Perseus was the code name of a hypothetical Soviet atomic spy that,  if real, would have allegedly breached United States national security by infiltrating Los Alamos National Laboratory during the development of the Manhattan Project, and consequently, would have been instrumental for the Soviets in the development of nuclear weapons.

Among researchers of the subject there is some consensus that Perseus never existed and was actually a creation of Soviet intelligence.

Character and history
A reference to the profile of a spy who can be identified with Perseus describes him as an American scientist of young age at the time of the Manhattan Project.

If they were real, Perseus would have supposedly participated in the Spanish Civil War.

In the early 1940s Perseus would have been in New York City visiting his sick parents. During his stay in that city, he would have managed to be recruited by the GRU after looking for and contacting Morris Cohen, an American who joined the Communist Party during the Great Depression and worked as a Soviet spy.

The meeting with Cohen must have been between September 1941 and July 1942, before Cohen enlisted in the army and left for the Western Front in Europe.

Perseus reportedly introduced himself to Cohen as a physicist who had been invited to join the work at Los Alamos research center. By 1942, Perseus was supposedly already working at Los Alamos, being that he would have started sometime at least 18 months before German physicist and also atomic spy Klaus Fuchs, who joined the investigation in mid-1944. However, Perseus appears to have been recruited by the Soviets around the same (or at least a nearby) time as Fuchs.

According to articles published in Russia by The New Times, Perseus would have collaborated with the Soviet government for purely ideological reasons to the point that he refused any financial rewards in exchange for classified information, since he was convinced that the United States would use the atomic bomb against the Soviet Union, claiming that:

With Morris Cohen in Europe, his wife, Lona Cohen, took it upon herself to travel to Albuquerque on one or two occasions (depending on the source consulted) to serve as a carrier.

Once there, Lona Cohen would have received information allegedly directly from Perseus, and took it to the Soviet consul in New York, Anatoli Yatskov. This information allegedly included crucial details about the Trinity Test, which was detonated in July 1945.

In the 1950s, Perseus was supposedly under the control of Rudolf Abel.

According to one source, Perseus was supposedly still alive in 1991.

Perseus was also allegedly referred by or identified with the code names of «Mr. X», «Youngster», FOGEL, PERS and «Mlad».

This name is also given to a spy at White Sands Missile Range, located further south near Las Cruces, New Mexico.

Alleged confirmations of existence

Vladimir Chikov
In April 1991, KGB colonel and public relations officer Vladimir Chikov published articles in the Russian weekly "The New Times" in which he commented on the existence of a Russian spy who worked in the Manhattan project under the code name of Perseus, giving details of his recruitment and achievements.

Regarding the information published by Chikov in The New Times, an article in The Washington Post comments:

Anatoli Yatskov
In an interview published in 1992, the former Soviet consul in New York, Anatoli Yatskov, confirmed the existence of Perseus,  as an important figure among scientists working on the Manhattan project.

During his tenure as consul, Yatskov used the pseudonym Anatoly Yakovlev and served as a Soviet intelligence agent, coordinating atomic spies in the United States.

Yatskov gave details about Perseus' recruitment, how he sent information from New Mexico to New York (through Morris Cohen's wife), and confirmed that the Soviet Union received information from both, Klaus Fuchs and Perseus.

Morris Cohen and Lona Cohen
In an interview given before his death in 1995, the American-born Soviet spy Morris Cohen confirmed that in addition to Karl Fuchs, there was a second physicist in the Manhattan project who worked as a Soviet spy.

The details in Cohen's story coincide with the statements of Colonel Vladimir Chikov a few years ago, such as the recruitment of people close to the Manhattan Project as spies, the existence (suspected by the American intelligence) of an unidentified scientist who collaborated with Soviet intelligence, and the interaction of said scientist with Lona Cohen (Morris Cohen's wife) to transport stolen information.

According to Cohen, by the fall of 1994 there were very few people left in Soviet intelligence ("two or maybe three") who knew the real name of the second spy scientist.

For her part, shortly before her death in 1992, Lona Cohen had a telephone interview with historian Walter Schneir. In that interview, Lona Cohen confirmed that she had made at least one trip between Albuquerque and New York to transport classified information stolen to the United States, but she could not quite remember who she had interviewed with in New Mexico, saying that it was probably a scientist or physicist.

References in the Venona project

The Venona project was a United States counterintelligence program run by the Signal Intelligence Service that (later became part of the National Security Agency,) started in the Second World War and was active since February 1943 to October 1980.

The objective of the program was to intercept and decrypt messages from diplomats, intelligence agencies (such as the NKVD and the KGB), business representatives and other actors of the Soviet government.

Despite the fact that only a fraction of the messages intercepted by Venona were suitable for decryption, the project left an archive of around 3000 decrypted and translated messages.

Although there is no mention of Perseus in the Venona files, there are references to a spy under the code name PERS or FOGEL. Apparently, at some point the codename PERS was turned into Perseus by mistake.

PERS was identified in the Venona files as part of the group of four Soviet spies (of which only 3 had been identified) who infiltrated the Manhattan Project.

Despite the fact that by 2012 a publication by NSA's Center for Cryptologic History described PERS as "important, but still unidentified", the references in the Venona files have been questioned or even used to confirm that Perseus never existed.

4th spy at Los Álamos
From the early 1950s till 1995, three Soviet spies had been confirmed to have infiltrated Los Alamos: Klaus Fuchs (German physicist), David Greenglass (military man and brother-in-law of Julius Rosenberg) and Theodore Hall (American physicist).

Fuchs voluntarily confessed to British MI5 authorities in January 1950 and this subsequently lead to Greenglass in June of that same year. Finally, Hall's involvement was not identified until the release of documents from Venona in 1995, a few years before his death in 1999.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, publications like those by Chikov and Yatskov strengthened the theory of a possible fourth spy in Los Alamos, who would have been identified as Perseus (the PERS in the Venona files) or FOGEL.

Alleged rebuttals of existence

Pavel Sudoplatov
In 1994 the lieutenant general and Soviet agent Pavel Sudoplatov published a book titled Special Tasks.

In the book, Sudoplatov referred to the statements made by Anatoly Yatskov, and stated that he did not remember that code name and, that in his opinion, it could be that Yatskov or his associates created Perseus to cover the true identities of Soviet informants.

However, Sudoplatov also acknowledged that the codename Perseus was used to refer to or cover a number agents and anonymous sources.

John Earl Haynes
United States Cold War historian John Earl Haynes concluded that Perseus was an invention relying on the research of authors Joseph Albright, Marcia Kunstel and Gary Kern.

In an index of false names, pseudonyms, and real names of spies, Haynes notes under the Perseus entry that:

However, Haynes acknowledges that although Perseus was an invention, there must have been a 4th Soviet spy operating in Los Alamos during the development of the Manhattan project in addition to the 3 spies identified until 1995: Klaus Fuchs, David Greenglass and Theodore Hall.

Albright and Kunstel
In their book "Bombshell: The Secret Story of America's Unknown Atomic Spy Conspiracy", the authors Joseph Albright and Marcia Kunstel dedicate the twentieth chapter to Perseus under the title of "The Perseus Myth" in which they conclude that the spy never existed.

According to the authors, the KGB may have created Perseus for the purposes of self-promotion, justify its own existence, and even to secure more state funding.

Gary Kern
In 2006 mail that was made public, author Gary Kern explained why he believed Perseus was an invention. Kern believes that Perseus was an extremely risky disinformation operation with multiple objectives, including:

 Show that the KGB was vital for the Soviet Union and, after 1991, for Russia.
 Prove that the KGB dominated the field (intelligence and espionage) better than the American and British agencies, since the latters were never able to catch the hypothetical Russian agent.
 Give more credit and prestige to Soviet intelligence agents for the development of nuclear weapons, even if this meant diminsh the contribution of Soviet scientists.
 Use Soviet spies of foreign origin living in Russia for propaganda, particularly the Cohens.
 Have some financial gain with the possible sell of the story.

Alleged identities

Philip Morrison
In April 1999 American scientist, activist and, president of the Federation of American Scientists from 1970 to 2000; Jeremy Stone, published his memoirs under the title «Every Man Should Try": Adventures of a Public Interest Activist».

Motivated by an article in The Washington Post about Vladimir Chikov's publications in Russia, Stone decided to take on the subject, and in his book he disclosed conversations and visits he had with someone he knew personally and only identified with the pseudonym "Scientist X" (or «Dr. X» ), and explained why he believed that this "Scientist X" was the real Perseus.

Despite the use of a pseudonym, thanks to the information in the book, the "Scientist X" was easily identified as Philip Morrison, a physicist from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Morrison denied the accusation and gave a solid rebuttal against it, noting that:

 According to Chikov, Perseus participated in the Spanish Civil War, but during this (1936 - 1939) Morrison was studying or about to graduate from Berkeley. In addition to the fact that during his childhood Morrison contracted Polio, which affected his legs to the point that he required a cane to walk, making it unlikely that he could fight in a war.
 According to another source, Perseus would have been in New York City between 1941 and 1942 visiting his parents, but at the time Morrison's parents resided in Philadelphia and their family lived in Pittsburgh.

On the other hand, the reasons that led Stone to suspect Morrison were questioned. Namely, those reasons included:

 Stone thought that the ideas expressed in a phrase attributed to Perseus were similar to ideas expressed by Morrison (although Stone accepted that, had Perseus existed, his phrases would have been in English, to later be translated into Russian (in publications such as Chikov's) and then translated back into English by US media).
 During a 1994 conversation between the two, Stone was already suspicious of Morrison, so he brought up the subject of Perseus indirectly and Morrison's reaction (according to Stone) was so nervous that his knees trembled, but this could be explained by the aftermath of the polio that Morrison suffered in his childhood.

