The Jordan River or River Jordan (, Nahr al-ʾUrdunn; , Nəhar hayYardēn;  Nahrāʾ Yurdnan), also known as Nahr Al-Sharieat (), is a  river in the Middle East that flows roughly north to south through the Sea of Galilee (Hebrew: כנרת Kinneret, Arabic: Bohayrat Tabaraya, meaning Lake of Tiberias) and on to the Dead Sea. Jordan and the Golan Heights border the river to the east, while Palestine's West Bank and Israel lie to its west. Both Jordan and the West Bank take their names from the river.

The river holds major significance in Judaism and Christianity. According to the Bible, the Israelites crossed it into the Promised Land and Jesus of Nazareth was baptized by John the Baptist in it.

Etymology
Several hypotheses for the origin of most of the river's names in modern languages (e.g., Jordan, Yarden, Urdunn), one is that it comes from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting the river's declivity, possibly appearing also in other river names in the region such as Yarkon and  Yarmouk, or it may be related to the Egyptian loanword  'yǝʾor' ('big river',  the Nile). According to this hypothesis, "Den" might be linked to the Akkadian word dannum for "powerful".  Cognates of the word are found in Aramaic, Hebrew, Mandaic, and other Semitic languages. The first recorded use of the name appears as Yārdon in Anastasi I, an ancient Egyptian papyrus that probably dates to the time of Rameses II. Early Arab chronicles referred to the river as Al-Urdunn.

In Mandaic, the etymologically related term Yardena () can refer not only to the Jordan River, but also any other body of flowing water that can be used for Mandaean baptismal rituals (masbuta).

After the Crusades, the Arabic name Nahr Al Sharieat (), literally "the watering place" began to be used, and was recorded by medieval geographers such as Abu'l-Fida and Al-Dimashqi. The name was shown in various forms on most notable 19th century maps of the region, and was described by Edward Robinson in his Biblical Researches in Palestine. Although historical sources do not appear to make this distinction, it is described in some modern sources as the name for the part of the river before it flows into Lake Tiberias.

Geography
The Jordan River has an upper course from its sources to the Sea of Galilee (via the Bethsaida Valley), and a lower course south of the Sea of Galilee down to the Dead Sea. In traditional terminology, the upper course (or most of it) is commonly referred to as passing through the "Hula Valley", as opposed to "Upper Jordan Valley"; the Sea of Galilee through which the river passes is a separate entity; and the term Jordan Valley is reserved for the lower course, fed by the Yarmouk and Zarqa Rivers.

Over its upper course (fed by the Hasbani River, Banias River, Dan River, and the Iyyon Stream), the river drops rapidly in a  run to the once large and swampy Lake Hula, which is slightly above sea level. Exiting the now much-diminished lake, it goes through an even steeper drop over the  down to the Sea of Galilee, which it enters at its northern end. The Jordan deposits much of the silt it is carrying within the lake, which it leaves again near its southern tip at Degania Dam. At that point, the river is situated about 210 metres below sea level. The last  section follows what is commonly termed the "Jordan Valley", which has less gradient (the total drop is another 210 metres) so that the river meanders before entering the Dead Sea, a terminal lake about 422 metres below sea level with no outlet. Two major tributaries enter from the east during this last section: the Yarmouk River and Zarqa River.

Its section north of the Sea of Galilee is within the boundaries of Israel and forms the western boundary of the Golan Heights. South of the lake, it forms the border between the Kingdom of Jordan (to the east), and Israel (to the west).

Tributaries

The streams coming together to create the River Jordan in its upper basin are, west to east:
 Iyyon (Hebrew: עיון Iyyon), Arabic name: Ajoun stream, but دردره Dardara for the uppermost course and براغيث Bareighith or Beregeith for the rest of its course, a stream which flows from Merj 'Ayun area in southern Lebanon.
 Hasbani (Arabic: الحاصباني Hasbani, Hebrew: either שניר Snir or Hatzbani), a stream which flows from the north-western foot of Mount Hermon in Lebanon, with a flow of 118 million m3 annually.
 Dan (Arabic: اللدان Leddan or Liddan, Hebrew: דן Dan), the largest among the Jordan's upper course tributaries with c. 240-252 million cubic metres per year, about twice as much as the Hasbani or the Banias, a stream whose source is also at the base of Mount Hermon.
 Banias (Arabic: بانياس Banias, Hebrew: either Banias or חרמון Hermon), a stream arising from a spring at Banias at the foot of Mount Hermon, with a flow of 106 million m3 annually, and
Nahal Sion or Nahal Assal (Hebrew) / Wadi el-'Asl or Assal (Arabic) as its major tributary.

South of the Sea of Galilee, the Jordan River receives the waters of further tributaries, the main ones, both coming from the east (Jordan), are:
 Yarmouk, the largest tributary of the lower course of the River Jordan, which forms the border between Syria and Jordan and then Jordan and Israel
 Zarqa, the second-largest tributary of the lower Jordan River.

Smaller tributaries or "side wadis" / "side streams" in this segment are, north to south
 from the east (6–10 in total)
 Wadi al-'Arab
 Wadi Ziqlab
 Wadi al-Yabis
 Wadi Kafranja or Kufrinjah passing near Ajloun
 Wadi Rajib, the last before Wadi Zarqa
 Wadi Nimrin
 from the west
 Nahal Yavne'el
 Nahal Tavor (Tabor Stream)
 Nahal Yissakhar
 Nahal Harod
 Nahal Bezeq, on the border between Israel and the West Bank, between Mount Gilboa and the Samaria Mountains
 Wadi el Maleh from the Samaria Mountains
 Wadi al-Far'a coming from the Nablus area
 Wadi Auja (Arabic) or Nahal Yitav (Hebrew)
 Wadi Qelt coming down from the Judean mountains and passing through Jericho

History

19th century
In the 19th century the River Jordan and the Dead Sea were explored by boat primarily by Christopher Costigan in 1835, Thomas Howard Molyneux in 1847, William Francis Lynch in 1848, and John MacGregor in 1869. The full text of W. F. Lynch's 1849 book Narrative of the United States' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea is available online.

20th century

In 1964, Israel began operating a pumping station that diverts water from the Sea of Galilee to the National Water Carrier. Also in 1964, Jordan constructed a channel that diverted water from the Yarmouk River, a main tributary of the Jordan River, to the East Ghor Canal. Syria has also built reservoirs that catch the Yarmouk's waters. Environmentalists blame Israel, Jordan and Syria for extensive damage to the Jordan River ecosystem.

In modern times, the waters are 70% to 90% used for human purposes and the flow is greatly reduced. Because of this and the high evaporation rate of the Dead Sea, as well as industrial extraction of salts through evaporation ponds, the Dead Sea is rapidly shrinking.

Main environmental issues

Reduction of water flow
The flow rate of the Jordan River once was 1.3 billion cubic metres per year; as of 2010, just 20 to 30 million cubic metres per year flow into the Dead Sea.

Pollution
A small section of the northernmost portion of the Lower Jordan, the first ca.  below the Sea of Galilee, has been kept pristine for baptism and local tourism. Most polluted is the 100-kilometre downstream stretch—a meandering stream from above the confluence with the Yarmouk to the Dead Sea. Environmentalists say the practice of letting sewage and brackish water flow into the river has almost destroyed its ecosystem. Rescuing the Jordan could take decades, according to environmentalists. In 2007, FoEME named the Jordan River as one of the world's 100 most endangered ecological sites, due in part to lack of cooperation between Israel and neighboring Arab states.

Roads, border crossings, bridges

Roads
Route 90, part of which is named after Rehavam Zeevi, connects the northern and southern tips of the Israeli-occupied West Bank and parallels the Jordan River on the western side.

Border crossings (open bridges)
There are two border crossings between Israel and Jordan which cross the river over bridges. The northern one, Jordan River Crossing or Sheikh Hussein Bridge is near Beit She'an; the southern one, Allenby Bridge (also King Hussein Bridge), is near Jericho.

Bridges (historical; modern: open and closed)
North to south:
 Daughters of Jacob Bridge (Hebrew: Gesher Bnot Ya'akov, "Daughters of Jacob Bridge") is the most famous one within Israel
 Arik Bridge at the northern end of the Sea of Galilee; allows access to the central Golan Heights, was crucial in the 1967 and 1973 wars
 Al-Sinnabra, at the spot where the river used to exit the Sea of Galilee in the past; few remains excavated by archaeologists
 Jisr el-Majami' north of Beit She'an/Beisan; closed
 Damiya or Adam Bridge halfway between Jericho and Beit She'an; closed
 King Abdullah Bridge south of the Allenby Bridge; closed.

Importance as a water source

Until the first decade of the 21st century, the waters of the Jordan River had been the largest water resource for Israel; lately, desalinated sea water from the Mediterranean has taken over this role. Israel's National Water Carrier, completed in 1964, has delivered water from the Sea of Galilee to the Israeli coastal plain for over four decades, until prolonged drought led to abandoning this solution in favour of desalination.

Jordan receives  of water from the river, a quantity which is regulated by the 1994 peace treaty with Israel. In the past, one of the main water resources in Jordan was the Jordan River, with a flow of 1.3 billion m3 per year (BCM/yr). However, after Israel built the National Water Carrier in 1953 and diverted water from Lake Tiberias to Israel's coastal plains and southern desert, the flow of the Lower Jordan River dropped significantly. The 50 MCM/yr that Israel provides from Lake Tiberias as part of the 1994 peace treaty was meant to compensate for this loss. A 2010 study found that the Lower Jordan River has been reduced to 2% of its historic flow. Water quality has also deteriorated sharply, with high levels of salinity and pollution from agricultural fertilizer and untreated wastewater upstream in Israel and the West Bank.

Conflict about the waters of the Jordan River was a contributing factor to the Six-Day War when, starting in 1965, Syria attempted to divert some of its headwaters in collaboration with Lebanon and Jordan. The diversion works would have reduced the water availability for Israel's carrier by about 35%, and Israel's overall water supply by about 11%.

