Andrew Nicolaides () (born 1938) is a British-Greek Cypriot surgeon, and an expert in cardiovascular disease and stroke prevention.

Early life
Nicolaides was born in 1938 in Nicosia, Cyprus.

He studied medicine at Guy's Hospital Medical School in London. His postgraduate training was at Guy's, the University of Oxford and King's College School of Medicine.

Career
In 1971, he joined the Academic Surgical Unit at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School under Professor Hugh Dudley who was his academic mentor and trained in vascular surgery by Mr. H.H.G. Eastcott. He became senior lecturer and consultant vascular surgeon in 1977, reader in 1980 and was the professor of vascular surgery at Imperial College School of Medicine from 1983 to 2000. In 2000 he returned to Cyprus to become the medical director of the Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics until 2004. He is now Professor Emeritus at Imperial College London, an examiner for MSc and PhD degrees for the University of London and director of the Vascular Screening and Diagnostic Centre in London. He is also a "special scientist" at the University of Cyprus, chairman of the Cyprus Cardiovascular Disease Educational and Research Trust (CCDERT) and medical director of the Vascular Screening and Diagnostic Centre (VSDC) in Cyprus. He has created the first stroke prevention clinic in Cyprus.

Academic work

Nicolaides has undertaken research on venous thromboembolism, noninvasive vascular investigations with particular emphasis on venous disease, the cardiac assessment of the arteriopath and more recently carotid plaque (atheroma) characterisation, identification of patients at increased risk for stroke and stroke prevention.

Prevention of venous thromboembolism

Nicolaides developed a venographic method that demonstrated the soleal veins consistently and the veins of the calf as the site where the majority of postoperative thrombi start.  For this work he was awarded the Jacksonian Prize of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1972. Prevention of such thrombi by avoiding stasis was achieved by the development of the sequential intermittent pneumatic compression device (SCD) by his team in the late 1970s now universally used as an established method in the prevention of venous thromboembolism.

Venous disease

In the 1980s Nicolaides developed the first calibrated air-plethysmograph that could measure leg volume during exercise accurately. The measurements of ejection fraction of the calf muscle pump and reflux in ml/s opened the door towards a better understanding and classification of chronic venous disease. The air-plethysmograph has provided valuable information of the circulation of the lower limbs of the astronauts on the Mir Space Station and is now part of the Cardiolab project, a science module for studying the cardio-vascular system in a microgravity environment, which features as a part of the European Physiology Modules (EPM) facility, one of the four laboratories on the Columbus module, attached to the ISS. Nicolaides did the first external venous valvuloplasty in the UK in 1988.

Stroke prevention

In the mid-1990s Nicolaides developed the method of normalising ultrasonic vascular images so that reproducible measurements of echodensity and texture can be made.

He was the organiser and coordinator of the multicentre Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis and Risk of Stroke (ACSRS) prospective natural history study. On the basis of this study and the work on plaque characterisation it has become possible to identify a high risk group of patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis (5.5% stroke rate per year), but most important has been the identification of a low risk group with an annual stroke risk of less than 1%, that can be spared from unnecessary intervention.

His more recent research is focused on the identification of bio-markers, both biochemical and genetic, that are associated with unstable atherosclerotic plaques. The multidisciplinary approach combining angiography, high-resolution ultrasound, thrombolytic therapy, plaque pathology, histochemistry, coagulation studies, and more recently molecular biology has led to the realisation that carotid plaque rupture is a key mechanism underlying the development of cerebrovascular events.

Other academic work and positions held

Nicolaides is past president of the International Union of Angiology. and past president of the Section of Measurement in Medicine of the Royal Society of Medicine. He is now chairman of the board of the European Venous Forum Foundation and a founder member. He is editor-in-chief of International Angiology and is on the editorial board of many vascular journals.

While at Imperial he created and ran a MSc course in Vascular Technology and Medicine which was unique in Europe, attracting postgraduate students from all over the world, and supervised over 40 PhD students. He has trained over 200 vascular surgeons who are practising all over the world, ten of which are holding chairs as professors of vascular surgery.

He is the co-author of over 400 original papers and editor of 14 books. He was chairman of the Committee of the American Venous Forum that created the CEAP classification of chronic venous disease. He is the chairman of several international faculties that produce and regularly update guidelines on the Investigation, prevention and management of chronic venous disease, Thrombophilia and Venous Thromboembolism and The prevention of Venous Thromboembolism.

Publications
Nicolaides A. (1975). Thromboembolism – Aetiology, Advances in Prevention And Management, Mtp.
Nicolaides A. & Yao J. (1981). Investigation of Vascular Disorders, Churchill Livingstone.
Greenhalgh R. et al. (1988). Limb Salvage: An Amputation for Vascular Disease, Saunders (W.B.) Co Ltd.
Salmasi A. & Nicolaides A. (1989). Cardiovascular Applications of Doppler Ultrasound, Churchill Livingstone.
Salmasi A. & Nicolaides A. (1991). Occult Atherosclerotic Disease: Diagnosis, Assessment and Management (Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine), Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Cooke E. et al. (1991). Raynaud's Syndrome, Med-Orion Publishing.
Nicolaides A. & Sumner D. (1991). Investigations of Patients with Deep Vein Thrombosis and Chronic Venous Insufficiency, Med-Orion Publishing.
Belcaro G. et al. (1993). Laser Doppler, Med-Orion Publishing.
Bernstein E. et al. (1993). Cerebral Revascularisation, Med-Orion Publishing.
Bergqvist D. et al. (1994). Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism, Med-Orion Publishing.
Belcaro G. et al. (1995). Venous Disorders: A Manual of Diagnosis and Treatment, Saunders (W.B.) Co Ltd.
Caplan L. et al. (1996). Cerebrovascular Ischaemia Investigation and Management, Med-Orion Publishing.
Nicolaides A. & Novo S. (1997). Advances in Vascular Pathology (International Congress), Elsevier.
Myers K. et al. (1997). Lower Limb Ischaemia, Med-Orion Publishing.
Belcaro G. & Nicolaides A. (1999). The Venous Clinic: Diagnosis, Prevention, Investigations, Conservative and Medical Treatment, Sclerotherapy and Surgery, Imperial College Press.
Belcaro G. & Nicolaides A. (2000). Noninvasive Investigations in Vascular Disease, Imperial College Press.
Nicolaides A. (2002). Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism, International Consensus Statement (Guidelines According to Scientific Evidence), Med-Orion Publishing.

References

1938 births
British people of Greek Cypriot descent
British vascular surgeons
Living people
Alumni of King's College London
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Academics of Imperial College London
Cypriot emigrants to England
People from Nicosia

Andrew Nicolaides


Vincenzo Picardi (born October 20, 1983, in Casoria) is an Italian professional boxer best known for winning a bronze medal in the flyweight division both at the 2007 World Amateur Boxing Championships in Chicago and at the 2008 Olympics.

He failed to qualify for the 2004 Summer Olympics, finishing in third place at the 3rd AIBA European 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Gothenburg, Sweden.

At the 2006 European Championships he lost in the first round to favorite Samir Mammadov.

A year later at the 2007 World Championships he reached the semis, where he lost to Thai star Somjit Jongjohor (2:13).

At the Boxing at the 2008 Summer Olympics he again lost to Jongjohor.

At the 2009 Worlds in his own country he lost his first bout to a Mongolian.

He won the bronze medal at the 2010 European Amateur Boxing Championships in Moscow, Russia after he lost to Misha Aloyan from Russia in the Semis.

Olympic games results
2008 (as a flyweight)
Defeated Cassius Chiyanika (Zambia) 10-3
Defeated Juan Carlos Payano (Dominican Republic) 8-4
Defeated Walid Cherif (Tunisia) 7-5
Lost to Somjit Jongjohor (Thailand) 1-7

2012 (as a flyweight)
 First round bye
 Lost to Tugstsogt Nyambayar (Mongolia) 16-17

World amateur championships results
2005 (as a flyweight)
Defeated Toshiyuki Igarashi (Japan) 29-9
Lost to Samir Mammadov (Azberbaijan) 19-36

2007 (as a flyweight)
Defeated Kadri Kordel (Turkey) 22-7
Defeated Katsuaki Susa (Japan) 24-14
Defeated Anuruddha Rathnayake (Sri Lanka) 23-4
Lost to Somjit Jongjohor (Thailand) 2-13 (semifinal)

References

External links

1983 births
Sportspeople from the Province of Naples
Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Boxers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers for Italy
Flyweight boxers
Olympic bronze medalists for Italy
Living people
Olympic medalists in boxing
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Italian male boxers
Boxers at the 2015 European Games
European Games silver medalists for Italy
European Games medalists in boxing
AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists
Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Italy
Mediterranean Games medalists in boxing
Competitors at the 2013 Mediterranean Games
Boxers of Fiamme Oro
21st-century Italian people

Vincenzo Picardi


Liu Jinguo (; born April 1955) is a Chinese politician and public security official who is the current director of the National Supervisory Commission and a secretary of the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party. Since 2014 he has served as Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection. Previously he held various senior posts at the Ministry of Public Security.

