Eliezer Peri () born Eliezer Wilder-Frei; 2 February 1902 – 1 December 1970, was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Mapam between 1949 and 1955.

Biography
Born in the village of Surochów, near Jarosław, in the Kingdom of Galicia (today in Poland), Peri helped establish a Jewish High School in Lviv, and was one of its first graduates. He joined the Hashomer Hatzair youth group, becoming a member of its leadership and, in 1920, its secretary. Between 1922 and 1925 he studied law and humanities at a teachers' seminary. In 1924 he helped establish the World Federation of Hashomer Hatzair.

In 1926, he made aliyah to Mandatory Palestine. In 1929, he became a member of Haifa Workers Council. Amongst the founders of HaKibbutz HaArtzi, he also helped establish kibbutz Merhavia in 1929. In 1930, he started work as an emissary of the Histadrut trade union and Hashomer Hatzair in Europe. Between 1933 and 1949 he served on the Histadrut's council and executive committee.

In 1943, he helped establish the Mishmar newspaper (which later became Al HaMishmar), and was one of its first editors. The following year he became a member of the Assembly of Representatives. In 1948, he helped establish Mapam, and was amongst the party's leadership. On several occasions, as editor of Al HaMishmar, he received letters from soldiers about the Israeli army killing civilians. In early June 1948 he received an account of an old woman and a child being shot; on 8 November he received a detailed description of events at Al Dawayima. This led to the issue being raised in the Mapam Political Committee and from there to the cabinet. The subsequent official inquiry, headed by Shimshon Schapira, remains classified and secret. He was elected to the Knesset on the party's list in 1949, and in August 1949 was involved, for the first time in public, in a short debate about the expulsion of Arabs. He was re-elected in 1951, but lost his seat in the 1955 elections, and in 1969 he left Mapam in protest at its alliance with the Labor Party, joining Ya'akov Riftin's Independent Socialist Zionist Union, which ran unsuccessfully in elections for the Histadrut. He died the following year.

References

External links

1902 births
1970 deaths
People from Jarosław County
Jewish socialists
Polish emigrants to Israel
Polish Zionists
Hashomer Hatzair members
20th-century Israeli Jews
Members of the Assembly of Representatives (Mandatory Palestine)
Mapam politicians
Members of the 1st Knesset (1949–1951)
Members of the 2nd Knesset (1951–1955)

Eliezer Peri


William Hawkins (October 10, 1777May 17, 1819) was the 17th Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1811 to 1814.

Early life and education
William Hawkins was born at his family plantation, called Pleasant Hill, in what is today Vance County, North Carolina; he was one of twelve children born by his mother Lucy Davis Hawkins. His father, Philemon Hawkins III, was a planter and member of the North Carolina General Assembly. As a young man, Hawkins studied law in North Carolina under Judge John Williams and at Princeton University.

Career
Hawkins worked for two years in Georgia with the Creek people as an Indian agent under his uncle, Benjamin Hawkins, US Supervisor of Southeast Indian tribes. After that, he returned to North Carolina to practice law. In 1801, he was assigned by Gov. James Turner to settle a dispute and arrange a settlement with those Tuscarora Indians remaining in Bertie County, North Carolina. (The great majority of the tribe had migrated to New York state by 1722, where they settled with the Oneida people of the Iroquois Confederacy.)

In 1804, Hawkins was elected to the North Carolina House of Commons from Warren County and served a single term. In 1809, he was elected as a representative from Granville County; he served until 1811. From 1810 to 1811, he was Speaker of the House.

In December 1811, Hawkins was elected as Governor of North Carolina by the General Assembly. He served the constitutional limit of three terms, which coincided with the duration of the War of 1812 through 1814. During the war, he supported the military efforts of the federal government and assisted in raising a volunteer militia of 7,000 troops.

Hawkins retired from politics after the end of his term as governor, except for one term in the House of Commons in 1817. He died in 1819 and is buried in Sparta, Georgia.

Personal life
After getting started at work, Hawkins in 1803 married Anne Swepson Boyd of Mecklenburg County, Virginia. They had six children together.

Notes

External links
North Carolina Historical Marker

1777 births
1819 deaths
People from Vance County, North Carolina
North Carolina Democratic-Republicans
Governors of North Carolina
Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
Democratic-Republican Party state governors of the United States

William Hawkins (governor)


Pietro Nardini (12 April 1722 – 7 May 1793) was an Italian composer and violinist, a transitional musician who worked in both the Baroque and Classical era traditions.

Life
Nardini was born in Livorno and at the age of 12 became a pupil of Giuseppe Tartini in Padua. In 1740 he moved to Lucca. He was invited to the court of Maria Theresa in Vienna more than once. In 1762 he moved to Stuttgart, where he joined the court of Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg and performed at his summer residence Ludwigsburg Palace. He was appointed conductor, succeeding Niccolò Jommelli. In 1765 he traveled to the courts of Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Prince Francis Xavier of Saxony. In 1770 he moved back to Italy to assist the suffering Tartini. The next year he became Kapellmeister, succeeding Carlo Antonio Campioni in Florence. The rest of his life he stayed at the court of Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, but performed in Napels, Pisa and Rome.

As a friend of Leopold Mozart, he witnessed the arrival of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart on his first visit to Italy and his attempts to find a sustainable position in 1770–1771. He also met the Bohemian composer Václav Pichl, Kapellmeister to Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este, governor of Lombardy. In 1778 he was invited by Catherine the Great.

Nardini is mentioned in English writer Hester Lynch Piozzi's Observations and Reflections Made in the Course of a Journey Through France, Italy, and Germany (1789) as playing a solo at a concert Mrs Piozzi and her husband, Gabriele Piozzi, gave in Florence in July 1785.

Though Nardini was not a prolific composer, his works are known for their sentimental but melodious tunes and usefulness in technical studies. Among the best known are the Sonata in D major and the Concerto in E minor.

He was a teacher to many students: Bartolomeo Campagnoli, , Thomas Linley the younger,  and perhaps  Giuseppe Cambini and Gaetano Brunetti. Nardini died in Florence on 7 May 1793, aged 71.

Recordings
Overtures and Flute Concertos, Auser Musici, Carlo Ipata, director, Agorà Musica AG 157.1 (2002)

Nardini's Concerto per Violino in mi minore (Violin Concerto in E minor), was recorded by Pinchas Zukerman, violin, and members of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, on CBS Masterworks, in the 1970s, now available in "Vivaldi, Nardini & Viotti: Italian Violin Concertos", ETERNA 2009.

A Concerto for Violin in F major, Op. 1, No. 3 was performed on a Stradivarius violin by Andrea Cappelletti with the European Community Chamber Orchestra in 1992.  The recording was released in 1998 on Koch Schwann Musica Mundi 3-8711-2 under the title, Tribute to Stradivarius: Virtuoso Violin Concertos.

A Violin Concerto in E minor performed by Mischa Elman and the Chamber Orchestra of the Vienna State Opera, Vladimir Golschmann conducting, was digitally remastered and appeared in 1993 on Vanguard Classics OVC 8033 as part of The Mischa Elman Collection.

Four violin concertos (in C major, G major, D major, and A major) were recorded in 2001, featuring Mauro Rossi as performer and conductor, on Dynamic CDS392.

His Six String Quartets are performed by Quartetto Eleusi on Brilliant Classics.

The ensemble Ardi Cor Mio performed four violin sonatas from manuscripts in various European museums and recorded them in 2007 on Tactus TC 721401.

Henryk Szeryng plays Nardini, Vieuxtemps, Ravel & Schumann. Violin Concerto in E minor. SWR Sinfonieorchester, Hans Rosbaud.

Ensemble Alraune recorded the duets for two violas on NovAntiqua Records.

The Austrian Eduard Melkus recorded the Violin Concerto in E-flat major with the Capella Academica, Vienna, conducted by August Wenzinger on Archiv Produktion 198370 in February 1966.

References

External links

 "Nardini, Pietr", Tesori Musicali Toscani, Auser Musici (in Italian)

Italian male classical composers
Italian Classical-period composers
Italian classical violinists
Male classical violinists
Pupils of Giuseppe Tartini
1722 births
1793 deaths
18th-century Italian composers
18th-century Italian male musicians

Pietro Nardini


The Human Rights Code is a statute in the Canadian province of Ontario that guarantees equality before the law and prohibits discrimination in specific social areas such as housing or employment. The code's goal specifically prohibits discrimination based on race, colour, gender identity or expression, sex, sexual orientation, disability, creed, age and other grounds. The code is administered by the Ontario Human Rights Commission and enforced by the Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario.

History
The Human Rights Code was the first law of its kind in Canada. It replaced various laws that dealt with different kinds of discrimination. The code brought them together into one law and added some new protections. The code came into force on June 15, 1962. June 15 was chosen as the proclamation date for the code because it was the 747th anniversary of the signing of the Magna Carta.

The code replaced the province's existing anti-discrimination legislation, including:
 Fair Employment Practices Act, 1951 which prohibited discrimination based on race and religion in employment;
 Female Employee's Fair Remuneration Act, 1951 which prohibited an employer from paying a female employee less money for the same work done by a man in the same establishment
 Fair Accommodation Practices Act, 1954 which prohibited discrimination in public places on racial, religious or ethnic grounds;
 Ontario Anti-Discrimination Commission Act, 1958 which created a commission to administer the above acts and develop educational programs;

At the same time that the Ontario Human Rights Commission was created, the government of the day, led by Premier Leslie Frost introduced an amendment to the Fair Accommodation Practices Act to prohibit discrimination because of race, colour or creed in the renting of apartments in buildings which contain more than six units.

The Human Rights Commission led an extensive review of the Code in the mid-1970s, culminating in a report titled Life Together: A Report on Human Rights in Ontario. Some of the report's recommendations were adopted in the Ontario Human Rights Code, 1981, which passed in December 1981.

Grounds
The code prohibits discrimination on the grounds of race, ancestry, place of origin, colour, ethnic origin, citizenship, creed, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, age, marital status, family status, disability, the receipt of public assistance (housing only), record of offences (employment only), or by association with a person identified by any of those grounds.

The most recent amendment to this list was on June 19, 2012, to add gender identity and gender expression to the list of prohibited grounds.

Administration
The Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario (HRTO) is the administrative, quasi-judicial tribunal tasked with hearing complaints that the code has been violated. It has the power to grant damages and specific performance to remedy discriminatory acts. The HRTO is subject to judicial review by the Divisional Court of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice.

