Matthew Arlington Batson (Anna, Illinois, US, 24 April 1866 – 13 January 1917) was a United States Army Officer who received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Philippine–American War. 1st Lieutenant Batson was awarded the medal for swimming the San Juan River under enemy fire. He was awarded his medal alongside Captain Hugh J. McGrath who performed the same feat. Batson is most noted, however, for creating the Philippine Scouts.

Early life
Batson was born in Anna Illinois, a small agricultural town located on the Illinois Central Railroad in Union County in southern Illinois but grew up in the Ozark Mountains of Missouri. Educated locally, he attended Southern Illinois University for one term. He had two stints of teaching school and spent a year studying law in hopes of passing the bar exam.

Military record
Batson enlisted in the 2nd United States Cavalry on 9 April 1888. His motives for doing so remain obscure. Over the next three years he served in troops M and G and attained the rank of corporal. Based on his service record and his marks on a competitive examination, the War Department offered him a commission as second lieutenant in the 9th Cavalry, one of two Regular Army cavalry regiments that consisted of black enlisted men led by white officers. He accepted on 2 August 1891. He spent the next seven years in the 9th Cavalry, primarily in garrison. He married and started to raise a family. During the academic year 1894–95 he attended the Infantry and Cavalry School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Three years later, during the Spanish–American War, he accompanied the 9th Cavalry to Cuba and participated in the V Corps' campaign against Santiago. He had a credible record in combat at San Juan Hill, but the experience left him disillusioned. He felt that officers who had done less than he had received promotion and recognition while he had received none.

It was in this frame of mind that on 2 August 1898, Batson was promoted first lieutenant in the 4th Cavalry. Since 1891 promotion in the U.S. Army for all officers was by seniority in branch of service rather than by regiment. His promotion simply indicated that he was the senior cavalry second lieutenant in the Army at that time and that the next available vacancy at the grade of first lieutenant occurred in the 4th Cavalry. It did not constitute official recognition of his service in Cuba.

Batson accompanied the 4th Cavalry to the Philippines, arriving in October 1898, and joined the VIII Corps, then occupying only the city of Manila and a small area around the Cavite naval base. Initially, the corps commander, Maj. Gen. Elwell S. Otis, assigned the regiment to the 1st Division, VIII Corps, then commanded by Brig. Gen. Thomas M. Anderson and subsequently by Maj. General Henry W. Lawton. Eventually, Otis assigned a few troops of the 4th Cavalry to the 2nd Division but kept the bulk of the regiment with the 1st Division. Batson's troop remained with the 1st Division.

Fighting broke out between Philippine and American forces on the night of February 4–5 in what was the first clash of a war known as the Philippine Insurrection in the United States but which subsequent historians have often referred to as the Philippine War or the Philippine–American War. The 2nd Division guarded the northern approaches to Manila; the 1st Division the southern. Once the VIII Corps had cleared the Filipinos from the immediate environs of the city, all the strategic objectives—the only railroad in the Philippines and the Philippine capital at Malolos—lay north of the city. While the 2nd Division attacked north along the rail line toward Malolos, the 1st Division's mission became to keep any elements of the Philippine Army away from the city by launching punitive expeditions into the countryside to break up enemy troop concentrations. Batson continued to demonstrate the cool-headed courage under fire that he had first shown in Cuba. On one of these expeditions to Laguna Province, south of Manila, at the town of Calamba, he swam the San Juan River under fire, flanked enemy forces, and compelled them to retire. His commanding officer recommended him for the Medal of Honor. Two and one-half years later he received it.

Sometimes major historical events turn on chance and the actions of seemingly ordinary individuals. Matthew Batson, a mere lieutenant, was one of these. Batson had arrived in the Philippines disenchanted with the Army and unlike most of peers with seven years service in a predominately African-American regiment. Yes, he had acted heroically at San Juan Hill, but so had the black troopers that he led. He was well aware of their qualities but especially of their humanity. So he reached the Islands predisposed to judge people of color on their merits as individuals and not lump them together as racial inferiors. In short, he was moving in exactly the opposite direction of the larger American society of which he was a part. In that America, "Jim Crow" was becoming the law in the South and affecting white attitudes in the North as well.

A lieutenant's pay in the Philippines would go much further than in the United States so that sometime after Batson arrived he hired a body servant, a Filipino name Jacinto, whose last name is lost to history. Jacinto was an impressive person. He could already read and write when they first met. Batson studied language with him. Jacinto taught Batson Pampangan; Batson taught Jacinto English. Batson reported to his wife that Jacinto learned English faster than he learned Pampangan. Batson also learned that he came from the town of Macabebe in the province of Pampanga, north and west of Manila. The Macabebes are an ancient ethnic group whose origins are disputed. Since the sixteenth century they have had a fraught relationship with the Tagalogs, the largest ethnic group in the Philippines. Generally, whenever the Tagalogs wanted to do something the Macabebes took a diametrically opposed position. Thus in 1896 when the Tagalogs rose in rebellion against the Spanish, the Macabebes supported the Spanish colonial government. When war broke out between the Americans and the self-proclaimed Philippine Republic led by Emilio Aguinaldo the Macabebes maintained a cool neutrality toward both sides.

Batson's impressions about the war were slowly crystallizing in the spring of 1899. He admired the fighting qualities of his opponents. He did not call them "Gugus" or worse use the N-word as so many of his fellow officers did. He discounted the many rumors circulating in the VIII Corps about Filipino atrocities. He saw them as patriots fighting for their country; he wrote his wife that if he was a Filipino he would be fighting the Americans too. He thought to subdue the Islanders would require an Army of 100,000 men and many years—the cost in lives and money was far more, he thought, than the American people could stand. The only solution, he decided, was to raise native troops to fight against the Philippine revolutionary government. They would cost far less to equip and maintain than unacclimated Americans shipped across the Pacific Ocean. With this thought in mind, accompanied by two captains, a newspaper reporter, and forty enlisted men, he set off for the town of Macabebe sometime before June 1, 1899. The idea of raising a company of Macabebes never got off the ground, but he was very impressed with the inhabitants, who warmly welcomed the Americans. He came away even more impressed by their military potential and certain that a native force was not only feasible but necessary for American victory.

Batson's subsequent battlefield heroics called him to the attention of his division commander, General Lawton. Lawton, also a Medal of Honor winner---in the Civil War, had the reputation of being one of the bravest officers in uniform. Lawton liked Batson's idea of raising companies of Filipino volunteers and in September convinced a skeptical General Otis to allow Batson to raise two experimental companies of what were soon called "Batson's Macabebe Scouts."

Batson quickly organized the first company of 108 men, all of them "well disciplined and brave" veterans of the Spanish colonial army. Within days he and his company had driven the Insurgents out of two villages. Within a week he had recruited another company, also full of veterans. He thought his men could serve as an example to the Americans, especially the volunteers, in discipline and in observing the rules of war. "The men," he told his wife, "were not one-fourth as hard to control as our own men." In October, Lawton, equally enthusiastic, authorized him to organize an additional three companies. And so, still a lieutenant, Batson commanded a reinforced battalion of five companies in what Otis intended would be the ultimate campaign of the war—the campaign that would end Aguinaldo's republic and his Army.

General MacArthur had pushed the Philippine Revolutionary Army north of Malolos in the spring but he failed to achieve the decisive victory he had hoped to achieve before the onset of the monsoon season ended active operations. With the monsoon soon to end, Otis planned for MacArthur to make a holding attack along the rail line to fix the Philippine Army in place while Lawton's 1st Division drove north on MacArthur's right flank, trapping the Filipinos on the great central plain by systematically blocking all the passes leading into the mountainous interior of Luzon. Meanwhile, Otis had organized an Expeditionary Brigade under Brig. Gen. Loyd Wheaton to make an amphibious landing from Lingayen Gulf in the Philippine Army's rear.

Otis' plan almost worked. Batson was in the lead of the Lawton's advance with what was officially styled the "Squadron of Philippine Cavalry, U.S. Volunteers" using "roads in frightful condition." Lawton had nothing but praise for "...the Macabebes, who have distinguished themselves from the moment of their employment, and are now our main reliance and support." On 19 November 1899, straining every nerve to block Aguinaldo's retreat into the mountains, Batson and his scouts passed through the town of Tubao and advanced down a long canyon. Entrenched Filipino snipers contested their progress; it took some time for the Macabebes to clear the pass. At dusk they approached a ford on the Aringay River, two miles from the town of Aringay. Some 200 entrenched Filipinos guarded the ford, and "a sharp fight" ensued that lasted about twenty-five minutes The scouts carried the ford—and two hours later the town—but they suffered substantial losses while doing so. Not the least of these was Batson, shot in the left foot by a Mauser, while he directed his men from horseback. The wound was a bad one, but Batson typically refused to go to the rear in the one medical litter that accompanied his detachment. One of the scouts has been wounded as well. Batson directed that the scout use the litter. Although weak from loss of blood, he rode to the dressing station.

A long convalescence followed. For a time the doctors thought they would have to amputate his foot, but in the end they saved it. While in hospital he heard the shocking news that Lawton was dead—killed in action south of Manila. Eventually, Batson was able to return to duty. He was promoted to major of volunteers but he did not receive the colonelcy and command of a regiment of scouts that he aspired to. The death of Lawton and Otis' return to the United States left no one in a command position in the Philippines who fully understood the role that Batson had played in organizing the scouts.

Batson returned to duty with the scouts in March 1900 and was heavily involved in counter-guerrilla operations—with considerable success—for the next year. The incessant activity these operations required undermined his health. An Army doctor who examined him shortly before he returned to the States thought he was on the verge of a nervous breakdown. He mustered out of the volunteer force when it legally dissolved on 30 June 1901, but by then he had received promotion to captain in the Regular Army. His health did not improve even in the less stressful environment of peace-time garrison life. On 6 February 1902 he retired for "Disability in line of duty from wounds received in action." He was only thirty-five. He lived another fifteen years. On two occasions the War Department recalled him to active duty for short stints as a recruiter. While on the second of these assignments, he suddenly died on 13 January 1917. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia.

The organization he created, now known officially as the Philippine Scouts, continued to grow and eventually included members from other Philippine ethnic groups. By 1903 with the war over the Scouts consisted of multiple regiments with an aggregate strength of 5,000, 40 percent of the total peace-time U.S. Army garrison in the Philippines. By the eve of World War II the Scouts totaled 11,000 men and were organized as infantry, cavalry, and artillery regiments and were noted for their high standards of professionalism.