Religious significance

Hebrew Bible

In the Hebrew Bible the Jordan is referred to as the source of fertility of a large plain ("Kikkar ha-Yarden"), said to be watered like "the garden of the LORD" (Genesis ). There is no regular description of the Jordan in the Bible; only scattered and indefinite references to it are given. Jacob crossed it and its tributary, the Jabbok (the modern Al-Zarqa), on his way back from Haran (, ). It is noted as the line of demarcation between the "two tribes and the half tribe" settled to the east (Numbers ) and the "nine tribes and the half tribe of Manasseh" that, led by Joshua, settled to the west (, passim).

Opposite Jericho, it was called "the Jordan of Jericho" (; ). The Jordan has a number of fords, and one of them is famous as the place where many Ephraimites were slain by Jephthah (Judges ). It seems that these are the same fords mentioned as being near Beth-barah, where Gideon lay in wait for the Midianites (). In the plain of the Jordan, between Succoth and Zarthan, is the clay ground where Solomon had his brass-foundries (1 Kings ). In  the Jordan valley is portrayed as a woodland region. Biblical commentator Albert Barnes suggested that "trees were rare in most parts of Palestine, but plentiful in the Jordan Valley".

In biblical history, the Jordan appears as the scene of several miracles, the first taking place when the Jordan, near Jericho, was crossed by the Israelites under Joshua (). Later the two tribes and the half tribe that settled east of the Jordan built a large altar on its banks as "a witness" between them and the other tribes (, , et seq.). The Jordan was crossed by Elijah and Elisha on dry ground (, ). The prophet and wonder-worker Elisha performed two miracles at the Jordan: he healed Naaman's leprosy by having him bathe in its waters (), and he made an axe head lost by one of the "children of the prophets" float, by throwing a piece of wood into the water ().

Yom HaAliyah (Aliyah Day, ) is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Nisan to commemorate the Israelites crossing the Jordan River into the Land of Israel while carrying the Ark of the Covenant as recorded in the Hebrew Bible's Book of Joshua.

New Testament

The New Testament states that John the Baptist baptised unto repentance in the Jordan (Matthew 3:5–6; Mark; Luke ; John). These acts of Baptism are also reported as having taken place at Bethabara ().

Jesus came to be baptised by him there (Matthew 3:13; ; , ). The Jordan is also where John the Baptist bore record of Jesus as the Son of God and Lamb of God ().

The prophecy of Isaiah regarding the Messiah which names the Jordan () is also reported in .

The New Testament speaks several times about Jesus crossing the Jordan during his ministry (; ), and of believers crossing the Jordan to come hear him preach and to be healed of their diseases (; ). When his enemies sought to capture him, Jesus took refuge at the river in the place John had first baptised ().

Scholars have concluded that the site called Al-Maghtas on the east side has long been considered the location for the Baptism of Jesus and a place of pilgrimage. This has led to choosing Al-Maghtas as a UNESCO World Heritage site, which took place in 2015.

Derived cultural significance

Symbolism
Because, according to Jewish tradition, the Israelites made a difficult and hazardous journey from slavery in Egypt to freedom in the Promised Land, the Jordan can refer to freedom. The actual crossing is the final step of the journey, which is then complete.

Among many other references, the Jordan River is given this meaning in the text of Old Man River: "Let me go 'way from the Mississippi / Let me go 'way from the white man boss / Show me that stream called the River Jordan / That's the old stream that I long to cross".

Christening of royals
Because of the baptism of Jesus, water from the Jordan is employed for the christening of heirs and princes in several Christian royal houses, such as the cases of Prince George of Wales, Simeon of Bulgaria and James Ogilvy. Earlier, On 15 May 1717, the Empress Maria Theresa was baptised in Vienna by the Papal Nuntius Giorgio Spinola, representing Pope Clement XI, with baptismal water containing a few drops from the River Jordan.

Christian poetry and music
The Jordan is a frequent symbol in folk, gospel, and spiritual music, and in poetic and literary works.

The baptism of Jesus is referred to in a hymn by the reformer Martin Luther, "" (1541), base for a cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach,  (1724).

The Jordan River, due primarily to its rich spiritual importance, has provided inspiration for countless songs, hymns, and stories, including the traditional African-American spiritual/folk songs "Michael Row the Boat Ashore", "Deep River", and "Roll, Jordan, Roll". It is mentioned in the songs "Eve of Destruction", "Will You Be There", and "The Wayfaring Stranger" and in "Ol' Man River" from the musical Show Boat. "The Far Side Banks of Jordan" by Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash on June's Grammy Award-winning studio album, Press On, mentions the Jordan River as well as the Promised Land. Jordan River is also the subject of roots reggae artist Burning Spear's song of the same title. Belarusian band Spasenie dedicated its whole album "Crossing the Jordan" to the topic.

See also

 Ænon
 Ed-Dikke synagogue
 Fair river sharing
 Island of Peace
 Jordan Rift Valley
 List of rivers of Israel
 List of rivers of Jordan
 Mandaeans
 Naharayim

References

Citations

Works cited

External links

 SMART – Multilateral project for sustainable water management in the lower Jordan Valley
 Inventory of Conflict and Environment (ICE), Jordan River Dispute
 "Map of the River Jordan and Dead Sea: And the Route of the Party Under the Command of Lieutenant W.F. Lynch, United States Navy" is a map from the mid-19th century of the River Jordan and Dead Sea, made under the command of William F. Lynch.
 "The Jordan River" in which John the Baptist baptized his cousin Jesus of Nazareth. (Yardenit.com)

International rivers of Asia
Rivers of Israel
Rivers of Jordan
Rivers of the State of Palestine
Rivers of Syria
Rivers of the West Bank
Geography of Israel
Geography of Palestine (region)
Geography of the State of Palestine
Geography of Syria
Geography of the West Bank
Landforms of the Middle East
Landforms of West Asia
Great Rift Valley
Hebrew Bible rivers
Sacred rivers
New Testament geography
Catholic pilgrimage sites
Environmental issues in Israel
Tourism in Jordan
Border rivers
Borders of the West Bank
Israel–Jordan border
Israel–Syria border
Israel–Jordan relations
Rivers in Mandaeism

Jordan River


A cranial nerve is any nerve which is attached directly to the brain or brainstem. This is different from spinal nerves which are attached to segments of the spinal cord. Cranial nerves relay information more directly between the brain and body (mostly parts of the head and neck).

Each cranial nerve exists as a pair and is present on both sides of the central nervous system. All cranial nerves appear above the first vertebra in the neck (cervical vertebra).

In humans there are twelve cranial nerves pairs. They are numbered using Roman numerals I–XII based on their order from the front of the brain to the back, where the brainstem is.

Function
Cranial nerves provide motor and sensory stimulation mainly to places within the head and neck. This sensory stimulation includes sensations such as temperature, touch, taste, vision, smell,  balance and hearing.

Smell (I)
The olfactory nerve (CN 1) sends information about smells from the nose up to the brain. In the brain, this information is processed and becomes olfaction, or our sense of smell. The olfactory nerve is an is an afferent sensory nerve, meaning it takes in information from the outside world and sends it to the central nervous system.

Structure
The olfactory nerve is the shortest cranial nerve. It is one of two cranial nerves that does not connect to the brain stem, the other being the optic nerve (CN 2).

The olfactory nerve is not just one nerve, but a group of neurons working together to perform the same task. The olfactory neurons start branched out in the nasal cavity. From here, they reach up through the roof of the nasal cavity and connect to the olfactory bulb.

The olfactory nerve is unique because it is the only cranial nerve that can regenerate parts of itself if it is damaged.

Path of sensation
Smell molecules called aromatics come up the nose and into the nasal cavity. Here, they are detected by olfactory neurons. These neurons are branched out along the lining of the nasal cavity. Olfactory neurons take in the signal from the smell molecules and make electric signals called action potentials. The action potentials move up the olfactory neurons through the roof of the nasal cavity, also known as the cribiform plate. After passing through the cribiform plate, the olfactory neurons send the action potentials to the olfactory bulb. From here, signals are sent through the olfactory tract and out to different parts of the brain. For example, some signals are sent to the frontal lobe, where smells are identified and labeled.

Damage to this path can cause anosmia, or loss of the ability to smell.

Vision (II)
The optic nerve (CN II) transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.

Eye movement (III, IV, VI)
The oculomotor nerve (CN III) controls most of the muscles related to the movement of the eye, including the eyelids and control of the pupil. The trochlear nerve (CN IV) and abducens nerve (CN VI) are each responsible for their own single eye muscles.

Facial sensation, jaw movement (V)
The trigeminal nerve (CN V) is called "trigeminal" because it is made of 3 parts. Together, all these parts are responsible for sensation in the face and larger facial movements such as biting and chewing.

Facial expression (VII)
The facial nerve (CN VII) controls the muscles of facial expression, and helps carry taste sensations from the back of the tongue and mouth.

Hearing and balance (VIII)
The vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) transmits sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain.

Oral sensation, taste, and salivation (IX)
The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) is a mixed nerve that carries a wide range of sensory and motor information.

Control of heart and digestion (X)
The vagus nerve (CN X) allows for parasympathetic control of the heart and digestive tract. It is the longest nerve of the autonomic nervous system in the human body.

Shoulder elevation and head-turning (XI)
The accessory nerve (CN XI) is a cranial nerve that controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.

Tongue movement (XII)
The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) is involved in controlling tongue movements required for speech and swallowing.

Routes out of the brain
After leaving the brain, the cranial nerves travel inside the skull. Some must leave this bony compartment to reach their destinations. Often the nerves pass through holes in the skull, called foramina. Other nerves pass through bony canals, longer pathways enclosed by bone. These foramina and canals may have more than one cranial nerve, and may also contain blood vessels.

Related pages

 Neuron
 Central nervous system
 Brain stem

References

Anatomy of the nervous system

Cranial nerve


A speed leemit is the maximum speed allout bi law for vehicles on a road.

