Superboy (also known as Kon-El or Conner Kent) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. A modern variation on the original Superboy, the character first appeared as Superboy in The Adventures of Superman #500 (June 1993), and was created by writer Karl Kesel and artist Tom Grummett.

From the character's debut in 1993 to August 2003, Superboy was depicted as a genetically-engineered metahuman clone of human origin designed by Project Cadmus as a duplicate and  equivalent of Superman. The character was retconned in Teen Titans (vol. 3) #1 (September 2003) as a human/Kryptonian binary clone made from the DNA of Superman and Lex Luthor. This has since become the character's most enduring origin story in later comic books and media adaptations.

Conner made his live adaptation debut in the final season of Smallville, played by Lucas Grabeel, and appeared as a regular starting in the second season in the DC Universe and HBO Max series Titans, played by Joshua Orpin.

Publication history
Kon-El is depicted as a modern incarnation of the original Superboy. Writer Karl Kesel envisioned a contemporary take on Superboy that would appeal to Generation X/Millennial readers and pitched his idea to DC Comics. Illustrated by artist Tom Grummett, the character first appeared in The Adventures of Superman #500 (June 1993).

Fictional character biography

Origin
After the death of Superman at the hands of a Kryptonian monster named Doomsday, Project Cadmus Executive Director Paul Westfield wanted to create a clone replacement of Superman to safeguard people. After failed attempts to acquire Superman's DNA, Westfield decided to genetically alter a human clone to look like Superman and made the clone to be the closest human equivalent to a Kryptonian as they could based on their research. During their research when they had Superman's body, Westfield's scientists discovered a bio-electric aura surrounding Superman's body that provided some of Superman's powers such as invulnerability, flight through a form of self-telekinesis, protection from getting dirty and protection from skin-tight clothing to be damaged. The aura was translated into a telekinetic field for a human that would give the clone the ability to simulate Superman's powers such as flight, invulnerability, and strength. This was later known as "tactile telekinesis" by the scientists. After twelve failed attempts, the clone known as Experiment 13 was grown from a single cell to a teenage boy in less than a week and was a complete success. The clone was given implanted memories and underwent an artificial maturation process intended to match the age of the original Superman. This clone was released from his cloning tube too early, however, and emerged as a teenager. While at first calling himself "Superman", he would later be known as Superboy.

The Metropolis Kid
When Superboy arrived in Metropolis, he used the name "Superman". While glibly asserting he was Superman, he quickly rebuked any insinuation he was the original Superman. In fact, he told anyone who'd listen that he was a clone of Superman. This revelation was first revealed to Lois Lane, but she was not interested. This prompts the Kid to turn to another reporter, Tana Moon, who breaks the story live on WGBS. Three other Supermen emerged simultaneously: "The Man of Tomorrow" (Cyborg Superman), "The Last Son of Krypton" (Eradicator), and "The Man of Steel" (Steel). After the original Superman's return, Superboy began operating alongside him as an independent hero for a time, refusing to give credence to the idea that he was a "sidekick" of Superman's.

The Hero of Hawaii
After a few weeks of travelling, Superboy and Dubbilex arrived in Hawaii, joined by Rex and Roxy Leech. After a running battle with Sidearm on the beach, Superboy learned that Tana Moon had moved to Hawaii. Superboy decided to stay on the islands, stylizing himself as the "Hero of Hawaii."

He rejoined Cadmus and began working as a field agent with Dubbilex and Guardian. After a mission in Paris where they battled the Agenda and meet a supermodel named "Hex", who claims to be Jonah Hex, Superboy meets the new Cadmus Director (Mickey "the Mechanic" Cannon), new military liaison Col. Adam Winterbourne (one of the men the Kid rescued from the Wild Lands), and one of the new ace scientists, Serling Roquette. Superboy is interested in Serling, as she is one of the few women at the Project and the only one close to his own age), but she is oblivious at first.

During this period, Superboy teams up with Static and Rocket to combat the cosmic being known as the Rift. He also was the first superhero to face King Shark and Knockout.

Kon-El, Young Justice (1998–2003)
A defining moment in Superboy's life would come when Superman asks Superboy to come with him to the Fortress of Solitude. While there, Superboy visits Krypton via virtual reality and experienced the life of a Kryptonian soldier who saved the life of Superman's ancestor, Captain Van-L, during a battle against the terrorist group Black Zero. Superboy later experiences the life of Kon-El, a descendant of the same Kryptonian soldier and a member of the second House of El established by his predecessor. After the simulation and Superman asking Superboy to look out of questionable cloning practices by Cadmus, Superman tells Superboy that he considered Superboy family and bestows upon him the Kryptonian name of Kon-El in honor of Superman's cousin in spirit. Superboy tearfully accepts, overjoyed with the simple joy of having a real name. After Cadmus was shut down, Superboy had no job and no place to stay. He relocates to Metropolis, becoming the "super" at a tenement building called Calvin Gardens. Eventually Superman invites him to stay with his parents in Smallville, which he gladly accepted and did for quite some time.

Superboy is a founding member of Young Justice, a group of teenage heroes who intended to one day be the next Justice League.

Superboy first encountered his future teammate Robin after the latter called Rex Leech requesting Superboy's help in defeating Metallo in Gotham City while Superboy was judging the first "Miss Kryptonite" pageant in Hawaii. While Superboy and Robin seemingly defeated Metallo, Poison Ivy takes control of Superboy. Robin follows Superboy and Poison Ivy to Kauai, where Poison Ivy released vines all over the island. Metallo shows up in Kauai as well and the team of Superboy and Robin defeated them. It was during this that Superboy discovered that he had a weakness to Kryptonite radiation that made him sick in the presence of it as guessed by Professor Hamilton. He also teamed up with future Young Justice member Captain Marvel Jr. against mental projections of Knockout, Chain Lightning, Captain Nazi, Silversword, Superman, and Captain Marvel.

Although Young Justice's first mission was technically the rescuing of the metahuman ghost-girl, Secret, the group did not officially form until an incident in which the world's adult population was kidnapped and transfers them to a copy Earth, by a pre-teen with godlike powers. Teaming up with Robin and Impulse, the three teen heroes manage to defeat Bedlam and return everything to normal. Soon after, they agreed to form an official team, dubbed "Young Justice" by the media. Soon after they are joined by Secret, Arrowette, Wonder Girl, and others. Although Superboy and Robin begin with an argumentative relationship similar to the one shared by Superman & Batman as well as leadership struggles, they became allies and best friends. Superboy and Wonder Girl's relationship is developed throughout Young Justice. At first, Wonder Girl's infatuation with Superboy is unnoticed. In the final issue of Young Justice, both Wonder Girl and Superboy reveal they have feelings for each other. After the events of Titans/Young Justice: Graduation Day and the apparent death of Donna Troy, Young Justice disbands with Superboy, Robin, Impulse, and Wonder Girl going their own separate ways.

Teen Titans (2003–2005)

Now based in Smallville with a new civilian identity as Clark Kent's cousin "Conner Kent", Superboy is asked by Superman to accept Cyborg's invitation to join a new incarnation of the Teen Titans with his former Young Justice teammates Robin, Impulse, and Wonder Girl. Also on the team are Teen Titans veterans Cyborg, Starfire, and Beast Boy. Superboy is retconned from the original premise of a human clone of Paul Westfield with restructured DNA (based on a genetic template from Roxy Leech) to a hybrid of Superman's Kryptonian DNA and Paul Westfield's human DNA making him a binary clone. After the new team gathers at Titans Tower in San Francisco Bay, it is revealed via an email sent to Robin that Superboy's human DNA is not from Paul Westfield but from Superman's archenemy Lex Luthor.

During Superboy's first adventures with the Teen Titans, his Kryptonian powers start to manifest. In a battle with Jericho, Superboy's body gets possessed by him and Jericho was able to exhibit heat vision and other Superman-like powers. At first Superboy seems to have a hard time controlling his powers but he soon adjusts. Later, during Wonder Girl and Conner's first date, Superboy is forcibly sucked through a time portal to the 31st century.

When Superboy reappears, he is wearing the classic Superboy outfit (with a Legion belt buckle). It's revealed that he was mistaken for Clark Kent and taken to the 31st century, where he was dumped once his true identity was realized, he then fought alongside the Legion of Super-Heroes for the remainder of his time there. After enlisting other Titans to join him alongside the Legion to combat a new threat, the team attempts to return to the present. On the return trip home, they accidentally arrive ten years in the future instead of the present. The Teen Titans meet adult versions of themselves. Superboy finds that he is now Superman, Tim is Batman, Cassie is Wonder Woman, and Bart is the Flash. In this alternate future, Conner has greater control of his powers, Cassie chooses him over Captain Marvel Jr., Lex Luthor is his mentor/father figure, and the Titans are "freakin' bad guys". They discuss the possibility of breaking up the team when they get back to the present, but Cyborg 2.0 tells them that the future developed the way it did because the team was not together during the "Crisis".

After encountering dark reflections of themselves from a possible future, the Titans make it back to the present to contemplate what they've just seen. Not long afterward, Lex Luthor is able to co-opt Conner to reach his "full potential", which results in a brutal, mind-controlled attack by Superboy that levels the Titans. His mind is eventually restored, and he is horrified at what he's done to his team and friends. Afterwards, Conner takes a leave of absence from the Titans and secludes himself in the Kents' home. He is unsure as to whether or not, being a clone, he even has a soul. There, Raven shows him that he had a young soul that was stronger than his inner demons and steadily growing.

Infinite Crisis, death and return (2005–2011)
In the DC Comics' limited series Infinite Crisis, the other-dimensional Superboy-Prime watches Conner during his seclusion in the paradise dimension. Along with Alexander Luthor Jr., another survivor of the previous Crisis, they wish to reconstruct the DC Universe in their image after determining that the heroes they've been observing didn't meet their own standards of what heroism really was. Resentful of Conner, whom he claims has lower standards than his own despite a seemingly perfect life, Superboy-Prime attacks him, telling him that he should be his replacement as Superboy. Possessing an apparent strength advantage, Superboy-Prime pulverizes Conner, badly injuring him, until the Teen Titans, Doom Patrol, and Justice Society of America join the fray, leading to a climactic battle where various Flashes pull Superboy-Prime into the Speed Force.

After another encounter in which Superboy-Prime decimates a team of heroes attempting to stop him, Conner clashes with Prime once more, sending both of them headlong into Alexander Luthor's multiverse tower. Conner, fatally injured from the explosion, lies dying in the arms of Wonder Girl. When Cassie tells him that he had saved the Earth, Conner replies, "I know, Cass. Isn't it cool?" Moments later, he dies. Batman, Wonder Woman, Kal-El, Nightwing, and Kal-L arrive, too late to save Conner's life. Later, Superman mourns Conner's death while cradling his body. Conner is buried in Metropolis, alongside the bodies of Kal-L (the Earth-Two Superman) and his wife Lois Lane Kent, for over a year.

