Party Party is a 1983 British comedy film about three friends and their North West London crowd. This crowd includes workers, spivs and young police constables. A British entry into the teenage/youth house party genre typified by John Hughes' films. The movie was directed by Terry Winsor and written by Daniel Peacock and Winsor. It is notable for its soundtrack and as the early work of several of the cast members.

Plot
It's New Year's Eve, Johnny Reeve (Karl Howman) and his friend, Toby (Daniel Peacock) are out cruising in North-West London being followed by three quasi-threatening motorcyclists. At the same time, Larry (Perry Fenwick) is at Mass with his parents. Just after "Mum" and the Vicar begin bemoaning the nuisance that the motorcyclists make, Johnny and Toby pick up Larry from the front of the church. Through their conversation and those of other characters, we learn that the three are planning to hold a party at Larry's while his parents are away.

Meanwhile, at the police station's gymnasium, Rebecca (Phoebe Nicholls) is sparring with Sam, physically and verbally. After the workout, in the locker room, she teases Sam and Terry. Out in the squad bay, the sergeant tells them they are not to break up any of the local parties which means they can all go to Larry's party.

Larry fakes illness so that he doesn't have to go with his parents. Toby shows up early and almost blows it by talking about the party in front of Mum and Dad. Once the parents leave, Larry and Toby begin preparing for the guests.

The rest of the movie takes place at the party. Larry is shocked to see Sharon engaged to Tony and keeps trying to spirit her away for a "last fling." Rebecca and Johnny keep using others to get a reaction out of each other including Sam and Bobby. Toby unsuccessfully tries to connect with any female. Shirley is so distraught by her failed attempts to connect with any guy, she plans on drowning herself in the bath tub. Sonya tries to get Tony back. Brenda pursues Sam to no avail until it's clear that Rebecca really doesn't fancy him. Terry succeeds in getting blotto, or "paralytic."

Leading up to the climax, Terry and Shirley hit it off in a full bathtub and Bobby calls Brenda a slag. When Toby defends her honour, Bobby starts to get ready to beat Toby up. Johnny clears everyone out of the kitchen and locks the door leaving Toby alone with Bobby. While Sam and other men cowardly leave Toby in the lurch, Johnny circles back through the back door and sucker punches Bobby, knocking him out. With a wink to Toby, he leaves through the back door. Toby realizes his opportunity after a moment and stages a brawl with appropriate sound effects so that when the others burst in, he is holding his hand and giving the impression that he knocked Bobby out. Now the hero for standing up for her honour, Toby finds himself the object of Brenda's affection. Johnny and Rebecca connect. Shirley and Terry connect. Larry almost connects with Sharon when he is interrupted by Tony and Sonya. Hypocritically, Tony then breaks his engagement with Sharon and goes back to Sonya.

The obligatory "discovery-by-parents" scene ends with a singing of "Auld Lang Syne" by Chas & Dave as the cast dances in a New Year's circle.

Cast
 Daniel Peacock – Toby, the sad sack of the trio, who has a huge crush on Brenda
 Karl Howman – Johnny Reeve, the operator and ladies' man who is on the prowl
 Perry Fenwick – Larry, the organizer of the party who was expecting to have it off with his sometime girlfriend Sharon
 Sean Chapman – Sam Diggins, a police constable (PC) who has a thing for Rebecca yet also flirts with Brenda
 Phoebe Nicholls – Rebecca, a PC who likes toying with Sam and Bobby but has a thing for Johnny
 Gary Olsen – Terry, a PC who wants to get so drunk that he is "paralytic" and can forget his ex-girlfriend after their three-year relationship just ended
 Clive Mantle – Bobby a physically large neighborhood bully who was arrested by Rebecca a week prior for brawling in the streets, likes bragging about fighting
 Caroline Quentin – Shirley, a cute, plump, brunette, and sensitive girl who has yet to have a serious boyfriend and is best mates with Brenda
 Kim Thomson – Brenda, a cute, thin, and blonde girl, best mate of Shirley, has a thing for Sam and the organist at the church.
 Kate Williams – Mum, stock British comedy mother, has to put up with a husband with a wandering eye.
 Ken Farrington – Dad, has a collection of porn in the pottery shed and flirts blatantly with other women at each New Year's Eve party.
 Philip Martin Brown – Tony, a lesser mate of Larry's who used to date Tonya, but just got engaged to Sharon.
 Annabel Mednick – Sonya, Tony's ex-girlfriend who wants him back now
 Sallyanne Law – Sharon, Larry's former sometime girlfriend who is now engaged to Tony
 Sarah London – Sally
 Paul Mari – Phil
 Harvey Hillyer – Den
 Michele Winstanley – Christine
 Peter Lovstrom – Steve
 Robin Hayter – Pete
 Debby Bishop – Skirts (as Debbie Bishop)
 Nick Berry – Ralph
 Ann Somers – Ralph's Girl
 Sharon Maiden – Steph
 Geoffrey Drew – Vicar
 Graham Weston – Sergeant
 Pat Ashton – Johnny's Mum

Soundtrack
The soundtrack album was released early, in 1982, by A&M Records, Hallmark Records, Karussell International, and Spectrum Music in various markets.  Tracks (most of which are cover songs):
 "Party Party" (Costello) – Elvis Costello and the Attractions with the Royal Guard Horns
 "Run Rudolph Run" (Marks and Brody) – Dave Edmunds
 "Little Town Flirt" (Shannon and McKenzie) – Altered Images †
 "Yakety Yak" (Leiber and Stoller) – Bad Manners
 "Tutti Frutti" (Penniman and LaBostrie) – Sting
 "No Feelings" (Matlock, Rotten, Cook, and Jones) – Bananarama
 "Driving in My Car" (Barson) – Madness
 "Band of Gold" (Dunbar and Wayne) – Modern Romance
 "Elizabethan Reggae" (Binge) – Bad Manners
 "No Woman, No Cry" (Ford) – Pauline Black †
 "Need Your Love So Bad" (John and John Jr.) – Sting
 "The Man Who Sold the World" (Bowie) – Midge Ure
 "Auld Lang Syne" (trad., arr. by Hodges and Peacock) – Chas & Dave ‡
† Order of these tracks was switched on some releases.
‡ Only present on some releases.

Also used in the film but not appearing on any soundtrack release were various other songs by contemporary (mostly new wave) bands:
 "Enola Gay" – Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark
 "Flying Saucer Attack" – The Rezillos
 "The Jean Genie – David Bowie
 "Elizabethan Reggae" –  Bad Manners
 "Death or Glory" – The Clash
 "Brand New Cadillac" – The Clash
 "(She's a) Runaround" – The Undertones
 "Get Over You" – The Undertones
 "No More Heroes" – The Stranglers
 "Party Girl" – Elvis Costello and the Attractions
 "Our Lips Are Sealed" – The Go-Go's
 "We Got the Beat" – The Go-Go's
 "Happy Birthday – Altered Images
 "Hi Ho Silver Lining" – Jeff Beck
 "Atomic" – Blondie
 "Heart of Glass" – Blondie
 "Is She Really Going Out with Him?" – Joe Jackson
 "Ready Steady Go" – Generation X
 "Crying Shame" – Madness
 "Wooly Bully" – Nine Below Zero
 "Love is the Drug" – Roxy Music
 "Same Old Scene – Roxy Music
 "Missing Words" – The Selecter
 "Street Feeling – The Selecter
 "The Day the World Turned Day-Glo" – X-Ray Spex
 "Somethin' Else" – Sex Pistols
 "A Message to You Rudy" – The Specials
 "Cool for Cats" – Squeeze
 "Need Your Love So Bad" – Sting

External links

1983 films
1983 comedy films
British comedy films
Films set in London
Films set around New Year
Films directed by Terry Winsor
1980s British films

Party Party (film)


Miguel Angel Reyes (born 1964) is an American artist and professor of art.

Reyes was born in Colima, Mexico in 1964. He emigrated with his family in 1975 to the United States and took up residing in Southern California. He received a BFA in illustration from the Otis Art Institute/Parsons School of Design. In 1993, he worked for a season as a jazz and modern dancer for the San Diego Dance Theater. He is openly gay.

Work
In 1995, he completed a 750-foot mural, one of the largest mural projects in Los Angeles, at the corner of Hollywood Boulevard and Argyle titled Amistades (Friendships). It was commissioned by the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The mural was removed with the opening of the Hollywood segment of the Metro Red Line in 1999.

Reyes has had fifteen solo exhibits and has been featured in over a hundred group shows throughout the United States, Mexico, Europe and Asia since 1989. He has also shown in major museums.

He is a portrait and figurative painter, muralist, printmaker, and illustrator.

As a regular contributor to a range of causes such as Project Angel Food, Self-Help Graphics, and Central America Resource Center (CARECEN), he not only contributes artwork but also his time and experience.

He currently is instructor of model drawing in the Fashion Department of the Otis College of Art.

Resources

External links
Official site

1964 births
Mexican emigrants to the United States
Living people
American artists of Mexican descent
21st-century American painters
21st-century American male artists
American muralists
Artists from Colima
American male painters
American gay artists

Miguel Angel Reyes


The Hemet Public Library is a public library in Hemet, California, United States which opened its current building in July 2003.

History
The library can trace its history back to 1906, when members of the Hemet Woman's Club wanted a place to gather and read literature, so they opened a reading room on the second floor of a bank on the Bothin Block.

After the city's incorporation in 1910, citizens voted for their own library, and the new city took over the operation of its library facility. Soon, the upstairs reading room opened by the Woman's Club quickly outgrew itself. Woman's Club members—along with many other community organizations—campaigned to get a public building built to house a permanent library collection. The late Mrs. E. A. Davis composed a letter to Andrew Carnegie asking for the funds to help the community build a new facility. Mr. Carnegie responded by sending a check for $7,500. However, Carnegie placed a contingency on his donation:  the City of Hemet had to contribute the remainder of the $12,000 necessary to complete the construction. The City of Hemet agreed to contribute the funds soon after. The land used for the first library facility was donated by Mr. and Mrs. James St. John and the library was built there on the corner of Buena Vista Street and Florida Avenue. Construction of the "Carnegie Library" was completed in early 1913.

The Carnegie Library remained open and operated by the City for 52 years. The Carnegie Library was eventually razed in 1969 having stood in the community for 56 years. This made room for the C. B. Covell Memorial Library Building which began construction in March 1971. Named after Clarence B. Covell, a Library Board member from 1910-1920, the Covell Memorial Library Building was designed by Hemet architect James Calkins. The Covell Library was  and contained approximately 60,000 items.

By the start of the new millennium, the library facilities became too small to accommodate the increasing number of visitors from the growing city, and an expansion of the library was initiated. After months of construction, the City of Hemet opened its current facility on June 21, 2003. Designed by architect John Loomis of 30th Street Architects, the library is approximately .

