Heinz Neukirchen (13 January 1915 – 8 December 1986) was an officer of the Kriegsmarine in World War II, and a Vizeadmiral in the People's Navy (Volksmarine) of the German Democratic Republic as well as President of the East German Directorate of Maritime and Port Industries. He was the author of several maritime books.

Neukirchen was born in Duisburg, Germany, the son of a small farmer and vegetable dealer. After graduation from high school he worked an internship from 1931 to 1932, then one year as a freelancer for the Düsseldorfer News. Neukirchen began service in Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine in 1935. As a crewmember of the German cruiser Köln Neukirchen served in the Spanish Civil War and received the Spanish Cross. From 1939 to 1940, holding the rank of a boatswain, he was a harbor protection commander. Following several warrant officer courses, Neukirchen served from 1943 to 1944 as a watch officer on a mine ship. In the last year of World War II, he was a Lieutenant and commander of Submarine chaser stationed in Norway. In addition to this duty he became a National-Socialist guidance officer in 1944 and served in 1945 as a battery commander of Naval infantry. From 1945 to 1949 he was in Soviet captivity.

He joined the National Democratic Party of Germany (NDPD) in 1949, and worked until 1950, as a manager of the NDPD political department in Mecklenburg. After one year he became the Deputy Chairman of the Board of the NDPD for the Berlin district.

Neukirchen joined the Main Administration Sea Police (Hauptverwaltung Seepolizei (HVS)) on 1 March 1951. From 1954 to 1956, Neukirchen was Chief of Staff of the Sea Police. He was appointed to the rank of rear admiral on 1 October 1952. In 1956 he attended the Soviet Naval Academy. Upon his return, he served until 1961 as Deputy Chief of the People's Navy (Seestreitkräfte/Volksmarine) and as Chief of Staff of the People's Navy command.

In 1959, he married Irmgard Neukirchen, a mother of 6 children from a previous husband.

He commanded the People's Navy (Volksmarine) from 1961 to 1963, while Wilhelm Ehm attended the Soviet Naval Academy. After Ehm's return, he served again as a Deputy Chief of the People's Navy and Chief of Staff of the People's Navy command until his retirement from active service on 30 November 1965. On 1 March 1964 he was promoted to vice admiral.

After 1965, Neukirchen served as the President of East Germany's Directorate of Maritime and Port Industries. From 1965-67 he also served as the first chairman of the Football Club FC Hansa Rostock.

Neukirchen died in 1986 in Rostock, GDR.

Neukirchen's publications

 Krieg zur See (Deutscher Militärverlag, Berlin 1966)
 Handbuch Seeverkehr. Bd. 1 (1969)
 Handbuch Seeverkehr. Bd. 2. Collective authors: Reinhold Dopatka u.a. Head Author: Günter Babst; (Editor) Reinhold Dopatka und Heinz Neukirchen (1970)
 Handbuch Seeverkehr. Bd. 3. Head author: Gottfried Schulze; Lothar Uhlig; (Editor) Gottfried Schulze und Heinz Neukirchen (1970)
 Seefahrt gestern und heute (Transpress, Berlin 1970)
 "Häfen und Schiffe" (Transpress, Berlin 1974)
 Piraten - Seeraub auf allen Meeren (Transpress, Berlin 1977)
 "Geusen - Lieber ertrunken als gefangen" (Transpress, Berlin 1980)
 "Klar vorn und achtern - Auf einem Schaukelpferd zum Rio de la Plata" (Transpress, Berlin 1983)
 "Mit ungewissem Kurs" (Transpress, Berlin 1985)
 Seemacht im Spiegel der Geschichte (Transpress, Berlin 1982)
 Seefahrt im Wandel der Jahrtausende (Transpress, Berlin 1985)
 Seelord Gerry oder Wiedersehen mit Afrika (Transpress, Berlin 1989)

His books have been translated into many languages.

References
 Klaus Froh, Rüdiger Wenzke: Die Generale und Admirale der NVA. Ein biographisches Handbuch. 4. Auflage. Ch. Links, Berlin 2000,

External links

1915 births
1986 deaths
Military personnel from Duisburg
Military personnel from the Rhine Province
National Democratic Party of Germany (East Germany) politicians
Members of the 1st Volkskammer
Kriegsmarine personnel
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the Soviet Union
Vice admirals of the Volksmarine
German military personnel of the Spanish Civil War
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold
N. G. Kuznetsov Naval Academy alumni

Heinz Neukirchen


Ernst Edward Aurel Stein (19 September 1891, in Jaworzno – 25 February 1945, in Fribourg) was an Austrian-Jewish Byzantinist and a historian of Late Antiquity.

Ernst was the son of Ernst Eduard Stein and Henrietta Rosalie (née Hein) and the nephew of the Hungarian-born British archaeologist Sir Aurel Stein. He married Johanna Brandeis in Vienna on 4 April 1923.

He studied classical philology and history at the University of Vienna (doctorate 1914), where his teachers included Ludo Moritz Hartmann, Eugen Bormann and Wilhelm Kubitschek. From 1919 he worked as a lecturer at the university, and in 1927 relocated to Frankfurt am Main as an employee of the Römisch-Germanische Kommission. In 1931 he was named an associate professor of Byzantine and ancient history at the University of Berlin, then afterwards, taught classes as a visiting professor in Brussels and at Catholic University in Washington D.C. In 1937 he was appointed professor of Byzantine history at the University of Leuven. For a period of time, he lived in France under an alias, and in 1942 moved to Geneva, where he taught classes up until his death in 1945.

Selected works
 Studien zur Geschichte des Byzantinischen Reiches, vornehmlich unter den kaisern Justinus II u. Tiberius Constantinus, 1919 – Studies on the history of the Byzantine Empire, mainly involving the emperors Justin II and Tiberius Constantinus.
 Untersuchungen über das officium der prätorianerpräfektur seit Diokletian, 1922 – Investigations on the officium of the praetorian prefecture since Diocletian.
 Geschichte des spätromischenn Reiches, 1928 – History of the Late Roman Empire.
 Fasti des römischen Deutschland unter dem Prinzipat (as editor, with Emil Ritterling and Edmund Groag, 1932) – Fasti of Roman Germania under the Principate.
 Histoire du Bas-Empire (with Jean-Rémy Palanque; 2 volumes, 1949–59) – History of the Late Empire.
 Untersuchungen zur spätbyzantinischen Verfassungs- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte (preface by Jean-Rémy Palanque, 1962) – Studies on the Late Byzantine constitutional and economic history.
 Opera minora selecta (preface by Jean-Rémy Palanque, 1968).
He also made contributions to the multi-volume Inscriptiones trium Galliarum et Germaniarum latinae (primary author Otto Hirschfeld).

References

External links

1891 births
1945 deaths
People from Jaworzno
University of Vienna alumni
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Catholic University of America faculty
Academic staff of the Old University of Leuven
20th-century Austrian historians
Austrian Byzantinists
Scholars of Byzantine history

Ernst Stein


Polish Navy Shipyard () is a Polish shipyard located in Gdynia. It is the oldest operating shipyard in Poland.

The first Polish shipyard on the Baltic Sea after regaining independence was established on May 10, 1922, as a result of moving the Naval Port Workshops (Warsztaty Portowe Marynarki Wojennej) from Modlin to Puck. At that time, repairs were mainly made to warships stationed in the Puck naval base. After the relocation of the naval base to Gdynia, the same was done in 1927 with the Naval Port Workshops. In the 1930s, the shipyard infrastructure was significantly expanded. During the Second World War the war activities largely destroyed the shipyard, and before withdrawing, the Germans took away or destroyed what could still be used, as was the case with other industrial facilities in the occupied lands. After the war, a long process of reconstruction began. The rebuilt shipyard resumed operations as the Navy Shipyard (Stocznia Marynarki Wojennej). and after the System Transformation in 1989, it was commercialized but financial problems led the shipyard to bankruptcy in 2009.

In 2017, the Polska Grupa Zbrojeniowa took over the bankrupt shipyard from the bankruptcy trustee. As a result of transaction, a new entity called PGZ Stocznia Wojenna was established. In 2022, a program of deep reconstruction and modernization of the shipyard began, under which new halls with CNC plasma cutting machines will be built, in which work will be largely automated. As of 2023, the shipyard operates profitably and is responsible for the implementation of the main shipbuilding programs of the Polish Navy.

References

External links

Shipyards of Poland
Polish brands
Gdynia
1922 establishments in Poland
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1922
Polish Navy
Defence companies of Poland

Polish Navy Shipyard


Progymnasmata (Greek προγυμνάσματα "fore-exercises"; Latin praeexercitamina) are a series of preliminary rhetorical exercises that began in ancient Greece and continued during the Roman Empire. These exercises were implemented by students of rhetoric, who began their schooling between ages twelve and fifteen. The purpose of these exercises was to prepare students for writing declamations after they had completed their education with the grammarians.
There are only four surviving handbooks of progymnasmata, attributed to Aelius Theon, Hermogenes of Tarsus, Aphthonius of Antioch, and Nicolaus the Sophist.

History

Composition was not a primary subject taught in schools until the fifth century B.C. In fact, the term "progymnasmata" first appeared in Chapter 28 of Rhetoric to Alexander, most likely written by Anaximenes of Lampsacus in the late fourth century. This work is preserved alongside those of Aristotle, yet he never mentions the use of preliminary exercises. But Aristotle does touch on the rhetorical forms, which became an aspect within the nature of progymnasmata. The use of preliminary rhetorical exercises is discussed briefly in some Greek and Roman dialogues, but all handbooks from that time remain lost today.
There are only four known surviving handbooks of progymnasmata. The earliest one is that of Theon, written some time during the first century A.D. In his introduction, Theon addresses teachers rather than students and criticizes students who skip out on these preliminary exercises.
The second handbook is attributed to one of the most influential rhetoricians of the second century, Hemogenes of Tarsus. But there is no preface to his work and the exercises are brief; therefore, many doubt its authenticity. But the third handbook is attributed to Aphthonius of Antioch, student of the great sophist Libanius during the second half of the fourth century. This is the most widely used and referenced handbook that became the standard on the practice of progymnasmata. His treatises were combined with rhetorical treatises of Hermogenes on stasis theory and style to create the "Hermogenic Corpus."
The final handbook is attributed to Nicolaus of Myra, who taught rhetoric in Constantinople during the late fifth century.

