Brian Anderson (born June 12, 1976) is a professional skateboarder based in Queens, New York City.

Biography

Early life
Anderson is a native of the U.S. state of Connecticut.

Professional skateboarding
Anderson attained professional status in around August 1998 while riding for Toy Machine and was named Thrasher magazine's "Skater of the Year" the following year after he joined the Girl Skateboards team. The magazine's editor-in-chief explained:

When I first saw him, it was a picture of a frontside bluntslide at Hubba Hideout. This barbaric dude that was obviously larger than life. He just walked right into the spotlight from working 70 hours as a line cook, to being the hottest thing in skateboarding.

On August 23, 2013, Anderson's inaugural Nike SB signature model shoe the "Project BA" was launched in New York City, US. The event was held at the Ludlow Studios Gallery in the Lower East Side and heavy metal band Unlocking the Truth provided the musical entertainment for the attendees. Nike SB designer Fabricio Costa used sketches that were drawn by Anderson to create a skate shoe with a "runner-like upturned toe" that is designed specifically for flip tricks.

Sponsors
As of January 1, 2016, Anderson is sponsored by Anti Hero Skateboards, Nike SB,  Ace trucks, Labor Skateboard Shop, Spitfire, and Bones.

Personal life
In September 2016, Anderson came out as gay, saying that it was something that he knew from a young age. Anderson revealed that he was "totally scared" as a young adult, and chose to hide because he thought it would have a negative effect on his career and that it would be dangerous to talk about in the macho skateboarding world. He hopes to encourage others to come out with the message "it gets better."

Art
Anderson is an amateur artist and has contributed graphics for Girl's skateboard products. In 2013, Anderson revealed his intention to initiate his own creative skateboard venture as part of his departure from Girl:

Throughout my career I have valued sharing my creative output with the companies that have supported me, and I knew that one day I would want to direct this energy toward a project of my own. That time has arrived. Although it has been a difficult decision, I'm looking forward to this new endeavor.

Company owner
During a period when established riders left board companies that they had been with for lengthy periods of time—for example, Jason Dill's departure from Alien Workshop and Jerry Hsu's from Enjoi—Anderson amicably resigned from the Girl skateboard company to commence his own skateboard deck brand, entitled "3D Skateboards." In response to a question about the situation at Girl prior to his departure, Anderson explained:

There was absolutely nothing wrong with the way things were going with Girl. That's why it was hard to go through with everything because we're all really close friends and I love those guys so much. I just felt like I wanted to do something for myself, instead of in a few years realizing that I can't jump down stairs when I'm 45 ...

Following his decision to leave Girl, Anderson revealed in a later interview that he "went to LA to talk to Girl about it and told them I'm getting older and I wanted to do my own thing. And it wasn't fun for any of us ... I just wanna convey how much I love those guys, there was absolutely nothing wrong and I'm glad they are my friends." Anderson left the Girl team on May 16, 2013 after over a decade with the company. As of September 1, 2013, Anderson remains on the Fourstar clothing brand that is distributed by Girl.

Initially, Anderson recruited Alex Olson, who left Girl shortly after Anderson, and Austyn Gillette, who left Habitat to join the company of his close friend that "would be fun at this point in life." However, Olson departed shortly afterwards to start his own board company, as 3D "just kinda looked like Girl," and Anderson and Olson "had two different visions."

Anderson partnered with fellow former Toy Machine pro and skateboard company owner Brad Staba of the SkateMental brand, with 3D's distribution also administrated by SkateMental's proprietor, Big Time Distribution. A rumor that implicated Nike, Inc. in the development of the company was refuted by Anderson in an August 2013 interview, "Nike doesn't do hardgoods. It's a huge corporation, that's not where they're at or I'm at, they are just my awesome shoe sponsor. We are doing this on our own, with our own funds and on our own terms ... they [Nike] got my back."

The first catalog for 3D was released in September 2013.

3D ceased operations in 2015 due to difficulties resulting from Anderson's residence in New York City while Big Time Distribution was headquartered in the San Francisco Bay Area. In October 2016, it was announced that he had joined Anti Hero Skateboards

Contest history
Anderson won the World Cup of Skateboarding title in Dortmund, Germany, in 1999.

Awards
Anderson was Thrasher Magazine's "Skater of the Year" in 1999.

See also
 LGBT culture in New York City
 List of self-identified LGBTQ New Yorkers

References

External links
"60 seconds with Brian Anderson" – Skateboarder Magazine
Brian Anderson feature
Brian Anderson's Chocolate Collection
Brian Anderson on Being a Gay Professional Skateboarder –  Vice Sports

American skateboarders
Gay sportsmen
LGBT people from Connecticut
Sportspeople from Connecticut
American LGBT sportspeople
Living people
1976 births
LGBT skateboarders
21st-century American LGBT people
American gay artists

Brian Anderson (skateboarder)


Olufemi Ayinde Peters (born 11 May 1956) is a Nigerian academic and researcher, who is currently the Vice-Chancellor of the National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN). He is also the first Vice President of The African Council for Distance Education (ACDE).

Early life and education
Olufemi Ayinde Peters was born on 11 May 1956 at Ebute Metta, Lagos State Nigeria to Egba parents  who were originally from Alagbado in Ifo Local Government in Ogun State.

Peters attended the University of Ibadan for a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry between 1976 and 1979. He obtained a Master of Science degree in Polymer Science and Technology from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria in 1982.

He later obtained a Ph.D. degree in degradation and stabilization from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST) England in 1988.

Academic career
Peters started his teaching career at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria as a graduate assistant in 1982. He joined the services of the National Open University of Nigeria in 2003 as an associate professor and later became the first scholar to be promoted to the rank of professor in the history of the university in 2006.

At Ahmadu Bello University, Peters contributed to undergraduate teaching within the Department/Faculty in the general area of physical chemistry such as; The Chemistry of Industrial Raw Materials; Polymer Chemistry; and Chemical thermodynamics; Protein and Carbohydrate Chemistry; Quantum Chemistry; Petroleum Refining Processes; Rubber Technology, and Petrochemical Processes II.

Contributed to Postgraduate teaching within the Department/Faculty in the general area of Polymer Degradation and stabilization.

He served as an external Examiner for a number of Doctoral thesis and was at various times, a panel member for accreditation exercises for educational regulatory bodies such as; the Interim Joint Matriculation Board (IJMB); National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE); National Board for Technical Education (NABTEB); and National Universities Commission (NUC) respectively.

He also served variously as member and Chairman of a number of committees at both Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) and for the Raw Materials Research and Development Council (RMRDC) respectively.

Public service
Olufemi Peters was appointed as Executive Director and Chief Executive officer of the Nigerian Stored Product Research Institute (NSPRI) on 4 February 2014. The NSPRI is an agency of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.

At NSPRI, Peters led a team of researchers to patent two of the institution's research findings, one of which is NSPRIDUST, a Diatomaceous Earth (DE) that is effectively useful as a grain protectant without side effects for humans.

During his tenure as CEO of NSPRI, the institute also designed and constructed a 5-tonne parabolic solar dryer for grains, fruits, and vegetables.

At the expiration of his tenure at the NSPRI, Peters returns to the National Open University of Nigeria on 7 January 2019 and was subsequently elected as Vice-Chancellor of the University, and assumed duty on 11 February 2021.

Open, distance, and e-learning (ODeL) activities
Peters had his first exposure to ODL as a member of the Committee on Development of course materials for effective Teaching at Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. Due to his grasp of the concept, he was made Lead Facilitator to faculty of Sciences, Pharmacy, Environmental Science, and Engineering that trained Staff on development of course materials in the University.

In the year 2002, Peters was part of a pool of academics invited to develop the curriculum and course materials for the yet-to be resuscitated  National Open University of Nigeria, and that is the beginning of his sojourn into Open and Distance Learning.

He joined the National Open University of Nigeria on 3 February 2003 as an associate professor to become the first scholar to be promoted to a full professor in the University in 2006.

At the National Open University of Nigeria, he served as Program coordinator, Faculty Lecturer and Administrator at various levels. He was instrumental to the tremendous success of the University Administration under Vice-Chancellorship of Professor O. Jegede and Professor Vincent Ado Tenebe.

Peters was the pioneer Dean, School of Science and Technology, now referred to as Faculty of Sciences. He also served as pioneer Director of Examination and Assessment (DEA) where he established the Examination Office for the University. The concept of On-Demand-Examination was developed and successfully executed during his tenure as Director.

He later served as Director Academic Planning (DAP) where he positively impacted on the University as Chairman of the Committee that wrote and produced the first Academic brief for the University.

Professor Olufemi Peters was appointed as the first Deputy Vice-Chancellor by the University Council, although the only Deputy Vice-Chancellor at that time, he was able to combine the Academic and Administrative portfolios, until a later date when a Deputy Vice-Chancellor Administration was appointed.

At the international level, Peters served as Lead Consultant to the Commonwealth of Learning, Vancouver, Canada, and lead facilitated four different African Universities as well as ten Nigerian Universities respectively on policy formulation; Quality Assurance; Dual mode learning, and on the setting up of Open and Disttance Learning centers in various Universities.

He spent a sabbatical leave from NOUN as a visiting Professor to University of Lagos from 22 February 2011 to 21 February 2012 where he also contributed to teaching within the Department/Faculty in the general area of physical chemistry.

Selected works

 Evaluation of four variant diatomaceous earths and a commercial DE Insecto against Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) on two varieties of stored cowpea in Nigeria
 Development of effective drying technology for quality enhancement of whitings fish (Merlangius merlangius)
 Development of Appropriate Packaging for Shelf Life Extension of Smoked Fish in a Developing Economy
 Kinetics of the reduction of rosaniline hydrochloride with sulphite ion in aqueous perchloric acid
 The thermooxidative degradation of poly(vinylchloride): 3. The stabilising action of dibutyltin maleate and trisnitro (1,3-dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-2-nitropropane). Effect of outdoor exposure on PVC
Competency Development for assuring Quality in Open and Distance Learning in Nigeria

References

Nigerian chemists
Scientists from Lagos
1956 births
Living people
University of Ibadan alumni
Ahmadu Bello University alumni
Alumni of the University of Manchester

Olufemi Peters


Charles Frank Mangione ( ; born November 29, 1940) is an American flugelhorn player, trumpeter and composer.

