The Mamquam River is a c.35 km (c. 21 mi) tributary of the Squamish River.

Course

The Mamquam River originates at Mamquam Pass and starts off by flowing northwest for about 7.5 km.  Shortly below its source, the river picks up the waters of the stream draining November Lake.  The river, after about 7.5 km, turns north and continues in that direction for about 6.9 km to its confluence with its second named tributary, Martin Creek.  At the mouth of Martin Creek, the river turns southwest for about 5.4 km to the mouth of Skookum Creek.  At the mouth of Skookum Creek, the river turns west and flows that way for about 12 km all the way to its confluence with the Squamish River in Squamish.  Its other main tributaries, Ring and Mashiter Creeks, enter near the river's mouth.

Tributaries

The Mamquam River has three main tributaries.  They are:

1. Skookum Creek: Skookum Creek flows southwest from remote Mamquam Lake within Garibaldi Provincial Park and enters the Mamquam about 12 km above its mouth.  It is said to have several large, high volume waterfalls near its confluence with the Mamquam.

2. Ring Creek: Beginning at the head of the Diamond Glacier within Garibaldi Park, Ring Creek flows south then west to its confluence with the Mamquam about 4.2 km above its mouth.  The creek is very swift, cold, silty and fast flowing.

3. Mashiter Creek: Flowing west then east from its source on Columnar Peak, Mashiter Creek is the Mamquams final tributary, entering the Mamquam about 2.7 km above its mouth near Garibaldi Estates.  It is popular with kayakers, as it has several rapids and waterfalls along its course.

See also
List of British Columbia rivers
Mamquam Mountain
Mamquam Icefield

References

Rivers of the Pacific Ranges
Garibaldi Ranges
Sea-to-Sky Corridor
New Westminster Land District

Mamquam River


Todd Gogulski is a former cycling TV commentator for NBC Universal Sports and Versus and a former professional road racer.

Early life and early career
He was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1962, but grew up in northern California and Santa Fe, New Mexico, where he first raced his bike in the Santa Fe Hill Climb organized and promoted by Geoff Passo. After racing locally for Gardenschwartz Sports (1981) and Strings 'n Spokes (1982), he joined Ten Speed Drive (1983–86), for whom he won the National Team Time Trial Championship in 1986 (with Kent Bostick, Carl Maxon, and Andy Paulin).

Later career

Subsequently, he raced for four years under teams directed by Len Pettyjohn, with sponsors Lowenbrau (1987), Crest (1988), and the powerhouse American squad Coors Light (1989–90), where he was teammates with Greg LeMond. In 1991, he joined Subaru Montgomery, directed by Eddie Borysewicz, where he was teammates with Lance Armstrong; Subaru Montgomery later became the U.S. Postal Team. Following several seasons of injuries and declining results, he retired from racing in 1992.

He raced for the US National Team in Australia, Austria, Brazil, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, France, Germany, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, Morocco, Poland, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela. In 1985, he represented the US at the amateur Giro d'Italia and in 1987 at the Peace Race in Eastern Europe.

In the late 1990s, after a hiatus from the sport, he worked in PR for a start-up bicycle tire company, and then shifted into promotions for the Saturn Cycling Team, announcing their Cyberbike events. In 2006, he began doing stage announcing for bicycle races, with ongoing commenting at Philly Week, Redlands, the National Championships, the Tour of Utah, and numerous others.

Television
In 2009, he joined the NBC Universal Sports cycling TV commentary team with Steve Schlanger, with whom he covers the Tour of the Basque Country, the Giro d'Italia, the Vuelta a España, the World Road Championships, Milan–San Remo, and others. For 2011, he joined the Versus Tour de France TV broadcasting team alongside Bob Roll, Phil Liggett, Paul Sherwen, and Liam McHugh.  He currently lives in Boulder, Co.

Palmarès
Gogulski's results include:

1982 (Strings 'n Spokes):
 1st New Mexico State Championships, Road Race, Time Trial, and Cyclocross
 1st Juarez Inaugural Criterium, Juarez, Mexico

1983 (Ten Speed Drive):
 1st Mt. Evans Hill Climb, Category 3, Mt. Evans, CO

1984 (Ten Speed Drive):
 2nd, National Road Championship, Team Time Trial
 1st Team Time Trial, US National Team, Commonwealth Bank Classic/Tour of Australia (1st Team GC)
 1st Santa Fe Hill Climb, Santa Fe, NM
 1st Palo Alto Criterium, CA

1985 (Ten Speed Drive)
 US National A Team Member (Giro d'Italia)
 1st  Tour of Morocco Prologue (2nd Road Race)
 4th GC Tour of Asia, Korea & Japan
 20th Coors International Bicycle Classic, CO
 2nd Mount Evans Hill Climb, Mt. Evans, CO
 1st Azusa Hill Climb, Azusa, CA
 1st Santa Fe Hill Climb, Santa Fe, NM

1986 (Ten Speed Drive)
 National Champion, Team Time Trial
 US National A Team Member (Giro de la Libarazioni in Italy; Giro de las Regioni, Italy)
 3rd National Prestige Classic Standings
 US World's Team Captain at the World Road Race Championships
 18th Amateur World Road Race Championship, Colorado Springs, CO, Top US Amateur
 18th GC Coors International Bicycle Classic, CA, NV, CO, Top US Amateur (3rd Vail to Copper Mountain Road Race, 8th Niwot Time Trial)
 1st Tour of Nevada City Bicycle Classic
 1st Sandia Crest Climb, Albuquerque, NM
 1st Team Time Trial, Vulcan Tour, Redding, CA
 1st Rocky Mountain News Classic, Castle Pines Road Race, Denver, CO
 7th 7 Eleven Cup Serios

1987 (Lowenbrau)
 US World Championship Team Captain
 US Pan American Games Team Captain
 US National A Team Member (Peace Race in East Germany, Czechoslovakia and Poland; Circuit des Mines in France)
 2nd in the National Prestige Classic Rankings
 4th Pan American Games Road Race, Indianapolis, IN
 1st GC Pan American Games Selection, Rocky Mountain News Classic, Denver, CO
 1st GC Munsingwear Classic, World Championship Trials, Crested Butte, CO (1st Prologue Time Trial, 1st Black Canyon Road Race)
 7th National Road Championship
 5th Road Race, Austrian Stage Race (US National Team)
 1st Mount Evans/Bob Cook Memorial Hill Climb, Mt. Evans, CO
 1st GC Casper Classic Stage Race, Casper, WY (1st Time Trial, 2nd Hill Climb, 2nd Road Race)
 1st GC Steamboat Stage Race, Steamboat Springs, CO
 1st Battle at the Brewery, Superweek, Milwaukee, WI
 1st Colorado State Road Championship
 3rd Overall Tour of Brazil, Winner of Mountains Competition, (1st Road Race, 1st Team Time Trial, 1st Prologue Team Time Trial, 2nd Mountains Classification)

1988 (Crest)
 US National A Team Member
 1st GC Cascade Cycling Classic, Bend, OR (1st Mt. Bachelor Road Race, 1st Mountains Classification)
 1st Nevada City Bicycle Classic
 1st GC Mammoth Cycling Classic, Mammoth, CA (1st Prologue Time Trial, 1st Altitude 9000 Road Race)
 2nd GC Mt. Hood Classic Omnium (1st Mt. Hood Loop Road Race, 1st Time Trial)
 1st Team Time Trial and Team GC, Redlands Bicycle Classic, Redlands, CA
 15th Overall Coors International Bicycle Classic
 2nd Sonoma County Coastal Road Race, Coors Classic, Santa Rosa, CA
 5th Vail Criterium, Vail, CO
 Most Aggressive Rider, Coors Classic, Aspen, CO

1989 (Coors Light)
 1st Redlands Bicycle Classic, Criterium, Team Time Trial, Team GC, Redlands, CA
 1st, Cascade Cycling Classic, Bend, OR, Santiam-McKenzie Road Race (6th GC)
 1st St. Louis Road Race, St. Louis, MO
 1st GC Oklahoma City Retailers Classic, Oklahoma City, OK (1st Criterium, 3rd Road Race)

1990 (Coors Light)
 3rd, Tour de Trump, Charlottesville to Winchester Road Race
 10th, US Professional Criterium Championship, Washington, DC
 1st Altitude 9000 Road Race, Mammoth Cycling Classic, Mammoth, CA (3rd GC)

1991 (Subaru Montgomery)
 King of the Mountain, Manayunk Wall, Corestates U.S. Pro Road Championship, Philadelphia, PA
 1st Stage One, Tour of Indonesia
 1st Team GC, Settimana Bergamasca, Italy
 2nd Team GC, Tour of Luxembourg

References

1962 births
Living people
American male cyclists
Cyclists at the 1987 Pan American Games
NBC network announcers
Cycling announcers
Pan American Games competitors for the United States

Todd Gogulski


Pirates vs. Ninjas was a comedic Internet and gaming meme from the late 2000s regarding a theoretical conflict between archetypal Western pirates and Japanese ninjas, generally including arbitrary "debate" over which side would win in a fight. The meme is sometimes referred to as PvN and has a long history on the Internet. Humorist Jake Kalish writes (in the pro-ninja column) that the reason for the popularity of the meme is that "pirates and ninjas are both cool, but kind of opposite, see, because one is loud and the other ... never mind." Several competitive web sites and games based upon the ninjas vs. pirates theme appeared later, including Pirates vs. Ninjas Dodgeball.

Ninja supporters hold the position that a ninja would win over a pirate because of their superior mental and physical capabilities, as well as usage of gadgets such as nunchaku and shuriken. Those who support pirates argue that a pirate's use of both sword and gun would ensure their victory in battle.

The debate has accumulated a wide following in cyberculture. A wide array of YouTube videos, websites, and online debate forums can be linked to the pirate vs. ninja conflict.

References

External links
Smashwords- Pirates Versus Ninjas- A Book By Andy Marlow by independent author Andy Marlow. 2 October 2011

Internet memes
Ninja parody
Piracy in fiction
Ninja fiction

Pirates versus Ninjas


Nicolae Filimon (; 6 September 1819 – 19 March 1865) was a Wallachian Romanian novelist and short-story writer, remembered as the author of the first Realist novel in Romanian literature, Ciocoii vechi şi noi ("The Old and the New Parvenus"), which was centered on the self-seeking figure Dinu Păturică (who drew comparisons with Stendhal's Julien Sorel). He was also a noted travel writer, folklorist, musician, and the first musical critic in his country.

Biography
Born in Bucharest as the son of an Eastern Orthodox parish priest of the Enei Church, Filimon was a cantor and an autodidact. According to Ion Ghica's Letters, he was briefly employed by theater companies after his father's death in 1830, singing in a theater choir and playing the flute.

