Captain Jack is a 1999 British comedy film produced by John Goldschmidt and written by Jack Rosenthal. The cast includes Bob Hoskins, Sadie Frost, Gemma Jones, Anna Massey, Peter McDonald, Maureen Lipman and Michele Dotrice. The film was produced by Goldschmidt's own company Viva Films Ltd. and was distributed on video by Koch Vision.

Plot
Captain Jack stars Bob Hoskins as a rebellious captain of a small Whitby boat who is determined to flout petty maritime bureaucracy. Officials declare his boat unsafe for a planned voyage to the Arctic, but Jack is determined to set sail and to place a plaque there in commemoration of his seafaring hero. With his motley crew, Captain Jack succeeds in making his voyage despite an international search for his boat by maritime authorities.

Inspiration
The film is based on a true life incident involving a Whitby man, Jack Lammiman, who declared that his ship was totally seaworthy but was being hampered from sailing by maritime rules. As in the film, he slipped out of the harbour unseen in 1991. His crew included a vicar, a lady pensioner and 62-year-old Royal Navy veteran named Hugh Taff Roberts. Lammiman successfully sailed his ship, Helga Maria, to the Arctic and fulfilled his wish to place a memorial plaque on Jan Mayen Island to honour Whitby whaling Captain, William Scoresby (see, William Scoresby his son).  During the voyage he succeeded in evading an international search by the naval authorities using a number of techniques which including painting his boat a different colour. Lammiman arrived back at his home port of Whitby to a hero's welcome, a court appearance, a fine and eventually (after non-payment of his fine) four days in jail.

References

External links

1999 films
1999 comedy films
British comedy films
Films set in Whitby
Films shot in Yorkshire
Films directed by Robert Young
1990s British films

Captain Jack (film)


The Life & Adventures of Santa Claus is a 2000 American direct-to-video animated fantasy film created by Mike Young Productions and released by Universal Studios Home Entertainment. It is based on the 1902 L. Frank Baum novel of the same name.

Plot
In the Forest of Burzee, where many immortals live (such as Knooks, fairies, and nymphs), their leader, Ak, the Master Woodsman of the World (governor of all forests), finds a human baby abandoned and places him in the care of the lioness, Shiegra. A wood nymph named Necile thereupon adopts the baby; later named Nicholas. Meanwhile, a shapeshifting pixie named Wisk is catapulted to Burzee over the mountain where the evil Awgwas live. When Nicholas reaches young adulthood, Ak shows him how mortals live, giving him a magic sash that makes him invisible. Nicholas sees that the humans, mostly the children, live cruel and unfair lives, mostly in poverty or child abuse (enforced by the Awgwas). Eventually, Nicholas and Wisk move to a spot near both Necile and the humans. The Knooks build a house for him, and Necile gives him a cat, whom he names Blinky. Nicholas travels to a village, in which he stops a baby from crying, and a girl named Megan talks for the first time. To help the children, Nicholas carves a toy cat of Blinky. One day in winter, Ethan the Cripple, a boy from a village, travels to his house to bring him a leaning stick. He nearly freezes to death, but Nicholas takes him into his house, much to the disappointment of King Mogorb, leader of the Awgwas. When he meets Blinky, Nicholas gives him the toy cat.

Nicholas makes more toys to give to children: mostly cats, and later birds, ponies, and doll figures of Necile. He also carves an image toy of Shiegra who comes to say goodbye to Nicholas as the end of her days on Earth grew near. After giving the children toys and bringing them happiness the Awgwas break into Nicholas's house and send him to another forest but he returns soon after and continues to make toys for the children and his house grows bigger. Eventually, Nicholas ages. A Knook named Will gives him two reindeer, Mistletoe and Holly, to pull a sled so he can travel to the villages in winter, telling him to return before daybreak. For leaving many toys for the children, he becomes known as Saint Nicholas, or Santa Claus. But when he returns after daybreak Will tells him he cannot use the reindeer anymore so while attempting to deliver more toys, Nicholas is attacked by the Awgwas, who steal all his toys. When they later attack Natalie, a princess, coming to see him, he brings this problem to Ak. Ak decides that Nicholas should travel to villages once a year, and that this day should be Christmas, and Will gives him eight reindeer for his sled. Unable to tolerate the Awgwas' misdeeds, Ak and the other immortals decide to finish them once and for all and after a fierce battle they transform them into birds and insects, and retrieve the stolen toys. Every Christmas thereafter, Nicholas makes his trips to the villages, beginning the tradition of Christmas trees by putting some in darker homes, and placing smaller gifts in stockings left up to dry. Some children leave milk and cookies for him, in return. Near the end of Nicholas' days, as the Angel of Death is coming for him, Ak holds an immortals' council, asking to make Nicholas immortal. Bo, Master Mariner of the World (governor of all water), calls for a vote. When the vote is in favor of using the Mantle of Immortality on Santa Claus, Ak tells the Angel of Death not to take him, and places the mantle around him (and Blinky) while he is asleep. Now immortal, Santa Claus, aided by Blinky and Wisk, continues giving people gifts at Christmas; the end showing a Christmas many years in the future.

Cast
Robby Benson as Young Santa Claus
Jim Cummings as Old Santa Claus / Thog / Additional Voices
Dixie Carter as Necile
Hal Holbrook as Ak, Master Woodsman of the World
Carlos Alazraqui as Wisk / Wil Knook
Maurice LaMarche as King Mogorb / Lord of Lerd / Additional Voices
Brianne Siddall as Ethan the Cripple / Megan / Tycus
Cynthia Songé as Shiegra
Kath Soucie as Natalie / Mayrie
Mary Kay Bergman as Martha / Nymph
Melissa Disney as Gardenia / Village Girl
Jess Harnell as Wagif Knook / Bo, Master Mariner of the World / Giant / Additional Voices
Nick Jameson as Peter Knook / Andrew

See also
The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1985 film)
 List of Christmas films
 Santa Claus in film

References

External links

2000 animated films
2000 films
American Christmas films
2000s Christmas films
American animated fantasy films
Animated films based on American novels
Universal Pictures direct-to-video animated films
Universal Pictures direct-to-video films
2000s American animated films
Santa Claus in film
2000 television specials
Animated Christmas films
Films based on works by L. Frank Baum
2000s children's animated films
2000s English-language films

The Life & Adventures of Santa Claus (2000 film)


Ventilation is the intentional introduction of outdoor air into a space. Ventilation is mainly used to control indoor air quality by diluting and displacing indoor pollutants; it can also be used to control indoor temperature, humidity, and air motion to benefit thermal comfort, satisfaction with other aspects of the indoor environment, or other objectives.

The intentional introduction of outdoor air is usually categorized as either mechanical ventilation, natural ventilation, or mixed-mode ventilation (hybrid ventilation).

 Mechanical ventilation is the intentional fan-driven flow of outdoor air into and/or out from a building. Mechanical ventilation systems may include supply fans (which push outdoor air into a building), exhaust fans (which draw air out of a building and thereby cause equal ventilation flow into a building), or a combination of both (called balanced ventilation if it neither pressurizes nor depressurizes the inside air, or only slightly depressurizes it). Mechanical ventilation is often provided by equipment that is also used to heat and cool a space.
 Natural ventilation is the intentional passive flow of outdoor air into a building through planned openings (such as louvers, doors, and windows). Natural ventilation does not require mechanical systems to move outdoor air. Instead, it relies entirely on passive physical phenomena, such as wind pressure, or the stack effect. Natural ventilation openings may be fixed, or adjustable.  Adjustable openings may be controlled automatically (automated), owned by occupants (operable), or a combination of both. Cross ventilation is a phenomenon of natural ventilation.
 Mixed-mode ventilation systems use both mechanical and natural processes. The mechanical and natural components may be used at the same time, at different times of day, or in different seasons of the year. Since natural ventilation flow depends on environmental conditions, it may not always provide an appropriate amount of ventilation. In this case, mechanical systems may be used to supplement or regulate the naturally driven flow.

Ventilation is typically described as separate from infiltration.

 Infiltration is the circumstantial flow of air from outdoors to indoors through leaks (unplanned openings) in a building envelope. When a building design relies on infiltration to maintain indoor air quality, this flow has been referred to as adventitious ventilation.

The design of buildings that promote occupant health and well-being requires a clear understanding of the ways that ventilation airflow interacts with, dilutes, displaces, or introduces pollutants within the occupied space. Although ventilation is an integral component of maintaining good indoor air quality, it may not be satisfactory alone. In scenarios where outdoor pollution would deteriorate indoor air quality, other treatment devices such as filtration may also be necessary. In kitchen ventilation systems, or for laboratory fume hoods, the design of effective effluent capture can be more important than the bulk amount of ventilation in a space. More generally, the way that an air distribution system causes ventilation to flow into and out of a space impacts the ability of a particular ventilation rate to remove internally generated pollutants. The ability of a system to reduce pollution in space is described as its "ventilation effectiveness".  However, the overall impacts of ventilation on indoor air quality can depend on more complex factors such as the sources of pollution, and the ways that activities and airflow interact to affect occupant exposure.

An array of factors related to the design and operation of ventilation systems are regulated by various codes and standards.  Standards dealing with the design and operation of ventilation systems to achieve acceptable indoor air quality include ASHRAE Standards 62.1 and 62.2, the International Residential Code, the International Mechanical Code, and the United Kingdom Building Regulations Part F.  Other standards that focus on energy conservation also impact the design and operation of ventilation systems, including ASHRAE Standard 90.1, and the International Energy Conservation Code.

In many instances, ventilation for indoor air quality is simultaneously beneficial for the control of thermal comfort. Increasing ventilation is essential to enhance the physical health of people. At these times, it can be useful to increase the rate of ventilation beyond the minimum required for indoor air quality. Two examples include air-side economizer cooling and ventilative pre-cooling. In other instances, ventilation for indoor air quality contributes to the need for – and energy use by – mechanical heating and cooling equipment. In hot and humid climates, dehumidification of ventilation air can be a particularly energy-intensive process.

