Front 242 is a Belgian electronic music group that came into prominence during the 1980s. Pioneering the style they called electronic body music, they are a profound influence on the electronic and industrial music genres.

History

Formation
Front 242 were formed in 1981 in Aarschot, near Leuven, Belgium, by Daniel Bressanutti and Dirk Bergen, who wanted to create music and graphic design using emerging electronic tools. Prior to forming Front 242, Bressanutti worked on a music project called Prothese that had already produced several one-off tracks. The front part of the name comes from the idea of an organized popular uprising and the fact that the word can be translated in many languages while retaining the same meaning. The number "242" could have been chosen in tribute to United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 which formerly established the "inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war and the need to work for a just and lasting peace in which every State can live in security". The first single by the duo, "Principles", with b-side "Body To Body," was released in 1981.

Patrick Codenys and Jean-Luc De Meyer had separately formed a group called Underviewer at around the same time. The groups merged in 1982 after Underviewer had given their demo tapes to Bressanutti who was working at a music instruments shop at the time (Hill's Music in Brussels.) Daniel was so impressed he asked Patrick and Jean-Luc to join Front 242.

Recordings by the band were initially created in Daniel's apartment studio, where the entire band and their equipment were packed into a 2.5m x 2.5m room. The band incorporated as an artistic association in Belgium which allowed them to access government assistance and made it easier to afford better studio equipment.

Bressanutti, Codenys and De Meyer took turns on vocals at first, until they settled on De Meyer as the lead vocalist (early recordings with Bressanutti on vocals were subsequently released in 2004). De Meyer came to write most of the lyrics, although Valerie Jane Steele wrote several tracks including "Don't Crash." Despite falling into specific roles, however, the band sought to project a more anonymous, mysterious image, replete with dark sunglasses and militaristic uniforms so that they could not be easily identified. Bressanutti took this anonymity to the extreme, leaving stage entirely to run live shows from the sound board behind the audience.

The band self-released their first album, Geography, in 1982 and shortly after signed to the Belgian indie label consortium Les Disques du Crépuscule who later re-released the album. Their next single, "U-Men", was released the same year as was the band's first music video, produced by Marcel Vanthilt and played on the program RoodVonk on VRT (Vlaamse Radio Televisie - Flemish Radio & TV). The video proved a challenge, not only conceptually given the band's insistence on anonymity, but because of the small budget; ultimately the video was shot on location in Daniel's bedroom.

In 1983, the band brought on Richard Jonckheere (a.k.a.: Richard 23), who they became familiar with through Richard's own "noise concept," as a percussionist and second vocalist to help boost the band's live presence. Not long after, Dirk Bergen left the band to manage the group and pursue a graphic design career. Also in 1983 the band released the EP Endless Riddance.

Rising popularity
Front 242 became a popular musical group in Belgium, particularly for their "infamous" live performances that involved loud sound, aggressive stage presence, smoke, and bright flashing lights. The music press in Belgium was less receptive, sometimes interpreting their militaristic appearance, dark music, and samples from war movies - especially given the backdrop of the Cold War and terror incidents in Belgium - as being pro-fascist, an interpretation that the band firmly rejected.

Their second album, No Comment, released in 1984, was the first to introduce the term electronic body music in association with their sound via the liner notes, which stated: "Electronic body music composed and produced on eight tracks by Front 242." The band followed the release with a European tour.

It was around this time that Front 242 had some collaborations with Luc van Acker, who was a familiar presence at Hill's Music. On one occasion, Luc brought his guitar and gear to the band's studio where samples of the session were used in composing the track "No Shuffle." Luc was also known to take the stage with the band at times.

Front 242 signed with the American label Wax Trax! in 1984. At the behest of Alain Jourgensen who was working with Wax Trax at the time, Front 242 was invited to be the support band for Ministry during their upcoming tour in the United States. This tour led to the creation of Revolting Cocks by Richard 23, Luc van Acker, and Alain Jourgensen.

In 1985 the band played the Seaside Festival and the first ever Pukkelpop Festival in Belgium. An incident between the band and security at Pukkelpop resulted in more poor reflections and accusations in the press. That year they also released the Politics of Pressure EP and a 12" for "No Shuffle."

In 1986, Front 242 turned down a contract with ZTT Records and instead signed with the Red Rhino (RRE) label in Europe - a sub-label of Play It Again Sam - who released Backcatalogue and Official Version in 1987. Trouser Press credited Official Version with helping Front 242 "emerge from relative obscurity to become a significant cult force, selling records all over the world." In the fall of 1987, Front 242 supported Depeche Mode on the first European leg of their Music for the Masses tour.

In 1988, Front by Front was released, and in December of that same year, "Headhunter" (with a video by Anton Corbijn), became the band's first club hit, reaching number 13 on the US Billboard Dance/Club Play Songs chart.

1990s
Tyranny (For You), released in 1991, became the band's highest-charting album, reaching #95 on the Billboard 200.  Tyranny (For You) was the first album they released under contract with a major corporate label, Sony/Epic, after the widespread popularity of Front by Front. Sony/Epic also acquired the rights to the band's back catalog from Wax Trax! and issued re-released versions of the albums with new cover art and bonus tracks taken from singles and EPs.

In 1992, Bressanutti returned to combining graphic arts with music, taking his lithographs on tour to three U.S. galleries. Bressanutti also composed a solo half-hour atmospheric recording called Art and Strategy (or The Art Corporation) to play during viewings of the lithographs, and released it in a limited edition of 1,000 CDs.

Front 242's style shifted abruptly with each of their next two albums, released in rapid succession in 1993 on Epic's sub-label RRE (originally planned as a double-CD):  06:21:03:11 UP EVIL and 05:22:09:12 OFF (the numbers correspond to letters, spelling "FUCK UP EVIL" and "EVIL OFF"). The band describes the two albums as "based on the duality of good and evil."  However, strains were emerging, with the band members apparently having different artistic views. Despite these tensions, they performed on the main stage of the 1993 Lollapalooza tour.

Neither of these albums had significant input from Richard 23, and 05:22:09:12 OFF only included their lead vocalist, Jean-Luc De Meyer, on a remixed track originally from Up Evil. On the other hand, a variety of new contributors were listed as members of Front 242 on these albums: Jean-Marc Pauly and Pierre Pauly (of the Belgian electronic group Parade Ground) on Up Evil, and 99 Kowalski, Jon Dubs and Eran Westwood on Off.

99 Kowalski is the stage name of Kristin Kowalski, making a tradition out of Richard 23's idea of number-as-name. Kowalski, Dubs and Westwood were originally members of a New York City band called Spill who Bressanutti and Codenys had brought to Belgium to produce their debut album. After the recording sessions fell apart, they contributed to Front 242 on the Off release.

After the release of 06:21:03:11 Up Evil and 05:22:09:12 Off, there was no new material from Front 242 under any lineup. Instead, the band released a stream of live recordings and remixes. However, this period also saw a proliferation of side projects, an inordinate number of which involved De Meyer.

Earlier, Richard 23 played in the Revolting Cocks, and De Meyer had a side project doing vocals for Bigod 20 for their single, "The Bog" in 1990. In 1995, De Meyer met Marc Heal of Cubanate at a Front Line Assembly concert, and the two of them collaborated along with Ged Denton and Jonathan Sharp, to record as Cyber-Tec Project for the new (and short-lived) Cyber-Tec record label.

After the departure of Sharp and the demise of the Cyber-Tec label, the remaining group continued working under the name C-Tec. De Meyer also took over as vocalist for Birmingham 6 for their 1996 album Error of Judgment. 1996 also saw the debut album Elemental from Cobalt 60, which De Meyer formed with Dominique Lallement and Frederic Sebastien of Reims, France, members of Kriegbereit. This was the start of a number of releases from Cobalt 60, which also did the soundtrack for the video game Wing Commander V. Meanwhile, Richard 23 recorded with the groups Holy Gang, and later, LaTchak.

The four core members of Front 242 regrouped in 1998 to compose radically reworked versions of many of their songs, which they then performed on their first tour in five years, appropriately called the Re:Boot tour. They acknowledged the influence of The Prodigy and their Fat of the Land album in crafting the new, more techno style of Re:Boot.

The new tour material was the subject of Front 242's new recording contract in the U.S. with Metropolis Records. Front 242 also indicated at this time that they were recording new material. However, they had little activity after 1998, making occasional appearances in Europe and Mexico, while Codenys recorded under the name Gaiden with Steve Stoll in 2001.

2000s
2002 saw the beginning of a wave of new material from Bresanutti and Codenys, and then from Front 242. In August 2002 a DVD/CD two-disc set called Speed Tribe was released by Dance.com. The DVD was a collaboration with experimental documentary filmmakers Rod Chong and Sharon Matarazzo, who filmed the 2001 24 Hour Le Mans. In the video, the racecars, clouds, rain and spectators form an impressionistic visual backdrop for the music.

Several months later, the first release from Male or Female, also known as Morf, a new project for Bresanutti and Codenys along with vocalist Elko Blijweert. In 2002 and 2003, Morf released an album, an E.P., a double album, and a DVD/CD two-disc combo, on the Belgian record label Alfa Matrix, and went on tour through the U.S.

