All-Star Comics was an anthology comic book series published from 1940 to 1951. It was published again during the 1970s. It was was different from other publication because it was published by both All-American Publications and National Periodical Publications. The series had the most popular characters from the regular superhero anthology books of both publishers. The two companies later merged in 1946 to become the modern day DC Comics.)

History
"All Star Comics" is best known for comics with the Justice Society of America. They were the first superhero team. Their story was first published in the third issue. (December 1940) It was the lead feature for the rest of the series' run. Although the JSA adventures took up most of each new issue, there would usually be at least one other story as well.

In the eighth issue (January 1942), All Star introduced Wonder Woman. She was in a story by herself. It was not a part of the JSA story. Wonder Woman became one of the most popular superheroes of all time. The issue with her first story is a comic wanted by people who collect comics.

The publication schedule for "All Star" changed over time. The first four issues were published quarterly (every three months). It had Summer, Fall, Winter and Spring issues. From issue #5 (July 1941) to #17 (June 1943), it was published every other month. It published quarterly again from September 1943 (#18) to December 1945 (#27). This was likely because of a paper shortage during World War II and not a decrease in sales. With the April 1946 issue (#28), the series went back to publishing every other month. It stayed that way for the rest of its time being published.

As superheroe stories necame less populary in the end of the Golden Age, All Star Comics changed its name to All Star Western. The JSA feature was replaced with cowboy heroes like Johnny Thunder.

In February 1976, the series was revived. It once again had stories about the JSA. This series ignored the "All Star Western" run entirely. It re-started the series with a new issue #58. The June 1977 issue (#66) added a hyphen to the series' name. This officially made the title  "All-Star Comics". It lasted until issue #74 (October 1978).

Other websites
 All Star Comics and All Star Comics (revival) at Mike's Amazing World of DC Comics.

American comic books
1940 establishments in the United States
1978 disestablishments in the United States
DC Comics

All Star Comics


Archibald Elliot (August 1761 – 16 June 1823) was a Scottish architect based in Edinburgh. He had a very distinctive style, typified by square plans, concealed roofs, crenellated walls and square corner towers. All may be said to derive from the earlier local example of Melville Castle by James Playfair. Many of his works have been demolished.

Life

He was born in Ancrum, Roxburghshire the son of a carrier. After training as a joiner he moved to cabinet design, working then in London, and appears to have then trained as an architect before returning to Scotland to work in Edinburgh.

Archibald Elliot ran an architecture practice in London and Edinburgh with his brother James Elliot. Following James's death in 1810, Archibald ran the company on his own. It was later taken over by Archibald's son, Archibald Elliot Junior.

He contributed to many significant buildings and streets in Edinburgh, including St Paul's and St George's Church, Rutland Square, the Regent Bridge, Waterloo Place and Calton Prison (now demolished). He was also involved with work on many country houses in Scotland, including Blair Castle and Taymouth Castle in Perthshire, Loudoun Castle in Ayrshire, and Stobo Castle in Peeblesshire.

He is buried near the centre of New Calton Cemetery, close to his works on Waterloo Place. A son, William Elliot (1796–1828) lies with him.

His younger brother, James Elliot (1770–1810), worked with him from 1800 until his early death.

Archibald's sons, Archibald Elliot (died 1843) and Alexander Elliot, ran a practice in London. Archibald inherited his father's practice on his death.

Main works

Loudoun Castle complete rebuilding around an original 17th-century tower house (1804) (largely demolished)
Stobo Castle (1805)
Taymouth Castle (1806)
Guildhall, Dunfermline (1807)
Redesign of Adam's General Register House (1813) to add a basement level
Calton Prison (1815) (demolished 1930)
Midlothian County Hall, Edinburgh (1816) (demolished)
Waterloo Monument, Peniel Heugh (1817)
St Paul's Chapel, York Place, Edinburgh (1818)
35 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh (as Royal Bank of Scotland head office) (1819)
Rutland Square and Rutland Street, Edinburgh (1819–21)
St George's Church, Paisley co-designed with William Reid (1819)
Broughton McDonald Church, Broughton Place, Edinburgh (1820)
Edmonstone House, south of Edinburgh (1821, now largely demolished)
Blair Atholl Church (1823)
Jedburgh Castle Jail (1823)
St Marks Episcopal Church, Portobello (1823) completed posthumously by his son (1825-7)

References

18th-century Scottish architects
1761 births
1823 deaths
People from Roxburgh
Gothic Revival architects
British neoclassical architects
19th-century Scottish architects

Archibald Elliot


Craig Alexander Newmark (born December 6, 1952) is an American internet entrepreneur and philanthropist best known as the founder of the classifieds website Craigslist. Prior to founding Craigslist, he worked as a computer programmer for IBM, Bank of America, and Charles Schwab. Newmark served as chief executive officer of Craigslist from its founding until 2000. He founded Craig Newmark Philanthropies in 2015.

Early life and education
Newmark, the son of Joyce and Lee Newmark, was born to a Jewish family in 1952 in Morristown, New Jersey. As a child, Newmark liked science fiction and comic books, and wanted to become a paleontologist. Newmark's mother was a bookkeeper and his father was an insurance and meat salesman. When Newmark was thirteen, his father died from cancer. His mother then moved him and his younger brother, Jeff, to Jacob Ford Village.

As a teenager, Newmark attended Morristown High School, where he became interested in physics. He wore taped together, black-rimmed glasses and a pocket protector. In an interview, Newmark described his high school self as "possible nerd patient zero". During high school, he sang in the school choir, joined the physics club, co-captained the debate team, and was in the honor society. Newmark graduated high school in 1971.

During his freshman year of college, Newmark began studying computer science. He earned Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in computing and information sciences from Case Western Reserve University in 1975 and 1977, respectively.

Career

Newmark is best known as the founder of Craigslist. Prior to establishing the website, he worked as a contract computer programmer for companies such as Bank of America, Sun Microsystems, and others. His first job out of college was with IBM, where he worked for 17 years as a programmer and systems engineer. During that time, he lived in Boca Raton, Florida, Detroit, and then Pittsburgh. He moved to San Francisco in 1993 after accepting a position with Charles Schwab. There, a coworker introduced him to the World Wide Web—which at the time was still relatively free of commercials.

In 1995, Newmark started emailing a list of upcoming events to a few friends to "cultivate a bit of community". Other people asked to be included on the list and as members grew, so did the kinds of information on the list. Newmark launched craigslist.org in 1996, as a place where people could exchange information, mostly without charge. He operated it as a hobby while continuing to work as a software engineer until 1999, when he incorporated Craigslist as a private for-profit company. In her book An Internet for the People: The Politics and Promise of craigslist, Jessa Lingel described the website as "the internet ungentrified". In 2000, Newmark stepped down as chief executive officer and handed off the role to Jim Buckmaster. Since then, Newmark has not been involved in the "day-to-day operations" of Craigslist. As of 2018, he continued to respond to Craigslist customer service inquiries, primarily dealing with spammers and scammers.

In 2005, Time magazine listed Craig Newmark as one of the 100 people shaping the world.

Newmark serves on the board of several non-profit organizations such as CUNY Graduate School of Journalism, Girls Who Code and Vets in Tech, among others. He also holds roles on the advisory boards of 18 other non-profits.

Philanthropy
As far back as 2004, Newmark was using his wealth to support philanthropic causes. His philanthropic interests include journalism and cybersecurity. In 2015, he founded Craig Newmark Philanthropies   which acts as an umbrella for his other foundations,  such as his private charitable foundation, to which he contributed $50 million in 2016 to support military families, voter registration efforts, and women in technology.

In 2018, Newmark's donations totaled $143 million.

The Chronicle of Philanthropy ranked Newmark 17th out of 50 in its 2020 ranking of individual donors, giving a total of $100 million. In 2022, Newmark donated $81 million through the Craig Newmark Foundation and Craig Newmark Philanthropic Fund again ranking in Chronicle of Philanthropy's top 50.

Veterans
While consulting for the VA Office of Healthcare Innovation and Learning Newmark dubbed himself "Nerd-in-Residence" while focusing his computer science skills on the Blue Button initiative, which is designed to make electronic health records, including family history, available to all veterans thereby accelerating the processing of claims, improving patient care, and saving lives.

In 2022, Craig Newmark Philanthropies announced a $2.95 million grant to The Bob Woodruff Foundation's Got Your 6 Network.

In 2023, Newmark donated $1 million to Blue Star Families.

In total, Craig Newmark Philanthropies has reported more than $18 million in contributions to military and veteran communities.

Cybersecurity
In January 2017, TechCrunch reported that Newmark donated $500,000 to Wikipedia's attempt at "reducing harassment and vandalism on the site and improve the tools moderators use every day to keep the peace".

In 2019, Newmark donated $6 million to Consumer Reports to fund a Digital Lab focused on consumer privacy rights and cybersecurity.

In 2021, Newmark supported the Institute for Security and Technology's anti-ransomware program; a six-month study on misinformation and disinformation by the Aspen Institute's Commission on Information Disorder; the establishment of the Institute for Rebooting Social Media at Harvard University;
 the Reporters Without Borders Journalism Trust Initiative;  and provided funding to expand PBS NewsHour's coverage of underrepresented communities.

In 2022, Newmark committed $50 million to the Cyber Civil Defense initiative. As of April 2022, approximately $30 million of this commitment had been awarded.

In 2023, Craig Newmark Philanthropies announced it would double its donations from  $50 million to $100 million for fighting cyber threats.

Other donations Newmark made include: $1 million to the Global Cyber Alliance, $150,000 to Women in CyberSecurity, and $250,000 to the Girl Scouts for cybersecurity programs. He is also an avid supporter of Girls Who Code.

Journalism
In 2006, The Guardian reported that Newmark was "readying his armoury of cash to invest in citizen journalism projects".

Between 2016 and 2020, Newmark donated $170 million to support journalism, combating harassment of journalists, cybersecurity, and election integrity, including $1 million each to ProPublica and the Poynter Institute in 2017.

In September 2018, he gave $20 million to fund the creation of The Markup, a non-profit news organization.

That year, Newmark donated $1 million to Mother Jones to help the magazine combat fake news.

In 2021, Newmark donated $5 million to the Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard Kennedy School.

Newmark established a $20 million endowment at the CUNY Graduate School of Journalism, which was subsequently renamed the Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism.

According to The Chronicle of Philanthropy, Newmark's 2020 donations included $1 million to the Anti-Defamation League

Newmark gave $5 million to the Poynter Institute, which used the funds to establish the Craig Newmark Center for Ethics and Leadership. Newmark's previous donation of $1 million to the Poynter established the Craig Newmark Journalism Ethics Chair. He also gave $10 million to Columbia University to establish a center for journalism ethics and security, as well as a professorship.

