StatesWest Airlines  was a commuter airline headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona that operated to destinations in the Southwestern United States.

History
StatesWest was founded by Phoenix entrepreneur Rudy Miller  in 1986 and began operating from its base at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport in 1987 with 36-passenger Short 360 turboprop aircraft. Later that year, 19-passenger British Aerospace BAe Jetstream 31 propjets were added to the fleet.

During the airline's lifespan as an independent carrier, StatesWest served San Diego, California; Bakersfield, California; Burbank, California; Ontario, California; Orange County, California; Los Angeles, California; Tucson, Arizona; Lake Havasu City, Arizona; Bullhead City, Arizona; Prescott, Arizona; Sierra Vista/Fort Huachuca, Arizona and briefly to Las Vegas, Nevada as well as Albuquerque, New Mexico and Telluride, Colorado.

In late 1988, StatesWest determined the Short 360 and Jetstream 31 aircraft were inefficient for the company's mission. Both types were phased out in favor of 19-passenger Beechcraft 1900C turboprop aircraft. In 1989, the airline entered a small niche market by offering daily nonstop service between Scottsdale, Arizona and Orange County, California, but that route was discontinued in 1990.

Future Scottsdale city council member and current mayor, W.J. "Jim" Lane was elected StatesWest president and chief operating officer on January 31, 1990. Shortly after, StatesWest discontinued all flying under its own name and entered into an agreement with USAir (which was renamed US Airways and has now been merged into American Airlines) to operate as USAir Express by providing code sharing feeder service to USAir hubs at San Diego (SAN), Los Angeles (LAX) and San Francisco (SFO) which were focus cities of the original Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA) route system. USAir completed its acquisition of and merger with PSA in 1988. The USAir Express operation began on July 15, 1990, and also included flights at Phoenix (PHX) and Tucson (TUS).

During the contract with USAir, StatesWest acquired four Dash 8 aircraft that where later replace with
three 13-passenger Beechcraft 1300 turboprop aircraft to supplement the fleet of B1900Cs. Many new routes were added including several that had been previously flown by Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA) with jet aircraft and were later discontinued by USAir such as to Concord and Stockton, California. The aircraft were painted in USAir colors but included a smile under the nose thus remembering and honoring PSA which had been acquired by USAir 1n 1987. In late 1992 StatesWest declared bankruptcy and closed its doors the following year as USAir sharply reduced its operations in California.

USAir Express destinations in 1991

According to the Official Airline Guide (OAG), StatesWest was operating USAir Express service with Beechcraft commuter turboprop aircraft on behalf of USAir in 1991 via a code sharing agreement to the following destinations with hubs located in Los Angeles (LAX) and San Francisco (SFO)

 Bakersfield (BFL)
 Bullhead City/Laughlin
 Concord (CCR)
 Fresno (FAT)
 Los Angeles (LAX) - Hub
 Monterey (MRY)
 Ontario (ONT)
 Orange County (SNA)
 Palm Springs (PSP)
 Sacramento (SMF)
 San Diego (SAN)
 Santa Barbara (SBA)
 San Francisco (SFO) - Hub
 Stockton (SCK)

Fleet

StatesWest operated the following turboprop aircraft types at various times during its existence:

 Short 360
 BAe Jetstream 31
 Beechcraft 1900C
 Beechcraft 1300 (Super King Air modified for commuter airline operations)
 de Havilland Canada Dash 8-100

Destinations

StatesWest served the following destinations at various times during its existence, both as an independent airline and as an USAir Express air carrier:

Arizona

Bullhead City/Laughlin
Lake Havasu City
Phoenix
Prescott
Sierra Vista/Fort Huachuca
Scottsdale
Tucson

California

Bakersfield (US*)
Burbank
Concord (US*)
Fresno (US*)
Los Angeles
Monterey (US*)
Ontario
Orange County
Palm Springs (US*)
Sacramento (US*)
San Diego
Santa Barbara (US*)
Stockton (US*)

Colorado

Telluride

Nevada

Las Vegas

New Mexico

Albuquerque

(US*) designates destinations that were added after StatesWest became a USAir Express code share operator.

See also
 List of defunct airlines of the United States

References

Defunct airlines of the United States
Airlines established in 1986
Airlines disestablished in 1993
1986 establishments in Arizona

StatesWest Airlines


Rome, a dramatic television series created by John Milius, William J. MacDonald and Bruno Heller, premiered on 28 August 2005 on the HBO Network in the United States and ended on 25 March 2007, after 2 seasons and a total of 22 episodes.

Rome is a historical drama depicting the period of history surrounding the violent transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire; a change driven by civil warfare between radical populares and conservative optimates, the decay of political institutions, and the actions of ambitious men and women.

The first and second seasons of Rome were released on DVD in the U.S. in 2006 and 2007, respectively; and Blu-ray versions were released in 2011. A complete series box set with additional features was released in 2009, on both DVD and Blu-ray.

Series overview

Episodes

Season 1 (2005)

Season 2 (2007)

References

External links

Lists of American drama television series episodes
Lists of British drama television series episodes

List of Rome (TV series) episodes


Ryan Brown (born 1958) is an American classical conductor.

Biography and career
Ryan Brown was born into a musical family in California: his mother was a pianist, and his father was a pianist and conductor. He benefited from having a number of well-known musicians both staying and playing music in his home. He initially performed as a violinist and chamber musician before starting out as a conductor. He holds degrees from Oberlin, Cincinnati, and the Juilliard School, where he studied the violin under Dorothy DeLay. He studied conducting with Gustav Meier at the Peabody Institute in Baltimore.

In 1995, Brown founded Les Violons de Lafayette (which later changed its name to Opera Lafayette), and has been music director and conductor ever since. This group, dedicated to the performance of baroque and classical operas, notably French works, has performed at the Kennedy Center, in Washington, D. C., Lincoln Center, in New York, and many other venues. Brown and Opéra Lafayette have focused on French opera of the 18th century, performing works by Charpentier, Rameau, Gluck, Lully, and many others.

With Opéra Lafayette, Brown has recorded a number of CDs for the Naxos label, including works by Gluck, Lully, Monsigny, Rameau and Rebel.

References

External links
 Ryan Brown's biography on the Opéra Lafayette web site
 Ryan Brown's biography and discography on the Naxos web site

American male conductors (music)
Living people
1958 births
Oberlin College alumni
Juilliard School alumni
Peabody Institute alumni
Gettysburg College faculty
Music directors (opera)
20th-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American conductors (music)
Classical musicians from California
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians

Ryan Brown (conductor)


The Wexford Martyrs were Matthew Lambert, Robert Meyler, Edward Cheevers and Patrick Cavanagh. In 1581, they were found guilty of high treason for aiding in the escape of James Eustace, 3rd Viscount Baltinglass; for similarly conveying a Jesuit and other Catholic priests and laymen out of Ireland; and for refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy which declared Elizabeth I of England to be the Supreme Head of the Church within her dominions. On 5 July 1581, they were hanged, drawn and quartered in Wexford, Ireland. They were beatified in 1992 by Pope John Paul II.

Background
In the Pale the predominant religion was Catholic, and the Catholics saw a growing threat from the Protestant-dominated government, a perception supported by their marked decline in participation within the kingdom's government. English-born Protestants increasingly occupied positions of authority. The people of the Pale resented taxes on their property for the government's military policy against the Gaelic nobility of Ireland and rebellious Hiberno-Normans. Troops were also billeted upon their lands. James Eustace's father, Viscount Roland, had been imprisoned by the Elizabethan administration for his opposition.

During the summer of 1580, James Eustace, Viscount Baltinglass, apparently prompted almost entirely by religious motives, raised an army in County Wicklow, in support of the  Earl of Desmond's separate uprising in Munster. The Viscount's allies included the coalition of Irish clans led by Fiach McHugh O'Byrne. At first the uprising was successful, but Baltinglass did not coordinate his efforts with those of Desmond and could not sustain the conflict. He and his followers were outlawed. Forty-five were hanged in Dublin. James Eustace escaped to Munster, where Desmond was still in revolt. After Desmond was killed he left for Spain.

Escape of Viscount Baltinglass
Pursued by Crown forces after the defeat of the Second Desmond Rebellion, James Eustace and his chaplain, Father Robert Rochford, eventually found refuge with Matthew Lambert, a Wexford baker. Lambert fed them and arranged with five sailor acquaintances for safe passage by ship for them. Lambert was betrayed, along with sailors Patrick Cavanagh, Edward Cheevers, Robert Myler, John O'Lahy, and one other. They were arrested, imprisoned, and tortured, before being executed in Wexford on 5 July 1581.

The authorities heard of the plan beforehand and Matthew was arrested together with his five sailor friends. Thrown into prison, they were questioned about politics and religion. Lambert's reply was: "I am not a learned man. I am unable to debate with you, but I can tell you this, I am a Catholic and I believe whatever our Holy Mother the Catholic Church believes." They were found guilty of treason and hanged, drawn, and quartered in Wexford on 5 July 1581.

Other two martyrs
There were apparently six martyrs but only four of them were beatified in 1992, perhaps due to a lack of sufficient evidence for the existence of the other two martyrs. One of them was believed to have been called John O' Lahy and the other was an anonymous individual. Nothing is known about these two men. Their names are usually excluded from the group of 17 Irish martyrs whom John Paul II named among the blessed.

See also
 Irish Catholic Martyrs

References

Irish beatified people
Wexford, County Wexford
History of County Wexford
16th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
1581 deaths
Victims of anti-Catholic violence in Ireland
Martyred groups
Year of birth missing
16th-century Irish people
People executed for treason against Ireland
People executed by Ireland by hanging, drawing and quartering
People executed under Elizabeth I as Queen of Ireland
Executed people from County Wexford
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
24 Irish Catholic Martyrs

Wexford Martyrs


Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR / AIP) is considered by many therapists as a major form of psychotherapy. Francine Shapiro, Ph.D., noted that recalling or thinking about disturbing events, coupled with eye-motion; audio input or sensory input (touch, smell, taste) could aid unprocessed emotional trauma that are emotionally hurtful or painful to the body. The once painful emotional materials are un-embedded via recall of the event coupled with a sensory input which are 'metabolized' by the person's psyche from a painful and harmful state into a helpful learning experience. This processing has proven useful in helping overcome many traumatic events ranging from rape, family violence, physical or verbal abuse, first-responder shock, chronic pain, combat, hurtful memories; select health issues and unresolved, hurtful life experiences.

EMDR involves the processing of painful emotional events via the recalling of the event...paired with movement of the eyes; the hearing of select sound; tactile contact; gustatory (taste) input as an input into the brains processing. This process helps the client to move-on from the physical or emotional pain they are feeling. EMDR or Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) as it is alternatively named, has been being tested and researched in a large number of organizations since it was first discovered in 1987.