He came to prominence as a member of Art Blakey's band in the 1960s, and later co-led the Jazz Brothers with his brother, Gap. He achieved international success in 1977 with his jazz-pop single "Feels So Good". Mangione has released more than 30 albums since 1960.

Early life and career
Mangione was born and raised in Rochester, New York, United States. With his pianist brother Gap, they led the Mangione Brothers Sextet/Quintet, which recorded three albums for Riverside Records, before Mangione branched out into other work. One of Chuck's compositions for the Mangione Brothers Sextet, "Something Different," was recorded by Cannonball Adderley on his 1961 album African Waltz. He attended the Eastman School of Music from 1958 to 1963, then joined Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers, for which he filled the trumpet chair previously held by Clifford Brown, Freddie Hubbard, Kenny Dorham, Bill Hardman, and Lee Morgan.

In the late 1960s, Mangione was a member of the band The National Gallery, which in 1968 released the album Performing Musical Interpretations of the Paintings of Paul Klee. Mangione served as director of the Eastman jazz ensemble from 1968 to 1972. In 1970, he returned to recording with the album Friends and Love, recorded in concert with the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra and guest performers.

Mangione's quartet with saxophonist Gerry Niewood was a popular concert and recording act throughout the 1970s. "Bellavia", recorded during this collaboration, won Mangione his first Grammy Award in 1977 in the category Best Instrumental Composition. "Bellavia" was used by WHAS-TV in Louisville, Kentucky as background music for school closings starting with the Blizzard of 1978.

Mangione's composition "Chase the Clouds Away" was used at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec. His composition "Give It All You Got" was the theme to the 1980 Winter Olympic Games in Lake Placid, New York. He performed it live on a global television broadcast at the closing ceremonies. In 1978, Mangione composed the soundtrack for the film The Children of Sanchez starring Anthony Quinn. This album won him his second Grammy, in the category Best Pop Instrumental performance in 1979. The title song's full version was almost 15 minutes long and featured a wind section theme. In 1981, Mangione composed and performed the theme for the film The Cannonball Run.

In addition to his quartet with Niewood, Mangione had much success with his later-1970s ensemble, with Chris Vadala on saxophones and flutes, Grant Geissman on guitars, Charles Meeks on bass guitar, and James Bradley Jr. on drums. This version of Mangione's band recorded and toured behind the hit studio albums Feels So Good and Fun and Games and the Children of Sanchez soundtrack. Some band members participated in the "Tarantella" benefit concert in 1980.

The band was also featured with a 70-piece orchestra on the live album An Evening of Magic, which was recorded at the Hollywood Bowl on July 16, 1978, at the height of Mangione's success from "Feels So Good". Performances of material new and old included versions of "Main Squeeze", "Hill Where the Lord Hides", and "Chase the Clouds Away". Mangione opened and closed the show with "Feels So Good" and its "Reprise" version. "B' Bye" featured a string arrangement from Bill Reichenbach. The horns were arranged by frequent collaborator Jeff Tyzik, who also played trumpet in the horn section that night. Mangione played material from the just-released "Children of Sanchez" soundtrack album, which made its West Coast concert debut.

The liner notes from the album describe the frenzy in which the performance was put together. Unable to set up on stage the day before (The Los Angeles Philharmonic played the "1812 Overture" on July 15), Mangione and his crew had only the day of show to set up lights, sound and recording gear. He had only nine hours the day before to rehearse at A&M studios with the orchestra's musicians and was never able to run through the entire set list once in its entirety. He and the band stayed at a hotel up the street from the Bowl to make sure they would not miss the performance due to snarled traffic pouring in as showtime neared. Nevertheless, the show went off without a hitch.

In December 1980, Mangione held a benefit concert in the Americana Hotel Ballroom in Rochester, to benefit the victims of an earthquake in Italy. The nine-hour concert included jazz performers Chick Corea, Steve Gadd and Dizzy Gillespie, among a host of other session and concert musicians. Soon thereafter, A&M released Tarantella, named for the Italian traditional dance, a vinyl album of some of the concert's exceptional moments, which has not yet been released as a CD.

A 1980 issue of Current Biography called "Feels So Good" the most recognized tune since "Michelle" by The Beatles. He raised over $50,000 for St. John's Nursing Home at his 60th Birthday Bash Concert at the Eastman Theatre and played a few bars of "Feels So Good". In 1997, Mangione did a session with Les Paul. Mangione was told of how he beat out Paul for the 'Album of the Year' award.

Acting career and television appearances
In addition to music, Mangione has made a few appearances in television shows. In the Magnum, P.I. episode "Paradise Blues", Chuck Mangione portrays a fellow night club act along with TC's (Roger E. Mosley's) former girlfriend. He performed two singles and has lines near the end of the show. In 1988, Mangione appeared on the hit family TV show: Sharon, Lois & Bram's Elephant Show as "Little Boy Blue" playing his famous song.

Mangione had a recurring voice-acting role on the animated television series King of the Hill. In it he portrays himself as a celebrity spokesman for Mega Lo Mart, almost always wearing the white and red jacket from the cover of his Feels So Good album. The first episode of King of the Hill with Mangione originally aired on February 16, 1997. The episode featured an original score specifically recorded for the occasion. He continued to appear in episodes, a total of ten more up until 2003. In the context of the series, Mangione chafes under an oppressive spokesperson contract with Mega Lo Mart (his contract had him appearing at every Mega-Lo store opening, some 400 per year, leaving him no time to tour, record or be with his family). He eventually goes into hiding inside their store in Arlen, Texas, the fictional town in which King of the Hill is set. Mangione is discovered by Dale Gribble, who keeps his secret, in the episode "Mega-Lo Dale." After a long hiatus, the character of Chuck Mangione returned in May 2007 in an episode titled "Lucky's Wedding Suit". A recurring joke is that whatever tune he plays on his flugelhorn inevitably shifts into "Feels So Good" after a few bars;   After the Mega Lo Mart blows up, Mangione states during a group therapy session that "Every song I play now sounds like 'Feels So Good'." The series finale in 2009 included Mangione one last time, playing the National Anthem which segued into "Feels So Good". In an homage to the series, Mangione's album Everything For Love contains a track titled "Peggy Hill".

Mangione's band
Two members of the band, Gerry Niewood and Coleman Mellett, were among those killed when Continental Airlines Flight 3407 crashed into a house in the vicinity of Buffalo, New York, on February 12, 2009. In a statement Mangione said: "I'm in shock over the horrible, heartbreaking tragedy."

Discography
 The Jazz Brothers (Riverside, 1960)
 Recuerdo (Jazzland, 1962)
 Friends & Love...A Chuck Mangione Concert (Mercury, 1970)
 Together: A New Chuck Mangione Concert (Mercury, 1971)
 Alive! (Mercury, 1972)
 The Chuck Mangione Quartet (Mercury, 1972)
 Land of Make Believe (Mercury, 1973)
 Chase the Clouds Away (A&M, 1975)
 Bellavia (A&M, 1975)
 Main Squeeze (A&M, 1976)
 Feels So Good (A&M, 1977)
 Children of Sanchez (A&M, 1978)
 Fun and Games (A&M, 1979)
 An Evening of Magic, Live at the Hollywood Bowl (A&M, 1979)
 Tarantella  (A&M, 1981)
 Love Notes (Columbia, 1982)
 70 Miles Young (A&M, 1982)
 Journey to a Rainbow (Columbia, 1983)
 Disguise (Columbia, 1984)
 Save Tonight for Me (Columbia, 1986)
 Eyes of the Veiled Temptress (Columbia, 1988)
 Live at the Village Gate (Feels So Good, 1989)
 The Boys from Rochester  (Feels So Good, 1989)
 The Hat's Back (Chuck Mangione, 1994)
 Together Forever with Steve Gadd (Chuck Mangione, 1994)
 The Feeling's Back (Chesky, 1999)
 Everything for Love (Chesky, 2000)

References

External links
 – official site

1940 births
Living people
American jazz flugelhornists
American jazz trumpeters
American male trumpeters
American people of Italian descent
A&M Records artists
Chesky Records artists
Columbia Records artists
Eastman School of Music alumni
Grammy Award winners
The Jazz Messengers members
Musicians from Rochester, New York
Mercury Records artists
Smooth jazz musicians
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
American male jazz musicians
Mangione family

Chuck Mangione


The Champagne Galop () is a piece of orchestral music by the Danish composer Hans Christian Lumbye (1810–1874) which was written to celebrate the second anniversary of Copenhagen's Tivoli in 1845. Together with Lumbye's Telegraph Galop and Copenhagen Steam Railway Galop, it was included in the 2006 Danish Culture Canon as a masterpiece of Danish classical music.

Background
The Champagne Galop was composed for the second anniversary of Copenhagen's Tivoli Gardens on 15 August 1845. As a result of torrential rain, Lumbye — who was also Tivoli's resident conductor — was only able to present it the following week on 22 August.

Lumbye's grandson, the conductor Tippe Lumbye (1879–1959), had a story to tell about the piece's origin: "One evening, Lumbye was invited to a formal celebration at the British Embassy in Copenhagen but, passing his regular haunt on the way, he decided to spend the evening there in more familiar company. As he arrived back at the family home late in the evening, he was forced to explain how the embassy, which he had in fact never visited, had been wallowing in champagne and festivity. To illustrate it all for his curious family, he sat down at the piano and improvised a piece that would later be known as the world-famous Champagne Galop."

Description
In his memoirs Mit Theaterliv, Lumbye's friend, the ballet-master August Bournonville comments on the piece. "While I by no means would ascribe the whole of Lumbye's success to the Champagne Galop, let me dwell for a moment on the impatient ferment brewing up in the first part, the cork popping off and the glasses being filled in the second part, a toast to good health, the frothy nectar downed in the third part and then a light-headed joy through the entire fourth part until a welcome "Da Capo" brings a new bottle to the table and all is swept up in a tumultuous bacchanale."

The piece is a good example of the entertaining music Lumbye liked to compose. Known as the Strauss of the North, he was a master at integrating popular dance rhythms into the compositions he wrote for those who came to his Tivoli concerts with. With its fast beat and melodious inventions, the Champagne Galop is known throughout Denmark but it is still surprising that Lumbye was so quick to include the xylophone in his symphony orchestra. It took quite a few years before the instrument became a part of orchestras elsewhere.

