Rahama Sadau (bon 7 December 1997) shi bi Naija aktress, bizness wuman,fim meka, dancer and singa. Shi bi popula aktress inside Kannywood and Nollywood fim industri, dem bon ha for Kaduna and shi gro op for Kaduna, shi bin don dey go dancing competition from smol and wen shi dey Skool. For 2013 Shi bikom popula inside Kannywood with ha fest fim wey I nem na Gani ga Wane.
Rahama du plenti fim with Hausa and inglish and shi bi onee of di few pipu wey fit speak Hindi wel wel. Na shi wein Best Aktress (Kannywood) for di City People Entertainment Awod for 2014 and 2015. Shi kon still wein Best African Actress at di 19th African Film Awards for 2015 by African Voice. For 2017 shi bikom di fest Hausa celebriti wey dem nominate for di top ten hottest wuman celebriti. Shi bi busy pesin bekos as shi dey akt fim na I shi dey dance inside music video.

how shi tek stat life and Karia
Rahama Ibrahim Sadau Dem bon ha for Kaduna Stat, Naija. Ha papa nem na Alhaji Ibrahim Sadau, shi gro op with ha parent and three sisters wey their nem na Zainab Sadau, Fatima Sadau, Aisha Sadau and brother Haruna Sadau.

Sadau Joined Kannywood for (2013) thru Ali Nuhu, shi pla smol smol rol inside fim before shi bikom popula for how shi tek akt inside Gani Ga Wane, Jinin Jikina with Kannywood aktor Ali Nuhu. For 3 October 2016, di Motion Picture Practitioners Association of Nigeria (MOPPAN),wey bi di dominant association for Kannywood, dem suspend ha from kannywood for appearing in a romantic music video with a Jos born singa Classiq Q.One year afta for 2017, shi writ leta to apologize to MOPPAN. For January 2018, di ban placed on ha was lifted following di intervention of di Kano State governor Dr Abdullahi Umar Ganduje.

For 2016 shi was recognized as dat years "Face of Kannywood. For October of di same year,Sadau feature for one fim series for EbonyLife TV. For 2017, shi formed a production company wey I nem na Sadau Pictures wey shi produsa ha fest fim, Rariya shi du di fim with Ali Nuhu, Sani Musa Danja, Sadiq Sani Sadiq and Fati Washa.Shi go back akting to pla di rol of a career teacher for MTV Shuga. For 2019 MTV Shuga  relocate kom Naija for series 6, "Choices", and Sadau dey one of di pipu wey folo dem relocate for di new series which included Timini Egbuson, Yakubu Mohammed, Uzoamaka Aniunoh and Ruby Akabueze.

how shi tek go skool
Sadau studi Human Resource Management for Skool of Business and Eastern medditerranean University In Northern Cyprus

Rahama Sadau


In mathematics, a rigid transformation (also called Euclidean transformation or Euclidean isometry) is a geometric transformation of a Euclidean space that preserves the Euclidean distance between every pair of points.

The rigid transformations include rotations, translations, reflections, or any sequence of these.  Reflections are sometimes excluded from the definition of a rigid transformation by requiring that the transformation also preserve the handedness of objects in the Euclidean space. (A reflection would not preserve handedness; for instance, it would transform a left hand into a right hand.)  To avoid ambiguity, a transformation that preserves handedness is known as a proper rigid transformation, or rototranslation. Any proper rigid transformation can be decomposed into a rotation followed by a translation, while any improper rigid transformation can be decomposed into an improper rotation followed by a translation, or into a sequence of reflections.

Any object will keep the same shape and size after a proper rigid transformation.

All rigid transformations are examples of affine transformations. The set of all (proper and improper) rigid transformations is a mathematical group called the Euclidean group, denoted  for -dimensional Euclidean spaces. The set of proper rigid transformations is called special Euclidean group, denoted .

In kinematics, proper rigid transformations in a 3-dimensional Euclidean space, denoted SE(3), are used to represent the linear and angular displacement of rigid bodies. According to Chasles' theorem, every rigid transformation can be expressed as a screw displacement.

Formal definition
A rigid transformation is formally defined as a transformation that, when acting on any vector , produces a transformed vector  of the form

where  (i.e.,  is an orthogonal transformation), and  is a vector giving the translation of the origin.

A proper rigid transformation has, in addition,

which means that R does not produce a reflection, and hence it represents a rotation (an orientation-preserving orthogonal transformation). Indeed, when an orthogonal transformation matrix produces a reflection, its determinant is −1.

Distance formula
A measure of distance between points, or metric, is needed in order to confirm that a transformation is rigid.  The Euclidean distance formula for  is the generalization of the Pythagorean theorem.  The formula gives the distance squared between two points  and  as the sum of the squares of the distances along the coordinate axes, that is

where  and , and the dot denotes the scalar product.

Using this distance formula, a rigid transformation  has the property,

Translations and linear transformations
A translation of a vector space adds a vector  to every vector in the space, which means it is the transformation

It is easy to show that this is a rigid transformation by showing that the distance between translated vectors equal the distance between the original vectors:

A linear transformation of a vector space, , preserves linear combinations,

A linear transformation  can be represented by a matrix, which means

where  is an  matrix.