In 1852, he was chosen administrator of the Enei Church, remaining in office until his death. The same year, he became a minor public official at the Faith Department in Prince Barbu Dimitrie Ştirbei's Chancellery.

In late 1857, Filimon made his literary debut with pieces written for the Naţionalul newspaper. During the following year, he travelled to the German Confederation, and published his account as Excursiuni în Germania meridională ("Voyages to Southern Germany"), which also included the Romanticist novellas Mănăstirea domenicanilor după colina Fiesole (later known as Mateo Cipriani) and O baroneasă de poronceală. His experience and relative success as a journalist and critic would serve as the basis of chapters in his novels, which actually form in-depth analyses of cultural trends; he would collaborate on journals edited by Cezar Bolliac and Ion Ionescu de la Brad.

During the period, he also published Nenorocirile unui slujnicar sau gentilomii de mahala ("The Misfortunes of a Servant or The Gentlemen on the Outskirts"; 1861), a rather typical depiction of servants and their lives, as well as his first collected fairy tales - Omul de flori cu barba de mătasă sau povestea lui Făt-Frumos ("The Flower Man with Silky Beard or The Tale of Făt-Frumos") and Omul de piatră ("The Man of Stone").

Ciocoii vechi şi noi, a novel about John Caradja, was written in 1862, and published as a volume in 1863. It became an instant success, but Filimon could not enjoy it for long after: although he continued to write for various journals, he was stricken down with tuberculosis, and died soon after.

References

1819 births
1865 deaths
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Writers from Bucharest
Romanian collectors of fairy tales
Journalists from Bucharest
Romanian music critics
Romanian male musicians
Romanian novelists
Romanian male novelists
Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church
Romanian male short story writers
Romanian short story writers
Romanian theatre critics
Romanian travel writers
19th-century journalists
Male journalists
19th-century Romanian novelists
19th-century short story writers
19th-century male writers
Tuberculosis deaths in Romania

Nicolae Filimon


Michael Joyce (born 1945) is a retired professor of English at Vassar College, New York, US. He is also an important author and critic of electronic literature.

Joyce's afternoon, a story, 1987, was among the first literary works of hypertext fiction to present itself as undeniably serious literature, and experimented with the short-story form in novel ways. It was created with the then-new Storyspace software, deployed the ambiguity and dubious narrator characteristic of high modernism, along with some suspense and romance elements, in a story whose meaning could change dramatically depending on the path taken through its lexias on each reading. For instance, a hard-to-find series of lexias presented a new set of facts about the narrator's actions which affects the reader's judgment of the narrator. In The New York Times, Robert Coover called afternoon "the granddaddy of hypertext fictions", while The Toronto Globe and Mail said that it "is to the hypertext interactive novel what the Gutenberg bible is to publishing." His Twilight, A Symphony (1996) was his second hypertext novel.

Joyce's published books include War outside Ireland: a novel (1982), Of two minds: hypertext pedagogy and poetics (1995), Othermindedness: the emergence of network culture (2000), Moral tales and meditations: technological parables and refractions (2001) and Foucault, in Winter, in the Linnaeus Garden (2015). He is a graduate of the Iowa Writers Workshop. He was a Professor of English and Media Studies at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie.

Joyce has collaborated with Los Angeles-based visual artist Alexandra Grant. The work Grant has made based on his texts ("The Ladder Quartet" and the "Six Portals") has been exhibited at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles and Honor Fraser Gallery in Los Angeles.

References

Critical references

Arnaud Regnauld & Stéphane Vanderhaeghe, "Machiner le subjectif," Traduire l'hypermédia / l'hypermédia et le traduire. Cahiers virtuels du Laboratoire NT2, n° 7, Alice van der Klei & Joëlle Gauthier eds., 2014, np.
Arnaud Regnauld, "The Ghostly Touch of the Blue Devils' Second Coming: Reading Twelve Blue by Michael Joyce," RFEA#141 – Transferts du religieux / Religious Transfers, Paris: Belin, 2015, pp.145-158.
Michael Joyce, "L'après-midi d'un phonème, or la faune of après-afternoon," Translating E-Lit, Arnaud Regnauld ed., Octaviana, 2015.
Arnaud Regnauld, "Livres de sable et parcours incertains : exploration de trois cyberfictions. Michael Joyce : afternoon, a story (1987), Shelley Jackson : Patchwork Girl (1995), Mark Amerika : GRAMMATRON (1993-1997)," TLE n°28, "La vérité en fiction," Sylvie Bauer & Anne-Laure Tissut eds., Saint-Denis: Presses Universitaires de Vincennes, 2013, pp. 123–136.
 Arnaud Regnauld & Stéphane Vanderhaeghe, "afternoon, a story de Michael Joyce : vers une hypertraduction ?," Traduire à plusieurs / Collaborative Translation, Enrico Monti & Peter Schnyder eds., Orizons, Paris, 2018, pp. 399–412.
Arnaud Regnauld, "Liquid Times —Michael Joyce's afternoon, a story." Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics, Maya Zalbidea Paniagua ed.,Vishvanatha Keviraja Institute, Orissa, India, 2019, pp. 37–48.

External links

 Michael Joyce Papers at the Harry Ransom Center
 Michael Joyce author page from Eastgate Systems
 Michael Joyce's web page from Vassar College
 An interview with Michael Joyce
 An interview with Michael Joyce and review of Liam's Going from Trace Online Writing Centre Archive
 Joyce's Twelve Blue, a hypertext story
 Disappearance: A Novel on Steerage Press

1945 births
Living people
Iowa Writers' Workshop alumni
California Institute of the Arts alumni
Vassar College faculty
American literary critics
Postmodern theory
Electronic literature writers
Postmodern writers
American male short story writers
American short story writers
American male non-fiction writers
Electronic literature critics

Michael Joyce (writer)


High Bradfield is a rural village  north-west of the centre of Sheffield in South Yorkshire, England and within the city's boundaries. The village lies just within the Peak District  National Park,  inside the park's north-eastern border, is at an altitude of 260 metres (850 feet) AOD, and has extensive views across Bradfield Dale towards Derwent Edge and the Dark Peak.

The most striking feature of the village is the medieval Church of St. Nicholas, Bradfield. It is one of only five Grade I Listed buildings in Sheffield.

The name Bradfield failed to shift during the Great Vowel Shift from Old English to Broadfield, a name with a double emphasis on its broad stretch of open countryside. and the area around the village is predominantly grazing land with dairy and sheep farming dominating. High Bradfield has a sister village, Low Bradfield, which lies less than  to the south-west but is lower down in the upper Loxley valley. The two villages are linked by the steep Woodfall Lane.

High Bradfield is in the civil parish of Bradfield, the largest in England, and in the electoral area of Stannington.

History

High Bradfield, which was formerly known as kirkton, is not mentioned in the Domesday Book, but it may have been one of the 16 hamlets recorded in the manor of Hallam. On the north-west edge of the village, close to the church, is Bailey Hill, an approximately  high man-made conical mound that is a Scheduled Ancient Monument. The date and purpose of its construction are unknown, though it has been interpreted as a Saxon fort, a Norman motte-and-bailey castle, or a place of public village assembly. The late David Hey said there was no doubt that Bailey Hill is a motte-and-bailey castle calling it "One of the best preserved and most dramatic motte-and-baileys in Yorkshire." Excavations from 1720 revealed squared stones that had been produced by using tools. The eastern and southern flanks of the bailey are enclosed by a 95 metre long curving earthwork while to the west it is protected by steep slopes. About  to the southeast of the village is Castle Hill, a site marked on old maps as a "supposed Saxon encampment" The site occupies a rocky ridge at the head of a high escarpment partially enclosed by ring work. The date or purpose of construction of this site are also unknown although it has been speculated that it was used a look-out post.

The parish church, St Nicholas Church, is built in the Gothic Perpendicular style and dates from the 1480s. It incorporates elements of an earlier church that may have been built in the 12th century, and it may stand on the site of an Anglo-Saxon place of worship.

The Enclosure Act of the early 19th century altered the appearance of the countryside around High Bradfield as the profusion of stones in the soil resulted in many small fields in the area. Around the same time many people in the Bradfield area were influenced by the Industrial Revolution and moved to nearby Sheffield to improve their standard of living. The Bradfield Parish workhouse was based in High Bradfield between 1759 and 1847; the building is still there today, standing across the road from the Old Horns pub on Towngate. The building was converted into private houses in the 1870s. Thousands of documents relating to the workhouse were found in a hidden cupboard in one of the houses in the 1950s; these are now in the Bradfield Parish Archives. On Jane Street is the Grade II listed building known as the Old Post Office, built from gritstone with a slate roof in 1835. It was originally an inn called Heaven House or Heaven's Gate and later The Cross Daggers. Later it served as a register office, vestry and school and latterly as a post office; it is now a private dwelling divided into several flats.

Present day
The present-day village is still dominated by farming. Church Farm is a large dairy farm which supplies a large amount of milk for the surrounding area. Watt House Farm is also a dairy farm but is unique in that it is the home of the Bradfield Brewery, which is based in a converted barn on the farm. It brews several beers including Farmers Blonde and Pale Ale as well as some seasonal specials. There is one public house in the village, the Old Horns Inn. The Monastery of The Holy Spirit, known locally as Kirk Edge Convent, stands 1.5 km to the east of the village, it is a monastery of the Carmelite order of nuns.

The Peak District Boundary Walk runs through the village.

References and footnotes

External links

, OS grid location

Villages of the metropolitan borough of Sheffield
Towns and villages of the Peak District

High Bradfield


Tommy Lee Jones (born September 15, 1946) is an American actor. He has received various accolades including an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award, a Primetime Emmy Award and two Screen Actors Guild Awards.

While fame somewhat eluded him for much of the 1970s and 1980s, Jones established himself as a leading man in the 1990s, known for his gruff and authoritative film roles. He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance as U.S. Marshal Samuel Gerard in the thriller film The Fugitive (1993). His other Oscar-nominated roles were as businessman Clay Shaw in JFK (1991), Hank Deerfield in In the Valley of Elah (2007), and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens in Lincoln (2012). He played Agent K in the Men in Black franchise. Other notable roles were in Coal Miner's Daughter (1980), Natural Born Killers (1994), The Client (1994), Batman Forever (1995), Double Jeopardy (1999), No Country for Old Men (2007), The Company Men (2010), Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), Jason Bourne (2016), and  (2019).