References

External links
 City of Hemet Public Library Home Page
 Hemet Local History at the Library
 City of Hemet Home Page

Public libraries in California
Carnegie libraries in California
1910 establishments in California
Hemet, California
Libraries in Riverside County, California
Library buildings completed in 2003

Hemet Public Library


Maida (also Seven Lakes) is an unincorporated community in northern Cavalier County, North Dakota, United States. It lies along North Dakota Highway 1, north of the city of Langdon, the county seat of Cavalier County.  Its elevation is 1,562 feet (476 m). Maida serves as a port of entry between Canada and the United States.

Various possibilities have been suggested for the etymology of the name "Maida":

A book read by Charles Howatt, the first postmaster
Suggested by two Canadian bankers from a dog in a novel by Sir Walter Scott
A clipping of "maiden" name for a haymeadow

Maida's post office was established in September 1884 and became a Rural Branch of Langdon in April 1967; the community still has its own ZIP code of 58255. The Maida post office has closed.

Maida was an attraction every Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday night, thanks to Jack's Bar; at times the community of just a handful would turn into hundreds. After 46 years in operation Jack's Bar closed in 2010 to make room for a new border crossing. Now the once booming town sits empty with only two residents.

See also
 Maida–Windygates Border Crossing

References

Unincorporated communities in Cavalier County, North Dakota
Unincorporated communities in North Dakota
Populated places established in 1884
1884 establishments in Dakota Territory

Maida, North Dakota


The Most Wonderful Time of the Year is a 2008 American made-for-television Christmas film directed by Michael Scott.

Plot
Ralph is a retired police officer who has worked as a New York cop for over 38 years. He plans on visiting his niece Jennifer in Naperville, Illinois for the holidays. Jennifer is a successful businesswoman and the single mother of her young son Brian. She grew up all her life mostly at Ralph's, as her mother was constantly traveling and her father died when she was very young. Since then, she has lost her Christmas spirit. At the airport, Ralph does not know where to go to check in for his flight, and is helped by co-traveler Morgan Derby, a 30-year-old chef with a carefree spirit. When it turns out his second flight to Denver is canceled, Ralph invites Morgan to stay at Jennifer's house.

Although Jennifer is initially reluctant to take in Morgan, Ralph convinces her to allow it since Morgan is a chef and she needs help cooking a turkey. Morgan and Jennifer soon realize that they are two completely different people. Jennifer is irritated by Morgan's careless and adventurous behavior, and Morgan feels that Jennifer is a cynical control freak, which is mostly the result of being deserted by Brian's father and dating the successful but materialistic businessman Richard Windom. Ralph, however, feels that Jennifer and Morgan are perfect for each other, and tries to prevent Jennifer from sending Morgan away.

When Jennifer takes Morgan to the airport, Morgan cannot board his flight because he doesn't have his passport.  Jennifer realizes that Ralph has stolen his passport so he can stay another day. Jennifer and Morgan end up spending the entire day together and bond. Morgan is able to help Jennifer get Brian the one Christmas gift he wished for: a "Rocketwheel" bicycle. Later that night, on Christmas Eve, Morgan makes Brian believe in Santa Claus again, by climbing on the roof and pretending to be one of Santa's helpers. Meanwhile, Jennifer and Richard attend a formal party.  Richard proposes to Jennifer, putting her on the spot.  Nervous what to say, she accepts.

Morgan feels disappointed by the engagement and leaves at Richard's request.  Richard then steals a Thank-you note Morgan left for Jennifer. Jennifer is mad when she finds out Morgan left, but softens when Ralph tells her that Morgan nearly killed himself on the roof, trying to make Brian believe in Christmas again. Jennifer finally realizes she's in love with Morgan, and breaks off the engagement with Richard after discovering he stole Morgan's note. She rushes to the airport to find him, and accidentally broadcasts her feelings over the PA system.  Morgan hears her confession and rushes to find her.  They reconcile and return to Jennifer's home to celebrate Christmas.

Cast
 Brooke Burns as Jennifer 'Jen' Cullen
 Henry Winkler as Uncle Ralph(Kendall)
 Warren Christie as Morgan Derby
 Connor Levins as Brian Cullen
 Woody Jeffreys as Richard Windom
 Serge Houde as Stephen Windom
 Rebecca Toolan as Winnie Windom
 Michael Roberds as Chet Wojorski
 Rukiya Bernard as Denise

Home media
The film was released on DVD on October 13, 2009.

See also
 List of Christmas films

References

External links

The Most Wonderful Time of the Year at Pluto TV

2008 television films
2008 films
American Christmas films
Christmas television films
Hallmark Channel original films
2000s Christmas films

The Most Wonderful Time of the Year (film)


The Court of Summary Jurisdiction is a court in the Northern Territory of Australia.  It has jurisdiction to deal with criminal offences which occur in the territory.  It is one of the courts that is usually referred to as a magistrates court.

History
The court was established under the Justices Act (NT) in 1974  and replaced the courts of petty sessions commonly established in Australia since British settlement in 1788 to deal with less serious crime.  Those courts followed the English tradition of justices of the peace sitting in and out of sessions in England.

Constitution
The court can be constituted by a stipendiary magistrate or two justices of the peace.  In some situations, a single justice of the peace can hear a case if the maximum fine that can be imposed is no more than A$100 and the prosecution and the accused agree to the case being heard in this matter.  Stipendiary magistrates are appointed by the Administrator of the Northern Territory under the Magistrates Act (NT).

Commencement of cases
Criminal cases are commenced by way of complaint, although prior to 1992 they were commenced by way of information.  A complaint is made to a justice of the peace.  The complaint can be in writing or it can be made orally.  Generally, a complaint must be made within six months of the crime occurring.

The justice of the peace can issue a summons directing the offender to attend court or can issue a warrant for his or her arrest.

The hearing
Following an offender's arrest or appearance at court, the offender is given an opportunity to plead guilty or not guilty.  If there is a guilty plea, the court can sentence the person straight away or may adjourn the case to another day.  If there is a not guilty plea, the case is usually adjourned to another day so that witnesses can be subpoenaed to attend and give evidence.

The presiding magistrate sits as judge and jury and determines all issues of fact and all questions of law.  In serious cases, the magistrate may commit the offender to the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory to stand trial.  In less serious cases, the magistrate can punish the offender directly.

Punishment
The court has a range of options to punish offenders who plead or are found guilty.  The court may simply fine the offender or in more serious situations, the court may imprison the offender.

References

Sources
Magistrates Court Act (NT) http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nt/consol_act/ma142/
Justices Act (NT) http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nt/consol_act/ja119/
Justice of the Peace Act (NT) http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nt/consol_act/jotpa193/
Homepage of the Court

Northern Territory courts and tribunals
1974 establishments in Australia
Courts and tribunals established in 1974

Court of Summary Jurisdiction (Northern Territory of Australia)


The Cour de Justice de la République (CJR, "Court of Justice of the Republic") is a special French court established to try cases of ministerial misconduct. Its remit only extends to government ministers (or former ministers) concerning offences committed in the exercise of their functions. It was instituted by President François Mitterrand on 27 July 1993 following the infected blood scandal, which saw three ministers, including then-Prime Minister Laurent Fabius, charged with manslaughter. Before that, ministers in France benefitted from a degree of judicial immunity. As of 2020, the court has formally charged ten ministers since it was established; five were found guilty.

French ministers can still be tried in a regular French court, if the alleged offence is not related to their ministerial duties. Notably, Interior Minister Brice Hortefeux was fined in 2010 for making racial slurs. On 3 July 2017 President Emmanuel Macron announced his intention to abolish the court to have ministers tried by a regular Paris court, criticising the composition of the CJR.

Composition
Ministers tried before the CJR are heard by a fifteen-judge panel made up of three justices of the Court of Cassation and twelve parliamentarians: six each from the National Assembly and Senate.

The tribunal's composition has been criticised on grounds of partiality, since the twelve parliamentarians are likely to be colleagues, or at least acquaintances, of the ministers on trial. Even one of the court's former presidents, Henri-Claude Le Gall (2000–2011), has commented: "Very often the judges, whether senators or assemblymen, know the ministers they are passing judgement on very well, so they have a lot of trouble remaining detached and judging objectively."

Proceedings
Complaints against ministers or former ministers are lodged with the CJR's Petitions Commission, made up of seven justices drawn from the Supreme Court, the Council of State, and the Court of Audit. Anyone can lodge a complaint.

If the Petitions Commission considers the case worth pursuing, the case moves to another body called the Inquest Commission, consisting of three Supreme Court justices who then conduct an inquest into the circumstances of the alleged offence. After investigation, the case is either dismissed or the minister is called before the court.

However, in practice it is rare for a minister to go to trial. Of more than 1,000 complaints lodged since the CJR was created in 1993, only 38 were passed on to the Inquest Commission, and only six of those ever went to trial. Three guilty verdicts have been handed down.

Cases
Two cases are currently under investigation by the CJR. The first concerns Éric Wœrth, who is being investigated for "unlawful conflict of interests" over the sale of a racecourse while he was budget minister. Then on 4 August 2011, the Petitions Commission said they would also greenlight an investigation into former finance minister Christine Lagarde over concerns about her part in a long-running scandal connected to the French tycoon Bernard Tapie. Other significant cases are:

In 1999, the CJR tried former prime minister Laurent Fabius, former social affairs minister Georgina Dufoix, and former health secretary Edmond Hervé for their role in the 'infected blood' scandal. Fabius and Dufoix were found not guilty; Hervé was convicted but not given any punishment.
In 2000, Ségolène Royal was acquitted of libel charges.
In July 2004, former minister for disabilities Michel Gillibert was given a three-year suspended prison sentence for fraud.
In April 2011, former minister of the interior Charles Pasqua was given a one-year suspended prison sentence for fraud over his part in the Sofremi affair.

See also
National Court (Iceland)
Judiciary of France

Notes

External links
Information page from National Assembly

Judiciary of France
1993 establishments in France
Organizations based in Paris
Courts and tribunals established in 1993

Cour de Justice de la République


Verve Records is an American jazz record label. It is now owned by Universal Music Group. It was founded by Norman Granz in 1956, absorbing the catalogues of his previous labels: Norgran Records and Clef Records (founded 1953) and material that had previously been licensed to Mercury previously.

History
Verve's catalogue grew throughout the 1950s and 1960s to include most of the major jazz figures, although Granz tended to record established artists, sometimes those on the decline, rather than new talent. It also recognized the potential of comedy albums, producing Spike Jones' first LP, Dinner Music For People Who Aren't Very Hungry in 1956 and several best-selling albums featuring live performances by Shelley Berman beginning in 1960.

Granz sold Verve to MGM in 1961 for $3 million. Creed Taylor was named producer and took a more commercial approach, cancelling several contracts. Taylor brought bossa nova to America with the Stan Getz/Charlie Byrd LP Jazz Samba as well as Getz/Gilberto. Several noted arrangers also worked for the Verve label in the 1960s, including Claus Ogerman and Oliver Nelson.  Claus Ogerman, by his own admission in Gene Lees' Jazzletter, arranged some 60-70 albums for Verve under Creed Taylor's direction between 1963 and 1967.

