Lake Nemi (, , also called Diana's Mirror, ) is a small circular volcanic lake in the Alban Hills  south of Rome in the Lazio region of Italy. It takes its name from Nemi, the largest town in the area, that overlooks it from a height.

It was formed in an ancient volcanic crater created at least 36,000 years ago.

The lake is famous for its great sunken Roman ships built under Caligula.

Archaeology and history

From the 6th century BC, the lake and its forest were sacred to the goddess Diana Nemorensis and the site of the festival Nemoralia. The sacred grove of Aricia was where a priest called the Rex Nemorensis reigned until he was killed by a challenger. The monumental sanctuary of Diana was built around 300 BC as the centre of the cult.

In Roman times up to 6 large villas lay on the rim of the crater taking advantage of the cool summer air and fine views over the lake and the sea. Only one villa is known to be on the shore of the lake: the villa in the locality of Santa Maria on the western shore.

Emperors Tiberius and Caligula sailed Lake Nemi not merely to cool off in summer, but to assert themselves as Nemorenses, rulers aligning with the Stars, wedded to Earth's perpetual life-force.

Villa at Santa Maria

The villa was excavated between 1998 and 2002. It was built in the late Republican era, mid-first century BC, and underwent 4 remodelling phases until the 120s AD. The size and quality of the villa, and the fact that it was the only one located on the lake strongly indicate that it was an imperial villa and the one in nemorensi (in Diana's sacred wood) owned by Julius Caesar. It stayed in imperial ownership probably being used as a base by Caligula.

It is situated on a large artificial terrace of which stretched 260 m along the shore with a width of 60 m and 9 m high above the lake.

The northern sector was smaller and simply decorated and was probably the living quarters for the villa's servants. The rooms had geometric monochrome floors and a small bath suite north of the villa built in the fourth phase probably also for servants.

The central part was sumptuously decorated for "public" functions and entertainment while the southern part was for private family use. The central part was built around a large peristyle 21.3 x 13.5 m with a rich marble opus sectile floor. On the north side of this peristyle was a large triclinium overlooking the lake, also with an opus sectile floor. Surrounding the peristyle on western and southern sides were living rooms (cubicula) decorated with opus sectile floors and walls with coloured stucco.

The private wing was very richly decorated and was dominated by two large features intended for the owner's private uses: a long pool and a huge exedra, between which were the residential quarters and baths of the owner. The exedra had a semicircular main room of diameter 21 m and two wings of total 48 m width, built against the rock. Parallel to the exedra was a 1.1 m wide water channel. The long pool built in the early first century AD was over 63 m long, 4.3 m wide and 1 m deep with 0.75 m wide mortar walls was cut partly into the rock of the terrace. At its southern end was a circular pool with steps leading into the basin. It was parallel to the terrace wall with a garden between them. The channel was fed from a cistern, 34 x 8 m and height 6 m, which still exists above the villa.

The emissary

Lake Nemi, like that of Albano, has no natural outlets and all the water comes from rain in the crater. Originally the level must have greatly fluctuated. Hence the lake level was controlled from rising too high in ancient times by an emissary connected to a 1650 m-long tunnel dug through the crater wall and ending in Vallericca c. 10 m lower. It dates from before circa 300 BC when the upper inlet was closed and replaced by an entrance around 11 m lower to further reduce the level of the lake and which had a series of chambers.

In planning the tunnel the shortest path from the lake to the outside was used consistent with the minimum downhill slope needed. The tunnel connects the lake with the adjacent crater of Ariccia, which was also occupied by a lake at that time and later reclaimed.

It was a monumental, if invisible, project which involved many workers not least to dispose of the excavated material and to transport it away. The original tunnel varied between 0.7 and 1 m wide meaning that only one person could be at the excavation face at a time. No intermediate shafts were used in the central part, unlike other tunnels, to speed up the work and lower the orientation error, but to set the initial direction of the tunnels at the two ends several vertical shafts were included there. Tunnelling would have started at the outlet end to avoid flooding of the workface from groundwater but when hard basalt rock was encountered tunnelling also from the inlet seems to have been added.

The emissary entrance is a few metres above the current level of the lake, on the south-western shore. An 18th century portal gives access to a first stretch of tunnel clad with large opus quadratum blocks for about 25 m. A stone plate with circular holes, part of which is still in situ, was a filter to prevent entry of logs and other large debris. Grooves in the walls are clearly visible for bulkheads which could control the flow of water and allowing the filters to be cleaned. The original plan was for the entrance to be on the same level as the floor of the main tunnel but there is a steep slope from the outside to avoid water entering the tunnel while under construction. The entrance floor was to be lowered once completed but this was never done.

From the entrance a narrow tunnel leads, after about 150 m, into the trapezoidal tunnel.

After Vallericca the water flowed in an open-air channel for about 2 km before another underground section for 600 m, the so-called Aricino tunnel.

Art and literature

 Lake Nemi has been the subject for works by such artists as John Robert Cozens, George Inness, and Pierre-Henri de Valenciennes.
Muriel Spark's 1976 novel The Takeover is set in three fictitious villas overlooking Lake Nemi.
Lake Nemi inspired the first name of Norwegian comic character Nemi Montoya.
The lake and its surroundings are featured in the game Assassin's Creed Brotherhood wherein the title character destroys a war machine commissioned by the work's antagonist Cesare Borgia and invented by Leonardo da Vinci.
Mussolini led the effort to locate Caligula's devotional barges sunk 2000 years ago in Lake Nemi, see TheNYTimes April 9, 1908, then April 26, 1926, April 10, 1927, Feb 4, 1929
Featured in Lindsey Davis' 2007 historical mystery crime novel Saturnalia (Davis novel)

See also

Alban Hills
Lake of Albano
Nemi
Genzano di Roma
Ariccia
Rex Nemorensis
Diana Nemorensis
The Golden Bough
Nemi ships

References

External links

 Nemi Ships
 Nemi to Nottingham project

Lake Nemi
Calderas of Italy
Volcanic crater lakes
Lakes of Lazio
Sacred lakes
Volcanic lakes of Italy
Diana (mythology)
Roman villas in Italy

Lake Nemi


The Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space, also referred to as the Rescue Agreement is an international agreement setting forth rights and obligations of states concerning the rescue of persons in space. The Agreement was created by a 19 December 1967 consensus vote in the United Nations General Assembly (Resolution 2345 (XXII)).  It came into force on 3 December 1968. Its provisions elaborate on the rescue provisions in Article V of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. Despite containing more specificity and detail than the rescue provision in Article V of the Outer Space Treaty, the Rescue Agreement still suffers from vague drafting and the possibility of differing interpretation.

History
The UN General Assembly adopted the text of the Rescue Agreement on 19 December 1967 through Resolution 2345 (XXII). The Agreement opened for signature on 22 April 1968, and it entered into force on 3 December 1968. As of January 2022, 98 States have ratified the Rescue Agreement, 23 have signed, and three international intergovernmental organizations (the European Space Agency, the Intersputnik International Organization of Space Communications, and the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites) have declared their acceptance of the rights and obligations conferred by the agreement.

Basic provisions
The Rescue Agreement requires that any state party that becomes aware that the personnel of a spacecraft are in distress must notify the launching authority and the Secretary General of the United Nations.

The Rescue Agreement essentially provides that any state that is a party to the agreement must provide all possible assistance to rescue the personnel of a spacecraft who have landed within that state's territory, whether because of an accident, distress, emergency, or unintended landing.  If the distress occurs in an area that is beyond the territory of any nation, then any state party that is in a position to do so shall, if necessary, extend assistance in the search and rescue operation.

Key changes since the Outer Space Treaty

Parties entitled to be rescued
The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 states simply that astronauts are to be rendered all possible assistance by state parties to the treaty.  The Outer Space Treaty does not provide a definition for the term "astronaut", and as a result it is unclear whether this provision applies to, for example, a space tourist—a person who clearly has not received the training of a traditional astronaut.

The Rescue Agreement adds some clarity to the issue by referring to the "personnel of a spacecraft" rather than "astronauts". However, this phrase again leaves uncertain whether someone simply along for the ride—such as a tourist on a Virgin Galactic flight—would be considered part of the "personnel of a spacecraft".

Compensation for recovery of a space object
In the event that a space object or its parts land in the territory of another state party, the state where the object lands is required (upon the request of the launching authority) to recover the space object and return it to the launching authority.  The Rescue Agreement provides that the launching state must then compensate the state for the costs incurred in recovering and returning the space object.

Rescue in space
At the time the treaty was drafted, the prospect of rescuing travelers in space was unlikely, due to the limited launch capabilities of even the most advanced space programs, but it has since become more plausible. For example, Mir and later the International Space Station have each maintained docked Russian Soyuz spacecraft to be used as an escape mechanism in the event of an in-orbit emergency; in certain scenarios this vessel might also be able to assist in a rescue.

A significant shift in attitudes toward in-orbit rescues came as a result of the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, after which NASA took steps to prepare the STS-3xx or Launch on Need missions to provide for rescue in certain scenarios. However, this capability was never exercised during the remainder of the Space Shuttle program.

Criticism
The Rescue Agreement has been criticised for being vague, especially regarding the definition of who is entitled to be rescued and the definition of what constitutes a spacecraft and its component parts.

The cost burden of a rescue mission is also not addressed in the agreement. The Rescue Agreement does provide that the launching state must bear the costs for the recovery of a craft that crashes into another state's territory. However, the agreement makes no mention of the cost of the rescue of astronauts.

References

External links
 Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space (Full Text)

Space treaties
Treaties concluded in 1967
Treaties entered into force in 1968
Treaties adopted by United Nations General Assembly resolutions
Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Australia
Treaties of Austria
Treaties of the Bahamas
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of Barbados
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of Botswana
Treaties of the military dictatorship in Brazil
Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
Treaties of Cameroon
Treaties of Canada
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of the People's Republic of China
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Czechoslovakia
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of Egypt
Treaties of El Salvador
Treaties of Fiji
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of France
Treaties of Gabon
Treaties of the Gambia
Treaties of Georgia (country)
Treaties of West Germany
Treaties of East Germany
Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
Treaties of Guyana
Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
Treaties of Iceland
Treaties of India
Treaties of Indonesia
Treaties of Pahlavi Iran
Treaties of Ba'athist Iraq
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Israel
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Japan
Treaties of Kazakhstan
Treaties of Kuwait
Treaties of the Kingdom of Laos
Treaties of Lebanon
Treaties of Madagascar
Treaties of the Maldives
Treaties of Mauritius
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of the Mongolian People's Republic
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of Morocco
Treaties of Nepal
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of New Zealand
Treaties of Niger
Treaties of Nigeria
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Pakistan
Treaties of Papua New Guinea
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
Treaties of the Estado Novo (Portugal)
Treaties of Qatar
Treaties of South Korea
Treaties of the Socialist Republic of Romania
Treaties of the Soviet Union
Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Treaties of San Marino
Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
Treaties of Seychelles
Treaties of Singapore
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of South Africa
Treaties of Francoist Spain
Treaties of Sri Lanka
Treaties of Eswatini
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of Syria
Treaties of Thailand
Treaties of Tonga
Treaties of Tunisia
Treaties of Turkey
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of the United States
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of Yugoslavia
Treaties of Zambia
Treaties extended to Aruba
Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
Treaties extended to Anguilla
Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
Treaties extended to Greenland
Treaties extended to Bermuda
Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands
Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
Treaties extended to Gibraltar
Treaties extended to Montserrat
Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands

Rescue Agreement


The Constitutional Court of Armenia () is the highest legal body for constitutional review in Armenia. It is responsible for supervising the constitutionality of laws and other legislative instruments. The law of the constitutional court is defined in the Armenian constitution and by statute. The court, established in 1995, is located in Yerevan.

