Donald C. Johnson (born 1949) is an American career diplomat who served as U.S. Ambassador to three countries; Equatorial Guinea, Cape Verde and Mongolia.

Early life and education
Johnson grew up in Mexico. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Lewis & Clark College and his J.D. from Lewis & Clark Law School. He earned a Master of Public Administration from the University of Oklahoma in 1975. He received his LL.M in corporation law from the George Washington University Law School.

Career
Johnson entered the United States Foreign Service in 1974. His first post was as Third Secretary in Guatemala. Other overseas postings have been in Moscow, Taipei, Beijing, Madrid, and Tegucigalpa. Domestic assignments include service as a Desk Officer at the State Department and service on the National Security Council at the White House.

Career highlights include earthquake relief in Guatemala; liaison with human rights groups in the former Soviet Union; ; negotiation of drug control and status of forces agreements in Honduras.

Before becoming U.S. Ambassador to Mongolia (1993–1996), Johnson had traveled to Ulaanbaatar before the U.S. had established diplomatic relations. He was also instrumental in concluding numerous trade and scientific agreements during his tenure.

From 1996 to 1997 he was Head of Mission in Moldova for the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.  Between 1997 and 1999 he was one of three members of the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning during the Northern Ireland peace process. While serving on the Commission, he led the team that carried out the very first voluntary decommissioning of paramilitary weapons in Northern Ireland, which saw the destruction of submachine guns, handguns, ammunition and improvised explosives.

From 2002 to 2005 he served as U.S. Ambassador to Cape Verde. During his service, Cape Verde was one of the first 16 countries to qualify for the Millennium Challenge Account, and prior to the completion of his Cape Verde assignment, Cape Verde signed a $110 million Compact with the Millennium Challenge Corporation to fund major infrastructure and water improvements. In addition, Cape Verde became only the sixth country in Africa to achieve Category 1 status for its civil aviation, and in July 2005, Cape Verde's airline began direct flights to the U.S.

From the fall of 2005 until June 2006, Ambassador Johnson worked in the U.S. Mission to the Organization of American States, leading the U.S. team in the negotiations for a Social Charter of the Americas.

Affiliations
He is a member of the District of Columbia Bar, the State Bar of Texas, and the U.S. Supreme Court Bar. He served in the U.S. Army as a draftee from 1971 to 1973.

References

 U.S. Department of State, official biography of Donald C. Johnson https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/15249.htm

Ambassadors of the United States to Mongolia
Ambassadors of the United States to Cape Verde
Ambassadors of the United States to Equatorial Guinea
Living people
Lewis & Clark College alumni
Lewis & Clark Law School alumni
1949 births
United States National Security Council staffers
United States Foreign Service personnel

Donald C. Johnson


A speedloader is a device used to reduce the time and effort needed to reload a firearm. Speedloaders come in a variety of forms for reloading revolvers, or the magazines used with other types of firearms such as rifles and shotguns.

Generally, speedloaders are used for loading multiple chambers of a revolver simultaneously. Such speedloaders are used for revolvers having either swing-out cylinders or top-break cylinders. Revolvers having fixed cylinders must be unloaded and loaded one chamber at a time. Speedloaders of different designs are used for loading the fixed tubular magazines of shotguns and rifles. Other speedloader designs are used to load the magazines (fixed or detachable) of semi-automatic firearms.

Revolver speedloaders

Cylindrical reloaders

The modern revolver circular speedloader holds a full cylinder complement of cartridges in a secure fashion, spaced in a circular configuration so as to allow the cartridges to drop simultaneously into the cylinder easily (although non-circular types such as half moon clips are very common as well). A mechanism is provided that allows the cartridges to be released from the speedloader when loaded, so that when it is removed, the cartridges remain in the cylinder. The most common type of speedloader uses a rotating latch. Another type slides the cartridges out an open side; and a third type has a latch that releases when pressed.

Revolver speedloaders make the process of reloading an appropriately matched revolver much faster than reloading one round at a time (provided that  ready-loaded speedloaders are available). Swing-out and top-break revolvers are designed to eject all cartridges with one movement, and speedloaders allow loading with but a single additional step. They also provide a convenient way to carry ammunition for a revolver. Speedloaders do not, however, allow revolvers to be reloaded as fast as semiautomatic handguns without considerably more practice.

Prior to the introduction of speedloaders for revolvers, reloading of revolvers was always accomplished by manually loading each cartridge into each chamber from cartridge loops on a belt or bandolier, a cartridge pouch, or other cartridge holder, such as a pocket. In fact, hand-loading is still the most common way of loading a revolver, speedloaders being mostly restricted to competition shooters and those who feel that they need more firepower for their personal defense revolver, since although speedloaders are useful for carrying one or several reloads at ready, one must load the speedloaders themselves prior to using.

Prior to the introduction of modern metallic cartridges (i.e. 1860–1879), certain models of older black powder cap and ball revolvers could be used with multiple replaceable cylinders functioning as "speedloaders". It was, however, generally easier to simply buy and carry a second revolver than to find a cylinder separately, and switching to another weapon is faster than swapping cylinders. As the reloading process for a cap and ball revolver was lengthy and time-consuming, carrying already-loaded cylinders with percussion caps placed on cylinder nipples could offer a considerable improvement in reloading time, although historically, this was not typically done, and is more common among modern-day enthusiasts and exhibition shooters. When "spare cylinders" were carried, the weapons were usually Remington revolvers, as their cylinders are easily removable and are held by a cylinder pin, unlike the early Colt revolvers, which are held together by a wedge that goes through the cylinder pin.

The first revolver speedloader patented was that of William H. Bell in 1879.

Moon clips and half moon clips

Moon clips and half moon clips are special speedloaders for use with revolvers that chamber rimless cartridges, such as 9×19mm Parabellum or .45 ACP. Double-action revolvers are designed to use rimmed cartridges, and the extractors are incapable of removing rimless cartridges. Because of this fact, a different method of extraction must be used. Moon clips are a full circle, and hold a full cylinder of cartridges, while half moon clips are semicircles that hold half a cylinder full of cartridges.

Speed strips
Another variation of the speedloader for revolvers is the Speed Strip introduced by Bianchi International. Intended as an alternative to loose rounds in a pocket or dump pouch, it holds six cartridges in a re-usable Neoprene plastic strip. The strip operates by placing the cartridges one or two at a time into their respective chambers, and "breaking" the rounds off the strip into the chamber.

Magazine loaders

Loading a firearm magazine, particularly one with a large capacity and a corresponding high spring pressure pushing the rounds to the top of the magazine, can be quite difficult. A number of devices are available to make this task simpler, which are sometimes called speedloaders but are more commonly known as magazine loaders, stripper clips, spoons, or stripper clip guides. The simplest are inexpensive devices that depress the top round in the magazine, allowing the next round to be partially inserted with no pressure on it. These are also called "thumb savers", and address ease of loading more than speed of loading. There are also devices available for certain popular firearms, such as the Ruger 10/22, that accept loose ammunition and will load a round into the magazine with a simple push of a button or turn of a crank. These are more complex and expensive (US$25 to US$50), but are more truly a speedloader since they do greatly reduce the time required to load a magazine.

Stripper clips

A stripper clip is a device that holds a number of rounds, usually from five to ten, and allows them to be inserted into a magazine (internal or detachable) by attaching the clip to a special bracket and pressing the rounds into place. Military ammunition is often packaged in stripper clips, which, in older bolt-action rifles, could be loaded directly into the rifle's internal magazine using a bracket machined into the rifle's action, or in modern rifles by the use of an adapter or guide that attaches the stripper clip to a detachable magazine.

Shotgun and rifle quickloaders
While much less common than revolver speedloaders, speedloaders for tubular magazines, called quickloaders, have been around for many years and offer many of the same quick reloading ability benefits. The simplest quickloader of this type is the one used for rimfire rifles with front loading tubular magazines. In this case, the quickloader is simply a tube that contains a magazine-capacity number of cartridges, with a seal at one end and a gate at the other. To load the magazine, the follower is removed, the rifle is pointed upwards, the tube is placed over the end of the magazine, and the gate is opened. Gravity then pulls the cartridges from the quickloader into the magazine, the quickloader is set aside, and the follower is replaced. Any length of tubing or pipe of the right diameter can be used in this way, with a simple pin through the middle serving as a gate. Commercial rimfire quickloaders often have multiple tubes joined together in parallel, with a single rotating gate. This allows multiple reloads to be carried, with reloading accomplished by simply rotating the gate in line with the next full tube of ammunition.

Shotgun speedloaders are slightly more complex, since shotgun magazines load from the breech. Shotgun speedloaders generally require a special bracket be mounted near the magazine loading port of the gun; many models mount by replacing existing pins that hold the trigger group in the receiver, and so can be installed easily without permanent modification of the gun. This bracket serves to hold the end of the speedloader tube in the correct position to feed the rounds out of the speedloader and into the magazine. The speedloaders themselves consist of a plastic tube containing a slot cut in it, and a plunger that rides in the slot and that forces the rounds into the magazine. Capacity is usually four or five rounds of  length shells. Gravity is not suitable for operating these, as the rounds must be forced into the magazine against the pressure of the magazine spring. Shotgun speedloaders are most commonly encountered in action shooting sports like International Practical Shooting Confederation (IPSC) shotgun competitions.

Gallery

References

Ammunition
Firearm terminology

Speedloader


Achelous is a relatively fresh crater on Ganymede adjacent to the similarly sized Gula. It has an outer lobate ejecta deposit extending about a crater radius from the rim.

A characteristic feature of both craters, almost identical in size, is the "pedestal" - an outward-facing, relatively gently sloped scarp that terminates the continuous ejecta blanket. Similar features may be seen in ejecta blankets of Martian craters, suggesting impacts into a volatile (ice)-rich target material. Furthermore, both craters appear crisp and feature terraces. Gula has a prominent central peak; Achelous instead may show the remnant of a collapsed central peak or a central pit that is not fully formed. On lower-resolution images taken under higher sun illumination angle, both craters are shown to have extended bright rays, especially Achelous, which demonstrates that these two craters are younger than the respective surrounding landscape.

Impact craters on Ganymede (moon)

Achelous (crater)


Jacques Gabriel (1667–1767) was a French architect. He designed a lot of buildings in Paris.

Michelle Jacques Gabriel, is a designer, painter, architect and architect of the 17th and 18th centuries. He was one of the most prominent designers of the Versailless Palace in his lifetime. For his unique creativity and selflessness, he has always been attended by Louis XIV And eventually he became a trusted advisor to the king. He made important contributions to the king during his years of service, which is one of the most important works in the construction of the Versailles palace, which once served as the lobby of the fourteenth.

