The Duck Valley Indian Reservation () was established in the 19th century for the federally recognized Shoshone-Paiute Tribe. It is isolated in the high desert of the western United States, and lies on the state line, the 42nd parallel, between Idaho and Nevada.

The reservation, in the shape of a square, is almost evenly divided in land area between the two states, with the northern 50.2 percent in southern Owyhee County, Idaho and the southern 49.8 percent in northwestern Elko County, Nevada. The total land area is . A resident population of 1,265 persons was reported in the 2000 census, more than 80 percent of whom lived on the Nevada side.

In October 2016 the Nevada Native Nations Land Act was passed to put Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and Forest Service lands into trust for six federally recognized tribes in the state. The Shoshone-Paiute Tribe will have  of Forest Service land added to their reservation. Some other tribes are receiving thousands of acres of trust lands. Gaming is prohibited on the new lands.

The only significant community on the reservation is Owyhee, Nevada, at an elevation of  above sea level.  Owyhee is nearly equidistant from the two nearest major cities:   north of Elko, Nevada, the county seat of the county by that name; and  south of Mountain Home, Idaho.

History

On April 16, 1877, President Rutherford B. Hayes established the Duck Valley Western Shoshone Reservation by Executive Order; it was also used for Northern Paiute people. Despite the Native Americans having a designated reservation, local settlers and some politicians tried to force the tribal members off the valuable Duck Valley lands in 1884, suggesting they should join their Western Shoshone kinsmen at the reservation at Fort Hall, Idaho. The bands' chiefs successfully resisted these efforts to be displaced from their lands.

Meanwhile, the Northern Paiute band joined with another branch of Shoshone in the Bannock War of 1878. Survivors were sent to a prisoner-of-war camp at the Yakama Indian Reservation in Yakima County, Washington. Upon their release, the Northern Paiute returned to the Duck Valley. President Grover Cleveland expanded the reservation by Executive Order on May 4, 1886 to accommodate the Paiute.

President William Howard Taft expanded the reservation to its current size by Executive Order on July 1, 1910. It was unusual to have two federal government actions to enlarge the  reservation after it was established; most federal actions have been taken to reduce the size of Indian reservations.

The Shoshone-Paiute Tribe of Duck Valley is one of five federally recognized tribes in the state of Idaho, each of which have reservations. The others are the Coeur d'Alene, Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Nez Perce, and Shoshone-Bannock. It is one of several federally recognized tribes in Nevada, some of which include other Shoshone and Paiute bands.

Sister reservations

 Fort Hall Indian Reservation, Idaho
 Fort McDermitt Indian Reservation, Oregon/Nevada
 Duckwater Shoshone Tribe of the Duckwater Reservation
 Summit Lake Indian Reservation
 Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation
 Reno-Sparks Indian Colony

Notable members
Tina Manning, d. 1979, water rights activist and wife of American Indian Movement chairman, John Trudell, 1972-1979. (She and several family members were killed in a suspicious house fire.)

Highways

  - Idaho State Highway 51 heads north to Bruneau and on to Mountain Home and Interstate 84 (indirect connection via its Business Loop).
  - Nevada State Route 225 heads south to Elko and Interstate 80

References

External links

 Duck Valley Shoshone-Paiute Tribes (official website)
 Duck Valley Indian Reservation, Idaho/Nevada United States Census Bureau

Northern Paiute
Western Shoshone
American Indian reservations in Nevada
American Indian reservations in Idaho
Geography of Elko County, Nevada
Native American tribes in Idaho
Native American tribes in Nevada
Geography of Owyhee County, Idaho

Duck Valley Indian Reservation


Ramon Arens Bieri (June 16, 1929 – May 27, 2001) was an American film and television actor.

Television work
Bieri starred as the title character in the short-lived NBC sitcom Joe's World, from December 1979 to July 1980, playing Joe Wabash, a Detroit housepainter with a wife and five kids. He co-starred on the short-lived 1981 TV series Bret Maverick with James Garner, as banker Elijah Crow. Bieri appeared in many TV movies as well. In 1971–72, he played Lieutenant Barney Verick in the NBC drama Sarge. Film roles included Badlands, The Sicilian, The Grasshopper, Grandview, U.S.A., Reds, and The Andromeda Strain.

Bieri made guest appearances in many TV shows, including  Daniel Boone, Gunsmoke, Little House on the Prairie, Bonanza, Hawaii Five-O, Kolchak: The Night Stalker, The Rockford Files, Buck Rogers in the 25th Century, The Dukes of Hazzard, The Partridge Family, Hogan's Heroes, Quincy, M.E., Mannix and Knight Rider. He was featured in recurring roles in Room 222 (as the vice principal) and St. Elsewhere. He appeared in "The Final Chapter", the first episode of the 1977 NBC series Quinn Martin's Tales of the Unexpected and in the "Murder! Murder!" episode of the NBC series The Eddie Capra Mysteries (1978). His last role was in an episode of HBO's Arliss which aired in August, 2001 which was a little over two months after his death.