Biography
Liu was born in Changli County, Hebei Province in April 1955, to an ordinary family of farmers. He was the second of six children. After graduating high school, he returned to his hometown to farm. Liu joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1975 and he became involved in politics in December 1976, when he became village party chief. In September 1983, he was admitted to the provincial party school on recommendation. Thereafter he progressively made his way up the ranks. He became deputy party chief and district governor of Shanhaiguan, then secretary-general of the Qinhuangdao Party Committee.

In May 1992, Liu served as Director of Qinhuangdao Public Security Bureau, he was a member of the Standing Committee in Qinhuangdao Municipal Standing Committee and served as the Vice Mayor of Qinhuangdao in November 1994. In 1995, Liu was transferred to the Deputy Head of Hebei Public Security Department. In January 2002, he was promoted to become the Secretary of the Hebei Provincial Politics and Law Commission, a position he held until 2005. From March 2005 to present, Liu was elevated to the Deputy Minister of Public Security.  Due to his achievements during the Xingang Port oil spill, Liu was given honours by the State Council and was featured on state television as "one of the people who touched China in 2011."

Liu obtained a graduate degree from the Central Party School, where he majored in economic administration.

After Li Dongsheng was sacked due to corruption, Liu took on many of Li's portfolios, including his post as head of the office dealing with cults (better known as the 610 Office). He was thus elevated to minister-level.

He left his post as the head of discipline at the Ministry of Public Security in March 2015, and his post at the cult office on May 26, 2015. It is not clear who succeeded him at the cult office.

Award
 3 February 2012, "Moving China"

References

1955 births
Chinese police officers
Politicians from Qinhuangdao
Living people
People's Republic of China politicians from Hebei
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Hebei

Liu Jinguo


Narayan Gangaram Surve (15 October 1926 – 16 August 2010 ) was a Marathi poet from Maharashtra, India.

Life and career
He was born on 15 October 1926. Orphaned or abandoned soon after birth, he grew up in the streets of Mumbai, sleeping on the pavement and earning a meager livelihood by doing odd jobs. He taught himself to read and write, and in 1962, published his first collection of poems Aisa Ga Mi Brahma (ऐसा गा मी ब्रह्म ; Aisa Ga Mi Brahma). Majhe Vidyapeeth (माझे विद्यापीठ ; My University), the book he would be most known for appeared in 1966 while he stayed in Chinchpokli, Mahahrashtra. He received 11 prizes for his book Majhe Vidyapeeth
Though he studied only till second standard and never climbed the steps of a college, he is known as one of the best poets of Marathi language.

Surve actively worked in the workers' union movement in Mumbai and supported himself as a schoolteacher. Surve, who had much faith in Karl Marx, won the 'Soviet Land Nehru Award' (for his book Majhe Vidyapeeth) from the Soviet Union in the year 1973 as communist people of Russia were fascinated by his views and considered him similar to them. He became the editor of Lokvadmaygruha in the year 1972.

In the 1970s, he was often championed in India as well as in the Soviet Union and some Eastern bloc countries as a proletarian poet.

He died due to old age and after a brief illness on 16 August 2010.

Awards and recognition
 He received 'Soviet Land Nehru Award' from Soviet Russia in 1973
 In 1998, he received a Padma Shri award from the Government of India for excellence in Literature & Education.
 In 2003, A Marathi Short Film named "Narayan Gangaram Surve" was awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize during the 50th National Film Awards.
 In 1999, he was conferred Kabir Sammanin by the state government of Madhya Pradesh.
 Narayan Surve was a Convener of the Marathi Advisory Board of Sahitya Akademi.
 He presided over Marathi Sahitya Sammelan at Parbhani in 1995.

Famous works
The following is a partial list of compilations of Surve's poems and essays:
 सुर्वे: नारायण सुर्वे यांच्या समग्र कविता Publisher Popular Prakashan
 माझे विद्यापीठ  (Majhe Vidyapeeth) (1966)
 जाहीरनामा  (Jahirnama) (1978)
 ऐसा गा मी ब्रह्म  (Aisa Ga Mi Brahma) (1962)
 सनद  (Sanad)
 मानुष कलावंत (Manush Kalawant)
 आणि समाज (Ani Samaj)
 सर्व सुर्वे (Sarva Surve) (संपादन: वसंत शिरवाडकर) (Editor: Vasant Shirwadkar)
 "Mastaranchi Savli" (Book written by his wife, Krishnabai Surve)
 On the Pavement of Life (1973) is a compilation of English translations of Surve's early poems.

References

Poets from Maharashtra
Marathi-language writers
Marathi people
1926 births
2010 deaths
Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education
20th-century Indian poets
Presidents of the Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan

Narayan Gangaram Surve


Chima Williams is an environmental fighter, an environmental lawyer who fights environmental unfairness and held a big business company like Shell to pay fines they have caused and brought about on some communities in the Niger-Delta. He is also the founder of the first student environmental justice group in Nigeria. He was given the name the Earth's foremost defenders.

Work
Chima Williams as a student joined the Nigerian Environmental Movement in the 1990s where he offered to work for free for Environmental Rights Action (ERA), an NGO which was created in 1993, which promotes for environmental rights in Nigeria. In 1998, Chima founded the first Student environmental justice group in Nigeria. He has been serving as an environmental lawyer suing multinational companies on environmental dirtying cases in Nigeria. On October 2020, He was made the Executive Director of the Environmental Rights Action/Friends of the Earth Nigeria (ERA/FoEN). Environmental Rights Action (ERA) which is a promoter NGO founded on 11 January 1993 in Nigeria to fight environmental human rights issues in Nigeria. ERA is the Nigerian chapter of Friends of the Earth International (FoEI).

Prizes won
Williams is one of the people the won a 2022 Goldman Environmental Prize across the world. He is the third Nigerian to get the prize. The award was given for his work in protecting the Earth by holding Royal Dutch Shell responsible for oil spillage from their equipment into the Niger Delta communities. The Goldman award is given to honour and to thank the work of grassroots environmental fighter across the world who are working to protect the Earth.

References

Nigerian lawyers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Chima Williams


The Davidson–Smitherman House, also known as the Davidson Plantation, is a historic plantation house in Centreville in Bibb County, Alabama.   It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 6, 1988.

History
The house was built in 1837 for Samuel Wilson Davidson, a native of North Carolina.  He settled in Bibb County (then Cahaba County) in 1819.  He was one of the first people to purchase lots along the east bank of the Cahaba River in what would become the city of Centreville during 1823.  Davidson eventually amassed farmlands amounting to more than .  His real estate was valued at $12,000 (~$ in ) and he owned 98 slaves in 1850.  By 1860, Davidson was the most extensive planter and wealthiest citizen in the area.  He died in 1863.

The house remained in the Davidson family until 1869, when it was purchased by Thomas and Betty Smitherman.  Thomas Smitherman was a prominent local attorney.  Smitherman descendants retained the property until it was sold to William E. Henderson in 1963.  He, in turn, sold it after two years to Charles L. Hollinsworth, who sold it to Gladys Pittman Leggett in 1972.

Architecture
The -story Federal style house is notable as one of the only two best antebellum houses remaining in the county and as one of the two earliest and least altered houses built in Centreville by the city's leading builders, George Howard and Enoch Carson.  The wood-frame structure is set over a full brick basement.  The front and rear both feature three bay facades, inset with 12 over 12 sash windows downstairs and 12 over 8 windows upstairs.  The front facade features a full-width two-tiered porch with decorative brackets, while the rear features a one-story porch with brackets matching those on the front.  The interior is arranged on a center hall plan, with a reverse flight stairway.  The house has Federal style mantles and wainscoting, with heart pine floors throughout.

