001.

Selected recordings
Halina Czerny-Stefańska's discography includes recordings done by the labels: Deutsche Grammophon, Decca, Emi Classics, His Master's Voice, Polskie Nagrania "Muza", Supraphon, Selene, Pony Cayon, RCA Records, RCA-Japan and Telefunken.

She has recorded works by Mozart, Beethoven, Chopin (a large selection), Paderewski, Grieg, Szymanowski, and Zarębski.

Frédéric Chopin, Piano Concerto in E minor Op. 11, Supraphon SUA 10130 (1955).
Frédéric Chopin, 24 preludes Op. 28, Ace of Diamonds SDD 2146 (Telefunken).
Ludwig van Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 2 in B-Flat Major Op. 19; Edvard Grieg, Piano Concerto in A Minor  Op. 16. Polish Radio Symphony Orchestra, Jan Krenz, Conductor. Musical Heritage Society (MHS 1101, undated).
Frédéric Chopin, Complete set of the Polonaises, Polskie Nagrania.
Frédéric Chopin, Complete set of the Nocturnes, Japanese RCA (1985–87).
Frédéric Chopin, Complete set of the Mazurkas, Canyon Classics (1989–90).
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Piano Concerto No. 23 in A major, K. 488. Česká filharmonie (Czech Philharmonic), Karel Ančerl, Conductor. Supraphon (1952).

References

External links
 Halina Czerny-Stefańska  at The Fryderyk Chopin Institute in Warsaw.
 Halina Czerny-Stefańska at the Naxos.com

Polish classical pianists
Polish women pianists
Burials at Rakowicki Cemetery
1922 births
2001 deaths
École Normale de Musique de Paris alumni
Alumni of the Academy of Music in Kraków
Polish music educators
Polish women music educators
International Chopin Piano Competition winners
20th-century classical pianists
Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Women classical pianists
Recipients of the State Award Badge (Poland)
Musicians from Kraków
People from Kraków Voivodeship (1919–1939)
20th-century women pianists

Halina Czerny-Stefańska


Henry Bard, 1st Viscount Bellomont (1616 – June 20, 1656) was a Royalist soldier and diplomat who served in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, then as envoy from Charles II of England to Safavid Iran and the Mughal Empire, where he died in 1656.

Born in Staines, Bard traveled extensively in Europe and the Near East prior to the outbreak of the First English Civil War in August 1642. He joined the Royalist army and despite losing an arm at Cheriton in March 1644 rose to command a brigade at Naseby in 1645. After Charles I surrendered in May 1646, Bard was created Viscount Bellomont and sent to Ireland to recruit men for the Royalist cause.

His ship was stopped while crossing the Irish Sea and he was arrested, then released in 1647 after agreeing to go into exile and not return to England until given permission. He remained with the exiled court of Charles II until 1653 when he left on his mission, arriving in Isfahan in 1654 accompanied by his secretary Niccolao Manucci. At the end of 1655 they continued from Isfahan to India where Bard died in June 1656; Manucci settled in Delhi and wrote a first hand account of the Mughal Empire which contains details of their journey.

Although John Hall, a contemporary from Cambridge University, described him as a "man of very presentable body and stout and undaunted courage", moderate Royalists like Clarendon criticised his brutality. This included his role in the killing of civilians at Leicester in June 1645, and alleged involvement in the 1649 murder of Isaac Dorislaus, then Commonwealth ambassador to the Dutch Republic.

Personal details

Henry Bard was born in Staines-upon-Thames in early 1616, youngest son of the Reverend George Bard (ca 1575-1616), vicar of St Mary's, Staines and his wife Susan Dudley. His father died soon after his birth, leaving six children; in addition to Henry, they included William (ca 1603-?), Maximilian (1606-1691), George, Margaret and Elizabeth. Maximilian became a wealthy London merchant, who left an estate worth £40,000 when he died and supported Henry financially for much of his life.

Bard married Anne Gardiner (?-after 1668) in 1645 and they had four surviving children; Frances (1646-1708), Charles Rupert (1648-1667), killed serving in Saint Kitts, Anne (1650-after 1668) and Persiana (1653-1739), who married her cousin Nathaniel. Frances, a famous beauty, became the mistress of Prince Rupert in 1664, by whom she had a son Dudley Bard (1666-1688).

Career

Although George Bard was the eldest son, the family estates near Tealby and Sixhills in Lincolnshire were left to his younger brother Thomas (1581-after 1627). Despite this, there was enough money for Henry to be educated at Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, where he became a fellow in 1636. From 1638 to 1642 he traveled extensively through Europe and the Near East, possibly acting as a trading agent for his brother. He obtained a copy of the Quran while in Egypt and presented it to King's College Library on his return where it remains.

When the First English Civil War began in August 1642, Bard enrolled in Pinchbeck's Regiment, part of the Royalist northern army based in York. In February 1643, Queen Henrietta Maria landed in Bridlington with a large shipment of weapons purchased in the Dutch Republic for transport to the Royalist war-time capital at Oxford. On 16 May, Bard and Pinchbeck arrived in Oxford with a consignment of gunpowder; their regiment fought at First Newbury in September, where Pinchbeck was badly wounded and later died of his injuries in January 1644.

Shortly after Newbury, Charles I agreed a truce or "Cessation" with Confederate Ireland, allowing him to use troops from the Irish Royal Army in England. Promoted colonel, Bard was sent to Ireland to recruit additional regiments and was knighted on his return in December. He took over Pinchbeck's regiment and fought under Sir Ralph Hopton at Cheriton in March 1644; he was wounded and captured after launching an unauthorised attack which largely contributed to the Royalist defeat.

Since his injuries led to the amputation of an arm, Bard was released in May but rather than retiring rejoined the king and took part in the 1644 western campaign, including the Battle of Lostwithiel and Second Newbury.  He was made a baronet in October and governor of Chipping Camden, where he quickly established a reputation for brutality and extortion. By early 1645, the Royalists were short of men and to bolster the Oxford field army reduced their garrisons, including the one at Chipping Camden; before doing so, Bard destroyed his headquarters at Camden Hall.

Now commander of a brigade or tercio, Bard played a leading role in the capture of Leicester on 29 May, in which over 700 civilians and prisoners were massacred after surrendering. At Naseby on 14 June, the Oxford field army was destroyed, reducing the Royalist presence outside South West England to a few isolated garrisons. These included Worcester, where Bard was appointed governor; he began raising money and men but in May Charles surrendered to the Scots Covenanters outside Newark on Trent and the war ended when Oxford capitulated in June.

Despite military defeat, Charles attempted to regain his political position by building a coalition of moderate Parliamentarians and English, Scottish and Irish Royalists. On 8 July 1646, Bard was created Viscount Bellomont and given a commission to raise a regiment of cavalry in Ireland but was captured by the Parliamentarian navy crossing the Irish Sea and held in Plymouth. With the help of his brother Maximilian, he was released in December 1647 after promising to go into exile and not to return without permission. He and his family joined the court of Charles II in The Hague, where he converted to Catholicism.