Popularity
In recent years, the piece has gained increasing popularity on the international scene and was, for example, included in the Vienna Philharmonic's New Year's Concert in 2010 and 2015. With an average duration of 2 minutes, 23 seconds, it has been included in over 20 albums since 1993. The piece has also gained a lot of attention from the young people of Denmark, recently because of the radio show Monte Carlo, where the piece is used as a fanfare for quiz winners.

Film
The film Champagnegaloppen (1938), a musical, is based on Lumbye's music.

References

Compositions by Hans Christian Lumbye
Galops
Danish Culture Canon
1845 compositions

Champagne Galop


Jean-Michel Maulpoix was born on November 11, 1952 in Montbéliard, Doubs.

The author of more than twenty volumes of French poetry (in blank verse fragments and in prose) and of several volumes of essays and criticism, he teaches modern French literature at the University Paris X Nanterre and is the director of the quarterly literary journal Le Nouveau Recueil. He is an alumnus of the École normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud.

His most acclaimed work 'Une histoire de bleu' (translated in English as 'A Matter of Blue') consists of prose poems and blank verse in which, writes translator Dawn Cornelio, he 'uses the color blue to encompass melancholy and nostalgia, but also the joy and hope inherent in life'.

He is webmaster of his own website, in French, English and Spanish.

External links
 maulpoix.net
Jean-Michel Maulpoix & Co.: Modern and contemporary french literature site maintained by Maulpoix

1952 births
Living people
Writers from Montbéliard
French poets
ENS Fontenay-Saint-Cloud-Lyon alumni
French male poets

Jean-Michel Maulpoix


Bathtub refinishing (also known as bathtub reglazing, bathtub resurfacing, or bathtub re-enameling) is a process of restoring the surface of a bathtub to improve its appearance and durability. It involves applying a new coating or finish on the existing bathtub surface, which can be made of materials such as porcelain, fiberglass, acrylic, or enamel.

Bathtub refinishing offers several advantages over traditional bathtub replacement. It is a more cost-effective option, as refinishing is generally less expensive than purchasing and installing a new bathtub. Additionally, the process can be completed relatively quickly, often within a day or two, minimizing disruption to the bathroom and daily routine.

Refinishing process

Surface preparation
The refinishing process starts by assessing any existing damage to the bathtub and determining necessary repairs. Bathtub refinishing is only a cosmetic fix and does not fix any underlying issues. It is important to search the bathtub thoroughly and assess how severe the cracks and wear are to determine whether the tub should be replaced or refinished. A bathtub with serious rust, corrosion, or structural cracks most likely cannot be repaired properly and should be replaced. However, a bathtub with surface-level web-shaped cracks can be refinished and last many more years. If there is rust on the bathtub, then that part should be removed and treated as necessary; otherwise, the rust can spread. If the bathtub cannot hold water, chips or cracks can be filled with a polyester putty such as Bondo.

Since porcelain, enamel, and fiberglass surfaces are nonporous, they do not provide a good substrate for the new coating to attach to. Therefore, the bathtub surface is prepped with an acid etching or wet sanding, which cleans and creates a porous surface that enables mechanical adhesion. Another possible method is to apply an adhesion-promoting bonding agent like silane to the surface before applying the coating. These two methods can be used in unison or independently. The greatest adhesion is generally achieved by using both methods together; however, some newer refinishing processes claim they do not require etching, by relying on silane alone.

It is important to properly prepare the bathtub and the surrounding area to ensure no refinishing products are left behind. The chemicals used in the refinishing process can be very harmful to people. Most refinishers protect themselves and their clients by completely masking the area prior to spraying any chemical coatings. They also set up a professional exhaust system rated to work with the type of coating system being applied. By using at least a 1200-cfm (cubic feet per minute) exhaust unit, the refinisher can see better and may limit the overspray and settling on the surface. The refinisher uses a NIOSH-rated fresh-air supplied breathing apparatus and spray suit and gloves to protect themselves from the chemicals. After spraying is complete, the masking is removed, a new caulk line can be installed, and the drain replaced.

Coatings
Coatings used to create a new bathtub finish can be epoxies, urethanes, hybrid polyester-polyurethane, or polymers. Generally, a catalyzed two-component cross-link synthetic white coating is applied, but this coating lacks the durability or abrasive tolerance of the original glass enamel coating of a factory-new bathtub. Coatings may be rolled, brushed, or sprayed on. In most cases, the coating should be between  thick when cured to provide the best, long-term results. This is typically achieved by spraying two coats of primer, followed by three coats of topcoat. A very experienced refinisher may be able to accomplish this with fewer coats depending on conditions.

In general, a professionally refinished surface will act as a new tub surface and be very slippery when wet. Therefore, a slip-resistant area can be added to the bottom of the tub during the refinishing process. Alternatively, a semi-permanent mat can be used; however, these may be more difficult to clean and do not have the life expectancy of many coating systems. Rubber mats are almost always discouraged by the manufacturers, and their use may void the warranty.

Cost
The cost of refinishing a bathtub averages $480 (2023), which is much cheaper than buying a brand-new bathtub. The cost varies depending on the bathtub material and damage.

A still cheaper option is do-it-yourself (DIY) kits which contain all of the necessary equipment for the bathtub owner to do the refinishing themselves. Typically, reglazing kits cost about $100. This approach allows the owner to have more control over how and what is done in the process, as well as save money. Despite these benefits, there are some tradeoffs such as fewer color choices, the time spent working on the bathtub, and the risk of not doing the process correctly. It ultimately comes down to the owner's decision on how much time and money they are willing to spend working on their bathtub.

Hazards
Findings from the Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) program have identified at least 14 worker deaths since 2000 related to the usage of methylene chloride for bathtub refinishing. Products containing high percentages of methylene chloride are used as stripping agents to remove the old bathtub coating. In an unventilated setting, overexposure to methylene chloride vapors can affect brain function and result in death in the short term, with possible carcinogenic effects in the long term. Once a person can smell the methylene chloride they have already been overexposed to the chemicals.

Measures to prevent overexposure to methylene chloride include using stripping agents that rely on other chemicals, implementing adequate local exhaust ventilation, and using appropriate personal protective equipment (such as respirators). Local exhaust ventilation is necessary, as opening nearby windows and using bathroom fans will not provide enough ventilation. Using long-handled tools can also decrease workers' proximity from the product, with beneficial effects.

Professional refinishers will often provide the end-user with after-care instructions and warranty or guaranty information. Pay attention to the cleaning and care recommendations to avoid warranty issues. Cleaning in most cases can be best accomplished using a mild dish-soap degreaser (like Dawn); avoid cleaners with acids or other chemicals specified in instructions. Fill the tub with enough water to cover the bottom, mix some cleaner in, and agitate; then rub the surface with the sponge. To clean especially dirty tubs, let the cleaner sit on the surface for up to twenty minutes. This allows the cleaner to break down the dirt and oils to be more easily removed. Waxing the surface around the drain, and in other areas that are not stood or sat on, can also assist in keeping the surface like new and improve coating life. Take care not to rub on the caulk line to the point that it separates from the tub or wall surface—this will allow water to become trapped and cause peeling. Damaged caulk should always be replaced immediately.

See also
Bathroom
Bathtub
Home improvement
Home repair
Hot tub
Jacuzzi
Shower

References

External links
OSHA/NIOSH Hazard Alert: Methylene Chloride Hazards for Bathtub Refinishers
OSHA/NIOSH Hazard Alert: Bathpoints for Bathtub Refinishers

Home improvement
Maintenance
Reuse

Bathtub refinishing


Lactarius helvus, commonly known as fenugreek milkcap, is a member of the large milkcap genus Lactarius in the order Russulales. Fruiting bodies can be found in Sphagnum moss in coniferous and deciduous woodland in Europe, and possibly North America, although considerable debate continues about the North American variety, formerly referred to as Lactarius aquifluus. Mushrooms are pale brown-grey or beige in colour and funnel-shaped, with colourless, watery milk. Its distinctive smell has been likened to fenugreek, celery, liquorice, or Maggi instant soup. Mildly toxic when raw, it has been implicated in the poisoning of 418 people near Leipzig in October 1949. However, it is used in small quantities as a spice when dried. Sotolon, the agent that gives the fungus its odour, also occurs in fenugreek, maple syrup and lovage.

The possible North American variety has a more salmon to pink color with scant watery milk and a strong smell of maple syrup or caramel. In Quebec it is known as the maple milky cap (Lactaire à odeur d'érable), and is fairly commonly eaten cooked and also sold as a dried powder and used as a spice, much in the same way that the candy cap mushroom is used on the west coast. Thus far, there have been no reported cases of illness from this variety in North America. Some confusion with the species Lactarius quietus var incanus is possible due to the similar smell. Lactarius quietus var incus, however, has a darker and more red appearance and when young, its milk is opaque and white, as opposed to the clear milk in Lactarius helvus. Furthermore, the possible North American variety of Lactarius helvus is restricted in distribution to the great lakes and north east, while lactarius quietus var incanus is commonly found much further south.

Taxonomy
It was initially described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1821 as Agaricus helvus, before he placed it in the genus Lactarius in 1838. Peck's Lactarius aquifluus has been deemed a synonym. The specific epithet helvus is derived from the Latin for 'honey-yellow'. Its name in German is Maggipilz. S

Description
The velvety cap is initially slightly convex (planoconvex), becoming funnel-shaped (infundibuliform) as it matures; it is 4–15 cm (1½–4 in) in diameter and has a faint zonate (bull's-eye) pattern, beige or light grey at the margins and darkening toward the centre. The decurrent gills are cream when young, and darkening to ochre-yellow with age. The flesh is white or beige, often pink-tinged. The latex, or milk, is watery and colourless, unlike that of any other milkcap. The hollow cylindrical stalk is 3–9 cm (1–3½ in) high by 1–2 cm (½ in) wide. It may be whitish when young, ochre or pink-tinged, and sometimes spotted orange-brown. The highly distinctive smell has been described as reminiscent of fenugreek, with a mild taste. To others, the smell has been likened to lovage or celery, or liquorice or a packet of Maggi instant soup.