Medal of Honor citation
Batson's Medal of Honor citation reads:

for most distinguished gallantry in swimming the San Juan River in the face of the enemy's fire and driving him from his entrenchments, near Calamba, Luzon, P. I., while serving as a lieutenant, 4th Cavalry.

See also

 List of Medal of Honor recipients
 List of Philippine–American War Medal of Honor recipients

References

External links

1917 deaths
1866 births
American military personnel of the Philippine–American War
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People from Anna, Illinois
United States Army officers
Philippine–American War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Military personnel from Illinois

Matthew Arlington Batson


Aerial warfare is fighting a war in the air. This is usually done by using helicopters and airplanes. Bombers and attack aircraft fight enemies on the ground or bomb strategic targets in air raids. Fighter planes fight other airplanes. Transport aircraft carry infantry troops into battle or drop them as paratroopers.

Military tactics
Military aviation

Aerial warfare


The charm quark, charmed quark, or c quark is an elementary particle of the second generation. It is the third-most-massive quark with a mass of  as measured in 2022 and a charge of + e. It carries charm, a quantum number. Charm quarks are found in hadrons such as the J/psi meson and the charmed baryons. Several bosons, including the W and Z bosons and the Higgs boson, can decay into charm quarks.

In 1964, James Bjorken and Sheldon Glashow theorized on the charm quark, and in 1970, Glashow, John Iliopoulos, also theorized on by  others. In 1974, it was separately discovered through the J/psi meson at Brookhaven National Laboratory and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. In the next few years, several charmed particles, including the D meson and the charmed strange mesons, were found.

In the 21st century, a baryon containing two charmed quarks has been found. There is recent evidence intrinsic charm quarks exist in the proton, and the coupling of the charm quark and the Higgs boson has been studied. Recent evidence also indicates CP violation in the decay of the D0 meson, which contains the charm quark.

Naming
According to Sheldon Glashow, the charm quark received its name because of the "symmetry it brought to the subnuclear world". Glashow also justified the name as "a magical device to avert evil" because adding the charm quark would prohibit unwanted and unseen decays in the three-quark theory at the time. The charm quark is also called the "charmed quark" in both academic and non-academic contexts. The symbol of the charm quark is "c".

History

Background

In 1961, Murray Gell-Mann introduced the Eightfold Way as a pattern to group baryons and mesons. In 1964, Gell-Mann and George Zweig independently proposed all hadrons are composed of elementary constituents, which Gell-Mann called "quarks". Initially, only the up quark, the down quark, and the strange quark. were proposed. These quarks would produce all of the particles in the Eightfold Way. Gell-Mann and Kazuhiko Nishijima established strangeness, a quantum number, in 1953 to describe processes involving strange particles such as  and .

Theoretical prediction

In 1964, James Bjorken and Sheldon Glashow theorized "charm" as a new quantum number. At the time, there were four known leptons—the electron, the muon, and each of their neutrinos—but Gell-Mann initially proposed only three quarks. Bjorken and Glashow thus hoped to establish parallels between the leptons and the quarks with their theory. According to Glashow, the conjecture came from "aesthetic arguments".

In 1970, Glashow, John Iliopoulos, and Luciano Maiani proposed a new quark that differed from the three then-known quarks by the charm quantum number. They further predicted the existence of "charmed particles" and offered suggestions on how to experimentally produce them. They also suggested the charmed quark could provide a mechanism—the GIM mechanism—to facilitate the unification of the weak and electromagnetic forces.

At the Conference on Experimental Meson Spectroscopy (EMS) in April 1974, Glashow delivered his paper titled "Charm: An Invention Awaits Discovery". Glashow asserted because neutral currents were likely to exist, a fourth quark was "sorely needed" to explain the rarity of the decays of certain kaons. He also made several predictions on the properties of charm quarks. He wagered, by the next EMS conference in 1976:

In July 1974, at the 17th International Conference on High Energy Physics (ICHEP), Iliopoulos said:

Applying the principle of naturalness to the kaon mass splitting between the  and  states, the mass of the charm quark was estimated by Mary K. Gaillard and Benjamin W. Lee in 1974 to be less than 5 GeV.

Discovery

Glashow predicted the down quark of a proton could absorb a  and become a charm quark. Then, the proton would be transformed into a charmed baryon before it decays into several particles, including a lambda baryon. In late May 1974, Robert Palmer and Nicholas P. Samios found an event generating a lambda baryon from their bubble chamber at Brookhaven National Laboratory. It took months for Palmer to be convinced the lambda baryon came from a charmed particle. The magnet of the bubble chamber failed in October 1974 and they did not encounter the same event. The two scientists published their observations in early 1975. Michael Riordan commented that this event was "ambiguous" and "encouraging but not convincing evidence".

The J/psi meson (1974)

In 1974, Samuel C. C. Ting was searching for charmed particles at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). His team was using an electron-pair detector. By the end of August, they found a peak at  and the signal's width was less than . The team was eventually convinced they had observed a massive particle and named it "J". Ting considered announcing his discovery in October 1974 but he postponed the announcement due to his concern on the μ/π ratio.

At the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Burton Richter's team performed experiments on 9–10 November 1974. They also found a high probability of interaction at . They called the particle "psi"  On 11 November 1974, Richter met Ting at the SLAC, and they announced their discovery.

Theorists immediately began to analyze the new particle. It was shown to have a lifetime on the scale of 10−20 seconds, suggesting special characteristics. Thomas Appelquist and David Politzer suggested the particle was composed of a charm quark and a charm antiquark with their spin aligned in parallel. The two called this configuration "charmonium". Charmonium would have two forms: "orthocharmonium", where the spins of the two quarks are parallel, and "paracharmonium", where the spins align oppositely. Murray Gell-Mann also believed in the idea of charmonium. Some other theorists, such as Richard Feynman, initially thought the new particle consisted of an up quark with a charm antiquark.

On 15 November 1974, Ting and Richter issued a press release about their discovery. On 21 November at the SLAC, SPEAR found a resonance of the J/psi particle at  as Martin Breidenbach and Terence Goldman had predicted. This particle was called ψ' ("psi-prime"). In late November, Appelquist and Politzer published their paper theorizing charmonium. Glashow and Alvaro De Rujula also published a paper called "Is Bound Charm Found?", in which they used the charm quark and asymptotic freedom to explain the properties of the J/psi meson.

Eventually, on 2 December 1974, Physical Review Letters (PRL) published the discovery papers of J and psi, by Ting and Richter respectively. The discovery of the psi-prime was published the following week. Then, on 6 January 1975, PRL published nine theoretical papers on the J/psi particle; according to Michael Riordan, five of them "promoted the charm hypothesis and its variations". In 1976, Ting and Richter shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery "of a heavy elementary particle of the new kind".

In August 1976, in The New York Times, Glashow recalled his wager and commented, "John [Iliopoulos]'s wine and my hat had been saved in the nick of time". At the next EMS conference, spectroscopists ate Mexican candy hats supplied by the organizers. Frank Close wrote a Nature article titled "Iliopoulos won his bet" in the same year,saying the 18th ICHEP was "indeed dominated by that very discovery". No-one paid off their bets to Iliopoulos.

Other charmed particles (1975–1977)
In April 1975, E. G. Cazzoli et al., including Palmer and Samios, published their earlier ambiguous evidence for the charmed baryon. By the time of the Lepton-Photon Symposium in August 1975, eight new heavy particles had been discovered. These particles, however, have zero total charm. Starting from the fourth quarter of that year, physicists began to look for particles with a net, or "naked", charm.

On 3 May 1976 at SLAC, Gerson Goldhaber and François Pierre identified a  peak, which suggested the presence of a neutral charmed D meson according to Glashow's prediction. On 5 May, Goldhaber and Pierre published a joint memorandum about their discovery of the "naked charm". By the time of the 18th International Conference on High Energy Physics, more charmed particles had been discovered. Riordan said "solid evidence for charm surfaced in session after session" at the conference, confirming the existence of the charm quark. The charmed strange meson was discovered in 1977.

Later and current research

In 2002, the SELEX Collaboration at Fermilab published the first observation of the doubly charmed baryon  ("double charmed xi+"). It is a three-quark particle containing two charm quarks. The team found doubly charmed baryons with an up quark are more massive and has a higher rate of production than those with a down quark.

In 2007, the BaBar and Belle collaborations each reported evidence for the mixing of two neutral charmed mesons,  and . The evidence confirmed the mixing rate is small, as is predicted by the standard model. Neither studies found evidence for CP violation between the decays of the two charmed particles.

In 2022, the NNPDF Collaboration found evidence for the existence of intrinsic charm quarks in the proton. In the same year, physicists also conducted a direct search for Higgs boson decays into charm quarks using the ATLAS detector of the Large Hadron Collider. They have determined the Higgs–charm coupling is weaker than the Higgs–bottom coupling. On 7 July 2022, the LHCb experiment announced they had found evidence of direct CP violation in the decay of the D0 meson into pions.

Characteristics
The charm quark is a second-generation up-type quark. It carries charm, a quantum number. According to the 2022 Particle Physics Review, the charmed quark has a mass of , a charge of + e, and a charm of +1. The charm quark is more massive than the strange quark: the ratio between the masses of the two is about .

The CKM matrix describes the weak interaction of quarks. As of 2022, the values of the CKM matrix relating to the charm quark are:

Charm quarks can exist in either "open charm particles", which contain one or several charm quarks, or as charmonium states, which are bound states of a charm quark and a charm antiquark. There are several charmed mesons, including  and . Charmed baryons include , , , , with various charges and resonances.

Production and decay
Particles containing charm quarks can be produced via electron-positron collisions or in hadron collisions. Using different energies, electron-positron colliders can produce psi or upsilon mesons. Hadron colliders produce particles that contain charm quarks at a higher cross section. The W boson can also decay into hadrons containing the charm quark or the charm antiquark. The Z boson can decay into charmonium through charm quark fragmentation. The Higgs boson can also decay to  or  through the same mechanism. The decay rate of the Higgs boson into charomnium is "governed by the charm-quark Yukawa coupling".

The charm quark can decay into other quarks via weak decays. The charm quark also annihilates with the charm antiquark during the decays of ground-state charmonium mesons.

