A pesticide poisoning occurs when pesticides, chemicals intended to control a pest, affect non-target organisms such as humans, wildlife, plants, or bees. There are three types of pesticide poisoning. The first of the three is a single and short-term very high level of exposure which can be experienced by individuals who commit suicide, as well as pesticide formulators. The second type of poisoning is long-term high-level exposure, which can occur in pesticide formulators and manufacturers. The third type of poisoning is a long-term low-level exposure, which individuals are exposed to from sources such as pesticide residues in food as well as contact with pesticide residues in the air, water, soil, sediment, food materials, plants and animals.

In developing countries, such as Sri Lanka, pesticide poisonings from short-term very high level of exposure (acute poisoning) is the most worrisome type of poisoning. However, in developed countries, such as Canada, it is the complete opposite: acute pesticide poisoning is controlled, thus making the main issue long-term low-level exposure of pesticides.

Cause
The most common exposure scenarios for pesticide-poisoning cases are accidental or suicidal poisonings, occupational exposure, by-stander exposure to off-target drift, and the general public who are exposed through environmental contamination.

Accidental or suicidal

Self-poisoning with agricultural pesticides represents a major hidden public health problem accounting for approximately one-third of all suicides worldwide. It is one of the most common forms of self-injury in the Global South. The World Health Organization estimates that 300,000 people die from self-harm each year in the Asia-Pacific region alone. Most cases of intentional pesticide poisoning appear to be impulsive acts undertaken during stressful events, and the availability of pesticides strongly influences the incidence of self poisoning. Pesticides are the agents most frequently used by farmers and students in India to commit suicide.

Occupational

Pesticide poisoning is an important occupational health issue because pesticides are used in a large number of industries, which puts many different categories of workers at risk.  Extensive use puts agricultural workers in particular at increased risk for pesticide illnesses. Exposure can occur through inhalation of pesticide fumes, and often occurs in settings including greenhouse spraying operations and other closed environments like tractor cabs or while operating rotary fan mist sprayers in facilities or locations with poor ventilation systems.

Workers in other industries are at risk for exposure as well.  For example, commercial availability of pesticides in stores puts retail workers at risk for exposure and illness when they handle pesticide products. The ubiquity of pesticides puts emergency responders such as fire-fighters and police officers at risk, because they are often the first responders to emergency events and may be unaware of the presence of a poisoning hazard.  The process of aircraft disinsection, in which pesticides are used on inbound international flights for insect and disease control, can also make flight attendants sick.

Different job functions can lead to different levels of exposure.  Most occupational exposures are caused by absorption through exposed skin such as the face, hands, forearms, neck, and chest.  This exposure is sometimes enhanced by inhalation in settings including spraying operations in greenhouses and other closed environments, tractor cabs, and the operation of rotary fan mist sprayers.

Residential
The majority of households in Canada use pesticides while taking part in activities such as gardening. In Canada, 96 percent of households report having a lawn or a garden. 56 percent of the households who have a lawn or a garden utilize fertilizer or pesticide. This form of pesticide use may contribute to the third type of poisoning, which is caused by long-term low-level exposure. As mentioned before, long-term low-level exposure affects individuals from sources such as pesticide residues in food as well as contact with pesticide residues in the air, water, soil, sediment, food materials, plants and animals.

Pathophysiology

Organochlorines

The organochlorine pesticides, like DDT, aldrin, and dieldrin, are extremely persistent and accumulate in fatty tissue.  Through the process of bioaccumulation (lower amounts in the environment get magnified sequentially up the food chain), large amounts of organochlorines can accumulate in top species like humans.  There is substantial evidence to suggest that DDT, and its metabolite DDE, act as endocrine disruptors, interfering with hormonal function of estrogen, testosterone, and other steroid hormones.

Anticholinesterase compounds

Cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides, also known as organophosphates, carbamates, and anticholinesterases, are most commonly reported in occupationally related pesticide poisonings globally. Besides acute symptoms including cholinergic crisis, certain organophosphates have long been known to cause a delayed-onset toxicity to nerve cells, which is often irreversible.  Several studies have shown persistent deficits in cognitive function in workers chronically exposed to pesticides.

Diagnosis
Most pesticide-related illnesses have signs and symptoms that are similar to common medical conditions, so a complete and detailed environmental and occupational history is essential for correctly diagnosing a pesticide poisoning.  A few additional screening questions about the patient's work and home environment, in addition to a typical health questionnaire, can indicate whether there was a potential pesticide poisoning.

If one is regularly using carbamate and organophosphate pesticides, it is important to obtain a baseline cholinesterase test. Cholinesterase is an important enzyme of the nervous system, and these chemical groups kill pests and potentially injure or kill humans by inhibiting cholinesterase. If one has had a baseline test and later suspects a poisoning, one can identify the extent of the problem by comparison of the current cholinesterase level with the baseline level.

Prevention
Accidental poisonings can be avoided by proper labeling and storage of containers.  When handling or applying pesticides, exposure can be significantly reduced by protecting certain parts of the body where the skin shows increased absorption, such as the scrotal region, underarms, face, scalp, and hands. Safety protocols to reduce exposure include the use of personal protective equipment, washing hands and exposed skin during as well as after work, changing clothes between work shifts, and having first aid trainings and protocols in place for workers.

Personal protective equipment for preventing pesticide exposure includes the use of a respirator, goggles, and protective clothing, which have all have been shown to reduce risk of developing pesticide-induced diseases when handling pesticides. A study found the risk of acute pesticide poisoning was reduced by 55% in farmers who adopted extra personal protective measures and were educated about both protective equipment and pesticide exposure risk. Exposure can be significantly reduced when handling or applying pesticides by protecting certain parts of the body where the skin shows increased absorption, such as the scrotal region, underarms, face, scalp, and hands. Using chemical-resistant gloves has been shown to reduce contamination by 33–86%.

Use of genetically modified crops led to significant reduction of pesticide poisoning as these require significantly less pesticide application. In India alone reduction of 2.4–9 million cases per year was observed after widespread adoption of Bt cotton, with similar reductions reported in China, Pakistan and other countries.

Treatment
Specific treatments for acute pesticide poisoning are often dependent on the pesticide or class of pesticide responsible for the poisoning. However, there are basic management techniques that are applicable to most acute poisonings, including skin decontamination, airway protection, gastrointestinal decontamination, and seizure treatment.

Decontamination of the skin is performed while other life-saving measures are taking place.  Clothing is removed, the patient is showered with soap and water, and the hair is shampooed to remove chemicals from the skin and hair.  The eyes are flushed with water for 10–15 minutes.  The patient is intubated and oxygen administered, if necessary.  In more severe cases, pulmonary ventilation must sometimes be supported mechanically. Seizures are typically managed with lorazepam, phenytoin and phenobarbitol, or diazepam (particularly for organochlorine poisonings).

Gastric lavage is not recommended to be used routinely in pesticide poisoning management, as clinical benefit has not been confirmed in controlled studies; it is indicated only when the patient has ingested a potentially life-threatening amount of poison and presents within 60 minutes of ingestion.   An orogastric tube is inserted and the stomach is flushed with saline to try to remove the poison.  If the patient is neurologically impaired, a cuffed endotracheal tube inserted beforehand for airway protection.  Studies of poison recovery at 60 minutes have shown recovery of 8–32%.  However, there is also evidence that lavage may flush the material into the small intestine, increasing absorption.  Lavage is contra-indicated in cases of hydrocarbon ingestion.

Activated charcoal is sometimes administered as it has been shown to be successful with some pesticides but its not effective for malathion poisoning.  Studies have shown that it can reduce the amount absorbed if given within 60 minutes, though there is not enough data to determine if it is effective if time from ingestion is prolonged.  Syrup of ipecac is not recommended for most pesticide poisonings because of potential interference with other antidotes and regurgitation increasing exposure of the esophagus and oral area to the pesticide.

Urinary alkalinisation has been used in acute poisonings from chlorophenoxy herbicides (such as 2,4-D, MCPA, 2,4,5-T and mecoprop); however, evidence to support its use is poor.

Epidemiology
Acute pesticide poisoning is a large-scale problem, especially in developing countries.

"Most estimates concerning the extent of acute pesticide poisoning have been based on data from hospital admissions which would include only the more serious cases. The latest estimate by a WHO task group indicates that there may be 1 million serious unintentional poisonings each year and in addition 2 million people hospitalized for suicide attempts with pesticides. This necessarily reflects only a fraction of the real problem. On the basis of a survey of self-reported minor poisoning carried out in the Asian region, it is estimated that there could be as many as 25 million agricultural workers in the developing world suffering an episode of poisoning each year." In Canada in 2007 more than 6000 cases of acute pesticide poisoning occurred.

Estimating the numbers of chronic poisonings worldwide is more difficult.

Long term effects of pesticide poisonings
Pesticides contain many toxic chemicals that affect farmers for many years. Farm workers are impacted greatly and though they get treatment once they are exposed they have to deal with other health issues even years after the incident. There are about 385 million cases of pesticide exposure a year, and about 11,000 people die of accidental exposure. The long term effects of pesticide exposure are birth defects, miscarriages, infertility in both men and women, neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and dementia-like diseases. And another long-term effect is different types of cancers such as lung cancer, prostate cancer, stomach cancer, breast cancer, and kidney cancer. Farmers and everyone in surrounding areas of pesticide poisoning are exposed and at risk of all the long term effects. The neurotoxicity of certain pesticides has been implicated as a potential contributing factor to the development of neurodegenerative diseases, raising concerns about their long-term impact on human health.

