Paul Douglas Creek (born March 1, 1969) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher with a nine-year career from 1995 to 1997, 1999 to 2003, and 2005. He played for the St. Louis Cardinals, San Francisco Giants, Chicago Cubs of the National League and the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, Seattle Mariners, Toronto Blue Jays and Detroit Tigers of the American League. He also played one season for the Hanshin Tigers of Japan in .

Amateur
Creek attended Georgia Tech, and in 1990 he played collegiate summer baseball with the Cotuit Kettleers of the Cape Cod Baseball League. Upon being selected in the fifth round of the 1990 MLB draft by the California Angels, Creek opted to not sign with them, returning to the draft pool the following season.

Minor leagues
In , he was selected by the St. Louis Cardinals in the seventh round of the draft and was signed to a deal shortly thereafter. After signing a contract with the Cards, Doug Creek bounced around A ball in 1991 and 1992, playing for four teams (Hamilton, Savannah, Springfield, and St. Petersburg) in that span. He was used primarily as a starting pitcher. Despite some early career struggles with Hamilton and Savannah in 1991, his performance improved upon joining Springfield the following season.

Creek registered a career low 2.58 ERA to go along with his 4-1 won-loss record with the Springfield squad. He then continued his strong 1992 pitching with St. Petersburg and started each of the 13 games he appeared in, going 5–4 with a still impressive ERA at 2.82. After playing in AA and compiling a career record of 18–22 with a 4.00 ERA as a Double A pitcher, Doug had three separate stints playing with the AAA team out of Louisville. He alternated between Louisville and Arkansas, the AA team that was affiliated with St. Louis.

St. Louis Cardinals

After a solid showing at both the AA and AAA levels, the Cardinals decided it was time to see what Creek could offer to their big league team. On September 17, , Doug Creek faced the Los Angeles Dodgers for his first taste of big league action. He threw one inning and struck out two batters as the Dodgers could not register a hit off Creek. He appeared in five more games for St. Louis, throwing a total of six innings in six games and did not permit any runs to score. After the 1995 year ended he was dealt in the off-season to the San Francisco Giants in a multi-player deal that also sent Rich DeLucia and Allen Watson to the Giants. The Cardinals received Royce Clayton and Chris Wimmer in return.

San Francisco Giants

Creek tried to pitch well for his new team and the then-27-year-old hurler threw 48 innings and finished the season with a 6.52 ERA in 63 appearances. He also had an 0–2 win–loss record. He spent the following season on the Giants AAA team in Phoenix where, in 25 games (18 of them starts), he went 8–6 with 2 complete games and 1 shutout. His showing at Triple A in  earned him a quick promotion back to San Francisco. He went 1-2 and compiled a 6.75 ERA, while striking out 14 of the batters he faced.

Hanshin Tigers

On November 7, 1997, the Chicago White Sox purchased Creek's contract from the Giants. Creek never played for the White Sox as his contract was purchased again less than a month later (December 4, 1997), this time by a team in Japan. The Hanshin Tigers of the Japan Central League bought his contract from Chicago and Doug went to play out the  baseball season in Japan. For the Tigers he split the season between the Central League and Western League teams spending the majority of the campaign with the Western League squad. In 17 games (16 starts) he went 9–1 with a 2.16 ERA for the Western League's Hanshin Tigers. Creek led the league in earned run average and strikeouts with 101. He was less stellar playing in the Central League though as he went 0–4 with 5.65 ERA in his 7 appearances.

Chicago Cubs

Doug Creek returned from his one-year stint in Japan by signing a contract with the Chicago Cubs on January 29, . He pitched most of the season with Iowa, then the AAA team for the Cubs. Doug went 7–3 in 25 games (20 starts) and held his ERA to 3.79. He was also able to pick up a save. Chicago decided to call up the southpaw and he struggled in the 6 games he pitched in ending the season with a 10.50 ERA.

Tampa Bay Devil Rays

On February 1,  the Tampa Bay Devil Rays signed Doug Creek to a contract, and Creek would play out the next two and a half seasons of his MLB career with the cellar-dwelling Devil Rays. In 2000, he saw action in 45 games (all in relief) as he posted a 1–3 mark for Tampa Bay. Creek also picked up his first (and only) career save to go along with his 4.60 ERA. The following season Creek was able to lower his earned run average to a 4.31 mark as he pitched in a career-high 66 games and had a won-loss record of 2–5. He also threw a career-high 62 innings.

Creek spent the first four months of the  regular season on the D-Rays where he appeared in 29 games winning two of them and dropping one. His ERA however was at a 6.27 clip. On July 24, , Tampa Bay and the Seattle Mariners consummated a deal that sent Creek to Seattle for cash considerations.

Seattle Mariners

Creek played in 23 games for the Mariners going 1–1 with a 4.91 ERA. His 2002 combined totals were 52 games, 3–2 record, 55.0 IP, and a 5.82 ERA.

Toronto Blue Jays

In October 2002 Creek was signed by the Toronto Blue Jays to be a key member of their bullpen. However, things did not go as planned in the 2003 season as Doug pitched just 13 innings in 21 appearances to go along with his 3.29 ERA for the Jays, as he underwent Tommy John surgery in June 2003.

Back to the Cardinals

Creek was then signed in February , returning to the Cardinals. With St. Louis, he was only used as a reliever in Triple AAA, going 2–1 with a 4.71 ERA in 33 games for Memphis.

Detroit Tigers

The Detroit Tigers signed Creek in January  to add pitching depth to their roster. He played on the Tigers' AAA affiliate in Toledo pitching 28 games (1 start) as he chalked up a record of 2–2 to go along with an ERA of 4.61. Unlike in St. Louis, Creek was able to crack the lineup and appear in 20 games for the Tigers. He threw 22 innings in those 20 games for Detroit, finishing the year with a 6.85 ERA.

References

External links
, or Retrosheet, or Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League)

1969 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
Arkansas Travelers players
Baseball players from Virginia
Chicago Cubs players
Cotuit Kettleers players
Detroit Tigers players
Durham Bulls players
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets baseball players
Hamilton Redbirds players
Hanshin Tigers players
Iowa Cubs players
Louisville Redbirds players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Memphis Redbirds players
Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers
Pastora de Occidente players
People from Winchester, Virginia
Phoenix Firebirds players
San Francisco Giants players
Savannah Cardinals players
Seattle Mariners players
Springfield Cardinals players
St. Louis Cardinals players
St. Petersburg Cardinals players
Tampa Bay Devil Rays players
Tigres de Aragua players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Toledo Mud Hens players
Toronto Blue Jays players

Doug Creek


Trachelium caeruleum, common name blue throatwort, is a species of flowering plant in the family Campanulaceae native to the Mediterranean, where its native range includes Algeria, Morocco, Portugal, Spain, and Sicily. It has also become naturalized in a few areas, including New Zealand, the Azores, and parts of mainland Europe.

Growing to  tall by  wide, it is a woody-based erect herbaceous perennial, with oval leaves and dense cushions of violet-purple flowers in summer. The specific epithet caeruleum means "dark blue".

In temperate climates this plant is usually grown as a half-hardy annual for summer bedding schemes or planters. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.  There are many cultivars with a variety of flower colors, including white, red, pink, and dark purple.

References

Campanuloideae
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Flora of Malta

Trachelium caeruleum


"O Vrba" is a sonnet written in 1832 and later corrected by the Slovene Romantic poet France Prešeren, who is considered the national poet of Slovenia. It was published in 1834 in the fourth volume of the almanac Krajnska čbelica (Carniolan Bee). It is the introductory exposition of a cycle of six sonnets, titled the Sonnets of Misfortune (). The sonnet is dedicated to the Prešeren's home village of Vrba, expressing a sense of general melancholy over the lost idyll of the rural environment. According to contemporary Slovene literary critics, especially Marija Pirjevec, Boris Paternu and Janko Kos, the meaning of the sonnet is centered on the problem of insecurity and unhappiness of a free subject detached from the theocentric world view. The sonnet form follows the rules abstracted by August Wilhelm Schlegel from the sonnets of Petrarch. In the 20th century, several musical interpretations of the poem were created, the most known of them probably being a version by the Slovene folk rock musician Vlado Kreslin.

References

External links
 France Prešeren: Poems: O, Vrba, happy village. Preseren.net. English translation by Alasdair Mackinnon.

Sonnets
Poetry by France Prešeren
1832 poems

O Vrba


Downhill is a 2020 American black comedy-drama film directed by Nat Faxon and Jim Rash, who also co-wrote the script with Jesse Armstrong. The film is a remake of Force Majeure (2014) by Swedish director Ruben Östlund. It stars Julia Louis-Dreyfus and Will Ferrell as a married couple going through a rough patch after a near-death encounter during a family ski outing.

Downhill had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 26, 2020, and was theatrically released on February 14, 2020, by Searchlight Pictures, the first feature film to be released under the studio's new name following The Walt Disney Company's acquisition of 21st Century Fox. The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $9 million worldwide.

Plot
After believing they are about to be killed by an avalanche during a family ski vacation in Ischgl, Austria, a married couple is thrown into disarray as they are forced to reevaluate their lives and how they feel about each other.

Cast
 Julia Louis-Dreyfus as Billie Stanton
 Will Ferrell as Pete Stanton
 Miranda Otto as Lady Bobo
 Zoë Chao as Rosie
 Zach Woods as Zach
 Kristofer Hivju as Michel
 Alex Macqueen as Charlie
 Julian Grey as Finn Stanton
 Ammon Jacob Ford as Emerson Stanton
 Giulio Berruti as Guglielmo

Production
It was announced in November 2018 that an English-language remake of the Swedish film Force Majeure would be directed by Nat Faxon and Jim Rash, who both co-wrote the script with Jesse Armstrong. Julia Louis-Dreyfus and Will Ferrell were cast to star. Miranda Otto, Zoë Chao and Zach Woods also joined the cast, in December. Kristofer Hivju appears in the film, the only original cast member from Force Majeure to be involved.

Filming began in January 2019 in Austria.

Release
Downhill had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 26, 2020. The film was released on February 14, 2020, replacing Fox's The King's Man, which had been scheduled for that date.

Home media
Downhill was released on Blu-ray, DVD, and Digital on May 19, 2020 by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment.

Reception

Box office
In the United States and Canada, Downhill was released alongside Sonic the Hedgehog, The Photograph and Fantasy Island, and was projected to gross around $4 million from 2,275 theaters in its four-day opening weekend. It made $2.6 million on its first day and $5.2 million over the four days, finishing tenth.

