Darington O'Neal Hobson (born September 29, 1987) is an American professional basketball player for Minas Tênis Clube of the Novo Basquete Brasil. He played college basketball for the University of New Mexico Lobos men's basketball team.

Born in Las Vegas, Nevada, Hobson attended five high schools and a junior college before finally becoming eligible to play Division I college basketball. Hobson was drafted in the 2nd round (37th overall) of the 2010 NBA draft by the Milwaukee Bucks. Hobson was waived on December 2, 2010, due to injury. A year later, Hobson was re-signed by the Bucks for the 2011–12 season. He was waived again on February 3, 2012.

High school and junior college
Hobson attended Western High School in Las Vegas for his freshmen year, before moving to Houston, Texas to attend Alief Hastings High School. At fifteen he attended Gulf Shores Academy, earning his nickname of "Butta" through his pick-up play in Houston. He then moved to southern California and attended his fourth high school of Calvary Baptist Christian. Eventually, he finally moved to Decatur Christian in Illinois for prep school. At Decatur Christian, Hobson was prompted by his coach, Alan Huss, to take the ACT, where he passed. Hobson, rated a 4-star recruit by Scout.com, was coming off a season where he averaged 19 points, 12 rebounds and 7 assists. He still needed credit, and therefore attended the College of Eastern Utah, leading them to a 25–7 record where he averaged 15.2 points and 8.7 rebounds.

College career

University of New Mexico
Upon coming to UNM, Hobson broke down and cried. "You always wished that you were there and playing on that level," Hobson said. "When I finally got there, I just sat in my room and just thanked God and cried for a couple of hours because I finally got to the place where I always wanted to get."

Virtually unknown coming into the season, the left-handed Hobson was the question mark in how successful UNM's season would be. The Lobos had players in Roman Martinez and Dairese Gary, but the 6'7" point forward JC transfer Hobson was the key to the year where the Lobos were picked fifth in the Mountain West Conference. He did not disappoint, being the first Lobo to ever lead the team in points, rebounds and assists in the regular season. In 2010, Hobson was awarded the Mountain West Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year and Newcomer of the Year, making him the only player to ever achieve both honors in the same year. He was also named to First-Team All-Mountain West. He was also one of twenty-six finalists for the John R. Wooden Award, which annually awards the most outstanding player in men's college basketball. On March 29, 2010, Hobson was named an Associated Press Third Team All-American, the first since Danny Granger in 2005.

Hobson had 30 points and 10 rebounds against Louisiana Tech on November 21, 2009, going 3 for 4 from behind the arc. He had 22 points and 15 rebounds against the California on December 2, 2009, only to best that with a 29-point, 12-rebound performance against San Diego St. on February 2, including a 56-footer at the first half buzzer. On February 23, Hobson was two points away from being only the second Lobo in UNM history to record a triple-double, with 8 points, 10 rebounds and 11 assists. In the 2010 Mountain West Conference men's basketball tournament, Hobson had 28 points and 15 rebounds en route to a 75–69 Lobos victory over the Air Force Academy.

Professional career
On April 13, 2010, it was reported that Hobson declared himself eligible for the NBA draft while not hiring an agent, leaving the possibility of returning to college basketball a possibility. On May 8, 2010, Hobson declared for the 2010 NBA draft, forfeiting his final year of eligibility at the University of New Mexico.

On June 24, 2010, Hobson was selected with the seventh pick of the second round (37th overall) by the Milwaukee Bucks.

On September 3, 2010, Hobson signed with the Bucks. After not playing during the preseason or during the regular season, he was waived on December 2, 2010 due to injury. He later re-signed with the Bucks for the 2011–12 season, but in February 2012, he was waived again.

On January 1, 2013, Hobson was acquired by the Santa Cruz Warriors of the NBA D-League.

On August 29, 2013, Hobson's rights were acquired by the Delaware 87ers in the 2013 NBA Development League Expansion Draft.

In September 2014, Hobson signed with UniCEUB/BRB of Brazil for the 2014–15 season. He left Brazil in December 2014 after appearing in just six games for UniCEUB. On January 27, 2015, he joined the Santa Cruz Warriors after his rights were traded back to the team from the 87ers on January 21. On April 26, he won the D-League championship with the Warriors.

On November 2, 2015, Hobson was reacquired by Santa Cruz.

On May 25, 2016, Hobson signed with Guangxi Rhino of the Chinese NBL. Four days later, he made his debut in a 112–95 loss against Hebei Xianglan, recording 30 points, 13 rebounds, four assists and one steal in 34 minutes.

On January 29, 2018, Hobson signed with Panionios of the Greek Basket League.

On March 2, 2018 Hobson signed with Rethymno Cretan Kings B.C. of the Greek Basket League.

On November 28, 2018, Hobson signed a deal with Auxilium Torino of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A

On December 5, 2019, Hobson signed with the Illawarra Hawks of the Australian National Basketball League as an injury replacement for Aaron Brooks. He averaged 5.9 points, 4.2 rebounds and 3.9 assists per game. On October 11, 2020, Hobson signed with Peñarol of the Argentine Liga Nacional de Básquet.

In 2021, he signed with Khaneh Khuzestan of the Iranian league and averaged 18 points and 8.4 rebounds per game. On January 27, 2022, Hobson signed with Minas Tênis Clube of the Novo Basquete Brasil.

See also
 2010 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
All-American college men's basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Argentina
American expatriate basketball people in Australia
American expatriate basketball people in Brazil
American expatriate basketball people in China
American expatriate basketball people in the Dominican Republic
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American expatriate basketball people in Iran
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American men's basketball players
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Rethymno B.C. players
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Shooting guards
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Darington Hobson


Catatonia is a complex neuropsychiatric behavioral syndrome that is characterized by abnormal movements, immobility, abnormal behaviors, and withdrawal. The onset of catatonia can be acute or subtle and symptoms can wax, wane, or change during episodes. It has historically been related to schizophrenia (catatonic schizophrenia), but catatonia is most often seen in mood disorders. It is now known that catatonic symptoms are nonspecific and may be observed in other mental, neurological, and medical conditions. Catatonia is not a stand-alone diagnosis (although some experts disagree), and the term is used to describe a feature of the underlying disorder.

There are several subtypes of catatonia: akinetic catatonia, excited catatonia, malignant catatonia, and delirious mania.

Recognizing and treating catatonia is very important as failure to do so can lead to poor outcomes and can be potentially fatal. Treatment with benzodiazepines or ECT can lead to remission of catatonia. There is growing evidence of the effectiveness of the NMDA receptor antagonists amantadine and memantine for benzodiazepine-resistant catatonia. Antipsychotics are sometimes employed, but they can worsen symptoms and have serious adverse effects.

Signs and symptoms
The presentation of a patient with catatonia varies greatly depending on the subtype and underlying cause, and can be acute or subtle.

Because most patients with catatonia have an underlying psychiatric illness, the majority will present with worsening depression, mania, or psychosis followed by catatonia symptoms. Catatonia presents as a motor disturbance in which patients will display marked reduction in movement, marked agitation, or a mixture of both despite having the physical capacity to move normally. These patients may be unable to start an action or stop one. Movements and mannerisms may be repetitive, or purposeless.

The most common signs of catatonia are immobility, mutism, withdrawal and refusal to eat, staring, negativism, posturing (rigidity), rigidity, waxy flexibility/catalepsy, stereotypy (purposeless, repetitive movements), echolalia or echopraxia, verbigeration (repeat meaningless phrases). It should not be assumed that patients presenting with catatonia are unaware of their surroundings as some patients can recall in detail their catatonic state and their actions.

There are several subtypes of catatonia and they are characterized by the specific movement disturbance and associated features. Although catatonia can be divided into various subtypes, the natural history of catatonia is often fluctuant and different states can exist within the same individual.

Subtypes
Withdrawn Catatonia: This form of catatonia is characterized by decreased response to external stimuli, immobility or inhibited movement, mutism, staring, posturing, and negativism. Patients may sit or stand in the same position for hours, may hold odd positions, and may resist movement of their extremities.

Excited Catatonia: Excited catatonia is characterized by odd mannerisms/gestures, performing purposeless or inappropriate actions, excessive motor activity, restlessness, stereotypy, impulsivity, agitation, and combativeness. Speech and actions may be repetitive or mimic another person's. People in this state are extremely hyperactive and may have delusions and hallucinations. Catatonic excitement is commonly cited as one of the most dangerous mental states in psychiatry.

Malignant Catatonia: Malignant catatonia is a life-threatening condition that may progress rapidly within a few days. It is characterized by fever, abnormalities in blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, diaphoresis (sweating), and delirium. Certain lab findings are common with this presentation; however, they are nonspecific, which means that they are also present in other conditions and do not diagnose catatonia. These lab findings include: leukocytosis, elevated creatine kinase, low serum iron. The signs and symptoms of malignant catatonia overlap significantly with neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) and so a careful history, review of medications, and physical exam are critical to properly differentiate these conditions. For example, if the patient has waxy flexibility and holds a position against gravity when passively moved into that position, then it is likely catatonia. If the patient has a "lead-pipe rigidity" then NMS should be the prime suspect.