Distribution and habitat
Fruiting bodies are found in groups in woodlands near conifers such as Picea and Pinus, as well as the deciduous birch (Betula) and rarely beech (Fagus). More specifically, they occur in wet places, often growing in Sphagnum, in late summer and autumn. The species is found across Europe and Asia.

Toxicity
Symptoms of poisoning are reported to occur within thirty minutes of consumption, with nausea and vomiting accompanied by vertigo and chills. The toxic agents are thought to be sesquiterpenes. In October 1949, 418 people were poisoned near Leipzig in eastern Germany. The toxins are destroyed by thorough boiling, and the species is used in small quantities as a spice after drying.

The agent which gives the fungus its distinctive odour is sotolon, which also gives fenugreek seed and lovage their characteristic smells. It is present  as well in molasses, aged sake and white wine, flor sherry, and roasted tobacco, as well as in maple syrup.

See also
List of Lactarius species

References

Fungi described in 1821
helvus
Poisonous fungi
Fungi of Europe
Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries

Lactarius helvus


The Cipotegato is a tradition of Tarazona that takes place each year on August the 27th at 12 am. The festivities in honor of the patron Saint Atilano, were declared of Regional Interest in 1998 and National Interest in 2009. Turasionense mythical character hooded and dressed as harlequin with the colors yellow, red and green. The main day of the fiestas of Tarazona, exactly at noon, he stepped into the square through an open corridor through the crowd of friends and former Cipotegatos. Crossing the square, is pursued by the crowd that throws tomatoes. If he comes out victorious, it will be uploaded to the sculpture erected in his honor at the square. The Cipotegato is elected annually by drawing lots among the youth population.

History
Tarazona had an annual tradition where, during fiestas, a prisoner from the local prison was given an opportunity to win freedom. The prisoner was given a stick with a string that ended in a ball (similar to what the Cipotegato currently carries), and was instructed that if he could leave the town was he would be free. The prisoner was then released in the middle of the town square, where the townsfolk would pelt the prisoner with stones as the prisoner attempted to escape the town.

See also
Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain

External links
"Rain of tomato for the Cipotegato" Heraldo.es

Aragonese culture
Festivals in Spain
Tarazona
Tourist attractions in Aragon

Cipotegato


Elliot Lee Richardson (July 20, 1920December 31, 1999) was an American lawyer and Republican politician. As a member of the cabinets of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford between 1970 and 1977, Richardson is one of two men in United States history to hold four cabinet positions. As United States Attorney General, Richardson played a prominent role in the Watergate scandal when he led a mass resignation in protest against President Nixon's order to fire special prosecutor Archibald Cox. His resignation precipitated a crisis of confidence in Nixon which ultimately led to the president's resignation.

Born in Boston, Richardson attended Harvard University. After graduating, he served in World War II as a combat medic and participated in the invasion of Normandy. He returned home, attended Harvard Law School, and clerked for Learned Hand and Felix Frankfurter before beginning his legal career at Ropes & Gray. Richardson began a long career in public office in 1959 when he was appointed by President Dwight Eisenhower to the position of United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts, the lead federal prosecutor in the state. Through the 1960s, he was a leading figure in the Massachusetts Republican Party and won election as Lieutenant Governor in 1964 and Attorney General in 1966. As of 2023, he is the last Republican to serve as Massachusetts Attorney General.

In 1969, he joined the Richard Nixon administration as United States Under Secretary of State. He was promoted to a cabinet role in 1970 as Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, serving until January 1973, when he became Secretary of Defense, serving briefly before he became Attorney General in May. After his high-profile resignation from the Nixon cabinet, he returned to government in the Gerald Ford administration in March 1975 as United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Secretary of Commerce from 1976 to 1977.

After the Ford administration, Richardson returned to private practice as an attorney in Washington. He advised Democratic president Jimmy Carter on maritime law and briefly returned to politics with an unsuccessful run for United States Senate in 1984, when he lost the Republican primary to Ray Shamie.

Early life and career
Elliot Lee Richardson was born in Boston, Massachusetts on July 20, 1920. His mother was Clara Lee Richardson (née Shattuck). His father, Edward Peirson Richardson, was a physician and professor at Harvard Medical School and member of a leading Boston Brahmin family in the city's medical community, including his father, surgeon Maurice Howe Richardson, and brother, naturalist and author Wyman Richardson. In addition to his father, both of Richardson's grandfathers, three uncles, and two of his brothers his were physicians at Harvard Medical or Massachusetts General Hospital.

Richardson attended the Park School in Brookline and Milton Academy in Milton, both in Massachusetts. He then obtained his A.B. degree in philosophy from Harvard College, where he resided in Winthrop House, graduated cum laude in 1941, and was an editor of the Harvard Lampoon.

World War II service
In 1942, following America's entry into World War II, Richardson enlisted as a combat medic in the U.S. 4th Infantry Division. He participated in the June 6, 1944, Normandy Invasion as a platoon leader, where he crossed a minefield to rescue a fellow officer whose foot was blown off. He was among the first troops to come up Causeway No. 2 from Utah Beach, which had been under fire from German artillery at Brécourt Manor. He was among the many who noticed the guns ceasing their firing after (unbeknownst to him) paratroopers of the 101st under Lieutenant Richard Winters had knocked them out. After Stephen Ambrose's book Band of Brothers was published, Richardson wrote to Winters and thanked him.

He continued on in the war in Europe with the 4th Infantry Division and received the Bronze Star Medal and two Purple Hearts with oak leaf cluster. He was discharged in 1945 with the rank of first lieutenant.

Legal career
Following his discharge, Richardson enrolled at Harvard Law School. In choosing law over medicine, Richardson would later reflect, "I was not sorry to pass up medicine as a career. It seemed too much like a book I had read before." While at Harvard, he served as editor and president of the Harvard Law Review.

After his graduation in 1947, Richardson clerked for Judge Learned Hand on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter on the Supreme Court of the United States. Though he was only thirty-three years old, Frankfurter proposed Richardson for the presidency of Harvard when the office became open in 1953. Following his clerkships, Richardson joined Ropes, Gray, Best, Coolidge & Rugg in Boston but soon became convinced that private practice "did not match the satisfaction of doing a good job for the public."

While at Ropes Gray, Richardson became active in Massachusetts Republican politics and supported the presidential campaign of Dwight D. Eisenhower. In 1953, he briefly joined the staff of United States Senator Leverett Saltonstall before returning to private practice. In 1957, Eisenhower appointed Richardson assistant secretary for legislation in the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, where he worked to develop the National Defense Education Act and Social Security legislation.

In 1959, Eisenhower appointed Richardson to serve as United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts. He gained a reputation as a tough prosecutor with a special reputation for tax fraud cases. He later wrote, "in my Inferno, tax evaders occupy a circle of their own. ... I take great satisfaction, therefore, in the fact that during my tenure as U.S. Attorney for the district of Massachusetts, every tax evader we prosecuted was convicted, and all of them went to jail." Among his highest profile convictions was that of Bernard Goldfine, a Boston textile manufacturer, for gifts to White House aide Sherman Adams. He remained in the role through the end of the Eisenhower administration in 1961, when he returned to Ropes & Gray as a partner.

In 1962, Richardson ran for Attorney General of Massachusetts but lost the Republican primary to Edward Brooke.

After returning to the firm, Richardson left permanently in 1964 after he was elected the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts. In 1966, he was elected Attorney General of Massachusetts to succeed Brooke. As of 2023, he is the last Republican to have served as Attorney General of Massachusetts.

Nixon administration

Richardson joined the Nixon administration in 1969 as undersecretary of state.

Richardson had the distinction of serving in three high-level Executive Branch posts in a single year—the tumultuous year of 1973—as the Watergate Scandal came to dominate the attention of official Washington, and the American public at large. He is one of two persons to hold four separate cabinet positions.

1970–73: Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare
In June 1970, Nixon asked Richardson to serve as secretary of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, with the intent of reducing inefficiency and bureaucracy. At HEW, Richardson sought to simply grant processing and consolidate duplicate programs. He faced criticism from liberals for undercutting desegregation busing programs in public schools.

In September 1970, Richardson was present at the funeral of President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, where he secretly met with Nasser's successor, Anwar Sadat, to discuss American involvement in peace negotiations with Israel.

In 1972, Richardson established the National High Blood Pressure Education Program at the urging of Mary Lasker who came armed with copies of the Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents, directed by Edward Freis.

January–May 1973: Secretary of Defense
Richardson was appointed United States Secretary of Defense on January 30, 1973. When President Nixon selected Richardson as secretary, the press described him as an excellent manager and administrator. In his confirmation hearing, Richardson expressed agreement with Nixon's policies on such issues as the adequacy of U.S. strategic forces, NATO and relationships with other allies, and Vietnam. His primary role as Secretary was as the administration's spokesman for the legality of the covert bombing of Cambodia.

Although he promised to examine the budget carefully to identify areas for savings, and in fact later ordered the closing of some military installations, he cautioned against precipitate cuts. As he told a Senate committee, "Significant cuts in the Defense Budget now would seriously weaken the U.S. position on international negotiations—in which U.S. military capabilities, in both real and symbolic terms, are an important factor." Similarly, he strongly supported continued military assistance at current levels. During his short tenure, Richardson spent much time testifying before congressional committees on the proposed FY 1974 budget and other Defense matters.

May–Oct 1973: U.S. Attorney General
After only three months as Secretary of Defense, Richardson becoming Nixon's Attorney General, a move that would put him in the Watergate spotlight.

Investigation of Spiro Agnew
As Attorney General, Richardson supervised the investigation by the U.S. Attorney for the District of Maryland, George Beall, into claims that Vice President Spiro Agnew accepted bribes and kickbacks as Baltimore County Executive and Governor of Maryland. By the time Richardson was sworn in as Attorney General, Beall's investigation had revealed that Agnew received five percent of county and state contracts from engineer Lester Matz during his time in office. Agnew had been aware of the investigation since February and had met with Richardson's predecessor, Richard Kleindienst, to reach Beall.

