Hyperbolus (, Hyperbolos; died 412/411 BC) was an Athenian politician active during the first half of the Peloponnesian war, coming to particular prominence after the death of Cleon.  In 416 or 415 BC he was the last Athenian to be ostracised.

Life
A fragment of a document by 4th-century BC Greek historian Theopompus suggests that Hyperbolus was the son of Chremes, but surviving ostraka prove that his father's name was actually Antiphanes.  Some ancient sources claim that Hyperbolus was from a slave family, though the fact that his father had a Greek name makes this unlikely.

Hyperbolus was a demagogue, and an allusion in Aristophanes' play The Knights suggests that he, like Cleon (another demagogue of the late fifth century),  supported an ambitious Athenian foreign policy.  The precise details of his political career are unknown, but he seems to have been a member of the boule and possibly a trierarch.

Hyperbolus was a frequent target of the authors of Old Comedy.  The first to satirise him was supposedly Hermippus; Plato the comic poet and Eupolis wrote plays about him; and there are allusions to Hyperbolus in seven of Aristophanes' surviving plays, from Acharnians in 425 to The Frogs in 405 BC.  By contrast, only a single "contemptuous" reference to Hyperbolus is found in Thucydides.

In 416 or 415 BC, Hyperbolus proposed an ostracism, and was himself ostracised.  In 412/411 BC he was murdered on Samos.  According to Thucydides, the Athenian general Charminus was involved in the killing.  Theopompus claims that Hyperbolus' body was stuffed into a wineskin and thrown into the sea; this may be derived from a comedy.

Ostracism
Sometime between the years 417 and 415 BC Hyperbolus was ostracised.  According to Plutarch, who described the ostracism in three of his Lives, the ostracism was proposed by Hyperbolus himself, intending to have either Nicias or Alcibiades – Theophrastus says Alcibiades or Phaeax – ostracised; the two politicians put aside their differences and persuaded their supporters to vote to ostracise Hyperbolus instead.

The date of the ostracism is uncertain.  It was traditionally thought that Hyperbolus was ostracised in 417 BC, six years before he was murdered.  However, an inscription naming Hyperbolus as the proposer of an amendment to a law was restored in 1949 by A. G. Woodhead, which suggests that he was still active after an ostracism in 417 ought to have taken place.  As Nicias and Alcibiades were potential victims of the ostracism, however, it cannot have taken place any later than 415 BC; 416 or 415 are thus the only possible years for the ostracism to have taken place.  P. J. Rhodes suggests that 415 BC is slightly more likely.

Legacy
Ostracism does not seem ever to have been used again in Athens after Hyperbolus, though the practice was never formally abolished.  According to Plutarch, this was because the Athenians were so disgusted with the outcome of the ostracism that they abandoned the practice.  Rhodes argues, however, that ostracism was in fact abandoned because it was too imprecise, and from the late fifth century the Athenians began to use more targeted methods for holding office-holders to account.  For instance, 415 BC, the probable date of the last ostracism, was also the earliest date a legal process known as graphe paranomon is known to have been in use.

References

Works cited

External links

Ostracized Athenians
5th-century BC Greek people
411 BC deaths
Year of birth unknown
5th-century BC Greek politicians
Ancient Greeks who were murdered

Hyperbolus


Gerald Eades Bentley (September 15, 1901 – July 25, 1994) was an American academic and literary scholar, best remembered for his seven-volume work, The Jacobean and Caroline Stage, published by Oxford University Press between 1941 and 1968. That work, modeled on Edmund Kerchever Chambers' classic four-volume The Elizabethan Stage, has itself become a standard and essential reference work on English Renaissance theatre.

Bentley was born in Brazil, Indiana, the son of a Methodist clergyman. Originally intending to be a creative writer, he changed his career to literary scholarship during his graduate studies. He earned his B.A. at DePauw University (1923), his M.A. in English at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (1926), and his Ph.D. at the University of London (1929), studying under Allardyce Nicoll. Bentley taught at the University of Chicago from 1929 to 1945 before accepting a position as Murray Professor of English at Princeton University in 1945, where he served until his retirement in 1970. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1970 and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1975.

In addition to his Jacobean and Caroline Stage, Bentley wrote a wide range of works on Shakespeare and other figures of the English Renaissance. His essay "Shakespeare and the Blackfriars Theatre," originally published in the inaugural issue of the Shakespeare Survey in 1948, has been widely reprinted. Bentley edited several works for modern editions, including Othello, and The Alchemist.

In his obituary, the New York Times noted that he raised a literary stir in 1956 when he edited and wrote the preface to a hitherto unknown 1577 text called The Arte of Angling in which he noted several passages that reminded him of Isaac Walton's later The Compleat Angler. The Times quotes D. E. Rhodes, a British authority on fishing literature, who defended Walton, saying, "It seems to me unjust to accuse Izaak Walton of plagiarism, because plagiarism did not exist in the 17th century. All authors of that and earlier ages read what they liked and used what they liked of it without acknowledgment."

Bentley was married first to Esther Felt, a significant colleague in his scholarly work, from 1927 until her death in 1961. In 1965, he married Ellen Voigt Stern, who died in 1990. Bentley's son and namesake from his first marriage, Gerald Eades Bentley Jr., became a noted literary scholar in his own right, specializing in the career and works of William Blake. He spent most of his career at the University of Toronto.

G. E. Bentley: selected works
 Shakespeare and Jonson: Their Reputations in the Seventeenth Century Compared (1945)
 Shakespeare: A Biographical Handbook (1961)
 Shakespeare and His Theatre (1964)
 The Profession of Dramatist in Shakespeare's Time, 1590–1642 (1971)
 The Profession of Player in Shakespeare's Time, 1590–1642 (1984)

References

Further reading
 Frye, Roland Mushat. "Gerald Eades Bentley" (obituary). Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 140, No. 1 (March 1996), pp. 78–85.

1901 births
1994 deaths
Alumni of the University of London
American literary critics
DePauw University alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
People from Brazil, Indiana
Princeton University faculty
University of Chicago faculty
20th-century American non-fiction writers
Members of the American Philosophical Society
University of Illinois College of Liberal Arts and Sciences alumni

Gerald Eades Bentley


Drive to the East is the second book in Harry Turtledove's Settling Accounts series of alternate history novels.

It is set in an analog of World War II known as the Second Great War in North America, fought between the United States and Confederate States. It was released in August 2005. It follows Return Engagement and precedes The Grapple in the tetralogy. It takes the Southern Victory Earth from 1942 to 1943.

Plot summary

As the title suggests, the novel contains analogues of historical 1942 battles, such as the German drive to, and the Battle of Stalingrad. In the novel, Confederate armies in occupied Ohio drive into Pennsylvania with Pittsburgh as their objective, codenamed Operation Coalscuttle. It also involves analogues of the Battle of Midway, the Manhattan Project, and the Holocaust.

By the summer of 1942, the U.S. push under General Daniel MacArthur into northern Virginia has stalled in the face of fierce opposition. This allows General George Patton  to concentrate his forces in Ohio for a renewed push into western Pennsylvania. Aided by improved armor and assault tactics, his troops quickly advance across eastern Ohio to Pittsburgh's outskirts. However Brigadier General Irving Morrell, who now commands the U.S. defense of the Ohio Front, prevents the CSA from enveloping Pittsburgh as planned and forces them into a street to street fight.

Meanwhile, Jefferson Davis Pinkard enjoys rapid advancement through the Freedom Party hierarchy as he begins to develop the machinery required to implement Jake Featherston's Final Solution to the "Negro problem". His Camp Determination is now so efficient that it is able to swallow and extinguish the entire Negro population of Jackson, Mississippi (including Richard Wright) as reprisals against local insurgents. In Augusta, Georgia's now ghettoized Negro district, Scipio, a former slave and Marxist rebel during the Great War, manages for a time to skirt the ever increasing terror descending across the CSA's Negro population. Eventually, he too is swallowed up and finds himself in a cattle car heading towards a bleak future. Elsewhere in Georgia, captured U.S. fighter pilot Jonathan Moss escapes from a POW camp and joins a small band of Negro rebels.

At sea, Lt. Sam Carsten's ship, , is sunk by an Imperial Japanese carrier attack and the Sandwich Islands (our universe's Hawaii) are threatened with capture. Nevertheless, he finds himself promoted and placed in charge of a destroyer escort, where he spends time patrolling Atlantic sea lanes and engaging in special operations. George Enos Jr.'s destroyer is nearly sunk in an engagement near Japanese-held Midway due to lack of sea-borne air power. However, when two escort carriers manage to reach Oahu, the tide begins to turn. In a climactic battle, George's fleet sinks a Japanese carrier guarding Midway.

In this history, the Pacific War against Japan is treated as essentially a sideshow, getting only a trickle of resources - since the US are facing a dangerous invasion of their industrial heartland. Strategic aims in the Pacific are confined to recapturing Midway to remove the threat to the Sandwich Islands, and characters consider the idea of conducting an island-hopping war all the way to the Japanese home islands (as the US did in World War II) as an unrealistic fantasy. Also, in this history, the Philippines and Guam are long-standing and recognized possessions of the Japanese, which they had wrested from Spain during the Hispano-Japanese War between the late 1800s and early 1900s and to which the US laid no claim.

The CSA have pressured their weak ally, Emperor Francisco José II of Mexico, into reluctantly providing troops to reinforce the Coalscuttle attack. Under cover of an early November storm, General Morrell leads an armored breakthrough against the poorly equipped Mexicans protecting Patton's flank. Joining up with another salient coming out of West Virginia, he traps the bulk of Patton's army, and drives deep into Ohio. Featherston, beginning an apparent descent into madness, gives the trapped army maniacal orders to hold its ground rather than attempt a breakout. When the promised resupply by air fails, Patton is ordered to escape by air and CSA resistance near Pittsburgh collapses. The sequence of events is similar to that which led to the destruction of the German Sixth Army in Battle of Stalingrad during our timeline's World War II.

Jonathan Moss spends most of the book as a frustrated POW held at Andersonville, Georgia, under conditions unpleasant but far more tolerable than of the infamous War of Secession POW camp of the same location. He and others manage to escape after a tornado blows down the camp's fences. He and another escaped POW join a black guerrilla band whose capable leader took up the nom de guerre Spartacus. During a raid on Plains, Georgia, Moss kills Jimmy Carter, a young Confederate naval officer on leave, in front of his mother as he tries to rally the townspeople against the raiding blacks.