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

News articles

Journal articles

Conferences

Books

Further reading

Quarks
Elementary particles

Charm quark


Nanabhai Bhatt (born Nrusinhprasad Kalidas Bhatt; 11 November 1882 – 31 December 1961) was an Indian educator, writer, thinker and Indian independence activist. Bhatt was a contemporary of educators Gijubhai Badheka and Harbhai Trivedi. The three worked to advance rural education. Bhatt died on 31 December 1961. He has written a number of books on Indian Cultural Heritage which include Ramayana na Patro, Mahabharat Na Patro, Mahabharat Ni Akhyaikayo 1-2, Bhagawat kathao. Ghadatar and Chanatar is his autobiography.

Early life
Bhatt was born on 11 November 1882, in Bhavnagar. He attended Samaldas Arts College there, where he completed his M.A.

Career
He started his career as a principal at a high school in Mahuva, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, and became a professor at Shamaldas College. From 1908-1915, the concept and fulfilment of Dakshinamurti Vidhyarthi Bhavan, a residential educational institute, was gradually accomplished. The institute was formally established in 1910.

Bhatt was a thinker and reformer. He became Vice Chancellor at Gujarat Vidyapith, and during 1925-28 as Vice-Chancellor of Gujarat Vidyapith. In 1938, he established Gram Dakshinamurti, an Institute of Basic Education at Ambala, Sihor Taluka, targeting education in rural areas.

Lokbharti

He became Minister of Education in Saurashtra state in 1948. In 1953, he founded Lokbharti, a university for rural villagers who otherwise lacked access to higher education, in Sanosara, Gujarat. Lokbharti is based on the vision and message of Mahatma Gandhi of a strong and self-sufficient rural India.

Bhatt founded other educational institutions such as Dakshinamurti Vidyarthi Bhavan / Dakshinamurti Vinay Mandir - Bhavnagar, Gram Dakshinamurti - Ambala.

Philanthropy and other works
Bhatt devoted his life to the welfare of rural communities and education. He wrote and published books and publications from 1920 to 1959, focusing on education, religion, humanity, social science, history, self help and character development. He remained an active 'Satyagrahi' and a freedom fighter for the Indian independence movement. He was arrested multiple times for this activity. According to the famous Gujarati writer Manubhai Pancholi, Bhatt had a good knowledge of Sanskrit classical texts such as the Upanishads. A member of Rajya Sabha from 1954–57, Bhatt was awarded Padma Shri in 1960 for "Social Work".

References

External links
   Dakshinamurti Vinay Mandir
  Lokbharti, Sanosara

1882 births
1961 deaths
Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha
Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work
Indian independence activists from Gujarat
20th-century Indian educational theorists
Prisoners and detainees of British India
Founders of Indian schools and colleges
State cabinet ministers of Gujarat
Saurashtra (state)
People from Bhavnagar
Social workers from Gujarat

Nanabhai Bhatt (educationist)


is a vertical scrolling shooter developed by Cave and published by Atlus in 1999.

Gameplay

Guwanges gameplay contains elements that are unique or uncommon in the vertically scrolling shooting game genre.  The screen will often scroll horizontally or even diagonally, depending on the course the protagonist must take to reach the demon leader. Each character has a limited bomb attack in the form of an energy blast that can be sent in any direction, and will dispel any bullets it touches. Another special attack involves sending the shikigami into the midst of the enemies, with two particular advantages. First, the shikigami does not have to attack in the same direction as the player is firing, and can even get past obstacles that would otherwise thwart normal shots. If an enemy projectile touches the shikigami, it will change to a pink color and will drastically slow down.  If the shot passes the shikigami, it will return to its original color and resume at full speed; however, if the bullet is caught in an explosion, it will be cancelled and turned into coins.

Score is almost entirely dependent on the continuous, uninterrupted collection of coins.  The player must constantly damage or destroy enemies in order to replenish a countdown timer; when the timer (represented by a meter in the upper-left corner of the screen) depletes entirely, the player's coin count returns to zero.  Guwange is unique in that the player may maintain a "chain" of coin collection throughout the entire game, instead of a more conventional stage-by-stage approach.  This makes Guwange's scoring system extremely unforgiving.

Bosses

Fujimura Shizuhiko (Stage 1 boss) (age 24). Bearer of the wood talisman. Although Fujimura appears to be an ordinary female dancer, this is not the case. "She" is actually a man named Fujihara Motohiko, who has accepted demonic power to get revenge on the clan that destroyed his family. The attendant dancers are actually demons assigned to assist Fujihara in his revenge, and to kill him if he shows signs of wanting to relinquish his power and reclaim his humanity.
Madaramukade (Stage 2 boss). Bearer of the fire talisman.
Nekogumo (Stage 3 boss). A horrific monster, part cat and part spider, and bearer of the earth talisman. She uses an abandoned temple for her lair, devouring any traveler hapless enough to come near.
Kemonoyajiro (Stage 4 boss). A mysterious shrine that has been possessed by a man-eating demon, and is powered by the metal talisman.
Ashikaga Sukouji (Stage 5 boss, phase 1). A descendant of one of the architects of the Ashikaga shogunate. However, because of his illegitimacy, his birth father condemned him as a "monkey's child", and banished him to live with a priest as an ascetic. When the priest died, he revealed the truth of Sukouji's parentage. Enraged, Sukouji assaulted his father's castle, empowered by Magira, the monkey demon whom Sukouji's father had unwittingly invited with his curse. Once Sukouji took the castle for his own, it became increasingly known for demonic associations, only intensifying when Fujihara entrusted the water talisman to Sukouji.
Magira (Stage 5 boss, phase 2)
Guwange-sama (Stage 6 boss, phases 1-2)
Amagizu (age 400+) and Mikoto (age 5) (Stage 6 bosses, phase 3) Amagizu was a nun who was persecuted by the bakufu four centuries ago, and attempted to take refuge to give birth on the mountain that would be called Gokumon. As she bore her child, though, Guwange took the opportunity to possess it, transfiguring it into a demonic form and absorbing Amagizu's lower body. Since then, they have remained in this combined state, with Amagizu voicing Guwange's will to his subordinates. Mikoto, the daughter of Shishin, showed great spiritual power from her birth. Two years ago, though, she was discovered by Amagizu, and taken prisoner by her agents. Amagizu has been using Mikoto's power to amplify her and Guwange's own power, increasing their influence over the spirit realm and an ever-greater portion of Japan. Meanwhile, rumors of Mikoto's power have spread throughout the Ashikaga shogunate, and various lords have attempted to capture her from Gokumon in order to take that power for her own. Not a single person sent to capture her has come back from Gokumon alive.

Plot
The story of Guwange is set during the Muromachi period of Japan. During this time, increasing numbers of people suffer possession by shikigami. Although the shikigami grant great spiritual powers, the strain inflicted on the host causes them to die exactly one year after possession. However, a legend has sprung up regarding Guwange, the malevolent god trapped in Mt. Gokumon (i.e. Hell Gate). If one possessed by a shikigami can gather talismans of the five Chinese elements—wood, fire, earth, metal, water—from five demons serving Guwange, then infiltrate Gokumon and slay Guwange, the shikigami will be destroyed and the one possessed will not suffer a premature death.

Characters
Shishin (age 35), with shikigami Rikiou (age 500+). Attacks with kunai. Unlike most hosts of shikigami, Shishin has been able to live for more than a year after possession. This is because Rikiou has made an effort to keep Shishin alive, so long as he kills other humans for Rikiou to devour. The fact that Shishin never speaks, and always wears the mask of an oni, has led to commoners speaking of him as actually being the human-eating ogre in question. However, one day, Shishin experiences a vision of a goddess explaining to him how destroying Guwange will not only free him of Rikiou, but also restore the one he loves to him—his lost daughter Mikoto.
Kamono Gensuke (age 15), with shikigami Kirinmaru (age 300+). Gensuke is in training as a pharmacist, and the son of an onmyouji. Kirinmaru is a bloodthirsty tengu who holds a grudge against the elder Kamono. To fulfill that grudge, Kirinmaru has possessed Gensuke. In order to channel the tengu's malice away from innocents, Gensuke has become a bounty hunter, all the while looking for a way to free himself from the curse.
Hiiragi Kosame (age 17), with shikigami Yatsuhisha (age 200+). Attacks with bow and arrows. Kosame is a miko and member of a family of demon hunters. During a conflict with demons, Kosame became possessed by Yatsuhisha, a kitsune, and has been commanded by her father to exorcise herself of him by destroying Guwange. Unusually, Yatsuhisha is perfectly willing to help Kosame in this quest. Yatsuhisha was raised by a demon with little use for malice towards humans, and has come to regard Kosame as a close friend. Even though it would mean his own death, Yatsuhisha intends to put all his effort into saving Kosame from her own death.

Each player gets a unique introduction, and ending after completing the game.

Development

Blue Label
The 'blue label' version of the game was originally a promotional item given to the three highest scoring players at a Cave hosted event. On December 30, 2007 Cave fest, Cave unveiled a special edition of the game, which included increased difficulty in later chapters. The arcade game eventually appeared in cabinet format.

Music
Cave released soundtrack for the game under the title Guwange/ESP Ra.De. original soundtrack album.

Releases

Mobile release
The mobile version was split into two separate games:
I-mode version was designed for FOMA 900 and 901 series.
Yahoo! Mobile version was designed for SH53, V601SH series.

Guwange DX is a version for mobile platforms in which the two-part mobile game was merged into a single game, with enhanced graphics.

Xbox 360 release
Developed by 5pb. Inc, this version was released worldwide on Xbox Live Arcade on November 10, 2010. It includes the original game and 2 new modes, Blue (from the Cave fest release) and Arrange 360.

In Xbox 360 mode, player fires automatically, with R trigger controlling shikigami independently.

DLC include:
Guwange Premium Theme 1 (2011/07/28, 240MP): Desktop theme.
Guwange Premium Theme 2 (2011/07/28, 240MP): Desktop theme.
Guwange icon pack 1 (2011/07/28, 160MP): 10 gamer picture pack.
Guwange icon pack 2 (2011/07/28, 160MP): 10 gamer picture pack.

Reception

In Japan, Game Machine listed Guwange on their September 1, 1999 issue as being the seventeenth most-successful arcade game at the time.

References

External links

Cave mobile page: i-mode, EzWeb, Yahoo mobile
Arcade-History page
STG Wiki page

1999 video games
Arcade video games
Atlus games
Cave (company) games
Cooperative video games
Fantasy video games
Mages (company) games
Mobile games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Sengoku video games
Vertically scrolling shooters
Video games about ninja
Video games developed in Japan
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games set in feudal Japan
Xbox 360 games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games

Guwange


Joseph H. Bottum was a member of the South Dakota Senate.