Critical response
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 37% based on 211 reviews, with an average of 5.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Fittingly named for a remake whose charms are dwarfed by its superior source material, Downhill is frequently -- and frustratingly -- less than the sum of its talented parts." On Metacritic, the film holds a weighted average score of 49 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "D" on an A+ to F scale, and PostTrak reported it received an average 1 out of 5 stars, with 26% of people saying they would definitely recommend it.

On RogerEbert.com, Nick Allen gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, saying, "It's yet another instance in which it's hard to not think about what could have been, especially since the original did it so much better."

References

External links

2020 films
American black comedy films
American remakes of Swedish films
2020s English-language films
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about vacationing
Films set in the Alps
Films shot in Vienna
Searchlight Pictures films
2020 independent films
2020 black comedy films
Films directed by Nat Faxon
2020 comedy-drama films
Avalanches in film
2020s American films

Downhill (2020 film)


Prem Nazir (born Abdul Khader; 7 April 1926 - 16 January 1989) was an Indian actor. He acted mainly in movies made in the Malayalam language. He started his career in the 1950s. He was one of the biggest stars in Indian cinema and is fondly remembered as Evergreen Hero. He acted in lead roles in more than 600 movies, which is a world record. He also holds three more Guinness world records. He got the Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri and Kerala State Film Awards.

1926 births
1989 deaths
Indian actors

Prem Nazir


Etz Chaim (Hebrew: עץ חיים, "Tree of Life") is a literary work that deals with the Kabbalah, the book was written in 1573. The book of Etz Chaim is a summary of the teachings of the Rabbi Isaac Luria, the Arizal (1534-1572). The Arizal was a rabbi and a kabbalist who created a new tendency in the study of the Kabbalah.

The book was published thanks to the student and disciple of the Ari, the Rabbi Chaim Vital, who wrote the teachings of his master, during the lessons that the Arizal taught, to his disciples that were part of his study group of Kabbalah, in the city of Safed, in Ottoman Palestine. Rabbi Chaim Vital compiled the teachings of the Ari, in a book that deals with the Lurianic Kabbalah.

The book talks about the divine order and the existence of the things. The work deals with revelation and the perception of the reality by the man of our time. The first fragment of the book makes reference to the tree of life, which is where the book gets its name from: "You know, before the beginning of the Creation there was only the highest and fullest light. The description of the creation process starts from that point, especially".

The book marks the beginning of the Lurianic Kabbalah, but it was Rabbi Chaim Vital who revealed the content of the work to the World. Before the Arizal, the Kabbalists revealed in their books, the development of reality from its origin to our world (from the understandable light). The Arizal HaKadosh discovered a method to understand the reality better.

References

Kabbalah texts
1573 books

Etz Chaim (book)


The Canadian Transport Commission (CTC) was Canada's first fully converged, multi-modal regulator.

The body was created by Canada's Parliament on September 19, 1967, to assume the responsibilities of two bodies: the Board of Transport Commissioners (1938–1967), which oversaw air and railway regulation, and the Canadian Maritime Commission (1947–1967).  The Board of Transport Commissioners also bequeathed the CTC responsibility for telecommunications, which it regulated until ceding that jurisdiction to the Canadian Radio-Television Commission (CRTC) in 1976, leading the CRTC to change its name to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission. The CTC itself was renamed the National Transportation Agency (NTA) in 1988, then the Canadian Transportation Agency (CTA) in 1996.

In 1992 the NTA was given additional powers to make federally regulated transportation accessible for persons with disabilities, moving its scope beyond economic regulation and into consumer regulation for the first time in the modern era.

Federal departments and agencies of Canada
Canadian transport law
Mass media regulation in Canada
Telecommunications regulatory authorities
Government agencies established in 1938
Government agencies established in 1947
Government agencies established in 1967
Government agencies disestablished in 1967
Regulators of Canada

Canadian Transport Commission


Stewie Griffin is a character in the television comedy Family Guy.

Overview

He is the youngest child of Lois and Peter Griffin. He has two older siblings, Meg and Chris. They are an American family, although Stewie is the only one in his family with a British accent. Seth MacFarlane, is the man responsible for voicing (imitating) and creating the voice for Stewie Griffin. Seth said in an interview that Stewie's voice was inspired by that of Rex Harrison's voice.

Stewie is known for his evil scheme-plotting. During the earlier seasons of Family Guy, Stewie often planned on killing Lois, however, this has since stopped. Stewie built his own time machine that is stored in his room. In the time machine, he has gone to places such as Leonardo da Vinci's house, Poland during the beginnig of World War 2, and even traveled back to the 1st of January 1999 (the first ever episode of Family Guy).

Stewie is often with his stuffed teddy bear called Rupert.

With Stewie being a baby, only a few main characters can actually understand him. The characters that can understand him include: Brian Griffin and Chris Griffin. There is much debate over which characters in Family Guy can understand Stewie. In an interview, the shows creator Seth MacFarlane said that everyone can understand him, but they ignore him or just think to themselves "oh how cute" when he talks.

However, at the 2011 Comic-Con panel, he would say that Brian always hears Stewie, and more recently so does Chris, but the writers usually try to have Peter, Lois, and Meg not hear him.

Once Stewie leaves the house, the question of who can hear him depends on the story. MacFarlane also states that these rules can be broken for the sake of comedy, so this usually changes from one episode to another.

Family Guy characters
Animated human characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1999

Stewie Griffin


Engan Murugan Temple is a temple dedicated to the Tamil god Muruga situated as a separate shrine in the campus of Engan Brahmapurisvarar Temple in Engan in the Thiruvarur District of Tamil Nadu, India. It is a popular tourist destination. Engan is located 13 kilometres from Thiruvarur.

The shrine of Muruga
The shrine of Muruga can be reached through the south entrance.

Legend
According to popular folklore, the sculptor who sculpted the idol of Murugan or Shanmughantheswara in this temple was the same person who carved the sculpture at Sikkal and Ettukudi. Upon sculpting the idol at Sikkal, the sculptor cut his right thumb so as to ensure that he would not create anything anywhere which would surpass the beauty of the image at Sikkal. After sculpting the idol at Ethukudi, he, however, found the idol excelling the one at Sikkal in beauty and hence blinded himself as punishment.  Hence while sculpting the idol of Murugan at Engan, the sculptor had to rely on the assistance of a woman as he was blind himself. By mistake, while sculpting, he cut a finger belonging to the woman and blood began to ooze. These droplets of blood fell on his eyes curing him of his blindness. Once the sculptor realised that he could now see, he exclaimed in amazement "Engan! Engan!" meaning "My eyes" in the Tamil language.

References

External links

Photogallery

Hindu temples in Tiruvarur district
Murugan temples in Tamil Nadu

Engan Murugan Temple


Shaw is an unincorporated community in Marion County, Oregon, United States, on Oregon Route 214.

Shaw was a station in the Waldo Hills between Macleay and Aumsville on the Oregonian Railway (later the Southern Pacific Railroad and today the Willamette Valley Railway). In 1881 the station was named "Waldo Hills" but the name was changed to "Shaw" in 1891 to match the post office.

Shaw post office was established in 1887 and named for Angus Shaw, the first postmaster. Shaw was from Ontario, Canada and settled in the area 1876. The post office closed in 1937.

In 1915 Shaw had two grain mills, which no longer exist. As of 2005, Shaw had 18 dwellings, a machine shop, a general store building, a warehouse and a church.

The Shaw area was settled by pioneer Daniel Waldo in the 1840s.

References

External links
Historic images of Shaw from Salem Public Library

Unincorporated communities in Marion County, Oregon
1881 establishments in Oregon
Populated places established in 1881
Unincorporated communities in Oregon

Shaw, Oregon


The Quillen–Suslin theorem, also known as Serre's problem or Serre's conjecture, is a theorem in commutative algebra concerning the relationship between free modules and projective modules over polynomial rings. In the geometric setting it is a statement about the triviality of vector bundles on affine space.

The theorem states that every finitely generated projective module over a polynomial ring is free.

History

Background
Geometrically, finitely generated projective modules over the ring  correspond to vector bundles over affine space , where free modules correspond to trivial vector bundles. This correspondence (from modules to (algebraic) vector bundles) is given by the 'globalisation' or 'twiddlification' functor, sending  (cite Hartshorne II.5, page 110).  Affine space is topologically contractible, so it admits no non-trivial topological vector bundles.  A simple argument using the exponential exact sequence and the d-bar Poincaré lemma shows that it also admits no non-trivial holomorphic vector bundles.

Jean-Pierre Serre, in his 1955 paper Faisceaux algébriques cohérents, remarked that the corresponding question was not known for algebraic vector bundles: "It is not known whether there exist projective A-modules of finite type which are not free."  Here  is a polynomial ring over a field, that is,  = .

To Serre's dismay, this problem quickly became known as Serre's conjecture.  (Serre wrote, "I objected as often as I could [to the name].")  The statement does not immediately follow from the proofs given in the topological or holomorphic case. These cases only guarantee that there is a continuous or holomorphic trivialization, not an algebraic trivialization.

Serre made some progress towards a solution in 1957 when he proved that every finitely generated projective module over a polynomial ring over a field was stably free, meaning that after forming its direct sum with a finitely generated free module, it became free.  The problem remained open until 1976, when Daniel Quillen and Andrei Suslin independently proved the result. Quillen was awarded the Fields Medal in 1978 in part for his proof of the Serre conjecture. Leonid Vaseršteĭn later gave a simpler and much shorter proof of the theorem which can be found in Serge Lang's Algebra.

Generalization
A generalization relating projective modules over regular Noetherian rings A and their polynomial rings is known as the Bass–Quillen conjecture.

Note that although -bundles on affine space are all trivial, this is not true for G-bundles where G is a general reductive algebraic group.

Notes

References

  Translated in

An account of this topic is provided by:

Commutative algebra
Theorems in abstract algebra

Quillen–Suslin theorem


Roger E. Moore (born July 11, 1955, in Winchester, Kentucky) is a designer of role-playing games. He had a long-running tenure as editor of Dragon magazine and was the founding editor of  Dungeon magazine.

Early life
Moore's family moved around Kentucky for the early part of his childhood and eventually settled down outside of Louisville. Moore attended the University of Kentucky, where he majored in Astronomy before changing his major to Psychology. He married fellow student Georgia Skowlund.

