Ireland was involved in the Coalition Wars, also known as the French Revolutionary (1792–1802) and Napoleonic (1804–1815) Wars. The island, then ruled by the United Kingdom, was the location of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, which was aided by the French.  A minor, abortive uprising in 1803 resulted in the death of Ireland's chief justice, although this rising was not aided by the French.

Background
Although parts of Ireland had been under English control since the twelfth century, the English (after 1706 British) government was in control of the entire island by 1700. By this time, several wars had occurred, including the Nine Years' War (1594–1603), the Cromwellian conquest (1649–1653), and the Williamite War (1688–1691, part of the larger War of the League of Augsburg).

Anti-British (and anti-Protestant) sentiment was high in largely Catholic Ireland (with the exception of Protestant-majority Ulster), despite the repeal of most of the restrictive Penal Laws, instituted by the Protestant government in London after the Williamite War, in which Irish rebels had turned out in support of ousted Catholic monarch James II, formerly king of England. The Penal Laws, introduced during the reign of Dutch-born king William III, prohibited Catholics from keeping arms, among other things.

An exodus of Catholic Irish aristocrats, known as the Flight of the Wild Geese, was also a major event in 18th-century Ireland. This exodus provided nations such as France and Spain with elite units often known as Irish Brigades. Among the more well-known was that of the French Bourbon monarchy. Even after the monarchy's fall in the French Revolution, Irish-descended soldiers served successive governments.

By the early 1790s, tensions in Ireland – and in continental Europe – had grown. On the Continent, the new French Republic was embroiled in wars with Britain, the Holy Roman Empire, and other states. In Ireland, many dissenters, inspired by events of the French Revolution, founded the Society of United Irishmen, with early members including Theobald Wolfe Tone and Henry Joy McCracken.

1798 Irish rebellion

Prelude

British officials in Ireland had been suspicious of the intentions of the United Irishmen since the founding of the organisation. When, in 1794, dealings between Tone and the French government were discovered, the group was broken up. It soon reorganised, becoming more secretive and even more determined to overthrow the British government in Dublin.

In late 1796, a large French invasion armada, carrying as many as 14,000 soldiers, arrived off Ireland's south coast.  Dangerous weather forced the fleet to return to France, though, and a rebellion, seemingly imminent, failed to materialise.

By 1798, the British had succeeded in attempts to jail leaders of the United Irishmen and had even infiltrated the organisation.  British excesses against the Catholic population were often ignored by the authorities.

Uprising

Despite these British measures, and the lack of French assistance, the long-expected Irish revolt broke out in late May 1798.  Rebels seized mail coaches near Dublin, giving the signal that the revolt was to begin. A blow was handed to the United Irishmen, spearheading the revolt, when Dubliners did not rise up against the British, but the uprising was rejuvenated by an unexpected turn of events in County Wexford, where a detachment of North Cork Militia had been attacked.

Loyal forces in Wexford managed to hold several key towns, and the rebels in this area were defeated in the Battle of Vinegar Hill in June.  When a small French force landed in Ireland that month, they achieved an initial victory but were soon defeated and forced to surrender.

Other revolts across Ireland, including one in Ulster, were also suppressed.

Aftermath
The rebellion was soon completely suppressed, in part because of the efforts of Lord Cornwallis, the British lord-lieutenant.  In the aftermath of the uprising, the Irish Parliament was dissolved and the island fell under the complete jurisdiction of the British Parliament at Westminster.

Ireland in the Napoleonic Wars
By 1803, the French Revolutionary Wars (or those of the First and Second Coalitions) had ended, with the 1799 rise of Napoleon Bonaparte to the French First Consulate and, a few years later, the imperial throne.  A peace had been established between the warring nations of Europe, but it did not last long.  The War of the Third Coalition broke out in 1803, and, that same year, a minor revolt, known as the Emmet Rebellion, occurred in Ireland.

Emmet's rising
Along with fellow nationalists, Robert Emmet and his elder brother Thomas, both members of the weakened United Irishmen, planned a second Irish rebellion for 1803, this time with French aid expected.  When, in July of that year, an arsenal of the rebel group exploded, Robert Emmet advanced the uprising, now ruling out any chance of French involvement. A crowd of about 200 Dubliners began to march on Dublin Castle, the British seat of government, under the command of Robert (Thomas was in France, negotiating with Napoleon).

The major event of this revolt was the death of Viscount Kilwarden, the British chief justice of Ireland.  As the rebels approached, Kilwarden, fearing for his safety, fled his home with his daughter and a nephew, Reverend Wolfe.  The rebels surrounded the chief justice's carriage, killing his nephew and nearly killing Kilwarden.

Robert Emmet had not authorised the attack (Kilwarden died later) and, seeing that rebels in the countryside had not risen, fired a flare, the signal to call off the uprising.  A few of his men refused to obey orders and attacked British soldiers, who retreated to their barracks. The revolt was over quickly.  Robert Emmet was arrested and later executed.

Quiet in Ireland
After Emmet's abortive rising, there were no instances of unrest in Ireland until after 1815, when the Napoleonic Wars ended with Bonaparte's final defeat, the Battle of Waterloo.  Some Irishmen, including Robert Emmet's brother Thomas, had by then become hostile to the French, embittered toward them for failing to offer greater assistance in the revolts and for refusing to plan any more invasions after 1803.

References

History of Ireland (1801–1923)
Coalition Wars
French Revolutionary Wars
Napoleonic Wars

Ireland in the Coalition Wars


Arthur Neukom Nehf (July 31, 1892 – December 18, 1960) was an American baseball pitcher. He played 15 seasons in Major League Baseball for the Boston Braves (1915–1919), New York Giants (1919–1926), Cincinnati Reds (1926–1927), and the Chicago Cubs (1927–1929). He was left-handed,  and 176 pounds when he made his debut in 1915.

Early life
Nehf was born in Terre Haute, Indiana, and attended the Rose Polytechnic Institute in Terre Haute.  His parents were Charles T. Nehf and Wilhelmina Neukom.  Art married Elizabeth B. May on November 1, 1916.

Career overview
Besides finishing with a 184–120 record and a 3.20 ERA in 451 games, Nehf had 182 complete games and 28 shutouts (30 including postseason) in 319 starts. He had 13 career saves and also picked up a total of 844 strike outs in  innings pitched.

Some years, he pitched as a starter only, and some as a relief pitcher and a starter, but he was always solid in both roles, earning a reputation around the majors as an always-consistent pitcher.

Batting
Nehf had a .210 career batting average with 8 home runs and 76 RBIs. Of his 8 home runs, 2 came in one game in 1924. It was his only multiple home run season.  Art Nehf was the last pitcher to have 3 hits in a World Series game (Game 1~October 4, 1924) until Orel Hershiser tied that record in 1988 (Game 2~October 16).

Major league career

Braves

Nehf came up with the Braves in 1915, and frequented the leaderboards throughout his time with them; he led the league in complete games with 28 in 1918, and showed up in the top 10 in wins, three times, including the year that he was traded to the Giants mid-season. In 1917, Nehf had what is generally thought of as his best season with the Braves, when he went 17-8 with a 2.16 ERA, pitching very consistently, and completing 17 of his 23 starts, with five shutouts, while also finishing seven games on the year. He also had his career-high in strike outs that year with 101, the only time he had more than 100 strike outs.

Giants
Nehf was traded to the Giants for four players and cash on August 15, 1919. He won a career-high 21 games in 1920, his first full year with the Giants. Nehf pitched in four consecutive World Series with the Giants: 1921, 1922, 1923 and 1924. He was the last man to win back to back clinching games in the World Series in 1921 and 1922. In 1924, he defeated Walter Johnson in 12 innings in the WS opener, but the Giants lost to the Washington Senators that year. The Giants won in 1921 and 1922 with the help of Nehf, who had an all-time World Series record of 4–4 with an ERA of 2.16 in twelve games, and nine starts, with six complete games. He had 28 strikeouts all-time in the World Series. Nehf also participated in the 1929 World Series with the Cubs in his last year, as the Cubs lost to the Philadelphia Athletics.

Reds and Cubs
Nehf won 107 games with the Giants, while he lost only 60. After many solid, and sometimes great, seasons with the Giants and then being traded to Cincinnati, and then to Chicago, most thought Nehf's career was virtually over. But he managed to put up one more very good year in 1928 with the Cubs. He went 13-7 with a still very low, 2.65 ERA. That year, he was also involved in a very strange and controversial play against his former team, the Giants. With the Giants in a tight pennant race against the St. Louis Cardinals, their loss in the 1st game of a doubleheader on September 27, 1928, was made all the more controversial. New York's Shanty Hogan hit a ball back to Nehf who threw to third base to get the runner, but the runner Andy Reese was off with the crack of the bat and was already at home plate, knocking over catcher Gabby Hartnett. Hartnett grabbed the runner to keep from falling, and as Hartnett held him, Reese was tagged out by the Cubs third baseman. The Giants bench erupted, but umpire Bill Klem ruled Reese out. The subsequent protest was turned down despite clear pictures showing Reese being held back. The Giants went on to lose the pennant to the Cards by two games. Coincidentally, the Cubs were two games behind that.

Nehf also was involved in one of the strangest innings in World Series history. Charlie Root was the Cubs' starting pitcher for Game 4 of the 1929 World Series at Shibe Park and was cruising along with an 8-0 lead against the Philadelphia Athletics. In the seventh inning, Nehf was brought in from the bullpen after the Athletics cut the lead to 8-4. The first batter he faced, Mule Haas, hit a fly ball that Hack Wilson lost in the sun. It ended up a three-run inside-the-park homer for Haas, and the A's went on to a 10-run inning. The Cubs lost the game 10-8 and lost the World Series two days later.

Post-playing life
Nehf died of cancer in his home in Phoenix, Arizona in 1960.