Shortly before leaving Verve in 1967, Taylor oversaw the creation of a folk music subsidiary named Verve Folkways (later renamed Verve Forecast) by Verve executive Jerry Schoenbaum. But now, new recordings began to slow down and cease entirely in the early 1970s.

Other websites
 Official site
 Verve Remixed
 A Few Words About a Living Legend, Creed Taylor

American record labels
1956 establishments in the United States

Verve Records


Employment Injury Benefits Convention, 1964 is  an International Labour Organization Convention.

It was established in 1964, with the preamble stating:

Modification
The convention revised:
Convention C12 - Workmen's Compensation (Agriculture) Convention, 1921
Convention C17 - Workmen's Compensation (Accidents) Convention, 1925
Convention C42 - Workmen's Compensation (Occupational Diseases) Convention (Revised), 1934.

Ratifications
As of 2022, the convention had been ratified by 24 states.

External links
Text.
Ratifications.

Health treaties
International Labour Organization Conventions
Occupational safety and health treaties
Treaties concluded in 1964
Treaties entered into force in 1967
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Bolivia
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1964–1971)
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of West Germany
Treaties of Guinea
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Japan
Treaties of the Libyan Arab Republic
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Senegal
Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
Treaties of Yugoslavia
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of Venezuela
Treaties extended to Aruba
1964 in labor relations


BSix Sixth Form College: Brooke House is a sixth form college located in Upper Clapton, London, England. It was established in 2002, giving students in Hackney the opportunity to study at a college close to where they live. Brooke House has previously been the site of other educational institutions.

History
BSix Brooke House Sixth Form College was opened on the Brooke House school site in September 2002, on a site that was previously part of Hackney College. It was set up by the then Secretary of State for Education, David Blunkett, and formed part of an unrealised plan to build eleven new sixth form colleges in London. BSix is unusual in the sixth form college sector because it offers courses at all levels and across a wide range of subjects, including vocational courses, like hair and beauty, business and art as well as a significant number of A-Levels.

After an initial surge of enthusiasm, the educational context changed rapidly. Hackney's local education authority, the Learning Trust, introduced a programme to create five City Academies in the borough, all with sixth forms. As a consequence, many other 11-16 schools applied to open their own sixth forms.

The growth in student recruitment was not as rapid as the Learning and Skills Council (LSC), the funding body, had anticipated. Although by 2019 it had seen improvements to A and AS level results.

Students
In 2014, around 88% of its pupils came from disadvantaged areas.

References

External links
 College Website

Sixth form colleges in London
Education in the London Borough of Hackney
Educational institutions established in 2002
2002 establishments in England
Clapton, London

BSix Sixth Form College


John Bernard Flannagan  (April 7, 1895 – January 6, 1942) was an American sculptor.  Along with Robert Laurent and William Zorach, he is known as one of the first practitioners of direct carving (also known as taille directe) in the United States.

Early years

Flannagan was born in Fargo, North Dakota, on April 7, 1895.  His father died when he was only five years old, and his mother, unable to support her family, placed him in an orphanage.  "Unrelenting poverty . . . was to plague him for the rest of his life." He also suffered from severe depression and alcoholism, which ultimately led to his suicide.

Education
In his youth, Flannagan was recognized as possessing artistic talents, and in 1914 he attended the Minneapolis School of Art, now the Minneapolis College of Art and Design, where he studied painting.  When the United States entered World War I in 1917, Flannagan quit school and joined the Merchant Marines.  He remained a merchant marine until 1922.  After his return to civilian life, he was hired by painter Arthur B. Davies to work on Davies' farm in New York State.  There Davis encouraged the young man to return to painting, which he did, also taking up wood carving.  A year later, in 1922, Flannagan appeared in his first exhibition, along with Davies, Walt Kuhn, Charles Sheeler, William Glackens, and Charles and  Maurice Prendergast.  In 1927 Flannagan gave up painting and wood carving to concentrate on stone carving.  In 1928 he produced some of the first American direct carved stone sculptures of note, one of which is entitled "Pelican."

Mature years
The years between 1930 and 1933 found Flannagan, now married, in Ireland.  There he mastered the technique of carving stones that he scavenged from the Irish countryside into sculptures, typically small animals.  He felt that "there exists an image within every rock." His "aim [was] to produce a sculpture that hardly feels carved, but rather to have always been that way."

Back in the United States by 1934, Flannagan found work with the PWAP, the Depression-era government program that sponsored American artists.  He received this position, his only means of support at the time, through the influence of Juliana Force, the first director of the Whitney Museum of American Art.  Force and Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney had been longtime supporters of the sculptor, recognizing that he was a profoundly troubled man but also an exceptionally talented artist. Flannagan's time with the PWAP did not go smoothly.  "The artist's alcoholism was always problematic: he alternated marathon work sessions with drinking bouts.  Indeed, Flannagan had put in ninety hours one week and then took the next two weeks off, as was his custom.  He worked until he was utterly exhausted and then drank to blot out the fatigue."  He lost his job with the PWAP.

His ensuing mental breakdown and seven months' incarceration in a mental institution, followed by a divorce, did not lessen Flannagan's resolve to produce as much quality sculpture as possible, but, in 1939, after being struck by a car and sustaining a severe closed head injury, it became increasingly difficult for him to function.

Last years
Destitute, depressed and suffering from ill health, Flannagan committed suicide on January 6, 1942.

Critical reputation
Even posthumously, Flannagan has not always received the critical attention that other sculptors of his time of equivalent talent have enjoyed.  Art historian Sam Hunter provided one judgement in his survey of modern American art:

Hunter compared Flannagan's sensibility to "the visionary, romantic art of Albert Pinkham Ryder and Morris Graves," adding that "the microscopic sensibilities of such American poets as Emily Dickinson and Marianne Moore support and confirm the native authenticity of Flannagan's touching, creatural realism."

References

1895 births
1942 deaths
Artists from North Dakota
Artists who died by suicide
People from Fargo, North Dakota
Minneapolis College of Art and Design alumni
American military personnel of World War I
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
American male sculptors
Sculptors Guild members
1942 suicides
Suicides in New York City
Suicides by gas
Sculptors from North Dakota

John Bernard Flannagan


Bullitt is a 1968 American neo-noir action thriller film directed by Peter Yates and produced by Philip D'Antoni. The picture stars Steve McQueen, Robert Vaughn, Jacqueline Bisset, Don Gordon, Robert Duvall, Simon Oakland and Norman Fell. The screenplay by Alan R. Trustman and Harry Kleiner was based on the 1963 novel Mute Witness, by Robert L. Fish, writing under the pseudonym Robert L. Pike. Lalo Schifrin wrote the original jazz-inspired score.

The film was made by McQueen's Solar Productions company, with his partner Robert Relyea as executive producer. Released by Warner Bros.-Seven Arts on October 17, 1968, the film was a critical and box-office success, later winning the Academy Award for Best Film Editing (Frank P. Keller) and receiving a nomination for Best Sound. Writers Trustman and Kleiner won a 1969 Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for Best Motion Picture Screenplay. Bullitt is famous for its car chase scene through the streets of San Francisco, which is regarded as one of the most influential in film history.

In 2007, Bullitt was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot

On a Friday night in Chicago, mobster Johnny Ross briefly meets his brother, Pete, after fleeing from the Outfit. The next morning San Francisco Police Department detective Lieutenant Frank Bullitt and his team, Delgetti and Stanton are tasked by Walter Chalmers with guarding Ross over the weekend, until he can be presented as a witness to a Senate subcommittee hearing on organized crime on Monday morning. The detectives are told he is in a cheap hotel on the Embarcadero. Delgetti takes the first shift followed by Stanton and then Bullitt. At 1 a.m. Sunday, while Stanton is phoning Bullitt to say Chalmers and a friend want to come up, Ross unchains the room door. Two hitmen burst in, shooting Stanton in the leg and Ross in the neck.

Chalmers holds Bullitt responsible. Ross dies in hospital from his wounds but Bullitt conceals the death to keep the investigation open, sending the body to the morgue as a John Doe. An informant says that Ross was in town because he stole millions of dollars from the Chicago Outfit. Bullitt also finds out he made a long-distance phone call to a hotel in San Mateo.

While driving his Ford Mustang, Bullitt becomes aware he is being followed by a Dodge Charger driven by the two hitmen. An extended chase ensues through the streets of San Francisco to Brisbane. Eventually the Dodge crashes off the road, killing its occupants in a fiery explosion.

Bullitt and Delgetti are confronted by their boss, Captain Sam Bennett, as well as Chalmers (who is assisted by SFPD Captain Baker). After being served a writ of habeas corpus, Bullitt reveals that Ross has died. Bennett ignores the writ and lets Bullitt investigate the lead of the long-distance phone call to San Mateo. With no car, Bullitt gets a ride from his girlfriend Cathy. At the hotel, Bullitt finds the woman who was phoned garroted in her room. Cathy follows the police to the crime scene and is horrified. On the way back to San Francisco she confronts Bullitt about his work saying "Frank, you live in a sewer". She wonders "What will happen to us?"

While examining the victim's luggage, Bullitt and Delgetti discover a travel brochure for Rome and traveler's checks made out to an Albert and Dorothy Renick. Bullitt requests their passport applications from Chicago. Bullitt, Captain Bennett, Chalmers and Captain Baker gather around the telecopier as the applications arrive. It turns out Chalmers sent Bullitt to guard a doppelgänger, Albert Renick, a used car salesman from Chicago, while his wife Dorothy was staying in San Mateo. Bullitt realizes that Ross was playing the politically ambitious Chalmers by using Renick as a decoy so he could slip out of the country Sunday night.

Delgetti and Bullitt watch the Rome gate at San Francisco International Airport, however, the real Ross (on Renick's passport) has switched to an earlier London flight. Bullitt boards the plane after it is ordered to return to the terminal but the mobster escapes through the rear cabin door. In the crowded passenger terminal, Ross kills a deputy sheriff before being shot dead by Bullitt. Chalmers arrives to survey the scene but leaves saying nothing.

Early Monday morning, Bullitt arrives home to find Cathy asleep in his bed, she having chosen to stay.

