Charles Anthony Fried (born April 15, 1935) is an American jurist and lawyer.  He served as United States Solicitor General under President Ronald Reagan from 1985 to 1989. He is a professor at Harvard Law School and has been a visiting professor at Columbia Law School. He also serves on the board of the nonpartisan group, the Campaign Legal Center.

Fried is the author of nine books and over 30 journal articles, and his work has appeared in over a dozen collections.

Early life and education
Fried was born in 1935 in Prague, Czechoslovakia, where his father was an important industrialist and Czech patriot. The Frieds left Czechoslovakia in 1939 to escape Nazi Germany's persecution of Jews, lived in England for almost two years and came to the United States in 1941 via Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He and his parents became United States citizens in 1948, after the Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia.

After graduating from the Lawrenceville School in 1952, Fried attended Princeton University, where he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and received an A.B. in modern languages and literature in 1956 after completing a senior thesis titled "The Phedre of Racine: An Analysis of the Play's Artistry." Fried then attended the University of Oxford, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degree in jurisprudence in 1958 and 1960, respectively, and was awarded the Ordronnaux Prize in Law (1958). In 1960, Fried received his Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree from Columbia Law School, where he was a Stone Scholar. Subsequently, he served as law clerk to United States Supreme Court justice John Marshall Harlan II. In 1961, he began teaching at Harvard Law School.

Legal career
Fried is admitted to the bars of the United States Supreme Court, United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and numerous U.S. courts of appeals. He argued 25 cases in front of the Supreme Court while in the Solicitor General's office. He has served as counsel to a number of major law firms and clients, and in that capacity argued several major cases, perhaps the most important being Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, both in the Supreme Court and in the Ninth Circuit on remand.

Fried's government service includes a year as Special Assistant to the Attorney General of the United States (1984–85) and a consulting relationship to that office (1983), as well as advisory roles with the Department of Transportation (1981–83) and President Ronald Reagan (1982).  In October 1985, Reagan appointed Fried as Solicitor General of the United States. Fried had previously served as Deputy Solicitor General and Acting Solicitor General. As Solicitor General, he represented the Reagan Administration before the Supreme Court in 25 cases. In 1989, when Reagan left office, Fried returned to Harvard Law School.

From September 1995 until June 1999, Fried served as an associate justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, while teaching constitutional law at Harvard Law School as a Distinguished Lecturer. Prior to joining the court, Fried held the chair of Carter Professor of General Jurisprudence at Harvard Law School. On July 1, 1999, he returned to Harvard Law School as a full-time member of the faculty and Beneficial Professor of Law.  He has served on the Harvard Law School faculty since 1961, teaching courses on appellate advocacy, commercial law, constitutional law, contracts, criminal law, federal courts, labor law, torts, legal philosophy, and medical ethics.

Fried has published extensively. He is the author of nine books and over 30 journal articles. His work has also appeared in over a dozen collections. Unusually for a law professor without a graduate degree in philosophy, he has published significant work in moral and political theory only indirectly related to the law; Right and Wrong, for instance is a general statement of a Kantian position in ethics with affinities with the work of Thomas Nagel, John Rawls, and Robert Nozick. On September 27, 2010, he and Gregory Fried discussed their book Because It Is Wrong: Torture, Privacy, and Presidential Power in the Age of Terror at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Fried has been Orgain Lecturer at the University of Texas (1982), Tanner Lecturer on Human Values at Stanford University (1981), and Harris Lecturer on Medical Ethics at the Harvard Medical School (1974–75). He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1971–72. Fried is a member of the National Academy of Sciences's Institute of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Law Institute.

Politics and affiliations

In September 2005, Fried testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee in support of the nomination of John Roberts to become Chief Justice of the United States.  After the nomination of Samuel Alito to the U.S. Supreme Court, Fried praised Alito as an outstanding judge but dismissed claims that Alito is radical, saying, "He is conservative, yes, but he is not radically conservative like Scalia." Fried testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee and wrote a New York Times op-ed in support of Alito, who had served under him in the Solicitor General's office.

On October 24, 2008, despite his previous support for the presidential aspirations of Senator John McCain, Fried announced that he had voted for Senator Barack Obama for President by absentee ballot.  Fried cited McCain's selection of Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin as his running mate as the principal reason for his decision to vote for Obama. As president of the Harvard Law Review in 1990, Obama had published an article Fried wrote criticizing the effects of race-based affirmative action. Fried later told The Wall Street Journal:

I admire Senator McCain and was glad to help in his campaign, and to be listed as doing so; but when I concluded that I must vote for Obama for the reason stated in my letter, I felt it wrong to appear to be recommending to others a vote that I was not prepared to cast myself. So it was more of an erasure than a public affirmation—although obviously my vote meant that I thought that Obama was preferable to McCain-Palin. I do not consider abstention a proper option.

In February 2011, Fried testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee in support of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. When asked by Illinois Senator Richard Durbin to respond to critics of the law's individual mandate who ask: "[I]f the government can require me to buy health insurance, can it require me to have a membership in a gym, or eat vegetables?," Fried replied:

Yes. We hear that quite a lot. It was put by Judge Vinson, and I think it was put by Professor Barnett in terms of eating your vegetables, and for reasons I set out in my testimony, that would be a violation of the 5th and the 14th Amendment, to force you to eat something. But to force you to pay for something? I don't see why not.  It may not be a good idea, but I don't see why it's unconstitutional.

Fried is an adviser to the Harvard chapter of the Federalist Society.

Having supported Jon Huntsman for the Republican nomination in 2012 and John Kasich for the Republican nomination in 2016, Fried opposed the election of Donald Trump and voted for Hillary Clinton. He endorsed Joe Biden's presidential candidacy in 2020.

While working for the Reagan administration Fried argued that the case Roe v. Wade should be overturned in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services. In an op-ed for The New York Times in 2021, Fried said that Roe should not be overturned, believing that 1992 case Planned Parenthood v. Casey put Roe on firmer constitutional grounds.

Works
 Because It Is Wrong: Torture, Privacy and Presidential Power in the Age of Terror, by Charles Fried and Gregory Fried (2010 W.W. Norton)
 Modern Liberty and the Limits of Government (2006) (Trad. esp.: La libertad moderna y los límites del gobierno, Buenos Aires/Madrid, Katz editores S.A, 2009, )
 Saying What the Law Is: The Constitution in the Supreme Court (2004)
 Making Tort Law: What Should Be Done and Who Should Do It (with David Rosenberg) (2003)
 Order and Law: Arguing the Reagan Revolution – A Firsthand Account (1991)
 Contract as Promise: A Theory of Contractual Obligation (2d edition, 2015)
 Right and Wrong (1978)
 Medical Experimentation: Personal Integrity and Social Policy (2d edition, 2016)
 An Anatomy of Values: Problems of Personal and Social Choice (1970)

See also
 Daubert standard
 List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 9)

References

External links
 Solicitor General Biography at U.S. Department of Justice
 Charles Fried faculty page at Harvard Law School
 Video (and audio) of debate/discussion between Charles Fried and Joshua Cohen on Bloggingheads.tv
 Charles Fried and Gregory Fried's discussion of Because It Is Wrong: Torture, Privacy, and Presidential Power in the Age of Terror

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1935 births
20th-century American lawyers
Alumni of the University of Oxford
American legal scholars
American legal writers
Columbia Law School alumni
Czechoslovak emigrants to the United States
Czech Jews
Jewish American writers
Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
Lawrenceville School alumni
Living people
Justices of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
Harvard Law School faculty
Princeton University alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Reagan administration personnel
United States Solicitors General
Members of the National Academy of Medicine

Charles Fried


Cottage cheese is a fresh cheese curd product with a mild flavor. Curd size is the size of the chunks in the cottage cheese. The types of cottage cheese are made with rennet.When cottage cheese is produced, a "dressing"  is added to the curd grains, This makes the production different from that of many  other fresh cheeses. For the "dressing",  cream, is used very often.  This dressing is largely responsible for the taste.

Cottage cheese can be eaten in a variety of different ways: by itself, with fruit and sugar, with salt and pepper, with fruit puree, on toast, with tomatoes, with granola and cinnamon, in salads, as a chip dip, as a replacement for mayonnaise in tuna salad or used as an ingredient in recipes such as  jello salad and many desserts.

The first known use of the term "cottage cheese" dates back to 1831.

References

Cheese

Cottage cheese


Beyond Witch Mountain is a 1982 American science fantasy television film directed by Robert Day. It is a sequel to Escape to Witch Mountain (1975) and is the third installment in the Witch Mountain franchise. While most parts were recast, including Tia and Tony, Eddie Albert returned to play Jason O'Day from the original 1975 film.

Beyond Witch Mountain aired on CBS as an episode (S28 E19) of Walt Disney on February 20, 1982.

While the siblings Tia and Tony are teenagers in the original sequel film Return from Witch Mountain (1978), the characters in Beyond Witch Mountain are younger, closer in age to their depiction in the first film, Escape to Witch Mountain (1975).

Plot
Tia and Tony follow their Uncle Bené as he leaves the Witch Mountain colony. As they catch up to him in the woods, Deranian and Foreman, henchmen of billionaire Aristotle Bolt, shoot tranquilizer darts toward the trio in an attempt to capture the children. Bené reverses the darts in mid-air, and one strikes Foreman as Deranian runs from the scene.

Tia and Tony learn that Bené has left the colony in search of his long-lost grandson. In a vision, Bené discovered that his grandson, Gregory, also a survivor from their lost world, used his telekinetic powers to move a log across a river to save drowning children. Bené first encourages Tia and Tony to return to the safety of Witch Mountain, but they insist that they can help and Bené concedes. Tia, Tony and Bené set up camp in the woods for the night, and they begin to visualize a cabin, which they draw in the dirt with a stick. Bené finally reveals to the children that his time on Earth has come to an end. As he passes away and his body evaporates, he tells the children to go to the cabin to seek help in finding Gregory.

The next morning, Tia ascertains that the cabin belonged to Jason O'Day. They reunite with Jason, who reluctantly agrees to help them find and return Gregory to Witch Mountain, after Tony reveals that Bolt is again pursuing them. The children are also reunited with Winkie, Tia's black cat, who she entrusted to Jason at the end of Escape.

Meanwhile, Bolt, now aware that the children have left their secret colony, sends Deranian to bring Jason to him, in an attempt to lure the children to Bolt. When Jason and the children are briefly separated on a shopping trip, Jason is held up at gunpoint by Deranian and Foreman and forced to drive to Bolt's estate. Winkie leaps out of the window of Jason's camper, and telepathically informs Tia of Jason's plight.