Before June 30, 2008, human rights complaints were filed with the Ontario Human Rights Commission (OHRC), which investigated claims of discrimination.  Since June 30, 2008, claims of discrimination are filed directly with the HRTO, leaving the OHRC to concentrate its resources on systemic discrimination, public education and policy development.

Content
The code is divided into an introductory section, or "preamble", followed by seven parts.
Part I sets out basic rights and responsibilities.
Part II explains how the code is interpreted and applied.
Part III explains the role and structure of the Ontario Human Rights Commission (OHRC).
Part IV explains the role and structure of the Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario (HRTO).
Part IV.1 establishes the Human Rights Legal Support Centre (HRLSC) and sets out its governance.
Part V deals with general matters such as the power to make regulations and sets out that the Human Rights Code has primacy over other provincial legislation (section 47(2)).
Part VI of the code deals with the transition from the "old" system, where complaints were investigated by the Ontario Human Rights Commission to the "new" system (which took effect on June 30, 2008) where applications are now filed directly with the Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario without any investigation.

Application
The code does not apply to federally regulated activities, such as banking, intra-provincial transportation, aeronautics and telecommunications, which are subject to the Canadian Human Rights Act. According to HRTO adjudicator, the Code only protects people with protected grounds from not being discriminated. The victim has the burden to prove the discrimination is due to his/her protected grounds. The HRTO stated it that it had no jurisdiction to ordinary people human rights abuse complaint. People disagree with HRTO think the principle and intention of the Human Rights Code (Ontario) are to protect public, not just people with protected grounds from human rights abuse.

See also
Human Rights Legal Support Centre
Ontario Human Rights Commission
Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario
Canadian Human Rights Act
Human Rights Code (British Columbia)
Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
Saskatchewan Bill of Rights
Human rights in Canada

References

External links

Ontario Human Rights Code (full text)
Ontario Human Rights Code at the Ontario Human Rights Commission

Ontario provincial legislation
Human rights legislation in Canada
1962 in Ontario
1962 in Canadian law

Human Rights Code (Ontario)


Kami is a 2008 Malaysian Malay-language  drama film directed by Effendee Mazlan and Fariza Azlina Isahak. It was first released on 1 October 2008. The story revolves around the ups and downs of the life of five teenagers and how they cope with their surroundings.

Plot

The film begins following the finale of the TV series which revolves around a group of five teenagers from different backgrounds and how they cope with everyday struggles of growing up in the big city of Kuala Lumpur which struggles to remain conservative in the progressive 21st century. Abu runs away from the Henry Gurney School juvenile facility after getting into a fight with other inmates. He is then reunited with his four best friends, Ali, Lynn, Addi and Sophie who are celebrating the completion of their Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia public examination that marks the end of their school careers.

The five of them spend their last few weeks together before they each move on to their separate adult lives. Lynn introduces Abu to a book called 'The Traumas of Utopia.' Fascinated by its poetry, Abu steals a copy from the public library. He also stays at Ali's place for awhile since he is not yet prepared to face his parents. Eventually, Abu goes home to visit his dotting mother but flees after coming face to face with his disciplinarian father. Abu is estranged from his father, who keeps comparing him to his dead elder brother, who was an overachiever that made their parents proud.

Meanwhile, Abu's friends have struggles of their own as well. Unknown to anyone, Abu's brother was Addi's chat buddy named Vanilla Ice with whom she was falling in love with. Not realizing that he has been murdered, Addi is still looking for closure ever since her chat buddy disappeared. Abu tries to help her by introducing her to a middle-aged man pretending to be Vanilla Ice. Sophie's socialite mother is left by at the altar by her fiance, Jamal. Fearing that her daughter will leave her too, she hides Sophie's acceptance letter from a foreign university in order to keep her close. Lynn, who writes comics under the pseudonym Teka-Teki, decides to stop publishing her popular fanzine series, KAMI. Instead, she starts writing reviews for a local magazine. She ends up writing an unfavourable review on an up-and-coming indie band called The Disasters, which Ali is secretly a member of. Apart from his struggling band and his dreadful desk job at a tour agency, Ali is faced with his parents impending divorce and turns to drugs for comfort.

Later that weekend, the five friends attend a mini-concert to cool off some steam. Lynn bumps into Boy, a drug dealer who she once sold drugs for before she moved to the city from Hulu Selangor. A fight breaks out when Ali and Abu try to help Lynn avoid Boy and his minions. A few days later, Boy once again confronts Lynn but Ali intervenes by paying off her debts for her. Lynn is offended by Ali's interference and warns him not to get involved in her life anymore. On the other hand, Boy is angered by the wealthy Ali's arrogance and swears to get revenge.

A desperate Ali contacts Razak, a pusher to get some ecstasy pills. However, his phone call is answered by Boy, who instructs him to meet one of his subordinates to get the drugs. Boy then threatens Lynn into meeting a new customer to provide him with the drugs. In a twist of events, the subordinate Ali is supposed to meet turns out to be Lynn and the new customer she was instructed to meet is Ali. The two friends are shocked to learn each other's secret.

Following a disastrous performance by The Disasters, Ali tries to leave as he cannot focus on his performance due to all his personal problems. Boy shows up at the scene and tries to stab Ali in the back. However, Abu ends up getting stabbed while trying to push his friend out of the way. His friends rush him to the hospital in Ali's car but he dies.

A few days after Abu's funeral, Lynn notices he had left his bag at her mother's food stall. In it she finds a letter addressed to Addi which explains the disappearance of Vanilla Ice. Lynn sends the letter to Addi, who finally gets the closure she has been looking for all this time.

In the end, Ali leaves his job at the tour agency and joins The Disasters as a full-time member. Sophie eventually finds her acceptance letter and decides to further her studies at the university. Ali finds the book Abu stole in the backseat of his car. While visiting Lynn to mend their friendship, they find a note in the book written by Abu. He wrote, "Life is a bitch, but there's still tomorrow." The two friends then contemplate the meaning of Abu's words on their uncertain futures.

Cast
 Liyana Jasmay as Lynn
 Syarul Ezani Mohamed Ezzuddeen as Ali
 Juliana Evans as Sofie
 Nas-T as Abu
 Ani Zayanah Ibrahim as Adii
 Zahiril Adzim as Boy
 Beto Kusyairy as Haron
 Rozie Rashid as Lynn's mother
 Mustapha Kamal as Ali's father
 Norish Karman as Ali's mother
 Susan Manen as Sofie's mother
 Fathil Dani as Abu's father
 Dian P. Ramlee as Abu's mother
 Jean Marville as Ali's brother
 Mathis Varotsi as Abu's brother
 Victor Barc as Sofie's uncle
 Thibault Barriere as Lynn's father

Production
According to Lina Tan, the Executive Director of Red Films Sdn Bhd, the film which is targeted at teenagers is about "a commercial film which revolves around teenagers' conflicts and their reactions in determining their future."

The catch phrase of this film is "Hidup ini memang palat, tapi esok masih ada." The word "palat" has been featured in the promotion materials that are included in KAMI: Vol II soundtrack, as well as in the official website. However, the word has been eliminated from the further promotion materials as well as from the dialogues in the film since it was considered as a vulgar word.

This film marks the first attempt of Effendee Mazlan as the director of a commercial film, as well as Fariza Azlina Isahak, who has written the script for the first time. Among the companies that were involved in the making of this film was Hotlink and Monkey Bone Records.

Release
Kami was released to 43 cinemas across Malaysia on the first day of Hari Raya, and had a tight competition with Senario The Movie: Episode 1 which was released at the same day. Although it was predicted that it would not be able to compete with Senario The Movie, it went to raise RM1.4 million in the first two weeks of screening and it managed to avoid the possibility of massive loss.

Critical reception
Initial critical reception to Kami was generally positive reviews.

Izuan Shah from Gua.com said that "the premise of this film is very simple and interesting to grasp the attention of modern teenagers", giving the movie a rating of 8 out of 10. His compliment went to Nas Muammar who "commanded the character Abu convincingly with his natural talent" as well as Zahiril "who has the potential of a newcomer".

Nurulhisham Abdul Latiff from Berita Harian complimented all the casts for their successful performance, especially Liyana Jasmay, Nas Muammar and Zahiril. However, she further commented that "the recording style of this film is unsuitable for some audience" but "it was a fine job afterall.

Soundtrack
 Meet Uncle Hussain - Pari-pari di Bawah Angin
 Laila's Lounge - Mawar Khayalan
 Harmacy - Riuh
 Dragon Red - K.A.M.I (Kerana Aku Masih Ingat)
 Couple - Hey Now!
 Meor - Hari Hari Autistik
 Twickheads - Guris
 Telebury - Stars Belong to Us
 Love Me Butch - This is Our Year
 Sharidir - Kamu
 Bittersweet - Going Into the Black Hole
 Koffin Kanser - Berong
 The Aggrobeats - We Got Soul
 They Will Kill Us All - Secret Episodes
 Butterfingers - 1000 Tahun

References

External links

2008 films
2000s teen drama films
Malay-language films
Malaysian drama films
Malaysian teen films
Grand Brilliance films
2008 drama films

Kami (2008 film)


The 1923 Daimler Airway de Havilland DH.34 crash occurred on 14 September 1923 when a de Havilland DH.34 of Daimler Airway operating a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Croydon to Manchester crashed at Ivinghoe, Buckinghamshire, England, killing all five people on board.

Aircraft
The accident aircraft was de Havilland DH.34 G-EBBS, c/n 29. It had entered service with Daimler Hire Limited on 6 March 1922.

Accident
The flight was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Croydon to Manchester. It was also reported to be carrying mail, although this was later denied by the General Post Office. While flying over Buckinghamshire, a storm was encountered. Witnesses stated that an engine stopped, but was then restarted. It appeared to them that an emergency landing was going to be made at Ford End, Ivinghoe when the aircraft dived to the ground and crashed at Ivinghoe. The accident happened at about 18:05. The wreckage came to rest upside down, with both crew and all three passengers being killed. One witness reported hearing a violent explosion, but was not sure whether this was before the aircraft crashed or as a result of the crash.

Villagers extricated the victims from the wreckage. The deceased were taken to Ivinghoe Town Hall pending an inquest by the coroner. As a result of the crash, Daimler Airway temporarily suspended their service between Croydon and Manchester, due to having no aircraft to operate it.