To all of the above, Stone accepted Morrison's rebuttal, stating that: "In the light of these facts, which I certainly cannot contradict, [...] I can only accept your denial that you are Perseus."

Finally, thanks to the controversy raised by the event, several academics and people close to the Federation of American Scientists expressed their wishes for Stone to apologize, and even the idea of calling Stone to present his resignation as head of the Federation.

Oscar Seborer
According to historian John Earl Haynes and academic Harvey Klehr, thanks to FBI documents that were declassified in the 2010s, they were able to confirm the existence of a suspected fourth spy who they identified as Oscar Seborer.

Seborer was an American engineer who was drafted into the United States Army in 1942 and, like all his siblings, had sympathy for the Communist Party USA.

Given his education as an engineer, Seborer was assigned to the «Special Engineer Detachment», a program that identified members of the military with specific abilities and funneled them to the Manhattan project.

However, Haynes and Klehr are emphatic that Seborer should not be identified with Perseus, since while Perseus would have been an invention probably based on Theodore Hall, Seborer's life and profile have no relation to the characteristics attributed to Perseus.

Theodore Hall
According to historian John Eark Haynes and academic Harvey Klehr, although Perseus never really existed, some aspects of his character were based on or coincide with the American Soviet spy and physicist Theodore Hall. These aspects include:

 Age: Hall was the youngest scientist working on the Manhattan project, while the possible reference by Morris Cohen defines Perseus as young and another codename attributed to Perseus is «Youngster».
 Parents residence: According to Vladimir Chikov, Perseus would have sought to be recruited by the KGB in New York City, after a visit to his parents. Hall's parents lived in New York City, and were coincidentally visited by Hall about the same time.
 Attributed code names: According to Haynes and Klehr, the use of the code name "Mlad" has been wrongly attributed to Perseus, but it actually identified Hall. Likewise, the code name "Youngster" has been attributed to both Hall and Perseus.
 Lifespan: According to Vladimir Chikov, Perseus was still alive in 1991, while Hall did not pass away until 1999 and his identity as a spy was not exposed until 1995.

Born in New York City, Hall was an American physicist who was considered a prodigy from an early age and graduate from Harvard University at 18. Concerned about the advance of fascism at the time, Hall developed sympathies for socialism.

Although Haynes and Klehr noted that the agent identified as Perseus (or sometimes as "Mlad") has attributes and characteristics that do not match Hall, they still concluded that Perseus must have actually been an invention, the result of a misinformation operation with the goal of protecting Hall, who was still alive in the early 1990s. Which could explain the presence of attributes that coincide between both at the same time of others that do not.

In popular culture
On August 19, 2020, Perseus was first referenced in the worldwide teaser trailer for Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War. He was later confirmed as the main antagonist in the game's campaign which is set in the 1980s and flashbacks of the Vietnam War.

Related pages
 Atomic Spies
 David Greenglass
 George Koval
 Manhattan Project
 Theodore Hall
 Rudolf Abel
 Venona project
 White Sands Missile Range

Bibliography

References

Other websites
 Los Alamos National Laboratory History
 Los Alamos National Laboratory: «The Project Y Spies: An Historical Perspective on a Perennial Threat» by Alan B. Carr

Cold War
Espionage

Perseus (spy)


San Pedro Municipal Ferry Building is a former Los Angeles Harbor Department ferry terminal building located at Sixth Street at Harbor Boulevard in the community of San Pedro in Los Angeles, California.

The historic landmark building now houses the Los Angeles Maritime Museum.

History
The Municipal Ferry Building was built in 1941 as a Works Project Administration (WPA) project, built at Berth 84. It was designed in the Streamline Moderne style by architect Derwood Lydell Irvin of the Los Angeles Harbor Department.   It has a five-story octagonal clock tower. Its "sister ferry terminal" was across the main channel at Berth 234, also Irvin designed in the Streamline Moderne and built by the WPA in 1941.

It was a working ferry terminal from 1941 to 1963, for the ferry connecting San Pedro and Terminal Island in the Los Angeles Harbor. During those years, the double-decked ferries "Islander" and "Ace" transported thousands of passengers and automobiles to and from the tuna canneries, docks, shipyards, and military bases on Terminal Island.

In 1963, the Vincent Thomas Bridge was completed, connecting mainland San Pedro to Terminal Island, and the ferry service became obsolete. The ferry service was terminated on 14 November, and the bridge opened on 15 November.

The San Pedro terminal building was used for many years as an office building by the Los Angeles Harbor Department. The ferry terminal building on the Terminal Island side was demolished in 1972 to expand cargo operations.

Museum
As the ferry building began to deteriorate, citizens of San Pedro sought to have it restored.  They succeeded in having the building designated as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument (no. 146) in 1975.

Beginning in 1976 the building was restored (exterior) and remodeled (interior) into the Los Angeles Maritime Museum, which opened in 1979.  It is the largest maritime museum on the West Coast.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.

Media
Both the exterior and interior of the Municipal Ferry Building were featured in the 1947 film The Street With No Name.

See also
 List of Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments in the Harbor area
 List of Registered Historic Places in Los Angeles

References

External links

 Big Orange Landmarks Blog: Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument No. 146 — Municipal Ferry Building — with images.
 Official Los Angeles Maritime Museum website
 LAPL.org:  "History of the Los Angeles Maritime Museum"

Ferry terminals in California
San Pedro, Los Angeles
Government buildings in Los Angeles
Los Angeles Harbor Region
Terminal Island
Maritime history of California
Government buildings completed in 1941
Transport infrastructure completed in 1941
Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments
Ferry terminals on the National Register of Historic Places
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles
Transportation buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in California
1941 establishments in California
1963 disestablishments in California
Maritime museums in California
Museums in Los Angeles
1940s architecture in the United States
Works Progress Administration in California
PWA Moderne architecture in California
Streamline Moderne architecture in California
Transportation buildings and structures in Los Angeles County, California

San Pedro Municipal Ferry Building


Cleinias (), father of Alcibiades, brother of Axiochus, and member of the Alcmaeonidae family, was an Athenian who married Deinomache, the daughter of Megacles, and became the father of the famous Alcibiades. Plutarch tells us that he traced his family line back to Eurysaces, the son of Telamonian Ajax. Cleinias died at the Battle of Coronea in 447 BC.

He is also credited with the Cleinias Decree, which involved the tightening up of the process of tribute collection in the Athenian Empire. Attributing this inscription to this particular Cleinias, the father of Alcibiades, places the decree in the early 440s, usually given as 447, as Cleinias died at the Battle of Coronea in 447 BC. Although more recently, scholars have argued the Cleinias Decree was made in the 420s following Athens running low on money. Thus we cannot be certain this is the same Cleinias.

References

447 BC deaths
5th-century BC Athenians
Ancient Greek monarchs
Ancient Greeks killed in battle
Alcmaeonidae
Year of birth unknown

Cleinias


James Louis Beattie (born July 4, 1954) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played for the New York Yankees and Seattle Mariners from 1978 to 1986. He also served as the Montreal Expos' general manager from  to , and was the Baltimore Orioles' general manager with Mike Flanagan from  to . As of , Beattie served as a professional scout in the Toronto Blue Jays organization through the 2018 season. Beattie retired from his decades-long career in MLB at the end of the 2018 season. Beattie starred in baseball and basketball at South Portland High School in South Portland, Maine.

Amateur career
Beattie earned All New England honors playing basketball at Dartmouth College in , and was MVP of the Kodak Classic in . In 1974, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Harwich Mariners of the Cape Cod Baseball League and was named a league all-star.

Professional career

New York Yankees
The New York Yankees selected Beattie in the fourth round, with the 91st overall selection, of the 1975 Major League Baseball draft. He was soon tabbed one of the top pitching prospects in the Yankees' farm system, along with Ken Clay and Gil Patterson. Each vocalized frustration with the organization when they acquired pitchers Goose Gossage, Andy Messersmith and Rawly Eastwick after the  season believing that it hindered their chances of making the major league roster.

A rash of injuries opened the door for Beattie, and he made the club out of spring training in . He pitched  innings and gave up just one run in his major league debut to beat Hall of Famer Jim Palmer and the Baltimore Orioles. After a second win against the Chicago White Sox on May 15, Beattie lost his next seven decisions in a row. He was, however, on the mound for two of the Yankees' most important games that September. With the Yankees having been as far back as fourteen games to the Boston Red Sox on July 19, they surged to just four games back by the time they headed to Fenway Park for a four-game set from September 7–10. Beattie started the second game of the series, holding Boston to just three hits and no runs over his first eight innings of work. After the Red Sox scored two unearned runs in the ninth, he handed the ball over to Ron Davis for the final out. The Yankees swept the series to move into a tie with Boston. They moved on to Detroit for a three-game set next, and Beattie won the second game of that series to give the Yankees sole possession of first place. He finished his rookie season with a 6–9 record and a 3.73 earned run average (ERA) in 25 games (22 starts).

Following a one-game playoff with the Red Sox, the Yankees headed into the postseason. Beattie won Game 1 of the 1978 American League Championship Series against the Kansas City Royals, and earned a complete game victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers in Game 5 of the World Series.

Despite his late season and postseason heroics, Beattie failed to make the club the following spring. He was, however, called up by the beginning of May. On June 20, a line drive off the bat of the Toronto Blue Jays' John Mayberry shelved Beattie for two months. On September 12, , Boston Red Sox legend Carl Yastrzemski singled off Beattie for his 3,000th career hit. After the season, he, Rick Anderson, Juan Beníquez and Jerry Narron were traded to the Seattle Mariners for Ruppert Jones and Jim Lewis.