References

National Register of Historic Places in Bibb County, Alabama
Houses in Bibb County, Alabama
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
Federal architecture in Alabama
Plantation houses in Alabama
Houses completed in 1837

Davidson–Smitherman House


Frederic Boyenga Bofala (born February 3, 1960) is a Doctor in public international law and former teacher-researcher to the university of Lille 2.

Boyenga Bofala was born in Mbandaka in Équateur Province. In 2001 he created, and today leads, the Union for the Republic National Movement - UNIR NM (Union pour la Republique Mouvement National - UNIR MN), political party in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), officially recorded in DRC by the ministerial decree N°130 of 7 April 2005 in accordance with the law on the political parties.

Publications
Frederic Boyenga-Bofala published:
 In the Name of Congo Zaire, in January 2012,
 Congo-Zaire - Remaking the Republic: crowned mission of a generation, in July 2001,
 Diary for the re-establishment and the maintenance of peace in the area of the large-Lakes, the restoration of the territorial integrity and the re-establishment of the Republic in Congo-Zaire, in March 2002,
 Congo-Zaire - Our Cause: The message and ambitions of a right cause, in January 2003.

See also
 Union for the Republic National Movement - UNIR NM

External links
 Boyenga Bofala  official site (in French)
 Union for the Republic National Movement - UNIR NM official site (in French)
 Mokengeli  - UNIR MN'S Media Arm (in French)

1960 births
Living people
People from Mbandaka
Union for the Republic – National Movement politicians
21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo people

Frédéric Boyenga-Bofala


Johann Gottfried Arnold (15 February 1773 – 16 July 1806) was a German cellist and composer.

Life
He was the son of the schoolmaster of Niedernhall near Oehringen in Württemberg. From his earliest childhood he showed such a passion and aptitude for music that his father apprenticed him in his twelfth year to the musical director (Stadtmusikus) of the neighbouring town of Künzelsau. During this time he devoted himself chiefly to the practice of the cello, at which, under the influence of a most exacting master, he worked with such diligence as, it is said, permanently to injure his health.

In 1789, his term of apprenticeship came to an end, and the following year he took his first regular engagement at Wertheim, where his uncle, Friedrich Adam Arnold, was established as musical director. He continued to study with unabated energy. After making concert tours in Switzerland and Germany, he spent some time at Regensburg in order to take advantage of the instruction of the able cellist Maximilian Willmann. Making constant improvement, he visited Berlin and Hamburg, at which latter town he had the good fortune to make the acquaintance of Bernhard Romberg, whose style and method he studied to great advantage.

In 1799, he became attached to the theatre at Frankfurt as first cellist, where he occupied himself much with composition, and enjoyed a great reputation both as executant and teacher. The career however of this young and talented artist was speedily cut short, for he died of an affection of the lungs in 1806 at the early age of thirty-four.

The pianist and composer Carl Arnold was his son.

Works
Besides compositions and 'transcriptions' for his own particular instrument, he wrote original pieces for the flute and piano, and made quartet arrangements of various operas, etc. Fétis ('Biographie') gives a list of his compositions, including five concertos for the violoncello; a symphonic concertante for two flutes and orchestra; airs with variations, op. 9 (Bonn); and easy pieces for the guitar.

References

Bibliography

 "J. G. Arnold", in Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung 12 (18909/1), Sp. 609–616, Sp. 625–630.
 Lynda Lloyd-Rees: "Arnold, Johann Gottfried", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1st edition (London: Macmillan, 1980), pp. 614–615.
 Wolfgang Matthäus (ed. SL): "Arnold, Familie", in Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart, biographical part vol. 1 (Kassel: Bärenreiter, 1999), col. 983–984.
 Andreas Wolfgang Flad: "Biography" in Johann Gottfried Arnold (1773–1806). Drei Konzerte (Denkmäler der Musik in Baden-Württemberg, vol. 23) (Munich: Strube, 2016), pp. XV–XXV.

External links

 Johann Gottfried Arnold at the BMLO
 J.G.Arnold complete and first Realisation of his 5 Celloconcertos by Steffen Fahl

1773 births
1806 deaths
18th-century classical composers
18th-century German composers
18th-century German male musicians
19th-century classical composers
19th-century German composers
19th-century German male musicians
Deaths from lung disease
German classical cellists
German classical composers
German male classical composers

Johann Gottfried Arnold


Ars Electronica Linz GmbH is an Austrian cultural, educational and scientific institute active in the field of new media art, founded in Linz in 1979. It is based at the Ars Electronica Center (AEC), which houses the Museum of the Future, in the city of Linz. Ars Electronica's activities focus on the interlinkages between art, technology and society. It runs an annual festival, and manages a multidisciplinary media arts R&D facility known as the Futurelab. It also confers the Prix Ars Electronica awards.

History

Ars Electronica began with its first festival in September 1979. Its founders were Hannes Leopoldseder, Hubert Bognermayr, Herbert W. Franke, and Ulrich Rützel. The festival was held biennially at first, and annually since 1986. The Prix Ars Electronica was inaugurated in 1987 and has been awarded every year since then. Ars Electronica Linz GmbH was incorporated as a limited company in 1995. The Ars Electronica Center, together with the Futurelab, opened in 1996, and was remodeled in 2009.

Funding is provided by the City of Linz, the Province of Upper Austria and the Republic of Austria, in addition to private partners. Since 2014, the organization has been headed by artistic director Gerfried Stocker and financial director Diethard Schwarzmair.

Museum exhibits
The top of the AEC is called the Sky Media Loft, which is mainly used as a coffee house or bar of the museum. It can also be rented out for meetings or events. The bar has occasionally been used as the studio for the newscast of the local TV branch of the Austrian national TV organization ORF. The specialty of the Sky Media Loft is the marvelous view over the Nibelungenbrücke and the main place of Linz at the other side of the Danube which functions as background of the newscasts.

The second floor is where people can interact with exhibits. There are Musicbottles containing different types of music or Pingpongplus which is a table tennis game on a desk with virtual water on its surface.

The first floor has displays about the world that had been hidden from our eyes. In the "Hidden Worlds" various machines are translating voice and words into virtual symbols or colors and everyday life articles can be moved on a screen if they are touched.

The little room between the first and the ground floor one of the main attractions is offered. The flight simulator "Humphrey" uses virtual reality goggles to give users a simulated view of the flight and the person taking the trip is connected to the computer by cables fixed all over the body. It is possible to fly everywhere and to see the movements of the hands, feet, and the landscape if the visitor raises the head or looks down.

The entrance or the so-called "Login Gateway" of the museum is on the ground floor and leads the newcomer directly to the Telegarden, where a robot is looking after a flower patch. Every ticket is provided with a bar code that gives information about the time the visitor entered the museum. After the visit, the ticket can be put into a computer near the exit and it gives statistic information about the things that happened in the world during the span of the stay in the AEC. The list that is printed out gives information about how many people died or were born during that time or how many accidents have been caused by drunken drivers.

The last floor is called Virtual Reality and it can be found in the basement of the building. The CAVE is another attraction of the museum. The cube with 3 meters side length is used as a screen to project the virtual world. There are always groups of about 10 that dive into a world where physical laws do not have any meaning. Additionally, the 3D spectacles give the impression of a bodyful environment.

Museum 2009–present
The new Ars Electronica Center, which was designed by Treusch architecture ZT GmbH, opened its doors on 2 January 2009 after roughly two years of construction work and an approximate cost of 30 million euros. It now has 3000 square meters for exhibitions, 100 m2 for research and development, 400 m2 for workshops and conferences, 650 m2 for catering and another 1000 m2 of public space for various types of events.

The new AEC consists of the original building, a new "twin-tower", the main exhibition hall called Main Gallery and the new space for the Ars Electronica Futurelab. The whole building is covered with a 5000-square-meter glass skin that consists of 1100 glass panels. Each panel is equipped with an LED bar that allows it to change its color. Therefore, the whole building acts as a giant display. Artists can create their own visualizations which will be shown on various occasions, especially during the Ars Electronica Festival.

The restaurant is located on the third floor of the new building and is called CUBUS, referring to the building's cubic shape.

