Christoph Ernst Luthardt (22 March 1823– 21 September 1902), was a conservative German Lutheran theologian, Biblical commentator and Christian apologist. He was born in Maroldsweisach, Bavaria.

Biography
From 1841 to 1845 he studied theology at Erlangen and Berlin, and in 1854 became an associate professor of dogmatic theology and exegesis at the University of Marburg. In 1856 he became professor ordinarius of systematic theology and New Testament exegesis at Leipzig. On five separate occasions he was dean of the Leipzig theology faculty. In 1865 he was made a counsellor to the State Consistory of the Lutheran Church of Saxony, in 1871 canon of Meissen Cathedral, and in 1887 a privy councillor to the church. In 1868 he founded the Allgemeinen Evangelisch-Lutherischen Konferenz. He died at Leipzig.

A strictly orthodox theologian and a clear writer, Luthardt became widely appreciated as the author of apologetic lectures. These were collected under the title Apologie des Christentums (vol. i., 1864, 14th ed. 1896; vol. ii. 7th ed., 1901; vol. iii. 7th ed., 1898; vol. iv. 2nd ed., 1880), a work of which the first three volumes have been translated into English. In 1868 he founded and edited the Allgemeine Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirchenzeitung, with its supplement, the Theologisches Litteraturblatt, and in 1880 became editor of the Zeitschrift für Kirchliche Wissenschaft und Kirchliches Leben.

Additional published works
 Die Offenbarung des Johannes (1861).
 Das johanneische Evangelium nach seiner Eigenthümlichkeit geschildert und erklärt (1852–1853; 2nd edition in 2 volumes, 1875–1876); Later translated into English and published as "St. John's Gospel described and explained according to its peculiar character" (3 volumes, 1876–78).
 Kompendium der Dogmatik (1865; 9th edition, 1893).
 "The church : its origin, its history, its present position", by Luthardt, Karl Friedrich August Kahnis and Bruno Brückner; translated from the German by Sophia Taylor (1867).
 Gnade und Wahrheit (1874).
 Examen Concilii Tridentini A condensed version of Martin Chemntiz's 4 volume work condensed to a single volume of 287 pages, (1884).
 Lehre von den letzten Dingen : In Abhandlungen Und Schriftauslegungen Dargestellt (1861; 3rd edition 1885).
 Geschichte der christlichen Ethik (2 volumes, 1888–1893) — History of Christian ethics. I. History of Christian ethics before the reformation. (translated from the German by W. Hastie, 1889).
 "An introduction to dogmatic theology : based on Luthardt" by Revere Franklin Weidner (1895).
His autobiography was published with the title Erinnerungen aus vergangenen Tagen (1889; 2nd edition, 1891).

References

Attribution:

External links
 IDREF.fr bibliography

1823 births
1902 deaths
German Lutheran theologians
19th-century German Protestant theologians
Academic staff of Leipzig University
Academic staff of the University of Marburg
People from Haßberge (district)
19th-century German male writers
19th-century German writers
German male non-fiction writers
19th-century Lutherans

Christoph Ernst Luthardt


Eugen Meindl (16 July 1892 – 24 January 1951) was a German paratroop general in the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves.

Life and career
Born in 1892, Eugen Meindl enlisted in the army in 1912 and served during World War I. Meindl served with various artillery units in the Reichswehr, the post-war armed forces of the Weimar Republic, and subsequently in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany. In November 1938, Meindl was named commander of the 112th Mountain Artillery Regiment in Graz. Promoted to Oberst, he led the "Meindl Group" and made his very first parachute jump at Narvik. He transferred to the Luftwaffe in November 1940.

During the airborne invasion of Crete, Meindl jumped near the Platanias Bridge, where he was shot in the chest and seriously wounded. In February 1942, Meindl, now a Generalmajor, became commander of the newly formed Luftwaffe Division 'Meindl' in the Soviet Union. In September he took over the 13th Air Corps (later I Luftwaffe Field Corps).

In 1943, he was promoted to commanding general of the 2nd Parachute Corps, which he led in the west on the invasion front and later at Cleves and in the Klever Reichswald. His unit participated in the Battle of Nijmegen during Operation Market Garden (September 1944), but was halted on the Groesbeek Heights by dug-in American paratroopers, and thus unable to stop the Allies from taking the city and the strategically important bridges across the river Waal. Meindl's corps fought at Goch and in the Wesel bridgehead, where he was made commander on 5 March 1945. Meindl immediately advised High Command that the bridgehead ought to be evacuated but was unable to secure Hitler's agreement to this until the evening of 9 March. In the intervening four days Meindl had already organized the evacuation of the bridgehead and was therefore able to bring away the remains of seven divisions and two panzer units with most of their equipment; in his words, "all that would float came back again". Meindl continued to command the 2nd Parachute Corps until its eventual surrender at Grossbrekendorf near Schleswig in early May. He died in 1951.

Awards
 Iron Cross (1914) 1st Class (17 January 1916) and 2nd Class (18 July 1915)
 Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 1st Class (10 June 1940) and 2nd Class (22 October 1939)
 Narvik Shield (10 November 1940)
 Wound Badge (1939) in Black (25 October 1941)
 Eastern Front Medal (9 August 1942)
 German Cross in Gold on 27 July 1942 as Generalmajor in the Luftwaffen-Division "Meindl"
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
 Knight's Cross on 14 June 1941 as Generalmajor and commander Fallschirmjäger-Sturm-Regiment
 564th Oak Leaves on 31 August 1944 as General der Fallschirmtruppe and commanding general of the II. Fallschirmkorps

Nomination for Swords to Knight's Cross
In April 1945, Meindl was nominated for Swords to the Knight's Cross; the nomination by the troop was approved by each of his commanding officers. However, the nomination contains no final remark on the proceedings.  Nicolaus von Below, Hitler's Luftwaffe adjutant, had sent a teleprinter message to the commanding general of the Fallschirmarmee Generaloberst Kurt Student, requesting a statement for this nomination. The copy of the teleprinter contains a note: resubmission "23 April 1945". It seems that the statement was never returned. The paperwork was not finalized by the end of the war. The Association of Knight's Cross Recipients (AKCR) claims that the award was presented in accordance with the Dönitz-decree. According to the Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt), this process lacks legal justification. Fellgiebel assigned the presentation date.

Meindl is mentioned on a list of the  for "Nominations and Bestowal of War Awards" from May 1945. This list, which was intended to be presented to Karl Dönitz, contained twelve names of pending nominations which had been submitted via the chain of command. Dönitz never signed the paper. The responsible personnel offices awarded or declined eight nominations from this list by the end of the war, two remained unprocessed by the  ('HPA—Army Personnel Office') and  ('LPA — Luftwaffe Personnel Office') and two further were left ready for signing at the  ('OKW/WFSt—leadership staff of the Army High Command').

References

Sources

   — via Sturmpanzer.com's FMS index

1892 births
1951 deaths
People from Donaueschingen
People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
German Army personnel of World War I
Generals of Parachute Troops
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
Military personnel from Baden-Württemberg

Eugen Meindl


Ian Scheckter (born 22 August 1947 in East London, South Africa, and educated at Selborne College) is a former racing driver. He participated in 20 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 30 March 1974.  He scored no championship points.

Biography
The elder brother of 1979 Formula One champion Jody Scheckter and uncle of IRL racer Tomas Scheckter, his first F1 races were in the South African Grand Prix, first driving a Lotus 72 for locals Team Gunston in 1974. The following year and also in 1976, he drove a Tyrrell 007 for Lexington Racing, either side of a couple of European outings for Williams.

In domestic racing Scheckter came close to ending the run of Dave Charlton of titles in the South African National Drivers Championship in 1975, but in his two spells as a full-time competitor dominated the championship winning 49 races and equalling John Love and Charlton's tally of 6 championships.

Securing enough funds for a full season with the March works F1 team in 1977, he turned in some poor performances, aided in great part by the fact that, in some races, Team March had up to five drivers signed; lacking resources to provide adequately for them all. This situation spelled the end of his F1 career.  Scheckter's final grand prix would have been the 1977 Japanese Grand Prix but he was detained and then expelled from Japan due to only having a tourist visa in his South African passport and Japanese objections to the South African apartheid regime.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

See also
List of select Jewish racing drivers

References

1947 births
Living people
Alumni of Selborne College
Hesketh Formula One drivers
March Formula One drivers
South African Formula One drivers
South African Jews
South African people of British-Jewish descent
South African racing drivers
Team Gunston Formula One drivers
Williams Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from East London, South Africa

Ian Scheckter


Kentish ragstone is a hard grey limestone in Kent, England, drawn from the geological sequence known as the Hythe Beds of the Lower Greensand. For millennia it has been quarried for use both locally and further afield.

Geology
Ragstone occurs in a geological formation known in the Hythe Beds of the Lower Greensand, a layer of limestones running from Kent into Surrey which was laid down in the Cretaceous period. It outcrops in various places, notably at the cliffs of Hythe, Kent (whence it gets its name) and along the Greensand Ridge above the Weald of Kent. Ragstone occurs in bands between 15 cm and 60 cm thick, alternating with bands of a loose material called hassock. These bands are of similar thickness and the difference in colour between them gives quarry faces a striped appearance. When the stone is extracted from the quarry, it appears to be of a grey green or blue grey colour but later weathers to an autumnal hue which, together with its hard-wearing properties, traditionally made it an attractive material for public building works.

History
With hard rock for building being in short supply in south-east England, it was inevitable that the only significant source of hard limestone – Kentish ragstone – would be used in building from an early period.  Since Roman times, ragstone has been used in roughly squared blocks for building walls.  The stone was almost certainly quarried at the Tovil quarry near Maidstone, and then transported by boat along the River Medway to London. A Roman ship discovered at Blackfriars had a cargo of Kentish ragstone, probably from Maidstone, on board. Examples of Roman uses include the Roman walled cemetery at Boughton and the old Roman wall near Tower Hill underground station. It is possible that ragstone quarrying contributed to the rise of a small town in the Maidstone area in Roman times. Two  villas in the locality had links with the quarrying and a settlement could have grown up for those working in the quarrying and shipping industries, as well as for those engaged in providing services to them.

