Ace Online or AirRivals is a free-to-play massively multiplayer online game (MMOG) 3D shooter developed by MasangSoft Inc. and owned by YD Online Corp.

History
In North America, the game was previously released as Space Cowboy Online through a portal known as gPotato, which was operated by Gala-Net. Space Cowboy Onlines client was made available for download on May 22, 2006, and the service went live on May 26, 2006.

On December 26, 2007, Space Cowboy Online was shut down. This was announced to the public with a letter from Space Cowboys last active GM, "Xarfox".

Following the closure of Space Cowboy Online, the European version of the game would be hosted under GameForge4D GmbH and renamed to AirRivals in early 2008 (originally, it was intended to be known as Flysis). The North American release would soon follow, with hosting from Suba Games beginning on September 26, 2008, titled Ace Online.

Other publishers eventually followed, with Arario Corporation acquiring the license to host Ace Online in Japan and launching in the first quarter of 2009, while Axeso5 officially opened the first Latin American Ace Online server in February 2011.

In 2016, GameForge4D GmbH relinquished the rights for hosting AirRivals , which were then handed to MasangSoft. Players were offered the chance to transfer their gears and in-game items to a new server, where the European version would once again be renamed, this time to Ace Online.

Gameplay

In Ace Online, players pilot their own individual starfighters (called "Gears") throughout a number of maps, including terrestrial, lunar, and space maps. It has typical MMORPG elements such as leveling, currency, a skill system and combat mostly based on player equipment and level. Ace Online is a largely player vs. player-oriented game (PvP), with character leveling and item acquisition achieved through combat against non-player characters and the completion of missions. After the conclusion of certain missions, more maps will be accessible to the player. Although a high level character will have better character attributes than most other players, no one at any level is invincible against other players in PvP. As in other MMORPGs, players can trade items, customize their gears, form parties ("formations") and guilds ("brigades"), and fight with other players via PvP combat. Almost all of the combat in Ace Online is aerial, from the third-person view. Players have the option to use an in-cockpit, first-person view.

When players create their account, they can choose their fighter, each with different play styles.

Item shop and enchantments
Ace Online is a free-to-play MMO, with the option of buying in-game items via an "Item Shop" that can be accessed when the player interacts with the item shop icon in the bottom right corner of the screen, or by speaking to an NPC in the main hub. A player can only purchase the items from the item shop using currency that must be purchased through a website via a Ace Online account. There are many items available to purchase that affect a gear's weapons (e.g. change the trail effect of the missiles), stats (e.g. full reset or partial reset of stats), experience (e.g. increase experience rate) or others for a limited time. This item shop was made available to players on June 23, 2006.

The item shop also includes "Weapon Gamble", "Enhancements", "Enchant Protection" and "Legending" services. Weapon Gamble allows weapons to be "gambled" and enchanted. This card randomly gambles the weapon stats with prefix and suffix to add extra attributes to the weapon. "Enhancements" affect a player's weapons and armor to boost performance, such as having faster missiles, higher rate of fire, or damage. To limit the power of weapons and armor, only five enchantments can be applied safely to a piece of equipment. For the sixth enchant and onward, there is a chance to break the weapon.

Nation War
Ace Online offers a PvP system of "Nation Wars", which revolves around a point system: "National Contribution Points" (NCP). The two nations in question are Bygeniou City United (BCU) and Arlington National Influence (ANI). Every time an enemy gear is shot down, the shooter's nation gains 1 NCP. NCP are also gained for other events, such as Strategic Points, Mothership wars, and Arena battles. Arena battles usually give a small amount of NCP compared to Strategic Points and Mothership wars.

Raids - The two nations (BCU and ANI) are separated by a series of maps.  Nation Wars involve a constant battle between these two nations to raid and defend these maps, which provide strategic and economic advantages.  For example, the boss monster "Pathos" only spawns in the BCU map "Zaylope Beach". Whoever controls "Zaylope Beach" will have the chance to destroy it and receive its rare drops if "Pathos" should spawn.  Battling over these maps often results in tens of thousands of NCPs gained for either nation, speeding up the spawning of motherships (see below for motherships). Some of these maps are restricted to low level players, which they cannot access until a certain level or by fulfilling a certain condition (e.g. finish a particular mission).
Skirmishes - Random, unorganized battles, often on neutral maps. They are a major source of fame and NCP. The one and only objective in these wars is to kill as many players of the opposing nation as possible. These wars are often started by a single gear traversing through enemy territory. The nation leader of the defending territory will then inform players of this intruder, where they may respond and intercept. The intruder can call upon reinforcements or assistance. This encourages players to participate, where a skirmish sometimes transpires into a full war. These wars are heavily appreciated among the population.

One of the most popular areas for these unorganized battles is "Bark City", as it is a neutral zone between the two warring nations. It contains wide open spaces, a repair shop, and access to four teleports, two of which only open during a time-specific event that either nation can participate in.

 Mothership Wars - A major component of the game's core design. A nation leader (one elected for every month for BCU and ANI) can choose when a "mothership" - a stationary target which players must attack or defend - spawns. Each nation can only choose when the opposing mothership spawns, which they must defeat.  If the mothership is not completely destroyed in two hours, it will despawn. Successful destruction of the enemy mothership grants the attacking nation a 5% increase in recovery rate of energy, shield, and skill points, also allowing access to the "Hornian King Habitat" and "Eopi", maps with exclusive mobs, bosses, and rare items.  Successfully defending a mothership does not grant the defender any bonuses; instead, it prevents the enemy from receiving the reward. The BCU mothership, Anubis, spawns in Tylent Jungle, while the ANI mothership, Horus, spawns in Reynard Beach. Bonuses obtained from destroying/defending motherships are reset at the end of every month, as are NCP. The fourth mothership of each side that spawns also gives a special reward. In older versions of the game, motherships would spawn when a nation reached 100,000 NCP. This was likely changed due to scheduling conflicts among the population, which saw players waking themselves up at odd hours to participate, in fear of losing out on War Points which were required for highly desirable end-game items in the War Point Shop.
 Strategic Points - Strategic Points are spawned in a random map at random times, and it will despawn one hour after its spawn if not destroyed completely.  An announcement is made to all players of both nations which map the Strategic Point has spawned in.  When a Strategic Point is destroyed, all attackers gain 300 War Points and a "SPI Capsule", which provides them with SPI (the game's currency). When a Strategic Point is successfully defended, the defending nation gains bonuses. If a Strategic Point is lost while defending players are in the same map or adjacent maps, they will gain 100 War Points. All players in the same map or adjacent maps as the Strategic Point will gain "Personal Contribution" which is a monetary reward based on the player's performance in combat.
War Points- Players can gain War Points from attacking/defending motherships, and Strategic Points. War Points can also be obtained in battles with the opposing nation. War Points allow players to buy unique items from the War Point Shop. These points can be used to buy stronger adhesives, armors, and other bonuses.
Nation Leader- Every month, players who are level 70 or higher, have 2000 fame, and lead a brigade (usually called "guild or "clan" in other MMOs) with at least 30 people that possess 1000 or more fame can run for the nation leader position. Multiple players can apply, and either nation's population can vote on who they want to have as their nation leader. Players who become nation leaders hold that title for a month until the next election. The nation leader of each side (ANI and BCU) obtains a leader mark and the leader adhesive. This provides them a defensive bonus, and the standard color for their name changes to a bright green, where they are easily identified. They are given special permissions, such as "Leader Chat" (a special type of chat function that allows their messages to be displayed to their entire nation, rather than a selective channel). They are also provided SPI (which the game brands as "war funds") upon completion of Strategic Points and Mothership Wars. The leader may also appoint two sub-leaders who can help them lead the nation. Leaders may set the time an opposing mothership spawns, up until a week before, at which point it cannot be changed.
Grinding Maps- Players from BCU and ANI will coexist in certain maps to "grind", where they can spend time leveling their gears. This mostly only occurs in grinding maps which contain an assortment of mobs that may require little effort to defeat and/or reward a fair amount of EXP. However, this coexistence between BCU and ANI is not a rule within the game itself; instead it is a player induced response to the game's naturally slow progression in later levels.

Duels

Ace Online contains a duel based system where players may challenge other players in either a 1 on 1 duel or "Formation Battle" (up to 6 players per formation).
 1 on 1 - A 1 on 1 duel can be initiated by one player challenging the other, in which the challenged must accept. If the duel is accepted, both participants receive a 5-second warning, after which there is an unlimited amount of time for either opponent to shoot each other down once. Should one of the players die under any circumstance (being shot down by the opposing player in the duel, crashing into terrain objects, being killed by a member of the opposing nation, or being killed by a hostile NPC) then the surviving player is declared the winner. Being disconnected results in a loss for the disconnected player, and moving to a different map will result in a loss, even if a player uses "Express City Return Portal" to teleport back to the city.
 Formation Battle - A formation battle can be initiated with the command /formfight, which must be done by the formation leader.  A formation battle may contain up to six players in a group (known as "Forms"), and can only occur if all members of both formations are in the same map, logged on, and if the challenged formation leader accepts the form fight request. Once a formation battle request is sent, no new players may be invited to the formation; existing formation members cannot be kicked; and the formation may not disband.  A formation battle is won when all members of the opposing formation have been eliminated under any circumstance.  If one member of a formation dies while the rest are still alive, they cannot respawn until the formation battle is won or lost.

References

External links
 Ace Online (Europe)
 Ace Online (North America)

2006 video games
Video games developed in South Korea
Windows games
Windows-only games
Science fiction video games
Science fiction massively multiplayer online role-playing games
Persistent worlds
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
Suba Games games
Innova (video game company) games

Ace Online


Giora Romm (; 29 April 1945 – 11 August 2023) was an Israeli military officer who served as deputy commander of the Israeli Air Force (IAF), Israel's military attaché in the United States and as director of the Civil Aviation Authority of Israel. Romm was the IAF's first jet ace, scoring five kills during the 1967 Six-Day War. In 1969, during the War of Attrition, Romm was shot down and spent several months in Egyptian captivity. He commanded the IAF's 115 Squadron through the intensive fighting of the 1973 Yom Kippur War and participated in Operation Wooden Leg, the 1985 raid against PLO headquarters in Tunisia.

Biography
Giora Romm was born in Tel Aviv. He joined the  Israel Defense Forces in 1962 and attended Israeli Air Force flight course 43. Initially flying the Dassault Ouragan and Mystère, Romm later moved to the Dassault Mirage III which he flew with the 119 "Bat" Squadron at Tel Nof. Romm held a B.A. in Economics and Political Science from Bar Ilan University and an MBA from UCLA.

Married to Miriam, he was the father of a daughter and two sons. Romm died of cancer on 11 August 2023, at age 78.

Aviation career
Romm was 22 at the outbreak of the Six-Day War and in the span of three days became the IAF's first jet ace, shooting down five enemy aircraft. When Israel launched operation Focus on 5 June 1967, Romm was one of the few pilots who were not tasked with striking Egyptian air bases, remaining at Tel Nof on quick reaction alert instead. When Israeli Mysteres attacking the air base at Abu Suwayr encountered Egyptian Air Force MiG-21s, Romm and fellow pilot Eitan Karmi were scrambled to the scene. In the ensuing dogfight, each pilot shot down a pair of MiG-21s. That same afternoon, Romm was part of a 119 squadron formation that struck T-4 Syrian Air Force base. Two MiG-21s attempting to defend the base were shot down, one by Romm and the other by Asher Snir.

On 6 June Romm's aircraft was hit by anti-aircraft fire while leading a strike against Syrian positions on the Golan Heights. Suffering a light injury, Romm brought his stricken aircraft to a landing at Ramat David. He was back flying the next day, 7 June, when he scored his final kills of the war. A 119 squadron three-ship formation was vectored to intercept Egyptian MiG-17s attacking Israel forces in the Sinai and Romm shot down two to become the IAF's first jet ace. Although other aces had served with the IAF before, Romm was also the first to score all five kills while flying for the IAF (as opposed to pilots who had scored while flying with allied air forces in WWII). A Segen (lieutenant) at the time, IAF commander Mordechai Hod incorrectly addressed Romm as a Seren (captain) at a victory dinner several weeks after the war. At the instigation of his fellow pilots, Hod promptly promoted Romm to the rank.

War of Attrition and captivity
By 1969 Romm was slated to convert to the F-4 Phantom. In September 1969, however, he was shot down and captured by the Egyptians. On 9 September the IDF had carried out Operation Raviv, a mounted raid into Egyptian territory, and on 11 September Egypt responded with a large air raid on Israeli positions in the Sinai. Scrambled to the scene, Romm was pursuing a pair of MiG-21s when he was hit by another MiG he had failed to spot, reportedly flown by Major Fawzi Salama. Romm bailed out of his Mirage and landed in the Egyptian Delta, suffering multiple injuries. Denied proper medical attention, he was held at a prison at Abbassia, near Cairo, where he was repeatedly beaten and tortured. On 5 December, after three months in captivity, Romm and fellow pilot Nissim Ashkenazi were released in a prisoner exchange. Hospitalized for 4 months, he was able to return to flying, and was eventually assigned command of an IAF flight school squadron.

On 3 October 1973, 115 Squadron lost its commanding officer, Ami Gadish, when his A-4 Skyhawk crashed during a training sortie. On Friday, 5 October, Romm took command of the squadron, despite having never flown the Skyhawk nor served with the unit. The Yom Kippur War broke out the very next day, and Romm's first flight was a combat sortie targeting Egyptian troops crossing the Suez Canal. Romm familiarized himself with the aircraft en route to the target. He later described the sortie:

The squadron was eventually to fly 750 sorties throughout the war, losing 7 aircraft. 5 pilots were killed and 2 made prisoners of war.

Romm commanded 115 Squadron until 1976, when he was appointed head of the research department at Lamdan, the IAF's Air Intelligence Directorate. In 1980 he was assigned command of the new airbase constructed at Ramon, and in 1984 went on to command Tel Nof, largest of all IAF bases. As commander of Tel Nof, in 1985 he participated in Operation Wooden Leg, flying one of the F-15 Eagles that struck PLO headquarters in Tunisia.

In 1987 Romm became the deputy to the head of the IDF Operations Directorate and in 1987 deputy IAF commander, a role he played during the 1991 Gulf War. Shortly after the war he was promoted to major general and appointed Israeli Defense attaché in the United States. Returning to Israel, he retired from military service in early 1996.

Public service career
Upon leaving the military, Romm was appointed director of the Ministry of National Infrastructure, under then-minister Ariel Sharon. He later entered the private sector and from September 2001 served as the director general of the Jewish Agency for Israel. In 2008 he was appointed director of the Civil Aviation Authority of Israel and resigned in 2014.

Romm served as a senior researcher at the Institute for National Security Studies, and from 2005 was chairman of Metzilah, the "Center for Zionist, Jewish, Liberal and Humanist Thought."

Published works
In 2008 Romm published his book, Tzivony Arba ("Tulip Four", published in 2014 in the USA under the title Solitary), for which he won the 2009 Yitzhak Sadeh Prize for military literature.

See also
 Lists of flying aces in Arab–Israeli wars

References

Bibliography

1945 births
2023 deaths
Bar-Ilan University alumni
Deaths from cancer in Israel
Heads of the Jewish Agency for Israel
Israeli Air Force generals
Israeli flying aces
Israeli Jews
Israeli people of the Yom Kippur War
Israeli prisoners of war
Israeli torture victims
Military personnel from Tel Aviv
Shot-down aviators
Six-Day War pilots
UCLA Anderson School of Management alumni
Yom Kippur War pilots

Giora Romm


Gang of Ghosts is a 2014 Hindi horror comedy film, produced by Venus Records & Tapes Pvt Ltd and The Satish Kaushik Entertainment. Directed by Satish Kaushik, it is a remake of Bengali film Bhooter Bhabishyat (Future of The Ghosts).

Plot
A story about a group of ghosts who have lost their shelter due to urbanization.  The story that the stranger narrates shows the communal, social, linguistic and historical differences among the ghosts, as they belong to different eras.

It starts with a struggling wannabe film director entering the Royal Mansion in the motive of shooting for a movie of title "Hot Haryanvi" for which he can't decide about the ending. There a stranger comes past the guard to meet the director claiming that he is a writer and has a wonderful story worth making a movie. But, the director brushes him off. The writer Raju again confronts the director in order to make him listen to his story. The director finally agrees but on a condition that the writer will have to listen to his story first.

Raju writer listens to his story but doesn't like it and tells him to throw his story into a dustbin. The director then listens to Raju writer's story. He starts his story by saying about the relation of Mumbai's social and industrial works with the spirits or ghosts staying in the houses, trees, etc., and how their homes are lost. Then he shifts to Raibahadur Seth Gendamal Hemraj who owns a large Mill and is also the owner of the Royal Mansion. The mill workers angry by Gendamal's friendly relation with the Britishers, set out to burn the mill in which Gendamal was present, burning him to death. His ghost now stays at his own Royal Mansion. Then Raju tells about Mr. Ramsey who was had a habit of reading and at that time the Indians were struggling for the fight for Independence and threw a bomb at him to his death. He contacted his once upon a time boss Mr. Booth who asks Gendamal to let Ramsey stay at the Royal Mansion to which Gendamal agrees.

Raju then tells the director that Gendamal had a younger brother Gulab Chand (Chunkey Pandey) who was dating a famous actress at that time Manoranjana Kumari (Mahi Gill). She wanted Gulab to marry her and he also agrees with to soon marry each other. But Gulab betrays her by marrying a rich girl. So she gets depresses and drinks a lot due to which she hangs herself and dies. Gendamal allows her to stay at the Royal Mansion. Gulab also dies after being shot by gangsters but Gendamal denies his request to stay at the mansion. Soon Gendamal and Ramsey conduct an audition for eligible ghosts in search of shelter. They select only 10 to 15 ghosts as the Mansion would be overcrowded. All live happily in the Royal Mansion with each other with some ghosts flirting with Manoranjana and others doing their own works.

Until one day, they come to know that a businessman named Mr. Bhuteria is planning to demolish the Mansion to build a grand mall in its place. The ghosts plan together to not let him achieve his goal. Manoranjana goes to Bhuteria by another  name to pull out some information from Bhuteria where he tells her of his wife Lakshmi (Pretie Lad) who died and still haunts him in his dreams.

He then reveals to Manoranjana that he actually killed her. Bhuteria turns to find Manoranjana  is not there. A ghost named Babu Hatkata goes to Bhuteria to tell him that he knows of his plots and invites him to the Royal Mansion to speak with Gendamal. There he enjoys a party organised by the ghosts and learns that one of the dancers is his Lakshmi and they reveal that they are all ghosts and Gendamal also tells him that if he makes a mall then they will be homeless and tells him to get out of the mansion.

Bhuteria returns to the mansion and returns the original documents of the mansion and never comes back again.

The story ends here where in the present, the director wonders if he has the resources and finance to make the movie. Raju goes back to the store room and comes back with a pouch of gold coins from the time of the East India Company and their value would be enough to make the film. There Raju tells the director that while being he couldn't do anything but after dying he was able to get acknowledgement, which explains that the director was talking to a ghost all the time. He explain that while he was in his struggling days he once came across a bus where some men are about to rape a girl. He rushes to save her during which he gets stabbed to his death. He brushes it off until Raju shows him all the ghosts in another room. He wakes up from a dream stating that this was a dream. He meets his crew searching for him and tells that he listened a full script in his dream. He goes back to the room to find Raju's bag which is full of cash and also the pouch of  gold coins earlier in his pocket and gets spooked. Inspired by the story, he starts the movie with Raju's story with all the ghosts looking at the shoot with great happiness.