Biography
Bottum was born on September 26, 1853, in West Bloomfield, New York. His grandfather Roswell Bottum was a member of the Vermont House of Representatives. His father, Henry C. Bottum, was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly. In 1877, he graduated from Ripon College. On June 2, 1885, Bottum married Sylvia G. Smith. Sylvia's father, Darius S. Smith, had also been a member of the South Dakota Senate. Bottum and his wife were Congregationalists. They would have eight children, including Joseph H. Bottum, who became Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota and a member of the United States Senate and Roswell Bottum who was a member of the South Dakota House of Representatives. Bottum died on June 19, 1946. Writer Joseph Bottum and musician Roddy Bottum are his great-grandsons.

Career
Bottum was elected to the Senate in 1898 and 1902. Other positions he held include State's Attorney of Faulk County, South Dakota, from 1900 to 1904 and judge of the tenth South Dakota judicial circuit. He was a Republican.

References

External links

1853 births
1946 deaths
People from West Bloomfield, New York
People from Faulk County, South Dakota
Republican Party South Dakota state senators
Circuit court judges in the United States
District attorneys in South Dakota
South Dakota state court judges
South Dakota lawyers
American Congregationalists
20th-century Congregationalists
Ripon College (Wisconsin) alumni
Burials in South Dakota

Joseph H. Bottum (state legislator)


Fellowship of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons (FRCS) is a professional qualification to practise as a senior surgeon in Ireland or the United Kingdom.  It is bestowed on an intercollegiate basis by the four Royal Colleges of Surgeons (the Royal College of Surgeons of England, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (chartered 1784), Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (chartered 1505), and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow). The initials may be used as post-nominal letters.

Several Commonwealth countries have organisations that bestow similar qualifications, among them the FRCSC in Canada, FRACS in Australia and New Zealand, FCS(SA) in South Africa, FCSHK in Hong Kong, FCPS by College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan in Pakistan and FCPS by College of Physicians & Surgeons of Mumbai in India.

The intercollegiate FRCS examinations are administered by two committees, the JCIE (Joint Committee on Intercollegiate Examinations, which handles domestic examinations) and the JSCFE (Joint Surgical Colleges Fellowship Examination, which handles overseas examinations). This system replaced the earlier one in which each college administered its own examinations. First the curricula were intercollegiately coordinated by the ISCP (Intercollegiate Surgical Curriculum Programme) of the JCST (Joint Committee on Surgical Training), and then the examinations became intercollegiate.

The original fellowship was available in general surgery and in certain specialties—ophthalmic or ENT surgery, or obstetrics and gynaecology—which were not indicated in the initials. It came to be taken midway through training. Each of the four Royal Colleges of Surgeons of the UK and Ireland used to administer its own examinations. The four postnominals were FRCS(Eng), FRCS(Ed), FRCS(G), and FRCS(I). The FRCS designation without further specification then referred by convention/tradition to FRCS(Eng) specifically. Today the examination and qualification are intercollegiate, although each surgeon can still choose afterward to be affiliated with one or more specific colleges. (In Canada the FRCS(C) qualification is administered by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.)

There are now a range of higher fellowships, taken at the end of higher specialist training and often in narrower fields, the first of which was FRCS (Orth) in orthopaedics. Others include FRCS (Urol) in urology and FRCS (OMFS) in maxillofacial surgery.

Membership of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons

The MRCS examinations are also now intercollegiate.

Fellows
The original 300 Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (FRCS) include:
Marcus Beck (1843-1893)
 John Badley (1783–1870)
John Abernethy (1764–1831)
 Robert Keate (1777–1857)
 Richard Partridge (1805–1873)
 Joseph Jordan (1787-1873)

See :Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England for more recent examples of Fellows.

See also
 Fellow of the American College of Surgeons
 Fellowship in Dental Surgery FDSRCS England

References

Professional titles and certifications
Surgical organisations based in the United Kingdom


Gegepterus is a genus of ctenochasmatid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous period of what is now the Yixian Formation of Liaoning, China. Only one species is known, G. changi.

History and etymology
The genus was named in 2007 by Wang Xiaolin, Alexander Kellner, Zhou Zhonge and Diogenes de Almeida Campos. The type species is Gegepterus changi. The generic name is derived from Manchu ge ge, the title of a princess, in reference to the dainty gracility of the specimen, and a Latinized Greek pteron, "wing". The specific name honors female paleontologist Chang Meemann, who over the years established a cordial relationship between the Chinese and Brazilian authors. In 2008 Wang emended the epithet to changae, but such changes are no longer allowed by the ICZN.

It is known from two specimens. The first is holotype IVPP V 11981, which was in 2001 found in grey shales from the lower part of the formation (estimated at 125 million years old), near the city of Beipiao. It consists of a crushed and damaged partial skeleton of a subadult including skull, lower jaws, cervical and sacral vertebrae, ribs, gastralia ("belly ribs"), shoulder girdle and hindlimb remains, along with dark soft tissue remains near the skull and gastralia and in the orbit; unfortunately, the soft tissue remains show no structure except for some small, unbranched fibers at the back of the head. The jaws are very elongated; the snout is flat and concave on top, with a low and thin crest. The forehead slightly projects to the front. The cervicals are elongated.

In 2011, a second, smaller specimen was described, IVPP V 11972, which increased the known skeletal elements and showed a more extensive covering of hair-like structures.

Classification
The authors assigned Gegepterus to the Ctenochasmatidae, on the basis of its long rostrum and numerous needle-like teeth, about 150 in total. This is the first uncontroversial report of the Ctenochasmatidae from the Yixian Formation, as the fossils of other assumed ctenochasmatids have not preserved the dentition. It was at first suspected to be the juvenile of some known species.

Below is cladogram following a topology by Andres, Clark and Xu (2014). In the analysis, they recovered Gegepterus within the family Ctenochasmatidae, more precisely within the tribe Pterodaustrini, sister taxon to Beipiaopterus.

See also
 List of pterosaur genera
 Timeline of pterosaur research

References

Early Cretaceous pterosaurs of Asia
Ctenochasmatoids
Fossil taxa described in 2007
Taxa named by Alexander Kellner
Yixian fauna

Gegepterus


Jean de la Roque (1661 – December 8, 1745) was a French traveller and journalist born in Marseille. He was the son of Pierre de la Roque, a merchant who his remembered for introducing coffee to Marseille in 1644, and the brother of Antoine de la Roque (1672-1744), a noted journalist with whom he collaborated with on the magazine Mercure de France.

Jean de la Roque was the author of Voyage en Syrie et au mont Liban (1722), a book written about his experiences in the Levant, which he first visited in 1689. Here he describes the customs of the various regional tribes, and provides information on the ruins at Baalbek. In 1708-10 and 1711-13 he participated on two expeditions to the Arabian peninsula, and afterwards published his Arabian experiences in a work called Voyage dans l'Arabie heureuse (1716). In this treatise he gives a highly descriptive and detailed account of coffee plantations and the coffee trade in Yemen.

References
 This article is based on a translation of an article from the French Wikipedia.
 The British-Yemeni Society Essay on La Roque's "Voyage de l'Arabie Heureuse"

French explorers
French journalists
1661 births
1745 deaths
Writers from Marseille
French male non-fiction writers

Jean de la Roque


Afzal Ahmed Khan is an Indian film director and producer.

Early life

Afzal Ahmed Khan is a graduate from Aligarh Muslim University who was born and brought up in a literary environment. His major influences came from his grandfather, who he was very close to. Afzal had always dream of making it big in Bollywood since the age of 5 years. Though, no one in his family believed him then. It was only after his graduation that his family members took him seriously.

Initial Struggle

Afzal Ahmed Khan reached Mumbai – the city of dreams and landed at Dilip Kumar's bungalow. Kumar's brother Ehsaan Khan mentored Afzal Ahmed Khan during his initial struggle period. Afzal stayed with Ehsaan Khan for a year, and it was during this period that Afzal was introduced to many celebrated filmmakers (K. Asif was one of them) and got trained in all departments of film-making.

Film career

Afzal Ahmed Khan was introduced to Sultan Ahmed by K. Asif with whom he started his career. Afzal Ahmed Khan assisted Sultan Ahmed on his 1984 release – Daata. Later on, he went on to assist filmmaker Chandra Barot of Don fame on his still unreleased film – Boss starring Vinod Khanna and Jaya Prada. Afzal Ahmed Khan was also the associate director of Sultan Ahmed's 1990 release Jai Vikranta.

Afzal Ahmed Khan turned writer with Akshay Kumar's 1991 film Dancer. But his big break as a director came in the form of Ekka Raja Rani starring Govinda, Vinod Khanna, Ayesha Jhulka in the year 1994. He was also the writer of the film and it did good business at the box office. In the year 2005, Afzal Ahmed Khan was back to his first love – cinema. He directed Mashooka starring Meghna Naidu, Vidya Malavade, Aditya Bal.

Since 2010, Afzal Ahmed Khan has been working on his most ambitious animated projects – The Adventures of Sinbad and Hatim Tai. Afzal Ahmed Khan owns a recording/editing/animation studio in the heart of Mumbai called Lodi Studios.

Television career

After movies, it was the turn of television and Afzal Ahmed Khan also debuted as a television producer/director for Daastan-e-Hatimtai in 1995 on Doordarshan, starring Shammi Kapoor in his television debut. It was one of the most expensive shows and also registered high TRPs. He has also worked on TV serials like Doordarshan's Bhabhi Maa, Zee TV's horror show X Zone and Rishtey which introduced Juhi Parmar and NDTV Imagine's Chutti Time as a director/producer.

Advertising career

Afzal Ahmed Khan has also created several memorable TV commercials for brands like Raymond, Hindustan Petroleum, Shipping Corporation, LIC, Visa since 1996. Afzal has been awarded with numerous awards at various ad film festivals. Afzal Ahmed Khan is the creative brain behind public interest ads like 'Jaago Grahak Jaago' on Doordarshan.