The inquest opened on 17 September at Ivinghoe Town Hall. Evidence was given that the pilot was experienced, having flown for 755 hours, and that the aircraft was airworthy on departure from Croydon. It was carrying an adequate supply of fuel, having departed Croydon with  of fuel against an estimated consumption of around . The aircraft could carry eight passengers, but as only three were on board  of ballast was carried, as well as a quantity of mail. Witnesses reported that the aircraft stalled before crashing. The inquest was adjourned until 24 September.

At the resumed inquest, further evidence was given in respect of the ballast, which comprised a sack of sand weighing  and a large stone weighing about . It was stated that the ballast was packed in such a way that it would not have moved in flight. The jury returned a verdict of "Accidental death" on all five victims. They agreed with the Coroner's suggestion that reports on investigations into aircraft accidents should be made available to the public, as was then the case with reports into railway accidents. This was something that The Times had called for in its issue of 19 September 1923, citing this accident and one that had occurred the previous month at East Malling, Kent.

Investigation
An investigation was opened into the accident by the Accidents Investigation Branch of the Air Ministry, with Major Cooper in charge. The investigation concluded that the accident was caused by pilot error. The aircraft had stalled while a precautionary landing was being attempted.

References

Aviation accidents and incidents in 1923
Aviation accidents and incidents in England
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
1923 in England
History of Buckinghamshire
Transport in Buckinghamshire
20th century in Buckinghamshire
1923 disasters in the United Kingdom
Airliner accidents and incidents in the United Kingdom


A revolving door is a way to enter or exit  a building.  In a revolving door, several panels are fixed on a central axis. The panel can then be rotated to enter or exit the building. Buildings are usually fitted with revolving doors to save energy: Revolving doors can be made to hinder airflow. This means that less heat is lost. The first to develop revolving doors was  H. Bockhacker. In 1881, he registered a patent in Germany for a "door without airflow". Theophilus Van Kannel registered a patent for what he called "storm door", in 1888.

Revolving doors also have problems: Once they start spinning, they force the people to keep a certain walking speed. People who cannot keep up the walking speed may fall and hurt themselves. People in a wheelchair cannot use revolving doors. The same probably applies to blind people. Revolving doors cannot be used in an emergency: They cannot be passed at a fast speed. For all these reasons, many countries have rules that buildings must also have other doors. In hotels and public buildings, is usual to find "push" doors either side of a revolving door.

Turnstiles
Turnstile exit-only doors are often used at large sports stadia (stadiums), theme parks, and other such venues. They let people exit freely, but stop entry without payment. These doors usually work mechanically, with the door panels constructed of horizontal bars which pass through a "wall" of interlacing (interdigitated) bars. This blocks people from entering illegally through the exit.

References

Doors
Gates

Revolving door


Warszewiczia coccinea (or chaconia, wild poinsettia and pride of Trinidad and Tobago) is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is the national flower of Trinidad and Tobago because it blooms on 31 August, which coincides with the day that Trinidad and Tobago became independent from the United Kingdom.

This small, evergreen ornamental tree is remarkable for its inflorescence with bright red bracts and inconspicuous yellow petals.

The anise-odored roots are said to exhibit aphrodisiac properties.

A cultivar, the double chaconia, which has a double row of bracts, is the more widely cultivated form. This plant originates from cuttings taken from a wild plant found growing along a roadside. Since propagation from seed has not yet been successful, all double chaconias have been propagated by cuttings from this individual.

References

External links

 World Checklist of Rubiaceae
 News.gov.tt: The National Flower

Rondeletieae
Flora of the Caribbean
National symbols of Trinidad and Tobago
Flora of Central America
Flora of Southern America
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Warszewiczia coccinea


Countess Louise Juliane of Erbach (1603 at  near Michelstadt – 28 September 1670 in Friedewald) was a German regent; Countess of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn by marriage to Ernest of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn, she acted temporarily as regent of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn.  She is remembered as the title character of the novel Die Gräfin von Sayn ("The Countess of Sayn") by Karl Ramseger-Mühle.

Biography
Countess Louise Juliane of Erbach was born in 1603 as the daughter of Count George III and his wife, Maria of Barby-Mühlingen.  She married Count Ernest of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn in January 1624, shortly after he had inherited the County.  He was the son of Count William III of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn, who had reunited the two lines of Sayn by marrying Anna Elisabeth of Sayn.  William III had three more sons from his second marriage to Anna-Ottilie of Nassau-Weilburg, who would dispute the inheritance after Juliane's son Louis died in 1636.

The young couple chose the castle in Hachenburg as their residence. They had six children; however, three of their five daughters died at a young age.

During the Thirty Years' War, Ernest served in the army and Louise Juliane led the county's government.  In 1632, they travelled to Frankfurt, to ask King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden to help their beleaguered country.  However, Ernest died there, aged 32.  In his will, he left the county to his son Louis and made Louise Juliane his guardian and regent while he was still underage.  In case he would die prematurely, the two remaining daughters would inherit the county.

Louise Juliane took up the regency and held that this prevented her from remarrying.  She administered the county skillfully.  In 1636, her son Louis died, almost seven years old.  With his death, the male line of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn died out.  Louis Albert, one of her late husband's half-brothers, forced her to transfer the county to him and his two brothers, disregarding Ernest's will.  Two months later, Louise Juliane rescinded her consent to this transfer. Count Christian, Louis Albert's youngest brother then besieged Altenkirchen and the Electorate of Mainz besieged Hachenburg.  Hachenburg had to surrender when the food ran out and Louise Juliane and her daughters fled to Freusburg.  When the Electorate of Trier prepared to besiege Freusburg, she fled to Friedewald, where she found safety.  Louise Juliane sued her in-laws before the Reichskammergericht and before the Emperor.  She sent her councillors to Münster and Osnabrück where the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 was being negotiated.  The rights of her daughters were recognized and, with Swedish assistance, one part of the county after the other was returned to her.

In 1652, she handed over the County of Sayn to her daughters, who divided it into Sayn-Wittgenstein-Altenkirchen and Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hachenburg.  Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hachenburg was given to Ernestine, who was married to Count Salentin Ernest of Manderscheid-Blankenheim. It was held by the Counts of Manderscheid for several generations, then inherited by the Burgraves of Kirchberg and in 1799 by Nassau-Weilburg.  Sayn-Altenkirchen was given to Johannetta.  Via her second husband, John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach, it went to the younger line of Saxe-Eisenach.  After that line died out in 1741, Sayn-Altenkirchen fell to Brandenburg-Ansbach.  In 1791, it was given to Prussia and in 1802 to Nassau-Usingen.

Louise Juliane died on 16 September 1670 in Friedewald.  She was buried beside her husband and her son in the crypt of the castle church in Hachenburg.

Marriage and issue
From her marriage to Ernest, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn (26 August 1594 – 22 May 1632), she had six children:
 Ernestine Salentine (23 April 1626 – 13 October 1661), married Count Salentin Ernest of Manderscheid-Blankenheim (1630 – 1705).
 Charlotte (1627 – 1629).
 Louis, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn (8 September 1628 – 16 July 1636).
 Louise (born and died 10 August 1629).
 Maria Elisabeth (24 December 1630 – 7 December 1631).
 Johannette (27 August 1632 – 28 September 1701), married firstly in 1647 to Landgrave John of Hesse-Braubach (1609 – 1651) and secondly in 1661 to Duke John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach (1634 – 1686). Her daughter by her second husband, Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach, was the mother of the Queen consort Caroline of Ansbach.

References
 Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon, Leipzig, 14th ed., 1908.
 Hildegard Sayn: Louise Juliane von Sayn, in: Lebensbilder aus dem Kreise Altenkirchen, Altenkirchen, 1975
 Karl Ramseger-Mühle: Die Gräfin von Sayn, historical novel, Emons, March 2004,

External links
 History of the House of Sayn
 "The starving countess"

1603 births
1670 deaths
17th-century German people
17th-century German women
17th-century women rulers
Countesses in Germany
House of Erbach
Regents of Germany

Louise Juliane of Erbach


A transfusion transmitted infection (TTI) is a virus, parasite, or other potential pathogen that can be transmitted in donated blood through a transfusion to a recipient.  The term is usually limited to known pathogens, but also sometimes includes agents such as Simian foamy virus which are not known to cause disease.

Preventing the spread of these diseases by blood transfusion is addressed in several ways.  In many cases, the blood is tested for the pathogen, sometimes with several different methodologies.  Donors of blood are also screened for signs and symptoms of disease and for activities that might put them at risk for infection.  If a local supply is not safe, blood may be imported from other areas.  Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leads to the best known of the transfusion transmitted diseases, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Blood that is processed into medications by fractionation is treated in a multi-step process called pathogen inactivation that is analogous to pasteurization: it destroys most viruses and bacteria in the blood.  Donors are still screened and tested.

Viruses
Many of these viruses are controlled through laboratory screening tests.  These fall into three basic varieties: antibody tests, nucleic acid tests (NAT), and surrogate tests.  Antibody tests look for the immune system's response to the infection.  Nucleic acid tests look for the genetic material of the virus itself.  The third variety are tests that are not specific to the disease but look for other related conditions.

High risk activities for transfusion transmitted infections vary, and the amount of caution used for screening donors varies based on how dangerous the disease is.  Most of the viral diseases are spread by either sexual contact or by contact with blood, usually either drug use, accidental needle injuries among health care workers, unsterilized tattoo and body piercing equipment, or through a blood transfusion or transplant.  Other vectors exist.

Whether a donor is considered to be at "too high" of a risk for a disease to be allowed to donate is sometimes controversial, especially for sexual contact.  High risk sexual activity usually includes:
 Sex in exchange for money or drugs.
 Men who have sex with men, the most controversial criterion.
 A recent history of sexually transmitted disease.
 Sex with a person who has had a positive test or was at high risk for a disease that can be spread in blood transfusions.

HIV

The virus that causes AIDS is the best known of the transfusion-transmitted infections because of high-profile cases such as Ryan White, a haemophiliac who was infected through factor VIII, a blood-derived medicine used to treat the disease. Another person who died of medically acquired HIV/AIDS was Damon Courtenay, who died in 1991 due to a bad batch of factor VIII.

The standard test for HIV is an enzyme immunoassay test that reacts with antibodies to the virus.  This test has a window period where a person will be infected but not yet have an immune response.  Other tests are used to look for donors during this period, specifically the p24 antigen test and nucleic acid testing.

In addition to the general risk criteria for viruses, blood donors are sometimes excluded if they have lived in certain parts of Africa where subtypes of HIV that are not reliably detected on some tests are found, specifically HIV group O.  People who have been in prison for extended periods are also excluded for HIV risk.