Michel had a mission to build the Versailles Palace throughout his life, he was also the first designer of the city's bridges in Paris. Interestingly, Gabriel's son (Ange Jacob Gabriel) continued his father's journey, and in this regard, like his father, completing the Versailles palace at the time of Louis 14 It has 15 significant roles. The Gabriel family is also home to the Cathedral of La Rochelle, the Royal Opera Royal Opera House and the Petit Trianon Palace, built on the palace of Versailles.

French architects
1667 births
1742 deaths

Jacques Gabriel


Karl Fredrik Lukas Moodysson (; born 17 January 1969) is a Swedish novelist, short story writer and film director. First coming to prominence as an ambitious poet in the 1980s, he had his big domestic and international breakthrough directing the 1998 romantic film Show Me Love. He has since directed a string of films with different styles and public appeal, as well as continued to write both poetry and novels. In 2007, The Guardian ranked Moodysson eleventh in its list of the world's best directors, describing his directorial style as "heartfelt and uncompromising."

Early life
Born in Lund, Moodysson grew up in Åkarp, Skåne County as an outcast, expressing himself through poetry. By the time he was 23 he had written five poetry collections and a novel published by Wahlström & Widstrand. He decided to move to film to produce works that were less introverted and could be enjoyed by a wider audience than poetry. After studying at what was then Sweden's only film school, the Dramatiska Institutet, he directed three short films before moving to features.

Filmmaking
Moodysson's directorial breakthrough came with Fucking Åmål (retitled Show Me Love in English-speaking countries). A classical love story, filmed in a highly naturalistic, almost documentary style, it is set in the small and boring Swedish town of Åmål, and follows two girls who awkwardly fall in love. The film was a huge success with the Swedish public and critics. It won four Guldbagge Awards, including best film, best actress (shared by the two girls Rebecka Liljeberg and Alexandra Dahlström), best direction and best script. It was a colossal hit in Sweden.

His next film, 2000's Together (Tillsammans), followed the antics of life in a commune in suburban Stockholm in the 1970s. It achieved a sense of the era through extensive use of period Swedish progg and pop songs, including ABBA's hit "SOS."

Moodysson followed up these two sunny, cheerfully optimistic films with the brutal Lilya 4-ever in 2002, included in many American critics'  top ten lists the following year. The mainly Russian language film follows a girl living in an unspecified country in the former Soviet Union (filmed in Estonia) as she is abandoned by her mother, drops out of school, is forced into prostitution, and then is kidnapped into sex slavery. Moodysson has said he could not have made the film without his strong Christian beliefs. The frequent religious fantasies that Lilja has are the only tender spots in the bleak world Moodysson presents. At the time of its release, critic Dave Kehr of The New York Times declared Moodysson to be "Sweden's most praised filmmaker since Ingmar Bergman".

His 2004 film, the controversial A Hole in My Heart (Ett hål i mitt hjärta) is more an experimental film than a traditional narrative. He has said it is intentionally designed to be off-putting to the audience. It intersperses frequent screeching noises, close-ups of female genital surgery, and other jarring elements into a vague plot about two pornographers shooting their latest video in a filthy apartment, with an attention-craving porn starlet, while the webbed-handed son of one of the men stays holed up in his bedroom. It received a special certificate for shocking images in Sweden and received terrible reviews from the vast majority of critics.

He followed this with another even more experimental film, 2006's Container, featuring narration by actress Jena Malone. The only sound in the movie is a stream of consciousness narrative, which is only loosely related to the visual content.

Moodysson's work took a new turn with Mammoth, released 23 January 2009. Unlike his previous two efforts, it is a narrative film and his first English-language piece, about a successful New York couple, their daughter and her Filipino nanny.

His 2013 film We are the Best! (Vi är bäst!), based on the comic book Aldrig Godnatt by his wife Coco Moodysson, returns to the themes and style of Show Me Love and Together, set in 1982 and following the exploits of a teenage three-piece girl punk-band.

All of Moodysson's feature films have been produced, or co-produced, by Memfis Film, a small Swedish production company based in Stockholm. Memfis' CEO and producer Lars Jönsson seeks to establish long-term working relationships with directors and support even less commercially oriented projects such as Moodysson's A Hole in My Heart and Container.

2019 saw the premiere of the TV series Gösta, Moodysson's first foray into television and HBO's first commissioned drama series out of Scandinavia.

In 2022, Moodysson filmed a sequel to Together, titled Together 99. It is set to be released in 2023. The sequel is set in 1999 and follows Göran and Klas as they establish a new commune. Most of the actors returned, with the exception of the children, Michael Nyqvist (who died in 2017), and Ola Rapace, whose role of Lasse was recast with actor Jonas Karlsson.

Personal life
Moodysson is an outspoken advocate of left-wing and feminist politics, and a deeply committed Christian. He lives in Malmö with his wife, artist Coco Moodysson. They have three children.

Filmography
Det var en mörk och stormig natt — 1995
En uppgörelse i den undre världen — 1996
Talk (Bara prata lite) — 1997
Show Me Love (Fucking Åmål) — 1998
Together (Tillsammans) — 2000
The New Country (Det nya landet) — 2000
Lilya 4-ever — 2002
Terrorists: The Kids They Sentenced (Terrorister - en film om dom dömda) — 2003
A Hole in My Heart (Ett hål i mitt hjärta) — 2004
Container — 2006
Mammoth (Mammut) — 2009
We Are the Best! (Vi är bäst!) — 2013
Gösta — TV series, 2019
Together 99 (Tillsammans 99) — 2023

Bibliography
 Det spelar ingen roll var blixtarna slår ner (1987) - poems
 Och andra dikter (1988) - poems
 Evangelium enligt Lukas Moodysson (1989) - poems
 Vitt blod (1990) - novel
 Kött (1991) - poems
 Souvenir (1996) - poems
 Mellan sexton och tjugosex (2001) - selected works
 Vad gör jag här (2002) - long poem
 Vårdcentralen Fontanellen (2005) (with Coco Moodysson) - comic book
 Apo kryp hos (2006) - poems
 Container (2009) - screenplay and documentation
 Döden & Co. (2011) - novel
 Tolv månader i skugga (2012) - novel

Awards and honors
1999: Teddy Award for Best Feature Film – Fucking Åmål
2000: Gijón International Film Festival: Best Director – Together. Best Script – Together. Young Jury Prize for Best Feature Film – Together.
2002: Gijón International Film Festival: Best Feature Film – Lilya 4-ever. Young Jury Prize for Best Feature Film – Lilya 4-ever.
2003: Stig Dagerman Prize

References

External links

Interview with Moodysson about Lilya 4-ever

1969 births
Living people
People from Lund
Swedish film directors
Swedish poets
20th-century Swedish novelists
21st-century Swedish novelists
Swedish-language writers
Swedish Christians
Swedish feminists
Best Director Guldbagge Award winners
Best Screenplay Guldbagge Award winners
Male feminists
Male screenwriters
Swedish male poets
Swedish male novelists
20th-century Swedish male writers
21st-century male writers

Lukas Moodysson


William Hutt Curzon Wyllie  (5 October 1848 – 1 July 1909) was a British Indian army officer, and later an official of the British Indian Government. Over a career spanning three decades, Curzon Wyllie rose to be a Lieutenant Colonel in the British Indian Army and occupied a number of administrative and diplomatic posts. He was the British resident to Nepal and the Princely state of Rajputana, and later, the political aide-de-camp to the Secretary of State for India, Lord George Hamilton. Curzon Wyllie was assassinated on 1 July 1909 in London by the Indian revolutionary Madan Lal Dhingra, who was a member of India House in London.

Early life
Curzon Wyllie was born at Cheltenham on 5 October 1848 to General William Wyllie (13 August 1802 – 26 May 1891) and his wife, Amelia (13 October 1806 – 14 January 1891). Third and youngest son of five children, Wyllie was educated at Marlborough College (1863–4) and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst (1865–6) before joining the army in October 1866 as ensign 106th foot (Durham Light Infantry), subsequently arriving in India in 1867. Both his elder brothers, John William Shaw Wyllie (1835–1870) and Francis Robert Shaw Wyllie (4 June 1837 – 1907) served in India. The latter Francis Shaw Wyllie joined the Bombay civil service, became under-secretary to the Bombay government, and died in London in February 1907.

Indian service
Arriving in India in February 1867, Wyllie was promoted to lieutenant in October 1868 and joined the Indian staff corps in 1869. He was posted to the 2nd Gurkha regiment for a year. In 1870, Wyllie was selected for civil and political employment and appointed to the Oudh commission, serving under General Barrow and Sir George Couper.

Wyllie was promoted to captain in October 1878 and transferred to the foreign department in January 1879, serving as cantonment magistrate of Nasirabad, assistant commissioner in Ajmer-Merwara, and subsequently as the assistant to Sir Robert Groves Sandeman, the governor-general's agent in Baluchistan. He was part of Major-General Sir Robert Phayre's contingent in the Second Anglo-Afghan War, when his actions earned him mentions in the Viceroy's dispatches. After the war, Wyllie was appointed the military secretary to the governor of Madras, William Patrick Adam (later also his brother-in-law) from December 1880 until Adam's death in the following May. On 29 December 1881, Wyllie married Katharine Georgiana Carmichael (15 July 1858 — 9 September 1931), second daughter of David Fremantle Carmichael of the Indian Civil Service. Made CIE in 1881, he was promoted to major in October 1886 and to lieutenant-colonel in 1892.

Wyllie served as the private secretary to acting governor William Huddleston till November 1881, subsequently overseeing the affairs of Malhar Rao Gaekwar of Baroda before taking the post of the assistant resident at Hyderabad from December 1881 to November 1882. Through the next 14 years, Wyllie served in political and government posts in a number of different places, mostly in Rajputana . During this time he oversaw relief for the famine of 1899-1900. In between 1893 and 1899, Wyllie was the officiating resident in Nepal when in February 1898 he was selected as the agent to the governor-general in central India. In May 1900 he was transferred in the same capacity to Rajputana, where he remained for the rest of his service in India.

