National Institute of Securities Markets (NISM) is an Indian public trust and also the national apex body for the regulation and licensing of financial market dealing profession in India along with being the central civil service staff training institute of SEBI established in 2006 by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) the regulator for the securities market in India. It is under the ownership of the Securities and Exchange Board of India, Ministry of Finance, Government of India.

History
In the Budget Speech of February 2006, P Chidambaram, the erstwhile Union Finance Minister, proposed to authorize the Securities and Exchange Board of India to set up a National Institute of Securities Markets for teaching and training intermediaries in securities markets and promoting research. Accordingly, NISM was established in 2006.  NISM seeks to add to market quality through educational initiatives.  It is an autonomous body governed by its Board of Governors. An International Advisory Council provides strategic guidance to NISM.

Structure
The activities of NISM are carried out under six schools. These are as follows:

School for Securities Education (SSE)
The School for Securities Education (SSE) offers these flagship programs. The programs offered under SSE are
 Post-Graduate Diploma in Securities Markets
 LL.M. in Investment and Securities Laws
 Post Graduate Diploma in Portfolio Management, Investment Advisory and Research Analysis
 Post Graduate Certificate in Data Science in Financial Markets
 Post Graduate Certificate in Securities Markets

School for Investor Education and Financial Literacy (SIEFL)

The School for Investor Education & Financial Literacy (SIEFL) is engaged in propagating the importance of financial literacy among school students through conducting its program-POCKET MONEY. Investor education is dealt at various segments – college students, young investors, retiring population, general public etc. wherein wealth creation through better financial planning is promoted. The School focuses on Securities Market & Mutual Fund awareness through its various trainings and workshops.

School for Certification of Intermediaries (SCI)
The School for Certification of Intermediaries (SCI) is engaged in developing and conducting certification examination for market professionals, aspiring students, investors etc. Most of these certifications developed by NISM are mandated under SEBI (CAPSM) Regulation, 2007 as minimum eligibility criteria to get employed with SEBI registered intermediaries or engaging in rendering licensed advisory services to investors. Additionally, NISM also conduct exams for Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) & Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI).
These examinations are conducted in the proctored environment throughout the year from 200 plus centres across India.

School for Securities Information and Research (SSIR)

The School for Securities Information and Research (SSIR) conducts capital market conferences, symposiums, workshops on R, Python and many more.

School for Regulatory Studies and Supervision (SRSS)

The School for Regulatory Studies and Supervision (SRSS) is engaged in developing excellence in regulatory practices among regulators and market participants through training, workshops etc. SRSS conducts capacity building programs, advanced training programs for securities market regulators (domestic and abroad) focusing on policy creation and implementation.

School for Corporate Governance (SCG)
The School for Corporate Governance (SCG) conducts various programs aimed at improving Corporate Governance issues through effective implementation and quality process. With this objective, the School conducts various research and training programmes, which include:

 Familiarization Programme for Directors of Listed Companies
 Roundtable Conference on Corporate Governance and its implications for Board of Directors
 Directors' Colloquium
 Brainstorming Session on Regulatory Issues
 Workshop for Compliance Officers and Company Secretaries
 Research on Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) issues

Programmes
The institute is known for its flagship programmes i.e. Post Graduate Diploma in Management (Securities Markets), Post Graduate Program in Portfolio Management / Investment Advisory / Research Analysis, Post Graduate Certificate in Data Science for Financial Markets, Post Graduate Program in Portfolio Management, Investment Advisory and Research Analysis and Post Graduate Certificate in Securities Markets. It also offers certification programmes, academic programmes, training programmes, capacity building and skill development programmes in securities markets and related areas. M. Thenmozhi, while serving as the Director at the National Institute of Securities Markets in Mumbai, contributed in designing and implementing educational programs in collaboration with IIT, Madras.

The institute also provides financial education and standards to improve financial literacy in the country. The institute is located in Vashi, Navi Mumbai, India. A 72-acre campus at Patalganga (off-Mumbai-Pune Expressway), for the institute, was inaugurated by Narendra Modi, the incumbent prime minister of India, on 24 December 2016. NISM is an autonomous body governed by a Board of Governors. Madhab Puri Buch, the Chairman of SEBI, is the incumbent chairman of NISM. The Institute is divided into six schools that address the different participants of the Indian financial market.

See also

 Securities and Exchange Board of India
 Reserve Bank of India

References

Educational organisations based in India
Capital markets of India
Securities and Exchange Board of India
Personal finance education
Professional certification in finance


Rt. Hon. Yusuf Liman Dahiru, a visionary leader, was born in the month of  September 23rd 1980A.c, in the vibrant district of Makera, Kaduna State. From an early age, Yusuf displayed remarkable leadership qualities that shaped his journey of accomplishments.

His educational voyage commenced at shebak Nursery and Primary School in Makera, Kaduna, followed by Barewa College Zaria for his junior school, and Government College Kaduna, where he completed his secondary education. He pursued his passion for Accounting and obtained a National Diploma in Accounting from Kaduna State Polytechnic, followed by a Higher Diploma in Accounting from Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Zaria. Rt. Hon. Yusuf Liman furthered his education by earning a postgraduate Diploma in Public Administration from the Nigerian Defense Academy in Kaduna, as well as a postgraduate Diploma in Management and Masters in Business Administration from Kaduna State University (KASU).

As a testament to his dedication to professional excellence, Yusuf is a distinguished member of several esteemed organizations, including the Nigerian Institute of Management, the Association of National Accountants of Nigeria (ANAN), and the chartered institute of Taxation of Nigeria.

Throughout his educational journey, Yusuf consistently demonstrated his leadership acumen. He held various esteemed positions, such as House prefect during his time at secondary school reign. In tertiary institutions, he served as the Auditor General of the Kaduna State Student Union, the Financial Secretary of the National Association of Kaduna State Students (NAKASS), and even served as the President of the Student Union Government at Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Zaria.

Following his mandatory National Youths Service Corps (NYSC) in the Nigerian National Petroleum Commission (NNPC), Abuja, Rt. Hon. Yusuf Liman embarked on an entrepreneurial path, where his business acumen and leadership qualities fueled remarkable achievements. He excelled in various ventures, including Rice Milling business, Oil and Gas Marketing and Construction. His exceptional leadership skills led to significant business growth and the establishment of a loyal and motivated workforce, comprising over 200 dedicated employees.

With a deep rooted interest in politics, nurtured since his schooling days, Yusuf wholeheartedly embraced the realm of political service. A staunch member of the All Progressives Congress (APC), he played a pivotal role in contribution to the party's growth. In 2015, 2019 and 2023, Yusuf was elected as a distinguished member of the Kaduna State House of Assembly. He deligently served as the Chairman of the House Committee on Education for five (5) years and subsequently assumed the role of the Chairman of the House Committee on Finance.

Yusuf Liman Dahiru is a devoted family man, married to Zainab Suleiman, and blessed with two wonderful children, Suleiman and Abubakar. His unwavering commitment to public service, coupled with his remarkable leadership abilities and entrepreneurial spirit, continue to inspire those around him. With a relentless drive to make a positive impact, Yusuf aspires to contribute significantly to the progress and development of Kaduna State and the Nation as a whole.

HON YUSUF LIMAN


John Adam Estes (January 25, 1899 or 1900June 5, 1977), performing as Sleepy John Estes, was an American blues guitarist, songwriter and vocalist. His music influenced such artists as The Beatles, Bob Dylan and Led Zeppelin.

Life and career
Estes was born in Ripley, Tennessee, either in 1899 (the date on his gravestone) or 1900 (the date on his World War I draft card). In 1915, his father, a sharecropper who played guitar, moved the family to Brownsville, Tennessee. Not long after, Estes lost the sight in his right eye when a friend threw a rock at him. At the age of 19, while working as a field hand, he began to perform professionally, mostly at parties and picnics, with the accompaniment of Hammie Nixon, a harmonica player, and James "Yank" Rachell, a guitarist and mandolin player. Estes continued to work on and off with both musicians for more than fifty years. He also performed in medicine shows with Willie Newbern.

At the suggestion of Jim Jackson, Estes made his debut as a recording artist in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1929, at a session organized by Ralph Peer for Victor Records. He recorded the tracks "Drop Down Mama" and "Someday Baby Blues" with Nixon in 1935. He later worked with Son Bonds and Charlie Pickett.
He went on to record for Decca Records and Bluebird Records, with his last prewar recording session taking place in 1941. He made a brief return to recording at Sun Studio in Memphis in 1952, recording "Runnin' Around" and "Rats in My Kitchen", but otherwise was out of the public eye in the 1940s and 1950s.

Estes sang with a distinctive "crying" vocal style. He frequently teamed with more capable musicians, such as Yank Rachell, Hammie Nixon, and the piano player Jab Jones. Estes sounded so much like an old man, even on his early records, that blues revivalists reportedly delayed looking for him because they assumed he would have to be long dead (and because the musician Big Bill Broonzy had written that he was dead). By the time he was tracked down by the blues historians Bob Koester and Samuel Charters in 1962, he was completely blind and living in poverty. Along with his wife, Ann, who took many of the iconic photos of Estes found in blues books and album covers, Sam Charters filmed Estes performing, sitting in front of his shack near Brownsville. Blind and frail, he became the heart and soul of the Charters' movie, "The Blues," that was not released widely until 2020, in a Document Records package titled "Searching for Secret Heroes." He resumed touring with Nixon and recording for Delmark Records. Estes, Nixon and Rachell appeared at the Newport Folk Festival in 1964.

Many of Estes's original songs were based on events in his life or people he knew in his hometown, Brownsville, such as the local lawyer ("Lawyer Clark Blues"), the local auto mechanic ("Vassie Williams' Blues"), or an amorously inclined teenage girl ("Little Laura Blues"). In "Lawyer Clark Blues", about the lawyer and later judge and senator Hugh L. Clarke, whose family lived in Brownsville, Estes sang that Clark let him "off the hook" for an offense. He also dispensed advice on agricultural matters ("Working Man Blues")  and chronicled his own attempt to reach a recording studio for a session by hopping a freight train ("Special Agent [Railroad Police Blues]"). His lyrics combined keen observation with an ability to turn an effective phrase.

Some accounts attribute the nickname Sleepy to a blood pressure disorder or narcolepsy. Bob Koester, the founder of Delmark Records, said that Estes simply had a "tendency to withdraw from his surroundings into drowsiness whenever life was too cruel or too boring to warrant full attention".
Estes himself explained that the nickname was born of his exhausting life as both musician and farmer.  "'Every night I was going somewhere.  I'd work all day, play all night and get back home about sunrise.  I'd get the mule and get right on going.  I went to sleep once in the shed.  I used to go to sleep so much when we were playing, they called me Sleepy.  But I never missed a note.'"