Seattle Mariners
Despite posting a 5.01 ERA, Beattie's record stood at 3–3 on May 21,  following a victory over the Milwaukee Brewers. He only won two more games for the rest of the season, and finished at 5–15 with a 4.85 ERA in 33 games (29 starts). Beattie started the  season in the bullpen, but after getting rocked in three outings, he was reassigned to the Triple-A Pacific Coast League Spokane Indians. He returned to the majors after the 1981 Major League Baseball strike, and pitch an eight inning gem against the California Angels on August 11 for his first victory of the season. Beattie went 3–2 with one save with a 2.02 ERA while holding batters to a .212 batting average in the second half, as opposed to the eight earned runs he gave up in  innings of work prior to his demotion to Spokane. His one and only career save came during a wild 20-inning game on September 3, 1981. The Mariners defeated the Red Sox at Fenway Park 8–7 in a 20-inning game. Beattie recorded the final out of the game to nail down the victory. His success carried over into the  season. Despite an 8–12 record, his 3.34 ERA was seventh-best in the American League, 140 strikeouts was eighth-best, and the .233 batting average he held batters to was sixth-best.

On September 27, , Beattie hurled the first one-hitter in Seattle Mariners history against the Kansas City Royals. Outside of a U.L. Washington single in the third inning, Beattie was perfect. Perhaps the second-best pitching performance of his career came in a losing effort. On July 25, , he and the California Angels' Ron Romanick locked up in a pitchers' duel. Beattie pitched nine innings of one-hit ball while striking out nine. With the game still scoreless heading into extra innings, Beattie took the mound again in the tenth inning, where Gary Pettis ended it with a two-out walk-off single. After the game, Beattie smashed a water cooler and refused to talk to reporters.

Beattie began dealing with shoulder tendinitis late in his career. He missed six weeks of the  season with tendinitis, then tore his rotator cuff upon his return.

Beattie returned from surgery midway through the  season. He pitched effectively in his first start against the Chicago White Sox on June 12, and was in line for the victory until the bullpen imploded. From there, Beattie himself imploded as he went 0–6 with a 6.02 ERA in nine games (seven starts) through August 7, when he was placed back on the disabled list.

Post-playing career
Rather than trying to catch on with another big league club after being released by the Mariners, Beattie opted to go back to school. He received his M.B.A. from the University of Washington in  (he also has a bachelor's degree from Dartmouth), then returned to the Mariners as their player development director in .  Beattie remained in that position through the 1995 season, when he was named general manager and vice president of the Montreal Expos. He quit at the end of the  season; after a year away from the game, he joined the Baltimore Orioles as executive vice president of baseball operations. He served as co-GM of the Orioles with former Orioles pitcher Mike Flanagan through the  season, when Flanagan was given the job solely. When Boston Red Sox GM Theo Epstein threatened to leave the Red Sox shortly afterwards, Beattie interviewed for the job. He also interviewed for the vacant Houston Astros GM job in .

In something of an unexpected career turn, Beattie finished the 2007 season as the Florida Marlins' bullpen coach. After former bullpen coach Steve Foster became Florida's pitching coach following Rick Kranitz's departure, Beattie jokingly offered his services to Marlins GM Larry Beinfest, and Beinfest took him up on his offer. Beattie was also rumored to be a candidate for the Marlins' pitching coach position in 2008, but the job instead went to Mark Wiley.

Sources

External links
, or Baseball Almanac

1954 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baltimore Orioles executives
Baseball coaches from Maine
Baseball players from Cumberland County, Maine
Baseball coaches from Virginia
Baseball players from Hampton, Virginia
Calgary Cannons players
Columbus Clippers players
Fort Lauderdale Yankees players
Harwich Mariners players
Major League Baseball general managers
Major League Baseball pitchers
Montreal Expos executives
New York Yankees players
Oneonta Yankees players
Sportspeople from South Portland, Maine
Salt Lake City Gulls players
Seattle Mariners players
South Portland High School alumni
Spokane Indians players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Tacoma Yankees players
Toronto Blue Jays scouts
West Haven Yankees players

Jim Beattie (baseball)


In handwriting research, the concept of stroke is used in various ways. In engineering and computer science, there is a tendency to use the term stroke for a single connected component of ink (in Off-line handwriting recognition) or a complete pen-down trace (in on-line handwriting recognition). Thus, such stroke may be a complete character or a part of a character. However, in this definition, a complete word written as connected cursive script should also be called a stroke. This is in conflict with the suggested unitary nature of stroke as a relatively simple shape.

In the research field of handwriting motor control, the term ballistic stroke is used. It is defined as the trajectory segment between two consecutive minima in the absolute velocity of the pen tip. The time delay between the cortical brain command and a muscle contraction is so large that the 100 millisecond ballistic strokes need to be planned in advance by the brain, as feedback by hand-eye coordination requires a much slower movement than is the case in the normal handwriting process.

See also
Graphonomics

Penmanship

Ballistic stroke


Kirik Novgorodets ("Kirik the Novgorodian," Rus. Кирик Новгородец) (1110 – ca. 1156/1158) was a twelfth-century Novgorodian monk of the Antoniev Monastery and later a hieromonk in the entourage of Archbishop Niphont of Novgorod (r. 1130–1156) famous for writing the first mathematical treatise in Eastern Slavdom, the Uchenie o chislakh ("Teaching on Numbers," Rus. Учение о числах); he also wrote entries in the Novgorodian First Chronicle in the 1140s and asked some of the 152 questions of Niphont in a theological work known as the Voproshanie Kirika ("The Questions of Kirik," Rus. Вопрошание Кирика or Вопрошание Кириково.)  He also translated the works of Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople as well as the Pentateuch.

Kirik (a form of the name Kirill) wrote in the Uchenie o Chislakh (its full title is "Uchenie im zha vedati cheloveku chisla vsekh let"), that "my birthday was 26 years before now, that is 312 months, 1,300 weeks, and 9,500 without three days."  Since the Uchenie is dated to 1136, his birth year would have been 1110.  He is thought to be the chronicler who referred to his own ordination in the Novgorodian First Chronicle under the year 1144, and to have survived Nifont (who died in Kiev in 1156), as he is thought to have written the chronicle entry in which he said that Nifont had been accused of fleeing to Novgorod after looting the archiepiscopal treasury, but defended the archbishop, asking "about this each one of us should reflect: which bishop adorned St. Sophia, painted the porches, made an icon case, and adorned the whole outside, and in Pskov erected a stone church to the Holy Savior and another in Ladoga to St. Clement?"

References

Russian Orthodox monks
12th-century mathematicians
12th-century Eastern Orthodox Christians
1110 births
1150s deaths
12th-century Christian monks
People from medieval Novgorod

Kirik the Novgorodian


Vorwärts! (, Forward!) was a biweekly newspaper published in Paris from January to December 1844. The journal was seen as "the most radical" in contemporary Europe. The newspaper circulation was about a thousand copies. It had a subtitle Pariser Signale aus Kunst, Wissenschaft, Theater, Musik, Literatur und geselligem Leben (Paris signals from the arts, science, theater, music, literature and social life). From 3 July 1844 the title changed to Vorwärts. Pariser Deutsche Zeitschrift (Forward. Paris German journal).

The journal was sponsored by the composer Giacomo Meyerbeer and edited by Karl Ludwig Bernays. The publisher of the journal was Heinrich Börnstein (Henry Boernstein). It was the only uncensored radical paper in the German language published in contemporary Europe. The journal published many polemicists, such as Heinrich Heine, Georg Herwegh, Mikhail Bakunin and Arnold Ruge, many of them German political emigres to France,. Collaborators also included Friedrich Engels, Georg Weerth and Georg Weber. One of those who wrote for it was Karl Marx; he would have an increasingly important role in editing the journal, particularly from the summer of 1844. Marx and many others joined Vorwärts! after the closure of Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher. Many of the activists associated with the paper were also related to the German revolutionary socialist group known as the Communist League.

One of Heine's well-known works, "The Silesian Weavers", premiered in Vorwärts!.

The newspaper was critical of the situation in Prussia and was closed in January 1845 after the Prussian king, Friedrich Wilhelm IV, protested at the "outrageous insults and libels" published in the newspaper to the French king, Louis Philippe. Marx was expelled from France as part of the resulting commotion, Bernays was imprisoned for two months, and Boernstein made a deal with the authorities.

References
Footnotes

External links
Articles by Marx and Engels in Vorwärts!

1844 establishments in France
1844 disestablishments in France
Defunct newspapers published in France
German-language newspapers published in Europe
Newspapers published in Paris
Newspapers established in 1844
Publications disestablished in 1844
Socialist newspapers
Biweekly newspapers
Daily newspapers published in France

Vorwärts!


Andrea Reimer is a Canadian politician, who served on Vancouver, British Columbia's City Council from 2008 to 2018. She was first elected in 2002 to the Vancouver School Board as a Green Party candidate. She was defeated as a Green Party candidate in her re-election campaign in 2005 and then joined the Vision Vancouver party to support Gregor Robertson's mayoral campaign. She subsequently ran for and won a council seat in the 2008 municipal election. After serving four terms on council, she chose not to run for re-election in the 2018 municipal election. She is currently an adjunct professor at the School of Public Policy and Global Affairs at the University of British Columbia and Simon Fraser University, and served on the UBC Board of Governors as a provincial appointee from December 2019 to October 2020.

Background

Reimer was born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan and put into foster care. When she was 8 months old, she was adopted by a couple from Vancouver who subsequently relocated to Calgary prior to her starting school. Reimer's adoptive parents divorced when she was a pre-teen.

Reimer started smoking and drinking at the age of 10, and started to experiment with illicit drugs at the age of 11, and LSD at the age of 12. She was homeless between the ages of 14 and 19, which included travel to places throughout Canada, the United States, Asia, Central America, Europe and North Africa. During this period she dumpster-dived, got arrested several times, got involved in hard drugs, and developed addictions. When she was 18, Reimer worked in El Salvador at a low income housing project, which she later cited as the catalyst for her environmental awareness.