Return to England
In March 1901 Wyllie returned to Britain on being appointed the political aide-de-camp to Lord George Hamilton, the Conservative Secretary of State for India (1895–1903). Wyllie's acquaintance and understanding of the Indian princes and his service in India meant he was assigned important and often delicate matters relating to the princely states and their relations to the British crown. He oversaw the arrangements for the Indian princes visiting for the coronation of King Edward VII in August 1902, and for his service was invested as a Member (fourth class) of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO) two days after the ceremony, on 11 August 1902. He was further knighted and invested as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) by King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 24 October 1902. Promotion to a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) followed in June 1907. At this time, he was also involved in affairs relating to Indian students in Britain, including being involved in associations and charities for the Indians, as well as overseeing the Indian nationalist opinion that was finding voice in Britain at the time. Curzon Wyllie was head of head of Secret Police and collected lot of information about Savarkar and this fact was not mentioned in contemporary British media.

Assassination

Popplewell quotes The Indian Sociologist as describing Wyllie and Lee Warner "as early as October 1907" as "old unrepentant foes of India who have fattened on the misery of the Indian peasant every (sic) since they began their career". He was assassinated in London on the evening of 1 July 1909 by Madan Lal Dhingra at the Imperial Institute, South Kensington, where he and his wife were attending an event organised by the National Indian Association. Dhingra was an Indian student at the University of London who had close ties with the nationalist India House and The Indian Sociologist. Dhingra fired at Curzon Wyllie with a revolver, killing him instantly, and mortally wounding Dr Cawas Lalcaca, a Parsi physician from Shanghai, who attempted to come to Wyllie's aid and stop Dhingra. Wyllie was buried at Richmond Cemetery, Surrey, on 6 July. Dhingra was sentenced to death in July 1909 and hanged at Pentonville Prison on 17 August 1909.

References

Sources
 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
 Gokhale: the Indian moderates and the British raj (1977) by B. R. Nanda.
 Raj: the making and unmaking of British India (1997) by Lawrence James.
 The Oxford history of modern India, 1740–1947 (1965) by Percival Spear.
 The British conquest and dominion of India (1989). by Penderel Moon.

See also

1848 births
1909 deaths
1900s murders in London
Indian Political Service officers
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
British people in colonial India
Assassinated military personnel
British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Afghan War
106th Regiment of Foot officers
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
People from Cheltenham
Assassinated English people
India House
People murdered in London
Deaths by firearm in London
Indian Staff Corps officers
Male murder victims
Burials at Richmond Cemetery
20th-century assassinated people

Curzon Wyllie


Leeds city centre is the central business district of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It is roughly bounded by the Inner Ring Road to the north and the River Aire to the south and can be divided into several quarters.

Areas

Under the Headrow

The old town is considered the retail core of Leeds, it extends south from buildings on either side of The Headrow to the River Aire. Kirkgate and Briggate are the oldest streets in Leeds, from which the city grew from.Briggate is home to several chain food and shopping chains, was fully pedestrianised in 1996 and connected the two previously pedestrian areas either side of it.

The old town can be can further be subdivided into several areas: the city square; the Victorian arcades (such as the Grand Arcade, Thornton's Arcade and the County Arcade); department stores and indoor shopping centres of The Headrow (such as The Light and St John's Centre), The Calls' markets (Corn Exchange and Leeds Kirkgate Market).

Opened 21 March 2013, Trinity Leeds shopping centre had a surge of 130,000 people enter its doors on the first day of opening. Costing £350m, and creating 3,000 jobs, this was a major development for Leeds. It was the only major retail development to open in the UK in 2013. It covers 1,000,000 sq ft (92,900 sq m) with has a capacity for 120 shops and numerous pop-up shops.

The Calls is close to the River Aire. The area's decline began in the early 20th century when industry moved away from the centre outwards. From 1985 to 1995 Leeds Corporation carried out a major regeneration with a careful conversion of listed building warehouses and new build in sympathetic style for a mixed-use area. Many of the area's old industrial buildings have now been converted into modern flats and commercial buildings.

Over the Headrow

Mediaeval Leeds ended at The Headrow, multiple entertainment venues and municipal buildings were built directly north of the narrower shopping areas of the city.

The area's entertainment venues are Leeds Arena, are Leeds Academy, Leeds Grand Theatre and Opera House. Millennium Square anchored by the civic hall was a flagship project to mark the year 2000. It hosts regular concerts, with past performers including the Kaiser Chiefs, Bridewell Taxis, HARD-Fi, Fall Out Boy and Embrace.

It is home to a number of grand Victorian buildings that are important in the civic life of the city. Prominent institutes include Leeds Magistrates' and Crown Courts, Leeds Library, Leeds Art Gallery, Leeds Civic Hall and Leeds Town Hall. The town hall was completed in 1858 and opened by Queen Victoria. Leeds Civic Hall opened in 1933 by King George V and is home to the Lord Mayor's Room and the council chambers. Many barristers' chambers and solicitors' offices are found here because of the close proximity to the courts.

The area has a number high-rise residential properties and developments, including Sky Plaza and Opal 3. Altus House is the tallest building in Yorkshire. Other major institutions are located within the Quarter, including the Yorkshire Bank HQ and also the Merrion Centre. Queen Square is also found here.

North-western campuses
Leeds General Infirmary, the Leeds Beckett University and the University of Leeds each have a large campus forming an expansive tri-campus area in the north-east city centre, spanning both sides of the inner ring road and expanding into the areas. In addition to the two university campuses they is also multiple smaller education campuses to the area including Leeds Art University, Notre Dame Sixth Form College, Leeds City College and Blenheim Primary School.

East

Quarry Hill is the city's northern cultural quarter. Centred upon Centenary Square, landmarks include: NHS England's Quarry House; the BBC Yorkshire building, which moved from Woodhouse Lane in August 2004; the Leeds Playhouse, which opened in March 1990; Leeds College of Music, which moved to its current location in 1997; and Northern Ballet which moved to the area in 2010. Leeds City College also has a large campus here.

Leeds Dock is the city's southern Cultural Quarter. It is where the Royal Armouries Museum can be found, the building was designed by architect Derek Walker and built at a cost of £42.5 million over two years. The museum has since become one of the city's major tourist attractions.

West

The Financial Quarter is bounded by Park Row to the East, Leeds Inner Ring Road to the west, The Headrow to the north and Wellington Street to the south. It is centred on the Georgian Park Square, one of the green spaces in Leeds city centre. The City Centre Loop passes through the quarter, using City Square, Quebec Street, King Street and East Parade. Leeds Law School is at Cloth Hall Court. Major names can be found in the financial quarter such as Aviva and The Bank of England. The district has grown out towards the west of the city. The Wellington Place development and the wider Wellington Gardens area of the city contain a number of international corporations. Wellington Place is currently under construction.

Historically, Holbeck Urban Village was Holbeck's closest area to the centre of Leeds. Due to the expansion of the city, it is now considered part of the city centre and was rezoned as Holbeck Urban Village, following the completion of a number of developments. is the name given by local government and planning agencies to a mixed-use urban renewal area south of Leeds railway station. Bridgewater Place and also Granary Wharf are within Holbeck Urban Village. The new High Speed 2 station was due to border this area of Leeds, which is why much of the area is considered prime location for development.

Major corporations
Financial
The Bank of England
Aviva
Zurich Financial Services
Leeds Building Society
Lloyds TSB
KPMG
Direct Line
Yorkshire Bank
HBOS

Hospitality in the city centre
Queens Hotel
Malmaison Hotel
Radisson Blu Hotel
The Ivy
Miller and Carter
Other headquarters include Asda and Channel 4.

Leeds Lights

Each Christmas the streets of Leeds city centre are decorated with a variety of Christmas lights. The widely publicised 'switch-on' ceremony is in early November, when a celebrity flicks the switch to illuminate the decorations at Victoria Gardens and usually attracts tens-of-thousands of people to the turning on ceremony. When Leeds Lights were first established in 1983, the switch on was held on the 4th Thursday of November, however it has since been brought forward. The illuminations are renowned as being the largest display in the United Kingdom, spanning over 13 miles of city centre streets and using over 2 million low energy light bulbs.

Leeds is notable for designing, manufacturing and maintaining its own Christmas Light motifs. Its workshop began as a place to provide people with disabilities some employment opportunities. Its workshop has had several locations, beginning in a temporary location near Chapeltown Road, then to the old disused Whitbread Brewery site at Kirkstall and from 1993 to the present Seacroft location. Leeds City Council was the only local authority to do this for some years but now a small number have followed Leeds Lights example in preparing their own displays where as most other councils buy in their lights and services. The lights are repaired and pressure cleaned annually at the Leeds Lights workshop in Seacroft throughout the year. 80,000 coloured lamps are stored at the workshop, and 2000m of coloured rope light are used. A team of 14 works all year round producing the display. From October–January, a team of 9 works to erect the lights ready for the switch on in early November, before removing the lights after Christmas.

Commercial advertising has been permitted on some of the lights, such as The Headrow's champagne bottle lights.

Celebrities who turned on the Leeds Christmas lights:

2018 – Josh Warrington
2017 – Danny McGuire and Rob Burrow
2016 – Claire Morris
2015 – Alex Peel
2014 – Sam Bailey and G4
2013 – Gabriella Cilmi and The Vamps
2012 – Jonathan Brownlee
2011 – Matt Cardle
2010 – McFly, Shayne Ward (Miley Cyrus)
2009 – Pixie Lott (late replacement for Alexandra Burke), Mini Viva, Girls Can't Catch with guest appearances from Lorraine Kelly and members of LUFC and Leeds Rhinos.
2008 – Leon Jackson, Alesha Dixon, Simon Webbe and Same Difference.
2007 – Shayne Ward, Dick and Dom, Chico.
2006 – McFly (Gaynor Faye and Jane Tomlinson also appeared)
2005 – Rachel Stevens and the Lovebites with Nicki Chapman presenting.
2004 – Chris Moyles and Girls Aloud
2003 – Phill Jupitus
2002 – Ainsley Harriott
2001 – Vinnie Jones and Lucas Radebe
2000 – Mark Lamarr, Dave Benson-Phillips, Harry Kewell, Sheree Murphy and Billie Piper
1998 – Mel B and Les Dennis
1997 – Rolf Harris and Rod Hull & Emu
1996 – Dale Winton
1995 – Little and Large, Right Said Fred and PJ and Duncan
1994 – Paul Daniels
1993 – Noel Edmonds & Mr Blobby
1992 – Sonia
1989 – Melanie Hill
1986 – Native American Joe Sierra
1983 – Russ Abbot

Transport

Rail

Leeds city centre is served by Leeds railway station. The station is one of 20 in Great Britain to be managed by Network Rail. It is the busiest English station outside London, and the UK's second busiest station outside London after Glasgow Central. The station serves national, regional and suburban railway services.