 From 1066, the Normans constructed a large number of public buildings using ragstone, such as Westminster Abbey and the Tower of London, castles such as Rochester and Leeds, and churches such as All Saints and the Holy Cross churches in Maidstone.  Other examples in Kent include the keep at Dover Castle, Westgate in Canterbury, Knole House, Ightham Mote, the Archbishop's Palace, Maidstone and Maidstone Prison.  The building of Westminster Abbey in the 1240s required large quantities of ragstone with the result that local supplies were commandeered for that purpose: a royal command decreed that "no Kentish ragstone shall be carted to London for any other purpose until the Abbey is built". Another use for ragstone was to make cannonballs: in 1419 King Henry V ordered 7000 of these from Maidstone quarries. Most of Kent's medieval parish churches were built of ragstone and although in Tudor times stone buildings went out of fashion in favour of brick, the demand for Gothic-style buildings in Victorian times led to many churches in south-east East England being built of ragstone. Ragstone was – and still is - also used in roads, and modern quarrying methods allow a wide range of products to be supplied today.
Ragstone acquired its name from the quarrymen who so named it because it would break along ragged edges. Because the rock is bedded between layers of hassock, the phrase 'rag and hassock' arose. In 1834 a fossil Iguanodon from a ragstone quarry (Bensted's Quarry, later renamed Iguanodon Quarry) was recorded by the famous palaeontologist Gideon Mantell.
By the 1940s over a dozen Kentish quarries were producing ragstone for roads and for buildings.

Modern uses of Kentish ragstone

Only two ragstone quarries are operational in Kent, Hermitage Quarry in Barming and Blaise Farm near King's Hill. Hermitage Quarry continues to meet the traditional demand for building stone for use in modern buildings. Modern demand is busy and diverse, however, with about 60 different products being required for use in the ready mix concrete, road building and engineering industries. Block stone is used for the construction of walls and repairs to historical buildings. Larger stone is used for the construction of seawalls and barriers against coastal erosion.

Ragstone is important for repairing historic buildings to ensure that the repairs blend in with the original building. The Hermitage Quarry is the only supplier of Kentish Ragstone building stone in Kent. Blaise Farm is excavated mainly for aggregate, and is not regarded as being a realistic source of building stone. If ragstone cannot be obtained locally, historic buildings such as Rochester Castle, the Archbishop's Palace in Maidstone or the city walls at Canterbury will have to be repaired with stone imported from abroad or elsewhere in the UK, making it difficult to blend in repairs with a traditional Kentish ragstone appearance.

Mines and quarries

Allington Quarry

Allington Quarry is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) as the result of interesting geological features uncovered as a result of quarrying.  Once sand and ragstone quarrying had ceased, the quarry became the site of the Allington Quarry Waste Management Facility.

Allington was an attractive site for ragstone quarrying on account of its geology and close proximity to the River Medway which allowed quarried stone to be easily transported by boat to London. There is evidence of quarrying in the area since 1174 with the construction of Allington Castle in 1174 and the Allington quarry had certainly existed since the 1790s.  In the region of 20 million tonnes of stone were extracted from the quarry for use in local buildings, roads and railways, most recently to build the Channel Tunnel Rail Link. .

In 2001 owners Hanson Aggregates decided to close the site and relocate to the quarry at Blaise Farm, near Offham, which was estimated to have reserves of 35 million tonnes. Among the last pieces of stone extracted from the quarry were some given to Langley Park School for Boys in Beckenham, Kent, for the construction of stone seating circles at the school.

Bensted's (or Iguanodon) Quarry (TQ 747558)
In the nineteenth century, this quarry was an important source of ragstone but the site is most famous for Gideon Mantell's discovery of the fossilised bones of an Iguanodon in 1834. Explosives were regularly used to uncover fresh sources of ragstone but, on this occasion, bones were exposed and preserved by the quarry owner, William Bensted.

The quarry closed in 1872 and the quarry faces are no longer visible, having been built over in the 1970s. The Iguanodon is today depicted in Maidstone's Coat-of-Arms.

Blaise Farm Quarry (TQ 662562)

Following the departure of Hanson from Allington, the Blaise Farm Quarry opened in 2001. Hanson withdrew in 2005 and the quarry was taken over by Gallagher Aggregates Limited. Although the site is 116 hectares with permission for quarrying 57 million tonnes of ragstone over 62 years, the quality of the ragstone is considered to be of a lesser quality than that found in Gallagher's Hermitage Quarry and is only used to meet low-level demand for low grade aggregate.
As part of a requirement to restore areas after extraction, the quarry is infilled with hassock. Part of the site comprises a composting facility of about 6.74 hectares on the floor of the disused quarry.

Borough Green Quarry
 Both sand and ragstone were extracted from this quarry, with some material being used to build Aylesford station in 1856. The railway ran to the quarry where horse-drawn carts delivered rocks to wagons.
Quarrying began at Basted Quarry, moved north through Isles Quarry East, crossed Thong Lan and travelled south as Isles Quarry West, landfilled in the 50s with mixed waste. Quarrying continued south across Mill Lane to become Stangate Quarry.
Once the ragstone had been exhausted, the quarry—then known as the ARC (Amalgamated Roadstone Corporation) Stangate Landfill Site—became a landfill site for London waste.

Boughton Monchelsea Quarries
Boughton Monchelsea was an agricultural settlement with several ragstone quarries which had been worked since Roman times, making use of the river Medway to keep London supplied with building stone. Maidstone architect, John Whichcord, regarded them as "the best ragstone quarries in Kent". By the 1720s farming had come to predominate in the area as hops, fruit and corn were grown for sale locally and in London. Although the decline of quarrying in the area can be traced to this time, with larger quarries opening elsewhere, the extraction of ragstone from these quarries continued until the 1930s.

The area is also remembered for the so-called "Battle of Boughton Quarry". In October 1830, following crop failures and political unrest, a mob of 500-600 men gathered in the quarries with the intention of marching on Maidstone. They were met by a small military force led by five magistrates and the mayor of Maidstone. The magistrates demanded their dispersal and the ringleaders were seized. When the cavalry appeared, the crowd quickly disappeared. Disturbances continued for the next two years with sporadic incidents of arson and machine breaking.

Ditton Court Quarry
Many ragstone quarries have been abandoned and backfilled once exhausted. When Ditton Quarry closed down in 1984, quarrying operations had left behind a legacy of a lime-rich soil which formed the foundation of a thriving habitat for plants and wildlife; 140 wild flowers (including five that are rare in Kent), 18 butterfly species, and 50 bird species have been recorded. It is also home to foxes, rabbits, frogs, toads and newts. The quarry is now a Site of Nature Conservation Importance (SNCI). Public access is free.

The quarry is also a prime location for geological research and provides opportunities for field studies in a variety of disciplines: sedimentology, stratigraphy, palaeontology, geography, and industrial archaeology. Several features make this a unique location for the study of rock formations. Visitors can examine the extensively exposed rock faces, primarily Kentish Ragstone and Hassock facies, and study changes in vertical and lateral facies. The facies are glauconitic with some horizons of silicification. Shell debris (ammonites, belemnites, nautiloids, bivalves, etc.) and bioturbation are also present. The quarry could be important for future research via gamma ray profiling of the rock beds in relation to changes in sea level and climate.

Hay's Depot Yard (TQ 726574)
This disused quarry is now the site of the Quarry Wood shopping centre and industrial estate in Aylesford. An old quarry face on the eastern side of the estate is visible and shows the characteristic alternate layers of ragstone and Hassock. It is an important geological site because it allows for lateral variation in the rag and hassock facies to be studied.

Hermitage Quarry, Barming & Ditton
Quarrying for ragstone is still an important local industry. Gallagher Aggregates Limited operate the Hermitage Quarry, which is situated  to the south of Ditton village. About 50 employees work in the quarry and another 60 on subsidiary functions. In 2011, it was estimated that at current production levels there was only enough ragstone left in the quarry for another four years' quarrying, with the result that new sources of production were sought. Ragstone in an important material the construction industry for roads and buildings.

In 2011 Gallagher Aggregates applied to extend the Hermitage Quarry into Oaken Wood in the parish of Ditton. The planning committee of Kent County Council granted permission for quarrying in part of the woodland. The decision was confirmed on appeal to the Secretary of State. Planning committee chairman Richard King said that "local residents and environmental groups have argued that the loss of irreplaceable ancient woodland and impact on the local wildlife site is unacceptable. On balance, however, members felt the job prospects and the economic need for ragstone to support construction in the county in future, and benefits of the project, outweighed these objections."

Hosey Common, Westerham (TQ 454532)
The barred entrance to the disused mines can be found in woods in a shallow valley near the village. Dating from the 17th century, they produced stone for buildings such as Westerham Church. At least four different faces were worked although evidence of other workings is concealed by roof falls. The stone was transported on sledges with a gauge of 14.5ins. Parts of the mine have been backfilled because, it is believed, at times when the price of stone dropped only the best quality stone was excavated, with the poor quality material being stacked in the mine for convenience.

Laker House Quarry face, Canning Street, Maidstone (TQ 761569)
This is one of two ragstone outcrops that can be found in  Maidstone town, and is valuable as an educational site for the earth sciences.  At five to seven metres high the vertical face reveals alternating layers of well-cemented, glauconitic shelly limestone (ragstone) and softer weathering, glauconitic calcareous sand (hassock).  Silicification and bioturbation are apparent.

Loose Quarry, Quarry Wood (TQ 763518)
Work at the quarry ceased in the 1940s and the site is currently owned by Loose Scouts Group.  Ragstone from the quarry was used for local buildings and also in the construction of the Loose Viaduct in 1830 by Thomas Telford. The quarry is within the 'Boughton Group' of the ragstone. Although abandoned, there is still some evidence of quarry working, such as a central over-burden roadway, overburden and spoil dumps. The rock face is a good example of ragstone and hassock layering together with others less common features resulting from cambering towards Loose Valley, such as jointing, faulting and gulls.

Offham Quarry

This quarry originated as a source of supply of aggregate to the road-building and construction industries, and has been used as a landfill site since the early 1980s. It is located  south-west of the village and access is gained along the Teston Road. Like Borough Green (Stangate) Quarry, this site was once operated by ARC with trucks bringing domestic, commercial, industrial and inert waste from London to infill the excavated quarry floor.

West Farleigh Quarry (TQ 721520)
This disused and partly overgrown quarry is in 26 hectares of ancient mixed woodland located near West Farleigh.  It provides an important site for the study of cambering (slope movement).  Ragstone and hassock layers are well exposed, and the rocks are the same as those in which the fossil remains of an Iguanodon fossil were discovered at Bensted's Quarry, Maidstone. Today it is part of a Nature Reserve.

See also
 List of types of limestone

References

External links

Building stone
Geology of Kent

Kentish ragstone


Theodorus Stephanus Gerardus Johannes Marie (Steef) van Schaik (8 December 1888, in Druten – 10 September 1968, in Arnhem) was a Dutch politician.