In 2021, Newmark supported the establishment of the Institute for Rebooting Social Media at  Harvard University; the Reporters Without Borders Journalism Trust Initiative; and provided funding to expand PBS NewsHour's coverage of underrepresented communities.

As of 2022, it was estimated that Newmark had given between $180 million and $200 million for journalism and fighting disinformation.

Other journalistic causes Newmark has supported include: the Center for Public Integrity, the Center for Investigative Reporting, PolitiFact,
Poynter Institute, Columbia Journalism Review. Columbia's Tow Center for Digital Journalism, The GroundTruth Project, and the Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism and Berkeley Center for New Media.

Other Philanthropic Activities
In 2015, he donated $10,000 to Grow It Green Morristown for the installation of a composting toilet at the Early Street Community Garden. The facility was named "Craig Newmark Memorial Latrine #2". The first toilet Newmark sponsored was in the City of Jericho.
In January 2017, TechCrunch reported that Newmark donated $500,000 to Wikipedia's attempt at "reducing harassment and vandalism on the site and improve the tools moderators use every day to keep the peace".
Bloomberg News reported that Newmark donated $10 million to charities focused on hunger issues in 2020, as well.
According to Newmark, as of May 2021 he'd given a total of $25 million to organizations working on food security.

Newmark was among a group of prominent individuals who backed the Marshall Plan for Moms, which called on the Biden Administration to pass policies addressing paid family leave, training programs for women returning to work, and pay equity.

Other examples of organizations and causes Newmark has supported include: OneVoice, Sunlight Foundation, Voto Latino, and the Wikimedia Foundation.

He has given $100,000 to support wildlife rescue groups. Newmark has said that he is involved in pigeon rescue.

Personal life
Newmark married Eileen Whelpley in December 2012, and they enjoy birding together. He currently lives in New York City. He flies commercial, does not own a car, and prefers using public transport.

Newmark describes himself as a non-practicing, secular Jew, joking that his rabbi was the late singer Leonard Cohen. He is also a fan of Tori Amos, Lou Reed, and the TV shows Pushing Daisies and The Simpsons.

Newmark's net worth is estimated to be in the hundreds of millions of dollars. In April 2020, Forbes estimated his net worth to be $1.3 billion but he has since dropped off its billionaires list. In an interview published by Nieman Lab in 2017, he called a prior $400 million Forbes estimate of his net worth "bogus" and said that "by monetizing Craigslist the way I did in 1999, I probably gave away already 90 percent or more of my potential net worth."

Newmark opposed the Iraq War and believed White House journalists "failed in their jobs" and did not "speak truth to power". In 2014, he was one of 60 Democratic Party donors who urged the creation of a system of public election funding. In 2016, Newmark joined with the progressive RAD Campaign and Lincoln Park Strategies to commission a poll examining user perceptions about social media conflicts during the 2016 election.

Newmark supported former President Barack Obama, volunteered for him on the campaign trail as "official technology surrogate", and praised Obama's use of technology to promote grassroots democracy. In the 2020 election, Newmark supported President Joseph Biden's campaign, citing Biden's "commitment to fighting corruption" and "record of standing up for our veterans".

References

Further reading

External links

 Craig Newmark Philanthropies

 craigblog, Craig Newmark's personal blog

1952 births
Living people
American bloggers
Case Western Reserve University alumni
Businesspeople from Morristown, New Jersey
Businesspeople from San Francisco
Wikimedia Foundation Advisory Board members
Craigslist
American philanthropists
Morristown High School (Morristown, New Jersey) alumni
21st-century American Jews

Craig Newmark


Maison Louis Jadot (or Louis Jadot) is a winery that was founded by Louis Henry Denis Jadot in 1859. The first vineyard bought by the Jadot family is the Beaune vineyard, Clos des Ursules, in 1826.

The family wine company produces and markets Burgundy wine. It operates both its own vineyards and buys grapes from other growers. It controls  of vineyards in Burgundy (including Beaujolais Crus), and produces only Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) wines.

Louis Jadot owns vineyards in the Mâconnais region: Domaine Ferret in Fuissé and Château des Jacques in Moulin à Vent within the Beaujolais region.  In 1996, Louis Jadot partnered with Tonnellerie Vicard and created its own cooperage called Cadus, in order to produce French oak barrels crafted in the Burgundian tradition.

References

External links

Louis Jadot homepage (English)

Jadot
1859 establishments in France

Maison Louis Jadot


Calvin Tibbetts Chamberlain (December 5, 1795 in Mount Vernon, then in Lincoln County, Massachusetts, now in Kennebec County, Maine – June 27, 1878 in Cuba, Allegany County, New York) was an American politician from New York.

Life
He was the son of Benjamin Chamberlain (1757–1847) and Tryphena (née Tibbetts, widowed Kenney) Chamberlain. In 1816, he removed to a place then located in the Town of Friendship, about two miles from a settlement which was later incorporated as the Village of Cuba, in Allegany County. The next year, he established a saw mill there. He married Betsey Moore (d. 1845). In 1835, he opened a public house and general store, and was appointed Postmaster of Cuba.

He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Allegany Co.) in 1836 and 1837.

He was a member of the New York State Senate (6th D.) from 1843 to 1846, sitting in the 66th, 67th, 68th and 69th New York State Legislatures. On May 14, 1846, he married Sarah (Russell) Waters.

He was a brigadier general of the New York State Militia.

Sources
The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (pages 134f, 139, 217, 219 and 264; Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858)
History of the Pioneer Settlement of Phelps and Gorham's Purchase by O. Turner (Rochester NY, 1852; pg. 557f)
Table of the Post Offices in the United States (1836; pg. 38)
Manual for the Use of the Legislature (1865; pg. 400)
Calvin T. Chamberlain at Gen Forum

1795 births
1878 deaths
Democratic Party New York (state) state senators
Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly
People from Cuba, New York
People from Mount Vernon, Maine
New York (state) postmasters
19th-century American politicians

Calvin T. Chamberlain


Rabindra Nritya Natya is the group of four dance-dramas composed by Bengal's Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore: Chitrangada, Chandalika, Shyama and Shrabangatha. The principal characteristic of these works is that the story is told entirely through dance and song. The dances included in them were in the dance form created by Tagore. Tagore also included dance in earlier works such as Tasher Desh (), though these are not regarded as Rabindra Nritya Natya.

See also
 Santiniketan

References

http://www.tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContentType.aspx?ct=Plays
http://www.geetabitan.com/

Bengali culture
Memorials to Rabindranath Tagore

Rabindra Nritya Natya


is a Japanese technique of resist dyeing that involves drawing rice-paste designs on cloth, dyeing the cloth, and then washing off the paste.

The rice paste is typically made from sweet rice, which has a high starch content and is therefore rather sticky. The paste is applied through a tube () similar to a piping bag. A related process is to apply the paste through a stencil, a technique known as .

The cloth dyed typically cotton, and the dye is typically indigo, so the design is usually white on blue. Banners for shops or other purposes are sometimes made in this manner.

The designs are often creatures from Japanese mythology such as the crane or the tortoise, or a family crest, or a name (written in kanji). Flowers and trees are common motifs as well.

References

Bibliography
 Tsutsugaki Textiles of Japan: Traditional Freehand Paste Resist Indigo Dyeing Technique of Auspicious Motifs. Kyoto: Shikosha, 1987. Text by Sachio Yoshioka; editor, Noriko Hirai; collector, Gensho Sasakura.
 Reiko Mochinaga Brandon. Country Textiles of Japan: The Art of Tsutsugaki. Honolulu Academy of the Arts, 1986.

Japanese dyeing techniques
Japanese art terminology
Japanese words and phrases

Tsutsugaki


The 2006–07 Basketball League of Serbia season was the 1st season of the Basketball League of Serbia, the highest professional basketball league in Serbia. It was also 63rd national championship played by Serbian clubs inclusive of nation's previous incarnations as Yugoslavia and Serbia & Montenegro.

Regular season

First League standings

* Source: srbijasport.net

Super League standings

* Source: srbijasport.net

P=Matches played, W=Matches won, L=Matches lost, F=Points for, A=Points against, D=Points difference, Pts=Points

(*)Qualification for Adriatic League

Playoff stage

Semifinals
1st Round

2nd Round

Final
1st Round

2nd Round

3rd Round

4th Round

Bracket

External links

Basketball League of Serbia seasons
Serbia

2006–07 Basketball League of Serbia


Nancy Kozikowski (born March 31, 1943) is a contemporary American artist specializing in tapestry and painting known for creating large woven art displayed in public places.

Early life
As a child, Kozikowski always showed a penchant for art. An incident when she was 15 set the course of her life in a new direction.  While at an Albuquerque bus stop Kozikowski met a Navajo woman who was spinning yarn and weaving in a nearby Indian trading post. Nancy convinced the woman to teach her to spin and was soon creating skeins of yarn.  At the same time, she noticed a Navajo loom in the nearby Fred Harvey Museum at the Alvarado Hotel at the Albuquerque Train Station. Sketching the device in complete detail, she then built one herself. Her painting talents were now joined by a new passion: she had discovered weaving.

Training
Nancy studied painting under the strict Austrian University of New Mexico professor John Tatschl who moved her to tears on more than one occasion, yet grounded her in the basics.  Her talents continued to be recognized and encouraged, leading her, at 17, to announce her intentions to stage her first exhibition. Her teacher was appalled at such a plan. Nancy did it anyway; her first public, one man show took place in the Albuquerque High School Library.

Marriage
Nancy Married a young writer, Holocaust refugee and son of the late Polish movie star Witold Conti. According to Janusz: "We worked for nearly a year weaving a complete exhibit before approaching a gallery. Then, rolling up the pieces into a grand bundle, we picked what we thought was the best gallery in Portland, walked in cold and asked for a one-man exhibition. The following year we got our show."

Nancy and her husband Janusz were invited by the Polish government to exhibit new works in Warsaw 1979.  Janusz felt honored to return to the very place he had fled as a child. While in Poland, Nancy debuted her woven interpretation of the "Black Madonna," amid concerns that the image might be censored from the show because of its religious content. Pope John Paul II was given the piece because of his personal devotion to the icon.  The tapestry is now in the Vatican Collection.

Nancy and Janusz's artistic collaboration ended along with their marriage in early 1987. Janusz then focused on painting while Nancy followed her passion for tapestry. Late that year, Nancy met noted art dealer John Cacciatore and a new relationship followed. They became a couple and married ten years later.

Recognition
In 1982, New Mexico Governor Bruce King announced that Nancy and Janusz had influenced the direction of weaving in northern New Mexico as well as nationally. They received the annual governors award for excellence and achievements in the arts.