A linear transformation is a rigid transformation if it satisfies the condition,

that is

Now use the fact that the scalar product of two vectors v.w can be written as the matrix operation , where the T denotes the matrix transpose, we have

Thus, the linear transformation L is rigid if its matrix satisfies the condition

where  is the identity matrix.  Matrices that satisfy this condition are called orthogonal matrices.  This condition actually requires the columns of these matrices to be orthogonal unit vectors.

Matrices that satisfy this condition form a mathematical group under the operation of matrix multiplication called the orthogonal group of n×n matrices and denoted .

Compute the determinant of the condition for an orthogonal matrix to obtain

which shows that the matrix  can have a determinant of either +1 or −1.  Orthogonal matrices with determinant −1 are reflections, and those with determinant +1 are rotations.  Notice that the set of orthogonal matrices can be viewed as consisting of two manifolds in  separated by the set of singular matrices.

The set of rotation matrices is called the special orthogonal group, and denoted .  It is an example of a Lie group because it has the structure of a manifold.

See also
Deformation (mechanics)
Motion (geometry)

References

Functions and mappings
Kinematics
Euclidean symmetries

Rigid transformation


Jacob John Cronenworth (born January 21, 1994) is an American professional baseball infielder for the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball (MLB).

Cronenworth was born and raised in eastern Michigan. He played three seasons of college baseball for the Michigan Wolverines. Cronenworth forewent his final year of college eligibility when he was selected by the Tampa Bay Rays in the seventh round of the 2015 MLB draft. He played five seasons in the Rays farm system and spent time with the United States national baseball team in 2019.

In December 2019, Cronenworth was sent to the Padres in a multi-player trade. He made his MLB debut in 2020 and finished second in National League (NL) Rookie of the Year voting. On July 16, 2021, Cronenworth hit for the cycle, becoming the third player in Padres history to do so. He received All-Star selections in 2021 and 2022.

Amateur career
Cronenworth attended St. Clair High School in St. Clair, Michigan and played college baseball at the University of Michigan. At Michigan, he was an infielder and closing pitcher In 2014, he played collegiate summer baseball for the Orleans Firebirds of the Cape Cod Baseball League.

Professional career

Tampa Bay Rays
The Tampa Bay Rays selected Cronenworth in the seventh round of the 2015 Major League Baseball (MLB) draft. He made his professional debut with the Hudson Valley Renegades. He played 2016 with the Bowling Green Hot Rods and Charlotte Stone Crabs (batting a combined .282/.389/.386), 2017 with Charlotte and the Montgomery Biscuits (batting a combined .274/.364/.358), and 2018 with Montgomery and Durham Bulls (batting a combined .253/.321/.345).

Cronenworth started 2019 with the Durham Bulls. During the season, he pitched in a game for the first time since college, going 7.1 scoreless innings with 9 strikeouts over seven games. In 2019 playing for two teams in the minor leagues he batted .329/.422/.511 with 10 home runs and 45 RBIs.

After the season, on October 10, 2019, Cronenworth was selected for the United States national baseball team in the 2019 WBSC Premier 12. In the tournament he batted .103/.133/.241 with one home run and two RBIs in 28 at bats. The Rays added Cronenworth to their 40–man roster following the 2019 season.

San Diego Padres
On December 6, 2019, Cronenworth and Tommy Pham were traded to the San Diego Padres in exchange for Hunter Renfroe, Xavier Edwards, and a player to be named later (PTBNL). The PTBNL, Esteban Quiroz, was named in March 2020.

Cronenworth made his MLB debut with the Padres on July 26, 2020, and notched a hit and an RBI against the Arizona Diamondbacks. On August 4, Cronenworth hit his first MLB home run off Dustin May in a game against the Los Angeles Dodgers. On August 22, Cronenworth hit his first career grand slam off of Humberto Castellanos of the Houston Astros. Cronenworth was named NL Rookie of the Month in August 2020 after hitting .356 with 16 extra base hits, 17 RBIs and 20 runs over 31 games. Cronenworth finished the season hitting .285 with 4 home runs and 20 RBIs in 54 games. He tied with Alec Bohm of the Philadelphia Phillies for second place in NL Rookie of the Year voting, behind Devin Williams of the Milwaukee Brewers.

On July 4, 2021, Cronenworth was selected to his first All-Star Game as a reserve.  In his first game back from the All-Star Break on July 16, he hit for the cycle at Nationals Park against the Washington Nationals. He finished the 2021 season batting .266/.340/.460 with 21 home runs, 71 RBIs and 94 runs scored.

On October 14, 2022, Cronenworth had the game-winning 2-run single in the bottom of the 7th inning of Game 4 of the NLDS to finish off the Padres' defeat of the rival Los Angeles Dodgers in what is considered one of the biggest upsets in baseball history.

On January 13, 2023, Cronenworth agreed to a one-year, $4.225 million contract with the Padres, avoiding salary arbitration.

On April 1, 2023, Cronenworth and the Padres agreed to a seven-year, $80 million contract extension; the new extension keeps Cronenworth with the Padres through the 2030 season.

