Offender profiling, also known as criminal profiling, is an investigative strategy used by law enforcement agencies to identify likely suspects and has been used by investigators to link cases that may have been committed by the same perpetrator. Multiple crimes may be linked to a specific offender and the profile may be used to predict the identified offender's future actions.

The ancestor of modern profiling, R. Ressler (FBI), considered profiling as a process of identifying all the psychological characteristics of an individual, forming a general description of the personality, based on the analysis of the crimes committed by him.

History
The furthest reference to the use of profiling, according to R.S. Feldman, is Quintilian's essay "Instruction to the Speaker", written in the 1st century AD, which includes information about gestures used by people at that time. M. Woodworth and S. Porter believe that the first development on the topic of profiling should be considered the notorious "Hammer of Witches", written in the 15th century, since it contains psychological profiles of witches. There is also an opinion that the first "professional profiler" "was "the literary hero of the work of Allan Edgar Poe "Murder in the Rue Morgue" (published 1841), who used the method of constructing a psychological portrait of the killer. The first work with a scientific approach (at the level of the 19th century) was Darwin's book "The Expression of Emotions in humans and animals" (1872). It contained only a description of external manifestations, but it was already a systematization — the beginning of a scientific study of the issue.

The first offender profile was assembled by detectives of the Metropolitan Police on the personality of Jack the Ripper, a serial killer who had murdered several prostitutes in the 1880s. Police surgeon Thomas Bond was asked to give his opinion on the extent of the murderer's surgical skill and knowledge. Bond's assessment was based on his own examination of the most extensively mutilated victim and the post mortem notes from the four previous canonical murders. In his notes, dated November 10, 1888, Bond mentioned the sexual nature of the murders coupled with elements of apparent misogyny and rage. Bond also tried to reconstruct the murder and interpret the behavior pattern of the offender.

Theory
Psychological profiling is described as a method of suspect identification which seeks to identify a person's mental, emotional, and personality characteristics based on things done or left at the crime scene.

There are two major assumptions made when it comes to offender profiling: behavioral consistency and homology. Behavior consistency is the idea that an offender's crimes will tend to be similar to one another. Homology is the idea that similar crimes are committed by similar offenders.

Fundamental assumptions that offender profiling relies upon, such as the homology assumption, have been proven outdated by advances in psychology and behavioral science. The majority of profiling approaches assume that behavior is primarily determined by personality, not situational factors, an assumption that psychological research has recognized as a mistake since the 1960s.

Profilers have been noted to be very reluctant to participate in studies of profiling's accuracy.

In a 2021 article it was noted that out of 243 cases, around 188 were solved with the help of criminal profiling.

Criticism
, although the practice of offender profiling is widely used, publicized and researched globally, there is a significant lack of empirical research or evidence to support the validity of psychological profiling in criminal investigations. Critics question the reliability, validity, and utility of criminal profiles generally provided in police investigations. Even over the years common criminal profiling methods have changed and been looked down upon due to weak definitions that differentiate the criminal's behaviors, assumptions and their psychodynamic process of the offender actions and characteristics that occur. In other words, this leads to poor and misleading profiles on offenders because they are based on opinions and decisions made up from one profiler conducting research on the offender. Research in 2007-2008 into profiling's effectiveness have prompted researchers to label the practice as pseudoscientific. At the time, Malcolm Gladwell of The New Yorker compared profiling to astrology and cold reading. Other critics described criminal profiling as an investigative tool hidden behind a lack of scientific evidence and support.

Unregulated usage
The profession of criminal profiling is highly unregulated. There is no governing body which determines who is and who is not qualified to be a criminal profiler, and therefore those who identify themselves as criminal profilers may range from someone with minimal to someone with extensive experience in the realm of criminal investigation. In addition to the lack of criteria as to what makes an expert in the field of criminal profiling, there is little empirical evidence supporting the accuracy of criminal profiling. There is an abundance of anecdotal support for criminal profiling, much of which originates from reports made by police officers and investigators regarding the performance of criminal profilers. However, law enforcement agents have been found to greatly support the use of criminal profiling, but studies have shown that detectives are poor profilers themselves. One study presented police officers with two different profiles for the same perpetrator, each of which varied greatly from the officers' own description. It was found that the officers were unable to determine whether one profile was more accurate than the other, and felt that all profiles accurately described the perpetrator. Officers were able to find truth in whichever profile they viewed, believing it accurately described the perpetrator, demonstrating the presence of the Barnum effect. In addition, an investigator's judgement of the accuracy of a profile is impacted by the perceived source of the information; if the officer believes that the profile was written by an "expert" or "professional", they are likely to perceive it as more accurate than a profile written by someone who is identified as a consultant. This poses a genuine problem when considering that there are no true criteria which determine who may be considered a "professional" criminal profiler, and when considering that support for criminal profiling is largely based on the opinion of police officers.

Typologies
The most routinely used typology in profiling is categorizing crime scenes, and by extension offender's personalities, as either "organized" or "disorganized". The idea of classifying crime scenes according to organized/disorganized dichotomy is credited to the FBI profiler Roy Hazelwood.

A typology of serial sexual homicides advocated by Robert Keppel and Richard Walter categorizes them as either power–assertive, power–reassurance, anger–retaliatory, or anger–excitation.

Criminal profiling can also be ex-ante or ex-post. Descriptive profiling of a perpetrator is a type of ex-post profiling, and can be used to prevent a serial killer from striking again.

Approaches
There are three leading approaches in the area of offender profiling: the criminal investigative approach, the clinical practitioner approach, and the scientific statistical approach. The criminal investigative approach is what is used by law enforcement and more specifically by the Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU) within the FBI. The BAU "assists law enforcement agencies by their review and assessment of a criminal act, by interpreting the offender's behavior during the crime and the interactions between the offender and the victim during the commission of the crime and as expressed in the crime scene." The clinical practitioner approach focuses on looking at each case as unique, making the approach very individualistic. One practitioner, Turco, believed that all violent crimes were a result of the mother-child struggle where female victims represent the offender's mother. This is also recognized as the psychodynamic approach. Another practitioner, Copson, outlined some principles for profiling which include being custom made, interactive and reflexive. By following these principles, the profile should include advice that is unique and not from a stereotype, should be easy to understand for all levels of intelligence, and all elements in the profile should influence one another. The Scientific approach relies heavily on the multivariate analysis of behaviors and any other information from the crime scene that could lead to the offender's characteristics or psychological processes. According to this approach, elements of the profile are developed by comparing the results of the analysis to those of previously caught offenders.

Wilson, Lincon and Kocsis list three main paradigms of profiling: diagnostic evaluation, crime scene analysis, and investigative psychology. Ainsworth identified four: clinical profiling (synonymous with diagnostic evaluation), typological profiling (synonymous with crime scene analysis), investigative psychology, and geographical profiling.

Five steps in profiling include: One- Analyzing the criminal act and comparing it to similar crimes in the past. Two- An in-depth analysis of the actual crime scene, Three- Considering the victim's background and activities for possible motives and connections, Four- Considering other possible motives. Five- Developing a description of the possible offender that can be compared with previous cases.

One type of criminal profiling is referred to as linkage analysis. Gerard N. Labuschagne defines linkage analysis as "a form of behavioral analysis that is used to determine the possibility of a series of crimes as having been committed by one offender." Gathering many aspects of the offender's crime pattern such as modus operandi (MO), ritual or fantasy-based behaviors exhibited, and the signature of the offender, help to establish a basis for a linkage analysis. An offender's modus operandi is the habits or tendencies during the killing of the victim. An offender's signature is the unique similarities in each of the kills. Mainly, linkage analysis is used when physical evidence, such as DNA, cannot be collected.

Labuschagne states that in gathering and incorporating these aspects of the offender's crime pattern, investigators must engage in five assessment procedures: One- Obtaining data from multiple sources. Two- Reviewing the data and identifying significant features of each crime across the series. Three- Classifying the significant features as either modus operandi or ritualistic. Four- Comparing the combination of modus operandi and ritual or fantasy-based features across the series to determine if a signature exists. Five- Compiling a written report highlighting the findings.

FBI method

There are six stages to developing a criminal profile: profiling inputs, decision process models, crime assessment, criminal profiling, investigation, and apprehension. The FBI and BAU tend to study specific categories of crimes such as white collar and serial murder.

History

An Italian psychologist Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909) was a criminologist who attempted to formally classify criminals based on age, gender, physical characteristics, education, and geographic region. When comparing these similar characteristics, he better understood the origin of motivation of criminal behavior, and in 1876, he published the book The Criminal Man. Lombroso studied 383 Italian inmates. Based on his studies, he suggested that there were three types of criminals. There were born criminals, who were degenerates and insane criminals, who suffered from a mental illness. Also, he studied and found specific physical characteristics. A few examples included asymmetry of the face, eye defects and peculiarities, and ears of unusual size, etc.

One of the first offender profiles was assembled by detectives of the Metropolitan Police on the personality of Jack the Ripper, a serial killer who had murdered a series of prostitutes in the 1880s. Police surgeon Thomas Bond was asked to give his opinion on the extent of the murderer's surgical skill and knowledge. Bond's assessment was based on his own examination of the most extensively mutilated victim and the post mortem notes from the four previous canonical murders. In his notes, dated November 10, 1888, Bond mentioned the sexual nature of the murders coupled with elements of apparent misogyny and rage. Bond also tried to reconstruct the murder and interpret the behavior pattern of the offender. Bond's basic profile included that "The murderer must have been a man of physical strength and great coolness and daring... subject to periodic attacks of homicidal and erotic mania. The characters of the mutilations indicate that the man may be in a condition sexually, that may be called Satyriasis."

In 1912, a psychologist in Lackawanna, New York delivered a lecture in which he analyzed the unknown murderer of a local boy named Joey Joseph, dubbed "The Postcard Killer" in the press.

In 1932, Dr. Dudley Schoenfeld gave the authorities his predictions about the personality of the kidnapper of the Lindbergh baby.

In 1943, Walter C. Langer developed a profile of Adolf Hitler that hypothesized the Nazi dictator's response to various scenarios, including losing the war. The United States Office of Strategic Services asked William L. Langer's brother Walter C. Langer, a psychiatrist, to draw up a profile of Adolf Hitler and hypothesize their response to various scenarios including losing the World War II. After the World War II, British psychologist Lionel Haward, while working for the Royal Air Force police, drew up a list of characteristics which high-ranking war criminals might display. These characteristics were used to identify high-ranking war criminals amongst captured soldiers and airmen.

Offender profiling was first introduced to the FBI in the 1960s, when several classes were taught to the American Society of crime lab directors. There was little public knowledge of offender profiling until publicization with TV. Later films based on the fictional works of author Thomas Harris that caught the public eye as a profession in particular Manhunter (1986) and Silence of the Lambs (1991). The fastest development occurred when the FBI opened its training academy, the Behavioral Analysis Unit, in Quantico, Virginia. It led to the establishment of the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime and the Violent Criminal Apprehension Program.

