Indexing software consists of computer applications that help to build an index (like this one:Index of branches of science).

Features
There are several methodologies for indexing:
 Standalone indexing applications enable an indexer to create an index as a separate document, later to be integrated into the original text, by manually entering headings and page numbers or other locators. Such applications collate, alphabetize, and sort the raw input to create a formatted index.
 Embedded indexing includes the index headings in the midst of the text itself, but surrounded by codes so that they are not normally displayed. A usable index is then generated automatically from the embedded text using the position of the embedded headings to determine the locators. Thus, when the pagination is changed the index can be regenerated with the new locators.
 Tagging allows indexing codes to be embedded in the text after the indexing is complete. The indexer inserts numbered dummy tags in the files, and then builds the index separately
 Many word processors and desktop publishing software have integrated automated indexing functions. These tools build a concordance or word lists from processed files. They have often limited usage.
 AI and machine-learning approaches have not yet matured to the point where they can create finished or near-finished indexes.

See also
 Subject indexing
 concordance
 tf-idf

References

Book publishing
Book design
Information science
Publishing

Indexing software


David Grutman is an owner and partner in several Miami-based restaurants and night clubs. Rolling Stone magazine has listed Grutman as one of the 50 most important people in electronic dance music.

Personal life
David was born and raised in Naples, Florida to a Jewish family. He graduated from Barron G. Collier High School in 1993, and holds a degree in finance from the University of Florida. He married Isabela Rangel in 2016.

Career
Grutman opened the LIV nightclub at the Fontainebleau Miami Beach hotel in 2008, and it was the fifth highest grossing nightclub in the United States in 2014. Grutman subsequently opened the club Story in 2013, followed by the restaurant Komodo, the café OTL, the restaurant Planta South Beach, and the Swan and Bar Bevy, in which Pharrell is also a partner.

In 2018, Grutman founded Groot Hospitality as a holding company for his ventures. In 2019, he sold a majority stake in the company to Live Nation Entertainment.

References

1974 births
Living people
Nightclub owners
University of Florida alumni
Businesspeople from Miami
People from Naples, Florida

David Grutman


The Episcopal Diocese of the Virgin Islands is a diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America (ECUSA/T.E.C) which includes both the United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands. The diocese is a part of Province II of the Episcopal Church. The previous Diocesan Bishop of the Virgin Islands was Edward Ambrose Gumbs, the seat is currently vacant but Rafael Morales from the Episcopal Diocese of Puerto Rico serves as Bishop Advisor. The cathedral church of the diocese is the Cathedral Church of All  Saints, Charlotte Amalie. The diocese currently comprises 14 churches. There is a functioning parish school on St. Thomas All Saints Cathedral School there was an academic campus on St. Croix, St. Dunstan's Episcopal High School. St. Dunstan's closed in the 1990s. There is also the St. Georges School located on the parish property of St. Georges Episcopal Church in Road Town, Tortola in the British Virgin Islands, which also opened the St. Georges School (Secondary Division) in Palestina Estate near to the St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Sea Cow's Bay, Tortola in the British Virgin Islands. There is also the St. Mary's School located on the parish property of the St. Mary's Episcopal Church in Valley, Virgin Gorda in the British Virgin Islands.

History
In 1917 when the United States bought the Danish West Indies from Denmark, the three Anglican parishes and one mission on the islands were under the Anglican Bishop of Antigua
who was part of the Diocese of Barbados. On the transfer of the U.S. Virgin Islands from Danish to American Sovereignty, the Bishop of Antigua, on 30 April 1919 transferred the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Churches of the Anglican Communion in those islands to the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. The House of Bishops, assembled at Winston-Salem, North Carolina, did on 7 November 1947 erect the Anglican Churches in the Virgin Islands to the status of the Missionary District, to be known as the Missionary District of the Virgin Islands. The Presiding Bishop appointed the Bishop of Puerto Rico as bishop-in-charge of the new mission district. By a Deed of Relinquishment the Archbishop of the West Indies on 24 November 1963 transferred ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Anglican Churches in the British Virgin Islands to the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States of America. In 1962 Cedric Mills was appointed Bishop of the Virgin Islands by the House of Bishops and he arrived in 1963 and assumed jurisdiction over all Anglican and Episcopal churches in the wider Virgin Islands. In 1971 the diocese elected its own bishop for the first time.  Edward Mason Turner, rector of St. Paul's in Frederiksted, was elected bishop in November 1971.  He was consecrated bishop in May 1972.

Bishops of the Diocese
The Bishops of the Diocese are:
1. Cedric E. Mills (1962–1972);
2. Edward M. Turner (1972–1985);
  Interim Bishop: Richard M. Martin (1985–1986);
3  E. Don Taylor, elected by the Bishops of Province II, (1986–1994)
  Interim Bishop: Telésforo A. Isaac (1994–1997);
4. Theodore A. Daniels (1997–2003);
  Interim Bishop: Telésforo A. Isaac (2004–2005); and
5. Edward Ambrose Gumbs (2005–2021).
6. Rafael Morales (2022-) Bishop Advisor

Deaneries
In accordance with the usage in the ECUSA, the diocese is divided into three deaneries each headed by a regional dean and named as follows:
 1. St. Thomas-St. John Deanery;
 2. St. Croix Deanery; and
 3. Virgin Islands (British) Deanery.

See also

Episcopal Church (United States)
Anglican Communion
All Saints Cathedral School

References

External links

 Anglican Communion listing for diocese
 The Episcopal Church in the United States of America

Virgin Islands
Christianity in the British Virgin Islands
Christianity in the United States Virgin Islands
United States Virgin Islands
Christian organizations established in 1962
1962 establishments in North America
1960s establishments in the Caribbean
Province 2 of the Episcopal Church (United States)

Episcopal Diocese of the Virgin Islands


Since its independence from Portugal in 1975, Angola has had three constitutions. The first came into force in 1975 as an "interim" measure; the second was approved in a 1992 referendum, and the third one was instituted in 2010.

Angola was a colony of Portugal for more than 400 years, beginning the 15th century. Three principal parties, MPLA, National Front for the Liberation of Angola the FNLA and the National Union for Total Independence of Angola the UNITA, fought for independence. After many years of conflict that weakened all of the insurgent parties, Angola gained independence on 11 November 1975, after the Carnation Revolution overthrew the Marcelo Caetano regime in Portugal. A fight for dominance broke out immediately between the three nationalist movements, resulting in a civil war soon after independence. The civil war continued with UNITA fighting against the ruling MPLA. Both parties received support and backing from other countries.

Constitutional revisions in 1976 and 1980 more clearly established a revolutionary socialist, one-party state as a national goal.

In 1992, the 1975 constitution was completely rewritten to allow a multiparty democratic republic, in the form of a presidential system, starting with multiparty elections and direct election of the president.

The 2010 amendment of the Constitution named the president of Angola as head of state, head of the executive branch and commander-in-chief of the Angolan armed forces. The new constitution abolished direct election of the president; under its provisions, the person heading the list of candidates of the majority party in the assembly automatically becomes president, and the second person on the list, vice-president. This constitution, still in effect, limits the president to two five-year terms.

Background

Angola was a colony of Portugal for more than 400 years from the 15th century. Demands for independence picked up momentum during the early 1950s. The principal protagonists included the MPLA, founded in 1956, the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), which appeared in 1961, and the UNITA, founded in 1966. After many years of conflict that weakened all of the insurgent parties, Angola gained independence on 11 November 1975, after the Carnation Revolution in Portugal overthrew the Portuguese regime headed by Marcelo Caetano.

A fight for dominance broke out immediately between the three nationalist movements. The events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens, creating up to 300,000 destitute Portuguese refugees—the retornados. The new Portuguese government attempted to mediate an understanding between the three competing movements. They initially agreed to terms, but the agreement dissolved mere days later. This failure to agree, which resulted in a devastating civil war that lasted several decades, claimed millions of lives and producing many refugees before it ended in 2002.

During the civil war, the MPLA gained control of Luanda—the capital—and much of the rest of the country. With the support of the United States, Zaire and South Africa intervened militarily in favour of the FNLA and UNITA, with the intention of taking Luanda before the declaration of independence. In response, Cuba intervened in favour of the MPLA, and the country became a flash point for the Cold War. With Cuban support, the MPLA held Luanda and declared independence on 11 November 1975, with Agostinho Neto becoming the first president, although the civil war continued.

1975 constitution
Independent Angola's first constitution dedicated the new republic to eliminating the vestiges of Portuguese colonialism. The Constitution provided numerous guarantees of individual freedom and prohibited discrimination based on color, race, ethnic identity, sex, place of birth, religion, level of education, and economic or social status. The Constitution also promised freedom of expression and assembly.

Constitutional revisions in 1976 and 1980 more clearly established a revolutionary socialist, one-party state the national goal. As revised, the Constitution vested sovereignty in the Angolan people, guaranteed through the representation of the party, and promised to implement "people's power." It also emphasized the preeminence of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) as a policy-making body and made the government subordinate to it, responsible for implementing party policy. Economic development was to be founded on socialist models of cooperative ownership.

Other constitutional guarantees included health care, access to education, and state assistance in childhood, motherhood, disability, and old age. In return for these sweeping guarantees, each individual was responsible for participating in the nation's military defense, voting in official elections, serving in public office if appointed or elected, working—considered a duty—and generally aiding in the socialist transformation.

Despite its strong socialist tone, the Constitution guaranteed the protection of private property and private business activity within limits set by the state. National economic goals were to develop agriculture and industry, establish just social relations in all sectors of production, foster the growth of the public sector and cooperatives, and implement a system of graduated direct taxation. Social goals included combating illiteracy, promoting the development of education and a national culture, and enforcing strict separation of church and state, with official respect for all religions.

The Constitution also outlined Angola's defense policy, which explicitly prohibited foreign military bases on Angolan soil or affiliation with any foreign military organization. It institutionalized the People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) as the nation's army and assigned it responsibility for defense and national reconstruction. Military conscription applied to both men and women over the age of eighteen.

1992 constitution
José Eduardo dos Santos won the 1980 and 1986 elections and became the first elected president of the country. The civil war continued, with UNITA still fighting the MPLA, and both parties still receiving international support. There was a ceasefire agreement in 1989 with the leader of UNITA, Jonas Savimbi, but it collapsed soon afterwards. As a part of its peace efforts, the MPLA amended its platform of Marxism-Leninism and shifted its policies to a more socialist than communist worldview. In May 1991, dos Santos and UNITA's Savimbi signed a multiparty democracy agreement in Lisbon.