Jones won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie for his role as executed murderer Gary Gilmore in The Executioner's Song (1982). He was further nominated for playing Texas Ranger Woodrow F. Call in the television miniseries Lonesome Dove (1989). He portrayed Howard Hughes in the CBS film The Amazing Howard Hughes (1977). He directed and starred in the western TNT movie The Good Old Boys (1995). He directed, starred in and executive produced the HBO film The Sunset Limited (2011).

Early life

Jones was born on September 15, 1946, in San Saba, Texas. His mother, Lucille Marie Jones (; 1928–2013), was a police officer, school teacher, and beauty shop owner, and his Welsh father, Clyde C. Jones (1926–1986), was a cowboy and oil field worker. The two were married and divorced twice. He has said that he is of part Cherokee descent. He was raised in Midland, Texas, and attended the then-named Robert E. Lee High School.

Jones soon moved to Dallas and graduated from the St. Mark's School of Texas in 1965, which he attended on scholarship.

College
He attended Harvard College on need-based aid; his roommate was future Vice President Al Gore. As an upperclassman, he lived in Dunster House with roommates Gore and Bob Somerby, who later became editor of the media criticism site The Daily Howler. Jones graduated cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English in 1969; his senior thesis was on "the mechanics of Catholicism" in the works of Flannery O'Connor. At Harvard, he was a pupil of dramatist Robert Chapman.

College football

Jones played guard at Harvard from 1965 to 1968. He was a member of Harvard's undefeated 1968 football team. He was named as a first-team All-Ivy League selection, and played in the 1968 Game. The game featured a memorable and last-minute Harvard 16-point comeback to tie Yale. He recounted his memory of "the most famous football game in Ivy League history" in the documentary Harvard Beats Yale 29–29.

Career

Early acting and film (1969–1982)

After graduating from Harvard in 1969, Jones moved to New York City to become an actor, making his Broadway debut in 1969's A Patriot for Me in a number of supporting roles. In 1970, he landed his first film role, coincidentally playing a Harvard student in Love Story (Erich Segal, the author of Love Story, said that he based the lead character of Oliver on aspects of two undergraduate roommates he knew while on a sabbatical at Harvard, Jones and Al Gore).

In early 1971, he returned to Broadway in Abe Burrows' Four on a Garden where he shared the stage with Carol Channing and Sid Caesar. Between 1971 and 1975 he portrayed Dr. Mark Toland on the ABC soap opera One Life to Live. He returned to the stage for a short-lived 1974 production of Ulysses in Nighttown, an adaptation of one episode from James Joyce's novel Ulysses, playing Stephen Dedalus opposite Zero Mostel's Leopold Bloom and directed by Burgess Meredith. It was followed by the acclaimed TV movie The Amazing Howard Hughes, where he played the lead role.

In films, he played a hunted escaped convict  in Jackson County Jail (1976); a Vietnam veteran in Rolling Thunder (1977); an automobile mogul, co-starring with Laurence Olivier, in the Harold Robbins drama The Betsy; and a police detective opposite Faye Dunaway in the 1978 thriller Eyes of Laura Mars.

In 1980, Jones earned his first Golden Globe nomination for his portrayal of country singer Loretta Lynn's husband, Doolittle "Mooney" Lynn, in Coal Miner's Daughter. In 1981, he played a drifter opposite Sally Field in Back Roads, a comedy that received middling reviews. In 1982, he co-starred with Tuesday Weld in the HBO adaptation of The Rainmaker, directed by John Frankenheimer.

Increased exposure (1983–2004)
In 1983, he received an Emmy for Best Actor for his performance as murderer Gary Gilmore in a TV adaptation of Norman Mailer's The Executioner's Song. The same year, he starred in a pirate adventure, Nate and Hayes, playing pirate captain Bully Hayes.

In 1988, Jones co-starred with Chad Lowe and Robert Urich in the made-for-TV film April Morning, which depicted the battle of Lexington in the American Revolutionary War.  In 1989, he earned another Emmy nomination for his portrayal of Texas Ranger Woodrow F. Call in the acclaimed television mini-series Lonesome Dove, based on the best-seller by Larry McMurtry.

In the 1990s, Jones was featured in blockbuster films such as JFK co-starring Kevin Costner (which earned him an Oscar nomination), The Fugitive co-starring Harrison Ford, Batman Forever co-starring Val Kilmer, Volcano co-starring Anne Heche, and Men in Black with Will Smith. His performance as Deputy U.S. Marshal Samuel Gerard in The Fugitive received broad acclaim and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and a sequel. When he accepted his Oscar, his head was shaved for his role in the film Cobb, which he made light of in his speech: "The only thing a man can say at a time like this is 'I am not really bald'. Actually I'm lucky to be working".

Among his other well-known performances during the 1990s were those of a terrorist who hijacks a U.S. Navy battleship in Under Siege, the role of "Reverend" Roy Foltrigg in The Client, a maximum-security prison warden who's in way over his head in Natural Born Killers, a reprisal of his Samuel Gerard character in U.S. Marshals, and a parole officer in Double Jeopardy.

In 2000, Jones co-starred with Samuel L. Jackson as a Marine colonel serving as Jackson's defense attorney in the film Rules of Engagement, and co-starred with director Clint Eastwood as astronauts in the film Space Cowboys, in which both played retired pilots and friends/rivals leading a space rescue mission together.  In 2002, he and Will Smith co-starred in the Men in Black sequel, Men in Black II.

Later years (2005–present)

In 2005, the first theatrical feature film Jones directed, The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada, was presented at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival. Jones's character speaks both English and Spanish in the film. His performance won him the Best Actor Award at Cannes. His first film as a director had been The Good Old Boys in 1995, a made-for-television movie.

Two strong performances in 2007 marked a resurgence in Jones's career, one as a beleaguered father investigating the disappearance of his soldier son in In the Valley of Elah, the other as a Texas sheriff hunting an assassin in the Oscar-winning No Country for Old Men. For the former, he was nominated for an Academy Award.

Jones has been a spokesman for Japanese brewing company Suntory since 2006. He can be seen in various Japanese TV commercials of Suntory's Coffee brand Boss as a character called "Alien Jones", an extraterrestrial who takes the form of a human being to check on the world of humans. Many of these commercials can be seen on YouTube. In 2011, Jones appeared in public service announcements on Japanese television, joining a number of other popular figures who sang two sentimental songs in remembrance of those lost in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

In 2010, Jones appeared alongside Ben Affleck in the recession drama The Company Men. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival, where early reviews praised Jones's performance as "pitch-perfect". Jones had a role in the Marvel Studios film, Captain America: The First Avenger. He also directed, produced and co-starred with Samuel L. Jackson in an adaptation of The Sunset Limited.

In 2012, there was another turning point in Jones's career, starting with playing Agent K again in Men in Black 3, portraying Arnold Soames in the romantic dramedy Hope Springs, and co-starring as Thaddeus Stevens in Steven Spielberg's Lincoln. Jones's performance in Lincoln received wide critical acclaim, and he was nominated for an Oscar for the fourth time, for Best Supporting Actor.  Since Lincoln, Jones has continued appearing in popular films, including Jason Bourne and .

Personal life
Jones was married to Kate Lardner, the niece of screenwriter and journalist Ring Lardner Jr., from 1971 to 1978. He has two children from his second marriage to Kimberlea Cloughley, the daughter of Phil Hardberger, former mayor of San Antonio. On March 19, 2001, he married his third wife, Dawn Laurel.

Jones resides in Terrell Hills, Texas, a city just outside of downtown San Antonio, and speaks Spanish. He owns a  cattle ranch in San Saba County, Texas, and a ranch near Van Horn, Texas, which served as the set for his film The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada. He owned an equestrian estate in Wellington, Florida, until he sold it in 2019. Jones is a polo player, and he has a house in a polo country club in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He is a supporter of the Polo Training Foundation. He is an avid San Antonio Spurs fan; he is often seen courtside at Spurs games. At the 2000 Democratic National Convention, he gave the nominating speech for his former college roommate, Al Gore, as the Democratic Party's nominee for President of the United States.

Filmography

Awards and honors

See also

Notable alumni of St. Mark's School of Texas

References

Further reading
 Grunert, Andrea, "Les bons et les méchants selon Tommy Lee Jones", in: Francis Bordat et Serge Chauvin (eds.) Les bons et les méchants Université Paris X, 2005, p. 339–352,

External links

 Harvard Football bio

1946 births
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American people of Welsh descent
American male film actors
American football offensive guards
American polo players
American male stage actors
American male soap opera actors
American male television actors
Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners
Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (film) winners
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor winners
Harvard Crimson football players
Living people
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People from Midland, Texas
Male actors from San Antonio
People from San Saba, Texas
Robert E. Lee High School (Midland, Texas) alumni
St. Mark's School (Texas) alumni
Male Western (genre) film actors
Film directors from Texas
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People from Wellington, Florida
Film producers from Texas
American male screenwriters
Texas Democrats
People from Bexar County, Texas
American people who self-identify as being of Cherokee descent
Screenwriters from Texas

Tommy Lee Jones


The Autonomist Party (; ) was an Italian-Dalmatianist political party in the Dalmatian political scene, that existed for around 70 years of the 19th century and until World War I. Its goal was to maintain the autonomy of the Kingdom of Dalmatia within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as opposed to the unification with the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia. The Autonomist Party has been accused of secretly having been a pro-Italian movement due to their defense of the rights of ethnic Italians in Dalmatia. The Autonomist Party did not claim to be an Italian movement, and indicated that it sympathized with a sense of heterogeneity amongst Dalmatians in opposition to ethnic nationalism. In the 1861 elections, the Autonomists won twenty-seven seats in Dalmatia, while Dalmatia's Croatian nationalist movement, the National Party, won only fourteen seats. This number rapidly decreased: already in 1870 autonomists lost their majority in the Diet, while in 1908 they won just 6 out of 43 seats.

History
Traditionally linked to the idea of a Dalmatian nation advocated by Niccolò Tommaseo in the first half of the 19th century and regarded as a meeting of the Latin world with the Slavic world, initially the party also attracted the sympathies of several Slavic Dalmatians, while maintaining an undisputed open to the Italian cultural world.

The Dalmatian branch of the People's Party (, ), which supported the unification of Dalmatia with the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia in Hungary, viewed the Autonomists as supportive of an Italian annexation of Dalmatia, which later on would have been indeed the ambition of the Italian state.
The Autonomist Party received the vote of the Dalmatian Italians and a number of bilingual Slavs, both Croats and Serbs, and controlled most Dalmatian coastal cities: this party had a majority in the Parliament of Dalmatia in the mid-19th century. However, in 1870 democratic alterations to the electoral laws allowed the majority Croatian population of Dalmatia to influence the elections for the first time. The democratic reforms allowed for a greater part of the general population to vote (but even areas where non-Slav population was the majority were affected) and so the Autonomist Party no longer had a majority: by the outbreak of World War I, only the city of Zara (now called Zadar) remained in Autonomist hands.