Speed leemits are for ordinar merkit wi a traffec sign. Speed leemit signs are aften shawn naur poleetical mairchs an road intersections, an in some cases speed leemit signs kythe at raiglar intervals. Poleetical mairchs can reenge frae kintra mairchs tae ceity leemits.

(Forbye, an axiom o Einstein's relativity theories states that the speed leemit o the Universe is the speed o licht in a vacuum, i.e. 299,792,458 metres per second.)

Law enforcement
Road safety
Road Traffec management
Traffec law

Speed leemit


The McDonnell F3H Demon is a subsonic swept-wing carrier-based jet fighter aircraft designed and produced by the American manufacturer McDonnell Aircraft Corporation. It was the first swept wing jet fighter and the only single-engined carrier-based fighter the company produced.

The Demon was developed during the late 1940s and early 1950s to fulfill a United States Navy requirement for a high-performance swept wing naval fighter to succeed the F2H Banshee. On 7 August 1951, the XF3H-1 performed its maiden flight, flown by test pilot Robert Edholm. The original design for a short-range interceptor was reworked into a heavier medium-range all-weather fighter to counter the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 jet fighter being encountered during the Korean War; however, the addition of about  of weight negatively impacting the Demon's performance. The Demon was originally designed to be powered by the Westinghouse J40 turbojet engine, which suffered severe problems including low thrust output and poor reliability, and was ultimately abandoned after the matter became politically controversial in 1955. This outcome necessitated another major redesign of the aircraft to accept the alternative Allison J71 powerplant.

On 7 March 1956, the Demon was introduced to operational service. Though the aircraft had insufficient power for supersonic performance and insufficient endurance for its intended general-purpose role, it complemented day fighters such as the Vought F8U Crusader and Grumman F11F Tiger as an all-weather, missile-armed interceptor. The Demon was withdrawn in 1964 and thus did not participate in the Vietnam War. Both it and the Crusader were replaced on Forrestal-class and similar supercarriers by the more capable and versatile McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II, which bears a strong family resemblance, as it was conceived as an advanced development of the Demon. The supersonic F-101 Voodoo of the United States Air Force was similar in layout, but was derived from the earlier XF-88 Voodoo, which also influenced the Demon's layout.

Development

Background

Although the existence of the Soviet Union's Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 jet fighter program was unknown to U.S. intelligence at the time, the United States Navy anticipated the appearance of high-performance Soviet jet fighters, and issued requirements for a high-performance swept wing naval fighter on 21 May 1948. McDonnell was one of six aircraft companies that opted to produce a response, beginning development work during 1949. The design team chose to use a swept wing configuration from the onset rather than adapting a straight wing design as had been done with the competing Grumman F9F Panther. Roll control was achieved via ailerons augmented by a compact spoiler. Furthermore, both the horizontal and vertical tail surfaces were also swept back. It was the company's first swept wing design, and was amongst the first American aircraft to be primarily armed with missiles rather than cannons.

The resulting aircraft, which later received the name Demon, emerged as an all-new design. In order to fulfil the U.S. Navy's requirements, McDonnell agreed to power the aircraft with the Westinghouse J40 engine which was then under development. At the time, the J40 was being promoted by Navy officials for its next generation of aircraft, and was to have thrust of over 11,000 lbf (49 kN)—three times that of the engines used on the McDonnell F2H Banshee. Having gained the interest of U.S. Navy officials, McDonnell was issued with a development contract to produce two XF3H-1 prototypes on 30 September 1949, albeit as a fallback measure to the unconventional Douglas F4D Skyray. At this stage of development, it was envisioned as a day fighter. McDonnell named the aircraft Demon shortly thereafter.

The unexpected combat debut of the MiG-15 during the Korean War motivated the U.S. Navy to place the Demon as a top priority, having observed the MiG to have considerably outclassed both the Panther and Banshee; the only American fighter then in service that could equal the MiG was the North American F-86 Sabre, which was only operated by the United States Air Force. Seeking to better respond to the MiG, the U.S. Navy pushed for the aircraft to be heavily redesigned, reorienting it from the short-range interceptor mission once envisioned towards a medium-range all-weather fighter; adapting the design necessitated the addition of 7,000 Ibs. of weight to an aircraft that originally weight 22,000 Ibs, thus negatively impacting its performance.

Initial flights and engine difficulties
During March 1951, the aircraft was hastily ordered into production for an initial batch of 150 F3H-1Ns. This order came prior to even reviewing the mockup, which occurred in July of that year. On 7 August 1951, the prototype performed its maiden flight at the hand of test pilot Robert Edholm. It quickly proved to be relatively easy to fly, fairly maneuverable, and the controls were responsive, yet it was also severely underpowered, particularly impacting high altitude flight. This prototype was lost during a test flight roughly four months later. The first test flights of the operational design did not occur until January 1953, by which time the conflict in Korea was drawing to a close.

The Demon had originally been designed around the ambitious Westinghouse J40 engine, which was to provide enough power to permit the use of just one engine in a number of new aircraft. However, this engine would ultimately fail to produce the promised thrust or to even run reliably; its performance was a major disappointment, producing only half of the expected power. It also suffered from a restricted flight envelop and frequent compressor stalls. The airframe's use of an uncommon annual air intake, which inherently results in relatively poor pressure recovery, may have also contributed to the performance difficulties.

James Smith McDonnell, president of McDonnell Aircraft Corporation, personally wrote to Washington, warning that the engine would be a "disappointingly underpowered combination" and requesting a substitute engine be permitted. Instead, the U.S. Navy opted to persist with the J40 engine in the hope that development of a more powerful version, the J40-10, would proceed rapidly; instead, Westinghouse proved unable to smoothly progress on the project and the issue became increasingly politically charged as time went on. Of the 35 F3H-1N aircraft flown with the J40 engine, eight were involved in major accidents. The first production Demons were grounded after the loss of six aircraft and four pilots. Time magazine called the Navy's grounding of all Westinghouse-powered F3H-1 Demons a "fiasco", with 21 unflyable planes that could be used only for Navy ground training at a loss of $200 million. One high point of the J40 was the 1955 setting of an unofficial time-to-climb record, in a Demon, of  in 71 seconds. However, the J40 program was terminated sometime during 1955.

All of the aircraft that the J40 was to power were either canceled or redesigned to use other engines, notably the J57 and the J71. The F4D Skyray had been designed to accept larger engines in case the J40 did not work out, and was eventually powered by the Pratt & Whitney J57. But no other engine could simply be fitted into the old Demons, necessitating both the wings and fuselage to be redesigned and enlarged. The associated cost and delayed were such that the U.S. Navy considered cancelling development of the Demon as well. The best alternative turned out to be the Allison J71 engine, which was also powered the Douglas B-66 Destroyer. Subsequent F3Hs with this powerplant were designated the F3H-2N. In service, the J71 proved problematic, providing insufficient power for an aircraft of the Demon's size, while also suffering from frequent flameouts and compressor stalls. During October 1954, the first J71-powered Demon was flown. Another significant problem was the reliability of the in-house developed ejection seat: initial versions were found to be unreliable and were eventually replaced with Martin-Baker ejection seats that were becoming the standard U.S. Navy seat of choice due to their higher performance at low altitude and better reliability.

Production
Despite the problems encountered, the U.S. Navy placed an order for 239 F3H-2s, the first of which being deployed during March 1956. 519 Demons were constructed before production was terminated during November 1959. It was not the U.S. Navy's first all-weather interceptor with radar (the AN/APG-51 air interception set was used first on the F2H-4 Banshee). The F3H-2 Demon had the AN/APG-51A, later upgraded to the 51-B version with a tunable magnetron then on to 51-C with better countermeasures in the receiver. It was a relatively straightforward radar arrangement in comparison to that of the Skyray. Furthermore, upgrading this radar proved to be somewhat easy as well.

The F3H-2N's standard armament was four 20 mm (.79 in) Colt Mk 12 cannons. In later years, the upper two cannons were often omitted to save weight. Later models, redesignated F3H-2M, were equipped to fire the Raytheon AAM-N-2 Sparrow and later the Sidewinder air-to-air missiles. Deployed aircraft carried both types of missiles, the Sparrow on the inboard rails and the Sidewinder outboard. Cannons were not used in carrier air defense applications, but they were installed and armed when situations (such as the Cuban Missile Crisis) dictated, and where the aircraft might be deployed against surface targets. Furthermore, up to 6,000 pounds of external stores, including fuel tanks, bombs and rocket pods, could be carried. The additional range provided by external fuel tanks was relatively small due to parasitic drag.

At a late stage of development, the nose had been tilted downwards by ten degrees to improve the pilot's forward and downward visibility. The windscreen was also changed multiple times with the same aim in mind. Due to the excellent visibility from the cockpit, the Demon earned the nickname "The Chair". Demon pilots were known colloquially as "Demon Drivers" while ground crews who worked on the aircraft were known as "Demon Doctors". The unfavorable power-to-weight ratio gave rise to the less flattering nickname "lead sled", sometimes shortened to "sled". Pilots observed its favourable flying characteristics and high level of stability when being flown at high altitude and during carrier operations, being relatively easy to land under almost any circumstance.

A reconnaissance version of the aircraft, the F3H-2P, was proposed, but ultimately never built. The Demon was flown as the U.S. Navy's front-line fighter up until 1962, at which point it was succeeded by the newer and faster F-4 Phantom II (which was a development of a proposed "Super Demon", a larger and much heavier version of the F3H). Developed during the Korean War to counter the MiG-15, it did not claim any aerial victories either with missiles or during dogfights, although it flew over Lebanon and Quemoy during 1958.

In 1962, the F3H was redesignated F-3. The F3H-2N became the F-3C, the F3H-2M became MF-3B, and the F3H-2 changed to F-3B. During September 1964, the final Demon-equipped squadron, VF-161 'Chargers', traded their F-3s for F-4 Phantom IIs.

Variants

XF3H-1
 Prototype single-seat clear-weather interceptor fighter. Powered by  ( with afterburner) Westinghouse XJ40-WE-6 engine. Two built.
F3H-1N
 Initial production version. Single-seat all-weather fighter version, powered by  ( with afterburner) J40-WE-22 engine. 58 built.
F3H-1P
 Proposed reconnaissance version of F3H-1. Never built.
F3H-2N
 All-weather fighter powered by  ( Allison J71-A-2 engine and equipped to carry AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles. 239 built. Redesignated F-3C in 1962.
F3H-2M
 Derivative of F3H-2N armed with four AIM-7 Sparrow air-to-air missiles. 80 built. Redesignated MF-3B in 1962.
F3H-2
 Single-seat strike fighter version, retaining Sidewinder and Sparrow capability of the −2M/N and adding payload of 6,000 lb (2,730 kg) bombs or rockets. 239 built. Redesignated F-3B in 1962.
F3H-2P
 Proposed photo-reconnaissance version of −2. Unbuilt.
F3H-3
 Proposed version with the General Electric J73 engine. Unbuilt.

Operators

 United States Navy

Aircraft on display

F3H-2M
 BuNo 137078 - National Museum Naval Aviation at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida.

F3H-2N
 BuNo 133566 - USS Intrepid Museum in New York City, New York.
 BuNo 145221 - Pima Air & Space Museum, adjacent to Davis-Monthan AFB in Tucson, Arizona.

Specifications (F3H-2)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 F3H Demon Index
 Modeling Madness Demon History
 Demon Drivers
 Bob Jellison's F3H Demon
 Global Security

Carrier-based aircraft
F3H Demon
McDonnell F03H Demon
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1951
Second-generation jet fighters

McDonnell F3H Demon


The Journal of Religious History is an international peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Religious History Association. It covers current work in the history of religions. It also examines the relation of religions with other aspects of human experience.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed by Academic Search Elite, FRANCIS, America: History & Life, Australian Public Affairs Information Service, Arts and Humanities Citation Index, ATLA Religion Database, CSA Biological Sciences Database, CSA Environmental Sciences & Pollution Management Database, Current Contents/Arts & Humanities, Ecology Abstracts, Historical Abstracts, InfoTrac, ProQuest, and Sociological Abstracts.

References

External links

 Religious History Association

Academic journals established in 1960
Religion history journals
Wiley (publisher) academic journals
Quarterly journals
English-language journals

Journal of Religious History


Anamorelin (INN) (developmental code names ONO-7643, RC-1291, ST-1291), also known as anamorelin hydrochloride (USAN, JAN), is a non-peptide, orally-active, centrally-penetrant, selective agonist of the ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) with appetite-enhancing and anabolic effects which is under development by Helsinn Healthcare SA for the treatment of cancer cachexia and anorexia.

Anamorelin significantly increases plasma levels of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) in humans, without affecting plasma levels of prolactin, cortisol, insulin, glucose, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). In addition, anamorelin significantly increases appetite, overall body weight, lean body mass, and muscle strength, with increases in body weight correlating directly with increases in plasma IGF-1 levels.

As of February 2016, anamorelin has completed phase III clinical trials for the treatment of cancer cachexia and anorexia associated with non-small-cell lung carcinoma.

On 18 May 2017, the European Medicines Agency recommended the refusal of the marketing authorisation for the medicinal product, intended for the treatment of anorexia, cachexia or unintended weight loss in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
Helsinn requested a re-examination of the initial opinion. After considering the grounds for this request, the European Medicines Agency re-examined the opinion, and confirmed the refusal of the marketing authorisation on 14 September 2017.
The European Medicines Agency concluded that the studies show a marginal effect of anamorelin on lean body mass and no proven effect on hand grip strength or patients' quality of life. In addition, following an inspection at clinical study sites, the agency considered that the safety data on the medicine had not been recorded adequately. Therefore, the agency was of the opinion that the benefits of anamorelin did not outweigh its risks.

See also
 List of growth hormone secretagogues

References

External links
 Anamorelin - AdisInsight

Appetite stimulants
Hydrazides
Experimental drugs
Ghrelin receptor agonists
Growth hormone secretagogues
Tryptamines
Piperidines
World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances

Anamorelin


Frederick Howard Buller (May 25, 1914 – June 7, 1994) was a Canadian aeronautical engineer.

Early career
Buller was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, on May 25, 1914. He began with an interest in sailboat design. He attended University of British Columbia from 1932 to 1935. Thereafter, he spent several years studying naval architecture in Glasgow, Scotland. In 1937, he switched his focus to aeronautical engineering, moving to Oakland, California, to enroll in the Boeing School of Aeronautics. In 1939, he moved to Edmonton, Alberta and began working in the field with Aircraft Repair (later Northwest Industries). In 1943, he relocated to London, Ontario, assisting in the war efforts at Central Aircraft, a subsidiary of de Havilland. In September 1944, he settled in Downsview at de Havilland Aircraft of Canada Ltd (DHC), where he would remain for 35 years.

Later career
At de Havilland, Buller, who became its Chief Designer, worked on the designs of a number of notable aircraft, including the Chipmunk and the de Havilland STOL Beaver. The Chipmunk was extensively used in training RAF and RCAF pilots. The Beaver, registered by then de Havilland president P.C. Garratt as 'CF-FHB' in honor of its designer, is on display in the Canadian National Aviation Museum in Ottawa. Buller was also involved in or oversaw the design of the DHC-3 Otter (1951), DHC-4 Caribou (1958), DHC-5 Buffalo (1964), DHC-6 Twin Otter (1965), and DHC-7 Dash 7 (1975). He was a consultant on HMCS Bras D'or, a hydrofoil commissioned by the Royal Canadian Navy.

A noted competitor in the 14-footer class (precursor to the International 14) at the Royal Canadian Yacht Club in Toronto  and internationally, Buller initially expressed his interest in sailboat design through innovative customization of hulls designed by others (notably Charlie Bourke); his execution of a gybing centreboard was regarded as one of the first truly effective examples. In the early fifties, his Buller I and Buller II advanced both the general design in the class and its use of materials, as both boats were moulded in a material then new, fibreglass. Buller was also credited with bringing the tell-tale, a strip of string or cloth attached to a wing to test its aerodynamic qualities, over to the sailing world. A significant innovation in sailing at the time, sail tell-tales are now common.

In 1955, Buller became one of the founding members, and a Fellow, of the Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute. Frederick Buller died on June 7, 1994, at White Rock, British Columbia.

Honors
In 1971, the Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute awarded Buller its McCurdy Award for his major contributions to the de Havilland family of STOL aircraft. The Engineering Centennial Board named the DHC-2 Beaver as among the ten best engineering accomplishments in Canada in 1987. In 1997 he was inducted into the de Havilland Hall of Fame, and in 1999 he was inducted into Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame.

For his achievements on the racecourse and as a designer, Buller was in 2013 posthumously inducted into the Canadian International Fourteen Foot Dinghy Hall of Fame.

References

 Oswald, Mary, They Led the Way, Wetaskiwin: Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame, 1999.

External links
Hall of Fame site

1914 births
1994 deaths
Canadian aerospace engineers
People from Vancouver

Frederick Howard Buller


Diana Louie Elles, Baroness Elles (19 July 1921 – 17 October 2009) was a barrister and United Nations representative from the United Kingdom. She was a delegate to the European Parliament for over a decade. Her son is James Elles.

Early years
Born Diana Newcombe in Bedford, she was the daughter of Colonel Stewart Francis Newcombe and his wife Elisabeth Chaki, who he had met in his war captivity. Her father was a close friend of T.E.Lawrence, who was the godfather of her brother Stuart Lawrence Newcombe (born 1920). After education at private schools in London, Paris and Florence, she went to the University of London, where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in French and Italian in 1941. During the Second World War Elles served in the Women's Auxiliary Air Force, becoming a Flight Officer in 1944. Versed in mathematics she was attached to Bletchley Park and was part of a team of code-breakers. In 1944 she took a course in Japanese at Bletchley Park taught by Arthur Cooper for members of the RAF and WAAF.

Career in England
Elles was called to the bar by Lincoln's Inn in 1956 and worked in the voluntary care committee in Kennington. She was director of the National Institute of Houseworkers, opening a training college in 1963. In July 1970, Elles became chairman of the British section of the European Union of Women and three years later of the organisation as a whole. In 1972, Edward Heath, at that time Prime Minister of the United Kingdom arranged for her a life peerage and on 2 May she was created Baroness Elles, of the City of Westminster. When Labour took office in 1974, she sat on the Opposition benches in the House of Lords and acted as Spokesperson for foreign and European affairs.

In 1977 Elles became a council member of the Royal Institute of International Affairs until 1986 and subsequently was governor of the University of Reading until 1996. She was trustee of the Industry and Parliament Trust from 1985 and in 1990 a trustee of the Caldecott Community that was founded as a London nursery in 1911 – latterly a residential (therapeutic) community for children in care. Elles was appointed an honorable bencher of Lincoln's Inn in 1993. After her retirement from politician, she spent her time supporting the British Institute of Florence.

Foreign career
In 1972, Elles joined the British delegation to the United Nations General Assembly and after a year was added to the UN Sub-Commission for Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities. She was nominated UN Special Rapporteur on Human Rights in 1975. Four years later, she resigned her offices with the UN.

Edward Heath sent her to the European Parliament in 1973, where she headed the international office until 1978, when Elles had to make room for a Labour delegate. In the Parliament's first election in 1979, she won the Conservative seat for Thames Valley. Together with her son James, she was returned in 1984 for another five years. From 1982, she served as the Parliament's vice-president and two years later, stood unsuccessfully for the presidency. When in 1987, her term ended, she ran for the leadership of the European Democratic Group, however was defeated by Christopher Prout. Elles left the Parliament in 1989 and became a member of the Belgian law firm Van Bael and Bellis.

Personal life
In 1945, she married Neil Patrick Moncrieff Elles; they had two children, Elizabeth Rosamund (born 1947) and James Edmund Moncrieff (born 1949). Her husband having predeceased her, Elles died on 17 October 2009, aged 88.