Then, 2002 and 2003 also saw the release of the new material from Front 242 in a decade: the EP Still & Raw and the album Pulse, released on XIIIBis Records in Europe and Metropolis in the U.S. These represented another iteration of Front 242's explicitly stated goal of reinventing itself. The style of the two new releases is more mellow than some of their past work, using more "glitchy" and "bleepy" sounds. As well, it uses the manipulated voice as a musical instrument. The new releases have a much more emotional style from De Meyer, which was presaged in his later recordings with C-Tec and particularly Cobalt 60 on its album Twelve.

Front 242 promised a new U.S. tour to perform new material from these releases. They have made occasional appearances in Latin America and Europe, even being rejoined by Dirk Bergen for a reunion concert in Aarschot (De Klinker club) in 2004 under the original lineup of Bresanutti, Bergen, Codenys and De Meyer. This performance was kept secret until two days before the show but when the scene magazine Side-Line and the band's label Alfa Matrix launched the news, tickets were quickly sold out.

The band has now also set itself to re-release its entire back catalogue both as a normal CD and as a limited edition consisting of a 2-CD set holding previously unreleased material. For this the band is working together with the Belgian label Alfa Matrix that already took care of releasing the albums of the Front 242 side-project Male Or Female. The first re-release is their debut album Geography, this time newly remastered personally by Bresanutti to surprisingly powerful effect and including 3 extra tracks (two hidden ones) on the normal CD format.

Meanwhile, their enthusiasm for side projects has continued, as Patrick Codenys started appearing with a new group called Red Sniper, Bresanutti started recording with a new group called Troissoeur, and Codenys and Richard 23 formed a quasi-DJ project called Coder23 which toured in late 2004 and early 2005 as the opening act for VNV Nation. De Meyer contributed vocals on two studio tracks for the Glis album Nemesis in 2005. The lyrical content of the two songs ("The Irreparable" and "La Béatrice") were based on the poems of Charles Baudelaire.

Front 242 toured through twenty venues in North America in November 2005, their first tour as a full band since 2000. The band performed at the Roskilde Festival in 2006. The band's sold out two-day performance at the Ancienne Belgique in Brussels has been recorded for a future release via Alfa Matrix.

In December 2006, Front 242 announced from their MySpace page that they were writing music for a video game called Cipher Complex and provided a link to a teaser trailer with a short sample of one of their scores.

In 2007, De Meyer announced a new project: 32CRASH via the Alfa Matrix label. The band is preparing for an album release in October 2007 after the release of the EP Humanity.

In August 2008, Front 242 played live at the Infest Festival in Bradford, England.

In October 2008, Front 242 performed for the first time in Finland, at the Alternative Party 2008 media arts festival.

2008–present
In 2008, the band added two new members: Tim Kroker on percussion and Sylvain Guigon on live video projection and effects.

On 1 June 2008, the Alfa Matrix label announced that Front 242 would make an ultimate statement towards abusive audio compression by releasing the free two-track download, First Moment. By 15 June the same year, the tracks were made available for free on Alfa Matrix's site in medium and high bit-rate MP3s, WAV, FLAC, and M4A formats. Contrary to what fans and some media speculated, the two-track download was not new studio material. Instead, First Moments consisted of two previously unreleased live tracks, "U-Men" and "Im Rhythmus Bleiben", in rather stunning sound quality. It is rumored that over 20,000 people downloaded the tracks within hours of being made available. The label later confirmed that over 25,000 people downloaded the free tracks.

On 4 June 2008, Alfa Matrix announced the release of Moments... The album was a live recording encompassing the best of Front 242's compositions. The album was shipped in several formats including limited CD box sets, vinyl in different colors including 300-copy limited editions, and as a one-disc CD release.

On 15 April 2016, Alfa Matrix released the remastered edition of P.U.L.S.E. The re-release featured the companion Still+Raw EP, in multicolored two-disc CD formats with the special collector box set limited to 1242 copies; this box set included the album in vinyl and CD formats, as well as a 1989 live recording, a laminated live pass, posters, and the Alfa Matrix Sounds from the Matrix 017 compilation.

In February 2020, Front 242 announced the "Black To Square One" US Tour with a planned 13 dates across the country which were to be preceded by a string of concerts in the EU. The US tour was rescheduled for 2021 and many of the European dates were postponed or cancelled due to the global COVID-19 pandemic. The rescheduled 16 date US tour was announced in May 2021 with the first show planned for 15 September 2021, in New York City.

While Front 242 have not released new music since Pulse in 2003, on the "Black To Square One" US Tour they played three 'new' songs: "Generator", "Fix It", and "Deeply Asleep." There is no information on whether these songs or a new studio album will see a release.

Influences and style
Bressanutti cites Musique Concrète, Avant Garde, and the experimental music of Karlheinz Stockhausen as early influences. De Meyer cited Joy Division as an early influence for their "dramatic content." The electro-pop style of Fad Gadget also provided early inspiration for the band. While they were aware of, enjoyed, and learned from musical progenitors such as Klaus Schulze, Kraftwerk, and fellow countrymen Telex, the band did not see their styles as particularly influential. When asked in a 1989 interview about Front 242's being grouped with other industrial bands, Codenys replied that they "were somewhere in between Throbbing Gristle, Kraftwerk, and bands like that, but... wanted to be exclusive, and to have nothing to do with any fashion."

Despite the stated intention of remaining genre-neutral, Front 242 did latch onto a phrase to describe their style: "electronic body music" or EBM; a phrase that would expand into a genre in itself. The band was not the first to use "electronic body music" as a music descriptor. Kraftwerk used the phrase to describe their 1978 album Die Mensch Maschine (translated: The Man-Machine) and the German group Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft (DAF) used a similar term - "körpermusik" - to describe their music at the beginning of the 1980s. Despite not having coined the term originally, Front 242 was the first to explicitly claim EBM as a descriptor on the liner notes of their 1984 album No Comment and cemented their claim to the genre when given the lead track on the seminal Play It Again Sam compilation This Is Electronic Body Music in 1988.

Legacy and cultural influence

In the 80s, Front 242 strived to project a visual mystery and anonymity to accompany their aggressive physical stage performances. The band's ethic is largely responsible for defining the "Rivethead" style of industrial and EBM culture which included the wearing of military gear, such as flak jackets, camouflage, and combat boots, as well as hairstyles, sunglasses, accessories, tattoos, and piercings.

During the 1991 Gulf War, US Navy ships continuously played a list of songs by Front 242 and other bands such as the Ramones, The Clash, and Ministry as a means of boosting morale and aggression during combat operations. The band were informed of this by military personnel who attended their 1993 tour.

A broader public was exposed to Front 242's music in 1992 in the film Single White Female, starring Bridget Fonda and Jennifer Jason Leigh. In the film, obsessed roommate Leigh ties Fonda to a chair but leaves her with the television remote control. In order to attract attention, Fonda tunes in to a music video channel and turns up the volume. The video playing at the time is Front 242's "Rhythm Of Time", from the album Tyranny (For You). Also in 1992, the television commercials for the film K2 were set to the Front 242 song "Moldavia", from the same album.

In 1997 Billboard Encyclopedia featured Front 242 in their "Top 500 Best Producers in Rock History."

Band members
 Jean-Luc De Meyer – lead vocals and lyrics
 Daniel Bressanutti – mixing console, programming, live mixing,
 Patrick Codenys – keyboards, programming, samplers
 Richard Jonckheere ("Richard 23") – electronic percussion, backing vocals
 Tim Kroker – electronic drums (guest drummer for live shows)

Occasional band members and collaborators
 Dirk Bergen – credited as keyboardist on Geography
 Jean-Marc Pauly – credited for writing and composing vocals on 06:21:03:11 Up Evil
 Pierre Pauly – credited for writing and composing vocals on 06:21:03:11 Up Evil
 Kristin Kowalski – credited as writer, composer and vocalist on 05:22:09:12 Off, Animal, and Angels Versus Animals
 Eran Westwood – credited as writer, composer and vocalist on 05:22:09:12 Off, Animal, and Angels Versus Animals
 John Dubs – credited as writer and composer on Animal and Angels Versus Animals
 Jean-Marc Lederman – credited as remixer on Angels Versus Animals
 Valerie Jane Steele – credited as writer on Don't Crash

Discography

 Geography (1982)
 No Comment (1984)
 Official Version (1987)
 Front by Front (1988)
 Tyranny (For You) (1991)
 06:21:03:11 Up Evil (1993)
 05:22:09:12 Off (1993)
 Pulse (2003)