Death
Bieri died of cancer in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California, on May 27, 2001, at age 71.

Filmography

References

External links

1929 births
2001 deaths
American male film actors
American male television actors
Deaths from cancer in California
Male actors from Los Angeles
20th-century American male actors

Ramon Bieri


Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 is a 2011 fantasy movie directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is the second of two cinematic parts based on J. K. Rowling's 2007 novel of the same name. The movie, which is the eighth and final installment in the Harry Potter series, was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman, David Barron, and Rowling. The story continues to follow Harry Potter's quest to find and destroy Lord Voldemort's Horcruxes in order to stop him once and for all.

Plot
Harry, Ron and Hermione seek help from a goblin named Griphook, who helps them sneak into a magical bank. The trio break into Bellatrix Lestrange's bank vault and steal a cup which is a Horcrux (an object that Lord Voldemort has put part of his soul inside). They also soon figure out that another Horcrux, a diadem, is located in Hogwarts.

The trio return to Hogwarts, where Severus Snape (who is a follower of Voldemort) is headmaster. Harry reveals to all the students that Snape killed Dumbledore. Snape tries to attack Harry but Professor McGonagall defends him and forces Snape to run away. McGonagall, the other teachers and the Order of the Phoenix members prepare to defend the school from Voldemort and his followers, who have come to stop Harry from getting the diadem.

Ron and Hermione destroy the Horcrux cup that they stole earlier. With the help of Luna Lovegood and a ghost, Harry is able to find the diadem Horcrux. After a fight with Draco Malfoy and his two henchmen, the diadem is destroyed in a fire. Harry then realises that Voldemort's final Horcrux is his pet snake, Nagini. As Voldemort's forces attack Hogwarts, the trio overhear Voldemort attack Snape, as he believes killing Snape will make him the Master of the Elder Wand (which belonged to Dumbledore, who was killed by Snape). As Snape dies, Harry takes his memories.

Harry looks into Snape's memories and discovers that Snape was in love with Harry's mother and joined Dumbledore so that he could try to save her from Voldemort when he went to kill the Potter family when Harry was just a baby. It is also revealed that Snape was a spy and he and Dumbledore plotted for Snape to kill him. At the end of the memories, it is revealed that Harry is an "accidental Horcrux", meaning that a part of Voldemort lives inside him and that he must die.

Harry travels into a forest, where he willingly lets Voldemort kill him. The part of Voldemort that lives inside Harry is destroyed and Harry himself survives the curse. Voldemort and his followers, believing Harry is dead, present Harry's body to all the students of Hogwarts. However, Neville Longbottom, one of Harry's friends, steps forward and kills Nagini with the Sword of Gryffindor, destroying Voldemort's final Horcrux. Harry reveals that he is alive and many of Voldemort's followers run away, including the Malfoy family. Voldemort's remaining followers attack the school students, staff and parents. Ron's mother, Molly, manages to kill Bellatrix.

Voldemort tries to use the Elder Wand to kill Harry. However, Harry explains that the wand never belonged to Snape because it was Draco who took it from Dumbledore. Harry then reveals that when he defeated Draco in a fight a few days prior, meaning that Harry is the master of the Elder Wand. Voldemort does not believe him and attempts to kill Harry. However, the spell rebounds and Voldemort turns to dust. Harry goes back inside the school and sees everyone recovering from the battle.

Cast
 Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter
 Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley, one of Harry's best friends.
 Emma Watson as Hermione Granger, Harry's other best friend, and the brain of the trio.
 Helena Bonham Carter as Bellatrix Lestrange, a Death Eater and Sirius Black's cousin and murderer.
 Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid, Harry's half-giant friend and a former member of the staff of Hogwarts.
 Warwick Davis as Filius Flitwick, the Charms master and Head of the Ravenclaw house at Hogwarts; and Griphook, a goblin and former employee at Gringotts Bank.
 Tom Felton as Draco Malfoy, Harry's former school rival, a former Death Eater, and son of Lucius and Narcissa Malfoy (Helen McCrory).
 Ralph Fiennes as Lord Voldemort, a twisted, evil, power-hungry, powerful wizard, and the founder and supreme leader of the Death Eaters.
 Michael Gambon as Albus Dumbledore, the late headmaster of Hogwarts
 John Hurt as Mr. Ollivander, a wandmaker abducted by the Death Eaters.
 Jason Isaacs as Lucius Malfoy, Draco Malfoy's father and a disgraced Death Eater.
 Kelly Macdonald as Helena Ravenclaw, the ghost of Ravenclaw at Hogwarts.
 Gary Oldman as Sirius Black, Harry's late godfather.
 Alan Rickman as Severus Snape, former Head of the Slytherin House and Potions and Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher and the new headmaster of Hogwarts.
 Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall, the Transfiguration teacher and the Head of the Gryffindor house at Hogwarts.
 David Thewlis as Remus Lupin, a member of the Order of the Phoenix and a former Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher at Hogwarts.
 Julie Walters as Molly Weasley, the Weasley matriarch.