Jason, meanwhile, is drugged by Bolt in an attempt to gain information about the children, and Jason inadvertently reveals that he has been in contact with the children. The children hitchhike their way to Bolt's estate to rescue Jason. Using their telekinetic powers, they cause a commotion inside the home, which allows them the opportunity to escape with Jason. The trio successfully escapes from Bolt in time to retrieve Gregory from a hospital, where he has been under observation. Tia and Tony teach Gregory about their people, and the colony of Witch Mountain, and Gregory happily agrees to be returned to his people, having already had visions of his impending rescue.

Jason brings Tia, Tony and Gregory to the woods near Witch Mountain. The children begin walking towards the colony, but Tony and Tia decide that they should seek out other survivors from their world, and bring them home to Witch Mountain. As Gregory continues on to Witch Mountain, Tia and Tony return to Jason's camper, and Jason agrees to help them in their efforts to retrieve other survivors.

Cast

See also
Escape to Witch Mountain (1975)

References

Bibliography

External links

Witch Mountain films
Witch Mountain (franchise)
1982 films
1982 children's films
1982 fantasy films
1982 science fiction films
1982 television films
1980s American films
1980s children's fantasy films
1980s English-language films
American children's fantasy films
American fantasy television films
American science fantasy films
American science fiction television films
Disney television films
English-language science fantasy films
Films about telekinesis
Films directed by Robert Day
Films scored by George Duning
Television pilots not picked up as a series
Television sequel films
Walt Disney anthology television series episodes

Beyond Witch Mountain


Táin Bó Flidhais, also known as the Mayo Táin, is a tale from the Ulster Cycle of early Irish literature. It is one of a group of works known as Táin Bó, or "cattle raid" stories, the best known of which is Táin Bó Cúailnge. Táin Bó Flidhais survives in two forms, a short version from the Old Irish period and a longer version found in the 15th century Glenmasan manuscript, which is held in the Advocates Library in Edinburgh.  It is believed to be a copy of an earlier manuscript from the 12th century.  The early version of Táin Bó Flidhais predates the Táin Bó Cúailnge. It is named for the heroine of the tale, Flidais.

Historical setting
At the time that these legendary tales relate to (the second half of the Iron Age (approximately AD 50–500) and early Medieval Ireland (approximately 500–800), Ireland was a country divided up into hundreds if not thousands of territories known as tuatha. This tale is likely to relate to incidents around 100 AD before the arrival of people bringing Christian teachings with them. Each tuath had at its head a king. Some kings were higher ranking than others and some, like Medb were the head of an entire province such as Connacht. There was constant battling amongst the kings over territorial boundaries and, as is demonstrated in this story, when one "king triumphed over another, he cut off his victim's head to parade it as a prestigious trophy, proving that he was no longer alive. Terrible things were done to the conquered king's remains by the victorious king. Brehon Laws were the order of the day and armies consisted of both men and women who fought side by side.

At the same time in Ireland, small churches were being built, some being the provenance of just a single monk (usually nowadays referred to as "saints"). The townlands where small religious communities existed are often now known by the name of the 'saint' who founded them – e.g.: Cill Ghallagáin (Church of St. Galligan) or Cill Chomáin.  Some of these small churches grew into religious communities of monks which got larger and more prosperous; others remained small and fairly insignificant. This period was the Golden Age of making illuminated manuscripts and craftworking of relics with gold and silver filigree in the monasteries. Some items, like the Cross of Cong or the Ardagh Chalice can be seen in Irish museums today.

The Early Christian and the tuatha communities existed side by side across the Irish landscape, sometimes in harmony, sometimes not. Often the kings of the tuatha found it advantageous to become patrons of their local religious community as it gave them prestige. The people of the tuatha were usually the extended family of the king. They would have included many generations of relatives and also children of other tuatha who were given "fosterage" by a different tuatha and treated with as much love as if they were the children of the king. This extended family was the army with which the territorial battles were fought between kings.

Táin Bó Flidhais is not as well known as the Táin Bó Cuailnge, but the story it relates is equally as complex and intricate. It includes many of the most important characters of Irish saga literature who appear in many of the cycles of legends from the period. Queen Maedbh, the Queen of Connacht, is one such individual, as are Cú Chulainn and the irresistible hero, Fergus mac Róich.

The story of the Táin Bó Flidhais is set in the province of Connacht in Ireland in the late Iron Age . The royal fort of Cruachan, near Tulsk in Roscommon was the seat of the Queen of Connacht, Maedbh and her husband, King Ailill MacMáta.

Glenmasan manuscript
The most notable addition provided by the Glenmasan manuscript to the Táin Bó Flidhais is the precursor story of the death of the sons of Uisnech. Conchobar mac Nessa sends Fergus mac Róich to bring the sons of Uisnech back from exile in Scotland so that they might help Conchobar 'defend the province of Ulster against every other province in Ireland.' Dierdre has an ill-omened dream that her husband Naisi, son of Uisnech, will be betrayed. Fergus insists he will let no harm come to them. Naisi trusts Fergus and the sons of Uisnech return to Ireland. They arrive at Borrach's fortress, where Fergus is immediately put under a Geas. 'I have a feast for you, Fergus,' said Borrach, 'and it is a tabu of yours to leave a feast until it is ended.' 'You have done ill, Borrach,' said Fergus, 'to put me under prohibitions, seeing that Conchobar made me pledge my word to bring the sons of Uisnech to Emain on the day that they should come to Ireland.' 'I put you under prohibitions,' said Borrach, 'prohibitions that true heroes suffer you not to escape unless you come to consume that feast.'

Fergus was forced to remain with Borrach, and so sent his two sons on to Emain Macha with Naisi and Dierdre. Dierdre has another dream in which she sees all of her companions without their heads. She advises them 'To go to Dundalk where Cú Chulainn is, and remain there until Fergus comes, or go to Emain under Cú Chulainn's safeguard.' Otherwise, 'treachery and ruin will be wrought upon you.' Again her advice is ignored.

Naisi receives a warning from his childhood friend Levarcham. 'It is not well for you, dear children,' said she, 'to have with you that (viz. Deirdre) which he (Conchobar) felt hardest to be taken from him, now that you are in his power. And it is to visit you that I have been sent,' said Levarcham, 'and to see whether her own form and figure remain to Deirdre. And sad to me is the deed that will be done this night in Emain, namely, treachery and guile and breach of faith to be wrought upon you, beloved friends.'

When Conchobar receives word from another warrior that Diedre is indeed still beautiful, Conchobar fights the sons of Uisnech to win back Deirdre. The sons of Fergus take up arms against their king for the honor of their father who pledged to keep Naisin and Dierdre safe. Fergus's son Illann is killed. Fergus forsakes Ulster and defects to Cruachan. From here, the tale continues in a similar manner as the older Irish version, as follows.

Main story
The Táin Bó Flidhais tells the tale of a punitive raid by them on one of the Gamhanraidh tribe who lived in County Mayo, a tribe as well respected in Connacht as the Red Branch Knights were in Ulster. The heroine of the tale is Flidhais Fholtchain ("Flidhais of the lovely soft hair"), a ravishing beauty, a Celtic Artemis, who was married to Oilill Fionn, a king of the Gamhanraidh tribe and the son of a powerful chieftain called Domhnall Dualbhuidhe ("Donal of the yellow locks") who lived at Glencastle in Erris and operated the gates to the Mullet Peninsula. Flidhais and Oilill owned two forts in Co. Mayo, one at Rathmorgan, known as Dún Flidhais, situated at the southern end of Carrowmore Lake in Erris, and another west of Lough Conn near Nephin, known as Dún Átha Féan, further south. The Gamhanraidh tribe, of which Flidhais and Oilill were part, owned large stretches of territory, stretching all the way west of the Shannon from North Mayo as far down as County Clare.

Flidhais and Oilill had a legendary white cow, the Maol, which, it was reputed, gave vast quantities of milk every day – said to be enough milk to satisfy three hundred men together with their women and their children in one milking. They also owned several other enormous herds of cattle and deer. Flidhais and Oilill had four daughters, one of whom was said to be the adulterous lover of the hero Cú Chulainn. Flidhais had a reputation of having a voracious sexual appetite herself and she harboured a lust for the Ulster hero Fergus mac Róich who, having fought with and killed so many tribal chieftains in Ulster, was lying low at Cruachan, the royal rath of Maedbh and Ailill in Roscommon, for his own safety. Fergus had gone to Cruachan after his triumphant bloody battles in Ulster, to gain the shield of the name and fame of Queen Maedbh and her consort, King Ailill mac Máta.

Fergus was a fine figure of a man and it did not take long for the "shameless" Queen Maedbh to fall hopelessly in lust with her equally promiscuous guest. Her consort Ailill, however, observed the daily infidelity and one night, in retaliation, he stole Fergus's enchanted sword from his guest's scabbard and replaced it with a wooden replica.

Treachery of Bricne
There were always many 'guests' from various tribal factions at Cruachan for one reason or another.  At the same time as Fergus was a guest there, there was another guest by the name of Bricne Nimhtheanga of whom it was said "he rejoiced in iniquity as much as in satire". It was he who initiated the battle which became known as the Táin Bó Flidhais.

Flidhais had her precious 'Maol' penned at her fort of Dún Flidhais at Rathmorgan in Erris. She often lived at this fort in Erris while her husband stayed at the fort on Lough Conn.  They had large herds of cattle at both places and this suggests they were very wealthy as ownership of cattle was the main indicator of power and wealth prevailing in the economy at the time.

Bricne Nimhtheanga decided to set off for Dún Flidhais fort in Erris. His plan was to cause trouble. Travellers associated with the Queen of Connacht were treated with great courtesy everywhere they went so when Bricne arrived at Rathmorgan he was courteously welcomed, wined and dined by Flidhais and her entourage who all turned out in their best finery for the occasion. Flidhais had the fort heavily perfumed and decorated with mistletoe and herbs and they wined and dined in great style.

Later everyone was tired and went to sleep apart from Flidhais and Bricne. He sang to Flidhais:
From Cruachan we have come
To Erris in the west of Elga.
In every Dún we passed, we heard
Of Flidhais and her cow,
Flidhais the lady of Oilill,
Dear to me the name of the spouse,
Domhnall Dualbhuidhe's warrior son,
Bounteous the lady who will not forsake me
When we came out of Eamhain
Our quarrel left no slight track
The cause of Fergus whose exploits are many
Brought us in numbers to Cruachain

Flidhais asked Bricne to describe Fergus mac Róich to her. He played up to Flidhais knowing that she had a great knowledge of and interest in Fergus from tales from a long time past when Fergus had been a king in Ulster. Bricne related to Flidhais all the charms of Fergus while also telling her that he never met a better man than Oilill, Flidhais's husband.