A similar but independent political development occurred in Fiume, where Michele Maylender, claiming greater autonomy from the centralizing Hungarian executive of Dezső Bánffy, founded the (Fiume) Autonomist Party in 1896. Although the reference with Dalmatia was never made explicit among Fiume autonomists (who widely read Tommaseo and Bajamonti) the goals of the Party were very similar to that in Dalmatia as it opposed the inclusion of the city to Croatia.

As in Zara the party remained in power up to 1914, and both cities, although claimed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes  at the Paris Peace Conference, were finally assigned to Italy: Zara by the Treaty of Rapallo and Fiume with the Treaty of Rome, which gave Fiume to Italy and the adjacent port of Sušak to Yugoslavia.

Antonio Bajamonti, the most prominent Autonomist in the history of the party, once remarked:

Count Francesco Borelli Dalmatian deputy, argued for the autonomy of the Kingdom of Dalmatia, claiming that it had no connection whatsoever with Croatia. Though he admitted that the majority of the population was Slavic in language, mentality and outlook, he claimed that Dalmatia's "higher" culture was Italian.

At the beginning of the 20th century the Autonomist Party, having lost his majority in nearly all Dalmatia, started to be dominated by a group of Dalmatian Italians from Zara, led by Luigi Ziliotto and Giovanni Bugatto, who supported Italian irredentism in Dalmatia: the party was suppressed in 1915 when Italy declared war on Austria during World War I.

Diet of Dalmatia elections

1861: 12/41
1864: 32/41
1867: 26/41
1870: 16/41
1876: 11/41
1883: 7/41
1889: 6/41
1895: 6/41
1901: 6/41

References

Sources
Renzo de' Vidovich, Albo d'Oro delle Famiglie Nobili Patrizie e Illustri nel Regno di Dalmazia, Fondazione Scientifico Culturale Rustia Traine, Trieste 2004
L.Monzali, Italiani di Dalmazia. Dal Risorgimento alla Grande Guerra, Le Lettere, Firenze 2004
L.Monzali, Italiani di Dalmazia. 1914-1924, Le Lettere, Firenze 2007.
Monzali, Luciano.Italiani di Dalmazia Toronto University Press. Toronto, 2009
I. Perić, Dalmatinski sabor 1861-1912 (1918), Zadar 1978.
Duško Kečkemet, Bajamonti i Split, Slobodna Dalmacija: Split 2007.
Grga Novak, Prošlost Dalmacije knjiga druga, Marjan tisak: Split 2004.
Josip Vrandečić, Dalmatinski autonomistički pokret u XIX. stoljeću, Zagreb, 2002.

Political parties in Austria-Hungary
Kingdom of Dalmatia
Defunct political parties in Croatia
Italian irredentism
Separatism in Croatia
1865 establishments in the Austrian Empire
Italian organizations in Austria-Hungary

Autonomist Party


I Missed Flight 93 is a documentary about people who missed United Airlines Flight 93, one of the four hijacked flights as part of the September 11 attacks in 2001, for various reasons. It originally aired on the History Channel around early 2006. The documentary focuses on three people who, through a twist of fate, missed the flight. The first interviewee was Frank Robertazzi, a businessman, the second was Daniel Belardinelli, a painter, and the third was Heather Ogle, a flight surgeon.

References

Documentary films about the September 11 attacks
American documentary television films
Works about United Airlines Flight 93
American aviation films

I Missed Flight 93


Several vehicles were used by the hijackers of the September 11 attacks. Reports by the FBI and other agencies and press accounts provide details of some of these automobiles.

Mohamed Atta's Nissan Altima

Khalid al-Mihdhar and Nawaf al-Hazmi's Toyota Corolla
In early February 2000, hijackers Khalid al-Mihdhar and Nawaf al-Hazmi rented an apartment at the Parkwood Apartments complex in the Clairemont Mesa area of San Diego, and Mihdhar purchased a used blue four-door 1988 Toyota Corolla Deluxe sedan with VIN # JT2AE92E9J3137546, California license plate 3JFZ283.  This car would be used from shortly after the arrival of the first hijackers in San Diego and driven across the continent to Arizona and Oklahoma to Virginia, Connecticut, and other locations on the east coast of the US until it was found at Dulles Airport with items indicating that it had been used in conjunction with preparations for the hijackings.

By May 2000, Mihdhar transferred his vehicle's registration to Hazmi. Hani Hanjour arrived in San Diego in early December 2000, joining Hazmi, but they soon left for Phoenix, Arizona where Hanjour could take refresher flight training.  On December 12, Hanjour and Hazmi signed a lease for an apartment in the Indian Springs Village complex in Mesa, Arizona. On April 1, while driving with Hani Hanjour, Al-Hazmi received a speeding ticket and a summons for failure to wear safety belt from the Oklahoma Highway Patrol. According to FBI reports, Al-Hazmi was driving the blue 1988 Toyota Corolla, though some reports state he was in a Chevrolet Impala. In April, they drove to the Dar al-Hijrah mosque in the Falls Church metropolitan Washington, DC area where Anwar al-Awlaki who they had previously met in San Diego was now the new imam, and Hanjour had specified as a forwarding address for his utility bills. It is thought that al-Awlaki introduced them to Eyad Alrababah who drove Hanjour to Fairfield, Connecticut on May 8, with Nawaf Al-Hazmi, vehicle with Moqed and Ahmed Alghamdi following in the Toyota.

Items seized from car
After the 9/11 attacks at about 3:45 PM on 09/12/01, the Toyota was flagged as a suspicious vehicle at Dulles International Airport, and determined to be registered to Al-Hazmi of Lemon Grove, California. A search warrant was approved, and among the items seized were the following:

1) An hourly parking ticket dated and stamped 09/11/01 7:25 AM
2) Four (4) color diagrams of an instrument panel for a B757 aircraft
3) One yellow and black utility knife (box cutter)
4) One Pan Am International Flight Academy, Jet Tech International, Phoenix, AZ, identification card in the name of HANI HANJOUR
5) A cashier's check to the Flight Academy in the amount of $5745 from HANJOUR
6) A travel itinerary for seats 13A and 13B for KHALID AL-MIHDHAR and MAJED MOQED on AA Flight 77
7) A piece of paper with the name "Osama 5895316"
8) Packing slip of package sent by Rawf Al Dog, 1565 Washington Boulevard, #8, Laurel Maryland... to the United Arab Emirates on 09/10/01 at 6:57 AM
9) A checkbook with partially written checks...
10) ..
17) One spiral notebook containing handwritten Arabic notes and telephone number ....
27) A hand drawn map of a neighborhood that appears to be 8541 Mount Vernon Avenue Lemon Grove California
28) ...
29) California vehicle registration for XXX San Diego California

The FBI was advised that the package was not delivered. It was checked by a bomb squad, and was found to contain a note written in Arabic and a check card to the wife or girlfriend of Al-Hazmi expressing his love stating that enclosed money was for her benefit.

References

September 11 attacks

Vehicles of the hijackers in the September 11 attacks


In robotics and motion planning, kinodynamic planning is a class of problems for which velocity,  acceleration, and force/torque bounds must be satisfied, together with kinematic constraints such as avoiding obstacles.  The term was coined by Bruce Donald, Pat Xavier, John Canny, and John Reif. Donald et al. developed the first polynomial-time approximation schemes (PTAS) for the problem. By providing a  provably polynomial-time ε-approximation algorithm, they resolved a long-standing open problem in optimal control. Their first paper considered time-optimal control  ("fastest path") of a point mass under Newtonian dynamics, amidst polygonal (2D) or polyhedral  (3D) obstacles, subject to  state  bounds on position, velocity, and acceleration. Later they extended the technique to many other cases, for example, to 3D open-chain kinematic robots under full Lagrangian dynamics.
 More recently, many  practical heuristic algorithms  based on stochastic optimization and iterative sampling were developed, by a wide range of authors, to address the kinodynamic planning problem. These techniques for kinodynamic planning have been shown to work well in practice. However,  none of these heuristic techniques can guarantee the optimality of the computed solution (i.e., they have no performance guarantees), and  none can be mathematically proven to be faster than the original PTAS algorithms (i.e., none have a provably lower computational complexity).

References

Robot control
Automated planning and scheduling
Robot kinematics
Algorithms

Kinodynamic planning


James Connor (born 25 June 1959 in Dublin, Ireland) is an Irish dressage rider. Representing Ireland, he competed at two World Equestrian Games (in 1998 and 2014) and at the 2001 European Dressage Championships.

His current best championship results are 8th place in team dressage and 41st place in individual dressage from the 2001 European Championships.

References

Living people
1959 births
Irish male equestrians
Irish dressage riders
Equestrians from County Dublin

James Connor (equestrian)


Spirit is the 44th studio album by country music singer Willie Nelson. The album differs from Nelson's other albums because of the use of fewer instruments (two guitars, piano, fiddle) and has a more classical/Spanish influence than others. Nelson's sister Bobbie plays piano.

Track listing
All songs written by Willie Nelson.
"Matador" - 1:42
"She Is Gone" - 2:55
"Your Memory Won't Die in My Grave" - 3:27
"I'm Not Trying to Forget You" - 3:53
"Too Sick to Pray" - 2:40
"Mariachi" - 2:06
"I'm Waiting Forever" - 3:09
"We Don't Run" - 3:02
"I Guess I've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes" - 3:36
"It's a Dream Come True" - 3:59
"I Thought About You, Lord" - 4:11
"Spirit of E9" - 4:58
"Matador"

Personnel

Willie Nelson - Lead guitar, Vocals, Producer
Bobbie Nelson - Piano
Johnny Gimble - Fiddle
Jody Payne - Rhythm guitar, Backing vocals
Technical
Recorded and Mixed by Joe Gracey
Second Engineer - Gabe Rhodes
Recorded at Pedernales Recording in Austin, Texas
Edited at Terra Nova Digital Austin
Mastered by Denny Purcell and Joe Gracey at Georgetown
Mastering in Nashville, Tennessee
Photography - Chris Buck
Artwork - David Zetter
Design - Red Herring Design

Chart performance

References

1996 albums
Willie Nelson albums
Island Records albums

Spirit (Willie Nelson album)


Ebroin (died 680 or 681) was the Frankish mayor of the palace of Neustria on two occasions; firstly from 658 to his deposition in 673 and secondly from 675 to his death in 680 or 681.  In a violent and despotic career, he strove to impose the authority of Neustria, which was under his control, over Burgundy and Austrasia.

