Arncliffe is a small village and civil parish in Littondale, one of the Yorkshire Dales in England. Littondale is a small valley beside Upper Wharfedale,  beyond Kilnsey and its famous crag.  It is part of the Craven district of the non-metropolitan county of North Yorkshire, but is in the historic West Riding of Yorkshire.  The population of the civil parish was estimated at 80 in 2015.

Overview
Situated on a gravel delta above the flood-plain of the River Skirfare, Arncliffe's houses, cottages, and other buildings face a large green, and green hillsides etched with limestone scars. A barn to the north of the green is a good example of the local style, with an unusual entrance, and a datestone of 1677.

Behind the village buildings are several small crofts, nearly one to each house, and beyond these, limestone walls climb the surrounding hills separating higher fields. St Oswald's church lies close to the river a little north of the village, and the road up the dale crosses the river past Bridge End where Charles Kingsley stayed, and Old Cotes, built in 1650, whose gabled porch has a 3-light window somewhat characteristic of late 17th century houses in this area of the dales. A narrow, winding road climbs steeply southwards from the village, across the fells towards Malham. Paths also go towards Kettlewell and Starbotton.

Arncliffe was the original setting for the fictional village of Beckindale in the ITV soap opera Emmerdale Farm, from its inception in 1972 until moving to Esholt. Some scenes for the 2020 TV series All Creatures Great and Small were filmed in Arncliffe. The village is the birthplace of Up Series participant Nicholas Hitchon.

History
Arncliffe was first mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086. The toponym is of Old English origin, meaning "eagles' cliff" (from earn "eagle").

The ancient parish of Arncliffe was part of Staincliffe Wapentake in the West Riding of Yorkshire. The parish also included the townships of Hawkswick, Litton, Halton Gill and Buckden.  All these places became separate civil parishes in 1866.

Arncliffe was transferred to the new county of North Yorkshire in 1974.

References

External links

Photos

Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire
Craven District
Wharfedale

Arncliffe, North Yorkshire


High Point State Park is a state park straddling the border of Wantage Township and Montague Township in Sussex County, within the Skylands Region of northwestern New Jersey, United States, near the border with New York State and Pennsylvania. The park covers . Part of the Kittatinny Mountains, the highest point in the state of New Jersey, the aptly named High Point, sits in the northern reaches of the park, at elevation . Route 23 skirts the park and provides access for visitors from the New Jersey suburbs and from points in New York. The park is administered by the New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry.

Entrance fees are only charged from Memorial Day weekend to Labor Day: $5.00 on weekdays and $10.00 on weekends.

High Point Monument, built at the summit, offers views of farmland and forest, hills and valleys in three states, out to the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, where the Delaware River separates the ridges of New Jersey from those of Pennsylvania. High Point offers trails for hiking and cross-country skiing and areas for camping and fishing.

The land for High Point State Park, donated by Colonel Anthony R. and Susie Dryden Kuser, was dedicated as a park in 1923. The pleasant landscaping was designed by the Olmsted Brothers of Boston, a prominent landscape architectural firm of that time. The brothers were the sons of Frederick Law Olmsted, who designed Central Park.

To the south, the Appalachian Trail follows a rocky ridge which has views of the valleys and mountains surrounding the area. To the north, the trail drops off the ridge through hemlock gorges into former agricultural fields with a view of the surrounding countryside and the High Point Monument in the distance.

High Point Monument

The monument was built to honor war veterans, through the generosity of the Kusers. Construction began in 1928 and completed in 1930. At the top of the  structure (the base is ), observers have views of the ridges of the Pocono Mountains toward the west, the Catskill Mountains to the north and the Wallkill River Valley in the southeast.  At the top of New Jersey's tallest knob, the Monument is an obelisk monument similar to other war monuments, such as the one located on Breed's Hill in Massachusetts.

References

External links
New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry - High Point State Park
New Jersey Northwest Skylands guide to High Point State Park
Outdoor Places visitor's guide

State parks of New Jersey
State parks of the Appalachians
Parks in Sussex County, New Jersey

High Point State Park


John Henry Ruddell (1859 – April 17, 1906) was a harness maker, realtor and political figure in Manitoba. He represented Morden from 1900 to 1906 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Conservative.

He was born in Halton County, Canada West, the son of George Ruddell and Christina Stewart, and came to Manitoba in the early 1880s to establish a harness-making business in Nelson. Ruddell later moved to Morden, where he established a real estate firm. He also served as mayor of Morden.

The town of Ruddell, Saskatchewan may have been named after him.

References

1859 births
1906 deaths
Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba MLAs
Mayors of places in Manitoba
People from Morden, Manitoba

John Ruddell


Wilhelm Hennis (18 February 1923 – 10 November 2012) was a German political scientist.

Hennis was born in Hildesheim.  In 1960, he became professor at the Pedagogical College of Hannover. In 1962, he became a Professor in Hamburg, and in 1967 at Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, where until his death he was a professor emeritus.  He died, aged 89, in Freiburg im Breisgau.

External links
 Wilhelm Hennis on the German National Library
 University of Freiburg: Prof. em. Dr. Dr. h. c. Wilhelm Hennis (Biography in German)
 Biography (in German)
 Hennis' article in the German weekly DIE ZEIT, asking readers to join him in complaining to the General State Prosecutor in Cologne about the deletion of files allegedly containing information about fishy affairs concerning the privatisation of formerly state owned companies in Eastern Germany by the conservative government led by Helmut Kohl when handing over their offices to the new government of social democrats and greens

1923 births
2012 deaths
German political scientists
People from Hildesheim
People from the Province of Hanover
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

Wilhelm Hennis


Grewia asiatica is a plant in the genus Grewia. It was first found in Varanasi, India and was taken by Buddhist scholars to other Asian countries and the rest of the world. Grewia celtidifolia was initially considered a mere variety of Phalsa, but is now recognized as a distinct species.