Career
After he graduated from college he entered the U.S. Army as a mental health counsellor. While in Fort Bragg during the summer of 1977, he first learned about role-playing games. "The place I worked at in West Germany was a combination mental-health clinic/pizza parlor/ham radio shack and library ... It was once a panzer barracks, too. I was quite bored, so I started writing articles for Dragon Magazine. I gamed heavily and met some other gamers who now write or work for magazines." After a number of successful submissions to Dragon, Moore became a Contributing Editor. "I had a lot of time to write at work, mostly when clients were too busy to show up for appointments. I did articles on the D&D, AD&D, and Traveller games — just about anything I could find."

After three years of duty in Mannheim, Moore went to the University of Louisville to work toward a Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology. "I wanted to work with the space program as a human-factors engineer," says Moore. "After awhile, I realized that wasn't what I wanted, so I called up Kim Mohan and asked if he needed any help on his staff." Moore became a regular contributor of articles to Dragon beginning in 1980. He received the Army Commendation Medal and other awards during his five-year tour of duty at Ft. Bragg, N.C. and Mannheim, West Germany.

Moore joined TSR, Inc. as a magazine editor in May 1983. Moore wrote, "I lerned alot from Pat Price and KimMohan an picked up the majorty of my edditing skills from them an learnd to pay more attension to grammer and speling then I used too pay to." Moore wrote consistently for Dragon magazine, and became editor of Dungeon Adventures magazine in 1986, and in the same year became Editor-in-Chief of Dragon when Kim Mohan resigned. Moore moved to the games division in 1993, where he became creative director of the AD&D core rules product group. He joined Wizards of the Coast in 1997 when TSR was acquired and continued to write and edit gaming materials of all sorts. Moore has written fiction for Dragonlance and other game worlds. Wizards of the Coast returned to the Greyhawk setting in 1998 with Player's Guide to Greyhawk (1998) by Anne Brown and Return of the Eight (1998) and The Adventure Begins (1998) by Moore; these three books moved the metaplot of Greyhawk to a new era. The Adventure Begins won the 1998 Origins Award for Best Roleplaying Supplement. Moore left Wizards of the Coast in late 2000.

Moore is a past member of Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America.

Published books

 The Maelstrom's Eye. TSR, Inc. May 1992. .

References

External links

1955 births
Living people
American magazine editors
Dungeons & Dragons game designers
United States Army soldiers

Roger E. Moore


Franklin Mieuli ( ; September 14, 1920 – April 25, 2010) was a San Francisco Bay Area radio and television producer who was best known as the principal owner of the San Francisco / Golden State Warriors from 1962 to 1986. The pinnacle of his 24 years with the franchise was its National Basketball Association (NBA) Championship in 1975. He was also a minority shareholder in both the San Francisco 49ers and Giants.

An eccentric personality, Mieuli eschewed formal attire and conservative grooming in favor of a casual wardrobe and his ever-present full beard and deerstalker. His preferred mode of transportation was the motorcycle.

Early years

Mieuli, the second son of Italian immigrants from Castellana Grotte, Puglia, was born in San Jose, California on September 14, 1920. His father Giacomo and older brother Jack Jr. owned and operated Navlet's Nursery in the East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area).

Mieuli graduated from San Jose High School and the University of Oregon, in 1940 and 1944, respectively.

In the early 1950s, Mieuli was the local promotions man for Burgermeister Beer ("Burgie"). His association with the 49ers led him to land the team's star fullback, Joe "The Jet" Perry, on his own sports and music radio program, "Both Sides Of The Record", sponsored by Burgie, on R&B-formatted KWBR (1310 AM; later known as KDIA) beginning in 1954.

Mieuli also produced the 49ers radio broadcasts on KSFO beginning in the 1950s, and produced the first televised 49ers game in 1954. He subsequently produced Giants radio broadcasts, hosted by Russ Hodges and Lon Simmons upon the team's move from New York by owner Horace Stoneham in 1958.

Mieuli was influential in the hiring of sportscaster Bill King, initially the third man in the Giants broadcast booth in 1958, behind Hodges and Simmons. Upon Mieuli's purchase of the Warriors in 1962, King left Giants radio to become play-by-play voice of the newly minted "San Francisco Warriors". Coincidentally, at the time of Mieuli's purchase of the team, he was still producing the KSFO broadcasts of the Giants, 49ers, and the Warriors.

In 1956, Mieuli purchased five reel-to-reel audiotape duplicators from Ampex for use in distributing sports and music programming to radio stations. The venture led him to create Hi*Speed Duplicating Company, the first business of its kind in Northern California. In 1960, Mieuli produced national radio coverage of the VIII Winter Olympic Games at Squaw Valley. This was the start of his long-standing radio and television production company, Franklin Mieuli & Associates.

On January 8, 1958, Mieuli was granted a construction permit for a new FM radio station in San Francisco, which went on the air on Thursday, December 10, 1959, as KPUP (106.9 FM); the station is now the FM portion of all-news KCBS radio's simulcast. Reflecting Mieuli's love for the style of music, KPUP programmed a Jazz music format, drawing from the rich variety of artists and recordings that were popular at the time, as well as Mieuli's friendship with Saul Zaentz of Fantasy Records. (The San Francisco Giants' 1962 season highlights, narrated by Russ Hodges and Lon Simmons and produced by Mieuli, were released on a long-playing record by Fantasy, catalog number GB-1962.)

KPUP's call letters were changed to the jazzier-sounding KHIP in July 1960. To help finance his purchase of the Warriors, Mieuli sold KHIP to Leon Crosby in June 1962 for $146,000; Crosby renamed the station KMPX.

Golden State Warriors
Mieuli, along with 32 other local investors, was part of a joint venture headed by Diners Club that purchased the Philadelphia Warriors from Eddie Gottlieb for $850,000 and moved the ballclub to the Bay Area following the 1961–62 NBA season. After drawing 5,579 per home game in the prior year, the Warriors fell to the bottom of the league in attendance average with 3,067 in 1962–63, its first season in San Francisco. When Diners Club and other stockholders threatened to bail out from the franchise, Mieuli simply purchased their shares until he eventually became the sole owner.

His 24-year ownership of the Warriors was moderately successful on the court, as the team made the playoffs ten times with three NBA Finals appearances. The first two trips to the championship series resulted in defeats to the Boston Celtics in 1964 and the Philadelphia 76ers in 1967. The third one in 1975 was a four-game sweep of the Washington Bullets and the first time the franchise won the title after its move to the Bay Area. Home attendance was a different story as the Warriors averaged more than 10,000 a game only five times (1976–1979, 1981).

Mieuli played a major role in breaking down racial barriers in the NBA by encouraging his team's front office to sign players regardless of color. Ten of the twelve players on the Warriors' championship roster during the 1975 Finals were African American, as was head coach Al Attles and his assistant Joe Roberts.

Mieuli sold the Warriors to Jim Fitzgerald and Daniel Finnane on May 23, 1986.

Later career

Until his death in 2010, Mieuli retained a 10% share of the 49ers, an investment that dates back to 1954. In addition to his role with Franklin Mieuli & Associates, which handles broadcast engineering for thirty pro and college sports teams, he was an active member of the San Francisco chapter of Broadcast Legends, and was inducted into the National Television Academy/Northern California Chapter's Gold Circle in 2006, honoring him for his significant contributions to local television during a career spanning more than fifty years.

In 2007, Mieuli was inducted into the Bay Area Radio Hall of Fame as a member of the second class to be honored. He was the recipient of five Super Bowl rings as a part-owner of the 49ers, as well as one NBA Championship trophy as the owner of the Warriors. He died at a hospital in the San Francisco Bay Area in 2010.

His firm, Franklin Mieuli & Associates, continues to produce radio broadcasts for many professional teams in the NFL, NBA, NHL, and MLB; as well as NCAA teams.

References

1920 births
2010 deaths
People from San Jose, California
American people of Italian descent
Golden State Warriors owners
National Basketball Association owners
National Basketball Association executives
San Francisco 49ers owners
San Francisco Giants owners
Major League Baseball owners
Major League Baseball executives
University of Oregon alumni

Franklin Mieuli


Glenn Charles W. Kirkham (born 8 October 1982) is an English field hockey player who played for the English and British national team.

Hockey
Kirkham made his international senior debut for the national squad in January 2002 in a match against Poland. He was named as the England captain for 2006–07. He was part of the England team that participated in the field hockey world cup in Monchengladbach, Germany where they finished 5th overall. He also competed in the 2009 European championships in Amsterdam where England were champions. He was part of the England squad in Delhi, India at the Hero Honda World Cup that lost only one group game against Spain, putting them through to the semi-finals.

Kirkham represented Great Britain at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing and the 2012 Olympics in London, where the team finished in 4th place. He retired from international hockey in 2013.

Personal life
Kirkham (nicknamed Glenda) started field hockey at the small club of Alford from a young age, where he moved on to Long Sutton. He was educated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Alford, and then achieved a BSc in Sports Science at Loughborough University.

He used to play football for the youth team of Scunthorpe United FC where he played in the junior FA Cup. He has also been an above average cricket player in his time, representing Alford & District Cricket Club in the Lincolnshire Premier League.

He lives in Hoddesdon. He was sports coach and form tutor at The Perse School but now is at New Hall School in Chelmsford and is Director of Coaching at Chelmsford Hockey Club.

He has played club hockey for East Grinstead, Loughborough and Long Sutton.
He coaches sport at the Perse school, Cambridge

References

External links

1982 births
English male field hockey players
Living people
Field hockey players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
2006 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Field hockey players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
2010 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Field hockey players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic field hockey players for Great Britain
British male field hockey players
Sportspeople from Grimsby
People from Hoddesdon
Alumni of Loughborough University
Loughborough Students field hockey players
East Grinstead Hockey Club players
People educated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Alford
Commonwealth Games competitors for England

Glenn Kirkham


Christophe Louis-Pascal Bertrand (24 April 1981 – 17 September 2010) was a French composer of contemporary classical music.

Biography
Bertrand, born in Wissembourg, was a French pianist and composer of mainly chamber works born in 1981. After earning gold medals for piano and chamber music at the Conservatoire de Strasbourg, he performed and recorded with the Ensemble "Accroche-Note" and the Ensemble "In Extremis" of which he was a co-founder. He collaborated with composers such as Ivan Fedele and Pascal Dusapin.

He studied composition since 1996, under the supervision of Ivan Fedele at the Strasbourg Conservatoire, obtaining with distinction his diploma in 2000.