Works
The Housewife and The Common Market (1971)
Procedural Aspects of Competition Law (1975)
UN Human Rights of Non-Citizens (1984)
Legal Issues of the Maastricht Treaty (1995)
European and World Trade Law (1996)

References

External links

1921 births
2009 deaths
Alumni of the University of London
Conservative Party (UK) MEPs
Conservative Party (UK) life peers
Life peeresses created by Elizabeth II
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Bletchley Park people
People associated with the University of Reading
Politicians from Bedford
Women's Auxiliary Air Force officers
MEPs for the United Kingdom 1973–1979
20th-century women MEPs for England
MEPs for England 1979–1984
MEPs for England 1984–1989
Bletchley Park women
British expatriates in the United States
Military personnel from Bedford

Diana Elles, Baroness Elles


Slide could be related to any of these.

Photographic slide - a thin translucent photograph bound in paper, plastic or similar frame and often used for projection with use of a slide projector for a slideshow.
Slide (website) - a website that offers groups the ability to discover, share, and talk about photos together.
Landslide - the movement of soil, mud or rock down a slope.
Slide rule - a simple analog calculator.
Slide trombone, a musical instrument, see also slide (wind instrument).
Slide guitar - a method of playing guitar, see also slide (guitar).
Slide whistle - a musical/wind instrument.
Microscope slide - a thin glass sheet used to hold objects for examination.
Water slide - a  popular water sport.
Dark slide - a skateboarding trick.
Slide (dance) – a popping dance move giving the impression of gliding around effortlessly.
Jakarta Slide - a Content Management System software.
Pistol slide - the upper half of a pistol that contains the barrel.
Playground slide - a smooth, sloped surface down which (usually) children slide while sitting down.
Slide (baseball) - in baseball, dropping to the ground when going into a base to avoid a tag.
Slide (band) - American rock band of the 1990s.
Slide - a single by the Goo Goo Dolls.
Slide (song) - a song by Dido on the album No Angel. This is not a cover version of any other song entitled Slide.
Step Back/Slide - a double a-side single by Superheist
Slide - an album by Lisa Germano
A 'slide edit' - a video editing term for moving a clip around in a timeline.
Another word for a linear bearing.
 A Sliding tackle
Slide (Sword of Truth) - a magically created creature from The Sword of Truth series.

Slide (disambiguation)


Bolko V the Hussite () (c. 1400 – 29 May 1460) was a Duke of Opole between 1422–1424 (as a co-ruler with his father), ruler over Głogówek and Prudnik since 1424, Duke of Strzelce and Niemodlin from 1450 and ruler over Olesno since 1455.

He was the eldest son of Duke Bolko IV of Opole by his wife Margareta, possibly member of the House of Görz.

Life
At a young age, Bolko V was sent to the University of Prague, where he learned of the social and religious views of Jan Hus. Soon after (probably before 1417) he returned to Upper Silesia and probably in 1417 or 1418 married with Elizabeth (d. aft. 2 September 1452), daughter of Wincenty Granowski (d. ca. 1410) by his wife Elisabeth of Pilica, who had recently become Queen of Poland after her marriage to King Władysław II Jagiełło. The wedding with the King's stepdaughter brought to the Dukes of Opole the immense wealth of the Pilica family and the alliance with the royal court at Wawel Castle.

In 1422 Bolko V was named by his father as co-ruler of the Duchy of Opole, and two years later (1424), thanks to the resignation of both his father and uncle Bernard, he became the independent ruler over Głogówek and Prudnik.

In 1428 Silesia was invaded by Hussite troops. In the capital of his domains, Głogówek, Bolko V decided at first to fight against them. However, almost immediately, the young Duke, at that time in Gliwice, not only decided to admit the Hussites into his city in order to avoid the destruction of his duchy, but also took the occasion to enrich himself with the secularization of the local churches (one of his first decisions was the cancellation of the building of a Kolegiata in Głogówek, which began by orders of Bolko IV). After a solemn oath, Bolko V vowed to support the Hussites, and he sent his army to help them. The cooperation with the Hussites was not just material, but also ideological. One aim of the duke was the policy of a gradual Germanization of Silesia, and the national teachings of Jan Hus fit in with this purpose. Later in that year, Bolko V took over all the goods of the Church in his Duchy.

In 1429 with the Hussites involved on other fronts, Bolko V acquired for himself the neighboring Duchy of Nysa, which belonged to the Bishopric of Wrocław. In the following year, together with his allies, he forced Polish troops to retreat to Jasna Góra, which become the new Silesian-Poland frontier. He also tried to obtain some lands from the Dukes of Brzeg: Namysłów (who could defend himself thanks to the help of the citizens of Wrocław) and Kluczbork (which was taken by him). In the following years Bolko V became the ruler of almost all Upper Silesia and parts of Lower Silesia. In his conquests, Bolko V could count on the support of his closest relatives, his father Bolko IV and his uncle Bernard. His luck turned against him on 13 May 1433, in connection with his defeat at the Battle of Trzebnica against Duke Nicholas V of Karniów. Despite this, Bolko V managed to maintain until his death the majority of Church goods obtained after the secularization. For this, in 1443 he was excommunicated.

During 1444–1452 Bolko V led a fight against the Bishop of Kraków, Zbigniew Oleśnicki, over the buying of the Duchy of Siewierz. This war resulted in significant destruction on the Silesian-Lesser Poland frontier. The Emperor Frederick III feared a complete collapse of the Silesian states. The dispute only ended in 1452 during the Polish Sejm in Piotrków, where Bolko V even offered the Polish King Casimir IV financial assistance for a war against the Teutonic Order in exchange for the district of Wieluń as a lien (the proposal wasn't accepted).

Prior to that, in 1450 Bolko V's uncle Bernard, lacking male descendants, decided to give most of his estate to him, including the Duchies of Strzelce and Niemodlin. Five years later (1455), Bolko V received Olesno after the death of Bernard.

In 1451, Bolko V divorced his wife Elizabeth Granowska after almost thirty-three years of marriage. This union only produced a son, Wenceslaus (b. 1433 – d. bef. 14 March 1453), whose early death was a terrible blow to Bolko V. He never recovered from the loss.

On 27 June 1451, Bolko V married for the second time, to Hedwig (d. aft. 1 February 1461), daughter of Hincze Beess of Kujawy, a member of the local nobility. This union was childless.

Bolko V died on 29 May 1460 in his favorite residence, Głogówek, and was buried in the local Franciscan church. Without surviving male heirs, he was succeeded in all his domains by his only surviving brother, Nicholas I.

Footnotes

References

Genealogy of Dukes of Opole

Further reading
Brodko S.: Piast husyta książę opolski Bolko V i jego ród. In: Z dziejów postępowej ideologii na Śląsku w. XVI-XVI, Ed. Ewa Maleczyńska. Warszawa 1956.

|-

1400s births
1460 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
Piast dynasty

Bolko V the Hussite


All India Survey on Higher Education was started in India in 2010–11. A task force was formed constitution representatives from HRD ministry, University Grants Commission, All India Council of Technical Education, Medical Council of India (now superseded by National Medical Commission), National University of Education Planning and Administration, Distance Education Council of India and representatives of many universities.

Task force recommended survey making an annual exercise which was accepted and now it is a regular survey being conducted by department of Higher Education in ministry of HRD India.

Each institution is allotted a code known as AISHE code, There are about 50000 Institutes of Higher Education in India, out of this about 800 are universities, 12,000 are professional institutes and remaining academic colleges and institutes. In survey, Data  is collected about details of Institute, Students enrolled, no. and details of teachers, infrastructure available, scholarship, loans and accreditation etc.

References

Surveys (human research)
Higher education in India

All India Survey of Higher Education


Différences is a composition by the Italian composer Luciano Berio for flute, clarinet, viola, cello, harp and magnetic tape, dating 1958–59. It was written for the Domaine musical concerts in Paris and first performed in March 1959, conducted by Pierre Boulez.

Différences is one of the first attempts to combine live instruments with electronic music. At the centre of the work, the tape sound takes the place of the performers. They return with various pizzicato entries, creating a homogeneous texture which seeks only an alteration in the expression rather than a disruption in the character of the music.

Berio began the composition for Différences a year before the premiere by recording in Paris the same musicians who were to give the first performance. In the Studio di fonologia musicale in Milan he then transformed these recordings to produce the tape with which the musicians interact during the performance. Berio remarked that "[i]n Différences the original model of the five instruments coexists alongside an image of itself that is continually modified, until the different phases of transformation deliver up a completely altered image that no longer has anything to do with the original" .

References

Compositions by Luciano Berio
1959 compositions
Serial compositions
Chamber music compositions

Différences (Berio)


Bassetki is a small village in Iraq, in Dohuk Governorate of autonomous Iraqi Kurdistan. Several important archaeological finds were made there.

Archaeological finds
In 1975 a fragment of a figure of Naram-Sin of Akkad was found near Bassetki. The statue is now called the Bassetki Statue.

In August–October 2016,  the Institute for Ancient Near Eastern Studies from the University of Tübingen and Hasan Qasim from the Directorate of Antiquities in Dohuk did archaeological work near Bassetki. They found the remains of a large Bronze Age city.  The city was started around 3000 B.C. It lasted for more than 1,200 years. From around 2700 B.C., the city had a wall protecting the upper part of the city from invaders. The city had a large road network, many residential districts and a palace. A contemporary cemetery was located outside the city. The city was connected to other regions of Mesopotamia and Anatolia by a roadway dating from around 1800 B.C. The archeologists also discovered settlement layers dating from the Akkadian Empire.  The finds were announced by the University of Tübingen on 3 November 2016.

In the summer of 2017, archaeologists from the University of Tübingen in Germany uncovered a collection of Assyrian cuneiform tablets hidden inside a collection of ceramic jugs. These tablets are 3,200 years old. They indicate that the ancient lost royal city of Mardaman was where Bassetki is today.