In 1992 the 1975 constitution was completely rewritten, and amended on March 6, 1991, and August 26, 1992, to allow a multi-party democratic republic, in the form of a presidential system, to start with multiparty elections and direct election of the president.

2010 constitution

On 21 January 2010 the National Assembly of Angola approved a new constitution to replace the interim constitution that had been in effect since independence in 1975. The Assembly approved this constitution in its entirety, by a 186–0 vote. Two assembly members abstained. The new constitution was drafted by a committee of 60 parliamentarians, advised by 19 experts and a public consultation, and contained 244 articles.

The vote in the national assembly was boycotted by the opposition (UNITA) party, which claimed that the constitutional process had been flawed and undermined democracy. The ruling party, MPLA, had an 81% majority on the constitution committee, equal to their parliamentary majority. The constitution needed the approval of President José Eduardo dos Santos and of the Constitutional Court but both steps were seen as formalities.

"The ruling MPLA says the constitution will increase democracy, but by abolishing the presidential ballot and concentrating all the power on the president it will do exactly the opposite," Fernando Macedo, a political analyst in Luanda, said after the vote.

The new constitution established a government similar to those currently operating in South Africa and Botswana. It named the president of Angola as head of state, head of the executive branch and commander-in-chief of the Angolan armed forces. The new constitution abolished direct election of the president; the person heading the list of candidates of the majority party in the assembly automatically becomes president, and the second in the list, vice-president. The constitution limits the president to two five-year terms, but the 30-year term already served by dos Santos does not count and under the constitution his term would start from the next parliamentary elections in 2012, and allow him to remain president until 2022. The post of Prime Minister would be abolished, whose role would be taken over by the vice-president. The Assembly retains the right to remove the president from office but such an action must be approved by the Supreme Court. The vice president and the members of the Supreme Court are presidential nominees under the Constitution.

The constitution clarified the ambiguous land rights that existed in Angola, stating that all land is owned by the state, which can decide who is entitled to use it, and that the state must only provide land rights to Angolan nationals or to companies registered in Angola.

The constitution gives the president the power to appoint judges to the Constitutional and Supreme courts and also to appoint the head of the Court of Audits, which is the body responsible for reviewing public expenditure. The document also maintains the present status of Cabinda, an exclave of Angola surrounded by the Democratic Republic of Congo, as a part of Angola. Oil-rich Cabinda has been claimed by Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) separatists. The new constitution retains the current national flag (which is similar to the flag used by the MPLA during the Angolan Civil War). The constitution guarantees freedom of religion and of the press. The death penalty remains banned.

Reception
The new constitution of 2010 was hailed as "a day of victory and happiness for the people of Angola" by Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos, then president of the National Assembly, and Bornito de Sousa, who chaired the constitutional commission, said that the charter was "a reflection of equality, of good sense, and true representation of the electorate". However, UNITA member Raul Danda stated that the constitution was "a complete fraud" and that his party was wearing black "because it's like going to the graveyard to bury democracy". UNITA's parliamentary leader, Alda Juliana Paulo Sachiambo, also spoke out against the new constitution saying that it gave "excessive executive power" to dos Santos. The head of Katiava Bwila University, political scientist Paulo de Carvalho, spoke out against UNITA's concerns in defense of the Constitution. He said that the party-list system is used in democracies in Europe, Asia and South Africa, and that the new document contains many clauses that were in the old constitution.

The original vote on the constitution had been expected in March but was then moved to January. There was speculation that this delay was intended to avoid public debate on the matter by holding the vote at the same time that Angola hosts the 2010 African Cup of Nations. Dos Santos had said that as soon as the constitution was passed he would reduce the size of the government and reduce the opportunities for officials to engage in corrupt activities. Angola currently ranks in the top 18 most corrupt countries, according to Transparency International.

References

External links

 1975 Constitution and image of its original publication
 1992 Constitution and act of promulgation
 1992 Constitution
 2010 constitution of Angola
 2010 constitution of Angola
 2010 constitution of Angola

Angola
Politics of Angola
Law of Angola
1975 establishments in Angola
1992 establishments in Angola
2010 establishments in Angola

Constitution of Angola


A tegmen (: tegmina) designates the modified leathery front wing on an insect particularly in the orders Dermaptera (earwigs), Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets and similar families), Mantodea (praying mantis), Phasmatodea (stick and leaf insects) and Blattodea (cockroaches).

It is also a term used in botany to describe the delicate inner protective layer of a seed, and in zoology to describe a stiff membrane on the upper surface of the crown of a crinoid.

In vertebrate anatomy it denotes a plate of thin bone forming the roof of the middle ear.

The nature of tegmina

The term tegmen refers to a miscellaneous and arbitrary group of organs in various orders of insects; they certainly are homologous in the sense that they all are derived from insect forewings, but in other senses they are analogous; for example, the evolutionary development of the short elytra of the Dermaptera shared none of the history of the development of tegmina in the Orthoptera, say. Also, in some other insects fore- and hindwings differ both in texture and their role in flight, but are not universally regarded as tegmina. For example, the hemelytra of some Hemiptera have been called tegmina by some authorities, but not by most modern authors.

Entomologists do not customarily refer to the forewing of a beetle as a tegmen; the term for beetles' forewings is elytra.

The function of tegmina
Probably the major role of tegmina in general is that of protecting the hindwings when folded. In many insects they also are important in camouflage and in displays, especially defensive display, where the tegmina are drab, but cover aposematic displays that are startling when suddenly uncovered. Sometimes, as in some mantids, the tegmina crossed over the back are not striking, but when suddenly raised, act as a threatening display resembling a pair of eyes.

Tegmina do not play a major active, flapping role in flying, though they are aerodynamically significant in insects such as migratory locusts that fly vigorously for long distances.  This is probably the main justification for distinguishing between say, the forewings of cockroaches, which are called tegmina, and the forewings of some Neuroptera, which though stiffer than the rear wings, are flapped in flight.

Tegmina and sound

Tegmina, generally being stiffer than the rear wings, are used as sound boards by many species of insects, especially Orthoptera; in many locusts they make a crackling noise in flight, and in many crickets, tree crickets, and even mole crickets, the tegmina have undergone marked anatomical adaptations, often asymmetric, for sound production.

References

Insect anatomy

he:כנפי חפיה

Tegmen


Frederick James Lloyd (12 October 1905, Alsager, England – 1974) was an English artist. He became famous for his paintings, mostly of animals and country landscapes.

He was the first living self-taught artist to have a painting hung at the Tate in London, titled Cat and Mouse.

Life
Lloyd was the son of a policeman who had taken up farming. He had worked on his father's farm until the age of 19, when he too joined the police force. He had a variety of jobs before the war: gas-works stoker; bus conductor; builder's labourer; lamp-lighter; until he was accepted for the famous and exclusive British Army regiment of the Coldstream Guards. He served with distinction in his regiment overseas during the war. On demobilisation he married Nancy, she was a teenager and he in his forties, he returned to the land and took a job as a wagoner in Shropshire. He, his wife and four children bought a small holding at Triangle, near Halifax, in the Pennines. Although he had done some paintings as a young man, it was not until he was forty, that he began to paint in earnest.

He and his family moved to Skirpenbeck, East Riding of Yorkshire in 1950. He took on the job as a cowman. There were now so many paintings, laboriously constructed dot by dot (pointillism). His wife Nancy decided it was time that Lloyd's work was seen by more people. Without telling her husband she wrote to Sir Herbert Read and he paid Lloyd a visit to see his paintings, and bought a couple of them. Herbert Read sent some to various galleries in London.

In 1958 Lloyd held his first one-man show at (the late) Arthur Jeffress Gallery in London. All but 2 of the 32 paintings being held were sold within hours of opening.

The rapidly expanding Lloyd family (eight children, and one who died young) moved to a council house further into the village and Lloyd took a job with the Derwent Plastics Company at Stamford Bridge, the money was better and the hours easier, he did shift work so he could paint by day and work by night. He devoted all his spare time (except for the pub) to painting. He never painted in a studio; he would usually just paint in the living room with the children playing around him.

By the early 1960s he had stopped working at the Derwent Plastics factory to paint full-time. In 1961 he was commissioned by the York City Art Gallery under the Evelyn Award Scheme to paint the view of Cliffords Tower, York, for the gallery's collection. L.S. Lowry also produced a painting of Cliffords Tower. At the closure of Arthur Jeffress Gallery, Lloyd was taken on by the Portal Gallery, where his paintings still remain. His first one-man show there was in 1964 followed by others in 1966, 1968 and 1971. He never titled or dated his paintings.

In 1963 Eric Lister of the Portal Gallery introduced Lloyd to film director Ken Russell. The result was that the BBC Monitor series made a television documentary film about his life and work, The Dotty World of James Lloyd. Two years later Lloyd was chosen to play (with no previous acting experience) the part of Henri Rousseau in Ken Russells 'Monitor' film on the great French naive painter, Always on Sunday.

The photographer David Bailey bought several paintings by Lloyd and became a very good friend. When his book Goodbye Baby and Amen, an album of Bailey's portraits of celebrities of the 1960s was published, Lloyd featured prominently. He was also commissioned to paint a picture for the 1969/1971 book The Beatles Illustrated Lyrics.

Other galleries who acquired his work were Leeds City Art Gallery, Bowes Museum and Thomas's College, York. He was also noticed by collectors abroad and his work was collected by Museums and Galleries as far apart as Caracas, Venezuela, and Zacreb, Yugoslavia. He won the International Best Primitive Painter Award in 1973, with his painting Boy with Horse.

Notes

External links
James Lloyd profile at The Anthony Petullo Collection
 An account of the University of York exhibition 1979 see www.phoenixlodger.co.uk under 'Brushes with Fame' section.

1905 births
1974 deaths
20th-century English painters
English male painters
People from Alsager
20th-century English male artists

James Lloyd (artist)


In mathematics, the principal series representations of certain kinds of topological group G occur in the case where G is not a compact group. There, by analogy with spectral theory, one expects that the regular representation of G will decompose according to some kind of continuous spectrum, of representations involving a continuous parameter, as well as a discrete spectrum. The principal series representations are some induced representations constructed in a uniform way, in order to fill out the continuous part of the spectrum.