Hepatitis A
 Not a major concern, viremic donors are often obviously ill, not a chronic disease.
 Recipients of blood-derived clotting factor concentrates have become ill with Hepatitis A, but there are no documented cases of the disease being transmitted in transfused blood.

Hepatitis B
 The first virus routinely screened in blood donations.
 Delta agent not screened for, since it is a superinfection of Hepatitis B and cannot exist alone.

Hepatitis C
 Often silent infection
 Most likely significant TTI in developed countries

Alanine transaminase (ALT)
 Used as a surrogate for other Hepatitis testing, losing favor now that HCV tests have improved

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV I/II)
 "HTLV III"

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
 Not relevant unless recipient's immune system is compromised (i.e. infants).

West Nile virus
 is Japanese encephalitis a possible TTI?
 Pool vs. individual testing.

Simian foamy virus (SFV)
 Not known to cause disease, recent studies

SARS
 Donors screened
 No demonstrated transmission, hypothetical risk
 No resurgence of disease

Parasites and specific bacteria

Malaria (Plasmodia spp.)
 Tests exist, but they're not very good.
 Endemic in many areas of the world.
 Only relevant for red blood cell transfusions.

Babesiosis
Babesia microti is transmitted by ixodes ticks and causes babesiosis. Transfusion-associated babesiosis has been documented.

Chagas disease
 New test in use

Leishmaniasis
 Donors screened, problem for donors who have been to Iraq.

Syphilis
 Does not survive at refrigerated temperatures
 Used as test for high-risk sexual behavior

Lyme disease
 No cases have been reported, but the CDC urges caution due to a theoretical risk.

Other bacteria

Skin flora

Bacteremia and platelets
 Testing
 Part of the reason that platelet shelf life is so short

Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD)
 "Mad Cow"
 UK imported plasma for transfusion

See also
 Osborn v. Irwin Memorial Blood Bank

References

External links
  AABB list of TTIs.

Transfusion medicine

Transfusion transmitted infection


Transfection is the process of deliberately introducing DNA or RNA into cells. The word is formed from
transformation and infection.
The term is used for:
Transformation of bacterial cells with viral nucleic acids
Transformation of animals cells in tissue culture with purified DNA. The DNA is added to the cells' genome.
Transformation of cells or embryos with single or double-stranded RNA. This causes the building of particular proteins, or the silencing of particular genes.
Gene therapy using a modified virus as a vector.

Transfection can result in unexpected morphologies and abnormalities in target cells. Transfection with RNA molecules produces changes which cannot be permanently transmitted down a line of cells.

DNA constructs
A DNA construct is an artificially constructed bit of nucleic acid which is going to be 'transplanted' into a target tissue or cell. It may include a DNA insert, which contains the gene sequence coding for a protein of interest.

The DNA insert is the heart of the molecular biology vector. This is a general term for a vehicle used to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell. Transfection of animal cells usually involves opening temporary pores (holes) in the cell membrane, to allow the cells to take up the vector.

References

Cell biology
DNA

Transfection


Weak formulations are important tools for the analysis of mathematical equations that permit the transfer of concepts of linear algebra to solve problems in other fields such as partial differential equations. In a weak formulation, equations or conditions are no longer required to hold absolutely (and this is not even well defined) and has instead weak solutions only with respect to certain "test vectors" or "test functions".  In a strong formulation, the solution space is constructed such that these equations or conditions are already fulfilled.

The Lax–Milgram theorem, named after Peter Lax and Arthur Milgram who proved it in 1954, provides weak formulations for certain systems on Hilbert spaces.

General concept
Let  be a Banach space, let  be the dual space of , let , and let .
A vector  is a solution of the equation

if and only if for all ,

Here,  is called a test vector (in general) or a test function (if  is a function space).

To bring this into the generic form of a weak formulation, find  such that

by defining the bilinear form

Example 1: linear system of equations
Now, let  and  be a linear mapping. Then, the weak formulation of the equation

involves finding  such that for all  the following equation holds:

where  denotes an inner product.

Since  is a linear mapping, it is sufficient to test with basis vectors, and we get

Actually, expanding  we obtain the matrix form of the equation

where  and

The bilinear form associated to this weak formulation is

Example 2: Poisson's equation
To solve Poisson's equation

on a domain  with  on its boundary, and to specify the solution space  later, one can use the scalar product

to derive the weak formulation. Then, testing with differentiable functions  yields

The left side of this equation can be made more symmetric by integration by parts using Green's identity and assuming that  on

This is what is usually called the weak formulation of Poisson's equation.  Functions in the solution space  must be zero on the boundary, and have square-integrable derivatives. The appropriate space to satisfy these requirements is the Sobolev space  of functions with weak derivatives in  and with zero boundary conditions, so

The generic form is obtained by assigning

and

The Lax–Milgram theorem
This is a formulation of the Lax–Milgram theorem which relies on properties of the symmetric part of the bilinear form. It is not the most general form.

Let  be a Hilbert space and  a bilinear form on  which is
 bounded:  and
 coercive:

Then, for any  there is a unique solution  to the equation

and it holds

Application to example 1
Here, application of the Lax–Milgram theorem is a stronger result than is needed.

Boundedness: all bilinear forms on  are bounded. In particular, we have
Coercivity: this actually means that the real parts of the eigenvalues of  are not smaller than . Since this implies in particular that no eigenvalue is zero, the system is solvable.

Additionally, this yields the estimate

where  is the minimal real part of an eigenvalue of

Application to example 2
Here, choose  with the norm

where the norm on the right is the norm on  (this provides a true norm on  by the Poincaré inequality).
But, we see that  and by the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality,

Therefore, for any  there is a unique solution  of Poisson's equation and we have the estimate

See also
 Babuška–Lax–Milgram theorem
 Lions–Lax–Milgram theorem

References

External links
MathWorld page on Lax–Milgram theorem

Partial differential equations
Numerical differential equations
Theorems in functional analysis

Weak formulation


The Piaggio XEvo is a series of scooters produced by Italian manufacturer Piaggio. The line shares various components and design, and sporting different engines sizes of 125 cc, 250 cc and 400 cc, and is a direct development of the Piaggio X8.

Specifications
All models sport a single-cylinder, four-stroke, multi-valve engine that meets Euro 3 European emission standards, and have a continuously variable transmission (CVT)

The 125 cc model has a carburetor 124 cc Lead engine, , the 250 cc has a liquid-cooled, fuel-injected 244 cc Quasar engine that delivers , and the 400 cc model's Master liquid-cooled, electronic fuel injection 399 cc engine power output rates .

A distinctive XEvo element is its boot, a large underseat storage space with  capacity, enough for two full-face helmets or objects up to  long, and the remote style key that separately opens the front and rear storage compartments. The storage compartment also has a foldaway seat cover and a courtesy light. The front shield area, besides the odometer, trip computer and tachometer, provides further space to place small items and is also equipped with a 12 volt plug to use a GPS, or recharge a mobile phone.

All XEvo models have a steel tube frame and the front suspension is provided via a 35 mm fork; rear suspension is done via two double-acting hydraulic shock absorbers, with a four-position spring preload adjustment.
Braking on all models is performed by a 240 mm rear disc brake. In the front, both the 125 cc and 250 cc models feature a single 260 mm front disc, the 400 cc version has two 240 mm front discs.
All models have a 14-inch front wheel. The rear wheel on the 125 and 250 is 12 inches, and  14 inches on the 400 cc version.

The direction indicators double as hazard warning indicators. The rear seat grab handles feature a high grip central insert for extra passenger safety, extending rearwards sporting a backrest.

References

External links
Piaggio UK XEvo web page

Xevo
Motor scooters
Maxi scooters
Single-cylinder_motorcycles
Motorcycles introduced in 2007

Piaggio Xevo


The term "Beer Goggles" is the phenomenon that people find other people more attractive after having had a few drinks. The term is especially used for people who, when one is sober, will otherwise not be found as relatively attractive or attractive at all.

History
The term "beer goggles" was first coined in the United States in the 1980s by male university students. In addition, the first printed version of the phrase was found in Playboy magazine in January 1987 titled "The Let's Get Practical Fashion Award: To Georgetown for its beer goggles". By the 1990s it had spread to the United Kingdom and is found in the Evening Chronicle stating "... but by the time I had my beer goggles on. After the ale I'd supped, they were looking like super-models". Lastly, the term "beer goggles" is found in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary as a plural noun defined as "the effects of alcohol thought of metaphorically as a pair of goggles that alter a person's perceptions especially by making others appear more attractive than they actually are.

Science behind alcohol and perceived attraction
Drinking alcohol can have several effects on both the body and the brain. These effects include but are not limited to impaired judgement, lowered social inhibitions, poor decision-making, aggressive behaviors and risky sexual behavior.

First, alcohol enters the bloodstream through the gastrointestinal tract and the amount absorbed varies based on several factors such as genetic makeup, weight, muscle-to-fat ratio, food present and any medical conditions.

Once in the bloodstream, the body acts as a central nervous system depressant meaning it slows down how fast brain cells and nerves communicate with the rest of the body. This impacts both the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex. The limbic system produces emotions such as fear or anxiety. This reduction in the limbic system is why people feel less socially awkward when drinking. The pre-frontal cortex is responsible for cognitive processing such as reasoning and judgement. This reduction in the pre-fontal cortex function is why people's inhibitions and judgements are lowered. The combination of lowered inhibitions and impaired judgement can lead people to think when under the influence that one is attractive.

Lastly, there are several studies demonstrating that drinking increases risky sexual behavior, the likelihood of having casual partners and less consistent condom use. This is because alcohol also decreases the function of both the cerebral cortex and frontal lobes. One of the functions of the cerebral cortex is  receiving information from one's senses and environment while the frontal lobe is responsible for voluntary movement. Suppression of the cerebral cortex leads to lowered inhibitions while suppression of the frontal lobes leads to less control of one's emotions or urges causing potential aggression.

Research
There are many studies about whether "beer goggles" is a real thing, in other words if drinking truly makes people perceive other people to be more attractive.

One of the first studies on the topic of "beer goggles" was done in 2003 which took 80 heterosexual college students to a bar, served drinks and then showed them pictures of people of the opposite sex. It was found that compared to the sober group, those that were served alcohol found people on average more attractive.

To explore whether the "beer goggles" phenomenon was only found in humans, researchers at Pennsylvania State University explored mating habits in fruit flies exposed to alcohol. The study concluded that flies who were chronically exposed to alcohol were less choosy when mating with female fruit flies and more forward than those who were not exposed to alcohol.