Side projects and guest appearances
 32Crash – Jean-Luc De Meyer
 The Art Corporation – Daniel Bressanutti
 Art & Strategy – Daniel Bressanutti, Patrick Codenys.  Single-track CD included with book 'Art & Strategy 92'
 Bigod 20 – Jean-Luc De Meyer, on track "The Bog"
 Birmingham 6 – Jean-Luc De Meyer
 Cobalt 60 – Jean-Luc De Meyer
 Coder 23 – Patrick Codenys, Richard 23
 Cyber-Tec Project/C-Tec – Jean-Luc De Meyer
 Front Line Assembly – Jean-Luc De Meyer – Guest Vocals on track "Future Fail", Artificial Soldier Album
 Gaiden – Patrick Codenys
 Glis – Jean-Luc De Meyer – Guest Vocals on "The Irreparable" and "La Béatrice" ("Nemesis" Album)
 Grisha Zeme – Daniel Bressanutti, Patrick Codenys
 Haujobb - Jean-Luc De Meyer, on Track (and music video) "We Must Wait"
 Holy Gang – Richard 23
 Implant – Jean-Luc de Meyer, on track "The Creature"
 thefucKINGFUCKS – Patrick Codenys
 Komor Kommando – Jean-Luc De Meyer – Guest Vocals on track "John the Revelator", Alfa Matrix Re:Covered – A Tribute to Depeche Mode Album
 LaTchak – Richard 23
 Male Or Female – Daniel Bressanutti, Patrick Codenys
 Ministry – Richard 23, background vocals on track "The Nature Of Love"
 Modern Cubism – Jean-Luc De Meyer
 Nothing but Noise – Daniel Bressanutti, Dirk Bergen
 Parade Ground – Patrick Codenys on Album "Rosary"
 Psy'Aviah – Jean-Luc De Meyer – Guest Vocals on track "Ophelie", Eclectric Album
 Prothese – Daniel Bressanutti, Dirk Bergen
 Punish Yourself – Jean-Luc de Meyer, on Track "Voodoo Virus"
 Red Sniper – Patrick Codenys
 Revolting Cocks – Richard 23
 Speed Tribe – Daniel Bressanutti, Patrick Codenys
 Troissoeur – Daniel Bressanutti, as Remixer
 Underviewer – Patrick Codenys, Jean-Luc De Meyer

Sources

References

External links

Belgian industrial music groups
Belgian techno music groups
Electro-industrial music groups
Techno music groups
Electronic body music groups
Ableton Live users
Musical groups established in 1981
Epic Records artists
Wax Trax! Records artists
Metropolis Records artists
Zoth Ommog Records artists

Front 242


Archigraptis stauroma is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in the Philippines (Negros).

The length of the forewings is about 14 mm. The forewings are light bluish green, partially suffused with light emerald green. There is a pale ochreous-pinkish streak along the costa with five ferruginous-black dots along its anterior fourth, and with two triangular larger dots alternating with several small ferruginous points and transverse streaks towards the apex. The hindwings are rather thinly scaled, dark grey, turning black towards the apex.

References

Moths described in 1968
Tortricini
Insects of the Philippines
Moths of Asia

Archigraptis stauroma


Karl Story (born 1967) is an American comic book artist specializing in inking. He is one of the original members of Atlanta's Gaijin Studios.

Over a career of almost two decades, he has worked on books such as Nightwing, Batman, Star Trek: Debt of Honor, Aliens versus Predator, X-Men, Wildstorm Summer Special, Terra Obscura, Tom Strong, Ocean, The American Way, and Midnighter, as well as many others.

External links

American comics artists
1967 births
Living people
Comics inkers

Karl Story


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The Ghan is a passenger train between Adelaide, Alice Springs, and Darwin on the Adelaide–Darwin railway in Australia. The train is operated by Great Southern Rail. It takes 54 hours to travel the  with a four-hour stop in Alice Springs.

The name

The train's name is a short version of its nickname The Afghan Express. This nickname is said to have been first used in 1923 by one the train crew. The train's name honours Afghan camel drivers who arrived in Australia in the late 19th century to help find a way to reach the country's unexplored interior.

Another view is that the name was an insult. In 1891, the railway from Quorn reached Oodnadatta. This was home to about 150 cameleers, known as 'Afghans'. 'The Ghan Express' name was used by train crews in the 1890s as a joke because, when an expensive sleeping car was put on from Quorn to Oodnadatta, 'on the first return journey the only passenger was an Afghan'. As early as 1924, it was known as 'The Afghan Express' because it was so unreliable, often days, or weeks late. By 1951, when steam engines were replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, the insult of the names, like the cameleers, had faded away. Modern marketing has turned the name into a term of pride in its heritage.

Operations
The Ghan was sold to a private company in 1997 and is operated by Great Southern Rail. GSR was sold to Allegro Funds, a Sydney investment fund, in March 2015.

The Ghan normally runs weekly year round. During December 2012 and January 2013 it ran only once every two weeks. Until 2016, a second service operated between June and September. The train stops at Alice Springs and Katherine so passengers have time for optional tours.

Each train has between 16 and 26 stainless steel carriages. These were built by Comeng, Granville in the late 1960s / early 1970s for the Indian Pacific, plus a motorail wagon. The train is pulled by a Pacific National NR class locomotive. Sometimes, other locomotives such as an AN class or a DL class join the NR class to pull the train.

History
Starting in August 1929, The Ghan first ran on the Central Australian Railway. This was a  narrow-gauge railway that went to Alice Springs. In 1957, the  standard gauge Stirling North to Marree line opened, so the train only ran north of Marree. In October 1980 a new standard gauge line was built to the west of the original line. This was later extended north from Alice Springs to Darwin, opening in January 2004.

Original Ghan
The Port Augusta to Government Gums Railway began in 1878 when Premier of South Australia, William Jervois, broke ground at Port Augusta. The  line reached Hawker in June 1880, Beltana in July 1881, Marree in January 1884, and Oodnadatta in January 1891. In 1926 work began to build the line to Alice Springs. and that section was completed in 1929. Until then, the final part of the train journey was made by camel.

There were always plans to build the line to Darwin, but by the time the line to Alice Springs was built, The Ghan was losing money. Plans to reach Darwin were put on indefinite hold. The original line followed the same track as the overland telegraph, which is believed to be the route taken by John McDouall Stuart during his 1862 crossing of Australia.

Steam locomotives need a lot of water, and Stuart's route to Alice Springs was the only one that had available water. This meant that when it did rain, the creeks and rivers often washed the track away.
The Ghan service was well known for long delays caused by these washouts. A flatcar behind the locomotive carried spare sleepers and railway tools, so that if there was damage to the track, the passengers and crew could repair the line. During World War II the service had to be greatly expanded, putting great pressure on the limited water supplies. As a result, de-mineralisation towers, some of which survive to this day, were built along the track. This meant that bore water could be used in the locomotives. When the new line to Alice Springs was built in the 1970s, the use of diesel engines meant that there was far less need for water. The line could take the much drier route from Tarcoola to Alice Springs.

The original Ghan was shown in BBC Television's series Great Railway Journeys of the World in 1980, presented by Michael Frayn.

New line
The original Ghan ran for the last time in 1980. The Ghan Preservation Society has repaired sections of the old narrow gauge track and some notable sidings. In October 1980 the new standard gauge line from Tarcoola on the Trans-Australian Railway to Alice Springs was opened. The new line is about  west of the old line. This avoids the floodplains where the original line was often damaged by floods. It was also hoped that the new line would improve the train's timekeeping.

The modern Ghan was in an episode of Channel 5's series Chris Tarrant: Extreme Railways. In November 1998, one service went from Adelaide to Melbourne while from April 1999, the other went to Sydney.

Connection to Darwin
Building the line between Alice Springs and Darwin is said to be the second-largest civil engineering project in Australia, the largest since the Snowy Mountains Scheme was built 1949–1974. Work began in July 2001, with the first passenger train reaching Darwin on 4 February 2004, after 126 years of planning and waiting. The cost was A$1.3 billion.

The Ghan's arrival in Darwin started a new era of tourism in the Northern Territory. Travel to the area was easier, with better access to and for Aboriginal communities. The rail link will allow for more freight to travel through the region, leading to a hope that Darwin will serve as another trade link with Asia.

One of the locomotives was named after Steve Irwin to help promote the new service and tourism to the region.

Incidents
 On 24 October 2002, The Ghan collided with a school bus in Salisbury, South Australia. Four people on the bus were killed, but there were no significant injuries to the Ghan passengers.
On 12 December 2006, The Ghan collided with a truck at a level crossing and derailed 35 km south of Adelaide River in the Northern Territory. Seven of the 11 carriages came off the tracks. One woman was critically injured, other passengers received only minor injuries. The truck driver involved was arrested, according to the NT police, charged and found guilty of a number of charges related to the accident.
 On 4 March 2007, rains washed out part of the track between Darwin and Adelaide River. During the time that it took to repair the track, all trains terminated in Katherine.
On 6 August 2007, The Ghan collided with a truck at a level crossing  north of Adelaide in South Australia. Three passengers were reported with minor injuries, suffering from shock. The truck driver was temporarily trapped in his vehicle.
On 6 June 2009, a nineteen-year-old American tourist clung to the outside of The Ghan for two hours and 200 km when, after returning to the train after a stop in Port Augusta, he found himself locked out with his passport and luggage inside the train. He was only rescued when technician Marty Wells heard his screams and stopped the train.

References

Further reading

Other websites
The Ghan web page
National Library of Australia collection

Rail transport in Australia

The Ghan


The Big Jim pepper is a New Mexico chile pepper cultivar of the species Capsicum annuum with a Scoville rating of mild.  This cultivar is extensively grown in New Mexico where it was developed and is popular in New Mexican cuisine.  Big Jim peppers are both sweet and mild and are normally picked while still green.  The fruits are large and thick walled, often exceeding over a foot in length, and they are almost exclusively used to produce roasted green chile in New Mexican cuisine.