The next morning Bricne left Dún Flidhais and set off on the return journey to Cruachan. When he got back, he told Queen Maedbh that Flidhais's fort in Rathmorgan was the most magnificent palace he had ever visited. Fergus heard this and he lusted for Flidhais, making Maedbh a jealous woman. Bricne encouraged disquiet amongst everybody to make as much trouble as possible.

Fergus's lust for Flidhais
Fergus decided he had to meet with Flidhais, this magnificent woman with a reputed sexual prowess to match his own, and he quickly set off to travel to the fort where he would find Flidhais. Oilill heard about Fergus lusting for his wife and he set out from his fort to meet Fergus's entourage. When the two entourages met there was a heated argument. Oilill Fionn bluntly asked Fergus "are you coming here to take my wife?" Fergus admitted that that was his intention.

Battles
They challenged each other to a combat to sort out the matter. First the two chiefs met in hand-to-hand combat, then their supporters joined in the battle. Blood flowed and over 1,000 men were killed.  Fergus drew out his magic sword, but it was only the wooden replica placed there by Ailill, the consort of Queen Maedbh, and his sword failed to give him the special powers Fergus expected it to. Oilill's troops emerged triumphant.  Fergus was captured by the Gamhanraidh and kept at the cells in Dún Flidhais fort, his remaining troops returned to the royal rath at Cruachan, filthy and exhausted.

Back at Cruachan, troops were mustered and Queen Maedbh, angry at the thought of losing her young lover to Flidhais, mustered an army consisting of her tribe and all its supporters and family.  Maedbh's army set out on the predatory incursion to Erris which became known as the Táin Bó Flidhais. They approached from the south defeating all the tribes who challenged them along the way and leaving a trail of blood in their wake. Queen Maedbh's daughter, Red Cainner, was killed by a spear when Maedbh herself ducked to avoid being struck, and this gave her great sadness and remorse. Her lamentation:

Dig ye the grave of Cainner lying here on the mound, slain
Fermenn, son of Dara Dearg, threw the spear, which caused her death.
Red Cainner, daughter of Ailill and Maedbh.
She is the victim at the mound of the shade.
The darling of the warriors of Enian.
The spouse of Lughaid Mac Conroc.
During seven short days of delight and valour.
Raise her pillar above her grave stone.
Dig ye her grave

After the burial the army continued on their way and eventually reached Carrowmore Lake and the fort at Rathmorgan.

Oilill and Flidhais were both there at the fort waiting for the arrival of Queen Maedbh's army.  Fergus MacRoigh was being held as a prisoner and had been trussed up and put on display in sight of the exasperated lovelorn Queen Maedbh.

Oilill found himself surrounded by the troops of Queen Maedbh and called on all his support of the Gamhanraidh tribes to defy the oncoming army.

Treachery

Dressed in regal splendour and presenting a magnificent sight, Queen Maedbh offered the leaders of Oilill's army the kingship of the Gamhanraidh and permanent quarters at her royal rath at Cruachan if they fought on her side.  To a man, they accepted her bribes and deserted Oilill's army.

Single handed combat followed between the troops of Queen Maedbh and the Gamhanraidh. Despite their losses, the Erris warriors won most of the combats and Maedbh was devastated once again when three of her closest fosterlings lost their lives.

Oilill and his entire household, except for Flidhais, went up the ramparts of the fortress at Rathmorgan to monitor the situation below, leaving Fergus and the other prisoners alone with Flidhais in the fort.  During this time Fergus and Flidhais hatched a treacherous plot so that they could be together.  When Oilill returned, Flidhais gave him a strong drink and she continued to ply him with drink until he was well and truly intoxicated.  When he was lying unconscious, Flidhais sent a message to Maedbh's troops to launch an attack on the fort.  Oilill was unable to defend the fort and the prisoners inside the fort were released.

Once Fergus had his freedom, he was determined to get his own back on Oilill for his ill-treatment while he had been held prisoner.  A bloody battle ensued and eventually Oilill and his remaining troops retreated behind the walls of the Rathmorgan fort.  His Gamhanriadh army now numbered only 97 individuals.

The treachery of Chiortán from Dún Chiortáin
As morning dawned, the troops mustered again and the Gamhanriadh decided to make a break for Trá Chinn Chiortain, close to Inver on the east shore of Broadhaven Bay, in Kilcommon.  The chieftain of the peninsula, Ciortán, from Dún Chiortáin in Glengad, assured Oilill that he would have his swiftest ship ready and waiting to take them safely out to sea away from the Cruachan invaders.

When Queen Maedbh's troops discovered the fort at Dún Flidhais deserted, they pursued their prey up the shores of Carrowmore Lake into Inver and Ciortán's waiting boat.  However, when Chiortain saw them coming he pulled his boat out of the harbour, leaving Oilill stranded on the shoreline.  Oilill had forgotten that Chiortain still held a grudge against him for seducing his wife some time previously.  Despite the pleas of Oilill for Chiortan to help him, Chiortan refused to come back into the shore and took his boat out further into Broadhaven Bay, The furious Oilill placed a large rock into his slingshot and fired it at Chiortain's boat.  The deadly aim struck Chiortain in the neck and such was the force that his head was severed from his body and the boat, Chiortain and his crew sunk to the bottom of Broadhaven Bay.  The bay between Barnatra and Inver is known as Trá Chiortáin to this day.  The Queen's army caught Oilill at Log na Fola, (the bloody hollow) leading to the following "rann":
May you have wet arses
Munster scum, evil rogues,
Without benefit of sun,
Or bee or flower,
In a lonely hollow,
Without cerements in misery,
May the hordes of hell follow you
Round and round forever and forever

Oilill died like a prince it was reported.  His head was cut off by a triumphant Fergus and was impaled on a lance and brought back to the fort at Rathmorgan to prove to Flidhais that she was now a free woman.  Fergus presented her husband's severed head as a courtship present to Flidhais.  However, Flidhais was overcome with guilt as she looked in Oilill's unblinking all-knowing eyes and she was horrified at what had happened to her husband.  She burst into tears and demanded his body be brought back to their fort. The troops retrieved Oilill's body and when Flidhais looked at his body, gashed all over and covered in blood, she was again filled with such remorse she began to recount his every worthy action during his lifetime.  Tradition maintains that Oilill is buried just north of Inver in a tumulus which is marked on today's maps as a 'mound'.

Maedbh's army then set about wreaking havoc on the Rathmorgan fort in retaliation for the death of several of Maedbh's children. When the fort was reduced to ruins, the army set off eastwards back to Cruachan.  Domhnall, in his fort at Glencastle was devastated to hear of the death of his son.  Fergus carried off both Flidhais and her Maol cow and anything else that was of value from Dún Flidhais fort and also her great herds of cattle and deer.

Maol
Fergus tried to get the 'Maol' cow to rise and walk but she refused to get up.  His men believed that the Maol was in grief and sorrow due to the death of her Master.  Fergus lost his temper then and prodded the Maol with his sword.  When she still refused to get up, he beat her nine rhythmic blows across her back.  She bellowed and lowed so loudly that her agonies could be heard for many miles around.  Still the cow did not get up on her feet.  Bricne came then and said that he could make the 'Maol' get up if he got enough gifts and payment in return for that favour.  Fergus agreed to that and the Maol rose to her feet and led the captured herds away from Erris on the long journey towards Cruachan.

Attack of the wolfhounds

Queen Maedbdh's army had set off in the same direction towards Barrooskey but to their surprise they met opposition from small bands of the Gamhanraidh tribes who popped out of every crevice along the way, attacking the retreating troops trying to return to Cruachan.  There were so many of these attacks that while the army was still in the Glenamoy hills, the melee turned into a full-scale battle again.  The indomitable Gamhanraidh made a grotesque pile of Irish warrior heads on the ground.  At this stage, Domhnall from Glencastle arrived on the scene again with a new army which consisted of vicious wolfhounds.  Their handlers released the dogs and they tore into Maedbh's army, tearing the soldiers limb from limb. Then Fergus came in face-to-face combat with Domhnall Duabhuidhe and he died at Glenamoy by the sword of Fergus.  More troops to support the Gamhanraidh were coming to the scene from Croagh Patrick.  After the death of his grandfather, Muireadhach, known as Muireadhach the Stutterer, became the leader of the Gamhanraidh and continued the attack on Maedbdh's troops until he recovered Flidhais and her Maol.  Some versions relate that Muireadhach later married Flidhais, others that she lived out the rest of her life in obscurity.

Despite being faced with dangers along the entire route of their journey, the battle-weary Maedbh along with Ailill and Fergus finally made it back to Cruachan and that was the end of the tale of the Táin Bó Flidhais.

The Mayo Táin
The tale of Táin Bó Flidhais is also known as 'The Mayo Táin' and there are several local versions with minor differences in the story.

In local versions, Flidhais is known as Munhin and Domhnall Dualbhuidhe from Dún Domhnall fort in Glencastle takes the place of Oilill Fionn, being Flidhais's lover, rather than her lover's father.  In one of the most common versions, the fort of Dún Domhnall in Glencastle is taken by a surprise attack and the forts of Dún Chiortain and Dún Chaochain, the two main promontories in Kilcommon parish, also fall to the raiders.  Munhin watching the ensuing battles from a distance is most impressed by the leader of the invading army, none other than Fergus.  She requested that a truce be called and Domhnall invited his enemy, Fergus, to enjoy the hospitalities of his fort, Dún Domhnall at Glencastle. It is alleged that Fergus was such a magnificent manly specimen that no woman could look on him without desiring him.  In comparison with her husband, whose body was scarred with battle scars, the young Fergus was like a God who women found irresistible.  Munhin found the young stud an exciting bedmate and he found that she was like nine women to him.  Domhnall had an enchanted sword which gave him his strength and which he carried everywhere with him.  An enchantress had the secret to the sword.   Munhin's lust for Fergus grew by the day and his for her.  One night they appealed to the enchantress by the use of a magic spell.  The enchantress saw the passion they had for one another and she imparted the secret of wresting the sword away from Domhnall.  At this, a thunderclap shook the glen and Munhin was afraid for what she had done.

A few days later, Fergus said he was leaving the Dún at Glencastle and himself and Domhnall drank a lot of liquor.  Domhnall fell asleep he drank so much.  Munhin cut his sword off using the secret magic from the enchantress.  Fergus took the sword and with one fell swoop he cut off Domhnall's head.  The next morning, Fergus's flag flew over Dún Domhnall's fort.  Fergus and Munhin then lived together as man and wife.  One day Fergus received a call to return to the fort at Cruachan in the middle of Ireland.  Munhin insisted on going on the trip with him.  They set off on a black steed in torrential rain.  They reached the small river which joins the Owenmore River leading from Carrowmore Lake which was in flood and they had to ford the river across one small stick.  As they crossed the river, Fergus, fearing that Munhin would be as faithless to him as she had been to her former husband, gave her a push and she fell into the flooded waters.  She flailed wildly but failed to be able to save herself and she was drowned.  The river has ever since been known as the Munhin River.  Following the murderous attack, Fergus continued on his way but at Barrooskey (a remote townland near Glenamoy in the east of Kilcommon parish in the Barony of Erris).