Van Schaik was a Roman Catholic entrepreneur and government minister. He made a career at the Algemene Kunstzijde Unie in Arnhem. As a technocrat he became minister of Traffic and Energy in the cabinet-Schermerhorn/Drees. Upon him fell the difficult task to repair the heavily destroyed infrastructure as well as the detrimental fuel supply of The Netherlands just after World War II. After 1948 he became chief executive of the Algemene Kunstzijde Unie.

Steef was a brother of the well-known Dutch politician Josef van Schaik.

References

1888 births
1968 deaths
People from Druten
Dutch Roman Catholics
Roman Catholic State Party politicians
Catholic People's Party politicians
20th-century Dutch politicians
20th-century Dutch businesspeople
Ministers of Transport and Water Management of the Netherlands
Delft University of Technology alumni

Steef van Schaik


Sun Qifeng (1583–1675; 孫奇逢; Sūn Qíféng or Sun Ch'i-feng in Wade Giles) was an official who served the Ming Dynasty. He was a native of Rongcheng County in Zhili Province. He passed the imperial examination for xiucai when only thirteen years of age, and graduated as juren in 1600; but disgusted with the prospects of the Ming dynasty, clouded by the development of eunuch dominion, he devoted himself to a life of study and retirement. Often invited to take office by Emperors both of the Ming and Qing dynasties, he ever steadfastly declined; though in 1636 he did take part in the successful defence of Roncheng against Li Zicheng. He is one of the most famous masters of Confucian ethics, and his works on the Four Books etc. have been recommended to students by Zhang Zhidong in the 19th century. He also wrote on Ceremonial, and published the lives of eleven famous Confucians. He taught in a college near Suzhou during the last twenty-five years of his life, and in 1828 he was admitted into the Confucian Temple.

References

1583 births
1675 deaths
Chinese Confucianists
Philosophers from Hebei
Ming dynasty philosophers
Qing dynasty philosophers
17th-century Chinese philosophers
Writers from Baoding

Sun Qifeng


Sligo is a town in County Sligo, Republic of Ireland. It is not the largest town in the country but is the second largest urban area in Connacht after Galway city. It is home to Sligo Rovers F.C. who play in the League of Ireland Premier Division and won the League in 2012. It is also home to the Sligo G.A.A team. Sligo Rugby Club is in Strandhill.  Sligo has a population of around 20,000 and has many tourist attractions. Sligo is at the end of the railway line from Dublin.

Notable people
 Neil Jordan, Irish film director
 Kian Egan, member of the Boy band, Westlife
 Mark Feehily, member of Westlife
 Shane Filan, member of Westlife
 William Butler Yeats, poet
 Constance Markievicz, first woman elected as a Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom

County towns in Ireland
County Sligo

Sligo


State Road 852 (SR 852), locally known as County Line Road and North 215th Street, is a  east–west four lane divided highway straddling the boundary between Broward and Miami-Dade counties in Florida.  The western terminus is an intersection with SR 817 (West 27th Avenue in Miami-Dade County, University Drive in Broward); the eastern terminus is an intersection with U.S. Route 441 (US 441) / SR 7 in Broward County, Northwest 2nd Avenue in Miami-Dade. The state road designation is omitted on many maps, but the street itself is signed by the Florida Department of Transportation.

Route description
State Road 852 begins at SR 817 at the intersection with the eastbound exit from the HEFT to SR 817, with SR 852 heading east as County Line Road as a divided four-lane highway.  The westernmost mile of SR 852 is wedged between the property line of Calder Race Track and an embankment atop which the Turnpike extension is constructed.  At roughly the midpoint of SR 852 are onramps to the mainline Turnpike (SR 91).  East of the Turnpike interchange, County Line Road passes through a residential area and near the eastern terminus, passes by a collection of television and radio transmission towers.  State Road 852 ends at the intersection with US 441/SR 7.

Beyond the eastern terminus of State Road 852, County Line Road become an undivided two lane road as it passes through a suburban residential area until it ends at Dr. Michael M. Krop High School west of Interstate 95.

History
Prior to a change of designation in 1983, the same stretch of County Line Road was signed State Road 872 by FDOT (at the same time SR 852 signs lined a street that later became SR 854, also in 1983), one mile (1.6 km) to the south of County Line Road.

Major intersections

References

External links

852
852
852

Florida State Road 852


Willingway Hospital, located in Statesboro, Georgia, is a privately owned hospital which specializes in treating alcoholism and drug addiction.  The treatment modality at Willingway Hospital is based on the principles of the twelve-step program, Alcoholics Anonymous.  It is referred to by many as "The Betty Ford Center of the South."

Programs
Willingway offers the following levels of care:
 Detoxification – A patient is medically detoxed from all mood-changing chemicals in a unit similar to that of an intensive care unit at a general hospital.  Willingway is equipped to successfully detox patients from notoriously difficult chemicals like Methadone, Oxycontin, Valium, and Xanax.
 Inpatient/Residential – After completing detox, patients are then moved to the second phase of treatment where they are given an individual counselor and begin to identify problems they may encounter on the path to long-term recovery as well as the solutions that accompany them.  They learn to incorporate the principles of the AA program into all areas of their lives.
 Day Treatment/Partial Hospitalization – This modified version of the inpatient program is offered to those who do not necessarily require monitoring 24 hours a day but need more structure than is available to them in the outpatient program.
 Family Program – During the last five days of a patient's stay at Willingway, family members of the patient are encouraged to participate in the program with their loved one so they can learn more about the disease of alcoholism and drug addiction. Family therapy and special groups are an essential part of this experience.
 Intensive Outpatient – This level of care allows for the patient to live at home while receiving treatment.  Patients go to evening group sessions and meet with a counselor on a weekly basis.  As with the rest of Willingway's programs, the medical staff is actively involved in the treatment process.
 Individual Outpatient Counseling – Patients who no longer require the intensity of outpatient groups may continue to meet with their counselor on a one-on-one basis.
 Extended Treatment – For alcoholics and addicts that need more time to develop the skills required to maintain a lifetime of sobriety, long-term treatment programs are recommended.  The "Women's Residence" and the "Men's Lodge" provide residents with individual and group counseling.  Residents attend AA meetings and begin to apply what they learn into their daily lives.
 Continuing Care – Prior to leaving the care of Willingway Hospital, patients are given aftercare plans designed to help them maintain their recovery.  While each plan is individual, all patients are encouraged to immerse themselves in the program of Alcoholics Anonymous or another twelve-step program in which they obtain a sponsor, go to meetings, and begin to work the twelve steps.
Patients are evaluated and placed in the level of care most appropriate for their needs.  Each patient's program is completely individualized.

Facts and figures
Willingway is licensed as a specialized hospital by the Georgia Department of Human Resources and is accredited by JCAHO.  The average length of stay is 25.62 days.  The number of annual admits totals at 512.  Approximately 33% of all patients are female, and 12% are under the age of 25.

History
Although Willingway was not established until 1971, its story began in 1959 when Dr. John Mooney and his wife Dot, recovering from alcoholism themselves, began taking alcoholics into their home in hopes of showing them a new way of life.  Their hopes were realized, and seemingly hopeless men and women found themselves free from alcoholic bondage as a result of the care given to them by the doctor and his wife.  As word spread about the Mooneys, it became evident that the house on Lee Street simply didn't have enough room for all those seeking treatment.  As a result, they began building Willingway, a 40-bed facility.  Willingway became a licensed hospital on August 11, 1971.  John Mooney stepped down as Director of Willingway in 1982.  However, the couple's four children, Al, Jimmy, Bobby, and Carol Lind still make up the hospital's board of directors.
The oldest son, Al, is co-author of The Recovery Book, known by many as the Bible of addiction medicine. In May, 2016, it was announced that Willingway was being purchased by Summit BHC, a privately owned network of addiction treatment centers.

Community
Many patients that go to Willingway Hospital stay in Statesboro and become active members of their community.  Georgia Southern University, also located in Statesboro, GA, and the Willingway Foundation (Willingway's nonprofit organization) teamed up in an effort to create the Center for Addiction Recovery on Georgia Southern University's campus.  The center provides all recovering alcoholics and drug addicts with the opportunity to maximize their college experience while minimizing their risk of relapse.  The Center for Addiction Recovery is modeled after a federally funded program currently in place at Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas.  The center offers scholarship opportunities, admissions guidance, 12-step meetings, and many other resources.

References

External links

Drug and alcohol rehabilitation centers
Hospital buildings completed in 1971
Hospitals in Georgia (U.S. state)
Buildings and structures in Bulloch County, Georgia
Addiction organizations in the United States
Mental health organizations in Georgia (U.S. state)
Statesboro, Georgia

Willingway Hospital


Fern House Gravel Pit is a  geological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Fern, near Bourne End in Buckinghamshire. It is also a Geological Conservation Review site.

This site exposes the Pleistocene Taplow Gravel formation, and may help to elucidate a poorly understood period in the history of the River Thames, between glacial Anglian stage, around 450,000 years ago, when the river was diverted south to its present course, and the warm Ipswichian around 120,000 years ago. Fossils found at the site include straight-tusked elephants and mammoths.

The site is on private land with no public access.

References

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Buckinghamshire
Geological Conservation Review sites

Fern House Gravel Pit


Eternal Pyre is an EP by the thrash metal band Slayer. Released June 6, 2006 (06/06/06) through American Recordings, the EP was limited to a pressing of 1,000 (but later 5,000) copies. The album is a pre-release to the later album Christ Illusion, which, like the EP, features the song "Cult". The album was released exclusively through Hot Topic chain stores in the United States and copies were also available in Germany, Finland and Sweden on June 23, 2006. There are three tracks featured on the album, one of which is an audio track and the others are videos. The album was not well received by critics, with few critics actually reviewing the album. The album charted on four different charts, peaking number two in Finland and three in Denmark.

Background
The album Christ Illusion was originally set for release on June 6, 2006. Slayer guitarist Kerry King stated this tentative release date was scrapped as a number of other bands had the same idea and thought it was "fucking lame", although USA Today reported the release date was thwarted because the band had failed to secure sufficient studio recording time. Eternal Pyre was released instead, a preview of their album to be released in the coming months. The EP featured the track "Cult", a live performance of "War Ensemble" in Germany and four minutes footage of the band in the recording studio. Originally, it was thought that the extended play would feature a live version of "Dead Skin Mask" instead of the live version of "War Ensemble". Many news reporters were told that the album would feature the "Live Intrusion" video, described as a clip of one of the band's fans who carved Slayer's name into his forearm." 5,000 copies were released exclusively through Hot Topic chain stores in the United States and copies were also available in Germany, Finland and Sweden on June 23. Nuclear Blast Records released a further 7" vinyl picture disc version limited to one thousand copies on June 30.