Ventilation should be considered for its relationship to "venting" for appliances and combustion equipment such as water heaters, furnaces, boilers, and wood stoves. Most importantly, building ventilation design must be careful to avoid the backdraft of combustion products from "naturally vented" appliances into the occupied space. This issue is of greater importance for buildings with more air-tight envelopes. To avoid the hazard, many modern combustion appliances utilize "direct venting" which draws combustion air directly from outdoors, instead of from the indoor environment.

Design of air flow in rooms
The air in a room can be supplied and removed in several ways, for example via ceiling ventilation, cross ventilation, floor ventilation or displacement ventilation.

Furthermore, the air can be circulated in the room using vortexes which can be initiated in various ways:

Ventilation rates for indoor air quality
The ventilation rate, for commercial, industrial, and institutional (CII) buildings, is normally expressed by the volumetric flow rate of outdoor air, introduced to the building.  The typical units used are cubic feet per minute (CFM) in the imperial system, or liters per second (L/s) in the metric system (even though cubic meter per second is the preferred unit for volumetric flow rate in the SI system of units).  The ventilation rate can also be expressed on a per person or per unit floor area basis, such as CFM/p or CFM/ft², or as air changes per hour (ACH).

Standards for residential buildings
For residential buildings, which mostly rely on infiltration for meeting their ventilation needs, a common ventilation rate measure is the air change rate (or air changes per hour): the hourly ventilation rate divided by the volume of the space (I or ACH; units of 1/h). During the winter, ACH may range from 0.50 to 0.41 in a tightly air-sealed house to 1.11 to 1.47 in a loosely air-sealed house.

ASHRAE now recommends ventilation rates dependent upon floor area, as a revision to the 62-2001 standard, in which the minimum ACH was 0.35, but no less than 15 CFM/person (7.1 L/s/person). As of 2003, the standard has been changed to 3 CFM/100 sq. ft. (15 L/s/100 sq. m.) plus 7.5 CFM/person (3.5 L/s/person).

Standards for commercial buildings

Ventilation rate procedure
Ventilation Rate Procedure is rate based on standard and prescribes the rate at which ventilation air must be delivered to space and various means to the condition that air. Air quality is assessed (through CO2 measurement) and ventilation rates are mathematically derived using constants.
Indoor Air Quality Procedure uses one or more guidelines for the specification of acceptable concentrations of certain contaminants in indoor air but does not prescribe ventilation rates or air treatment methods. This addresses both quantitative and subjective evaluations and is based on the Ventilation Rate Procedure. It also accounts for potential contaminants that may have no measured limits, or for which no limits are not set (such as formaldehyde off-gassing from carpet and furniture).

Natural ventilation

Natural ventilation harnesses naturally available forces to supply and remove air in an enclosed space. Poor ventilation in rooms is identified to significantly increase the localized moldy smell in specific places of the room including room corners. There are three types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind-driven ventilation, pressure-driven flows, and stack ventilation. The pressures generated by 'the stack effect' rely upon the buoyancy of heated or rising air. Wind-driven ventilation relies upon the force of the prevailing wind to pull and push air through the enclosed space as well as through breaches in the building's envelope.

Almost all historic buildings were ventilated naturally. The technique was generally abandoned in larger US buildings during the late 20th century as the use of air conditioning became more widespread. However, with the advent of advanced Building Performance Simulation (BPS) software, improved Building Automation Systems (BAS), Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) design requirements, and improved window manufacturing techniques; natural ventilation has made a resurgence in commercial buildings both globally and throughout the US.

The benefits of natural ventilation include:

Improved Indoor air quality (IAQ)
Energy savings
Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
Occupant control
Reduction in occupant illness associated with Sick Building Syndrome
Increased worker productivity

Techniques and architectural features used to ventilate buildings and structures naturally include, but are not limited to:

Operable windows
Night purge ventilation
Clerestory windows and vented skylights
Building orientation
Wind capture façades

Mechanical ventilation

Mechanical ventilation of buildings and structures can be achieved by the use of the following techniques:

Whole-house ventilation
Mixing ventilation
Displacement ventilation
Dedicated subaerial air supply

Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV)
Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV, also known as Demand Control Ventilation) makes it possible to maintain air quality while conserving energy. ASHRAE has determined that: "It is consistent with the ventilation rate procedure that demand control be permitted for use to reduce the total outdoor air supply during periods of less occupancy." In a DCV system, CO2 sensors control the amount of ventilation. During peak occupancy, CO2 levels rise, and the system adjusts to deliver the same amount of outdoor air as would be used by the ventilation-rate procedure. However, when spaces are less occupied,  CO2 levels reduce, and the system reduces ventilation to conserves energy. DCV is a well-established practice, and is required in high occupancy spaces by building energy standards such as ASHRAE 90.1.

Personalized ventilation
Personalized ventilation is an air distribution strategy that allows individuals to control the amount of ventilation received. The approach delivers fresh air more directly to the breathing zone and aims to improve the air quality of inhaled air. Personalized ventilation provides much higher ventilation effectiveness than conventional mixing ventilation systems by displacing pollution from the breathing zone with far less air volume. Beyond improved air quality benefits, the strategy can also improve occupants' thermal comfort, perceived air quality, and overall satisfaction with the indoor environment. Individuals' preferences for temperature and air movement are not equal, and so traditional approaches to homogeneous environmental control have failed to achieve high occupant satisfaction. Techniques such as personalized ventilation facilitate control of a more diverse thermal environment that can improve thermal satisfaction for most occupants.

Local exhaust ventilation
Local exhaust ventilation addresses the issue of avoiding the contamination of indoor air by specific high-emission sources by capturing airborne contaminants before they are spread into the environment. This can include water vapor control, lavatory effluent control, solvent vapors from industrial processes, and dust from wood- and metal-working machinery. Air can be exhausted through pressurized hoods or the use of fans and pressurizing a specific area.A local exhaust system is composed of 5 basic parts

 A hood that captures the contaminant at its source
 Ducts for transporting the air
 An air-cleaning device that removes/minimizes the contaminant
 A fan that moves the air through the system
 An exhaust stack through which the contaminated air is discharged

In the UK, the use of LEV systems has regulations set out by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) which are referred to as the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (CoSHH). Under CoSHH, legislation is set to protect users of LEV systems by ensuring that all equipment is tested at least every fourteen months to ensure the LEV systems are performing adequately. All parts of the system must be visually inspected and thoroughly tested and where any parts are found to be defective, the inspector must issue a red label to identify the defective part and the issue.

The owner of the LEV system must then have the defective parts repaired or replaced before the system can be used.

Smart ventilation
Smart ventilation is a process of continually adjusting the ventilation system in time, and optionally by location, to provide the desired IAQ benefits while minimizing energy consumption, utility bills, and other non-IAQ costs (such as thermal discomfort or noise).
A smart ventilation system adjusts ventilation rates in time or by location in a building to be responsive to one or more of the following: occupancy, outdoor thermal and air quality conditions, electricity grid needs, direct sensing of contaminants, operation of other air moving and air cleaning systems.
In addition, smart ventilation systems can provide information to building owners, occupants, and managers on operational energy consumption and indoor air quality as well as a signal when systems need maintenance or repair.
Being responsive to occupancy means that a smart ventilation system can adjust ventilation depending on demand such as reducing ventilation if the building is unoccupied.
Smart ventilation can time-shift ventilation to periods when a) indoor-outdoor temperature differences are smaller (and away from peak outdoor temperatures and humidity), b) when indoor-outdoor temperatures are appropriate for ventilative cooling, or c) when outdoor air quality is acceptable.
Being responsive to electricity grid needs means providing flexibility to electricity demand (including direct signals from utilities) and integration with electric grid control strategies.
Smart ventilation systems can have sensors to detect airflow, systems pressures, or fan energy use in such a way that systems failures can be detected and repaired, as well as when system components need maintenance, such as filter replacement.

Ventilation and combustion

Combustion (in a fireplace, gas heater, candle, oil lamp, etc.) consumes oxygen while producing carbon dioxide and other unhealthy gases and smoke, requiring ventilation air. An open chimney promotes infiltration (i.e. natural ventilation) because of the negative pressure change induced by the buoyant, warmer air leaving through the chimney. The warm air is typically replaced by heavier, cold air.

Ventilation in a structure is also needed for removing water vapor produced by respiration, burning, and cooking, and for removing odors. If water vapor is permitted to accumulate, it may damage the structure, insulation, or finishes.  When operating, an air conditioner usually removes excess moisture from the air. A dehumidifier may also be appropriate for removing airborne moisture.

Calculation for acceptable ventilation rate
Ventilation guidelines are based on the minimum ventilation rate required to maintain acceptable levels of effluents. Carbon dioxide is used as a reference point, as it is the gas of highest emission at a relatively constant value of 0.005 L/s. The mass balance equation is:

Q = G/(Ci − Ca)

Q = ventilation rate (L/s)
G = CO2 generation rate
Ci = acceptable indoor CO2 concentration
Ca = ambient CO2 concentration

Smoking and ventilation
ASHRAE standard 62 states that air removed from an area with environmental tobacco smoke shall not be recirculated into ETS-free air. A space with ETS requires more ventilation to achieve similar perceived air quality to that of a non-smoking environment.

The amount of ventilation in an ETS area is equal to the amount of an ETS-free area plus the amount V, where:

V = DSD × VA × A/60E

V = recommended extra flow rate in CFM (L/s)
DSD = design smoking density (estimated number of cigarettes smoked per hour per unit area)
VA = volume of ventilation air per cigarette for the room being designed (ft3/cig)
E = contaminant removal effectiveness

History

Primitive ventilation systems were found at the Pločnik archeological site (belonging to the Vinča culture) in Serbia and were built into early copper smelting furnaces. The furnace, built on the outside of the workshop, featured earthen pipe-like air vents with hundreds of tiny holes in them and a prototype chimney to ensure air goes into the furnace to feed the fire and smoke comes out safely.

