Princess Deokhye of Korea (Korean: 덕혜옹주, Deokhye-Ongju; Japanese: 徳恵姫, Tokue-hime; 25 May 191221 April 1989) was the last princess of the Korean royal family.

She was born on 25 May 1912, at Changdeok Palace, in Seoul, as the youngest daughter of Emperor Gojong from his concubine, then known as Yang Gwi-in. After her birth, Gojong bestowed the royal title Boknyeong on Lady Yang.

Deokhye was not formally recognized as a princess by Japan until 1917, because she was not the daughter of a Queen. In 1917, her name was formally entered into the Imperial Family's registry. Her father loved her greatly and established the Deoksugung Kindergarten for her in Junmyungdang (준명당), Hamnyeong Hall. Girls her age from noble families attended the kindergarten.

In South Korea, she is called Deokhye Ongju, not Gongju. Gongju refers to the daughters of the Queen, and Ongju refers to the daughters of concubines.

Birth and early life
Yi Deokhye was born as the daughter of Yang Gwiin (later Lady Boknyeong) and the then-60-year-old Emperor Emeritus Gojong on 25 May 1912, nearly two years after the Japanese annexation of Korea. Immediately after birth, she was called Agi (아기, 阿只, meaning "baby") and then named Deokhye. Her mother was a low-ranking court lady working in the kitchen of Deoksugung. Gojong had 16 children with his 10 wives, but Deokhye was his first daughter; his four other daughters were not counted as they all died under the age of one. Gojong was delighted with the birth of his first daughter and raised her with meticulous love. In 1916, he established the Deoksugung Kindergarten dedicated to her, where Deokhye would attend. However, apart from her father, because she didn't have an official title, she was ignored and treated like she did not exist. Later, she was nicknamed "Boknyeong-dang".

In 1917, her father persuaded Terauchi Masatake, the then-ruling Governor-General of Korea, to enter her name into the registry of the Imperial Family, offering her legitimacy and granting her the title of princess.

In 1919, Emperor Gojong planned a secret engagement between Princess Deokhye and Kim Jang-han, the nephew of Kim Hwang-jin, a court chamberlain. He had sought to protect his daughter through it, but the engagement failed due to Japan's intervention and Kim Hwang-jin was not permitted to enter Deoksu Palace again. Emperor Gojong died suddenly on 21 January 1919.

In 1921, Princess Deokhye started going to Hinodae Elementary School, in Seoul.

Life in Japan and arranged marriage

In 1925, the Princess was taken to Japan under the pretense of continuing her studies. Like her brothers, she attended the Gakushuin, where Yukika Sohma was among her schoolmates. In Japan she was known as Princess Tokue (徳恵姫, Tokue-hime). According to Yukika, she was untalkative and struggled with exercising.

Upon the news of her mother's death in 1929, Deokhye was finally given permission to visit Korea temporarily, in order to attend the funeral. However, she was not allowed to wear the proper clothing.

In the spring of 1930, upon the onset of a psychological condition (manifested by sleepwalking), she moved to King Yi's Palace, the Tokyo house of her brother, Crown Prince Eun. During this period, she often forgot to eat and drink. Her physician diagnosed her illness as precocious dementia (today called schizophrenia), but by the following year, her condition seemed to have improved. This may be attributed to her upbringing.

In May 1931, after "matchmaking" by Empress Teimei, the consort of Emperor Taishō of Japan, Princess Deokhye married Count Sō Takeyuki (武志; 1908–1985), a Japanese aristocrat. The marriage had in fact been decided in 1930. Her brother had protested against it, and it had been postponed because of her condition, but when she recovered, she was immediately given instructions that the wedding was to take place.

She gave birth to a daughter, Masae (), or Jeonghye () in Korea, on 14 August 1932. In 1933, Deokhye was again experiencing mental illness, and after this, she spent many years in various mental health clinics.

With the defeat of Japan in World War II, Korea once again became independent and her husband lost his noble title, as the Japanese peerage was abolished.

Her daughter, Masae, graduated from Waseda University's Department of Literature and met Suzuki Noboru, whom she married in 1955. Her son-in-law would eventually take on her husband's last name as the heir to the family.

As Deokhye continued to be in a poor health condition, and after having permission from Crown Prince Uimin, Sō Takeyuki eventually divorced in 1955; he later remarried to a Japanese woman named Yoshie Katsumura who he had three children with.

Having suffered an unhappy marriage, Deokhye's grief was compounded by the loss of her only daughter, who disappeared on 26 August 1956, reportedly committing suicide due to the stress of her parents' divorce. Her daughter's suicide note was found in the mountains. As a result, Deokhye's condition deteriorated at a slow yet considerable pace.

Return to Korea
She returned to Korea at the invitation of the South Korean government on 26 January 1962, after 37 years. At first, the South Korean government refused to allow the return of the last royal bloodline, because President Rhee Syng-man wanted to avoid political chaos. However, reporter Kim Eul-han found the princess and persuaded the government to allow her return. She cried while approaching her motherland, and despite her mental state, accurately remembered the complex royal court etiquette and protocol.

The princess reunited with her kindergarten and elementary school classmate, Min Yong-ah (민용아, 閔龍兒), and her 72-year-old wet nurse, Byeon Bok-dong (변복동, 卞福童), when they went to pick her up at Gimpo Airport. After meeting her sister-in-law, Empress Sunjeonghyo, the second wife of her older half-brother Emperor Sunjong, she was admitted to Seoul National University Hospital later that day for surgery to remove a polyp in the uterus.

Despite being born in Korea, the princess was able to restore her Korean citizenship and finalized her name, Yi Deokhye, on 8 February 1962, and was soon discharged from the hospital as her condition was proven stable on 4 May 1964. In the fall of 1968, she lived in Nakseon Hall, Changdeok Palace, with Prince Uimin and Princess Masako, their son Prince Gu, his wife Julia Mullock, and Mrs. Byeon Bok-dong.

Sometime before her death, around ten years before, her ex-husband flew from Japan to South Korea to visit her and see how she was doing, but this visit was rejected by her family.

He begged Yi Gong-jae, a member of the family, to let him meet his ex-wife. But Yi said, "I can't forgive him for having an unwanted arranged marriage with King Gojong's daughter (a marriage that the head of the family or parental authority orders regardless of the person's will for their own benefit or purpose), eventually putting the princess in a psychiatric hospital and getting a divorce. The princess doesn't even have anything to talk about meeting him, and there's no reason for him to meet. If she met you, she would think of the past and make her condition worse. So, people like you are not allowed to visit at all, so please go back".

Her last years were filled with visits to different hospitals, but on 24 May 1983, she was admitted and stayed temporarily at Hallym University Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital due to her old age.

Death
The princess died on 21 April 1989, at Sugang Hall, Changdeok Palace, and was buried at Hongryureung in Namyangju, near where her father, Emperor Gojong, and older half-brother, Emperor Sunjong, were buried.