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Michigan
Bowling Green Hot Rods players
Charlotte Stone Crabs players
Durham Bulls players
Gulf Coast Rays players
Hudson Valley Renegades players
Major League Baseball shortstops
Michigan Wolverines baseball players
Montgomery Biscuits players
National League All-Stars
Orleans Firebirds players
People from St. Clair, Michigan
Sportspeople from St. Clair County, Michigan
San Diego Padres players
United States national baseball team players
2019 WBSC Premier12 players

Jake Cronenworth


William McMurtry (February 20, 1801 – April 10, 1875) was the 11th Lieutenant Governor of Illinois and a colonel in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

McMurtry was born in Mercer County, Kentucky. William's parents were James and Elizabeth (Lucas) McMurtry. His great-grandfather, John McMurtry fought in the American Revolution; dying in the Battle of Cowpens. He and his family settled in Crawford County, Indiana in 1818. It was here that William married Ruth Champion (1795–1864, also of Mercer County, Kentucky), on November 23, 1826. In 1829, William and his young family moved to Knox County, Illinois along with his father and brother James and his wife. It was here that William McMurtry's home remained until his death.

McMurtry was appointed in Knox County's first ever election in 1830 as foreman of the grand-jury of the Circuit Court. In 1832 he was elected as the county's first school commissioner. From 1836 to 1840, William was a member of the Illinois House of Representatives. In 1842 he was elected to the Illinois State Senate, where he stayed until being added to the Democratic ticket of Governor Augustus French after the previous Lt. Governor Joseph Wells decided not to run again. During his time in office, 1849–53, a new state constitution was adopted as well as the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad was completed. After his term as lieutenant governor, William ran for office in the US Congress in 1854 in Illinois' 4th Congressional District losing to Opposition/Republican Party candidate James Knox. This effectively was the end of McMurtry's political career, with respect to seeking elected office. McMurtry was known as a close personal friend of fellow Illinois Democrat Stephen A. Douglas and remained a prominent voice in the state's Democratic party in the years before the Civil War.

During the Black Hawk War, McMurtry organized a group of between 70 and 90 men from Knox and Warren counties — which consisted of nearly all the able-bodied men from the area — to form a company of mounted rangers with him serving as captain and his brother James serving as sergeant. At the outset of the Civil War, he organized and led as colonel the 102nd Illinois Infantry, which was made up of men from Knox County. William McMurtry though only served a couple of months before receiving an honorable discharge due to poor health attributed to his advanced age.

At home, McMurtry was known as a bright man, despite only modest formal education, who was an avid reader and good neighbor. William was a Freemason and treasurer of the local Grand Lodge. He and his wife Ruth had five children. William McMurtry died in Henderson, Illinois; a town founded near his farm home after he and his family had settled there.

References

 History of Knox county, Illinois (1878)
 Portrait and biographical album of Knox county, Illinois (1886)
 History of Knox County, Illinois: its cities, towns and people (1912)

External links

1801 births
1875 deaths
19th-century American politicians
Lieutenant Governors of Illinois
Democratic Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives
Democratic Party Illinois state senators
American people of the Black Hawk War
People of Illinois in the American Civil War
People from Mercer County, Kentucky
People from Knox County, Illinois
Union Army colonels

William McMurtry


In mathematics a p-group  is called power closed if for every section  of  the product of  powers is again a th power.

Regular p-groups are an example of power closed groups. On the other hand, powerful p-groups, for which the product of  powers is again a th power are not power closed, as this property does not hold for all sections of powerful p-groups.

The power closed 2-groups of exponent at least eight are described in .

References

Group theory
P-groups

Power closed


Molch (German language: "newt" or "salamander") was an unsuccessful series of one-man midget submarines created during World War II. Built in 1944, it was the first mini-submarine of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, but was not successful in combat operations and suffered heavy losses.

Description
The Molch was based on torpedo technology, and carried two G7e torpedoes attached externally on either side of the craft. It was fully electrical and was created for coastal operations, with a range of  at . The front section of the boat held a large battery. Behind the battery was the operator's position, which sat between two small trimming tanks. Behind the operator sat the electric motor. The complicated system of tanks made it difficult to control during combat operations.

The first of 393 boats were delivered on June 12, 1944, and were built by AG Weser in Bremen.

Operational history

The Molch were first used in the Mediterranean against the Allied "Operation Dragoon" in 1944. The submarines were a part of the K-Verband 411 flotilla. On the night of September 25 they attacked Allied battleships, with the loss of ten out of the twelve Molch submarines in the flotilla. Shortly after, the remaining two were sunk by Allied warship bombardment off the Sanremo coast.

Other Molch flotillas were sent to the Netherlands in December 1944, but were also unsuccessful. From January to April 1945, Molch and Biber submarines went out on 102 sorties, losing seventy of their own and sank only seven small ships. Due to the ineffectiveness of the Molch in combat operations, it was later used as a training vessel for more advanced midget submarines.

Survivors

Notes

References

Further reading

Midget submarines
World War II submarines of Germany

Molch


Mounir Bouchenaki (Arabic: منير بوشناقي) (born 16 November 1943) is an Algerian archaeologist and incumbent Director of the Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage. He was Director-General of ICCROM from 2006 to 2011, UNESCO's Assistant Director General for Culture (2000-2006), Director of the World Heritage Centre (1998-2000), Director of UNESCO's Cultural Heritage Division (1990-2000). In January 2011, he was named honorary special adviser of UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova and of ICCROM Director-General.