Composition
Eternal Pyre features three tracks in total. "Cult" was characterized by Thom Jurek as "scathing rejection of religion as the cause for world conflict." The song revolves around guitarist Kerry King's perception of flaws in American religion and was a comment on America, which he describes as "the biggest cult in the world". Their performance was positively commented on, with Pitch.com saying that "King and Jeff Hanneman riff like they're summoning a storm of thunder, lightning and human blood," and was also noted to be a down-tuned, two-string vamp "that slithers into the foreground creates a tension as Lombardo's cymbals call the band into the riff that opens the tune. It's slow, meaty, unrelenting in its tautness. When Araya's voice comes in, the whole track is off the rails and stays there." "War Ensemble" was filmed live from Germany, and contains four minutes of studio footage. Lyrics were said to "please fans still harboring a grudge from Catholic school."

Reception and release
Critics did not receive Eternal Pyre very well, with few professionals actually reviewing the album. The Pitch criticized the price of the extended play at 5.99, stating in comparison it makes iTunes a bargain. The Pitch's reviewer also said that "Slayer's worst is never far from its best, and this cut's in the middle." The extended play was, however, generally well received by fans, despite having a limited number of copies available. Eternal Pyre debuted at number forty-eight on the Swedish charts, and number two on the Finnish charts. With a limited pressing of 1,000 copies, the EP was exclusively made available in Hot Topic stores starting on June 6, and was later made available in Europe on June 23.

Track listing

Chart positions

Personnel
The album's credits can be verified by Eternal Pyres back cover.

Tom Araya – bass, vocals
Jeff Hanneman – guitar
Kerry King – guitar
Dave Lombardo – drums
Josh Abraham – producer on track No. 1
Matthias Mirke – producer on track No. 2
John Sherwood – producer on track No. 2
Kevin Estrada – director on track No. 3
John Ewing Jr. – engineer on track No. 1
Ryan Williams – mixing engineer on track No. 1
Frank Machel – editor on track No. 2
Mare Schettler – mixer on track No. 2

References

2006 EPs
Slayer EPs
American Recordings (record label) EPs
Thrash metal EPs

Eternal Pyre


Malyy is a damaged lunar impact crater that lies on the far side of the Moon, behind the eastern limb as seen from the Earth. It is located to the south-southeast of the crater Artamonov. Slightly farther to the east-northeast lies Deutsch. The quadrant of terrain to the southwest of Malyy forms a nearly level plain marked by small craters and buried features.

Several small craterlets overlap parts of the rim of Malyy, and the edge is generally eroded and uneven. The satellite crater Malyy G just to the east is much better defined, with a crisp, sharp edge, and is most likely a younger crater.

The crater is named after Aleksandr L. Malyy (Maly), Soviet rocket scientist who was one of three lead engineers and project managers overlooking the launch of Yuri Gagarin into orbit around the Earth on 1961 April 12. Malyy, a physicist and mathematician, was responsible for supervising the development of the rocket engine. He was born March 7, 1907, and died August 11, 1962.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Malyy.

References

Impact craters on the Moon

Malyy (crater)


The Piper Downs are a four-piece alternative rock band from Los Angeles, California.

Band history
The band met while students at Virginia Commonwealth University, and then moved to Los Angeles. Bobby Bognar was the frontman for the Richmond, Virginia band Hanover Fiske. Upon the breakup of Hanover Fiske, Bognar decided to move to Los Angeles to pursue a solo music career. In 1994, Bognar returned home for the holidays and spent time with Knutson and Yell, who were the guitarists of Richmond band The Distractions. Excited by the musical chemistry, the two Distractions moved to Los Angeles with Bognar to form Bobby Bognar and the Distractions. After releasing 1995's First Time and 1997's Heed, the band changed their name to The Piper Downs (a reference from the movie So I Married an Axe Murderer).

Music career
In 1999, the band released the Rock Juice EP, which showcased, among other things, the magnificent and swirling bass solos for which Yell has become known.

2002, saw the release of their most recent album, Varying Degrees of Failure and Tunelessness, which introduced their most popular song to date, "Louder", and three music videos.

The band has a guitar as part of the Hard Rock Cafe permanent memorabilia collection, have twice been named the "Best Unsigned Band in Los Angeles," appeared on radio, movies, and television shows, headlined the local stage at the Vans Warped Tour, and opened for Sammy Hagar in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. The Downs were named the "Best New Band in America" by the Global Battle of the Bands GBOB, and came in fourth in the world competition held in London, England.

The Piper Downs have toured all across the US, in England, Mexico, and Australia.

Their single "Louder" is featured on the Zoey 101 soundtrack, Zoey 101: Music Mix, released by Sony Records.

References

External links

Rock music groups from California
Musical groups from Los Angeles

The Piper Downs


Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh (;  – 24 June 1978) was a Soviet mathematician who worked as an engineer in the Soviet space program.

He was the academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (1946), President of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (1961–1975), three-time Hero of Socialist Labour (1956, 1961, 1971), and fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1968). He was one of the key figures behind the Soviet space program. Among scientific circles of the USSR Keldysh was known by the epithet "the Chief Theoretician" in analogy with epithet "the Chief Designer" used for Sergei Korolev.

Family

Keldysh was born to a professional family of Russian nobility. His grandfather, Mikhail Fomich Keldysh (1839–1920), was a military physician, who retired with the military rank of General. Keldysh's grandmother, Natalia Keldysh (née Brusilova), was a cousin of general Aleksei Brusilov. Keldysh's maternal grandfather, Alexander Nikolayevich Skvortsov, was a General of Infantry, and fought in the Caucasian War.

Keldysh's father, Vsevolod Mikhailovich Keldysh (1878–1965), was a civil engineer, Major General of the Engineering Service, and a full professor, teaching at the Kuybyshev Military Engineering Academy from 1918. He became a Distinguished Engineering Scientist of the Soviet Union (Заслуженный деятель науки и техники СССР) in 1944. He was one of the authors of contemporary methods for calculating the strength of reinforced concrete, and a designer of the Moscow Canal and Moscow Metro projects.

Several members of the Keldysh family were victims of political repressions. In the 1930s Keldysh's uncle was sent to a labor camp on the White Sea–Baltic Canal construction site. In 1935 Keldysh's mother was arrested but was released after a few weeks. It was a part of the campaign of collecting gold from the population, but after Keldysh's father brought all the jewelry the family had, the unsatisfied NKVD officer returned "all this garbage" back. Keldysh's brother Mikhail, a historian who specialized in Medieval Germany, was arrested in 1936 and executed in 1937 on suspicion of being a German spy. In 1938 another of Keldysh's brothers, Alexander, was arrested as a French spy. Alexander was spared because of the slight liberalization of the repressions during the transfer of the NKVD leadership from Nikolai Yezhov to Lavrentiy Beria, and was acquitted in the court.

The strongest influence on Keldysh was his older sister, Lyudmila Keldysh (1904–1976), a mathematician and Keldysh's first teacher. Among her children are Leonid Keldysh, director of Lebedev Physical Institute and Sergei Novikov, a mathematician.

Biography

Keldysh was born in 1911 in Riga. When he was four the family evacuated to Moscow during the First World War. In the first years of the Soviet Union he was refused entrance to an Institute of Civil Engineers because of his attachment to a noble family. Later, he managed to enter and graduate from the Physics and Mathematics department of the Moscow State University. He obtained employment at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI) under Mikhail Lavrentyev and Sergey Chaplygin.

Working at TsAGI he explained the auto-oscillation effects of flutter (in-flight auto-induced oscillations and structural deformations), and shimmy (auto-oscillation in the nose-wheel of aircraft undercarriages while on the ground). The effects were responsible for many aircraft catastrophes at the time.

In 1937 Keldysh became Doctor of Science with his dissertation entitled Complex Variable and Harmonic Functions Representation by Polynomial Series, and was appointed a Professor of Moscow State University. In 1943 he became a Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. He got his first Stalin Prize in 1946 for his works on aircraft auto-oscillations. In 1943 he also became a full member of the Academy and the Director of NII-1 (Research Institute number 1) of the Department of the Aviation Industry. He also headed the Department of Applied Mechanics of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics. In 1966 this department became an independent organization as the Institute of Applied Mathematics. After his death in 1978 it is named after him to become the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics .

During the 1940s Keldysh became the leader of a group of applied mathematicians involved in almost all large scientific projects of the Soviet Union. Keldysh created the Calculation Bureau that carried most of the mathematical problems related to the development of nuclear weapons. The bureau is also credited with design of the first Soviet computers. In 1947 he became a member of the Communist Party.

Keldysh's main efforts were devoted to jet propulsion and rockets including supersonic gas dynamics, heat and mass exchange, and heat shielding. 1959 saw successful testing of the Soviet first cruise missile Burya.

In 1954 Keldysh, Sergei Korolev and Mikhail Tikhonravov submitted a letter to the Soviet Government proposing development of an artificial satellite to orbit the Earth. The letter was rejected, and the group filed exaggerated Soviet newspaper articles which influenced American authorities to start satellite programs. This in turn began the effort that culminated in the world's first satellite, Sputnik 1 in October 1957, which marked the beginning of mankind's Space Age. In 1955 Keldysh was appointed chairman of the Satellite Committee at the Academy of Science. In recognition of his contribution to the problems of defense Keldysh was awarded the Hero of Socialist Labour (1956) and the Lenin Prize (1957). In 1961 he received a second Hеrо of Socialist Labour award for his contribution to Yuri Gagarin's flight into space, the first person to orbit the Earth.

In 1961 Keldysh was elected President of the Academy of Sciences and kept this position for 14 years. Concomitantly, he became a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. His last scientific works were devoted to creation of the Shuttle Buran. In 1962 he was elected a member of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.

Keldysh was 67 when he suddenly died on June 24, 1978. He was honoured with a state funeral and his ashes were buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis on Red Square.

Awards and honors

Keldysh was a member of many foreign academies of sciences, including the Mongolian Academy of Sciences (1961), Polish Academy of Sciences (1962), Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (1962), and Romanian Academy of Sciences (1965). He was also an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1966), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (1966), Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1970), and Royal Society of Edinburgh (1968), foreign corresponding member of the German Academy of Sciences (1966), and Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig (1966).

Keldysh was awarded the Stalin Prize (1942, 1946), Lenin Prize (1957), six Orders of Lenin, three other orders, numerous medals and four foreign orders.