History
In December 1988, a constitutional control committee was set up in accordance with an amendment to the Constitution of the Soviet Union. The Armenian legislature considered setting up a Constitutional Court in 1991; two laws, the 1 October 1991 Law on the President of the Republic and the 19 November 1991 Law on the Supreme Council of the Republic of Armenia, alluded to such a court.

The new Armenian constitution, approved by referendum on 5 July 1995, established the court. The Law on the Constitutional Court was adopted by the Armenian National Assembly on 20 November 1995 and was signed by President Levon Ter-Petrosyan on 6 December of that year. On 5 and 6 February 1996, the members of the court were appointed; it began operating on 6 February, when its members were sworn in before the National Assembly.

In 2005, Armenia enacted constitutional reforms. On 27 November of that year, the text of the RA Constitution (with amendments addressing the system of constitutional justice) was adopted by referendum. According to article 93 of the constitution, "The Constitutional Court shall administer constitutional justice in the Republic of Armenia." According to article 94, "The powers, the procedures of formation and activities of the courts shall be defined by the Constitution and laws." As a result of the amendments, the court's authority was substantially expanded.

Membership
The court is made up of nine members, and membership is open to any Armenian citizen aged 35 or over. Its members (including the president) discharge their duties until the age of 65; according to Article 117, Paragraph 13 of the RA Constitution, however incumbent members of the court may remain in office until age 70. The National Assembly and the president may appoint members of the court. Five members are elected by the National Assembly, on the recommendation of its chair; the other four members are appointed by the president.

The president of the Constitutional Court is not elected by its membership, but is appointed by the National Assembly after a nomination by the assembly chair. If the National Assembly fails to appoint the president of the Constitutional Court within 30 days of a vacancy, the president of Armenia must do so.

The requirements for court membership are:
• Armenian citizenship, age 35, no citizenship of another country
• Higher legal-education qualifications or an academic degree in constitutional law, and 10 years of legal experience
• Command of the Armenian language

Members of the court may not be engaged in entrepreneurial activity, hold any office in state or local self-government bodies not related to his or her duties, hold any position in a commercial organization or engage in any other paid occupation, except for scientific, educational and creative work not hindering them from fulfilling the duties of court membership.

A court member ceases to discharge his or her functions when they 1) reach age 65, 2) die, 3) lose their citizenship or are granted foreign citizenship, 4) resign in writing to their appointing body and the court, 5) are determined by a court to be unable to work, missing or dead, 6) have been convicted of a crime, or 7) are appointed in violation of the constitution.

Members of the court must be dismissed if they 1) were absent three times within one year from court sessions without an excuse 2) have been unable to fulfill their powers for six months due to a temporary disability or other lawful reason, 4) express an opinion in advance on a case being reviewed or otherwise raise suspicions about their impartiality, or 5) are affected by disease or illness which prevents them from fulfilling their duties.

Powers
The court shall, in conformity with procedures defined by law:
 Determine compliance of the laws, resolutions of the National Assembly, decrees and orders of the president, decisions of the prime minister and local governing bodies with the constitution
 Determine compliance of international treaties with the constitution before ratification
 Resolve disputes arising from the outcomes of referendums
3.1 Resolve disputes arising from decisions adopted concerning the election of the president and deputies
 Declare insurmountable or eliminated obstacles to a candidate for president
 Rule on the existence of grounds for impeaching the president
 Rule on the incapacity by the president to discharge his or her responsibilities
 Rule on terminating the power of a member of the constitutional court, detaining him or her, agreeing to accuse him or her or instituting a court proceeding to subject him or her to administrative liability
 Rule on the grounds to discharge the head of community
 In cases prescribed by the law, rule on suspending or prohibiting the activities of a political party

International relations
In 1996, the court became a member of the Council of Europe's European Commission for Democracy through Law (otherwise known as the Venice Commission). The court is also a member of the European Court of Human Rights' Superior Courts Network, the World Conference on Constitutional Justice, and the Association of Francophone Constitutional Courts.

Armenia signed the Rome Statute in 1999, but has not yet ratified the treaty. On 29 December 2022, the government of Armenia announced it was beginning the process of ratifying the Rome Statute, which would allow Armenia to accede to the International Criminal Court. According to Justice Minister Grigor Minasyan, Armenia would declare that the Rome Statute would apply to Armenia retroactively from 12 May 2021. On 1 September 2023, prime minister Nikol Pashinyan's administration sent the Rome Statute to the National Assembly for ratification.

On 22 February 2023, the court participated in the European Union and Council of Europe's Partnership for Good Governance conference in Yerevan. The stated aim of the conference is to encourage the implementation of judicial reform in Armenia, strengthen the independence of the judiciary, and align legal practices to European standards. The conference was attended by government representatives, civil society, and delegates from the European Council. President of the Constitutional Court Vahe Grigoryan stated, "the Council of Europe is considered as a key partner of the long-term reform program of the Constitutional Court."

Legal profession
According to a report requested by the OSCE's Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights for the Workshop on Reform of the Legal
Profession, the 2004 Law of the Republic of Armenia requires bar admission for attorneys to practice law; before then, there was no nationwide bar. In 1998, after the passage of the first law on advocacy, three bar associations were created: the Union of Advocates of the Republic of Armenia (succeeding the Collegium of Advocates), the International Bar Union, and the International Union of Armenian Advocates. The International Bar Union and the International Union of Armenian Advocates merged into one organization, and the unified Chamber of Advocates was founded in 2005.

See also

Constitution of Armenia
Europe in Law Association
Judiciary of Armenia
Law of Armenia
Member states of the Venice Commission
Prosecutor General of Armenia
States parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

References

External links
 Website

Armenia
Judiciary of Armenia

Constitutional Court of Armenia


Edward Yang (; November 6, 1947 – June 29, 2007) was a Taiwanese filmmaker. He rose to prominence as a pioneer in the Taiwanese New Wave of the 1980s, alongside fellow auteurs Hou Hsiao-hsien and Tsai Ming-liang. Yang was regarded as one of the leading filmmakers of Taiwanese cinema. He won the Best Director Award at Cannes for his 2000 film Yi Yi.

Youth and early career
Yang was born in Shanghai in 1947, and grew up in Taipei, Taiwan. After studying Electrical Engineering in National Chiao Tung University (located in Hsinchu, Taiwan), where he received his bachelor's degree (BSEE), he enrolled in the graduate program at the University of Florida, where he received his master's degree in electrical engineering in 1974. During this time and briefly afterwards, Yang worked at the Center for Informatics Research at the University of Florida. Yang always had a great interest in film ever since he was a child, but put away his aspirations in order to pursue a career in the high-tech industry.

A brief enrollment at USC Film School after graduating with his M.S.E.E. convinced Yang that the world of film was not for him – he thought USC film school's teaching methodologies were too commercial and mainstream oriented. Yang then applied and was accepted into Harvard's architecture school, the Harvard Graduate School of Design, but decided not to attend. Thereafter, he went to Seattle to work in microcomputers and defense software.

While working in Seattle, Yang came across the Werner Herzog film Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972): this encounter rekindled Yang's passion for film and introduced him to a wide range of classics in world and European cinema. Yang was particularly inspired by the films of Italian director Michelangelo Antonioni (Antonioni's influence has shown up in some of Yang's later works). He married Taiwanese pop-singer and music legend Tsai Chin in May 1985. They divorced in August 1995, and he subsequently married pianist Kai-Li Peng ().

Film career

Early works
Yang returned to Taiwan in 1980, where his former USC friend Wei-Cheng Yu asked him to write the script for and serve as a production aide on his film, The Winter of 1905 (1981), in which he also had a small acting role. The film went on to be nominated for a Best Cinematography award at the 1982 Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards. His script brought him to the attention of Sylvia Chang, who hired him to write and direct an episode of the television miniseries she was producing, Eleven Women. Yang's two-and-a-half hour episode, "Duckweed" (also known as "Floating Weeds"), concerned the story of a country girl who moves to Taipei with dreams of entering the entertainment industry, and was his first directorial effort.

The following year, Yang was asked to direct and write a short for the seminal Taiwanese New Wave omnibus film In Our Time (1982), which featured other short films from fresh young directors such as Yi Chang, Ko I-Chen, and Tao Te-chen. Yang's contribution, "Desires" (also known as "Expectation"), is about a young girl's experiences going through puberty.

That Day, on the Beach
Yang then followed that short with several of his major works. While his contemporary Hou Hsiao-hsien focused more on the countryside, Yang was a poet of the city, analyzing the environment and relationships of urban Taiwan in nearly all his films. Yang's first feature film, That Day, on the Beach (1983), was a fractured modernist narrative reflecting on couples and families that spliced timelines. The film is also notable as being one of the first films – and perhaps first feature film – that Christopher Doyle received a Director of Photography credit for before going on to become Wong Kar Wai's frequent collaborator and cinematographer, along with DP Hui Kung Chang, who went on to provide the cinematography for many of Yang's later films. The film also won a Best Cinematography award from the 1983 Asia-Pacific Film Festival, and was nominated for three awards at the 1983 Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards: Best Feature Film, Best Director (Yang), and Best Original Screenplay (Wu Nien-jen and Edward Yang). Screenwriter Wu Nien-jen would later collaborate with Yang as an actor, in Taipei Story (1985) (as the Taxi Driver), Mahjong (1996) (as a Gangster in Black Suit) and as the star "N.J." in Yi Yi (2000). For the film, Yang was also nominated for the Golden Montgolfiere award at the 1983 Nantes Three Continents Festival.