General Abner Dowling is transferred from the Virginia front to take up command of the 11th Army and open a new front by invading Texas, in order to prevent the Confederates from moving forces from there to reinforce the main front around Pittsburgh. By February 1943, his forces are approaching Lubbock, Texas, and - still unknown to him, but highly alarming for Pinkard and the Freedom Party High Command - threatening to capture Camp Determination and expose its litany of horrors. Both sides are working desperately to develop a nuclear weapon, although the US is slightly in the lead. Featherston's increasingly irrational conduct of the war raises suspicions and leads Generals Clarence Potter and Nathan Bedford Forrest III to consider a plot to overthrow him.

Reception
Publishers Weekly gave the book a moderately good review, stating that "As in the previous volume, Turtledove comes up with convincing analogues to events during WWII, such as the Confederate army's Stalingrad-like defeat around Pittsburgh. On the other hand, his portrait of the führer-like Featherstone is less persuasive". SF Site also gave the book praise mixed with some criticism, saying that "Unfortunately, Drive to the East is very much a middle book in a series" but also that the book was "a worthy sequel".

References

2005 American novels
Novels set in the 1940s
Southern Victory Series
American alternate history novels
Novels set during World War II
World War II alternate histories
Fiction set in 1942
Fiction set in 1943
Cultural depictions of Jimmy Carter
Cultural depictions of George S. Patton

Settling Accounts: Drive to the East


Édouard François André (1833–1894) was a French banker, politician, soldier, and art collector. He was the husband of Nélie Jacquemart-André, the society painter. Their art collection is preserved at the Musée Jacquemart-André in Paris.

Biography
Son of Ernest André (1803–1864), Edouard André was born into a family of rich banker Protestants, native to the southeast of France (Nîmes dans le Gard), who flourished during the Second French Empire. Edouard André lost his mother at the age of two.

In firm support of Napoleon III and sensitive to Saint-Simonian ideas, the Andre family was involved in financing the modernization of France and large companies of the imperial regime.

He succeeded his father as MP of Gard, and as such, he was elected on 29 May 1864. He was re-elected at the 1869 French legislative election; he served until 4 September 1870, when the Third Republic was established.

After the fall of the Second Empire, he joined the National Guard in 1871. With the Rothschilds, he negotiated the contribution that France had to pay to Germany after the surrender and brought the necessary amount together in a short time. Disappointed by politics, he decided to devote himself exclusively to his collections of paintings, furniture, and art objects. In 1868, he sought the architect Henri Parent to design a mansion of grand proportions on a plot of 5,700 m2 in Paris for 1.5 million francs.

References

1833 births
1894 deaths
Art collectors from Paris
French Calvinist and Reformed Christians
Bonapartists
Members of the 3rd Corps législatif of the Second French Empire
Members of the 4th Corps législatif of the Second French Empire
Members of Parliament for Gard
French bankers
French art collectors
École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni
French military personnel of the Second French intervention in Mexico
Knights of the Legion of Honour

Édouard André (art collector)


Leslie Spann Jr. (May 23, 1932 – January 24, 1989) was an American jazz guitarist and flautist. As a sideman he recorded with Nat Adderley, Benny Bailey, Bill Coleman, Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis, Curtis Fuller, Red Garland, Benny Goodman, Sam Jones, Abbey Lincoln, Charles Mingus, Duke Pearson, Jerome Richardson, Charlie Shavers, Sonny Stitt, Billy Taylor, Randy Weston, and Ben Webster. As a leader he recorded only once, the album Gemini in 1961.

Career
Les Spann was born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, United States. From 1950 to 1957, he studied music at Tennessee State University. At the end of that time he worked with Phineas Newborn Jr. and in 1958 with Ronnell Bright. The following year, he joined a quintet in New York City led by Dizzy Gillespie, performing solos on flute and guitar and appearing on two of Gillespie's albums for Verve Records. After a year with Gillespie, he went to Europe as a member of Quincy Jones's big band. Two more albums followed, this time with Spann joining a sextet that included Duke Ellington, Johnny Hodges, and Harry "Sweets" Edison. He recorded with Hodges again in 1967. Around 1970, he played flute in a quartet led by the guitarist Kenny Burrell.

He died in New York City in 1989.

Discography

As leader
 Gemini (Jazzland, 1961)

As sideman
With Bill Coleman
 From Boogie to Funk (1960)
 The Great Parisian Session (1960)

With Duke Ellington
 Side by Side (Verve, 1959) with Johnny Hodges
 Back to Back: Duke Ellington and Johnny Hodges Play the Blues (Verve, 1959)
 Paris Blues (United Artists, 1961)

With Dizzy Gillespie
 The Ebullient Mr. Gillespie (Verve, 1959)
 Have Trumpet, Will Excite! (Verve, 1959)

With Johnny Hodges
 A Smooth One (1960)
 Blue Hodge (Verve, 1961)
 Triple Play (RCA Victor, 1967)

With Quincy Jones
 The Birth of a Band! (Mercury, 1959)
 Swiss Radio Days Jazz Series, Vol. 1 1960
 I Dig Dancers (Mercury, 1960)
 At Basin Street East, Billy Eckstine/Quincy Jones (1961)
 Newport '61 (Mercury, 1961)
 The Great Wide World of Quincy Jones (Mercury, 1961)

With Sam Jones
 The Chant (Riverside, 1961)
 Down Home (Riverside, 1962)

With Sonny Stitt
 The Matadors Meet the Bull (Roulette, 1965)
 What's New!!! (Roulette, 1966)
 I Keep Comin' Back! (Roulette, 1966)

With others
 Phineas Newborn, Jr. Plays Harold Arlen's Music from Jamaica, Phineas Newborn Jr. (RCA Victor, 1957)
 Abbey Is Blue, Abbey Lincoln (Riverside, 1959)
 Ben Webster and Associates, Ben Webster (Verve, 1959)
 Big Brass, Benny Bailey (Candid, 1960)
 That's Right!, Nat Adderley (Riverside, 1960)
 Uhuru Afrika, Randy Weston (Roulette, 1960)
 The Magnificent Trombone of Curtis Fuller, Curtis Fuller (Epic, 1961)
 Kwamina, Billy Taylor (Mercury, 1961)
 Going to the Movies Jerome Richardson (1962)
 One More Time, Wild Bill Davis (1962)
 Solar, Red Garland (Jazzland, 1962)
 The Complete Town Hall Concert, Charles Mingus (Blue Note, 1962 [1994])
 Honeybuns, Duke Pearson (Atlantic, 1965)
 Lock, the Fox, Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis (RCA Victor, 1966)

References

"Les Spann", Grove Jazz online.

1932 births
1989 deaths
Tennessee State University alumni
American jazz guitarists
American jazz flautists
Guitarists from Arkansas
20th-century American guitarists
Jazz musicians from Arkansas
20th-century flautists
African-American jazz guitarists

Les Spann


Justice Ardo Muhammadu Buba (An haife shi a shekara ta 1930, a Fufore, Yola, Najeriya, ya kasance mai ilimi a fannin rubuta doka.

Karatu da Aiki
University College (now University of Ibadan), Ibadan, 1951-52, Inns of Court School of Law, London, UK, 1953-57, crown counsel, 1960-61, senior crown counsel, 1961-62,  yayi solicitor-general, tsohon Northern Region,1964-66, attorney general and commissioner for Justice, tsohon Northern Region, 1966-67, chief justice of North-Eastern State, 1975-76, justice of the Supreme Court of Nigeria, 1978-79, babban alkali Na Gongola State since 1979; chairman na Constitution Review Committee, 1987-88, mataimaki chairman, Constituent Assembly, 1988-89, Dan kungiyar Nigerian Council of Legal Education, dan  kungiya na Bar Council of Nigeria, national hon-ours: Commander of the Order of the Niger, 1965, Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic; honorary degree: awarded honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria, 1985.

Iyali
Yanda mata da 'ya'ya.

Manazarta

Haifaffun 1930

Ardo Muhammadu Buba


Bulgogi is a Korean dish. It is usually made of grilled beef which has been soaked in sauce for a long time.

History
Bulgogi is believed to have come from Goguryeo, one of the three kingdoms of ancient Korea. It was called "Maekjeok" at first. In the Joseon dynasty, it was called "Neobiani" which means 'thinly spread'.

Nutrition
Korean food
Meat dishes

There are a lot of essential nutrients in bulgogi. In bulgogi, there are lots of lysine, which is an Essential amino acid. It help children's growth and development.

Bulgogi


In Greek mythology, the name Polypheides or Polyphides (; Ancient Greek: Πολυφείδης) may refer to:

Polypheides, son of Mantius and brother of Cleitus. He was granted prophetic skills by Apollo and became the best seer among mortals after the death of Amphiaraus; he dwelt in Hyperesia and had a son Theoclymenus. A slightly different account of his life was given by Pherecydes: according to it, Polypheides married Aechme, daughter of Haemon, and settled in Eleusis, where two sons, Theoclymenus and Harmonides, were born to him.
Polypheides, lord of Sicyon, to whom Agamemnon and Menelaus were entrusted by their nurse or sent by Aegisthus after the murder of Atreus. He further sent them to Oeneus.

Notes

References

 Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
 Homer, The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
 Tzetzes, John, Book of Histories, Book I translated by Ana Untila from the original Greek of T. Kiessling's edition of 1826. Online version at theio.com

Mythological Greek seers
Mythological kings of Sicyon
Kings in Greek mythology
Argive characters in Greek mythology
Sicyonian characters in Greek mythology
Eleusinian mythology
Mythology of Achaea

Polypheides


Ezra Attiya (; ; 31 January 1885 – 25 May 1970) was one of the greatest teachers of Torah in the Sephardic Jewish world during the 20th century. He was rosh yeshiva of Porat Yosef Yeshiva in Jerusalem for 45 years, nurturing thousands of students who, together with their students, constitute the bulk of Sephardic Torah leadership today.