Malvaceae

Grewia asiatica


In geometry, a hypotenuse is the longest side of a right-angled triangle, the side opposite the right angle. The length of the hypotenuse can be found using the Pythagorean theorem, which states that the square of the length of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides. For example, if one of the other sides has a length of 3 (when squared, 9) and the other has a length of 4 (when squared, 16), then their squares add up to 25. The length of the hypotenuse is the square root of 25, that is, 5.

Etymology

The word hypotenuse is derived from Greek  (sc.  or ), meaning "[side] subtending the right angle" (Apollodorus),  hupoteinousa being the feminine present active participle of the verb  hupo-teinō "to stretch below, to subtend", from  teinō "to stretch, extend". The nominalised participle, ,  was used for the hypotenuse of a triangle in the 4th century BCE (attested in Plato, Timaeus 54d). The Greek term was loaned into Late Latin, as hypotēnūsa. The spelling in -e, as hypotenuse, is French in origin (Estienne de La Roche 1520).

Calculating the hypotenuse

The length of the hypotenuse can be calculated using the square root function implied by the Pythagorean theorem. Using the common notation that the length of the two legs (or catheti) of the triangle (the sides perpendicular to each other) are a and b and that of the hypotenuse is c, we have

The Pythagorean theorem, and hence this length, can also be derived from the law of cosines by observing that the angle opposite the hypotenuse is 90° and noting that its cosine is 0:

Many computer languages support the ISO C standard function hypot(x,y), which returns the value above. The function is designed not to fail where the straightforward calculation might overflow or underflow and can be slightly more accurate and sometimes significantly slower.

Some scientific calculators provide a function to convert from rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates. This gives both the length of the hypotenuse and the angle the hypotenuse makes with the base line (c1 above) at the same time when given x and y. The angle returned is normally given by atan2(y,x).

Trigonometric ratios
By means of trigonometric ratios, one can obtain the value of two acute angles, and , of the right triangle.

Given the length of the hypotenuse and of a cathetus , the ratio is:

The trigonometric inverse function is:

in which  is the angle opposite the cathetus .

The adjacent angle of the catheti  is  = 90° –

One may also obtain the value of the angle by the equation:

in which  is the other cathetus.

See also

Cathetus
Triangle
Space diagonal
Nonhypotenuse number
Taxicab geometry
Trigonometry
Special right triangles
Pythagoras

Notes

References
 Hypotenuse at Encyclopaedia of Mathematics

Parts of a triangle
Trigonometry
Pythagorean theorem

Hypotenuse


Bertmainius tingle, also called the tingle trapdoor spider, is a small basal spider endemic to the tingle and karri forest of southwestern Western Australia. This migid family species of Bertmainius was first recorded in the 1990s.

Description
Bertmainius tingle is less than 10 millimetres long, the female carapace length is 2.6 - 3.1 mm. The carapace and legs are black and shiny.
Western Australian species of the family Migidae remained undiscovered until 1990 and were first described and named in the genus Moggridgea by Dr Barbara Main in 1991. B. tingle was discovered by accident in a laboratory analysis of another arachnid and the bark in which it was living, the spider was noticed when it emerged as the sample was discarded. The specific epithet is derived from the common name "tingle", the tree from which the bark was taken.

It was moved to the new genus Bertmainius by Mark Harvey and colleagues in 2015, based on significant differences in morphology and molecular data.

Distribution
The species is found at two sites in the Walpole-Nornalup National Park residing in the soil or the bark of the red tingle (Eucalyptus jacksonii). The spider's habitat is located within the tingle and karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor) forests of the Warren bioregion, a biodiversity hotspot containing other species of gondwanan heritage. Other species of Bertmainius have since been described from south-western Australia.

Ecology
 Bertmainius tingle live within the topsoil or in the fibrous bark of the red tingle, constructing nests of silk tubes. These tubes, up 20 mm long, have an opening at the surface of the bark or soil with a hinged 'trapdoor' cover made of moss, bark and the spider's silk. It is found in damp and shady locations.

Bertmainius tingle is vulnerable to fire and habitat destruction associated with roads. Planning exists to reduce damage to the species habitat during fire management operations such as 'prescribed burns'. It has a status of endangered due to destruction of habitat.

References

tingle
Arthropods of Western Australia
Spiders of Australia
Spiders described in 1991
Endemic fauna of Southwest Australia
Warren bioregion

Bertmainius tingle


The Arlington Hills Library is a 1916 Beaux Arts library building designed by Charles A. Hausler. It is one of three Carnegie Libraries in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It served as the Arlington Hills Public Library, a branch of the St. Paul Public Library, from 1917 until its relocation in 2014.

Architectural features
The rectangular footprint of the building allowed two large reading rooms on the main level, and an auditorium and other smaller rooms in the basement. The eighty-foot symmetrical facade features seven bays, three of which have large stone arches over windows or the doorway, and four which have rectangular windows and plaques. The facade also has twelve pilasters with Ionic capitals. This facade is topped with a stone parapet with pilasters and grill-work, which rests on a classical entablature.

Relocation
The public library closed for relocation on Saturday, March 15, 2014 and reopened at 1200 Payne Ave. on May 22, 2014 as part of the Arlington Hills Community Center in collaboration with the parks and recreation department.  The building went up for sale by the City of Saint Paul for adaptive reuse that would maintain the historic structure.

East Side Freedom Library

The nonprofit East Side Freedom Library signed a lease with the city in March, 2014, and will feature a reference book collection along with classrooms and meeting spaces for cultural events.  The East Side Freedom Library was expected to open in June, 2014, but was delayed due to a need to replace the roof of the building.  The organization is fundraising and seeking grants to complete this and other work on the building. The East Side Freedom Library began offering public programming in July, 2014.