The crater Keldysh on the Moon, and the research vessel Akademik Mstislav Keldysh are named after him. A minor planet, 2186 Keldysh discovered in 1973 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh, is named in his honor.

A street (Akadēmiķa Mstislava Keldiša iela) was named after Keldysh in the district of Pļavnieki in his native Riga, Latvia. On 15 December 2022, the street was renamed Brāļu Kaudzīšu Street.

See also
Keldysh bomber

References

External links

 Keldysh Institute for Applied Mathematics
M. V. Keldysh memorial page (at Keldysh Institute site)
 Biography of Keldysh
 Keldysh's family
 Keldysh and Viktor Glushkov
 A.I. Ostashev, Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov - The Genius of the 20th Century — 2010 M. of Public Educational Institution of Higher Professional Training MGUL .
 "Bank of the Universe" - edited by Boltenko A. C., Kyiv, 2014., publishing house "Phoenix",
 Mstislav Keldysh //Family history
 S. P. Korolev. Encyclopedia of life and creativity - edited by C. A. Lopota, RSC Energia. S. P. Korolev, 2014
 NASA segments

1911 births
1978 deaths
Scientists from Riga
Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute employees
Members of the Central Committee of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Corresponding members of the Romanian Academy
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Foreign Members of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
Academic staff of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Moscow State University alumni
Presidents of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Presidents of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Sixth convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Seventh convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Eighth convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Ninth convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Recipients of the Lenin Prize
Recipients of the Lomonosov Gold Medal
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Early spaceflight scientists
Male non-fiction writers
Soviet inventors
Soviet mathematicians
Soviet male writers
Soviet non-fiction writers
Soviet space program personnel
Soviet spaceflight pioneers
Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis
Russian scientists

Mstislav Keldysh


Reinhard I, Lord of Hanau ( – 20 September 1281; first mentioned in 1243) is the ancestor of the House of Hanau.

Background
With Reinhard I the closed genealogy of the Lords and Counts of Hanau begins. He belongs to a family that was initially named after their ancestral Dorfelden Castle. They were first mentioned in a document in 1166/1168. From 1191, the family styled itself "Lords of Hanau". Their relationship, if any, with the earlier Lords of Buchen or the Lords of Dorfelden who ruled in the Hanau area before 1166, is not entirely clear.

Life
Reinhard I was probably the son of Reinhard II of Dorfelden. Around 1243, he succeeded his uncle Henry II of Dorfelden as Lord, and reunited the possessions of his family in a single hand.

In 1260 Reinhard I accompanied his cousin Werner of Eppstein to Rome ("defying great hardships and dangers"), where Werner was consecrated as Prince-Archbishop of Mainz. As a reward, he received the post of Burgmann of Aschaffenburg, which was a completed fief after the death of Cornrad of Dornburg.

He actively participated in the politics of the noble houses surrounding him. In 1260, he was involved in a feud in the Spessart area. In 1265, a Public Peace was concluded by Reinhard I, the House of Hesse and other nobles in the Wetterau area. In a dispute between the Archbishopric of Mainz and the counts of Rieneck about power in the western Spessart, he stood on the side of the archbishop. This conflict lasted until 1271 and was finally won by Werner of Eppstein, who was still archbishop of Mainz. As part of the settlement, Elisabeth, the daughter of Count Louis III of Rienck, married below her station, to Reinhard I's son Ulrich I, bringing a rich dowry, which included the town of Steinau an der Straße. The Lords of Hanau, proud of gaining in status, created a coat of arms resembling the arms of Rieneck.

In 1266, Reinhard I reached an agreement with the city of Frankfurt, in which he and his heirs would receive a very high monetary compensation, if one of their subjects were to become a citizen of Frankfurt. This suggests, he was struggling with large numbers of subjects migrating to Frankfurt.

Reinhard I was from 1275 to 1279 Imperial Landvogt in the Wetterau area, and Burgrave of Friedberg. He was also Burgmann of the Kaiserpfalz Gelnhausen and of Rödelheim.

During his reign, Reinhard I managed to extend his territory. In 1255, his brother-in-law Ulrich II, Lord of Münzenberg died without a male heir. Reinhard's wife, Adelaide inherited a share of 1/6 of the Münzenberg Inheritance. In 1277, he inherited the district of Schwarzenfels from the Rieneck inheritance. He rounded off his territory by exchanging the manors in Benstadt, Stierstadt and Ossenheim with the Mariengreden chapter in Mainz for the forests of Hanau and Bulau.

Death
He died on 20 September 1281 and was buried in Arnsburg Abbey.

Marriage and issue
In 1245, he married Adelaide, a daughter of Ulrich I of Münzenberg. As her dowry, she brought the district of Babenhausen into the marriage. They had four children:
 Ulrich I
 Reinhard, mentioned from 1292 until 1301, most recently as canon of Würzburg
 Adelaide, abbess of Patershausen Abbey
 Isengard, married Gerhard of Weilnau after 1265, died before 1281

References
 Reinhard Dietrich: Die Landesverfassung in dem Hanauischen, in: Hanauer Geschichtsblätter, vol. 34, Hanau 1996,
 Fred Schwind: Die Landvogtei in der Wetterau, thesis, Frankfurt, 1972
 Fred Schwind: Zu den Anfängen der Herrschaft und Stadt Hanau, in: 675 Jahre Altstadt Hanau, Hanau 1978, p. 24 ff
 Reinhard Suchier: Genealogie des Hanauer Grafenhauses, in: Festschrift des Hanauer Geschichtsvereins zu seiner fünfzigjährigen Jubelfeier am 27. August 1894, Hanau, 1894
 Ernst J. Zimmermann: Hanau Stadt und Land 3rd, ed., Hanau, 1919, reprinted: 1978,

Footnotes

Lords of Hanau
Main-Kinzig-Kreis
People from Wetteraukreis
1220s births
1281 deaths
13th-century German nobility

Year of birth uncertain

Reinhard I, Lord of Hanau


Categorization is the fact that people recognize similarities of different things, and put these things into groups, called categories. Categorization is one of the most fundamental cognitive abilities. As such it is studied by psychologists and people interested in behaviour. People form these categories either because of other things they know (pre-existing knowledge), or by comparing them with other similar entities.

While the categories use in science rarely have exceptions, categories in everyday life often do.

As an example: Neither Rheas nor ostriches can fly, yet even children will classify them as birds.

Today, scientists tell us that other animals, such as the great apes, horses or even doves have the ability to form categories.

Science

Categorization


Darwinopterus (meaning "Darwin's wing") is a genus of pterosaur, discovered in China and named after Charles Darwin. It is the first known pterosaur to display features of both long-tailed (rhamphorhynchoid) and short-tailed (pterodactyloid) pterosaurs. Darwinopterus is a transitional fossil between the two groups.

Between 30 and 40 fossil specimens have been found, all collected from the Tiaojishan Formation, which dates to the Middle Jurassic, 160 million years ago (mya). The type species, D. modularis, was described in February 2010.

Two additional species, D. linglongtaensis and D. robustodens, were described from the same fossil beds in December 2010 and June 2011, respectively.

The specimens showed sexual dimorphism: the males had crests on their heads, and narrower hips than the females.

Mosaic features
This genus, and its near relatives, show a combination of 'primitive' (basal) and 'advanced' (derived) pterosaurian features. This is characteristic of transitional fossils ('missing links'), and is called modular evolution or mosaic evolution.

Darwinopterus had long tails and other features of rhamphorhynchoids, they also had distinct pterodactyloid features, such as long vertebrae in the neck and a single skull opening in front of the eyes.

Eggs
The specimen preserved along with an egg gave information on the reproductive strategies of Darwinopterus and pterosaurs in general.

Like the eggs of later pterosaurs and modern reptiles, the eggs of Darwinopterus had a parchment-like, soft shell. In modern birds, the eggshell is hardened with calcium carbonate, completely shielding the embryo from the outside environment. Soft-shelled eggs are permeable to water, and allow significant amounts to be absorbed into the egg during development. Eggs of this type are more vulnerable to the elements and are typically buried in soil.

David Unwin, a co-author of the paper, suggested that Darwinopterus probably laid many small eggs at a time and buried them. Juveniles could fly upon hatching, and required little to no parental care.

These results imply that reproduction in pterosaurs was more like that in modern reptiles and significantly differed from reproduction in birds.

References

Pterosaurs

Darwinopterus


John Howard Kitching (July 16, 1838 – January 10, 1865) often referred to as J. Howard Kitching, was an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He served in the cavalry, artillery and infantry in the Army of the Potomac and Army of the Shenandoah. He received a posthumous promotion to brevet brigadier general after being mortally wounded at the Battle of Cedar Creek.

Early life and family
Kitching was born July 16, 1838, in New York City (some sources say 1840).
His father was merchant John Benjamin Kitching (1818–1887) and mother was Maria Bradner.
His father, born in England, was one of the first investors in technology such as the ships of John Ericsson, the telegraph and the transatlantic telegraph cable.

He married Harriet Brittan Ripley (a descendant of the New England Dwight family) on July 18, 1860.
They had two children: John Howard Kitching, Jr. born September 27, 1861, and Edith Howard Kitching born November 13, 1864.

Civil War service
At the outbreak of the war, Kitching volunteered in the New York cavalry but was soon made a captain in the 2nd New York Artillery. In September 1862 he became lieutenant colonel of the 135th New York Infantry which was re-designated the 6th New York Heavy Artillery (nicknamed the Anthony Wayne Guard) a few weeks later.  Kitching spent most of the war up to this point in garrison duty along the upper Potomac River.  The regiment's colonel, William H. Morris, was promoted to brigadier general in November 1862 and on April 26, 1863,  Kitching was appointed colonel.  His regiment joined the Army of the Potomac during the final stages of the Gettysburg Campaign following the battle of Gettysburg.  During the Fall of 1863 and Winter 1864 Kitching briefly commanded the Army of the Potomac's ammunition train and artillery reserve.

Overland Campaign
At the battle of the Wilderness Kitching commanded a heavy artillery brigade in the Army of the Potomac's artillery reserve.  Following the battle the artillery reserve was divided among the infantry corps and Kitching's brigade was assigned to the V Corps and fought with that corps at Spotsylvania.  Kitching's artillery brigade was converted to infantry and assigned to the 3rd Division, V Corps at Cold Harbor and became the 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, V Corps at Petersburg.  Kitching and the 6th New York Heavy Artillery were transferred to the Washington defenses where he took part in the battle of Fort Stevens.  Following the battle he commanded a brigade in the Washington defenses.