Early years
Mounir Bouchenaki was born on 16 November 1943 in Tlemcen in  Algeria to an Algerian family, of Bosniak origin. Having obtained at Alger University and obtained a Postgraduate Diploma in Ancient History, he went on to become Curator of the archaeological site and museum of Tipaza from 1966 to 1971, when he had carried out a major operation to safeguard a new archaeological ancient necropolis. Meanwhile, within the Algerian-Italian cooperation framework he had attended, in 1968, an internship at the University of Rome "Istituto del Vicino Oriente" and he had participated in archaeological excavations in Sardinia (summers 1968, 1969, 1970 and 1971).

From 1969 to 1973, with ICCROM's technical support, he worked on the conservation of a unique fresco dating from the 5th century BC, and a mosaic of the same period discovered and transferred to the Tipasa Museum. Paul-Albert Février, Henri-Irénée Marrou and Bishop Saxer of the Pontifical Institute had visited the excavation and provided technical advice and supervision of fieldwork.

He was appointed Director of the Antiquities Service from 1972 to 1974. As Chief Curator of Algerian museums and archaeological sites, he had started with his colleagues a series of archaeological excavations with the support of foreign archaeological missions (Italy, Germany and Great Britain) and he had  supervised development projects for establishing Cherchel and Chetif museums.

When, from 1974 to 1976, he became the deputy director of Archaeology, Museums and Historical Monuments, he had launched a number of restoration projects. The most significant were: the consolidation and restoration of the minaret dating from the 10th century located in the medieval site of Qala'a Beni Hammad; the restoration of the 14th century Sidi Bou Mediène mosque, located in Tlemcen city; while, the mausoleum of Medracen dating from the 3rd century AD was partially restored with the Italian cooperation backing. Besides, within the framework of German development cooperation, two archaeological research campaigns had  been undertaken in Lambèse and Siga. Moreover, in response to some significant discoveries in Setif in 1974 and 1975, a rescue excavation was conducted with the backing of Professor Paul-Albert Février, vice-president of the University of Aix-en-Provence.

He held, from 1976 to 1981 the position of Cultural Heritage Director in the Algerian Ministry of Information and Culture. Hereafter, a major restoration project was set up at the Dey Palace in the higher part of the Kasbah in cooperation with the PKZ. In Bonn, in 1978, under the title «Die Numider», it had been organized a considerable exhibition of about ten tonnes of Roman and Pre-Roman works of art taken from the major Algerian museums. While in 1978, within the framework of the French Cooperation, a range of conferences and workshops had been held on the conservation of cultural heritage, and an international conference was organized on Tassili's cave arts. At last, with the assistance of the Roman department of the "British Museum", a rescue excavation was carried out in Cherchel.

In parallel to his responsibilities for «Antiquities Service» he was in charge, as assistant professor at Alger University, of Ancient History teaching from 1969 to 1981. He had also completed in 1973 his PhD in Archaeology and Ancient History of North Africa at the Aix-en-Provence university in France.

UNESCO career
He joined UNESCO in 1982, as a Project Manager in the International Affairs Division. He had been responsible until 1985 for preparing and supervising three projects, one in Saudi Arabia and two in Libya. Financed by «Funds-in-Trust», the projects were respectively establishing, at King Faisal Foundation, of the Islamic Centre for Research and Restoration of Manuscripts, creating Tripoli National Museum, and studying ancient Libyan valleys. in the same time, he and  Professor Ronald Lewcock worked out the action plans for the launching of two international campaigns to safeguard the Old City of Sana'a and the city of Shibam which houses are all made out of mud brick (Earthen Architecture).

From 1985 to 1990, when he was appointed Section Chief for Operational Activities, he has developed and coordinated the implementation of international campaigns projects initiated by UNESCO, for safeguarding  Medina of Fez in Morocco, the archaeological site of Carthage in Tunis, the Old City of Sana'a and the city of Shibam in Hadramaut in Yemen, the archaeological site of Tyre in Lebanon, the creation of the Museum of Nubia and the Museum of Egyptian Civilization in Cairo, as well as operational activities concerning monuments and sites not yet inscribed on the World Heritage List in various parts of the world.

Promoted as Director of the Cultural Heritage  Division of UNESCO's Culture Sector, He was in charge, from 1990 to 2000, of planning and coordinating the protection of cultural heritage in different areas of the world. During his mandate, emphasis was given to projects associating the conservation and preservation of cultural heritage to local socioeconomic development. And with a fundraising strategy seeking mainly public contributions but also private, several such projects were launched in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. Among which, those that involved the Hue Site in Vietnam, the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal, the Jiahoe site  and Peking Men Site in China, the historic center of Quito in Ecuador, the conservation of Moai statues on Easter Island, the Great Wall of Zimbabwe, the rock churches of Lalibela Ethiopia.

In 1992, in the aftermath of Taif Agreement that put an end to the Lebanese Civil War he was called to draw up the first report on the situation of cultural heritage in Lebanon and to supervise the rehabilitation operations of Beirut Museum. From 1993 to 1994 he was deployed in Vukovar, Croatia than in Sarajevo and Mostar, Bosnia Herzegovina, where he was assigned to conduct the coordination of the reconstruction work of Mostar bridge, terminated in 2004. Such an effort was unanimously appreciated by Bosnia-Herzegovina authorities, who granted him the Bosnian citizenship.