See also
Brian Rua U'Cearbhain
Táin Bó

External links
 Táin Bó Flidhais (audio)—excerpt read by author and historian Stephen Dunford.
 The Glenmasan Manuscript - Donald McKinnon (1904–1907), Translation of the Táin Bó Flidais from Scots Gaelic into English. Celtic Review, Volumes 1(1), 1(2) 1(3), 2(4), 2(5), 2(6), 2(7), 2(8), 3(9), 3(10), 3(11), 3(12) 4(13), 4(14), 4(15)
 English translation of the Glenmasan Manuscript

References

Kings of Connacht
Ulster Cycle
Royal sites of Ireland
Narratives of the Ulster Cycle
Medieval literature
Early Irish literature
Texts in Irish
Irish-language literature

Táin Bó Flidhais


Amy Johnson CBE, (1 Julie 1903 – 5 Januar 1941)  wis a pioneerin Inglish aviatrix.  Flyin solo or wi her husband, Jim Mollison, Johnson set numerous lang-distance records durin the 1930s. Johnson flew in the Seicont Warld War as a pairt o the Air Transport Auxiliary whaur she dee'd durin a ferry flight.

Inglis fowk
1903 births
1941 daiths

Amy Johnson


Gentle Offoin (born 19 August 1973) is a Nigerian former swimmer, who specialized in sprint freestyle events. He held a Nigerian record in the 100 m freestyle, and later represented Nigeria at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Offoin competed only in the men's 100 m freestyle at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. He received a Universality place from FINA, in an entry time of 53.08. He challenged seven other swimmers in heat three, including Trinidad and Tobago's 16-year-old George Bovell and Seychelles' three-time Olympian Kenny Roberts. He cleared a 53-second barrier, and established a Nigerian record of 52.91 to race for a sixth seed, finishing behind Bovell by a hundredth of a second (0.01). Offoin failed to advance into the semifinals, as he placed sixtieth overall in the prelims.

References

1973 births
Living people
Nigerian male freestyle swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Nigeria
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics

Gentle Offoin


James Grifing Lucas (June 24, 1915 – July 22, 1971) was a war correspondent for Scripps-Howard Newspapers who won a 1954 Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting "for his notable front-line human interest reporting of the Korean War, the cease-fire and the prisoner-of-war exchanges, climaxing 26 months of distinguished service as a war correspondent."  He also reported on the Vietnam War and wrote a book about his experiences, Dateline: Vietnam.

Born in Checotah, Oklahoma, the son of Jim Bob Lucas, Jr. and Effie Lincoln Griffing, he began his journalism career as the editor of his high school newspaper. Lucas attended the University of Missouri before going to work for the Muskogee Phoenix  as a feature writer. He also worked in broadcasting for KBIX in Muskogee and for the Tulsa Tribune. During World War II, Lucas became a combat correspondent with the Marines, and began his association with Scripps-Howard before the end of the war. At the Battle of Tarawa, he was listed as killed in action for three days. For Lucas' vivid descriptions of that battle, he was awarded the 1943 National Headliners Award.

He was the first recipient of the Ernie Pyle Memorial Award, and the first person to receive it twice: first for his 1953 reporting on the Korean War, and again for his 1964 reporting on the Vietnam War. Lucas also was awarded a Bronze Star and a Presidential Unit Citation for his Marine service. The Virginia Chapter of the United States Marine Corps Combat Correspondents Association is named the Jim G. Lucas Chapter.

He remained single all his life and died of abdominal cancer in Washington, DC.

References

1915 births
1971 deaths
People from Checotah, Oklahoma
American male journalists
Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting winners
E. W. Scripps Company people
20th-century American journalists
Ernie Pyle Award winners
Deaths from stomach cancer
Deaths from cancer in Washington, D.C.
American war correspondents of World War II

Jim G. Lucas


Carol Day was a British soap opera comic strip, created by David Wright and Peter Meriton, and published from September 10, 1956 to May 25, 1967.

History and concept

Carol Day was published in The Daily Mail and syndicated in around 70 newspapers around the world. It featured the every-day adventures of a young blonde model, Carol Day. She had a wealthy uncle in the Caribbean, Marcus, who serves as her guardian and help.
David Wright drew the stories, while Peter Meriton provided the scripts.

Cast

 Carol Day: A young female model.

Family members
 Marcus Axel: Carol's uncle and guardian. He collects African art.
 Richard Axel: Carol's uncle, who owns the Caribbean island Gabriela.
 Cousin Hugo: Carol's cousin who is the black sheep of the family. He is an associate of con-man Vernon Flowers and always begs for money when he is at Carol's place.

Friends
 Michael Fletcher: A photographer and first fiancé of Carol.
 Joe Wilson: Australian photographer and Carol's second fiancé.
 Charles Logan: A friend of Carol whom she fancies.
 Mark Lovell: A jazz musician. Brother of Nora Lovell.
 Nora Lovell: Carol's schoolmate and early roommate in London. Sister of Mark Lovell.
 Max Kessell: Mark Lovell's roommate and fellow musician.
 Adam Boone: A friend of Carol who is a reclusive sculptor.
 Clive Ellis: An artist and friend of Carol.
 Jack Slingsby: An artist and friend of Carol.
 Angela Logan: A friend of Carol who is a model.
 Baines: Butler of Marcus Axel. Carol often takes him in confidence.
 Humphrey Patcham
 Oswald Patcham: Son of Humphrey Patcham, who develops a crush on Carol.
 Vernon Flowers: A con-man and a criminal who is a bad influence on Carol's cousin Hugo.

Side characters
 Arnold Tracy: An older man who tries to make Carol love him.
 Reverend William Evans: A vicar in Marcus Axel's village.
 Commander Black: A retired commander and good friend of Uncle Marcus. He is the father of Edward Black.
 Edward Black: Son of Commander Black. He is a spoiled man.
 Captain Riker: Friend of the Patcham who keeps over Oswald.
 Paul Egan: Head of a fashion house and Carol's main employer.
 June Egan: Wife of Paul Egan.
 Jennifer Egan: Daughter of Paul Egan.
 Gillian Vane: Assistant of Paul Egan
 Henry Dietz: Owns a small Caribbean island.
 Ian Carr: Sent down from Oxford in disgrace, stays with his mother Anne.
 Peter Castle: Playwright and friend of Paul Egan.
 Tim Privett: Friend of Uncle Richard.
 Doctor Gomez: A black doctor who lives on the Caribbean island Gabriela.
 Sarah: Uncle Richard's black housekeeper.
 Joe Wilson
 Simon Ware: An assistant of Joe Wilson who suffers from mental problems. He develops an obsession with Carol.

Sources

British comic strips
1956 comics debuts
1967 comics endings
Day, Carol
Drama comics
Romance comics
Day, Carol
Day, Carol
Day, Carol
Day, Carol
Caribbean in fiction

Carol Day


Dinosaur Train is an American-Canadian-Singaporean Computer animated television series. The show was created by the same creator, Craig Bartlett, who created the Nickelodeon show Hey Arnold!. It aired on PBS Kids from September 7, 2009 until June 15, 2020.

Main cast
 Phillip Corlett as Buddy Tyrannosaurus (seasons 1-2)
 Sean Thomas as Buddy Tyrannosaurus (season 3)
 Dayton Wall as Buddy Tyrannosaurus (season 4)
 Chance Hurstfield as Buddy Tyrannosaurus (season 5)
 Claire Corlett as Tiny Pteranodon, Polly Polycotylus
 Ian James Corlett as Mr. Conductor, Adam Adocus, Alan Alamosaurus, Elliott Enantiornithine (in "Now with Feathers!"), Morris Stegosaurus, Mr. Argentinosaurus, Mr. Daspletosaurus, Mr. Elasmosaurus, Quentin Qianzhousaurus, Stuart Stygimoloch, Travis Troodon, Triceratops, Troodon Official, Vincent Velociraptor, Teddy Pterodaustro, Frankie Fruitafossor, Troodon Waiter
 Erika-Shaye Gair as Shiny Pteranodon, Annie Tyrannosaurus, Cory Corythosaurus
 Ellen Kennedy as Mrs. Pteranodon, Mrs. Einiosaurus, Mrs. Elasmosaurus, Grandma Pteranodon
 Alexander Matthew Marr as Don Pteranodon (seasons 1-3), Tank Triceratops
 Laura Marr as Don Pteranodon (seasons 4-5), Quincy Quetzalcoatlus
 Colin Murdock as Mr. Pteranodon, Announcer, Elliott Enantiornithine, Hank Ankylosaurus, Ralph Einiosaurus, Station Master, Stuart Styracosaurus, Ziggy Zhejiangopterus, Carson Carcharodontosaurus, Grandpa Pteranodon, Gary Goniopholis

Broadcast
The show is set on PBS Kids in the US and TVOKids in Canada, On 2012, The International Singaporean Media Athority sold this show to PBS stations, In 2014, The show is also broadcast on Netflix.

Other
The show is also set on DSN in the United States but defunct, On 2019, their show premiered on Disney Channel in Singapore.

2009 American television series debuts
2000s American animated television series
2010s American animated television series
2020 American television series endings

PBS Kids shows.

Dinosaur Train


Fritz Schumacher (4 November 1869 – 5 November 1947) was a German architect and urban designer.

Biography
Schumacher was born into a diplomatic family in Bremen in 1869. The family Schumacher has been living there since 15th century.

He spent his childhood in Bogotá, Colombia (1872–74) and in New York (1875–83). After studying in Munich and Berlin, in 1901 Schumacher became a professor for interior design at the technical university in Dresden.  He constructed many municipal buildings there, often with former student and architectural sculptor Richard Kuöhl.

1908, age 39, he accepted an offer as building director for the city of Hamburg, and took up that post in 1909. His designs for the buildings in Hamburg included the Museum für Hamburgische Geschichte and the Staatliche Gewerbeschule Hamburg. These designs till his retirement in 1933 changed the face of the city towards the art and architecture movement of Neue Sachlichkeit and gave an emphasis on the local building material of "brick". The legacy of his achievements are still visible in many districts of Hamburg today, and very often base for the city's current urban design issues. Schumacher died in 1947 in a hospital in Hamburg.