James Brussel was a psychiatrist who rose to fame after his profile of New York City's "Mad Bomber" George Metesky was published in the New York Times in 1956. The media dubbed him "The Sherlock Holmes of the Couch." In his 1968 book Casebook of a Crime Psychiatrist, Brussel relates how he predicted that the bomber would wear a buttoned-up double-breasted suit, but edited out the many incorrect predictions he had made in his profile, claiming he had successfully predicted the bomber would be a Slav who lived in Connecticut, when he had actually predicted he would be "born and educated in Germany," and live in White Plains, New York. In 1964, Brussel profiled the Boston Strangler for the Boston Police Department.

In 1972, after the death of J. Edgar Hoover, who was skeptical of psychiatry, the Behavioral Science Unit of the FBI was formed by Patrick Mullany and Howard Teten.

Investigations of serial killers Ted Bundy and Gary Ridgway were performed in 1974 by Robert Keppel and psychologist Richard Walter. They went on to develop the four subtypes of violent crime and the Hunter Integrated Telemetry System (HITS) database which compiled characteristics of violent crime for research.

At the FBI's BSU, Robert Ressler and John Douglas began an informal series of ad hoc interviews with 36 convicts starting in early 1978. Douglas and Ressler later created a typology of sexually motivated violent offenders and formed the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime.

The March 1980 issue of the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin invited local police to request profiles from the FBI. An article in the April 1980 issue, "The Lust Murderer," introduced the dichotomy of "organized" and "disorganized" offenders. The August 1985 issue described a third, "mixed" category.

In 1985, Dr. David Canter in the United Kingdom profiled "Railway Rapists" John Duffy and David Mulcahy. David Canter assisted police detectives from the mid-1980s to an offender who had carried out a series of serious attacks, but Canter saw the limitations of offender profiling – in particular, the subjective, personal opinion of a psychologist. He and a colleague coined the term investigative psychology and began trying to approach the subject from what they saw as a more scientific point of view.

The Crime Classification Manual was published in 1992, and introduced the term "criminal investigative analysis."

In 1999, the percentage of accurate criminal profilers was only estimated to be at 21%, whereas in 2020 the accuracy was estimated to be at 86%.

Popularity

Profiling has continuously gotten more
accurate throughout the years. In the year 2008, only 42% of cases were solved using criminal profiling. In 2019 the FBI was able to solve 56% of the cases that were not solved back in the year 2008.

Profiling as an investigative tool has a high level of acceptance among both the general public and police.

In the United States, between 1971 and 1981, the FBI had only profiled cases on 192 occasions. By 1986, FBI profilers were requested in 600 investigations in a single year. By 1996, 12 FBI profilers were applying profiling to approximately 1,000 cases per year.

In the United Kingdom, 29 profilers provided 242 instances of profiling advice between 1981 and 1994, its usage increasing steadily over that period.

The usage of profiling has been documented in Sweden, Finland, New Zealand, South Africa, Germany, Canada, Ireland, Malaysia, Russia, Zimbabwe, and the Netherlands.

Surveys of police officers in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada have found an overwhelming majority consider profiling to be useful. A 2007 meta-analysis of existing research into offender profiling noted that there was "a notable incongruity between [profiling's] lack of empirical foundation and the degree of support for the field."

Profiling's continued popularity has been speculatively attributed to broad use of anecdotes and testimonials, a focus on correct predictions over the number of incorrect ones, ambiguous profiles benefiting from the Barnum effect, and the popular appeal of the fantasy of a sleuth with deductive powers like Hercule Poirot and Sherlock Holmes.

Notable profilers

Notable profilers include Roy Hazelwood, who profiled sexual predators; Ernst Gennat, a German criminologist, who developed an early profiling scheme for the police of Berlin; Walter Charles Langer, who predicted Hitler's behavior and eventual suicide; Howard Teten, who worked on the case of Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination; and John E. Douglas, who worked on a wave of child murders in Atlanta in the 1980s.

According to the BAU the probability of a profiler being used as "expert testimony" in court and leading to a guilty verdict is 85%.
There is a difference between the hard sciences and the social sciences related to testimony and evidence in the courtroom. Some experts contend that offender profiling should not be used in court until such processes can be reliably validated, but as seen, it is still used successfully to this day.
The historical roots of criminal profiling in the United States and Europe have been discussed elsewhere (1). Many European countries have now developed their own approaches to criminal profiling and established specialized academic research institutions and trained police units (1,6), for
example, the German Bundeskriminalamt (7,8), implementing the first quality standards in 2003 (9,10), as well as Austria (11), Scandinavia (12), and the United Kingdom (13). Switzerland has only recently adopted ViCLAS, the computerized Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System, and is now training its own case analysis specialists (1,14,15)

Research

In a review of the literature by Eastwood et al. (2006), one of the studies noted, Pinizzotto and Finkel (1990), showed that trained criminal profilers did not do any better than non-profilers in producing an accurate profile. A 2000 study also showed that profilers were not significantly better at creating a profile than any other participating groups.

A survey of statements made in offender profiles done for major cases from 1992 to 2001 found that "72% included repetition of the details of what occurred in the offence (factual statements already known by the police), references to the profiler's competence [...] or caveats about using the material in the investigation." Over 80% of the remaining statements, which made claims about the offender's characteristics, gave no justification for their conclusion.

A 2003 study which asked two different groups of police to rate how accurately a profile matched a description of the apprehended offender, with one group given a description of a completely fabricated offender instead of the real one, found that the profile was rated equally accurate in both cases.

There is a lack of clear, quantifiable evidence of a link between crime scene actions (A) and offender characteristics (C), a necessary supposition of the A to C paradigm proposed by Canter (1995). A 2002 review by Alison et al. concluded, "The notion that particular configurations of demographic features can be predicted from an assessment of particular configurations of specific behaviors occurring in short-term, highly traumatic situations seems an overly ambitious and unlikely possibility. Thus, until such inferential processes can be reliably verified, such claims should be treated with great caution in investigations and should be entirely excluded from consideration in court."

See also

 Criminology
 Forensic profiling
 Forensic psychology
 Presumption of guilt
 Racial profiling
 Residential Burglary Expert System
 Statistical correlations of criminal activity

References

Cited works and further reading

 Canter, David; Youngs, Donna (2008). Principles of Geographical Offender Profiling. New York: Ashgate Publishing.
 Douglas, John; Olshaker, Mark (1997). Journey Into Darkness: The FBI's Premier Investigator Penetrates the Minds and Motives of the Most Terrifying Serial Killers. London: Arrow Books.

External links
 Criminal Investigative Research and Analysis (CiR&A) Group: Current research on evidence-based behavioural investigative practice in police investigations
 Swiss scientific research site on criminal profiling
 University of Liverpool Forensic Psychology – with articles
 History of Criminal Profiling – with links to other sites
 Offender Profiling: An Introduction to the Sociopsychological Analysis of Violent Crime
 Dangerous Minds: Criminal profiling made easy, by Malcolm Gladwell

1888 establishments in England
Criminal investigation
English inventions
Forensic psychology
Law enforcement techniques
Pseudoscience

Offender profiling


Licuados (also known regionally as batidos) are a Latin American handmade blended beverage similar to smoothies, made with milk, fruit, and usually ice.  They are also sometimes called "preparados" (meaning "prepared").

Licuados and other fresh fruit juice drinks are ubiquitous throughout Mexico.  They are sold by street vendors, and in special licuado shops, restaurants, and fruterias (restaurants specializing in fresh fruit).

Terminology and variations
Licuados ("blendeds" or "liquifieds" in Spanish) are among a larger category of fruit drinks made with fruit juice diluted with milk or water: jugos (juice), vitaminas, aguas frescas (juice mixed with sugar and water), refrescos (nonalcoholic carbonated soft drinks), and batidos.  Names for various types of shakes and smoothies vary regionally, and are not completely fixed.

By contrast with aguas frescas, which are made in advance and ladled from large jars, and other drinks such as refrescos and jugos, which are typically mass-produced and bottled, licuados are blended and made to order.  The main difference between a licuado and an American-style smoothie is that licuados use a milk base, whereas smoothies use fruit juice, sometimes in combination with sherbet or yogurt.  This makes them lower in calories, thinner, and higher in protein than most smoothies, especially important in the third-world state of many of the Latin American countries such as Honduras and Nicaragua.  Licuados may also contain nuts (such as almonds or walnuts) and sugar or honey.  Variants include adding granola or using chocolate instead of fruit. Versions with raw egg fruit and milk, Americanized version substitute fruit with milk flavorings such as (quik).

Sometimes batidos (loosely meaning "beaten") are said to have milk, with licuados described as a milk-free version.  Term "batido" is described by some as Cuban.  Different flavors of licuados or batidos have specific names, usually named after their ingredients.  For example, a "trigo" (Spanish for "wheat") or "batido de trigo" is a batido with puffed wheat or other cooked grains blended in.

Popularity outside Latin America
Licuados became popular in the United States in the 1990s during a period of immigration from Latin American countries. By 1996 the drink had arrived in New York City, where it was sold by street vendors. Already popular in border towns such as Tijuana (where they are a breakfast food) the drink spread to California, first among Mexican-Americans and at Mexican restaurants and food trucks.  In 2002, the California Milk Processor Board spent $1.5 million to popularize the drink, as a way of promoting milk consumption following their success with the Got Milk? campaign.

Equivalent drinks
A similar drink, called  in Vietnam, is popular in Southeast Asia.

References

Non-alcoholic drinks
South American cuisine
Mexican drinks
Cuban drinks

Licuado


Lor Tok (, real name Sawong Supsamruay , April 1, 1914 – April 29, 2002) was a Thai comedian and actor. He was named a Thailand National Artist for performing arts in 1995. With an acting career that stretched from the 1930s into the 1980s, Lor Tok had roles in more than 1,000 films, among them Ngern, Ngern, Ngern (Money, Money, Money, 1983 version), for which he received an award for best actor at the Thailand National Film Association Awards.

Biography

Early life
Born Sawong Supsamruay (สวง ทรัพย์สำรวย) in Ban Suan Klong, Bangkok Yai, Lor Tok was the third of five children of an orchardist. As a boy, he climbed coconut trees and learned to play traditional Thai musical instruments.

He attended Wat Nuan Noradit School until Mattayom 3 (the equivalent of ninth grade) and then went to work on the family orchard. After floods wiped out the orchard, Lor Tok worked on a river pier, helping to moor ferry boats. Other occupations included boatman on the Pasi Charoen canal, a trishaw driver in Nakhon Ratchasima and professional boxer. He is said to have often walked from Nakhon Ratchasima to Bangkok on foot, a journey that took three days. He also served in the Royal Thai Army.