Society and culture
Rachel Carson's 1962 environmental science book Silent Spring brought about the first major wave of public concern over the chronic effects of pesticides.

Those who reside close to agriculture land are negatively impacted by pesticide drifting. This occurs when the pesticide chemicals travel to near by areas leading to exposure to highly toxic airborne chemicals. Pesticide drift is not an isolated occurrence and it happens routinely to those working in the fields and farm-working neighborhoods that reside close to industrial farming, causing an unjust burden placed on communities.

Other animals
An obvious side effect of using a chemical meant to kill is that one is likely to kill more than just the desired organism. Contact with a sprayed plant or "weed" can have an effect upon local wildlife, most notably insects. A cause for concern is how pests, the reason for pesticide use, are building up a resistance. Phytophagous insects are able to build up this resistance because they are easily capable of evolutionary diversification and adaptation. The problem this presents is that in order to obtain the same desired effect of the pesticides they have to be made increasingly stronger as time goes on. Repercussions of the use of stronger pesticides on vegetation has a negative result on the surrounding environment, but also would contribute to consumers' long-term low-level exposure.

See also
Health effects of pesticides
SENSOR-Pesticides program
WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme

Notes

References

Cited texts

External links

Chemical safety
Environmental effects of pesticides
Epidemiology
Industrial hygiene
Toxic effects of pesticides

Pesticide poisoning


The Japanese electronics industry is one of the largest in the world, though the share of Japanese electronics companies has significantly declined from its peak due to competition from South Korea, Taiwan, China, and the United States.

Japanese companies have been responsible for a number of important innovations, including having pioneered the transistor radio and the Walkman (Sony), the first mass-produced laptops (Toshiba), the VHS recorder (JVC), and solar cells and LCD screens (Sharp).

History

Japan's foreign direct investment in the consumer electronics industry was motivated by protectionism and labor costs, encouraging foreign capital to invest in a country with lower production overhead and prewar industrial know-how to be competitive in the electronics market. After three years of voluntary export restraints, seven Japanese firms located plants in the United States by 1980. Japanese firms continued production of the most technologically advanced products, especially in Japan but also the U.S., while shifting production of less-advanced products to developing countries in Southeast Asia.

Circa 1997, Japanese children had a relatively large amount of savings, with the average having about 110,000 Japanese yen (about $900 U.S. dollars) in allowances, which stimulated purchases of electronic goods like Tamagotchi.

21st century

Since the beginning of the 21st century, several of the largest Japanese electronics companies have struggled financially and lost market share, particularly to South Korean, Taiwanese, and Chinese companies.  Japanese companies have lost their dominant position in categories including portable media players, TVs, computers, and semiconductors. Hit hard by the economic crisis of 2008, Sony, Hitachi, Panasonic, Fujitsu, Sharp, NEC, and Toshiba reported losses amounting to $17 billion. The relative decline has been ascribed to factors including high costs, the value of the yen and too many Japanese companies producing the same class of products, causing duplication in research and development efforts and reducing economies of scale and pricing power. Japan's education system has also been highlighted as a possible contributing factor. The lack of adaptation to the Digital Revolution and the shift from hardware to software-oriented product development has also been cited.

One response to the challenges has been a rise in company mergers and acquisitions. JVC and Kenwood merged (forming JVCKenwood), and Renesas Technology and NEC Electronics -the semiconductors arm of NEC- to merge forming Renesas Electronics. In a similar move, in 2009, Panasonic acquired a voting stock majority of Sanyo, making the latter part of the Panasonic Group. Also, some of the bigger players resorted to merging some of their operations, as Hitachi, Casio, NEC, Fujitsu, and Toshiba, did with their cellphone business.
On 15 November 2011, facing tough competition from Samsung and LG; Sony, Toshiba, and Hitachi signed a deal to merge their LCD businesses, creating a new company called Japan Display by spring 2012.

As of 2013, most Japanese companies no longer enjoy the same reputation they did about one to two decades ago. Currently, the international electronics consumer market is a competition between Japanese, South Korean, Chinese, Taiwanese, and American industries. Quite a few Japanese companies still have significant international market share. The future of the Japanese electronics industry is debated.

Manufacturers

The following electronics industry have marketed and sold within Japan:

Japanese
 Akai
 Brother
 Canon
 Casio
 Citizen
 Fujifilm
 Fujitsu
 Hitachi
 JVCKenwood
 Konica Minolta
 Kyocera
 Mitsubishi Electric
 NEC
 Nikon
 Nintendo
 Olympus
 Onkyo
 Panasonic
 Pioneer
 Ricoh
 Seiko Group
 Sharp
 Sony
 TDK
 Toshiba
 Yamaha

Non-Japanese
 Acer
 Apple
 AOC
 Asus
 BlackBerry Limited
 BOE
 Bose Corporation
 Changhong
 Dell
 DJI
 Element Electronics
 Emerson Radio
 Haier
 Harman
 Hisense
 HP
 HTC
 Huawei
 Konka
 Lenovo
 LG
 Magnavox
 Meizu
 OPPO
 Panda Electronics
 Philips
 Razer
 Samsung
 Skyworth
 Sonos
 TCL
 ViewSonic
 Vizio
 Westinghouse
 Xiaomi
 ZTE

See also
 Electronics industry in China
 Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association

References

External links
 Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association (JEITA)
 Japan Electric Manufacturers' Association (JEMA)
 Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association (JRAIA)
 Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA)
 Association for Electric Home Appliances
 Industrial Structure Vision 2010 (METI)  (full report, Electronics and IT sectors, Functional Chemical sector (p.190) )
 Panasonic EH-SA31VP Spa-Quality Facial Steamer

Electronics industry in Japan


This article deals with the history of Sioux Falls, South Dakota

Sioux Falls is the largest city in the U.S. state of South Dakota. Founded in 1856, the city was abandoned, sacked, resettled and later grew to become a city with a 2020 Census population of 192,517 people.

Prehistory and exploration

The history of Sioux Falls revolves around the cascades of the Big Sioux River. The falls were created about 14,000 years ago when the last glacial ice sheet redirected the flow of the river into the large looping bends of its present course. Fueled by water from the melting ice, the river exposed the underlying Sioux quartzite bedrock, the hard pinkish stone of the falls. The quartzite itself is about a billion and a half years old. It began as sediments deposited on the bottom of an ancient, shallow sea.

The lure of the falls has been a powerful influence. A prehistoric people who inhabited the region before 500 B.C. left numerous burial mounds on the high bluffs near the river. These people were followed by an agricultural society that built fortified villages on many of the same sites. Tribes of the Lakota and Dakota, widely ranging nomadic bison hunters, arrived sometime around the 18th century. Early maps indicate they used the falls as a place to rendezvous with French fur trappers, considered the first European visitors at the falls.

Nineteenth century

Early visitors
The falls also drew the attention of early explorers. An August 1804 journal entry of the Lewis and Clark expedition describes the falls of the "Soues River." Famous pathfinder John C. Fremont and French scientist Joseph Nicollet explored the region in 1838 and also wrote a description of the falls. Both are considered second hand accounts rather than evidence of an actual visit.

The first documented visit was by Philander Prescott, an explorer, trader, and trapper who camped overnight at the falls in December 1832. Captain James Allen led a military expedition out of Fort Des Moines in 1844. The early descriptions of the falls were published in The States and Territories of the Great West, an 1856 book by Jacob Ferris which inspired townsite developers to seek out the falls.

Founding and resettlement
The focus of intense land speculation activity in Minnesota and Iowa during the mid-1850s inevitably turned toward the Big Sioux River valley. Sioux Falls was founded by land speculators who hoped to build great wealth by claiming prime townsites before the arrival of railroads and settlers.

Two separate groups, the Dakota Land Company of St. Paul and the Western Town Company of Dubuque, Iowa organized in 1856 to claim the land around the falls, considered a promising townsite for its beauty and water power. The Western Town Company arrived first, and was soon followed by the St. Paul-based company in 1857. Each laid out  claims, but worked together for mutual protection. They built a temporary barricade of turf which they dubbed "Fort Sod," in response to hostilities threatened by native tribes. Seventeen men then spent "the first winter" in Sioux Falls. The following year the population grew to near 40.

Although conflicts in Minnehaha County between Native Americans and white settlers were few, the Dakota War of 1862 engulfed nearby southwestern Minnesota. The town was evacuated in August of that year when two local settlers were killed as a result of the conflict. The settlers and soldiers stationed here traveled to Yankton in late August 1862. The abandoned townsite was pillaged and burned.

Fort Dakota, a military reservation established in present-day downtown, was established in May 1865. Many former settlers gradually returned and a new wave of settlers arrived in the following years. The population grew to 593 by 1873, and a building boom was underway in that year.

Incorporation and early growth
The Village of Sioux Falls, consisting of , was incorporated in 1876 by the 12th legislative assembly of the Dakota Territory, which convened in the territorial capital of Yankton. The village charter proved to be too restrictive, however, and Sioux Falls petitioned to become a city. The city charter was granted by the Dakota Territorial legislature on March 3, 1883.

The arrival of the railroads ushered in the great Dakota Boom decade of the 1880s. The population of Sioux Falls mushroomed from 2,164 in 1880 to 10,167 at the close of the decade. The growth transformed the city. A severe plague of grasshoppers and a national depression halted the boom by the early 1890s. The city grew by only 89 people from 1890 to 1900.

Divorce capital of the nation
Beginning in the 1880s, a 90-day residency law and lax oversight on the part of local judges concerning sworn testimony caused word to spread across the United States that a legal divorce was easily obtained in Dakota Territory. As a result, both Sioux Falls and Fargo (in later North Dakota) became known as "divorce capitals". Thousands of people traveled to the towns seeking a divorce, with the resulting divorce rate in Minnehaha County during this period being nearly three times that of the national average. Although many local residents were unhappy with the notoriety, the surge of "tourists" necessitated the construction of a number of new hotels and restaurants, and the situation brought a level of attention uncommon for towns of a similar size. Divorce laws were tightened after statehood, and the phenomenon had ended by the early 1900s.

Twentieth century

With the opening of the John Morrell meat-packing plant in 1909, the establishment of an airbase and a military radio and communications training school in 1942, and the completion of the interstate highways in the early 1960s, Sioux Falls grew at a moderate but steady pace in the early and middle years of the 20th century.  During this period, the city's economy was largely centered on the stockyards and the meat packing industry. Sioux Falls was home to one of the largest stockyards in the nation at the time, and the John Morrell plant was by far the largest employer in the city.

Beginning in the late 20th century, Sioux Falls began growing at a considerably faster pace than during previous decades. The economy became more service-based, and word began to spread about the relatively low levels of unemployment and crime. Annexations of adjacent land in Minnehaha County became common. The first annexation of land south of 57th Street from Lincoln County was in 1969 for a municipal water tower. The next annexations from Lincoln County occurred in 1978 when a couple of new subdivisions were added.

Several large shopping malls opened during the 1970s, and the retail and dining industry began to exert a growing influence on the city's economy. In 1981, Citibank transferred its credit card operations from New York to Sioux Falls to take advantage of recently relaxed state anti-usury laws. Several other financial companies also moved to Sioux Falls or expanded its existing business in the city, resulting in a large present-day banking and financial presence in the city. A third factor contributing to recent growth is the expansion of the local healthcare industry. The two largest hospitals in the city, Sanford Health and Avera Health, are also the two largest present-day employers in the city.

See also
 Timeline of Sioux Falls, South Dakota

References

Bibliography

History of South Dakota

History of Sioux Falls, South Dakota


"The Adventure of the Empty House", one of the 56 Sherlock Holmes short stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, is one of 13 stories in the cycle collected as The Return of Sherlock Holmes. It was first published in Collier's in the United States on 26 September 1903, and in The Strand Magazine in the United Kingdom in October 1903.

Public pressure forced Conan Doyle to bring the sleuth back to life, and explain his survival after his deadly struggle with Professor Moriarty in "The Final Problem". This is the first Holmes story set after his supposed death at the Reichenbach Falls, as recounted in "The Final Problem".

Plot
On the night of March 30, an apparently unsolvable locked-room murder takes place in London: the killing of the Honourable Ronald Adair.

Dr. Watson visits the murder scene. He runs into an elderly deformed book collector, later revealed as Sherlock Holmes in disguise. Contrary to what Watson believed, Holmes won against Professor Moriarty at Reichenbach Falls, explaining that he spent the next few years traveling to various parts of the world.

That evening, they enter an abandoned building known as Camden House whose front room overlooks Baker Street. Holmes's room can be seen across the street. In the window is a lifelike waxwork bust of Holmes in profile. At approximately midnight, a sniper, who has taken the bait, fires a specialized air gun, scoring a direct hit on Holmes's dummy. Inspector Lestrade arrests the gunman, who is revealed as Colonel Sebastian Moran, Adair's whist partner and murderer.

Holmes speculates that Adair had caught Moran cheating at cards, and threatened to expose his dishonourable behaviour. Moran, who earned a living playing cards crookedly, got rid of the one man who could rob him of his livelihood.

Publication history
"The Adventure of the Empty House" was published in the US in Collier's on 26 September 1903, and in the UK in The Strand Magazine in October 1903. The story was published with seven illustrations by Frederic Dorr Steele in Collier's, and with seven illustrations by Sidney Paget in the Strand. It was included in the short story collection The Return of Sherlock Holmes, which was published in the US in February 1905 and in the UK in March 1905.

Adaptations

Film and television
This story was adapted as a short film released in 1921 as part of the Stoll film series starring Eille Norwood as Holmes.

The 1931 film The Sleeping Cardinal (also known as Sherlock Holmes' Fatal Hour) is loosely based on "The Adventure of the Empty House" and "The Final Problem".

Many elements of "The Adventure of the Empty House" were used in the 1939–1946 Sherlock Holmes film series starring Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce. In Sherlock Holmes and the Secret Weapon (1943), Holmes disguises himself as a German bookseller in Switzerland. The Woman in Green (1945) uses the scene in which a sniper attempts to shoot Holmes from across the street and shoots a wax bust instead, and is apprehended by Holmes and Watson who lie in wait. Colonel Sebastian Moran appears as the villain in Terror by Night (1946) as the last of Moriarty's gang.

The story was adapted for a 1951 TV episode of We Present Alan Wheatley as Mr Sherlock Holmes in... starring Alan Wheatley as Holmes, Raymond Francis as Dr. Watson and Bill Owen as Inspector Lestrade. The episode is now lost.

The story was adapted in 1980 as an episode of the Soviet TV series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson starring Vasily Livanov. The episode has some minor departures: Moran tries to shoot Holmes during his fight with Moriarty (he actually appears in the story before Moriarty, and both Holmes and Watson are aware of his motive to kill Adair from early on), with Holmes pretending to be hit to fake his death, Adair is still alive at the start of the episode, Watson unsuccessfully tries to protect him as instructed by Holmes, and Watson briefly becomes a prime suspect in Adair's murder.

The story was later adapted in 1986 as an episode of The Return of Sherlock Holmes starring Jeremy Brett. The episode is rather faithful to Doyle's story, except that Moran tries to shoot Holmes in Switzerland instead of dropping boulders on him, and it is Watson – not Holmes – that deduces the reason that Moran had for killing Ronald Adair. It was the first episode to feature Edward Hardwicke as Dr Watson, replacing David Burke who had played the role in the preceding episodes (Hardwicke reenacted a scene from "The Final Problem" in a flashback, consisting of Watson at the waterfall shouting to Holmes and reading his letter, which had been performed by Burke).

"The Adventure of the Empty House" was adapted as an episode of the animated television series Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century. The episode, also titled "The Adventure of the Empty House", first aired in 1999.

In "The Empty Hearse", the first episode of the third series of Sherlock starring Benedict Cumberbatch which aired on 1 January 2014, Holmes returns to London two years (instead of three) after faking his death. Although Watson is surprised that Sherlock is alive, he is furious that Sherlock didn't contact him in the last two years. He reluctantly teams up with Sherlock to investigate an underground terrorist network.

Radio

Edith Meiser adapted the story as an episode of the American radio series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. The episode aired on 5 October 1932, with Richard Gordon as Sherlock Holmes and Leigh Lovell as Dr. Watson. A remake of the script aired on 15 October 1936 (with Gordon as Holmes and Harry West as Watson).

Meiser also adapted the story as an episode of the American radio series The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, with Basil Rathbone as Holmes and Nigel Bruce as Watson, that aired on 29 September 1940. Another episode in the same series that was also adapted from the story aired on 11 April 1948 (with John Stanley as Holmes and Alfred Shirley as Watson).

John Gielgud played Holmes with Ralph Richardson as Watson in a radio adaptation of the story that aired on NBC radio on 24 April 1955.

Michael Hardwick adapted the story as a radio production that aired on the BBC Light Programme in 1961, as part of the 1952–1969 radio series starring Carleton Hobbs as Holmes and Norman Shelley as Watson, with Noel Johnson as Colonel Moran.

"The Empty House" was dramatised for BBC Radio 4 in 1993 by Bert Coules as part of the 1989–1998 radio series starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams as Watson. It featured Michael Pennington as Professor Moriarty, Frederick Treves as Colonel Moran, Donald Gee as Inspector Lestrade, and Peter Penry-Jones as Sir John.

"The Adventure of the Empty House" was combined with "The Final Problem" for an episode of The Classic Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, a series on the American radio show Imagination Theatre, starring John Patrick Lowrie as Holmes and Lawrence Albert as Watson. The episode, titled "The Return of Sherlock Holmes", first aired in 2009.

Other media
The story, along with "The Disappearance of Lady Frances Carfax", "The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton", and "The Red-Headed League", provided the source material for the 1923 play The Return of Sherlock Holmes.

In 1975, DC Comics published Sherlock Holmes #1, a comic which adapted "The Adventure of the Empty House" and "The Final Problem". It was intended to be an ongoing series, but future issues were cancelled due to low sales.

In the last short story in the book Flashman and the Tiger (1999) by George MacDonald Fraser, Fraser's anti-hero Harry Flashman sets out to murder Moran, who is blackmailing Flashman's granddaughter. He trails Moran to Camden House, but instead witnesses Holmes capture him.

Baritsu
Baritsu is the name given to a form of martial art used to explain how Holmes had avoided falling into the Reichenbach Falls with Professor Moriarty. As Holmes himself explained his survival:

In 1982 Fromm and Soames, followed by others including Y. Hirayama, J. Hall, Richard Bowen, and James Webb, suggested that Doyle had meant to refer to Bartitsu, an eclectic martial art that had been founded by Londoner E. W. Barton-Wright in 1899: several years after Holmes had supposedly used it, but two years before publication of the story.

