The district of La Molina is one of the forty-three districts that make up the province of Lima, located in the department of the same name, in Peru. Officially established as a district on February 6, 1962. The current mayor of La Molina is Esteban Diego Uceda Guerra-García.

Geography
The district is located at the East of Lima. It has a total land area of 65.75 km². And its administrative centre is located 241 metres above sea level. La Molina is located between 12° 00' 07" S, 76° 57' 00" and 76° 51' 00" W.

Boundaries
It limits to the north, with the Ate Vitarte district, through Bucaramanga Street, and the Puruchuco and Candela hills. Then, to the northeast, with the district of Pachacámac, through a line that crosses the summit of Cerro Candela and the El Rincón de La Planicie urbanization. Later, to the east, also with the Pachacámac district, through the Arenera La Molina and block 48 of La Molina Avenue, also called portachuelo de Manchay, as well as through the Tres Cumbres hill. Then, to the south, with the district of Villa María del Triunfo, through a pirca over the Colorado and Tolderías hills. Next, to the southwest, with the district of San Juan de Miraflores, through the San Francisco hill. Then, to the west, with the district of Santiago de Surco, through the Centinela, La Molina, Gallinacera hills, the Circunvalación del Golf Los Incas and Javier Prado Este avenues, the La Floresta jirón and the Stella Maris park. And finally, to the northwest, again with the district of Ate Vitarte, through the Evitamiento road, and the Separadora Industrial and Huarochirí avenues.

 North: Ate Vitarte
 East: Pachacámac
 South: Villa María del Triunfo and San Juan de Miraflores
 West: Santiago de Surco

Demographics
According to the 2017 census by the INEI, the district has 140,679 inhabitants and a population density of 2,100 persons/km². Annual median income varies greatly.

History

Name
There are two possible origins, both referring to the owners of the estates located in the area in the Peruvian Republican era.
 Captain Nicolás Flores de Molina, owner of La Molina estate.
 Melchor Malo de Molina, Marquis de Monterrico, owner of Monterrico Grande estate.

Creation
In the years before its creation, the estates located in the geographic area of the district (Granados, Melgarejo, La Rinconada, Camacho and La Molina) had been already sold (or expropriated by the Juan Velasco Alvarado administration) and divided, giving origin to smaller yet large properties. Soon, due to the quiet and beautiful surroundings, owning country houses in La Molina became a trend for high class people. This resulted in the populating of the first neighbourhoods via individuals with high incomes. Finally, on February 6, 1962, La Molina district was officially created, and the new district was segregated from the old Ate Vitarte district, by Act No. 13981 during the Manuel Prado Ugarteche government.

Philanthropy
Some members of the community are active members in "Un techo para mi pais", which helps people in need build houses. This organization is similar to the international organization Habitat for Humanity.

District Structure
La Molina is a residential district, largely of high socioeconomic level. Where residential areas stand out, such as: La Planicie, El Sol de La Molina, Rinconada, La Molina Vieja, Club Campestre Las Lagunas, Camacho, etc. While, in the medium-high and medium socioeconomic level, there are areas such as Santa Patricia, Santa Felicia, Covima, Portada del Sol, Las Praderas, La Capilla, Las Viñas, Musa, etc. La Molina is identified as one of the districts where poverty does not exist.

La Molina has seven clearly identified sectors:

Sector 1: This is made up of the western area and part of the northwest area of the district. Mostly exclusive family homes are located in this sector. It is made up of the Camacho urbanizations, frequently visited by the residents of the district for its commercial area, Santa Sofía Magdalena, La Fontana, Residencial Monterrico, Los Cactus and the Matazango human settlement. It is crossed by Las Palmeras, Javier Prado, Los Frutales and La Molina avenues. Furthermore, it is made up of families with a high socioeconomic level, with the exception of Matazango, which is in the upper middle, according to their income per household capital as determined by the INEI itself. This sector borders the district of Santiago de Surco, through the Golf Los Incas and Javier Prado Este ring road avenues, the La Floresta jirón and the Stella Maris park. And with the Ate district, through Evitamiento road and Separadora Industrial avenue.

Sector 2: It is located in the northwest and part of the north of the district. It is made up of the quadrant between La Molina - La Universidad, Separadora Industrial and Huarochirí - Melgarejo avenues. This sector, according to its income per capital per household, is located in the high socioeconomic level category; However, the houses are smaller, resembling the homes of middle or upper-middle class people, being mostly apartments. It is made up of the urbanizations of Santa Felicia, Santa Patricia, Santa Raquel and Covima. There are higher education centers such as the university and the San Ignacio de Loyola institute, as well as renowned private schools: Jean le Boulch, Antonio Raimondi, Nuestra Señora de Guía, Virgen del Rosario de Yungay, Bruning, among others. Although it is a residential area, it also develops commerce on avenues such as Melgarejo, Los Constructores, Flora Tristán and Javier Prado, especially in the restaurant sector. It is architecturally diverse, and its main attractions are the Mormon temple of Lima and the main headquarters of the Banco de Crédito del Perú, which is built on a reforested hill. This sector borders the district of Ate, through the Separadora Industrial and Huarochirí avenues, the Bucaramanga jirón and the Puruchuco hill.

Sector 3: It is located near the middle of the district, heading west. It is located in a large part of the La Molina National Agrarian University. It is due to this university that the sector has large green areas, and for which La Molina is considered an ecological district. Here is also the Las Hormigas human settlement, the Estación Experimental association and the Sagrado Corazón De Jesús school.

Sector 4: It is located, geographically, in the middle of the district. It is made up of exclusive urbanizations with restricted access such as: La Planicie, Rinconada Alta, Rinconada Baja, Rinconada del Lago and the Las Lagunas Campestre Club. These urbanizations are inhabited by upper class families, with an income of more than 2,400 soles; However, its population density is very low. It is crossed by La Molina, Manuel Prado Ugarteche, Elías Aparicio, Alameda José León Barandiarán, Las Dunas - Del Parque, Laguna Grande and Rinconada del Lago avenues. Within the Club Campestre Las Lagunas urbanization there are two artificial lagoons, called Laguna Chica and Laguna Grande. It is not possible to visit the first one, because it is surrounded by houses and the Newton School; However, the second lagoon does, which has an island where the Las Lagunas Club is located. On the other hand, La Planicie, Rinconada del Lago and others are urbanizations with restricted access, only for residents of that area. This sector borders to the north, with the district of Ate, through the Candela hill. To the northeast, with the district of Pachacámac, through the area of El Rincón de La Planicie. And to the south, also with the district of Pachacámac, through the Tres Cumbres hill.

Sector 5: It is located towards the east of the district. This sector has large homes, inhabited by upper class people, but with a low population density. With the difference that here the urbanizations do have free access. The urbanizations of El Sol de La Molina and Los Huertos de La Molina are located. The first urbanization is inhabited by families of high socioeconomic level, and has many lands still for sale since its foundation. In this urbanization there are several exclusive educational institutions such as: La Molina Christian Schools and Lord Byron School. In addition, there is also the University of Sciences and Arts of Latin America. Meanwhile, the Los Huertos de La Molina urbanization is located in the hills and is made up of families of medium-high socioeconomic level. This sector borders to the south, with the district of Pachacámac, also through the Tres Cumbres hill.

Sector 6: It is the area located in the east of the district. This sector is mostly located in the Musa urbanization, a popular area, which according to its income per household capital, is currently made up of families of medium-high and medium socioeconomic level. It was formed by the association of workers from the National Agrarian University La Molina, SIPA, the Municipality of La Molina and La Arenera. It is located, specifically, in blocks 46 and 47 of La Molina Avenue or also called the road to Cieneguilla kilometer 10.5, both blocks intersect with the Madreselva jirón, whose street belongs to the Musa urbanization, dividing into five stages. Furthermore, this is where the district ends next to the Municipal Depot. This urbanization is also accompanied by areas such as Las Flores de La Molina, Los Arbolitos and Los Jazmines (previously called "Espalda del Minicomplejo"). In recent years, the human settlement San Juan Bautista was also added, this last area if it is a product of invasion and/or land trafficking. Among the urban landmarks of the urbanization are the San José Marello School, the César Vidaurre Reina Farje Municipal Sports Complex, the Musa Cooperative Market, the Depincri La Molina - Cieneguilla and the La Molina Municipal Stadium. This sector borders entirely with the district of Pachacámac, through the Arenera La Molina quarry. And it also limits with this district, through block 48 of La Molina Avenue, as well as with Tres Cumbres Hill.

Sector 7: It is located in the south and southwest of the district. There are exclusive houses that are located in the urbanizations of La Molina Vieja, La Alameda de la Molina Vieja, El Remanso, Los Sirius and El Corregidor. As well as, small houses and low-rise residential buildings, belonging to the high socioeconomic level category, located in the urbanizations of Isla del Sol, Las Viñas de La Molina, Portada del Sol, La Capilla, El Valle de La Molina and Las Lomas de la Molina Vieja. There is also the Faculty of Law and Medicine of the San Martín de Porres University. In this sector there are also many popular areas, such as the Viña Alta urbanization, the Los Pinos and Cerro Alto human settlements, and the Los Constructores and Hijos de Constructores housing cooperatives. Likewise, there are the Molina Plaza and Cencosud Shopping Center La Molina shopping centers, located on Raúl Ferrero Avenue. This entire sector limits its hills with the district of Villa María del Triunfo, through a pirca on the Colorado and Tolderías hills. It also limits with the district of San Juan de Miraflores, through the San Francisco hill, and with the district of Santiago de Surco, through the Centinela, La Molina, and Gallinacera hills.

As an important fact, as in the districts of Santiago de Surco and San Borja, a large part of the homes in these human settlements are self-built homes in continuous expansion. It is estimated that La Molina has a total of twelve human settlements or popular areas and that half of this population cannot be considered vulnerable; since, a large part of them, according to their income per household capital, belong to a medium and low-middle socioeconomic level. Perhaps an example of a vulnerable sector in the district is the San Juan Bautista human settlement, located on the Musa hill. Where houses made of plywood are found, and whose occupation was the product of invasion and/or land trafficking.

La Molina is a district with a profusion of large buildings, which is why several important exclusive Peruvian social clubs have a headquarters in this district, among them:

La Rinconada Country Club

The Country Club La Planicie

It is the district of Lima with the highest density of green areas, reaching up to 20 m² (square meters) for each inhabitant. In the south of La Molina, on the slopes of the San Pedro, Media Luna and San Francisco hills is the La Molina Ecological Park, which houses 208.6 hectares and was established on May 12, 2004. It has been planted with trees with certain species of trees and plants for which planting campaigns have been carried out from time to time. This will be the largest ecological park in Lima. It has more than 13,000 plants including trees and shrubs.

It also houses important private cemeteries such as: the La Planicie Cemetery and the Jardines de la Paz Cemetery Park.