Museum exhibits
With the new building came a new thematic orientation inside of Ars Electronica. Life sciences, global developments (e.g. climate change, population growth, environmental pollution) and the exploration of the universe are just a view of various new topics.
The museum can be separated into the following areas:

Main Gallery
The Main Gallery with approximately 1000 square meters houses the main exhibition called New Views of Humankind, which focuses on topics like biotechnology, robotics, rapid prototyping and the human body. It is separated into the following four so-called "labs":

Brain-Lab focuses on the human brain, perception and advances in medicine.
Bio-Lab focuses on biotechnology and its applications.
Fab-Lab deals with new possibilities offered by 3D printers and rapid prototyping.
Robo-Lab deals with robotica as well as different prothetic systems.

Main Gallery contains a special area for children which is not thematically connected to the main exhibition.

Geo City
Geo City focuses on global developments caused by humankind, like growth in population and the extraction of natural resources. Those global developments are connected with possible local reactions, which is visualized in an interactive city information system called Sim-Linz.

Artists, Creators, Engineers
This is the area for temporary exhibitions on the first and second floor of the original building and focuses on the interdisciplinary aspects of Ars Electronica and its contributors.

Deep Space
The Deep Space is a multifunctional presentation room that offers a wide range of possibilities. It consists of two walls (front and floor) with dimensions of 16 × 9 meters which serve as screens for eight Galaxy NH-12 projectors by Barco. The projects range from high-resolution videos to scientific (3D) visualizations like a flight out from the solar system to the whole known universe and artistic projects.

FutureLab
The same building holds the Ars Electronica FutureLab, a place for researching and trying out new cyberarts technologies.  See also the Prix Ars Electronica, a yearly award ceremony given out by Ars Electronica at their cyberarts festival.  Since 2004, one of the awards at the Prix Ars Electronica brings a young innovator or team of innovators to the FutureLab for a summer to develop a budding idea or technology in electronic media.

Festival

The annual Ars Electronica Festival is a gathering of artists, scientists and technologists, intended as "a setting for experimentation, evaluation and reinvention". The festival has always exerted a public presence in Linz, mounting large-scale open-air projects and holding  lectures, discussions and workshops in a wide range of public venues.

Each year the festival is devoted to a specific theme. The festival in 2014, had as its theme "C... What it Takes to Change", i.e. ways in which social change and innovation can be promoted. It attracted 579 participants and about 85,000 visitors.

Features at the 2014 festival

Device art

A form of concept art, device art has been described as "a rebellion of form, taking everyday objects and inverting them to tell you something different". Among the examples exhibited at the 2014 festival were:
 "Otamatone" – a musical instrument shaped like a musical note.
 "Infinite Screen – Everything We See Could also Be Otherwise" – an intermedial artwork cycle by artists duo Arotin And Serghei.
 "Food Simulator", in which a pressure sensor in the user's mouth simulates the sensation of chewing food.
 "Lenticular Bicycle" - an old fashioned bicycle with a screen carousel mounted above the handlebars, known as "Sustainable Cinema No. 2" and created by Scott Hessels.
 A robot that performs street begging, made from recycled computer parts, with a voice and robotic hands.
 "Touchy", a "human camera", devised by the Hong Kong-based artist Eric Suiss.

Smart atoms (spaxels)
A version called "Smart atoms: spaxels version" was developed by Ars Electronica Futurelab and shown at the 2014 festival.

Prix Ars Electronica

The Prix Ars Electronica is an annual award made in several categories, "honoring creativity and innovativeness in the use of digital media". Award winners are selected by a five-person international expert jury, who may themselves propose candidates. The prize may be awarded to individuals or to teams or organizations, and may be awarded for a specific work of art or for another form of innovation. Grover (2008) has described the top-ranking award, the Golden Nica, as "the Oscar of digital art".

The prize was first awarded in 1987, and there have been several changes in the categories since then. In 2014, there were 2,703 entries from 77 countries. All entries remain on display in an online archive, the Prix Ars Electronica Showcase, containing over 55,000 items.

Award categories
Awards of the Golden Nica (worth 10,000 euros), Awards of Distinction, and Honorary Mentions are made in the following categories:
 Computer animation / Film / VFX (First presented in 1987)
 U19 Create Your World (First presented in 1998)
 Visionary Pioneers of Media Art
 Interactive Art
 Digital Music & Sound Art
 Hybrid Art (First presented in 2007)
 Digital Communities (First presented in 2004)
 Artificial Intelligence & Life Art (First presented in 2019)
Note:

There is also a grant scheme to honor and support ideas of exceptional promise. It is known as "[the next idea] voestalpine Art and Technology Grant".

Some notable award winners
 1987: "Luxo Jr.", dir. John Lasseter of Pixar (Golden Nica – Computer Animation).
 1990: "Videoplace", by Myron Krueger (Golden Nica – Interactive Art)
 1992 "Home of the Brain", by Monika Fleischmann & Wolfgang Strauß (Golden Nica - Interactive Art)
 1994: "Jurassic Park", by Dennis Muren, Mark Dippé and Steve Williams (Golden Nica – Computer Animation)
 1999: "The Difference Engine #3", by Lynn Hershman (Golden Nica – Interactive Art)
 2004: Wikipedia (Golden Nica– Digital Communities)
 2005: Processing, a programming language and environment designed for the electronic arts (Golden Nica – Net Vision)
 2007: SymbioticA, University of Western Australia Art and Science Collaborative Research Laboratory (Golden Nica – Hybrid Art)
 2008: The Reactable by Sergi Jordà and others (Golden Nica – Digital Music)
 2009: WikiLeaks (Award of Distinction – Digital Communities)

Ars Electronica Center
The center is housed in a modern complex of buildings by the Danube. It acts as Ars Electronica's permanent base and showcase. The majority of the space is used for public exhibitions and events, with an emphasis on interactivity and participation. Major themes are life sciences, environmental issues, and preparation for impending technological developments with likely impacts on society.

There is also provision for conferences, workshops, and R&D. The center was enhanced and expanded in 2009, coincident with Linz's term as European Capital of Culture. It is the most-visited museum in Linz.

Ars Electronica Futurelab
The Futurelab, housed at the Ars Electronica Center, is a center of expertise for multidisciplinary research and development of new cyberarts technologies. It is staffed by about 35 permanent team members, and offers residencies to established and emerging artists and researchers.

The Futurelab has produced infrastructure and content for the Center and Festival. More recently it has engaged in art&science projects with universities and the private sector.

Spaxels
The spaxels ("space pixels") have been shown publicly as a world premiere in 2012 by Ars Electronica Futurelab. Spaxels are the single elements that form a drone display. Automatically controlled drones fitted with LEDs (= spaxels), fly in formation to create apparent three-dimensional objects against the night sky.  Spaxel ref. Wiktionary

Comment
Trent Nathaniel Grover has included an appendix about Ars Electronica in his book Dream of the Techno-Shaman (2008). He describes the institute's activities as "a unique platform for exploring, discussing, tracking, and analyzing the interrelation between art, technology, and society". Such work, he argues, affirms the place of the human being at the center of techno-cultural processes, as "beneficiaries, victims, and, above all, creators and appliers of new technology". Noting that the rapid pace of technological innovation has profound implications for culture and society, he presents the role of Ars Electronica as working to integrate developments in technology with art and society to the benefit of all, and contrasts this perspective with the Modernist call for "art for art's sake".

Grover concludes by hoping that Ars Electronica "will be able to maintain its ongoing quest for innovation and expansion so that we can all benefit from and further involve ourselves in the integration of art, technology, and society".

Publications
Grover (2008) has described the published work of Ars Electronica as "a compelling snapshot of codependent technological and artistic development with expansive and lasting social and cultural impact."

 Cyberarts 98: .net, Interactive Art, Computer Animation/Visual Effects, Computer Music, U19/Cybergeneration. Edition 98 (German and English Edition). Published by Springer (1998). .
 Ars Electronica: Facing the Future: A Survey of Two Decades (Electronic Culture: History, Theory, and Practice). Published by The MIT Press (1999). .
 Digital Avant-Garde: Celebrating 25 Years of Ars Electronica. Published by Ars Electronica, Linz (2004)
 Ars Electronica 2008: A New Cultural Economy - The Limits of Intellectual Property. Published by Hatje Cantz (2008). .
 Ars Electronica 2013, edited by Hannes Leopoldseder, Christine Schöpf, Gerfried Stocker. Published by Hatje Cantz(2014). .

Gallery

See also

 List of electronic music festivals
 Computer art
 Digital art
 Electronic art
 Cyberarts
 CyberArts International
 Ars Technica

References

Bibliography
 Van Uffelen, Chris. Contemporary Museums - Architecture, History, Collections, Braun Publishing, 2010, , pages 144-145.

External links

 Sky Media Loft (March 2007)
 Rejected competition entry for the new AEC
 Official Barco site

Electronic music festivals in Austria
New media art
Digital art
Digital media organizations
Articles containing video clips
Electroacoustic music festivals
Electronic music event management companies
Music festivals established in 1979
Festival organizations in Europe
Political art
Cultural organisations based in Austria
Politics and technology
Robotic art
Hacker culture
Computer art
Buildings and structures in Linz
Art museums and galleries in Austria
Science museums in Austria
Robotics organizations
Museums in Upper Austria
Tourist attractions in Linz

Ars Electronica


In Christian communities, Bible study is the study of the Bible by people as a personal religious or spiritual practice. In many Christian traditions, Bible study, coupled with Christian prayer, is known as doing devotions or devotional acts. Many Christian churches schedule time to engage in Bible study collectively. The origin of Bible study groups has its origin in early Christianity, when Church Fathers such as Origen and Jerome taught the Bible extensively to disciple Christians. In Christianity, Bible study has the purpose of "be[ing] taught and nourished by the Word of God" and "being formed and animated by the inspirational power conveyed by Scripture".

Personal Bible study
In Evangelical Protestantism, the time set aside to engage in personal Bible study and prayer is sometimes informally called a Quiet Time. In other traditions personal Bible study is referred to as "devotions". Catholic devotions, Lutheran devotions and Anglican devotions, among other Christian traditions, may employ the Lectio Divina method of Bible reading.

Christians of all denominations may use study Bibles and Bible reading notes to assist them in their personal Bible studies. However, the use of such aids is discouraged in many churches, which advocate the simple reading of Bible passages. In some cases, the practice of reading through the entire Bible in a year is followed, this usually requires readings each day from both the Old and New Testament. This practice, however, has been widely criticized on the basis that the understanding gained of each specific passage is too vague.

The association of Bible study and prayer is an important one. Christians do not merely study the Bible as an academic discipline, but with the desire to know God better. Therefore, they frequently pray that God will give them understanding of the passage being studied. They also consider it necessary to consider what they read with an attitude of respect, rather than the critical attitude which is frequently followed in formal study. To them, the Bible is not just a sacred book, but is the very Word of God, that is, a message from God which has direct relevance to their daily lives.

Inductive Bible study
Inductive Bible study is a means of studying and exegeting a biblical passage. Richard Krejcir describes it terms of "interviewing a passage" without preconceptions or agendas. Inductive Bible study involves examining the ideas and words of the text, which leads to the meanings and then the interpretations, which in turn lead the reader to conclusions and applications.
In inductive study, the reader will read a passage and then ask questions of how they personally interpret the verse(s). These questions can range from what the verse(s) literally means to how it applies to the believer's present personal circumstances. The purpose of these questions is to go deep enough into the text to extract the meaning and then to apply that gained knowledge to their personal life in order to create change for their own or other people's benefit.

Exegetical Bible study
In this type of study, the believer also goes beyond the surface value of the text. However, the purpose is not so much for personal application as gaining information. Exegetical study is used most often by pastors, theologians, writers, professors, and church leaders in order to prepare for sharing lessons with others. It is often categorized as advanced Bible study and is meant to extract the ideas found in the text for the primary purpose of teaching.

Bible study in small groups

Bible study groups within congregations are sometimes known as cell groups, though many different names exist. The Bible is often studied in informal small groups, and groups within parachurch organizations. During these study times, groups will set their main topic to be biblical studies. Though there may exist some form of worship and prayer, the purpose of Bible study is to collectively grasp an understanding of God through His Word. These groups become small communities often sharing this personal journey to discovering the meaning of the passage.

Some Churches encourage the formation of small groups while others form casually or due to shared interest or common circumstances (such as a singles small group or a newly wed couple group). These groups range from young children, normally middle school and up led by an adult, to elderly people. These groups can even interact with other small groups. Groups may be formed based on age group (e.g. youth, young adults, etc.) or by other demographic markers (singles, married couples, gender-specific).

Distinctives by Christian denomination

Baptists
With the sola scriptura approach to Sacred Scripture held by Christians of the Baptist tradition, Bible study is viewed as a key practice in furthering one's relationship with God.

Catholicism

Providentissimus Deus, "On the Study of Holy Scripture", is an encyclical letter issued by Pope Leo XIII on 18 November 1893. In it, he reviewed the history of Bible study from the time of the Church Fathers to the present, spoke against the errors of the Rationalists and "higher critics", and outlined principles of scripture study and guidelines for how scripture was to be taught in seminaries. He also addressed the issues of apparent contradictions between the Bible and physical science, or between one part of scripture and another, and how such apparent contradictions can be resolved.

Divino afflante Spiritu, ("Inspired by the Holy Spirit"), is a papal encyclical letter issued by Pope Pius XII on 30 September 1943 calling for new translations of the Bible from the original languages, instead of the Latin Vulgate of Jerome, which was revised multiple times and had formed the textual basis for all Catholic vernacular translations until then. It inaugurated the modern period of Roman Catholic biblical studies by encouraging the study of textual criticism (or lower criticism), pertaining to text of the Scriptures themselves and transmission thereof (for example, to determine correct readings) and permitted the use of the historical-critical method (or higher criticism), to be informed by theology, Sacred Tradition, and ecclesiastical history on the historical circumstances of the text.

The general theme of the "Word of God" was covered by the Second Vatican Council in November 1965 in its Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation: Dei Verbum.

The 1992 Catechism of the Catholic Church describes principles of Bible Study in paragraphs 101–141 and other sections.  For Catholics, the Word of God is not a "dead letter" but is incarnate and living.  Christ must through the Holy Spirit open minds to understand the Scriptures.

Verbum Domini () is a post-synodal apostolic exhortation issued by Pope Benedict XVI which deals with how the Catholic church should approach the Bible. He issued it following the XII Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, which had met in October 2008 to discuss "The Word of God in the Life and Mission of the Church." Verbum Domini is dated September 30, 2010, for the Feast of St. Jerome, the patron saint of Biblical studies.

Eastern Orthodoxy
The Eastern Orthodox Churches teach that "Reading Scripture is important.  If prayer is where we speak to God, Scripture is the best way to listen to Him."

Lutheranism
In Lutheran Christianity, Bible study is often done in "small groups, large groups, [and in] personal devotions". The Lectio Divina method of studying Scripture may be employed by Lutherans.

Methodism
The theology of prima scriptura forms the basis for the establishment of doctrine in the Methodist tradition. The United Methodist Church teaches that "the Holy Spirit works today in our thoughtful study of the Scriptures, especially as we study them together, seeking to relate the old words to life's present realities".

See also

Catechesis
Eisegesis
Exegesis
Hermeneutics
Sunday school

References

External links
 Bible Lessons Online
 bibletruthandprophecy.com
 Bible Study Radio by Bible Study Radio
 Bible Studies - Staying in the Word
 Useful Bible Studies
 Into Thy Word's Bible Studies
 Daily Portions Bible
 Bible Study Notes
 Small Groups
 The Journal of Inductive Biblical Studies
 Bible Study Topics
 Bible Studies in EasyEnglish by MissionAssist
Walking with Purpose Catholic Bible Study
 https://onedeterminedlife.com/the-christian-growth-hub-b/ Online Christian resources
 200 Bible Study Topics

Christian practices
Biblical exegesis
Christian terminology

Bible study (Christianity)


"Girl Why Don't You" is a song originally performed by Prince Buster, covered by ska band Madness for their 2005 album, "The Dangermen Sessions Vol. 1. It was the third cover of a Prince Buster song to be released by the group, following "Madness" and "One Step Beyond". The single failed to attract much air play from radio stations and made little impression on the UK Singles Chart, failing to reach the top 75.