History
The Big Jim pepper cultivar was developed at New Mexico State University by Dr. Roy Nakayama, a son of Japanese immigrants and a man who had once been denied entry into NMSU because of his ethnicity. The Big Jim is a hybrid of New Mexican chilies and a Peruvian pepper that was developed at New Mexico State University by Dr. Nakayama in 1975 in cooperation with Jim Lytle, the person for whom this chile pepper is named.  The Big Jim chile holds the Guinness Book of World Records as the largest chile pepper in the world, with individual fruits routinely exceeding 14 inches in length.  The peppers are mild when still green, but become more spicy as they ripen to red.  They are rarely used as in their ripe form, and are almost exclusively used to produce green chile.  In common with most New Mexico chile cultivars, Big Jim chiles are somewhat variable in their fruiting, and produce individual peppers of varying heat, with most of the peppers being very mild (500 SHU), and an occasional medium pepper (3,000 SHU).

See also
 Chimayó pepper
 Fresno chile
 New Mexico No. 9
 Santa Fe Grande
 Sandia chile
 New Mexico chile
 List of Capsicum cultivars

References

Capsicum cultivars
Chili peppers
Crops originating from North America
Cuisine of the Southwestern United States
Fruit vegetables
Mexican cuisine
Chile
Spices

Big Jim pepper


Hops is the female flouer cones o the hop plant (Humulus lupulus). They are uised for maist as a flavorin an stabeelity agent in beer, tho hops is uised for monie purposes in ither drinks an herbal medicine an aw. The first documentit uise in beer is fae the eleivent century. Hops is uised mair extensive in brewin the day for their monie purportit benefits, includin balancin the sweetness o the maut wi bitterness, giein sindry desirable gusts an aromas, an haein an antibiotic effect that faurs the acteevity o brewster's baurm ower less desirable microorganisms.

The hop plant is a yauld speelin herbaceous perennial, for ordinar growen up strings in a field cried a hopfield, hop gairden or hop yaird whan growed commercial.  Monie unalike varieties o hops is growen bi fairmers athort the warld, wi unalike kynds bein uised for parteecular kynds o beer.

Flouers
Beer

Hops


Primeval Hunt is a shooting arcade game which is developed and published by Sega and runs on their Sega Lindbergh hardware. It comes in both standard and deluxe models, with the deluxe version featuring a 62" HD Screen.

Primeval Hunt is a First-person shooter arcade game developed and published by Sega.

Released for arcades in early 2008, players in the game must hunt 10 species of dinosaurs over 12 levels and 3 Bonus stages using light guns styled after pump action shotguns with speakers mounted for the first time in the 'butt' of each gun. The game also utilizes a unique touch screen interface to give a free-roaming element to the gameplay. It is similar to the Big Buck Hunter arcade games.

The game's 'tag-line' is "Hunt or be hunted"

The Lindbergh system allows for there to be two screens functioning at one time with different content on each screen and different resolutions.

Gameplay

Overview

Primeval Hunt features 12 levels set on an island filled with Aztec-like ruins, inhabited by several genus of dinosaur from various geological periods (so that dinosaurs that were not alive at the same time in reality interact, similar to Jurassic Park).

Though the game uses two light guns styled after pump-action shotguns, the player may choose from three weapons in-game: a Bow, Shotgun or Rifle (However, each player is also given a Rocket Launcher with one rocket in it for every level that is capable of killing any one Dinosaur with a single shot). Up to two people can play simultaneously with the points for shooting the Dinosaurs awarded to the player responsible for the fatal shot.

In each level, players are required to hunt a set number of dinosaurs with limited ammunition within a particular time frame. All dinosaurs have two weak points which allow one-hit kills, their head and heart areas, otherwise a number of shots will be required to bring down each creature. Points are awarded for each dinosaur successfully killed, however failure to reach the kill quota within the allotted time or running out of ammunition will cause the player to lose a credit.

As well as each of the target dinosaurs, each level also contains other genus, many of which will attack the player if disturbed (for example, arrows are silent while bullets or shotgun shells are quite loud). These dinosaurs act as obstacles, requiring players to 'waste' ammunition on them. Also, these additional genus, usually predators, will often try to attack the player and if the player is successfully attacked the player will lose a life, represented by a number of hunter caps on the top of the screen. If all caps are depleted, then the player loses a credit. Bonus points are awarded for every one of these Dinosaurs killed.

Points are tallied up at the end of each level, successful completion of which will unlock additional levels. Levels are rated in difficulty using a star system; one star levels are relatively easy, while five star levels are the most difficult.

Touch panel

The game's touch panel function allows an additional element of free-roaming gameplay as well as the method of firing the rocket launcher weapon.

Located at the front of arcade cabinet, between the two gun racks, the screen displays each stage in a top-down view with small, cartoon-like representations of the 'target dinosaur' (and only the target dinosaur) and the hunter. Players need to simply touch a dinosaur or location to start moving in that direction as the crow flies.

Additionally the player can choose to drag the hunter icon and plot a set path if they wish to avoid forests, open plains or other specific areas on the map.

The hunter's view point can be rotated by touching and dragging the cone of vision around.

Bonus stages
There are three additional 'bonus stages' in the game, which reward players with additional items if they are completed:
Egg Robbers Players must stop Oviraptors from stealing Dinosaur eggs.
Sniper on the Spire Players must snipe as many dinosaurs as possible using the touch screen's zoom function.
Battalion on the Bridge Players must break down a bridge allowing Velociraptors to attack by shooting out the Bridge's ropes.

Dinosaurs featured

 Ankylosaurus
 Apatosaurus
 Oviraptor
 Pachycephalosaurus
 Parasaurolophus
 Stegosaurus
 Triceratops
 Tyrannosaurus
 Velociraptor
 Pteranodon (not a dinosaur)

External links
 Video of Primeval Hunt at ATEI 2008
 Official arcade manual(deluxe model) in.pdf format
 Primal Hunt's page at the official Sega U.S.A. Amusements Inc. page
 Primal Hunt's page at the official Sega Amusements Europe Pte Ltd page

Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Sega arcade games
2008 video games
First-person shooters
Video games about dinosaurs
Video games developed in Japan

Primeval Hunt


Part Six is a German boy band formed in 2006. It sings US5 genre music. The band is popular with songs like "Want Ya", "Drive so Far" & "Showtime".

Career

2006-2007: Debut and member change
The group was founded in the summer of 2006 by Matt Mockridge and Tim Niesel, later joined by Bastian Theurich, Marc Jentzen and Lemar Ali. Jessie (Jesse D'Lane) was selected by casting from over 3000 applicants. The casting was promoted by the magazine Yam! accompanied.

Part Six became known in September 2006 with their single "Want Ya!", a cover version of the Swedish "Pop-Idol" runner-up Darin, which went straight into the top 50 of the German singles charts and became the official title song of the 2006 YOU fair . The second single Drive so Far followed in December and Part Six toured Germany and Austria as a special guest on LaFee's "Das-Erste-Mal" tour. The formation had previously played a two-month tour of German and Austrian schools, shopping centers and cinemas.

The band was promoted through youth magazines such as Bravo, Yam!, Starflash , The Dome Magazine and Popcorn . Part Six has also appeared in numerous television shows, including KI.KA LIVE, VIVA Live!, Toggo TV, The Dome, Tigerenten Club, Pokito TV and the ZDF television garden.

2007-2009: Remained success
At the beginning of March 2007, the record company EMI Germany decided not to renew the record contract for economic reasons. The financially extremely high investment in the project was not sustainable in the long term without international success, as the desired sales figures did not materialize.

As a result, Part Six changed the members in half. From 2009 more songs were produced and a second album was prepared. The band was seen in a new formation with the Michael Jackson cover "Wanna Be Starting Somethin'" at the Jetix Kids Awards, among other places , and other performances followed. Another founding member, Jesse D'Lane, left the group in 2009, leaving only two singers from the original line-up. The now five-piece band concentrated not only on the German market but also on the Polish market and also shot the next single video in Warsaw. The single "The Love Is Over" followed in early 2010 and the promotion for a second album release followed.

2010-2011: Career downfall and disbandment
In July 2010, Kenny Walter joined the band. In August 2010, Chris Wieber left the group for health reasons and Jeremy Williams left the group for undisclosed reasons. Part Six then announced that they wanted to look for a new, fifth band member under the new name "Unique 5" in their own talent show in Austria, but this was never realised. Finally, in September 2010, the last four band members performed live at the Magnifest in Braunschweig.

At the end of May 2011, the band announced their dissolution.

At the end of 2011, Orry Jackson took part in the casting show The Voice of Germany. After receiving several requests from house projects and DJs, he began a solo career.

Discography

Albums

 2007: What's That Sound
 2010: Showtime

Singles

 2006: "Want Ya!"
 2006: "Drive So Far"
 2009: "Showtime"
 2009: "Calling"
 2010: "The Love Is Over"
 2010: "I'm in Love"

German boy bands

Part Six


The globus pallidus (GP), also known as paleostriatum or dorsal pallidum, is a subcortical structure of the brain. It consists of two adjacent segments, one external, known in rodents simply as the globus pallidus, and one internal, known in rodents as the entopeduncular nucleus. It is part of the telencephalon, but retains close functional ties with the subthalamus in the diencephalon – both of which are part of the extrapyramidal motor system. The globus pallidus is a major component of the basal ganglia, with principal inputs from the striatum, and principal direct outputs to the thalamus and the substantia nigra. The latter is made up of similar neuronal elements, has similar afferents from the striatum, similar projections to the thalamus, and has a similar synaptology. Neither receives direct cortical afferents, and both receive substantial additional inputs from the intralaminar thalamus.