Highlights
Top 5 in the National League in ERA, twice (1922, 28), and in the top 10 one more time (1917)
Top 10 in wins, six times (1917, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22)
Top 10 in winning percentage, six times (1917, 19, 20, 21, 24, 28)
Led the league in complete games in 1918 (28), and made the top 10, four more times (1919, 20, 21, 22)
Top 10 in strike outs, twice (1918, 24), and top 10 in strikeouts per nine innings, twice (1924, 25)
As a Giant, held the record for postseason consecutive road scoreless innings pitched at  for 90 years – broken by Giant Madison Bumgarner in the 2014 NLCS
Winning pitcher in final game of both the 1921 & 1922 World Series

Honors
The varsity baseball field at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology (formerly Rose Polytechnic Institute) is named in Nehf's honor.  Art Nehf Field has served as the site for the 2005 and 2006 NCAA Division III Mideast Regional.

Nehf was inducted into Indiana Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989, (the 11th group)

References

External links

The Deadball Era

1892 births
1960 deaths
Baseball players from Indiana
Major League Baseball pitchers
Boston Braves players
New York Giants (NL) players
Cincinnati Reds players
Chicago Cubs players
Sportspeople from Terre Haute, Indiana
Sioux City Packers players
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
Terre Haute Terre-iers players
Terre Haute Highlanders players
Rose–Hulman Fightin' Engineers baseball players
Deaths from cancer in Arizona
Baseball players from Phoenix, Arizona

Art Nehf


Jahan Salehi is an Iranian-American entrepreneur and progressive activist, He has worked for Agence Global, a left-leaning news and commentary syndicate, and as Managing Director of the Los Angeles Times Syndicate's European operations (now part of Tribune Media Services).

He has written on technology ("Telecommunications" in The Columbia History of the 20th Century New York: 1998, Searching the Internet: An In-depth Guide for Professionals, Scientists and Researchers New York: 1995) and publishing, as well as film reviews and commentaries.

Jahan Salehi was born in Iran in 1954 to an American mother and Iranian father.  His family moved to the United States in 1960, and he grew up in Lexington, Kentucky, attending Transylvania University.

As a freelance photographer in the late 1970s, he traveled throughout Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. He did graduate work at Ohio State University (Middle East studies) and with Richard Bulliet at Columbia University (History, Middle East and Africa).

From 1988 to 1999, he founded and served as chief executive officer of several technology and health information companies in Vermont (Maya Computer), New York (Solute Inc.), and North Carolina (Healant Inc.).  A regular speaker at Macworld Expo, Salehi worked closely with Stuart Gitlow at America Online and at Healant, the company Salehi and Gitlow launched together. Healant designed and built medical and consumer sites for AOL, Dr. Drew, Dr. Koop, and dozens of HMO or disease-specific medical providers, getting funded by venture capital firms eager to capitalize on the dot-com boom.

Salehi left Healant to serve as Managing Director of European Operations of the Los Angeles Times Syndicate (now Tribune Media Services International), based in London from 2001-2003. In 2004, he founded a progressive commentary agency called Agence Global, which syndicates the columns of Rami G. Khouri, Patrick Seale, Immanuel Wallerstein, Richard W. Bulliet, as well as the left/liberal magazines The Nation, Le Monde diplomatique, and the "Washington Spectator".

He is a graduate of Transylvania University (1976, BA, Humanities) and Columbia University (1986, MA, History). He is the author of a number of published technology and history articles, including a chapter entitled "Telecommunications in the 20th Century" in the Columbia Encyclopedia of the 20th Century,  New York: (co-authored with Richard Bulliet) and an early guide to Internet search engines and their use.

References

Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
1954 births
Ohio State University alumni
Transylvania University alumni
Living people
American people of Iranian descent

Jahan Salehi


Miroslav Kultyshev (born August 21, 1985) is a Russian classical pianist and was awarded second prize at the 2007 International Tchaikovsky Competition (no first prize was awarded).

Biography

Early life and education
Kultyshev was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia (then Leningrad, Soviet Union), on August 21, 1985. He gave his first concert at age six, and at age ten, he appeared in the Grand Hall of the St. Petersburg Philharmonic, performing Mozart's D minor Concerto No. 20, K466 under the direction of Yuri Temirkanov.

In 2004, Kultyshev graduated from the Secondary Specialized Musical School of the St. Petersburg State Conservatory, where he studied under Zora Zucker.

He is currently a student at the St. Petersburg Conservatory, where he studies with Alexander Sandler.

Career
In 1996, he made his debut with the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra.

Since 2006, he has been a scholar and active participant of the St. Petersburg House of Music. He tours in Austria, Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain, the United States, the Netherlands, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Lithuania, United Arab Emirates, and Ukraine.

From 2006 until 2007, he took part in an internship at the International Holland Music Sessions.

In 2007, he won the 13th International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow, Russia, being awarded second prize - no first prize was awarded that year.

He has released an album which includes his performance of all twelve of Franz Liszt's Études d'exécution transcendante. He holds scholarships from the Yuri Bashmet Foundation and the St. Petersburg Philharmonic Society. He regularly tours with the conductor Valery Gergiev. He has also worked with conductors Vladimir Ashkenazy, Constantine Orbelian, Yuri Bashmet, and Vassily Sinaisky.

Awards
1998: G. Neuhaus International Festival
1999: International Music Festival "Virtuosos of 2000"
2001: grant-holder of the National Youth Prize "Triumph".
2005: First prize and Golden Medal of the International Youth Delphic Games (Ukraine, Kiev)
2007: silver medal, 13th International Tchaikovsky Competition
2010: Distinction in XVI International Chopin Piano Competition
2012: Monte Carlo Piano Masters

References

1985 births
Living people
Russian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Prize-winners of the International Tchaikovsky Competition

Miroslav Kultyshev


lego big morl is a Japanese rock band from Osaka, made up of four men: Takehiro Kanata(guitar & vocal), Hiroki Tanaka (guitar), Hiro Asakawa (drum), Shintarou Yamamoto (bass).
It is called merely "lego".

They started the band in Osaka in 2006, and had a tour a year later. After that, their song "Ray" was adopted as the featured song of a drama, "Akai ito". This made them a little famous and they made a major debut next year.

"Ray" was covered by Kou Shibasaki in 2010.

Members
 Takehiro Kanata (1984.5.24)
 Hiroki Tanaka (1984.10.25)
 Shintarou Yamamoto (1984.10.18)
 Hiro Asakawa (1984.11.10)

History
2006:

After Asakawa's band split up in March, he asked Kanata to form a band with him. Tanaka, who was in the same band as Kanata joined the new band, followed by Yamamoto, who was a friend of Kanata from high school.
They started to go into action mainly in Osaka.

2007:

They held a first live tour in Tokyo, Yokohama, Ibaraki, and Gunma in March.
They gave out free CDs "テキーラグッバイ(tequila goodbye)" at live studios.

2008:
The year of getting people to know them.
...They released a ¥100 SINGLE"moonwalk for a week", which reached number four on the indies chart.
They also released a first mini album "Tuesday and Thursday".
Starting from here, they attended many big music festivals and events.
In December, they released their first single "Ray", which became one of the soundtracks of the Fuji TV drama, and movie "赤い糸(akai ito)".

Discography

Single CDs
 ワープ(warp) (only sold at TSUTAYA)
 moonwalk for a week (only sold at TOWER RECORDS)
 Ray (1st single)
 溢れる (afureru) (2nd single)
 ドリルドリル (drill drill) (3rd single)
 バランス (balance) (4th single)
 Flowers(5th single)
 knock to me (6th single)

Albums
 Tuesday and Thursday (1st mini album)
 Quartette Parade (1st full album)
 Mother Ship (2nd full album)
 for Flowers (studio album; only sold at TOWER RECORDS)
 Re:Union (3rd full album)

References

Japanese rock bands

Lego Big Morl


Myoclonic epilepsy refers to a family of epilepsies that present with myoclonus. When myoclonic jerks are occasionally associated with abnormal brain wave activity, it can be categorized as myoclonic seizure. If the abnormal brain wave activity is persistent and results from ongoing seizures, then a diagnosis of myoclonic epilepsy may be considered.

Familial adult myoclonus Epilepsy (FAME) This is a condition characterized by the repetition of non-coding sequences and has been identified using various abbreviations. Initially, it was associated with four primary gene locations: FAME1 (8q23.3–q24.1), FAME2 (2p11.1–q12.1), FAME3 (5p15.31–p15.1), and FAME4 (3q26.32–3q28). Currently, it is understood that the genetic mechanism behind FAME involves the elongation of similar non-coding sequences, specifically pentanucleotide repeats, namely TTTCA and TTTTA, within different genes.

Signs and symptoms

Myoclonus can be described as brief jerks of the body;  it can involve any part of the body, but it is mostly seen in limbs or facial muscles. The jerks are usually involuntary and can lead to falls. EEG is used to read brain wave activity. Spike activity produced from the brain is usually correlated with brief jerks seen on EMG or excessive muscle artifact. They usually occur without detectable loss of consciousness and may be generalized, regional or focal on the EEG tracing. Myoclonus jerks can be epileptic or not epileptic. Epileptic myoclonus is an elementary electroclinical manifestation of epilepsy involving descending neurons, whose spatial (spread) or temporal (self-sustained repetition) amplification can trigger overt epileptic activity.

Diagnosis
There are two syndromes and several related disorders.

Juvenile
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy is responsible for 7% of cases of epilepsy. Seizures usually begin around puberty and usually have a genetic basis. Seizures can be stimulus-selective, with flashing lights being one of the most common triggers.

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is a prevalent and typical form of idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) syndrome. However, establishing a precise definition for JME has posed difficulties, making it equally challenging to establish clear indicators for predicting its course and results. None of the existing systems for classifying epilepsy prioritize forecasting or final results.