The following year a reporter for The Today Show introduced them to a mass audience in a profile story about their work and lifestyle. Soon after that, the couple was featured in the National Geographic Society Book series.

Public collections
Mount Sinai Medical Center New York, New York
UCLA Anderson School of Management Collins Building Los Angeles California
American Society of Radiologic Technologists Albuquerque, New Mexico
Grand Hyatt at Oriental Plaza Beijing China
Albuquerque International Sunport (International Airport) Albuquerque New Mexico
Sandia Casino Albuquerque New Mexico
Block Distributing Company, San Antonio Texas

Decorative pieces

Carpets
Currently residing in the small arts village of Songzhaung . Nancy often frequents the small established studios. She is inspired by the craftsmen whose skills have been passed down from generation to generation and in a variety of ancient processes and techniques.  Nancy continues designing hand tufted carpets, hand knotted, Persian style carpets, large flat tapestries for walls and floors in public places.

Silk embroideries
Nancy's embroidery designs are created in Suzhou, China.  Chinese embroidery artists developed the Su style of embroidery over 2000 years ago. The technique has been highly prized by the Imperial Court for its extraordinary detail and extensive range of subtle silk thread colors.  During the Song Dynasty (960-1270 AD) the Suzhou embroiderers began to collaborate with artists and calligraphers, and it became fashionable to translate their work into silk embroideries.  Nancy is currently working with the master Su embroiderers to interpret her designs in silk.

Liberty project
In 1986 Dave Nordstrand wrote: "Albuquerque artist Nancy Kozikowski wants to outfit the Statue of Liberty in a new garb. The well known weaver's thoughts measure about 60 feet by 100 feet. That's the size of the Indian chief blanket she'd like to drape around of the statue. It's an idea sure to make Christo writhe with envy. 'It would be representative of all the tribes,' Kozikowski said. 'I think it's time Native Americans were included in her (the statues) ideals.'"

Because of an Albuquerque artist's dream, lady liberty has a Navajo blanket birthday gift. A new "chief's" blanket is draped in the statue of liberty museum, which reopens today. Millions of people will gaze upon the red, white and blue blanket this year alone. More than 2000 anniversary guests were offered to the museum, but only a painting of the statue and the Navajo blanket were accepted.

Trivia
In April 1956, an Albuquerque Tribune writer wrote: "They were sweet kisses, on the cheek, nothing over the top," she said. "Elvis was giving out autographs and the kisses were totally appropriate for the situation. Nancy Kozikowski can't remember where she was or what she was doing when Elvis Presley died. The Presley she knew was a young man, a rising star. The Presley she remembers, will always remember, kissed her outside the Albuquerque Armory late in the evening of April 12, 1956. "Singer's Kiss Leaves Girl, 13, Real Shook," read the front-page headline of April 13, 1956, in The Albuquerque Tribune. The girl in the headline was not Kozikowski but her childhood pal Carla Singer. Singer told The Tribune how Presley kissed her and her friend Nancy as he was leaving the Armory after a performance.

References

External links
 Link to Artist Exhibitions
 http://www.dsg-art.com/artists/nancy-kozikowski/
 Matteucci Galleries - Embroidery by Nancy Kozikowski
 Nancy Kozikowski - The thread of New Mexico
 Scotty Moore - New Frontier Hotel Las Vegas Nancy Kozikowski with Elvis Presley
 (chinafiberart.com) FROM LAUSANNE TO BEIJING 5th INTERNATIONAL FIBER ART BIENNALE & INTERNATIONAL FIBER ART SYMPOSIUM
 6th "From Luasanne to Beijing" International Fiber Art Exhibition
 Elvis' Kiss leaves Nuns all shook up

1943 births
Living people
Artists from Albuquerque, New Mexico
Embroidery designers
21st-century American women artists
20th-century American women artists

Nancy Kozikowski


The Bering Canyon is the longest of the Bering Sea submarine canyons; it extends about 400 km across the Bering shelf and slope. It is confined at its eastern edge by the Aleutian Islands. The width of the canyon at the shelf break is about 65 km, only about two-thirds that of the Zhemchug Canyon and Navarin Canyons, but because of its great length, the Bering Canyon has the largest area. At a depth of 3200 m, the Bering Canyon thalweg reaches the Aleutian Basin, where a low-relief submarine channel-lobe system has developed.

References
Giant submarine canyons at U.S. Geological Survey

Submarine canyons of the Bering Sea

Bering Canyon


Ev iyesi (Old Turkic: 𐰅𐰋 𐰄𐰖𐰅𐰽𐰄, "House Guard") is a household spirit in Turkic mythology. Also known as Uy (Oy) iyesi or Yurt iyesi.

Ev iyesi is a deity or spirit that protects the home, looking after the entire household or certain key members.

Meaning of iye
Ev İyesi is a house spirit in Turkish / Turkic folklore. Usually İye has the meaning of "familiar spirit". He is masculine, typically small and bearded.  He takes on the appearance of current or former owners of the house and have a grey beard. In Anatolia, he is known as Sahab or Kimsene.

In Turkish Folklore
Traditionally, every house is said to have its İye. The word "İye" means owner, master, possessor, etc. It does not do evil unless angered by a family's poor keep of the household, profane language or neglect. He is seen as the home's guardian, and he sometimes helps with household chores and field work. Some even treat them as part of the family, albeit an unseen one, and leave them gifts like milk in the kitchen overnight. It is said the favorite place for these spirits to live is either the threshold under the door or under the stove. The center of the house is also said to be their domain or in the basement. Ev İyesi maintains peace and order, and rewards a well-maintained household. Some peasants feed him nightly in return for protection of their house. When a new house was built, Anatolian people would attract the İye to take to the new house.

Similar creatures
 Eşik iyesi or Astana iyesi (Spirit of doorstep) is a some kind of Ev iyesi. Even they are synonymous. It lives on the threshold (doorstone) of the house.
 Mutfak iyesi or Aşlık İyesi lives in kitchen.
 Evlik İyesi or Ambar İyesi is the protector spirit of cellar or larder.

See also
 Domovoi

References

Bibliography
 Türk Söylence Sözlüğü (Turkish Mythological Dictionary), Deniz Karakurt, (OTRS: CC BY-SA 3.0)
 Türk Mitolojisi Ansiklopedik Sözlük, Celal Beydili, Yurt Yayınevi
 Bayazitova, Flöra (1995), Tatar Halqınıñ Bäyräm Häm Könküreş Yolaları, Qazan: Tatarstan Kitap Näşriyatı

External links
 Turkish Mythology Glossary (Türk Mitoloji Sözlüğü), Pınar Karaca (Ev İyesi)
 Tatar Mitolojisinde Varlıklar, Çulpan Zaripova (Öy, Yort İyäse, Ev İyesi)

Turkish folklore
Turkic deities
Turkish words and phrases
İye
Household deities

Ev iyesi


Abraham Cressy Morrison (1888-1951) was an American chemist. He was President of the New York Academy of Sciences.

Personal life
He was known to his close friends as "Cressy". His wife was the former Marguerite Snow of New York. He loved to fish and entertain at their summer home on Deer Isle, south of Bangor, Maine.

Notable work
Morrison published a book called Man in a Chemical World: The Service of Chemical Industry (New York: Scribner's Sons, 1937). It is a work on science for the general reader. He is better known for his book Man Does Not Stand Alone, which was published in 1944. His largest work was The Baking Powder Controversy (New York: American Baking Powder Association, 1904–07). This is a work in two volumes on the history of the baking powder industry in the U.S.

References

Other websites
 A. Cressy Morrison

Scientists from Massachusetts
Writers from Massachusetts
1888 births
1951 deaths

Abraham Cressy Morrison


Bo Nilsson (1 May 1937 – 25 June 2018) was a Swedish composer and lyricist.

Career
Bo Nilsson was born in Skellefteå, and first drew notice as a composer at the age of 18 when his Zwei Stücke (Two Pieces) for flute, bass clarinet, percussion, and piano were performed in a 1956 West German Radio (WDR) "Musik der Zeit" concert in Cologne. He had taught himself composition by listening to the radio, having previously had only basic training from a local music teacher and some experience as a jazz pianist. Though his early style owes much to Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen, it also displays a number of personal features: the use of bright percussion sounds behind finely wrought vocal or flute (usually alto flute) lines, a "nervous" fluttering of tonal nuances, and a feeling for miniature, calculated forms. Because he has chosen to live in the small town of Malmberget, he received the journalistic epitethet "the genius from Malmberget".

By 1957 Nilsson remained largely unknown in his own country, but had attracted considerable attention in Germany with a succession of small chamber-music compositions characterised by their refined and unusual instrumentation. The best-known of these is Frequensen (German: Frequenzen, 1957) for piccolo, flute, vibraphone, xylophone, electric guitar, double bass, and percussion.

Electronic music
In the late 1950s Nilsson composed a twelve-page score for his first electronic work, Audiogramme, with only radio broadcasts and the published score of Stockhausen's Studie II as sources upon which to draw, since he did not have access to electronic equipment at that time. He submitted  the score to the electronic-music studio at WDR in the hopes of having it produced there, and Gottfried Michael Koenig agreed to take on the role of "interpreter", even while expressing doubts about the composer's reliance on the "established style" of Stockhausen's Studien. By the time the realisation was completed in 1958 Nilsson, without yet having heard the results of his first essay in the medium, had completed another electronic piece and was planning a third. That second work, titled Würfelspiel (Dice Game), was also realised at WDR, while there is some doubt whether the third piece, Zellen (1958), was ever brought to completion.

Style and technique
During the 1950s, critics assumed that Nilsson employed the serial techniques of the composers whose style he was imitating, and whose notational devices his scores borrowed. In 1961, however, he created a scandal in Sweden and Germany when he published an article in which he admitted that he had been "bluffing", and had merely used his ear to create music in the so-called Darmstadt style. Despite this public confession, he is still sometimes described in reference works as a "serialist", and even as "one of the first to serialize open-form and chance techniques". Nilsson had encouraged the assumption that serialism was used in his compositions, in part by peppering his scores with numbers. Complicated rhythms were designated by numerical proportions (e.g., 4:5, 7:8, 8:9, 3:16), and dynamics were sometimes specified numerically, as when he introduced a dynamic scale of 1.0 to 10.5 in Quantitäten for piano. Another method of perpetuating this myth was by providing mathematical formulas claimed to be the basis of aspects of the music. When Wolfgang Steinecke quoted one of these claims in a radio program, the German newspapers picked it up and spread the story. In fact, Nilsson had simply copied out formulas related to the integrals of rational functions, often with errors, from books belonging to his uncle Oka, a great lover of mathematics.

Beginning with Entrée for orchestra and tape (1962), Nilsson turned to a style akin to late Romanticism, and later in the 1960s he wrote film and television scores, for example Hemsöborna (1966) and Röda Rummet.

Entrée was commissioned by Swedish Radio for the last concert in the 1962–63 season of Nutida Musik, a concert that also served to open the Stockholm Festival (hence the work's title). Symbolic also of the beginning of a new phase in Nilsson's work, Entrée explores extremes. It includes a variety of musical styles and dynamics ranging from extremely soft to extremely loud, using an orchestra with a greatly expanded percussion section including oil drums, steel discs, marble plates, pots, pans, and bottles. There are just two short insertions of electronic music, which were realised with the assistance of Karl-Erik Welin. They are overlaid with sparse orchestral music played live, and consist of vague, almost deliberately colourless sounds.

Compositions
Amongst his most important works are Quantitäten for solo piano (1957), Ett blocks timme for soprano and chamber ensemble after a text by Öyvind Fahlström, Brief an Gösta Oswald (a trilogy of cantatas composed 1958–62, consisting of Ein irrender Sohn for alto voice, alto flute, and chamber ensemble, Mädchentotenlieder for soprano voice, alto flute, and chamber ensemble, and Und die Zeiger seiner Augen wurden langsam zurückgedreht for alto or soprano voice and orchestra), Drei Szenen for orchestra (1960–61), Entrée for orchestra (1962), and Fatumeh  for reciter, choir, rock-group, and symphony orchestra (1971).

Honours and awards
Bo Nilsson received an honorary doctorate from the  Luleå University of Technology. On this occasion, the University commissioned a portrait of Bo Nilsson, painted by artist Echi Åberg.

Writings
"Aktuella kompositionsproblem". Nutida musik 1, n. 2 (1957–58), 6–7.
Spaderboken. Stockholm: Bonnier, 1966.
Missilen eller Livet i en mössa. Gällivare: Gellivare sockens hembygdsfören, 1994. .

References

Footnotes

Further reading

1937 births
2018 deaths
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
People from Skellefteå Municipality
Swedish classical composers
Swedish male classical composers
Swedish film score composers
Male film score composers
20th-century Swedish male musicians
20th-century Swedish musicians
21st-century Swedish male musicians

Bo Nilsson


Fata-na-lua, an old form for double platform, possibly the same as Fātungaloa, is a traditional constellation, said to consist of two lines of four stars, named Fata-ʻolalo (lower platform) and Fata-ʻolunga (upper platform). It is also said to be "close" to both Orion and Scorpius (which in reality are almost diametrically opposite each other in the sky). It might refer to Coma Berenices, a faint and inconspicious constellation.

It was used as a starpath to Fiji by captain Tēvita Fifita when his ship, the Tuaikaepau, was wrecked on Minerva reef in 1962.

Fatanalua/en


Western Christianity is one of two subdivisions of Christianity (Eastern Christianity being the other). Western Christianity is composed of the Latin Church and Western Protestantism, together with their offshoots such as the Old Catholic Church, Independent Catholicism and Restorationism.

The large majority of the world's 2.3 billion Christians are Western Christians (about 2 billion – 1.2 billion Latin Catholic and 800 million Protestant). The original and still major component, the Latin Church, developed under the bishop of Rome. Out of the Latin Church emerged a wide variety of independent Protestant denominations, including Lutheranism and Anglicanism, starting from the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, as did Independent Catholicism in the 19th century. Thus, the term "Western Christianity" does not describe a single communion or religious denomination, but is applied to distinguish all these denominations collectively from Eastern Christianity.

The establishment of the distinct Latin Church, a particular church sui iuris of the Catholic Church, coincided with the consolidation of the Holy See in Rome, which claimed primacy since Antiquity. The Latin Church is distinct from the Eastern Catholic Churches, also in full communion with the Pope in Rome, and from the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodox Churches, which are not in communion with Rome. These other churches are part of Eastern Christianity. The terms "Western" and "Eastern" in this regard originated with geographical divisions mirroring the cultural divide between the Hellenistic east and Latin West, and the political divide between the Western and Eastern Roman empires. During the Middle Ages adherents of the Latin Church, irrespective of ethnicity, commonly referred to themselves as "Latins" to distinguish themselves from Eastern Christians.

Western Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization. With the expansion of European colonialism from the Early Modern era, the Latin Church, in time along with its Protestant secessions, spread throughout the Americas, much of the Philippines, Southern Africa, pockets of West Africa, and throughout Australia and New Zealand. Thus, when used for historical periods after the 16th century, the term "Western Christianity" does not refer to a particular geographical area, but is rather used as a collective term for all these.

Today, the geographical distinction between Western and Eastern Christianity is not nearly as absolute as in Antiquity or the Middle Ages, due to the spread of Christian missionaries, migrations, and globalisation. As such, the adjectives "Western Christianity" and "Eastern Christianity" are typically used to refer to historical origins and differences in theology and liturgy, rather than present geographical locations.

While the Latin Church maintains the use of the Latin liturgical rites, Protestant denominations and Independent Catholicism use a wide variety of liturgical practices.

The earliest concept of Europe as a cultural sphere (instead of simply a geographic term) appeared during the Carolingian Renaissance of the 9th century, which reflected to the territories of the Western Christianity. However "European" as cultural term did not include the territories where the Orthodox Church represented the dominant religion until 19th century.

History

For most of its history the church in Europe has been culturally divided between the Latin-speaking West, whose centre was Rome, and the Greek-speaking East, whose centre was Constantinople. Cultural differences and political rivalry created tensions between the two churches, leading to disagreement over doctrine and ecclesiology and ultimately to schism.

Like Eastern Christianity, Western Christianity traces its roots directly to the apostles and other early preachers of the religion. In Western Christianity's original area Latin was the principal language. Christian writers in Latin had more influence there than those who wrote in Greek, Syriac, or other languages. Although the first Christians in the West used Greek (such as Clement of Rome), by the fourth century Latin had superseded it even in the cosmopolitan city of Rome, as well as in southern Gaul and the Roman province of Africa. There is evidence of a Latin translation of the Bible as early as the 2nd century (see also Vetus Latina).

With the decline of the Roman Empire, distinctions appeared also in organization, since the bishops in the West were not dependent on the Emperor in Constantinople and did not come under the influence of the Caesaropapism in the Eastern Church. While the see of Constantinople became dominant throughout the Emperor's lands, the West looked exclusively to the see of Rome, which in the East was seen as that of one of the five patriarchs of the Pentarchy, "the proposed government of universal Christendom by five patriarchal sees under the auspices of a single universal empire. Formulated in the legislation of the emperor Justinian I (527–565), especially in his Novella 131, the theory received formal ecclesiastical sanction at the Council in Trullo (692), which ranked the five sees as Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem."

Over the centuries, disagreements separated Western Christianity from the various forms of Eastern Christianity: first from East Syriac Christianity after the Council of Ephesus (431), then from that of Oriental Orthodoxy after the Council of Chalcedon (451), and then from Eastern Orthodoxy with the East-West Schism of 1054. With the last-named form of Eastern Christianity, reunion agreements were signed at the Second Council of Lyon (1274) and the Council of Florence (1439), but these proved ineffective.

Historian Paul Legutko of Stanford University said the Catholic Church is "at the center of the development of the values, ideas, science, laws, and institutions which constitute what we call Western civilization". The rise of Protestantism led to major divisions within Western Christianity, which still persist, and wars—for example, the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585–1604 had religious as well as economic causes.

In and after the Age of Discovery, Europeans spread Western Christianity to the New World and elsewhere. Roman Catholicism came to the Americas (especially South America), Africa, Asia, Australia and the Pacific. Protestantism, including Anglicanism, came to North America, Australia-Pacific and some African locales.

Today, the geographical distinction between Western and Eastern Christianity is much less absolute, due to the great migrations of Europeans across the globe, as well as the work of missionaries worldwide over the past five centuries.

Features

Original sin
Original sin, also called ancestral sin, is a Christian belief in a state of sin in which humanity has existed since the fall of man, stemming from Adam and Eve's rebellion in the Garden of Eden, namely the sin of disobedience in consuming the forbidden fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. Theologians have characterized this condition in many ways, seeing it as ranging from something as insignificant as a slight deficiency, or a tendency toward sin yet without collective guilt, referred to as a "sin nature", to something as drastic as total depravity or automatic guilt of all humans through collective guilt.

Filioque clause

Most Western Christians use a version of the Nicene Creed that states that the Holy Spirit "proceeds from the Father and the Son", where the original text as adopted by the First Council of Constantinople had "proceeds from the Father" without the addition of either "and the Son" or "alone". This Western version also has the additional phrase "God from God" (), which was in the Creed as adopted by the First Council of Nicaea, but which was dropped by the First Council of Constantinople.

Date of Easter

The date of Easter usually differs between Eastern and Western Christianity, because the calculations are based on the Julian calendar and Gregorian calendar respectively. However, before the Council of Nicea, various dates including Jewish Passover were observed. Nicea "Romanized" the date for Easter and anathematized a "Judaized" (i.e. Passover date for) Easter. The date of observance of Easter has only differed in modern times since the promulgation of the Gregorian calendar in 1582; and further, the Western Church did not universally adopt the Gregorian calendar at once, so that for some time the dates of Easter differed between the Eastern Church and the Roman Catholic Church, but not necessarily as between the Eastern Church and the Western Protestant churches. For example, the Church of England continued to observe Easter on the same date as the Eastern Church until 1753.

Even the dates of other Christian holidays differ between Eastern and Western Christianity.

Lack of essence–energies distinction
Eastern Christianity, and particularly the Eastern Orthodox Church, has traditionally held a distinction between God's essence, or that which He is, with God's energies, or that which He does. They hold that while God is unknowable in His essence, He can be known (i.e. experienced) in His energies. This is an extension of Eastern Christianity's apophatic theology, while Western Christians tend to prefer a view of divine simplicity, and claim that God's essence can be known by its attributes.

Western denominations

Today, Western Christianity makes up close to 90% of Christians worldwide with the Catholic Church accounting for over half and various Protestant denominations making up another 40%.

Hussite movements of 15th century Bohemia preceded the main Protestant uprising by 100 years and evolved into several small Protestant churches, such as the Moravian Church. Waldensians survived also, but blended into the Reformed tradition.