References

2011 fantasy movies
Harry Potter 7
Movies based on books
Harry Potter 7
Warner Bros. movies
Movies about giants


Harald Ettl (born 7 December 1947 in Gleisdorf, Styria) is an Austrian politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 1996 until 2009. He is a member of the Social Democratic Party, which is part of the Party of European Socialists.

During his time in Parliament, Ettle served on the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs. He was also a substitute for the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs, a member of the delegation to the EU–Bulgaria Joint Parliamentary Committee, and a substitute for the delegation for relations with the Mashreq countries.

Education

 1968: Diploma from higher technical education institute

Career

 1969-1971: Technical employee
 1971-1973: Trade union secretary
 Secretary-General (1973-1984) and President (1984-2000) of the Textile, Clothing and Leather Workers' Union
 since 2000: Vice-President of the Metal and Textile Union
 since 2004: Vice-President of the International Textile, Clothing and Leather Workers' Association
 1978-1989: Vice-Chairman of the General Accident Insurance Institution (AUVA)
 1978-1989: Chairman of the accident insurance committee, Main Association of Austrian Social Insurance Institutions
 1987-1999: Chairman of the EU Committee, Austrian Federation of Trade Unions
 1989-1992: Federal Minister for Health, the Public Service, Sport and Consumer Protection
 1993-2001: Chairman of the Consumer Information Association
 1995-1996: Member of the Economic and Social Committee of the European Communities
 1996-2009: Member of the European Parliament

External links

1947 births
Living people
Social Democratic Party of Austria MEPs
MEPs for Austria 1999–2004
MEPs for Austria 1996–1999
MEPs for Austria 2004–2009

Harald Ettl


Carl Axel Mothander (18861965) a former Swedish reserve officer; major in the White Finnish Army in the Finnish War of Independence 1917/18, organizer of the Finnish White Army's field hospitals promoted to major; commander of the Swedish volunteers in the Estonian War of Independence promoted to lieutenant colonel. After the war, in 1928, Mothander settled in Estonia, as he married a Baltic German Baroness, Benita von Wrangel (1878–1967). Thereafter Mothander  tried to take the role of mediator between the Estonians and the Baltic Germans. The Baltic Germans' effective rule and class privileges had come to an end with the establishment of the Republic of Estonia. On October 10, 1919, The Land Reform Act was passed by the Estonian Constituent Assembly.  This act confiscated and redistributed the Baltic German estates, ending 700 years of possession of the regions that the Germans had gained after the Livonian Crusade.

Mothander is the author of the books Baroner, bönder och bolsjeviker i Estland (Barons, Locals and Bolsheviks in Estonia) translated into German, Finnish and Estonian. The book analyzed the relationships between Estonians, Baltic Germans and Bolsheviks after the War of Independence. The Finnish translation was censored and banned from book stores in Finland in 1944–1946 Svenske kungens Vita Skepp, det äventyrliga spelet om Estlandssvenskarna (Swedish King's White Ship) is a book written by Carl Mothander about the Estonian Swedes. The books were published in Sweden after Mothander and his wife narrowly escaped from the hands of the NKVD in 1940.

Mothander also worked for the Estonian Red Cross and was a member of the Red Cross Katyn Commission that investigated the alleged Soviet massmurder on Polish officers taken prisoners during the Soviet-Polish war 1939.

The Swedish volunteer unit to support the Republic of Estonia in the Estonian War of Independence under the command of Carl Mothander was formed in Sweden in early 1919. In March 1919, 178 volunteers took part in scout missions in Virumaa. In April, the company was sent to the Southern front and took part of the battles near Pechory. By May 5 there was 68 men left in the company. On May 17, the company was disbanded by the order of the Estonian Minister of War. Some of the volunteers returned home in Sweden, some joined the Estonian Army, some the Danish volunteer unit. Other commanders of the Swedish volunteers in Estonia included C.G. Malmberg and L. Hällen.

References

External links
 Tohisoo Manor: von Wrangel's family residence in Estonia until 1939

1886 births
1965 deaths
Swedish military officers
People of the Estonian War of Independence
Swedish-language writers
Swedish expatriates in Estonia
Swedish expatriates in Finland
People of the Finnish Civil War (White side)

Carl Axel Mothander


In algebraic number theory, it can be shown that every cyclotomic field is an abelian extension of the rational number field Q, having Galois group of the form . The Kronecker–Weber theorem provides a partial converse: every finite abelian extension of Q is contained within some cyclotomic field. In other words, every algebraic integer whose Galois group is abelian can be expressed as a sum of roots of unity with rational coefficients. For example,
  and
The theorem is named after Leopold Kronecker and Heinrich Martin Weber.