References

Archaeological sites in Iraq

Bassetki


Swing Shift is a 1984 American romantic drama directed by Jonathan Demme, and produced by and starring Goldie Hawn, with Kurt Russell. It also features Christine Lahti, Fred Ward, Ed Harris and Holly Hunter, in one of her earlier movie roles. The film was a box office bomb, grossing just $6.6 million against its $15 million budget. Lahti earned a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Plot
Jack Walsh enlists as a U.S. Naval Seaman shortly after the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor, at the start of US involvement in World War II. His wife Kay signs up to work in an armaments factory in California while he is overseas in naval service.

Through the factory, the lonely and vulnerable Kay finally befriends her neighbor Hazel, a club singer. Months pass with Lucky, another factory worker and musician, hitting on her weekly until finally she agrees to go out with him after five months. Soon after arriving on their date, Kay spots her landlords, ducking out before they can spot her. She tells Lucky she can't as she's married, and goes home alone.

A short time later, the factory throws a party on the weekend to celebrate their success. Kay and Hazel eventually convince each other to go. At the jamboree Kay finally sees Lucky play the trumpet. This time she lets him take her home, finally falling for his charms.

The three of them enjoy their time together until Kay's husband comes home by surprise in the summer of 1944 on a 48h secret leave. Finding them at Hazel's, Jack collects Kay to their house.

Looking through the closet for his clothes, Jack sees the Leadman work shirt and assumes it's some man's. Kay explains she was promoted at the factory. Over dinner he bluntly confronts her, as he's realized what has occurred. The next morning Jack returns early to his ship.

Meanwhile, at the end of their shift at the factory, Lucky invites Hazel to the club. Afterwards, he takes her home and they sleep together. Kay shows up in a taxi, but upon seeing Hazel she returns home.

Later, Hazel comes over to Kay's and they seem to have made peace. However, the three go out together and a very drunk Kay and Hazel trade insults and Lucky takes Kay home. In the morning, he tells he's going on tour with a band.

The airplane factory lets the women go once the Japanese surrender, the servicemen come home. So Kay sends Lucky a farewell letter, Jack comes back to her, and Hazel marries the club owner.

Cast

 Goldie Hawn as Kay Walsh
 Kurt Russell as Lucky Lockhart
 Christine Lahti as Hazel Zanussi
 Ed Harris as Jack Walsh
 Fred Ward as Biscuits Toohey
 Belita Moreno as Mabel Stoddard
 Holly Hunter as Jeannie
 Sudie Bond as Annie
 Patty Maloney as Laverne
 Susan Peretz as Edith
 Lisa Pelikan as Violet
 Phillip Christon as Egyptian Recruit
 Charles Napier as Moon Willis
 Alana Stewart as Frankie Parker

Production
Swing Shift has become a case study in star/producer/director conflict. The film's script, originally written by screenwriter Nancy Dowd, was revised in 1982 by screenwriter Ron Nyswaner, reportedly to elevate Hawn's character to the leading role. Principal photography began in March 1983 after several delays. Initial production completed by June 1983, with Demme's cut focused on the friendship between Kay and Hazel.

In December 1983, Hawn, who was an executive producer on the film, ordered additional scenes from screenwriter Robert Towne, reportedly because she felt she had been "upstaged" by Lahti. Over Demme's objections, 30 minutes of additional scenes were shot to make Hazel "more sympathetic" and to emphasize her love triangle, which pushed the film's release date from February 1984 to April 1984, and increased its budget from $14 million to $15–17 million. Demme stated he was "profoundly disappointed" by the reshoots, and walked away from the project with editor Craig McKay, "rather than participate in work we didn't believe in." Demme ultimately kept his directorial credit, but removed the phrase "A Jonathan Demme Film" from the finished movie and its advertising. Dowd removed her name from the finished version of the film and is credited under the pseudonym "Rob Morton," after agreeing with Warner Bros. not to discuss the film publicly; Dowd was later awarded sole screen credit (pseudonymously) in a Writers' Guild hearing. Hawn maintained that she and her producing partner Anthea Sylbert were "just trying to get the movie to work" by recutting it.

Reception

Critical response
Swing Shift holds a rating of 87% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 15 reviews.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three stars out of four and wrote "There's no suspense and no big emotional payoff, but the movie is always absorbing." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune awarded two-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote "Although the World War II drama does manage to work up considerable emotion for a few big moments, we also find the script wanting at as many moments. One more run through the typewriter would have helped." Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote "Despite what seem to have been certain differences of opinion in the course of the production, 'Swing Shift' plays very smoothly. No one need be ashamed." Gary Arnold of The Washington Post wrote "Its elaborate and meticulously re-created period settings and moods prove far more interesting and diverting than the undernourished characterizations and love stories that flutter and sputter across the foregrounds." Variety found that the characters "were not people worth fighting a war for" and remarked that while "[g]reat drama, to be sure, does not depend on likeable characters...the writing and acting are too flat for the challenge." Sheila Benson of the Los Angeles Times stated "Weak, flat, mystifyingly inconsistent, the present version is understandably disownable." Pauline Kael of The New Yorker wrote "There are no high spots, no exciting moments. The picture just goes popping from one recessive, undeveloped scene to the next." Steve Jenkins of The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote "Given the pseudonymous script credit, covering the contributions of three writers, and the serious disputes between Jonathan Demme and Goldie Hawn during production, it is perhaps not surprising that Swing Shift should emerge as a disappointingly bland, muddled and inconclusive affair."

Steve Vineberg of Sight & Sound called Jonathan Demme's original cut "extraordinary – one of the best movies made by an American in the 80s." He described the story of the film as "a Hollywood tragedy. It echoes what RKO did to Orson Welles' The Magnificent Ambersons."

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1984 films
1980s romantic comedy-drama films
American romantic comedy-drama films
Films scored by Patrick Williams
Films directed by Jonathan Demme
Films set in the 1940s
Films set on the home front during World War II
Films shot in California
Films with screenplays by Bo Goldman
1984 comedy films
1984 drama films
Films set in California
1980s English-language films
1980s American films

Swing Shift (film)


USS Lee was a galley built for the Continental Navy during the American Revolution. She participated in the Battle of Valcour Island during which she was grounded and lost. However, her participation in the battle helped delay the British advance on New York City by a year.

The ship was named for Founding Father Richard Henry Lee, a Continental Congressman and the author of the 1776 Lee Resolution.

Service history
The second ship to be so named by the Navy, Lee was a galley cutter built under direction of General Benedict Arnold at Skenesboro, New York, in 1776 for service on Lake Champlain. It was constructed of timber captured in October 1775 at St. Jean's, the British shipyard on the lake.  Lee, commanded by a Captain Davis, joined Arnold's squadron 6 September 1776; the galley cutter operated on Lake Champlain for shortly over a month, ready to defend the inland water path which connected Canada and New York. When the British moved south, the American flotilla met them in the Battle of Valcour Island 11 October 1776. Lee ran aground and bilged, during the action in which the small American squadron was all but wiped out. However, while suffering a serious tactical defeat, General Arnold's ships won a great strategic victory by delaying for a year the British advance on New York City, a year in which the patriots prepared for the new British offensive which ended with the capture of the British Army at the Battle of Saratoga.

References

Ships built in Whitehall, New York
Ships of the Continental Navy
Row galleys of the Continental Navy

USS Lee (1776)


Saskatchewan Power Corporation, operating as SaskPower, is the principal electric utility in Saskatchewan, Canada. Established in 1929 by the provincial government, it serves more than 538,000 customers and manages over $11.8 billion in assets. SaskPower is a major employer in the province with over 3,100 permanent full-time staff located in approximately 70 communities.

Legal status

SaskPower was founded as the Saskatchewan Power Commission in 1929, becoming the Saskatchewan Power Corporation in 1949 with the passage of The Rural Electrification Act.  The abbreviated name SaskPower was officially adopted as a trade name in 1987.

Owned by the government through its holding company, the Crown Investments Corporation, SaskPower is governed by a Board of Directors who are accountable to the provincial government Minister Responsible for Saskatchewan Power Corporation.

SaskPower has the exclusive right and the exclusive obligation to supply electricity in the province, except in the city of Swift Current and most of the city of Saskatoon.  The Swift Current Department of Light and Power provides electrical services within the municipal boundary of Swift Current. Saskatoon Light & Power provides service to the customers within the 1958 boundaries of Saskatoon while SaskPower has responsibility for areas annexed after 1958.

Customers

SaskPower serves more than 538,000 customers through more than 157,000 kilometres of power lines throughout the province and covers a service territory that includes Saskatchewan's geographic area of approximately . This relatively low customer density means that while most North American electrical utilities supply an average of 12 customers per circuit kilometre, SaskPower supplies about three. In fiscal year 2018-19, SaskPower sold 23,559 GWh of electricity for $2,583 million (CAD).

Facilities

SaskPower has a generating capacity of 3,542 megawatts (MW) from 17 generating facilities, including three coal-fired power stations, five natural gas stations, seven hydroelectric stations, and two wind power facilities.

In 2019, SaskPower purchased full ownership in Cory Cogeneration Station, which was previously owned and operated as a joint venture between Canadian Utilities (an ATCO Power subsidiary) and SaskPower international. The cogeneration facility supplies both electricity and steam to Nutrien's Cory Potash Mine and also supplies electricity to the SaskPower grid.

SaskPower also buys power from various independent power producers including the North Battleford Generating Station, Spy Hill Generating Station, Morse Wind Energy Facility, Red Lily Wind Power Facility and SunBridge Wind Energy Facility. When all SaskPower and independent power producers facilities are counted, the total available generation capacity is 4,437 MW.

The Chinook Power Station is a 350MW combined-cycle natural gas power station near Swift Current that has come online in 2019. It increased SaskPower's generating capacity to 3,892 MW, and the total generation capacity controlled by SaskPower to 4,881 MW.