This meant he took no part in the 1648 Second English Civil War, which resulted in the trial and execution of Charles I in January 1649. On 12 May 1649, he was arrested and charged with the murder of Isaac Dorislaus, newly installed Commonwealth ambassador to the Dutch Republic, but was released without charge. In 1653, he was sent as an envoy from Charles to Shah Abbas II of Persia, seeking payment of an alleged debt for English support in the 1622 capture of Ormuz. This proved unsuccessful and in 1655 he went onto India, hoping to obtain aid from Shah Jahan.

He reached Surat in January 1656 but died at Hodal on 20 June while making his way to Delhi and was later buried in the Catholic cemetery in Agra. He was accompanied by Niccolao Manucci, a 19 year old recruited in Venice to act as his guide, who settled in India and wrote a comprehensive first hand account of the Mughal Empire.

References

Sources

1616 births
1656 deaths
People from Staines-upon-Thames
Bellomont, Henry Bard, 1st Viscount
Peers of Ireland created by Charles I
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
Royalist military personnel of the English Civil War
English amputees
English expatriates in India
Burials in India
Explorers of India

Henry Bard, 1st Viscount Bellomont


Charles Carroll Simms (1824–1884) a native of Virginia, became a United States Navy midshipman in 1839. He served in the U.S. Navy for more than two decades, achieving the rank of Lieutenant in 1854. He was dismissed from the service in April 1861, after his state left the United States, and briefly was an officer in Virginia's Navy. Commissioned as a First Lieutenant in the Confederate States Navy in June 1861, during that year he commanded the steamer CSS George Page and was assigned to the steamer CSS Rappahannock. Also commanded CSS Appomattox in coastal North Carolina until it was scuttled in February 1862. As an officer of the ironclad CSS Virginia, he took part in her March–May 1862 actions in the vicinity of Hampton Roads. Subsequently, he served in the gunboats CSS Nansemond on the James River, and CSS Selma in Mobile Bay. During the American Civil War's final year, while assigned to the Mobile Squadron, he commanded the ironclads CSS Baltic and CSS Nashville. First Lieutenant Simms surrendered to Federal forces in early May 1865 and was paroled soon afterwards.

Simms was born 30 Mar 1824 in Virginia to John Douglas Simms and Eleanor Carroll Brent. He married Elizabeth James Nourse about 1852 and he died 18 Dec 1884 in Georgetown, Washington, D. C.  He and his wife are buried in Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington D.C. The Simms family was one of public service.  His father, John Douglass Simms, was a Chief Clerk of the Navy Department and Acting Secretary of the Navy in 1841 with the resignation of George E. Badger. Col. Charles Simms, grandfather of Charles Carroll Simms, was, among other things, an officer in the American Revolution and Mayor of Alexandria, Virginia.

References

This page incorporates text from the public domain U.S. Naval Historical Center.

Confederate States Navy commanders
Military personnel from Virginia
United States Navy officers
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
1824 births
1884 deaths

Charles Carroll Simms


Lönkytin is an island in the Finnish sector of the Bay of Bothnia, off shore from the town of Haukipudas.

Description
Lönkytin is a high, rocky islet. It is located about  west-northwest of the mouth of the Kiiminkijoki river, to the east of the Oulu and Kemi deep-water route.
The island has a radar reflector.
It is near one of the deepest parts of the Finnish sector of the Gulf of Bothnia, at some places reaching a depth of .

The second-closest island to the east is Satakarinletto.

References

Finnish islands in the Baltic
Landforms of North Ostrobothnia

Lönkytin


John Anthony Ciardi ( ; ; June 24, 1916 – March 30, 1986) was an American poet, translator, and etymologist. While primarily known as a poet and translator of Dante's Divine Comedy, he also wrote several volumes of children's poetry, pursued etymology, contributed to the Saturday Review as a columnist and long-time poetry editor, directed the Bread Loaf Writers' Conference in Vermont, and recorded commentaries for National Public Radio.

In 1959, Ciardi published a book on how to read, write, and teach poetry, How Does a Poem Mean?, which has proven to be among the most-used books of its kind. At the peak of his popularity in the early 1960s, Ciardi also had a network television program on CBS, Accent. Ciardi's impact on poetry is perhaps best measured through the younger poets whom he influenced as a teacher and as editor of the Saturday Review.

Biography
Ciardi was born at home in Boston's North End in 1916.  His father, an Italian immigrant, died in an automobile accident in 1919, and he was raised by his Italian mother (who was illiterate) and his three older sisters. In 1921, his family moved to Medford, Massachusetts, where he attended public schools. His family members saved enough money to send him to college. He entered Bates College in Lewiston, Maine, before transferring to Tufts University in Boston to study under poet John Holmes. He graduated from Tufts in 1938, and the following year completed his MA at the University of Michigan. At Michigan he was awarded the Hopwood Prize for Homeward to America, a poetry collection which he submitted under the pseudonym "Thomas Aquinas".

Ciardi taught briefly at the University of Kansas City before joining the United States Army Air Forces in 1942, becoming a gunner on B-29s and flying some twenty missions over Japan before being transferred to desk duty in 1945.  He was discharged in October 1945 with the rank of Technical Sergeant and with both the Air Medal and Oak Leaf Cluster. Ciardi's war diary, Saipan, was published posthumously in 1988. After the war, Ciardi returned to UKC for the spring semester 1946, where he met and, on July 28, married Myra Judith Hostetter, a journalist and journalism instructor. Immediately after the wedding, the couple left for a third-floor apartment at Ciardi's Medford, Massachusetts home, which his mother and sisters had put together for the man of their family and his new bride.

John Ciardi was a longtime resident of Metuchen, New Jersey. He died on Easter Sunday in 1986 of a heart attack, but not before composing his own epitaph:

Here, time concurring (and it does);
Lies Ciardi. If no kingdom come,
A kingdom was. Such as it was
This one beside it is a slum.

Literary career
After the war, Mr. Ciardi returned briefly to Kansas State, before being named instructor [in 1946], and later assistant professor, in the Briggs Copeland chair at Harvard University, where he stayed until 1953. ... While at Harvard, Mr. Ciardi began his long association with the Bread Loaf Writers Conference at Middlebury College in Vermont, where he lectured on poetry for almost 30 years, half that time as director of the program.

Ciardi had published his first book of poems, Homeward to America, in 1940, before the war, and his next book, Other Skies, focusing on his wartime experiences, was published in 1947.  His third book, Live Another Day, came out in 1949.  In 1950, Ciardi edited a poetry collection, Mid-Century American Poets, which identified the best poets of the generation that had come into its own in the 1940s: Richard Wilbur, Muriel Rukeyser, John Frederick Nims, Karl Shapiro, Elizabeth Bishop, Theodore Roethke, Delmore Schwartz, Randall Jarrell, Robert Lowell, Ciardi himself, and several others. Each poet selected several poems for inclusion, plus his or her comments on the poetic principles that guided the compositions, addressing especially the issue of the "unintelligibility" of modern poetry.