List of works
See List of works by Fritz Schumacher

References

External links

Fritz-Schumacher-Gesellschaft website
Fritz-Schumacher-Institut Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg
picture of Schumacher buildings in Hamburg bildarchiv-hamburg.de
Fritz Schumacher. 1869 - 1947 architekten-portrait.de
Fritz-Schumacher-Preise (PDF, 106 kB)
last picture (Gertrud Lerbs-Bernecker) art-on-paper.ch

1869 births
1947 deaths
20th-century German architects
Urban designers
Architects from Hamburg

Fritz Schumacher (architect)


Esmond Cecil Harmsworth, 2nd Viscount Rothermere (29 May 1898 – 12 July 1978) was a British Conservative politician and press magnate.

Early life
Harmsworth was the third son of Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere, who had founded the Daily Mail in partnership with his brother Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe. He was educated at Eton College and commissioned into the Royal Marine Artillery in World War I. His two older brothers were both killed in action. Esmond served as aide-de-camp to the prime minister at the Paris Peace Conference. In 1919, he was elected as a Unionist Member of Parliament for the Isle of Thanet, one of the youngest MPs ever. He served until 1929.

Press career
After 1922, the Daily Mail and General Trust company was created to control the newspapers that Lord Rothermere retained after Lord Northcliffe's death (The Times, for example, was sold).  As his father dabbled in association with the Nazis and a flirtation with becoming King of Hungary, it fell to Harmsworth to manage the businesses.  His father retired as chairman of Associated Newspapers in 1932 at the age of 64, and Harmsworth took over that role. He served as chairman until 1971, after which he assumed the titles of president and director of group finance, and chairman of Daily Mail & General Trust Ltd, the parent company, from 1938 until his death.

Harmsworth also had a significant impact on the development of Memorial University of Newfoundland (the family has had a long-standing interest in Newfoundland, having built a paper mill in Grand Falls before the outbreak of the First World War). The University's first residence in Paton College, known as Rothermere House, is named after the Viscount. Harmsworth was the first Chancellor of Memorial University and the benefactor who provided the funds to construct Rothermere House.

Personal life and death
Lord Rothermere succeeded his father in the viscountcy in 1940. He married three times and had four children. His first marriage was to Margaret Hunnam Redhead, daughter of William Lancelot Redhead, on 12 January 1920 (divorced 1938). They had three children:

 Lorna Peggy Vyvyan Harmsworth (1920–2014) who married Neill Cooper-Key MP (1907–1981), and had issue two sons and two daughters; her younger and only surviving son was the first husband of Lady Mary-Gaye Curzon (mother by later marriages of actress Isabella Calthorpe and society beauty Cressida Bonas).
 Esmé Mary Gabrielle Harmsworth (1922–2011) who married Rowland Baring, 3rd Earl of Cromer, and had issue two sons and one daughter by her first marriage.
 Vere Harmsworth, 3rd Viscount Rothermere (1925–1998)

He married, secondly, Ann Geraldine Mary Charteris, widow of Shane Edward Robert O'Neill, 3rd Baron O'Neill, who was killed in action in 1944 in Italy.  She was the daughter of Captain Guy Lawrence Charteris and Frances Lucy Tennant and granddaughter of Hugo Richard Charteris, 11th Earl of Wemyss. They married on 28 June 1945 and divorced in 1952. Ann Charteris then married the writer Ian Fleming in 1952.

Lord Rothermere married, thirdly, Mary Murchison, daughter of Kenneth Murchison, on 28 March 1966, by whom he had a second son:

 Esmond Vyvyan Harmsworth (b. 1967), who moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1993.

Lord Rothermere died on 12 July 1978, aged 80, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Vere Harmsworth.

References

External links

1898 births
1978 deaths
Rothermere, Esmond Harmsworth, 2nd Viscount
Esmond
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Canadian university and college chancellors
Royal Marines officers
People educated at Eton College
2
UK MPs 1918–1922
UK MPs 1922–1923
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
Rothermere, V2

Esmond Harmsworth, 2nd Viscount Rothermere


Kwon Sang-woo (in Korean: 권상우, Kweon Sang-u; born August 5, 1976) is a South Korean actor. He rose to stardom in 2003 with the romantic comedy film My Tutor Friend and the melodrama series Stairway to Heaven.

Career
Kwon Sang-woo, the most visible example of the so-called mom-zzang (slang for "great body") movement, started his career as a fashion model in the late 1990s. His first acting experience was in the TV drama Delicious Proposal, and for the first few years of his entertainment career, he received only minor roles on television, before making his big-screen debut in the martial arts film Volcano High (2001). The following year, he played his first lead role in the comedy Make It Big (2002) together with real-life best friend Song Seung-heon.

Kwon's breakthrough came in 2003 with the phenomenally successful romantic comedy My Tutor Friend, as a troublesome high school boy who is tutored by a college student of the same age (played by actress Kim Ha-neul). This was followed by appearances in My Good Partner, the world's first movie made for mobile phones, and the music video collection Project X.

His next film released in early 2004 was also a hit. Once Upon a Time in High School portrayed the authoritarian society of the 1970s through a notoriously violent high school. Simultaneously, Kwon's TV tearjerker Stairway to Heaven was winning high ratings over 40%. The drama eventually screened throughout Asia and helped to turn him into a regional star.

However, Kwon's follow-up film Love, So Divine, about a priest in training who falls in love, earned poor reviews and did not get much attention from audiences.

For 2006, Kwon starred in the big-budget action noir Running Wild, about a detective, a prosecutor, and a criminal who are all equally vicious. Running Wild received satisfactory reviews, but disappointing returns, and Kwon's next film Almost Love, a romantic comedy reteaming him with Kim Ha-neul, likewise failed to replicate the success of their previous film.

Thus began Kwon's career slump, as the films Fate and More Than Blue flopped in the box office, and his small-screen projects Sad Love Story, Bad Love, and Cinderella Man received low ratings.

Things took a turn for the better in 2010 with the box-office success of Korean War film 71: Into the Fire which Kwon reportedly did not hesitate to take on, though he again portrayed a high school student. His drama Daemul about Korea's first female president (played by Go Hyun-jung) was also very popular during its run, staying atop TV charts for 11 weeks straight and ending with viewership ratings around 26%.

In the 2011 melodrama Pained, Kwon played a man with analgesia, the inability to sense physical pain, who then falls in love with a woman suffering from hemophilia. Based on an original story by webcomic artist Kang Full, Pained was directed by Kwak Kyung-taek in a departure from his previous macho movies. Kwak said, "The production company told me Kwon Sang-woo was contemplating the part, and I said I would do it only if Kwon does. There was nobody else."

Looking to expand his acting career to a wider audience in Asia, in 2012 Kwon starred in movies with Chinese superstars Cecilia Cheung (romantic comedy Shadows of Love, previously known as Repeat, I Love You) and Jackie Chan (action film CZ12). He also made his singing debut in a DVD released in Japan in 2010. Cast as the male lead in a Chinese TV series titled Feng Hua Xue Yue (Wind Flower Snow Moon), Kwon's role was an Asian-American Broadway producer who comes back to China to stage a musical production in Yunnan Province and falls in love with the leading lady of his stage musical.

He next starred opposite Soo Ae in Yawang (also known as Queen of Ambition), which was adapted from the third installment of manhwa artist Park In-kwon's 21-part saga Daemul (the 2010 SBS TV series of the same name that also starred Kwon was adapted from the comic's second book).

Kwon was cast in his first medical drama in 2013, Medical Top Team from the director of Moon Embracing the Sun and the writer of Brain. He played a straightforward yet warm-hearted genius surgeon. In 2014, he reunited with Stairway to Heaven costar Choi Ji-woo in Temptation, about a married, debt-ridden businessman who agrees to a deal with a female CEO in exchange for her "ownership" of his body.

He next played the owner of an internet startup company in Honey Enemy, a 2015 Chinese romance film opposite Zhang Yuqi that filmed in Jeju Island and Shanghai. Kwon then starred in comedy film The Accidental Detective which revolves around a misfit comic book rental shop owner who becomes involved in a murder case.

In 2016, Kwon starred alongside Choi Kang-hee in the crime comedy drama, Queen of Mystery. Kwon reprised his role in the second season of the show, which aired in 2018.

In 2018, Kwon starred in crime comedy The Accidental Detective 2: In Action. He was also cast in the romantic comedy film Shall We Do It Again.

Kwon has said in an interview, "I hope I'm remembered as an actor whose work the audience looks forward to rather than an actor who acts well."

Business interests
In 2009 Kwon established the cosmetics firm Natural Tears, of which he is the owner and CEO, as well as the inaugural advertising model for the brand TEARS. It was named after his nickname "Mr. Tears", given to him by fans in recognition of his tear-jerking acting in Stairway to Heaven.

He also opened the cafe Tea'Us in Myeong-dong, and is the biggest shareholder of the resort Ocean Blue Hotel Bali. The property Kwon owns in Bundang-gu was appraised at an estimated worth of .

Personal life
Unlike many Korean male stars who had to fulfill their mandatory military service at the height of their careers, Kwon completed his military service long before he became an actor.

Kwon's mother is a Roman Catholic, and he himself converted after filming Love, So Divine in which he played as a seminarian. His confirmation name is Francisco.

Kwon married actress and former Miss Korea Son Tae-young at the Shilla Hotel on September 28, 2008. On February 6, 2009, his wife gave birth to a baby boy, christened as Luke (nicknamed Rookie). Their second child, a daughter, was born on January 10, 2015.

Controversy
In 2006 Kwon filed a complaint against Kim Tae-chon, the godfather of Beomseobangpa (one of Korea's three major criminal gangs), for threatening him when the actor failed to keep his promise to hold a fan meeting in Japan. Kwon and the defendant eventually came to a settlement, but prosecutors continued investigations into possible ties between kkangpae and the Japanese Yakuza and Chinese crime syndicates that are looking to cash in on the Korean Wave entertainment business.

There was fan backlash to his 2008 marriage due to his wife's previous dating history. In an appearance on talk show Golden Fishery hosted by Kang Ho-dong in 2009, Kwon said, "After I got married, membership in my fan cafe dwindled from 240,000 to 135,000 - it was like a stock market crash." He also said that before he got married, he had an average of seven TV commercials per year, but by early 2009 that number had dwindled down to zero.

In the early hours of June 12, 2010, Kwon was involved in a car accident in Gangnam District. According to news reports, Kwon was driving on the wrong side of the road and hit a parked car. He then ran into the police car that had pursued him, continued driving and hit a tree before fleeing the scene on foot. Two days later, he turned himself in at Gangnam Police Station, claiming he had not been drunk. Kwon later made a public apology through a handwritten letter, and was fined  by a Seoul district court.