The Boundary Dam Power Station is a coal-fired station, the number 3 boiler of which was chosen for renewal as a carbon capture pilot plant.

The SaskPower transmission system utilizes lines carrying 230,000 volts, 138,000 volts and 72,000 volts. There are 56 switching stations and 197 distribution stations on the transmission system.

SaskPower has four interconnections to Manitoba, one interconnection to North Dakota, and one interconnection to Alberta. Manitoba and North Dakota are on the same grid frequency as Saskatchewan, which means interconnections can be made directly using a normal AC transmission line. Alberta is part of WECC, so the interconnection relies on an AC/DC-AC link via the McNeill HVDC Back-to-back station.

Rural areas
Incorporated under The Power Corporation Act (1949), SaskPower purchased the majority of the province's small, independent municipal electrical utilities and integrated them into a province-wide grid.  It was also responsible under The Rural Electrification Act (1949) for the electrification of the province's rural areas, bringing electricity to over 66,000 farms between 1949 and 1966.  To manage the high costs of electrifying the province's sparsely populated rural areas, SaskPower used a large-scale implementation of a single wire ground return distribution system, claimed to be a pioneering effort (although some utilities in the USA had been using such a system on its rural lines). It was at the time one of the largest such systems in the world. One of the last cities in the province added to SaskPower's system was North Portal in 1971 (which had been served up to this point from Montana-Dakota Utilities' distribution system in Portal, ND just across the border).

Subsidiaries

NorthPoint Energy Solutions Inc., located in Regina, Saskatchewan is a wholly owned subsidiary of SaskPower and is SaskPower's wholesale energy marketing agent.  NorthPoint began operation on November 1, 2001.  NorthPoint handles the export of power on the North American Market.
SaskPower International is a wholly owned subsidiary of SaskPower that invests in non-crown utility assets. They previously owned a 30% stake in MRM Cogeneration Station at Athabasca Oil Sands Project's Muskeg River Mine north of Fort McMurray, and previously owned a 50% stake in Cory Cogeneration Station before the complete ownership was bought by SaskPower.

Rural electrification

SaskPower was founded by an Act of the provincial legislature as the Saskatchewan Power Commission in 1929.  The purpose of the Commission was to research how best to create a provincial power system which would provide the province's residents with safe, reliable electric service.

A provincial power system was desirable for many reasons.  In the early days of electricity in the province of Saskatchewan, electricity was largely unavailable outside of larger centres.  Most electrical utilities were owned either privately or by municipalities, and none of them were interconnected.  Because each utility operated independently, rates often varied significantly between communities – anywhere from 4 to 45 cents per kilowatt hour in the mid-1920s.  The rapid growth in the province's population in the first decades of the century – from 91,279 to 757,510 within 20 years – had led to a sharp increase in the demand for electricity.  Finally, the provincial government had determined that the lack of inexpensive power was hampering the development of industry in the province.

While the Commission began purchasing independently owned electrical utilities with the goal of interconnecting them, the economic situation of the 1930s and the labour shortage caused by the Second World War delayed the creation of a provincial power system for nearly two decades.

By 1948, the Commission operated 35 generating stations and more than 8,800 km of transmission lines. However, most farm families who had electricity generated it themselves using battery systems charged by wind turbines or gasoline- or diesel-powered generators. Across the province, only 1,500 farms were connected to the electrical grid, most of them because of their proximity to the lines that linked cities and larger towns.

In 1949, by an Act of the Provincial Legislature, the Commission became the Saskatchewan Power Corporation.  The first task of the new Corporation was to purchase what remained of the province's small, independent electrical utilities and to begin integrating them into a province-wide electrical grid.

The final step in creating a truly province-wide grid was to electrify the province's vast rural areas.  The primary hurdle to rural electrification was the very low customer density in the province – approximately one farm customer per network mile (1.6 km) – and the extremely high cost of a network of the scale required by the vast distances between customers.  After much study, the Corporation adopted a single wire ground return distribution scheme, which lowered the cost of rural electrification significantly.

The first year of the program set the goal of connecting 1200 rural customers to the network.  The experience gained during the first years led to an increased rate of connections every year, leading to a peak yearly connection rate in 1956 of 7,800 customers.  By 1961, 58,000 farms were connected, and by 1966 when the program concluded, the Corporation had provided power to a total of 66,000 rural customers.  In addition, hundreds of schools, churches and community halls received electrical service during this period.

Corporate governance
SaskPower is governed by a board of directors that is responsible to the Minister Responsible for Saskatchewan Power Corporation. The board gets appointed by the lieutenant governor of Saskatchewan. In October 2019 the directors of the corporation included: Chief Darcy Bear (Chair), Bryan Leverick (Vice-Chair), Dale Bloom (Corporate Secretary), Terry Bergan, Bevra Fee, Jim Hopson, Karri Howlett, Cherilyn Jolly-Nagel, Phil Klein, Fred Matheson, Rob Nicolay, Marvin Romanow, and Tammy van Lambalgen.

Leadership
 Robert Watson (2010-2014)
 Mike Marsh (2014-2021)
 Rupen Pandya (2022-present)

Unions representing SaskPower employees
IBEW Local 2067 represents approximately 50% of SaskPower's employees
Unifor Local 649 represents approximately 13% of SaskPower's employees

Emissions Reductions
By 2030, SaskPower plans to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by 40% compared to 2005.

In 2012, the Harper government introduced regulations to start phasing out coal-fired power plants in Canada. These regulations set an emissions limit for coal-fired generating units of 420 tonnes of CO2 per GWh. The limit was to be imposed in 2015 on all new coal units, and would also apply to units built before 1975 starting in 2020, and to units built before 1986 starting in 2030, and would also apply to all units once they reach 50 years of age regardless of the aforementioned dates.

In 2014, SaskPower rebuilt Boundary Dam unit 3 with a CCS system capable of capturing 90% of the CO2 emissions of the unit, and 100% of the SO2 emissions.

In 2018, the Trudeau government accelerated the coal phase-out by mandating that all coal units must shut down by 2030, regardless of the year they were built. The Trudeau government also implemented a nationwide carbon tax that made it more-expensive for SaskPower to operate both coal and natural gas plants in comparison to hydro, wind, and solar facilities.

The federal coal regulations mentioned above would have meant that Boundary Dam units 4 and 5 would need to close at the end of 2019. However, in 2019 the Moe government was able to negotiate an equivalency agreement with the Trudeau government that allowed Boundary Dam unit 4 to run until the end of 2021 and Boundary Dam unit 5 until the end of 2024 due to SaskPower's investments into CCS technology on unit 3.

As coal units close, SaskPower plans to replace the lost capacity with low-emissions generation sources such as combined-cycle natural gas, wind, and solar, and they also plan to import more hydroelectricity from Manitoba. In particular, a new 350MW combined-cycle natural gas generating station is expected to come online in 2019 and a total of 340MW of hydro imports from Manitoba will be available by 2022.

In addition to building new generators and interconnections to reduce emissions, SaskPower is implementing energy efficiency and demand-side management (DSM) programs to reduce electricity use per-capita. Their DSM program has reduced peak demand by 11.4MW as of 2019.

References

Works cited

Further reading

Print:
 Anderson, Dave.  To Get the Lights: A Memoir about Farm Electrification in Saskatchewan.  Victoria: Trafford, 2005.
 White, Clinton O.  Power for a Province: A History of Saskatchewan Power.  Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center, 1976.

Online:
 Bassendowski, Sandra.  The Power of Electricity to Change Women's Work in Post-War Saskatchewan.
 Champ, Joan.  Rural Electrification in Saskatchewan during the 1950s.

External links

 Clean Coal Project
 NorthPoint Energy
 SaskPower International
 Shand Greenhouse
 Generating Facilities
 Corporate Profile
 Air Liquide Canada
 Hitachi Canada
 Marubeni
 Babcock & Wilcox Canada
 Neill and Gunter
 Esask.ureinga.ca, Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan
 The Saskatchewan Railway Museum houses the one of a kind Sask Power Rail Car

Crown corporations of Saskatchewan
Electric power companies of Canada
Companies based in Regina, Saskatchewan
Energy in Saskatchewan
1929 establishments in Saskatchewan

SaskPower


Jane Hamilton-Merritt (born Mary Jane LaRowe) is a retired college professor, photojournalist, author, and animal rights and animal husbandry advocate. She resides in Redding, Connecticut. In 1999, she was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame. Some of her work has focused on breeding and raising Llamas and Alpaca.

Early life, education, and teaching
Jane Hamilton-Merritt was born Mary Jane LaRowe in 1947 in Noble County, Indiana, not far from Fort Wayne. Her parents were Claude LaRowe, a farmer, and Alvada (Brown) LaRowe.

She  attended Ball State University in Muncie, where she received both a B.A. and an M.A. degree. She went on to get a Ph.D. in Southeast Asia Studies at Union Institute in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Hamilton-Merritt was a professor at Southern Connecticut State University, where she taught writing and journalism for nearly two decades (1979–97) on a part-time basis. In 1991–92 she was a visiting faculty fellow at Yale University. In 1997, she retired from teaching at Southern Connecticut State University, to work full-time for the resettlement of a group of Hmong living in a compound near Bangkok, Thailand. She also raises llama and alpacas on her Connecticut farm, in her retirement.

Raising alpacas and llamas

Hamilton-Merritt is an active member and officer in the Greater Appalachian Llama and Alpaca Association.  She frequently shows her animals in Connecticut and New England events.

Photojournalism and advocacy
Hamilton-Merritt reportedly went to Vietnam as a free-lance war correspondent, reportedly spending six years covering aspects of the Vietnam War, including the North Vietnamese invasion of Laos. She claims to have won the Inland Daily Press Association's Grand Prize Trophy for her purported front-line war coverage, but there is no independent sources to document her claim. Print articles, and repeated electronic archive research, from this period have not turned up under either of her names, raising questions as to when and how her Vietnam-War-era work was published. To date, no known independent sources exist of her writings during this period.