Life and career
Following the failed coup of the Pippinid mayor Grimoald the Elder in Austrasia, the Merovingian court resided in Neustria. According to the Liber historiae Francorum, during the reign of Chlothar III the mayor Erchinoald of Neustria died. In 659, a council of Franks elected Ebroin as his replacement.

The Life of Saint Eligius records that as of the middle 670s Ebroin had only one child, a son named Bobo; Bobo was then convalescing from an illness contracted during his adolescence. Based on that, Bobo was likely born around 660.

Queen Balthild of Chelles served as regent for her son Chlothar III. After a power struggle with Ebroin, she withdrew to the Abbey of Chelles near Paris in 664.

The English scholar Bede (IV.1) took notice of an anecdote concerning Ebroin in 668. Bede tells that Ebroin waylaid an Englishman returning from Rome, for fear that the Byzantine Emperor (Constans II, residing in Syracuse) was plotting an alliance against his rule. It follows that Ebroin by 668 had arrogated to himself the de facto rule of Neustria and so (in theory) "of the Franks".

It remains unclear how direct was Ebroin's influence over the next four years (the Liber historiae may imply that Chlothar had roused himself by then), but when Chlothar died in 673 Ebroin was back in charge. Ebroin then raised another brother, Theuderic III, as king of Neustria, without consulting the other nobles.

Ebroin endeavoured to maintain the union of Neustria and Burgundy, but the great Burgundian nobles wished to remain independent. They rose under bishop Leodegar (or Léger) of Autun and Adalrich, Duke of Alsace and offered the crown to Theuderic's elder brother Childeric II, then ruling in Austrasia. Childeric replaced Ebroin with his Austrasian Mayor of the Palace, Wulfoald. Eboin's life was spared at the intervention of a number of bishops; he was tonsured and confined to Luxeuil. A proclamation was then issued to the effect that each kingdom should keep its own laws and customs, that there should be no further interchange of functionaries between the kingdoms, and that no one should again set up a tyranny like that of Ebroin. Soon, however, Leodegar too was defeated by Wulfoald and the Austrasians, and was himself confined at Luxeuil in 673.

Return to power
When Childeric II was murdered at Bondi that year, by a disaffected Frank, Theoderic III was reinstalled as king in Neustria with Leudesius as his mayor. Ebroin and Leodegar took advantage of the confusion to leave the cloister, and soon found themselves once more face to face. Each looked for support to a different Merovingian king, Ebroin even proclaiming a false Merovingian imposter as sovereign. In a short time Ebroin caused Leudesius to be murdered and became mayor once again, now with a score to settle with Leodegar.

About 675 Ebroin reimposed his authority over Neustria and most of Burgundy, and induced the Duke of Champagne and the Bishops of Châlons and Valence to attack Autun. They invaded the city and forced it to surrender. Ebroin had Leodegar's eyes put out. Ebroin persuaded the king that Childeric's murder had occurred under Leodegar's instigation; and so the king had Leodegar additionally arrested, tried, and exiled. On 12 October 678 Ebroin had his enemy led away and murdered.

Ebroin meanwhile had defeated the Austrasians at the Battle of Bois-du-Fays, near Laon, uniting France under Neustrian rule. After the battle, Duke Martin of Laon, who had made it back to his city, was lured to Ecry with false assurances on the pretext of negotiations with Theuderic. Martin and his supporters were then killed.

His triumph, however, was short-lived; he was assassinated in 681, the victim of a combined attack of his numerous enemies.

In 684, Ansoald, bishop of Poitiers in Neustria, the homeland of Leudesius, commissioned a Life of Leodegar the Burgundian. It cast Ebroin as an enemy of God motivated by nothing but ambition and a lust for power. This biography became canonised in the Church to such an extent that Leodegar, too, was canonised as Saint Leger. Tales of Ebroin's infamy were also found useful by the Austrasians, whose own ambitious mayoral family commissioned the continuations to the chronicle of Fredegar.

References

Sources

Primary sources
Liber historiae Francorum, edited by B. Krusch, in Monumenta Germaniae historica script. rer. Merov. vol. ii.
Vita sancti Leodegarii, by Ursinus, then a monk of St Maixent (Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. xcvi.)
Vita metrica in Poetae Latini aevi Carolini, vol. iii. (Mod. Germ. Hist.)

Secondary sources
J. B. Pitra, Histoire de Saint Léger (Paris, 1846)
J. Friedrich, Zur Geschichte des Hausmeiers Ebroin, in the Proceedings of the Academy of Munich (1887, pp. 42–61)

680s deaths
Mayors of the Palace
Year of birth unknown
7th-century Frankish people

Ebroin


So Gay TV is a Canadian television talk show, which aired on PrideVision in the early 2000s. Hosted in its first season by Mathieu Chantelois and in its second season by Jason Ruta, the program originally aired in 2001 as an Internet television series connected to U8TV: The Lofters, and was picked up by PrideVision after that network's launch. The series ended in 2002 after the cancellation of The Lofters, although it continued to air in repeats on PrideVision.

So Gay TV mixed panel discussions and interviews with documentary and feature reports on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender issues and life in Canada. One of the show's most widely publicized segments was an interview with Hal Sparks, one of the stars of Queer as Folk, about his experience as a heterosexual actor playing a gay character.

The show was nominated for Best Talk Series at the 2002 Gemini Awards.

References

External links

OutTV (Canadian TV channel) original programming
2001 Canadian television series debuts
2002 Canadian television series endings
Canadian LGBT-related web series
2000s Canadian television talk shows
2000s Canadian LGBT-related television series
2001 web series debuts
2002 web series endings

So Gay TV


The Kleiner Deister is a ridge of hills (up to ) in the Calenberg Uplands which, together with the Nesselberg and the Osterwald, forms a group of three adjacent hill ranges in the northern part of the Leine Uplands. It lies between Springe and Eldagsen in Hanover region in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Geography
The Kleiner Deister is located immediately south of Springe and just north of the Nesselberg. It is drained by the river Haller.

The B 217 federal highway from Hanover to Hamelin runs through the flat pass of the Deister Gate. In the south east the Kleiner Deister is separated from the northern foothills of the Osterwald by a valley through which run both the Gehlenbach stream and the L 422 from Eldagsen to Coppenbrügge.

At once time the old Wolfsbuche stood on the saddle between the Kleiner Deister and the Nesselberg and therefore between the Wolfsköpfe in the northeast and the Grasberg in the southwest; this was also the source of the Schwarze Bach, a tributary of the Gehlenbach. Both ridges lies between the villages of Springe-Altenhagen, the heart of Springe, Eldagsen and Coppenbrügge-Brünnighausen.

Part of a European long-distance path, the Roswithaweg ("Roswitha path"), runs over the Kleiner Deister and the neighbouring Nesselberg hills from north to south. The Kleiner Deister ist almost entirely surrounded by a 16.3 km long  and 2 m high sandstone wall which, in the south, runs over the crest of the Nesselberg. The Saupark Springe - a wildlife park - is located here. It is the main attraction of the ridge and has many species of wild animal.

Geology
The Kleiner Deister has a Hercynian strike and forms the northeast wing of a large syncline. The strata of the Deister on both sides of the crest stem from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods; these are inverted in the case of the Kleiner Deister.

The side of the Kleiner Deister that descends southwest to the Nesselberg is made of stratified sandstones, siltstones and clays, with deposits of anthracite in places. These are the so-called Obernkirchen strata (Wealden) of the Lower Cretaceous.

The northeastern slopes of the Kleiner Deister are characterised by marls, clays and limestones. These are the so-called Münder marls of the Upper Jurassic.

Hills
 Burgberg ca.
 Wolfsköpfe
 Drakenberg
 Raher Berg
 Hallermundskopf

Flora and fauna
The Saupark Springe is bounded by a wall which encloses much of the Kleiner Deister. The wildlife park has Wild Boar as well as Red Deer, Roe Deer, Fallow Deer and Mouflon. It also has a number of caves in which rare species of bat may be found. The actual park is an old deciduous mixed forest of beech and oak, birch and chestnut avenues. In addition to crags, caves, barrows, springs and wild meadows there is a wide range of rare animals and plants. Part of the Saupark, the Springe Bison Enclosure (Wisentgehege Springe), is a deer park in which visitors can observe wild animals at close range. In addition to breeding the almost extinct Bison, the enclosure is also home to Elk, Mouflon, wild horses, owls and birds of prey.

Since 1954 the Kleiner Deister and the Nesselberg have formed a nature reserve with a total of around  which includes the Saupark Springe.

Places of interest
In addition to Saupark Springe and the Springe Bison Enclosure with their animals and plants, demonstration areas for deer feeding and Stone Age barrows; other points of interest include old sandstone quarries on the Nesselberg, the ruins of the medieval Hallermund Castle on the Hallermundskopf and the remains of an Early Middle Ages circular rampart, the Kukesburg, near Altenhagen. In the stone quarries near Altenhagen 400 miners were employed around 1900 to extract the valuable Deister sandstone. This outstanding architectural stone was used in the opera house and new city hall at Hanover, in the Reichstag building in Berlin and other buildings across the whole of Europe.

Photographs

External links
 Deister
 Saupark Springe
 Brünnighausen

Ridges of Lower Saxony
Natural regions of the Weser-Leine Uplands

Kleiner Deister


Organizational-dynamic games are Serious games that teach and reflect the dynamics of organizations at the following 3 levels:

 individual behavior (specific attitudes towards collaboration or knowledge sharing, competencies, character traits, motivation, change readiness, etc.)
 group and network dynamics (power and influence pattern, sub-group behavior, team dynamics as in Group-dynamic games, etc.)
 cultural dynamics (specific values, dominant mental and behavioral models, etc.)

Organizational-dynamic games are usually designed for the specific purpose of furthering personal development and character building, particularly in addressing complex organizational situations, such as managing change and innovation diffusion in a company, helping people in the organization to introduce productive collaboration patterns, managing difficult meeting situations, etc.

They have a proven history in helping managers and decision makers in better understanding organizational dynamics, the diagnosis of organizational contexts, and the impact of organizational interventions (corresponding to the actions you can undertake in such a simulation to achieve a result (e.g. a change in attitude or behavior).

See the example of the EIS simulation .