Taipei Story
Yang followed with his second feature film, Taipei Story (1985), where he cast fellow auteur Hou Hsiao-hsien as the lead, a former Little-League baseball star named Lung trying to find his way in Taipei. Taipei Story also starred Yang's future wife, Tsai Chin, as Chin, the female lead and girlfriend of Hou Hsiao-hsien's character, Lung. The film was also nominated for two awards at the 1985 Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards: Best Leading Actor (Hou Hsiao-hsien) and Best Cinematography (Wei-han Yang).

Terrorizers
Yang's third feature film was Terrorizers (1986), a complex multi-narrative urban thriller that reflected on city life and contained the crime elements and alienation themes of an Antonioni film. The film also starred Cora Miao and won a Silver Leopard at The Locarno International Film Festival and was examined by Fredric Jameson in The Geopolitical Aesthetic. In addition, Terrorizers won the Best Film award at the 1986 Golden Horse Film Festival, where actress Cora Miao was also nominated for a Best Actress award. In addition, the film won the Sutherland Trophy at the 1987 British Film Institute Awards, and a Best Screenplay Award (awarded to writers Edward Yang and Hsiao Yeh) from the 1987 Asia-Pacific Film Festival.

A Brighter Summer Day
Yang's fourth film was A Brighter Summer Day (1991) (The Chinese title of "Gǔ lǐng jiē shàonián shārén shìjiàn" literally translating to: "The Murder Incident of the Boy on Guling Street"), a sprawling examination of youth-teen gangs, 1949 Taiwanese societal developments, and American pop culture starring a then 15-year-old Chang Chen. The film also stars Lisa Yang, Kuo-Chu Chang, Elaine Jin and Yang's then-wife Tsai Chin in a small role as Wang's wife. The title was also taken from a lyric from the song "Are You Lonesome Tonight?". The film is considered by many critics to be Yang's defining masterpiece. For A Brighter Summer Day, Yang won the FIPRESCI Prize and a Special Jury Prize (and was nominated for the Tokyo Grand Prix) at The Tokyo International Film Festival, and a Golden Horse award for Best Film as well as Best Original Screenplay, credited to writers Edward Yang, Hung Hung, Alex Yang, and Mingtai Lai. The film was also nominated for a total of ten other Golden Horse awards, including Best Leading Actor (Chang Chen), Best Leading Actress (Lisa Yang), Best Director (Edward Yang), Best Leading Actor (Kuo-Chu Chang), Best Supporting Actress (Elaine Jin), Best Supporting Actress (Hsiu-Chiung Chang), Best Cinematography (Hui Kung Chang), Best Art Director (Edward Yang and Wei-yen Yu), Best Makeup & Costume Design (Wei-yen Yu), and Best Sound Recording (Duu-Chih Tu and Ching-an Yang). The film also won the Best Film award at the 1991 Asia-Pacific Film Festival, a Best Foreign Language Film Director Award for Yang at the 1983 Kinema Jumpo Awards, another Best Director award for Yang at the Nantes Three Continents Festival (where Yang was also nominated for the Golden Montgolfiere award) and the Silver Screen award for "Best Director – Asian Feature Film" for Yang at the Singapore International Film Festival.

In December 2015, The Criterion Collection announced that the film would be made available on Blu-ray and DVD in March 2016. The Criterion release features the film in a new 4K digital restoration with a monaural soundtrack (on the Blu-ray), and also includes a new audio commentary from critic Tony Rayns; a new interview with star Chang Chen; Our Time, Our Story, a nearly two-hour 2002 documentary covering the Taiwanese New Wave that features interviews with Yang, Hou Hsiao-hsien, and Tsai Ming Liang; a video-taped staged performance of Yang's 1992 play Likely Consequence; new English subtitle translations; an essay by film critic Godfrey Cheshire; and a Director's Statement from Yang written in 1991.

A Confucian Confusion
Yang's fifth film was A Confucian Confusion (1994), a multi-character comedy set in urban Taiwan, which was nominated for a Palme d'Or and in competition at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival and also garnered a Golden Horse Award for Best Screenplay Originally Written for The Screen. The film also won a Best Supporting Actor award (Bosen Wang) and a Best Supporting Actress award (Elaine Jin) at the 1994 Golden Horse Film Festival. Also at the Golden Horse Film Festival that year, the film also received a total of 9 nominations: Best Feature Film (Executive Producer David Sui), Best Leading Actress (Shu-Chun Ni), Best Makeup & Costume Design (Edward Yang and Tsai Chin),  Best Original Film Score (Antonio Lee), Best Film Editing (Po-Wen Chen), Best Sound Effects (Duu-Chih Tu), Best Director (Edward Yang), Best Cinematography (Chan Chang, Lung-Yu Li, Arthur Wong and Wu-Hsiu Hung), and Best Art Direction (Edward Yang, Ernest Guan and Jui-Chung Yao).

Mahjong
Yang's sixth film was Mahjong (1996), a sharp, incisive reflection of modern urban-Taiwan seen through foreign eyes, which also starred several foreign actors, which won an Honourable Mention at the 46th Berlin International Film Festival, where it was also nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear award. The film also garnered Yang another Silver Screen Award for "Best Asian Director" at The Singapore International Film Festival, his second award of this type, as well as an Award of the City of Nantes from the Nantes Three Continents Festival, where it was also nominated for a Golden Montgolfiere award. Actor Chi-tsan Wang also won a Best Supporting Actor award at the 1996 Golden Horse Film Festival, where the film was also nominated for a Best Makeup & Costume Design award (Chi-chien Chao).

Yi Yi
However, Yang was best known for his seventh and final film, Yi Yi (2000) (full title in some areas: Yi Yi: A One and A Two) – it was for this film that he received the Best Director at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival where it was also in competition and nominated for the prestigious Palme d'Or. Yi Yi was an epic story about the Jian family seen through three different perspectives: the father NJ (Wu Nien-jen), the son Yang-Yang (Jonathan Chang), and the daughter, Ting-Ting (Kelly Lee). The three-hour piece started with a wedding, concluded with a funeral, and contemplated all areas of human life in between with profound humor, beauty and tragedy. The film is also best summarized by film critic Nigel Andrews, who stated in the Financial Times that "[t]o describe [Yi Yi] as a three-hour Taiwanese family drama is like calling Citizen Kane a film about a newspaper."

The film won the "Best Film" award from the National Society of Film Critics (USA) in 2001 (where Yang also won 2nd place for a Best Director award), the "Best Foreign Film" award from the 2000 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards, the "Best Foreign Film" award from the 2000 New York Film Critics Circle Awards, the Panorama Jury Prize from the 2000 Sarajevo Film Festival, the Chief Dan George Humanitarian Award (for Yang) at the 2000 Vancouver International Film Festival, a "Best Film – China/Taiwan" award and "Best Director" award from the 2002 Chinese Film Media Awards, a "Best Film" award at the 2001 Chinese Film Media Awards, a "Best Foreign Film" critics award from the 2001 French Syndicate of Cinema Critics, the Grand Prix award from the 2001 Fribourg International Film Festival, and the Netpac Award from the 2000 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival ("For the perceptive and sensitive portrayal of a generation and cultural gap in Taiwan and the painful choices to be made in these difficult times.").

Yi Yi was also named "Best Film of the Year" (2000) by the following film critics and writers: A.O. Scott of The New York Times, Susan Sontag writing for Artforum, Michael Atkinson of the Village Voice, Steven Rosen of the Denver Post, John Anderson, Jan Stuart and Gene Seymour writing for Newsday, and Stephen Garrett as well as Nicole Keeter of Time Out New York.

The film also won 2nd place for Best Director, Best Film and Best Foreign Language Film in the 2000 Boston Society of Film Critics Awards, and was also nominated for: a Best Foreign Language Film award from the Awards Circuit Community Awards, a Best Non-American Film award from the 2003 Bodil Awards, a Best Foreign Language Film award from the 2001 Chicago Film Critics Association Awards, the Best Cast, Best Movie and Best Original Screenplay from the 2002 Chlotrudis Awards, a Best Foreign Film award from the 2001 Cesar Awards, a Screen International Award from the 2000 European Film Awards, a Best Asian Film award from the 2002 Hong Kong Film Awards, a Best Foreign Language Film award from the Online Film & Television Association, a Best Foreign Language Film award from the 2001 Online Film Critics Society Awards, and a Golden Spike award from the 2000 Valladolid International Film Festival.

Yi Yi also placed third in a 2009 Village Voice Film Poll ranking "The Best Film of the Decade," tying with La Commune (Paris, 1871) (2000) and Zodiac (2007), and also placed third in a 2009 IndieWire Critics' Poll of the "Best Film of the Decade."

The film is also currently available on The Criterion Collection as a "Director-approved Special Edition", and features a newly restored digital transfer along with a DTS-HD Master Audio soundtrack (on the Blu-ray), audio commentary from Yang and Asian film critic Tony Rayns, a taped interview with film critics Rayns about Yang and the New Taiwanese Cinema movement, the U.S. theatrical trailer, an original English subtitle translation by Yang and Rayns, and an essay by writer Kent Jones as well as notes from Yang himself.

Plays and other work
In 1989, Yang formed his own production company, "Yang and his Gang", which was renamed "Atom Films and Theater" in 1992, after one of Yang's favorite anime television shows while growing up, Osamu Tezuka's Astro Boy. Atom Films and Theater not only was involved in the production and financing of films, but also staged theatrical productions and plays, as well as experimental high-tech multimedia pieces. In 1992, Yang also put on a production of a play he wrote entitled Likely Consequence, a video-taped performance of which can be viewed on The Criterion Collection Blu-ray/DVD of A Brighter Summer Day (1991), released in March 2016.

Yang, in addition to narrative audiovisual works, also worked in the advertisement business, releasing in 1997 a TV commercial for Mitsubishi with music composed by his then-wife Kaili Peng.

In 2001, Yang had finished a script about a young kid who travels the world with just a cellphone and a credit card. Regarding that, "those two things are all you need now. It's a new world and there are a lot of stories we can tell each other," said the cineaste. In the same year, Yang also hoped to make a film in Seattle and a second world war story set in Taiwan.

In addition to these unrealized projects, Yang planned to make The Wind, an animated feature with Jackie Chan budgeted at $25m, to be drawn by Yang, heading a team of animators.

Death
Yang died on June 29, 2007, at his home in Beverly Hills, as a result of complications from a seven-year struggle with colon cancer. He died beside his wife, concert pianist Kaili Peng, and son Sean.

Style and themes
Yang's visual style comprehended deliberate pacing, long takes, fixed camera, few closeups, empty spaces, and cityscapes.

Yang, in addition to being interested in the impact of the changes of Taiwanese society on the middle classes, attempted to examine the struggle between the modern and the traditional in his films, as well as the relationship between business and art, and how greed may corrupt, influence, or affect art. For that reason, many of his films (other than Yi Yi) are extremely difficult to find, since Yang did not consider selling films for money his primary purpose as an artist, and also felt that film distribution, especially in Taiwan, was something out of his control.

