Assicurazioni Generali S.p.A. ( , ; meaning 'general insurances') or commonly known as Generali Group is an Italian insurance company based in Trieste. As of 2022, it is the largest insurance company in Italy and ranks among the world's largest insurance companies by net premiums and assets.

Generali's major competitors at the international level are AXA, Allianz and Zurich Insurance Group.
The company is listed on the Milan stock exchange and is part of the FTSE MIB index of the same stock exchange.

History
Established on December 26, 1831 as the Imperial Regia Privilegiata Compagnia di Assicurazioni Generali Austro-Italiche ('Imperial and Royal Privileged Company for General Austrian-Italian Insurances') in Trieste. Its promoter was Giuseppe Lazzaro Morpurgo.
The adjective "Generali" ("general") referred to the company's comprehensive insurance coverage across all the branches (fire, life, hail, sea, land and river transport). This approach was rare at the time when most Trieste insurance companies focused solely on maritime transport, except for the Azienda Assicuratrice, which also dealt with hail insurance.
The "Austrian-Italian" label referred to the company's dual management structure, with the main office in Trieste responsible for the company's affairs and relations with the Habsburg Monarchy, (at the time, Trieste was the most important seaport of the Austrian Empire). Meanwhile, a management office in Venice oversaw activities in Lombardy-Venetia and the Italian peninsula.
Financed with a share capital of two million florins, Generali attracted a diverse group of shareholders  from Trieste and Lombardy-Venetia, including influential figures like Giovanni Cristoforo Ritter de Záhony, Giovanni Battista de Rosmini, Marco Parente, Samuele Della Vida, and Pasquale Revoltella.
The Habsburg eagle symbol, a nod to Trieste's Austrian possession since 1382 until 1918, was chosen as the company's emblem. Generali's early presence in multiple markets stemmed from the historically commercial nature of both Trieste and Venice. In its first decade, the company's agency network expanded across all Italian states, major cities of the empire, and leading European ports.

Until 1847, Gianbattista de Rosmini, the legal adviser and a significant shareholder, played a pivotal role, serving as the permanent president of the General Congresses and effectively leading the company. Following the uprisings of the Risorgimento in 1848, the "Austrian-Italian" adjective was dropped, and the company became only Assicurazioni Generali.
By 1856, Generali had grown to become the largest insurance company in the Austrian Empire, culminating in its listing on the Trieste Stock Exchange the following year. Following Italy's unification, Generali's Venetian management led the company to become the largest insurance company in the newly formed kingdom,  with Samuele Della Vida overseeing the Italian branch until 1875.

In 1869, Generali foresaw the significant impact of the Suez Canal's inauguration on world trade. Key figures within the company, including Pasquale Revoltella and Giuseppe Morpurgo, were involved in the historic event, with Revoltella becoming the vice president of the Universal Company of the Suez Canal.
The opening of the canal brought about a favorable economic climate for Generali, leading to its expansion across various regions, from the eastern Mediterranean to North Africa, the Far East, and the Americas.

Under the stewardship of Marco Besso, who managed the company from 1877 to 1920 and eventually became its president, Generali assumed an international dimension. The company opened agencies in the Mediterranean, St. Petersburg, Warsaw, the Americas, and the Far East, while also founding subsidiaries such as Erste Allgemeine Schaden und Unfallversicherung in Vienna, Generala in Romania, Anonima Grandine, and Anonima Infortuni in Italy.
During this period, Generali's most prestigious Italian offices were constructed, including notable buildings in Florence, Trieste, Milan, Rome, and Turin. In 1914, the Procuratie Vecchie, the seat of the Venice administration, underwent restructuring.
Amidst the challenges of the First World War, which pitted Italy against Austria-Hungary, Generali's Venetian and Trieste headquarters maintained their operational independence, allowing the company to navigate complex circumstances without taking political positions that could compromise its integrity.

The Italian period

In 1920, Edgardo Morpurgo assumed the role of president, ushering in a phase of further international expansion for the company. By 1924, due in part to the division of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Generali had established eight overseas management offices and had a presence in sixty branches and agencies across thirty countries. By 1935, it had expanded to include twenty-nine subsidiaries in Europe, four in the Americas, two in Africa, and one in Asia. During this time, the company's image was managed by Marcello Dudovich, contributing to its growing reputation. Alleanza Assicurazioni was acquired during this period.
However, the mid-thirties brought challenges, as the rise of racial laws and the tightening relationship with Fascism created a difficult environment.
In the first century of activity, Assicurazioni Generali had consolidated and expanded also thanks to the decisive presence of shareholders and managers of Jewish origin, from the Morpurgos to the Maurogonatos, from the Levi Della Vidas to the Treves de' Bonfilis.
In 1938, as the impending "racial laws" loomed and Benito Mussolini visited Trieste, a Morpurgo, who was serving as president at the time, was asked to resign, handing over the presidency to Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata. During this era, Generali was under the guidance of managing director Gino Baroncini.

The company faced significant challenges during World War II, including German and Yugoslav occupations and the subsequent British-American administration of the Free Territory of Trieste. Following this tumultuous period, Generali's branches in Eastern countries were expropriated under the presidencies of Antonio Cosulich (1943-1948) and Mario Abbiate (1948-1954), adding to the complexities.
Between 1960 and 1968, Baroncini, who had been with Generali since 1937, served as president during Italy's economic boom.
In 1963 the French branch of Generali, Concorde, adopting the intuition of Pierre Desnos, founded Europ Assistance; the new company gave birth to the concept of "private assistance", offering organized support to individuals facing difficult situations away from home.

In 1974, the company established Genagricola, which focused on the Group's agricultural activities.
From 1968 to 1979 Cesare Merzagora was president and restructured the company in a more efficient and transparent way. He was succeeded by Enrico Randone, who held the position until 1990.

In 1988, Generali bolstered its presence in France by acquiring a stake in Compagnie du Midi. The following year, it became a shareholder in the AXA Midi group. In 1996, Generali made a strategic decision to sell its share package, providing the necessary liquidity for the purchase of INA Assitalia.

During the 1990s, Generali continued to innovate. In 1994, it launched Genertel, the first company in Italy to offer financial services via telephone.
Four years later, in 1998, Banca Generali was established as an online bank. Over time, Banca Generali evolved into a banking hub within the Group, moving into the private banking segment.

Recent years

Following the acquisition of INA Assitalia in 2000, Generali continued its growth trajectory with the acquisition of Toro Assicurazioni in 2006. As the company expanded, it established Generali Real Estate in 2011 to manage its real estate activities. Generali Real Estate soon became a prominent player in the sector, becoming the sole owner of CityLife, the new residential and commercial complex that stands on the area of the old Milan fair at Portello. Among the notable structures within CityLife is the iconic Generali tower, designed by archistar Zaha Hadid, which has served as the Group's headquarters in Milan since 2019.

In 2013, a significant corporate restructuring took place when the Italian branch of Assicurazioni Generali was incorporated into INA Assitalia, leading to the formation of Generali Italia. The new entity, effective from July 1, 2013, encompassed Toro Assicurazioni, Lloyd Italico, and Augusta Assicurazioni, with Philippe Donnet assuming the role of Managing Director and Country Manager in Italy.
Donnet became CEO of the Generali Group in March 2016. Under his management, the group successfully implements two strategic plans and the financial results are growing.

In 2022, the general shareholders' meeting reappointed Philippe Donnet for a third term, affirming the strategic plan Lifetime Partner 24: Driving Growth which was presented in December 2021. During the same meeting, Andrea Sironi, an academic and president of Bocconi University, was elected president of the Group.

The company continued its expansion efforts in June 2023, announcing the acquisition of Liberty Seguros, a competitor operating in Spain and Portugal's non-life insurance sector, from the US group Liberty Mutual. The acquisition, amounting to 2.3 billion euros, will solidify Generali's direct channel European positioning and harness the strong capabilities of Liberty Seguros in this domain.
As a result, Generali will rise to become the fourth non-life insurance company in Spain, the second in the Portuguese market and will enter the top ten in the sector in Ireland and Northern Ireland.
On July 6, 2023, Generali made another significant acquisition, this time acquiring Conning and its subsidiaries. Additionally, the company entered into a ten-year partnership with Cathay Life, making the latter a minority shareholder (holding 16.75% shares) in Generali Investment Holding, an entity that houses the majority of Generali's asset management activities.
This acquisition bolstered Generali's total assets under management, which now amount to a substantial 775 billion euros, an increase of 144 billion euros.  Consequently, Generali claimed its position as the ninth European player in terms of assets under management (AuM).

Operations

Generali boasts a global presence, operating in 50 countries through a network of over 400 companies.
The company's current organizational structure comprises five distinct Business Units:
 Italy
 Germany, Austria and Switzerland
 France & Global Business Activities
 International
 Asset & Wealth Management
The company's business model revolves around three core pillars:
 Life insurance
 Property & Casualty insurance
 Asset Management
By combining these elements, Generali aims to create a comprehensive and diversified portfolio of insurance and financial products.

Banks ownership
Banca Generali is a subsidiary of Assicurazioni Generali which owns 50.17%.

Shareholder structure
As of April 17, 2023, Assicurazioni Generali's shareholders were:
 31.72% Institutional investors
 13.10% Mediobanca S.p.A.
 9.77% Del Vecchio Group
 6.23% Caltagirone (Francesco Gaetano Caltagirone)
 4.83% Benetton Group (through Edizione holding)
 34.35% Others

Based on the share capital, 65.13% of Assicurazioni Generali is owned by Italian investors.

Notable employees
Franz Kafka worked for nearly nine months (between November 1, 1907, and July 15, 1908) at the Assicurazioni Generali office in Prague.

The Human Safety Net
The Human Safety Net is the foundation established by Generali in 2017 with the mission to support disadvantaged individuals and communities, empowering them to improve their living conditions and unlock their potential. The foundation focuses on assisting people living in vulnerable conditions, providing them with opportunities for growth and progress.

To fulfill its mission, The Human Safety Net collaborates with approximately 60 entities, including non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and social enterprises.
Through these partnerships, the foundation implements various programs aimed at two primary target groups: families and refugees.
The Human Safety Net is based at the Procuratie Vecchie, Generali's historic headquarters in Venice.