Other forms:
 Periodic catatonia is an inconsistently defined entity. In the Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard school, it is a distinct form of "non-system schizophrenia" characterized by recurrent acute phases with hyperkinetic and akinetic features and often psychotic symptoms, and the build-up of a residual state in between these acute phases, which is characterized by low-level catatonic features and aboulia of varying severity. The condition has a strong hereditary component. According to modern classifications, this may be diagnosed as a form of bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia. Independently, the term periodic catatonia is sometimes used in modern literature to describe a syndrome of recurrent phases of acute catatonia (excited or inhibited type) with full remission between episodes, which resembles the description of "motility psychosis" in the Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard school.
 System catatonias or systematic catatonias are only defined in the Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard school. These are chronic-progressive conditions characterized by specific disturbances of volition and psychomotricity, leading to a dramatic decline of executive and adaptive functioning and ability to communicate. They are considered forms of schizophrenia but distinct from other schizophrenic conditions. Affective flattening and apparent loss of interests are common but may be related to reduced emotional expression rather than lack of emotion. Heredity is low. Of the 21 different forms (6 "simple" and 15 "combined" forms) that have been described, most overlap only partially - if at all - with current definitions of either catatonia or schizophrenia, and thus are difficult to classify according to modern diagnostic manuals.
 Early childhood catatonias are also a diagnosis exclusive to the Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard school, and refers to system catatonias that manifest in young children. Clinically, these conditions resemble severe regressive forms of autism.
 Chronic catatonia-like breakdown or autistic catatonia refers to a functional decline seen in some patients with pre-existing autism spectrum disorder and/or intellectual disability which usually runs a chronic-progressive course and encompasses attenuated catatonic symptoms as well as mood and anxiety symptoms that increasingly interfere with adaptive functioning. Onset is typically insidious and often mistaken for background autistic symptoms. Slowing of voluntary movement, reduced speech, aboulia, increased prompt dependency and obsessive-compulsive symptoms are frequently seen; negativism, (auto-)aggressive behaviors and ill-defined hallucinations have also been reported. Both the causes of this disorder as well as its prognosis appear to be heterogenous, with most patients showing partial recovery upon treatment. It seems to be related to chronic stress as a result of life transitions, loss of external time structuring, sensory sensitivities and/or traumatic experiences, co-morbid mental disorders, or other unknown causes. Since clinical catatonia can not always be diagnosed, this condition has also been renamed to the more general term "late regression".

Complications
Patients may experience several complications from being in a catatonic state. The nature of these complications will depend on the type of catatonia being experienced by the patient. For example, patients presenting with withdrawn catatonia may have refusal to eat which will in turn lead to malnutrition and dehydration. Furthermore, if immobility is a symptom the patient is presenting with, then they may develop pressure ulcers, muscle contractions, and are at risk of developing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolus (PE). Patients with excited catatonia may be aggressive and violent, and physical trauma may result from this. Catatonia may progress to the malignant type which will present with autonomic instability and may be life-threatening. Other complications also include the development of pneumonia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

Causes

Catatonia is almost always secondary to another underlying illness, often a psychiatric disorder. Mood disorders such as a bipolar disorder and depression are the most common etiologies to progress to catatonia.  Other psychiatric associations include schizophrenia and other primary psychotic disorders. It also is related to autism spectrum disorders and ADHD. Psychodynamic theorists have interpreted catatonia as a defense against the potentially destructive consequences of responsibility, and the passivity of the disorder provides relief.

Catatonia is also seen in many medical disorders, including infections (such as encephalitis), autoimmune disorders, meningitis, focal neurological lesions (including strokes), alcohol withdrawal, abrupt or overly rapid benzodiazepine withdrawal, cerebrovascular disease, neoplasms, head injury, and some metabolic conditions (homocystinuria, diabetic ketoacidosis, hepatic encephalopathy, and hypercalcaemia).

Pathogenesis
The pathophysiology that leads to catatonia is still poorly understood and a definite mechanism remains unknown. Neurologic studies have implicated several pathways; however, it remains unclear whether these findings are the cause or the consequence of the disorder.

Abnormalities in GABA, glutamate signaling, serotonin, and dopamine transmission are believed to be implicated in catatonia.

Furthermore, it has also been hypothesized that pathways that connect the basal ganglia with the cortex and thalamus is involved in the development of catatonia.

Diagnosis

There is not yet a definitive consensus regarding diagnostic criteria of catatonia. In the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5, 2013) and the World Health Organization's eleventh edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11, 2022), the classification is more homogeneous than in earlier editions. Prominent researchers in the field have other suggestions for diagnostic criteria.

DSM-5 classification

The DSM-5 does not classify catatonia as an independent disorder, but rather it classifies it as catatonia associated with another mental disorder, due to another medical condition, or as unspecified catatonia.

Catatonia is diagnosed by the presence of three or more of the following 12 psychomotor symptoms in association with a mental disorder, medical condition, or unspecified:
 stupor: no psycho-motor activity; not actively relating to the environment
 catalepsy: passive induction of a posture held against gravity
 waxy flexibility: allowing positioning by an examiner and maintaining that position
 mutism: no, or very little, verbal response (exclude if known aphasia)
 negativism: opposition or no response to instructions or external stimuli
 posturing: spontaneous and active maintenance of a posture against gravity
 mannerisms that are odd, circumstantial caricatures of normal actions
 stereotypy: repetitive, abnormally frequent, non-goal-directed movements
 agitation, not influenced by external stimuli
 grimacing: keeping a fixed facial expression
 echolalia: mimicking another's speech
 echopraxia: mimicking another's movements.

Other disorders (additional code 293.89 [F06.1] to indicate the presence of the co-morbid catatonia):
 Catatonia associated with autism spectrum disorder
 Catatonia associated with schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
 Catatonia associated with brief psychotic disorder
 Catatonia associated with schizophreniform disorder
 Catatonia associated with schizoaffective disorder
 Catatonia associated with a substance-induced psychotic disorder
 Catatonia associated with bipolar and related disorders
 Catatonia associated with major depressive disorder
 Catatonic disorder due to another medical condition

If catatonic symptoms are present but do not form the catatonic syndrome, a medication- or substance-induced aetiology should first be considered.

ICD-11 classification

In ICD-11 catatonia is defined as a syndrome of primarily psychomotor disturbances that is characterized by the simultaneous occurrence of several symptoms such as stupor; catalepsy; waxy flexibility; mutism; negativism; posturing; mannerisms; stereotypies; psychomotor agitation; grimacing; echolalia and echopraxia. Catatonia may occur in the context of specific mental disorders, including mood disorders, schizophrenia or other primary psychotic disorders, and Neurodevelopmental disorders, and may be induced by psychoactive substances, including medications. Catatonia may also be caused by a medical condition not classified under mental, behavioral, or neurodevelopmental disorders.

Assessment/Physical
Catatonia is often overlooked and under-diagnosed. Patients with catatonia most commonly have an underlying psychiatric disorder, for this reason, physicians may overlook signs of catatonia due to the severity of the psychosis the patient is presenting with. Furthermore, the patient may not be presenting with the common signs of catatonia such as mutism and posturing. Additionally, the motor abnormalities seen in catatonia are also present in psychiatric disorders. For example, a patient with mania will show increased motor activity that may progress to exciting catatonia. One way in which physicians can differentiate between the two is to observe the motor abnormality. Patients with mania present with increased goal-directed activity. On the other hand, the increased activity in catatonia is not goal-directed and often repetitive.

Catatonia is a clinical diagnosis and there is no specific laboratory test to diagnose it. However, certain testing can help determine what is causing the catatonia. An EEG will likely show diffuse slowing. If seizure activity is driving the syndrome, then an EEG would also be helpful in detecting this. CT or MRI will not show catatonia; however, they might reveal abnormalities that might be leading to the syndrome. Metabolic screens, inflammatory markers, or autoantibodies may reveal reversible medical causes of catatonia.

Vital signs should be frequently monitored as catatonia can progress to malignant catatonia which is life-threatening. Malignant catatonia is characterized by fever, hypertension, tachycardia, and tachypnea.

Rating scale
Various rating scales for catatonia have been developed, however, their utility for clinical care has not been well established. The most commonly used scale is the Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS) (external link is provided below). The scale is composed of 23 items with the first 14 items being used as the screening tool. If 2 of the 14 are positive, this prompts for further evaluation and completion of the remaining 9 items.

A diagnosis can be supported by the lorazepam challenge or the zolpidem challenge. While proven useful in the past, barbiturates are no longer commonly used in psychiatry; thus the option of either benzodiazepines or ECT.

Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis of catatonia is extensive as signs and symptoms of catatonia may overlap significantly with those of other conditions. Therefore, a careful and detailed history, medication review, and physical exam are key to diagnosing catatonia and differentiating it from other conditions. Furthermore, some of these conditions can themselves lead to catatonia. The differential diagnosis is as follows:
 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) and catatonia are both life-threatening conditions that share many of the same characteristics including fever, autonomic instability, rigidity, and delirium. Lab values of low serum iron, elevated creatine kinase, and white blood cell count are also shared by the two disorders further complicating the diagnosis. There are features of malignant catatonia (posturing, impulsivity, etc.) that are absent from NMS and the lab results are not as consistent in malignant catatonia as they are in NMS. Some experts consider NMS to be a drug-induced condition associated with antipsychotics, particularly, first generation antipsychotics, but it has not been established as a subtype. Therefore, discontinuing antipsychotics and starting benzodiazepines is a treatment for this condition, and similarly it is helpful in catatonia as well.
 Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by neuropsychiatric features and the presence of IgG antibodies. The presentation of anti-NMDAR encephalitis has been categorized into 5 phases: prodromal phase, psychotic phase, unresponsive phase, hyperkinetic phase, and recovery phase. The psychotic phase progresses into the unresponsive phase characterized by mutism, decreased motor activity, and catatonia.
 Both serotonin syndrome and malignant catatonia may present with signs and symptoms of delirium, autonomic instability, hyperthermia, and rigidity. Again, similar to the presentation in NSM. However, patients with Serotonin syndrome have a history of ingestion of serotonergic drugs (Ex: SSRI). These patients will also present with hyperreflexia, myoclonus, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
 Malignant hyperthermia and malignant catatonia share features of autonomic instability, hyperthermia, and rigidity. However, malignant hyperthermia is a hereditary disorder of skeletal muscle that makes these patients susceptible to exposure to halogenated anesthetics and/or depolarizing muscle relaxants like succinylcholine. Malignant hyperthermia most commonly occurs in the intraoperative or postoperative periods. Other signs and symptoms of malignant hyperthermia include metabolic and respiratory acidosis, hyperkalemia, and cardiac arrhythmias.
 Akinetic mutism is a neurological disorder characterized by a decrease in goal-directed behavior and motivation; however, the patient has an intact level of consciousness. Patients may present with apathy, and may seem indifferent to pain, hunger, or thirst. Akinetic mutism has been associated with structural damage in a variety of brain areas. Akinetic mutism and catatonia may both manifest with immobility, mutism, and waxy flexibility. Differentiating both disorders is the fact that akinetic mutism does not present with echolalia, echopraxia, or posturing. Furthermore, it is not responsive to benzodiazepines as is the case for catatonia.
 Elective mutism has an anxious etiology but has also been associated with personality disorders. Patients with this disorder fail to speak with some individuals but will speak with others. Likewise, they may refuse to speak in certain situations; for example, a child who refuses to speak at school but is conversational at home. This disorder is distinguished from catatonia by the absence of any other signs/symptoms.
 Nonconvulsive status epilepticus is seizure activity with no accompanying tonic-clonic movements. It can present with stupor, similar to catatonia, and they both respond to benzodiazepines. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus is diagnosed by the presence of seizure activity seen on electroencephalogram (EEG). Catatonia on the other hand, is associated with normal EEG or diffuse slowing.
 Delirium is characterized by fluctuating disturbed perception and consciousness in the ill individual. It has hypoactive and hyperactive or mixed forms. People with hyperactive delirium present similarly to those with excited catatonia and have symptoms of restlessness, agitation, and aggression. Those with hypoactive delirium present with similarly to retarded catatonia, withdrawn and quiet. However, catatonia also includes other distinguishing features including posturing and rigidity as well as a positive response to benzodiazepines.
 Patients with locked-in syndrome present with immobility and mutism; however, unlike patients with catatonia who are unmotivated to communicate, patients with locked-in syndrome try to communicate with eye movements and blinking. Furthermore, locked-in syndrome is caused by damage to the brainstem.
 Stiff-person syndrome and catatonia are similar in that they may both present with rigidity, autonomic instability and a positive response to benzodiazepines. However, stiff-person syndrome may be associated with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) antibodies and other catatonic signs such as mutism and posturing are not part of the syndrome.
 Untreated late-stage Parkinson's disease may present similarly to retarded catatonia with symptoms of immobility, rigidity, and difficulty speaking. Further complicating the diagnosis is the fact that many patients with Parkinson's disease will have major depressive disorder, which may be the underlying cause of catatonia. Parkinson's disease can be distinguished from catatonia by a positive response to levodopa. Catatonia on the other hand will show a positive response to benzodiazepines.
 Extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotic medication, especially dystonia and akathisia, can be difficult to distinguish from catatonic symptoms, or may confound them in the psychiatric setting. Extrapyramidal motor disorders usually do not involve social symptoms like negativism, while individuals with catatonic excitement typically do not have the physically painful compulsion to move that is seen in akathisia.
 Certain stimming behaviors and stress responses in individuals with autism spectrum disorders can present similarly to catatonia. In autism spectrum disorders, chronic catatonia is distinguished by a lasting deterioration of adaptive skills from the background of pre-existing autistic symptomatology that cannot be easily explained. Acute catatonia is usually clearly distinguishable from autistic symptoms.
 The diagnostic entities of obsessional slowness and psychogenic parkinsonism show overlapping features with catatonia, such as motor slowness, gegenhalten (oppositional paratonia), mannerisms, and reduced or absent speech. However, psychogenic parkinsonism involves tremor which is unusual in catatonia. Obsessional slowness is a controversial diagnosis, with presentations ranging from severe but common manifestations of obsessive compulsive disorder to catatonia.
 Down Syndrome Disintegrative Disorder (or Down Syndrome Regression Disorder, DSDD / DSRD) is a chronic condition characterized by loss of previously acquired adaptive, cognitive and social functioning occurring in persons with Down Syndrome, usually during adolescence or early adulthood. The clinical picture is variable, but often includes catatonic signs, which is why it was called "catatonic psychosis" in initial reports in 1946. DSDD seems to phenotypically overlap with obsessional slowness (see above) and catatonia-like regression occurring in ASD.

Treatment
The initial treatment of catatonia is to stop medication that could be potentially leading to the syndrome. These may include steroids, stimulants, anticonvulsants, neuroleptics, dopamine blockers, etc. The next step is to provide a "lorazepam challenge," in which patients are given 2 mg of IV lorazepam (or another benzodiazepine). Most patients with catatonia will respond significantly to this within the first 15–30 minutes. If no change is observed during the first dose, then a second dose is given and the patient is re-examined. If the patient responds to the lorazepam challenge, then lorazepam can be scheduled at interval doses until the catatonia resolves. The lorazepam must be tapered slowly, otherwise, the catatonia symptoms may return. The underlying cause of the catatonia should also be treated during this time. If within a week the catatonia is not resolved, then ECT can be used to reverse the symptoms. ECT in combination with benzodiazepines is used to treat malignant catatonia. In France, zolpidem has also been used in diagnosis, and response may occur within the same time period. Ultimately the underlying cause needs to be treated.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment for catatonia that is well acknowledged. ECT has also shown favorable outcomes in patients with chronic catatonia. However, it has been pointed out that further high quality randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy, tolerance, and protocols of ECT in catatonia.

Antipsychotics should be used with care as they can worsen catatonia and are the cause of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a dangerous condition that can mimic catatonia and requires immediate discontinuation of the antipsychotic.

There is evidence clozapine works better than other antipsychotics to treat catatonia, following a recent systematic review.

Excessive glutamate activity is believed to be involved in catatonia; when first-line treatment options fail, NMDA antagonists such as amantadine or memantine may be used. Amantadine may have an increased incidence of tolerance with prolonged use and can cause psychosis, due to its additional effects on the dopamine system. Memantine has a more targeted pharmacological profile for the glutamate system, reduced incidence of psychosis and may therefore be preferred for individuals who cannot tolerate amantadine. Topiramate is another treatment option for resistant catatonia; it produces its therapeutic effects by producing glutamate antagonism via modulation of AMPA receptors.

Prognosis
Patients who experience an episode of catatonia are more likely to experience another recurring episode. Treatment response for patients with catatonia is 50–70% and these patients have a good prognosis. However, failure to respond to medication is a very poor prognosis. Many of these patients will require long-term and continuous mental health care. For patients with catatonia with underlying schizophrenia, the prognosis is much poorer.

Epidemiology
Catatonia has been mostly studied in acutely ill psychiatric patients. Catatonia frequently goes unrecognized, leading to the belief that the syndrome is rare; however, this is not true and prevalence has been reported to be as high as 10% in patients with acute psychiatric illnesses. One large population estimate has suggested that the incidence of catatonia is 10.6 episodes per 100 000 person-years. It occurs in males and females in approximately equal numbers. 21-46% of all catatonia cases can be attributed to a general medical condition.

