Antonio "Tony the Scourge" Lombardo (; November 23, 1891 – September 7, 1928) was an Italian-born American mobster. He was consigliere to Al Capone, and later the President of the Unione Siciliana.

Biography
Born in the town of Galati Mamertino in Sicily on November 23, 1891, Antonio Lombardo immigrated to the United States in the early 20th century where he became a successful wholesale grocery business owner in Chicago, Illinois. In September 1917 he was involved in the killing of Cleveland Police Officer Elmer Glaefke A long time Mafia associate, Lombardo became Al Capone's advisor after John Torrio retired in 1925.

Lombardo tried unsuccessfully to negotiate peace between the Chicago Outfit and the North Side Gang during the four-year gang war, suggesting that Capone surrender supposed Dean O'Banion assassins Albert Anselmi and John Scalise, which Capone refused. Lombardo, with the help of Capone, later became President of the Unione Siciliana in November 1925, attempting to regain control of the unstable organization as well as instituting reforms, including opening membership to non-Sicilian Italian immigrants (such as the Neapolitan Capone) and changing the organization's name to the Italo-American National Union.

Lombardo's reforms, however, caused some resentment within Unione Siciliana members. With the partnership of Al Capone and New York gangster Frankie Yale worsening, possibly due to the end of payoffs from the Unione Siciliana to Yale, Lombardo was challenged for the Presidency by Joe Aiello, supported by Yale, in January 1928.

Lombardo, however, refused to resign and continued to organize civic projects under the Unione Siciliana until shortly before his death on September 7, 1928. Lombardo was gunned down, along with his bodyguard Joseph Ferrara (although bodyguard Joe Lolordo survived), allegedly by an alliance of the Joe Aiello Gang and the North Side Gang, at the intersections of Madison Street and Dearborn Street. It was said that Moran ordered this death and had his two experienced gunman do the job with the help of Aiello. Thought to be retaliation for the murder of Frankie Yale the previous July, Lombardo's death was in turn soon avenged with the murder of members of the Joe Aiello Gang and the St. Valentine's Day Massacre, in 1929. He is buried in Mount Carmel Cemetery in Hillside, Illinois.

Only one gunman was identified in Lombardo's death: a Frank Marco aka Marlo who was killed in New York City February 17, 1931 {See }; a possible unknown accomplice to Marco was killed September 9, 1928, in Michigan. Another suspect was Pietro La Mantia It is also alleged Peter Gusenberg also helped carry out the murders on Antonio Lombardo and Pasquale Lolorado with his younger brother Frank Gusenberg and Albert Kachellek, a fellow cellmate at Joliet.

See also
 List of organized crime killings in Illinois

Further reading
Asbury, Herbert. The Gangs of Chicago: An Informal History of the Chicago Underworld. New York: Alfred A. Knoff, 1940.
Lashly, Arthur V. Illinois Crime Survey. Chicago: Illinois Association for Criminal Justice and the Chicago Crime Commission, 1929.
Johnson, Curt and R. Craig Sautter. The Wicked City: Chicago from Kenna to Capone. New York: Da Capo Press, 1998.
Parr, Amanda Jayne. The True and Complete Story of Machine Gun Jack McGurn: Chief Bodyguard and Hit Man to Chicago's Most Infamous Crime Czar Al Capone and Mastermind of the St. Valentine's Day Massacre. Leicester: Troubador Publishing Ltd., 2005.
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. Organized Crime: 25 Years After Valachi : Hearings Before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigation. 1988.

References
Kelly, Robert J. Encyclopedia of Organized Crime in the United States. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000.
Sifakis, Carl. The Mafia Encyclopedia. New York: Da Capo Press, 2005.
Sifakis, Carl. The Encyclopedia of American Crime. New York: Facts on File Inc., 2001.

External links
The American "Mafia": Who was who ? - L

Part III: Chicago's Unione Siciliana, 1920 – A Decade of Slaughter by Allan May
Part V: Chicago's Unione Siciliana, 1920 – A Decade of Slaughter by Allen May

1891 births
1928 deaths
1928 murders in the United States
Gangsters from the Province of Messina
Al Capone associates
Consiglieri
Murdered American gangsters of Sicilian descent
Chicago Outfit mobsters
Prohibition-era gangsters
American Roman Catholics
People murdered in Illinois
Male murder victims
Burials at the Bishop's Mausoleum, Mount Carmel Cemetery (Hillside)
Italian emigrants to the United States

Antonio Lombardo


Elisabeth Speiser (born 1 October 1940) is a Swiss classical soprano, known principally for singing Lieder but also active in opera. She has appeared internationally.

Biography
Born in Zürich, Speiser appeared in concert from 1960. She was a regular soloist with the choir Der Gemischte Chor Zürich. Performances included Bach's cantata Gott der Herr ist Sonn und Schild, BWV 79, and Beethoven's Mass in C major in 1967, Mozart's Requiem and Vesperae solennes in 1968, Ein deutsches Requiem by Brahms in 1969, Arthur Honegger's Totentanz in 1970, Haydn's Nelson Mass the same year, Hermann Suter's Le Laudi in 1972, alongside Marga Höffgen, Kurt Huber and Kurt Widmer, Frank Martin's Golgotha in 1972 and 1975, Cherubini's Missa solemnis in 1977.

Speiser appeared in 1969 as Sandrina in the first recording of Haydn's opera L'infedeltà delusa, conducted by Antonio de Almeida. She was Euridice in Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice at the Glyndebourne Festival, alongside Janet Baker as Orfeo and Elisabeth Gale as Amore, which was recorded in 1982. She also sang Pamina in Glyndebourne's production of Die Zauberflöte alongside Edita Gruberova as Queen of the night in 1973. She is known for the title role of Melisande in Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande.

Speiser was also a Lieder singer. She recorded in 1975 songs by Schumann, Schubert, Brahms, Hugo Wolf's Lieder der Mignon, Anton Webern's Vier Lieder, Op. 12, and Debussy's Ariettes oubliées, with pianists Irwin Gage and John Buttrick. A reviewer described her voice as bright, and noted her diction and her phrasing following the text. He noted her affinity to Wolf's chromaticism, Webern's fine lines, and to the sounds of Debussy.

With her husband, Hans Jecklin, she founded the E.+H.-Kulturstiftung Zürich, a foundation for culture.

References

Bibliography

Swiss operatic sopranos
1940 births
Living people
Musicians from Zürich

Elisabeth Speiser


Humphrey Hody (1659 – 20 January 1707) was an English scholar and theologian.

Life

He was born at Odcombe in Somerset in 1659. In 1676 he entered Wadham College, Oxford, of which he became a fellow in 1685. In 1692 he became chaplain to Edward Stillingfleet, bishop of Worcester, and for his support of the ruling party in a controversy with Henry Dodwell regarding the non-juring bishops he was appointed chaplain to Archbishop John Tillotson, an office which he continued to hold under Thomas Tenison.

In 1698 he was appointed regius professor of Greek at Oxford, and in 1704 was made archdeacon of Oxford.

Works

In 1684 he published Contra historiam Aristeae de LXX. interpretibus dissertatio, in which he argued that the so-called "Letter of Aristeas", containing an account of the production of the Septuagint, was the late forgery of a Hellenic Jew originally circulated to lend authority to that version. The dissertation was generally regarded as conclusive, although Isaac Vossius published an angry and scurrilous reply to it in the appendix to his edition of Pomponius Mela.

In 1689 Hody wrote the Prolegomena to the Greek chronicle of John Malalas, published at Oxford in 1691. In 1701 he published A History of English Councils and Convocations, and in 1703 in four volumes De Bibliorum textis originalibus, in which he included a revision of his work on the Septuagint, and published a reply to Vossius.

A work, De Graecis Illustribus, which he left in manuscript, was published in 1742 by Samuel Jebb, who prefixed to it a Latin life of the author.

References

1659 births
1707 deaths
People from South Somerset (district)
English theologians
Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
Regius Professors of Greek (University of Oxford)
Archdeacons of Oxford
Fellows of Wadham College, Oxford
Humphrey

Humphrey Hody


The 65th Reserve Infantry Battalion (65 Res Inf Bn, or 65 Bn) was an infantry battalion of Ireland's Reserve Defence Forces from 2005 to 2012.

Unit heritage
65 Bn was formed on 1 October 2005 as part of the reorganisation of the Reserve Defence Forces, when the former 7th Infantry Battalion of the Irish Army's second-line reserve, the Fórsa Cosanta Áitiúil (FCA), was abolished. A new Army Reserve unit was then formed up as 65 Res Inf Bn in a ceremony at McKee Barracks. The Battalion provided troops for ceremonial events including the 1916 Anniversary Commemoration Parade and National Day of Commemoration. 65 Bn took part in a number of training exercises.

In 2013, after 8 years of service, 65 Bn was stood down on Easter Sunday as part of the reorganisation of the Defence Forces, with its members redeployed to units of the 7th Infantry Battalion.

Locations and operations
The Battalion was composed of a Headquarters Company, three rifle Companies A, B and C and a Support Company. The Battalion was spread across north Dublin with HQ and Support Company based in McKee Barracks, A Company in Swords, B Company in Navan and C Company in Kells. 65 Bn linked directly to the 5th Infantry Battalion who were also based in McKee Barracks.

References

Battalions of Ireland
Military units and formations established in 2005
Military units and formations disestablished in 2013

65th Reserve Infantry Battalion (Ireland)


Sedimentology is the study of sediments such as sand, mud (silt), and clay. How they are laid down today is used to understand how rocks were formed. A person who studied sedimentology is called Sedimentologist. They use their understanding of modern processes to interpret sedimentary rocks and sedimentary structures.

Sedimentary rocks cover most of the Earth's surface, record much of the Earth's history, and contain the fossil record. Sedimentology is closely linked to stratigraphy, which is the study of the physical and temporal (time) relationships between rock layers or strata.

The idea that the processes affecting the earth today are the same as in the past is called uniformitarianism. It is the basis for finding out how sedimentary features in the rock record were formed. By comparing similar features today to features in the rock record—for example, by comparing modern sand dunes to dunes preserved in ancient aeolian sandstones—geologists reconstruct past environments.

References

Sedimentology


Sir Charles Babbage (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English mathematician, analytical philosopher, mechanical engineer and computer scientist. He was the first person to invent the idea of a computer that could be programmed. Unfinished parts of his mechanisms are on display in the London Science Museum.

Charles Babbage was born in England, at 44 Crosby Row, Walworth Road, London. Babbage's father, Benjamin Babbage, was a banker in London who owned the Bitton Estate in Teignmouth. His mother was Betsy Plumleigh Babbage. In 1808, the Babbage family moved into the old Rowdens house in East Teignmouth.

His Brain is also on display in the Science Museum in London.

Works
Babbage worked and wrote on many ideas of science, engineering and mathematics, but he is most famous for two machines he started and never finished. His Difference Engine would have been a much better calculator than any made before then. His Analytical Engine would have been the first real computer.

Knowing that there were many errors in the calculation of mathematical tables, Babbage wanted to find a way to calculate them mechanically, removing errors made by humans. Three different factors seem to have influenced him: a dislike of untidiness; his experience working on logarithmic tables and differential calculus; and work on calculating machines already done by Wilhelm Schickard, Blaise Pascal, and Gottfried Leibniz. He first talked about the principles of a calculating engine in a letter to Sir Humphrey Davy in 1822.

Babbage's engines were among the first mechanical computers. His engines were not actually completed because he did not have enough money. Babbage realized that a machine could do the work better and more reliably than a human being. Babbage controlled building of some steam-powered machines that more or less did their job; calculations could be mechanized to an extent. Although Babbage's machines were large machines they were organized in a way similar to modern computer architecture. The data and program memory were separated, operation was instruction based, control unit could make conditional jumps and the machine had a separate I/O unit. Ada Lovelace studied how to program them.

Related pages
Analogue computer

Other websites
 Charles Babbage -Citizendium

1791 births
1871 deaths
Babbage, Charles
Babbage, Charles
Scientists from London

Charles Babbage


Ridgewood Reservoir is a decommissioned 19th century reservoir and freshwater wetland on the border between the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, within what is now Highland Park. Although the reservoir was originally built to secure a reliable water supply for the City of Brooklyn, it is positioned on the Queens side of the border in the neighborhood of Glendale. The reservoir and park are bounded on the north by the Jackie Robinson Parkway, on the south by Highland Boulevard, on the west by Vermont Place and on the east by Cypress Hills National Cemetery.

The reservoir was named after the Ridgewood Ponds in Nassau County, which provided the reservoir's eastern water source. Consequently, the neighborhood north of the Reservoir became known as Ridgewood.

Following decommissioning and abandonment, the reservoir naturally became a lush freshwater wetland. This ecosystem attracted a wide variety of fauna and flora, including some threatened and endangered species such as the Short-eared Owl and Pied-billed Grebe. The bicycling trail around the reservoir perimeter became part of the  Brooklyn-Queens Greenway.

Between 2004 and 2017, the Ridgewood Reservoir's future was in question, as the New York City Parks Department and New York State DEC each proposed plans that would have breached the reservoir's basins and disrupted the wetland ecosystem. These plans were dropped after opposition from local community groups who sought to preserve the reservoir's natural setting. In 2018, the reservoir was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was officially designated by the New York State DEC as a Class I freshwater wetland, ensuring its preservation as a natural space.

Construction
Ridgewood Reservoir was built by the City of Brooklyn, New York, which was rapidly outgrowing its local water supplies. In 1851 the City thought it was failing to attract business firms that would have moved to  Brooklyn if it had as reliable a water source as New York City's Croton Aqueduct. Various sources were proposed. The Croton River was already being used as the City of New York's water supply, and it did not have the capacity to serve the City of Brooklyn as well. The Bronx River was both inadequate and difficult to access. Wells in and near Brooklyn were inadequate both in quantity and quality. Natural lakes on Long Island were few and could not provide enough water. The only solution was to tap the many small streams on Long Island and conduct their water to Brooklyn to be lifted into an elevated reservoir.

The original design of the Ridgewood Reservoir as well as the final specifications for the Brooklyn Water Works system were designed by Brooklyn civil engineer Samuel McElroy. This original design called for three basins, but engineer James P. Kirkwood later altered the designs and instead built a double basin. The new double reservoir was built in Snediker's Cornfield on a hilltop near Evergreen Cemetery in what was once part of Ridgewood, Queens (this section of Queens is now part of Glendale) and was sealed by puddling with clay. The walls were faced with fieldstone and mortar. Ground was broken for the reservoir's construction on July 11, 1856, and the reservoir's water was initially raised on November 18, 1858.

In 1862, the water supply for the reservoir consisted of six dammed streams in what is now Queens and Nassau Counties: Jamaica Stream (Baisley Pond), Simonson's Stream, Clear Stream, Valley Stream, Pine's Stream, and Hempstead Stream (Hempstead Lake).  This water was carried in a 12-mile-long masonry conduit, called the Ridgewood Aqueduct, to a pumping station at Atlantic Avenue and Chestnut Street.  There, steam-powered pumps, each with a capacity of 14 million gallons () per day, forced the water up through a reinforced tube into the high reservoir whence it was distributed.  By 1868 the Ridgewood Reservoir held an average of 154.4 million gallons () daily, enough to supply the City of Brooklyn for ten days at that time.

The Ridgewood Reservoir's innovative use of driven wells was notable for the time; an 1886 Scientific American article states that the reservoir's system of driven wells "has attracted widespread attention because of the originality and boldness of the plans and the perfect success attained." In the late nineteenth century, Brooklyn was the largest American city whose water supply system relied on driven wells. Other large American cities chose to adopt this technology after the success of the Ridgewood Reservoir's driven well system. By 1900, Lowell, Massachusetts and Newark, New Jersey—two of the nation's most important industrial centers at the time—had both followed Brooklyn's example by installing their own municipal water systems that used driven wells. At this time, Brooklyn obtained over 45 million gallons of water per day from driven wells at the Ridgewood Reservoir and other sites.

In subsequent decades the Brooklyn Water Works system was repeatedly expanded by adding wells and collection reservoirs, extending the conduit farther east, and adding pumps. The Ridgewood Reservoir's third basin was completed in 1891. Farmers in southern Queens County complained that Brooklyn's thirst was lowering the water table. Late in the century, the conduit was extended to a large pumping station in Massapequa, some  away.  Efforts to extend it farther were thwarted by legislation protecting the water of Suffolk County. Force Tube Avenue, Conduit Boulevard, and Sunrise Highway were built, in part, atop the water conduit or within its right of way, early in the 20th century.

Highland Park was created on land immediately surrounding Ridgewood Reservoir that was purchased by the City of Brooklyn in 1891 under the jurisdiction of the Highland Park Society. The park was constructed between 1901 and 1906 and included additional parcels purchased to the south and west.

Decommissioning
In 1898, Brooklyn merged with the City of Greater New York, thus gaining access to the superior New York City water supply system. Ridgewood Reservoir was expensive to operate because of the need for pumping and was slowly made obsolete by expansion of New York City's Catskill and Delaware water systems. Ridgewood Reservoir became a backup reservoir in 1959 with the third basin being filled with water from the Catskill system. The reservoir was last used in a drought in the 1960s. During the 1970s the reservoir was the site of illegal swimming and a number of drownings. The reservoir was finally decommissioned and drained in 1989.

Some of the Nassau County pumping stations including the one at Milburn (now Baldwin) survived into the 21st century as ruins.  Valley Stream State Park, Hempstead Lake State Park, and other South Shore lakes and parks were originally Brooklyn Water Works reservoirs.

In 2004, the reservoir was officially turned over to the Department of Parks for more extensive integration into Highland Park.

Ecological significance

Since the Ridgewood Reservoir was decommissioned, it has naturally become reforested and has developed into a thriving wetland ecosystem. It currently contains a wide range of natural environments, including woodlands, swamp, standing water wetlands, coastal swamp forest, bog, and open grassy area. The reservoir is home to a wide range of flora and fauna, including 156 species of birds, 175 plant species, and numerous species of insects. The evolving fresh-water site has become an important nearby oasis on the Atlantic Flyway and is a common destination for birdwatchers. The reservoir's distinct ecological setting has also made it a frequent destination for field trips and walking tours.
Currently, the pond in the middle basin of the reservoir is being overgrown by invasive weeds that belong to the genus Phragmites. Left unchecked, the Phragmites would outcompete the reservoir's natural plant species and fill in the pond. Community efforts to control the reservoir's Phragmites population, via underwater weed-cutting and root removal, are ongoing.

In January 2019, the NYC Parks Department designated the Ridgewood Reservoir as a Critical Environmental Area, citing the reservoir's status as a "naturalized area that is unique within New York City and serves as an important ecological, historic, and public recreation resource."

Redevelopment plans
In October 2007, New York City Parks Commissioner Adrian Benepe unveiled a plan to breach one of the reservoir basins and clear  for new ball fields. This resulted in a backlash from local residents, environmentalists, and community organizations, who formed the Highland Park-Ridgewood Reservoir Alliance to oppose the plan.

On June 26, 2008, Comptroller of New York City Bill Thompson Jr. rejected the contract for the new development, citing concerns about the environmental impact, increased truck traffic, and the vendor selection process.

In 2010, the Highland Park-Ridgewood Reservoir Alliance submitted an application to the New York State DEC requesting that the Ridgewood Reservoir be classified as a wetland.

In 2014, community members learned that the NYC Parks Department was planning to construct culverts to breach the three basins. This would have destroyed the reservoir's natural ecosystem. The plans illustrated the design and construction of culverts large enough to accommodate trucks and were part of a project that the City Parks Department claimed was necessary to eliminate the risk of flooding. The City argued that unless the culverts were built, the State of New York would issue fines since the reservoir would allegedly be a flooding hazard, according to its classification as a Class C "High Hazard" dam. However, local activists argued that because the reservoir no longer impounds water, it does not pose a risk of flooding and should instead be classified as a Class D "Negligible or No Hazard" dam, rendering the construction of culverts unnecessary. Environmentalists also argued that building the culverts would violate New York State Environmental Conservation Law by adversely impacting a freshwater wetland habitat. This work was scheduled to begin in August 2014 but was put on hold after pressure from activists.

In March 2017, the NYS DEC reclassified the Ridgewood Reservoir as a Class A "Low Hazard" dam, such that the reservoir's basins would no longer be required to be breached to address flooding risk.

In February 2018, the Ridgewood Reservoir was officially designated as a Class I freshwater wetland by the New York State DEC. The wetland designation ensures that the Ridgewood Reservoir will be permanently preserved in a natural state, as it is now protected under the 1975 New York Freshwater Wetlands Act.

See also

List of reservoirs and dams in New York
National Register of Historic Places listings in Brooklyn
Timeline of Brooklyn history

References

External links

Historic photos of Ridgewood Reservoir
Save Ridgewood Reservoir: a blog dedicated to the preservation of the reservoir
The City Concealed
Ridgewood Reservoir Historic Register Report
Photographs of the Ridgewood Reservoir before and after recent stewardship efforts

Water infrastructure of New York City
Water supply infrastructure on the National Register of Historic Places
National Register of Historic Places in Brooklyn
Buildings and structures in Queens, New York
Ridgewood, Queens
Glendale, Queens
Reservoirs in New York (state)

Ridgewood Reservoir


Palmgrove is a national park in south-central Queensland, Australia.  It lies about 185 km north-north-east of Roma and 458 km north-west of Brisbane.  It is listed as a National Park (Scientific) under the Nature Conservation Act 1992, so giving it the highest level of protection possible under the Act.  It was established in order to protect species and ecosystems of exceptional scientific value.  It is located within the Dawson River catchment area.

Description
Palmgrove lies in moderately dry, dissected sandstone country.  The vegetation includes a variety of eucalypt woodland and forest communities as well as vine and Acacia thickets.  The area is rugged and isolated; access is difficult and the park is not open to the general public.

Flora and fauna
Threatened ecosystems present in the park include:
 Acacia harpophylla - Eucalyptus cambageana open forest to woodland on fine-grained sedimentary rocks
 Semi-evergreen vine thicket on fine grained sedimentary rocks
 Acacia harpophylla and/or Casuarina cristata open forest on fine-grained sedimentary rocks
 Macropteranthes leichhardtii thicket on fine grained sedimentary rocks
 Semi-evergreen vine thicket in sheltered habitats on medium to coarse-grained sedimentary rocks

Northern quolls have been recorded in the park.

Important Bird Area
The park has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports an isolated, and the westernmost, population (over 10 pairs) of black-breasted buttonquails, listed as vulnerable.  The rare and threatened ecosystems contained in the park are buttonquail habitat.  Glossy black cockatoos, also considered to be vulnerable, are present.

See also

 Protected areas of Queensland

References

National parks of Central Queensland
Protected areas established in 1991
1991 establishments in Australia
Important Bird Areas of Queensland

Palmgrove National Park


The Battle of Hatfield Chase was fought on 12 October 633 at Hatfield Chase near Doncaster in present-day Yorkshire. The pagan King Penda of Mercia and the Christian king of Gynedd, Cadwallon ap Cadfan joined forces to attack Northumbria.

King Edwin met them in the southern part of his kingdom. In the battle Edwin was killed and his army was defeated. Cadwallon destroyed as much of Northumbria as he could. This led to the end of Northumbrian dominance over southern England for a short time.

Background
Edwin of Northumbria (ruled 616–633) was recognized as overlord over all of Britain. In his wars he conquered the kingdom of Elmet (western Yorkshire). He then drove out its king, Cerdic. This gave him access all the way to the Irish Sea. Elmet was one of the last kingdoms of the Britons.

Edwin next moved against Wales: he invaded the Welsh north and captured Anglesey. He drove Cadwallon to the far eastern part of the island and laid siege to him at Priestholme. This caused Cadwallon, a Christian king, to ally himself with Penda, the pagan king of Mercia. Cadwallon's motive was revenge on the powerful Northumbrian ruler who had invaded his kingdom. Penda resented Northumbria's being Christianized by Kent. He also wanted Edwin's power over the other kingdoms.

Outcome
The site of the battle suggests Edwin and his forces may have had to fight on ground not suited for defence. He may have been trapped by the grassy wetlands to the north and the river Don to the east. The armies of Cadwallon and Penda came at him from the west. In the battle one of Edwin's sons, Osfrid, was killed before his father. Edwin was killed and his army scattered. Another son, Eadfrith, was taken prisoner by Penda. Edwin's queen escaped to Kent with two of her children, Osfrid's young son and Bishop Paulinus.

Cadwallon and Penda began slaughtering the people of Northumbria. This included men, women and children. Cadwallon, according to Bede, although Christian was more barbarous than any pagan. Northumbria fell apart and divided back into its two former kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia. Oswald reunited Deira and Bernicia back into Northumbria. As King he restored Northumbria to the power it had under Edwin.

Notes

References

Anglo-Saxons
Hatfield
Hatfield
633
October events

Battle of Hatfield Chase


Appliqué is ornamental needlework in which pieces or patches of fabric in different shapes and patterns are sewn or stuck onto a larger piece to form a picture or pattern. It is commonly used as decoration, especially on garments. The technique is accomplished either by hand stitching or machine. Appliqué is commonly practised with textiles, but the term may be applied to similar techniques used on different materials. In the context of ceramics, for example, an appliqué is a separate piece of clay added to the primary work, generally for the purpose of decoration.

The term originates from the Latin applicō "I apply" and subsequently from the French appliquer "attach".

History

The term appliqué is derived from French and Latin verbs appliquer and applicare, respectively, which both mean to join or attach. Like embroidery, it has a humble beginning. The technique was used as a way to strengthen worn areas of items or to patch holes that had formed. Early appliqué was used to lengthen the life of clothing and moved into artful techniques that can be seen in  blankets and quilts from numerous cultures from all over the world.

Archaeologists have discovered ancient examples of appliquéd leather in Egypt (980 BCE), and leather and felt appliqés have been found on carpets, wall hangings and saddle covers in 4th century BCE tombs in Siberia and Mongolia.
Appliquéd cloth is an important art form in Benin, West Africa, particularly in the area around Abomey, where it has been a tradition since the 18th century and the kingdom of Danhomè.

There are folk traditions to embellish garments with leather appliqué in Scandinavia, Russia and Eastern Europe, and leather appliqué is also found in Gujarat, India, Pakistan and Morocco where men's clothing and leather slippers are decorated with embroidery and leather appliqué. Felt appliqué is used to add embellishments to women's aprons in Eastern Europe and decorative uses of felt appliqué are also seen among the nomadic tribes of Central Asia to decorate yurts, floor covering and bags.
Reverse applique is used on the Mola textiles of South America.

Types

In the context of sewing, an appliqué refers to a needlework technique in which patterns or representational scenes are created by the attachment of smaller pieces of fabric to a larger piece of contrasting colour or texture. Good textiles for appliqué are durable and don't easily fray, like felt and leather.

Applied pieces usually have their edges folded under, and are then attached by any of the following:
Straight stitch, typically 20–30mm in from the edge.
Satin stitch, all around, overlapping the edge. The patch may be glued or straight stitched on first to ensure positional stability and a neat edge.
Reverse appliqué: the attached materials are sewn together, then cut away where another material covers it on top, before being sewn down onto the edges of the original material.

Quilting

Appliqué is used extensively in quilting. "Dresden Plate" and "Sunbonnet Sue" are two examples of traditional American quilt blocks that are constructed with both patchwork and appliqué.  Baltimore album quilts, Broderie perse, Hawaiian quilts, Amish quilts, Egyptian Khayamiya and the ralli quilts of India and Pakistan also use appliqué.

Banner making
It is particularly suitable for work which is to be seen from a distance, such as in banner-making. A famous example of appliqué is the Hastings Embroidery.

Seams on couture garments
A lace-on-lace applique seam can be used to join edges of lace. Motifs in the design of the lace are overlapped and fastened down with a whipstitch.

Electronic sewing machines
Modern consumer embroidery machines quickly stitch appliqué designs by following a program. The programs have a machine stops during stitching to allow the user to switch threads. First, the fabric that will be the background and the appliqué fabric are affixed into the machine's embroidery hoop.  The program is run and the machine makes a loose basting stitch over both layers of fabric. Next, the machine halts for a thread change, or other pre-programmed break. The user then cuts away the excess appliqué fabric from around the basting stitch. Following this, the machine continues on programme, automatically sewing the satin stitches and any decorative stitching over the appliqué for best results.

See also
 Collage, a technique of art production, primarily used in the visual arts, where the artwork is made from an assemblage of different forms, thus creating a new whole.
 Khatwa, the name given to appliqué works in Bihar, India.
 Katab work, the name given to applique works in Gujarat, India
 Appliqué armour, in military use, consists of extra protective plates mounted onto the hull or turret of an armoured fighting vehicle.

References

External links

Needlework
Notions (sewing)
Textile techniques
Textile arts

Appliqué


KTIV (channel 4) is a television station in Sioux City, Iowa, United States, affiliated with NBC and The CW Plus. Owned by Gray Television, the station has studios on Signal Hill Drive in Sioux City, and its transmitter is located near Hinton, Iowa.

KTIV was the second television station to be built in Sioux City. It signed on in 1954 as a joint operation between Sioux City radio stations KCOM and KSCJ and was an NBC affiliate from the first day on air, though it also aired some programs from ABC until 1967. Tom Brokaw, later the anchor of the NBC Nightly News and a native of Yankton, South Dakota, got his start in television at the station in the early 1960s. KSCJ's owners, the Perkins Bros. Corp., became the full owners of the station in 1965, a year in which it built its present tower at Hinton as a joint venture with its primary competitor, KVTV (now KCAU-TV).

Black Hawk Broadcasting acquired KTIV in 1974 and opened the station's present studios on Signal Hill three years later. Under the ownership of American Family Broadcasting in the 1980s, KTIV improved its news department and pushed past a once-dominant KCAU-TV to become the highest-rated station in Sioux City, a position it has retained. Quincy Newspapers Inc. acquired KTIV in 1989. Gray Television acquired Quincy in 2021.

History

Early years
The KCOM Broadcasting Company applied on February 27, 1952, for a new television station on channel 4 in Sioux City. The application was made in anticipation of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) lifting in the near future a years-long freeze on television station grants. Soon after, another group also filed for channel 4: Perkins Bros. Inc., the owners of Sioux City radio station KSCJ and sister to the Sioux City Journal newspaper. In September 1952, the FCC ordered hearings to be held on the competing applicants for channel 4. However, no hearings were held, as the commission worked through a large backlog of competing TV applications. Instead, in December 1953, KCOM and KSCJ combined their applications, with the added wrinkle that the KCOM Broadcasting Company would not only give KSCJ an option to acquire half the company but would sell off KCOM. This cleared the way for the FCC to grant a construction permit on January 20, 1954.

Tower construction began in May at a site in Plymouth County. In addition, KTIV affiliated with NBC and ABC. However, by that point, the company had yet to announce where its studios would be located. The station put out its first test pattern on September 23 and intended to be on air in time for the 1954 World Series, but officials could not establish a link between the studio and transmitter site to air the games, leaving Sioux City's other TV station—KVTV (channel 9)—to air the Series. In order to get the signal past a tree, the height of the microwave antenna had to be raised twice. KTIV went on the air on October 10, 1954, with programming from NBC, ABC, and the DuMont Television Network; however, it had no local programming, as its studios at 10th and Grandview streets had not been completed. Shortly after signing on the air, KSCJ exercised the option to buy half of KTIV, which the FCC approved in March 1955. After the change in ownership, the station increased its effective radiated power to 100,000 watts, the maximum allowed on channel 4, improving reception in rural areas beyond Sioux City; the FCC granted this on May 13, 1955, and the increase took effect five days later. The DuMont network disappeared in September 1955; the station also briefly affiliated with the NTA Film Network, which began in 1956.

In 1961, KTIV hired Tom Brokaw, a native of Yankton, South Dakota. Brokaw earned $75 a week to be a staff announcer and part-time weatherman and newscaster. Brokaw worked at the station while enrolled at the University of South Dakota. From KTIV, Brokaw went on to jobs in Omaha and Atlanta before joining KNBC in Los Angeles in 1966, the first in a series of posts at NBC before later anchoring the NBC Nightly News.

Perkins Bros. acquired the remainder of the company from the former KCOM group in 1965, spending $2.2 million. Prior to then, Perkins Bros. had been a silent partner, and management duties belonged to Dietrich Dirks, who had founded KCOM. That December, after seven years of joint work and the withdrawal of an objection by KQTV in Fort Dodge, KTIV moved to a new tower near Hinton, Iowa, that it co-owned with KVTV. KTIV then donated its previous  tower to South Dakota Educational Television, which reassembled the mast near Beresford. The station continued to split ABC programs with KVTV until 1967, when KVTV became KCAU-TV and a full-time ABC affiliate, while new station KMEG acquired the CBS affiliation.

Black Hawk Broadcasting and American Family ownership

In November 1973, Perkins Bros. sold KTIV to Black Hawk Broadcasting, which owned television and radio stations in Waterloo and in Austin, Minnesota, for $2.5 million. Ground was broken in 1976 on a new studio facility within the Stonesthrow Office Complex, atop Sioux City's Signal Hill. KTIV began broadcasting from the new structure on June 5, 1977; it was the only studio in the area purpose-built for television and was fitted out with electronic news gathering equipment. The facility also aided Black Hawk in its push to expand the station's staff; the station payroll grew from 32 employees in 1974 to 58 in 1978.

Black Hawk Broadcasting merged into American Family Broadcasting, the broadcast division of insurer American Family Corporation (today better known as Aflac), in a deal announced in 1979 and completed in 1980. In the deal, Black Hawk spun off all of its other broadcast stations except KTIV and KWWL in Waterloo to meet FCC ownership limits.

Quincy and Gray ownership
Quincy Newspapers Inc. acquired KTIV from American Family in 1989. Quincy owned no stations in Iowa, but it did own broadcast properties in Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota, and West Virginia, three of which were NBC affiliates like KTIV. At the time, Sioux City was the smallest market in which American Family owned a TV station. To run KTIV, Quincy hired William F. Turner, who had been the general manager at KCAU-TV when Forward Communications owned it and worked in the corporate office of KCAU's then-owner, Citadel Communications; Turner had a long-term friendship with the Oakley family, owners of Quincy Newspapers.

On September 16, 2002, KTIV began broadcasting a digital signal on UHF channel 41. The station continued dual analog and digital broadcasts until it shut down its analog signal on February 17, 2009, the original date for full-power stations to convert to digital service. KTIV continued to broadcast on channel 41, using virtual channel 4, until it switched to channel 14 in 2018 as a result of the 2016 United States wireless spectrum auction.

KTIV assumed ad sales responsibility in 2003 for "KXWB", the local The WB 100+ Station Group station; KCAU-TV had been providing advertising and marketing services to the cable-only service when it launched in 1998. When The WB merged with UPN to form The CW in 2006, KTIV obtained the affiliation and programmed the network on its second subchannel.

In 2021, Gray Television purchased Quincy Media for $925 million.

News operation
Local news debuted within the station's first year of operation. Ken Wayman, the station's first news director in the 1950s, was also the first reporter to take a still camera into an Iowa courtroom; he won a national award from the Radio Television News Directors Association.

For most of the late 1960s and 1970s, KCAU-TV was the dominant station in the market, with a nearly two-to-one ratings lead. It also benefited from being the most accessible ABC affiliate to many viewers in the Sioux Falls, South Dakota, market. However, when ABC moved its Sioux Falls market affiliation from KORN-TV/KXON-TV/KDLT in Mitchell to KSFY-TV in Sioux Falls, this factor disappeared. KTIV had been improving its coverage steadily for several years; most notably, it had hired Dave Nixon (Sr.), a former KCAU anchor, who returned to Sioux City and KTIV after two years with WHO-TV in Des Moines. Dave Nixon's son, Dave Nixon Jr., worked as a weekend anchor at the station while his father presented the weeknight newscasts. Between Nixon Sr.'s hiring and the loss of KCAU's ABC viewership advantage, as well as promotional tactics to increase viewership in outlying communities within the market, KTIV surged past KCAU-TV for first place. Dave Nixon Sr. departed in 1990 to start a broadcasting program at Iowa Lakes Community College, but his son returned to Sioux City from Mankato, Minnesota, in 1992 to serve as KTIV's news director. Turner remained with KTIV until his retirement in 1994.

In 1989, KTIV cameras captured the crash of United Airlines Flight 232 in Sioux City. Reporter-photographer Dave Boxum was the only television cameraman positioned to see the airplane hit the ground and explode into a fireball. Footage from the crash became among the most-viewed news clips of 1989, in part because technical issues spoiled the station's—and NBC's—exclusive. To uplink the pictures, KTIV had to use a Conus Communications transponder, inadvertently making the footage available to 135 member stations of Conus. The footage wound up being widely used, including by KCAU-TV, which obtained it from ABC, and by CBS, which did not have permission.

KTIV expanded its news department in 2023, coinciding with the closing of the newsroom at Sinclair Broadcast Group-owned KPTH. Three KPTH news employees, including former KTIV anchor Larry Wentz, joined channel 4's staff. The station introduced an expanded noon newscast and Saturday and Sunday morning news programs.

Notable former on-air staff
 Paul Moyer (later at KNBC in Los Angeles)
 Gene Sherman – sportscaster, 1985–1994
 Terry Zahn – newscaster, 1978–1980

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

References

External links

 Siouxland CW Website

NBC network affiliates
MeTV affiliates
Court TV affiliates
Ion Television affiliates
Circle (TV network) affiliates
Gray Television
Television channels and stations established in 1954
TIV

KTIV


Othmarschen () is a quarter in the Altona borough of the Hamburg in northern Germany. In 2020 the population was 16,009.

History
The first records on Othmarschen are from 1317. Together with Altona, Othmarschen became a part of Hamburg in 1937/1938 through the Greater Hamburg Act.

Geography
In 2006 according to the statistical office of Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein, the quarter Othmarschen has a total area of 6 km2. The western quarter is Nienstedten. In the South the river Elbe is the border to Waltershof. The border in the North to the quarters Groß Flottbek and Bahrenfeld is the railway track of the city train. In the East is the quarter Ottensen.

Demographics
In 2006,  the quarter Othmarschen had a population of 12,169 people. The population density was 2,023 people per km2. 16.7% were children under the age of 18, and 22.9% were 65 years of age or older. 11.3% were immigrants. 153 people were registered as unemployed and 2,508 were employees subject to social insurance contributions.

In 1999, there were 5,672 households, out of which 17.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them and 45.8% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 1.98.

In 2006, there were 1,178 criminal offences (97 crimes per 1000 people).

Education
The private International School of Hamburg (ISH) was located in Othmarschen.
In 2010, it was moved to Osdorf. (Hemingstedter Weg)

There were one elementary school and three secondary schools (Christianeum Hamburg, Gymnasium Hochrad, Gymnasium Othmarschen) in the quarter Othmarschen.

Culture

Museums, galleries

The Ernst Barlach Haus is a museum for the work of the  expressionist sculptor, printmaker and writer Ernst Barlach. It is located in the Jenisch park.

The museums harbour in the neighbourhood Övelgönne is a small port with some old ships.

The Jenisch Haus was built 1831-1834 by Franz Gustav Forsmann in cooperation with Karl Friedrich Schinkel in the Jenisch park as a recreation home for Martin Johann Jenisch, a minister of Hamburg. Today it is a branch of the Altonaer Museum in Ottensen. It exhibits mainly paintings and other art from the first half of the 19th century.

Recreation

In Othmarschen is the Jenisch park and the Hindenburgpark and the Schröders Elbpark directly to the beach of the river Elbe.

Infrastructure
The Consulate General of the People's Republic of China established in Hamburg in 1921 is located at Elbchaussee 268.

Health systems
The Asklepios Klinik Altona is a general hospital with 922 beds located Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse. The hospital has 13 departments, including internal medicine, surgery, gynaecology/maternity clinic, urology, neurology, neurosurgery, ophthalmology, anaesthetics and intensive care and ambulant surgery.

In Othmarschen were 10 day-care centers for children and also 27 physicians in private practice and 1 pharmacy.

Transportation
Public transport in Othmarschen is provided by the rapid transit system of the city train with the stations Othmarschen and Bahrenfeld and several bus lines. This is coordinated through the Hamburger Verkehrsverbund.

An exit of the Bundesautobahn 7 and the northern tunnel entrance of the Elbe tunnel is located in Othmarschen.

According to the Department of Motor Vehicles (Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt), in the quarter were 5,475 private cars registered (464 cars/1000 people). There were 92 traffic accidents total, including 76 traffic accidents with damage to persons.

Notes

References
 Statistical office Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein, official website
 Hospitals in Hamburg 2006, Government Agency for Social Affairs, Family Affairs, Health and Environment of Hamburg website

External links

 Ernst Barlach Haus, Hamburg
 Museums harbour Oevelgönne e.V.

Quarters of Hamburg
Altona, Hamburg

Othmarschen


The Truth About Crime is a British television documentary series inspired and presented by Nick Ross in association with the film-maker Roger Graef, executive producer Sam Collyns and series producer Alice Perman. It was first broadcast on BBC One in July and August 2009.

Region
The show focused on a single city, Oxford, which has demographics and crime rates broadly representative of urban Britain, and used a multitude of techniques to measure the real extent of crime and victimisation. In a two-week crime audit, camera teams followed police, fire services and paramedics and an on-line questionnaire, based closely on the national British Crime Survey, invited residents and businesspeople to describe their personal experiences of victimisation. A survey of 14- and 15-year-olds in Oxford schools was one of the biggest of its kind ever undertaken to discover how under-16s are affected by, and involved in, crime. Random children from some of the schools were then chosen to take part in the series being quizzed on crime by Ross on such topics as theft, drugs, alcohol and many other things.

Programme 1
The first programme (BBC One 9pm Tuesday 21 July 2009) looked at violent crime and revealed that almost all woundings involved victims who had been drinking or who had been assaulted by someone who was drunk, and took place close to a licensed premise.

Lack of commensuration with official statistics
Most of the seriously injured, as measured by those treated in hospital, did not report what had happened to the police. One senior physician told Nick Ross that police figures on crime are virtually "meaningless". The physician interviewed was Jonathan Shepherd, a Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the Cardiff University Dental School. Domestic violence was shown to be a major problem, though mostly resulting only in minor injuries, and with women as perpetrators as well as men. Women were interviewed in a Women's shelter.

Crime mapping
Helmet cameras were shown and Spencer Chainey of the Jill Dando Institute at University College London described crime mapping, which uses geographic information systems.

Alcohol-fuelled violence
A licensing officer from Thames Valley Police, a Hook Norton Brewery executive and David Poley, the Chief Executive of the Portman Group, were interviewed. Ross went on to describe several interventions which had cut alcohol-related violence in the UK and elsewhere and urged a more pro-active approach to tackling alcohol-related violence. For most of the incidents, there were few arrests featured.

Programme 2
The second in the series (Tuesday 28 July) explored the nature of acquisitive crime and proposed solutions to burglary, car theft and fraud. Ross implied that society needs to accept human nature for what it is and focus less on how to penalise criminals and more on taking sensible precautions with tempting valuables. Temptation and opportunity drives crime far more than "badness". 90% of burglaries are to fuel a drug habit. A 19-year-old single mother, Kelly, burgled some students, who were meanwhile happily enjoying themselves in a pub, to fund her heroin habit. A policeman said that this type of crime is committed by people who find themselves in social and emotional situations from which they find it difficult to get out of.

Shoplifting
There are around fifty persistent burglars in Oxford. Some of them would commit up to twenty burglaries a week. A shoplifter who was caught by CCTV in a shop, stealing a £10 set of headphones, turned out to be a 19-year-old Polish immigrant who possessed no ID. Nick Ross even confessed to shoplifting occasionally when a teenager, as did school pupils interviewed. During a normal weekday, shoplifting peaks at 3.30pm when school ends.

Distraction burglary and scams
Distraction burglary is different to more common random burglary, and is rarer but often more upsetting because it involves more dedicated and skilful felons. The ruthless individuals perpetrating this crime usually target properties around the edge of Oxford near the ring road, and tend to come from outside the area. Household scams, of a ruthless and targeted similar nature, usually involved elderly people who would be cajoled into paying astronomical prices for unnecessary repair work done on their property. The rogue traders involved were difficult to trace by county council Trading Standards officers. An elderly couple were conned into paying for minor repairs with their entire life savings. Online scams were more prevalent than perhaps realised, with up to £20bn of online fraud committed a year. It was investigated by the e-commerce unit of SOCA. Richard Cox of The Spamhaus Project was interviewed about internet crime.

Rehabilitation
The police thought that prison was the best place for persistent burglars. It kept the burglars off the streets. Prison was not viewed as a deterrent because the persistent offenders live such types of lives that they would be better looked after in prison than on the streets, with regular meals and companionship. Once they left prison they would quickly reoffend. Rehabilitation centres for repeat offenders and drug addicts were not successful because the offenders were not of a capable mental state to be sufficiently receptive or adaptive to the treatments given

Prevention not cure
Some of the crimes, especially rare ones targeting the elderly, are committed by lifestyle criminals, but most offenders are un-glamorously ordinary and few are "ogres" even in the eyes of the police. Most solutions lie in better design and sensible precautions. Since crime peaked in the 1990s homeowners have halved burglary rates by locking their doors and windows, retailers and tackled shoplifting by guarding their open shelves with security devices, and vehicle manufacturers have made cars so difficult to steal that auto-crime is now largely confined to old bangers.

Programme 3
The third and final show (Tuesday 4 August) exposed widespread anti-social behaviour and the lack of a concerted response. Much of anti-social crime is not added to the official crime statistics. Much of it is fuelled by drugs and gang culture of under-educated and employed young males under the acronym NEET. The chief constable of Thames Valley Police, Sara Thornton, was interviewed. It was found that improved styles of architecture for estate housing and lit thoroughfares can reduce anti-social crime significantly.

Perspective on crime statistics
Ross's general thesis is that recorded crime rates are unreliable, that theft and violence have actually declined sharply but that the downward trend may not be continuing, and that there are hundreds of quite simple solutions to crime, mostly by reducing temptations and opportunities for bad behaviour rather than trying to remould people's predispositions.

Reception
The series has been well received, with The Times "fascinated [by the] sane, insightful and compellingly argued documentary series" – and achieved good ratings despite being scheduled against ITV1's fast-moving, similarly themed Car Crime UK, a six-part police car-chasing documentary series narrated by Trevor McDonald.

References

External links

 Oxford Mail July 2009

BBC television documentaries
British crime television series
Law enforcement in the United Kingdom
2009 British television series debuts
2009 British television series endings
Geographic information systems
Violence in the United Kingdom

The Truth About Crime


Osvaldo Juan Zubeldía (24 June 1927 in Junín –  17 January 1982 in Medellín) was a football player and an influential Argentine coach.

Playing career

Zubeldía had a respectable playing career with Vélez Sársfield, Boca Juniors, Atlanta and Banfield and the Argentina national football team. He was known as an intelligent player who was always well positioned on the field. His legacy, however, would come from his career as a manager.

Managerial career

Early career

His managing career started at Atlanta between 1961 and 1963, he led the team to two respectable finishes in the league. He then had an unsuccessful stint on the managing team of the Argentina national team in 1965.

Estudiantes

His managerial career took off with Estudiantes de La Plata. He was hired by the club in 1965 to help the team stave off relegation; he combined many prospects from Estudiantes' la tercera que mata ("the killer juveniles") with a small number of outside talent, and built one of the most successful teams in the history of Argentine football.

The first championship of the so-called "Golden Era" came in 1967, when Estudiantes became the first "small" team to win an Argentine championship. The team came back from three goals down to beat Platense in the semifinal 4–3, then took the crown with a convincing 3–0 victory over Racing Club.

Estudiantes then took second place in the Nacional championship, qualifying for the 1968 Copa Libertadores, which Estudiantes won after defeating Brazilian side Palmeiras.

In that year's Intercontinental Cup, Estudiantes defeated Bobby Charlton's Manchester United 1–0 in Buenos Aires, and achieved a 1–1 tie at Old Trafford on 16 October 1968. The Intercontinental title remains the highest achievement in Estudiantes' history.

The team would go on to win the Copa Libertadores twice more, in 1969 against Nacional from Uruguay and in 1970 against Peñarol also from Uruguay.

Estudiantes lost their Intercontinental Cup finals to A.C. Milan and Feyenoord, respectively, but they did win the less prestigious Copa Interamericana in 1969.

1974–1982
In 1974, Zubeldía coached the San Lorenzo de Almagro team that won the Nacional title. He also won two Colombian League titles with Atlético Nacional in 1976 and 1981.

On 17 January 1982 Zubeldía died of a heart attack in Medellín, Colombia at the age of 54, while setting a bet on horse race.

Tactics
Zubeldía was a harbinger of tactical changes; he was the first manager to thoroughly research rival team's tactics and playing style. Pre-planned plays off free kicks and tactical fouls to stop rival advances were highly criticized at the time, but have since been adopted by virtually every team in the world. So are other practices, like the offside trap (having the defense step forward in sync to force opposing players into an offside position) and using screens at corner kicks.

Legacy
Zubeldía's legacy was carried to fruition by the key tactical player of his Estudiantes, Carlos Bilardo, who went on to become one of the most successful coaches in Argentine history. Bilardo dedicated to his mentor both the 1982 Metropolitano title won by Estudiantes and the 1986 FIFA World Cup title won by Argentina.

External links
 Estudiantes profile
 The glory in Atletico Nacional, 1981

1927 births
1982 deaths
People from Junín, Buenos Aires
Argentine people of Basque descent
Footballers from Buenos Aires Province
Argentine men's footballers
Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield footballers
Boca Juniors footballers
Club Atlético Atlanta footballers
Club Atlético Banfield footballers
Argentine Primera División players
Argentine football managers
Argentina national football team managers
Estudiantes de La Plata managers
Club Atlético Huracán managers
San Lorenzo de Almagro managers
Atlético Nacional managers
Men's association football forwards

Osvaldo Zubeldía


The Little Mashel River is a river in Pierce County, Washington.  It is a tributary of the Mashel River, and enters the Mashel just  downstream from the Eatonville, Washington, city limits. It is noted for its canyon and the three waterfalls.

Course
The Little Mashel begins in a small, unnamed lake located about  southeast of Eatonville, Washington.  Upon exiting the lake, the river, very small at this point, flows northeast for about  before turning northwest for about , merging with South Fork Little Mashel River about  along the way. There, the river briefly turns southwest, picks up the waters of its only named tributary, Midway Creek, and then turns northwest again.  It flows that way for another  or so until its confluence with the Mashel. A short canyon that sees the river drop over three large, often visited waterfalls lies about  above its mouth.

South Fork
The South Fork Little Mashel River begins about  west of the lake the main fork begins in and flows northwest for about  until it merges with the main fork of the Little Mashel not far upstream from where Midway Creek meets the Little Mashel.

See also
Little Mashel River Waterfalls
List of rivers in Washington

References

External links

Rivers of Washington (state)
Rivers of Pierce County, Washington

Little Mashel River


In Yorkshire there is a very close relationship between the major topographical areas and the geological period in which they were formed.  The Pennine chain of Hills in the west is of Carboniferous origin. The central vale is Permo-Triassic. The North York Moors in the north-east of the county are Jurassic in age while the Yorkshire Wolds to the south east are Cretaceous chalk uplands. The plain of Holderness and the Humberhead levels both owe their present form to the Quaternary ice ages.

Much of Yorkshire presents heavily glaciated scenery as few places escaped the great ice sheets as they advanced during the last ice age.

Drainage

Humber

Yorkshire is drained by several rivers. In western and central Yorkshire, the many rivers empty their waters into the River Ouse, which reaches the North Sea via the Humber Estuary. The most northerly of the rivers in the Ouse system is the River Swale, which drains Swaledale before passing through Richmond and meandering across the Vale of Mowbray.

Next in the Ouse system, draining in Wensleydale, is the River Ure, which joins the Swale east of Boroughbridge. The River Nidd rises on the edge of the Yorkshire Dales National Park and flows along Nidderdale before reaching the Vale of York.

The Ouse is the name given to the river after its confluence with the Ure at Ouse Gill Beck. The River Wharfe, which drains Wharfedale, joins the Ouse upstream of Cawood. The Rivers Aire and Calder are more southerly contributors to the River Ouse. The most southerly Yorkshire tributary is the River Don, which flows northwards to join the main river at Goole.

The River Derwent rises on the North York Moors, flows south then westwards through the Vale of Pickering, then turns south again to drain the eastern part of the Vale of York. It empties into the River Ouse at Barmby on the Marsh.

To the east of the Yorkshire Wolds, the River Hull flows southwards to join the Humber Estuary at Kingston upon Hull. The western Pennines are served by the River Ribble, which drains westwards into the Irish Sea close to Lytham St Annes.The largest freshwater lake in the region is Hornsea Mere in the East Riding of Yorkshire.

Esk and Tees
In the far north of the county, the River Tees flows eastwards through Teesdale and empties its waters into the North Sea downstream of Middlesbrough. The smaller River Esk flows from west to east at the northern foot of the North York Moors to reach the sea at Whitby.

Topographical Areas

Natural Areas

Natural England, the name given to the body responsible to the UK government for natural affairs has defined 14 distinctive Natural Areas in Yorkshire. These are:

Figures in brackets refer to the equivalent Joint Character Areas outlined in the next section and illustrated on the map.

Natural Areas are defined as "biogeographic zones which reflect the geographic foundation, the natural systems and processes, and the wildlife in different parts of England, and provide a framework for setting objectives for nature conservation."

Joint Character Areas

The Natural Areas concept was further refined  by the Joint Nature Conservancy Council in their definition of Joint Character Areas. These used Natural Areas for their basis but added other defining characteristics such as historical associations to produce a list of characteristic areas within the county.

Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty
 Nidderdale
 North Pennines
 Howardian Hills

National Parks
 Peak District
 North York Moors
 Yorkshire Dales

Sites of Special Scientific Interest

 Spurn Point, Humber Estuary

Nature Reserves

References

Topographical areas of Yorkshire


Red Rising is a 2014 dystopian science fiction novel by American author Pierce Brown, and the first book and eponym of a series. The novel, set in the future on Mars, follows lowborn miner Darrow as he infiltrates the ranks of the elite Golds.

Red Rising has received generally positive reviews.

Plot summary
It has been seven hundred years since mankind colonized other planets. The powerful ruling class of humans has installed a rigid, color-based social hierarchy where the physically superior Golds at the top rule with an iron fist. Sixteen-year-old Darrow is a Red, a class of workers who toil beneath the surface of Mars mining helium-3 to terraform the planet. He and his wife Eo are captured after entering a forbidden area and are arrested. While Eo is publicly whipped for her crime she sings a forbidden folk song as a protest against the Reds' enslavement. She is subsequently hanged on the orders of the Mars' ArchGovernor. Darrow cuts down and buries his wife's body, a crime for which he is also hanged. However, Darrow awakes to find that he has been drugged and delivered into the hands of the Sons of Ares, a group of Red and others who fight against the oppression of the "low Colors". Ares have adopted the video of Eo's song and execution as a rallying vehicle for their cause.

Darrow is given the chance to infiltrate the Society to bring it down from within. He is physically transformed by Mickey, a Violet "carver", who gives him the abilities and appearance of a Gold. Using a fabricated identity Darrow is accepted into the Golds' elite Institute, where he befriends Cassius au Bellona and alienates the arrogant Antonia au Severus. Darrow is selected for House Mars by Fitchner. To continue to the next stage, Darrow must complete the Passage, a test in which the 100 newly chosen students in each of the twelve Houses are paired with another house member and tasked to kill each other as a means to eliminate the weaker half. Darrow is forced to murder Cassius' brother Julian to survive, but Cassius can only guess who killed him.

Each House is assigned a fortress and a banner, called a standard, to defend within the Institute's confines, with the goal of warring with each other until one House enslaves the others with the standard. Mars fractures into factions: one led jointly by Darrow and Cassius, one by Antonia, one by Titus au Ladros, and the antisocial Sevro going off on his own. To neutralize the violent Titus, who has been raping the female slaves left in Mars' fortress, Darrow manipulates House Minerva, led by the young woman he met briefly upon his arrival at the Institute and whom he has dubbed "Mustang". Mustang and her troops take the Mars fortress and imprison Titus. Sevro helps Darrow escape and capture Minerva's standard, which he trades to reclaim Mars' castle. Darrow takes over as the Primus (leader) of Mars, and Sevro and his group of "Howlers" declare their loyalty to him. Darrow realizes from the captive Titus' manner of speech that he is a fellow Red impersonating a Gold. To maintain his cover, Darrow allows Titus to be executed by Cassius. Darrow captures Minerva's fortress and defeats their strongman Pax au Telemanus. Mustang reveals the existence of "the Jackal", the leader of House Pluto who is terrorizing other Houses. Lilath, a messenger from the Jackal, arrives to deliver a message; The Jackal has put a bounty on Darrow's head. Antonia and some of Titus' former followers attempt to ambush and kill Darrow, but he manages to thwart their plan. Lilath secretly reveals to Cassius that Darrow killed Julian. Cassius lures and challenges Darrow to a duel outside Mars' fortress, wounding him and leaving him to die.

Darrow is rescued and nursed back to health by Mustang. They begin to develop romantic feelings for each other as they flee to avoid discovery by Cassius, now Primus of House Mars. Conquered students are systematically "enslaved" by other Houses, forced by their honor to serve their conquerors. Darrow and Mustang begin to amass an army by recruiting many Oathbreakers, the wandering slaves who have chosen to disobey orders, with Minerva's standard. Darrow prefers that his captured foes swear their allegiance and join him, rather than serve him. Learning from his previous mistakes, he frees these slaves and takes responsibility for their actions to gain their allegiance. He gains the loyalty of the duplicitous Tactus au Rath when he accepts physical punishment on himself after administering the same to Tactus for unruly behavior. Sevro, who has led his team of Howlers to escape from Cassius and has now lost an eye, meets up with Darrow again to join forces. Darrow takes the fortresses of Houses Ceres, Apollo, and Jupiter, enslaving their members until the prisoners prove their loyalty to him in battle. Fitchner reveals to Darrow that the other Proctors have been conspiring to assist the Jackal, who is actually Adrius, the son of ArchGovernor Augustus. Darrow exposes a prisoner taken during the surrender of house Jupiter as the Jackal after impaling his hand and offering him the opportunity to free himself by cutting it off. The Jackal slices off his own hand to escape and uses Darrow's shock as an opening, attacking him and killing Pax in the attempt; then escaping with the assistance of Proctor Apollo.

Enraged by the Proctors' deliberate efforts to hinder his victory, Darrow slays Proctor Apollo, and his army storms Mount Olympus, the floating palace of the Proctors using the flying boots gained from proctor Apollo. With the remaining Proctors subdued with the help of Sevro and the Howlers, Darrow sends Mustang to capture the Jackal, only to find out from Fitchner that she is Virginia au Augustus, the Jackal's twin sister. Darrow expects a betrayal, but she returns to deliver her captive brother, and Darrow wins the exercise. Before he departs, Cassius promises Darrow revenge. With his victory, Darrow is given his choice of a patron to sponsor his future. He accepts the hated ArchGovernor Augustus' offer to serve as one of his lancers, knowing that the powerful man will offer him the greatest opportunities to acquire the power he needs to destroy the Golds.

Characters
 Darrow, a Red who is remade into a Gold named "Darrow au Andromedus" to infiltrate and destroy the Society. He is later called "The Reaper" by his classmates, for the sickle-shaped blade he carries as his weapon.
 Eo, Darrow's wife whose hanging for treason ignites his desire for revenge against the Golds.
 Nero au Augustus, the ArchGovernor of Mars who orders Eo's execution.
 Virginia au Augustus, daughter of the ArchGovernor and leader of House Minerva at the Institute. Initially not knowing her given name, Darrow calls her "Mustang".
 Adrius au Augustus, Virginia's vicious twin brother, leader of House Pluto at the Institute. His cruel and violent tactics of conquest earn him the nickname "The Jackal".
 Cassius au Bellona, Darrow's ally and friend in House Mars.
 Roque, Darrow's friend and ally in House Mars, a self-styled poet.
 Sevro, Darrow's friend and ally in House Mars, a lowDraft with an antisocial attitude.
 Antonia au Severus, a ruthless Gold whom Darrow alienates almost immediately.
 Titus au Ladros, a violent and tyrannical member of House Mars.
 Pax au Telemanus, a massive warrior aligned with Virginia in House Minerva.
 Tactus au Rath, a duplicitous member of House Diana.
 Fitchner, Proctor of Mars at the Institute, Sevro's father.
 Narol, Darrow's paternal uncle, rescues Darrow after his execution and sends him to the Sons of Ares.
 Dancer, Darrow's mentor in the Sons of Ares who first reveals to him the lies of the Golds.
 Harmony, Dancer's half-disfigured, female partner and Darrow's contentious drill instructor.
 Mickey, a Violet Carver who remakes Darrow's body and physically transforms him into a Gold.
 Matteo, a Pink who educates Darrow about the society, its history, politics and arts.
 Octavia au Lune, the Sovereign of the Society.
 Evey, a winged-Pink who nurses and cares for Darrow during The Carving.

Development
Brown said of writing Red Rising, "I started with the main character [Darrow] and shaped my world around him. I was inspired by the plight of Irish immigrants in the 19th century and by the disenfranchisement of working classes." Brown also explained:

Reception
Red Rising was well received by both readers and critics, and hit #20 on The New York Times Best Seller list in February 2014.

Marc Snetiker of Entertainment Weekly gave the book an A−, writing, "Brown writes with cinematic grandeur, cleverly fusing Roman mythology with science fiction and pacing his action scenes for a slow-burn build to a hold-your-breath final act." Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the book 3.5 out of 4 stars, proclaiming, "Red Rising ascends above a crowded dystopian field." Writing for The Huffington Post, Britt Michaelian explained, "The morals and values that are explored through the characters in Red Rising have the potential to inspire a generation of readers to think intelligently about the impact of their decisions on themselves, their family and friends and on their world as a whole. This book is truly a powerful lesson in leadership." Niall Alexander wrote for Tor.com:

Kirkus Reviews described the novel as "reminiscent of The Hunger Games and Game of Thrones, calling it "a fine novel for those who like to immerse themselves in alternative worlds". However, Publishers Weekly said of the novel, "Pierce offers a Hollywood-ready story with plenty of action and thrills but painfully little originality or plausibility."

Brown's Red Rising fans have dubbed themselves "Howlers" after characters in the novels, and the author has also noted the popularity of his novels among outsiders, saying "It's amazing that they have found a home in these books ... All these lost souls in my books have connected with people and I find it incredibly moving."

Prequel comic

A six-issue prequel comic book series exploring the origins of the rebel group "Sons of Ares" called Red Rising: Sons of Ares was published by Dynamite Entertainment in 2017. The series was continued with six more issues published in 2020.

Board game
In February 2021, Stonemaier Games announced their Red Rising board game. The game got a Recommendation by the International Gamers Awards 2021.

Audiobooks
An audiobook of Red Rising, the first book in the series, was released on January 28, 2014 by Recorded Books. GraphicAudio produced an audiobook of book one in two parts that include full cast, cinematic music and sound effects. Part one was released on March 22, 2023, and part two was released on May 15.

References

External links

2014 American novels
2014 debut novels
2014 science fiction novels
American adventure novels
American science fiction novels
Debut science fiction novels
Dystopian novels
Classical mythology in popular culture
Novels about slavery
Novels by Pierce Brown
Novels set on Mars
Science fantasy novels
Works about women in war
Del Rey books

Red Rising


The Studenica Monastery (), ) is a 12th-century Serbian Orthodox monastery situated  southwest of Kraljevo and  east of Ivanjica, in central Serbia. It is one of the largest and richest Serb Orthodox monasteries.

Stefan Nemanja, the founder of the medieval Serb state, founded the monastery in 1190. The monastery's fortified walls encompass two churches: the Church of the Virgin, and the Church of the King, both of which were built using white marble. The monastery is best known for its collection of 13th- and 14th century Byzantine-style fresco paintings.

Studenica was declared Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1979, and it is protected by Republic of Serbia, and in 1986 UNESCO included Studenica monastery on the list of World Heritage Sites, with the description:

History

The monastery Studenica, dedicated to the Presentation of the Holy Virgin, is the mother-church of all Serbian temples. It was constructed over a quite long period of time. The first stage of works were completed by the spring of 1196, when Stefan Nemanja abdicated and took monastic vows at the monastery. When he later left for Hilandar, his son and successor Stefan took over the care of Studenica. Nemanja died in Hilandar in 1199. Nemanja's third son Rastko (Saint Sava), after reconciling with his brothers Stefan and Vukan, moved Nemanja's relics to Studenica. Under guardianship of Sava, Studenica became the political, cultural and spiritual center of medieval Serbia.

Studenica enjoyed continual care by the members of the Nemanjić dynasty. King Radoslav added a splendid narthex to the church in 1235. King Milutin built a small but lovely church dedicated to saints Joachim and Anna.

Since the fall of the last of the medieval Serbian states in 1459, the Turks often assaulted the monastery. The first of the significant restorations of the damage took place in 1569, when the frescoes in the Church of the Virgin were repainted. In the early 17th century, an earthquake and a fire befell the monastery, and historical documents and a significant part of the artistic heritage were destroyed and lost forever.

Architecture
The Virgin's Church is a domed single-nave basilica. At its eastern end there is a three-sided apse, while an extended narthex faces west; there are also vestibules on the north and the south. In the 1230s, a large exonarthex was added. The facades were built with slabs of white marble; inside, the church is revetted with tuff blocks. Externally, the Church harmoniously reconciles two architectural styles, the Romanesque and the Byzantine. The blending of these two styles eventually produced a particular style of architecture known as the Raška School.

Northwest of the Church of the Virgin there is the church of saints Joachim and Anna, known after its founder King Milutin as the King's Church. The church was constructed in 1314, in the form of a compressed cross, with the exterior structure of an octagonal dome. It is built of stone and tuff, with plastered facades.

The complex of the Studenica monastery includes the Church of St. Nicholas, a small single-nave church frescoed inside with works from the 12th or possibly early 13th centuries. Between the Church of St. Nicholas and the King's Church are the foundations of the church dedicated to St. John the Baptist. West of the Virgin's Church, there is an old refectory made of rubble, built during the time of Archbishop Sava. Finally, on the western side of the monastery complex there is a bell tower, erected in the 13th century. There used to be a chapel inside; now, only fragments of frescoes can be seen there. Remains of fresco painting have also been numbered on the external part of the narthex, splendidly representing the Nemanjić dynasty genealogy. They obviously relate to the frescoes from the Virgin's Church which date back to 1208-1209.

Northward from the Studenica refectory is the 18th century monastic residence, which now houses a museum and displays a number of the precious exhibits from the Studenica treasury. However, the frequent wars and plunders have considerably reduced the depository of the Studenica treasury.

Art

The artistic achievements of the sculpture of Studenica culminate in four portals of the Virgin's Church, primarily the west one, inside between the narthex and the exonarthex. On the north wall under the dome, there is a window made of many square panes with medallions carved on a leaden plaque which represent eight fantastic animals - the symbols of the Virgin's virtues. There are also two rosettes denoting the Divine Eye. The masons came to Studenica most probably from the Adriatic region, perhaps from Kotor, where Nemanja used to have a palace. They left an inscription in Serbian lettering on the tympanum of the west portal.

The Virgin's Church was painted in the first decade of the 13th century. The original frescoes have been partly preserved in the altar area, under the dome, on the west wall, and in the lower registers of the nave. The most splendid representation is that of the Crucifixion, painted on blue background in 1209, one of the paramount achievements in Serbian art. On the south wall there is the "founders' composition" which shows the Virgin taking Nemanja (Simon) with the church model to Jesus Christ as the Magistrate Impartial. The narthex was painted in 1569. Those frescoes include an exquisite representation of the Last Judgment in the upper registers and the portrait of Nemanja's wife Ana as the nun Anastasia.

The earliest fresco painting in King's church marks the supreme achievement of Byzantine art in the region. The frescoes in Radoslav's narthex and the parecclesions originate from the 1230s and display a close relation to the painting style of the main church. The north chapel, dedicated to St. Nicholas, contains a composition of the Hetoimasia and a cycle dealing with the life of St. Nicholas. In the south chapel, one finds the portraits of Nemanja, Stefan the First Crowned and King Radoslav with his wife Ana. On the north wall of the narthex, three dignitaries of the Serbian Church are portrayed - the archbishops Sava, Arsenije and Sava II (Radoslav's brother).

Burials
Stefan Nemanja
Stefan Radoslav of Serbia

Gallery

See also

Sopoćani
Žiča
Mileševa
Visoki Dečani
Gračanica
Nemanjić dynasty
Spatial Cultural-Historical Units of Great Importance
Tourism in Serbia
 Architecture of Serbia

References

Sources

 Pirivatrić, Srđan. "The chronology and the historical context of the construction of the Studenica monastery: Contribution to the study." Zograf 39 (2015): 47-56.
 Živković, Miloš. "Depictions of holy monks in the western bay of the Church of the Virgin in Studenica." Zograf 39 (2015): 65-90.
 Erdeljan, Jelena. "Studenica: An identity in marble." Zograf 35 (2011): 93-100.

External links
 Photo collections and virtual tours of Studenica monastery Blago Fund
Fresco from Monastery of Studenica
 Studenica Monastery at UNESCO
 Churches of Serbia: Studenica Monastery
 The Serbian Unity Congress presentation of the Studenica Monastery
 Aerial video of Studenica monastery

12th-century Serbian Orthodox church buildings
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
Cultural Monuments of Exceptional Importance (Serbia)
1190 establishments in Europe
Serbian Orthodox monasteries in Serbia
World Heritage Sites in Serbia
Religious organizations established in the 1190s
Architecture in Serbia
Tourist attractions in Serbia
Eastern Orthodox church buildings dedicated to Theotokos

Studenica Monastery


Arakalagudu Narasingarao Krishna Rao (9 May 1908 – 8 July 1971), popularly known as Anakru, was an Indian writer. He is one of the best-known writers in the Kannada-language and was popularly known as Kadambari Sarvabhouma (lit, "Universal monarch of Novels"). The inception of the Pragatishila ("progressive") movement in Kannada literature is credited to him. He received an honorary doctorate from the Mysore University and is also a recipient of the Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award.

Life
Anakru was born on 9 May 1908 in Kolar town of the erstwhile Kingdom of Mysore (in present-day Karnataka, India). to Narasinga Rao (father) and Annapoornamma (mother). The family traces its roots to Arkalgud town in the Hassan district of Karnataka. At the start of his career, he edited literary Kannada magazines such Katha Manjari and Vishva Vani. He was also an editor of the Kannada Sahitya Parishath's publication  Kannada Nudi ("Kannada speech"). Anakru was nominated as the president of 42nd Kannada Sahitya Sammelana held in Manipal. He is known for his passion for his native language Kannada. Once when introducing Anakru to an audience, Masti Venkatesh Iyengar, one of Kannada's most well-known writers said "I am a Tamil Kannadiga, Sir Mirza Ismail is a Muslim Kannadiga, and Anakru is a pure Kannadiga". This tribute from the likes of Masti mirrors the Kannada fervour Anakru was known for.

Anakru fought for the unification of Kannada speaking regions, when Kannada speakers were spread across different provinces in British India. He started a movement to promote and popularize Kannada. He openly criticized people in authority who neglected Kannada. In one such case, he wrote an article in the Kannada Nudi, criticizing the Hindi oriented policies of R. R. Divakar (the first governor of Bihar), the President of Kannada Sahitya Sammelana in 1929. On being asked to apologize, Anakru resigned from the post of the editor. Anakru lived most of his life in his house (called Annapoorna) in Vishveshwarapuram, a suburb in South Bangalore. He died on 8 July 1971 at the age of 63.

Literature
Starting with his first novel, Jeevanayathre ("Journey of life"), Anakru wrote for about 40 years and authored more than a hundred novels. He was a prolific writer and his literary output exceeded eighty thousand pages. When he started writing, the Navodaya form of Kannada literature was in vogue. He rejected this form because he felt such writings were a creation of aesthetes and did not reflect the disturbing realities of life. He came up with themes that formed a new movement in itself, called Pragatishila ("progressive"). Anakru saw literature as an instrument of social change. Influenced by Anakru, other promising writers such as Ta Ra Su (T.R. Subba Rao), Basavaraj Kattimani and Anupama Niranjana wrote novels that belonged to the Pragatishila genre.

Not known to follow the beaten track, Anakru penned three novels, Nagna Sathya, Shani Santaana and Sanje Gaththalu, with themes dwelling on the topic of prostitution for which he was criticized for depicting vulgarity in these novels. To defend his theme, Anakru wrote in his work Sahitya mattu kama prachodane ("Literature and the propagation of lust"): "If telling the truth is vulgar, then I am a vulgar writer. If the act of covering with a cloth, a downtrodden helpless naked woman on the street is vulgar, then I am a vulgar writer". His non-moralistic approach to writing and extensive usage of dialogue contributed to vast readership.

His magnum opus novel Natasarvabhowma runs for 750 pages, delves into the dire state of Kannada drama world, during the early 20th century. He provides the details about what was ailing the Kannada drama companies and provides valuable suggestions on their improvement. The novel covers the life of fictitious stage actor Rajacharaya, his struggle to establish as an actor and then to run the drama company as its proprietor. This novel was first published in 1940 and was way ahead of its time. The novel was criticized for celebrating the extramarital affairs of Rajacharya. However out of 750 pages hardly 3–4 pages covers this and the rest wonderfully depicts the do good nature of Rajachraya, where he donates majority of his earnings to charity. Krishna Raos love for the Kannada culture, its people and his quest to see the Kannada speaking areas integrated comes out clearly. He severely criticizes the language bigotry and tries to convey that all languages are great through Rajacharya.