Aftermath and resurrection
In year-long weekly series 52, which directly follows on from Infinite Crisis, although Conner is dead, he is not forgotten. Wonder Girl leads a memorial broadcast over the Internet, and she and hundreds of others pay their final respects to Conner in a traditional Kryptonian way. It is revealed that the mourners are part of a resurrection cult supposedly based on Kryptonian theology, which Wonder Girl and Ralph Dibny refer to as the "Cult of Conner".

In Week 51, Batman and Robin return from their journey across the globe. When the heroes appear at Superboy's memorial on the first anniversary of his death, Robin is wearing a new costume using colors of black and red from Superboy's last uniform. Wonder Girl also changes her costume to honor Superboy as well, wearing a Golden Age Wonder Woman-themed T-shirt and denim jeans. Superboy memorial statues are erected in Metropolis next to Superman's statue and in San Francisco outside of Titans Tower. One year later, Lex Luthor still mourns Conner's death as he considers him his own son.

The character is later revived in Final Crisis: Legion of 3 Worlds (2008–09). Having been placed in a Kryptonian healing chrysalis 1000 years ago by Starman (Thom Kallor) of the Legion of Super-Heroes, Kon-El awakens in the 31st century to once again battle Superboy-Prime. After Superboy-Prime is retconned by himself, Superboy and Kid Flash (Bart Allen), who has also been resurrected, Bart and Kon are returned to the 21st century to resume their lives. Superboy briefly featured as the main character in a revival of Adventure Comics, one of DC's oldest Superman books. During the Blackest Night storyline, Conner was briefly turned into a member of the Black Lantern Corps, but Wonder Girl manages to free him by using the temporally-complex nature of his resurrection against his Black Lantern self, luring him to the Fortress so that the ring can be drawn off him by the presence of his deceased self, allowing Conner to destroy the ring before it can take control of either of him.

Following the conclusion of War of the Supermen, writer Jeff Lemire and artist Pier Gallo launched a new Superboy series. The series depicted Conner attempting to resettle his life in Smallville, and it ran until September 2011.

The New 52 (2011)

In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, Superboy is introduced with an entirely different origin story. He first appears in Teen Titans (vol. 4) #1, where he is the half-human half-Kryptonian clone creation of the mysterious organization N.O.W.H.E.R.E., which seeks to control the new generation of metahumans.

In the Superman/Supergirl/Superboy crossover storyline "H'El on Earth", he is attacked by a time traveling Kryptonian named H'El for being a clone, after which H'El delivers his body to Supergirl and Superman for execution. As clones were generally hated by Kryptonians, H'El believes this act will prove his loyalty to Krypton, but it instead triggers conflict between him and Superman, who doesn't wish to kill Kon-El. During the fight against H'El, Superboy and Superman come to know each other better and develop a feeling of friendship and understanding. Kon-El is surprised by Superman's heroism and is touched by it.

Following the "Forever Evil" Justice League storyline, the evil speedster Johnny Quick throws the Teen Titans forward in time. After he is separated from the Titans, Kon-El encounters Jon Lane Kent, the villainous future son of Superman and Lois Lane. Kon-El is actually a clone of Jon Lane Kent, created by Harvest (founder of N.O.W.H.E.R.E.) so that a cure could be found for Jon's illness. During their battle, Jon Lane Kent is seriously injured, but then Kon-El falls through a portal and is transported to Krypton's Argo City in the past, days prior to planet's destruction. This leads to the 2013 Return to Krypton storyline. During the story, Kon-El uses the last of his powers to lift Argo City off of the dying Krypton, saving it so that a young Supergirl can arrive on Earth just as history records. He then dies with the planet, accepting himself as more than a "living weapon", in Superman (vol. 3) #25.

Meanwhile, in Teen Titans, the unconscious and injured Jon Lane Kent is recovered by the Beast Boy and Rose Wilson of the future timeline. Despite being Jon Lane Kent, the future Beast Boy and Rose Wilson hide this and dress him in Kon-El's costume for their own purposes. The present day Teen Titans find Jon Lane Kent in Kon-El's costume—unaware of Jon Lane Kent's existence—and take him back to the modern day era where he pretends to be their version of Superboy. The Teen Titans are unaware that Kon-El is "dead" and that they have an impostor in their midst who intends to kill all of Earth's meta-humans, although Superman and Supergirl believe Kon-El is dead and have not told the Titans. It is later revealed that Kon-El is still alive serving a being called the Oracle, patrolling past, present, and future.

Kon-El's consciousness is pulled into a pocket universe (dimension) when Jon Lane Kent touches his Psycho Future Self with all other Kons and Jons of the multiverse. The Future Jon taps into all other Kons and Jons except this dimension's Kon and younger Jon. The younger Jon heroically sacrifices himself to destroy the elder Jon, obliterating them both through his TK, sending all the other Jons and Kons back to their respective timelines, dimensions and universes. Jon isn't erased from history, and his actions outside of the pocket universe are well remembered, but he is truly gone, leaving Kon-El once again as Superboy. Kon-El is later revealed to travel all across the world and train and practice various forms of meditation and inner peace of mind as indicated in Supergirl comics. He later joins the Teen Titans.

DC Rebirth

Following the Convergence event which restored the original pre-Crisis on Infinite Earths (1984) multiverse, and brought back Superman and Lois from before the Flashpoint, the New 52 Conner version of Superboy is not seen or heard from again. Around this time, DC's publishing initiative DC Rebirth initiates a number of stories designed to bring back classic characters and stories from before the unpopular New 52 reboot.

In the DC Rebirth era, the mantle of Superboy is held by Jonathan Samuel "Jon" Kent, the son of Kal-El and Lois Lane. Conner Kent/Superman from the Titans Tomorrow timeline makes an appearance in Detective Comics #966, where he asks Tim Drake/Batman to return to the Titans. Tim is subsequently captured by Mr. Oz, but escapes with the younger present-day Tim Drake. Before sending the younger Tim back to the past, the older Tim asks his younger self to reconcile his friendship with Conner. The young Tim Drake responds that he doesn't know who Conner is, leading the older Tim to realize that time has been altered. Tim later mentioned that although he didn't know why, he felt Conner's name "tugging at my heart". The New 52 Kon-El is also lightly referenced in Red Hood and the Outlaws when the Outlaws and the Suicide Squad explore a N.O.W.H.E.R.E. facility and Bizarro (whose brain chemistry was enhanced making him smarter) had Deadshot and Captain Boomerang accompany him to shut down the facility's main generator as he was aware that since it was designed to be protected against Kryptonians due to another clone and Bizarro knew he would die if he attempted to shut it down by himself. Later in "Superman Reborn", the histories of the pre-Flashpoint and New 52 Supermen are merged. When the post-Rebirth Superman reviews his own life story, Kon-El is not mentioned as one of the "replacements" who arose following Superman's death at the hands of Doomsday.

The Titans of Tomorrow version of Conner later appeared in the "Super-Sons of Tomorrow" crossover where he along with his universe's version of Wonder Woman and Flash travel back to the past to prevent their unhinged teammate Tim Drake (Batman) from killing Jon Kent. He would later help stop Jon's Solar Flare power from going out of control. Before they return to their time, Conner chooses not to disclose any information to Superman to prevent it from affecting the future.

Wonder Comics
In Young Justice (vol. 3) #1, it is revealed that Conner was a survivor of the continuity of the New Earth when Impulse runs into him while stranded in Gemworld. Conner, who was teleported to Gemworld during a confrontation with S.T.A.R Laboratories, did not experience the "rebooting" of his home dimension due to being outside of it while it occurred. As a result, most inhabitants of his dimension do not remember him. During his time on Gemworld, he befriended a young widower and pretended to be her farmer husband to protect her family from soldiers, and awaited help from his dimension. Eventually, Young Justice retrieves Conner, and he returns to his Earth after a series of incidents that result in the group dimension-hopping.

Action Comics
Upon returning, Conner reacquaints himself with Superman, who does not recognize him and is perplexed by his existence. Superman takes Conner to be examined by members of the Justice League, who warn him that his powers may eventually disappear in his lifetime. After aiding Superman and his family against Leviathan operatives in Metropolis, Conner decides to remain at the Kent family farm in Smallville as the elderly Kents and Krypto receive him warmly and are mysteriously able to recall memories of him.

In the Infinite Frontier era, Superboy appears as a main character in the books Suicide Squad and Titans United, as well as guest appearance in Teen Titans Academy, where various characters opine something is wrong with him and his powers appear to be malfunctioning. He appears in his 2000s-era T-shirt costume. The Superboy forced to work for Amanda Waller as part of her Suicide Squad was later revealed, unknowingly, to be Match, Conner's defective clone, when the real Superboy confronts him.

Superboy: The Man of Tomorrow

Now living in a universe that doesn't remember him, the fully restored Superboy sees no place for himself on Earth and heads into outer space, following a galactic distress call.

Powers, abilities, and equipment

Tactile telekinesis
Originally, Superboy's only superpower is a telekinetic force field that surrounds his body and granted him abilities that approximated some of Superman's powers such as super strength, flight and invulnerability. The field allowed Superboy to lift heavy objects by extending the field around him and deflecting any solid object that came into contact with him. The field also allowed Superboy the ability to manipulate objects that he came into tactile contact with, bend them into any shape that he could visualize mentally, and disassemble things such as machines and other complex constructions by touch. Under Knockout's training, Superboy learned new ways to use his tactile telekinesis such as projecting telekinetic force waves to blast pieces of ground and extending his field to another person. Superboy can also manipulate solid masses such as volumes of sand or dust, causing the individual particles to fly apart in an explosive manner to create particle clouds or a forceful attack. He can also perform the same with solid masses that are splintered, such as a cracked slab of concrete or fractured pane of glass. The telekinetic field also lets Superboy break free of an opponent's grip by pushing the field outward to force the opponent away and he is also able to create an air pocket around himself, enabling him to breathe in outer space. In addition, he demonstrated the ability to extend his telekinetic field around other people that he touches to make them invulnerable. He also learned a trick from his older and more experienced alternate self, Black Zero, that allowed him to freeze people where they stood if he was touching the same surface that they were standing on.