Although an atheist, at 19 Reimer enrolled at Concordia University to major in religious studies. She dropped out during her first year after six weeks of classes, and moved to Vancouver. In Vancouver, Reimer joined a government sponsored job training program and started working with Gordon Neighbourhood House Youth Works. She was then sent for a practicum to the Western Canada Wilderness Committee.

Reimer eventually worked her way up to become the executive director of the Western Canada Wilderness Committee, where she was paid approximately $2000 a month. While executive director of the Wilderness Committee, Reimer supported the creation of a carbon tax by the BC Provincial Government. It was subsequently passed. In 2007, she was chosen by Al Gore to deliver the Inconvenient Truth presentation to local audiences, which she delivered to over 10,000 people.

Reimer has volunteered with many community organizations including serving as:
 Past President of the CCEC Credit Union
 Past President Canadian Women Voters Congress
 former Vice-Chair of Your Local Farmer's Market Society
 former Co-Chair of the City of Vancouver's Food Policy Council
 Director of Toxic Free Canada

She serves as a Director of Environmental Education Action Project, and sits on the Vancouver Foundation's Health and Social Development Advisory Committee.

Political career

Green Party
Reimer joined the Green Party in 1996, and volunteered on the 1996 provincial election, the 1999 civic election, the 2000 federal by-election and the 2001 provincial election. She has held internal elected office as Communication Chair, Green Party of BC (1999–2002) and Chair, Green Party of Vancouver (2002–2008). Reimer was the first Green Party candidate ever elected to a school board seat in Canada, when she was elected in 2002. She ran for re-election as a Green Party candidate in 2005 yet was defeated.

Vision Vancouver
Reimer joined the Vision Vancouver party to support Gregor Robertson's mayoral campaign, which she co-chaired. She subsequently ran for and won a council seat in the 2008 municipal election.

School Board
As a School Trustee, Reimer supported efforts to remove vending machines and corporate logos from schools. She pushed for getting school garden programs into schools.

In January 2003, she supported the Green Party's position against bringing the Olympic Games to Vancouver in 2010 due to concerns about the money it would require. In 2008 she characterized her position as still ambivalent about the money spent on the Olympics but prepared to put her full energy into ensuring the Games were as good as possible.

City Council
As City Councillor, Reimer was a member of Gregor Robertson's Greenest City Team. The team was tasked with catalyzing immediate action on green issues, a ten-year action plan to become the world's greenest city and creating an environment supportive of green economic development in the city of Vancouver. Reimer introduced a motion, which passed, to open Vancouver city data to the public and endorse the principles of open source. Reimer introduced a motion, which passed unanimously, to allow Vancouver residents to keep hens in their backyards. The motion was opposed by the British Columbia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the Vancouver Humane Society, and the BC Poultry Association. The proposal was brought forward as a result of a recommendation from the City of Vancouver's Food Policy Council.

Reimer's other appointments on Vancouver City Council included:
 Chair, Standing Committee on Planning and Environment
 Vancouver Economic Development Commission
 Joint Childcare Council
 Family Court-Youth Justice Committee

Reimer also sat on the Metro Vancouver Regional District board and was appointed to the Regional Planning Committee, Agricultural Committee, Electoral Area A Committee and GVRD/UBC Joint Committee.

Twitter controversy
In October 2009, Reimer posted on Twitter regarding the British Columbia Minister of Housing and Social Development Rich Coleman's weight in response to provincial legislation proposed by Coleman to bring homeless people to shelters during extreme weather, even against their will. Reimer posted that instead of police bringing homeless people to shelters during extreme weather that she was thinking of introducing legislation to have the police bring Coleman to Jenny Craig, an international weight loss company, on his next visit to Vancouver. Coleman responded by calling the comment amateurish and from a Councilor that "doesn't know any better." Reimer later apologized for the posting.

Family
Reimer and her husband have a child. They live near Trout Lake in East Vancouver.

References

External links
 Andrea Reimer at Vancouver City Council

British Columbia school board members
Canadian environmentalists
Canadian women environmentalists
Women municipal councillors in Canada
Green Party of British Columbia politicians
Living people
Politicians from Saskatoon
Vision Vancouver councillors
Women in British Columbia politics
Year of birth missing (living people)

Andrea Reimer


Deebing Heights is a residential and semi-rural southern suburb of Ipswich in the City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. In the , Deebing Heights had a population of 2,039 people.

Geography
Deebing Heights is a large suburb encompassing the area from the eponymous hills surrounding Deebing Creek in the north of the suburb through to the lower foothills of the Flinders Peak Group in the south. From the Grampian Hills it is possible, on a clear day, to see the Brisbane skyline and the Pacific Ocean.

History

The suburb takes its name from the Deebing Creek, which in turn is a Ugarapul  word dibing meaning mosquito or other small winged insect.

The Deebing Creek Mission Aboriginal Reserve was founded by the Aboriginal Protection Society of Ipswich on 130 acres at the southern end of Grampian Drive in 1887. On 2 January 1892, construction was completed and the reserve was officially proclaimed.

Missionary Edward Fuller was the first manager of Deebing Creek which initially catered for Aboriginal people from the Ipswich area. By the turn of the century the mission superintendent reported that the inmates of Deebing Creek came from many different tribes with some children being sent to the mission from as far away as Burketown. Government records show that the mission was supplied with provisions by the Department from February 1891 to February 1894. In March 1894 to June 1896 a grant of £250 per annum was authorised.

In November 1896 the Rev. Peter Robertson, chairman of the Aboriginal Protection Association, requested and was granted additional funding for building and the purchase of more land and the annual grant to the mission was increased to £450. At the same time a gazettal notice made provision under the Industrial and Reformatory Schools Act of 1865 for the establishment of an industrial school which came to be known as the Deebing Creek Industrial School. The industrial school at Myora was closed and some of the children were transferred to Deebing Creek Industrial School.

In November 1914 a grant of £200 was made to assist in the transfer of the mission from Deebing Creek to reserve land at Purga. The reasons for the move were the abundance of good agricultural land and the greater distance from the town centre. The mission committee was still acquiring property and land for the mission, with the Chief Protector noting in a Departmental letter that 62 acres of farm land adjoining the Purga site had been purchased for £600 by the committee. In 1915 the mission was relocated to Purga.

From the closing of the reserve, the suburb remained largely undeveloped until the 1990s when Winland Developments commenced construction on a new premium acreage estate named 'Paradise Heights' in the southern Grampian Hills on the lower foothills of the Flinders Peak Group. In the next decade, work began on a smaller allotment development in the north between the Cunningham Highway and Deebing Creek.

At the beginning of the 2000s, Deebing Heights was identified as being an important growth corridor within the planned Ripley Valley, a masterplanned city that will one day be the size of Cairns. In 2007, the Urban Land Development Authority Act 2007 (Qld) was passed taking planning powers for most of Deebing Heights away from local government and giving it to the State Government. The Urban Land Development Authority is now responsible for all development in the Ripley Valley.

The area that is now Deebing Heights has been an important settlement since Queensland's early colonial history, but was only gazetted as a locality in 2000 and then a suburb in 2004, previously being part of Purga. It is home to the heritage listed Deebing Creek Mission, an Aboriginal reserve located at the southern end of Grampian Drive, which acted as a home to the Ugarapul/Yuggera tribe until its closing in 1915.

On 8 September 2002, Deebing Heights was named and bounded as a locality. On 2 July 2004, it was redesignated a suburb.

In 2003, the Western Transport Corridor was planned to be built from Springfield to Yamanto via White Rock, Ripley and Deebing Heights. In 2009, construction was completed and Deebing Heights residents are now only minutes from Springfield and travel time to Brisbane and Gold Coast is also considerably shorter.

Deebing Heights State School opened on 1 January 2016.

In the , Deebing Heights had a population of 2,039 people.

Development was slow to begin in Deebing Heights with Paradise Heights, a premium acreage estate only beginning development in the mid-1990s. However, with development planned over the entire suburb, it has a projected population of 25,000 people by 2020.

Heritage sites
Deebing Heights has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

 South Deebing Creek Road: former Deebing Creek Mission

Housing
The acreage lots in the southern Grampian Hills give space for quite large and generous houses. However, subsequent developments in Deebing Heights, particularly in the north, have seen block allotments shrink in size and can only accommodate houses of a modest size.

Education
Deebing Heights State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 81 Rawlings Road (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 200 students with 15 teachers (13 full-time equivalent) and 8 non-teaching staff (6 full-time equivalent).

There is no secondary school in Deebing Heights; the nearest is Bremer State High School in central Ipswich.

References

External links

Suburbs of Ipswich, Queensland
2000 establishments in Australia
Populated places established in 2000

Deebing Heights, Queensland


Knutsford War Memorial Cottage Hospital is a former hospital in Knutsford, Cheshire. It was designed by architect Sir Percy Worthington and opened in 1922.

History
The idea of establishing a cottage hospital as the war memorial for Knutsford was discussed by Knutsford Urban District Council, which met to consider the issue of commemoration of those local men who had fallen in The Great War. When in 1919 councillors visited similar hospitals in Nantwich and Urmston, they found the "architectural features and internal arrangements of the Nantwich Cottage Hospital superior". Chairman of the council, J. Cox stated "such a memorial would be a credit to Knutsford and at the same time they would be doing justice by the lads who had fallen in the fight".