Passive ventilation and passive cooling systems were widely written about around the Mediterranean by Classical times. Both sources of heat and sources of cooling (such as fountains and subterranean heat reservoirs) were used to drive air circulation, and buildings were designed to encourage or exclude drafts, according to climate and function. Public bathhouses were often particularly sophisticated in their heating and cooling. Icehouses are some millennia old, and were part of a well-developed ice industry by classical times.

The development of forced ventilation was spurred by the common belief in the late 18th and early 19th century in the miasma theory of disease, where stagnant 'airs' were thought to spread illness. An early method of ventilation was the use of a ventilating fire near an air vent which would forcibly cause the air in the building to circulate. English engineer John Theophilus Desaguliers provided an early example of this when he installed ventilating fires in the air tubes on the roof of the House of Commons. Starting with the Covent Garden Theatre, gas burning chandeliers on the ceiling were often specially designed to perform a ventilating role.

Mechanical systems

A more sophisticated system involving the use of mechanical equipment to circulate the air was developed in the mid-19th century. A basic system of bellows was put in place to ventilate Newgate Prison and outlying buildings, by the engineer Stephen Hales in the mid-1700s. The problem with these early devices was that they required constant human labor to operate. David Boswell Reid was called to testify before a Parliamentary committee on proposed architectural designs for the new House of Commons, after the old one burned down in a fire in 1834. In January 1840 Reid was appointed by the committee for the House of Lords dealing with the construction of the replacement for the Houses of Parliament. The post was in the capacity of ventilation engineer, in effect; and with its creation there began a long series of quarrels between Reid and Charles Barry, the architect.

Reid advocated the installation of a very advanced ventilation system in the new House. His design had air being drawn into an underground chamber, where it would undergo either heating or cooling. It would then ascend into the chamber through thousands of small holes drilled into the floor, and would be extracted through the ceiling by a special ventilation fire within a great stack.

Reid's reputation was made by his work in Westminster. He was commissioned for an air quality survey in 1837 by the Leeds and Selby Railway in their tunnel. The steam vessels built for the Niger expedition of 1841 were fitted with ventilation systems based on Reid's Westminster model. Air was dried, filtered and passed over charcoal. Reid's ventilation method was also applied more fully to St. George's Hall, Liverpool, where the architect, Harvey Lonsdale Elmes, requested that Reid should be involved in ventilation design. Reid considered this the only building in which his system was completely carried out.

Fans
With the advent of practical steam power, ceiling fans could finally be used for ventilation. Reid installed four steam-powered fans in the ceiling of St George's Hospital in Liverpool, so that the pressure produced by the fans would force the incoming air upward and through vents in the ceiling. Reid's pioneering work provides the basis for ventilation systems to this day. He was remembered as "Dr. Reid the ventilator" in the twenty-first century in discussions of energy efficiency, by Lord Wade of Chorlton.

History and development of ventilation rate standards

Ventilating a space with fresh air aims to avoid "bad air". The study of what constitutes bad air dates back to the 1600s when the scientist Mayow studied asphyxia of animals in confined bottles.  The poisonous component of air was later identified as carbon dioxide (), by Lavoisier in the very late 1700s, starting a debate as to the nature of "bad air" which humans perceive to be stuffy or unpleasant. Early hypotheses included excess concentrations of  and oxygen depletion. However, by the late 1800s, scientists thought biological contamination, not oxygen or , was the primary component of unacceptable indoor air. However, it was noted as early as 1872 that  concentration closely correlates to perceived air quality.

The first estimate of minimum ventilation rates was developed by Tredgold in 1836. This was followed by subsequent studies on the topic by Billings  in 1886 and Flugge in 1905.  The recommendations of Billings and Flugge were incorporated into numerous building codes from 1900–the 1920s and published as an industry standard by ASHVE (the predecessor to ASHRAE) in 1914.

The study continued into the varied effects of thermal comfort, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and biological contaminants. The research was conducted with human subjects in controlled test chambers. Two studies, published between 1909 and 1911, showed that carbon dioxide was not the offending component. Subjects remained satisfied in chambers with high levels of , so long as the chamber remained cool. (Subsequently, it has been determined that  is, in fact, harmful at concentrations over 50,000ppm)

ASHVE began a robust research effort in 1919. By 1935, ASHVE-funded research conducted by Lemberg, Brandt, and Morse – again using human subjects in test chambers – suggested the primary component of "bad air" was an odor, perceived by the human olfactory nerves. Human response to odor was found to be logarithmic to contaminant concentrations, and related to temperature. At lower, more comfortable temperatures, lower ventilation rates were satisfactory.  A 1936 human test chamber study by Yaglou, Riley, and Coggins culminated much of this effort, considering odor, room volume, occupant age, cooling equipment effects, and recirculated air implications, which guided ventilation rates. The Yaglou research has been validated, and adopted into industry standards, beginning with the ASA code in 1946. From this research base, ASHRAE (having replaced ASHVE) developed space-by-space recommendations, and published them as ASHRAE Standard 62-1975: Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality.

As more architecture incorporated mechanical ventilation, the cost of outdoor air ventilation came under some scrutiny. In 1973, in response to the 1973 oil crisis and conservation concerns, ASHRAE Standards 62-73 and 62–81) reduced required ventilation from 10 CFM (4.76 L/s) per person to 5 CFM (2.37 L/s) per person. In cold, warm, humid, or dusty climates, it is preferable to minimize ventilation with outdoor air to conserve energy, cost, or filtration. This critique (e.g. Tiller) led ASHRAE to reduce outdoor ventilation rates in 1981, particularly in non-smoking areas. However subsequent research by Fanger, W. Cain, and Janssen validated the Yaglou model. The reduced ventilation rates were found to be a contributing factor to sick building syndrome.

The 1989 ASHRAE standard (Standard 62–89) states that appropriate ventilation guidelines are 20 CFM (9.2 L/s) per person in an office building, and 15 CFM (7.1 L/s) per person for schools, while 2004 Standard 62.1-2004 has lower recommendations again (see tables below). ANSI/ASHRAE (Standard 62–89) speculated that "comfort (odor) criteria are likely to be satisfied if the ventilation rate is set so that 1,000 ppm CO2 is not exceeded" while OSHA has set a limit of 5000 ppm over 8 hours.

ASHRAE continues to publish space-by-space ventilation rate recommendations, which are decided by a consensus committee of industry experts. The modern descendants of ASHRAE standard 62-1975 are ASHRAE Standard 62.1, for non-residential spaces, and ASHRAE 62.2 for residences.

In 2004, the calculation method was revised to include both an occupant-based contamination component and an area–based contamination component. These two components are additive, to arrive at an overall ventilation rate. The change was made to recognize that densely populated areas were sometimes overventilated (leading to higher energy and cost) using a per-person methodology.

Occupant Based Ventilation Rates, ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004

Area-based ventilation rates, ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004

The addition of occupant- and area-based ventilation rates found in the tables above often results in significantly reduced rates compared to the former standard. This is compensated in other sections of the standard which require that this minimum amount of air is delivered to the breathing zone of the individual occupant at all times. The total outdoor air intake of the ventilation system (in multiple-zone variable air volume (VAV) systems) might therefore be similar to the airflow required by the 1989 standard.
From 1999 to 2010, there was considerable development of the application protocol for ventilation rates. These advancements address occupant- and process-based ventilation rates, room ventilation effectiveness, and system ventilation effectiveness

Problems
 In hot, humid climates, unconditioned ventilation air can daily deliver approximately 260 milliliters of water for each cubic meters per hour (m3/h) of outdoor air (or one pound of water each day for each cubic feet per minute of outdoor air per day), annual average. This is a great deal of moisture and can create serious indoor moisture and mold problems. For example, given a 150 m2 building with an airflow of 180 m3/h this could result in about 47 liters of water accumulated per day.
 Ventilation efficiency is determined by design and layout, and is dependent upon the placement and proximity of diffusers and return air outlets. If they are located closely together, supply air may mix with stale air, decreasing the efficiency of the HVAC system, and creating air quality problems.
 System imbalances occur when components of the HVAC system are improperly adjusted or installed and can create pressure differences (too much-circulating air creating a draft or too little circulating air creating stagnancy).
 Cross-contamination occurs when pressure differences arise, forcing potentially contaminated air from one zone to an uncontaminated zone. This often involves undesired odors or VOCs.
 Re-entry of exhaust air occurs when exhaust outlets and fresh air intakes are either too close, prevailing winds change exhaust patterns or infiltration between intake and exhaust air flows.
 Entrainment of contaminated outdoor air through intake flows will result in indoor air contamination. There are a variety of contaminated air sources, ranging from industrial effluent to VOCs put off by nearby construction work.

See also

 Architectural engineering
 Biological safety
 Environmental tobacco smoke
 Fume hood
 Head-end power
 Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
 Heat recovery ventilation
 Mechanical engineering
 Room air distribution
 Sick building syndrome
 Solar chimney
 Windcatcher

References

External links

Air Infiltration & Ventilation Centre (AIVC)

Publications from the Air Infiltration & Ventilation Centre (AIVC)

International Energy Agency (IEA) Energy in Buildings and Communities Programme (EBC)

Publications from the International Energy Agency (IEA) Energy in Buildings and Communities Programme (EBC) ventilation-related research projects-annexes:
EBC Annex 9 Minimum Ventilation Rates
EBC Annex 18 Demand Controlled Ventilation Systems
EBC Annex 26 Energy Efficient Ventilation of Large Enclosures
EBC Annex 27 Evaluation and Demonstration of Domestic Ventilation Systems
EBC Annex 35 Control Strategies for Hybrid Ventilation in New and Retrofitted Office Buildings (HYBVENT)
EBC Annex 62 Ventilative Cooling

International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate

 Indoor Air Journal
 Indoor Air Conference Proceedings

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)

 ASHRAE Standard 62.1 – Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
 ASHRAE Standard 62.2 – Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Residential Buildings

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Building biology
Fluid dynamics

Ventilation (architecture)


Sylvia Úrsula Poll Ahrens (born September 24, 1970 in Managua, Nicaragua) is an Olympic and National Record holding swimmer from Costa Rica. At the 1988 Olympics, she won Costa Rica's first Olympic medal, when she garnered the silver in the women's 200 free. As of 2009, she and her younger sister Claudia are Costa Rica's only Olympic medalists. Sylvia also swam for Costa Rica at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

She also won a total number of 8 medals at the 1987 Pan American Games; and 2 of her times from those Games still stand as Costa Rican Records in 2009 (100 free and 100 back).