Family
 Father
 Emperor Gojong of Korea (8 September 1852 – 21 January 1919) (대한제국 고종)
 Grandmother - Grand Internal Princess Consort Sunmok of the Yeoheung Min clan (3 February 1818 – 8 January 1898) (순목부대부인 민씨)
 Grandfather - Yi Ha-eung, Grand Internal Prince Heungseon (21 December 1820 – 22 February 1898) (이하응 흥선대원군)
 Mother
 Yang Chun-gi, Imperial Consort Boknyeong Gwi-in of the Cheongju Yang clan (27 September 1882 – 30 May 1929) (양춘기 복녕당 귀인 양씨)
 Grandfather - Yang Eon-hwan (양언환, 梁彦煥)
 Husband
 Count Sō Takeyuki (16 February 1908 - 22 April 1985) (宗武志)
 Father-in-law - Sō Yoriyuki (宗和志) later, Kuroda Yoriyuki (黒田和志) (8 September 1851 – 21 January 1917)
 Mother-in-law - Kuroda Reiko (黒 鏻子) (? – 1925)
 Daughter
 Countess Sō Masae (宗正惠), or So Jeonghye (소 정혜) (14 August 1932 – 1956)
 Son-in-law: Sō Noboru (5 September 1931 - ) (宗昇)

In popular culture

Film and television
 Portrayed by Son Ye-jin in the 2016 film The Last Princess.

Literature
 A biography of Princess Deokhye was published by Japanese author Yasuko Honma (本馬恭子) and was subsequently translated into Korean by Hoon Lee and published in 1996.
 The best-selling novel Princess Deokhye by Kwon Bi-young was published in 2009.

Music
 Singer Ho Shim-nam created a 1963 song based upon the life of Princess Deokhye.
 Korean singer Heo Jinsul's 2010 song "The Rose of Tears" () is based upon the life of Princess Deokhye, and was recorded in both English and Korean.

Theater
 In 1995, a play based upon Princess Deokhye was held at the Seoul Art Center.
 The 2013 Korean musical Deokhye, the Last Princess () is based upon her life.

Ancestors

See also
History of Korea
Rulers of Korea

References

External links

1912 births
1989 deaths
Princesses of Joseon
House of Yi
Gakushuin University alumni
People with schizophrenia
Royalty and nobility with disabilities
Daughters of emperors
People from Seoul

Princess Deokhye


"Patricia" is a popular song with music by Pérez Prado and lyrics by Bob Marcucci, published in 1958.  The song is best known in an instrumental version by Prado's orchestra that became the last record to ascend to No.1 on the Billboard Jockeys and Top 100 charts, both of which gave way the next week to the then newly-introduced Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song was also No. 1 on the R&B Best Sellers for two weeks.  Prado's 1958 recording became a gold record. Billboard ranked it as the No. 5 song for 1958.

Prado's "Patricia" entered the U.S. Cash Box chart week ending June 7, 1958, making No. 1 on that chart for four weeks from the week ending July 26, 1958.

Prado's "Patricia" entered the UK Singles Chart in the week of July 25, 1958, peaking at No. 8 (week ending September 5, 1958) during a 16-week chart run.

In 1960, Prado released a new stereo recording of the tune, and re-recorded it a third time in a "twist" version issued in 1962 that re-charted in the U.S.

Perry Como's recording of "Patricia" from 1950 bears no resemblance to Prado's tune.

Cover versions and other usages
The song was featured in the Weebl and Bob flash cartoon.
The song was covered by a Kenyan group, Kiko Kids, some time in the late 1950s.
The song was featured in a TV advert for the UK post office.
The song was featured at several points in Federico Fellini's 1960 film La Dolce Vita, including a segment at a party where the music accompanied a striptease.
The song was featured as background music for a pool party in the 1969 film Goodbye, Columbus.
The song was covered by Frank Valdor and His Orchestra and Chorus on the album 16 Fantastic Golden Latin Hits in 1978.
The tune was sung (badly) by Homer Simpson as he's shaving before a romantic night out in the "Some Enchanted Evening" episode of The Simpsons'''s first season.  The song was also being played by a dance band later in that same episode.
The song appears in the 1989 movie Great Balls of Fire! during the scene in which Jerry Lee Lewis drives his convertible and proposes marriage to his thirteen-year-old second cousin, Myra Gale.
The Mambo All Stars' version of the song was the theme for the 1999 animated series George and Martha.
The song was used as the theme song to HBO's Real Sex series.
The song was covered by Link Wray, Duane Eddy, and Rory Parker, and by Ry Cooder on his Grammy winning 2002 album, Mambo Sinuendo.
The song was used as background music for the swimsuit competition at the 1997 Miss Universe Pageant.
The song was used in "The British Invasion", Episode 12 from Season 2 of the Showtime series Dexter''.
The song was used as background music in the state financed Danish TV campaign "Fisk 2 gange om ugen".

References

1958 songs
Pérez Prado songs
Billboard Top 100 number-one singles
Cashbox number-one singles
Number-one singles in Australia
Number-one singles in Germany
Songs written by Pérez Prado

Patricia (Perez Prado song)


Christ Church Cathedral is an Episcopal cathedral located in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States. It is the seat of the Diocese of Western Massachusetts. In 1974 the cathedral was included as a contributing property in the Quadrangle–Mattoon Street Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

History

Christ Church began on May 13, 1817, in the chapel of the Springfield Armory under the guidance of the armory's superintendent Colonel Roswell Lee. A fire at the main armory buildings on March 2, 1824, forced the church out, as the space was needed by the armory for other purposes. Services were held at various Springfield locations, including the Methodist church, the parish house of the First Church (Congregationalist), and the old court house. The Rev'd Henry Washington Lee, the son of Col. Lee, took charge of the congregation on October 28, 1838 and it was reorganized. Henry Lee went on to become the first Episcopal Bishop of Iowa in 1854.

Property at the corner of State and Dwight Streets was acquired in 1839 and a new church was built there. Among the names of those parishioners contributing to the  building of the new parish church were Anna McNeill Whistler, wife of George Washington Whistler and mother of James Abbott McNeill Whistler, the famous painter.  The Whistler family rented Pew No. 9.  The new church was a rectangular building with a square turreted cupola. The building was enlarged in 1851 after then rector, Abram Newkirk Littlejohn recognized the need to expand. In addition to more seating, the project added a chancel, vestry room and library.  During the same time, a two-manual tracker-action organ (1833) by E and G.G. Hook was purchased from St. John's Church in Providence, RI, by the Ladies' Society for $687.50, with a promise for more.   The Rev'd Littlejohn went on to become the first Bishop of Long Island, and in 1895, officiated at the wedding of Consuelo Vanderbilt and the 9th Duke of Marlborough at St. Thomas Church, New York City.

The parish continued to grow and by the 1870s when it was determined a larger church was needed, and the present church was built at a new site on Chestnut Street that was acquired in 1874. Construction began the same year and the first service was held on May 21, 1876. A new Processional Cross and Office Lights (all still in use today) were designed by the famous Henry Vaughan as early works by the now famous architect of the Washington National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., and produced by the famous Gorham company. The tower of the new church cracked early on and had to be removed. It was rebuilt in 1927.

The first convention of the Diocese of Western Massachusetts met at Christ Church on November 19, 1901. On February 7, 1929, Christ Church became the diocesan Cathedral. The Very Rev'd Dr. John M. McGann, who had been rector up to that point, became the first Cathedral Dean.

See also

List of the Episcopal cathedrals of the United States
List of cathedrals in the United States

References

Religious organizations established in 1817
Churches completed in 1876
19th-century Episcopal church buildings
Romanesque Revival church buildings in Massachusetts
Episcopal church buildings in Massachusetts
Episcopal cathedrals in Massachusetts
Churches in Springfield, Massachusetts
Historic district contributing properties in Massachusetts
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Springfield, Massachusetts

Christ Church Cathedral (Springfield, Massachusetts)


Robert Kay (1728–1802) was an English inventor, best known for designing a drop box to improve the capability of weaving looms.