Progressive
Progressive myoclonus epilepsy is a disease associated with myoclonus, epileptic seizures, and other problems with walking or speaking. These symptoms often worsen over time and can be fatal.

MERRF syndrome is also known as myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers. This rare inherited disorder affects muscles cells. Features of MERRF, along with myoclonus epilepsy seizures, include ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, and dementia.

Lafora disease is also known as Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy, which is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder involving recurrent seizures and degradation of mental capabilities. Lafora disease usually occurs in late childhood and usually leads to death around 10 years after first signs of the disease.

Unverricht-Lundborg disease is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder seen in individuals as young as six years. It is associated with possible loss of consciousness, rigidity, ataxia, dysarthria, declination of mental functioning, and involuntary shaking.

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis is a group of diseases that cause blindness, loss of mental abilities, and loss of movement. All diseases in this group are lysosomal-storage disorders that also lead to death roughly ten years after onset of the disease.

Related disorders
Lennox–Gastaut syndrome is often associated with intellectual deficits as well as a lack of response to anti-epileptic drugs. It usually begins in the first years of life.

Reticular reflex myoclonus is a generalized form of epilepsy originating from the brain stem. Jerks associated with the disorder can affect all muscles on the body or be selective in certain areas. Jerks can be triggered by voluntary movement or be stimulus-selective.

Differential diagnosis
In clinical practice, it's important to differentiate FAME from other tremor-related conditions like essential tremor. Early on, patients without significant myoclonus or seizures might be misdiagnosed and receive incorrect treatment. Factors like unresponsiveness to beta-blockers and absence of certain tremors can help with the diagnosis. Consider progressive myoclonic epilepsy (PME) and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) as primary differential diagnoses due to their dominant seizures and age of onset. While FAME is milder than PMEs, it shows gradual cognitive decline and worsening tremors/myoclonus. Some cases initially labeled as JME worsen unexpectedly. Lack of cortical reflex myoclonus findings and distinct myoclonus in early JME stages are important clues.

References

External links

Epilepsy types

Myoclonic epilepsy


Puddle Lane (or Tales from Puddle Lane) is a 1980s English pre-school children's television programme written by Rick Vanes with animated stories written by Sheila K. McCullagh, author of Tim and the Hidden People. A long series of early readers based on the stories was produced by Ladybird Books, also under the title Puddle Lane.

TV programme
The programme was made by Yorkshire Television in Leeds for ITV and ran on from 1985 (as a replacement for the then-recently discontinued series Mooncat & Co.) until 1989. The main characters were the Magician (played by Neil Innes, who also composed music for the programme), and a Spell Dragon named Toby (voiced by Richard Robinson); the Magician told Toby stories by moving his finger around in a puddle (when using the interior set) and a bird bath (when using the exterior set) and producing images.  He also had a cauldron inside and water barrel outside, both of which could talk. The stories he told were presented as animations, narrated by Kate Lee (who also played a minor character, Aunt Flo). The Magician lived in a large house at the end of Puddle Lane, hence the name of the programme.

In an interview in 2014, Neil Innes recalled his involvement with Puddle Lane:

Transmission guide

Series 1: 26 editions from 3 October 1985 – 1 May 1986
Series 2: 26 editions from 16 October 1986 – 23 April 1987
Series 3: 24 editions from 29 October 1987 – 21 April 1988
Series 4: 26 editions from 6 October 1988 – 13 April 1989

Books

A series of 54 books (plus two standalone volumes) was produced for Puddle Lane, published by Ladybird Books. The texts, based on the animated stories, were written by Sheila McCullagh. Illustrations for the books were provided by several different artists (Tony Morris, Gavin Rowe and others). There were five sets of books (with a different cover colour for each set), the first set (Stage 1) being the easiest to read and the last set (Stage 5) being the hardest. Since they were intended for children who are learning to read, the books with lower reading stages would present the text in two versions: the left page contained the full version, to be read aloud by the parent, while the right page contained a simplified version for the child. The books are currently out of print.

Miscellany
Other Puddle Lane merchandise included  audio tapes supplied for the books, jigsaw puzzles, dominoes, picture word cards, and several educational products: The Magician's Activity Book, The Griffle's Activity Book and Puddle Lane Fun Frieze.

References

External links
 Puddle Lane at Little Gems General information, screenshots, complete list of episodes, title music sample available for download

1985 British television series debuts
1989 British television series endings
1980s British animated television series
1980s British children's television series
British children's books
British children's animated anthology television series
British children's animated fantasy television series
Fictional populated places in England
ITV children's television shows
Series of children's books
British preschool education television series
British television shows based on children's books
British television shows featuring puppetry
1980s preschool education television series
Television series by ITV Studios
Television series by Yorkshire Television
Television series set in the 19th century
English-language television shows
Animated preschool education television series

Puddle Lane


Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (born 26 November 1931) is an Argentine activist, community organizer, painter, writer and sculptor. He was the recipient of the 1980 Nobel Peace Prize for his opposition to Argentina's last civil-military dictatorship (1976–1983), during which he was detained, tortured, and held without trial for 14 months. He also received, among other distinctions, the Pacem in Terris Award.

Early life
Pérez Esquivel was born in Buenos Aires on 26 November 1931 to a Spanish fisherman from Poio, Galicia, who emigrated to Argentina. His mother died when he was three, and despite his poverty, he attended the Manuel Belgrano School of Fine Arts and the National University of La Plata, where he was trained as a painter and sculptor. He was appointed professor of architecture and worked with a variety of sculptural media, and for 25 years taught in all levels from primary to university. Pérez Esquivel began working with popularly based Latin American Christian pacifist groups during the 1960s. He relinquished his teaching post in 1974, when he was chosen as coordinator general for a network of Latin America-based communities promoting liberation of the poor through non-violence.

Plight for human rights
When systematic repression followed the March 1976 coup, which brought the dictatorship of General Jorge Videla to power, Pérez Esquivel contributed to the formation and financing of the linkages between popularly based organizations to defend human rights in Argentina and support the families of the victims of the Dirty War. The NGO Servicio Paz y Justicia ("Service, Peace and Justice Foundation", or SERPAJ), which he co-founded in 1974, and served as an instrument for the defense of human rights by promoting an international campaign to denounce the atrocities committed by the military regime. SERPAJ is a  member of the International Fellowship of Reconciliation (IFOR), which supported Esquivel's work from the beginning.

Pérez Esquivel was detained by the Brazilian Military Police in 1975. He was jailed in 1976 in Ecuador, along with Latin American and North American bishops. He was detained in Buenos Aires in 1977 by the Argentine Federal Police, tortured, and held without trial for 14 months; during that, he received, among other distinctions, the Pope John XXIII Peace Memorial.

Distinctions
Nominated by 1976 Nobel Peace Prize laureates Mairead Corrigan and Betty Williams, Pérez Esquivel was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on 10 December 1980, for his efforts in the defense of human rights. Accepting the prize "in the name of the poorest and smallest of my brothers and sisters," he donated the prize money to charity. He remained active in support of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo despite ongoing harassment by the dictatorship, and later joined causes in support of the indigenous peoples of Argentina and environmentalism and against austerity policies and the Free Trade Area of the Americas.

Pérez Esquivel was awarded the Pacem in Terris Award in 1999.

Pérez Esquivel served as president of the Honorary Council of Service, Latin American Peace and Justice Foundation and of the International League for Human Rights and Liberation of Peoples (based in Milan), and as a member of the Permanent Peoples' Tribunal. He published Caminando Junto al Pueblo ("Walking Together with the People", 1995), in which he relates his experiences with nonviolence in Latin America, and he was appointed Professor of Peace and Human Rights Studies at the University of Buenos Aires in 1998. He campaigned during 2010 against the practice on the part of the Esquel Police Department of training children into paramilitary squads, an operation that he compared to the creation of Nazi Germany's Hitler Youth.

Recent years
Pérez Esquivel is a permanent lecturer at the University of Buenos Aires Faculty of Social Sciences, where he directs the seminar "Culture for Peace and Human Rights".

He opposed the European intervention in the 2011 Libyan Civil War and warned against an intervention in the Syrian Civil War. In the aftermath of the death of Osama bin Laden, he sent a letter to President Barack Obama suggesting the United States killed rather than tried bin Laden because he could have revealed unsettling information about 9/11. He argued, "You know that there are people who have investigated the tragic events of 9/11/2001 and claim there is evidence that this was a self-coup (self-inflicted attack)." Later, he added, "this event was the perfect excuse to launch a war against Afghanistan and Iraq and now against Libya," and referred to the United States an "axis of evil."

Pérez Esquivel expressed himself regarding the historic, 13 March 2013, election of Archbishop of Buenos Aires Jorge Bergoglio as Pope Francis, stating that as Provincial superior of Jesuits "he had lacked the sufficient courage shown by other Bishops to support our cause for human rights during the dictatorship." Pérez Esquivel also said that "Bergoglio did what he could given his age at that time." He, however, clarified that the future Pope "was no accomplice and had no links with the dictatorship" and that while "it is said he did not do enough to get two priests out of jail, I know personally that many bishops called on the military junta for the release of prisoners and priests and that these requests were not granted."

In June 2017 he has been defending the government of Nicolás Maduro, in Venezuela, claiming that the country is undergoing a coup d'état attempt, orchestrated by the United States.

He was hospitalized in January 2022 following a stroke.

Works of art

Esquivel's work ranges from exhibitions to murals and monuments, including the 15 station Latin American Via Crucis (including a Lenten cloth "A new sky and a new land") made in 1992 to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the conquest of America; Monument to Refugees, located in the Headquarters of the UNHCR in Switzerland; the Latin American Peoples Mural in the Cathedral of Riobamba, Ecuador, dedicated to Monsignor Proaño and the indigenous peoples; and a bronze statue in tribute to Mahatma Gandhi at Gandhi Square, in Barcelona.