Early life
Attiya was born on 31 January 1885 (Tu Bishvat 5645 on the Jewish calendar) in Aleppo, Syria, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire. His parents, Yitzchak and Leah, had lost several children in infancy, and before his birth they traveled to the gravesite of the Prophet Ezra to pray that if the child they were expecting was a boy, they would name him Ezra and see that he dedicated himself to a life of Torah. He had one brother, Eliyahu. His father, a respected Aleppo melamed (teacher), was a direct descendant of Shem Tov Attiya, a disciple of Joseph Caro, author of the Shulchan Aruch.

When Attiya was 16 years old, his family immigrated to Jerusalem's Old City, to which a large number of rabbis from Aleppo had immigrated. Soon after, his father died, leaving an impoverished widow and two orphans. While his mother hired herself out for domestic work in the homes of wealthy people, young Ezra decided to devote his life to Torah study. He went to learn, pray, and sleep on a bench in a small beth midrash in the Bukharim neighborhood of the New City called Shoshanim LeDavid, covering vast amounts of the Talmud with commentaries and poskim (halakhic decisors). As money was scarce in his household, he sustained himself with a nightly meal of dry pita seasoned with salt. In his old age, he told his students, "When I was young, I studied Torah through hardship. If we were truly fortunate, my mother and I had a whole pita to share. On rare occasions we also had an egg, which we divided in half. But the hunger did not bother me in the least."

In 1907, Ezra Harari-Raful, another Aleppo immigrant, established Yeshivat Ohel Moed in Jerusalem. Attiya was asked to join its staff along with distinguished Sephardic Rabbis Yosef Yedid HaLevi, head of the Sephardic beit din (rabbinical court) of Jerusalem, Shlomo Laniado, and Avraham Haim Ades. He served as maggid shiur.

In 1909, Attiya married Bolissa Salem, daughter of Avraham Salem, a kabbalist. In 1911 their first son was born, but died in infancy.

At the beginning of World War I, there was a general mobilization for the Turkish army and all able-bodied men were snatched off the streets. Attiya's brother Eliyahu died of pneumonia in the Turkish army. Two of the leading Sephardic sages of Jerusalem, Chaim Shaul Dweck Hakohen and Avraham Ades, smuggled Attiya to Egypt using a forged Russian passport, which at that time did not require a photograph.

Attiya settled in Cairo. At first he attempted to go into business, but quickly lost most of his money. Then he met Nissim Nachum, a wealthy refugee who knew him from Jerusalem. With Nachum's backing, Attiya opened a yeshiva named Ahavah VeAchvah in the basement of the Cairo rabbinate. Under his direction, the yeshiva grew to 100 students, attracting many from secular backgrounds. Attiya also gave classes to working men, and was a dayan on the Cairo beit din. After World War I ended his wife joined him. They and their two children returned to Jerusalem in 1922.

Rabbinic career

In Jerusalem, Attiya returned to his teaching position at Ohel Mo'ed Yeshiva. He also studied privately with Chaim Shaul Dweck and Solomon Eliezer Alfandari. When Porat Yosef Yeshiva opened in 1923, Ohel Moed was merged with the new yeshiva and Attiya was appointed as the mashgiach ruchani. Following the sudden death of the rosh yeshiva, Shlomo Laniado, in 1925, Attiya was named his successor. He served as rosh yeshiva for 45 years.

Attiya's tenure as rosh yeshiva was marked by political upheaval. When the 1929 Arab riots cut off access to the yeshiva building in the Old City, Attiya moved classes to several synagogues in the New City and appointed advanced students to teach them, while he personally supervised every location. This situation continued for eight years. During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the yeshiva again evacuated to synagogues in the Katamon, Geula and Bucharim neighborhoods. This time, however, the main yeshiva building in the Old City was burned to the ground by Jordanian troops, and thousands of Attiya's unpublished writings were burned along with it. He refused to rewrite them, feeling that they were not meant for publication. Instead, his students would be his lifetime achievement.

In the mid-1950s, Porat Yosef Yeshiva and the Gerrer community jointly purchased a plot of land in the Geula neighborhood, where the yeshiva and the Ger beis medrash were built side by side. The original yeshiva campus in the Old City was rebuilt and reopened in the 1970s.

Influence

One of Attiya's greatest accomplishments was changing the way that yeshiva education was viewed in the Sephardic world. Until that time, full-time Torah learning past the age of bar mitzvah was reserved for gifted students from Sephardic homes; most Sephardic boys went to work to help support their families. Attiya did everything he could to enable boys to continue learning into their teens, many times offering to underwrite the costs of their education. In one case, a poor boy from Iraq applied for admission to the yeshiva but could not provide the necessary tuition. Attiya went to Ben Zion Chazan, the yeshiva's founder and secretary, and offered to reduce his own salary to accommodate the boy. Chazan then offered to reduce his own salary as well. The boy went on to become a respected talmid chacham.

Attiya was similarly instrumental in keeping the young Ovadia Yosef in the Torah world. At one point, the promising young scholar suddenly stopped coming to yeshiva for several days. Attiya paid a visit to his home and was shocked by the poverty he saw there. Yosef's father explained that he owned a small grocery store and needed his son to work for him. Attiya's efforts to convince the father of the importance of Torah learning fell on deaf ears. The next morning, when the father entered his store, he found Attiya standing there wearing a work apron. The rosh yeshiva explained that he had come to the store early that morning when Yosef was opening up. He had told the boy that he had found a substitute worker who would work without pay, and sent him back to yeshiva. "You said that you needed someone to help and could not afford to pay. I am that someone. Your son's learning is more important than my time!" The father finally conceded and allowed his son to continue learning.

Attiya was personally involved with every student in his yeshiva. He tested the younger boys every two to three months, gave a daily shiur to the older boys, taught a nightly shiur to the married kollel students, and gave a weekly musar (ethics) lecture — often lasting up to two hours — to the entire yeshiva.

He also developed a unique Sephardic approach to Torah and musar. He always carried a copy of the musar classic Chovot ha-Levavot ("Duties of the Heart") on his person, and strongly advised his students to do the same. He instructed every class in the yeshiva to begin each day with a short musar lesson.

He was greatly respected by such Torah leaders as Tzvi Pesach Frank and the Chazon Ish. After visiting with him, the Chazon Ish expressed the opinion, "The rosh yeshivah possesses the power of reasoning like one of the Rishonim". He had an encyclopedic knowledge of all areas of Torah. One of his leading students, Ovadia Yosef, testified at Attiya's funeral that his teacher knew the entire Choshen Mishpat (the section of the Shulchan Aruch dealing with monetary laws) by heart.

Attiya also served as a dayan (rabbinical judge) on the Sephardic beit din of Jerusalem. His opinion was sought and valued by rabbinical leaders and laymen alike.

Final years
Advancing age and weakness forced Attiya to give up much of his responsibilities at the yeshiva. However, he continued to make himself available for advice and consultation with anyone who needed him. In this way, he continued to nurture the Sephardic Torah leaders he had trained and dispatched to communities around the world.

In 1969, he became seriously ill and drifted in and out of a coma for an entire year. He died in Jerusalem on the morning of 25 May 1970 (19 Iyar 5730) and was buried on Har HaMenuchot.

He was succeeded as rosh yeshiva by Yehuda Tzadka, who had learned under him since the age of 14.

Notable students
Attiya fulfilled his goal of training Sephardic Torah scholars who could build Sephardic communities at large. During his tenure, he trained thousands of students, including many of the future leaders of Sephardic Jewry in Israel, the United States, Europe, South Africa and South America. These students included: Ovadia Yosef and Mordechai Eliyahu, future Sephardic Chief Rabbis of Israel; Yitzchak Kaduri, renowned kabbalist; Yehuda Tzadka, who succeeded him as rosh yeshiva of Porat Yosef; Ben Zion Abba Shaul; Baruch Ben Haim, who became a leader of the Syrian Jewish community in Brooklyn, New York; Eliyahu Ben Haim, rabbi of the Mashadi community in Great Neck, New York; and Zion Levy, Chief Rabbi of Panama.

References

1885 births
1970 deaths
20th-century rabbis in Jerusalem
Burials at Har HaMenuchot
Israeli people of Syrian-Jewish descent
Israeli Rosh yeshivas
Jews from the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
People from Aleppo
Sephardi rabbis in Mandatory Palestine
Sephardic Haredi rabbis in Israel
Sephardi Jews from Ottoman Palestine
Sephardi Jews from Ottoman Syria
Syrian emigrants to Israel
Syrian Jews

Ezra Attiya


Caroline Oltmanns (born May 21, 1962) is a German concert pianist and pedagogue. She serves as Head of the Piano Department at the Dana School of Music, Youngstown State University.

Early life and education

Caroline Oltmanns was born in Fürth, Bavaria, Germany. She began studying the piano at home at the age of 3,. and subsequently pursued conservatory studies with Helmut Schultes. From 1984-1989 she studied piano with Robert D. Levin at the Hochschule für Musik Freiburg. After winning a Fulbright Scholarship to study in the United States, she earned master's and doctoral degrees in Piano Performance at the University of Southern California.

Career

Performance

Caroline Oltmanns has performed at venues throughout Germany, France, Switzerland, South Africa, and the United States. She has also appeared as concerto soloist with such orchestras as the Cleveland Philharmonic Orchestra, the Youngstown Symphony Orchestra, the Johnson City Symphony Orchestra, and the Harburger Orchester Academie.

Dr. Oltmanns' performances have appeared in radio and television broadcasts in Germany, South Africa, and the United States. She co-produced and performed in the concept project "Crumb Kaleidescope," This concert, based on George Crumb's work, included compositions by Oltmanns' husband James Wilding. It was performed at the  Cultural Forum of Fürth, and later broadcast on Bayerischer Rundfunk

Caroline Oltmanns has released five solo CDs on the Filia Mundi label. Her most recent album, Venezia e Napoli, was released in 2014, and it features works by Debussy, Haydn, Liszt, and Beethoven.

Dr. Oltmanns is an International Steinway Artist.

Pedagogy

Caroline Oltmanns is a Professor of Piano at Youngstown State University, where she serves as Head of the Piano Department. She has also taught masterclasses and workshops in the United States, Switzerland, Germany, South Africa and Canada.

Personal

Dr. Oltmanns resides in Hudson, Ohio, with her husband, composer James Wilding.