Robert Kay was born in 1728 to John Kay and Ann Holt. He became a shuttlemaker in his native Bury, Lancashire, married in 1748 and had several children. His father emigrated to France in 1747 and was joined there by Robert and two other sons, James and John. The flying shuttle, also known as the wheel-shuttle, had been invented by John senior around 1733 but his commercial acumen did not match his engineering ingenuity and financial problems may have contributed to the move abroad. Robert had returned to Bury probably in 1759 and in either that year or 1760, he designed a method for deploying multiple shuttles simultaneously, enabling the use of wefts of more than one colour and so making it easier for the weaver to produce cross-striped material. These shuttles were housed at the side of the loom in what became known as the drop box. He did not patent the invention but went on to produce other improvements to the shuttle that assisted in producing checked material and ticking for beds, as well as a mechanism for manufacturing the cards used in carding machines.

The drop box probably caused an increase in the use of the flying shuttle: combining the two made the weaving mechanism more complex, but it greatly increased the production speed of even fairly complex cloths.

See also
 Drop box (weaving device)

References
Notes

Citations

1728 births
1802 deaths
English inventors
Weaving
People from Bury, Greater Manchester

Robert Kay (inventor)


Dr. Kildare's Crisis is a 1940 drama film directed by Harold S. Bucquet, starring Lew Ayres, Lionel Barrymore and Laraine Day. Mary Lamont's (Laraine Day) financier brother Douglas Lamont (Robert Young) is subject to seizures, and it seems that he is suffering from hereditary epilepsy.

It is the sixth in the MGM series of nine films starring Ayres as Dr. Kildare, made from 1938 - 1942.

Plot summary
As young doctor James Kildare (Lew Ayres) and his fiancée, nurse Mary Lamont (Laraine Day), make plans for their wedding day, Mary's brother Douglas (Robert Young) arrives for a visit. Douglas asks Kildare and to arrange a meeting with wealthy Mr. Chandler (Pierre Watkin), whose daughter Kildare saved in Young Doctor Kildare, to solicit an endowment of a foundation to create three subsidized trade schools to train unskilled workers. Kildare is reluctant to impose on Chandler for ethical reasons but is concerned that Doug, who hears nonexistent sounds, may be an undiagnosed epileptic. His apparent interest in Doug only as an "interesting patient" causes a row with Mary that leads him to change his mind.

Soon after, the happy couple's optimism evaporates into despair when Douglas begins experience mysterious mood swings, further pointing to a form of epilepsy, a condition that threatens his marriage to Mary. Kildare arranges for Doug to meet Chandler but refuses to confide in Mary his unconfirmed suspicions. After Dr. Leonard Gillespie (Lionel Barrymore), Kildare's crusty mentor, also demurs, Mary reveals her fears that they are hiding from her some hereditary condition she may also have to nurse superintendent Molly Byrd (Alma Kruger), who reassures Mary and pleads with her to patiently trust them.

Kildare visits Doug with news that Chandler's partners will meet with Doug the next day, which convinces a moody Doug to agree to a diagnostic experiment, in which Dr. Kildare administers coffee, whiskey, steak and salt to Doug and lies to him in order to shock his nervous system. Doug's rapid recovery from his depressed condition suggests that Kildare's assumption is correct. Kildare sadly concurs that treatment means at best a lifetime of mediocrity but without treatment, a complete disintegration of the brain and death.

Doug reveals the situation to Mary. As a result, she and Doug decide to run away, but their flight is interrupted by Kildare, who convinces them to talk again with Gillespie. Gillespie's shrewd questioning of Doug elicits that he suffered a recent untreated head injury he had been concealing that might be responsible for the symptoms. When a further examination reveals a head trauma that is remedied by a brain operation, the future again looks bright for Doug, Mary and her young doctor, who learns the truism that doctors cannot treat their loved ones.

Cast
 Lew Ayres as Dr. James Kildare
 Lionel Barrymore as Dr. Leonard Gillespie
 Laraine Day as Mary Lamont
 Robert Young as Douglas Lamont
 Nat Pendleton as Joe Wayman
 Walter Kingsford as Dr. Walter Carew
 Alma Kruger as Molly Byrd
 Bobs Watson as Tommy
 Nell Craig as Nurse "Nosey" Parker
 George H. Reed as Conover
 Frank Orth as Mike Ryan
 Marie Blake as Sally
 Horace MacMahon as Foghorn Murphy

Notes

MGM Dr. Kildare films

 Young Dr. Kildare (1938), which introduced Lew Ayres as Dr. Kildare and Lionel Barrymore as Dr. Gillespie
 Calling Dr. Kildare (1939)
 The Secret of Dr. Kildare (1939)
 Dr. Kildare's Strange Case (1940)
 Dr. Kildare Goes Home (1940)
 Dr. Kildare's Crisis (1940)
 The People vs. Dr. Kildare (1941) – the last film made with the collaboration of series creator Frederick Schiller Faust (Max Brand)
 Dr. Kildare's Wedding Day (1941)
 Dr. Kildare's Victory (1942)

References

External links

1940 films
1940 drama films
American black-and-white films
American drama films
Films about surgeons
Films directed by Harold S. Bucquet
Films set in New York City
Films set in hospitals
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

Dr. Kildare's Crisis


The order Carnivora is a group of mammals. The group is divided into the "cat-like" Feliformia and the "dog-like" Caniformia.

Animals of the order Carnivora are carnivores, a term which applies to all flesh-eaters. If one needs to refer to members of the order, then carnivorans is used. Many species of Carnivora are actually omnivores, and a few of them, like the giant panda, eat mostly plants.

The order includes aquatic relatives in the superfamily Pinnipedia, the walruses and seals.

Teeth
Mammalian carnivores have a particular arrangement of their back teeth. It is to slice the meat of their prey. As the photo shows, two of the back teeth work as meat slicers. If they change their way of life (various aquatic mammals) this feature gets changed or even lost (selected against).

Taxonomy
 Order Carnivora
 Suborder Feliformia ("cat-like")
 Family Felidae: cats
 Family Viverridae
 Family Hyaenidae: hyenas
 Family Eupleridae
 Family Herpestidae: mongooses
 Suborder Caniformia ("dog-like")
 Family Canidae: dogs, foxes, wolves, jackals, and coyotes
 Family Ursidae: bears
 Family Ailuridae: red pandas
 Family Mephitidae: skunks
 Family Mustelidae: martins, badgers, and minks
 Family Procyonidae: racoons
 Superfamily Pinnipedia : walruses, and seals
 Family Odobenidae
 Family Otariidae
 Family Phocidae

Carnivoramorpha
The Carnivores are linked with the Miacids and Viverravids in an unranked clade, the Carnivoramorpha:
†Miacoidea
†Viverravidae
†Miacidae (Miacis)
Carnivora
Caniformia
Feliformia

The carnivores known as †Creodonts have some relation to these groups, but are placed outside the Carnivoramorpha. The †Mesonychids are another extinct group of early carnivores, which are also not in the Carnivoramorpha.

References

Carnivora


Hopjes (; also referred to as Haagsche Hopjes, hopjes from The Hague) are a type of Dutch sweets with a slight coffee and caramel flavour that originated in the 18th century.