See also
 World Social Forum
 Adolfo Perez Esquivel: Rivers of Hope

Notes

References

External links

 Esquivel's Art – Stations of the CrossC (English, French, Spanish, Portuguese)
 'The Military Did Not Do It Alone'- a video interview with Adolfo Pérez Esquivel

1931 births
Living people
Artists from Buenos Aires
Argentine people of Spanish descent
National University of La Plata alumni
Argentine activists
Argentine Christian pacifists
Argentine Nobel laureates
Argentine Roman Catholics
Argentine sculptors
Catholic pacifists
Male sculptors
Nobel Peace Prize laureates
Academic staff of the University of Buenos Aires
Torture victims of the Dirty War
Nonviolence advocates
20th-century Argentine sculptors
20th-century Argentine painters
20th-century male artists
Argentine male painters
Argentine human rights activists

Adolfo Pérez Esquivel


The Ingaevones  were a Germanic cultural group living in the Northern Germania along the North Sea coast in the areas of Jutland, Holstein, and Frisia in classical antiquity. Tribes in this area included the Angles, Frisii, Chauci, Saxons, and Jutes.

The name is sometimes given by modern editors or translators as Ingvaeones, on the assumption that this is more likely to be the correct form, since an etymology can be formed for it as 'son of Yngvi', Yngvi occurring later as a Scandinavian divine name. Hence the postulated common group of closely related dialects of the "Ingvaeones" is called Ingvaeonic or North Sea Germanic.

Tacitus' source categorized the Ingaevones near the ocean as one of the three tribal groups descended from the three sons of Mannus, son of Tuisto, progenitor of all the Germanic peoples, the other two being the Irminones and the Istaevones. According to the speculations of Rafael von Uslar, this threefold subdivision of the West Germanic tribes corresponds to archeological evidence from late antiquity. Pliny ca AD 80 in his Natural History (IV.28) lists the Ingaevones as one of the five Germanic races, the others being the Vandili, the Istvaeones, the Hermiones and the Bastarnae. According to him, the Ingaevones were made up of Cimbri, Teutons and Chauci.

Stripped of its Latin ending, the Ingvaeon are the Ingwine, "friends of Ing" familiar from Beowulf, where Hrothgar is "Lord of the Ingwine"—whether one of them or lord over them being ambiguous.

Ing, the legendary father of the Ingaevones/Ingvaeones derives his name from a posited proto-Germanic *Ingwaz, as Ing, Ingo or Inguio, son of Mannus. This is also the name applied to the Viking era deity Freyr, known in Sweden as Yngvi-Freyr and mentioned as Yngvi-Freyr in Snorri Sturluson's Ynglinga saga. Jacob Grimm, in his Teutonic Mythology considers this Ing to have been originally identical to the obscure Scandinavian Yngvi, eponymous ancestor of the Swedish royal house of the Ynglinga, the "Inglings" or sons of Ing. Ing appears in the set of verses composed about the 9th century and printed under the title The Old English Rune Poem by George Hickes in 1705:
Ing wæs ærest mid Est-Denum
Gesewen secgum, oþ he siððan est
Ofer wæg gewat; wæn æfter ran;
Þus heardingas þone hæle nemdun.

An Ingui is also listed in the Anglo-Saxon royal house of Bernicia and was probably once seen as the progenitor of all Anglian kings. Since the Ingaevones form the bulk of the Anglo-Saxon settlement in Britain, they were speculated by Noah Webster to have given England its name, and Grigsby remarks that on the continent "they formed part of the confederacy known as the 'friends of Ing' and in the new lands they migrated to in the 5th and 6th centuries. In time, they would name these lands Angle-land, and it is tempting to speculate that the word Angle was derived from, or thought of as a pun on, the name of Ing."

According to the Trojan genealogy in the , Mannus becomes Alanus and Ing, his son, becomes Neugio. The three sons of Neugio are named Boguarus, Vandalus and Saxo—from whom came the peoples of the Boguarii (Baiuvarii), the Vandals, the Saxons and Taringi (Thuringii). This account comes to the Historia by way of the 6th-century Frankish Table of Nations, which borrows directly from Tacitus.

See also
List of Germanic peoples
Anglo-Saxons

Notes

References
 Grimm, Jacob (1835). Deutsche Mythologie (German Mythology); From English released version Grimm's Teutonic Mythology (1888); Available online by Northvegr 2004-2007:Chapter 15, page 2-; 3. File retrieved 09-26-2007.
 Sonderegger, Stefan (1979): Grundzüge deutscher Sprachgeschichte. Diachronie des Sprachsystems. Band I: Einführung – Genealogie – Konstanten. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter.
 Tacitus. Germania (1st century AD). (in Latin)

Early Germanic peoples
Pre-Roman Iron Age
North Sea Germanic

Ingaevones


Aspen anomaly is a geological structure in Colorado, United States. It consists of a low-seismic velocity anomaly in the mantle which underpins the highest sector of the Rocky Mountains.

Characteristics

The Aspen anomaly is a seismic velocity anomaly in the mantle beneath central Colorado (in the region of Aspen, Colorado), which appears to reach down into the upper mantle. Helium with isotope ratios indicative of mantle origin emanates from the terrain above the anomaly.

The Aspen anomaly coincides with the highest region of the Rocky Mountains (such as the San Juan Mountains and the Sawatch Range) and divergent drainages (Arkansas River, Colorado River and Gunnison River) which have cut deep gorges. This region underwent significant uplift during the Cenozoic starting from 10-5 million years ago and was subsequently eroded by the Colorado River. Ongoing present-day uplift of the San Juan Mountains may be linked to the Aspen anomaly.

River knickpoints in Gore Canyon and Black Canyon may mark the point at which the rivers pass through the edge of the region above the anomaly. The Colorado River may be influenced by the anomaly all the way to Lees Ferry, Arizona.

Hot springs and geysers above the anomaly are a major source of carbon dioxide and other gases, some linked to chemolithotrophic bacterial communities. Cenozoic volcanism is also associated with the anomaly, such as potentially the Twin Lakes pluton close to Leadville, Colorado.

Context

In seismic tomography images, the Aspen anomaly is characterized by a northwards tilted low seismic velocity anomaly. The anomaly is one among several low velocity anomalies beneath the western United States, although unlike the others known as the Jemez, Yellowstone and St. George it does not have a northeastward throw. Other structures that may be related to the Aspen anomaly are the Lester Mountain zone, the Colorado mineral belt and the Rio Grande Rift. The Aspen anomaly has been compared with the Yellowstone hotspot, but it lacks a volcanic caldera that Yellowstone has.

Origin

The Aspen anomaly has been interpreted in several ways.
 It may be a mantle plume, but the steep tilt angle is unusual for a mantle plume.
 It may be a lithospheric melt zone, but the lithosphere is not thick enough to contain such a structure.
 It may be a Proterozoic structure, maybe the leftover of a subduction zone. Prolonged subduction would have enriched a segment of mantle with water and thus lowered its melting point.
 Shallower upwelling (such as asthenospheric upwelling), possibly linked with slab rollback or crustal delamination processes.
 Crustal weaknesses.

References

Sources

Geology of Colorado
Rocky Mountains

Aspen anomaly


Conrad Potter Aiken (August 5, 1889 – August 17, 1973) was an American writer and poet, honored with a Pulitzer Prize and a National Book Award, and was United States Poet Laureate from 1950 to 1952. His published works include poetry, short stories, novels, literary criticism, a play, and an autobiography.

Biography

Early years
Aiken was the eldest son of William Ford and Anna (Potter) Aiken. In Savannah, Aiken's father became a respected physician and eye surgeon, while his mother was the daughter of a prominent Massachusetts Unitarian minister. On February 27, 1901, Dr. Aiken murdered his wife and then committed suicide. According to his autobiography, Ushant, Aiken, then 11 years old, heard the two gunshots and discovered the bodies immediately thereafter. After his parents' deaths, he was raised by his great-aunt and uncle in Cambridge, Massachusetts, attending Middlesex School, then Harvard University.

At Harvard, Aiken edited the Advocate with T. S. Eliot, who became a lifelong friend, colleague, and influence. It was also at Harvard where Aiken studied under another significant influence in his writing, the philosopher George Santayana.

Adult years
Aiken was strongly influenced by symbolism, especially in his earlier works. In 1930 he received the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for his Selected Poems. Many of his writings had strong psychological themes. He wrote the widely anthologized short story "Silent Snow, Secret Snow" (1934), partially based on his childhood tragedy.

Other influences were Aiken's grandfather, Potter, who had been a church preacher, as well as Whitman's freestyle poetry.  This helped Aiken shape his poetry more freely while his recognition of a God grounded his more visually rich explorations into the universe. Some of his best-known poetry, such as "Morning Song of Senlin", uses these influences on great effect.

His collections of verse include Earth Triumphant (1914), The Charnel Rose (1918) and And In the Hanging Gardens (1933). His poem "Music I Heard" has been set to music by a number of composers, including Leonard Bernstein, Henry Cowell, and Helen Searles Westbrook. Aiken wrote or edited more than 51 books, the first of which was published in 1914, two years after his graduation from Harvard. His work includes novels, short stories (The Collected Short Stories appeared in 1961), reviews, an autobiography, and poetry. He received numerous awards and honors for his writing, though for most of his lifetime, he received little public attention.

Though Aiken was reluctant to speak of his early trauma and ensuing psychological problems, he acknowledged that his writings were strongly influenced by his studies of Sigmund Freud, Carl G. Jung, Otto Rank, Ferenczi, Adler, and other depth psychologists. It wasn't until the publication of his autobiography, Ushant, that Aiken revealed the emotional challenges that he had battled for much of his adult life. During the 1920s Freud heard of him and offered to psychoanalyze him. While aboard a Europe-bound ship to meet with Freud, Aiken was discouraged by Erich Fromm from accepting the offer. Consequently, despite Freud's strong influence on Aiken, Aiken never met the noted psychoanalyst. As he later said, "Freud had read Great Circle, and I'm told kept a copy on his office table. But I didn't go, though I started to. Misgivings set in, and so did poverty."

Personal life
Aiken had three younger siblings, Kempton Potter (K. P. A. Taylor), Robert Potter (R. P. A. Taylor), and Elizabeth. After their parents' deaths, the four children were adopted by Frederick Winslow Taylor and his wife Louise, their great-aunt. His siblings took Taylor's last name. Kempton helped establish the Aiken Taylor Award for Modern American Poetry.

He was married three times: firstly to Jessie McDonald (1912–1929); secondly to Clarissa Lorenz (1930–1937) (author of a biography, Lorelei Two); and thirdly to the painter Mary Hoover (1937–1973). He fathered three children by his first wife Jessie: John Aiken, Jane Aiken Hodge and Joan Aiken, all of whom became writers.

Aiken married Jessie McDonald in 1912, and the couple moved to England in 1921 with their older two children; John (born 1913) and Jane (born 1917), settling in Rye, East Sussex (where the American novelist Henry James had once lived). The couple's youngest daughter, Joan, was born in Rye in 1924. Conrad Aiken returned to Cambridge, Massachusetts, as a tutor at Harvard from 1927 to 1928. For many years, he divided his time between Rye, New York, and Boston. In 1931 he was introduced by the artist Paul Nash to Edward Burra, a painter also living in Rye. That year Burra painted his gouache "John Deth", inspired by Aiken's poem of that name and originally intended to illustrate a projected edition that was never realized. Nevertheless, the two men maintained a lifelong friendship thereafter.

In 1936, Aiken met his third wife, Mary, in Boston. In the following year the couple visited Malcolm Lowry in Cuernavaca, Mexico, where Aiken divorced Clarissa and married Mary. The couple moved to Rye, where they remained until the outbreak of World War II in 1940. The Aikens settled in Brewster, Massachusetts, on Cape Cod, where he and his wife Mary later ran a summer program for writers and painters named after their antique farmhouse, "Forty-One Doors". Despite living for many years abroad and receiving recognition as a Southern writer, Aiken always considered himself an American, and, in particular, a New Englander.

Over the years, he served in loco parentis as well as mentor to the English author Malcolm Lowry. In 1923 he acted as a witness at the marriage of his friend, poet W. H. Davies. From 1950 to 1952, he served as Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress, more commonly known as Poet Laureate of the United States. In 1960 he visited Grasmere in the Lake District, England (once the home of William Wordsworth), with his friend Edward Burra.

The Aikens lived primarily at their farmhouse in West Brewster and wintered in Savannah in a home adjacent to his early childhood house.

Aiken died on 17 August 1973 and was buried in Bonaventure Cemetery in Savannah, Georgia on the banks of the Wilmington River, and so was Mary after her death in 1992. The burial site was featured in Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil by John Berendt. According to local legend, Aiken wished to have his tombstone fashioned in the shape of a bench as an invitation to visitors to stop and enjoy a martini at his grave. The bench is inscribed with "Give my love to the world", and "Cosmos Mariner—Destination Unknown".

A primary source for information on Aiken's life is his autobiographical novel Ushant (1952), one of his major works. In it, he wrote candidly about his various affairs and marriages, his attempted suicide and fear of insanity, and his friendships with T. S. Eliot (who appears in the book as the Tsetse), Ezra Pound (Rabbi Ben Ezra), Malcolm Lowry (Hambo), and others.

Awards and recognition
Named Poetry Consultant (now U.S. Poet Laureate) of the Library of Congress from 1950 to 1952, Aiken earned numerous prestigious writing honors, including a Pulitzer Prize in 1930 for Selected Poems, the 1954 National Book Award for Collected Poems, the Bollingen Prize in Poetry, the National Institute of Arts and Letters Gold Medal in Poetry, and a National Medal for Literature. He was awarded a Guggenheim fellowship in 1934, Academy of American Poets fellowship in 1957, Huntington Hartford Foundation Award in 1960, and Brandeis University Creative Arts Award in 1967. Aiken was the first Georgia-born author to win a Pulitzer Prize, and was named Georgia's Poet Laureate in 1973. He was the first winner of the Poetry Society of America (PSA) Shelley Memorial Award, in 1929.

In 2009, the Library of America selected Aiken's 1931 story "Mr. Arcularis" for inclusion in its two-century retrospective of American fantastic tales.

Selected works

Poetry collections
 Earth Triumphant (Aiken, 1914) (available online at archive.org)
 Turns and Movies and other Tales in Verse (Aiken, 1916, Houghton Mifflin) (available online at archive.org)
 The Jig of Forslin: A Symphony, 1916
 Nocturne of Remembered Spring: And Other Poems (Aiken, 1917) (available online at archive.org)
 Charnel Rose (Aiken, 1918) (available online at archive.org)
 The House of Dust: A Symphony, 1920
 Punch: The Immortal Liar, Documents in His History, 1921
 Priapus and the Pool, 1922
 The Pilgrimage of Festus, 1923
 Priapus and the Pool, and Other Poems, 1925
 Selected Poems, 1929
 John Deth, A Metaphysical Legacy, and Other Poems, 1930
 The Coming Forth by Day of Osiris Jones, 1931
 Preludes for Memnon, 1931
 Landscape West of Eden, 1934
 Time in the Rock; Preludes to Definition, 1936
 And in the Human Heart, 1940
 Brownstone Eclogues, and Other Poems, 1942
 The Soldier: A Poem, 1944
 The Kid, 1947
 The Divine Pilgrim, 1949
 Skylight One: Fifteen Poems, 1949
 Collected Poems, 1953
 A Letter from Li Po and Other Poems, 1955
 Sheepfold Hill: Fifteen Poems, 1958
 The Morning Song of Lord Zero, Poems Old and New, 1963
 Thee: A Poem, 1967
 Collected Poems, 2nd ed., 1970

Short stories
 "Bring! Bring!"
 "The Last Visit"
 "Mr. Arcularis"
 "The Bachelor Supper"
 "Bow Down, Isaac!"
 "A Pair of Vikings"
 "Hey, Taxi!"
 "Field of Flowers"
 "Gehenna"
 "The Disciple"
 "Impulse"
 "The Anniversary"
 "Hello, Tib"
 "Smith and Jones"
 "By My Troth, Nerisa!"
 "Silent Snow, Secret Snow"
 "Round by Round"
 "Thistledown"
 "State of Mind"
 "Strange Moonlight"
 "The Fish Supper"
 "I Love You Very Dearly"
 "The Dark City"
 "Life Isn't a Short Story"
 "The Night Before Prohibition"
 "Spider, Spider"
 "A Man Alone at Lunch"
 "Farewell! Farewell! Farewell!"
 "Your Obituary, Well Written"
 "A Conversation"
 "No, No, Go Not to Lethe"
 "Pure as the Driven Snow"
 "All, All Wasted"
 "The Moment"
 "The Woman-Hater"
 "The Professor's Escape"
 "The Orange Moth"
 "The Necktie"
 "O How She Laughed!"
 "West End"
 "Fly Away Ladybird"

Novels
 Blue Voyage (1927)
 Great Circle (1933)
 King Coffin (1935)
 A Heart for the Gods of Mexico (1939)
 The Conversation (1940)

Other books
 Scepticisms: Notes on Contemporary Poetry (1919)
 Ushant (1952)
 A Reviewer's ABC: Collected Criticism of Conrad Aiken from 1916 to the Present (1958)
 Collected Short Stories (1960)
 Collected Short Stories of Conrad Aiken (1965)

References

External links

Poems by Conrad Aiken An extensive collection of Aiken's poetry
Conrad Aiken: Unitarian Prodigy Poet Biography

Conrad Aiken's Grave in Savannah, Georgia
New Georgia Encyclopedia entry
Index entry for Conrad Aiken at Poets' Corner
Famous Poets and Poems, Aiken Biography
Bookrags.com
Libs.uga.edu
Collected Poems by Conrad Aiken on the National Book Awards Poetry Blog

Guides to Conrad Aiken's prose, poetry, and correspondence at Houghton Library, Harvard University

Conrad Aiken historical marker
Conrad Aiken at the Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library

1889 births
1973 deaths
19th-century American novelists
19th-century American short story writers
19th-century American male writers
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American poets
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century Unitarians
American male novelists
American male poets
American male short story writers
American Poets Laureate
American Unitarians
Bollingen Prize recipients
Burials in Georgia (U.S. state)

Federal Writers' Project people
Harvard Advocate alumni
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Middlesex School alumni
National Book Award winners
Novelists from Georgia (U.S. state)
Poets from Georgia (U.S. state)
Pulitzer Prize for Poetry winners
Writers from Savannah, Georgia
Poets Laureate of Georgia (U.S. state)

Conrad Aiken


Punjabi Dramas are semi-improvised comedy stage plays popular in the Punjab region of Pakistan.

The plays are scripted but actors and performers are given enough freedom to add humor along the way while staying within boundaries. Punjabi dramas are characterized by taunts which are almost entirely of an adult nature, although this is at many times done through word play which implies something else.

Later on actors of Faisalabad became famous in the scene and choreographed dances on Punjabi film songs were also introduced which increased the popularity of these stage shows considerably. Sometimes the plays also carry a moral.

Audience and popularity
Punjabi dramas are popular with the lower and middle class and were made famous through distribution on CD's in the mid and late 1990s. Recently, due availability of these dramas on YouTube, they have also become increasingly popular in Punjab region of India.

Genre of comedy
Punjabi dramas are semi-improvisational. Mostly actors keep going on for several minutes, taunting each other.

Women in the stage shows are shown normally of ill repute and this is made very clear through the taunts they get from male actors. Famous people such as Cricket players, Pakistani and Indian film stars and even celebrities from Western culture such as Jackie Chan, Michael Jackson, Colonel Sanders of KFC are used in humor.

Venues and tours
Stage shows are mostly concentrated in Lahore, Faisalabad, Gujranwala and other Punjab cities and also go on tours abroad to the United Kingdom, where stage shows are distributed through DVDs.

References

Punjabi culture
Theatre in India

Punjabi drama


In Bamboo massage, hollow bamboo canes are used as a massage tool, either warmed or at room temperature. They can be used with or without hot stones.

Technique
The bamboo cane replaces the therapist's hands, and it is used to give a deep, firm massage. The cane is held by the therapist and rolled over the muscle with the same strokes they would use with their hands. The muscle is then kneaded, which assists in the release of tension and easing of knots. Massage practitioners often use the whole arm from elbow to wrist, and the use of the bamboo cane replaces this technique.

Effect
This technique works in a very similar way to stone massage. Hands are used to work over the muscles and the cane is used to focus on knots. As the cane is used instead of the hand, various techniques and modalities can incorporate the use of bamboo canes. This can have the benefit of less stress to the practitioner's hands and arms.

References

Massage
Massage

Bamboo massage


The Carmen Suites are two suites of orchestral music drawn from the music of Georges Bizet's 1875 opera Carmen and compiled posthumously by his friend Ernest Guiraud. They adhere very closely to Bizet's orchestration. However the order of the musical allusions are in reversed chronological order, and do not adhere to the operatic versions entirely, although the Suite is directly inspired by Bizet's opera.

Guiraud also wrote the recitatives for Carmen, and compiled the second of the two suites from Bizet's L'Arlésienne incidental music.

Each of the Carmen Suites contains six numbers.  Both suites have been performed and recorded many times.

Carmen Suite No. 1
 Prélude – Act I, prelude (fate motive)
 Aragonaise – Interlude (entr'acte) before act 4
 Intermezzo – Interlude (entr'acte) before act 3
 Séguedille – Act 1, Carmen: "Près des remparts de Séville"
 Les Dragons d'Alcala – Interlude (entr'acte) before act 2
 Les Toréadors – Theme from prelude to act 1 and Procession of the Toreadors from act 4: "Les voici! voici la quadrille des Toreros!".

Suite No. 1 was published c. 1882.

The Aragonaise was also used by Pablo de Sarasate in his Carmen Fantasy for violin and orchestra and by Franz Waxman in his own Carmen Fantasie.

Carmen Suite No. 2
 Marche des Contrebandiers – Act 3, chorus: "Écoute, écoute, compagnon!"
 Habanera: Act 1, aria (Carmen) – "L'amour est un oiseau rebelle"

 Nocturne: Act 3, aria (Micaëla) – "Je dis que rien ne m'épouvante"
 Chanson du Toréador – Act 2, introduction and aria (Escamillo): "Votre toast, je peux vous le rendre"
 La Garde Montante – Act 1: "Avec la garde montante, nous arrivons, nous voilà!"
 Chanson Bohème – Act 2, Gypsy Dance: "Les tringles des sistres tintaient"

Suite No. 2 is longer than the first suite. It was published in 1887.

References

External links

Orchestral suites
1882 compositions
1887 compositions
Compositions by Georges Bizet
Compositions for symphony orchestra
Arrangements of classical compositions

Carmen Suites (Bizet/Guiraud)


Arthur Clarence Jones was a college football player.

University of Georgia
A native of Columbus, Jones was a prominent running back for the Georgia Bulldogs football team of the University of Georgia. In 1897, he was on the team during the season in which Richard Von Albade Gammon died. He was a renowned punter; a skill which had him moved to fullback by 1898. In this capacity Jones was selected All-Southern by W. A. Lambeth. Georgia beat Vanderbilt for the first time in '98. Jones was captain-elect for the '99 season.

References

American football halfbacks
American football fullbacks
American football punters
Georgia Bulldogs football players
All-Southern college football players
Players of American football from Columbus, Georgia

A. Clarence Jones


Texas Instruments Inc. (TI) is a electronics company that makes semiconductors and other electronics, such as calculators. The company started in 1924 in Tulsa, Oklahoma as "Geophysical Research Corporation", a subsidiary of Amerada Petroleum. In 1930, they started a new independent company called Geophysical Service, Incorporated. It became a subsidiary of General Instruments in 1951. The same year the name was changed to Texas Instruments (TI). The company is headquartered in Dallas, Texas. Today TI is the third largest manufacturer of semiconductors in the world after Intel and Samsung. It is the second largest supplier of chips for cellular handsets after Qualcomm. TI is the largest producer of digital signal processors (DSPs) and analog semiconductors. They also make a wide range of other semiconductor products.

References

Companies based in Texas
1951 establishments in the United States
Companies listed on NASDAQ
20th-century establishments in Oklahoma

Texas Instruments


N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc),  is an amino sugar derivative of galactose.

Function
In humans it is the terminal carbohydrate forming the antigen of blood group A.

It is typically the first monosaccharide that connects serine or threonine in particular forms of protein O-glycosylation.

N-Acetylgalactosamine is necessary for intercellular communication, and is concentrated in sensory nerve structures of both humans and animals.

GalNAc is also used as a targeting ligand in investigational antisense oligonucleotides and siRNA therapies targeted to the liver, where it binds to the asialoglycoprotein receptors on hepatocytes.

See also
 Galactosamine
 Globoside
 (N-Acetylglucosamine) GlcNAc

References

External links

Acetamides
Hexosamines
Membrane biology

N-Acetylgalactosamine


The Return () is a 2003 Russian coming-of-age drama film directed by Andrey Zvyagintsev and released internationally in 2004.

It tells the story of two Russian boys whose father suddenly returns home after a 12-year absence. He takes the boys on a holiday to a remote island on a lake that turns into a test of manhood of almost mythic proportions. It won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival (as well as the award for the best first film) and was nominated on Golden Globe for Best Foreign Language Film. The film was also selected as the Russian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 76th Academy Awards, but it didn't make the final shortlist. It received generally positive reviews from critics.

Plot
In contemporary Russia, Ivan and his older brother Andrei have grown a deep attachment to each other to make up for their fatherless childhood. Both their mother and grandmother live with them. After running home after a fight with each other, the boys are shocked to discover their father has returned after a 12-year absence. With their mother's uneasy blessing, Ivan and Andrei set out on what they believe will be a simple fishing vacation with him.

Andrei is delighted to be reunited with their father and Ivan is apprehensive towards the man whom they know only from a faded photograph.

At first, both brothers are pleased with the prospect of an exciting adventure, but they soon strain under the weight of their father's awkward and increasingly brutal efforts to make up for the missing decade. Ivan and Andrei find themselves alternately tested, rescued, scolded, mentored, scrutinized, and ignored by the man. Andrei seems to look up to his father while Ivan remains stubbornly defensive.

As the truck stops and cafés give way to rain-swept, primeval wilderness coastline, Ivan's doubts give way to open defiance. Andrei's powerful need to bond with a father he's never known begins, in turn, to distance him from Ivan. Ivan and his father's test of will escalates into bitter hostility and sudden violence after the trio arrives at their mysterious island destination.

Ivan has an outburst of anger after witnessing his father strike Andrei. He shouts at his father, runs into the forest, and climbs to the top of the observatory tower. Andrei and their father run after him. The father tries to reason with Ivan, but this only stresses Ivan further. He then threatens to jump down from the top of the tower. The father tries to reach out to him, but falls to his death.

Ivan and Andrei take the body across the forest, bring him on board the boat, and row back to where they came. While the boys are putting their gear in the car, the boat starts to drift away. Andrei screams, "Father!" and starts running towards the shore, followed by Ivan, but it is too late. The boat and the body are sinking. Ivan screams "Father!" for the first and the last time from the bottom of his heart. They get into the car and drive away. The film ends with photographs from their journey; since the father does not appear on any of them, there is no proof that Andrei and Ivan went on a trip with him.

Cast
 Vladimir Garin as Andrei
 Ivan Dobronravov as Ivan (Vanya)
 Konstantin Lavronenko as Father
 Natalia Vdovina as Mother

Production
The Return was filmed on and around Lake Ladoga and the Gulf of Finland. The budget of the film remains a secret, though in an interview the director and the producer hinted that it was well below $500,000. The director also mentioned that the producers made their money back even before it was screened at the Venice Film Festival. The film premiered in Russia on 16 October 2003, with the worldwide premiere taking place on 31 October 2003.

Vladimir Garin drowned shortly after filming and two months before the film's debut. He was 16 years old.

Reception

Box office
The Return grossed $4,429,093 worldwide.

Critical response
As of 20 September 2020, The Return has an approval rating of 96% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 89 reviews, and an average rating of 8.1/10. The website's critical consensus states, "A suspenseful but perplexing thriller". It also has a score of 82 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 30 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".

In a 2016 BBC critics' poll, The Return was ranked the 80th-greatest film of the 21st century. In 2023 The Hollywood Reporter critics' poll, The Return was ranked the 32nd-greatest of the 21st century.