References

External links
 East Side Freedom Library
 Arlington Hills Community Center

Beaux-Arts architecture in Minnesota
Carnegie libraries in Minnesota
Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Library buildings completed in 1916
National Register of Historic Places in Saint Paul, Minnesota
Public libraries in Minnesota

Arlington Hills Library


Webb Lane House is a historic home located at Highland Falls in Orange County, New York. It was built in 1903 and is a two-story brick and stucco dwelling with a hipped roof and deep overhang supported by massive paired brackets.  It features an engaged three story tower and a porch supported by heavy timbers.  The home has been converted to apartments.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Houses in Orange County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Orange County, New York
Houses completed in 1903
Highland Falls, New York

Webb Lane House


Zinc aluminium, also called ZA, are alloys of zinc and aluminium. They make good bearings. They work similar to Babbitt metal. Different amounts of aluminium can be added to make different properties. The percentage of aluminium can be known by a number. ZA8 means there is 8% aluminium.

Alloys

Zinc aluminium


John Huehnergard (born March 16, 1952) is a Canadian-American specialist in Semitic languages, notable for his work on categorization, etymology, and historical linguistics.

Early life and education
Huehnergard was born in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, and was raised in the nearby city of Waterloo, Ontario. He graduated from the Kitchener–Waterloo Collegiate and Vocational School in 1970. He received a B.A. from Wilfrid Laurier University in 1974 and a Ph.D from Harvard University in 1979, where he studied with William L. Moran, Thomas O. Lambdin, and Frank Moore Cross.

Career
Huehnergard began his teaching career at Columbia University as assistant professor there from 1978 to 1983. He was hired at Harvard University in 1983 as an associate professor and received tenure in 1988. He remained at Harvard as Professor of Semitic Philology until 2009, during which time he spent a year at Johns Hopkins University; from Harvard he moved to The University of Texas at Austin. He retired from teaching  in May 2017.

Scholarship
Huehnergard is probably best known for his A Grammar of Akkadian, now in its third edition. He is the author or editor of 9 other books, a special issue of the Journal of Language Contact, and over 100 articles and a dozen reviews on topics spanning the languages and cultures of the ancient Near East, particularly focused on categorization, etymology, and historical linguistics. He supplied the etymologies of all English words with Semitic origins to the 4th edition of The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000, revised in the 5th edition, 2011), plus the Appendix of Semitic Roots and the article, "Proto-Semitic Language and Culture", in both editions. In 2019 he co-edited The Semitic Languages, and wrote the chapter on Proto-Semitic, summarizing a lifetime of research on the topic.

He is known to an entirely different audience as one of the authors of Henry David Thoreau: Speaking for Nature, and in the same vein an article on the "Swamp Milkweed Leaf Beetle".

Honors and awards
Huehnergard was a fellow at the Israel Institute for Advanced Studies in 2002 and held a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2005–2006. He was honored with a Festschrift on his 60th birthday (Language and Nature, ed. N. Pat-El and R. Hasselbach; University of Chicago Press, 2012). He was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Chicago in 2014 and the Edward Ullendorff Medal from the British Academy in 2018. He was President of the American Oriental Society in 2017–2018.

References

1952 births
Living people
Harvard University alumni
Harvard University faculty
People from Kitchener, Ontario
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Wilfrid Laurier University alumni
Linguists from Canada

John Huehnergard


Carin Sophie Adlersparre, known under the pen-name Esselde (born Leijonhufvud; 6 July 1823 – 27 June 1895) was one of the pioneers of the 19th-century women's rights movement in Sweden. She was the founder and editor of the first women's magazine in Scandinavia, Home Review (Tidskrift för hemmet), in 1859–1885; co-founder of Friends of Handicraft (Handarbetets vänner) in 1874–1887; founder of the Fredrika Bremer Association (Fredrika-Bremer-förbundet) in 1884; and one of the first two women to be a member of a state committee in Sweden in 1885.

Life
Sophie Adlersparre, born into the Leijonhufvud family, was the daughter of lieutenant colonel Baron Erik Gabriel Knutsson Leijonhufvud and Sofie Emerentia Hoppenstedt. She was educated privately at home, and then spent two years at a finishing school, the fashionable Bjurström Pension (Bjurströmska pensionen) in Stockholm. In 1869, she married the nobleman commander Axel Adlersparre (1812–1879) and became the stepmother of his five children. Her husband was described as supportive of her social reform work.

Sophie Adlersparre was an admirer of feminist author Fredrika Bremer and became engaged in feminist issues through her friendship with Rosalie Roos, who returned to Sweden with an interest in women's rights in 1857 after spending several years in the United States. During this time, there was a public discussion in Sweden about women's rights that was prompted by Fredrika Bremer's 1856 novel Hertha. The discussion resulted in the abolition of guardianship over unmarried women and the granting of legal majority to women (1858–63) and the establishment of the first state school for women, the Royal Advanced Female Teachers' Seminary (Högre lärarinneseminariet) in 1861.

Home Review
In 1859, Sophie Adlersparre and Rosalie Roos founded Home Review (Tidskrift för hemmet), the first women's magazine in Scandinavia,  with the financial support of salon hostess Fredrika Limnell. It was the first regular platform for the debate on women's rights, gender roles, and feminism in Sweden, and it was an immediate success. Adlersparre and Roos shared the position of head editor until 1868, when Roos retired and Adlersparre continued as the sole editor-in-chief. As a journalist, she became known under her pen-name "Esselde". In 1886, Home Review was cancelled and replaced with the new women's magazine Dagny. Adlersparre worked as editor-in-chief of Dagny from 1886 to 1888 and remained on the paper's board until 1894.