History
Reports of stupor-like and catatonia-like states abound in the history of psychiatry. After the middle of the 19th century there was an increase of interest in the motor disorders accompanying madness, culminating in the publication by Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum in 1874 of  (Catatonia or Tension Insanity).

See also

 Akinetic mutism
 Autistic catatonia
 Awakenings (1990 biopic about catatonic patients, based on Oliver Sacks's book of the same name)
 Blank expression
 Botulism
 Disorganized schizophrenia
 Homecoming (features catatonia as a main plot point)
 Karolina Olsson
 Oneiroid syndrome
 Paranoid schizophrenia
 Persistent vegetative state
 Resignation syndrome
 Sensory overload
 Tonic immobility
 Sleep paralysis

References

External links
 Catatonia in DSM-5
 Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders – Catatonic Disorders
  "Schizophrenia: Catatonic Type" video by Heinz Edgar Lehmann, 1952
 Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale

Mood disorders
Schizophrenia
Psychopathological syndromes

Catatonia


Quality Street is a 1927 American romance movie directed by Sidney Franklin and was based on the 1901 play of the same name by James M. Barrie. It stars Marion Davies, Conrad Nagel, Helen Jerome Eddy, Flora Finch, Margaret Seddon, Marcelle Corday and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was remade in 1937.

Other websites

1927 romance movies
1920s American romance movies
MGM movies
Movies based on plays
Movies directed by Sidney Franklin

Quality Street (1927 movie)


Dame Muriel Diana Reader Harris  (11 October 1912, Hong Kong – 7 October 1996, Salisbury, Wiltshire) was an English educator, school principal and public figure. She was a keen advocate of women's ordination in the Church of England.

Early life
Muriel Diana, the elder child of Montgomery Reader Harris (born 1887) and his wife, Frances Mabel (née Wilmot Wilkinson), returned to England at the age of two, but lost her mother to meningitis almost immediately, and as her father remained in the Far East, she was brought up by an aunt in London. She was educated at Francis Holland School for Girls in London and Sherborne School for Girls in 1925. She graduated with an external first class degree in English from the University of London in 1934.

Teaching and public work
Reader Harris immediately joined the teaching staff at Sherborne School for Girls, then one of the foremost girls' boarding schools in England. During the war she was evacuated with a group of pupils from Sherborne to Branksome Hall School in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. This led to an exchange relationship between the two schools that was still operating seventy years later. She returned to England in 1943 to join the staff of the National Association of Girls' Clubs. She returned to Sherborne as headmistress in 1950, achieved eminence in her profession, and remained there until her retirement in 1975. According to an obituary, "Those who were pupils during her headship grew up in an atmosphere in which it was assumed that everyone had something of value to give, a better nature to be appealed to, and a duty to the community in which she lived."

While still at Sherborne, Reader Harris was involved in several outside bodies. In 1964 she became the chair of the Association of Headmistresses taking over from Enid Essame. She served till 1966 when she was organising the association's response to the Plowden Report. She was at various times a member of Dorset Education Committee, the Independent Television Authority, the councils of the National Youth Orchestra and the Outward Bound Trust, the Church Missionary Society, where as its first woman president she brought it to espouse the 1980 Brandt Report on bridging the North-South divide, and Christian Aid, where she was also chairman in 1978–1983. She joined the council of the Royal Society of Arts in 1975 and chaired it in 1979–1981. She was a governor of Godolphin School, Salisbury, from 1975 to 1986.

Reader Harris was an active member of the Church of England and a keen advocate of the ordination of women. She herself preached sermons in many churches, and became a lay canon after retiring to Salisbury in 1983. She was a popular speaker at functions and broadcast frequently. Her lifelong diaries are held by the school archives of Sherborne Girls.

A vivid glimpse of Reader Harris in old age appeared in a 1991 article by an anonymous former Sherborne pupil, published in India: "Dame Diana Reader Harris is no mean Third Ager herself. After retiring at the age of 63, she took on a bewildering array of offices in Church, educational and charitable organizations, including Chairmanship of Christian Aid." By the age of 79, she was losing her sight and fighting her way off as many committees as possible – "I can't read the minutes." "In spite of this, her account of her schedule for the week leaves me exhausted. Her problem, she says, is not boredom, but the opposite. The battle is to cling onto the Biblical injunction to 'be still and know that I am God' – the Hebrew, she says, suggests the idea of 'pause awhile and relax.' She lives with her sister-in-law and does all the cooking herself – at some risk to their guests, as 'I never know what I'm putting in.'"

Honours
In 1972, Reader Harris was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire for "services to Education and the Church."

References

1912 births
1996 deaths
Heads of schools in England
English Anglicans
Youth empowerment people
Alumni of the University of London
People educated at Sherborne Girls
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
British expatriates in Hong Kong

Diana Reader Harris


The Battle of Campomorto was a battle fought near Frosinone, in the Lazio (Italy) on August 21, 1482, in the course of the War of Ferrara.

It saw the Papal army, led by the condottiero Roberto Malatesta, face King Ferdinand I of Naples's army, under the command of Alfonso, Duke of Calabria.

Malatesta won the clash. According to Niccolò Machiavelli, "this battle was fought with more virtue than any other that had been made in fifty years of Italy".

1482 in Europe
15th century in the Kingdom of Naples
15th century in the Papal States
Campomorto 1482
Campomorto 1482
Campomorto
Campomorto

Battle of Campomorto


TES, formerly known as the Times Educational Supplement, is a weekly UK publication aimed at education professionals. It was first published in 1910 as a pull-out supplement in The Times newspaper. Such was its popularity that in 1914, the supplement became a separate publication selling for one penny.

TES focuses on school-related news and features. It covered higher education until the Times Higher Education Supplement (now Times Higher Education) was launched as a sister publication in 1971. Today its editor is Jon Severs. Since 1964, an alternative version of the publication, TESS, has been produced for Scotland. An edition for Wales, TES Cymru, was also published between 2004 and 2011. The lack of content about Wales since its closure has been criticised by the Welsh Education Minister, Jeremy Miles. All are produced by London-based company TES Global, which has been owned by US investment firm Providence Equity Partners LLC since 2018. The TES no longer has a connection with The Times newspaper. Times Higher Education was sold in 2018 and is now a separate business to TES Global.

TES is published weekly on Fridays, at a cover price of £3.50. Data from the National Readership Survey Jan–Dec 2012 suggested that the average yearly readership was around 362,000, of which around 90 percent of the readership were in the ABC1 category. In addition to the magazine, TES runs a popular website featuring breaking education news and comment, teaching jobs, forums, and classroom resources that are uploaded by teachers.

History
The idea for a regular section on education in The Times was first proposed in 1905 by J E G de Montmorency, a barrister and writer who later composed leader articles for The TES. The first issue of the monthly educational supplement appeared on 6 September 1910, opening with a witty weather forecast for the UK's school systems. King George V had recently begun his reign, and the paper noted that "some great resettlement of the English school system seems likely to take place".

Over its first decade, The TES established itself as a paper for teachers, though it was primarily aimed at those in private and grammar schools. However, it pressed for education reform from its early years, calling in 1913 for "Secondary Education for All".

In 1914, The TES became a stand-alone publication, noting on the outbreak of the First World War that "every great war in the modern world has been followed by changes in education". Two years afterwards, while the war still raged, the paper began to be published weekly. The TES later explained that "the decision to change into a weekly periodical was taken to lend the support of The Times more effectively to the movement for reform in education which culminated in the Fisher Reform Act of 1918".

Notable editors of The TES included George Sydney Freeman, who was editor for its first 28 years and Harold Dent, a progressive former schoolteacher who became acting editor in 1940. He put the newspaper together practically single-handedly during the Blitz. His editorials pressed for "total reform" of the education system, "based on a new conception of the place, status and function of education in a democratic State, not a patching and padding of the present system". This attitude chimed with the radical thinking then going on within the Board of Education. Mr. Dent had regular meetings with its president, Rab Butler, in the years building up to the 1944 Education Act.

The readership of The TES, once primarily private and grammar school teachers, broadened during the 20th century.  During the 1970s, the paper became more supportive of Comprehensive schools, when it had once defended grammars.

In the 1980s, it became increasingly concerned that political reforms might overload or restrict teachers, particularly the launch of the national curriculum and league tables with the Education Reform Act 1988. Its then editor, Stuart Maclure, noted in 1985 that "the irony of the last 10 years, in which the politicians and industrialists have clamoured for reform and accused the educationists of blocking it, was not lost on anyone who cares to look back".

When the newspaper reached its centenary in 2010, its former editor Gerard Kelly, wrote: "If there is one phenomenal, outstanding, amazing development of the past century in this country, it has to be that education has liberated women in a way that was never anticipated by the most liberal of reformers, even by those far-sighted individuals on The TES in 1910."