References

External links
 Official Website
 University homepage

German classical pianists
German women pianists
Piano pedagogues
1962 births
Living people
21st-century classical pianists
German music educators
German women music educators
Women classical pianists
21st-century women pianists

Caroline Oltmanns


Mark Lovatt (born 12 August 1971) is a British road racing cyclist who represented the United Kingdom at the 2001 UCI Road World Championships and England at the 2002 Commonwealth Games.

Based in England, Lovatt has won the Tour of the Peak Premier Calendar race six times, the Premier Calendar series in 2000 and 2003, and the National Hill Climb Championships in 2002 while riding for the Compensation Group R.T.

Results
1994    3rd in National Championship, Road, Amateurs, Great-Britain (GBR)

2000    1st in Havant International GP (GBR)

2000    1st in Stage 1 Girvan Three Day (GBR)

2001    1st in Stokesley (GBR)

2001    1st in Naseby (GBR)

2001    1st in Ingleby (GBR)

2001    1st in Sheriff Hutton (GBR)

2001    1st in Oakley (GBR)

2001    1st in Tour of the Peak (GBR)

2001    1st in Tour of the Reservoir (GBR)

2002    1st in Shay Elliot Memorial (IRL)

2002    1st in Stage 3 Tour of Northumberland (GBR)

2002    1st in Stage 1 Ras Mumhan, Ras Mumhan (IRL)

2002    1st in Tour of the Reservoir (GBR)

2002    1st in St.-Helens (GBR)

2002    1st in Neil Gardner Memorial (GBR)

2002    1st in Tour of the Peak (GBR)

2002    1st in John Walker Memorial (GBR)

2003    1st in Manx International (GBR)

2003    1st in Tour of the Peak (GBR)

2003    1st in Stage 3 Girvan Three Day, Electric Brae (GBR)

2003    1st in Lincoln International GP (GBR)

2003    1st in Five Valleys Premier Calendar Road Race (GBR)

2003    1st in Port Talbot-Five Valleys (GBR)

2003    1st in Stage 2 Tour of Northumberland, Ashingtow (GBR)

2006    1st in A.A. Brown Duncan Murray Wines Road Race (GBR)

References

1971 births
Living people
English male cyclists
Commonwealth Games competitors for England
Cyclists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Sportspeople from Leek, Staffordshire

Mark Lovatt


Reginald Clinton Tongue (born April 11, 1973) is a former American football safety.

Early life
Tongue attended Lathrop High School in Fairbanks, Alaska.  As a senior for Lathrop,  Tongue played running back/defensive back and rushed for 932 yards and 12 scores.  On defense, he had 11 interceptions.  He was named 1990 Alaska football player of the year and signed a letter of intent to play RB for Oregon State University.

College career
Tongue attended and played football for the Oregon State Beavers.  Originally recruited as a running back, Tongue was redshirted his freshman year,  during his sophomore year, due to injuries in the defensive backfield Tongue moved to cornerback and eventually to free safety his junior year.  During his tenure, Reggie tied a pac-10 record with 4 interceptions returned for touchdowns.  He finished at OSU with 9 interceptions, 362 tackles and was named to the 2nd team all-pac-10 team in 1994 and the 1st team in 1995.

Professional career
Tongue was selected in the second round (58th overall) in the 1996 NFL Draft by the Kansas City Chiefs. He would play there for 4 seasons, until being picked up by the Seattle Seahawks for the 2000 season, where he played until 2004. In 2004 he played for the New York Jets and completed his career in 2005 with the Oakland Raiders.

NFL career statistics

References

External links
Database Football: Reggie Tongue stats

1973 births
African-American players of American football
American football safeties
Kansas City Chiefs players
Lathrop High School (Alaska) alumni
Living people
New York Jets players
Oakland Raiders players
Oregon State Beavers football players
Players of American football from Baltimore
Sportspeople from Fairbanks, Alaska
Seattle Seahawks players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Reggie Tongue


The Battle of Carbisdale (also known as Invercarron) took place close to the village of Culrain, Sutherland, Scotland on 27 April 1650 and was part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. It was fought by the Royalist leader James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose, against the Scottish Government of the time, dominated by Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll and a grouping of radical Covenanters, known as the Kirk Party. The Covenanters decisively defeated the Royalists. The battlefield has been inventoried and protected by Historic Scotland under the Scottish Historical Environment Policy of 2009. Although Carbisdale is the name of the nearest farm to the site of the battle, Culrain is the nearest village.

Background
Defeat in the 1648 Second English Civil War led to the Scottish Kirk Party under Argyll replacing the Royalist Engagers in government. Argyll was deeply shocked by the Execution of Charles I in January 1649 and immediately proclaimed his son as Charles II. However, it was clear that in order to exercise real power, he would be obliged to take the National Covenants of 1638 and 1643. Argyll was determined to ensure his compliance since his fathers' refusal to do so had split the Engagers and Kirk Party in 1648.

While Charles recognised Argyll provided the quickest way back to the throne, he was anxious to avoid making any more concessions than absolutely necessary and looked for alternatives. On 17 January 1649, Irish Protestant Royalists under James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond agreed an alliance with the Catholic Confederation; after the king was executed on 30 January, they were joined by the Scots Presbyterian militia in Ulster.

James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose suggested a similar rising in Scotland and on 20 February 1649 Charles appointed him Lieutenant-Governor of Scotland and captain general of all of his forces there. This was partially driven by news of Royalist risings in Inverness and Atholl, although many of Charles' advisors were sceptical of its chances and feared needlessly antagonising the Kirk Party.

Landing in Orkney

The Committee of Estates had no money to pay troops with, while the burghs in the south of Scotland had been exasperated by taxes. The former Covenanter general William Baillie had been a member of the Engagers and general John Urry (or Hurry) was now a companion of Montrose. The opposing forces were led by David Leslie, 1st Lord Newark and his subordinates Archibald Strachan and James Holborne of Menstrie. Leslie had no more than three thousand foot and fourteen hundred horse who were spread out over the Scottish Highlands. Montrose had hoped to raise as many as 10,000 men in the Highlands alone to support him. However, as it transpired the local clans did not rise up in his support, he had too few foreign troops and there was no sign of any movement in the Scottish Lowlands. By April 1650, Montrose had four to five hundred Danish troops in the Orkney Islands as well as 1,000 Orcadians, mostly untrained fishermen and farmers.

His commanders were a mixture of experienced former Royalists and mercenaries. They included James Crichton, 1st Viscount Frendraught, Sir William Johnston, Colonel Thomas Gray, Harry Graham, John Urry, Hay of Dalgetty, Drummond of Balloch, Ogilvie of Powrie, Menzies of Pitfodels, Douglas the brother of Lord Morton as well as English Royalists such as Major Lisle. Urry and 500 men were sent ahead to find a landing place on the main land and secured the Ord of Caithness for this purpose with no difficulty. Montrose and the rest of the army followed on 12 April 1650 and took shelter in the hills where they were safe from the Covenanter horse.

Meanwhile, on the opposing side, Leslie held Brahan Castle, the Castle Chanonry of Ross, Eilean Donan Castle and Cromarty Castle. John Gordon, 14th Earl of Sutherland also supported the Covenanters and garrisoned Dunrobin Castle, Skibo Castle and Dornoch Castle. Montrose's movements were rapid, landing in John o' Groats and advancing on Thurso where all of the local gentry, except for the Sinclairs, signed their oath of allegiance. Leaving Harry Graham with 200 men in Thurso, Montrose marched on Dunbeath Castle which belonged to Sir John Sinclair and took it after a siege of just a few days.

Now joined by Major Sir John Sinclair, Montrose left a garrison to hold Dunbeath and linked up with Urry at the Ord of Caithness with about 800 remaining men. Finding Dunrobin Castle was too strong to take, he proceeded inland along Glen Fleet to Lairg and Loch Shin, hoping for support from Clan Munro and Clan Ross, but above all from the Clan Mackenzie. Meanwhile Leslie moved north to Brechin, instructing Strachan, his commander in Moray, to check Montrose's advance. Taking the garrisons from Brahan and Chanonry, Strachan advanced as far as Tain where he was reinforced by more Covenanter troops. He had 220 veteran horse, 36 musketeers as well as a reserve force of 400 Munro and Ross clansmen – who Montrose had hoped would join his force. Sutherland was sent north to oppose Harry Graham and in doing so cut off the way of retreat for Montrose in that direction.

Strachan's Ride

On Saturday, 27 April 1650, Strachan marched west from Tain to Wester Fearn, on the southern shore of the Kyle of Sutherland, a few miles south-east of Bonar Bridge. Leslie had only left Brechin on the same day. Montrose had marched down the Strath Oykel to a spot near the head of the Kyle of Sutherland under the side of a steep hill called Craigcaoinichean and was more or less level with Carbisdale. Montrose encamped there for several days waiting for the Mackenzies to arrive. Strachan reached Wester Fearn at about 3pm on 27 April. He knew the position of the enemy and knew that he needed to draw them down from the hill to the flat ground where he could use his cavalry. He therefore concealed most of his horse among the long broom which covered the slopes of Wester Fearn, while the Munros and Rosses went up the River Carron to a place on the heights above Carbisdale where they awaited further orders.

Strachan's scout, Andrew Munro, son of John Munro of Lemlair, reported Montrose's horse had been sent out to inspect his position and advised Strachan to send out a single troop of horse to deceive the enemy into thinking that they were few in number. Strachan accordingly sent a single troop of horse up the valley and Major Lisle's reconnaissance force of 40 horse informed Montrose there was just one troop of horse opposing them. As Strachan brought up the rest of his troops from Wester Fearn, Montrose ordered his infantry to advance but made no special preparations to defend himself. Strachan divided his cavalry into three divisions, the first of around 100 led by himself in person, the second of 80 commanded by General Hacket, the third of 40 under Captain Hutcheson. A separate division included the musketeers, the Munros and Rosses, commanded by Colonel John Munro of Lemlair, Ross of Balnagowan and Quarter-Master Shaw.

Carbisdale

Strachan's plan was to advance with his own division to make it look as though his whole strength was just one hundred horse. He suddenly attacked Montrose's 40 horse who were forced backwards onto their infantry who had not been deployed for battle and were easily thrown into confusion. Montrose's foot soldiers amounted to no more than 1200, 400 of whom were Danes and Germans, and the rest raw levies from Orkney. They were not accustomed to receiving a cavalry charge unsupported and while the German and Danish mercenaries held their formation and fired into the advancing cavalry, the Orcadians fell back in disorder. Strachan's reserves, including his musketeers then fell upon the Royalists; Menzies of Pitfoddels was shot dead at Montrose's side and the remnants of his army tried to make a stand on the hillside on the wooded slopes of Craigcaoinichean. According to Buchan, this was the point at which the Munros and Rosses committed to the battle, a claim disputed by historian Charles Ian Fraser.

The Orcadians were cut down or drowned trying to cross the Kyle of Sutherland, while Montrose had been wounded several times and his horse shot from underneath him. He escaped on Crichton of Frendraught's horse, provided to him by Crichton himself. In all, Montrose lost 450 killed and another 200 drowned, while Buchan reports Urry was captured along with 58 officers and nearly 400 soldiers.

In contrast, Strachan lost just two men wounded and one trooper drowned. His scout had been John Munro of Lemlair while Montrose's scout had been Robert Munro of Achness and historians have therefore speculated whether Munro of Achness had lured Montrose into a trap by giving him false information. According to the Montrose Memoirs, Munro of Achness and his three sons all escaped death or capture at Carbisdale and do not appear in the Parliamentary records of proceedings against Montrose's followers. However, historian Alexander Mackenzie states that Robert Munro of the Assynt, Inveran and Achness branch of the family, along with his two nephews, Hugh and John, were banished to the New England states of North America by Oliver Cromwell for having fought as Royalists at the Battle of Worcester just one year later in 1651.

Death of Montrose

Disguised as a shepherd Montrose managed to avoid capture until he finally made it to Ardvreck Castle, seat of MacLeod of Assynt. There is a strong tradition MacLeod served with him at Inverness in 1645 and Montrose went to Ardvreck expecting to be given shelter; however, MacLeod was away and Montrose was met instead by his wife Christian Munro, daughter of Munro of Lemlair who had fought on the opposite side at Carbisdale. She therefore confined Montrose in the castle cellars along with Major Sinclair, found wandering in the hills. MacLeod was given a £25,000 reward for turning Montrose over to his enemies. He was taken to Edinburgh where he was hanged on 21 May.

After execution his body was dismembered, the quarters publicly displayed in Aberdeen, Glasgow, Perth and Stirling and the head on the Tolbooth in Edinburgh, where it remained for eleven years. After the Stuart Restoration in 1660, Montrose's remains were given one of the grandest state funerals ever held in Scotland. In 1707, Montrose's great-grandson, also called James Graham, the 4th Marquess, was created the 1st Duke of Montrose.

References

Notes

Sources

Further reading
 Cown, E., Montrose-For Covenant and King, 1995.
 Hewison, J. K. The Covenanters, 1913.
 Hutton, R., Charles the Second, King of England, Scotland and Ireland, 1989.
 Napier, M., Memoirs of the Marquis of Montrose, 1852.
 Reid, S., The Campaigns of Montrose, 1990.
 Stevenson, D., Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Scotland, 1644–1651, 1977.

External links

ScotWars.com: Battle of Carbisdale, 1650

1650 in Scotland
Battles of the Scottish Civil War
Conflicts in 1650
Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland

Battle of Carbisdale


Anchovy railway station opened in c1894 and closed in 1992. It served the small town of Anchovy, Jamaica on the Kingston to Montego Bay line and was  from the Kingston terminus.

It was built  around 1894 of timber in the Jamaican Georgian architectural style. It has two floors.  The ground floor has timber doors and sash windows. The upper floor is partially cantilevered and is supported by a series of timber posts on the ground floor to form a canopy over the platform and front elevation. The upper floor has a mixture of sash and louvred windows as well as recessed panel timber doors. The roof of the structure is a T-shaped gable end zinc roof with a semi-circular fanlight on either side of a double gable end section of the roof.

In 2003 it was reported as being in "very poor condition" and "in need of major repairs".

It is on the list of designated National Heritage Sites in Jamaica.

Fares
In 1910 the third class fare from Anchovy to Kingston was 8/- (eight shillings); first class was about double.

See also
Railway stations in Jamaica

References

Railway stations in Jamaica
Buildings and structures in Saint James Parish, Jamaica
Railway stations opened in 1894
Railway stations closed in 1992

Anchovy railway station


Treacy is a surname of Irish origin. It means "fighter". Below are many famous Treacys
Billy Treacy (contemporary), Irish rugby league player
Carolyn Treacy (born 1982), American Winter Olympics athlete
Colman Treacy (b. 1949), Judge, lawyer
Darren Treacy (rugby league) (born 1971), Australian former rugby league footballer
Darren Treacy (footballer) (born 1970), English former footballer
Eric Treacy (1907-1978), Anglican Bishop and railway photographer.
Emerson Treacy (1900–1967), American stage and film actor
Jim Treacy (contemporary), Irish hurler
John Patrick Treacy (1891–1964), American Roman Catholic Bishop of La Crosse, Wisconsin
John Treacy (b. 1957), Irish Olympic track and field athlete
Keith Treacy (b. 1988), Irish professional football player
Noel Treacy (b. 1951), Irish politician; TD for Galway East
Patrick Ambrose Treacy (1834–1912), Irish Roman Catholic missionary to Australia and New Zealand
Philip Treacy (b. 1967), Irish milliner; designed hats for the wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Bowles
Ray Treacy (footballer) (1946-2015), Irish professional football player
Sara Louise Treacy (born 1989), Irish Athlete
Seán Treacy (1895-1920), leader of the IRA during the Irish War of Independence
Seán Treacy (politician) (1923–2018), Irish politician; speaker of Dáil Éireann 1973–77 and 1987–97

External links
 www.TraceyClann.com

Treacy


Maigret et l'affaire Saint-Fiacre  is a 1959 French crime film directed by Jean Delannoy that stars Jean Gabin as the fictional police detective Jules Maigret. Adapted from the novel l'Affaire Saint-Fiacre by the Belgian writer Georges Simenon, it tells how Maigret goes privately to the aid of his late father's employer who has received an anonymous death threat and, though unable to prevent the death, unmasks the plotters.

Plot
Commissioner Maigret returns to Saint-Fiacre, the village he grew up in, where his father had been estate manager for the family owning the château. The widowed countess has asked him to come urgently because she has received an anonymous letter saying she will die next day, which is Ash Wednesday. He finds the château in a sorry state: its contents are being systematically sold by the countess' young assistant Sabatier and its lands by the current estate manager Gautier and his young son Émile, a bank clerk. They say they are doing this to fund the countess' son Maurice, an alcoholic playboy who rarely visits his now-sick mother.

Early next morning the countess goes to mass at the village church where, on returning to her pew after receiving the sacrament, she falls dead. The local doctor Bouchardon is not surprised, telling Maigret that her heart was weak and that she died of natural causes. When that day's local paper arrives, the front page reports that the young count Maurice killed himself in Paris the day before. But Maurice is in fact alive and has rushed back on learning of his mother's death. Ringing the newspaper, Maigret is told that the report was phoned in last thing without time to check.

Now convinced of a plot to rob and kill the countess, whose young favourite he had once been, Maigret starts his own investigation of what caused her sudden death and who wanted her dead. On returning to her pew she had opened her missal, which has disappeared. He finds it hidden in the sacristry and pasted in it is the newspaper report of her son's suicide. At the time of her death the day's newspapers had not reached the village shop, so somebody brought the cutting from the town where the paper was printed.

Without revealing his hand, Maurice has also been investigating and, while his mother's body is still lying upstairs, organises a macabre dinner party for those he suspects. At it, Maigret accuses both the doctor and the assistant of negligence, but not homicide, and then reveals that the plotters were the manager and his son, who sought to cut out Maurice and enrich themselves. He calls the local police to take them away.

Principal cast

 Jean Gabin: Commissioner Maigret
 Michel Auclair: Maurice de Saint-Fiacre
 Valentine Tessier: Countess de Saint-Fiacre
 Robert Hirsch: Lucien Sabatier
 Paul Frankeur: Doctor Bouchardon
 Michel Vitold: Father Jodet, the parish priest
 Camille Guérini: Gautier, the estate manager
 Serge Rousseau: Émile Gautier, the manager's son

References

External links

1959 crime films
1959 films
French crime films
French detective films
1950s French-language films
Maigret films
Films directed by Jean Delannoy
Films set in France
Films with screenplays by Michel Audiard
Police detective films
1950s police procedural films
1950s French films

Maigret et l'affaire Saint-Fiacre


The Strahan–Zeehan Railway, also known as the "Government Railway", was a railway from Strahan to Zeehan on the west coast of Tasmania.

It linked two private railways: the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company railway line (now known as the West Coast Wilderness Railway) between Queenstown and Regatta Point, and the Emu Bay Railway between Zeehan and Burnie.

Early photographs of the Strahan wharf and buildings adjacent taken from the north usually have the railway tracks in the lower section of the photograph, as the line followed the shore from Regatta Point around the bay before passing northward in what is considered to be West Strahan today.

The line ran parallel to Ocean Beach before heading towards Zeehan.

It was a critical link, due to the difficulties of shipping negotiating the entrance Macquarie Harbour and was essential during the 1912 North Mount Lyell disaster. The track gauge of the lines between Burnie was the same all the way to Queenstown.

Flooding and fire affected the most important link, the Henty Bridge, at stages in the line's history.  1920 was one year where the break in the line is recorded.

The line was heavily reliant upon the mining industry and its fortunes, and traffic reduced drastically at times of mining down-turns.

Following its closure, parts became tracks and eventually the formation was made into the Zeehan-Strahan Road.

Dates
The line was opened on 4 February 1892, and it was closed 2 June 1960.

Stations and stopping places
 Zeehan
 Silver Bell
 Austral
 Oceana Junction
 Professor
 Grieves Siding
 Eden
 Powell's Siding
 Mallana—renamed Fowler's Siding
 Henty Bridge—renamed Koyule (1926)
 Henty
 Beach Road—also known as Ocean Beach
 Bellinger
 Opah—renamed Stella (1903)
 West Strahan
 Strahan Wharf
 Regatta Point

See also
 Railways on the West Coast of Tasmania

References

Further reading

3 ft 6 in gauge railways in Australia
Closed railway lines in Tasmania
Railway lines opened in 1892
Railway lines closed in 1960
Railway lines in Western Tasmania
Strahan, Tasmania
Zeehan
1892 establishments in Australia

Strahan–Zeehan Railway


John Porter Clark (1905–1991) was an American architect. He worked with Albert Frey on several projects in Palm Springs, California, and was part of the Van Pelt and Lind firm. He has been referred to as a "mid-century modernist", and credited as one of the pioneers of "Desert Modernism", by using local rock, concrete blocks, metal and glass. His own house, the John Porter Clark House (1939) in Palm Springs, has been described as being in the international style and as one of the earliest examples of residential modern architecture in Southern California.

Background
Clark was born in Fort Dodge, Iowa, in 1905 to John and Mary Boehn Clark.
The family relocated to Pasadena, California, by 1920 where Clark received his high school education. He worked part-time for Martson, Van Pelt and Mayberry in Pasadena, and at Silvanus Marston's suggestion, Clark enrolled in Cornell University. He graduated in 1928 with a Bachelor of Architecture. After graduating from Cornell, Clark returned to Pasadena where he apprenticed with Garrett Van Pelt, in the architectural firm of Van Pelt and Lind. While working in Pasadena, Clark met Sally and Culver Nichols, a Pasadena realtor who invited him to relocate to Palm Springs. There was more work at that time going on in the desert, because of the Great Depression. Clark was unlicensed at that time, but with Van Pelt and Lind's permission, he used their license.

In 1935, Clark met Albert Frey, who was in Palm Springs supervising the construction of the Kocher-Samson office building. After the completion of the office building, Clark and Frey formed a partnership and completed eight projects from 1935–1937. Frey left the partnership in 1937 to work on the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Clark then took over as sole proprietor of the business, until Frey returned to Palm Springs in 1939, and they resumed their partnership. In 1940, Clark completed the architect's licensing exam and was able to pursue commercial projects as well as residential projects. Their work was mainly modernist, a style that influenced the architectural scene into the 1960s.

World War II
Clark served in the United States Army Corps of Engineers during World War II, from 1942 to 1945. He reopened the firm and partnership with Frey in 1945. Veterans and their families migrated to the desert after the war, which resulted in a building boom for Palm Springs. Clark and Frey received several commissions from the returning veterans for homes and small businesses during this time.

After World War II
In 1952, Clark and Frey expanded and made Robson Chambers a partner in the firm. Chambers had been an employee since 1946 and had apprenticed with Clark and Frey. In 1956, his last year with the partnership, the Palm Springs City Hall (a Class 1 historic site) was completed. Clark then left the firm to pursue commercial and institutional projects. Clark designed new offices for his business on Luring Drive where he completed several projects, including the Cabazon Library. In 1972, Clark partnered with Stewart and Roger Williams, creating a new firm, Williams, Clark and Williams. Stewart Williams said Clark was not just a designer, but was a salesman, an engineer and "was the most trusted man in the valley...he made people recognize that architects were an important part of the community."

Clark and Frey remained friends and appeared together in 1986 in a history project sponsored by the Palm Springs Public Library, titled the "Prickly Pear [Video] Interview Series." Clark died on June 22, 1991, in Riverside County, California, he was 85.

Projects
Partial list of noteworthy projects Clark was involved with:
 John Porter Clark House, Palm Springs, CA
 Public Library, Banning, CA
 City Hall, Palm Springs, CA
 Clark and Frey Architectural Office, Palm Springs, CA
 Desert Hospital, Palm Springs, CA
 Farwell House, Newport Beach, CA
 Guthrie House, Palm Springs, CA
 Halberg House, Palm Springs, CA
 Kellogg Studio, Palm Springs, CA
 La Siesta Court, Palm Springs, CA
 Paul Dougherty Residence, Palm Springs, CA
 Raymond Loewy House, Palm Springs, CA
 Mason House, Palm Springs, CA
 Dr. Welwood Murray Memorial Library, Palm Springs, CA
 Palm Springs Woman's Club, Palm Springs, CA
 Saint Paul's in the Desert, Palm Springs, CA
 San Gorgonio Hospital, Banning, CA
 San Jacinto Hotel, Palm Springs, CA
 University of California, Riverside, Administration Building, Riverside, CA
 Vista Colorado Elementary School, Needles, CA
 Tramway Station

References

External links
 Photos of Clark's house (Archived from the original on January 24, 2015)

1905 births
1991 deaths
Modernist architects
20th-century American architects
Artists from Palm Springs, California

John Porter Clark


Marqod, also known as Baal-Marqod (Lord of the Dance), was  a Phoenician god of healing and dancing. His name is from a common Semitic root for dancing; hence Hebrew רָקַד (raqad), Aramaic רקד, and Arabic رَقَصَ (raqaṣa), all meaning "to dance." It is unknown if Marqod was considered the creator of dancing or if dancing was merely the proper way to worship the deity. This may be evidence that the Phoenicians were the first ancient Near Eastern culture to have a specific deity devoted to dance.

References

West Semitic gods
Phoenician mythology

Marqod


Colbert is a town in Bryan County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 1,140 at the 2010 census, a 7 percent increase over the figure of 1,065 recorded in 2000. It was incorporated in 1939.

History
Colbert men became prominent leaders among the Chickasaw for most of the 18th and 19th centuries, starting with William "de Blainville" Colbert from France born of Scottish blood.  His parents fled during the Glorious Revolution in Scotland; hence, he was born in exile in Blainville-sur-Orne, France. William traveled to the New World to seek a new line of work as a fur trader since the Jacobite uprisings had ruined his entitlements as a "King Baron." These Colberts were also related to Jean Baptiste Colbert, Treasurer to King Louis XIV. There is a chateau named after Jean Baptiste Colbert in the aforementioned French town located on the Atlantic coast; it became a safe haven beginning in 1688.

Once in the New World, William Colbert ended up marrying the Chickasaw chief's eldest daughter in order to gain more influence in his trading of furs with the native tribes. It was from this union that the Colbert men started gaining prominence, especially since the next two generations married Chickasaw/Cherokee wives.  They also became chiefs such as George Colbert ("Tootemastubbe") and Levi Colbert ("Itawamba Mingo").

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,065 people, 428 households, and 275 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 493 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 73.33% White, 17.18% African American, 4.51% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 0.28% from other races, and 4.60% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.60% of the population.

There were 428 households, out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.7% were non-families. 31.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.0% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 19.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.1 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $26,304, and the median income for a family was $30,250. Males had a median income of $25,417 versus $15,962 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,447. About 11.6% of families and 15.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.5% of those under age 18 and 24.2% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people
Czarina Conlan
Tony Goolsby

See also
 George Colbert
 Levi Colbert

References

External links
 Town of Colbert
 "Colbert", Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture

Towns in Bryan County, Oklahoma
Towns in Oklahoma

Colbert, Oklahoma


Incredible Crisis, known in Japan as , is a PlayStation video game developed by Polygon Magic. The game was published in Japan by Tokuma Shoten on June 24, 1999. Translated versions were released by Titus Interactive in North America and Europe throughout November 2000.

Incredible Crisis follows four members of a working-class Japanese family on their bizarre adventures from their daily routines while trying to get home early for the family's grandmother's birthday. The game consists of several action-oriented minigames strung together and book-ended with pre-rendered cutscenes. The game was directed by Takayuki Watanabe, who designed and scripted the game with Kenichi Nishi, and features music from the Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra.

Gameplay
Incredible Crisis consists of 24 levels (26 in the Japanese version) spread over four main parts, with each part focusing on one of the four family members; Taneo, Etsuko, Tsuyoshi, and Ririka. Each level revolves around a minigame, some of which are repeated, which the player must clear in order to proceed. These games range from action-based objectives such as dodging obstacles and rhythm games, to puzzle-based objectives such as answering a quiz and finding items that are on sale. Each of these levels has a stress meter that represents how close the player is to failing the level objective which, depending on the minigame, fills from either making mistakes, drawing closer to a pursuing obstacle, or running out of time. A life is lost if the meter becomes completely full, with extra lives earned by performing well after each individual chapter. Minigames that have been played in the main story can be replayed from the main menu.

Plot
It is grandmother Hatsu's birthday. She wants everyone home early for her special day: the day that serves as a reminder that she has been alive for more years than she can remember. However, her family has completely forgotten to make up last-minute birthday promises to Hatsu. The game begins like any other normal day for the family members - father Taneo, mother Etsuko, daughter Ririka, and son Tsuyoshi - until strings of events stand as obstacles in their way of returning to Hatsu's with the presents.

The first chapter revolves around father Taneo, who is working in his office when suddenly he is ordered to dance by his supervisor along with his peers. After doing so in quite a frenzy, his co-workers then run off seemingly in fear of something. Taneo turns round to investigate, when he sees a giant boulder-like statue part (which was being placed onto a statue nearby, but accidentally came off) come crashing through the wall; and is forced to run down corridors from it, until he reaches the safety of an elevator which he uses to descend. The boulder comes crashing from above, shooting debris down while Taneo desperately works on activating an emergency stop. Eventually, the boulder also shoots down onto the elevator, and in an explosion, Taneo is shot out of the window. Falling to certain death, Taneo luckily grabs onto a flagpole - but it cannot take his weight, and thus Taneo falls once more; various things slow his descent, and he lands safely. The boulder emerges again through the building's main entrance, but he easily evades it - not long after though, a piece of the statue which was holding the flagpole lands on his head, knocking him unconscious. He later wakes up in an ambulance, strapped to a stretcher while the paramedics ask him questions to check his thinking state. After answering the questions correctly, they accidentally send Taneo - still strapped to the stretcher - out of the ambulance and into the traffic, due to their over-excitement. However, Taneo successfully dodges the traffic and breaks free of his restraints; but when he does so, he crashes into the boulder from before (which miraculously appears). When he recovers, he is helped by an attractive lady, who soon leaves him. Taneo, seemingly in love, follows her onto a Ferris wheel and gives her an erotic back-massage. Afterwards, she suddenly jumps from the Ferris wheel and onto a helicopter, before pointing out she left a bomb behind Taneo. The bomb explodes, sending Taneo onto the helicopter. Soon he makes it off and sees a UFO, which two navy ships are trying to destroy. However, Taneo commandeers a turret and shoots down their missiles, saving the UFO. Eventually, Taneo himself is shot upon by a missile, exploding the turret and sending him high into the sky - but somehow lands safely and gets onto a boat. He gets curious about a block on the boat and removes it, which unwittingly starts sinking the boat. Taneo and the boat owner successfully block the hole and return to shore, where Taneo decides to take the subway. Once boarding the train, he finds it strangely empty, and the attractive woman from before appears, revealing she has cut the brakes of the train. The train crashes into obstacles on the tracks and finally bursts out of the tunnel, depositing Taneo right outside Hatsu's house.

The second chapter focuses on mother Etsuko, who is out buying ingredients for Hatsu's birthday dinner. She goes to the bank, but finds a robbery underway, and nearly manages to sneak away but is noticed at the last minute. The bank robbers choose Etsuko to investigate the vault, and she is ordered to take a golden piggy bank, which she finds booby-trapped and thus must replace its weight using her groceries. She gives the piggy bank to her captors, who force her to open it by inputting musical commands which two of the bank robbers demonstrate. The piggy bank opens and transforms into a device that shoots lasers. Etsuko manages to remove its head using her groceries, causing it to explode and launch her and the  robbers through the back wall of the bank and out into the snow. They attempt to shoot Etsuko, but she manages to outrun them, then falls into a gorge. Sometime later, Etsuko awakens in a secret military air jet hangar, where she decides to pilot a jet to get back home. After take off, she discovers that a giant bear, with a tag saying "Ririka" attached to it, destroying the city. Piloting the last remaining jet, Etsuko must shoot the bear down. After its defeat, she returns to Hatsu's house to prepare sukiyaki for dinner.

The third chapter features son Tsuyoshi, who is out reading in a park. To his amazement, he witnesses a teddy bear grow to giant size not too far away (the same bear that Etsuko encountered) which gives off pink rays - one of which comes into contact with Tsuyoshi and shrinks him to miniature size. He must then run away from the ants while avoiding mudslides, spiders, and an encounter with a shrunken boat owner.

The final chapter is told from the perspective of daughter Ririka, who is in class at her  private girls' school. While in homeroom, her friend tells her about a new store. Wanting to go there, Ririka makes her classmates switch seats (causing many of them to be knocked out by chalk thrown by the teacher) so she can get to the exit. She reaches the store and buys four items on sale. When Ririka leaves to return to school, she spots a "take a picture on a bear" photo machine outside a toy store. While she's getting ready to have hers taken, something similar to a tiny UFO appears and causes an angry frown to appear in the picture. Ririka yells at the UFO and tries to capture it, but it shoots purple beams, one hitting the teddy bear dispensed out of the machine. It starts growing while Ririka chases the small UFO into a building, where her friend comes through a door and says, "Ririka! Come sing with us!", starting a karaoke sequence (removed from the English version). Ririka then chases the UFO outside, and past a big TV screen where she grabs the UFO. After seeing the mothership on the screen, she calls Taneo and tells him to shoot the missiles heading for the mothership after threatening to never clean her room again. After Taneo agrees, Ririka goes to the screen and plays a game of Simon Says by pressing the colors on the small UFO matching the flashing colors of the mothership, interrupted by a "Please Wait" sign and a news story of the giant teddy bear attacking Tokyo, the bank robbery Etsuko witnessed, and the big boulder, with Ririka's teacher throwing chalk at it. After that, she goes into the subway and finds a mask belonging to the mysterious woman Taneo encountered, which she returns. She arrives at a bay and rides the boat that her brother and dad rode, also almost sinking it. After Ririka gets to her destination, she takes a delivery bike leaning against a wall and rides away from a crane/bulldozer manned by the bank robbers and the lady in red. Ririka and her bike are lifted into the sky into the mothership (silhouetted bruefly against the moon in homage to E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial) and deposited in front of her house, surprising Hatsu for the last time after Ririka says "Hi mom!"

Development
Incredible Crisis was developed by Polygon Magic. The design and script was done by Kenichi Nishi, a director at Skip Ltd. known for his unconventional approach to game production. The game's art director was Naozumi Yamaguchi, a former Human Entertainment employee who would later go on to work with Sega on projects such as Phantasy Star Universe.

Titus Interactive acquired the rights to publish the game abroad, and introduced it as their only PlayStation title at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in 2000. Virgin Interactive obtained exclusive rights to distribute the game in Europe. Two minigames, which involve bomb disarming and karaoke respectively, were removed from the localized release of the game, reportedly because they relied too much on kanji and Japanese language, making them difficult to translate. The game's musical score was composed by the Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra. A CD titled Tondemo Crisis! Original Soundtrack, featuring 25 songs from the game, was released in Japan by Avex Trax on July 23, 1999.

Reception

According to Media Create sales records, the PlayStation version sold 70,760 units by the end of 1999, making it the 184th best-selling video game in Japan for that year. Also, Famitsu gave it a score of 29 out of 40. Elsewhere, the same console version received "favorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Eric Bratcher of NextGen noted game's short length, but said that all players should play Incredible Crisis at least once.

The PlayStation version was a runner-up for GameSpots annual "Best Game Story" and "Best Puzzle Game" awards among console games. It won the award for "Best Other Game" in both Editors' and Readers' Choice at IGNs Best of 2000 Awards, and was a runner-up for Story.

Jess Ragan of 1Up.com, in his retroactive review, felt that the game, for its time, was an innovative introduction to mini-game compilation titles. Ragan thought that Incredible Crisis was an important first step for this new genre of games, but with its wacky situations and hyperactive ska music, it was outclassed by Nintendo's Wario Ware series.

Notes

References

External links

1999 video games
Action games
Arcade video games
Minigame compilations
PlayStation (console) games
Polygon Magic games
Tecmo games
Tokuma Shoten games
Video games developed in Japan
Single-player video games
Virgin Interactive games

Incredible Crisis


The Dai River () is a river in Hebei, China that empties into the northwest Bohai Gulf near Qinghuangdao.  The coast north of the mouth is generally rocky, while the coast to the south is sandy.  A shipyard and a jetty are located on the east bank of the mouth. Damming and the creation of reservoirs on the rivers emptying into the Qinghuangdao coast has led to severe erosion along that stretch of coastline, especially around river mouths. The erosion around the river has been exacerbated by the presence of the jetty and heavy tourist use of the area, including a pier to the northeast of the river.

References

Rivers of Hebei

Dai River (Hebei)


Topgallant Islands is an island group  in the Australian state of  South Australia located in the Investigator Group about  south west of Cape Finniss on the west coast of Eyre Peninsula.  The group was discovered and named by Matthew Flinders on 13 February 1802.  The island group has enjoyed protected area status since the 1960s and since 2011, it has been part of the Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area.

Description
Topgallant Islands is an island group located about  south west of Cape Finniss on the west coast of Eyre Peninsula in South Australia, about  west by south of the town of Elliston and about  east of Flinders Island.

The group consists of an islet and a number of bare rocks which are numbered at seven in one source and which extend from the islet in a line for a distance of about  to the south east.  The islet which has an area of about , is encircled by  high cliffs and has a rounded top whose summit is at  above sea level.  The southernmost rock is reported as being a 'sharp pyramid' of  height.

The name used for the island group varies from the name given by Flinders (i.e. Topgallant Isles) as follows: Topgallant Islands, Top-gallant Islands, Top-Gallant Isles and Top Gallant Isles.

Access to Topgallant Island by boat is reported as not being possible due to a 'combination of deep water swells, steep shores and sheer walls of rotten stone'.  A survey carried in 1980 used a helicopter to land personnel on the islet.

Formation, geology and oceanography
The Topgallant Islands were formed about 8750 years ago following the rise of sea levels at the start of the Holocene.

Geologically, the constituent parts of the Topgallant Islands are the remnants of a stack of calcarenite strata sitting on a now-submerged ridge of granite which is now submerged and which has been extensively eroded by wave action since the commencement of sea level rise.

The Topgallant Islands are part of a submerged reef system orientated along a north north-west axis which extends from the islet in the west to the east of the southernmost rock for a distance of about  with 'sunken rocks' extending about  to the south west of the islet.  A depth of  is reached within  to the west.

Flora and fauna

Flora
Vegetation is restricted generally to the summit of the islet where the soil is sufficiently deep to permit the growth of shrubs and two of the larger rocks.  A survey conducted in 1980 found 'four distinct plant communities' to present as 'low shrublands' dominated by chenopods (in two instances), nitre bush  and pointed twinleaf.  Twenty species were recorded during the 1980 survey including the invasive species African boxthorn and common iceplant.

Fauna
Vertebrate animals observed on the island group include marbled geckos and the following bird species: Richard's pipit, white-faced heron, Nankeen kestrel, white-bellied sea-eagle, welcome swallow, silver gull, rock parrot, white-faced storm petrel, short-tailed shearwater and common starling.

History

European discovery and use
Flinders discovered the island group on Saturday, 13 February 1802, and named it due to it 'resembling ships under sail'.  On the same day, Flinders also nominated it as one of the constituent parts of the Investigator Group.

Protected areas status

The Topgallant Islands first received protected area status as part of a fauna reserve declared under the Fauna Conservation Act 1964 either on 1 September 1966 or 16 March 1967.  The island group and other adjoining islands became part of the Investigator Group Conservation Park proclaimed under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 in 1972.  On 25 August 2011, it was one of the island groups excised from the Investigator Group Conservation Park to form the Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area.  Since 2012, the waters adjoining the Topgallant  Islands have been part of a sanctuary zone in the Investigator Marine Park.

See also
List of islands of Australia
Investigator Islands Important Bird Area

Citations and references

Citations

References

Islands of South Australia
Uninhabited islands of Australia
Great Australian Bight

Topgallant Islands


Hyperolius glandicolor is a species of frog in the family Hyperoliidae. It is known from southern Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, and Burundi. The limits of its distribution, however, are uncertain, and it might also occur in Malawi, Mozambique, Uganda, and even eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Common name Peters reed frog has been coined for it.