Hamilton-Merritt is also known for the work she has done on behalf of the Laotian and Hmong people, who were U.S. allies in the Vietnam War before being largely forgotten in the aftermath. In 1980, she wrote an early story in Reader's Digest on reported chemical and biological warfare in communist Laos under the Marxist government. She has worked as an adviser to several American school systems with large numbers of Hmong children. Beginning in the early 1990s, she worked with several non-profit organizations and non-governmental organizations seeking to stop forced repatriation of Hmong political refugees from camps in Thailand back to communist Laos, on the grounds that this puts them at great risk of execution or slavery.

In 1993, in cooperation with Indiana University Press (IUP), she published a book on the Hmong and Lao people, Tragic Mountains: The Hmong, the Americans, and the Secret War for Laos, 1942-1992.

For her work to help bring awareness about the Hmong people's situation and their recent history, Hamilton-Merritt has reportedly been largely self-nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, which she did not receive. Mr. Burke Marshall, of Yale Law School, reportedly wrote in support of her nomination: "They (the Hmong) are a people who have been deeply damaged and wronged by history and by the actions of great nations..."

Hamilton-Merritt was one of the editors of Indiana University's Vietnam War Era Classics Series.

Criticism
Hamilton-Merritt has been critical of Professor Alfred W. McCoy controversial writings about the Hmong people, General Vang Pao, Laos, and Southeast Asia during the period of North Vietnamese invasion of Laos. In return, Hamilton-Merritt's writings regarding Vang Pao and the Hmong have been criticized by McCoy.

Selected publications
Books
Tragic Mountains: The Hmong, the Americans, and the Secret War for Laos, 1942-1992 (Indiana University Press, 1993)
A Meditator's Diary: A Western Woman's Unique Experiences in Thailand's Monasteries (1976)
Articles
"Gas Warfare in Laos: Communism's Drive to Annihilate a People" (Reader's Digest, October 1980, pp. 81–88)
"Hmong and Yao: Mountain Peoples of Southeast Asia" (Survive, 1982)
"The Killing Fields of Laos" (interview, Vietnam, December 1993, pp. 46–53)
"General Giap's Laotian Nemesis" (Vietnam, June 1995, pp. 27–32)

References

American photojournalists
American women journalists
American women writers
Women war correspondents
Living people
1937 births
People from Indiana
People from Connecticut
21st-century American women
Women photojournalists

Jane Hamilton-Merritt


Cook Partisan Voting Index is the unit used to calculate how much a particular place leans towards each party.

By state
Two states, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, are completely nonpartisan. The other 48 states lean either towards the Republicans or Democrats. The most Republican state, according to the CPVI, is Wyoming, which is R+25 on the CPVI scale (meaning that the Republicans have a 25% lead over the Democrats there). In contrast, the most Democratic state, Hawaii, is D+18, meaning that the Democrats have an 18% lead over the Republicans there.

Politics of the United States

Cook Partisan Voting Index


Der Vildmarken suser is a story collection from 1919 by Norwegian writer Mikkjel Fønhus.

One of the stories, about the large killer bear "Rugg" in the Vassfaret forests, was published as a children's book in 1965, Fortellingen om slagbjønnen Rugg. This book, and the subsequent animal novels Det skriker fra Kverrvilljuvet and Troll-Elgen, was Fønhus' breakthrough, and made him known for his ability to picture animal life.

References

Norwegian short story collections
1919 short story collections

Der Vildmarken suser


Eliakim Parker Scammon (December 27, 1816 – December 7, 1894) was a career officer in the United States Army, serving as a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

Early life and career
Scammon, a native of Whitefield, Maine, was appointed from his district to the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York, graduating 9th in the Class of 1837. He remained at West Point after graduation, serving as Assistant Professor of Mathematics from August 1837 to September 1838. Due to his ranking and abilities, he was selected as one of the original officers in the newly created U.S. Army Corps of Topographic Engineers in 1838. He served in the Seminole Wars and the Mexican–American War, serving under Winfield Scott in the Army of Occupation. He was elevated to captain in 1853 and assigned to various surveying assignments, but was dismissed from the service on June 4, 1856.

He moved to Ohio and became Professor of Mathematics at Mount Saint Mary's College, and then was President and Professor of Mathematics, Polytechnic College of the Catholic Institute in Cincinnati.  He had converted to Catholicism in 1846.

Civil War service
With the outbreak of the Civil War, Scammon offered his services to William Dennison, the Governor of Ohio in June 1861 and was appointed as Colonel of the 23rd Ohio Infantry, commanding two men who would later become Presidents, Rutherford B. Hayes and William McKinley. The regiment saw action in western Virginia and then in the northern part of the state.

Assigned to what became the IX Corps in the Army of the Potomac, Scammon then commanded the 1st Brigade, Kanawha Division. During the Maryland Campaign, he led his men in an attack up the slopes of South Mountain. When Brig. Gen. Jacob D. Cox briefly assumed command of the IX Corps, Scammon temporarily commanded the Kanawha Division, while Col. Hugh Ewing commanded Scammon's brigade. He fought well at the Battle of Antietam, where his men were counterattacked by late-arriving Confederate reinforcements under A.P. Hill.

Scammon was appointed brigadier general of volunteers in October 1862, and fought in the major actions of the Kanawha Division. He often clashed with his subordinate, Rutherford B. Hayes. Scammon, by then a division commander, was captured by partisan guerrillas from the 16th Virginia Cavalry on February 3, 1864, when they raided a steamboat carrying General Scammon on the Kanawha River. He returned to duty in South Carolina after being exchanged. He was again captured along the South Carolina coast, but exchanged and when he returned to duty, was placed in command of a brigade in the Department of Florida. He was honorably mustered out in August 1865.

Postbellum career
Following the war, he was the U.S. Consul to Prince Edward Island and then Professor of Mathematics at Seton Hall College in New Jersey.  Bowdoin College in Maine conferred the honorary Degree of A. M. on Scammon.

Scammon died in New York City. He was buried in the Calvary Cemetery in Long Island City, New York.

His brother, J. Young Scammon, became one of the wealthiest men in America as a Chicago attorney, newspaper owner, philanthropist and businessman.
Another brother, Charles Melville Scammon is a famous whaleman, naturalist and author of Marine Mammals of the Northwestern Coast of North America (1874).

See also

 List of American Civil War generals (Union)
 List of Ohio's American Civil War generals
 Ohio in the American Civil War

Notes

References
 Heitman, Francis, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army 1789-1903, Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1903.

Further reading
 Arney, Chris, West Point's Scientific 200: Celebration of the Bicentennial: Biographies of 200 of West Point's Most Successful and Influential Mathematicians, Scientists, Engineers, and Technologists, 2002.

1816 births
1894 deaths
Heads of universities and colleges in the United States
Burials at Calvary Cemetery (Queens)
People from Lincoln County, Maine
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
American people of the Seminole Wars
Union Army generals
United States Military Academy alumni
Catholics from Maine

Eliakim P. Scammon


Buels Gore is a gore in Chittenden County, Vermont, United States. The population was 29 at the 2020 census, down from 30 in 2010. In Vermont, gores and grants are unincorporated portions of a county which are not part of any town and have limited self-government (if any, as many are uninhabited).

Geography
Buels Gore is located at the southern tip of Chittenden County, bordered by the town of Huntington to the north, Fayston in Washington County to the east, and Starksboro in Addison County to the west. The crest of the Green Mountains, followed by the Long Trail, runs through the eastern side of the gore, and Vermont Route 17 crosses the gore from east to west, cresting the mountains at Appalachian Gap.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Buels Gore has a total area of , of which , or 0.08%, is water.

The name in history

The gore was chartered by the Vermont General Assembly on November 4, 1780. It is named for Major Elias Buel (in some references "Buell") who moved to Vermont from Coventry, Connecticut. With a group of would-be proprietors including Ira Allen and several Buel family members, the group petitioned the legislature for a grant. They received a grant for a town, intended to be called "Coventry" near Shoreham. Due to a surveying error there was almost no land left in the grant. The group returned to the legislature and received a "flying grant", a sort of license which allowed a grant to be made on uncharted land that could be identified. As much of the state had by now been organized, they finally settled upon three unconnected pieces of land. The largest became the present town of Coventry in Orleans County. A second piece near Coventry was named "Coventry Leg" for its appendage shape. Coventry Leg was annexed to Newport in 1816. The final small piece, adjacent to Huntington, was called "Huntington Gore", and renamed "Buels Gore", despite Major Buel's desire to call it "Montzoar". All three charters were issued in October 1788, though dated back to 1780, the year of the original petition. Buel was charged retroactive taxes on the grant, a debt that only resolved by sale of all of his lands. He left Vermont to settle in New York.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 12 people, 6 households, and 4 families residing in the gore. The population density was 2.4 people per square mile (0.9/km2). There were 8 housing units at an average density of 1.6/sq mi (0.6/km2). The racial makeup of the gore was 100.00% White.

There were 6 households, out of which 16.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.7% were couples living together and joined in either marriage or civil union, and 33.3% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.50.

In the gore the population was spread out, with 8.3% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 33.3% from 45 to 64, and 25.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 49 years. For every 100 females, there were 200.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 175.0 males.

The median income for a household in the gore was $39,583, and the median income for a family was $61,250. Males had a median income of $38,750 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the gore was $32,533. None of the population or families were below the poverty line.

Bicycle racing
Buels Gore and the summit of Appalachian Gap are the site for the finish of the Mad River Road Race which is stage 3 of the Green Mountain Stage Race road bicycle event. This final climb is considered one of the most scenic and challenging finishes for a bicycle race with grades near the summit of 18%. The Mad River Road race started in 1994 and became a stage in the Green Mountain Stage Race in 2000. Annually the event brings between 700-900 racers to the gore to compete.

References

 Swift, Esther Monroe. Vermont Place Names: Footprints of History. The Stephen Greene Press: 1996 .

Gores in Vermont
Burlington, Vermont metropolitan area
Populated places in Chittenden County, Vermont

Buels Gore, Vermont