Death

Estes had a stroke while preparing for a European tour and died on June 5, 1977, at his home of 17 years in Brownsville, Haywood County, Tennessee. He is buried at Elam Baptist Church Cemetery in Durhamville, Lauderdale County, Tennessee.

His grave marker reads:

The epitaph "..ain't goin' to worry Poor John's mind anymore" is derived from his song "Someday Baby Blues." "I Ain't Gonna Be Worried No More" was recorded in 1935, and in his song "Drop Down Mama", also recorded in 1935, Estes referred to himself as "Poor John". His grave is located off a country road and at the far end of the cemetery, adjacent to a small grove of trees, secluded but not hidden.

In 1991, Estes was posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame.

Legacy

Led Zeppelin's lead singer, Robert Plant, named Estes as one of his earliest influences. Bob Dylan mentioned Estes in the sleeve notes for his album Bringing It All Back Home (1965). In an interview in 1970 published in Lennon Remembers, John Lennon recalled of The Beatles' early days that "We were all listening to Sleepy John Estes and all that in art school, like everybody else."

Estes's former two-room home is on display in Brownsville, Tennessee, USA alongside Tina Turner's Flagg Grove School and museum.

Recordings

Albums
 The Legend of Sleepy John Estes (Delmark, 1963)
 Broke and Hungry (Ragged and Dirty, Too) (Delmark, 1964)
 Electric Sleep (Delmark, 1968)
 Brownsville Blues (Delmark, 1965)
 Down South Blues (Delmark)
 Sleepy John Estes in Europe (Delmark, 1999)

Compilations
 Sleepy John Estes, 1929–1940 (RBF Records)
 Complete Recorded Works 1929–1941, vols. 1 and 2 (Document)
 I Ain't Gonna Be Worried No More 1929–1941 (Yazoo)

See also
 American Folk Blues Festival
 Anthology of American Folk Music
 Country blues
 List of blues musicians
 List of people from Tennessee
 Memphis blues

References

External links

 Illustrated Sleepy John Estes discography
 Sleepy John Estes page at the National Park Service "Links to the Past" site

Year of birth uncertain
1977 deaths
People from Brownsville, Tennessee
African-American guitarists
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
Memphis blues musicians
Country blues singers
American blues singer-songwriters
Blind musicians
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee
Bluebird Records artists
Sun Records artists
Delmark Records artists
People from Ripley, Tennessee
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Tennessee
African-American male singer-songwriters
20th-century African-American male singers
American blind people
1899 births
American musicians with disabilities

Sleepy John Estes


The High Plains Reader is an alternative newspaper serving the Fargo metropolitan area, with an estimated readership of 20,000 to 30,000 weekly between print and online readers. The tabloid was founded in 1994 by Ian Swanson, Peter Ryan, and Len Schmid in Grand Forks, North Dakota and is currently owned by Raul Gomez and John Strand who purchased the paper in late December 1996. After a flood and fire destroyed their Grand Forks office, the Reader moved its office to Fargo.  In 2004, the Reader celebrated its 10th anniversary in different venues in the Fargo-Moorhead area, including Ralph's Corner Bar.  Distribution ended in the Grand Forks area in 2009. In 2014, HPR celebrated 20 years.

Features
The paper features reviews of bands, movies, and theater in Fargo-Moorhead, plus a calendar of weekly events.  Its editorials generally take a more leftist tack than those of The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead.

Recurring portions of the High Plains Reader include the weekly editorial, written by Editor Sabrina Hornung, photojournalist and news editor C.S. Christopher Hagen, or Co-owner John Strand; the cover story; features; opinion; wellness; a theater column; movie reviews by Greg Carlson; a Best Bets section, generally giving brief synopses of upcoming events, focusing mostly on local musicians; and a calendar section, a detailed list of daily events for the upcoming week.

Controversy
The Reader began carrying Allison Moorhead's sex column in late 2004, which had a controversial and short run at North Dakota State University's newspaper The Spectrum.  Longtime HPR contributor Ed Raymond withdrew his "The Gadfly" column in protest.

The column offered general information about sexual activities, including accounts of the writer's own, rather than a question-and-answer format.  Moorhead stopped writing for the Reader in early 2005.  Ed Raymond returned to writing his column the following June.

External links

Alternative weekly newspapers published in the United States
Newspapers published in North Dakota
Fargo–Moorhead
Greater Grand Forks
Newspapers established in 1994
1994 establishments in North Dakota

High Plains Reader


The 12th (Eastern) Division was an infantry division raised by the British Army during the First World War from men volunteering for Kitchener's New Armies. The division saw service in the trenches of the Western Front from June 1915 to the end of the war.

Formation and First World War

The 12th (Eastern) Division, was one of the first Kitchener's Army divisions raised from volunteers by Lord Kitchener. It was formed within Eastern Command as a result of Army Order No. 324 of 21 August 1914, as part of the K1 wave of divisions. It fought on the Western Front for the duration of the First World War. One of its most notable actions was the Battle of Épehy where there is a memorial cross to the 12th Division.

In the First World War, the division's insignia was the Ace of Spades, which has since been adopted by the present 12th Armoured Infantry Brigade.

Order of Battle
35th Brigade

 7th (Service) Battalion, Norfolk Regiment
 7th (Service) Battalion, Suffolk Regiment (left May 1918)
 9th (Service) Battalion, Essex Regiment
 5th (Service) Battalion, Princess Charlotte of Wales's (Royal Berkshire Regiment) (transferred to 36th Brigade February 1918)
 1/1st Territorial Force (T.F.) Battalion, Cambridgeshire Regiment (joined May 1918)
 35th Machine Gun Company, Machine Gun Corps (formed 1 February 1916, moved to 12th Battalion, Machine Gun Corps (M.G.C.) 1 March 1918)
 35th Trench Mortar Battery (formed 25 June 1916)

36th Brigade

 8th (Service) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) (disbanded February 1918)
 9th (Service) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment)
 7th (Service) Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment
 11th (Service) Battalion, Duke of Cambridge's Own (Middlesex Regiment) (disbanded February 1918)
 5th (Service) Battalion, Princess Charlotte of Wales's (Royal Berkshire Regiment) (transferred from 35th Brigade February 1918)
 36th Machine Gun Company, Machine Gun Corps (formed 1 February 1916, moved to 12th Battalion, M.G.C. 1 March 1918)
 36th Trench Mortar Battery (formed 15 June 1916)

37th Brigade

 6th (Service) Battalion, Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment)
 6th (Service) Battalion, Buffs (East Kent Regiment)
 7th (Service) Battalion, East Surrey Regiment (disbanded February 1918)
 6th (Service) Battalion, Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regiment)
 37th Machine Gun Company, Machine Gun Corps (formed 4 February 1916, moved to 12th Battalion, M.G.C. 1 March 1918)
 37th Trench Mortar Battery (formed 15 June 1916)

Divisional Troops
 5th (Service) Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment (division pioneers)
 9 Motor Machine Gun Battery (joined early 1915, left 20 June 1915)
 235th Machine Gun Company (joined 16 July 1917, left to move into 12th Battalion M.G. C. 1 March 1918)
 12th Battalion Machine Gun Corps (formed 1 March 1918, absorbing the brigade MG companies)
 Divisional Mounted Troops
 A Squadron, King Edward's Horse (joined April 1915, left June 1916)
 12th Divisional Cyclist Company, Army Cyclist Corps (left 15 June 1916)
 12th Divisional Train Army Service Corps
 116th, 117th, 118th and 119th Companies
 23rd Mobile Veterinary Section Army Veterinary Corps
 214th Divisional Employment Company (joined 16 June 1917)

Royal Artillery
 LXII Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (R.F.A.)
 LXIII Brigade, R.F.A.
 LXIV Brigade, R.F.A. (left 6 January 1917)
 LXV (Howitzer) Brigade, R.F.A. (broken up 30 August 1916)
 12th Divisional Ammunition Column R.F.A.
 12th Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery (left 8 June 1915)
 V.12 Heavy Trench Mortar Battery R.F.A. (joined 31 July 1916, disbanded 12 February 1918)
 X.12, Y.12 and Z.12 Medium Mortar Batteries R.F.A. (formed 1 July 1916; on 16 February 1918, Z broken up distributed among X and Y batteries)

Royal Engineers
 69th Field Company
 70th Field Company
 87th Field Company (joined January 1915)
 12th Divisional Signals Company

Royal Army Medical Corps
 36th Field Ambulance
 37th Field Ambulance
 38th Field Ambulance
 23rd Sanitary Section (left 1 April 1917)

General Officer Commanding

 Major-General James Spens 24 August 1914 – 15 March 1915
 Major-General Frederick D.V. Wing 15 March – 2 October 1915
 Brigadier-General W. K. McLeod 2–3 October 1915 (acting)
 Major-General Arthur B. Scott 3 October 1915 – 26 April 1918
 Major-General H. W. Higginson 26 April 1918 –

See also

 List of British divisions in World War I

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Ian F.W. Beckett, 'Territorials: A Century of Service,' First Published April 2008 by DRA Printing of 14 Mary Seacole Road, The Millfields, Plymouth PL1 3JY on behalf of TA 100, .
 Cliff Lord & Graham Watson, Royal Corps of Signals: Unit Histories of the Corps (1920–2001) and its Antecedents, Solihull: Helion, 2003, .
 Col L.F. Morling, Sussex Sappers: A History of the Sussex Volunteer and Territorial Army Royal Engineer Units from 1890 to 1967, Seaford: 208th Field Co, RE/Christians–W.J. Offord, 1972.
 Graham E. Watson & Richard A. Rinaldi, The Corps of Royal Engineers: Organization and Units 1889–2018, Tiger Lily Books, 2018, .

External links
 Source for level of Training of 12th Inf.Div.

Infantry divisions of the British Army in World War I
Kitchener's Army divisions
Military units and formations established in 1914
1914 establishments in the United Kingdom

12th (Eastern) Division


Operation Vengeance was the American military operation to kill Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto of the Imperial Japanese Navy on 18 April 1943 during the Solomon Islands campaign in the Pacific Theater of World War II. Yamamoto, commander of the Combined Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy, was killed near Bougainville Island when his transport aircraft was shot down by United States Army Air Forces fighter aircraft operating from Kukum Field on Guadalcanal.