In 2013, a study titled "Beauty in the eye of the beer holder" was done to measure how alcohol consumption affected self-perception of attractiveness, and it was found that those who drank alcohol and were told they drank alcohol gave themselves more positive self ratings than those who didn't.

Another study in 2012 analyzed the effects of combining alcohol with cigarettes and found that this enhances the "beer goggles" effect, causing the highest ratings of attraction compared to those who had just consumed alcohol.

Later on a study conducted in 2014, found that drinking alcohol can affect perception of attractiveness in both animate and inanimate objects. The study consisted of 103 volunteers (both men and women) to drink either alcoholic or non-alcoholic beverages, and then had to rate both faces and landscapes. Those who drank the alcoholic beverages rated on average higher for both the faces and landscapes than those in the non-alcoholic beverage group.

The "beer goggles" effect was further investigated in 2015 in the opposite direction: evaluating the attractiveness of those who drank versus those who didn't. It was found that people perceived those who drank a low dose of alcohol as the most attractive compared to those who drank nothing at all or drank a high dose.

Conversely, a study in 2016 was one of the first to refute the "beer goggles" phenomenon. The participants were divided into four groups: one that drank alcohol, one that were told they drank alcohol, one that did not drink alcohol, and one that were told they did not drink alcohol. The results conveyed that those who were told they consumed alcohol but didn't rated attractiveness higher than those who did not drink alcohol. These findings illustrate that the "beer goggles" effect could be more psychological and that people thinking they drank acted as a placebo.

According to a recent study findings by Bowdring and Prof Michael Sayette of the University of Pittsburgh showed that although beer goggles might not have appeared as a result of drinking, respondents were more inclined to express an interest in engaging with attractive individuals.

Criticism
Recent studies outside laboratory settings find that the "beer goggles" effect, a connection between attractiveness perceptions and level of drunkenness, was not found as consistently. Other studies don't necessarily believe people find people more attractive, however that people are just more likely to act on desire when consuming alcohol.

Most of the studies conclude that it is important to recognize many confounding variables such as the amount of alcohol consumed, environment, mindset before drinking, relationship status and sexual arousal that all may play a role in ratings of perceived attractiveness.

In addition, trends are showing that more people from Generation Z are opting not to drink alcohol at all with around a 20% to 28% increase in sober individuals in the last decade in the United States. They are known as the most sober curious generation yet. Researchers are now studying how this sober curious movement is impacting the dating landscape and whether this "beer goggles" effect will soon be less prevalent.

References

Bibliography

 Attwood, A. S., Penton-Voak, I. S., Goodwin, C., & Munafò, M. R. (2012). Effects of acute nicotine and alcohol on the rating of attractiveness in social smokers and alcohol drinkers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 125(1-2), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.03.014
 Bègue, L., Bushman, B. J., Zerhouni, O., Subra, B., & Ourabah, M. (2012). "Beauty is in the eye of the beer holder": People who think they are drunk also think they are attractive. British Journal of Psychology, 104(2), 225–234. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.2012.02114.x
 Chen, X., Wang, X., Yang, D., & Chen, Y. (2014). The Moderating Effect of Stimulus Attractiveness on the Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Attractiveness Ratings. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 49(5), 515–519. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agu026
 Lee, H.-G., Kim, Y.-C., Dunning, J. S., & Han, K.-A. (2008). Recurring Ethanol Exposure Induces Disinhibited Courtship in Drosophila. PLoS ONE, 3(1), e1391. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001391
 Maynard, O. M., Skinner, A. L., Troy, D. M., Attwood, A. S., & Munafò, M. R. (2015). Association of Alcohol Consumption with Perception of Attractiveness in a Naturalistic Environment. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 51(2), 142–147. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agv096
 Van Den Abbeele, J., Penton-Voak, I. S., Attwood, A. S., Stephen, I. D., & Munafò, M. R. (2015). Increased Facial Attractiveness Following Moderate, but not High, Alcohol Consumption. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 50(3), 296–301. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agv010

Alcohol and health
Health effects of alcohol
Substance intoxication
Drinking culture
Sexual attraction
Beer culture

Beer goggles


Michael Barkann (born April 30, 1960) is an American sportscaster. Barkann was born in Jersey City, New Jersey and grew up in East Brunswick.   His jobs include these past and present:
KYW-TV sports reporter
WLVI-TV sports director
New England Patriots preseason play-by-play
CSN Daily News Live Host
Philadelphia Phillies TV Studio Host
Philadelphia Flyers TV Studio Host
Philadelphia 76ers TV Studio Host
Eagles Post Game Live Host
Monday Night Live Host
Spotlight Host
Tennis on USA court reporter
Tennis on HBO court reporter
Being John Daly Host
XFL on UPN play-by-play
College Basketball on CBS sideline reporter
College Football on CBS sideline reporter
Olympics on CBS reporter

References

Living people
1960 births
Tennis broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
Golf broadcasters
Major League Baseball broadcasters
College football broadcasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
People from East Brunswick, New Jersey
People from Jersey City, New Jersey

Michael Barkann


Duchess is a rank of nobility.  It is the female equivalent of Duke.

Duchess may also be:

Books, music and movies
The Duchess (movie), a 2008 movie
The Duchess (book), a book first published in 1998 as Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire by Amanda Foreman
Duchess (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland), a character in Lewis Carroll's book
"Duchess" (song), a 1980 song by Genesis
"Duchess" (The Stranglers song)

Places
Duchess, Alberta, a village in Canada
Duchess Landing, Oklahoma, a settlement in Oklahoma, USA
Duchess Theatre, London, England

People
 Lashina, a fictional DC Comics character also known as "Duchess"
 Duchess, a character in Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, an American animated TV series
 "Duchess", the code name for the title character in the American animated TV series Archer
 The Duchess, a character in the video game American McGee's Alice
Norma-Jean Wofford, rhythm guitarist with Bo Diddley from 1962 to 1966, nickamed "Duchess"

Transport
HMS Duchess, any of several British ships
Duchess (boat), a historic sponge-hooking boat in Tarpon Springs, Florida
Beechcraft Duchess, American monoplane
Duchess class, a name for the unstreamlined locomotives of the LMS Princess Coronation Class of British railway locomotives

Miscellaneous
Duchess (restaurant), a restaurant chain in Connecticut, USA
Duchess (solitaire), a card game for one person
Duchess lorikeet, a species of parrot
Duchess potatoes or Duchesse potatoes, a way of cooking potatoes
Duchess Stakes, a Canadian horse race
Duchess, a brand of packaged sweet baked goods made by Carolina Foods

Similar spelling
Dutchess (disambiguation)

Duchess (disambiguation)


Christopher Domenic Iannetta (, ; born April 8, 1983) is an American former professional baseball catcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Colorado Rockies, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Seattle Mariners, and Arizona Diamondbacks. He played in college for the North Carolina Tar Heels of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He stands  tall, and weighs .

Early life
Christopher Domenic Iannetta is the son of Maria (née DiLorenzo) and Domenic Iannetta. He is of Italian descent. His mother Maria was born in Casa Nova, Italy and his father Domenic was born in Scapoli, Italy. He has a younger brother Matt (born 1986).

He went to St. Ann School in Providence, Rhode Island, and attended St. Raphael Academy, a Roman Catholic high school in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. His jersey was retired there, where it is hung for all to see. He was awarded All-State honors on three consecutive occasions. He was awarded the C. Dona Manyard Award which is given to a male athlete who excels in the classroom and on the field. He graduated from St. Raphael Academy in 2001.

Collegiate career
Iannetta attended the University of North Carolina, where he played college baseball for the North Carolina Tar Heels as a catcher and first baseman, while majoring in mathematics. As a sophomore in 2003, he finished fourth on the squad with a .319 batting average and ranked third with 55 runs batted in. Iannetta was named to the 2003 NCAA Starkville Regional All-Tournament Team after tallying five hits and four runs batted in during the Tar Heels' NCAA Tournament run. As a junior in 2004, he was selected as one of three finalists for the Johnny Bench Award, presented annually to the nation's top collegiate catcher. Iannetta was also named a third-team All-American by Collegiate Baseball Newspaper.

During his collegiate career, Iannetta played summer baseball in the Cape Cod League and the New England Collegiate Baseball League. His 2002 season with the Chatham A's of the Cape Cod League, led to him being featured in the book "The Last Best League: One Summer, One Season, One Dream" by Jim Collins. In his 2003 season with the Newport Gulls of the New England Collegiate Baseball League, Iannetta batted .302 with 20 runs batted in, and was selected to play in the NECBL All-Star Game. He was also named the league's Defensive Player of the Year.

Professional career

Draft and minor leagues
The Colorado Rockies selected Iannetta in the fourth round of the 2004 MLB draft. He began his minor league career with the Asheville Tourists, and spent the 2005 season with the Modesto Nuts. He played the majority of the 2006 season with Double-A Tulsa Drillers before being promoted to the Triple-A Colorado Springs Sky Sox.

Colorado Rockies

Iannetta made his MLB debut with the Rockies on August 27, 2006. Iannetta got his first career MLB hit that same day, off Jake Peavy of the San Diego Padres. He hit his first major league home run off Jonathan Sánchez of the San Francisco Giants. Iannetta played 21 games during 2006 with 2 home runs and 10 runs batted in.

In 2007, he was named the starting catcher coming out of spring training over Yorvit Torrealba, but struggled at the plate and was demoted to backing up Torrealba. Iannetta played in 67 games that year, with a .218 average, 4 home runs, and 27 runs batted in. Iannetta was part of the backup catcher's role as the Rockies went to the World Series for the first time ever but ended up losing the series to the Boston Red Sox in a 4-game sweep.

The 2008 year was a breakout season for Iannetta, in which he played 104 games batting .264 with 18 home runs and 65 runs batted in. In 2009, Iannetta played in 93 games batting .228 with 16 home runs and 52 runs batted in. In 2010, he played in 61 games batting .197 with 9 home runs and 27 runs batted in. In 2011, he played in 112 games batting .238 with 14 home runs and 55 runs batted in.

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
On November 30, 2011, Iannetta was traded to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim for pitcher Tyler Chatwood.
On May 2, 2012, he caught Jered Weaver's first no-hitter. He finished the 2012 season playing 79 games with a .240 batting average, 9 home runs, and 26 runs batted in.

On October 5, 2012, the Angels and Iannetta agreed to terms on a three-year, $15.55 million deal.