Ciardi had begun translating Dante for his classes at Harvard and continued with the work throughout his time there.  His translation of The Inferno was published in 1954. Dudley Fitts, himself an important mid-century translator, said of Ciardi's version, "[H]ere is our Dante, Dante for the first time translated into virile, tense American verse; a work of enormous erudition which (like its original) never forgets to be poetry; a shining event in a bad age." Joan Acocella (née Ross), however, noted "The constant stretching for a heartier, more modern and American idiom not only vulgarizes; it also guarantees that wherever Dante expresses himself by implication rather than by direct statement, Ciardi will either miss or ignore the nuance." The translation "is widely used at universities." Ciardi's translation of The Purgatorio followed in 1961 and The Paradiso in 1970. Ciardi's version of The Inferno was recorded and released by Folkways Records in 1954.  Two years later, Ciardi would have his work featured again on an album titled, As If: Poems, New and Selected, by John Ciardi.

In 1953, Ciardi joined the English Department at Rutgers University in order to begin a writing program, but after eight successful years there, he resigned his professorship in 1961 in favor of several other more lucrative careers, especially fall and spring tours on the college lecture circuit, and to "devote himself fulltime to literary pursuits." (When he left Rutgers, he famously quipped that teaching was "planned poverty.") He was popular enough and interesting enough to warrant a pair of appearances in the early 1960s on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. He was the poetry editor of the Saturday Review from 1956 to 1972. In 1962 Ciardi wrote an editorial critical of the government's efforts to censor Henry Miller's Tropic of Cancer, which the book's publisher Barney Rosset, engaged in defense against legal action across the country, later acknowledged for its impact on public opinion, aiding the defense in the jury trials that followed. He wrote the 1959 poetry textbook How Does a Poem Mean? Ciardi was a "fellow of the National Academy of Arts and Sciences and a member and former president of the National Institute of Arts and Letters." He was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto.

For the last decade of his life, he reported on word histories on National Public Radio's Morning Edition, as an outgrowth of his series of books of etymologies, A Browser's Dictionary (1980), A Second Browser's Dictionary (1983) and Good Words to You (posthumously published in 1987). The weekly three-minute spot on etymology was called Word In Your Ear. He also taught at the University of Florida.

Among 20th-century American men of letters, he maintained a notably high profile and level of popularity with the general public, as well as a reputation for considerable craftsmanship in his output. Burton Raffel summed up Ciardi's career: "Blessed with a fine voice, a ready wit, and a relentless honesty, Ciardi became in many ways an archetype of the existentially successful twentieth-century American poet, peripatetic, able to fit into and exploit chinks in the great American scheme of things, while never fitting in as either a recognized peg or hole."

Legacy
Critic and poet Kenneth Rexroth described Ciardi as "... singularly unlike most American poets with their narrow lives and feuds. He is more like a very literate, gently appetitive, Italo-American airplane pilot, fond of deep simple things like his wife and kids, his friends and students, Dante's verse and good food and wine." "During his years at Bread Loaf and at the Saturday Review, Ciardi established a reputation as a tough, sometimes harsh, critic." "His review of Anne Morrow Lindbergh's 1956 book The Unicorn and Other Poems touched off what the Review's editor, Norman Cousins, described as the biggest storm of reader protest in the magazine's history." "Ciardi defended his stand, noting that it was the reviewer's duty to damn when warranted." In similar circumstances, Ciardi "described Robert Frost's 'Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening' as expressing the death wish of its speaker". May Sarton, for example, accused Ciardi of "hat[ing her] guts and [of doing] everything he could to destroy [her]" in describing the difficulties faced by women poets.

Working for the Saturday Review while overseas, Ciardi sent Harold Norse's poem, "Victor Emmanuel Monument (Rome)", back to the U.S. to be published in the April 13, 1957 issue. The poem described Italian soldiers as flamboyant prostitutes. In Ciardi's biography, Cifelli quotes several lines from the poem indicating that the soldiers were "all the brilliance of male panache", and "picking up extra cash from man and boy". Ciardi was asked to leave by Italian officials by June 16. Knowing that he could be arrested, he continued to write letters of apology to the government, asking for reprieve. Yet he refused to leave, as he was not scheduled to depart till later on in the summer.

Ciardi did not fare well in the counterculture of the late 1960s and 1970s. He had been a fresh, sometimes brash, voice for modern poetry, but as he approached his fiftieth birthday in 1966, he had become entrenched and his voice became bitter, sometimes bumptious. He urged his only remaining students, those at Bread Loaf for two weeks each August, to learn how to write within the tradition before abandoning it in favor of undisciplined, improvisational free verse. Ciardi was unceremoniously fired from Bread Loaf in 1972, after serving seventeen years as director, and not having missed a single year on the poetry staff since 1947.

Over the past quarter century, John Ciardi has come to be regarded as a mid-level, mid-century formalist, one who was replaced in literary history by the more daring and colorful Beat, Confessional, and Black Mountain poets. However, with revisionism chipping away at the reputations of the latter groups, and the brief emergence of a renewed interest in formalism in the late 20th century, Ciardi's type of mostly understated verse enjoyed a small resurgence in popularity, one that has passed as the interest in formalism proved shallow and short lived.

In recognition of Ciardi's work, a John Ciardi Lifetime Achievement Award for Poetry is given annually to an Italian American poet for lifetime achievement in poetry.

National Public Radio (NPR) continues to make Ciardi's commentaries available. Etymologies and commentary on words such as daisy, demijohn, jimmies, gerrymander, glitch, snafu, cretin, and baseball, among others, are available from the archives of their website. NPR also began making his commentaries available as podcasts, starting in November 2005.

Awards
"In 1956, Ciardi received the Prix de Rome from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In 1982, the National Council of Teachers of English awarded him its award for excellence in children's poetry." He also won American Platform Association's Carl Sandburg Award in 1980.

Bibliography

 Homeward to America, 1940.  Poems.
 Other Skies, 1947.  Poems.
 Live Another Day, 1949.  Poems.
 Mid-Century American Poems, 1950.  Anthology edited by Ciardi.
 From Time to Time, 1951.  Poems.
 "The Hypnoglyph", 1953. Short story in Fantasy & Science Fiction, using the pseudonym "John Anthony".
 The Inferno.  1954.  Translation.
 As If:  Poems New and Selected, 1955.
 I Marry You, 1958.  Poems.
 39 Poems, 1959.
 The Reason for the Pelican, 1959.  Children's poems.
 How Does a Poem Mean?, 1959.  Poetry textbook.
 Scrappy the Pup, 1960.  Children's poems.
 In the Stoneworks, 1961.  Poems.
 The Purgatorio, 1961.  Translation.
 I Met a Man, 1961.  Children's poems.
 The Man Who Sang the Sillies, 1961.  Children's poems.
 In Fact, 1962.  Poems.
 The Wish-Tree, 1962.  Children's story.
 You Read to Me, I'll Read to You, 1962.  Children's poems.
 Dialogue with an Audience, 1963.  Saturday Review controversies and other selected essays.
 John J. Plenty and Fiddler Dan, 1963.  Children's poems.
 Person to Person, 1964.  Poems.
 You Know Who, 1964.  Children's poems.
 The King Who Saved Himself from Being Saved, 1966.  Children's story in verse.
 This Strangest Everything, 1966.  Poems.
 The Monster Den, 1966.  Children's poems.
 An Alphabestiary, 1967.  Poems.
 The Paradiso, 1970.  Translation.
 Someone Could Win a Polar Bear, 1970.  Children's poems.
 Lives of X, 1971.  Verse autobiography.
 Manner of Speaking, 1972.  Saturday Review columns.
 The Little That Is All, 1974.  Poems.
 Fast & Slow, 1975.  Children's poems.
 How Does a Poem Mean?, 1975.  Revised second edition. With Miller Williams.
 The Divine Comedy, 1977.  All three sections published together.
 Limericks: Too Gross or Two Dozen Dirty Dozen Stanzas, 1978.  With Isaac Asimov.
 For Instance, 1979.  Poems.
 A Browser's Dictionary, 1980.  Etymology.
 A Grossery of Limericks, 1981.  With Isaac Asimov.
 A Second Browser's Dictionary, 1983.  Etymology.
 Selected Poems, 1984.
 The Birds of Pompeii, 1985.  Poems.
 Doodle Soup, 1985.  Children's poems.
 Good Words to You, 1987.  Etymology.
 Poems of Love and Marriage, 1988.
 Saipan:  The War Diary of John Ciardi, 1988.
 Blabberhead, Bobble-Bud & Spade, 1988.  Collection of children's poems.
 Ciardi Himself:  Fifteen Essays in the Reading, Writing, and Teaching of Poetry, 1989.
 Echoes:  Poems Left Behind, 1989.
 The Hopeful Trout and Other Limericks, 1989.  Children's poems.
 Mummy Took Lessons and Other Poems, 1990.  Children's poems.
 Stations of the Air, 1993.  Poems.
 The Collected Poems of John Ciardi, 1997.  Edited by Edward M. Cifelli.

References

Further reading

External links

 John Ciardi biography and example of his poetry. Part of a series of poets.
 Ciardi Discography on Folkways

1916 births
1986 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American poets
20th-century translators
American columnists
American magazine editors
American male non-fiction writers
American male poets
American non-fiction writers
American poets of Italian descent
American television personalities
American translators
American writers of Italian descent
Bates College alumni
Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
Etymologists
Formalist poets
Harvard University faculty
Hopwood Award winners
Kansas State University faculty
Literature educators
Male television personalities
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
People from Metuchen, New Jersey
People from North End, Boston
Poets from Massachusetts
Poets from New Jersey
Recipients of the Air Medal
Rutgers University faculty
Translators of Dante Alighieri
Tufts University alumni
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
University of Florida faculty
University of Michigan alumni
University of Missouri–Kansas City faculty
Writers from Boston

John Ciardi


The Royal Naval Benevolent Trust (RNBT) is a charity registered established under Royal Charter in 1922 in the United Kingdom for the welfare of current and past naval personnel and their families.

It supports needy members of the "RNBT Family", that is all ratings and other ranks of the Royal Navy or Royal Marines, their spouses and dependant children, from enlistment until death. This support may be given through financial aid as one-off grants or regular payments to supplement the income of older people, support to other organisations which assist the "RNBT Family", residential care of elderly people at the RNBT's own residential nursing home, Pembroke House, at Gillingham, Kent and advice on welfare matters.  See www.rnbt.org.uk for more information.

In 2016/2017 the Trust's total income was £5.6m, including £1.7m in grants, which included just under £1m from Greenwich Hospital and over £0.6m from joint funding from Greenwich Hospital and the Royal Navy and Royal Marines Charity.  Total expenditure was £5.3m: £1.6m on grants to individuals and £2.7m providing residential and nursing care.

References

British veterans' organisations
Royal Navy

The Royal Naval Benevolent Trust


Joseph-Martin Cabirol (28 March 1799 – 15 December 1874) was a French inventor who patented a new model of standard diving dress in Paris in 1855, based on Augustus Siebe's designs.

Cabirol was born in Narbonne on March 28, 1799. He was the son of Jean Guillaume Cabirol, a trader, and Marie Lescot. On April 1, 1829, in Bordeaux, he married Anne Caroline Royère, the daughter of a pension master in Béziers. He died 168 Marsal street in Paris, 9th district, on December 15, 1874, at the age of 75.

Cabirol's suit was made out of rubberized canvas. The helmet, for the first time, included a hand-controlled exhaust valve that the diver used to evacuate his exhaled air. The valve included a one-way valve which stops water from entering the helmet. Until 1855 diving helmets were equipped with only three circular windows (front, left and right sides). Cabirol's helmet introduced a fourth window, in the upper front part of the helmet, which gave the diver an upward view. Having been presented to the Exposition Universelle in Paris, Cabirol's diving dress won the silver medal. The original diving dress and helmet are now preserved at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers in Paris.

His gravestone has a carving of a goat on it, as 'cabirol' is Occitanian for "goat".

References

Further reading

 Rémy Cazals, Daniel Fabre, Dominique Blanc: Les Audois: Dictionnaire biographique, Association des amis des archives de l'Aude, 1990, p. 87–88.

French engineers
Diving engineers

Joseph-Martin Cabirol


General elections were held in Liberia in 1939. It was the first presidential election since 1931, as special legislation approved by a referendum in 1935 had extended Edwin Barclay's term from four to eight years. Barclay, a member of the True Whig Party, was the only candidate, and was re-elected unopposed.

References

Liberia
General
Elections in Liberia
Single-candidate elections
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results

1939 Liberian general election


Itumeleng Issac Khune (born 20 June 1987) is a South African professional soccer player who plays as goalkeeper for Kaizer Chiefs in the Premier Soccer League, and also the South African national team.

He is the captain of both. Khune shot to fame when he saved three penalties from Esrom Nyandoro and Peter Ndlovu against Mamelodi Sundowns in the Telkom Knockout final on 1 December 2007. He is also well known for saving a David Villa penalty and proceeding to make a double save in the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup group stage match against Spain a day before his 22nd birthday on 20 June 2009. On 16 June 2010 against Uruguay, Khune became the second goalkeeper in the history of the FIFA World Cup to be sent off. He is also famous for performing a René Higuita scorpion kick save in a league victory over Mpumalanga Black Aces on 28 October 2015, which made rounds in England. Khune is known for his quick reflexes and his distribution which has been hailed as "the best you will see anywhere" by former Liverpool goalkeeper Sander Westerveld.

Personal life
Khune was born in Tshing, Ventersdorp in the North West as one of six children of Elias and Flora Khune. He is of Tswana heritage. His father Elias, worked as a driver at a mine in Carletonville and also played amateur football as a striker. Unlike many South African players who cite kicking a football on their hometown's dusty streets as their starting point, Khune was in love with cricket idolising Nicky Boje. He eventually decided to pursue a career in football to earn a living for him and his family. He attended New Nation, Westridge, St Barnabas and RW Fick High Schools. His younger brother Lucky Khune previously played as a striker for Chiefs and currently for PSL side Chippa United. Khune is nicknamed "Spider-Man" for his reflexes and flexible goalkeeping skills. In 2019 Khune and his wife Sphelele Makhunga got married traditionally.