Poll was born in Managua, Nicaragua. Her parents were Germans and they settled in Nicaragua where Sylvia and her younger sister Claudia were born. After the 1972 Nicaragua earthquake and rising political tensions, Sylvia's parents decided to move south to Costa Rica only shortly after Claudia's birth. She, her sister Claudia, and their mother are not related to Marlene Ahrens, another Olympic athlete and medalist and another Latin American-born daughter of German settlers.

Sylvia Poll is a famous backstroker and freestyle swimmer for Costa Rica, who won the silver medal in the Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics Women's 200 meter freestyle  at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. Her silver medal was the first medal ever for a Costa Rican athlete.

At the 1986 Central American and Caribbean Games she set the Games Records in the women's 200 and 400 frees (2:02.80 and 4:17.98). Both records would last 20 years, until her sister Claudia bettered the times at the 2006 Games. Also at the '86 CACs, Silvia set the Games Record in the 100 m and 200 m backstroke (1:04.43, 2:19.32) that also stood until 2006.

Sylvia Poll is now a member of the 'Champions for Peace' club, a group of 54 famous elite athletes committed to serving peace in the world through sport, created by Peace and Sport, a Monaco-based international organization.

See also
List of Costa Rican records in swimming

References

www.databaseolympics.com
Profile

External links

1970 births
Living people
Nicaraguan people of German descent
Sportspeople from Managua
Costa Rican people of German descent
Female backstroke swimmers
Costa Rican female freestyle swimmers
Costa Rican female swimmers
Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1987 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 1991 Pan American Games
Olympic silver medalists for Costa Rica
Olympic swimmers for Costa Rica
Nicaraguan emigrants to Costa Rica
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games gold medalists for Costa Rica
Pan American Games silver medalists for Costa Rica
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Costa Rica
Olympic silver medalists in swimming
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Costa Rica
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in swimming
Competitors at the 1986 Central American and Caribbean Games
Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games

Silvia Poll


Acton Court is the historic manor house of the manor of Iron Acton in Gloucestershire, England. It is a grade I listed building of Tudor architecture and was recently restored. It is situated, at some considerable distance from the village of Iron Acton and the parish church of St Michael, on Latteridge Lane, Iron Acton, South Gloucestershire, England. The Poyntz family owned the property from 1364 until 1680. Nicholas Poyntz (died 1557) added the East Wing onto the existing moated manor house shortly before 1535.  Construction took about 9 months to complete. Subsequently, the wing was lavishly and fashionably decorated to impress Henry VIII. The king and his second wife, Anne Boleyn, stayed in the house in 1535, during a tour of the West Country. Building work continued at Acton Court until Nicholas died in 1557.

When the direct line of succession ended in 1680, the house was sold. It was reduced in size and converted for use as a tenanted farmhouse. Due to neglect, the house gradually fell into a dilapidated state. By the end of the 20th century, practically only the East Wing survived. However, the neglect resulted in a rare example of Tudor royal state apartments being preserved virtually intact. The house was purchased at auction in 1984 by Eva Dorothy Brown on behalf of the Bristol Visual and Environmental Group (BVEG). An extensive restoration was completed only recently.

Prior to the restoration, English Heritage commissioned a comprehensive study, published as K. Rodwell and R. Bell, Acton Court: The evolution of an early Tudor courtier's house (2004).
The monograph is now publicly available through the Archaeology Data Service

Further reading

References

External links
Acton Court: official website.
A House Fit for a King: a history of Acton Court by Jean Manco from Bristol Past.

Historic house museums in Gloucestershire
Country houses in Gloucestershire
Grade I listed houses in Gloucestershire

Acton Court


Stepan Yosypovych Smal-Stotsky (, ) was a Ukrainian linguist and academician, Slavist, cultural and political figure, member of the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine, and ambassador of the West Ukrainian People's Republic in Prague.

His doctorate on Slavic philology was accepted by Franz Miklosich at the University of Vienna in 1885.

Smal-Stotsky was the father of Roman Smal-Stocki and a grandfather of George S. N. Luckyj.

Works
 Ruthenian language grammar (; Hramatyka Ruskoyi movy). Ed.3. Vienna, 1914 (together with Theodor Gartner)
 Nemoliv. Memoirs. "Piramida". Lviv, 2013.

Monographs
 Ruthenian orthography (; Ruska pravopys). 1891-1893.
 Ruthenian grammar (; Ruska hramatyka). 1893.
 Bukovynian Ruthenia (Rus). Cultural and Historical Overview (; Bukovynska Rus. Kulturno-istorychnyi obrazok). 1897.

References

External links
 Smal-Stocky on Encyclopedia of Ukraine website
 Katchanovski, I., Kohut, Z. E., Nebesio, B. Y., Yurkevich, M. Historical Dictionary of Ukraine. Scarecrow Press. Lenham, Toronto, Plymouth (UK), 2013
 Livezeanu, I. Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building & Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, 2000

1859 births
1938 deaths
People from Lviv Oblast
Ukrainian Austro-Hungarians
People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Chernivtsi University alumni
University of Vienna alumni
Academic staff of Chernivtsi University
Academic staff of Ukrainian Free University
Slavists
Ukrainianists
Ukrainian philologists
Ukrainian diplomats
Full Members of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Burials at Rakowicki Cemetery
Linguists from Ukraine
Ruthenian-language writers
West Ukrainian People's Republic people
Commanders of the Order of Franz Joseph
Scholars from Austria-Hungary

Stepan Smal-Stotsky


Csáki or Csáky is a Hungarian family name. It may refer to:

Viktória Csáki, Hungarian handballer
András Csáki, Hungarian musician
Csaba Csáki, Hungarian theoretical physicist
György Csáki,  a Count of the Székelys (1402–1403)
Marianne Csaky,  Hungarian writer
Mihály Csáky (1492–1572), Hungarian noble and statesman
Josef Csàky, Hungarian artist and sculptor
István Csáky (1894–1941), Hungarian politician
Pál Csáky, Slovak politician,  of Hungarian minority
Imre Csáky (cardinal)
Imre Csáky (Minister of Foreign Affairs)
Albin Csáky (1841–1912), Hungarian politician
Károly Csáky (1873–1945), Hungarian military officer and politician

See also
Csák (disambiguation)

Hungarian-language surnames

Csáki


The tundra climate is a polar climate sub-type located in high latitudes and high mountains. It is classified as ET according to Köppen climate classification. It is a climate which at least one month has an average temperature high enough to melt snow (), but no month with an average temperature in excess of .

It is important to note the existence of another variation called alpine tundra. Alpine tundra refers to the tundra environment found at high altitudes, usually above the treeline. It is mostly located at high elevation montane grasslands and shrublands, including the puna and páramo in South America, subalpine heath in New Guinea and East Africa, steppes of the Tibetan plateaus, as well as other similar subalpine habitats around the world. This type of tundra climate exhibits similar characteristics to its polar counterpart but is specifically associated with elevated landscapes.

Despite the potential diversity of climates in the ET category involving precipitation, extreme temperatures, and relative wet and dry seasons, this category is rarely subdivided. Rainfall and snowfall are generally slight due to the low vapor pressure of water in the chilly atmosphere, but as a rule potential evapotranspiration is extremely low, allowing soggy terrain of swamps and bogs even in places that get precipitation typical of deserts of lower and middle latitudes. The amount of native tundra biomass depends more on the local temperature than the amount of precipitation.

There also exists an oceanic variety of the tundra climate with cool to mild winters (the coldest month averaging around 0°C) which borders the subpolar climate (Cfc) and is found in parts of Iceland, the Aleutian Islands and most predominantly on subantarctic islands.

See also
 Polar climate
 Köppen climate classification
 Páramo
 Alpine tundra
 Alpine climate

References

Climate
Köppen climate types

Tundra climate


Ridgewood Park, also known as Wallace's Ridgewood Park or the Wallace Grounds, and frequently confused with Grauer's Ridgewood Park, was a baseball ground in Ridgewood, Queens, New York. Both Wallace's and Grauer's are shown in Belcher Hyde's Map of Newtown in 1915. The baseball field was part of a larger entertainment area bounded Wyckoff Avenue, Covert Street, Halsey Street, and Irving Avenue. (Halsey Street also bordered the old Capitoline Grounds about  west.) The baseball field was southwest of the Long Island Rail Road's Montauk Branch tracks.  Eldert Street, although depicted on the map as running through the baseball grounds, was not cut through southwest of the railroad tracks and the road remains interrupted there today. Originally the park was in Queens County, before its incorporation into New York City in 1899. This facilitated Sunday baseball playing, including the charging of admission, beyond the reach of Sabbath enforcers from the then-city of Brooklyn.