Feminist work
Sophie Adlersparre did not focus on women's suffrage, though women were granted municipal suffrage in Sweden in 1862. The primary focus of Adlersparre's and her magazine's social activism was women's access to education and the professions, which would allow them to be financially independent. As she put it, "Women need work, and work needs women".

In 1862, she organized evening classes for women to educate them as professionals. In 1863, she established a secretarial bureau which became a successful employment agency. In 1864, inspired by her future sister-in-law, Sofia Adlersparre, she petitioned the Swedish parliament to allow women to study at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts on equal terms with men. At the time, the Academy only let women study on special dispensation, and although she was a successful artist, Sofia Adlersparre was not allowed to study there. Sophie Adlersparre's petition led to a debate in parliament, and finally a reform in 1864 allowing women to study at the Academy on the same terms as men.

In 1866, she co-founded of the Stockholm Reading Parlor (Stockholms läsesalong), which became a free library for women that worked to increase women's access to education and the professions. Her goal with the free libraries for women was: "For a continuing self-education and for a bigger and wider outlook upon life".

Her interest in women's education was not only motivated by her wish to see women professionally active, but also her wish for them to be active in public society. In her words, "The more we wish and expect from women's participation in the reform of society, the more important it is that this work is well prepared". Many women's education reforms were introduced during this period. After the Girls' School Committee of 1866 (Flickskolekommittén 1866) reform, women were given access to university education (1870–1873) and female secondary schools were given state support (1874). In 1885–1887, Adlersparre was a member of the Girl School Committee of 1885 (Flickskolekommittén 1885), which was assigned by the government to investigate and suggest reforms to the female education system. This was the first state committee in Sweden to have female members: Sophie Adlersparre and Hilda Caselli. Additionally, girls' school founder and director Maria Henschen worked as an assistant to Adlersparre. Adlersparre was an early member of the women's association Nya Idun, joining in 1885, the same year it was founded.

Other work
In 1864–1865, she participated in the founding of the Swedish Red Cross.

In 1874, Adlersparre co-founded Friends of Handicraft (Handarbetets vänner) with Hanna Winge and served as its chairperson until 1887. The purpose of the organisation was to raise the quality and thereby the status of women's handicraft work, which at the time was a very important source of income for women in need of self-support.

Adlersparre was involved in the Swedish literary scene. She was an admirer of Viktoria Benedictsson and she supported Selma Lagerlöf financially during her work. During the last years of her life, she worked on a biography of Fredrika Bremer, but was not able to complete it.

Fredrika Bremer Association
Sophie Adlersparre is perhaps best known as the founder of the Fredrika Bremer Association (Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet, FBF) in 1884, the first women's rights organisation in Sweden, named for feminist author Fredrika Bremer. Formally, the women's rights supporter Hans Hildebrand was made the official chair of the FBF, because Adlersparre believed that it would be taken more seriously if it was headed by a man. However, Adlersparre acted as the de facto chairperson until her death in 1895, when she was succeeded by Agda Montelius. Adlersparre felt that it was important for men to be a part of the work for equality, and in addition to women such as Ellen Anckarsvärd (referred to as her successor in the Swedish women's rights movement), Ellen Fries, Gertrud Adelborg and Fredrika Limnell, she welcomed men such as Hans Hildebrand and Gustav Sjöberg. The purpose of the organization was to "work for a healthy and calm progress in elevating women morally and intellectually as well as socially and economically". One of the FBF's functions was to offer scholarships, which were arranged by Mathilda Silow.

Recognition
Sophie Adlersparre was awarded the Illis quorum meruere labores medal in 1895 for her contributions to Swedish society.

References

Literature

 U. Manns, Den sanna frigörelsen: Fredrika-Bremer-förbundet 1884–1921 (1997)

 "Ideologer i olika tider : om Sophie Adlersparre, Stina Rodenstam och Anna-Maja Nylén" in Den feminina textilen : makt och mönster, 2005, Birgitta Svensson and Louise Waldén (editors), ISBN 9171084991

Further reading

1823 births
1895 deaths
People from Västervik Municipality
Swedish women's rights activists
Swedish magazine founders
Writers from Småland
19th-century Swedish women writers
Swedish editors
Swedish women editors
Leijonhufvud family
19th-century Swedish writers
19th-century Swedish journalists
Swedish women journalists
Swedish baronesses
Members of Nya Idun
Recipients of the Illis quorum
Sophie
19th-century women journalists

Sophie Adlersparre


Mark Lee Romanek (; born September 18, 1959) is an American filmmaker whose directing work includes feature films, television, music videos and commercials. Romanek is most known for having directed the films One Hour Photo (2002) and Never Let Me Go (2010). His most notable music videos include "Hurt" (Johnny Cash), "Closer" (Nine Inch Nails), "Can't Stop" (Red Hot Chili Peppers), "Rain" (Madonna), "Bedtime Story" (Madonna), "Scream" (Michael & Janet Jackson), "Criminal" (Fiona Apple), and "Shake It Off" (Taylor Swift). He also co-directed "Sandcastles" from Beyoncé's Lemonade album. Romanek's music videos have won 20 MTV Video Music Awards, including Best Direction for Jay-Z's "99 Problems" and the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award. He has also won three Grammy Awards for Best Short Form Music Video – more than any other director.

Background
Romanek was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Shirlee and Marvin Romanek. He is Jewish. He credits seeing Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey at the age of nine with inspiring him to become a film director. He experimented with Super 8 and 16mm film as a teenager while attending New Trier High School. There, he studied first with Kevin Dole, a local filmmaker who was already creating a form of music video on his own in the mid-1970s, and then with Peter Kingsbury, a filmmaker who had studied with experimentalists Owen Land, John Luther Schofill, and Stan Brakhage at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Both teachers exposed students to works by significant figures of the American avant-garde cinema, such as Maya Deren, Kenneth Anger, and Paul Sharits.

Romanek subsequently attended Ithaca College in Ithaca, New York, and graduated from its Roy H. Park School of Communications with a degree in cinema and photography. He served as second assistant director for Brian De Palma on Home Movies, an autobiographical film De Palma conceived as an exercise for his students at Sarah Lawrence College (having returned to his alma mater as an instructor of film production). On set, Romanek met Keith Gordon, playing De Palma's alter ego. Gordon remembers Romanek's entrance into film production:

I actually met a lot of people who became important in my life, but Mark being one of the people who was really huge. Mark wasn't even officially one of the students in the class. Mark was kind of like me – he was a film geek. He was from Chicago. And he had followed Brian around on the set of The Fury and gotten a job as a production assistant on that movie. And when he heard that Brian was doing this project, he basically contacted him and said, 'Listen, can I come to New York and basically be like one of the students, even though I'm not technically in the class?' And Brian said, 'Fine.' So Mark became the second assistant director on the film. And he and I just hit it off pretty quickly. We had a similar passion for Stanley Kubrick. He showed me his short films, which I thought were really good and showed a lot of visual flair.

Romanek released his first film, Static, in 1985. It was co-written with Gordon and starred Gordon as a man who claimed he had invented a television set capable of showing a live picture of Heaven. The film achieved something of a cult following in London and led to Romanek's first job at the helm of a music video for the British new wave group The The, who were featured on the soundtrack for Static in 1986. Romanek later disowned the film, saying that he finds it an "embarrassing bit of juvenilia".

Career

Music videos
After a few years writing screenplays, Romanek decided to focus on music videos and signed on with Satellite Films, a division of Propaganda Films. His subsequent work has come to be regarded as among the best of the medium. He has worked with many top-selling recording artists from different genres of popular music, and his videos have been given credit for making stars out of some. One of his notable videos was for the Nine Inch Nails song "Closer". Its critical acclaim was only matched by its controversy, with many accusing the video as being disturbing and demonic (a big reason why the video was so popular among fans). Romanek would again work with Nine Inch Nails for the song "The Perfect Drug".

Romanek directed the music videos for David Bowie's 1993 singles "Jump They Say" and "Black Tie White Noise".

Romanek was given his first Grammy Award for Best Short Form Video in 1996 for "Scream", a collaboration between the pop superstar siblings Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson. The video, which cost $7 million to make, is cited as one of the most expensive ever made.  Romanek won his second Grammy two years later, again with Janet Jackson, for her video "Got 'til It's Gone". In 2002, Romanek shot a video for Audioslave's "Cochise" in which the band performed in the midst of a prolonged pyrotechnic display of the intensity usually seen only during fireworks finales. The explosions were so loud during the night shoot in the San Fernando Valley that local police and fire departments received hundreds of calls from residents who feared that a terrorist attack was under way.

Romanek's 2002 music video for Johnny Cash's cover of Nine Inch Nails' "Hurt" has been hailed by many critics and fans alike as the most personal and moving music video ever made. The song expresses self-loathing and the futility of worldly accomplishments; this content took on a new poignancy when sung by Cash near the end of his life, quietly performing in his memorabilia-filled home, with shots of the flood-ravaged "House of Cash" museum and archival shots of a younger, cockier Cash edited in. The video was nominated for seven VMAs, winning one for cinematography, and also won Romanek his third Grammy.

Other Romanek videos that have received accolades and awards include the VMA winners "Free Your Mind" (En Vogue), "Are You Gonna Go My Way" (Lenny Kravitz), "Rain" (Madonna), "Devil's Haircut" (Beck), "99 Problems" (Jay-Z), and "Criminal" (Fiona Apple). Many others have also received nominations. In 1997, Romanek received the VMA Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award for his contribution to the medium. Two of his music videos, "Closer" by Nine Inch Nails and "Bedtime Story" by Madonna, have been made part of the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.

In an interview for IndieWire, when asked if he would direct another music video, Romanek said:

I'm kind of over it. I think I made about 100 music videos or more and that was a young man's challenge. I'm still a rabid music fan and I have ideas for music videos once in a while, but it's just not my focus. I have two children and a wife and a mortgage, if you want to be a filmmaker you need to be paying for your life someway. I can't make a film every five years and send my kids to a nice school.

Despite this, Romanek returned to music video directing with Jay-Z's performance art piece "Picasso Baby", which aired on HBO on August 2, 2013. The video was shot inside the Pace Gallery in New York and featured a group of personalities from the world of art, including Marina Abramović, whose 2010 performance art work "The Artist is Present" inspired the video. This marked Romanek's first music video in eight years, his last being Coldplay's video for "Speed of Sound" in 2005.

Romanek then directed "Filthy" by Justin Timberlake and "Rescue Me" by Thirty Seconds to Mars, which both premiered in 2018.

In 2022, Romanek directed a 180-degree virtual reality concert for Foo Fighters, featuring a song by the group never before played.

Film and TV work
In 2002, Romanek wrote and directed his second feature film, One Hour Photo, about a department store photo processor played by Robin Williams who becomes obsessed with a family through their snapshots. The film proved to be only a moderate hit, but still established Romanek as a respected film director. Rumors spread that the studio, Fox Searchlight, had forced changes on Romanek that seriously altered the film from how he had intended it. He has dismissed this story, however, stating that there never was a "director's cut" of One Hour Photo and that the studio did not exercise any editorial control.

In 2008, after Romanek left as the director of The Wolfman due to creative differences, he accepted the offer to work on Never Let Me Go. Romanek was glad to get the opportunity to shoot the film, saying "From the moment I finished the novel, it became my dream to film it. [Kazuo] Ishiguro's conception is so daring, so eerie and beautiful. Alex Garland's adaptation is sensitive and precise. The cast is perfect, the crew superb." The film was released in 2010 to mostly positive reviews and was the 28th highest grossing film at the box office for that week.

Throughout the 2010s, Romanek circled numerous projects that never materialized under his direction, including a remake of The Boston Strangler, the Shining prequel The Overlook Hotel, the David Mamet-penned conspiracy thriller Blackbird, and a film about the Norco shootout, amongst others. "I wish I had made ten films by now," Romanek said in 2020, "It's not for lack of trying... I have a lot of movies that I worked on that didn't come together." Romanek has however directed several episodes for television, including the HBO series Vinyl and the Amazon Prime series Tales from the Loop, which he also executive produced.

In 2021, it was reported that Romanek would direct the horror film Mother Land which would have been his first feature film in over a decade. In December of the following year, Romanek revealed that he was no longer attached to it and that he had been replaced as director by Alexandre Aja.

Unrealized projects
Romanek's dream project was an adaptation of Philip Gourevitch's A Cold Case starring Tom Hanks as chief investigator Andy Rosenzweig. The film went into development hell due to scheduling conflicts and issues with life rights. In 2013, Romanek said he still hoped to make the film someday, "The character in the film is a bit older and I think someday, in the next eight years or something, maybe it'll be the right time to do."

Photography
Throughout his career in music and film, Romanek has been recognized for his photographing skills, taking pictures of numerous celebrities he has befriended over the years, which include Kanye West, Paul McCartney, Lenny Kravitz, Iggy Pop, Mick Jagger, Robin Williams, Harmony Korine, Wes Anderson, Sofia Coppola, Francis Ford Coppola and Jay-Z. Romanek has said that while the photographs are all of famous people, he still considers them personal.

In 2017, 30 of Romanek's photographs were unearthed for an exhibition at the French luxury retailer Colette for the series entitled, SNAPSHOTS.

Personal life
In 2005, Romanek married R&B singer Brigette McWilliams. The couple have two daughters. On March 16, 2022, she filed a family marriage dissolution/divorce lawsuit against Romanek.

Favorite films
In 2012, Romanek participated in the Sight & Sound film polls. Held every ten years to select the greatest films of all time, contemporary directors were asked to select ten films of their choice. Romanek gave the following ten, in alphabetical order:

 8½ (Italy, 1963)
 Andrei Rublev (Soviet Union, 1966)
 Apocalypse Now (USA, 1979)
 Barry Lyndon (UK/USA, 1975)
 Citizen Kane (USA, 1941)
 Days of Heaven (USA, 1978)
 Fanny and Alexander (Sweden/France, 1982)
 The Godfather Part II (USA, 1974)
 Heaven's Gate (USA, 1980)
 Lawrence of Arabia (UK/USA, 1962)

Filmography

Film

Television

Further reading
 Henry Keazor, Thorsten Wübbena: Video Thrills The Radio Star. Musikvideos: Geschichte, Themen, Analysen. Bielefeld 2005, p. 335ss., p. 344ss.
 "'(...) an unforgettable emotional impact' – Jay-Z/Mark Romanek: '99 Problems'", in: Klaus Herding/Antje Krause Wahl (Eds.), Wie sich Gefühle Ausdruck verschaffen – Emotionen in Nahsicht, Taunusstein: Driesen 2007, p. 321 – 342

References

External links

 Mark Romanek Interview about the making of Nine Inch Nails Video "Closer"
 Johnny Cash's "Hurt" Delves Into Life of Former Hell-Raiser, MTV VMA Lens Recap
 Jay-Z Has The Guts To Get "Shot," Rick Rubin Demands To Look Cool, MTV VMA Lens Recap.  Describes the concept of Mark Romanek's first hip-hop video, Jay-Z's "99 Problems."
 Artist Series: Mark Romanek, An interview with Romanek in short-film format by Hillman Curtis.

1959 births
American music video directors
Grammy Award winners
Ithaca College alumni
Living people
New Trier High School alumni
Writers from Chicago
Film directors from Illinois
Television commercial directors
20th-century American Jews
Advertising directors
21st-century American Jews

Mark Romanek


The Outlet 66 Mall formerly known as the Belz Factory Outlet World, also later being known as The Outlet at Route 66 is an enclosed shopping mall in Canóvanas, Puerto Rico. Anchor store for the mall is a Burlington Coat Factory, accompanied by a Caribbean Cinemas, and many other stores.

History

Development
In June 1998, it would be reported that Memphis-based Belz Enterprises had broken ground for Puerto Rico's first enclosed factory outlet mall. The site of Belz Factory Outlet World Canovanas was located 15 miles east of San Juan along Highway PR-3, a major east–west corridor. Working with world-renowned architects, Belz had planned the ultimate facility, combining outlet shopping with unique restaurants and entertainment components. The enclosed mall would consist of five connected buildings, each with a different mood and streetscape depicting Old San Juan. The center's food court would feature a rain forest/entertainment theme with rockscapes and waterfalls. Phase I of the Belz Factory Outlet World in Canóvanas would have approximately 350,000 sq. ft. of space with more than 80 tenants. Belz had chosen Soltero Muñoz Architects to work on the project. The renowned Jerde Partnership from Encino, California, had been engaged as the design architect.

In Spring 2000, it was reported by Belz Enterprises that "Pre-leasing has never been stronger," said Andrew J. Groveman, president of Belz's Factory Outlet Division. "Belz Factory Outlet World in Canóvanas is more than 65 percent pre-leased, this is a 'tenant-driven' location." Groveman said. In addition to factory outlet stores, Belz Factory Outlet World in Canóvanas would feature an all-stadium seating, multiplex movie theater. Belz Enterprises planned to open the much anticipated center in the spring of 2001.