In September 2011 TES changed from a newspaper to being printed as a magazine.

Ownership
At its start, TES was owned, like its parent paper, by Lord Northcliffe. After his death in 1922, the newspapers were sold to the Astor family, and it was sold on again in 1966 to the Canadian newspaper tycoon Roy Thomson.

Rupert Murdoch took ownership of the newspaper in 1979. Murdoch's News International restructured its newspapers to set up 'Times Supplements Limited' and by 1999, this became 'TSL Education Ltd', which also published THE and Nursery World. In October 2005, the group was sold to Exponent, a private equity group, who in turn sold it to Charterhouse in May 2007.

TES online is run by the London-based 'TES Global', which claims to be "The largest network of teachers in the world", and has been owned by the US-based Providence Equity Partners global investment company since December 2018

Past staff and contributors
Staff journalists at TES have included Simon Jenkins, who became editor of the Evening Standard and The Times; novelist, literary historian, and biographer Valerie Grosvenor Myer; and Timothy Mo and Frances Hill, who both became novelists.

The newspaper's columnists have included Ted Wragg, Caitlin Moran and Libby Purves. The pop singer Daniel Bedingfield was employed to work on the newspaper's website.

External contributors have included Gordon Brown, who contributed comment articles to the Scottish edition of TES as a young lecturer in 1979. A competition for writing by pupils in 1980 was won by Sacha Baron Cohen, then eight years old.

Editors
 1910–1938: George Sydney Freeman
 1938–1940: Donald McLachlan
 1940–1952: Harold Dent
 1952–1969: Walter James
 1969–1989: Stuart Maclure
 1989–1997: Patricia Rowan
 1997–2000: Caroline St John-Brooks
 2000–2005: Bob Doe
 2005–2007: Judith Judd
 2007: Wendy Berliner (acting)
 2008: Karen Dempsey
 2008–2013: Gerard Kelly
 2013–2020: Ann Mroz
 2021–present: Jon Severs

TES Global
TES first established a website in 1997, when it briefly experimented with a paywall.

It was revamped after the newspaper's relaunch in 2007 and is now split into distinct sections, including 'School Solutions', 'Jobs', 'Teaching resources' and 'School portal'. Jobs is home to all the vacancies listed in the TES magazine and is updated daily. 'School solutions' includes various software products that TES offers to schools and teachers.

Over 13 million educators are members of the site and use it regularly.

The Resources section is a platform for teachers to share original classroom resources, including lesson plans, PowerPoint presentations, interactive whiteboard resources, worksheets, and activities. As of May 2017, there have been over 1 billion downloads of classroom resources from the TES platform.

In February 2015, TES Global launched an open marketplace, which allowed teachers to buy and sell teaching resources.

The TES portal is now home to "the world's largest online community of teachers", with more than 13 million registered users.

In 2012, PPA (Professional Publishers Association) awarded the TES website the digital product of the year for the 3rd year in a row and TES magazine was named Business Magazine of 2012.

Software and services offered
In 2015, TES bought Hibernia College UK, at the time the largest provider of subject knowledge enhancement courses in England. This later became Tes Institute, which offers routes into teaching as well as safeguarding and training courses for teachers.

TES products include Class Charts, a classroom seating plan and behaviour management tool, and Provision Map, software that schools used to manage special educational needs. These products were produced by Edukey, before that company was bought by TES in 2016. They had previously won the best company award at the 2009 Bett Awards.

In 2019, TES purchased Australian school timetabling business Edval. Edval was named as a top education service provider in Australia in 2021.

In 2021, TES bought Glasgow based SchoolCloud, the company behind software that runs parents' evening software used by over 8,000 schools. A BBC report on the software suggested that Covid restrictions were leading more schools to run virtual parents' evenings using SchoolCloud software. In March 2023 the Glasgow office was closed and the remaining SchoolCloud staff made redundant as TES centralised roles in its Sheffield and Fishguard offices.

Awards
First held in 2009, The TES Schools Awards are held annually to celebrate achievements by schools in the UK. Categories include a school of the year for primary, secondary, special needs, and early years, as well as healthy school of the year and creative school of the year.

Since 2012, TES has also hosted the Independent School Awards and since 2016 the FE Awards, aimed at the further education sector.

See also
Times Higher Education World University Rankings

References

External links

1910 establishments in the United Kingdom
Weekly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Education magazines
Education in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1910
Newspaper supplements
Sunday magazines
Magazines published in London
The Times

TES (magazine)


Waylander is a Northren Erse baund influential in the realms of Celtic fowk metal. Formed in 1993, the baund blends traditional Erse fowk wi 1990s hivy metal.

Biography
Formed in 1993, Waylander released thair debut demo, Once Upon an Era, in early 1995, mixing Erse fowk muisic wi extreme metal. Waylander war suin dubbed fowk, Celtic an pagan metal. In 1996, wi the addition o a full time tin-whistle player, Waylander released thair seicont demo, Dawning o a New Age, which suin gained the baund a prominent poseetion in the fowk metal scene. This wis cemented when Waylander signed tae Century Media Records, an in 1998 thair debut album wis released, entitled Reawakening Pride Once Lost. A handful o gigs war undertaken tae promote this album but label problems an internal strife blunted the potential somewhat. Efter overcoming some line-up changes, Waylander signed wi Blackend Records an released thair The Light, the Dark and the Endless Knot album in early 2001. Again internal strife reared up, culminatin in numerous line-up changes for several years. Despite this Waylander managed tae perform some notable gigs, includin the Bloodstock an Day of Darkness festivals, as well as gigs wi Ancient Rites, Cathedral, Return tae the Sabbat an Skyforger. In 2005, joining oreeginal members ArdChieftain O' Hagan, Michael Proctor, an Den Ferran war Saul McMichael an Gareth Murdock on guitars.

Waylander hae inked a deal wi Listenable Records an Waylander's new third album, entitled Honour Amongst Chaos, is "more pouerful an beautiful than ever, using a vast array o Erse fowk instruments an armed with their passion for metal in its truest form," accordin tae a press release. "Blending epic atmospheres an relentless brutality, 'Honour Amongst Chaos' reflects the hert an soul o pagan warriors warldwide. Waylander's debut album, Reawakening Pride Once Lost, haes been re-released bi Midhir Records on CD an vinyl.

In 2009, Gareth Murdock left the baund tae be the new bassist for Alestorm.

Discography
 Once Upon an Era (1994), Demo
 Dawning of a New Age (1996), Demo
 Reawakening Pride Once Lost (1998), Century Media
 The Light, the Dark and the Endless Knot (2001), Blackend Records/PHD
 Honour Amongst Chaos (2008), Listenable Records
 Kindred Spirits (2012)
 Eriú's Wheel (2019)

Current Line-up
 ArdChieftain O'Hagan - Vocals
 Saul McMichael - Guitars
 Hugh O'Neill - Guitars
 Michael Proctor - Bass
 Den Ferran - Drums
 Dave Briggs - Tin whistle, Mandolin an bodhrán

Umwhile members
 Jason Barriskill - bass
 Máirtín Mac Cormaic - tin-whistle + bodhrán
 Redser O'Hagan - guitars
 Owen Bowden - guitars
 Nick Shannon - drums
 Kevin Canavan - guitars
 Fearghal Duffy - guitars
 Gareth Murdock - guitars

Hivy metal muisical groups frae Northren Ireland
Celtic metal muisical groups
Muisical groups established in 1993

Waylander (baund)


is a Japanese professional wrestler better known as , a masked clown character. Kuishinbo Kamen is Japanese for "Gluttonous Mask". For a while he was forced to give up the Kuishinbo Kamen character, instead he worked as "Super Robo K", a futuristic Robot character, but returned to the Kuishinbo Kamen identity later on.

Professional wrestling career
Tsukioka made his professional wrestling debut in 1999, working under his real name for International Wrestling Association of Japan for the first year of his career. When Tsukioka joined Osaka Pro Wrestling he adopted a masked clown gimmick, the comedic character "Kuishinbo Kamen" who wore a clown suit and even had a hat with yellow pom-poms attached to the mask. He quickly developed a storyline feud with another comedic masked wrestler known as Ebessan. Kamen defeated Ebessan to become the first ever holder of the Osaka Meibutsu Sekaiichi Championship (roughly translated into the "World's Best Osaka Attraction Championship"). On June 29, 2002 he became a double champion winning a battle royal to become the Osaka Pro Wrestling Battle Royal Champion). A title he would hold for a month and a half before losing it in another battle royal. February 2, 2003 Kurishinbo Kamen's feud with Ebessan hit its peak as Ebessan defeated Kurishinbo Kamen to win the Osaka Meibutsu Sekaiichi Championship, but more importantly the loss forced Tsukioka to give up the Kurishibo Kamen character. He would return to the ring a week later as ""Super Robo K", a robot gimmick completed with a more mechanical wrestling style. The character change only lasted for a couple of months before Kurishinbo Kamen returned to the ring. He regained the Meibutso Sekaiichi Championship on February 21, 2004 almost a year to the day he lost it. In March 2003 Kurishinbo Kamen and other Osaka Pro Wrestling representatives traveled to the United States of America, where they were part of the 2004 World X-Cup in TNA Wrestling. Kuishinbo Kamen teamed up with rival Ebessan and Nosawa, known as "Team Japan" losing to Chris Sabin, Elix Skipper and Sonjay Dutt who were part of "Team NWA". The group also worked a match for Revolution Pro Wrestling and Pro Wrestling Guerrilla before returning to Japan. Kurishinbo Kamen would hold the Battle Royal and the Meibutsu Sekaiichi several times in subsequent years. On June 6, 2010 Kamen teamed up with Ebessan III and Kanjyuro Matsuyama to defeat the team of Atsushi Kotoge, Daisuke Harada and Takoyakida to win the UWA World Trios Championship, holding it for six days before losing it to Tokyo Gurentai (Fujita, Mazada and Nosawa).