Like all psychological theorems and processes it has it's admiring adherents and strong critics.

The EMDR has training and trainers licensed internationally and over 10,000 psychologists and therapists qualified to practice in the U.S.

TREATMENT DESCRIPTION

EMDR therapy combines different elements to maximize treatment effects.  A full description of the theory, sequence of treatment, and research on protocols and active mechanisms can be found in F. Shapiro (2001) Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing:  Basic principles, protocols and procedures (2nd edition) New York: Guilford Press.

EMDR therapy involves attention to three time periods:  the past, present, and future.  Focus is given to past disturbing memories and related events.  Also, it is given to current situations that cause distress, and to developing the skills and attitudes needed for positive future actions.  With EMDR therapy, these items are addressed using an eight-phase treatment approach.

Phase 1:  The first phase is a history-taking session(s).  The therapist assesses the client's readiness and develops a treatment plan.  Client and therapist identify possible targets for EMDR processing.  These include distressing memories and current situations that cause emotional distress.  Other targets may include related incidents in the past.  Emphasis is placed on the development of specific skills and behaviors that will be needed by the client in future situations.

Initial EMDR processing may be directed to childhood events rather than to adult onset stressors or the identified critical incident if the client had a problematic childhood.  Clients generally gain insight on their situations, the emotional distress resolves and they start to change their behaviors.  The length of treatment depends upon the number of traumas and the age of PTSD onset.  Generally, those with single event adult onset trauma can be successfully treated in under 5 hours.  Multiple trauma victims may require a longer treatment time.

Phase 2:  During the second phase of treatment, the therapist ensures that the client has several different ways of handling emotional distress.  The therapist may teach the client a variety of imagery and stress reduction techniques the client can use during and between sessions. A goal of EMDR therapy is to produce rapid and effective change while the client maintains equilibrium during and between sessions.

Phases 3-6:  In phases three to six, a target is identified and processed using EMDR therapy procedures.  These involve the client identifying three things:

1.  The vivid visual image related to the memory

2.  A negative belief about self

3.  Related emotions and body sensations.

In addition, the client identifies a positive belief.  The therapist helps the client rate the positive belief as well as the intensity of the negative emotions.  After this, the client is instructed to focus on the image, negative thought, and body sensations while simultaneously engaging in EMDR processing using sets of bilateral stimulation.  These sets may include eye movements, taps, or tones.  The type and length of these sets is different for each client.  At this point, the EMDR client is instructed to just notice whatever spontaneously happens.

After each set of stimulation, the clinician instructs the client to let his/her mind go blank and to notice whatever thought, feeling, image, memory, or sensation comes to mind.  Depending upon the client's report, the clinician will choose the next focus of attention.  These repeated sets with directed focused attention occur numerous times throughout the session.  If the client becomes distressed or has difficulty in progressing, the therapist follows established procedures to help the client get back on track.

When the client reports no distress related to the targeted memory, (s)he is asked to think of the preferred positive belief that was identified at the beginning of the session.  At this time, the client may adjust the positive belief if necessary, and then focus on it during the next set of distressing events.

Phase 7:  In phase seven, closure, the therapist asks the client to keep a log during the week.  The log should document any related material that may arise.  It serves to remind the client of the self-calming activities that were mastered in phase two.

Phase 8:  The next session begins with phase eight.  Phase eight consists of examining the progress made thus far.  The EMDR treatment processes all related historical events, current incidents that elicit distress, and future events that will require different responses.

References

Other websites
 EMDR International Association(EMDRIA)
 EMDR European Association, Inc.
 National Institute for Health & Clinical Excellence UK
 EMDR Scotland

Psychology


Phyllis Edith Mary Blythe (13 February 1912 – 31 October 2001), known professionally as Jenny Laird, was a British stage, film and television actress.

Early life and education
Born in Manchester, Laird and her parents moved to the south, and she was educated at Maidstone grammar school and London University. She worked briefly as an advertising copywriter while studying acting with teachers such as the Central School's legendary Elsie Fogerty and in 1937 she made her repertory debut at the Brixton Theatre in A Bill of Divorcement.

Theatre
Laird worked with director Alec Clunes at the Arts Theatre Club during its heyday in the 1940s and 1950s. What the actor-manager sought for the little underground playhouse in London's Great Newport Street was an audience "eager for intelligent and entertaining plays". Laird's acting went from strength to strength in Farquhar, Ibsen, Chekhov, Shaw and other modern plays. While at the Arts Theatre, she periodically returned to "commercial" theatre, playing Rose in The Recruiting Officer (1943) and Nora in A Doll's House (1945). As Ellie, in the revival by Californian John Fernald (whom Laird married in 1947) of Shaw's Heartbreak House (1950), she revealed, one critic wrote, "an enchanting combination of youth and firmness. Her broken heart never ceased to glint through her mask of ice". Her shapely legs and green eyes figured prominently in West End plays by Ivor Novello, N. C. Hunter and Robert Morley.

Writing
With her husband, she co-wrote the West End comedy And No Birds Sing, adapted several plays from the French, and in 1977 wrote Mixed Economy, which played at the King's Head Theatre in Islington, starring Margaret Rawlings and Laird's daughter Karen Fernald.

Personal life
In 1947, Laird married her collaborator John Fernald; they had one daughter, Karen.

Selected filmography
 The Morals of Marcus (1935) - Maid (uncredited)
 Auld Lang Syne (1937) - Alison Begbie
 The Last Chance (1937) - Betty
 Passenger to London (1937) - Barbara Lane
 What a Man! (1938) - Daisy Pennyfeather
 Lily of Laguna (1938) - Jane Marshall
 Black Eyes (1939) - Lucy
 Just William (1940) - Ethel Brown
 The Lamp Still Burns (1943) - Ginger Watkins
 Painted Boats (1945) - Mary Smith
 Beware of Pity (1946) - Trudi
 Wanted for Murder (1946) - Jeannie McLaren
 Black Narcissus (1947) - Sister Honey
 Your Witness (1950) - Mary Baxter, Sam's Wife
 The Long Dark Hall (1951) - Mrs. Sims
 Life in Her Hands (1951) - Matron
 Gilbert Harding Speaking of Murder (1953) - Linda Maxwell
 Face in the Night (1957) - Postman's Widow
 Conspiracy of Hearts (1960) - Sister Honoria
 Village of the Damned (1960) - Mrs. Harrington
 The Masks of Death (1984) - Mrs. Hudson (U.S TV movie)

Television
 The Onedin Line (1972) (3 episodes)
 Doctor Who (1974) (Planet of the Spiders)
 Shoulder to Shoulder (1974) - Matron of Holloway Prison (Lady Constance Lytton)
 Secret_Army_(TV_series) (1974) - Little Old Lady (Else Lambrichts)

 Lillie (1978) (The Jersey Lily)
 All Creatures Great and Small (1988) (Barks and Bites)
 Inspector Morse (1991) (Second Time Around) (final screen role)

References

External links

1912 births
2001 deaths
English stage actresses
English film actresses
English television actresses
Actresses from Manchester

Jenny Laird


Chenoy's () is a Jewish delicatessen and restaurant that first opened in Montreal, Quebec, in 1936. Its original claim to fame was offering the Montreal-style smoked meat sandwich. Chenoy's first opened in the old Jewish neighbourhood on the Main, close to Rue Marie-Anne. The oldest remaining Chenoy's deli is in Dollard-des-Ormeaux opened in 1974 by Morty Chenoy and brothers Nick and Costa Sigounis.

History
Like other great Montreal delis (Schwartz's, Dunn's), Chenoy's first opened in the old Jewish neighbourhood on the Main (Saint Laurent Boulevard), close to Rue Marie-Anne. As times changed, the deli would move and be franchised. From Chenoy's history:

"...in 1936 we lost the key...

The original (4) "Chenoy Boys" had been doing Deli right since 1936. Our story starts in a small local of St.Laurent Boulevard... now over 75 years later we're still turning out our Famous Smoked-Meat from all areas of the city!

Their specialty was Smoked-Meat, but the new owners haven't stopped at that!... from bacon & eggs, to filet mignon.... Chenoys is the place to grab a bite for whatever you might like.

The only problem is in 1936 we lost the key... so we've been working 25 Hrs a day, 365 days a year ever since to serve you!

The illustration on the cover depicts the original location of Deli Chenoys in 1936, then located on St. Laurent Boulevard, near Marianne Street. From its humble origins to modern times, our success has gone through several decades and generations, but one thing has remained the same...."

Chenoy's would later franchise delis, in
Lasalle, Quebec, at 7660 Newman Boulevad; in Brossard, on Taschereau Boulevard; and in Chomedey, in Laval, on Boulevard Curé-Labelle, have closed since 2017. The last family member to be an owner was the late Mortimer (Morty) Chenoy.

A Chenoy's franchise opened in Gatineau in 1997 on Boulevard de l'Hôpital, in Complexe Lumière (aka "Cinema 9"). It was closed in 2019 and rebranded as part of the Nickels deli chain.

Restaurants

The oldest remaining Chenoy's deli is in Dollard-des-Ormeaux, on Boulevard Saint-Jean, which opened in 1974 by Morty Chenoy and brothers Nick and Costa Sigounis.

Morty sold his half of the business back to the Sigounis family in the mid-1980s. Not long afterward, he was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Morty passed away on January 22, 1999.

In 2015 the restaurant building was put up or sale, but the Sigounis family has stated that it plans to keep the landmark deli in the West Island. As of 2020, it is the only Chenoys remaining in operation. The building in Chomedey on Quebec Route 117 no longer exists.

See also

 List of delicatessens

References

1936 establishments in Quebec
Ashkenazi Jewish culture in Montreal
Jewish delicatessens in Canada
Jews and Judaism in Montreal
Restaurant chains in Canada
Restaurants established in 1936
Restaurants in Montreal

Chenoy's


The mountain pygmy possum (Burramys parvus) is a small, mouse-sized (weighs 45 g) nocturnal marsupial of Australia. It is found high up (1300 to 2230 metres) in rock screes and boulder fields of southern Victoria and in Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales.

This possum is a Lazarus taxon, and the only living species in the Burramys genus. It is also the only Australian mammal restricted to an alpine habitat. Its prehensile tail, at ~14 cm, is longer than its 11 cm head and body length. Its diet consists of insects, fleshy fruits, nuts, nectar and seeds.

The mountain pygmy possum was first described as a Pleistocene fossil by Robert Broom in 1896. It was thought to be extinct until 1966, when a living specimen was discovered in a ski-hut on Mount Hotham.