Field-theoretic formulation
The Kronecker–Weber theorem can be stated in terms of fields and field extensions.
Precisely, the Kronecker–Weber theorem states: every finite abelian extension of the rational numbers Q is a subfield of a cyclotomic field.
That is, whenever an algebraic number field has a Galois group over Q that is an abelian group, the field is a subfield of a field obtained by adjoining a root of unity to the rational numbers.

For a given abelian extension K of Q there is  a minimal cyclotomic field that contains it. The theorem allows one to define the conductor of K as the smallest integer n such that K lies inside the field generated by the n-th roots of unity. For example the quadratic fields have as conductor the absolute value of their discriminant, a fact generalised in class field theory.

History
The theorem was first stated by  though his argument  was not complete for extensions of degree a power of 2.
 published a proof, but this had some gaps and errors that were pointed out and corrected by . The first complete proof was given by .

Generalizations
 proved the local Kronecker–Weber theorem which states that any abelian extension of a local field can be constructed using cyclotomic extensions and Lubin–Tate extensions.   ,  and  gave other proofs.

Hilbert's twelfth problem asks for generalizations of the Kronecker–Weber theorem to base fields other than the rational numbers, and asks for the analogues of the roots of unity for those fields. A different approach to abelian extensions is given by class field theory.

References

External links

Class field theory
Cyclotomic fields
Theorems in algebraic number theory

Kronecker–Weber theorem


The metropolitan area () is a type of administrative division in Portugal. Since the 2013 local government reform, there are two metropolitan areas: Lisbon and Porto. The metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto were created in 1991. A law passed in 2003 supported the creation of more metropolitan areas, under the conditions that they consisted of at least nine municipalities (concelhos) and had at least 350,000 inhabitants. Several metropolitan areas were created under this law (Algarve, Aveiro, Coimbra, Minho and Viseu), but a law passed in 2008 abolished these, converting them into intermunicipal communities, whose territories are (roughly) based on the NUTS III statistical regions.

The branches of administration of the metropolitan area are the metropolitan council, the metropolitan executive committee and the strategic board for metropolitan development. The metropolitan council is composed of the presidents of the municipal chambers of the municipalities.

List
The legal status of metropolitan area is held only by two:

 Lisbon metropolitan area (Área Metropolitana de Lisboa)
 Porto metropolitan area (Área Metropolitana do Porto)

The OECD and Eurostat have identified the following metropolitan areas ("Functional Urban Areas") based on commuting patterns.

References

Portugal
Administrative divisions of Portugal

Metropolitan areas in Portugal


Zippie was briefly the name of the breakaway Yippie faction that demonstrated at the 1972 Republican and Democratic Conventions in Miami Beach, Florida. The origin of the word is an evolution of the term Yippie, which was coined by the Youth International Party in the 1960s.

After these events, "the Zippies evolved back into Yippies", but the word Zippie remained, used by record labels, rock bands, and assorted others.

In subsequent years, zippie  has arisen in reference to 1990s technopeople, in contradiction to yuppies. In the 1990s, Fraser Clark and others created a unique subculture that combined the "1990s techno hemisphere with the 1960s earth person". Zippies were thus advocates of PLUR (Peace Love Unity Respect), which originated on the alt.raves and alt.culture.zippies usenet groups.

1972

Yippie (YIP) was an acronym for "Youth International Party"; similarly, Zippie (ZIP) was an acronym for "Zeitgeist International Party"—a term first coined by Tom Forcade. This was the name given to the radical breakaway Yippie faction that demonstrated at the 1972 Republican and Democratic Conventions in Miami Beach.

Zippies became prominent internationally during the American 1972 Democratic National Convention and 1972 Republican National Convention, held in Miami Beach, Florida, USA, when the word was silk-screened on t-shirts and worn by counter-culture activists and groups working to end US involvement in the Vietnam War.

1994
In May 1994 Wired magazine published an article titled "Here Come the Zippies!". The cover of the magazine featured a kaleidoscopic image of a smiling young man with wild hair, a funny hat, and mechanical eyeglasses. Written by Jules Marshall, the article announced an organized cultural response to Thatcherism in the British Isles.

There's a new and rapidly spreading cultural virus ripping through the British Isles. The symptoms of those infected include attacks of optimism, strong feelings of community, and lowered stress levels. Will their gathering in August at the Grand Canyon be the Woodstock of the '90s?

The article describes zippies, according to 50-year-old Fraser Clark, as "Zen-Inspired Pronoia Professional", or "hippies with zip." The UK media tried to pin various labels on the Y Generation such as "cyber-crusties", "techno-hippies", and "post-ravers." Fraser Clark espoused a philosophy known as pronoia and embarked on an expedition to the United States. This tour was dubbed the Zippy Pronoia Tour to US.

Other uses of the term are "Zen Inspired Peace Professional."
These zippies were a New Age kind of hippie who embraced Chaos Theory, Blakean revolt, modern mysteries such as New Age Paganism, trance music, rave culture, smart drinks, free software, technology and entrepreneurism in an effort to bring about a better world.

A group called "The Zippies" were behind one of the first acts of electronic civil disobedience with a collective online action against the 1994 Criminal Justice Bill.

2004
In his book The World Is Flat, Thomas L. Friedman describe zippies as a "huge cohort of Indian youth who are first to come of the age since India shifted away from socialism and dived headfirst into global trade and information revolution by turning itself into world's service center".

The original source of the 2004 term "Zippies" comes from an Indian English-language weekly magazine called Outlook in an article called Age Of The Zippie.

See also
Hippie
Yippie
Counterculture
Electrohippies
Rave
Subculture
Free Culture

References

External links
Friedman, Thomas, "Meet the Zippies", New York Times (Op-Ed), February 22, 2004
Yippies vs. Zippies: New Rubin book reveals '70s counterculture feud (The Villager article by Mary Reinholz, 25 February 2018)

Counterculture
Hippie movement
Youth culture in the United States
1960s neologisms
Yippies

Zippie


Appleby Grammar School is a mixed secondary school and sixth form in Appleby-in-Westmorland for students aged 11 to 18. Since 2011, it has been an Academy. Until 2013, the school was a registered charity.

History
The origins of Appleby Grammar lie in the three chantries established in the town's two medieval churches; those of the Blessed Virgin Mary (founded c. 1260 by William de Goldyngton, Mayor of Appleby) and of St Nicholas (founded in 1334 by Robert de Threlkeld), both in the Church of St Lawrence, and that of the Virgin Mary, founded by William L'English before 1344 in the Church of St Michael, Bongate. These chantries, constituted to celebrate masses for the souls of their founders, were also endowed (as deeds of 1478 and 1518 [WSMB/A] and 1533 show) with monies to enjoin the chaplain to teach a free grammar school in the borough, initially in the church itself, as a part of his duty.

The first mention of a school in Appleby is shown by the sale in 1452 of a burgage house made by John Marshall, Vicar of St Michael's, to Thomas Lord Clifford (also responsible for erecting the greater part of the present Appleby Castle during the reign of Henry VI). The property was described in the sale as "on the west side of Kirkgate extending in length to a certain narrow lane called School-house Gate".

In consideration of the loss sustained by the dissolution of the chantries in the time of Edward VI, Queen Mary granted to the school at Appleby a yearly rent charge of £5 10s. 8d., its revenues being replaced by a grant payable from the income of the Rectory of Crosby Ravensworth. Further bequests were made from the wills of Robert Langton (Archdeacon of Dorset 1486–1514, educated in Appleby) and Dr. Miles Spencer (d. 1569). These legacies enabled the Borough to purchase Royal Letters Patent, endowed by Queen Elizabeth I in 1574, and so provide a firm basis for the continued establishment and survival of the grammar school, "with ten governors, who are to appoint successors, nominate the master and usher, make statutes for the regulation of the school, and receive lands and possessions, so as they exceed not the clear yearly value of £40" (though this limitation has been greatly exceeded).

The incumbent headmaster in 1574, John Boste, later a Catholic convert and martyr (canonised by Pope Paul VI in 1970 as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales) was followed in 1580 by Reginald Bainbrigg, a considerable scholar, who made tours of Hadrian's Wall in 1599 and 1601 and corresponded with William Camden and Sir Robert Cotton on antiquarian matters. On his death (c.1613) he bequeathed some 295 volumes to the school library, which grew considerably in size as witnessed by the catalogues of 1656, 1782 and 1847. Its funds were augmented each year by contributions from departing pupils. The library is now in the care of the University Library of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Official criticism of the school in 1869 by the Schools Inquiry Commission (1864–1868), which examined endowed grammar schools under the chairmanship of Lord Taunton, revealed an uncertain future as a high grade classical school. In 1868, there were only 16 pupils attending but by 1880 there were 80 boarders alone.

Fruitless proposals were made by the governors to rebuild and amend the existing buildings, and in 1887 construction of a new school was completed at Battlebarrow, on the outskirts of the town, on a site provided by land purchased from St Anne's Hospital and Lord Hothfield. A new scheme for the administration of the school along more modern lines was implemented in 1891. Thereafter, there followed a steady growth in pupil numbers, from 45 in 1887, 68 in 1914, 135 in 1940 to 170 in 1955, when girls were first admitted.

In the early 1950s, because of the large size of the catchment area and problems students would face under adverse weather conditions, there were Government proposals for comprehensive education to be provided on larger sites, for pupils of all academic abilities, offering modern and technical courses. Westmorland County Council (1889–1974) suggested a development plan for North Westmorland, which was considered and agreed upon by the governors of both Appleby and Kirkby Stephen Grammar Schools, for defined catchment areas to be set in place. Appleby would take pupils from an area including Appleby, Asby, the fellside villages and villages west of the A66. The catchment area would eventually extend to Cliburn, Morland, Newby, Reagill and Sleagill.