Examples

 Awkward Moment at Work: serious game with a design informed by psychological theory and research, aimed at reducing gender bias and broadening participation in STEM.
 Houthoff Buruma The Game: serious game for recruitment purposes, developed by Dutch law firm Houthoff Buruma.
 Novicraft HRD game (Microsoft Windows): NoviCraft is a serious game for supporting business customers in social excellence, in learning to construct shared understanding together with different people in changing contexts.
 CALM: Change Adaptation Learning Model: serious game for testing, validating, and refining plans to enable transformational organizational change. Developed by DecisionPath, Inc.  see: [R.M. Adler and D. Koehn, "CALM: complex adaptive system (CAS)-Based Decision Support for Enabling Organizational Change", Intl Conference on Complex Systems (ICCS 2007), Oct 28- Nov 1, 2007].

Game theory game classes

Organizational-dynamic game


Arnold III (died 1221), Count of Looz and Count of Rieneck, son of Gérard II, Count of Looz, and Adelaide of Gelderland, daughter of Henry I, Count of Guelders, and Agnes of Arnstein, daughter of Louis III of Arnstein.

From 1207 to 1214, he was held hostage in England in order to guarantee the obligations of his brother Louis II and his wife Ada of Holland to give up the county of Holland.

In 1206, Arnold married Adelaide, daughter of Henry I, Duke of Brabant, and Mathilde of Boulogne. Arnold and Adelaide had one daughter, Jeanne, Fléron of Loon.

Upon his death, Arnold was succeeded by Louis III, the son of his brother Gérard III. His widow remarried William X of Clermont (1195-1247), Count of Auvergne.

References

1221 deaths
Year of birth unknown
House of Loon
Belgian nobility

Arnold III, Count of Looz


Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication is a 2014 collection of essays edited by Douglas Vakoch and published by NASA. The book is focused on the role that the humanities and social sciences, in particular anthropology and archaeology, play in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). The seventeen essays are gathered into four sections, which respectively explore the history of SETI as a field; archaeological comparisons for human-alien communication, such as the difficulties of translating ancient languages; the inferential gap between humans and aliens, and the consequences this would have for communication and trade; and the potential nature of alien intelligences.

Originally scheduled for publication in June 2014, a PDF of Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication was accidentally released a month before the intended date and reviewed by Gizmodo. The positive response to the review inspired NASA to bring forward its release as an e-book, making it available on their website from May of that year.

The book gained widespread media coverage upon release. As well as receiving generally positive reviews, it was at the center of controversy regarding misinterpretation of one of its essays. A quote about ancient terrestrial stone carvings, rhetorically stating that they "might have been made by aliens" for all that they were understood by modern anthropologists, was misreported by publications such as TheBlaze, The Huffington Post, and Artnet.

Synopsis
Historically, research into extraterrestrial intelligence has fallen within natural science and focused primarily on the technological obstacles to alien communication, such as processing the data encoded in signals that could be received from extraterrestrial civilizations. Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication was written as part of an expansion of the field to humanities and social sciences, focusing on the role archaeologists and anthropologists play in extraterrestrial intelligence research. The problems of studying ancient societies on Earth, editor Douglas Vakoch argues, are applicable to those of studying potential societies outside Earth.

Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication is a collection of essays exploring these roles, focusing on both historical and modern perspectives. The book consists of seventeen essays, with an introduction and epilogue by Vakoch and fifteen chapters by researchers in the relevant fields; contributing authors include John Traphagan, Albert Harrison, Ben Finney, Steven J. Dick, John Billingham, and . Issues discussed in the essays include the evolutionary and cultural prerequisites for interstellar communication, the challenges for semiotics in decoding alien signs and symbols, and the complexities of cross-cultural communication with aliens by analogy to anthropological first contact experiences.

Essays
Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication is subdivided into four sections, each with several essays. "Historical Perspectives on SETI" is a historiography of NASA's SETI (search for extraterrestrial intelligence) program, which ran for much of the late twentieth century before being dissolved due to lack of funding, and its humanities and social sciences representation. "Archaeological Analogues" draws comparisons between archaeology on Earth, where archaeologists frequently need to research societies they have little understanding of or shared context with, and communication with extraterrestrials. "Anthropology, Culture, and Communication" examines the role of anthropology in studying alien cultures and societies, such as the assumptions and challenges involved in cross-cultural communication and contact. "The Evolution and Embodiment of Extraterrestrials" deals with topics such as the appearance, diversity, and message design of alien intelligence.

"Historical Perspectives on SETI"
The essays in this section summarize the history of SETI at NASA, the circumstances that led to the government cutting public funding for SETI, and the role the social sciences have historically played in the search. The first essay in this section, "SETI: The NASA Years", is a synopsis of NASA's involvement with SETI by John Billingham, who was involved with the project from its genesis in 1969 to its closure in 1995. He discusses the 1960s origins of the search for alien life in the universe, the project's struggle to receive popular respect and government funding, and its ultimate cessation at the agency due to funding cuts, after which it was absorbed by the privately funded SETI Institute.

"A Political History of NASA's SETI Program" by Stephen J. Garber analyzes the circumstances that led to the end of public funding for the program. NASA's SETI program was small and provided few jobs that would make cutting it politically complex; widespread skepticism about the existence of intelligent alien life also made the project inherently controversial. NASA's funding also suffered through the 1990s due to publicized issues with the Hubble Space Telescope, weakening its ability to defend a marginal program such as SETI. "The Role of Anthropology in SETI: A Historical View" by Steven J. Dick discusses the history of SETI, anthropology, and their intersection. Representation of the social sciences in SETI research began during the field's early days in the 1960s and 1970s, but was, according to the essay, often tokenistic; Dick traces significant interdisciplinary work as beginning in the 1980s, with particular focus on the publication of Interstellar Migration and the Human Experience in 1986.

"Archaeological Analogues"

The essays in this section focus on the relevance of archaeological comparisons for discussing the anticipated difficulties with communication between humans and aliens. "A Tale of Two Analogues" by Ben Finney and Jerry Bentley draws on Finney's studies of Mayan culture. They draw comparisons between the protracted process of translating Mayan works and the difficulty of translating an alien work, and cast doubt on the views of some mathematicians and natural scientists that an extraterrestrial civilization would communicate with humanity solely through the "universal language" of mathematics and science. The second essay, "Beyond Linear B" by Richard Saint-Gelais, analyzes potential alien communication through a semiotic lens, commenting on the issues involved in interpreting the signs and symbols of a fundamentally different culture. He notes that the issues faced in semiotic challenges such as decoding an unknown human language may be even greater for an alien language. For instance, he describes how all known writing systems for human languages are either alphabetic, syllabic, or ideographic, and anthropologists are able to estimate which type an unknown system is by its number of characters, which may not be a shared assumption for an extraterrestrial writing system.

"Learning to Read" focuses on the hypothetical alien translation of interstellar messages transmitted by humanity. Its author Kathryn E. Denning deems the task of writing alien-translatable messages "neither trivial nor impossible", considering it a difficult task but one worthy of study; she discusses the need for interdisciplinary study to produce such messages, with important work from fields such as cryptography and anthropology. She also discusses the polarized views of natural and social sciences on the issue of alien translation, with natural scientists tending to take far more optimistic perspectives of the ease of translation than social scientists. "Inferring Intelligence" by Paul K. Wason describes the difficulty of understanding the work of prehistoric cultures and compares this difficulty to that of understanding the work of extraterrestrial cultures. He refers to the controversy regarding the meaning of Paleolithic cave art, as well as the relative recency of identifying stone tools as the intentional productions of intelligent beings.

"Anthropology, Culture, and Communication"
John W. Traphagan has two essays in this section, "Anthropology at a Distance" and "Culture and Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence". In the former, he draws comparison between the "anthropology at a distance" practice of anthropologists in the early nineteenth century, who often lacked the resources to perform fieldwork with the societies they studied, and the practice of SETI in discussing and studying uncontacted extraterrestrials. The latter focuses on the concept of hypothetical "universal languages", such as music or mathematics, and the differences human and alien cultures may have in their interpretation of these languages.

"Contact Considerations" by Douglas Raybeck considers human-alien interaction through comparison to terrestrial colonial interactions. He gives the specific examples of European contact with Aztec, Japanese, Chinese, Iroquois, and Māori cultures, all five cultures being politically and technologically complex at the time of first European contact. He discusses the likely significance of trade to human-alien interactions, both for goods and services exchanged in trade between human cultures, but potentially also for things such as music that may not exist in an alien culture. In "Speaking for Earth", Albert A. Harrison discusses the development, longevity, and potential consequences of projecting interstellar messages. He takes an optimistic position of the benevolence of extraterrestrial civilizations, referring to his own anthropological research that shows societies that endure for long periods tend to be more peaceful and less aggressive. Harrison supports Active SETI, the process of actively transmitting messages from Earth to potential interstellar societies, and discusses planned and actual attempts at it.

"The Evolution and Embodiment of Extraterrestrials"

Vakoch's chapter, "The Evolution of Extraterrestrials", focuses on hypotheses of what an alien intelligence would look like, such as whether it would be humanoid or nonhumanoid. He discusses how as early as The Celestial Worlds Discover'd, published by Christiaan Huygens in 1698 and one of the first works to consider the lives of extraterrestrial beings, the possibility was raised that aliens would have similar body plans to humans (such as walking upright) but look radically different within such confines. Both arguments in favour of convergent evolution to a functionally humanoid form and divergent evolution to a radically inhuman form are summarized and considered.

"Biocultural Prerequisites for the Development of Interstellar Communication" by Garry Chick discusses the Drake equation, a means by which to estimate the number of extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy capable of communicating with humans. Referring to statements by figures such as the author Michael Crichton that the parameters in the Drake equation are unknowable, and that this casts foundational doubt on the validity of SETI, Chick aims to narrow the range of possible estimates for these parameters. In "Ethology, Ethnology, and Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence", Lestel considers the philosophical definition of 'communication' in the context of human-alien contact. He holds that contact between terrestrial and extraterrestrial societies would have traits of both ethnology, the study of other human cultures, and ethology, the study of animal behavior. In the book's final essay, "Constraints on Message Construction for Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence", William H. Edmondson summarizes the issue of designing messages to be understood by extraterrestrial societies. He notes the assumptions involved in constructing interstellar messages, such as that aliens will have senses and that aspects of cognitive function (e.g. intentional behavior) will be shared between all intelligent organisms.

Publication history
Vakoch is a professor emeritus of clinical psychology at the California Institute of Integral Studies and a self-described exo-semiotician whose research interests include psychology, comparative religion, and the philosophy of science. He is the Director of Interstellar Message Composition at the SETI Institute. In a 2002 interview with Dennis Overbye for The New York Times, he discussed his criticism of the natural sciences focus of SETI research and his work to view the subject through a humanities-focused lens, including the comparison of interstellar communication to cross-cultural interactions between terrestrial societies. One of Vakoch's goals in compiling and editing Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication was to highlight less optimistic perspectives on interstellar communications from such fields, addressing concerns about significant inferential gaps that had been neglected by the physical sciences.