Progymnasmata of Aphthonius

Although the exercises expressed in each known handbook are very similar, there are several minor variations between them. But because the work of Aphthonius is the one most widely recognized and practiced, these variations are often unrecognized. All students were asked to write out each assignment, memorize it, and then perform a class oration. The progymnasmata were taught in order, increasing in difficulty as the course advances. The courses were organized to begin with story-telling and end with making an argument. There was a focus on literature as a supplement to the course, paying close attention to models of rhetoric and literature. The progymnasmata of Aphthonius was first translated to Latin in the fifteenth century by Rudolphus Agricola.

Fable (mythos)

Aesop's fables were popular at the time rhetoric became a common topic of study. There are three forms of fable: the rational form (where characters are men and women), the ethical form (where animals are protagonists), and a third form involving both. What all three have in common is they each have a moral, stated before the story begins or after it has concluded. In Aphthonius's handbook, the first exercise was to create a fable that followed the three forms.

Narrative (diēgēma)

This elementary assignment was to simply write a narrative (not to be confused with fable). It is assumed that this training is a result of Aristotle's theory of categories and introduces students to the four values of narrative, which is perspicuity, incisiveness, persuasiveness, and purity of language. The content of the narrative exercise in the progymnasmata is either political, historical, or based on fiction. Just as diegesis indicates the narrative plot of a film, the so-called narrative of a speech or oration moves the content forth.

Anecdote (chreia)

Students were asked to take an action or saying of a famous person and elaborate on it. They were to develop the meanings of these actions or quotations with the framing under the headings of praise, paraphrase, cause, example of meaning, compare and contrast, testimonies, and an epilogue; anecdote is something that is frequently used in the Bible.

Maxim (gnōmē)

Maxim or proverbs were first described by Aristotle, and in Aphthonius's book are divided into, protreptic, apotreptic, declarative, simple, and compound. A moral generalization was given to students about a writer, and they were asked to create something similar to an anecdote about the writer.

Refutation (anaskeuē)

This exercise required the student to logically reason against something drawn from myths, narratives, or fables. The student's argument was that something was either impossible, illogical, unsuitable, or inexpedient.

Confirmation (kataskeuē)

The confirmation exercise is the opposite of refutation. The student was asked to reason in favor of something drawn from legends and literature.

Commonplace (koinos topos)

Working out the commonplace involved attacking vice by envisioning criticism of stereotypes rather than individuals. Students do this by using contradiction, comparison, and maxim attacking the motivation of the demographic described.

Encomium (enkōmion)

Students used encomium to praise persons, things, times, places, animals, and growing things. Each praise could be engendered from the headings upbringing, deeds, skills, and sometimes was in the form of a comparison with another person, an epilogue, or a prayer.

Invective (psogos)

Invective opposes commonplace. It attacks a specific, named individual, usually a political or cultural figure.

Comparison (synkrisis)

The comparison exercise acts as a double encomium or a combination of an encomium of one person or thing and the invective against another.

Personification (ēthopoeia)

Students used personification or ethopoeia by forming a speech ascribed to the ghost of a known person or of an imaginary or mythological character from past, present, or future times. This exercise was intended to request students to perform it with clarity, conciseness, and floridity.

Description (ekphrasis)

When asked to use ekphrasis to describe a person, place, thing, or time, students were obliged to produce a description that was complete. Included was detailed information about a person from head-to-toe, an action from start to finish, etc. This form is seen in many classical literature and historical writings.

Argument

Because this exercise is an introduction to argument in the philosophical schools, the use of thesis was not performed until first completing all previous exercises. Students had to come up with a thesis argument of their own nature; these questions were often ones difficult to answer.

Introduction to law (nomou eisphora)

Aphtonius calls this final exercise a gymnasma rather than progymnasmata. This exercise is in the form of advocacy of a proposed law or opposition of it. The argument is first stated, a counterargument follows, and then the headings are discussed

Progymnasmata for schools
In the past few years there has been considerable effort expended to see if the Progymnasmata could be adapted for use in elementary, middle and high school education. One of the leaders in this effort is James Selby, the author of the Classical Composition series, who has reduced the composition curriculum used by Quintilian and Cicero, to a level that can be effectively used by fourth through twelfth grade students.

Rhetorica and Progymnasmata is taught as a mandatory class in Sremski Karlovci, Serbia, at Gymnasium of Karlovci high school, focusing on preparing students at an early age for public speaking, as well as teaching classical rhetorics.

The progymnasmata is also taught at Highlands Latin School in Louisville, Kentucky, as well as at Highlands Latin Cottage Schools (homeschooling support tutorials) around the United States.

It is also taught in a user-friendly form by Classical Academic Press.  Classical Academic Press's online school called Schole Academy also offers live classes based on these books.

References

Further reading
 Kennedy, George A. Progymnasmata: Greek Textbooks of Prose Composition and Rhetoric. Leiden, The Netherlands: Society of Biblical Literature, 2003.
 Selby, James "The Vertical Integration of Aphthonius' Progymnasmata"
 Selby, James "Aphthonius' Progymnasmata as a Means to Preparing Innovative Communicators"
 Selby, James "The Characterization Stage of Aphthonius' Progymnasmata in Light of Hermogenes' On Style: Exploring the Border between Contemporary and Ancient Classrooms"
 Selby, James "Apollo, Dionysius, and Christ Why Language Theory Matters"

External links
 Progymnasmata at Rhetoric.byu.edu.

Writing

Progymnasmata


Saidapet is a neighbourhood in Chennai (Madras), India. The Saidapet Court, the only other court of judicature in Chennai city apart from the Madras High Court and the Saidapet bus depot are located here. Prior to its incorporation in Madras city, Saidapet functioned as the administrative headquarters of Chingleput district. Saidapet is also known as Saidai. The neighbourhood is served by Saidapet railway station of the Chennai Suburban Railway Network.

Saidapet was founded by the Nawab of the Carnatic in the 18th century AD and was named Sayyid Khan Pettah after Sayyid Khan, the army commander of the Nawab's forces. When the kingdom began to decline, Saidapet was occupied by the British East India Company and was made the administrative headquarters of Chingleput district. The health district in Chengalpet district is split into Saidapet hud and Kanchipuram hud. Panagal building which is a part of Saidapet is a famous landmark.

చరిత్ర
Saidapet is named after Sayyid Shah (Sayyid Musalman Sahib), a high-ranking 18th-century official of the court of the Nawab of Arcot. The then Nawab of Arcot gifted these parts to Sayyid Shah in 1730. However, Saidapet at that time also included Kotturpuram and Nandanam.

The Maraimalai Adigal Bridge (previously the Marmalong Bridge) connects the northern banks of the Adyar river with the south. This bridge was originally built in 1726 by Coja Petrus Uscan. The dilapidated old bridge was replaced by a new one in the 1960s built as part of the reconstruction and modernization efforts.

Saidapet was obtained by the British East India Company in the 1700s along with the jaghir of Chingleput. From 1859 to 1947, Saidapet served as the district headquarters of Chingleput District. In 1947, the headquarters was shifted to Chengalpattu. Saidapet was included in Madras city during 1945-46 and since then forms a part of the corporation. Saidapet had a large weaver population and handlooms were in operation as late as 1990. It was quite notorious for filariasis in the olden day.

రవాణా

రైల్వే స్టేషను
The Suburban Railway station in Saidapet is located between the stations of Guindy and Mambalam. It is easily accessible from the main road. Recently, Automatic Ticket Vending machines have been introduced here.

బస్సులు

Saidapet has a MTC bus terminus located on Anna Salai. There are frequent bus services originating from this place to other important parts of the city and outskirts. Many buses also pass through this area and offers excellent connectivity to various places and West Saidapet has a MTC bus terminus located on West Jones Road.

మెట్రో రైలు
Plans have been finalised by the local government to build a Metro Rail which connects to Alandur in the South and Chamiers road in the North as part of the Chennai Metro Rail Scheme. The tentative year of completion is 2013.

వంతెనలు
 The bridge located near the market on Jeenis road serves as a vital link to Mount Road from West Saidapet.
 Jones road underpass serve an important link for West Saidapet and Jaffarkhanpet.
 Aranganathan subway serves to connect Ashok Nagar and Mambalam.
 Alandhur bridge to connect Guindy Industrial Estate and West Saidapet, it helps to by-pass Guindy Katipara bridge to reach Mount road from 100 Feet road.

ముఖ్య ప్రదేశాలు

Saidapet has a very busy shopping market place called the Bazaar Road. It is famous for its fish and meat market attracting buyers from faraway places.

పాఠశాలలు, కళాశాలలు
The most familiar and only college in Saidapet is the Teachers Training College. In Saidapet the familiar schools are Alpha Matriculation higher secondary school, St. Mary's Higher Secondary School, Fathima Matriculation Higher Sec Sechool, Corporation Boys Higher Secondary School and Girls Higher Secondary School respectively (Primitively named as Manthoppu School-since the place was a mango groove which belonged to the temple)

దేవాలయాలు

కారణేశ్వరార్ ఆలయం

This temple is located next to the Saidapet Railway station. This temple has a 7-storied Gopuram with two prakarams (closed precincts of a temple). The main deity is Lord Karaneeswara and Goddess Swarnaambikai. This temple has a beautiful tank. The temple is heavily crowded on Pradhosham days. Annual ten day Brahmotsavam takes place in the Tamil month of Chithirai. During Chitirai thirvizha, people visit the temple in huge numbers and there will be a daily spiritual talk on Thiruvasagam about Lord shiva. On the "Shiv Rathri" occasion the temple is attractively decorated.

శ్రీ దేవి అంక్గాలంమన్ కోయిల్

This temple is located near Saidapet Railway station. During the Tamil month of Masi, Mayana Kollai is organized in this temple.