The mission of the U.S. aircraft was specifically to kill Yamamoto, made possible because of United States Navy intelligence decoding transmissions about Yamamoto's travel itinerary through the Solomon Islands area. The death of Yamamoto reportedly damaged the morale of Japanese naval personnel, raised the morale of the Allied forces, and was intended as revenge by U.S. leaders, who blamed Yamamoto for the attack on Pearl Harbor that initiated the war between Imperial Japan and the United States.

The U.S. pilots claimed to have shot down three twin-engine bombers and two fighters during the mission, but Japanese records show only two bombers were shot down. There is a controversy over which pilot shot down Yamamoto's plane, but most modern historians credit Rex T. Barber.

Background

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, commander of the Imperial Japanese Navy, scheduled an inspection tour of the Solomon Islands and New Guinea. He planned to inspect Japanese air units participating in Operation I-Go that had begun 7 April 1943; in addition, the tour would boost Japanese morale following the disastrous Guadalcanal campaign and its subsequent evacuation during January and February.

Intelligence
On 14 April the U.S. naval intelligence effort code-named "Magic" intercepted and decrypted orders alerting affected Japanese units of the tour. The original message, NTF131755, addressed to the commanders of Base Unit No. 1, the 11th Air Flotilla, and the 26th Air Flotilla, was encoded in the Japanese Naval Cipher JN-25D, and was picked up by three stations of the "Magic" apparatus, including Fleet Radio Unit Pacific Fleet. The message was then deciphered by Navy cryptographers (among them future Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens); it contained time and location details of Yamamoto's itinerary, as well as the number and types of planes that would transport and accompany him on the journey.

The decrypted text revealed that on 18 April Yamamoto would fly from Rabaul to Balalae Airfield, on an island near Bougainville in the Solomon Islands. He and his staff would fly in two medium bombers (Mitsubishi G4M Bettys of the Kōkūtai 705), escorted by six navy fighters (Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighters of the Kōkūtai 204), to depart Rabaul at 06:00 and arrive at Balalae at 08:00, Tokyo time.

The U.S. Army Military Intelligence Service (MIS) was made up mostly of Nisei (second-generation Japanese Americans). They were trained in interpretation, interrogation, and translation of Japanese materials ranging from standard textbooks to captured documents. Information leading to Yamamoto's ambush was a significant MIS contribution in the Solomons campaign. MIS Technical Sergeant Harold Fudenna translated an intercepted radio message indicating the itinerary of Yamamoto. Although this message was first met with skepticism that the Japanese would be so careless, other MIS linguists in Alaska and Hawaii had also intercepted the same message, confirming its accuracy.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt may have authorized Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox to "get Yamamoto", but no official record of such an order exists, and sources disagree whether he did so. Knox essentially let Admiral Chester W. Nimitz make the decision. Nimitz first consulted Admiral William F. Halsey Jr., Commander, South Pacific, and then authorized the mission on 17 April. These U.S. commanders judged that the benefits of a successful mission included that Japanese morale would be negatively affected by news of Yamamoto's death and that Yamamoto's replacement would be less capable. When the issue was raised that the mission could reveal that the United States had broken Japanese naval codes, the commanders decided the knowledge could be protected as long as the true source of the intelligence was kept hidden from unauthorized American personnel and the press.

Interception

To avoid detection by radar and Japanese personnel stationed in the Solomon Islands along a straight-line distance of about  between U.S. forces and Bougainville, the mission entailed an over-water flight south and west of the Solomons. This roundabout approach was plotted and measured to be about . The fighters would, therefore, travel 600 miles out to the target and 400 miles back. The 1,000-mile flight, with extra fuel allotted for combat, was beyond the range of the F4F Wildcat and F4U Corsair fighters then available to Navy and Marine squadrons based on Guadalcanal. The mission was instead assigned to the 339th Fighter Squadron, 347th Fighter Group, whose P-38G Lightning aircraft, equipped with drop tanks, were the only American fighters in the Pacific with the range to intercept, engage and return.

339th Squadron Commander Major John W. Mitchell, already an ace pilot, was chosen to lead the flight. For better navigation, Mitchell asked for a navy compass, which was provided by Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel Luther S. Moore and installed in Mitchell's P-38 the day before the attack. All of the P-38 fighters mounted their standard armament of one 20 mm cannon and four .50-caliber (12.7 mm) machine guns, and were equipped to carry two  drop tanks under their wings. A limited supply of  tanks was flown up from New Guinea, sufficient to provide each Lightning with one large tank to replace one of the small tanks. The difference in size put approximately  greater weight on one side of the aircraft, but the tanks were located close enough to the aircraft's center of gravity to avoid serious performance problems.

Eighteen P-38s were assigned the mission. One flight of four was designated as the "killer" flight, while the remainder, which included two spares, would climb to  to act as "top cover" for the expected reaction by Japanese fighters based at Kahili. A flight plan was prepared by the Command Operations Officer, Marine Major John Condon, but this was discarded by Mitchell who thought the airspeeds and time estimates were not best for intercepting Yamamoto.  With several of his pilots assisting, Mitchell calculated an intercept time of 09:35, based on the itinerary, to catch the bombers descending over Bougainville, 10 minutes before landing at Balalae. He worked back from that time and drew four precisely calculated legs, with a fifth leg curving in a search pattern in case Yamamoto was not seen at the chosen point. In addition to heading out over the Coral Sea, the 339th would "wave-hop" all the way to Bougainville at altitudes no greater than 50 feet (15 m), maintaining radio silence.

Although the 339th Fighter Squadron officially carried out the mission, 10 of the 18 pilots were drawn from the other two squadrons of the 347th Group. The Commander AirSols, Rear Admiral Marc A. Mitscher, selected four pilots to be designated as the "killer" flight:
 Captain Thomas G. Lanphier Jr.
 Lieutenant Rex T. Barber
 Lieutenant Jim McLanahan (dropped out with flat tire)
 Lieutenant Joe Moore (dropped out with faulty fuel feed)

The remaining pilots would act as reserves and provide air cover against any retaliatory attacks by local Japanese fighters:

 Major John Mitchell
 Lieutenant William Smith
 Lieutenant Gordon Whittiker
 Lieutenant Roger Ames
 Captain Louis Kittel
 Lieutenant Lawrence Graebner
 Lieutenant Doug Canning
 Lieutenant Delton Goerke
 Lieutenant Julius Jacobson
 Lieutenant Eldon Stratton
 Lieutenant Albert Long
 Lieutenant Everett Anglin
 Lieutenant Besby F. Holmes (replaced McLanahan)
 Lieutenant Raymond K. Hine (replaced Moore)

A briefing included the designated cover story for the source of the intelligence stating it had come from Australian coastwatchers, who supposedly had spotted an important high-ranking officer boarding an aircraft at Rabaul. Several historians say that the pilots were not specifically briefed on the identity of their target, but Thomas Alexander Hughes writes that Mitscher told the assembled pilots it was Yamamoto, to "provide additional incentive" to the fliers.

The specially fitted P-38s took off from Kukum Field on Guadalcanal beginning at 07:25 on 18 April. Two of the Lightnings assigned to the killer flight dropped out of the mission at the start, one with a tire flattened during takeoff (McLanahan) and the second when its drop tanks would not feed fuel to the engines (Moore).

In Rabaul, despite urgings by local Japanese commanders to cancel the trip for fear of ambush, Yamamoto's airplanes took off as scheduled for the trip of . They climbed to , with their fighter escort at their 4 o'clock position and  higher, split into two V-formations of three planes.

Mitchell's flight of four led the squadron at low altitude, with the killer flight, consisting of Lanphier, Barber, and spares Besby F. Holmes and Raymond K. Hine, immediately behind. Mitchell, fighting off drowsiness, navigated solely by dead reckoning (speed and compass heading). This has been called the longest-distance fighter-intercept mission of the war.

Mitchell and his force arrived at the intercept point one minute early, at 09:34, just as Yamamoto's aircraft descended into view in a light haze. The P-38s jettisoned the auxiliary tanks, turned to the right to parallel the bombers, and began a full power climb to intercept them.

The tanks on Holmes's P-38 did not detach, and his two-man element turned back toward the sea. Mitchell radioed Lanphier and Barber to engage, and they climbed toward the eight aircraft. The nearest escort fighters dropped their own tanks and dived toward the pair of P-38s. Lanphier immediately turned head-on and climbed towards the escorts while Barber chased the diving bomber transports. Barber banked steeply to turn in behind the bombers and momentarily lost sight of them, but when he regained contact, he was immediately behind one and began firing into its right engine, rear fuselage, and empennage. When Barber hit its left engine, the bomber began to trail heavy black smoke. The Betty rolled violently to the left, and Barber narrowly avoided a mid-air collision. Looking back, he saw a column of black smoke and assumed the Betty had crashed into the jungle. Barber headed towards the coast at treetop level, searching for the second bomber, not knowing which one carried the targeted high-ranking officer.

Barber spotted the second bomber—carrying Chief of Staff Vice Admiral Matome Ugaki and part of Yamamoto's staff—low over the water off Moila Point, trying to evade an attack by Holmes, whose wing tanks had finally come off. Holmes damaged the right engine of the Betty, which emitted a white vapor trail, but his closure speed carried him and his wingman Hine past the damaged bomber. Barber attacked the crippled bomber, and his bullet strikes caused it to shed metal debris that damaged his own aircraft. The bomber descended and crash-landed in the water. Ugaki and two others survived the crash and were later rescued. Barber, Holmes and Hine were attacked by Zeros, with Barber's P-38 receiving 104 hits. Holmes and Barber each claimed a Zero shot down during this melee, although Japanese records show that no Zeros were lost. The top cover briefly engaged reacting Zeros without making any kills. Mitchell observed the column of smoke from Yamamoto's crashed bomber. Hine's P-38 had disappeared by this point, presumably crashed into the water. Running close to minimum fuel levels for return to base, the P-38s broke off contact, with Holmes so short of fuel that he was forced to land in the Russell Islands. Hine was the only American pilot who did not return. Lanphier's actions during the battle are unclear as his account was later disputed by other participants, including the Japanese fighter pilots. As he approached Henderson Field, Lanphier radioed the fighter director on Guadalcanal that "That son of a bitch will not be dictating any peace terms in the White House", breaching security and endangering the code-breaking program. Upon landing, one engine quit from fuel starvation. He immediately put in a claim for shooting down Yamamoto.

Aftermath

The crash site and body of Yamamoto were found on 19 April, the day after the attack, by a Japanese search-and-rescue party led by army engineer Lieutenant Tsuyoshi Hamasuna. The crash site was located in the jungle north of the coastal site of the former Australian patrol post and Catholic mission of Buin (which was re-established after the war several kilometers inland).