NASA intended to publish Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication in both print and e-book form on 10 June 2014. On 21 May, a PDF file of the book was accidentally published on NASA's website and picked up by Gizmodo. The PDF was taken down rapidly after Gizmodo published a review, with the intention of re-releasing it on the originally intended date, but demand for copies was so high that the publication was accelerated; MOBI, EPUB, and PDF versions were officially released on 22 May and made freely available online. A paperback edition was published in September 2014 and a hardcover edition was published that December. The collection was published by NASA's History Program Office, part of the Public Outreach Division of its Office of Communications, under the NASA History Series imprint.

Cultural impact and reception

Gizmodo described Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication as "truly fascinating stuff" that managed to be both complex and accessible. The review began with an out-of-context quote from William Edmondson's essay on how mysterious stone carvings "might have been made by aliens" as a metaphor for the difficulties in researching long-lost ancient societies. Though it went on to note that this should not be interpreted as a literal statement, the quote was picked up by publications such as Artnet, The Blaze, and The Huffington Post as a clickbait headline. Some of these articles noted that the statement was not representative of the essay's content; others took it at face value. The aerospace analyst Jeff Foust decried the phenomenon in his review, but noted its role in highlighting how difficult even communication between human beings of similar cultures can be.

Upon the book's official release, it received mostly positive reviews. Emily Gertz, writing for Popular Science, found it "refreshing" and compared the issues it raised to those explored by science fiction works such as The Sparrow, a novel about a Jesuit priest making contact with an alien civilization. Michael Franco of CNET lauded its comprehensiveness, and Jolene Creighton, co-founder of the science news site From Quarks to Quasars, called it "a fantastic text to save for a rainy day". Writing for The Daily Dot, Aja Romano commented that the book came from a thoroughly optimistic point of view about both the existence and benevolence of extraterrestrial intelligence, but that it provided thorough investigation into SETI and had a strong understanding of the subject it investigated. Mark Anderson, Chair of the Notable Documents Panel of the American Library Association's Government Documents Round Table and research librarian at the University of Northern Colorado, reviewed Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication for Library Journal alongside other books published by United States government offices. He highlighted the depth of the book's scholarship and its nonetheless accessible writing.

In June 2014, weeks after the book's official release, Joshua Rothman interviewed Vakoch for The New Yorker about the struggles of extraterrestrial communication. Vakoch explained the book's purpose, discussing the integral role archaeologists and anthropologists play in extraterrestrial research. He referred to the conclusions reached by the essayists, such as Lestel's discussion of the implications involved in being unable to understand or decode potential alien messages. Vakoch described the humanities perspective on extraterrestrial communication as increasingly "skeptical and critical", but "a criticism that engages, as opposed to a criticism that dismisses". He noted that although bridging the communication gap with an extraterrestrial civilization would be a difficult ask, the rapid discovery of exoplanets in the past decades increased the likelihood extraterrestrial intelligence would be identified, making the issue more relevant.

References

External links

 PDF available for free download through NASA

2014 non-fiction books
Essay anthologies
Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
Anthropology books
Books about extraterrestrial life
Archaeology books
Interstellar communication
2014 anthologies
Essays about extraterrestrial life


Noel Francis Murphy (21 December 1915 – 10 March 2005) was a physician, broadcaster and politician.

Early life
Murphy was born in England while his parents, Dr. John J. and Elsie (Kenway) Murphy were posted to London. John Murphy co-founded St. Clare's Mercy Hospital and died while Noel was a child. Murphy's great grandfather was the captain of a steam sailing ship while his grandfather, "Gambo Jack" Murphy founded St. John's radio station VONF in 1932.

Murphy was educated at St. Bonaventure College in St. John's and at Ampleforth College in England. He studied electrical engineering for six months at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology before deciding to change fields. He moved to Britain and earned his medical degree in 1942 from London Hospital. He joined the RAF Volunteer Reserve and was assigned to 125 (Newfoundland) Squadron serving as its medical officer until 1945 and reaching the rank of flight-lieutenant surgeon.

Return to Newfoundland
In 1945, he returned to Newfoundland to run a Bonne Bay Cottage Hospital in Norris Point on the western coast of Newfoundland. He was the only doctor on staff and handled all medical duties at the remote hospital for ten years. To reach remote communities in the hospital's catchment area during the winter, Dr. Murphy travelled by horse and sleigh or dog team before the federal government provided him with a snowmobile. In the summer, he performed his rounds via aircraft and boat.

Dr. Murphy left the hospital in 1954 in order to take up private practice in Corner Brook specializing in obstetrics and gynecology.

Broadcasting
In 1959, Murphy helped found the Humber Valley Broadcasting Company becoming the new corporation's president. The company opened a radio station in Corner Brook in 1960 and had 10 stations by 1975. Murphy hosted a Christmas morning show for 47 years on the stations in which he phoned Newfoundlanders abroad and contacted communities named Newfoundland.

Political career
He entered politics on behalf of the Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador and won the seat of Humber East in the 1962 provincial election. In 1966 he became party leader and Leader of the Opposition leading the Tories into the 1966 general election. The party lost four of its seven seats and Murphy was defeated in Humber East by Liberal Clyde Wells, a future premier.

Murphy was elected mayor of Corner Brook for three terms and was unexpectedly appointed minister without portfolio in 1971 in the final cabinet of Liberal Premier Joey Smallwood however he lost the riding of Humber West in the subsequent 1971 provincial election to Conservative leader Frank Moores who would succeed Smallwood as Premier.

In 1978, Murphy was again elected mayor of Corner Brook.

Hobbies
In his spare time, Murphy was an amateur photographer and was published the monthly Newfoundland Magazine. In 2003 he published a book, entitled Cottage Hospital Doctor, about his experiences at Bonne Bay.

Honours
Murphy's awards include an honorary doctorate in law from the Memorial University of Newfoundland (1975), Canadian Broadcaster of the Year (1984), and the Order of Canada (1988).

References

1915 births
2005 deaths
Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador MHAs
Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador MHAs
Newfoundland and Labrador political party leaders
Canadian radio personalities
Canadian radio company founders
Physicians from Newfoundland and Labrador
Members of the Executive Council of Newfoundland and Labrador
Mayors of places in Newfoundland and Labrador
People from Corner Brook
Royal Air Force Medical Service officers
Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II
Dominion of Newfoundland people
British expatriates in the United States
People educated at Ampleforth College

Noel Murphy (politician)


Henry of Mayenne or Henry of Lorraine, (Dijon, 20 December 1578 – Montauban, 20 September 1621) was a French noble from the House of Lorraine and more particularly from the House of Guise.

He  was the eldest son of Charles, Duke of Mayenne and Henriette of Savoy, Marquise of Villars.

He became Duke of Aiguillon in 1599 and in 1611, when his father died, Duke of Mayenne, Marquis de Villars, Count of Maine, Tende and Sommerive. He also became a peer of France and inherited the Hôtel de Mayenne in Paris.
He was also Grand Chamberlain of France.
He was present at the coronation of King Louis XIII of France.

In 1621, he was killed at the failed Siege of Montauban by a musket shot in the eye. He was buried in the church of Aiguillon.

He had married in Soissons in February 1599 with Henriette de Nevers (1571–1601), daughter of Louis Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers and Henriette of Cleves. They had no children.

He was succeeded by his sister's son Charles Gonzaga.

References

Sources

External links

1578 births
1621 deaths
House of Lorraine
House of Guise
Dukes of Mayenne
Dukes of Aiguillon
Grand Chamberlains of France
16th-century peers of France
17th-century peers of France
Peers created by Henry IV of France

Henry of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne


Triangle Metro Zoo (originally Zoo Fauna) was a privately owned and operated  zoo that was open from 1998 until 2006. It was located in Wake Forest, North Carolina, United States.

History

The zoo originated from Larry Seibel's long experience in breeding exotic animals, and was opened in 1998. It was situated in a heavily forested area astride a small stream. Its name derives from the area of North Carolina in which the zoo was located, which is called "the Triangle" because it comprises the three larger cities of Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill.

Shortly after the zoo opened in 1998, the barn containing the gift shop and restrooms burned down, and was never rebuilt. The owner cited lack of facilities at the zoo due to this fire, which prevented him from putting up a permanent sign on Capital Boulevard, as one of many factors that led to the lack of funds for the zoo and its eventual closure.

Seibel closed the zoo in February 2006, citing money and personal problems, as well as encroaching development that would require him to fence the entire property. After the zoo closed, the Bengal tiger Raja, who Seibel and staff had rescued from neglectful owners, was moved to the Carnivore Preservation Trust in Pittsboro, North Carolina after having first been quarantined at the North Carolina Zoo. Other animals were transferred to various private collections and zoos.

Animals

The zoo was home to some 500 animals representing 85 species. Mammals at the zoo included a Bengal tiger, blackbuck, Himalayan moon bears, camels, capybara, caracals, coati, donkeys, fallow deer, red kangaroos, lemurs, lions, llama, scimitar oryx, muntjac, sloths, servals, and zebras. Birds at the zoo included chickens, sarus cranes, red-crowned cranes, blue-and-gold macaws, scarlet macaws, military macaws, doves, emu, ostriches, pheasants, pigeons, toucans. Reptiles at the zoo included leopard geckos, bearded dragons, and various species of skinks and snakes.

Notes

External links
Archived website

Zoos in North Carolina
Buildings and structures in Wake County, North Carolina
Former zoos
Zoos established in 1998
Zoos disestablished in 2006

Triangle Metro Zoo


In American folklore, the snow snake is a fearsome critter that, unlike other reptiles, can live in cold temperatures and is only active during winter months.

Standard depiction
As with any subject of folklore, details about the snow snake vary depending on the storyteller. However, most accounts purport that the snow snake is a highly venomous, white-colored serpent that lives in the snow. Occasional details have been offered regarding the eyes of a snow snake such as them being blue or pink in color. The snow snake's white coloration is said to make the animal nearly indiscernible to any observer against freshly laid snow. Hence, snow snakes held a prominent place in regional practical jokes played on those unfamiliar with the outdoors. Habitually, unexplained markings in the snow were attributed to snow snakes as part of the joke. The name snow snake may have been derived from a Native American  winter sport of the same name.