Opening and success: 2000s
On August 9, 2001, it was reported that a soft opening for the Belz Factory Outlet World in Canóvanas was scheduled for August 16, and would be the scenario for 25 to 30 stores initially opening for business. By October of that year, 85% of Belz' 70 stores were expected to be ready. Convenience and comfort were the two words used to describe the island's newest outlet mall at the time by Andrew Groveman, president of Factory Outlet Division in Tennessee. "Everybody loves to shop at outlets," Groveman said. "In Puerto Rico, everybody loves to shop period. It's almost considered a sport." The local Belz outlet decor emulated the streets of Old San Juan and was painted in vibrant colors to resemble houses in the Old City. However, there was a major difference. This shopping strip was air-conditioned. Besides the architectural rendering of the Old City, the outlet mall would feature hand painted murals reflecting local vegetation and animal life. The mall's exterior was designed to resemble a fort similar to El Morro. Working with architectural firm Jerde Partnership, Belz Enterprises had employed its best resources to make the outlet attractive, easy to reach, and widely visible. Belz'  446,000 square feet of space would be occupied by Nike, Gap, Dockers/Levis, Maidenform, DKNY Jeans, Liz Claiborne, Guess, Tommy Hilfiger, Samsonite, Polo, Mikasa, Timberland, Reebok, Oshkosh, Geoffrey Beene, Bass, Izod, among many others. Stores would offer products directly from the factory to make their merchandise more affordable. It would also feature a 32,000 square foot 10-screen multiplex movie theater with all-stadium seating.

On August 11, 2001, it was reported that some of the stores that had already opened at the Belz Factory Outlet World in Canóvanas had sold more than their counterparts on the U.S. mainland, according to General Manager Guillermo Cray. The outlet mall was also opening more stores, he said, adding that Belz was 90% leased and the remaining space is being negotiated. "Stores such as Clarks and Bostonian are breaking sales records in comparison to the same stores in the U.S.," said Cray. "Gap and Liz Claiborne sold more than their counterparts in the U.S. during their first day operating at Belz." Cray said that he expected more stores at the 500,000 square foot mall to have similar sales experiences. Among the new stores that would be opening was Nautica. Other well-known chain stores from the U.S. would follow but Cray was unable to disclose their names as they were still in negotiations. Establishments that had opened recently included Polo Ralph Lauren and Banco Popular. The food court would also open more spaces. Eateries that would open in the following weeks included Burger King, La Estrella, El Meson Sandwiches, a co-branded Baskin Robbins and Dunkin Donuts, Hunan House, Subway, a Taco Bell, and KFC & Pizza Hut, which would share the same space.

On March 13, 2003, Belz Factory Outlet World shoppers were in for a treat with the opening of Caribbean Cinemas' new seven-screen movie theater at the shopping mall. The 26,255 square foot theater featured wide screens, high-back chairs, and stadium seating. A number of other stores had also opened at Belz Factory Outlet World, including Airwalk, Click, Journeys, The Luggage Store, Pacheco Jewelers, Radio Shack, Trade Secrets, and Almacenes Rodriquez.

On October 13, 2005, it was reported that the Belz Factory Outlet World was being sold to locally owned Caribbean Airport Facilities (CAF) for an undisclosed amount. The deal, in which CAF was acquiring the remaining 51% of the property it didn't own already, was expected to close on December 1. Even though the deal hadn't been finalized, already CAF had big plans for the outlet center. Among these plans was the development of out parcels next to the mall. CAF also wanted to invest almost $70 million to build a Holiday Inn hotel and a recreational park. Tennessee-based Belz Enterprises had built the Belz Factory Outlet in 2001. It started out with only 70 stores, but would soon have more than 100. According to CAF project and development manager Justin Tirri, the outlet mall had sales per square foot that averaged $500, but specified that some retailers were making up to $1,000 per square foot. The mall had a total 470,000 square feet of space. "We used to own the land where Belz is," Tirri explained, adding that as of the first day of December, the land plus the mall would become 100% CAF's property. "We see great potential with the future opening of Route 66, which will bring more traffic and sales to the property." Tirri indicated, sales and traffic at the mall were seeing double-digit increases compared to 2004. "We are growing substantially already" The mall's general manager, Guillermo Cray, said that more than 1,000 homes were being developed in lands adjacent to the shopping center. He added that the majority of the homes being developed had price tags of over $200,000. Bel planned to grow to capture this market. CAF would invest between $45 million and $50 million to build a 108-room Holiday Inn hotel and casino the following year near the shopping mall's entrance. New store openings were also part of Belz's expansion plans. Among the stores that were to open before the end of the first quarter of 2006, Tirri expected a Calvin Klein, a Panasonic, and a D.E.M.O. store, while Cray added that the Clark's/Bostonian store was the most successful of the entire U.S. market, with sales per square foot averaging $800 that would soon grow by 2,000 square feet. Valija Gitana would move into the space next to Clark's/Bostonian. Also, he said that the U.S. Postal Office was operating from a temporary space while it built a new 8,000 square foot area where it will employ up to 100. More tenants would open in some 18 acres of land located right next to the mall, including two big-box retailers. Some parking space also would be developed to house more tenants. Also, Cray said, the mall was going to invest some $400,000 to purchase some 20 kiosks to be leased to temporary retailers. The kiosk stores were expected to begin operating in March. Tirri indicated that four casual dining concepts would occupy freestanding buildings occupying between 4,000 and 7,000 square feet. He said he was still negotiating with some chains some of which didn't have a presence in the local market yet and thus couldn't reveal their names. Also to be developed were freestanding locations for four different banks: Westernbank, Doral, First Bank, and Oriental. In addition, Tirri said a pharmacy and a gas station would join the tenant mix as well. Regarding the gas station, he explained that it would begin construction in two to three months and would feature a very high-end European style, just like some of the gas stations seen in France. The station would even include a car wash.