Seattle Mariners
On November 23, 2015, Iannetta signed a one-year, $4.25 million deal with the Seattle Mariners.

Arizona Diamondbacks
On January 13, 2017, Iannetta signed a one-year, $1.5 million deal with the Arizona Diamondbacks.

On May 13, 2017, Iannetta was hit by a pitch from Johnny Barbato. Iannetta suffered a broken nose along with four fractured teeth, and required stitches on his lips.

Second stint with the Colorado Rockies
On December 8, 2017, the Rockies and Iannetta agreed to a two-year contract, bringing the catcher back to Colorado. On August 13, 2019, Iannetta was designated for assignment.

New York Yankees
On January 9, 2020, Iannetta agreed to a minor league contract with the New York Yankees. The deal was finalized on February 3. On July 21, 2020, Iannetta had his contract selected to the 40-man roster. On August 1, 2020, Iannetta was designated for assignment without appearing in a game for the Yankees. On August 8, Iannetta announced his retirement from professional baseball.

International career
Iannetta was selected for Team USA at the 2009 World Baseball Classic.

Personal life
Iannetta and his wife Lisa were married in 2009 and have one daughter together. They live in Massachusetts, just past the Rhode Island border.

References

External links

 UNC profile from 2004

1983 births
Living people
American people of Italian descent
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Asheville Tourists players
Baseball players from Providence, Rhode Island
Chatham Anglers players
Colorado Rockies players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Hartford Yard Goats players
Los Angeles Angels players
Major League Baseball catchers
Modesto Nuts players
North Carolina Tar Heels baseball players
People of Molisan descent
Peoria Javelinas players
Salt Lake Bees players
Seattle Mariners players
Tulsa Drillers players
World Baseball Classic players of the United States
2009 World Baseball Classic players

Chris Iannetta


Marayikkodu Sree Indilayappan Kshethram (മലയാളം:ഇണ്ടിളയപ്പൻ ക്ഷേത്രം, മാരായിക്കോട്)  is a powerful 1500-year-old Hindu temple in South India. Non-Hindus are permitted in the temple. It is in Karickom, 5 km from Kottarakara.

Temple
Shiva (Shiva Lingam), Devi Parvathy and Vishnu are the main deities of this temple. The sub-deities of the temple are Lord Ganesh, Nagarajavu & Nagayakshi, Brahmarakshas and Yakshi.

Here devotees are considering the temple as two. One is Lord Shiva Temple and the other is Lord Vishnu Temple. The Lord Shiva temple has two separate sanctum sanctorums, one devoted to Lord Shiva (Shivalingam), looking to the east, and the other for Devi Parvathy looking to the west. The Lord Vishnu temple has one sanctum sanctorum for Lord Vishnu, looking to the east.

The Lord Ganesha shrine has one separate sanctum sanctorum. As per vastu, the sanctum sanctorum is located on the "Kanni mula" (south-west corner) of Lord Shiva temple. Sri Nagaraj & Nagayakshi and Brahmarakshas are worshipping devotees on the "Kanni mula" of Lord Ganesha. Yakshi have the place beneath the Strychine tree (Kanjirum) near the Lord Vishnu's sanctum sanctorum.

References

Ganesha temples
Hindu temples in Kollam district

Sree Indilayappan Temple


In the mathematical discipline of descriptive set theory, a coanalytic set is a set (typically a set of real numbers or more generally a subset of a Polish space) that is the complement of an analytic set (Kechris 1994:87). Coanalytic sets are also referred to as  sets (see projective hierarchy).

References

Descriptive set theory

Coanalytic set


Digg.com is a social news, sharing, discovering, bookmarking and rating information website. Digg started out as a popular technology news sharing destination.

Topics

Digg allows users to submit 3 types of topic:
News Article
Image
Video

How Digg Works

The Digg website works by allowing users to vote topic up (Digging);then displays popular stories on the front page of Digg.

Other websites
 Digg.com

Websites

Digg


Lean on Me is a 1989 American biographical drama movie written by Michael Schiffer, directed by John G. Avildsen and starring Morgan Freeman.

Lean on Me is based on the story of Joe Louis Clark, a real life high school principal in Paterson, New Jersey. The school is at risk of being taken over by the New Jersey state government unless students improve their test scores on the New Jersey Minimum Basic Skills Test.

This movie's title is based on the 1972 Bill Withers song of the same name.

Other websites

1980s biographical movies
1989 drama movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
Movies directed by John G. Avildsen

Lean on Me (movie)


The visit of Erich Honecker to West Germany took place between 7–11 September 1987 in his official capacity as General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) and Chairman of the State Council of the German Democratic Republic. It was the first and only visit of this kind undertaken during the partition of Germany. The five-day event was rated as an important step in the development of cross-German relations as well as Ostpolitik, which was implemented beginning with Willy Brandt, Chancellor of West Germany from 1969 to 1974.

Preparations
Until 1986, Moscow blocked a possible visit by Honecker to the FRG. In 1984, Soviet leader Konstantin Chernenko and Honecker announced at a summit meeting that "the goal is not cooperation but demarcation". Soviet objections to Honecker's travel to the west were related both to Soviet interests in the block confrontation and to the policies of the Schmidt and Kohl governments in the NATO Double-Track Decision. It was also related to efforts to expand East Germany's limited independence in the realm of foreign policy. In March 1985, Chancellor Kohl renewed his invitation for Honecker to visit Bonn during Chernenko's state funeral. In autumn 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev sent a message to Honecker giving him consent to visit Bonn, which was a result of his own efforts to establish closer contacts with Western countries as part of the reorientation of Soviet politics through the policies of Glasnost and Perestroika. Discussions began in May 1987 on the organization of the visit to the FRG. To solidify this, Federal President Richard von Weizsäcker was received by Gorbachev in the Moscow Kremlin on 7 July 1987 to discuss the visit. The announcement of the abolition of capital punishment in the GDR on 17 July 1987 by the State Council was also related to Honecker's planned visit.

Meetings and ceremonies

7 September

Honecker arrived at Cologne Bonn Airport in a Transportfliegergeschwader 44 Ilyushin Il-62. He was officially met by Wolfgang Schäuble, Chief of the Chancellery. From there he was transported in a motorcade to the Federal Chancellery where he arrived at half past nine in the morning. Upon his arrival, he was met by West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl and was given full state honours.

After an initial exchange of pleasantries between the two leaders, Honecker was invited into the neighboring Hammerschmidt Villa for a meeting with Federal President Weizsäcker for a working lunch. In his speech to the table Weizsäcker welcomed the guest as a "German among Germans" and called for further "system-opening cooperation". The afternoon of the first day of visit was mainly devoted to discussions in the Federal Chancellery, where it mainly went to topics such as travel and visitor traffic, border determination in the Elbe section, minimum exchange, town twinning and the shooting order.

In the evening, the federal government hosted a dinner for the delegations in the Redoute, where in the table speeches the basic political positions of the heads of state were exchanged. Chancellor Kohl had insisted in advance that the table speeches of the two heads of government are broadcast live on state television both in the FRG and in the GDR. The Chancellor emphasized the "awareness of the unity of the nation" and followed that up by saying that "the will to preserve it is unbroken". Honecker spent the night at Schloss Gymnich, which was used at that time as a state guest house.

8 September
After the drive from Schloss Gymnich to Bonn's government district, Honecker conferred once again with Kohl and Schäuble in a small meeting. The Palais Schaumburg was also used during the visit for political discussions, receptions and contract signings. It was followed by Honecker meeting with Bundestag President Philipp Jenninger, and former President Karl Carstens as well as the chairmen of the parties represented in the Bundestag, including the Leader of the Social Democratic Party Hans-Jochen Vogel.

In the evening, Honecker gave a counter invitation to dinner at the Hotel Bristol, where he delivered a speech with Kohl. Also on 8 September a joint communiqué was published, in which the governments of the FRG and the GDR affirmed their intention "to develop normal good neighborly relations based on equality within the meaning of the Basic Treaty".

9 September
On the third day Honecker visited North Rhine-Westphalia. He flew to Nörvenich Air Base by a helicopter provided by the Federal Border Police and then was driven to Düsseldorf, where he with Minister-President Johannes Rau met at Schloss Benrath. With 200 guests with Honecker and Rau during their lunch, where, among other things, Sauerbraten was served. Honecker and Rau agreed at the meeting, in the future, at least every six months to make contact talks especially on environmental protection techniques.

Honecker's journey then led to Essen, where he landed in front of Villa Hügel. In the villa he met with leading representatives of the German economy, including Berthold Beitz, head of the Krupp steel conglomerate) and Carl H. Hahn of Volkswagen. In the Cologne Chamber of Commerce, Honecker met with over 300 representatives of large-scale industry and medium-sized businesses. In Wuppertal, Honecker together with Minister Rau visited the house in which Friedrich Engels had grown up.

10 September

On the fourth day of his visit, Honecker went to Trier, where he was received by Minister President of Rhineland-Palatinate Bernhard Vogel in front of the Electoral Palace. With Vogel he then discussed opportunities for economic and cultural relations between the GDR and the state, followed by a working lunch. In the afternoon, Honecker visited the Karl Marx House Museum, the birthplace of Karl Marx and laid down 50 roses there.

From Trier, Honecker traveled via a German Air Force Boeing 707 to Saarland, where he was received at the Saarbrücken Airport by Minister President Oskar Lafontaine with military honours from the German Army and then officially welcomed in the State Chancellery. From there Honecker traveled by motorcade to Neunkirchen, where he visited in the Wiebelskirchen district his younger sister Gertrud Hoppstädter (1917-2010) and the grave of his parents Wilhelm (1881-1969) and Caroline Catharina Honecker (1883-1963). Honecker also met childhood friends. The day after his visit to the city, the Bavarian leader told Honecker the importance of his visit to his hometown, telling him "Maybe it would be a sign of your comprehension if the same desires could be realized by our countrymen", hinting at a policy of the reunification of families.

The visit ended with a reception by the Lord Mayor Neuber in the community center of Neunkirchen. In his speech there, Honecker gave an emotional speech in which he spoke of a day when Germans would no longer be separated by borders. He said specifically:

After this private part of the visit, Honecker participated in a dinner with Minister President Lafontaine and representatives of the Saarland business and political community at the Dillinger Hütte Casino.

11 September
On 11 September 1987, at 11 o'clock in the morning, Honecker left Saarland aboard the same passenger aircraft he used to arrive in the city. Honecker's last day during his visit to the FRG was spent in Munich, Bavaria, where Minister-President of Bavaria Franz Josef Strauss picked him up at Munich-Riem Airport and conferred with him in the Bavarian State Chancellery. Strauss then hosted a lunch in honor of Honecker in the Hall of the Antiquarium in the Munich Residenz, at which about 130 representatives from Bavarian politics and the economic sphere attended. He then visited the Dachau concentration camp where he met with survivors of the camp. After the farewell he was given in the afternoon, Honecker flew from Munich back to East Berlin on a Soviet Ilyushin Il-62, landing at Berlin Schönefeld Airport a short time later.

Protocol

As the visit was already controversial as it deemed to confirm West Germany's acceptance of East Germany's existence, the former government went to great lengths to lower its status. The differing views on the significance of Honecker's visit gave diplomatic protocol services particular challenges. While the political leadership of the GDR expected that Honecker would receive customary diplomatic practices in accordance with the internationally recognized institutions, the West Germans tried to avoid such a protocol which would be considered a recognition of the GDR as an independent state and an endorsement of the communist system. Honecker arrived at the chancllory in a Mercedes-Benz 600, where he was treated to a welcoming ceremony. The Wachbataillon from the Federal Ministry of Defence provided the honours for the ceremony and the Staff Band of the Bundeswehr performed Auferstanden aus Ruinen and Deutschlandlied. As a concession to West German concerns, the red carpet was a few feet shorter than usual on official state visits, the motorcycle escort had 17 policemen instead of 21 and the two aforementioned pieces of music played at the military reception were mentioned in the official program merely as "hymns" instead of "national anthems".  In accordance with the protocol of the Federal Chancellery, Weizsäcker referred to Honecker as "Mr. General Secretary" instead of "Mr. Chairman" as the latter implies Honecker's head of state status.

Media reception and West German reactions
The visit of Honecker in the Federal Republic enjoyed worldwide attention, with approximately 2,400 journalists were accredited. The "symbolism of the recognition of German dual nationality" dominated the media coverage. Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (ZDF), a West German television network said his comments in Saarland were "the most important made by Honecker during his visit". A government spokesman reinforced this belief by saying that it "indicated East Germany was moving in the right direction".

References

East Germany–West Germany relations
History of East Germany
History of West Germany
1987 in West Germany
1987 in East Germany
20th-century diplomatic conferences
1987 in international relations
September 1987 events in Europe

Erich Honecker's 1987 visit to West Germany


Killcohook National Wildlife Refuge (founded as Killcohook Migratory Bird Refuge) was a National Wildlife Refuge located on the east bank of the Delaware River adjacent to the current Supawna Meadows National Wildlife Refuge. It had originally been established in 1934 as a secondary dredged material disposal site for use by the Army Corps of Engineers. Its status as a refuge was revoked in 1998 by the U.S. Congress and it is currently used as a confined disposal facility by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Geography
The former refuge is part of New Castle County, Delaware. As outlined by the Twelve-Mile Circle, a colonial-era agreement, Killcohook is one place in Delaware that shares a land border with New Jersey, called Finn's Point. (Artificial Island is another.) Since the border was originally defined as being along the low-water mark on the New Jersey shore of the river, the reclaimed land on which the refuge lies falls within Delaware territory.

The former wildlife refuge is north of the Fort Mott State Park and south of Pennsville, New Jersey. Across the Delaware River are Ommelanden Range near Bear, Delaware and Delaware City. Fort Delaware State Park on Pea Patch Island lies between the two shores.

Wildlife
Killcohook NWR consisted primarily of marshland, with emphasis on breeding of migratory waterfowl. Species singled out for protection in Killcohook include the American black duck.

See also
 List of National Wildlife Refuges

References

External links
 Supawna Meadows National Wildlife Refuge

National Wildlife Refuges in Delaware
Landforms of New Castle County, Delaware
Borders of New Jersey
Wetlands of Delaware

Killcohook National Wildlife Refuge


Lofthouse is a small village in Nidderdale in the Harrogate district of North Yorkshire, England about a mile south of Middlesmoor. It is the principal settlement in the civil parish of Fountains Earth. Lofthouse has a primary school, memorial village hall and public house, the Crown Hotel. The post office in the village closed in August 2014, and was replaced by a post office in the cafe at nearby How Stean Gorge, also now closed.

The toponym is from the Old Norse lopt hús, meaning "houses with lofts".

The Nidderdale Caves lie just north of the village. The River Nidd runs underground through the caves and emerges at Nidd Heads, just south of the village. The normally dry surface bed of the river passes the village to the west.

Between 1907 and 1929 Lofthouse had a railway station, the public passenger terminus of the Nidd Valley Light Railway. The station was named Lofthouse-in-Nidderdale railway station to avoid confusion with Lofthouse and Outwood railway station, also in the West Riding of Yorkshire.

References

External links

Villages in North Yorkshire
Nidderdale

Lofthouse, North Yorkshire


Abdullah Aymaz is a turkish islamic preacher and writer and was born in Kütahya, Turkey in 1949.

Life and achievements

Ayaz moved to Izmir as a teenager and visited the İzmir İmam Hatip high school. He did his higher education at İzmir Yüksek İslam Enstitüsü  and he worked as a teacher in Tire and Izmir. His career as a journalist as well as a writer started in 1988 when he started to work for the Turkish newspaper Zaman.

Turkish Theologian, Journalist, Writer

Abdullah Aymaz was born on 1945, in Emet, Turkey. After studying at the primary school, he moved to Izmir, where he met with Turkish scholar and opinion leader Fethullah Gulen and Hizmet (Service) Movement, to study at religious vocational high school and Islamic Institute. During his time in high school, he wrote up articles for Gurbet magazine. He served as teacher and manager of educational foundations in several places of Izmir. In 1979, his religious and educational articles began to be published in Sızıntı magazine, which is the very first publication of Hizmet Movement. As of 1988, his journalism career commenced in Zaman newspaper, in which he also served as editor-in-chief until 1992. As writer, he published more than 50 books under the pen names of Huseyin Bayram, Ismail Yediler and Safvet Senih. Currently, his articles are still published in Zaman Europe.
Aymaz is one of the first names that come to mind when one thinks of Hizmet Movement. Because he spent most of his time with Fethullah Gülen in his youth and after, he internalizes the vision of Gülen. Considering the very beginning of Hizmet Movement, he has a very important role in the formation of movement's discourse. 19 In March 1997, he conveyed Fethullah Gülen's letter to Pope John Paul II. Since the days in Izmir, where Gülen's outstanding discourse began to crystallize, Abdullah Aymaz has become an integral part of him and the movement.

 Sadık Yar
 Meryem Gibi
 Sen Yusuf Musun?
 Yusuflar'a
 Günümüz Yusuflarına
 Evrensel Dil
 Işığın Düştüğü Yerler
 Kardelenlerimiz
 Şifa Çiçekleri
 Diyalog Adımları
 Çitlembik 1 /Nükteler
 Çitlembik-2 /Nükteler
 Çitlembik-3 / Su Gibi Aziz
 Çitlembik-4 / Şahit Olmaya Geldik Sahip Olmaya Geldik
 Çitlembik-5 / Dua Hazinesi
 Çitlembik-6 / Anadolu'nun En Büyük Sadakası
 Yaratılış ve Darwinizm
 Lemaat
 Münazarat
 Sünuhat
 Barla Lahikası Üzerine
 Ayetül Kübra Üzerine
 Kastamonu Lahikası Üzerine
 Emirdağ Lahikası Üzerine-1
 Emirdağ Lahikası Üzerine-2
 Muhakemat Üzerine Sadeleştirme ve Açıklama
 Hutbe-i Şamiye Üzerine Sadeleştirme ve Açıklama
 Cihetsiz Sesler (Göze Takılanlar – 1)
 Bakıp Göremediklerimiz (Göze Takılanlar – 2)
 Sözün Çağrısı (Göze Takılanlar −3)
 Söz Saati (Göze Takılanlar – 4)
 Göze Takılanlar / Makaleler ve Gezi Notları 1-2-3-4

His work using his pen name: Hüseyin Bayram
 Zeka Tomurcuklarına Damlalar

His work using his pen name: Safvet Senih
 Dışa Yansıyan İç Dünyamız (1–2)
 Duyduklarım Gördüklerim
 Hatıralar Işığında
 Kelimeler Armonisi
 Öze İşleyen Söz
 Hücre Devleti
 Hikmet
 Gaybın Haberleri
 Peygamberler
 Kıssa-i Musa
 Hızır ve Dostları
 Hızıri Adımlar / Uzakları Yakın Eylemek
 Şüpheler Üzerine
 İlim Açısından Kader
 Yaratılış ve Kader
 Ölüm ve Diriliş
 Ruhlar ve Ötesi
 Kur'an ve İlimler
 Kur'an da Edebi Veche
 Miraç Şehsuvarı
 Mercan Mağaraları
 Hadislerin Işığında Hadiseler
 Hazinelerin Anahtarı Besmele
 İbadetin Getirdikleri
 Zilzal ve Dua / Yüzyılın Felaketi Depreme Farklı Bir Bakış

References

1949 births
20th-century novelists
21st-century novelists
Turkish writers
Turkish journalists
People from Kütahya
Living people
Imam Hatip school alumni
Zaman (newspaper) people

Abdullah Aymaz


The Women's Javelin Throw at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics will be held at the Olympic Stadium on August 16 and August 18. The event featured four athletes whose ability was so much better than the opposition that Mirko Jalava of the IAAF said it would be a "major surprise" should another athlete beat them to the podium.

The Olympic champion and world record holder Barbora Špotáková, and Beijing silver medallist Mariya Abakumova, had not matched their Olympic form of the previous year but remained strong contenders for the competition. The other two athletes came from the German team, which was headed by world-leader and two-time World medallist Christina Obergföll, as well as the veteran Steffi Nerius who won silver in 2003, 2005 and 2007. Osleidys Menéndez, Sunette Viljoen and Madara Palameika were the outside contenders.

A modest qualifying round was highlighted by Abakumova's world-leading throw of 68.92 m, while German number three Linda Stahl and Slovenian Martina Ratej threw season's bests to qualify as the second and third best throwers. The first round saw the elimination of two of the season's top-six athletes, Palameika and Viljoen. On the final day, Nerius opened the competition in style with a season's best 67.30 m on her first throw, while Špotáková and Monica Stoian completed the top three with 64.94 and 	64.51 m respectively. With a throw of 65.39 m Mariya Abakumova moved into the bronze medal position, and she would remain there for the rest of the event. Obergföll and Stahl moved into the top six in round three, but the positions remained static thereafter. Neither Špotáková nor Abakumova (whose qualifying throw would have won the final) could find the form to dislodge Nerius from the gold medal spot. The 37-year-old German won her first ever World Championship gold medal in Berlin, in what was her final year in competitive athletics.