Shenandoah Valley Campaign
During Philip H. Sheridan's Valley Campaign, Kitching's command was transferred to the Army of the Shenandoah with the addition of other miscellaneous units and was known as Kitching's Provisional Division.  His division was attached to George Crook's VIII Corps just days before the battle of Cedar Creek.  At Cedar Creek, Confederate General John B. Gordon surprised the Union army in an early morning attack.  Just as Rutherford B. Hayes, commanding a neighboring Union division, assured Kitching that his men would hold, Hayes' division was hit by Gordon's attack and broke for the rear. Before the Confederates even reached Kitching's line, his troops also began to retreat.  Kitching himself was forced to leave the field after receiving a severe wound in his foot.  As a result he was forced to leave the army and return home to recover.  However on January 11, 1865, Kitching died as a result of his foot wound at his home in Dobbs Ferry, New York. A posthumous brevet promotion to brigadier general was awarded to Kitching, postdated August 1, 1864, for his service in the Richmond Campaign.

References

1838 births
1865 deaths
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Union Army colonels
Union military personnel killed in the American Civil War

J. Howard Kitching


The B-24 Liberator was a heavy bomber used by the Consolidated Aircraft. It was more reliable than its sister plane the B-17 Flying Fortress. It was quicker, had a bigger bomb load and had more weapons.

The B-25/24 Mitchell was an elite strike bomber. This beast could carry 3000 lbs (1360 kg) of bombs internally with the bomb bay, and more under the wings. The B-25/24 completed many missions at low altitude, and came equipped with many frontal guns and several turrets. The B-25 and B-24 were very similar strike bombers, with near identical payloads and armament presets though the B-24 was a stronger and more powerful aircraft. A noticeable story of a B-24 named 'Lady Be Good' was supposedly lost in the North-African theatre of WWII.

Bombers

B-24 Liberator


Baron Erskine, of Restormel Castle in the County of Cornwall, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, since 1960 a subsidiary title of the earldom of Buchan. It was created on 10 February 1806 for the Honourable Thomas Erskine on his appointment as Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, a post he held until the following year. He was the third and youngest son of Henry Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan (see Earl of Buchan for earlier history of the family). Lord Erskine was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Baron. He was a diplomat. His two eldest sons, the third and fourth Barons, succeeded successively. The latter was succeeded by his son, the fifth Baron. He was a Deputy Lieutenant of Northamptonshire. His grandson, the seventh Baron, succeeded in the earldom of Buchan in 1960 on the death of his kinsman, the fifteenth Earl. The two titles have remained united since.

Several other members of this branch of the Erskine family may also be mentioned. The Very Reverend the Honourable Henry David Erskine (1786–1859), second son of the first Baron, was Dean of Ripon. The Honourable Thomas Erskine (1788–1870), third son of the first Baron, was a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. The Honourable Esmé Stuart Erskine (1789–1817), fought at the Battle of Waterloo where he lost an arm. The Honourable Edward Erskine, fourth son of the second Baron, was a diplomat and served as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Greece and to Sweden. James Erskine (1821–1904), fourth son of the second Baron, was created Graf Erskine by Ludwig II of Bavaria.

Barons Erskine (1806)

Thomas Erskine, 1st Baron Erskine (1749/50–1823)
David Montagu Erskine, 2nd Baron Erskine (1777–1855)
Thomas Americus Erskine, 3rd Baron Erskine (1802–1877)
John Cadwallader Erskine, 4th Baron Erskine (1804–1882)
William Macnaghten Erskine, 5th Baron Erskine (1841–1913)
Montagu Erskine, 6th Baron Erskine (1865–1957)
Donald Cardross Flower Erskine, 16th Earl of Buchan, 7th Baron Erskine (1899–1984)

For further Barons Erskine, see Earl of Buchan.

References

Sources

External links

Baron
Noble titles created in 1806
Noble titles created for UK MPs
Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Peerages created for lord high chancellors of Great Britain

Baron Erskine


Anelida and Arcite is a 357-line English poem by Geoffrey Chaucer. It tells the story of Anelida, queen of Armenia and her wooing by false Arcite from Thebes, Greece.

Although relatively short, it is a poem with a complex structure, with an invocation and then the main story.  The story is made up of an introduction and a complaint by Anelida which is in turn made up of a proem, a strophe, antistrophe and a conclusion.  After the complaint there are a few lines which continue the story, but these may have been added by a later scribe.  Like many of Chaucer's works it ends abruptly, and may be unfinished.  The date of the poem's composition is not known but it is often placed in the late 1370s.  The poem is never mentioned by Chaucer himself but scholars do not usually doubt his authorship. It is attributed to him in three manuscripts and by the poet John Lydgate.

The poem uses some of elements of the Teseida of Boccaccio, and the Thebaid of the Roman poet Statius,  works which Chaucer would use again as a basis for The Knight's Tale.  This influence of Italian literature is a point of transition from Chaucer's earlier works which were mainly influenced by French poetry.  The poem itself is a rather ungainly mixture of the two traditions, with an epic invocation typical of Italian poetry giving way to a much less epic story, more French in character.  Despite these jarring styles, the part of the work which forms Anelida's complaint is one of the most highly regarded uses of the "lover's-complaint" motif.  Chaucer wrote several other short poems in the complaint genre such as The Complaint unto Pity and The Complaint of Venus, and this may have been an unsuccessful attempt on Chaucer's part to extend the form into a much longer poem.

References

14th-century poems
Middle English poems
Poetry by Geoffrey Chaucer

Anelida and Arcite


Trelleborg () is a town in Skåne County, Sweden, with 43,359 inhabitants as of December 31, 2015. It is the southernmost town in Sweden located some  west from the southernmost point of Sweden and the Scandinavian peninsula. It is one of the most important ferry towns in Scandinavia as well as around the Baltic Sea, and the main town of the Söderslätt agricultural areas.

Etymology
The first written record of the name is from 1257, Threlæburgh. The name is found in many places in Scandinavia. Borg means castle or stronghold and träl can mean thrall, but can also refer to the leaning poles on the outside of the medieval Viking stronghold. Remains of the original stronghold were excavated in 1988.

The name may also have originated from the stronghold that still remains in the center of the city. Strongholds like that have been found at several places around Scandinavia, mostly in the south of Sweden and Denmark, and are all called trelleborgs. The name is likely to have originated from that borg.

History

The earliest written record of Trelleborg is from 1257, three years later Trelleborg was presented as a wedding gift from the Danish royal family to the Swedish Prince Valdemar. It was soon reconquered by the Danes, and it belonged to Denmark until 1658, when Scania was lost to Sweden by the Treaty of Roskilde.

In medieval times, Trelleborg had an important part in herring fishing. At that time, this was conducted along the entire coast line of what is now Sweden, as the herring shoals were of such great numbers that fishermen were said to have been able to stand on the shore and land fish with nets. Trelleborg became an important merchant city as merchants from Germany came to trade herring. In 1619 following a devastating fire, the Danish King decided that one merchant city on the coast was sufficient and revoked Trelleborg's status as a merchant city in favour of Malmö.

Not until 1840 was Trelleborg allowed to become a merchant city, and not until 1867 did it regain its rights as a city of Sweden. Mostly this was thanks to the work of a few stubborn men, who had continuously been petitioning the Swedish Riksdag with these requests since 1658.

In 1962, a group of Macedonian political emigrants founded the Movement for the Liberation and Unification of Macedonia.

The local government reform of 1971 made Trelleborg the seat of Trelleborg Municipality, covering both rural and urban areas.

Transport

Road
Trelleborg is the southern endpoint for the European route E6 that goes north to Kirkenes, Norway. The E6 is a major artery for shipping goods into Sweden, connecting to the E22 in Malmö, and the E4 in Helsingborg.

Harbour and ferries

The harbour has a very strategic position, in the very far south of the Scandinavian peninsula. The first ferry connection to Germany opened in 1897. This was replaced with a train-ferry line to Saßnitz, in 1909 as a part of the line Malmö - Berlin. During the GDR era, a longer car ferry line opened to Travemünde ("modern harbour" of Lübeck), initially as line owned by the Swedish national railways (SJ), but known as TT-Line from 1962. After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, several new shipping lines and routes opened. Trelleborg municipality built a joint ferry terminal for all services, known as "Kontinentbron", or "the Continental Bridge". Both Germany and Poland can be reached by ferries from the terminal. As of 2018, the following shipping lines and routes are in operation:

TT-Line
 to Klaipėda (Lithuania)
 to Travemünde (Germany)
 to Rostock (Germany)
 to Swinoujscie (Poland)
Stena Line
 to Rostock (Germany)
Unity Line
 to Swinoujscie (Poland)

Most of the ferry transports are lorries, and this makes Trelleborg's port the largest in Sweden in terms of goods by weight. In 2005, 11 million metric ton of goods passed through the port (along with almost 2 million passengers).

Climate
Although Trelleborg does not have an official month to month weather station featured in SMHI's reports, its nearest weather stations in Falsterbo and Malmö both indicate an oceanic climate (Cfb) with warm and sometimes hot summers averaging in the low twenties Celsius most of the time and cool but generally not very cold winters with means at or just above freezing.

Today

At the end of the 19th century, Trelleborg became an industrial town and the foundation of modern Trelleborg has largely been created by a few large companies; most notably Trelleborg Industries and the ferry company and business related to the seaport. Much of it has been the work of the influential businessman Johan Kock. Other important industries he established were Akzo Nobel Inks, Today called Flint Group Sweden, manufacturing printing inks (established as Gleitzman Industries in the 1890s), and DUX, who make beds. Later in the 1950s, Perstorp (Flooring) Industries was established in Trelleborg and it manufactures flooring boards and other plastic material. Trelleborg continues to be a working-class-oriented city and is politically a traditional stronghold for the Swedish Social Democratic Party. However, since the latest elections in 2006 the Social Democratic Party is in opposition in the municipality.

It is today often visited by people travelling from Sweden to Germany because of the ferries to Rostock, Sassnitz, and Lübeck - Travemünde in Germany. These ferries began sailing on May 1, 1897, with the Sassnitz line; the route to Travemünde was established in 1962, while the line to the former East German city Rostock was inaugurated after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. The ferries carry both passengers on one-day journeys, cars with vacationing families, and heavy trucks on their way through Europe. In April 1917, Lenin arrived with the ferry from Sassnitz to Trelleborg on his way from exile back to Russia to lead the Revolution.

Today Trelleborg has the second largest seaport of Sweden, behind Gothenburg. Every year it transports more than 10 million metric tonnes of cargo.