Hyperolius glandicolor occurs in emergent vegetation at swamp, river, and lake margins in all types of savanna, grassland, and bush land habitats, as well as in many anthropogenic habitats, such as cultivated land, towns, and gardens. It is able to rapidly colonize new bodies of water. Breeding takes usually place in temporary, but often also in permanent ponds, ranging from very small to very large ones. The eggs are deposited directly into the water. No threats to this very common and adaptable species are known. It occurs in many protected areas.

References

glandicolor
Frogs of Africa
Amphibians of Burundi
Amphibians of Kenya
Amphibians of Rwanda
Amphibians of Somalia
Amphibians of Tanzania
Amphibians described in 1878
Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Hyperolius glandicolor


The F800S was a sport bike made by BMW Motorrad from 2006 to 2010.  Along with the closely related sport touring F800ST, other bikes in the F-bike range are the dual-sport F800GS, and the naked F800R.

BMW developed with Rotax a  parallel-twin engine with a 360 degree firing order. This produced an exhaust note reminiscent of BMW's signature air-cooled boxer twins. However, this firing order required both pistons to move up and down at the same time. To counter the significant inertia produced by the pistons reciprocating, BMW devised a third vestigial connecting rod to a balance weight. The result was a parallel twin with significantly reduced vibration compared with other parallel twin engine designs. The engine was oiled by a dry sump system, and a soft ignition-cut rev limiter engaged at 9,000 rpm.

The engine was notable for early and powerful onset of torque. Chris Pfeiffer used a modified F800S before moving to his signature F800R, using the low-end power of the engine for stunting. BMW tuned the F800 series engine to run lean, typically with air-fuel ratios in the range of 15:1 to 16:1.

The F800S and ST both used low-maintenance belt drives and single sided swingarms. Bikes equipped with ABS also included a rear-wheel lift detection system.

In some markets, including the United States, the F800S was discontinued after the 2007 model year. The F800S was discontinued across most of the world after the summer of 2010 with only a few Central American and Eastern European countries still stocking the last supplies of the model.

References

External links
 Official Website for 2009 Model

F800S
Belt drive motorcycles
Motorcycles introduced in 2006
Sport bikes
Motorcycles powered by straight-twin engines

BMW F800S


The 1992 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University in the 1992 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Orangemen were led by second-year head coach Paul Pasqualoni and played their home games at the Carrier Dome in Syracuse, New York. Syracuse finished the season 10–2 with a victory in the 1993 Fiesta Bowl over Colorado. Ranked 6th in the final AP Poll, the team was awarded the Lambert-Meadowlands Trophy, signifying them as champions of the East. As of 2020, this is the last time the Orangemen won the award, and also the school's last top-10 ranked finish.

Schedule

Source:

Roster

References

Syracuse
Syracuse Orange football seasons
Lambert-Meadowlands Trophy seasons
Fiesta Bowl champion seasons
Syracuse Orangemen football

1992 Syracuse Orangemen football team


League of Communists of Croatia (, SKH) was the Croatian branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (SKJ). It came into power in 1945. Until 1952, it was known as Communist Party of Croatia (, KPH). In the early 1990s, it underwent several renames and lost power.

History

Kingdom of Yugoslavia
The party was formally founded in 1937 with Pavle Gregorić as its first general secretary. The reasons for KPJ to have its specifically Croatian branch were partly ideological, partly practical. Croatia, just as Slovenia, which would have its Communist Party at the same time, was the most industrialised part of the country, with the biggest percentage of working class in the population, and, therefore, more likely to adopt communism than rural Serbia.

The other, more practical, reason was in the increased marginalisation of Communists in Croatian political life due to public more preoccupied with ethnic issues and position of Croatia within Yugoslavia (cf. Croatia in the first Yugoslavia). Territorial aspirations of Fascist Italy towards Croatian parts of Yugoslavia also presented opportunity for the creation of broad Communist-dominated alliances modelled on Popular Front.

Prior to the formation of the Communist Party of Croatia there was a Croatian-Slavonian Provincial Committee of the Socialist Workers Party of Yugoslavia (Communists) and there was a developed party structure of the Socialist Party of Croatia and Slavonia. Dalmatia had its own structures up to 1937.

KPH, just like KPJ, was illegal and, therefore, remained marginalised, especially after the 1939 Cvetković–Maček Agreement and the creation of the banovina of Croatia within the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Party's fortunes dramatically changed with the 1941 Axis invasion of Yugoslavia and creation of the Independent State of Croatia.  At the beginning of the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia, Aleksandar Ranković was secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia. Although KPH had many of its leading figures arrested and killed by new regime, it remained strong enough to form what would become the only truly effective resistance movement in Croatia – the Partisans. KPH was based on ideological rather than ethnic grounds and, therefore, had support in both ethnic Croat and ethnic Serb areas. This allowed Josip Broz Tito's Partisans to mount ultimately successful guerrilla campaign. KPH platform of post-war reorganisation of Yugoslavia on federal grounds also attracted many non-Communist Croatians to its cause, especially in the later stages of war.

SFR Yugoslavia

In 1945 Yugoslavia was indeed federalised with Croatia becoming a republic, but its nominal autonomy was of little importance with KPJ being heavily centralised and KPH – renamed into SKH in 1952 – being its integral part.

Things began to change in late 1960s with Tito allowing for reformist policies embodied of new generation of Communist leaders. This generation included SKH leaders Savka Dabčević-Kučar and Miko Tripalo who would start movement called the Croatian Spring, advocating for more autonomy of Croatia within Yugoslavia. They advocated against centralism which disproportionately benefited the eastern parts of Yugoslavia, especially Serbia and SR Macedonia.

The movement, however, created a lot of ethnic tension and increasing opposition from the more conservative Party members. In December 1971, on the Karađorđevo conference of the SKJ, Tito publicly distanced himself from Croatian Spring, leading to the end of the movement. Using the alleged Croatian nationalism as a pretext, SKH was subsequently purged from most of its liberal and reformist elements.

As a result, SKH in the 1970s became one of the most conservative sections of SKJ and remained interested in maintaining ideological and political status quo even when other branches of SKJ began to explore new ideas.

Because of that, SKH in late 1980s was slow to react when League of Communists of Serbia under Slobodan Milošević aimed to reassert internal Serbian interest. SKH began to openly condemn Milošević only in 1989 after Serbian nationalist demonstrations in areas that would later become Republic of Serbian Krajina.

It is estimated that in the 1980s, during its zenith, the SKH had around 300-400,000 members. Subsequent surveys showed that most of the membership left the party in 1990, with only minority remaining active in politics. Of those, majority joined the HDZ.

Party of Democratic Changes

With increasingly apparent prospect of SKH being forced to allow some form of multi-party democracy and having its power tested on free elections, the party changed policy and quickly adopted a new reformist platform and pushed for the constitutional amendments allowing first free elections in 1990.

In January 1990 the Croatian Party delegation led by Ivica Račan left the 14th Congress of SKJ, a few hours after the Slovenian Party delegation did so over a row with the Serbian Party delegation.

In the next few months, SKH tried very hard to present itself as modern and reformist party, rebranding itself into a new party called the League of Communists of Croatia - Party of Democratic Changes (Savez komunista Hrvatske - Stranka demokratskih promjena, SKH-SDP), then to just Party of Democratic Changes (Stranka demokratskih promjena, SDP).

Those and other changes, however, weren't very convincing to the Croatian electorate and SKH lost power to Croatian Democratic Union of Franjo Tuđman.

In 1991, it was renamed to Socialdemocratic Party of Croatia–Party of Democratic Changes (Socijaldemokratska partija Hrvatske–Stranka demokratskih promjena, SDPH), that would ultimately become the Social Democratic Party of Croatia in 1993.

Ethno-nationalist issues

Another reason why the Party lost support in Croatia was because it was accused of being dominated by the Serb minority. The Serb influence was indeed disproportionate at times. In 1989, 30% of the members of the Croatian League of Communists were Serbs, while their overall percentage in the republic was less than 13%.

Serbs held the presidency of the party twice, one up to 1942 with Rade Končar, the other from 1986 until 1989 by Stanko Stojčević.

Ethnic composition of the governments

Government of April 14, 1945
 5 Croats
 1 Serb
 8 members of unknown or undeclared ethnicity

Government of October 22, 1949
 13 Croats
 3 Serbs
 1 Yugoslav
 7 members of unknown or undeclared ethnicity

Executive Committee of February 7, 1953
 18 Croats
 3 Serbs
 3 members of unknown or undeclared ethnicity

Executive Committee Spring 1958
 16 Croats
 2 Serbs
 6 members of unknown or undeclared ethnicity

Executive Committee of 1963
 5 Croats
 6 members of unknown or undeclared ethnicity

Party leaders

 Andrija Hebrang (1942 – October 1944) (1899–1949)
 Vladimir Bakarić (October 1944 – 1969) (1912–1983)
 Savka Dabčević-Kučar (1969–1971) (1923–2009)
 Milka Planinc (14 December 1971 – May 1982) (1924–2010)
 Jure Bilić (May 1982 – 1 July 1983) (1922–2006)
 Josip Vrhovec (1 July 1983 – 15 May 1984) (1926–2006)
 Mika Špiljak (15 May 1984 – May 1986) (1916–2007)
 Stanko Stojčević (May 1986 – December 1989) (1929-2009)
 Ivica Račan (13 December 1989 – 1990) (1944–2007)

Revival
On 29 November 2004 – the date specifically chosen as Republic Day, former public holiday in socialist Yugoslavia – a group of Socialist Labour Party of Croatia dissidents in Vukovar tried to found new political party called Communist Party of Croatia, but in the end they failed to register and organize. A new  was founded in 2013 and became a registered party in the same year.

This new party should not be mistaken with KPH/SKH, because, unlike Social Democratic Party of Croatia, it is not its formal successor.

Congresses

See also
 History of Croatia
 League of Communists of Yugoslavia
 League of Communists of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 League of Communists of Macedonia
 League of Communists of Montenegro
 League of Communists of Serbia
 League of Communists of Vojvodina
 League of Communists of Kosovo
 League of Communists of Slovenia
 List of leaders of communist Yugoslavia
 Praxis School

References

Sources

Defunct political parties in Croatia
Communist parties in Croatia
Political parties established in 1937
Political parties disestablished in 1990
Parties of one-party systems
1937 establishments in Croatia
1990 disestablishments in Croatia
League of Communists of Yugoslavia

League of Communists of Croatia