Santo Trafficante Jr. (November 15, 1914 – March 17, 1987) was among the most powerful Mafia bosses in the United States. He headed the Trafficante crime family from 1954 to 1987 and controlled organized criminal operations in Florida and Cuba, which had previously been consolidated from several rival gangs by his father, Santo Trafficante Sr.

Trafficante maintained links to the Bonanno crime family in New York City, but was more closely allied with Sam Giancana in Chicago. Consequently, while generally recognized as the most powerful organized crime figure in Florida throughout much of the 20th century, Trafficante was not believed to have total control over Miami, Miami Beach, Ft. Lauderdale, or Palm Beach. The east coast of Florida was a loosely knit conglomerate of New York family interests with links to Meyer Lansky, Bugsy Siegel, Angelo Bruno, Carlos Marcello, and Frank Ragano.

Trafficante admitted his anti-Castro activities to the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations in 1978, and vehemently denied allegations that he had knowledge of a plot to assassinate President John F. Kennedy. Federal investigators brought racketeering and conspiracy charges against him in the summer of 1986.

Early life
Trafficante was born in Tampa, Florida, to Sicilian parents Santo Trafficante Sr. and his wife Maria Giuseppa Cacciatore in 1914. He dropped out of high school before the 10th grade. Trafficante maintained several residences in New York City and Florida. U.S. Treasury Department documents indicate that law enforcement believed Trafficante's legitimate business interests to include several legal casinos in Cuba; a Havana drive-in movie theater; and shares in several restaurants and bars in Trafficante's hometown of Tampa, Florida. He was rumored to be part of a Mafia syndicate which owned many Cuban hotels and casinos. As one of the most powerful mobsters in the US, Trafficante was invited to the Havana Conference in December 1946.

Trafficante was arrested frequently throughout the 1950s on various charges of bribery and of running illegal bolita lotteries in Tampa's Ybor City district. He escaped conviction all but once, receiving a five-year sentence for bribery in 1954, but his conviction was overturned by the Florida Supreme Court before he entered prison.

During the 1950s, Trafficante Jr. maintained a narcotic trafficking network with Tommy Lucchese, the boss of the Lucchese crime family in New York City. Trafficante Jr. had known Lucchese since the 1940s, when his father and Lucchese had trained him in the mafia traditions. Trafficante Jr. would frequently meet with Lucchese in New York City for dinner.

Cuba

Trafficante had been operating in Cuba since the late 1940s under his father, Santo Trafficante Sr., a mobster in Tampa, Florida. After his father died in 1954, he became the head in Tampa and took over his fathers interests in Cuba. Trafficante moved to Cuba in 1955, where he came into contact with Batista and Meyer Lansky. During the rule of Cuba's authoritarian dictator Fulgencio Batista, Trafficante openly operated the Sans Souci Cabaret and the Casino International gambling establishments in Havana. As a leading member of the syndicate, he also was suspected of having behind-the-scenes interests in other syndicate-owned Cuban casinos: the Hotel Habana Riviera, the Tropicana Club, the Sevilla-Biltmore, the Capri Hotel Casino, the Commodoro, the Deauville, and the Havana Hilton.

Trafficante was apprehended in November 1957, along with over 60 other mobsters, at the Apalachin meeting in Apalachin, New York. All were fined, up to $10,000 each, and given prison sentences ranging from three to five years. All the convictions were overturned on appeal in 1960. Cuba was one of the Apalachin topics of discussion, particularly the gambling and narcotics smuggling interests of La Cosa Nostra on the island. The international narcotics trade was also an important topic on the Apalachin agenda.

In January 1958, Trafficante was questioned by the Cuban police regarding the Apalachin meeting. A full report was made by the Cuban police, dated January 23, 1958, includes transcripts of long-distance telephone calls made from the Sans Souci during the period August–December 1957. The report was given to the District Attorney's office. In addition, "on January 23, 1958 the Cuban Department of Investigation, Havana, Cuba notified the Bureau of Narcotics that Santo Trafficante was registered in their Alien Office under No. 93461."

Plot to assassinate Castro
After Fidel Castro's revolutionary government seized the assets of Trafficante's Cuban businesses and expelled him from the country as an "undesirable alien," Trafficante came into contact with various US intelligence operatives, and was involved in several unsuccessful plans to assassinate Castro. In 1975, the CIA declassified a report stating that Trafficante had been persuaded to poison Castro, an allegation he denied. In 1997, further declassified documents indicated that some mafiosi worked with the agency on assassination attempts against Castro. Allusions to these historic connections were confirmed by the CIA's 2007 declassification of the "Family Jewels" documents.

The "Family Jewels" confirmed that in September 1960, the CIA recruited ex-FBI agent Robert Maheu to approach the West Coast representative of the Chicago mob, Johnny Roselli. Maheu hid the fact that he was sent by the CIA, instead portraying himself an advocate for international corporations. He offered to pay $150,000 to have Castro killed, but Roselli declined any pay and introduced Maheu to two men he referred to as "Sam Gold" and "Joe." "Sam Gold" was Sam Giancana; "Joe" was Trafficante. The CIA and the Mafia had a common enemy in Castro, a communist revolutionary who had shut down Cuba's lucrative casino businesses.

JFK conspiracy allegations
In 1976, Cuban exile and FBI informant Jose Aleman told The Washington Post that in September 1962, Trafficante had offered him a loan of $1.5 million to replace Aleman's three-story "ramshackle motel with a 12-story glass wonder." He said that Trafficante complained about the honesty of the Kennedys and their "attacks" on Jimmy Hoffa and other associates. According to Aleman, when he told Trafficante that President John F. Kennedy would likely be re-elected, Trafficante replied, "No, Jose, he is going to be hit." Aleman claimed to have reported Trafficante's comments to his FBI contacts, who "dismissed the Kennedy warnings as gangland braggadocio."

In 1978, both Trafficante and Aleman were called to testify before members of the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations investigating possible links between Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald and anti-Castro Cubans, including the theory that Castro had Kennedy killed in retaliation for the CIA's attempts on his own life. On September 27, 1978, Aleman reiterated to HSCA investigators that Trafficante had complained to him for hours in June or July 1963 about Kennedy's crackdown on organized crime at a meeting to discuss a business loan.

The HSCA had previously quoted Aleman as stating that he thought Trafficante's use of the phrase "he is going to be hit" meant that the mob boss knew Kennedy was going to be killed. When this was pointed out, Aleman denied that he meant that he believed Kennedy was going to murdered and said he thought that Trafficante meant that Kennedy was going to be "hit" politically during the next election. He stated that he was concerned for his safety and was not certain that he had ever correctly heard or understood Trafficante's comment.

After a grant of immunity from prosecution, Trafficante testified before the HSCA the following day, September 28, and denied the allegation that he told Aleman that "Kennedy was going to be hit." He stated that he was positive that he did not say it because he always spoke to Aleman in Spanish, and said that there was no way to state the phrase in Spanish. Trafficante also stated that he had no recollection of meeting Oswald or Oswald's assassin, Jack Ruby. During his testimony, Trafficante also admitted for the first time that he had worked with the CIA from 1960 to 1961 for an attempt to poison Castro but stated that his role was only as an interpreter between CIA officials and Cuban exiles. He testified that he was brought into the plot by Roselli and Giancana, who had been recruited by Maheu. Trafficante said that he introduced the trio to Cuban exiles in Florida. He stated that he received no payment for his involvement and that he acted out of patriotism.

On January 14, 1992, Trafficante's former attorney, Frank Ragano, told Jack Newfield of the New York Post that he relayed a request from Hoffa to Trafficante and New Orleans boss Carlos Marcello to have Kennedy killed. He repeated the claim two days later on ABC's Good Morning America, in Newfield's Frontline report entitled JFK, Hoffa and Mob broadcast in November 1992, and again in his 1994 autobiography Mob Lawyer. According to Ragano, he met Hoffa at the Teamsters' headquarters in Washington, DC, then delivered the message to Trafficante and Marcello in a meeting at the Royal Orleans Hotel in New Orleans. He stated he was chosen by Hoffa because, as both Hoffa and Trafficante's lawyer, he could be assured of attorney–client privilege.

Ragano also claimed that Trafficante, four days prior to his death, delivered a deathbed confession which suggested that Marcello was meant to assassinate Robert F. Kennedy instead of his brother, the President. He claimed three witnesses could support his statement that he met Trafficante in Tampa, but refused to name them, adding: "One guy is afraid of retaliation. The other guys are two doctors, who say they'll testify if they're summoned to court." In his book Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Vincent Bugliosi has claimed there to be many flaws in Ragano's claims, including his own claim that Trafficante was most likely not in Tampa on the day in question, but was rather in North Miami Beach, Florida, receiving dialysis treatments.

In 2005, Lamar Waldron and Thom Hartmann's book Ultimate Sacrifice said that Trafficante was behind an aborted plot to kill Kennedy in Tampa on November 18, 1963.

Later years and death
Trafficante was summoned to court in 1986 and questioned about his involvement with the King's Court Bottle Club operated by members of the Bonanno crime family, including undercover FBI agent Joseph D. "Joe" Pistone, a.k.a. Donnie Brasco. Trafficante again escaped conviction. On March 17, 1987, Trafficante died at the age of 72 at the Texas Heart Institute in Houston where he had gone for heart surgery. His wife, Josephine, died in 2015 at the age of 95; he is survived by two of his daughters. After the death of his wife, the Trafficante family sold their Tampa 1970-built home for $950,000. In February 2016, many of Trafficante's personal belongings were sold at an auction in St. Petersburg, Florida.

References

Further reading
Cigar City Mafia : A Complete History of the Tampa Underworld (2004), Scott M. Deitche,  Barricade Books
The Silent Don: The Criminal Underworld of Santo Trafficante Jr (2007), Scott M. Deitche,  Barricade Books
Mob Lawyer (1996), Frank Ragano, Random House
"White Shadow", (2006) Ace Atkins, (G.P. Putnam)
Donnie Brasco: My Undercover Life in the Mafia. Joseph D. Pistone(1987)

External links
Associated Press report on Trafficante's death
Short history of the Mafia in Tampa
"Little Man: Meyer Lansky and the Gangster Life" By Robert Lacy

1914 births
1987 deaths
American crime bosses
American gangsters of Sicilian descent
People from Tampa, Florida
Trafficante crime family

Santo Trafficante Jr.


Morteza Barjesteh  (), best known by his stage name Morteza (), is an Iranian pop singer-songwriter and composer who gained fame in Iran during the 1980s.

Early life
Morteza was born in Tehran and spent his early years there. Finishing primary and secondary education, he studied architecture and engaged in graphic designing. During the years of living in Iran, he worked with several advertising companies as a designer.

By the age of 16, Morteza started singing in Iranian movies. In 1969, he entered a singing festival in Mikhak-e Noghre-yi (Silver Carnation), a TV show which was performed by Fereydoon Farrokhzad and broadcast on Iran's national television for the first time, and won the competition. This was the beginning of his professional singing career.

Music career
His first song called "Eshgh-e Zood-gozar" ("fleeting love") was written by Masoud Hooshmand. The late Parviz Maghsadi composed the music for "Eshgh-e Zood-gozar".

Gradually thereafter, Morteza Barjasteh became known to people by his stage name, Morteza. Until the Islamic Revolution of Iran, he sang about 180 songs while cooperating with many Iranian songwriters and composers. He also sang about 50 songs for Iranian movies.

In 1981, two years after the Islamic Revolution, he left Iran for the United States and settled in Los Angeles.

He continued his artistic activities in the United States attending Iranian folk music and despite financial pressures, recorded two albums called "Dayeh Dayeh" ("nanny nanny") and "Anar Anar" ("pomegranate"), both of which were well received by the Iranian society. Considering the political conditions of Iran during the 1980s, he sang some political songs, the most prominent of which was "Darugheh" ("the sheriff") written by Masoud Amini.

Morteza also kept up graphic designing and designed the covers for some of his own albums and other artists' as well.

Since 2005, Morteza has also hosted a TV show called Navad (or 90).

Social activities
Following his artistic activities, he founded the cultural center of "Iran culture house" in 2002 in order to gather the Iranian society of the US together. The Iran culture house deals with social matters while doing cultural and artistic activities in the fields of theatre,  music and so on and offering lectures and art classes.

After the 2009 election and the protests of a great majority of Iranians and their being oppressed by the government which eventually resulted in the formation of "Iranian Green Movement", Morteza has been one of the few singers who performed some songs in regards to the mentioned political events. The most outstanding of such songs was a bilingual one named "Hamishe ba Neda" ("united for Neda"). Composing the mentioned piece of music, he was accompanied by Dariush, Sattar and some of the otherIranian artists, such as Shohreh Aghdashloo, Parviz Sayyad, and some American artists.

Discography

Morteza has recorded over 300 songs of which about 180 were sung in Iran and more than 130 in L.A. About 50 of his songs were performed in Persian films. His last album named "Sepasgozar" ("the grateful") published on the occasion of the 40s year of his artistic activity.

 Dayeh Dayeh (1983)
 Himeh (1984)
 Jang (1985)
 Darougheh (1986)
 Vaveyla (1988)
 Gol Agha (1990)
 Az Gol Ta Gol (1993)
 Robat (1995)
 Romance (1999)
 Sin Ti" (2000)
 Millennium Beat (2000)
 Doniaye Rangi (2002)
 Friends (2008)
 Sepasgozar'' (2009)

See also

 Fereydoun Farrokhzad
 Leila Kasra
 Ebi

References

1951 births
Living people
21st-century Iranian male singers
20th-century Iranian male singers
Singers from Tehran
Iranian pop singers
Iranian singer-songwriters
Iranian male singer-songwriters
Exiles of the Iranian Revolution in the United States
Caltex Records artists
Taraneh Records artists

Morteza (singer)


William Leymergie (born 4 February 1947 in Libourne) is a  French journalist television producer and host, best known for the French breakfast television news show Télématin, broadcast on public broadcaster France 2 and TV5 in Canada.

Biography
After completing an arts degree at University of Paris X: Nanterre, Leymergie began his career at the External Affairs and Cooperation department (now Radio France Internationale) of the Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française (ORTF) in 1970. In 1972, he joined the children's programming department as well as the France Inter radio station. In 1974, he became a journalist at the TF1 television network.

After a period at the National Audiovisual Institute (INA), Leymergie worked as a journalist in the children's programming department of Antenne 2 from 1978 to 1984, where he produced programmes such as Disney Dimanche in 1979 and Récré A2 in 1980.

Starting in 1985, he has hosted France 2's morning show, Télématin, which he has also produced since 1990. His only other television activity during this period was a stint co-hosting the 13:00 Antenne 2 news with Patricia Charnelet from 1987 to 1990. During this period, the broadcast beat the 13:00 TF1 news, read by Yves Mourousi, in the ratings, which has not happened again since.

Leymergie sang the French-language version of the theme song of the television series based on the Pac-Man arcade game, and has appeared in small roles in various movies.

Filmography

As producer
 C'est au programme (since 1998)
 Télématin (since 1990)
 Récré A2 (1980)
 Quelle histoire !

As actor
 Les Misérables (1995)
 Hommes, femmes, mode d'emploi (1996)
 Le courage d'aimer (2005)
 Chacun sa vie et son intime conviction (2017)

Discography
 "Pac Man" (single, 1985)

Bibliography
 Fréquence Mômes : les enfants ont la parole, Belfond/France Inter (1995)
 Paroles de gosses, Albin Michel (1997)
 Quand les grands étaient petits, Fayard (2009)

Awards and recognition
 Prix Média – Fondation pour l'enfance (1992) for Fréquence Mômes on France Inter
 Prix de l'Association Défense de la langue française (1993) for Télématin
 Knight – Ordre National du Mérite
 Knight – Légion d'honneur

External links

1947 births
Living people
French television journalists
French television presenters
French television producers
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Knights of the Ordre national du Mérite
People from Libourne
Paris Nanterre University alumni

William Leymergie


Yuantouzhu () is a peninsula which lies on the northwestern shore of Lake Tai, near Wuxi in China's Jiangsu province. It was established as a park in 1916 and celebrated its centennial in 2016.

Yuantouzhu, or "Turtle Head Isle" in English (so called because its shape resembles a turtle's head), is a popular scenic tourist region. Tourist ferries leave from Yuantouzhu to the Sanshan Islands (), which were opened to tourists in the mid-1980s. Seagulls follow the boat and like to be fed by tourists on boat.

The Yuantouzhu park is famous for its tourism especially during the spring season from March to April when hundreds of cherry blossom trees start to bloom.   Two gates are open for tourists which are Chongshan gate and Dushan main gate. During the season, there are also at least eight ancient fishing sailboats in the lake.

References

Gallery

External links
Official website

Peninsulas of China
Landforms of Jiangsu
Tourist attractions in Jiangsu

Yuantouzhu


The Fort de Queuleu () is a fortification to the southeast of Metz, near Queuleu, France. Construction began while part of Lorraine was under French rule in 1868. After the interruption of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, the fort was improved between 1872 and 1875 by the German Empire, which had conquered the area in the war. Renamed Fort Goeben, it formed part of the first ring of the fortifications of Metz. Functionally obsolete by the First World War, it saw no military action, but was used by the Germans as a detention center for members of the French Resistance during World War II.

Context
The fort was one of the first built according to the fortification system developed by Lieutenant Colonel Raymond Adolphe Séré de Rivières. The goal was to build a discontinuous enclosure around Metz using a series of artillery forts spaced a cannonshot apart. In the 1860s tension was rising between France and Germany, causing France to attend to the fortification of its frontiers. Metz, close to the border and a strategic road and rail crossing, was the beneficiary of one of the first programs of fortification. Before all of the forts could be completed, France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War and the area around Metz was annexed to Germany. Metz then became a crucial strongpoint on Germany's frontier, receiving sustained attention to its defenses that culminated in the Moselstellung of the early twentieth century.

The pre-war French construction program comprised eight forts surrounding Metz at a distance of 3.5 - 5.5 km from the center of the city. Planning began in 1864, and in 1867 the project was placed under the supervision of Séré de Rivières. Compared with later Séré de Rivières system forts, the fort's design is reminiscent of the bastioned enclosures of Vauban of the 18th century.  In their developed form, the Séré de Rivières forts of the 1870s were much simplified in plan, with less overt reference to historic prototypes.

Casemates were arranged on two levels. As constructed, a large proportion of the fort's artillery was placed on the surface of the fort, exposed to high-angle artillery fire. This was not considered a major disadvantage in the 1860s, when most opposing artillery was expected to be smooth-bored guns firing solid shot or gunpowder-filled shells on a low trajectory, with the aim of battering the walls of the fort so that breaches could be exploited by infantry. During the 1870s rifled guns came into widespread use, making exposed masonry walls dangerously vulnerable. At the same time, fuses were developed that enabled shells fired at a high angle from howitzers or mortars to explode in the air above an open position, making exposed fixed-position artillery untenable. Fort de Queuleu was thus already obsolete when it was taken over by the Germans.

The fort's construction was improved under the German Empire, which renamed it Fort Goeben after a Prussian general who had distinguished himself at the Battle of Spicheren on 6 August 1870. Immediate German construction focused on dispersing gun batteries to flanking positions and reinforcing protection for personnel and ammunition against shellfire. In 1885, new explosives led to a massive increase in the explosive power of artillery projectiles, the so-called crise de l'obus-torpille ("torpedo-shell crisis). This development made unprotected artillery and masonry construction entirely obsolete, as the new shells could easily destroy masonry structures.  In response, concrete and earth sheltering was employed in new forts, and older forts were reinforced under the new principles. In 1885 a program of reinforcement covered some critical areas of Queuleu with concrete and provided better infantry shelters. As an early fort, Queuleu has relatively few underground passages compared to the Moselstellung forts of the 1890s, but does feature countermine passages extending from the front of the fort.

History
While the Moselle valley was under German control during World War II the fort was used starting in 1943 by the German occupiers as an internment camp (S Sonderlager) for members of the French Resistance, including Joseph Derhan. The  fort was called the "Hell of Queuleu" (Enfer de Queuleu). It was not a concentration camp, but an interrogation center for captured or arrested members of the Resistance, commanded by Schutzstaffel Hauptscharführer Georg Friedrich Hempen (* 27.07.1905). Between 1500 and 1800 people were detained at Queuleu.  Prisoners were held in Casemate A of the fort. Thirty-six died there and four escaped through a ventilation shaft. Among the most notable prisoners were the Mario Group of resisters, led by Jean Burger. Almost all of the prisoners were transferred to concentration camps as American forces approached Metz in late 1944. The Germans evacuated the fort on 17 August 1944 and moved the majority of the detainees to Struthof, Schirmeck or Ravensbrück.

Georg Hempen was tried and sentenced in absentia to death. He was arrested in 1962 while working as a police officer in Oldenburg, Germany. After a lengthy trial, he was acquitted on technical grounds.

Present situation
A memorial to the Resistance and Deportation, designed by architect R. Zonca, was inaugurated on 20 November 1977, when the fort became the property of the city of Metz. It had been designated a historical monument in 1971. The fort is open to the public at scheduled times.

References

Bibliography
 Léon Burger, Tragédies mosellanes, le fort de Queuleu à Metz, 1973, Metz.
 Léon Burger, En Moselle, Résistance et tragédies pendant la deuxième guerre mondiale, 1976, Metz. (Léon Burger was the brother of Jean Burger, chief of the Mario resistance group.)
 Claudia Moisel: Frankreich und die Kriegsverbrecher ; Wallstein-Verlag Göttingen 2004

External links
 Fort de Metz-Queuleu
 Fort de Queuleu at Chemins de mémoire
 Images of Casemate A
 Military positions of the Moselle from 1871 to 1939.

Fortifications of Metz
World War II internment camps in France
World War I museums in France
World War II museums in France
Séré de Rivières system
Museums in Moselle (department)

Fort de Queuleu


Scintillo (foaled 6 February 2005) is a British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse which raced out of the United Kingdom. At the age two the colt won the Gran Criterium Group 1. Following an average three-year-old season he, like his sire, came into his own as a four-year-old, winning several significant contests. These include the Grand Prix de Chantilly and the Winter Derby. He was also the ROA All-weather horse of the year 2009.

He was trained by Richard Hannon, Sr. in Wiltshire UK and owned by the White Beech Farm racing syndicate.

Bred by the Woodcote Stud Scintillo is out of Danseuse Du Soir, which was the Broodmare of the Year in 2007. Danseuse Du Soir won the French 1,000 guineas (the Poule d'Essai des Pouliches) and the Prix de la Forêt in 1991. Scintillo's sire Fantastic Light was the Horse of the World in 2000 and the Eclipse Champion Turf Male in North America, ROA Horse of the Year (UK) & Horse of the World in 2001.

References
 Fantastic Light's pedigree and stats
 Scintillo's pedigree and stats
 Danseuse Du Soir's pedigree and stats
 Scintillo's racing details (Racing Post)

2005 racehorse births
Thoroughbred family 21-a
Racehorses bred in the United Kingdom
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom

Scintillo


Wong Kwok Pun (also known as Laurence Wong, ; Cantonese ; Jyutping: wong4 gwok3 ban1; Mandarin Pinyin: Huang Guobin) is a Hong Kong scholar, poet and translator. He is most famous for rendering Dante's La Divina Commedia into Chinese while preserving the terza rima rhyming scheme, an approach no Chinese translator had ever tried to take.

He was born in Hong Kong in 1946 and grew up there, his original hometown being Guangzhou. He received his BA (English and Translation) and MPhil (English) from The University of Hong Kong and his PhD (East Asian Studies) from the University of Toronto. He taught in the Department of English Studies and Comparative Literature at The University of Hong Kong from 1982 to 1986 and in the Department of Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics at York University in Canada from 1987 to 1992. After being the professor of the Department of Translation at Lingnan University, he is now teaching in the Chinese University of Hong Kong as research professor.

He is a polyglot, familiar with Classical Greek, Latin, French, Italian, German, and Spanish, as well as Chinese and English. He studied for some time in Florence to better understand Dante.

One of his poems, Listening to Louis Chen's Zither, was selected into the Chinese textbooks for secondary school students in Hong Kong.

Most of his books are published in Taiwan, including the ground-breaking Dante translation, though he lives and works in Hong Kong.

Besides poetry and translation, he has published several books of literary criticism and translation studies.

External links
Biographical sketch and some titles of his works (in Chinese)

Wong, Kwok Pun
Alumni of the University of Hong Kong
20th-century Chinese translators
21st-century Chinese translators
Translators from English
Translators from Italian
Translators to Chinese
Academic staff of the University of Hong Kong
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academic staff of Lingnan University
Academic staff of York University

Wong Kwok-pun


"Forget Her" is a song by Jeff Buckley. The song was recorded during sessions for Buckley's only completed studio album Grace, but remained officially unreleased until it was featured as the opening track on the bonus disc of Grace: Legacy Edition, a 2004 remastered reissue of the album. The song was subsequently included as a bonus track on several European editions of the standard album. "Forget Her" was subject to much controversy because Buckley specifically chose not to use it for the final release of his debut Grace, opting instead for "So Real". A music video was created for the song, compiled from previously unreleased footage, and was included on the bonus DVD with Grace: Legacy Edition.

In Australia, the song was ranked #36 on Triple J's Hottest 100 songs of 2004.

Track listing
The song was released as a promotional-only CD single in the United States and Europe to coincide with the release of Grace: Legacy Edition. "Forget Her" was also pressed on blue-colored 7" vinyl and issued with the 2004 vinyl LP reissue of Grace.

U.S. promo CD (no catalog number)
 "Forget Her" (Radio Edit) – 4:32
 "Forget Her" (Album Version) – 5:12

U.S. 7" vinyl (CS7 54805)
 "Forget Her" – 5:12
 "Strawberry Street" – 5:26

References

2004 singles
Jeff Buckley songs
2004 songs
Columbia Records singles
Songs written by Jeff Buckley

Forget Her


Carlton Lloyd Palmer (born 5 December 1965) is an English football manager, former footballer and football television pundit whose last management role was as manager of Grantham Town.

As a player, he was a midfielder from 1984 to 2005, playing in the Premier League for Sheffield Wednesday, Leeds United, Southampton, Nottingham Forest and Coventry City. He also played for West Bromwich Albion, Watford and Dublin City. He was capped 18 times by England and was part of the squad at UEFA Euro 1992.

He went into management in 2001 when he was appointed player-manager of Stockport County, later holding the same position at Mansfield Town from 2004 to 2005. In 2021 he had a brief return to management with a spell at non-league Grantham Town.

Club career
Palmer started his career at West Bromwich Albion, joining as an apprentice in July 1983 before turning professional in December 1984. He made his league debut in September 1985, as a substitute against Newcastle United. He earned a move to Sheffield Wednesday in February 1989 for £750,000, where he made his name in the old First Division. He missed Wednesday's victory in the 1991 Football League Cup Final due to suspension.

He was bought by Leeds United under manager Howard Wilkinson for £2.6 million in June 1994.

In September 1997 he was signed by Southampton manager Dave Jones for a fee of £1.0 million. In the dressing room he was "abrasive, awkward and argumentative" but on the pitch he was "determined, hard-working and persistent" and his long legs made him "a most difficult player to compete against". Jones said of Palmer "He covers every blade of grass out there, but that's only because his first touch is so crap". In January 1999 he was transferred to Nottingham Forest for a fee of £1.1 million and was replaced in Southampton's midfield by Chris Marsden.

He scored once for Nottingham Forest, his strike coming in a 2–1 win over Grimsby Town. He later played for Coventry City, scoring his first and what turned out to be only goal for the club in a 4–1 win over Newcastle United. Coventry loaned him out to Watford for three months in 2000–01. He also had a loan spell at Sheffield Wednesday, before joining Stockport County in November 2001 as player-manager. Palmer also briefly played for Dublin City in Ireland, whom he joined in August 2004 and played three games before leaving the club.

International career
Graham Taylor gave Palmer all of his 18 caps for the England national team. Palmer scored his first and only goal for England against San Marino. He was a member of the England squad that went to the 1992 European Championships in Sweden. He was also capped 5 times for the England B team.

Managerial career
Palmer's management career began when he was appointed player-manager of Stockport County in November 2001. He was sacked by the club in September 2003, following a poor start to the season.

In November 2004, events involving Mansfield Town manager Keith Curle resulted in Curle being suspended. With no manager, the Mansfield chairman rang up Carlton and asked him if he would join The Stags temporarily as manager of the club, which Carlton accepted, without being paid. Curle was later dismissed and Carlton Palmer signed a contract until 2006 as manager of Mansfield Town. In September 2005, after Mansfield Town were beaten 2–0 by Rochdale and close to the League Two relegation zone, Palmer resigned as manager saying "I have had a good career and I don't need to take the abuse from the crowd. Keith Haslam, the Mansfield chairman, is a good mate of mine and I want to keep it that way so I will be stepping down as manager". In April 2021 he was appointed manager of Grantham Town.

On 14 September at the age of 55, Palmer named himself as a substitute in a game against Ashton United due to injuries.

On 9 November 2021, Palmer resigned as manager of Grantham Town. He had joined Grantham to work alongside chairman Darren Ashton, and left as Ashton had resigned from his role.

Personal life
In 1997, Palmer was found guilty of sexual assault after groping a teenage girl. He was fined £600. Palmer later appealed the conviction which was rejected.

Palmer owned an online estate agency in Sheffield called The Home Game which ceased trading in August 2008. In March 2009 he starred in a Paddy Power TV advert which involved him being in a bath with a football fan. In June 2010 Palmer appeared in a one-off football special of Come Dine with Me where he came in first place and won £1,000 for charity. After working in Dubai for Repton School, he set up his own Football Academy in 2012 teaching football and P.E. In August 2014, Carlton became the Director of Sport at Wellington College, Shanghai.

In December 2016, Palmer required a life-saving five-hour operation for a heart condition. He made a full recovery.

In March 2023, Palmer was admitted to hospital after suffering a suspected "small heart attack" while he was running the Sheffield half-marathon.

Honours
Sheffield Wednesday
 Football League Cup: 1990–91; runner-up: 1992–93
 FA Cup runner-up: 1992–93

Leeds United
 Football League Cup runner-up: 1995–96

Individual
PFA Team of the Year: 1990–91 Second Division

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
People from Rowley Regis
Sportspeople from Sandwell
English men's footballers
English expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
England men's international footballers
England men's B international footballers
England men's under-21 international footballers
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
Southampton F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
Watford F.C. players
Stockport County F.C. players
Dublin City F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Staveley Miners Welfare F.C. players
Grantham Town F.C. players
English Football League players
Premier League players
English expatriate sportspeople in Ireland
Expatriate men's association footballers in the Republic of Ireland
League of Ireland players
UEFA Euro 1992 players
English football managers
Stockport County F.C. managers
Mansfield Town F.C. managers
English people of Guyanese descent
Grantham Town F.C. managers
Black British sportsmen

Carlton Palmer


Angus John Stuart (10 June 1858 – 8 October 1923) also known as Angus Stewart was a Scottish-born rugby union forward who played club rugby for Cardiff and Dewsbury. Although never capped at international level in his own country, in 1888 Stuart was chosen to tour New Zealand and Australia as part of the first British Isles team. Stuart later settled in New Zealand and played rugby for the All Blacks.

Rugby career
Stuart initially played rugby for Rusholme and then Salford. Stuart first came to note as a rugby player when he joined Cardiff Football Club during their fledgling years in 1883. Stuart played 50 games for Cardiff at threequarters and remained at the club until 1886. In 1886 Stuart and fellow Cardiff player William "Buller" Stadden stated that they intended to join English team Dewsbury. Both players stated that the reason for switching clubs was purely financial, as they were out of employment and had made friends with several Dewsbury players when the team toured Wales. It was later discovered that the employment the players found in Dewsbury, was with Newsome, Sons and Spedding, a textiles company partially owned by Mark Newsome, president and former captain of Dewsbury. Although Cardiff later complained that this was backdoor professionalism, no evidence was found to prove that money had been exchanged and no charges were brought.

In 1888, Stuart was approached to join the first British overseas touring rugby team, on a trip to Australia and New Zealand. The tour was organised as a financial venture, and had no backing from any of the Home Nation Unions. Despite this, the tour went ahead, taking in 35 games against invitational and club teams. Stuart is recorded as having played in 23 games, scoring one try, but being switched from the backs into a forwards role.

At the end of the tour, Stuart decided to remain in New Zealand and settled down there. There he played club rugby for Poneke Rugby Club in Wellington and in 1893 he toured Australia with the New Zealand national team. Stuart played in seven games of the tour, but none were against international opposition, so again he did not win a sporting cap. Stuart returned to Britain in 1902, and at one point worked in South Wales. He died in Dewsbury in October 1923 at the age of 65.

Bibliography

References

1858 births
1923 deaths
Cardiff RFC players
Dewsbury Rams players
Salford Red Devils players
Scottish rugby union players
New Zealand rugby union players
New Zealand people of Scottish descent
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Scotland
New Zealand international rugby union players
Rugby union forwards

Angus Stuart


Rakovica is a veelage in sooth-central Croatie, in the region o Kordun sooth o Karlovac an Slunj, an north o the Plitvice Lochs. The total municipality population is 2,623 (2001), while the veelage itsel haes 356 residents. Accordin tae that census, 91% (2387) are Croats an 3,58% (94) are Serbs. Due tae proximity o Plitvice lochs ane of the main fields o income is tourism. Ane o its sichts are the Caves o Barać which wur reopened for visitors in 2004.

Rakovica achieved some prominence in Croatie history in October 1871, when several members o the Croatie Pairty o Richts led bi Eugen Kvaternik disavoued the offeecial pairty poseetion advocatin a poleetical solution tae the issue o Croatie athin the Habsburg Monarchy an insteid launched a revolt in the veelage.

See an aw
Caves o Barać

Freemit airtins
 Rakovica municipality wab steid

Municipalities o Croatie
Populatit places in Karlovac Coonty

Rakovica, Croatie


An étude (said "ay-TOOD"; French for study) is a short piece of music written to help the player to become a better player. They are usually quite difficult. Sometimes they are just called "studies". Composers such as the pianist Carl Czerny and the violinist Otakar Ševčik wrote lots of études.  Each one concentrates on a technical problem: fast scale passages, arpeggios, wide leaps, chords or, for string players, different ways of bowing.

The tradition of writing études started in the early 19th century, when the piano started to become popular. Many of the études from that time are still very popular today, including those by Muzio Clementi.

Frédéric Chopin wrote two sets of études for piano. Franz Liszt also wrote some very difficult études, including the piece known as La Campanella. These two composers' études are known for being not only good for developing piano technique but are also beautiful to hear. Because of this, they are often performed in concerts and recorded onto CDs.

Musical forms

Étude


William Hespeler (December 29, 1830 – April 18, 1921), born Wilhelm, was a German-Canadian businessman, immigration agent, and member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba. He served as Speaker of the Legislature and as honorary consul of Germany to Winnipeg and the Northwest Territories. He was awarded the Order of the Red Eagle for his services to Germany.

Early life
Hespeler was born as Wilhelm Hespeler in Baden-Baden, Grand Duchy of Baden, the son of Georg Johann and Anna Barbara (Wick) Hespeler.   His mother was a granddaughter of Count Károly Andrássy de Csíkszentkirály et Krasznahorka (1723–1795), a Hungarian nobleman, and his father was a businessman with the house of Mayer Amschel Rothschild. Hespeler was educated at the Polytechnic Institute at Karlsruhe (likely what is now Karlsruhe Institute of Technology). He left school at the age of nineteen and emigrated to Canada with his mother in 1850, his father having died in 1840.

Business career
Hespeler worked for his older brother Jacob Hespeler before becoming a partner in the firm of Hespeler and Randall, which ran both a distillery (which later became Seagram's) and a grain mill. He married a Canadian woman and became a naturalized British subject at some time before 1867, adopting the first name of "William". In 1870 he returned to Baden-Baden, serving briefly as a stretcher-bearer during the Franco-Prussian War before being hired by the Government of Canada as an immigration agent in 1871. While he was in Baden he heard that a number of Mennonite families in Russia were intending to immigrate to the United States. He reported back to his superiors in Canada, who sent him to Russia to persuade the Mennonites to choose Canada instead. Despite considerable opposition both from British and Russian authorities, he was able to arrange for thousands of Mennonites to immigrate. Most settled in the area around Winnipeg.

Impressed with his success, the Minister of Agriculture, John Henry Pope, appointed him Dominion Immigration and Agriculture Agent for Manitoba and the Northwest Territories. Hespeler moved to Winnipeg, residing in the suburb of Fort Rouge for the rest of his life. He arranged for further Mennonite immigration and also encouraged Icelandic immigrants and Jewish refugees from Germany and elsewhere to settle in Manitoba. During this time he combined his work for the government with his private business of grain merchant, but he also worked to ensure the welfare of new immigrants through the provision of emergency supplies and temporary shelter. He planned the town of Niverville, Manitoba and (with his son) erected the first grain elevator on the Canadian Prairies.

Political career

Hespeler served as city alderman in Waterloo in 1863. In 1876 Hespeler was elected alderman for Winnipeg's South Ward and was appointed a Justice of the Peace and a member of the Council of Keewatin. In 1882 the German government appointed him honorary consul for Winnipeg and the Northwest Territories; in 1903 he was awarded the Order of the Red Eagle in thanks for twenty years of service to the German Empire.

Hespeler was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba in the 1899 general election as an independent for the rural riding of Rosenfeld. On March 29, 1900, he was elected Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, one of the first men not born a British subject to be appointed to this level of government in the British Empire. Despite his conservative leanings he did not support the government of Conservative premier Hugh John Macdonald. Redistribution eliminated the riding of Rosenfeld in 1903 and Hespeler chose not to run again. His retirement was marred during World War I by hostility from residents of Winnipeg arising from his German connections; he was opposed for attempting to assist German immigrants who had lost their jobs due to anti-German sentiment. After the war he found himself forgotten by the city and the province he had helped to populate.

Legacy
Hespeler was married three times. After the death of his third wife in 1920, Hespeler moved to Vancouver to live with his son Alfred. He died the next year at the age of 90. Hespeler Avenue in Winnipeg's East Kildonan ward was named for William Hespeler.  There are also Hespeler Roads in the RM of Stanley, Steinbach, Manitoba, the Rural Municipality of Hanover, Gretna and a Hespeler Park in Niverville that are also named after him.

References

 William Hespeler, at Dictionary of Canadian Biography; ed. Ramsay Cook. Volume XII; pages 476–478. University of Toronto Press, 1990; online, accessdate August 22, 2019
 William Hespeler at the Manitoba Historical Society
 The story of Manitoba (Volume 3)
 Hespeler at the project "German-canadians" at the University of Winnipeg, Newsletter 1998:
 Part 1 Spring, p. 3
 part 2 Fall, p. 2
 History in Winnipeg Streets at the Manitoba Historical Society

1830 births
1921 deaths
District of Keewatin councillors
German people of Hungarian descent
German emigrants to Canada
Canadian people of Hungarian descent
Speakers of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba
People from Baden-Baden
People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
Politicians from Winnipeg
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Seagram

William Hespeler


Bewitched Bunny is a 1954 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes cartoon directed by Chuck Jones and written by Michael Maltese. The short was released on July 24, 1954, and stars Bugs Bunny. Jones created the character Witch Hazel who debuted in this cartoon.

Witch Hazel later appeared in Broom-Stick Bunny (1956), A Witch's Tangled Hare (1959), and in A-Haunting We Will Go (1966). She also has a brief cameo appearance in Transylvania 6-5000 (1963).

Plot
The story begins with Bugs Bunny reading the classic fairy tale Hansel and Gretel. Witch Hazel plays the witch who tries to cook and eat the children (her cookbook has such recipes as "Waif Waffles", "Moppet Muffins", "Kiddie Kippers", "Children Chops", and "Smorgas Boy"). Bugs witnesses Witch Hazel coaxing the children inside. He comments that this looks like a job for the Masked Avenger, but he's not around. Bugs goes in her house, disguised as a truant officer, and saves the youths from her clutches. The children both turn to Hazel as they leave and say in a thick German accent: "Ach - your mother rides a vacuum cleaner!"

However, once Hazel realizes that Bugs is a rabbit, she tries to cook him instead, using a carrot (hollowed out and filled with a sleeping potion) as a lure. Bugs eats the carrot and falls asleep and Witch Hazel puts him into a roasting pan to make rabbit stew.

After the witch goes down into the basement to get something else, a character resembling Prince Charming enters the house and kisses Bugs' hand. Bugs wakes up and says: "You're looking for Snow White. This here's the story of HAHHN-sel and Gretel", and the Prince takes his leave, confused about how Hansel is pronounced. Then Hazel emerges from the basement and Bugs races down a nearby hallway to escape, but is trapped by Hazel. As she approaches, Bugs quickly finds a grenade full of her magic powder (in a case marked with the message "In case of emergency break glass") and uses it to transform her into a gorgeous female rabbit who has a feminine voice but still has Hazel's laugh.

As he gets ready to leave with the bunny beauty, Bugs looks at the audience, breaking the fourth wall, and comments: "Ah sure, I know. But aren't they all witches inside?".

Cast
 Mel Blanc as Bugs Bunny, Hansel and Prince Charming
 Bea Benaderet as Witch Hazel, Gretel and Female Rabbit (uncredited)

Controversy

This cartoon caused some controversy in Canada due to Bugs' ending line about Witch Hazel being turned into a rabbit being perceived as misogynistic. And Bugs' closing line, "Ah sure, I know, but aren't they all witches inside?" was edited out of commercial broadcasts in the 1980s, and was replaced in later versions with "Sure uh, I know, but after all, who wants to be alone on Halloween?", which was the re-dubbed line for the ending of Bewitched Bunny after it was repurposed in 1977's Bugs Bunny's Howl-oween Special. This controversy was briefly mentioned by Eric Goldberg on the DVD commentary of the fifth volume of the Looney Tunes Golden Collection DVD set. However, the original version has been aired in Canada (as recently as 2015) on the Canadian cable channel Teletoon Retro.

Home media
Bewitched Bunny is available on the second disc of Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 5, and the first disc of Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 5.

On HBO Max it appears as Season 19 Episode 20.

See also
Lola Bunny

References

External links

1954 films
1954 animated films
1954 short films
Looney Tunes shorts
Warner Bros. Cartoons animated short films
American parody films
Fairy tale parody films
Short films directed by Chuck Jones
Animated films based on Hansel and Gretel
Animated films about witchcraft
Films scored by Carl Stalling
Animated films about animals
Bugs Bunny films
1950s Warner Bros. animated short films
Films with screenplays by Michael Maltese
1950s English-language films

Bewitched Bunny


The Primrose Club was a short-lived political London gentlemen's club founded in 1886 and located at 4-5 Park Place, St. James's. It was aligned to the Conservative party, with members having to pledge support. It was launched as a bid to combine the explosion of the popularity of clubs in London at the end of the nineteenth century with the phenomenal success of the Conservative-aligned Primrose League.

At first it proved highly successful, with Whitaker's Almanack reporting 6,500 members, but within a decade this had already shrunk to 5,500, and by 1910 it had just 350 members, and was disbanded shortly afterwards.

Notes

See also
List of London's gentlemen's clubs

Gentlemen's clubs in London
1886 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1886
History of the Conservative Party (UK)

Primrose Club


Top Gun: Maverick is a 2022 action drama movie directed by Joseph Kosinski from a screenplay by Ehren Kruger, Eric Warren Singer, and Christopher McQuire and story by Peter Craig and Justin Marks. The movie stars Tom Cruise, Miles Teller, Jennifer Connely, John Hamm, Glen Powell, Lewis Pullman, Ed Harris, and  Val Kilmer. It is a sequel to Top Gun (1986) with Cruise and Kilmer reprising their roles for the movie.

The movie was initially scheduled to be released on July 12, 2019. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the movie's complex action sequences, Top Gun: Maverick was delayed several times. The movie eventually premiered at Cinemacon on April 28, 2022 and was released in theaters by Paramount Pictures on May 27.

The movie received positive reviews from critics, with many deeming that the movie was better than its predecessor.

At the 95th Academy Awards, it was nominated for six awards, including Best Picture.

Plot
Captain Pete Mitchell and a team of pilots carry out a mission to destroy an unsanctioned nuclear facility in another country.

Cast

 Tom Cruise as Captain Pete "Maverick" Mitchell, a test pilot and flight instructor, training a group of Top Gun graduates
 Miles Teller as Lt. Bradley "Rooster" Bradshaw, an F/A-18E pilot in the mission training group.
 Jennifer Connelly as Penelope "Penny" Benjamin
 Jon Hamm as Vice Admiral Beau "Cyclone" Simpson, the commander of Naval Air Forces
 Glen Powell as Lt. Jake "Hangman" Seresin, an F/A-18E pilot and mission candidate
 Lewis Pullman as Lt. Robert "Bob" Floyd, Phoenix's F/A-18F WSO and mission candidate.
 Ed Harris as Rear Admiral Chester "Hammer" Cain, Maverick's superior and head of the Darkstarprogram.
 Val Kilmer as Admiral Tom "Iceman" Kazansky, the commander of U.S. Pacific Fleet, former rival, and a close friend of Maverick's. Iceman has been instrumental in helping to keep Maverick in the Navy over the years.
 Monica Barbaro as Lt. Natasha "Phoenix" Trace, an F/A-18F pilot and mission candidate
 Charles Parnell as Rear Admiral Solomon "Warlock" Bates, a friend of Maverick's and the commander of the Naval Aviation Warfighting Development Center.
 Jay Ellis as Lt. Reuben "Payback" Fitch, an F/A-18F pilot and mission candidate
 Danny Ramirez as Lt. Mickey "Fanboy" Garcia, Payback's F/A-18F WSO and mission candidate.
 Greg Tarzan Davis as Lt. Javy "Coyote" Machado, an F/A-18E pilot and mission candidate.
 Bashir Salahuddin as Chief Warrant Officer 4 Bernie "Hondo" Coleman
 Manny Jacinto as Lt. Billy "Fritz" Avalone, Omaha's F/A-18F WSO and mission candidate
 Jack Schumacher as Lt. Neil "Omaha" Vikander, an F/A-18F pilot and mission candidate
 Jake Picking as Lt. Brigham "Harvard" Lennox, Yale's F/A-18F WSO and mission candidate
 Raymond Lee as Lt. Logan "Yale" Lee, an F/A-18F pilot and mission candidate
 Kara Wang as Lt. Callie "Halo" Bassett, an F/A-18E pilot and mission candidate
 Lyliana Wray as Amelia Benjamin, Penny's daughter
 Jean Louisa Kelly as Sarah Kazansky, Iceman's wife

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, 96% of 462 reviews are positive. The average rating is 8.20/10. On Metacritic, the movie has a score of 78 out of 100 based on 63 critic reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

References

Other websites

 Official website

2022 action movies
2022 drama movies
2020s American action movies
2020s American drama movies
Movies directed by Joseph Kosinski
Paramount Pictures movies
Top Gun
Movies about aviation
Movies set in California

Top Gun: Maverick


Jan Woutersz van Cuyck (or Kuik) (ca. 1540–1572) was a Dutch Renaissance painter from Dordrecht. He became famous as a Mennonite martyr of the Protestant Reformation who was executed in 1572. His heart-rending letters from prison were published in the Martyrs Mirror.

Biography
According to Houbraken he was imprisoned for his Mennonite beliefs. During his short imprisonment, he was persuaded to paint the local sheriff in the role of Solomon in an allegorical painting for the vierschaar in the city hall of Dordrecht. This painting and the story of its creation was a Dordrecht public attraction in 1712, when Houbraken was writing. Though he was the painter of the piece, this story was proved wrong a century later when archival evidence showed that the painting had already been paid for two decades earlier in 1552. It remains highly ironic however, to think that he was tried for religious crimes in the same room for which he created the main decoration.

Cuyck was burned together with another Mennonite martyr, Adriaentgen Jans van Molenaarsgraaf. He left a wife, a daughter of 7 years, and "a great rumour". His story and letters he wrote in prison were published in the Martyrs Mirror, also known as 't Bloedig Tooneel der Doopsgezinden, by Tieleman Jansz van Bracht. Houbraken quoted both Mathias Balen's Beschryvinge van Dordrecht and the Martyrs Mirror, pag. 590. and p. 628.

Paintings

His paintings have been lost for the most part, but Solomon's Judgment still remains in Dordrecht.

References

 Letters in English
 Entry in Gameo, the Mennonite Encyclopedia

1540 births
1572 deaths
Artists from Dordrecht
Dutch Mennonites
Dutch Renaissance painters
People executed by the Netherlands by burning
People executed for heresy
Mennonite artists
Mennonite martyrs

Jan Woutersz van Cuyck


Loch Leven () is a fresh water loch located immediately to the east of the burgh of Kinross in Perth and Kinross council area, central Scotland. Roughly triangular, the loch is about  at its longest. Prior to the canalisation of the River Leven, and the partial draining of the loch in 1826–36, Loch Leven was considerably larger. The drop in water level by  reduced the loch to 75% of its former size, and exposed several small islands, as well as greatly increasing the size of the existing ones.

There are seven islands on the loch, the largest being St Serf's Inch. Lochleven Castle, where Mary, Queen of Scots was imprisoned in 1567, lies on one of these islands, and it can be reached by a ferry operated from Kinross by Historic Environment Scotland during the summer months.

NatureScot describe Loch Leven as "one of Scotland's top natural assets", due to its rich ecosystem that supports many different species of plants, insects, fish and birds. It is of particular significance to migrating birds, who use it as a stopover when flying between their breeding and wintering grounds, due to its lowland location, shallow nutrient rich waters, large water surface, and islands (which provide safe nesting sites). Loch Leven holds numerous national and international conservation designations, including being a national nature reserve (NNR).

Flora and fauna

As the largest lowland loch in Scotland, Loch Leven is an important site for waterfowl, with up to 35,000 birds present in the winter months. These birds migrate from a variety of places, such as Greenland, Iceland, Ireland, Siberia and northern and central Europe. Loch Leven is particularly important for pink-footed geese, and up to 20,000 such geese (nearly 10% of the world's population) may be present at times, although many geese move south from the loch as winter progresses. Other bird wintering at Loch Leven include greylag geese, whooper swans, goldeneyes, tufted ducks, pochards, teals, gadwalls, cormorants, and shovelers.

Loch Leven is also important for breeding birds, and hosts one of the largest concentrations of breeding ducks of any non-coastal site in Europe. The most numerous species are tufted duck and mallard; gadwall, shoveler, shelduck, pochard, teal, pintail and wigeon are also present. The loch is also used by birds such as mute swans at the end of the summer for moulting, as the loch is large enough to allow them to avoid predators during a period when they are flightless as the shed their summer feathers and grow new winter plumage.

The two main fish species present in Loch Leven are brown trout and perch: the loch's trout have long been noted for their unusual colour and high quality. Other fish living in the loch include sticklebacks, pike, eels, and minnows. Some species of fish noted in historical records are no longer present: it is thought that Arctic char were impacted by the lowering of the loch's water level, whilst the damming of the River Leven and rise in pollution due to the increase in industry are the likely reasons for the demise of the population of Atlantic salmon.

The loch supports many species of invertebrates, which provide a food source for many of the species of birds, fish and mammals. During the summer months large clouds of small flies form a vital part of the food for ducklings. Some rare species of beetle are present, including the carrion beetle Thanatophilus dispar, the reed beetle Macroplea appendiculata and the ant beetle Anthicus scoticus. Other invertebrates found at the loch include aquatic snails and several species of dragonflies and damselflies.

Otters are found around the loch and the burns that feed into it, and water shrews and water voles live along the banks of ditches and burns. A total of six species of bat have been recorded at the NNR: Daubenton, brown long-eared, noctule, Nathusius, soprano and common pipistrelle bat. Grey squirrel numbers are controlled and this has allowed red squirrels to re-establish themselves in woodlands around the loch. Fox, mink and brown rat are also present on the reserve. As with the grey squirrels numbers are controlled, for these pest species this is to protect nesting birds.

The Loch Leven NNR hosts a wide assemblage of vascular plant species that grow around the loch shore, including three species listed on the IUCN Red List (coral root orchid, Loch Leven spearwort and lesser water-plantain) and other species rated as "nationally rare" or "nationally scarce" such as holy grass, threadrush and mudwort. Lesser water plantain, Loch Leven spearwort, mudwort and threadrush live on areas of mud, sand or gravel around the lochside. They require sites that are intermittently exposed, and either natural erosion or active management is needed to prevent reeds or other aquatic plants from out-competing them. Coral-root orchid is found at only one location on the reserve.

History

The area around Loch Leven has been inhabited for millennia, and the remains of a crannog (a dwelling constructed on an artificial island, probably during the Iron Age) have been found off Kirkgate Park.

St Serf's Inch was the home of a Culdee and then an Augustinian monastic community, St Serf's Inch Priory. There was a monastic community on the island which was old in the 12th century. The monastery produced a series of Gaelic language charters from the 11th and 12th centuries which were translated into Latin in the late 12th century. It was here that Prior Andrew of Wyntoun wrote the Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland.

Loch Leven Castle is strongly associated with Mary, Queen of Scots, who was imprisoned here in 1567–1568, and forced to abdicate as queen, before escaping with the help of her gaoler's family. After her escape her forces were defeated at the Battle of Langside, and she fled to England. Several relics were found during the partial draining of the loch in 1826–36, one of them being a sceptre, "apparently of cane, hilted with ivory, and mounted with silver, upon which … were the letters of the words, 'Mary, Queen of Scots'", found near the Mary Knowe, where she is supposed to have landed after her escape from the castle. Kinross House lies on the western shore of the loch facing out to the castle. It was built in 1684-95 by its owner, the architect Sir William Bruce.

Visitors to Loch Leven have long noted the abundance of wildlife here:

In 1827 an Act of Parliament was passed "for recovering, draining and preserving certain lands in the counties of Fife and Kinross; and for better supplying with water the mills, Manufactories and Bleach fields and other works situated on or near the River Leven in the said county of Fife." The work was undertaken to provide a more reliable water supply to industries along the River Leven, and involved the lowering of the level of the loch, and straightening of the River Leven: the old meanders of the river are visible in aerial photographs of the area.

Leisure and visitors

There is an all abilities path around the loch, known as the Loch Leven Heritage Trail, which can be accessed from seven different car parks around the loch at Kinross Pier; Kirkgate Park; Burleigh Sands; Loch Leven's Larder; Findatie; RSPB Loch Leven car park; and the car park at the Cashmere Factory. The trail was completed in 2014, and as of 2016 NatureScot estimated that 200,000 people were using it annually. The RSPB run a visitor centre on their section of the reserve which as of 2016 was receiving around 70,000 visitors each year. The centre has facilities including a shop, café, observation room, educational facilities, toilets, and marked trails leading to three bird hides. A further three open hides are provided at locations around the loch.

Loch Leven is strongly associated with the sport of curling, and Kinross Curling Club, founded 1668, is reputedly the oldest in the world. The loch has been the site of the most extensive outdoor tournaments in the sport, the Grand Match or Bonspiel, however the ice has not been thick enough for this since 1959. The cold weather of the 2010/11 winter led to much speculation that a Bonspiel could be held, however due to safety concerns only informal matches were held on the loch. The loch is also a popular location for angling (chiefly for brown trout) and wildfowling.

Conservation designations

Loch Leven forms the main part of the Loch Leven national nature reserve (NNR), which covers  of loch and islands. The NNR is managed by NatureScot, with the wetlands on the southern shore being managed by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) and the fishing and shooting managed by Kinross Estate. Castle Island is managed by Historic Environment Scotland, who also run the ferry to the island. Loch Leven was first declared a National Nature Reserve in 1964 and re-declared in 2002, when it was extended to include the RSPB Loch Leven section. The NNR is classified as a Category II protected area by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

As an internationally important site for wildlife Loch Leven holds a number of different conservation designations, being designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), a Special Protection Area (SPA), and a Ramsar site.

There are also sites designated for their historical value surrounding Loch Leven. Loch Leven Castle and St Serf's Priory are Scheduled Monuments. Kinross House is a Category A listed building, and its grounds are listed in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 Scotland's National Nature Reserves
 RSPB Loch Leven
 Loch Leven Heritage Trail - Scotland's National Nature Reserves

Leven
National nature reserves in Scotland
Ramsar sites in Scotland
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in South Perth
Possible impact craters on Earth
Protected areas of Perth and Kinross
Leven
Forth basin

Loch Leven (Kinross)


Lawyer Man is a 1932 American pre-Code drama film directed by William Dieterle, based on the novel by Max Trell. The film stars William Powell and Joan Blondell. It was produced by  Warner Bros. By the time of the release, several actors were credited in the studio, but were not seen in the film. These include Edward Arnold, Harold Huber and Henry Armetta.

Plot
Anton Adam is a lawyer from the Lower East Side of New York City who has just got a client acquitted against the well-established uptown attorney Granville Bentley. Bentley admires Adam's work as a litigator and offers the poorer lawyer a partnership. Adam accepts. Adam's faithful secretary Olga Michaels isn't delighted to see Adam make the move. Adam had meanwhile turned down an offer to work for local party boss Gilmurry.

Adam's downfall comes when he meets the beautiful actress Virginia St. Johns, who is introduced as a woman whose fiance, associated with Gilmurry, has abandoned her. She provides Adam with love letters that he believes will win her a large amount in a breach of promise suit. Adam sues Dr. Gresham, but Virginia soon phones Adam to say she wants to drop the suit. Adam heatedly responds that the case has gone too far to stop now, which Virginia records. The love letters are stolen from Adam's desk.  Now Adam is sued for filing a fraudulent case. The trial ends with a hung jury, but he loses his reputation and his partnership with Bentley, so he decides to become the ruthless attorney that the public imagines him to be.

Adam eventually gets Gilmurry to recommend him for a position as an assistant district attorney, where he gets his revenge by prosecuting Gresham and his corrupt brother, a judge, for fraud against the city.  Gilmurry then offers Adam the open judgeship, but Adam turns him down rather than become a party hack.  With only his admiring secretary by his side, Anton returns to his old neighborhood to reestablish an honest legal practice. The film's title comes from what a neighborhood boy calls Adam.

Cast
 William Powell as Anton "Tony" Adam
 Joan Blondell as Olga Michaels
 David Landau as John Gilmurry
 Helen Vinson as Barbara Bentley
 Claire Dodd as Virginia St. Johns
 Alan Dinehart as Granville Bentley
 Allen Jenkins as Izzy Levine
 Jack LaRue as Spike Murphy (uncredited)
 Sterling Holloway as Olga's drinking companion (uncredited)
 Roscoe Karns as Merritt-Reporter (uncredited)

References

External links

 Lawyer Man at TCM

1932 drama films
1932 films
American drama films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by William Dieterle
Warner Bros. films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films
Films scored by Bernhard Kaun
Films about lawyers
Films set in New York City

Lawyer Man


John Arkison McIlwaine (12 June 1904 – 24 April 1980) was a Scottish footballer who played as a centre half for Portsmouth, where he captained the team in the 1929 FA Cup Final, before moving to south coast rivals Southampton. He also played for Falkirk and Llanelly, whom he helped win the Welsh Football League championship in 1932–33.

Football career

Falkirk
McIlwaine was born at Irvine, North Ayrshire and after a spell with Irvine Victoria he joined Falkirk. At Falkirk, he became one of the outstanding centre-halves in Scottish football and was selected to represent the Scottish League against the Irish League in October 1927 (the SFL won 2–1). He soon became a target for several top English clubs, and in February 1928 it "caused a sensation in the football world" when he chose to join Portsmouth who were struggling to avoid relegation in their first season in the First Division.

Portsmouth
McIlwaine joined Portsmouth for a record transfer fee of £5000 (including a friendly match at Fratton Park), replacing Harry Foxall who retired shortly afterwards. He made his debut at home to Sunderland on 18 February 1928 in a 5–3 defeat (four of Sunderland's goals came from Dave Halliday), but retained his place for the remaining games that season as Pompey avoided relegation by one point.

In the 1928–29 season, McIlwaine captained the team and led them to their first Cup Final, beating fellow First Division clubs, West Ham United and Aston Villa en route. In the final itself, despite dogged defending, Portsmouth were defeated by Bolton Wanderers with two late goals.

The following year, McIlwaine lost his place at centre-half to Bob Kearney, who had been recently recruited from Dundee. At the end of the season, he was transferred to Southampton for a fee of £2650; in his two and a half seasons at Fratton Park, McIlwaine played 62 games scoring 5 goals.

Southampton
McIlwaine was recruited to Southampton by manager Arthur Chadwick as a replacement for the ageing Bert Shelley, and made his debut on 30 August 1930, behind his former Portsmouth colleagues Willie Haines and Jerry Mackie, in a 5–0 defeat at Preston. Two games later, McIlwaine was injured and was unable to return until 29 November, when he was played at centre forward replacing Bill Fraser (who had taken over from Haines who was also injured). He scored twice in his first match at No.9 but after six matches (in which he scored five goals) Haines returned and McIlwaine reverted to centre half, replacing Shelley. McIlwaine retained the No.5 shirt for the rest of the season with the "Saints" finishing in mid-table.

Chadwick resigned at the end of the season and was replaced by George Kay. After seven matches of the 1931–32 season, Kay dropped McIlwaine and recalled Shelley. For the remainder of the season, McIlwaine was in and out of the side, occasionally playing at centre forward. At the end of the season, an unhappy McIlwaine refused to sign a new contract and was placed on the transfer list at a fee of £2500. No Football League clubs were interested, but Southampton refused to release his registration. Prevented from moving to another Football League club, McIlwaine moved to Wales in the 1932 close season, joining Llanelly of the Welsh League.

McIlwaine spent the 1932–33 season at Llanelly, helping the team to win the Welsh League, before returning to Southampton in August 1933. On his return to The Dell, he found that his time in the lower league had not sharpened his game and he spent most of the 1933–34 season in the reserves.

By the start of the following season, his confidence had returned and he reclaimed the centre half shirt from Arthur Bradford in mid-September. He missed only one match from September until the beginning of March, when he was once again used as a makeshift centre forward, replacing Norman Cole. In his eight appearances in the No.9 shirt he scored six goals, only two fewer than Cole had managed all season.

Saints started the 1935–36 season (their fiftieth season since the club's foundation in 1885) with four wins and two draws from their first six matches, but were unable to sustain this form and in the period to the New Year they won only three more matches. One of these was the "golden jubilee" match against Tottenham Hotspur on 23 November 1935, when McIlwaine was captain in a 2–0 victory. In June 1936, after another poor season, in which the Saints finished in seventeenth place, nine members of the board resigned and manager George Kay left to take over at Liverpool, taking trainer Bert Shelley with him. Kay's position as manager was filled by the promotion of George Goss, the company secretary, who took charge of the team, with McIlwaine taking on the role of assistant manager.

As well as his duties as assistant manager, McIlwaine continued as team captain and became first-team coach. In the first edition of the Southampton Football Echo of the 1936–37 season, the sports editor commented on the expansion of McIlwaines's "job description":

"It seems to me to be asking a tremendous lot of one man to be player, captain and assistant manager. That looks to me to be an outsized man's job. He will need all the good wishes possible, and he has mine."

After a year, in which he only made three further appearances, these new duties proved too much and in the summer of 1937, with Goss having handed over to Tom Parker in March, McIlwaine decided to leave.

In his two periods with Southampton, McIlwaine made a total of 121 appearances, scoring 18 goals.

Assistant manager at Grimsby Town
In July 1937, McIlwaine became assistant manager at Grimsby Town under their newly appointed manager, the former England international defender, Charlie Spencer. Grimsby were then playing in the First Division and narrowly avoided relegation at the end of the 1937–38 season.

The following season, Spencer had assembled a fine squad, including former Liverpool centre forward Fred Howe, Jimmy Boyd (who had won the FA Cup with Newcastle United in 1932) and Tommy Jones from Blackpool. Grimsby performed far better in the league, finishing in tenth place in the table, whilst in the FA Cup, they reached the semi-final against Wolverhampton Wanderers, having defeated fellow First Division team Chelsea in the previous round. The semi-final was played at Old Trafford on 25 March 1939 in front of a crowd of 76,962 spectators; this remains the record attendance at Old Trafford. In the semi-final, Grimsby were no match for Wolves and were "simply swept aside", going down 5–0, although their cause was not helped by having goal-keeper George Moulson injured early on in the match and having to play with only ten men and an outfield player in goal.

McIlwaine remained at Blundell Park until 1948, when he left the club and opened a masseur practice in Grimsby. He remained in Grimsby for the rest of his life, dying there in April 1980, aged 75.

Honours
Portsmouth
FA Cup runners-up: 1929

Llanelly
Welsh League champions: 1932–33

References

External links
Scotland Football League record
Video of McIlwaine training with Southampton in 1934

1904 births
1980 deaths
Footballers from Irvine, North Ayrshire
Scottish men's footballers
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Falkirk F.C. players
Portsmouth F.C. players
Southampton F.C. players
Llanelli Town A.F.C. players
Irvine Victoria F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. non-playing staff
Scottish Football League representative players
Men's association football forwards
Men's association football midfielders

Johnny McIlwaine


Surinam (), also unofficially known as Dutch Guiana, was a Dutch plantation colony in the Guianas, bordered by the equally Dutch colony of Berbice to the west, and the French colony of Cayenne to the east. It later bordered British Guiana from 1831 to 1966.

History

The colonization of Suriname

Surinam was a Dutch colony from 26 February 1667, when Dutch forces captured Francis Willoughby's English colony during the Second Anglo-Dutch War, until 15 December 1954, when Surinam became a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The status quo of Dutch sovereignty over Surinam, and English sovereignty over New Netherland, which it had conquered in 1664, was kept in the Treaty of Breda of 31 July 1667, and again confirmed in the Treaty of Westminster of 1674.

After the other Dutch colonies in the Guianas, i.e., Berbice, Essequibo, Demerara, and Pomeroon, were lost to the British in 1814, the remaining colony of Surinam was often referred to as Dutch Guiana, especially after 1831, when the British merged Berbice, Essequibo, and Demerara into British Guiana. As the term Dutch Guiana was used in the 17th and 18th centuries to refer to all Dutch colonies in the Guianas, this use of the term can be confusing (see below).