The hopje is named after Baron Hendrik Hop who was recalled as an envoy in Brussels when the French invaded Belgium in 1792. He moved into rooms above the confectioners Van Haaren & Nieuwerkerk.
He was addicted to coffee and the story goes that one night he left his coffee with sugar and cream on the heater, where it evaporated. On tasting the resulting substance, he loved it.
His doctor advised him not to drink coffee so he asked the confectioner Theodorus van Haaren to make him some "lumps of  coffee". After some experimenting, Van Haaren created a sweet made of coffee, caramel, cream and butter. The enthusiastic Baron Hop was keen to let his guests try his 'Hopjes', which quickly gained popularity. Van Haaren's successor eventually even got orders from abroad.

A typical characteristic of the hopje is that it does not stick and that it does not go soft over time. J.P. Rademaker copied the hopjes and marketed them as "the only real Haagsche Hopjes". He was the first to wrap the individual sweets in printed paper, which was not usual at the time. Rademaker and Nieuwerkerk litigated for many years. When the Rotterdam company Rademaker took over Nieuwerkerk in 1949 the dispute continued between the two Rademaker companies for 40 years, until a 1989 ruling from the Dutch Advertising Code Committee ordered Rademaker to desist from using the term "the only real Haagsche Hopjes". Currently Rademaker Hopjes wrappers display the phrase "Alleen Echt Met Dit Merk" (Dutch: "Only Real With This Brand") instead.

From 1990 to 1998 The Hague had a museum called Museum voor het Haagsche Hopje, which was dedicated to the hopje and its history, located in the monumental building Oude Molstraat 30. The museum has since closed down.

Rademaker has been owned by RBV Leaf, part of the CSM group, since 1999.

References

Dutch confectionery
Dutch words and phrases

Hopje


Deo Raj, was a zamindari (estate) situated in what is now Aurangabad district of Bihar. The Deo Raj family were notable for being the protectors of Deo Sun shrine (Deo Surya Mandir).

Origins
In the 14th and 15th century, there was a migration of Sisodia Rajputs from Mewar to South Bihar. These migrant Rajputs along with local Hindu Rajas played an important role in freeing the numerous Hindu shrines and temples from the Muslim rule
 They eventually became the founders of the Deo Raj estate.

The Deo Rajas were among a number of Rajput migrant groups to arrive in Southern Bihar and they replaced the previous Umga chiefs who had fallen to Muslim invasion.

Relations with the British
The zamindars of the Deo estate generally maintained cordial relations with the British. They refused to join other rebellious zamindars in the 1781 rebellion and the 1857 rebellion. They also refused to join the nearby tribal uprisings including the Santhal rebellion. It is notable that the Rajas of Deo did not provide help to Kunwar Singh despite Raja Fateh Narayan Singh, the then ruler of Deo, marrying his daughter of to Kunwar Singh.

See also
Zamindars of Bihar

References

History of Bihar
Zamindari estates
Deo, Bihar
Rajput estates
Kingdoms of Bihar

Deo Raj


Michele Tarallo (born 9 September 1980 in Nocera Inferiore) is an Italian professional footballer who is currently playing as a striker for Savona.

Career
Tarallo played 1 game in the Serie A for A.S. Bari in the 1998–99 season.

In the 2005–06 season he set a scoring record for U.S.O. Calcio in the Serie D with 36 goals in 33 appearances. In 2006, he was signed by Genoa and loaned to several clubs, including Padova, Monza and Pergocrema along with Danilo Russo and Paolo Facchinetti. In July 2009, Pergocrema completed a deal to renew Tarallo's stay. He was injured in December 2009.

In July 2010, he was signed by Savona.

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Italian men's footballers
Serie A players
SSC Bari players
AC Prato players
Rimini FC 1912 players
Calcio Padova players
AC Monza players
US Pergolettese 1932 players
Savona FBC players
People from Nocera Inferiore
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from the Province of Salerno

Michele Tarallo


The Column of Antoninus Pius () is a Roman honorific column in Rome, Italy, devoted in AD 161 to the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius, in the Campus Martius, on the edge of the hill now known as Monte Citorio, and set up by his successors, the co-emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.

History

Construction

The column itself was  high and  in diameter and was constructed of red granite, with no decorating reliefs as on the otherwise similar columns of Trajan and Marcus Aurelius. It was quarried out in 106 (as shown by the masons' inscription on its lower end, IG xiv.2421.1). Architecturally, it belonged to the Ustrinum,  north of it on the same orientation, with the main apotheosis scene facing in that direction, and was surmounted by a statue of Antoninus, as is represented on coins issued after his death (Cohen, Ant. Pius 353‑6).

Rediscovery

Previous to the 18th century the base was completely buried, but the lower part of the shaft projected about 6m above the ground. In 1703, when some buildings were demolished in the area of Montecitorio, the rest of the column and the base were discovered and excavated. The column was raised from the ground by Carlo Fontana's son Francesco (1668–1708), but no decision was made about its use. It remained lying on the ground under some sheds, and was damaged by fire in 1759. Unsuccessful attempts were made to repair it soon afterwards in 1764, with some pieces from it being used in 1789 to restore the obelisk of Augustus that is now in the Piazza di Monte Citorio.

Meanwhile, the base (of white Italian marble) was restored in 1706–08 and erected in the centre of Piazza di Montecitorio by Ferdinando Fuga in 1741, before being taken to the Vatican Museums in 1787, where it has been in the Michelangelo niche in the Cortile della Pigna from 1885 until its final move to its current position in the courtyard outside the entrance to the Vatican Pinacoteca.

Base iconography
One side of the base has a dedicatory inscription (CIL vi.1004), two sides record the funerary decursio or decursus (a ceremony performed by the Roman cavalry), and one side shows the apotheosis or ascent to the gods of the emperor and his wife.

Apotheosis scene

A winged genius, sometimes identified as Aion, (Eternity) carries Antoninus and his wife Faustina to Heaven. The Emperor holds a sceptre crowned with an eagle, whilst eagles also fly upwards with them.

The personified male figure (left) holding the obelisk represents the Campus Martius. Augustus had placed this obelisk there as a sundial and it was the site of the ritual of imperial deification ceremonies. The personified female figure in armour (right) saluting the emperor and empress represents Roma, and her shield depicts the legendary founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus, suckled by a she-wolf.

Decursio
On these two almost identical sides, members of the cavalry circle the standing figures, two carrying military standards and the rest fully armored. Lacking a sense of space and perspective, these scenes are often criticized for their lack of stylistic sophistication. Instead of naturalism, both a bird's eye view of the circular manoeuvre and a ground-level view of each figure are provided. The repetition of the scenes can best be explained by the fact that Antoninus Pius was succeeded by two emperors, Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, who reigned jointly until the latter died. The decursio depictions, as well as the language on the inscription, can be taken to show a stable and justified transition to the two co-rulers.

Notes

Sources
Mitt. 1889, 41‑48
S.Sculpt. 270‑3
SScR 249‑253; LS iii.145
Amelung, Kat. Vat. i. pp. 883‑893
Vogel, L., The Column of Antoninus Pius, Harvard University Press, 1973

External links
http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/romanpius/romanpius.html, for images
Columna Antonini Pii
History of its restoration

161
2nd-century Roman sculptures
1703 archaeological discoveries
Antoninus Pius
Buildings and structures completed in the 2nd century
Cultural depictions of Romulus and Remus
Monumental columns in Rome
Antoninus Pius
Sculptures of classical mythology
She-wolf (Roman mythology)
Roman sculpture portraits of emperors

Column of Antoninus Pius


Charles Henry Jamieson (23 July 1888 – 26 July 1959) was a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly.