Major figures

Bishop of Rome or the pope

Relevant figures:
 Clement of Rome (fl. c. 96), one of the apostolic fathers of the church.
 Pope Leo I
 Gregory the Great

The Reformers

Relevant figures:
 Martin Luther (1483–1546), the most famous reformer and theologian in the Reformation and in the 15th century.
 Jan Hus (c. 1369–1415), one of the most relevant theologian in the 14th century.
 John Calvin (1509–1564)
 John Knox (1514–1572)
 Hans Tausen, Bishop of Ribe (1494–1561), leading theologian of the Reformation in Denmark and Holstein.
 Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala and all Sweden (1499–1573), along with his brother Olaus Petri were regarded as the main Lutheran reformers of Sweden, together with the king Gustav I of Sweden
 Primož Trubar (1508–1586), mostly known as the author of the first Slovene language printed book, the founder and the first superintendent of the Protestant Church of the Duchy of Carniola, and for consolidating the Slovenian language
 Jiří Třanovský, sometimes called the father of Slovak hymnody and the "Luther of the Slavs"
 Mikael Agricola bishop of Turku (1554–1557), he became the de facto founder of literary Finnish and a prominent proponent of the Protestant Reformation in Sweden, including Finland, which was a Swedish territory at the time. He is often called the "father of literary Finnish".

Archbishop of Canterbury and primate of all England

Relevant figures:
 Augustine of Canterbury (597–604)
 Thomas Cranmer (1533–1555), one of the major reformers in England
 Matthew Parker (1504–1575),(Parker was one of the primary architects of the Thirty-nine Articles)

Archbishop of Lyon and primate of the Gauls

Relevant figures:
 Irenaeus of Lyon (died c. 202)

Patriarch of Aquileia

Relevant figures:
 Chromatius of Aquilea

See also

References

Christian terminology
Filioque
Western culture

Western Christianity


Nepomuceno de la Cerda (1752–1826) was a Spanish soldier of note, after whom the town of La Cerda, Texas, was named.

Early life
Juan Nepomuceno de la Cerda was born in 1752 at Los Adaes, which is in modern-day Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana. It was said he was a descendant of a Spanish conquistador who was on De Soto's expedition. The only Spanish conquistador with the surname was Captain Antonio de la Cerda who participated in the Conquest of Mexico with Cortez.

Nepomuceno was the son of a Spanish soldier who was the commander of a fort in San Antonio, Texas at the time of his birth, and his mother was a Caddo Indian in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana. Some records suggest that his father's name was Francisco de la Cerda and that the family came from Toledo, Spain. On census records, de la Cerda was recorded as "Spanish/Indio".

Life as a soldier
Nepomuceno de la Cerda and his brother, Francisco, both traveled as soldiers in the Spanish army. The de la Cerda brothers were scouts and bodyguards that protected Catholic priests who were exploring the Indian tribes of Louisiana and Texas. It was during this time that Spaniards in Louisiana were ordered by the King of Spain to remove to San Antonio, Texas. Many of the Spaniards died along the way from illnesses.

Nepomuceno and his brother were among the 76 Spaniards to sign a petition to the King of Spain in the fall of 1773 to move back to east to Louisiana. They were allowed to move as far east as Nacogdoches, Texas. Both of the de la Cerda brothers were granted leagues of land for their services.

Later life
Nepomuceno de la Cerda married and fathered eight children, seven daughters and one son. Starting from the oldest they were: María Josefa de la Cerda, María Sapopa de la Cerda, María Telesfora de la Cerda, Ana María de la Cerda, María Marcelina de la Cerda, María Manuela de la Cerda, José Atanacio de la Cerda, and María Gertudes de la Cerda.

He lived his life as a rancher and was described as a "devout Catholic". Nepomuceno was described as a very refined man, well educated, and had beautiful handwriting. He died in 1826 and was buried at the Old Spanish Cemetery which is now underneath the old courthouse in Nacogdoches, Texas.

The town of La Cerda, Texas, and a railroad crossing were named in his honor, he being the original grantee of the surrounding land.

References
http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hvl01
http://www.new.familysearch.org
http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/FH24&CISOPTR=96445

1752 births
1826 deaths
People from Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana
Spanish soldiers

Nepomuceno de la Cerda


Baron Nicholas Genrikhovich Hartwig (, ; December 16, 1857 – July 10, 1914) was an Imperial Russian diplomat and Tsarist official who served as ambassador to Persia (1906–1908) and Serbia (1909–1914). An ardent Pan-Slavist, he was said to be "more Serbian than the Serbs" and in the period prior to World War I was thought by many to exercise tremendous influence over the foreign policy of the Serbian government. He encouraged Serbia to stand up to Austria-Hungary and may therefore be seen as one of the causes of the war.

Early life and career
Hartwig was born into a noble family of ethnic German descent in Gori, Georgia, noted also for being the birthplace of Joseph Stalin. He attended the Saint Petersburg Imperial University where his intelligence and ambition brought him to the notice of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and he began his diplomatic career in 1875, when he was attached to the Asiatic Department.

Hartwig also wrote for the highly nationalist and slavophile Novoye Vremya during this time period. His articles criticized the then-direction of Russia's foreign policy, and particularly in regard to the Near East, which Hartwig thought was too soft. His views earned him the admiration of the Russian general staff, which thought similarly, and also won him high-placed friends at the court of Alexander II, which were to prove influential later in his career.

Importance in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
When Count Lamsdorff succeeded Mikhail Muraviev as Foreign Minister in June 1900, he promoted Hartwig to the position of Director of the Asiatic Department. Hartwig had previously served as the vice-director of the Asiatic Department and had established a close friendship with Lamsdorff. He was viewed by many as the Count's protege, and when Lamsdorff left the ministry in 1906, Hartwig was one of several candidates thought to have a good chance to succeed him. However, he lost the post to Alexander Izvolski, a hated rival.

Exile in Tehran
Following his defeat by Izvolski, Hartwig then attempted to gain an influential embassy instead, preferably in Constantinople. Izvolski did not want Hartwig in any position of importance however, and instead assigned him to be Russia's ambassador to Persia. Hartwig never forgave Izvolski for this slight, and viewed his appointment to Tehran as a diplomatic exile.

Hartwig responded by sabotaging the promising negotiations then going on between Great Britain and Russia with regards to Persia. He was also instrumental in suppressing an attempted revolution to overthrow Mohammad Ali Shah, ordering the Russian-officered Cossack Brigade to surround the British legation and prevent anyone from gaining sanctuary there. Later he ordered the 1908 bombardment of the Majlis.

Many observers felt that Hartwig had overstepped his bounds, but his powerful friends enabled Hartwig to essentially pursue his own policy. He was not on speaking terms with the British ambassador, especially after the counterrevolution in Persia succeeded.

Hartwig was recalled in 1908, coinciding with the recall of the British ambassador; both countries wished to renew their discussions over the partition of Persia and their respective ministers were perceived as a liability.

Ambassador to Serbia
In 1909 Izvolski was forced to resign following the humiliation of Russia after Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina. Izvolski had engaged in private discussions prior to the annexation with Count Aehrenthal, the Austrian foreign minister, and was therefore implicated. It was thought that Izvolski's nebulous promises of Russian support gave Austria the courage to proceed with the annexation. Izvolski therefore served as a perfect scapegoat for the failure of Russian diplomacy, and he was forcibly ousted. The court of Nicholas II pressed for a more pro-Slavic foreign policy. Hartwig was once again considered for the post of foreign minister, but was thwarted by the intervention of Pyotr Stolypin, the chairman of the Tsar's council of ministers. Stolypin wanted someone more controllable than the ambitious Hartwig, and it therefore represented a great success for him to have his son-in-law Sergei Sazonov appointed to the post.

Reflecting the more militant pro-Serbian element at court, Hartwig was assigned to the vacant Russian ministry in Belgrade. He quickly followed the same pattern as he had in Persia, pursuing a course at many times independent of the direction of Sazonov. Hartwig felt that in addition to representing 'official' Russia, he also represented 'unofficial' Russia—the Pan-Slavists and more militantly pro-Serbian court party. The result of this was that he often gave the Serbian government the impression that they would get more support from Russia than the official line dictated. Unless given direct instructions by Sazonov to the contrary, Hartwig would frequently embellish or exaggerate the extent of Russian sympathy for Serbia in his communications to the Serbian government. Hartwig was also on excellent terms with the prime minister of Serbia, Nikola Pašić.

Hartwig was a key figure in the formation of the system of alliances formed in 1912 between Serbia and Bulgaria, Greece, and Montenegro (the Balkan League). He was a violent opponent of Austria and, along with Sazonov, thought of the alliance system as being primarily oriented against Austria. As a Pan-Slavist, however, he was not opposed to territorial gains at the expense of Turkey after the conclusion of the Balkan Wars, and was one of the first to reject the territorial status quo line then pursued both by Sazonov and Count Berchtold, the new Austrian foreign minister.

Hartwig backed the Serbian government's demands for a revision of the military agreement with Bulgaria, which were to include additional pieces of Macedonian territory. This was to compensate Serbia for the loss of territory, and particularly an outlet on the Aegean Sea, to the newly created state of Albania. Hartwig encouraged the resolution of the settlement through a direct meeting of the prime ministers of each of the four Balkan countries (Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Montenegro). Suspicions about Bulgarian territorial aspirations in Macedonia had already driven Greece and Serbia closer together, and Montenegro had followed the Serbian line from the start. Hartwig was aware that any conference between the four prime ministers would thus favor the Serbian territorial demands. By advocating this line with Sazonov, who was more ignorant of the complexities of Balkan politics, Hartwig appeared to be pressing for peace in the Balkans while in actuality directly contributing to the start of the Second Balkan War and its resultant increases in Serbian territory and prestige.

Death
After the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, Hartwig encouraged a militant Serbian line against Austria. It is unclear what, if any, role Hartwig might have played in connection with the Black Hand.

While visiting the Baron von Giesl, Austrian minister to Belgrade, Hartwig collapsed of a massive heart attack on July 10, 1914. The Serbian press immediately published several inflammatory articles accusing the Austrians of poisoning Hartwig while he was a guest at their legation.

Hartwig was buried in Belgrade at the request of the Serbian government. Many notable Serbian officials, including Pašić, attended his funeral.

References

Literature
 Helmreich, Ernst. The Diplomacy of the Balkan Wars, 1912-1913. London: Oxford University Press, 1938.
 Janner Jr., William. The Lions of July: Prelude to War, 1914. Novato: Presidio Press, 1996.
 Kazemzadeh, Firuz. Russia and Britain in Persia, 1864-1914: A Study in Imperialism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968.
 Rossos, Andrew. Russia and the Balkans: Inter-Balkan Rivalries and Russian Foreign Policy, 1908-1914. Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1981.

1857 births
1914 deaths
People from Gori, Georgia
Diplomats of the Russian Empire
Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to Iran
Russian people of World War I
People from the Russian Empire of German descent
Pan-Slavism
Burials at Belgrade New Cemetery

Nicholas Hartwig


Francis Sawyer Parris (1707–60) was an English biblical scholar. His textual corrections, italicisations, marginal notes, column headings and cross-references played a major part in updating and standardising the 1611 Authorised King James Version of the Bible.