On July 3, Beall informed Richardson that Agnew had continued receiving kickbacks as vice president, meaning he was no longer shielded from prosecution by the statute of limitations. At the end of the month, White House chief of staff Alexander Haig and the President were informed, and on August 1, Beall informed Agnew's attorney that the vice president was under investigation for tax fraud and corruption.

Nixon ordered Richardson to personally take responsibility for the investigation, and he met with Agnew and his attorneys on August 6 to discuss the case. The same day, the story became public in the Wall Street Journal. Just before Agnew resigned, Richardson was portrayed as a cartoon figure with Agnew and Nixon on the October 8, 1973, cover of Time magazine. Agnew was quoted, "I am innocent of the charges against me. I will not resign if indicted!" He resigned as vice president on October 10.

Agnew later claimed Richardson had pressed for his prosecution for the specific reason that Richardson wished to be appointed as vice president, which would either give him the inside track for the Republican presidential nomination in 1976, or, should Nixon resign over Watergate, elevate Richardson to the presidency. Richardson denied taking any extraordinary steps to advance the investigation.

Watergate investigation and resignation

In October 1973, after Richardson had served five months as Attorney General, President Nixon ordered him to fire special prosecutor Archibald Cox, the top lawyer investigating the Watergate scandal. Richardson had promised Congress he would not interfere with the special prosecutor, and, rather than breaking his promise, he resigned. Addressing the Justice Department attorneys, he said, "I can only say that you have here a situation in which the president, and I know nothing to call this into question, believed that the confidentiality of communications to the president was fundamentally important."

resident Nixon subsequently ordered Richardson's second-in-command, Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus, to carry out the order. He too had promised not to interfere and also tendered his resignation. The third-ranking Department of Justice official, United States Solicitor General Robert Bork, planned to resign after firing Cox, but Richardson persuaded him not to in order to ensure proper leadership at the Department of Justice during the crisis. Bork carried out the President's order, thus completing the events generally referred to as the Saturday Night Massacre.

Despite the popular acclaim Richardson received for his refusal to fire Cox, he privately told friends he was deeply troubled by his decision, which conflicted with his sense of loyalty and allegiance to President Nixon. He later characterized the episode as his "brief period of notoriety." Reflecting on Watergate in his memoirs, Richardson wrote that he had attempted to persuade Nixon to take a different course before eventually refusing him. "The height of irony," Richardson wrote, "was that even a belated display of openness could have saved Nixon from the consequences of his own evasion of it. ... I said to Fred Buzhardt, counsel to the president, 'You ought, instead, tell Archie Cox to send over a truck and load it up with all the material he and his staff could possibly want.' In the event, if anything damaging was found, Nixon could issue a public apology and couple it with a convincing expression of penitence. The American people, I thought, would be more than likely to forgive and forget." Pat Buchanan recounted that on the day Richardson was dismissed, Nixon said, "I don't have any choice, I can't have President [Leonid] Brezhnev watch me be bullied by a member of my cabinet, I've got to fire him."

In 1974, Richardson received the John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.

Ford administration
During the Gerald Ford administration, Richardson served as Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1975 to 1976 and as United States Secretary of Commerce from 1976 to 1977.

Richardson's acceptance in 1975 of the appointment as Ambassador to the Court of St. James's, as it is formally titled, effectively eliminated him from the domestic scene during the pre-election-year period. In departing for that position, he indicated to reporters that he would not run unless Ford decided against running.

Later life
From 1977 to 1980, he served as an Ambassador-at-Large and Special Representative of President Jimmy Carter for the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and head of the U.S. delegation to the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea.

From 1980 to 1992, Richardson was partner in the Washington office of Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy.  In the 1980s and early 1990s, Richardson was the attorney for Inslaw, Inc., an American software company which alleged that its software had been pirated by the U.S. Justice Department. In 1994, Richardson backed President Bill Clinton during his struggle against Paula Jones's charge of sexual harassment. In 1998, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor.

In 1984, he ran for the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by Paul Tsongas. Although Richardson was favored to win the seat, he was defeated in the GOP primary by more conservative candidate Ray Shamie, who lost the general election to John Forbes Kerry.

Personal life
Richardson's older son, Henry S. Richardson, is a professor of philosophy at Georgetown University, where he focuses in moral and political philosophy.

Richardson was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1958. Richardson was also an active Freemason as a member of the Grand Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and a 33rd Degree Freemason in the Scottish Rite Northern Masonic Jurisdiction. In 1980, Richardson received an honorary degree from Bates College. In 1983, Richardson was admitted as an honorary member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati.

Author
Richardson was the author of two books. The Creative Balance: Government, Politics, and the Individual in America's Third Century was published by Holt, Rinehart and Winston in 1976. Reflections of a Radical Moderate was published by Westview Press in 1996. Reflections expresses his outlook:

I am a moderate – a radical moderate. I believe profoundly in the ultimate value of human dignity and equality. I therefore believe as well in such essential contributions to these ends as fairness, tolerance, and mutual respect. In seeking to be fair, tolerant, and respectful I need to call upon all the empathy, understanding, rationality, skepticism, balance, and objectivity I can muster.

In 1972, Richardson was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (L.H.D.) degree from Whittier College. In 1974 Richardson gave the commencement address at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology and received an honorary Doctors of Law.

Death and legacy
Richardson's wife, Anne, died on July 26, 1999. On New Year's Eve 1999, Richardson died of a cerebral hemorrhage in Boston at the age of 79.

President Bill Clinton issued a public statement hailing Richardson as "an unparalleled public servant" and "a man of uncommon integrity, who put the nation's interests first even when the personal cost was very high." The Associated Press wrote that Mr. Richardson was "a man of immaculate attire and rare distinction, a flexible George Apley with wit . . . a relentless achiever with a dazzling variety of government experience, a man of elegance and charm with spectacular mental powers, a prince of the Eastern Establishment."

In popular culture
An image of Richardson taken by photographer Garry Winogrand is featured on the cover art of rock band Interpol's 2018 album Marauder. Singer and guitarist Paul Banks referred to him as a hero, who "refused to be bullied into going against his personal principles".

See also
 List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)

Notes

References

External links

 Social Security Administration Biography – Elliot L. Richardson

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Elliot Richardson


Laxo is a small settlement at the end of Laxo Voe in Vidlin, Shetland, Scotland.

A ferry from the Mainland to Symbister in Whalsay operates from the nearby Laxo Ferry Terminal, and is operated by the Shetland Islands Council.
North of Laxo is the Hill of Laxowater and a 1 km long loch called Laxo Water which is an excellent trout fishing location.

Laxo Cottage, a distinctive white house with black corner stones, used to be the water bailiff's house.

References

External links

Canmore - Laxo Cairn site record

Villages in Mainland, Shetland

Laxo


The Hull Blitz was the bombing campaign that targeted the English port city of Kingston upon Hull by the German Luftwaffe during the Second World War.

Large-scale attacks took place on several nights throughout March 1941, resulting in over 200 deaths. The most concentrated attacks were on the nights of 7/8 and 8/9 May 1941, resulting in just under 400 deaths, and another large-scale attack took place in July 1941 with 143 fatalities.

The city spent more than 1,000 hours under alert during raids from 19 June 1940 to 1945, with almost 1,200 people in the city killed as a result of the bombing.

Overview
Hull was the most severely damaged British city or town during the Second World War, with 95 percent of houses damaged. It was under air raid alert for 1,000 hours. Hull was the target of the first daylight raid of the war and the last piloted air raid on Britain.

Of a population of approximately 320,000 at the beginning of the war, approximately 152,000 were made homeless as a result of bomb destruction or damage. Overall almost 1,200 people were killed and 3,000 injured by air raids.

More than 5,000 houses were destroyed and half of the city centre destroyed. The cost of bomb damage was estimated at £20 million (1952, £ as a consumer price equivalent), with  of factory space, several oil and flour mills, the Riverside Quay and 27 churches, 14 schools or hospitals, 42 pubs and 8 cinemas ruined; only 6,000 out of 91,000 houses were undamaged at the end of the war. The extent of the damage was similar to that of the Plymouth Blitz.

Despite the damage the port continued to function throughout the war.

History

Background
During the First World War Hull was bombed several times by Zeppelin airships. An intended raid on London by Zeppelin L9 was diverted to Hull owing to bad weather and on 6/7 June 1915 dropped 13 explosive and 50 incendiary bombs, destroying 40 houses and killing 24, and led to mobs attacking shops belonging to people believed to be of German origin. In this June bombing, a device dropped through the roof of the original Edwin Davis department store on South Churchside, destroying it; Holy Trinity, Hull's central church sited opposite, was miraculously spared. An attempted raid on Hull on 8/9 August 1915 bombed Goole by mistake owing to a navigation error. On 5 March 1916 two Zeppelins L11 and L14 were diverted to Hull from an attack on the fleet at Rosyth. Bombs were dropped on Earles shipyard (Docks) and on Paragon station (city centre) resulting in deaths. The raids showed that Hull was completely unprotected from aerial attack and public anger led to service personnel being mobbed. Further attacks came on 25 September 1917 and 10 March 1918.

A programme of building air raid shelters was instigated in 1938 and more than £1.5 million was spent building 40,000 shelters.

At the beginning of the Second World War, in 1939, ten primary targets had been identified in Hull: three near Stoneferry, the water works, gas works, Sculcoates power station, the oil refinery (Saltend) and the six docks. Additional targets included large grain mills on the River Hull.

Chronology

1940

Hull's first air-raid warning was at 02:45 on Monday 4 September 1939:  as an 'air-raid yellow' all operational crews were called to their posts. The public siren sounded at 03:20 and the all-clear at 04:08. No raid occurred.
The attacks on Hull during 1940 were at a relatively low level and scale, carried out by single or small numbers of planes. The first recorded bombing raid on Hull was during the night of 19/20 June 1940, with minor damage to Chamberlain Street. By the end of the year around 20 raids had taken place and 12 people had been killed by the bombing.

An air raid on the oil depot east of Hull at Saltend caused a serious fire owing to ruptured fuel-storage tanks and five men were honoured with the George Medal for their bravery in containing the fire:  two firemen: Jack Owen, and Clifford Turner; and three Saltend workers: George Archibald Howe, George Samuel Sewell, and William Sigsworth.