Jamieson was born in Bega, New South Wales, the son of Edward Jamieson and his wife Mary Ann (née Keys). He attended Bega State School and after finishing his education moved to Queensland where he managed a farm at Tent Hill, in the Gatton region.

On 10 October 1912 he married Edith Mary Wilson and together had a son and two daughters. Jamieson died at Bundaberg in July 1959.

Public career
Jamieson, an independent politician, won the seat of Lockyer at the 1929 Queensland state election. He defeated the sitting member, George Logan, who was representing the Country and Progressive National Party. He held the electorate for three years, retiring at the 1932 Queensland state election when Lockyer was abolished. He had previously been a Councilor on the Gatton Shire Council.

He was President of the Australian Dairy Farmers' Federation from 1948, and the founding President of the Queensland Dairymen's Organisation in 1946–1954. Jamieson was also a Queensland representative of the Dairy Produce Export Board, the District Council Chairman of West Moreton Dairymen's Organisation, and a member of the Dairy Produce Production Costs Committee.

Family

References

Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
1888 births
1959 deaths
Independent members of the Parliament of Queensland
20th-century Australian politicians

Charles Jamieson (politician)


Drew Ian Goodman (born April 13, 1963) is a sportscaster. His jobs include these:
Colorado Rockies play-by-play
Colorado Rockies TV Studio Host
MLB on Fox fill-in play-by-play
College Football on FSN play-by-play
Tennis on Prime Sports play-by-play
ESPN World Cup Studio Host
Skiing on ESPN play-by-play
College Baseball on ESPN play-by-play
College Baseball on ESPN Studio Host
Gymnastics on ESPN play-by-play
Track-and-Field on ESPN play-by-play
Wrestling on ESPN play-by-play
Golf on ESPN Host
Golf on ESPN play-by-play
Colorado Buffalos men's basketball play-by-play
Denver Nuggets play-by-play
Colorado Avalanche TV Studio Host
NFL on NBC play-by-play
NFL on Fox play-by-play
WAC Magazine Host
Golf Colorado Host
The Big 12 Gridiron Report Host
Denver Nuggets Coaches Show Host

Tennis broadcasters
Golf broadcasters
Professional Wrestling broadcasters
Major League Baseball broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
College football broadcasters
Living people
1963 births

Drew Goodman


Borax is a chemical compound. It usually is in the form of a white powder. The powder has soft crystals. They are easy to dissolve in water. Its scientific name is "sodium borate". Miners find half of the borax in the world in the deserts of California. They discovered it in Death Valley in 1881.

Uses
Borax has many uses. It is an ingredient of many detergents, cosmetics, and enamel glazes. It is also used to make buffer solutions in biochemistry. Factories use it as a fire retardant, and to kill fungi that can harm the human body. It is also used in fiberglass, as a flux in metallurgy, slime, and as an insecticide. When mixed with water, it helps the soap clean dishes or clothes better. It can take the smell and stain off bathroom and kitchen surfaces. It also takes the smell out of shoes.

Maria Telkes used borax in the first solar-powered home, invented in 1948. The special walls of the home took energy from the sun and stored it in liquid salt. She used borax to keep the energy storage system running well. The borax kept bacteria from changing the salt solution into something different.

References

Boron compounds
Minerals
Oxygen compounds
Sodium compounds
Sweeteners

Borax


The Dark Eye (German: Das Schwarze Auge, lit. "The Black Eye") is a German tabletop role-playing game with a high fantasy theme created by Ulrich Kiesow and launched by Schmidt Spiel & Freizeit GmbH and Droemer Knaur Verlag in 1984. It is the most successful role-playing game on the German market, outselling Dungeons & Dragons. Many years of work on the game have led to a detailed and extensively described game world.

Droemer Knaur dropped the project in early 1989; after the bankruptcy of the Schmidt Spiel & Freizeit GmbH in 1997, publishing was continued by Fantasy Productions (which had already done all the editorial work). Since the game's launch, it has gone through five editions, making the rules and background more complex. The basic rules of the fourth edition of The Dark Eye were published in 2001, and it became the first edition to be released in English in October 2003. The fifth edition of the game was released in August 2015, with an English translation released in November 2016.

Aventuria, the continent on which the game is set, was first introduced to the English-language market through a series of computer games and novels and later under the name Realms of Arkania. The trademark Realms of Arkania was owned by the now-defunct Sir-tech Software, Inc., which spurred the name change to The Dark Eye; Fantasy Productions was unable to obtain the trademark. In April 2007, Ulisses Spiele assumed the TDE pen-and-paper licence from Fantasy Productions.

Game history

First edition (1984)

The first German edition, released in 1984, was translated into Dutch (), French () and Italian (), but not into English. It has a very simple class and level system. It was published in  ("The Dark Eye—Adventure Base Game"). Advanced rules were published in 1985 in the book  ("Extended adventure—Additional equipment for all adventures").

Character
The character (called "Hero" in the rules) is defined by five qualities (or attributes):  (courage),  (wisdom),  (charisma),  (agility) and  (strength). They are determined by 1d6+7 in dice notation (8–13). The weight the character can carry is equal to strength × 100 ounces (1 aventurian ounce is 25 g).

The player can choose five different character types (or classes): adventurer, warrior, dwarf, elf and mage. All characters can be adventurers, but there are attribute conditions that must be met before accessing the other types (for example, a warrior must have at least 12 in both courage and strength).

During the adventures, the character gains adventure points; with a sufficient number of adventure points, they can go to the next level. When attaining a new level the character can increase an attribute by one point, and either the attack or parry value by one point; they also win vitality points equal to one dice roll, or vitality or astral energy points equal to one dice roll for elves and mages. The extended rules add a sixth quality to the hero's definition: stamina. The initial stamina is the sum of the force and vitality points. Stamina represents resistance to exhaustion; it decreases when the hero makes physical efforts such as running, swimming and fighting.

The extended rules also provide four more classes that can be chosen during the creation of the character, or sometimes as an evolution of an adventurer or dwarf: rider, druid, priest or wood elf. It introduces the aptitudes (skills) that are chances to manage definite actions (such as horseback riding or camouflage), whereas the qualities are generic indicators. The aptitudes range between 0 and 18 (and are tested with a d20 in dice notation). They have a base value (some are part of the culture, or are simple tasks). When the character reaches a new level, the player can distribute 10 points to raise the aptitudes. The base value and the cost to increase depend on the type of hero (riding is easier for a warrior than for a mage); the cost also depends on the current aptitude level.

Health
The character type determines the starting value of vitality points (from 20 for a mage to 35 for a dwarf). This is to be compared with the 1d6+4 (dice notation) damage points inflicted by a sword.

In the extended rules, stamina plays a role in the healing of diseases (such as a fever); when it is 20 or more spontaneous healing is possible, and it is faster when stamina is above 25.

Resolution of actions
Actions are resolved by testing the attributes; the action succeeds when:
1d20 ≤ attribute + modifier
The modifier is positive when the action is difficult, and negative when it is easy. The extended rules introduce the aptitudes, which are tested in the same way as the qualities.

