William Dennis Gargan (July 17, 1905February 16, 1979) was an American film, television and radio actor. He was the 5th recipient of the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award in 1967, and in 1941, was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Joe in They Knew What They Wanted. He acted in decades of movies including parts in Follow the Leader, Rain, Night Flight, Three Sons, Isle of Destiny and many others. The role he was best known for was that of a private detective Martin Kane in the 1949–1952 radio-television series Martin Kane, Private Eye. In television, he was also in 39 episodes of The New Adventures of Martin Kane.

Early years
Gargan was born on July 17, 1905, in Brooklyn, New York. His parents— Bill and Irene—had seven children, but only Gargan and his brother Ed survived infancy.

His father was a book maker, sometime saloon owner, and gambler. His mother had been a teacher. He graduated from St. Francis Xavier grade school and went to St. James High School in Brooklyn.

Gargan got his first silent movie job at age seven for Vitagraph Studios as a kid. He was paid Three dollars and eighty-five cents. That's roughly one-hundred twenty dollars in 2023.

Both Gargan and Ed were big kids. By ten, Gargan was hanging out at his father's bar in the Sunset Park, Brooklyn. Gargan later said that his mother was more straight-laced, a bit of a prude on the surface, but in reality, she ran with dad all her life and his." Both parents had good senses of humor.

Gargan grew up going to Sea Gate in the summer and fighting on the side of the Irish kids from Bay Ridge against the Italian kids in empty lots. He played baseball and basketball for St. Francis Xavier grade school and St. James High. He shot pool and ditched school in the spring to scale the Ebbets Field fences to watch the Dodgers and their stars of the 1910s — Zack Wheat and Ivan Olson.

When he was fourteen and working as an ice brusher at the Prospect Park skating rink, Gargan met a girl named Mary Elizabeth Kenny. He was so taken by her that he used his broom to knock her down! Gargan recalled that "She climbed right back up, her eyes spitting fire and her mouth not doing badly either. I knew I was in love."

Kenny lived in Manhattan but spent weekends in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn. They hung out in Coney Island at Feltman's, at Lundy's in Sheepshead Bay, or the Loew's Metropolitan and the Keith's Prospect. They were later married in 1928.

Although Gargan never cared much for school, he loved the theater. By high school he was playing in school productions of Hamlet, Macbeth, and Romeo and Juliet. However, a teacher who'd been out to get Gargan for his comedic behavior made life so miserable during Gargan's senior year that he dropped out.

Gargan became a message runner for a Broad Street brokerage firm, then an investigator for a clothing store, then a private detective with a Wall Street agency until he was fired for losing a tail. He sold Wesson Oil to grocers in Brooklyn making great commissions, sneaking away to  watch vaudeville shows. One day the lights went up and Gargan noticed his boss was sitting next to him. "Good show," Gargan said, "you're fired," said his boss.

Stage
Bill's brother Edward was an actor. While having lunch with Ed one day at the Lamb's Club a man named Le Roy Clemens mentioned to Bill that a play he'd written was having tryouts. Bill read a line and was hired, beginning his career in Aloma of the South Seas. They opened in Baltimore in 1924. Gargan was a quick study, learning everyone's parts as well as the stage manager's. Within a year he was directing the Philadelphia production of the play. Aloma of the South Seas ran for forty weeks.

Film
Gargan's first film was Rain. Later, he played in Misleading Lady and had character roles in many Hollywood productions, including starring in three films as detective Ellery Queen.

He was cast in a number of stereotypical Irish parts in films playing policemen, priests, reporters, and blustering adventurers. In 1945, he played Joe Gallagher in The Bells of St. Mary's, starring Bing Crosby and Ingrid Bergman.

In 1935, Gargan went to England and made several films.

In 1940, Gargan was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Joe, the foreman, in They Knew What They Wanted.

Radio and television

Gargan's first regular radio role was Captain Flagg on Captain Flagg and Sergeant Quirt, beginning in February 1942.  He also portrayed Ross Dolan in I Deal in Crime, and Inspector Burke in Murder Will Out, and was host of G. I. Laffs

In 1949 Gargan was in New York City when he phoned acquaintance Frank Folsom of RCA. Folsom invited Gargan for lunch. He went to the fifty-third floor of 30 Rockefeller Center. Inside were executives from BBD&O, The New York Stock Exchange, and others. During lunch Gargan mentioned that he was looking for a job in TV.

Folsom phoned Norm Blackburn, VP of TV and Radio at NBC and a good friend of Gargan's. Gargan was asked if he'd be interested in playing a pipe-smoking detective, sponsored by the U.S. Tobacco Company. The show became Martin Kane, Private Eye. It would be shot for TV and separately done for radio as well. Mutual Broadcasting carried the radio series. It debuted on Sunday August 7th, 1949 at 4:30PM eastern time. Meanwhile, the TV version aired on NBC Thursdays at 10PM.

It was live, and the first detective series on network TV with an enormous following. Gargan realized early on that there was only so much you could do with a plot in a half-hour, so he made the series a showcase for himself. He developed a tongue-in-cheek style. Kane's 37.8 TV rating for the 1950-51 season was twelfth overall.

Gargan later said in his autobiography, "This was TV's early era, but a few people tried to make the casual intimacy of TV a sexual intimacy. The sight of pretty women, a touch of deep cleavage, a show of thigh became—to these producers—more important than the content of the show. The result was we often had pretty, empty headed girls blowing their lines all over the lot. In Desperation, I began to mug for the camera more and the script writers began to write more blatantly. You get into a terrible rut this way. Everybody works harder to undo the damage, and the result is more screeching, overacting, and overwriting. It drives the viewers away, and to get them back you come up with more and more desperate gimmickry. What was worse, to me, was the embarrassment. I'm no prude. Probably the best part I ever did on film was that of Joe in The Knew What They Wanted, a wife-stealer. But this was just sleazy."

The next season the show's rating fell out of the top thirty. By then, Gargan was friends with New York's Cardinal Spellman. A friend of Gargan's mentioned that the Cardinal watched the show. Gargan went to the studio execs and told them to write better scripts or get another star. They got another star — Lloyd Nolan. After eighty-five weeks, Bill Gargan was no longer Martin Kane. Shortly after, Gargan signed a deal with Sonny Werblin, then of MCA, to do a new private eye show for NBC. The show would eventually be called Barrie Craig, Confidential Investigator, which ran from 1951 to 1955.On television, Gargan starred in 39 episodes of Martin Kane, Private Eye, which ran on NBC from 1949 to 1954 and on the syndicated New Adventures of Martin Kane, which ran on NBC in 1957–58.

Later years
In 1960 Randy Hale was set to cast Gargan on stage again in The Best Man. He was to play a dying ex-president, but a bout with Laryngitis forced Gargan to get some tests on his throat done. It was throat cancer. Doctors were forced to remove his larynx On November 10, 1960. A breathing stoma was cut into the bottom of his throat so he could breathe. For a time he was depressed, but his friends visited often. Bing Crosby, Dennis Day, Phil Harris, Alice Faye, and many others came by. It helped, and so did his self-professed vanity. Gargan couldn't bear the thought of not speaking again. He made his first vocal lesson through The American Cancer Society in January of 1961.

In 1963, he met President Kennedy. He had a meeting set with the President for November 23rd, 1963. It was one that President Kennedy never made it to. By then his brother Ed was ill with diabetes and emphysema. He passed away in 1964. That year, Gargan was hired by the ACS for their full-time national staff.

Within three years, Gargan mastered esophageal speech to the point that people felt he regained virtually all of his speaking ability and sounded much like he had before his laryngectomy. He refused to use a vocal amplifier and worked tirelessly to be able to speak in both low and high tones. Bill thanked his wife Mary for refusing to let him give up and for his faith that kept him asking why.

In 1965, Mutual of Omaha presented its annual Criss Award to Gargan for "his inspirational self-rehabilitation efforts and his outstanding contributions to established rehabilitation programs."

No longer able to act, he formed William Gargan Productions, making traditional films and television films in Hollywood.

Personal life
Gargan and his wife, Mary were married in Baltimore on January 19, 1928. They had two sons. Bill (nicknamed Barrie) was born on February 25, 1929. Leslie (named after friend Leslie Howard) was born on June 28, 1933.

On February 16, 1979, while on a flight between New York City and San Diego following a tour lecturing for the American Cancer Society, Gargan suffered a heart attack. Upon arrival at San Diego Center City Hospital, he was pronounced dead. He was buried at Holy Cross Cemetery in San Diego, California. Gargan was survived by his wife, two sons and three grandchildren.