His compositions, conducted among others by Pierre Boulez, Jonathan Nott, Hannu Lintu, Marc Albrecht have been performed by several ensembles and soloists such as the Ensemble Intercontemporain, Arditti Quartet and the Orchestre philharmonique de Strasbourg.

His compositions have been played internationally, amongst others in:

 France: Festival Musica, IRCAM, Festival d'Aix-en-Provence, Festival Agora, Centre Georges Pompidou, Salle Olivier Messiaen de la Maison de Radio France, etc.
 Germany: Beethovenfest Bonn, Ultraschall-Festival à Berlin, Internationale Ferienkurse in Darmstadt, Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk
 Switzerland: Lucerne Festival
 Belgium: Ars Musica in Brussels
 Italy: Festival Traiettorie in Parma, Rondo-Milano, Spoleto Festival
 The Netherlands: Gaudeamus Festival in Amsterdam
 The USA (San Francisco), in the United Kingdom (Manchester), in Slovenia (Ljubljana)
French radio channel France Musique provided his compositions airtime (broadcasting).

He died by suicide in September 2010 in Strasbourg, where he also lived.

Awards
Christophe Bertrand was awarded several awards for
 Prix de la Musique de l'Académie des Marches de l'Est (2001)
 Earplay Prize (2002)
 SACEM Hervé Dugardin prize (2007)
 André Caplet prize (2007)

He was selected by the Académie française in Rome to be in residence at the Villa Médicis in Rome for 18 months.

Works
Quatuor II

(2010)

String quartet (11')

Okhtor

(2010)

Large orchestra (13')

Ayas

(2010)

Brass and percussion (2')

Scales

(2008-2009)

Large ensemble (20')

Haïku

(2008)

Piano (5')

Satka

(2008)

Ensemble (13')

Dall'Inferno

(2008)

Flute, viola and harp (10')

Hendeka

(2007)

Piano trio (13')u

Arashi (2007)

solo clarinet (6')
To Thomas Monod

World premiere : 29/02/2008 - Strasbourg, Mamcs - Thomas Monod

Vertigo (2006–2007)

2 pianos and orchestra (20')

Co-commissioned by French Ministry of Culture and Musica Festival

World premiere: Musica Festival 2008

Sanh (2006)

bass clarinet, cello and piano (11')

Commissioned by French Ministry of Culture to Armand Angster

World premiere : 11/10/2007 - Strasbourg, Musica Festival / Accroche-Note

Quatuor I (2005–2006)

string quartet (20')

Co-commissioned by Beethovenfest of Bonn and Peter McBurney
To the Arditti Quartet

World premiere: 19/03/2006 - Brussels, Ars Musica Festival - Arditti Quartet
French premiere: 20/07/2006 - Festival d'Aix-en-Provence - Arditti Quartet
World premiere of first version: 24/09/2005 - Kunstmuseum Bonn - Mandelring Quartett

Mana (2004–2005)

large orchestra (10')

Commissioned by Lucerne Festival
To Pierre Boulez

World premiere: 09/09/2005 - Lucerne KKL - Lucerne Festival Academy Orchestra, dir. Pierre Boulez
French premiere: 02/062006 - Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio-France, dir. Hannu Lintu

Madrigal (2004–2005)
female voice and ensemble (11')

Commissioned by the André Boucourechliev Foundation to Françoise Kubler and Armand Angster

World premiere: 30 September 2005 - Strasbourg, Festival Musica - Accroche-Note

Virya (2004)

flûte, clarinet (+ bass clarinet), percussions and piano (7')

Commissioned by Francis Rueff
To Frédéric Kahn

World premiere: 19/03/2004 - Espace 110 Illzach - Ensemble In Extremis

Aus (2004)

viola, soprano saxophone, clarinet (+ bass clarinet) and piano (8')

Commissioned b Radio Berlin-Brandeburg
To Philippe Hurel

World premiere: 24/01/2004 - Berlin, Ultraschall-Festival - Ensemble Intégrales
Recording: CD "European Young generation" by Ensemble Intégrales Zeitklang Editions (ez-21019)

Haos (2003)

solo piano (10')

Commissioned by Festival Rendez-vous Musique Nouvelle, Forbach to Laurent Cabasso

World premiere: 09/11/2003 - Forbach, Festival RVMN - Raoul Jehl, piano

Iôa (2003)

8-part female choir (3')
To Catherine Bolzinger

World premiere : 23/05/2003 - Strasbourg, Palais du Rhin - Ensemble Vocal Féminin du Conservatoire de Strasbourg, dir. Catherine Bolzinger

Yet (2002)

20 musicians (10')

Commissioned by Ensemble Intercontemporain to Pascal Dusapin

World premiere : 29/09/2002 - Strasbourg, Musica Festival - Ensemble Intercontemporain; dir : Jonathan Nott

Full (2001)

four vibraphones, piano and eight amplified voices (15')

Commissioned by Les Percussions de Strasbourg
To Odile Charvet and the Ecole des Percussions de Strasbourg

World premiere : 20/01/2002 - Strasbourg, La Laiterie for the 40th birthday of Les Percussions de Strasbourg - Matthieu Chardon, Marcel Verrept, Christophe Landoz, Christophe Dietrich (vb) ; Anne-Cécile Litolf (pno), Choeur de chambre de Strasbourg; dir: Catherine Bolzinger

Ektra (2001)

solo flute (5')
To Olivier Class

World premiere: 16/06/2001 - Strasbourg, Cercle européen, Académie des Marches de l'Est - Olivier Class, flute

Dikha (2000–2001)

clarinet/bass clarinet and electronics (9'30)

Composed during the "Cursus de composition et d'informatique musicale" at the IRCAM
To Pierre Dutrieu

World premiere: 15/06/2002 - Paris, Agora Festival, Espace de Projection de l'IRCAM - Pierre Dutrieu, clarinet

Treis (2000)

violin, cello and piano (10')

Honorable mention at the Gaudeamus Festival 2001/First Prize Earplay 2002
To Rosalie Adolf, Anne-Cécile Litolf and Godefroy Vujicic

World premiere: 07/10/2000 - Strasbourg, Musica Festival - Rosalie Adolf (vn), Godefroy Vujicic (vc), Anne-Cécile Litolf (pno)

La Chute Du Rouge (2000)

clarinet, cello, vibraphone and piano (11')
To Ivan Fedele

World premiere : 11/05/2000 - Strasbourg, Oratoire du Temple-Neuf - Ensemble du Conservatoire de Strasbourg

Skiaï (1998–1999)

five instruments (8')
To Pierre-Yves Meugé

World premiere: 11/05/1999 - Strasbourg, Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame - Ensemble du Conservatoire de Strasbourg

Strofa II (1998)

female voice, violin and piano (5'30)

World premiere: 11/05/2000 - Strasbourg, Oratoire du Temple-Neuf - Ensemble du Conservatoire de Strasbourg

Strofa IIb (1998–2000)

female voice, alto flute (+ flute in C) and piano (5'30)

World premiere : 02/07/00 - Wangen (67), Vieux Freihof - Aline Metzinger (voice), Olivier Class (fl), Christophe Bertrand (pno)

References

External links
Official Website

1981 births
2010 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century French composers
21st-century classical composers
21st-century French composers
Contemporary classical composers
French classical composers
French male classical composers
20th-century French male musicians
21st-century French male musicians
2010 suicides

Christophe Bertrand


Agni Baltsa (; also known as Agnes Baltsa; born 19 November 1944) is a leading Greek mezzo-soprano singer.

Baltsa was born in Lefkada. She began playing piano at the age of six, before moving to Athens in 1958 to concentrate on singing. She graduated from the Greek National Conservatoire in 1965 and then travelled to Munich to continue studying on a Maria Callas scholarship.

Baltsa made her first appearance in an opera in 1968 as Cherubino in The Marriage of Figaro at Frankfurt Opera, before going on to appear as Octavian in Der Rosenkavalier at the Vienna State Opera in 1970. Under the guidance of Herbert von Karajan, she became a regular at the prestigious Salzburg Festival. She became Kammersängerin of the Vienna State Opera in 1980.

Her best-known performance is that of Carmen by Georges Bizet, which she has sung a number of times with noted tenors such as José Carreras, Neil Shicoff, and others. She has also sung works by Mozart (notably Così fan tutte), Rossini (Il Barbiere di Siviglia, La Cenerentola, Semiramide, L'italiana in Algeri), Mascagni (Cavalleria Rusticana), Saint-Saëns (Samson et Dalila), Verdi (Aida, La forza del destino, Il trovatore, Don Carlos), Bellini (I Capuleti e i Montecchi), Offenbach (Les Contes d'Hoffmann) and Donizetti (Il Campanello, Maria Stuarda).

She starred in the Austrian film Duett in 1992, playing an opera singer.

In 2017, she sang Klytemnestra in Richard Strauss's Elektra at the Greek National Opera's new premises at the Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center.

References

External links
Fan club site

Discography at SonyBMG Masterworks

1944 births
Living people
Grammy Award winners
Greek mezzo-sopranos
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
Operatic mezzo-sopranos
People from Lefkada
Österreichischer Kammersänger
20th-century Greek women opera singers
21st-century Greek women opera singers

Deutsche Grammophon artists
EMI Classics and Virgin Classics artists
Philips Records artists
Sony Classical Records artists

Agnes Baltsa


Gambling is subject to heavy restrictions under Pakistani law, with certain exceptions.

Legislation
Gambling is illegal for citizens under the Prevention of Gambling Act 1977, which is based on the British-era Public Gambling Act of 1867. In 1978, the provincial versions of this act were brought into effect. This legislation replaced the earlier laws such as the Baluchistan Prevention of Gambling Ordinance of 1961, West Pakistan Prevention of Gambling Ordinance of 1961, Punjab Prevention of Gambling Ordinance of 1961 and the Sindh Prevention of Gambling Ordinance of 1961.

Under this act, individuals found conducting gambling-related activities may face penalties of varying nature according to the circumstances. Those who knowingly operate gambling facilities may face fines of up to 1,000 rupees or a maximum imprisonment of up to one year, or both. Individuals who are discovered engaging in the act of gambling at "common gaming houses" are liable for fines of up to 5,000 rupees, a maximum imprisonment of one year, or both. The definition of a common gaming house includes any facility where there is evidence of gaming through the use of playing cards, dice, counters, money or instruments. For people who gamble in public places, the penalty may comprise a fine of up to 500 rupees, a maximum one year of imprisonment, or both. Likewise, individuals who are found gambling in private facilities risk a fine of up to 1,000 rupees, a term of imprisonment extending up to two years, or both. Repeat offenders may face fines extending up to 2,000 rupees or an imprisonment of up to three years, or both. The legislation grants law enforcement agencies the authority to enter and search any premises which is reported or suspected of having acting as a gaming facility.