Three geographically isolated populations are known to exist. These populations have been shown to be genetically distinct. For most of the year, males and females live apart from each other. The females live on the better part of the rocky slopes, while the males live on the margins, usually lower on the mountain. In order to breed, the males migrate to the females' habitat. During the ski season on Mount Higginbotham, the males had to cross a road which put their survival in jeopardy. A "Tunnel of Love" was constructed under the road and a road sign was put in place to warn drivers.

References

Marsupials of Australia
Diprotodonts

Mountain pygmy possum


Chihchun Chi-sun Lee (, born 1970) is a composer of contemporary classical music.  Dr. Lee is originally from Kaohsiung, Taiwan, and is currently an invited professor of composition at Ewha Womans University, in Seoul, Korea, She received a doctoral degree from the University of Michigan, two master's degrees from Ohio University, and a bachelor's degree from Soochow University in Taiwan. Her teachers included William Albright, William Bolcom, Bright Sheng, and Loong-Hsing Wen. She has previously taught music at Johnson County Community College, Washburn University, Rhodes College, and the University of Michigan, and is currently on the faculty of the University of South Florida.

She has received numerous honors; these include winning the 1st Brandenburg Biennial Composers Competition
, the Guggenheim Fellowship, the Harvard Fromm Music Fellowship, Taiwan National Culture and Arts Foundation commissions, Theodore Front Prize from International Alliance for Women in Music, ISCM/League of Composers Competition, International Festival of Women Composers Composition Prize, Florida Artist Enhancement Grant, Arts Council of Hillsborough County Individual Artist Grant, the SCI/ASCAP Student Composer Commission, the Hong Kong Chou Scholarship, the Joyce Dutka Arts Foundation, the "Music Taipei" award, the Fresh Ink Orchestral Composition Competition, the Margaret Blackburn Competition, NACUSA, the Taiwan Environmental Protection Bureau Music Contest, the Taiwan Provincial Music Competition, the Taiwan National Songwriting Prize, a Taiwan International Community Radio grant, and the Taiwan International Young Composers Competition.  Some of her most significant premiers have included her Concerto for Zheng in Carnegie Hall, and a concert dedicated to her music in Taiwan National Concert Hall.  In addition, her music has had numerous performances and broadcasts worldwide in Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hawaii, the Netherlands, the Philippines, Poland, Singapore, Taiwan, Costa Rica, Ukraine, and around the continental United States. She has previously taught at Johnson County Community College, Washburn University, Rhodes College, and the University of Michigan.  Her works appear on CDs from the Albany/Capstone label, ERMedia's Masterworks, NACUSA and Celebrity Music Pte. Ltd. in Singapore.   She has worked with indigenous instrument groups, such as Chai Found Music Workshop, Music From China, the Taiwan National Chinese Orchestra, the Taipei Chinese traditional orchestra and other Chinese instrumentalists, including zheng virtuoso, Haiqiong Deng.

Lee's work has been reviewed in Gramophone (08/07) and Preußenspiegel, Brandenburger Wochenblatt (BRAWO), Märkische Allgemeine, and Märkische Allgemeine Brandenburger Stadtkurier from Germany (09/06)

Other notes regarding name: this individual uses the unusual name "Chihchun Chi-sun Lee" as a reflection of her Taiwanese identity.  It is actually a realization of her Chinese characters (李志純) in two languages—Mandarin "Chihchun" and Hok-lo Taiwanese "Chi-sun" (Lee being the same in either language.)  She has also been known by other spellings, such as "Chih Chun," "ChihChun," and "Chih-Chun" (also with the name sometimes misspelled as "Chichun").  In Korean, her name is sometimes spelled as 이지순 (I JiSun), 이지선 (I JiSeon), and 리치천 (Ri ChiCheon.)

References

Fleming, John (November 29, 2007). "Taiwanese composer's score debuts at USF". Tampa Bay Times.
Personal Website

External links
 Robert Helps International Music Festival 2009

1970 births
21st-century American composers
21st-century classical composers
American women classical composers
American classical composers
American musicians of Taiwanese descent
American women musicians of Chinese descent
Harvard Fellows
Living people
Musicians from Kaohsiung
Taiwanese classical composers
Taiwanese women composers
Taiwanese emigrants to the United States
University of Michigan alumni
University of Michigan faculty
University of South Florida faculty
Washburn University faculty
Writers from Tampa, Florida
Johnson County Community College people
21st-century American women musicians
21st-century women composers
American women academics

Chihchun Chi-sun Lee


John Tarchaneiotes (; ) was a Byzantine aristocrat and general under Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos (). Although related by blood to the Palaiologos dynasty, he became notable as one of the main leaders of the "Arsenites", the supporters of the deposed Patriarch of Constantinople Arsenios Autoreianos, who challenged the dynasty's legitimacy. A capable soldier, he was released from prison in 1298 to take command against the Turks in Asia Minor. His administrative reforms and integrity shored up the Byzantine position, but aroused the ire of the local magnates, who forced him to abandon the province.

Biography

John Tarchaneiotes hailed from a distinguished family: his father, Nikephoros Tarchaneiotes, had served as  (commander-in-chief of the army) under the Nicaean emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes () and had married Maria-Martha, the sister of Andronikos II's father, Michael VIII Palaiologos (), whom he had supported in his rise to the throne. Following the coronation of Michael VIII, John and his brothers had lived in the imperial palace. Tarchaneiotes distinguished himself early on as a soldier, fighting under his uncle, the  John Palaiologos, in the 1262 campaign against Michael II Komnenos Doukas, the ruler of Epirus.

Nevertheless, Tarchaneiotes soon came to oppose the Palaiologoi, and by 1266 he had emerged one of the leaders of the Arsenites, the supporters of the former Patriarch of Constantinople Arsenios Autoreianos, who had excommunicated Michael VIII for usurping the rights and the blinding of his predecessor, John IV Laskaris (). The Arsenites refused to recognize the Patriarch's subsequent deposition by the Emperor, and were savagely persecuted. They ipso facto refused to recognize the validity of Andronikos' claim to the throne as well, whom they regarded as "the son of the excommunicated usurper" (Nicol), and who had been crowned by an "illegitimate" patriarch, the anti-Arsenite Joseph I Galesiotes. After the failure of Andronikos' attempt at reconciliation with the Arsenites in the synod of Adramyttion in 1284, John Tarchaneiotes became the leader of the radical faction, while the moderates followed a monk, Hyakinthos. Consequently, Tarchaneiotes spent long periods in exile or in prison. He was banished to Chele in 1289, then placed under house arrest in Constantinople. Released , he was arrested again in 1297 and thrown in the palace prison.

Nevertheless, in 1298, Andronikos was in need of his cousin's military talent in Asia Minor, where the Turks of Menteshe were encroaching once more on Byzantine territory after having been beaten back in 1293–1295 by Alexios Philanthropenos. Philanthropenos had ended up rising in revolt, supported by the local populace which still largely cherished the memory of the Laskarids of Nicaea and resented the Palaiologoi; to prevent Tarchaneiotes, an avowed Arsenite, from following the same path as his predecessor, Andronikos first extracted from him a personal oath of loyalty and then appointed him commander in the southern and most endangered sector of the front, along the Maeander River. There Tarchaneiotes achieved swift success, not only in the field, but most importantly in reorganizing the local administration and ending corruption which had allowed the alienation of the  estates, originally intended for the upkeep of the army, from their rightful holders. Tarchaneiotes seems to have engaged in a reassessment and redistribution of these lands, which was so successful that it resulted not only in an increase in the numbers of his army, but also in the equipment of a small squadron of ships.

Despite his success, Tarchaneiotes was resented by the local magnates, who had mostly profited from the previous situation and were most affected from his reforms and his honest administration, as well as by the anti-Arsenite establishment of the Church. In the end, some of the  holders, who were deprived of land through John's reforms, approached the anti-Arsenite bishop of Philadelphia, Theoleptos, and accused Tarchaneiotes of plotting a revolt. Facing the hostility of the local aristocracy, Tarchaneiotes was forced to flee—probably in mid-1300—to Thessalonica, where the emperor resided. Apparently Tarchaneiotes was imprisoned again, for he is last recorded as being released again from prison in 1304. Following his flight, the situation in Asia Minor deteriorated rapidly as his reforms were abandoned and reversed, and the army's pay was diverted into the pockets of the local elites. Consequently, within a short time the Byzantine army disintegrated, especially as the numerous mercenaries deserted it for want of pay, opening the path for the complete collapse of Byzantine authority in Asia Minor over the next decade.

References

Sources

13th-century births
14th-century deaths
13th-century Byzantine people
14th-century Byzantine people
Byzantine generals
Byzantine governors
Byzantine prisoners and detainees
Byzantine–Turkish wars
Late Medieval Anatolia
John

John Tarchaneiotes


Arniston House is a historic house in Midlothian, Scotland, near the village of Temple. This Georgian mansion was designed by William Adam in 1726 for Robert Dundas, of Arniston, the elder, the Lord President of the Court of Session. The western third of the house was added by John Adam, son of William and brother of Robert Adam, in 1753.

History
The Arniston Estate lands were a royal hunting park in the Middle Ages, and were later owned by the Knights Templar, who gave the nearby village of Temple its name. The estate came into the Dundas family in 1571, when it was bought by George Dundas of Dundas Castle. He left the estate to a younger son, James, who built a house and a walled garden here around 1620. The estate was expanded, and improvements were made by James' grandson Robert Dundas (died 1726) in the late 17th century. His son Robert, later the Lord President, continued the improvements, and built the present house.

Robert Dundas (1685–1753) was a lawyer and politician. He served as Solicitor General for Scotland from 1717 to 1720 and as Lord Advocate from 1720 to 1725. He was also a Member of Parliament from 1722 to 1737. In 1726, he commissioned the architect William Adam to design a new house at Arniston. Adam was then working on Sir John Clerk's nearby house at Mavisbank, but Arniston was to be a somewhat larger house. It was built over the foundations of the original 17th-century house, but Dundas ran out of money during the building works, which were only completed after 1753. By this time, William Adam was dead, and the design for the western part of the house was provided by his eldest son John Adam (1721–1792), for Robert Dundas' son Robert Dundas, of Arniston, the younger (1713–1787).

In 1872, a new entrance hall was added to the north front by the architects Wardrop and Brown. The house is still occupied by members of the Dundas family who, in the summer months, open the house to the public and lead guided tours.

Architecture
The house is of three storeys over a basement. The entrance front of the house faces north, and comprises nine bays. The central bays have a colossal order of Ionic columns, topped by a pediment, while the outer two bays at each end stand slightly forward. Pavilions, connected by diagonal corridors, flank a forecourt to the north, into which the 19th-century entrance hall projects. The south, garden front, is plainer, having a pediment but no columns. The Royal coat of arms of Scotland in the pediment may have come from Parliament House in Edinburgh, which was refaced at the beginning of the 19th century, around the same time that the porch and stair were added.  Overall, the design of the house shows the influence of James Gibbs, and particularly his Down Hall, Essex.