It is uncertain why Holmes referred to "baritsu", rather than "Bartitsu". It is possible that Doyle, who, like Barton-Wright, was writing for Pearson's Magazine during the late 1890s, was vaguely aware of Bartitsu and simply misremembered or misheard the term, perhaps in part due to Japanese phonology's prohibition on consecutive non-nasal consonants; it may even have been a typographical error, a concern about copyright, or a deliberate alteration to match the aforementioned Japanese phonological pattern. A newspaper report on a Bartitsu demonstration in London, published in 1900, had likewise misspelled the name as "baritsu".

The Japan Sherlock Holmes Club, formed in 1977, evolved from the "Baritsu Chapter" founded in 1948.

References

Sources

External links

Empty House, The Adventure of the
1903 short stories
Short stories adapted into films
Fiction set in 1894
Works originally published in Collier's

The Adventure of the Empty House


The nickel–iron battery (NiFe battery) are batteries made of iron and nickel oxide hydroxide, with a potassium hydroxide electrolyte. They are very strong, and do not break easily. They can last for more than 20 years. They are slow to charge. They are often used on trains. They are similar to the nickel cadmium battery, but using iron instead of toxic cadmium. The voltage is 1.2 volts per cell, the same as the nickel cadmium battery.

Nickel-iron batteries are very durable. They can be charged many times. They are often associated with Thomas Edison, although he did not invent this type of battery. Edison's company manufactured the batteries until the early 1970s. Today they are made by several Chinese companies. They are often used in applications where a very long service life is required, such as large off-grid solar power systems.

See also
Nickel–zinc battery - a similar battery with a higher capacity and higher voltage, but a shorter lifespan

Iron
Batteries

Nickel-iron battery


Isparta Museum is a museum in Isparta, Turkey. It is on Millet street in Isparta at .

The museum was opened on 6 March 1985. Following a restoration it was reopened in 2003.

Items
There are four main halls; archaeology, ethnography, treasure and carpet. Also in the passage to archaeology hall a typical Isparta house is displayed.

In the archaeology hall, sculptures, iconas and steles are displayed. Most important item is a Eurymedon sculpture from Aksu Zindan cave. In treasury hall, coins of Hellenistic Pisidia, Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Seljukid, Ottoman Empire and other Islamic age coins are exhibited. Ottoman medals are also exhibited in this section. There are illumination gadgets, clothes, accessories, weapons, firmans (decrees), weighting instruments, coffee accessories are in the ethnographic hall. Carpet hall especially notable for Isparta is known as one of the carpet and rose producing cities of Turkey. In this hall in addition to Isparta carpets, carpets from Uşak, Gördes, Çanakkale, Bergama, Antalya , Nevşehir, Kırşehir, Kayseri, East Anatolia and Konya are exhibited. Instruments for distillation of attar of roses are also displayed in the carpet hall. Finally in the yard of the museum, rock carved items such as tombstones are displayed. There are 16911 items (including coins) in the museum.

Gallery

References

Buildings and structures in Isparta Province
Archaeological museums in Turkey
1985 establishments in Turkey
Museums established in 1985
Tourist attractions in Isparta Province
Ethnographic museums in Turkey

Isparta Museum


Richie Chance (born July 25, 1983) is an American film and television actor, producer and acting coach. He started coaching many of Hollywood's young and rising stars at "Expressions Unlimited" in 2001.

Early life
Chance was born in Santa Monica, California the son of acting coaches Larry Chance and Bobbi Shaw. Growing up in his parents' acting studio, "Expression Unlimited" was a second home, working with and learning from actors such as Sir Anthony Hopkins. Chance spent his first year of high school at Notre Dame High School and finished his three years at Grant High School. He played on the Baseball team all four years of school. During his senior year on the Baseball team he was being scouted for the Los Angeles Dodgers.

Career
Chance has acted on networks, such as Disney, Nickelodeon, and Fox Kids Network. He has been on the television shows House M.D and Big Time Rush. As a producer Chance is working on the feature film Prodigy. He will also be co-starring in the film with Vivica A. Fox, Michael Clarke Duncan, Robert Jayne of the film Pearl Harbor, Louis Mandylor of the film My Big Fat Greek Wedding, and Carl Weathers of the film Rocky.

References

1983 births
Living people
American acting coaches
Grant High School (Los Angeles) alumni

Richie Chance


A koiné language, koiné dialect, or simply koiné (Ancient Greek κοινή, "common [language]") is a standard language or dialect made by people who speak closely related languages or dialects in order to be able to talk and write to each other easily. They are created by combining phonology, vocabulary, and grammar from the different dialects (or sometimes creating new words and grammar based on the same methods earlier this sentence). The name of the term comes from Koine Greek, which was a common dialect used by Greeks to talk and write to Greeks from other city states.

This is not to be confused with pidgins or creoles because those are languages that are created for people who speak unrelated, or distantly related, languages.

Examples

 Koine Greek
 High German
 Standard Mandarin
 British English Received Pronunciation
General American English
Maghrebi Arabic
Mashriqi Arabic
Modern Standard Arabic
Standard Japanese
Standard Italian
Mexican Spanish
Peninsular Spanish

Pidgins and creoles

Koiné language


The following lists events that happened during 1945 in North Korea, then governed by the People's Republic of Korea and Soviet Civil Administration. (To see what happened before the liberation of Korea on August 15, see 1945 in Korea. To see what happened in South Korea during the same period, see 1945 in South Korea.)

Incumbents
 Chairman of the National People's Representative Conference (for the People's Republic of Korea): Lyuh Woon-hyung

 Head of civil administration: Terenty Shtykov

Events

August
 August 15 – Transfer of power happens in  from the Japanese to Lyuh Woon-hyung (head of the People's Republic) in Seoul. This decision was rescinded after the Soviets do not go further down all the way to Seoul. Japan takes back control in August 20th. Korea liberated after the broadcast of the surrender speech of Japanese Emperor Showa.Soviet invasion of Manchuria is ongoing in Chongjin.
 August 16 – Soviet takes over Chongjin. Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence (CPKI) is founded by Lyuh Woon-hyung.
 August 20 – Soviets arrive in Wonsan.
 August 22 – Soviets occupy Pyongyang.

September
 September 6 – People's Republic of Korea is officially proclaimed.
 September 11 – The Kyongui line officially ceases operation due to the division of Korea.
 September 16 – The Soviet Civil Administration is officially proclaimed.

October
 October 10 – Kim Il Sung founds the North Korean Branch Bureau of the Communist Party of Korea.

November
 November 23 – Sinuiju incident occurs.

December
 December 16 – North Korea is affected by the situation related to the Moscow Conference (1945).

References

1940s in North Korea
Years of the 20th century in North Korea
1945 in North Korea

1945 in North Korea


The Drop Dead Festival is the largest DIY festival for "art-damaged" music. It has as many as 65 bands per event, and has been known to attract attendees from over 30 countries. Drop Dead is an electro, post-punk, electropunk, and experimental multiple-day festival, previously held in New York, New York and Europe with additional smaller events having formerly been held in Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Boston, and New Jersey. The festival is also notable for its elaborate stage designs, bazaar of vendors of scene paraphernalia, movie screenings, and a dancefloor featuring underground DJs from around the world.

History: USA 2003-2005

The first Drop Dead Festival was held in August 2003, after the success of a series of smaller events put on by NY Decay Productions at the Pyramid in New York City. The festival was originally held at the famous CBGB punk rock club, but subsequent Drop Dead Festivals moved to the much larger Knitting Factory, also in lower Manhattan. Although the main event moved to larger locations, CBGB traditionally held pre-parties and after-parties for the festival until the club closed. In 2005, the Drop Dead Festival grew to four days, during Halloween week. Over 5,000 people attended this event, featuring headliner Nina Hagen.

In 2006 the Drop Dead Festival was held at the Knitting Factory on Labor Day weekend, September 1–3. This was the last regular Drop Dead Festival in the US.

2007-2012

Since 2007, Drop Dead has been held in Europe as a traveling festival, including Prague (2007), Portugal (2008), Lithuania (2010), and Berlin (2011, 2012).

See also

List of electronic music festivals
List of punk rock festivals

References

External links
 Drop Dead Festival

Rock festivals in the United States
Music festivals in Europe
Punk rock festivals
Electronic music festivals in the United States
Electronic music festivals in Portugal
Electronic music festivals in Germany
Electronic music festivals in Lithuania
Electronic music festivals in the Czech Republic
Music festivals established in 2003
DIY culture

Drop Dead Festival


The 2014 Rally de Portugal was the fourth round of the 2014 World Rally Championship season. The event was based in Faro, Portugal, and started on 3 April and finished on 6 April after sixteen special stages, totaling 339.5 competitive kilometres, including a street stage in Lisbon on 3 April.

WRC Champion Sébastien Ogier won the Rally de Portugal for the fourth time, taking his third victory of the 2014 season.

Entry list

Report

Before the rally
The rally was preceded by the "Fafe Rally Sprint", a single-stage exhibition event run over the famous Fafe stages in the country's north which was won by Volkswagen driver Sebastien Ogier.

During the rally
WRC leader Sébastien Ogier was the first on the road in the first leg, but his disadvantage was decreased since in the days before the rally it rained, and the Algarve roads were a combination of dry and a little moist tracks, which led to difficulties for drivers to choose the right tire compound.
Sébastien Ogier led the rally since Lisbon SSS until the last stage of the first leg (SS7), finishing behind Mikko Hirvonen (1st) and Ott Tänak. In the middle Dani Sordo was in the lead after winning SS2 and SS3 with his Hyundai i20 WRC.
In the 2nd leg Sébastien Ogier imposed a demonic pace retaking the lead and quickly pulled away from a powerless Mikko Hirvonen. Mads Østberg finished in the podium last place. Dani Sordo after a promising start, retired at the beginning of the last day (due to mechanical when he was heading do start SS14) when he was in overall fourth place.
This rally was marked by the high number of crashes between the top drivers: Jari-Matti Latvala, Kris Meeke, Elfyn Evans and Robert Kubica (who would crash again in 2nd leg).