Councillors also realised that such a building, was something which the Knutsford's whole Town Meeting must decide upon. It was also realised that since a War Memorial in the form of a Cottage hospital would need a considerable sum of money for its building and endowment, (£30,000) the Parishes around the town should be encouraged to join in this endeavour. Those residents having made their decision, the building and endowment was made possible by the following Parishes: Knutsford, Mobberley, Pickmere, Mere, Tatton, Toft, Bexton, High Legh, Tabley Superior, Tabley Inferior, Marthall, Ollerton, Over Peover, Lower Peover, Allostock, Nether Peover, Peover Inferior and Plumley.

Funds were raised by local subscription, with a building cost of £6,274.8s.7d. Land was provided by Major Leicester-Warren of Tabley. The hospital opened on 2 August 1922. In 1948 the hospital was transferred to the newly formed National Health Service. In 1996 the hospital was sold to the British Red Cross.

In February 2016, the hospital and grounds were put up for sale by the Red Cross.

In 2017, the proposed new owner of the hospital, McCarthy & Stone stated it would not complete the purchase until it received planning permission for the demolition of the hospital and construction of a retirement apartment complex.

References

Hospital buildings completed in 1922
World War I memorials in England
Knutsford
Hospitals established in 1922

Knutsford War Memorial Cottage Hospital


Marco Mortara (born at Viadana, 7 May 1815; died at Mantua, 2 February 1894) was an Italian rabbi and scholar.

Having graduated from the rabbinical college of Padua in 1836, he was called as rabbi to Mantua in 1842, and occupied this position until his death. He was very conservative in his religious views and opposed the abolition of the second day of the holy days which had been planned by some of the liberal members of his congregation (Eleazar Horowitz, Responsa, No. 131, Vienna, 1870).

As a true disciple of Samuel David Luzzatto he was a strong opponent of Cabala, which involved him in a heated controversy with Elijah Benamozegh. In his will he wrote his epitaph, containing merely biographical data, and expressed the wish that no sermon should be preached at his funeral and no eulogy published in the papers.

Besides many sermons and articles, published in German, Hebrew, French, and Italian periodicals, he wrote textbooks for religious instruction, essays on religious questions of the day, apologetic essays, and bibliographical works, among which is of special importance a list of all names pertaining to Jewish history in Italy under the title Mazkeret Ḥakme Italiya: Indice Alfabetico dei Rabbini e Scrittori Israeliti di Cose Giudaiche in Italia, Padua, 1887.

He is the father of Italian justice and senator Lodovico Mortara and grandfather of statistician Giorgio Mortara.

References
Vessillo Israelitico, 1894, pp. 59–62
Corriere Israelitico, xxii. 217, 224–226
A list of Mortara's works, Elenco degli Scritti del R. Marco Mortara, is given in Vessillo Israelitico, 1886, pp. 188–190, and in Chaim David Lippe's Bibliographisches Lexicon, s.v.

External links

1815 births
1894 deaths
19th-century Italian rabbis

Marco Mortara


A Disappearing Number is a 2007 play co-written and devised by the Théâtre de Complicité company and directed and conceived by English playwright Simon McBurney. It was inspired by the collaboration during the 1910s between the pure mathematicians Srinivasa Ramanujan from India, and the Cambridge University don G.H. Hardy.

It was a co-production between the UK-based theatre company Complicite and Theatre Royal, Plymouth, and Ruhrfestspiele, Wiener Festwochen, and the Holland Festival. A Disappearing Number premiered in Plymouth in March 2007, toured internationally, and played at The Barbican Centre in Autumn 2007 and 2008 and at Lincoln Center in July 2010. It was directed by Simon McBurney with music by Nitin Sawhney.  The production is 110 minutes with no intermission.

The piece was co-devised and written by the cast and company. The cast in order of appearance: Firdous Bamji, Saskia Reeves, David Annen, Paul Bhattacharjee, Shane Shambu, Divya Kasturi and Chetna Pandya.

Plot
Ramanujan first attracted Hardy's attention by writing him a letter in which he proved that

where the notation  indicates a Ramanujan summation.

Hardy realised that this confusing presentation of the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ was an application of the Riemann zeta function  with . Ramanujan's work became one of the foundations of bosonic string theory, a precursor of modern string theory.

The play includes live tabla playing, which "morphs seductively into pure mathematics", as the Financial Times review put it, "especially when … its rhythms shade into chants of number sequences reminiscent of the libretto to Philip Glass's Einstein on the Beach. One can hear the beauty of the sequences without grasping the rules that govern them."

The play has two strands of narrative and presents strong visual and physical theatre. It interweaves the passionate intellectual relationship between Hardy and the more intuitive Ramanujan, with the present-day story of Ruth, an English maths lecturer, and her husband, Al Cooper, a globe-trotting Indian-American businessman "to illuminate the beauty and the patterns — the mystery — of mathematics." It also explores the nature and spirituality of infinity, and explores several aspects of the Indian diaspora.

Ruth travels to India in Ramanujan's footsteps and eventually dies. Al follows, to get closer to her ghost. Meanwhile, 100 years previously, Ramanujan is travelling in the opposite direction, making the trip to England, where he works with Hardy on maths and contracts tuberculosis. Partition (as a maths concept) is explored, and diverging and converging series in mathematics become a metaphor for the Indian diaspora.

Awards and nominations
 2007 Critics' Circle Theatre Award for Best New Play
 2007 Evening Standard Award for Best Play
 2007 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play

References

Further reading

 David Leavitt, The Indian Clerk (2007)

External links
 Complicite official website
 A Disappearing Number at the Barbican

2007 plays
Laurence Olivier Award-winning plays
West End plays
Mathematics and culture
Srinivasa Ramanujan
English plays
Plays based on actual events
Plays set in the 1910s
Plays set in England
Plays set in India
Indian diaspora in the United Kingdom
Plays about race and ethnicity
University of Cambridge in fiction

A Disappearing Number


Chunked transfer encoding is a streaming data transfer mechanism available in Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) version 1.1, defined in RFC 9112 §7.1. In chunked transfer encoding, the data stream is divided into a series of non-overlapping "chunks". The chunks are sent out and received independently of one another. No knowledge of the data stream outside the currently-being-processed chunk is necessary for both the sender and the receiver at any given time.

Each chunk is preceded by its size in bytes. The transmission ends when a zero-length chunk is received. The chunked keyword in the Transfer-Encoding header is used to indicate chunked transfer.

Chunked transfer encoding is not supported in HTTP/2, which provides its own mechanisms for data streaming.

Rationale
The introduction of chunked encoding provided various benefits:

 Chunked transfer encoding allows a server to maintain an HTTP persistent connection for dynamically generated content. In this case, the HTTP Content-Length header cannot be used to delimit the content and the next HTTP request/response, as the content size is not yet known. Chunked encoding has the benefit that it is not necessary to generate the full content before writing the header, as it allows streaming of content as chunks and explicitly signaling the end of the content, making the connection available for the next HTTP request/response.
 Chunked encoding allows the sender to send additional header fields after the message body. This is important in cases where values of a field cannot be known until the content has been produced, such as when the content of the message must be digitally signed. Without chunked encoding, the sender would have to buffer the content until it was complete in order to calculate a field value and send it before the content.

Applicability
For version 1.1 of the HTTP protocol, the chunked transfer mechanism is considered to be always and anyway acceptable, even if not listed in the TE (transfer encoding) request header field, and when used with other transfer mechanisms, should always be applied last to the transferred data and never more than one time. This transfer coding method also allows additional entity header fields to be sent after the last chunk if the client specified the "trailers" parameter as an argument of the TE field. The origin server of the response can also decide to send additional entity trailers even if the client did not specify the "trailers" option in the TE request field, but only if the metadata is optional (i.e. the client can use the received entity without them). Whenever the trailers are used, the server should list their names in the Trailer header field; three header field types are specifically prohibited from appearing as a trailer field:  Transfer-Encoding, Content-Length and Trailer.

Format
If a  field with a value of "" is specified in an HTTP message (either a request sent by a client or the response from the server), the body of the message consists of one or more chunks and one terminating chunk with an optional trailer before the final ␍␊ sequence (i.e. carriage return followed by line feed).

Each chunk starts with the number of octets of the data it embeds expressed as a hexadecimal number in ASCII followed by optional parameters (chunk extension) and a terminating ␍␊ sequence, followed by the chunk data. The chunk is terminated by ␍␊.

If chunk extensions are provided, the chunk size is terminated by a semicolon and followed by the parameters, each also delimited by semicolons. Each parameter is encoded as an extension name followed by an optional equal sign and value. These parameters could be used for a running message digest or digital signature, or to indicate an estimated transfer progress, for instance.

The terminating chunk is a special chunk of zero length. It may contain a trailer, which consists of a (possibly empty) sequence of entity header fields. Normally, such header fields would be sent in the message's header; however, it may be more efficient to determine them after processing the entire message entity. In that case, it is useful to send those headers in the trailer.

Header fields that regulate the use of trailers are TE (used in requests), and Trailers (used in responses).

Use with compression

HTTP servers often use compression to optimize transmission, for example with  or . If both compression and chunked encoding are enabled, then the content stream is first compressed, then chunked; so the chunk encoding itself is not compressed, and the data in each chunk is not compressed individually. The remote endpoint then decodes the stream by concatenating the chunks and uncompressing the result.

Example

Encoded data
The following example contains three chunks of size 4, 7, and 11 (hexadecimal "B") octets of data.

4␍␊Wiki␍␊7␍␊pedia i␍␊B␍␊n ␍␊chunks.␍␊0␍␊␍␊

Below is an annotated version of the encoded data.

 4␍␊            (chunk size is four octets)
 Wiki           (four octets of data)
 ␍␊             (end of chunk)

 7␍␊            (chunk size is seven octets) pedia i        (seven octets of data) ␍␊             (end of chunk)
 B␍␊            (chunk size is eleven octets) n ␍␊chunks.    (eleven octets of data) ␍␊             (end of chunk)
 0␍␊            (chunk size is zero octets, no more chunks) ␍␊             (end of final chunk with zero data octets)''

Note: Each chunk's size excludes the two ␍␊ bytes that terminate the data of each chunk.