ప్రసన్న వెంకటేశ పెరుమాళ్ కోవిల్

According to an old inscription, This temple was constructed in the middle of the 15th century. It is popularly known as Perumal Kovil of Saidapet. The main deity is Prasanna Venkatesa Perumal. Annual Brahmotsavam takes place during the Tamil month of Chithirai. Vaikunta Ekadasi festival is very famous here. Other two famous festivals are Rathasapthami held in the month of February and Thotta Urchavam held in the month of march. One more important function in this temple is that "Sri Parthasarathy Swamy of Triplicane visits this temple yearly once on the first Sunday of February.

కడుమ్బాది చిన్నమ్మన్ కోవిల్

This is a famous Shakthi temple in West Saidapet. Annual brahmotsavam takes place during the Tamil month of Aadi.

ఇలాంగాలి అమ్మన్ కోవిల్
This is a very famous and popular temple in saidapet. People of all caste come here and pray to illangaali amman. During the Adi season the temple is flooded with the followers. Great thiruvizha functions will be held during adi seasons.

ఆంజనేయ స్వామి దేవాలయం
This Hanuman temple is situated on the banks of the Adyar river. There is one more Anjaneyar temple facing the Prasanna Venkatesa Perumal kovil. It is said the Hanuman in this temple is incarnated in such a way that he is worshipping Lord Rama situated at the Narasimha temple.

సుబ్రహ్మణ్య స్వామి ఆలయం
This temple is situated in the center of Saidapet. Its main deity is Lord Subramanya Swamy (Muruga) and has a 5 storied gopuram. Annual brahmotsavam takes place in the month of Masi and the deity is taken in procession for 10 days.

సౌన్దరేస్వరార్ ఆలయం
This temple is situated in the centre of Saidapet, near to the newly constructed Market Subway which links to the Anna Salai and Alandur. Its main deity is Lord Soundareswarar and Lord Thirupurasundari. Lord Varasithi Vinayar facing West is a famous one. The Stala Virutcham is Vanni Maram and is being worshipped on Saturdays by the devotees of Saidapet, Mambalam, K K Nagar, Velacherry etc. The temple is also known as Vada Thirunaraiyur. Vanni, Vilvam and Konrai, the three trees are known for Shiva's worship, are available in this temple. Leaves of Vanni maram is used for the archana for Saneesvaran. Annual brahmotsavam take place in the month of Ani and the deity is taken in processing for 10 days. This Temples comes under HR&CE control. Last Kumbabizhegam was performed during 01-02-1988 by the temple Sivachariar Late.C.K.Krishnamurthy Gurukkal.

The temple is further renovated and a Kumbabhizegam was performed on 11 March 2012 with the support of generous donors of the temple devotees through the campaign of the Kumbabizega Committee of temple and the Kumbabhizegam went well with the presence the holiness Salem Swamigal, Thiruvanammali Sisters, Thirupananthal madam Kattalai and Sannitham and the Government Officials viz. Chennai Mayor - Mr.Duraiswami, Saidapet Legislative member - Mr.G.Senthimazhan participated the Kumbabhizegam.

The temple is very nice to see and the breeze of three vrikchas providing the heeling touch to all the devotees and the spiritual vibration of temple lead each of us to have a Dharshan of Sri Soundareswarar and Thirupurasundari at least once in a life to cleanse our sins and make our soul happy and peaceful.

Blessings from Lord Soundareswarar & Thirupurasundari with their son who faces west Varasithi Vinayagar who help the entire city with his blessings.

చర్చిలు

Saidapet has about seven churches, Our Lady of Good Health church has a congregation of 1000 families and is situated on LDG street, the NLAG Church is situated across the bridge. It is the biggest Assembly of God church in Tamil Nadu. C.S.I Church of Jesus the Savior located in prime location in Saidapet was congregated in 1902 and one among the oldest congregation in Chennai. C.S.I St.Thomas Church located in Saidapet is 85 years old with 400 families as its members. It was re-constructed in 2012.

లిటిల్ మౌంట్ చర్చి
A few meters south of the MaraiMalai Adigalar Bridge is the hill formation called Little Mount. On top of this mountain is a church dedicated to Our Lady of Good Health. The original church was built by the Portuguese in 1551 AD. The new church was built after demolishing a part of old church in the 1970s. It is believed that St. Thomas the Apostle lived in a cave under the Church, which is well preserved even today. The Church holds an annual festival in honor of Our Lady on the fifth Saturday of Easter. Recently, this Church was elevated to the status of a Shrine.

కమ్యూనిటీ హాల్స్

సెయింట్. థామస్ కమ్యూనిటీ హాల్
This hall is located opposite Our Lady of Good Health church and is run by the church officials. The hall in the first floor has a capacity of about 250 people and the dining hall on the ground floor can seat about 70 people. Car parking is inadequate inside the compound. Cars are usually parked outside the compound in the land belonging to church.

రాజకీయాలు
Saidapet assembly constituency is part of Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency).
It occupies an important place in Tamil Nadu politics being the starting place for election rallies. Karunanidhi was once elected from this constituency.

స్థానం

గమనికలు

మూలాలు

బయటి లింకులు
 http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Saidapet.html
 http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2008/06/16/stories/2008061650530500.htm
 https://web.archive.org/web/20190411175802/http://www.saidaimart.com/

Neighbourhoods of Chennai
Suburbs of Chennai
Cities and towns in Chennai district

సైదాపేట్


James Graham, 8th Duke of Montrose (born 6 April 1935), known as Earl of Kincardine until 1954 and Marquess of Graham between 1954 and 1992, is a Southern Rhodesia-born hereditary peer of the Peerage of Scotland and a British Conservative Party politician.

Biography

Parents
The Duke was born in Southern Rhodesia, where his father, then Marquess of Graham, was establishing a farm.

Marriage
On 31 January 1970, as Marquess of Graham, he married Catherine Elizabeth MacDonell Young (d. 29 October 2014), of Canada.

They have three children:
 Lady Hermione Elizabeth Graham (born 20 July 1971), married 1998 Christopher John Thornhill
 John Graham Thornhill (born 1998)
 Grace Graham Thornhill (born 1998)
 James Alexander Norman Graham, Marquess of Graham (born 16 August 1973), married 2004 Cecilia Manfredi, without issue
 Lord Ronald John Christopher Graham (born 13 October 1975), married 24 September 2016 to Florence Mary Arbuthnott, in Kidderminster, Worcestershire, England. He is a practising lawyer with a firm in England and has two sons.

Education
The Duke attended boarding school in Scotland, first in Aberdeenshire and after that at the Loretto School near Edinburgh.

Politics and international relations
The Duke considers himself a Conservative and took his seat in the House of Lords on his father's death in 1992. He is one of four dukes to have re-entered the House (of the 24 non-royal dukes eligible) following the House of Lords Act 1999, having been one of the 90 peers chosen or elected by the others sitting. The other dukes in the upper house among these are the Duke of Somerset, who won a by-election in December 2014, the Duke of Wellington, who won a by-election in September 2015, and the Duke of Norfolk who, as hereditary Earl Marshal and one of the Great Officers of State, does not have to stand for election.

The Duke of Montrose was a shadow minister for the Scotland Office before the 2010 general election. He has also spent some time in China promoting renewable energy and environmental measures, and he is a fluent speaker of Mandarin.

References

External links
James Graham, 8th Duke of Montrose, Chief of the Grahams
James Graham, 8th Duke of Montrose, thePeerage.com
Conservative Party website

Conservative Party (UK) hereditary peers
208
1935 births
Living people
People educated at Loretto School, Musselburgh
James
Hereditary peers elected under the House of Lords Act 1999

James Graham, 8th Duke of Montrose


Paul Ireland (born 1970) is a Scottish actor from Ardrossan, North Ayrshire, Scotland. He is best known for his role as Superintendent Duncan Hayes in Neighbours.

Career
Ireland originally started off as a fishmonger in his father's shop in Greenock, Renfrewshire for five years before deciding to learn acting. In 1995, Ireland acted in the West End of London at the Ambassadors Theatre in a theatrical adaptation of the novel Trainspotting. During its run, the show won the Sunday Times Best New Play award.

During his career, Ireland has acted in numerous British television programmes such as Judge John Deed, Two Thousand Acres of Sky, The Bill and Midsomer Murders. In April 2011, he gained a role in Australian soap opera, Neighbours as Superintendent Duncan Hayes. Ireland was initially cast to play the role for thirteen episodes. Ireland made his debut in Neighbours in Episode 6183. In 2012, he also acted in Australian Broadcasting Corporation comedy, Outland after auditioning and meeting the writers, who told him that they wanted a British actor in the role in the programme. In 2013, Ireland made a return appearance on Neighbours as Duncan Hayes.

In 2006, Ireland appeared in the BBC History online interactive game CDX as MacKinnon, a Mithraist soldier.

In 2016, he co-produced and directed the Australian drama film Pawno.

Since 2018, Ireland appeared in the Australian AFL drama Playing for Keeps as Andrew Macleish, president of the Southern Jets football club.

Personal life
Ireland is married to casting director Thea McLeod, with whom he has one son, actor Finn Ireland. He also has a daughter, Georgia Blue Ireland from his first marriage. After leaving Scotland, he moved to London for thirteen years before leaving the United Kingdom for Australia in 2009, where he currently resides.

Filmography

References

External links

Living people
1970 births
Scottish male soap opera actors
Scottish male television actors
Scottish male stage actors
Scottish male video game actors
Scottish expatriates in Australia

Paul Ireland


The Burmisanu is a limber pine located in south western Alberta in the community of Burmis, Alberta, along the Crowsnest Highway (Highway 3) and east of municipality of Crowsnest Pass. The tree died in the late 1970s after losing its needles. Limber trees are known to survive harsh conditions and are one of the longest living trees in Alberta. The Burmis tree was estimated to be between 600 and 750 years old. In 1998, it was toppled by wind, however members of local community refused to leave it lying. The tree was stabilized by Alberta Culture, Historic Sites staff using stainless steel rods and brackets. In 2004, vandals cut one of the tree's main branches. Locals fixed it again with glue and a prop pole.  The community rallied to have the new Highway 3 built around the tree rather than destroy the heritage symbol it has become. The tree remains as the sole point of interest in the once prosperous town of Burmis.