Sponsorship
Generali demonstrates a strong commitment to sports sponsorship and sustainability, engaging in various initiatives that promote and support sports activities.
Generali serves as the sponsor of the France National Volleyball Team, and has been a sponsor of the French Federation of Volleyball for 19 years.
In 2010, in line with the Group's guidelines and values, Generali launched the Responsible Sports Charter, aimed at actively fostering a culture of sustainability in sports.
Furthermore, Generali sponsors two football stadiums, the Stadion Letná in Prague and the Franz Horr Stadium in Vienna.

For over four decades, Generali has been a sponsor of Barcolana, a historic international sailing regatta held annually in the Gulf of Trieste.
Additionally, Generali is a sponsor of two marathons, the Generali Berlin Half Marathon in Berlin and the Generali München Marathon in Munich.

Controversy
Although Generali is involved in indemnifying the policies of Holocaust victims (having created in 1997 a "Policy Information Center" in Trieste, funded the independent trust "The Generali Fund in Memory of the Generali Insured in East and Central Europe Who Perished in the Holocaust", ceased in 2008, and being a founding member of the International Commission on Holocaust Era Insurance Claims), a lawsuit aiming to collect claims on life insurance policies sold to victims of the Holocaust was started. In 2007 Generali decided to voluntarily enter into a class action settlement approved by the US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, after the lower court had already dismissed all of the cases and claims against it.

The Law & Order episode "Blood Money" is based on Generali subsidiaries selling life insurance to poor Jews in WWII Europe and then not paying out in case of death. In the episode, the motive for a retired insurance salesman's murder appears to be a series of policies he sold to Jews in Poland during the Holocaust.

See also

 Palazzo delle Assicurazioni Generali (Milan)
 Generali Building
 European Financial Services Roundtable

References

External links

1831 establishments in the Austrian Empire
Companies based in Trieste
Companies listed on the Borsa Italiana
Conglomerate companies of Italy
Financial services companies established in 1831
Generali Group
Insurance companies of Italy
Italian brands
Multinational companies headquartered in Italy

Assicurazioni Generali


Walter John Savitch (February 21, 1943 – February 1, 2021) was best known for defining the complexity class NL (nondeterministic logarithmic space), and for Savitch's theorem, which defines a relationship between the NSPACE and DSPACE complexity classes. His work in establishing complexity classes has helped to create the background against which non-deterministic and probabilistic reasoning can be performed.

He also did extensive work in the field of natural language processing and mathematical linguistics. He was focused on computational complexity as it applies to genetics and biology for over 10 years.

Aside from his work in theoretical computer science, Savitch wrote a number of textbooks for learning to program in C/C++, Java, Ada, Pascal and others.

Savitch received his PhD in mathematics from University of California, Berkeley in 1969 under the supervision of Stephen Cook. Since then he was a professor at University of California, San Diego in the computer science department.

References

External links
Richard J. Lipton, Savitch's Theorem. Gives a historical account on how Savitch's Theorem was discovered.

American computer scientists
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of California, San Diego faculty
1943 births
2021 deaths
Computational linguistics researchers

Walter Savitch


The Tasmanian Arboretum is a botanical tree park (an arboretum) near Devonport, Tasmania, Australia.

History
The arboretum was incorporated on 16 May 1984. The site originally consisted of 47ha of farmland and remnant forest which was purchased with Australian Bicentennial Grant funding. The first plantings of woody plants to add to the existing trees was in 1986.

11ha adjoining the main Eugenana site was given in 1996 by the then North Forest Products to help protect the landscape values of the sites location. In 2009 a further 7.9ha, consisting of a disused quarry floor and some cleared land surrounding the Eugenana State Reserve has been purchased.

Total area of the main site is 66ha with some 40ha for the collection and 22 of local natural vegetation. The balance is either quarry floor or infrastructure.

The original purchase was made with an Australian bi-centennial grant. Further development has been funded by many Tasmanian organizations and individuals as well as some from other States who supported the objectives.

Current park features
The main site encompasses a section of the Don River where it adjoins Melrose Creek, surface limestone formations, old limestone quarries dating from circa 1860, associated tramway and railway formations and infrastructure associated with landscaping and managing a landscape arboretum.

There are over 4900 plants [1] in the geographic and thematic collections, besides the indigenous species natural to the site. Collections are mainly of temperate plants of the world. This includes the Tasmanian woody flora, the Southern Hemisphere conifers including Wollemia, the Genus Eucryphia and the cool temperate Nothofagus. Broadly, this represents a collection of the descendants of the flora of Gondwana.

About 80 species of birds have been recorded from the site including the swift parrot (Lathamus discolor) and the grey goshawk (Accipitifer novaehollandae).

The arboretum is open daily from 9 am to sunset and requests a donation from visitors so it may continue its work.

Activities include walking the tracks in a peaceful setting to view the plants, the wildlife, the art, the landscape and the limestone heritage.

Platypus may be seen on Founders' Lake. Wind generated waves may obscure the animal when it surfaces. Tasmanian nativehens (Tribonyx mortierii) abound, and other birds may be observed.

The picnic area contains shelters with coin-operated barbecues and outdoor wood-fired ones.

Exhibitions and other activities are listed on the Facebook page.

Organization
The organization, The Tasmanian Arboretum Inc., is an incorporated not for profit organization dedicated to operating a botanical institution for education, enjoyment of nature and research. It has a membership and is governed by an elected committee of up to 14. For taxation purposes the Tasmanian Arboretum is a Deductible Gift Recipient [2].

Maintenance of the collections is largely by the volunteers. Development has been funded by a range of donors. The Devonport City Council currently grants $20,000 per annum to assist with operations of the cultural attraction.

References

External links
 Arboretum website

Arboreta in Australia
1984 establishments in Australia
Devonport, Tasmania
Botanical gardens in Tasmania

Tasmanian Arboretum


"Material Girl" is a song recorded by American singer Madonna for her second studio album, Like a Virgin (1984). It was released on January 23, 1985, by the Sire label as the second single from Like a Virgin. It also appears slightly remixed on the 1990 greatest hits compilation, The Immaculate Collection, in its original form on the 2009 greatest hits compilation, Celebration and Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones (2022). The song was written by Peter Brown and Robert Rans, while Nile Rodgers produced the track. Madonna explained that the concept of the song was indicative of her life at that time, and she liked it because she felt it was provocative.

"Material Girl" consists of synth arrangements with a robotic-sounding voice chant repeating the hook, "living in a material world". The lyrics identify with materialism, with Madonna asking for a rich and affluent life, and only wanting to date men who can offer her this. Contemporary critics have frequently identified "Material Girl" along with "Like a Virgin" as the songs that established Madonna as an icon. "Material Girl" was a commercial success, reaching the top-five in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Ireland, Japan and United Kingdom. It reached the number two position on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, becoming her third top-five single there.

The music video was a mimicry of Marilyn Monroe's performance of the song "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" from the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. The mimicked scenes are interspersed with scenes of a Hollywood director trying to win the heart of an actress, played by Madonna herself. Discovering that, contrary to her song, the young woman was not impressed by money and expensive gifts, he pretended to be penniless and succeeded in taking her out on a date. She has performed the song in five of her world tours; most of her performances of the song on tour are mimicries of the song's music video.

"Material Girl" has been covered by a number of artists, including Britney Spears and Hilary and Haylie Duff. It also became a viral hit on TikTok. Madonna has often remarked that she regrets recording "Material Girl" as its title became a nickname for her in the mainstream media. The song has been labeled an empowering influence for women, and was the subject of debates.

Background
"Material Girl" was written by Peter Brown and Robert Rans, while Nile Rodgers produced the track. In 1986, Madonna told Company magazine, that although she did not write or create the song, the lyrical meaning and concept did apply to her situation at that point of time. She elaborated, "I'm very career-oriented. You are attracted to people who are ambitious that way, too, like in the song 'Material Girl'. You are attracted to men who have material things because that's what pays the rents and buys you furs. That's the security. That lasts longer than emotions." During a 2009 interview with Rolling Stone, Madonna was asked by interviewer Austin Scaggs, regarding her first feelings, after listening to the demos of "Like a Virgin" and "Material Girl". Madonna responded by saying, "I liked them both because they were ironic and provocative at the same time but also unlike me. I am not a materialistic person, and I certainly wasn't a virgin, and, by the way, how can you be like a virgin? I liked the play on words, I thought they were clever. They're so geeky, they're cool."

Composition

"Material Girl" consists of synth arrangements, with a strong backbeat supporting it. A robotic-sounding male voice, sung by Frank Simms, repeats the hook "Living in a material world". According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Publishing, the song is set in the time signature of common time, with a tempo of 120 beats per minute. It is set in the key of C major, with Madonna's voice spanning from the tonal nodes of C4 to C5. The song has a basic chord progression of F–G–Em–Am-F-G-C in the chorus, while the verses are based on the C mixolydian mode, giving a hip, swing-like mood. The bassline in the song with the post-disco origins is reminiscent of the Jacksons' "Can You Feel It", which appeared on their 1980 album Triumph. Furthermore, the strophes remind of the refrain from Melissa Manchester's hit "You Should Hear How She Talks About You" (1982).

The lyrics explain that Madonna is a "material girl" who will not accept men who cannot provide her with luxuries.

Critical reception
Following the song's release on November 30, 1984, as the second single from Like a Virgin, "Material Girl" received mixed reviews from music critics. Author Rikky Rooksby, in his book The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna, compared the song with those of Cyndi Lauper because of Madonna's shrill voice in the song. He added that the song was a "pungent satire on the Reagan/Thatcher young-guns-go-for-it era. Which just goes to show that pop music and irony don't mix." Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic said that "Material Girl" was one of the songs that made Madonna an icon, the other being "Like a Virgin" from the same album, both remaining as a definitive statement. He added that both tunes overshadow the rest of the record, "because they are a perfect match of theme and sound." Debby Miller from Rolling Stone, felt that the song portrayed Madonna as a more practical girl than previous female singers. Dave Karger from Entertainment Weekly, while reviewing the album in 1995, felt that the song came off a bit repetitious and immature when compared to the present context. Jim Farber from the same publication felt that the song provided then critics a way to criticize Madonna's work. Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine commented that Madonna had "defined a generation with hits like 'Material Girl'." Alfred Soto from Stylus Magazine compared the song with "Everything She Wants" by Wham!. Michael Paoletta from Billboard commented that the song sustained a "fevered dance-rock momentum." Nancy Erlick from Billboard said that "singer and team conquer once more with their irresistible assembly of new and used pop hooks." Cashbox said that the song is "a playful follow-up to 'Like A Virgin'" which "still emphasizes a danceable backbeat, but...has a sense of humor and Madonna doesn't sound quite as squeaky as on past cuts."  In 2003, Madonna fans were asked to vote for their Top 20 Madonna singles of all time for a special issue of Q magazine dedicated to Madonna. "Material Girl" was allocated the 15th spot on the list.