Air
The city centre is served by Leeds Bradford Airport. This is situated in Yeadon approximately seven miles north -west of the city centre.  The city centre is linked to the airport by the A1 bus service operated by Yorkshire Coastliner. The airport serves major European destinations as well as many further afield.

Road
Traffic passing past Leeds city centre is diverted away from the main areas by the Leeds Inner Ring Road, an urban motorway passing the East, North and West of the city centre.  Much of the Inner Ring Road is in tunnels so not visible to passing pedestrians. All major routes into Leeds head towards the city centre. The city centre is served by the M621 motorway.

Buses
The most notable bus service within central Leeds is the LeedsCityBus service operated by First Leeds and funded by West Yorkshire Metro. This service runs every few minutes in a clockwise direction around the city centre. It serves major transport interchanges and both universities as well as the main shopping and financial districts. There have been calls for a second FreeCityBus to serve emerging business, leisure and residential districts in the southern part of central Leeds.

Leeds city centre has its main bus station in the east of the city.  However, as a rule only buses heading out of the City of Leeds and National Express services use it. Local First Leeds buses use stops on the city streets, or a number of smaller bus stations, referred to as bus points, at Bond Street, Infirmary Street, Leeds railway station and the Corn Exchange.

References

Further reading
Burt S. and Grady K. (2002 – 2nd edition) The Illustrated History of Leeds, Breedon Books, Derby
Fraser D. (ed.) (1980) A History of Modern Leeds, Manchester University Press, Manchester
Unsworth R. and Stillwell J. (eds.) (2004) Twenty-First Century Leeds: Geographies of a Regional City, Leeds University Press, Leeds; Sixteen Chapters about the Contemporary City; 160 maps, many photos
Wrathmell S. (2005), Leeds, Pevsner Architectural Guides, Yale University Press, London

External links

'Leeds Initiative' Leeds Initiative city partnership.
Leeds City Council
'Leeds, Live it, Love it' Official city website, for visitors, business, students and residents.
Leeds Local History Wiki Add your memories of Leeds.

Places in Leeds
Central business districts in the United Kingdom

Leeds city centre


Jaume Agelet i Garriga (1888-1981) was a Catalan poet. He was born in Lleida, Catalonia, Spain and died in Madrid. He was a graduate in law. In 1920 he entered the diplomatic service and was stationed in Vienna, Mexico, Washington, The Hague and finally Paris, his main residence after 1935.

Works
He was the author of diverse works, which integrated the Noucentisme movement with symbolism and neo-populism. He was also an occasional contributor to "La Revista", "La Nova Revista", "Quaderns de Poesia" (Poetry Notebooks) and "Vida Lleidetana" (Life in Lleida). As most of his works were published outside his native Catalonia, he was perhaps better known internationally than in his home country.

Many of his works were published in 1955 in "Obra poètica 1924-1955" (Poetic Works 1924-1955), which included a selection from previous collections: Domassos al Sol (Damask in the Sun, 1924), La Tarda Oberta (The Open Afternoon, 1927); Hostal de Nuvols (1931); Els Fanals del Meu Sant (The Lanterns of My Saint, 1935); Rosada i Celistia (1949); Pluges a L'erm (Rains in the Desert, 1953); and L'escalf del Graner (The Heat of the Granary, 1955).

Subsequently he published Fauna i Flora (Fauna and Flora, 1959); Fonts de Lluna (Fountains of the Moon, 1960), his most intense and melancholy book, La Gàbia de la Faula (The Cage of the Fable, 1964); Hort Well (Old Garden, 1968) and Ocells al Teulat (Birds on the Roof, 1970). In 1984 the definitive edition of his Complete Poems was published by the "Institut d'Estudis Ilerdencs".

His works have not been translated into English. ()

References

1888 births
1981 deaths
People from Lleida
Poets from Catalonia
20th-century Spanish poets

Jaume Agelet i Garriga


Amal Nasser el-Din (, ; born 31 July 1928) is an Israeli Druze author and former politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Likud between 1977 and 1988.

Biography
El-Din was born in Daliyat al-Karmel during the Mandate era. He headed the section for demobilised soldiers from 1961 and 1964 and became director of the Yad LeBanim memorial project for killed Druze, Bedouin and Circassian IDF soldiers in 1969. From 1964 until 1971 he served as secretary of the Daliyat al-Karmel and Isfiya Workers Council.

In 1969 his son Lutfi was killed on the last day of his national service. In 2008 his grandson, also named Lutfi, was killed during Operation Cast Lead.

Originally a member of Mapai, he joined Herut in 1971. He was on the Likud list (an alliance of Herut and other right-wing parties) for the 1973 Knesset elections, but failed to win a seat. However, he entered the Knesset on 21 January 1977 as a replacement for Akiva Nof, who had resigned after leaving Likud. el-Din was re-elected in the May 1977 elections, and again in 1981 and 1984, before losing his seat in the 1988 elections.

In 1973, Amel Nasser A-Din founded the Zionist Druze Circle, a group whose aim was to encourage the Druze to support the state of Israel fully and unreservedly. Regarding Druze belief and Jewish-Druze relations, he has stated: "We believe in the same Bible as the Jews. We believe that Isaac, not Ishmael was brought for sacrifice. Mohammad is not our prophet. We are the descendants of Jethro, Moses' father-in-law."

References

External links

1928 births
Living people
Arab supporters of Israel
Druze members of the Knesset
Israeli Druze
Likud politicians
Members of the 8th Knesset (1974–1977)
Members of the 9th Knesset (1977–1981)
Members of the 10th Knesset (1981–1984)
Members of the 11th Knesset (1984–1988)
People from Daliyat al-Karmel

Amal Nasser el-Din


The Aka or Biaka (also Bayaka, Babenzele) are a nomadic Mbenga pygmy people. They live in south-western Central African Republic and in northern Republic of the Congo. They are related to the Baka people of Cameroon, Gabon, northern Congo, and southwestern Central African Republic.

Unlike the Mbuti pygmies of the eastern Congo (who speak only the language of the tribes with whom they are affiliated), the Aka speak their own language along with whichever of the approximately 15 Bantu peoples they are affiliated.

In 2003, the oral traditions of the Aka were proclaimed one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO. They were featured in the July 1995 National Geographic article "Ndoki: the Last Place on Earth", and a 3-part TV series.

Society

A traditional hunter-gatherer society, the Aka have a varied diet that includes 63 plants, 28 species of game and 20 species of insect, in addition to nuts, fruit, honey, mushrooms and roots. Some Aka have recently taken up the practice of planting their own small seasonal crops, but agricultural produce is more commonly obtained by trading with neighboring villages, whom the Aka collectively term as Ngandu.

From the Ngandu, they obtain manioc, plantain, yams, taro, maize, cucumbers, squash, okra, papaya, mango, pineapple, palm oil, and rice in exchange for the bushmeat, honey, and other forest products the Aka collect. There are over 15 different village tribes with whom the approximately 30,000 Aka associate.

As a result of their hunter-gatherer lifestyle, which frequently exposes them to the blood of jungle fauna, they have among the highest rates of seropositivity for Ebola virus in the world.

Parenting

Fathers of the Aka tribe spend more time in close contact to their babies than in any other known society. Aka fathers have their infant within arms' reach 47% of the time and make physical contact with them five times as often per day as fathers in some other societies. The men also help the women, by feeding their children. It is believed that this is related to the strong bond between Aka husband and wife. Throughout the day, couples share hunting, food preparation, and social and leisure activities.

History
The lifestyle of the Aka has been shifted from their traditional customs by European colonialism. The slave trade of the 18th century caused the migration of several tribes into Aka lands. These tribes subsequently became affiliated with the Aka. By the end of the 19th century, the Aka were the major elephant hunters providing tusks for the ivory trade. Affiliated tribes acted as middlemen in these transactions.

From 1910 to 1940, the Aka lands were part of French Equatorial Africa, and nearby affiliated tribes were forced into rubber production by the colonialists. These laborers occasionally escaped into forests inhabited by the Aka, increasing the demand for bushmeat. To meet this demand, the Aka developed the more efficient method of net hunting to replace traditional spear hunting. This caused a change in the social structure of the Aka: net hunting was seen as less physically challenging than using spears to kill game, and so women were encouraged take part in hunting activities.

In the 1930s, the French pressed the Aka to move into roadside villages. However, like the Efé of the Ituri rainforest, most Aka disobeyed and retreated into the jungle, with few joining the new settlements (except for a few villages in Congo-Brazza).

Today, economic pressures have forced the Aka to further deviate from their traditional customs. Many Aka now work in the coffee plantations of neighbouring tribes during the dry season instead of hunting as they would have done, and others have found employment in the ivory and lumber trade.

Conservation efforts
The World Wildlife Fund of Washington, DC, has worked with the Aka since the 1980s to protect gorilla habitats, minimize logging of forest, and promote other conservation efforts while empowering the Aka and other indigenous peoples. (needs to be evaluated)

Music
Their complex polyphonic music has been studied by various ethnomusicologists. Simha Arom has made historical field recordings of some of their repertoire. Michelle Kisliuk has written a detailed performance ethnography. Mauro Campagnoli studied their musical instruments in depth, comparing them to neighbouring pygmy groups such as the Baka Pygmies.

Aka musicians appear on African Rhythms (György Ligeti, Steve Reich and Pierre-Laurent Aimard, 2003), Echoes of the Forest: Music of the Central African Pygmies (Ellipsis Arts, 1995), BOYOBI: Ritual Music of the Rainforest Pygmies (Louis Sarno, 2000), and Bayaka: The Extraordinary Music of the BaBenzele Pygmies (Louis Sarno, 1996).

Films
The 2013 film Song from the Forest tells the story of American Louis Sarno who lived among the Bayaka pygmies in the Central African rainforest for 25 years and travels with his son, 13-year-old Samedi, to New York City.

See also

Other Pygmy groups:
Efé
Baka
Twa peoples

Anthropologists studying the Aka:
Barry Hewlett
Michelle Kisliuk

Books
Seize the Dance! BaAka Musical Life and the Ethnography of Performance by Michelle Kisliuk (Oxford University Press, 2000).
Song from the Forest -- My Life Among the Ba-Benjellé Pygmies by Louis Sarno (Houghton Mifflin 1993).

References

External links
Article: "Are the men of the African Aka tribe the best fathers in the world?"
Fieldwork about Baka, Aka and other pygmy groups
African Pygmies with photos, music and ethnographic notes
 www.songfromtheforest.com (SONG FROM THE FOREST official website)
 Countries and Their Cultures: Aka

African Pygmies
Modern nomads
Ethnic groups in the Central African Republic
Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Aka people


The Indian Plate (or India Plate) is a minor tectonic plate straddling the equator in the Eastern Hemisphere. Originally a part of the ancient continent of Gondwana, the Indian Plate broke away from the other fragments of Gondwana , began moving north and carried Insular India with it. It was once fused with the adjacent Australian Plate to form a single Indo-Australian Plate, and recent studies suggest that India and Australia have been separate plates for at least 3 million years and likely longer. The Indian Plate includes most of modern South Asia (the Indian subcontinent) and a portion of the basin under the Indian Ocean, including parts of South China and western Indonesia, and extending up to but not including Ladakh, Kohistan and Balochistan.

Plate movements

Until roughly , the Indian Plate formed part of the supercontinent Gondwana together with modern Africa, Australia, Antarctica, and South America. Gondwana broke up as these continents drifted apart at different velocities, a process which led to the opening of the Indian Ocean.

In the late Cretaceous, approximately  and subsequent to the splitting off from Gondwana of conjoined Madagascar and India, the Indian Plate split from Madagascar, forming Insular India. It began moving north, at about  per year, and is believed to have begun colliding with Asia as early as , in the Eocene epoch of the Cenozoic. However, some authors suggest the collision between India and Eurasia occurred much later, around . If the collision occurred between 55 and 50 Mya, the Indian Plate would have covered a distance of , moving more quickly than any other known plate. In 2012, paleomagnetic data from the Greater Himalaya was used to propose two collisions to reconcile the discrepancy between the amount of crustal shortening in the Himalaya (~) and the amount of convergence between India and Asia (~). These authors propose a continental fragment of northern Gondwana rifted from India, traveled northward, and initiated the "soft collision" between the Greater Himalaya and Asia at ~50 Mya. This was followed by the "hard collision" between India and Asia occurred at ~25 Mya. Subduction of the resulting ocean basin that formed between the Greater Himalayan fragment and India explains the apparent discrepancy between the crustal shortening estimates in the Himalaya and paleomagnetic data from India and Asia. However, the proposed ocean basin was not constrained by paleomagnetic data from the key time interval of ~120 Mya to ~60 Mya. New paleomagnetic results of this critical time interval from southern Tibet do not support this Greater Indian Ocean basin hypothesis and the associated dual collision model.

In 2007, German geologists suggested the reason the Indian Plate moved so quickly is that it is only half as thick () as the other plates which formerly constituted Gondwana. The mantle plume that once broke up Gondwana might also have melted the lower part of the Indian subcontinent, which allowed it to move both more quickly and farther than the other parts. The remains of this plume today form the Marion Hotspot (Prince Edward Islands), the Kerguelen hotspot, and the Réunion hotspots. As India moved north, it is possible the thickness of the Indian Plate degenerated further as it passed over the hotspots and magmatic extrusions associated with the Deccan and Rajmahal Traps. The massive amounts of volcanic gases released during the passage of the Indian Plate over the hotspots have been theorised to have played a role in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, generally held to be due to a large asteroid impact.

In 2020, however, geologists at the University of Oxford and the Alfred Wegener Institute found that new plate-motion models displayed increased movement speeds in all mid-ocean ridges during the late Cretaceous, a result irreconcilable to current theories of plate tectonics and a refutation of the plume-push hypothesis. Pérez-Díaz concludes that the accelerated movement of the Indian Plate is an illusion wrought by large errors in geomagnetic reversal timing around the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, and that a recalibration of the time scale shows no such acceleration exists.

The collision with the Eurasian Plate along the boundary between India and Nepal formed the orogenic belt that created the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalaya Mountains, as sediment bunched up like earth before a plow.

The Indian Plate is currently moving north-east at  per year, while the Eurasian Plate is moving north at only  per year. This is causing the Eurasian Plate to deform, and the Indian Plate to compress at a rate of  per year.

Geography
The westerly side of the Indian Plate is a transform boundary with the Arabian Plate called the Owen Fracture Zone, and a divergent boundary with the African Plate called the Central Indian Ridge (CIR). The northerly side of the Plate is a convergent boundary with the Eurasian Plate forming the Himalaya and Hindu Kush mountains, called the Main Himalayan Thrust.

See also

Historical geology
List of tectonic plate interactions
List of tectonic plates
Palaeogeography
Seychelles Microcontinent

Notes

References

External links

Geology of India
Geology of Pakistan
Geology of the Indian Ocean
Tectonic plates

Indian Plate


The 1983 Sea of Japan earthquake () occurred on May 26, 1983 at 11:59:57 local time (02:59:57 UTC). It had a magnitude of 7.8 on the moment magnitude scale. It occurred in the Sea of Japan, about 100 km west of the coast of Noshiro in Akita Prefecture, Japan.  Out of the 104 fatalities, all but four were killed by the resulting tsunami, which struck communities along the coast, especially Aomori and Akita Prefectures and the east coast of Noto Peninsula. Images of the tsunami hitting the fishing harbor of Wajima on Noto Peninsula were broadcast on TV. The waves exceeded  in some areas. Three of the fatalities were along the east coast of South Korea (whether North Korea was affected is not known).  The tsunami also hit Okushiri Island, the site of a more deadly tsunami 10 years later.

Tectonic setting

The northwestern side of Honshu lies on the southeastern margin of the Sea of Japan, an area of oceanic crust created by back-arc spreading from the late Oligocene to middle Miocene. The extensional tectonics associated with the spreading formed a series of N-S trending extensional faults and associated basins. Currently the area is being deformed by contractional tectonics, causing inversion of these earlier basins, forming anticlinal structures. It has been suggested that the northwestern coast of Honshu represents an incipient subduction zone, but there remain significant uncertainties about the existence of the Okhotsk Plate and the nature and precise location of its boundary in the Sea of Japan, if it does exist.

Earthquake
The earthquake lasted for about 60 seconds. The focal mechanism indicates reverse faulting and the distribution of aftershocks is consistent with movement on a thrust plane dipping at 30° to the east. The rupture involved two separate faults, the more northerly of which trends NNW-SSE and the more southerly SSW-NNE. The rupture began on the southern fault before continuing on the northern fault after a delay of ten seconds. The maximum perceived intensity was V on the JMA scale (VIII on the Mercalli intensity scale).

Tsunami

The first wave of the tsunami struck the coast about 12 minutes after the earthquake, with a maximum run-up height of  recorded on the Oga Peninsula. The initial models of the earthquake were unable to reproduce the short time interval between the shock and the first wave arrival at the coast. The possibility that the faults dipped to the west, which would have brought the tsunami source closer to the coast, was inconsistent with seismic data and slow aseismic slip on the southern fault immediately before the mainshock has been proposed as an explanation.

Tsunami deposits associated with this earthquake have been recognised onshore, on the coast and in the Sea of Japan. Offshore both mass failure deposits and turbidites have been observed that are dated to later than 1954 from high caesium-137 levels in the overlying sediments.

Damage
Much of the earthquake damage was due to soil liquefaction, causing the collapse of houses and a number of road and rail accidents. The degree of liquefaction was the worst seen in Japan since the 1964 Niigata earthquake. The greatest effects were observed in areas underlain by loose Holocene aeolian and fluvial sands. Four people were killed by the effects of the earthquake shaking.

Tsunami warnings were issued 14 minutes after the earthquake, but many parts of the nearby coast were struck before any action could be taken. Many people were struck by the first wave either on the shoreline or on offshore building sites and there were a hundred deaths. The tsunami caused widespread damage to coastal defences, which had been designed for storms rather than tsunamis. The tsunami reached the coast of South Korea about 1–1½ hours after the earthquake, causing the death of three people.

See also
List of earthquakes in 1983
List of earthquakes in Japan

References

External links

1983 earthquakes
Tsunamis in Japan
1983 in Japan
1980s tsunamis
May 1983 events in Asia
Earthquakes of the Showa period
1983 disasters in Japan

1983 Sea of Japan earthquake


Richard Wingfield, 6th Viscount Powerscourt (18 January 1815 – 11 August 1844), was a British peer and Conservative Party  politician.

Background
Powerscourt was the son of Richard Wingfield, 5th Viscount Powerscourt, and Frances Theodosia, daughter of Robert Jocelyn, 2nd Earl of Roden. Through the Wingfield line he was a descendant of the Noble House of Stratford. After the death of his mother in 1820, his father remarried Theodosia Howard, who raised him until he succeeded to his father's title 1823.

Political career
Powerscourt succeeded his father in the viscountcy in 1823. However, as this was an Irish peerage it did not entitle him to a seat in the House of Lords. He was instead elected to the House of Commons for Bath in 1837, a seat he held until 1841.

Family
Lord Powerscourt married his first cousin Lady Elizabeth Frances Charlotte, daughter of Robert Jocelyn, 3rd Earl of Roden, in 1836. They had three sons. He died in August 1844, aged 29, and was succeeded in the viscountcy by his son Mervyn, a great-great-grandfather of Sarah, Duchess of York. Lady Powerscourt married Frederick Stewart, 4th Marquess of Londonderry, in 1846.

References

Richard
1815 births
1844 deaths
Viscounts in the Peerage of Ireland
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1837–1841
UK MPs who inherited peerages
Politics of Bath, Somerset


Christopher Polhammar (18 December 1661 – 30 August 1751), better known as Christopher Polhem, which he took after his ennoblement in 1716, was a Swedish scientist, inventor, and industrialist. He made large contributions to the economic and industrial development of Sweden, mainly mining. He was ennobled by King Charles XII of Sweden for his contributions to the development of Swedish technology.

1661 births
1751 deaths
Swedish scientists
Swedish businesspeople
Inventors

Christopher Polhem


Matias Aires Ramos da Silva of Eca (born São Paulo, Brazil; March 27, 1705 – 1763) was a brasilo-Portuguese philosopher and writer. He immigrated to Portugal in late 1716. Born in colony Brazil, he wrote works in French and Latin and was also a translator of Latin classics. It is considered by many to be the biggest name in 18th century Portuguese Language Philosophy.

Biography
Son of José Ramos da Silva and his wife Catarina de Orta, he was born in São Paulo, in the Capitania, in 1705, later Province and today State of São Paulo, Brazil. He was Knight of the Order of Christ and Provider of the Lisbon Mint, obtaining and succeeding in this job to his father, José Ramos da Silva, for his death. It was in this reality that Matias Aires's father, José Ramos da Silva, emerged, provider of the expeditions that found gold in the Gerais. The writer Alceu do Amoroso Lima, in the introduction to the book by Matias Aires, makes the following comment: "The figure of José Ramos da Silva, and his rise as a servant to serve the highest magnate of the 18th century São Paulo fortune, became one of the most representative types of colonial Brazil. " Blessed by luck, this new rich man became a great patron for the Jesuits of São Paulo, building churches, sending from Portugal, construction masters, stonemasons, cutters and gilders, in short, giving all the support to the convents and schools of the Order. It was in this environment that he was born. Aires was educated at the Jesuit college in São Paulo, where he learned to read and write in Portuguese and Latin, also studying the classics and rudiments of religion and philosophy. When he was eleven years old, his father decided to move to Lisbon. As a practical man who was and through good contacts with the Jesuits who enjoyed great prestige with D. João V, José Ramos da Silva was appointed to exercise the position of Provider of the Foundry Houses, one of the highest and most lucrative functions of the Kingdom. Concerned about the education of his children, when he arrived in Portugal, he enrolled the two girls in the Convent of Odivelas and Matias in the traditional and renowned Colégio de Santo Antão. After completing his secondary studies, he entered the Faculty of Law of Coimbra in 1722, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts in the following year, and received a Bachelor of Philosophy from the Faculty of Sciences and a Master of Arts from the Faculty of Letters of the University of Coimbra. He graduated from a French University in Civil and Canon Law. He studied Mathematics and Physical Sciences. He knew Hebrew and other languages.

Aires was admitted into the College of St. Anthony (Portugal) in 1722, though he continued his education and graduated from the Faculty of Law of Coimbra, in which he obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree. He wrote works in French and Latin, and also was a translator of Latin classics. He is considered the greatest Portuguese-speaking philosopher of his time.

Matias Aires published Vanity of Men was published in 1752. Like most of his works, it weaves his reflections from the biblical passage "Vanity of vanities, all is vanity." He also wrote Reflexoens Sobre Avaidade Dos Homens ou Discursos Moraes (1778) and Reflections on Vanity.

References

1705 births
1763 deaths

Matias Aires


"FF.SS." – Cioè: "...che mi hai portato a fare sopra a Posillipo se non mi vuoi più bene?" is a 1983 Italian film directed by Renzo Arbore, starring Roberto Benigni, Renzo Arbore and Pietra Montecorvino.

Plot
The film begins with Renzo Arbore and Luciano De Crescenzo driving in Rome, while discussing an original idea for a new movie. They pass under the window of real-life filmmaker Federico Fellini, who is writing a screenplay entitled F.F.S.S (Federico Fellini Sud Story). A wind causes the screenplay to fall to the road below, and the two pick it up and decide to use Fellini's ideas themselves.

Renzo Arbore plays Onliù Caporetto, a manager from Irpinia trying to bring success to Lucia Canaria (Pietra Montecorvino). While travelling across Italy, they become involved in TV commercial in Milan, then go to Rome looking for a recommendation to work in RAI. Eventually they encounter Sceicco Beige (Roberto Benigni), a music celebrity. They participate in the Festival di Sanremo 1983, where Raffaella Carrà sings Soli sulla luna and Ahi.

Celebrity cameos
The film includes many Italian celebrities; apart the already said Arbore, De Crescenzo and Benigni, there are also appearances by Pippo Baudo, Isabella Biagini, Gianni Boncompagni, Dino Cassio, Alfredo Cerruti, Maurizio Costanzo, Riccardo Pazzaglia, Lory del Santo, Gerardo Gargiulo, Isaac George, Cesare Gigli, Renato Guttuso, Andy Luotto, Nando Martellini, Andrea Giordana, Sandra Milo, Severino Gazzelloni, Gianni Minà, Domenico Modugno, Gaetano Cristiano Rossi, Gianni Morandi, Nando Murolo, Stella Pende, Gigi Proietti, Teodoro Ricci, Bobby Solo, Massimo Troisi, Vasco Rossi, Luciana Turina, Claudio Villa, Isabel Russinova, Martufello, Mario Marenco, Sergio Japino and Gepy & Gepy

Political allusions

During the movie there are references to the politics of the period in which the film is set. It includes allusions to Bettino Craxi, Giulio Andreotti and Ciriaco De Mita. Also De Mita is from Nusco, province of Avellino, the same town of the character Onliù Caporetto.

References

External links

1983 films
Italian comedy films
Films directed by Renzo Arbore
Metafictional works
1980s Italian films


A washing machine also know as a washer is a machine that washes dirty clothes. It contains a barrel into which the clothes are placed. This barrel is filled with water, and then rotated very quickly by the use of a motor to make the water remove dirt from the clothes. The user adds detergent (liquids or powders) to clean clothes more effectively.

Operation
Washing machines have ways to control how the machine operates.  Some of the possible controls are:

 temperature of the water
 timer of the wash cycle (before the soapy, dirty water is rinsed out)
 number of wash cycles before completing

Types of washing machines
Washing machines may be fully automatic or partly automatic.

Semi-Automatic Washing Machines
Semi-automatic washing machines have separate sections for Dryer and Washer. These washing machines are often termed as semi-manual as here you have to manually put clothes into washer tub, put water & detergent according to your laundry size, and once washing is finished, you again have to manually put washed clothes for drying in dryer section.  These are mostly cheaper machines.

Fully-Automatic Washing Machines
Fully-automatic washing machines are easier to use.  They have only one section for washing and for spin-drying.  Once you put clothes in a fully-automatic washing machine, it automatically takes required quantity of water, detergent and just with one click provided your washed & dry clothes.

Washing machines may load from the top or the front.

Front loading
A front loading washing machine has a door in the front. The clothes to be washed have to be put in and the door closed before the barrel can fill with water. This type of machine can have a clothes drying machine stacked on top to save space on the floor. Because of the water used, the washing machine is heavier than the dryer so the washer is at the bottom.

Top loading
With a top loading washing machine, the opening is at the top. The barrel can be filled with water and soap before the clothes are put in for washing. This type of machine can not have anything placed on top of it because of the opening there.

A top-loading washing machine is a type of washing machine where the opening is located at the top of the machine. This type of machine typically has a barrel or drum where clothes are placed for washing. The barrel can be filled with water and soap before the clothes are added, allowing the detergent to dissolve and mix with the water for optimal cleaning.

One important limitation of top-loading washing machines is that nothing can be placed on top of the machine due to the location of the opening. This can be inconvenient for some users who may wish to use the top of the machine for storage or other purposes. However, some top-loading washing machines are designed with a flat top that can be used as a workspace or for placing items, such as laundry baskets or detergent containers, while the machine is not in use.

Despite this limitation, top-loading washing machines remain a popular choice for many households due to their ease of use and affordability compared to other types of washing machines. They are also generally easier to repair and maintain, as their components are more easily accessible than those of front-loading machines.

Stacked washer and dryer
Sometimes a washing machine and a clothes dryer are put together. The washing machine is usually on the bottom of the stack because the water in it makes the machine heavier than the dryer. In this arrangement the washing machine may be front-loading or top-loading. For the top-loading washing machine, room must be left to open the door at the top to add the clothing to be washed. A front-loading washing machine can have the dryer sitting on top of it.

References

Home appliances

Washing machine


The West German Audio Book Library for the Blind (), abbreviated WBH, is a specialist library which produces and distributes audiobooks and periodicals for blind and partially sighted persons. It is the largest library of its kind in the German speaking world. The WBH supplies a nationwide network of libraries for the visually impaired, primarily in the western German states of North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate and the Saarland, but also to other states and abroad.

The WBH was founded in 1955 at the Public Library of Münster, Germany. Actors from the municipal theater recorded the first audio books in an improvised studio lined with egg cartons. Because trams rattled past during the day, these first productions took place at night. Later, texts were recorded by trained speakers, processed by the library, then distributed to users by mail. Until the 1970s recordings were on tape reels, then later compact tape cassettes. Since 2004, the offerings have been recorded in the DAISY Digital Talking Book MP3 standard, which allows visually impaired users to both listen and navigate written material. In 2009 the library's collection became exclusively digital as cassette tapes were no longer made available.

Today about 24,500 titles from the classics, mystery, biographies, nonfiction, plays and popular novels are available to users. Thirty professional freelance speakers record 350 new titles annually in the library's own studio, which are then digitally mastered and cataloged. The WBH is legally permitted to record any book published in Germany for free, including such popular titles as Harry Potter. The library loans audio books on CD at no charge, while audio magazines and newspapers are made available on a subscription basis. Proof of visual impairment is required to access the library's services. In many places in Germany the local blind association helps users register.

See also
 Digital accessible information system, technical standard for audiobooks etc.
 German Central Library for the Blind
 List of libraries in Germany

References

External links
 Official website of the WBH
 DAISY Consortium

Libraries in Germany
Libraries for the blind
Libraries established in 1955
Blindness organisations in Germany
1955 establishments in West Germany


Jerdone Castle is a plantation located in Bumpass, Louisa County, Virginia, originally established circa 1742.  Jerdone Castle is a Virginia Historic Landmark and registered on the U.S. National Register of Historical Places.  Originally , much of the plantation's original land is submerged under Lake Anna. The estate currently contains .

History
The oldest section of Jerdone Castle was built in 1742 by Francis Jerdone who came to Virginia from Scotland in 1740, as discussed below. In addition to expanding his original landholdings and building a residence, Jerdone operated stores, mills, and a forge. The later main section of the house was built in 1853 for Francis Jerdone's descendant Sarah Jerdone Coleman and her husband, Gen. Clayton G. Coleman (1807-1872). Its Italianate bracketed cornice and cupola emphasize its generous size.

The Louisa County, Virginia, Historical Society documents that on June 9, 1791, President George Washington was an overnight visitor at Jerdone Castle.  Washington's wife Martha was a close friend of Francis Jerdone's wife Sarah. Papers from the Jerdone family, including life at and the maintenance of Jerdone Castle, can be found in the Special Collections Research Center at the College of William & Mary.

In 1879 the estate was purchased by Frank T. Glasgow of Richmond, father of the author Ellen Glasgow. Ellen Glasgow spent her childhood summers at Jerdone Castle, which she later said greatly influenced her writing. In the fourth chapter of The Woman Within, entitled "I Become a Writer," Miss Glasgow describes lying in the meadow at Jerdone Castle and realizing that writing was to be her future (VLR 280).