Combat
In fights, the characters act in decreasing order of initiative (the character with the highest initiative acts first). Characters have attack and parry values determined by various other values. Typical attack/parry values for a new character are in the range of 14/12 (for fighters) to something like 6/8 (dedicated non-fighters, such as priests of the goddess Tsa). When the attack test of the attacker is successful and the defender misses the parry test, the defender loses the number of vitality points equal to the damage of the weapon minus the protection rating of the armor (chain mail has a protection rating of four, and knight armour has six). When the attacker rolls one or two on the die, they make a master hit; the maximum damage is inflicted, and the armour does not protect.

The extended rules provide for miniature figures which allow a finer representation of movement, with (for example) the possibility to push back an enemy. They also offer various possibilities such as fleeing, charging and successive attacks from the same fighter (assault).
They replace the master hit with the notions of good attack (the attacker makes a throw equal to or less than the good attack score, as shown on a table in relation to her attack score) and good parry (five points less than the parry score with the d20 in dice notation). A good attack not parried by a good parry implies a serious (or critical) impact (throw 1d20 and read the result on a table). When the attack or parry-test die shows 20, this can lead to a fumble. The extended rules also allow dodging thrown weapons, introduce specific rules for empty-hand and horseback fighting and infection (fever) for wounds.

Magic
Elves, druids, shamans, witches and mages can cast spells and have astral energy points; the starting value of astral energy points depends on the attribute values the hero has when created. When a spell is cast, the character loses the astral energy points corresponding to the spell.

The extended rules introduce new spells. From the fifth level on, it is no longer necessary to speak the words to cast the spell. These rules also describe spells for the druids and wood elves, and priests' miracles: manifestations of the priest's god, which are similar to magic spells. The priests do not have astral energy but karma, which works the same way.

First-edition advanced rules (The Sword Masters, 1988)
Two sets,  ("TDE Professional—Sword Masters Set I") and  ("TDE Professional II—The Sword Masters' Feast"), were published in 1988 and 1989. This edition was published as advanced rules for the first edition, but is sometimes erroneously considered the second edition. Combat rules are much more elaborate, introducing a hit-location system.

It was written for advanced-level characters (typically level 15). The sets describe a new world: Tharun (pronounced "taroon"), a hollow world. It is the inside of Ethra, lightened by a central sun. Nine archipelagos constitute the realm of this world. A pantheon of nine deities rules over the inhabitants. Divine runes (one of the only sources of magic which can be used by magicians and druids) are scattered all over the world. The sets also provide a divine quest. A third set of campaigns was planned, but has not been released. The Tharun setting was abandoned, but it is said that the world and its pantheon still exist; some deities are worshiped in Myranor.

Second edition (1988)
The second edition was published in 1988. The character is defined by the same five positive attributes (qualities) as in the first edition, as well as five new negative ones:  (superstition),  (acrophobia),  (claustrophobia),  (avarice) and  (necrophobia). The positive attributes are determined by 1d6+7 in dice notation (8–13), and the negative by 1d6+1 (2–7). The player can choose from over 40 different character types (classes). Again, there are attributes (conditions) to access the types. A character also features over 80 skills, called "talents"; the use of a talent requires testing three attributes, and the character is able to cast over 100 (11×11) spells.

Third edition and Realms of Arkania (1993)
The third edition (1993) was used (with a few limitations) to power the three Realms of Arkania computer games: RoA: Blade of Destiny (1993), Attic/Sir-Tech),  RoA: Star Trail (1994, Attic/Sir-Tech) and  RoA: Shadows over Riva (1997, Attic/Sir-Tech). Realms of Arkania was also the name of three translated novels: RoA: The Charlatan (January 1996, ), RoA: The Lioness (March 1996, ) and RoA: The Sacrifice (September 1996, ).

The rules are similar to the second edition except for two additional positive attributes:  (dexterity) and  (intuition); and two additional negative attributes:  (curiosity) and  (violent temper). The character is thus defined by seven positive and seven negative attributes (qualities), and this edition uses the same system of talents.

Fourth edition (2001)
The fourth edition of The Dark Eye supports a great variety of character choices. Where the older editions forced the player to create a character along very strict lines, the fourth edition is flexible and the player can choose from hundreds of different character classes and cultural backgrounds. The creation rules are somewhat similar to those of Shadowrun (also published by Fantasy Productions) and even more to GURPS. One reason for this development is the large community of professional authors and enthusiastic players, which have helped to define the continent of Aventuria over the last 20 years. Character generation is based on "generation points" from which a race, a culture and a profession must be "paid". The points are also used for attributes and other skills. After generation, the gained "adventure points" for each adventure can be used for equipping the character with skills. Consequently, the systems intends to balance power levels of different character classes.

The fourth edition was also translated into English. Three books are available in English (all published 2006):
Basic Rules ()
Secret of the Blue Tower / Witching Hour ()
World of Aventuria ()

Fifth edition (2015)

Ulisses started development of the fifth edition in the beginning of 2014. Its development involved a players poll and parts of the publishers internet forum are dedicated to that topic. The beta version (in German) was released 10 May 2014 and can be freely downloaded. The final German version is available as of 31 July 2015. The publisher also created a website concerning the progress of the English version. The English translation was released in November 2016.

Setting

Aventuria

The Dark Eye is set in the fantasy realm of Aventuria. During the 1990s, it was first translated as "Arkania", but the name was later changed to one closer to the original German name. Aventuria is a continent of the planet Ethra (an anagram of "Earth", as the planet's name in the German edition, Dere, is an anagram of , the German word for "Earth"). The other continents of Ethra are Myranor (also called "Gyldenland" in Aventuria), Uthuria and Vaestenland.

Tharun
Tharun was envisioned as the inner side of Ethra, which was supposed to be a hollow world. It is lit by a central sun which also annihilates the usual magic. In today's ingame theory Tharun is a so-called "Globule", a place in another Sphere of reality – or an alternate dimension (although this explanation is very simplified).

The original sun, Glost, was the work of Guerimm, the god of fire. New gods appeared and started to oppose the twelve gods of Aventuria. One of them, Arkan'Zim, destroyed Glost, and another new god, Sindayri, created a new sun, aiming to reduce the influence of the twelve gods in the hollow world. The splinters of Glost were spread everywhere. The inhabitants picked them and drew runes on them. They thus became runestones; the combination of three runestones can lead to the liberation of the energy of Glost, allowing a new magic. Tharun is linked to the surface of Ethra by a double-sided volcano. The upper side is on an island 1,400 km west from Havena, the other side is upside down, and is situated in Tharun on the isle of Hamur. The society is a military dictatorship, with a caste of Sword Masters ruling the rest of the population.

Myranor
Myranor or Gyldenland (In the original , meaning "Golden country") is a large continent west of Aventuria. It was first described in 1990 and released as a separate RPG in 2000. Initially, it was used to play-test an early version of what came to be The Dark Eye 4th edition rules.

In contrast to Aventuria, the setting is high fantasy. There are gigantic Metropolis, flying ships and cities, several races unknown to aventurians including cat-like humanoids and intelligent insects, as well as a country leached by its vampire-like, skull god "Draydalān" worshiping population. The continent is huge and parts of it still are unexplored. While most of Aventuria is set in the central European Middle Ages, Myranor is based on a mixture of classic Greek/Roman as well as medieval Asian background. One notable political structure is a huge empire that has been in degeneration for millennia. At its height, it had been the origin of modern civilization in Aventuria, and the area it still controls is larger than Aventuria itself. In its early years, the empire was controlled by mighty three-eyed wizards called "the old ones", who disappeared thousands of years ago.