This law provides an exception for "tourist complexes," which would be regulated by the relevant provincial governments, and to which only foreigners are admitted.

In Pakistan, all types of gambling, known as "maisir," are officially prohibited as per The Prevention of Gambling Act1 and the Penal Code of Pakistan. Despite this, in the late 90s and early 2000s betting was prevalent nationwide. There were around 60 betting shops in Karachi alone (and hundreds countrywide).

References

Gambling in Pakistan


Max Siegel (July 22, 1918 – January 1, 1988) was an American psychologist and past president of the American Psychological Association (APA). His faculty appointments included work at Brooklyn College, Florida Atlantic University and Nova Southeastern University. Siegel was interested in issues surrounding crime.

Early life
Siegel was born in New York City. He studied psychology at City College of New York, where he earned undergraduate and master's degrees in psychology. He earned a PhD from New York University and then studied under psychoanalyst Erich Fromm.

Career
Siegel established a mental health clinic at Brooklyn College for military veterans after World War II. Siegel had a private psychotherapy practice in Brooklyn. He was a dean of students at Brooklyn College.

Siegel studied the insanity defense, patient confidentiality, and issues surrounding crime victims. In a 1982 interview, he said that he had a sister who was murdered in New York, and the killer was set free five months later, after a not guilty by reason of insanity plea. He felt that psychologists should be used only as agents of the court rather than working for one side in a trial or the other. "I'm totally against psychologists being used as a prosecution or a defense," he said.

In 1976, Siegel began flying from New York City to Boca Raton, Florida, once per week to teach a course at Florida Atlantic University. Three years later, Siegel moved to Boca Raton and entered semi-retirement, limiting his practice to two days per week. Siegel served on President Reagan's Task Force on Violent Crimes. In semi-retirement, Siegel continued to work for Nova Southeastern University and gave an occasional lecture at Florida Atlantic University.

Later life
Siegel was president of the APA in 1983. During his tenure as president, he led the APA's purchase of the Psychology Today magazine. He referred to the publication as "Siegel's folly" when the magazine ran into financial problems.

Siegel died in a Boca Raton hospital in 1988 following a heart attack. He was survived by a wife and two children.

References

1918 births
1988 deaths
New York University alumni
Brooklyn College faculty
Florida Atlantic University faculty
Nova Southeastern University faculty
Presidents of the American Psychological Association
20th-century American psychologists

Max Siegel (psychologist)


Banerji Road is one of the major arteries of downtown Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. It lies east-west between the High-Court Junction (Marine Drive) in the west, and Ernakulam North in the east. It passed through North Overbridge near Ernakulam North railway station. It is named after Sir A. R. Banerji, former diwan of the Kingdom of Cochin. Most of the parts of the road are four lane with some areas still under 2 lane and works to make 4 lane under construction. kacherippady Junction and Madhava Pharmacy Junction (MG Road) are main junctions on this road.

Major institutions located on this road include: St. Alberts College, St. Albert's HSS, Ernakulam, St. Antony's CGHSS
and The Saritha-Savitha-Sangeetha Theatre Complex

References

Roads in Kochi

Banerji Road


A butterfly roof (sometimes called a V roof) is a form of roof characterised by an inversion of a standard roof form, with two roof surfaces sloping down from opposing edges to a valley near the middle of the roof. It is so called because its shape resembles a butterfly's wings.

History
The modern butterfly roof is commonly credited to be the creation of William Krisel and Dan Palmer in the late 1950s in Palm Springs, California. It has been estimated that starting in 1957, they created nearly 2,000 houses in a series of developments that were popularly known as the Alexander Tract, which has been described by historian Alan Hess as "the largest Modernist housing subdivision in the United States." Krisel confirms that while his work popularized the form, he was not its originator.

Timeline
The timeline of the emergence of the butterfly roof:

 1930:  Le Corbusier, the Swiss-French architect, first used the butterfly roof form in his design of Maison Errazuriz, a vacation house in Chile.
 1933:  Antonin Raymond, the Czech-born architect, used this form on a house in Japan, whose design was featured in Architectural Record in 1934.
 1943:  Oscar Niemeyer designs and builds the Pampulha Yacht Club, in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, which was widely published.
 1945:  Marcel Breuer used this form on his Geller House project in Long Island, New York, US.
 1957:  Krisel's first use of the form in Twin Palms neighborhood of Palm Springs, California, US.

Structure
Butterfly roofs are commonly associated in the US with 20th century Mid-century modern architecture. They were also commonly used in Georgian and Victorian terraced house architecture of British cities, where they are alternatively termed "London" roofs.

The form has no gutter as rainwater can run off the roof in no more than two locations, at either end of the valley, often into a scupper or downspout. The form may be symmetrical, with the valley located in the center, or asymmetrical with an off-center valley. The valley itself may be flat, with a central roof cricket diverting water towards the valley ends, or sloping if the entire roof form is tilted towards one end of the valley.

The roof also allows for higher perimeter walls, with clerestory windows allowing light penetration without impacting privacy.

References

External links
High Quality Roofing

Roofs
House styles
Le Corbusier
Structural system
Modernist architecture
Modernist architecture in the United States

Butterfly roof


Karl Theodor von Heigel (23 August 1842 in Munich – 23 March 1915 in Munich) was a German historian. He was the brother of novelist Karl August von Heigel.

He studied history at the University of Munich, obtaining his habilitation for history in 1873. In 1879 he became an associate professor, and several years later, a full professor at the Polytechnic Institute in Munich. In 1885 he was appointed professor and director of the historical seminary at the university.

In 1876 he became a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. With Hermann von Grauert, he was editor of the Historische Abhandlungen (from 1891).

Selected works
 Das Herzogthum Bayern zur Zeit Heinrichs des Löwen und Ottos I. von Wittelsbach (with Sigmund von Riezler, 1867) – The Duchy of Bavaria at the time of Henry the Lion and Otto I of Wittelsbach.
 Ludwig I. König von Bayern, 1872 – Ludwig I of Bavaria.
 Der Oesterreichische Erbfolgestreit und die Kaiserwahl Karls VII, 1877 – The Austrian Succession dispute and the imperial election of Charles VII.
 Die Wittelsbacher. Festschrift zur Feier des siebenhundertjährigen Regierungs-Jubiläums des Hauses Wittelsbach, 1880 – The Wittelsbacher. Festschrift in honor of 700 years of the Wittelsbach dynasty.
 Münchens Geschichte 1158–1806, 1880 – Munich history from 1158 to 1806.
 Quellen und Abhandlungen zur neuern Geschichte Bayerns (2 volumes, 1884–90) – Sources and essays on the modern history of Bavaria.
He was the author of many biographies in the Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie.

References

1842 births
1915 deaths
Writers from Munich
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
19th-century German historians
20th-century German historians

Karl Theodor von Heigel


The Central Vermont Railway  was a railroad that operated in the U.S. states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont, as well as the Canadian province of Quebec.

It connected Montreal, Quebec, with New London, Connecticut, using a route along the shores of Lake Champlain, through the Green Mountains and along the Connecticut River valley, as well as Montreal to Boston, Massachusetts, through a connection with the Boston and Maine Railroad at White River Junction, Vermont.

History

The Vermont Central Railroad was chartered October 31, 1843, to build a line across the center of Vermont, running from Burlington on Lake Champlain east to Montpelier, and then southeast and south to Windsor on the Connecticut River. Initial plans had the main line running through Montpelier. However, due to the difficulty of building through the Williamstown Gulf, a narrow valley south of Barre, Vermont, and to land interests of Charles Paine in Northfield, Vermont, a course to the west was selected, leaving the state capital to be served by a short branch line. Construction began on December 15, 1845, and the first section, from White River Junction west to Bethel, opened on June 26, 1848. Subsequent sections opened to Roxbury on September 17, 1848, Northfield on October 10, 1848, Montpelier (including the branch from Montpelier Junction) on June 20, 1849, Middlesex on August 30, 1849, Waterbury on September 29, 1849, and the full distance to Burlington on December 31, 1849. The part along the Connecticut River from Hartford south to Windsor opened on February 13, 1849.

The Vermont and Canada Railroad was chartered October 31, 1845, as a continuation of the Vermont Central north and west to Rouses Point, New York, splitting at Essex Junction, Vermont (east of Burlington) and running north via St. Albans and Swanton. A branch split at Swanton and ran north to the border with Canada. On August 24, 1849, the Vermont Central leased the Vermont and Canada, and it was completed in 1851. However, the Vermont Central defaulted on rental payments, and the Vermont and Canada returned to its original owners on June 28, 1852. The lease was later reinstated.

The Montreal and Vermont Junction Railway was chartered in 1860 and opened in the 1860s, extending the Vermont and Canada's branch from the international border north to St. Johns, Quebec, on the Grand Trunk Railway's Montreal and Champlain Railroad. From opening, it was operated as an extension of the Vermont and Canada.

The Sullivan County Railroad continued south from Windsor to Bellows Falls, Vermont, where it met the Cheshire Railroad towards Boston. At first it was operated by the Central Vermont, but later the Boston and Maine Railroad gained control of it, giving trackage rights to the Central Vermont. Similarly, the Vermont Valley Railroad, running south from Bellows Falls to the New London Northern Railroad in Brattleboro, was originally owned by the Rutland Railroad and later by the B&M.

In 1867 the Vermont Central leased the Stanstead, Shefford and Chambly Railroad, running east from St. Johns to Waterloo, Quebec. The Waterloo and Magog Railway was later built as an extension from Waterloo south to Magog.

The Vermont Central leased the Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railroad on March 1, 1870, extending its line from Rouses Point west to Ogdensburg, New York. On January 1, 1871, the Vermont Central leased the Rutland Railroad system, giving it routes from Burlington to Bellows Falls, Vermont, and Chatham, New York. The New London Northern Railroad was leased on December 1, 1871. On November 2, 1872, the name was changed to the Central Vermont Railroad.

Though chartered as an independent entity in 1867, control of the Missisquoi Railroad was gained shortly thereafter, and it was formally leased in July 1873, providing a branch from St. Albans northeast to Richford, Vermont. It was operated until November 15, 1877, when the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad took it over. The company was reorganized in December 1886 as the Missisquoi Valley Railway, and was once again leased to the Central Vermont.