Filmography

Film

Television series

Web series

Television shows

Music video

Ambassadorship
Seoul Public Relations Ambassador for 2023 S/S Seoul Fashion Week (2022)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
Hannam University alumni
People from Daejeon
21st-century South Korean male actors
South Korean male film actors
South Korean male models
South Korean male television actors
South Korean Roman Catholics
Best New Actor Paeksang Arts Award (film) winners

Kwon Sang-woo


David Boshier-Jones is a British racing driver, whose career ran from 1952 until his retirement in 1961. He competed both in circuit racing (Formula Three) and in hillclimbs, achieving success in both disciplines but particularly on the hills, where he claimed three successive British Hill Climb Championships, in 1958, 1959 and 1960.

Boshier-Jones at first drove a Kieft, but later progressed to a Cooper-JAP. It was with this car, fitted with an 1100cc twin-cylinder engine, that he won all three of his hillclimb titles.

David's two brothers, Peter and Anthony, also competed in motorsport.

Notes

British hillclimb drivers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

David Boshier-Jones


Bishopstone (also known as BIP) is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Seaford, in the Lewes district, in the county of East Sussex, England. Bishopstone Village has a population of about 200 people, including the nearby hamlet of Norton. It is located on a no-through country lane west of the town of Seaford, in the South Downs National Park.

History

Bishopstone was an episcopal manor, hence its name meaning "dwelling place of the bishop". The church, dedicated to Saint Andrew, is thought to date from the 8th century, and may well be the oldest in the county. Bishopstone church has an ancient canonical sundial above its porch. The sundial is inscribed with the name Eadric, probably Eadric of Kent, the King of Kent in 685/6. The church was rebuilt in 1200.

Bishopstone village hall is part of the village life and has local events, it is also the venue for the local table tennis club and is located behind the church. There are no shops or pubs in the village.

In 1931 the parish had a population of 409. On 1 April 1934, the parish was abolished and merged with East Blatchington, Newhaven and South Heighton.

Notable residents
In the 7th century the village is believed to have been the home of a saint, Leofwynn; she was venerated locally in the Dark Ages and medieval times.

The poet James Hurdis was born in the village and there is a memorial to him in the church. The writer and "clairvoyante" Nell St. John Montague is buried in Bishopstone, and her name is included on a memorial for the war dead (she died in London during a bombing in World War II).

Transportation
Bishopstone is served by Bishopstone railway station, which replaced the original station, Bishopstone Beach Halt in 1942. Bishopstone station was built in 1938 in a distinctive red-brick Charles Holden based Art Deco style, a house style common to the Southern Railway at the time. An integrated pill box was added later above the roof early in World War 2 because of the defensive coverage it gave over the nearby bay and beaches. From Bishopstone railway station there is a regular train service eastwards to Seaford, and north-westwards to Lewes, Brighton, Gatwick, and London.

See also

 Tide Mills

References

External links
St Andrews church

Villages in East Sussex
Former civil parishes in East Sussex
Seaford, East Sussex

Bishopstone, East Sussex


The North River Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary, owned by the Massachusetts Audubon Society, located on the North River in the town of Marshfield, Massachusetts. The sanctuary contains  of mixed cultural grasslands, red maple swamps, oak-pine woodland, and access to the river. The North River Wildlife Sanctuary came to Mass Audubon as a gift of the Killam and Rodgers families in 1977.

Natural history
The North River Wildlife sanctuary has two major sections, marked by the Woodland Loop trails and the River Loop trails.

The dominant trees of the Woodland Loop are members of the black oak family, towering white pines and American beech. The under story has American holly, highbush blueberry, sweet pepperbush and, along the Hannah Eames Brook, American hornbeam or "musclewood" trees. In warmer weather approximately fifteen species of ferns can be seen along the Woodland Loop. There is a witch-hazel grove at the intersection of the Woodland Loop and the Hannah Eames Brook Trail.

The open field of the River Loop trail system sloping down to the North River valley is managed as a hayfield, as it was during prior centuries. This ecological management plan is keeping this cultural grassland, a vanishing habitat in the east, open in Massachusetts. The red maple swamp off the main field shows signs of use during the North River's shipbuilding heyday (1690–1870), specifically multiple mature shoots sprouting from a single ancient tree trunk. Early shipbuilders found the combination of easy access to the sea, thick virgin forests and access to iron ore in bogs upriver as advantageous for their needs.

A confined growth of small trees at the top of the open field stands where a barn once stood, representative of the successional growth that would take place throughout the field if it were not managed as it currently is.

The lower loop of the River Loop winds through wetlands that include skunk cabbage and several species of ferns before emerging onto the platform above the saltmarsh grasses of the North River basin.

Trails
There are more than a mile of trails at the North River Wildlife Sanctuary.

Woodland Loop – The longest of the trails on the North River Wildlife Sanctuary, the Woodland Loop winds through an oak-pine forest of the type routinely found in the northeastern section of the United States. A spur trail, the Hannah Eames Brook Trail, leads off the Woodland Loop.

Hannah Eames Brook Trail – This short trail leads directly from the Woodland Loop to the banks of Hannah Eames Brook, ending on a wooden boardwalk.

River Loop – The River Loop circles a stonewall-encircled grassland, sloping down into the North River valley. Two smaller trails, the Red Maple Loop and an unnamed extension of the River Loop, lead off the main trail. The extension leads to a platform overlooking the North River.

Red Maple Loop – This short trail branches off and reconnects to the River Loop, traveling through a red maple swamp.

Access
The trails of the North River Wildlife Sanctuary are open from sunrise to sunset throughout the year. A small fee is charged for access. Mass Audubon members can access the trails for free. The Mass Audubon South Shore Sanctuaries staff runs regular nature programming at the site year round.

Sanctuary History
The North River and its valley provided an important travel route, agricultural area and shipbuilding center well into the late 19th century. The river basin was used by Native Americans and then by colonists as the area was settled by Europeans during the 17th century. The land that makes up the North River Wildlife Sanctuary changed hands many times during the first three centuries of settlement.

Settler Amos Rogers received a land grant in 1702 that included the Riverside Farm site. He married Rachel Wales, the daughter of the Rev. Atherton Wales, in 1737. They had a daughter, Rachel Rogers, in 1738, and later a son, Atherton Wales Rogers.

Rachel married Captain George Little in 1779. Captain Little purchased land from his father-in-law, Amos Rogers, which included the Clift Farm of , for 110 pounds. Little may have built the mansion house that was located north of the present Mass Audubon nature center. Their only child, Edward Preble Little, was born in 1775. The Rogers family had a boat yard near the river crossing in the late 18th century. In 1811, Edward Preble Little married Edy Rogers, and later married Beulah Brown of Lynn, Massachusetts in 1824. Between 1824 and 1905, the land passed from the Rogers family to Edward T. Loring of East Boston, Massachusetts, Oren A. Durrell of Lynn, Massachusetts, Benjamin E. Wright, and Enos M. Stoddard, owner of the Boston Ice Company

In 1905, upon the death of Stoddard, the estate, which by then included , a cottage near the river's edge, and a barn, was left to his son Charles Dudley Stoddard. That year, Charles married the widow Arabella Cann Killam of Nova Scotia. Charles remained a gentleman farmer in North Marshfield. Arabella's two daughters, Elizabeth and Constance, moved into the main house with their mother and stepfather, while her son, Izaak, remained in Nova Scotia.

In 1914 or 1915, Elizabeth (Betty) Killam married Ralph Rodgers of Marshfield. (Rodgers was from a local family that spelled the name without the "d"; it appears that he chose to change the spelling). In 1915, the cottage was moved from the river's edge near the North River Bridge to its present location perpendicular to the main house. Betty and Ralph then moved into the cottage. They had one son, Walton. The cottage served as a residence for about twenty-five years. In 1926, Ralph Rodgers died in a flu epidemic. Betty and her son remained in the cottage.

In 1923, the main house, now the nature center of the North River Wildlife Sanctuary, and the cottage were renovated to their present configurations. Charles Stoddard died in 1933, leaving the house to his wife. When she died in 1937, she left the estate to her three children. Izaak died in 1955, Betty in 1975, and Constance in 1977. Their will left the house and grounds, with some funds for an endowment, to Mass Audubon.

When Mass Audubon assumed ownership of the estate in 1980, the barn, which was across Summer Street from the main house, was moved to a spot in the woods behind the house and refurbished to accommodate Mass Audubon's goals and activities. Driveway construction, site work and building restoration took two years to complete. The main house now serves as the administration and management headquarters for the Mass Audubon South Shore Sanctuaries' educational and advocacy activities on the South Shore of Boston, housing offices, a library, a program room and gift shop.

Wildlife
Due to its wide variety of habitats, the North River Wildlife Sanctuary attracts a great variety of species of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians.

Mammals
White-tailed deer live on the sanctuary throughout the year. Eastern coyotes, fishers, woodchucks, gray squirrels, red squirrels, chipmunks, field mice, and meadow voles have been seen on the sanctuary trails. Harbor seals are regularly seen in the North River.

Birds
Thanks to its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, the North River Wildlife Sanctuary offers a wide variety of bird sightings. Along the river's edge, several species of gulls can be seen in season, including great black-backed, herring, ring-billed and Bonaparte's gulls. Egrets and herons feed in the marshy edges of the river. Red-tailed hawks hunt in the open field, while sharp-shinned and Cooper's hawks prey on the smaller birds that inhabit the area. A wide variety of birds breed on the property, including American woodcocks, red-bellied woodpeckers, tree swallows, eastern phoebes, Baltimore orioles, scarlet tanagers, eastern towhees, and more. Historically, a purple martin colony has nested in the open field.

Reptiles and Amphibians
Several species of salamanders, frogs and toads can be seen on the North River Wildlife Sanctuary. Spring peepers can be heard in chorus in season. Various species of snakes can be seen in the grasslands and on the Woodland Loop.

References
 Galluzzo, John J. Images of America: Mass Audubon. Arcadia Publishing (Charleston, SC, 2003).
 Hagar, Joseph C. Marshfield, 70'40" W, 42'5" N: The Autobiography of a Pilgrim Town. Marshfield Tercentenary Committee (Marshfield, MA, 1940).
 Krusell, Cynthia. Of Tea and Tories. Marshfield Bicentennial Committee. (Marshfield, MA, 1976).
 Krusell, Cynthia and Betty Magoun Bates. Marshfield: A Town of Villages. Historical Research Associates (Marshfield, MA, 1990).
 Mass Audubon. "A Brief History of the South Shore Regional Center." Unpublished.
 Richards, Lysander S. History of Marshfeld. Memorial Press (Boston, MA, 1901–1905).