Biographical note
Francis Jerdone was born in Jedburgh in the Shire of Tivotdale, Scotland on January 30, 1721. He was the son of John  Jerdone, a magistrate and treasurer of the town. At the age of nineteen, he immigrated to Virginia from Scotland and settled in Hanover County, Yorktown; and later in Louisa County.  He made his living as a merchant (factor), running a mercantile business with George Pottie until his death in 1771.

He owned plantations in Hanover, York, Louisa and Albemarle Counties in Virginia. His Albemarle plantation is now the old part of the clubhouse at Farmington Country Club.  His wife, Sarah (Macon) Jerdone, (1731–1818) was born in Virginia. Their sons included Francis Jerdone II, 1756–1841; John Jerdone, 1764–1786; and William, 1769–1772. Their daughters included Mary, b. 1754; Sarah, 1757–1793; Elizabeth, 1759–1830; Isabella, 1761–1825; Anne, 1763–1794; and Martha, b. 1767. Elizabeth was the wife of Alexander Macauley, a merchant of Yorktown, Virginia.

His son, Francis Jerdone II,  was a planter of Louisa County, Virginia. He was born on February 9, 1756, in Louisa County, Virginia, and died on April 29, 1841, in Louisa County, Virginia. His wife, Mary "Polly" Byars, was born on December 2, 1771, in Louisa County, Virginia; died March 12, 1821, in Louisa County, Virginia. She was the daughter of Captain John Byars.

Francis and Mary's sons included John Jerdone, a planter of Spotsylvania County, Virginia. John was born October 11, 1800, in Louisa County, Virginia and died on December 2, 1863, in Henderson, Kentucky. This family were the absentee landowners of Providence Forge, New Kent County, Virginia. He married Barbara Ann Callis on November 30, 1830, in Louisa County, Virginia. Barbara Ann Callis, born February 25, 1814, in Louisa Co., Virginia; died December 9, 1890, in Henderson, Kentucky.  She was the daughter of William Overton Callis and Anne Price.

Francis Jerdone, III, b. 1802, a planter of Orange County; and William Jerdone, b. 1805, a planter of New Kent County, Virginia. Daughters of Francis Jerdone II included Sarah Jerdone Coleman and Mary Jerdone Toler.

References

External links

Finding aid for the Jerdone Family Papers

1742 establishments in Virginia
Georgian architecture in Virginia
Houses completed in 1742
Houses completed in 1853
Houses in Louisa County, Virginia
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Italianate architecture in Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Louisa County, Virginia
Plantations in Virginia

Jerdone Castle


TiLR is the world's first enterprise-grade telepresence robot developed by RoboDynamics Corporation. The Telepresence internet-connected Low cost Robot (TiLR) enables a user to instantly transport to a remote location whereby the robot would embody the user in the remote location. The advantage of robotic telepresence is reduced travel and downtime as well as increase throughput and collaboration.

Description
TiLR is essentially a video conferencing system on wheels. The user is able to commandeer the robot by remote control, driving the robot and controlling the pan/tilt/zoom function of the robot's camera. As such TiLR provides a means for frictionless ad hoc face-to-face conversations as well as remote audio and visual monitoring.

Operations

There are two components to the TiLR telepresence system. The robot TiLR is stationed at the remote site. The second component is the TiLR Command Center (TCC) software that installs on any PC with a webcam and broadband connection. The user simply launches the TiLR Command Center and logs into TiLR. Once logged in, there is bi-directional video/audio between the robot and the TCC. The user is then able to commandeer the robot from remote, take snapshots, and even record the session for later viewing. TiLR Command Center is currently only supported on Windows XP/Vista. The next incarnation of the TiLR Command Center will be based on Flash technology where users will be able to log into TiLR and commandeer the robot from the World Wide Web.

Development
TiLR was introduced in late 2007 by RoboDynamics following the MILO telepresence platform which was introduced in 2004. This makes TiLR a 14th generation telepresence robot developed by RoboDynamics. In August 2008 RoboDynamics kicked off their Beta Program by placing robots into various organizations in exchange for feedback. The very first program participant was the Google Lunar X Prize team of the X Prize Foundation. RoboDynamics planned to continue the TiLR Beta Program until the end of 2008.

References

External links
 RoboDynamics Corporation website
 TiLR Beta Program website

Rolling robots
Robots of the United States
Telepresence robots

TiLR


Triple-hybrid is a registered trademark (German Trademark DE 307 68 078, European Community trademark application CTM 010704237) of the German company Proton Motor Fuel Cell GmbH which is used to designate a special drive system that has been developed and patented by Proton Motor Fuel Cell GmbH (European Patent EP 1 868 837 B1). Other than conventional hybrid drive systems comprising only two sources of energy, namely a combustion engine and an electric motor, Proton Motor Fuel Cell's Triple-hybrid drive system comprises three sources of energy, namely hydrogen fuel cells, batteries, and ultracapacitors to power, store and capture energy during braking of vehicle.

Main Components

In the special drive system developed by the captioned joint-venture project, the basic power source is a liquid-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cell (Proton's "PM Basic A 50" fuel-cell system). Lead-gel batteries and ultracapacitors are the additional power sources.

Modes of Operation

Like other fuel cell powered vehicle, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in this drive system uses hydrogen to produce electric power to motor. When the vehicle is stationary, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell recharges both the lead-gel batteries and the ultracapacitors.

During peak energy requirements the lead-gel batteries and ultracapacitors provide additional electric power, in parallel to the proton exchange membrane fuel cell, to the motor.

During braking, energy, the regenerative braking energy, is captured in the lead-gel batteries and the ultracapacitors.

External links
 First 'triple-hybrid' fuel-cell bus goes into service, Society of Automotive Engineers, retrieved on 10-06-2009
 Proton Motor, Skoda Electric, UJV Collaborate on Fuel Cell Bus, HybridMile.com, 21-05-2009, Retrieved on 10-06-2009
 Proton Motor Fuel Cell GmbH

Automotive technologies
Hybrid vehicles
Hybrid powertrain

Triple-hybrid


was a Japanese website focused on streaming anime content, which was founded in 2013 by Asatsu-DK and six production companies: Toei Animation, Aniplex, Sunrise, TMS Entertainment, Nihon Ad Systems, and Dentsu. Daisuki was managed by Anime Consortium Japan, an anime content joint venture financed by Asatsu-DK, Bandai Namco, the Cool Japan Fund, and several animation studios, and which is currently managed by Bandai Namco.

The service was terminated on October 31, 2017, at 11:59 JST. However, streaming of Dragon Ball Super continued until February 22, 2018, when it was transferred to DRAGON BALL SUPER CARD GAME.

Content
Originally airing 30 episodes of content on May 16, the first series to be included were Sword Art Online, Puella Magi Madoka Magica, The Prince of Tennis: The National Tournament, Lupin III: Part II, Mobile Suit Z Gundam, and Mobile Suit Gundam SEED.

History
Originally set to launch in April 2013, Daisuki was delayed until May 16, 2013. The initial media services were streaming over the web, with future plans to expand for mobile devices and the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles. In October 2013, they released an iPad app, followed by an iPhone app in February 2014,  and an Android app in January 2015.

Operation
Founded on October 17, 2012, Daisuki Inc. was a joint venture between Asatsu-DK and six major anime studios. The venture's backers by initial shareholder stakes were split with minority shares amongst all backers. The largest minority shareholder is Asatsu-DK with 121,000,000 yen for a 26.3% stake; Toei Animation, Aniplex, Sunrise, TMS Entertainment, and Nihon Ad Systems each have a 61,700,000 yen investment for 13.4% shares. Dentsu has 30,000,000 yen invested for a 6.5% stake. However, its capital on launch was noted to be 229,750,000 yen. The CEO was Kunihiko Shibata.

In an interview with Japanator, it was announced that the releases on Daisuki would be released worldwide without region restrictions except in cases of exclusive rights licensed by other companies.

Daisuki Inc, was folded in 2014 and replaced by Anime Consortium Japan (ACJ), which took over the operation of the Daisuki.net website. ACJ's initial shareholders included Bandai Namco Holding inc., Asatsu-DK inc., Aniplex inc., the Cool Japan Fund, Toei Animation, Sunrise, TMS Entertainment, Nihon Ad Systems, and Dentsu Inc. In 2015 they were joined by Kodansha, Shueisha, Shogakukan, Kadokawa, Bushiroad Inc., and Good Smile Company. Shin Unozawa, an executive vice president of Bandai Namco Entertainment, serves as ACJ's president and representative. In March 2017, Bandai Namco purchased the entirety of Anime Consortium Japan for 2.1 billion yen.

On August 1, 2017, Daisuki released a statement announcing the closure of their operations effective October 31, 2017. The service was terminated on October 31, 2017 at 11:59 JST. Despite this, Daisuki would continue to stream Dragon Ball Super until February 22, 2018, where it was instead transferred over to DRAGON BALL SUPER CARD GAME.

References

External links

2013 establishments in Japan
Anime and manga websites
Former Bandai Namco Holdings subsidiaries
Internet properties established in 2013
Internet properties disestablished in 2017
Japanese entertainment websites
Defunct video on demand services

Daisuki (website)


The Bellamy-Ferriday House and Garden (also known as the Joseph Bellamy House) is a historic house museum at 9 Main Street North in Bethlehem, Connecticut.  The main house was built between about 1754 and 1767 by the Rev. Joseph Bellamy, a prominent Congregationalist minister who played an influential role in the First Great Awakening.  The property,  the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.  The house and surrounding gardens are owned and operated by Connecticut Landmarks; admission is charged.   Another 81 acres of forest and fields adjacent to the museum property are maintained as Bellamy Preserve, the town of Bethlehem's "Central Park," by the Bethlehem Land Trust.

Description and history
The Bellamy-Ferriday House is located just north of the village green in the center of Bethlehem.  Its landscaped acreage is screened from the green by mature trees, and is accessed via a drive on Main Street North (Connecticut Route 61). The house consists of a -story main block, oriented facing south, with a two-story ell and modern wing to the north.  The main block is roughly square, and is topped by a gabled roof with a central chimney and gabled dormers.  Its exterior is finished in wooden clapboards with corner quoin blocks, and there is a projecting two-story entry section in the rightmost bay.  It has a Palladian window in the second floor, and a shallow portico supported by four fluted Ionic columns.