Partial filmography

 Lucky Boy (1928) – bit part (uncredited)
 Follow the Leader (1930) – a gangster
 His Woman (1931) – (uncredited)
 Partners (1931, short)
 Misleading Lady (1932) – Fitzpatrick
 Rain (1932) – Sergeant O'Hara
 The Sport Parade (1932) – Johnny Baker
 The Animal Kingdom (1932) – 'Red' Regan
 Lucky Devils (1933) – Bob Hughes
 Sweepings (1933) – Gene Pardway
 The Story of Temple Drake (1933) – Stephen Benbow
 Emergency Call (1933) – Steve Brennan
 Headline Shooter (1933) – Bill Allen
 Night Flight (1933) – Brazilian pilot
 Aggie Appleby Maker of Men (1933) – Red Branahan
 Four Frightened People (1934) – Stewart Corder
 The Line-Up (1934) – Bob Curtis
 Strictly Dynamite (1934) – George Ross
 British Agent (1934) – Bob Medill
 A Night at the Ritz (1935) – Duke Regan
 Traveling Saleslady (1935) – Pat O'Connor
 Black Fury (1935) – Slim
 Don't Bet on Blondes (1935)
 Bright Lights (1935) – Dan Wheeler
 Broadway Gondolier (1935) – Cliff Stanley
 Things Are Looking Up (1935) – Van Gaard
 Man Hunt (1936) – Hank Dawson
 The Milky Way (1936) – Speed McFarland
 The Sky Parade (1936) – Speed Robertson
 Mariners of the Sky/Navy Born (1936) – Lt. Red Furness
 Blackmailer (1936) – Peter Cornish
 Alibi for Murder (1936) – Perry Travis
 Fury and the Woman (1936) – Bruce Corrigan
 Flying Hostess (1936) – Hal Cunningham
 You Only Live Once (1937) – Father Dolan
 Breezing Home (1937) – Steve Rowan
 Wings Over Honolulu (1937) – Lieutenant Jack Furness
 Reported Missing (1937) – Steve Browning
 She Asked for It (1937) – Dwight Stanford
 Behind the Mike (1937) – George Hayes
 Some Blondes Are Dangerous (1937) – George Regan
 You're a Sweetheart (1937) – Fred Edwards
 The Crime of Doctor Hallet (1938) – Dr. Jack Murray
 The Devil's Party (1938) – Mike O'Mara
 The Crowd Roars (1938) – Johnny Martin
 Personal Secretary (1938) – Marcus 'Mark' Farrell
 Within the Law (1939) – Cassidy
 The Adventures of Jane Arden (1939) – Ed Towers
 Broadway Serenade (1939) – Bill
 Women in the Wind  (1939) – Ace Boreman
 The House of Fear (1939) – Arthur McHugh
 Three Sons (1939) – Thane Pardway
 The Housekeeper's Daughter (1939) – Ed O'Malley
 Joe and Ethel Turp Call on the President (1939) – Joe Turp
 Double Alibi (1940) – Walter Gifford
 Isle of Destiny (1940) – 'Stripes' Thornton
 Star Dust (1940) – Dane Wharton
 Turnabout (1940) – Joel Clare
 Sporting Blood (1940) – Duffy
 They Knew What They Wanted (1940, Nominated – Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor) – Joe
 Cheers for Miss Bishop (1941) – Sam Peters
 Flying Cadets (1941) – 'Trip' Hammer
 I Wake Up Screaming (1941) – Jerry MacDonald
 Keep 'Em Flying (1941) – Craig Morrison
 Sealed Lips (1942) – Lee Davis
 Bombay Clipper (1942) – James Montgomery 'Jim' Wilson
 A Close Call for Ellery Queen (1942) – Ellery Queen
 A Desperate Chance for Ellery Queen (1942) – Ellery Queen
 Miss Annie Rooney (1942) – Tim Rooney
 The Mayor of 44th Street (1942) – Tommy Fallon
 Enemy Agents Meet Ellery Queen (1942) – Ellery Queen
 Destination Unknown (1942) – Briggs Hannon – aka Terry Jordan
 Who Done It? (1942) – Police Lt. Lou Moran
 No Place for a Lady (1943) – Jess Arno
 Harrigan's Kid (1943) – Tom Harrigan
 Swing Fever (1943) – 'Waltzy' Malone
 The Canterville Ghost (1944) – Sergeant Benson
 She Gets Her Man (1945) – 'Breezy' Barton
 Song of the Sarong (1945) – Drew Allen
 Midnight Manhunt (1945) – Pete Willis
 The Bells of St. Mary's (1945) – Joe Gallagher, Patsy's father
 Follow That Woman (1945) – Sam Boone
 Behind Green Lights (1946) – Lt. Sam Carson
 Strange Impersonation (1946) – Dr. Stephen Lindstrom
 Night Editor (1946) – Police Lt. Tony Cochrane
 Murder in the Music Hall (1946) – Inspector Wilson
 Rendezvous 24 (1946) – Agent Larry Cameron
 Hot Cargo (1946) – Joe Harkness
 Till the End of Time (1946) – Sgt. Gunny Watrous
 Swell Guy (1946) – Martin Duncan
 The Argyle Secrets (1948) – Harry Mitchell
 Waterfront at Midnight (1948) – Mike Hanrohan
 Dynamite (1949) – 'Gunner' Peterson
 Miracle in the Rain (1956) – Harry Wood
 The Rawhide Years (1956) – Marshal Sommers

Radio appearances

Book
Gargan's autobiography Why Me? was published by Doubleday in 1969. A reviewer described the book as "a compelling story of the life, faith and courage of a man who as an actor was a notable success."

References

External links

 William Gargan and Carole Landis in

1905 births
1979 deaths
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male radio actors
American male stage actors
American people of Irish descent
Male actors from Brooklyn
20th-century American male actors
Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award

William Gargan


De Bello Alexandrino (also  Bellum Alexandrinum; On the Alexandrine War) is a Latin work continuing Julius Caesar's commentaries, De Bello Gallico and De Bello Civili. It details Caesar's campaigns in Alexandria and Asia.

Authorship

De Bello Alexandrino is followed by De Bello Africo and De Bello Hispaniensi. These three works end the Caesarean corpus relating Caesar's Civil War. Though normally collected and bound with Caesar's authentic writings, their authorship has been debated since antiquity. Suetonius suggests both Oppius and Hirtius as possible authors of De Bello Alexandrino. Alfred Klotz (1910) demonstrated in great detail that the style of De Bello Alexandrino is very similar to the style of the eighth and last book of De Bello Gallico, which is very commonly attributed to Hirtius. Thus it seems likely on stylistic grounds that if it was Hirtius who completed the Gallic Wars, it was Hirtius also who wrote De Bello Alexandrino. But if he did so, his knowledge of the campaign was second-hand, as the author of De Bello Gallico, VIII  writes in the introductory chapter: "For myself, I had not the occasion to take part in the Alexandrian and African wars" (Mihi ne illud quidem accidit, ut Alexandrino atque Africano bello interessem).

A detailed analysis of the style of the  published in 2013 argues that "whereas the first part of the narrative of events in Alexandria (chh. 1-21) is particularly Caesarian, the conclusion of that panel (22-33), and the narratives of events in Illyricum (42-47), Spain (48-64), and Pontus (34-41, 65-78) are distinctly less so". The authors suggest that the book was put together by an author, probably Aulus Hirtius, on the basis of various sources written by other people. But they deny Hirtius's authorship of the whole work, stating: "The attribution of the Bellum Alexandrinum to Hirtius should no longer be regarded as a serious option".

A recent computer-assisted stylistic analysis of the five works in the Caesarian corpus confirms that books 1–7 of the Gallic War and 1–3 of the Civil War were written by the same author (presumably Caesar himself), but book 8 of the Gallic War, and the Alexandrian, African, and Spanish War commentaries appear to differ in style not only from Caesar's own works but also from each other; in which case, the De Bello Alexandrino would have been written by an unknown author.

See also
 De Bello Africo
 De Bello Hispaniensi
 Caesar's civil war for a brief account of the campaign

References

Bibliography
 Jean Andrieu: Guerre d'Alexandrie. Paris 1954.

 Jan Felix Gaertner, Bianca C. Hausburg: Caesar and the Bellum Alexandrinum. An Analysis of Style, Narrative Technique, and the Reception of Greek Historiography. Göttingen 2013, .
 Raphael Giomini: Bellum Alexandrinum. Rome 1956.
 Alfred Klotz: Cäsarstudien: nebst einer Analyse der Strabonischen Beschreibung von Gallien und Britannien. Leipzig/Berlin 1910.
 Gustav Landgraf: Untersuchungen zu Caesar und seinen Fortsetzern, insbesondere über Autorschaft und Komposition des Bellum Alexandrinum und Africanum. Erlangen 1888.
 Carl Nipperdey: C. Iulii Caesaris commentarii cum supplementis A. Hirtii et aliorum. Caesaris Hirtiique fragmenta. Leipzig 1847.
 Heinz Pötter: Untersuchungen zum Bellum Alexandrinum und Bellum Africanum. Stil und Verfasserfrage. Leipzig 1932.
 Rudolf Schneider: Bellum Alexandrinum. Berlin 1888.
 Zhang, Olivia R., Trevor Cohen & Scott McGill. "Did Gaius Julius Caesar Write De Bello Hispaniensi? A Computational Study of Latin Classics Authorship". HUMAN IT 14.1 (2018): 28–58

Depictions of Julius Caesar in literature
Latin works about history
Roman Alexandria
Works about ancient Rome

De Bello Alexandrino


Whakarewarewa (reduced version of Te Whakarewarewatanga O Te Ope Taua A Wahiao, meaning The gathering place for the war parties of Wahiao, often abbreviated to Whaka by locals) is a Rotorua semi-rural geothermal area in the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand. This was the site of the Māori fortress of Te Puia, first occupied around 1325, and known as an impenetrable stronghold never taken in battle. Māori have lived here ever since, taking full advantage of the geothermal activity in the valley for heating and cooking.

Whakarewarewa has some 500 pools, most of which are alkaline chloride hot springs, and at least 65 geyser vents, each with their own name. Seven geysers are currently active. Pohutu Geyser, meaning big splash or explosion, erupts approximately hourly to heights of up to .

Many of the thermal features at Whakarewarewa have been adversely affected by Rotorua residents taking advantage of the underlying geothermal fluids of the city by drawing shallow wells ( deep) to extract hot water for both domestic and commercial heating. A bore closure programme in 1987–1988 resulted in 106 wells within  of Pohutu Geyser being cemented shut, with another 120 wells outside the radius being shut due to a punitive royalty charging regime. There has subsequently been a pronounced recovery in the geysers and hot springs at Whakarewarewa.

The area features Te Pākira Marae and Wahiao meeting house, a meeting place of the Tūhourangi hapū of Ngāti Puta, Ngāti Uruhina, Ngāti Wāhiao, Tūhourangi and Ngāti Taoi.

Geysers

Most of the currently active geysers at Whakarewarewa are located on Geyser Flat and aligned on a common fissure. This is a highly complex system, with the activity of one geyser affecting another.

Kereru Geyser, about  above Puarenga Stream, located at the head of a small apron of blackish sinter, erupts every few days or weeks, in a fan-shaped jet  high. No large eruptions occurred between 1972–1988, and it seems its recovery was directly linked to the sudden reduction of well drawoff in 1987. Kereru Geyser is probably independent of other springs on the fissure.

Prince of Wales Feathers Geyser, Pohutu Geyser, Te Horu Geyser (The Cauldron) and Waikorohihi Geyser are on a sinter plateau about  above Puarenga Stream. Prince of Wales Feathers Geyser, Pohutu Geyser's closest neighbour, always precedes Pohutu, a feeble jet at first but gradually increasing in power until a continuous  column is ejected at an angle, when Pohutu usually erupts also. Sometimes Waikorohihi Geyser erupts a discontinuous  jet, then Prince of Wales Feathers will commence, later followed by Pohutu.

Until 1972, Te Horu Geyser erupted  high as often as 10–15 times each day, but after that time eruptions and even boiling ceased. The water in Te Horu's vent began to overflow again in 1998. A very direct connection exists between Te Horu and Pohutu, with air-cooled water erupted from Pohutu largely falling in Te Horu's vent. This may explain the popular belief that Pohutu is more active when there is a south wind, because most erupted water is then blown away to the north, whereas with a north wind much is returned to cool the system and delay the next eruption.

Mahanga Geyser, also called the Boxing Glove, is an old geyser not known to erupt until 1961. Its  eruptions occur quite independently of its near neighbour Waikorohihi.

Wairoa Geyser, acclaimed as erupting  high, last erupted naturally in December 1940 after which its water level fell to  below overflow and the water became acidic. However, in early 1996, its water level rose to  below overflow, with continuous powerful boiling, and it remains so to date.

Beyond Geyser Flat is Waikite Geyser, which forms the apex of a prominent sinter mound 260 m south of Pohutu. This last erupted in March 1967, and since then the vent has remained dry and weakly steaming. In June 1996, its previously  deep and dry vent suddenly filled with boiling water which rose to within  of overflow. In the past Waikite tended to erupt after prolonged periods of excessive rain, suggesting that the level of water in its vent is dependent on rainfall. It is hoped that Waikite may one day erupt again. Meanwhile, Pareia Geyser, just beyond Waikite, has recently reactivated.