Cast

 Steve McQueen as Lt. Frank Bullitt
 Don Gordon as Detective "Dell" Delgetti
 Robert Vaughn as Walter Chalmers
 Simon Oakland as Captain Sam Bennett
 Felice Orlandi as Albert "Johnny Ross" Renick
 Pat Renella as Johnny Ross
 Jacqueline Bisset as Cathy
 Carl Reindel as Carl Stanton
 Paul Genge as Mike, The Hitman
 Bill Hickman as Phil, The Hitman's Partner
 Robert Duvall as Weissberg (cab driver)
 Norman Fell as Captain Baker
 Georg Stanford Brown as Dr. Willard
 Justin Tarr as Eddy the Informant
 Al Checco as Desk Clerk
 Victor Tayback as Pete Ross
 Robert Lipton as Chalmers' 1st Aide
 Ed Peck as Westcott (reporter at hospital)
 John Aprea as Killer

Production
Bullitt was co-produced by McQueen's Solar Productions and Warner Bros.-Seven Arts, the film pitched to Jack L. Warner as "doing authority differently".

Development
Bullitt was director Yates's first American film. He was hired after McQueen saw his 1967 UK feature Robbery, with its extended car chase.  Joe Levine, whose Embassy Pictures had distributed Robbery, did not much like the film, but Alan Trustman, who saw the picture the very week he was writing the Bullitt chase scenes, insisted that McQueen, Relyea, and D'Antoni (none of whom had ever heard of Yates) see Robbery and consider Yates as director for Bullitt.

Casting
McQueen based the character of Frank Bullitt on San Francisco Inspector Dave Toschi, with whom he worked prior to filming. McQueen even copied Toschi's unique "fast-draw" shoulder holster. Toschi later became famous, along with Inspector Bill Armstrong, as the lead San Francisco investigators of the Zodiac Killer murders that began shortly after the release of Bullitt. Toschi is played by Mark Ruffalo in the film Zodiac, in which Paul Avery (Robert Downey Jr.) mentions that "McQueen got the idea for the holster from Toschi." Katharine Ross was offered the role of Cathy but turned it down as she felt that the part was just too small.

Realism
Bullitt is notable for its extensive use of actual locations rather than studio sets, and its attention to procedural detail, from police evidence processing to emergency-room procedures. Director Yates' use of the new lightweight Arriflex cameras allowed for greater flexibility in location shooting. The film was shot entirely on location in San Francisco. In the emergency room operation scene, real doctors and nurses were used as the supporting cast. According to McQueen, "The thing we tried to achieve was not to do a theatrical film, but a film about reality."

Car chase

At the time of the film's release, the exciting car chase scenes, featuring McQueen at the wheel in all driver-visual scenes, generated prodigious excitement. Leonard Maltin has called it a "now-classic car chase, one of the screen's all-time best." Emanuel Levy wrote in 2003 that "Bullitt contains one of the most exciting car chases in film history, a sequence that revolutionized Hollywood's standards." In his obituary for Peter Yates, Bruce Weber wrote, "Mr. Yates' reputation probably rests most securely on Bullitt (1968), his first American film – and indeed, on one particular scene, an extended car chase that instantly became a classic."

Filming
The chase scene starts at 1:05:00 into the film. The total time of the scene is 10 minutes and 53 seconds. It begins under Highway 101 in the city's Mission District, as Bullitt spots the hitmen's car. It ends outside the city, at the Brisbane exit of the Guadalupe Canyon Parkway on San Bruno Mountain. Shooting occurred over a period of weeks. The chase sequence combined several locations, located miles apart and edited together. Mapping the movie route shows that it is not continuous and is impossible to follow in real time.

Two 1968 390 cu. in. V8 Ford Mustang GT Fastbacks (325 hp) with four-speed manual transmissions were purchased by Warner Bros. for the film. The Mustangs' engines, brakes and suspensions were heavily modified for the chase by veteran car racer and technician Max Balchowsky. In 2020, one of the fastbacks was sold at Mecum Auctions for a record price of $3.7 million (~$ in ). Ford Motor Company originally lent two Galaxie sedans for the chase scenes, but the producers found the cars too heavy for the jumps over the hills of San Francisco and also a Ford-Ford battle would not be believable on screen. They were replaced with two 1968 375-hp 440 Magnum V8-powered Dodge Chargers. The engines in both Dodge Charger models were left largely unmodified, but the suspensions were mildly upgraded to cope with the demands of the stunt work.

The director called for maximum speeds of about , but the cars (including the chase cars filming) at times reached speeds over .  Driver's point-of-view shots were used to give the audience a participant's feel of the chase. Filming took three weeks, resulting in 9 minutes and 42 seconds of pursuit. Multiple takes were spliced into a single end product resulting in discontinuity: heavy damage on the passenger side of Bullitt's car can be seen much earlier than the incident producing it, and the Charger appears to lose five wheel covers, with different ones missing in different shots. Shooting from multiple angles simultaneously and creating a montage from the footage to give the illusion of different streets also resulted in the speeding cars passing the same vehicles at several different times, including, as widely noted, a green Volkswagen Beetle. In one scene, the Charger crashes into the camera; the damaged front fender is noticeable in later scenes. Local authorities did not allow the car chase to be filmed on the Golden Gate Bridge, but did permit it in Midtown locations including Bernal Heights and the Mission District, and on the outskirts of neighboring Brisbane.

McQueen, at the time a world-class race-car driver, drove in the close-up scenes, while stunt coordinator Carey Loftin, stuntman and motorcycle racer Bud Ekins, and McQueen's usual stunt driver, Loren Janes, drove for the high-speed parts of the chase and performed other dangerous stunts. Ekins, who doubled for McQueen in The Great Escape sequence where McQueen's character jumps over a barbed-wire fence on a motorcycle, performs a lowsider crash stunt in front of a skidding truck during the Bullitt chase. The Mustang's interior rearview mirror goes up and down depending on who is driving: when the mirror is up, McQueen is visible behind the wheel, when it is down, a stunt man is driving.

The black Dodge Charger was driven by veteran stunt driver Bill Hickman, who played one of the hitmen and helped with the chase scene choreography. The other hitman was played by Paul Genge, who played a character who had ridden a Dodge off the road to his death in an episode of Perry Mason ("The Case of the Sausalito Sunrise") two years earlier. In a magazine article many years later, one of the drivers involved in the chase sequence remarked that the Charger - with a larger engine (big-block 440 cu. in. versus the 390 cu. in.) and greater horsepower (375 versus 325) - was so much faster than the Mustang that the drivers had to keep backing off the accelerator to prevent the Charger from pulling away from the Mustang.

Editing
The editing of the car chase likely won Frank P. Keller the editing Oscar for 1968, and has been included in lists of the "Best Editing Sequences of All-Time". Paul Monaco has written, "The most compelling street footage of 1968, however, appeared in an entirely contrived sequence, with nary a hint of documentary feel about it – the car chase through the streets of San Francisco in Bullitt, created from footage shot over nearly five weeks. Billy Fraker, the cinematographer for the film, attributed the success of the chase sequence primarily to the work of the editor, Frank P. Keller. At the time, Keller was credited with cutting the piece in such a superb manner that he made the city of San Francisco a "character" in the film." The editing of the scene was not without difficulties; Ralph Rosenblum wrote in 1979 that "those who care about such things may know that during the filming of the climactic chase scene in Bullitt, an out-of-control car filled with dummies tripped a wire which prematurely sent a costly set up in flames, and that editor Frank Keller salvaged the near-catastrophe with a clever and unusual juxtaposition of images that made the explosion appear to go off on time." This chase scene has also been cited by critics as groundbreaking in its realism and originality.

Music

The original score was composed by Lalo Schifrin to track the various moods and the action of the film, with Schifrin's signature contemporary American jazz style. The tracks on the soundtrack album are alternate versions of those heard in the film, re-recorded by Schifrin with leading jazz musicians, including Bud Shank (flute), Carol Kaye (electric bass), Ray Brown (bass), Howard Roberts (guitar), and Larry Bunker (drums).

In 2000, the original arrangements as heard in the movie were recreated by Schifrin in a recording session with the WDR Big Band in Cologne, Germany, and released on the Aleph label. This release also includes re-recordings of the 1968 soundtrack album arrangements for some tracks.

In 2009, the never-before-released original recording of the score heard in the movie, recorded by Schifrin on the Warner Bros. scoring stage with engineer Dan Wallin, was made available by Film Score Monthly. Some score passages and cues are virtually identical to the official soundtrack album, while many softer, moodier cues from the film were not chosen or had been rewritten for the soundtrack release. Also included are additional cues that were not used in the film. In addition, the two-CD set features the official soundtrack album, newly mixed from the 1" master tape.

In the restaurant scene with McQueen and Bissett, the live band playing in the background is Meridian West, a jazz quartet that McQueen had seen performing at The Trident, a famous restaurant in Sausalito.

Reception
Bullitt garnered both critical acclaim and box-office success.

Box office
The film opened at Radio City Music Hall in New York City on Thursday, October 17, 1968, together with a new stage show. It grossed $210,000 in its first week, including a hall-record Saturday of $49,073. Produced on a $5.5 million budget, the film grossed $19 million in 1968, making it the fourth-highest-grossing film that year, and over $42.3 million in the US through 2021.

Critical response
Bullitt was well received by critics, and is considered by some to be one of the best films of 1968. At the time, Renata Adler made the film a New York Times Critics' Pick, calling it a "terrific movie, just right for Steve McQueen –-fast, well acted, written the way people talk." According to Adler, "the ending should satisfy fans from Dragnet to Camus."

In 2004, The New York Times placed the film on its list of the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made. In 2011, Time listed it among the 15 Greatest Movie Car Chases of All Time, describing it as "the one, the first, the granddaddy, the chase on the top of almost every list", and saying "Bullitts car chase is a reminder that every great such scene is a triumph of editing as much as it is stunt work. Naturally, it won that year's Academy Award for Best Editing". Among 21st-century critics, it holds a 98% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, representing positive reviews from 45 of 46 critics with an average rating of 7.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Steve McQueen is cool as ice in this thrilling police procedural that also happens to contain the arguably greatest car chase ever." On Metacritic the film has a score of 81 out of 100 based on reviews from 20 critics, indicating "Universal acclaim".

Awards and honours

The film was nominated for and won several critical awards. Frank P. Keller won the 1969 Academy Award for Best Film Editing, and it was also nominated for Best Sound. Five nominations at the BAFTA Film Awards for 1969 included Best Director for Peter Yates, Best Supporting Actor for Robert Vaughn, Best Cinematography for William A. Fraker, Best Film Editing for Frank P. Keller, and Best Sound Track. Robert Fish, Harry Kleiner, and Alan Trustman won the 1969 Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture. Keller won the American Cinema Editors Eddie Award for Best Edited Feature Film. The film also received the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cinematography (William A. Fraker) and the Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing – Feature Film. It was successful at the 1970 Laurel Awards, winning Golden Laurel awards for Best Action Drama, Best Action Performance (Steve McQueen) and Best Female New Face (Jacqueline Bisset). In 2000, the Society of Camera Operators awarded Bullitt its "Historical Shot" award to David M. Walsh.

Legacy
The famous car chase was later spoofed in Peter Bogdanovich's screwball comedy film What's Up, Doc?, the Clint Eastwood film The Dead Pool, in the Futurama episode "Bendin' in the Wind", and in the Archer season-six episode "The Kanes". The car chase can be seen playing on the screen in the drive-in theater scene in the 2014 film, Need for Speed. The 13th episode of TV series Alcatraz includes a recreation of the chase scene, with newer models of the Mustang and Charger. Bullitt producer Philip D'Antoni went on to film two more car chases, for The French Connection and The Seven-Ups, both set and shot in New York City.  "The Bullitt Mustang" was Season 6 Episode 7 of Blue Bloods, where the car was central to a plot involving its theft.

The Ford Mustang name has been closely associated with the film. In 2001, the Ford Motor Company released the Bullitt edition Ford Mustang GT. Another version of the Ford Mustang Bullitt, which is closer to resembling the original film Mustang, was released in 2008, to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the film. A third version was released in 2018 for the 2019 and 2020 model years. In 2009, Bud Brutsman of Overhaulin' built an authentic-looking replica of the Bullitt Mustang, fully loaded with modern components, for the five-episode 2009 TV series, Celebrity Rides: Hollywood's Speeding Bullitt, hosted by Chad McQueen, son of Steve McQueen.

The Mustang is featured in the 2003 video game Ford Racing 2, in a drafting challenge, on a course named Port Side. It appears in the Movie Stars category, along with other famous cars such as the Ford Torino from Starsky & Hutch and the Ford Mustang Mach 1 from Diamonds Are Forever. In the 2011 video game, Driver: San Francisco, the "Bite the Bullet" mission is based on the famous chase scene, with licensed versions of the Mustang and Charger from the film.

Steve McQueen's likeness as Frank Bullitt was used in two Ford commercials. The first was for the Europe-only 1997 Ford Puma, which featured a special-effects montage of McQueen (who died in 1980) driving a new Puma around San Francisco before parking it in a studio apartment garage beside the film Mustang and the motorcycle from The Great Escape. In a 2004 commercial for the 2005 Mustang, special effects are again used to create the illusion of McQueen driving the new Mustang, after a man receives a Field of Dreams-style epiphany and constructs a racetrack in the middle of a cornfield.

Several items of clothing worn by McQueen's Bullitt received a boost in popularity thanks to the film: desert boots, a trench coat, a blue turtleneck sweater, and most famously, a brown tweed jacket with elbow patches.

In February 2022, it was announced that Steven Spielberg would be directing and producing a new film centered on the Frank Bullitt character for Warner Bros. Pictures, with Josh Singer writing the screenplay. The film will be an original story, not a remake of the original film. Chad McQueen and niece Molly McQueen (son and granddaughter of Steve), will be executive producers. In November 2022, Bradley Cooper was cast as Frank Bullitt.

Mustangs

Warner Bros. ordered two identical 1968 Mustangs for filming. Both were painted Highland Green and had the GT package with 390 CID engines. These cars had the sequential vehicle identification numbers 8R02S125558 and 8R02S125559. Prior to filming, the cars were modified by Max Balchowsky. Car '558 was modified and used for the stunt driving, while '559 was used for McQueen's close-up driving shots.

After the filming was complete, '559 was sold to Robert Ross, who in turn sold the car in 1970 to Frank Marranca. In 1974 Marranca sold the car to Robert Kiernan through an advertisement in Road & Track. The Kiernans used it as a family vehicle before placing it in storage in 1980. In 1977, McQueen attempted to buy it back, but was refused. Kiernan's son, Sean, began to restore the car in 2014, and had it authenticated in 2016, with documentation that included McQueen's letter offering to purchase it. On January 10, 2020, the car was sold by Mecum Auctions for $3.7 million (~$ in ) to an unidentified buyer.

Car '558 had been damaged severely during filming and was subsequently sent to a scrapyard. In the ensuing decades,  the car was assumed to be lost. In 2016, though, Hugo Sanchez purchased a pair of Mustang coupés from the backyard of a house near Los Cabos, Mexico. He then sent the cars to Ralph Garcia to start work on turning one into a clone of the Eleanor Mustang from the movie, Gone in 60 Seconds. Realizing one of the two Mustangs was an S-code, Garcia had the car authenticated by Kevin Marti. The authentication revealed this to be the lost Bullitt car. Sanchez and Garcia are now in the process of giving the car a full restoration.

See also
 List of American films of 1968

References

Sources

External links

 Bullitt at Box Office Mojo

 Feinstein Shoots McQueen

1968 films
1960s chase films
1960s crime thriller films
1960s action drama films
American action thriller films
American chase films
American crime thriller films
American action drama films
American crime drama films
Edgar Award-winning works
Fictional portrayals of the San Francisco Police Department
Films about automobiles
Films about murderers
Films based on American crime novels
Films directed by Peter Yates
Films set in California
Films shot in California
Films set in San Francisco
Films shot in San Francisco
Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award
Ford Mustang
American police detective films
United States National Film Registry films
Warner Bros. films
Films scored by Lalo Schifrin
1968 drama films
Films with screenplays by Harry Kleiner
1960s English-language films
1960s American films

Bullitt


Nukulau Island is a small islet belonging to Fiji.  It is close to Suva, Fiji's capital, which lies about ten kilometers to the west.  It is an island rich in history, which has played a pivotal role in Fiji's demographic and political development over the past 160 years.

History

Nukulau played a role in the ceding of Fiji to the British Crown in 1874.  In 1846, John Brown Williams, the American consul, had purchased the island for a mere thirty dollars.  He subsequently lived there, in the wooden two-story house he built, until 1849.  On 4 July of that year, during American Independence Day celebrations, a store belonging to Williams was destroyed in a fire which started from a cannon burst, and his belongings that he had salvaged from the fire were subsequently looted by Fiji natives.  A second fire in 1855 destroyed Williams' house.  Williams held Cakobau, the Vunivalu (Paramount Chief) of Bau and self-proclaimed Tui Viti (King of Fiji) responsible for the looting, and, supported by the United States Navy in the First Fiji Expedition, demanded US$43,531 in compensation, to cover Williams' losses, valued at US$5000, and claims by other settlers.  This was followed up by a second American expedition in 1858, in which hostages were seized. Cakobau's inability to pay the debt, coupled with fear of a U.S. invasion and annexation, led to a series of negotiations with the United Kingdom.  After a failed attempt to establish a stable constitutional monarchy under the effective tutelage of the Australian Polynesia Company, the negotiations culminated in a decision to cede the islands to the United Kingdom in 1874, ushering in almost a century of British rule.

Historians now believe that the U.S. compensation claim was greatly exaggerated and largely fabricated (see Robson, A.E, Prelude to Empire, 2004, p. 84 (citing Calvert 1856 and Freemantle 1856)).

The colourful history of Nukulau Island did not end with the advent of British rule.  From 1879 to 1916, the island served as a quarantine centre for thousands of Indian indentured labourers brought in by the British colonial rulers.  After health checks, they were subsequently employed on Fiji's sugar plantations, or else repatriated to the Indian subcontinent.

Nukulau prison
In 2000, a prison was opened on Nukulau, to house George Speight and other perpetrators of the 2000 coup that deposed Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry's government.  On 18 December 2006, Fiji's military ruler, Commodore Frank Bainimarama, announced that the prison would be closed and its inmates transferred to other prisons. The land would be returned to a public park, as it was before 2000.  The prison was closed on 20 December and its occupants moved to jails on the Viti Levu mainland.

On December 26, the first people were able to visit the island. Visitors are charged a fee of $2 per person to help with the upkeep of the island. Barbecues are available and camping is possible - a permit must first be obtained.

Transport to Nukulau Island
Boat fares are usually $15/return for adults and half price for children.

Facilities on the Island
There is a shed on the island but visitors can also bring their tents to camp out. For the shed, you will need to take your own sleeping items.
Bathroom and toilet facilities are available on the island but it would be best to take your own drinking water be it for a day trip or going overnight.
There are about nine BBQ stands and the hotplate is always with the island caretaker.
Lovo facilities are also available but you will need to provide the hands and some firewood.

References

External links

"The island which played a role when Fiji was ceded to Britain", Geraldine Panapasa, Fiji Times, March 30, 2008: a fairly lengthy article about the island's past, present and future
 Fiji Lands Department Nukulau Island Visitors Permit

Islands of Fiji
Viti Levu
Prison islands

Nukulau


Alexandre Menini (born 5 August 1983) is a retired French rugby union player, who played prop for Top 14 side Toulon. He previously played for Oyonnax, Béziers, Pays d'Aix RC, Stade Montois and Biarritz.

Career
Menini's rugby career started out in 2005, when playing for Oyonnax in the 2005–06 Rugby Pro D2 season. During that season, he rarely played, only appearing 8 times in that season. He remained with the club for the following season, where he was used a dual-team player, representing Oyonnax in the 2006–07 Rugby Pro D2 season, and representing amateur side Rumilly in the Fédérale 1. He switched teams for the 2007–08 and 2008–09 Rugby Pro D2 season's, representing Béziers. He played more regularly for this team, though used mostly as an impact player of the bench in his first season. Though in his second season, he made 15 starting appearances. He signed with Pays d'Aix RC for the 2009–10 season following Béziers' relegation at the end of the 2008–09 season. Though he only played for Pays d'Aix RC for one season, signing for Stade Montois in 2010. He developed his scrimmaging abilities while playing for Montois, helping them to promotion to the Top 14 for the 2012–13 season. Unfortunately for Stade Montois, they were only able to stay in the top flight French league for one season, finishing last and being relegated back down to the Pro D2.

In July 2013, Menini signed with Biarritz, after impressing head coach Laurent Rodriguez, who believed Menini is likely to push hard for a spot in the starting XV. He said that Menini was impressive in a poor Stade Montois Campaign. He continued to develop into a world class prop, being signed by Champions Toulon in March 2014 as a Medical Joker for the Props. He was a stand out performer for Toulon, making three starts from seven appearances. His most notable, a bench place in the 2014 Heineken Cup Final.

Menini was selected for the France national side for their 2014 Australian June Test Series, and was a surprise inclusion for a starting position in the second test. He ran out on the 14 June and played 49 minutes in his first test match. France lost 6–0.

After the test series, Menini joined Toulon full-time after Biarritz were relegated after the 2013–14 Season.

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
French rugby union players
RC Toulon players
Rugby union props
France international rugby union players
Sportspeople from Moselle (department)
Oyonnax Rugby players
Provence Rugby players
AS Béziers Hérault players
Lyon OU Rugby players
Stade Montois Rugby players
Biarritz Olympique players

Alexandre Menini


The "lesbian kiss episode" is a type of the media portrayal of lesbianism in television media.  It was made in the 1990s. The first time was in 1991 with a kiss on the American L.A. Law series.  It was in the episode "He's a Crowd" between C.J. Lamb and Abby Perkins. David E. Kelley wrote the episode.  He used the same idea in at least two of his other shows. Later television series included an episode in which a seemingly heterosexual female character has a kiss with a possibly lesbian or bisexual character. Most times, the potential of a relationship between the women does not survive past the episode. The lesbian or suspected lesbian never appears again.

Series
Series which have had lesbian kiss episodes include:
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Program
! Title
! U.S. air date
! class = unsortable| Kissers
|-
| L. A. Law
| "He's a Crowd"
| February 7, 1991
| Abby Perkins(Michele Greene) and C. J. Lamb (Amanda Donohoe).
|-
| Picket Fences
| "Sugar & Spice"
| April 29, 1993
| Kimberly Brock (Holly Marie Combs) and Lisa Fenn (Alexondra Lee). After talks between producer David E. Kelley and CBS, the scene was reshot in lower light.
|-
| Roseanne
| "Don't Ask, Don't Tell"
| March 1, 1994
| Roseanne Conner (Roseanne Barr) and Sharon (Mariel Hemingway). Full contact not shown. Sharon makes a cameo appearance in "December Bride", showing the wedding of two men.
|-
| Lifestories: Families in Crisis
| "More Than Friends: The Coming Out of Heidi Leiter"
| March 7, 1994
| Heidi Leiter (Sabrina Lloyd) and Missy (Kate Anthony). Based on the true story of Heidi Leiter, who attended her senior prom in Virginia with her girlfriend. Neither character appeared again in this anthology series.
|-
| Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
| "Rejoined"
| October 30, 1995
| Jadzia Dax (Terry Farrell) and Lenara Kahn (Susanna Thompson). Lenara Kahn never reappears on the series. As joined Trills, a previous male host of Dax and female host of Kahn had been husband and wife 90 years earlier. Trill culture considers such rejoinings to be taboo; however, no remarks are made about Jadzia's and Lenara's genders.
|-
| Relativity
| "The Day the Earth Moved"
| January 11, 1997
| Rhonda (Lisa Edelstein) and Suzanne (Kristin Dattilo). Dattilo's character was only in one episode. The series was cancelled four episodes later.
|-
| Sex and the City
| "Bay of Married Pigs"  "Boy, Girl, Boy, Girl..."
| June 21, 1998  June 25, 2000
| Miranda Hobbes and Syd (Joanna Adler). Miranda kisses Syd to prove that she, Miranda, is not a lesbian, and Syd never re-appears.Carrie Bradshaw and Dawn (Alanis Morissette). Dawn never reappears on the series.
|-
| Ally McBeal
| "Happy Trails"  "Buried Pleasures"
| November 9, 1998  November 1, 1999
| Ally McBeal (Calista Flockhart) and Georgia Thomas (Courtney Thorne-Smith).  Ally McBeal and Ling Woo (Lucy Liu). These episodes are unusual in that all of the women involved are series regulars.
|-
| Party of Five
| "I'll Show You Mine"
| May 5, 1999
| Julia Salinger (Neve Campbell) and Perry Marks (Olivia d'Abo). Perry was in one more episode.
|-
| Talk to Me
| "About Being Gay"
| April 11, 2000
| Janey (Kyra Sedgwick) and Teresa (Paulina Porizkova). Janey flirts with Teresa, who turns out to be an actual lesbian, on a dare from her friends. Janey decides she is not a lesbian after the kiss. Teresa was a one episode character.
|-
| Friends
| "The One with Rachel's Big Kiss"
| April 26, 2001
| Rachel Green (Jennifer Aniston) and Melissa Warburton (Winona Ryder); Rachel Green and Phoebe Buffay (Lisa Kudrow). Melissa never reappears on the series. Phoebe kisses Rachel to see what all the fuss Melissa made was about.
|-
| Once and Again
| "The Gay-Straight Alliance"
| March 11, 2002
| Jessie Sammler (Evan Rachel Wood) and Katie Singer (Mischa Barton). Katie was in three additional episodes of the series.  The two remain in a relationship, but secretly, until the end of the series.
|-
| Firefly
| "War Stories"
| December 6, 2002
| Inara Serra (Morena Baccarin) and The Councilor (Katherine Kendall). The Councilor is a client of Inara's and she does not reappear in the series.
|-
| Fastlane
| "Strap On"
| January 17, 2003
| Billie Chambers (Tiffani Thiessen) and Sara Matthews (Jaime Pressley). Sara never reappears on the series.
|-
| The Joe Schmo Show
| Episode 7
| October 7, 2003
| Ashleigh (Melissa Yvonne Lewis) and Molly (Angela Dodson). In this reality television parody, Ashleigh and Molly kiss at the behest of a "network executive" who says that the kiss is a ploy for ratings.
|-
| One Tree Hill
| "I Will Dare"  "The Heart Brings You Back"
| October 19, 2004  January 25, 2005
| Peyton Sawyer (Hilarie Burton) and Anna Taggaro (Daniella Alonso). Anna was in four additional episodes of the series.   Peyton Sawyer and Brooke Davis (Sophia Bush). Peyton and Brooke are both regular characters.
|-
| The O.C.| "The Lonely Hearts Club"
| February 10, 2005
| Marissa Cooper (Mischa Barton) and Alex Kelly (Olivia Wilde). Alex leaves the series four episodes later.
|-
| American Dad!| "Not Particularly Desperate Housewives"
| December 8, 2005
| Linda Memari and Francine Smith. Linda is a closeted lesbian who kisses Francine to save her from being killed by the Ladybugs. Linda is genuinely attracted to Francine; however, Francine thinks the kiss was fake. Linda is in other episodes; however, Linda's sexual interest in Francine is not discussed.
|-
| Crossing Jordan| "Mysterious Ways"
| April 23, 2006
| Jordan Cavanaugh (Jill Hennessy) and Detective Tallulah "Lu" Simmons (Leslie Bibb). Episode hints at the possible bisexuality of lead character Jordan. Bibb was a recurring cast member.
|-
| How I Met Your Mother| "Best Prom Ever" "The Broath"
| May 1, 2006  March 19, 2012
| Lily Aldrin (Alyson Hannigan) and Robin Scherbatsky (Cobie Smulders). Robin kisses Lily to give Lily the "lesbian experience" she never had. Both are series regulars.  Robin Scherbatsky and Lily Aldrin kiss to seal an oath promising not to interfere with Barney's life. Barney and his girlfriend, Quinn, reveal moments later that the lesbian kiss was intended to humiliate the pair and teach a lesson about judgment.
|-
| Las Vegas| "Fleeting Cheating Meeting"
| January 12, 2007
| Samantha Marquez (Vanessa Marcil) and Mary McConnell (Nikki Cox). Samantha and Mary, both series regulars, were portrayed as heterosexual although dialogue in several episodes shows Samantha's possible bisexuality.
|-
| Dirt| "Ita Missa Est"
| March 27, 2007
| Lucy Spiller (Courteney Cox) and Tina Harrod (Jennifer Aniston). The episode hints at a former intimate relationship between the two. Tina never reappears on the series.
|-
| Kyle XY| "Free to Be You and Me"
| July 23, 2007
| Lori Trager (April Matson) and Hillary (Chelan Simmons). Hillary was a recurring character.
|-
| Being Erica| "Everything She Wants"
| March 4, 2009
| Erica (Erin Karpluk) and Cassidy (Anna Silk). In a flashback, Erica relives a brief infatuation with her lesbian college friend Cassidy, which is short-lived when Erica tells Cassidy she is straight. Cassidy appears in two later episodes.
|-
| Desperate Housewives| "The Story of Lucie and Jessie"
|March 15, 2009
| Susan and her boss, Jessie; Susan and Gabrielle. Susan (Teri Hatcher) and Gabrielle (Eva Longoria) were series regulars; Jessie (Swoosie Kurtz) was a guest star.
|-
| Greek| "Dearly Beloved"  "Divine Secrets and the ZBZ Sisterhood"
| May 4, 2009  May 18, 2009
| Rebecca Logan (Dilshad Vadsaria) and Robyn Wylie (Anna Osceola).  Rebecca and Robyn; Rebecca and Casey Cartwright. The kiss in "Dearly Beloved" opened a three-episode story arc in which Rebecca questions her sexuality. The arc ended in episode "Divine Secrets" with Rebecca deciding that she was not a LUG and her response to the kiss was because it was a new and unusual experience. Robyn did not reappear.
|-
| The Cleveland Show| "Pilot"
| September 27, 2009
| Lois Griffin (Alex Borstein) and Bonnie Swanson (Jennifer Tilly). The two kiss at the behest of lead character Cleveland as something of a going-away present.
|-
| Heroes| "Hysterical Blindness"
| October 12, 2009
| Claire Bennet (Hayden Panettiere) and Gretchen Berg (Madeline Zima). Gretchen kisses Claire and confesses to having a crush. Panettiere, who has acknowledged "experimenting" with female friends as a teenager, persuaded the creators to include the storyline. Zima's character was a recurring role. Heroes had previously planned a lesbian cheerleader character in 2007 but the actress took another job after just one episode and the part was not re-cast.
|-
| FlashForward| "Gimme Some Truth"
| October 22, 2009
| Janis Hawk (Christine Woods) and Maya (Navi Rawat). Janis is a closeted FBI agent and Maya is a chef. Maya did not reappear on the series.
|-
| Gossip Girl| "They Shoot Humphreys, Don't They?"
| November 9, 2009
| Vanessa Abrams (Jessica Szohr) and Olivia Burke (Hilary Duff). The two kiss as part of a threesome with Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley). Duff's character was a recurring role.
|-
| 90210| "Rats and Heroes"
| March 9, 2010
| Gia (Rumer Willis) and Adrianna (Jessica Lowndes) kiss after bonding at an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting. Willis' character was a recurring role.
|-
| Community| "Early 21st Century Romanticism"
| February 10, 2011
| Britta (Gillian Jacobs) and Page (Brit Marling). Britta and Page become friends and later kiss, each under the mistaken impression that the other is a lesbian. Page has not reappeared to date.
|-
|Pan Am| "Diplomatic Relations"
| January 15, 2012
| Maggie (Christina Ricci) and Amanda (Ashley Greene). Amanda comforts a sad Maggie by wiping Maggie's tears, then telling her her opinion on men, and kissing. Greene's character was recurring.
|-
|The Simpsons| "Lisa Goes Gaga"
| May 20, 2012
| Marge Simpson (Julie Kavner) and Lady Gaga.
|-
| Alphas| "When Push Comes to Shove"
| August 13, 2012
| Nina Theroux (Laura Mennell) and Rachel Pirzad (Azita Ghanizada). Nina, a telepath with the ability to "push" others into doing what she asks them, forced Rachel to kiss her against Rachel's will. Both characters are series regulars.
|}

References

 Capsuto, Steven (2000). Alternate Channels: The Uncensored Story of Gay and Lesbian Images on Radio and Television''. Ballantine Books. .