The most significant interiors are William Adam's two-storey, galleried saloon, with decorative plasterwork by Joseph Enzer, and the Rococo dining room and drawing room, by the Adam brothers. There are family portraits by Sir Henry Raeburn and Allan Ramsay.

Park
William Adam designed a semi-formal park around the house, building on the late-17th century formal landscape. This was gradually changed during the 18th century to a more informal layout. The landscape gardener Thomas White (1736–1811) planned a new park in 1791, in the informal style of Capability Brown, and planting continued into the 19th century. A 19th-century formal garden occupies the site of the 18th-century wilderness.

References

 G.W.T Omond, The Arniston Memoirs: Three centuries of a Scottish house, 1571-1838, Edited from the family papers, Edinburgh: D. Douglas, 1887.
Country Life magazine, issue 19 June 2003
Gow, Ian (1977) Scottish Houses and Gardens from the Archives of Country Life. Aurum Press, London.
McWilliam, Colin (1978) Lothian, except Edinburgh. The Buildings of Scotland. Penguin Books.

External links

 Website of Arniston House

Country houses in Midlothian
William Adam buildings
Category A listed buildings in Midlothian
Listed houses in Scotland
Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes
Gardens in Midlothian
Historic house museums in Midlothian
Houses completed in 1726
1726 establishments in Great Britain

Arniston House


White Christmas is a 1954 American musical movie starring Bing Crosby, Danny Kaye, Rosemary Clooney, and Vera-Ellen. It was directed by Michael Curtiz. It was filmed in VistaVision and Technicolor. It has songs by Irving Berlin, including the title song, "White Christmas". This was a new version of the song sung by Crosby in the 1942 film Holiday Inn.

The movie was produced and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It is notable for being the first to be released in VistaVision. This is a widescreen process developed by Paramount. It used twice the surface area of the then standard 35mm film. This large-area negative was used to yield finer-grained standard-sized 35mm prints.

The word film is sometimes used instead of movie. They are the same thing.

Plot
The movie starts on Christmas Eve, 1944, somewhere in Europe. It is World War II. Crosby and Kaye play two U.S. Army soldiers. Crosby plays Captain Bob Wallace and Kaye plays Private First Class Phil Davis. Bob is a Broadway entertainer, Phil wants to be a professional entertainer. They perform "White Christmas". Their commanding officer, Major General Thomas F. Waverly is being relieved of his command. He arrives for the end of the show and says goodbye.

After the performance everyone is forced to take cover from an aerial bombing. A bomb knocks over a Wwall. Bob is too busy shouting orders to notice. Phil pushes him out of the way and injurs his arm. Bob later visits Phil at a field hospital and thanks him for saving his life. Phil shows Bob a duet he wrote and asks to perform with him back in New York City. Feeling obligated by Phil's heroism, Bob agrees.

After the war, Bob and Phil make it big in nightclubs, radio, and then on Broadway, eventually becoming successful producers. They mount their newest hit musical titled Playing Around. The same day they receive a letter from "Freckle-Faced Haynes, the dog-faced boy," their mess sergeant from the war, asking them to look at an act that his two sisters are doing.

They go to the club to watch the "Sisters" act. Phil notices that Bob likes Betty, played by Rosemary Clooney. Phil likes her sister Judy, played by Vera-Ellen. Betty and Judy join Bob and Phil at their table. Phil dances with Judy. Phil and Judy hit it off. Bob and Betty do not get on. They have a minor argument about how Bob thinks that everyone has an angle in show business.

Judy and Betty are headed for the Columbia Inn in Pine Tree, Vermont, where they are booked to perform over the holidays. Due to a disagreement with their landlord the girls have to leave. Phil gives the sisters his and Bob's sleeping-room on the train. They delay the sheriff by imitating the girls' and sing their song, "Sisters". Bob and Phil board later and Bob is extremely upset that they have to stay up all night in the club car on their way to NYC. They are joined by Betty and Judy, who thank them profusely for the tickets and convince them to come with them to Pine Tree.

When the train arrives in Pine Tree, there isn't any snow. Bob and Phil discover that the inn is run by their former commanding officer, General Waverly. Waverly has invested all of his savings into the lodge. It is failing because there's no snow and no guests. To bring business to the inn, Bob and Phil bring the entire cast and crew of their musical Playing Around. They add in Betty and Judy to the rehearsals. Bob and Betty's relationship blooms and they spend a good deal of time together.

Bob discovers the General's request to rejoin the army has been rejected. Bob calls Ed Harrison an old army buddy. Ed is now a successful variety show host. They arrange a televised invitation to all the men formerly under the command of the General to come to the inn on Christmas Eve as a surprise. Harrison suggests they put the show on national television to generate free advertising for Wallace and Davis. Bob insists that it must have nothing to do with their business.

Nosy housekeeper Emma Allen has been listening, but she has only heard the part about free advertising, not Bob's rejection of the idea. She thinks that her boss will be seen as a pitiable figure on TV and tells Betty. Betty is shocked. The misunderstanding causes Betty to ignore a baffled Bob. While this is happening, Judy becomes convinced that Betty will never take on a serious relationship until Judy is engaged or married. She pressures a reluctant Phil to announce a phony engagement, but the plan backfires when Betty abruptly departs for New York City to take a job offer.

After rehearsals are complete, Phil and Judy reveal to Bob that the engagement was phony. Bob still doesn't know the real reason Betty left. He goes to New York for The Ed Harrison Show. He tries to convince Betty to come back. Bob sees Betty's new act and tells her the truth about the engagement. He is called away by Ed Harrison before he finds out what is really bothering her.

Back at the Inn, Phil fakes an injury to distract the General so he won't see the broadcast of Bob's announcement. In the broadcast, Bob invites veterans of the 151st Division to come to Pine Tree, Vermont, on Christmas Eve. Betty sees it on TV and realizes she was wrong. She returns to Pine Tree in time for the Christmas Eve show, but only tells Judy. The whole division comes into Pine Tree secretly. When the General enters the lodge, he is greeted by his former division, who sing a rousing chorus of "The Old Man". Just as the following song ends, the snow starts to fall.

In the finale, Bob and Betty declare their love for one another. So do Phil and Judy. The background of the set is removed to show the snow falling. Bob, Betty, Phil and Judy perform "White Christmas". Everyone raises a glass, and toasts, "May your days be merry and bright; and may all your Christmases be white."

Cast

 Bing Crosby as Bob Wallace
 Danny Kaye as Phil Davis
 Rosemary Clooney as Betty Haynes
 Vera-Ellen as Judy Haynes
 Dean Jagger as Major General Tom Waverly
 Mary Wickes as Emma Allen
 Johnny Grant as Ed Harrison
 John Brascia as John/Johnny, Judy Haynes' dance partner
 Anne Whitfield as Susan Waverly
 Percy Helton as Train conductor
 I. Stanford Jolley as Railroad stationmaster
 Barrie Chase as Doris Lenz
 George Chakiris as Betty Haynes' background dancer
 Sig Ruman as Landlord
 Grady Sutton as General's guest
 Herb Vigran as Novello
 Leighton Noble as bandleader (uncredited)

Songs
 "White Christmas" (Crosby)
 "The Old Man" (Crosby, Kaye, and Men's Chorus)
 Medley: "Heat Wave"/"Let Me Sing and I'm Happy"/"Blue Skies" (Crosby & Kaye)
 "Sisters" (Clooney & Vera-Ellen)
 "The Best Things Happen While You're Dancing" (Kaye with Vera-Ellen)
 "Sisters (reprise)" (lip synced by Crosby and Kaye)
 "Snow" (Crosby, Kaye, Clooney & Vera-Ellen)
 Minstrel Number: "I'd Rather See a Minstrel Show"/"Mister Bones"/"Mandy" (Crosby, Kaye, Clooney & Chorus)
 "Count Your Blessings (Instead of Sheep)" (Crosby & Clooney)
 "Choreography" (Kaye)
 "The Best Things Happen While You're Dancing (reprise)" (Kaye & Chorus)
 "Abraham" (instrumental)
 "Love, You Didn't Do Right By Me" (Clooney)
 "What Can You Do with a General?" (Crosby)
 "The Old Man (reprise)" (Crosby & Men's Chorus)
 "Gee, I Wish I Was Back in the Army" (Crosby, Kaye, Clooney & Stevens)
 "White Christmas (finale)" (Crosby, Kaye, Clooney, Stevens & Chorus)

All songs were written by Irving Berlin. The centerpiece of the film is the title song. This was first used in Holiday Inn where it won an Oscar for Best Original Song in 1942.

"Count Your Blessings" earned an Oscar nomination for Best Original Song.

The song "Snow" was originally written for Call Me Madam with the title "Free". The melody was kept but the lyrics were changed to be more appropriate for a Christmas movie.

The song "What Can You Do with a General?" was originally written for an un-produced project called Stars on My Shoulders.

It was not possible to issue an "original soundtrack album" of the film, because Decca Records controlled the soundtrack rights, but Clooney was under exclusive contract with Columbia Records. Consequently, each company issued a separate "soundtrack recording": Decca issuing Selections from Irving Berlin's White Christmas, while Columbia issued Irving Berlin's White Christmas. On the former, the song "Sisters" and all of Clooney's vocal parts were recorded by Peggy Lee. On the latter, the song was sung by Rosemary Clooney and her own sister, Betty.

Crosby and Kaye recorded another Berlin song ("Santa Claus") for the opening WWII Christmas Eve show scene, but it was not used in the final film. Their recording of the song survives and can be found on the Bear Family Records 7-CD set called Come On-A My House.

Casting

White Christmas was intended to reunite Crosby and Fred Astaire for their third Irving Berlin showcase musical. Crosby and Astaire had previously co-starred in Holiday Inn (1942) – where the song "White Christmas" first appeared – and Blue Skies (1946). Astaire declined the project after reading the script and asked to be released from his contract with Paramount. Crosby also left the project shortly thereafter, to spend more time with his sons after the death of his wife, Dixie Lee. Near the end of January 1953, Crosby returned to the project, and Donald O'Connor was signed to replace Astaire. Just before shooting was to begin, O'Connor had to drop out due to illness and was replaced by Danny Kaye, who asked for and received a salary of $200,000 and 10% of the gross. Financially, the film was a partnership between Crosby and Irving Berlin, who shared half the profits, and Paramount, which got the other half.

A scene from the film featuring Crosby and Kaye was broadcast the year after the film's release, on Christmas Day 1955, in the final episode of the NBC TV show Colgate Comedy Hour (1950–1955).

Production
Berlin suggested a movie based on his song in 1948. Paramount put up the $2 million budget and only took 30% of the proceeds.