1941
Bombing intensity increased in the early part of 1941. In February several attacks resulted in multiple casualties, with around 20 people killed. In March major raids took place on the nights of the 13/14, 14/15, and 18/19. The first large attack targeted the River Hull corridor with damage to paint businesses in Stoneferry; the second on St Andrew's Dock, a public shelter in Bean Street nearby was hit by a parachute mine (also known as "naval mines") causing multiple deaths; the third major raid lasted six hours, and resulted in nearly 100 deaths, bombs dropped over a wide area of Hull, concentrated on the River Hull corridor, with many bombs also causing damage west of the river. On 31 March/1 April the city centre was targeted, with predominant use of parachute mines. From the beginning of March to April bombing resulted in 200 deaths.

Attacks continued in April, with a major attack taking place on the 15/16th focused on Alexandra Dock, additionally a parachute mine hit a public shelter resulting in over 4 deaths, further mine attacks took place on the two nights between 25 and 27 April – six people were killed by a mine hitting the Gipsyville estate.

From 3 to 9 May the docks and city centre became the target- these attacks came in the context of Luftwaffe attack on other ports and shipping centres including Merseyside, Belfast, Clydeside and on London before the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June, (see Operation Barbarossa). Two major attacks took place on the nights between 7 and 9 May, each lasting around 5–6 hours, the bombing included high explosives, parachute mines, and extensive use of incendiary bombs. During the attacks many well known buildings were damaged or destroyed including the department stores of Hammonds, Edwin Davis, and Thornton-Varley and other buildings in the commercial centre. On the docks the Riverside Quay was destroyed by fire, and major fires created at timber storage around the Hedon Road area. The Rank Flour Mill was directly damaged, as was the Corporation bus depot, and the buildings of the Hull Corporation telephone system. In addition to the areas of concentration bombs fell on area across the whole town. Over 400 people were killed during the attack, with many casualties due to bombs hitting communal bomb shelters.

The anti-aircraft guns and searchlights of the Humber Gun Zone under 39th Anti-Aircraft Brigade struggled to defend the city against the onslaught, though they and the night fighters from RAF Kirton in Lindsey scored some successes. In one notable engagement on 8/9 May, Gunner Maycock in a searchlight detachment from 40th (Sherwood Foresters) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, aboard a river barge named Clem, brought down a low-flying Heinkel He 111 bomber with a light machine gun.

After the start of the German campaign in Russia attacks on England diminished as much of the Luftwaffe moved east. Attacks continued sporadically through late May, June and July, with a major attack on east Hull and the Victoria Dock on the night of 18/19 July. Reckitt's (Dansom Lane) and the East Hull gas works were also badly damaged. Around 140 people were killed by the bombing, many from the areas around the works.

The practice of 'trekking', or travelling to the countryside to sleep in the fields when bombing was expected, had begun in the First World War and by 1941 an estimated third of the population were leaving the city at night. In August 1941 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth visited Hull to see the damage.

Minor attacks continued approximately monthly until the end of the year, with serious bombing in the early morning of 18 August and the night of 31 August/1 September.

1942–1945
Attacks were reduced in 1942 compared to 1941, a major bombing raid on 19/20 May targeted Alexandra and Victoria docks and the surrounding area. Also in the Marlborough Avenue and Blenheim Street and Warneford Gardens where 4 people were killed. It is thought the attacks on the docks served the objective of diminishing supplies shipped to Russia. By this stage bomb weight had increased, with 500 kg bombs in common use.  On 1 August another raid centred on the eastern docks killed 24 people at Grindell Street when a 1,800 kg bomb was dropped on it. There were attacks in October and December, with comparatively limited damage, each killing two people.

Minor attacks took place on 3 and 15 January 1943, with phosphorus bombs being identified as used as incendiaries in the second attack.

On 24 June a larger-scale attack took place, with the city centre targeted again.  During this attack the well-known Hull Municipal Museum was destroyed by fire. The government allowed Hull to be named specifically as the target of the attack and the Hull Daily Mail ran a front-page headline the next day. Another attack took place on 13/14 July, which appears have been intended to damage the railway system and caused more than 20 deaths. Two further attacks later in the year failed to penetrate the city's defences.

No bomb fell on the city in 1944.

In March 1945 the city came under ground attack with cannon shells being fired. There was an attack on 17/18 March, with fragmentation grenades being dropped.

East Yorkshire
The bombing campaign in Britain resulted in 121 people in the East Riding of Yorkshire being killed – 82 civilians and 39 military deaths. The Luftwaffe targeted coastal towns such as Bridlington, Hornsea and Withernsea, killing a total of 44 people, as well as RAF airfields such as RAF Driffield, RAF Catfoss and RAF Leconfield.  An attack on RAF Driffield on 15 August 1940 killed 15 people.

Other attacks on East Yorkshire were on the outskirts of Hull and included the first daylight raid on British soil at the Saltend oil terminal and the attack on the Blackburn Aircraft factory at Brough. Bombs were also dropped in error owing to poor navigation or the Hull Docks decoy. These attacks killed 22 people in Hedon, Bilton and Preston. Other bombing activity was caused by the Luftwaffe dumping bombs after abandoning raids not just on Hull but also on Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds and other northern targets. Death and destruction inflicted by the enemy also included sea mines exploding as they hit the coast and enemy aircraft shooting down allied aircraft over East Yorkshire.

On 24 December 1944 a massed aerial V-1 flying bomb attack was launched on Manchester, one of the bombs impacting prematurely at Willerby, just outside Hull, damaging housing and the Springhead Pumping Station.

Evacuees
Around 38,000 children were evacuated from Hull. In addition to rural East Yorkshire and Lincolnshire children were evacuated to Lancashire, Norfolk, Northumberland, Leicester and elsewhere. Entire secondary schools were relocated: for example Hymers College had pupils in Pocklington and Market Weighton whilst Newland High School moved to Bridlington and later Malton.  However many pupils remained in the city and most evacuees returned from the end of 1942 onwards.

Reporting

As with many towns and cities, contemporary radio and newspaper reports did not usually identify Hull by name but referred to it as a "north-east coast town," "north-east town," or "northern town" to avoid providing the enemy with tactical information of damage. After the major raids of 18/19 March 1941, 18 July 1941, 18 August 1941 and 24 June 1943 the city was named but in the reporting of the attacks of 7–9 May 1941, the target was referred to by the Air Ministry as being in the Humber area. The Hull Daily Mail referred to victims by name but locations and industrial damage were not. Damage to schools and churches was freely reported and German press releases were quoted verbatim in the British press, including the name of the town.

Legacy

The city was rebuilt in the post-war period, A grand scheme, the "Abercrombie Plan", was commissioned from Edwin Lutyens and Patrick Abercrombie but not carried out. Several sites remained unredeveloped into the 1980s.

At the site of the Hull Municipal Museum, destroyed by fire during the Blitz, many items of the collection were rediscovered during redevelopment during the 1990s and recovered as part of an archaeological excavation.

The former National Picture Theatre was hit by a parachute landmine (1,600 lb) in 1941, it blew the whole of the back end off the auditorium. The shell of the building remained unredeveloped and undemolished for sixty years, becoming one of the last visible bomb sites in Britain, as a consequence of which the building was listed in 2007.

One oddity of the bombing campaign was the Hull works of the National Radiator Company Ltd.; not a single German bomb fell on the works throughout the entire war despite it occupying a  site, having been used for munition production during the First World War and having been identified as a Gewehr- und Kleinmunitionsfabrik ("rifle and small munitions factory") on German bombing maps. Captured documents later showed it was the intended target of a raid in April 1941.

The Hull Blitz was also a large part of the light show in Queen Victoria Square, Hull, in January 2017, an event that celebrated the history of Hull. This event took place because of Hull UK City of Culture 2017.

See also
 Closed cinemas in Kingston upon Hull
 Strategic bombing during World War II

References

Sources

  Reprinted

Further reading

External links

 Interactive Hull bombing map, requires Silverlight
 The Daily Mail: Blitz Special Edition
 BBC: WW2 People's War, Random recollections of the Hull (Blitz Dorothy Maltby 19 August 2005)

Military history of Kingston upon Hull
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Military history of the East Riding of Yorkshire
1940s in the East Riding of Yorkshire

Hull Blitz


Alejandro Ciccarelli Manzoni, originally Alessandro Ciccarelli (25 January 1811, Naples - 5 May 1879, Santiago) was an Italian-born Chilean painter and educator. He was the first Director of the Academy of Painting in Santiago, Chile.

Biography
He began his studies at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Napoli, and completed them in Rome, where he came under the influence of the Neoclassical painter Vincenzo Camuccini.

In 1843, he was introduced to Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, who hired him as a court painter and Master of Painting for the Empress consort, Teresa Cristina. At the age of thirty-three, he became the leading artist in Brazil and was charged with reorganizing the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in  Río de Janeiro.

Six years later, in 1849, the Chilean Consul in Brazil, Carlos Hochkolf, invited him to come to Chile and help establish an art academy there. He accepted the offer and was instrumental in  creating the Academy of Painting (Santiago, Chile). He served as director of the academy of twenty years; focusing on the European Academic tradition, with focus on the Greco-Roman canons. The institution was often criticized for discouraging creativity and ignoring the artistic possibilities of Chile itself. Among his harshest critics were the French-born painter,  and one of the academy's first students, Antonio Smith.

Despite these criticisms, most of Chile's prominent painters of the time began as his students; including Nicolás Guzmán Bustamante, Pascual Ortega, Pedro Lira, Cosme San Martín, Onofre Jarpa and Agustina Gutiérrez.

In 1853 he became a Chilean citizen. In 1869, he resigned his position at the academy and was replaced by the German-born painter, Ernst Kirchbach. He remained in Chile until his death.

His works include an unknown, though large, number of portraits as well as religious and mythological scenes; based on Classical models. The motif of the "Painting-within-a-painting" had a particular appeal for him. A few colorful landscapes stand out as exceptions.

References

Sources
 Biography @ the Library of the Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts
 Lima, Valeria; Quiroga, Samuel. "Ciccarelli: paisagem em contradição". In: Hoffmann, Ana, et al. (Eds.) História da arte: coleções, arquivos e narrativas. São Paulo: Editora Urutau, 2015, pp. 239 – 257.