CD Track Listing
"Girl Why Don't You?" - (3:08)
"I Chase The Devil AKA Ironshirt (BBC Radio 2 Session)" - (3:32)
"Girl Why Don't You? (Dub)" - (3:09)

External links

2005 singles
Madness (band) songs
Songs written by Prince Buster
V2 Records singles
Year of song missing

Girl Why Don't You


Max Borges Jr., born Max Borges Recio (July 24, 1918 – January 18, 2009), was a Cuban architect best known for his work in Havana in the 1940s and 1950s. He later moved to the United States.

Biography
Borges Jr. was born in Cuba, the son of Max Borges del Junco, an architect. He later studied in the United States, earning his bachelor's degree at Georgia Tech and a master's degree at the Harvard Graduate School of Design. Borges Jr. returned to Cuba and joined his father's firm, together with his brother Enrique.

Borges' style was influenced by his work with Spanish structural engineer Félix Candela who practiced in Mexico and was a specialist in lightweight concrete parabolic structures. Borges invited Candela to work with him in Cuba, and they both developed extraordinary projects. His best known work is the Tropicana Club of 1951, for which he later designed expansions. Other unique buildings like the 1943 Apartment Building of Max Borges-del Junco at Jovellar St. and the Club Náutico place Borges among a few modern architects of the Americas with a recognizable, original style.

After 1959 his family moved to the United States, where he remained active well into the 1980s, along with his brother Enrique, designing and building many residential and commercial buildings in the Washington Metropolitan Area.

Awards

He twice won the Cuban National College of Architects Award. First, for his "Medical and Surgical Center" built in 1948 in El Vedado and, the second time, for the Tropicana Club in 1953. In 2006, he was awarded the Cintas Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award  "The Cintas' legacy has fostered the development of Cuban artists, promoting the professional development of these artists and the continuity of Cuban traditions in art."

Family
He was son of architect Max Borges del Junco, a well-known Cuban architect. His brother was architect Enrique Borges Recio, with whom he authored many works as partner. He married Mignon Olmo-Garrido (March 18, 1923 - May 6, 2007) on February 5, 1944 at San Juan de Letrán Catholic Church in Havana, Cuba and they had two sons, Philip M. and Max M. Borges Olmo (also an architect), as well as five grandchildren.

Notable projects
 House of Santiago Claret - 1941
 House of Martin Fox - 1941
 Apartment Building of Max Borges del Junco - 1943
 House of Paula Maza - 1946
 House of Max Borges Recio - 1948
 Medical & Surgical Center (Centro Medico Quirurgico) - 1948

 Tropicana Club - 1951

 Club Náutico - 1953

 Partagas Building - 1954
 Anter Building - 1954

 Nunez Bank - 1957
 House of Alberto Borges - 1957
 House of Humberto Tous - 1957

References

 The Havana Guide - Modern Architecture 1925-1965, Eduardo Luis Rodriguez (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2000)
 La Habana, Eduardo Luis Rodriguez, Pepe Navarro (photographer), Blume 1998.
 Directorio Internacional de Familias Cubanas, Volumen XI 1996-1997
 The Washington Post, May 8, 2007
 Obituary, "The Washington Post", January 21–23, 2009

External links

Arcos de Cristal

1916 births
2009 deaths
Cuban architects
Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni
Cuban emigrants to the United States
Modernist architects

Architects from Havana

Max Borges Jr.


The waste management in Switzerland is based on the polluter pays principle. Bin bags are taxed with pay-per-bag fees in three quarters of the communes. The recycling rate doubled in 20 years due to this strategy.  The recycling rate for municipal solid waste exceeds 50 percent (with an objective of 60 percent in 2020).

However, although the recycling rate of 54 percent is above the European average of 28 percent (2015), Switzerland is among the largest waste producers in Europe (730 kg of waste per capita in 2014). In 2009, 2,801,285 tons of waste from households and small businesses was recycled and 2,680,359 tons of municipal waste was incinerated.

Recycling

In Switzerland, the following common household waste materials are recycled: aluminium and tin cans, old batteries, light bulbs, glass, paper, PET bottles, textiles, electrical and electronic equipment, and other. The disposal of recyclable waste is mostly free of charge, though not always operated as door-to-door collection. Some waste must be brought to collection spots (e.g. glass, metal, textiles), some is collected in supermarkets or retail shops (e.g. batteries, PET bottles, old electrical and electronic equipment).

The seven Swiss recycling organisations: FERRO-Recycling (tin cans), IGORA (household aluminium), INOBAT (household batteries), PET-Recycling Switzerland (PET beverage bottles), the SENS Foundation (electrical and electronic equipment), TEXAID (textiles) and VetroSwiss (glass) are united in the umbrella organisation Swiss Recycling.
"This association exploits the communication synergies that exist between the individual recycling organisations by providing a common platform for disseminating information on the separate collection and appropriate recycling of materials. The association's independence and expertise make it a key contact for official bodies, politicians, retailers and schools throughout Switzerland on all issues relating to recycling."

Individual recycling rates
The recycling rates of the individual recyclable materials reached in 2006 a mean of 76% of all currently recyclable items being recycled. This has narrowly surpassed the Swiss government's 75% target, meaning that for the time being there will be no introduction of a recycling tax on glass bottles and jars, nor on clothes and textiles, plastic bottles, home-use batteries, light bulbs or paperware and card.

Waste incineration
Since the introduction of landfilling ban in Switzerland on 1 January 2000, all non recycled combustible waste must be incinerated. Switzerland has 30 municipal solid waste incinerating facilities (November 2018).

Municipal solid waste
According to Waste Atlas in Switzerland in 2012 5.5 million tonnes of municipal solid waste were produced (694 kg/person/year), one of the highest rates in the world.

Household trash disposal

In many places in Switzerland, household rubbish disposal and collection is charged for. Household refuse (except dangerous and cumbersome items, batteries, sofas, electrical appliances etc.) in theory, is only to be collected if it is in bags which either have a payment sticker attached, in official bags with the surcharge paid when the bags are purchased or weighed at central collection bins. However in practice, this is difficult to enforce, for hygiene reasons and difficulty in identifying the perpetrators. However it is a financial incentive to recycle as much as possible, for recycling is usually free of charge or cheaper, albeit not always operated through a door-to-door collection. Swiss health officials and police often open up garbage for which the disposal charge has not been paid. They search for evidence such as old bills which connect the bag to the household/person they originated from. Fines for not paying the disposal fee can now be up to CHF 10,000.- in some municipalities. Again many people are now aware of this and remove their names and details from any documentation disposed of illegally before trashing it, therefore rendering it impossible and futile for health officials to identify where the rubbish is coming from. In fact in some areas the cost of the payment stickers or official rubbish sacks has fallen slightly. However, where this has occurred, an annual taxation on refuse collection has been introduced or reintroduced as it were. In some extraordinary cases, a handful of municipalities have introduced refuse weighing machines and electronic chip-cards which need to be 'topped up' with money, thus enforcing payment for refuse elimination by weight and not volume. Again causing problems for elderly residents who would have to somehow get to the nearest refuse disposal point, possibly having to walk uphill or a significant distance. All such methods are proving unpopular Switzerland-wide, especially, as said, amongst the ageing Swiss nationals who often find it difficult to come to grips with the ever-imposing technological era. Dumping refuse and household waste inappropriately or illegally incurs a heavy fine.

References

Bibliography
 Stefano Carattini, Andrea Baranzini and Rafael Lalive, "Is taxing waste a waste of time? Evidence from a supreme court decision", London School of Economics, 2016.

External links
 Federal Office of the Environment
 Swiss Recycling

Waste management
Waste management by country

Waste management in Switzerland


Kantamani (pronounced ) is a ragam in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is the 61st Melakarta rāgam in the 72 melakarta rāgam system of Carnatic music. It is called Kuntalam in Muthuswami Dikshitar school of Carnatic music.

Structure and Lakshana

It is the 1st rāgam in the 11th chakra Rudra. The mnemonic name is Rudra-Pa. The mnemonic phrase is sa ri gu mi pa dha na. Its  structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see swaras in Carnatic music for details on below notation and terms):
:
:
(the notes used in this scale are chathusruthi rishabham, antara gandharam, prati madhyamam, shuddha dhaivatham, shuddha nishadham)

As it is a melakarta rāgam, by definition it is a sampoorna rāgam (has all seven notes in ascending and descending scale). It is the prati madhyamam equivalent of Mararanjani, which is the 25th melakarta.