Burmis Tree is also a band from Vancouver BC, playing dark regional folk/rock and named after the limber pine.

See also
 List of individual trees

References

Individual pine trees
Trees of Alberta
1970s individual tree deaths
Individual trees in Canada
Crowsnest Pass, Alberta

Burmis Tree


Jacqueline Foster, Baroness Foster of Oxton,  (née Renshaw)  is a British Conservative politician and a former Member of the European Parliament for the North West England region.

In October 2019 she was appointed Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. In January 2021, she was elevated to the Lords as Baroness Foster of Oxton, of Oxton in the County of Merseyside.

Early career

Jacqueline Foster was born in Liverpool and educated at Prescot Girls' Grammar School.

She worked for British Airways for more than 20 years. Before joining she worked in France and Spain in the tourism sector. She speaks French and German.

Between 1981 and '85 she left British Airways and became Area Manager in Austria for Horizon, a British Tour Operator before returning to British Airways four years later. In 1989, she was one of the founder members of Cabin Crew '89, an independent trade union and served as the Deputy General Secretary. She continued with British Airways until she was elected as an MEP in 1999.

Political involvement
Foster combined her trade union activities with membership of the Conservative Party, serving as Vice Chairman of Twickenham Conservative Association as well as holding a variety of voluntary political offices for the Greater London area.

At the 1992 general election, she was the Conservative candidate in Newham South, a Labour-held seat in east London.
In August 1996 she was selected for the marginal seat of Peterborough (where sitting Conservative MP Brian Mawhinney was moving to an adjacent constituency) and finished second behind Labour in the general election of 1997.

Member of European Parliament
At the 1999 European Parliament election, Foster was selected by Conservatives in the North West as fifth on their list. During this first mandate (1999-2004), she was elected annually as the chairman of the Backbench Committee of MEPs. Her political responsibilities were as the Conservative Spokesman on Transport and Tourism (specialising in the Aviation Industry) Following 9/11 she was the Rapporteur on the ground breaking Regulation which introduced 'Minimum Standards of Security in Airports across Europe. She was also a Member of the Trade and Industry Committee.

She was a member of the Sky & Space Parliamentary Intergroup and also a Member of the Animal Welfare Parliamentary Intergroup.

In 2009 she was placed third on the Conservative list for the North West in the European Parliament election and was elected as an MEP, with the Conservatives winning three seats for a second time.  She was, again, appointed as the Transport Spokesman and also served as a Vice President of the Sky & Space and Animal Welfare Parliamentary Intergroups and as a Member of the EU-US Delegation. In addition she sat as a member of the Environment Committee. She was elected Deputy Leader of the Conservative delegation of MEPs in 2013, and was re-elected annually until 2019.

In 2013, she argued against the Conservative Party having an electoral pact with UK Independence Party.

Following the 2014 European election she was re-appointed as a Transport Spokesman and also the Spokesman on Tourism. She was the draftsman of the groundbreaking 'Report on the Safe Use of RPAS' (drones) in the civil sector. She remained on the Environment Committee. She was re-elected as a Vice-President of both the Sky & Space and Animal Welfare Parliamentary Intergroups. She remained a Member of the EU/US Parliamentary Delegation and was elected Vice-President of the Australia/New Zealand Delegation with the focus on securing future trade deals.

Work outside of European Parliament
2004-2009 Foster was not re-elected in the 2004 European election.  She worked as a Consultant for Airbus before becoming the Head of European Affairs for ASD (Aerospace Space & Defence Industries of Europe) based in Brussels, before contesting the 2009 European election when she was again, elected as an MEP for the North West.

Since 2019 Foster has remained as a Senior Advisor on the Drone Delivery Group.

House of Lords
Foster was appointed Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2019 Birthday Honours,
she was appointed to the House of Lords on 29 January 2021 and introduced on 9 February 2021.

References

Living people
Conservative Party (UK) MEPs
20th-century women MEPs for England
21st-century women MEPs for England
MEPs for England 1999–2004
MEPs for England 2009–2014
MEPs for England 2014–2019
Year of birth missing (living people)
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Conservative Party (UK) life peers
Conservative Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
Life peeresses created by Elizabeth II
Politicians from Liverpool

Jacqueline Foster


Alfonso García Robles (20 March 1911 – 2 September 1991) was a Mexican diplomat and politician.
García Robles received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982, together with Sweden's Alva Myrdal. García Robles was  the driving force behind the Treaty of Tlatelolco. This treaty established a nuclear-free zone in Latin America and the Caribbean.

1911 births
1991 deaths
Diplomats
Mexican Nobel  Prize winners
Mexican politicians
People from Michoacán

Alfonso García Robles


Lexeme is a term in linguistics. They are units of meaning, independent of any inflectional endings, or whether it is one word or several. "Come in" is a lexeme; so is "raining cats and dogs". The largest English dictionaries have about half a million lexemes. "The true figure is undoubtedly a great deal higher".

In the English language, run, runs, ran and running are forms of the same lexeme, conventionally written as RUN.

A similar concept is the lemma (or citation form). It is the form of a lexeme which is chosen to represent the lexeme, for example, RUN instead of the other forms. Lemmas are used in dictionaries as the headwords. Other forms of a lexeme are usually listed later in the entry. So all headwords in a dictionary are lexemes.

A lexicon is made of lexemes.

Reference

Language

Lexeme


In baseball, the vulcan changeup pitch (otherwise known as a vulcan or trekkie) is a type of changeup; it closely resembles a forkball and split-finger fastball. It is a variation of the circle changeup, and when mastered can be extremely effective. Much like a forkball, the vulcan is gripped between two fingers on the hand, but rather than the middle and index finger as with the forkball or split-finger fastball, it sits in between the middle and ring fingers to make a v-shape (Vulcan salute) when releasing to the catcher. It is thrown with fastball arm speed but by pronating the hand by turning the thumb down, to get good downward movement on it.

The pitch is uncommon in Major League Baseball. Ian Kennedy throws this style of changeup instead of others because he "found it more comfortable and had more movement". Among the others who have thrown it are John Gant, former relievers Randy Tomlin and Joe Nelson, and most notably former all-star closer Éric Gagné, for whom the vulcan changeup was considered one of his best pitches. Roy Oswalt adopted this pitch during the 2010 offseason and preferred it over the circle changeup.

Nelson explained his choice for naming the pitch: "It was either going to be Nanu Nanu or the Vulcan. Spock just seemed like a cooler character than Mork." The pitch has been nicknamed the "Trekkie", because of the Vulcan symbol, from the television show Star Trek, that appears in the grip of the ball.

References

Baseball pitches
Star Trek fandom

Vulcan changeup


Eugen Weidmann (5 February 1908 – 17 June 1939) was a German criminal and serial killer who was executed by guillotine in France in June 1939, the last public execution in France.

Early life
Weidmann was born in Frankfurt am Main to the family of an export businessman and went to school there. He was sent to live with his grandparents at the outbreak of World War I. During this time he started stealing. Later in his twenties, he served five years in Saarbrücken jail for robbery.

During his time in jail, Weidmann met two men who would later become his partners in crime: Roger Million and Jean Blanc. After their release from jail, they decided to work together to kidnap rich tourists visiting France and steal their money. They rented a villa in Saint-Cloud near Paris for this purpose.

Murders
Their first kidnapping attempt ended in failure because their victim struggled too hard, forcing them to let him go. In July 1937, they made a second attempt, Weidmann having made the acquaintance of Jean De Koven, a 22-year-old New York City dancer visiting her aunt Ida Sackheim in Paris. Impressed by the tall, handsome German, De Koven wrote to a friend: "I have just met a charming German of keen intelligence who calls himself Siegfried. Perhaps I am going to another Wagnerian role – who knows? I am going to visit him tomorrow at his villa in a beautiful place near a famous mansion that Napoleon gave Josephine." During their meeting they smoked, and "Siegfried" gave her a glass of milk. De Koven took photos of Weidmann with her new camera (later found beside her body; the developed film showing her killer). Weidmann then strangled and buried her in the villa's garden. She had 300 francs in cash and $430 in traveler's cheques, which the group sent Million's mistress, Colette Tricot, to cash. Sackheim received a letter demanding $500 for the return of her niece. De Koven's brother Henry later came to France offering a 10,000-franc reward from his father, Abraham, for information about the young woman.

On 1 September that year, Weidmann hired a chauffeur named Joseph Couffy to drive him to the French Riviera where, in a forest outside Tours, he shot Couffy in the back of his neck and stole his car and 2,500 francs. The next murder came on 3 September, after Weidmann and Million lured Janine Keller, a private nurse, into a cave in the forest of Fontainebleau with a job offer. Weidmann killed Keller with another fatal shot to the back of the neck, before robbing her body of 1,400 francs and a diamond ring. On 16 October, Million and Weidmann arranged a meeting with a young theatrical producer named Roger LeBlond, promising to invest money in one of his shows. Instead, Weidmann shot him in the back of his head and took his wallet containing 5,000 francs. On 22 November, Weidmann murdered and robbed Fritz Frommer, a young German he had met in jail. Frommer, a Jew, had been held there for his anti-Nazi views. Once again, the victim was shot in the back of his neck. His body was buried in the basement of the Saint-Cloud house where De Koven's body was interred. Five days later, Weidmann committed his final murder. Raymond Lesobre, a real estate agent, was shot in the killer's preferred fashion while showing him around a house in Saint-Cloud. Five thousand francs were taken from him.

Arrest
Officers from the Sûreté, led by a young inspector named Primborgne, eventually tracked Weidmann to the villa from a business card left at Lesobre's office. Arriving at his home, Weidmann found two officers waiting for him. Inviting them in, he then turned and fired three times at them with a pistol. Although they were unarmed, the wounded Sûreté men managed to wrestle Weidmann down and knocked him unconscious with a hammer, which happened to be nearby.

Weidmann, a highly co-operative prisoner, confessed to all his murders, including that of de Koven, the only one for which he expressed regret. He is reported to have said tearfully: "She was gentle and unsuspecting.... When I reached for her throat, she went down like a doll."