Principal photography took place between September and December 1953. The film was the first to be shot using Paramount's new VistaVision process, with color by Technicolor. It was one of the first to feature the Perspecta directional sound system at limited engagements.

Release and reception
Bosley Crowther of The New York Times was not impressed: "...the use of VistaVision, which is another process of projecting on a wide, flat screen, has made it possible to endow White Christmas with a fine pictorial quality. The colors on the big screen are rich and luminous, the images are clear and sharp, and rapid movements are got without blurring—or very little—such as sometimes is seen on other large screens. Director Michael Curtiz has made his picture look good. It is too bad that it doesn't hit the eardrums and the funnybone with equal force."

Variety liked it: "White Christmas should be a natural at the box office, introducing as it does Paramount's new VistaVision system with such a hot combination as Bing Crosby, Danny Kaye and an Irving Berlin score...Crosby and Kaye, along with VV, keep the entertainment going in this fancifully staged Robert Emmett Dolan production, clicking so well the teaming should call for a repeat...Certainly he (Crosby) has never had a more facile partner than Kaye against whom to bounce his misleading nonchalance."

White Christmas was enormously popular with audiences, earning $12 million in theatrical rentals – equal to $ today – making it the top moneymaker of 1954 by a wide margin and the highest-grossing musical film of all-time. Overall, the film grossed $30 million at the domestic box office.

There was a US theatrical re-release by Paramount in 1961.

Home video
White Christmas was released in the US on VHS in 1986 and again in 1997. The first US DVD release was in 2000. It was re-released in 2009, with a Blu-ray in 2010. There was a US issue 4-disc "Diamond Anniversary Edition" in 2014. This collection contains a Blu-ray with extras, two DVDs with the film and extras, and a fourth disc of Christmas songs on CD. These songs are performed individually by Crosby, Clooney, and Kaye.

Stage adaptation

A stage adaptation of the musical, titled Irving Berlin's White Christmas premiered in San Francisco in 2004 and has played in various venues in the US, such as Boston, Buffalo, Los Angeles, Detroit and Louisville.
The musical played a limited engagement on Broadway at the Marquis Theatre, from November 14, 2008 until January 4, 2009. The musical also toured the United Kingdom in 2006 - 2008. It headed to the Sunderland Empire in Sunderland from November 2010 to January 2011 after a successful earlier run in Manchester and has continued in various cities with a London West End run at the end of 2014.

References

Other websites

 "White Christmas heads to Marquis" Variety August 4, 2008
 Official site White Christmas the Musical
 Internet Broadway Database listing

1954 comedy movies
1950s American musical movies
American musical comedy movies
Movies set in the 1940s
Movies directed by Michael Curtiz

White Christmas (movie)


Bronwyn Kathleen Bishop  (née Setright; born 19 October 1942) is an Australian former politician. She was a member of federal parliament for almost 30 years, the longest period of service by a woman. A member of the Liberal Party, she was a minister in the Howard government from 1996 to 2001 and Speaker of the House of Representatives from 2013 to 2015.

Bishop was born in Sydney and worked as a lawyer before entering politics. She served as state president of the New South Wales Liberals from 1985 to 1987, and then won election to the Senate at the 1987 federal election. She became the state's second female senator and the first to be popularly elected. In 1994 Bishop switched to the House of Representatives, winning a by-election for the Division of Mackellar. She was a shadow minister under John Hewson, Alexander Downer, and John Howard.

In 1996 Bishop was appointed Minister for Defence Industry, Science and Personnel in the newly elected Howard government. She was made Minister for Aged Care in 1998, but lost her place in the ministry after the 2001 election. Bishop returned to the shadow ministry after the Liberal–National Coalition lost the 2007 election. In 2013, following the election of the Abbott government, she was elected Speaker of the House, becoming the first non-Labor woman to hold the post. She resigned in mid-2015 after being caught in the centre of a travel-expenses scandal, and was defeated for Liberal preselection at the 2016 election, ending her parliamentary career.  she is a political commentator at Sky News Live.

Early years and education
Bronwyn Kathleen Setright was born on 19 October 1942 in North Sydney. Her father, Thomas Francis Setright (1909–1999), was an engineer, and her mother was Kathleen Annie Congreve (1912–1986), an opera singer who worked as a dramatic soprano at the Australian Opera Company.  As a child, Bishop was sent to singing lessons by her mother.

Bishop was educated at Roseville Public School, completing her primary education in 1954. She then attended secondary school at Cremorne Girls High School, graduating in 1959. In 1960, Bishop enrolled in a five-year Bachelor of Laws program at the Sydney Law School, University of Sydney. However, she was deemed ineligible to continue her studies at the university after failing a number of subjects multiple times. Bishop failed a total of 11 subjects over six years. In her first year in 1960, she failed all four core subjects. In 1964, she failed four subjects again and repeated them in 1965, in which she failed three again. The policy of the University of Sydney at the time was that a student was required to show cause why they should be allowed to repeat a subject for a third time, and Bishop was deemed ineligible to continue.

During her university years, Bishop was not involved in student politics but was a member of the Killara branch of the Young Liberals. After leaving university, Bishop used the university subjects she had passed to apply for the Solicitors' Admission Board (now the Legal Profession Admission Board) and was admitted to practise law as a solicitor in New South Wales in 1967. Bishop first worked as an articled clerk and then as a solicitor from 1967. She played an acting role as a barrister in the 1960s Australian television program Divorce Court.

Politics

Having formed an ambition to become a politician, she joined the Liberal Party at the age of 17.

Heavily involved in organised politics, Bishop joined Killara Young Liberals in 1961 and during her association with that branch, she became vice-president. She first became a Liberal Party office-holder in 1973 as president of the Balmoral branch and was later elected as the chairman of the Liberal Party Convention Committee from 1981 to 1985 and as the first female president of the NSW Liberals from 1985 to 1987.

She is formerly a member of the National Right faction of the Liberal Party.

Senator (1987–1994)
At the 1987 federal election, Bishop was elected to the Senate in the fifth position on the Coalition's ticket in New South Wales. She was effectively a one-to-one replacement for Sir John Carrick, who was retiring from politics. She was the second woman to serve as a senator for New South Wales, and the first to be popularly elected; Sue West had been appointed to a casual vacancy a few months earlier, but had failed to retain her seat. Bishop was elevated to the shadow ministry by Andrew Peacock in 1989, as Shadow Minister for Public Administration, Federal Affairs and Local Government (1989–1990). She proved an aggressive debater against the Australian Labor Party, particularly with Foreign Minister Gareth Evans, who during one debate in 1992 exclaimed to the chamber "I am reminded of the exchange I heard recently in Parliament House when someone said, 'Why do so many people take an instant dislike to Senator Bishop?' to which the answer was, 'It saves time'."

Move to the House of Representatives
After the Coalition lost the 1993 election, speculation began to mount over John Hewson's future as leader of the Liberal Party. From that time through to early 1994, a series of opinion polls showed Bishop to be among the most popular politicians in the country. She consistently polled ahead of Hewson as preferred Liberal leader, and a February 1994 poll gave her a 13-point lead as preferred prime minister over Paul Keating.

Shortly after the 1993 election, Jim Carlton, the Liberal member for Mackellar, resigned.  In a move widely seen as furthering her leadership ambitions, Bishop resigned from the Senate on 24 February 1994 to contest the ensuing by-election for the safe Liberal seat. Although she was comfortably elected, her planned challenge to Hewson's leadership  faced a setback when she did not poll as well as expected against author and filmmaker Bob Ellis, who ran as an independent in the by-election. When Hewson called a spill for the Liberal leadership in 1994, Bishop opted not to stand as a candidate, and Alexander Downer successfully challenged for the party leadership.

Prior to his ousting by Downer, Hewson brought Bishop back to the frontbench as she had declined a frontbench position from him the previous year. Hewson appointed her as Shadow Minister for Urban and Regional Strategy.

The 1993 frontbench offer that Bishop had declined was as Shadow Minister for Privatisation and Administrative Affairs, a position in the Shadow Outer Ministry.

She declined this position as she felt it was an insult to a woman of her talent and dedication. A talent and dedication she felt would only be reflected by being a member of the Shadow Cabinet which she had demanded but was not acceded to by Hewson.
On refusing Privatisation and Administrative Affairs she says that she was not willing to put up with a junior portfolio of "limited interest."

This portfolio now renamed Privatisation and Administrative Services went instead to David Connolly.

When Downer became leader, Bishop became Shadow Health Minister, a senior position, but caused controversy on her first day in office by announcing her support for tobacco advertising, drawing criticism from both the Australian Medical Association and her own party, which supported the Keating government's legislation to prohibit tobacco advertising in 1992. Her remarks were attacked by the then AMA president and soon-to-be Liberal MP for the neighbouring seat of Bradfield, Brendan Nelson, who said that: "Mrs Bishop has a lot to learn about health...there are now more than 50,000 pieces of medical research and literature supporting the view that smoking is injurious to humans." Bishop was dropped from Health and moved to Privatisation and Commonwealth/State Relations (1995–1996).

Howard government (1996–2007)
When the Liberals returned to Government in 1996, Prime Minister John Howard appointed Bishop a minister in junior portfolios.  She was the first Liberal woman from New South Wales to become a minister. She was Minister for Defence Industry, Science and Personnel from 11 March 1996 to 21 October 1998 and Minister for Aged Care from 21 October 1998 to 26 November 2001. It was in this role that she endured her greatest scandal, the kerosene baths controversy of 2000. The revelation that some residents at Melbourne's Riverside Private Nursing Home had suffered blistering after being bathed in a weak kerosene solution as a cure for scabies led to a national outcry over the standards of care maintained by Bishop's department. She was dropped from the ministry after the 2001 election. On 1 January 2001, Bishop was presented with the Centenary Medal "For service to Australian society through parliament and government".<ref>Centenary Medal, 1 January 2001, itsanhonour.gov.au Citation:"For service to Australian society through parliament and government"'</ref> In 2004, she campaigned to succeed Neil Andrew as Speaker of the House, but was not successful.

An affirmed monarchist, Bishop, along with fellow ministers Nick Minchin and Tony Abbott, supported the "No" campaign leading up to the failed 1999 Republican referendum and on one occasion spoke to Australians for Constitutional Monarchy, warning of the "Seven deadly myths of the republican debate". On 17 July 1991, in response to the infamous debate on the Nine Network's Midday television show with host Ray Martin, debating on Australia remaining a constitutional monarchy, in a live televised debate with singer Normie Rowe and radio broadcaster Ron Casey, who ended up physically brawling, Bishop issued a media release which said: "It may well have been High Noon on the Midday Show when Ron Casey took a swipe at Normie Rowe but this conduct indicates just how divisive the debate on the Monarchy has become. Not content to see the country on its knees as a result of the recession the Labor Party must be pleased that it is dividing the community on an issue which has absolutely no political relevance."