Overlooking the harbour of Smygehuk near Trelleborg is a statue of a nude woman that was installed in 1930. Actress Uma Thurman's grandmother, the mother of Nena von Schlebrügge, was the model for this statue. The entrance road from west has a row of palm trees, illustrating the southern location of the city. They are moved indoors during winter as they can't tolerate freezing temperatures.

On 12 October 2017, several people were injured in shootings in the town, linked to gang violence.

Sports and other leisure activities
Football clubs in Trelleborg include Trelleborgs FF, IFK Trelleborg, and FC Trelleborg the basketball team is called Trelleborg Basket.

The local scout corps is called Trelleborgs scoutkår. Other places of interest include the bathhouse, local golf club, sporthalls, beaches and several parks.

Notable individuals
 Andreas Isaksson - retired football player, played for Trelleborgs FF for two seasons.
 Katrin Stjernfeldt Jammeh - current mayor of Malmö Municipality since 2013, raised in Trelleborg
 Patric Kjellberg - retired ice hockey player
 Björn Kjellman - actor and singer
 Andreas Nilsson - handballer
 Olivia Nordgren - politician
 Amanda Ooms - actress and writer
 Alice Timander - dentist
 Kim Wall - journalist
 Mark Weinberg - former judge of the Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court of Victoria in Victoria, Australia, born in Trelleborg in 1948 and later relocated to the United States before emigrating permanently to Australia in 1958.
 Franz Brorsson - football player

Culture
Trelleborg has two museums as of 2022, Trelleborgs Museum centered around the old viking castle rebuilt in the city, and another depicting different installations at different times. Several different statues can be found around the city especially depicting the works of . An art i gallery can be found in the city depicting his works.

Gallery

20th century

21st century

Twin cities
Trelleborg is twinned with:
 Sassnitz,

See also
 Friary in Trelleborg
 Scania Market
 Ports of the Baltic Sea

References

External links

Viking ring fortresses
Populated places in Skåne County
Municipal seats of Skåne County
Swedish municipal seats
Viking Age populated places
Market towns in Sweden
Coastal cities and towns in Sweden
Port cities in Sweden
Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea
13th-century establishments in Skåne County
Cities in Skåne County

Trelleborg


Tung oil or China wood oil is a drying oil obtained by pressing the seed from the nut of the tung tree (Vernicia fordii). Tung oil hardens upon exposure to air (through polymerization), and the resulting coating is transparent and has a deep, almost wet look.  Used mostly for finishing and protecting wood, after numerous coats, the finish can even look plastic-like. Related drying oils include linseed, safflower, poppy, and soybean oils. Raw tung oil tends to dry to a fine, wrinkled finish (the English name for this is gas checking); this property was used to make wrinkle finishes, usually by adding excess cobalt drier. To prevent wrinkling, the oil is heated to gas-proof it (also known as "boiled").

"Tung oil finish" is often used by paint and varnish manufacturers as a generic name for any wood-finishing product that contains the real tung oil or provides a finish that resembles the finish obtained with tung oil.

History
The tung oil tree originates in southern China and was cultivated there for tung oil, but the date of cultivation remains unknown. During the Song Dynasty, tung oil was used for waterproofing on ships. The word "tung" is etymologically derived from the Chinese 桐 tóng. The earliest references for Chinese use of tung oil are in the writings of Confucius around 500 to 400 BC.

Composition

The primary constituent is a fatty acid with a chain of 18 linked carbon atoms or methylene units containing three conjugated double bonds. They are especially sensitive to autoxidation, which encourages cross linking of neighbouring chains, hence hardening of the base resin.

Uses

Tung oil is very popular today because of two properties: first, it is a naturally derived substance. Second, after it cures (5 to 30 days, weather/temperature related), the result is a very hard and easily repaired finish, so it is used on boat decks and now on floors. The oil is often diluted with hydrocarbon thinner so its viscosity is very low and enables the oil to penetrate the finest grain woods. This thinning vehicle evaporates in 15 to 20 minutes. When applied in many fine/thinner coats over wood, tung oil slowly cures to a matte/light satin look with slight golden tint. Tung oil resists water better than any other pure oil finish and does not darken noticeably with age. It is claimed to be less susceptible to mould than linseed oil. It is considered safe to be used on sculptures made near waterways.

Heating tung oil to about  in an oxygen-free environment will substantially increase the viscosity and film-forming quality of the product. Most polymerized tung oils are sold mixed with mineral spirits to make them easier to work with. Limonene and D-limonene are less toxic alternatives for mineral spirits.

The oil-paper umbrella is the traditional umbrella used in China, Japan, and other countries in the East Asian cultural sphere, and was brought to Western countries through the Silk Road. Tung oil is the "oil" mentioned in the oil-paper umbrella, which is used to protect the paper from getting wet, and to make the umbrella waterproof.

Application
The traditional technique for applying pure tung oil is to dilute the oil 1:1 with solvent, then apply a succession of very thin films with a soft, lint-free cloth such as tee-shirt cotton. Diluents range from traditional spirits of turpentine to any of the new citrus-based thinners to naphtha. The choice of thinner should be guided by how fast the coating needs to set. Naphtha works well in spray-on applications in well-ventilated studios. Primary coats may be laid down at a 1:1 oil-to-thinner ratio, and successive layers, if not absorbed into the wood, at higher solvent to oil concentrations. This technique brings out the deepest color of the wood while maintaining a matte finish.

Tung oil finishes that start with polymerized oils or tung oil preparations are best applied in the fat over lean principle: thinned pure oil is applied to deeply penetrate the surface, to fill pores. Straight oil is then applied moderately to adhere to the surface and provide a good base for the thick gloss layers. The polymerized oil is then applied thickly as a single layer, allowed to fully dry, buffed smooth with very fine sandpaper and 0000 steel wool. The surface is wiped clean with a moistened rag and allowed to dry. A final coat is applied fairly thickly (the oil will smooth itself into a glass-like coating) and allowed to dry for two to three days. Rags soaked with tung oil can spontaneously combust (burst into flame).

References

Chinese inventions
Painting materials
Vegetable oils
Wood finishing materials

Tung oil


The G.C. Murphy Building, better known as "The Murphy" or "The Murphy Building", was built in 1884 and is located at 1043 Virginia Avenue in the historic Fountain Square District of Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. The G.C. Murphy Building was once made up of separate buildings, but was joined in 1951 to become part of the now defunct chain of five and dime stores of the same name.

The Murphy Art Center is an arts center located in the G. C. Murphy Building. The Center houses five galleries, 23 artist's studios, a supplier of art materials, an Italian restaurant, an English Pub and a salon/gallery combination. The building is also home to the offices of MOKB Presents and their venue, The HIFI.

The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing property to the Fountain Square Commercial Areas Thematic Resources.

References

External links
 A Short History of the G.C. Murphy Company
 Murphy Art Center website
 indplsartcenter.org

Commercial buildings completed in 1884
Buildings and structures in Indianapolis
Commercial buildings in Indiana
Tourist attractions in Indianapolis
Arts centers in Indiana
Contemporary art galleries in the United States
Art museums and galleries in Indiana
Historic district contributing properties in Indiana
National Register of Historic Places in Indianapolis
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
1884 establishments in Indiana
Fountain Square, Indianapolis

G. C. Murphy Building


Herbert Waddell (19 September 1902 – 5 January 1988) was a Scottish rugby union fly-half who played club rugby for Glasgow Academicals and international rugby for Scotland and the British Isles. Waddell was heavily involved with the invitational tourist team, the Barbarians, not only playing for the club, but also became the fifth president of the club in 1973

Personal life
Waddell was born in Scotland in 1902 and was first educated at The Glasgow Academy before switching to Fettes College and later completed his education in France. Waddell fought in the British Army during the Second World War, commanding the 11th Highland Light Infantry. He remained with the 11th during their change to a tank unit, commanding the second battalion, the 141st regiment RAC. Waddell finished the war with a Mention in Dispatches and the rank of full Colonel.

He was the father of the rugby player Gordon Waddell.

Rugby Union career

Amateur career

Waddell became a keen rugby player whilst a schoolboy and captained the Fettes College team. On leaving education he joined Glasgow Academicals, a team he would represent throughout his international career.

Provincial career

Waddell played for Glasgow District.

International career

Waddell first represented Scotland in the opening game of the 1924 Five Nations Championship, played against France. Although Scotland lost, Waddell scored his first international in the game with a dropped goal, and was reselected for the rest of the tournament. During the 1924 Championship, Waddell scored a try in a humiliating win over Wales, and a pair of tries in a home victory over Ireland. Although the tournament ended in a poor loss to the eventual champions, England, it turned into a good year for Waddell, with an invitation to tour with the Barbarians immediately after the England game; and then selected to represent the British Isles on their tour of South Africa.

The South African tour turned into a difficult and injury prone affair, with the British losing three of the four tests. Waddell played in all three loses, missing the Third Test, a draw at Port Elizabeth, when he was replaced by Bill Cunningham. On his return to Britain, Waddell was back in the Scotland team for the 1925 Championship, which saw Scotland win all four matches and take their first Grand Slam. Waddell played in two of the wins, away to Ireland at Lansdowne Road and the first International at Murrayfield, a narrow victory over England. Waddell scored a dropped goal in both matches. Waddell played for Scotland a further nine times, bringing his total caps for his country to 15. His final game was during the 1930 Five Nations Championship, having missed the 1928 and 1929 tournaments due to an ulcer and then a shoulder injury.

Administrative career

In 1926, Waddell was elected to the Committee of the Barbarians, a rarity for a member who was still a player. In 1956 he was elected vice-president, and in 1974 succeeded Brigadier Glyn Hughes as president.

He became the 77th President of the Scottish Rugby Union. He served the standard one year from 1963 to 1964.

Notes

References

1902 births
1988 deaths
Scottish rugby union players
Rugby union fly-halves
Barbarian F.C. players
People educated at the Glasgow Academy
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Scotland
People educated at Fettes College
Highland Light Infantry officers
British Army personnel of World War II
Scotland international rugby union players
Glasgow Academicals rugby union players
Glasgow District (rugby union) players
Presidents of the Scottish Rugby Union
Royal Armoured Corps officers

Herbert Waddell


Joseph (Josef) Jadassohn (10 September 1863, Liegnitz – 24 March 1936, Zurich) was a German dermatologist.

Biography
He was an assistant to Albert Neisser at the Allerheiligen Hospital in Breslau until 1892, the director of the university skin clinic in Bern (1896–1917), and later a professor of dermatology at Breslau University (1917–1932).