LGBT television programs

Lesbian kiss episode


The Othello syndrome is a pscholgogical condition, where a person thinks that their partner is unfaithful, but without having any proof for this behaviour. It is also known as pathological jealousy, morbid jelousy or delusional jealousy.  The person will also behave in ways that are socially unacceptable or abnormal, but which are related to these thoughts. The most common form is characterized by delusions and obsessions. It is considered a subtype of delusional disorder.

As people are obsessed by the idea that their partner is unfaithful, they want to investigate and maintain their parner's fidelity, even if this causes big problems for themselves, and their partner.

Definition
This disorder occurs when a person  accuses their partner of being unfaithfuil, even if there is little or no evidence for this. Very often people will use  seemingly normal or everyday events or material to show this.

Unlike with other forms of delusion, people suffering from Othello syndrome, often stalk their partners, or they become violent. The condition  can be found together with schizophrenia and  a delusional disorder, such as bipolar disorder. It is associated with alcoholism and sexual dysfunction and has been reported after neurological illness (i.e. Parkinson's).

The name "Othello Syndrome" comes from the character in Shakespeare's play Othello, who murders his wife as a result of a false belief that she has been unfaithful. Recently, some psychologists and psychiatrists have asserted that Othello was deceived rather than deluded about Desdemona's alleged infidelity and thus did not have 'the Othello Syndrome'.

Triggers
For men the strongest trigger is sexual infidelity and with women the strongest trigger is emotional infidelity. If partner-related violence does not stop infidelity from happening, the male mate will sometimes commit suicide instead. The last thing to do to stop infidelity inside of morbid jealousy is to kill their partner. Women are much less likely to do this, unless they act in self-defense. Morbid jealousy can occur together with other conditions such as chronic alcoholism, addiction to other drugs (i.e. cocaine, amphetamines, marijuana.), organic brain disorders (i.e. Parkinson's, Huntington's), schizophrenia, neurosis, affective disturbances or personality disorders.

Risks associated

Harm to self
People with this condition often think about killing themselves. This is also because Othello syndrome is often associated with depression and drug addiction.

Related pages
 Envy
 Isolation for the purpose of abuse
 Martha Mitchell effect

References

Sources
 Enoch, D. & Ball, H. (2001) The Othello Syndrome. In Enoch, D. & Ball, H. Uncommon psychiatric syndromes (fourth edition) pp50–73.  London: Arnold. ISBN 0-340-76388-4

Mental illnesses

Othello syndrome


Donald Charles Boulton Maclurcan   (5 September 1918 – 3 August 1999) was an Australian architect. As a senior partner of Fowell, Mansfield and Maclurcan (and from 1971, Fowell, Mansfield, Jarvis and Maclurcan), he designed or directed the design of a wide range of building types, from individual houses to important infrastructure projects.

Early years
He was the eldest son of Winifred Kenna and Charles Dansie Maclurcan. His grandmother, Hannah Maclurcan, was the author of "Mrs. Maclurcan's Cookbook" and owned the Wentworth Hotel. Charles Maclurcan (1889-1957) was an electrical engineer and he used the flat roof of the Wentworth Hotel for his pioneering experiments in wireless transmission. Donald Maclurcan was educated at OLSH in Bowral, New South Wales and at Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview, where he completed his education in 1936.  With the exception of English, his academic record was ordinary, despite his intelligence:  he simply was not interested.  His school books were strewn with drawings and at the early age of 12 he declared that he wanted to be an architect. His most memorable achievement at school in fact was the notoriety he attracted when, with two friends, he hung a dummy in 1934 over the newly completed Sydney Harbour Bridge which prank garnered news paper coverage. Expulsion was avoided due to the intervention of one Jesuit father who liked him.

Wartime
After leaving school, he attended the Sydney Institute of Technology in Ultimo to study architecture. In 1938, he met his future wife, Margaret Davis.
In 1939, he enlisted in the Militia as a despatch rider and whilst unofficially engaged to Margaret, any thought of marriage was placed in abeyance. In 1941, he joined the AIF as a Sapper Second Lieutenant and departed for the Middle East on the Queen Mary in September. On his return in March, 1942, he married Margaret at St. Mary's Cathedral, during 10 days leave. He then departed for New Guinea soon becoming a Captain in the 2nd/14th Field Company. In New Guinea, he worked in Port Moresby then walked from Kokoda to Soputa, supervising the maintenance of the roads and bridges whilst being bombed by the Japanese. In 1944, he returned to Australia and collapsed on the Parade ground with malaria, weighing less than 7 stone. Invalided out of the army just when he was to be promoted to Major, he resumed his studies with great energy, completing the final 18 months of the course in 6 months. In doing so, he developed an ulcer.

Architectural career
After graduation, he joined the architectural firm of "Fowell and Mansfield" becoming a named partner in June 1946.  As a senior partner for 30 years he designed and/or directed the design of a wide range of building types, from individual houses to important infrastructure projects. He developed special expertise in the aesthetics of civil engineering structures and matters concerning visual environment. As a result, he directed the firm's many consultancies to government authorities such as the Snowy Mountains Engineering Authority, the NSW Departments of Main Roads and Railways, the State Electricity Commission and the Metropolitan Water Sewerage and Drainage Board. He was Chairman of the National Parks Advisory Committee of Architects (1966 to 1976), a member of the NSW State Pollution Control Commission and the Australian Government's Advisory Committee for Expo 74, held in Spokane, USA. He travelled extensively in Europe in 1952 on general architecture studies, in 1960 to the USA on major dams and power stations and in 1967 to both Europe and USA researching road bridges, expressway interchanges and underground rail systems.

Other achievements
He was also President of the Illuminating Engineers (NSW then Australia) in 1952, a member of the Catholic Building and Finance Committee and the first Chairman of the newly formed Zoological Parks Board of NSW from 1973 to 1976, in which capacity he visited major zoos around the world in 1973 to study their design and administration. In 1975, in recognition of these achievements, he was appointed an OBE.  Some years earlier, he was recognised by the Catholic Church for his advisory work by being appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of Saint Gregory.

Throughout his career, he also pursued other activities with the same determination he applied to his work. For over 10 years he was President of the Ski Council and in 1960, he acted as Chef de Mission and General Manager of the Australian Viii Olympic Winter Team in Squaw Valley. In 1961, with his brother, Robert, and his sister-in-law, Francine, he built a ski hut in Perisher.

At the same time, he owned a succession of sports cars, including 4 Bristols, an Aston Martin, MGs, and a Riley. He drove them all like there was no tomorrow and maintained many of them himself, applying his significant mechanical skills.

As a young boy, he sailed with his brothers, Douglas and Robert, in a small vessel off Pittwater. This was the start of his other major sporting interest. In 1959, he purchased the 28 foot Daydream, "Mirrabooka" and immediately began competitive racing. He graduated to the 31 foot "Mhairi Dhu" in 1962, then launched the 34 foot "Morag Bheag" in 1969. He continued to race until 1990 culminating with the recognition of "Yachtsman of the Year" at the Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron Annual Prize Giving. He sailed with fierce skill, loved to win but was always generous in his acknowledgment of the skill of his competitor if he was beaten.

Retirement
In 1983, he retired at the age of 65 and thereafter would say he "used" to be an architect, filling his time making exquisite ship models. All of his attention to detail, dexterity and love of the sea came into play and for the next 10 years he produced about 15 models. In 1987, he was commissioned to build a model of the Endeavour for the Bi-Centenary, which is now in the National Museum in Canberra. He was delighted to receive a tax credit in lieu of payment. When he was approached to apply his skills to commercial model making, his sense of fairness prevailed and he refused, saying that the work should be directed to those who built models for a living, not a retired gentleman like himself. He was also an accomplished painter and a few privileged friends were given beautiful water colours of their yachts, painted by him in his annual Christmas sojourn to Pittwater on the family yacht. He remained married to Margaret for 57 years until his death in 1999 and they had 4 children; Charles, Lyndal, Barbara and John.

Architectural projects
St John's Anglican Church, Dee Why, New South Wales
St Thérèse of the Child Jesus Catholic Church, Beauty Point, New South Wales
Buildings on the upper campus of the University of New South Wales
Major structures in the Snowy Mountains Scheme (Tumut 3 Power Station in 1973 received the Principal Award for Excellence from the Concrete Institute of Australia
Power Stations for the Shoalhaven Scheme

For the NSW Department of Main Roads, many bridges including those at:
Gladesville Bridge (railings and light poles) and the footbridge on the Gladesville side
Tarban Creek Bridge
Roseville Bridge
Stockton Bridge
Captain Cook Bridge, Taren Point
Rip Bridge at Woy Woy

For the NSW Department of Railways:
The viaducts and several underground stations of Sydney's Eastern Suburbs railway line (In 1979, Martin Place railway station received awards for outstanding architecture from the Royal Australian Institute of Architects and for Meritorious Lighting from the Illuminating Engineers Society of Australia)

Environmental Impact Studies for:
Botany Bay and Georges River Basin
Illawarra Escarpment
Hawkesbury River Valley
Port Hacking and Hacking River Basin
Port Jackson and Parramatta River Basin
Charlotte Pass, Perisher Valley and Smiggin Holes Planning Report and Gas Pipeline Route from Moomba to Sydney

References

1918 births
1999 deaths
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century Australian architects

Donald Maclurcan


This is a list of diplomatic missions of Nauru, not including its honorary consulates in Agana, Auckland, London, Honolulu, Pago Pago and New Delhi. Nauru is the smallest republic in the world.  It was previously quite wealthy, thanks to royalties collected from phosphate mining.  This allowed the country of 12,000 to expand its public service workforce to 1,600.

Economic mismanagement has forced the Nauruan government to cut back on its overseas presence.  With mounting debts it was forced to relinquish Nauru House in Melbourne, a 52-story building owned by the Nauru government which housed its consulate-general. In a bid to stay solvent a covertly funded Nauran embassy was planned to be opened in Beijing as a transit point for defecting North Korean scientists (Operation Weasel).

Asia

 New Delhi (High Commission)

Taipei (Embassy)

 Bangkok (Consulate General)

Oceania

 Canberra (High Commission)
 Brisbane (Consulate General)

 Suva (High Commission)

Missions to open

 Jerusalem (Embassy)

Multilateral organisations

New York City (Permanent Mission)

Closed missions

See also
 Foreign relations of Nauru
 Operation Weasel

References

Permanent Mission of Nauru to the United Nations

Nauru
Diplomatic missions

List of diplomatic missions of Nauru


Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka (; ) was the first Russian composer to gain wide recognition within his own country and is often regarded as the fountainhead of Russian classical music. His compositions were an important influence on other Russian composers, notably the members of The Five, who produced a distinctive Russian style of music.