Decoded data

Decoding the above example produces the following octets:

Wikipedia in ␍␊chunks.

The bytes above are typically displayed as

Wikipedia in
chunks.

See also
 List of HTTP header fields

References

External links

Data management
Hypertext Transfer Protocol headers

Chunked transfer encoding


Fractal-generating software is any type of graphics software that generates images of fractals. There are many fractal generating programs available, both free and commercial. Mobile apps are available to play or tinker with fractals. Some programmers create fractal software for themselves because of the novelty and because of the challenge in understanding the related mathematics.  The generation of fractals has led to some very large problems for pure mathematics.

Fractal generating software creates mathematical beauty through visualization. Modern computers may take seconds or minutes to complete a single high resolution fractal image. Images are generated for both simulation (modeling) and random fractals for art. Fractal generation used for modeling is part of realism in computer graphics.  Fractal generation software can be used to mimic natural landscapes with fractal landscapes and scenery generation programs.  Fractal imagery can be used to introduce irregularity to an otherwise sterile computer generated environment.

Fractals are generated in music visualization software, screensavers and wallpaper generators.  This software presents the user with a more limited range of settings and features, sometimes relying a series pre-programmed variables. Because complex images can be generated from simple formula fractals are often used among the demoscene.  The generation of fractals such as the Mandelbrot set is time-consuming and requires many computations, so it is often used in benchmarking devices.

History

The generation of fractals by calculation without computer assistance was undertaken by German mathematician Georg Cantor in 1883 to create the Cantor set. Throughout the following years, mathematicians have postulated the existence of numerous fractals. Some were conceived before the naming of fractals in 1975, for example, the Pythagoras tree by Dutch mathematics teacher Albert E. Bosman in 1942.

The development of the first fractal generating software originated in Benoit Mandelbrot's pursuit of a generalized function for a class of shapes known as Julia sets. In 1979, Mandelbrot discovered that one image of the complex plane could be created by iteration. He and programmers working at IBM generated the first rudimentary fractal printouts. This marked the first instance of the generation of fractals by non-linear creations laws or 'escape time fractal'. Loren Carpenter created a two-minute color film called Vol Libre for presentation at SIGGRAPH in 1980. The October 1983 issue of Acorn User magazine carried a BBC BASIC listing for generating fractal shapes by Susan Stepney, now Professor of Computer Science at the University of York. She followed this up in the March 1984 Acorn User with "Snowflakes and other fractal monsters". Fractals were rendered in computer games as early as 1984 with the creation of Rescue on Fractalus!. From the early 1980s to about 1995 hundreds of different fractal types were formulated.

The generation of fractal images grew in popularity as the distribution of computers with a maths co-processor or floating-point unit in the central processing unit were adopted throughout the 1990s. At this time the rendering of high resolution VGA standard images could take many hours. Fractal generation algorithms display extreme parallelizability. Fractal-generating software was rewritten to make use of multi-threaded processing. Subsequently, the adoption of graphics processing units in computers has greatly increased the speed of rendering and allowed for real-time changes to parameters that were previously impossible due to render delay. 3D fractal generation emerged around 2009. An early list of fractal-generating software was compiled for the book titled Fractals: The Patterns of Chaos by John Briggs published in 1992. Leading writers in the field include Dietmar Saupe, Heinz-Otto Peitgen and Clifford A. Pickover.

Methods

There are two major methods of two dimensional fractal generation. One is to apply an iterative process to simple equations by generative recursion. Dynamical systems produce a series of values. In fractal software values for a set of points on the complex plane are calculated and then rendered as pixels. This computer-based generation of fractal objects is an endless process. In theory, images can be calculated infinitely but in practice are approximated to a certain level of detail. Mandelbrot used quadratic formulas described by the French mathematician Gaston Julia. The maximum fractal dimension that can be produced varies according to type and is sometimes limited according to the method implemented. There are numerous coloring methods that can be applied. One of earliest was the escape time algorithm. Colour banding may appear in images depending on the method of coloring used as well as gradient color density.

Some programs generate geometric self-similar or deterministic fractals such as the Koch curve. These programs use an initiator followed by a generator that is repeated in a pattern. These simple fractals originate from a technique first proposed in 1904 by Koch.

The other main method is with Iterated Function Systems consisting of a number of affine transformations. In the first method each pixel in a fractal image is evaluated according to a function and then coloured, before the same process is applied to the next pixel. The former method represents the classical stochastic approach while the latter implements a linear fractal model. Using recursion allowed programmers to create complex images through simple direction.

Three dimensional fractals are generated in a variety of ways including by using quaternion algebra. Fractals emerge from fluid dynamics modelling simulations as turbulence when contour advection is used to study chaotic mixing. The Buddhabrot method was introduced in 1993. Programs might use fractal heightmaps to generate terrain. Fractals have been generated on computers using the following methods: Menger sponge, Hypercomplex manifold, Brownian tree, Brownian motion, Decomposition, L-systems, Lyapunov fractals, Newton fractals, Pickover stalks and Strange attractors.

Features

Many different features are included in fractal-generating software packages.  A corresponding diversity in the images produced is therefore possible. Most feature some form of algorithm selection, an interactive image zoom, and the ability to save files in JPEG, TIFF, or PNG format, as well as the ability to save parameter files, allowing the user to easily return to previously created images for later modification or exploration. The formula, parameters, variables and coloring algorithms for fractal images can be exchanged between users of the same program.  There is no universally adopted standard fractal file format.

One feature of most escape time fractal programs or algebraic-based fractals is a maximum iteration setting. Increasing the iteration count is required if the image is magnified so that fine detail is not lost.  Limiting the maximum iterations is important when a device's processing power is low.  Coloring options often allow colors to be randomised.  Options for color density are common because some gradients output hugely variable magnitudes resulting in heavy repetitive banding or large areas of the same color.  Because of the convenient ability to add post-processing effects layering and alpha compositing features found in other graphics software have been included.  Both 2D and 3D rendering effects such as plasma effect and lighting may be included.  Many packages also allow the user to input their own formula, to allow for greater control of the fractals, as well as a choice of color rendering, along with the use of filters and other image manipulation techniques. Some fractal software packages allow for the creation of movies from a sequence of fractal images.  Others display render time and allow some form of color cycling and color palette creation tools.

Standard graphics software (such as GIMP) contains filters or plug-ins which can be used for fractal generation.  Blender contains a fractal (or random) modifier.  Many stand-alone fractal-generating programs can be used in conjunction with other graphics programs (such as Photoshop) to create more complex images. POV-Ray is a ray tracing program which generates images from a text-based scene description that can generate fractals.  Scripts on 3ds Max and Autodesk Maya can be used.  A number of web-based interfaces for the fractal generation are freely available including Turtle Graphics Renderer. Fractal Lab can generate both 2D and 3D fractals and is available over the web using WebGL. JWildfire is a java-based, open-source fractal flame generator.  Mandelbrot Fractal is a fractal explorer written in JavaScript.  Fractal Grower is software written in Java for generating Lindenmayer Substitution Fractals (L-systems).

Programs

Because of the butterfly effect, generating fractals can be difficult to master. A small change in a single variable can have an unpredictable effect.  Some software presents the user with a steep learning curve and an understanding of chaos theory is advantageous.  This includes the characteristics of fractal dimension, recursion and self-similarity exhibited by all fractals.

There are many fractal generating programs available, both free and commercial. Notable fractal generating programs include:

 Apophysis – open source IFS software for Microsoft Windows-based systems
 Bryce – cross platform commercial software partially developed by Ken Musgrave
 Chaotica – commercial IFS software for Windows, Linux and Mac OS. Free for non-commercial use.
 Electric Sheep – open source distributed screensaver software, developed by Scott Draves.
 Fractint – MS-DOS freeware initially released in 1988 with available source code, later ported to Linux and Windows (as WinFract)
 Fyre is a cross-platform open source tool for producing images based on histograms of iterated chaotic functions
 Kalles Fraktaler – Windows based fractal zoomer
 Milkdrop – music visualization plugin distributed with Winamp
 MojoWorld Generator – a defunct landscape generator for Windows
 openPlaG – creates fractals by plotting simple functions
 Picogen - a cross platform open source terrain generator
 Sterling – freeware software for Windows
 Terragen – a fractal terrain generator that can render animations for Windows and Mac OS X
 Ultra Fractal – proprietary fractal generator for Windows and Mac OS X
 Wolfram Mathematica – can be used specifically to create fractal images
 XaoS – cross platform open source fractal zooming program

Most of the above programs make two-dimensional fractals, with a few creating three-dimensional fractal objects, such as mandelbulbs and mandelboxes. Mandelbulber is an experimental, cross platform open-source program that generates three-dimensional fractal images.  Mandelbulber is adept at producing 3D animations.  Mandelbulb 3D is free software for creating 3D images featuring many effects found in 3D rendering environments.  Incendia is a 3D fractal program that uses Iterated Function Systems (IFS) for fractal generation.  Visions of Chaos, Boxplorer and Fragmentarium also render 3D images.

The open source GnoFract 4D is available.
ChaosPro is freeware fractal creation program.  Fraqtive is an open source cross platform fractal generator.  MandelX is a free program for rendering fractal images on Windows. WinCIG, Chaoscope, Tierazon, Fractal Forge and Malsys also generate fractal images.

See also

Logarithmic spiral
Software art
Chaos game

References

External links

An Introduction to Fractals by Paul Bourke, May 1991

Fractals
Computer art

Computer-related introductions in 1979

Fractal-generating software


Topeka Lutheran School is a private Lutheran elementary school in Topeka, Kansas, in the United States. Founded in 1874, the school is affiliated with the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod.