Cast
The full cast includes—

Sharman Joshi as Raju Writer
Parambrata Chatterjee as Director
Mansee Deshmukh as Tania (AD)
Sangeetha Khonayat as Heroine
Mahi Gill as Manoranjana Kumari
Anupam Kher as Raibahadur Seth Gendamal Hemraj
Asrani as Atmaram
Meera Chopra as Tina Chopra
J. Brandon Hill as Mr. Ramsey
Rajesh Khattar as Bhuteria
Pretie Lad as Lakshmi (wife of Bhuteria)
Saurabh Shukla as Bhoothnath Bhaduri
Rajpal Yadav as Akbar Khwaja Khan
Yashpal Sharma as Brigadier Hoshiar Singh
Vijay Varma as Robin Hoodda
Chunky Pandey as Gulab Chand
Jackie Shroff as Babu Hatkata
Lankesh Bhardwaj as Salim Fatela

Guest Appearances
Paoli Dam (Item Number)
Aniruddh Dave
Sonal Tanna
Amit Pathak
Jeetendra Bhora
Amit Pathak
Jitendra Bohra
Pradeep Nagar
Sharad Ponkshe
Anil Saxena
Aloke Sengupta
Chintan Takkar
Vibhuti Jaiswal
Rutwij Vaidya
Jack dhaliwal
Ankur Malhotra

Soundtrack
The film's soundtrack was composed by Dharam Sandeep, while lyrics were by Satish Kaushik, Vikas Kumar, Qateel Shifai and Rashmi Singh.

"Dasni Sharab Di" - Aamir Ghulam Ali, Malkoo, AK the Punjabi Rapper, Deepali Sathe shot on Paoli Dam
"Ishq Behn Ka Dinna" - Vikas Kumar, Vishvesh Parmar
"Jaayen To Jaayen Kahan" - Manoj Mishra
"Naach Madhubala" - Aishwarya Nigam
"Nahin Dungi" - Rupmatii Jolly
"Parody" - Sudesh Bhosle, Aishwarya Nigam, Manoj Mishra, Abhishek Nailwal, Aditi Paul
"Machis Ki Tilli" - Malini Banerjee, Jonita Gandhi, Aishwarya Nigam, Sandeep Patil shot on Mahi Gill, Meera Chopra, Pretie Lad
"Sheeshe Ka Dil" - Rupmatii Jolly

Shooting
70% of the shooting of the film took place in Surat, Gujarat Local Line Producer, Surat
Amit Thakkar, Ashvin Borad,Ganesh Vaghani.

References

External links

2014 films
Hindi remakes of Bengali films
2010s Hindi-language films
2014 comedy horror films
Indian haunted house films
Indian comedy horror films
Indian ghost films
Indian horror film remakes
Indian films with live action and animation
Films directed by Satish Kaushik
Films set in country houses

Gang of Ghosts


In quantum physics, the Stefan-Boltzmann law (sometimes called Stefan's Law) states that the black-body radiation energy emitted by a given object is directly proportional to the temperature of the object raised to the fourth power. The equation for this law is:

R=σT4

where σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, which is equal to 5.670 373(21) x 10-8 W m-2 K-4, and where R is the energy radiated per unit surface area and per unit time. T is temperature, which is measured in Kelvin scale. Although this law is accurate and helpful, it is only usable for the energy radiated by blackbodies.

Laws of physics

Stefan–Boltzmann law


Media panic is emotional criticism against a new medium or media technology such as the Internet, the World Wide Web, computer games or social media. Media panic  has a long history. At the end of the 18th century, print media were the subject of strong criticism in Great Britain for "the poison continually flowing thro' the channel of vulgar and licentious publications".

The Danish media scholar Kirsten Drotner defines media panic in the following way:
In some cases, debate of a new medium brings about - indeed changes into - heated, emotional reactions: in that case we have to do with what may be defined as a media panic. It may be considered a specification of the wider concept of moral panic, and it has some basic characteristics: the media is both instigator and purveyor of the discussion; the discussion is highly emotionally charged and morally polarised (the medium is either "good" or "bad") with the negative pole being the most visible in most cases; the discussion is an adult discussion that primarily focuses on children and young; the proponents often have professional stakes in the subject under discussion as teachers, librarians, cultural critics or academic scholars; the discussion, like a classic narrative, has three phases: a beginning often catapulted by a single case, a peak involving some kind of public or professional intervention, and an end (or fading-out phase) denoting a seeming resolution to the perceived problems in question.

Media panic may be considered a form of moral panic applied to new media.

See also
 Alarmism
 Hostile media effect
 Media bias
 Sensationalism
 Vicarious trauma after viewing media

References

Crowd psychology
Mass media issues
Media bias
Media manipulation

Media panic


Ludowika Margaretha of Zweibrücken-Bitsch (19 July 1540, Ingwiller – 15 December 1569, Bouxwiller), was the only child and heiress of Count James of Zweibrücken-Bitsch (born: 19 July 1510; died: 22 March 1570) by his wife Catherine, born Countess of Honstein zu Klettenberg.  She was buried in Ingwiller.

Inheritance
Her father, Count James of Zweibrücken-Bitsch (1510–1570), was the last male member of the House of Zweibrücken.  His older brother, Simon V Wecker, had already died in 1540.  Both James and Simon had only one daughter, Ludowika Margaretha and Amalie, respectively.  A dispute over the inheritance ensued between their husbands, Philip V of Hanau-Lichtenberg and Philip I of Leiningen-Westerburg, respectively.  The disputed territories include the Lordship of Bitsch, the district and castle of Lemberg, the Lordship of Ochsenstein and half of the Lordship of Lichtenberg (the other half was already held by the Counts of Hanau-Lichtenberg).  Bitsch was formally a fief of the Duchy of Lorraine and could in theory only be inherited in the male line.

Initially, Philip V appeared successful.  However, he immediately introduced the Lutheran faith in his newly gained territory and this made the powerful and Catholic Duke of Lorraine unhappy.  The Duke terminated the fief and in July 1572 Lorraine troops occupied the county. Since Philip V's army was no match for Lorraine, he took his case to the Reichskammergericht. During the trial, Lorraine argued that, firstly, a significant part of the territory of Zweibrücken-Bitsch had been obtained in an exchange with Lorraine in 1302 and, secondly, the Counts of Leiningen had sold their hereditary claims to Lorraine in 1573.

In 1604, Hanau-Lichtenberg and Lorraine decided to settle out of court. In a treaty signed in 1606, it was agreed that Bitsch would revert to Lorraine and Hanau-Lichtenberg would retain Lemberg. This was reasonable, as it corresponded approximately to the religious realities of the territories.

Marriage and issue
She married on 14 October 1560 in Bitsch with Count Philip V of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1541–1599).  This was the first of his three marriages.  They had the following children:
 Johanna Sybille (born: 6 July 1564 in Lichtenberg; died on 24 March 1636 Runkel), married to Count William V of Wied-Runkel and Isenburg (died: 1612)
 Philip (born: 7 October 1565 in Bouxwiller; died: 31 August  1572 in Strasbourg; buried in Neuwiller-lès-Saverne)
 Albert (born: 22 November 1566  in Bouxwiller; died: 13 February 1577 in Haguenau; buried in Neuwiller)
 Catherine (born: 30 January 1568  in Bouxwiller; died 6 August 1636), married Schenk Eberhard of Limpurg-Speckfeld (1560–1622)
 Johann Reinhard I (born: 13 February 1569 in Bitsch, died: 19 November 1625 in Lichtenberg)

Notes

References
Hessisches Staatsarchiv Marburg, collection 81 Government Hanau

Further reading
 Adrian Willem Eliza Dek: De Afstammelingen van Juliana van Stolberg tot aan het jaar van de vrede van Munster, Zaltbommel, 1968
 Reinhard Dietrich: Die Landesverfassung in dem Hanauischen = Hanauer Geschichtsblätter, vol. 34, Hanau, 1996,
 M. Goltzené: Aus der Geschichte des Amtes Buchsweiler, in: "Pay d'Alsace", vol. 111/112, p. 64 f
 Franz Domenicus Häberlein: Neueste Teutsche Reichsgeschichte vom Anfange des Schmalkaldischen Krieges bis auf unsere Zeiten, vols. 8 and 9, Halle, 1779, 1780
 Heinrich Hermelink: Die Matrikeln der Universität Tübingen, vol. 1, Stuttgart, 1906
 J. G. Lehmann: Urkundliche Geschichte der Grafschaft Hanau-Lichtenberg im unteren Elsasse, 2 vols, 1862 (?), reprinted: Pirmasens, 1970.
 Wilhelm Morhardt: Hanau alt's - in Ehren b'halt's - Die Grafen von Hanau-Lichtenberg in Geschichte und Geschichten = "Babenhausen einst und jetzt", vol. 10, Babenhausen, 1984
 Reinhard Suchier: Genealogie des Hanauer Grafenhauses, in: Festschrift des Hanauer Geschichtsvereins zu seiner fünfzigjährigen Jubelfeier am 27. August 1894, Hanau, 1894
 Ernst J. Zimmermann: Hanau Stadt und Land, 3rd ed., Hanau, 1919, reprinted 1978

People from former German states in Rhineland-Palatinate
Countesses
People from Bas-Rhin
House of Hanau
1540 births
1569 deaths
16th-century German people


Christian Gauseth (born 26 June 1984) is a Norwegian football player. He plays for Mjøndalen.
He has played for Træff, Groruddalen, Molde and Bryne in the past.

He was born and raised in Molde.

The highlight of his career was his dive when he played for Bryne against Haugesund in 2009.

His best moments in football was when he played in the Eliteserien for Mjøndalen.

1984 births
Living people
Norwegian footballers

Christian Gauseth


Gerard or Gherardo or Gherardino Segarelli or Segalelli (around 1240  – July 18, 1300) was the founder of the Apostolic Brethren (in Latin Apostolici).  He was burned at the stake in 1300.

Sources
In the 1280s, Salimbene di Adam wrote an account of Segarelli and the Brethren. While contemporary and detailed, scholars note the Franciscan's bias against the upstart group attempting to imitate the Franciscan idea of poverty. This account would later be the basis of the libretto for Ildebrando Pizzetti's opera Fra Gherardo.

Biography
Gerard was born at Segalara near Parma. As a youth he applied for admission to a Franciscan monastery in Parma but was apparently refused because, according to Salimbene, he was ignorant, foolish, illiterate, and low-born. Nevertheless, he remained around the monastery for some time, often visiting the convent and the church to sit or kneel before the altar. Influenced perhaps by a representation over the altar of the twelve Apostles, Segarelli allowed his beard and hair to grow, and wore a coarse grey robe with a white mantle in imitation of the apostles.

In 1260, in accord with Matthew 19: 21 ("If you wish to be perfect, go, sell what you have and give to [the] poor..."), Gerard sold his possessions and went to the market of Parma and distributed his earnings. Segarelli wandered about the streets calling the people to repentance (penitentiam agite).

He continued this activity for three years until one "Robert"—who had been a servant of the Franciscans—joined him; before the end of that year about thirty more individuals had joined them. Segarelli started preaching in other cities and the number of his followers grew, drawn from among the poor. After some initial hesitation he agreed to be elected their leader. The group walked about the streets chanting hymns, preached to those who would listen and ate what the people gave to them, sharing it with the poor.

The movement eventually spread not only throughout Lombardy but also Germany, France, Spain, and England. Some Apostles were traduced at a council in Würzburg and a decree was issued which forbade them to preach and beg and the people were warned against encouraging them by giving food or water. Other Apostles were proscribed in England at a council at Chichester in 1289; it is not certain if these sects were directly connected to that of Segarelli, there are however many analogies between them.

At a later point in 1300 followers of the Apostles were found in Spain where one Richard of Alexandria was successful in his preaching, particularly in Galicia. In 1320, Peter of Lugo — an Apostle follower of Richard — was brought before the Inquisition in Toulouse.

It was in Lombardy where the disciples of Segarelli had great success and started to attract enemies. The bishop of Parma was informed in 1280 that Segarelli was directing invectives against the Church so he had him apprehended immediately. After examination the authorities concluded that he was a poor, demented visionary and released him.

In 1286 however, probably pressed by the Inquisition, the Bishop banned him from the city. It appears that he broke the ban in 1294, returning clandestinely to his hometown. He was again brought before the Bishop, abjured and condemned to perpetual imprisonment while four of his followers were burnt alive. It is not clear why, but in 1300 he was interrogated again by the Grand Inquisitor of Parma: found guilty of relapsing into errors formerly abjured, he was thus burnt at the stake.

See also
Fra Dolcino

References

Sources
Johann Lorenz von Mosheim "Geschichte des Apostel-Ordens in dreien Büchern" in Versuch eines unparteischen und gründlichen Ketzergeschichte, Helmstaedt 1748.
Mariotti L. (Antonio Gallenga), Historical memoir of Fra Dolcino and his times, Brown, London 1853, pp. 85–118.
Berkhout, Carl T. and Jeffrey B. Russell. "Apostolici"; "Segarelli," in Medieval heresies: a bibliography, 1960-1979, Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1981 (Subsidia mediaevalia, 11).
Giancarlo Andenna, "Il carisma negato: Gerardo Segarelli," in Giancarlo Andenna / Mirko Breitenstein / Gert Melville (Hgg.): Charisma und religiöse Gemeinschaften im Mittelalter. Akten des 3. Internationalen Kongresses des "Italienisch-deutschen Zentrums für Vergleichende Ordensgeschichte". Münster / Hamburg / Berlin / London: LIT 2005 (Vita regularis. Ordnungen und Deutungen religiosen Lebens im Mittelalter, 26), 415–442.

1240 births
1300 deaths
Religious leaders from Parma
Italian Christian religious leaders
People executed for heresy
People executed by Italian states
Executed Italian people
People executed by burning

Gerard Segarelli


César-Pierre Richelet (; 8 November 1626 – 23 November 1698) was a French grammarian and lexicographer, and the editor of the first dictionary of the French language.

Life

Richelet was born in Cheminon.  His first position was regent of the College of Vitry-le-François, next preceptor in Dijon. Received as an advocate in service to the Parliament of Paris, he abandoned his affairs for literature and researched the Society of Perrot d'Ablancourt and that of Petru. He strengthened his knowledge of classical languages, learned Italian and Spanish, and applied himself above all to discovering the origins of the French language. He died in Paris.

Works

He is the author of the first French dictionary compiled in a methodical way, published under the title of:
Dictionnaire françois, contenant les mots et les choses, plusieurs nouvelles remarques sur la langue française, ses expressions propres, figurées et burlesques, la prononciation des mots les plus difficiles, le genre des noms, le régime des verbes, avec les termes les plus communs des arts et des sciences: le tout tiré de l'usage et des bons auteurs de la langue française (Geneva,  1680).

His caustic sense of humour earned him enemies; this first edition, of which there were several counterfeit foreign editions, contains satirical passages at the expense of notables of the day including Amelot de La Houssaye, Furetière, Varillas, and others.

Later editions of Richelet were published, both expurgated and augmented. Those that appeared after his death are distinguished by that of Pierre Aubert (Lyon, 1728, 3 vol. in-fol.) and that of  Goujet (Ibid., 1759–63, 3 vol. in-fol.). Later editions were abridged such as that of Gattel (Paris, 1842, 2 vol. in-8).

Other works by Richelet are:
La Versification française, ou l'Art de bien faire et tourner les vers (Paris, 1671, in-12) *Commencements de la langue française, ou Grammaire tirée de l'usage et des bons auteurs (Ibid., 1694., in-12)
Connaissance des genres français (Ibid., 1694, in-12)

He was also the author of several untitled translations as well as:
Les plus belles Lettres des meilleurs auteurs français (Lyon, 1689, in-12 ; Paris, 1698, 2 vol. in-12) and editor of:
Dictionnaire des rimes (Paris, 1667, in-12), which he attributed to himself but was the work of Fr. d'Ablancourt.

His Dictionnaire françois is distinguished in:

 the rejection of dialect words
 only including words in general use
 the rejection of archaic words
 the rejection of trivial words

References
 Gustave Vapereau, Dictionnaire universel des littératures, Paris, Hachette, 1876
Gilles Petrequin, Le Dictionnaire françois de P. Richelet (Genève, 1679/1680). Etude de métalexicographie historique (Peeters, Leuven/Paris, 2009, 1124 p.)

1626 births
1698 deaths
People from Marne (department)
Grammarians from France
French lexicographers
French translators
17th-century French translators

César-Pierre Richelet


Beverly Hills Weekly is the free weekly tabloid-sized newspaper serving Beverly Hills, CA. It was founded on October 7, 1999. The publisher is Josh E. Gross, son of television writer Jack Gross Jr., and the grandson of KFMB-TV founder Jack O. Gross, which was the first television station in San Diego.  The paper has been described as the "go-to publication for reporting on school information, birth announcements, local government issues and opinions" in Beverly Hills.

In 2014, Beverly Hills Weekly won a lawsuit brought by competitor The Beverly Hills Courier.  Beverly Hills Weekly responded with a SLAPP motion and ultimately received $40,000 in legal fees. The Weekly was represented by attorney Ronald Richards.

The newspaper is also a sponsor of the Beverly Hills 9/11 Memorial Garden.

As of 2020, the publication has published over 1100 issues.

See also
 The Beverly Hills Courier
 Beverly Hills Post
 Canyon News

References

External links

Archives - hosted by SmallTownPapers.com

Newspapers published in Beverly Hills, California
Free newspapers
Independent newspapers published in the United States
Newspapers established in 1999

Beverly Hills Weekly


If You Saw Thro' My Eyes is the 1971 album by country rock/folk rock musician Ian Matthews. It was the first of two Ian Matthews solo albums released on Vertigo, a subsidiary label of Philips/Phonogram (the second being Tigers Will Survive  released in 1972). Guest musicians were former Fairport Convention bandmates Sandy Denny on vocals and keyboards, and Richard Thompson on accordion and guitar. The album also featured guitarist Tim Renwick, jazz pianist Keith Tippett and Matthews' future bandmate in Plainsong, Andy Roberts.

The second track on the album, 'Hearts', was released as a single on April 23, 1971; the album itself (catalogue number VEL-1002) was released worldwide on May 1 that year.

If You Saw Thro' My Eyes remained unavailable on CD until 1993 when it was released as a 2-on-1 reissue on Vertigo coupled with Tigers Will Survive.
The original album on its own was remastered and reissued on CD in 2003 on MK2 Records. It has since been reissued again several times, the most recent version being in 2012 on Esoteric Records.

A live version of the album, If You Saw Thro' My Eyes - Live, recorded in October 2003 at Cambrinus Cafe in Horst, The Netherlands (where Matthews now lives), was released as the second CD of the 2-CD set Sparkler: The Best of the Texas Recordings 1989-2004 on the Blue Rose record label.

Track listing
(All tracks composed by Ian Matthews except where noted)
"Desert Inn" – 3:29
"Hearts" – 3:01
"Never Ending" – 2:52
"Reno Nevada"  (Richard Fariña) – 4:47
"Little Known" – 2:50
"Hinge I" – 1:20
"Hinge II" – 1:10
"Southern Wind"  – 3:10
"It Came Without Warning" (Jerry Burnham, Allan Jacobs) – 3:45
"You Couldn't Lose" – 3:35
"Morgan The Pirate"  (Fariña) – 6:42
"Thro' My Eyes" – 2:37

Charts

Personnel
Ian Matthews - guitar, vocals
Sandy Denny - piano, harmonium, vocals
Richard Thompson - electric and acoustic guitar, accordion
Pat Donaldson - bass
Andy Roberts - acoustic guitar
Tim Renwick - electric and acoustic guitar
Gerry Conway - drums
Keith Tippett - piano on "Never Ending" and "Southern Wind"
Doris Troy, Liza Strike and Nanette Workman - backing vocals on "Southern Wind"

Production
Producer: Ian Matthews
Recording Engineer: Robin Black at Morgan Studios, London
Art Direction: Design Machine
Photography: Steve Hiett

References

Iain Matthews albums
1971 albums
Vertigo Records albums
Albums produced by Iain Matthews
Albums recorded at Morgan Sound Studios

If You Saw Thro' My Eyes


Albatrosses are large seabirds which belong to the biological family Diomedeidae. They live in the region of the Southern Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean. They are not found in the North Atlantic region, but their fossils have been found there, which shows that they used to live there. There are four main species of albatross: Great Albatrosses, North Pacific Albatrosses, Mollymawks and Sooty Albatrosses. These are divided into twenty-one species identified by the World Conservation Union (ICUN).

Great Albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds. They are very big. All albatrosses are very good at flying, spending much of their life in the air. They eat squid, fish and krill. Albatrosses come ashore to make their nests, mostly on islands, and usually near the nests of other birds.

Nineteen of the twenty-one species of albatross are endangered. This is partly because animals such as rats and cats attack their eggs, chicks, and sometimes adult birds as well. Pollution of the oceans, such as plastic waste and oils spills, also kills albatrosses. Sometimes there may be not enough fish to eat because of over-fishing. The main reason why albatross are endangered is longline fishing which causes many albatross to get caught on hooks that have been baited to catch fish. This causes the birds to drown.

Biology

Flight
Albatrosses are very large. The bill is large, strong and sharp. This bill is made of horny plates. Along the sides are the two "tubes". They are actually long nostrils. The tubes of all albatrosses are on the sides of the bill. They help the albatrosses develop their sense of smell a lot. The feet have no last toe and the three other toes are all webbed. Their legs are quite strong, and they can walk well on land, unlike other sea birds.

Albatrosses need to take salt out of their body because they drink ocean water. All birds have a large gland at the top part of their bill, above their eyes. This gland is sometimes useless to birds that do not need it. However, albatrosses use them to help take out saltwater. Scientists are not sure how it works exactly. However, they know that it helps take out the salt. It makes a liquid that makes the saltwater drip out of their nose.

The adult albatrosses usually have a dark upper-wing and back, and white undersides when they are getting ready to take flight. Albatrosses take several years to get their full adult feathers.

The wings of the largest albatrosses (genus Diomedea) can be up to .

Albatrosses flying north from their family sometimes fly in a clockwise direction, and those flying south will fly the opposite. The most energy used up in their journey is not when they travel a long way, but when they land, take-off, and hunt. This helps the albatross fly more longer distances and find good food. They can fly easily over wind and waves. However, because their long wings do not have strong muscles or energy, they cannot flap while they fly. Because of this, albatrosses in calm seas must stop and rest on the surface of the ocean until the wind begins to blow harder. When taking-off, albatrosses need to run first to help the wing make lift. Albatrosses are known for their clumsiness when landing.

Locations

Most albatrosses are found in the southern hemisphere from Antarctica to Australia, South Africa and South America. However, the four North Pacific albatrosses live elsewhere. Three of them are in the North Pacific, from Hawaii to Japan, California and Alaska. The last one, the Waved Albatross, is in the Galapagos Islands and finds food in the coast of South America.

It is not known clearly why the albatrosses became extinct in the North Atlantic. Some think that it was because the sea level rose at that time. Some kind of albatrosses that live in the south have usually been trapped in the North Atlantic, and are forced to stay there for a long time.

Sometimes scientists may use the satellite when trying to learn about albatrosses. They try to find out about the way albatrosses go across the ocean to find food with the satellites. There is proof that the sea separates different kinds of species of the Albatross. There is also proof of different pathways for the two sexes of the same kind of species. A study of Tristan Albatrosses living on the Gough Island showed that males look for food on the west and the females go around the east.

Diet

The albatross eats cephalopods, fish, crustaceans and offal. Sometimes, they may also eat carrion and or other kinds of zooplankton. However, the importance of each food is different according to each species. Some may like to eat only squids, or others might eat more krill or fish. From the two albatross species that live in Hawaii, one of them, the Black-footed Albatross, eats mostly fish. The other one, the Laysan Albatross, eats more squids instead.

Sometimes albatrosses may use the help of other animals to eat. For example, some squids are too big to be caught alive by the albatross. Instead, albatrosses eat squids that die after mating, or after they have been vomited by squid-eating whales (such as sperm whales and pilot whales). Other species, like the Black-browed Albatross or the Grey-headed Albatross, eat smaller species of squid that sink after they die, and they do not scavenge a lot. Also, sometimes the Waved Albatross has been seen stealing food from other birds.

Until now, it was thought that the albatrosses ate and found their food at the surface of the sea, this included dead squid and fish pushed to the surface by the waves, other animals that had eaten them, or death. This was thought because some species do not dive deeper than a metre. However, this theory was not true because some species have a mean (average) diving depth of almost 5 metres and can dive as deep as 12.5 metres. They have now been seen to eat from the surface, diving to catch prey and sometimes also plunging from the air to snatch their prey.

Breeding and dancing

Albatrosses live together, and they usually nest on islands where no people live. Many Buller's Albatrosses and Black-footed Albatrosses nest under trees in open forest. Albatrosses usually come back to their own group after leaving for a while to find a mate. This is one of their strongest instinct, and the study of Laysan Albatross showed that the normal distance between the place where it was hatched and the place where the bird made its own territory was 22m (72 ft).

Like most seabirds, albatrosses live much longer than other birds. They also do not look for their mate for a long time, and do not have a lot of young. Some kinds of albatrosses live up to 50 years. The oldest albatross recorded was the Northern Royal Albatross that lived for 61 years.

Before albatrosses mate, they group together and spend lots of years practicing the mating rules and special "dances" that the family is famous for.

When the albatrosses learn these kind of actions and dances, they also learn things such as pointing, calling, making noises with their bill, staring, and sometimes all of them put together. When a bird first comes it will dance with many other albatrosses, but after a few years, the number of birds it will dance with will lessen until one of the birds are chosen. After becoming a pair, they will never use that dance again.

Albatrosses have a hard time laying their children. It takes a lot of time for an albatross to lay an egg and raise a chick. The great albatrosses take over a year to raise a chick. Albatrosses lay one egg, white with reddish brown spots. But if the egg is taken by other predators or accidentally broken, the parents will not lay another egg for that whole year. The larger eggs weigh from 200–510 g (7.1–18 oz). Two albatrosses do not usually "divorce". This sometimes may happen if several years passed without being able to lay a single egg.

All the albatrosses in the south live in large nests. They make it with grass, soil, and sometimes penguin feathers. The Waved Albatross, however, does not make a nest but instead moves its egg around the pair's territory, as much as 50 m (160 ft). This may sometimes make it lose the egg. In all albatross species, both parents incubate the egg from between one day and three weeks. Incubation lasts around 70 to 80 days. This time may become more longer for the larger albatrosses. When they do this, it takes a lot of energy, and the adult can lose as much as 83 g (2.9 oz) of body weight a day.

After hatching, the chick is taken care of and guarded for three weeks until it is large enough to take care of and fight for itself. During this time the parents feed the chick small meals. After the chick has grown a little older, it is fed in bigger meals by both parents. The parents both take turns to go and find food, that are about 12% of their body weight (around 600 g (21 oz)). They find food such as fresh squid, fish and krill.

Albatross chicks take a long time to fledge (learn how to fly). In the case of more bigger albatrosses, it can take up to 280 days. And even for the smaller albatrosses, it can take from 140 to 170 days. Like many seabirds, albatross chicks later become even heavier than their mother and father. When they are preparing their body for flying, they may also grow flight feathers, which makes them sometimes as heavy as their parents. Between 15% and 65% of those who fledged survive to find their mate after. Albatross chicks learn to fly on their own. Their parents do not teach them, and instead they return to the nest even after their chick has left.

Albatrosses and humans

Name
The name albatross came from the Arabic word al-câdous or al-ġaţţās. This means a pelican, or can mean "the diver". This word later became English, also mixed with the Portuguese word alcatraz, which means "gannet". This is also where the name of the prison Alcatraz comes from. The OED explains that the word alcatraz was at first supposed to be used for the frigatebird. But perhaps the change of the word to albatross was because of the Latin word albus. This means "white", which is opposite to the frigatebirds which are black. In Portuguese, the word still presently used for the bird, albatroz, came from the English albatross.

They were once known as Goonie birds or Gooney birds, especially the albatrosses in the North Pacific. In the southern hemisphere, most people still call the albatross mollymawk, which came from the word malle-mugge, an old Dutch. The name Diomedea, given to the albatrosses by Linnaeus, is from the story about the Greek warrior Diomedes becoming a bird.

Culture
Albatrosses have been described as "the most legendary of all birds". When people are sad or feel they are carrying a burden, they may use the expression 'to have an albatross around their neck'. There is a myth that sailors do not shoot or eat albatrosses because they think it will bring bad luck, but in reality sailors regularly killed and ate them. They were often thought of as the souls of lost sailors. The Māori people used the wing bones of the albatross to carve tattoos into their skin at ceremonies.

Human threats
Even though they were legendary birds in many myths, albatrosses were still attacked by humans. In the beginning, Polynesians and Aleut people hunted albatrosses. As Europeans began to explore the world, they too began to hunt albatross. They "fished" for them from boats and ate them or killed them for sport.

 Of the 21 albatross species noted by the IUCN on their list, 19 are threatened, and the other two are very near to being threatened. Two species are thought of as endangered. This is mostly because albatrosses die while eating fishing bait.

In the Midway Islands there have been many airplane crashes because of collisions with Laysan Albatrosses, causing fatalities in both the albatross and human population. Tall towers killed 3000 birds in between the years 1964-1965. Because of this, the towers were taken down. Recently, people have tried to stop human activity in the islands and this has helped lessen the number of birds dying.

Another threat to albatrosses are introduced species, like rats or feral cats (cats that live without being cared for by people), which attack the albatross or its chicks and eggs. Albatrosses have lived on islands where there are few land mammals and they are not adapted to defend themselves against them. Even animals such as mice can be dangerous. For example, on Gough Island the chicks of Tristan Albatrosses are often attacked and eaten alive by house mice.

Sometimes albatrosses, as well as many other kinds of seabirds, are killed because they eat plastic. The amount of plastic eaten in the seas has increased very quickly since the first record in the 1960s. This is because of waste thrown overboard by ships and trash dumped in the ocean. Sometimes litter on beaches has been washed into the sea by rivers. It is impossible to digest plastic, and the undigested plastic stops other food from being digested. This makes birds starve and die. The plastic can even be vomited out and fed to the chicks by the parents. Although plastic is not the main reason why albatrosses die, it is still a serious problem.

Scientists and people who try to help albatrosses are working with governments and fishermen to stop these threats. They have come up with solutions such as fishing at night, dying the bait a blue color to hide it from the albatrosses, setting the bait under the water, and more. For example, a study by some scientists and fishermen in New Zealand tested putting the fishing lines below the reach of certain kinds of albatross species. The use of some of these ideas has been successful by stopping the number of Black-browed Albatross that died in the last 10 years. Conservationists have also worked on taking away introduced species to protect the albatrosses.

One important step towards protecting albatrosses and other seabirds is the 2001 treaty known as the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels, signed by thirteen countries, Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, South Africa, France, Peru, Uruguay and the United Kingdom. One of the Agreement's key activities is to provide expert advice on seabird bycatch mitigation to fisheries managers, both in domestic and high seas fisheries.

Species
 Great albatross (Diomedea)
 Wandering Albatross  D. exulans
 Antipodean Albatross D. (exulans) antipodensis
 Amsterdam Albatross D. (exulans) amsterdamensis
 Tristan Albatross D. (exulans) dabbenena
 Northern Royal Albatross D. (epomorpha) sanfordi
 Southern Royal Albatross D. epomophora
 North Pacific albatrosses (Phoebastria)
 Waved Albatross P. irrorata
 Short-tailed Albatross P. albatrus
 Black-footed Albatross P. nigripes
 Laysan Albatross P. immutabilis
 Mollymawks (Thalassarche)
 Black-browed Albatross T. melanophris
 Campbell Albatross T. (melanophris) impavida
 Shy Albatross T. cauta
 White-capped Albatross T. steadi
 Chatham Albatross T. (cauta) eremita
 Salvin's Albatross T. (cauta) salvini
 Grey-headed Albatross T. chrysostoma
 Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross T. chlororhynchos
 Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross T. (chlororhynchos) carteri
 Buller's Albatross T. bulleri
 Sooty albatrosses (Phoebetria)
 Sooty Albatross P. fusca
 Light-mantled Albatross P. palpebrata.

References

Other websites

 HANZAB complete species list  (Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds.)
 BirdLife International Save the Albatross campaign
 The Agreement for the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP)
 Albatross: Don Roberson's family page
 Tracking Ocean Wanderers  The global distribution of albatrosses and petrels: Results from the Global Procellariiform Tracking Workshop, 1–5 September 2003, Gordon's Bay, South Africa. BirdLife International
 Albatross videos  on the Internet Bird Collection
 WWF albatross species profile

 Chris Jordan's Midway Atoll albatross photographs

Procellariiformes
Seabirds

Albatross


InteGreat Theater, formerly known as Words, Signs & Vibes (WS&V), is a performing arts independent youth theatre which aims towards working with integrating the deaf and hearing communities through drama and sign songs. The youth theatre meets at the Hippodrome Theatre in Birmingham, United Kingdom on Saturday afternoons.

They started as a part of the Leaveners, a Quaker performing arts group, alongside their other two groups, Quaker Music Making and Quaker Youth Theatre. After gaining popularity at various events, such as the Big Youth Theatre Festival (BYTF) and receiving the Wavemakers Award, the youth theatre split from its parent organisation due to financial issues, becoming and Independent Voluntary Organisation. The group formerly met at the Crescent Theatre before September 2008, when the group moved to the Hippodrome.

Organisation
The theater is led primarily by two drama leaders, Angela Twigg and Jayne Fletcher, who after working as drama leaders while the group was a member of the Leaveners, since moved to save the group from disbanding by forming it into an independent organisation in its own right.

The drama leaders are helped in workshops and projects by volunteer workers and interpreters to aid with communication with sign language.

References

External links
 InteGreat Theater (Facebook)

Theatre companies in Birmingham, West Midlands
Youth theatre companies
Deafness arts organizations
Disability organisations based in the United Kingdom
Disability theatre

InteGreat Theater


Ernst August Friedrich Klingemann (31 August 1777 in Braunschweig – 25 January 1831 in Braunschweig) was a German writer. He is generally agreed to be the author of  the 1804 novel Nachtwachen (Nightwatches) under the pseudonym Bonaventura.

Life
As a young boy, Klingemann developed an interest in the theatre which would last his whole life. After he completed his education at the Collegium Carolinum in Braunschweig, he went to Jena in 1798 to study law and philosophy. There he heard lectures by Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling and August Wilhelm Schlegel and became friends with Clemens Brentano. However, in 1801 he left Jena and returned to Braunschweig, where he became editor of Zeitung für die elegante Welt (Newspaper for the Elegant World).

In 1810 Klingemann married Elise Anschuetz, an actress. In 1818 he became the director of the Braunschweiger Theatre. Under Klingemann the Braunschweiger theatre soon acquired a good reputation. It was here that the first performance of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust (Part 1) was staged, on 19 January 1829. In the same year Klingemann accepted a professorship at his old school, the Collegium Carolinum but only one year later he was once again the director at the theatre.

In 1831 Ernst August Friedrich Klingemann died. He is buried in the Magni cemetery in Braunschweig.

Authorship of Nachtwachen
The authorship of Nachtwachen was disputed for a long time. It has been attributed to, among others, Clemens Brentano, Friedrich Schlegel, Caroline Schelling and Karl Friedrich Gottlob Wetzel. Jean Paul was of the opinion that Friedrich Schelling was the author, having noticed some similarities with his Gianozzo. Scholars today, however, are in general agreement that Bonaventura was Klingemann. The crucial evidence is a handwritten list by Klingemann found among other papers in the university library of Amsterdam by Ruth Haag.

Works
Klingemann wrote many novels and dramas, which are written in the spirit of Romanticism and enjoyed large popularity at that time. Only his most famous, The Nightwatches of Bonaventura, has been recently translated:

 The Nightwatches of Bonaventura. Translated and with a new Introduction by Gerald Gillespie. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014.

Novels
Wildgraf Eckard von der Wölpe (1795)
Die Ruinen im Schwarzwalde (The Ruins in the Black Forest) (1797-1799)
Romano (1800-1801)
Albano, der Lautenspieler (1803)
Die Lazzaroni (1803)
Nachtwachen. Von Bonaventura (1804)

Plays
Die Asseburg. Historisch-romantisches Gemählde (1796/1797)
Die Maske (The Mask) (1797)
Selbstgefühl (1800)
Freimüthigkeiten (1804)
Der Schweizerbund (The Swiss Federation) (1804-1805)
Der Lazzaroni oder Der Bettler von Neapel (The Beggar of Naples) (1806)
Heinrich von Wolfenschießen (1806)
Columbus (1808)
Heinrich der Löwe (Heinrich the Lion) (1808)
Schill oder Das Deklamatorium zu Krähwinkel (1812)
Moses. A dramatic Poem.  (1812)
Faust (1815)
Don Quixote and Sancho Panza. Dramatic Play with Singing. (1815)
Deutsche Treue (German Loyalty) (1816)
Die Grube zur Dorothea (1817)
Das Kreuz im Norden (The Cross in the North) (1818)
Ahasver (1827)
Melpomene (2 Dramas: The Bride of Kynast; Bianca di Sepolcro) (1830)

Bibliography
 Ruth Haag: "Noch einmal. Der Verfasser der 'Nachtwachen von Bonaventura'". 1804. In: Euphorion. Bd. 81 (1987)
 Kenneth Ralston: The captured horizon. Heidegger and the "Nachtwachen von Bonaventura"''. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1994.

References

External links
 Nachtwachen Full text (in German)
 Nachtwachen (PDF)
 Information on the staging of Faust (in German)

1777 births
1831 deaths
Writers from Braunschweig
People from the Duchy of Brunswick
18th-century German novelists
19th-century German novelists
German journalists
German male novelists
German male dramatists and playwrights
18th-century German dramatists and playwrights
19th-century German dramatists and playwrights
German male journalists
19th-century German male writers
18th-century German male writers

Ernst August Friedrich Klingemann


Thomas Little (September 27, 1898 – June 20, 1972) was an American editorial cartoonist. Working for The Nashville Tennessean, he won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1957.

Biography
Little was born in Snatch (now called Peytonsville) in an extremely rural part of Williamson County, Tennessee. His father died when he was two, and his family lived with his grandfather, who taught Little to draw before he could even write. His first job was picking potatoes for 50 cents a day, but the next year he entered the news business at age nine by folding issues of the Williamson County News.

Little studied at the Watkins Institute (1912–15) and the Montgomery Bell Academy (1917–18).  He joined the Tennessean in 1916 and became a police reporter there in 1919. His tenure at the paper was interrupted by service in the US Army (at 5'2", he was rejected by the US Marines for being underweight) and a year (1923–24) as a reporter and cartoonist at the syndicate of the New York Herald Tribune.

Prompted by his mother's illness, he returned to the Tennessean. He became city editor in 1931, but following a dispute with the publisher he left that post in 1937.  He began drawing editorial cartoons for the Tennessean in 1934 and drew exclusively after abandoning editing and reporting in 1937.  He had been tutored by fellow Pulitzer winner Carey Orr before Orr left for the Chicago Tribune in 1917, but a stronger influence was the work of another winner, Dan Fitzpatrick of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. His drawing style resembled Fitzpatrick's and the work of both men was noted for biting content.  For his part, Fitzpatrick disliked the resemblance and considered Little an "imitator".  Little became one of the most influential and republished cartoonists in the US.  His Pulitzer-winner cartoon featured a young boy with crutches and leg braces watching other boys play football, and is captioned "Wonder why my parents didn't give me Salk shots?"

In addition to the Pulitzer, Little won a National Headliner Award in 1948, a Christopher Award in 1953, and a Freedoms Foundation Medal in 1955 and 1956.

Beginning in 1934, Little collaborated with Tom Sims (writer of Popeye) on a single panel comic strip for King Features called Sunflower Street, depicting the lives of rural African-Americans.  Though well-intentioned, the strip was cancelled in 1949 for fear that the strip would be viewed as condescending and draw racially based complaints.

Little married Helen Dahnke of Union City, TN (1900-1938) in 1927; she was an editor for The Nashville Tennessean.

Little retired in 1970.

References

External links
 1957 Pulitzer Prize winners
 Tennessee Newspaper Hall of Fame

1898 births
1972 deaths
People from Williamson County, Tennessee
American editorial cartoonists
Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning winners
Artists from Tennessee

Tom Little (cartoonist)


William Wendt (February 20, 1865, Bentzen, Kingdom of Prussia – December 29, 1946, Laguna Beach) was a German-born American landscape painter. He was called the "Dean of Southern California landscape painters." Associated with the Eucalyptus School, his work is more closely aligned with the Arts and Crafts Movement in California than the French or American Impressionists.

Being the only son of his parents William Wendt and Williamina Ludwig, he underwent an apprenticeship for cabinetmaking in his youth but was left unsatisfied by the experience. He later emigrated by himself to the United States in 1880. From 1894 to 1896, he traveled extensively with his friend, George Gardner Symons. He married the sculptor, Julia Bracken in 1906 and moved to California shortly thereafter.

Wendt was a founding member of the California Art Club, along with his wife Julia, and served as its first president for six years.

Wendt built his studio in Laguna Beach, California. A Laguna street, Wendt Terrace, bears his name.

Early life and education
Wendt's first painting experience was reportedly as a staff painter for a commercial art shop where he was responsible for applying a single pigment to a painting in a production line of many artists.  Working six days per week, he used his one day off to go into the field, surrounded by nature and painting to satisfy his own creative talents.  He was largely self-taught, having only attended two terms of evening classes at the Art Institute of Chicago.

Awards
Sole winner of an award at the first Chicago and vicinity annual exhibition, Chicago Art Institute, 1897
Bronze Medal, Buffalo Exposition, 1901
Cahn Prize, Art Institute of Chicago, 1904
Fine Arts Building Prize of the Chicago Society of Western Artists, 1913
Kirchberger Prize, Chicago Art Institute, 1913
Silver Medal, San Francisco Exposition, 1915
Black Prize, California Art Club, 1916
Ranger Purchase Prize, National Academy of Design, 1926
Yerkes Prize, 1893
Young Fortnightly Club Prize, 1897

Selected paintings

Galleries and public collections
William Wendt Gallery of Art
Bowers Museum, Santa Ana, California
Art Institute of Chicago, Illinois
Laguna Art Museum
Irvine Museum, Irvine, California
Pasadena Art Museum, California
Richmond Art Museum, Indiana
William A. Karges Fine Art

References

Sources
Edan Milton Hughes, Artists in California, 1786–1940, self-published, 1989

John Alan Walker, Documents on the Life & Art of William Wendt, self-published, 1992.
Ruth Lily Westphal, Plein Air Painters of California: The Southland, self-published, 1996

External links

William Wendt Gallery of Art-Many Wendt paintings shown
ArtNet: More works by Wendt.

Archival collections
Guide to the William Wendt Letters to Guy and Lucia Edwards. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.
 William Wendt Oil Paintings at AllPainter.com

1865 births
1946 deaths
19th-century American painters
19th-century American male artists
American male painters
20th-century American painters
American landscape painters
Painters from California
Emigrants from the German Empire to the United States
20th-century American male artists

William Wendt


Lulworth is a racing yacht that was built in Southampton in 1920.

The Big Class

The boat's name comes from Lulworth Castle, which belonged to her second owner, Herbert Weld, whose grandfather was a charter-member of the Royal Yacht Squadron. The Lulworth (1920) was built by the White Brothers' Yard for Richard H. Lee, who wanted a racing boat to compete in the premier yachting league in Europe: the British "Big Class".

Shortages in the supply of premium spruce after World War I meant that Lulworths original lower-mast was made of steel instead of wood. This constraint handicapped Lulworth greatly, leaving her trailing older, more famous Big Class racers like Thomas Benjamin Frederick Davis's Herreshoff-designed schooner Westward (1910), HMY Britannia I (1893) and Sir Thomas J. Lipton's Fife-designed 23mR Shamrock (1908).

Her gaff-rigged sail plan was updated several times to no avail, until America's Cup naval architect Charles Ernest Nicholson redesigned the rig with a wooden lower-mast and adjusted the keel balance. By 1924, Lulworth's flaws were corrected and she became an accomplished racer in all subsequent seasons of the Big Class: from 1920 to 1930, she took part in 258 regattas, taking 59 first places, 47 of which were after 1924.

Obsolescence and revival
The 1930 America's Cup saw the arrival of the innovative J-Class designs that made all gaff-rigged yachts obsolete. Despite The Lulworth's early successes against the J-Class Shamrock V (1930) before the America's Cup, handicapping rules in the Big Class were ended and Lulworth's racing career was over. In 1947 Lulworth was saved from the scrap yard by Richard Lucas and his wife Rene. She was taken to Whites Shipyard for restoration and mud-berthed in the River Hamble where she served as a houseboat.

In 1990 her hull was shipped to Italy in hopes of a refit. In 2001 she was bought by Johan J.M. van den Bruele a Dutch yachtsman who owned a mall shipyard for classic boats in Viareggio. A meticulous renovation was started in 2002 which saved 70% of her furnishings and 80% of her steel frames. The sail plan from 1926 was replicated to recreate Lulworth's rig, which features the world's tallest wooden mast. She was relaunched in 2006. Lulworth immediately re-entered racing competition and subsequently won a Boat International Award for the "Best refit of 2006". Lulworth is the world's largest gaff-rigged cutter.

See also
List of large sailing yachts
Yacht racing
Comparison of large sloops

Citations

References

Iduna, the restoration of a classical Dutch yacht, Andrew Rogers, 2004.

External links

1920s sailing yachts
Sailing yachts built in the United Kingdom

Lulworth (yacht)


Cryotherapy, sometimes known as cold therapy, is the local or general use of low temperatures in medical therapy. Cryotherapy may be used to treat a variety of tissue lesions. The most prominent use of the term refers to the surgical treatment, specifically known as cryosurgery or cryoablation. Cryosurgery is the application of extremely low temperatures to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue and is used most commonly to treat skin conditions.

Cryotherapy is used in an effort to relieve muscle pain, sprains and swelling after soft tissue damage or surgery. For decades, it has been commonly used to accelerate recovery in athletes after exercise. Cryotherapy decreases the temperature of tissue surface to minimize hypoxic cell death, edema accumulation, and muscle spasms, all of which ultimately alleviate discomfort and inflammation. It can be a range of treatments from the application of ice packs or immersion in ice baths (generally known as cold therapy), to the use of cold chambers.

Cryotherapy chamber

There are different types of cryochambers, each with different mechanisms of action and uses. The Partial-Body Cryotherapy (PBC) makes use of nitrogen to decrease the temperature. This cryochamber is an individual, tube-shaped enclosure that covers a person's body with an open-top to keep the head at room temperature.

The second cryochamber is called the whole body cryotherapy (WBC) and makes use of electricity to reduce the temperature inside the chamber. In contrast to the first, the user fully enters the electrically operated chamber.

This is a specific type of low-temperature treatment used to reduce inflammation and painful effects.

Cryotherapy was developed in the 1970s by Japanese rheumatologist Toshima Yamaguchi and introduced to Europe, US and Australia in the 1980s and 1990s. Both cryochambers decrease the skin temperature, but WBC reaches lower temperatures than PBC and might be considered more effective.

Mechanism of action
When the body is vulnerable to extreme cooling, the blood vessels are narrowed and make less blood flow to the areas of swelling. Once outside the cryogenic chamber, the vessels expand, and an increased presence of anti-inflammatory proteins (IL-10) is established in the blood. Cryotherapy chamber involves exposing individuals to freezing dry air (below −100 °C) for 2 to 4 minutes.

Main uses
Proponents say that cryotherapy may reduce pain and inflammation, help with mental disorders, support exercise recovery performance and improves joint function. Cryotherapy chambers belong to the group of equipment associated with sports rehabilitation and wellness.

 Reducing the symptoms of eczema

Cryosurgery

Cryosurgery is the application of extreme cold to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue. The application of ultra-cold liquid causes damage to the treated tissue due to intracellular ice formation. The degree of damage depends upon the minimum temperature achieved and the rate of cooling. Cryosurgery is used to treat a number of diseases and disorders, most especially skin conditions like warts, moles, skin tags and solar keratoses.  Liquid nitrogen is usually used to freeze the tissues at the cellular level. The procedure is used often as it is relatively easy and quick, can be done in the doctors surgery, and is deemed quite low risk. If a cancerous lesion is suspected then excision rather than cryosurgery may be deemed more appropriate. Contraindications to the use of cryosurgery include but are not limited to; using it over a neoplasm, someone with conditions that are worsened by exposure to cold (i.e. Raynaud's, urticaria), and poor circulation or no sensation in the area. There are some precautions to using cryosurgery. They include someone with collagen vascular disease, dark-skinned individuals (due to high risk of hypopigmentation), and impaired sensation at the area being treated.

Ice pack therapy

Ice pack therapy is a treatment of cold temperatures to an injured area of the body. Though the therapy is extensively used, and it is agreed that it alleviates symptoms, testing has produced conflicting results about its efficacy and possibility of producing undesirable results() .

An ice pack is placed over an injured area and is intended to absorb heat of a closed traumatic or Edematous injury by using conduction to transfer thermal energy. The physiologic effects of cold application include immediate vasoconstriction with reflexive vasodilation, decreased local metabolism and enzymatic activity, and decreased oxygen demand. Cold decreases muscle spindle fiber activity and slows nerve conduction velocity; therefore, it is often used to decrease spasticity and muscle guarding. It is commonly used to alleviate the pain of minor injuries, as well as decrease muscle soreness. The use of ice packs in treatment decreases the blood flow most rapidly at the beginning of the cooling period, this occurs as a result of vasoconstriction, the initial reflex sympathetic activity. Although the use of cryotherapy has been shown to aid in muscle recovery, some studies have highlighted that the degree of muscle cooling in humans is not significant enough to produce a considerable effect on muscle recovery. Based on previous research comparing human and animal models, the insufficient degree of cooling is due to larger limb size, more adipose tissue, and a higher muscle diameter in humans.

Ice is not commonly used prior to rehabilitation or performance because of its known adverse effects to performance such as decreased myotatic reflex and force production, as well as a decrease in balance immediately following ice pack therapy for 20 minutes. However, if ice pack therapy is applied for less than 10 minutes, performance can occur without detrimental effects.  If the ice pack is removed at this time, athletes are sent back to training or competition directly with no decrease in performance. Ice has also been shown to possibly slow and impair muscle protein synthesis and repair in recreational athletes. This is especially true for cold water immersion, but equivalent controlled studies have not been done to see if the same effects hold true for ice packs. Regardless, ice has been shown in studies to inhibit the uptake of dietary protein post-muscle conditioning exercise.