Urban distribution
La Molina district is divided into middle, middle-high and upper class suburbs.

Upper class suburbs
La Molina is best known for the large and luxurious houses that give shape to expensive properties located in suburbs like La Planicie, Rinconada, Las Lagunas, Camacho, Residential Monterrico, La Molina Vieja, Alameda de la Molina Vieja, Los Sirius, Corregidor, El Remanso and Huertos de La Molina. Numerous Peruvian celebrities, leading business people and political figures live in these suburbs. Due to their relative safety, calm and low population density, these suburbs are highly valued real estate. Furthermore, some of the most exclusive Peruvian social clubs are located in the area: Rinconada Country Club, La Planicie Country Club and Hebraica Club.

Middle and upper middle class suburbs
Santa Felicia, Santa Raquel, Covima, Santa Patricia, La Ensenada, La Capilla, Las Acacias, Las Lomas, Los Ingenieros, Pablo Bonner, Pablo Cánepa, La Fontana and Farwest compose the middle and upper class area in the district. They compose the largest part of the district.  Some suburbs (Santa Patricia, Santa Felicia, Santa Raquel and Covima) used to belong to the neighbouring  district of Ate, but they were won over by La Molina. The process was led by the desire of the residents.

Musa is a curious case, because it is a middle class urbanization with a medium population density, but it has many sectors of the lower middle class. Because the construction of its houses was carried out by the relatives of the neighbors, since its foundation in the late 1960s. However, modern houses with up to three floors are now available, obviously after they have managed to improve the aesthetics of their properties over time. Currently, the houses and apartments are more expensive than before, and today, their neighbors are descendants of the founding workers of the urbanization and it has improved a lot. Throughout the years it has thus become a very safe place to live. In recent years, a new area was created in this urbanization and it is the human settlement "San Juan Bautista". This last area is an invasion product of the Manchay area, the Pachacámac district, and is located on the top of the hill of Musa. This part being the most vulnerable of the entire urbanization, because here the houses are made of plywood.

Education
Highlights in the district are:

La Molina National Agrarian University, a study center that dates back to 1902, when it was known as the National School of Agriculture. Created with the support of Belgium and in 1960 it assumed the category of university.

There are other universities such as the Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola (USIL), located in Santa Patricia, the University of Sciences and Arts of Latin America (UCAL) located in Sol de La Molina, the Women's University of the Sacred Heart (UNIFE) located in Camacho, the faculties of Engineering and Architecture, Law and Political Sciences and Medicine of the San Martín de Porres University located in Santa Patricia and Las Viñas respectively.

It is also home to several important private schools such as the former Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta (Camacho), Newton College (Las Lagunas), La Molina Christian Schools (Sol de La Molina), Colegio Villa María-La Planicie (La Planicie), Colegio Italiano Antonio Raimondi (La Fontana), Lord Byron School (Sol de La Molina), Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (Camacho), Franklin Delano Roosevelt School (Camacho), Waldorf-Lima (Camacho), Abraham Lincoln North American Peruvian School (Camacho), Brüning School ( Santa Patricia), Villa Caritas and San Pedro School (Rinconada del Lago), Peruvian-German Queen of the World School (Rinconada del Lago), Altair School (La Molina Vieja), Jean Le Boulch (Santa Patricia), Queen of the Angels School (Rinconada Alta), I.E. No. 1278 - La Molina (founded in 1965 initially within the UNALM and later moved to Santa Patricia), Aurelio Miró Quesada Sosa School No. 1140 (Molicentro), founded in 1961 considered alma mater of La Molina for its graduated students and its large current school population; Félix Tello Rojas (Santa Patricia) and the San José Marello School No. 1220 (Musa).

Transport
Transportation in La Molina is complicated for several reasons. One of them is the existing traffic on the most important avenues. This is due to the enormous number of vehicles that residents of the most exclusive areas of the entire district have. This creates circulatory chaos in the mornings from 7:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. m. to 9:00 a.m. m. and in the evenings from 7:00 p.m. m. to 9:00 p.m. m. Another problem in the district is public transportation; Since, in the most difficult to access sectors, such as La Planicie or La Laguna, public transportation is almost non-existent. Therefore, there is a huge number of taxis and buses in this area.

On the other hand, on routes that pass through La Molina avenue towards Musa, public transport is usually massive; Because many cousters, combis or buses head towards Cieneguilla or Manchay, Pachacámac district. On this route to Musa, the red corridor service 204 also operates, which passes through the last sections of La Molina Avenue. At the end of the Molicentro area, from the intersection of La Molina and Rinconada del Lago avenues, transportation is usually more fluid and calm; because it passes through residential areas. The fluid traffic ends until reaching the Municipal Depot or the La Molina Arena, border with the district of Pachacámac.

In more central areas such as Santa Patricia and Santa Felicia, which intersect with main avenues such as Javier Prado and Constructores, transportation is not usually so simple either. In the latter, the 209 corridor service operates; while, route 201 operates on Javier Prado Este Avenue. One of the reasons why transportation is complicated in the morning and at night is due to the immense number of passengers coming from the Ate district. Traffic on Javier Prado Avenue is usually frequent, as are the immense traffic congestion in Santa Patricia.

Added to all this is the few exits that the district has, one on Raúl Ferrero avenue down the Centinela Hill towards the Monterrico Sur area and another on Javier Prado Avenue. For several years, it has been ready for execution and is even within the Metropolitan Development Plan, the construction of the expansion of Los Cóndores avenue connection with Los Álamos - Angamos avenue. For this route there is the service of corridor 206, which passes through Alameda del Corregidor avenue.

Line 4 of the Lima Metro

With the future line 4 of the Lima Metro, Los Frutales, La Molina and Santa Patricia stations are planned. Which will be located on Javier Prado avenue. With line 4, the district will be connected to the Jorge Chávez International Airport.

Complementary corridors

As mentioned before, regarding the urban bus service provided by the complementary corridors, lines 201, 204, 206 and 209 of the red corridor circulate through the district. Lines 201 and 204 run along Javier Prado avenue in the district. Being the intersection with Huarochirí avenue, the last point of Javier Prado avenue belonging to the La Molina district. Upon arriving here, the 201 follows the same avenue in the Ate district. Meanwhile, the 204 runs along Melgarejo and La Molina avenues, heading to the districts of Pachacámac and Cieneguilla. On the other hand, lines 206 and 209, upon reaching the intersection of Javier Prado and La Molina avenues, take different routes. The 206 turns and runs along the entire Alameda del Corregidor avenue. Meanwhile, the 209 turns around and runs along Los Constructores avenue.

See also
 Administrative divisions of Peru

References

External links

 Portal de la Municipalidad de La Molina - La Molina Municipal Council official portal
https://larepublica.pe/politica/1333369-molina-alvaro-paz-barra-virtual-alcalde-boca-urna-ipsos-elecciones-municipales-2018
Catholic Churches - Mass Services
http://www.arzobispadodelima.org/horarios-de-misa-en-lima/horarios-de-misa-en-parroquias/la-molina/

Districts of Lima

La Molina District


Pinni is a type of Punjabi and North Indian cuisine dish that is eaten mostly in winters. It is served as a dessert and is made from desi ghee, wheat flour, jaggery and almonds. Raisins may also be used. Urad dal pinni is a variety of pinni.

Pinni is also a general term for desserts or sweets prepared in a round shape.

Ingredients
For added flavor, khoya is used in the pinnis.
Pinni is a joint sweet dish in North India and the Punjab region, also called pindi.
Pinnis do not go bad for a lengthy time and do not require to be chilled. Pinnis are covered with crushed cardamom and preferably served warm with tea or warm dairy.

See also
 List of desserts

References

Punjabi cuisine
Indian desserts

Pinni


Mictopsichia janeae is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Ecuador.

The wingspan is 13–14 mm. The ground colour of the forewings is cream, consisting of numerous dots situated mainly in median and dorsal parts of the wing. The hindwings are orange yellow with a dark brown apical area with a few proximal paler spots.

Etymology
The species is named in honour of Dr. Jane Lyons.

References

Moths described in 2010
Mictopsichia
Moths of South America
Taxa named by Józef Razowski

Mictopsichia janeae


Bradford Morrow (born April 8, 1951) is an American novelist, editor, essayist, poet, and children's book writer.  Professor of literature and Bard Center Fellow at Bard College, he is the founding editor of Conjunctions literary magazine.

Life

Born in Baltimore, Maryland, on April 8, 1951, Morrow grew up in Littleton, Colorado, and, "after a decade of vagabonding from Honduras to France, Italy to England", settled in New York City, where he remains. In 1966, he was selected by the Colorado Medical Association to serve with a small number of other teenage volunteers as a medical assistant with the Amigos de las Americas program, giving inoculations and working with health-care professionals in poor, very rural areas in Honduras.  The following year, 1967–1968, Morrow was a foreign exchange student under the auspices of the American Field Service, completing his final year of high school at a Liceo Scientifico in Cuneo, Italy.  After completing his B.A. in English Literature at the University of Colorado, Boulder, 1969–1972, where he graduated summa cum laude with a Phi Beta Kappa, he received a Danforth Fellowship to continue graduate studies in English and comparative literature at Yale University.  Upon leaving Yale, Morrow moved first to Ithaca, New York, where he began research on a full-scale bibliography of Wyndham Lewis, consulting the archives at Cornell University, and then to Santa Barbara, California, where he met John Martin, of Black Sparrow Press, who would publish the bibliography in 1978.

The literary biannual journal Conjunctions was conceived in late 1980 as "Morrow sat in Beat poet Kenneth Rexroth's library in Santa Barbara, California. The two friends had the idea to assemble a Festschrift for James Laughlin, the beloved editor of New Directions."  After being published by David R. Godine (1985–1987) and Collier Books/Scribner (1988–1989), the journal was picked up by Bard College in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York, which remains the journal's publisher.

Morrow became Rexroth's literary executor in 1982, and has edited and introduced a number of the poet's books, including The Selected Poems of Kenneth Rexroth (1984), Classics Revisited (1986), World Outside the Window: Selected Essays of Kenneth Rexroth (1987), More Classics Revisited (1989), and with Sam Hamill coedited The Complete Poems of Kenneth Rexroth (2002).

He has taught at Princeton, Brown, and Columbia Universities, as well as the Naropa Institute. Since 1990 he has been a professor of literature and Bard Center Fellow at Bard College.

The Review of Contemporary Fiction published a "Bradford Morrow issue" in 2000, which included essays by Sven Birkerts, Forrest Gander, Patrick McGrath, Robert Creeley, Joanna Scott, Brian Evenson, William T. Vollmann, Maureen Howard and others.