The retrieval party noted Yamamoto had been thrown clear of the plane's wreckage, his white-gloved hand grasping the hilt of his katana, his body still upright in his seat under a tree. Hamasuna said Yamamoto was instantly recognizable, his head tilted down as if deep in thought. A post-mortem of Yamamoto indicated two bullet wounds, one to the back of his left shoulder, and a separate wound to his left lower jaw that appeared to exit above his right eye. The Japanese navy doctor examining Yamamoto's body determined the head wound killed Yamamoto. These more violent details of Yamamoto's death were hidden from the Japanese public, and the medical report whitewashed, this secrecy "on orders from above" according to biographer Hiroyuki Agawa.

In Japan, Yamamoto's killing became known as the "Navy A (kō) incident". It raised morale in the United States and shocked the Japanese, who were officially told about the incident only on 21 May. The announcement said that the admiral was killed in April while directing strategy on the front lines and had "engaged in combat with the enemy and met gallant death on a war plane."

Norman Lodge, an Associated Press correspondent in the South Pacific, found out what had happened and filed a detailed story about the mission on 11 May which said the United States had been tracking Yamamoto for five days before the shoot-down, but U.S. military censors prevented the story from going out. At this point, U.S. officials had not disclosed anything about the operation, and the American public first learned of Yamamoto's death when the 21 May Japanese statement was covered in the news. The Japanese account was augmented by American writers noting that Yamamoto's purported claim that he would dictate peace terms to the United States from a seat in the White House was now sure not to happen. Roosevelt was quoted as saying "Gosh!" on 21 May upon supposedly learning the news from reporters about the Japanese announcement. Over the next couple of days there were  stories in the U.S. press speculating that the Japanese announcement was a cover for Yamamoto having committed hara-kiri because the war was not going well for the Japanese. Then on 31 May Time magazine ran separate stories several pages apart, one which reported the Japanese announcement and one which related how Lanphier and his P-38 pilots on Guadalcanal had shot down three Japanese bombers over Bougainville and then flown home wondering if they had killed "some Jap bigwig" in the bombers. However, the Japanese did not draw any conclusions from this.

Regardless of any cover story, intelligence officials in Great Britain were upset by the operation; not having suffered the Pearl Harbor attack themselves, they did not have the same visceral feelings towards Yamamoto and did not think that killing any one admiral was worth the risk to Allied codebreaking abilities against Japan. Indeed, Prime Minister Winston Churchill protested against the decision to go ahead with the operation to Roosevelt.

The American public did not learn the full story of the operation, including that it was based on broken codes, until 10 September 1945 after the conclusion of the war, when many papers published an Associated Press account. Even then U.S. intelligence was frustrated because they wanted to keep the secret longer as they were still debriefing Japanese intelligence officers and feared knowledge of the code-breaking would rush those officers into shame-driven suicide.

Crash site

The remains of Yamamoto's aircraft, 323 of the 705th Kokutai, lie in the jungle around  from the town of Panguna, (). The crash site is around an hour's walk from the nearest road.

Although the aircraft wreckage has been heavily scavenged by souvenir hunters, parts of the fuselage remain where it crashed. The site is on private land. Access was previously difficult as the ownership of the land was disputed. However, , it is possible for visitors to gain access to the site by prior arrangement.

Part of one wing has been removed and is displayed, on permanent loan, at the Isoroku Yamamoto Family Museum in Nagaoka, Japan. One of the aircraft's doors is at the Papua New Guinea National Museum and Art Gallery.

Credit controversy
Although Operation Vengeance was notable for its target, there has been controversy about who shot down the admiral's aircraft. The issue began immediately after the mission when the U.S. military credited Captain Thomas Lanphier with the kill. Lanphier claimed in his report that after turning to engage the escort Zeros and shooting the wings off one, he had flipped upside down as he circled back towards the two bombers. Upon seeing the lead bomber turning in a circle below him, he came out of his turn at a right angle to the circling bomber and fired, blowing off its right wing. The plane then crashed into the jungle. Lanphier also reported that he saw Lieutenant Rex Barber shoot down another bomber which also crashed into the jungle.

From the report, U.S. intelligence assumed that three bombers had been downed because Lieutenant Besby F. Holmes claimed the "Betty" that crashed into the sea. None of the remaining pilots were debriefed after the mission because no formal interrogation procedures existed on Guadalcanal at that time. Likewise, Lanphier's claim of the kill was not officially witnessed. Many of the mission's other pilots were skeptical of the official U.S. Army version. Six months later, unauthorized details about the operation leaked into the press. In October 1943, an issue of Time magazine featured an article about Vengeance and mentioned Lanphier by name. An outraged U.S. Navy considered it a serious breach of security. As a result, Major John Mitchell's nomination for the Medal of Honor was downgraded to the Navy Cross; this was the same award subsequently presented to all the pilots of the killer flight.

The controversy did not subside after the war because of the testimony of the surviving Japanese escort pilot who witnessed the mission. Zero pilot Kenji Yanagiya, who had been in Yamamoto's fighter escort, told Mitchell he might have been responsible for the loss of Hine because he had heavily damaged a P-38 (escorting another Lightning that had not dropped its fuel tanks), although neither he nor any of the other Zero pilots had claimed a P-38 that day. The cause of Hine's disappearance is still officially undetermined. Yanagiya also affirmed that none of the escorting Japanese fighters were shot down, stating that only one was damaged enough that it required a half day of repair at Buin. These details contradicted Lanphier's claim for a Zero. Likewise, Japanese military records confirmed that only two Mitsubishi G4M bombers had been shot down on the day. Eventually, Lanphier and Barber were officially awarded half credits for the destruction of the bomber that crashed into the jungle, and half credits to Barber and Holmes for the bomber that crashed at sea. Several ground inspections of Yamamoto's crash site have determined that the path of the bullet impacts validated Barber's account because "all visible gunfire and shrapnel damage was caused by bullets entering from immediately behind the bomber," not from the right.

Subsequently, Barber petitioned the Air Force Board for Correction of Military Records to have his half credit on the bomber shared with Lanphier changed to a whole credit. In September 1991, the Air Force History Office advised the board that "enough uncertainty" existed in both Lanphier's and Barber's claims for them both to be accepted; the board's decision was split on Barber's petition. Secretary of the Air Force Donald Rice ruled to retain the shared credit. Barber then applied to the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals to have the ruling of the Secretary of the Air Force overturned and the opposing claims re-investigated, but the court did not intervene.

In May 2006, Air Force Magazine published a letter by Doug Canning, a former pilot of the 347th Fighter Group who flew on Operation Vengeance (he escorted Holmes back to the Russell Islands). Canning, who was friends with both Lanphier and Barber, stated that Lanphier had written the official report, medal citations, and several magazine articles about the mission. He also claimed Barber had been willing to share the half credit for shooting down Yamamoto until Lanphier had given him an unpublished manuscript he had written, claiming he alone had shot down Yamamoto's plane. Canning agreed that Barber had a strong case for his claim citing the testimony of Yanagiya who saw Yamamoto's "Betty" crash 20 to 30 seconds after being hit from behind by fire from a P-38. Likewise, the second Betty carrying Ugaki crashed 20 seconds after being struck by aircraft fire. Canning stated categorically that the P-38Gs flown that day did not have aileron boost to assist in turning (as did later models), making it physically impossible for Lanphier's aircraft to have made the 180 degree turn fast enough to intercept Yamamoto's plane in less than 30 seconds. The Air Force later disqualified Lanphier's claim for shooting down a Zero in the battle, meaning that Lanphier lost his "ace" status as his total number of air-to-air kills dropped from five to four.

In spite of criticism from Barber and other surviving pilots from the mission, Lanphier continued to claim credit for downing Yamamoto until his death in 1987. Most newspaper obituaries reporting Lanphier's death credited him with killing Yamamoto. Barber continued to contest Lanphier's claim, mainly in military circles and publications, until his death in 2001.

Lieutenant Julius Jacobson, another pilot on the mission, remarked in 1997, "There were 15 of us who survived, and as far as who did the effective shooting, who cares?" Rice commented in 1993, "Historians, fighter pilots and all of us who have studied the record of this extraordinary mission will forever speculate as to the exact events of that day in 1943. There is glory for the whole team."

Legacy
The Yamamoto killing has been the subject of extensive historical and legal discussion in military, political and academic circles.

Following the 2020 killing of Iranian general Qasem Soleimani, the Yamamoto killing was cited by senior U.S. officials as a precedent. Various major media and noted pundits also singled out the Yamamoto killing as the relevant comparison, including The New York Times, who reported that the Yamamoto killing was "the last time the United States killed a major military leader in a foreign country" prior to the Soleimani killing.

Notes

References

   Contains interview with Besby Frank Holmes.
   Contains another interview with Besby Frank Holmes.

Further reading

  – obituary on the death of Lieutenant Colonel Frank Holmes.

 transcript and audio recording: "Rex Barber, Louis Kittel and Throck Chandler Oral History Conversation" (attack pilots in shootdown), National Museum of the Pacific War, undated

External links

 Yamamoto's Plane Wreck footage of wreck published in 2015 (YouTube)

Conflicts in 1943
Imperial Japanese Navy
Isoroku Yamamoto
Military history of Japan during World War II
Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II
1943 in the Solomon Islands
Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United States
Battles and operations of World War II involving the Solomon Islands
20th-century aircraft shootdown incidents
April 1943 events

Operation Vengeance


The 1958 Campeonato Profesional was the 11th season of Colombia's top-flight football league. After the previous season's multi-stage competition, the Campeonato Profesional returned to a single-stage format, with everyone playing each other 4 times over the season. The tournament began in May, a month after the end of the previous season.

Independiente Santa Fe won the league for 2nd time in its history after getting 48 points (Santa Fe was the champion of the first Campeonato Profesional in 1948), while defending champions Independiente Medellín did not compete.

Background
10 teams competed in the tournament, down from the previous season's 12, with Unión Magdalena withdrawing because economic problems, while Boca Juniors de Cali refusing to participate in any further Dimayor tournaments. To balance their removal, Atlético Manizales rejoined the competition (its last tournament being 1954). Atlético Nacional and Independiente Medellín mixed their teams competing under the name of Atlético Nacional, but known popularly as Independiente Nacional.

League system
Every team played four games against each other team, two at home and two away. Teams received two points for a win and one point for a draw. If two or more teams were tied on points, places were determined by goal difference. The team with the most points is the champion of the league.