The main disadvantage of Superboy's tactile-telekinetic ability is that while his field could withstand physical force, the field is less effective in blocking radiant or conductive energy such as fire and laser fire. This left Superboy slightly more susceptible to energy-based attacks. While less effective against gaseous materials, he could manipulate water with a degree of difficulty and project his tactile telekinesis to create a current he could fire while underwater. He can also use his telekinetic field to deflect lava and prevent himself from being burned. Although Superboy was vulnerable to Kryptonite and magic, he was immune to the effects of a creature called "The Four-Armed Terror" which Superman was highly allergic to. Another advantage of Superboy's telekinesis is that it does not use up his solar energy as fast as Superman's powers. In "The Final Night", the Earth's sun was being eaten by a Sun-Eater, which severely weakened Superman, but Superboy's power level remained the same and he was able to use his tactile telekinesis at normal strength.

It was theorized that there was a possibility for Conner to gain superpowers that did not derive from tactile telekinesis when he matured. As explained by his alternate timeline counterpart Black Zero and shown when Superboy himself was aged to an adult by Klarion the Witch Boy, Superboy gained new powers such as heat vision and super hearing when he matured to full age as well as gaining an enhanced degree of telekinesis, strength, and invulnerability.

In the New 52 era, Kon-El was portrayed as a clone of Jon Lane Kent. He had superhuman strength, tactile, telekinesis, and a healing factor, but not the full suite of Kryptonian abilities. This version of the character was later discarded and erased from continuity.

Kryptonian powers
During Teen Titans, Superboy developed Kryptonian powers including heat vision, x-ray vision, and super-hearing. He also developed Kryptonian invulnerability. He also has developed Kryptonian level super strength, as shown when he battled the hugely powerful Superboy-Prime and even managed to damage him with some of his blows, when some characters such as Black Adam could not. When the Titans encountered their future selves, he found his future self had greater telekinetic abilities (no longer limited to tactile telekinesis), was stronger, more durable, and faster. Superboy later states that he has developed telescopic vision and eventually figures out how to use his freeze breath. It has also been shown in Teen Titans that he is much faster, traveling from San Francisco to the Arctic in less than an hour whilst carrying Nightwing. Superboy, like Superman, derives his Kryptonian powers from the absorption of solar energy from the Earth's yellow sun, and he is as vulnerable to Kryptonite and magic as is the Man of Steel.

In the Titans Tomorrow story arc, the Kon-El Superman exhibits full Kryptonian abilities and full telekinesis with greater control of his telekinetic fields. In a fight with the future Captain Marvel, he shields himself from a magic attack, an advantage the modern Superman has never had.

A recent issue of Adventure Comics explained that since his return to life, he had been trained in the use of heightened mental blocks to defend against mind control and influences, such as the brainwashing Luthor used on him. It was with this training that he was able to briefly pierce the control of the Black Lantern ring, using his heat vision to give Wonder Girl the clue needed to free him from it.

Because both Superboy and Superman as a boy absorbed less solar energy than Superman as an adult, Superboy is also less able to process the appropriate amount of solar energy as fast as Superman could: as a result, overtaxing his powers to the point of physical depletion would spell his death, as his body would literally begin to feed on itself, unable to absorb solar energy fast enough to restore itself.

Other powers
During The New 52, Superboy seemed to possess telepathy, enabling him to sense and detect the thoughts of others. Additionally, he had a high resistance to psionic attacks, allowing him to defend against mind controlling psychics.

Costumes and equipment
 Original costume (1993-2000): In his first appearance, Superboy has a black, blue and red costume with yellow accents and the red and yellow s-shield on his chest, black boots with yellow accents, two black belts with a yellow belt on the right leg, red gloves, fade haircut. The Newsboy Legion gave him a black leather jacket that belonged to a Cadmus worker and when he signed with WGBS, he started wearing black leather jackets with the yellow s-shield on the back along with the addition of black shades and a gold earring to his outfit. He had a red cape that was left behind at Project Cadmus and he later appeared with it when he was changed into an adult during "Sins of Youth". Superboy acquires red "super-goggles" from Professor Hamilton after giving Superboy a cellular diagnostic at S.T.A.R. Labs. The goggles provided him with x-ray vision like Superman but also included other vision powers including heat vision and infrared vision capabilities. The goggles are briefly lost during a mission with the Suicide Squad and then used against Superboy by The Technician, a criminal inventor. After re-acquiring the goggles, Superboy decides to rely on his natural abilities and destroys the goggles rather than risk them falling into the wrong hands again.
 "Superboy: The Last Boy On Earth" (1998): During the "Superboy: The Last Boy On Earth" storyline, his hair is grown past the shoulders with a look similar to the Jack Kirby character Kamandi; blue torn shorts, red boots, red gloves, and a stone necklace with a red and yellow "S" medallion that resembled the S-shield but was the serpentine mark of the slave trader Sacker. He is later given a blue tunic.
 Post "Sins of Youth" (2000): When he was depowered after the "Sins of Youth" storyline, his costume was a black T-shirt with red and yellow S-shield, blue pants, red gloves, red boots, and a yellow utility belt. He used a Legion flight ring to fly and later used a gold wrist guard designed by the Gadget Guru of the Hairies that was powered by the same Legion flight ring. It enabled Superboy to fly and hid a gold S-shield made of an expandable alloy that Superboy used for combat. The S-shield could also be launched from Superboy's wrist guard.
 Updated Costume (2001-2003): In Superboy #83, Superboy is given a redesigned costume. This costume is a blue and dark red outfit with a blue and red jacket of matching design, red gloves, and boots with yellow accents, red shades of advanced design, and a new haircut. This is the character's primary costume until the beginning of Teen Titans in August 2003.
 Teen Titans (2003-2011): The character's design in Teen Titans is a more civilian look featuring jeans and a black T-shirt with a red s-shield. He sports a contemporary short haircut. In the "Superboy and the Legion" storyline from Teen Titans, he wears the classic Superman costume, but with a Legion belt buckle. During the five months he spends in the future, he grows his hair to match Superman.
 The New 52 (2011–2016): In the New 52 relaunch of the DC Universe, Superboy's costume is a black suit created by Project N.O.W.H.E.R.E. with red piping leading into the S-Shield. The origin or functional design within the DC New 52 have yet to be explained but they were likely designed by Harvest. Promotional art for Teen Titans depicted the character wearing a sleeveless black shirt, half-fingered black gloves similar to the original costume, black pants, black boots, and a red barcode tattoo on his right arm.
 Wonder Comics Young Justice (2019–Present): His new costume heavily resembles his original one, except without the goggles and some shoulder spikes and stitched in S-shields on his arm.

Identities
Initially, Superboy is known as "Experiment 13". When he escaped from Cadmus, he used the name "Superman". Those who would not accept him as Superman would refer to him as "The Kid", "Superkid", and "Superboy", a name he hated. After Superman's return, Superman let him use the name "Superboy" and continue to wear the S-shield. During the time, he had no other identity, with Tana Moon calling him "Kid" and Roxy Leech calling him "S.B.". Later, Superman gives him his first real name "Kon-El" (after a descendant of the second House of El and Superman's cousin in spirit). While undercover at Montridge High, Superboy's first attempt at a human alias name is Carl Krummet, a play on the names of Kon-El's creators. The character retains this name after Superboy relocated to Smallville. At the beginning of Teen Titans, he was given another civilian identity by Superman: Conner Kent, cousin to Clark.

During the New 52 era of DC, the origin of the name "Kon-El" was changed. When he was confronted by Supergirl, Kara Zor-El, dubbed him that name upon realizing he was a clone, his new moniker being an insult or slur, having "kon" meaning abomination in the Kryptonian language, and El was added, both mockingly resembling Kryptonian naming conventions and recognizing him as an offense against her family. This version of Kon-El was later removed from continuity and the previous incarnation was restored.

In 2023, writer Magdalene Visaggio revealed a pitch she had written in which Conner Kent would transition into a woman named "Connie Kent", and would take up the superhero identity of "Skyrocket". The pitch was rejected by DC Comics, but the pitch divided comic fans, with some being intrigued by the positive trans representation and others disliking the direction for the character.

Legal dispute
A March 23, 2006, court decision returned rights to the Superboy character to Jerry Siegel's heirs. The decision, issued six days before Superboy's death in Infinite Crisis #6 hit the shelves, states that the Siegels have owned 'Superboy' since November 17, 2004.

Even though DC Comics does not own the rights to the "Superboy" name, Geoff Johns and Dan DiDio have stated that the decision to kill off the character had nothing to do with the court case, and that they could have just renamed the character. Following the conclusion of Infinite Crisis, Didio compared Superboy's death to Spock's death in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (who was subsequently resurrected), and also stated that he was "as dead as Blue Beetle".

In the Teen Titans Secret Origins, a back-up story in the weekly 52 series, an illustration of Superboy had to be changed to one of Wonder Girl because of the legal dispute.

On the cover of Teen Titans (vol. 3) #46, Match's insignia (a reverse version of Conner's) is obscured, and in Supergirl (vol. 5) #18 (2007), Conner's "S" on his statue is covered. Almost all references to the character refer to him as "Conner".

Recently, it has appeared the legal status has been near dropped, as the Superboy name has been used as normal in several books such as Teen Titans since his return in Final Crisis: Legion of 3 Worlds, with his 'S' shield no longer obscured.

Collected editions

In other media
Television
Live-action

 Superboy appears in the final season of Smallville, portrayed by Jakob Davies as a six-year-old ("Lazarus" and "Isis"), Connor Stanhope as a prepubescent ("Harvest"), and Lucas Grabeel as a teenager ("Beacon", "Scion"). This version is also known as "Alexander Luthor", "LX-15", and a "Cognitional Neuroplastic Replicant" (CNR). After Tess Mercer discovers the six-year-old Alexander in Cadmus Labs, she forms a mother/son bond with him. However, he takes on Lex Luthor's memories, becomes mentally unstable upon becoming a teenager, and is discovered by Clark Kent. Eventually becoming known as Conner, the clone loses Lex's memories as his powers manifest. Lionel Luthor of Earth-2 tries to force him to reject the Clark side of his DNA and embrace his powers via Red Kryptonite, but Conner refuses before vowing to join Clark as a hero when he is ready, enrolling at Smallville High with his help and receiving the Kent surname.
 Conner appears in Titans, portrayed primarily by Joshua Orpin and by body double Brooker Muir in the post-credits scene for the episode "Dick Grayson". This version is also known as Subject 13. After escaping from Cadmus Labs with a genetically modified golden retriever named Krypto, he takes the name "Conner" and experiences Lex Luthor and Superman's memories. After seeking out the former's father Lionel Luthor for answers, Conner is hunted by Lex's personal assistant Mercy Graves before he is rescued by Dr. Eve Watson, who advises him not to publicly use his powers. Despite this, Conner does so to rescue Jason Todd, whom he befriends, joins the Titans, and enters a sexual relationship with Komand'r. Upon founding out that Lex is dying and wants Conner to take over LexCorp, Conner agrees to stay with him, only to be arrested for Lex's apparent murder.