Yang always set his work in the cities of Taiwan. As a result, Yang's films – especially A Confucian Confusion, Taipei Story, Mahjong and Terrorizers – are commentaries on Taiwanese urban life and insightful explorations of Taiwanese urban society.

Yang also collaborated with many of his fellow Taiwanese film-makers in his films: for instance, in Yi Yi he cast as the lead well-known auteur, novelist, and screenwriter Wu Nien-jen, director of the award-winning A Borrowed Life, which Martin Scorsese has cited as one of his favorite works and one of the most influential films of the '90s. He also cast fellow film-maker Hou Hsiao-hsien as the lead in his 1985 film, Taipei Story, where Wu Nien-jen also had a brief part as a taxi driver and an old friend of Hou Hsiao-hsien's character. Yang also taught theatre and film classes at the Taipei National University of the Arts. Several of his students showed up in his films as actors and actresses.

Legacy
In 2000, Yang formed Miluku Technology & Entertainment to produce animated films and TV shows. The first animated feature that Miluku was slated to produce was an animated feature titled The Wind with Jackie Chan in 2007, but the project was cut short when Yang fell ill with cancer. At the 2007 Pusan International Film Festival, he won an award for Asian Filmmaker of the Year, and was also immortalized with a hand-printing at the festival along with Ennio Morricone, Seung-ho Kim, Volker Schlöndorff, Dariush Mehrjui and Claude Lelouch. In 2007, Yang also won a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards that year.

Filmography

Features
In Our Time (1982) - segment "Desires"/"Expectation"
That Day, on the Beach (1983)
Taipei Story (1985)
Terrorizers (1986)
A Brighter Summer Day (1991)
A Confucian Confusion (1994)
Mahjong (1996)
Yi Yi (2000)

Further reading
John Anderson, Contemporary Film Directors: Edward Yang (University of Illinois Press 2005)

References

External links

Jonathan Rosenbaum, "Exiles in Modernity: The Films of Edward Yang" (Chicago Reader)
Interview by Shelly Kraicer and Lisa Roosen-Runge (Cineaction)
Interview by Duncan Campbell (Guardian UK)
CBS2 Report on Edward Yang's Death
"The Taiwan Stories of Edward Yang and Wu Nien-jen," Harvard Film Archive
"A Rational Mind: The Films of Edward Yang" The Film Society of Lincoln Center

1947 births
2007 deaths
Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director winners
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Film directors from Shanghai
Florida State University alumni
Academic staff of the National Chiao Tung University
People from Meixian District
Taiwanese Buddhists
Taiwanese emigrants to the United States
Taiwanese film directors
Taiwanese film producers
Taiwanese people from Shanghai
Taiwanese people of Hakka descent

Edward Yang


Metadata Authority Description Schema (MADS) is an XML schema developed by the United States Library of Congress' Network Development and Standards Office that provides an authority element set to complement the Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS).

History
 April 2004: Preliminary version for review
 December 2004: Draft for review
 April 2005: Version 1.0 published
 June 2011:  Version 2.0 published
 September 2016:  Version 2.1 published

What MADS Is

MADS does authority control.  It is a schema to define people, organizations, and geographical locations which can be involved in creating or publishing a creative work, publication, or artifact.  Descriptive schemas for creative works and publications can reference MADS, with the underlying descriptive schema describing the item and referencing a MADS record which describes a creator or location.  Authority control allows precise work with issues such as distinguishing multiple authors who share a name, sorting a list of books based on where each was published, and identifying all publications by scholars who are members of a specific organization or graduates of a specific college.

MADS is a schema for carrying authority control information and for describing authorities.  It is not a controlled vocabulary nor a registry.  It can reference controlled vocabularies or registries, such as Virtual International Authority File (VIAF), Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID), or the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN).

MADS/RDF
MADS was originally formulated as an XML schema, but it also has an expression in Resource Description Framework (RDF), called MADS/RDF. MADS/RDF expresses and makes statements about Authorities and their Variants, which are controlled records, and distinguishes these from the real-world objects (RWOs) they describe.

The Library of Congress had been representing bibliographic authority data in Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) since 2009.  However, they found that they couldn't present the full structure of authorities such as the LC Subject Headings (LCSH) in a general-purpose form such as SKOS.  MADS/RDF is intended to complement SKOS: its classes and properties are subclasses of appropriate SKOS items.  For example, madsrdf:Authority is a sub-class of skos:Concept, and madsrdf:authoritativeLabel is a sub-property of skos:prefLabel.

MADS/RDF authority items use both authoritativeLabels, which are structured strings like "United States--New Jersey--Essex--Montclair", and collections of typed nodes such as {Country, State, County, City}.

Further reading

References

External links

Bibliography file formats
Library cataloging and classification
Metadata standards

Metadata Authority Description Schema


1066 and All That: A Memorable History of England, Comprising All the Parts You Can Remember, Including 103 Good Things, 5 Bad Kings and 2 Genuine Dates is a tongue-in-cheek reworking of the history of England. Written by W. C. Sellar and R. J. Yeatman and illustrated by John Reynolds, it first appeared serially in Punch magazine, and was published in book form by Methuen & Co. Ltd. in 1930.

Setting and background
Raphael Samuel saw 1066 and All That as a product of the post-First World War debunking of British greatness, very much in the tradition of Eminent Victorians (1918): as he put it, "that much underrated anti-imperialist tract 1066 and All That punctured the more bombastic claims of drum-and-trumpet history".

Both the Tory view of a 'great man' history, and the liberal pieties of Whig history are undermined in the work, in the (then contemporary) style of such serious historians as Namier and Herbert Butterfield. With its conflation of history and memory, and its deconstruction of "standard" historical narrative lines, the book can also be seen as an early post-modernist text.

Overview
The book is a parody of the style of history teaching in English schools at the time, in particular of Our Island Story. It purports to contain "all the History you can remember", and, in sixty-two chapters, covers the history of England from Roman times through 1066 "and all that", up to the end of World War I, at which time "America was thus clearly Top Nation, and history came to a .". The book is full of examples of half-remembered and mixed-up facts.

Although the subtitle states that the book comprises "103 Good Things, 5 Bad Kings and 2 Genuine Dates", the book's preface mentions that originally four dates were planned, but last-minute research revealed that two of them were not memorable. The two dates that are referenced in the book are 1066, the date of the Battle of Hastings and the Norman conquest of England (Chapter XI), and 55 BC, the date of the first Roman invasion of Britain under Julius Caesar (Chapter I). However, when the date of the Roman invasion is given, it is immediately followed by the date that Caesar was "compelled to invade Britain again the following year (54 BC, not 56, owing to the peculiar Roman method of counting)". Despite the confusion of dates the Roman Conquest is the first of 103 historical events in the book characterised as a Good Thing, "since the Britons were only natives at that time".

Chapter II begins "that long succession of Waves of which History is chiefly composed", the first of which, here, is composed of Ostrogoths, Visigoths, mere Goths, Vandals, and Huns. Later examples are the "Wave of Saints", who include the Venomous Bead (Chapter III); "Waves of Pretenders", usually divided into smaller waves of two: an Old Pretender and a Young Pretender (Chapter XXX); plus the "Wave of Beards" in the Elizabethan era (Chapter XXXIII).

According to Sellar and Yeatman, in English history kings are either "Good" or "Bad". The first "Good King" is the confusingly differentiated King Arthur/Alfred (Chapter V). Bad kings include King John, who when he came to the throne showed how much he deserved this epithet when he "lost his temper and flung himself on the floor, foaming at the mouth and biting the rushes" (Chapter XVIII). The death of Henry I from "a surfeit of palfreys" (recorded in other historical works as a "surfeit of lampreys", Chapter XIII) proves to be a paradigmatic case of the deaths of later monarchs through a surfeit of over-eating or other causes (so, for example, in Chapter XVII, Richard the Lion Heart dies "of a surfeit of Saladins"). Other memorable monarchs include the Split King (Henry IV, Part 1 and Henry IV, Part 2) and Broody Mary.

Memorable events in English history include the Disillusion of the Monasteries (Chapter XXXI); the struggle between the Cavaliers (characterised as "Wrong but Wromantic") and the Roundheads (characterised as "Right but Repulsive") in the English Civil War (Chapter XXXV); and The Industrial Revelation (Chapter XLIX).

The book also contains five joke "Test Papers" interspersed among the chapters, which contain nonsense instructions including the famous "Do not on any account attempt to write on both sides of the paper at once" (Test Paper V), and "Do not attempt to answer more than one question at a time" (Test Paper I) and such unanswerable questions as "How far did the Lords Repellent drive Henry III into the arms of Pedro the Cruel? (Protractors may not be used.)" (Test Paper II).

Musical comedy
In 1935, the musical comedy 1066 – and all that: A Musical Comedy based on that Memorable History by Sellar and Yeatman was produced. The book and lyrics were by Reginald Arkell; the music was composed by Alfred Reynolds. It was revived at the Palace Theatre, London, in 1945.

Works inspired by 1066
1066 and All That inspired Paul Manning's 1984 and All That, dealing with the subsequent history of Britain and the rest of the world up to 1984, and written in the same style, with similar prose, illustrations and tests. ("What caused the Wall Street Crash? Speculate wildly.") The title references George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four.

Ned Sherrin and Neil Shand wrote a sequel 1956 and All That, with the subtitle a memorable history of England since the war to end all wars (Two).

In 2005 Craig Brown released 1966 and All That, which copied the book's style (including elements like the end of chapter tests), recounting the remainder of the 20th century. In 2006 the book was adapted for BBC Radio 4 in four parts.

Richard Armour's book It All Started With Columbus (1953, revised 1961) treats the history of the United States, from 1492 to the presidency of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, in a manner that owes a great deal to Sellar and Yeatman ("Ferdinand and Isabella refused to believe the world was round, even when Columbus showed them an egg"). Acknowledging the debt, Armour dedicated his book to Sellar and Yeatman.

Dave Barry's 1989 book Dave Barry Slept Here: A Sort of History of the United States is another treatment of American history reminiscent of 1066 and All That, though Sellar and Yeatman are not acknowledged. ("The first major president to be elected after the War of 1812 was President Monroe Doctrine, who became famous by developing the policy for which he is named.")

Matthew Sturgis' book 1992 and All This (Macmillan, 1991) is a "humorous look at Europe in preparation for 1992 when Britain officially becomes part of the Continent. Much of the humour focuses on the differences between the British and the Europeans."