Works

Novels
The Forger's Daughter (New York: Grove Atlantic/Mysterious Press, 2020)
The Prague Sonata (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2017)
 The Forgers (New York: Grove Atlantic/Mysterious Press, 2014)
 The Diviner's Tale (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011)
 Ariel's Crossing (New York: Viking, 2002); Second volume of his "New Mexico Trilogy"
 Giovanni's Gift (New York: Viking, 1997)
 Trinity Fields (New York: Viking, 1995); First volume of his "New Mexico Trilogy," Finalist for the 1995 Los Angeles Times Book Award
 The Almanac Branch (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991); Finalist for the 1992 PEN/Faulkner Award
 Come Sunday (New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988)

Short fiction
 The Nature of My Inheritance (New York: Mysterious Bookshop, Bibliomystery Series #19, 2014.)
 The Uninnocent (New York: Pegasus, 2011)
 Fall of the Birds (E-book, New York: Open Road Media, 2011, Kindle Single)

Illustrated books
 Didn't Didn't Do It (Illustrated by Gahan Wilson. New York: Putnam, 2007)
 A Bestiary (a book of fables; illustrated by 18 contemporary artists including Gregory Amenoff, Joe Andoe, James Brown, Vija Celmins, Louisa Chase, Eric Fischl, Jan Hashey, Michael Hurson, Mel Kendrick, James Nares, Ellen Phelan, Joel Shapiro, Kiki Smith, David Storey, Michelle Stuart, Richard Tuttle, Trevor Winkfield and Robin Winters. New York: Grenfell Press, 1991)

Poetry collections
 After a Charme (New York: Grenfell Press, 1984)
 The Preferences (New York: Grenfell Press, 1983)
 Danae's Progress (San Francisco: Cadmus Editions/Arion Press, 1982)
 Posthumes (Santa Barbara: Cadmus Editions, 1982)
 Passing From the Provinces (Santa Barbara: Cadmus Editions, 1981)

Works in progress
 Meditations on a Shadow, selected essays.

Edited books
 Conjunctions (Founder and editor. Bi-Annual Volumes of New Writing. Annandale-on-Hudson: Bard College, 1981–present. Seventy-two volumes to date. Over twenty thousand pages of innovative work by some thousand novelists, poets, playwrights, essayists, and other artists.)
 The Inevitable: Contemporary Writers Confront Death (Co-edited with David Shields. W. W. Norton, 2011)
 The Complete Poems of Kenneth Rexroth. (Co-edited with Sam Hamill. Port Townsend: Copper Canyon, 2002. Los Angeles Times Book of the Year.)
 The New Gothic (Coedited with Patrick McGrath. New York: Random House, 1991)
 More Classics Revisited (by Kenneth Rexroth. Edited and introduction by Bradford Morrow. New York: New Directions, 1989.)
 Thirty Six Poems of Tu Fu (translated by Kenneth Rexroth. Edited and introduction by Bradford Morrow, with afterword by John Yau and etchings by Brice Marden. New York/Zurich: Peter Blum Editions, 1987.)
 The Houses of Children (by Coleman Dowell. Afterword by Bradford Morrow. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988.)
 World outside the Window: Selected Essays of Kenneth Rexroth (Edited and introduction by Bradford Morrow. New York: New Directions, 1987.)
 Classics Revisited (by Kenneth Rexroth. Edited and introduction by Bradford Morrow. New York: New Directions, 1986.)
 The Selected Poems of Kenneth Rexroth (Edited and introduction by Bradford Morrow. New York: New Directions, 1984)

Contributions to anthologies

The Big Book of Christmas Mysteries (New York: Vintage, 2013. Edited by Otto Penzler. Includes story The Uninnocent.)
New Jersey Noir. (Edited by Joyce Carol Oates. New York: Akashic Books, 2011. Includes story The Enigma of Grover's Mill.)
Best American Noir of the Century. (Eds. James Ellroy and Otto Penzler. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010. Includes Morrow's The Hoarder.)
Chronotopes & Dioramas. (Edited by Dominique Gonzalez-Foerster and Karen Kelly. New York: DIA Art Foundation, 2010. Includes essay A Wild Bookery: Nine Reflections.)
River of Words: Portraits of Hudson Valley Writers. (Edited by Nina Shengold. Photographs by Jennifer May. Albany: Excelsior Editions, State University of New York Press, 2010. Includes essay/interview about Morrow and photographic portrait.)
Poe's Children. (Edited by Peter Straub. New York: Doubleday, 2008. Includes short story Gardener of Heart.)
Paraspheres: Fabulist and New Fabulist Stories. (Edited by Rusty Morrison and Ken Keegan. Richmond: Omnidawn, 2006. Includes short story Gardener of Heart.)
Murder in the Rough. (Edited by Otto Penzler. New York: Warner Books/Mysterious Press, 2006. Includes short story The Hoarder.)
The O'Henry Prize Stories, 2003. (New York: Anchor Books, 2003. Edited by Laura Furman. Includes short story Lush.)
Pushcart Prize XXVII. (Edited by Bill Henderson. Wainscott, New York: Pushcart, 2003. Includes short story Amazing Grace which was also shortlisted for the O'Henry Prize, 2002.)
A Convergence of Birds. (Edited by Jonathan Safran Foer. New York: Distributed Art Publishers, 2001. Includes Morrow's For Brother Robert.)
Searching For Your Soul. (Edited by Katherine Kurs. New York: Schocken, 1999. Includes essay Meditations on a Shadow.
Hover (Anthology of writings by Morrow, Joyce Carol Oates, Rick Moody, Darcy Steincke, with photographs by Gregory Crewdson. San Francisco: Artspace Books, 1998. Includes short story "A Different Kind of Arbor.")
The Norton Anthology of Love. (Edited by Diane Ackerman. New York: W.W. Norton, 1997. Includes excerpt from The Almanac Branch.)
Bomb/Speak: Writers in Conversation. (New York: Gordon & Breech, 1997. Includes interview with Morrow conducted by Jim Lewis, published in Bomb magazine, 1994.)
The Place Within: Portraits of the American Landscape by Twenty Contemporary Writers. (Edited by Jodi Daynard. New York: Norton, 1997. Includes essay The Journey to Trinity.)
The Literary Insomniac: Stories and Essays for Sleepless Nights (Eds. Elyse Cheney and Wendy Hubbert. New York: Doubleday, 1996. Includes essay The Night Watch.)
Communion: Contemporary Writers Reveal the Bible in Their Lives. (Edited by David Rosenberg. New York: Anchor, 1996. Includes essay Meditations on a Shadow.)
The Future of Fiction: Review of Contemporary Fiction 16.1. Edited by David Foster Wallace. Normal: Dalkey Archive Press, 1996. Includes essay Rivages Roses for Niels Bohr.)
Blast III. (Edited by Seamus Cooney. Santa Rosa: Black Sparrow Press, 1989. Includes essay *History of an Unapologetic Apologia.)

Awards and honors
 Guggenheim Fellowship (2007)
 PEN/Nora Magid Award for Magazine Editing (2007)
From the judges' citation: "We were astonished to discover that Bradford Morrow has not already won this award, after 25 years of editing almost by himself one of our most distinctive and valuable literary magazines. We saw this year as a chance to correct that oversight. The range of writers he publishes (and often discovers) is a sort of who's who of 20th/21st century serious writing, and he's found a way to keep reinventing it. The fiction, poetry, criticism, drama, and art is sometimes described as 'experimental,' but we would also say innovative, daring, indispensable, and beautiful. Our best writers manifestly trust Bradford Morrow with their most ambitious work, and we can think of no higher praise for a literary magazine, or its editor."

 O. Henry Prize for short story "Lush" (2003)
 Academy Award for Literature, American Academy of Arts and Letters (1998)
 Member, board of trustees, PEN American Center (1998–2002) and chair of the PEN Forums Committee

Notes

External links
 Bradford Morrow's faculty page at Bard College
 Review of Contemporary Fiction issue on Bradford Morrow. Vol. XX, No. 1 (2000)
 Conjunctions web site, including Web Conjunctions, an online-only supplement to the print journal; an index of all print-published work with selected pieces from the newly published issue; and an audio vault of authors reading from their own work
 "My Willa Cather," a talk by Bradford Morrow at the Chicago Public Library, June 25, 2009; broadcast by Chicago Public Radio and available as a podcast on their website
 The Beatrice interview with Bradford Morrow, by Ron Hogan (1997)
 The Jim Lewis interview in  Bomb 51 (Spring 1995)
 The Don Swaim interview with Bradford Morrow (audio file, 1991)
 Bradford Morrow at www.redroom.com
 Bradford Morrow at www.fantasticfiction.co.uk
 "A Selected Checklist of Publications of Bradford Morrow"
 Biographical sketch, with many links to excerpts from his works at Web DelSol Web site
 Salon magazine on Morrow's being the subject of a New York magazine piece and the New York Times book review that followed
 KCRW Bookworm Interview

1951 births
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
American magazine editors
Bard College faculty
Living people
20th-century American poets
21st-century American poets
American male poets
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from New York (state)
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers

Bradford Morrow


The Standard Model (SM) of physics is a theory of the elementary particles, which are either fermions or bosons. It also explains three of the four basic forces of nature. The four fundamental forces are: gravity, electromagnetism, the weak force, and the strong force. Gravity is the one the model does not explain.

The model uses the parts of physics called quantum mechanics and special relativity, and the ideas of physical field and symmetry breaking. Some of the mathematics of the SM is group theory, and also as equations which have biggest and smallest points, called Lagrangians and Hamiltonians.

Fermions
Fermions are particles that join together to make up all "matter" we see. Examples of groups of fermions are the proton and the neutron. Fermions have properties, such as charge and mass, which can be seen in everyday life. They also have other properties, such as spin, weak charge, hypercharge, and color charge, whose effects do not usually appear in everyday life. These properties are given numbers called quantum numbers.

Fermions are particles whose spin numbers equal an odd, positive number times one half: 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, etc. We say that fermions have "half integer spin."

An important fact about fermions is that they follow a rule called the Pauli exclusion principle. This rule says that no two fermions can be in the same "place" at the same time, because no two fermions in an atom can have the same quantum numbers at the same time. Fermions also obey a theory called Fermi-Dirac statistics. The word "fermion" honors the physicist Enrico Fermi.

There are 12 different types of fermions. Each type is called a "flavor." Their names are:

 Quarks — up, down, strange, charm, top, bottom
 Leptons — electron, muon, tau, electron neutrino, muon neutrino, tau neutrino. The electron is the best known lepton.

Quarks are grouped into three pairs. Each pair is called a "generation." The first quark in each pair has charge 2/3, and the second quark has charge -1/3. The three kinds of neutrino have a charge of 0. The electron, muon, and tau have charge -1.

Matter is made of atoms, and atoms are made of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Protons and neutrons are made of up and down quarks.  You can find one lepton by itself, but you can never find quarks alone. This is because quarks are held together by the color force.