Life
Born 1707 in Bythorn, Huntingdonshire, a younger child of Francis and Elizabeth Parris, he was baptised at the parish church on 21 December.  He was educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. in 1723 and M.A. in 1728, and became a Fellow of his college. He later took holy orders, and was awarded the degrees of B.D. in 1735 and D.D. in 1747. He was appointed Master of Sidney Sussex in 1746, and University Librarian, both which positions he retained until his early death on 1 May 1760.

Editor of the King James Version of the Holy Bible.

Since 1698, the University Press at Cambridge has been managed by eighteen 'Syndics'.  From the mid-1730s, the Syndics' stated ambition was to "serve the Public with a more beautiful and correct Edition [of the Bible] than can easily be found."  When the first 'Inspector of the Press,' Cornelius Crownfield retired in 1740, he was succeeded by Joseph Bentham, as the University's Inspector of the Press (28 March 1740) and Printer to the University (14 December 1740).  At the same time, the 'Syndics' invited Parris to check and proof-read the text of the Bibles that Bentham would produce.

Parris's first edition of the Bible was published by Bentham in 1743.  At first, the changes Parris made were minor, but not insignificant.  For example, his 1743 edition (and all subsequent editions) removed the comma that in the 1611 edition appears after "God" in the phrase 'and the glorious appearing of God and our Saviour Jesus Christ' (Titus 2:13); so emphasising the co-equality of God and our Saviour in orthodox Trinitarianism.  This edition was reprinted in 1747 and 1752, but Parris made substantial further alterations for the prolonged 1756-58 edition.  Parris's revision of the text culminated a little before his death in the 1760 octavo edition.  This was reprinted without further changes in a 1762 folio edition, printed by Joseph Bentham, and the celebrated John Baskerville folio edition of 1763.  In 1769, Benjamin Blayney produced an edition in Oxford, but with few changes from Parris's 1760 edition, which remains the principal template for modern editions of the KJV Bible.

References

1707 births
1760 deaths
Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
Masters of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
Cambridge University Librarians
British biblical scholars
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge

Francis Parris


The colossal squid (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni) is the largest member of its family Cranchiidae, the cockatoo or glass squids, with its second largest member being Megalocranchia fisheri.
It is sometimes called the Antarctic cranch squid or giant squid (not to be mistaken for the giant squid known as architeuthis) and is believed to be the largest squid species in terms of mass. It is the only recognized member of the genus Mesonychoteuthis and is known from only a small number of specimens. The species is confirmed to reach a mass of at least , though the largest specimens—known only from beaks found in sperm whale stomachs—may perhaps weigh as much as , making it the largest known invertebrate. Maximum total length has been estimated at . The colossal squid has the largest eyes of any known creature ever to exist, with an estimated diameter of 27 cm (11 in).

The species has similar anatomy to other members of its family, although it is the only member of Cranchiidae to display hooks on its arms and tentacles. It is known to inhabit the circumantarctic Southern Ocean. Although little is known about the behaviour, it is known to use bioluminescence to attract prey. It is presumed to be an ambush predator, and is a major prey of the sperm whale.

The first specimens were discovered and described in 1925. In 1981, an adult specimen was discovered, and in 2003 a second specimen was collected. Captured in 2007, the largest colossal squid weighed , and is now on display at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

Morphology
The colossal squid shares features common to all squids: a mantle for locomotion, one pair of gills, a beak or tooth, and certain external characteristics like eight arms and two tentacles, a head, and two fins. In general, the morphology and anatomy of the colossal squid are the same as any other squid. However, there are certain morphological characteristics that separate the colossal squid from other squids in its family: the colossal squid is the only squid in its family with hooks, either swivelling or three-pointed, equipped on its arms and tentacles. There are squids in other families that also have hooks, but no other squid in the family Cranchiidae.

Unlike most squid species, the colossal squid exhibits abyssal gigantism, as it is the heaviest living invertebrate species, reaching weights up to . For comparison, squids typically have a mantle length of about  and weigh about .

The giant squid also exhibits abyssal gigantism, but the colossal squid is heavier and slightly longer (having an estimated maximum size of 10-14 m, compared to 13 m for the giant squid). Although it is unclear what the maximum weight for colossal squids is, analysis of squid beak dimensions from sperm whale stomachs provided estimates that colossal squids may weigh up to .

The colossal squid also has the largest eyes documented in the animal kingdom, with an estimated diameter of .

Distribution and habitat
The squid's known range extends thousands of kilometres north of Antarctica to southern South America, southern South Africa, and the southern tip of New Zealand, making it primarily an inhabitant of the entire circumantarctic Southern Ocean. Colossal squid are also sighted often near Cooperation Sea and less near Ross Sea because of its predator and competitor, the Antarctic toothfish. The region between the Weddell Sea and the western Kerguelen archipelago has been deemed a "hotspot" based on characteristics of the habitat. The squid's vertical distribution appears to correlate directly with age. Young squid are found between , adolescent squid are found  and adult squid are found primarily within the mesopelagic and bathypelagic regions of the open ocean.

Behavior

Feeding

Little is known about their behaviour, but it is believed to feed on prey such as chaetognatha, large fish such as the Patagonian toothfish, and smaller squid in the deep ocean using bioluminescence. A recent study by Remeslo, Yakushev and Laptikhovsky revealed that Antarctic toothfish make up a significant part of the colossal squid's diet; of the 8,000 toothfish brought aboard trawlers between 2011 and 2014, seventy-one showed clear signs of attack by colossal squid. A study in Prydz Bay region of Antarctica found squid remains in a female colossal squid's stomach, suggesting the possibility of cannibalism within this species. Studies measuring the δ15N content of the chitinous beaks of cephalopods to determine trophic ecology levels have demonstrated that the colossal squid is a top predator that is positively correlated with its increased size. This new confirmation of the colossal squid's trophic level suggests that it likely preys on large fishes and smaller squids, according to its size, and that its predators include sperm whales and sleeper sharks.

Metabolism
The colossal squid is thought to have a very slow metabolic rate, needing only around  of prey daily for an adult with a mass of . Estimates of its energy requirements suggest it is a slow-moving ambush predator, using its large eyes primarily for prey-detection rather than engaging in active hunting.

Predation
Many sperm whales have scars on their backs, believed to be caused by the hooks of colossal squid. Colossal squid are a major prey item for sperm whales in the Antarctic; 14% of the squid beaks found in the stomachs of these sperm whales are those of the colossal squid, which indicates that colossal squid make up 77% of the biomass consumed by these whales. Many other animals also feed on colossal squid, including the beaked whales, such as southern bottlenose whales, Cuvier's and Baird's beaked whales; the beaked whales essentially resemble oversized dolphins, some with a more pronounced underbite on their snout (or "beak"). They are among the deepest-diving cetaceans ever recorded, besides the sperm whale. This places the beaked whales as some of the few food competitors of the sperm whale. Other possible squid predators include the pilot whale, killer whales, larger southern elephant seals, Patagonian toothfish, southern sleeper sharks (Somniosus antarcticus), Antarctic toothfish, and albatrosses (e.g., the wandering and sooty albatrosses). However, beaks from mature adults have only been recovered from large predators (i.e. sperm whales and southern sleeper sharks), while the other predators only eat juveniles or young adults.

Reproduction
Not much is known about the colossal squid's reproductive cycle, although it does have two distinct sexes. Many species of squid, however, develop sex-specific organs as they age and develop. The adult female colossal squid has been discovered in much shallower waters, which likely implies that females spawn in shallower waters than their normal depth. Additionally, the colossal squid has a high possible fecundity reaching over 4.2 million oocytes which is quite unique compared to other squids in such cold waters. Colossal squid oocytes have been observed at sizes ranging from as large as 3.2x2.1 mm to as small as 1.4x0.5 mm. Sampling of colossal squid ovaries show an average of 2175 eggs per gram. Young squid are thought to spawn near the summer time at surface temperatures of .

Vision
For pelagic organisms of similar weight to the colossal squid, such as the swordfish, the average eye diameter required for visual detection is 10 cm, but the colossal squid's are as large as 27 cm. The allowed increase in visual detection strategies, including reduced diffraction blurring and greater contrast distinction, must be extremely beneficial to the colossal squid to justify the large energetic expenses to grow, move, camouflage, and maintain these eyes. The colossal squid's increased pupil size has been mathematically proven to overcome the visual complications of the pelagic zone (the combination of downwelling daylight, bioluminescence, and light scattering with increasing distance), especially by monitoring larger volumes of water at once and by detecting long-range changes in plankton bioluminescence via the physical disruption of large moving objects (e.g., sperm whales).

The colossal squid's eyes glow in the dark via long, rectangular light-producing photophores located next to the lens on the front of both eyeballs. Symbiotic bacteria reside within these photophores and luminesce through chemical reaction.

It is hypothesized that the colossal squid's eyes can detect predator movement beyond 120 m, which is the upper limit of the sperm whale's sonar range.

Hearing
Squid have been found to detect the movement of sound waves via organs called statocysts (similar to the human cochlea). Squid statocysts likely respond to low frequency sounds less than 500 Hz, similar to pelagic fish. Colossal squid are essentially deaf to high frequencies, such as whale sonar, so they rely largely on visual detection mechanisms to avoid predation.

Taxonomy and history

The colossal squid, species Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni, was discovered in 1925. This species belongs to the class Cephalopoda and family Cranchiidae.

Most of the time, full colossal squid specimens are not collected; as of 2015, only 12 complete colossal squids had ever been recorded, with only half of these being full adults.
Commonly, beak remnants of the colossal squid are collected; 55 beaks of colossal squids have been recorded in total. Less commonly (four times), a fin, mantle, arm or tentacle of a colossal squid was collected.

Notable discoveries

First specimens
The species was first discovered in the form of two arm crowns found in the stomach of a sperm whale in the winter of 1924–1925. This species, then named Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni after E. Hamilton who made the initial discovery, was formally described by Guy Coburn Robson in 1925.

Entire specimens
In 1981, a Soviet Russian trawler in the Ross Sea, off the coast of Antarctica, caught a large squid with a total length of over , which was later identified as an immature female of M. hamiltoni. In 2003, a complete specimen of a subadult female was found near the surface with a total length of  and a mantle length of 2.5 m (8 feet 3 inches). In 2005, the first full living specimen was captured at a depth of  while taking a toothfish from a longline off South Georgia Island. Although the mantle was not brought aboard, its length was estimated at over 2.5 m (8 feet 3 inches), and the tentacles measured . The animal is thought to have weighed between .

Largest known specimen

The largest recorded specimen was a female, which are thought to be larger than males, captured in February 2007 by a New Zealand fishing boat in the Ross Sea off Antarctica. The squid was close to death when it was captured and subsequently was taken back to New Zealand for scientific study. The specimen was initially estimated to measure about 10 metres in total length and weigh about 450 kg.

Defrosting and dissection, April–May 2008
Thawing and dissection of the specimen took place at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. AUT biologist Steve O'Shea, Tsunemi Kubodera, and AUT biologist Kat Bolstad were invited to the museum to aid in the process, joined by Marine Ecologist Mark Fenwick and Dutch scientist Olaf Blaauw. Media reports suggested scientists at the museum were considering using a giant microwave to defrost the squid because thawing it at room temperature would take several days and it would likely begin to decompose on the outside while the core remained frozen. However, they later opted for the more conventional approach of thawing the specimen in a bath of salt water. After thawing, it was found that the specimen was 495 kg with a mantle length of 2.5 m and a total length of only 4.2 m, probably because the tentacles shrank once the squid was dead.

Parts of the specimen have been examined:

The beak is considerably smaller than some found in the stomachs of sperm whales, suggesting other colossal squid are much larger than this one.
The eye is  wide, with a lens  across. This is the largest eye of any known animal. These measurements are of the partly collapsed specimen; alive, the eye was probably 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 in) across.
Inspection of the specimen with an endoscope revealed ovaries containing thousands of eggs.

Exhibition

The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa began displaying this specimen from 13 December 2008. The exhibition was closed between 2018 and 2019, but is currently open again for public viewing at Te Papa.

Second specimen
In August 2014, Te Papa received a second colossal squid, captured in early 2014. The specimen was also female, measuring  long and weighing approximately .

Conservation status
The colossal squid has been assessed as "least concern" on the IUCN Red List. Furthermore, colossal squid are not targeted by fishermen; rather, they are only caught when they attempt to feed on fish caught on hooks. Additionally, due to their habitat, interactions between humans and colossal squid are considered rare.

See also
Kraken
Giant squid

References

Further reading

 Klumov, S.K. & V.L. Yukhov 1975. Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Robson, 1925 (Cephalopoda, Oegopsida). Antarktika Doklady Komission 14: 159–189. [English translation: TT 81–59176, Al Ahram Center for Scientific Translations]

External links

 Tree of Life web project: Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni
 Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa(Te Papa) Colossal Squid Specimen Information
 Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa(Te Papa) Colossal Squid Images and Video
 Tonmo.com: Giant Squid and Colossal Squid Fact Sheet
 New Zealand Herald: Fishermen haul in world's biggest squid
 USA Today: Colossal Squid Caught in Antarctic Waters
 BBC: Super squid surfaces in Antarctic
 MarineBio: Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni

Squid
Fauna of the Southern Ocean
Fauna of Antarctica
Bioluminescent molluscs
Cenozoic cephalopods
Pliocene molluscs
Molluscs described in 1925

Colossal squid


Friedrich I of Württemberg (19 August 1557 – 29 January 1608) was the son of George of Mömpelgard and his wife Barbara of Hesse, daughter of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse.

Several references are made to him in Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor, in which a series of anti-German jokes start with a horse theft, several references are made to German travellers in England and to a German duke who is not expected to come to Windsor.

Early life and education
Frederick of Mömpelgard was born in Mömpelgard present day Montbéliard, France, the son of George I of Württemberg-Mömpelgard of Montbéliard and his wife Barbara of Hesse, daughter of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse.

He spent his youth at the Württemberg court in Stuttgart, where Christoph, Duke of Württemberg himself took care of his education. From 1571 to 1574 he was educated in the later Collegium Illustre in Tübingen.

Career
Frederick visited various courts in Germany, Denmark, Hungary, Austria, France, Italy and England. He signed the Formula of Concord of 1577 and the Book of Concord of 1580.

In 1592, Frederick was heir apparent to the dukedom of Württemberg when he visited Windsor and other English cities. He desired to become a Knight of the Garter and repeatedly solicited Queen Elizabeth for the honor. After he had inherited the dukedom and become more prominent, she admitted him to the order. In a calculated slight, he was not informed of his admission in time to attend the investiture in spring 1597, the ceremony for which The Merry Wives of Windsor was written. Comic references to Mömpelgard's earlier visit and his absence from Windsor intended for the play's first audience, taken from the first private performance, appear in the First Folio edition of the play. These references were not included in the 1602 Quarto derived from public theatrical production.

On 4 October 1603 he was invested in the Order of the Garter by a delegation of James VI and I. Sir Robert Spencer and William Dethick brought him the insignia of the order. His councillor Benjamin von Buwinckhausen helped organise the ceremonies in the church and castle at Stuttgart. The jewels including two garters with diamonds and rubies, and two St Georges with diamonds and rubies, and a gold chain or collar, made by the London goldsmiths, John Spilman and William Herrick.

In 1599, Frederick I issued an order that a new town should be established at the northern extremity of the Black Forest by the name of Freudenstadt. The aim was for the town to become the new residence of the Duchy of Württemberg as it was closer to Mömpelgard than the Württemberg capital Stuttgart. However, Frederick I died in 1608, aged 50, in Stuttgart, and his plans never came to fruition.

Children
The sons of Frederick I established the ducal house of Württemberg-Neuenstadt, a branch line of the House of Württemberg after a Fürstbrüderlicher Vergleich – a mutual agreement made between ducal brothers on 7 June 1617. The eldest son, Johann Friedrich, assumed barony over the Duchy of Württemberg while the second youngest son, Frederick Achilles, was bequeathed Neuenstadt Castle and an annual endowment of 10,000 guilder.

Frederick and his spouse Sibylla of Anhalt (1564–1614), daughter of Joachim Ernst, Prince of Anhalt, had the following children:

 Johann Frederick (1582–1628)
 George Frederick (1583–1591)
 Sibylla Elisabeth (1584–1606) - married John George I, Elector of Saxony
 Elisabeth (born and died in 1585)
 Louis Frederick (1586–1631), founder of the later branch line of Württemberg-Mömpelgard
 Joachim Frederick (born and died in 1587)
 Julius Frederick (1588–1635), founder of the branch line of Württemberg-Weiltingen, also known as the Julian Line
 Philip Frederick (born and died in 1589)
 Eva Christina (1590–1657) - married John George of Brandenburg (1577–1624), Duke of Jägerndorf, son of Joachim Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg
 Frederick Achilles (1591–1631)
 Agnes (1592–1629) - married Francis Julius of Saxe-Lauenburg (1584–1634)
 Barbara of Württemberg (1593–1627) - married Margrave Frederick V of Baden-Durlach
 Magnus (de) (1594–1622), fell in the Battle of Wimpfen
 August (born and died in 1596)
 Anna (1597–1650)

Ancestors

References

Further reading
 Paul Friedrich von Stälin: "Friedrich I., Herzog von Württemberg". In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Vol. 8, p45–48.
 Paul Sauer: Herzog Friedrich I. von Württemberg 1557-1608. Ungestümer Reformer und weltgewandter Autokrat. Stuttgart 2003.

1557 births
1608 deaths
16th-century dukes of Württemberg
17th-century dukes of Württemberg
People from Montbéliard
Knights of the Garter
Burials at Stiftskirche, Stuttgart

Frederick I, Duke of Württemberg


Juan Pedro Esnaola (17 August 1808, in Buenos Aires – 8 July 1878, in Buenos Aires) was an Argentine composer from the first half of the nineteenth century.  He is remembered as the arranger of the Argentine National Anthem.

Biography
Esnaola was born in Buenos Aires to a Spanish-Basque father and a local-born mother of Basque background.  He began musical training as a child, under his uncle, the priest José Antonio Picasarri (1769–1843), chapel master at the cathedral of Buenos Aires. As the region became independent from Spain in 1810, and Picasarri decided not to resign his Spanish citizenship, he was forced to leave the country (1818).  He took along his nephew, who then was able to take piano and counterpoint lessons from European music teachers in Madrid and Paris (and perhaps also other cities).  Esnaola wrote an unspecified number of piano pieces in Madrid (now lost).

Picasarri and Esnaola could return to Buenos Aires on 29 June 1822 thanks to an amnesty law that Governor Martín Rodríguez issued on that year.  They soon founded a "School of Music and Singing" supported by the provincial government, and participated in the performances of the local Philharmonic Society.  Esnaola must have completed his training as a composer with the Spanish violinist, singer, composer, and impresario Mariano Pablo Rosquellas in Buenos Aires over the following years, and, at 16, wrote a three-voice Mass in D major (1824) that summarized his knowledge of the art.

Starting around 1827, Esnaola began a career as a merchant and businessman, following in the footsteps of his father.  During the 1830s and later, he developed an active social life.  Even though he avoided party affiliations, the regime of Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas blacklisted and imprisoned him for a few weeks in 1840.  He managed to weather the storm probably by composing anthems in praise of Rosas (1841-1843); yet there is no evidence that Esnaola ever belonged to the latter's party, nor he served any significant administrative positions.  Esnaola did attend regularly the salon of Rosas's daughter, Manuelita, in Palermo, to whom he dedicated a string of songs and dances, and who may have interceded for his release.

After Rosas was overthrown and went into exile with his family (1852), Esnaola occupied several official positions, including the administration of the Serenos (night watchmen), the direction of the provincial mint, the presidency of the bourgeois Club del Progreso (1858), and that of the Bank of the Province of Buenos Aires (1866).  During these years, Esnaola seldom appeared in public as a performer, yet he contributed administrative and overseeing work to concert societies and conservatories.  He participated in the resurrection of the Philharmonic Society, for which he performed the piano again in 1855, and, later, held honorary posts in the La Lira music society and the Society of the Quartet.  Esnaola furthermore presided over the supervising committee for the School of Music of the [Buenos Aires] Province, founded in 1874.  In the meanwhile, he continued to amass a fortune both considerable and controversial, through mortgage loans and property rental.  He died a single man, and bequeathed his millions to his sister's family.

Pianist
Esnaola was universally recognized as an excellent piano performer.  While a teenager, he often participated in concerts organized by the School of Music or the Philharmonic Society, in which he also sang opera excerpts.  Yet he refused to carry on a professional career, and from the 1830s, he mainly appeared in private venues.

Works
Esnaola cultivated most of the living genres in the Buenos Aires of his days, in a personal style based upon Mozart, Haydn, and Rossini, but that gradually incorporated Romantic influences.  Even though he frowned away from folk songs and dances, his production is by no means a mere imitation of international trends, and carries a seal of its own.  There is no evidence that he ever accepted a paid commission.  He seems to have created music for free, as contributions to certain institutions or as gifts for friends and family members.