Works with titles inspired by 1066
 The title was adapted by Raymond F. Streater and Arthur S. Wightman for their (serious) textbook on axiomatic quantum field theory, PCT, Spin and Statistics, and All That. This in turn influenced the titles of several other books, monographs, and papers on mathematical physics: as of November 2013, a search for "and all that" in the open collection of specialized scientific articles arXiv yields 25 such titles; MathSciNet (Mathematical Reviews online) lists 83 hits for corresponding mathematical papers. There is also an introductory vector calculus text by H. M. Schey called Div, Grad, Curl, and all that.
 In an unconnected area of mathematics (Mathematical Logic), Franz Baader and Tobias Nipkow's 1998 "Term Rewriting and All That" was published by Cambridge University Press.
 The book 3264 and All That: A Second Course in Algebraic Geometry by David Eisenbud and Joe Harris mentions this book as the inspiration for its title.
 Australian cricketer and cartoonist Arthur Mailey had taken all 10 wickets for 66 runs in a first-class match during the 1921 tour of England, and hence titled his 1958 autobiography 10 for 66 And All That.
 Liverpool band Half Man Half Biscuit featured a song entitled "1966 and All That" on their debut EP The Trumpton Riots.
 Welsh rock band Mclusky recorded the song "1956 and All That" for their third album The Difference Between Me and You Is That I'm Not on Fire.
 1089 and All That – A Journey into Mathematics is a popular mathematics book by David Acheson.
 Amo, Amas, Amat... and All That: How to Become a Latin Lover by Harry Mount is a guide to (and celebration of) the Latin language.
 In 1992,  Robert Royal  wrote 1492 And All That: Political Manipulations of History. From the dust jacket: "Spurning the false idealism and bland caricatures of historical actors that distort the arguments of both sides, Robert Royal surveys the available facts and political positions about Columbus and his legacy and seeks to find the truth among them. His provocative analysis recommends a better-balanced reading of our past and a wise use of that base for determining our common future."
 In 2010/11, England won the Ashes series in Australia for the first time since 1986/87. Alastair Cook made 766 runs in that series. The Guardian published their over-by-over blog in a book and titled it 766 and All That.

See also

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 W. C. Purdue, "Speaking Volumes: W.C. Sellar's and R.J. Yeatman's 1066 and All That", The Times Higher Education Supplement, 29 August 1997. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
 Paul Manning, 1984 and All That. London: Futura, 1984. .

External links

1930 books
1066 in England
20th-century history books
Books adapted into plays
History books about the United Kingdom
Parody history books
Methuen Publishing books
Works originally published in Punch (magazine)
1935 musicals
British musicals

1066 and All That


Vann Nath (1946 – September 5, 2011) was a Cambodian artist, writer and human rights activist.

He was born in Battambang Province in northwestern Cambodia. By age 14 or 15, he was working at factory jobs for very small amounts of money. Nath was a monk from the age of 17 to 21. His sister died, and Vann Nath stopped being a monk. He began to help support the family. He entered a painting school in 1965. He was able to make money by painting after two years of study.

Natt was arrested January 7, 1978 by the Khmer Rouge He wote and painted pictures of his experiences in the Tuol Sleng prison, also known as S-21. He wrote his life story in the 1988 book, A Cambodian Prison Portrait: One Year in the Khmer Rouge's S-21 Prison. It is the only written story by a survivor of the prison. Nath survived because he was a great artist. Comrade Duch did not kill him, so that Natt could make paintings and sculptures of Pol Pot. He played an important role in helping to revive the arts in Cambodia after decades of war and genocide.

During 2001 and 2002, Vann Nath worked with Cambodian movie director Rithy Panh to make a documentary called S-21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine. Panh brought together former prisoners and guards from the former Tuol Sleng prison. Vann Nath spoke stringly and asked his former torturers questions.

Vann Nath had many health problems in his life, but he continued to paint and write about life during the time of Pol Pot. He died in 2011 in Phnom Penh. He was 66.

References

Other websites

 Vann Nath
 Vann Nath - Paint Propaganda or Die - The Art History Archive
 Vann Nath, The Economist, Sep 17th 2011

Painters
1946 births
2011 deaths
Asian writers
Cambodian people

Vann Nath


The Diocese of Novaliches (Latin: Dioecesis Novalichesina; Filipino: Diyosesis ng Novaliches) is a diocese of the Latin Church of the Catholic Church in the Philippines. The diocese was created by Pope John Paul II on December 7, 2002, by virtue of his Apostolic Constitution Animarum Utilitati, and was canonically erected on January 16, 2003, from the Archdiocese of Manila. The diocese previously existed as the Ecclesiastical District of Quezon City-North, which was renamed the District of Novaliches in 2002.

As of September 2018, the diocese is composed of 70 full-fledged parishes (five of which are diocesan shrines) and one mission area, clustered into twelve vicariates. The diocese's principal patron is Jesus, the Good Shepherd named after the cathedral of the same name, and patroness is Blessed Virgin Mary under the title Our Lady of Mercy.

Territorial Jurisdiction
The diocese comprises the northern part of Caloocan and the northern part of Quezon City, starting from Tandang Sora Avenue leading northward and comprising District 2 (all barangays), District 5 (all barangays), Barangay Matandang Balara (from District 3), and some barangays in District 6, namely: Pasong Tamo, Sauyo, and Talipapa, including portions of Tandang Sora and Culiat found north of Tandang Sora Avenue.

History
The history of the Diocese of Novaliches can be traced to the creation of the town of Novaliches in the 1800s during the Spanish colonization period in the Philippines. General Manuel Pavía was named Governor-General of the Philippine Islands. He arrived in Manila in 1854 with the task of establishing a penal colony where prisoners would be granted lands they would develop in exchange for their release. The colony was given the name Hacienda Tala since the once heavily forested area became identical to one where a star ("tala") had fallen after clearing. This hacienda grew into a larger community that eventually merged with the haciendas of Malinta and Piedad in forming the independent town of Novaliches on January 26, 1856.

Novaliches (which present-day area is now shared by Quezon City and Caloocan) became part of the Province of Bulacan until 1858, when it was annexed to the Province of Manila. The name Novaliches came from the name of a small village 60 kilometers away from the city of Valencia, Spain, that was awarded to General Pavía, who was given the title Marqués of Novaliches by Queen Isabella II in 1840 for having defended her from the claims of her uncle Prince Carlos during the First Carlist War (1833–1839).

Soon after the establishment of the new town, Manila Archbishop José Julián de Aranguren decreed the creation of its parish on September 24, 1856. The chapel of the Corpus Christi was elevated to the status of a parroquia (parish church) and Andres Martin, an Augustinian priest from Spain, was appointed as the first parish priest. The parish church was dedicated in honor of Nuestra Senora de la Merced (Our Lady of Mercy). However, the church was burned during the Philippine Revolution of 1896, and the assigned Augustinian priests returned to Spain. The parcel of land where the parroquia once stood was donated to the Archdiocese of Manila. In 1899, Novaliches ceded its township to the Municipality of Caloocan. It was in 1928 when the parish was restored with the appointment of a diocesan parish priest, Father Victor Raymundo.

In 1962, following the canonical erection of the Dioceses of Imus and Malolos from the Archdiocese of Manila, the Our Lady of Mercy Parish stood as the only existing parish in the area now belonging to the Diocese of Novaliches. Before Cardinal Santos' death in 1973, a new parish was erected: the Our Lady of Fatima Parish in Urduja Village, Caloocan. The growth of the Catholic faith in the area would be evidenced by the establishment of parishes in Fairview (1975), Lagro (1977), and Bagbag (1978) – which took place during the early years of leadership of Cardinal Jaime L. Sin, Archbishop of Manila.

Cardinal Sin divided Quezon City into four vicariates on December 3, 1974. These are the Vicariates of Santa Rita, Holy Family, Saint Joseph, and Santo Nino. Our Lady of Mercy Parish was placed under the Vicariate of Santo Nino, along with parishes of Santo Niño (Bagobantay), Our Lady of Mount Carmel (Project 6), Our Lady of Perpetual Help (Project 8), and Our Lady of Hope (Pag-Asa), which presently belong to the Diocese of Cubao. On August 10, 1987, the Ecclesiastical District of Quezon City was divided into two: Quezon City-North and Quezon City-South. The new Ecclesiastical District of Quezon City-North comprised the Vicariates of Good Shepherd, Our Lady of Mercy, Ascension of Our Lord, and Saint Joseph, although some parishes belonging to the present-day Diocese of Novaliches were still belonging to the Vicariate of Our Lady of Perpetual Help in the southern district at that time.

Following the appointment of Quezon City-North District Bishop Francisco Claver as Apostolic Vicar of Bontoc-Lagawe, Manila, Auxiliary Bishop Teodoro C. Bacani was designated by Cardinal Sin to head the two districts of KALMANA (Kalookan-Malabon-Navotas) and Quezon City-North. Bacani designated Alfonso Bugaoan Jr, parish priest of Saint Joseph Parish in Project 3, as his Episcopal Vicar for Quezon City-North.

The Ecclesiastical District of Quezon City-North was renamed District of Novaliches on March 15, 2002, in preparation for the creation of new dioceses in Metro Manila as response to the growing number of Catholic faithful. Pope John Paul II established the Diocese of Novaliches on December 7, 2002, by virtue of the apostolic constitution Animarum Utilitati and appointed Bacani as its first residential bishop. This news was announced by Cardinal Sin during a conference of the clergy and lay leaders held at Villa San Miguel in Mandaluyong. The decree also declared that the episcopal seat of the new diocese would be the archdiocesan shrine and Parish of the Good Shepherd along Regalado Avenue, Fairview, Quezon City. The episcopal seat serves as the residence of the bishop and the center of all activities in the diocese.

In solemn rites held at the Good Shepherd Parish-Shrine on January 16, 2003, the new Diocese of Novaliches was canonically erected, with Bacani being installed as its first bishop, coinciding his 63rd birthday. He named Gerardo Giovanni Tapiador as the diocese's first vicar-general, Jaime Lara as chancellor, and James Gaa as Oeconomus or treasurer. Bacani led the beginnings of the pastoral commissions or ministries in the diocese through the involvement of active lay members of the Council of the Laity of Novaliches (CLaN), which he created on March 21, 2003. These lay leaders represented the different sectors of the church active since the time of the Ecclesiastical District of Quezon City-North. On May 8, 2003, Bacani left a legacy of establishing the first parish under the new diocese – Santa Krus Parish in Bagumbong, Caloocan.