Bosons
Bosons are the second type of elementary particle in the standard model. All bosons have an integer spin (1, 2, 3, etc..) so many of them can be in the same place at the same time. There are two types of elementary bosons: gauge bosons and the Higgs boson. Gauge bosons are what make the fundamental forces of nature possible. (We are not yet sure if gravity works through a gauge boson.) Every force that acts on fermions happens because gauge bosons are moving between the fermions, carrying the force. Bosons follow a theory called Bose-Einstein statistics. The word "boson" honors the Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose.

The standard model says that there are:
 12 fermions, each with its own antiparticle;
 12 gauge bosons: 8 kinds of gluons, the photon, W+, W−, and Z;
These particles have all been seen either in nature or in the laboratory. The model also predicts that there is a Higgs boson. The model says that fermions have mass (they are not just pure energy) because Higgs bosons travel back and forth between them. The Higgs boson is believed to have been discovered on July 4th, 2012. It is the particle that gives mass to other particles.

Fundamental forces
There are four basic known forces of nature. Three of these forces affect fermions, and are carried by bosons traveling between those fermions. The standard model explains these three forces.
 Strong force: This force holds quarks together to make hadrons such as protons and neutrons. The strong force is carried by gluons. The theory of quarks, the strong force, and gluons is called quantum chromodynamics (QCD).
 The residual strong force holds protons and neutrons together to make the nucleus of every atom. This force is carried by mesons, which are made up of two quarks. It is not fundamental.
 Weak force: This force can change the flavor of a fermion and causes beta decay. The weak force is carried by three gauge bosons: W+, W-, and the Z boson.
 Electromagnetic force: This force explains electricity, magnetism, and other electromagnetic waves including light. This force is carried by the photon. The combined theory of the electron, photon, and electromagnetism is called quantum electrodynamics (QED).
The other force affects all particles (fermions and bosons) and is not known to have an associated boson.
Gravity: This is the only fundamental force that is not explained by the standard model. It may be carried by a particle called the graviton. Physicists are looking for the graviton, but they have not found it yet.

The strong and weak forces are only seen inside the nucleus of an atom. They only work over very tiny distances: distances that are about as far as a proton is wide. The electromagnetic force and gravity work over any distance, but the strength of these forces goes down as the affected objects get farther apart. The force goes down with the square of the distance between the affected objects: for example, if two objects become twice as far away from each other, the force of gravity between them goes down to a quarter (22=4).

Limitations
The standard model falls short of being a theory of everything.

 It does not include the full theory of gravitation as described by general relativity.
 it does not explain the accelerating expansion of the universe (as possibly described by dark energy).
 The model does not contain any dark matter particle that has all the properties observed in observational cosmology.

The standard model is believed to be theoretically self-consistent. It has demonstrated huge and continued successes in experimental predictions, but it does leave some things unexplained.

References

Other websites
 A school site: Explaining the Standard Model
 Standard model Citizendium

Basic physics ideas
Relativity
Matter
Nuclear physics

Standard Model


Nokia 7610 is an symbian series mobile phone was developed for Nokia Corporation, it was reach announced on 18 March 2004 at CNET and released on March 19, 2004. Nokia 7610 was user the features has designed by Jony Ive (designed from iPhone and more phone), as of January 2005. Nokia 7610 has untishipped from worldwide, official it was reach from performance is Take The Nokia 7610 at CNET Tour World.

In January 2013, Nokia 7610 by Nokia has an 400% peoples use Nokia 7610, it was later after discontinuation on February 12, 2007 in 6 years ago, Nokia 7610 has reach from 500% sales in series mobile phone from the world, Nokia 7610 has discontinued from website and deleted support lifecycles from mobile phone on February 12, 2007, 3 years ago after few day release Nokia 7610.

Release
In May 2003, Nokia 7610 has beginning from worldwide, was released in 2004, fifth day ago has released from Nokia 7610, as of December 4, 2003. Nokia 7610 stated from Nokia has released from news mobile device is Nokia buttons and keyboard, also Nokia 7610 has features from the Beta Mine has announcement on April 14 and April 15, 2004 at CNET Tour World in Burbank, California.

Before day ago, Nokia 7610 has rushed from news released has an helicopter, announcement has an 400 and 5000 peoples in performance, Nokia 7610 has released for USA on February 17, 2004 after performance. On February 28, 2004. The Wall Street Journal was wrote is Maybe can fine, taken from the world has choice for Nokia 7610 mobile phone, Nokia 7610 has released for availability on March 19, 2004.

Hardware and functions

Camera
Nokia 7610 camera has shot on 407m, inside camera can choice taken pictures, Nokia 7610 camera has designed from like mobile phone has an more thing features in Nokia 7610.

Keyboard
Nokia 7610 keyboard has choice from number and letters, in 60 letters and 9 numbers. However, Nokia 7610 keyboard can choice from send emails, calling from phone and incoming call.

Hardware
Nokia 7610 has reach from 256MB in Nokia, pubilc released designed in Nokia Corporation, Nokia 7610 has sixteen storage card and memory card, Nokia 7610 has more on 512MB in x64 device and 605MB in x87 device from Nokia 7610.

Reception
The CNET announced was Nokia 7610 has beginning untishipped in Spain and France on March 15, 2006. Nokia 7610 has since from better in beginning from mobile phone, however, Risto Siilasmaa say never begin from Nokia 7610 mobile phone better nows. The Wall Street Journal has an announced from untishipped Nokia 7610 has expired in January 2007, two day ago after discontinuation.

In February 11, 2005. Nokia 7610 has pubilc designed is Nokia 7610e and 7610i has fake released, Nokia 7610 in however from Nokia Corporation can pubilc can smillar to Change World Tour and World from Nokia Love has announced on February 15, 2005.

Discontinuation
In February 12, 2007, few 4 month ago after released and performance. Nokia 7610 has discontinuation from website and worldwide, has an 7000 thousand dong from use Nokia 7610 in January 2013, Nokia 7610 has deleted from support lifecycles in website for mobile phone, Nokia 7610 website has launched from Wayback Machine in Nokia Corporation rushed on March 19, 2004, after released.

Related pages

 Nokia 7650
 Nokia 5800 XpressMusic

Nokia mobile phones
Mobile phones released in 2000s

Nokia 7610


Darrel Verner Heald (August 27, 1919 – August 8, 2010) was a lawyer and political figure in Saskatchewan and a Canadian federal judge. He represented Lumsden from 1964 to 1971 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Liberal.

He was born in Regina, Saskatchewan, the son of Herbert Heald and Lotta Knutson, and was educated in Liberty, in Govan and at the University of Saskatchewan, where he received B.A. and a LLB degrees. Heald articled in Regina. He then served with the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II. After the war, Heald practised law in Regina. In 1951, he married Doris Rose Hessey. He served in the provincial cabinet as Attorney General, as Provincial Secretary and as Minister of Co-operation and Co-operative Development. Heald was defeated by Gary Lane when he ran for reelection to the Saskatchewan assembly in 1971. He was a member of the executive for the Saskatchewan Roughriders and was president of the Regina Curling Club. In 1971, he was named to the Federal Court of Canada in Ottawa, serving in both the Trial and Appeal divisions. Heald retired from the bench in 1989. He retired to British Columbia and died there at the age of 90.

References

1919 births
2010 deaths
Judges of the Federal Court of Canada
Politicians from Regina, Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan Liberal Party MLAs

Darrel Verner Heald


Alfred W. Pettibone (March 14, 1835 – September 2, 1914) was one of the first Bellingham residents and pioneers who actively participated in the city's formation, in particular developing the merchandise trade and real estate businesses.

Pettibone was the first to establish such businesses in Whatcom, Washington, which were developed with the help of his brother and sons. In the beginning of his career, he worked as a trader in Victoria and Langley, Canada, supplying international explorers, and then became one of the biggest local merchants in Lodi, Wisconsin, during the American Civil War.

The Pettibones' family house in Bellingham, built on Eldridge Avenue, later became one of the city's historic buildings.

Early life, family and education

Pettibone was born on March 14, 1835, in Waldo, Ohio. His parents, lawyer Hiram R. Pettibone and Jane (Curtis) Pettibone, were both born in Grand Bay, Connecticut. Pettibone had a sister named Jennie A. Pettibone (later Krammer) and a brother, W. C. Pettibone. The Pettibone family was of French origin and went to Wales during the Huguenot troubles. In 1635, they settled in Connecticut.

Pettibone was educated in the public schools of Fremont, Ohio, and then went to Beloit, Wisconsin, where he took a six-year educational course at Beloit College.

Career

Career in Wisconsin and Washington states

In 1856, Pettibone went to Portage, Wisconsin, where he worked as a clerk and eventually moved on to work in a trading business. In 1858, he moved to Whatcom County, Washington, travelling there on a number of steamers, including the John L. Stevens and the Oregon.

Pettibone arrived in Whatcom (later Bellingham, Washington) during a time of Fraser Canyon Gold Rush and mass immigration to the Fraser River district. Later, taking advantage of the abandoned Whatcom Trail, a gold seekers' route, Pettibone erected a building with his brother there (on the site where the Whatcom Hotel was later built). They started to work as merchants, selling around $42,000 ($1,116,000 in 2020 dollars) worth of goods in the first five weeks. At the time, the city was under control of the Hudson's Bay Company and Governor Douglass, who forced the Pettibones to move their enterprise to Victoria, Canada.

Business in British Columbia and in Wisconsin during the Civil War

For some time, the Pettibones worked in Victoria, and later opened a branch firm in Langley, a city on the Fraser River. Their business as suppliers for international explorers ran until 1860. When it closed, the brothers returned to Wisconsin, where Pettibone did business in Lodi, becoming one of the biggest local merchants during the Civil War. Around 1864, Pettibone moved to Ripon, Wisconsin, and continued his merchant business. His son, Fred Curtis, joined him in 1879. The Pettibones stopped working in merchandise in 1883.

Real estate business in Bellingham

In 1883, Pettibone came back to Whatcom, becoming one of the first residents of Bellingham and an active participant in the city's life. There, he decided to enter the real estate business, and the firm Pettibone, Powell & Pettibone was opened–the first official real estate company in the city. This firm closed in 1884, but in 1890, a new one was formed under the name of Powell & Pettibone. Some years later, Pettibone fully retired from the business.

Personal life and death

In June, 1861, Pettibone married Lucy B. Peabody (in a later article, Flora Peabody) . She was born in Cleveland, Ohio, lived in Whatcom, and died at Ripon in 1882. They had four children: Alice, married to a railroad constructor T. H. Bacon; Fred Curtis of Whatcom, married to Elizabeth E. Pettibone (Crickett); Will E. of Seattle; and Louis A. of St. Paul. The Pettibones were one of the Peabody heirs, and in 1886, after a series of legal disputes over land in Bellingham, they built a family home in the heart of the city on Eldridge Avenue. The house was later named historic building.