After its initial release in 2000, only one additional rule book, one regional description and six adventures were released. After those, nothing further was released for Myranor. Two fans, however, revised Myranor to be played with the "final" 4th edition rules with FanPro's permission. These new rules were released as a hardcover book in January 2006. On 20 January 2007 Ulisses Spiele announced that they would be handling future publications related to Myranor.

Creatures

Humans
There are three human groups, and several smaller cultures:
 Middenrealmers: from Gyldenland, they landed on the west coast and spread to the centre of Aventuria.
 Andergastans (template: A satirically exaggerated version of the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Archduchy of Austria)
 Bornlanders (template: Russia at the end of the Middle Ages)
 Cyclopeans (template: Ancient Greece and Roman Empire)
 Horasians (template: Italy and France, between the Baroque and the Renaissance)
 Maraskans (template: Asia—an amalgam of Middenrealers and Tulamydes)
 Middenrealmers (template: Germany or rather the German Holy Roman Empire in the Middle Ages)
 Northern-Aventurians (template: )
 Nostrians (template: A satirically exaggerated version of Kingdom of Prussia)
 Southern-Aventurians (template: Early colonial Latin America and the Caribbean during the Golden Age of Piracy)
 Svellters (template: A medieval version of the American frontier)
 Tulamydes: natives of Aventuria, probably from the Rashtul Wall; they spread to the south of Aventuria;
 Mhanadistanians (template: caricature of the golden age of Arab civilisation)
 Novadis (template: Bedouin): nomadic people of the desert of Khom;
 Thorwalians (template: Vikings): coming from Hjaldingard in Gyldenland, they settled in northwest Aventuria
 Norbards (template: petty, travelling east-European traders with some allusions to Ashkenazi Jews): an amalgam of Middenrealers and Tulamydes
 Smaller groups, all indigenous to Aventuria:
 Nivese (template: Sami)
 Forest Folk and Utulus, collectively called Mohas (template: Indigenous peoples of the Americas)

Elves
 Forest Elves:  fairy-like elves, living mostly in a large wood called the Salamander Stones. They are worldly yet innocent, and dislike humans.
 Firn Elves: live in the north, in perpetual ice; for them, life is a hard struggle.
 Meadow Elves: live throughout the northern half of Aventuria along rivers; open-minded, they sometimes live in human cities.
 Veld Elves: horsemen from the grasslands of northeast Aventuria; they have loose contact with humans and Goblins.

The Elves are indigenous cultures, and generally do not believe in gods. Unbeknownst to most Elves, Firn, Meadow and Veld Elves once had a single common culture (like that of Tolkien's elves).

Dwarves
Ore Dwarves: conservative, concerned with etiquette
Anvil Dwarves: aggressive and stubborn
Brilliant Dwarves: artistic
Hill Dwarves: similar to Tolkien's Hobbits, but here considered Dwarves

Other
Ogres: giants of great strength, these simple-minded, strong creatures are often found in the company of Orcs, swinging large wooden clubs lopped off trees. Common to all Ogres is the consumption of nearly everything they encounter.
Orks: black-coated, monkey-like species native to the veld ("ork land") in northwest Aventuria, with a culture similar to the Orcs of Warcraft
Holberker: a mix between elves and orcs, found only in few areas
Goblins: smaller relatives of the Orks, with red-brown fur, living mostly in northeastern Aventuria. Goblins are second in numbers only to the humans.
Achaz: lizard-men, whose ancient culture is now destroyed
Trolls: large, burly creatures living in the Troll Mountains. Intelligent, they hint at an ancient trollish civilization predating every other.

Further reading
 Realms of Arkania: The Charlatan by Ulrich Kiesow, January 1996,  ()
 Realms of Arkania: The Lioness by Ina Kramer, March 1996,  ()
 Realms of Arkania: The Sacrifice by Ina Kramer, September 1996,  ()

Video games

 Realms of Arkania: Blade of Destiny ()
 Realms of Arkania: Star Trail ()
 Realms of Arkania: Shadows over Riva ()
 The Dark Eye: Drakensang ()
 The Dark Eye: The River of Time ()
Phileasson's Secret ()
 The Dark Eye: Chains of Satinav ()
 Realms of Arkania: Blade of Destiny (2013 remake) ()
For the Gods ()
Ogredeath ()
With Blade and Brilliance ()
 The Dark Eye: Memoria ()
 The Dark Eye: Demonicon ()
 The Dark Eye: Blackguards ()
Untold Legends ()
 The Dark Eye: Skilltree Saga ()
 The Dark Eye: Blackguards 2 ()
 Realms of Arkania: Star Trail (2017 remake) (Das Schwarze Auge: Sternenschweif)
 The Dark Eye: Book of Heroes ()
 Forgotten Fables: Wolves on the Westwind

Mobile adventure series and browser games
 The Dark Eye: Herokon Online ()
 The Dark Eye: Nedime: The Caliph's Daughter ()
 The Dark Eye: Secret of The Cyclopes ()
 The Dark Eye: Swamp of Doom ()
 The Dark Eye: Among Pirates ()
 The Dark Eye: Crypt Raiders ()
 The Dark Eye: Dragon Raid ()
 The Dark Eye: Arena ()

Other games
 A trading card game, Dark Force (Dark Force: Duell um Aventurien)
 Aventuria Adventure Card Game

Dark World Board Games
A board game and two expansion games were released based on the Dark Eye gaming system:
Dark World: The Castle of Secrets () (released as simply Dark World in the US)
Dark World: Village of Fear ()
Dark World: Dragon's Gate ()

The games are three-dimensional, where features and structures were built on top of the board, and could also be interacted with the character pieces. The games revolve around a group of Heroes battle against a snake sorcerer named Korak and his minions. The original Dark World game has the Heroes fight through Korak's castle. The Village of Fear expansion game requires the Heroes to rescue two townsfolk to retrieve the keys to enter the castle. In the Dragon's Gate expansion, the heroes must get past the Dragon Golgorath before they can enter the town. Four players can play each game as the Heroes, while a fifth player plays the role of Korak and controls all his monsters.

The Heroes have a corresponding color on their bases. Each game has a shaker or tokens which determine the order of play for each player for each round.  The Hero pieces are also designed to hold interchangeable weapons-a base weapon, and a later, more-powerful gold weapon. Heroes are awarded points based upon collecting certain items, and defeating enemies. Special dice with scimitars inscribed on them are used for combat. The winner is the Hero with the most points at the end of the game or the player playing as Korak wins if all the Heroes are defeated.

Reviews
 Casus Belli #30 (Jan 1986)
 Casus Belli #32 (Apr 1986)
Jeux & Stratégie #36 (as "L'Œil Noir")

References

External links

 Official The Dark Eye website
 The Dark Eye Game Reference
 Official Das Schwarze Auge homepage
 Wiki Aventurica, a wiki dedicated to The Dark Universe universe
 The Dark Eye google map software

Fantasy role-playing games
German role-playing games
Role-playing games introduced in 1984

The Dark Eye


"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning" is a metaphysical poem by John Donne. Written in 1611 or 1612 for his wife Anne before he left on a trip to Continental Europe, "A Valediction" is a 36-line love poem that was first published in the 1633 collection Songs and Sonnets, two years after Donne's death. Based on the theme of two lovers about to part for an extended time, the poem is notable for its use of conceits and ingenious analogies to describe the couple's relationship; critics have thematically linked it to several of his other works, including "A Valediction: of my Name, in the Window", Meditation III from the Holy Sonnets and "A Valediction: of Weeping".