The murder trial of Weidmann, Million, Blanc and Tricot in Versailles in March 1939 was the biggest since that of Henri Désiré Landru, the modern-day "Bluebeard", 18 years earlier. One of Weidmann's lawyers, Vincent de Moro-Giafferi, had defended Landru. Also present was the French novelist Colette, who was engaged by Paris-Soir to write an essay on Weidmann.

Weidmann and Million received the death sentence, Blanc received a prison sentence of twenty months and Tricot was acquitted. Million's sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment.

Execution
On 17 June 1939, Weidmann was beheaded outside the prison Saint-Pierre in Versailles. The "hysterical behavior" by spectators was so scandalous that French President Albert Lebrun immediately banned all future public executions. (Executions by guillotine continued out of public view until the last such execution, of Hamida Djandoubi on 10 September 1977.)

Christopher Lee, who was then seventeen years old, witnessed the event. Nearly half a century later, he portrayed headsman Charles-Henri Sanson in a 1989 French TV drama about the French Revolution, in which his character made prolific use of the device.

See also
 List of French serial killers

Books
 Beaux Ténèbres – La Pulsion du Mal d'Eugène Weidmann  by Michel Ferracci-Porri (Beautiful darkness, The Impulse to Evil of Eugen Weidmann) 412 pages, Editions Normant, France 2008
Comments On Cain by F. Tennyson Jesse (New York: Collier Books; London: Collier-Macmillan, Ltd., 1948, 1964), 158p., p. 99–158, "Eugen Weidmann: A Study in Brouhaha". There is a drawing of Weidmann as the frontispiece of the book.
 Weidmann appears repeatedly as a character in Jean Genet's celebrated debut work "Notre Dame des Fleurs" ("Our Lady of the Flowers"), first published in French by L'Arbalete, 1943.
Chapter "Death On A Quiet Boulevard" in Tom Fallon: "Craftsmen In Crime", published by Frederick Muller Ltd., London 1956.

References

External links

 Beaux Ténèbres – La Pulsion du Mal d'Eugène Weidmann

Video of the execution

1908 births
1939 deaths
20th-century executions by France
Executed German serial killers
Executed people from Hesse
Filmed executions
Emigrants from Nazi Germany to France
German people convicted of murder
German people executed abroad
People convicted of murder by France
People executed by France by guillotine
People executed by the French Third Republic
People from Frankfurt
Publicly executed people

Eugen Weidmann


Lionel Roux (born 12 April 1973) is a former tennis player from France, who turned professional in 1991. He was French National Junior champion in 1991, but didn't win a tour-level title (singles or doubles) during his pro career. The right-hander reached his career-high singles ranking on the ATP Tour on 13 March 1995, when he became World No. 48. His best slam performance was reaching the 4th round of the 1998 Australian Open.

Roux has also made an appearance in the 2001 French comedy La Tour Montparnasse Infernale.

External links

1973 births
Living people
French male tennis players

Lionel Roux


António Garcia Ribeiro de Vasconcelos (18601941) was a Portuguese historian and theologian. He taught at the University of Coimbra from 1887 to 1930, first in the Faculty of Theology and then in the Faculty of Letters, which appointed him Emeritus Professor. In 1936 he became the first president of the Portuguese Academy of History.

Early life
António Garcia Ribeiro de Vasconcelos was born on 1 June 1860 to Maria José Cândida Coelho Freire de Faria da Cunha e Vasconcelos (1825-1865) and Serafim Garcia Ribeiro (1823-1912) in the village of S. Paio de Gramaços in Oliveira do Hospital, a municipality near Coimbra in Portugal. His father was a landowner and farmer. His mother died when he was five years old. After her death, his father's elder brother, a Catholic priest, joined his brother in S. Paio de Gramaços. When Vasconcelos was 8 or 9 his uncle applied to move to the parish church of São Martinho do Bispo nearer Coimbra. Vasconcelos went with him, and was thus able to go to school in Coimbra. He left High School with awards in distinction in Geography and Natural History and then took preparatory courses in Philosophy and Theology before joining the University of Coimbra in 1879. He did not complete his first year at the university because of contracting typhoid fever, but in 1885 he graduated with a mark of 17 out of 20, having received the First Prize for his class in each of his final three years. As a theology graduate, he was able to celebrate Mass, which he did for the first time in the same year. In 1886 he was awarded a doctorate with a mark of 18 out of 20, with a dissertation on the subject of divorce.

Academic career
In 1887 Vasconcelos became a professor in the Faculty of Theology. In this capacity he taught various courses, including Dogmatic Theology and General Isagogics and Archaeology, Hermeneutics and Heuristics.Vasconcelos was the organizer of the University Archive from 1897 on. He played an important role in setting up the Faculty of Letters at the University of Coimbra and became its first Dean in 1911, after the Faculty of Theology was closed for lack of students. For several years he was director of the University Chapel, about which he wrote a book, using his position to protect many of the chapel's religious objects during the disturbances in Portugal after the 5 October 1910 revolution. He wrote for various magazines and newspapers, particularly for the Correio de Coimbra, the diocese's paper, and O Instituto, of which he was a member of the editorial board. As a researcher he was known for his meticulousness and obsessive eye for detail, strengths that he passed on to his students. His research was mainly confined to Coimbra and its university, effectively developing the concept of local history in Portugal, but he also wrote biographies, being best known for those on the Portuguese soldier and poet, Brás Garcia de Mascarenhas and the Spanish philosopher Francisco Suárez. He was also well known for his 2-volume work on the Evolution of the Cult of Elizabeth of Aragon.

Vasconcelos was a member of the Lisbon Academy of Sciences from 1897, the Royal Academy of History in Madrid and the founding president of the Portuguese Academy of History. To honour his scientific, literary and artistic merit, the Portuguese government awarded him the Grand Cross of the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword () in 1936.

António Vasconcelos died in Coimbra on 2 September 1941.

References

Portuguese theologians
Portuguese art historians
University of Coimbra alumni
Academic staff of the University of Coimbra
1860 births
1941 deaths

António Garcia Ribeiro de Vasconcelos


Ethiopian literature dates from Ancient Ethiopian literature (around 300 AD) up until modern Ethiopian literature. Ancient Ethiopian literature starts with Axumite texts written in the Geʽez language using the Geʽez script, indigenous to both Ethiopia and Eritrea.

Axumite literature (330–900)
There is linguistic evidence of Semitic languages being spoken in Ethiopia since 2000 BC.

Ge'ez literature began with Christianity being declared the state religion around 340 AD by King Ezana. However, Christianity has existed since 100 AD in Ethiopia.

The oldest known example of the old Ge'ez script is found on the Hawulti obelisk in Matara, Eritrea. The oldest surviving Ge'ez manuscript is the 5th or 6th century Garima Gospels.

Almost all texts from this early "Aksumite" period are religious (Christian) in nature, translated from Greek. Up till the 4th century, Aksumite royal inscriptions are commonly in both Greek and Ge'ez; but from 350, the Aksumite kings increasingly employed only Ge'ez; and it is likely that the translation of the Bible was embarked on soon after, and was complete by the end of the 5th century. The Ethiopic Bible contains 81 Books; 46 of the Old Testament and 35 of the New. A number of these Books are called "deuterocanonical" (or "apocryphal" according to certain Western theologians), such as the Ascension of Isaiah, Jubilees, Enoch, the Paralipomena of Baruch, Noah, Ezra, Nehemiah, Maccabees, and Tobit. The Book of Enoch in particular is notable since its complete text has survived in no other language.

Also to this early period dates Qerellos, a collection of Christological writings beginning with the treatise of Saint Cyril (known as Hamanot Rete'et or De Recta Fide). These works are the theological foundation of the Ethiopic Church. Another important religious document is Ser'ata Paknemis, a translation of the monastic Rules of Pachomius. Works translated in this period include Physiologus, a work religious interpretation of natural history also very popular in Europe.

Medieval literature (1200–1672)

Christianity
After the decline of the Aksumites, a lengthy gap follows; no works have survived that can be dated to the years of the 8th through 12th centuries. Only with the rise of the Solomonic dynasty around 1270 there is an evidence of authors committing their works to writings. Some writers consider the period beginning from the 14th century an actual "Golden Age" of Ge'ez literature—although by this time Ge'ez was no longer a living language. While there is ample evidence that it had been replaced by the Amharic language in the south and by the Tigrigna and Tigre languages in the north, Ge'ez remained in use as the official written language until the 19th century, its status comparable to that of Medieval Latin in Europe.

The early 15th century Fekkare Iyasus "The Explication of Jesus" contains a prophecy of a king called Tewodros, which rose to importance in 19th century Ethiopia as Tewodros II chose this throne name.

Literature flourished especially during the reign of Emperor Zara Yaqob. Written by the Emperor himself were Mats'hafe Berhan ("The Book of Light") and Mats'hafe Milad ("The Book of Nativity"). Numerous homilies were written in this period, notably Retu'a Haimanot ("True Orthodoxy") ascribed to John Chrysostom. Also of monumental importance was the appearance of the Ge'ez translation of the Fetha Negest ("Laws of the Kings"), thought to have been made around 1450, and ascribed to one Petros Abda Sayd — that was later to function as the supreme Law for Ethiopia, until it was replaced by a modern Constitution in 1931.

Another significant medieval Ethiopian text is The History of Alexander, believed to have been written around 1500. It narrates the life and conquests of Alexander the Great, depicting him as a Christian warrior.

By the beginning of the 16th century, the Islamic invasions put an end to the flourishing of Ethiopian literature. A letter of Abba 'Enbaqom (or "Habakkuk") to Imam Ahmad Ibn Ibrahim, entitled Anqasa Amin ("Gate of the Faith"), giving his reasons for abandoning Islam, although probably first written in Arabic and later rewritten in an expanded Ge'ez version around 1532, is considered one of the classics of later Ge'ez literature.

During this period, Ethiopian writers begin to address differences between the Ethiopian and the Roman Catholic Church in such works as the Confession of Emperor Gelawdewos, Sawana Nafs ("Refuge of the Soul"), Fekkare Malakot ("Exposition of the Godhead") and Haymanote Abaw ("Faith of the Fathers"). Around the year 1600, a number of works were translated from Arabic into Ge'ez for the first time, including the Chronicle of John of Nikiu and the Universal History of Jirjis ibn al'Amid Abi'l-Wasir (also known as al-Makin).