External links
 North River Wildlife Sanctuary - Mass Audubon
 Mass Audubon South Shore Journal

Wildlife sanctuaries of the United States
Massachusetts Audubon Society
Protected areas of Plymouth County, Massachusetts
Wildlife refuges in Massachusetts
Nature centers in Massachusetts

North River Wildlife Sanctuary


The bulk modulus (letter K) is a measure of the resistance of a substance to compression on all sides. Gases are easily compressed, while solids and liquid are only compressed with difficulty. It is measured by a measuring instrument when another object is placed under pressure. Its unit is psi.

Solid mechanics

Bulk modulus


Ene Mihkelson (21 October 1944 in Tammeküla, Imavere Parish, Viljandi County – 20 September 2017 in Tartu) was an Estonian writer. She was a recipient of the Herder Prize and the Baltic Assembly Prize for Literature.

Education
Mihkelson studied literature after completing her secondary education.  She worked as a teacher and then as a researcher for the Estonian Literary Museum.

Literature
Mihkelson wrote throughout her life.  She published her first literary piece in 1967.  However, her first collection of poems did not appear until 1978.  Her father opposed the Soviet forces in Estonia in the middle of the 20th century.  The authorities, therefore, did not approve of her.

Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, Mihkelson has published ten poetry anthologies.  Her poetry lacks meter, rhythm and rhyme, but contains surprising inversions.  It is known for its intensity, allegorical content and metaphysical topics.

Mihkelson has also published four novels, a selection of critical essays (Kirjanduse seletusi, or Explanations of Literature) and a collection of short stories (Surma sünnipäev, or The Birthday of Death). IN 2001 she published the novel Ahasveeruse uni.

Mihkelson's works frequently include allusions to her childhood, spent in hiding, Estonian mythology, and Estonian history.

In 2006, she was awarded the Herder Prize and in 2010, the Baltic Assembly Prize for Literature.

References

External links

1944 births
2017 deaths
People from Järva Parish
Estonian women poets
Estonian women novelists
Estonian women short story writers
20th-century Estonian poets
20th-century Estonian novelists
20th-century short story writers
21st-century Estonian poets
21st-century Estonian novelists
21st-century short story writers
Herder Prize recipients
21st-century Estonian women writers
20th-century Estonian women writers
Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 4th Class

Ene Mihkelson


Starways was a British airline which operated from 1948 until 1963. The company offered freight transport, passenger charter services and serviced internal and international scheduled routes.

History

The airline was formed at Blackpool in 1948 by two pilots, Noel Rodnight and Albert Dean, to operate a charter service using a Percival Petrel for celebrities appearing in the Blackpool shows. The company started operations from Blackpool Airport in January 1949 with the Petrel. In May 1950 the Petrel was destroyed in an accident and replaced with an Avro Anson. In 1950 the business was relocated to Liverpool (Speke) Airport and F.H.Wilson & J.A.Wilson joined the company as executives. As well as joyriding flights the fleet now included two more twin-engined Avro Ansons to operate newspaper and freight flights including for one season a regular service between Liverpool and London.

The Wilson family were successful businessmen in Liverpool owning Limocoat Ltd and later the Famous Army Stores. They were also involved with the Cathedral Touring Agency (CTA), a travel company, which provided most all-inclusive, tour business for the airline. In 1951, F.H. Wilson was appointed chairman of the board and by 1954 the family had acquired full control of the company.

In the early fifties, the airline expanded, acquiring a number of Douglas DC-3s, including two prewar-built examples. This expansion was to operate seasonal tourist charters and build-up a network of summer scheduled services from Liverpool including flights to continental European destinations including Lourdes and Biarritz.

In 1957 the airline purchased the larger four-engined Douglas DC-4 with four further examples being acquired between March 1960 and January 1963. The first DC-4 charter was flown on 8 January 1958 between Liverpool and Southend Airport with football supporters. The Skymasters and DC-3s were also used on scheduled services from Liverpool to London Heathrow and from Liverpool and Manchester to Newquay in Cornwall.

In February 1961 the airline introduced the turbo-prop Vickers Viscount aircraft for use on inclusive tour flights and schedules to London Heathrow. The refined livery of the first aircraft G-ARIR, particularly the roundel near the nose, hinted at its previous owner, Air France.

In November 1963, Starways negotiated a co-operative agreement with British Eagle. The final Starways flight landed at Liverpool on 31 December 1963, thereafter British Eagle took over all routes. Due to delays in the transfer of route registration, British Eagle were obliged to operate routes in the name of Starways requiring two of their own red, liveried Viscount aircraft to be branded Starways.

However, ownership of the fleet, aircraft hangars, parts inventory and other assets remained with the Starways Directors who continued in business as Aviation Overhauls. This new company provided a variety of maintenance and support services until in 1969, all aircraft had been sold and the company closed.

Aircraft operated

 1 x Auster 5 - 1950–1950
 2 x Avro Anson 625A 1 1949–1952
 2 x Avro 19 series 2 - 1950–1951
 1 x De Havilland Dragon Rapide - 1951–1953
 7 x Douglas DC-3 - 1950-1955
 7 x Douglas DC-4 - 1957-1964
 1 x Miles M65 Gemini 1A - 1950-1952
 1 x M.11A Whitney Straight 1951-1954
 1 x Percival P16 Q6 Petrel 1949-1949
 2 x Vickers Viscount 700 1961-1964

Accidents and Incidents
 early May 1949: Starways first aircraft, a Percival Petrel, destroyed in an accident at Broom Hall Airfield, Pwllheli
 28 March 1956: a Starways Douglas DC-3 G-AMRB was on a positioning flight from Liverpool to Glasgow in readiness for a charter the next day to Lourdes. While on approach to Glasgow Renfrew Airport, the aircraft struck a hill at Largs, cause reported as pilot error. No passengers were carried and one of the three crew died.
 17 September 1961: a Starways Douglas DC-4 G-APIN destroyed while being used by the United Nations (ONU) at Kamina during the Congo Crisis. The plane was used as a troop carrier; it was parked on the ground at Kamina Airport when Katangan fighter-aircraft attacked.
 19 September 1961: a Starways Douglas DC-4 G-ARJY, crashed after overshooting the runway at Dublin airport; crash site recorded by Pathé News. On board were 4 crew and 64 passengers travelling to Dublin from Tarbes. On approach, the plane suddenly veered to the left, skidding along the ground to end up straddling the main road to Belfast. No one was hurt, but the aircraft was so badly damaged it was written off. Pathé News filmed the accident investigators attending the scene. Heavy rain on the night was blamed for the accident. The lack of casualties was attributed to the quantity of Holy Water being carried by pilgrims returning from Lourdes.

References

Defunct airlines of the United Kingdom
Airlines established in 1948
Airlines disestablished in 1963

Starways


Ruby slippers are red shoes that are worn by the character Dorothy (Judy Garland) in the movie The Wizard of Oz. They are an important part of the story. Many pairs of slippers were made for the movie. One pair can be seen at the Smithsonian Institution in the United States. The others are owned by private collectors.

Plot

Dorothy gets the slippers after her house falls on the Wicked Witch of the East, killing the witch. The witch's sister, the Wicked Witch of the West, wants the ruby slippers. She attacks Dorothy many times during her journey down the yellow brick road. The Wicked Witch of the West wants the slippers for herself so she can become the most powerful witch in all of the land of Oz.

Dorothy knows that the slippers are powerful, but she does not know why. At the end of the movie, she learns their power: click your heels together three times, and repeat "There's no place like home."

Movie industry

Ruby slippers


Walker Downer Hines (February 2, 1870 – January 14, 1934) was an American railroad executive and second Director General of the United States Railroad Administration.

Biography
Hines was born February 2, 1870, in Russellville, Kentucky, the son of James Madison Hines and Mary Walker Downer.

Ogden College, graduated 1888. University of Virginia, graduated 1891.

In 1886, aged sixteen, he became stenographer for the Circuit Court of Warren County. In 1890 he became secretary to the assistant chief attorney of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad at Louisville, Kentucky. He was appointed assistant attorney after graduating law school, assistant chief attorney in 1897.

He married Alice Clymer Macfarlane in 1900, they had one child.

He was promoted to vice-president of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad in 1901. Hines spent nearly ten years fighting railroad regulation in state and federal courts.

In 1906 he joined Cravath, Henderson and de Gersdoff in New York City, becoming a partner in 1907. He was with the firm for seven more years.

Hines joined the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway as general counsel, was made chair of the executive committee in 1908 and chairman of the board in 1916.

In December, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson nationalized most U.S. railroads under the United States Railroad Administration. William G. McAdoo was made director general, Hines agreed to become assistant director general. McAdoo resigned in January, 1919, and Hines stepped in as director general for the remainder of nationalization under the Railroad Administration, which ended on March 1, 1920. Following the end of World War I, Hines worked and traveled extensively in Europe.

In the latter half of the 1920s, Hines was a director of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, a director of its subsidiary, the Colorado and Southern Railway, general counsel of one of its parent companies, the Great Northern Railway, and a partner in Hines, Rearick, Dorr, Travis and Marshall, which specialized in railroad law.

Hines died of a stroke in Merano, Italy on January 14, 1934.

Other service
Vice-president, New York City Bar Association; League of Nations.

Publications
 Hines, Walker D. Report on Danube Navigation for the League of Nations. 1925.
 Hines, Walker D. War History of the American Railroads. 1928.

See also
 List of railroad executives

References

Further reading

 William R. Doezema, "Walter D. Hines," in Railroads in the Age of Regulation, 1900-1980, ed. Keith L. Bryant Jr., a volume of the Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography (1988), pp. 201–12.
 Robert T. Swaine, The Cravath Firm and Its Predecessors, 1819-1947, vol. 2 (3 vols., 1946–1948).
 "Tells of Railroad Needs", The New York Times, October 5, 1916
 "A Railroad Man Attacks the Commerce Commission", The New York Times, February 3, 1902
 Grasty, Charles H. "One Man Diplomacy", The New York Times, July 30, 1922

External links

1870 births
1934 deaths
People from Russellville, Kentucky
University of Virginia alumni
Kentucky lawyers
American railroad executives
New York (state) lawyers
Western Kentucky University alumni
Businesspeople from Louisville, Kentucky
Businesspeople from New York City
United States Railroad Administration
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway people
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad people
Great Northern Railway (U.S.)
Cravath, Swaine & Moore partners

Walker Hines


Tierrasanta, Spanish for "holy land," or "holy ground", is a community within the city of San Diego, California. The symbol of Tierrasanta is an encircled Conquistador cross, similar to one atop Montserrat (mountain) near Barcelona, Spain, though it no longer holds any religious meaning. The community is referred to as "The Island in the Hills" by locals and on welcome signs, as there are only four roads that lead to Tierrasanta, all which end within the community.

History
Tierrasanta was originally part of the Mission San Diego de Alcalá ranch, which was active during the late 18th and 19th centuries. The U.S. military purchased the land in 1941 as Camp Elliott, a Marine Corps training facility. The Marines moved out in 1944 and the land was transferred to the Navy. It was deactivated in 1946. In 1961, the U.S. Government sold the area that is now Tierrasanta and a portion of neighboring Mission Trails Regional Park to the City of San Diego. In the following year, the Elliott Community Plan was issued to serve as a roadmap for development going forward, and in 1971 Tierrasanta was founded. The current Tierrasanta community plan was first issued in 1982, and included both the currently developed area and much of what is now Mission Trails Regional Park.  Meanwhile, the first master plan for what was to become Mission Trails Regional Park was issued in 1976 with the aid of numerous public agencies, planning groups, and a 45-member Technical Advisory Committee.

Tierrasanta's population had reached about 24,000 by 1980 and when the 1982 Plan was issued  the area called Tierrasanta Norte, in the northeastern part of town, had yet to be fully developed. Tierrasanta has been almost fully built out since the early 1990s, and in 2010 had a population of 30,443 (ZIP code 92124). Some 2,300 homes grouped in the southwest portion of town are part of the Murphy Canyon military housing complex.  Tierrasanta was one of the first master planned communities in San Diego.

The original Community Plan called for an eastward extension of Clairemont Mesa Boulevard, with connections to Jackson Drive on the south and Route 52 on the north.  However, there long was opposition to the plan due to expected increased high speed traffic. The 2019 Master Plan Update to the Mission Trails Regional Park  apparently settled the issue when it declared the plan to no longer be implementable due to resource management requirements.

In addition, there was supposed to be a connection from Tierrasanta Boulevard to Princess View Drive, but this was never constructed. There are also no plans to connect the two Santo Road segments.

Because of the area's history as a military training base, some military debris including unexploded ordnance remained in the area when it was developed, in spite of multiple cleanup efforts by different branches of the services. In 1983 two 8-year-old Tierrasanta boys were killed after discovering unexploded ordnance in a canyon near their home. The military has performed clearance operations as recently as 1994 and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers continues to investigate the area every five years under its FUDS Formerly Used Defense Sites program.

In October 2003, Tierrasanta, among other communities in San Diego, was affected by what was known as "Firestorm 2003." This was a conglomeration of the Cedar Fire and numerous other wildfires that converged on Southern California. The residents of Tierrasanta were forced to evacuate. Nearly a dozen homes were lost to the blaze. Shortly after, in 2004, the Tierrasanta Community Emergency Response Team (T-CERT) was created for rapid local response to natural disasters. A similar scare swept through Tierrasanta in the fall of 2007, though residents were not required to evacuate.

Geography
The developed part of Tierrasanta, which rises from west to east and includes numerous canyons, is situated like an island, not directly bordered by any other community. It is bounded on the north by the Mount Soledad (52) Freeway and the sprawling southern fields of MCAS Miramar; on the east by the  Mission Trails Regional Park, which has numerous hiking and mountain biking trails; on the west by slopes overlooking the wide Interstate 15 corridor running from Friars Road to Route 52, and on the south with homes overlooking the Admiral Baker Golf Course and the San Diego River.  Community activities focus on the Tierrasanta Recreation Center, which includes lighted sports fields, a large swimming pool, tennis courts managed by the Tierrasanta Tennis Club, a gymnasium, and meeting rooms. Numerous green belts with walking paths run through the canyons, and are maintained by the Friends of the Tierrasanta Canyons. There are a number of entrances to Mission Trails Regional Park, including an entrance with parking at the eastern end of Clairemont Mesa Boulevard.

Like most of the coastal areas in Southern California, the natural habitat in the canyons and other undeveloped areas within Tierrasanta, as well as in much of MCAS Miramar and Mission Trails Regional Park, is coastal sage scrub and chaparral.

As described in its 1982 Community Plan, Tierrasanta is a community of single family homes, condominiums, apartments, three shopping centers, a branch of the San Diego Public Library, and a research park. Also located in the community are several elementary and middle schools and Canyon Hills High School, part of the San Diego Unified School District.

Government and culture

The elected Tierrasanta Community Council (TCC), which includes members from each of five geographic areas, plus representatives for commercial, Village Mission Valley Apartments, and Canyon Hills High, has responsibility for community planning and for advising the City of San Diego and other government agencies on local issues.  The TCC supports numerous events in the community such as the Concert in the park series, the Patriots Day Parade honoring Armed Forces Day on the third Saturday in May, Oktoberfest and other events.

Dedicated open space areas and landscaped medians are maintained by the Tierrasanta Maintenance Assessment District, which was established in 1972 and most recently approved by voters in 1997.  The 818 acres of Tierrasanta Open Space qualifies this urban park as one of the 150 largest in the United States.

The Friends of Tierrasanta Canyons is a Tierrasanta-based volunteer group that maintains the open spaces of the neighborhood's canyons.

As of 2021 Tierrasanta's elected representatives included San Diego City Councilman Raul Campillo, County Supervisor Terra Lawson-Remer of District 3, State Assembly Member Brian Maienschein, Democrat, of District 77, State Senator Toni Atkins, Democrat, of District 39, and Congressman Scott Peters, Democrat, of California's 52nd District.

Cultural amenities
The community has a branch library, jogging/mountain biking trails, baseball and soccer teams, and numerous clubs.  The Tierra Times, a community service newspaper, has been published since 1971, and is delivered free to all residents six or more times per year.

An Armed Services YMCA is located in the Murphy Canyon area.  The Admiral Baker Golf Club on the southern edge of Tierrasanta has two golf courses with priority given to active duty and retired military members, but is also open to civilians from nearby communities such as Tierrasanta.

Notable residents
Tony Hawk, professional skateboarder
Chris Horner, bicycle racer
Sara Ramirez, actor, singer, songwriter
Erik Wahl, graffiti artist and author
Avalon Young, American Idol (Season 15) finalist
Mundell Lowe, Jazz Guitarist

References

External links
 Tierrasanta Community Council

Neighborhoods in San Diego

Tierrasanta, San Diego


Bianca di Angelo is a character in the fictional Percy Jackson and the Olympians book series, written by Rick Riordan. Bianca is a half-blood, meaning one parent was a god, and the other was a mortal. Her father is Hades, the god of the Underworld, and her mother is an Italian mortal, named Maria Di Angelo. In "Percy Jackson and the Titan's Curse", she dies because she sacrifices herself after trying to rescue her friends. Her brother, Nico di Angelo, believes it was Percy Jackson's fault that his sister died, and plans to take revenge on Percy in the fourth book of the series, Percy Jackson and the battle of the Labyrinth.

Percy Jackson and the Olympians characters

Bianca (Percy Jackson)


The Galveston–Houston Electric Railway was an interurban railway between Galveston and Houston, Texas from 1911 to 1936. The railway was recognized as the fastest interurban line in 1925 and 1926.

Route

The Interurban ran the  from downtown Houston to downtown Galveston in as little as 75 minutes. The track roughly followed the current path of Interstate 45 (Gulf Freeway), and is now used as a utility right of way for high tension power lines. The Galveston Bay causeway was considered a great feat of engineering and cost about US$2 million (US$ in ) to build in the late 1910s.

While most of the original stations have been demolished to make room for new structures, several artifacts remain. Minute Maid Park was built from Union Station, and features a railway theme. Before Interstate 45, a small, two-story interurban station was located on College Avenue where it crossed Airport Boulevard. This crossing was not at right angles but like an "X" and would be located slightly east of I-45 on the feeder street, if it still existed today. Airport Blvd becomes College Ave in South Houston at I-45. The original causeway in Galveston can be easily seen to the east from the interstate highway causeway.

Other stops included Park Place, City of South Houston (formerly City of Dumont), College Ave/Airport Blvd at Interstate 45, Clear Creek Crossing (the power station), and the Galveston Terminal on 21st Street, between Church and Post Office streets.

Future
There has been recent talk of re-establishing some form of train service between Houston and Galveston. Several test trips have been made using Amtrak equipment under the Gulfliner name. It has been suggested that some parts of the old Interurban right of way might be used to bypass congested sections of track on the host railroad.

References

External links
 Houston Streetcar History Pages
Galveston Island Railroad Museum
Railroads - Key to Galveston

Defunct Texas railroads
Interurban railways in Texas
Transportation in Houston
Transportation in Galveston County, Texas
History of Galveston, Texas
History of Houston
Railway lines opened in 1911
1936 disestablishments in Texas
Greater Houston
Galveston Bay Area
Railway lines closed in 1936
1911 establishments in Texas

Galveston–Houston Electric Railway


Beechwood Farms Nature Reserve is a  protected area for flora, fauna, and wildlife in Fox Chapel, Pennsylvania, a Pittsburgh suburb. The site has served as the headquarters of the Audubon Society of Western Pennsylvania (ASWP) since 1977.

The Western Pennsylvania Conservancy owns the land on which Beechwood Farms is located, and leases the site to the ASWP.  The nature reserve comprises woodlands, fields, streams, and a pond. It also features more than  of walking trails—open from dawn to dusk every day year-round, some of which are accessible for individuals with special needs.

Audubon Society at Beechwood

Audubon facilities at Beechwood Farms now include classrooms, a teacher resource center, a natural history library, the Audubon Nature Store, and the Evans Nature Center auditorium.  When built in the 1980s, the education building made use of green building techniques, including natural light and heat conserving mechanisms, and composting toilets.

The history of Audubon at Beechwood began when Rachel Mellon Walton, along with her daughter, Farley Walton Whetzel, acquired the former Flinn estate. In the 1970s the two women donated the land to the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy, which selected the Audubon Society to be the stewards of the reserve.

The Flinn estate dates back to 1903. After his retirement from politics, William Flinn (1851–1924), a prominent Pittsburgh businessman and politician, bought the property, which then occupied more than  on both sides of Dorseyville Road. He established himself there as a gentleman farmer and called it "Beechwood Farms". It was best known for its herd of registered Guernsey cattle, which provided dairy products to the local area.

Today, Beechwood Farms is located in the suburb of Fox Chapel, north of Pittsburgh.  It is one of two nature reserves operated by the ASWP; the other is Todd Nature Reserve, located 22 miles from Beechwood Farms in Sarver.

References

External links
 Beechwood Farms website
 Western Pennsylvania Conservancy website

Nature reserves in Pennsylvania
Nature centers in Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Tourist attractions in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania

Beechwood Farms Nature Reserve