Teams

Final league table

Results

First turn

Second turn

Top goalscorers

Source: RSSSF.com Colombia 1958

References

External links
Dimayor Official Page

Prim
Colombia
Categoría Primera A seasons

1958 Campeonato Profesional


Fajã da Ovelha is a civil parish in the municipality of Calheta in the Portuguese island of Madeira. The population in 2011 was 895, in an area of 22.16 km². Located about 7 km northwest of the town of Calheta, this parish includes three bands of residential, forested and mountain area; the population is actually concentrated in the area between ocean cliffs and main regional road.

History
Fajã da Ovelha originally served as a port of easy access to Madeira, in an area that crossed by several major ravines. Much like many of the parishes, the settlement originally formed around a small chapel, this dedicated to São Lourenço, and the community was drawn together common agricultural roots. It is unclear when the settlement formed, and the unique story relates to a settler, Gonçalo Ferreira de Carvalho, who "lived [here] in the years around 1480".  A few branches of families from Calheta and Paul, began to settle in this area, but no clear point marked the organization of a colony. The Chapel of São Lourenço (), of a Manueline-style, was established at the end of the 16th century, as a small sacristy, and in 1550, it became the basis for the new parish, where it remained until the second quarter of the 18th century.

From regal charter, dated 11 April 1553, the chapel was extended, and by 1559 the local clergy began receiving an increase in their budget. At about this time, the parish of Ponta do Pargo was de-annexed from Fajã da Ovelha, to be closely followed by the parish of Prazeres.

The oldest document for this parish, dated 1553, referring to the parochial church first identified this area as Fajã da Ovelha, from which the new parish received its identity. As Gaspar Frutuoso documented:
"It is vulgar that a simple episode, an occasional circumstance or a fact of little value, would justify the existence of name applied to a determined site or place, that afterwards it would be converted into a population centre or an important place. Similarly, this occurred with the name of this parish."

Fajã da Ovelha existed as an autonomous parish before 1573 and, by the end of the 18th century, its demographic growth justified a permanent clergy in the parish.

In 1705, the Infanta Catarina, the Royal Regent, approved the construction of a new temple, whose location became the centre of the parish (until then composed of dispersed homes throughout the foothills of the Serra do Paul). It was concluded at the end of the 18th century and invoked the name of John the Baptist, while the smaller chapel of São Lourenço remained a functioning entity in its own right.

References

Parishes of Calheta, Madeira

Fajã da Ovelha


Shlomo Yosef Zevin  () (born 1888; died 28 February 1978) was one of the most prominent Orthodox, Religious Zionist rabbis of the 20th century. He founded the Encyclopedia Talmudit, a Hebrew Halachic Encyclopedia, of which he was chief editor until his death.

Rabbinate and scholarship

Shlomo Yosef Zevin was born in 1888 in Kazimirov (near Minsk), where his father, Aharon Mordechai, served as rabbi. The younger Zevin's education was a combination of both "Litvishe" (Lithuanian) and Hasidic influences; he studied first in the Yeshiva of Mir under Rabbi Eliyahu Baruch Kamai (where he was the study partner of Rabbi Yechiel Yaakov Weinberg) and then in Bobruisk, under Rabbi Shemaryahu Noach Schneerson, then leader of the Kapust branch of the Chabad hasidic dynasty. Zevin was ordained by Rabbi Schneerson, Rabbi Yosef Rosen (the Rogatchover Gaon), and Rabbi Yechiel Michel Epstein (author of Aruch Hashulchan).

At a young age Rabbi Zevin was appointed rabbi of his birthplace, Kazimirov, and served as editor of the journal "Shaarei Torah." He later served as rabbi of Klimov (now Klimovo) and Novozybkov. He took an active role in the underground struggle to preserve Jewish observance in Soviet Russia after the Communist Revolution; this effort was headed by Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn. Beginning in 1921, he edited a Torah journal, Yagdil Torah, together with Rabbi Yehezkel Abramsky of Slutsk; for this crime he was imprisoned by the Communist authorities. He founded Orthodox Jewish journals that dealt with problems of the time.

At the age of 18, Rabbi Zevin began corresponding with leading sages, including the Rogatchover Gaon and Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn. He also began at a young age to serve Russian Jewry in various communal capacities. During the brief period of Ukrainian independence after World War I, Rabbi Zevin served as a member of the Ukrainian parliament. He also served as a member and officer of the parent body of Jewish communities in Ukraine.

In 1935, Rabbi Zevin settled in the Land of Israel and began teaching at the Mizrachi-affiliated Bet Midrash L'morim. He also served as a member of the Israeli Chief Rabbinate Council.

He held religious Zionist views and would eat a festive meal on Israeli Independence Day.

In 1947 the first volume of the Encyclopedia Talmudit was published under his editorial oversight. Zevin continued to serve as editor-in-chief until his death in 1978. This multi-volume work continues today.

Rabbi Zevin frequently corresponded with Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the Lubavitcher Rebbe, whom he had met for the first time in Russia in the mid-1920s. Part of this correspondence is printed in the Igrot Kodesh series. He was also among the influential scholars to encourage Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson to accept the leadership over the Chabad movement after the passing of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, in 1950. He used concepts in Chabad philosophy to clarify halachic principles.

Awards
In 1959, Rabbi Zevin received the Israel Prize for Rabbinic literature.
 In 1967, he received the Yakir Yerushalayim (Worthy Citizen of Jerusalem) award, the year of the award's inauguration.

Published works
Encyclopedia Talmudit - a Talmudic / Halachic encyclopedia; he founded the encyclopedia together with Rabbi Meir Bar-Ilan and edited the volumes that were released in his lifetime;

Additionally, Zevin authored nine other works, including;
L'Ohr Ha'halachah – essays on both practical and abstract halachic topics, including a halachic analysis of the legal and moral questions presented in Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice;
Ha'moadim Be'halachah – halachic studies of the Jewish festivals;
Ishim Ve'shitot – biographies of selected 19th and 20th century sages with analyses of their individual methods of study;
La'Torah Ve'la'moadim – essays on the Torah and the festivals; and
Sippurei Chassidim – Chassidic tales arranged by parsha and festival.
Sofrim U'Sefarim – reviews of Torah literature

References

See also
List of Israel Prize recipients

1888 births
1978 deaths
Belarusian Hasidic rabbis
Russian Hasidic rabbis
Ukrainian Orthodox rabbis
Soviet emigrants to Israel
Chabad-Lubavitch rabbis
Hasidic rabbis in Europe
Israel Prize Rabbi recipients
Israel Prize in Rabbinical literature recipients
Israeli Hasidic rabbis
20th-century Russian rabbis
Chabad-Lubavitch (Hasidic dynasty)
Mir Yeshiva alumni
20th-century Israeli rabbis
20th-century Ukrainian rabbis
Burials at Har HaMenuchot

Shlomo Yosef Zevin


Soheib Bencheikh (born 20 December 1961, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) is an Islamic religious leader and author and would-be French politician.

Bencheikh graduated in Islamic theology at Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt, and at the Free University of Brussels, Belgium. He holds a doctorate in Religious Sciences from the École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Paris, France. He was nominated as Grand Mufti of Marseille, France, in 1995 by the Great Mosque of Paris. He is a member of the Conseil français du culte musulman (Council of French Muslims) since its creation in 2003.

Bencheikh is an anti-fundamentalist religious leader and an assertive supporter of an Islam eager and capable to adapt itself to the modern world. He also is acknowledged as a reformer Muslim theologian committed to interreligious dialogue. He has written two books Les Grandes Religions and Marianne et le Prophète: L'Islam dans la France laïque, his famous book on the position and opportunities for Muslims in secular democracy.

Among other "modernist" points of view, he stated that education is the best protection of women's honor and well-being (and not the headscarf, which he says is not mandatory).

Bencheikh attempted to run for president in the 2007 French presidential election but failed to get the 500 endorsements needed in order to become an official candidate. He created the movement "Elan Républicain" specifically for this purpose.

See also
 Islamic Modernism

References

 Soheib Bencheikh, Marianne et le Prophète: L'Islam dans la France laïque, Paris, Grasset, 1998 ().

1961 births
Living people
French politicians
French Sunni Muslims
Algerian emigrants to France
Al-Azhar University alumni
Université libre de Bruxelles alumni
École pratique des hautes études alumni
People from Jeddah
Algerian expatriates in Egypt
Algerian expatriates in Saudi Arabia
Algerian expatriates in Belgium

Soheib Bencheikh


The Cat in the Hat is a 2003 American family comedy movie directed by Bo Welch and based on the Dr. Seuss book of the same name.

Cast
Mike Myers as the Cat
Alec Baldwin as Lawrence Quinn
Spencer Breslin as Conrad Walden
Dakota Fanning as Sally Walden
Amy Hill as Mrs. Kwan
Sean Hayes as Hank Humberfloob and the voice of the Fish
Kelly Preston as Joan Walden
Dan Castellaneta as the voices of Thing 1 and Thing 2
Daran Norris as Astounding Products announcer
Clint Howard as Kate the Caterer
Frank Welker as the voice of Nevins
Stephen Hibbert as Jim McFinnigan
Norman Fessler as Mailman

Reception
It is considered one of the worst movies based on a children's book due to Mike Myers' performance and the raunchy humor that isn't suitable for a kids movie.

Cancelled sequel
The movie was going to have a sequel based on The Cat in the Hat Comes Back with Myers and Welch returning but Audrey Geisel banned future live-action movies based on her husband's book made.

Development
DreamWorks Pictures acquired the film rights to the original Dr. Seuss book in December 1998. However, production did not officially start until after the 2000 Christmas/comedy movie How the Grinch Stole Christmas, by Universal Pictures and Imagine Entertainment, both of whom also joined to finance, distribute and produce the film with DreamWorks, and based on another Dr. Seuss book of the same name, became a commercial success. Brian Grazer, the producer of The Grinch, stated: "Because we grew up with these books, and because they have such universal themes and the illustrations ignite such fantasy in your mind as a child—the aggregation of all those feelings—it leaves an indelible, positive memory. And so when I realized I had a chance to convert first The Grinch and then, The Cat in the Hat, into movies, I was willing to do anything to bring them to the screen." Grazer then contacted Bo Welch over the phone with the offer to direct the film, and he accepted. When production began, songs written by Randy Newman were dropped because they were deemed inferior; Newman's cousin, David, instead composed the score for the film. Although Welch and a publicist for Myers denied it, several people said Myers had considerable input into the film's direction by telling some of the cast (namely co-stars Baldwin and Preston) how to perform their scenes.