In more detail, the unitary dual is the space of all representations relevant to decomposing the regular representation. The discrete series consists of 'atoms' of the unitary dual (points carrying a Plancherel measure > 0). In the earliest examples studied, the rest (or most) of the unitary dual could be parametrised by starting with a subgroup H of G, simpler but not compact, and building up induced representations using representations of H which were accessible, in the sense of being easy to write down, and involving a parameter. (Such an induction process may produce representations that are not unitary.)

For the case of a semisimple Lie group G, the subgroup H is constructed starting from the Iwasawa decomposition

G = KAN

with K a maximal compact subgroup. Then H is chosen to contain AN (which is a non-compact solvable Lie group), being taken as

H := MAN

with M the centralizer in K of A. Representations ρ of H are considered that are irreducible, and unitary, and are the trivial representation on the subgroup N. (Assuming the case M a trivial group, such ρ are analogues of the representations of the group of diagonal matrices inside the special linear group.) The induced representations of such ρ make up the principal series. The spherical principal series consists of representations induced from 1-dimensional representations of MAN obtained by extending characters of A
using the homomorphism of MAN onto A.

There may be other continuous series of representations relevant to the unitary dual: as their name implies, the principal series are the 'main' contribution.

This type of construction has been found to have application to groups G that are not Lie groups (for example, finite groups of Lie type, groups over p-adic fields).

Examples

For examples, see the representation theory of SL2(R). For the general linear group GL2 over a local field, the dimension of the Jacquet module of a principal series representation is two.

References

External links

Computing the unitary dual (PDF)

Unitary representation theory
Representation theory of Lie groups

Principal series representation


So You Think You Can Dance is a dance reality show and competition aired on 8TV. Based closely on the original U.S. show by the same name, the series premiered on April 5, 2007.

The show was created by Simon Fuller (known for the Idol series) and Nigel Lythgoe. The Malaysian entry in the So You Think You Can Dance franchise lasted two seasons and ended in 2008 after crowning champions Muhammad Haslam Abdul Rahman Rubaee (season 1), and Cecilia Yong Li Shi (season 2).

Format

Auditions
Preliminary auditions are held in selected locations. Participants who display a good degree of potential to them are recalled to the Callbacks (if their skills are debatable) or qualify directly to the Boot Camp (if they greatly impress the judges during the auditions).

Callbacks
Those who qualify for the callbacks are required to undergo versatility and cohesiveness tests while vying for remaining places in the Boot Camp where there have been participants who have qualified directly from the Auditions. In this sense, versatility discusses participants' ability to project as many styles and techniques of dance as possible.

Boot Camp
Again, contestants who have qualified to this point are given a tougher versatility and cohesiveness which explores their preparedness for the next stage – the live competition. The Boot Camp will be divided into group and individual test sessions. Their emotions and mental strength may be tested as well throughout in preparation for the live competitions. A proportionate number of male and female contestants (usually 10 and 10, respectively) will qualify for the live shows.

Live shows
The most anticipated part of the show witnesses the performances of those who qualified from the Boot Camp live on television. Each show is divided into three sub-events: contestants perform in pairs (one male and one female) to entertain viewers, and at the same time, to be evaluated by a panel of three or four judges; the judges then selected the (four or six, gender-proportionate) worst-performing finalists to vie for survival in the competition by public voting; the one male and one female with the lowest votes leave the competition. Later shows will witness the pairs performing more than one dance routine as the number of finalists decimate along the way.

Grand Finale
At this point, two male and two female finalists remain to vie for public votes and ultimately, the grand prize which only the champion takes home. They may have to perform more routines in a night, including two solo routines and one same-gender pair-up. Guest dancers and singers are also invited to perform. The night closes ceremoniously with the winner announcement.

Season 1

The inaugural season of So You Think You Can Dance took off with one audition session in Kuala Lumpur on 16 and 17 March 2007. Out of about 500 people auditioning, seven skipped into the Boot Camp while 80 qualified for the Callbacks. From the eighty, thirty-three joined the Boot Camp to fill in the Top 40 before the judges only allowed 20 to proceed into the live competition.

Live shows were held for nine weeks from 3 May till 29 June 2007. Initially, the judges in this stage picked a bottom four for each of the first four weeks, after which the judges decided to select a bottom six to address finalists' competitiveness until the penultimate live show. Noor Fatimah and Mohd Yunus were notably the only contestants to avoid the danger zone until they were cut out of the Grand Finale on week 8.

In the Grand Finale on 29 June 2007, Muhammad Haslam Abdul Rahman Rubaee, fondly known as Alam, was declared the winner and clinched RM50,000 cash and a role in one of Tiara Jacquelina's theatre roles. Dennis Yin, Suhaili Micheline and Brancy Tan filled the second, third and fourth places, respectively.

Season 2

On 9 March 2008, a day after the Malaysian general elections, auditions for season 2 kicked off in Kota Kinabalu, to be followed by Kuala Lumpur on 18 March. Telecast is scheduled to commence on 1 May.

See also
 Dance on television
 The Ultimate Dance Battle
 Live to Dance/Got to Dance
 America's Best Dance Crew
 Superstars of Dance
 Dance India Dance
 Se Ela Dança, Eu Danço

References

External links
 So You Think You Can Dance official website
 SYTYCD Malaysia Forum

2007 Malaysian television series debuts
2008 Malaysian television series endings
Non-American television series based on American television series
8TV (Malaysian TV network) original programming

So You Think You Can Dance (Malaysian TV series)


St John the Baptist's Church is a redundant Anglican church in the village of Stanwick St John, North Yorkshire, England.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.  The site of the church is recognised as a Scheduled Monument, and it stands within the earthworks of Stanwick Camp, a settlement originating in the early Iron Age.

History

The present church dates from the 13th century, although the discovery of a 9th-century cross shaft in the churchyard suggests that there was an earlier church on the site.  It was "heavily restored" in 1868 by Anthony Salvin.  St John's was vested in the Trust on 1 June 1990.

Architecture

Exterior
The church is constructed in stone rubble, and the roofs are in stone slate, artificial stone slate and lead.  Its plan consists of a four-bay nave with a south aisle and a south porch, a three-bay chancel with a north vestry that was added in the 19th century, and a west tower.  The tower is in three stages, and has quoins and stepped diagonal buttresses.  In the lowest stage, the west face has a lancet window above a central buttress, and there is a similar lancet window on each face in the middle stage.  In the top stage are two-light bell openings, and the summit has a battlemented parapet.  On the ground, on the west side, is a medieval stone coffin lying on its side.  On the north side is a five-sided stair turret that was added in the 19th century.  The porch has stepped diagonal buttresses, and an arched doorway over which is a sundial.  The inner door dates from the 13th century.  Incorporated in the fabric of the south aisle are carved stones dating from the Anglo-Saxon and medieval periods.  It has a 19th-century single-light west window, two three-light windows in the south wall dating from the 19th century and a three-light, 13th-century east window.  In the north wall of the church are three two-light windows containing Decorated and Perpendicular tracery.  The chancel contains a priest's doorway and a number of windows, including a three-light east window with Decorated tracery.  The vestry has a two-light 19th-century window.

Interior
Internally there is a four-bay south arcade, a tower arch and a chancel arch.  In the north wall of the chancel is a recumbent effigy and in the south wall is a 19th-century piscina and a stepped triple sedilia.  In the south aisle is another piscina and an aumbry.  The font dates from the 19th century and has a 17th-century carved canopy.  The church contains a number of tombs and monuments to the memory of the Smithson family.  On the east wall of the chancel are boards painted with the Lord's Prayer, Creeds, and the Commandments.  Over the chancel arch are the royal arms of George III, and around the church are hatchments.  The organ was built in 1866 by John Fincham of London.  There is a ring of three bells, all cast by Samuel I. Smith, two in 1677, and the third in 1685.

External features

In the environs of the church are seven structures each of which is designated as a Grade II listed building.  To the south of the south aisle are four sandstone tombstones dating from the 18th century, and on the east side of the porch is another group of four tombstones from the same period.  To the south of the porch are two memorials, one to William Newcomb who died in 1752, and the other to Richard Slater dating from the early 18th century.  South of the chancel is an Anglo-Saxon cross-shaft dating probably from the 9th century.  To the north-northeast of the church are two wells built in the late 19th century for the Duke of Northumberland and possibly designed by Anthony Salvin.  The smaller one is some 150 metres from the church around a spring, and this feeds the other well about 100 metres from the church.

See also

Grade I listed buildings in North Yorkshire
List of churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust in Northern England

References

External links
Victoria County History
Includes a photograph of the north face

13th-century church buildings in England
Churches completed in 1868
19th-century Church of England church buildings
Grade I listed churches in North Yorkshire
Gothic Revival architecture in North Yorkshire
English Gothic architecture in North Yorkshire
Churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust
Scheduled monuments in North Yorkshire
Former Church of England church buildings
Church of England church buildings in North Yorkshire

St John the Baptist's Church, Stanwick


Fate most commonly refers to destiny, a predetermined course of events.

Fate may also refer to:

 Moirai or Fates, in Greek mythology
 Time and fate deities, personifications of time and human fate in polytheistic religions

Fate franchise
Fate is a Japanese media franchise:
Fate/stay night, a 2004 visual novel and its adaptations
Anime television series based on the visual novel:
 Fate/stay night, a 20062007 anime series
 Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works, a 20142015 television series
Anime films:
 Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works, a 2010 film
 Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel, a film series that debuted in 2017
Light novels and manga:
 Fate/Zero, a light novel series and its adaptations
 Fate/Apocrypha, a light novel series and its adaptations
 Fate/Strange Fake, a light novel series
 Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya, a manga series and its adaptations
 Video games:
 Fate/Unlimited Codes, a 2008 fighting game for PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 2
 Fate/Extra, a 2010 role-playing game for PlayStation Portable
 Fate/Grand Order, an online free-to-play role-playing mobile game for Android and iOS
 Fate/Extella, a role-playing game for PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Nintendo Switch and Microsoft Windows
 Fate/Extella Link
 Fate/Samurai Remnant, a 2023 action role-playing game for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, and Windows

Film and television
 Fate (1913 film), a 1913 silent short film
 Fate (2001 film), a 2001 Turkish film
 Fate (2008 film), a 2008 South Korean film
 Fate: The Winx Saga, a live-action adaptation of Winx Club
 The Fate of the Furious (2017 film), marketed as "F8" and sometimes pronounced "Fate"
 "Fate" (In the Heat of the Night), an episode of In the Heat of the Night
 Fate Testarossa, a character in the anime series Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha and its sequels
 "Fate", a screenwriter whose credits include the documentary info wars