The Montpelier and White River Railroad opened in 1876 and was leased to the Central Vermont, running from the end of the Montpelier Branch south to and beyond Barre.

The Consolidated Railway was formed on June 30, 1884, to consolidate the Central Vermont and Vermont and Canada and to settle litigation between the two companies. A new Central Vermont Railroad was formed on July 1, 1884 to take over from the Consolidated Railway.

In 1889, the Burlington and Lamoille Railroad was reorganized as the Burlington and Lamoille Valley Railroad and leased by the Central Vermont. This provided a branch from Essex Junction to the Lamoille Valley Railroad at Cambridge Junction in Cambridge, Vermont, and a quickly-abandoned redundant line from Essex Junction west to Burlington. This second connection crossed the Winooski River near Essex Junction and connected to the Rutland Railroad at the south end of Burlington near the present-day terminus of I-189.

The Montreal and Province Line Railway was formed in 1896 as a reorganization of the Montreal, Portland and Boston Railroad. Originally planned as a branch of the Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad to Montreal, and operated by the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad, it was taken over by the Central Vermont upon reorganization. The main line ran from the Grand Trunk Railway's Montreal and Champlain Railroad at Saint-Lambert, across the St. Lawrence River from Montreal, southeast to Farnham on the Stanstead, Shefford and Chambly Railroad, with an extension continuing southeast to Frelighsburg. A branch went east from Marieville to St. Cesaire.

In 1896, the Central Vermont entered receivership, and the Rutland Railroad was separated. The Grand Trunk Railway bought the bankrupt company on March 20. The Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railroad lease ended in 1898, and that company was leased by the Rutland in 1901. The Central Vermont Railroad was sold at foreclosure on March 21, 1899, and was reorganized as the Central Vermont Railway on May 1. During this process, on April 15, 1899, it purchased the Missisquoi Valley Railroad outright.

On July 12, 1920, the entire Grand Trunk system was placed under the control of a "Board of Management" by the federal Department of Railways and Canals in Canada after several years of financial difficulties. After several years of legal battles by Grand Trunk shareholders, intent on preventing the federal government from nationalizing the company, the company was nationalized on January 20, 1923, and fully merged into the Crown corporation Canadian National Railway.

CN and NECR: 1923-present
On December 12, 1927, in the aftermath of the Great Vermont Flood of 1927, the Central Vermont Railway entered receivership again, and was reorganized January 31, 1930, to form a new company of the same name.

While the Central Vermont was no longer independent, it kept much of its corporate identity and was run as a separate railroad from the rest of the CN system. As the grip of the Great Depression eased, the railroad became a relatively successful arm of the CN network until the postwar period. It moved a wide range of freight from general merchandise and furniture to milk and agricultural products.

During the 1950s, diesels from CN began to appear on the Central Vermont, with the last steam locomotive ending service in 1957. The 1960s were an especially-rough period due to declining traffic, rising costs, and falling revenues.

Under the Grand Trunk and later the Canadian National, the Central Vermont system saw many of its unprofitable branch lines abandoned. The CN continued to operate the CV as a modestly successful system; however, in the process leading up to the privatization of the CN, which took place on November 28, 1995, several non-core routes were identified for sale, one of then being the CV.

On February 3, 1995, the CN sold the CV mainline from New London, Connecticut, to East Alburg, Vermont, to shortline operating company RailTex, which renamed the operation the New England Central Railroad. RailTex was merged into RailAmerica in 2000. Genesee & Wyoming acquired RailAmerica at the end of 2012. Operations have continued as before.

Divisions and branches

Richford Branch
This line was formed as the Missisquoi Railroad, then became the Missisquoi Valley Railroad, and then the Missisquoi Valley Division, before gaining its final name. Operations continued on the entire  length until 1984, when a derailment on the bridge spanning the Missisquoi River near Sheldon, Vermont, forced the dismantlement of one of three spans. Operations continued on the east end, while the Lamoille Valley Railroad operated on the isolated west end of the line to Richford occasionally after 1989. In 1990 the tracks from St. Albans to the bridge were pulled up.

The following stops were made on the branch from west to east:
 Saint Albans, Vermont (interchange with the Central Vermont Railway)
 Green's Corners, Vermont
 Sheldon Springs, Vermont
 Sheldon, Vermont (interchange with the Missisquoi Pulp and Paper Company)
 North Sheldon, Vermont
 Sheldon Junction, Vermont (interchange with the Saint Johnsbury and Lake Champlain Railroad)
 East Frankin, Vermont
 Enosburg Falls, Vermont
 North Enosburg, Vermont
 East Berkshire, Vermont
 Richford, Vermont (interchange with the Canadian Pacific Railway)

References

External links

Central Vermont Railway Historical Society
The Central Vermont Railway at George Elwood's Fallen Flags site
Picturing the Past: The Central Vermont Railway - includes many railway photos
Mamacoke Company Portal to Central Vermont Railway Archives

Railway companies established in 1899
Railway companies disestablished in 1995
American companies established in 1899
American companies disestablished in 1995
Grand Trunk Railway subsidiaries
Canadian National Railway subsidiaries
Defunct Connecticut railroads
Defunct Massachusetts railroads
Defunct New Hampshire railroads
Defunct Vermont railroads
Defunct Quebec railways
Former Class I railroads in the United States
Standard gauge railways in the United States
Predecessors of the Grand Trunk Railway
Defunct New York (state) railroads
Historic American Engineering Record in Vermont
1899 establishments in Vermont

Central Vermont Railway


Hannibal (Hǎnnibal Barca, 247 BC – ? 183/2/1 BC), was a Carthaginian statesman and general who was the greatest enemy of the Roman Republic.

Hannibal is most famous for what he did in the Second Punic War. He marched with an army from Iberia over the Pyrenees and the Alps into northern Italy and defeated the Romans in a series of battles. At the Battle of Cannae, he defeated the largest army Rome had ever put together even though Carthage was heavily outnumbered. The Roman army at Cannae is reckoned at 16 legions and a total of 86,000 men. Over 80% of the army was killed or captured, including many of its commanders.

Hannibal kept an army in Italy for many years. Eventually, a Roman invasion of North Africa made him return to Carthage. He lost, and the Romans made him leave Carthage. He lived at the Seleucid court and convinced its emperor to fight Rome. When he lost a naval battle, Hannibal fled to the Bithynian court. When the Romans told him to surrender, he committed suicide by drinking poison.

Hannibal is listed as one of the greatest military commanders in history. The military        historian Theodore Ayrault Dodge once called Hannibal the "father of strategy" because even his greatest enemy, Rome, copied his military ideas.

Early life and career
Hannibal's father, Hamilcar, was the commander of the Carthaginian forces at the end of the First Punic War. After Carthage had lost the war, Hamilcar crossed to Hispania to conquer the tribes of what is now Spain. At the time of this invasion, Carthage was in a poor condition. Its navy could not carry its army to Iberia (Hispania). Hamilcar had to march towards the Pillars of Hercules and to go across the Strait of Gibraltar. According to a story in Livy, Hamilcar made Hannibal promise that he would never be a friend of Rome.

In return, Hamilcar agreed to take Hannibal with him to Spain. Hamilcar spent two years finishing the conquest of Iberia south of the Ebro. He died in 229/228 in battle, most likely by drowning in the Jucar River. His son-in-law Hasdrubal took command but was assassinated in 221 BC.

With Hasdrubal's death, Hannibal became the leader of the army. Rome feared the growing strength of Hannibal. They made an alliance with the city of Saguntum and claimed to be protecting the city. Saguntum was south of the Ebro River and so. Hannibal attacked the city. It was captured after eight months. With the attack of a Roman ally, Rome wanted justice from Carthage. Instead, the Carthaginian government saw nothing wrong with Hannibal's actions. The war that Hannibal wanted was declared at the end of the year.

Second Punic War

Overland journey to Italy

Hannibal's army was made up of as many as 75,000 foot soldiers and 9,000 horsemen. Hannibal left New Carthage in late spring of 218 BC. He fought his way north to the Pyrenees. He defeated the tribes by clever mountain tactics and stubborn fighting.  After marching 290 miles through Hispania and reaching the Ebro, Hannibal chose the most trustworthy and loyal parts of his army of Libyan and Iberian mercenaries to keep going with him. He left 11,000 troops to keep watch over the newly conquered region. At the Pyrenees, he let go of another 11,000 Iberian troops. Hannibal entered Gaul with 50,000 foot soldiers and 9,000 horsemen.

Hannibal needed to cross the Pyrenees, the Alps and many important rivers in the region starting in the spring of 218 BC, he fought his way to the Pyrenees. He made peace deals with the Gaulic tribal leaders and reached the Rhône River. Arriving at the Rhône in September, Hannibal's army numbered 38,000 infantry, 8,000 horsemen, and 37 war elephants.

Hannibal got away from a Roman force sent to fight him in Gaul. He then went up the valley of one of the streams of the Rhône River. By Autumn, he reached the foot of the Alps. His journey over the mountains is one of the most famous achievements of any military force. After this journey, Hannibal came down from the foothills into northern Italy, to the surprise of the Romans. He had arrived with only half the forces he had started with and only a few elephants. Hannibal had lost as many as 20,000 men crossing over the mountains.

Battle of Trebbia

Publius Cornelius Scipio commanded the Roman force sent to stop Hannibal. He did not expect Hannibal to cross the Alps but expected to fight Hannibal in Spain. With a small army still in Gaul, Scipio tried to stop Hannibal. He moved his army to Italy by sea in time to meet Hannibal.

Hannibal made the area behind him safer by defeating the tribe of the Taurini (now Turin). The opposing forces fought at Carthage, where Hannibal forced the Romans to get out of the plain of Lombardy. This victory did much to weaken Roman control over the Gauls, who decided to join the Carthaginians. Soon, all of northern Italy was unofficially allied. Gallic and Ligurian troops soon raised his army back to 40,000 men. Hannibal's army was ready to invade Italy. Scipio retreated across the River Trebia. He camped at the town of Placentia and waited for more troops.

The Senate had ordered Sempronius Longus to bring his army from Sicily to meet Scipio and to face Hannibal.  Hannibal was in position to head him off. Sempronius avoided Hannibal and joined Scipio near the Trebbia River near Placentia. At Trebia, Hannibal defeated the Roman infantry by a surprise attack from an ambush on the flank.