Chart performance
The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 during the week of February 9, 1985, at position 43, when "Like a Virgin" was descending out of the top ten. The single climbed the Hot 100 quickly, jumping 13 spots to number five the week of March 9, 1985, and eventually spent two weeks at number two, held off by REO Speedwagon's "Can't Fight This Feeling" and Phil Collins' "One More Night". The week when the song slipped to position three, her upcoming single "Crazy for You" reached number four, giving Madonna two simultaneous top-five hits. "Material Girl" reached the top of the Hot Dance Club Songs but was less successful on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, failing to enter the top 40 and peaking at number 49. It was placed at number 58 on the year-end chart for 1985, with Madonna becoming the top pop artist for the year. In Canada, the song debuted on the RPM Singles Chart at number 76, on the issue dated February 16, 1985. After five weeks, it reached a peak position of four on the chart and was present on the chart for a total of 21 weeks. It was ranked at number 46 on the RPM Year-End chart for 1985.

In the United Kingdom, "Material Girl" debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 24 on March 2, 1985, and reached a peak position of number three. It was present for a total of ten weeks on the chart. The song was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry, for sales and streams exceeding 600,000 units. According to the Official Charts Company, the song has sold 405,000 copies there. Across Europe, the song reached the top-ten in Austria, Belgium, Ireland, Netherlands, Spain and the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles, while reaching the top 40 of Germany, Italy and Switzerland.

In Australia, the single debuted at number 25 on 17 March 1985 and peaked at number four three weeks later. It also reached the Top 5 in New Zealand and Japan.

Music video

The music video was inspired by Madonna's admiration of Marilyn Monroe and mimicked the latter's performance of the song "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" from the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. The video was developed to simultaneously be an exegesis and a critique of the lyrics and Madonna herself. It was the first time Madonna was able to showcase her acting ability to the public, combining the dance routines of "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" with the storyline of a man who impresses Madonna with daisies, rather than diamonds. In a 1987 interview with New York Daily News, Madonna said:
Well, my favorite scene in all of Monroe's movies is when she does that dance sequence for 'Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend'. And when it came time to do the video for the song [Material Girl], I said, I can just redo that whole scene and it will be perfect. [...] Marilyn was made into something not human in a way, and I can relate to that. Her sexuality was something everyone was obsessed with and that I can relate to. And there were certain things about her vulnerability that I'm curious about and attracted to.

The music video was shot January 10 and 11, 1985, at Ren-Mar Studios in Hollywood, California, and was directed by Mary Lambert; Lambert had previously directed the videos for "Borderline" and "Like a Virgin".  It was produced by Simon Fields with principal photography by Peter Sinclair, editing by Glenn Morgan and choreography by Kenny Ortega. Much of the jewelry is from the collection of Connie Parente, a popular Hollywood jewelry collector.

The video featured actor Keith Carradine as Madonna's wealthy love interest. According to Carradine, Madonna had asked for him to appear in the video. Actor Robert Wuhl appeared in the video's opening sequence as George, an employee of Carradine's character. It was on the set of the video that Madonna met actor Sean Penn, whom she began a relationship with and married eight months later.

The video opens with two men (Carradine) watching a rush in the screening rooms of a Hollywood studio. On the screen, an actress played by Madonna sings and dances to "Material Girl", dressed like Monroe from "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend". One of the men, played by Carradine, is a director or a producer and is immensely rich. He falls in love with the actress and wants to express his passion for her. He tells his employee, played by Wuhl: "She's [Madonna] fantastic. She could become a star." The employee answered: "She could be. She could be great. She could be a major star." The former then concludes by saying: "She is a star, George." Madonna is in a pink strapless gown and has her hair in blond locks ala Monroe. The background is a reconstruction of the Monroe video, complete with staircase, chandeliers and a number of tuxedo clad chorus boys. Madonna dances and sings the song, while she is showered with cash, expensive jewelry, furs and is carried by the men over the stairs. At one time, she eludes herself from the men, by dismissing them with her fan. As the producer tries to impress Madonna, he comes to learn she is not impressed by material items, rather preferring simple romance. He pretends to be penniless, and brings her hand-cut flowers while paying a poor man a large amount to borrow (or possibly buy) his dirty truck to take her on a date. His plan seems to work, because the final scene shows him and Madonna kissing in an intimate position.

It was in the video of "Material Girl" that Madonna began to accept and utilize herself being compared to Monroe. However, she established a safe distance from those comparisons and developed inside the same pastiche. Details like the usage of different gloves or different fans in the video brought forth the connections between these women, but Madonna alluded to herself in subtle ways. The fan in Monroe's hand for the original video was an iconography of the Sudarshana Chakra (wheel) held by the Indian idol Vishnu. Scholar Georges-Claude Guilbert, who wrote Madonna as postmodern myth: how one star's self-construction rewrites sex, said that the fan symbolized fiery desire aroused by Monroe as well as ritual sacrifice, eerily foreshadowing her untimely death in 1962. Madonna's fan, which appeared at the end of the video, signified that Madonna – while paying her tribute to Monroe – was signaling that she had no intention of being a victim like her, and that she was on the path of becoming a feminist post-modern myth. Author Nicholas Cook commented that the video promoted Madonna's identity as the song suggested, with the purpose of shifting "Madonna's image from that of a disco-bimbo to authentic star." Lisa A. Lewis, author of Gender, Politics and MTV said that with the video, Madonna achieved the rare distinction of being accepted as a literature medium by the music authors. "Material Girl" was nominated for best female video at the 1985 MTV Video Music Awards, but lost to Tina Turner's "What's Love Got to Do with It". The video was ranked at position 54 on VH1's 100 Greatest Videos. On YouTube, the video became her ninth video to surpass 100 million views.

Live performances

"Material Girl" was performed by Madonna on five of her world tours. She ended the Virgin Tour (1985) with a self-parodying performance of the song. She wore a white tube top and a tight white skirt and carried a bunch of notes in her left hand. At the end of the performance she asked the audience "Do you really think I'm a material girl?...I'm not...Take it [Throwing fake money]... I don't need money... I need love." As she began to strip off more clothes, she was apprehended and marched offstage by an extra posing as her father. In Detroit, her father Tony himself did the honors. The performance was included in the VHS release Madonna Live: The Virgin Tour.

In the Who's That Girl World Tour of 1987, Madonna performed it as a medley with "Dress You Up" and "Like a Virgin". She wore an elaborate costume, inspired by Dame Edna Everage. It consisted of a hat strewn with fake fruits, flowers and feathers, jeweled batwing spectacles with heavy, black frames, a ruffled skirt, a bodice covered with objects like watches and dolls and fishnets. Author Carol Clrek stated that the dress was more "ludicrous for Madonna, than humorous." Two different performances of the song on this tour can be found on the videos: Who's That Girl: Live in Japan, filmed in Tokyo, Japan, on June 22, 1987, and Ciao Italia: Live from Italy, filmed in Turin, Italy, on September 4, 1987.

For the Blond Ambition World Tour in 1990, Madonna and her supporting dancers Niki Haris and Donna De Lory were dressed as old women in fluffy dressing gowns with dollar signs and curling pins in their hair. Singing the song with a strong mid-western accent, they got up and revealed a frivolish pink dress underneath their gown, in which they danced around. On some dates Madonna replaced the words "experience has made me rich" with "experience has made me a bitch". After singing, she produced dollar bills out of her corsage and threw them up in the air for the audience to catch. Two different performances were taped and released on video, Blond Ambition: Japan Tour 90, taped in Yokohama, Japan, on April 27, 1990, and Blond Ambition World Tour Live, taped in Nice, France, on August 5, 1990. During the Re-Invention World Tour of 2004, a general setlist was decided where the show rehearsals would start with "I'm So Stupid" from American Life, "Dress You Up" and "Material Girl". But "Dress You Up" and "I'm So Stupid" were later dropped from the show. Hence "Material Girl" was transferred as the closing song of the military segment of the show, and was re-arranged as an electric guitar version. Madonna wore military themed clothes and sang the song while standing in front of a microphone and playing an electric guitar. The backdrops displayed mathematical equations along with DNA helixes rushing through the screens.

Minimal elements of the song were included in the live performance of "Girl Gone Wild" on the MDNA Tour (2012). "Material Girl" was included in the final section of the Rebel Heart Tour (2015–16). For this section, Madonna worked with designer Jeremy Scott for party inspired costumes. She wanted a "Harlem-flapper-meets-Paris-in-the-Twenties" look, and Scott came up with the final dress adorned with thousands of Swarovski crystals. Following the jazz rendition of 2000 single "Music", Madonna's started performing "Material Girl", in a similar theme like the music video. Towards the end, Madonna changed the choreography, and made her dancers who posed as suitors, to fall down the stairs instead. The performance ended with the singer walking down the catwalk in a bridal veil and carrying a white bouquet, which she eventually throws into the crowd. Utilizing the stage as both stairs as well as video backdrop, the stairs rose up and down during the song. The performance of the song at the March 19–20, 2016 shows in Sydney's Allphones Arena was recorded and released in Madonna's fifth live album, Rebel Heart Tour.

In June 2022, to accompany the remix album release, Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones Madonna performed at Pride at the Women of the World Party in New York City. Madonna performed a mashup of "Material Girl" with Saucy Santana's hip hop song "Material Girl".