Animation

 Elements of Superboy are incorporated into a clone of Superman nicknamed Kell-El / Superman X who appears in Legion of Super Heroes, voiced by Yuri Lowenthal. He is from the 41st century, was created by the artificial intelligence K3NT to oppose Imperiex, and had Kryptonite built into his DNA during his creation, rendering him immune to its effects and able to project it as lasers and crystal traps.
 Superboy appears in Young Justice, voiced by Nolan North. This version is the result of Project Cadmus' "Project Kr'''", an attempt at creating a living superweapon meant to replace or destroy Superman, with Lex Luthor's human DNA bridging missing sequences in the Kryptonian DNA to stabilize Conner and inhibit his full powers. Additionally, Conner was telepathically force-fed advanced knowledge in various fields while in Cadmus' custody until he is released by Aqualad, Robin, and Kid Flash and forms the Team with them. Throughout the first season, Conner makes attempts to build a relationship with Superman, but the latter refuses to associate with him, much to the former's anger and dismay. He also develops romantic feelings for and later enters a secret relationship with Miss Martian, who coins his alias of Conner Kent. He later learns of his true nature from Luthor, who gives him s-shield patches to temporarily express his full Kryptonian DNA while increasing his aggression, though he eventually comes clean to his teammates. By the season one finale, Conner and Superman reconcile their differences. In season two, Young Justice: Invasion, Conner has grown less aggressive and willing to use strategy and technology on missions, but recently broke up with Miss Martian in between seasons due to her use of excessive violence against those she deems "bad guys" and attempting to manipulate his mind until they eventually reconcile and renew their relationship. In season three, Young Justice: Outsiders, Superboy begins to feel pressure to step up in light of Superman's temporary absence. Conner and Miss Martian have also begun happily living together in Happy Harbor and get engaged. In season four, Young Justice: Phantoms, Conner and Miss Martian travel to Mars to undergo a Martian wedding ceremony with her family until he is seemingly killed after sacrificing himself to stop a gene-bomb. Conner is later revealed to be alive, having been rescued by Phantom Girl, but ended up trapped in the Phantom Zone. He becomes involved in a plot by Lor-Zod to release his parents Dru-Zod and Ursa from the Phantom Zone and the Legion of Super-Heroes's efforts to stop Lor-Zod. By the end of the fourth season, after helping his friends defeat the Zods, Superboy and Miss Martian are reunited and finally get married on Earth surrounded by their family and friends.
 The Young Justice incarnation of Superboy appears in the Teen Titans Go! episode "Let's Get Serious".
 The 1993 comics incarnation of Superboy appears in the 2013 Superman 75th anniversary short produced by Zack Snyder and Bruce Timm.
 Superboy appears in Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2: Villains in Paradise, voiced by Zac Efron. This version is in a relationship with Lena Luthor.

Film
 Elements of Superboy are incorporated into a clone of Superman who appears in Superman: Doomsday.
 Superboy appears in The Death and Return of Superman, portrayed by Matt Bennett.
 Superboy makes a non-speaking appearance in the mid-credits scene of the DC Animated Movie Universe (DCAMU) film The Death of Superman.
 Superboy appears in the DCAMU film Reign of the Supermen, voiced by Cameron Monaghan. Following the events of The Death of Superman, Superboy is initially and publicly sponsored by Lex Luthor as the "official" Superman before they become disillusioned with each other as Luthor resents Superboy's grandstanding while the latter eventually learns of his true nature. His confidence buoyed by a discussion with Lois Lane, Superboy assists Steel and the Eradicator in reviving Superman before helping him fight Cyborg Superman. Afterwards, Superboy moves in with Jonathan and Martha Kent and takes on the name Conner.
 Superboy makes a cameo appearance in Teen Titans Go! To the Movies. Superboy makes a non-speaking appearance in the DCAMU film Justice League Dark: Apokolips War. He joins the Teen Titans in defending Earth from Darkseid's Paradooms until one of them kills him.

Video games
 Superboy appears as a playable character in The Death and Return of Superman.
 Superboy appears as a playable character in the Nintendo 3DS, Nintendo DS, and PlayStation Vita versions of Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes.
 Superboy appears as a playable character in Young Justice: Legacy, voiced again by Nolan North.
 Superboy appears as a non-playable character (NPC) in DC Universe Online, voiced by Greg Miller.
 Superboy appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, voiced by Scott Porter.
 Superboy makes a cameo appearance in Cyborg's ending in Injustice 2. This version was a member of the Teen Titans, most of whom were killed years prior, before Cyborg revives them.
 Superboy appears as a playable character in Lego DC Super Villains, voiced by Yuri Lowenthal.

Miscellaneous
 Superboy appears in the BBC Radio 5 radio drama adaptation of "The Death of Superman", "Funeral For a Friend", and "Reign of the Supermen!" storylines, voiced by Kerry Shale. It was released as "Superman: Doomsday and Beyond" in the United Kingdom by BBC Audiobooks and as "Superman Lives!" in the United States by Time Warner Audiobooks.
 The Smallville incarnation of Superboy appears in Smallville Titans as a member of Jay Garrick's Teen Titans and boyfriend of Miss Martian.
 The Injustice incarnation of Superboy appears in the Injustice: Gods Among Us prequel comics as a member of the Teen Titans who survived the Metropolis disaster. Upon learning Superman killed the Joker in retaliation, Superboy loses faith in the former and attempts to find a Phantom Zone projector, only to be defeated by Superman and sent to the Phantom Zone along with his fellow Titans.
 The Injustice incarnation of Superboy appears in the Injustice 2 prequel comic. While his fellow Titans are rescued from the Phantom Zone, Superboy opts to stay behind due to his injuries. Following General Zod's death, Batman, Doctor Mid-Nite, and Harley Quinn perform a heart transplant on Superboy using Zod's heart so he can leave the Phantom Zone and reunite with Jonathan and Martha Kent, who give him a Superman-inspired suit in the hopes that he will restore Superman's legacy. Superboy joins Batman's Insurgency in fighting Atrocitus and Starro, but he and Wonder Girl are captured and tortured by Brainiac before he leaves them to die in the vacuum of space, though Booster Gold rescues the pair so they can help the Legion of Super-Heroes.
 In season 2 of Superman and Lois'', the Jonathan Kent character has a doppelgänger from the Bizarro World, portrayed by Jordan Elsass. This Jonathan has powers instead of his twin brother Jordan and is known to the world as Jon-El, son of Kal-El, and saving the world with his father. His superhero outfit consists of a black leather jacket and boots, red pants and leather gloves, and a black t-shirt with the "S-shield", resembling the 1990s Superboy.

Reception
The Kon-El incarnation of Superboy has been ranked as the 196th greatest comic book character of all time by Wizard Magazine. IGN also ranked Superboy as the 83rd greatest comic book hero of all time, stating, "This genetic clone of Superman and Lex Luthor often bears the weight of the world on his burly shoulders. But over the years he's managed to carve his own legacy and win a large legion of fans." In 2013, ComicsAlliance ranked Superboy as #35 on their list of the "50 Sexiest Male Characters in Comics".

See also
 Alternative versions of Superman
 Superman character and cast

References

Characters created by Karl Kesel
DC Comics sidekicks
Comics characters introduced in 1993
DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
DC Comics characters with accelerated healing
DC Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
DC Comics characters with superhuman senses
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics male superheroes
DC Comics superheroes
DC Comics metahumans
DC Comics hybrids
DC Comics titles
DC Comics martial artists
DC Comics characters who have mental powers
DC Comics telekinetics
DC Comics child superheroes
Kryptonians
Clone characters in comics
Fictional extraterrestrial–human hybrids in comics
Fictional genetically engineered characters
Fictional characters with absorption or parasitic abilities
Fictional characters with air or wind abilities
Fictional characters with energy-manipulation abilities
Fictional characters with elemental transmutation abilities
Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities
Fictional characters with ice or cold abilities
Fictional characters with slowed ageing
Fictional characters with X-ray vision
Teenage characters in comics
Teenage superheroes
Superboy
Superman characters
Fictional characters displaced in time

Superboy (Kon-El)


Frederick Lippitt (December 29, 1916 – May 11, 2005) was an American military officer, attorney, politician, public servant and philanthropist.

He was the scion of a distinguished Rhode Island colonial family, the son of United States Senator Henry F. Lippitt (1856–1933) and Lucy Hayes Herron Lippitt (1877-1961). He was the grandson of Governor Henry Lippitt and the nephew of Governor Charles Warren Lippitt. First Lady Nellie Herron Taft was his aunt.  He was also a cousin of United States Senator John Chafee and Rhode Island Governor Lincoln Chafee.

Education

Lippitt received his preparatory education at St. Mark's School and graduated from Yale University in 1939.  He then attended Yale Law School where he joined the Phi Delta Phi legal fraternity.  His studies were interrupted by his service in the U.S. Army during World War II.  After the war, he completed his studies at Yale Law School and graduated in 1946.

Military service

Lippitt took a leave of absence from Yale Law School and enlisted in the United States Army on August 6, 1941, four months before the attack on Pearl Harbor.  He saw service on the island of New Caledonia with the Americal Division in 1942.  He was commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant in the Field Artillery on October 20, 1942.

Later in the war, he served in Italy with the 91st Infantry Division.  (Some sources state that he served in the Philippines but this is not mentioned in his official legislative biography in the Rhode Island Manual.)  On July 24, 1944 he was wounded in action for which he received the Purple Heart.

Lippitt was promoted to the rank of 1st lieutenant by the end of the war and was promoted to captain on December 10, 1945.  In addition to the Purple Heart, he was awarded the Bronze Star Medal for meritorious combat service.

Lippitt was discharged from active duty in 1946 and joined the Rhode Island National Guard on August 5, 1947.  During the Korean War, he was mobilized with the 43d Infantry Division on September 5, 1950 and served with the division in Germany from 1951 until he was demobilized on August 23, 1952.

After being released from active duty, Lippitt reverted to inactive status in the National Guard and pursued a private law practice.  He was promoted to major on February 2, 1953 and served for ten years (1953-1963) as the commander of the 103d Field Artillery Battalion (re-designated as 1st Battalion, 103d Artillery Regiment on 19 June 1961).   He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on February 19, 1957 and retired from the National Guard in 1965, after a total of 24 years of military service.

Legal career

After the Second World War, Lippitt finished his law studies at Yale.  After passing the Rhode Island Bar, he was employed as an attorney at the Providence law firm of Edwards and Angell (today known as Edwards Wildman), where he rose to become the firm's senior partner.  He retired from the firm when he entered the 1984 special election for Mayor of Providence.  The special election resulted from the removal from office of mayor Vincent "Buddy" Cianci.

In addition to his legal career, Lippitt also served as a member of the Board of Trustees of the Providence Institution for Savings (a.k.a. Old Stone Bank).  He served as a trustee of Rhode Island Hospital from 1954 to 1996.  He was also a trustee of the Rhode Island School of Design.

Political career

Lippitt was a lifelong Republican but ran twice as an independent for Mayor of Providence.  His political philosophy could be best described as conservative on economic issues but progressive on social issues.  He consistently advocated fiscal discipline and the protection of the rights of minorities.

State representative
In November 1960, Lippitt was elected as a state representative in the Rhode Island General Assembly, representing a district which encompassed the College Hill neighborhood of Providence.  He served eleven two year terms as a member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives from 1961 to 1983, including ten years as House Minority Leader.  As a legislator he was noted for his commitment to fiscal responsibility, civil rights and open government.  He was also noted for his influence in the passage of the Rhode Island Fair Housing Act of 1968 and for his unsuccessful opposition to the imposition of a state income tax in 1970.

Later political career
Frustrated by the corruption of Providence politics under the administration of Mayor Vincent "Buddy" Cianci, Lippitt ran for mayor three times - once as a Republican (1982) and twice (1984 and 1990) as an Independent.  He lost each election - the last two times by margins of less than 320 votes.

In 1982, Lippitt did not seek re-election as a state representative but, instead, ran as a Republican for Mayor of Providence.  He finished third to Cianci, who ran as an independent, and Democrat Francis Darigan.

After Cianci was removed from office following criminal charges in 1984, Democratic City Council chairman Joseph Paolino became acting mayor and a special election was called. Lippitt entered the race as an independent, running against Paolino, State Representative Keven McKenna and businessman Emmanuel Torti. After Cianci was disqualified by the Rhode Island Supreme Court from running in the election, he endorsed Lippitt in the mayoral election shortly before election day. Lippitt narrowly lost the election to Paolino by 129 votes.

In 1985, Lippitt was appointed as the Director of the Rhode Island Department of Administration by the newly elected Republican governor, Edward DiPrete and served in the position until 1988.  Shortly after Lippitt's appointment, the overwhelmingly Democratic Rhode Island General Assembly passed special legislation which permitted Lippitt's 22 years of service as a part-time state legislator to count towards a state government pension.

Lippitt was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island in 1988 when he was defeated by Democratic State General Treasurer Roger N. Begin.

In 1989, Lippitt was appointed by Providence Mayor Joseph Paolino, whom Lippitt ran against in the 1984 special election, as a judge on the Providence Housing Court.  Lippitt resigned the position in 1990.

In 1990, at the age of 73, Lippitt ran again as an independent for Mayor of Providence.  He was narrowly defeated (by a margin of only 317 votes) by Cianci, who was permitted to run for office again after serving a five-year suspended sentence.  The other candidate in the race was Democratic City Councilman Andrew Annaldo.  This was Lippitt's last attempt to win an elected office.

Public service

Lippitt held numerous positions in the private non-profit sector.  These positions included - senior fellow of Brown University, member of the Board of Trustees of Brown University (1963-1970), chairman of the board of Rhode Island Hospital, chairman of the board of the Providence Plan (see below), trustee of Rhode Island School of Design and chairman of the board of trustees of St. Mark's School. Brown University awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1977 and its President's Medal in 2004.

As chairman of the Providence Plan (a strategic urban planning initiative), Lippitt envisioned the successful Woonasquatucket Greenway Project which improved the natural scenery in blighted neighborhoods of Providence.

He also served Chairman of the Rhode Island Board of Governors for Elementary and Secondary Education for several years prior to his death.

Personal life

Lippitt's father died the day before his 17th birthday.  He never married and lived with his sister, Mary Ann Lippitt (1918-2006), a pilot who founded her own aviation company after the Second World War.

Mary Ann Lippitt took the first nurse's aide class offered by the Rhode Island Red Cross when she was still a teenager.  During the Second World War, she was trained to work with psychiatric patients at Fort Devens, Massachusetts.  In 1944 she was trained as a pilot and worked as a flying instructor in Virginia and served in the U.S. Air Postal Service during the war.  In 1946 she formed Lippitt Aviation, and was one of the first woman business owners in Rhode Island and operated a charter service.  She sold the business in 1972. She competed in the "Powder Puff Derby" - transcontinental race for women pilots.   She also served as the Chairman of the Board of the Rhode Island Red Cross and as a board member for numerous other non-profits.  In 2013 she was inducted into the Rhode Island Aviation Hall of Fame.

Memberships
Lippitt was elected as an honorary member of the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati in 1972.  He became a hereditary member of the Society in 1989 after the death of a cousin who held the "seat" in the Society for Lippitt's great great great grandfather, Captain Charles Lippitt.  He was also a member of the prestigious Hope Club in Providence and the Phi Delta Phi legal fraternity.

Death and burial
Lippitt died at the age of 88 at his home in Providence on May 11, 2005. His memorial service was held at the 1st Unitarian Church in Providence. He was buried near his parents in the Lippitt family plot in the Swan Point Cemetery. Mary Ann Lippitt died in 2006 and was buried beside him.

Legacy
In his will, Lippitt provided for the endowment of two professorships at Brown University with a bequest of $3 million for each.  One was named the Frederick Lippitt Chair of Public Policy and the other the Mary Ann Lippitt Chair of History.  In addition, his will provided that his home on Prospect Street (valued at $2.8 million) be given to the University upon his sister's death.

Lippitt created the Frederick Lippitt Endowment Fund for the Woonasquatucket River Watershed.

The Center for the Study of Race and Ethnicity in America at Brown University is housed in The Frederick Lippitt and Mary Ann Lippitt House at 96 Waterman Street in Providence.

The Frederick Lippitt Prize for Public Service is awarded annually by the Brown University Department of Public Policy to a graduating senior.

On January 19, 2006 Lippitt was posthumously inducted by Mayor of Providence David Cicilline into the Reverend Martin Luther King Hall of Fame.  At the induction Mayor Cicilline said of Lippitt:

The late Frederick Lippitt was a longtime advocate of civil rights and equality.  As a member of the Rhode Island General Assembly, he pushed for the passage of fair housing legislation.  He championed the cause of women and minority business owners as Director of Administration, and as the Chairman of the Rhode Island Board of Regents for Elementary and Secondary Education, Lippitt pushed for diversity among the regents and worked to improve the quality of life for students.   The nomination letter credits Lippitt for helping the poor and disenfranchised and said Lippitt 'made a sustained commitment to Providence, a city he was unabashedly in love with.'

Awards and honors

Military decorations and medals
Bronze Star Medal
Purple Heart (1944)
American Defense Service Medal (1941)
American Campaign Medal (1943)
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (1942)
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with campaign star (1944)
World War II Victory Medal (1945)
Army of Occupation Medal with "Germany" clasp (1946 - retroactive to 1945)
National Defense Service Medal (1953 - retroactive to 1950)
Armed Forces Reserve Medal (1957)
Rhode Island National Guard Service Medal - three awards (1954, 1957, 1962)

Honors

Honorary Member of the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati (1972)
Honorary doctorate from Brown University (1977)
Lifetime member of the Board of Fellows of Brown University (1979)
President's Medal, Brown University (2004)
Inductee, Reverend Martin Luther King Hall of Fame (posthumously inducted in 2006)
Inductee, Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame (posthumously inducted in 2006)

References

External links
Biography on the Brown University Website
Obituary Woonasquatucket River Watershed Council
Avery, Camden, Lippitt leaves the University a legacy The Brown Daily Herald, September 13, 2005
Four Community Leaders Inducted into the MLK Hall of Fame City of Providence, Rhode Island, January 19, 2006
New York Times Obituary, May 17, 2005
Dedication of The Frederick Lippitt and Mary Ann Lippitt House

20th-century American politicians
20th-century American businesspeople
St. Mark's School (Massachusetts) alumni
Yale Law School alumni
Republican Party members of the Rhode Island House of Representatives
1916 births
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army officers
2005 deaths
Burials at Swan Point Cemetery
Lawyers from Providence, Rhode Island
Politicians from Providence, Rhode Island

Frederick Lippitt


9Bach is an alternative folk group formed by Welsh singer-songwriter and pianist Lisa Jên and guitarist Martin Hoyland, a veteran of 1990s alt-rock band Pusherman. The group now includes Dan Swain (bass guitar), Esyllt Glyn Jones (harp, vocals), Mirain Roberts (vocals) and Andy Gangadeen (drums). The sextet's name puns on "nain", the word for "grandmother" in north Wales; "bach" means "small" in Welsh.

When the group began in 2005, its repertoire mainly consisted of traditional Welsh-language folk songs. Its self-titled debut album was released in 2009. Lisa Jên sang on Gruff Rhys's 2007 album, Candylion, and toured with Rhys in that period.

In 2015, 9Bach's album Tincian ("resonate") won Best Album at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards. The band was joined onstage by Bethesda-based male voice choir Côr Penrhyn for their final song of the evening.

The band's third album, Anian, ("nature") was released 13 May 2016. Its title song was written by actor-musician Rhys Ifans, who sings it on 9Bach's recording. "Deryn" is sung by musician and Real World founder Peter Gabriel. The album incorporates Greek and Middle Eastern musical influences.

References

Welsh-language bands
Welsh-language singers
Welsh folk music

9Bach


Gregory Dale Bear (born Augist 20, 1951; dee'd November 19, 2022) wis a Science Fiction owthor. His wark haes kivered leids o galactic fecht  (Forge of God beuks), mim universes (Eon series) an gied evolution (Blood Music, Darwin's Radio an Darwin's Children). Bear wis born in San Diego, California. Frae 1968 tae 1973 he wis at San Diego State Varsity whaur he wis awairdit an A.B. degree. In 1975, he mairiet on Christina M. Nielson, but thay divorced in 1981. He remairiet on Astrid Anderson, the dochter o Science Fiction owthor Poul Anderson, in 1983.

Fremmit Airtins
Darwin's Radio Review
Greg Bear's wabsteid
A swatch o Slant (1997)

1951 births
20t-century American novelists
20t-century male writers
21st-century American novelists
20t-century American writers
21st-century American short story writers
American deists
American illustrators
American male novelists
American male short story writers
American short story writers
American science feection writers
American transhumanists
Endeavour Awaird winners
Hugo Awaird-winnin writers
2022 daiths
Nebula Awaird winners
San Diego State Varsity alumni
Writers frae Californie
Writers frae Seattle
21st-century male writers
Novelists frae Washington (state)

Greg Bear


The Francis Stuyvesant Peabody House is a historical Queen Anne-style residence in Hinsdale, Illinois most notably owned by Francis S. Peabody of Peabody Coal from 1911 to 1921.