Comedy and film career
Lor Tok joined a comedy troupe and began performing with another popular comedian of the day, Jok Dokchan. He was acclaimed for his stage performance in the comic play, Klai Glua Kin Dang (Near Good Salt, Eat Bad Salt). Due to this role, a senior actor gave him his stage name.

His film debut was in 1933 in Wan Chakayan. Other films were Panan, Yod Phi, Hong Fah, Phra Apaimanee and Roy Khan.

Among his more famous roles were the 1985 remake of the musical comedy Ngern, Ngern, Ngern (เงิน เงิน เงิน), for which he won best actor at the Thailand National Film Association Awards. He portrayed an unscrupulous moneylender whose son falls in love with a debtor and ends up taking sides against his father. He had also had a smaller role in the original 1965 film. Lor Tok won a Tuktathong ("Golden Doll") award for his role as a Chinese merchant in Go Hub.  He played the lead role in the 007 spoof, James Band and was the title character in the comedy horror, Dracula Tok. In the early 1980s, he acted in the acclaimed Luang ta duology, in which he portrayed a wise Buddhist monk.

He established his own production company in 1969 called Tok Boom Parpayon. Among the films he directed was Luk Kuey, which starred Mitr Chaibancha and Petchara Chaowarat. He was popular on television in the 1980s, appearing in the shows "Nateethong" and "Traduduang".

Personal life
Lor Tok was described as short and dark skinned, with black hair and often sported a pencil moustache. His good humor won him an admirer in Somjit, a statuesque actress, model and beauty contest winner. They married and had three children.

At the end of his life Lor Tok suffered from emphysema due to smoking. On April 28, he was admitted to Sotharavej Hospital in Chachoengsao after collapsing while rehearsing for a khon masked dance performance, and he died at the hospital the next day.

Shortly after his death, a cartoon series based on his Dracula Tok character was developed.

Tribute
On 1 April 2019, search engine Google commemorated Sawong "Lor Tok" Supsamruay with a Doodle on his 105th birth anniversary.

References

External links

1914 births
2002 deaths
People from Bangkok
Thai male film actors
National Artists of Thailand
20th-century Thai male actors
Deaths from emphysema
Thai comedians
20th-century comedians

Lor Tok


"The Crow and the Pitcher" is a fable by Aesop. "The Crow and the Pitcher" is numbered at 390 in the Perry Index. The fable is in the 2nd century AD Greek fable collection by pseudo-Dositheus and also later appears in the 4th–5th century Latin verse collection by Avianus.

The fable is about a crow that is thirsty and comes across a pitcher of water. When the crow looks in the pitcher, the water is at the bottom and is out of the crow's reach. The crow tries to push the pitcher over but fails to do so. It drops pebbles in the pitcher, one by one, until the water rises to the top of the pitcher which allows the crow to drink. Avianus follows the fable with a moral that emphasizes the virtue of ingenuity: "This fable shows us that thoughtfulness is superior to brute strength."

Aesop's Fables

The Crow and the Pitcher


A standard or standard hundred was a measure of timber used in trade.

The standard varied in number, size and composition from country to country so the term is usually proceeded by the region or port of origin.  The countries of the Baltic region were major producers and exporters of timber and so their standards were used in trade with other countries such as Britain. Hundred in this usage was usually a long hundred, meaning 120, but the word hundred may be dropped. The timber would be typically called battens (7 inches wide), deals (above 7, usually 9 inches wide) and planks (11 inches wide); boards were under 2 inches thick.

The standard hundred of the Russian capital of Saint Petersburg was 120 boards which were 12 feet long, 1½ inches thick and 11 inches wide – a volume of 165 cubic feet. The city changed its name to Petrograd when the First World War started in 1914 and so the unit was then known as the Petrograd Standard or PSH (Petrograd Standard Hundred). This unit also used the spelling Petersburgh.

The Christiania standard was 5/8 of the Petersburg standard, making it 103.125 cubic feet.

The Swedish standard hundred was 121 boards of 14 feet long, 3 inches thick and 9 inches wide, making 317.625 cubic feet.

The Norwegian standard hundred was 120 boards of 12 feet long, 3 inches thick and 9 inches wide, making 270 cubic feet.

The British standard hundred for battens was 120 battens of 12 feet long, 2½ inches thick and 7 inches wide, making 175 cubic feet.

The Quebec standard hundred was 100 boards of 12 feet long, 2½ inches thick and 11 inches wide, making 275 cubic feet.

The American standard hundred was 120 deals of 12 feet long, 2 inches thick and 12 inches wide, making 240 cubic feet.

The deals for decking sold in the ports of Danzig and Memel were planks of 40 feet long, 3 inches thick and 1 foot wide.  A standard hundred of 120 would be 1200 cubic feet.

Timber was an important import for Britain and the supply was affected by the Napoleonic Wars.  North America replaced Scandinavia as a source and the annual volume of trade in standards during this period changed as follows (standards per year):

See also
 Board foot
 Intaken piled fathom
 List of obsolete units of measurement

References

Customary units of measurement
Units of volume

Standard (timber unit)


The 1980 NCAA Division I-A football season saw a university from the state of Georgia take its first national title since 1942.

Nine days following the bowl games to close the 1979 season, tragedy struck when new LSU coach Bo Rein died when the plane he was flying in crashed into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Virginia. Rein, who coached North Carolina State to the Atlantic Coast Conference championship in 1979, was named on November 30 of that year as the successor to Charles McClendon, who coached LSU to a 137–59–7 mark from 1962 through 1979. Jerry Stovall, a former LSU All-American and St. Louis Cardinals defensive back, was named to succeed Rein approximately 36 hours after the crash.

The Georgia Bulldogs starred freshman running back Herschel Walker, who made his NCAA debut against Tennessee.  Down 15–2 at halftime, Georgia sent in Walker, the third string running back at the time, to try to light a spark.  Walker ran over All-American safety Bill Bates, in a play that would set the tempo for the rest of his career.

This year was the final season in which long time rivals Rutgers and Princeton played against each other. The rivalry between the New Jersey schools has not been played since.

This year's edition of Florida–Georgia game was won on a last minute 92 yard pass from Georgia's own endzone, known by the play by play call "Run, Lindsay, run!".

The Bulldogs ran through the rest of the season unscathed, beating Notre Dame in the Sugar Bowl.  Walker rushed for 150 yards against Notre Dame, a defense which had not given up a hundred-yard game that whole season. He did this with a dislocated shoulder.

The Pittsburgh Panthers also had a stellar season, led by defensive end Hugh Green.  The team went 11–1 and finished ranked No. 2, finishing the season with a rout of South Carolina and Heisman Trophy winner George Rogers in the Gator Bowl. 29 players from this team went on to play in the NFL.

Florida State defeated No. 3 ranked Nebraska on the Cornhuskers' home turf, and the following week defeated the No. 2 ranked Pitt Panthers

It was an unusual year for the Pac-10 as 5 of its 10 members were placed on probation by the conference (but not the NCAA) including traditional powers USC and UCLA, along with both Oregon schools and Arizona State. So half the conference was ineligible for bowl games and it was feared that the 4th or 5th-place finisher would end up in the Rose Bowl. Ironically,  USC and UCLA both got as high as No. 2 in the polls before being upset. As it turned out, the probation didn't matter as Washington won the conference outright with a 6–1 record.

This year's edition of the Holiday Bowl was a classic as the BYU staged a fourth quarter comeback, led by future NFL star Jim McMahon. Down 45–25 to SMU with less than four minutes left, McMahon threw three touchdown passes, including a Hail Mary as time expired, caught in the endzone by Clay Brown, despite being surrounded by three SMU defenders.

Rules changes
Offensive linemen are permitted full arm extension on so-called "retreat" blocking during pass plays, and clenched hands are permitted.
The "chop block" (a second offensive player blocking a defensive player below the knees while engaged with another offensive player) is outlawed.
A tie-breaker system was proposed for the post-season (similar to the one adopted for the 1995 post-season, except the start of overtime was at the 15–yard line and no defensive scores allowed), but failed to gain acceptance by the bowls.
Facemasking now includes grabbing the helmet as well as the facemask.

Conference and program changes

September

Most of the top teams of 1979 were expected to have strong seasons again in 1980. The preseason AP Poll had a top five of No. 1 Ohio State, No. 2 Alabama, No, 3 Pittsburgh, No. 4 USC, and No. 5 Oklahoma, all of whom had finished undefeated or with one loss the previous year. Georgia, which had gone just 6-5 in 1979, started at No. 16.

September 6: No. 2 Alabama was the first top-five team to begin its schedule, winning 26-3 over Georgia Tech. The other teams at the top of the poll had not begun their seasons; the next poll changed only slightly, with No. 1 Ohio State, No. 2 Alabama, No. 3 Pittsburgh, No. 4 Oklahoma, and No. 5 USC.

September 13: No. 1 Ohio State hosted Syracuse and won 31-21. No. 2 Alabama was idle. No. 3 Pittsburgh defeated Boston College 14-6, No. 4 Oklahoma beat Kentucky 29-7, and No. 5 USC won 20-17 at Tennessee. The AP voters shuffled the teams around somewhat: No. 1 Alabama, No. 2 Ohio State, No. 3 Oklahoma, No. 4 USC, and No. 5 Pittsburgh.

September 20: No. 1 Alabama defeated Mississippi 59-35 in a game arranged independently from the official SEC schedule. No. 2 Ohio State shut out Minnesota 47-0. No. 3 Oklahoma was idle. No. 4 USC won 23-13 over No. 20 South Carolina. No. 5 Pittsburgh defeated Kansas 18-3, but still fell out of the top five. No. 6 Nebraska impressed the voters with a 57-0 blowout of Iowa and moved up several spots in the next poll: No. 1 Alabama, No. 2 Ohio State, No. 3 Nebraska, No. 4 Oklahoma, and No. 5 USC.

September 27: Whilst both teams had no national ranking, the final meeting between college football's maiden rivalry occurred in Piscataway, New Jersey, as the Rutgers Scarlet Knights upended the Princeton Tigers 44-13. As both institutions have gone in opposite directions, no attempts to revive the first rivalry have transpired, nor will likely happen.
No. 1 Alabama blanked Vanderbilt 41-0. No. 2 Ohio State won 38-21 over No. 20 Arizona State. No. 3 Nebraska visited No. 11 Penn State and came away with a 21-7 victory. The first of the top teams to lose was No. 4 Oklahoma, which fell 31-14 at home to John Elway and Stanford. No. 5 USC won 24-7 at Minnesota. No. 7 Texas shut out Oregon State 35-0 and moved into the top five in the next poll: No. 1 Alabama, No. 2 Ohio State, No. 3 Nebraska, No. 4 USC, and No. 5 Texas.

October

October 4: No. 1 Alabama recorded their second consecutive shutout, 45-0 over Kentucky, but the teams behind them were not as successful. No. 2 Ohio State was shut out at home by No. 11 UCLA, 17-0. No. 3 Nebraska was also upset at home, losing to No. 16 Florida State 18-14 on a fumble at the Seminoles' three-yard line with 12 seconds left. No. 4 USC almost met a similar fate, but pulled out a 23-21 victory against Arizona State. No. 5 Texas won 41-28 at Rice. No. 6 Pittsburgh beat Maryland 38-9 and returned to the top five in the next poll: No. 1 Alabama, No. 2 USC, No. 3 Texas, No. 4 Pittsburgh, and No. 5 UCLA.

October 11: No. 1 Alabama had a surprisingly tough time with unheralded Rutgers, but the Tide prevailed 17-13. No. 2 USC won 27-10 at Arizona. No. 3 Texas met No. 12 Oklahoma in the Red River Shootout and dealt the Sooners another loss, 20-13. No. 4 Pittsburgh lost by a score of 36-22 to No. 11 Florida State, the Seminoles' second consecutive win against a top-four opponent. No. 5 UCLA defeated No. 16 Stanford 35-21. No. 7 Notre Dame won 32–14 against No. 13 Miami. Three of the Irish's four wins had been over ranked teams, and they moved up in the next poll: No. 1 Alabama, No. 2 USC, No. 3 Texas, No. 4 UCLA, and No. 5 Notre Dame.

October 18: No. 1 Alabama bounced back with another shutout win, 27-0 at Tennessee. No. 2 USC got bogged down in the rain at Oregon and had to settle for a 7–7 tie. No. 3 Texas and No. 4 UCLA were idle. No. 5 Notre Dame dominated Army 30-3. No. 6 Georgia, who had been slowly moving up in the poll with a mixture of narrow wins and blowouts (three of their six wins were by a touchdown or less, and the other three were by more than 30 points) defeated Vanderbilt 41-0 and moved up in the next poll: No. 1 Alabama, No. 2 Texas, No. 3 UCLA, No. 4 Notre Dame, and No. 5 Georgia.

October 25: No. 1 Alabama won 42-7 over No. 20 Southern Mississippi. No. 2 Texas fell to SMU by a score of 20–6, and the Longhorns would end up losing five of their last seven games after a 5-0 start. No. 3 UCLA defeated California 32-9 on the road. No. 4 Notre Dame won 20-3 at Arizona. No. 5 Georgia registered a second straight shutout by defeating Kentucky 27-0. No. 6 Florida State, whose only loss was by a single point to Miami, beat Memphis 24-3 to move into the top five: No. 1 Alabama, No. 2 UCLA, No. 3 Notre Dame, No. 4 Georgia, and No. 5 Florida State.

November

November 1: After five straight weeks with at least one major upset, this may have been the craziest day of all. No. 1 Alabama, which had held the top ranking for six weeks and was riding a 28-game winning streak, was knocked off by Mississippi State, 6-3; similar to the earlier Nebraska-Florida State game, the favored team lost on a late fumble at the three-yard line. No. 2 UCLA heard the news of Alabama's loss, but the Bruins could not take advantage, falling 23-17 to Arizona in Tucson. No. 3 Notre Dame shut out Navy 33-0. No. 4 Georgia squeaked past No. 14 South Carolina 13-10 in a matchup between star running backs Herschel Walker and George Rogers. No. 5 Florida State crushed Tulsa 45-2, No. 7 USC blew California out 60-7, and No. 8 Nebraska defeated No. 15 Missouri 38-16. The next poll featured No. 1 Notre Dame, No. 2 Georgia, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 USC, and No. 5 Nebraska.

November 8: The madness continued as new No. 1 Notre Dame was held to a 3-3 tie by Georgia Tech, who would finish with a 1-9-1 record. For the second week in a row, the second-ranked team struggled after being notified that the team above them had lost. No. 2 Georgia trailed rival No. 20 Florida late in the game when QB Buck Belue hit WR Lindsay Scott on an out pattern; Scott turned up field and went 90 yards for the winning score in the season's most memorable play. It was Scott's only touchdown reception all season and it gave the Bulldogs a 26-21 win, making them the only undefeated and untied team in the nation. The other top teams had less trouble. No. 3 Florida State defeated Virginia Tech 31-7, No. 4 USC won 34-9 at Stanford, No. 5 Nebraska beat Kansas State 55-8, and No. 6 Alabama won 28-7 over LSU. The next poll featured No. 1 Georgia, No. 2 USC, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 Nebraska, and No. 5 Alabama.

November 15: No. 1 Georgia won 31-21 at Auburn, the first game of the season where their winning margin was more than 7 but less than 30; the victory clinched the SEC title and a Sugar Bowl berth for the Bulldogs. For the fifth week in a row, a top-two team suffered an upset, as No. 2 USC lost at home to Washington, 20-10, moving the Huskies into first place in the Pac-10. No. 3 Florida State was idle, beginning an unusual three-week layoff before their last game. No. 4 Nebraska shut out Iowa State 35-0. No. 6 Notre Dame went down to Birmingham and beat No. 5 Alabama 7-0. No. 7 Ohio State, who had started at the top of the poll and still had only one loss, beat Iowa 41-7 and finally returned to the top five: No. 1 Georgia, No. 2 Notre Dame, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 Nebraska, and No. 5 Ohio State.

November 22: No. 1 Georgia and No. 3 Florida State were idle, while No. 2 Notre Dame won 24-10 over Air Force. No. 4 Nebraska and No. 9 Oklahoma met to decide the Big 8 title and the Orange Bowl berth, and for the second straight year the underdog Sooners narrowly upset the Cornhuskers (this time winning 21-17 on a touchdown with less than a minute to play). No. 5 Ohio State and No. 10 Michigan squared off in their usual showdown for the Big Ten championship, and once again the underdog won a close game, with the Wolverines prevailing 9-3. Michigan's Rose Bowl opponent would be No. 16 Washington, who clinched the Pac-10 title with a 30-23 win over Washington State. No. 6 Pittsburgh and No. 7 Penn State were idle as they prepared for their rivalry game, but both teams moved into the top five after the Nebraska and Ohio State losses: No. 1 Georgia, No. 2 Notre Dame, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 Pittsburgh, and No. 5 Penn State.

November 28–29: No. 1 Georgia completed their undefeated season with a 38-20 win over Georgia Tech. No. 2 Notre Dame and No. 3 Florida State were idle. No. 4 Pittsburgh faced No. 5 Penn State, and the Panthers' defense led the way to a 14-9 victory. No. 6 Oklahoma had finished its season, but the Sooners moved up in the next poll: No. 1 Georgia, No. 2 Notre Dame, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 Pittsburgh, and No. 5 Oklahoma.

December
December 6: The season ended with one final upset as No. 2 Notre Dame, whose only previous blemish was their tie against Georgia Tech, fell 20-3 to No. 17 USC. No. 3 Florida State, the only other highly-ranked team which hadn't finished its schedule, defeated No. 19 Florida 17-13. No. 6 Michigan moved up one spot in the final regular-season poll: No. 1 Georgia, No. 2 Florida State, No. 3 Pittsburgh, No. 4 Oklahoma, and No. 5 Michigan.

The major bowls extended their invitations in mid-November when there were still games left to be played, which led to problems for some of the top-ranked teams. Predicting that Notre Dame would defeat USC and finish undefeated, the Sugar Bowl organizers arranged for a meeting between the Fighting Irish and Georgia, which would have been a No. 1 vs. No. 2 showdown. The early invitation, combined with Notre Dame's late-season loss, cost Florida State (the actual No. 2 team in the final poll) a chance to play in a de facto national championship game. The Seminoles ended up in an Orange Bowl rematch against Oklahoma, who had defeated them in the same event the previous year.

The other unfortunate team was Pittsburgh, which was shut out of the New Year's Day bowls despite a No. 3 ranking and a 10-1 record (their only loss being to Florida State). The Cotton Bowl organizers invited No. 9 Alabama to face No. 6 Baylor (who earned the automatic bid as the SWC champion) before the Panthers had obtained their resume-building win over Penn State. Since the Rose Bowl was contracted to feature the Big Ten and Pac-10 winners, the Panthers had to settle for a Gator Bowl bid against No. 18 South Carolina and Heisman Trophy winner George Rogers.

Conference standings

No. 1 and No. 2 Progress

Notable rivalry games

 Notre Dame 29, Michigan 27
 Rutgers 44, Princeton 13 (Final meeting)
 Michigan 9, Ohio State 3
 No. 9 Oklahoma 21, No. 5 Nebraska 17
 UCLA 20, USC 17
Pitt 14, Penn State 9
 California 28, Stanford 23
 No. 1 Georgia 38, Georgia Tech 20
 LSU 24, Tulane 7
 USC 20, No. 2 Notre Dame 3

Bowl games
New Year's Day
Sugar Bowl: No. 1 Georgia 17, No. 7 Notre Dame 10
Orange Bowl: No. 4 Oklahoma 18, No. 2 Florida State 17
Rose Bowl: No. 5 Michigan 23, No. 16 Washington 6
Cotton Bowl: No. 9 Alabama 30, No. 6 Baylor 2
Other bowls
Gator Bowl: No. 3 Pittsburgh 37, No. 18 South Carolina 9
Sun Bowl: No. 8 Nebraska 31, No. 17 Mississippi State 17
Fiesta Bowl: No. 10 Penn State 31, No. 11 Ohio State 19
Peach Bowl: No. 20 Miami  20, Virginia Tech 10
Bluebonnet Bowl: No. 13 North Carolina 16, Texas 7
Liberty Bowl: Purdue 28, Missouri 25
Hall of Fame Classic: Arkansas 34, Tulane 15
Tangerine Bowl: Florida 35, Maryland 20
Holiday Bowl: No. 14 BYU 46, No. 19 SMU 45
Garden State Bowl: Houston 35, Navy 0
Independence Bowl: Southern Mississippi 16, McNeese State 14

Final AP and UPI rankings

Heisman Trophy voting
The Heisman Trophy is given to the year's most outstanding player

Source:

Other major awards
Maxwell - Hugh Green, DE, Pittsburgh
Outland – Mark May, OT, Pittsburgh
Camp - Hugh Green, DE, Pittsburgh
Lombardi - Hugh Green, DE, Pittsburgh

References

1980 NCAA Division I-A football season


Yashawant Dinkar Phadke (Y. D. Phadke Devanagari: यशवंत दिनकर फडके / य. दि. फडके) (3 January 1931 – 11 January 2008) was a historian and a political activist from Maharashtra, India.

Education
Phadke received a Bachelor's degree from Pune University and a Master's degree and doctorate in economics and political science from Mumbai University. His doctoral thesis was titled Sanyukta Maharashtra Chalwal Ani Congress Paksha (Struggle for United Maharashtra and the Congress Party).

Career
For some time, Phadke served as the director of Maharashtra state government's Administrative Institute before starting his long teaching career as a professor of political science at Pune and Mumbai universities. In 1984, Phadke was awarded the Fulbright scholarship to complete his research at Temple University's Center for Study of Federalism. During 1985-1991, he taught sociology at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences.

During 1991-1993, the Bharatiya Samaj Vidnyan Sanshodhan Parishad awarded Phadke its first Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Fellowship. The Asiatic Society in Mumbai conferred on him an honorary membership. (During the 1815-1995 180-year period, the Asiatic Society has awarded this honor only on 122 persons.)

Phadke served for a while as the president of Maharashtra State Board for Culture and Literature. He was the president of the 73rd Marathi Sahitya Sammelan, which was held in Belgaum in year 2000. He headed the Marathi advisory committee at Indian Dnyanpeeth. He was a member of the advisory committee to the central government's ministry for information and broadcasting.

Authorship
Phadke wrote in English and Marathi on a wide range of historical events and personalities of Maharashtra belonging to the last two centuries.

In English:
 The Constitution of India (Coauthored with R. Sririvasan)
 Senapati Bapat : Portrait of a Revolutionary
 Maharashtra in the 20th Century
 Social Reformers of Maharashtra
 Social Reform Movements in Maharashtra
 Politics and Language
 Women in Maharashtra
 V. K. Chiploonkar

In Marathi:

(Most of his Marathi work remains untranslated into English.)

 Sanshodhak Yashavant Dinkar Phadke (Coauthored with Nilā Upādhye)
 Sansada : Tevha Ani Ata
 Dharma Ani Rajakaran
 Ajakalache Rajakarani
 Bharatiya Nagarikatva
 Nahi Chira, Nahi Panati
 Jammu-Kashmir: Svayattvata Ki Svatantya?
 Adhunikata Ani Parampara : Ekonisavya Shatakatil Maharashtra (Coauthored with Rajendra Vhora)
 Visavya Shatakatil Maharashtra
 Shivachhatrapati: Itihas Ani Charitra
 Mahatma Phule Gaurava Grantha (Coauthored with Hari Narake)
 Shahu Chatrapati Ani Lokamanya
 Agarkar
 Ketkar Lekh Sangraha (Compilation of Shridhar Venkatesh Ketkar's essays)
 Dr. Ambedakaranche Marekari Arun Sauri
 Ra. Dho.n Karve
 Nathu-Ramayan
 Nyayalayat Madhū Limaye
 Annasaheb Laththe
 Drushtadrushta
 Svatantryavir Savarakaranchi Shastrastranchya Waparabaddalachi Bhoomika
 Rakhiwa jJaga Wastusthiti
 Akshar Divali
 Lokamanya Tilak Ani Krantikarak
 Kalindichya Tīravarati
 Ambeḍkari Chalaval
 Kahani Subhashachandranchi
 Shdhata Shodhata
 Svatantrya Andolanatil Musalman
 Svatantrya Chalavalitil Shikh
 Lokasabha Nivadnuka : 1952 Te 1999
 Smaranarekha
 Brahmanetar Chalavalitil Dhadadiche Karyakarte Dinakararav Javalakar Samagra Wangmay
 Mahatma Phule Samagra Wangmay
 Lokmanya Tilak
 Keshavrao Jedhe
 Shodh Savarkarancha
 Shodh Bal Gopalancha
 Vyakti Ani Vichar
 Krantikarak Va Ambedkari Chalwal

Phadke's last six books from the list above have won  "Marathi Literature State Award" (also known as Maharashtra State Literary Award) .

Shodh Bal Gopalancha - historical work on the lives of Tilak and Agarkar, including their friendship and animosity, was one of the 177 books that readers chose in a poll of the best ever  books written in Marathi.

References

External links
 Books Authored by Y D Phadke
 Books that reference Y D Phadke's work
 Y D Phadke, obituary by Prof. Suhas Palshikar, Published in Economic & Political Weekly
 Movie on life of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
 Y D Phadke Dead

Marathi people
Writers from Maharashtra
Marathi-language writers
Indian male essayists
1931 births
2008 deaths
People from Solapur
20th-century Indian historians
20th-century Indian essayists
Presidents of the Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan

Yashawant Dinkar Phadke


Oleg Aleksandrovich Prudius (; , Oleh Oleksandrovych Prudius; born April 27, 1969) better known by his ring name Vladimir Kozlov, is a Ukrainian-American actor and professional wrestler currently signed to Impact Wrestling under his real name. He is best known for his time in WWE, where he won the WWE Tag Team Championship once with Santino Marella. He is trained in freestyle wrestling, rugby, football, sambo, kickboxing, judo, jujutsu, Brazilian jiu-jitsu and mixed martial arts.

Prudius signed a development contract with World Wrestling Entertainment in 2006 and was assigned to WWE's developmental system, Deep South Wrestling. He would later be reassigned to Ohio Valley Wrestling, where he won the OVW Heavyweight Championship. He made his debut on SmackDown as Vladimir Kozlov on April 4, 2008. He was given a big push during his first few months on SmackDown, including a clean victory over The Undertaker. At Survivor Series 2008, Kozlov faced Triple H and Edge for the WWE Championship in a losing effort. At the end of 2008, he received the Slammy Award from WWE as the Breakout Star of the year. However, in the awards voting for the independent Wrestling Observer Newsletter, Kozlov was voted as the Most Overrated Wrestler of the year, and his match at Survivor Series match was voted as the Worst Match of the Year. In 2009, Kozlov was assigned to WWE's third brand, ECW, where he teamed with William Regal and Ezekiel Jackson. After the ECW brand was dissolved, he was assigned to Raw and started a tag team with Santino Marella, winning the WWE Tag Team Championships. Prudius left WWE in 2011.

Prudius has also worked as a stage and screen actor, notably having a small role in Spike Lee's 25th Hour and a walk-on role in the second season of the HBO series The Wire. Prudius also had a role in Grindhouse, appearing in the Werewolf Women of the SS trailer; in addition to his credit under his real name and his WWE persona for the appearance as well as being a former Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) Heavyweight Champion, Prudius was the first Ukrainian to ever wrestle for the WWE.

Before wrestling
Prudius has won numerous achievements, becoming the 2005 USA Open Heavyweight Sambo Champion
and a United States Kick-Boxing Association (USKBA) International Heavyweight Grappling Champion. He has also played American football for the Ukraine national team as well as Santa Barbara City College.

Professional wrestling career

World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE

Deep South Wrestling and Ohio Valley Wrestling (2006–2008)

On January 17, 2006, World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) announced that Prudius had signed a developmental deal and was sent to Deep South Wrestling (DSW). On April 7, 2006, he debuted under his real name and had his first match in DSW against Bobby Walker.

On May 5, 2006, Prudius had his first untelevised WWE match during a house show in San Jose, California, defeating Rob Conway. The next night, at another house show in Sacramento, California, Matt Striker cut a promo on Prudius, calling him a "filthy immigrant", causing Prudius to attack him. Prudius then picked up the microphone and said he that he is "proud to be in America".

On the December 18, 2006 episode of Raw, Prudius made an appearance as a WWE prospect named Vladimir Kozlov or  Moscow Mauler, which became his ring name. For the next several weeks, Kozlov was interviewed on WWE programming, proclaiming his love for "Double Double E" (WWE), but also began drawing a villainous response after declaring his superiority over whatever wrestlers were competing at the time, saying "I could beat both of them". He then was taken off television for over a year while working in the developmental system and participating in a number of dark matches, including one at Armageddon 2006, all of which he won.

On July 28, 2007 in Louisville, Kentucky, Kozlov won the OVW Heavyweight Championship by defeating Paul Burchill, but gave the championship the same night to Michael W. Kruel due to an agreement they made before.

WWE Championship pursuits (2008–2009)
On the April 4, 2008 episode of SmackDown, Kozlov made his official WWE debut as a heel, with the unique quirk of having no entrance music and no Titantron video – his "entrance" consisted of complete darkness except for a solitary spotlight following him to the ring. He defeated Matt Bentley in his first match, and over the following weeks, Kozlov would go on to easily win several matches, first against local talent and then established names including Colin Delaney, Funaki, Nunzio, Shannon Moore, Jimmy Wang Yang, Jamie Noble, and Domino. On the July 11 episode of SmackDown, Kozlov debuted an entrance theme and Titantron video as he defeated Stevie Richards.

In the following weeks, as Kozlov continued to easily win matches, he began demanding "better competition". On the September 12 episode of SmackDown, he started to seek that competition, attacking Jeff Hardy. Over the following weeks, Kozlov would continue attacking both Hardy and the WWE Champion Triple H, eventually starting a loose feud between the three of them over the WWE Championship. On the November 7 episode of SmackDown, Kozlov earned a match against Triple H for the WWE title at Survivor Series after defeating The Undertaker by disqualification after he was attacked by Jeff Hardy. The match was originally intended to include Kozlov, Jeff Hardy, and Triple H, although Hardy was removed due to a storyline injury. The result of this was the addition of Edge to the match while it was in progress, and ultimately Edge would go on to pin Triple H and win the title.

Continuing his pursuit of the WWE Championship, Kozlov competed in and was unsuccessful in winning a Beat the Clock Challenge match against ECW Champion Matt Hardy for another title shot. This led to the two meeting at Armageddon, where Kozlov gained his first pay-per-view win by defeating Hardy in a non-title match. Kozlov competed in the 2009 Royal Rumble match, entering as the sixth participant, but was eliminated by Triple H after eliminating The Great Khali, Carlito, and Montel Vontavious Porter. He then qualified to be part of the No Way Out Elimination Chamber match, where he was pinned for the first time after receiving a Last Ride from The Undertaker, though he still remained unpinned in one-on-one competition. Kozlov's undefeated streak in televised singles competition ended on the March 2, 2009 episode of Raw, in which he was defeated by Shawn Michaels; this match was for the opportunity to face The Undertaker at WrestleMania 25. His first televised singles loss on SmackDown came against The Undertaker himself on March 13.

The Ruthless Roundtable (2009–2010)
On April 13, 2009, Kozlov was drafted to the ECW brand as part of the 2009 WWE draft, as ECW's only pick of the night. Shortly after the draft, his character was tweaked to further highlight the training he received within the Russian military. He won his first match on the brand when he easily defeated a local competitor. On the June 30 episode of ECW on Syfy, he teamed with William Regal to defeat Christian and Tommy Dreamer. His first defeat in singles competition on ECW came on the July 7 episode of ECW, where he lost a #1 contenders match to Christian for Tommy Dreamer's ECW Championship at Night of Champions.

On July 21, Kozlov began an angle with Ezekiel Jackson in which, week after week, after one of them had easily defeated a local competitor, the other would come out and execute their finishing move on the fallen opponent in a game of one-upmanship. On the August 18 episode of ECW, Jackson was set to team with ECW Champion Christian against the team of Kozlov and number-one contender William Regal. Jackson turned on Christian, forming an alliance with Regal and Kozlov. Kozlov and Jackson aided Regal in his feud with Christian over the ECW Championship, but Regal was unable to capture the title.

On the December 15 episode of ECW, Kozlov came out with Regal to face Jackson in an ECW Homecoming battle royal qualifying match. During the match, Regal turned on Kozlov by pulling his feet while at ringside, which ultimately cost him the match. After the match, Kozlov attempted to attack Regal, but Jackson jumped him from behind and both proceeded to attack Kozlov. This split Kozlov from the Ruthless Roundtable.

Teaming with Santino Marella (2010–2011)

When the ECW brand came to an end, Kozlov, along with all other ECW talent, became a free agent. Kozlov would make his debut for the Raw brand on March 8, 2010 in a handicap gauntlet match with John Cena competing against Kozlov, Mr. McMahon, Batista, Mark Henry, Drew McIntyre and Jack Swagger. On the May 3 episode of Raw, he would team again with his former tag team partner William Regal to face the WWE Tag Team Champions The Hart Dynasty, Kozlov and Regal were defeated when Regal tapped out to David Hart Smith's Sharpshooter.

On the May 10 episode of Raw, he appeared backstage with Santino Marella, William Regal, and Flavor Flav in a backstage segment, where Marella asked to join him in a tag team. However, Kozlov refused to join, stating that "he (Marella) always loses". On the May 31 episode of Raw, Kozlov turned face for the first time when he slammed William Regal behind the referee's back during a mixed tag team match, allowing Santino Marella and Eve Torres to pick up the win. On the June 7 episode of Raw, he and Santino Marella were forced to compete in a dance-off, which Kozlov won. On June 14 episode of Raw, Kozlov served as a special referee for the match between Regal and Marella which Marella won after Kozlov intentionally gave him a fast count. On the June 28 episode of Raw, he fought Marella one on one with the stipulation being if Kozlov loses he would become Marella's tag team partner. He won, however, with Regal interfering after the match, Kozlov stopped Regal with a big boot to the chest and then carried Marella backstage. The following week, Kozlov teamed with Marella, defeating William Regal and The Great Khali. In the following weeks, Kozlov and Santino would continue their undefeated streak on both Raw and Superstars.

At the Night of Champions, Kozlov and Marella competed in a tag team turmoil match for the WWE Tag Team Championship, but were unsuccessful as the titles were won by Drew McIntyre and Cody Rhodes. On the November 15 episode of Raw, Kozlov and Marella defeated The Usos (Jimmy and Jey) to be number one contenders for WWE Tag Team Championship. Kozlov and Marella challenged Heath Slater and Justin Gabriel for the WWE Tag Team Championship at Survivor Series, but were unsuccessful.

On the December 6 episode of Raw, Kozlov and Marella captured the WWE Tag Team Championship by defeating the defending champions Heath Slater and Justin Gabriel, Mark Henry and Yoshi Tatsu, and The Usos in a four-way elimination tag team match. At TLC: Tables, Ladders and Chairs, Kozlov and Marella defeated Slater and Gabriel via disqualification to retain the title. The duo lost the tag team titles back to Slater and Gabriel at 2011 Elimination Chamber. Kozlov was supposed to be a part of an eight-man tag match at WrestleMania XXVII. However, during a WrestleMania Axxess match, he was attacked by The Corre, Kofi Kingston took his place at the event.

On March 8, Kozlov then became the Pro to Conor O'Brian on NXT Redemption. On the March 22 episode of NXT Redemption, Kozlov and his rookie O'Brian defeated JTG and his rookie Jacob Novak in a dance-off. Afterwards, Kozlov began teaching O'Brian sambo-like dancing and board breaking. O'Brian was eliminated on the June 28, episode of NXT, being the fourth rookie eliminated from the competition. Kozlov would then go on to feud with JTG on NXT, defeating JTG on three occasions. Kozlov's last WWE match was on the August 5 episode of SmackDown, where he lost to Mark Henry. After the match, Henry (kayfabe) broke Kozlov's left leg before Sheamus came down to the ring and saved him from Henry. On the same day, WWE announced that Kozlov was released from his WWE contract. His release (as well as the releases of Chris Masters and David Hart Smith) was referenced in a worked shoot moment on the August 8 episode of Raw by WWE Champion CM Punk.

Inoki Genome Federation (2011–2012)
On August 30, 2011, it was announced that Prudius would be making his first post-WWE appearance on September 3, working for the Japanese promotion Inoki Genome Federation (IGF) under his new ring name Alexander Kozlov. He made his debut on September 3 at Genome17, losing to Eric Hammer in under three minutes. On December 2, Kozlov defeated Montanha Silva. On May 26, 2012, at the IGF Genome 20, Prudius battled Jérôme Le Banner for the IGF Championship, but lost in three minutes. On July 10, Prudius got a rematch for the title, but lost again to Jerome Le Banner. He has not wrestled since his last match for IGF, electing to focus on work as an actor and stuntman.

Impact Wrestling (2021–present)
On April 26, 2021, Prudius joined Impact Wrestling as a Russian-language commentator via Rutube. His debut at the 2021 Rebellion event was his first wrestling appearance in eight years. He made an on screen cameo on March 17, 2023, where he reunited with Santino Marella. On the October 12, 2023, edition of Impact Wrestling, Prudius returned to assist Dirty Dango in a five-way match.

Other media
Prudius has made many television and film appearances and is actively pursuing an acting career in Hollywood. He appeared in the second season of the HBO drama series The Wire, as well as Roksalana and It's Not To Easy on Ukrainian TV. In 2002, he appeared in Spike Lee's film 25th Hour, playing a Russian mafia enforcer. He appeared in the Russian military theatre play Victory Day and a Ukraine University play Three Musketeers. In 2013 he was also featured in season 7, episode 4 of  USA Network's TV series, Burn Notice. He was also a stuntman for the film Fast & Furious 6, and for John Wick 2. Oleg received his biggest acting break in the 2017 Chinese Blockbuster Wolf Warriors 2. In 2019, he appeared in the Marvel series The Punisher in season 2.

In 2009, he became a U.S. citizen.

In 2014, Prudius opened Quasar Entertainment, a full service production company where he's the company's Vice President.

Other ventures
Prudius is the owner and creator of the Moscow Mauler Vodka brand.

Championships and accomplishments

Martial arts
 Sambo
 USA Open Heavyweight Sambo Champion (2005)
 Kickboxing
 United States Kick-Boxing Association International Heavyweight Grappling Champion

Professional wrestling
 Ohio Valley Wrestling
 OVW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Ranked No. 53 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2009
 World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
 WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Santino Marella
 Slammy Award (1 time)
 Breakout Star of the Year (2008)
 Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 Most Overrated (2008)
 Worst Worked Match of the Year (2008)

References

External links

 IGF Profile (in Japanese)
 Gerweck.net Profile

 VSplanet.net Profile
 Moscow Mauler

1969 births
21st-century professional wrestlers
American male judoka
American people of Russian descent
American sambo practitioners
Living people
Sportspeople from Kyiv
Place of birth missing (living people)
Ukrainian male film actors
Ukrainian emigrants to the United States
Ukrainian male judoka
Ukrainian jujutsuka
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Vladimir Kozlov


The 1945–46 season was the 73rd season of competitive football in Scotland and the seventh and final season of special wartime football during World War II.

Overview

Between 1939 and 1946 normal competitive football was suspended in Scotland. Many footballers signed up to fight in the war and as a result many teams were depleted, and fielded guest players instead. The Scottish Football League and Scottish Cup were suspended and in their place regional league competitions were set up. Appearances in these tournaments do not count in players' official records.

Honours
In contrast to previous wartime seasons a single league, the Southern League, operated for Scotland with two divisions (although its membership did not include all the pre-war Scottish league clubs). No country-wide cup competition took place, although a number of regional competitions continued including the Glasgow Cup, and a Southern League Cup was competed for, a competition which later formed the basis of the League Cup. In addition a Supplementary Cup was played for by B Division teams.

International

In keeping with the other wartime seasons the Scotland national football team went on official hiatus, although unofficial games, appearances for which do not count towards the final caps totals of participants, continued.

Scotland faced England in one such match on 13 April 1946 at Hampden Park. In front of 139, 468 spectators Scotland won 1–0 with a Jimmy Delaney goal in what was dubbed a 'Victory International'. The Scotland line-up featured: Bobby Brown, Davie Shaw, Jock Shaw, Billy Campbell, Frank Brennan, Jackie Husband, Willie Waddell, Neil Dougall, Jimmy Delaney, George Hamilton, Billy Liddell.

A second game against England was also played at Maine Road, Manchester on 24 April 1946. This game was neither an official nor a victory international but rather was played as a fundraiser for the victims of the Burnden Park Disaster. A crowd of 70,000 witnessed a 2–2 draw with Willie Thornton scoring twice for Scotland. Their line-up featured: Willie Miller, Davie Shaw, Jock Shaw, Billy Campbell, Frank Brennan, Jackie Husband, Willie Waddell, Neil Dougall, Willie Thornton, George Hamilton, Billy Liddell.

For the first time since before the war Scotland also faced opposition other than England. On 23 January 1946 a crowd of 48,830 at Hampden saw Scotland draw 2–2 with Belgium, with Jimmy Delaney scoring both goals. The line-up was: Bobby Brown, Jimmy McGowan, Jock Shaw (captain), Jimmy Campbell, Andy Paton, George Paterson, Gordon Smith, Archibald Baird, Jimmy Delaney, Johnny Deakin, Jimmy Walker. Both the Scottish Football Association and the Royal Belgian Football Association afford this game full international status, although it is not recognised as such by FIFA.

In similar circumstances Scotland faced Switzerland at Hampden on 15 May 1946. In front of 111,899 fans Scotland won 3–1 with two from Liddell and one from Delaney. The line-up was: Bobby Brown, Davie Shaw, Jock Shaw, Billy Campbell, Frank Brennan, Jackie Husband, Willie Waddell, Willie Thornton, Jimmy Delaney, Tommy Walker, Billy Liddell.

See also
Association football during World War II

Notes and references

External links
 League winners at RSSSF
 Glasgow Cup winners at RSSSF
 Scottish Football Historical Archive

Wartime seasons in Scottish football

1945–46 in Scottish football


The Center for Research in Security Prices, LLC (CRSP) is a provider of historical stock market and investable index data. CRSP is an affiliate of the Booth School of Business at the University of Chicago. CRSP maintains some of the largest and most comprehensive proprietary historical databases in stock market research. Academic researchers and investment professionals rely on CRSP for accurate, survivor bias-free information which provides a foundation for their research and analyses. As of 2023, CRSP claims over 600 clients. The name is usually pronounced "crisp".

CRSP was founded in 1960 by James H. Lorie (professor of finance and director of research) and Lawrence Fisher (assistant professor of finance) of the University of Chicago, with a grant from Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith. Its goal was to provide a source of accurate and comprehensive data that could be used to answer basic questions about the behavior of stock markets. The first effort of the Center was the production of a database consisting of monthly stock prices on the New York Stock Exchange for all common stocks from 1926 to 1962. Dividends, shares outstanding, capital changes, and delisting information was also included. Taken together, this data made possible the first comprehensive study of the rates of return on common stocks. Since then the database has been kept up to date to the present day, daily data has been expanded back to 1926, and other exchanges and financial instruments have been added.

On January 1, 2020, CRSP spun off from Chicago Booth and became Center for Research in Security Prices, LLC. CRSP, LLC is an affiliate of the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.

CRSP's flagship databases include:
 Common stocks on the NYSE from 1926, AMEX from 1962, and NASDAQ from 1972
 CRSP Indexes
 NASDAQ and S&P 500 Composite Indices
 NASDAQ and AMEX Industry Indices
 US Treasury bonds
 Survivor bias-free mutual funds
 Market capitalization reports;
 Proxy graphs for 10-K SEC filings
 Other custom datasets

In partnership with Compustat, CRSP provides the CRSP/Compustat Merged Database, and in partnership with the Ziman School of Real Estate at UCLA's Anderson School of Management, the CRSP/Ziman REIT Data Series.

Notes

References

External links

Economic research institutes
Research institutes of the University of Chicago

Center for Research in Security Prices


In probability theory — specifically, in stochastic analysis — a killed process is a stochastic process that is forced to assume an undefined or "killed" state at some (possibly random) time.

Definition

Let X : T × Ω → S be a stochastic process defined for "times" t in some ordered index set T, on a probability space (Ω, Σ, P), and taking values in a measurable space S. Let ζ : Ω → T be a random time, referred to as the killing time. Then the killed process Y associated to X is defined by

and Yt is left undefined for t ≥ ζ. Alternatively, one may set Yt = c for t ≥ ζ, where c is a "coffin state" not in S.

See also

 Stopped process

References

  (See Section 8.2)

Stochastic processes

Killed process


Ordrupgaard is a state-owned art museum situated near Jægersborg Dyrehave, north of Copenhagen, Denmark. The museum houses one of Northern Europe's most important collections of Danish and French art from the 19th and beginning of the 20th century.

History
Ordrupgaard was originally a county home built between 1916 and 1918 by Wilhelm Hansen and his wife  Henny Nathalie Soelberg Jensen (1870-1951). Wilhelm Peter Henning Hansen was the  Danish general representative of the English-based Life Insurance Gresham for two decades. In 1896, he founded the Danish-based  life insurance company Dansk Folkeforsikringsanstalt.  Later, he also founded the internationally oriented insurance company Mundus. In 1905, Danish insurance company Hafnia appointed  to their managing director. He held the office until 1936.

Wilhelm and Henny Hansen bought a large piece of land by Ordrup Krat, near Jægersborg Dyrehave, north of Copenhagen, Denmark. Between 1916 and 1918 they built their stately home Ordrupgaard, designed by architect  Gotfred Tvede (1863–1947). At the same time an extensive park was laid out by landscape gardener Valdemar Fabricius Hansen (1866–1953). Ordrupgaard was inaugurated on 14 September 1918. In his opening speech, Wilhelm Hansen declared that the collection would be left to the Danish State.

In 1922, Wilhelm Hansen suffered a massive financial and personal loss. "Landmandsbanken", in which the Consortium had taken loans for the purchase of art works, collapsed. In order to pay off his debt Wilhelm Hansen sold more than half of his French collection – approximately 82 pieces. Among these were important works by Paul Cézanne, Édouard Manet and Paul Gauguin. Many of these works are now housed at the "Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek" in Copenhagen and "The National Museum of Western Art" in Tokyo. Wilhelm Hansen overcame the crisis and from 1923 to 1933 compensated for his losses by buying new, specifically French paintings, which are still at Ordrupgaard.

After the death of Wilhelm Hansen in 1936, his widow Henny Hansen lived on alone at Ordrupgaard. At her death in 1951, she left the collection, the house and the park to the Danish State, as Wilhelm Hansen had wished. In 1953, Ordrupgaard was opened to the public as a state-owned art museum.

On 30 August 2005, Ordrupgaard inaugurated the new extension designed by the Iraqi-born architect Zaha Hadid (1950–2016).  The extension measures 1,150 sq.m. and has improved the space, climate and security conditions so that Ordrupgaard is now able to present special exhibitions at an international level. The extension is constructed in glass and black lava concrete joined to form a deconstructivistic and organic body. A further, largely-underground, extension, designed by Snøhetta, was projected to open in 2021.

Collection

Danish arts collection

Wilhelm Hansen established his collection of Danish art covering the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century during the period of 1892 to 1916. The Danish Golden Age is comprehensively represented by works by, amongst others: Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg, Christen Købke, Johan Thomas Lundbye, P.C. Skovgaard and Wilhelm Marstrand. The main part of the collection, however, testifies to Wilhelm Hansen's interest for contemporary art with works by artists such as: L.A. Ring, Vilhelm Hammershøi and Theodor Philipsen, not forgetting the Fynbo Painters Johannes Larsen, Fritz Syberg and Peter Hansen, Wilhelm Hansen's childhood friend.

French fine arts collection
[[File:La Rue Saint-Honoré, matin, effet de soleil.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Camille Pissarro, La Rue Saint-Honoré, matin, effet de soleiløø]]
During World War I, Wilhelm Hansen focused his interest on French art. From 1916 to 1918 he purchased French paintings, pastels, drawings and sculptures, thus laying the foundation for an actual art museum.
It was Wilhelm Hansen's great wish to acquaint the Danes with French 19th-century art. His first purchases were paintings by Alfred Sisley, Camille Pissarro, Claude Monet and Auguste Renoir. Wilhelm Hansen's main focus was on French Impressionism. In order, however, to put Impressionism into perspective, his collection also comprised the genres immediately preceding and following. Thus, Ordrupgaard is able to show Eugène Delacroix, representing Romanticism, Théodore Rousseau (the Barbizon School), Gustave Courbet (Realism), Édouard Manet (Modernism), and Paul Gauguin (Symbolism).
When purchasing French art, Wilhelm Hansen often took advice from the French art critic Théodore Duret (1838–1927).

Furniture and handicrafts collection
Parallel to Wilhelm Hansen's interest in Danish and French art was his interest for furniture and handicrafts. He was especially interested in ceramics, chandeliers and furniture executed by  architect, sculptor and ornamental artist Thorvald Bindesbøll (1846–1908).

 Buildings

Ordrupgaard was originally built as a three-winged trellised country mansion in the neo-classical style. The gallery which houses the French collection is connected to the main building by a small conservatory. Additionally a porter's lodge, a driver's residence (now demolished) and a coach house (now named "Lavendelhuset"/ The Lavender House) were erected. A shed and a small half-timbered summerhouse comprise the rest of the original buildings on the estate.

 Park
The Park at Ordrupgaard is laid out in the English style with a smaller French-inspired rose garden, originally adorned by a ceramic fountain by Jean Gauguin (now placed in the conservatory due to conservational reasons).
The Park at Ordrupgaard originally functioned as a kitchen garden as well as a flower garden. The extensive produce and the many fruit trees sustained the family with fresh fruit and vegetables throughout the year while the rest of the grounds were used for leisure and contemplation.
From the summerhouse could be viewed, at the far end of the park (where now there is a meadow) a small lake encompassing an island complete with rowing boat. There were also small ponds around the grounds, which have since been filled in.

 Finn Juhl house

From 1941 to 1942, furniture designer Finn Juhl (1912–1989) designed and furnished his own house next door to Ordrupgaard. The house is one of the first functionalistic one-family houses in Denmark. Here Finn Juhl lived until his death in 1989. Finn Juhl's widow Hanne Wilhelm Hansen left the house and its interior unchanged. On 3 April 2008, the house opened as a separate, additional part of Ordrupgaard Art Museum, thanks to a private donation from Birgit Lyngbye Pedersen.

References

 Other sources
 Wilhelm Hansen's letters and photos in Ordrupgaard's Archive
 Madsen, Karl: Malerisamlingen Ordrupgaard. Wilhelm Hansens Samling. Malerier, Akvareller, Pasteller, Tegninger af franske Kunstnere (København, 1918)
 Swane, Leo: Etatsråd Wilhelm Hansen og hustru Henny Hansens malerisamling, Katalog over kunstværkerne på Ordrupgaard (København, 1954)
 Rostrup, Haavard: Etatsraad Wilhelm Hansen og hustru Henny Hansens malerisamling. Catalogue of the Works of Art in The Ordrupgaard Collection (København, 1966)
 Asmussen, Marianne Wirenfeldt: Wilhelm Hansens oprindelige franske samling på Ordrupgaard. Wilhelm Hansen's Original French Collection at Ordrupgaard (København, 1993)

Related reading
Wivel, Mikael: Ordrupgaard, Selected works (Ordrupgaard. 1993)
 Rostru, Haavard: Histoire du Musée d'Ordrupgaard, 1918–1978: D'aprés des documents inédits (Gyldendal. 1981)
Lederballe, Thomas and Rabinow, Rebecca (ed.): The Age of Impressionism. European Paintings from Ordrupgaard (Ordrupgaard. 2002)
Anderberg, Birgitte & Thomas Lederballe (ed.): Ordrupgaard: Danish Art from the Century of the Golden Age'' (Copenhagen, 1999)

External links

 Ordrupgaard – Facebook
 Ordrupgaard in KID

Historic house museums in Copenhagen
Art museums and galleries in Copenhagen
Houses in Copenhagen
Buildings and structures in Gentofte Municipality
Zaha Hadid buildings
Art museums established in 1918
1918 establishments in Denmark
Museums in the Capital Region of Denmark
Tourist attractions in Copenhagen

Ordrupgaard


Connor Paolo is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Eric van der Woodsen on The CW's teen drama series Gossip Girl and Declan Porter on the ABC drama series Revenge. He has also appeared in two Oliver Stone films, Alexander (2004) and World Trade Center (2006).

Personal life
Paolo was born in New York City, the son of Julia Mendelsohn, a vocal coach and classical pianist, and Colin Paolo, a writer and screenwriter.

He attended, beginning in 2006, the Professional Performing Arts School alongside Sarah Hyland, Paul Iacono and Taylor Momsen. He took acting classes at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute. Paolo also attended Appel Farm Arts and Music Center Summer Arts Camp located in Elmer, New Jersey for several summers. He attended New York University for one semester in fall 2008.

Career
He played a preteen murderer-rapist in an episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. He made his motion picture debut in Clint Eastwood's Oscar-nominated Mystic River, playing young Sean. In 2004, Paolo was on One Life to Live as Travis O'Connell, a recurring character. Paolo also made a return appearance on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, playing a disturbed teenager based on the real case of Justin Berry. Other films include World Trade Center for Oliver Stone in 2006; Snow Angels, directed by David Gordon Green; and Favorite Son, his first leading role.

Paolo has a background in theatre and commercials. He has appeared on the Broadway stage in the hit musical The Full Monty and off-Broadway in the New York public theater production of Shakespeare's Richard III. He played Bottom in an abridged production of Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream.

From 2007 to 2011, Paolo had a supporting role on The CW's series Gossip Girl, where he played Eric van der Woodsen, the brother of lead Serena van der Woodsen's character. His last appearance was in the sixth season.

In 2010, he starred in the vampire apocalypse film Stake Land directed by Jim Mickle.

In April 2011, Paolo joined the cast of ABC's dramatic series Revenge. In August 2011, Paolo stated that he would be taking on the new series Revenge full-time and his character Eric van der Woodsen on Gossip Girl would no longer appear on the show. He, however, returned to Gossip Girl for a brief appearance during the series finale. Paolo exited Revenge in May 2013, after his character was written off the second season finale.

In 2020, Variety announced Paolo was joining the cast of the Chris Blake quarantine comedy Distancing Socially. The film was shot at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, using remote technologies and the iPhone 11. The film was acquired and released by Cinedigm in October 2021.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Music videos

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American male actors
American male child actors
American male film actors
American male soap opera actors
American male television actors
American male video game actors
Living people
Male actors from New York City

Connor Paolo


Xavier de Langlais (April 26, 1906 in Sarzeau – June 15, 1975) was a Breton painter, printmaker and writer. He usually signed his work with the name Langleiz, a Breton language version of his surname.

Early career
Langlais studied art in Nantes (1922) and Paris (1926–1928). During his stay in Paris he took advantage of his free time to learn the Breton language. He tried to find a way to create a new art connected with his love of Brittany, and began to work as a painter, church decorator and researcher into artistic techniques.

In 1931 he married Annick Gazet du Chatelier, with whom he had four children. In 1948, he became a professor of design at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts de Rennes, where he continued to work for the remainder of his career. He also worked as an illustrator, mainly using the traditional woodblock printing technique.

He wrote a book on techniques of oil painting, which is still authoritative and has been translated into several languages.

Breton artist and activist

A supporter of the Breton National Party, he edited and illustrated its literature. In 1924, he made contact with Ar Seiz Breur, a group of nationalistic Breton artists formed by Jeanne Malivel and René-Yves Creston.

With James Bouillé, an architect and member of Ar Seiz Breur, he established the art workshop "An Droellenn" (The Spiral) in 1935. This was dedicated to the revival of Breton Christian art. He created several religious murals: in the chapel of St. Joseph's College in Lannion, the Grand Seminary in Saint-Brieuc, the Notre-Dame-de-la-Mer Étel Church in La Richardais, and the stations of the cross, La Baule.

He was a prolific writer in the Breton language and was an ardent promoter of orthographic reform would create characters for the specific dialect of Vannes Breton that he practiced. He held discussions in Vannes in 1936, but the project only reached fruition 1941. In that year he moved to Rennes, where he worked as an artistic and literary critic, writing a regular column in La Bretagne, a pro-Marshal Philippe Pétain collaborationist newspaper edited by Yann Fouéré.

He had met Roparz Hemon in Paris in 1926 and was invited by him to join the editorial board of the Breton literary magazine Gwalarn. He published plays, poems and novels and focused especially on the Arthurian cycle. He also participated in the revival of the publishing and distribution of books in Breton in 1949, and participated in the summer school Bretonnante Kamp Etrekeltiek ar Vrezhonegerien, founded in 1948, and which still exists.

He helped in the dissemination of books in Breton, and later became chairman of the Celtic Circle in Rennes. He continued to espouse Breton nationalism throughout his life.

Writings
An diou zremm (the two faces), drama, 1932
Kanou en noz, poems, 1932
Koroll ar vuhez hag ar maro (Dance of Life and Death), poem, 1938
Ene al Linennou
Enez ar Rod (Island of the Wheel), a science fiction novel, written 1940–1942 (published 1949 by Ar Balb and 2000 by Hor Yezh)
Mouladuriou hor yezh (Island Under Glass, 1962 Pan, 2002, Coop Breizh)
Tristan et Yseult Brest, Al Liamm, 1958
Technique de la peinture à l'huile, Flammarion, 1959 détail de l'édition
Le Roman du Roi Arthur, novels, 5 vol., Coop Breizh, Spézet, 1965–1971
Merlin,  (also published in Breton)
Lancelot,
Perceval,
La Quête du Graal,
La Fin des temps aventureux,
 Romant ar Roue Arzhur. Marzhin (Merlin), breton version of the first book from the Arthur series, Brest, Al Liamm, 1975.
 Tristan hag Yseult, Rennes, Terre de brume, 1994  (cf. 1958).

References

Bibliography
Xavier de Langlais et L'île de Sein, Patricia Plaud-Dihuit .
Les décorations dans les édifices religieux en Bretagne, Masters dissertation in art history, by Florence Collet, supervised by Denise Delouche
Etude comparative de l'ile sous cloche de Xavier de Langlais et de L'Île du docteur Moreau de Wells, master's thesis in modern literature, Fabienne Tireau.
Encyclopedia Bretonne No. 2. 1977
Xavier de Langlais et la Bretagne, complete works edited by Denise Delouche. Edition Coop Breizh . Coop Breizh Edition.

External links
 Xavier de Langlais website

1906 births
1975 deaths
People from Sarzeau
Breton nationalists
French illustrators
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
French male painters
French mixed-media artists
French decorative artists
Writers from Brittany
Breton artists
French male writers
20th-century French male writers

Xavier de Langlais


Victoria Puig de Lange (3 December 1916 in Guayaquil – 14 May 2008 in Miami) was an Ecuadorian author, composer, and diplomat. Her long career in journalism placed her on the staff of Vanidades, and included an international syndicated column for ALA. In 1984 she became Editor-in-Chief of Harper's Bazaar (Spanish edition).

In 2003, Puig, who went by the nickname "Chichi", wrote ''Sol Con Agua, an autobiographical novel published by Editorial Vistazo. It combined elements of the magic realism literary style with her memoirs of a life "surrounded by presidents, movie stars, and international personalities."

As Editor-in-Chief of Harper's Bazaar, Puig entered center stage of the fashion world, regularly attending the fashion weeks of London, Milan, and Paris.  She served as judge in Occhio D'Oro to select the best Italian designer. From this unique vantage point she took a keen interest in Latin American designers. She co-founded the first Latin American fashion week and, with Beth Sobol, Miami Fashion Week.

Puig, a daughter of diplomats (Ambassador Carlos Puig Vilazar and Consul General Rosa Parada de Puig), represented her country as Consul General of Ecuador in Miami. She also represented Ecuador, as a songwriter at Chile's OTI Festival, after the release of her LP La Novia del Rio, a collection of ballads with the rhythms and sounds of her native land.

She married three times, with Luis Aguirre Luque (1935), James Dall Brown (1941), and Harold Lange Browne (1947).  She also had 3 sons.

References

1916 births
2008 deaths
Harper's Bazaar
Magazine editors
Ecuadorian diplomats
Ecuadorian expatriates in the United States
Ecuadorian journalists
Ecuadorian women journalists

Victoria Puig de Lange


The Spina Hotel is a historic former hotel building in Ironton, Minnesota, United States.  It was built in 1913 with multiple commercial spaces and grandly designed architecture.  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 for having local significance in the themes of architecture and commerce.  It was nominated for illustrating the scale of civic development anticipated but never fully achieved during the boom years of iron mining on the Cuyuna Range.

Description
The Spina Hotel is a two-story brick building with a footprint of .  The northeast and southeast corners are cut off at an angle, and contain the principal doors.  Cast iron columns decorate the eastern façade of the first floor and both angled corners.  The building's National Register nomination describes the overall style as "mild commercial classicism."

The second story has a deep indentation at the rear, giving it a U-shape.  The two angled corners sport false balconies flanked by wooden columns.  All along the second story, paired one-over-one sash windows are topped by arches filled with decorative iron panels.

At the time of the building's nomination to the National Register in 1980, the first floor interior contained the hotel lobby, a bar, a barbershop, another commercial storefront, and a post office, while the hotel rooms were all on the second floor.  At that time some of the original interior details, such as wood trim, pressed metal ceilings, and light fixtures, were still extant.

History
The Spina Hotel was built in 1913 as the local economy was developing rapidly from iron mining on the Cuyuna Range.  The hotel's design anticipated an era of grandiosity.  However the economic boom never fully materialized, and Ironton's population began to decline after 1920.  The Spina Hotel remains a largely intact vestige of a deliriously optimistic period in local history.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Crow Wing County, Minnesota

References

1913 establishments in Minnesota
Buildings and structures in Crow Wing County, Minnesota
Defunct hotels in Minnesota
Hotel buildings completed in 1913
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Crow Wing County, Minnesota

Spina Hotel


William Edward "Pop" Swett (April 16, 1870 – November 22, 1934) was a catcher and right-fielder in Major League Baseball in 1890.

Career
Swett was born in San Francisco, California. He debuted as a professional baseball catcher in May 3,1890 with the San Francisco Haverlys of the California League. Swett played there for a couple of seasons and then ventured east in 1890 to join the Boston Reds of the Players' League. As the second youngest player in the league, he was the team's backup catcher to Morgan Murphy. Swett batted .191 in 37 games. The Reds won the pennant. However, the Players' League folded after the season, and Swett returned to the west coast.

Swett played baseball in California for the next few seasons. While with Stockton in 1893, he played so well The Sporting Life wrote that he was "without doubt one of the best catchers on the coast." Even though Swett was only 23 years old, the newspaper referred to him as "Pop Swett."

Swett played professional baseball as late as 1896. He died in San Francisco at the age of 64.

References

External links

1870 births
1934 deaths
Major League Baseball catchers
Boston Reds (PL) players
San Francisco Haverlys players
San Francisco Friscos players
San Francisco Metropolitans players
Oakland Colonels players
Stockton River Pirates players
Sacramento Senators players
Nashville Tigers players
19th-century baseball players
Baseball players from San Francisco

Pop Swett