Variations
Author J. E. Rockwell in a 1910 article entitled, "Some Lumberjack Myths," published in The Outer's Book,  a nature journal, makes express mention of snow snakes but describes them as freezing in the winter time rather than thriving in it. Rockwell adds that lumberjacks after felling timber would place the logs onto the backs of frozen snow snakes. Subsequently, when the snakes would thaw out, in the spring, they moved to river for a drink inadvertently carrying the logs where they might be driven down river to the saw mills. Rockwell's account is unique, as no other known source deviates from the snow snake's proneness to cold. Another deviation comes in the form of the "shovel-tailed snow snake." This iteration is featured on a postcard advertising the "Friendly" Buckhorn Tavern in Rice Lake, Wisconsin. This establishment was known for showcasing fearsome critters often created through taxidermy. The pictured image displays a snake-like effigy, looking as if carved from a tree branch, with speckled patches: the body terminating in a spade-shaped growth.

See also
Hoop snake
Fearsome critters
Joint snake
European Adder, a real snake species that lives near the Arctic Circle.

References

Fearsome critters
Fictional snakes
Legendary serpents

Snow snake (folklore)


Dubgaill and Finngaill, or Dubgenti and Finngenti, are Middle Irish terms used to denote different rival groups of Vikings in Ireland and Britain. Literally, Dub-/Finngaill is translated as "dark and fair foreigners" or "black and white foreigners", and similarly, Dub-/Finngenti as "dark/black" and "fair/white heathens". Similar terms are found in Welsh chronicles, probably derived from Gaelic usage. The first known use of these terms in the chronicles is from 851, when it is noted that "The Dubhghoill arrived in Ath Cliath [Dublin], and made a great slaughter of the Finnghoill". The terms appear, with various spellings, in entries in Irish annals from the 9th and 10th century, and are also used and interpreted in later historiography.

There have been different interpretations of the terms. Traditionally, historians have speculated whether these distinctions refer to physical features such as skin or hair-colour, weaponry or outfits. Alfred P. Smyth suggested a new interpretation of dub and finn as "new" and "old". There is a long tradition of understanding Dubgaill as Danish Vikings and Finngaill as Norwegian Vikings. This interpretation has recently been challenged by David N. Dumville and Clare Downham, who, building on Smyth's conclusions, propose that the terms may not be related to ethnicity or origin of the different groups of Vikings.

Etymology
The word Gaill (plural of Gall) etymologically originates from "Gauls", who in pre-Viking Gaelic history were the archetypal "foreigners". Dumville says that "what [the Gauls] had done in Gaelic prehistory to gain that status is unknown and was probably unpleasant." During the Viking age, it came to denote Scandinavians or those of Scandinavian descent or speech. From the Norman invasion of Ireland in the late 12th century, this appellation was passed on to foreigners of French speech and then to the English at large. The word did not denote "foreigner" in the sense "anyone not Irish (Gaelic)", but the Saxons, Welsh and Picts are identified as such in the Irish annals, and there are also terms used which may identify the Scandinavians based on nationality, like Dene, Northmanni and Lochlainn.

Another word frequently used by the chroniclers in the early phase of the Viking age was Gen(n)ti, meaning "foreigner of a different religion". This was derived from the biblical usage of the Latin phrase gentes or gentiles, the latter form common in traditional English translations of the Bible. This terminology was abandoned, which has been taken as recognition of eventual conversion to Christianity.

The literary meaning of Old Irish and Old Welsh Dub is normally given as "dark" or "black", while Middle Irish finn (Old Irish find, Modern Irish fionn) is given as "light" or "white". Smyth, referring to the Dictionary of the Irish Language by the Royal Irish Academy, adds that Dub can mean "gloomy" or "melancholy" in a moral sense, and has the intensive meaning of "great" or "mighty". For finn there are the additional meanings of "handsome", "just" and "true".

Interpretation history

The meaning of Finn- and Dub-
Historians have offered various explanations to account for the fact that terms associated with colour denote two separate factions of Vikings. The explanation which has been most widely accepted is that it either relates to hair-colour or armour. The view that it relates to colour was held, for instance, by the Danish antiquary Jens Jacob Asmussen Worsaae and James Henthorn Todd; but it also occurs in more modern historical works like in Mac Airt & Mac Niocaill's 1983 edition of Annals of Ulster where Fhinngallaibh is translated "fair-haired foreigners". According to Smyth, the most bizarre explanation of the terms was put forward by Jan de Vries. He suggested that the "Black foreigners" were Moorish slaves, carried off to Ireland in a Viking raid on North Africa.

Jón Steffensen, rejecting the fair- and dark-haired hypothesis, suggested that the terms originated from the colours on the shields of the Vikings, the finngaill carrying white shields and the dubgaill red.

Alfred Smyth gives arguments against all colour-related distinctions. Referring to Steffensen, he dismisses the assumption that "any large Scandinavian host could be composed exclusively and over a long period of dark-haired individuals" as being unrealistic. As an argument against Steffensen theory of shield-colour, as well as other theories based on colour of armour, he asserts that regular uniform and equipment were unknown in early medieval Germanic armies, and that "Norwegian pirates could afford the luxury of carrying nothing but white shields is fanciful to the extreme". As a final argument against distinction in colour between Viking factions, Smyth notes that even though these Vikings were active elsewhere, no Anglo-Saxon or Frankish chroniclers have mentioned any particular colour-distinction.

Smyth concludes that in this context,  finn and dub should not be related to colour or brightness, but must be translated as "old" and "new". He finds precedent for this in part on Mageoghagan's translations of the Annals of Clonmacnoise from the early 17th century, where Sihtric (Sigtrygg) Cáech in his epitaph is called "prince of the new & old Danes".

Norwegians and Danes
The identification of Finngaill as Norwegian and Dubgaill as Danish has had a long tradition, but it was first made long after the terms fell out of contemporary use. According to Smyth, the oldest Irish source that equates the Dub- with Danes is the 12th-century Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib, who speaks of "Danish Black Gentiles" (Duibgeinti Danarda). Downham points out that the last contemporary use of the terms may be Chronicon Scotorum sub anno 941. According to Smyth, medieval Irish writers and later Gaelic antiquaries such as Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh and Geoffrey Keating "were clear on overall Norwegian origin of the Finn Gaill and the Danish origin of the Dub Gaill". Smyth also states that "it is clear from references to Scandinavian activity of the ninth and tenth century within Ireland that the 'White Foreigners' had a predominantly Norwegian origin, and that their opposite number were Danes", without giving any further references for this conclusion.

Smyth argued that Finn- and Dub- did not imply an ethnic distinction but rather "old" and "new", and also pointed out that "large viking armies were not exclusively either Danish or Norwegian". He still did not question the identification as Norwegian/Danish. Downham has pointed out that by the time the first sources equating these terms with Norwegian/Danish were written down, changes in Scandinavia had made the Irish aware of a distinction between Norwegians and Danes, a distinction the Irish (or for that matter the "Norwegians" or "Danes") would not have been aware of in the middle of the 9th century. Downham argues that a "new interpretation was interposed on the earlier terms 'Fair Foreigner' and 'Dark Foreigner.

Downham, with reference to a suggestion made by Dumville, offers the alternative interpretation that finngaill and dubgaill identified Viking groups under different leadership. The dubgaill may identify Vikings under the leadership of the Uí Ímair, while the finngaill were those "old" Vikings present in Ireland before the middle of the 9th century. The rivalry between the Uí Ímair and other groups persisted long after the Uí Ímair had gained control over Dublin, and their hegemony over the Viking settlements in Ireland was established when Amlaíb mac Gofraid defeated the Vikings of Limerick. After the death of Ámlaib, the label finngaill fell out of contemporary use in Irish chronicles.

Imperial style
The style King of the Dubgaill and Finngaill (or vice versa) was an imperial one held only by three or four dynasts of the Uí Ímair.

 Ragnall ua Ímair, the first
 Sitric Cáech, the most celebrated
 (Gofraid ua Ímair), styled simply Rí Gall (King of the Foreigners) in the surviving sources
 Amlaíb mac Gofraid, his son and the last, styled also King of Ireland in Anglo-Saxon sources

See also
 Irish nobility

References and notes

Notes

References

Bibliography

Viking Age in Ireland
Medieval literature
Scandinavian Scotland

Dubgaill and Finngaill


Pernod Ricard Winemakers is the wholly owned wine subsidiary of French wine and spirits producer Pernod Ricard, which is one of the largest alcoholic beverage companies in the world. It arose from the Australian and New Zealand companies formerly known as Premium Wine Brands and Pernod Ricard Pacific, and was then extended to become Pernod Ricard's umbrella organisation for its wine operations in other countries. Amongst its large portfolio, its major wineries are Jacob's Creek from Australia, Campo Viejo from Spain, Kenwood Vineyards from the United States, and Brancott Estate from New Zealand.

Corporate history

In 1989 Pernod Ricard purchased Orlando Wines and its Jacob's Creek label. A year later the Hunter Valley winery Wyndham Estate was purchased and the two merged to form the Orlando Wyndham Group the same year. Meanwhile, New Zealand's largest wine producer Montana Wines bought Corbans Wines in 2000, its next largest competition, and was then bought by Allied Domecq, which also owned Campo Viejo and Graffigna. Montana then became Pernod Ricard Pacific when Pernod Ricard took over Allied Domecq in 2005.

In 2010 Pernod Ricard launched its new wine division Premium Wine Brands, from its Australian and New Zealand operations. At the same time the New Zealand label Montana Wines was rebranded to Brancott Estate, and several of its brands inherited from Corbans Wines were sold off to Lion, including the Corbans label and Lindauer.  In 2013 Premium Wine Brands changed its name to Pernod Ricard Winemakers, and purchased Helan Mountain, a winery in the Ningxia region of China. In 2014 Pernod Ricard purchased Kenwood Vineyards, and added it to its premium brand portfolio. In Australia, Wyndham Estate was closed and sold; it reopened in 2016 as Dalwood Estate, under new ownership.

Brands

Pernod Ricard Winemakers produces wine in five major brands:

 Jacob's Creek (Barossa Valley, Australia)
 Kenwood Vineyards (Sonoma Valley, United States)
 Brancott Estate (New Zealand; predominantly Marlborough)
 Campo Viejo (Rioja DOC, Spain)

In addition, the company owns a large portfolio of other wineries. Notable examples are French Champagne makers Mumm and Perrier-Jouët, Stoneleigh and Church Road from New Zealand, Poet's Corner and St. Hugo from Australia, Bodegas Etchart from Argentina, Ysios from Spain, and Helan Mountain from China.

In January 2019, Pernod Ricard sold Argentine wine brand Graffina to Chilean winery VSPT. Ricard told The Drinks Business that the company would "continue to 'dispose' of brands that 'no longer fit' within the drinks giant's portfolio."

References

External links
Pernod Ricard Winemakers website

Pernod Ricard brands
Wineries in New South Wales

Pernod Ricard Winemakers