Results

Event standings

Special stages

Power Stage
The "Power stage" was a  stage at the end of the rally.

Standings after the rally

WRC

Drivers' Championship standings

Manufacturers' Championship standings

Other

WRC2 Drivers' Championship standings

WRC3 Drivers' Championship standings

Junior WRC Drivers' Championship standings

References

Results – juwra.com/World Rally Archive
Results – ewrc-results.com

Portugal
Rally de Portugal
Rally de Portugal

2014 Rally de Portugal


Kahala Mall is an indoor shopping mall in the Kāhala neighborhood of Honolulu, Hawaii on the East Side of the island of Oahu.  In addition to its service as a major shopping center, Kahala Mall also serves as a key stop on a number of TheBus routes.  It is located on Waialae Avenue, near the point at which Interstate H1 becomes Kalanianaole Highway.

History
Opening in November 1954 as Waialae Shopping Center, it was renovated in 1969-1970 by Philip Lyon, Gordon and Company and became known as Kahala Mall. It once included the first F.W. Woolworth Company dime store in Hawaii. Waialae Bowl, the only bowling center within several miles of the neighborhood, at one time operated at the mall, but has since closed.

On March 31, 2006, a flood hit the mall. Water affected an estimated 60 of 90 mall businesses, and knocked down two movie auditorium walls.

Management
Kahala Mall is managed by MMI Realty, Inc. The land under the mall is owned by Kamehameha Schools.

Shops
Kahala Mall is home to a number of nationally and internationally recognized businesses, including CVS/pharmacy (doing business as Longs Drugs), Whole Foods Market, Claire's, Apple Store, Macy's (formerly Liberty House), Ross Dress for Less, Starbucks, Jamba Juice, GameStop, Chili's and California Pizza Kitchen.  The mall also houses a movie theatre, Consolidated Theatres Kahala 8.

Clientele
Local senior citizen residents frequent the mall during its early morning hours in order to partake in one of the many free exercise programs that are offered.  Students of all ages are regularly found in the mall during and after business hours; they are free to socialize or use laptop computers at any one of the compound's numerous gathering areas.

A notable client was actor Jack Lord of Hawaii Five-O fame, who would take walks in the mall during his later years.  A bronzed bust of Lord sits outside the mall, near the California Pizza Kitchen entrance.

References

External links
Kahala Mall's official website

Shopping malls in Hawaii
Buildings and structures in Honolulu
Tourist attractions in Honolulu
Shopping malls established in 1954
1954 establishments in Hawaii
Commercial properties of Kamehameha Schools

Kahala Mall


Frank's Bandstand (1964–67) was the Halifax segment of the Music Hop series. Frank Cameron introduced music with regulars Patricia McKinnon, Karen Oxley, D.J. Jeffries and Davie Wells. Brian Ahern was music director and band leader and Manny Pitson was the producer.  The music was pre-recorded then performed "live" to video tape from Halifax.  Local rock bands had guest shots each week and did two tunes in the show. Bands included the Five Sounds (with Jack Harris), Spring Garden Road, and The Great Scotts.  The Axemen and The Brunswick Playboys were also among the frequent guests on this variety show from Halifax. It was well presented and highly anticipated by viewers across the country. According to Cameron, the show was videotaped, then transferred to film (telecine) to be sent to other CBC stations across Canada.  Cameron also has said that the show was taped on Saturdays to be ready for the following Friday. (The music was probably recorded days before the filming.)
 Host - Frank Cameron
 Original Broadcaster - CBC Television
The "Frank" in the title of this Friday-evening Canadian variety show was Frank Cameron, who hosted the proceedings from the CBC's Halifax facilities. Most of the talent showcased herein was native to Nova Scotia, though a few celebrities from the other provinces managed to sneak in from time to time. The series was broadcast nationally from October 2, 1964 to June 25, 1965. Most of the production personnel responsible for Frank's Bandstand were also gainfully employed on another tuneful CBC weekly, Music Hop and "Singalong Jubilee".

Broadcast times
Fri 5:30–6:00 p.m., 2 October 1964 – 25 June 1965

Content
Frank Cameron introduced music with regulars Patricia McKinnon, Karen Oxley, D.J. Jefferies and Davie Wells. Brian Ahern was music director/guitarist with the house band, which included Jack Lily on drums, Keith Jollimore on sax, Garth Proud on bass.  The studio band was known as "The Offbeats".  When Ahern left the show, the new house band was called "The New Five Sounds (Plus One)" Keith Jollimore took over musical director circa 1966, and Paul Baylis replaced Manny Pitson as producer/director.

Also included in the studio band were Ritchie Oakley, Jimmy White, Bruce Cassidy and Joe Sealy. Also renowned world entertainer Anne Murray was a regular guest, in those days (1965–1966) she taught gym classes in Springhill, Nova Scotia, and would drive to Halifax to tape the shows. An LP album entitled "Do You 'Wanna' Dance - Best Of Frank's Bandstand" was released in 1965 by Arc Records (catalog number A-669).

Sources
 http://www.answers.com/topic/frank-s-bandstand-tv-series-1964-tv-series
 https://web.archive.org/web/20100311080903/http://www.film.queensu.ca/cbc/Fra.html
 Liner notes to Arc Records LP A-669

1960s Canadian music television series
Black-and-white Canadian television shows
CBC Television original programming
1964 Canadian television series debuts
1965 Canadian television series endings

Frank's Bandstand


The Short Films of David Lynch (2002) is a DVD collection of the early student and commissioned film work of American filmmaker David Lynch. As such, the collection does not include Lynch's later short works, which are listed in the filmography.

The films are listed in chronological order, with brief descriptions of each film. The DVD contains introductions by Lynch to each film, which  can be viewed individually or in sequence to each other.

Six Figures Getting Sick (Six Times)

Six Men Getting Sick (Six Times) (1966). Originally untitled, "Six Men Getting Sick" is a one-minute color animated film that consists of six loops shown on a sculptured screen of three human-shaped figures (based on casts of Lynch's own head as done by Jack Fisk) that intentionally distorted the film. Lynch's animation depicted six people getting sick: their stomachs grew and their heads would catch fire.

Lynch made this film during his second year at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Art. The school held an experimental painting and sculpture exhibit every year and Lynch entered his work in the Spring of 1966. The animated film was shown on "an Erector-set rig on top of the projector so that it would take the finished film through the projector, way up to the ceiling and then back down, so the film would keep going continuously in a loop. And then I hung the sculptured screen and moved the projector back till just what I wanted was on the screen and the rest fell back far enough to disappear" (Chris Rodley, editor of Lynch on Lynch). Lynch showed the whole thing with the sound of a siren as accompaniment. The film cost $200 and was not intended to have any successors. It was merely an experiment on Lynch's part because he wanted to see his paintings move.

The Alphabet

The Alphabet (1968) was made for the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, and combines animation and live action and goes for four minutes. It has a simple narrative structure relating a symbolically rendered expression of a fear of learning.

The idea for The Alphabet came from Lynch's wife, Peggy Lentz, a painter whose niece, according to Lynch in Chris Rodley's Lynch on Lynch book, "was having a bad dream one night and was saying the alphabet in her sleep in a tormented way. So that's sort of what started The Alphabet going." Based on the merits of this short film, Lynch was awarded an American Film Institute production.

The Grandmother

The Grandmother (1970, 33 minutes). After the success of The Alphabet, one of Lynch's friends, Bushnell Keeler, recommended that he check out the American Film Institute. Keeler's brother-in-law had been involved in setting up the AFI. Lynch submitted The Alphabet, and wrote a script for a short film entitled The Grandmother. He sent the script and a print of The Alphabet to the AFI in Washington. Lynch got a call from George Stevens Jr. and Tony Vellani at the AFI, who wanted to know if Lynch could make The Grandmother for $5,000 (it eventually cost $7,200).

The short film combines live action and animation. The story revolves around a boy who grows a grandmother to escape neglect and abuse from his parents. It is mostly silent with only occasional vocal outbursts of gibberish and soundtrack cues used to convey story.

The music in the film was provided by a local group known as Tractor, and marked the first time Lynch would work with Alan Splet, who was recommended to the filmmaker by the soundman of The Alphabet. Initially, Lynch and Splet intended to use a collection of sound effects records for the film, but after going through them all they found that none of them were useful. So, Lynch and Splet took sixty-three days to make and record their own sound effects.

After finishing The Grandmother, Lynch took the film to be shown at the AFI in Washington, D.C. The head of the AFI at the time, George Stevens, Jr. found that after all the films had been categorized, only Lynch's defied easy categorization. Stevens and Vellani recommended that Lynch apply to the AFI's Center for Advanced Film Studies. This was a filmmaking conservatory that Vellani had recently started in Beverly Hills. Lynch and Splet both applied for scholarships, and on the strength of The Grandmother (which won awards at film festivals in Atlanta, Bellevue and San Francisco), they were accepted into the program.

The Amputee

The Amputee (1974) was made for the American Film Institute while Eraserhead was in financial limbo. The AFI was testing two different stocks of black and white video, and enlisted Frederick Elmes to test each one. Lynch asked Elmes if he could shoot something with this stock, and he allowed him, so Lynch and Catherine Coulson stayed up all night writing the script. The result was a one shot scene with Catherine Coulson about a woman attempting to write a letter while a nurse (played by Lynch) tends to her leg stumps. It exists in two versions: one that goes for 4 minutes and 50 seconds, and one that goes for 4 minutes and 4 seconds.

The Cowboy and the Frenchman

The Cowboy and the Frenchman (1988, 26 minutes) is slapstick, made for French television as part of the series The French as Seen by... by French magazine Figaro. It stars Harry Dean Stanton, Frederic Golchan and Jack Nance.

Premonitions Following an Evil Deed

Lumière: Premonitions Following an Evil Deed (1996, 52 seconds) was originally included as a segment in the 1995 film Lumière et compagnie. Forty acclaimed directors created works using the original Cinematographe invented by the Lumière brothers.

References

Bibliography

American avant-garde and experimental films
American short films
Films with screenplays by David Lynch
Short film compilations
Home video releases
Short films directed by David Lynch

The Short Films of David Lynch


The Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage is a treaty that was adopted on 2 November 2001 by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The convention is intended to protect "all traces of human existence having a cultural, historical or archaeological character" which have been under water for over 100 years. This extends to the protection of shipwrecks, sunken cities, prehistoric art work, treasures that may be looted, sacrificial and burial sites, and old ports that cover the oceans' floors. The preservation of underwater cultural heritage is significant as it allows for the retelling of numerous historical events. As part of its duty to conduct scientific research and provide continuous education on the importance of underwater cultural heritage, UNESCO strives to maintain these sites for the enjoyment of current and future generations. The convention may provide a customary framework to help raise awareness and seek to combat the illegal looting and pirating occurring in waters worldwide. As an international body, member states of the convention agree to work towards the preservation of sunken cultural property within their jurisdiction and the high seas.

Cultural heritage
As an international body, UNESCO continues to work towards the preservation of cultural goods worldwide. Similar to cultural property, only physical goods that are bestowed to future generations may fall into the protection of cultural heritage. It is thus a form of inheritance that allows current and future generations to learn about significant historical events. Particular to the concept of heritage, international agreements exist under the Council of Europe  such as the 1885 Convention on the Protection of Archaeological Heritage of Europe and the European Convention on the Protection of Archaeological Heritage. These bodies create broad legal protections around cultural heritage antiquities and sites that are specific to communities worldwide. The 1954 Hague Convention was truly the first international convention that attempted to discuss the protection of cultural heritage. In defining property that is considered 'important' and 'valuable' for the good of the people, the issue of protecting cultural property became noticeable to international parties. It was only in the 1972 UNESCO Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, that the term 'cultural heritage' was employed to define the cultural objects to be protected at an international level. However, due to its expansive definition, the concept of cultural heritage was further revised in the 1992 European Convention on the Protection of Archaeological Heritage. They serve to assert the universal value of protecting cultural objects that make up the history and identity of nations.

Along with the 100-year limitation period, the 2001 UNESCO Convention included the phrase 'cultural, historical or archaeological character' as the qualifying concepts that define underwater cultural heritage. Because many objects of cultural heritage lose their significance when taken out of water, this convention seeks to ensure the preservation of sunken sites.

Content

Official text

The official text of the convention sets out the obligations of the states parties in regards to the protection of underwater cultural heritage, defined in Article 1 as:

"all traces of human existence having a cultural, historical or archaeological character which have been partially or totally under water, periodically or continuously, for at least 100 years"

Articles 1–4 define the Convention and its objectives, as well as its relation to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the law of salvage.

Articles 5–12 define varying levels of obligations and procedures within the four maritime zones (Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone, Exclusive Economic Zone, The Area) defined by UNCLOS.

Articles 13–21 define further obligations, such as seizing illicitly recovered underwater cultural heritage, cooperating with other state parties, and providing training in underwater archaeology.

Articles 22–35 clarify a number of points relevant to the functional aspects of the Convention, such as the creation of statutory bodies, the settlement of disputes between states parties, and modes of ratification.

Annex

In addition to the official text of the convention, an annex of 36 rules governs the practical aspects of activities directed at underwater cultural heritage. State parties are required to ensure that these rules are applied within their territorial sea and contiguous zone, and also that they are adhered to by all nationals and flag vessels.

Rules 1–8 define general principles. Key among these are the complete prohibition of the commercial exploitation of underwater cultural heritage and the principle that in situ preservation should always be considered as a first option. The rules also cover aspects such as project design, conservation, documentation, and reporting.

International law
Situated between admiralty/private maritime law, the law of the sea, and cultural heritage law, the legal framework of underwater cultural heritage law is robust. Admiralty law is a branch entrenched within private international law relating to the control of maritime practices between private entities. Activities that fall under the protection of admiralty law include marine operations, marine salvaging, shipping and receiving. Subject to the common law jurisdiction and handled within domestic court systems, the body of admiralty law seeks to protect the rights and interests of private parties, with respect to practices at sea. On a broader level, this law seeks to fulfil public policy objectives including the safety of life and property, while ensuring the protection of the global marine environments.

The public international law body of the law of the sea was established to manage inter-state relations regarding practices in international waters. This complex body of law has grown to develop its own principles, particular methods of enforcement and Tribunals. Its primary objective is to create a supportive legal framework to determine the rights and duties of states with respect to their use of the ocean.

In 1982, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) was developed to govern the deep-sea beds vis-à-vis increasing commercial exploitation of sunken objects. In light of the emergence of newly independent states, a need was created for an international legal body that would help protect underwater cultural goods, in waters used by many parties worldwide. Resulting from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) between 1973 and 1982, the Convention has created many new regulations applicable to nation states. Once signed, the Convention had established two maritime zones with governing international regulations, affixed the maximum depth-level at sea at twelve miles, created specific regimes for international and archipelagic states, and introduced three new international institutions.

The 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage is a product of international agreement on the adequate conduct of member states at sea. Its legal framework stems from two distinct sections of UNCLOS, including article 149 and 303.

Article 149 of UNCLOS provides that:
" All objects of an archaeological and historical nature found in the
Area shall be preserved or disposed of for the benefit of mankind
as a whole, particular regard being paid to the preferential rights
of the State or country of origin, or the State of cultural origin, or
the State of historical and archaeological origin."

Article 303 of UNCLOS states that:
"1. States have the duty to protect objects of an archaeological and
historical nature found at sea and shall cooperate for this purpose.

2. In order to control traffic on such objects, the coastal State
may, in applying article 33, presume that their removal from the
seabed in the zone referred to in that article without its approval
would result in an infringement within its territory or territorial
sea of the laws and regulations referred to in that article.

3. Nothing in this article affects the rights of identifiable owners,
the law of salvage or other rules of admiralty, or laws or practices
with respect to cultural heritage.

4. This article is without prejudice to other international
agreements and rules of international law regarding the protection
of objects of an archaeological and historical nature."

To ensure that member states abide by the regulations stipulated within the Convention, they are to further adopt the following;

1 Each Party is to adopt domestic legislation that prohibits nationals and vessels from engaging in activities that would purposely interfere with the protection of underwater cultural heritage

2 Each Party is to require that all nationals and vessels report any new discoveries to UNESCO and fellow member states that are considered to be a part of underwater cultural heritage located in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), the Continental shelf and Area

3 Each Party is to take appropriate measures to prevent the dealing of objects considered to be underwater cultural heritage. This includes the illicit sale or exportation, as well as trade or seizing of the object found in their territory.

Significant cases
A recorded 22 earthquakes between 320 and 1303 AD on the coast of Pharos in Egypt shook the city of Alexandria, which was home to Pharos Lighthouse. The effects of these earthquakes, and several more in the centuries that followed suggest that the large monument may have fallen into the sea, leaving massive blocks of stone awaiting the exploration mission led by archaeologist Jean-Yves Empereur in 1994. While many components of the old lighthouse are on display at the Kom el-Dikka museum in Alexandria, archaeologists suggest that around 500 pieces remain on the sea floor. Today, the Alexandria Lighthouse is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.

On July 19, 1545, the British ship known as the Mary Rose sunk to the bottom of the Portsmouth Harbour, in the United Kingdom. While its failures still remain a mystery, is estimated that at least 500 men were trapped in the ship, and only 35 of these escaped to safety  In 1982, sixty million people watched as the vessel was lifted out of its resting place, with its 19,000 discovered objects still intact. Due to the preservation of this monument of underwater cultural heritage in the Mary Rose museum, the public can continue to enjoy the vessel and all of her artifacts.

Off the coast of Sweden in 1628, the pride of the Swedish Navy, the Vasa sunk deep beneath the frigid waters of the Baltic Sea. Under the orders of King Gustavus II Adolphus, the immense vessel was built to support Swedish military campaigns during the Thirty Years' War, yet was toppled by swift winds at sea. The Vasa remained peacefully underwater until a team of archaeologists raised the wreck in 1961. Fortunately, the wreck and all of its belongings were salvaged, despite its lengthily time spent on the ocean floor. Today, the Swedish Vasa museum in Stockholm is an emblem of cultural heritage, dedicated to educating public citizens worldwide.

In 1985, a team of scientists discovered the RMS Titanic in the northern waters of the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada   1,800 artifacts were found in the wreck site, deeming the discovery a very important contribution to the field of Underwater Cultural Heritage  The Titanic has raised significant questions surrounding the remaining passengers, the value of the wreck and the items lost therein, as well as the impact of the accident  The discovery of the ship, and other sunken wrecks, may have also raised questions about the legal framework of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage.

Pirating and looting

As early as the sixth century BC, as Rome gained control over the Greek colonies of Italy and aligned itself with the western states, it developed a fleet that would allow the state to become the most powerful naval entity. Due to the lawless waters along the eastern coasts of Italy, this area was prevalent in pirating. Modern scholars refer to this area as being "inhabited by wild, uncivilized tribes, who were active marauders of the land and sea, and were constantly reinforced from the interior". While many dispute the accounts of these events, the marauding nature of pirates may continue to remain true today. Although naval warfare has decreased in popularity, modern pirates are now turning to alternatives to attain their desired treasures.

Today, it is estimated that three million undiscovered shipwrecks and ruins continue to lie at the bottom of the oceans. With the introduction and growing popularity of scuba-diving since the 1940s, the accessibility of such underwater cultural heritage sites are becoming easier to modern pirates in search of new treasure. Studies have already shown that as of 1974, all known shipwrecks off the coasts of Turkey have been exploited by underwater pirates. Additionally, Israeli archaeologists estimate that at least 60 per cent of cultural objects that once lay in wrecks and sites have now disappeared without any trace. Due to the sheer mass of the world's oceans and the inability to monitor all activity that takes place therein, pirates and underwater thieves continue to pose a significant threat to the preservation of cultural heritage and cultural property.

In 2006, the UNESCO Convention was ratified by an additional state, Portugal, needing international protection for the looting of its underwater cultural heritage sites. At least six international treasure hunting organizations had established themselves off the coasts of Portugal to reap the benefits of the nation's coastline after new legislation had allowed for the sale of artifacts collected underwater during archaeological excavations in 1993. Due to this, physical goods may have been looted without proper care, damaging the cultural property that was left behind. Not only did Portugal face a loss of cultural goods, but also possible facts about its historical events.
 Today, Portugal is one of the nations that is protected by the body of the UNESCO Convention, wherein the commercial exploitation and dispersion are legally banned, and underwater archeological sites and wrecks are preserved for the future.

Criticisms
Abstaining from signing the 2001 UN Convention, the United States has stipulated that the term "all traces of human existence" is too broad, legally and as a mechanism tool for the protection of underwater cultural heritage for the preservation of future generations. The United Kingdom also holds this concern. The UNESCO Convention has also been criticised by some States for seemingly eroding the sovereign immunity principle and for being incompatible with UNCLOS provisions, despite evidence to the contrary.

A criticism of the UNCLOS articles is that they are considered ambiguous and obscure in nature. Article 149 fails to specify the manner in which objects of an archaeological nature are to be preserved of and disposed, as well as which mechanisms should be instituted in their conservation so as to benefit all current and future generations

With the discovery of the Spanish galleon San José by the Colombian Government, and in an effort to claim the galleon with all its cargo, the Spanish Government tried to use the convention as a measure to stop Colombia from salvaging the ship. Article 13 recognises sovereign immunity over sunken warships, but Colombia is not a participating member of the Convention. Separately, Colombia has called the galleon part of its submerged patrimony so it is constitutionally bound to protect and preserve the warship.

Parties

As of November 2021, the treaty has 71 states parties.

See also
 Underwater archaeology
 Maritime archaeology

References

External links
 UNESCO Underwater Cultural Heritage Website
 UNESCO Culture Website

UNESCO treaties
Treaties concluded in 2001
Treaties entered into force in 2009
International cultural heritage documents
Art and culture treaties
Treaties of Albania
Treaties of Algeria
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Bahrain
Treaties of Barbados
Treaties of Benin
Treaties of Bolivia
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of Bulgaria
Treaties of Cambodia
Treaties of Costa Rica
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of Egypt
Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia
Treaties of France
Treaties of Gabon
Treaties of Ghana
Treaties of Grenada
Treaties of Guatemala
Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
Treaties of Guyana
Treaties of Haiti
Treaties of Honduras
Treaties of Hungary
Treaties of Iran
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Jamaica
Treaties of Jordan
Treaties of Kuwait
Treaties of Lebanon
Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Treaties of Lithuania
Treaties of Madagascar
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of Morocco
Treaties of Namibia
Treaties of Nigeria
Treaties of the State of Palestine
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of Paraguay
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of Romania
Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Treaties of Saint Lucia
Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Treaties of Saudi Arabia
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of South Africa
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Giovanni Ferrari (; 6 December 1907 – 2 December 1982) was an Italian footballer who played as an attacking midfielder/inside forward on the left. He is regarded as one of the best players of his generation, having won the Serie A 8 times, as well as two consecutive FIFA World Cup titles (in 1934 and 1938) with the Italy national football team. Along with Giuseppe Meazza and Eraldo Monzeglio, he is one of only three Italian players to have won two World Cups.

A creative, advanced midfield playmaker, Ferrari was a strong, physically fit, hardworking, versatile, and well-rounded footballer, as well as being a generous team player. Due to his technical ability, vision, tactical intelligence, and passing ability, he excelled at building attacking plays and creating chances for teammates, at a time where assists weren´t recorded, but he was famous for setting up his teammates, although he was also capable of scoring himself due to his powerful and accurate shot. He was primarily deployed as an attacking midfielder/left–sided inside forward, known as the Mezzala role, in Italian football jargon. throughout his career.

Club career
Ferrari began his footballing career with local club Alessandria in the prima divisione nazionale in 1923, and he was also there when the newly established Serie A started in the season 1929-30, aside from a brief loan to Napoli during the 1925–26 season, where he scored an impressive 16 goals in 15 matches. He was given credit over the seven-year period (1923–1930) with Alessandria and Napoli in total to be playing 137 matches and scoring 78 goals. The following year Ferrari changed over to Juventus and was handed the number 10 shirt. Over that five-year period (1930–1935), which was his 1st spell at Juventus, he played in 160 games and scored 66 goals, in addition to providing many assists. Although the official number of assists he provided was not recorded, it was said to be extremely high. The next move Ferrari would make would be to Inter, where he also played for a five-yer period (1935-1940), and subsequently to Bologna for the 1940–41 season, before returning to Juventus in the 1941–42 season for his 2nd spell, this time as a player-manager in what turned out to be the final season of his playing career, winning his 10th major national trophy. After the Second World War, when Italian club football started up again in the season 1945-46, he became a full-time manager for Brescia.

1930-1935: Il Quinquennio d'Oro della Juventus

Juventus had won 2 Italian Championships earlier in history, before it was named Serie A, but under his guidance, the club won 5 Serie A Titles in a row, Il Quinquennio d'Oro, by then a record of 1st 5 successive titles ever in Italy, which meant he in reality dragged Juventus into an era, as one of Italy's biggest and most important clubs.

1935-1941: Making it a record 8 Serie A titles

He then went on to win 2 more Serie A titles & 1 Coppa Italia with Internazionale and 1 Serie A title with Bologna; Making him the first player to win a then record of 8 Serie A Championships, Virginio Rosetta also won 8 national championships, but 3 of them came before the formation of a professional Serie A. Ferrari is also one of six footballers to have won the Serie A title with 3 clubs, a feat he managed with Juventus, Inter, and Bologna; the other 5 players to have managed the same feat are Filippo Cavalli, Aldo Serena, Pietro Fanna, Sergio Gori, and Attilio Lombardo.
The record for most Serie A titles wasn´t broken for 77 years, until the season 2017-18 where Gianluigi Buffon won his 9th Serie A title, subsequently making it 10 Serie A titles in the season 2019-20, all 10 titles won with Juventus.

1941-1942: 2nd spell at Juventus & 10th major national trophy

He came back to Juventus where he won his 2nd Coppa Italia, which was his 10th major national trophy in what ended up in being his last season as a player.
After this season the Serie A & Coppa Italia was discontinued due to the Second World War.

International career
Ferraris 1st taste of success with the Italy national team was as part of the silver medal winning 1931-32 Central European International Cup squad. He then went on to win two consecutive World Cups (in 1934 & 1938), as well as the 1933-35 Central European International Cup. All 4 tournaments alongside teammates Giuseppe Meazza and Eraldo Monzeglio. The 3 (in terms of silverware) most successful players ever for Italy. In total he managed 44 appearances and 14 goals with the national side between 1930 and 1938. He later was the head coach of Italy from 1960 to 1961, and was part of the technical commission being co-manager with Paolo Mazza leading Italy in the 1962 FIFA World Cup., where Italy lost 1 match to the hosting nation Chile in the infamous Battle of Santiago (1962 FIFA World Cup), having 2 men sent off, while Chile had none sent off despite amongst other thing, a left-hook punch by Chilean outside-left Leonel Sánchez to Italian right-back Mario David, & later Leonel Sánchez actually broke Humberto Maschio's nose with another left hook but the English referee English referee Ken Aston still did nothing. After this match Ken Aston was never allowed to referee a World Cup match again.

Central European International Cup 1931-32

Ferrari was from the start of the 1931-32 Central European International Cup a regular starter in his playmaker/attacking midfielder role & also scored a goal in the away match against Czechoslovakia. The campaign ended with Italy being Runners-up after the Austrian Wunderteam lead by Matthias Sindelar, which meant Ferrari earned  his 1st international medal (Silver) with Italy.

FIFA World Cup 1934

Ferarri aside from his playmaker/attacking midfielder role scored 2 goals, both of them at the knock out stage, in his 1st World Cup. The 1st goal was against USA in the round of 16 and the 2nd goal equalizing against Spain in the 1/4 finals, earning Italy a replay (back then there was no penalty shoot-out, so if a match was tied after extra time, there would be a rematch the day after), which they won and subsequently ending up winning the World Cup, beating the Austrian Wunderteam in the semi-finals & Czechoslovakia lead by Oldrich Nejedly in the final but had it not been for Ferraris equalizer in the 1/4 finals, that would have been the end for Italy at the 1934 World cup.

Central European International Cup 1933-35

Ferrari aside from his playmaker/attacking midfielder role scored 3 goals in this gold winning campaign; home against Czechoslovakia, home against Switzerland & home against Hungary, this time helping Italy beat the Austrian Wunderteam  for the gold.

FIFA World Cup 1938

Ferrari was again a regular starter in his 2nd World Cup, where he from his playmaking/attacking midfielder role help guide Italy to its 2nd consecutive World Cup title, beating Hungary lead by György Sárosi in the final. Making him one of only three Italians to win 2 FIFA World Cups.

Personal life
Ferrari was born in Alessandria on 6 December 1907 and died in Milan in 1982, aged 74.

Honours

Club
Juventus
 Serie A: 1930–31, 1931–32, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35
 Coppa Italia: 1941-42

Internazionale
 Serie A: 1937–38, 1939–40
 Coppa Italia: 1938-39

Bologna
 Serie A: 1940–41

International
Italy
 FIFA World Cup: 1934, 1938
 Central European International Cup: 1933–35
 Central European International Cup: Runner-up: 1931-32

Individual
 Italian Football Hall of Fame: 2011 (Posthumous)

References

External links
Profile

1907 births
1934 FIFA World Cup players
1938 FIFA World Cup players
1962 FIFA World Cup managers
1982 deaths
Bologna FC 1909 players
Inter Milan managers
Inter Milan players
FIFA World Cup-winning players
Italian football managers
Italian men's footballers
Italy men's international footballers
Calcio Padova managers
Italy national football team managers
Juventus FC players
US Alessandria Calcio 1912 players
Sportspeople from Alessandria
Serie A managers
Serie A players
Neuchâtel Xamax FCS managers
Men's association football forwards
Men's association football midfielders
Expatriate football managers in Eswatini
Italian expatriate football managers
Footballers from Piedmont
simple:Giovanni Ferrari

Giovanni Ferrari


The Enoggera Dam is a heritage-listed dam, which is located within the outer, western suburb of Enoggera Reservoir, in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

History

The Enoggera Dam was constructed in 1866, on the upper reach of Breakfast Creek (which section was later renamed Enoggera Creek). It was the first major dam built in Queensland and the second major dam built in Australia  (the first major dam, Yan Yean Reservoir having been built in Victoria in 1850). It is rare as one of the few remaining examples in Queensland of an intact and functioning reservoir and treatment plant from this period in time. The clay-cored earth-fill dam was designed and built by Joseph Brady.

Water supply problems plagued Brisbane's early years. Soon after the Brisbane Municipal Council was established in 1860, a Water Supply Committee was formed. The earliest reservoir in Brisbane, which was located on the present Law Courts precinct at the intersection of George, Roma and Turbot Streets, suffered from accumulation of dead animals and vegetable matter.

Site selection
Breakfast Creek was rejected by the Water Supply Committee because it was too close to the town. Thomas Oldham, an engineer who had worked on water supply to Melbourne, was employed to conduct a survey and solve Brisbane's problems.

One of Oldham's site recommendations on the Brisbane River near Dutton Park was dismissed because of its prohibitive costs. The other site Oldham suggested was selected because it was where Enoggera Creek left the range. The Surveyor-General, Augustus Gregory also suggested a site on Ithaca Creek. This location was abandoned because it had a small catchment size.

Enoggera Creek had a large catchment that rose higher in the D'Aguilar Range and had more smaller creeks flowing into it. The location was steep and heavily timbered. It took eighteen months and ten different contractors to just clear the site.

Construction

The Queensland Government didn't have confidence in the Council to supervise the dam's construction. After requesting revised plans and detailed cost estimates the Board of Waterworks was established to oversee the project.

Approval for the dam's construction was given in May 1864. Work began in August 1864, with water flowing by July 1866.

A single wrought-iron mains pipe,  in diameter (in lieu of the  in diameter originally proposed by Oldham) supplied the town of Brisbane . The pipe arrived at Roma Street, with branch pipes from there to various parts of the town. By 1869 the pipelines were extended to a total of eighteen kilometers, benefiting between five and six thousand people.

Three outlet pipes were incorporated into the design instead of the usual one or two. This allowed the potential supply to increase if needed as well as providing some safety benefits.

The original cost was £50,000, which was raised to £65,000. By the end of 1870 more than £71,000 had been spent and water supply for the rapidly growing city of Brisbane was not being met by strong demand. To solve the problem another dam, Gold Creek Dam was approved in 1881.

A commemorative drinking fountain in the City Botanic Gardens is dedicated to the arrival of clean drinking mains water to Brisbane.

Droughts and floods
Dry periods pronounced water quality problems in both Enoggera Dam and Gold Creek Dam built after the Enoggera reservoir was completed. The Mount Crosby Weir and pumping station alleviated some concerns but flooding of the Brisbane River was problematic. It was not until 1912 that water from Enoggera Dam was filtered.

A spillway was added in 1976. Seven metres was added to the height of the dam wall for flood mitigation in the same year.

It was decommissioned in 2003, then in early 2006 water from Enoggera Dam was again added to inner north-west Brisbane's drinking water supply, when drought had reduced South East Queensland's water supply to critical levels.

During the 2022 eastern Australia floods, Enoggera Dam reached a capacity of 270%, leading to severe flooding in the Enoggera Creek catchment.

Current use

The dam was managed by the Brisbane City Council until July 2008, until it was transferred to Seqwater in a region-wide redistribution of water assets. During summer the recreational area is a popular place for local families to escape the heat.

There are walking tracks in the area, and no permit is required. In March 2014, Seqwater released a recreation guide that allowed for water activities including swimming, canoeing, kayaking and fishing with a licence. The public recreational area is divided into areas for wading and for the launching of watercraft. Public access to the dam is via Walkabout Creek Wildlife Centre.

Heritage listing
The dam was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register in 2007.

See also

List of dams and reservoirs in Australia

References

External links

Reservoirs in Queensland
Dams completed in 1866
Buildings and structures in Brisbane
Geography of Brisbane
Queensland Heritage Register
Earth-filled dams
Dams in Queensland
1866 establishments in Australia

Enoggera Dam


Cremation was forbidden by the Russian Orthodox Church.

In 1905 the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs reported that " the burial of dead bodies in cemeteries in the major populated centres represents a serious financial burden for the public authorities".

Cemeteries and coffin-making businesses were nationalised by the Bolshevik government in December 1918. It was decided that "distinction by rank whether they apply to the place of burial or to the style of the funeral will be annihilated". Under the New Economic Policy from 1922 there was some re-privatisation of cemeteries and funerals.

Gravediggers, as public employees, were required to dig two full size graves or four smaller ones each day.  There were now 3 sizes for coffins, one style and fixed prices. There were sometimes considerable delays in burials. In Petrograd there were 241 unburied bodies found by inspectors in 1920.

A cremation subcommittee was formed in 1919 and the first cremations (of the unclaimed dead) in Petrograd began in 1920. The first crematorium opened in Moscow in 1927.

References

Culture of Russia
History of Russia
Death in the Russian Empire
Burials in Russia

Death in Russia
Russian Orthodox Church
Cremation

Funerals in Russia


Ringside is an indie rock band from Hollywood, California, originally formed in Los Angeles. They specialize in fusing indie rock with electronic beats. The band consists of Scott Thomas (vocals, guitar, and keyboard), Kirk Hellie (guitarist), Sandy Chila (live drums), Max Allyn (live keys), and actor Balthazar Getty, who doubles as a beatmaker and producer. Scott Thomas' inspiration came from artists like The Stooges, The Clash, T. Rex, and Depeche Mode. Thomas eventually collaborated with Getty, who was already into making beats for underground hip-hop groups.

Their debut album Ringside was released on April 19, 2005, under Fred Durst's label Flawless Records and Geffen Records, with the single "Tired of Being Sorry" achieving moderate success. The song was later covered by singer/songwriter Enrique Iglesias on his eighth album Insomniac and was released as a single in Europe. Also the same song, "Tired of Being Sorry" was featured on the movie Her Minor Thing. The song "Struggle" from their self-titled album was featured on a Pontiac Torrent commercial, the movie Doom and on the TV series Six Feet Under. The track also appeared briefly on the ambient play list of the Schecter Guitars website.

The album, Lost Days was released on January 25, 2011. The song "Money" was featured in the movie Magic Mike.

Discography

Albums
Ringside (2005)
Money EP (2010)
Lost Days (2011)
Fiend For You (2015)

Singles
"Tired of Being Sorry"
"Struggle"
"Criminal"
"Money"
"Lost Days"

External links
Official RSS Feed

Ringside On Amazon
MTV

Musical groups from Los Angeles
Rock music duos
Indie rock musical groups from California

Ringside (band)


The Archives of Virology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in virology. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media and is the official journal of the Virology Division of the International Union of Microbiological Societies. It was established in 1939 as the Archiv für die gesamte Virusforschung and obtained its current title in 1975. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.574.

References

External links

Monthly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1939
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Virology journals

Archives of Virology