Grauer's Ridgewood Park or Grauer's Woods was a large parkland several blocks north of Wallace's ballpark, bounded by Myrtle Avenue, Cypress Avenue, Seneca Avenue, and Decatur Street. Although some baseball was played here, this area was more of a picnic park. George Schubel in 1913 lyrically describes the pleasures of Grauer's Ridgewood Park: "Here the German families of another generation assembled and enjoyed themselves in innocent recreation very much in the manner that they were accustomed to do across the seas. Most of these parks have been eliminated, owing to the increase in land values and the decline of this sort of amusement." He also notes that "This once beautiful park is now cut up with such streets as Centre Street, George Street, Norman Street, Summerfield Street, and Willow Street, running through the land."

The land that would become Wallace's Ridgewood Park was purchased by William Wallace in 1884. On April 5, 1885, the first game was played between the Brooklyn Atlantics and the Ridgewoods before a reported 3,000 fans. According to Retrosheet, Ridgewood Park was used by the Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers from 1887-1889 after they had played some games in the 1886 season at Grauer's. The Dodgers had used it strictly for Sunday games, to get around Brooklyn's blue laws. The Brooklyn Gladiators played their full 1890 schedule at Wallace's. The field was home to the semipro Ridgewoods; later the Brooklyn Bushwicks and the Negro league Brooklyn Royal Giants also played there.

On September 19, 1917, the grandstand burned, precipitating the Bushwicks' move to Dexter Park in 1918. Wallace apparently intended to subdivide the land put it up for sale in that year, but ultimately he would rebuild, and the property was not sold until 1927. Although it was gradually reduced in size, the park survived and hosted soccer and other sports as Grand Stadium until 1959, when it was replaced by industrial buildings.

Grand Stadium once again played host to the Dodgers as a training site in its waning years. The Eagle reported on February 26, 1947, that Branch Rickey "looked refreshed on his arrival at Grand Stadium to watch the 20 who had been tempted [by Mexican promoter Pasquel's contract offers] and 30 other Dodgers go through their long drill." Although this passing reference does not conclusively establish the connection, it seems that the Dodgers returned briefly to their old stomping grounds some 60 years later.

Yet another Ridgewood ballpark was Meyerrose Park, which existed from 1907 through 1911. It was the home of an "outlaw" Brooklyn club for two seasons, in the Atlantic League (1907) and Union League (1908). It was on part of the former Meyerrose Farm, a large block bounded by Myrtle Avenue, Gates Avenue, Covert (now Seneca) Avenue, and Woodward Avenue. After the 1911 season, it was sold to developers, and Onderdonk Avenue was cut through.

References

External links
BrooklynBallParks.com
Sanborn map showing part of Grauer's, 1902
Sanborn map showing Wallace's Ridgewood Park, 1914

Baseball venues in New York City
Defunct baseball venues in the United States
Former sports venues in New York City
Ridgewood, Queens
Soccer venues in New York City
Sports venues in Queens, New York

Ridgewood Park (baseball ground)


Hijab – Mulheres de véu (Hijab – Veiled Women) is a 2013 Brazilian documentary film directed by Paulo Halm.

Synopsis
Patricia, Zahreen, Jamile, Maria, Jamila and Marcela are carioca women who adopted Islam as a religion and began to wear the hijab, a traditional veil that covers the hair of Muslim women. The film dialogues with these women and shows the consequences of this religious option in their relationship with their families, at school and work.

References

Brazilian documentary films
Documentary films about women and religion
Documentary films about Islam
Hijab
Islam in Brazil
2013 in Islam

Hijab – Mulheres de véu


Brian Cameron Godfrey (1 May 1940 – 11 February 2010) was a Welsh professional footballer.

Brian was an inside forward who started his league career at Everton where he only made one appearance before joining Scunthorpe United in June 1960. He made his League debut for the Iron on the opening day of the season away to Charlton Athletic on 20 August 1960, scoring on his home debut five days later against Ipswich Town.

He partnered ace marksman Barrie Thomas in the Iron's attack and helped them nearly reach the top flight when finishing 4th in the Second Division in 1961–62. This is Scunthorpe's highest ever position and resulted in him being spotted by the Welsh Under-23 selectors, becoming the first United player ever to receive such an honour. His last League game for the Iron was at home to Portsmouth on 21 September 1963.

Preston North End paid £8,000 for him in October 1963. He made his debut for Preston a couple of weeks later away at Northampton Town. He scored ten goals in his first fourteen League games for the club, including a hat trick against Ipswich Town in a 5–1 away win. In the 1965–66 season, Godfrey was Preston's leading goalscorer including a four-minute hat trick in the last game of the season: a 9–0 win against Cardiff City.

His goalscoring exploits did not go unnoticed, as he certainly impressed the Welsh selectors after joining the famous Lilywhites, gaining three full international caps. Two of these were in 1964: against Northern Ireland in April 1964 at Swansea, scoring one goal on his international debut, and against Denmark in Copenhagen in the October. His third and final Welsh appearance came against Italy in Florence in May 1965, Godfrey getting the consolation goal in a 4–1 defeat. Everton apart, his entire career was spent with clubs outside the First Division. His biggest disappointment was on signing for Second Division Preston, and not being in the side that made its way to Wembley, losing in the FA Cup Final to West Ham United, after scoring in the sixth round victory over Oxford United.  He did, however, help Preston finish third in the Second Division, just missing out on promotion.

Godfrey was transferred, with Brian Greenhalgh, to Aston Villa in September 1967. He scored on his Villa debut, and he and Greenhalgh scored 18 goals between them in their first 17 games in Villa colours. Unfortunately, despite their efforts, Villa were relegated to the Third Division at the end of the 1969–70 season for the first time in the club's history. He managed to play and Captain Villa at Wembley in the 1970–71 League Cup Final against Tottenham Hotspur while they were still a Third Division side, but finished on the Runners-up side. Villa also just missed out on promotion, finishing in fourth place in the League.

He joined Bristol Rovers from Aston Villa for £35,000 and Ray Graydon in part-exchange in September 1971. At Eastville he became an immediate inspiration to a young, developing Rovers team. One early highlight was a hat trick in a 7–1 home win over Bradford City. In the 1972–73 pre-season Watney Cup tournament Brian was a member of the team that beat Sheffield United in the final 7–6 on penalties, after the game finished scoreless in front of 19,768 spectators.

Brian Godfrey also played his part in Rovers famous 2–1 victory at Old Trafford over Manchester United in a third round League Cup replay, the United team including the likes of Bobby Charlton, George Best and Brian Kidd.  He helped Bristol Rovers to sixth and fifth places in the Third Division in consecutive seasons. They reached the fifth round of the League Cup in 1971–72 after beating three Second Division teams in Sunderland, Charlton Athletic and Queens Park Rangers before losing to First Division opponents and eventual winners Stoke City.

In total, Godfrey scored 16 goals in 81 league games for Rovers, prior to joining Newport County for £10,000 in June 1973 and becoming County's record signing at the time. From 1973 to 1974 he was ever-present in the County side making 46 league appearances and scoring 7 goals, including a hat trick against Workington in a 4–0 home win. Godfrey was selected in the 1974 Fourth Division PFA Team of the Year. He left Newport at the end of the 1974–75 season having scored 18 goals in a total of 118 appearances for the club. He then had a short spell in the North American Soccer League during the summer of 1975 as captain of the expansion team Portland Timbers, leading the club to the NASL league final.  After that, Godfrey tried his hand in management for the first time, joining Bath City in July 1976. As a player-manager he guided Bath to fourth position in the Southern League in his first season, and then to the Championship in 1977–78. That year he also took Bath to the 1st round of the FA Cup, losing to Plymouth Argyle in a replay.

His success with Bath did not go unnoticed, and in the middle of the following season he was approached by Exeter City, and left to succeed Bobby Saxton as Exeter manager in January 1979. He stayed for three and a half years until resigning in June 1983. Godfrey's most successful season was 1980–81, guiding Exeter into the sixth round of the FA Cup for only the second time in their history. During their cup run they overcame First Division Leicester City 3–1 and Second Division Newcastle United 4–0, both in replays at St James Park, before losing to First Division Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane, with Graham Roberts and Paul Miller scoring in their club's 2–0 victory. Spurs went on to win the cup that year. Godfrey took Exeter to ninth in the League during his first season and eighth in 1979–80, City's best ever finish in the Division 3/4 structure. He quit at the end of the 1982–83 season after Exeter marginally avoided relegation to the Fourth Division.

He had further managerial success at both Weymouth and Bath City again before joining Gloucester City in 1987.  He guided them to the Southern League Midlands title in 1988–89 and won the DML Midland Division Manager of the Year (1988/89).

The 1989–90 season saw Godfrey take Gloucester City to the second round of the FA Cup for the first time in the club's history, losing 0–1 at home to Cardiff City after a 2–2 draw at Ninian Park. The Tigers also finished ninth in the Premier Division.  The following year he built a side that came within three minutes of the Southern League title and promotion to the GM Vauxhall Conference, eventually finishing runners-up to Farnborough Town after the Hampshire side scored a late goal at Atherstone Town to give them the Championship on the last day of the season.

Godfrey was sacked in 1991 following the breakup of his side due to financial problems. He was to return in February 1992 for a further spell before leaving the club in April 1994. He remained involved in football with Shortwood United before moving onto Cinderford Town, and then taking up scouting for Newport. He returned once more to Gloucester City as assistant manager, originally to Tommy Callinan until he resigned in 2001, and then with Chris Burns who took the chance to begin his football management career.

Godfrey retired at the end of the 2002–03 season to start a new life in Cyprus, and saw his long service to football rewarded with a testimonial between Gloucester City and Aston Villa. He died in a hospital in Nicosia near his home in Cyprus after a long battle with leukaemia on 11 February 2010. He was remarried by this time, having previously been married for 32 years with a family of three daughters.

Paying tribute to Godfrey, Dave Phillips, then Chairman of Gloucester City, said that Godfrey had "played a dramatic part in the progress of the club."

"He took us out of the doldrums during a period when we weren't doing that well. He will be remembered mainly for winning the Southern League Midland Division Championship as manager in 1989. From my experience, he spoke it as it was, and he was a great favourite of the fans because of that. He was football through and through.