History
The home was built in 1889 and was purchased by Francis Stuyvesant Peabody in 1911. Peabody was the founder of Peabody, Daniels & Company, which bought coal from mines and sold it to Chicago area homes and businesses. In 1903, his company forged a deal with the Chicago Edison Company to be the main supplier of coal for local power plants. Coal demand for these plants skyrocketed, and by 1920, Peabody's company supplied over 2.3 million tons of coal per year. Peabody was also associated with the Democratic Party and was considered for the Vice President of the United States in 1912. He stepped down as company president in favor of his son Stuyvesant in 1919 and served as chairman of the board until his death in 1922.

Peabody's second wife, Mary Gertrude Sullivan, was originally a resident of Hinsdale and was a possible influence on Peabody's decision to reside there. Peabody lived in 15 different houses during his career, but was most associated with his Hinsdale residence. The south side of the home was probably extended while the Peabodys lived there. The Peabodys moved into the Mayslake Peabody Estate in 1921.

Architecture
The house is on the southwest corner of Third and Washington Streets in a residential district. The house immediately to the east is thought to be formerly associated with the Peabody property, perhaps a barn or garage. The main facade faces north toward Third Street. The exterior is largely covered in narrow clapboards painted light tan. The two stories of the house are divided on the exterior with a thin line of dark tan molding. It is built on an ashlar limestone foundation, painted off-white. The original house was built in 1889 and consisted of what is now the parlor, tower, front hall, and part of the kitchen, library, and dining room. There were significant additions around 1897, where the southern and western ends of the house were extended. Furthermore, the wood deck was replaced with limestone, a third floor dormer window was added to the tower, a room was added on the second and this floors above the main porch, a porte-cochere was added to the east of the porch, and a new hexagonal porch was added to the northwest corner. A second wave of additions occurred some time between 1909 and 1919 and probably occurred shortly after it was purchased by Peabody. The south side was again extended. Modern additions occurred in 1940 and  1980.

References

Hinsdale, Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in DuPage County, Illinois
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Houses completed in 1889
Houses in DuPage County, Illinois

Francis Stuyvesant Peabody House


Stylidium turbinatum is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the genus Stylidium (family Stylidiaceae). S. turbinatum is endemic to Australia and is found in the northern part of Western Australia in the Kimberley region and near Darwin in the Northern Territory. This species is an erect annual herb that stands 6–15 cm tall. A 2–5 cm long stem bearing scattered leaves terminate in a tuft of 1–2 cm long upper leaves. Several scapes appear from these terminal tufts. The inflorescence is a raceme, which produces pink flowers whose petals are vertically paired. The hypanthium of this species is turbinate and is one of the distinguishing characteristics used to identify it. The sepals form ribs around the hypanthium, giving it a turbine-like appearance. Seeds of S. turbinatum are pale orange and around 0.2 mm long.

S. turbinatum was first formally described by Allen Lowrie and Kevin F. Kenneally in 1997, with most specimens having been collected and examined in the mid-1990s with one early specimen from 1990. S. turbinatum grows in sandy soils at the margins of creeks and floodways and is closely associated with wet season herb fields.

See also

 List of Stylidium species

References

Carnivorous plants of Australia
Flora of the Northern Territory
Eudicots of Western Australia
Plants described in 1997
turbinatum
Asterales of Australia

Stylidium turbinatum


School Days is a Japanese visual novel developed by 0verflow, released on April 2005, for Windows as an adult game. It was later ported as a DVD game and for the PlayStation 2 (PS2) and PlayStation Portable (PSP). The story, a dramatic slice-of-life, follows Makoto Ito, a high school student who becomes the ambivalent love interest of several girls during his second term, and the effects this has on himself and his relationships with other characters. Though the game requires little interaction from users, School Days engages the player through a plot that they are given opportunities to change the course of during play. The game concludes with an ending specific to the outcome of the story, some of which became notorious for their graphic violence.

0verflow announced work on School Days in October 2004 and marketed it through public venues that showcased the game's innovative use of anime-like cinematics and voice. The game ranked as the best-selling visual novel in Japan for the time of its release, continuing to chart in the national top 50 for nearly five months afterward. 0verflow would then go on to produce multiple sequels including a spin-off of the original story called Summer Days, and a parallel story called Cross Days. Another spin-off, Island Days, has been developed by Klon for the Nintendo 3DS. School Days was remastered as School Days HQ on October 2010, and localized in North America on June 2012. The original game was officially discontinued on April 2011.

Following the game's release, School Days made several transitions into other media. The original story was adapted into a manga and serialized in the Kadokawa Shoten magazine Comp Ace; it was later published into two volumes. Comic anthologies, light novels and art books were also published, as were audio dramas and several albums of music. An animated television series, two direct-to-video (OVA) single releases and a concert film were also produced, the first of which became a precursor for an internet meme when its finale was pulled from broadcast.

Gameplay

As a visual novel, School Days contains extremely minimal gameplay. The game's core onscreen presentation is composed of scenes that are viewed from a mostly third-person perspective. At predetermined intervals, the game pauses, and players are presented with one to two responses or actions relevant to the scene in progress to make, or not make, on behalf of characters. Each selection branches the game's progress up to that point in an alternate direction, while also causing the player's love toward a character to blossom, plateau, or diminish, thus providing for a nonlinear storytelling experience. Being an erotic title, relationships between characters may become sexual; scenes of this kind depict a varying combination of French kissing, masturbation, oral sex, intercourse, and nudity (both female and male) or a combination thereof. Genitalia are pixelated in the original Japanese releases, but the Western release of School Days HQ is uncensored. Sex scenes are omitted from the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable ports of the game.

Each route the game takes invariably concludes with an ending specific to the choices made up to that point. Depending on these choices, the outcome of the story will either be good or bad. School Days became popularly known for its bad endings, which depict the deaths of characters. In one ending titled "Bloody End", a yandere Kotonoha slits Sekai's jugular vein open with a dōzuki, causing Sekai to collapse and die in a fountain of blood to the manic laughter of her assailant and the horror of Makoto. In another called "Forever", Kotonoha commits suicide leaning over and falling off the roof of a school, landing headfirst on a sidewalk to the horror of Makoto and Sekai. The game's good endings, by contrast, depict the well-being of characters and their relationships. In the ending "Christmas Eve", Makoto and Kotonoha share an embrace and make love in a hotel room as snow falls around a surrounding cityscape. In another titled "Two Lovers", Kotonoha and Sekai agree to have a polyamorous relationship with Makoto instead of rivaling with each other. Because of the numerous alternate endings that can be achieved, players who wish to watch additional endings and sex scenes will have to play through the game more than once.

Unlike traditional visual novels that consist of static characters with subtitled dialogue, School Days is unusual in that it incorporates motion and voice, making it reminiscent of an animated series. Cinematics naturally play on their own, and players are afforded the ability to pause, fast-forward, and even skip those they've seen before. Male and female voices can be muted, subtitles can be turned on or off and the game can be played from a window or fullscreen ratio. Progress can be saved at any time in up to 100 slots and loaded from either the main menu or during play.

Plot

School Days focuses on the life of Makoto Itou, a first-year high school student living with his divorced and unseen mother in the fictional city of Haramihama. During his second term, he becomes infatuated with Kotonoha Katsura, a shy schoolmate who shares train rides with him to and from campus. When the classroom seating plan of his class is rearranged, he becomes acquaintanced with Sekai Saionji, an upbeat girl who takes a special interest in his newfound crush, introducing the two and providing them the grounds to meet. Despite her triumphant efforts, however, Sekai becomes jealous of the new couple, having developed feelings for Makoto herself.

Development
School Days was 0verflow's tenth game to develop. News of School Days first surfaced on October 5, 2004, when 0verflow posted a link to the game's then-live website and development log on their official site. In the blog, 0verflow revealed that School Days had been in pre-production for roughly two years and would be a fully animated game. Updates on the development of the game were scheduled for Tuesdays and Fridays, and the company encouraged fans to attend Dream Party 2004, an upcoming anime convention at Tokyo Big Sight in Ariake, on October 11, where it would make its first public showcase of the game and characters. A follow-up of the venue was made on October 15. Toward the end of the month on October 26, 0verflow posted that new information about School Days would be circulated in the November issue of Tech Gian, an adult magazine published by Enterbrain.

Promotion for the game began shortly after. In a November 6 development post, 0verflow announced that it was planning a public screening of new game material, but was experiencing difficulty acquiring space for it. The company had initially chosen to have the venue in Akihabara but was unable to find a retailer willing to host it, prompting a visit to Osaka the following week. News that the game would contain music by artists such as Minami Kuribayashi, Haruko Momoi, Yozuca* and YURIA was posted on November 30, along with a release date change to February 25, 2005.

On December 28, 2004, 0verflow released a public trial of School Days and announced that the company would be attending Comiket 67 at Tokyo Big Sight from December 29 to 30, handing out phonecards to the first 50 visitors to their booth. Two months later, on February 2, 2005, the company announced that the game had been postponed again to April 28. From April 5 to April 8, 0verflow concluded their development log with comments from Soyogi Tōno, Kaname Yuzuki, Tatsuya Hirai, Yuki Matsunaga, Hikaru Isshiki and Hana Yamamoto, the respective voices of Kotonoha, Sekai, Makoto, Otome, Hikari and Setsuna. To address bugs that were later found in the game, 0verflow released a patch to bring School Days to a stable build of 1.11.
On June 26, 2007, 0verflow and Lantis-net radio began to air an internet radio drama called "Radio School Days". Broadcasts finished on March 28, 2008, with 39 episodes aired. On April 21, 2011, 0verflow announced via their blog that support for School Days was being discontinued.

Release
School Days was ported to three other platforms. The first of these was by AiCherry, an interactive movie developer, who announced on August 20, 2007, that it had picked up the game for development, releasing it as a four disc DVD game on September 28. That same year, on August 31, Interchannel posted a link on their blog to the official website of School Days L×H, a PlayStation 2 (PS2) port in development by Guyzware, that would be edited of explicit sexual content and fanservice. The game was released on January 17, 2008 and assessed by the Computer Entertainment Rating Organization (CERO), Japan's primary video game content rating system, receiving a 15-years-or-older "C" rating for sexual themes and profanity. The third and final port was developed by PalaceGame for the PlayStation Portable (PSP). After postponing the game on May 11, it was released as four UMDs on June 30, 2010.