Globus pallidus is Latin for "pale globe".

Structure

Pallidal nuclei are made up of the same neuronal components. In primates, almost all pallidal neurons are very large, parvalbumin-positive, with very large dendritic arborizations. These have the peculiarity of having the three-dimensional shape of flat discs, parallel to one another, parallel to the border of the pallidum and perpendicular to the afferent striatopallidal axons. There are only a few small local circuitry neurons.

The globus pallidus is traversed by the numerous myelinated axons of the striato-pallidonigral bundle that give it the pale appearance from which it is named.

The ultrastructure is very peculiar, as the long dendrites are everywhere, without discontinuity, covered by synapses.

Parts

In the primate basal ganglia, the globus pallidus is divided into two parts by the medial medullary lamina. These are the internal globus pallidus (GPi) and the external globus pallidus (GPe); both are composed of closed nuclei surrounded by myelinic walls.

The ventral pallidum lies within the substantia innominata (Latin for unnamed substance) and receives efferent connections from the ventral striatum (the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle). It projects to the dorsomedial nucleus of the dorsal thalamus, which, in turn, projects to the prefrontal cortex; it also projects to the pedunculopontine nucleus and tegmental motor areas. Its function is to serve as a limbic-somatic motor interface, and it is involved in the planning and inhibition of movements from the dorsal striatopallidal complex.

Function
The globus pallidus is a structure in the brain involved in the regulation of voluntary movement. It is part of the basal ganglia, which, among many other functions, regulate movements that occur on the subconscious level. If the globus pallidus is damaged, it can cause movement disorders, as its regulatory function will be impaired. There may be cases in which damage is deliberately induced, as in a procedure known as a pallidotomy, in which a lesion is created to reduce involuntary muscle tremors.
When it comes to regulation of movement, the globus pallidus has a primarily inhibitory action that balances the excitatory action of the cerebellum. These two systems evolved to work in harmony with each other to allow smooth and controlled movements. Imbalances can result in tremors, jerks, and other movement problems, as seen in some people with progressive neurological disorders characterized by symptoms like tremors.
The basal ganglia acts on a subconscious level, requiring no conscious effort to function. When someone makes a decision to engage in an activity such as petting a dog, for example, these structures help to regulate the movement to make it as smooth as possible, and to respond to sensory feedback. Likewise, the globus pallidus is involved in the constant subtle regulation of movement that allows people to walk and engage in a wide variety of other activities with a minimal level of disruption.

Pallidonigral pacemaker
The two pallidal nuclei and the two parts of the substantia nigra (the pars compacta and pars reticulata) constitute a high-frequency autonomous pacemaker. (see primate basal ganglia#Pallidonigral set and pacemaker)

Common afferents
The two parts receive successively a large quantity of GABAergic axonal terminal arborisations from the striatum through the dense striato-pallidonigral bundle. The synaptology is very peculiar (see primate basal ganglia system). The striatal afferents contribute more than 90% of synapses.
The two pallidal nuclei receive dopaminergic axons from the pars compacta of the substantia nigra.

Pathway
This area of the basal ganglia receives input from another area, called the striatum, which has two parts, the caudate nucleus and the putamen. This data is routed to the thalamus, either directly or indirectly. In the case of the interna, one area of the globus pallidus, the structure can feed directly to the thalamus. The externa, which lies on the outside of this structure, feeds information to the interna, where it can be passed on to the thalamus.

History
The origin of the name is not established. It was used by Joseph Dejerine (1906) but not by Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1909–1911).

As the elements in no way have the shape of a globe, throughout the 20th century scientists proposed a simpler term (a neuter adjective), pallidum (meaning "pale"). Propositions include those by Foix and Nicolesco (1925), the Vogts (1941), Crosby et al. (1962) and the Terminologia Anatomica.

For a long time the globus pallidus was linked to the putamen and termed the lentiform nucleus (nucleus lenticularis or lentiformis), a heterogeneous anatomical entity that is part of the striatum rather than the pallidum. The link with the substantia nigra pars reticulata was stressed very early on due to the similarities in dendritic arborisation (and they are sometimes known as the pallidonigral set) but, in spite of strong evidence, this association remains controversial.

See also
Lentiform nucleus

References

External links

 Diagram at uni-tuebingen.de

Basal ganglia

Globus pallidus


The Bou Regreg () is a river in western Morocco. It flows into the Atlantic Ocean between the cities of Rabat and Salé.  The mouth of this river is called Wadi Sala.

The river is 240 kilometres long, with a tidal estuary going approximately 24 kilometres upriver. Its average discharge is 23 m3/s and can reach 1500 m3/s during floods. The source of the river is the Middle Atlas mountains at an altitude of 1627 meters on the level of Jbel Mtourzgane (Province of Khemisset) and of Grou (Province of Khénifra).

Water quality
Water quality issues of the Bou Regreg include tidal saltwater intrusion, excessive runoff of nitrates from agricultural land uses and mercury contamination from use of some pesticides in the drainage basin.

History
The Phoenicians and the Carthaginians, who founded several colonies in Morocco, inhabited the banks of the Bou Regreg approximately two kilometers from its mouth at the ancient site of Chellah.  This archaeological site contains the ruins of a Roman town known as Sala Colonia and referred to as Sala by Ptolemy.  Chellah was a significant ancient port city with remains including the Decumanus Maximus, or principal roadway, as well as a forum, a monumental fountain, a triumphal arch, and other Roman ruins.

References

Geography of Morocco
Rivers of Africa

Bou Regreg


Stephen David Ricks is a professor of Hebrew at Brigham Young University (BYU) and an author and co-author of several books and articles defending the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and its teachings.

Biography

Ricks served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Switzerland. He received his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley and Graduate Theological Union.

From 1988 to 1991 Ricks was the president of the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) and from 1991 to 1997 he served as the chairman of FARMS board of directors. He was the founding editor of the Journal of Book of Mormon Studies serving as editor from 1992 to 1997.

From 1992 to 1996, Ricks also served as the associate dean of general education and honors at BYU.

Among Ricks's writings is "Joseph Smith and 'Majic': Methodological Reflection on the Use of a Term" (with Daniel C. Peterson) in Robert L. Millet, ed., To Be Learned is Good if... (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1987). Ricks also co-authored Who Shall Ascend into the Hill of the Lord? with Legrand L. Baker. He edited Warfare in the Book of Mormon with William J. Hamblin and translated Klaus Vondung's The Apocalypse in Germany into English.

Ricks has been involved in promoting positive relations between the LDS Church and Jewish groups.

Notes

References
 Contributors listings in Parry et al., ed., Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon p. 504.
 listing of BYU Near Eastern Studies faculty
 Neal A. Maxwell Institute author bio

20th-century Mormon missionaries
Latter Day Saints from Utah
American Mormon missionaries in Switzerland
Brigham Young University faculty
Living people
University of California, Berkeley alumni
American Latter Day Saint writers
Editors of Latter Day Saint publications
Latter Day Saints from California
Year of birth missing (living people)

Stephen D. Ricks


The Argentine University Federation (; FUA) is the most important student organization in Argentina.

The FUA was created on April 11, 1918, within the University Reform student movement originated in Córdoba, which later spread through Latin America, that demanded an autonomous system in which teachers, graduates, and students would participate in the government of the universities.

The FUA gathers the university federations of every local university, which are at the same time composed of student centres of each faculty, totalling a million and a half students throughout the country. The biggest and most important of such federations is the FUBA of the University of Buenos Aires with over 300,000 students (as of 2005). Other important federations include the FULP (La Plata), FUR (Rosario), FUC (Córdoba), FUT (Tucumán) and FUL (Litoral).

In 1894 was founded in the Faculty of Engineering of the UBA the first student centre in Argentina, under the name "La Línea Recta".
Medicine and Law had their own in 1940 and 1905 respectively. The most powerful student centre nowadays is that of the Economic Sciences of the UBA, with 50,000 students, followed by UBA's Law school (35,000) and Medicine (29,000).

Latin America
Since its beginnings the FUA supported a politic of Latin American unity and international solidarity. In 1920 Gabriel del Mazo signed, on behalf of the FUA, an exchange and coordination agreement with the Peruvian Federación de Estudiantes del Perú'''s president Raúl Haya de la Torre.

In 1921 the FUA participated of the organization of the First International Students Congress at Mexico City, from which the International Students Federation was born. In 1925 it participated of the organization of the First Ibero-American Students Congress also in Mexico city. In that congress Alfredo Palacios, Miguel de Unamuno, José Ingenieros, José Martí and José Vasconcelos are declared "teachers of the youth".

In 1937 took place in Santiago de Chile the First Latin American Students Congress. In 1957 the FUA organised the Second Latin American Students Congress, in La Plata.

FUA's presidents

Incomplete list of presidents of the:
1918: Osvaldo Loudet
1919: Julio V. González
1920: Gabriel del Mazo (UCR)
1923: Pablo Vrillaud
1932: Eduardo Howard
193?: Sergio Bagú
1937: Fernando Nadra (PC)
1943: Néstor Grancelli Cha
1955: Germán López (UCR)
1956: Norberto Rajneri
1957: Guillermo Garmendia
1959: Guillermo Estévez Boero (MNR)
1960: Carlos Cevallos
1963: Ariel Seoane
1965: Raúl Salvarredy (FAUDI)
1968: Jacobo Tiefenberg (FAUDI)
1969: Jorge Rocha (FAUDI)
1970: Domingo Teruggi (AUN-FIP)
1971: Ernesto Jaimovich (MNR-PSP)
1972: Marcelo Stubrin (FM-UCR)
1973: Miguel Godoy (MNR-PSP)
1974-77: Federico Storani (FM-UCR)
1978-80: Marcelo Marcó (FM-UCR)
1980-83: Roberto Vázquez (FM-UCR)
1984-86: Marcelo García
1987: Claudio Díaz (FM-UCR)
1989: Hugo Marcucci (FM-UCR)
1992: Ariel Rodriguez (FM-UCR)
1994: Daniel Nieto (FM-UCR)
1996: Rafael Veljanovich (FM-UCR)
1998: Pablo Javkin (FM-UCR)
2000: Manuel Terrádez (FM-UCR)
2002: Emiliano Yacobitti (FM-UCR)
2004: Maximiliano Abad (FM-UCR)
2006: Mariano Marquinez (FM-UCR)
2008: Pablo Domenichini (FM-UCR)
2010: Hernán "Fama" Miranda (FM-UCR)
2012: Emilio "Buho" Cornaglia (FM-UCR)
2014: Arturo Pozzali (FM-UCR)
2016: Josefina Mendoza (FM-UCR)
2018: Bernardo Weber (FM-UCR)

Student leaders
Some important students' leaders of the FUA have been:

1918-1940
Deodoro Roca, Enrique Barros, Emilio Biagosh, Gabriel del Mazo, Héctor Ripa Alberti, Guillermo Watson, Julio V. González, Gumersindo Sayago, Horacio Valdés, Ismael Bordabehere, Conrado Nalé Roxlo, Alfredo Brandán Caraffa, Florentino Sanguinetti, Guillermo Korn Villafañe, Carlos Cossio, Miguel Angel Zabala Ortiz, Miguel Berçaitz, Aníbal Ponce, Ricardo Balbín, Bartolomé Fiorini, Homero Manzi, Arturo Jaureche, Sebastián Soler, Alejandro Korn, José Peco, Ernesto Sábato, Héctor Agosti, Ernesto Giudici, Carlos Sánchez Viamonte, Gregorio Bermann, Luis Dellepiane, Raúl Orgaz, Arturo Capdevila, Arturo Orgaz, Bernardo Kleiner, Alfredo Abregú, Emilio Nadra.

1940-1960
Carlos Canitrot, Emilio Gibaja, León Patlis, Noé Jitrik, Gustavo Cirigliano, Francisco Oddone, Marcos Merchensky, Andrés López Accotto, Ana María Eichelbaum, Gregorio Klimovsky, Ismael Viñas, Julio Godio, Germán López, Guillermo Estévez Boero.

1960-1980
Carlos Cevallos, Ariel Seoane, Domingo Teruggi, Jorge Enea Spilimbergo, Hugo Varsky, Marcelo Stubrin, Federico Storani, Roberto Vázquez, Ernesto Jaimóvich, Changui Cáceres, Rubén Giustiniani, Miguel Talento, José Pablo Ventura, Rafael Pascual, Vilma Ibarra, Ricardo López Murphy, Rogelio Simonato, Francisco Delich, María del Cármen Viñas, Gustavo Galland, Facundo Suárez Lastra.

1980-
Andrés Delich, Mario Alarcón, Damián Farah, Juan Artusi, Verónica García, Martín Baintrub, Daniel Pavicich, Alicia Castigliego, Ariel Martinez, Daniel Bravo.

Parties and movements
Throughout its history, there have been several and varied movements, ideologies, and parties that coexisted, and still do, in the Argentine students' politics: radicals, socialists, Peronists, communists, Maoists, etc.

The Franja Morada'', youth arm of the UCR, is the party that most often has directed the FUA since Franja Morada's creation in 1970, and has remained in the presidency from 1973 to 2016. Other important parties are the Juventud Universitaria Peronista or JUP (of the Justicialism) and the Movimiento Nacional Reformista (MNR) of the Socialist Party, who has ruled during the 1970s.

See also
University Revolution
Science and technology in Argentina

External links
 Argentine student movement from 1918 to 1988 by Rubén Levenberg & Daniel Merolla (Spanish)
 FUA's 80 years at Clarín (Spanish)
 Franja Morada
 Movimiento Nacional Reformista (MNR)
 Centro de Estudiantes de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FUBA)
 Centro de Estudiantes de Derecho (FUL)

Education in Argentina
Political movements in Argentina
Students' unions in Argentina

Argentine University Federation


The European Cup is a former athletics competition for European teams that was replaced by the European Team Championships starting in 2009. The European Cup saw most of the major nations of Europe compete. Originally known as the Bruno Zauli Cup, it first took place in 1965 in Stuttgart (men) and Kassel (women), Germany. Initially, the competition was a bi-annual event (tri-annual once); however, from 1993, it took place once every year.

History
The main idea of the cup, developed by Bruno Zauli, president of the European Committee of the International Association of Athletics Federations, was to create a competition for all European athletics federations, in which they would face each other in track and field events. Although Zauli died a few months before the launch of the first event, the competition has gone from strength to strength.

The competition always had different leagues through which countries had to progress. For the first twenty years, there were different groups (leagues) that took place at different times. Smaller nations, like Luxembourg and Switzerland, would compete in preliminary rounds, before larger countries, such as the United Kingdom and France, would join in the semi-finals. The top two countries from three semi-finals would enter into the final.

This formula was fairly successful; however, by 1983 the number of competitions that athletes were expected to compete in made it extremely difficult for countries to send their best team to each event. The format of the cup had to be changed so that each country in the whole cup competed on the same day.

The top league was named the Super League and contained eight male and eight female teams. The male and female teams were separate teams, which meant that the female team of one country could get relegated while their male counterpart would stay in the Super League as long as they had enough points. Below the Super League were the First and Second Leagues, which contained other European countries that did not qualify for the finals.

European Team Championships

In 2009, the competition took a new format, European Team Championships. There are now four leagues, which consist of 20 events for men and 20 for women. The Super League and the First League have 12 teams each, while the Second League and the Third League 8 and 14 respectively. Team scores are calculated by combination of men and women's points.

Scoring system and relegation
Countries scored points for their performance in each race/event:
The winning athlete received 8 points for their country, and this then carried on so second would get 7 points, third 6 points, etc.  In the case of an athlete that did not finish a race, was disqualified or did not record a mark (as the case may be), their country would receive zero points for that event.

The male and female team with the most points was declared the winner. The four winning teams from the 'Super League' (two male and two female) went on to compete as individual countries in the IAAF World Cup in Athletics.

Since 1983, the lowest scoring male, and the lowest scoring female teams in the 'Super League' were relegated down into the 'First League'. These were replaced by the highest scoring male and female teams from the 'First League'. This process was repeated for relegation/promotion from the second to the first league. This system allowed countries to progress, and for a wider range of athletes to compete against opposition they might not normally face.

League positions in 2009
The leagues for the 2009 competition were formed by combination of each country's men and women's performances in 2008. As the teams are 46, the winning team received 46 points, the second 45 and so on. The new leagues are:

Winners

Best performances
Below is a list of the events that took place at the championships, and what is the European Cup record, who set it, what country they represented and which year.

Hosts

See also
European Athletics Association
European Athletics Indoor Cup
European Athletics Team Championships

References

External links
 Málaga 2006 Official Website
 Málaga 2006 Schedule
 European Cup Memories
 Bulletin for 2007 event (pdf)

Recurring sporting events established in 1965
Team combination track and field competitions
Cup
Recurring events disestablished in 2008
Defunct athletics competitions
European international sports competitions

European Cup (athletics)


Colonel Adam Nieniewski (19 May 1886 – 25 April 1947) was a Polish military commander, an officer of the Polish Army and a veteran of World War I, Polish–Soviet War, Polish–Lithuanian War and World War II.

Biography

Adam Nieniewski was born May 19, 1886, in Zawady, Kalisz Governorate to a family of Stanisław Nieniewski, a veteran of the January Uprising of 1863 and Halina née Wybicka, granddaughter of Józef Wybicki, the author of Polish national anthem. After finishing primary school in Košice in 1897 he joined the cadet corps school in Hranice. After graduating from that school in 1904 he joined the Officer Cavalry School in Wiener Neustadt.

In 1907 he was promoted to cavalry ensign and assigned to the 6th Uhlans Regiment, where he served as a platoon and then squadron commander. He also continued his military education, first at various courses in Tarnów and Rzeszów, and then (since 1911) at the Academy of the General Staff in Vienna. On November 1, 1912, he was promoted to lieutenant.