Although there are many positive effects of cryotherapy in athletes' short-term recovery, in recent years, there has been much controversy regarding whether cryotherapy is actually beneficial or may be causing the opposite effect. While inflammation that occurs post-injury or from a damaging exercise may be detrimental to secondary tissue, it is beneficial for the structural and functional repair of the damaged tissue. Therefore, some researchers are now recommending that ice not be used so as not to delay the natural healing process following an injury. The original RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation) method was rescinded because the inflammatory response is necessary for the healing process, and this practice may delay healing instead of facilitating it. Animal studies also show that a disrupted inflammatory stage of healing may lead to impaired tissue repair and redundant collagen synthesis.

There is a study that concludes that cryotherapy has a positive impact on the short-term recovery of athletes. Cryotherapy helped manage muscle soreness and facilitate recovery within the first 24 hours following a sport-related activity. Athletes who use cryotherapy within the first 24 hours to alleviate pain recovered at a faster rate than athletes who did not use cryotherapy after their sport-related activity.

Cryotherapy following total knee replacement
Post-surgical management following total knee replacement surgery may include cryotherapy with the goal of helping with pain management and blood loss following surgery. Cryotherapy is applied using ice, cold water, or gel packs, sometimes in  specialized devices that surround the skin and surgical site (but keeps the surgical site clean). Evidence from clinical trials regarding the effectiveness of cryotherapy is weak and because of this, the use of cryotherapy may not be justified. Weak evidence indicates that cryotherapy used postoperatively may be associated with a small decrease in blood loss and pain following the surgery. No clinically significant improvements in range of motion have been reported. There are not many side effects or adverse effects reported with this intervention.

Cold spray anesthetics

In addition to their use in cryosurgery, several types of cold aerosol sprays are used for short-term pain relief. Unlike other cold modalities, it doesn't produce similar physiological effects due to the fact it decreases skin temperature, not muscle temperature. It reflexively inhibits underling muscle by using evaporation to cool the area. Ordinary spray cans containing tetrafluoroethane, dimethyl ether, or similar substances, are used to numb the skin prior to or possibly in place of local anesthetic injections, and prior to other needles, small incisions, sutures, and so on. Other products containing chloroethane are used to ease sports injuries, similar to ice pack therapy. Cold aerosol spray could also be used to relieve trigger points and improve range of motion. After applying the cold spray, one can stretch the muscle and will then have improved mobility and a decrease in pain immediately. However, this is only a short-term effect as the pain relief and improved range of motion can wear off within a minute.

Whole body cryotherapy

An increasing amount of research is done on the effects of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) on exercise, beauty, and health. Research is often inconsistent because the usage of the different types of cryo-chambers, and different treatment periods. However, it becomes increasingly clear that WBC has a positive effect on muscle soreness and decreases the recovery time after exercise. Some older papers show inconsistencies in the effects.

Cryotherapy is also increasingly used as a non-drug treatment against rheumatoid arthritis, stress, anxiety, or chronic pain,  multiple sclerosis and fibromyalgia. Studies for these, and other diseases (Alzheimer's, migraines), are ongoing although more evidence becomes available on the positive effects of Whole Body Cryotherapy. The FDA points out that the effects of Whole Body Cryotherapy lacks evidence and should be researched more.

Cryotherapy treatment involves exposing individuals to extremely cold dry air (below −100 °C) for two to four minutes. Yet, three to four minute exposure to WBC is different from a one to two minute exposure. It is more beneficial to expose for a shorter amount of time to increase therapeutic benefits. Longer durations have negative effects on thermal sensation, tissue oxygenation, and blood volume. Also, the amount of sessions is an important part of the healing process. Just one session will not exhibit significant effects. A minimum of twenty sessions is required. Thirty sessions is recommended for optimal effects though. To achieve the subzero temperatures required for WBC, two methods are typically used: liquid nitrogen and refrigerated cold air. During these exposures, individuals wear minimal clothing, which usually consists of shorts for males, and shorts and a crop top for females. Gloves, a woollen headband covering the ears, and a nose and mouth mask, in addition to dry shoes and socks, are commonly worn to reduce the risk of cold-related injury. The first WBC chamber was built in Japan in the late 1970s, introduced to Europe in the 1980s, and has been used in the US and Australia in the past decade.

Adverse effects

Reviews of whole-body cryotherapy have called for research studies to implement active surveillance of adverse events, which are suspected of being underreported. If the cold temperatures are produced by evaporating liquid nitrogen, there is the risk of inert gas asphyxiation as well as frostbite. However, these risks are irrelevant in the electronically operated chambers.

Contraindications

Contraindications include patients with cardiovascular disease, arterial hypertension, acute infectious diseases, seizures, cold allergy, and some psychiatric disorders.

Partial body

Partial body cryotherapy (PBC) devices also exist. If the cold temperatures are produced by evaporating liquid nitrogen, there is the risk of inert gas asphyxiation as well as frostbite.

See also
 Cryonics
 Cold shock response
 Cold compression therapy
 Freeze spray

References

External links

Alternative medical treatments

Cryotherapy


Krasny Luch () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

Urban localities
Krasny Luch, Pskov Oblast, a work settlement in Bezhanitsky District of Pskov Oblast

Rural localities
Krasny Luch, Amur Oblast, a selo in Innokentyevsky Rural Settlement of Arkharinsky District of Amur Oblast
Krasny Luch, Bryansk Oblast, a settlement in Rozhnovsky Selsoviet of Klintsovsky District of Bryansk Oblast
Krasny Luch, Leningrad Oblast, a logging depot settlement in Kurskoye Settlement Municipal Formation of Volosovsky District of Leningrad Oblast
Krasny Luch, Dankovsky District, Lipetsk Oblast, a settlement in Perekhvalsky Selsoviet of Dankovsky District of Lipetsk Oblast
Krasny Luch, Dolgorukovsky District, Lipetsk Oblast, a village in Menshekolodezsky Selsoviet of Dolgorukovsky District of Lipetsk Oblast
Krasny Luch, Gryazinsky District, Lipetsk Oblast, a settlement in Soshkinsky Selsoviet of Gryazinsky District of Lipetsk Oblast
Krasny Luch, Volovsky District, Lipetsk Oblast, a settlement in Zamaraysky Selsoviet of Volovsky District of Lipetsk Oblast
Krasny Luch, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a settlement in Shudsky Selsoviet of Varnavinsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Krasny Luch, Novgorod Oblast, a village in Slavitinskoye Settlement of Volotovsky District of Novgorod Oblast
Krasny Luch, Oryol Oblast, a settlement in Mokhovskoy Selsoviet of Pokrovsky District of Oryol Oblast
Krasny Luch, Rostov Oblast, a khutor in Krasnoluchskoye Rural Settlement of Oktyabrsky District of Rostov Oblast
Krasny Luch, Ryazan Oblast, a settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of the work settlement of Lesnoy in Shilovsky District of Ryazan Oblast
Krasny Luch, Vladimir Oblast, a village in Petushinsky District of Vladimir Oblast

Krasny Luch


Robert Thomas Freeman (June 13, 1940 – January 23, 2017) was an American rock, soul and R&B singer, songwriter and record producer from San Francisco, best known for his two Top Ten hits, the first in 1958 on Josie Records called "Do You Want to Dance" and the second in 1964 for Autumn Records, "C'mon and Swim".

Biography
Freeman was born in the San Francisco Bay Area and spent much of his youth in San Francisco, California. He attended Mission High School. He started singing in a doo-wop group, the Romancers, in his early teens, and first recorded with them for Dootone Records in 1956.  Their recordings included "House Cat", included on several later rock and roll compilations. However, the group soon fell apart, and Freeman started a new group, the Vocaleers (not to be confused with an earlier group of the same name who recorded "Is It a Dream").

When asked by a local DJ if he had written any songs, he wrote several and recorded them as solo demos.  These included "Do You Want to Dance", which were heard by a visiting record label executive, Mortimer Palitz of Jubilee Records. He signed Freeman to the label and had the original recording overdubbed in New York by session musicians including guitarist Billy Mure. Released on the Jubilee subsidiary label Josie, "Do You Want to Dance" quickly rose to number 5 on the pop chart and number 2 on the R&B chart in early 1958, when Freeman was still only 17. The song was covered later (as "Do You Wanna Dance") by Del Shannon, the Beach Boys, Johnny Rivers, Bette Midler, John Lennon, Cliff Richard, Marc Bolan & T.Rex, the Mamas & The Papas, Bobby Vee and the Ramones.

Freeman appeared on American Bandstand and toured with such musicians as Fats Domino, the Coasters, and Jackie Wilson.  Several of his follow-ups on Josie, including "Betty Lou Got a New Pair of Shoes" and "Need Your Love", a ballad, also made the pop charts.  He left Josie in 1960 and signed with King Records, reaching the charts again with "Shimmy Shimmy".

However, several of Freeman's later recordings for King in the early 1960s went unreleased, for unexplained reasons.  He did not return to the charts again until 1964, after signing for the Autumn label, when he had his second top ten hit with "C'mon and Swim".  The song was co-written by label owner and radio DJ Tom Donahue (credited under his birth name, Thomas Coman) and 20-year-old Sylvester Stewart, later known as Sly Stone, and was produced by Stewart.  Freeman's final hit was "S-W-I-M", later in 1964.

In 1964 Bobby Freeman played nightly at the Condor Club in San Francisco, where Carol Doda performed her topless go-go dancing shows. Mainly supporting himself as a singer in clubs by the late 1960s, Freeman continued to release singles on various small local labels through to the mid-1970s but met with little commercial success. Freeman performed at the Bay Area Music ("Bammy") Awards in later years. In 1970s, he was noticed among UK northern soul fans.

Death
Freeman died of natural causes on January 23, 2017, aged 76.

Discography

Albums
 1958: Do You Wanna Dance (Jubilee)
 1959: Get in the Swim (Josie)
 1960: Lovable Style of Bobby Freeman (King)
 1964: C'mon and Swim (Autumn)

Chart singles

Note: *  Billboard did not publish an R&B chart during this period.

Bibliography
 The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll, Pareles, Jon & Romanowski, Patricia, eds., Summit Books 1983

References

American soul musicians
African-American musicians
1940 births
2017 deaths
Northern soul musicians
People from Alameda County, California
Singers from San Francisco
Josie Records artists
Loma Records artists
King Records artists
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people

Bobby Freeman