He was in charge of the direction of UNESCO's World Heritage Centre from 1998 to 2000. And as he carried out simultaneously the responsibilities of Director of the Cultural Heritage Division, he has strengthened the co-ordination of the activities of the centre with those of the corresponding divisions within the Sectors of Culture and Natural Sciences. Bouchenaki has kept on developing the convention analysis process and the implementation of its institutional arrangements by setting-up three working groups: one on the Representativity  of the World Heritage List, another on UNESCO's global strategy, and a third on Equitable Representation within the World Heritage Committee.

In January 2001 he has been appointed to the post of Assistant Director-General for Culture, a position he held until February 2006. Under his leadership, and at the request of Member States, Bouchenaki was in charge of coordinating the various stages of preparing normative instruments of all types, such as the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage adopted on 2 November 2001 by the General Conference, the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage adopted in 2003, and the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions adopted in 2005. Furthermore, He was in charge of monitoring sensitive issues, such as the destruction in Afghanistan of the great Bamiyan Buddha statues by the Taliban in 2001, the second war in Iraq (2002-2003) and the Kosovo conflict (2003 - 2004) and their impact on cultural heritage.

In the field of the intangible cultural heritage, he ran the programme of the Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. This programme was initiated in 1997 under the authority of UNESCO's Director-General, M. Koïchiro Matsuura. Bouchenaki has taken on the responsibility of supervising the programme with the participation of Section of Intangible Heritage led by Ms. Noriko Aikawa then by Rieks Smeets from 1997 to 2006. He had jointly coordinated the programme implementation.

Elected, in November 2005, Director General of ICCROM by its General Assembly member states. He assumed office just in March 2006, at the express request of the UNESCO's Director-General. For nearly six years, he led this specialized intergovernmental institution established by UNESCO and headquartered in Rome. For strengthening the role of ICCROM in the field of training in conservation and restoration of cultural property, Bouchenaki has increased the number of ICCROM's Member States, passing from 116 to 132. He has as well developed new operational partnerships with ALESCO, the Emirate of Sharjah, Tongji University in Shanghai (China), South Korea Cultural Properties Administration, The Getty Foundation, the Getty Conservation Institute and the World Monuments Fund, the Smithsonian Institution in the United States, the British School of Archaeology in Rome and also with Italian universities and public and private institutions of the country. He has supervised ICCROM's research and training programmes, and launched the new ICCROM course: first aid to cultural heritage in times of conflict. He proceeded with the establishment in Sharjah of Athar, an institute with the aim of training conservation professionals in the Arab region, within the framework of an agreement signed with Sheikh Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi, ruler of Sharjah.

Publications and articles

- Le Mausolée Royal de Maurétanie, Alger, SNED, 1970.

- Fouilles de la nécropole occidentale de Tipasa, Alger, Bibliothèque Nationale, 1975.

- Cités Antiques d'Algérie, Alger, Ministère de la Culture, 1975, re ed.1980.

- Jugurtha, un roi berbère et sa guerre contre Rome, dans Collection « Les Africains », Jeune Afrique Editions, Paris 1977.

- La Monnaie de l'Emir Abd-El-Kader, Alger, Bibliothèque Nationale, 1976.

- Tipasa, site du patrimoine mondial, Alger, ENAG, 1989.

Il a publié plusieurs articles dans les revues suivantes : Revue "reflets", Commission nationale algérienne pour l'UNESCO; Bulletin d'Archéologie Algérienne, Alger; Antiquités Africaines, Aix en Provence; Oriens Antiquus, Rome; l'Année Epigraphique, Paris; Römische Mitteilungen, Rome; Revue d'Histoire et de Civilisation du Maghreb, Alger; Le Courrier de l'UNESCO, Paris; Museum International, UNESCO, Paris.

References

External links
  Official ARC-WH website

1943 births
Living people
People from Tlemcen
Knights of the Order of Cultural Merit (Monaco)
Algerian archaeologists
21st-century Algerian people

Mounir Bouchenaki


A major organ of the endocrine system, the anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis or pars anterior) is the glandular, anterior lobe that together with the posterior lobe (posterior pituitary, or the neurohypophysis) makes up the pituitary gland (hypophysis). The anterior pituitary regulates several physiological processes, including stress, growth, reproduction, and lactation. Proper functioning of the anterior pituitary and of the organs it regulates can often be ascertained via blood tests that measure hormone levels.

Structure

The pituitary gland sits in a protective bony enclosure called the sella turcica (Turkish chair/saddle). It is composed of three lobes: the anterior, intermediate, and posterior lobes. In many animals, these lobes are distinct. However, in humans, the intermediate lobe is but a few cell layers thick and indistinct; as a result, it is often considered part of the anterior pituitary. In all animals, the fleshy, glandular anterior pituitary is distinct from the neural composition of the posterior pituitary.