Papakura Geyser is the other notable dormant geyser at Whakarewarewa,  The cessation of eruptions from Papakura was directly responsible for initiating the Rotorua Monitoring Programme in 1981.

Demographics
Tihiotonga-Whakarewarewa statistical area covers  and had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Tihiotonga-Whakarewarewa had a population of 771 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 96 people (14.2%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 42 people (−5.2%) since the 2006 census. There were 288 households, comprising 390 males and 381 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.02 males per female. The median age was 43.2 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 117 people (15.2%) aged under 15 years, 144 (18.7%) aged 15 to 29, 378 (49.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 135 (17.5%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 59.1% European/Pākehā, 37.4% Māori, 1.9% Pacific peoples, 13.2% Asian, and 3.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 24.1, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 44.4% had no religion, 37.7% were Christian, 2.7% had Māori religious beliefs, 2.7% were Hindu, 0.8% were Muslim, 0.8% were Buddhist and 4.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 156 (23.9%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 96 (14.7%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $33,800, compared with $31,800 nationally. 126 people (19.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 336 (51.4%) people were employed full-time, 93 (14.2%) were part-time, and 36 (5.5%) were unemployed.

Education

Whakarewarewa School is a co-educational state primary school for Year 1 to 8 students, with a roll of  as of .

Gallery

References

External links

Website of Whakarewarewa and the NZ Maori Arts & Crafts Institute
Website of Whakarewarewa Thermal Village Tours

Taupō Volcanic Zone
Geysers of New Zealand
Geothermal areas in New Zealand
Tourist attractions in Rotorua
Landforms of the Bay of Plenty Region
Hot springs of New Zealand
Suburbs of Rotorua
Rotorua Volcanic Centre

Whakarewarewa


The Shelton Laurel massacre was a Confederate regiment's execution of 13 accused United States sympathizers on or about January 18, 1863, in the Shelton Laurel Valley of Madison County, North Carolina at the height of the American Civil War. The event sparked outrage from North Carolina Governor Zebulon B. Vance and Solicitor Augustus Merrimon (the latter of whom investigated the event) and was reported in numerous newspapers in northern states and as far away as Europe. While the massacre destroyed the military career and reputation of Lieutenant-Colonel James A. Keith, the adjunct commander who ordered the executions, he was never brought to justice for the incident.

Background

The events leading up to the massacre began in January 1863 when an armed band of Madison County citizens ransacked salt stores in Marshall and looted the home of Confederate Colonel Lawrence Allen, commander of the 64th North Carolina Regiment who was away from home, guarding stockpiles of salt elsewhere. During the war, salt was a precious resource. Brigadier General W.G.M. Davis reported on February 2, "I think the attack on Marshall was gotten up to obtain salt, for want of which there is great suffering in the mountains. Plunder of other property followed as a matter of course." This elicited a response from General William Davis, stationed at nearby Warm Springs (now Hot Springs), who dispatched the 64th under Lieutenant-Colonel Keith (Allen was ill at the time) to the Shelton Laurel Valley to pursue the looters (Keith, like much of the 64th, was a native of Madison County). By this point in the war, the 64th North Carolina Regiment had lost nearly two-thirds of its original force from combat and desertion. In the skirmish that followed, 12 looters were killed, and several were captured. Upon hearing of the events, Governor Vance (who grew up in nearby Weaverville) sent orders not to harm the captured Unionists and dispatched Solicitor Merrimon to monitor the situation.

Massacre

Despite the governor's orders, Keith, believing a rumor that the Unionist force was much larger than in reality, began frantically combing the valley for Union supporters. For Keith, being a native of Marshall made this issue personal. Keith's troops moved on Shelton Laurel from two directions. While Keith led his column down from the high crest at the top of the valley, Colonel Allen brought his men up the opposite end of the valley. Hidden locals fired on Allen's men with occasional gunfire. In the returning fire, Allen's soldiers killed eight men.

Once the soldiers reached the home of Bill Shelton, they encountered over 50 riflemen. The ensuing combat left six of the defenders dead. While Allen and his troops awaited Colonel Keith's column, the news was received that Allen's 6-year-old son Romulus had died of scarlet fever. Upon his return to Marshall, Allen discovered that his 4-year-old daughter Margaret was dying. Allen was quick to blame the looters who had ransacked his house previously. The next day he buried his children and returned immediately to Shelton Laurel. With Allen, fueled by grief and the desire for vengeance, reunited with Keith, the two realized that the locals were unlikely to volunteer information. Keith rounded up several Shelton Laurel women and began torturing them to force them to give up their sons' and husbands' whereabouts. They hanged and whipped Mrs. Unus Riddle, a woman of 85. They hanged Mary and Sarah Shelton by their necks until they were nearly dead. The Memphis Bulletin reports: "Old Mrs. Sallie Moore, seventy years of age, was whipped with hickory rods till the blood ran in streams down her back to the ground. … Martha White, an idiotic girl, was beaten and tied by the neck all day to a tree." The soldiers burnt homes and slaughtered livestock. After several days of rounding up alleged supporters, Keith began marching the captives toward East Tennessee, which was occupied by a substantial Confederate army at the time. However, after two prisoners escaped, Keith ordered the remaining 13 into the woods and had 5 shot execution-style.  Their bodies were dumped into a nearby trench. Among the executed were three boys, ages 13, 14, and 17. Joe Woods, an elderly man of 60, said "For God's sake, men, you are not going to shoot us? If you are going to murder us, give us at least time to pray." Keith responded, "There's no time for praying." The soldier hesitated before shooting the horrified captives, prompting Keith to bellow, "Fire or you will take their place!" The soldiers fired, and four men were killed instantly; one required a second shot. The next five men were made to kneel, and after the shots were fired again, one man remained alive. It was 13-year-old David Shelton who clutched the legs of an officer and begged, "You have killed my old father and three brothers, you have shot me in both arms. … I forgive you all this — I can get well. … Let me go home to my mother and sisters." David Shelton was shot eight more times.

Stunned by the incident, Attorney General Augustus S. Merrimon reported it to Governor Vance shortly after that. He wrote, "I learned that all this was done by order of Lieut. Col. James A. Keith. I know not what you intend doing with the guilty parties, but I suggest they are all guilty of murder. … Such savage and barbarous cruelty is without parallel in the State, and I hope in every other." The governor wrote that the affair was "shocking and outrageous in the extreme," and ordered a full investigation.  Family members of the slain (mostly Sheltons) discovered that the bodies were being eaten by wilds pigs and moved the bodies to a new cemetery east of the massacre site. They swore revenge against the perpetrators.  Keith was ultimately tried for the massacre in civilian court after the war. After spending two years in jail awaiting trial, he escaped just days before a state supreme court decision would have provided him with vindication. He was never apprehended, and after two years, the state dropped its prosecution. Colonel Allen, who was not officially in command, but heavily involved in the tragedy, was given six months' suspension by the Army. Five widows of murdered men from Shelton Laurel petitioned congress for pensions. Their petition died in committee.

A North Carolina Highway Historical marker recalling the massacre stands in the vicinity of the massacre site at the modern intersection of state highways 208 and 212. The graves of the slain are in a cemetery just off Highway 212, further up the valley.

Popular culture

Massacre at Shelton Laurel, a short film written and directed by Jay Stone, was shot in the fall of 2001 in Rutherfordton, North Carolina. The film was selected Best Docudrama at the International Student Film Festival Hollywood in 2004. It was selected to screen at the 2006 Carolina Film & Video Festival, the 2006 Asheville Film Festival, the George Lindsey UNA Film Festival in March 2006, and the 2006 Film Celebration at Piedmont Community College in May 2006.

Events of the Shelton Laurel massacre are described in The World Made Straight, by Ron Rash, a fiction book about western North Carolina during the 1970s.  The novel was developed into a film by the same title, released in 2015.

Charles Frazier, the author of Cold Mountain, studied the Shelton Laurel massacre in depth during research for the book and paralleled many of the events therein. During the massacre, one soldier tied a woman to a tree while her baby was disrobed and left exposed to the snow unless she gave up information. Frazier recreates this scene in Cold Mountain when Sara encounters U.S. Army soldiers. When the Confederates initially raided the Laurel Valley, they arrested fifteen men, two escaped, and thirteen were executed in the woods. Of the executed, the youngest was 13, and the oldest was sixty-six. In Cold Mountain, Frazier recreates the horror, ""A captive boy, not much older than twelve, fell to his knees and commenced crying. An old man, grey headed, said, "You can't mean to kill us". When the soldiers were forced to execute the elderly and children at Shelton Laurel many of them initially refused and were threatened with death by their superiors. Frazier's Cold Mountain details one soldier's opinion on the matter, "I didn't sign on to kill grandpaws and little boys." After the horrific events at Shelton Laurel family members discovered the shallow grave of their relatives was being exhumed and eaten by wild hogs. When Inman awakens in the novel he discovers "feral hogs descended from the woods, drawn by the tang of the air. They plowed at the ground with their snouts and dug out arms and feet". When the captors at Shelton Laurel captured Henry and George Grooms they asked Henry to play a tune on his fiddle before his execution. He played "Bonaparte's Retreat". Before Stobrod is executed in Cold Mountain, Teague asks him to play a song. Strobrod plays "a piece slightly reminiscent of Bonaparte's Retreat". Many of the guards had a difficult time executing Mitchell Caldwell because he was mentally handicapped and would not stop smiling. The soldiers forced Mitchell to cover his face with his hat because they could not shoot anyone with a grin on their face. When the soldiers execute the simpleton Pangle, in Cold Mountain, one soldier says "I can't shoot a man grinning at me… Take your hat off" and "Hold it over your face".

See also
List of massacres in North Carolina

References

Further reading
 Phillip Shaw Paludan. Victims: A True Story Of The Civil War (2004), A full-scale scholarly history of the episode.
Wilma Dykeman, The French Broad (1955)
Glenn Tucker, Zeb Vance: Champion of Personal Freedom (1965)
John Angus McLeod, From These Stones: Mars Hill College, The First Hundred Years (1955)
Leon M. Siler, "My Lai Controversy Recalls 1863 Tragedy on the Shelton Laurel," The State, February 1, 1970, pp. 9–10

Maynard Scott Shelton, "A Family's Civil War Struggles" Stories of my ancestors of Shelton Laurel, North Carolina. 2014

Madison County, North Carolina
Raids of the American Civil War
Civilians killed in the American Civil War
1863 in North Carolina
Southern Unionists in the American Civil War
Military operations of the American Civil War in North Carolina
January 1863 events
Massacres in 1863
1863 murders in the United States
Massacres committed by the Confederate States of America

Shelton Laurel massacre


Love Is is the third album by Eric Burdon and the Animals. It was released in 1968 as a double album.