References

1940 births
2010 deaths
British emigrants to Cyprus
People from Flint, Flintshire
Footballers from Flintshire
Welsh men's footballers
Wales men's international footballers
Wales men's under-23 international footballers
Welsh football managers
Everton F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Gloucester City A.F.C. players
Gloucester City A.F.C. managers
Aston Villa F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Newport County A.F.C. players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
Portland Timbers (1975–1982) players
Bath City F.C. players
Bath City F.C. managers
Exeter City F.C. managers
Weymouth F.C. managers
English Football League players
Deaths from leukemia
Deaths from cancer in Cyprus
Men's association football forwards
Cinderford Town A.F.C. managers
Shortwood United F.C. managers
Welsh expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Welsh expatriate men's footballers

Brian Godfrey


Monastic examinations comprise the annual examination system used in Myanmar (Burma) to rank and qualify members of the Buddhist sangha, or community of Buddhist monks. The institution of monastic examinations first began in 1648 during pre-colonial era, and the legacy continues today, with modern-day examinations largely conducted by the Ministry of Religious Affairs's Department of Religious Affairs.

History

The institution of monastic examinations date to the pre-colonial era. Burmese monarchs used these examinations to encourage the study of Pali, the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism. Successful candidates were rewarded with royal recognition, titles and ranks, and monastic residences.

The pathamabyan examinations began in 1648 during the rule of King Thalun of the Taungoo Dynasty. King Bodawpaya of the Konbaung Dynasty standardized the existing set of examinations, and introduced new ones related to the Vinaya.

This system temporarily lapsed following the demise of the Konbaung Dynasty in 1886, but was revived by the colonial Directorate of Public Instruction to encourage theological and secular education in Burmese monasteries. After a few years of resistance by the Burmese sangha, the first series of colonially-administered examinations was successfully launched in June 1895. They were held annually in Mandalay, Rangoon, and Moulmein. Successful candidates were certified as pathamagyaw.

Government examinations
Monastic examinations are divided into multiple grades, based on level of difficulty. Monks that pass each succeeding examination are eligible to sit for the next highest-level examination. Monastic exams are held during the Burmese month of Nayon. Examination content is drawn from Buddhist texts (e.g., Abhidhamma Pitaka, Vinaya, and Sutta Pitaka). Questions require candidates to replicate passages from memory, to analyze specific text, and to correct Pali grammar.

Thamanegyaw examinations
Novice monks (sāmaṇera), who are under the age of 20 and by virtue of their age, have not yet received full ordination, are eligible to sit for thamanegyaw (သာမဏေကျော်) examinations, which are administered by the monasteries in which the novice monks reside, between the months of October and January. The overall examination has three grades, and test knowledge of Buddhist scriptures, the Vinaya, Pali grammar, and the Jataka tales. Memorization of over 5,000 pages of text is required to pass the written and oral components, and the annual pass rate is under 13%. Novice monks who pass the exam are awarded the monastic title "" (လင်္ကာရ), which is suffixed to the monk's monastic name.

Pathamabyan examinations
The Pahtamabyan (ပထမပြန်စာမေးပွဲ) examinations, the lowest-level series of examinations, comprise three exams, from lowest to highest difficulty:

 Pathamange examination (ပထမငယ်စာမေးပွဲ)
 Pathamalat examination (ပထမလတ်စာမေးပွဲ)
 Pathamagyi examination (ပထမကြီးစာမေးပွဲ)
Candidates who rank first on the Pathamagyi examination are known as pathamagyaw ().

Dhammācariya examinations
Dhammācariya examinations (ဓမ္မာစရိယစာမေးပွဲ), the mid-level series of examinations. Candidates for these examinations are required to pass all three components of the Pathamabyan examinations. The examinations are held over the course of nine days, including six days covering the base texts, one day covering Burmese language texts, and two days for Pali language texts.

Successful candidates are bestowed the monastic title of "" (Pali for "teacher of the Dharma").

Tipiṭakadhara and Tipiṭakakovida examinations

The Tipiṭakadhara and Tipiṭakakovida examinations (တိပိဋကဓရ တိပိဋကကောဝိဒ ရွေးချယ်ရေးစာမေးပွဲ), held since 1948, are the highest-level examinations conducted by the Burmese government. These examinations, require candidates to demonstrate rote memory and comprehension of the entire Pāli Canon and its relevant commentaries, sub-commentaries, and treatises. The oral (Tipiṭakadhara) and written (Tipiṭakakovida) components are held annually in December, over the course of 33 days at the Kaba Aye Pagoda's Mahāpāsāṇa Cave in Yangon.

The breadth of the examinations requires candidates to recite over 2.4 million words with correct pronunciation and smooth flow, and transcribe over 200 texts from memory. The examinations also require candidates to display their mastery of "doctrinal understanding, textual discrimination, taxonomic grouping and comparative philosophy of Buddhist doctrine."

The first candidate to pass the grueling examinations was  Mingun Sayadaw in 1954. His error-free performance across 16,000 pages, was rewarded by the Burmese government with the title "" (). As of 2020, only 15 monks have passed both the oral and written components, who are recognized by the  Burmese government as "Sāsana Azani" (from Pali , ). Successful candidates are bestowed ranking titles, flagstaffs, and white silken kanekgadan umbrellas (ကနက္ကဒဏ်ထီးဖြူတော်) depending on their relative performance.

Private examinations
Two monastic organizations in Burma also conduct annual Dhammacariya examinations, including the Sakyasīha Examination (သကျသီဟ) sponsored by Mandalay's Pariyatti Sasana Association, and the Cetiyaṅgaṇa Examination (စေတိယင်္ဂဏ ပရိယတ္တိ ဓမ္မာနုဂ္ဂဟ စာလျှောက်မေးပွဲ) sponsored by the Board of Trustees of Shwedagon Pagoda. Monks who pass these examinations are bestowed a monastic title, -bhivaṃsa (ဘိဝံသ, ), which is suffixed to their monastic name (e.g., Ashin Nandamalabhivamsa).

These examinations, which test monks' knowledge of Buddhist scriptures and analytical thinking, are highly regarded by Buddhist laity in Myanmar, and consists of two stages, the first of which must be passed by the age of 27 and the second by the age of 35.

Successful candidates of the latter examination are bestowed the Cetiyaṅgaṇa Pariyatti Dhammācariya Gaṇavācaka (စေတိယင်္ဂဏ ပရိယတ္တိ ဓမ္မာစရိယ ဂဏဝါစက) and Cetiyaṅgaṇa Abhivaṃsa (စေတိယင်္ဂဏ အဘိဝံသ) titles. Successful candidates are qualified to sit for the government's Tipitakadhara and Tipitakavida examinations.

Monastic titles

Candidates successfully passing the Dhammācariya and higher-level examinations are bestowed ranking titles, as listed below (in order of decreasing precedence):
  and  examination titles
  (ဓမ္မဘဏ္ဍာဂါရိက, "Keeper of the Dhamma Treasure")
  (မဟာတိပိဋကကောဝိဒ, "Great Bearer of the Tipitaka (oral and written)")
  (တိပိဋကကောဝိဒ, "Bearer of the Written Tipitaka")
  (အဘိဓမ္မကောဝိဒ)
  (တိပိဋကဓရ, "Bearer of the Spoken Tipitaka")
  (အဘိဓမ္မိက)
  (ဒီဃနိကာယကောဝိဒ)
  (ဒီဃဘာဏက)
  (ဝိနယကောဝိဒ)
  (ဝိနယဓရ)
 Dhammācariya examination titles
  (ဓမ္မာစရိယမကုဋရံသီ)
  (သာသနဓဇဓမ္မာစရိယအဘိဓမ္မပါဠိပါရဂူ),  (သာသနဓဇဓမ္မာစရိယဒီဃနိကာယပါဠိပါရဂူ), and  (သာသနဓဇဓမ္မာစရိယဝိနယပါဠိပါရဂူ)
  (သာသနဓဇ သိရီပဝရဓမ္မာစရိယ)
  (သာသနဓဇဓမ္မာစရိယ)

References

See also
 Abhidhajamahāraṭṭhaguru
 Agga Maha Pandita
 Burmese Buddhist titles
 List of Sāsana Azani recipients
 Monastic schools in Myanmar
 Pāli Canon
 Pariyatti
 Phaungdawoo Monastic Education High School
 Pirivena (Sri Lanka)
 Sanam Luang Dhamma Studies (Thailand)
 Tipiṭakadhara Dhammabhaṇḍāgārika
 Tipitakadhara Tipitakakovida Selection Examinations

Examinations
Education in Myanmar
Buddhist monasticism

Monastic examinations


The Gibson L9-S Ripper is a model of electric bass guitar made by Gibson Guitar Corporation.

The Ripper was designed by Bill Lawrence, and manufactured from 1973 until 1983, the peak year being 1976. Most had a maple body with laminated maple neck; however a significant number manufactured in 1975 had lighter alder bodies while retaining the maple neck.  Also in 1975, an edgier and slimmer body, with more beveling and contours around the horns of the bass, was introduced. The new look was geared towards heavier music that was gaining popularity under the ending decade.
The later models of 1976 and on featured a different routing in the body for the wires, and the pickups were screwed in by three posts as opposed to the old two-post variation.

The Ripper was initially available in three colors: natural, black, and tobacco sunburst. Natural Rippers received a maple fingerboard, while black or sunburst basses received an ebony fingerboard. A handful of 1974 basses were finished in cherry sunburst, which was never listed as a standard finish option. These basses are extremely rare.

The headstocks were painted black and featured the "Gibson" logo in gold script. Most models feature a black pickguard, though closer inspection reveals that some pickguards only appear black and are actually a very dark tortoiseshell pattern. A few early basses were equipped with a bright red tortoiseshell pickguard.