The anterior pituitary is composed of three regions:
 Pars distalis
The pars distalis (distal part) comprises the majority of the anterior pituitary and is where the bulk of pituitary hormone production occurs. The pars distalis contains two types of cells, including chromophobe cells and chromophil cells. The chromophils can be further divided into acidophils (alpha cells) and basophils (beta cells). These cells all together produce hormones of the anterior pituitary and release them into the blood stream.

Nota bene: The terms "basophil" and "acidophil" are used by some books, whereas others prefer not to use these terms. This is due to the possible confusion with white blood cells, where one may also find basophils and acidophils.

 Pars tuberalis The pars tuberalis (tubular part) forms a part of the sheath extending up from the pars distalis, which joins with the pituitary stalk (also known as the infundibular stalk or infundibulum), arising from the posterior lobe. (The pituitary stalk connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.) The function of the pars tuberalis is poorly understood. However, it has been seen to be important in receiving the endocrine signal in the form of TSHB (a  β subunit of TSH), informing the pars tuberalis of the photoperiod (length of day). The expression of this subunit is regulated by the secretion of melatonin in response to light information transmitted to the pineal gland. Earlier studies have shown localization of melatonin receptors in this region.

 Pars intermedia The pars intermedia (intermediate part) sits between the pars distalis and the posterior pituitary, forming the boundary between the anterior and posterior pituitaries. It is very small and indistinct in humans.

Development
The anterior pituitary is derived from the ectoderm, more specifically from that of Rathke's pouch, part of the developing hard palate in the embryo. Rathke's pouch is also ectodermal in origin.

The pouch eventually loses its connection with the pharynx, giving rise to the anterior pituitary. The anterior wall of Rathke's pouch proliferates, filling most of the pouch to form the pars distalis and the pars tuberalis. The posterior wall of the anterior pituitary forms the pars intermedia. Its formation from the soft tissues of the upper palate contrasts with the posterior pituitary, which originates from neuroectoderm.

Function
The anterior pituitary contains five types of endocrine cell, and  they  are defined by the hormones they secrete: somatotropes (GH); lactotropes (PRL); gonadotropes (LH and FSH); corticotropes (ACTH) and thyrotropes (TSH). It also contains non-endocrine folliculostellate cells which are thought to stimulate and support the endocrine cell populations.

Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary are trophic hormones (Greek: trophe, "nourishment"). Trophic hormones directly affect growth either as hyperplasia or hypertrophy on the tissue it is stimulating. Tropic hormones are named for their ability to act directly on target tissues or other endocrine glands to release hormones, causing numerous cascading physiological responses.

Role in the endocrine system

Hypothalamic control
Hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary gland is regulated by hormones secreted by the hypothalamus. Neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus project axons to the median eminence, at the base of the brain. At this site, these cells can release substances into small blood vessels that travel directly to the anterior pituitary gland (the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vessels).

Other mechanisms
Aside from hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary, other systems in the body have been shown to regulate the anterior pituitary's function. GABA can either stimulate or inhibit the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and growth hormone (GH) and can stimulate the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Prostaglandins are now known to inhibit adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and also to stimulate TSH, GH and LH release. Clinical evidence supports the experimental findings of the excitatory and inhibitory effects GABA has on GH secretion, dependent on GABA's site of action within the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.

Effects of the anterior pituitary
Thermal homeostasis
The homeostatic maintenance of the anterior pituitary is crucial to our physiological well being. Increased plasma levels of TSH induce hyperthermia through a mechanism involving increased metabolism and cutaneous vasodilation. Increased levels of LH also result in hypothermia but through a decreased metabolism action. ACTH increase metabolism and induce cutaneous vasoconstriction, increased plasma levels also result in hyperthermia and  prolactin decreases with decreasing temperature values. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) also may cause hypothermia if increased beyond homeostatic levels through an increased metabolic mechanism only.

Gonadal function
Gonadotropes, primarily luteinising hormone (LH) secreted from the anterior pituitary stimulates the ovulation cycle in female mammals, whilst in the males, LH stimulates the synthesis of androgen which drives the ongoing will to mate together with a constant production of sperm.

HPA axis
Main article Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

The anterior pituitary plays a role in stress response. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates ACTH release in a cascading effect that ends with the production of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex.

Behavioral effects
Development The release of GH, LH, and FSH are required for correct human development, including gonadal development.

Breast-feeding Release of the hormone prolactin is essential for lactation.

Stress Operating through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), the anterior pituitary gland has a large role in the neuroendocrine system's stress response. Stress induces a release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin from the hypothalamus, which activates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary gland. Then, this acts on the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids such as cortisol. These glucocorticoids act back on the anterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus with negative feedback to slow the production of CRH and ACTH. Increased cortisol under stress conditions can cause the following: metabolic effects (mobilization of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids), bone re-absorption (calcium mobilization), activation of the sympathetic nervous system response (fight or flight), anti-inflammatory effects, and inhibition of reproduction/growth. When the anterior pituitary gland is removed (hypophysectomy) in rats, their avoidance learning mechanisms were slowed, but injections of ACTH restored their performance. In addition, stress may delay the release of reproductive hormones such as luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). This shows that the anterior pituitary gland is involved in behavioral functions as well as being part of a larger pathway for stress responses. It is also known that (HPA) hormones are related to certain skin diseases and skin homeostasis. There is evidence linking hyperactivity of HPA hormones to stress-related skin diseases and skin tumors.