In the mid-to-late 1820s and early 1830s, Esnaola regularly wrote church music, including his Mass in D, two more Masses (now lost), a Mass and Office for the Death, several hymns and motets, and a large-scale Miserere for voice and piano (1833), which earned him a well-deserved fame.  His catalog also includes three lost symphonies.  He re-orchestrated for local performance several large-scale compositions that were available only in piano-vocal scores, including Rossini's opera Otello (1827) and Haydn's oratorio The Creation (1845).

Starting in 1833, Esnaola created salon songs and dances with increasing frequency.  Around 1835–1836, he developed a self-conscious project for the creation of "national" song together with the poet and ideologue, Esteban Echeverría.  If the collection never saw the public light, the experience had a noticeable impact upon Esnaola's subsequent productions in the genre.  His later songs grew in length and artistic elaboration.  By 1841, he had collected 48 of his songs in an unpublished autograph collection; about ten more survive in the music notebooks that belonged to Manuelita Rosas.  His choice of poets includes Vicente López y Planes, Juan Cruz Varela, Luis Méndez, and the female poet and feminist Rosa Guerra.  Piano dances that often assume the intimate and elaborate qualities of instrumental miniatures were the main object of his attention during the 1840s, including minuets, waltzes, and polkas.

Esnaola regularly produced anthems for civil institution, including the School of Moral Sciences, the Society of Beneficence (both dated in 1827), and the Philharmonic Society (1856).  Probably to placate Rosas's anger, he wrote four hymns in his praise (1841-1843), plus two festive songs in honor of Manuelita Rosas (1851).

In spite of Esnaola's notable accomplishments as a pianist and composer, his name is more often remembered as the arranger of the Argentine National Anthem, composed by the Catalan Blas Parera in 1813.  Esnaola first produced an unofficial two-voice arrangement around 1848.  In 1860, he was commissioned a new version, which met with general approval in spite of the many novelties it incorporated.  This arrangement, with a few modifications, was declared as the official anthem of the Argentine Republic and is still in use today.

Works, editions and recordings
Juan Pedro Esnaola, Cuaderno de música (1844).  Facsimile edition with a preliminary study by Bernardo Illari. La Plata, Argentina: Instituto Cultural de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 2009.

Alcorta-Esnaola-Alberdi-Gianneo-Turina-Gomes-De Falla-Gilardi-Bragato, Camerata Bariloche, dirigida por Elias Khayat, Profonar SRL/Star Music - CB101 - (1995) CD

Selected songs in 2 volumes:
 Vol.1 River Plate Musical Romanticism. Songs by J.P. Esnaola based on poems by Esteban Echeverría. E. Jáuregui (soprano) N. Broggini (Traumann fortepiano, originally owned by Esnaola). Tradition, Buenos Aires, TR050412.
 Vol.2 Canciones 1833-1836; Elena López Jáuregui, soprano & Norberto Broggini, fortepiano NB009 2007

References

Argentine composers
1808 births
1878 deaths
Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery
19th-century composers

Juan Pedro Esnaola


Skinnybones is a 1982 children's novel written by Barbara Park. It is Park's most popular book, and has won numerous awards for children's literature. It was followed up by a sequel in 1988 called Almost Starring Skinnybones.

The story is narrated by the main character, Alex Frankovitch, a rather unpopular and awkward grade school boy.

Plot summary
After writing a letter in a promotional contest for a cat food company, Alex goes on to describe key points in his young life, mainly having to do with little league baseball, occasionally going off on tangents or telling other stories from his life that, while not important to the story, are points of humor and show Alex's thoughts and feelings more clearly.

Though Alex has played in Little League for six years, his skills in the game are subpar (he refers to himself as "really stinky" when it comes to baseball). He is constantly berated by his nemesis, T.J. Stoner, a player widely known for his incredible skill. After numerous attempts to get T.J. to leave him alone fail, Alex tries besting T.J. in a pitching contest, at which he fails miserably. A few days later, Alex's team and T.J's team are playing a game against each other, and T.J. once again tries to make Alex look foolish. During the game, Alex bunts the ball and runs to first, where T.J. is set to get Alex out. Desperate to stop him, Alex jumps up and down, screaming "BOOGA BOOGA!" This makes T.J. miss the ball, allowing Alex to get a double. Alex is called out by the umpire immediately after for interfering with the play at first base. Though Alex was thrown out, he accomplished something better than getting a double to him: making T.J. embarrassed. When T.J. looks like he's going to beat Alex up, Alex runs home and locks himself in his room.

Though Alex tries to become a hermit, an effort which lasts only a few hours, he's forced to go back to school the next day, where the students and teachers all make fun at his expense. T.J. gets a spot in the Guinness Book of World Records for beating Alex's team, and Alex, in a twist of good luck, ends up winning the contest from the cat food company that he wrote a letter to at the book's opening. By winning, Alex will get to appear on a national television commercial. He leaves school that day, nervous about filming the commercial, but eager to be a big star and hoping things will go well.

References

1982 American novels
1982 children's books
American children's novels
Baseball novels
Alfred A. Knopf books
Children's books about baseball

Skinnybones


The Yavuz Sultan Selim Medrese in Istanbul was built by Mimar Sinan in memory of Selim the first from 1548 till 1550. The medrese is also known as "Yenibahce Selim Medrese".
When Selim became Sultan his tent was deployed at the place where one now finds the medrese.
At that time he uttered the wish to build an educational institution there.
Later in 1563 by request of the population Mimar Sinan transformed the lecture hall into a mescid (small mosque) and a small minaret was added.
1914 a fire in the neighborhood slightly damaged the building.
From 1918 on the former medrese was used as a public kitchen but unfortunately
in the same year another fire affected the building.
Not until 1958 a foundation started restoring the building to use it as a Museum.
Regrettably the minaret lost in 1942 wasn't repaired. In 1962 the Türk Hat Sanatlari Museum opened its gates.
During the 1980s the building was empty till the Sadieye Hatun Company started using it as a hospital.

Urban Context

In the Yavuz Sultan Selim Medreses surrounding area there is a public fountain and the tomb of Shah Huban Hatun as well as an ancient monastery, which consists of two churches, constructed at different times. The first was built by Constantine Lips, a functionary of Leo VI and Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in 908 and dedicated to the Theotokos. After 1261 the Empress Theodora added another church with a chapel dedicated to St. John the Baptist. It was converted to the Fenari Isa Mosque in 1496 and was abandoned in the early 20th century after a fire, which completely destroyed the monastery.

Architecture

The madras has a typical "u-plan" with a row of arcades and rooms on three sides surrounding a courtyard. On the fourth side one finds the lecture hall, which is covered by a large dome. When the lecture hall was transformed into a mescid a minaret was added. A wall with two entrances surrounds the madras whereas a domed entrance hall indicates the main entrance. After passing the entrance hall one arrives in a sort of forecourt. The passages to the main court are located on the sides of the lecture hall. The porch of the lecture hall looms into the courtyard and in the center a small fountain completes the ensemble. A small ewan is located in the south west of the "u-structure". Although the adjacent rooms aren't bigger than the standard rooms the access via the ewan makes them of a higher importance and indicates a different usage. Interesting to mention is a small passage in the east. It leads to the enclosed garden surrounding the madrasa. A small jutty serves a visual cover which indicates that the toilets were located there. The rooms shown in the plan are new but also serve as toilets now.

Present Urban Context

If one approaches the madras from the crossroads in the north, one hardly recognizes the old building. The madras
building itself is wallpapered with signs that don't allow a free glance at the monument. Due to a rise of land of about two meters the building seems very low from a far point of view.
The dual four-lane Vatan Caddesi without a real pedestrian crossing
also complicates the access. The nowadays Halicilar Koskü Caddesi which would connect the Fenari Isa Mosque, the madrasa and the tombs is dominated by new cross-cuts like the Vatan and Oguzhan Caddesi.

Gallery

References

This Text is a result of a semester work at Istanbul Teknik Üniversitesi

External links
Selim Madras at Timkado

Buildings and structures in Istanbul
Buildings and structures completed in 1550
1550 establishments in the Ottoman Empire

Yavuz Sultan Selim Medrese


Shirley Brown (born January 6, 1947, West Memphis, Arkansas) is an American R&B singer, best known for her million-selling single "Woman to Woman", which was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1975.

Biography
Brown was born in West Memphis, but was raised in Madison, Illinois, where she started singing in church at the age of nine. Early experience singing gospel gave her a powerful but expressive voice likened to that of Aretha Franklin. Albert King discovered her when she was aged 14, singing in the Harlem Club in Brooklyn, Illinois. Young Shirley went on the road with King for nine years. While King made sure she had a tutor, Brown often cut her classes to work with the band.

By 1972, Shirley was living in East St. Louis, Illinois, where she made her first record for the Abet label called, "I Ain't Gonna Tell" and "Love Built on a Strong Foundation". Bandleader Oliver Sain produced the record; Sain worked with King on his first hit record ten years earlier. By 1974, King recommended Brown to Stax Records in Memphis, Tennessee, where he had been one of the label's stars for some time.

Her 1974 hit, "Woman to Woman" spent two weeks at No. 1 in the Billboard R&B chart and climbed to #22 in the Billboard Hot 100. It sold over one million copies by December 1974, and was awarded a gold disc. It would be Stax's final major hit record (the song was later covered by Barbara Mandrell in 1978 and became a top-five country hit).

A moderately successful debut album, Woman to Woman, was released by Stax on their Truth label, but by 1975, the company was struggling financially and also facing litigation. A follow-up single, "It Ain't No Fun" was only a moderate success, and Stax closed soon afterwards.

Her signing to Arista Records in 1977 resulted in the album Shirley Brown, produced by the former Stax owner Jim Stewart and writer-producer Bettye Crutcher, who provided most of the songs. These included "Blessed Is the Woman" which reached No. 14 R&B (#102 pop).

Brown continued to record for several labels since then, including Fantasy, on the re-formed Stax label, and Sound Town. She has been with the Mississippi based blues label, Malaco Records since 1989. She remains a popular live performer, mainly in southern states of the US, without having found the recording success of her earlier years.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Grammy Award history
Grammy Award
1975 - Nominated for Best Rhythm & Blues Vocal Performance - Female

See also
List of 1970s one-hit wonders in the United States

References

External links

 Blues.about.com
Shirley Brown, Malaco Records
 The Shirley Brown story at Soul Express
 Soulwalking.co.uk

1947 births
Living people
20th-century American singers
20th-century African-American women singers
American rhythm and blues singers
People from West Memphis, Arkansas
People from East St. Louis, Illinois
Stax Records artists
Malaco Records artists
People from Madison, Illinois
Singers from St. Louis
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers
21st-century African-American women singers

Shirley Brown