Pettibone's sons followed their father's steps, and in 1889 opened their own successful real estate office in Whatcom (later Bellingham) under the name of Pettibone Brothers Abstract Company. In 1892, they purchased an international shingle mill, and later owned 200 cattle and 75 horses.

Pettibone was a Republican and belonged to the Episcopal Lutheran church. He was a member of the Masonic fraternity, connected to the Ripon Commandery No. 10, K. T., of Berlin, Wisconsin, and to the Hoo Hoos.

Alfred Pettibone died on September 2, 1914, at the age of 79. He was buried in Bayview Cemetery, Bellingham.

Notes

References

Literature cited

External links

Beloit College alumni
Washington (state) pioneers
People from Bellingham, Washington
19th-century American merchants
Businesspeople in real estate
1835 births
1914 deaths

Alfred Pettibone


Typhoon Krosa was a storm that affected Japan. It was the next typhoon after Lekima, in the 2019 Pacific typhoon season.

Storm history
A tropical depression formed near Mariana Islands on August 5. By August 6, it intensified into a tropical storm, and was named Krosa by the JMA. Tropical Storm Krosa soon became a typhoon, and rapidly intensified to become a category 3-equivalent typhoon on August 8. Upwelling of cooler waters induced weakening thereafter; by August 13, Krosa weakened below typhoon intensity. Krosa continued moving, albeit slowly, towards Japan with little change in intensity. Moderately conducive conditions were unable to aid Krosa in strengthening, and it stayed the same intensity before landfall in Japan. On August 14, Krosa emerged in the Sea of Japan and a few days later on August 16 Krosa transitioned into an extratropical low.

Impact
The typhoon brought torrential rain to parts of Shikoku and Honshu, with accumulations peaking at  at Yanase in Kochi Prefecture. Wind gusts reached  in Muroto. Rough seas produced by the storm killed two people while flooding killed one other. Fifty-five people were injured in various incidents. Agricultural damage in Japan reached ¥279.61 million (US$2.64 million).

References

Krosa

Typhoon Krosa (2019)


Matiene was the name of a kingdom in northwestern Iran on the lands of the earlier kingdom of the Mannae.    Ancient historians including Strabo, Ptolemy, Herodotus, Polybius, and Pliny mention names such as Mantiane, Martiane, Matiana, Matiani, Matiene, Martuni to designate a region located to the northwest of Media."

Etymology

The name Matiene may be related to Mitanni, the name of a state some 800 years earlier, which was founded by an Indo-Aryan ruling class governing the Hurrian population.  The name Matiene was applied also to the neighboring Lake Matianus (Lake Urmia) located immediately to the east of the Matieni people.  The Iranian root "Mati-" meaning "to tower, to stand out" (from the same Indo-European root that gives us the word "mountain") might explain the name.

History

The Mannaeans who probably spoke a Hurro-Urartian language, were subdued by the Scytho-Kimmerians during the seventh and eighth centuries BC and assimilated by Matienes. Matiene was ultimately conquered by the Medes in about 609 BCE.

Matiene became a satrapy of the Median Empire until the Persian conquest, when along with tribes of Saspires and Alaradians (remnants of Urartians) it became a part of the XVIII satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire.

Geography and population

The land of Matiene was surrounded to the north by Armenia, to the east by Media, to the south by Susiana, and to the west by Assyria. Its chief city was Matiati around Lake Van.

It is believed that the population of Matiene were speaking a Hurro-Urartian language. Known descendants of the kings(chieftains) of the matian tribes was Armenian princely (naxarar) family of Amatuni

Cimmerians were said to have originated from the Matiani by Herodotus, moving  west into Anatolia along the south shore of the Black Sea.  Herodotus also said that later, in Median times, there was a second site called Matiene, along the eastern shore of the Halys river in northwestern Cappadocia across the river from the Phrygians.   He stated they wore the same uniform as the Paphlagonians in the Median and Persian armies, meaning their units were combined with the Paphlagonians.  It is not at all clear whether these western Matieni were descendants of the Cimmerians, a group of Paphlagonians just called by this name, actual (eastern) Matieni who migrated west from Matiene on their own, or a Median military colony on the border with Phrygia and later the Lydian empire.

References

Mannaeans
Ancient history of Iran

Matiene


"The Stolen Body" is a science fiction short story by H. G. Wells that was originally published in The Strand Magazine (November 1898); collected in Twelve Stories and a Dream (1903) and Tales of the Unexpected (1924); reprinted in Weird Tales magazine (November 1925) and was later reprinted in many collections and anthologies.

Plot summary
The story's main characters are a pair of casual paranormal researchers who are experimenting with the idea of astral projection. One night, one of them inadvertently succeeds in projecting his spirit from his body, which is then taken possession of by a malevolent entity in his absence. His partner receives a vivid sensation of him calling out for help and rushes to his residence, only to find him absent and the place in shambles. The researcher continues to search for his partner and learns that he has perpetrated a series of violent incidents around London. He seeks the aid of a medium, who channels his partner's spirit and finds that he has fallen down a well and subsequently been abandoned by the possessing entity. They locate the well and rescue him, after which he recounts the story of his possession.

Notes

External links

1898 short stories
Astral projection in popular culture
Short stories by H. G. Wells
Fantasy short stories
Works originally published in The Strand Magazine

The Stolen Body


Robert Harry Kyr (born April 20, 1952 in Cleveland) is an American composer, writer, filmmaker, and Philip H. Knight Professor of Music Composition and Theory.

Kyr is one of the most prolific composers of his generation, having written 12 symphonies, three chamber symphonies, three violin concerti, numerous large works for orchestra, oratorios and other large-scale choral works, and a wide variety of chamber music.

Luminous and sometimes ecstatic in effect, Kyr's work is basically tonal, and often harmonically and rhythmically complex, its sophistication deriving from its synthesis of both modern and ancient modes, as well as Western and Asian musical traditions. An engaged activist for world peace and environmentalism, Kyr has initiated a number of projects that bring together musicians from diverse cultures, or combine music with other media, and touch upon current or historical events.

The concepts and titles of Robert Kyr's works often point to their spiritual and metaphysical dimensions: A Time For Life, In Praise of Music, On The Nature of Love (Violin Concerto No.1), Unseen Rain, Songs of The Shining Wind, Into the Hour of New Life, White Tigers, and The Passion According to Four Evangelists.

Kyr's music has been performed widely around the world and he has been commissioned by numerous ensembles, including Chanticleer (San Francisco), Cappella Romana (Portland), Cantus (Minneapolis), San Francisco Symphony Chorus, New England Philharmonic, Oregon Symphony, Yale Symphony Orchestra, Cleveland Chamber Symphony, New West Symphony (Los Angeles), Harvard-Radcliffe Collegium Musicum, Harvard Glee Club, Radcliffe Choral Society, Yale Camerata, Oregon Repertory Singers, Cappella Nova (Scotland), Revalia (Estonia), Putni (Latvia), Moscow State Chamber Choir (Russia), Ensemble Project Ars Nova, Back Bay Chorale (Boston), Notre Dame Vocale, and San Francisco Symphony Youth Orchestra among others.

Three compact discs of Kyr's music are currently available through New Albion Records: Violin Concerto Trilogy; Unseen Rain; and The Passion According to Four Evangelists. In addition, his music has been featured on several compilation discs including, Faces of a Woman, Celestial Light: Music by Hildegard von Bingen and Robert Kyr, The Fourth River: The Millennium Revealed, and Strange Attractors: New American Music for Piano.

Kyr has held teaching positions at Yale University, UCLA, the Longy School of Music and since 1990, has been Professor of Composition and Theory at the University of Oregon, which also includes David Crumb on the faculty. Kyr also directs the Oregon Bach Festival Composers Symposium, the University of Oregon Composers Forum, the Music Today Festival, and the Vanguard Concert and Workshop Series, as well as the Pacific Rim Gamelan.

Kyr received his bachelor's degree from Yale University in 1974, followed by a master's degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1980, and a Ph.D from Harvard University in 1989, where previously, he was a Junior Fellow in the Society of Fellows. He also studied at the Royal College of Music in London, England (1974–76). His primary teachers included Donald Martino, Earl Kim, George Rochberg and George Crumb.

References

External links
Robert Kyr's Official Website
Faculty Bio on University of Oregon Website
Artist information from New Albion Records
Oregon Bach Festival Composers Symposium
Art of the States: Robert Kyr two works by the composer

1952 births
American male classical composers
American classical composers
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Yale University alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Harvard University alumni
University of Oregon faculty
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Yale University faculty
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Longy School of Music of Bard College faculty
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians

Robert Kyr


Charles Hardin Holley (September 7, 1936 – February 3, 1959), known as Buddy Holly, was an American singer and songwriter who was a central and pioneering figure of mid-1950s rock and roll. He was born to a musical family in Lubbock, Texas, during the Great Depression, and learned to play guitar and sing alongside his siblings. Holly's style was influenced by gospel music, country music, and rhythm and blues acts, which he performed in Lubbock with his friends from high school.

Holly made his first appearance on local television in 1952, and the following year he formed the group "Buddy and Bob" with his friend Bob Montgomery. In 1955, after opening for Elvis Presley, Holly decided to pursue a career in music. He opened for Presley three times that year; his band's style shifted from country and western to entirely rock and roll. In October that year, when Holly opened for Bill Haley & His Comets, he was spotted by Nashville scout Eddie Crandall, who helped him get a contract with Decca Records.

Holly's recording sessions at Decca were produced by Owen Bradley, who had become famous for producing orchestrated country hits for stars like Patsy Cline. Unhappy with Bradley's musical style and control in the studio, Holly went to producer Norman Petty in Clovis, New Mexico, and recorded a demo of "That'll Be the Day", among other songs. Petty became the band's manager and sent the demo to Brunswick Records, which released it as a single credited to The Crickets, which became the name of Holly's band. In September 1957, as the band toured, "That'll Be the Day" topped the US and UK singles charts. Its success was followed in October by another major hit, "Peggy Sue."

The album The "Chirping" Crickets, released in November 1957, reached number five on the UK Albums Chart. Holly made his second appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show in January 1958 and soon after toured Australia and then the UK. In early 1959, he assembled a new band, consisting of future country music star Waylon Jennings (bass), famed session musician Tommy Allsup (guitar), and Carl Bunch (drums), and embarked on a tour of the midwestern US. After a show in Clear Lake, Iowa, Holly chartered an airplane to travel to his next show in Moorhead, Minnesota. Soon after takeoff, the plane crashed, killing Holly, Ritchie Valens, The Big Bopper, and pilot Roger Peterson in a tragedy later referred to by Don McLean as "The Day the Music Died" in his song "American Pie."