However, Bacani resigned in Novemebr 25, 2003. San Fernando, La Union Bishop Antonio Tobias, who served as Apostolic Administrator in Bacani's absence from June to November of that year, was named second bishop of Novaliches. He was installed at the Good Shepherd Cathedral on January 26, 2004, in the presence of Cardinal Sin, Apostolic Nuncio Archbishop Antonio Franco, and Manila Archbishop Gaudencio Rosales. Tobias convened the first Diocesan Pastoral Assembly on March 11–12, 2005, during which the Diocesan Pastoral Thrust, Direction, and Vision-Mission Statement were designed along with the Diocesan Hymn and Parish Pastoral Council (PPC) Guidelines.

From having 50 pioneer parishes in 2003 (with Santa Krus Parish in Bagumbong being the first to be established under the new diocese – by decree of Bishop Teodoro Bacani), the diocese has now 70 full-fledged parishes and 1 mission area.

Bishops

References

Novaliches
Novaliches
Christian organizations established in 2002
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 21st century
2002 establishments in the Philippines

Roman Catholic Diocese of Novaliches


The Curly-coated Retriever (not always hyphenated, and often called the Curly for short) is a breed of dog originally bred in England for upland bird and waterfowl hunting.  It is the tallest of the retrievers and is easily distinguishable by the mass of tight curls covering its body. Curly Coated and Wavy Coated (now known as the Flat-Coated Retriever) were the first two recognised retriever breeds, established as early as 1860.

Appearance
The Curly is an active, well-muscled dog bred for upland bird and waterfowl hunting. The Curly is somewhat different in structure than the more common retrievers. A Curly will appear slightly leggy but is actually slightly longer than tall. It is balanced and agile with a significant air of endurance, strength, and grace. Curlies are soft-mouthed and regularly handle game with care. Show standards call for dogs to be between  at the withers, and for females to be between , however a wide range of sizes occurs, particularly in those dogs bred for the field, which generally run smaller. The country of origin (United Kingdom) breed standard calls for a taller dog and bitch, with only  for males and  for females listed. Weight should be in proportion to the height of the dog.

The breed sports a coat of tight, crisp curls. The tight curled coat of the Curly repels water, burrs, and prevents damage that other sporting dogs with softer, thinner coats cannot escape. The only acceptable colours for the Curly-Coated Retriever are solid black and solid liver. Occasional white hairs are permissible, but large white patches are a serious fault. Eyes should be either black or brown in black dogs, and brown or amber in liver dogs. Yellow eyes are unusual. The nose should be fully pigmented, and the same colour as the coat as the dog.

Temperament
The Curly-Coated Retriever was originally developed as a gamekeepers gun dog and their temperament and conformation reflect this purpose. Curlies are still used in many countries as bird hunting companions, including in both upland and waterfowl hunting. Curlies make excellent family pets, as generally they have a calm and steady disposition and are not as overly-energetic as some other retrievers.  However they still require sufficient exercise and mental stimulation.

The Curly can be sometimes aloof with strangers but are usually very loyal and affectionate with their owners and family, which reflects their origin as they helped act as a guard dog for the Victorian gamekeepers in a time when poachers could potentially be violent.  They should never be nervous or aggressive. Curlies are extremely intelligent in general, but training can sometimes be difficult as they can easily get bored with repetitive training.

Care and maintenance

Coat
Curlies are a single coated breed with no undercoat, and the small tight curls of a show-standard dog are very easy to maintain. A Curly kept as a companion and/or hunting animal need not be elaborately groomed but needs to be kept clean and free of mats for the health of the dog. All Curlies shed though not to the degree that dogs with undercoats do. The Females of this dog breed usually shed more heavily during their heat cycles (usually twice a year). Dogs and bitches may also shed more in the spring, especially those living in areas with extreme seasonal temperature changes. Bathing should be as needed using a dog shampoo.

Show ring exhibitors normally trim feathering from the tail, ears, belly, legs, and feet. Trimming is not required when exhibiting a Curly at a conformation dog show, but most judges may discount the dog if it is not trimmed. Excessive trimming of the body coat is undesirable.  Colors only come in solid liver & black.

Exercise
The Curly-Coated Retriever likes exercise; it was bred for athleticism and endurance in the field.  A Curly is an intelligent dog and is happiest when it has adequate exercise, mental stimulation and play. Curlies are great dogs for active sports such as hunt tests, flyball and dog agility trials as they love the outdoors, working with people, and activities of any kind. While active and exuberant outside, at play, or in the field, the adult Curly is generally a calm house dog. According to the International Encyclopedia of Dogs (1984), "this dog's delight is swimming", which has made it a valuable retriever especially where streams and rivers have to be crossed.

Health

Life expectancy
Average life expectancy is 9–14 years, although there are instances of Curlies living to 15 to 17 years of age.

Known medical issues
Cancer
Cardiac problems
Epilepsy
Exercise-induced collapse
Eye problems such as cataracts, corneal dystrophy, distichiasis, entropion, ectropion, or retinal dysplasia
Gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat)
Glycogen storage disease (GSD)
Hip dysplasia

See also
 Dogs portal
 List of dog breeds
Chesapeake Bay Retriever
Labrador Retriever

References

 Stanley Dangerfield and Elsworth Howell, The International Encyclopedia of Dogs (1984 edition) Mermaid Books.

External links

FCI breeds
Dog breeds originating in England
Vulnerable Native Breeds
Gundogs
Retrievers

Curly-coated Retriever


The Elbląg Brewery is a major brewery in Elbląg, Poland. It belongs to the Żywiec Group.

Brewery
The history of the Elbing Brewing Tradition dates back to 1309, when Teutonic Master Siegfried von Leuchtwangen granted brewing privileges to the town of Elbing. The present brewery was founded in 1872 as the Elbinger Aktien-Brauerei. In the early 1900s, the brewery was the exclusive supplier of Pilsner beer to the court of German Emperor Wilhelm II.

After Soviet Communist take-over at the end of WW II, Elbing became the Polish Elbląg (El-blang), and the brewery was reopened as a state-owned enterprise. Following the 1990 collapse of Communism, the brewery's owners Żywiec S.A. and Brewpole BV (Elbląg, Warka, Leżajsk) merged to form Grupa Zywiec S.A..  The Dutch Heineken Group (Heineken International Beheer B.V.) then became a majority shareholder in Grupa Zywiec S.A. with a 61% shareholding.  Harbin B.V., a private investment company and the former owner of Brewpole B.V. owns 36.2% and the remaining shares are publicly traded on the Warsaw Stock Exchange.

The brewery has a capacity of approximately .

EB beer
"EB" is a brand of beer introduced by Elbląg Brewery in 1993 and marketed toward young consumers.  EB was the top selling brand in Poland in the late 1990s, but fell into decline and was discontinued in the mid-2000s before being revived a decade later. The beer remained on sale in the United States, Germany and other export markets.  According to the Grupa Żywiec website, Elbląg Brewery currently produces the following beer: Specjal Jasny Pełny.

Logo
The Elbląg Brewery's logo features a kangaroo and an emu.

See also
Polish beer
Żywiec Brewery
Leżajsk Brewery
Warka Brewery
Cieszyn Brewery

References

External links
 Żywiec Group
RateBeer

Breweries of Poland
Beer brands of Poland
Elbląg
Heineken subsidiaries
Heineken brands

Elbrewery


Nathaniel Crew, 3rd Baron Crew (31 January 163318 September 1721) was Bishop of Oxford from 1671 to 1674, then Bishop of Durham from 1674 to 1721. As such he was one of the longest-serving bishops of the Church of England.

Crew was the son of John Crew, 1st Baron Crew and a grandson of Thomas Crewe, Speaker of the House of Commons. He was educated at Lincoln College, Oxford; ordained deacon and priest on the same day in Lent 1665; and appointed Rector of the college in 1668. He became dean and precentor of Chichester on 29 April 1669, Clerk of the Closet to Charles II shortly afterwards (holding that post until the Glorious Revolution in December 1688).

He was elected Bishop of Oxford in April 1671 and Bishop of Durham on 18 August 1674. He owed his rapid promotions to the Duke of York (later James VII & II), whose favour he had gained by secretly encouraging the duke's interest in the Roman Catholic Church. Crew baptised the Duke's daughter Princess Catherine in 1675 and was made a Privy Counsellor on 26 April 1676 He was present at the crucial Privy Council meeting in October 1678 where Titus Oates first revealed his great fabrication, the Popish Plot.

After the accession of James II, Crew was also appointed Dean of the Chapel Royal on 28 December 1685, staying in post until 1688. He was part of the ecclesiastical commission of 1686, which suspended Henry Compton, Bishop of London (for refusing to suspend John Sharp, then rector of St Giles's-in-the-Fields, whose anti-papal writings had rendered him obnoxious to the king) and Crew shared the administration of the see of London with Thomas Sprat, Bishop of Rochester. On the decline of King James's power, Crew dissociated himself from the court, and made a bid for the favour of William III's new government by voting for the motion that James had abdicated. He was excepted from the general pardon of 1690, but afterwards was allowed to retain his see.

His tenure as Bishop of Durham saw the first two new parishes to be erected in England since the Reformation. These were at Stockton-on-Tees in 1712 and Sunderland. The Church of the Holy Trinity in Sunderland, now redundant, was the base for responsible local government in the growing port town for the first time since the Borough of Sunderland, created by the Bishops of Durham, was crushed by Oliver Cromwell in the English Civil War.

From 1681 to 1688 Crew lived at 43 King Street, Covent Garden. He died in 1721. Crew had married twice: firstly to Penelope Frowde on 21 December 1691; then, after Penelope's death in 1699, secondly to Dorothy Forster on 23 July 1700. Dorothy died in 1715. In 1697, Crew succeeded his brother Thomas as the 3rd Baron Crew, but had no children and thus the barony became extinct upon his death.

Legacy
He left large estates to be devoted to charitable ends, and his benefaction to Lincoln College and to Oxford University is commemorated in the annual Creweian Oration.

His memory is also perpetuated in The Lord Crewe Arms Hotel at Blanchland, whose community Crew rebuilt. Crew bought the village in 1708 and on his death in 1721 it passed to his trust, which remains the landlord.

Crew also furnished the chapel of Steane Park, Northamptonshire, of which he was the owner (having inherited the Steane estate with the Crew barony).

Much vilified by the Whig school of historians, Crewe's contributions are now more fully appreciated. Samuel Pepys thought well of him, praising, in particular, his grave and decent manner of preaching:

Styles and titles
1633–1661: Nathaniel Crew Esq.
1661–1665: The Honourable Nathaniel Crew
1665–1669: The Reverend and Honourable Nathaniel Crew
1669–1671: The Very Reverend and Honourable Nathaniel Crew
1671–1676: The Right Reverend and Honourable Nathaniel Crew
1676–1697: The Right Reverend and Right Honourable Nathaniel Crew
1697–1721: The Right Reverend and Right Honourable Lord Crew PC

References

|-

1633 births
1721 deaths
Alumni of Lincoln College, Oxford
3
Deans of the Chapel Royal
Bishops of Oxford
Bishops of Durham
Fellows of Lincoln College, Oxford
Lord-Lieutenants of Durham
Ordained peers
Rectors of Lincoln College, Oxford
17th-century Church of England bishops
18th-century Church of England bishops
Deans of Chichester
Members of the Privy Council of England
Clerks of the Closet
Burials in Northamptonshire

Nathaniel Crew, 3rd Baron Crew


Lu Xisheng (陸希聲) (d. 895) was an official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, serving briefly as chancellor during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong.