In August 2005, Bishop called for Muslim headscarves to be banned from public schools, an opinion also expressed by another prominent Liberal backbencher, Sophie Mirabella. However, the Prime Minister, John Howard, said that he did not agree with this view as a ban would be impractical. In November 2005, Bishop expressed the view that "she is opposed to the wearing of the Muslim headscarf, where it does not form part of the school uniform. This is because that in most cases the headscarf is being worn as a sign of defiance and difference between non-Muslim and Muslim students" and then went on to say that she "does not believe that a ban on the Jewish skull cap is necessary, because people of the Jewish faith have not used the skull cap as a way of campaigning against the Australian culture, laws and way of life."

On 21 January 2006, at a Young Liberals convention in Sydney, Bishop declared her intention to introduce a private members bill to make "destroying or violating" the Australian flag a federal offence. Shortly before the Howard government lost office, Bishop headed the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Family and Human Services, and released the report "The winnable war on drugs: The impact of illicit drug use on families". The report was highly critical of harm minimisation and suggested mandatory adoption of children under 5 years of age whose parents were known to use drugs. The report was widely criticised by a range of organisations such as Family Drug Support, the Australian Democrats and the Australian Drug Foundation for lacking evidence, being ideologically driven, and having the potential to do massive harm to Australia.

In 2006, following a flag-burning incident during the 2005 Cronulla riots and a burnt flag display by a Melbourne artist, Bishop introduced the Protection of the Australian National Flag (Desecration of the Flag) Bill 2006. This bill sought to make it "a criminal offence to wilfully destroy or otherwise mutilate the Flag in circumstances where a reasonable person would infer that the destruction or mutilation is intended publicly to express contempt or disrespect for the Flag or the Australian Nation." The bill received a second reading but subsequently lapsed and did not go to vote in the House of Representatives.

Opposition (2007–2013)
In the 2007 federal election, Bishop was re-elected to her seat with a 0.62-point primary swing and 3.04-point two-party-preferred swing against her on slightly redistributed boundaries. After his appointment as Liberal Leader, Brendan Nelson appointed Bishop to the Shadow Ministry portfolio of Veterans' Affairs.

Nelson bringing back Bishop to the frontbench was in contrast to their past conflict in 1994 when Bishop as Shadow Health Minister defended tobacco advertising which was contrary to the position taken by Nelson, then President of the Australian Medical Association (AMA).

However, after the election of Malcolm Turnbull as leader of the Liberal Party, she was dropped from this portfolio, to return to the backbench. Despite speculation that she would be challenged for preselection in her seat of Mackellar for the next election, this did not eventuate and she later reaffirmed her intention to contest the next election. On 5 May 2009, Bishop criticised Turnbull's leadership, saying "Malcolm seems to have been strong at the beginning but now he has gone soft." However, with Turnbull's loss of the party leadership and the election of Tony Abbott as his successor, on 8 December 2009 Bishop was appointed as Shadow Minister for Seniors. Bishop was re-elected at the 2010 Election and was appointed to the outer shadow ministry as Shadow Special Minister of State and Shadow Minister for Seniors. In April 2011, Bishop stated that she believed former Prime Minister John Howard's decision to include an emissions trading scheme (ETS) in the 2007 Coalition policy platform was a mistake. She went on to question humans' contribution to the warming of the planet, suggesting that "climate changes continually, and if we have got to do something about it we have got to learn to adapt".

Speaker of the House (2013–2015)

Following the Coalition victory at the federal election on 7 September 2013, Tony Abbott announced Bishop as the Coalition's nominee as next Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives. Bishop was elected as Speaker on 12 November 2013.  She was the third woman, and the first non-Labor woman, to hold the post. She was also the first former senator to become Speaker of the lower house. She opted against wearing the full traditional attire of the Speaker like her predecessor Peter Slipper, instead continuing to wear ordinary business attire.

In October 2014, Bishop became the longest-serving woman in the history of the Australian Parliament, outstripping the record of 27 years and 3 months previously held by Kathy Sullivan. In November 2014 Bishop lost her bid for presidency of the Inter-Parliamentary Union.

Bishop received significant criticism for her partisanship and claims of bias as speaker. The speaker's role is nominally nonpartisan.  During her tenure in the chair, Bishop ejected Labor MPs from the House 393 times, but Coalition MPs only seven times.

Expenses controversy and resignation
In mid-July 2015, Bishop became embroiled in the "Choppergate" expenses scandal surrounding her use of parliamentary travel entitlements that ultimately led to her resignation as Speaker. It had emerged that she had chartered helicopter flights from Melbourne to Geelong and back to attend a state Liberal Party fundraiser on 5 November 2014. The cost of the flights was $5,227.27 for a journey that typically takes an hour each way by road. Bishop refused to resign over the expenses claim, describing it as an "error of judgement", while expressing disappointment that the controversy had become a distraction from the opposition and its policies. However, she agreed to pay back the sum of the helicopter flight plus a penalty of $1,307.

The controversy was fuelled by further revelations of spending on travel. In 2014, Bishop and four parliamentary delegates spent $88,084 on a two-week trip to Europe in her bid for presidency of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, including almost $1,000 a day on private limousines. Bishop also incurred costs of over $3,300 for car expenses in order to attend the opera and other arts events from 2010 to 2013 and $800 for flights to the wedding of Sophie Mirabella in Albury.

In response to the controversy, Tony Abbott declared Bishop was on what he termed "probation", calling her behaviour "out of line", though maintaining his confidence in the Speaker. A transcript of Tony Abbott's comments calling for Prime Minister Julia Gillard to make Peter Slipper resign over a travel expenses scandal was also removed from the Liberal Party's website. On 31 July, Tony Abbott announced that the Department of Finance would be reviewing all expenses claimed by Bishop over the past 10 years, including the $800,000 claimed during 2014.

Bowing to political pressure, Bishop resigned the speakership on 2 August 2015 and moved to the backbench. Commentators noted that Prime Minister Abbott would have had to deal with the probability that "a significant number of government MPs would not support her in a no-confidence motion."

Though it was initially speculated that the 73-year-old MP would leave parliament at the 2016 federal election, Bishop announced in December 2015 her intent to recontest her seat of Mackellar, claiming she had been "exonerated" over the "Choppergate" expenses scandal, and that the "threat of terrorism" had convinced her she needs to remain in Parliament. Support from the local Liberal branches in her seat had been "dented" following revelations she voted for Malcolm Turnbull in the September 2015 Liberal leadership spill before unsuccessfully lobbying senior Liberals for a ministry in the Turnbull government, a charge which a cabinet minister confirmed but was denied by Bishop. In challenges for preselection, candidate Walter Villatora was endorsed by Mike Baird and Tony Abbott to replace Bishop, and former Wallaby player Bill Calcraft was endorsed by Alan Jones. Bishop was eventually defeated by Jason Falinski by 51 votes to 39. Falinski retained Mackellar for the Liberals at the 2016 election.

Bishop repaid over $6,700 after an investigation into her finances, but did not give the Department of Finance enough information about her engagements for them to determine whether they were a legitimate use of taxpayer funds or not. She said that she would no longer be cooperating with the review after her retirement from the parliament.  Bishop had provided statements for the financial years 2005–06, 2006–07 and 2013–14.

After politics
Bishop joined Sky News Live as a political contributor in June 2016, making her debut on Speers Tonight on 2 June 2016.

In November 2016, Bishop attended a party at The Rugby Club in Sydney to celebrate the victory of Donald Trump in the 2016 United States presidential election.

On 26 November 2018, her official Speaker's painting was hung in Parliament House. It was painted by Jiawei Shen and was attended by Prime Minister Scott Morrison, Speaker of the House Tony Smith, her family and other members of the Liberal Party of Australia including the Liberal Chief Whip, Nola Marino.

Bishop was made an Officer of the Order of Australia in the 2020 Queen's Birthday Honours, for distinguished service to the Parliament of Australia, to the people of New South Wales, and to women in politics.

Personal life
Bishop is an amateur actress, having appeared in several charity productions including The Sound of Music (as Baroness Elsa), and Grease (as the Headmistress). In 2007, she sang a duet of Irving Berlin's A Couple of Swells'' with then Health Minister, Tony Abbott, and Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party, Julie Bishop, at a fund-raiser in Sydney. Bishop is also a patron of Opera Australia and was 2008 President of the Sydney International Piano Competition Committee.

In 1966, she married Alan David Bishop (20 April 1940 – 22 January 2010), with whom she studied law at the University of Sydney. Alan Bishop was a judge of the now defunct Compensation Court and the District Court of New South Wales and was instrumental in the establishment of the WorkCover Authority of New South Wales. He is honoured by the Bishops' alma mater with the Alan Bishop Scholarship for distinguished final-year undergraduate law students. Alan Bishop also served as an alderman of the City of Sydney and was involved in multiple committees and companies, including the public medical research company AGITG.

Bronwyn and Alan Bishop have two daughters; Angela, an entertainment reporter for Network Ten, and Sally. Bronwyn and Alan Bishop divorced in 1992.

See also
 Women in the Australian Senate
 Women in the Australian House of Representatives

References

External links

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1942 births
20th-century Australian politicians
20th-century Australian women politicians
21st-century Australian politicians
21st-century Australian women politicians
Australian monarchists
Australian solicitors
Government ministers of Australia
Lawyers from Sydney
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Living people
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Mackellar
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the Australian Senate for New South Wales
Officers of the Order of Australia
Politicians from Sydney
Speakers of the Australian House of Representatives
Sydney Law School alumni
Women members of the Australian House of Representatives
Women members of the Australian Senate
Women government ministers of Australia
Women legislative speakers

Bronwyn Bishop


The Gilson Mountains are an  long almost circular, small mountain range adjacent the north terminus of the Canyon Mountains, (due-north trendline), located in far eastern Juab County, Utah, United States.

Description

The Gilson Mountains are an ovoid, or elliptical shaped range, about  long, trending south-southwest by north-northeast. It contains a central massif with Champlin Peak; two ridgelines trend from the center to the southwest. From Champlin Peak in the range center, Broad Canyon lies between the two ridges. To the northwest another major canyon abuts the center ridgeline, Long Canyon.

Another ridgeline is formed off the center peak going northeast. Unimproved Gilson Road accesses the canyon on its north, and traverses to an area just northeast of Champlin Peak.

The highpoint of the range is Champlin Peak, at .

The mountain range is separated from the Canyon Mountains by the Sevier River and its narrow rivercourse and canyonlands, where the river flows northeast, then southwest, then due-west past the southwest flank of the Gilson Mountains, to enter the extreme northeast of the Sevier Desert. It is at this exit point between the two ranges that the Sevier River enters the desert, of the Great Basin, after traversing mountains, valleys, plateaus, and extensive mountain ranges.