In 1955, an extension at Appleby was completed to accommodate domestic science, woodwork, science and art rooms, and a girls' cloakroom was added to the ground floor. A new school was also completed at Kirkby Stephen, both schools becoming co-educational for the 1955–56 academic year and Appleby ceasing to take boarders.

In 1959, while retaining the title of grammar school, Appleby and Kirkby Stephen schools became comprehensive and expanded rapidly so that, by 1974, 400 years after the establishment of the Elizabethan post-chantry grammar school, there were over 560 pupils on the school roll.

George Washington
The father and step-brothers of the founding President of the United States, George Washington, both attended the school.

On his death, the widow of Washington's paternal grandfather Lawrence Washington of Virginia, Mildred (née Warner), married George Gale. The Gale family were the chief tobacco merchants of Whitehaven, Cumberland. In 1700, pregnant, Mildred Gale moved with her new husband and three children, John (6), Augustine (3), and Mildred (an infant), to Whitehaven. In 1701, Mildred died in childbirth; she was buried in St Nicholas Churchyard in Whitehaven. Midred's sister, Mary, is an ancestor of Queen Elizabeth II. George Gale sent the boys to board at Appleby Grammar until custody of the children was successfully challenged by the Washington family, and the boys returned to Virginia, to live near Chotank Creek.

Washington's father, Augustine, chose to enrol his two sons from his first marriage to Jane Butler, Lawrence and Augustine, at Appleby Grammar. George was the first son of his second marriage to Mary Ball. Were it not for the sudden death of his father in 1743, on reaching the age at which the two older boys had made the long voyage from Virginia, George would have most certainly followed in their footsteps.

Ofsted and academic performance
In 2008, Appleby Grammar School was one of five Cumbrian schools presented with the DCSF International School Award in recognition of links with schools abroad. It was rated 'Good' in its Ofsted inspection in the same year. In the 2011 Ofsted inspection, the school was rated as 'Satisfactory'. In 2013 and again in 2016, Ofsted report's determined that the school required improvement.

In April 2022, the school was graded as 'Good' in all areas.

Notable former pupils
 Sir John Lowther, 1st Baronet (1605–1675) — an English lawyer, landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons for Westmorland in 1628 and in 1660.
 Bishop Thomas Barlow (1607/8–1691) — an English academic and clergyman who became Provost of The Queen's College, Oxford and Bishop of Lincoln.
 Bishop Thomas Smith (1615–1702) — Dean of Carlisle (1672–1684) and Bishop of Carlisle (1684–1702).
 Augustine Washington (1694–1743) — father of George Washington.
 Augustine Washington Jr. (1720–1762) — stepbrother of George Washington.
 Lawrence Washington (1718–1752) — stepbrother of founding U.S. President George Washington.
 James Whitehead (1834–1917) — Lord Mayor of London (1888–89).
 John Percival (1834–1918) — educator and Bishop of Hereford (1895–1918).
 Gavin Skelton (born 1981) — footballer.
 Helen Skelton (born 1983) —  television presenter.
 Chloe Wilcox (born 1986) — Great Britain Water Polo.

Bibliography
 Edgar Hinchcliffe (1974). Appleby Grammar School: From Chantry to Comprehensive. J. Whitehead and Son (Appleby) Limited for the Governors. ISBN 0-95-017473-4.
 John Flavel Curwen (1932). The Later Records Relating to North Westmorland Or the Barony of Appleby. Volume 8 of Record series. Titus Wilson & Son.
 Andrew Connell (2013), 'John Robinson (1727–1802), Richard Atkinson (1739–85), Government, Commerce and Politics in the Age of the American Revolution: "From the North"'.  Northern History, Volume L. No.1 (March 2013), pp. 54–76. Many Publishing, University of Leeds.

References

External links
 School homepage
 Cumbria County Council – Cumbria Archive Service
 British Listed Buildings – Main Building at Appleby Grammar School
 British History Online | The Later Records relating to North Westmorland: or the Barony of Appleby | The East Ward – The Parish of St Lawrence, Appleby
 Appleby in Westmorland – History
 More Grammar School Reminiscences – 1945–1952
 Class of '59 – 50 Years of Comprehensive Education at Appleby Grammar School

Educational institutions established in the 1570s
1574 establishments in England
Secondary schools in Westmorland and Furness
Schools with a royal charter
Academies in Westmorland and Furness
Appleby-in-Westmorland

Appleby Grammar School


Ferit Odman is a jazz drummer based in Istanbul, Turkey.

Education
Odman started his music studies in Sweden as an AFS exchange student in 1999, then received a full scholarship to Istanbul Bilgi University in 2001, where he obtained his B.A. in Music. In 2004, he attended workshops at the School for Improvisation in New York City. He was given a Fulbright Scholarship to study at William Paterson University from 2006 to 2008.