Casting
Tim Allen was originally considered for the role of the Cat. The script was initially based on a version of the original book's story conceived by Allen, who admitted that as a child he was afraid of Seuss' "mischievous feline babysitter"; "My dream is to give it the edge that scared me," stated Allen. However, the studio did not commission a screenplay until late February 2001, when Alec Berg, David Mandel and Jeff Schaffer (best known for being writers on the television series Seinfeld) were hired by the studio to script the film (replacing the original draft of the film that was written a few years prior by Eric Roth), so the film would not be ready to shoot before the deadline. By this point, Allen was also committed to shooting Disney's The Santa Clause 2, which was also delayed because Allen wanted a script rewrite. Due to scheduling conflicts with that film, he dropped out of the role. As a result, in March 2002 the role of the Cat was given to Mike Myers, whom Grazer had an argument with regarding a proposed film adaptation of Myers' Saturday Night Live sketch Sprockets, which Myers cancelled in June 2000 after being dissatisfied with his own script for it. Myers stated in an interview that he was a long-time fan of the original Dr. Seuss book, and that it was the first book he ever read. In October 2002, Mike Myers, Dave Foley, Jay Kogen and Stephen Hibbert did an uncredited rewrites of the script.

Filming
Prior to filming, giant props for the film were stolen from the set; the local police found the props vandalized with graffiti in a shopping mall car park in Pomona, California. Despite this, no arrests had been made and filming was to start the next week. Principal photography took place mostly in California from October 7, 2002 to January 22, 2003. The neighborhood and the town center was filmed in a rural valley near Simi Valley, where 24 houses (each 26 feet square and 52 feet tall) were constructed. The downtown area outdoor shots were filmed along a Pomona street where a number of antique and gift shops are located. The community decided not to redecorate after filming ended, so the surreal paint scheme and some of the signage could still be seen today as it appears in the film. Because of so much smog in the area, the sky had to be digitally replaced with the cartoon-like sky and colors of the background had to be digitally fixed.

According to co-star Amy Hill, Myers was very difficult to work with on set, refusing to talk to anyone on the production (other than director Welch) and completely isolating himself from the cast and crew during breaks in the filming. She also noted that the film ended up having long and pointless retakes of scenes because Myers overruled Welch on whether they were good enough or not.

Music

The soundtrack was released on November 18, 2003. Originally, Marc Shaiman was going to compose the score for the film, but due to Bruce Broughton already being chosen for the film score, Instead he wrote the film's songs with Scott Wittman. The soundtrack also features a song by Smash Mouth ("Getting Better"), which makes it the second Mike Myers-starring film in a row to feature a song by Smash Mouth, which makes it the third Mike Myers-starring film in a row to feature a song by Smash Mouth after Shrek and Austin Powers in Goldmember. The trailer for the film uses a version of "Hey! Pachuco!" by the Royal Crown Revue. The soundtrack also includes two songs performed by Myers, who plays the Cat. Newman's score won a BMI Film Music Award.

Track listing

CGI reboot
The movie is set to have an animated reboot by Warner Bros.

Internet popularity
Despite the reception, several internet memes based on the movie have become popular among fans who grew up with the movie.

2000s family movies
2003 comedy movies
American family movies
American comedy movies
DreamWorks Pictures movies
Internet memes
Movies about cats
Movies about fish
Movies based on books by Dr. Seuss
Universal Pictures movies

The Cat in the Hat (movie)


Hansom Books was a British publisher founded in 1950 by Philip Dosse to produce the magazine Dance and Dancers. Magazines in a similar format were then founded to cover other arts, so forming the Seven Arts Group. The other titles were Art and Artists, Books and Bookmen, Films and Filming, Music and Musicians, Plays and Players, and Records and Recording.

In 1956, the young Australian journalist Val Wake worked for Plays and Players as a junior play reviewer. The editor at the time was Frank Granville Baker. Another Australian Evan Senior was editor of Music and Musicians. At the time the editorial team for all six titles was accommodated in the basement of a building near Victoria Station, London. Each title had its own desk. Wake was courting his future wife, Canadian-born Lillian Louise Lequereux, at the time, and was able to take his girlfriend to many of the fringe theatre events taking place in London, at no cost to him; Lequereux was impressed. None of Wake's published reviews seemed to have survived and none of the plays he reviewed did either.

The group went bankrupt in 1980 and Dosse then committed suicide. The publications were sold and publication continued.

References

Magazine publishing companies of the United Kingdom
Publishing companies established in 1950
British companies established in 1950
Publishing companies disestablished in 1980
1980 disestablishments in England
British companies disestablished in 1980

Hansom Books


Holy Family with the Family of St John the Baptist is an oil-on-canvas painting created c. 1536 by the Italian artist Lorenzo Lotto, and now in the Louvre in Paris. It was probably produced as a private commission, possibly for a Venetian. However, for unknown reasons it remained with the artist, who tried to sell it on before leaving for the Marche in 1549, as recorded in a note in his commonplace books. He sought to use his friend Jacopo Sansovino as his go-between for the work, but Sansovino ended up unable to sell this or any other works by Lotto and returned them all to the painter.

Lotto tried to sell them off again in 1550, by which time he was in Ancona, this time at a public auction in the Loggia dei Mercanti. This too proved unsuccessful, with Holy Family and most of the other works again remaining unsold. The artist probably took the work to Loreto, where he made a copy of it for the Palazzo Apostolico. The original work passed out of his hands later, possibly via the religious community of Oblates of the Holy House, of which he had become a member. It reappeared in 1662 in an inventory of the French royal collections, having been acquired by an art dealer with a misattribution to Dosso Dossi.

References

Paintings of the Madonna and Child by Lorenzo Lotto
1536 paintings
Paintings in the Louvre by Italian artists
Paintings depicting John the Baptist
Lotto
Paintings of Elizabeth (biblical figure)


The Aufruf der Kulturschaffenden (translated from German into English as "call to the artists", or more literally "call to the cultural workers" or "call to the cultural sector")  was a declaration by German artists of their loyalty to Adolf Hitler.  The Aufruf was printed in the Völkischer Beobachter, the Nazi party newspaper, on 18 August 1934, the day before a plebiscite to confirm the merger of the offices of President (the head of state), and Chancellor (the head of government), in the person of Adolf Hitler.

Hitler was appointed as Chancellor of Germany following a general election in January 1933.  After the Reichstag fire on 27 February 1933, and elections that returned Hitler to power on 5 March, Hitler moved rapidly to consolidate his power with the passing of the Enabling Act on 23 March 1933, which allowed Hitler bypass the German legislature and pass laws at will.  After the death of President Paul von Hindenburg on 2 August, a referendum was passed on 19 August, with 88.1% voting to confirm the merger of the post of President with that of Chancellor, and Hitler became Führer und Reichskanzler.

The declaration states confidence in the leadership of Adolf Hitler, faith in and loyalty to him, and hope for the future.  The statement followed similar public statements by others such as writers and poets (the Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft in October 1933) and university professors (the Bekenntnis der deutschen Professoren zu Adolf Hitler, in November 1933).

Among the artists to sign the Aufruf were:
 Ernst Barlach (1870–1938), sculptor, writer and artist
 Emil Fahrenkamp (1885–1966), architect
 Wilhelm Furtwängler (1886–1954), conductor and composer
 Gustav Havemann (1882–1960), violinist
 Erich Heckel (1883–1970), painter and graphic artist
 Hanns Johst (1890–1978), writer
 Georg Kolbe (1877–1947), sculptor
 Erwin Guido Kolbenheyer (1878–1962), writer
 Agnes Miegel (1879–1964), writer, journalist and poet
 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886–1969), architect
 Emil Nolde (1867–1956), painter
 Hans Pfitzner (1869–1949), composer
 Richard Strauss (1864–1949), composer
 Josef Thorak (1889–1952), sculptor

Some works of several of the artists to sign the Aufruf were later condemned as degenerate art.

References
  (in German)

Nazi propaganda
1934 documents
Oaths of allegiance
Nazi culture
1934 in Germany

Aufruf der Kulturschaffenden


Thomas-Alfred Bernier (August 15, 1844 – December 30, 1908) was a Canadian journalist, lawyer, and senator.

Born in Saint-Georges-d'Henryville, County of Iberville, Quebec, the son of Thomas Bernier and Julia Létourneau, Bernier was educated at the College of St. Hyacinthe. He was married in August 1871 to Julia Malvina and they had ten children, three of whom died in infancy.

He worked in journalism and was a lawyer who practiced for some years in St. John d'Iberville, and in 1880, he moved to Manitoba. He was Superintendent of Education for the Catholic schools in Manitoba from 1881 to 1890 until public funding for the Catholic schools was abolished. From 1881 to 1893, he was Registrar of the University of Manitoba. He was a member of the Executive Committee of the Provincial Agricultural Board, and Chairman of the Eastern Judicial District Board. Bernier was Mayor of St. Boniface in 1883, 1884, 1886, 1891, and 1897. He was also a Commissioner to revise the municipal law, and a Commissioner to inquire into the working of the law in connection with the sale of Métis lands.

In 1892, he was appointed to the Senate on the advice of John Joseph Caldwell Abbott representing the senatorial division of St-Boniface, Manitoba. A Conservative, he died in office in 1908 after serving for 16 years.

References

External links

 Manitoba Historical Society: Thomas-Alfred Bernier

1844 births
1908 deaths
Canadian senators from Manitoba
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) senators
Mayors of Saint Boniface, Winnipeg

Thomas-Alfred Bernier


A communications manager, sometimes called public relations manager or pr manager, is a person entrusted with the management (planning, implementation and controlling) of strategic, goal-oriented communication processes between organizations (companies, associations, authorities, NGOs, etc.) and their respective stakeholders.

Typical job titles for communications managers are - depending on their level - Communications manager, Communications Director, Vice President Communications and Chief Communications Officer (CCO). The activity is not to be equated with that of the press or media spokesperson, who is only responsible for communication with the media (media relations). However, the area of media relations makes up a large (but declining) area of work for communication managers.

Fields of work
Communication managers work in commercial enterprises, government organizations/authorities, non-governmental organizations (associations and other NGOs), scientific institutions, parties and other organizations.