Club career
Khune started out as a striker when he arrived for trials at Chiefs in 1999, but assumed the gloves by chance after he experienced chest problems during a junior game and found himself being reduced to a ball boy. Diving for balls that had missed the target he caught the attention of youth coach Terror Sephoa who converted him to a goalkeeper. In 2004, he was promoted to the first team.

After three years of waiting to get any game time, Khune finally got his opportunity in the early stages of the 2007–08 season after the departure of number one goalkeeper Rowen Fernandez to German club Arminia Bielefeld. With the experienced Emile Baron often plagued by injuries, Khune was made number one by then Chiefs coach Muhsin Ertugral. He made his PSL debut against Jomo Cosmos on 25 August 2007. His first season in the top-flight was highly successful as several match-winning displays for his side earned him a host of individual awards with Chiefs having the best defensive record in the league conceding only 19 goals in 30 games.

In his second season, he often struggled to regain the form and consistency of the previous season even though Chiefs managed to finish third in the standings and win the MTN 8.

During the 2009–10 season a finger injury sidelined Khune for three months giving understudy Arthur Bartman a chance to play regularly in his absence.

In October 2011, Khune was assigned as captain replacing Jimmy Tau. The 2012–13 season was arguably his best with Khune leading his side to a league and cup double. He was also voted into Goal.com's Goal50 which is a list of the best players of 2013. He was ranked 45th ahead of Fernandinho, Robbie Keane, and Frank Lampard and behind Andrea Pirlo, Roman Weidenfeller, Victor Wanyama and James Rodríguez who were all ranked from 40 to 50. He made his 200th appearance for Chiefs against Mpumalanga Black Aces in 2014. Prior to that match he had 91 clean sheets in 199 games and at the beginning of the season, he had played 172 games for Chiefs. In the 2013–14 season he won the Goalkeeper of the Year award for the second time in a row with 15 goals conceded and 18 clean sheets in 25 starts beating Moeneeb Josephs and Anssi Jakkola. Around July 2014 he was linked to a move to Bundesliga club Hannover 96. On 3 September 2014, Khune was diagnosed with a Grade 3 stress fracture which he initially suffered from since February 2014. His injury cost him his place in the 2015 African Cup of Nations. He was declared fit to play on 23 February 2015 although he did suffer a minor injury after clashing Morgan Gould's studs to his ribs which left a mark in a 4–0 win over Edu Sports in the Nedbank Cup. On 9 April 2015 in a 1–0 win over AmaZulu, Khune was controversially sent off in the 82nd minute in a game which also produced nine yellow cards – after receiving two cautions in quick succession from referee Phillip Tinyane at Peter Mokaba Stadium. Khune was first booked for time-wasting before being given his marching orders for showing dissent at the decision. Khune took to Twitter saying: "@OfficialPSL I did nothing wrong. You guys need to take action against these poor referees. "It's about time action is taken against these referees by @OfficialPSL. They've been very poor since beginning of the season. It's unfair how we are painted bad for our actions on the field but we are provoked by these referees, [you] can call me names but I stand for what is right." The league then afforded Khune five days to explain his comments although Khune did issue a public apology.

Khune initially did not renew his contract with Kaizer Chiefs when it expired in June 2015, however, after a long period of negotiations, he returned to the club on 30 July 2015, signing a new contract.

International career
He was part of Bafana Bafana's 2008 African Nations Cup squad but was not fielded until he made his international debut against Zimbabwe on 11 March 2008. He had since become the preferred choice in goal by then coach Joel Santana.

Khune was the first-choice goalkeeper in South Africa's squad at the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup. He saved a penalty against Spanish star David Villa in the group stages.

Khune was selected for the 2010 FIFA World Cup as Carlos Alberto Parreira's first-choice goalkeeper and made some good saves in the opening match against Mexico. However, on 16 June 2010, he was sent off against Uruguay when he tripped striker Luis Suárez inside the penalty area in the 77th minute. He became the second goalkeeper to be sent off in the history of the FIFA World Cup, joining Gianluca Pagliuca who saw red in 1994. This was the first red card of his career. Khune subsequently missed South Africa's final group game against France, where Moeneeb Josephs deputised as Bafana Bafana won 2–1 to restore some pride as they became the first host nation to exit the tournament at the opening stage. After the World Cup, he regained his number one spot in the team and he has kept three consecutive clean sheets on international level.

Khune represented Bafana Bafana in the whole tournament of 2013 African Cup of Nations and he kept two clean sheets in a goalless draw against Cape Verde and 2–0 victory against Angola. He was assigned the captaincy in May 2013, taking over from Bongani Khumalo and captained Bafana during the 2014 CHAN in South Africa.

In 2016, Khune was selected as one of South Africa's overage players for the 2016 Summer Olympics. He arrived at the tournament as the player with the most international experience, alongside Nigeria's Mikel John Obi, with 75 national team caps to his name. He was instrumental in his nation's opening match draw against Brazil, making a number of saves from Brazil captain Neymar.

Style of play
FifaPlayerRatings.com rates Khune in the top 10 of the goalkeepers in FIFA 15 and 525th overall. Khune is described as a player with "higher than normal diving skills and reflexes, making him a skilled close-shot and free-kick stopper with elite kicking abilities and accurate goal kicks and punts, taking pressure off his defense and creating attacking opportunities for his offense. He is technically skilled with his weak foot as well, which will allow him to accurately clear the ball with either foot when under pressure."

Outside football
He donated R150 000 to an old age home in his hometown of Ventersdorp, North West. He was accompanied by Minister of Sports and Recreation, Fikile Mbalula, George Lebese and George Maluleka.

Honours

Club
Kaizer Chiefs
 Premier Soccer League (3): 2004–05, 2012–13, 2014–15
 ABSA Cup/Nedbank Cup (2): 2006, 2013, 2014
 Coca-Cola Cup/Telkom Knockout (4): 2004, 2007, 2009, 2010
 SAA Supa 8/MTN 8 (3): 2006, 2008, 2014,

Individual
 PSL Footballer of the Year 2012–13
 PSL Players' Player of the Season 2007–08, 2012–13
 PSL Club Rookie of the Year 2007–08
 SA Sports Awards Sportsman of the Year 2013
 SA Sports Awards Newcomer of the Year 2008
 Telkom Knockout Player of the Tournament 2007
 Telkom Knockout Goalkeeper of the Tournament 2007
 Premier Soccer League Goalkeeper of the Season 2007–08, 2012–13,2013–14
 Kaizer Chiefs Player of the Season 2007–08, 2012–13
 Kaizer Chiefs Player's Player of the Season 2007–08, 2012–13
 Nedbank Cup Player of the Tournament '''2013

See also

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
People from Ventersdorp
South African men's soccer players
Men's association football goalkeepers
South Africa men's international soccer players
2008 Africa Cup of Nations players
2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players
Kaizer Chiefs F.C. players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2013 Africa Cup of Nations players
Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic soccer players for South Africa
South African Premier Division players
South Africa men's A' international soccer players
2014 African Nations Championship players
Soccer players from North West (South African province)
South African Tswana people

Itumeleng Khune


Manuel dos Reis Machado, commonly called Mestre Bimba (; November 23, 1900  – February 5, 1974), was a Brazilian capoeira mestre and the founder of the capoeira regional style. Bimba was one of the best capoeiristas of his time, undefeated in numerous public challenges against fighters from various martial arts.