Background
It is not known when Lu Xisheng was born.  His family claimed ancestry from the ruling house of Tian of the Warring States period state Qi and traced its subsequent ancestry through officials of the Han Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty (266–420), Liu Song, Southern Qi, the Liang Dynasty, the Chen Dynasty, and the Tang dynasties. Both Lu Xisheng's 5th-ancestor Lu Yuanfang and Lu Yuanfang's son Lu Xiangxian served as chancellors – Lu Yuanfang under the female sovereign Wu Zetian, who interrupted Tang and established her own state of Zhou, and Lu Xiangxian under Wu Zetian's son Emperor Ruizong of Tang and grandson Emperor Xuanzong. Lu Xisheng was descended from Lu Xiangxian's younger brother Lu Jingrong (陸景融).  His grandfather Lu Mengru (陸孟儒) served under a prefectural prefect, and his father Lu Ao (陸翱) was not listed with any official titles.

Early career
It was said that Lu Xisheng was studious and was good at writing. He particularly understood the I Ching, the Spring and Autumn Annals, and the Tao Te Ching well, and wrote many commentaries. At one point, he served on the staff of Zheng Yu (鄭愚) the prefect of Shang Prefecture (商州, in modern Shangluo, Shaanxi), at Zheng's request.  After he left his service under Zheng, he became a hermit in Yixing. After a long period of time, he was summoned by the imperial government to serve as You Shiyi (右拾遺), an advisory official at the legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng).  It was said that at that time the ruling officials were corrupt, and there had been several years of bad harvests, with the situation being particularly severe in the region of Bian (汴州, in modern Kaifeng, Henan) and Song (宋州, in modern Shangqiu, Henan) Prefectures.  Lu realized the severity of the situation and submitted petitions that warned that these conditions would be prime for the appearance of agrarian rebels, but apparently his petition drew no reactions.  The next year, as he warned, the agrarian rebel Wang Xianzhi started a major rebellion. Lu later served as the prefect of She Prefecture (歙州, in modern Huangshan, Anhui).  Emperor Zhaozong heard of his fame and recalled him to the imperial government to serve as imperial attendant (給事中, Jishizhong).

Chancellorship and after chancellorship
In 895, Emperor Zhaozong made Lu Xisheng the deputy minister of census (戶部侍郎, Hubu Shilang) and a chancellor with the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事).  However, it was said that Lu did nothing important while being chancellor.  He was removed from chancellorship just three months later and made an advisor to the Crown Prince.  Later in the year, when Emperor Zhaozong fled the capital Chang'an into the Qinling Mountains due to the attack by the warlords Li Maozhen the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi) and Wang Xingyu the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), Lu followed despite his being ill at the time.  He apparently died during flight, and was subsequently given posthumous honors and the posthumous name of Wen (文, "civil").

Notes and references

 New Book of Tang, vol. 116.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 260.

9th-century births
895 deaths
Chancellors under Emperor Zhaozong of Tang
Chinese non-fiction writers
Tang dynasty writers

Lu Xisheng


Catholicos Abraham II Khoshabetzi (in Armenian Աբրահամ Բ Խոշաբեցի) was the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church between 1730 and 1734.

Biography
Born in Khoshab in Van Province of the Ottoman Empire, he was also known as Abraham Baghishetzi, Mshetsi and Keghetzi, he was born in 1677 and was elected Catholicos of All Armenians after the death of Garabed II of Armenia (in Armenian Կարապետ Բ Ուլնեցի). Previously, starting 1708, he had served as bishop in Muş at the Disciples Convent. Prior to his election, from 1717 to 1730, he was the supervisor of Taron's St. Karapet Convent and had made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1727.

During his reign for 4 years and 9 months as Catholicos of All Armenians, he engaged in reconstruction projects in Etchmiadzin. He is known to have also written a number of encyclicals and spiritual songs. He fell ill with a strong fever on 2 November 1734 and survived only a few days to die on the night of 10–11 November 1734. He was buried in St. Gayané Church in Etchmiadzin.

He was followed by Abraham III of Armenia (in Armenian Աբրահամ Գ Կրետացի):

Sources
Քրիստոնյա Հայաստան հանրագիտարան (Christian Armenia Encyclopedia), Yerevan, 2002

Catholicoi of Armenia
1677 births
1734 deaths
Armenians from the Ottoman Empire

Abraham II of Armenia


Elliott Tower is a carillon tower on the campus of Oakland University in Auburn Hills, Michigan, completed in 2014.

Description
In late 2012, Hugh and Nancy Elliott, longtime donors to Oakland University and after whom the school's Business and Informational Technology building is named, made another donation to the university to be used for the construction of a carillon tower.

Groundbreaking occurred on April 19, 2013, with the dedication ceremony held on September 19, 2014.
The 151-foot tower was planned to be the main campus's centerpiece. A water fountain, a garden, and decorative landscaping have been added at the tower's base.

Summer Carillon Concert Series
Beginning in 2015, Oakland University established the tradition of carillon recitals occurring on six Fridays during the summer. The inaugural series included recitals by Olesya Rostovskaya, among others.

References

Auburn Hills, Michigan
Bell towers in the United States
Carillons
Oakland University campus
Towers in Michigan

Elliott Tower


Peter McKintosh is a British theatre set and costume designer.

Background
He obtained a degree in Theatre Studies at the University of Warwick and then trained at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School.

His work as an assistant to Mark Thompson and Richard Hudson included: Joseph and the Technicolour Dreamcoat (Palladium), The Wind in the Willows, Arcadia, The Madness of George III (National Theatre), Eugene Onegin, Manon Lescaut (Glyndebourne), Samson et Dalila (Met)

Career
Set and costume designs for theatre includes: Guys and Dolls (Marigny, Paris), 42nd Street (Chatelet, Paris), The Wind in The Willows, The 39 Steps, Guys and Dolls, The Importance of Being Earnest, Hay Fever, Harvey, Dirty Rotten Scoundrels, Another Country, Viva Forever!, Death and the Maiden, Butley, Love Story, Prick Up Your Ears, Entertaining Mr Sloane, Donkeys' Years, The Dumb Waiter, Fiddler on the Roof, A Woman of No Importance, Educating Rita, Shirley Valentine (West End); Shadowlands, The Deep Blue Sea, Guys and Dolls, Uncle Vanya, Antony and Cleopatra, The Scarlet Letter, Just So, Pal Joey, , Another Country (Chichester Festival Theatre); Hansel and Gretel, On the Town, Seven Brides for Seven Brothers, The Sound of Music, Crazy For You, Hello Dolly! (Regent's Park Open Air Theatre); The Winslow Boy (Old Vic/Roundabout, NY); Noises Off (Old Vic/West End/UK tour); Our Country's Good, The Doctors' Dilemma, Honk!, Widowers' Houses (National Theatre); The Heretic (Royal Court); King John, Brand, Pericles, Alice in Wonderland, The Merry Wives of Windsor (Royal Shakespeare Company); Splendour, My Night With Reg (also West End), Luise Miller, Serenading Louie, The Chalk Garden, Be Near Me, The Cryptogram, John Gabriel Borkman, Boston Marriage (Donmar Warehouse); The Turn of the Screw, The Knot of the Heart, Waste, Cloud Nine, Romance (Almeida Theatre).

Set and costume designs for opera include: The Handmaid's Tale (Royal Danish Opera/English National Opera/Canadian Opera); The Marriage of Figaro (English National Opera); Love Counts, The Silent Twins (Almeida opera).

Awards and nominations
 2012 Olivier Award for Best Costume Design for CRAZY FOR YOU.
 2010 Olivier Award nomination for Best Costume Design for HELLO DOLLY!
 2008 Tony Award nomination for THE 39 STEPS, Best Scenic Design for a Play.
 2008 Tony Award nomination for THE 39 STEPS, Best Costume Design for a Play.

External links
 https://www.petermckintosh.com
 https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/peter-mckintosh-475103
 http://www.39stepsonbroadway.com
 http://www.love39steps.com
 http://windinthewillowsthemusical.com
 https://openairtheatre.com/production/crazy-for-you-west-end

British scenic designers
British costume designers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the University of Warwick

Peter McKintosh


Sayed Ihsanuddin Taheri, or Sayed Ihsan Taheri ( / ) (born in December 1984), is an Afghan civil activist, politician and independent author, writer and blogger who was a 2012 World Vision International PeaceMaker Prize nominee. He was an official of the government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, who has held various positions since 2002.

Taheri was working as Acting Deputy Minister for Administration and Director General Finance and Administration of the Ministry of Finance of Afghanistan until the collapse of the Republic in August 2021. He previously worked as Communications Director to the Afghan President at the Office of Public and Strategic Affairs of the Government of Afghanistan.

Taheri was member of the Leadership Committee of Afghan Red Crescent Society. On the other hand, he was the chairman to the Board of Directors of the Afghanistan State-owned corporations such as: 1) Ariana Afghan Airlines, 2) Bakhtar Afghan Airlines, 3) Afghan Telecom - Afghanistan Telecommunications Company, and 4) Afghanistan High Security Printing Press.

Taheri was Spokesperson to the Afghanistan High Peace Council (Afghan Peace Process) and Director of Media and Strategic Communications in the Government Secretariat for Peace Process. He is the founding member of Afghanistan 3rd Trend (روند ٣ افغانستان) Afghanistan's Youth Socio-Political Trend. He is elected member of the FINA - International Swimming Federation-'s Media Committee representing Asia. Taheri worked with Afghanistan National Swimming Federation as Elected President for three years - 2016-2019.

Previously, he headed the Afghan Government Monitoring and Evaluation Authority at the Administrative Office of the President - AOP- of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. More, he served in the Presidential Office of Administrative Affairs and Council of Ministers Secretariat as Director of Information and Public Relations and Afghan Government Spokesperson.

Before that, he served at the Ministry of Education as Advisor to the Minister in Mass Communications and TV development where he developed the Educational Radio and Television of Afghanistan "MARIF rtv" to a better quality picture to gain more and further viewers. He was awarded as Universal Peace Federation – Netherlands Ambassador for Peace to Afghanistan.