During his short career, Holly wrote and recorded many songs. He is often regarded as the artist who defined the traditional rock-and-roll lineup of two guitars, bass, and drums. Holly was a major influence on later popular music artists, including Bob Dylan, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Eric Clapton, The Hollies, Elvis Costello, Dave Edmunds, Marshall Crenshaw, and Elton John. Holly was among the first artists inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in 1986. Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 13 in its list of "100 Greatest Artists" in 2010.

Life and career

Early life and career (1936–1955)
Holly was born as Charles Hardin Holley (spelled "-ey") in Lubbock, Texas, on September 7, 1936, the youngest of four children of Lawrence Odell "L.O." Holley (1901–85) and Ella Pauline Drake (1902–90). His elder siblings were Larry (1925–2022), Travis (1927–2016), and Patricia Lou (1929–2008). Holly was of mostly English and Welsh descent and had small amounts of Native American ancestry as well. From early childhood, Holly was nicknamed "Buddy." During the Great Depression, the Holleys frequently moved residence within Lubbock; L.O. changed jobs several times. Buddy Holly was baptized a Baptist, and the family were members of the Tabernacle Baptist Church.

The Holleys had an interest in music; all the family members except L.O. were able to play an instrument or sing. The elder Holley brothers performed in local talent shows; on one occasion, Buddy joined them on violin. Since he could not play it, his brother Larry greased the bow so it would not make any sound. The brothers won the contest. During World War II, Larry and Travis were called to military service. Upon his return, Larry brought with him a guitar he had bought from a shipmate while serving in the Pacific. At age 11, Buddy took piano lessons but abandoned them after nine months. He switched to the guitar after he saw a classmate playing and singing on the school bus. Buddy's parents initially bought him a steel guitar, but he insisted that he wanted a guitar like his brother's. His parents bought the guitar from a pawnshop, and Travis taught him to play it.

During his early childhood, Holly was influenced by the music of Hank Williams, Jimmie Rodgers, Moon Mullican, Bill Monroe, Hank Snow, Bob Wills, and the Carter Family. At Roscoe Wilson Elementary, Holly became friends with Bob Montgomery, and the two played together, practicing with songs by The Louvin Brothers and Johnnie & Jack. They both listened to the radio programs Grand Ole Opry on WSM, Louisiana Hayride on KWKH, and Big D Jamboree. At the same time, Holly played with other musicians he met in high school, including Sonny Curtis and Jerry Allison. In 1952 Holly and Jack Neal participated as a duo billed as "Buddy and Jack" in a talent contest on a local television show. After Neal left, he was replaced by Bob Montgomery, and they were billed as "Buddy and Bob." They soon started performing on the Sunday Party show on KDAV in 1953 and performed live gigs in Lubbock. At that time, Holly was influenced by late-night radio stations that played blues and rhythm and blues (R&B). He would sit in his car with Curtis and tune to distant radio stations that could only be received at night, when local transmissions ceased. Holly then modified his music by blending his earlier country and western (C&W) influence with R & B.

By 1955, after graduating from Lubbock High School, Holly decided to pursue a full-time career in music. He was further encouraged after seeing Elvis Presley perform live in Lubbock, whose act was booked by Pappy Dave Stone of KDAV. In February, Holly opened for Presley at the Fair Park Coliseum, in April at the Cotton Club, and again in June at the Coliseum. By that time, Holly had incorporated into his band Larry Welborn on the stand-up bass and Allison on drums, as his style shifted from country and western to rock and roll due to seeing Presley's performances and hearing his music. In October, Stone booked Bill Haley & His Comets and placed Holley as the opening act to be seen by Nashville scout Eddie Crandall. Impressed, Crandall persuaded Grand Ole Opry manager Jim Denny to seek a recording contract for Holley. Stone sent a demo tape, which Denny forwarded to Paul Cohen, who signed the band to Decca Records in February 1956. In the contract, Decca misspelled Holly's surname as "Holly", and from then on he was known as "Buddy Holly", instead of his real name "Holley."

On January 26, 1956, Holly attended his first formal recording session, which was produced by Owen Bradley. He attended two more sessions in Nashville, but with the producer selecting the session musicians and arrangements, Holly became increasingly frustrated by his lack of creative control. In April 1956, Decca released "Blue Days, Black Nights" as a single, with "Love Me" on the B-side. Denny included Holly on a tour as the opening act for Faron Young. During the tour, they were promoted as "Buddy Holly and the Two Tones", while later Decca called them "Buddy Holly and the Three Tunes." The label later released Holly's second single "Modern Don Juan", backed with "You Are My One Desire." Neither single made an impression. On January 22, 1957, Decca informed Holly his contract would not be renewed, but insisted he could not record the same songs for anyone else for five years.

The Crickets (1956–1957)

Holly was unhappy with the results of his time with Decca, and inspired by the success of Buddy Knox's "Party Doll" and Jimmy Bowen's "I'm Stickin' with You", he visited Norman Petty, who had produced and promoted both records. Together with Allison, bassist Larry Welborn, and rhythm guitarist Niki Sullivan, he went to Petty's studio in Clovis, New Mexico. The group recorded a demo of "That'll Be the Day", a song they had previously recorded in Nashville. Now playing lead guitar, Holly achieved the sound he desired. Petty became his manager and sent the record to Brunswick Records in New York City. Holly, still under contract with Decca, could not release the record under his name, so a band name was used; Allison proposed the name "Crickets." Brunswick gave Holly a basic agreement to release "That'll Be the Day", leaving him with both artistic control and financial responsibility for future recordings.

Impressed with the demo, the label's executives released it without recording a new version. "I'm Looking for Someone to Love" was the B-side; the single was credited to The Crickets. Petty and Holly later learned that Brunswick was a subsidiary of Decca, which legally cleared future recordings under the name Buddy Holly. Recordings credited to the Crickets would be released on Brunswick, while the recordings under Holly's name were released on another subsidiary label, Coral Records. Holly concurrently held a recording contract with both labels.

"That'll Be the Day" was released on May 27, 1957. Petty booked Holly and the Crickets for a tour with Irvin Feld, who had noticed the band after "That'll Be the Day" appeared on the R&B chart. He booked them for appearances in Washington, D.C., Baltimore, and New York City. The band was booked to play at New York's Apollo Theater on August 16–22. During the opening performances, the group did not impress the audience, but they were accepted after they included "Bo Diddley." By the end of their run at the Apollo, "That'll Be the Day" was climbing the charts. Encouraged by the single's success, Petty started to prepare two album releases; a solo album for Holly and another for the Crickets. Holly appeared on American Bandstand, hosted by Dick Clark on ABC, on August 26. Before leaving New York, the band befriended The Everly Brothers.

"That'll Be the Day" topped the US "Best Sellers in Stores" chart on September 23 and was number one on the UK Singles Chart for three weeks in November. Three days prior, Coral released "Peggy Sue", backed with "Everyday", with Holly credited as the performer. By October, "Peggy Sue" had reached number three on Billboards pop chart and number two on the R&B chart; it peaked at number six on the UK Singles chart. As the success of the song grew, it brought more attention to Holly, with the band at the time being billed as "Buddy Holly and the Crickets" (although never on records during Holly's lifetime; the record labels identified the band as "Buddy Holly and the Crickets" beginning in 1962).

In the last week of September, the band members flew to Lubbock to visit their families. Holly's high school girlfriend, Echo McGuire, had left him for a fellow student. Aside from McGuire, Holly had a relationship with Lubbock fan June Clark. After Clark ended their relationship, Holly realized the importance of his relationship with McGuire and considered his relationship with Clark a temporary one. Meanwhile, for their return to recording, Petty arranged a session in Oklahoma City, where he was performing with his own band. While the band drove to the location, the producer set up a makeshift studio. The rest of the songs needed for an album and singles were recorded; Petty later dubbed the material in Clovis. The resulting album, The "Chirping" Crickets, was released on November 27, 1957. It reached number five on the UK Albums Chart. In October, Brunswick released the second single by the Crickets, "Oh, Boy!", with "Not Fade Away" on the B-side. The single reached number 10 on the pop chart and 13 on the R&B chart. Holly and the Crickets performed "That'll Be the Day" and "Peggy Sue" on The Ed Sullivan Show on December 1, 1957. Following the appearance, Niki Sullivan left the group because he was tired of the intensive touring, and he wanted to resume his education. On December 29, Holly and the Crickets performed "Peggy Sue" on The Arthur Murray Party.

International tours and split (1958)
On January 8, 1958, Holly and the Crickets joined America's Greatest Teenage Recording Stars tour. On January 25, Holly recorded "Rave On"; the next day, he made his second appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, singing "Oh, Boy!" Holly departed to perform in Honolulu, Hawaii, on January 27, and then started a week-long tour of Australia billed as the Big Show with Paul Anka, Jerry Lee Lewis and Jodie Sands. In March, the band toured the United Kingdom, playing 50 shows in 25 days. The same month, his debut solo album, Buddy Holly, was released. Upon their return to the United States, Holly and the Crickets joined Alan Freed's Big Beat Show tour for 41 dates. In April, Decca released That'll Be the Day, featuring the songs recorded with Bradley during his early Nashville sessions.

A new recording session in Clovis was arranged in May; Holly hired Tommy Allsup to play lead guitar. The session produced the recordings of "It's So Easy" and "Heartbeat." Holly was impressed by Allsup and invited him to join the Crickets. In June, Holly traveled alone to New York for a solo recording session. Without the Crickets, he chose to be backed by a jazz and R&B band, recording "Now We're One" and Bobby Darin's "Early in the Morning."

During a visit to the offices of Peer-Southern, Holly met María Elena Santiago. He asked her out on their first meeting and proposed marriage to her on their first date. The wedding took place on August 15. Holly's manager Norman Petty disapproved of the marriage and advised Holly to keep it secret to avoid upsetting Holly's female fans. Petty's suggestion created friction with Holly, who had also started to question Petty's bookkeeping. The Crickets were also frustrated with Petty, who controlled all of the proceeds earned by the band.

Holly and Santiago frequented many of New York's music venues, including the Village Gate, Blue Note, Village Vanguard, and Johnny Johnson's. Santiago later said that Holly was keen to learn fingerstyle flamenco guitar and that he would often visit her aunt's home to play the piano there. Holly planned collaborations between soul singers and rock and roll. He wanted to make an album with Ray Charles and Mahalia Jackson. Holly also had ambitions to work in film and registered for acting classes with Lee Strasberg's Actors Studio.