The Ripper came equipped with two humbucking pickups designed especially for the Ripper by Bill Lawrence which were called "Super Humbuckers", and a four way pickup selector control.

There was also a fretless version of the Ripper – identical in all respects (fretboard aside).

The original Gibson model is now rare and has seen significant inflation in value recently; however a cheaper Epiphone model was still in production for a few years, it was featured with two single coil pickups rather than Gibson's Super Humbuckers.

Gibson re-introduced the Ripper in 2009 as the "Ripper II", with slightly different specs from the initial 1973–1983 run.  The reissue features a brass nut, unlike the original which was a composite material, it features a wrap-around tailpiece as opposed to a string-through-body design, and the Super Humbuckers were wired differently.  The 2009 Rippers feature two volume knobs, and one master tone, and a six-position selector switch for choosing between different pickup configurations . Original Rippers had one master volume, a mid-range notch filter (captor/inductor), and a treble roll-off knob, and a 4-position selector switch.

The Ripper is "cousin" to the Gibson Grabber and Gibson G3 models also manufactured by Gibson around the same time.  All three had the same body shape, but different appointments.  The Grabber had a different headstock and featured a sliding pickup that could be moved between the neck and bridge positions.  The G3 featured three single-coil pickups that could be selected in a variety of tonal options.  The "Grabber II" was also re-released in 2009. The Ripper used set-neck construction, while both the G3 and Grabber had bolt-on necks.

Notable users
 Dušan "Koja" Kojić - Disciplin A Kitschme
 Mel Schacher - Grand Funk Railroad
 Rick Danko – The Band
 Carole Kaye
 Wylie Gelber – Dawes
 Krist Novoselic – Nirvana
 Gene Simmons – Kiss
  Mark Mendoza - The Dictators and Twisted Sister
 Gerald Casale – Devo
 Tiran Porter - The Doobie Brothers
 Peter Cetera – Chicago
 Louis Johnson – Brothers Johnson
 Suzi Quatro
 Jack Blades – Night Ranger
 Michael Shuman – Queens of the Stone Age
 Gordon Moakes – Young Legionnaire
 Greg Lake – Emerson, Lake and Palmer
 Matt Sharp – Weezer
 Mike Tilka – Max Webster
 Mikey Welsh – Weezer
 Mark Evans – AC/DC

 Chris Feinstein – Ryan Adams & The Cardinals
 Lou Barlow - Dinosaur Jr.
 Ted Mulry - Ted Mulry Gang
 Kyle Johnson - Misery Signals
 Marc Miller - Yezda Urfa
 Nate Mendel - Foo Fighters
 Joseph Pope III -  Nathaniel Rateliff and the Nightsweats
 Tom Wolk - Hall & Oates, the Saturday Night Live band
 Bobby Markos -  Cloakroom
 Tod Bowers - Davy Knowles
 Patrick Djivas – Premiata Forneria Marconi

External links
 Gibson Limited Series – Gibson's Limited Series Run page

References

Ripper

Gibson Ripper


Peter L. Gluck (born November 19, 1939) is principal of GLUCK+ (formerly Peter Gluck and Partners), an architecture firm based in New York City since 1972. A monograph of his work, The Modern Impulse, was published by ORO Editions in 2008. Gluck has designed buildings ranging from structures such as hotels, schools, university buildings and affordable housing to churches, homes, corporate interiors and historic restorations. Many of his projects regularly win national and international design awards and have been published in architectural journals and books in many countries. Gluck's sons are architect Thomas Gluck and director Will Gluck.

Education
Gluck received his Bachelor of Arts from Yale University in 1962. He received his Masters in Architecture at the Yale School of Architecture studying under dean Paul Rudolph (architect), and noted architects James Stirling, Shadrach Woods and Henning Larsen. The influence of Louis Kahn who served as a design critic and professor of architecture at Yale School of Architecture from 1947 to 1957 was also still deeply felt. Toward the end of his program the Yale Building Project was initiated. A shift in the focus of learning to direct experience and away from the drafting room coincided with a design-build culture which already existed at Yale. "The design-build culture was largely initiated by two members of the class of 1965, David E. Sellers and Peter Gluck. In 1963, Sellers helped Gluck to build a vacation house for Gluck's parents in Westhampton, New York. A cedar-clad house which was supported on telephone poles took two summers to build and was featured in a 1967 article in Progressive Architecture which described the young Gluck as "plunging headlong into architecture--designing, building and developing."

Early work
After graduation in 1965, Gluck purchased land in Vermont with the intention of building his own designs—a manifestation of the entrepreneurship that educator Denise Scott Brown has described as characteristic of Yale architecture students during the nineteen-sixties. Gluck purchased  near Warren, Vermont, for which he designed vacation condominiums that were actually erected a few years later in a nearby town, Bolton.

The 4 four-bedroom cluster housing units built in Bolton were partially pre-fabricated with the complicated outer form of the building broken down into component wall panels which were made in a local carpentry shop.  "The real value of prefabrication in this case" says Gluck, "lies in getting the product fast and getting it when you want it, and maintaining quality control". It is also a way of betting a rather complex building gets built at all, in areas of the country where builders will either refuse to bid such a job or automatically figure it at a premium because of its unfamiliarity. This early goal of saving both time and money for clients and developers in an integrated design-build method is one that Gluck will carry through the rest of his work.

After designing a series of houses from New York to Newfoundland, Gluck went to Tokyo to design large projects for Takenaka Komuten Co., LTD a leading Japanese construction consortium. This experience influenced Gluck's later work both in his knowledge of Japan's traditional aesthetics and of its efficient modern methods of integrated construction and design.

In the 1970s and 1980s Gluck designed projects of all types including the Marriott Casa Marina (Key West, Florida), Ojai Valley Inn (Ojai, California), Trancas Medical Center (Napa, California) work for the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, Technimetrics Inc., Lloyd's Bank International in New York, in addition to many private residences.

In 1986 Gluck designed an addition to Uris Hall at Columbia University's School of Business. The original building, completed in 1964, was an eight-story glass and aluminum tower that had widely drawn sharp criticism since its inception. A 30,000 sf three-story addition designed by Gluck provided the building with a new entrance, classrooms, offices, a recruiting center plus student and faculty lounges and preserved something of the original McKim, Mead and White plan. The new facade brought Uris Hall into scale with the original plan and the use of limestone blended naturally with the Low Library directly in front of it.

In the end, perhaps the most pleasing thing about the new addition is the restraint and sense of decorum it exhibits. Indeed, despite its calculated historical resonances, the new Uris Hall addition remains a frankly Modernist building, though one that now acknowledges and defers to its surroundings.

During the years 1986-1989 Gluck designed the addition of guest quarters, an entertainment space and a pool to a Ludwig Mies van der Rohe house in Connecticut.  The Morris Greenwald House was designed for the brother of Chicago real estate developer Herbert Greenwald who worked with Mies on many important apartment buildings. His design, while clearly in the manner of Mies, incorporates elements that are fresh as well as deferential. In trying to "out-Mies Mies" the project grew technically more challenging so that in the end Gluck took on the role of contractor himself. The influence of Japanese style is evident in Gluck's work, as he created systems of panels which are reminiscent of the movable walls in traditional Japanese architecture. Also, dropping the ceilings and raising the floors within the pavilions by several inches are also classic Japanese devices for defining space. In the end "Gluck succeeded in producing work in the manner of Mies that transcends an exercise in imitation or role playing. It succeeds by not being exactly Mies while always being about Mies, an absorbing gloss in steel and glass. It's exactly the deference the master deserves".

Work

Gluck's dedication to the idea that the architect must take responsibility for the architectural process from conception to construction assuming oversight of all aspects of design led to the establishment of ARCS Construction Services, Inc. Together with Peter Gluck & Partners, ARCS provides a wholly integrated construction management service performed by the same team who have designed the buildings. This process of design and construction management completely permeates the thinking at Peter Gluck & Partners so that in cases where ARCS is not the construction manager, the benefits of construction knowledge informs the designs and benefits the client.

His recent architect-led-design-build projects include The East Harlem School and an Affordable Housing project in Aspen.

Exhibitions
Making Room: New Models for Housing New Yorkers , Museum of the City of New York (2013)
The Edgeless School: Design for Learning , Center for Architecture New York (2012)
The Annual 2012 select artists and architects, National Academy Museum (2012)
Open House New York Tours (2004–2009)
New Canaan Historical Society tour of modern houses in New Canaan, Connecticut (2004, 2006)
In Process series, The Architectural League (2005)
Neuberger Museum of Art public tour of Modernism in New Canaan (2003)
Negotiating Domesticity, The Greenwich Arts Council (2003)
Globalization and Regionalism, Milan Triennale (1996)
Shinjuku: The Phenomenal City, Museum of Modern Art (1976)
Adding to mies van der Rohe, Illinois Institute of Technology (1993, Koizumi Center in Tokyo, Japan (1992) and Columbia University in New York (1985)