Bimba came from capoeira Angola, and taught Angola style. He reformed capoeira primarily in response to Burlamaqui and Sinhôzinho's attempts to strip it of music and African traditions, and transform it into a mere set of bodily techniques. On the other hand, he was unsatisfied with capoeira Angola of his time, because of its emphasis on rituals and ineffective kicks.

Bimba encouraged adding new kicks to capoeira, as long as they were effective and incorporated into the basic footwork, ginga. In declaration of his style in 1936, Bimba claimed to have substracted two and added 15 kicks to traditional capoeira. Later, this number rose to 52 techniques from various arts. Martelo and queixada kicks, introduced by Bimba, became hallmarks of the Regional style.

Sequences of predetermined movements as a teaching method was one of the major innovations of Bimba. Another key innovations was teaching capoeira to a broader audience, which helped spread the art to different social groups and ultimately contributed to its decriminalization.

Bimba was also an excellent singer and berimbau player.

Early life

Manoel dos Reis Machado was born on 23 November 1900 in the neighbourhood of Engenho Velho, in Salvador.

The son of Luiz Cândido Machado and Maria Martinha do Bonfim, Machado was born at the Bairro do Engenho Velho, Salvador. The nickname "Bimba", whose literal meaning was "phallus", came up as a result of a bet between his mother and the midwife during his birth. His mother bet that he was going to be a girl and the midwife bet he would be a boy; after he was delivered, the midwife revealed that he was a boy by pointing between his legs at his bimba. In the context of Brazil, "Bimba" also meant "beating".

He started learning capoeira when he was 12 years old, with a Capitão da Companhia Baiana de Navegação (Navigation Captain) from Estrada das Boiadas (present day Bairro da Liberdade) in Salvador, called Bentinho, even though in those days capoeira was still being persecuted by the authorities. He would later be known as one of the legendary founding fathers of contemporary capoeira, (the other being Vicente Ferreira Pastinha, also known as Mestre Pastinha), the father of modern capoeira angola.

Machado was a coal miner, carpenter, warehouse man, longshoreman, and horse coach conductor, but mainly a capoeirista.

Birth of the regional style
At 18, Bimba felt that capoeira had lost all its efficacy as a martial art and an instrument of resistance, becoming a folkloric activity reduced to nine movements. It was then that Bimba started to restore movements from the old capoeira (later known as Angola), added movements from an extinct African fighting style called batuque – a type of martial art that he learned from his father (of which his father was a champion), as well as introducing movements created by himself. Bimba was the first to create a method of teaching to help facilitate learning because, until then, capoeira was only learned by watching and participating in the roda. This was the beginning of the development of capoeira regional.

It also has been theorized that Bimba received influence by other martial arts when adding and perfecting movements to the capoeira repertoire. He is known to have studied the method of capoeira teachers like Mestre Sinhozinho, Mario Aleixo and Anibal "Zuma" Burlamaqui, who mixed capoeira with martial arts like judo, boxing, Greco-Roman wrestling and Portuguese stick-fighting. Other sources, among them Mestre Itapoan, believe that Bimba made virtually no additions from other martial arts to capoeira, and that all its movements came from batuque or itself; moreover, there are reports of capoeira techniques similar to those from judo as far back as 1888, before Eastern martial arts came to Brazil. On the other hand, it is known that Bimba's student Cisnando Lima was trained in judo under Mitsuyo Maeda and Takeo Yano, and that other students sometimes faced Japanese martial artists in fights.

In 1928, a new chapter in the history of capoeira began, as well as a change in the way black people were looked upon by the Brazilian society. After a performance at the palace of Bahia's Governor, Juracy Magalhães, Bimba was finally successful in convincing the authorities of the cultural value of capoeira, thus in the 1930s ending its official ban, which had been in effect since 1890.Machado founded the first capoeira school in 1932, the Academia-escola de Cultura Regional, at the Engenho de Brotas in Salvador, Bahia. Previously, capoeira was only practiced and played on the streets. However, capoeira was still heavily discriminated against by upper-class Brazilian society. In order to change the pejorative reputation of capoeira and its practitioners as devious, stealthy and malicious, Bimba set new standards to the art.

His students had to wear a clean, white uniform, show proof of grade proficiency from school, exercise discipline, show good posture and many other standards. As a result, doctors, lawyers, politicians, upper-middle-class people, and women (until then excluded)  started to join his school, providing Bimba with legitimacy and support. Bimba was not completely against accepting exceptionally poor students, but only when they showed talent or attitude.

It's also known that Bimba tested his new students putting them in a strong gravata or neck lock for three minutes, only accepting them in his school if they endured said time without tapping out. However, after the entrance of his apprentice Cisnando Lima, he changed the initiation test to a demonstration of flexibility and a written examination.

 Capoeira regional is established
In 1936, Bimba challenged fighters of any martial art style to test his regional style in a fight, which would be hosted under the boxing-like ruleset innovated by fellow capoeirista Anibal Burlamaqui. He had four matches, fighting against Henrique Bahia, Vítor Benedito Lopes, Américo Ciência and fellow capoeira master José Custódio "Zé I" dos Santos. Bimba won all matches, and received the nickname of "Três Pancadas" ("Three Hits"), meaning he only need three strikes at most to finish an opponent.

Related to his challenges, Bimba had a famous rivalry with other mestres about whether it was valid or not to use hand strikes in the roda, especially after he finished an opponent named Vitor with a asfixiante or galopante. Machado's main detractor, Lúcio "Barra Preta" de Tal, a police chief who had lost money with the result of the match, supposedly ambushed him on the Engenho Velho street in August 1936, carrying a gun and accompanied by six policemen armed with sabers. A scuffle broke out, only for Bimba to disarm and knock all the seven men senseless. According to Bimba, however, it wasn't properly an ambush: the policemen would be drunk and causing turmoil, and Bimba interfered in order to help a young boy they were attacking, starting the brawl only after receiving himself a saber attack that he had to employ his skill to dodge. The newspaper A Tarde covered the incident under the title of "It's not easy to catch a capoeirista! He defended himself using cabeçadas and rabos de arraia" ("Não é fácil pegar um capoeirista... Livrou-se da agressão com cabeçadas e rabos de arraia").

On June 9, 1937, he earned the state board of education certificate and officially registered the 1st Capoeira center.

Bimba's Capoeira Regional academy was geographically near Mestre Pastinha's Capoeira Angola school. While it is known that the two mestres respected each other and never talked bad about the other's school, according to mestres Atenilo and Itapoan, Bimba sometimes instructed his students to hit and injure Pastinha's in shared rodas.Nestor Capoeira, Capoeira: Roots of the Dance Fight Game

In 1942, Machado opened his second school at the Terreiro de Jesus on Rua das Laranjeiras. The school is still open today and was supervised by his former student, "Vermelho" until the early 1980s. The school then came under the brief supervision of Mestre Almiro, before being transferred to Mestre Bamba; the man who leads the school today. He also taught capoeira to the army and at the police academy. He was then considered "the father of modern capoeira".

In 1945, Bimba and his students were challenged by Jayme Ferreira, a Brazilian jiu-jitsu competitor trained by the Gracie family, who accused regional capoeiristas of avoiding fights. Bimba answered by saying capoeira regional was for self-defense, not for fighting under sport rules.

In 1949, the regional school toured Sao Paulo in order to show their art. However, their promoter would force them to work full exhibition matches (marmeladas, a word also used for professional wrestling), which Mestre Bimba didn't approve of. During this tour, they received two challenges to fight for real (pra valer), one by Brazilian catch wrestlers led by Piragibe and another one by capoeira carioca leader Mestre Sinhozinho. A two day event was held in Rio de Janeiro starting from April 2, pitting a team of capoeiristas regionales against cariocas and catch wrestlers. Bimba's school lost all the matches by either submission or knockout, with the main event being with his student Jurandir being defeated by carioca Luiz "Cirandinha" Aguiar. The final part was held on April 7, getting a similar result with carioca Rudolf Hermanny winning over regionalista Fernando Perez. It's said Bimba was so impressed that he learned some movements he saw in the fight to absorb them into his own style.

July 23, 1953, he was invited to demonstrate capoeira to the then president of Brazil, Getúlio Dorneles Vargas. Vargas says, "Capoeira is the only sport which was truly Brazilian."

Important names to Brazilian society at that time such as Dr. Joaquim de Araújo Lima (former governor of Guaporé), Jaime Tavares, Rui Gouveia, Alberto Barreto, Jaime Machado, Delsimar Cavalvanti, César Sá, Decio Seabra, José Sisnando and many others were Bimba's students.

 Legacy

Unhappy with false promises and lack of support from local authorities in Bahia, he moved to Goiânia in 1973 at the invitation of a former student. He died a year later, on February 5, 1974, at the Hospital das Clínicas de Goiânia because of a stroke.

Bimba managed to recover the original values within capoeira, which were used amongst the black slaves centuries before him. For Bimba, capoeira was a fight but "competition" should be permanently avoided since he believed it was a "cooperation" fight, where the stronger player was always responsible for the weaker player and helped him to excel in his own fighting techniques.

Machado fought all his life for what he strongly believed was best for capoeira and succeeded. Machado was posthumously awarded the title Honoris Causa by the Federal University of Bahia.

 Academy rules

Bimba strongly believed capoeira had an extraordinary value as a self-defense martial art, hence his efforts to develop its learning in a structured and methodical way.

Bimba developed a capoeira teaching method with commandments, principles and traditions, which are still part of the capoeira regional up to this day. Some of his commandments are:

 To stop smoking and drinking since it interferes with the players' performance
 Avoid demonstrating your progress to your friends outside the capoeira roda. Remember that surprise is your best ally in a fight
 Avoid conversation during training, instead observe and learn from watching
 Always ginga
 Practice daily the basic fundamentals
 Keep your body relaxed
 It is better to get "caught" in the roda than on the streets
 Don't be afraid to get close to the opponent. The closer you stay, the better you will learn
 Students must maintain good grades in school or be employed

Bimba also established his own capoeira principles as the basis for his capoeira teaching method:

 Gingar sempre (to keep oneself in constant movement when fighting); ginga is the capoeira basic movement
 Esquivar sempre (to dodge away from the opponent's attacks)
 All movements must have a purpose (attack and corresponding defense movement)
 Preserve a constant fixed position on the ground (acrobatic jumps makes one vulnerable)
 Play according to the rhythm determined by the berimbau (capoeira musical instrument)
 Always play close to your partner
 Respect a player when he/she can no longer defend an attack movement
 Protect the opponent's physical and moral integrity (during the practice, the stronger will protect the weaker player)

Consequently, Bimba created several traditions and rituals to support his methodology:

 A chair was used in order to train beginner students/players
 The charanga is the capoeira orchestra, composed by a berimbau and two pandeiros The singing (quadras e corridos), songs composed by Bimba to accompany the game
 The batizado (baptism), the first time the student plays capoeira at the sound of berimbauThe aspects that still makes capoeira regional unique is its method:

 Admission exam (physical test made with capoeira movements to identify students' abilities)
 The sequência (sequence) of the basic 17 capoeira attack and defence movements
 Practice of the different rhythms of the game
 Specific movements: traumatizing, projection, connected and unbalancing
 Practice of cintura desprezada (second sequence practice by advanced students)
 Formatura (capoeira teacher graduation)
 Especialização and emboscada (specific advanced exams)

To celebrate his 119th birthday, Google released a Google Doodle commemorating him.

In popular cultureMestre Bimba: A Capoeira Illuminada ''(2006) is a documentary about Mestre Bimba and Capoeira.

Literature

References

See also
 Mestre Pastinha
 Mestre Sinhozinho
 Norival Moreira de Oliveira
 João Grande
 João Pequeno
 Bira Almeida (Mestre Acordeon)

External links

 Official Blog of the Fundação Mestre Bimba
 Documentary, Mestre Bimba: A Capoeira Illuminada (2006)

Capoeira mestres
Afro-Brazilian people
Brazilian capoeira practitioners
1900 births
1974 deaths
People from Salvador, Bahia

Manuel dos Reis Machado


Ralph Kettell (1563–1643) was an English college head, the third President of Trinity College, Oxford. In a long tenure he built up the college both in terms of architecture and its academic reputation.

Life

He was the third son of John Kettell, gentleman, of King's Langley, Hertfordshire. He was nominated to a scholarship at Trinity in 1578 by Lady Elizabeth Paulet of Tittenhanger, the widow of Sir Thomas Pope, founder of the college. One of his contemporaries and friends at Trinity was Edward Hoby.  Kettell was elected Fellow in 1583. He graduated B.A. 1582, M.A. 1586, B.D. 1594, and D.D. 1597, and, after filling various college offices, was elected president in 1599, on the death of Arthur Yeldard. Among those who as students were under his care while he was either tutor or president were the bishops Gilbert Sheldon, Henry Glenham, William Lucy, Gilbert Ironside, and Robert Skinner; also Sir John Denham, James Harrington, Edmund Ludlow, Henry Ireton, George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore and  Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, William, Earl of Craven, and Sir Henry Blount. He rebuilt the college hall, and added attics or 'cocklofts ' to the old Durham College quadrangle, of which the east side still remains. About 1620 he built for the stone house in Broad Street which is still known as Kettell Hall, an investment of his own which later came to the college.

Kettell was one of the older heads of houses who disliked William Laud's high-handed reforms. He saved the old paintings in the college chapel from the puritan commissioner, William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele. Outside Oxford Kettell held the rectory of Garsington, which was attached to his office of president, and was private chaplain to Sir Francis Walsingham's widow and to Thomas Bilson, Bishop of Winchester. John Aubrey, who was admitted to Trinity in 1642, and knew Kettell in his old age, narrates many anecdotes.

Kettell died about 17 July 1643, and was buried at Garsington on 5 August. Aubrey states that "he had two wives, if not three, but no child", and that his second wife was the widow of Edward Villiers of Hothorpe Hall, Northamptonshire, whose daughter Elizabeth married George Bathurst and was the mother of Ralph Bathurst, president of Trinity College; but there are probably some inaccuracies here. His wife was buried at Garsington in 1624, and an infant daughter in 1606.

Notes

References

1563 births
1643 deaths
Presidents of Trinity College, Oxford
16th-century English educators
17th-century English educators
16th-century English Anglican priests
17th-century English Anglican priests
People from Kings Langley

Ralph Kettell


KLVI (560 AM, "News Talk 560") is a commercial radio station in Beaumont, Texas.  It broadcasts a talk radio format and is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc.  The radio studios and offices are on Dowlen Road in Beaumont, near U.S. Route 69.

By day, KLVI is powered at 5,000 watts non-directional.  But at night, to protect other stations on 560 AM, it uses a directional antenna with a four-tower array.  The transmitter is off Tower Road in Bridge City.

Programming
Weekdays begin with The Morning Show hosted by Al Caldwell, who has been with KLVI for more than four decades.  He is followed by nationally syndicated shows including The Glenn Beck Radio Program, The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show, The Sean Hannity Show, The Michael Berry Show, The Ramsey Show with Dave Ramsey, Coast to Coast AM with George Noory and America in the Morning.

Weekends feature shows on health, money, technology and cars.  Syndicated shows include The Kim Komando Show, Somewhere in Time with Art Bell and Live on Sunday Night, It's Bill Cunningham as well as repeats of weekday shows.  Most hours begin with world and national news from Fox News Radio.

History
The station first signed on, as KFDM, on October 1, 1924.  It was the first radio station in Southeast Texas.  In the 1930s, it was owned by the Sabine Broadcasting Company with studios in the million-dollar Hotel Beaumont.  It was powered at 1,000 watts by day and 500 watts at night.

In the 1940s, KFDM was given permission to boost nighttime power to 1,000 watts, same as the daytime.  KLVI became an affiliate of the NBC Blue Network, carrying its dramas, comedies, news, sports, soap operas, game shows and big band broadcasts during the "Golden Age of Radio."  The Blue Network later became ABC Radio.  As network programming moved from radio to television in the 1950s and 1960s, KLVI switched to a full service, middle of the road format of popular adult music, news, talk and sports.

The station was assigned the call sign KLVI by the Federal Communications Commission on December 31, 1963; the call change took place after the radio station came under separate ownership from KFDM-TV. On-air personality Al Caldwell is credited with booking the first public performance ever played by ZZ Top, at a Knights of Columbus hall in Beaumont on February 10, 1970.
though he was working at crosstown 1450 KAYC at the time.

KLVI was a pop/top40 music station through the middle 70s but flipped to a country format in 1977. Later, it added AM stereo using the Motorola C-QUAM method. In the 1980s, KLVI added more talk programs and reduced the music, as music listening increasingly became the domain of FM radio.  By the 1990s, the station made the full transition to talk radio.  Clear Channel Communications, based in San Antonio, acquired KLVI in 2000.  Clear Channel later switched its name to iHeartMedia, Inc.

References

External links
KLVI NewsTalk 560 official website

News and talk radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1924
1924 establishments in Texas
LVI
IHeartMedia radio stations

KLVI


Thomas B. Hensley (July 30, 1932 – October 30, 1994) was an American football official in the National Football League (NFL) from 1967 to 1987. During his time in the NFL, he was selected as the umpire for Super Bowl XIX in 1985. He wore uniform number 19 during his NFL career, which was later worn by Scott Green, and is currently worn by Clay Martin.

He attended Central High School in Knoxville, Tennessee where he was inducted into the Wall of Fame in November 2009. He played football at the University of Tennessee for the years. His teammates at UT included Doug Atkins and Johnny Majors.

Mr. Hensley was a lineman at Central High School, where he graduated in 1950. After graduation, he went to Virginia Tech on a football scholarship but returned to Knoxville to play tackle on the University of Tennessee football teams in 1952 and 1953. A Knoxville News Sentinel "Sports Brief" prior to his junior year said, "Tommy Hensley, age 20, 6 foot 190 pound junior (actually 6-2 and 220 pounds), from Knoxville lettered last year as a defensive tackle. His performances on
offense during the spring increased his potential value to the team. (He) has good speed and is a conscientious worker ranked with the top tackle on the squad." He graduated with a degree in marketing. Although he owned and operated a service station in Fountain City for 15 years and was a national-accounts director for a trucking firm for five, he was known for his association with football.

Mr. Hensley officiated high school football 15 years and Southeastern Conference football for five. His first game as an NFL official was as a linesman at New Orleans in 1967. His final 20 years of NFL officiating was as an umpire, including the 1985 Super Bowl at Stanford Stadium. Hensley was the linesman, and later umpire, on the crew of referee Bernie Ulman from 1967-74.

He was recognized for his officiating by the East Tennessee Chapter of the National Football Foundation and Hall of Fame by being presented the organization's Amateur Award. He was also inducted into the Knoxville Sports Hall of Fame.

Sometimes his large, muscular frame was a positive force in his officiating. Once he backed down a huge lineman who was upset at another official. In a game against Pittsburgh, he was bowled over from behind by a Steeler defender. He dusted himself off and continued to officiate. In his rookie year a fan rushed onto the field to "hit" the official. As he approached, Tom hit him with a right cross and the fan was carried off the field. Tom was forever named "one punch Hensley" after that event, staged in front of Washington Redskins coach, Otto Graham.

See also
1984 NFL season
NFL playoffs, 1984-85

References
Knoxville News Sentinel - Knoxville, Tennessee Published October 31, 1994, Section: Obituaries; Page C7
Halls Shopper Newspaper - Knoxville, Tennessee Published October 19, 2009, Section: A7 http://www.shoppernewsnow.com/news/101909HallsA.pdf

External links

1932 births
1994 deaths
College football officials
National Football League officials
Tennessee Volunteers football players
Virginia Tech Hokies football players

Tommy Hensley


A heat sink is an object that cools another part that is too hot. It works with a CPU fan to do this. The heat sink is in contact with the part that should be cooled. It takes heat away and dissipates it, for example into the air around it.

Heat sinks are found in most computers. The chips inside a computer can get very hot. Therefore, they need to be cooled, so that they don't break. This is usually done with a heat sink. Heat sinks are also found in most high fidelity audio amplifiers.

Computer hardware

pt:Dissipador

Heat sink