Santiago accompanied Holly on tours. To hide her marriage to Holly, she was presented as the Crickets' secretary. She took care of the laundry and equipment set-up and collected the concert revenues. Santiago kept the money for the band instead of their habitual transfer to Petty in New Mexico. She and her aunt Provi Garcia, an executive in the Latin American music department at Peer-Southern, convinced Holly that Petty was paying the band's royalties from Coral-Brunswick into his own company's account. Holly planned to retrieve his royalties from Petty and to later fire him as manager and producer. At the recommendation of the Everly Brothers, Holly hired lawyer Harold Orenstein to negotiate his royalties. The problems with Petty were triggered after he was unable to pay Holly. At the time, New York promoter Manny Greenfield reclaimed a large part of Holly's earnings; Greenfield had booked Holly for shows during previous tours. The two had a verbal agreement; Greenfield would obtain 5% of the booking earnings. Greenfield later felt he was also acting as Holly's manager and deserved a higher payment, which Holly refused. Greenfield then sued Holly. Under New York law, because Holly's royalties originated in New York and were directed out of the state, the payments were frozen until the dispute was settled. Petty then could not complete the transfers to Holly, who considered him responsible for the missing profit.

In September, Holly returned to Clovis for a new recording session, which yielded "Reminiscing" and "Come Back Baby." During the session, he ventured into producing by recording Lubbock DJ Waylon Jennings. Holly produced the single "Jole Blon" and "When Sin Stops (Love Begins)" for Jennings. Holly became increasingly interested in the New York music, recording, and publishing scene. Holly and Santiago settled in Apartment 4H of the Brevoort Apartments, at 11 Fifth Avenue in Greenwich Village, where he recorded a series of acoustic songs, including "Crying, Waiting, Hoping" and "What to Do." The inspiration to record the songs is sometimes attributed to the ending of his relationship with McGuire.

On October 21, 1958, Holly's final studio session was recorded at the Pythian Temple on West 70th Street (now a luxury condominium). Known by Holly fans as "the string sessions", Holly recorded four songs for Coral in an innovative collaboration with the Dick Jacobs Orchestra, an 18-piece ensemble composed of former members of the NBC Symphony Orchestra including saxophonist Boomie Richman.

The four songs recorded during the -hour session were:
"True Love Ways" (written by Buddy Holly),
"Moondreams" (written by Norman Petty),
"Raining in My Heart" (written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant) and
"It Doesn't Matter Anymore" (written by Paul Anka).
These four songs were the only ones Coral ever mixed in stereo, but only "Raining in My Heart" was released that way (in 1959, on an obscure promotional LP titled Hitsville). All four records otherwise received releases in mono. The original stereo mixes were consulted many years later for compilation albums.

Holly ended his association with Petty in December 1958. His band members kept Petty as their manager and split from Holly. The split was amicable and based on logistics: Holly had decided to settle permanently in New York, where the business and publishing offices were, and the Crickets preferred not to leave their home state. Petty was still holding the money from the royalties, forcing Holly to form a new band and return to touring.

Winter Dance Party tour and death (1959)

Holly vacationed with his wife in Lubbock and visited Jennings's radio station in December 1958. For the start of the Winter Dance Party tour, he assembled a band consisting of Waylon Jennings (electric bass), Tommy Allsup (guitar), and Carl Bunch (drums). Holly and Jennings left for New York City, arriving on January 15, 1959. Jennings stayed at Holly's apartment by Washington Square Park on the days prior to a meeting scheduled at the headquarters of the General Artists Corporation, which organized the tour. They then traveled by train to Chicago to join the rest of the band.

The Winter Dance Party tour began in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on January 23, 1959. The amount of travel involved created logistical problems, as the distance between venues had not been considered when scheduling performances. Adding to the problem, the unheated tour buses twice broke down in freezing weather, with dire consequences. Holly's drummer, Carl Bunch, was hospitalized for frostbite to his toes (sustained while aboard the bus), so Holly decided to seek other transportation. On February 2, before their appearance in Clear Lake, Iowa, Holly chartered a four-seat Beechcraft Bonanza airplane for Jennings, Allsup, and himself, from Dwyer Flying Service in Mason City, Iowa. Holly's idea was to depart following the show at the Surf Ballroom in Clear Lake and fly to their next venue, in Moorhead, Minnesota, via Fargo, North Dakota, allowing them time to rest and launder their clothes and avoid a rigorous bus journey. Immediately after the Clear Lake show (which ended just before midnight), Allsup agreed to flip a coin for the seat with Ritchie Valens. Valens called heads; when he won, he reportedly said, "That's the first time I've ever won anything in my life." Allsup later opened a restaurant/bar in Fort Worth, Texas, called Heads Up Saloon. Waylon Jennings voluntarily gave up his seat to J. P. Richardson (The Big Bopper), who had influenza and complained that the tour bus was too cold and uncomfortable for a man of his size.

The pilot, Roger Peterson, took off in inclement weather, even though he was not certified to fly by instruments only. Buddy's brother Larry Holley said, "I got the full report from the Civil Aeronautics – it took me a year to get it, but I got it – and they had installed a new Sperry gyroscope in the airplane. The Sperry works different than  any other gyro. One of them, the background moves and the plane stays like this [stationary], and in the other one the background stays steady and the plane moves, it works just backwards. He [the pilot] could have been reading this backwards... they were going down, they thought they were still climbing."

Shortly after 1:00 a.m. on February 3, 1959, Holly, Valens, Richardson, and Peterson were killed when the aircraft crashed into a cornfield five miles northwest of Mason City shortly after takeoff. The three musicians, who were ejected from the fuselage upon impact, sustained severe head and chest injuries. Holly was 22 years old.

The report did not mention a gun belonging to Holly that was found by a farmer two months after the crash. Newspaper accounts of the gun discovery fueled rumors among fans that the pilot was somehow shot, causing the crash. Another curious finding at the crash was that Richardson's body was discovered nearly  away from the crash while the others were found in or near the wreckage. However, an autopsy done at the request of Richardson's son in 2007 found no evidence to support the rumors. Dr. Bill Bass, a forensic anthropologist at the University of Tennessee, stated that "There was no indication of foul play," and that Richardson "died immediately."

Holly's funeral was held on February 7, 1959, at the Tabernacle Baptist Church in Lubbock. The service was officiated by Ben D. Johnson, who had presided at the Hollys' wedding just months earlier. The pallbearers were Jerry Allison, Joe B. Mauldin, Niki Sullivan, Bob Montgomery, and Sonny Curtis. Some sources say that Phil Everly, one half of The Everly Brothers, was also pallbearer, but Everly said that he attended the funeral but was not a pallbearer. Waylon Jennings was unable to attend because of his commitment to the still-touring Winter Dance Party. Holly's body was interred in the City of Lubbock Cemetery, in the eastern part of the city. Holly's headstone carries the correct spelling of his surname (Holley) and a carving of his Fender Stratocaster guitar.

Santiago watched the first reports of Holly's death on television. The following day, she suffered a miscarriage. Holly's mother, who heard the news on the radio in Lubbock, Texas, screamed and collapsed. Because of Elena's miscarriage, in the months following the accident, news agencies implemented a policy against announcing victims' names until after families are informed. Santiago did not attend the funeral and has never visited the gravesite. She later told the Avalanche-Journal, "In a way, I blame myself. I was not feeling well when he left. I was two weeks pregnant, and I wanted Buddy to stay with me, but he had scheduled that tour. It was the only time I wasn't with him. And I blame myself because I know that, if only I had gone along, Buddy never would have gotten into that airplane."

Image and style
Holly's singing style was characterized by his vocal hiccups and his alternation between his regular voice and falsetto. Holly's "stuttering vocals" were complemented by his percussive guitar playing, solos, stops, bent notes, and rhythm and blues chord progressions. He often strummed downstrokes that were accompanied by Allison's "driving" percussion.

Holly bought his first Fender Stratocaster, which became his signature guitar, at Harrod Music in Lubbock for $249.50. Fender Stratocasters were popular with country musicians; Holly chose it for its loud sound. His "innovative" playing style was characterized by its blending of "chunky rhythm" and "high string lead work." Holly played his first Stratocaster, a 1954 model, until it was stolen during a tour stop in Michigan in 1957. To replace it, he purchased a 1957 model before a show in Detroit. Holly owned four or five Stratocasters during his career.

At the beginning of their music careers, Holly and his group wore business suits. When they met the Everly Brothers, Don Everly took the band to Phil's men's shop in New York City and introduced them to Ivy League clothes. The brothers advised Holly to replace his old-fashioned glasses with horn-rimmed glasses, which had been popularized by Steve Allen. Holly bought a pair of glasses made in Mexico from Lubbock optometrist Dr. J. Davis Armistead. Teenagers in the United States started to request this style of glasses, which were later popularly known as "Buddy Holly glasses."

When the plane crashed, the wreckage was strewn across many yards of snow-covered ground. While his other belongings were recovered immediately, there was no record of his signature glasses being found. They were presumed lost until, in March 1980, they were discovered in a Cerro Gordo County courthouse storage area by Sheriff Gerald Allen. They had been found in the spring of 1959, after the snow had melted, and had been given to the sheriff's office. They were placed in an envelope dated April 7, 1959, along with the Big Bopper's watch, a lighter, two pairs of dice and part of another watch, and misplaced when the county moved courthouses. The glasses, missing their lenses, were returned to Santiago a year later, after a legal contest over them with his parents. They are now on display at the Buddy Holly Center in Lubbock, Texas.

Legacy

Buddy Holly left behind dozens of unfinished recordings — solo transcriptions of his new compositions, informal jam sessions with bandmates, or tapes demonstrating songs intended for other artists. The last known recordings, made in Holly's apartment in late 1958, were his last six original songs. In June 1959, Coral Records overdubbed two of them with backing vocals by the Ray Charles Singers and studio musicians in an attempt to simulate the established Crickets sound. The finished tracks became the first posthumous Holly single, "Peggy Sue Got Married"/"Crying, Waiting, Hoping." The new release was successful enough to warrant an album drawing upon the other Holly demos, using the same studio personnel, in January 1960. All six songs were included in The Buddy Holly Story, Vol. 2 (1960).

The demand for Holly records was so great, and Holly had recorded so prolifically, that his record label was able to release new Holly albums and singles for the next 10 years. Norman Petty produced most of these new editions, drawing upon unreleased studio masters, alternate takes, audition tapes, and even amateur recordings (some dating back to 1954 with low-fidelity vocals). The final "new" Buddy Holly album, Giant, was released in 1969; the single chosen from the album was "Love Is Strange."

Encyclopædia Britannica stated that Holly "produced some of the most distinctive and influential work in rock music." AllMusic defined him as "the single most influential creative force in early rock and roll." Rolling Stone ranked him number 13 on its list of "100 Greatest Artists." The Telegraph called him a "pioneer and a revolutionary [...] a multidimensional talent [...] (who) co-wrote and performed (songs that) remain as fresh and potent today." In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Holly at number 174 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.

The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame included Holly among its first class in 1986. On its entry, the Hall of Fame remarked upon the large quantity of material he produced during his short musical career, and said it "made a major and lasting impact on popular music." It called him an "innovator" for writing his own material, his experimentation with double tracking and the use of orchestration; he is also said to have "pioneered and popularized the now-standard" use of two guitars, bass, and drums by rock bands. The Songwriters Hall of Fame also inducted Holly in 1986, and said his contributions "changed the face of Rock 'n' Roll." Holly developed in collaboration with Petty techniques of overdubbing and reverb, while he used innovative instrumentation later implemented by other artists. Holly became "one of the most influential pioneers of rock and roll" who had a "lasting influence" on genre performers of the 1960s.