0verflow opened what would become the homepage for School Days HQ on May 21, 2010, a remastering of the original game initially scheduled for release in August. The site was finished June 3, and on July 16, the game was postponed to September 24. A trial was publicly released for download on August 7, and from August 20 to September 28, 0verflow promoted the game. Customers who had purchased the original School Days would be given the opportunity to upgrade to HQ for a fee until October 11, by either mailing in their game disc or visiting stores in Akihabara, Osaka or Nagoya. Distributors offered collectable phonecards for reservations, and after a second date change on September 10, the game was released October 8.

On March 3, 2011, 0verflow acknowledged Sekai Project, an unofficial fan translation group, who had reportedly begun localizing School Days in April 2006. Partnering with American distributor JAST USA, School Days HQ, uncensored in English, was announced for a North American release on March 11, 2011. Development instead continued into 2012, and on May 18, JAST announced that the company had begun taking pre-orders for the Collector's Edition, a bundled release of the game packaged with a keychain and mousepad. The company announced weeks later on June 1 that School Days HQ had gone gold. Following news on June 26 that the company would exhibit the game at Anime Expo 2012, JAST made an update to the June 1 announcement that School Days HQ had begun shipping. The downloadable version of the game was later released on August 6.

Sales
In a national sales ranking of bishōjo games in PCNEWS, a now-defunct Japanese online magazine, School Days premiered as the number one game sold for the second half of April 2005, the second and seventeenth for the first and second halves of May, the fifth and twenty-sixth for the first and second halves of June, and twenty-seventh for the first half of July. The School Days renewal edition, released a week after the previous ranking, continued to chart on behalf of the game; it ranked as the thirty-third most sold game for the second half of July, before ending as the thirty-fifth and forty-ninth for the first and second halves of August.

Getchu.com, a major distributor of visual novels and domestic anime products, recorded similar sales. School Days for Windows premiered as the number one game sold for the month of its release, and seventh most for May, ranking as the number one game sold for the first half of 2005 and ninth for the year. The following year, the School Days renewal edition charted as the twentieth most sold game for July 2007, dropping to thirtieth from August to October. School Days HQ ranked as the sixth most sold game for October 2010 but failed to chart thereafter.

According to Gamasutra, a video gaming news site, School Days L×H ranked as the number one PlayStation 2 game sold for January 2008.

Media

Related visual novels
0verflow developed several visual novels related to School Days, sharing the same universe. Prior to the development of School Days, 0verflow developed the Radish Vacation visual novel series. The first is Snow Radish Vacation released on December 28, 2001, followed by Summer Radish Vacation on April 1, 2003, and finally Summer Radish Vacation 2 on August 13, 2004.

A prequel titled Summer Days, was released on June 23, 2006, retelling the original game during summer vacation and from the perspective of Setsuna Kiyoura. Unlike its predecessor, however, Summer Days was almost universally panned for its heavily bugged state, loads of patches, and recall. Another spin-off titled Cross Days was released on March 19, 2010. Set in the same continuity as School Days, Cross Days follows the life of another protagonist, Yuuki Ashikaga, a high school freshman who also finds himself caught between the affection of two girls, Roka Kitsuregawa and Kotonoha Katsura, during his second term at Sakakino Academy. The game also features yaoi scenarios, during which Yuuki cross-dresses as a maid. 0verflow released Shiny Days on February 2, 2012, which is a remastered version of Summer Days with a new heroine and higher quality animations. A spin-off, Island Days, was developed for the Nintendo 3DS and was released in Japan on July 3, 2014. The game, developed by Klon, focuses on Makoto and the girls becoming trapped on a remote island and includes tower defense elements.

Manga
Based on the story of the original game, School Days was reimagined as a manga, illustrated by Homare Sakazuki and serialized in the Kadokawa Shoten magazine Comp Ace from May 26, 2006 to September 26, 2007. On July 12, 2007, 0verflow announced that the manga had been collected into its first volume, comprising five chapters set to be released on July 24. Later that year, the second and final volume, comprising the remaining seven chapters, was released on November 21.

Various artists also produced short manga of School Days that were compiled into two comic anthologies. The "School Days Comic Anthology" was released by Ohzora Publishing on October 25, 2005, under their P-mate Comics imprint, containing nine short manga by individual artists. On February 25, 2008, Ichijinsha printed the "School Days Kotonoha Anthology" under their DNA Media Comics imprint, a collection of manga primarily featuring the character Kotonoha Katsura.

Books and publications
In addition to the manga, School Days was adapted into other print media. The first of these was the "School Days Visual Guide Book" published by Jive on September 16, 2005, an artbook of character illustrations, model sheets, screenplay, storyboards and a visual hierarchy of the choices and corresponding scenes in the game. Separate editions for the anime television series and Playstation 2 game were also published, on December 1, 2007 and March 21, 2008, respectively. Collections of production work from the Windows game such as character and environment art, screenplay, artist commentaries and all manufactured promotional items were collected in the  on December 16, 2005 and also featured in the "SummerDays  & School Days Visual Collection" on August 31, 2006.

The first of four light novels, all illustrated by Junji Goto, was written by Ryuna Okada and printed by Harvest Publishing under their Harvest Novels imprint. Released on December 1, 2005,  retells the original story from the perspective of Sekai. Okada would follow up the book with  on January 1, 2006, switching to the perspective of Kotonoha. Two light novels were also published by Jive, the first of which was written by Takuya Baba,  and printed on December 16, 2005, and a second by Hiro Akiduki, "School Days: Innocent Blue",  released on April 28.

Anime

School Days was adapted into a twelve-episode anime television series by TNK. Concrete news of this first appeared on June 1, 2007, when 0verflow announced via its blog that the show's official website had gone live. Stations participating in the broadcast included TV Kanagawa, Chiba TV, TV Aichi, TV Osaka, TV Saitama and AT-X, the premiere of which would air on TV Kanagawa on July 3. The anime was aired until September 27 and finished its broadcast on AT-X. From September 26, 2007, to February 27, 2008, the series was compiled into six limited and regular edition DVDs.

TNK also produced two direct-to-video (OVA) episodes of School Days. The first, titled "Valentine Days", was bundled with limited edition copies of School Days L×H, and features an unrelated comedic romp through Valentine's Day as Kotonoha, Sekai, and Otome try to give Makoto giri chocos. The second, "Magical Heart Kokoro-chan", jaunts the series into magical girl territory, portraying Kokoro Katsura as the superheroine Magical Heart; it was released on March 26, 2008.

Discotek Media has acquired the television series and the "Magical Heart Kokoro-chan" OVA to be released on DVD on June 24, 2014, with English subtitles.

Delay of finale

On September 17, 2007, the day before the twelfth and final episode of the televised anime was to air on TV Kanagawa, a sixteen-year-old girl murdered her forty-five-year-old father in their Kyoto home with an axe. TV Kanagawa promptly cancelled the Tuesday airing of the finale for its similarly violent content, replacing it instead with a thirty-minute video compilation of scenery footage from Europe including Norway, played to August Wilhelmj's "Air on the G String". Newspapers such as The Japan Times and Mainichi Shimbun reported on the killing and episode preempt on September 19. According to Mainichi Shimbun, Chiba TV and TV Aichi had also cancelled their airings, with AT-X the only station remaining indecisive. 0verflow issued an apology through their blog the same day, asking viewers to stay tuned for updates. In the following week, 0verflow announced that it had arranged for two screenings of the edited finale at the Akihabara 3D Theater on September 27. Those wishing to attend would be required to register a seat by email, be at least 18 years old with photo ID, and bring a Windows copy of School Days or Summer Days. That same day AT-X announced that it had decided to air the unedited finale on September 27 and October 1.

In the wake of the broadcast change, a screen capture of the Norwegian M/S Skagastøl from the slideshow surfaced on 4chan alongside the caption "Nice boat.", a phrase which gained popularity in Japan. Google Trends recorded a spike in "Nice Boat" searches around the third quarter of 2007 while Yomiuri Shinbun, a Japanese newspaper, reported that "Nice boat" was the tenth most popular Yahoo! Japan search from September 17 to September 23.

Nice Boat had become so well known that it was used in other media. The meme appeared as an Easter egg in the first episode of Ef: A Tale of Memories., and was parodied on February 13, 2009, when the Kadokawa Pictures YouTube channel uploaded a short montage of sailboats instead of the previously scheduled premiere of The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya. 0verflow capitalized on the popularity of the phrase, naming their booth at Comiket 73 "Nice boat." and selling meme-inspired merchandise. TNK also paid homage to the meme in "Magical Heart Kokoro-chan", a special direct-to-video episode of the animated series.

Concert film
Besides the video releases of the School Days anime, a concert film, the School Days Secret Live DVD, was also produced by HOBiRECORDS. Released on June 26, 2006, in conjunction with Summer Days, the film contains footage of a concert held on June 15, 2005 featuring the performances of Miyuki Hashimoto, YURIA,  rino, yozuca* and Minami Kuribayashi.

Audio CDs
From 2005 to 2010, Lantis published six albums of School Days music. The "School Days Vocal Album", a compilation featuring all nine of the game's closing themes, as performed by artists Kiriko, Yozuca*, Miyuki Hashimoto, Yuria, Halko Momoi, Minami Kuribayashi, Rino, and Kanako Ito was the first to be distributed, sharing its April 28, 2005, date with the release of the game itself. The remaining twenty-eight background scores, composed by KIRIKO/HIKO Sound, were released on July 21, officially completing the game's soundtrack. Another compilation, the "School Days Vocal Complete Album" featuring songs from Summer Days and Cross Days, was released on October 8, 2010.

Three weeks after the premiere of the televised anime on July 25, 2007, Lantis published the single "Innocent Blue" by DeviceHigh, a four-track disc featuring the anime opening of the same name, a disco-inspired song called Dancin' Joker, and their instrumentals. Lantis followed with "School Days: Ending Theme+" on August 22, a sixteen-track disc containing all of the show's closing themes and background scores on September 26.

In addition to music albums, six audio dramas were also produced. "School Days Little Promise", a chronicle of Sekai and Setsuna's childhoods, was the first. Featuring music by Kiriko/Hiko Sound and Kanako Ito, Hobirecords published "Little Promise" as a two-disc set, which 0verflow scheduled for release January 27, 2006. Pre-releases were sold at Comiket 69 from December 29 to 30, 2005. Sometime afterward however, 0verflow announced that pre-released copies of Little Promise were defective, and asked customers to mail in their discs for replacements. The release was also postponed to February 24. Lantis released the remaining five dramas. "School Days Drama CD Vol. 1 Himitsu Hanazono" (ヒ・ミ・ツの花園), a merrymaking of the series six main girls, was released on August 8, 2007. A second, "School Days Drama CD Vol 2. Koi no Nou-hau" (恋のノ・ウ・ハ・ウ), was released October 24, 2007. Radio School Days was compiled into three separate albums:  was released on November 21, 2007,  on February 6, 2008, and  on June 21.