Awards and nominations

International
BBC Four World Cinema Awards 2005
 Winner, BBC Four World Cinema Award

European Film Awards
 Winner, European Discovery of the Year (Fassbinder Award)

Golden Globe Awards
 Nominee, Best Foreign Language Film Russia

Palm Springs International Film Festival
 Winner, Best Foreign Film

Venice Film Festival
 Winner, Golden Lion
 Winner, Best First Film

Guldbagge Awards
 Winner, Best Foreign Film

César Awards
 Nominee, Best Foreign Film

Russian
Russian Guild of Film Critics
 Winner, Best Film
 Winner, Best Director of Photography (Mikhail Krichman)
 Winner, Best Debut

Nika Award
 Winner, Best Film
 Winner, Best Director of Photography (Mikhail Krichman)

Golden Eagle Award
 Winner, Best Film
 Winner, Best Director of Photography (Mikhail Krichman)
 Winner, Best Sound (Andrei Khudyakov)

See also
 List of submissions to the 76th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
 List of Russian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

References

External links

Movie Trailer and Screenshots

2003 films
2000s coming-of-age drama films
Films directed by Andrey Zvyagintsev
European Film Awards winners (films)
Best Foreign Film Guldbagge Award winners
Golden Lion winners
Russian coming-of-age drama films
Russian drama road movies
Films set on islands
2000s survival films
Films about brothers
2000s Russian-language films

The Return (2003 film)


Steam pipe may refer to:
 A pipe designed to carry pressurized steam from a boiler to the working components, i.e. the steam engine(s) or turbine(s). Such piping usually includes valves to control the routing of the steam, or to stop the flow altogether.
 A specific application of a steam pipe is the main steam pipe of a steam locomotive, which transports the pressurized steam from the steam dome atop the boiler to the cylinders, via the steam chests.
 A component of a district heating system, which distributes heat through an area via heated steam, which is transported through (typically buried) steam pipes to individual buildings.
 New York City steam system, a district heating system in New York City, an example of a district heating system.

Steam pipe


Man, Myth & Magic: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Supernatural is an encyclopedia of the supernatural, including magic, mythology and religion. It was edited by Richard Cavendish. The art director was Brian Innes, former percussionist of surrealistic 1960s band The Temperance Seven.

Man, Myth & Magic was originally published by BPC Publishing, Ltd. as a partwork, a limited British weekly magazine intended to be collected as a whole. The printer was Purnell & Sons, Leeds. Publication commenced in 1970, and continued for 112 issues spanning 1,000 articles with some 5,000 illustrations, many of them in full colour. Purnell also sold binders for gathering the installments into seven volumes, plus one additional binder for the magazine covers.

In 1970 BPC Publishing Ltd put out a very popular hardcover set condensing all 112 magazines into a 24 volume set.
It was reprinted as a 21 volume revised edition by Marshall Cavendish in 1995 ().
The material has been sold to Cavendish Square Publishing, which has published ten volumes of the material reorganized into books according to subject, including Witches and Witchcraft as well as Beliefs, Rituals, and Symbols of Ancient Greece and Rome. Cavendish Square revised the encyclopaedia into a five volume library bound set, in 2014.

More than two hundred academics and specialists contributed to the magazine, and wrote in a generally accessible style.

The editorial board consisted of:

 Glyn Daniel, archaeologist and editor of 'Antiquity'.
 E. R. Dodds, former Regius Professor of Greek at Oxford.
 Mircea Eliade, professor of the History of Religion at University of Chicago.
 William Sargant, past Physician in Charge of the Department of Psychological Medicine, St. Thomas' Hospital.
 John Symonds, author and literary executor of Aleister Crowley.
 R. J. Zwi Werblowsky, professor of Comparative Religion, Dean of Faculty of Humanities, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
 Robert Charles Zaehner, Spalding Professor of Eastern Religion and Ethics, Oxford.
 Cottie Arthur Burland, formerly of the Department of Ethnography at the British Museum.

References

Encyclopedias of culture and ethnicity
Mythology books
Occult books

Man, Myth & Magic (encyclopedia)


Shantanu (Sanskrit: शांतनु) is a character in the Mahabharata, described as the a ruler of the Kuru Kingdom with his capital at Hastinapura. He was a descendant of the Bharata race, a forebear of the lineage of the Chandravamsha, and the great-grandfather of the Pandavas and the Kauravas.

The ruler was the youngest son of King Pratipa of Hastinapura and had been born during the latter's latter years. His eldest brother, Devapi, had leprosy, and had given up his inheritance to become a hermit. The middle son, Bahlika, (or Vahlika) abandoned his paternal kingdom, and had started living with his maternal uncle in Balkh, subsequently inheriting his kingdom. Shantanu, thus, ascended the throne of Hastinapura.

He is best known for being the father of Bhishma (born as Devavrata), among the mightiest warriors of the epic.

Etymology

The meaning of the name can be explained by nirukti available in Adi Parva, Gopal Gurpreet through which Sri Nityānanda Miśra elaborates its meaning as "the one who amplifies sukha (happines) for others". Monier-Williams translates śaṁ-tanu as "wholesome for the body".

The Sambhava Parva of Mahabharata says that the old men of his kingdom who were touched by this monarch not only felt an indescribable sensation of pleasure but also became restored to youth. Therefore, this monarch was called Santanu.

Brahma's curse and the birth of Shantanu

In his previous birth, there was a powerful king of the Ikshvaku dynasty named Mahabhisha. He possessed many virtuous qualities, and after performing a thousand Ashvamedha Yagnas and a hundred Rajasuya Yagnas (to qualify as emperor), he had attained heaven after his death. Once he got an opportunity to visit the court of Brahma where all the Devas and the Ganga were also present. While the celestials were worshipping Brahma, a wind blew and displaced Ganga's clothes revealing her body. Everybody present there bent their heads except Mahabhisha who kept gazing at her. Upon seeing this act, Brahma lost his temper and cursed him to be born a mortal. Ganga who also relished the mortal act was cursed to be born as human and come back only after breaking Mahabhisha's heart. Mahabhisha then requested Brahma that he, Mahabhisha, be born as the son of Kuru king Pratipa and his wish was granted by Brahma.

The Kuru king Pratipa was once meditating. At that time Ganga took the form of a beautiful woman, approached the king and sat on his right thigh. When he asked her what she wanted, Ganga requested him to become her husband. Pratipa however refused since he had taken a vow not to lust for anybody, and also that she had sat on his right thigh and according to traditions a man's right thigh was for his daughter or daughter-in-law while the left thigh was for his wife. He then proposed that she marry his son, to which she agreed.

A child was born to Pratipa and his wife Sunanda in their old age. He was named Shantanu because when he was born his father had controlled his passions by ascetic penances. Pratipa then installed Shantanu as king of Hastinapura and retired into the woods to perform penances. Bahlika who was elder than Shantanu also gave permission to him for becoming the king of Hastinapura.

Marriage with Ganga

Shantanu saw a beautiful woman on the banks of the river Ganga and asked her to marry him. She agreed but with one condition: that Shantanu would never ask any questions about her actions. They married and later she gave birth to a son. But she drowned the child. Shantanu could not ask her the reason, because of his promise, lest she would leave him. One by one, seven sons were born and drowned by Ganga.

When Ganga was about to drown the eighth son, Shantanu, devastated, could not restrain himself and confronted her. Finally, Ganga explained to King Shantanu about Brahma's curse given to Mahabhisha and her. Then she told him that their eight children were Eight Vasu's who were cursed by Vasishtha to be born on earth as mortal humans. However, when they pacified him, he limited his curse and told them that they would be freed from this curse upon their birth as humans. So she released the seven of them from human life by drowning them all. However, the Vasu Dyaus was cursed to live a long life and not to have a wife or have children. But the sage Vashishtha also gave a boon to him that he would be virtuous, conversant with all the holy scriptures and will be an obedient son to his father.  Ganga said she would take him to train him properly for the King's throne and status. With these words, she disappeared along with the child while Shantanu was struck with grief thinking about spending the rest of his life without her.

Reunion with his son

Shantanu, filled with grief from the loss of his wife and son, began to practise Brahmacharya and ruled his kingdom extremely well. By merely adopting virtuous behaviour, Shantanu was easily able to conquer the entire world without lifting weapons. All the kings declared Shantanu as Emperor and his reign was a peaceful one. Shantanu gave up hunting and gained popularity from his subjects.

One day, while walking along the banks of the Ganga, Shantanu saw that the river had become shallow. While searching for the cause of this phenomenon, he came across a handsome young boy who had checked the river's flow with his celestial weapon. The young boy was his son, however, he did not recognize him because he could see him only for a few moments after he was born. The boy recognized that he was his father; however, he did not reveal it to him. Instead he disappeared from his sight using his power of illusion. Shantanu upon seeing this wondered whether the boy was actually his son and called upon Ganga to show the boy to him. Ganga having thus appeared revealed to him that the boy was actually his son Devavrata and that he was taught the knowledge of the holy scriptures by the sage Vasishtha and the art of warfare by Parshurama. After revealing the truth about Devavrata she told Shantanu to take him to Hastinapura. Upon reaching the capital Shantanu crowned Devavrata as the heir-apparent to the throne.

Although Shantanu was pained from his separation from Ganga, he was overjoyed upon receiving such an accomplished son. He performed seven Ashvamedha Yagnas on the banks of Yamuna with the help of Devavrata.

Marriage with Satyavati

Four years later, Shantanu while travelling near the banks of Yamuna smelled a sweet scent coming from an unknown direction. While searching for the cause of the scent, he came across Satyavati from whom the smell of scent was coming. Satyavati was an adopted daughter of the chief of the fishermen of her village. Upon seeing her, Shantanu fell in love with her and desired to marry her. Upon asking for his consent, her father agreed to the marriage on the condition that Satyavati's son would inherit the throne of Hastinapura.