Dutch Guiana

Although the colony has always been officially known as Surinam or Suriname, in both Dutch and English, the colony was often unofficially and semi-officially referred to as Dutch Guiana (Dutch: Nederlands Guiana) in the 19th and 20th century, in an analogy to British Guiana and French Guiana. Historically, Suriname was only one of many Dutch colonies in the Guianas, others being Berbice, Essequibo, Demerara, and Pomeroon, which after being taken over by the United Kingdom in 1814, were united into British Guiana in 1831. The Dutch also controlled northern Brazil from 1630 to 1654, including the area that, when governed by Lisbon, was called Portuguese Guiana. Thus, before 1814, the term Dutch Guiana described not only Suriname, but all the colonies under Dutch sovereignty in the region taken together: a set of polities, with distinct governments, whose external borders changed much over time.

Slave labor in the colony

The economy of the Colony of Suriname depended upon people enslaved at its plantations. Slave labour was mostly supplied by the Dutch West India Company from its trading posts in West Africa, to produce their crops. Sugar, cotton, and indigo were the main goods exported from the colony to the Netherlands until the early 18th century, when coffee became the single most important export product of Surinam. Planters' treatment of the slaves was notoriously bad. The historian C.R. Boxer wrote that "man's inhumanity to man just about reached its limits in Surinam", and many slaves escaped the plantations. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange crashed in 1773, which dealt a severe blow to the plantation economy that was further exacerbated by the British abolition of the slave trade in 1807. This abolition was adopted by William I of the Netherlands, who signed a royal decree in this regard in June 1814, and who concluded the Anglo-Dutch Slave Trade Treaty in May 1818. Many plantations went bankrupt as a consequence of the abolition of slave trade. Without supply of slaves, many plantations were merged to increase efficiency.

Abolition of slavery
Slavery was eventually abolished on 1 July 1863, although slaves were only released after a ten-year transitory period in 1873. This spurred the immigration of indentured labourers from British India, after a treaty to that effect had been signed between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom in 1870. Apart from immigration from British India, Javanese workers from the Dutch East Indies were also contracted to work on plantations in Surinam. At the same time, a largely unsuccessful attempt to colonize Surinam with impoverished farmers from the Netherlands was started as well.

The natural resources of Suriname
In the 20th century, the natural resources of Surinam, which include rubber, gold and bauxite, were exploited.

The gold rush that followed the discovery of gold on the banks of the Lawa River spurred the construction of the Lawa Railway in 1902, although construction was halted after gold production proved disappointing. In the 1930s, the grandmother of Hennah Draaibaar discovered more than 80 kilos of gold, which made her briefly the richest woman in Surinam; the Dutch took most of the gold to the Netherlands.

In 1916, the U.S. aluminium company Alcoa began mining bauxite on the banks of the Cottica River, near the village of Moengo. In 1938, the company built an aluminium smelter in Paranam.

The 1930s were a difficult time for Suriname. The Great Depression created great unemployment. Surinamese guest workers in Curaçao and other islands of the Netherlands Antilles returned to Suriname because there was no more work, which exacerbated the problem. No more funds came in and more unemployed people were added. To provide work, roads were built to Domburg and Groningen, and the Meursweg was constructed. The Salvation Army set up a soup kitchen to relieve the worst of necessities. However, this was not enough, and there was a great deal of unrest among the population in 1931, leading to demonstrations and street riots with looting. Nationalist Anton de Kom then came to Suriname to set up a workers' organization there: he established a consultancy firm, but when he organized a demonstration against governor Johannes Kielstra, he was imprisoned. A rally to get him released led to Black Tuesday, in which 2 people were shot. De Kom was then put on a boat to the Netherlands. The Dutch Prime Minister Colijn stated in the Lower House in 1935:

 "Everything that has been tried in Suriname, it all simply failed. Things are not easy. And that is why I wanted someone to get up in the Netherlands who knew what could be done. I will do the possible."

However, the situation had improved somewhat on the eve of the Second World War.

Partly due to the importance of Surinamese aluminium for the allied war effort, United States troops were stationed in Surinam under an agreement with the Dutch government in exile on 23 November 1941. Under the provisions of the Atlantic Charter of August 1941, the Dutch government in exile promised to end the colonial relations between the Netherlands and its overseas possessions, promising them far-reaching autonomy and self-rule. This was eventually accomplished by the proclamation of the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands on 15 December 1954, which constituted a Kingdom in which the Netherlands, the Netherlands Antilles, and Suriname participated on a basis of equality. In 1975, Suriname left the Kingdom of the Netherlands to become the independent country of Suriname.

Administration

From 1683, the colony was governed by the Society of Suriname, a company composed of three equal shareholders, being the city of Amsterdam, the family Van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck, and the Dutch West India Company. Although the organization and administration was of the colony was limited to these three shareholders, all citizens of the Dutch Republic were free to trade with Suriname. Also, the planters were consulted in a Council of Police, which was a unique feature among the colonies of Guiana.

In November 1795, the Society was nationalized by the Batavian Republic. From then on until 1954, the Batavian Republic and its legal successors (the Kingdom of Holland and the Kingdom of the Netherlands) governed the territory as a national colony, barring a period of British occupation between 1799 and 1802, and between 1804 and 1816.

After the Batavian Republic took over in 1795, the Dutch government issued various government regulations for Suriname (Dutch: Regeringsreglement voor Suriname), establishing the government of the colony. In 1865, a new government regulation replaced the previous regulation of 1832, which theoretically gave Suriname some limited self-rule. The colonial elite was given the right to elect a Colonial Council (Dutch: Koloniale Raad) which would co-govern the colony together with the Governor-General appointed by the Dutch crown. Among others, the Colonial Council was allowed to decide over the colony's budget, which was subject to approval by the Dutch crown, but which did not see any involvement of Dutch parliament.

In the wake of the 1922 Dutch constitutional revision, in which the term "colony" was replaced by "overseas territory", the 1865 government regulation was replaced by the Basic Law of Suriname (Dutch: Staatsregeling van Suriname) on 1 April 1937. This Basic Law renamed the Colonial Council to Estates of Suriname (Dutch: Staten van Suriname) and increased the membership from 13 to 15.

After the Second World War, during which the Dutch government in exile had pledged to review the relationship between the Netherlands and its colonies, the Basic Law was heavily revised. In March 1948, revisions to the Basic Law were adopted by Dutch parliament, which introduced universal suffrage for both men and women, which increased the membership of the Estates from 15 to 21, and which introduced a College of General Government (Dutch: College van Algemeen Bestuur) which was to assist the Governor in the everyday government of the colony, and which was the precursor to the Cabinet of Ministers. The new constitution took effect in July 1948.

Military
In 1868 the Dutch government created the Netherlands Armed Forces in Suriname (TRIS) which served as the Dutch colonial army in Suriname. This meant that like the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) in the Dutch East Indies, TRIS fell under the responsibility of the Dutch Ministry of Colonies, instead of the Dutch Ministry of Defense. The size of the TRIS army was, however, small, compared to the KNIL army for the former colony of Indonesia, it consisted of two infantry and two artillery companies. In total 636 soldiers served in the TRIS army. These soldiers were tasked with patrolling and policing duties within the Dutch colony of Surinam.

See also
Willem III
Amsterdam
Dutch East Indies
Saba
Poenale sanctie

References

Further reading

Online
TRIS online
TRIS

External links
 Dutch West Indies 1630-1975

Dutch colonisation of the Guianas
History of Suriname
Former colonies in South America
Former Dutch colonies
Dutch colonization of the Americas
Countries and territories where Dutch is an official language
States and territories established in 1667
States and territories disestablished in 1954
1667 establishments in South America
1954 disestablishments in South America
1667 establishments in the Dutch Empire
1950s disestablishments in the Dutch Empire
1952 disestablishments
Netherlands–Suriname relations
Former settlements and colonies of the Dutch West India Company

Surinam (Dutch colony)


Perovo () is a Moscow Metro station on Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya Line. It was opened on 30 December 1979 along with the Kalininsky radius at a depth of nine metres.

Name
Named after Perovo District in the Eastern Administrative Okrug.

Building
The architects Nina Aleshina and Volovich adopted a single-vault design with hinged aluminium lighting elements. The decorative design of the station is devoted to the Russian folk arts. The  walls are decorated with blocks with screw-threaded rocks, and original patterns above the entrance portals (by L. Novikova and B. Filatov). The walls are revetted with white marble above and black gabbro below. The floor, which has several high marble stalls surrounded by benches, is faced with grey, black and brown granite.

The station has two exits, both interlinked with the underground subways under the Zelyony Avenue and 2nd Vladimirskaya street. Presently the station has a relatively low passenger traffic of 49300 passengers.

External links

Moscow Metro stations
Railway stations in Russia opened in 1979
Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya line
Railway stations located underground in Russia

Perovo (Moscow Metro)


George Sefcik (December 27, 1939 – January 23, 2016), was an American football coach. He was the offensive coordinator of the Kansas City Chiefs in 1988, and the Atlanta Falcons from 1997 through 2001. He coached in 2 Super Bowls - XXXIII with the Atlanta Falcons and XVI with the Cincinnati Bengals. He has a total of 29 years coaching experience in the National Football League as an assistant coach and offensive coordinator. He was also a college football coach and offensive coordinator for 9 years.

Sefcik played football and baseball (3 year lettermen) for the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana from 1959 through 1962.

Sefcik played football and baseball (3 year lettermen) for Benedictine High School in Cleveland, Ohio from 1955 through 1958. He was a member of the 1957 Benedictine football team state champions and played/started at 4 positions - left halfback (offense), safety (defense), kicker and punter (special teams).

Sefcik died on January 23, 2016. He was survived by his wife and three children.

References

1939 births
2016 deaths
American football running backs
Atlanta Falcons coaches
Baltimore Colts coaches
Cincinnati Bengals coaches
Cleveland Browns coaches
Green Bay Packers coaches
Kansas City Chiefs coaches
Kentucky Wildcats football coaches
New York Giants coaches
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
Players of American football from Cleveland
Sportspeople from Cleveland

George Sefcik