The areas in which communication managers work include the following communication disciplines:
 Media relations
 Internal communications
 Marketing communications
 Public affairs (representation of interests and lobbying)
 Sales communications
 Investor relations

Typical tasks and objectives include:
 overall management of strategic communications
 the evaluation of communication activities and measurement of success (communication controlling)
 brand communications
 internal advice and training
 CSR communications

Professional associations
Communications manager is a profession, with professional organizations on international, national and regional levels:
 European Association of Communication Directors (EACD), the professional association for senior communication managers (communication directors) in companies, headquartered in Brussels

Prominent examples
Prominent examples of high-level communications managers include:
 the current White House Communications Director
 the current Downing Street Director of Communications to the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

Weblinks
 Zerfass, A., Verhoeven, P., Moreno, A., Tench, R., & Verčič, D. (2020). European Communication Monitor 2020. Ethical challenges, gender issues, cyber security, and competence gaps in strategic communication. Results of a survey in 44 countries. Brussels: EUPRERA/EACD. Online: PDF

References

Public relations people by role
Management occupations
Corporate titles
Communications management
Managers

Communications manager


Tha Ton, also spelled Thaton (), is a sub-district (tambon) of Mae Ai District in the far north of Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. In 2014 it had a population of 19,902. The sub-district is on the Kok River near the border with Myanmar, about a three hour drive north of Chiang Mai. The central village of the subdistrict is Ban Tha Ton.

History

The river forms part of the border and consequently the village has changed hands numerous times in the turbulent history of the area with the latest change happening in the early-20th century when the border was moved 3.2 km upstream leaving the north bank, previously part of Burma (Myanmar), to Thailand. This part of Tha Ton, known in Thai as Ban Rom Thai, is inhabited by the Shan ethnic group. The area around Tha Ton is populated by various hill tribes including Yao, Lisu, Lahu, Karen, and Akha. Tha Ton is also home to Chinese nationalists forced to flee from their home-in-exile after the coup in Burma.

Administration

Central administration
The tambon is divided into 15 administrative villages (mubans).

Local administration
The sub-district is governed by the sub-district administrative organization (SAO) Tha Ton (องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลท่าตอน)

Tourism
Tha Ton is on the widely travelled tourist route between Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai. Since the 1970s, riverboat trips between Chiang Rai and Tha Ton have given foreign tourists as well as native Thais the opportunity to visit jungle, observe different ethnic groups, and see the Fang Plain, bringing an influx of capital into the local economy. In the 1980s, this trend continued with the building of several small resorts to accommodate tourists.

Wat Tha Ton
The village is overlooked by a hilltop Buddhist temple known as Wat Tha Ton. The temple complex includes four huge statues of the Buddha, two in typical Thai-style and two showing Chinese influence. One of these, the standing Buddha, is over 10 m tall. Overall, there are nine stations which include statues or shrines. The eighth station houses the monastery and various shrines. The ninth station is a 2 km walk along a paved footpath with elevation gain.

References

External links

 History and pictures of Wat Tha Ton temple
 Tha Ton at Thaitambon.com (Thai)

Tambon of Chiang Mai province
Populated places in Chiang Mai province

Tha Ton


Westminster Presbyterian Church is a Presbyterian Church located in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota.  Its current location is the third location in downtown in over 140 years.  The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

History

Westminster began as a gathering of eight people of Scottish, Irish and Welsh heritage in 1857.  In 1860, the congregation built its first church, on Fourth Street between Nicollet and Hennepin Avenues in downtown Minneapolis.  Because of the rapid growth of the congregation, the church soon outgrew its first location.  In 1883, construction of a new, larger church began at Seventh Street and Nicollet Avenue.

Twelve years after the opening of the second church site, the building was heavily damaged by a fire.  This prompted yet another move when the church rebuilt to its current location at Twelfth Street and Nicollet Mall, opening its doors for services in 1897.

The present church was designed as a collaboration between two prominent Minneapolis architects, Warren Howard Hayes and Charles Sumner Sedgwick.

In 1998, to coincide with the building's centennial, the congregation undertook an extensive renovation of the sanctuary.  This 3.5 million dollar project restored many of the sanctuary's original design elements, updated the structure and improved lighting and sound.  The newly renovated sanctuary opened for services on Sunday, December 20, 1998.

Historical landmark

In recognition of its historic and social significance, Westminster was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.  In May 1999 Westminster received the 1999 Heritage Preservation Award from the Minneapolis Heritage Preservation Commission and the Minnesota Chapter of the American Institute of Architects.

Mission statement

In response to the grace of God through Jesus Christ, the mission of Westminster Presbyterian Church is:
to proclaim and celebrate the Good News of Jesus Christ;
to gather as an open community to worship God with dignity and joy, warmth and beauty;
to nourish personal faith through study, prayer and fellowship;
to work for love, peace and justice;
to be a welcoming and caring Christian community, witnessing to God's love day by day
to work locally and beyond with our denomination and the larger Christian Church;
and, to be a telling presence in the city

References

External links

Westminster Presbyterian Church Homepage

National Register of Historic Places in Minneapolis
Churches in Minneapolis
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Presbyterian churches in Minnesota
Romanesque Revival church buildings in Minnesota
Churches completed in 1897

Westminster Presbyterian Church (Minneapolis)


Aviva Slesin is a documentary film-maker.

Slesin was awarded the Academy Award for Best Feature Documentary for her film The Ten Year Lunch: The Wit and Legend of the Algonquin Round Table in 1987. She is member of the Directors Guild of America and The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Slesin has been a MacDowell Fellow  and has had a retrospective of her work shown at the Sundance Film Festival She is a member of the faculty at NYU's Tisch School of the Arts. Slesin is also a painter.

Career

Documentaries
Slesin's career was launched in 1975 as a freelance film editor with The Other Half of the Sky: A China Memoir, produced by Shirley MacLaine and nominated that year for an Academy Award for Best Feature Documentary. Next, she edited Making Television Dance about choreographer Twyla Tharp, followed in 1977 by The Rutles, a Beatles satire directed by Monty Python's Eric Idle.

In 1980, Slesin made the transition to independent Producer/Director with nine comedy shorts for the original Saturday Night Live. In 1986, she directed and edited Directed by William Wyler, a biography of the late Hollywood director.

In 1987, Slesin won an Academy Award for Best Feature Documentary for her film The Ten Year Lunch: The Wit and Legend of the Algonquin Round Table. Then, 1990 marked a shift to dramatic films when Slesin directed and executive produced Stood Up! an ABC Afterschool Special. Then Slesin produced and directed Voices in Celebration, a documentary for the National Gallery's fiftieth anniversary.  And in 1993 and 1994, she produced and directed the documentary, Hot on the Trail: Sex, Love and Romance in the Old West for TBS.

During 1995 to 1998, Slesin produced and directed a series of short segments for The Rosie O'Donnell Show, Kids Talk,  John Hockenberry's Edgewise, HBO's Real Sex, and Religion & Ethics Newsweekly.

In 2003, Slesin produced, directed, and narrated Secret Lives: Hidden Children and Their Rescuers During WWII, which was nominated for two Emmys  and won a Christopher Award.

Films
Directed by William Wyler (1986)
The Ten Year Lunch: The Wit and Legend of the Algonquin Round Table (1987)
Stood Up (1990)
Voices in Celebration (1980)
Hot on The Trial: Sex, Love and Romance in the Old West (1993)
Secret Lives: Hidden Children and Their Rescuers During WWII (2003)

Awards
 Academy Award (Oscar)
 Inspirational Film Award, Hamptons International Film Festival
 Lilian Gish Award, Los Angeles Women in Film Festival
Christopher Award

See also
Documentary film

References

External links

Lithuanian film directors
Living people
New York University faculty
Directors of Best Documentary Feature Academy Award winners
Year of birth missing (living people)
Algonquin Round Table

Aviva Slesin


Zantop Air Transport was a United States airline formed from Zantop Flying Service in 1962.  The Civil Aeronautics Board approved transfer of the operating certificate of Coastal Airlines to Zantop Air Transport, which had incorporated and become a supplemental air carrier.  The former company had been a hauler for the Big Three automakers.  With the new arrangement Zantop could provide individually waybilled services.  The original founders of Zantop Flying Services, the Zantop brothers, all sold their stock and resigned from the company in 1966, at which time it became Universal Airlines, Inc.

The airline was based at Wayne County Airport, Inkster, Michigan.

Zantop Flying Service
Zantop Flying Service' was a United States air service formed by brothers Duane, Lloyd, Howard and Elroy Zantop as a partnership in 1946.  The base of operations for the new company was Jackson, Michigan.  At first, the fledgling company used light aircraft, and performed cargo duties for General Motors.  In 1952 the company obtained a commercial operators permit and began to service Chrysler and Ford.  A year later in 1953 they moved the operations to Wayne Major Airport, now Detroit Metro Airport.

The company continued under that name until becoming Zantop Air Transport in 1962

Zantop International Airlines
Zantop International Airlines was incorporated in May, 1972 with 100% of the stock being owned by the Zantop family.

Fleet
The Zantop Air Transport fleet consists of the following aircraft as of 1966:

Incidents and accidents
28 July 1966 - Curtiss C-46A-45-CU N9905F
16 June 1966 - Curtiss C-46A-60-CK N10415 2 Fatlities
14 October 1965 - Armstrong Whitworth AW-650 Arg N601Z
13 September 1965 - Curtiss C-46D-5-CU N5132B
30 December 1964 - Curtiss C-46A-45-CU N608Z 4 Fatalities
20 November 1964 - Curtiss C-46F-1-CU N3971B
30 June 1964 - Douglas C-54A-5-DC N188S
7 December 1963 - Curtiss C-46A-20-CU N609Z 3 Fatalities
16 Feb 1963 - Curtiss C-46F-1-CU N616Z
14 November 1961 Douglas DC-4 N30061

See also
 List of defunct airlines of the United States

References

Defunct airlines of the United States
Airlines established in 1946
Airlines disestablished in 1962
1946 establishments in Michigan
Airlines established in 1962
Airlines disestablished in 1966

Zantop Air Transport


Mark West Creek is a  stream that rises in the Mayacamas Mountains of Sonoma County, California, United States.  Tributaries of Mark West Creek include Porter Creek and Hummingbird Creek, both of which originate in the same mountain range.  Discharge waters of Mark West Creek reach the Russian River after a confluence with the Laguna de Santa Rosa. The Community Clean Water Institute has developed a program for monitoring pollutants in Mark West Creek.

The four-mile stretch of Mark West Creek from Mark West Lodge to Mark West Creek Road is a challenging class III-V whitewater kayaking run.

Course
Mark West Creek originates about  west of St. Helena, California near St. Helena Road. The road goes along the Creek westward to Calistoga Road, where the Creek turns northeast, flowing through the town of Mark West Springs. From there, it descends southward. Mark West Springs Road was built next to it.  The Creek passes Mayacama Golf Club and turns westward, emerging from hills east of the Sonoma County Airport. The Northwestern Pacific Railroad and later U.S. Route 101 were built over it south of Airport Boulevard and the Creek continues generally westward, passing south of the airport to join the Laguna de Santa Rosa east of Forestville.  From there, the Creek flows north to a confluence with Windsor Creek, and then flows westward, entering the Russian River east of Steelhead Beach Regional Park.