Awards and honors
The Chicago Athenaeum & The European Centre for Architecture, 2013 American Architecture Award, Tower House
The Chicago Athenaeum & The European Centre for Architecture, 2013 American Architecture Award, House in the Mountains
The Chicago Athenaeum & The European Centre for Architecture, 2013 International Architecture Award, Tower House
AIA National, 2013 Housing Award, House in the Mountains
Architectural Record, 2013 House of the Month, House in the Mountains
Architectural Record, 2013 Record House, Tower House
AIA NY, 2013 Architecture Merit Award, Tower House
NYC Public Design Commission, 2012 Excellence in Design Award, Cary Leeds Center for Tennis & Learning
Architectural Record, 2011 House of the Month, Lakeside Retreat
The Chicago Athenaeum & The European Centre for Architecture, 2010 International Architecture Award, Pool Pavilion
The Chicago Athenaeum & The European Centre for Architecture, 2010 International Architecture Award, Urban Townhouse
AIA New York, 2010 Architecture Honor Award, The East Harlem School
Design-Build Institute of America New York Tri-State Region, 2009 Project of the Year, The East Harlem School
Design-Build Institute of America, 2009 National Award of Excellence, Little Ajax Affordable Housing
Design-Build Institute of America, 2009 National Award of Excellence, The East Harlem School
Boston Society of Architects, 2009 Design Excellence, The East Harlem School
North American Copper in Architecture Award 2008, Inverted Outbuilding
AIA National, 2007 Show You're Green Award of Excellence, Little Ajax Affordable Housing
AIA New York, 2007 Award of Merit, Little Ajax Affordable Housing
AIA New York State, 2006 Excellence in Design Award, Floating Box House
Texas Society of Architects, 2006 Design Award, Floating Box House
Boston Society of Architects, 2006 Honor Award, Floating Box House
AIA Connecticut Chapter 2005 Design Award, Split House
AIA New York Chapter 2004 Honor Award, Little Sisters of the Assumption Family Health Service
AIA New York Chapter 2004 Honor Award, Little Sisters of the Assumption Family Health Service
AIA New York State 2004 Award of Excellence, Scholar's Library

References
Notes

External links

 GLUCK+ Official website
 Gluck's Architectural Digest Profile

Living people
20th-century American architects
21st-century American architects
Yale University alumni
Yale School of Architecture alumni
1939 births

Peter L. Gluck


Fandango Media, LLC is an American ticketing company that sells movie tickets via their website as well as through their mobile app, as well as a provider of television and streaming media information through its subsidiary Rotten Tomatoes.

History
On April 11, 2007, Comcast acquired Fandango, with plans to integrate it into a new entertainment website called "Fancast.com," set to launch the summer of 2007. In June 2008, the domain Movies.com was acquired from Disney.

In March 2012, Fandango announced a partnership with Yahoo! Movies, making Fandango the official online and mobile ticketer for registered users of the Yahoo! service. That October, Paul Yanover was named President of Fandango.

Fandango made its first international acquisition in September 2015 when it bought the Brazilian ticketing company Ingresso, which provides ticketing to a variety of Brazilian entertainment events, including the biannual Rock in Rio festival.

On January 29, 2016, Fandango announced its acquisition of M-GO, a joint venture between Technicolor SA and DreamWorks Animation (NBCUniversal acquired the latter company three months later), which it would later rebrand as "FandangoNOW".

In February 2016, Fandango announced its acquisition of Flixster and Rotten Tomatoes from Time Warner's Warner Bros. Entertainment. As part of the deal, Warner Bros. would become a 30% shareholder of the combined Fandango company. Its stake was reduced to 25% by 2019.

In December 2016, Fandango Media purchased Cinepapaya, a Peru-based website for purchasing movie tickets, for an undisclosed amount. Later that same month, Fandango moved to Fox Interactive Media's former headquarters in Beverly Hills.

On April 20, 2020, Vudu announced it has entered into an agreement to be acquired by Fandango Media. The sale was completed on July 6, 2020.

Services
Fandango's website also offers exclusive film clips, trailers, celebrity interviews, reviews by users, movie descriptions, and some web-based games to Fandango members.

As of March 5, 2015, Fandango provides members the ability to refund or exchange their orders up to 2 hours before the showtime of their film.

Fandango's Android app was listed among Techland's 50 Best Android Applications for 2013.

Competition
Until its acquisition of its rival MovieTickets.com in 2017, Fandango was one of three major online advance movie ticket sale sites, along with MovieTickets.com and Atom Tickets. Before being acquired by Comcast in April 2007, Fandango was privately owned; its major stakeholder, Regal Entertainment Group, which owned the United Artists and Hoyts theater chains, was the second largest movie-theater chain in the U.S. Regal and its partners founded Fandango partly to prevent the older MovieTickets.com from establishing a monopoly on phone and online ticketing services. (MovieTickets.com was publicly owned and traded under the stock symbol HOLL.) The company's advertising agency reportedly chose the name "Fandango" because it sounded "fun, kinetic and smart", and "easily pronounce[d] and remember[ed]--even though it really has nothing to do with movies."

Prior to 2012, Fandango did not provide online ticketing for many AMC Theatres. However, it provided online ticketing for AMC Theatres that were originally part of the Loews Cineplex Entertainment chain, due to contractual obligations in place prior to the 2005 merger of the two movie chains. Loews had previously attempted to break the contract in 2002 under pressure of bankruptcy and from (then) AOL Moviefone and its partner, Loews' Cineplex subsidiary; Fandango successfully sued both Loews and Moviefone and retained Loews' business. As of February 8, 2012, Fandango began providing ticketing for all AMC Theatres in the US, after which MovieTickets.com's fellow shareholders sued AMC for breach of contract. AMC and MovieTickets.com settled in 2013, with an agreement that the theater chain's online ticketing would be available on both Fandango and MovieTickets.com.

In May 2012, Fandango announced a partnership with Moviefone, MovieTickets.com's former partner.

Atom Tickets, a movie ticketing app and website launched in 2014, has been called a "serious competitor" of Fandango's.

Controversies
In July 2009, it was revealed that Fandango and other websites, including buy.com and Orbitz, were linked with controversial Web loyalty programs, also known as post-transaction marketers. Fandango reportedly gave the third party access to Fandango customers' credit cards.

In December 2013, Fandango launched a trademark dispute when WWE tried to trademark the name for use by the professional wrestler Fandango (né Johnny Curtis).

In August 2014, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) approved final orders settling charges against Fandango for misrepresenting to the public the security of their mobile app and for failing to protect the transmission of Fandango customers' sensitive personal information. The Fandango mobile app assured consumers, during checkout, that their credit card information was stored and transmitted securely. However, the FTC claims against Fandango focused on failures relating to both the implementation and testing of the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) certificates for 4 years following the mobile app's launch in March 2009. According to the FTC, Fandango commissioned security audits in 2011, but the audits were limited in scope and did not review the security of the app's transmission of information. The FTC also alleged that Fandango did not implement effective channels for security complaints and instead relied on its general customer service system to handle security vulnerability reporting.

Rotten Tomatoes has received several criticisms relating to its scoring. In October 2015, FiveThirtyEight published a story and podcast calling Fandango's metrics on user ratings into question. The investigation noted that the site's method for calculating ratings made it rare for a movie to ever receive an overall rating below three stars. The problem seemingly extended from Fandango's habit of rounding ratings up to the nearest half. Fandango, in response, noted that this was a glitch it was working to repair. Nevertheless, Gizmodo cited the study after Fandango announced the purchase of Rotten Tomatoes amid fears that the purchase would "ruin" the site. Other complaints have concerned apparent political bias, with an analysis of Rotten Tomatoes scores seemingly preferencing films which exhibit progressive values and down-rating conservative ones. Other criticisms suggest score manipulation for commercial reasons: in 2012, 32 million audience votes suddenly appeared for the Star Wars film 'Revenge of the Sith', in what was called by Screenrant "a clear example of nefarious manipulation".

In December 2017, Fandango received hundreds of complaints regarding its delivery of Star Wars: The Last Jedi tickets. Forbes reported that issues began within hours of advanced sales' becoming available for the new Star Wars film, with customers complaining of long wait times and website glitches.

Video on demand
In early 2016, Fandango acquired M-GO, which was re-branded FandangoNOW. Fandango later purchased Vudu in July 2020. FandangoNOW later merged with Vudu on August 3, 2021. Fandango chose to retain the "Vudu" name as it was the larger service with a loyal customer base.

See also
 IMDb
 Roku

References

External links

2000 establishments in California
American companies established in 2000
Film websites
Internet properties established in 2000
Joint ventures
NBCUniversal
Subscription video on demand services
Ticket sales companies
Transactional video on demand
Warner Bros.
Comcast
Warner Bros. Discovery

Fandango Media


Brophy College Chapel is a chapel at Brophy College Preparatory, a Jesuit high school in Phoenix, Arizona. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.

History and architecture
The building was constructed in 1928 along with the original school as a donation from Mrs. William Henry Brophy in memory of her late husband. The Mission/Spanish Colonial Revival building was built from brick with stucco facing, along with clay tile for the roof. The chapel is a two and a half tall square building measuring 100x100 feet. Pilasters divide the building into vertical bays. It was designed by Lescher & Mahoney, architects who designed several other NRHP-listed buildings in Phoenix.

Situated along Phoenix's Central Avenue in mid-town, the bell tower of the chapel, which is  tall and topped with a dome and cross, is the focal point of the campus and serves as Brophy's logo.

Interior architecture
The building's altar is pink tufa, quarried near Wickenburg, designed in a Mexican baroque style. A painting of the Holy Family by an unknown Italian artist of the 15th century is framed above. Inside the sacristy, a 1670 crucifix from the Monk's Cemetery at Evaux in France is hung.

Local blacksmiths built the heavily Spanish-inspired wrought iron chandeliers. Other metalwork includes the original Communion rail, moved after Vatican Council II to a side altar.

The stained glass windows were executed in Dublin, Ireland, by the artists of An Tur Gloine. All except one in the choir loft had been ordered by 1934; a local artist was commissioned to create this remaining window in 1985.

Parish use
In 1928, St. Francis was the second parish established in Phoenix. The Brophy chapel served the parish until 1959.

References

The NRHP nomination form (not available through NPS Focus)

External links

Roman Catholic churches in Phoenix, Arizona
National Register of Historic Places in Phoenix, Arizona
Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1928
1928 establishments in Arizona
Mission Revival architecture in Arizona
University and college chapels in the United States
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States
Society of Jesus in Arizona

Brophy College Chapel


A soup kitchen is a place where food is given to people who are poor. The price is usually very low or free. Soup kitchens are usually nonprofit (they do not want to make money), and they may sometimes get food from other places for a very low price.

Sometimes these soup kitchens may be created during war, but other times they are only to help people.

Giving
Hunger
Poverty

Soup kitchen