Championships and accomplishments
Dramatic Dream Team
Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship (2 times)

Osaka Pro Wrestling
Osaka Meibutsu Sekaiichi Championship (5 times, first, current)
Osaka Pro Wrestling Battle Royal Championship (4 times)
Osaka Pro Wrestling Owarai Championship (2 times)
UWA World Trios Championship (1 time) - with Ebessan (III) and Kanjyuro Matsuyama
 FM Osaka Cup 1 Day Six Man Tag Tournament (2009) - with Ebessan (III) and Kanjyuro Matsuyama

References

External links

Japanese male professional wrestlers
Living people
Masked wrestlers
1975 births
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
UWA World Trios Champions
Ironman Heavymetalweight Champions

Kuishinbo Kamen


USS President Jackson (APA-18) was a  that saw service with the US Navy in World War II and the Korean War. She was the lead ship in her class.

Operational history
President Jackson was laid down as MC hull 53 by the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co., Newport News, Virginia. 2 October 1939; launched 7 June 1940; sponsored by Mrs. William G. McAdoo; and delivered to the American President Lines 25 October 1940.

After two round-the-world trips from New York City, President Jackson was acquired by the navy 30 June 1941, and commissioned 16 January 1942.

World War II Pacific Theater operations

Following shakedown and practice amphibious assault training on the U.S. West Coast, President Jackson sailed for the South Pacific 1 July 1942, as a unit of Transport Division 2. She landed the 1st Battalion, 2nd Marines, on Florida Island, Solomon Islands, 7 August 1942. At mid-month she evacuated 500 survivors of the "First Battle of Savo Island" to Noumea, then began bringing in reinforcements and evacuating casualties of land and sea actions.

Redesignated APA–18 on 1 February 1943, President Jackson continued to transport reinforcement troops and cargo in support of the consolidation of the southern Solomons. On 30 June, she landed the 172nd U.S. Army Combat Team and two construction battalion companies on Rendova, then transported survivors of , torpedoed by a submarine, to Noumea.

Operating with other vessels of task force TF 31, President Jackson landed elements of the 3rd Marine Division at Empress Augusta Bay, Bougainville Island, 1 November. Seven days later, while en route back to that island with reinforcements, she was hit by a  bomb, which fortunately did not explode.

On 25 March 1944, President Jackson landed army, navy, and units on Emirau Island and in April, with Transport Division Two, she carried the 40th Division, to New Britain, and returned the 1st Marine Division to Russell Islands in the Solomons. With task force TF 53, in July, she landed elements of the 3rd Marine Division on Guam, 21 July, then evacuated casualties to Pearl Harbor and the United States. On 23 October the ship returned to duty with Transport Division 32 in the south and southwest Pacific areas.

While operating with TF 77, President Jackson landed elements of the 25th Infantry Division, U.S. Army, in the reinforcement landing at Lingayen Gulf 11 January 1945. On 21 February, while operating with TF 51, she landed elements of the 3rd Marine Division on Iwo Jima. Exposed to enemy counter-battery fire, she was hit once in a barrage of 37mm fire with minor damage and casualties. On 6 March she departed Iwo Jima with 515 casualties for Saipan and Noumea.

With army and navy casualties and miscellaneous passengers aboard, the transport sailed for the United States 7 May 1945. She got underway from San Francisco, 14 June and completed two round-trips to Manila before the cessation of hostilities which found her in drydock at Seattle, Washington. She then entered upon "Operation Magic Carpet" duty.

Post war period
President Jackson continued to operate with the U.S. Pacific Fleet until 1949, seeing service in both Japan and China. She was assigned to the Military Sea Transportation Service with her designation changed to T-AP-18, 22 October 1949.

On 7 February 1950 President Jackson, with cabin and troop passengers on board, got underway from San Francisco for Norfolk, Virginia, arriving 23 February. She returned to San Francisco 25 March, subsequently making round trips to Manila and Pearl Harbor.

Korean War and later years
With the outbreak of the Korean War President Jackson reported to the Commander, Amphibious Force, Pacific Fleet for operational control. Loading troops and equipment of the 2nd Battalion, 1st Marine Division at San Diego, she sailed 14 August for Japan, arriving Kobe 29 August to prepare for the invasion at Inchon. Departing Kobe 11 September with vessels of task group TG 90.2, she unloaded on the assault beaches of Inchon, served as a casualty receiving ship, then evacuated the casualties to Yokohama and San Francisco.

On 12 October President Jackson sailed from San Diego, carrying miscellaneous cargo for Japan. Returning to San Francisco, she subsequently called at Seattle, Washington, Alaska, Japan, and Korea. After another run to Alaska in April 1952, President Jackson departed San Francisco for Pago Pago to transport dependents from Pago Pago to Pearl Harbor, returning to San Francisco in August. During 1953 she operated between San Francisco, Alaska, and Pearl Harbor.

Carrying a full load of passengers and cargo for Yokohama, Japan, President Jackson got underway from San Francisco 25 January 1954, returning 23 February. After two roundtrips to Pearl Harbor, she departed for Alaska again 20 April with various units of the 30th Engineers Base Topographic Battalion, returning to San Francisco 14 May before making a second voyage to Alaska ending at San Francisco 5 June.

On 11 June President Jackson got underway for Yokohama carrying a full load of dependents and a small number of troop passengers, returning to San Francisco 8 July with passengers and cargo.

On 28 December she shifted to Todd Shipyard, Alameda, California, for phase one of inactivation. She was placed out of commission, in reserve, berthed at San Francisco, 6 July 1955. She was struck from the Navy List and transferred to the Maritime Commission 1 October 1958, sold for scrapping, 23 April 1973 and delivered, 15 May 1973, to N.W. Kennedy Ltd., Mitsui & Co., (Canada) Ltd.

President Jackson earned 8 battle stars for World War II service and 3 battle stars for Korean War service.

References

External links

President Jackson, First of Seven New Ships for Round the World Service (December 1940 technical article with plans & photos)

Type C3-P&C ships
Ships built in Newport News, Virginia
1940 ships
President Jackson-class attack transports
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Korean War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States

USS President Jackson


The Sea is a 2013 British-Irish drama film directed by Stephen Brown. It is based on the novel of the same name by John Banville, who also wrote the screenplay for the film. The film premiered in competition at the Edinburgh International Film Festival on 23 June 2013. The film had its North American premiere at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival.

Premise
The story of a man who returns to the sea where he spent his childhood summers in search of peace following the death of his wife.

Cast
 Rufus Sewell as Carlo Grace
 Natascha McElhone as Connie Grace
 Ciarán Hinds as Max Morden
 Sinéad Cusack as Anna Morden
 Bonnie Wright as Rose
 Charlotte Rampling as Miss Vavasour
 Ruth Bradley as Claire
 Karl Johnson as Blunden
 Mark Huberman as Jerome
 Missy Keating as Chloe
 Matthew Dillon as Young Max
 Amy Molloy as Shop Girl (Sadie)
 Stephen Cromwell as Young Tough (Mick)

Production
The producer of the film Luc Roeg said that "I've wanted to make a film of John Banville's haunting and soulful novel for several years and it's been worth the wait. I'm excited to introduce a new film maker, Stephen Brown, to world cinema and I couldn't be more delighted with the cast and crew we've assembled together with our producing partners at Samson Films."

Filming started in September 2012 and finished in January 2013.

Reception
The Sea premièred at the 2013 Edinburgh International Film Festival and received mixed reviews. Rating it at 7/10,the Screenkicker website said "intimate, superbly acted meditation on grief and abandonment that will make you think about how we cope with tragedy". Marc Adams, chief film critic of Screen Daily wrote, "the film's emotional still waters run deep and the film is gently watchable as a series of fine actors deliver nuanced and powerful performances." Guy Lodge of Variety wrote "This good, middlebrow adaptation of John Banville's Booker Prize-novel sacrifices structural intricacy for Masterpiece-style emotional accessibility." And added "Afforded the least, but most searing, screen time are Anna's final days, which economically imply longer-running problems in Max's marriage. In a uniformly strong cast, a superbly terse Cusack cuts that little bit deeper as a dying woman who understandably has no time for her husband's hovering pain."

Local response was less favourable. Niki Boyle of Film List, a Scottish web magazine, gave the film two out of five stars and said that "Hinds and Rampling are suitably low-key, and character actor Karl Johnson puts in a decent turn as a more poignant version of The Major from Fawlty Towers, but the whole thing feels utterly derivative, from the contrast between the muted-palette and light-saturated flashbacks, to the spare, mournful piano-and-violin score." Rob Dickie of "Sound on Sight", praised the performance of cast but criticise the pace and climax of the film by saying that " the pace is lethargic, there are no surprising revelations and the ending is horribly anticlimactic, meaning the strong performances and flashes of visual flair go to waste."

Ross Miller of Thoughts on Film gave it 1 out of 5 stars, saying that, "What could have been a fascinating and melancholic look at memory, regret and loss is actually a boring and monotonous character drama... a pretentious mess that's a chore to sit through." Emma Thrower of The Hollywood News also gave film a negative review by saying that "A frustrating blend of wooden and naturalistic, it is a surprise to realise author John Banville is responsible for a screenplay that often unfolds like an overblown television drama. Rufus Sewell and Bonnie Wright also suffer in these laborious and often unwelcome instagram-filtered interludes, Sewell an incongruous pantomime villain and Wright an underused but ultimately ineffective screen presence."

The Sea also served as the closing film at "25th Galway Film Fleadh", at 14 July 2013. IconCinema listed The Sea at its Top 200 most anticipated films of 2013.

Accolades

References

External links

2013 films
2013 drama films
British drama films
2010s English-language films
Films based on Irish novels
Films set in Ireland
Films shot in Ireland
Films with screenplays by John Banville
Irish drama films
Films scored by Andrew Hewitt
2010s British films

The Sea (2013 film)


Luiz Flávio Gomes (6 May 1957 – 1 April 2020) was a Brazilian jurist, professor and politician born in Sud Mennucci, São Paulo. As a member of the Socialist Party (PSB), he started his term in the Chamber of Deputies in February 2019, and died in office in 2020. He published more than 60 books, including O Jogo Sujo da Corrupção (2017). He founded Rede LFG and was a commentator on TV Cultura program Jornal da Cultura.

In September 2019, Gomes was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukaemia. He died on 1 April 2020 at a São Paulo hospital from complications from the disease. He was 62.

References

1957 births
2020 deaths
21st-century Brazilian politicians
Brazilian jurists
Brazilian Socialist Party politicians
Deaths from cancer in São Paulo (state)
Deaths from acute myeloid leukemia
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil) from São Paulo

Luiz Flávio Gomes


Satprem (30 October 1923 – 9 April 2007) was a French author and a disciple of Mirra Alfassa.

Early life
Satprem was born Bernard Enginger in Paris and had a seafaring childhood and youth in Brittany.

During World War II he was a member of the French Resistance (in the "Turma-Vengeance" network). He was arrested by the Gestapo in late 1943 and spent one and a half years in German concentration camps. Scarred by the experience, after the war he became interested in the existentialism of André Gide and André Malraux.

India, The Mother, and Agenda
He travelled to Egypt and then India, where he worked briefly as a civil servant in the French colonial administration of Pondicherry, on the Bay of Bengal.  There he discovered Sri Aurobindo and The Mother and their "new evolution". He resigned from the civil service, and went in search of adventure in French Guiana, where he spent a year in the Amazon (the setting for his first novel L'Orpailleur/The Gold Washer), with his copy of Sri Aurobindo's The Life Divine, then Brazil, and after that Africa.

In 1953, aged 30, he returned to India and Pondicherry to put himself at the service of The Mother and settled at the ashram. He taught a little at the ashram school, and was in charge of the French copy for the quarterly Bulletin of the Department of Physical Education which was The Mother's publication, and is still printed in English and French.  During this time he met his companion Sujata Nahar.

Enginger then sailed around the world, visiting the Congo, Brasília, Afghanistan, the Himalayas, and New Zealand, before once again returning to the ashram.

On 3 March 1957, The Mother gave him the name Satprem ("the one who loves truly").

Satprem remained restless and dissatisfied for some years, torn between his devotion to The Mother along with Sri Aurobindo's teachings, and his wanderlust, and in 1959 he again left the ashram.  He became the disciple of a Tantric lama, a priest of the temple at Rameswaram. Then as the disciple of another yogi he spent six months wandering around India as a mendicant sanyasi practicing Tantra, which formed the basis of his second novel, Par le Corps de la Terre, ou le Sanyassin (By the Body of the Earth or, The Sanyasi).

After this he returned again (as he put it, "the bird flew back once more" ), to the Pondicherry Ashram and The Mother, who started inviting him from time to time to her room, originally for work in connection with the Bulletin. As their relationship developed, he asked more questions, and eventually decided to record their conversations, taking a tape-recorder to her room. The result of this collaboration was the 13-volume The Agenda, the first of which covers 1951 to 1960 (and contains Satprem's letters to The Mother during his wandering days), and ends with the year 1973.

Perhaps ninety percent of The Agenda consists of The Mother's explanation of her inner and outer experiences, along with Satprem's comments and questions. A great deal of the conversation involved The Mother's discussions of her ongoing attempt to make the physical transformation; i.e. her quest to have the physical body open to what she believed was a spiritual Force, so illness and death could be overcome; not only for herself, but for all of humanity.

Also, as recorded in Agenda, there were also considerable discussions about disciples and visitors they interacted with, particularly their level of consciousness; about events occurring in the world, such as India's mini-war with China, her connection with Indira Gandhi, and the revolution amongst youth at the time, including the value of LSD; the ongoing plans for and development of Auroville; her startling past experiences as a child, and later as a painter and then as a disciple of occultist Max Theon; her many experiences with Sri Aurobindo, before and after his passing; her experiences with several of the Hindu Gods; her attempt to convert the Church to something higher; and countless other subjects and matters.

It is obvious from Agenda that The Mother had great affection for Satprem. She admired his intellect and understanding of Sri Aurobindo's teachings, and encouraged him in his sadhana, i.e. spiritual development. She also pointed out his deficiencies, including his "grumbler" nature and other wanting attitudes. Likewise, she always encouraged him as an author; often working together on his writings.

Under The Mother's guidance he wrote Sri Aurobindo, ou l'Aventure de la Conscience (Sri Aurobindo, or the Adventure of Consciousness), which became the most popular introductory book to Sri Aurobindo and The Mother (published 1964). In 1972 and 1973 he wrote, under The Mother's guidance, the essay La Genèse du Surhomme (On the Way to Supermanhood), which she regarded very highly. This was published in 1974.

Passing of The Mother
Satprem relates that on 19 May 1973, six months before The Mother's death, he was barred admission to her room,<ref>Satprem Mind of the Cells, 1982 p.200, and Agenda vol.13</ref> the beginning of a serious falling out between the Ashram leadership and himself. Moreover, Satprem and his followers believe there is evidence in the recorded audiotapes that The Mother did not actually die but rather entered a "cataleptic trance" or state of suspended animation in which there would not even be a detectable heartbeat. Satprem recorded a famous conversation between The Mother and Pranab which made Satprem conclude that several ashram sadhaks did not want The Mother to continue her life. However, Pranab has argued that on the contrary he was very much concerned about The Mother's health and that he had received precise instructions from her as to what to do when she appeared to have left her body. These instructions, he says, were exactly followed before she was buried in the second chamber of Sri Aurobindo's Samadhi in the Ashram courtyard under the Service tree, which she herself prepared after Sri Aurobindo's departure in December 1950.

Georges Van Vrekhem disagrees with Satprem's claim that The Mother's work was cut short in those last six months, and argues instead that she did indeed attain a Supramental body and what remained was the residue, like the empty cocoon of a caterpillar after it has become a butterfly

Writing and publishing
After The Mother's death, all of Satprem's correspondence from 1962 to 1973 with The Mother was confiscated, and he fled with the tapes of The Agenda to Auroville, where, at the age of 50, he edited the 13 volumes of The Agenda while at the same time writing the trilogy Mère (Mother) - Le Matérialisme Divin (The Divine Materialism), L'Espèce Nouvelle (The New Species), La Mutation de la Mort (The Mutation of Death) - both a biography of the Mother and his own analyses and commentary on The Agenda material.

Satprem became a rallying point for the community shocked by the attitude the ashram leaders had taken. His one-man revolt against the Ashram leadership began in 1974, and involved two issues. One was his wish to publish, unexpurgated, the entire transcript of his talks with the Mother. He saw the resistance of the ashram trustees and elders in this regard as symptomatic of the way they had directed the ashram from 1962 onwards. The other was his claim that under the current leadership the Yoga had become institutionalised and dogmatic, like the yogas of the past. For their part, the elders wished to publish the transcripts, but only in edited form.  And where Satprem saw conservatism and dogmatism, they saw a loyal commitment to their gurus to uphold the original truth of their teachings

During this time, Satprem was looked to by the French-speaking Aurovillians as the successor and inheritor of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother's work, and a number of radicals were drawn to him because of his revolt against the ashram elders

After numerous unsuccessful attempts to get the 13 volumes of The Agenda published by the ashram, Auroville, and Sri Aurobindo Society presses, Satprem founded the Institut de Recherches Évolutives (Institute for Evolutionary Research) in Paris in July 1977 as a non-profit organisation to do so."

Soon after, there was an allegation of an assassination attempt against him in August 1976, and in December 1977 (or 1978) the ashram trustees "expelled" him for "anti-ashram activities" as he attempted to publish The Agenda, and he became persona non grata in the ashram.  Satprem and Sujata left Puducherry in 1978.

In 1980 Satprem wrote Le Mental des Cellules (The Mind of the Cells), a synopsis and introduction of the whole of The Agenda, focusing on the Mother's attempt to make the cells responsive to a supramental force, so their inner programming could be altered so as not to automatically fall into illness, decay, and death–the ultimate physical goal of Sri Aurobindo's Integral (Purna) Yoga.

In 1982 all 13 volumes of The Agenda were published in French, and Satprem felt he had completed all his external work.  The following year, he and Sujata decided to withdraw completely from public life to devote themselves exclusively to Sri Aurobindo's and The Mother's work of the transformation of the cellular consciousness of the body and realisation of the new evolution, and the search for the "great passage" in the evolution beyond Man. The 1985 book La Vie sans Mort (Life without Death) is a follow-up to Mind of the Cells, co-written with Luc Venet, and provides a glimpse of Satprem in his post-Ashram life in this period.

After seven years, Satprem emerged and began producing a steady stream of books on his experiences, Sri Aurobindo and the Mother's teachings, and the future evolution of Man.  In 1989, he wrote La Révolte de la Terre (The Revolt of the Earth), in which he describes his years "digging" in the body.  This was followed in 1992 by Evolution II, where he asks "After Man, who? But the question is: After Man, how?"

In 1994 came his Lettres d'un Insoumis (Letters of a Rebel), two volumes of autobiographical correspondence.  In 1995, he wrote La Tragédie de la Terre - de Sophocle à Sri Aurobindo (The Tragedy of the Earth - from Sophocles to Sri Aurobindo), an urgent message for mankind to take action against the cycle of death.  This was followed in 1998 by La Clef des Contes (The Key of Tales), and in 1999 by "Néanderthal Regarde"("Neanderthal Looks On"), an essay on the betrayal of Man in India as in the West. In 2000 followed La Légende de l'Avenir (The Legend of the Future) and in 2002 Mémoires d'un Patagonien - Conte Préhistorique et Posthistorique (Memoires of a Patagonian - Prehistoric and Posthistoric Tale) and La Philosophie de l'Amour (The Philosophy of Love). In 2008, the IRE published his last book, L'Oiseau Doël (The Doël Bird).

In 1999, Satprem also started the publication of his Carnets d'un Apocalypse/Notebooks of an Apocalypse (in French, seven volumes published to date, in English only the first volume, 1973-1978, dealing with the years and his experiences immediately after the passing of The Mother), which records his work in the depths of the body consciousness.

Death
Satprem died on April 9, 2007, at the age of 83. His companion Sujata Nahar died after him on May 4, 2007.

Partial bibliography
 The Goldfinder (1964)
 Satprem (1964) (2000, 2nd edition) Sri Aurobindo or the Adventure of Consciousness  Mira Aditi, Mysore, & The Mother's Institute of Research, New Delhi
 Satprem (ed.) Mother's Agenda (1982) Institut de Recherches Evolutives, Paris, & Mira Aditi, Mysore (13 vol set)
 Satprem (1982, 1999) The Mind of the Cells  Institut de Recherches Evolutives, Paris, & Mira Aditi, Mysore
 Satprem (2002) On the Way to Supermanhood  Mira Aditi, Mysore, & The Mother's Institute of Research, New Delhi
 Satprem (1992), Evolution II Institut de Recherches Evolutives, Paris, & Mira Aditi, Mysore
 Satprem (1998), The Revolt of the Earth  Institut de Recherches Evolutives, Paris, & Mira Aditi, Mysore
 Satprem (1998), The Tragedy of the Earth Institut de Recherches Evolutives, Paris, & Mira Aditi, Mysore
 Satprem (1981), My Burning Heart, Ingram, Tennessee
 Notebooks of an Apocalypse (1973/2007) 24 volumes
 Veda and Human Destiny (1961)
 The Great Sense (1969)
 Sri Aurobindo and the Future of the Earth (1971)
 Neanderthal looks on (1999)
 The Philosophy of Love (2002)
 The Legend of Tomorrow (2000)

Notes

ReferencesMother's Agenda (1979-xxxx) (Engl. transl) Institute for Evolutionary Research, New York, NY (13 vol set)
David J. Lorenzo, Tradition and the Rhetoric of Right: Popular Political Argument in the Aurobindo Movement, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1999
Robert N. Minor, The Religious, the Spiritual, and the Secular: Auroville and Secular India, SUNY Press, 1998,
Satprem (1982) The Mind of the Cells  Institute for Evolutionary Research, New York, NY
Georges van Vrekhem, Beyond the Human Species Paragon House, St Paul, Minnesota, 1998  (first published in Dutch 1995)
Luc Venet (1985) Life without Death, Institute for Evolutionary Research, New York, NY
Elfi, Nicole (1998). Satprem, par un fil de lumière: Biographie. Paris: R. Laffont.
Akash Kapur (2021), Better To Have Gone. Love, death, and the quest for utopia in Auroville, New York, Scribner.

External links

 Agenda (with audiorecords by Satprem). Texts in French, English, German and Russian
 About Satprem; his workings (full texts); photos, video and audio
 Satprem as seen by Georges van Vrekhem in Beyond the Human Species'' Chapter 23 "Two Rooms" pages 370-373

1923 births
2007 deaths
Converts to Hinduism
French expatriates in Brazil
French expatriates in India
People of French India
New religious movements
Writers from Paris
Sri Aurobindo
20th-century translators
French Resistance members

Satprem


Augustus Young (born 1943 in Cork, Ireland) is an Irish poet.

Biography
Young worked in London as an epidemiologist and adviser to health authorities, and now lives in France. His first collections of poems, Survival (1969) and On Loaning Hill (1972), already manifested a departure from the 'reach for the shovel' tendency in Irish writing. Since then he has regularly published collections of poems, including Danta Gradha: Love Poems from the Irish (1975, 1980), the three-part extended verse work The Credit (1980/1986) and Lampion and His Bandits: Literature of the Cordel in Brazil (1994). This period is covered in detail in The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature (1996).

More recent poetry publications include Diversifications (2009), a revised edition of Rosemaries (2009, first edition 1976), Days and Nights in Hendon (2002) and Lightning in Low Places (2000). He has also published many scientific papers.

The widely acclaimed autofiction Light Years (2002), his first full-length work in prose, was followed by Storytime (2005) and The Secret Gloss: A Film Play on the Life and Work of Soren Kierkegaard (2009). His most recent full work in prose is The Nicotine Cat and Other People (2009).

Augustus Young's poems and prose appear in anthologies and periodicals in
Ireland, America and the United Kingdom and international online reviews (Cyphers, Sniper Logic, Books Ireland, London Magazine, Hopscotch, Modern Poetry in Translation, Leviathan Quarterly, Arete, Ars Interpres, Stand, An Sionnach, New Hibernia
Review, Temporel, Golden Handcuffs, Carte Allineate etc.).

There is a regular webzine  of new and unpublished work.

References

External links
 Official site

Irish male poets
1943 births
Living people
Writers from County Cork
20th-century Irish poets
21st-century Irish poets

Augustus Young


Joachim Busse (born 10 March 1954) is a retired West German long jumper.

He finished sixth at the 1975 European Indoor Championships, won the bronze medal at the 1976 European Indoor Championships, finished fifth at the 1980 European Indoor Championships and also at the 1981 European Indoor Championships .

He became West German champion in 1975, 1981 and 1984, representing the sports clubs Bayer 05 Uerdingen, LG Bayer Leverkusen and ASV Köln.

His personal best jump was 8.12 metres, achieved in July 1981 in Gelsenkirchen.

References

1954 births
Living people
West German male long jumpers
Bayer 05 Uerdingen athletes
LG Bayer Leverkusen athletes
ASV Köln athletes

Joachim Busse