Reverend Joseph Bellamy was granted  of land on the north side of what is now Bethlehem village (it was then known as the North Purchase of Woodbury, incorporated as Bethlehem 1787) in 1738, when he became the North Purchase parish's first settled minister.  Through the 1740s and 1750s Bellamy rose in prominence as one of the leading theologians of the First Great Awakening.  The traditional history of this house is that its ell was built about 1754 on land Bellamy purchased in 1741 that stood adjacent to his large tract, and is where his family lived while the main block was built.  The ell lacks evidence of a chimney adequate for cooking and heating, however, and it is more likely the house was built and occupied around 1760. Later, Henry Ferriday bought the property; his daughter, Carolyn Woolsey Ferriday, owned it until her death in 1990.  Under the terms of her will, the house and several surrounding acres were subsequently turned into a small museum by the Antiquarian and Landmarks Society, now known as Connecticut Landmarks.

The museum features American and European antiques and a formal parterre garden with a collection of roses, peonies and lilacs. A weeping willow on the property once stood at the grave of Napoleon Bonaparte.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Litchfield County, Connecticut
Connecticut Landmarks also operates other historic house museums, including:
 Amasa Day House in Moodus
 Butler-McCook House & Garden in Hartford
 Buttolph–Williams House in Wethersfield
 Hempsted Houses in New London
 Isham-Terry House in Hartford
 Nathan Hale Homestead in Coventry
 Phelps-Hatheway House & Garden in Suffield

References

External links

Bellamy-Ferriday House and Garden (ctlandmarks.org)
The Joseph Bellamy House: The Great Awakening in Puritan New England (nps.gov)
Bethlehem Land Trust (bethlehemlandtrustct.org/our-properties.html)

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Houses completed in 1760
Historic house museums in Connecticut
Museums in Litchfield County, Connecticut
Houses in Litchfield County, Connecticut
Bethlehem, Connecticut
Connecticut Landmarks
National Register of Historic Places in Litchfield County, Connecticut
Historic district contributing properties in Connecticut

Bellamy-Ferriday House and Garden


A statute is a written law passed by a state or federal legislature that creates a rule or regulation. Statutes (also called legal codes) provide the authority for other laws. Many state and federal agencies, such as the IRS, EPA and state Secretaries of State may issue regulations for the areas of the law they cover. A statute usually commands something, prohibits something or declares something to be policy. When there is a dispute over the meaning of a statute, a state or federal court may issue a judgment that interprets the statute more clearly. When this happens it also becomes case law.

Before a statute becomes law in some countries, it must be agreed upon by the highest executive in the government. Then it is published as part of a legal code. In many countries, statutes are organized (or codified) for a particular jurisdiction. In many nations statutory law is distinguished from and is subordinate to constitutional law.

References

Legislation

Statute


Nathan Mitchell Coulter-Nile (born 11 October 1987) is an Australian cricketer who has played at One Day International (ODI) and Twenty20 International level for the Australian national side. Domestically, he is contracted to Western Australia and the Melbourne Stars.
From Perth, Western Australia, Coulter-Nile attended Aquinas College, and represented the state under-17 and under-19 teams, later going on to play three youth ODI matches for the Australian national under-19 team. Having held a rookie contract from the Western Australian Cricket Association (WACA) for several seasons, he made his debut at state level during the 2009–10 season, and has since become a regular selection in Western Australia and the Perth Scorchers' fast bowling attacks. Coulter-Nile made his Twenty20 International debut for the Australian national cricket team in February 2013, and his ODI debut in September 2013.

Early career
Coulter-Nile was born in Perth, Western Australia, on 11 October 1987. He is the eldest of three children, and has two younger sisters. He was educated at Aquinas College. He played in state representative teams from an early age, representing Western Australia at both under-17 and under-19 level. At the 2003–04 National Under-17 Championships, Coulter-Nile took four wickets from five matches, although he scored only 19 runs from his five innings during the tournament. Two seasons later, at the 2005–06 National Under-19 Championships (held in Perth), he took eight wickets at an average of 24.50 from his six matches. In grade cricket, Coulter-Nile made his third-grade debut for the Fremantle District Cricket Club during the 2003–04 season, aged 16. He made his first-grade debut the following season, and took 18 wickets at an average of 25.72 from his ten first-grade matches. This included figures of 5/56 against Joondalup, his first five-wicket haul in the competition. A member of the Dennis Lillee Fast Bowling Academy, Coulter-Nile was selected to appear for the Australian national under-19 team in three under-19 One Day International (ODI) matches against the Pakistan under-19s in April 2007, at the end of the 2006–07 season. This followed on from a season for Fremantle in which he took 30 wickets, as well as appearing in a single Cricket Australia Cup match for the state second XI team.

Domestic career

Western Australia

At the end of the 2012–13 season, Coulter-Nile was awarded the Laurie Sawle Medal as Western Australia's player of the season.

Perth Scorchers
Coulter-Nile was a member of the Perth Scorchers' 15-man squad for the inaugural 2011–12 season of the franchise-based Big Bash League, which replaced the state-based KFC Twenty20 Big Bash as the Australian domestic Twenty20 competition. The squad was very similar to that of Western Australia, with other fast bowlers including Ryan Duffield, Ben Edmondson, Joe Mennie, and Nathan Rimmington, as well as all-rounders Paul Collingwood and Mitchell Marsh. Having missed the team's first two matches due to concerns over an injured shoulder, Coulter-Nile debuted for Perth in the Scorchers' third match, replacing Shaun Marsh for the game against the Brisbane Heat at the WACA Ground in late December 2011. He went on to play in each of the team's six remaining matches, including in both the semi-final against the Melbourne Stars and the final against the Sydney Sixers. Coulter-Nile finished the season with 10 wickets at an average of 17.40, third in Perth's wicket-taking behind Ben Edmondson (14 wickets) and Brad Hogg (13 wickets). His best bowling figures, 3/9 from three overs, came against the Sydney Thunder in mid-January 2012, at ANZ Stadium Having also affected two run outs during the Thunder's total of 99 all out, he was awarded man of the match.

In July 2012, Coulter-Nile re-signed with the Perth Scorchers for the 2012–13 Big Bash League season. During the Big Bash League offseason, he also played in the team's three matches in the 2012 Champions League Twenty20. The team's squad for the 2012–13 season differed slightly from the previous season, with Tim Armstrong, Jason Behrendorff, Hilton Cartwright, and Alfonso Thomas replacing Duffield (not contracted), Marsh (injured), and Rimmington (Melbourne Renegades) as members of Perth's bowling attack. With Justin Langer having replaced Lachlan Stevens as coach prior to the start of the season, Coulter-Nile began to be used in a different role. Usually bowling three or four overs, often first change behind Thomas and spinner Michael Beer, he took ten wickets at an average of 27.60 from his ten matches, but also usually played as a top-order batsman. This was not entirely a success, given that he scored only 61 runs from his eight innings. However, in a match against Brisbane at the Gabba in mid-December 2012, Coulter-Nile scored 23 not out from just six balls, including 20 runs from four balls in Dan Christian's final over. With rain necessitating the use of the Duckworth–Lewis method, Perth had been set 51 runs from five overs. Coulter-Nile was named man of the match for his performance, despite having conceded 39 runs from his three overs in Brisbane's innings.

Indian Premier League
At the player auction prior to the 2013 season of the Indian Premier League, Coulter-Nile was sold to the Mumbai Indians for US$450,000. Although his reserve price had been $100,000, Mumbai and the Rajasthan Royals (owned by Nita Ambani and Shilpa Shetty, respectively) engaged in a bidding war which eventually raised his price to its final figure. Coulter-Nile played his only match for team in May 2013, against Kings XI Punjab at the HPCA Stadium in Dharamshala. On debut, he took 1/29 from four overs bowling, and scored nine runs from six balls while batting, with the Indians losing by 50 runs. At the 2014 IPL auction, he was bought by Delhi Daredevils for Rs. 4.25 crores (approximately A$750,000). In February 2017, he was bought by the Kolkata Knight Riders team for the 2017 Indian Premier League for 3.5 crores. He was named in the IPL XI of the tournament in 2017 by Cricbuzz. In January 2018, he was bought by Royal Challengers Bangalore for Rs. 2.2 crores. He was released by the Royal Challengers Bangalore ahead of the 2020 IPL auction.

In the 2020 IPL auction, he was bought by the Mumbai Indians ahead of the 2020 Indian Premier League. In February 2022, he was bought by the Rajasthan Royals for his base price 2 Cr in the Mega auction for the 2022 Indian Premier League tournament.

International career
Following on from his form for Western Australia during the 2011–12 season, Coulter-Nile played two first-class matches for Australia A during the team's 2012 tour of England. Despite being called up for the tour after James Pattinson withdrew due to an abdominal strain, he played in another match for Australia A in November 2012, against the touring South Africans. After good form in all three formats of the game during the 2012–13 season, Coulter-Nile began to be seriously considered to play for Australia. Following on from his nine-wicket Sheffield Shield performance against Queensland in February 2013, two former international players—Mike Hussey and Shane Warne—both nominated him as a potential debutant during the ODI and T20I series held towards the end of that season. Coulter-Nile was selected to make his international debut in a T20I against the West Indies later that month. On debut, he took 1/36 from four overs while bowling, and scored 16 not out from 11 balls while batting, including two sixes.

In May 2013, Coulter-Nile was named in Australia's 15-man squad for the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy, to be held in England and Wales in June 2013. He played no matches during the tournament, but was selected to tour both India and South Africa with Australia A in the middle of the year. This included a one-day tri-series involving Australia A, India A, and South Africa A, in which Coulter-Nile scored 104 runs and took two three-wicket hauls in four matches. In one match against South Africa A, he scored 62 runs, which included a partnership of 133 runs for the seventh wicket with Shaun Marsh (136*), and helped Australia A win the match by three wickets. Based on this form, Coulter-Nile was selected in Australia's 18-man senior squad for the ODI and Twenty20 International portions of Australia's 2013 tour of England. In late August, he played his second T20I match. With Australia losing by 27 runs, he failed to take a wicket, conceding 47 runs from four overs, but scored 13 runs from six balls while batting, including two sixes.

In April 2019, he was named in Australia's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. In the Cricket World cup, he scored his maiden ODI half-century and made the highest score by a number 8 batsman in the World Cup in the group stage match against the West Indies. In the match against Pakistan, Coulter-Nile took his 50th wicket in ODIs.

References

External links

1987 births
Australian cricketers
Australia Twenty20 International cricketers
Australia One Day International cricketers
Cricketers at the 2019 Cricket World Cup
Living people
Mumbai Indians cricketers
Delhi Capitals cricketers
People educated at Aquinas College, Perth
Perth Scorchers cricketers
Cricketers from Perth, Western Australia
Western Australia cricketers
Royal Challengers Bangalore cricketers
Melbourne Stars cricketers

Nathan Coulter-Nile