Legacy

After the song's release, the phrase "material girl" became another nickname for Madonna. She often remarked that "Material Girl" is the song she most regrets recording, as it became a label that has been attached to her for decades. She also said if she had known this, she probably would never have recorded it. After making the video, Madonna said she never wanted to be compared to Monroe, despite posing as the Hollywood icon and recreating many of Marilyn's signature poses for various photos shoots, most notably a 1991 issue of Vanity Fair. Reflecting on the song, Madonna told author J. Randy Taraborrelli:

Academics analyzed the usage of the term material as odd because, according to them, materialistic is the correct word. However, that would have posed problems of versification for Madonna and songwriter Brown. Guilbert commented that "material girl" designated a certain type of liberated women, thus deviating from its original coinage which meant a girl who is tangible and accessible. Cook said that the meaning and impact of "material girl" was no longer circumscribed by the video, rather by its lyrics. Its influence was seen later among such diverse groups such as female versus male, gay versus straight, and academic versus teenage.

In 1993, a conference was held at the University of California, Santa Barbara, with the subject as Madonna: Feminist Icon or Material Girl?. The conference pondered on the duality of Madonna as both of them and deduced that the question of Madonna's feminism is not easy to decide. Some of the feminists left the conference, citing that they had not been able to make up their minds. As New Age spirituality became popular in the U.S. in the late 1990s, Madonna tried to shun the "material girl" tag, and embarked on a spiritual quest of her own. Journals like The Times and The Advocate declared her as "the Ethereal Girl" and "Spiritual Girl" respectively.

"Material Gworrllllllll!"

In 2022, Madonna released a collaboration with American rapper Saucy Santana, titled "Material Gworrllllllll!". The song is a remix of Saucy Santana's 2019 single, "Material Girl". "Material Gworrllllllll!" is a pop rap, bounce and electropop track with elements of Miami bass and trap.

Track listing
 US and UK 7-inch single
 "Material Girl" – 4:00
 "Pretender" – 4:28

US and UK 12-inch single; reissue CD single (1995)
 "Material Girl" (extended dance mix) – 6:05
 "Pretender" – 4:28

 Japanese 12-inch single; reissue CD single
 "Material Girl" (extended dance mix) – 6:10
 "Into the Groove" – 4:45
 "Angel" (extended dance mix) – 6:14

Credits and personnel
Credits are adapted from the album and 12-inch maxi-single liner notes.
 Madonna – vocals, background vocals
 Peter Brown – writer
 Robert Rans – writer
 Nile Rodgers – producer, Synclavier II, Roland Juno-60, guitars
 Nathaniel S. Hardy, Jr. – keyboards
 Bernard Edwards – bass
 Tony Thompson – drums
 Curtis King – background vocals
 Frank Simms – background vocals
 George Simms – background vocals
 Jeri McManus - art design
 Victoria Pearson - photography
 Steven Meisel - photography

Charts

Weekly charts

"Material Gworrllllllll!"

Year-end charts

Certifications and sales

See also
 List of number-one dance singles of 1985 (U.S.)
 List of Cash Box Top 100 number-one singles of 1985

References

Bibliography

External links

Songs about consumerism
1984 songs
1984 singles
Cashbox number-one singles
Haylie Duff songs
Hilary Duff songs
KMFDM songs
Madonna songs
Satirical songs
Sire Records singles
Song recordings produced by Nile Rodgers
Song recordings produced by the Dead Executives
Songs written by Peter Brown (singer)
Warner Records singles

Material Girl


Taddeo Alderotti (Latin: Thaddaeus Alderottus, French : Thaddée de Florence), born in Florence  between 1206 and 1215, died in 1295, was an Italian doctor and professor of medicine at the University of Bologna, who made important contributions to the renaissance of learned medicine in Europe during the High Middle Ages. He was among the first to organize a medical lecture at the university.

One of his works describes a method for concentrating ethanol involving repeated fractional distillation through a water-cooled still, by which an ethanol purity of 90% could be obtained.

Dante seems to reference him in the Paradiso (XII, 82-85), indicating he pursued learning not for spiritual reasons but worldly ambition, contrasting him with St. Dominic.

Life
Taddeo Alderotti was born in Florence, 1210, and received his primary education there.

In the mid-1260s, Alderotti went to Bologna, a city known for the study and practice of medicine. Through the middle of the fourteenth century, the universities of Bologna, Montpellier, and Paris had a virtual monopoly on medical education in Western Europe. As a professor of medicine, Alderotti quickly gained a reputation as an excellent teacher and commanded large crowds of students. His courses relied on the works of Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna, which had been given a position of authority since Constantine the African brought these over from north Africa in the 11th century and translated them.

The students Alderotti taught during his tenure as professor would become some of the best doctors and professors of the next generation. They included, among others, the logician Gentile da Cingoli; the doctor to the emperor, Bartolomeo da Varignana; Dino del Garbo, commentator of Avicenna; Turisanus (Pietro Torregiano de' Torregiani), commentator of Galen; and the anatomist Mondino de' Liuzzi.

A doctor of high repute, Taddeo had a large number of patients, including some far outside Bologna and residing as far away as Modena, Ferrara, Rome, and Milan. In his old age, he gave up his lectures and he moved his medical practice to Venice.

Born to a modest Florentine family, Taddeo was by the time of his death in 1295 a rich man. His last will and testament indicates that his medical practice, his lecture, and his investments had paid off handsomely.

Works
 Consilia medicinalia. Modern edition, Nardi, Turin, 1937.
 In Claudii Galeni artem parvam commentarii. Naples, 1522.
 Expositiones in arduum aphorismorum Hippocratis volumen, in divinum phognosticorum Hippocratis volumen, in praeclarum regiminis acutorum Hippocratis opus, in subtilissimum Joanniti Isagorgarum libellum. Venice, 1527.
Sulla conservazione della salute or Libello per conservare la sanitate. (On the preservation of health.) Latin edition, De conservatione sanitatis, Bologna, 1477; Italian edition, G. Manuzzi and L. Razzolini, eds., Florence, 1863.
 De virtutibus aquae vitae (apocryphal)

See also
 Distillation
 Timeline of chemistry

References

Further reading

13th-century births
1295 deaths
13th-century Italian writers
13th-century Italian physicians
Physicians from Florence
Year of birth uncertain
Italian alchemists
Academic staff of the University of Bologna
13th-century writers in Latin
13th-century alchemists

Taddeo Alderotti


Vicente de Cadenas y Vicent (29 April 1915 – 21 December 2005) was a Cronista Rey de Armas ("Chronicler King of Arms") of the Kingdom of Spain.

Biography
A native of Madrid, Spain, Cadenas was born on 29 April 1915, the son of Francisco de Cadenas y Gaztañaga and Vicenta Vicent y Nogués. Beginning in 1932, he studied the fields of history and journalism, at the University of Madrid. He maintained dual professions as both the Chronicler of Arms and as a journalist. He was for many years a member of the Deputation of the Constantinian Order, of which he was Secretary and which he joined in 1960 upon the succession of the Infante D. Alfonso as Grand Master.

Cadenas founded the Asociación de Hidalgos a Fuero de España in 1954 to obtain the recognition of the untitled nobility(nobleza llana). In 1953 he founded the review Hidalguía (with the particular aim of challenging false genealogies, fake titles and pseudo orders of chivalry) and the Instituto Internacional de Genealogía y Heráldica. The following year he founded the Instituto Luis de Salazar y Castro and in the following years the Colegio Mayor Marqués de la Ensenada, the Casasolar Santo Duque de Gandía, and the Casa Quinta Vita Natural Durante, each of which were dependent on the Association of Hidalgos.

He also organized two meetings of the International Congress of Genealogical and Heraldic Sciences in Madrid (1955 and 1982) The 15th Congress met in Madrid from 19 to 25 September in 1982 under the presidency of His Royal Highness Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria (a cousin to King Juan Carlos I of Spain who opened the meeting) with Vicente de Cadenas serving as one of three vice presidents.

He published books and articles on historical themes as well as heraldry, genealogy, chivalric orders and documentary sciences. Between 1976 and 1991, Vicente wrote articles on three of the four Spanish military orders: the Order of Alcántara, the Order of Calatrava, and the Order of Santiago. Actas del último consejo nacional de Falange Española de las J.O.N.S. (Salamanca, 18-19-IV-1937) y algunas noticias referentes a la Jefatura Nacional de Prensa y Propaganda, was a study of the last meeting of the Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista following the death of its founder José Antonio Primo de Rivera. Vicente reviewed the circumstances which led the Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista to fall under the control of Francisco Franco and the use he made of the movement. He wrote a multi-volume study of the life and achievements of the Emperor Charles V (who was also, King Charles I of Spain).

Publications

 </

Honors and appointments

Bailiff Grand Cross of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George with Collar
Knight of the Order of St. Januarius
Commander of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa
Commander of the Order of Saint Sava
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic

References

1915 births
2005 deaths
Officers of arms
Spanish genealogists
Commanders of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa
Commanders of the Order of St. Sava
Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic

Vicente de Cadenas y Vicent


Belemnites (or belemnoids) are an extinct group of marine cephalopod, similar in many ways to the modern squid, and closely related to the modern cuttlefish.

Like them, the belemnites had an ink sac, but, unlike the squid, they had ten arms of roughly equal length, and no tentacles.

The belemnites are a monophyletic group of superorder status, called the Belemnoidea. There are four orders.

Occurrence
The belemnites evolved from nautiloids, which are the basal group of cephalopods. Well-formed belemnite guards can be found in rocks dating from the Mississippian (or Lower Carboniferous).

Belemnites were numerous during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, and their fossils are abundant in Mesozoic marine rocks, often with their cousins the ammonites. The belemnites and ammonites become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period.

Life-style

Like some modern squid, belemnite arms carried a series of small hooks for grabbing prey. Belemnites were efficient carnivores that caught small fish and other marine animals with their arms and ate them with their beak-like jaws.

In turn, belemnites appear to have formed part of the diet of marine reptiles such as Ichthyosaurs, whose fossilized stomachs frequently contain hooks from the arms of cephalopods.

Belemnites swam in near-shore to mid-shelf oceans.

Ancient ink
Fossils which preserve the soft parts of belemnites show that, like many modern cephalopods, they had an ink sac, hard beaks, tail fins and large eyes. Well-preserved specimens show evidence of muscular fibers in the mantle, indicating that they were powerful swimmers like modern squids.

In 1826 Mary Anning discovered what appeared to be a chamber containing dried ink inside a belemnite  fossil. She showed it to her friend Elizabeth Philpot who was able to revive the ink with water, and use it to illustrate some of her own ichthyosaur fossils. Other local artists were soon doing the same when more fossilised ink chambers were discovered. Anning noted how closely the chambers resembled the ink sacs of modern squid and cuttle fish, which she had dissected to better understand the anatomy of fossil cephalopods. This led William Buckland to publish that Jurassic belemnites had used ink for defence just as many modern cephalopods do.

References

Fossils
Cephalopods

Belemnite


When looking at a mathematical problem to solve, there are two kinds of conditions, possible solutions must satisfy: The first kind of condition is directly linked to the problem description, and can be derived from it. There's a second kind of condition, which is not directly related to the problem description. This kind of condition is called constraint. The set of possible solutions which satisfy all these constraints is called feasible set.

Mathematics

Constraint (mathematics)


Syed Rasel () (born 3 July 1984) is a Bangladeshi cricketer, who plays all formats of the game. He is a left-handed medium-fast swing bowler who came up through the ranks of the under-19s, to the Bangladesh A team, to the full Bangladesh team, while playing for Khulna Division.

Playing for Bangladesh A against Kent in August 2005, a 21-year-old Rasel took 7 for 50 in the first innings and finished the match with ten wickets.

International career
He was rewarded with a spot in the Bangladeshi squad for the tour of Sri Lanka the following month. He went on to make both his Test and ODI debuts on the island. Figures of 4 for 129 came in the second Test at Colombo.

Back home at Bogra in February 2006, Rasel took 2 for 28 to give Bangladesh their first ever ODI win over Sri Lanka.

Rasel's progress was halted when he damaged his foot in a motorbike accident but he recovered in time to take part in the 2006 Champions Trophy.

Despite not playing all but one game of their last ODI series before 2007 Cricket World Cup, he made the squad for the Caribbean. In the 3rd Test against Sri Lanka during the 2007 season he became the 700th Test victim of Muttiah Muralitharan.

At the start of November 2010, the BCB announced 16 central contracts. Rasel was one of six players in the third tier (grade B). He recently signed for Halstead Cricket Club. When the central contracts were next renewed, in April 2012, Rasel's contract was allowed to lapse.

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Bangladeshi cricketers
21st-century Bangladeshi cricketers
Bangladesh Test cricketers
Bangladesh One Day International cricketers
Bangladesh Twenty20 International cricketers
Khulna Division cricketers
Rajshahi Royals cricketers
People from Jessore District
Barisal Division cricketers
Cricketers from Khulna Division

Syed Rasel


Yang Wei (; born February 16, 1954) is a Chinese mechanical engineer. He is a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and served as President of Zhejiang University from August 2002 to February 2013.

Biography
Yang was born in Beijing in February 1954, the son of chemical engineer Yang Guanghua. Yang studied at the Department of Material and Heat Engineering of Northwestern Polytechnical University, and graduated in 1976. In 1981, Yang received M.Eng from the Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University. Yang obtained his PhD from Brown University in United States in 1984.

December 1989, Yang was promoted to professorship at Tsinghua University. From 1997 to 2004, he was the head of the Department of Engineering Mechanics at Tsinghua. In August 2004, Yang became executive vice-dean of the School of Aerospace, Tsinghua University. In August 2006, Yang was appointed President of Zhejiang University.

Yang is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and The World Academy of Sciences.

In May 2009, Yang started his acting president position of APRU. The Brown University School of Engineering awarded him its BEAM (Brown Engineering Alumni Medal) Award in 2009.

In May 2012, Yang received the honorary degree of Doctor of Science from Brown University.

Yang is a world pioneer in the research fields of fracture mechanics, meso-/micro- mechanics, mechatronic reliability and has published a series books based on his research. Two of his books, "Mesoplasticity and its applications" and "Mechatronic reliability : electric failures, mechanical-electrical coupling, domain switching, mass-flow instabilities " were published by Springer.

References

1954 births
Living people
Brown University School of Engineering alumni
Chinese mechanical engineers
Delegates to the 11th National People's Congress
Educators from Beijing
Engineers from Beijing
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Northwestern Polytechnical University alumni
Presidents of Zhejiang University
Tsinghua University alumni
TWAS fellows

Yang Wei (engineer)


Dr. iur. Karel Josephy (13.3.1895, Tábor - 12.6.1968, Oltyne Castle) was a Czechoslovak businessman the secretary of commerce of Kutná Hora tobacco factory (nowadays Philip Morris International) and chief executive officer of tobacco factory in Tábor, Bohemia. Czechoslovak Tobacco industry was the leading force of the Austro-Hungarian empire.

Life
Karel Josephy was born in family of state officers. During World War I (1915 - 1918) he served as first lieutenant in war service. His working life in tobacco industry was spent within former Austro - Hungarian areal: Eger tobacco factory (secretary of commerce), Košice (secretary of commerce), Mukacheve (secretary of commerce) Kutná Hora and Tábor.

Awards
Karel Josephy was the first breeder of legendary Borzoi Grifo Karolinger von Wienerwald which established breeding lineages in Europe and Russia.

References

1968 deaths
1895 births
Businesspeople in the tobacco industry
Czechoslovak businesspeople

Karel Josephy


Kazimierz Pużak (1883–1950) was a Polish politician of the interwar period. Active in the Polish Socialist Party, he was one of the leaders of the Polish Secret State and Polish resistance, sentenced by the Soviets in the infamous Trial of the Sixteen in 1945.

Biography
Born on 26 August 1883 in a family of Ukrainian origins in Tarnopol, he studied law in Lwów University but dropped his studies to become a full-time political activist. He joined the Polish Socialist Party around 1904 and was the cofounder, together with Józef Piłsudski, of Polish Socialist Party - Revolutionary Faction (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna - Frakcja Rewolucyjna) in 1905.

A member of the Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party, in 1909 together with Henryk Minkiewicz he participated in the assassination of a provocateur and police agent Edmund Taranowicz. In 1911 arrested by the Russian Empire government for activism in the Polish revolutionary and pro-independence movement, he was sentenced to 8 years of katorga and exile in Siberia afterwards. For a time he was imprisoned in Shlisselburg Fortress. He was released during the Russian Revolution of 1917, in which he briefly participated.

Pużak returned to activism in the PPS after 1918, becoming one of its leading activists. From 1921 to 1939 he was the Secretary General of the Central Executive Committee of PPS. He served as one of the secretaries in the government of Jędrzej Moraczewski and became known—despite his socialist background—as a relative conservative, opposing some of most radical demands of the workers (supported by the communists). He opposed the escalation of the Polish-Soviet War, and supported the Silesian Uprisings. Elected as a deputy to Sejm (Polish parliament) in all elections from 1919 to 1935, first from Zagłębie Dąbrowskie region, later from Częstochowa, he often negotiated with the workers in those regions and supported their strikes.

Participated in underground Polish political life in occupied Poland during World War II. In 1939 Pużak became one of the founders of the underground Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna), the PPS-WRN (Polish Socialist Party - Liberty Equality Independence or Polska Partia Socjalistyczna - Wolność, Równość, Niepodległość). He was commander-in-chief of Gwardia Ludowa WRN (People's Guard WRN) which was the military organization of the PPS. He was PPS representative in the underground Main Political Council (Główna Rada Polityczna). Since 1940 he was a member of the Political Consultative Committee (Polityczny Komitet Porozumiewawczy) at Union of Armed Struggle (Związek Walki Zbrojnej, ZWZ). Head of the Council of National Unity (Rada Jedności Narodowej) since 1944. He played a decisive role in formulating the programmatic declaration "What the Polish nation is fighting for?", strongly opposing any cooperation with the communists. In May 1944 nominated for vice-president, but he declined, refusing to leave Poland.

During the Warsaw Uprising (August 1–October 1, 1944)—which he criticized before it was started—Pużak was in Warsaw. After the capitulation of the capital, he left the city together with the civil population and continued his underground activities.

After the Soviet forces drove the Germans from Polish territories, NKVD general Ivan Serov invited Polish underground leaders for negotiations to discuss the aftermath of the Yalta Agreement. Pużak suspected deceit but nonetheless decided to attend to show the willingness of the resistance to work within the Yalta framework. He was promptly arrested by the Soviets, together with fifteen other Polish leaders. In the Trial of the Sixteen, which took place in Moscow in 1945,  he was sentenced to 18 months in prison. Released in November 1945 after an amnesty, he refused to emigrate and instead elected to stay in Poland and continue his activity in the anti-communist opposition. During that time, he wrote his memoirs (Wspomnienia 1939-1945, published in Paris in 1977). Pużak was again arrested by the Urząd Bezpieczeństwa in 1947 and 1948. After another show trial against leaders of the PPS-WRN, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison, which was later reduced to 5 years imprisonment. Pużak died in prison in Rawicz on April 30, 1950, and was secretly buried in Powązki Cemetery.

During World War II, he was awarded with Virtuti Militari (V class) and posthumously with the Armia Krajowa Cross by the Polish government in exile. In post-communist Poland in 1996, he was posthumously decorated with the Order of the White Eagle.

Notes

References
  KAZIMIERZ PUŻAK, bio at Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego
  "Polska Podziemna" - Postacie - Pużak Kazimierz
  Prominent Poles - Kazimierz Puzak, politician
  Waldemar Chamala, Postaci historyczne - Kazimierz Pużak - Samotność socjalisty
  WIEM Encyklopedia, Kazimierz Pużak

1883 births
1950 deaths
Politicians from Ternopil
People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Polish Socialist Party politicians
Members of the Legislative Sejm of the Second Polish Republic
Members of the Sejm of the Second Polish Republic (1922–1927)
Members of the Sejm of the Second Polish Republic (1928–1930)
Members of the Sejm of the Second Polish Republic (1930–1935)
Warsaw Uprising insurgents
Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
Recipients of the Armia Krajowa Cross
Polish deportees to Soviet Union
Polish people detained by the NKVD
Prisoners who died in Polish People's Republic detention
Burials at Powązki Cemetery
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

Kazimierz Pużak


David Francis (born 12 November 1958) is an Australian novelist, lawyer and academic.

Life
David Francis was born in the Mornington Bush Nursing Hospital in Victoria, Australia on 12 November 1958. His mother, Judith Francis, was a prominent Australian horsewoman. Francis spent much of his early life between Mount Eliza, where he attended The Peninsula School, and his family farm, "Tooradin Estate".

Francis studied arts and law at Monash University in Melbourne where he received his BA and LLB. After graduating, Francis worked as a solicitor at Allens Arthur Robinson in Melbourne for two years. In 1985, Francis represented Australia in an equestrian team competing in Europe. He subsequently travelled to the US where he rode the US show-jumping circuit just outside New York.

Francis is currently based in Los Angeles where he works for the law firm of Fulbright & Jaworski and is on the board of directors of PEN American Center. He has taught creative writing at Occidental College, University of California (Los Angeles campus) and for the Masters of Professional Writing program at University of Southern California. He spends part of each year in Australia and also at the Cité internationale des arts in Paris.

Novels and literary career
Francis started writing fiction in 1996.  His first novel, Agapanthus Tango, tells the story of the travels of a 12-year-old boy, named Day, when he sets out on his horse after his mother dies. Agapanthus Tango was first published by HarperCollins/Fourth Estate in the United Kingdom and then by HarperCollins in Australia.  Since then, it has been translated, and re-published, in Germany (2002), Italy (2002), Holland (2002) and France (2004). In 2005 it was published in the United States with the new title, The Great Inland Sea, by MacAdam/Cage. In 2006, the French company, Serena Films, purchased the film rights for the novel.

Writing for The Washington Post, Jeff Turrentine described The Great Inland Sea as "a bowl of ripe cherries: graceful and unaffected…we should be grateful for stories of this scale, crafted by writers of this skill". The San Francisco Chronicle featured The Great Inland Sea as an "Editor's recommendation", writing: "David Francis may not be a poet, but he sure writes like one. His prose is lean but dreamy, full of sensual detail [...] It's all done with skill and elegance."

In 2008, Francis's second novel, Stray Dog Winter was published Allen & Unwin in Australia, and by MacAdam/Cage in the US The novel centres on a love story that is set in 1980s Moscow. Booklist described Stray Dog Winter as "Vibrant with the discordant images of political repression and smoldering sexuality, Francis ethereally transports readers to a preternatural time where nothing and no one are what they seem". Los Angeles Magazine said "Francis's prose has the sparse elegance of a Xeriscape.  Every detail holds water". The Australian Book Review called it "An impressive political thriller, beautifully crafted with a spectacular climax." Stray Dog Winter was named as a 2008 "Book of the Year" in The Advocate, "Australian Novel of the Year" in the Australian Literary Review (2008), and was a Lambda Literary Award finalist in 2009.

Francis's work has appeared in The Sydney Morning Herald, The Age, The Elegant Variation, Wet Ink, The Advocate, the Southern California Review, Best Australian Short Stories (2010), Griffith Review, Meanjin and The Harvard Review.

Achievements and awards
 2002. Awarded the Australian Literature Fund Fellowship to the Kessing Studio in Paris.
 2010 Commendation of the Fellowship of Australian Writers National Literary Award.
 2010 American Library Association, Barbara Gittings Literature Award.

List of works

Novels
 Agapanthus Tango –
 Great Inland Sea –
 Stray Dog Winter  –

Short Fiction (includes)
 "How's It Going Peter Pan?" (Southern California Review (1.2), 2008)
 "Daisy on the Bridge" (Wet Ink, 2008)
 "Once Removed" (Best Australian Stories of 2010, Black Inc, 2010)
 "Parts Unknown"  – (Meanjin, 2012)

Non-fiction (includes)
 "No Jesus Man" – Griffith Review, 2011

References

External links
 www.straydogwinter.com

20th-century Australian novelists
20th-century Australian male writers
21st-century Australian novelists
Australian male novelists
Australian male short story writers
1958 births
Australian solicitors
Living people
20th-century Australian short story writers
21st-century Australian short story writers
People from Mount Eliza, Victoria
Monash Law School alumni
Occidental College faculty
University of Southern California faculty
21st-century Australian male writers
Stonewall Book Award winners

David Francis (author)


The Freel Flying Wing was an experimental glider designed and built in the United States during the 1930s.

Design and development
The Freel Flying Wing was the creation of Charles Lewis Freel (b. 1916). As a student of San Diego High School, in San Diego, California, Freel learned about aerodynamics under the instruction of LeTain Kittredge, in the aircraft rigging/woodshop class.

Before his graduation, Freel designed a 36-inch experimental free flight model of a flying wing glider. The model flew well enough to justify moving to a full size piloted glider.

In 1933, construction was begun at the San Diego High School woodshop, on a 52-foot span flying wing glider. It was completed in 1937 and licensed with identification mark 18131. Elevons were mounted on the trailing surface and were controlled via a unique worm drive. Several flights were made by Kittredge and Freel over hillsides near San Diego. The glider suffered from poor directional control in flight.

After graduation, Freel worked for Consolidated Aircraft Corporation and held the title of "junior engineer."

References

Further reading
 Parade of Youth, July 25, 1937.
 Hilbert, C.L. Consolidator, 1937.
 Fogel, Gary "Wind and Wings: The History of Soaring in San Diego," Rock Reef Pub. Co., 2001, pp. 145–149.

Flying wings
Glider aircraft

Freel Flying Wing


Corinth is at a critical place in the Peloponnese, a city-state on the Isthmus of Corinth. Ancient Corinth was one of the largest and most important cities of Ancient Greece, with a population of 90,000 in 400 BC. The Romans demolished Corinth in 146 BC, built a new city in its place in 44 BC, and later made it the provincial capital of Greece.

Classical Greece
The city was a major player in the Persian Wars. It sent 400 soldiers to defend Thermopylae. It supplied forty warships for the Battle of Salamis and 5,000 hoplites in the following Battle of Plataea.

At the end of the Peloponnesian War (404 BC) Corinth  joined Athens in the Corinthian War against Sparta. However, in 395 BC Corinth switched back to the Peloponnesian League and joined Sparta to attack Athens.

These conflicts weakened the city-states of the Peloponnese and set the stage for the conquests of Philip II of Macedon. In 338 BC, after defeating Athens and its allies, Philip II created the League of Corinth to unite the Greeks in a war against Persia. Philip was named hegemon of the League.

Corinth under the Roman Republic
In 146 BC, Rome declared war on the Greek Achaean League, led by Corinth. After some victories, the Romans under captured Corinth. When he entered the city, their commander Lucius Mummius killed all the men and sold the women and children into slavery before burning the city. This ruthless action was on a par with the destruction of Corinth. The Romans would not stand for any city which competed with them for trade in the Mediterranean. There is archeological evidence of some minimal habitation in the years afterwards. Corinth remained largely deserted until Julius Caesar refounded the city in 44 BC, shortly before his assassination. At this time, an amphitheatre was built.

Under the Romans, Corinth was rebuilt as a major city. It had a large mixed population of Romans, Greeks, and Jews.

References

Ancient Greek cities

Ancient Corinth


Helmut Sohmen (born 10 December 1939 in Linz, Austria) is an Austrian lawyer and businessman in Hong Kong.  He was chairman of BW Group and a former Hong Kong legislator.  He was formerly managing director of Dragon Air.

In 2010 he was on the Forbes list with an estimated fortune of US$1.4 billion, the fourth-placed Austrian. In 2009 he was listed as the 13th richest person in Hong Kong.

Early life
On 10 December 1939, Sohmen was born in Linz, Austria.
Sohmen grew up in Linz.

Education
In 1958, Sohmen graduated from the Linz Realschule (Fadingerschule) with distinction. He then studied law at the University of Vienna and Southern Methodist University, and won a Fulbright scholarship to continue the University of Connecticut in the United States, eventually receiving his doctorate in Vienna.

Career
Sohmen's first job was as a legal adviser to the Royal Bank of Canada in Montreal. Helmut Sohmen later interrupted his professional activity more than once to graduate as Master of Comparative Law (Southern Methodist University) and a Master of Laws.

Sir Yue-Kong Pao, Sohmen's father-in-law, owned World-Wide Shipping Group, one of the largest shipping companies in the world. In 1970 Sohmen moved with his family to Hong Kong in order to join the family business. After periods working in Bermuda (1974) and London (1977), in 1981 he finally settled in Hong Kong. With advancing age Pao gradually stepped back from day-to-day management and in 1986 Sohmen was appointed chairman of the World-Wide Shipping Group and Pao's ownership was passed to Sohmen's wife in 1989. In 2003 World-Wide completed the takeover of Norway's Bergesen fleet to become Bergesen Worldwide Ltd., since then renamed BW Group. The group includes 140 tankers and more than 4500 employees (2010).

In Nov 2014, Sohmen retired as chairman of BW Group. He is replaced by Andreas Sohmen-Pao, one of his sons.

Positions held

 From 1984 to 1996, he was a board member, and then from 1996 to 2005 Deputy Chairman of the Supervisory Board of HSBC.  Finally from 1990 to 2007, he was a board member of parent company HSBC Holdings Plc.
 From 1985 to 1989 he was CEO of Dragon Air
 Until 1994, he was Director of Development at Harbour Centre Limited (Hong Kong Shipowners' Association), Hong Kong.
 President of the Baltic and International Maritime Council, Copenhagen.
 Legislator in the Hong Kong Legislative Council
 Chairman of the Hong Kong Austrian Association, Vienna.
 Board Member (1986–2001) and CEO (2001–2006) of the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation, London
 First International Board Member of the Southern Methodist University Board of Trustees, 1999.
 2000-2008 Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
 Vice President (1986–1989) and President (1989–1990) of the Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce
 Deputy Chairman (1996–1998) and Chairman (1998–2000) of the Pacific Basin Economic Council (PBEC)
 2000 Member of the APEC Business Advisory Council (in conjunction with the Presidency at PBEC)
 Executive Committee Member (1998–2002), Vice President (2002–2003) and President (2003–2004) of the Hong Kong Club
 Chairman of the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts
 Chairman of the Commission on the Review of the ICAC
 Honorary President of the Austrian Society for the promotion of friendly and cultural relations with the PRC (ÖGCF)
 Founding President of the Far East Sohmen Foundation
 Member of the International Advisory Board to the Austrian Chancellor

Personal
In 1967, Sohmen married Anna Pui Hing Pao, whom he had met while studying in Canada. Sohmen has three children (two sons and one daughter).

Sohmen's wife Pui Hing Anna Pao Sohmen held several functions in Hong Kong and was also a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. In 2005 she was awarded the Silver Bauhinia Star.