Background
Love Is was issued in both the United Kingdom and United States. It was the last album released before the Animals' second dissolution in 1968. An edited version of the track "Ring of Fire" was released as a single and peaked at No. 35 in the UK singles chart, breaking the top 40 in Germany, Holland, and Australia as well.

Aside from the self-penned "I'm Dying (or am I?)", the album consists entirely of cover songs with extended arrangements by the Animals and sometimes even additional lyrics and musical sections. The entire Side D is occupied by a medley of songs originally by Dantalian's Chariot, a former group of band members Zoot Money and Andy Summers. Dantalian's Chariot archivists have been unable to locate a recording of "Gemini", and it is possible that Eric Burdon and the Animals were the first to actually record the song.

This album captured the only studio work of future Police guitarist Andy Summers with the group. The recording of Traffic's "Colored Rain" includes a guitar solo by Summers which runs a full 4 minutes and 15 seconds. To ensure he ended at the right place, Zoot Money kept count throughout the solo and gave him the cue out at bar 189.

Track listing (MGM, USA)

Side one
 "River Deep, Mountain High" (Phil Spector, Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich)  – 7:23
 "I'm an Animal" (Sylvester Stewart)  – 5:34
 "I'm Dying (Or Am I?)" (Eric Burdon)  – 4:28

Side two
 "Ring of Fire" (June Carter, Merle Kilgore)  – 4:58
 "Colored Rain" (Steve Winwood, Jim Capaldi, Chris Wood)  – 9:38

Side three
 "To Love Somebody" (Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb)  – 6:55
 "As the Years Go Passing By" (Deadric Malone)  – 10:13

Side four
 "Gemini" (Steve Hammond) / "Madman Running Through the Fields" [listed as "The Madman"] (Zoot Money, Andy Summers)  – 17:23

Personnel
Eric Burdon & The Animals
Eric Burdon — lead vocals, spoken word
Zoot Money — bass, backing and co-lead (3, 8a) vocals, organ, piano, spoken word (8a)
Andy Summers — guitar, backing vocals
John Weider — guitar, violin, backing vocals
Barry Jenkins — drums, percussion, backing vocals
with:
Robert Wyatt - backing vocals (1)
 brass?  arranger?  female vocalist on "To Love Somebody" ??

Album versions
LP
1968, MGM SE 4591-2, U.S.A.
1968, MGM U.K.

References

1968 albums
The Animals albums
MGM Records albums

Love Is (The Animals album)


Danny Williams (born 2 March 1981) is an English former professional footballer who is now an FA licensed agent.

He started his career at Chesterfield where after making his debut at turf moor (Burnley) aged 18 he went on to become a regular in his third season, before being released in 2002, like many players due to the ITV Digital saga. He was signed by Hereford United where he spent a further three seasons, almost gaining promotion to the Football League in the  2003–04 season. He scored two goals in a televised 9–0 win over Dagenham & Redbridge

His next club was Stevenage Borough under Graham Westley but after a good start, coming on as a substitute against Crawley Town and scoring from a free-kick with his first touch, his season was curtailed due to injury. The following season, he had spells at fellow Conference clubs Forest Green Rovers and later Rushden & Diamonds, being released from the latter in the summer of 2007. He later moved to Northwich and in January 2009 joined Belgian side R.R.F.C. Montegnée.

In Belgium Williams was part of an attacking trio, consisting of Williams, Ehui, and Paul Taylor, the trio would go on to score goals and win promotion, Williams notably scoring two goals in the play-off final.

After two seasons in Belgium, March 2011 he joined Conference North side, AFC Telford United and gained promotion to the National Conference via the play-offs.

Williams returned to Hereford United in August 2011 after being on trial, impressing manager Jamie Pitman. His first start back at his old club, came in the League Cup tie in front of a crowd of 21,058 at Villa Park, the home of Premier League side Aston Villa.

References

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Sheffield
English men's footballers
Chesterfield F.C. players
Hereford United F.C. players
Stevenage F.C. players
Forest Green Rovers F.C. players
Rushden & Diamonds F.C. players
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
R.R.F.C. Montegnée players
AFC Telford United players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Men's association football midfielders

Danny Williams (footballer, born 1981)


Radio nationale, commonly called Radio-Vichy, was a radio station operated by the Vichy government of France between 6 July 1940 and 26 August 1944.

The armistice of 22 June 1940 signed by officials of Nazi Germany and the French Third Republic outlawed all French radio broadcasts in Nazi-occupied France and made those active in the Zone libre subject to special authorization. Philippe Pétain, leader of the collaborationist Vichy state, obtained from the Germans the creation of two radio stations in the Zone libre: Radio nationale in 1940 and La Voix de la France in 1941.

Radio nationale broadcast from the Vichy Casino, hence its nickname Radio-Vichy. Pro-Nazi journalists from the antisemitic weekly Je suis partout—Alain Laubreaux and Lucien Rebatet, working under the direction of Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour—were among the founders, and gave through their programs an extremist image of the Vichy regime among the French, contradicting the initial Pétainist strategy. As the head of Radio-Vichy, Tixier-Vignancour offered a large broadcast time to collaborationist Marcel Déat. Concerned not to shock the listeners with excessive propaganda, Pierre Laval eventually dismissed the team in September 1940. Laval entrusted the direction of information to René Bonnefoy, who became in charge of developing the themes of the Révolution Nationale over the radio.

In the summer of 1940, a "radio war" (guerre des ondes) broke out, marked by oratory battles between the "totalitarian radio stations" (Radio Paris and Radio-Vichy) and the "resistant" BBC and Radio Londres which increased the power of their transmitters and the intensity of slogans, in response to radio jamming and threats to listeners by the Germans. From 1942, Philippe Henriot was the main propagandist of the station.

On 26 August 1944, the French Forces of the Interior invaded the recording studio of Radio Nationale in the city of Vichy, which definitively ceased broadcasting.

References

French collaboration during World War II
Radio stations disestablished in 1944
Public radio in France
Radio stations established in 1940
World War II propaganda radio stations
Defunct mass media in France
Fascist propaganda

Radio Nationale (France)


Hiram Brown (January 23, 1801 – September 7, 1890) was an American politician who served as the first mayor of Manchester, New Hampshire.

Background
Before he was mayor, Brown worked for the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company supervising the stonework used in the construction of the company's facilities.

Brown was elected in 1840 to the Manchester Board of Selectmen.

Election and mayoralty

In the first city election of Manchester, New Hampshire, Brown was the Whig party candidate for mayor. In the election held on August 19, 1846, no candidate received a majority of the votes. Brown was elected mayor in the second round of the election held on September 1, 1846. Brown was sworn in as mayor at 10 A.M. on September 8, 1846, and served as mayor until his successor was sworn in on May 25, 1847.

Later life and death
Brown died on September 7, 1890.

See also
 List of mayors of Manchester, New Hampshire

Notes

1801 births
1890 deaths
New Hampshire Whigs
19th-century American politicians
Mayors of Manchester, New Hampshire

Hiram Brown


Esha Deol Takhtani (born 2 November 1981) is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in Hindi films. The daughter of actors Dharmendra and Hema Malini, Deol made her acting debut in the romantic thriller Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe (2002), which won her the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut.

Following a series of poorly received films, Deol had success in the political film Aayutha Ezhuthu (2004), the horror film Kaal (2005), the action thrillers Dhoom (2004) and Dus (2005), and the comedy No Entry (2005). This was followed by a setback and a hiatus. Deol returned to acting with the streaming series Rudra: The Edge of Darkness (2022) and Hunter Tootega Nahi Todega (2023).

Early life and family

Esha Deol was born in Bombay (present Mumbai) on 2 November 1981. She is the elder daughter of Bollywood actors Dharmendra and Hema Malini. She has a younger sister named Ahana. She is the half sister of actors Sunny Deol and Bobby Deol and the first cousin of actor Abhay Deol. Her father is Punjabi Jat, and her mother Tamil Hindu Iyengar Brahmin. She speaks Tamil with her mother and sister.

During her school days at Jamnabai Narsee School, she was passionate about football and played as a midfielder. She was the captain of her school football team, represented her college in handball at the state level. She played as a national level footballer and was also selected to play for Maharashtra in the Senior National Championship at Punjab in 2001.

Career

Debut and early work (2002–2003)

She started her acting career in a lead role with Vinay Shukla's Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe (2002) opposite Aftab Shivdasani, with Sanjay Kapoor, Jaya Bachchan and Anupam Kher playing supporting roles. The movie was a box office failure. Deol received mixed reactions from critics upon her performance. Savera R Someshwar of Rediff.com wrote "Esha, as a person, exudes a confidence that almost borders on arrogance." Rakesh Budhu of Planet Bollywood wrote "She isn't horrible, but given the hype, the demands and of course, comparisons, she surely isn't up to the mark. … Of course, she is nowhere close to being a washout and if you are her fan you can appreciate the other aspects of her performances without completely losing faith in her future projects." Despite mixed reactions and box office failure, Deol won numerous awards for her performance including the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut at the 48th Filmfare Awards.

Deol's second film was Arjun Sablok's love triangle Na Tum Jaano Na Hum opposite Saif Ali Khan and Hrithik Roshan. Taran Adarsh of IndiaFm praised her acting and wrote "it is Esha Deol who surprises you with a mature performance. Although her looks are inconsistent, the youngster takes on the role with utmost sincerity and comes out with a natural performance. She has been better presented when compared to her debut film." Bhavna Giani of Rediff praised Deol's acting and dancing and compared it to Deol's mother Hema Malini. Deol's third and final release of the year was Sanjay Chhel's Kyaa Dil Ne Kahaa opposite Tusshar Kapoor. It was Deol's third consecutive flop but she earned critical acclaim and Taran Adarsh observed that it was her better performance as compared to her previous two films.

Deol's first two movies of 2003: Kucch To Hai and Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne were box office failures. For Kucch To Hai, Deol earned mixed reviews from Taran Adarsh, who wrote "Esha Deol shows improvement in terms of performance as well as her overall appearance." Taran Adarsh considered Deol to be "alright" in Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne.

Deol was one of the heroines of J.P. Dutta's multi starrer war epic LOC: Kargil and was paired with Abhishek Bachchan. Though Deol and all the other heroines could not get much scope, she earned critical acclaim for her performance. The film became the sixth highest-grossing film of the year.

Breakthrough and success (2004–2008)
In 2004, Deol made her debut in Tamil cinema by playing a French teacher in Mani Ratnam's political film Aayutha Ezhuthu opposite Suriya. She earned critical acclaim for her performance. Sify.com defined her as "surprisingly fresh and sparkling". To prepare for her role, Deol learned nuances of the language with Mani Ratnam's assistant R. Kannan. This was the only Tamil film she ever acted in. After completing Aaytha Ezhuthu, Deol started filming the Hindi version of the movie titled Yuva. In Yuva, Deol repeated the same role and was paired opposite Ajay Devgn. Both movies were released on the same date but could not attain success. Yuva had a below average opening and flopped at the box office.

Deol finally got her breakthrough with Yash Raj Films' action film Dhoom opposite Abhishek Bachchan, John Abraham, Uday Chopra and Rimi Sen. It was Deol's first action role and she was paired opposite Chopra. The film had a decent opening and became a hit at the box office, becoming the fourth-highest-grossing film of the year. Deol did not get much scope in the film, but her performance earned her a nomination for the IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress at the 6th IIFA Awards.

After the success of Dhoom, Deol starred in Krishna Vamsi's war film Insan opposite Akshay Kumar. It was Deol's first release of 2005. The film was a failure at the box office. Her next release was Main Aisa Hi Hoon opposite Ajay Devgn. The film was a remake of the Hollywood movie I Am Sam (2001). Deol played a supporting role and earned praise by Patcy N. Subhash K. Jha of IANS also praised Deol, writing: "Esha Deol as the fey unstable nomadic and maladjusted Maya is a mix of Zeenat Aman in Hare Rama Hare Krishna and Anooradha Patel in Ijaazat. Playing this zonked-out character Esha Deol comes into her own as an actress. Her far-way looks of pain, anger, neglect and insecurity remain with you long after the film. Yup she too has matured along with Hindi cinema."

In 2007, Deol's portrayal of a notorious and vengeful ghost for Ram Gopal Verma's Darling was reviewed positively. Her next release was Cash again opposite Ajay Devgn. In 2008, she performed her first item number in Ajay Devgn film Sunday. She further appeared in Hijack and took a sabbatical break from films for two years.

Hiatus and return to acting (2011–present)
Deol's next film was Tell Me O Kkhuda (2011) directed and produced by her mother Hema Malini. She portrayed the lead role in the film opposite Arjan Bajwa, Vinod Khanna, Rishi Kapoor and her father Dharmendra.

Deol released her short film Ek Duaa in which she acted and also produced alongside her husband. The film was released on Voot, and it was met with mixed to positive reviews.

Deol reunited with Ajay Devgan in the 2022 web series Rudra: The Edge of Darkness which marked her comeback. In 2023, She appeared alongside Suniel Shetty in the series Hunter Tootega Nahi Todega.

Other work
Like their mother, Esha and her sister are trained in classical dance forms. Esha is a professional Odissi dancer and was also trained in Bharatanatyam.

In February 2020, Deol announced her first book Amma Mia! on Instagram. This book is a hands-on guide on parenting and children diet.

Personal life

On 29 June 2012, Esha Deol married Bharat Takhtani in a low-key wedding ceremony at the ISKCON temple in Mumbai.

In April 2017, it was announced that the couple was expecting their first child. She gave birth to her daughter in October 2017 at Hinduja Hospital in Mumbai and named her Radhya. On 10 June 2019, she gave birth to her second daughter, Miraya.

Filmography

Films
All films are in Hindi unless otherwise noted.

Television

Awards and nominations

See also
 List of Indian film actresses
 List of Hindi film actresses

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Indian film actresses
Indian web series actresses
Actresses from Mumbai
Indian female classical dancers
Performers of Indian classical dance
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Actresses in Tamil cinema
Actresses in Telugu cinema
Actresses in Kannada cinema
Mithibai College alumni
Filmfare Awards winners
Screen Awards winners
International Indian Film Academy Awards winners
Odissi exponents
Punjabi people
Indian Tamil people
21st-century Indian actresses

Esha Deol


The 2002 United Nations Security Council election was held on 27 September 2002 at United Nations Headquarters in New York City during the 57th session of the United Nations General Assembly. The General Assembly elected five non-permanent members of the UN Security Council for two-year terms commencing on 1 January 2003.

The five candidates elected were Angola (for the first time), Chile, Germany, Pakistan, and Spain.

Geographic distribution
In accordance with the General Assembly's rules for the geographic distribution of the non-permanent members of the Security Council, and established practice, the members were to be elected as follows: one from Africa, one from Asia, one from Latin American and the Caribbean (GRULAC), and two from Western Europe and Other States.

Candidates
There was a total of five candidates for the five seats - none of the seats were contested. The candidates were: Angola for the African Group; Chile for the GRULAC region; Pakistan for the Asian Group, and Germany and Spain for the Western European and Others Group.

Results

Voting proceeded by secret ballot. For each geographic group, each member state could vote for as many candidates as were to be elected. There were 183 ballots in each of the three elections.

African and Asian States (two to be elected)
Angola 181
Pakistan 172
abstentions 1

Latin American and Caribbean States (one to be elected)
Chile 178
abstentions 5

Western European and Other States (two to be elected)
Germany 180
Spain 180

End Result
With all the five candidates running uncontested, and each of them achieving the requisite 2/3 support, the result of the election was as follows: Angola, Chile, Germany, Pakistan, and Spain were elected to the Security Council for two-year terms beginning on 1 January 2003.

See also
List of members of the United Nations Security Council
Germany and the United Nations
Pakistan and the United Nations
European Union and the United Nations

References
UN Document GA/10069 press release on the admittance of East Timor to the United Nations and the election
Southern Africa Documentation and Cooperation Centre

2002 elections
2002
2002 in international relations
Non-partisan elections
September 2002 events


The End of the World () is a 1916 Danish science fiction drama film directed by August Blom and written by Otto Rung, starring Olaf Fønss and Ebba Thomsen. The film depicts a worldwide catastrophe when an errant comet passes by Earth and causes natural disasters and social unrest. Blom and his crew created special effects for the comet disaster using showers of fiery sparks and shrouds of smoke. The film attracted a huge audience because of fears generated during the passing of Halley's comet six years earlier, as well as the ongoing turbulence and unrest of World War I. The film is also known as The Flaming Sword. It was restored by the Danish Film Institute and released on DVD in 2006.

Cast
Olaf Fønss as Frank Stoll - Mine Owner
Carl Lauritzen as Mineformand / Mine Forman West
Ebba Thomsen as Dina West
Johanne Fritz-Petersen as Edith West
Thorleif Lund as Minearbejder / Worker Flint
Alf Blütecher as Styrmand / Ship's Mate Reymers
Frederik Jacobsen as Den vandrende Prædikant / The Wandering Preacher
K. Zimmerman as Professor Wissmann
Moritz Beilawski
Erik Holberg

References

External links

 The End of the World on YouTube

1916 films
1910s science fiction drama films
Apocalyptic films
Danish black-and-white films
Danish silent films
Danish science fiction drama films
Fiction about comets
Films directed by August Blom
Films about impact events
1916 drama films
Comets in film
Silent science fiction drama films

The End of the World (1916 film)


The Arctic dipole anomaly is a pressure pattern characterized by high pressure on the arctic regions of North America and low pressure on those of Eurasia.  This pattern sometimes replaces the Arctic oscillation and the North Atlantic oscillation.  It was observed for the first time in the first decade of 2000s and is perhaps linked to recent climate change.  The Arctic dipole lets more southern winds into the Arctic Ocean resulting in more ice melting. The summer 2007 event played an important role in the record low sea ice extent which was recorded in September.  The Arctic dipole has also been linked to changes in arctic circulation patterns that cause drier winters in Northern Europe, but much wetter winters in Southern Europe and colder winters in East Asia, Europe and the eastern half of North America.

Description

In the 1990s and early 2000s, many studies of Arctic sea ice export focused on the Arctic and North Atlantic oscillations as the primary drivers of export. However, other studies, such as those by Watanabe and Hasumi and Vinje, suggested that the Arctic and North Atlantic oscillations did not always explain the variability in sea ice export.

In 2006, the Arctic dipole anomaly was formally proposed by Bingyi Wu, Jia Wang, and John Walsh, using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis datasets spanning 1960–2002. It is defined as the spatial distribution of the second leading empirical orthogonal functions mode of monthly mean sea level pressure north of 70° N, where the first leading mode corresponds to the Arctic oscillation. When defined for the winter season (October through March), the first leading mode (Arctic oscillation) accounts for 61% of the total variance, while the second leading mode (Arctic dipole anomaly) accounts for 13%.

While the Arctic oscillation has an annular structure centered over and covering the entire Arctic, the Arctic dipole anomaly has two poles of opposite sign: one over the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and northern Greenland, the other over the Kara and Laptev seas. This dipole structure leads to a pressure gradient with a zero isopleth oriented from the Bering Strait, across the Arctic to the Greenland and Barents seas.  As a result, anomalous winds are generally directed parallel to the zero isopleth either towards the Greenland and Barents seas (positive Arctic dipole anomaly) or toward the Bering Strait (negative Arctic dipole anomaly).

Impacts on Arctic sea ice

Although the Arctic oscillation is responsible for more of the total variance in mean sea level pressure over the Arctic, the meridional winds anomalies that arise as a result of the spatial structure of the Arctic dipole anomaly make it the primary driver of the variability of Arctic sea ice export. During the positive phase of the Arctic dipole anomaly, anomalous winds drive sea ice from the central Arctic out through the Fram Strait and into the Greenland Sea via the Transpolar Drift Stream. In contrast, during the negative phase, anomalous winds reduce the removal of sea ice through the Fram Strait. This is supported by Watanabe et al., as well as Wang et al., which show that sea ice export is enhanced during the positive phase of the Arctic dipole anomaly, while export is reduced during the negative phase.

However, the Arctic oscillation cannot be ignored when considering sea ice export from the Arctic. By itself, circulation associated with a positive phase Arctic Oscillation results in an increase in sea ice export, while the negative phase of the Arctic oscillation is associated with reduced Arctic sea ice export. When considering sea ice export in connection with the Arctic dipole anomaly, the Arctic oscillation determines the sign of the dominant mean sea level pressure anomaly, while the Arctic dipole anomaly determines the location of the dominant mean sea level pressure anomaly (over the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and northern Greenland, or over the Kara and Laptev seas). Therefore, while the Arctic dipole anomaly determines whether the overall export of sea ice will be promoted or restricted, the Arctic oscillation will either enhance or diminish the influence of the Arctic dipole anomaly.

Connection to extreme summer sea ice minima

The Arctic dipole anomaly has also been suggested to play an important role in the occurrence of several extreme sea ice minima that have occurred since the mid-1990s, including the minimum in 2007. Wang et al. suggest that in addition to anomalous winds driving sea ice out of the Arctic through the Fram Strait, the positive phase of the Arctic dipole anomalies may also increase the flow of relatively warm waters from the North Pacific through the Bering Strait into the Arctic Ocean. Warmer waters, in addition to increased sea ice export, could result in reduced sea ice areal extent.  Additionally, preconditioning of sea ice from the previous winter and summer seasons, as well as multidecadal trends, plays a role in determining the minimum sea ice extent for a given year.

See also

 Abrupt climate change
 Arctic oscillation
 Atlantic multidecadal oscillation
 Beaufort Gyre
 Climate of Europe
 Gulf Stream
 Indian Ocean Dipole
 North Atlantic oscillation
 Pacific decadal oscillation
 Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern
 Polar vortex
 Siberian High

References

External links

Regional climate effects
Environment of the Arctic

Arctic dipole anomaly


Anthony Hill (23 April 1930 – 13 October 2020) was an English artist, painter and relief-maker, originally a member of the post-World War II British art movement termed the Constructionist Group whose work was essentially in the international constructivist tradition.

Biography
His fellow members in this group were Victor Pasmore, Adrian Heath, John Ernest, Kenneth Martin, Mary Martin, Gillian Wise (artist) and Stephen Gilbert. He was born on 23 April 1930 in London, and studied at the St Martin's and the Central Schools of Art 1948–51. He began painting in the style of Dada and Surrealism in 1948 but quickly moved on to geometric abstract idioms. He made his first relief in 1954 and abandoned painting for relief-making in 1956. One feature of these reliefs has been the use of non-traditional materials such as industrial aluminium and Perspex. His first one-man show of reliefs was held at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in 1958. He has participated in exhibitions of abstract and constructivist art in the UK, Paris, Germany, Holland, Poland, Switzerland and the USA. In 1978 he exhibited in the Arts Council's exhibition, Constructive Context, alongside a number if artists such as Jeffrey Steele and Peter Lowe who had begun working in a systematised constructive mode in the mid to late 1960s and came together in the Systems Group in December 1969. Hill, however, along with the Martins, declined membership of this group. In 1983 the Hayward Gallery held a major retrospective exhibition of Anthony Hill's constructivist work.

Anthony Hill has had a lifelong fascination with mathematics, and there are many mathematicians among his circle of acquaintances. Together with his colleague John Ernest he made contributions to graph theory (crossing number) and in 1979, in recognition of a number of his mathematical papers, he was elected a member of the London Mathematical Society and made a visiting research associate in the Department of Mathematics at University College, London. But although almost all his reliefs have an underlying mathematical structure or logic, he was always insistent that in his art, in his own words, "the mathematical thematic or mathematical process can only be a component: one is calculating or organising something which is clearly not mathematical."  From the late 1980s onward, working in parallel with his systems-based work but in a very different mode, Anthony Hill exhibited dadaist pictures and collages under the pseudonym Achill Redo. The Tate Gallery, London has collections under both of the names Anthony Hill and Achill Redo.

An excellent summary of the life and constructivist work of Anthony Hill, together with that of the other British constructivists, is given in Alastair Grieve's authoritative book of 2005.

He died on 13 October 2020 at the age of 90.

References

 Fowler, Alan. Essay in online Philosophy of Mathematics Education Journal No. 24, December 2009, 'A Rational Aesthetic'.
 Fowler, Alan, Essay, 'The Systems Group and its Constructivist Context', in exhibition catalogue 'A Rational Aesthetic', Southampton City Art Gallery, 2009.
 Grieve, Alastair, Essay in exhibition catalogue 'Anthony Hill', Arts Council, London, 1983
 Grieve, Alastair Constructed Abstract Art in England After the Second World War: A Neglected Avant Garde, Yale University Press. 2005. .
 Harary, Frank and Hill, Anthony. On the number of crossings in a complete graph. Proceedings of the Edinburgh Math. Society (2), 13:333-338, 1962/1963.
 Hill, Anthony, editor Data: Directions in Art, Theory and Aesthetics, Faber and Faber. 1968.
 Hill, Anthony, editor Duchamp: Passim, Craftsman House. 1994.

External links
 Artworks in the Tate collection by Anthony Hill
 Artworks in the Tate collection under the pseudonym Achill Redo

20th-century English painters
English male painters
English contemporary artists
21st-century English painters
21st-century English male artists
1930 births
2020 deaths
Mathematical artists
20th-century English male artists

Anthony Hill (artist)


Alberton is a town situated on the southern part of the East Rand of the Gauteng Province in South Africa and is situated very close to the major urban centre of Johannesburg.

Alberton is described as a typical suburban community, one which is primarily residential in character, with most of its workers commuting to work in nearby suburbs or cities such as Johannesburg and Germiston.

History

In the early 1840s, the Voortrekkers Johan Georg (Org) Meyer and Hester Catharina Elizabeth (née Mulder) arrived in the Transvaal after moving from their home in Prince Albert, in what was then the Cape Colony.

Org sourced land and selected three farms, namely Klipriviersberg, Elandsfontein and Swartkoppies. In 1856, Johannes Petrus Meyer (better known as Jan Meyer) acquired  of his father's Elandsfontein farm and built a house next to the Natalspruit, close to where the civic centre stands today. In 1890, he built a new farmhouse mansion on the opposite end of the farm that was miraculously left unharmed during the Anglo Boer War of 1899–1902. The homestead can still be seen today from the bypassing N12 freeway. Jan's brother, also Johan Georg (Org) Meyer, took over the farm after Jan's death. General Hendrik Abraham Alberts, a veteran of the Anglo Boer War, purchased a part of the farm from Org in 1904 and named it Alberton.

The Afrikaans medium primary school Jan Meyer was named for the original owner of the farm, and the affluent suburb Meyersdal also refers to the family whose original farmhouse mansion still stands on the land behind the Meyersdal koppie. The primary school Generaal Alberts, and Hennie Alberts Avenue in the suburb of Brackenhurst, are named after the town founder.

The first official post office was opened in 1926, and in 1938 building work started on a town hall. In the same year, street names in the Alberton North suburb were renamed after Voortrekker leaders to coincide with the 100 year commemoration of the Great Trek. A well-known landmark of the city, ABC STORE, was established in 1943 on Pieter Uys Avenue, Alberton North, and is still trading today as a general store specializing in school uniforms.

Alberton was incorporated into the City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality governing the East Rand in the year 2000 and celebrated its centenary year in 2005.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census conducted by Statistics South Africa, Alberton had a population of 121,536; but this figure excludes the black township of Thokoza, which has a population of 105,827.

Geography
Alberton lies at an elevation of approximately  above sea level on the banks of the Natal Spruit, approximately 11 km south-east of Johannesburg, 59 km south of Pretoria and 49 km north-east of Vereeniging. Organisationally and administratively, it is included in the City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality.

Alberton is bordered by the city of Germiston to the north-east, the townships of Thokoza and Katlehong to the east, and the city of Johannesburg to the west and north-west.

Cityscape
The city's initial centre of development was in the area now known as Alberton North or 'Old' Alberton. The original black settlement in Alberton was in the area of the Alberton Dam. During the apartheid era, inhabitants were moved to the surrounding black townships and a 'white' suburb was established around the dam and named Verwoerdpark, after former prime minister Hendrik Verwoerd. Over the years, development sprawled out into adjacent areas, and today Alberton is made up of 19 suburbs stretching over an area of 77 km2. The city, as per South African in whole, is no longer segregated although surrounding black townships (which are now also not exclusively black) still remain.

Suburbs

 Alberante
 Albertsdal
 Alberton North
 Alrode
 Brackendowns
 Brackenhurst
 Eden Park
 Florentia
 General Albertspark
 Mayberry Park
 Meyersdal
 New Redruth
 Newmarket Park
 Palm Ridge
 Raceview
 Randhart
 South Crest
 Sky City
 Thokoza
 Verwoerdpark

Alrode, which is Alberton's industrial suburb, was established in 1943. One of the most notable industries to be established in the town during this time was CJ Fuchs (Pty) Ltd. Venturing into the production of domestic electrical appliances under licence from the American company Westing House Electric International, the business was relocated from central Johannesburg to a newly built, modern factory in Alrode in 1948. Until the mid-seventies, CJ Fuchs (Pty) Ltd would continue to grow into a multi-million Rand operation, employing thousands of people in several subsidiary companies within the group. After Carl Fuchs' death in April 1976, the company was sold to the then Barlow Rand. In 1973, he was also the first to be admitted as a Freeman of the Town of Alberton.

The construction of the Alberton Boulevard was a major development started in the late 1980s with the aim of converting a section of Voortrekker Road that runs past the Alberton City Shopping Mall into a pedestrian-friendly zone.

Transport
Alberton has multiple access roads to some of the major freeways in the Gauteng Province such as the R59, N12, N17 and N3.

The R59 Sybrand van Niekerk Freeway is the main highway running through Alberton, separating its western suburbs of Brackenhurst, Brackendowns and Meyersdal from the rest of the town. The regional highway connects Alberton with Vereeniging, Sasolburg and Bloemfontein (via the N1) to the south-west, and Johannesburg to the north-west.

The N12 Southern Bypass Freeway runs north of Alberton connecting the town with Potchefstroom to the south-west and with Benoni and eMalahleni to the north-east. The N17 Freeway runs north-east of Alberton connecting the town with Springs to the north-east and the N3 Freeway partially borders Alberton to the west at its eastern suburb of Verwoerdpark connecting the town with Johannesburg to the north-west and with Heidelberg and Durban to the south-east.

Local major routes in Alberton include: R554 (Swartkoppies Road) leading north-eastwards to Brakpan and westwards to Lenasia, M7 (Kliprivier Drive) to Johannesburg, the M31 (Voortrekker Road) to Johannesburg, the M48 (Van Riebeeck Avenue) leading northwards to Germiston, the M61 (Vereeniging Road) to Vereeniging, the M94 (Kritzinger Road/Grey Avenue) to Germiston, and the M95 (Nelson Mandela Avenue) to Johannesburg South.

Sports
There are many well-established sports facilities and clubs for tennis, rugby, road running, boxing, wrestling, cricket, jukskei, netball, hockey, soccer, bowls, korfball and ring tennis in Alberton.

It is also home to the Reading Country Club and Golf Course.

Alberton was also home to the now defunct New Market Race Course, which is now a shopping mall.

Parks and greenspace
Alberton borders on the Klipriviersberg Nature Reserve, located on Peggy Vera Road, Kibler Park, Gauteng (26°18′13″S 28°0′39″E). This reserve is home to many wild animals, including zebra, red hartebeest, porcupines, black wildebeest, otters, blesbok, springbok, duiker and 170 bird species.

There are also Iron Age settlements dating from about 1500 and the ruins of a house built in 1850 by voortrekker Sarel Marais.

Infrastructure

Health
Healthcare facilities include numerous government clinics as well the privately run Netcare Alberton hospital, formerly the Union Hospital and Clinton Clinic respectively.

Notable residents (past and present)

Trevor Noah (Comedian)
Japie Mulder (Springbok rugby player)
Arnold Vosloo (Actor)
Carl Niehaus (Politician)
Andrew Hall (Protea cricketer)
André Pretorius (Springbok rugby player)
Bernadette Coston (Protea and Olympian hockey player)
Malcolm Marx (Springbok rugby player)
Ruan Combrinck (Springbok rugby player)
Gert van der Merwe (Paralympic athlete)
Marais Viljoen (State President of South Africa)

Earthquake
On June 11, 2023, Alberton experienced a notable earthquake that originated approximately 2 km from Alberton. Preliminary measurements by the US Geological Survey indicated a magnitude of 5.0 on the Richter scale. The earthquake struck at a depth of around 10 kilometers. Residents from Johannesburg noted that it was the worst earthquake in 6 years.