Performing career
Odman began his professional career in 2000 at the age of eighteen. He spent two years playing in New York City while pursuing his graduate degree, performing and recording with Brian Lynch, Vincent Herring, Peter Washington, Benny Golson, Jacky Terrasson, Mike Moreno, Sean Jones, Ernie Watts, Stefano di Battista, Bertha Hope, Jim Rotondi, Alan Broadbent, Alex Sipiagin, and David Berkman. Odman also played with a number of vocalists, including Sheila Jordan, Kevin Mahogany, Allan Harris, Mark Murphy, Deborah Davis, Ive Mendes, and Hilary Kole. He has played at many New York City clubs and festivals.

Since returning to Istanbul, Odman has been a mainstay on the Turkish jazz scene, performing and recording with Kerem Görsev and TRT (Turkish Radio Television) Big Band, among others. He was invited to a number of international festivals as a bandleader, including the North Sea Jazz Festival, the Istanbul Jazz Festival, the Prishtina Jazz Festival in Kosovo; the International Ankara Jazz Festival, and the Rabobank Amersfoort Jazz Festival in the Netherlands.

Odman was featured in the May 2011 issue of Jazz Inside magazine.

Recording career
In 2010, he released Nommo, featuring trumpeter Brian Lynch, saxophonist Vincent Herring, pianist Burak Bedikyan and bassist Peter Washington. In 2011, he released Autumn In New York, featuring trumpeter Terell Stafford, saxophonist Vincent Herring, pianist Anthony Wonsey and bassist Peter Washington.
In 2016, he released an all analog (AAA) Vinyl Dameronia With Strings, which is a tribute to Tadd Dameron with six strings and featuring trumpeter Terell Stafford, pianist Danny Grissett and bassist Peter Washington. Down beat magazine gave four stars to Dameronia with Strings, four stars to Autumn in New York, and three and a half stars to Nommo.

Awards and honors
 2012 TCF (Turkish Cultural Foundation) Cultural Exchange Fellowship
 2014 Rotary Professional Excellence Award (District 2440)

Discography

As leader
 Nommo (Equinox, 2010)
 Autumn in New York  (Equinox, 2011)
 Dameronia with Strings (Equinox, 2015)
 The Vinyl Collection (Equinox, 2017)

As a sideman
 Kenan Doğulu, İhtimaller (2016 Doğulu Productions)
 Fatih Erkoç, True Love (2016 Esen Elektronik)
 Sinan Isik, Patience (2016)
 Kerem Görsev Trio & Ernie Watts, Four Days (2015 Rec Jazz)
 Bulut Gülen, Su (2015 A.K. Müzik)
 Ozan Musluoglu, My Best Friends Are Vocalists (2015 Sony Music Entertainment Turkey)
 Kerem Görsev Trio & Ernie Watts, Emirgan (2014 Rec Jazz)
 Kęstutis Vaiginis, Lights Of Darkness (2014 KV)
 Kerem Görsev & City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra, To Bill Evans (2013 Rec Jazz)
 Asena Akan, Istanbul'un Izleri (2013 Kalan)
 Ozan Musluoglu, My Best Friends Are Pianists (2012 Equinox Music & Entertainment)
 Önder Focan, Songbook (2012 Equinox Music & Entertainment)
 Kerem Görsev & London Philharmonia Orchestra, Therapy (2011 Rec Jazz)
 Sezen Aksu, Öptüm (2011 SN Music)
 Uraz Kıvaner, Pieces (2011 Rec Jazz)
 Ayhan Sicimoğlu, En Estambul (2011 IMM)
 Joy Voeth, I Wish You Love (2010 JoyVoeth)
 Jehan Barbur, Hayat (2010 ADA Müzik)
 Danielle Eva, Road and Moon (2010 Devour Music)
 Ülkem Özsezen, Ghost's Note (2010 San Grafik)
 Jef Giansily, Sketches (2009 Circle)
 Kerem Görsev, Diversion (2009 Rec Jazz)
 Ozan Musluoglu, Coincidence (2009 Rec Jazz)
 Önder Focan Group, Swing A La Turc (2007 Kalan Music)
 SPIN, Ilk (2006 Aura Records)
 Donovan Mixon, The Dance of Life (2004 DMC-Jazz)

References

External links
 Official site

Living people
1982 births
William Paterson University alumni
Turkish jazz drummers
21st-century drummers
Turkish jazz musicians
Istanbul Bilgi University alumni

Ferit Odman


The Abbatija Tad-Dejr hypogeal complex is a paleochristian burial site in Rabat, Malta.

Although much smaller in size than those of Rome, the catacombs in Malta, especially the ones in Rabat, are among the most important early Christian burial sites south of Rome.

The site is managed by Heritage Malta and is currently closed for conservation.

History
The early catacombs comprised a singular shaft and chamber tombs dug from the vertical face of a quarry. Between the fourth and the ninth centuries AD, four larger complexes were added.