Islam
Most of Islamic literature of Ethiopia is center in the eastern lowland with Harar being the most important.

Early modern literature (16th–18th century)
It is during this period that Amharic started to emerge as a written language. One of the most important people of this era is Ethiopian priest and lexicographer, Abba Gorgoryos (1595–1658). Gorgoryos along with his colleague and friend Hiob Ludolf co-authored the earliest grammar book of the Amharic language and also an Amharic-Latin dictionary. Amharic became the first African language to be translated into Latin. Gorgoryos's other accomplishments include developing a Ge'ez lexicon, co-authoring encyclopedias for both Amharic and Ge'ez as well as contributing to Ludolf's book A History of Ethiopia.

Another important figure in this era is the Ethiopian monk Abba Bahrey. Bahrey was both a historian and an ethnographer who is best known for his 1593 work The History of the Galla (Ge'ez: ዜናሁ ፡ ለጋላ, zēnāhū lagāllā). Written in Ge'ez, it told of the history of the Oromo and their 16th-century migration into what is now central and western Ethiopia. This work was significant because it is the only documentation of the Oromo people in the 16th century. Bahrey also authored The History of King Sarsa Dengel which chronicles the reign of Emperor Sarsa Dengel.

Modern  period (19th century – present)
Perhaps the most famous literary contributor to this century is author Haddis Alemayehu. His tragic novel, Love to the Grave (ፍቅር እስከ መቃብር; Fəqər əskä Mäqabər), is one of the most renowned books in modern Ethiopian literature, considered a modern masterpiece. Baalu Girma's Oromay (1983) is also well-regarded.

Emperor Haile Selassie wrote an autobiography, My Life and Ethiopia's Progress in 1973–74.

Legal text
In 1240 AD, the structure of the church and the country was organized according to Fetha Nagast.

See also

 Ethiopian historiography

References

Ethiopian literature


The Schreder HP-22 was an American mid-wing, amphibious flying boat, cruciform tailed, two seat motor glider project that was designed by Richard Schreder. None were ever completed or flown.

Design and development
The HP-22 project was publicly announced in June 1984 in Soaring and, in comparison to Schreder's previous glider designs, was intended for "much easier building and for more versatile fun-flying when it's finished".

The aircraft was intended to accommodate two people in side-by-side seating under a bubble canopy. The engine was to be mounted above and behind the cockpit and to retract rearward to lie in a bay when not in use. The mid-mounted wing was to have a span of  and a constant chord, built with an aluminium spar, foam ribs and covered with aluminium skins. The tail would be similarly constructed. The wings also included coupled ailerons and flaps.

The intention was that the flying boat hull would be constructed from four panels of PVC foam covered on both sides with fiberglass at the factory, with the builder just epoxying them together around pre-formed bulkheads. The landing gear was to consist of a retractable tricycle gear, with the main gear swiveling aft and nose wheel retracting forward to act as a docking bumper on the nose. The landing gear main wheel design included disc brakes. The planing hull featured a normal step cut out and Schreder indicated that if this was shown to create too much drag during flight testing that he would design a retractable fairing for it. His intention was to have retractable tip floats that would swing outboard to form wing tips in flight in the same manner as on the Consolidated PBY Catalina, which Schreder had flown during the Second World War.

Despite its flying boat design, the HP-22 was intended as a soaring motor glider and the designer estimated its glide ratio at 30:1 and its minimum sink speed at 2.0 feet per second.

Schreder started work on the HP-22 before the HP-21 was finished and did not finish, register or fly either aircraft.

Specifications (HP-22 projected)

See also

References

1980s United States sailplanes
Schreder aircraft
Amphibious aircraft
Flying boats
Mid-wing aircraft
T-tail aircraft

Schreder HP-22


Jonathan Richard Guy Greenwood (born 5 November 1971) is an English musician. He is the lead guitarist and keyboardist of the rock band Radiohead, and has composed numerous film scores. He has been named one of the greatest guitarists by numerous publications, including Rolling Stone.

Along with his elder brother, Colin, Greenwood attended Abingdon School in Abingdon near Oxford, where he formed Radiohead. He abandoned a degree in music when the band signed to Parlophone. Their debut single, "Creep", (1992) was distinguished by Greenwood's aggressive guitar work. Radiohead have since achieved critical acclaim and sold more than 30 million albums. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Radiohead in 2019.

Greenwood uses numerous instruments and is a prominent player of the ondes Martenot, an early electronic instrument. He uses electronic techniques such as programming, sampling and looping, and writes music software used by Radiohead. He described his role as an arranger, helping to transform Thom Yorke's demos into finished songs. Radiohead albums feature Greenwood's string and brass arrangements, and he has composed for orchestras including the London Contemporary Orchestra and the BBC Concert Orchestra.

Greenwood's first solo work, the soundtrack for the film Bodysong, was released in 2003. In 2007, he scored There Will Be Blood, the first of several collaborations with the director Paul Thomas Anderson. In 2018, he was nominated for an Academy Award for his score for Anderson's Phantom Thread. He was nominated again for his score for The Power of the Dog (2021), directed by Jane Campion. Greenwood also scored We Need to Talk About Kevin (2011) and You Were Never Really Here (2017), both directed by Lynne Ramsay. He has collaborated several times with the Israeli composer Shye Ben Tzur, including on the 2015 album Junun. In 2021, Greenwood debuted a new band, the Smile, with Yorke and the drummer Tom Skinner.

Early life
Jonny Greenwood was born on 5 November 1971 in Oxford, England. His brother, the Radiohead bassist Colin Greenwood, is two years older. Their father served in the British Army as a bomb disposal expert. The Greenwood family has historical ties to the Communist Party of Great Britain and the socialist Fabian Society.

When he was a child, Greenwood's family would listen to a small number of cassettes in their car, including Mozart's horn concertos, the musicals Flower Drum Song and My Fair Lady, and cover versions of Simon and Garfunkel songs. When the cassettes were not playing, Greenwood would listen to the noise of the engine and try to recall every detail of the music. He credited his older siblings with exposing him to rock bands such as the Beat and New Order. The first gig Greenwood attended was the Fall on their 1988 Frenz Experiment tour, which he found "overwhelming".

The Greenwood brothers attended the independent boys' school Abingdon. The Abingdon director of music, Michael Stinton, recalled Jonny as a "charming student" and "committed musician" who would spend as much time in the music department as possible. Greenwood's first instrument was a recorder given to him at age four or five. He played baroque music in recorder groups as a teenager, and continued to play into adulthood. He played the viola in the Thames Vale youth orchestra, which he described as a formative experience: "I'd been in school orchestras and never seen the point. But in Thames Vale I was suddenly with all these 18-year-olds who could actually play in tune. I remember thinking: 'Ah, that's what an orchestra is supposed to sound like! Greenwood also spent time programming, experimenting with BASIC and simple machine code to make computer games. According to Greenwood, "The closer I got to the bare bones of the computer, the more exciting I found it."

On a Friday
At Abingdon, the Greenwood brothers formed a band, On a Friday, with the singer Thom Yorke, the guitarist Ed O'Brien and the drummer Philip Selway. Jonny, the youngest, was two school years below Yorke and Colin and the last to join. He was previously in another band, Illiterate Hands, with Matt Hawksworth, Simon Newton, Ben Kendrick, Nigel Powell and Yorke's brother, Andy.

Greenwood initially played harmonica and keyboards for On a Friday. As they had fired their previous keyboardist for playing too loudly, Greenwood spent his first months playing with his keyboard turned off. No one in the band realised, and Yorke told him he added an "interesting texture". According to Greenwood, "I'd go home in the evening and work out how to actually play chords, and cautiously, over the next few months, I would start turning this keyboard up." He eventually became the lead guitarist. Although the other members of On a Friday had left Abingdon by 1987 to attend university, they continued to rehearse on weekends and holidays. Greenwood studied music at A Level, including chorale harmonisation.

Career

1991–1992: Pablo Honey
In 1991, the members of On a Friday regrouped in Oxford, sharing a house on the corner of Magdalen Road and Ridgefield Road. Greenwood enrolled at Oxford Brookes University to study psychology and music. He left after his first term after On a Friday signed a record contract deal with EMI. They changed their name to Radiohead and released their first album, Pablo Honey, in 1993.

Radiohead found early success with their debut single, "Creep". According to Rolling Stone, "It was Greenwood's gnashing noise blasts that marked Radiohead as more than just another mopey band ... An early indicator of his crucial role in pushing his band forward." Greenwood also played harmonica on Blind Mr. Jones's 1992 single "Crazy Jazz".

1995–1999: The Bends and OK Computer
Radiohead's second album, The Bends (1995), brought them significant critical attention. Greenwood said it had been a "turning point" for Radiohead: "It started appearing in people's [best of] polls for the end of the year. That's when it started to feel like we made the right choice about being a band." On tour, Greenwood damaged his hearing and wore protective ear shields for some performances.

Radiohead's third album, OK Computer (1997), achieved acclaim, showcasing Greenwood's lead guitar work on songs such as "Paranoid Android". For "Climbing up the Walls", Greenwood wrote a part for 16 stringed instruments playing quarter tones apart, inspired by the Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki.

For the 1998 film Velvet Goldmine, Greenwood formed Venus in Furs with Yorke, Suede's Bernard Butler, and Roxy Music's Andy Mackay and recorded covers of the Roxy Music songs "2HB", "Ladytron" and "Bitter-Sweet". Greenwood played harmonica on the tracks "Platform Blues" and "Billie" on Pavement's final album, Terror Twilight (1999).

2000–2003: Kid A, Amnesiac and Hail to the Thief
Radiohead's albums Kid A (2000) and Amnesiac (2001) marked a dramatic change in sound, incorporating influences from electronica, classical music, jazz and krautrock. Greenwood employed a modular synthesiser to build the drum machine rhythm of "Idioteque", and played ondes Martenot, an early electronic instrument similar to a theremin, on several tracks.