Battle of Lake Trasimene
Arriving in Etruria in the spring of 217 BC, Hannibal decided to lure the main Roman army led by Flaminius into battle. Hannibal found Flaminius camped at Arretium. He marched around his opponent's left side and cut Flaminius off from Rome. Hannibal made Flaminius chase him. On the shore of Lake Trasimenus, Hannibal destroyed Flaminius's army in the waters or on the nearby slopes. He killed Flaminius as well. He had got rid of the only force that could stop him from getting to Rome. He realized that without siege engines, he could not hope to take the capital and so he decided to continue into central and southern Italy. He hoped this show of strength would create a revolt against the Roman government. After Lake Trasimene, Hannibal said, "I have not come to fight Italians, but on behalf of the Italians against Rome."

Fabian strategy
Rome was put into an immense state of panic and appointed a dictator, Quintus Fabius Maximus. He was an intelligent and careful general.

Fabius adopted the Fabian strategy" He refused open battle with his enemy and put several Roman armies near Hannibal to limit his movement. Fabius sent out small forces against Hannibal's foraging parties. Residents of small northern villages were told to post lookouts. They could gather their livestock and possessions and go to fortified towns to wear down the invaders' endurance.

Hannibal decided to march through Samnium to Campania. He hoped that the destruction would draw Fabius into battle, but Fabius refused to be drawn into battle. His troops became irritated by his "cowardly spirit". His policies were not liked since Romans were used to facing their enemies in the field, and the people wanted to see a quick end to the war.

The rest of autumn continued with frequent skirmishes. After six months, Fabius was removed from his position in accordance with Roman law.

Battle of Cannae
In the Spring of 216 BC Hannibal captured the large supply depot at Cannae in the Apulian plain, effectively placing himself between the Romans and their source of supply. The Roman Senate resumed their consular elections in 216. They chose Caius Terentius Varro and Lucius Aemilius Paullus as consuls. The Romans raised largest army so far their history to defeat Hannibal. It is estimated that the total strength of the army was around 80,000 men.

The Roman army marched southward to Apulia. After two days of marching, they found Hannibal at the Audifus River. Varro was a reckless man full of pride and was determined to defeat Hannibal. Varro's arrogance got the better of him and allowed Hannibal to drew him into a trap. With brilliant tactics, Hannibal surrounded and destroyed most of this force even though he was heavily outnumbered.

It is estimated that 50,000-70,000 Romans were killed or captured at Cannae. Among the dead were 80 senators. The Roman Senate was no more than 300 men: 25%–30% of the governing body. The Battle of Cannae one of the worst defeats in the history of Ancient Rome. It is also one of the bloodiest battles in all of human history in terms of the number of lives lost in a single day. After Cannae, the Romans refused to fight Hannibal in battles but tried instead to defeat him by wearing him down. They relied on their advantages of supply and manpower.

Because of that victory. most of southern Italy joined Hannibal's cause. Thet same year, the Greek cities in Sicily revolted against Roman control. Macedonian King Philip V supported Hannibal. That started the First Macedonian War against Rome. Hannibal made his new base in Capua, the second-largest city of Italy.

Stalemate
Without resources from his allies or reinforcements from Carthage, Hannibal could not do much more and began losing ground. He continued defeating the Romans whenever he could bring them into battle but could never score another decisive victory.

End of war in Italy
In 212 BC, plotters in Tarentum let Hannibal into the city. They then blew the alarm with some Roman trumpets. This let Hannibal's troops pick off the Romans as they stumbled into the streets. Hannibal told the Tarentines to mark every house in which Tarentines lived so that they would not be looted. Even with the looting, the citadel held out. That stopped Hannibal from using the harbuor, and Rome was slowly gaining ground over Hannibal. In the same year, he lost Campania.

In 211 BC, the city of Capua fell. That summer the Romans destroyed the Carthaginian army in Sicily. Meanwhile, Hannibal had defeated Fulvius at Herdonea in Apulia, but lost Tarentum. With the loss of Tarentum in 209 BC and the Romans capturing of Samnium and Lucania, his hold on south Italy was almost lost.

In 207 BC, he retired to Bruttium. Those events marked the end to Hannibal's success in Italy. In 203 BC, Hannibal was recalled to Carthage to lead the defence of his homeland against a Roman invasion.

Battle of Zama
Both Scipio Africanus.and Hannibal met on the field of Zama. Hannibal had about 50,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry. Scipio had 34,000 infantry and 8,700 cavalry. For years, Hannibal had won victories with his experienced army. He now faced the best of the Roman army, and he led a makeshift army, which did not do well against the Romans. Hannibal was defeated, and 20,000 men of his army were killed at Zama, with the same number of men being taken as prisoners. The Romans lost as few as 500 dead and 4,000 wounded. With their best general defeated, the Carthaginians accepted defeat and surrendered to Rome.

Exile and death
Seven years after the victory of Zama, the Romans demanded Hannibal's surrender. He went into voluntary exile and went to Tyre, the mother-city of Carthage, and then to Ephesus and Syria.

In 190 BC, he was placed in command of a Phoenician fleet, but it was defeated in a battle off the Eurymedon River. Hannibal went to Cretebut soon returned to the Asia Minor. At Libyssa, on the eastern shore of the Sea of Marmora, he was going to be turned over to the Romans. Rather than letting himself be taken, he committed suicide by drinking poison. The precise year of his death is not certain. It is believed to be 183 BC. He died in the same year as Scipio Africanus.

In film and television

References

Other websites
 Hannibal Barca and the Punic Wars
 Ancient History Sourcebook: Polybius (c.200-after 118 BC): The Character of Hannibal
  "Rome and Carthage: Classic Battle Joined " Article by Greg Yocherer from Military History Magazine
 Cannae  A treatise by General Fieldmarshal Count Alfred von Schlieffen

Carthaginian people

Hannibal


Phoenix College (PC) is a public community college in Encanto, Phoenix, Arizona. Founded in 1920, it is one of the oldest community colleges in the country.

History
The college was originally a part of the Phoenix Union High School and Junior College District (now Phoenix Union High School District), and was known as Phoenix Junior College (PJC). PC became a part of the Maricopa County Community College District in 1960, and is now considered the flagship campus of one of the largest community college systems in the world.

Campus
Phoenix College consists of the main campus in Midtown Phoenix, as well as a downtown campus located in the central business district of Phoenix.

Academics
Phoenix College offers over 200 degree and certificate programs. PC also offers training geared towards professional community/business development and general interest. PC is also home of the Student Services Institute.

Athletics
Phoenix College has 7 sports teams competing in the NJCAA.  The women's softball team has won the NJCAA National Women's Softball Division II Championships nine times (2000, 2001, 2004–08, 2012, 2021). The school has also won NJCAA championships in baseball (1960, 1962, 1965), men's track and field (1964, 1965, 1966), wrestling (1967–68, 1968–69), men's golf (1964), football (1964), and women's cross country (1985).  In 1980 PC won national team championships in women's and mixed archery (two-year college division). Women's archery also won national titles in 1933 and 1934. The Maricopa Community College District elected in February 2018 to eliminate all football programs associated with its schools. Programs cut included those at Scottsdale Community College, Glendale Community College, Mesa Community College and Phoenix College's own program.

Notable people

Alumni

Alumni include two Miss Americas (1949 and 1964) and two Arizona governors (Wesley Bolin and Jack Richard Williams). Other prominent alumni include the Navajo Nation's first president Peterson Zah, film star Nick Nolte, Tony Award-winning actor Stephen Spinella, actor Peter Billingsley, daytime television star Jaime Lyn Bauer, Pop/Rhythm & Blues singer CeCe Peniston, artist Eric Fischl, Mixed Martial artists UFC veteran Homer Moore, AAGPBL pioneer Charlotte Armstrong.  Investigative journalist Ron Ridenhour, who exposed the My Lai Massacre, attended Phoenix College before being drafted into military service in Vietnam in 1967. Politicians who attended the college include State Senator Juan Mendez and Democrat fund-raiser Ed Buck.

Several former football players have played in the National Football League including Fred Carr, Bob Wallace, Lyn Larsen, Damon Sheehy-Guiseppi, Tory Nixon, Andy Livingston, and "Scooter" Molander. Dennis Layton played for the National Basketball Association's Phoenix Suns and John Smith toured with the Harlem Globetrotters. Bears who have played Major League Baseball include Gary Gentry and Dave Rajsich.

Faculty
 John S. Goff (1931–2001), studied Robert Todd Lincoln and the history of Arizona

References

External links

1920 establishments in Arizona
Community colleges in Arizona
Universities and colleges established in 1920
Maricopa County Community College District
Phoenix College
NJCAA athletics

Phoenix College


Jean Honoré Robert de Paul de Lamanon, known as Robert de Lamanon (6 December 1752, Salon-de-Provence – 11 December 1787, Tutuila, Island of Maouna, Samoan Islands) was a French botanist, physicist, geologist and meteorologist. He joined several scientific expeditions and eventually died on one (the La Perouse expedition).

Family
He belonged to the lordly family of Lamanon, ennobled in 1572. His father was Jean François de Paul de Lamanon and Anne de Baldony (born in Aix-en-Provence). He had two sisters and an elder brother, Auguste Paul de Lamanon (1748–1820). Auguste was destined for the French Navy by his father, becoming a garde de la marine at Toulon, then an officer.

Life
Robert's brother Auguste left the Navy on his father's death to devote himself to the study of sciences and letters. Robert left holy orders and together they set out on a trip round Europe and the French provinces collecting plants, documents, manuscripts and objets d'art. They perfected their studies in Paris and there met the most famous scholars of the era : Laplace, Jussieu, d'Alembert, the Monge brothers, Volney, Malesherbes, and Condorcet, secretary of the Académie des sciences.

Robert's paper on fossils found in the gypsum formation around Paris, Observations sur la Physique, contributed to practice of turning physical geography into geohistory. The practice was still novel at the time, Nicolas Desmarest (1725-1815) publishing his essay on recognizing prismatic basalt as old lava streams only three years before in 1774.

Reported to be "energetic and full of lively curiosity," on a trip from Paris to England, Robert ordered himself to be tied to the mainmast during a violent storm so that he could contemplate the spectacle.