Producer

 Daastan-e-Hatimtai – TV Series (1995)
 Bhabhi Maa – TV Series
 X Zone – TV Series
 Rishtey
 Chutti Time
 The Adventure of Sinbad (2013)
 Hatim Tai (2013)

Director

 Ekka Raja Rani (1994)
 Daastan-e-Hatimtai – TV Series (1995)
 Bhabhi Maa – TV Series
 X Zone – TV Series
 Rishtey – TV Series
 Chutti Time – TV Series
 Mashooka (2005)

Writer

 Dancer (1991)
 Ekka Raja Rani (1994)

References

External links

Indian television directors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Aligarh Muslim University alumni
Indian television producers
Hindi-language film directors
Indian animated film directors
Indian animated film producers

Afzal Ahmed Khan


John Kevin "JK" Delaney (born April 16, 1963) is an American politician and businessman. He was the United States Representative for Maryland's 6th congressional district from 2013 to 2019.

On July 28, 2017, Delaney became the first Democrat to announce he is running for President in 2020. He ended his campaign in January 2020, days before the Iowa caucus.

Early life
Delaney was born in Wood-Ridge, New Jersey. His parents were Elaine Rowe and Jack Delaney, an electrician. He was raised in Wood-Ridge. He studied at Columbia University and Georgetown University Law Center.

Business career
Delaney has co-founded two companies, both of which are publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange. He has won the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award in 2004.

In 1993, he co-founded Health Care Financial Partners, to make loans available to smaller-sized health care service providers purportedly ignored by larger banks. In 2000, Delaney co-founded CapitalSource, a commercial lender headquartered in Chevy Chase, Maryland; the company provided capital to roughly 5,000 small and mid-size businesses before his departure.

Delaney retired from his business career in 2012, to pursue a career in politics.

United States Representative (2013–2019)
Delaney decided to run for the newly redrawn 6th District against 10-term Republican incumbent Roscoe Bartlett. The district had long been a Republican stronghold.

During the primary, Delaney was endorsed by former President Bill Clinton, U.S. Congresswoman Donna Edwards, Comptroller Peter Franchot, the Washington Post, and the Gazette. On April 3, 2012, Delaney won the five-candidate Democratic primary field with 54% of the vote. The next closest opponent, State Senator Robert J. Garagiola, received 29% of the vote, 25 points behind Delaney.

In the November 6, 2012 general election, Delaney defeated Bartlett by 59%-38%, a 21-point margin.

Delaney introduced legislation to end partisan gerrymandering. The Open Our Democracy Act would appoint independent redistricting commissions nationwide to end partisan gerrymandering, make Election Day a federal holiday and create an open top-two primary system.

2020 presidential campaign

Delaney announced he is running for President of the United States in the 2020 presidential election in a Washington Post op-ed on July 28, 2017.

Delaney ended his campaign on January 31, 2020 after falling in poll numbers and failing to qualify for the debates.

Personal life
Delaney is married to April McClain and together they have four daughters.

References

Other websites

Congressman John Delaney  official U.S. House website
Campaign website

1963 births
Living people
Businesspeople from New Jersey
Columbia University alumni
Politicians from New Jersey
2020 United States presidential candidates
United States representatives from Maryland
Democratic Party (United States) politicians

John Delaney


The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is a group of two non-profit organizations that fight for what they believe are important civil liberties issues. It was started in 1920 by Crystal Eastman, Roger Nash Baldwin, and Walter Nelles.

Some issues that are important to the ACLU are the First Amendment to the United States Constitution (which says that people have free speech and freedom of religion, as well as other rights), privacy, the right of people to be treated fairly if they are accused of a crime and arrested, and the right for everybody to be treated the same under the law.

One way the ACLU tries to reach its goals is by helping people in court whom it believes are not being treated fairly by the law. The ACLU has lawyers that file lawsuits for people it represents. The ACLU also tries to change laws by teaching people about issues and by lobbying the government about what it believes.

Controversy
Some people in the United States disagree with the ACLU. Some conservatives do not like that the ACLU believes that people have the right to an abortion and that it believes in the separation of church and state. Also, some of the people or groups that the ACLU has represented in court have been unpopular, such as the Westboro Baptist Church, which is famous for protesting the funerals of American soldiers who died at war.

References

Civil rights organizations based in the United States
1920 establishments in the United States
Organizations in New York City

American Civil Liberties Union


Stevie Wonder's Original Musiquarium I is a greatest hits album by American musician Stevie Wonder. It was released on May 4, 1982 by Tamla. It is Wonder's second greatest hits album as his first one Looking Back had been released five years before it.

Track listing and personnel
All songs written by Stevie Wonder except "Front Line" by Wonder and Gary Byrd. Arrangements and all vocals and instruments by Wonder except as indicated.

Side one
"Superstition" (from Talking Book) — 4:25
 Trevor Laurence - saxophone; Steve Madaio - trumpet
"You Haven't Done Nothin'" (from Fulfillingness' First Finale) — 3:29
 Reggie McBride - bass; The Jackson 5 - vocals
"Living for the City" (different version as the one from Innervisions) — 7:26
"Front Line" — 5:52
 Benjamin Bridges - electric guitar; Nathan Watts - bass

Side two
"Superwoman (Where Were You When I Needed You)" (from Music of My Mind) — 7:57
 Buzzy Feiten - electric guitar
"Send One Your Love"  (from Stevie Wonder's Journey through the Secret Life of Plants) — 4:02
 Benjamin Bridges, Rick Zunigar - electric guitar
"You Are the Sunshine of My Life" (single version; original version from Talking Book) — 2:51
 Gloria Barley, Lani Groves, Jim Gilstrap - vocals; Scott Edwards - bass; Daniel Ben Zebulon - congas
"Ribbon in the Sky" — 5:35
 Benjamin Bridges - acoustic guitar

Side three
"Higher Ground" (from Innervisions) — 3:46
"Sir Duke" (from Songs in the Key of Life) — 3:52
 Steve Madaio, Raymond Maldonado - trumpets; Trevor Laurence, Hank Redd - saxophones; Michael Sembello - lead guitar; Benjamin Bridges - rhythm guitar; Nathan Watts - bass; Raymond Pounds - drums
"Master Blaster (Jammin')" (from Hotter Than July) — 5:08
 Larry Gittens - trumpet; Trevor Laurence - saxophone; Isaiah Sanders - organ; Benjamin Bridges, Rick Zunigar - electric guitars; Nathan Watts - bass; Dennis Davis - drums; Earl DeRouen - percussion; Shirley Brewer, Alexandra Brown Evans, Marva Holcom, Angela Winbush - vocals
"Boogie On Reggae Woman" (with intro not included on Fulfillingness' First Finale) — 4:55
 Rocky Dzidzornu] - congas
"That Girl" — 5:15

Side four
"I Wish" (from Songs in the Key of Life) — 4:12
 Steve Madaio, Raymond Maldonado - trumpets; Trevor Laurence, Hank Redd - saxophones; Nathan Watts - bass; Raymond Pounds - drums; Renee Hardaway - vocals
"Isn't She Lovely" (from Songs in the Key of Life) — 6:32
 Greg Phillinganes - keyboards; Brenda Barrett, Shirley Brewer, Colleen Carleton, Carole Cole, Nelson Hayes, Dave Henson, Artece May, Edna Orso, Josette Valentino - handclaps
"Do I Do" — 10:27
 Clifton Anderson, Robert Eldgridge, Eugene Ghee, Larry Gittens, Virgil Jones, Earl McIntyre, J.D. Parran, Victor Paz, Janice Robinson, Robert Rutledge, Anthony Tooley, Frank Wess, Alfred Wilson, Britt Woodman, Lorenzo Wyche - horns; Dizzy Gillespie - trumpet; Isaiah Sanders - fender rhodes; Benjamin Bridges, Rick Zunigar - electric guitars; Nathan Watts - bass; Dennis Davis - drums; Earl DeRouen - percussion; Wendy Barnes, Shirley Brewer, Alexandra Brown, Melody McCully - vocals; Paul Riser - string section arrangements

References

1982 albums
Greatest hits albums
R&B albums
Soul albums
Funk albums

Stevie Wonder's Original Musiquarium


Sven Anders Fredrik Haglund (born January 13, 1980 in Trollhättan) is a Swedish sport shooter. He has been selected to compete for Sweden in rifle shooting at the 2004 Summer Olympics, and has attained numerous top ten finishes in a major international competition, spanning the ISSF World Cup series and the European Championships. Haglund trains under head coach Stefan Lindblom for the national team, while shooting at Trollhättans Sportskytte.

Haglund qualified for the Swedish team in rifle shooting at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. He managed to get a minimum qualifying score of 1168 in the rifle three positions to gain an Olympic quota place for Sweden, following his fourth-place finish at the ISSF World Cup meet in Fort Benning, Georgia, United States a year earlier. In the 10 m air rifle, Haglund shot a steady 589 out of a possible 600 to tie for twenty-ninth with three other shooters. Haglund also marked a total score of 1142 points (393 in prone, 372 in standing, and 377 in the kneeling) in his signature event, 50 m rifle 3 positions, finishing haplessly in a lowly thirty-fifth position out of forty shooters.

References

External links

Athlete Bio – Swedish Olympic Committee

1980 births
Living people
Swedish male sport shooters
Olympic shooters for Sweden
Shooters at the 2004 Summer Olympics
People from Trollhättan
Sportspeople from Västra Götaland County
20th-century Swedish people
21st-century Swedish people

Sven Haglund


Gustav Walter Heinemann (born 23 July 1899 in Schwelm; died 7 July 1976 in Essen) was a German politician. He was Interior Minister under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer. He resigned when Adenauer started getting ready to set up the German Army. He later resigned from the CDU and joined the SPD. He also served as Justice Minister before he was elected Federal President in 1969. He served for one term, and left office in 1974.

1899 births
1976 deaths
Members of the German Bundestag
Government ministers of Germany
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from Essen
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Presidents of Germany

Gustav Heinemann


Sri Lanka's Cultural triangle is situated in the centre of the island and covers an area which includes the World Heritage cultural sites of the Sacred City of Anuradhapura, the Ancient City of Polonnaruwa, the Ancient City of Sigiriya, the Ancient City of Dambulla and the Sacred City of Kandy. Due to the constructions and associated historical events, some of which are millennia old, these sites are of high universal value; they are visited by many pilgrims, both laymen and the clergy (prominently Buddhist), as well as by local and foreign tourists.

References

Cultural history of Sri Lanka

Cultural triangle


Satellite Beach is a coastal city in Brevard County, Florida, U.S. The population was 11,346 at the 2020 United States Census, and it is located with the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Banana River to the west.

Satellite Beach is part of the Palm Bay–Melbourne–Titusville Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography

Satellite Beach is located at  (28.173441, –80.596674). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of .  of it is land and  of it (31.94%) is water.

The Atlantic Ocean forms its eastern border; the Indian River the western border. It is located on the local barrier island directly south of Patrick Space Force Base. It is part of the South Beaches.

With both ocean and river frontage, the city is the largest beachside community in South Brevard County. There are  of shoreline in the city, including  of Atlantic Ocean beach,  of Banana River shoreline, and  of shoreline fronting navigable canals connected to the Banana River.

Climate

Satellite Beach is located in the region where tropical and temperate climatic zones overlap. A study commissioned by NASA lends credence to the perception that Satellite Beach is located in a portion of the North American Atlantic shoreline with a reduced incidence of catastrophic hurricanes. Extremes range from  on December 24, 1989 to  on July 15, 1981.

Fauna

Threatened Atlantic loggerhead sea turtles nest on the city's ocean beaches at densities of approximately one nest per  of shoreline per year. Endangered green sea turtles also deposit nests along the city's ocean beach each year.

Endangered North Atlantic right whales calve off the city's shoreline. Endangered West Indian manatees frequent the city's canals and the Banana River. Bald eagles forage over Samsons Island.

The  of wetland created as mitigation by a local developer on Samsons Island provide nutrient-rich, sheltered aquatic habitat serving as finfish nursery and feeding ground for a diverse assemblage of birds and mammals. The city established Samsons Island Nature Park, the only gopher tortoise relocation recipient site on the barrier island.  It is occupied by 42 relocated tortoises and three which had been living on the island when development began.  The city has erected five osprey nesting platforms on Samsons Island Nature Park, from which young have been fledged.

Efforts are now under way to create habitat for use by gopher tortoises and scrub jays. Xeric scrub around the local county library, until the late 1990s, hosted a family of threatened Florida scrub jays.

The city is working with faculty of the Florida Institute of Technology to promote graduate student research and class projects on Samsons Island Nature Park and to assist in devising and implementing maintenance programs to preserve and enhance desirable wildlife habitats.

The city has approved the use of inland dirt-officially called upland sources-to be used in beach nourishment projects. These projects will bury part of a natural reef. After three projects, the sea shells are gone, and turtle nesting declined significantly in the years following this nourishment.

Flora

Due to the moderating influence of surrounding water bodies, the climate on the barrier island supports tropical species of plants normally found far to the south.  Brevard County's barrier island to, approximately, Cape Canaveral, constitutes the northernmost limit of the range of many of these plant species.  At the same time, the infrequency and mildness of freezes in the Central Florida region serves to define the southern limit of many plants found in temperate zones. Vegetated sand dunes are found along most of the beach's length and provide the major defense against storm events. Native plant species found on the dunes include sea oats, Sabal palmetto, sea grape, railroad vine, dollar weed, coral bean, Spanish bayonet, wax myrtle, yaupon holly, and several grass species. More salt-tolerant and wind-tolerant species, such as sea oats and railroad vine, are found predominantly on the ocean side of the dune, while other dune vegetation species do not generally show such zonation.  These plants assist in building the dune by trapping windblown sand and in stabilizing the dune with extensive lateral root systems.

Geology

There are approximately  of coquina rock outcrops frequently exposed along the low-tide line of the city's ocean beach. The National Marine Fisheries Service has classified the rock as an Essential Fish Habitat-Habitat Area of Particular Concern. It is important to aquatic life and found only in a few locations along the Eastern seaboard.

On the city's ocean beach can be found fossil Atlantic ghost crabs, the remnants of a unique set of geological circumstances which preserved these creatures when they died in their burrows perhaps about 110,000 years ago.

There are significant deposits of sand, marl, coquina and possibly phosphate within the city limits.

Surrounding areas

History

Satellite Beach became incorporated in 1957 by Percy L. Hedgecock and his brothers, B. D. (Shine) and Herbert (Hub) Hedgecock, along with cousins Jimmy Caudle and Dumont Smith. Hedgecock also served as the town's first mayor from 1957 until 1973.

Volunteers have provided more than 10,000 hours each year to youth and public service programs.

In 2010, the city began planning for a rise in sea level resulting from climate change.

In 2011, the city became one of the first areas in the United States to install solar panels on municipal buildings.

In 2013, the city announced that it would undertake $36 million worth of work to restore beach areas and dunes along the coast, battered by hurricanes in 2004. The project was underwritten by Brevard County and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection.

On December 4, 2013, there was a parade in celebration of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. There were one hundred Menorah-topped vehicles, a Menorah lighting, free food (including traditional Latkes), and live entertainment.

The annual Ocean, Reef and Beach Festival is organized by the Surfrider Foundation, Pure Ocean TV Productions and Anglers for Conservation.

The Banana River Sail and Power Squadron sponsors the annual Holiday Boat Parade.

On December 20, 2013, the city announced plans to build a beachside trail that would allow people to walk, jog and cycle along the coast. The proposed trail would run along the dunes south from Fischer Park. The beachside trail would hook up to the proposed  "A1A Urban Trail".

In the summer of 2018 Erin Brockovich hosted a town hall to address citizens concerns that ground contamination from an old military dump was causing increased rates of cancer. These concerns were validated when County health officials released a report the following summer that showed a higher incidence of some rare cancers and again when the U.S. Department of Defense designated an area just blocks north of the city as a "Formerly Used Defense Site". While no direct link between the cancer cases and contamination had been established as of January 2020, officials and activists were still working on the issue. A renewed interest in this issue was prompted when an oncologist who graduated from Satellite High School in 2003 noticed that an unusually high number of her classmates were getting cancer and dying.

Demographics

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 9,577 people, 3,952 households, and 2,877 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 4,257 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 94.99% White, 1.02% African American, 0.18% Native American, 1.55% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.67% from other races, and 1.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.95% of the population. Of the city's 7,444 residents who are 25 or older, approximately one in five hold a graduate or professional degree.

The only traditional Jewish synagogue, Chabad of the Space & Treasure Coasts, along the Brevard County coastline is in the city.

There were 3,952 households, out of which 26.8% had children under 18 living with them, 60.3% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.2% were non-families. 22.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.83.

In the city, the population was distributed by age groups as follows: 21.8% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 28.3% from 45 to 64, and 21.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.3 males.

2020 census
As of the 2020 census, there were 11,226 people, 5,116 housing units, and 4,036 families in the city. The population density was 3,843.2 inhabitants per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 87.6% White (9,443 people), 2.2% African American (200), 0.2% Native American (28), 1.2% Asian (247), 0.0% Pacific Islander (16), and 6.7% from two or more races (1,107). Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 9.7% (871 people).

The ancestry was 15.4% Irish, 14.2% Italian, 10.5% German, 9.5% English, 4.0% Polish, 2.4% French, 1.7% Scottish, 1.5% Norwegian, and 0.4% Sub-Saharan African.

The median age was 42.2 years old. 17.4% of the population were 65 or older, with 10.5% between the ages of 65 to 74, 4.1% between the ages of 75 to 84, and 2.8% being 85 or older. 24.7% of the population were under 18, and 3.8% were under 5 years old. The gender makeup was 51.2% female and 48.8% male.

The median household income was $92,750, with families having $107,525, married couples having $116,295, and non-families having $53,888. 3.6% of the population were in poverty. The per capita income was $45,646.

Government
In 2007, the city had a taxable real estate base of $877.12 million.

The city maintains an active list of about 80 volunteers ("Neighbor Helping Neighbor" program) who helps out where requested, often senior citizens, whose mobility is impaired.

Education
The city has the following schools:

Public schools:
DeLaura Middle School
Satellite High School
Holland Elementary
Surfside Elementary
Seapark Elementary
Private schools:
Chabad Hebrew School
Coastal Community School
Torah Academy Preschool

Recreation

The city has several parks, recreational facilities and natural landscapes, however in recent years the lagoon has been severely degraded by recurring algae blooms.<ref></</ref>

In 2013, Hightower Beach Park was renovated by a community partnership with Montecito Community Development District and state funds from the Florida Preservation 2000 and Florida Land and Water grant programs. The  park contains the natural dune system and has a boardwalk along the coastline. Surfers use the beach.

RC's Beach and Buccaneer Beach are named for a former Royal Castle hamburger kiosk and the Buccaneer Condos, respectively. They are used for surfing.

The David R. Schechter Community Center is a recreational community center. It hosts gatherings, community special events, classes, programs, and other activities.

Pelican Beach Park was renovated in 2007. During the summer months, the Sea Turtle Preservation Society conducts weekly sea turtle tours. The north dune crossover is called "Pelican" by the local surfers.

The DeSoto Recreation Complex features eight tennis courts as well as two enclosed racquetball courts.

Samsons Island is a  park. It was renovated from an island overrun with exotic plants. Volunteers have worked since 1991 to develop it. It is only accessible by boat. There are butterflies, gopher tortoises, armadillos, squirrels and snakes—black racers and coachwhips. There are 30 species of birds. The island contains trails, bird watching, camping areas, wildlife, and picnic areas. Samsons Island has trails for biking and hiking. There is canal dredging taking place to remove potentially toxic muck.

The Satellite Beach Sports and Recreation Park contains . It has a walking trail, skate park, dog park, frisbee fields, soccer fields and volleyball courts.

Gemini Beach Park is a  park nestled between Ellwood and Park Avenue and contains dunes, sea turtles, and birdlife.

Economy

Personal income
In 2011, the median income for a household in the city was $60,870, and median family income was $75,159. 25% of households and 32% of families made more than $100,000. Males had a median income of $42,079 versus $28,259 for females. The per capita income for the city was $27,181.  About 2.7% of families and 4.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.2% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over.

In 2020, the median income for a household in the city was $79,082. The per capita income of all residents for the city was $41,566. About 4.9% of the population was reported to be below the poverty line.

Industry
Satellite Beach Technology Company designs and develops biometric security systems. This industry generates approximately $1.5 billion revenue each year.

A company Lighting Sciences Group manufactures LED light bulbs locally. It employs 400 people. The company was recently featured in Deloitte's Technology Fast 500, a ranking of the 500 fastest growing technology, media, telecommunications, life sciences and clean technology companies in North America.

Satellite Beach Library
During the 1960s, Brevard county's population soared due to the Aerospace program and the demands on libraries increased, resulting in the need for more branches. There were many members of the community that expressed the need for a branch in Satellite Beach. A site was selected by the City of Satellite Beach on Cassia Boulevard. A head librarian was selected to run the branch with a volunteer staff. The library's initial budget was $50,000. The Satellite Beach Public Library opened on April 17, 1966. The location eventually outgrew the initial building. In 1991 a new 19,000 square foot facility was completed for the Satellite Beach Public Library at the site of the old Indian Harbor Beach Sewer Treatment Plant property. The land was purchased by the County at a cost of $75,000 and increased the size of the library from 6,500 square feet to 19,000 square feet. The new facility opened on September 23, 1991 on Jamaica Boulevard.

At this time, there were 18,266 registered patrons with a monthly circulation averaging 22,000. There are approximately 63,891 volumes in the book collection of fiction, non-fiction, and reference. There are 2,200 recordings and cassettes and 1269 video tapes. A collection of compact discs have also been added. The new facility offers a Community Meeting Room, children's area and young adult section, study rooms, and public typewriter.

Infrastructure

Roads

Travelocity.com named route A1A as the "Best Driving Route" in Florida. This runs close to the ocean. A secondary major route, paralleling it, is South Patrick Drive, which is close to the Banana River.

The Florida Department of Transportation maintains 513, and A1A.

See State Roads in Florida for explanation of numbering system.

  SR A1A – The main road through Satellite Beach. There is no local name. The major east–west road, Cassia Bouelvard, intersects both it and SR 513.
  SR 513 – Known locally as South Patrick Drive, this is a parallel route to SR A1A.

Canals

There are several canals that connect the city to the Indian River Lagoon, including: The Grand Canal, the canal paralleling Desoto Parkway, and the Anchor Drive Canal.

Beach 'Nourishment'

Every five years Brevard County conduct a dune renourishment project on the beach in an effort to preserve the natural coastline." While proponents of beach renourishment defend the action as a way to preserve the natural coastline, prevent coastal armoring of properties, and protect natural sea turtle nesting habitat; some residents who oppose it say it's wasteful and ruins the quality of the beach.

Notable people

 Buzz Aldrin, Apollo 11 astronaut, resides in Satellite Beach
 John Antoon, United States District Court judge
 LtGen Alexander R. Bolling, commander of the 84th Infantry Division in World War II and later commander of the Third Army
 David Max Eichhorn, Jewish philosopher, contributing author to Encyclopædia Britannica, Chaplain in the US Army whose company liberated Dachau concentration camp. Resided in Satellite Beach
 Larry Guarino, spent eight years as a POW in the Hanoi Hilton during the Vietnam War
 Ashlyn Harris, goalkeeper for the USWNT and the Orlando Pride
 C. J. Hobgood, 2001 ASP World Champion Surfer
 Damien Hobgood, professional surfer
 Younghill Kang, novelist; passed away here on December 14, 1972
 Kelly Kretschman, USA Women's Softball Team gold medalist
 Nicholas Lindheim, professional golfer
 Ryan Ludwick, left fielder for Cincinnati Reds baseball team; born here on July 13, 1978
 Aprilynne Pike, #1 New York Times bestselling author
 Jefferson W. Speck, Arkansas politician and World War II prisoner of war, resided in Satellite Beach in the early 1970s
 Thomas P. Stafford, Apollo 10 astronaut
 Tim Wakefield, MLB Pitcher and World Series winner who played 19 seasons in the majors, primarily with the Boston Red Sox
 Leonard Weaver, fullback for the Philadelphia Eagles; played football at Satellite High School

References

External links

History of Satellite Beach video, part 1

Cities in Brevard County, Florida
Cities in Florida
Populated coastal places in Florida on the Atlantic Ocean
Beaches of Brevard County, Florida
Beaches of Florida

Satellite Beach, Florida


Stanley Andrew Rojek (April 21, 1919 – July 9, 1997) was a shortstop for the Brooklyn Dodgers (1942 and 1946–47), Pittsburgh Pirates (1948–51), St. Louis Cardinals (1951) and St. Louis Browns (1952).

He helped the Dodgers win the 1947 National League Pennant. He worked in his family's dairy, 'Rojek's Dairy'.

He finished 10th in voting for the 1948 NL MVP for leading the league in Games (156), At Bats (641), Plate Appearances (713) and Singles (150).  He also had 85 Runs, 186 Hits, 27 Doubles, 5 Triples, 4 Home Runs, 51 RBI, 24 Stolen Bases, 61 Walks, .290 Batting Average, .355 On-base percentage, .367 Slugging Percentage, 235 Total Bases and 8 Sacrifice Hits.

In 8 seasons he played in 522 Games and had 1,764 At Bats, 225 Runs, 470 Hits, 67 Doubles, 13 Triples, 4 Home Runs, 122 RBI, 32 Stolen Bases, 152 Walks, .266 Batting Average, .327 On-base percentage, .326 Slugging Percentage, 575 Total Bases and 35 Sacrifice Hits. His career fielding percentage was .966.

He lockered next to Jackie Robinson, in Brooklyn, when Jackie broke baseball's colored barrier. Rojek was one of the only players who was kind to Jackie.

Rojek was very poor. When he wasn't playing baseball or helping with his brothers' families, he was driving the family milk truck and working the business. The dairy was called "Rojek's Dairy", and Stan would assist his brother, Theodore, with the milk bottle and cream cheese deliveries.

He died in his hometown at the age of 78. In dedication, he has a baseball field named after him in his hometown, North Tonawanda.

References

1919 births
1997 deaths
Baseball players from New York (state)
Major League Baseball shortstops
Brooklyn Dodgers players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
St. Louis Cardinals players
St. Louis Browns players
People from North Tonawanda, New York
Olean Oilers players
Dayton Wings players
Durham Bulls players
Montreal Royals players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Charleston Senators players
Mobile Bears players
St. Paul Saints (AA) players
Burials in Buffalo, New York

Stan Rojek


A bunk bed is a stack of two or more beds. Metal poles or wooden beams connect the bottom bed (called the bottom bunk) to the top bed (called the top bunk). A ladder is used to get up to the top bunk. The ladder is usually attached to the bed.

In the Philippines, a bunk bed is called a double deck. Bunk bed is a modern solution; crafted when a one-bed frame is placed on top of another, making a rigid structure of two or more beds.

This way two beds are compacted together to form a single bed which is efficient. A bunk bed occupies less floor area, it is equal to the space normally necessary for only one bed.

Use in homes
Bunk beds are often used in children's rooms. Since bunk beds allow a family to put two beds in the space of a single bed, bunk beds save space. Bunk beds help families with small apartments or houses to have enough beds for their children.

Use in institutions and public facilities
A bunk bed is also called 'the wider bed', which means both the top and bottom are of the same wider size. They are essential furnishing items that hostels, dormitories, colleges, and schools prefer to install.

Use in government and public facilities
Bunk beds are often used in institutions such as prisons. As well, they are often used in public facilities such as homeless shelters and bomb shelters. Bunk beds are also used in firehalls, to give firefighters a place to sleep. Many military organizations use bunk beds.

Navy ships and submarines use bunk beds for the sailors to sleep in. Army barracks sometimes have bunk beds for soldiers to sleep in.

Use in camps and hostels
Summer camps and winter cabins for children (such as boy scouts or girl scouts) often have bunk beds. Hostels, a type of inexpensive hotel for travelers, often have bunk beds. Some ski lodges have bunk beds in their rooms.

Furniture

Bunk bed


The  was the civil administration government in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan (centered on Okinawa Island), replacing the United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands (itself created at the conclusion of World War II) in 1950, and functioned until the islands were returned to Japan in 1972. It surveiled the native Ryukyuan Government, and could overrule all the decisions made by the native government.

History
The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration describes USCAR's history thus:

Following signing of the Instrument of Surrender, 2 September 1945, Ryukyu Islands were administered by Department of the Navy, 21 September 1945 – 30 June 1946, with Commanding Officer, Naval Operating Base, Okinawa functioning as chief military government officer under authority of Commander-in-Chief U.S. Pacific Fleet. Transfer of administration from Department of the Navy to War Department authorized by Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) approval, 1 April 1946, of JCS 819/11, 5 March 1946, with added proviso of JCS 819/12, 22 March 1946. Pursuant to implementing instructions of General Headquarters U.S. Army Forces in the Pacific (GHQ AFPAC), Okinawa Base Command redesignated Ryukyus Command, effective 1 July 1946, by General Order 162, Headquarters U.S. Army Forces, Western Pacific, and made responsible for administration under a Deputy Commander for Military Government. Ryukyu Islands administered successively by Ryukyus Command, 1 July – 30 November 1946; Philippines-Ryukyus Command, 1 December 1946 – 31 July 1948; and Ryukyuan Command, 1 August 1948 – 15 December 1950. USCAR established, effective 15 December 1950, by a directive of Headquarters Far East Command (HQ FEC, formerly GHQ AFPAC), AG 091.1 (5 December 1950) RCA, December 5, 1950, implementing a JCS memorandum, SM 2474-50, 11 October 1950, directing Commander-in-Chief Far East, Gen. Douglas MacArthur, to organize a civil administration for the Ryukyu Islands in accordance with JCS 1231/14, 4 October 1950. USCAR continued to function under Department of the Army (formerly War Department), 1950–71. Amami Island Group of Ryukyu Islands was returned to Japan by the Agreement between the United States of America and Japan concerning the Amami Islands, signed 24 December 1953, and made effective 25 December 1953. USCAR abolished following entrance into force, 15 May 1972, of the Agreement between the United States of America and Japan concerning the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands, signed 17 June 1971, by which the remaining island groups of the Ryukyu Islands, including the Okinawa Island Group, were returned to Japan.

After the Battle of Okinawa in World War II, the United States Navy initially administered the Okinawa group while the other three groups came under Army control. On 18 July 1945, the Navy transferred control to U.S. Army Forces in the Pacific (AFPAC), but on 21 September assumed control again, organizing the United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands.  Finally on 1 July 1946, the Army took control again, organising the Ryukyu Command from the previous Okinawa Base Command. On 1 January 1947, AFPAC was reorganised as Far East Command and a unified Ryukyu Command, including a military government apparatus, was placed under General Headquarters, Far East Command (GHQ FECOM), in Tokyo.

When the Treaty of San Francisco came into force in April 1952, the Ryukyu Islands were placed under U.S. administration temporarily, though their ultimate sovereignty remained with Japan. USCAR, which was a subordinate organization of the forces of the United States, surveilled the native Ryukyuan Government and could overrule all the decisions made by the Ryukyuan Government.

The official currency was the B yen from 1948 to 1958, when the B yen was abolished and the US dollar was brought into use. The government printed Ryukyuan postage stamps and passports. Cars drove on the right in contrast to the main islands of Japan. The island switched to driving on the left in 1978 to bring it in line with Japan.

Peace treaty specifications

Two important articles of the post-war peace treaty of 28 April 1952, are the following:

Article 3: Japan will concur in any proposal of the United States to the United Nations to place under its trusteeship system, with the United States as the sole administering authority, Nansei Shoto south of 29 degrees north latitude (including the Ryukyu Islands and the Daitō Shoto), Nanpō Shoto south of Sofu Gan (including the Bonin Islands, Rosario Island and the Volcano Islands) and Parece Vela and Marcus Island. Pending the making of such a proposal and affirmative action thereon, the United States will have the right to exercise all and any powers of administration, legislation and jurisdiction over the territory and inhabitants of these islands, including their territorial waters.

Article 4b: Japan recognizes the validity of dispositions of property of Japan and Japanese nationals made by or pursuant to directives of the United States Military Government in any of the areas referred to in Articles 2 and 3.

After a formal agreement reached on 17 June 1971, control of Okinawa was given back to Japan on 15 May 1972, and USCAR was abolished. This completed the disposition of this Japanese property by USMG.

Government system

The post of  was created in 1950 and replaced in 1957 by the  until 1972.

Governors and High Commissioners

Flag

The Criminal Code of Ryukyu restricted the flying of any national flags except the flag of the United States. The protesters against the Ryukyu government flew the Hinomaru, the flag of Japan. Civil ships of Ryukyu flew an ensign derived from the International maritime signal flag for "D" instead of Japanese or American ensigns.  The ensign changed to "Hinomaru below a triangular flag labeled "Ryukyus" and "琉球" (Japanese for "Ryukyu") in 1967.

See also

 United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands
 Government of the Ryukyu Islands, the body of Okinawan self-governance from 1952 to 1972.
 Koza riot
 :ja:琉球列島米国民政府
 Ryukyuan people
 Ryukyu independence movement
 Postage stamps and postal history of Ryukyu Islands
 Naval Base Okinawa

References

1950 establishments in Japan
1972 disestablishments in Japan
Ryukyu Islands
Government agencies established in 1950
Government agencies disestablished in 1972
History of United States expansionism
Japan–United States relations
Okinawa under United States occupation
Postwar Japan
Shōwa period

United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands


Hayward "Chuck" Carbo (January 11, 1926 – July 11, 2008) was an American R&B singer, best known for his time as a vocalist in the New Orleans group The Spiders.

Chuck Carbo was born in Houma, Louisiana, then moved with his family to the Zion City neighborhood of New Orleans in the early 1930s. Chuck and brother Leonard "Chick" Carbo sang in the choir at their minister father's church. Among their influences were the Golden Gate Quartet and the King Cole Trio.  The brothers served in the Coast Guard during World II.

After the war the brothers became affiliated with the Zion City Harmonizers gospel quartet. Changing the name to the Delta Southernaires, the group performed on Sunday mornings on WWEZ. In 1953 they auditioned for Cosimo Matassa at J&M Studio with the songs John The Revelator and Bye and Bye. Matassa encouraged the group to consider singing Rhythm and Blues. Local guitarist and songwriter Adolph Smith wrote two songs for the newly rechristened Spiders, cut in their initial Imperial Records session. The R&B single was a two-sided hit with I Didn't Want To Do It reaching #3 on the R&B charts and You're The One following at #8. "Chuck wasn't just an important R&B or doo-wop artist," says New Orleans musician Deacon John Moore. "He came out of the church. He was one of the members of the Zion Harmonizers, along with Sherman Washington. When the Spiders started recording [R&B], they brought that old-time gospel sound with them. Their first record, 'I Didn't Want to Do It' and 'You're the One,' was a big, local jukebox hit. The jukeboxes were a barometer for local radio and they picked up on it. Then it broke nationally and the group was on its way." At the first recording session the group had misgivings, so also recorded two gospel songs which were unreleased until 1994. Imperial Records A&R man and bandleader Dave Bartholomew took over the production work for The Spiders' follow-up releases, which were regional and local hits but didn't make the national charts. Conflicts within the group caused Chuck to leave, with Chick taking over lead vocals. The original Spiders reunited in 1955 to record Witchcraft which went to #7 on the R&B charts. Chick continued to front the Spiders. Chuck cut two singles under his own name for Imperial before being dropped by the label in 1957. Chuck Carbo continued to record as a solo artist, cutting discs for Rex Records, and Ace in the 1960s. Perhaps his best known song as a solo artist was his 1970 single, "Can I Be Your Squeeze" on Eddie Bo's Fire Ball Records.

Carbo continued to perform intermittently for the next several decades, though he took odd jobs (including as a truck driver) whenever he could not make a living performing. In 1988 Carbo recorded his first solo album Life's Ups and Downs on 504 Records, featuring guitarist Alvin Robinson, Dr. John, and Edward Frank. Second Line On Monday was released as a single. The flip side Meet Me With Your Black Drawers On (by Jeannie and Jimmy Cheatham) got attention and airplay on WWOZ in New Orleans. This led to a follow-up album Drawers Trouble on Rounder Records in 1993 featuring Dr. John and Edward Frank. A second full-length The Barber's Blues followed in 1996.

Carbo and his wife Gloria were the parents of nine sons and daughters. His granddaughter, Rolexis Delaney Schinsing is an actress who has appeared on HBO show Treme, OWN's Queen Sugar, and Daytime Emmy nominated network BYUtv's show Relative Race. Carbo died in July 2008, at the age of 82.

Discography
Drawers Trouble (Rounder, 1993)
The Barber's Blues (Rounder, 1996)

References

External links
Bill Dahl, [ Chuck Carbo] at AllMusic
Home of the Groove: Chuck Carbo: Good Things Come To Those Who Wait

Singers from Louisiana
Imperial Records artists
Ace Records (United States) artists
2008 deaths
1926 births
20th-century American singers
20th-century American male singers
Rhythm and blues musicians from New Orleans

Chuck Carbo


ParaWorld (ParaWelt) is a real-time strategy PC game released in 2006. It was developed by the German company SEK (Spieleentwicklungskombinat) GmbH, based in Berlin. The game features more than fifty prehistoric animals, especially dinosaurs and pleistocene mammals. Disc versions of the game utilise TAGES copy protection, which installs a proprietary driver on the user's system for copy protection.

Gameplay
The gameplay concept is similar to "Age of Empires", which is a real-time strategy game. ParaWorld features food, wood, and stone as resources. Food can be picked from bushes, hunted from animals, fished from the sea, or farmed. Stone is located in limited deposits, and wood, cut from trees, is generally scattered throughout a map. Battles can occur on both land and sea.

The story takes place in a parallel dimension, where prehistoric life thrives alongside diverse human civilizations that are not technologically advanced. As a result, dinosaurs take the place of traditional wildlife and livestock, though some of the dinosaurs in-game are highly stylized and not necessarily scientifically accurate. Wild-living dinosaurs can be hunted for food, though some are of dangerous and aggressive species and will attack any player unit that wanders too close. Other prehistoric creatures make an appearance as well, for example woolly mammoths are used where other games might feature elephants.

Players advance through epochs in order to unlock new technologies and upgrades.

Plot summary
ParaWorld ("parallel world") is an alternate universe where dinosaurs and ice age creatures never became extinct. A group of 19th-century scientists, the SEAS (the Society of Exact Alternative Science) led by scientific genius Jarvis Babbit, discovered the parallel world where dinosaurs and primitive human tribes coexist. When they subsequently learned that people don't age in this dimension and that the concept of electricity is inexistant, they decided to remain there to rule.

Later, three young scientists are led to Jarvis Babbit: the American geologist Anthony Cole, Swedish biologist Stina Holmlund, and Hungarian physics genius Béla András Benedek, all of whom having discovered elements in the "real" world that point toward the existence of a parallel world. Jarvis Babbit decides to send the three scientists into "Paraworld", seemingly for an expedition. However, when the three heroes discover the true intentions of the SEAS, they have to rally all the parallel world's warring inhabitants in order to defeat the SEAS.

The three scientists serve as the game's core "hero" units. Their main goal is to return to their home world, but to do this they will need to enlist the aid of enlightened natives and battle against the hostile creatures, tribes, and ultimately the masterminds trying to stop them. Along the way they'll meet several characters who are seemingly based on classical scientists such as Nicola Tesla or Charles Darwin ("Nikolaj Taslow" and "James Warden" in the game). They eventually discover that a man named David Leighton, who is one of Babbit's men, is orchestrating events on the parallel world, and pursue him. They also learn of a plot to permanently seal the world away by moving the planet out of orbit, which will also trigger a cataclysm.

In order to save the planet and secure their own escape from ParaWorld, they are forced to assault Babbit's fortifications. They manage to stop the countdown and Cole kills Leighton in battle. Babbit makes a last-ditch effort to stop the heroes by using a giant robot. Having failed, Babbit falls into lava and presumably dies. The heroes finally go back home. However, Cole is awakened in the middle of the night by a phone call of Béla telling him that the dinosaurs have come through as well. The chaos of ParaWorld now ensues on planet Earth.

Reception

The game received above-average reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

The developing company SEK shut down due to insufficient sales, and Sunflowers ended their partnership with it. The previously announced expansion pack was cancelled. A German-only Booster Pack for the game was released with Gold GOTY Editions of ParaWorld, containing new maps, heroes, and missions, and was only compatible with German copies of the game. However, members of the ParaWorld gaming community "Para-Welt" have created an unofficial downloadable version of the Booster Pack for all regions that incorporates updated community content (such as modifications enabling players to utilise the previously NPC 'SEAS' factions) alongside the official SEK Booster Pack content. According to German newspaper Die Welt, ParaWorld was commercially unsuccessful, with sales of around 100,000 units.

References

External links
Official website

2006 video games
Aspyr games
Deep Silver games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Real-time strategy video games
Video games about dinosaurs
Video games about parallel universes
Video games developed in Germany
Windows games
Windows-only games

ParaWorld


Aotearoa is the current Māori language name for New Zealand. It has replaced previous translations such as Niu Tirani (which was used in the Treaty of Waitangi) and Niu Tireni (which was used in the Whakaputanga Declaration of Independence). It translates to the land of the long white cloud or one long white cloud.

Māori language

Aotearoa