In 1980, Grant Speed sculpted a statue of Holly playing his Fender guitar. This statue is the centerpiece of Lubbock's Walk of Fame, which honors notable people who contributed to Lubbock's musical history. Other memorials to Buddy Holly include a street named in his honor and the Buddy Holly Center, which contains a museum of Holly memorabilia and fine arts gallery. The center is located on Crickets Avenue, one street east of Buddy Holly Avenue, in a building that previously housed the Fort Worth and Denver South Plains Railway Depot. In 2010, the statue was taken down for refurbishment, and construction of a new Walk of Fame began.

In 1997, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences gave Holly the Lifetime Achievement Award. He was inducted into the Iowa Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame in 2000. On May 9, 2011, the City of Lubbock held a ribbon-cutting ceremony for the Buddy and Maria Elena Holly Plaza, the new home of the statue and the Walk of Fame. On what would have been his 75th birthday, a star bearing Holly's name was placed on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Groundbreaking was held on April 20, 2017, for the construction of a new performing arts center in Lubbock, the Buddy Holly Hall of Performing Arts and Sciences, a downtown $153 million project expected to be completed in 2020. Thus far, the private group, the Lubbock Entertainment and Performing Arts Association, has raised or received pledges in the amount of $93 million to underwrite the project.

According to a June 2019 article in The New York Times Magazine, "virtually all" of Holly's masters were lost in the 2008 Universal fire. This is disputed by Chad Kassem of Analogue Productions, who claims to have used the master tapes of Holly's first two albums in Analogue Productions reissues of these albums on LP and SACD in 2017.

Influence
John Lennon and Paul McCartney saw Holly for the first time when he appeared on Sunday Night at the London Palladium. The two had recently met and begun their musical association. They studied Holly's records, learned his performance style and lyricism, and based their act around his persona. Inspired by Holly's insect-themed Crickets, they chose to name their band "The Beatles." Lennon and McCartney later cited Holly as one of their main influences.

Lennon's band the Quarrymen covered "That'll Be the Day" in their first recording session, in 1958. During breaks in the Beatles' first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, on February 9, 1964, Lennon asked CBS coordinator Vince Calandra about Holly's performances; Calandra said Lennon and McCartney repeatedly expressed their appreciation of Holly. The Beatles recorded a close cover of Holly's version of "Words of Love", which was released on their 1964 album Beatles for Sale (in the US, in June 1965 on Beatles VI). During the January 1969 recording sessions for their album Let It Be, the Beatles played a slow, impromptu version of "Mailman, Bring Me No More Blues" – which Holly popularized but did not write – with Lennon mimicking Holly's vocal style. Lennon recorded a cover version of "Peggy Sue" on his 1975 album Rock 'n' Roll. McCartney owns the publishing rights to Holly's song catalog.

On January 31, 1959, two nights before Holly's death, 17-year-old Bob Dylan attended Holly's performance in Duluth. Dylan referred to this in his acceptance speech when he received the Grammy Award for Album of the Year for Time Out of Mind in 1998: "... when I was sixteen or seventeen years old, I went to see Buddy Holly play at Duluth National Guard Armory and I was three feet away from him ... and he looked at me. And I just have some sort of feeling that he was ... with us all the time we were making this record in some kind of way."

Mick Jagger saw Holly performing live in Woolwich, London, during a tour of England; Jagger particularly remembered Holly's performance of "Not Fade Away" – a song that also inspired Keith Richards, who modeled his early guitar playing on the track. The Rolling Stones had a hit version of the song in 1964. Richards later said, "[Holly] passed it on via the Beatles and via [the Rolling Stones] ... He's in everybody."

Don McLean's popular 1971 ballad "American Pie" was inspired by Holly's death and the day of the plane crash. The song's lyric, which calls the incident "The Day the Music Died", became popularly associated with the crash. McLean's album American Pie is dedicated to Holly. In 2015, McLean wrote, "Buddy Holly would have the same stature musically whether he would have lived or died, because of his accomplishments ... By the time he was 22 years old, he had recorded some 50 tracks, most of which he had written himself ... in my view and the view of many others, a hit ... Buddy Holly and the Crickets were the template for all the rock bands that followed."

Elton John was musically influenced by Holly. At age 13, although he did not require them, John started wearing horn-rimmed glasses to imitate Holly. The Clash were also influenced by Holly, and referenced him in their song "If Music Could Talk" from the Sandinista! album. The Chirping Crickets was the first album Eric Clapton ever bought; he later saw Holly on Sunday Night at the London Palladium. In his autobiography, Clapton recounted the first time he saw Holly and his Fender, saying, "I thought I'd died and gone to heaven ... it was like seeing an instrument from outer space and I said to myself: 'That's the future – that's what I want.

The launch of Bobby Vee's successful musical career resulted from Holly's death; Vee was selected to replace Holly on the tour that continued after the plane crash. Holly's profound influence on Vee's singing style can be heard in the songs "Rubber Ball" – the B-side of which was a cover of Holly's "Everyday" – and "Run to Him." The name of the British rock band the Hollies is often claimed as a tribute to Holly; according to the band, they admired Holly, but their name was mainly inspired by sprigs of holly in evidence around Christmas 1962. In an August 24, 1978, interview with Rolling Stone, Bruce Springsteen told Dave Marsh, "I play Buddy Holly every night before I go on; that keeps me honest." The Grateful Dead performed the song "Not Fade Away" in concerts.

In 2016, Richard Barone released his album Sorrows & Promises: Greenwich Village in the 1960s, paying tribute to the new wave of singer-songwriters in the Village during that pivotal, post-Holly era. The album opens with Barone's version of "Learning the Game", one of the final songs written and recorded by Holly at his home in Greenwich Village, a week before his death.

Film and musical depictions
Holly's life story inspired a Hollywood biographical film, The Buddy Holly Story (1978); its lead actor Gary Busey received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Holly. The film was widely criticized by the rock press, and by Holly's friends and family, for its inaccuracies. This led Paul McCartney (whose MPL Communications by then controlled the publishing rights to Buddy Holly's song catalog) to produce and host his own documentary about Holly in 1985, titled The Real Buddy Holly Story. This video includes interviews with Keith Richards, Phil and Don Everly, Sonny Curtis, Jerry Allison, Holly's family, and McCartney, among others.

In 1987, musician Marshall Crenshaw portrayed Buddy Holly in the movie La Bamba, which depicts him performing at the Surf Ballroom and boarding the fatal airplane with Ritchie Valens and the Big Bopper. Crenshaw's version of "Crying, Waiting, Hoping" is featured on the La Bamba original motion picture soundtrack.

Buddy: The Buddy Holly Story, a jukebox musical depicting Holly's life, opened in 1989.

Holly was depicted in a 1989 episode of the science-fiction television program Quantum Leap titled "How the Tess Was Won"; Holly's identity is only revealed at the end of the episode. Dr. Sam Beckett (Scott Bakula) influences Buddy Holly to change his lyrics from "piggy, suey" to "Peggy Sue", setting up Holly's future hit song. Holly's follow up to that hit song is featured in the 1986 Francis Ford Coppola film Peggy Sue Got Married, in which a 43-year-old mother and housewife facing divorce played by Kathleen Turner is thrust back in time and given the chance to change the course of her life.

Steve Buscemi appeared as Holly in a brief cameo as a 1950s-themed restaurant employee in Quentin Tarantino's 1994 film Pulp Fiction, in which he takes Mia Wallace and Vincent Vega's orders (portrayed respectively by Uma Thurman and John Travolta).

In 1961, Mike Berry recorded "Tribute to Buddy Holly."

In 1985, the German punk band Die Ärzte composed a song centering on Buddy Holly's glasses, titled "Buddy Holly's Brille."

In 1998, the post-apocalyptic film Six-String Samurai depicted Holly as a guitar-playing samurai traveling to Las Vegas to become the new king of Nevada after the death of Elvis Presley.

Weezer's first top 40 single in the US was titled "Buddy Holly."

In 2006, country band the Dixie Chicks mention Buddy Holly in their song "Lubbock or Leave It." Lead singer Natalie Maines and Holly share a hometown of Lubbock, Texas.

In the animated series The Venture Bros., it is implied that the elderly villains Dragoon and Red Mantle are actually Richardson and Buddy Holly, who were recruited into the supervillain organization the Guild of Calamitous Intent on the night of their supposed deaths.

The TV documentary Buddy Holly – Rave On: The Story of Buddy Holly aired on BBC Four in 2017. An upcoming documentary The Day the Music Died/American Pie explores the story behind the Don Mclean song.

Discography

The Crickets
 The "Chirping" Crickets (1957)

Solo
 Buddy Holly (1958)
 That'll Be the Day (1958)

References

Sources

Further reading

 Bustard, Anne (2005). Buddy: The Story of Buddy Holly. Simon & Schuster. .
 Comentale, Edward P. (2013). Chapter Five. Sweet Air: Modernism, Regionalism, and American Popular Song. University of Illinois Press. .
 Dawson, Jim; Leigh, Spencer (1996). Memories of Buddy Holly. Big Nickel Publications. .
 Gerron, Peggy Sue (2008). Whatever Happened to Peggy Sue?. Togi Entertainment. .
 Goldrosen, John; Beecher, John (1996). Remembering Buddy: The Definitive Biography. New York: Da Capo Press. .
 Goldrosen, John (1975). Buddy Holly: His Life and Music. Popular Press.
 Laing, Dave (1971–2010). Buddy Holly (Icons of Pop Music). Indiana University Press. .
 Mann, Alan (1996). The A-Z of Buddy Holly. Aurum Press (2nd edition).  or 978–1854104335.
 McFadden, Hugh (2005). Elegy for Charles Hardin Holley, in Elegies & Epiphanies. Belfast: Lagan Press.
 Peer, Elizabeth and Ralph II (1972). Buddy Holly: A Biography in Words, Photographs and Music Australia: Peer International. ASIN B000W24DZO.
 Peters, Richard (1990). The Legend That Is Buddy Holly. Barnes & Noble Books.  or 978–0285630055.
 Rabin, Stanton (2009). OH BOY! The Life and Music of Rock 'n' Roll Pioneer Buddy Holly. Van Winkle Publishing (Kindle). ASIN B0010QBLLG.
 Tobler, John (1979). The Buddy Holly Story. Beaufort Books.
 VH1's Behind the Music "The Day the Music Died" interview with Waylon Jennings

External links

 Buddy Holly news archives at the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal

 Buddy Holly – sessions and cover songs
 Buddy Holly recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings

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Buddy Holly