Abutting the northwest flank of the range is the Little Sahara Recreation Area, an area of desert and dunefields. The Little Sahara site is slightly larger in area than the Gilson Mountains.

Access

U.S. Route 6 (US-6) traverses the northeast perimeter of the Sevier Desert, at the west and northwest flanks of the Gilson Mountains. At Jericho Junction, Utah north of the range, an improved route goes west, then southwest into desert flatlands, hills, and dunefields of the Little Sahara Recreation Area to the Sand Mountain recreation site. Numerous unimproved roads from US-6 access the west and north of the mountain range.

Utah State Route 132 (SR-132) from Lynndyl and Leamington to the west, traverses the south and southeast flanks of the range following the Sevier River rivercourse, and canyonland. Near the southeast flank center at Soma, the Sevier turns due southeast, following the northeast flank of the Canyon Mountains. At the Gilson southeast flank, SR-132 continues northeastwards through a hill and mountain region, south of the East Tintic Mountains, and continues on to Nephi, about  distant.

References

External links
 Champlin Peak, mountainzone (coordinates)
 Champlin Peak section, Gilson Mountains (south), topoquest
 Gilson Mountains section (north), topoquest

Mountain ranges of the Great Basin
Mountain ranges of Juab County, Utah
Mountain ranges of Utah

Gilson Mountains


Robert Grossman may refer to:

Robert Grossman (artist) (1940-2018), American painter, sculptor, filmmaker, comics artist, illustrator and author
Robert I. Grossman (fl. 1975-present), American physician and researcher
Robert L. Grossman (fl. 1984-present), American computer scientist and bioinformatician
Robbie Grossman (born 1989), American baseball player

Robert Grossman


The point of no return (PNR or PONR) is the point beyond which one must continue on one's current course of action because turning back is no longer possible, being too dangerous, physically difficult, or prohibitively expensive to be undertaken. The point of no return can be a calculated point during a continuous action (such as in aviation). A particular irreversible action (such as setting off an explosion or signing a contract) can be a point of no return.

Origins and spread of the expression
The phrase "point of no return" originated as a technical term in air navigation to refer to the time and/or location during a flight at which the aircraft no longer has enough fuel to return to its originating airfield.  Important decisions may need to be made prior to the point of no return, since it will be unsafe to turn around and fly back if the pilot changes their mind after that point. Otherwise, it may correspond to the aircraft's maximal safe range in a situation where the only possible landing site is the takeoff site, for example in the case of an aircraft attached to an aircraft carrier that is underway and distant from any airfield. In those conditions, an aircraft must always have enough fuel for a return flight, so the "point of no return" may represent the point before which the pilot must return or else risk catastrophe.

It can also mean the instance in which an aircraft taxis down a runway, gaining a certain speed, and must become airborne in lieu of a crash or explosion on the runway (V1 speed)—for example, Charles Lindbergh's takeoff in The Spirit of St. Louis in 1927 in which there was uncertainty about the plane's ability to take off from a 5,000-foot mud-soaked runway while fully loaded with aviation fuel.

The first major metaphorical use of the term in popular culture was in the 1947 novel Point of No Return by John P. Marquand. It inspired a 1951 Broadway play of the same name by Paul Osborn. The novel and play concern a pivotal period in the life of a New York City banker. In the course of the story, the character faces two "point of no return" realities: first, that his quest for a big promotion will mean either triumph or a dead end to his career, and second, that he can never go back to the small-town life he abandoned as a young man.

Related expressions
There are a number of phrases with similar or related meaning:

The point of safe return (F) is the last point on a route at which it is possible to safely return to the departure airfield with the required fuel reserves still available in the tanks. Continuing past the PSR, the aircraft must either land at its intended destination or divert and land at another nearby airfield should an emergency arise.

"Beyond a certain point there is no return. This point has to be reached." ("") This statement appears in  ("Reflections on Sin, Suffering, Hope and the True Way") by Franz Kafka.
"Crossing the Rubicon" is a metaphor for deliberately proceeding past a point of no return. The phrase originates with Julius Caesar's seizure of power in the Roman Republic in 49 BC. Roman generals were strictly forbidden from bringing their troops into the home territory of the Republic in Italy. On 10 January, Caesar led his army across the Rubicon River, crossing from the province of Cisalpine Gaul into Italy. After this, if he did not triumph, he would be executed. Therefore, the term "the Rubicon" is used as a synonym to the "point of no return".
"" ("The die is cast"), which is reportedly what Caesar said at the crossing of the Rubicon. This metaphor comes from gambling with dice: once the die or dice have been thrown, all bets are irrevocable, even before the dice have come to rest.

The following expressions also express the idea of a point of no return.

Burn one's bridges. This expression is derived from the idea of burning down a bridge after crossing it during a military campaign, leaving no choice but to continue the march. Figuratively, it means to commit oneself to a particular course of action by making an alternative course impossible. It is most often used in reference to deliberately alienating persons or institutions whose cooperation is required for some action. For instance, "On my last day at my old job, I told my boss what I really think about the company. I guess I burned my bridges."

Burn one's boats. This is a variation of "burning one's bridges", and alludes to certain famous incidents where a commander, having landed in a hostile country, ordered his men to destroy their ships, so that they would have to conquer the country or be killed.
One such incident was in 711 AD, when Muslim forces invaded the Iberian Peninsula. The commander, Tariq bin Ziyad, ordered his ships to be burned.
Another such incident was in 1519 AD, during the Spanish conquest of Mexico. Hernán Cortés, the Spanish commander, scuttled his ships, so that his men would have to conquer or die.
A third such incident occurred after the Bounty mutineers reached Pitcairn Island.
Two similar stratagems were used during the Chu–Han Contention (206–202 BCE); these have led to Chinese idioms, elaborated below.
Another incident is recorded in Burmese history. In the Battle of Naungyo during the Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War in 1538, the Toungoo armies led by Gen. Kyawhtin Nawrahta (later Bayinnaung) faced a superior force of Hanthawaddy Kingdom on the other side of a river. After crossing the river on a pontoon bridge (rafts in another version) Bayinnaung ordered the bridge to be destroyed. This action was taken to spur his troops forward in battle and provide a clear signal that there would be no retreat.
"Break the kettles and sink the boats (破釜沉舟)".  This is an ancient Chinese saying, which refers to Xiang Yu's order at the Battle of Julu (207 BC); by fording a river and destroying all means of re-crossing it, he committed his army to a struggle to the end with the Qin and eventually achieved victory.
 "Fighting a battle with one's back facing a river" (背水一戰). A similar saying from the same period, which originated in Han Xin's order at the Battle of Jingxing (204 BCE).
Fait accompli ("accomplished deed", from the verb "faire", to do), a term of French origin denoting an irreversible deed, a done deal.

 Can't unring a bell, North American English phrase also denoting an irreversible deed.
 Physiology: PONR may also refer to the moment, when a human male is sufficiently sexually aroused, beyond which ejaculation will inevitably occur.  Recognizing and  maintaining arousal approaching the PONR facilitates enhanced physical endurance and can promote a blissful state.
 Line in the sand - an expression to mean that once a decision is made it is not possible to be reversed.
 Red line (phrase) - an expression to mean that if a certain extreme action is taken, consequences would be incurred.
The arrow has been launched from the bow ("ok yaydan çıktı"). A Turkish expression meaning a path of no return has been taken.

See also

Notes

External links
Calculate and visualize point of no return (radius of action) - as related to air navigation

Metaphors referring to places

Point of no return


Mikhail Osipovich Gershenzon () (Kishinev,  -  Moscow, 19 February 1925) was a Russian scholar, essayist and editor. He studied history, philosophy, and political science at Moscow University, graduating in 1894. From graduation until the Bolshevik revolution he was unable to obtain an official academic position because he was Jewish. He was a literary reviewer for Nauchnoe Slovo (Scientific word) from 1903 to 1905 and for Vestnik Evropy (Herald of Europe) in 1907–08, and was literary editor of Kriticheskoe Obozrenie (Critical review), 1907–09. He had a common-law relationship with Maria Goldenveizer from 1904 (Jews and Orthodox Christians were unable to marry legally); they had a daughter and a son. In 1909 he edited the famous essay collection Vekhi, for which he wrote the introduction and an essay.

During the Civil War he worked in various sections of the People's Commissariat for Education (Narkompros). He was first chair of the Moscow Writers' Union in 1918 and of the All-Russian Writers' Union in 1920–21, during which years he was also a member of the leadership of Narkompros; he was head of the literary section, Moscow Academy of Artistic Sciences from 1922 to 1925.

Selected publications
 "The Destinies of the Jewish People". Telos 58 (Winter 1983-84). New York: Telos Press.

References
 Berman, Iakov, Gershenzon, Bibliografiia, Odessa, Odespoligraf, 1928.
 Brian Horowitz, The Myth of A.S. Pushkin in Russia's Silver Age: M. O. Gershenzon-Pushinist.  Northwestern University Press, 1997. (Republished in Russian translation: Mikhail Gershenzon Pushkinist: Pushkinskii mif v serebrianom veke russkoi literatury, Moscow: Minuvshee, 2004.)
 "M. O. Gershenzon, Alexander Pushkin, the Bible and the Flaws of Jewish Nationalism," Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie [Knowledge. Understanding. Skill], 4, 2016.
 "M. O. Gershenzon and George Florovsky ('Metaphysical Philosophers of Russian History')," Canadian-American Slavonic Studies, 34, no. 3, 2001, 365–374.
 "Unity and Disunity in Landmarks: The Rivalry between Petr Struve and Mikhail Gershenzon," Studies in East European Thought, 51, no. 1, March 1999, 61–78.
 "From the Annals of the Literary Life of Russia's Silver Age: The Tempestuous Relationship of S. A. Vengerov and M. O. Gershenzon," Wiener Slawistischer Almanach 35, 1995, 77–95; abridged form in "Oh Rus!" Festschrift to Honor Professor Hugh McLean, eds. S. Karlinsky, J. Rice and B. Scheer, Berkeley: Berkeley Slavic Specialties, 1995, 406-419.
 "The End of a Friendship: the Russian-Jewish Rift in Twentieth-Century Russian Philosophy: N. A. Berdiaev and M. O. Gershenzon," Russian Review 53: 4, October 1994, 497-514. Republished: Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, ed. Scot Peacock, New York: Gale 67, 1997, 75-83. "Ot Vekh' k russkoi revoliutsii: dva filosofa N. A. Berdiaev i M. O. Gershenzon."Vestnik russkogo studencheskogo khristianskogo dvizheniia 166, May, 1992, 89-132.
 "M. O. Gershenzon and the Perception of a Leader in Russia's Silver-Age Culture," Wiener Slawistischer Almanach  29, 1992, 45-73.
 "Before the Fall" (On Vekhi [Landmarks]), The American Scholar, Spring, 1992, 290-296.
 Memoirs of Gershenzon's daughter. "Les premiers pas dans la vie: les années de mon immortalité," La revue des études slaves 63, 1991, 621–629.