Gallery

References

External links
Alberton web site
Alberton Blogging and Community web site
Alberton Online Community Forum and Business Directory
Alberton moving company

East Rand
Populated places in Ekurhuleni

Alberton, South Africa


The J-class blimps were non-rigid airships designed by the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics and Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company in the early 1920s for the US Navy.

Design and development
Designed in 1919, the J-type were to be improvements upon the D-type. Improvements included a smaller envelope (174,800 cu ft), more powerful engines, a new, simple boat style control car capable of water landings and a single ballonet to reduce weight as tried in the H-1. Two airships, designated J-1 and J-2, were ordered. J-1 first flew 31 August 1922 at Wingfoot Lake. The J-1 was operated at Hampton Roads until airship operations there were terminated in 1924. From May 1924 the J-1 served at Lakehurst, and was at that time the Navy's only active blimp. Due to the single ballonet, the J-1 proved difficult to handle. J-1 was retired in August 1924. J-2 was cancelled due to the failure of the single ballonet J-1, with the car being stored at the Naval Aircraft Factory.

J-3 was assembled from an Army TC type envelope and control car, modified to suit the Navy. Instrumentation came from the J-1. The J-3 first flew 12 October 1926. Lakehurst was the only naval air station which the J-3 served at. Its role was to train crews for the ZR-3 and ZRS-4 and 5. The J-3 was lost on April 4, 1933, during a forced landing while searching for survivors of the Navy rigid airship   with the loss of 2 out of  the blimp's crew of 7. Rescue was made by a United States Coast Guard and New York Police Department amphibians. J-4 utilized the J-2 control car, modified by enclosing it, and a TC-type envelope. It was test flown in November 1927. The J-4 served as a trainer at Lakehurst until it was sent to Sunnyvale in the summer of 1933. After the Army took over Sunnyvale, the J-4 was returned to Lakehurst in May 1935. The J-4 was stricken from the Navy registry in March 1940.

The J-class blimps were equipped with a control car that was suspended externally from the envelope. Utilizing helium for lift, the envelope capacity was . Two radial engines powered the blimp.

Operators

United States Army As TC Class Blimps
United States Navy

Specifications (J-3 and J-4)

See also

References

1920s United States patrol aircraft
Airships of the United States Navy
Goodyear aircraft

J-class blimp


The  is a 6-axle (Bo-Bo-Bo wheel arrangement) DC electric locomotive type operated on passenger and freight services in Japan since 1964.

Variants
 EF64-0: Numbers EF64 1 – 79 (built from 1964 to 1976)
 EF64-1000: Numbers EF64 1001 – 1053 (built from 1980 to 1982)

History

EF64-0 subclass
The class was designed to replace the ageing EF16 class locomotives used on the steeply-graded Ou and Chuo mainlines in the early 1960s. Two prototype locomotives, EF64 1 and 2, were delivered in 1964, built by Toshiba and Kawasaki Sharyo respectively. The basic body design was based on that of the earlier Class EF62s but with the more usual Japanese Bo-Bo-Bo wheel arrangement. Livery from the start was all-over blue with just the lower cab ends painted cream.

Full production started in 1965, continuing to 1976 with loco EF64 79. Minor variations within the class included the discontinuation of the cab ventilation grilles above the marker lights from EF64 46 onward. Locos EF64 1 to 12 and EF64 29 to 55 were equipped with train-heating generators for passenger use, and are distinguishable by the train heating indicator lights next to the cab doors. The DT120A/DT121A bogies were virtually identical to those used on the Class EF70.

The first batch of locos, consisting of EF64 1 to 12, were assigned to the Ōu Main Line between Fukushima and Yonezawa, where their duties included assisting KiHa 80 Tsubasa DMUs over the steep gradients.

The second batch, from EF64 13 onward, were allocated to the Chuo Main Line for use primarily on freight duties. With the conversion of the Ou Main Line from 1,500 V DC to 20 kV AC electrification in October 1968, the first 12 locos were transferred to the Chuo Main Line.

Nowadays, with the exception of a handful of locos owned by JR East/Central/West for charter and occasional passenger haulage, the subclass is divided evenly between Shiojiri and Aichi depots (JR Freight) at either end of the Chuo Line.

EF64-1000 subclass
The first EF64-1000, EF64 1001, appeared in 1980 for use on the Joetsu Line, replacing ageing Class EF15/16 and EF58 locomotives. This subclass could almost be described as a totally new design. The body was lengthened from 17,900 mm to 18,600, and the bodysides were given an asymmetrical appearance with ventilation grilles at one end and windows at the other. PS22 scissors-type pantographs replaced the PS17 lozenge-type pantographs of the EF64-0s. The bogies were the same DT138A/DT139A type as used on Class EF81 locomotives. A total of 53 EF64-1000s were built by 1982, all by Kawasaki and Toyo Electric. Locos from EF64 1033 onward were built without train-heating generators.

Apart from a handful of locos owned by JR East and based at Takasaki and Nagaoka depots for use on sleeper and charter train haulage, the subclass is largely based at Takasaki for Joetsu Line freight duties. Locos EF64 1046 to 1050, however, are based at Okayama depot for use on Hakubi Line freight duties.

EF64 1030 and 1031, owned by JR East, both have EMU-couplers and jumper sockets, and these locos are frequently used for hauling new rolling stock from the Niitsu factory to Tokyo via the Jōetsu Line, and also for hauling withdrawn rolling stock to Nagano.

Life-extension refurbishment
From 1996, the EF64-0s underwent a life-extension refurbishment programme, with EF64 67 the first locomotive treated. Refurbishment was carried out at Omiya and Hiroshima Works, with locos initially released in the JR Freight livery of two-tone blue and light grey. Minor livery variations were implemented during the programme, and locos treated at Hiroshima were distinguished by having mustard-coloured cab gangway doors.

From 2004 onward, the JR Freight livery was simplified by using a single shade of dark blue and light grey.

The first EF64-1000, EF64 1015, also underwent refurbishment in 2003, appearing in the then-standard JR Freight two-tone blue and light grey livery. However, following complaints from staff about the difficulties in visually distinguishing the loco from refurbished EF65s, a new livery was devised and applied to the next loco to be refurbished, EF64 1009, consisting of standard blue with broad white diagonal bands and large red "JRF" bodyside logos. The first Okayama-based EF64-1000, EF64 1047 was refurbished in July 2006 at Hiroshima Works, and this was released in a further simplified livery of all-over blue with white bodyside stripe and light grey lower cab front.

Withdrawals
There have been no accident-related withdrawals of EF64s, but the first member of the class was withdrawn in 2003 following the introduction of the JR Freight Class EH200. By April 2007, 24 EF64-0s had been withdrawn, and a further 9 were in storage.

, 47 EF64s remained in service, with eight (including the sole remaining Class EF64-0, EF64 37) operated by JR East, and 39 EF64-1000s operated by JR Freight.

Livery variations
 EF64 35 Repainted into white/blue Euroliner livery in August 1990. Although the Euroliner set was withdrawn in April 2005, EF64 35 is allocated to Shizuoka depot (JR Central) and based at Nagoya.
 EF64 37 Painted all-over brown in 2003 to celebrate 100th anniversary of Chuo Main Line between Kofu and Enzan. Allocated to Takasaki depot (JR East), but normally based at Kofu. Used on charter train and engineering train duties.
 EF64 41 Painted all-over brown with gold numbers in May 2006.
 EF64 66 Repainted into white/blue Euroliner livery in August 1985 for use with the 12 series Euroliner Joyful Train set. This was the first EF64 to receive a livery other than standard blue. Operated by JR Central, it was withdrawn in March 2007 and is currently stored at Hamamatsu Works.
 EF64 77 Received a white bodyline stripe and brass depot plates when it hauled the imperial train on the Chūō Mainline in October 1986. Subsequently, it was refurbished and repainted.
 EF64 1001 Painted brown with a white stripe. This locomotive is allocated to Takasaki depot (JR East) for use on charter train duties, but was returned to standard blue JNR livery in October 2017.
 EF64 1010 Painted in blue with large yellow "JR" lettering on the body sides, yellow cab ends, and red numberplates.

Preserved examples

, two Class EF64 locomotives were preserved.
 EF64 18: Preserved in a park close to Katsunuma-budōkyō Station on the Chuo Main Line in Koshu, Yamanashi
 EF64 22: Cab end only privately preserved in Tottori Prefecture
 EF64 77: Stored at Inazawa Depot in Aichi Prefecture for a time and restored to imperial train livery with white stripe in November 2012. But, it was dismantled in January 2020.

See also
 Japan Railways locomotive numbering and classification

References

Electric locomotives of Japan
EF64
EF64
EF64
Bo-Bo-Bo locomotives
1500 V DC locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1964
Toshiba locomotives
1067 mm gauge locomotives of Japan

JNR Class EF64


Louis Owen Macloon (20 May 1893 – 13 August 1979, age 86) was a prominent theatrical producer of the 1920s and 1930s.

Family
Macloon was the son of Chicago Tribune reporter Charles Macloon and his wife, Josephine, née Owen.

Louis Macloon married three times:
 Lois Florence Hoover in 1916, divorced by 1922
 Lillian Albertson, in 1922, divorced in 1933
 Lucille Ryman, 1936 (also ended in divorce)

He had one child, a daughter, Ruth, by his first wife.

Theatrical producer career
Macloon is credited with having given Clark Gable his first professional acting role, carrying a spear as a soldier. Later, Gable served as understudy to the role of Sergeant Quirk in What Price Glory by Laurence Stallings and Maxwell Anderson, another Macloon production. Macloon told Gable, "You'll do, my boy."

Macloon's career with producing partner and wife Lillian Albertson was prolific, marking over a decade of successful plays and musicals from New York to Chicago and Los Angeles, including It Pays to Sin, which they translated from Hungarian.

Entrepreneur
Macloon was also an entrepreneur, and was a major investor in Almac Yacht Corporation, of Mystic, Connecticut, which built fifty foot Seven Seas Cruisers with interiors designed by Joseph Urban, the noted architect of the Ziegfeld Theatre.

Death
Macloon died 13 August 1979 at age 86 in Baker City, Oregon.

References

External links

1893 births
1979 deaths
American theatre managers and producers
Hungarian–English translators
People from Baker City, Oregon
20th-century translators

Louis Macloon


Appomattox Manor is a former plantation house in Hopewell, Virginia, United States. It is best known as the Union headquarters during the Siege of Petersburg in 1864–65.

The restored  manor house on a bluff overlooking the confluence of the James River and Appomattox River, and the grounds are managed by the National Park Service. The museum there, Grant's Headquarters at City Point Museum, is a unit of the Petersburg National Battlefield Park.

Before the war
The Eppes family home was a century old by the time Union forces occupied the site in 1864. It had been built on a large tract of land acquired by Captain Francis Eppes in 1635 and by the time of the American Civil War it was the center of a plantation covering more than 2,300 acres (9.3 km2).