The most important of the four small catacombs is the largest one; with its rows of carefully placed baldacchino tombs, it is possibly one of the few catacombs that saw some sort of pre-planning during excavations. Baldacchino tombs are often considered to be the richest out of the array of tomb types found in Maltese catacombs; at least three of such tombs in this complex are heavily decorated with reliefs.

In the post-Roman period, the largest catacomb was enlarged and turned into a small church.

Uses
The presence in the hypogeum of a stone altar and the number of crosses carved into the rock surface suggest early Christian use. A fresco that, until recently, decorated the apse over the supposed location of the original altar is now housed in the National Museum of Fine Arts.

The catacombs underwent various other phases of use. Amongst other uses, they were used as cow pens and for the quarrying of stone used in the production of lime. The latter has resulted in extensive damage. Some of the truncated shaft and chamber burials can be viewed from the low roof of the quarry.

References

External links
 Heritage Malta

Subterranea (geography)
Rabat, Malta
Sites managed by Heritage Malta
Catacombs of Malta

Abbatija Tad-Dejr


Victoria Williams (born 1956) is a British actress. She started her career at the end of the sixties as a child actor and played various roles in different TV drama productions. Her most notable part (then credited as "Vicky Williams") was that of Nicky Gore, the central character of the 1975 adaptation of Peter Dickinson's The Changes, a trilogy that chronicled the sudden and violent descent by British society into a pre-industrial and pre-technological age.

She was one of the two human actors in the Children's ITV series, The Riddlers, about two humanoid creatures who lived in her garden, which ran from 1989 to 1998. She played the role of Marjorie Dawe.

Her other roles include appearances in films such as It Could Happen to You (1975), Bedrooms and Hallways (1998), Hear the Silence (2003, as Tessa Jowell) and MirrorMask (2005), and television series including Dombey and Son, Coronation Street, Crown Court, Rooms, The Mallens, Holby City, and Julia Jekyll and Harriet Hyde (as Moira Jekyll).

References

External links

1955 births
English television actresses
Living people

Victoria Williams (actress)


Anastasio Somoza García (1 February 1896 – 29 September 1956) was the President and dictator of Nicaragua from 1937 until his death in 1956. He ran one of the most corrupt governments in history. But because his administration was anti-communist he was supported by the United States. García was the son of a wealthy coffee planter. He was educated in Philadelphia where he met and married Salvadora Debayle Sacasa. She was also from a wealthy Nicaraguan family. He became very wealthy through investments in land, transport, real estate and manufacturing. After winning the 1936 Presidential Election, he took control of the National Guard. He placed family members in key positions of the government. He and his family controlled the Nationalist Liberal Party which controlled the legislature and Judiciary. This gave him absolute control of the country. On September 21, 1956 he was shot in León, Nicaragua by a poet. He died eight days later. His family continued to rule in Nicaragua for two more decades.

References

1896 births
1956 deaths
Presidents of Nicaragua

Anastasio Somoza García


Carlos Eduardo Rovira (born February 18, 1956) is an Argentine Justicialist Party (PJ) politician, until 2007 governor of Misiones Province at the head of the Front for the Renewal of Concord.

Rovira was born in Posadas and studied chemical engineering at the National University of Misiones, later earning a postgraduate degree in chemical engineering at the University of Buenos Aires. After a period in academic research, he became an environmental consultant, focusing especially on water quality. He joined the provincial government in 1992, heading the transport department until 1995.

In 1995, Rovira was elected Mayor of Posadas. In 1999 he was elected for a first term as Governor of Misiones. Ahead of the 2003 elections he formed the Front for Renewal, bringing together Peronists and dissident Radicals to support his bid for re-election. He was re-elected in 2003. The Front for Renewal supports the national Front for Victory faction of President Néstor Kirchner.

Rovira attempted to alter the constitution of Misiones to allow his continued re-election ahead of the 2007 elections. The formation of a constitutional assembly was voted on 29 October 2006. The Rovira administration inaugurated an unusual number of public works in the month prior to the election and was alleged to have engaged in coarse proselytism, including the distribution of welfare food baskets with voting ballots inside. The opposition also alleged that thousands of Paraguayan citizens were being paid to cross the border and vote for Rovira, using forged Argentine national IDs.

Rovira's party lost the referendum to the United Front for Dignity, a broad opposition coalition led by Bishop Emeritus of Puerto Iguazú, Monsignor Joaquín Piña, by a 13% margin that surprised analysts. However, in the subsequent election for governor, Rovira was succeeded by his party's candidate, Maurice Closs.

References

External links
 Official website
 Misiones Province

1956 births
Living people
People from Posadas, Misiones
University of Buenos Aires alumni
National University of Misiones alumni
Argentine chemical engineers
Mayors of places in Argentina
Governors of Misiones Province
Members of the Chamber of Representatives of Misiones
Justicialist Party politicians

Carlos Rovira