Aging Operating through the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, the anterior pituitary gland also affects the reproductive system. The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone. Then the gonads produce estrogen and testosterone. The decrease in release of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) caused by normal aging may be responsible for impotence  and frailty  in elderly men because of the eventual decrease in production of testosterone. This lower level of testosterone can have other effects, such as reduced libido, well-being and mood, muscle and bone strength, and metabolism.

Tactile responding It has been shown that infant mice who were stroked with a paintbrush (simulating motherly care) had more release and binding of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary gland.

Circadian rhythms Light information received by the eyes is transmitted to the pineal gland via the circadian pacemaker (the suprachiasmatic nucleus). Diminishing light stimulates the release of melatonin from the pineal gland which can also affect the secretion levels in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Melatonin can lower levels of LH and FSH, which will decrease levels of estrogen and testosterone. In addition, melatonin may affect production of prolactin.

Clinical significance

Increased activity

Hyperpituitarism is the condition where the pituitary secretes excessive amounts of hormones. This hypersecretion often results in the formation of a pituitary adenoma (tumour), which are benign apart from a tiny fraction. There are mainly three types of anterior pituitary tumors and their associated disorders. For example, acromegaly results from excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH) often being released by a pituitary adenoma. This disorder can cause disfigurement and possibly death and can lead to gigantism, a hormone disorder shown in "giants" such as André the Giant, where it occurs before the epiphyseal plates in bones close in puberty. The most common type of pituitary tumour is a prolactinoma which hypersecretes prolactin. A third type of pituitary adenoma secretes excess ACTH, which in turn, causes an excess of cortisol to be secreted and is the cause of Cushing's disease.

Decreased activity

Hypopituitarism is characterized by a decreased secretion of hormones released by the anterior pituitary. For example, hypo-secretion of GH prior to puberty can be a cause of dwarfism. In addition,  secondary adrenal insufficiency can be caused by hypo-secretion of ACTH which, in turn, does not signal the adrenal cortex to produce a sufficient amount  of cortisol.  This is a life-threatening condition. Hypopituitarism could be caused by the destruction or removal of the anterior pituitary tissue through traumatic brain injury, tumor, tuberculosis, or syphilis, among other causes. This disorder used to be referred to as Simmonds' disease but now according to the Diseases Database it is called Sheehan syndrome. If the hypopituitarism is caused by the blood loss associated with childbirth, the disorder is referred to as Sheehan syndrome.

History

Etymology
The anterior pituitary is also known as the adenohypophysis, meaning "glandular undergrowth", from the Greek adeno- ("gland"), hypo ("under"), and physis ("growth").

Additional images

See also

 Triple bolus test
 Hypothalamic–pituitary–somatic axis

References

Further reading
 Marieb, E. 2004. Human Anatomy and Physiology. Benjamin Cummings: New York.
 Wheater, P., Burkitt, H., Daniels, V. 1987. Functional Histology. Churchill Livingstone: New York.

External links

 Embryology at unc.edu
 The Pituitary Network Association -- www.pituitary.org
 Secretion of hormones from the Anterior Pituitary Gland

Endocrine system
Human head and neck

Anterior pituitary


Linda Ronstadt, Stone Poneys and Friends, Vol. III is the third and final studio album by The Stone Poneys, released on April 29, 1968. Singer Linda Ronstadt would release her first solo album the following year.

While ostensibly a Stone Poneys album, Vol. III represents a transition and a shift in focus from the first two releases by the band, formed in 1965 as a harmony group with Ronstadt as an occasional soloist, to the singer's solo career. Billing Ronstadt as the lead singer (in concert bookings as well as on the third album) was demanded by Capitol Records executives and encouraged by producer Nik Venet, who all saw her potential as a solo artist with the recording and subsequent success of "Different Drum," a single from the previous album. The song, 'featuring Linda Ronstadt', was backed by outside musicians instead of her bandmates Kenny Edwards and Bobby Kimmel – creating tensions in the band that would worsen, irrevocably damaging morale. Edwards quit the group during the recording sessions for their third album, following a brief tour in early 1968; and Kimmel would leave later that year.

The new direction meant augmenting the trio with extra musicians, and downplaying Edwards' and Kimmel's songwriting contributions in favor of new repertoire in a different musical style. Rather than the folk rock of the first two Stone Poneys albums, most of the songs on Vol. III are in the country rock style that would mark Ronstadt's subsequent work. This is particularly true of the two songs released as singles, "Some of Shelly's Blues" and "Up to My Neck in High Muddy Water".

All three band members were pictured on the covers of the first two albums, while only Ronstadt appears on this front cover. The back cover photo shows her among a group of friends and neighbors (including musicologist Charles Seeger and singer-songwriter Tim Buckley) in front of the house on Hart Avenue in Santa Monica, California, that was a communal residence for some of them, including Ronstadt (Seeger and Buckley lived nearby).

Release data
The album was released in April 1968 in the LP format by Capitol in both monaural and stereophonic editions (catalogue numbers T 2863 and ST 2863, respectively), and on 8-track tape (8XT 2863). A  Capitol CD reissue appeared in 1995 (catalogue number 80130). The volume number in the title uses a Roman numeral rather than the Arabic numeral used on the previous release.