External links

1869 births
1925 deaths
Moscow State University alumni
Russian political scientists
Jewish Russian writers
Imperial Moscow University alumni
Vekhovtsy

Mikhail Gershenzon


Plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 1 also known as Plasma membrane calcium pump isoform 1 is a plasma membrane  ATPase, an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP2B1 gene. It's a transport protein, a translocase, a calcium pump .

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the family of P-type primary ion transport ATPases characterized by the formation of an aspartyl phosphate intermediate during the reaction cycle. These enzymes remove bivalent calcium ions from eukaryotic cells against very large concentration gradients and play a critical role in intracellular calcium homeostasis. The mammalian plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoforms are encoded by at least four separate genes and the diversity of these enzymes is further increased by alternative splicing of transcripts. The expression of different isoforms and splice variants is regulated in a developmental, tissue- and cell type-specific manner, suggesting that these pumps are functionally adapted to the physiological needs of particular cells and tissues.

Clinical significance
ATP2B1 is a critical host factor supporting cytotoxicity caused by Chironex fleckeri (a type of box jellyfish) stings. Blocking ATP2B1 is believed to have therapeutic potential for treating pain and skin necrosis caused by these stings.

Mutations of the ATP2B1 gene cause a neurodevelopmental delay with mild to moderately impaired intellectual development and mild speech delay.

References

External links

Further reading

Transport proteins

ATP2B1


Ian Martin Dalziel (pronounced "Dee-ell") (born 21 June 1947) is a British businessman and politician who served one term as a Conservative Member of the European Parliament from 1979 to 1984.

Dalziel was educated at Daniel Stewart's College in Edinburgh and St John's College, Cambridge, before studying as a postgraduate at the Université Libre de Bruxelles and London Business School. He worked for Mullens & Co from 1970, before moving to a management position at Manufacturers Hanover Ltd. In 1978 he was elected as a Conservative to Richmond-upon-Thames Council for Barnes ward.

His involvement in international business led him to seek election to the European Parliament at the first election in 1979, and he was unexpectedly elected for the Lothians constituency which included his birthplace of Edinburgh. He stood down after one five-year term, due to pressure of business: in 1983 he had become the co-founder of Adam & Company, a start-up private bank subsequently acquired by Royal Bank of Scotland, and following a merger, became chairman of Continental Assets Trust plc.

In 1989 Dalziel became a director of Lepercq-Amcur Fund NV, and he has chaired the board of C.S.I., Inc., since 1992. He was appointed to the board of Precision Systems Inc. in 1996. In 1998 he was a defendant in a dismissed class action suit by shareholders of Precision Systems.

References

1947 births
People educated at Stewart's Melville College
Alumni of London Business School
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Living people
Councillors in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
MEPs for Scotland 1979–1984
Scottish businesspeople
Scottish Conservative MEPs
Place of birth missing (living people)

Ian Dalziel (politician)


Caroline Astrid Bruzelius is an American art historian and expert in medieval architecture. She is the Anne M. Cogan Professor of Art and Art History at Duke University. In 2020 she was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

Life and career
Bruzelius was born in Stockholm, Sweden on April 18, 1949, to Axel Sture Bruzelius and Constance (Brickett) Brereton. She emigrated to the United States in 1965.

Bruzelius completed her undergraduate work at Wellesley College in 1971 and received an M.A. in Art, an M.Phil, and a Ph.D, all from Yale University in 1973, 1974, and 1977, respectively.

From 1977 to 1979, Bruzelius was an assistant professor at Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and from 1979 to 1980 she was a researcher at the National Endowment for the Humanities.  In 1980 she became a professor at Harvard University, a position she held until 1981.  The following year, in 1982, she became a Mellon Fellow and an assistant professor at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, where she became an associate professor in 1986, and the Chairman of the Art Department from 1989-2003.  She became a full professor at Duke in 1991, and held that position until 1993.  From 1994 to 1998 she was the Director of the American Academy in Rome.  She was awarded the Anne M. Cogan Professor of Art and Art History at Duke in 2001.

Partial bibliography
 With William Tronzo: "Medieval Naples: An Architectural & Urban History. 400–1400." New York: Italica Press, 2011.
 The Stones of Naples: Church Building in the Angevin Kingdom, 1266-1343. Yale University Press, London, (January, 2004). (in Italian as: Le Pietre di Napoli, 2005)
 Francesco Aceto and Alessandra Periccioli-Saggese. Campania Gotica. Jaca Books, Milan, (2006).
 "The Architectural Context of Santa Maria Donna Regina." The Church of Sta. Maria Donna Regina: Art, Iconography and Patronage in Fourteenth-Century Naples. Edited by Janis Elliott and Cordelia Warr.  (2004): 79-92.
 With C. Goodson: "The Abbey in the Middle Ages." Walls and Memory. The Abbey of San Sebastiano at Alatri (Lazio) from Late Roman Monastery to Renaissance Villa and Beyond. Edited by Elizabeth Fentress, Caroline J. Goodson, Margaret L. Laird and Stephanie C. Leone.  (2005): 72-113.
 '"Le pietre sono parole." Charles II d'Anjou, Filippo Minutolo e la Cathedrale Angevine de Naples. Le monde des cathedrales, Paris Editions du Louvre (2004)

References

Living people
Duke University faculty
American art historians
American architectural historians
Wellesley College alumni
Yale University alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
American women historians
Women art historians
Year of birth missing (living people)
Members of the American Philosophical Society
21st-century American women

Caroline Bruzelius


Emma Nevada (née Wixom) (7 February 1859 – 20 June 1940) was an American operatic soprano particularly known for her performances in operas by Bellini and Donizetti and the French composers Ambroise Thomas, Charles Gounod, and Léo Delibes. Considered one of the finest coloratura sopranos of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, her most famous roles were Amina in La sonnambula, and the title roles in Lakmé, Mignon, Mireille, and Lucia di Lammermoor.

Biography

Emma Nevada was born in Alpha, California, to Maria O'Boy Wixom and Dr. William Wallace Wixom, who was the physician for the gold mine camp there. She spent her early childhood in nearby Nevada City (from which she took her stage name) before the family moved to Austin, Nevada, where a new silver mine had opened. A gifted linguist who learned sign language for the deaf and spoke Paiute, Washoe and Shoshone, she studied Spanish, Italian, French and German at Mills College in California as well as music. She then studied singing for three years in Vienna with Mathilde Marchesi before making her stage debut at Her Majesty's Theatre in London as Amina in La sonnambula on 17 May 1880. She was an adept fencer and also practiced with Indian clubs to maintain her physical stamina for singing opera.

Debuts followed at La Scala in Milan in 1881 and the Opéra-Comique in Paris in 1883 when she sang Zora in Félicien-César David's La perle du Brésil. In 1884 she toured the United States with Mapleson's opera company, after which she returned to Europe where she continued to sing in leading opera houses and concert halls. The Mapleson tour was the only time she sang on the opera stages of her native country, although she did return to the United States for concert tours in 1885, 1899, and 1901. Pablo Casals was one of the trio of musicians accompanying her in the 1901 concerts.

In October 1885, Nevada married Raymond Palmer, an English physician, who was to become her manager. The wedding took place in Paris with Ambroise Thomas giving the bride away. The couple settled in Paris and had one daughter, Mignon, who also became an opera singer under the stage name of Mignon Nevada. Mignon's godparents were Ambroise Thomas and Mathilde Marchesi.

Nevada's last performance was in Lakmé in Berlin in 1910, after which she retired from the stage and taught singing in England. Emma Nevada died near Liverpool at the age of 81. A medallion with her portrait, along with those of Giuditta Pasta and Maria Malibran, adorns Bellini's monument in Naples.

The actress Erin O'Brien was cast as Emma Nevada in the 1960 episode, "Emma Is Coming", on the syndicated anthology series, Death Valley Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews. The episode is set in Austin, Nevada, where she was reared. Rick Jason was cast as Duke Clayton, a local tough-guy who developed a fond interest in Emma, and Alan Reed played Emma's manager, James Henry Mapleson.

References

Sources
 De Bekker, L. J., "Nevada, Emma", Stokes Encyclopedia of Music and Musicians, Volume 2, pp. 433–434. Originally published in 1908, published in facsimile by Read Books, 2007.
 Encyclopædia Britannica, "Emma Nevada", 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online accessed 6 September 2009.
 The New York Times, "Mignon Nevada A Success; Has Scored Big Triumph in Rome as an Operatic Star", 15 March 1908, p. C2.
 Pryor, Alton, Fascinating Women in California History, Stagecoach Publications, 2003, pp. 109–110.
 Rosenthal, H. and Warrack, J., "Nevada, Emma", The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, 1979, pp. 345–346.
 Watson, Anita Ernst, Into their own: Nevada women emerging into public life, University of Nevada Press, 2000. ,

External links

 Emma Nevada: An American Diva detailed web site on Emma Nevada's life and career by Dr. Eugene F. Gray at Michigan State University.

1859 births
1940 deaths
19th-century American women opera singers
American operatic sopranos
People from Nevada County, California
Singers from California
Mills College alumni
Musicians from Nevada
20th-century American actresses
Classical musicians from California
20th-century American women opera singers
Singers from Liverpool

Emma Nevada


The Sótanos del Cardenal Cisneros are basements and a Moorish house located in Toledo, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. This space houses the archaeological vestiges of a primitive Islamic house from the Caliphate period, of which there remain a courtyard and a hall, as well as the remains of the architectural decoration of the same, consisting of two horseshoe arches, one of them twinned. This primitive house is built on the natural geological terrain, which in this area presents a sharp slope in a southerly direction, being filled with debris and remains belonging to earlier phases of Roman and Visigothic times, some of whose construction materials were reused in the new Islamic construction.

It would highlight the finding of the figurative parietal decoration documented in the twin arch, in whose jambs two hands of hamsa were arranged, one of which is surrounded by three birds of a stylized figure. Both motifs are typical in Islamic art, and have a meaning of protection and rejection of evil influences, specifically against the evil eye (Hamsa's hand) and perhaps funerary (in the case of birds). Both are decorative motifs of pre-Islamic origin that must have a strong popular roots and are to a certain extent tolerated by the official Islamic doctrine, although as in the case of birds they come from a hadith or unofficial oral tradition attributed to Muhammad, In which they are identified as the transmitters of the souls of the good believers in their journey to Paradise.

References

Visigothic architecture
Moorish architecture in Spain
Buildings and structures in Toledo, Spain

Sótanos of Cardinal Cisneros