Merchandise
Considerable effort was made to market and promote School Days before and after its release, including the sale of brand merchandise and use of incentives. Through public venues and through the company's online store, 0verflow sold brand keystraps, mousepads, phonecards, book covers, mugs, t-shirts, dakimakura cases, PVC figures, lanyards, business card holders and cosplay material such as the girls' school uniforms and plastic dōzuki.

Reception
The anime series has won the Hisashi Maeda Award in the 7th Japanese Otaku Awards in 2007.

Anime News Network'''s Theron Martin enjoyed the anime series and gave it a B+, saying "Despite its efforts to analyze and reinterpret harem series, School Days probably would have sunk into anime obscurity if not for the nature of its final episode and the circumstances surrounding it not airing. However, those analytical efforts give it a value beyond its sensationalism. If viewers find Makoto unlikable, it is because he was meant to be an object lesson, not someone that they should want to relate to. That the actions of him and the others progressively push the series away from what's expected of harem series holds a fascination akin to watching a train wreck play out in very slow motion". UK Anime Network, a British online anime and manga magazine, gave the television series a 7 out of 10, summarizing it as "An utter subversion of the high school romance genre, which is disturbing and unsettling... yet oddly compelling in its own way." Takato of the french website Manga News gave the anime series 17 out of 20, and describes the series as "School Days is not a joyful romance but rather oppressive, destabilizing and unhealthy because of the behavior of the characters. We are certainly shocked, but this is precisely what makes the strength of this unique series. School Days is certainly a series to watch to be amazed, or to be amused by all these humiliations if you are sadistic." THEM Anime Reviews, a website devoted to the review of anime, gave the series a less favorable 1 out of 5 stars, citing "overblown, shallow, and flat" characters and that although "School Days looks fascinating when you see screenshots of it and read episode guides", the reviewer found it to be "annoying, stupid, mean-spirited, and full of some of the biggest idiots [he had] seen in an anime in a long time."

On June 12, 2015, the Chinese Ministry of Culture listed School Days'' among 38 anime and manga titles banned in China.

References

Further reading

External links
School Days HQ English website
School Days HQ visual novel at 0verflow
Sekai Project

2005 video games
2007 anime television series debuts
2007 Japanese television series endings
2007 manga
2008 anime OVAs
Anime television series based on video games
Audio plays
Bandai Namco franchises
Bishōjo games
Censored television series
Days series
Discotek Media
DVD interactive technology
Eroge
Harem anime and manga
High school-themed video games
Lantis (company)
Manga based on video games
Obscenity controversies
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Portable games
Romance anime and manga
School life in anime and manga
Films with screenplays by Makoto Uezu
Slice of life anime and manga
Fiction about suicide
Television censorship in China
TNK (company)
Video games developed in Japan
Visual novels
Windows games
Works banned in China
Polyamory in fiction
Regista games
Interchannel games

School Days (video game)


Alun Evans (born 20 August 1975) is a Welsh cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-pace bowler. He has played first-class cricket since 1996, when his stroke-playing ability and free scoring captured the eye of spectators. He spent a short period of time with Middlesex's Second XI, but when he hit three centuries in a mere month with the side, he was recommended to step up to first-class cricket, where he made his debut with 66 not out in 1996.

Despite only playing one first-class match during 1997, he became a heavy scorer in the Second XI, at which point the retirement of Hugh Morris allowed the young Welshman to take his place as a regular opening batsman. This was until a stress fracture stopped him from performing in the 1998 season, meaning Evans was unable to return until the opening day of 1999, the same year in which he hit his maiden One-day century.

Matthew Elliott and Jimmy Maher were soon to join the team from Melbourne and Queensland, and Evans was later released from the club. Most recently, Evans re-emerged for the 2001-03 Second XI championships, several Minor Counties matches, most recently in the 2006 MCCA Trophy, and in the 2005/06 State Shield, contested between New Zealand-based teams.

Evans was the Glamorgan CCC Young Cricketer of the Year in 1996. He currently plays for and captains Ammanford Cricket Club.

External links
Alun Evans at Cricket Archive

1975 births
Welsh cricketers
Glamorgan cricketers
Northern Districts cricketers
Living people
Wales National County cricketers
Welsh cricket coaches

Alun Evans (cricketer)


Amkhiriya is a village in Block Amariya, Tehsil and District Pilibhit in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Amkhiriya have some British Government historical Building. These British Government Buildings served as guest houses for British army and other British employees during the pre-independence era.

Demographics
Amkhiriya has a total population of about 2100. Hindi is the most spoken Language in the village.

Location
Amkhiriya belongs to Bareilly division . It is located 15 km from District headquarters Pilibhit. and 280 km from State capital Lucknow.

Amkhiriya's nearest Villages:

Amkhera ( 1 km ), Dang ( 3 km ), Dhakiya ( 5 km ), Imamnagar ( 2 km ), Adoli ( 4 km ), Sirsi (3 km), Chaka (5 km ), Sahgawan Nagria(2 km) and Nisra (4 km) are the nearby Villages of Amkhiriya. Amkhiriya is surrounded by Lalaurikhera Tehsil towards South, Pilibhit Tehsil towards East, Damkhauda Tehsil towards west, Nawabganj Tehsil towards South .

How to reach Amkhiriya

By Rail

Shahi Rail Way Station and Laluri Khera Rail Way Station are the very nearby railway stations to Amkhiriya. However Bareilly Rail Way Station is major railway station 52 km near to Amkhiriya.

Education
Schools & Colleges in Amkhiriya
 GM Inter College
Colleges near Amkhiriya
 K.j.s.h.s.s Uganpurmarauri Bisalpur
 Banke Bihari Ram Inter College
 Upadhi Mahavidyalaya
 Bismillah College

Villages in Pilibhit district

Amkhariya


Joseph Martin Kronheim (1810–1896) was a German-born lithographer and wood engraver known for founding Kronheim & Co. and working with George Baxter.

Biography

Kronheim was born on October 26, 1810, in Magdeburg, Germany. By the age of 22 he resided in Edinburgh, and died at the age of 85 in 1896, in Berlin.

Kronheim & Co.

During the mid-1860s, Kronheim and Co. printed hundreds of biblical prints, adding to the firm's eventual total output of as many as 5000 different prints.

Kronheim & Co. utilized the Baxter process to create prints.  Kronheim's chief innovation in the field was the use of zinc instead of wood blocks, which reduced the amount of time needed to complete prints, but resulted in a less shiny finish.

By 1855, thanks in large part to the firm's use of zinc blocks, Kronheim & Co. had produced over 1000 different prints, including some for the 1855 Paris Exhibition.  After the exhibition, Kronheim sold his share of the business to Oscar Frauenknecht.

Kronheim retired to Germany and attempted to set up other printing businesses, including an American one.  However, these efforts failed, causing Kronheim to lose all of his investments.  So, he rejoined Frauenknecht and his old firm, Kronheim & Co., but not as a partner.  The firm expanded into Manchester and Glasgow.

In 1875, due to the rise of steam power and steam lithography machines, Kronheim & Co. ceased using the Baxter process.

Kronheim worked under Frauenknecht for Kronheim and Co. until 1887.

Legacy and Criticism

Kronheim and Co. produced at least 4000 and as may as 5000 different prints.  This immense output has led some critics (such as Courtney Lewis) to assert that his firm was more concerned with quantity than quality.  Others, such as author Mike Martin, argue that Kronheim simply preferred a larger subject variety.  Martin argues that Kronheim was an important book illustrator, of children's books in particular, and that much of his work was of high quality.

Kronheim is best known for his set of four large coaching scene prints, entitled Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter.

In July 2000, the New Baxter Society held an exhibition sampling Kronheim's work at St. Albans.

References

External links

Works by Joseph Martin Kronheim at Digital Archive (Toronto Public Library)

1810 births
1896 deaths
German lithographers
German wood engravers

Joseph Martin Kronheim


A customer magazine is a magazine produced by a business as a means of communicating to its customers. It is a branch of custom media, a product that broadly shares the look and feel of a newsstand or consumer magazine but is paid for in part or whole by a business. Rather than copy sales and advertising, the primary goal of a customer magazine is to achieve a particular business objective. This could be for a firm to cross- or up-sell, change brand perception or engender loyalty. In-flight magazines, sponsored by airlines, were among the first customer magazines, and remain typical of the genre. In the UK, every supermarket chain now provides a customer magazine to promote its products through recipes and other food editorial. Many prominent digitally-native companies, like WebMD and Net-À-Portér, have released customer magazines of their own. Some customer magazines carry advertising; this is often seen as a useful way to offset the cost but equally can have some benefit in making the product look more like a regular magazine.

As a communications tool customer magazines are enormously powerful and allow firms to have a level of engagement with their customers that other media do not have. They are particularly good at conveying difficult and complex messages to an audience. They also lend themselves well to measurement and tracking, offering tangible information on return on investment and performances against objectives.

References

External links
Association of Publishing Agencies
Customer magazine publishers listed at Magforum

Magazine publishing
 Customer magazine
Magazine

Customer magazine


Jobst of Limburg (19 April 1560, Borculo, Gelderland - 7 August 1621) was count of Limburg and Bronckhorst, Lord of Styrum, Wisch and Borculo (1616), and the son of Hermann Georg of Limburg, count of Limburg and Bronckhorst.

He married in 1591 Countess Maria of Schauenburg and Holstein-Pinneberg and they had issue:

 Hermann Otto I of Limburg-Styrum, count of Limburg and Bronckhorst, Lord of Styrum and Gemen (born 1592, died 17 Oct. 1644);
 Wilhelm Friedrich of Limburg (died 1636);
 Johann Adolf of Limburg (died 1624). He married Walpurga Anna von Daun, countess von Falkenstein (d.1618);
 Georg Ernst of Limburg Stirum, count of Limburg Stirum, count of Bronckhorst, Lord of Wisch, Lichtenvoorde and Wildenborch (died 1666);
 Bernhard Albrecht of Limburg and Bronckhorst (died 1669);
 Anna Sophie of Limburg. She married (1st) Baron Johann von Morien and (2nd) Johann Melchior von Dombroeck;
 Agnes Elisabeth of Limburg, Abbess of Elten (died 1641).

Literature
 Genealogische Handbuch des Adels, Gräfliche Häuser A Band II, 1955;
 W. Gf v. Limburg Stirum, "Stamtafel der Graven van Limburg Stirum", 's Gravenhage 1878;

1560 births
1621 deaths
People from Berkelland
House of Limburg
House of Limburg-Stirum

Jobst of Limburg