In July 1914, during the mobilisation preceding the outbreak of the Great War, he was assigned to the Imperial General Staff. During the war he served at various staff posts in the Austro-Hungarian headquarters, and then in the HQ of the 1st Army, in the Ministry of War and in 130th Mountain Brigade, where he served as the chief of staff. For his merits in 1915 he was promoted to captain.

On May 23, 1916, he was assigned to the headquarters of Piłsudski's Polish Legions, where he served as the deputy chief of staff and was soon promoted to major (on December 1, 1916). Following the Oath Crisis he was arrested on March 6 and interned in a prison camp in Hungary.

After Poland regained independence in 1918, Nieniewski was released and joined the Polish Army. As one of the most experienced officers in Polish service, he was the second deputy chief of General Staff. On June 17, 1919, he became the chief of staff of General Haller's Blue Army after it arrived to Poland from France. In addition, since September 1, 1919, he served as the chief of staff of the Cieszyn Silesia front and Pomeranian Front. Between March and May 1920 he served as the chief of staff of the 1st Polish Army and, since July 5, of the 1st Lithuanian-Belarusian Infantry Division.

On August 16, 1920, during the Battle of Warsaw, he was assigned as the commanding officer of Polish 4th Cavalry Brigade, which later became the core of the so-called Nieniewski's Operational Group during the Battle of the Niemen River. After the end of hostilities of the Polish–Soviet War, Nieniewski graduated from a Generals' Course and on January 10, 1921, he was promoted to Colonel of Cavalry.

Between May 18 and September 25, 1921, he commanded the VII Infantry Brigade. After it was disbanded, he continued to command its troops within the 7th Infantry Division. In 1925 he briefly held the post of the deputy rector of the Higher War School, later to be renamed to the Polish Academy of the General Staff. In 1926 he was also the head of the Staff Officers Courses in the Cavalry School in Grudziądz. On January 31, 1928, he resigned all his posts and was demobilised.

Retired, he withdrew to his wife's village of Chorzenice, where he lived in a local manor. During World War II he moved to a nearby village of Kłomnice, but in 1945 both these villages were confiscated by the new Soviet-backed communist authorities of Poland. In 1945 he was yet again mobilised by General Michał Rola-Żymierski and briefly served as the chief of staff of the Poznań Military Area Command, but in August of that year he was again demobilised. Adam Nieniewski died April 27, 1947, in Olsztyn. He was buried in Wróblewo near Łódź. His family manor in Chorzenice was turned into an orphanage.

Decorations
 Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
 Officer's Cross of the Polonia Restituta - 4th Class
 Cross of Independence
 Cross of Valour (Krzyż Walecznych) - 4 times
 Chevalier of the Légion d'Honneur

Bibliography

See also
 Polish–Soviet War

1886 births
1947 deaths
People from Sieradz County
People from Kalisz Governorate
Polish Austro-Hungarians
Austro-Hungarian Army officers
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Polish legionnaires (World War I)
Polish Auxiliary Corps personnel
Polish Army officers
Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War
Polish military personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
Officers of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Recipients of the Cross of Independence
Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)
Knights of the Legion of Honour

Adam Nieniewski


The 2005 MTV Movie Awards was hosted by Jimmy Fallon. A special award, the Silver Bucket of Excellence, was presented to the 1985 film The Breakfast Club. Also, Tom Cruise was presented with the first-ever MTV Generation Award. Neither of these two special awards were voted upon by the public.
The awards were also marked by Nine Inch Nails' decision to pull out because MTV refused to let them perform using as a backdrop an unaltered image of President George W. Bush. Frontman Trent Reznor commented, "apparently the image of our president is as offensive to MTV as it is to me". Foo Fighters replaced them.

Anchorman and Mean Girls were the most nominated films, each receiving 4 nominations.

Performers
 Eminem — "Ass Like That" / "Mockingbird"
 Mariah Carey — "We Belong Together"
 Yellowcard — "Don't You (Forget About Me)"
 Foo Fighters — "Best of You"

Presenters
 Chris Rock and Adam Sandler — presented Best On-Screen Team
 Vin Diesel and Jennifer Connelly — presented Best Villain
 Nicole Kidman — presented Breakthrough Female Performance
 Jessica Alba, Chris Evans, Michael Chiklis, Ioan Gruffudd, and Julian McMahon — presented Breakthrough Male Performance
 Rob Schneider and Eva Mendes — presented Best Comedic Performance
 Terrence Howard and Jimmy Fallon — introduced Mariah Carey
 Sandra Bullock and Jimmy Fallon — presented Best Male Performance
 Emile Hirsch and Jessica Biel — presented Best Frightened Performance
 Hilary Swank — presented Silver Bucket of Excellence Award and introduced Yellowcard
 Paul Walker and Zhang Ziyi — presented Best Kiss
 Katie Holmes — presented MTV Generation Award
 Johnny Knoxville, Seann William Scott, and Jessica Simpson — presented Best Musical Sequence
 Dwayne Johnson — presented Best Fight
 Samuel L. Jackson — presented Best Female Performance
 Hilary Duff — introduced Foo Fighters
 Tom Cruise and Dakota Fanning — presented Best Movie

Awards

Best Movie
 Napoleon Dynamite
 Kill Bill: Volume 2
 Spider-Man 2
 Ray
 The Incredibles

Best Male Performance
 Leonardo DiCaprio – The Aviator
 Jamie Foxx – Ray
 Will Smith – Hitch
 Brad Pitt – Troy
 Matt Damon – The Bourne Supremacy

Best Female Performance
 Lindsay Lohan – Mean Girls
 Uma Thurman – Kill Bill: Volume 2
 Hilary Swank – Million Dollar Baby
 Rachel McAdams – The Notebook
 Natalie Portman – Garden State

Breakthrough Male
 Jon Heder – Napoleon Dynamite
 Tim McGraw – Friday Night Lights
 Zach Braff – Garden State
 Freddie Highmore – Finding Neverland
 Tyler Perry – Diary of a Mad Black Woman

Breakthrough Female
 Rachel McAdams – Mean Girls
 Ashanti – Coach Carter
 Elisha Cuthbert – The Girl Next Door
 Bryce Dallas Howard – The Village
 Emmy Rossum – The Day After Tomorrow

Best On-Screen Team
 Lindsay Lohan, Rachel McAdams, Lacey Chabert and Amanda Seyfried (The Plastics) – Mean Girls
 Craig T. Nelson, Holly Hunter, Spencer Fox and Sarah Vowell (The Incredibles) – The Incredibles
 Will Ferrell, Paul Rudd, Steve Carell and David Koechner  (The Channel 4 News Team) - Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy
 Vince Vaughn, Christine Taylor, Rip Torn, Justin Long, Alan Tudyk, Joel David Moore, Chris Williams and Stephen Root (The Average Joes) – DodgeBall: A True Underdog Story
 John Cho and Kal Penn – Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle

Best Villain
 Ben Stiller – DodgeBall: A True Underdog Story
 Tom Cruise – Collateral
 Rachel McAdams – Mean Girls
 Jim Carrey – Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events
 Alfred Molina – Spider-Man 2

Best Comedic Performance
 Dustin Hoffman – Meet the Fockers
 Antonio Banderas – Shrek 2
 Will Ferrell – Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy
 Ben Stiller – DodgeBall: A True Underdog Story
 Will Smith – Hitch

Best Frightened Performance
New category added that year.
 Dakota Fanning – Hide and Seek
 Cary Elwes – Saw
 Sarah Michelle Gellar – The Grudge
 Jennifer Tilly – Seed of Chucky
 Mýa – Cursed

Best Kiss
 Rachel McAdams and Ryan Gosling – The Notebook
 Natalie Portman and Zach Braff – Garden State
 Gwyneth Paltrow and Jude Law – Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow
 Jennifer Garner and Natassia Malthe – Elektra
 Elisha Cuthbert and Emile Hirsch – The Girl Next Door

Best Action Sequence
 Destruction of Los Angeles – The Day After Tomorrow
 The Subway Battle – Spider-Man 2
 Beverly Hills Plane Crash – The Aviator
 The Moscow Car Chase – The Bourne Supremacy
 The Desert Terrorist Assault – Team America: World Police

Best Musical Sequence
 Jon Heder — "Canned Heat" (from Napoleon Dynamite)
 Jennifer Garner and Mark Ruffalo — "Thriller" (from 13 Going on 30)
 Will Ferrell, Paul Rudd, Steve Carell and David Koechner — "Afternoon Delight" (from Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy)
 John Cho and Kal Penn — "Hold On" (from Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle)

Best Fight
 Uma Thurman vs. Daryl Hannah – Kill Bill: Volume 2
 The Battle of the News Teams – Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy
 Brad Pitt vs. Eric Bana – Troy
 Zhang Ziyi vs. Emperor's Guards – House of Flying Daggers

Best Video Game Based on a Movie
New category added that year.
 The Chronicles of Riddick: Escape from Butcher Bay
 Spider-Man 2
 Van Helsing
 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
 The Incredibles

MTV Generation Award
 Tom Cruise

Silver Bucket of Excellence
 The Breakfast Club

Shorts
 "Tankman Begins"
 "Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith "

References

External links
 MTV Movie Awards, 2005

 2005
Mtv Movie Awards
MTV Movie Awards
2005 in Los Angeles
2005 in American cinema

2005 MTV Movie Awards


A web resource is anything that can be obtained from the World Wide Web. Some examples are web pages, e-mail, information from databases, and web services. Web resources have changed since the Internet was first created. The early concept was of static (non moving) files or documents. The meaning of the term now has a wider use to include nearly everything that can be obtained via the Internet. Uniform resource locators or URLs, are used to identify a resource on the web.