External links

1811 births
1879 deaths
Painters from Naples
Chilean painters
Italian emigrants to Chile
Naturalized citizens of Chile
Court painters
Academic staff of the Academy of Painting (Santiago, Chile)

Alejandro Ciccarelli


In mathematics, a quartic equation is one which can be expressed as a quartic function equaling zero. The general form of a quartic equation is

where a ≠ 0.

The quartic is the highest order polynomial equation that can be solved by radicals in the general case (i.e., one in which the coefficients can take any value).

History
Lodovico Ferrari is attributed with the discovery of the solution to the quartic in 1540, but since this solution, like all algebraic solutions of the quartic, requires the solution of a cubic to be found, it could not be published immediately. The solution of the quartic was published together with that of the cubic by Ferrari's mentor Gerolamo Cardano in the book Ars Magna (1545).

The proof that this was the highest order general polynomial for which such solutions could be found was first given in the Abel–Ruffini theorem in 1824, proving that all attempts at solving the higher order polynomials would be futile.  The notes left by Évariste Galois before his death in a duel in 1832 later led to an elegant complete theory of the roots of polynomials, of which this theorem was one result.

Solving a quartic equation, special cases

Consider a quartic equation expressed in the form :

There exists a general formula for finding the roots to quartic equations, provided the coefficient of the leading term is non-zero. However, since the general method is quite complex and susceptible to errors in execution, it is better to apply one of the special cases listed below if possible.

Degenerate case
If the constant term a4 = 0, then one of the roots is x = 0, and the other roots can be found by dividing by x, and solving the resulting cubic equation,

Evident roots: 1 and −1 and −

Call our quartic polynomial . Since 1 raised to any power is 1,

Thus if   and so  = 1 is a root of .  It can similarly be shown that if   = −1 is a root.

In either case the full quartic can then be divided by the factor  or  respectively yielding a new cubic polynomial, which can be solved to find the quartic's other roots.

If   and  then  is a root of the equation. The full quartic can then be factorized this way:

Alternatively, if   and  then  and  become two known roots.   divided by  is a quadratic polynomial.

Biquadratic equations
A quartic equation where a3 and a1 are equal to 0 takes the form

and thus is a biquadratic equation, which is easy to solve: let , so our equation turns to

which is a simple quadratic equation, whose solutions are easily found using the quadratic formula:

When we've solved it (i.e. found these two z values), we can extract x from them

If either of the z solutions were negative or complex numbers, then some of the x solutions are complex numbers.

Quasi-symmetric equations

Steps:

 Divide by x 2.
 Use variable change z = x + m/x.
 So, z 2 = x 2 + (m/x) 2 + 2m.

This leads to:

,
,
 (a quadratic in z  = x + m/x)

Multiple roots

If the quartic has a double root, it can be found by taking the polynomial greatest common divisor with its derivative. Then they can be divided out and the resulting quadratic equation solved.

In general, there exist only four possible cases of quartic equations with multiple roots, which are listed below:

 Multiplicity-4 (M4): when the general quartic equation can be expressed as , for some real number . This case can always be reduced to a biquadratic equation.
 Multiplicity-3 (M3): when the general quartic equation can be expressed as , where  and  are a couple of two different real numbers. This is the only case that can never be reduced to a biquadratic equation.
 Double Multiplicity-2 (DM2): when the general quartic equation can be expressed as , where  and  are a couple of two different real numbers or a couple of non-real complex conjugate numbers. This case can also always be reduced to a biquadratic equation.
 Single Multiplicity-2 (SM2): when the general quartic equation can be expressed as , where , , and  are three different real numbers or  is a real number and  and  are a couple of non-real complex conjugate numbers. This case is divided into two subcases, those that can be reduced to a biquadratic equation and those in which this is impossible.

So, if the three non-monic coefficients of the depressed quartic equation in terms of the five coefficients of the general quartic equation are given as follows: ,  and ; then, the criteria to identify a priori each case of quartic equations with multiple roots and their respective solutions are exposed below.

 M4. The general quartic equation corresponds to this case whenever , so the four roots of this equation are given as follows: .
 M3. The general quartic equation corresponds to this case whenever  and , so the four roots of this equation are given as follows:   and  , whether ; otherwise,   and .
 DM2. The general quartic equation corresponds to this case whenever , so the four roots of this equation are given as follows:  and .
 Biquadratic SM2. The general quartic equation corresponds to this subcase of the SM2 equations whenever , so the four roots of this equation are given as follows: ,  and .
 Non-Biquadratic SM2. The general quartic equation corresponds to this subcase of the SM2 equations whenever , so the four roots of this equation are given by the following formula: , where ,  and .

The general case

To begin, the quartic must first be converted to a depressed quartic.

Converting to a depressed quartic
Let

be the general quartic equation which it is desired to solve. Divide both sides by ,

The first step, if  is not already zero, should be to eliminate the 3 term. To do this, change variables from  to , such that

Then

Expanding the powers of the binomials produces

Collecting the same powers of u yields

Now rename the coefficients of . Let

The resulting equation is

which is a depressed quartic equation.

If  then we have the special case of a biquadratic equation, which is easily solved, as explained above. Note that the general solution, given below, will not work for the special case  The equation must be solved as a biquadratic.

In either case, once the depressed quartic is solved for , substituting those values into

produces the values for  that solve the original quartic.

Solving a depressed quartic when  ≠ 0
After converting to a depressed quartic equation

and excluding the special case  = 0, which is solved as a biquadratic, we assume from here on that

We will separate the terms left and right as

and add in terms to both sides which make them both into perfect squares.

Let  be any solution of this cubic equation:

Then (since  ≠ 0)

so we may divide by it, giving

Then

Subtracting, we get the difference of two squares which is the product of the sum and difference of their roots

which can be solved by applying the quadratic formula to each of the two factors. So the possible values of  are:

 or

Using another  from among the three roots of the cubic simply causes these same four values of  to appear in a different order. The solutions of the cubic are:

using any one of the three possible cube roots. A wise strategy is to choose the sign of the square-root that makes the absolute value of  as large as possible.

Ferrari's solution
Otherwise, the depressed quartic can be solved by means of a method discovered by Lodovico Ferrari. Once the depressed quartic has been obtained, the next step is to add the valid identity

to equation (), yielding

The effect has been to fold up the u4 term into a perfect square: (u2 + α)2. The second term, αu2 did not disappear, but its sign has changed and it has been moved to the right side.

The next step is to insert a variable y into the perfect square on the left side of equation (), and a corresponding 2y into the coefficient of u2 in the right side. To accomplish these insertions, the following valid formulas will be added to equation (),

and

These two formulas, added together, produce

which added to equation () produces

This is equivalent to

The objective now is to choose a value for y such that the right side of equation () becomes a perfect square. This can be done by letting the discriminant of the quadratic function become zero. To explain this, first expand a perfect square so that it equals a quadratic function:

The quadratic function on the right side has three coefficients. It can be verified that squaring the second coefficient and then subtracting four times the product of the first and third coefficients yields zero:

Therefore to make the right side of equation () into a perfect square, the following equation must be solved:

Multiply the binomial with the polynomial,

Divide both sides by −4, and move the −β2/4 to the right,

Divide both sides by 2,

This is a cubic equation in y. Solve for y using any method for solving such equations (e.g. conversion to a reduced cubic and application of Cardano's formula). Any of the three possible roots will do.

Folding the second perfect square
With the value for y so selected, it is now known that the right side of equation () is a perfect square of the form

(This is correct for both signs of square root, as long as the same sign is taken for both square roots. A ± is redundant, as it would be absorbed by another ± a few equations further down this page.)
so that it can be folded:

Note: If β ≠ 0 then α + 2y ≠ 0. If β = 0 then this would be a biquadratic equation, which we solved earlier.
Therefore equation () becomes

Equation () has a pair of folded perfect squares, one on each side of the equation. The two perfect squares balance each other.

If two squares are equal, then the sides of the two squares are also equal, as shown by:

Collecting like powers of u produces

Note: The subscript s of  and  is to note that they are dependent.
Equation () is a quadratic equation for u. Its solution is

Simplifying, one gets

This is the solution of the depressed quartic, therefore the solutions of the original quartic equation are

Remember: The two  come from the same place in equation (), and should both have the same sign, while the sign of  is independent.

Summary of Ferrari's method
Given the quartic equation

its solution can be found by means of the following calculations:

If  then

Otherwise, continue with

(either sign of the square root will do)

(there are 3 complex roots, any one of them will do)

The two ±s must have the same sign, the ±t is independent. To get all roots, compute x for ±s,±t = +,+ and for +,−; and for −,+ and for −,−. This formula handles repeated roots without problem.

Ferrari was the first to discover one of these labyrinthine solutions. The equation which he solved was

which was already in depressed form. It has a pair of solutions which can be found with the set of formulas shown above.

Ferrari's solution in the special case of real coefficients

If the coefficients of the quartic equation are real then the nested depressed cubic equation () also has real coefficients, thus it has at least one real root.

Furthermore the cubic function

where P and Q are given by () has the properties that
 and

where α and β are given by ().

This means that () has a real root greater than ,
and therefore that () has a real root greater than .

Using this root the term  in () is always real,
which ensures that the two quadratic equations () have real coefficients.

Obtaining alternative solutions the hard way

It could happen that one only obtained one solution through the formulae above, because not all four sign patterns are tried for four solutions, and the solution obtained is complex. It may also be the case that one is only looking for a real solution. Let x1 denote the complex solution. If all the original coefficients A, B, C, D and E are real—which should be the case when one desires only real solutions – then there is another complex solution x2 which is the complex conjugate of x1. If the other two roots are denoted as x3 and x4 then the quartic equation can be expressed as

but this quartic equation is equivalent to the product of two quadratic equations:

and

Since

then

Let

so that equation () becomes

Also let there be (unknown) variables w and v such that equation () becomes

Multiplying equations () and () produces

Comparing equation () to the original quartic equation, it can be seen that

and

Therefore

Equation () can be solved for x yielding

One of these two solutions should be the desired real solution.