Early life and education

Glinka was born in the village of Novospasskoye, not far from the Desna River in the Smolensk Governorate of the Russian Empire (now in the Yelninsky District of the Smolensk Oblast). His wealthy father had retired as an army captain, and the family had a strong tradition of loyalty and service to the tsars, and several members of his extended family had lively cultural interests. His great-great-grandfather was a Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth nobleman, Wiktoryn Władysław Glinka of the Trzaska coat of arms who was given lands in the Smolensk Voivodeship. In 1655, Wiktoryn converted to Eastern Orthodoxy with the new name Yakov Yakovlevich (Jacob, son of Jacob), and remained the owner of his lands under the tsar. The coat of arms was originally received after his conversion from Lithuanian paganism to Catholicism according to the Union of Horodło.

Mikhail was raised by his overprotective and pampering paternal grandmother, who fed him sweets, wrapped him in furs, and confined him to her room, which was kept at . Accordingly, he became something of a hypochondriac and later in life retained the services of numerous physicians, and often falling victim to quacks. The only music he heard in his youthful confinement was the sounds of the village church bells and the folk songs of passing peasant choirs. The church bells were tuned to a dissonant chord, and so his ears became used to strident harmony. While his nurse would sometimes sing folksongs, the peasant choirs who sang using the podgolosochnaya technique (an improvised style—literally "under the voice"—using improvised dissonant harmonies below the melody) influenced his independence from the smooth progressions of Western harmony.

After his grandmother's death, he moved to his maternal uncle's estate some  away, where he heard his uncle's orchestra, whose repertoire included Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven. At the age of about ten he heard them play a clarinet quartet by the Finnish composer Bernhard Henrik Crusell, which had a profound effect upon him. "Music is my soul", he wrote many years later, recalling the experience. While his governess taught him Russian, German, French and geography, he also received instruction on the piano and violin.

At 13, Glinka went to the capital, Saint Petersburg, to attend a school for children of the nobility. He learned Latin, English, and Persian, studied mathematics and zoology, and considerably widened his musical experience. He had three piano lessons from John Field, the Irish composer of nocturnes, who spent some time in Saint Petersburg. He then continued his piano lessons with Charles Mayer and began composing.

When he left school his father wanted him to join the Foreign Office, and he was appointed assistant secretary of the Department of Public Highways. The light work allowed Glinka to settle into the life of a musical dilettante, frequenting the city's drawing rooms and social gatherings. He was already composing a large amount of music, such as melancholy romances which amused the rich amateurs. His songs are among the most interesting parts of his work from this period.

In 1830, at a physician's recommendation, Glinka traveled to Italy with tenor . They took a leisurely pace, ambling through Germany and Switzerland, before settling in Milan. There, Glinka took lessons at the conservatory with Francesco Basili. He struggled with counterpoint, which he found irksome. After three years listening to singers, romancing women with his music, and meeting famous people including Mendelssohn and Berlioz, he became disenchanted with Italy. He realized that his life's mission was to return to Russia, write in a Russian manner, and do for Russian music what Donizetti and Bellini had done for Italian music.

His return took him through the Alps, and he stopped for a while in Vienna, where he heard the music of Franz Liszt. He stayed another five months in Berlin, where he studied composition under the distinguished teacher Siegfried Dehn. A Capriccio on Russian Themes for piano duet and an unfinished Symphony on Two Russian Themes were important products of this period.

When word reached Glinka of his father's death in 1834, he left Berlin and returned to Novospasskoye.

Career

While in Berlin, Glinka became enamored of a beautiful and talented singer, for whom he composed Six Studies for Contralto. He contrived a plan to return to her, but when his sister's German maid turned up without the necessary paperwork to cross to the border with him, he abandoned his plan as well as his love and turned north for Saint Petersburg. There he reunited with his mother, and made the acquaintance of Maria Petrovna Ivanova. After a brief courtship, they married, but the marriage was short-lived, as Maria was tactless and uninterested in his music. His initial fondness for her was said to have inspired the trio in the first act of his opera A Life for the Tsar (1836), but his naturally sweet disposition coarsened under his wife's and mother-in-law's constant criticism. When the marriage ended, she remarried, and Glinka moved in with his mother, and later with his sister, Lyudmila Shestakova.

A Life for the Tsar was the first of Glinka's two great operas. It was originally entitled Ivan Susanin. Set in 1612, it tells the story of the Russian peasant and patriotic hero Ivan Susanin who sacrifices his life for the Tsar by leading astray a group of marauding Poles who were hunting him. Tsar Nicholas I himself followed the work's progress with interest and suggested the change in the title. It was a great success at its premiere on 9 December 1836, under the direction of Catterino Cavos, who had written an opera on the same subject in Italy. The Tsar rewarded Glinka for his work with a ring valued at 4,000 rubles. (During the Soviet era, the opera was staged under its original title, Ivan Susanin.)

In 1837, Glinka was installed as the instructor of the Imperial Chapel Choir, with a yearly salary of 25,000 rubles and lodging at the court. In 1838, at the Tsar's suggestion, he traveled to Ukraine to gather new voices for the choir; the 19 new boys he found earned him another 1,500 rubles from the Tsar.

He soon embarked on his second opera, Ruslan and Lyudmila. The plot, based on the tale by Alexander Pushkin, was concocted in 15 minutes by Konstantin Bakhturin, a poet who was drunk at the time. Consequently, the opera is a dramatic muddle, yet the quality of Glinka's music is higher than in A Life for the Tsar. The overture features a descending whole tone scale associated with the villainous dwarf Chernomor, who has abducted Lyudmila, daughter of the Prince of Kiev. There is much Italianate coloratura, and Act 3 contains several routine ballet numbers, but Glinka's great achievement lies in his use of folk melody which becomes thoroughly infused into the musical argument. Much of the borrowed folk material is oriental in origin. When it debuted on 9 December 1842, it was received coolly, but subsequently gained popularity.

Later years

Glinka went through a dejected year after the poor reception of Ruslan and Lyudmila. His spirits rose when he travelled to Paris and Spain. In Spain he met Don Pedro Fernández, his secretary and companion for the last nine years of his life. In Paris, Hector Berlioz conducted some excerpts from Glinka's operas and wrote an appreciative article about him. Glinka in turn admired Berlioz's music and resolved to compose some fantasies pittoresques for orchestra. Beginning in 1852, he spent two years in Paris, living quietly and frequently visiting the botanical and zoological gardens. He then moved to Berlin where, after five months, he died suddenly on 15 February 1857, following a cold. He was buried in Berlin, but a few months later his body was taken to Saint Petersburg and reinterred in the cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Monastery.

The genesis of a Russian style
Glinka was the beginning of a new direction in Russian music. Musical culture arrived in Russia from Europe, and for the first time specifically Russian music began to appear, in Glinka's operas. Historical events were often used as its basis, but for the first time they were presented realistically.

The first to note this new direction was Alexander Serov. He was then joined by his friend Vladimir Stasov, who became the theorist of this cultural trend; it was developed further by composers of "The Five".

Modern Russian music critic Viktor Korshikov wrote: "Russian musical culture [would not have developed] without...three operas—Ivan Soussanine, Ruslan and Ludmila, and The Stone Guest, created by Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov and Borodin. Soussanine is an opera where the main character is the people; Ruslan is the mythical, deeply Russian intrigue; and in Guest, the drama dominates over the softness of the beauty of sound." Two of these operas—Ivan Soussanine and Ruslan and Ludmila—were Glinka's.

Glinka's work, and that of the composers and other creative people he inspired, has been instrumental in the development of a distinctly Russian artistic style that occupies a prominent place in world culture.

Legacy

After Glinka's death, the relative merits of his two operas became a topic of heated debate in the musical press, especially between Vladimir Stasov and his former friend Alexander Serov.  Glinka's orchestral composition Kamarinskaya (1848) was said by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky to be "the acorn from which the oak" of later Russian symphonic music grew.

In 1884, Mitrofan Belyayev founded the annual Glinka Prize, whose early winners included Alexander Borodin, Mily Balakirev, Tchaikovsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, César Cui and Anatoly Lyadov.

Outside Russia, several of Glinka's orchestral works have been fairly popular in concerts and recordings. Besides the well-known overtures to the operas (especially the brilliantly energetic overture to Ruslan), his major orchestral works include the symphonic poem Kamarinskaya (1848), based on Russian folk songs; and two Spanish works, A Night in Madrid (1848, 1851) and Jota Aragonesa (1845). He also composed many art songs and piano pieces, and some chamber music.

A lesser work that received attention in the last decade of the 20th century was Glinka's "Patrioticheskaya Pesnya", supposedly written for a contest for a national anthem in 1833. In 1990, the Supreme Soviet of Russia adopted it as the regional anthem of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, which till then was the only Soviet constituent state without its own anthem. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Russian SFSR, the hymn was retained unofficially until it was officially confirmed as the Russian national anthem in 1993, where it remained as such until 2000 when it was replaced by the Soviet anthem with new lyrics.

Three Russian conservatories are named after Glinka:
Nizhny Novgorod State Conservatory ()
 Novosibirsk State Conservatory ()
Magnitogorsk State Conservatory  ()

Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh named a minor planet 2205 Glinka in his honor. It was discovered in 1973. A crater on Mercury is also named after him.

Glinkastraße in Berlin was named in Glinka's honor. In the wake of the George Floyd protests, the Berlin U-Bahn station Mohrenstraße was proposed to be renamed "Glinkastraße", which is adjacent to the station. The plan was cancelled due to Glinka's reputed antisemitism.

In September 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, a street in Dnipro, Ukraine, that was named after Glinka was renamed to honor Queen Elizabeth II.

In popular culture

The stirring overture to Glinka's opera Ruslan and Lyudmila is heard as the theme of the long-running U.S. television comedy series Mom. Its creators felt the fast-paced, complex orchestral music reflected the characters' struggles to overcome their destructive habits and keep up with the demands of daily life.

Works
See: List of compositions by Mikhail Glinka.

Media

References
Notes

Sources
Brown, David (1974). Mikhail Glinka, a biographical and critical study, Oxford University Press.
Glinka Mikhail Ivanovich, biographic encyclopedia, in Russian on biografija.ru
Knowles, John Paine (Ed.), Theodore Thomas, and Karl Klauser (1891). Famous Composers and Their Works, J.B. Millet Company.
Taruskin, Richard, "Glinka, Mikhail" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, (Ed.) Stanley Sadie (London, 1992)

External links

List of works
Cylinder recording of a Glinka composition, from the Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project at the University of California, Santa Barbara Library.
Glinka – the author of Russian national anthem  by K.Kovalev
 A short video from 1998

Turgenev and Glinka (with music samples)

1804 births
1857 deaths
People from Smolensk Oblast
People from Yelninsky Uyezd
People from the Russian Empire of Polish descent
Composers from the Russian Empire
Male opera composers
National anthem writers
Russian male classical composers
Russian opera composers
Russian Romantic composers
19th-century classical composers
19th-century male musicians
19th-century male musicians from the Russian Empire
Pupils of Siegfried Dehn
Burials at Tikhvin Cemetery
Mikhail

Mikhail Glinka