References

Internet

Web resource


A suspension bridge is a type of bridge that has been made since ancient times as early as 100 AD. Some simple suspension bridges, for use by pedestrians and livestock, are still constructed, based upon the ancient Inca rope bridge.

Suspended from two high locations over a river or canyon, simple suspension bridges follow a shallow downward arc and are not suited for modern roads and railroads.

The design of the modern suspended-deck suspension bridge was developed in the early 19th century. It can cross a longer span than other kinds of bridges.

The Akashi Kaikyō Bridge is the world's longest suspension bridge.

References

Other websites

 Sructurae, Suspension Bridges
 Bridgemeister, Suspension Bridges

Suspension bridge


The Nodosauridae is a family of ankylosaur dinosaurs, from Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous strata of what are now North America, Asia, Antarctica and Europe. They are the family of ankylosaurs which do not have club-shaped tails. They often have spikes protecting their head and shoulders.

All nodosaurs, like other ankylosaurs, are medium-sized to large, heavily built quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaurs, with small denticulate teeth and rows of osteoderms (a type of armour) on the dorsolateral (top and sides) surfaces of the body.

Classification

Taxonomy
The following taxonomy follows Thompson et al., 2011 unless otherwise noted.

 Family Nodosauridae
 ?Aletopelta  (California, Western North America)
 Animantarx   (Utah, Western North America)
 Anoplosaurus  (England, Northwestern Europe)
 Antarctopelta  (James Ross Island, Northeastern Antarctic Peninsula)
 Edmontonia   (Alberta, Western North America)
 Gargoyleosaurus  (Wyoming, Western North America)
 Gastonia   (Utah, Western North America)
 Glyptodontopelta  (New Mexico, Western North America)
 Hoplitosaurus  (South Dakota, central North America)
 Hungarosaurus   (Hungary, Central-Southern Europe)
 Hylaeosaurus  (Sussex, Southern England)
 Mymoorapelta  (Colorado, central North America)
 Niobrarasaurus  (Kansas, Western North America)
 Nodosaurus  (Wyoming and Kansas, Western North America)
 Panoplosaurus   (Montana and Alberta, Western North America)
 Pawpawsaurus    (Texas, Western North America)
 Peloroplites    (Utah, Western North America)
 Polacanthus  (Isle of Wight and Sussex, Southern England)
 Propanoplosaurus (Maryland, Eastern North America)
 Sauropelta     (Wyoming and Montana, Western North America)
 Silvisaurus   (Kansas, Western North America)
 Stegopelta (Wyoming, Western North America)
 Struthiosaurus   (Central-Southern Europe)
 Tatankacephalus  (Montana, Western North America)
 Texasetes    (Texas, Western North America)
 Zhejiangosaurus  (Zhejiang Province, Eastern China)
 Doubtful Nodosaurids
 Acanthopholis  (United Kingdom, Western Europe)
 Palaeoscincus

Phylogeny
The clade Nodosauridae may be defined as "all ankylosaurs closer to Panoplosaurus than to Ankylosaurus. Vickaryous et al.  considered the most primitive member of the Nodosauridae to be Cedarpelta. A cladogram from a 2011 analysis is shown by Richard S. Thompson and colleagues.

References

Ankylosauria

Nodosauridae


Clay is a fine-grained silicate mineral made when rocks break down. Wet clay is soft and can be shaped to make pottery, bricks and other things. When it is shaped and then fired in a kiln to make it hard, it becomes pottery.

Clay often contains some water because the water molecules stick to the tiny grains. There may also be some organic materials in the clay.

There are 35 recognized clay mineral species on Earth, they make muds stick together ('cohesive'), or able to flow ('plastic'). The thixotropy of clay sometimes causes landslides.

Quartz, feldspars, iron oxides, and carbonates can weather to sizes of a typical clay mineral. The formation of clay is well understood.  It can come from soil, volcanic ash, and glaciation.  Ancient mudrocks are another source, because they weather and disintegrate easily.

Clay is by far the smallest particles recognized in mudrocks. A clay particle is about 1/1000th the width of a sand grain. This means a clay particle will travel 1000 times further at constant water velocity, thus requiring quieter conditions for settlement. Where the grains are more than a few millimeters wide, the material is called silt, not clay.

References

Sedimentary rocks

Clay


Ivan Pokorný (born in 1952 in the Czech Republic) is an actor.

Biography
He graduated in Acting from the Theatre Faculty of the Academy of Fine Arts and in 1976-1983 and worked as an actor in various Czech theatres. He also had several roles in film and on television. In 1983 he emigrated to Austria, worked  as a lecturer at the Vienna Conservatory and in 1984-1998 as a director in Austrian and German theatres.

In 1995 he decided to return to the Czech Republic and has been working mainly as a director of TV-films since then. He also makes documentaries and is particularly interested in themes connected with the cultural history of his country.
In some projects he takes part as a producer or co-producer.

Filmography

Awards
for the feature film Kidnapped Home Bonton Prize at the Zlin Festival 2002;
First prize  - Ostrov nad Ohří 2002 for the documentary Czech and German …

References

 https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1156141/
 http://www.sadk.de/pokorny.html
 http://www.coldsunday.com
 http://www.fdb.cz/lidi/34492-Ivan-Pokorny.html

1952 births
Living people
Czech film directors
Czech male film actors

Ivan Pokorný


Ballan is a small town in Victoria, Australia. It is a part of the Shire of Moorabool. Ballan is  north west of Melbourne, on the Werribee River. In 2006 there were 1808 people living in Ballan. The Western Freeway goes past the town.

History
The first people to live in the Ballan area were the Aborigines, the Wautharong people. The area was rich in animals with kangaroos, kangaroo rats, bandicoots, dingos, and two sorts of native cat. Many of these animals had gone by the end of the 1800s, with Europen settlement.

The first European settlers came from Tasmania, landing near Geelong, Victoria, and working their way up the Moorabool River with their sheep flocks. Robert Von Steiglitz first came to the area in 1838. He named it after Ballan in Ireland. Other early settler names included Covvie, Stead, Wallace and Egerton.

There were fights between the Wautharong people and white farmers during settlement. Robert Von Steiglitz said stated in his diary:
... it may be questioned by some feather-bed philanthropist whether we had the right to take the country from the blacks but I believe the general rule is that if people cultivate or graze the land they have a claim to it. These creatures did neither ...

Gold was found in the area in 1851. A lot of people came to look for gold. This was part of the Victorian Gold Rush. The Ballan Hotel dates from the gold rush period in 1851. The town was an important staging point for coaches going to the Ballarat goldfields. The Post Office opened in September 1853 although there were two earlier offices in the area named Ballan.

Ballan's first primary school started on 8 January 1855.

The first Mechanics' Institute in Ballan was built in 1861. The current Mechanics' Institute built on land bought in 1881. The facade (front) of the building was taken down and rebuilt in 1922. The building houses the library for the town town and a hall.

St. Paul's Presbyterian Church in Ballan was opened in July 1866.

On 15 November 2003 a Sprinter train going to Ballarat was derailed (came off the tracks) between Ballan and Gordon hurting  61 people when it crashed into a car on a country railway crossing.

Community
The town has an Australian Rules Football team playing in the Central Highlands Football League.
It also has two senior and three junior cricket teams in the Ballarat Cricket Association.

Festivals and attractions
 There is a Vintage Machinery and Vehicle Rally in February. It is well known for its Vintage Tractor Pull.
 An Autumn Festival is held in Ballan every year in late March.
 There is a mineral spring at Ballan.
 South of Ballan are the Brisbane Ranges National Park and the You Yangs Forest Park.

Other websites

 Ballan Online

References

Ballan, Victoria


Erling Kristiansen (3 October 1923 – 25 July 2009) was a Norwegian cyclist.

He took eight individual national championships, and fifteen team championships, representing the club IK Hero. He competed at the World Championships in 1948, 1949 and 1950, and at the Olympic Games in 1948 and 1952. At the 1948 Summer Olympics he did not finish in either event, but at the 1952 Summer Olympics he finished 25th in the individual road race and 10th in the team road race. From 1959 top 1960 he was the deputy leader of the Norwegian Cycling Federation.

He died in July 2009 in Rud, Akershus.

References

1923 births
2009 deaths
Norwegian male cyclists
Cyclists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists for Norway
Cyclists from Oslo

Erling Kristiansen


Laënnec is a quarter of the 8th arrondissement of Lyon, in France. It is served by the eponymous station of the Line D of the Lyon Metro, which was opened on 11 December 1992 and had 132,316 passengers per month in 2006. Notable monuments of the quarter are the Grand Mosque of Lyon, located in the Boulevard Pinel, the Faculty of Medicine, the Faculty of Dentistry and the Maison des jeunes et de la culture.

The quarter is named after French physician and medical writer René Laennec.

References

8th arrondissement of Lyon
Quarters of Lyon

Laënnec