Near the Laguna de Santa Rosa confluence, Mark West Creek has been diverted southward in three separate places, making it appear that the Creek feeds the Laguna instead of vice versa.  Since 1988, the Creek length between the Laguna de Santa Rosa and the Russian River has often been considered part of the Laguna. The Laguna de Santa Rosa Foundation has promoted this nomenclature.

Watershed
The Mark West Creek drainage basin covers a large portion of Sonoma County, from Mount Saint Helena and Sonoma Mountain in the east to Forestville in the west.  It includes four cities (Santa Rosa, Rohnert Park, Sebastopol, and Cotati) and the incorporated town of Windsor.  Adjacent watersheds include those of Green Valley Creek, Petaluma River, Sonoma Creek, the Napa River, and the Russian River.

See also
List of watercourses in the San Francisco Bay Area

Footnotes

External links
Laguna de Santa Rosa Foundation
Mark West Creek kayaking
Friends of Mark West Watershed non-profit

Rivers of Sonoma County, California
Mayacamas Mountains
Tributaries of the Russian River (California)
St. Helena, California
Rivers of Northern California

Mark West Creek


The Will County Historical Society Headquarters is a historic building in Lockport, Illinois, United States, originally known as the Illinois and Michigan Canal Office Building. It served as the headquarters of the Canal Commission of the Illinois and Michigan Canal from 1836 until 1871, when control of the canal was transferred to the state.

History
The Illinois and Michigan Canal was a canal that connected Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River via the Illinois and Chicago Rivers. It was first conceived in 1824, when a survey of five potential routes was assessed. Three years later, the United States Congress approved the project. In 1829, the Canal Commission was formed to raise money and oversee the project. The project was dormant until ground was broken on July 4, 1836. That year, the Canal Commission laid out the town of Lockport, Illinois with the intention of locating the canal headquarters there. Slowed by the Panic of 1837, the canal was finally completed in 1848. The headquarters building was built in 1845. The first ship on the canal was launched in Lockport. The Canal Commission operated the canal from this building until 1871, when canal operation was turned over to the state.

The building was later purchased by the Will County Historical Society as a headquarters and museum. On May 17, 1972, the building was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places. When the Lockport Historic District was created three years later, the building was listed as a contributing property.

Architecture
The former canal office building is generally Greek Revival in style, with a symmetrical facade, low hipped roof, rectangular transom, and recessed porch. The original building was one story and today corresponds to the northern portion. A two-story residence was added to the south end of the structure in the 1860s or 1870s. The residence reflects a more Victorian style with deeply molded eaves, heavy brackets, turned porch, and low-pitched roof. However, the two portions of the building share similar window patterns.

References

External links
 Official Will County Historical Society website

Lockport, Illinois
Museums in Will County, Illinois
Commercial buildings completed in 1845
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Historic district contributing properties in Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in Will County, Illinois
Greek Revival architecture in Illinois
Victorian architecture in Illinois


Ronald W. Walters (July 20, 1938 – September 10, 2010) was an American author, speaker and scholar of African-American politics. He was director of the African American Leadership Institute and Scholar Practitioner Program, Distinguished Leadership Scholar at the James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership, and professor in government and politics at the University of Maryland.

Early life and education
Ronald William Walters was born in 1938 in Wichita, Kansas, the oldest of seven children of Gilmar and Maxine Fray Walters. His father was a career Army officer and later a professional musician, playing double bass. His mother was a civil rights investigator for the state. Ron attended grade school and junior high school in Wichita, and he graduated from Wichita High School East in 1955.

As president of the local NAACP Youth Council, then 20-year-old Walters organized the Dockum Drug Store sit-in in July 1958, which led to the desegregation of drugstores in Wichita, Kansas, more than 18 months before the more widely publicized Greensboro sit-ins began in February 1960.

Walters received his Bachelor of Arts degree in History and Government with Honors from Fisk University 1963 and both his M.A. in African Studies 1966 and Ph.D. in International Studies 1971 from American University.

Career
Walters served as professor and chair of the political science department at Howard University, assistant professor and chair of Afro-American Studies at Brandeis University, and assistant professor of political science at Syracuse University. He served as visiting professor at Princeton University and as a fellow of the Institute of Politics at Harvard Kennedy School. He had been a former member of the governing council of the American Political Science Association. At the time of his death he was a current member of the Board of Directors of the Ralph Bunche Institute of the CUNY Graduate School and University Center. Walters was a distinguished member of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity.

In 1984, Walters served as campaign manager and consultant for Reverend Jesse Jackson during his two presidential bids. He also served as the senior policy staff member for congressmen Charles Diggs, Jr. and William Gray.

Walters published well over 100 academic articles and seven books. One book, Black Presidential Politics in America, won the Bunche Prize.

Walters appeared on television many times, going on popular shows such as CNN's Crossfire, The Jesse Jackson Show, CBS News Nightline, and Evening Exchange. He appeared on radio shows such as All Things Considered and Living Room.

Walters was married to Patricia Ann Walters and lived in Silver Spring, Maryland. He died from lung cancer at the age of 72.

Works and publications
Black Presidential Politics in America
Pan Africanism in the African Diaspora
White Nationalism, Black Interests: Conservative Public Policy and the Black Community
Freedom is Not Enough: Black Voters, Black Candidates, and American Presidential Politics
The Legitimacy to Lead
Standing Up in America's Heartlands: Sitting in Before Greensboro

Awards
Ralph Bunche Prize
2-time winner of the Best Book award from the National Conference of Black Political Scientists (NCOBPS)
Distinguished faculty award from Howard University
Distinguished Scholar/Activist Award, The Black Scholar Magazine
W.E.B. DuBois/Frederick Douglas Award, African Heritage Studies Association
Ida Wells Barnett Award, Association of Black School Educators
Fannie Lou Hamer Award, National Conference of Black Political Scientists
Distinguished Faculty Contributions to the campus Diversity, University of Maryland
 Wells-W.E.B. DuBois Award for Distinguished Scholarship from the National Council for Black Studies

References

Sources
Academy of Leadership: Ron Walters. (2005). Retrieved March 6, 2007 from https://web.archive.org/web/20071002033851/http://www.academy.umd.edu:80/AboutUs/staff/RWalters.htm.
History Makers: Ron Walters Biography. (2003). Retrieved March 7, 2007 from https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/ronald-walters-39
PBS Think Tank: Biography: Ron Walters. (2003). Retrieved March 7, 2007 from https://www.pbs.org/thinktank/bio_1275.html.
Ron Walters. (2006). Retrieved March 6, 2007 from https://web.archive.org/web/20100606202939/http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/walters/

External links

African-American political scientists
American political scientists
American civil rights activists
American University alumni
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
University of Maryland College of Behavioral and Social Sciences people
Fisk University alumni
1938 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from cancer in Maryland
Writers from Kansas
Writers from Maryland
American University School of International Service alumni
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people

Ron Walters


Helianthus arizonensis is a North American species of sunflower known by the common name Arizona sunflower. It is native to the States of Arizona and New Mexico in the southwestern United States.

Helianthus arizonensis is a perennial herb up to 30 cm (12 inches) tall. Its leaves have no hairs. One plant produces 1-7 flower heads, each head with 10-14 yellow ray florets surrounding at least 30 yellow disc florets.

References

arizonensis
Flora of the Southwestern United States
Plants described in 1963

Helianthus arizonensis


The universal portfolio algorithm is a portfolio selection algorithm from the field of machine learning and information theory. The algorithm learns adaptively from historical data and maximizes the log-optimal growth rate in the long run. It was introduced by the late Stanford University information theorist Thomas M. Cover.

The algorithm rebalances the portfolio at the beginning of each trading period. At the beginning of the first trading period it starts with a naive diversification. In the following trading periods the portfolio composition depends on the historical total return of all possible constant-rebalanced portfolios.

References

Machine learning
Algorithmic trading
Portfolio theories

Universal portfolio algorithm


Tornado Alley is a colloquial term most often used to refer to the area of the United States in which tornadoes happen more than in any other part of the country.  The 1974 super tornado outbreak with 148 tornadoes, took place in Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Mississippi, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia.

States such as Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio are sometimes included in Tornado Alley. Research suggests that tornadoes are happening more often in the northern parts of Tornado Alley where it reaches the Canadian prairies.

Tornado alley geographical area

Over the years, the location(s) of Tornado Alley have not been clearly defined. No definition of tornado alley has ever been officially chosen by the National Weather Service (NWS). Thus, differences in the place are because of the different criteria used.

The National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) FAQ says that "Tornado Alley" is a term used by the media as a reference to areas that have mroe tornadoes. A study of 1921–1995 tornadoes concluded almost one-fourth of all significant tornadoes happen in this area.

No state has no tornadoes; however, they happen more often in the Central United States, between the Rocky Mountains and Appalachian Mountains.

Another criterion for the location of Tornado Alley (or Tornado Alleys) can be where the strongest tornadoes happen more often.

Origin of the term
The term "tornado alley" was first used in 1952 by U.S. Air Force meteorologists Major Ernest J. Fawbush (1915–1982) and Captain Robert C. Miller (1920–1998). They used it as the title of a research project to study severe weather in parts of Texas and Oklahoma.

How many tornadoes
The average tornado stays on ground for only 5 minutes. These figures, reported by the National Climatic Data Center for the period between 1991 and 2010, show the seventeen U.S. states with the most average number of tornadoes per  per year.

 Florida: 12.2
 Kansas: 11.7
 Maryland: 9.9
 Illinois: 9.7
 Mississippi:  9.2
 Iowa: 9.1
 Oklahoma: 9
 South Carolina: 9
 Alabama: 8.6
 Louisiana: 8.5
 Arkansas: 7.5
 Nebraska: 7.4
 Missouri: 6.5
 North Carolina: 6.4
 Tennessee: 6.2
 Indiana: 6.1
 Texas: 5.9

Canadian tornadoes
About half of all Canadian tornadoes hit the Canadian prairies and Northern Ontario as far east as Lake Superior. Together, these areas make up the northernmost border of the U.S. Tornado Alley. Tornadoes up to EF5 in strength have been found in this region.

Schools in Tornado Alley often have tornado drills, and many homes may have tornado shelters where people can go for safety.

References

Other websites
 NSSL Tornado Climatology
 Climatological Estimates of Local Daily Tornado Probability for the United States
 Tornado hazards in the United States
 Statistical modeling of tornado intensity distributions

Regions of the United States

Tornadoes in the United States

Tornado Alley