The war years
In 1861 Appomattox Plantation was owned by Dr. Richard Eppes. Though he owned three plantations and nearly 130 slaves, Dr. Eppes was not a strong secessionist. Yet when Virginia cast her lot with the South he took up arms by joining a local cavalry unit. He soon left the army to become a contract surgeon at a Confederate hospital in Petersburg. The Eppes family remained at their home until 1862 when the arrival of Union gunboats on the James River forced them to flee their home for the safety of Petersburg. Soon thereafter nearly all of their slaves left with those Union forces. When the war came to Petersburg two years later Mrs. Eppes and the children fled again, this time to her mother's home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Appomattox Plantation was used as the offices of U.S. Quartermaster Rufus Ingalls and his staff during the siege. City Point was a port on the James River. During the last years of the Civil War, from the port there, the City Point Railroad was used to support the Union forces during the Siege of Petersburg 1864–65. The successful capture of Petersburg and its network of railroads was the key to the fall of the Confederate capital city of Richmond, ending the war less than a week later.

After the surrender, when Dr. Eppes returned he found his house in near ruin and his plantation nearly destroyed. Not until March 1866 with the last Union regiments gone and the property back in his name did his wife and children return home to pick up the pieces and start anew.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. The manor house and surrounding land was donated to the National Park Service by the Eppes family.  It is located in the City Point Historic District.

References

 National Park Service
 James River Plantations, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary

External links

 Appomattox Manor, Cedar Lane, Hopewell, Hopewell, VA at the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS)
 National Park Service, Operating Hours & Seasons

American Civil War sites
James River plantations
Virginia in the American Civil War
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Hopewell, Virginia
Historic American Buildings Survey in Virginia
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Virginia
Houses completed in 1751
Houses in Hopewell, Virginia
Plantation houses in Virginia
1751 establishments in Virginia

Appomattox Manor


The 4th & Vine Tower (formerly known as the Union Central Tower and Central Trust Bank Building) is a  skyscraper in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio. It stands 31 stories tall, overlooking the Ohio River waterfront. It is easily one of the most recognizable buildings in the city's skyline, owing to the elaborate Hellenic architecture in the upper portion of the tower, which was modeled to resemble reconstructions of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. Few PNC Bank employees now work in the 4th & Vine Tower today, as most report to the newer PNC Center. PNC Bank has the signage rights to the building, but PNC Tower is not the official name. It is officially the 4th & Vine Tower. The signage on the building was "Central Trust" until sometime after the Scripps Building was completed in 1990.

History
The site of the tower was previously occupied by the U.S. Post Office and Customs House and also at a later time by the Chamber of Commerce Building.

The 4th & Vine Tower was originally built as the headquarters for The Union Central Life Insurance Company, which moved out in 1964. At least four people died during the construction. When construction of the Cass Gilbert-designed building was completed in 1913, the Union Central Tower was the fifth-tallest building in the world and the 2nd tallest building (tallest office building) outside of New York City.  The building opened May 1, with final construction costs of approximately $3 million. It remained the tallest building in Cincinnati until 1930, when construction on the Carew Tower was completed.

The building, along with the nearby skyscraper, the Carew Tower, was featured in the opening and closing of the daytime drama The Edge of Night from 1967 to 1980.  Cincinnati had stood in as the show's locale, Monticello; the company that produced Edge, soap and consumer products maker Procter & Gamble, is based in Cincinnati. It was also featured in the opening and closing credits of the TV sitcom WKRP in Cincinnati, although the show was produced in Hollywood.

In March 2021, the structure was announced to be the new home of 250 apartments, office spaces, and a 'city within a city' concept by City Club Apartments. Construction is underway.

See also
List of tallest buildings in Cincinnati

References

Skyscraper office buildings in Cincinnati
Office buildings completed in 1913
Bank company headquarters in the United States
Cass Gilbert buildings
Neoclassical architecture in Ohio
1913 establishments in Ohio
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

Fourth and Vine Tower


Bad Girls is a British television drama series. It was broadcast on ITV from 1 June 1999 until 20 December 2006. It was created by Maureen Chadwick and Ann McManus of Shed Productions, who started the idea of making a series about the inmates and staff of the fictional women's prison, Larkhall, located in the South London region.

Characters

Other websites

1999 British television series debuts
1990s British drama television series
2000s British drama television series
2006 British television series endings
British television series
British drama television series
British LGBT television programmes
LGBT drama television series
ITV television programmes
Television series set in London
English-language television programs

Bad Girls (TV series)


This Palazzo should not be confused with the Palazzo Caffarelli-Clementino, the Palazzo Viddoni Caffarelli or the Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga Negroni Galitzin, also in Rome.

Palazzo Della Porta Negroni Caffarelli is a large townhouse located at Via Condotti 61, Rome. It was originally built in the 17th century. However, it was completely rebuilt for the Negroni family in 1865. In style, built around a central courtyard, the building resembles the Renaissance palazzi of the 16th century.

The palazzo owes its double name not so much to frequent changes of ownership, as is generally the case with Italian palazzi, but to the multiple titles of the Negroni. Its builder, Don Giuseppe, Conte Negroni, later became Duke Caffarelli. The family titles also included the Dukedom of d'Assergi. The Duke died in 1882 and was succeeded by his son, Duke Francesco Di Paola Negroni Caffarelli. The Della Porta were an old patrician family who owned the original palazzo on the site.

In 1893, the palazzo was damaged by fire.  During the blaze, an important archive of photographic negatives accumulated by the architectural writer John Henry Parker was destroyed along with an archive of a famous Roman photographer, Pompeo Molins.

Today, like those of many other Roman palazzi, the ground floor is occupied by shops and boutiques.

Notes
Monumenti Roma Retrieved 29 April 2010.
American Academy in Rome Retrieved 29 April 2010.
 Retrieved 23 May 2019

References

Negroni Caffarelli
Houses completed in 1865
Rome R. IV Campo Marzio

Palazzo Della Porta Negroni Caffarelli


Andrew Jackson Sowell (June 27, 1815 – January 4, 1883) was a lifelong soldier and farmer in the 19th century. He was a participant in the Texas Revolution and a survivor of the siege of the Alamo. He continued his service during the years of the Republic of Texas, in the Mexican–American War, and the Civil War. He was a frontier defender, early Texas Ranger, and a friend and scout with Kit Carson.

Early life and family
Andrew Jackson Sowell was born in Davidson County, Tennessee in June 1815. His family traveled from Tennessee to Missouri, and then moved to Texas. His father John Newton Sowell and family settled in Dewitt Colony, Texas in 1829. Like his father, Andrew J. Sowell tried his hand at farming in what is now Guadalupe County, Texas. His family were the first Anglo settlers near Walnut Springs and became the first Anglo-Americans to successfully raise corn in this area.

Texas Revolution
In 1835, Sowell fought in the Battle of Gonzales, when the town would not surrender the "Come and Take It" cannon to Francisco de Castañeda and his Mexican troops sent to retrieve it. His father had been one of the "Old Eighteen", defending the colony's right to keep the cannon. This incident was the first shot fired in the Texas Revolution. Sowell went on to take part in the Battle of Concepción and the Grass Fight. Although a participant in the Texians' attempt to take San Antonio, he was unprepared for inclement weather, and like many others he returned home for the winter. In December the Texians drove the Mexican soldiers under General Martín Perfecto de Cos from Mexican Texas after this siege of Bexar.

At the Alamo

In February, 1836 Sowell volunteered again during the Siege of the Alamo. Although he served in the old mission fort while the army of Santa Anna was already in the vicinity of San Antonio, he and Byrd Lockhart were sent out as couriers and foragers. They went as far as Gonzales, Texas to buy cattle and supplies for the Alamo garrison. But upon their return to San Antonio, they were not able to enter as the Alamo was surrounded by Santa Anna's army.  From the Alamo they headed to Gonzales, where Sowell assisted the Texian settlers who became refugees in the Runaway Scrape. After insuring the safety of the civilians, he marched towards San Jacinto to join Sam Houston's troops, arriving after the Battle of San Jacinto had commenced.

The Republic of Texas
After Texas gained its independence from Mexico, Sowell was a Texas Ranger under the Republic and later the State of Texas. He was a member of  Colonel Mathew Caldwell's company in the Council House Fight 1840, the Battle of Plum Creek later in 1840, and in the Battle of Salado Creek (1842). Later he served with Rangers Jack Coffee Hays, Benjamin McCulloch, James Hughes Callahan, and Mason.

The State of Texas
In August, 1838, Andrew J. Sowell was among the 33 signers of the charter for Seguin, one of the first towns established after Texas won independence. Thirty of the founders were listed on the 1839 Muster Roll of Captain Matthew Caldwell's unit of Texas Rangers originally from Gonzales. After Texas became a state, and Guadalupe County was created, the second meeting of the Commissioners Court ordered that a road to Bastrop be laid out by Sowell and three others.

Sowell went on to take part in the Mexican–American War and again served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War. He was a celebrated scout and close friend of Kit Carson.

Death
Sowell died in Seguin, Texas on January 4, 1883, and is buried some miles east of town in the Rogers-Mofield Cemetery, north of U.S. Route 90 Alternate (Texas) near Darst Creek, Texas.[18]

Legacy
In 1841, on the first Alamo monument designed by William B. Nangle, Andrew Jackson Sowell was honored as a defender of the Alamo. Sowell had left San Antonio shortly before the fall of the Alamo, and at first it was believed that he had died there. In his later years, Sowell recalled that his name had once been inscribed among the martyrs, and he claimed to be the only man to live—and see his name among those who died at the Alamo.

Notes

Citations

Bibliography
 originally published 2004 by New York: Free Press

Further reading
 A Guide to the Andrew Jackson Sowell Family Papers, circa 1880-circa 1954, documents authored by the nephew of Andrew J. Sowell

1815 births
1883 deaths
Alamo survivors
People of the Texas Revolution
People from Seguin, Texas
American people of the Indian Wars
American people of the Mexican–American War
American pioneers
People of the American Old West
Confederate States Army personnel

Andrew Jackson Sowell


Ballard State Forest is a state forest of New Hampshire located in Derry, Rockingham County, in the southeast part of the state. The area of the park is . It includes the Taylor Mill Historic Site, an old sawmill, and Ballard Pond, which provides water for the mill. The forest is located on Island Pond Road, east of the downtown of Derry. The pond drains via Taylor Brook and Island Pond into the Spicket River, a tributary of the Merrimack River.

The name of the park is due to the former property owner, Ernest Ballard. In 1939, he bought the land. By that time, the original mill was scrapped, and Ballard bought a similar mill, and subsequently spent two years together with his wife restoring the mill and replacing missing parts. In 1953, he donated the mill and the land to the state of New Hampshire.

References

New Hampshire state forests
Parks in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Derry, New Hampshire

Ballard State Forest