Several of the songs from Vol. III appear on subsequent compilations, including Stoney End on Pickwick Records in 1972 and Different Drum in 1974, the latter album a Capitol release credited solely to Linda Ronstadt. In 2008, Raven Records in Australia issued a 27-track CD, The Stone Poneys, comprising all the tracks from the band's first two albums, The Stone Poneys and Evergreen, Volume 2, plus four tracks from the third album.

Notes on the tracks
Vol. III includes only two Bobby Kimmel-Kenny Edwards compositions. For the remaining tracks, Ronstadt sought out material by such well-regarded songwriters as Tim Buckley and Laura Nyro, as well as songs by writers represented on the first two albums, like Michael Nesmith, and Steve Gillette and Tom Campbell, who composed the short song fragments that open the album.

The Stone Poneys' only charting success with this material was the single "Up to My Neck in High Muddy Water", which reached No. 93 on the Billboard Hot 100. The Greenbriar Boys had originally recorded the song for their 1966 album Better Late than Never! – the album that also introduced Ronstadt and the band to the Mike Nesmith song "Different Drum", their major hit single from Evergreen, Volume 2.

Nesmith's "Some of Shelly's Blues" was a non-charting single for the band. Nesmith is best known as a member of The Monkees, who recorded this song in the 1960s, although their version would remain unreleased until the early 1990s. Nesmith included his version on his album Pretty Much Your Standard Ranch Stash (1973).
The song also was the opening track on The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band's 1970 album, Uncle Charlie & His Dog Teddy; and reached No. 64 on the Billboard singles chart in 1971, as one of two follow-up singles to their biggest hit, "Mr. Bojangles". The following year, the Dirt Band backed Earl Scruggs in a cover version on I Saw the Light with Some Help from My Friends, an album on which Ronstadt also appears; and it also appears on their 1982 live album The Dirt Band Tonite. Mary McCaslin recorded two Vol. III songs, including "Some of Shelly's Blues" for her 1981 album A Life and Time.

Several other now-familiar songs also appear on this album. "Let's Get Together" – also known as "Get Together" and sometimes credited to its writer's stage name, Dino Valenti – was first recorded by the mainstream folk-pop band the Kingston Trio in 1964. Best known from the Top 5 hit in 1969 by The Youngbloods (who originally released it in 1967), the song is widely regarded as a quintessential hippie/flower power appeal for peace and brotherhood. It was recorded in the 1960s by many other artists, including Judy Collins, Jefferson Airplane and The Byrds. In 1965, a version by We Five reached No. 31 on the singles charts, as a follow-up to their major hit "You Were on My Mind".

The Laura Nyro song that closes Vol. III – from her 1967 debut More Than a New Discovery – was also the title track of Barbra Streisand's first Top 10 album in five years, 1971's Stoney End, and a single of Streisand's version reached No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100. Peggy Lipton also recorded "Stoney End" for a 1968 single.

"Morning Glory" – from Tim Buckley's second album, Goodbye and Hello (1967) – was renamed by Ronstadt and appears as "Hobo" on Vol. III. Cover versions (with the original title) also appeared around the same time on Blood, Sweat and Tears' first album, Child Is Father to the Man (1968); and on McKendree Spring's 1969 debut album. A live performance of the song in 1968 by Fairport Convention was included as a bonus track on the 2003 reissue of their debut, Fairport Convention.

The other two Tim Buckley songs come from his debut, Tim Buckley (1966). During her brief time with Capitol Records, Mary McCaslin recorded "Aren't You the One" around the same time as the Stone Poneys, using the same producer (Venet); it appears among other previously unreleased material on her 1999 release Rain: The Lost Album. (Buckley's original title was "Aren't You the Girl".)

Album credits
Ronstadt is well known in the music industry for including very meticulous credits on her albums, particularly with regard to musicians. (For example, her first two "Greatest Hits" LPs feature credits for all the songs on the inside gatefold cover panels.) On Evergreen, Volume 2, a total of 22 musicians were listed, including nine in the string section. However, despite the "and Friends" of the title, there are no credits on the inside sleeve or back cover of Vol. III, and allmusic lists only the three band members in its entry for the album.

Track listing

Personnel

Original band members
 Bob Kimmel, guitar
 Kenny Edwards, guitar
 Linda Ronstadt, lead vocals

Release history

References

1968 albums
Linda Ronstadt albums
Stone Poneys albums
Albums produced by Nick Venet
Country rock albums by American artists
Capitol Records albums

Albums recorded at Capitol Studios


Softly, Softly: Taskforce is a British television drama series. It was produced by the BBC and was screened on BBC 1 and ran from 20 November, 1969 to 15 December, 1976. It is a continuation of the drama series Softly, Softly and starring Stratford Johns, Frank Windsor, Terence Rigby, Norman Bowler, Walter Gotell, Nigel Humphreys, David Lloyd Meredith.

Other websites

1969 television series debuts
1970s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1960s British television series
1970s British drama television series
British crime television series
Police television series
1969 establishments in the United Kingdom
1976 television series endings
English-language television programs

Softly, Softly: Taskforce