History

Lutheran elementary schools in North America date back to the 1830s when Lutheran congregations established Christian Day Schools for their children.  Topeka Lutheran School has been in operation since 1874 when the Rev. P.G. Germann, pastor of the newly established St. John's Lutheran Church, organized a private school in the church basement at 2nd and Harrison streets in Topeka. The school soon became a church project, and in 1885, the congregation built a two-room school house. St. John's Lutheran School continued to grow, and in 1888 they added a third room to the facility.

In 1919, the church bought three lots at 4th and Harrison in Topeka, and opened a new school at this location in 1922. By 1948, this facility had grown to a five-room operation and was quickly outgrowing it. So in 1949, the church purchased a plot of ground at 7th and Roosevelt.

On July 3, 1951, the Lutheran School Association, Topeka, Kansas, was organized by four congregations of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod in the Topeka area. At that time, St. John's Lutheran School became Topeka Lutheran School, and a new facility was opened at 701 SW Roosevelt in September 1952. The school continues to be located at 701 SW Roosevelt, although it has undergone several additions and remodeling projects since then. Currently, three Topeka Lutheran church congregations are associated with the school:  St. John's, Faith, and Christ Lutheran Churches.

Current activities

Topeka Lutheran School is accredited by the Kansas State Department of Education and provides a parochial Lutheran education for kindergarten through 8th grade students. The school also supports a state licensed half-day preschool program as well as a full-day preschool/childcare program at the 701 Roosevelt campus. Additionally, the school has a separate campus at 1732 SW Gage in Topeka, which is known as the Center for Young Children (CYC). CYC was established in 1999 and is a state licensed childcare facility and preschool serving infant through pre-kindergarten children.

Topeka Lutheran School's curriculum is based on the guidelines of the State of Kansas and the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod.

The Topeka Lutheran School Foundation was founded in 1971 to provide financial assistance to the school. The Foundation's endowment is a fund of assets invested so that a continuing source of income is available for the school's needs.  The interest is then used for scholarship aid to students or capital and program improvements at the school.

References

External links
 Topeka Lutheran School
 Topeka Lutheran School

School buildings completed in 1952
Buildings and structures in Topeka, Kansas
Educational institutions established in 1874
Private elementary schools in Kansas
Schools affiliated with the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod
Lutheran schools in Kansas
Private middle schools in Kansas
Schools in Shawnee County, Kansas
1874 establishments in Kansas

Topeka Lutheran School


Elsie Edith Bowerman (18 December 1889 – 18 October 1973) was a British lawyer, suffragette, political activist, and RMS Titanic survivor.

Early life

Elsie Edith Bowerman was born in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, the only daughter of William Bowerman and his wife Edith Martha Barber. Her father, William, was a prosperous businessman and died when Elsie was five years old. She attended Wycombe Abbey as a boarder from the age of 11 in 1901, becoming the youngest student there. She later wrote the biography of Frances Dove, her headmistress during her time at Wycombe. After spending some time in Paris, Elsie continued her education at Girton College, Cambridge where she studied for the Medieval and Modern Languages Tripos and received a class II in her final examinations in 1911.

Suffragette activism
Whilst at Girton she became a committed suffragette, taking part in informal activism such as giving out Votes for Women to others and organising suffrage events for her peers. She once had Emmeline Pankhurst stay for a night when she gave a talk in nearby Cambridge. Despite being an active member of the WSPU, there is no record of Elsie taking part in militancy at this time.

Elsie campaigned on behalf of the WSPU at the general election in 1910. She addressed an open-air meeting to an audience of 1000 in Hastings, alongside Evelyn Wharry and Victor Duval.

Shortly after the 1910 general election, the suffragettes agreed to a truce from militancy in order to give The Conciliation Bill, a cross-party initiative to grant a limited form of women suffrage, the best chance of succeeding. This truce lasted till November 1910, when the Government announced it would allocate no more time to the Bill. In response, suffragettes marched on Parliamentary Square and clashed with police in an event known as Black Friday. Elsie's mother, Edith, who was also a member of the WSPU, took part in this event. She later told author Antonia Raeburn that 'a nearby policeman [gave] her a blow on the head. 'He caught me by the hair and flinging me aside said: 'Die then!' I found afterwards that so much force had been used that my hairpins were bent double in my hair and my sealskin coat was torn to ribbons.'

In 1914, Elsie was appointed the Eastbourne district organiser for the WSPU.

Aboard the Titanic

On 10 April 1912 Elsie Bowerman and her mother Edith boarded RMS Titanic at Southampton as first class passengers in cabin 33 on deck E, for a trip to America and Canada to see her father's relations in North America. Both women had been active in suffrage activism right up until their departure; the Saturday before sailing Elsie attended an open-air meeting in Hastings in support of the cause. Although initially reported as missing, both women were rescued in lifeboat 6, alongside Molly Brown and Frederick Fleet, the ship lookout who had originally spotted the iceberg. The suffragette periodical, Votes for Women, celebrated their survival, stating that they were 'very enthusiastic workers in the cause.' After the Titanic disaster, they reached America and carried on with their plans to visit British Columbia, Klondyke and Alaska.

World War One
During World War I Bowerman was still closely associated with the Pankhursts, helping to organise the Women's War Procession in July 1916. She was then asked by Evelina Haverfield to join the Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service. Elsie worked as an orderly in Serbia during 1916 and 1917, and on her way back to England witnessed the beginnings of the Russian Revolution in Petrograd in March 1917.

The Women's Party
After the partial enfranchisement of women in the Representation of the People Act 1918 and the Parliament (Qualification of Women Act) 1918, Christabel Pankhurst decided to stand as a parliamentary candidate in the 1918 general election. Pankhurst stood as a candidate of the Women's Party, a short-lived successor to the WSPU, in Smethwick. The Women's Party was formed by Christabel and Emmeline Pankhurst and its policies contained a mix of feminism and nationalistic propaganda. Elsie, who would have turned 30 four days after the general election and was therefore, under the age requirements of the Representation of the People Act 1918, ineligible to vote, acted as Christabel's election agent.

The Women's Guild of Empire
Alongside fellow former suffragette Flora Drummond, Elsie co-founded The Women's Guild of Empire in later 1919 or early 1920. By 1925, the group claimed 20,000 members. This organisation was anti-fascist, anti-communist and pro-Conservative. The Guild opposed trade unions, arguing that strikes and lock-outs contributed to post-war unemployment. The Scotsman called the Guild ''one of the most active organisations for countering Communist or Bolshevist propaganda in Scotland today.'

In April 1926, the Guild organised a large procession to protest the industrial unrest that was shortly to lead to the General Strike in London under the slogan 'Women Unite to Save the Nation.' Elsie wrote to the editor of The Spectator publicising the event; stating that '20,000 women' were expected to attend, and emphasising that those attending 'are the wives of working men who have had personal experience of strikes, and know what hardships they mean.'

Barrister
The Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 allowed women to become barristers and solicitors for the first time. Elsie was amongst the early cohorts of women barristers. She joined Middle Temple and was called to the bar in 1924, practising till 1938. She was the first woman barrister to appear at the Old Bailey, in a case in which she was part of a prosecuting team against Harry Pollitt, a prominent communist, for libel. She also practiced on the South Eastern Circuit, one of the regional routes that barristers travelled on in England and Wales. Elsie wrote a legal book titled The Law of Child Protection.

Later life
In 1947 she went to the United States to help set up the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women.
On her return she lived near her mother at St Leonards-on-Sea, and then moved to a country house near Hailsham where she died after a stroke.

Publications
 Stands there a School – Memories of Dame Frances Dove, D.B.E., Founder of Wycombe Abbey School (1965)
The Law of Child Protection

See also
List of suffragists and suffragettes

References

Archives
The archives of Elsie Bowerman are held at The Women's Library at the Library of the London School of Economics, ref  7ELB

External links
Extract from Helena Wojtczak Notable Women  of Victorian Hastings
Elsie Bowerman Death Certificate on Titanic-Titanic.com
Encyclopedia Titanica
Elsie Bowerman Titanic Pages biography
Elsie Bowerman | First 100 Years

1889 births
1973 deaths
People educated at Wycombe Abbey
Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge
RMS Titanic survivors
British people of World War I
British suffragists
British feminists
British barristers
20th-century British women lawyers
Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service volunteers
20th-century British lawyers

Elsie Bowerman


Limited theatrical release is a film distribution strategy of releasing a new film in a few theaters across a country, typically art house theaters in major metropolitan markets.  Since 1994, a limited theatrical release in the United States and Canada has been defined by Nielsen EDI as a film released in fewer than 600 theaters.

The purpose is often used to gauge the appeal of specialty films, like documentaries, independent films and art films. A common practice by film studios is to give highly anticipated and critically acclaimed films a limited release on or before December 31 in Los Angeles County, California, to qualify for Academy Award nominations (as by its rules). Highly anticipated documentaries also receive limited releases at the same time in New York City, as the rules for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature mandate releases in both locations. The films are almost always released to a wider audience in January or February of the following year.

One notable exception is The Rocky Horror Picture Show, which premiered in 1975 and is still shown only in limited fashion; it is the longest-running theatrical release in film history.

Platform release
A platform release is a type of limited release in which a film opens in fewer theaters (typically 50 or fewer) than a wide release. If the film receives positive word of mouth, it is gradually expanded to more theaters, as the marketing campaign gains momentum. A successful film released in this manner has even the possibility of expanding into a wide release.

The advantage of the strategy is that marketing costs are conserved until a film's performance has been established, when the distributor may opt to increase advertising and push for a wider release. On the other hand, if audience turnout is not successful, the distributor can withdraw from the campaign, thus minimizing advertising and promotional expenditures.

In the early stages of a platform release, the key metric is the per-theater/screen average gross, not the total box office gross. Arthouse and independent films that garner high per-theater averages are seen as likely candidates for a successful wider release. A distributor using this release strategy must take care not to expand too quickly in the early stages to prevent the (limited) audience from being spread too thin, which would reduce the per-theater average and so cause the film to appear weaker.

Awards season
Platform releases are commonly used by studios and distributors seeking to position their films for awards success. These films are typically released in the largest markets first, with a gradual rollout depending on audience hype and interest. These releases are usually scheduled towards the end of the year to coincide with major awards events. When a film garners awards attention during this period, critical praise and strong word-of-mouth can translate into a higher per-screen average, and thus expansion to more theaters. Awards attention benefits films from smaller companies or distributors who do not have the larger budgets needed to spend on advertising.

Criticism
With streaming technology making films more accessible to audiences regardless of geographic location, the platform release strategy has been criticized as an outdated model as it limits specialty films to metropolitan areas.

A notable example is the 2017 film Call Me By Your Name, which debuted at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival and began its limited theatrical run on November 24, 2017 in New York City and Los Angeles, with a wider opening on Christmas Day. Only until days before the nominees for the 90th Academy Awards were announced was the film expanded to 800 theaters. Distributor Sony Pictures Classics sparked criticism for not expanding to more cities sooner. Some journalists and industry sources defended the rollout, arguing an immediate wide release for such a film with a specialized audience was not a viable option.

In 2021, some films that were awards contenders (Belfast, Spencer) were opened in wide release. The shift away from platform releases was seen as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on theaters and the streaming age.

See also

 Film release
 Roadshow theatrical release

References

Films by type

Limited theatrical release


Valentín Carboni (born 5 March 2005) is an Argentine footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Serie A club Monza, on loan from Inter Milan. Having represented both Italy and Argentina at youth international level, Carboni currently plays for the Argentina national under-20 team.

In September 2022, Carboni was included in The Guardian list of the 60 best talents in the world to be born in 2005.

Club career

Early years
Born in Buenos Aires, in his early childhood Carboni played futsal at the grassroots team Club Lafuente in Lanús; in 2013, aged eight, he started playing football by joining the youth academy of Lanús.

In July 2019, Carboni joined the youth sector of Italian side Catania, together with his older brother Franco and his father Ezequiel, who had just taken on a double role as youth coach and head of youth development at the club.

Inter Milan
One year later, after having attracted the interest of several high-profile European clubs, the midfielder and his brother both joined Serie A club Inter Milan, for an estimated €300.000 transfer fee.

Carboni quickly came through the Nerazzurri's youth ranks, establishing himself as part of the under-19 squad since the start of the 2021–22 season, and helping the aforementioned team win the under-19 national championship in 2022.

At the start of the 2022–23 campaign, while keeping featuring for the Primavera squad in the national league and in the UEFA Youth League, Carboni started training with Inter Milan's first team under head coach Simone Inzaghi. The midfielder subsequently made his professional debut on 1 October 2022, at 17 years and 206 days, coming on as a substitute for Federico Dimarco in the 88th minute of a 2–1 league loss against Roma. Then, on 1 November, he made his UEFA Champions League debut, replacing Joaquín Correa in the 76th minute of a 2–0 group stage loss against Bayern Munich.

In July 2023, Carboni signed a new long-term contract with Inter Milan.

Loan to Monza
On 15 July 2023, Carboni officially joined fellow Serie A club Monza on a season-long loan.

International career
Thanks to his dual citizenship, Carboni is eligible to represent both Italy and Argentina at international level.

In 2019, he was involved in several training camps with the Italian under-15 national team; then, he proceeded to play for the Italian under-17 national team between 2021 and 2022.

In March of the latter year, he switched allegiance to Argentina and received his first official call-up to the Argentine senior national team, having been included in the preliminary list for the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Venezuela and Ecuador.

In May 2022, he was included by head coach Javier Mascherano in the Argentine under-20 squad that took part in the Maurice Revello Tournament in France, as the Albiceleste eventually finished in fifth place, after winning the play-off match against Japan.

In October 2022, he was included by head coach Lionel Scaloni in Argentina's preliminary squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar, although he did not make the cut to the final 26-men list.

In March 2023, he was called up again to the Argentina senior national team for two friendly matches against Panama and Curaçao.

In May of the same year, he was included in the final squad for the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Argentina. On the debut on 20 May he scored his first goal in a 2-1 victory against Uzbekistan.

Style of play
Carboni is a left-footed attacking midfielder who mainly operates in the number 10 role, but can also play as a centre-forward, an inverted winger on the right side, or a mezzala. An elegant, composed and creative player, he frequently moves between his team's attacking lines, whether he keeps possession with his ball control, finds team-mates via through passes or first-touch combinations, or directly goes for the shot from short or long range.

Despite being mainly regarded for his offensive contributions, thanks to his vision, his individual technique and his dribbling skills, he has proved to be effective in the defensive side of his game, as well, especially because of his work rate.

He named his fellow countryman Lionel Messi as his biggest source of inspiration.

In September 2022, Carboni was included in The Guardian's list of the 60 best talents in the world to be born in 2005.

Personal life
Carboni is the son of former Argentine footballer Ezequiel Carboni.

His older brother Franco (born 2003) is a footballer himself: the two played together in the youth sectors of Lanús, Catania and Inter Milan.

He also has two younger siblings, Cristiano (born 2009) and Alma (born 2016).

Career statistics

Club

Honours
Inter Under-19

 Campionato Primavera 1: 2021–22
Inter Milan
 Supercoppa Italiana: 2022
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2022–23

References

External links
 Profile at the Inter Milan website

2005 births
Living people
Footballers from Buenos Aires
Argentine men's footballers
Argentina men's youth international footballers
Italian men's footballers
Italy men's youth international footballers
Argentine sportspeople of Italian descent
Italian sportspeople of Argentine descent
Men's association football midfielders
Serie A players
Club Atlético Lanús footballers
Catania FC players
Inter Milan players
AC Monza players
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Italy

Valentín Carboni


Joseph Yaw Manu was a Ghanaian civil servant and politician of the First Parliament of the Second Republic representing the Mampong South Constituency in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. He was a deputy minister for transport during the second republic.

Early life and education
Joseph was born on 21 August 1922 at Nsuta in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. He was a former pupil of Adisadel College, Cape Coast.

Career and politics
Joseph joined the government civil service after his secondary education. He worked as a civil servant until 1955 when he resigned to work for the United Africa Company Limited as a store manager at Nandom in the Upper Region (now in the Upper West Region) of Ghana.

1963 Treason Trial
In 1959 while at Nandom he was alleged have assisted Dr. Kofi Abrefa Busia (who was then a member of the opposition and later became Prime Minister of Ghana in the second republic) to leave Ghana to Bobogyiraso in Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) via the Ghana border in the Upper West Region. In January, 1960, he returned to Kumasi to renew his contract with the United Africa Company Limited to work in Kumasi as a store manager. As a member of the United Party he fled to Abidjan in the Ivory Coast to seek asylum on January 7, 1961. According to him, members of his party were being arrested and detained so he fled for his life knowing the assistance he had offered Dr. Busia (who was a leader of the party) in Nandom. He was arrested on 7 November 1962 while at the Accra airport while on his way from the Ivory Coast unroute to Lome, Togo. He was accused of being a part of a plot that was hatched in Lome to assassinate Dr. Kwame Nkrumah. Joseph Yaw Manu was accused of making frequent trips to Togo while in exile at the Ivory Coast to attend meetings that were organised by the United Party. The allegation was that these meetings were organised to plan the overthrow of the then Nkrumah government and the assassination of the then president Dr. Kwame Nkrumah and that these plans were eventually executed in the form of the Kulungugu attack in the then Upper Region of Ghana on 1 August 1962 when a hand grenade was thrown at the president by a person or people who were believed to have been working for Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey who was believed to have been the main brain behind the attack. He was found guilty and sentenced to death on charges of conspiracy to commit treason and treason. He was imprisoned in 1963 and was released in 1966 when the Nkrumah government was overthrown

Second Republic
In 1969 he was elected to represent the Mampong South constituency in the second republic parliament on the ticket of the Progress Party. That same year he was appointed deputy minister (ministerial secretary) for transport and communications. He served in that capacity together with Solomon Osei-Akoto until 1972 when the Busia government was overthrown.

Fourth Republic
In 1992, during the Fourth Republic, he was a founding member of the NPP.

See also
 List of MPs elected in the 1969 Ghanaian parliamentary election
 Busia government

References

1922 births
Akan people
Alumni of Adisadel College
Ghanaian MPs 1969–1972
Progress Party (Ghana) politicians
20th-century Ghanaian politicians
Date of death unknown
Place of death unknown
Politicians from Ashanti Region
Ghanaian civil servants

Joseph Yaw Manu


Violette Verdy (born Nelly Armande Guillerm; 1 December 1933 – 8 February 2016) was a French ballerina, choreographer, teacher, and writer. She worked as a dance company director in France and the United States. She was a Distinguished Professor of Music (Ballet) at the Jacobs School of Music at Indiana University, in Bloomington, Indiana. She was an artistic director of the Paris Opera Ballet and Boston Ballet, and the recipient of two medals from the French government. She was born in Pont-l'Abbé, France.

Verdy died in Bloomington, Indiana from heart failure on 8 February 2016. She was aged 82.

References

1933 births
2016 deaths
Ballerinas
French choreographers
French ballet dancers
French academics
Writers from Brittany
People from Finistère
Indiana University faculty
Arizona State University faculty

Violette Verdy