Janya Rāgams
Kantamani has a couple of minor janya rāgams (derived scales) associated with it. See List of janya rāgams for full list of janya rāgams associated with Kantamani and other 71 melakarta rāgams.

Compositions
A few compositions set to this rāgam are:

Sri Sugandhi Kuntalambike by Muttuswami Dikshitar
Nadasukam by Koteeswara Iyer
Bhuvaneshwari pahi by Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna
Palintuvo by Thyagaraja

Related rāgams
This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.

Kantamani's notes when shifted using Graha bhedam, yields Manavati melakarta rāgam. Graha bhedam is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the shadjam to the next note in the rāgam. For further details and an illustration refer Graha bhedam on Manavati.

Notes

References

Melakarta ragas

Kantamani


George Hart Ferguson (February 10, 1890 – October 1961) was an American actor. He performed on the stage and in silent movies.

Ferguson appeared in two movies, Damaged Goods (1914) and The Bruiser (1916). He also toured with Richard Bennett in the stage production of Damaged Goods and appeared on Broadway in Maternity (1915), also with Bennett.

Early life
He was born on Brookline Street in Boston, Massachusetts, one of 10 children of Andrew Ferguson and Mary McIntire. His father was Scottish and his mother Scottish American.

Acting career
At an early age, George left home to work in the circus. Eventually he turned to the stage. His big break came when he joined the Richard Bennett's theatre company performing in the controversial play, Damaged Goods, which told the story of a prominent man diagnosed with syphilis.

In 1914, the American Film Company convinced Bennett to film a screen adaptation of Damaged Goods. The movie featured much the same cast as had toured with the play, including Ferguson, who played "the quack's assistant." In 1915, he was cast in Bennett's production of Eugène Brieux's Maternity, which ran for 21 performances at the Princess Theatre on Broadway.

The only other movie that Ferguson is known to have appeared in was 1916's The Bruiser, in which he plays "Modest Tim."

Career after show business
By the time of America's involvement in World War I, Ferguson was working at A.M. Home Music Company in Boston, as a piano salesman. He served for 12 months in the U.S. Army and was stationed in France with the rank of ammunition sergeant for the 301st Field Artillery.

Ferguson was involved in local theatre, such as the Old Timbuctoo Tribe.

He married Esther Marie Sharkey on September 17, 1921, in Winthrop, Massachusetts, where the couple had two sons, Dalton Hart Ferguson and Milton (later Bruce) Hart Ferguson.

George Ferguson died at age 71 in New Jersey.

References

External links

1890 births
1961 deaths
American male stage actors
American male silent film actors
American people of Scottish descent
Male actors from Boston
20th-century American male actors

George Ferguson (actor)


Martha Cecilia's Kristine is a 2010 Philippine romantic-drama television series based on 54 books of the PHR pocketbook series of the same name created by Martha Cecilia, developed by Rondel P. Lindayag, Roldeo T. Endrinal, and Julie Anne R. Benitez, and directed by Rory B. Quintos, Richard I. Arellano, and Theodore C. Boborol. It also serves as both the 12th installment of the Precious Hearts Romances Presents series and the first adaptation on a primetime slot. The series stars Cristine Reyes as Kristine Jewel Fortalejo, and Denise Laurel as Kristine Emerald Fortalejo-de Silva, together with leading men Zanjoe Marudo, Rafael Rosell, and Rayver Cruz, with an ensemble cast consisting of Lito Legaspi, Irma Adlawan, William Lorenzo, Angel Jacob, Carla Martinez, and Eric Fructuoso in their supporting roles. The series premiered on ABS-CBN's Primetime Bida nighttime block, replacing Rubi from August 16, 2010 to February 11, 2011.

The series is about two rival families—the Fortalejos and the de Silvas— two sisters of the Fortalejo family unexpectedly fall in love with a de Silva.

It was also the official offering of the celebration of 60 Years of Pinoy Soap Opera.

Plot

Book One: Epilogue
Right before the big feud between the Fortalejo and De Silva families, Alicia De Silva was deeply in love with Don Leon Fortalejo. Don Leon, already married to Kristine Esmeralda Lopez-Fortalejo, refused to be with her until one night when Alicia sneaked in his bedroom. That mistake lead to being pregnant and Ernesto De Silva (Alicia's father) calling it "disgracing the family". Since Alicia lied about Romano Fortalejo (Don Leon's favorite child) being the father of her child, the two business partners, Don Leon and Ernesto arranged a marriage for their children. Romano and Ana Marie Soriano, being in love together, escaped to live their own lives while leaving Alicia at the altar on the day of their marriage. This enraged Ernesto to a fight causing his life and Don Leon's left arm. Alfon De Silva, Ernesto oldest son seeking for revenge raped and killed Esmeralda. Due to the pain of losing his wife, Don Leon announced the feud and disowning Romano.''

Years later, Romano and Ana bore two children, Kristine Emerald Fortalejo and Kristine Jewel Fortalejo (not knowing of the feud). Romano died leaving a lot of hospital bills. A penny away to being poor, Ana told the whole story about their background telling her children to never take the inheritance left by Esmeralda. Emerald, not listening drove to Villa Kristine to receive the inheritance but accidentally drove to the Hacienda De Silva. There she met Marco De Silva who kidnapped her but later fell deeply in love with each other.

Jewel almost dying of worry for her sister, went to Paso De Blas hoping to find Emerald. There, she met Jamie Reyes in a funny way and pretended to be his wife to be accepted in the Hacienda De Silva as a worker. Many days past of working in the sun and finding Emerald, but Jewel and Jamie fell in love with each other.

After many conflicts with Alfon, Don Cesar Zaragoza, and Don Leon the Fortalejo family was reunited. Marco and Emerald were also broken hearted because a certain deal with Don Leon and Julia De Silva were made. Emerald vowed to be an enemy to Marco. Marco still tries to clear his name and prove that Margarita Fortalejo is a murderer. Although Don Leon wants Lance for Jewel instead of Jamie, his driver, many escapes by Jewel and Jamie were planned to be with each other. But when Don Leon learned that his son, Bernard Fortalejo is alive, he tries hard to find the lovers. Bernard Fortalejo was revealed to be Jamie Reyes a fact that will ruin Jewel and Jamie's lives.

Meanwhile, Alfon De Silva showed up in a bar in Paso De Blas where Margarita was drinking, and made a deal to be partners. Then the rival between the Fortalejo and De Silva stopped when Don Leon Fortalejo re-arranged peace to Paso De Blas. Suddenly, Bernard De Silva Fortalejo "Jaime Reyes" showed up and attempted to kill his father Don Leon for forbidding their love (Jewel and "Jaime"). Don Leon said that "Jaime Reyes" is Bernard De Silva Fortalejo and Don Leon and Alicia De Silva's son making Jewel and him "uncle and niece". After the event when Don Leon went to his car, the car suddenly exploded causing Don Leon's death (caused by Gemma Zaragoza for revenge).

Right after the incident, Margarita Fortalejo-Cervantes is finding a way to claim the riches of her late father Don Leon Fortalejo.  The last will and testament of Don Leon giving his properties to Jewel Fortalejo, Emerald Fortalejo, Ana Fortalejo, Bernard Fortalejo, Jose Cervantes, Margarita Cervantes and their son, Nathaniel Cervantes. The last will and testament of Don Leon gave Bernard, Jewel, and Emerald many of his riches, gave Margarita's family little, and since he gave Villa Kristine to Romano and Ana is his wife, Ana owns it. This outraged Margarita to anger when she found out that her father gave her very little, causing Margarita to find a way to get all of her father's riches.