Jadassohn was among the first to take an immunological approach in research of dermatological disorders, and contributed to the understanding of the immunopathology of tuberculosis and trichophytosis. He was a pioneer in the field of allergology, and is credited for introducing patch testing for diagnosis of contact dermatitis. In 1901 he described a rare childhood dermatological disorder known as granulosis rubra nasi.

Conditions
Two dermatological disorders that are named after him are: "Jadassohn's disease I" (a skin disorder originating at the elbow) and "Jadassohn's disease II" (a natal skin disorder affecting the face and scalp). Together with his assistants, Walter Dössekker (1868–1962), Max Tièche (1878–1938), and Felix Lewandowsky (1879–1921), he shares the following eponymous medical conditions:
 Jadassohn–Dössekker disease: Also known as atypical tuberous myxedema.
 Tièche–Jadassohn naevus: A hard, dark blue, benign melanocytic tumor.
 Jadassohn–Lewandowsky syndrome: An ectodermal dysplasia characterized by onychogryposis, hyperkeratosis, leukoplakia, hyperhidrosis and pachyonychia congenita.
 Nevus Sebaceous of Jadassohn: yellow-orange flat plaque, occurring most commonly on the scalp (60%) or face (30%), usually present at birth, malignant potential (estimated 1%, most commonly basal cell carcinoma), surgically excised prior to hormone-triggered growth during puberty

Literary works
Jadassohn published a revision of Edmund Lesser's Lehrbuch der Haut- und Geschlechtskrankheiten (14th edition, 1927–30), and from 1927 published the multi-volume Handbuch für Haut- und Geschlechtskrankheiten. Other noted written works of his include:
 Die venerischen Krankheiten, (1901).
 Ueber eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Nasenhaut bei Kindern (Granulosis rubra nasi). Archiv für Dermatologie und Syphilis, Wien, 1901, 58: 145–158.
 Die Tuberkulose der Haut. In: Franz Mracek's Handbuch der Hautkrankheiten (1904).
 Allgemeine Ätiologie, Pathologie, Diagnose und Therapie der Gonorrhoe, (1910).
 Lepra, in Wilhelm Kolle and August Paul von Wassermann's Handbuch der pathogenen Microorganismen. second edition, Jena- 1913; third edition, volume 5,2- 1928.
 Dermatologie, (1938).

See also
 Jadassohn–Lewandowsky syndrome

References and external links
 Josef Jadassohn @ Who Named It

1863 births
1936 deaths
People from Legnica
German dermatologists
Physicians from the Province of Silesia
Academic staff of the University of Bern
Academic staff of the University of Breslau

Josef Jadassohn


Jarylo (; ; ), alternatively Yaryla, Iarilo, Juraj, Jurij, or Gerovit, is a East and South Slavic god of vegetation, fertility and springtime.

Etymology
The Proto-Slavic root *jarъ (jar), from Proto-Indo-European *yōr-, *yeh₁ro-, from *yeh₁r-, means "spring" or "summer", "strong", "furious", "imbued with youthful life-force". This youthful life-force was considered sacred in the Slavic pre-Christian religion and the god personifying this sacred force was thus called Jarovit, or hypocoristically Jarilo.

Sources
The only historic source that mentions this deity is a 12th-century biography of the proselytizing German bishop Otto of Bamberg, who, during his expeditions to convert the pagan tribes of Wendish and Polabian Slavs, encountered festivals in honor of the war-god Gerovit in the cities of Wolgast and Havelberg. Gerovit is most likely a German derivation of the Slavic name Jarovit.

Up until the 19th century in Russia, Belarus and Serbia, folk festivals called Jarilo were celebrated in late spring or early summer. Early researchers of Slavic mythology  recognised in them relics of pagan ceremonies in honor of an eponymous spring deity.
In northern Croatia and southern Slovenia, especially White Carniola, similar spring festivals were called Jurjevo or Zeleni Juraj or Zeleni Jurij (Green George), nominally dedicated to St. George, and fairly similar to the Jarilo festivals of other Slavic nations.

All of these spring festivals were basically alike: processions of villagers would go around for a walk in the country or through villages on this day. Something or someone was identified to be Jarilo or Juraj: a doll made of straw, a man or a child adorned with green branches, or a girl dressed like a man, riding on a horse. Certain songs were sung which alluded to Juraj/Jarilo's return from a distant land across the sea, the return of spring into the world, blessings, fertility and abundance to come.

Myth

Radoslav Katičić and Vitomir Belaj attempted to reconstruct the mythology surrounding Jarilo.
According to these authors, he was a fairly typical life-death-rebirth deity, believed to be (re)born and killed every year. His mythical life cycle mirrored that of the wheat crop, from its birth when sown through its flourishing youth to its sacrificial death at harvest time.

Jarilo was a son of the supreme Slavic god of thunder, Perun, his lost, missing, tenth son, born on the last night of February, the festival of Velja Noć (Great Night), the pagan Slavic celebration of the New Year. On the same night, however, Jarilo was stolen from his father and taken to the world of the dead, where he was adopted and raised by Veles, Perun's enemy, Slavic god of the underworld and cattle. The Slavs believed the underworld to be an ever-green world of eternal spring and wet, grassy plains, where Jarilo grew up guarding the cattle of his adoptive father. In the mythical geography of ancient Slavs, the land of the dead was assumed to lie across the sea, where migrating birds would fly every winter.

With the advent of spring, Jarilo returned from the underworld, that is, bringing spring and fertility to the land. Spring festivals of Jurjevo/Jarilo that survived in later folklore celebrated his return. Katičić identified a key phrase of ancient mythical texts which described this sacred return of vegetation and fertility as a rhyme hoditi/roditi  (to walk/to give birth to), which survived in folk songs:
...Gdje Jura/Jare/Jarilo hodit, tam vam polje rodit...
"...Where Jura/Jare/Jarilo walks, there your field gives birth..."

The first of the gods to notice Jarilo's return to the living world was Morana, a goddess of death and nature, and also a daughter of Perun and Jarilo's twin-sister. The two of them would fall in love and court each other through a series of traditional, established rituals, imitated in various Slavic courting or wedding customs. The divine wedding between brother and sister, two children of the supreme god, was celebrated in a festival of summer solstice, today variously known as Ivanje or Ivan Kupala in the various Slavic countries. This sacred union of Jarilo and Morana, deities of vegetation and of nature, assured abundance, fertility and blessing to the earth, and also brought temporary peace between two major Slavic gods, Perun and Veles, signifying heaven and underworld. Thus, all mythical prerequisites were met for a bountiful and blessed harvest that would come in late summer.

However, since Jarilo's life was ultimately tied to the vegetative cycle of the cereals, after the harvest (which was ritually seen as a murder of crops), Jarilo also met his death. The myth explained this by the fact that he was unfaithful to his wife, and so she (or their father Perun, or their brothers) kills him in retribution. This rather gruesome death is in fact a ritual sacrifice, and Morana uses parts of Jarilo's body to build herself a new house. This is a mythical metaphor which alludes to rejuvenation of the entire cosmos, a concept fairly similar to that of Scandinavian myth of Ymir, a giant from whose body the gods created the world.

Without her husband, however, Morana turns into a frustrated old hag, a terrible and dangerous goddess of death, frost and upcoming winter (like the Celtic Cailleach), and eventually dies by the end of the year. At the beginning of the next year, both she and Jarilo are born again, and the entire myth starts anew.

Description
As befitting an agricultural deity, Yarilo was associated with agricultural imagery, with grains and cereals: he wore a white cloak and a wheat wreath or a crown of flowers (wildflowers) on his head and carried a wheat sheaf in his right hand. He was also portrayed holding a human skull (or severed head) in his other hand. He is also said to be revered as "god of erotic sexuality".

Scholars Katičić and Belaj also suggested that the god had some equine characteristics, or, alternatively, was conceived of as a horse.

Folk accounts strongly emphasize the presence of a horse (in Belarusian festivals, for instance, Jarilo was symbolized by a girl dressed as a man and mounted on a horse), and also the fact Jarilo walked a long way and his feet are sore. Thus, he is a rider on a horse who also "walks".
In historic descriptions of West Slavic paganism, one often finds references to sacred horses held in temples, which were used for divination, and predictions were made on the basis of how the horse walked through rows of spears sticking from the ground.
In certain customs of some Baltic and Slavic wedding celebrations, a horse symbolizes a young husband.
In some Slavic folk songs, an angry young wife, apparently cheated upon by her husband, kills a horse or orders her brothers to kill it for her.
Jarilo's identification as a mischievous god may involve the ability of shapeshifting. This is seen in other mischievous pagan deities, such as Proteus and Loki, who himself once took the form of a horse.

Comparison with other deities
From comparison to Baltic mythology and from Slavic folklore accounts, one can deduce that Jarilo was associated with the Moon. His somewhat mischievous nature, which ultimately results in his betrayal of his wife, was likened to the Moon's changing phases.

He has also been compared to other death and rebirth gods associated with agricultural fertility, like Greek Adonis and Olympian god Dionysus.

Identification with St. George
With the advent of Christianity, Jarilo became identified with St. George and St. John, because the festivals of these two saints fell within the period between first growth and harvest time in the great annual cycle of vegetation and fertility. This made them especially suited to assuming the functions of this god under the new, Christian dispensation.

See also
Tetri Giorgi
2273 Yarilo
Yaroslav (disambiguation)
Yarovit

References

Bibliography
 V. Belaj. "Hod kroz godinu: mitska pozadina hrvatskih narodnih običaja i vjerovanja" [Walk through year, mythical background of Croatian folk beliefs and customs], Golden Marketing, Zagreb 1998.

Slavic gods
Life-death-rebirth gods
Agricultural gods
Fertility gods
Nature gods
Slovene mythology
Harvest gods
Love and lust deities
Love and lust gods
Spring deities
Ymir
Horse deities
Saint George (martyr)
Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints
Lunar gods

Yarilo


Lady's Holm is an island off southern Mainland in the Shetland Islands. It is not to be confused with the Maiden Stack, which is also known as "Frau Stack"

It is to the west of Scat Ness and the village of Scatness, a headland on Mainland, and there is also another islet nearby, Little Holm.

Sumburgh Airport is about a mile northeast.

It is  at its highest point, which is marked by a cairn.

It was traditionally used for grazing sheep. Grey seals also inhabit the island and they were badly affected by the oil spill from the MV Brear in 1993.

In 1942, a Bristol Blenheim Mk IV bomber of the RCAF crashed off Lady's Holm.

References

Uninhabited islands of Shetland

Lady's Holm