Medalists

Schedule
All times are Central European Time (UTC+1)

Qualification standards

Records

Results

Qualification
Qualification: Qualifying distance 62.00 (Q) or the least 12 best athletes and ties (q) advance to the final.

Key:  Q = qualification by place in heat, q = qualification by overall place, SB = Seasonal best, WL = World leading (in a given season)

Final

Key:  PB = Personal best, SB = Seasonal best

References
General
Javelin throw results (Archived 2009-09-08). IAAF. Retrieved on 2009-08-16.
Specific

Javelin throw
Javelin throw at the World Athletics Championships
2009 in women's athletics

2009 World Championships in Athletics – Women's javelin throw


William Ernest Hewitt (October 8, 1909 – January 14, 1947) was an American football defensive end and end who played in the National Football League (NFL). He played five seasons for the Chicago Bears (1932–1936), three for the Philadelphia Eagles (1937–1939), and one for the Phil-Pitt Steagles (1943). He is remembered for his refusal to wear a helmet as one of the last NFL players not to wear one.

Hewitt played college football for the Michigan Wolverines, where he was named team's most valuable player and second-team All-Big Ten his senior season. In nine NFL seasons, he was named an All-Pro six times, won two NFL championships, and in 1934 led the league in touchdown receptions. His jersey number 56 is retired by the Bears and he is a member of the Philadelphia Eagles Hall of Fame. Hewitt was posthumously inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971.

Early life and college
Hewitt was born in Bay City, Michigan, and attended Bay City Central High School. He attended the University of Michigan, where he lettered for three seasons for the Michigan Wolverines football team. He started in two games each in 1929 and 1930, and in 1931 was a first-team All-Big Ten selection from the United Press, as well as the Wolverines' team MVP. That season, he started four games at left end and five games at fullback, and had 446 yards rushing on 118 attempts. Against Minnesota, he scored the only touchdown of the game on a 57-yard run to help Michigan secure that year's Little Brown Jug trophy with a 6–0 win.

Professional career
His head coach in Chicago, George Halas, called Hewitt "absolutely fearless. He was a happy-go-lucky guy—until he stepped onto the field—and then he was a terror on offense or defense. He asked no quarter nor gave any." For most of his career, Hewitt refused to wear a helmet during games, reasoning that wearing one inhibited his play. He played without one until 1939, his final season with the Eagles, due to new league rules requiring players to wear a helmet. On defense, Hewitt was known for his quick reaction to the snap, which led fans to refer to him as "The Offside Kid." "I just anticipate when the ball is going to be snapped and charge at the same time", explained Hewitt. "Anyway, what is the head linesman for? It's up to him to call offside if he thinks I am."

Chicago Bears
Hewitt played for the Chicago Bears for five seasons, from 1932 to 1936. As a rookie, he played in the 1932 NFL Playoff Game for the Bears against the Portsmouth Spartans, which was held to break a tie that season for the NFL championship. The Bears defeated the Spartans 9–0. The next season the Bears played in the first ever NFL Championship Game, against the New York Giants. Hewitt had only one reception for three yards in the game, but was a part of what was described as "the greatest play of the game." In the fourth quarter, with the Bears trailing by five, Hewitt received a pass from Bears quarterback Keith Molesworth, before lateraling to end Bill Karr, who then ran 19 yards for the final touchdown of the game. The Bears won the game 23–21.

Hewitt led the league in receiving touchdowns in 1934, with five, and was named a first-team All-NFL selection for the third time in as many years. In 1935 Hewitt caught five passes and was without a touchdown for the first time in his career. He had his most productive season as a pro in both receiving yards and touchdowns in 1936, as he caught 15 passes for 358 yards and six touchdowns.

Philadelphia Eagles
After considering retirement, Hewitt was traded to the Philadelphia Eagles with $4,000 in cash from the Bears in exchange for the rights to the first overall selection in the 1937 NFL Draft, Sam Francis, on February 15, 1937. Hewitt's game salary increased from $100 per game to $200 per game following the trade. He played for the Eagles for three seasons from 1937 to 1939. He was named to the All-NFL team in 1937, becoming the first player in league history to be named an All-Pro for two different teams. He had his second All-NFL selection as an Eagle in 1938 after catching a career-high 18 passes on the season. In November 1939, Eagles president Bert Bell announced Hewitt would be retiring at the end of the season after eight years in the NFL. In his final home game with the Eagles, against the Pittsburgh Pirates, he was the middle man of a 66-yard play as he received a 26-yard pass from Davey O'Brien and lateraled to Jay Arnold, who ran 40 yards for the touchdown. They won 17–14—their first and only win that season.

Steagles and retirement
After being out of football for three seasons, Hewitt returned in 1943 to play fullback for the Steagles, a temporary merger of the Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers during World War II. He appeared in six games that season, started in four of them, and caught two passes for 22 yards, after which he retired for good. During his career he caught 103 passes for 1,638 yards and 23 touchdowns. He also had one rushing touchdown and three passing touchdowns. He was named an All-Pro by at least one major U.S. publication six times in his career.

After football
After retiring from professional football in 1943, Hewitt worked for Supplee-Wills-Jones, a milk company, until September 1946. He died in a car crash on January 14, 1947, in Sellersville, Pennsylvania and was interred at Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania.

Hewitt was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971. With his induction, the Bears became the first NFL team to have a complete one-platoon lineup in the Hall of Fame. In 2008 Hewitt was named to the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor. He is a member of the National Football League 1930s All-Decade Team, selected in 1969 by the Hall of Fame. Hewitt's jersey number 56 is retired by the Bears, and he is enshrined in the Philadelphia Eagles Hall of Fame.

References

Sources
 Lyons, Robert S. (2010). On Any Given Sunday, A Life of Bert Bell. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

External links
 Bill Hewitt at the Pro Football Hall of Fame

1909 births
1947 deaths
American football ends
American football fullbacks
Burials at Holy Sepulchre Cemetery
Chicago Bears players
Michigan Wolverines football players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Steagles players and personnel
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Sportspeople from Bay City, Michigan
Players of American football from Michigan
Road incident deaths in Pennsylvania
National Football League players with retired numbers

Bill Hewitt (American football)


was a town located in Kitakoma District, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,126 and a density of 40.89 persons per km². The total area was 174.26 km².

On November 1, 2004, Sutama, along with the towns of Hakushū, Nagasaka and Takane, and the villages of Akeno, Mukawa and Ōizumi (all from Kitakoma District), was merged to create the city of Hokuto.

External links
Official website of Hokuto city (in Japanese)

Dissolved municipalities of Yamanashi Prefecture
Hokuto, Yamanashi

Sutama, Yamanashi


When Doctors Disagree is a 1919 comedy film directed by Victor Schertzinger, written by Anna F. Briand, photographed by Percy Hilburn, and starring Mabel Normand. The movie was released by the Goldwyn Pictures Corporation with a running time of 50 minutes. A print of the film survives in the Cinémathèque Royale film archive.

Plot
As described in a film magazine, Violet Henny (Ridgeway), the village miser's haughty daughter, as Queen of the May will not admit Millie Martin (Normand), the ragged daughter of old man David Martin, to her May Pole party, Millie breaks up the party. The next day she accompanies her father on the train to a nearby town to pay off the mortgage. While on the train she falls in love with chubby John Turner (Hiers), a young man who believes that he has committed a murder and is fleeing disguised as his uncle, who is a noted surgeon. Millie feigns a serious illness and the supposed doctor recommends an immediate operation, hoping to get the young woman off the train at the next town. He succeeds, but is also detrained to assist in the operation. After numerous remarkable incidents at the small town hospital, the couple are revealed as engaged.

Cast
Mabel Normand as Millie Martin
Walter Hiers as John Turner
George Nichols as David Martin
Fritzi Ridgeway as Violet Henny
Alec B. Francis as Dr. Harris, Sr.
William Buckley as Dr. Harris, Jr.
James Gordon

References

External links

 When Doctors Disagree at Turner Classic Movies
When Doctors Disagree at Looking-for-Mabel

1919 films
1919 comedy films
1919 short films
Silent American comedy films
American silent short films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Victor Schertzinger
American comedy short films
1910s American films

When Doctors Disagree


Mr. Men is a series of 52 children's books by Roger Hargreaves started in 1971. Little Miss was another series of 39 books by the same author with female characters that started in 1981. After Hargreaves died in 1988, his son, Adam Hargreaves, began writing and illustrating new stories about the Mr. Men and Little Miss characters. He created ten new characters; four of them were inspired by work Roger Hargreaves had produced before his death.

List of Characters

Special Characters
 Mr. Nobody
 Wilfred the Wizard
 Grandfather Clock

Advertising
 Mr. Stupid [and made in figerines]
 Mr. Spendy (Huddersfield & Bradford Building Society)
 Mr. Thrifty (Appeared in Mr. Spendy)
 Mr. Beefeater

Series of books
English children's books
English-language television programs
Fictional_characters_introduced_in_1971
1971 books

Mr. Men


Michael Thoreau Lacey (born September 26, 1959) is an American mathematician. Lacey received his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1987, under the direction of Walter Philipp. His thesis was in the area of probability in Banach spaces, and solved a problem related to the law of the iterated logarithm for empirical characteristic functions. In the intervening years, his work has touched on the areas of probability, ergodic theory, and harmonic analysis.

His first postdoctoral positions were at the Louisiana State University, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. While at UNC, Lacey and Walter Philipp gave their proof of the almost sure central limit theorem.

He held a position at Indiana University from 1989 to 1996. While there, he received a National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship, and during the tenure of this fellowship he began a study of the bilinear Hilbert transform. This transform was at the time the subject of a conjecture by Alberto Calderón that Lacey and Christoph Thiele solved in 1996, for which they were awarded the Salem Prize.

Since 1996, he has been a Professor of Mathematics at the Georgia Institute of Technology. In 2004, he received a Guggenheim Fellowship for joint work with Xiaochun Li. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

References

External links
 List of mathematical publications on MathSciNet
 Home page at Georgia Tech.

1959 births
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
Georgia Tech faculty
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society

Michael Lacey (mathematician)