King Shantanu was unable to give his word on accession as his eldest son Devavrata was the heir to the throne and was forlorn. Devavrata, however, realised the cause of his sorrow and for the sake of his father, gave his word to the chief that he would renounce all his claims to the throne, in favour of Satyavati's children. To reassure the skeptical chief further, he also vowed lifelong celibacy to ensure that future generations borne of Satyavati would also not be challenged by his offspring. Upon hearing this vow he immediately agreed to the marriage of Satyavati and Shantanu. Devavrata was named as Bhishma (one who has taken a terrible vow) by the celestials because of the terrible oath he took. Devavrata returned to Hastinapura with Satyavati, and marriage of Shantanu and Satyavati happens. But eventually Shantanu knows about his son's vow. Upon hearing about this, Shantanu at first was heartbroken, but later became highly impressed with his son's love and affection and gave him a boon that he will only die if he wants to. Shantanu and Satyavati went on to have two sons, Chitrāngada and Vichitravirya. After Shantanu's death, Chitrangada became king of Hastinapur.

Literature
van Buitenen, J.A.B. (1973), Mahabharata, vol. 1, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, pp. 216–230
Shastri Chitrao, M.M.S. (1964), Bharatavarshiya Prachin Charitrakosha (Dictionary of Ancient Indian Biography, in Hindi), pp. 962–63

References

See also

Characters in the Mahabharata
Mythological kings of Kuru

Shantanu


Taj Allen Gray (born March 14, 1984) is an American professional basketball player. He was a basketball player for the University of Oklahoma.

Early Years and High school career
Taj played middle school AAU for Wichita Razorback under Coach Steve Winters. They were ranked #1 in Kansas and #5  in the Midwest.

Gray attended Wichita High School East and as a senior led his team to the Kansas Class 6A state title, earning tournament MVP honors. He was also named Kansas High School Player of the Year after averaging 20.9 points and 15.5 rebounds and 6.4 blocks per game during his senior season.

College career

Junior college
Gray started his collegiate basketball career at Redlands Community College, where he was named second-team NJCAA All-American as a freshman and first-team All-American as a sophomore, finishing runner-up in the NJCAA Player of the Year balloting. Averaging 18.1 points, 10.8 rebounds and 3.3 block per game, he led Redlands to a 35–2 overall record and a national runner-up finish. In addition, he led the NJCAA Tournament with 12.3 rebounds per game and was named to the all-tourney team.

Oklahoma
A sought after junior college recruit, Gray transferred to the University of Oklahoma instead of signing with Arkansas, Kansas, Texas A&M and Texas Tech. In his first year at OU, the Sooners went 25–8, finished as the Big 12 co-champions and advanced to the second round of the 2005 NCAA Tournament. Gray averaged team-highs of 14.6 points and 8.2 rebounds per game, while posting a league second-best 12 double-doubles. Gray was named a first-team All-Big 12 selection by league coaches and was named Big 12 Newcomer of the Year.

Gray was named Big 12 Preseason Player of the Year before the start of his senior season and averaged 14.2 points, 7.7 rebounds and 1.6 blocked shots per games which were all team highs. He was named a first-team All-Big 12 pick by Sports Illustrated and was named to the Big 12 All-Defensive Team.

Professional career
Although he was projected to be a second-round draft pick, Gray was not selected in the 2006 NBA draft. He was subsequently invited to play for the Sacramento Kings' summer league team, but was not signed to a contract.

On August 10, 2006 Gray announced that he would play for Cholet Basketball, an A League team in the Ligue Nationale de Basketball, the top men's French professional basketball league.

One year later, after a very good season in Cholet, he announced that he would play for Paris Basket Racing for one year.

Gray signed on to the French team Chorale Roanne for the 2008/2009 season where his averaging 22 ppg 11.2 rpg 3.2 blocks One year later, he signed on CB Murcia, to play in the LEB Oro, the Spanish second league.

References

External links
French LNB profile
ESPN Player profile
Oklahoma Sooners Profile
RealGM profile

1984 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in France
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American expatriate basketball people in Mexico
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
Basketball players from Wichita, Kansas
American men's basketball players
CB Murcia players
Cholet Basket players
Chorale Roanne Basket players
Élan Chalon players
Junior college men's basketball players in the United States
Oklahoma Sooners men's basketball players
Metropolitans 92 players
Venados de Mazatlán (basketball) players
Centers (basketball)
Power forwards (basketball)

Taj Gray


The Rafah terror attack was a terrorist attack conducted by the Islamic State – Sinai Province on an Egyptian Armed Forces checkpoint in Rafah in North Sinai on 7 July 2017 and resulted in the death and injury of 23 Egyptian soldiers, including the high-ranking El-Sa'ka officer, Col. Ahmed Mansi. 46 terrorists were killed and six cars of the militants were destroyed in the attack.

Following the attack, multiple domestic and international reactions condemned the attack, included Al-Azhar, the Coptic Orthodox Church, UAE, United Kingdom, United Nations, United States, Bahrain, Germany, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Palestine, Tunisia, and Saudi Arabia.

Responses in Egypt
Local Egyptian organizations and public figures condemned the attack and praised the military forces. The Egyptian cabinet, Al-Azhar and the Coptic Orthodox Church have all condemned the terrorist attack.

The president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi expressed condolences to the families of the martyrs and ordered a special care to be provided for the injured. He asserted that extremists are trying to undermine Egypt's security and stability while the country is gearing up to eliminate terror threats and to carry out development projects nationwide.

In an official statement, the Egyptian cabinet praised the army for "foiling the attack" and Prime Minister Sherif Ismail offered his condolences to the victims. Ismail stressed the necessity of efforts worldwide joining to confront terrorism and putting an end to the support for terrorism.

The head of the administrative prosecution Rashida Fathullah offered condolences to the families of the victims and wished a speedy recovery for all those injured.

The Egyptian Dar al-Ifta' – the Sunni institution concerning with issuing fatwas and Islamic laws – mourned soldiers killed in the terror attack at the checkpoint.

Al-Azhar also issued a statement condemning the attack; Grand Imam Ahmad el-Tayyeb said that "the pure blood (of the slain soldiers) will be a curse to those cowards and their supporters domestically and internationally, and those who sold their religion and betrayed their nations." El-Tayyeb also called for unified international efforts in countering terrorist groups and those countries which sponsor them. He also called on all Egyptians to stand behind their armed forces and police to defeat terrorism.

The Coptic Orthodox Church headed by Pope Tawadros II and the Evangelical Church also strongly condemned the attack.

International reactions

Multiple foreign countries and leaders have issued statements condemning the militant attack in North Sinai.

Bahrain
Bahrain said in a statement, "The terrorist act, which represents an affront to religion, is contrary to all human and moral values and principles."

European Union
Ivan Surkoš, the Ambassador of the European Union to Egypt said on his Twitter account "The EU is Egypt's ally in fighting terrorism."

Germany
The German Embassy in Cairo also denounced the brutal attack, stressing that Berlin stands with Egypt in the face of terrorism.

Iran
Iran slammed the terrorist attack and warned against a recent wave of desperate terrorist operations by defeated IS groups across the globe.

Jordan
The Jordanian government has condemned a terrorist attack. Jordan's Minister of State for Media Affairs and government spokesman Mohammad Momani expressed Jordan's solidarity with Egypt in facing terrorism and rejecting all forms of terrorist acts that aim to destabilise Egypt's security and stability, calling for collective international action to eradicate terrorism.

Kuwait
Kuwait stressed its support for all measures taken by Egypt to preserve its security and stability. All efforts should be made to "fight such dangerous phenomena that targets humanity and the security and stability of the whole world," read a foreign ministry statement.

Kuwaiti Emir Sheikh Sabah al-Ahmad al-Sabah also sent a cable of condolences to President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi regarding the victims.

Palestine
Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas condemned the attack, with presidency spokesperson Nail Abo Rodaina denouncing in strongest terms the terrorist operation. He also stressed the Palestinian nation and leadership's support for Egypt's war on terrorism.

Tunisia
Tunisia decried the attack through its foreign affairs ministry. "In the face of the dangerous implications of terrorism and extremism of all kinds for the security and stability of states and the serious threat to international peace and security, Tunis is reiterating its call for the international community to join efforts and intensify coordination to overcome it and snuff out its sources," the statement said.

UAE
The UAE Foreign Ministry praised the Egyptian Armed Forces for tackling the aftermath of the terrorist attack, by destroying several vehicles and killing the militants who attacked the checkpoint. The UAE, in a foreign ministry statement, described the attack as a "new crime that is added to the black record of terrorism and terrorists."

United Kingdom
The UK condemns the terrorist attack on members of the Egyptian Armed Forces in Rafah. The British Ambassador in Cairo John Casson said: "I am disgusted by the terrorist attack on members of the Egyptian Armed Forces as they did their duty in Rafah, Northern Sinai today. On behalf of the British Government, I condemn it wholeheartedly."

United States
The U.S. Embassy in Cairo condemned the attack on their official Twitter account saying, "Another outrageous terror attack in Egypt. The United States stands with Egypt against terrorism."

International organizations
United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres and the Security Council have underscored the need to bring the perpetrators to justice. In a statement attributable to his spokesperson, Mr. Guterres "reiterated the UN's support to the Government of Egypt in its fight against terrorism and violent extremism."

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) condemned in the strongest possible terms the terrorist attack. OIC Secretary-General Yousef al-Othaimeen, in a statement described the attack as a cowardly and heinous. He stressed the solidarity of the OIC with the Egyptian government in face of terrorism.

See also
 Sinai terror attacks
 2017 Sinai mosque attack
 Comprehensive Operation – Sinai 2018
 Refuting ISIS
 Defeating ISIS

References

External links
 Remembering 103 battalion's brave battle against IS in Sinai — Daily News Egypt
 Sinai residents, clans denounce Rafah terrorist attack — Egypt Today

2017 in Egypt
July 2017 crimes in Asia
Mass murder in 2017
ISIL terrorist incidents in Egypt
Islamic terrorist incidents in 2017
Terrorist incidents in Egypt in 2017
Terrorist incidents in the Sinai Peninsula
Sinai insurgency
War on terror
Counterterrorism
Operations involving special forces
North Sinai Governorate
Rafah, Egypt

Rafah terror attack