Awards
 1990 Order of the British Empire
 1995 nomination in the "Eminent Persons Group" by the European Commission (16-member advisory committee of the two economic blocs in the EU and ASEAN)
 1998 Schumpeter Prize of the Schumpeter Society

Foundations
Sohmen has set up a number of foundations.

In 1987 he established the Egon Sohmen Foundation in memory of his brother Egon Sohmen (1930–1977). The Foundation promotes economic research and aims to get involved in important public policy debates. For this purpose it initiated its own star-studded annual international symposia and lectures at universities where Egon Sohmen formerly worked. It issued a separate publication. Scientific Advisor until 1999 Herbert Giersch, since 2002, Bernd Hans Jurgens.

With the aim of enabling young Austrians to have their first contacts with the Asian region, in 1991 Sohmen set up the Sohmen-Far East Foundation (SFEF). Operational headquarters of the advisory board of the foundation is in his home town of Linz. Qualified scholarship recipients through these grants have the opportunity to expand their horizons and to establish business contacts.

In 1993, Sohmen established the Sohmen-China Foundation for the Promotion of Austria Society (ÖGCF) to promote friendly and cultural relations with the PRC. It supports a variety of cultural and intellectual events and supports aid for visitation programs, educational concerns, activities in Austria and the publication of relevant publications. In 1996 and 2003 in Shanghai and Beijing on Tiananmen Square, it has co-organized exhibitions.

See also
 BW Group
 Helmut Sohmen (German Wikipedia)

References

Living people
1939 births
Austrian businesspeople
Austrian billionaires
Hong Kong chief executives
Austrian emigrants to Hong Kong
Austrian jurists
HK LegCo Members 1985–1988
Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee members

Helmut Sohmen


Alessandro Tremignón (or Tremignàn, Tremiglióne; 1635–1711) was an Italian architect from Padua.

Work
Tremignon was active in Venice.
He was influenced by Baldassare Longhèna.
Tremignon adapted the High Baroque structural style of Longhena into a typically Late Baroque style with pictorial effects exemplified by the facade of the San Moisè church.

His most famous work is the  facade of the San Moisè with its exuberant sculptural decorations.
The name of the church of San Moisè (Saint Moses) treats the old-Testament figure of Moses as a saint in the Byzantine manner.
It also honors Moisè Venier, who paid for restoration of the church in the tenth century.
The facade was designed by Tremignon and mostly sculpted by Heinrich Meyring (Arrigo Meréngo), one of Gian Lorenzo Bernini's pupils.
It features grotesque carvings of camels above the main entrance.
The main altarpiece, also the work of Tremignon and Meyring, represents Mount Sinai with Moses Receiving the Tablets.
John Ruskin wrote of San Moisè, "It is notable as one of the basest examples of the basest school of the Renaissance."

The Palazzo Flangini Fini is attributed to Tremignon, and was built around 1688.
Tremignon built the entrance to the Venetian Arsenal  to the east of St. Mark's Square between 1692 and 1694.
Around 1700 Tremignon and Andrea Cominelli were the architects of the Palazzo Labia.
Tremignon also designed the high altar of the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta (Chioggia), with engraved scenes of the life of the Virgin Mary and the two patron saints.

References

Sources

1635 births
1711 deaths
Architects from Padua
17th-century Italian architects

Alessandro Tremignon


A Pazo is a type of Galician traditional house.  Similar to a manor house, pazos are usually located in the countryside, as former residences of important people in the community (formerly of kings and nobility). They were of crucial importance in the 17th to 19th centuries, related to rural and monastic architecture and the system of feudal organization, and they constituted a type of local management unit around which the life of the villagers revolved. Over time they become the social symbol and refuge of the noble class, which Otero Pedrayo portrayed in his novels in early 20th century.

The pazo, as a traditional civil architectural structure, had associated a social network: the servants of the nobleman and the tributaries of the domain, who themselves came to live on the grounds of the pazo (mostly the former). A pazo usually consists of a main building surrounded by gardens, a dovecote and often include outbuildings such as small chapels for religious celebrations. An example being the pazo de Cadro in Marin, the seat of the House of Romay, which had a chapel dedicated to Santa Barbara.

The word pazo is a cognate of stately palace, and comes from the Latin palatiu(m). As a curiosity, the Portuguese word, close to the Galician language, to say palace is paço (instead of palácio). In this regard, the Paço Imperial in Rio de Janeiro, built in the 18th century, is an example of the Portuguese counterpart of this type of building.

Gallery

See also
 Galicia

Galician culture
Housing in Spain
Manor houses in Spain
Buildings and structures in Galicia (Spain)
Vernacular architecture

Pazo


Veronica chamaedrys, the germander speedwell, bird's-eye speedwell, or cat's eyes, is a herbaceous perennial species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae.

Description
Veronica chamaedrys can grow to  tall, but is frequently shorter, with stems that are hairy only along two opposite sides. The leaves are in opposite pairs, triangular and crenate, sessile or with short petioles.  The flowers are deep blue with a zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical) four-lobed corolla,  wide. The capsules are wider than they are long.

The blossoms of this plant wilt very quickly upon picking, which has given it the ironic name "Männertreu", or "men's faithfulness" in German.

Veronica chamaedrys is a common, hardy turf so-called weed when it invades turf and lawns. It creeps along the ground, spreading by sending down roots at the stem nodes. It is propagated both by seed and stem fragments. Leaves may defoliate in the summer and winter but the stems will grow again next season.  Unlike at least five other common speedwell species, such as corn speedwell (Veronica arvensis), the leaves are opposite on both the upper and lower parts of the plant. See Veronica for special weed control considerations.

The specific name chamaedrys is a combining form meaning "low" or "on the ground" derived from ancient Greek.

Distribution
This species is native to Europe. It is found on other continents as an introduced species.

Uses
Veronica chamaedrys has been used in traditional Austrian herbal medicine internally (as tea) for disorders of the nervous system, respiratory tract, cardiovascular system, and metabolism. In 18th century Britain, the plant had the reputation of being a cure for gout as well as being popular for making tea, the latter being so prevalent that the plant was nearly eradicated from London during the 18th century.

References

External links

Jepson Manual Treatment
Washington Burke Museum
Photo gallery

chamaedrys
Flora of Asia
Flora of Europe
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Veronica chamaedrys


Camp Carleton was the largest of several military camps to be maintained at various times in the vicinity of San Bernardino. It was established in the fall of 1861 by Captain William A. McCleave and a detachment of the 1st California Cavalry to check any successionest activities in San Bernardino County.  After the camp was flooded in the Great Flood of 1862, the camp's garrison was moved to El Monte, where they established New Camp Carleton.

References

Camp Carleton
El Monte, California
1861 establishments in California

Camp Carleton


The Dumb Bunnies is a series of books created by Dav Pilkey, the author of Captain Underpants, under the pseudonym "Sue Denim". They involve the adventures of a dumb family of bunnies. The Dumb Bunnies did everything in reverse, including sleeping under beds and putting flowers upside down in vases.

The series is said to be mocking or parodying books like Good Night Moon by Margaret Wise Brown and The Stupids Step Out by Harry G. Allard and illustrated by James Marshall.

Book appearances
The Dumb Bunnies first appeared in the book The Dumb Bunnies. In the book the Dumb Bunnies are having porridge when they decide to go for a walk. They go to Kentucky Fried Carrots (parody of Kentucky Fried Chicken) and have a picnic in the car wash. Meanwhile, Little Red Goldilocks enters their home. When the Dumb Bunnies return, they are thrilled to see her. But Poppa Bunny is embarrassed because he thought someone slept on his porridge. Momma Bunny is angry because she thought someone ate her bed. Baby Bunny cries because he thinks someone used his pimple cream. Then Papa Bunny dances, Mama Bunny sings a song, and Baby Bunny flushes Little Red Goldilocks down the toilet. At the end of the book, a picture on the back cover shows her coming out of a sewer pipe and landing in a lake. Note: The cover originally had the word "spam" on the bowl of porridge, which Pilkey claims was meant to be a joke, until the Hormel Foods Corporation threatened legal action, causing either a recall of the book or placing a golden sticker on it until a reprint was made without the word. The Spam covers have now become extremely hard to find.

The Dumb Bunnies made their second appearance in the book The Dumb Bunnies Easter. The Dumb Bunnies are preparing for Easter (which appears to be more related to Christmas) and set up the decorations (including putting an "Easter Tree" upside down). After preparing, they spray-paint fried eggs (claimed to be "painting Easter Eggs") and watch a small football on top of their television. They go to hang up their stockings before they realize that they are wearing them and they are sleeping upside down in front of the fireplace. The Easter Bunny soon arrives and drops all the eggs down the chimney. The next morning, the Dumb Bunnies are thrilled to see the eggs (although they are completely cracked with shells lying everywhere).

Their third appearance was in the book Make Way for Dumb Bunnies. While the Dumb Bunnies are spending quality time at home, it suddenly starts raining. They think it is a perfect day to go to the beach and they head there. But then the sun comes out and they think it is bad weather, so they head to the movie theater (accidentally stealing a car in the process). During the movie, the Dumb Bunnies think the projector is the screen, which blinds them for a while. They return home on a steamroller (which they thought was their car) and regain vision again.

The Dumb Bunnies latest appearance is in the book The Dumb Bunnies Go to the Zoo. They first go outside to pick things in their garden (using pickaxes). They later drive to the zoo, only to discover the animals they are seeing are a lot smaller than they really are (they mistake a small bird perched on the "Elephant" sign as being the elephant and a butterfly perched on the "Lion" sign as being the lion). When the butterfly flutters off the sign they think the lion escaped and go crazy all over the zoo and letting all the animals loose (including the "real" lion). The S.W.A.T. cops arrive to capture the lion, but the Dumb Bunnies say he flew away. As they leave the zoo (the book says that they decide to go home, but they really got kicked out by the zookeeper), they come across two giant apes which they mistake for being "Free Kitties" (the box that the words were written on did contain real kittens, but when the apes climbed over the wall, they scared all the kittens, and the owner who carried the box, away). Baby Bunny decides to keep them, but as they drive out, the apes fall off the top of the car they had been tied to. They return home at the end of the day and get into their new waterbed (with a series of hoses spraying water on the bed) and fall asleep.