Alternative methods

Quick and memorable solution from first principles

Most textbook solutions of the quartic equation require a substitution that is hard to memorize. Here is an approach that makes it easy to understand. The job is done if we can factor the quartic equation into a product of two quadratics. Let

By equating coefficients, this results in the following set of simultaneous equations:

This is harder to solve than it looks, but if we start again with a depressed quartic where , which can be obtained by substituting  for , then , and:

It's now easy to eliminate both  and  by doing the following:

If we set , then this equation turns into the cubic equation:

which is solved elsewhere. Once you have , then:

The symmetries in this solution are easy to see. There are three roots of the cubic, corresponding to the three ways that a quartic can be factored into two quadratics, and choosing positive or negative values of  for the square root of  merely exchanges the two quadratics with one another.

Galois theory and factorization

The symmetric group S4 on four elements has the Klein four-group as a normal subgroup. This suggests using a resolvent whose roots may be variously described as a discrete Fourier transform or a Hadamard matrix transform of the roots.
Suppose ri for i from 0 to 3 are roots of

If we now set

then since the transformation is an involution, we may express the roots in terms of the four si in exactly the same way. Since we know the value s0 = −b/2, we really only need the values for s1, s2 and s3. These we may find by expanding the polynomial

which if we make the simplifying assumption that b = 0, is equal to

This polynomial is of degree six, but only of degree three in z2, and so the corresponding equation is solvable. By trial we can determine which three roots are the correct ones, and hence find the solutions of the quartic.

We can remove any requirement for trial by using a root of the same resolvent polynomial for factoring; if w is any root of (3), and if

then

We therefore can solve the quartic by solving for w and then solving for the roots of the two factors using the quadratic formula.

Approximate methods
The methods described above are, in principle, exact root-finding methods. It is also possible to use successive approximation methods which iteratively converge towards the roots, such as the Durand–Kerner method. Iterative methods are the only ones available for quintic and higher-order equations, beyond trivial or special cases.

See also
Linear equation
Quadratic equation
Cubic equation
Quintic equation
Polynomial
Newton's method

References
Ferrari's achievement

Notes

External links
Calculator for solving Quartics

Elementary algebra
Equations
Polynomials

Quartic equation


Ken Andrews (born Kenneth Andrew Doty; June 18, 1967) is an American musician, singer-songwriter, and record producer. Andrews was born in Seattle, Washington, and attended film school in Los Angeles before his band Failure received a record deal from Slash Records.

Career
He is best known as co-founder, lead vocalist, guitarist, bassist and co-songwriter of the alternative rock band Failure. He has also played in Replicants, a cover band side project that also included members of Tool. After the breakup of Failure in 1997, he also recorded music under the moniker ON, and later assembled and fronted the band Year of the Rabbit. He has performed as a solo artist, as well as collaborating in a self-described "digital band" called Digital Noise Academy with Justin Meldal-Johnsen, Sharky Laguana (Creeper Lagoon), Jordon Zadorozny, and Charlotte Martin (whom Andrews married in 2005), among others. In 2014, Andrews reunited with Failure members Greg Edwards and Kellii Scott. They embarked on a North American tour, which included two dates performing alongside A Perfect Circle and Puscifer for the celebration of Maynard James Keenan's 50th birthday.

Apart from his work as a musician, Andrews has also produced and/or mixed material for many artists, such as Nine Inch Nails, Beck, Lostprophets, Pete Yorn, A Perfect Circle, Tenacious D, Black Rebel Motorcycle Club, Candlebox, Mae, and others. Also notable is his participation in the production of "You Know My Name", the theme for the 2006 James Bond movie Casino Royale, performed by Soundgarden/ex-Audioslave frontman Chris Cornell.

In March 2007, Andrews released Secrets of the Lost Satellite, his first solo album under his own name, and helped oversee its release via his own label, Dinosaur Fight Records. The initial inspiration for the album came when he was invited by Beck to contribute to songs that he and his backing band were working on for the Nacho Libre soundtrack, recording sessions which Andrews described as "one of the most exciting of my life". Beck's live musical director, session musician Justin Meldal-Johnsen, was already a friend of Andrews', and shortly afterward, they and other members of Beck's band (including Matt Mahaffey of Self) began working on material that eventually became the album. Andrews also brought in another old friend, Jordon Zadorozny of Blinker the Star, to assist with songwriting and arrangements, and Zadorozny also ended up playing various instruments on some songs, as well. Both Meldal-Johnsen and Zadorozny are listed as co-producers of Secrets of the Lost Satellite. Andrews went on tour that spring for the first time since 2003, with the opening band, San Diego's First Wave Hello, also serving as his backing band.

The members of Failure and Tool have been friends since the early 1990s; the two bands toured together repeatedly, and some members collaborated occasionally. Andrews is often credited for directing the music video for Tool's "Hush", but this is incorrect. He did, however, edit the video for their later single "Prison Sex". Andrews is also mistakenly credited with involvement in the post-grunge arena-rock band Neon Steam Dreams; that Andrews is a different musician by the same name.  In May 2014, the Cinquanta concert with Tool, A Perfect Circle and Failure was held as a 50th Birthday Celebration for Maynard James Keenan, who asked for the band to reunite for that concert. Keenan stated, "This was the perfect opportunity to tick off one of my bucket list items in the form of a Failure reunion. What better birthday present could one ever hope for?" Failure, however, performed their first reunion show at the El Rey Theater on February 13, 2014, before the event.

He was featured on an episode of WIRED Science discussing the pros and cons of digital vs. analog recording. Andrews argued that more can be done (with greater ease) with digital while Steve Albini argued that he can accomplish just as much with analog.

On the 28th October 2020, Andrews released a five song EP entitled What's Coming. This was his first release of new solo work since 2007's Secrets of the Lost Satellite. Single track "Sword and Shield" has a music video directed by Andrews, which stars David Dastmalchian. This video is intended as a criticism of U.S. President Donald Trump, opening with a shot of a MAGA drum kit, with Dastmalchian lip syncing to the song dressed as Trump. Andrews himself stated that this was the very first overtly political song he had ever written.

Discography

With Failure
 Comfort (1992)
 Magnified (1994)
 Fantastic Planet (1996)
 Golden (2004)
 Essentials (2006)
 Tree of Stars (Live EP) (2014)
 The Heart Is a Monster (2015)
 In the Future Your Body Will Be The Furthest Thing From Your Mind (2018)
 Wild Type Droid (2021)

With Replicants
 Replicants (1995)

With ON
 Soluble Words – EP (1999)
 Shifting Skin (2000)
 Make Believe (2002)

With Year of the Rabbit
 Hunted (2003)
 Year of the Rabbit (2003)

With Digital Noise Academy
 Synemy (2013)

Solo
 Secrets of the Lost Satellite (2007)
 Secret Things: Remixes from the Lost Satellite – EP (2007)
 Secrets of the Lost Satellite Tour, Spring 2007 – live album (2007)
What's Coming - EP (2020)

Works as a producer or mixing engineer
 Abandoned Pools – Armed to the Teeth
 Anya Marina – Slow & Steady Seduction: Phase II
 Army of Anyone – Army of Anyone
 A Perfect Circle – The Hollow (Acoustic Live From Philly)
 Beck – Nacho Libre
 Beck – Timebomb
 Beto Cuevas – Miedo escénico
 Black Rebel Motorcycle Club – Take Them On, On Your Own
 Blinker the Star – A Bourgeois Kitten
 Blinker the Star – August Everywhere
 Bowery Beasts – Forthcoming
 Bullets and Octane – In the Mouth of the Young
 Charlotte Martin – In Parentheses
 Charlotte Martin – On Your Shore
 Charlotte Martin – Stromata
 Charlotte Martin – Reproductions
 Charlotte Martin – Dancing on Needles
 Charlotte Martin – Water Breaks Stone
 Chris Cornell – You Know My Name
 Citizen - As You Please
 Copeland – In Motion
 Creeper Lagoon – Take Back the Universe and Give Me Yesterday
 Creeper Lagoon – Watering Ghost Garden
 Crosby Loggins – Seriously
 A Day to Remember – Common Courtesy
 Dukatalon - Involuntary Action
 Empyr – The Peaceful Riot
 Failure – Comfort
 Failure – Magnified
 Failure – Fantastic Planet
 Failure – Enjoy the Silence
 Failure – Golden
 Failure – The Heart Is a Monster
Gone is Gone - Echolation
 FM Static – Dear Diary
 Future of Forestry – Twilight
 The Icarus Line – Penance Soiree
 Jamison Parker – Sleepwalker
 Jimmy Eat World – Firestarter
 Jimmy Eat World – Last Christmas
 Jimmy Eat World - Integrity Blues
 Ken Andrews – Secrets of the Lost Satellite
 Ken Andrews – Just Say Yes
 Leaves – Breathe
 Lostprophets - Weapons
 Mae – The Everglow
 Molly McGuire – Lime
 Moon Pigeon - "Letters from Thieves" from self titled EP
 Nine Inch Nails – 1,000,000 and Echoplex – Live
 ON – Shifting Skin
 ON – Make Believe
 Paramore – Paramore
 Pete Yorn – For Nancy
 Pete Yorn – Strange Condition
 Pete Yorn – Nightcrawler
 Pete Yorn – Go with It
 Pete Yorn – It Never Rains in Southern California
 Pete Yorn – Day I Forgot
 Replicants – Replicants
 The Republic Tigers – Fight Song
 Ruth – Anorak
 Settle – At Home We Are Tourists
 Skycycle – Breathing Water
 Starflyer 59 – Talking Voice vs. Singing Voice
 Starflyer 59 – My Island
 Stone Temple Pilots − Stone Temple Pilots (2018)
 Tenacious D – Tenacious D
 Tenacious D – The Pick of Destiny
 Thousand Foot Krutch – The Flame in All of Us
 Underoath - Erase Me
 Unwritten Law – Swan
 Year of the Rabbit – Year of the Rabbit

References

  Also available on Big Hassle, and Ken Andrews' official web site, www.kenandrews.com.

External links
 Ken Andrews – official site
 Ken Andrews interview at Silent Uproar

1967 births
Record producers from California
American audio engineers
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Alternative rock guitarists
American rock singers
Living people
Musicians from Seattle
Replicants (band) members
Singers from Washington (state)
Guitarists from Los Angeles
Guitarists from Washington (state)
20th-century American guitarists
Engineers from California
20th-century American male musicians
The Wondergirls members
Failure (band) members
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American singers

Ken Andrews