Anakru wrote many novels where the protagonist was an artist. These novels follow a plot which narrates the story of a gifted musician who becomes famous, only to succumb to the charms of a woman. This leads to his subsequent failure as his commitment on the art deteriorates. At the end, the artist either overcomes this to regain his touch or succumbs completely to passion leading to his eventual failure. One of Anakru's most popular novels Sandhyaraaga belonged to this theme and narrates of the life of a dedicated musician while contrasting him with his mean brother.  a Kannada movie based on this novel in 1966 received critical acclaim. This same novel motivated Beechi, one of the great Kannada humorist, to contribute to Kannada literature. Other notable novels written by Anakru with on theme are the Mia Malhar, Udayaraga, Sahitya Ratna and Vijayanagara Samrajya (11 novels)

Awards and honours

President of the 43rd Kannada Sahitya Sammelana held in Manipal
Sahitya Akademi Karnataka State award.
Honorary Doctorate in Literature from Mysore University

Writings
Novel

Kalankini
Amara August
Kamini Kanchana
Bannada Baduku
Hosilu Datida Hennu
Deva Priya
Rukmini
Shani Santhana
Sandhyaraaga
Kannadammanna Gudiyalli
Amrutha Manthana
Pankaja
Marjala Sanyasi
Kasthuri
Aashirwada
Anugraha
Bhoomigilidu Banda Bhagavanta
Enakshi
Chitrakale
Adrushta Nakshatra
Janatha Janardhana
Vishwa Bandhu Basavanna
Eedari Aadhari
Sangrama
Tayiya Karulu
Shubha Samaya
Yaariguntu Yaarigilla
Kabbinada Kaage
Natasarvabhowma
Nidumaamidi Sannidhiyavaru
Kannina Gombe
Maralu Mane
Samadarshana
Udayaraga
Nara Narayana
Punaravatara
Hengarulu
Deeparadhane
Sangrama Dhureena
Parivarthane
Bhuvana Mohini
Huliyuguru (Vol 1–3)
Gajina Mane
Narabali
Maneyalli Mahayuddha
Rana Vikrama
Sarthaka Sahitya
Sahitya Samaradhana
Kattida Banna
Kagadada Hoo
Muyyige Muyyee
Daadiya Maga
Akkayya
Abhayapradhana Mattu Tejobhanga
Nagna Sathya
Hennu Janma
Jeevanadhi
Abhimana
Sanje Gathalu
Sakidha Aliya
Kulaputra
Taayi Makkalu
Annadatha
Chitra Vichitra
Ratna Deepa
Kalavidha
Bhumi Tayi
Chiranjeeve
Stree Mukha Vyaghra
Hosa Suggi
Aparanji
Roopashree
Kanneeru
Bhagyadha Baagilu
Arulu Marulu
Honne Modhalu
Keerthi Kalasha
Hosa Huttu
Gruhalakshmi
Hegadharu Badhukona
Mudimallige
Barahagarana Baduku
Kunkuma Prasada
Dharmapathni
Garuda Machee
Vijaya Vidyaranya Mattu Thapobala [Vijayanagara seris – Harihara, bukka, Harihara II]
Punya Prabhava Mattu Prouda Prathapi [Vijayanagara Seris – Devaraya – I, Devaraya – II]
Mohana Murari Mattu Yashodundhubhi [Vijayanagara Seris – Saluva Narasimha , Sri Krishnadevaraya ]
Abhaya Pradhana Mattu Tejobhanga [Vijayanagara Seris – Sri Krishnadevaraya , Sri Achyutadevaraya ]
Aaliya Ramaraya Mattu Pralayananthara [Vijayanagara Seris – Viajyanagara downfall, Araveedu Dynasty]
Veerashiva Sahithya Mattu Samskruthi
Aparajethe
Bhamamani
Miya Malhar
Panjarada Gini
Jathaka Pakshi
Papiya Nele
Gowri
Sumuhurtha
Jeevana Yatre
Srimathi
Natasarvabhowma
Kanchana Ganga
Anna Thangi
Kaalachakara

Play

A Na Krishnarayara Pouranika Natakagalu
A Na Krishnarayara Samajika Natakagalu
A Na Krishnarayara Ithihasika Natakagalu

Criticism

Kannada Kularasikaru
Sahitya Ratna
Bharateeya Kala Darshana
Sajeeva Sahitya
Nataka Kale
Sahitya Mattu Kamaprachodane
Karnatakada Hitha Chinthane
Sahitya Mattu Jeevana
Bharateeya Samskruthi Darshana
Samskrutiya Vishvarupa
A Na Kru Avara Samagra Veerashaiva Sahitya
Bharateeya Chitrakaleyalli Raja Ravivarmana Sthana
Kannada Sahitya Mattu Samskruti
Sahitya Mattu Yugadharma

Biography

Bharathada Bapu
Karnatakadha KalavidharuKailasam
Deenabandhu Kabeera
Sri Basavannanavara Amritavani
Allamaprabhu
Kannada Kula RasikaruAutobiographyAmara Chetana
Barahagarana Baduku Mathu Nannannu Naane KandeChildren's booksShree Krishnadevaraya : Kannada Nadu Mattu Kannadegara Parpampare
Kempegowda – Kannada Nadu Mattu Kannadigara Parampare
Sarvagna Kavi – Kannada Nadu Mattu Kannadigara Parampare
Yalahanka Bhupaala
Sundharu SamsaraReligion & OtherBhagavadgeetaarthasaaraShort Story'''Neelalochane Mattu Ithara KathegaluA Na Kru Avara Samagra Katha Sankalana''

Notes

References

1908 births
1971 deaths
Kannada people
Kannada-language writers
People from Kolar

A. N. Krishna Rao


Eliszewa "Elsa" Binder (between 31 January and 13 March 1920  1942), was a Polish–born Jewish girl who kept a diary in which she documented her life as a Jew during the Holocaust. During the Holocaust, she also courageously helped the other Jews imprisoned in her quarter, by smuggling food, money, and other supplies. She died around the age of 22.

She gained some posthumous fame in her homeland because of her diary, in which she documents her life as a Jew during the Holocaust in 1941 and 1942.

Binder was born in Stanislawów, Poland, in modern-day Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine, between January and March 1920, where she was raised. In September 1939, the Germans began invading Poland (with the help of the Soviet Union) and after occupation began in October, they began persecuting Jews in Poland.In June 1941, the Binder family were trapped in Stanislawów, when the Germans eventually reached their city. Binder lost her citizenship and became stateless. As the persecutions of the Jewish population increased in December 1941, the Binder family were taken into captivity in a quarter in Stanislawów, where Binder lost her younger sister Dora there in 1942.

From 23 December 1941 until 18 June 1942, she had kept a diary which she wrote in it regularly.

After World War II ended in 1945, Andrea Axt, Binder's cousin, who had escaped Poland and fled to the United Kingdom, returned to Poland after the war ended, and was given Binder's diary. Axt tried to publish the diary but to no avail.

Early life
Binder was born Eliszewa Binder between January and March 1920 in Stanislawów, Poland (modern-day Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine) to Polish-born Jewish parents, the eldest of three children. The other two being named Dora and Bronek. Her father died in 1925, thus leaving her mother widowed, for a while. Her mother then remarried, but after a few years, her mother divorced him, discovering he was having a affair, without her knowledge. When she divorced him, she was pregnant with a fourth child. The divorce led the Binder family to be in a state of homelessness twice. Her mother managed to rent a apartment for her and the children. In 1933, Binder joined a group of Zionists, and made  some friends to. Her mother remarried for the third time. The husband, being a landlord of their apartment, was very abusive to the children, with Binder's mother refusing to act. This led Binder to move in with strangers who also abused her. The reason she moved in with them, was because she had some freedom and independence. She then returned to live with her mother and siblings.

In September 1939, Germany invaded and occupied the western part of  Poland with the help of the Soviet Union, who attacked the eastern side of Poland, when Binder was 19 years old.
In June 1941, the Germans eventually reached Stanislawów, the city where the Binder family lived. This was becuase, Germany attempted to invade  the Soviet Union and occupy the remainder of Poland.

Under the Soviet occupation of Poland, conditions were crucial for the Binder family.
On October 12, 1941, Germans killed  ten thousand Jews in Stanislawów (where Binder lived) in a massacre where Binder lost her sister Bronek in the massacre.
In December 1941; two months later, the Binder family were taken into captivity in a ghetto (in the same city where Binder lived), where Binder lost her younger sister Dora there in 1942.

Period chronicled in Binder's diary
On 23 December 1941, Binder wrote the first entry in her diary.

In a entry dated 27 December 1941 (four days after the first one), she wrote about the dangers in the quarter, and that people who live in the ghetto are in constant threat and fear of poverty, violence, starvation, and death. Binder then writes that she had a fight with her mother and were upset at each other for a few days. She then goes on to write that no matter what moods the two are in, she is Binder's most favorite person and that Binder loves her the most, for she is her "best friend", but that when she sees her mother treats her younger sister Dora, this always makes her "blood boil" and that she becomes "jealous" of her younger sister. She also writes that she does not believes that her mother "loves her younger sister Dora as much as she loves her, but that she demands more from her and is indulgent to Dora". Binder then writes that "she has to express herself more often and more sincerely". She also writes that "she thinks it is very naive and silly, for her to read what she just wrote in her diary". Then she writes that this is her way of thinking. Then she writes "that she apologizes for writing that in her diary without realization", "but that regardless of this discovery, she will continue to write her diary, but that next time she will not read what she just wrote in her diary, right away".

Writing this, Binder was apparently aware that the atmosphere of continual crisis was distorting her normal attitudes and emotions. She felt the need to discuss her feelings but that she could only confide safely in her diary.

The last entry written in Binder's diary is dated 18 June 1942.

Death
Binder died  1942, aged  22. She most likely died in the quarter in Stanislawów or the Bełżec extermination camp. The exact circumstances of her death are not known for certain, but it is certain that Binder and her parents died during the Holocaust. Due to the fact that Binder's last diary entry dated 18 June 1942, ended abruptly in mid-sentence, and that Binder's diary was found in a ditch not far from a cemetery  (used in the Stanislawów ghetto to shoot Jews to death) in June 1943, a death date of  18 June 1942, can be assumed. However, it is unknown how accurate that death date is.

Related pages
 The Holocaust, a genocide of around six million European Jews and other people which lasted for four years (1941 – 1945)
 Anne Frank, a diarist from Amsterdam
 Rutka Laskier, a diarist from the Będzin concentration camp
 Renia Spiegel, a diarist from Przemyśl
 Ruthka Lieblich, a diarist from Andrychów
 Věra Kohnová, a diarist from Plzeň
 Jerzy Feliks Urmam, a diarist from Drohobych
 David Koker, a diarist from the Herzogenbusch prison
 Sarah Fishkin, a diarist from modern-day Belarus
 Jacques Biélinky, a diarist from Paris
 Eva Heyman, a diarist from Oradea
 Czesława Kwoka, a Polish Catholic girl, known for being one of the thousands of children who had their "identity photographs" taken at Auschwitz. Those photographs are stored in the so-called Death Books.
 Yitskhok Rudashevski, a diarist from the Wilno Ghetto
 Mary Berg, a diarist from German-occupied Poland.
 Elsa Katz, a diarist from German-occupied Czechoslavkia.
 Miriam Korber-Bercovici
 Petr Ginz

1920 births
1942 deaths
Holocaust victims
Polish Jews

Elsa Binder


Sunday Jack Akpan (born Ikot Ide Etukudo, 1940) is a Nigerian sculptor who has been described as "the contemporary African equivalent of the medieval artisan".  He is most famous for his work in cement, in which he crafts traditional-style statues of tribal leaders and other figures, mainly as grave art, which he then paints; he has also created other types of commercial art, including religious figures and business signage.  His work has been shown at the Venice Biennale and at the Centre Pompidou in Paris, among other venues.  Some of his work is in the collection of the Horniman Museum in London.

References

1940 births
Living people
20th-century Nigerian sculptors
21st-century sculptors
20th-century Nigerian male artists
21st-century Nigerian male artists
Male sculptors

Sunday Jack Akpan