Challenges
In 2010, The Dumb Bunnies Go to the Zoo was placed on the "Most Challenged Books of 2010" list that was published by the Canadian Library Association. Again, this particular book was challenged – this time in Oregon for "concern that reading this book may result in confusion and stupidity." The book was retained in the library.

Because of the "sarcastic view of humor", the series was challenged in Summit County and was moved out the primary library and into the intermediate library.

The original book was challenged in Texas because of parent complaints that the book depicted violence.

Books
 The Dumb Bunnies (1994, Blue Sky Press; )
 The Dumb Bunnies' Easter (1995, Blue Sky Press; )
 Make Way for Dumb Bunnies (1996, Blue Sky Press; )
 The Dumb Bunnies Go to the Zoo (1997, Blue Sky Press; )

Television series

It was also adapted into an animated television series produced by Nelvana and Yoram Gross, airing on CBS in the U.S.  The show ran for 26 episodes, from October 3, 1998 to March 27, 1999. In Australia, the show ran on Seven Network.

Episodes

References

External links

Dumb Bunnies on STV Player

1994 children's books
Children's fiction books
Series of children's books
Children's books about rabbits and hares
Children's books about families
Works by Dav Pilkey
1990s Australian animated television series
1998 Australian television series debuts
1999 Australian television series endings
1990s Canadian animated television series
1998 Canadian television series debuts
1999 Canadian television series endings
Australian children's animated comedy television series
Australian television shows based on children's books
Canadian children's animated comedy television series
Canadian television shows based on children's books
Television series based on books by Dav Pilkey
YTV (Canadian TV channel) original programming
CBS original programming
Animated television series about rabbits and hares
Animated television series about families
Television series by Nelvana

Dumb Bunnies


The Airfield, also known by its sponsored name as the Hollingsworth Group International Airfield, is a football stadium in Broughton, Flintshire, Wales. It is home to Airbus UK Broughton F.C., who play in the Cymru Premier. In 2014, the grass surface was replaced with a 3G synthetic pitch.

History

The Airfield is noted in Welsh football for having retractable floodlights due to the ground being located close to a working runway at Hawarden Airport. Steve Williams, chairman of the Football Association of Wales, stated that he wanted the Wales national football teams to play more international matches in north Wales. The Airfield was suggested as a location for friendlies. The Airfield, however, does not meet UEFA standards, meaning the only international ground in north Wales is the Racecourse Ground in Wrexham. Due to failing to meet UEFA standards, Airbus UK Broughton also have to play their home UEFA competition matches away from The Airfield.

In 2004, Airbus UK Broughton were promoted from the Cymru Alliance into the League of Wales. However, The Airfield did not meet the LOW's standards. Airbus UK Broughton decided to groundshare at Conwy United's Morfa Stadium in order to partake in the league while they upgraded The Airfield. Airbus UK's first opponents in the League of Wales at The Airfield were Total Network Solutions. In 2012, Airbus UK Broughton sold the naming rights of The Airfield to the Hollingsworth Group and renamed The Airfield. Due to regular waterlogging of the pitch, The Airfield's grass surface was replaced with a 3G synthetic pitch in 2014. This came after funding was raised by UEFA, the FAW and the Airbus Sports and Social Club.

References

Football venues in Wales
Buildings and structures in Flintshire
Stadiums in Wales
Airbus UK Broughton F.C.

The Airfield


Entoprocta, or Kamptozoa, is a phylum of tiny sessile aquatic animals ranging from 0.1 to 7 millimetres (0.004 to 0.28 in) long. Mature individuals are goblet-shaped, on relatively long stalks. They are filter-feeders, with a crown of tentacles whose cilia generate water currents towards the mouth. Both the mouth and anus lie inside the crown. The superficially similar Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) have the anus outside a 'crown' of hollow tentacles. Most families of entoprocts are colonial, and all but 2 of the 150 species are marine. A few solitary species can move slowly.

Some species eject unfertilized ova into the water while others keep their ova in brood chambers until they hatch, and some of these species use placenta-like organs to nourish the developing eggs. After hatching, the larvae swim for a short time and then settle on a surface. There they metamorphose, and the larval gut generally rotates by up to 180°, so that the mouth and anus face upwards. Both colonial and solitary species also reproduce by cloning.

Some species of nudibranchs (sea slugs) and flatworms prey on entoprocts. A few entoproct species have been found living in close association with other animals.

Fossils of entoprocts are very rare and the earliest specimens that have been identified with confidence date from the Upper Jurassic. Most studies from 1996 onwards have regarded entoprocts as members of the Trochozoa, which also includes molluscs and annelids. However, a study in 2008 concluded that entoprocts are closely related to bryozoans.

Names
'Entoprocta' means 'anus inside'. The alternative name 'Kamptozoa', means 'bent' or 'curved' animals. Some authors use Entoprocta, while others prefer Kamptozoa.

References

Minor phyla
Invertebrates

Entoprocta


Judith Aitken Ramaley (born 1941) is an American biologist and academic administrator who has served as president of several colleges and universities. She was the president of Winona State University from 2005 to 2012.

Ramaley earned a bachelor's degree from Swarthmore College in 1963, a Ph.D. from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1966, and pursued postdoctoral studies at Indiana University.  Ramaley began her career at the University of Nebraska where she rose to assistant vice president for academic affairs. She served as the 6th president of the Association for Women in Science from 1978-1980.

In 1982, Ramaley became the chief academic officer at the State University of New York at Albany, also serving as executive vice president for academic affairs.  Ramaley was the executive vice chancellor at the University of Kansas from 1987 to 1990 before stepping in as acting president at SUNY Albany. She left  to become the president of Portland State University and later the University of Vermont.

Ramaley resigned from the presidency of the University of Vermont after less than four years, following a hazing scandal involving the hockey team and a union drive by the faculty.

Ramaley later became Assistant Director, Education and Human Resources Directorate (EHR), at the National Science Foundation.
On July 18, 2005 Ramaley began her service as the 14th president of Winona State University in Winona, Minnesota.

Upon her resignation from the Winona State presidency she became a distinguished professor of public service at Portland State University.

References

21st-century American biologists
Living people
Presidents of Portland State University
Swarthmore College alumni
Winona State University
University at Albany, SUNY faculty
Presidents of University at Albany
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
University of Maine faculty
Presidents of the University of Vermont
University of Kansas faculty
1941 births

Judith A. Ramaley


Cyril Stanley Harrison (11 November 1915 – 28 May 1998) was an English first-class cricketer: a left-handed batsman and slow left arm bowler who made 17 first-class appearances for Worcestershire in 1934 and 1935.

He made his debut against Glamorgan in June 1934, taking three wickets in the match including that of Arnold Dyson in both innings. A fortnight later against Hampshire he claimed a career-best 7-51, but he was never to achieve anything like that success again, taking more than one wicket in only two more games. He did, however, manage his modest best score with the bat (28) against Lancashire in July.

Harrison played in two of Worcestershire's early-season games in May 1935, but took no wickets: indeed, he came in for some fearful punishment in the opener against Sussex, recording an unattractive first-innings analysis of 17-2-101-0 in a game Worcestershire were to lose by an innings. His final first-class match was against Lancashire later that month, where he bowled just seven overs without reward.

Harrison was born in Droitwich, Worcestershire; he died in the same town at the age of 82.

External links

 Statistical summary from CricketArchive

1915 births
1998 deaths
English cricketers
Worcestershire cricketers
People from Droitwich Spa
Cricketers from Worcestershire

Cyril Harrison (cricketer)


Coos, New Hampshire refers to the frontier area of northern New Hampshire. During the American Revolution a military command was located at Haverhill, New Hampshire to protect the New Hampshire Grants and to support military efforts in the invasion of Canada.

The name was later given to a portion of northern Grafton County in 1803 when a new county, named Coos, was created.

The location was originally a name associated with a part of the migratory Abenaki tribe. The location was known before 1704 to have military significance for several provincial governments and the leaders in New France.

In 1755, a Fort Wentworth was to be constructed by Rogers' Rangers at the junction of the Upper Ammonoosuc River with the Connecticut River in present-day Northumberland, New Hampshire. A river with a similar name, the Ammonoosuc River, flows through Grafton County, joining the Connecticut opposite Newbury, Vermont. The upper Coos refers to the area around Lancaster, New Hampshire, the county seat of Coos County, and the lower Coos to Newbury, Vermont. The distance between these locations is approximately .

References

 The Frontier In American History by Frederick Jackson Turner

Pre-statehood history of New Hampshire
Pre-statehood history of Vermont
New Hampshire in the American Revolution

Coos, New Hampshire


Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 (1938), was a United States Supreme Court case, in which the petitioner, Johnson, had been convicted in federal court of feloniously possessing, uttering, and passing counterfeit money in a trial where he had not been represented by an attorney but instead by himself.  Johnson filed for habeas corpus relief, claiming that his Sixth Amendment right to counsel had been violated, but he was denied by both a federal district court and the court of appeals.

Supreme Court involvement
The United States Supreme Court agreed to hear the case and overturned the decisions of the lower courts. In a six to two decision, the Court held that the federal court had infringed upon Johnson's life and liberty by not giving him counsel to defend him during trial. In the majority opinion written by Justice Hugo Black, the Court held that,

Since the Sixth Amendment constitutionally entitles one charged with crime to the assistance of counsel, compliance with this constitutional mandate is an essential jurisdictional prerequisite to a federal court's authority to deprive an accused of his life or liberty. When this right is properly waived, the assistance of counsel is no longer a necessary element of the court's jurisdiction to proceed to conviction and sentence. If the accused, however, is not represented by counsel and has not competently and intelligently waived his constitutional right, the Sixth Amendment stands as a jurisdictional bar to a valid conviction and sentence depriving him of his life or his liberty.

This set the precedent that defendants have the right to be represented by an attorney unless they waive their right to counsel knowing full well the potential consequences. This precedent, however, only made this right applicable to federal defendants and did not extend to defendants in trials under state jurisdiction.  Assistance of counsel was held to be requisite to due process of law in state felony proceedings with the Gideon v. Wainwright decision in 1963.

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 304

References

External links

United States Sixth Amendment appointment of counsel case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Hughes Court
1938 in United States case law

Johnson v. Zerbst