Suddenly Stella Ilarmo (Jewel's biological mother) showed up in Paso De Blas claiming her daughter Jewel Fortalejo, which means that Jewel is not the daughter of Romano and Ana Fortalejo and the sister of Emerald Fortalejo. Margarita paid Alfon De Silva to investigate Ana, then Stella showing up in Villa Kristine made Ana frightened to reveal her deep secret about Jewel's real identity. Stella saw Jewel and Ana introduced Stella as her "friend" which is a lie because Stella is really Ana's sister. Stella applied as Jewel's assistant which made Margarita very curious about the real identity of Stella making Margarita pay Alfon to investigate Stella. Then, Alfon revealed that Jewel is not a true Fortalejo making her and Jaime's love "unforbidden" because Jewel is not a Fortalejo meaning that she is not the niece of Bernard. Upon Margarita knowing that Jewel is not a real Fortalejo and making Jewel and Bernard to love each other (married) again stirred up Margarita on finding a way on making Jewel and Bernard not love each other because she thought that if Jewel marries Jaime making Jewel a Fortalejo. Margarita thought that it would be harder for her to claim his father's riches when Jewel marries Jaime. Emerald Fortalejo and Marco De Silva marries as well as Jewel and Bernard making Jewel a Fortalejo. The story continues on the sons and daughters of Jewel, Jaime, Emerald and Marco up to the last true Fortalejo living namely Leon Fortalejo. Leon Fortalejo will show up at the last book (book 52) of the series as the last Fortalejo living.

As the first book of the television series ends in Book 52 in the Martha Cecilia's Kristine Book Series. As Stella enters the lives of Anna, and Jewel, complications arise as Jewel is with Jaime. Fate has its ways of putting them in harm as well, as Jewel leaves he Mansion after her complications and dealing with family. Hostility arises and she decides to go on with a little trip to Lance's farm. After a few days of spending time with Lance, she decides to occupy a little time at the manor, but leaves abruptly as she decides to go back to the place Jaime and Jewel spent time with each other. Jaime is already there and Jewel and Jaime spend time avoiding each other as they know that they cannot fall for each other. Jewel tries to hold back tears, and pain, as she tries to deliberately hold it back as Lance is in her heart now as she is unaware that she is not a Fortalejo. Jaime and Jewel's encounter makes them so happy but at home issues begin as of her disappearance. Anna and Stella, confront each other of being a mother to Jewel, and as for Stella she does not know that the man she slept with Alfon, is using her to get through his plans, but as she makes a phone call she is not there for Jewel, but indeed for the money. Meanwhile, Margarita, is now ignored by her husband, and son and decides to make a scheme. She collaborates with Alfon, into kidnapping Anna who is Alfon's obsession after the near encounter, while Jewel is Margarita's plan to kill after losing everything especially her inheritance.

Book Two: Prequel
As Book 1 ends in the television series adaptation of Martha Cecilia's Kristine Book Series, Jewel and Jaime are in each other's arms once again, and Lance tries to convince Jewel who she will pick at almost any point, the one man she truly loves, or the one that is now healing her broken heart. Margarita's schemes makes it hectic and unraveling. What will Jaime and Marco uncover about Stella and Alfon's relationship as they are unaware of Stella? Meanwhile, as secrets unravel, Jewels safety is at risk as she is now in Lance's arms. Fate also brings her to the unaware truth that Stella is her mother as she runs away from her home she instantly forgives but one day she and Jaime are in each other's hands again but Alfon and Stella are over and done with and now Margarita is up to something. After an evening with Lance, Jewel finds her mother Anna and Stella in a bitter argument of a secret. But as it unravels, Jewel finds out she is not the real Fortalejo leaving her to confront her mother, and Stella who is her biological mother in her heartache. She runs back to the village where her romance with Jaime was left and now she finds himself confessing to a group of villagers his love for her as she sees him. She then says yes and agrees to marry him after she finds out the truth, but as she runs back home she tells Anna she's leaving and she and Jaime get married but are now lost in a happily ever after. As they come back to the Fortalejo manor, Stella decides to leave the manor to find a job in Taiwan but things are cut short when Alfon traps Anna and Stella. Stella thinks that she is on Alfon's side that is betrayed and later ends up being held hostage calling Jewel into a trap. When she is followed by Lance as she and Jaime arrive to the scene, Anna is begging and so is Stella for Alfon to let go and let them leave. But the plan is cut short as Anna and Stella both find Jewel arrive. Anna is still taken hostage leaving her and Stella. With the help of Lance, Jaime and Marco to the rescue, Margarita leaves Jewel and Stella being held hostage unaware she is also part of the plot. A fight leashes out leaving Jewel in the building with Stella but she gets shot and saves Jewel but. the building starts to burn. And to Margarita's extent, she thinks that her plan to eliminate and get her revenge result her to be successful but turns out as things go good for her, lives are in a living hell with the death of Jewel. Will the truth be prevailed or is there any evidence or hope that Jewel maybe alive after all? At the end, Margarita traps Jewel and plans to bomb the place she is in. But Bernard, Marco, Scarlet, and Nathaniel are there to save her. Suddenly, Margarita finds out that her son is out there because she was watching the surveillance camera. So she let Jewel out and ran for they had very little time until the bomb would burst. After they were all safe, Margarita realized she forgot her important necklace that was the key to all the gold. So she went back to find it, then the bomb burst and she is killed. At her burial, Jewel explained she was pregnant with another baby, Diana found her true love, Marco and Emerald got married, and Nathaniel and Jasmin took care of Jasmin's sister.

Cast and characters

Main cast

Cristine Reyes as Kristine Jewel Fortalejo
Zanjoe Marudo as Jaime Reyes/Bernard De Silva-Fortalejo
Denise Laurel as Kristine Emerald Fortalejo-De Silva
Rafael Rosell as Marco De Silva
Rayver Cruz as Lance Navarro
Lito Legaspi as Don Leon Fortalejo
Irma Adlawan as Margarita Fortalejo-Cervantes
William Lorenzo as Josef Cervantes
Angel Jacob as Ana Marie Soriano-Fortalejo
Carla Martinez as Julia De Silva
Eric Fructuoso as Alfon De Silva

Additional cast
Arlene Tolibas as Tekla
Bayani Casimiro Jr. as Nonong
Elijah Magundayao as Buboy
JM De Guzman as Nathaniel Cervantes
Bangs Garcia as Diana Montero
Iya Villania as Scarlet Saavedra
Kristel Moreno as Jasmin Cuevo
Neri Naig as Rowena Guevarra
Joross Gamboa as Charlie
Tibo Jumalon as Tibo
Sharmaine Suarez as Stella Elarmo
John Medina as Elmer Saavedra

Special participation
Chin-Chin Gutierrez as Kristine Esmeralda Lopez-Fortalejo
Johnny Revilla as Ernesto De Silva
Christian Vasquez as Romano Fortalejo
Wendy Valdez as Alicia De Silva

Guest cast
Chinggoy Alonzo as Don Cesar Zaragoza
Gilette Sandico as Gemma Zaragoza
Tanya Gomez as Juaning Reyes
Arnold Reyes as Rufo
Cai Cortez as Keanna
Richard Yap as Jandy
Miles Ocampo as Maya
Albie Casiño as Dominic Ellarmo
Josef Elizalde as Nathaniel's Friend
Princess Manzon as Prostitute
Cathy Remperas as Prized Girlfriend
Kyra Custodio as Young Margarita Fortalejo
Marikit Morales as Daisy
Mary Roldan as Cora
Auriette Divina as Demi Ingrid Alejo
Gee-Ann Abrahan as Ashley
Joyce So as Ruby
Bam Romana as GBoy
Kelly Misa as Mylene
Manuel Chua as Scarlet's ex-boyfriend
Jose Sarasola as Diana's new boyfriend (in a final episode)

Reception

Ratings
According to Kantar Media, the pilot episode of the hit series scored 18.6% ratings nationwide.

Music
 Ngayon At Kailanman - Vina Morales (Official Theme Song)
 Hanggang May Kailanman - Carol Banawa
 Sakaling Malimutan Ka - Carol Banawa
 Di Ko Kayang Limutin - Liezel Garcia

Launch
Kristine was launched as one of the ABS-CBN's offerings for the 60th Celebration of Filipino Soap Opera ("Ika-60 taon ng Pinoy Soap Opera") during the ABS-CBN Trade Launch for the first quarter of 2010, entitled "Bagong Simula" (New Beginning).

Controversial leave
Lead star Denise Laurel, who plays Cristine Reyes' sister Emerald, took an indefinite leave during the season due to constraints regarding some scenes concerning her image. The indefinite leave left fans of the popular primetime series wondering if her recurring character would be back in the second and final season.

See also
Precious Hearts Romances Presents
List of programs broadcast by ABS-CBN

References

External links
Official website

ABS-CBN drama series
2010 Philippine television series debuts
2011 Philippine television series endings
Philippine romance television series
Television shows based on books
Filipino-language television shows
Television shows set in Manila

Kristine (TV series)