Memorial
A memorial to La Perouse massacred expedition members was built in 1883 in Aasu village on Massacre Bay on the Northwest coast of the island of Tutuila (then — the island of Maouna), Samoan Islands. The monument surmounted by a cross bears the words "Morts pour la Science et la Patrie" ("Those who died for Science and Fatherland") and names of eleven French sailors who were killed in the encounter with the Samoans, among them the name of Robert de Lamanon.

See also
 European and American voyages of scientific exploration

Notes

External links
Family tree on geneanet de samlap

1752 births
1787 deaths
People from Salon-de-Provence
18th-century French botanists
18th-century French physicians
French meteorologists

Robert de Lamanon


Sir Christopher John Frayling (born 25 December 1946) is a British educationalist and writer, known for his study of popular culture.

Early life and education
Christopher Frayling was born in Hampton, a suburb of London, in affluent circumstances. His father, Major Arthur Frederick Frayling, OBE (1910–1993), late of the Royal Army Service Corps, was chairman of the Hudson's Bay fur auction house in London and of the International Fur Trade Federation; his mother, Barbara Kathleen ("Betty") Imhof, the daughter of record and audio equipment store owner Alfred Imhof, was a driver in international car rallies, and won the RAC Rally with her brother, Godfrey Imhof, in 1952. His brother, Nicholas, was Dean of Chichester Cathedral from 2002-2014.

After attending Repton School, Christopher Frayling read history at Churchill College, Cambridge and gained a PhD in the study of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. He was appointed a Fellow of the college in 2009.

Career
Frayling taught history at the University of Bath and was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Arts) from that University in 2003. In 1979, Frayling was appointed Professor of Cultural History at London's post-graduate art and design school, the Royal College of Art. Frayling was Rector of the Royal College of Art from 1996 to 2009.

In 2003, he was awarded the Sir Misha Black Award and was added to the College of Medallists. He was the Chairman of Arts Council England from 2005 until January 2009. He served as Chairman of the Design Council, Chairman of the Royal Mint Advisory Committee, and a Trustee of the Victoria and Albert Museum. He was a governor of the British Film Institute in the 1980s.

In April 2014, he was appointed Chancellor of the Arts University Bournemouth.

He has had a wide output as a writer and critic on subjects ranging from vampires to westerns. He has written and presented television series such as The Art of Persuasion on advertising and Strange Landscape on the Middle Ages. He has conducted a series of radio and television interviews with figures from the world of film, including Woody Allen, Deborah Kerr, Ken Adam, Francis Ford Coppola and Clint Eastwood. He has written and presented several television series, including The Face of Tutankhamun and Nightmare: Birth of Horror.

He studied Spaghetti Westerns and specifically director Sergio Leone. He has written a very popular biography of Leone, Something To Do With Death (2000); helped run the Los Angeles-based Gene Autry Museum's exhibit on Leone in 2005; and appeared in numerous documentaries about Leone and his films, particularly the DVD documentaries of Once Upon a Time in the West (1968). He also provided audio commentaries for the special edition DVD releases of A Fistful of Dollars, For a Few Dollars More, Once Upon a Time in the West and The Colossus of Rhodes.

In January 2018, he gave a lecture at the British Library in the Hogwarts Curriculum Lecture series on "Defence against the Dark Arts". This specialised in the treatment of vampires.

Knighthood
In 2001, he was awarded a knighthood for "Services to Art and Design Education" and chose as his motto "PERGE SCELUS MIHI DIEM PERFICIAS", which can be translated as "Proceed, varlet, and let the day be rendered perfect for my benefit".

Arms

Select bibliography

Literature
 Napoleon Wrote Fiction (1972)
 The Vampyre (1978); Gollanz
 Expanded as Vampyres: Lord Byron to Count Dracula (1991); Faber & Faber
 Expanded as Vampyres: Genesis and Resurrection from Count Dracula to Vampirella (2016); Thames & Hudson
 Nightmare: Birth of Horror (1996)
 On Craftsmanship: towards a new Bauhaus (2011)
 The Yellow Peril – Dr Fu Manchu and the Rise of Chinophobia (2014)
 Inside the Bloody Chamber: on Angela Carter, the Gothic and other weird tales (2015)

History
 The Face of Tutankhamun (1992)
 Strange Landscape: Journey Through the Middle Ages (1995)

Film
 Spaghetti Westerns: Cowboys and Europeans from Karl May to Sergio Leone (1981)
 American Westerners (1984)
 Clint Eastwood (1992)
 Things to Come (1995)
 Sergio Leone: Something To Do With Death (2000)
 Mad, Bad and Dangerous?: The Scientist and the Cinema (2005)
 Sergio Leone: Once Upon a Time in Italy (2005)
 Ken Adam: The Art of Production Design (2005)
 Once Upon a Time in The West Shooting a Masterpiece (2019)

Education
 The Royal College of Art: One Hundred and Fifty Years of Art and Design (1987)
 Design of the Times: One Hundred Years of the Royal College of Art (1996)
 The Art Pack (1998)

List of audio commentaries
Beauty and the Beast (1946)
The Big Country (1958) – only on the US Kino Lorber and German Koch Media Blu-rays.
The Colossus of Rhodes (1961)
Duck, You Sucker! (1971)
A Fistful of Dollars (1964)
For a Few Dollars More (1965)
Frankenstein (1931)
Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943)
The Ghost of Frankenstein (1942)
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966)
The Innocents (1961) – only on the UK BFI and US Criterion Collection DVD and Blu-ray, along with a featurette he presents.
The Magnificent Seven (1960) – only on the US MGM Collector's Edition DVD, along with a featurette he presents.
Once Upon a Time in the West (1968), with actress Claudia Cardinale; directors Bernardo Bertolucci, John Carpenter, Alex Cox and John Milius; and fellow film historian Dr. Sheldon Hall.

Notes

External links

 Frayling on BBC Desert Island Discs
 Interview (02/2008)
 Interview (05/2004)
 Interview (02/2002)
 Interview (10/1997)
 Interview (10/1997)
 The Frayling Coat of Arms

1946 births
Living people
British writers
British television presenters
British educational theorists
Knights Bachelor
Academics of the University of Bath
Rectors of the Royal College of Art
Academics of the Royal College of Art
Alumni of Churchill College, Cambridge
Fellows of Churchill College, Cambridge
Place of birth missing (living people)
People associated with Arts University Bournemouth

Christopher Frayling


Warren could mean:

Animal husbandry and related

Animal husbandry
 Warren (domestic), a rabbitry for the breeding and raising of domestic rabbits.  Warren is also used for rabbit or hare burrows in the wild.

Forest law
 Warren (free) ("Free warren"), a type of hunting franchise under the Anglo-Norman Forest law

Metaphor
 In metaphoric use, warren refers to a tight agglomeration of inferior accommodations, such as a slum.

People
 Warren G. Harding, 29th President of the United States
 Warren Beatty, American actor
 Warren Christopher, former Secretary of State of the United States
 Warren E. Burger, former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
 Warren Buffett, American businessman and entrepreneur
 Warren Hastings, first Governor-General of India
 Warren Zevon, American singer and musician
 Warren Truss, Australian politician

Other
 Warren abstract machine, a Prolog (software) engine
 Warren Commission, which investigated the assassination of John F. Kennedy
 Warren Cup, a Roman antiquity
 Warren's Gate, an archaeological site
 Warren's Skipper, a type of butterfly
 Warren Wagon Train Raid, historic incident in Texas

Warren


Crash Deluxe is a postcyberpunk novel by science fiction author Marianne de Pierres and is the third and final Parrish Plessis Novel.

Synopsis
Parrish Plessis, sometime coup leader, paid assassin and ex-bodyguard, is finding life tough. Betrayed by the enigmatic Loyl Daac, and still under blood debt to the deadly Cabal Coomera, Parrish is trying to hold together the little empire she's inherited in the Tert, live up to the expectations of the many strays and waifs she's accumulated, and attempt to flush the high-tech parasite from her system before she becomes something so much less than human. Not an ideal lifestyle, Parrish would be the first to admit, but she can make everything alright again if she can manage just one little task. Bring down the media.
2005 novels
2005 science fiction novels

Crash Deluxe


Banksia sessilis var. cordata is a variety of Banksia sessilis (Parrot Bush), with unusually large leaves and flower heads. It is a rare variety that is restricted to the extreme south-west corner of Western Australia.

Description
This variety is similar to other varieties of B. sessilis, but has larger leaves; these may be up to six centimetres long and four centimetres wide in this variety, whereas in B. sessilis var. sessilis they are commonly two to three centimetres long. The leaves of this variety are also a darker green than the other varieties, and its flower heads are generally larger.

Taxonomy

This variety was first published as a variety of Dryandra floribunda (now B. sessilis) by Carl Meissner in the second volume of Plantae Preissianae, published in 1848. It was based on a type specimen collected by James Drummond; this specimen was said to have been collected at the Swan River, where this variety does not now occur. Meissner did not explicitly give an etymology for the varietal epithet, but referred to the leaves as cordatis, Latin for "heart-shaped", and this is now universally recognised as the source of the name.

In 1870, George Bentham published what is now recognised as a synonym of this variety, as D. floribunda var. major. Bentham's taxon was based on a specimen collected at Cape Naturaliste by Augustus Oldfield. He also attributed to this variety a painting of D. floribunda that appeared in Curtis's Botanical Magazine in 1813.

Dryandra floribunda having been overturned in favour of Dryandra sessilis in 1924, in 1996 Alex George transferred var. cordata from the former to the latter species. The current name changed again in 2007, when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele transferred Dryandra into Banksia; thus the variety's current full name is Banksia sessilis var. cordata (Meisn.) A.R.Mast & K.R.Thiele.

Distribution and habitat
B. sessilis var. cordata occurs only in the Warren region of the Southwest Botanical Province of Western Australia. It occurs in two disjoint areas: along the west coast between Cape Naturaliste and Cape Leeuwin; and along the south coast between Point D'Entrecasteaux and Denmark. It grows in sand over limestone, amongst coastal heath.

Cultivation
This variety is little known in cultivation. It is suggested that cultivation requirements would be similar to the better-known B. sessilis var. sessilis, but that this variety would be better suited to cooler, wetter areas.

Conservation
On the Department of Environment and Conservation's Declared Rare and Priority Flora List, B. sessilis var. cordata is rated "Priority 4 - Rare", meaning that it has been adequately surveyed, and does not appear to be threatened, even though it is rare.

References

Further reading

External links

sessilis var. cordata
Endemic flora of Western Australia
Eudicots of Western Australia
Taxa named by Carl Meissner

Banksia sessilis var. cordata