Literature
 Fate (magazine), a magazine of paranormal phenomena
 Doctor Fate, a succession of DC Comics sorcerer characters, first published in 1940
 Fate (comics), a character associated with Doctor Fate, or the eponymous comics series
 "Fate" (short story), a 1931 short story by P. G. Wodehouse

Music
 Fate (Janacek) or Destiny, a 1907 opera by Leoš Janáček and Fedora Bartošová
 Fate (band), a Danish heavy metal band with an eponymous 1985 album
 Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven), nicknamed Fate

Albums
 Fate (Dr. Dog album), 2008
 Fate: The Best of Death, 1992
 Fate (EP), by Prudence Liew, 1989
 Fate, by Velvet Acid Christ, 1994

Songs
 "Fate" (1953 song), written by Robert Wright and George Forrest for the musical Kismet
 "Fate" (Bleak song), 2006
 "Fate" (Chaka Khan song), 1981
 "Fate", by 8stops7 from Birth of a Cynic, 1998
 "Fate", by Band-Maid from World Domination, 2018
 "Fate", by Kokia, 2010
 "Fate", by Our Last Night from Age of Ignorance, 2012

Video games
 Fate video game series published by WildTangent games:
 Fate (video game), a 2005 computer action RPG
 Fate: Undiscovered Realms, a 2008 stand-alone expansion to the original
 Fate: The Traitor Soul, a 2009 second stand-alone expansion to the original
 Fate: The Cursed King, a 2011 final instalment of the Fate series
 Fate: Gates of Dawn, a 1991 computer role-playing game
 FATE (Chrono Cross), a powerful entity in the video game Chrono Cross

People
Fate Echols (1938-2002), American football player
Hugh Fate (1929-2021), American dentist and politician
Mary Jane Fate (1933-2020), Alaska Native activist

Places
 Fate, Texas, a city in the U.S.
 Fate, Shulan, a town in Jilin Province, China

Other uses
 Cell fate determination
 Fate (role-playing game system), Fantastic Adventures in Tabletop Entertainment, a 2004 generic rules system for role-playing games
 Fate (political party), a defunct political party in Greece
 Fate (company), an Argentine tire manufacturer
 Feline arterial thromboembolism (FATE), the most common heart disease in domestic cats, see Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy#Other animals
 First American Transcendental Exhibition, an alternative name for Bhagavad-gita Museum
 Focus assessed transthoracic echocardiography, a protocol for transthoracic echocardiography
 Future Affordable Turbine Engine, a US Army program for improving turboshaft and turboprop engines

See also
 F8 (disambiguation)
 Fates (disambiguation)
 Fatal (disambiguation)
 Fatalism, a philosophical doctrine
 Karma, a concept in Indian religions

Fate (disambiguation)


Miklós (Nicolae) Bródy (30 March 1877, in Nagykároly, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary, now Carei, Romania – 17 December 1949, in Cluj-Napoca, Romania) was a Hungarian–Romanian chess master.

In 1897, he tied for 4-5th in Berlin (Ignatz von Popiel won). In 1897, he tied for 3rd-4th in Vienna  (Georg Marco won). In 1899, he took 3rd in Budapest (Géza Maróczy won). In 1899, he tied for 2nd-3rd with Carl Schlechter, behind Géza Maróczy, in Vienna (Kolisch Memorial). He took 13th in the Paris 1900 chess tournament (Emanuel Lasker won).

In 1902, he took 8th in Hanover (13 DSB-Kongress, B tourn., Walter John won). In 1906, he took 3rd in Győr (1st HUN-ch, Zoltán von Balla won). In 1908, he tied for 6-7th in Düsseldorf (16 DSB-Kongress, Frank Marshall won). In 1909, he tied for 2nd-4th, behind Zsigmond Barász, in Budapest. In 1911, he tied for 3rd-5th in Budapest (HUN-ch, Balla and Barasz won). In 1913, he tied for 6-7th in Budapest (Rudolf Spielmann won).

After World War I, he became a Romanian citizen as a result of the post-war border changes in 1920. Brody took 6th at Budapest in 1921 (Savielly Tartakower and Szávay won). In 1927, he took 2nd, behind Alexandru Tyroler, in Bucharest (2nd ROM-ch).

He played for Romania in Chess Olympiads:
 In 1926, at second board in 2nd unofficial Chess Olympiad in Budapest;
 In 1928, at first board in 2nd Chess Olympiad in The Hague (+4 –8 =4);
 In 1935, at third board in 6th Chess Olympiad in Warsaw (+5 –3 =7).
He won team bronze medal at Budapest 1926.

References

External links

1877 births
1949 deaths
Hungarian chess players
Romanian chess players
Chess Olympiad competitors
People from Carei

Miklós Bródy


A test kitchen is a kitchen used for the process of developing new kinds of food. On the largest scale, they are run by the research and development departments of large companies in the food industry. Other test kitchens are owned by individuals who enjoy the craft of developing new recipes.

Popular culture

The name has been given to a popular American television show called America's Test Kitchen.

See also

 Betty Crocker Kitchens

References

Food industry
Kitchen

Test kitchen


Earl Marin Foreman (March 29, 1924 – January 23, 2017) was an American lawyer and sports executive.

Foreman practiced law in the District of Columbia. He was the owner of the short-lived Washington Whips professional soccer club of the NASL and a minority owner of the Baltimore Bullets franchise in the National Basketball Association. He was owner of the Washington Caps/Virginia Squires of the American Basketball Association. At one time, he also owned an interest in the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League.

Early life
Born in Baltimore, Maryland. Foreman served in the United States Army during World War II and was a medic. He graduated from University of Maryland and University of Maryland School of Law.

Basketball
He, along with Abe Pollin and real estate investor/former NBA referee Arnold Heft purchased the then-Baltimore Bullets from Dave Trager for $1.1 million on November 23, 1964.

On August 29, 1969, Foreman, with Thomas Shaheen and Louis Diamond, purchased the Oakland Oaks professional basketball team in the American Basketball Association. The group inherited a championship-caliber nucleus led by Rick Barry, whom Foreman called "the hottest attraction in basketball." The franchise also was heavily indebted, however, a situation that would haunt the team until its demise in 1976 just prior to the ABA–NBA merger.

Foreman and his two co-owners paid $2.6 million for the team and moved it to Washington, D.C. where it became the Washington Caps for the 1969–1970 ABA season. The Caps brought on Al Bianchi as head coach and finished that season with a record of 44–40, good for third place in the Western Division. The Caps lost in the first round of the 1970 ABA Playoffs to the Denver Rockets, 4 games to 3.

For the 1970–71 season, Foreman moved the Caps to Virginia and the team became the Virginia Squires. Strapped for cash due to debts, the Squires traded Warren Armstrong to the Kentucky Colonels for a draft pick and cash, and sold Barry to the New York Nets for $250,000. The Squires finished in first place in the Eastern Division with a 55–29 record. In the 1971 ABA Playoffs, the Squires defeated the New York Nets 4 games to 2 in the first round, but lost the Eastern Division Finals to the Kentucky Colonels 4 games to 2. With the conclusion of the season, on April 6, 1971, the Squires signed future star Julius Erving to a 4-year, $500,000 contract.

The Squires finished the 1971–72 season with a record of 45–39, good for second place in the Eastern Division. The Squires defeated The Floridians 4 games to 0 in the first round of the 1972 ABA Playoffs but then lost the full seven-game Eastern Division Finals to the New York Nets 4 games to 3. In this season, Johnny Kerr joined the team as administrative vice president.

The Squires finished the 1972–73 season with a 42–42 record which put them in third place in the Eastern Division. The Squires lost in the 1973 Eastern Division Semifinals 4 games to 1 to the Kentucky Colonels despite Erving's outstanding play. At the conclusion of the season Foreman added George Gervin to the Squires' roster, putting two future Hall of Famers on the same team.

In August 1973, Foreman, again motivated by the Squires' indebtedness, traded Erving and Willie Sojourner to the New York Nets for George Carter, the rights to Kermit Washington and $1 million. Discussing his sales and trades of the Squires' best players, Foreman said, "It's not a pleasant thing to hear, but I did what I had to do out of necessity. This is not a public utility. I can't ask for a fare increase when things go bad." The Squires signed center Swen Nater but then sold Nater to the San Antonio Spurs for a draft pick and $300,000. Just after Gervin played in the 1974 ABA All-Star Game (which the Squires hosted), it was announced that Foreman had sold Gervin to the San Antonio Spurs for $225,000. Legal action ensued and Gervin ended up with the Spurs.

By this point, the constant selling off of the team's star players had a major effect on the Squires' dwindling fan base. The team finished the 1973–74 season with a record of 28–56 which was good for fourth place in the Eastern Division, but the Squires lost in the first round of the 1973 ABA Playoffs to the New York Nets, 4 games to 1.

During the ensuing off season Barry Parkhill of the Squires, angry about bouncing paychecks, filed suit against Foreman, the Squires and the ABA for $24,000 in back pay and $360,000 for anticipated breach of contract. Jack Ankerson became the Squires' General Manager. The ABA then purchased the Squires franchise. In its last two years, the debt-ridden Squires finished 15–69 both seasons, the worst records in ABA history, and failed to make the playoffs. The team came to an end on May 11, 1976 after its failure to pay a $75,000 league assessment. Because of that, the Squires were not a part of the ABA–NBA merger that took place just weeks later.

Soccer
In 1977 through 1978, Foreman was instrumental in creating the Major Indoor Soccer League. Foreman was commissioner of the MISL from 1978 to 1985, and again in 1989.

Personal

Earl Foreman died on January 23, 2017. He was survived by his wife, Phyllis (who was the older sister of Ed Snider) and their sons, Scott, Ronald, and Stuart.

References

1924 births
2017 deaths
Lawyers from Baltimore
University System of Maryland alumni
University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law alumni
Military personnel from Baltimore
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
American soccer chairmen and investors
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992)
Oakland Oaks executives
Virginia Squires executives
Washington Caps
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) executives
Washington Whips
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) commissioners
20th-century American lawyers
United States Army personnel of World War II

Earl Foreman


The Second Battle of Garua took place from 31 May to 10 June 1915 during the Kamerun campaign of the First World War in Garua, German Kamerun. The battle was between a combined French and British force and defending German garrison and resulted in an Allied victory.

Background
Since the British failure at the First Battle of Garua in August 1914, the German force at Garua, under Captain von Crailsheim, had been afforded considerable freedom of movement. This was demonstrated by a series of incursions into British Nigeria which culminated in the Battle of Gurin in April 1915. This was one of the largest German raids into Nigeria, and shocked the recently appointed Allied commander in the region, Colonel Cunliffe. The foray prompted a renewed British and French attempt to take the German forts at Garua. A British force under the command of Cunliffe arrived in Gurin the day after the battle, later joined by a French force. A 12-pounder gun was borrowed from the British cruiser HMS Challenger and a 95 mm naval gun from the French  before the force moved out toward Garua in late April.

The German forts at Garua had undergone considerable construction and fortification following the repulsion of British forces at the First Battle of Garua, eight months earlier. Von Crailsheim had employed approximately 2,000 native laborers to strengthen his fortifications with barbed wire, earthworks, and dugouts, in preparation for a long siege. He also reinforced the garrison with German sailors who had been evacuated from their ships on the colony's rivers. The German fortresses also possessed eleven machine guns and six field guns. In preparation for the siege that von Crailsheim believed to be imminent, the forts stockpiled food, ammunition and other vital supplies.

Siege and battle
French and British forces entrenched themselves around the forts at Garua and began to lay siege to the position on 31 May 1915. Following an assessment of the German defenses, Cunliffe came to the conclusion that the weakest positions could be attacked from the north. He concentrated his attacks there and a series of trenches were dug opposite these weaker positions. Each night sapping and mining operations would take place weakening the German defenses even further. The British and French trenches moved closer to the forts as these operations went on. The Germans responded to this with constant but somewhat ineffective fire from the forts.

The bombardment from the large naval guns succeeded greatly in damaging the German defenses. The shelling also eroded the morale of the German troops defending the forts which had been built up after their initial successes in the war. One shell killed 20 German soldiers. On 9 June, many of the native soldiers in the German forts began to mutiny and refused to man the defenses. One group of deserters attempted to break through the British and French lines and escape but was forced back to the forts by rifle fire. Another group took horses and rode past the Allied lines to the Benue River which was flooded at the time. While attempting to swim across the river, many of the native soldiers drowned. 70 bodies were later recovered from the river and only 45 seem to have managed to escape. Those who did however were attacked by a British detachment and pursued by French cavalry.

After losing a large proportion of the garrison and suffering severe bombardment, white flags rose from the German forts at around 4 p.m. on 10 June. Von Crailsheim made a request for full honors of war and a 24-hour armistice to which the Allied commander refused. At 6:30 p.m. the German commander surrendered unconditionally, and on 11 June Allied troops entered the forts at Garua. Only 37 Germans and 212 natives remained from the once larger garrison. The rest had either deserted or been killed in the bombardment. According to some sources, the Allies did not suffer any serious casualties during the conflict.

Aftermath
With the German surrender on 10 June, the remaining garrison was taken prisoner. The bounty of weapons, ammunition and supplies that had been prepared in anticipation for a longer siege was captured by the Allies. The capture of the German forts at Garua left the besieged stronghold at Mora isolated in northern Kamerun until its surrender at the end of the campaign. Clearing the north of German forces allowed Cunliffe, who had once been on the defensive, to push further into central Kamerun. After the success at Garua, he led his force south to the town of Ngaundere which was taken after some fighting.

Notes

References
Bryce, James B., Holland Thomson, and William M.F. Petrie. The Book of History: The Causes of the War. The Events of 1914-1915. Vol. 16. N.p.: Grolier Society, 1920.Google Books. 30 Oct. 2007. Web. 28 Dec. 2012.
Dane, Edmund. British Campaigns in Africa and the Pacific, 1914-1918,. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1919. Google Books. 12 June 2008. Web. 2 Jan. 2013. <https://books.google.com/books?id=h05nAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false>.
 Farwell, Byron. The Great War in Africa (1914-1918). W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York. 1986
Hilditch, A. N. Battle Sketches, 1914–1915. Oxford University Press, 1915.
Innes, Arthur D., Redway, H. W. Wilson, Sidney Low, and Edward Wright. "Britain's Conquest of the German Cameroon." Ed. J. A. Hammerton. The War Illustrated Deluxe 1916: 1178-182. Scribd. 2007. Web. 2 Jan. 2013.<https://web.archive.org/web/20140304122527/http://www.scribd.com/doc/36027348/The-war-illustrated-album-de-luxe-vol-4>.
Wood, Leonard, Austin M. Knight, Frederick Palmer, Frank H. Simonds, and Arthur B. Ruhl.The Story of the Great War: With Complete Historical Record of Events to Date. Ed. Francis J. Reynolds, Allen L. Churchill, and Francis T. Miller. Vol. 6. N.p.: P.F. Collier & Sons, 1916. Google Books. Web. 28 Dec. 2012.

Battles of World War I involving Germany
Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom
Battles of World War I involving France
1915 in Africa
African theatre of World War I
Battles of the African Theatre (World War I)
Military history of Cameroon
Kamerun
Battles of the Kamerun campaign
Conflicts in 1915
May 1915 events
June 1915 events
1910s in Kamerun

Second Battle of Garua


The former Louisville and Nashville Railroad Lebanon Branch (AKA Knoxville Branch) was 77 miles long and ran from Lebanon Junction in Bullitt County to near Mt. Vernon in Rockcastle County. Construction of the branch began in 1857, reaching Lebanon in that year. The line was extended to Crab Orchard in 1866 and completed in 1868.  Most of the line was abandoned in 1987. The portion from Stanford to Mt. Vernon was abandoned during the 1990s.

Timeline

 1854 - Track is laid between Lebanon Junction off the Main Stem to New Haven
 1857 - Lebanon reached on November 18, the branch line is 37.7 miles long running from Lebanon Junction to Lebanon.
 1863 - John Hunt Morgan burns the depot at Lebanon during a battle with Federal troops there.
 1864 - Lebanon Branch extension approved.
 1865 - Gravel Switch reached by the railroad. The town is named after a spur off the Lebanon Branch used for loading gravel for ballast for track.
 1866 - Parksville is reached on February 19. Goresburg, later renamed Junction City after arrival of the Cincinnati Southern, is reached on April 9. Stanford was reached on May 17, and Crab Orchard on July 1.
 1879 - Cumberland & Ohio branch from Lebanon to Greensburg completed. The L&N later purchases this line in a foreclosure sale.
 1883 - First train run from Louisville to Knoxville in March.
 1900 - A passenger train derails on the Rolling Fork River bridge at Calvary on the Greensburg Branch.
 1903 - Two freight trains collide in a head-on collision at Tilfords, a mile east of New Hope. Several crew members are killed.
 1923 - Head on collision between Trains 52 and 55 at Nelsonville, KY.
 1932 - Franklin D. Roosevelt visits Stanford on the Lebanon Branch during a whistle stop campaign tour.
 1940 - Centralized Traffic Control signalling installed on the Lebanon Branch between Lebanon Junction and Lebanon.
 1941 - Collision between two trains at St. Francis, KY.
 1956 - The movie "Raintree County" is filmed using the Lebanon Branch for railroad scenes, the Baltimore & Ohio's William Mason is used in the movie.
 1958 - Final passenger train run on the Lebanon Branch.
 1979 - Final freight train run to Greensburg. The line between Campbellsville and Greensburg is abandoned afterwards.
 1985 - Final trains on the Lebanon-Campbellsville portion of the Greensburg branch.
 1987 - Last through freight train crosses the branch on July 8. CSX announces plans to abandon the line.
 1990 - The Kentucky Railway Museum purchases 17 miles of the branch between New Hope and Boston, KY.

Places of interest

New Hope-Lebanon
Between New Hope and Lebanon the line passes through a number of small towns that provide basic services and also a variety of interesting historic sites. These include churches in New Hope and St. Francis, and the Maker's Mark Distillery near Loretto. The largest town in this section is Lebanon, which has a restored downtown area with many historic buildings housing shops and restaurants. The railroad right of way passes one block behind the main street and is intact, being used as a parking area.

Lebanon-Stanford
Between Lebanon and Stanford the rail line passes through several small towns along the border between the Outer Bluegrass and the Knobs. Just west of Stanford the line passes near the site of historic Fort Logan. Though presently undeveloped, there are plans in the county for developing this as a historic site. In Stanford, they have successfully restored the Louisville & Nashville RR depot as a museum and community center. Also at the depot site are a playground, picnic gazebo, restored caboose and maintenance of way car, and a short walking trail on the right way.

East of Stanford
East of Stanford the line passes through what has become the new lake formed by the impoundment of Cedar Creek. This project was finished in 2002 and will provide boating, fishing, and other recreational opportunities. If a trail were to be developed, it would have to be rerouted from the original right of way, but it could be a vital part of this new recreational and natural area.

Just east of this lake is the historic William Whitley house. It is a state historic site and is open as a museum and park with a playground, picnic shelter, and restrooms. The line is intact and fairly clear as it passes this site.

Between the Whitley house and Mt. Vernon the line passes through a few small communities that offer restaurants, shops, and convenience stores. There are a number of creek crossings that offer lovely views, however the bridges have been removed.
The last thru train passed here in July 1986, after which, the line was ripped out almost overnight from 10 ft west of Main Street, to Popes Creek Rd area, Lebanon KY. Remain trackage was used to serve the grain mill on far east Main St, as well as car storage on downtown sidings near the depot. Track from Stanford to near Mt. Vernon were removed around 1993.

References

Louisville and Nashville Railroad
Railway lines opened in 1857
1857 establishments in Kentucky
1990s disestablishments in Kentucky
Transportation in Bullitt County, Kentucky
Transportation in Rockcastle County, Kentucky
Transportation in Nelson County, Kentucky
Transportation in Lincoln County, Kentucky
Transportation in Marion County, Kentucky


Ernst Heinrich Schmidt (27 March 1912 – 28 November 2000) was a German physician and member of the SS, who practised  Nazi medicine in a variety of German concentration camps during World War II. He was tried in 1947 and 1975 for complicity in war crimes, but was acquitted both times.

Biography
Schmidt was born in Altenburg, Germany. In 1937, while studying at the University of Leipzig to become a medical doctor, he joined the Nazi Party (Member No. 555,294) and the SS (Member No. 23,069). At the outbreak of World War II, Schmidt was first assigned to a Waffen-SS military hospital.

In 1941, Schmidt became a camp physician at the Buchenwald concentration camp and then transferred from there to Majdanek concentration camp in June 1942. In October 1943, Schmidt was First Camp Physician at the Gross-Rosen concentration camp and then at Dachau concentration camp in September 1944. Between March 1945 and early April 1945, Schmidt served as camp physician in the Boelke Kaserne subcamp of Mittelbau-Dora in Nordhausen. Near the end of World War II, in the course of the evacuation of staff and prisoners from the Mittelbau, Schmidt wound up at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on 8 or 9 April 1945.

On 15 April 1945 Belsen was liberated by members of the British Army. Schmidt and Alfred Kurzke testified as witness in the Belsen Trial on 25 October 1945. At this time, he was serving as senior doctor in the Bergen-Belsen displaced persons camp set up by the Allies. He was later arrested and indicted for war crimes in the Dora Trial, which took place in the context of the Dachau Trials between 7 August and 30 December 1947. Schmidt was accused of allowing inmates to die by withholding medical care. He was acquitted for lack of evidence.

Schmidt was again indicted and stood trial at the District Court of Düsseldorf for war crimes committed at Majdanek concentration camp. The third Majdanek Trial (Majdanek-Prozess in German) began on 26 November 1975, and lasted 474 sessions, Germany's longest and most expensive trial.  All the defendants had been SS staff at Majdanek.  Schmidt was accused  of at least eight murders through his participation in the selections for the gas chambers.  Due to a lack of evidence, Schmidt was acquitted on 20 March 1979, and released on 19 April 1979.

From 1985, Schmidt lived in Uetze, Germany. He died in Celle in 2000.

Bibliography

References

1912 births
2000 deaths
People from Altenburg
Leipzig University alumni
Physicians in the Nazi Party
SS-Hauptsturmführer
Buchenwald concentration camp personnel
Majdanek concentration camp personnel
Gross-Rosen concentration camp personnel
Dachau concentration camp personnel
Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp personnel
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp personnel
Dachau trials
People acquitted of international crimes
Prisoners and detainees of the United States military

Heinrich Schmidt (SS doctor)


Michael King, nicknamed "The Cajun Contractor", is the host and co-creator of the American nationally syndicated weekly radio program Home Talk USA. Home Talk USA first aired in New Orleans, Louisiana on January 24, 2004. His show has 3.3 million listeners worldwide.

Book
King co-wrote the book I Will Not Get Taken By a Home Improvement Contractor, with Home Talk Executive Producer Michael-St-Anthony Melancon, published in 2007 by Judy G. Publishing. The book is a guide to hiring a contractor for home improvement or new construction projects.

References

American talk radio hosts
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Michael King (radio host)


Mount Dickey is a peak on the west side of the Ruth Gorge in the Central Alaska Range of mountains, 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Denali and 4 miles (6 km) southwest of The Moose's Tooth. Despite its relatively low elevation, it is notable for its east face, which has around a vertical mile (1600 m) of sheer granite—it achieves this vertical gain in less than half a mile (800m) horizontal distance. This is one of the tallest rock walls in the world, and the face has seen many world-class climbs.

Mount Dickey was first climbed on April 19, 1955, by David Fisher and the famous explorer, climber and cartographer Bradford Washburn, via the West Face, which is still the most popular route today. The route begins at a point in the Ruth Gorge southeast of the peak, ascends west under the formidable south face, then turns north and then east to ascend the south side of the gently sloping West Face. This route is relatively straightforward and short for an Alaskan climb (Alaska Grade 1). It is also the most common descent route for those who have climbed the extremely technical routes on the East Face.

Roger Cowles and Brian Okonek made the first winter ascent of Mount Dickey in February 1979.

The first route on the east side of the mountain was climbed in July 1974, by author-mountaineer David Roberts, photographer-mountaineer Galen Rowell, and Ed Ward. Their 5,100 foot (1,554 m) route climbed a pillar on the southeast face; most of their ascent was accomplished over four days. Perhaps the most famous other route on the mountain is the "Wine Bottle Route" on the right side of the east face, climbed in 1988 by Thomas Bonapace and Andreas Orgler. This is an exceptionally technical and long route, 5250 feet (1600 m) high. Other similarly challenging routes have been climbed on the mountain since.

Climate
Based on the Köppen climate classification, Mt. Dickey is located in a subarctic climate zone with long, cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. The months May through June offer the most favorable weather for climbing or viewing.

Gallery

See also

List of mountain peaks of Alaska
Geology of Alaska

Sources
American Alpine Journal, 1975, 1980, 1989, 2003.

References

External links
 Mount Dickey on Topozone
 Mount Dickey weather: Mountain Forecast
 Flying through 747 Pass around Mount Dickey: YouTube

Mountains of Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska
Dickey, Mount
Denali National Park and Preserve
Dickey

Mount Dickey


In Platonism, Dianoia (Greek: διάνοια) is the human cognitive capacity for, process of, or result of discursive thinking, specifically about mathematical and technical subjects. It stands in contrast to the immediate, cognitive process of intuitive apprehension or noesis (noesis).

In pharmacology, the term dianoia refers to a rare side effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors where a significant disruption occurs simultaneously in the psychological state (hallucinations, delusions, paranoia) and the lower digestive tract.

See also
Epistemology
Theory of Forms

Concepts in epistemology
Platonism
Thought

Dianoia


Grey Crag is a fell in the English Lake District. It stands to the east of Longsleddale in the Far Eastern Fells.

Topography
North of Sadgill, the valley of Longsleddale narrows considerably with walls of crag on either side. Grey Crag is the first fell encountered above the eastern side, although the top is not visible from below. What is in sight is a short flat-topped spur at a height of around 1,600 ft which juts out southwards from the body of the fell. This is Great Howe, and its steep flanks provide the east wall of Longsleddale, together with further outcrops above the side valley of Stockdale. Grey Crag proper is a second tier of crags, set back from Great Howe and just below the summit, thus giving its name to the entire fell.

Grey Crag is the focus of an extensive ridge system stretching out eastwards to the distant Lune and Eden Valleys. Grey Crag lies on the main watershed of the Cumbrian hills, its runoff reaching the sea at both the Solway Firth and Morecambe Bay. The long east ridges have a moorland character and provide easy walking in quiet conditions. The principal tops are Ancrow Brow (1,820 ft), White Howe (1,738 ft), Lords Seat (1,719 ft) and Great Yarlside (1,950 ft). These ridges encompass the valleys of Bannisdale, Crookdale, Wet Sleddale, Borrowdale and Wasdale, the latter two of which should not be confused with their more famous Lakeland counterparts.

To the north of the summit is a marshy depression, containing Greycrag Tarn. This is a series of small pools in the bed of a larger historic waterbody. Beyond the tarn is Grey Crag's sister fell, Tarn Crag.

Summit
The top of the fell is a short ridge with the summit at the south west end. Half a mile to the north east is a second top, Harrop Pike, only marginally lower at 2,089 ft (637 m.). A fence joins the summit ridge about halfway along from the direction of Tarn Crag, and then makes for Harrop Pike. The true top has a small cairn, while Harrop Pike sports a more impressive columnar beacon. The views east and south are expansive while westwards the Coniston and Scafell groups can be seen.

Ascents
Grey Crag can be climbed from Longsleddale via Great Howe, or from the vicinity of the A6 (Shap) road via any of the long eastern ridges mentioned above.

Haweswater aqueduct
Great Howe carries the remains of a surveying pillar on its eastern flank. This unusual stone and concrete construction is cleft at the top to provide a sight line and was originally surrounded by a wooden frame, now decayed. This is one of four such pillars built during the construction of the Haweswater aqueduct. Below Branstree, Tarn Crag and Great Howe is the first section of the pipeline carrying water from the reservoir toward Manchester. The tunnel, some 1,000 ft below Great Howe, required 250 tons of gelignite for blasting, and when constructed in the 1930s was the longest such pipeline in Britain. It emerges into Longsleddale below the southern end of Great Howe, where the spoil can still be seen.

References

Fells of the Lake District
Nuttalls
Hewitts of England

Grey Crag


Leptospiras are long, thin motile spirochaetes. They may be free-living or parasitic. They survive well in fresh water, soil, and mud in tropical areas. They have been studied at the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

Molecular taxonomic studies at CDC and elsewhere have identified 13 named and 4 unnamed species of pathogenic leptospires. Leptospirosis causes a wide range of symptoms, and some infected persons may have no symptoms at all. Symptoms of leptospirosis include high fever, severe headache, chills, muscle aches, and vomiting, and may include jaundice (yellow skin and eyes), red eyes, abdominal pain, diarrhea, or a rash.

Gram-negative bacteria

Leptospira


Emmett Louis "Bobo" Till (July 25, 1941 – August 28, 1955) was an African-American boy who was lynched, tortured, and murdered in Mississippi after being accused of offending a white woman in her family's grocery store. The brutality of his murder and the fact of his killers being found not guilty drew many people's attention to the long history of wrongful persecution of African Americans in the United States.

Events of death
Till was from Chicago, Illinois. He went to see his relatives in the Mississippi Delta area when he spoke to 21-year-old Carolyn Bryant. She was the married owner of a small grocery store. Several nights later, Bryant's husband Roy and his half-brother J. W. Milam, went to Till's great-uncle's house. They took Till to a barn. It is believed that they beat him and removed one of his eyes  . They then shot him in the head and put his body in the Tallahatchie River. His body was found in the river three days later.

Till's body was returned to Chicago. His mother wanted on a public funeral service with an open casket. She wanted this to show the world how her son had been killed. Tens of thousands of people went to his funeral or saw his casket. Images of his body were published in black magazines and newspapers. This caused support from both black and white people in the United States.  At first, local newspapers and law enforcement officials spoke against the violence and asked for justice. They soon began dealing with national criticism by defending the people of Mississippi. This led to support for the people said to be the killers.

Trial
The trial of those accused of killing Till had a large amount of press attention. Bryant and Milam were acquitted of Till's murder. They were not charged with his kidnapping. Months later, when they could not be tried again because of double jeopardy, they said they killed him in a magazine interview. Till's murder is considered an important event leading to the Civil Rights Movement.

Problems proving that the body was Till affected the trial. This was a part of the reason for Bryant's and Milam's acquittals. The case was reopened by the United States Department of Justice in 2004. An autopsy of the body was done. It was proven to be Till's body. He was reburied in a new casket. His old casket was given to the Smithsonian Institution.

References
Huie, William Bradford (January 1956). The Shocking Story of Approved Killing in Mississippi, Look Magazine. Retrieved February 2012.

1941 births
1955 deaths
African-American people
American murder victims
Murders by firearm in the United States
People from Chicago
Murdered African-American people

Emmett Till


Lloyd Stephenson (born 10 May 1981 in Thames Valley) is a field hockey player from New Zealand, who earned his first cap for the national team, nicknamed The Black Sticks, in April 2001. Originally from Thames Valley, the striker/midfielder was based in Perth for 2005, but played in New Zealand most recently for North Harbour. He helped New Zealand qualify for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens as a member of the Olympic qualifying team, but experienced striker Bevan Hari was selected for the final squad. He returned to the team for a home series against Malaysia, and toured Europe in July 2005. After 102 caps for the national team he retired in 2009.

International senior tournaments
 2003 – Sultan Azlan Shah Cup, Kuala Lumpur
 2004 – Olympic Qualifying Tournament, Madrid
 2004 – Champions Trophy
 2006 – World Cup

References

New Zealand male field hockey players
1981 births
Living people
Male field hockey forwards
Male field hockey midfielders
2006 Men's Hockey World Cup players
World Series Hockey players

Lloyd Stephenson


The Cabinet Intelligence and Research Office (内閣情報調査室, Naikaku Jōhō Chōsashitsu), also known as Naichō (内調), is a Government of Japan intelligence agency under the Cabinet Secretariat responsible for gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information for the cabinet. As a principal member of the Japanese intelligence community, the CIRO reports directly to the Prime Minister of Japan.

The CIRO frequently works with the National Security Council as a communication channel with the prime minister. It is headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo, in a building called "H20".

History
The CIRO was created by the Allied Forces through the formation of the Prime Ministers's Research Office (内閣総理大臣官房調査室, Naikakusōri Daijin Kanbō Chōsa-Shitsu) in April 1952 with Jun Murai as the first director in an attempt to replicate its structure after the CIA. But due to widespread opposition, this plan was discarded. The RO was placed under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister's office in 1957 and was known as the Cabinet Research Office (内閣調査室, Naikaku Chōsa-Shitsu). The CRO was later renamed the CIRO in 1986.

The Cabinet Intensive Information Center was established on April 11, 1996, to ensure that the CIRO can inform the Prime Minister in severe emergencies. It's located in the Prime Minister's residence.

In August 2007, discussions of intelligence reforms through the paper improvement of counter-intelligence functions resulted in the establishment of the counter-intelligence Center. It's been suggested that the CIC can be used as the basis for the creation of an actual external intelligence agency similar to the CIA.

In 2013, CIRO satellite imagery analysis was used to assist NGOs in Tacloban with reconstruction work in the wake of Typhoon Haiyan.

Since 2015, CIRO agents are usually recruited to be sent to the International Counter-Terrorism Intelligence Collection Unit.

References

Government of Japan
1986 establishments in Japan


Yuvan – Live in Concert is a concert by Indian musician Yuvan Shankar Raja. The concert, Yuvan's second in his career, took place on Pongal, 16 January 2011 at the YMCA Grounds, Nandanam, Chennai. Following the announcement, popular Tamil television STAR Vijay agreed to collaborate, sponsoring, organising and marketing the concert, while airing a special television series about Yuvan Shankar Raja, with family members and prominent celebrities closely associated to him participating, besides producing a promotional music video, titled "I'll be there for you". The five-hour show, which was attended by 20,000 people, including several noted film personalities, was received very positively and considered a highly successful event. The concert was aired on 11 and 12 February, Friday and Saturday at 2000 hrs on Vijay TV.

Promotion

Yuvan Isai Raja
As a run up to the concert, STAR Vijay telecasted a 3-week, 14-part series, where several noted celebrities, film directors, actors, friends, who worked with him, and his family members participated and talked about Yuvan Shankar Raja and his music. Yuvan himself participated in two episodes of the show, which was hosted by film actor and RJ Shiva. The show was aired on weekdays at 8pm from 27 December 2010 to 14 January 2011.

The following celebrities participated in chronological order:
 Bhavatharini, Premji Amaran, Vasuki Bhaskar, Venkat Prabhu
 Vishnuvardhan
 A. R. Murugadoss
 N. Linguswamy and Na. Muthukumar
 Selvaraghavan
 Faisal, Bhagavathy and Brucelee (first part), Vaibhav Reddy, Premji Amaran (second time), Aravind Akash, Vijay Vasanth and Saravanarajan (second part)
 Ameer Sultan
 Silambarasan Rajendar
 Tanvi Shah, Harish Raghavendra, Madhumitha, Mukesh, Priyadarshini
 Karthik, Vijay Yesudas, Haricharan, Sathyan, Roshini, Priya Himesh, Suvi Suresh, Ajeesh
 Jeeva
 Karthik Raja

Furthermore, the episodes in the third season of Vijay TV's reality-based singing competition Airtel Super Singer during the second January week in 2011, was made a Yuvan Shankar Raja special episode, with every song suny by the contestants during the episodes being Yuvan Shankar songs.

I'll Be There For You
A promotional music video for the concert, titled "I'll Be There for You", was also made, composed and performed by Yuvan Shankar Raja himself, who also appears in the video. Pradeep Milroy Peter, programming head of Vijay TV said, "When we asked Yuvan whether we could do a music video to promote the event, he immediately accepted it", further noting that the whole process, "right from penning lyrics, to scoring music," was completed in a week. The lyrics of the song was written by Na. Muthukumar, which, according to him, would talk about "the relationship the music director and his fans shared". The video was shot in three consecutive nights at the Prasad Studios on sets created by art director Santhanam, with Vishnuvardhan directed the video, Kalyan doing the choreography and Nirav Shah handling the cinematography, who used a Red Camera for the shoot. The music video was released on 29 January 2010 at Sathyam Cinemas, with directors Venkat Prabhu, Lingusamy and Ameer attending, and was first telecasted on television on the same day.

The concert

Setlist
 I'll Be There for You - Yuvan Shankar Raja
 Neethane (Sarvam) - Yuvan Shankar Raja
 Nimirndhu Nil (Saroja) - Shankar Mahadevan
 Pul Pesum (Pudhupettai) - Vijay Yesudas, Premji Amaran, Tanvi Shah
 Thakkuthey (Baana Kaathadi) - Yuvan Shankar Raja
 Thee Pidikka (Arinthum Ariyamalum) - Premji Amaran, Roshini
 Siragugal (Sarvam) - Javed Ali, Madhumitha
 Ezhezhu Thalaimurai (Goa) - Yuvan Shankar Raja, Venkat Prabhu, Karthik Raja, Bhavatharini, Premji Amaran
 Kodana Kodi (Saroja) - Suvi Suresh, Premji Amaran
 Idhu kadhala (Thulluvadho Ilamai) - Rinaldo J A (Contest winner)
 Ayyayo (Paruthiveeran) - Shreya Ghoshal, Sathyan, Mukesh
 Irava Pagala (Poovellam Kettuppar)
 Pogathey (Deepavali) - Yuvan Shankar Raja
 Chinnan Sirusu (Kunguma Poovum Konjum Puravum) - Javed Ali, Bela Shende
 Loosu Penne (Vallavan) - Yuvan Shankar Raja
 Loosu Penne (Vallavan) - Silambarasan Rajendar
 Evandi Unna Pethan (Vaanam) - Silambarasan, Yuvan Shankar Raja
 Kanpesum Varthaigal (7G Rainbow Colony) - Karthik
 Thuli Thuli (Paiyaa) - Haricharan, Tanvi Shah
 Oru Kal Oru Kannadi (Siva Manasula Sakthi) - Yuvan Shankar Raja
 Oru Paarvaiyil (Siva Manasula Sakthi) - Sathyan
 Merke Merke (Kanda Naal Mudhal) - Shankar Mahadevan, Bela Shende
 Idhu Varai (Goa) - Andrea Jeremiah, Ajeesh
 Kadhal Endral (Goa) - Yuvan Shankar Raja
 Ninaithu Ninaithu Parthal (7G Rainbow Colony) - Shreya Ghoshal
 Devathayai Kanden (Kaadhal Kondein) - Harish Raghavendra
 Iragai Pole (Naan Mahaan Alla) - Yuvan Shankar Raja
 Thathi Thaavum Paper Naan (Boss Engira Bhaskaran) - Karthik
 Vethalaya Potendi (Billa) - Shankar Mahadevan
 Jalsa Pannungada (Chennai 600028) - Rahul Nambiar, Haricharan, Premji Amaran, Venkat Prabhu, Karthik
 Oru Naalil (Pudhupettai) - Yuvan Shankar Raja
 English song - Ilayaraaja, Yuvan Shankar Raja
 Ariyadha Vayasu (Paruthiveeran) - Ilayaraaja
 Where Is the Party (Silambattam) - Mukesh, Priyadarshini

Attendees, speeches and performances
Speeches by:
 film director Vishnuvardhan
 film director Ameer Sultan
 film director Linguswamy
 film director Gautham Vasudev Menon
 lyricist Na. Muthukumar
 actor Arya
 actor Jeeva
 actor Jai
 actor Silambarasan
 film producer T. Siva
 actor Rajinikanth (pre-recorded message)
 actor Surya Sivakumar (pre-recorded message)

Other prominent attendees:
 Selvaraghavan and his fiancé Gitanjali
 Raadhika and her daughter Varalaxmi Sarathkumar
 Naresh Iyer
 Dayanidhi Azhagiri
 Vaibhav Reddy
 Krishna
 Arvind Akash
 Mahat Raghavendra
 James Vasanthan
 SPB Charan
 Silambarasan
 Subbu Panchu

References

External links
 Official website

2011 concerts
2011 in India

Yuvan – Live in Concert


The M86 Pursuit Deterrent Munition (PDM) is a small United States anti-personnel mine intended to be used by special forces to deter pursuing enemy forces.

Description
The M86 anti-personnel mine is to be deployed as a deterrent munition by special forces or selected personnel only on operations where they may be pursued by an enemy.

The M86 mine is similar in configuration and possesses functioning characteristics of the ADAM mine presently loaded in the 155mm projectile, M731 (and M692). The mine is wedge shaped, and contains a safety clip, arming strap assembly, internal safety and arming device, seven trip-line sensor, a reserve battery, electronic circuitry containing an IC chip, and a kill mechanism surrounded by an overlay containing a liquid propellant, and encapsulated in a moulded plastic form.

The M86 antipersonnel mine is manually armed by removing the safety clip and then the arming strap assembly. A camming action breaks the shorting bar and forces the battery ball against the battery breaking the glass ampule containing an electrolyte which activates the reserve battery and provides power. The shorting bar hook, attached to the cam, shears the shorting bar (a safety device across the detonator). After a 60-second (nominal) electronic time delay, a piston actuator in the Safe and Arm mechanism is electrically fired, moving a slider to align the detonator with an explosive lead in the slider. At the same time, seven sensor trip-lines are released. Approximately three or four trip-lines will deploy up to 20 feet  from the mine, depending upon the at-rest position of the mine. The remaining trip-lines may be hindered due to their proximity to the resting surface. After an additional 10-second electronic time delay, allowing the munition to return to equilibrium, the mine is fully armed electronically. Disturbance of a trip-line, or the mine itself, now triggers a switch which completes an electronic firing circuit. The S&A electric detonator initiates the S&A firing train which initiates a detonating cord which then initiates a thin layer of liquid propellant, which by gravity rests under the kill mechanism, shattering the plastic mine body and propelling the kill mechanism upwards from 6 inches to 8 feet above the ground where it detonates. The kill mechanism is a spheroid internally embossed and loaded with 21 grams of Comp A5 and when detonated, propels fragments in a high velocity spherical pattern.

If the mine is not activated by trip-line or disturbance mode, a factory preset self-destruct feature initiates the mine in 4 hours plus 0-20%.

Dimensions
 Height: 3.203 in
 Radius (max): 2.924 in
 Thickness:72° wedge

See also
Land mine

References

External links
 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/pdm.htm
 https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/pdm.htm

Anti-personnel mines
Land mines of the United States

M86 Pursuit Deterrent Munition


Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, 4th Baronet (23 September 1749 – 24 July 1789) was a Welsh landowner, politician and patron of the arts. The Williams-Wynn baronets had been begun in 1688 by the politician Sir William Williams, 1st Baronet, but had inherited, in the time of the 3rd baronet, Sir Watkin's father, the estates of the Wynn baronets, and changed their name to reflect this.

Early life

Williams-Wynn was the eldest son of the second marriage of his father, Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, 3rd Baronet, to Frances Shackerley of Cheshire. He was a baby when his father was killed by a fall from his horse while out hunting, and he inherited the extensive Wynnstay estates, the largest in North Wales. These straddled at least five Welsh counties and extended into Shropshire in England, and yielded an estimated rental income of £20,000 – a very substantial sum at the time, whose spending he tackled with enthusiasm and considerable success.

On his coming of age in 1770, he held an extravagant party for 15,000 guests; the bills record consumption of "31 bullocks, 50 hogs, 50 calves, 80 sheep, 18,000 eggs...." An embroidered suit which he may have worn on this occasion is in the possession of the National Museum of Wales.

Career
Williams-Wynn's family had been powerful in politics for several generations, and Sir Watkin effectively controlled several Parliamentary seats and led a Tory faction in the House of Commons, though he was less involved in politics than his father, and tended not to lead his faction decisively. The influence of the family had declined during his long minority.

He served as a Member of Parliament for Shropshire from 1772 to 1774, and for Denbighshire from 1774 until his death in 1789 aged 39. He was criticised for poor attendance. He was Lord Lieutenant of Merionethshire from 1775 to 1789.

Patron of the arts

Sir Watkin made a Grand Tour to Europe from June 1768, returning by February the next year for his wedding in April. In Rome Pompeo Batoni painted him with some companions, and a classical subject, Bacchus and Ariadne was commissioned later, in 1774. The Rococo silver-gilt toilet service he gave to his first wife, by the London goldsmith Thomas Heming, is now in the National Museum of Wales. The Neoclassical grave monument for her is by Joseph Nollekens, in St Mary's Church, Ruabon, Clwyd.

Sir Watkin played a significant role in the development of art in Wales, as an early patron of landscape painting there, which was to become the largest area of artistic activity in Wales. He brought both Richard Wilson and Paul Sandby to his seat at Wynnstay, Sandby staying six weeks in the summer of 1770, giving lessons to the family as well as painting, on his first visit to Wales. The next year Sandby returned and from 21 August to 4 September 1771 he and Sir Watkin toured through the mountains of northern Wales. From the sketches made on the tour Sandby published twelve aquatint Views in North Wales in 1776, and five of his Views in Wales in 1777. Matching sets from South Wales came from his tours there with Sir Joseph Banks, who commissioned the whole series. A more ambitious tour together, to Italy, was planned but cancelled after Sir Watkin's second marriage.

He supported the Concerts of Antient Music, and is caricatured by James Gilray in a depiction of King George III of Great Britain attending one he organised.

Personal life
He was married twice, first in April 1769 to Lady Henrietta Somerset, daughter of Charles Somerset, 4th Duke of Beaufort. As Williams-Wynn was a minor (under 21) he had to get Parliamentary permission by a special Act for the marriage settlement. Lady Henrietta died very shortly afterwards in July 1769.

Secondly, in December 1771 he married Lady Charlotte Grenville, daughter of a former Whig Prime Minister. Together, they had four sons and three daughters, including:

 Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, 5th Baronet (1772–1840), who married Lady Henrietta Antonia Clive, eldest daughter of Edward Clive, 1st Earl of Powis and Henrietta Clive, Countess of Powis, in 1817.
 Frances Williams-Wynn (1773-1857), who remained unmarried, and whose political Diaries were published posthumously in 1864.
 Charlotte Williams-Wynn (1775–1819), who married Lt-Col William Shipley, MP for Flint Boroughs and St Mawes, and son of Very Rev. William Davies Shipley.
 Charles Williams-Wynn (1775–1850), who married Mary Cunliffe, daughter of Sir Foster Cunliffe, 3rd Baronet and Harriet Kinloch, in 1806.
 Henrietta Elizabeth Williams-Wynn (1780–1852), who married Thomas Cholmondeley, 1st Baron Delamere of Vale Royal.
 Sir Henry Williams-Wynn (1783–1856), who married Hon. Hester Frances Smith, daughter of Robert Smith, 1st Baron Carrington, in 1813.
 Sir Watkin died on 24 July 1789.

Residence

Sir Watkin commissioned Robert Adam to build 20–21 St James's Square in London which was constructed between 1771 and 1775. Sir Joshua Reynolds received several commissions from Sir Watkin, some of which remain with the family. These include a portrait of him with his first wife in "Van Dyck" costume, and another of his second wife with her children, in around 1784, one with his mother (1768–69, National Gallery, London), one of Sir Watkin presiding over the Society of Dilettanti (1777, now on loan to Brooks' Club), and one of his eldest son as John the Baptist.

Notes

References
Hughes, Peter, "Williams-Wynn, Sir Watkin, 4th Baronet of Wynnstay." Grove Art Online, Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, accessed 13 June 2015, subscription required
"Rhagor", "One of the wealthiest families of Wales", National Museum Wales
Thomas, Peter, D.G., Biography in History of Parliament Online, extracted from The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1754–1790, ed. L. Namier, J. Brooke., 1964

External links
 "The Williams-Wynn collection", National Museum Wales

1749 births
1789 deaths
British MPs 1768–1774
British MPs 1774–1780
British MPs 1780–1784
British MPs 1784–1790
Lord-Lieutenants of Merionethshire
Williams-Wynn, Sir Watkin, 4th Baronet
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Welsh constituencies
People from Anglesey
Fellows of the Royal Society
Tory MPs (pre-1834)

Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, 4th Baronet


John Summer Gorrie (born 11 August 1932) is an English director and screenwriter. He began his career as an actor, but in early 1963 he completed the BBC's directors' course. His first assignments as a director were for the soap opera Compact and the anthology series Suspense. He directed the Doctor Who serial The Keys of Marinus.

He directed episodes of Out of the Unknown, Edward the Seventh (which he also co-wrote), Play for Today, and Tales of the Unexpected. Gorrie also directed John Osborne's adaptation of Wilde's novel The Picture of Dorian Gray (1976) for the Play of the Month series.

In 1979, John Gorrie directed two classics: Shakespeare's Twelfth Night (taping dates 16–21 May, first transmitted in the UK on 6 January 1980), and The Tempest (taping dates 23–28 July, first transmitted in the UK on 27 February 1980) in the BBC Television Shakespeare project.

References

External links

1932 births
Living people
English television directors
English screenwriters
English male screenwriters
People from Hastings

John Gorrie (director)


Marion Fawkes (born 3 December 1948) is a British former racewalker. She was the first official female world champion in racewalking through her victory at the 1979 IAAF World Race Walking Cup. She broke four world records in her career.

From North Shields, she was unusual for a racewalker in that she stood at 4 foot 11 inches (1.50 m). She joined her local athletics club in 1966 and soon began taking part in regional competition. Women's walking was still at a very early stage of development and there were no officially sanctioned major championships for female athletes. She was an amateur athlete and maintained a full-time job in the British civil service to support her sporting career.

The Women's Amateur Athletic Association (WAAA) held walks from 1960 onwards and it was at these events that Fawkes established herself. After a runner-up finish to Betty Jenkins in the 3000 m walk at the WAAA Championships she topped the podium in the 6.5 km (4-mile) event at the WAAA Senior Road Walking Championships. The following year she beat Jenkins on the track by over half a minute and retained her road walk title. She dropped back down the order in 1975, being runner-up to Ginney Lovell in the 5000 m walk and losing to Judy Farr at the road event. In 1976 she was reduced to third behind Farr and Carol Tyson. She began to perform better on the track, including three WAAA wins over 5000 m between 1976 and 1979, as well as a win over 10,000 m in 1979. At 48:37.6 minutes, the latter performance remained a championship record for a decade. She took on and beat Norway's champion walker Thorill Gylder at the Nordic Race Walking Championships that same year.

The peak of Fawkes competitive career came at the 1979 IAAF World Race Walking Cup. It was the first time that a women's race was officially sanctioned at the competition and Fawkes defeated her compatriot Carol Tyson to become the first ever global champion in women's racewalking. Her winning time of 22:51 minutes for the five-kilometre road walk was a new world record. Fawkes had competed at the 1975 IAAF World Race Walking Cup (sixth) and 1977 IAAF World Race Walking Cup (failed to finish), but these were invitational events and not part of the official programme.

Fawkes also won the women's European Economic Community walking championship in 1979. Her walking career wound down after that point as she chose to start a family, although she had managed to set 23 British records, seven European records and four world records in the preceding four years. She continued to compete in the sport at a lower level and set a masters athletics world record over 10,000 m in 1989. She took a greater focus on coaching young walkers and officiated in her later years.

References

Living people
1948 births
Sportspeople from North Shields
British female racewalkers
English female racewalkers
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
World Athletics Race Walking Team Championships winners

Marion Fawkes