For "How to Disappear Completely", Greenwood composed a string section by multitracking his ondes Martenot playing. According to Radiohead's producer, Nigel Godrich, when the string players saw Greenwood's score "they all just sort of burst into giggles, because they couldn't do what he'd written, because it was impossible—or impossible for them, anyway". The orchestra leader, John Lubbock, encouraged the musicians to experiment and work with Greenwood's "naive" ideas. Greenwood also arranged strings for the Amnesiac songs "Pyramid Song" and "Dollars and Cents".

Greenwood played guitar on Bryan Ferry's 2002 album Frantic. For Radiohead's sixth album, Hail to the Thief (2003), Greenwood began using the music programming language Max to sample and manipulate the band's playing. After having used effects pedals heavily on previous albums, he challenged himself to create interesting guitar parts without effects.

2003–2006: Bodysong and first solo work

In 2003, Greenwood released his first solo work, the soundtrack for the documentary film Bodysong. It incorporates guitar, jazz, and classical music. In 2004, Greenwood and Yorke contributed to the Band Aid 20 single "Do They Know It's Christmas?", produced by Godrich.

Greenwood's first work for orchestra, Smear, was premiered by the London Sinfonietta in March 2004. In May, Greenwood was appointed composer-in-residence to the BBC Concert Orchestra, for whom he wrote "Popcorn Superhet Receiver" (2005), which won the Radio 3 Listeners' Award at the 2006 BBC British Composer Awards. The piece was inspired by radio static and the elaborate, dissonant tone clusters of Penderecki's Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima (1960). Greenwood wrote the piece by recording individual tones on viola, then manipulating and overdubbing them in Pro Tools. As part of his prize, Greenwood received £10,000 from the PRS Foundation towards a commission for a new orchestral work.

For the 2005 film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Greenwood appeared as part of the wizard rock band Weird Sisters with the Radiohead drummer Philip Selway, Jarvis Cocker and Steve Mackey of Pulp, Steven Claydon of Add N to (X), and Jason Buckle of All Seeing I. At the 2005 Ether Festival, Greenwood and Yorke performed "Arpeggi" with the London Sinfonietta orchestra and the Arab Orchestra of Nazareth. "Arpeggi" was released in a different arrangement on Radiohead's seventh album, In Rainbows (2007), retitled "Weird Fishes/Arpeggi".

2007–2010: There Will Be Blood and In Rainbows
Greenwood composed the score for the 2007 film There Will Be Blood by the director Paul Thomas Anderson. The soundtrack won an award at the Critics' Choice Awards and the Best Film Score trophy in the Evening Standard British Film Awards for 2007. As it contains excerpts from "Popcorn Superhet Receiver", an earlier piece, it was ineligible for an Academy Award. Rolling Stone named There Will Be Blood the best film of the decade and described the score as "a sonic explosion that reinvented what film music could be". In 2016, the film composer Hans Zimmer said the score was the one that had most "stood out to him" in the past decade, describing it as "recklessly, crazily beautiful".

Greenwood curated a compilation album of reggae tracks, Jonny Greenwood Is the Controller, released by Trojan Records in March 2007. It features mostly 70s roots and dub tracks from artists including Lee "Scratch" Perry, Joe Gibbs and Linval Thompson. The title references Thompson's track "Dread Are the Controller".

Radiohead released their seventh album, In Rainbows, in October 2007, in a landmark use of the pay-what-you-want model for music sales. Greenwood said Radiohead were responding to the culture of downloading free music, which he likened to the legend of King Canute: "You can't pretend the flood isn't happening." Greenwood wrote the title music for Adam Buxton's 2008 sketch show Meebox, and contributed to the 2009 album Basof Mitraglim Le'Hakol by the Israeli rock musician Dudu Tasaa.

2010–2013: Norwegian Wood and The King of Limbs
In February 2010, Greenwood debuted a new composition, "Doghouse", at the BBC's Maida Vale Studios. He wrote it in hotels and dressing rooms while on tour with Radiohead. He expanded "Doghouse" into the score for the Japanese film Norwegian Wood, released later that year. Greenwood played guitar on Bryan Ferry's 2010 album Olympia. In 2011, he and Yorke collaborated with the rapper MF Doom on the track "Retarded Fren".

Radiohead's recorded their eighth album, The King of Limbs (2011), using sampler software written by Greenwood. In 2011, Greenwood scored We Need to Talk About Kevin, directed by Lynne Ramsay, using instruments including a wire-strung harp. In 2012, he composed the score for Anderson's film The Master. That March, Greenwood and the Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki, one of Greenwood's greatest influences, released an album comprising Penderecki's 1960s compositions Polymorphia and Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima, Greenwood's "Popcorn Superhet Receiver", and a new work by Greenwood, "48 Responses to Polymorphia".

In the same year, Greenwood accepted a three-month residency with the Australian Chamber Orchestra in Sydney and composed a new piece, "Water". Greenwood, Yorke, and other artists contributed music to The UK Gold, a 2013 documentary about tax avoidance in the UK. The soundtrack was released free in February 2015 through the online audio platform SoundCloud.

2014–2016: Inherent Vice, Junun and A Moon Shaped Pool
Greenwood composed the soundtrack for the Anderson film Inherent Vice (2014). It features a new version of an unreleased Radiohead song, "Spooks", performed by Greenwood and two members of Supergrass.

In 2014, Greenwood performed with the London Contemporary Orchestra, performing selections from his soundtracks alongside new compositions. In the same year, Greenwood performed with the Israeli composer Shye Ben Tzur and his band. Greenwood described Tzur's music as "quite celebratory, more like gospel music than anything—except that it's all done to a backing of Indian harmoniums and percussion". He said he would play a "supportive" rather than "solistic" role.

In 2015, Greenwood, Tzur and Godrich recorded an album, Junun, with Indian musicians at Mehrangarh Fort in Rajasthan, India. Greenwood insisted they hire only musicians from Rajasthan and only use string instruments native to the region. Ben Tzur wrote the songs, with Greenwood contributing guitar, bass, keyboards, ondes Martenot and programming. Whereas western music is based on harmonies and chord progressions, Greenwood wanted to use chords sparingly, and instead write using North Indian ragas. Greenwood and Godrich said they wanted to avoid the "obsession" with high fidelity in recording world music, and instead hoped to capture the "dirt" and "roughness" of music in India. The recording is the subject of a 2015 documentary, Junun, by Paul Thomas Anderson.

Greenwood contributed string orchestration to Frank Ocean's 2016 albums Endless and Blonde. Radiohead's ninth album, A Moon Shaped Pool, was released in May 2016, featuring strings and choral vocals arranged by Greenwood and performed by the London Contemporary Orchestra. With Ben Tzur and the Indian ensemble, Greenwood supported Radiohead's 2018 Moon Shaped Pool tour under the name Junun.

2017–2020: Phantom Thread and The Power of the Dog
Greenwood wrote the score for Anderson's 2017 film Phantom Thread. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score and earned Greenwood his sixth Ivor Novello award. In the same year, he reunited with Ramsay to score her film You Were Never Really Here. At the 2019 BBC Proms in London, Greenwood debuted his composition "Horror Vacui" for solo violin and 68 string instruments.

Radiohead were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in March 2019. Greenwood did not attend the event. In the year before Radiohead became eligible for nomination, he told Rolling Stone: "I don't care. Maybe it's a cultural thing that I really don't understand ...  It's quite a self-regarding profession anyway. And anything that heightens that just makes me feel even more uncomfortable."

In September 2019, Greenwood launched a record label, Octatonic Records, to release contemporary classical music by soloists and small groups he had met as a film composer. In 2021, he expressed uncertainty about releasing further Octatonic records, as the two records they had released "seemed to not really connect with anybody".

For the soundtrack for The Power of the Dog (2021), Greenwood played the cello in the style of a banjo and recorded a piece for player piano controlled with the software Max. The soundtrack earned Greenwood his second nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Score. For his soundtrack to Spencer (2021), Greenwood combined Baroque and jazz music, juxtaposing the "rigid" and "colourful" styles. He also contributed cues to Anderson's 2021 film Licorice Pizza.

2021–present: the Smile and Jarak Qaribak

In 2021, Greenwood debuted a new band, the Smile, with Yorke and the jazz drummer Tom Skinner. Greenwood said the project was a way for him and Yorke to work together during the COVID-19 lockdowns. The Smile made their surprise debut in a performance streamed by Glastonbury Festival on 22 May, with Greenwood playing guitar and bass.

The Guardian critic Alexis Petridis said the Smile "sound like a simultaneously more skeletal and knottier version of Radiohead", exploring more progressive rock influences with unusual time signatures, complex riffs and "hard-driving" motorik psychedelia. In May 2022, the Smile released their debut album, A Light for Attracting Attention, and began an international tour. Greenwood and Yorke contributed music to the sixth series of the television drama Peaky Blinders, broadcast in 2022.

On 9 June 2023, Greenwood and the Israeli musician Dudu Tassa released Jarak Qaribak, an album of Middle Eastern love songs. It was produced by Greenwood and Tasaa and mixed by Godrich, and features several musicians from the Middle East. Greenwood said he and Tasaa had "tried to imagine what Kraftwerk would have done if they'd been in Cairo in the 1970s". Greenwood denied any intent to make a political point with the album, and said: "I do understand that as soon as you do anything in that part of the world it becomes political ... possibly especially if it's artistic." Greenwood composed and conducted strings for the Pretenders song "I Think About You Daily", released in June 2023.

Musicianship

Guitar
Greenwood is Radiohead's lead guitarist. He is known for his aggressive playing style. Gary Walker, writing for Guitar.com, wrote that Greenwood's playing on Pablo Honey was an "exhilarating melange of tremolo-picked soundscapes, chunky octaves, screaming high-register runs and killswitch antics". In the 1990s, he developed repetitive stress injury, necessitating a brace on his right arm, which he likened to "taping up your fingers before a boxing match".