Donne's use of a drafting compass as an analogy for the couple—two points, inextricably linked—has been both praised as an example of his "virtuoso display of similitude", and also criticised as an illustration of the excesses of metaphysical poetry; despite detractors, it remains "the best known sustained conceit" in English poetry. As well as citing this most famous example, literary critics point to Donne's use of subtlety and precise wording in "A Valediction", particularly around the alchemical theme that pervades the text.

Background
John Donne was born on 22 January 1572 to John Donne, a wealthy ironmonger and one of the wardens of the Worshipful Company of Ironmongers, and his wife, Elizabeth. Donne was four when his father died and, instead of being prepared to enter a trade, he was trained as a gentleman scholar; his family used the money his father had made from ironmongering to hire private tutors who taught him grammar, rhetoric, mathematics, history and foreign languages. Elizabeth soon remarried to a wealthy doctor, ensuring that the family remained comfortable; as a result, despite being the son of an ironmonger and portraying himself in his early poetry as an outsider, Donne refused to accept that he was anything other than a gentleman. After study at Hart Hall, Oxford, Donne's private education eventually saw him study at Lincoln's Inn, one of the Inns of Court, where he occupied his time with history, poetry, theology and "Humane learning and languages". It was at Lincoln's Inn that Donne first began writing poetry, looking upon it as "a life-sign or minor irritation" rather than something which defined him.

In November 1597, he became chief secretary to Thomas Egerton, and soon after met Egerton's niece, Anne More. After meeting in 1599, the two conducted a heated love affair in the summer of 1600; letters exchanged between the two reveal the growing suspicion of Anne's father, Sir George More, and Donne's pledge to pick Anne over the favour of his patron, Egerton. The two secretly married, and when More discovered this in 1602, he had Donne sent to Fleet Prison for violating canon law. After many demands, Egerton also consented to Donne's dismissal. After Donne wrote to Egerton, he was released from prison, and during his trial at the Court of Audience the marriage was validated and Donne absolved of any canon law violation. "A Valediction" was written to a heavily pregnant Anne, in 1611 or 1612, as Donne prepared to travel to Continental Europe with Sir Robert Drury. It was later published in 1633 as part of the collection Songs and Sonnets, following his death.

Poem
36 lines long, the poem opens with:

In these stanzas, Donne compares the parting of two lovers to a death, desiring the lovers' parting to be quiet, without struggle, and voluntary even though it is inevitable. At the same time, he considers the separation of lovers to be equivalent to the soul separating from the body on death. Ramie Targoff argues that this is not because he sees the separation of the lovers as permanent, like death, but that as with death Donne finds the challenge with separation to be ensuring the relationship's continuity in the future.

Writing in Texas Studies in Literature and Language, Peter L. Rudnytsky notes the "imagery of extraordinary complexity" in this stanza. "Moving of th' earth" is interpreted not to refer to earthquakes, but to the then-recent theories about the movement of Earth. This theory is supported by the use of the phrase "trepidation of the spheres", an obsolete astronomical theory used in the Ptolemaic system.

Theresa M. DiPasquale notes the use of "refined" as a continuation of an alchemical theme set in the earlier stanzas, with the phrase "so much refined" ambiguous as to whether it is modifying "love", or the couple themselves are being refined by the love they share.

These lines use a piece of gold to describe the love between the writer and the subject of the poem. While beating the gold ever-thinner spreads it out, widening the distance between the couple, the gold now covers more room—it has spread and become pervasive. Beating it to "aery thinness"—distributing it throughout the air—means that the love is now part of the atmosphere itself.

The analogy here—of a pair of compasses in the process of drawing a circle—draws contrasts between the two lovers, where one is fixed and "in the centre sit[s]" while the other roams; despite this, the two remain inextricably connected and interdependent, staying inseparable despite the increasing distance between the two compass hands. Achsah Guibbory identifies a pun in "the fix'd foot... Thy firmness makes my circle just"; a circle with a dot in the middle is the alchemical symbol for gold, an element referred to in a previous stanza.

Themes
Thematically, "A Valediction" is a love poem; Meg Lota Brown, a professor at the University of Arizona, notes that the entire poem (but particularly the compass analogy in the final three stanzas) "ascribe to love the capacity to admit changing circumstances without itself changing at the same time". Achsah Guibbory highlights "A Valediction" as an example of both the fear of death that "haunts" Donne's love poetry and his celebration of sex as something sacred; the opening draws an analogy between the lovers' parting and death, while, later on, the poem frames sex in religious overtones, noting that if the lovers were "to tell the layetie [of] our love" they would profane it.

Targoff argues that "A Valediction" follows on from Donne's earlier poem "A Valediction: of my Name, in the Window" in theme, with the opening stanza of one, like the closing stanza of the other, concerning itself with dying men, while J.D. Jahn, writing in the journal College Literature, compares it to Donne's Meditation III, from the Holy Sonnets. Carol Marks Sicherman, however, draws parallels between it and another Valediction—"A Valediction: of Weeping", saying that "The speaker of "Mourning" begins where his "Weeping" colleague ends; he knows at the outset that "teare-floods" and "sigh-tempests" do not suit the climate of love he and his lady enjoy".

Critical response
Considering it Donne's most famous valedictory poem, Theodore Redpath praises "A Valediction" for its "lofty and compelling restraint, and the even tenor of its movement". Targoff maintains that what distinguishes "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning" from Donne's other "Valedictions" is what Donne leaves for his lover: "Donne does not leave his beloved either a physical or spiritual piece of himself. Instead, he leaves her the power of his poetic making. What is meant to prevent her "mourning" is not her possession of his name or book or heart or soul. It is the possession of his metaphors, metaphors of their union that seem invulnerable to division". Guibbory uses "A Valediction" to highlight Donne's status as "master of the monosyllable, the small word that holds the line taut" with his use of the word "beat" rather than "spun" in the analogy of beaten gold, while Ian Ousby uses the compass metaphor as an example of Donne's skill at weaving conceits "sometimes extended throughout an entire poem in a virtuoso display of similitude". This view is seconded by Geoffrey Galt Harpham, who refers to it as "the best known sustained conceit".

Sicherman writes that "A Valediction" is an example of Donne's writing style, providing "[a] confident opening, a middle in which initial certainties give way gradually to new perceptions, and a conclusion manifesting a clear and profoundly rooted assurance". At the same time, she considers it "a poem whose development is so subtle, whose conclusion so perfect, that one may remain unaware of while responsive to the pattern of discovery". The analogy of beaten gold was heavily criticised by T. S. Eliot as not being based on a statement of philosophical theory; Targoff argues that this is incorrect — that Donne had a consistent philosophy, and that the analogy of beaten gold can be traced to the writings of Tertullian, one of Donne's greatest religious influences. Another critic of Donne, Samuel Johnson, noted that the poem's compass analogy highlights the "violence" used by metaphysical poets to "[force] the most heterogeneous ideas together".

References

Bibliography

External links

The poem with notes, from The Norton Anthology of Poetry

1611 poems
1612 poems
1633 poems
Poetry by John Donne
Poems published posthumously

A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning