Plant Delights Nursery is a mail order plant nursery based in Raleigh, North Carolina, specializing in herbaceous perennials, and owned by Tony Avent and partner Anita Avent.  Plant Delights Nursery was established in 1988 by plantsman Tony Avent and currently operates on the 28-acre campus of Juniper Level Botanic Gardens.

Proceeds (15% of revenues) from Plant Delights Nursery's for-profit perennial plant nursery fund the research, ex-situ conservation, educational programs, and ongoing maintenance of the not-for-profit Juniper Level Botanic Gardens, established in 1988, to bridge the gap between horticulture and botany.  Juniper Level Botanic Gardens is also home to the Center for Mindfulness and Nonduality.

The nursery operates as a mail order plant nursery through an extensive online shopping presence. It also hosts national and international plant societies and events as well as having 8 public open weekends per year where it sells perennial plants directly to the public on site. The garden and nursery also host educational classes to raise awareness of the mis-information prevalent in the gardening world, along with mindfulness and nonduality classes and retreats with Anita Avent at the Center for Mindfulness and Nonduality.

Plant Delights Nursery has a specialty catalog with humorous, topical covers drawn by the acclaimed cartoonist Jack Pittman. Plant Delights Nursery has been featured in many newspapers, magazines, and on television.

History
Owner Tony Avent with a lifelong love of plants, dreamed of owning a plant nursery. His parents built him a greenhouse when he was 8 years old and as a child he grew and sold plants as a hobby. Avent studied Horticulture at North Carolina State University under the late renowned horticulturist JC Raulston. He married his childhood sweetheart, Michelle Morgan (1957-2012), and after college, he worked for the North Carolina State Fairgrounds as its Landscape Director. While there, he purchased a home and property at 9241 Sauls Road in Raleigh. This parcel would eventually become Juniper Level Botanic Gardens and Plant Delights Nursery.

When Plant Delights Nursery was established in 1988, it was operated as a part-time operation in Avent's back yard to fund the research and educational programs of the botanic garden. The business grew quickly and in 1994 Avent resigned his day job to focus on the nursery and garden full-time. Avent and his wife, Anita Avent, direct the daily operations of both Plant Delights Nursery and Juniper Level Botanic Gardens.

Controversy

Owner Tony Avent has a history of publishing satirical catalog covers. These covers, often political satire, are created by Jack Pittman have historically provoked controversy, evidenced by letters contained in a hate mail section on the Plant Delights website.

In 2012, Plant Delights' Spring catalog cover ignited a strong reprisal from Penn State alumni, when the cover featured a caricature of former coach Jerry Sandusky dressed as a lion with a Penn State logo attached chasing children down a road. Numerous Facebook comments directed to the business were deleted. Avent publicly commented on News 5 WRAL in Raleigh that he stands by his artwork.

In 2021, Plant Delights' spring catalog featured President Joe Biden, Vice President Kamala Harris, and a number of children reading sexually suggestive pages from a book held by Biden entitled "Kama Seedtra". These drawings are an apparent nod to the widely debunked QAnon conspiracy purporting high level government officials, including many democrats, to be involved in sex trafficking of minors, ultimately leading to the insurrection at the US Capitol on January 6, 2021.

References

External links
 http://www.plantdelights.com

Agriculture companies of the United States
Companies based in Raleigh, North Carolina
Retail companies established in 1988
Horticultural companies of the United States
Mail-order retailers
Plant nurseries
Online retailers of the United States
Privately held companies based in North Carolina

Plant Delights Nursery


Marcus Terentius Varro (116–27 BC) was a Roman polymath and a prolific author. He is regarded as ancient Rome's greatest scholar, and was described by Petrarch as "the third great light of Rome" (after Virgil and Cicero). He is sometimes called Varro Reatinus ("Varro of Rieti") to distinguish him from his younger contemporary Varro Atacinus.

Life
Varro was born in or near Reate (now Rieti in Lazio) into a family thought to be of  equestrian rank. He always remained close to his roots in the area, owning a large farm in the Reatine plain (reported as near Lago di Ripasottile,) until his old age. He supported Pompey, reaching the office of praetor, after having served as  tribune of the people, quaestor and curule aedile. It is probable that Varro was discontented with the course on which Pompey entered when the First Triumvirate formed  60 BC, and he may thus have lost his chance of rising to the consulate. He actually ridiculed the coalition in a work entitled the Three-Headed Monster ( in the Greek of Appian, The Civil Wars, II.ii.9). He was one of the commission of twenty that carried out the great agrarian scheme of  Caesar for the resettlement of Capua and Campania (59 BC).

During Caesar's civil war of 49 to 45 he commanded one of Pompey's armies in the  Ilerda campaign of 49 BC. He escaped the penalties of having backed the losing side in the civil war through two pardons granted by Julius Caesar, before and after the 48 BC Battle of Pharsalus. Caesar  appointed him to oversee the public library of Rome in 47 BC, but following Caesar's death Mark Antony proscribed him, resulting in his losing much of his property, including his library. As the  Republic gave way to  Empire , Varro gained the favour of Augustus, under whose protection he found the security and quiet to devote himself to study and writing.

Varro had studied under the Roman philologist Lucius Aelius Stilo (died 74 BC), and later at Athens under the  Academic philosopher Antiochus of Ascalon (died 68 BC). Varro proved a highly productive writer and turned out more than 74 Latin works on a variety of topics. Aside from his many lost works (known through fragments), two endeavors stand out for historians: Nine Books of Disciplines and his compilation of the Varronian chronology. His Nine Books of Disciplines became a model for later encyclopedists, especially for Pliny the Elder ( to 79 AD). The most noteworthy portion of the Nine Books of Disciplines is its use of the liberal arts as organizing principles. Varro decided to focus on identifying nine of these arts: grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, musical theory, medicine, and architecture. Using Varro's list, mediated through Martianus Capella's early-5th century allegory, subsequent writers defined the seven classical "liberal arts" of the medieval schools.

In  BC, in his old age, Varro wrote on agriculture for his wife Fundania, producing a "voluminous" work  (also called )—similar to Cato the Elder's  work De agri cultura—on the management of  large slave-run estates.

Calendars

The compilation of the Varronian chronology was an attempt to determine an exact year-by-year timeline of Roman history up to his time. It is based on the traditional sequence of the consuls of the Roman Republic—supplemented, where necessary, by inserting "dictatorial" and "anarchic" years. It has been demonstrated to be somewhat erroneous but has become the widely accepted standard chronology, in large part because it was inscribed on the arch of Augustus in Rome; though that arch no longer stands, a large portion of the chronology has survived under the name of Fasti Capitolini.

Works
Varro's literary output was prolific; Ritschl estimated it at 74 works in some 620 books, of which only one work survives complete, although we possess many fragments of the others, mostly in Gellius' Attic Nights. He was called "the most learned of the Romans" by Quintilian, and also recognized by Plutarch as "a man deeply read in Roman history".

Varro was recognized as an important source by many other ancient authors, among them Cicero, Pliny the Elder, Virgil in the Georgics, Columella, Aulus Gellius, Macrobius, Augustine, and Vitruvius, who credits him (VII.Intr.14) with a book on architecture.

His only complete work extant,  ("Three Books on Agriculture"), has been described as "the well digested system of an experienced and successful farmer who has seen and practised all that he records."

One noteworthy aspect of the work is his anticipation of microbiology and epidemiology. Varro warned his readers to avoid swamps and marshland, since in such areas

...there are bred certain minute creatures which cannot be seen by the eyes, but which float in the air and enter the body through the mouth and nose and cause serious diseases.

Extant works

 De lingua latina libri XXV (or On the Latin Language in 25 Books, of which six books (V–X) survive, partly mutilated)
 Rerum rusticarum libri III (or Three Books of Rural Topics), also known as the  ("On Agriculture") or  ("Agriculture")

Known lost works
 Saturarum Menippearum libri CL or Menippean Satires in 150 books
 Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum libri XLI (Antiquities of Human and Divine Things)
 Logistoricon libri LXXVI
 Hebdomades vel de imaginibus
 Disciplinarum libri IX (An encyclopedia on the liberal arts, of which the first book dealt with grammar)
 De rebus urbanis libri III (or On Urban Topics in Three Books)
 De gente populi Romani libri IIII (cf. Augustine, 'De civitate dei' xxi. 8.)
 De sua vita libri III (or On His Own Life in Three Books)
 De familiis troianis (or On the Families of Troy)
 De Antiquitate Litterarum libri II (addressed to the tragic poet Lucius Accius; it is therefore one of his earliest writings)
 De Origine Linguae Latinae libri III (addressed to Pompey; cf. Augustine, 'De civitate dei' xxii. 28.)
 Περί Χαρακτήρων (in at least three books, on the formation of words)
 Quaestiones Plautinae libri V (containing interpretations of rare words found in the comedies of Plautus)
 De Similitudine Verborum libri III (on regularity in forms and words)
 De Utilitate Sermonis libri IIII (on the principle of anomaly or irregularity)
  libri V (?) (addressed to Marcellus, on orthography and the metres of poetry)
 De philosophia (cf. Augustine, 'De civitate dei' xix. 1.)
 De Bibliothecis (in three books)
Most of the extant fragments of these works (mostly the grammatical works) can be found in the Goetz–Schoell edition of De Lingua Latina, pp. 199–242; in the collection of Wilmanns, pp. 170–223; and in that of Funaioli, pp. 179–371.

References

Further reading
 Cardauns, B. Marcus Terentius Varro: Einführung in sein Werk. Heidelberger Studienhefte zur Altertumswissenschaft. Heidelberg, Germany: C. Winter, 2001.
 d'Alessandro, P. "Varrone e la tradizione metrica antica". Spudasmata, volume 143. Hildesheim; Zürich; New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 2012.
 Dahlmann, H.M. "Terentius Varro. Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft". Supplement 6, Abretten bis Thunudromon. Edited by Wilhelm Kroll, 1172–1277. Stuttgart: Metzler, 1935.
 Ferriss-Hill, J. "Varro's Intuition of Cognate Relationships." Illinois Classical Studies, volume 39, 2014, pp. 81–108.
 Freudenburg, K. "The Afterlife of Varro in Horace's Sermones: Generic Issues in Roman Satire." Generic Interfaces in Latin Literature: Encounters, Interactions and Transformations, edited by Stavros Frangoulidis, De Gruyter, 2013, pp. 297–336.
 Kronenberg, L. Allegories of Farming from Greece and Rome: Philosophical Satire in Xenophon, Varro and Virgil. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
 Nelsestuen, G. Varro the Agronomist: Political Philosophy, Satire, and Agriculture in the Late Republic. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2015.
 Richardson, J.S. "The Triumph of Metellus Scipio and the Dramatic Date of Varro, RR 3." The Classical Quarterly, volume 33, no. 2, 1983, pp. 456–463.
 Taylor, D.J.. Declinatio : A Study of the Linguistic Theory of Marcus Terentius Varro. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1974.
 Van Nuffelen, P. "Varro's Divine Antiquities: Roman Religion as an Image of Truth." Classical Philology, volume 105, no. 2, 2010, pp. 162–188.

External links
Marcus Terentius Varro: latin works in the latin Wikisource.

 de Re Rustica (Latin and English at LacusCurtius)
 Links to translation of De Linga Latina by R.G.Kent
 Livius.org: Varronian chronology
 thelatinlibrary.com: Latin works of Varro
 Oxford Classical Dictionary
 Oxford Bibliographies

116 BC births
27 BC deaths
2nd-century BC Romans
1st-century BC Roman praetors
1st-century BC writers
Ancient linguists
Ancient Roman antiquarians
Ancient Roman scholars of religion
Ancient Roman soldiers
Ancient Roman writers
Encyclopedias in classical antiquity
Ancient Roman encyclopedists
Geoponici
Golden Age Latin writers
People from Rieti
Recipients of ancient Roman pardons
Roman-era students in Athens
Varro, Marcus
Latinists

Marcus Terentius Varro


Adultism is a bias or prejudice against children or youth. It has been defined as "the power adults have over children", "prejudice and accompanying systematic discrimination against young people", and "bias towards adults... and the social addiction to adults, including their ideas, activities, and attitudes".

Definitions and terminology

Origin
The word adultism was used by Patterson Du Bois in 1903, with a meaning broadly similar to that used by Jack Flasher in a journal article seventy-five years later.

In France in the 1930s, the same word was used for an entirely different topic, the author describing a condition wherein a child possessed adult-like "physique and spirit":
A boy of 12 and a girl of 13 who had the spirit and personality of adults.... They were placed in institutions because of stealing and prostitution. These forms of precocity lead the individual into difficulties and should be recognized early in the development of the individual.

That 1930s usage of the word in France was superseded by a late 1970s American journal article proposing that adultism is the abuse of the power that adults have over children. The author identified examples not only in parents but in teachers, psychotherapists, the clergy, police, judges, and juries.

Usage
John Bell in 1995 defined adultism as "behaviors and attitudes based on the assumptions that adults are better than young people, and entitled to act upon young people without agreement". Adam Fletcher in 2016 called it "an addiction to the attitudes, ideas, beliefs, and actions of adults." Adultism is popularly used to describe any discrimination against young people and is sometimes distinguished from ageism, which is simply prejudice on the grounds of age, although it commonly refers to prejudice against older people, not specifically against youth. It has been suggested that adultism, which is associated with a view of the self that trades on rejecting and excluding child-subjectivity, has always been present in Western culture.

Fletcher suggests that adultism has three main expressions in society:
 Attitudinal Adultism: Personal feelings, assumptions, and beliefs that form a person's attitudes about young people. This is also called internalized adultism.
 Cultural Adultism: The shared attitudes, including beliefs and customs, promoting the assumption that adults are superior to anyone who is not identified as an adult, simply because of their age. This is also called social adultism.
 Structural Adultism: The normalization and legitimization of historical, cultural, institutional and interpersonal dynamics that routinely advantage adults while producing cumulative and chronic adverse outcomes for young people. This is also referred to as institutional adultism.

A study by the Crisis Prevention Institute of the prevalence of adultism found an increasing number of local youth-serving organizations addressing the issue. For instance, a local program (Youth Together) in Oakland, California, describes the impact of adultism, which "hinders the development of youth, in particular, their self-esteem and self-worth, ability to form positive relationships with caring adults, or even see adults as allies", on their website.

Adultism has been used to describe oppression of children and young people by adults, which is seen as having the same power dimension in the lives of young people as racism and sexism. When used in this sense it is a generalization of paternalism, describing the force of all adults rather than only male adults, and may be witnessed in the infantilization of children and youth. Pedophobia (the fear of children) and ephebiphobia (the fear of youth) have been proposed as antecedents to adultism.

Similar terms
Terms such as adult privilege, adultarchy, and adultcentrism have been proposed as descriptions of particular aspects or variants of adultism.

National Youth Rights Association describes discrimination against youth as ageism, taking that word as any form of discrimination against anyone due to their age. Advocates of using the term 'ageism' for this issue also believe it makes common cause with older people fighting against their own form of age discrimination. However, a national organization called Youth On Board counters this on the basis of a different meaning of "ageism", arguing that "addressing adultist behavior by calling it ageism is discrimination against youth in itself."

Causes
In his seminal 1978 article, Flasher says that adultism is born of the belief that children are inferior, and he says it can be manifested as excessive nurturing, possessiveness, or over-restrictiveness, all of which are consciously or unconsciously geared toward excessive control of a child. Adultism has been associated with psychological projection and splitting, a process whereby 'the one with the power attributes his or her unconscious, unresolved sexual and aggressive material' to the child – 'both the dark and the light side...hence the divine child/deficit child' split.

Theologians Heather Eaton and Matthew Fox proposed, "Adultism derives from adults repressing the inner child." John Holt stated, "An understanding of adultism might begin to explain what I mean when I say that much of what is known as children's art is an adult invention." That perspective is seemingly supported by Maya Angelou, who remarked:

Evidence of adultism
A 2006/2007 survey conducted by the Children's Rights Alliance for England and the National Children's Bureau asked 4,060 children and young people whether they have ever been treated unfairly based on various criteria (race, age, sex, sexual orientation, etc.).  A total of 43% of British youth surveyed reported experiencing discrimination based on their age, substantially more than other categories of discrimination like sex (27%), race (11%), or sexual orientation (6%).

Classification
In addition to Fletcher, other experts have identified multiple forms of adultism, offering a typology that includes the above categories of internalized adultism, institutionalized adultism, cultural adultism, and other forms.

Internalized adultism
In a publication published by the W. K. Kellogg Foundation, University of Michigan professor Barry Checkoway asserts that internalized adultism causes youth to "question their own legitimacy, doubt their ability to make a difference" and perpetuate a "culture of silence" among young people.

"Adultism convinces us as children that children don't really count," reports an investigative study, and it "becomes extremely important to us [children] to have the approval of adults and be 'in good' with them, even if it means betraying our fellow children. This aspect of internalized adultism leads to such phenomena tattling on our siblings or being the 'teacher's pet,' to name just two examples."

Other examples of internalized adultism include many forms of violence imposed upon children and youth by adults who are reliving the violence they faced as young people, such as corporal punishment, sexual abuse, verbal abuse, and community incidents that include store policies prohibiting youth from visiting shops without adults, and police, teachers, or parents chasing young people from areas without just cause.

Institutional adultism
Institutional adultism may be apparent in any instance of systemic bias, where formalized limitations or demands are placed on people simply because of their young age. Policies, laws, rules, organizational structures, and systematic procedures each serve as mechanisms to leverage, perpetuate, and instill adultism throughout society. These limitations are often reinforced through physical force, coercion or police actions and are often seen as double standards.  This treatment is increasingly seen as a form of gerontocracy.

Institutions perpetuating adultism may include the fiduciary, legal, educational, communal, religious, and governmental sectors of a community. Social science literature has identified adultism as "within the context of the social inequality and the oppression of children, where children are denied human rights and are disproportionately victims of maltreatment and exploitation."

Institutional adultism may be present in:

as well as Legal issues affecting adolescence and Total institutions.

Cultural adultism
Cultural adultism is a much more ambiguous, yet much more prevalent, form of "discrimination or intolerance towards youth". Any restriction or exploitation of people because of their young age, as opposed to their ability, comprehension, or capacity, may be said to be adultist. These restrictions are often attributed to euphemisms afforded to adults on the basis of age alone, such as "better judgment" or "the wisdom of age".  A parenting magazine editor comments, "Most of the time people talk differently to kids than to adults, and often they act differently, too."

Results

Social stratification
Discrimination against age is increasingly recognized as a form of bigotry in social and cultural settings around the world. An increasing number of social institutions are acknowledging the positions of children and teenagers as an oppressed minority group. Many youth are rallying against the adultist myths spread through mass media from the 1970s through the 1990s.

Research compiled from two sources (a Cornell University nationwide study, and a Harvard University study on youth) has shown that social stratification between age groups causes stereotyping and generalization; for instance, the media-perpetuated myth that all adolescents are immature, violent and rebellious. Opponents of adultism contend that this has led to growing number of youth, academics, researchers, and other adults rallying against adultism and ageism, such as organizing education programs, protesting statements, and creating organizations devoted to publicizing the concept and addressing it.

Simultaneously, research shows that young people who struggle against adultism within community organizations have a high rate of impact upon said agencies, as well as their peers, the adults who work with them, and the larger community to which the organization belongs.

Cultural responses
There may be many negative effects of adultism, including ephebiphobia and a growing generation gap. A reactive social response to adultism takes the form of the children's rights movement, led by young people who strike against being exploited for their labor. Numerous popular outlets are employed to strike out against adultism, particularly music and movies. Additionally, many youth-led social change efforts have inherently responded to adultism, particularly those associated with youth activism and student activism, each of which in their own respects have struggled with the effects of institutionalized and cultural adultism.

Academic developments
A growing number of governmental, academic, and educational institutions around the globe have created policy, conducted studies, and created publications that respond to many of the insinuations and implications of adultism. Much of popular researcher Margaret Mead's work can be said to be a response to adultism. Current researchers whose work analyzes the effects of adultism include sociologist Mike Males and critical theorist Henry Giroux. The topic has recently been addressed in liberation psychology literature, as well.

Addressing adultism
Any inanimate or animate exhibition of adultism is said to be "adultist". This may include behaviors, policies, practices, institutions, or individuals. It is legal in most countries, by parent to child under 18.

Educator John Holt proposed that teaching adults about adultism is a vital step to addressing the effects of adultism, and at least one organization and one curriculum do just that. Several educators have created curricula that seek to teach youth about adultism, as well. Currently, organizations responding to the negative effects of adultism include the United Nations, which has conducted a great deal of research in addition to recognizing the need to counter adultism through policy and programs. The CRC has particular Articles (5 and 12) which are specifically committed to combating adultism. The international organization Human Rights Watch has done the same.

Common practice accepts the engagement of youth voice and the formation of youth-adult partnerships as essential steps to resisting adultism.

Some ways to challenge adultism also include youth-led programming and participating in youth-led organizations. These are both ways of children stepping up and taking action to call out the bias towards adults. Youth-led programming allows the voices of the youth to be heard and taken into consideration. Taking control of their autonomy can help children take control of their sexuality, as well. Moving away from an adultist framework leads to moving away from the idea that children are not capable of handling information about sex and their own sexuality. Accepting that children are ready to learn about themselves will decrease the amount of misinformation spread to them by their peers and allow them to receive accurate information from individuals educated on the topic.

See also

References

External links

 Bell, J. (n.d.) Understanding Adultism: A Key to Developing Positive Youth-Adult Relationships.  Olympia, WA: The Freechild Project.
 Adultism and the Roots of Authoritarianism
 Velázquez, J. and Garin-Jones, M. (2003) "Adultism and Cultural Competence" Children's Voice Child Welfare League of America. January/February 2003.
 Unit on Adultism from SocialJusticeEducation.org, originally located at Creighton University.

Prejudice and discrimination by type
Youth rights
Youth
Ageism
Children's rights
Identity politics
Human rights by issue

Adultism


The Battle of Pune took place on 25 October 1802 near Pune between the rival factions of the Maratha empire. The forces of the Scindia (Shinde) and the Peshwa Bajirao II were attacked by the Holkars. While the British East India Company was not involved in the battle, its outcome and aftermath led to the Second Anglo-Maratha War.

In May 1802, Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar with 20,000 men marched towards Pune to solve the disputes. He conquered Sendhwa, Chalisgaon, Dhulia, Malegaon, Parola, Ner, Ahmednagar, Rahuri, Nashik, Sinnar, Dungargaon, Jamgaon, Pharabagh, Gardond, Pandharpur, Kurkumb, Narayangaon, Baramati, Purandhar, Saswad, Moreshwar, Thalner, and Jejuri.

On Sunday, 25 October 1802, on the festival of Diwali, Yashwantrao Holkar defeated the combined armies of Scindia and Peshwa which was around 25,000 at Hadapsar, near Pune. The battle took place at Ghorpadi, Banwadi and Hadapsar. Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar is said to have ordered his army not to attack first and wait until 25 cannonballs were fired from the other side; when the 25 cannonballs were fired, Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar ordered his army to attack. As soon as he won the war, he ordered his army not to harm the civilians of Pune.

The Peshwa, when he learned he was defeated, fled from Pune with 2000 men via Parvati, Wadgaon to Sinhagad. Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar asked the Peshwa to return to Pune.

On 27 October 1802, Peshwa Bajirao (II), along with Chimnaji, Baloji, and Kunjir along with some soldiers of Scindia, went to Raigad and spent one month in Virwadi. He then went to Suwarnadurgh, and on 01/12/1802, went to Bassein via a ship named Harkuyan. The British offered him enticements to sign the Subsidiary Treaty in return for the throne. After deliberating for over a month, and after threats that his brother would otherwise be recognised as Peshwa, Bajirao (II) signed the treaty, surrendering his residual sovereignty and allowing the English to put him on the throne at Pune. This Treaty of Bassein was signed on 31 December 1802.

Panse, Purandhare, and some other Maratha Sardars had requested the Peshwa to return to Pune and have a dialogue with the Holkars. Even Chimnaji was against signing a treaty with British.

After conquering Pune, Yashwantrao Holkar took the administration in his hands and appointed his men. He freed Moroba Phadnawis (the brother of Nana Phadnavis), Phadke, and others who were imprisoned by Bajirao (II).

He appointed Amrutrao as the Peshwa and went to Indore on 13 March 1803. He kept 10,000 men of his in Pune for the protection of new Peshwa. The British reinsted Bajirao (II) as the Peshwa at Pune on 13 May 1803, but soon the Peshwa realised he was only a nominal Peshwa and the British had taken total control.

See also
Yashwantrao Holkar
Battle of Bharatpur

References

Mountstuart Elphinstone, Territories conquered from the Peishwa
James Grant Duff (1826), History of the Marathas (Vol. III, Chap X, pg 206-210) -  London
 A. Kolhatkar, Toronto, Canada Private Communication (Relevant information on this website)

Poona
Poona 1802
Poona
History of Pune
1802 in India
October 1802 events
Events in Pune

Battle of Poona


Roald Dahl's Matilda the Musical (or simply known as Matilda) is a 2022 American-British musical fantasy movie. It is a movie based on Matilda the Musical which is in turn based on the children's novel by Roald Dahl. It is the second film adaption of it after  the 1996 film adaption of it. Matilda the Musical had its world premiere at the BFI London Film Festival on 5 October 2022, and was theatrically released in the United Kingdom on 25 November 2022, by Sony Pictures Releasing International through TriStar Pictures, while in the United States, the film was released on 9 December 2022, in addition to being available to stream on Netflix on 25 December. The film received positive reviews from critics, with particular praise for Thompson's performance.

Plot
While other parents adore their newborn children, Mrs Wormwood is distraught to learn she is pregnant and in labor. To Mr Wormwood's confusion, she has a girl, Matilda. Despite her parents' disdain, Matilda grows into a sweet child who loves reading books and visits Mrs Phelps, the librarian, every day. Upon discovering that Matilda has not been properly schooled, Miss Jennifer Honey and an inspector visit the house to suggest Matilda be sent to Crunchem Hall. Angry at the fine, Mr Wormwood warns the headmistress, Miss Agatha Trunchbull, about Matilda. In retaliation, Matilda tricks him into dyeing his hair green.

On her way to school, Matilda tells Mrs Phelps her story about an escapologist who falls in love with and marries an acrobat. When the school bell rings, Matilda befriends a new girl named Lavender. They are taught to fear the school and Miss Trunchbull by Hortensia, an older student, and the prefects along with the rest of the students at Crunchem Hall. In Miss Honey's class, Matilda solves a complex maths equation on the board and confesses that she loves reading most of all. Miss Honey tries to convince Miss Trunchbull to move Matilda to a more advanced class, and Miss Trunchbull refuses to let Matilda be an exception to the rules.

At home, Matilda criticizes her father, who furiously rips her library book apart and wrongly sends Matilda to her room. In the morning, she glues his hat to his head in retaliation. At school, Matilda leads the students in protecting Nigel from being wrongfully punished, and Miss Trunchbull throws Amanda Thripp by her pigtail braids over the fence instead. The next day, Miss Trunchbull falsely accuses Matilda of stealing a slice of her private chocolate cake, but Bruce Bogtrotter reveals he is the culprit by belching a chocolatey belch. Miss Trunchbull punishes Bruce by forcing him to eat the entire cake, promising he will be forgiven if he manages it. Furious that he succeeds, Miss Trunchbull condemns him to the Chokey regardless. Matilda attempts to defend him as he is led away. Matilda continues the story for Mrs Phelps: the now-pregnant acrobat was forced to perform a dangerous stunt by her stepsister; the acrobat is horribly injured, and she dies after giving birth to a daughter. The escapologist forgives the stepsister and asks her to help him raise his daughter, but the stepsister secretly bullies her.

At home, Mr Wormwood locks Matilda in her room for criticising how he tricks people into buying his cars. Matilda ends her story: the aunt locks the daughter in the cellar and goes out, and the escapologist comes home early and learns his daughter is mistreated but never returns from confronting the stepsister during a thunderstorm. Miss Trunchbull forces the children through challenging exercises to crush their rebellious spirit. Lavender slips her pet newt Isaac into Miss Trunchbull's drinking water, and Matilda furiously uses her newly discovered telekinesis to make Isaac embarrass Miss Trunchbull. Miss Honey invites Matilda to tea at her cottage. There, Matilda learns that her story is real, the escapologist and the acrobat are Miss Honey's parents, and the evil stepsister is Miss Trunchbull. Matilda leaves the cottage and uses her powers to destroy the Chokey. At home, Matilda discovers that her father tricked the mafia, and the family must flee to Spain. Then, Matilda cries in her room about never seeing Miss Honey, Mrs Phelps and Lavender again.

When the children arrive at school, Miss Trunchbull forces them to spell words correctly or be locked in a new Chokey. She has Lavender spell a made-up word, tricking the other children into rebelliously spelling words incorrectly on purpose so that she can lock them all into Chokeys. However, Matilda uses her telekinesis to pretend to be the vengeful ghost of Magnus Honey, Miss Honey's father. She uses him to destroy all her new chokeys, then grabs her by her now pigtailed hair and launches her out of the school, just as Trunchbull did with Thripp. Miss Honey tells Miss Trunchbull never to return and takes back the keys to her father's house. The children led by Bruce and Hortensia celebrate their freedom, destroying Trunchbull's statue in the process. When Mr and Mrs Wormwood come to take Matilda to Spain, Miss Honey begs them to let Matilda stay with her. They allow Matilda to be adopted by Miss Honey, and Matilda uses her powers to unglue her father's hat. With Miss Honey as the new headmistress, the children rename the school The Big Friendly School. Mrs Phelps is overjoyed that Matilda's true story has a happy ending and that Matilda and Miss Honey live happily together.

Cast
 Alisha Weir as Matilda Wormwood
 Emma Thompson as Miss Agatha Trunchbull
 Lashana Lynch as Miss Honey
 Stephen Graham as Mr Wormwood
 Andrea Riseborough as Mrs Wormwood
 Sindhu Vee as Mrs Phelps
 Carl Spencer as Escapologist
 Lauren Alexandra as Acrobat
 Winter Jarrett-Glasspool as Amanda Thripp
 Andrei Shen as Eric
 Ashton Robertson as Nigel
 Meesha Garbett as Hortensia
 Charlie Hodson-Prior as Bruce Bogtrotter
 Rei Yamauchi Fulker as Lavender
 Katherine Kingsley as the Acrobat's Stepsister
 Amber Adeyinka as Young Miss Honey
 Matt Henry as Doctor

References

Other websites

2022 comedy movies
2022 movies
American black comedy movies
American children's comedy movies
American fantasy-comedy movies
Movies about revenge
American musical comedy movies
2020s English-language movies
Movies about child abuse
Movies about educators
Movies set in schools
Movies based on books
Movies based on musicals
Netflix movies

Matilda (2022 movie)


The Land Leviathan is an alternative history novel by Michael Moorcock, first published in 1974. Originally subtitled "A New Scientific Romance", it has been seen as an early steampunk novel, dealing with an alternative British Imperial history dominated by airships and futuristic warfare. It is a sequel to Warlord of the Air (1971) and followed by The Steel Tsar (1981). This proto-steampunk trilogy is also published as the compilation volume A Nomad of the Time Streams.

Plot summary
The story of Oswald Bastable's adventures "trapped forever in the shifting tides of time" is framed with the concept of the book being a long lost manuscript, as related by Moorcock's grandfather. Several years after Bastable disappeared in 1910, the elder Moorcock travels to China in an attempt to track him down, meeting Una Persson of the Jerry Cornelius novels on the way who before disappearing leaves him a manuscript written by Bastable for Moorcock, relating what happened to Bastable after he unexpectedly left the elder Moorcock at the end of Warlord of the Air, probably bound for another alternate 20th century.

Bastable's story takes in a post-apocalyptic early twentieth century between 1904 and 1908, where Western Europe and the United States have been devastated by accelerated technological change caused by a prolific Chilean inventor, which led to a prolonged global war causing their reversion to barbarism. By contrast, South Africa, rechristened Bantustan, is ruled by President Mohandas Gandhi, has never had apartheid, and is an oasis of civilisation which stayed out of the conflict being an affluent, technologically advanced nation in this alternate, anti-imperialist twentieth century. To restore civilisation and social order in the afflicted Northern Hemisphere, a 'Black Attila', General Cicero Hood, leads an African army to beneficent if paternalist conquest of Europe and an apocalyptic war against the United States featuring the "vast, moving ziggurat of destruction" of the title.

The historical personage of our world appearing as alternate versions of themselves include:
 Mahatma Gandhi is president of the wealthy, Marxist Republic of Bantustan;
 Al Capone is a dashing flyer for the Republic of Bantustan (although the novel takes place before the real Capone was 10 years old).
 Herbert Hoover is a racist New York City gangster organizing the city's last stand against the black, African-based Ashanti Empire. White Americans have re-introduced African-American slavery as they blame the latter as scapegoats for epidemics that were actually initiated by biological warfare among the perished Western nations;
 P. J. Kennedy is an amateur explosives hack which makes him the local mob lord or tribal chief of Wilmington (it is not made clear whether this is Wilmington, New York, Wilmington Township, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, or Wilmington Township, Mercer County, Pennsylvania or Wilmington, Delaware, only that it is situated between New York City and Washington, D.C.)
 Frederic Courtland Penfield, formerly a US diplomat in our world as well as the one Bastable visits, is founder of a new Ku Klux Klan. He also serves as a nominal 'president' over a de facto, skeletal 'United States', in Washington, D.C. The former capital has been surprisingly immune from bombing and missile attack (as the government had fled into subterranean shelters at the beginning of the Great War) which makes up most of his realm. In some editions, the character is renamed "Beesley", whose description resembles that of Bishop Beesley, a character from the Jerry Cornelius novels.
 Paul Robeson is a leader of slaves in Washington, D.C.
 Joseph Conrad as submarine captain Joseph Korzeniowski.

Major themes
Martin Wisse noted that the book "is quite obviously a commentary on the 'yellow peril' and 'black peril' novel of the late 19th and early 20th century, with its unthinking racism, love of superweapons and willingness to commit genocide of the 'lesser races'. Here the formula is inverted, and the sympathies of the writer and reader are with Gandhi and the 'Black Attila', shown as a genuinely good man". They are contrasted with the impoverished, tribalised white supremacists of the devastated former United States, which has reintroduced African American slavery. Bastable accuses Hood of "genocide" though the word was not coined until 1943.

Publication history
It was first published in 1974 and has remained in print, in various editions, ever since.

See also
 "The Land Ironclads"

References

External links

1974 British novels
1974 science fiction novels
British alternative history novels
British steampunk novels
Novels by Michael Moorcock
Novels about imperialism
British post-apocalyptic novels
Invasion literature
English novels

The Land Leviathan


Edgerton "Ed" Hartwell II (born May 27, 1978)  is a former American football linebacker. He played college football at Western Illinois and was selected by the Baltimore Ravens in the fourth round of the 2001 NFL Draft. Hartwell was also a member of the Atlanta Falcons, Cincinnati Bengals, Oakland Raiders and Las Vegas Locomotives.

Early years
Hartwell was born in Las Vegas, Nevada, and graduated from Cheyenne High School in 1996. He played college football at University of Wisconsin and Western Illinois University.

Professional career

Baltimore Ravens
Hartwell was selected by the Baltimore Ravens in the fourth round of the 2001 NFL Draft. He played for the Ravens from 2001 to 2004. He never missed a game, though he was limited to special teams in 2001. He finished his career with the Ravens with 337 tackles, six sacks and one interception.

Atlanta Falcons
After the 2004 season, Hartwell became a free agent and was signed to a six-year, $26.25 million contract by the Atlanta Falcons. He spent two injury-plagued seasons with the Falcons before being released on March 2, 2007. He played in only 13 games recording 63 tackles and one sack.

Cincinnati Bengals
On May 3, 2007, Hartwell signed with the Cincinnati Bengals. However, he was released on September 1 following the preseason and spent the rest of the year out of football.

Oakland Raiders
Hartwell signed with the Oakland Raiders on May 2, 2008. He was released by the team on August 13 after the team signed punter Glenn Pakulak.

Las Vegas Locomotives
Hartwell signed with the Las Vegas Locomotives in 2010.

Personal life

Marriage to Lisa Wu-Hartwell
Hartwell married reality television personality Lisa Wu-Hartwell in December 2005. Their son Ed Jr. was born May 9, 2007. Lisa also has sons Jordan (b. 1995) and Justin (b. 1998) with ex-husband R&B singer Keith Sweat.

Court records show that Lisa Wu-Hartwell and Ed Hartwell borrowed $2.9 million to buy their suburban mansion in June 2007. Just over two years later, Bank of America paid $1.9 million for the house at a foreclosure sale at the Forsyth County, Georgia courthouse, after the Hartwells defaulted on their adjustable-rate mortgage from the bank.

Ed Hartwell filed for divorce on August 24, 2011; it was finalized October 7, 2011, with the court document giving her name as Sharon Millette Hartwell.

Marriage to Keshia Knight Pulliam
On New Year's Day 2016, Hartwell married actress Keshia Knight Pulliam. On July 17, 2016, Knight Pulliam announced that she was expecting her first child, a girl, with husband Ed Hartwell. Hartwell filed for divorce on July 25, 2016. Their daughter, Ella Grace Hartwell, was born on January 23, 2017. The divorce was finalized in April 2018, with Knight Pulliam receiving primary custody of Ella while Hartwell was ordered to pay child support of about $3,000 a month.

Media appearances
Hartwell is featured in seasons 1 and 2 of The Real Housewives of Atlanta, a Bravo TV reality show that follows the life of the Hartwells and several other Housewives and their families. Lisa and Ed Hartwell had several aspiring businesses such as a real estate firm called Hartwell and Associates, a jewelry line called Wu Girls,  a t-shirt line called Hart 2 Hart Clothing, a women's clothing line called Closet Freak, and a baby clothing line called Hart 2 Hart Baby.

References

Further reading

External links
Just Sports Stats

1978 births
American football linebackers
Atlanta Falcons players
Baltimore Ravens players
Cincinnati Bengals players
Las Vegas Locomotives players
Living people
Oakland Raiders players
Players of American football from Las Vegas
Wisconsin Badgers football players
Western Illinois Leathernecks football players

Edgerton Hartwell


Adi Litia Samanunu Cakobau-Talakuli (1940–2012) was a Fijian chief, politician, and diplomat.  The eldest child of Ratu Sir George Cakobau (the late Vunivalu of Bau and Governor-General), Talakuli held a number of senior positions in the Fijian government.  She was Minister for iTaukei Affairs in 1994 and 1995, and was considered as a candidate for the Vice-Presidency in 1997.  She became Fiji's High Commissioner to Malaysia and Ambassador to Thailand and the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific in 1999

Appointed to the Fijian Senate in June 2006 as one of nine nominees of the Fijian government, Talakuli was also appointed to the Cabinet as a Minister without portfolio. As the eldest child of the last Vunivalu of Bau, she was considered the most senior chief of the Kubuna Confederacy; however, she was not a member of the Bose Levu Vakaturaga.

Personal life
Talakuli was the eldest child of Ratu Sir George Cakobau (the late 11th Vunivalu of Bau and Governor-General). Her siblings include Ratu Epenisa Seru Cakobau (half-brother), Ratu George Cakobau, Jr and Adi Litia Qalirea Cakobau.  She married Manasa Talakuli, who was the first Fijian to be commissioned in the British Army.

References

1940 births
2012 deaths
Fijian chiefs
I-Taukei Fijian members of the Senate (Fiji)
Tui Kaba
Ambassadors of Fiji to Thailand
High Commissioners of Fiji to Malaysia
Government ministers of Fiji
Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua politicians
Politicians from Bau (island)
Fijian women diplomats
Women ambassadors
Women government ministers of Fiji

Samanunu Cakobau-Talakuli


Gordon Lish (born February 11, 1934) is an American writer. As a literary editor, he championed many American authors, particularly Raymond Carver, Barry Hannah, Amy Hempel, Rick Bass, and Richard Ford. He is the father of the novelist Atticus Lish.

Early life and family

Lish was raised in Hewlett, New York, on Long Island; his father was the founder and primary partner in Lish Brothers, a millinery firm. During his formative years, he suffered from extreme psoriasis and was often ostracized by his peers. He attended Phillips Academy but left without graduating following an altercation with an antisemitic classmate in 1952. While briefly institutionalized in Westchester County, New York, following an adverse reaction to the hormone ACTH (used in psoriasis treatment), he developed a friendship with noted poet Hayden Carruth. Following his release, he took a job as a radio broadcaster for WEIL in New Haven, Connecticut, under the pseudonym of Gordo Lockwood and continued to correspond with Carruth, who introduced Lish to the Partisan Review. He relocated to Tucson, Arizona, due to the ameliorative effects of the region's climate on his psoriasis. In November 1956, Lish married Loretta Frances Fokes; they would go on to have three children (Jennifer, Becca and Ethan).

After Frances advised him to attend college, Lish matriculated at the nearby University of Arizona. He majored in English and German and clashed with creative writing instructor Edward Loomis, an adherent of the New Criticism who routinely disparaged Lish's more idiosyncratic influences, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Dylan Thomas and Jack Kerouac. Nevertheless, Lish completed a cum laude degree in two years, graduating in 1959.

Following Lish's graduation, the family moved to San Francisco. During this period, Lish experienced the last vestiges of the San Francisco Renaissance and completed a teaching credential at San Francisco State University in 1960. Following another move to Burlingame, California, he took a position as an English teacher at Mills High School in Millbrae, California, where he joined a new Pacific Coast avant-garde literary journal, Chrysalis Review, edited by the San Francisco writer, John Herrmann. When Herrmann left the magazine, Lish took it over, and eventually it evolved into Genesis West.

Editing

Genesis West

Genesis West was published in seven volumes by The Chrysalis West Foundation between 1961 and 1965. While working on Genesis West, their house and magazine became a focus point, and celebrated such authors as Neal Cassady, Ken Kesey, Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, Jack Gilbert, and Herbert Gold. Although Lish is not ranked among the Merry Pranksters, he often hosted Kesey and Cassady in his home. Neal Cassady makes note of his time spent at the Lish home on page 151 of his only self-authored book, The First Third. Carolyn Cassady makes note of the Lish home in Off the Road.

The outré nature of Genesis West incensed school board officials, and Lish was denied tenure in 1963; two fellow teachers left in protest, and the kerfuffle was covered by The Nation. After refusing a fellowship at the University of Chicago Divinity School and a teaching position at Deep Springs College, Lish became editor-in-chief and director of linguistic studies at Behavioral Research Laboratories in Menlo Park, California. There, in 1964, he produced English Grammar, a text for educators; Why Work, a book of interviews; New Sounds in American Fiction, a set of recorded dramatic readings of short stories; and A Man's Work, an information motivation sound system in vocational guidance. It consisted of over 50 translucent albums.

While in Menlo Park, one of Lish's friends was Raymond Carver, who was then intermittently employed as an editor and public relations director at Science Research Associates, located across the street from Lish's office. Lish edited a number of stories that wound up as Carver's first national magazine publications.

Esquire

Despite his comparative obscurity, Lish relocated to New York City in late 1969 after being hired as fiction editor at Esquire on the basis of a provocative cover letter and the promise to publisher Arnold Gingrich that he would deliver "the new fiction"; he would hold this position until 1977. Here he became known as "Captain Fiction" for the number of authors whose careers he assisted, including Carver, Richard Ford, Cynthia Ozick, Don DeLillo, Reynolds Price, T. Coraghessan Boyle, Raymond Kennedy, Alexander Theroux, and Barry Hannah. With the exception of Ozick and DeLillo, all of these writers taught and/or studied in academic creative writing programs, reflecting a totemic shift in the institutionalization of American literature. Throughout this period, Lish taught creative writing at Yale University as a lecturer and guest fellow.

It was at Esquire that Lish's aggressive editing of Carver's "Neighbors" in 1971 created the minimalist effect for which he was later known, as Carol Polsgrove pointed out in her 1995 book, It Wasn't Pretty, Folks, But Didn't We Have Fun? Esquire in the Sixties. Polsgrove wrote, "On several pages of the twelve-page manuscript, fewer than half of Carver's words were left standing. Close to half were cut on several other pages." While Carver accepted Lish's editorial changes, other writers (including close friends such as DeLillo, who pulled a planned excerpt from the forthcoming Great Jones Street in September 1972 because of Lish's expurgations) resisted. Wrote Paul Bowles, "I fail completely to understand the meaning of the suggestions, or of the story as it incorporates them."

While at Esquire, Lish edited the collections The Secret Life of Our Times and All Our Secrets Are the Same, which contained pieces by a number of prominent authors, from Vladimir Nabokov to Milan Kundera.

In February 1977, Esquire published "For Rupert – with no promises" as an unsigned work of fiction: this was the first time it had published a work without identifying the author. Readers speculated that it was the work of J. D. Salinger, but it was in fact a clever parody by Lish, who is quoted as saying, "I tried to borrow Salinger's voice and the psychological circumstances of his life, as I imagine them to be now. And I tried to use those things to elaborate on certain circumstances and events in his fiction to deepen them and add complexity."

Alfred A. Knopf

Lish left Esquire in 1977 as senior editor to take a position with the publishing firm of Alfred A. Knopf; he retained the same title and remained there until 1995. At Knopf, he continued to champion new fiction, publishing works by Ozick, Carver, Hannah, Anderson Ferrell, David Leavitt, Amy Hempel, Noy Holland, Lynne Tillman, Will Ferguson, Harold Brodkey, and Joy Williams.  After Lish retired from both teaching and publishing, some of his students continued to make noted contributions to American letters; the National Book Award was won in 2004 by Lily Tuck for The News from Paraguay, a novel. In the same year Christine Schutt's Florida was a finalist, and Dana Spiotta was a finalist for the award in 2006 for Eat The Document. Other former students whose writing has met with praise include Diane Williams, Dawn Raffel, William Tester, Victoria Redel, Gary Lutz, Ben Marcus, Sam Lipsyte, Will Eno, and Bahamian writer Garth Buckner, whose The Origins of Solitude was met with some critical acclaim.

After leaving Yale in 1980, Lish continued teaching creative writing as an adjunct professor at Columbia University and New York University, inspiring writers such as Amy Hempel; Hempel would later dedicate her collection Reasons to Live to him. Gary Lutz also dedicated Stories in the Worst Way (first published in 1996 by Alfred A. Knopf) and I Looked Alive (first published in 2003 by Four Walls Eight Windows) to Gordon Lish. Experimental minimalist V.O. Blum is indebted to Lish for having lauded an early novelette "Sperm Boy" in 1994; Blum went on to win kudos for a later novella, DownMind.

Pamela Ryder dedicated Correction of Drift: A Novel in Stories and A Tendency to Be Gone: Stories to Lish.

Other writers who give thanks to Lish in books published by him at Alfred A. Knopf include Brian Evenson, Noy Holland, Patricia Lear, Dawn Raffel and Victoria Redel (Where the Road Bottoms Out).

In Holland's thanks, she writes, "Greatest thanks to Gordon, captain in all weather." In Sam Lipsyte's Venus Drive, Lipsyte gives thanks to "especially Gordon Lish," his former teacher.

During his time at Knopf, Lish wrote several books of his own fiction which were published by New York imprints:
Dear Mr. Capote, his first novel.
What I Know So Far, a collection of short stories, was published in 1984 and included "For Rupert—with no Promises.", and the O. Henry Award-winning "For Jeromé—with Love and Kisses," a parody of J. D. Salinger's story, "For Esmé—with Love and Squalor."
Peru, published in 1986.

In 1987, Lish founded and edited the avant garde literary magazine, The Quarterly, which showcased the works of contemporary authors.  Six volumes were published by the summer of 1988.  The Quarterly introduced such authors as J. E. Pitts, Jason Schwartz, Jane Smiley, Mark Richard, Bruce Holland Rogers, and Jennifer Allen. By the time The Quarterly ended in 1995, it had published 31 volumes.

Lish continued to write fiction, including Mourner at the Door in 1988, Extravaganza in 1989, My Romance in 1991, and Zimzum in 1993.  For the June 1991 issue of Vanity Fair, James Wolcott wrote a profile on Gordon Lish and Don DeLillo called "The Sunshine Boys."

He was the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1984.

Carver edits
In August 1998, three years after Carol Polsgrove described Lish's heavy editing of Raymond Carver's Neighbors and published a facsimile page showing the editing, The New York Times Magazine published an article by D. T. Max about the extent of Lish's editing of Carver's short stories which was visible in manuscripts held at the Lilly Library. Before his death, Carver had written to Lish: "If I have any standing or reputation or credibility in the world, I owe it to you." In December 2007, The New Yorker published an earlier and much longer draft of Carver's story "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" under Carver's title, "Beginners." The magazine published Lish's extensive edits of the story on its web site for comparison. In May 2010 Giles Harvey wrote an article in the New York Review of Books reviewing Carver's work, and made the observation, "The publication of 'Beginners' has not done Carver any favors. Rather, it has inadvertently pointed up the editorial genius of Gordon Lish." Conversely, Stephen King in The New York Times described Lish's influence as 'baleful' and heartless, singling out the story 'The Bath' as 'a total re-write' and 'a cheat'. In 2013, David Winters wrote a profile of Lish for The Guardian, arguing that the widely publicized association with Carver had distorted Lish's reception, drawing attention away from the formal and stylistic innovation of his own fiction and from the achievements of his students.

Legacy
He was named one of the 200 major writers of our time by the French periodical Le Nouvel Observateur. Lish has placed his papers and manuscripts, some 80,000 items dating from 1951 to 2012, at the Lilly Library of Indiana University.

Teaching and influence
In addition to his career in literary publishing, Lish has conducted writing seminars in New York City and served as a lecturer at Yale University, New York University and Columbia University.

Lish retired from teaching fiction writing in 1997 but came out of retirement to teach during the summers of 2009 and 2010 at the Center for Fiction in Manhattan. He also gave a series of lectures at Columbia University in 2013 and 2014.

Don DeLillo acknowledged Lish's influence as a teacher and friend in dedicating his book Mao II to Lish. Lish dedicated his books My Romance, Mourner at the Door, and Epigraph to DeLillo. Lish also wrote an afterword to the publication of DeLillo's first play, The Engineer of Moonlight, in which he attacks those who would call DeLillo's vision bleak, stating, "Where we are and where we are going is where DeLillo is. He is our least nostalgic writer of large importance."<ref>Don DeLillo, The Engineer of Moonlight (Cornell Review, 1979).</ref>

In a 2003 interview with The Review of Contemporary Fiction, Diane Williams said, "I studied with Gordon for two semesters in New York because I understood what he was offering—the special chance to become hugely conscious of how language can be manipulated to produce maximum effects. So often, in our naturally powerful speech, we only understand dimly how we are doing it, so that we are deprived of the good fortune of being in charge of it, rather than the other way around."

He received an honorary doctor of letters from the State University of New York at Oneonta in 1994.

In Barry Hannah's short novel Ray, there is a character called Captain Gordon who is based on Lish, and Lish appears as himself in Hannah's Boomerang.

David Leavitt's novel Martin Bauman; or, A Sure Thing documents the narrator's experiences under the tutelage of Gordon Lish. In the novel, Lish is the basis for the character of Stanley Flint, an enigmatic writing teacher.

Criticism
Students of Lish's Columbia University workshop "Tactics of Fiction" have described it with such adjective as "grueling," "hellish" and "sadistic," punctuated by Lish's constant interruptions of "This is entirely self-serving!" and "That's not what I want to hear. That won't help me live or die. It doesn't tell me anything about human truth." They have also called him "an unbelievably crazy, manipulative, egomaniacal person." One student told Spy magazine, "It was like some ghastly form of torture. To have to sit there listening to this self-indulgent egotist interrupting and insulting everybody. Really, there was not a moment of interest or enjoyment."

Carla Blumenkranz noted in The New Yorker, "Lish's willingness to be bored and show it was one of his strengths as an instructor. He created a situation in which each student had to approach him, like a stranger at a party or a bar, to see if she could catch his attention. Lish shot down these nervous suitors one by one, not even bothering to hear out the pickup lines they fretted over. Then he shifted in an instant to a masculine role: talking endlessly, enacting his charisma, awing his listeners into submission."

Lish himself has criticized a number of prominent authors and literary institutions. Among his comments are that "Philip Roth is full of shit"; Jonathan Franzen and Jonathan Lethem do not deserve their reputations; Lydia Davis is "ridiculously overrated"; "I can't read Paul Auster anymore"; the redesign of The New Yorker was a "dreadful error"; and literary magazine n+1 is a "crock of shit."

Select English bibliographyA Man's Work, New York : McGraw-Hill, (1967), OCLC 5855822All Our Secrets Are the Same, New York : W. W. Norton, (1976),  LCCN 76040486 OCLC 2425115Arcade, or, How to Write a Novel, New York : Four Walls Eight Windows, (1998),  LCCN 98026693	Collected Fictions, New York : OR Books, (2010), Dear Mr. Capote, New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston, (1983),  LCCN 85026276English Grammar, Palo Alto, Ca.: Behavioral Research Laboratories, (1964) OCLC 11328343Epigraph, New York : Four Walls Eight Windows, (1996),  LCCN 96019753		Extravaganza, New York : Putnam, (1989),  LCCN 88028146 OCLC 18463582Goings, New York : OR Books, (2014), Krupp's Lulu, New York : Four Walls Eight Windows, (2000),  LCCN 99086329 OCLC 43324258Mourner at the Door, New York : Penguin Books, (1988),  LCCN 88031663		My Romance, New York : W. W. Norton, (1991),  LCCN 90024142 OCLC 22766592New Sounds in American Fiction, Menlo Park : Cummings Pub. Co. (1969), LCCN 68058434 OCLC 4102981Peru, New York : E.P. Dutton, (1986),  LCCN 85013015 OCLC 12216053Self-Imitation of Myself, New York : Four Walls Eight Windows, (1997),  LCCN 97013200 OCLC 36713172The Secret Life of Our Times, Garden City : Doubleday, (1973),  LCCN 73080734 OCLC 754648The Selected Stories of Gordon Lish, Toronto : Somerville House Pub., (1996),  OCLC 35927592What I Know So Far, New York : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, (1984),  LCCN 83012980 OCLC 9830715Why Work, Palo Alto, Ca.: Behavioral Research Laboratories, (1966), OCLC	62726395Zimzum, New York : Pantheon, (1993),  LCCN 93003360 OCLC 27769736

Awards
The Antioch Review 2005 Awards for Distinguished Prose
A Guggenheim Fellowship, 1984
The O. Henry Prize, 1983
Columbia School of Journalism, for distinguished work in fiction 1971, for nonfiction 1975
American Society of Magazine Editors, 1971

References

External links
 Bess, Donovan, "The Man Who Taught Too Well", Nation Magazine, June 15, 1963
Raymond Carver's story "Beginners " and Gordon Lish's edits of the story to create its published version, entitled "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love."
 Radio interview with Michael Silverblatt and Gordon Lish in Bookworm'' on December 12, 1993

20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American book editors
American magazine editors
American male novelists
American male journalists
American literary critics
Minimalist writers
Novelists from New York (state)
Novelists from Arizona
Writers from California
Phillips Academy alumni
University of Arizona alumni
San Francisco State University alumni
1934 births
Living people
Jewish American novelists
People from Hewlett, New York
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers

Gordon Lish


The  are a collection of governing rules compiled in 668AD, hence being the first collection of Ritsuryō laws in classical Japan. These laws were compiled by Fujiwara no Kamatari under the order of Emperor Tenji. This collection of laws is now lost and its disputed existence is supported only by short references in later documents (among which the Tōshi Kaden, a history of the Fujiwara).
It is furthermore missing from the Nihon Shoki.

The Ōmi-ryō, consisting of 22 volumes, was promulgated in the last year of Tenji's reign. This legal codification is no longer extant, but it is said to have been refined in what is known as the Asuka Kiyomihara ritsu-ryō of 689; and these are understood to have been a forerunner of the Taihō ritsu-ryō of 701.

See also
 Ritsuryō
 Taihō Code
 Yōrō Code
 Asuka Kiyomihara Code

Notes

References
 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959).  The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
 Varley, H. Paul, ed. (1980). Kitabatake Chikafusa, 1359, Jinnō Shōtōki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley). New York: Columbia University Press.  .

7th century in Japan
Lost documents
Legal history of Japan
Legal codes
668
7th century in law
Emperor Tenji

Ōmi Code


Windows Media Center Extenders (officially "Extender for Windows Media Center" and code named "Bobsled") are devices that are configured to connect over a computer network to a computer running Microsoft Windows XP Media Center Edition, Windows Vista Home Premium/Ultimate, Windows 7 Home Premium, or Windows 8 with a Pro pack to stream the computer's media center functions to the Extender device. This allows use of the Media Center and its features (such as view photos, videos, listen to music, watch live television and use DVR functions, watch recorded TV, etc.) on a television receiver or other electronic visual display.

The advantage with these devices is that a household's primary computer, hosting Media Center, need not be near the device used for display. Additionally, with an Extender, the Media Center can be accessed at the same time by several users. The Xbox 360 gaming console has Media Center Extender functionality.  The Ceton Echo is a stand-alone extender.

Technology
Media Center Extenders (MCX) can either be dedicated hardware devices, such as set top boxes or televisions, or software based implementations such as the Xbox 360. First generation hardware based devices were based on the Windows CE operating system whereas the second generation devices can use other embedded OSs such as Linux as well. The Extender creates its own user account on the host PC(MCX1, MCX2, etc.) and then uses a version of Fast User Switching to enable the use of the host computer and Extenders at the same time.

Version 1 Extenders only support Media Center versions up to Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 Update Rollup 2 - they cannot support the version of Media Center incorporated in Windows Vista Home Premium/Ultimate Edition and later.

The server software, which runs on the host PC and streams the media, is built into Windows Media Center. An MCX device must be paired with the MCE software before use; this is done by pairing the MCE software with an identifying number generated by the MCX device.

The MCE software makes the user interface available via the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP, which is also used by Remote Desktop client). All processing done by the MCE software and plug-ins happen at the host computer; only the user interface is streamed to the MCX devices.

As such, the device can render the interface even though the Media Center-specific software (or the plug-ins) might not be installed there. However, the media files are streamed over a different protocol. To render the media, an implementation of the codec used to package the media must be locally installed on the Extender; having the codec on the host computer is not enough. Alternatively media can be trans-coded on the fly by the host computer to a codec that is supported by the Extender. In Windows 7 this is now a standard feature which will probably relieve Extender vendors in the future from having to include such a wide variety of codecs.

Version 1 Extenders
 HP x5400
 Linksys WMCE54AG
 Xbox with Media Center Extender Add-On

All Version 1 Extenders have been discontinued and are not supported in Windows Vista.

Version 2 Extenders
For quite some time, the Xbox 360 was the only Version 2 Extender available that could work with Windows Vista. When connecting an Xbox 360 to a Windows XP Media Center Edition PC, a free download is required to connect for the first time. When connecting an Xbox 360 to a Windows Vista PC, no download is necessary as all required components are built into Windows Vista.

Microsoft eventually announced the v2 Media Center Extenders from partners (Linksys, D-Link and Niveus Media) on 5 September 2007. Version 2 capable Extenders support animated transitions between screens and additional capabilities of Windows Vista to handle newer video formats, notably, DivX, Xvid, Windows Media Video HD and H.264. They can stream HDTV (including 1080p) through HDMI like the Xbox 360, can stream protected content and many incorporate draft 802.11n wireless connectivity.

In addition to these updates, Extender manufacturers will be able to integrate Extender technology into other popular consumer electronics devices. Examples include DVD players, HDTVs, HD DVD players, Blu-ray players, etc. Windows Media Connect and Windows Media Player Network Sharing are able to connect to them on Windows XP; however, they do not work with Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 as extenders. Xbox 360 is the only device that can work as an extender with both Windows XP Media Center as well as Windows Vista.

As of 2020, there are no commercially available Extenders.

Discontinued Products:
 D-Link DSM-750
 HP MediaSmart Connect - x280n
 HP MediaSmart HDTV (With software update from April 2008)
 Linksys DMA2100
 Linksys DMA2200 (Integrated DVD Player)
 Niveus Media Extender - EDGE
 Samsung MediaLive Digital Media Extender MR-00EA1
 Xbox 360 (Works with MCE 2005, Vista, Windows 7 and Windows 8 Media Center)
 Ceton Echo (Does not work with Windows 8 Media Center)

Energy usage
The various versions of the Xbox 360 consume between 70 and 200 watts of power, depending upon model and activity (the 360 S consumes 70 W while idling). The Ceton Echo claims to use less than 5 W. Energy cost depends upon electricity prices, model, and use, but for an Xbox 360 running continuously can be a significant fraction of the purchase price every year. The Ceton claims to save up to US$60 a year on electricity compared to a cable box or Xbox 360 used as an extender.

References

External links
Extender for Windows Media Center
FAQ: Windows Media Center Extenders and Xbox 360
Media Center Extender Setup
Media Center Extender for Xbox Review

See also
 Windows Media Center
 Windows Media Connect

Microsoft initiatives
Digital media players

Windows Media Center Extender