For most Radiohead songs, Greenwood has long used a Fender Telecaster Plus, a model of Telecaster that uses Lace Sensor pickups. According to Far Out, Greenwood used the Telecaster's "power and instability" to produce a "punchy" sound that helped set Radiohead apart in the 1990s. On softer tracks, such as "Subterranean Homesick Alien" and "Let Down" from OK Computer and "You And Whose Army?" from Amnesiac, Greenwood plays a Fender Starcaster. He plays a Gibson Les Paul for solo performances and his work with the Smile. For bass, he plays a Fender Precision Bass, using an aggressive picking style. He sometimes plays with a violin bow. Greenwood said he dislikes the reputation of guitars as something to be "admired or worshipped", and instead sees them as a tool like a typewriter or a vacuum cleaner.

Greenwood often uses effect pedals, such as the Marshall ShredMaster distortion pedal used on many 1990s Radiohead songs. For the "My Iron Lung" riff, he uses a DigiTech Whammy pedal to pitch-shift his guitar by one octave, creating a "glitchy, lo-fi" sound. On "Identikit" and several Smile songs, Greenwood uses a delay effect to create "angular" synchronised repeats. His main amplifiers are a Vox AC30 and a Fender 85.

In 2010, NME named Greenwood one of the greatest living guitarists. He was voted the seventh-greatest guitarist of all time in a 2010 poll of more than 30,000 BBC 6 Music listeners. In 2010, the Rolling Stone journalist David Fricke named Greenwood the 48th-greatest guitarist of all time, and in 2012 Spin ranked him the 29th. In 2008, Guitar World named Greenwood's solo in "Paranoid Android" the 34th-greatest guitar solo, and "Paranoid Android", "Just" and "The Bends" appeared in NME's 2012 list of the best guitar solos. In its 2023 list of the greatest guitarists, Rolling Stone ranked Greenwood and O'Brien joint 43rd, writing: "Even as he blossomed into a noted neo-classical composer, Greenwood always made sure to throw in at least one brain-scrambling banger of a guitar part per album."

Ondes Martenot
Greenwood is a prominent player of the ondes Martenot, an early electronic instrument played by moving a ring along a wire, creating sounds similar to a theremin. He first used it on Radiohead's 2000 album Kid A, and it appears in Radiohead songs including "The National Anthem", "How to Disappear Completely" and "Where I End and You Begin".

Greenwood became interested in the ondes Martenot at the age of 15 after hearing Olivier Messiaen's Turangalîla Symphony. He said he was partly attracted to the instrument as he cannot sing: "I've always wanted to be able to play an instrument that was like singing, and there's nothing closer." As production of the ondes Martenot ceased in 1988, Greenwood had a replica created to take on tour with Radiohead in 2001 for fear of damaging his original model.

Other instruments
Greenwood plays instruments including piano, synthesiser, viola, glockenspiel, harmonica, recorder, organ, banjo and harp. He said he enjoyed "struggling with instruments I can't really play", and that he enjoyed playing glockenspiel with Radiohead as much as he did guitar.

Greenwood created the rhythm for "Idioteque" (from Kid A) with a modular synthesiser and sampled the song's four-chord synthesiser phrase from "mild und leise", a computer music piece by Paul Lansky. He uses a Kaoss Pad to manipulate Yorke's vocals during performances of the Kid A song "Everything in its Right Place". In 2014, Greenwood wrote of his fascination with Indian instruments, particularly the tanpura, which he felt created uniquely complex "walls" of sounds.

Greenwood uses a "home-made sound machine" comprising small hammers striking objects including yoghurt cartons, tubs, bells, and tambourines. He has used found sounds, using a television and a transistor radio on "Climbing Up the Walls" (from OK Computer) and "The National Anthem" (from Kid A).

Software
At the suggestion of Radiohead's producer, Nigel Godrich, Greenwood began using the music programming language Max. He said: "I got to reconnect properly with computers… I didn't have to use someone else's idea of what a delay, or a reverb, or a sequencer should do, or should sound like—I could start from the ground, and think in terms of sound and maths. It was like coming off the rails." Examples of Greenwood's use of Max include the processed piano on the Moon Shaped Pool track "Glass Eyes" and his signature "stutter" guitar effect used on tracks such as the 2003 single "Go to Sleep". He used Max to write sampling software used to create Radiohead's eighth album, The King of Limbs.

Songwriting
Greenwood's major writing contributions to Radiohead include "Just" (which Yorke described as "a competition by me and Jonny to get as many chords as possible into a song"); "My Iron Lung", co-written with Yorke, from The Bends (1995); "The Tourist" and the "rain down" bridge of "Paranoid Android" from OK Computer (1997); the vocal melody of "Kid A" from Kid A (2000); and the guitar melody of "A Wolf At The Door" from Hail To The Thief (2003), whose "sweet" quality inspired Yorke to sing the song's "angry" lyrics.

The New York Times described Greenwood as "the guy who can take an abstract Thom Yorke notion and master the tools required to execute it in the real world". In 2016, Greenwood described his role as arranger:

It's not really about can I do my guitar part now, it's more ... What will serve this song best? How do we not mess up this really good song? Part of the problem is Thom will sit at the piano and play a song like "Pyramid Song" and we're going to record it and how do we not make it worse, how do we make it better than him just playing it by himself, which is already usually quite great.

For his film soundtracks, Greenwood attempts to keep the instrumentation contemporary to the period of the story. For example, he recorded the Norwegian Wood soundtrack using a 1960s Japanese nylon-strung guitar with home recording equipment from the period, attempting to create a recording that one of the characters might have made.

Many of Greenwood's compositions are microtonal. He often uses modes of limited transposition, particularly the octatonic scale, saying: "I like to know what I can't do and then work inside that."

Influences
Greenwood has cited influences from genres including jazz, classical, rock, reggae, hip-hop, and electronic music. His jazz favourites include Lee Morgan, Alice Coltrane and Miles Davis. Along with the other members of Radiohead, he admires Scott Walker and the Krautrock band Can. Greenwood said the guitarist that had most influenced him was John McGeoch of Magazine, and that Magazine's songwriting "informs so much of what [Radiohead] do". He declined an offer to fill in for McGeoch, who died in 2004, during Magazine's 2009 reunion tour. According to the Radiohead collaborator Adam Buxton, Jonny was "overwhelmed" and too shy to accept the role.

Greenwood first heard Olivier Messiaen's Turangalîla Symphony at the age of 15 and became "round-the-bend-obsessed with it". Messiaen was Greenwood's "first connection" to classical music, and remains an influence; he said: "He was still alive when I was 15, and for whatever reason I felt I could equate him with my other favourite bands—there was no big posthumous reputation to put me off. So I'm still very fond of writing things in the same modes of limited transposition that he used."

Greenwood is an admirer of the Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki, and cited a concert of Penderecki's music in the early 90s as a "conversion experience".  He is also a fan of the composers György Ligeti, Henri Dutilleux, and Steve Reich. He has performed Reich's 1987 guitar composition Electric Counterpoint and recorded a version for Reich's 2014 album Radio Rewrite.

Personal life
Greenwood is married to the Israeli visual artist Sharona Katan, whom he met in 1993 when Radiohead performed in Israel. Her work (credited as Shin Katan) appears on the covers of Junun and several of Greenwood's soundtracks. Their first son was born in 2002; Radiohead's 2003 album Hail to the Thief was dedicated to him. Their daughter was born in 2005, and a second son was born in February 2008. Katan said she considers their family Jewish: "Our kids are raised as Jews, we have a mezuzah in our house, we sometimes have Shabbos dinners, we celebrate Jewish holidays. The kids don't eat pork. It's important to me to keep this stuff."

In February 2021, Greenwood appeared on the BBC Radio 4 program Saturday Live, where his selected "Inheritance Tracks" were "Sweetheart Contract" by Magazine and "Brotherhood of Man" by Oscar Peterson and Clark Terry. Greenwood is red-green colour blind. Since 2015, Greenwood has lived on a farm in Marche, Italy. In April 2023, he began selling his own olive oil from Radiohead's online shop.

Discography

Collaborative albums

Soundtracks

Compilations

EPs

Appearances

 1992 – Blind Mr. Jones, "Crazy Jazz" – harmonica
 1999 – Pavement, Terror Twilight – harmonica on "Platform Blues" and "Billie"
 2002 – Bryan Ferry, Frantic – guitar
 2009 – Dudu Tassa – Basof Mitraglim Le'Hakol
 2010 – Bryan Ferry, Olympia – guitar
 2011 – We Need to Talk About Kevin – score
 2014 – Steve Reich, Radio Rewrite – "Electric Counterpoint"
 2016 – Frank Ocean, Endless – string arrangement
 2016 – Frank Ocean, Blonde –  string arrangement
 2021 – Licorice Pizza (Official Motion Picture Soundtrack) – "Licorice Pizza"
 2023 – The Pretenders, Relentless – string arrangement for "I Think About You Daily"

Concert works
2004 – smear for two ondes Martenots and chamber ensemble of nine players
2004 – Piano for Children for piano and orchestra (withdrawn)
2005 – Popcorn Superhet Receiver for string orchestra
2007 – There Will Be Blood live film version
2010 – Doghouse for string trio and orchestra
2011 – Suite from 'Noruwei no Mori' (Norwegian Wood) for orchestra
2011 – 48 Responses to Polymorphia for 48 solo strings, all doubling optional pacay bean shakers
2012 – Suite from 'There Will Be Blood''' for string orchestra
2014 – Setting Up Arrows for string ensemble of 7 players
2014 – Water for two flutes, upright piano, chamber organ, two tanpura & string orchestra
2015 – 88 (No 1) for solo piano
2018 – Three Miniatures from 'Water' for violin, piano, 2 tampuras, and cello/bass drone
2019 – Horror vacui'' for solo violin and 68 strings

Awards and nominations

See also
 List of Old Abingdonians

References

Notes

Citations

External links

 StringsReunited.com, a website by Plank, the guitar technician for Radiohead
 Greenwood's composer page on the Faber Music website

1971 births
Alternative rock guitarists
Alternative rock pianists
British male pianists
English film score composers
English male film score composers
English male guitarists
English multi-instrumentalists
English rock guitarists
English rock keyboardists
Grammy Award winners
Ivor Novello Award winners
Lead guitarists
Living people
Nonesuch Records artists
Ondists
People educated at Abingdon School
Musicians from Oxford
Radiohead members
The Smile (band) members

Jonny Greenwood