From 1996 to 2001, during Taliban regime in Afghanistan, Taheri lived in Pakistan with his family. He helped young Afghan immigrants and Pakistani students teaching English as a second language and various computer programs. In addition, he also gave tuition of school books to the Afghan children. He started serving his country in diverse forms when he was 15.

Taheri worked for the JEMB (Joint Electoral Management Body) and the AIEC (Interim Afghan Election Commission) that was established to run the first Presidential and Parliamentary Elections after 2001 where he and his colleagues managed to register 11.5 million Afghan voters and in the Constitution-forming process in several senior positions.  These projects were jointly lead and managed by the Government of Afghanistan and United Nations office in Afghanistan, UNAMA.  He worked with the Vice President of Afghanistan as Executive Assistant for two years.

Taheri has attended many conferences nationally and internationally on the issues relevant to young generation of Afghanistan, political and election affairs, contributing with analyzing the current situation and making recommendations. He is an active member of the peace process in his country; as a young Afghan he took part in Afghanistan's post 2001 historical processes including the making of the Constitution, the first-ever presidential elections, the Afghanistan-Pakistan Joint Peace Jirga, and Consultative Loya jirga for talks on Afghan – American Strategic Partnership. He was leading the Protocol and Formalities Committee of the 2013 Afghanistan Consultative Loya Jirga on Bilateral Security Agreement with the United States, the BSA. He also lead the Press and Media Committee of the Afghanistan Peace Consultative Jirga which took place in 2019 requested by the state to develop a roadmap for the government to kick off peace talks with the Taliban.

Taheri has been quoted as saying: "Working for the poor and helping them is a wish that I want to convert into reality."

References

 Taheri leads the Executive Committee meeting of Ariana Afghan Airlines
 Pakistan Newspapers banned in Afghanistan
 New York Times quotes Ihsan Taheri
 New Wedding Law in Afghanistan
 Afghan Governors changed by Presidential Decree
 New Afghan Mining Law
 Ihsan Taheri – 2012 World Vision International Peacemaker Prize Nominee
 Ihsan Taheri – a Young Afghan in the Peace Talks between Afghanistan and Pakistan
 A look at the Life Condition of Afghan Women
 Thoughts on the Afghan Youth
 500 Afghan Students Freed from Freeze by Ambassador for Peace
 Afghanistan: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow: Report of Trip to Netherlands by UPF-NL group page
 Participation in different International Conferences – UNESCO 2009 Education Conference
 Ihsan Taheri Leading a Change Team to the Education Radio Television of Afghanistan
 FINA recognized Afghanistan Swimming federation's New Elected President Sayed Ihsanuddin Taheri

External links
 Office of the Afghan Government and Council of Ministers Secretariat Official Website
 Facebook Page of Office of Afghan Government's Directorate of Information and Public Relations
 Ihsan Taheri a young blogger
 Ihsan Taheri interviewed by Noor TV, Kabul

Youth activists
Living people
People from Kabul
1984 births
Afghan Tajik people
Afghan bloggers
Afghan government officials
Spokespersons

Sayed Ihsanuddin Taheri


Astragalus ampullarioides is a rare species of milkvetch known by the common name Shivwits milkvetch. It was previously classified as a variety of Astragalus eremiticus. It is endemic to Washington County, Utah, where it is known from only seven populations. Estimates of the total number of individuals range from 1000 to 4200. The species occurs in desert scrub and woodlands on the Chinle Formation. It is a federally listed endangered species.

This is a perennial herb growing erect to a maximum height near half a meter. It produces about 45 flowers on an erect inflorescence. It is pollinated by bees.

Much of the plant's range is within the bounds of Zion National Park and Shivwits tribal lands. Other parts of the range are unprotected. Threats to the species include habitat loss to development and agriculture, herbivory by rabbits, cattle grazing, off-road vehicles, quarrying, and introduced plant species.

References

ampullarioides
Flora of Utah
Washington County, Utah
Zion National Park
Endemic flora of the United States
Critically endangered flora of the United States
Plants described in 1998

Astragalus ampullarioides


Sergio Palleroni is an American architect, professor, and fellow at the new Institute for Sustainable Solutions at Portland State University in Portland, Oregon. He is known for his social and environmental activism, providing with his students and collaborators sustainable design solutions to communities in need. Since 2013 he has been director of the Center for Public Interest Design, the first such design research center in the US, whose mission is, in the words of its mission statement, "To investigate and promote design practices that are a catalyst for the social, economic and environmental change needed to serve the growing needs of communities both locally and worldwide."

Education
Palleroni was educated at the University of Oregon where he received his B.Arch., and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he received an M.S. in History, Theory, and Criticism.

Work
After graduation, Palleroni worked for a decade in Nicaragua, Mexico and Northern Africa on UN and World Bank sponsored projects before returning to teaching at the University of Washington.

From 1986 he began a series of longterm collaborations with Carlos Mijares, and then most importantly Gabriela Videla, that led to architecture design projects that would fundamentally influence his career in what is now termed "public interest design". With Videla in 1987 they founded ADE (Accion y Dessarollo Ecologico) an NGO which growing out of the social mission and practices of Paolo Freire and Ivan Illych, with whom they collaborated through their outreach organization CED. ADE would from 1987 begin implement public works in the poor informal, formal settlements of Central Mexico, which would establish a new model of practice in the region. The NGO was reconstituted as Comunidad AC in 1997 to allow it to fundraise for social interest projects in the region, many which have since been constructed over the last three decades through collaborations with international students of architecture and design. These collaborations began in 1988 through University of Oregon fieldwork studios, and where formalized as an organization in their own right in 1995, as the BASIC Initiative (basicinitiative.com) while Sergio Palleroni was an associate professor in the University of Washington College of Built Environments (formerly the College of Architecture and Urban Planning).  The outreach organization was founded in collaboration with Professor David Riley now at Penn State.

Today BASIC Initiative (www.basicinitiative.org and www.basicinitiative.com) is a service learning program which every year challenges students at various partner universities in the US, Latin America and Europe, and Asia to engage the problems of communities traditionally underserved by the design fields. Based on the pedagogical ideas of service learning and reflective practice, students have to date taken on the design of construction of more than 95 distinct projects in regions ranging from Southern India, Central Africa, Mexico and SE Asia to Native American communities in the US and Latin America. Among the multiple on-going public interest design programs that have emerged from this organization have been: The Design/Build Mexico Program; The American Indian Housing Initiative (AIHI in collaboration with Red Feather Development); Yaqui Single Mothers Housing Initiative (Hogar del Viento); The Ladakh Initiative (in collaboration with ARUP and the Druk White Lotus School); Katrina Furniture Project (KFP); and housing initiatives with teenage homelessness (Outside In, Portland, Oregon), Katrina Refugees (Houston with the Harpo Foundation, Mississippi with the Gulf Coast Community Design Center), and Latin America informal settlements with the governments of Argentina, Colombia, Haiti, Mexico and Uruguay). Currently active are projects in Buenos Aires, Haiti, Chile (through the Start-Up Chile initiative); SE Asia, Ladakh and the US.

Awards
While at the University of Washington, Palleroni received increasing international recognition including the AIA/ACSA National Education Award and NCARB National Education Award, and in 2008 the 1st National Education Award given by the US Green Building Council (USGBC).  He has also received awards from various countries (Mexico, Nicaragua, Colombia, India, China, and Taiwan among the most recent).  In 2005 Palleroni received the   US National Design Awards' Special Jury Commendation, and in 2006 he was inducted into the Interior Design Hall of Fame, and been the recipient of numerous national and international appointments and fellowships, including the Smithsonian's First Artist Fellowships in Residence (2007–2008), and Humana Fellowship in 2009. In 2011 the David Perkes, Roberta Feldman and Bryan Bell were awarded the Latrobe Prize by the Fellows of the American Institute of Architects, the highest academic prize given by the profession in the US.

Publications
Recent writings on his work include, among other publications, Studio at Large: Architecture in Service of Global Communities (University of Washington Press, 2004), "Design Like You Give a Damn" (Metropolis Books. 2006), "Building One House" (Princeton Architecture Press, 2005), and "Expanding Architecture: Design as Activism" (Metropolis Books, 2008), "Beyond Shelter: An Architecture of Human Dignity," Metropolis Books, 2011), and in the PBS series on global sustainability "Design e2" (2006), which devoted one episode, "Green for All", to his work with the world's poor.

Recent work
In 2004 Palleroni was invited by Professor Steven Moore and the Center for Sustainable Practices at the University of Texas to establish a fieldwork program to support a university-wide initiative to engage students in sustainability through community engagement. His work at UT, supported by a Luce Foundation grant, led in the next four years to the creation of the Alley Flat Initiative (http://thealleyflatinitiative.org), an infill housing program that addresses issues of sustainability and social equity in Austin communities to the date.

In Fall 2008 Palleroni accepted a position as a professor and senior fellow of the Institute for Sustainable Solutions at Portland State University. Thanks to a significant donation in 2012, a new Center for Public Interest Design (CPID) was founded in March 2013, promoting public interest design and the education of both students and professionals in this emerging field. In 2014 the first graduate degree in Public Interest Design was approved by the Faculty Senate of Portland State University, with the first graduates of the program completing the coursework in fall 2015. The requirements of the degree include coursework, research and fieldwork with the latter often in ongoing project sites worldwide of the Center for Public Interest Design and the BASIC Initiative. Currently (Fall 2015) the center counts on a staff of five full-time faculty members, 21 graduate students and fourteen international interns working principally on eleven national and international research and project initiatives.

Gallery

References
 Palleroni, Sergio, Studio at Large: Architecture in Service of Global Communities, University of Washington Press, Seattle and London 2004
SantaMaria, R. and S. Palleroni, "La Obra de Carlos Mijares:  Tiempo y otra Construcciones" (Escala, Bogota, Seville, 1989, 1991, 2000). 202 pp
Experiments in Design Pedagogy",  Mao-lin Chiu, editor (Taipei, 2007)
Cameron Sinclair and Kate Stohr, "Design Like You Give a Damn", (Metropolis Books, 2006)
"Expanding Architecture: Design as Activism", Bryan Bell and Katie Wakeford, editors (Metropolis Books, 2008)
"Beyond Shelter: Architecture and Human Dignity", Marie Aquilino, editor (Metropolis Books/Thames and Hudson, 2011)

External links

centerforpublicinterestdesign.org
thealleyflatinitiative.org
basicinitiative.org
basicinitiative.com
www.pdx.edu/public-interest-design
Palleroni Leite Design Partnership (PLDP) – the official website of Palleroni's architectural firm

Living people
University of Oregon alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
University of Washington faculty
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Portland State University faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American architects
National Design Award winners

Sergio Palleroni