Expanding: 2010s
On September 23, 2010, national retailer Burlington Coat Factory (Burlington) was set to inaugurate its third store in Puerto Rico at The Outlet 66 Mall in Canóvanas. The new 60,000 square foot store, sporting the chain's new retail design at the time, would help create approximately 150 new jobs and bring Burlington's total number of employees on the island to more than 400. During an exclusive interview, Burlington's Divisional Vice President Angel Guzmán confirmed that Burlington's expansion continued to move full speed ahead with plans to open three additional stores in 2011 to the tune of $6 million. "We are thrilled about the positive response we have received from the Puerto Rico market. Next in line is the opening of our exciting new Canóvanas store, which will carry Burlington's complete merchandise selection of name brand labels at discount prices. In addition, the Canóvanas store will feature Burlington's new store prototype, which was recently unveiled stateside. Puerto Rico is the first location off the mainland to have the new retail look; a more contemporary image," Guzmán explained.

On January 31, 2013, it was reported that The Outlet 66 Mall proved once again it was on the right road. Not only did the extension of Route 66 facilitate access even more for shoppers who wished to quench their need for name brands in the mall, but The Outlet 66 Mall would also add six to seven new stores to its roster of renowned tenants. While Justin Tirri, executive vice president of The Outlet 66 Mall, preferred not to divulge the names of these tenants, he said they were known at an international level. "These new additions will fit the tastes and preferences of our shoppers," Tirri said. "It also demonstrates that we are totally committed to always look for options and opportunities to enhance their shopping experience," Tirri said. The mall and this point hosted 73 stores and 53 corridor modules (kiosks). Among its main tenants, The Outlet 66 boasted such names as Burlington Coat Factory, Nike, Polo Ralph Lauren and Nautica. The Outlet 66 Mall had risen among the Caribbean Business Top 400 Locally Owned Companies, moving from No. 324 in 2008 to No. 268 in 2012, and was among the top 15 largest shopping centers in Puerto Rico, while its management company was among the top 15 largest shopping centerbmanagement companies on the island. The mall had felt the positive effects of the recent addition to PR-66, or the Roberto Sanchez Vilella Expressway, a 3.8-mile extension from Canóvanas to Río Grande, which was inaugurated in October 2012. The addition of The Outlet 66 Mall's tenants matched its busy and productive 2011 summer season, when its roster of clients was complemented by the opening of such tenants as Gymboree and Crocs, as well as Perry Ellis, Elegant Nails & Hair Salon and a Banco Santander branch.

On August 3, 2018, it was reported that Hurricane María had dealt a severe blow to the mall, which owners then responded to by making a new start with a $62 million renovation to turn the Canóvanas shopping center into what they were calling a "retailtainment" destination. Justin Tirri, president of the Outlet 66 Mall, said the mall had suffered $66 million in damages from Hurricane María's wrath in September 2017, which had crippled about 80 percent of the shopping center. But rather than close permanently, mall executives turned to FirstBank and the insurance company to rebuild and reopen. Before Hurricane María struck, the Outlet 66 Mall had 84 stores, including kiosks. Post-storm, about 14 tenants chose to leave, giving mall operators the opportunity to rethink the concept. Aside from removing the Old San Juan facades, the mall was getting new floors, new entrances and a permanent exhibit of sculptures made out of car parts allusive to movie characters. The retail executive said the company had been trying to migrate to a mixed concept for about five years, but had the challenge of negotiating with tenants. So, the company moved to negotiate with tenants, and in the process, made space for what would be 85,000 square feet of entertainment options or 16 percent of the mall's total 512,000 square foot complex. The mall was 80 percent occupied at the time, Tirri confirmed. A first of its kind in Puerto Rico and the Caribbean was the new K1 Speed & CXC Simulator Experience, an indoor electric carting complex for children and adults. The simulator area featured 10 high-definition racing booths that offered the excitement of the track, which could be combined with virtual reality glasses to round out the experience. Across the corridor would be an eight-lane bowling alley, an arcade and a new restaurant called Karma's, which had a capacity for 380 customers, a wine bar, a beer garden, and cigar room. The space also featured party rooms for private events. The entertainment component of the mall was under management by Powerhouse Entertainment, which was creating 160 direct and indirect jobs. The mall's makeover, which would also eventually include a change in name, would be 85 percent complete by mid-October, in time for the upcoming holiday season.

2020s, and on
On March 28, 2022, it was reported that Atlanta-based fast-food burger chain Krystal announced it would open its first international franchise-owned restaurant in Puerto Rico. The first location of the "original home of the slider of the South" outside the US mainland would open at The Outlet 66 Mall, company officials announced. Krystal Restaurants LLC selected Caribbean Cattle LLC, headed by entrepreneur Justin Tirri, as the franchise operator on the island and the deal was to continue to grow and increase the brand's footprint in Puerto Rico, it noted. Tirri operating the shopping center. The restaurants would feature the brand's new design and service format. It would be reported to open on November 22 of that year.

References

Shopping malls in Puerto Rico
Shopping malls established in 2001
2001 establishments in Puerto Rico

The Outlet 66 Mall


Roland Freisler (30 October 1893 – 3 February 1945) was a German Nazi jurist, judge, and politician who served as the State Secretary of the Reich Ministry of Justice from 1934 to 1942 and President of the People's Court from 1942 to 1945.

He was a prominent ideologist of Nazism who influenced the Nazification of Germany's legal system as a jurist, and he attended the Wannsee Conference, the event which set the Holocaust in motion. He was appointed President of the People's Court in 1942, overseeing the prosecution of political crimes as a judge, becoming known for his aggressive personality, humiliation of defendants, and frequent sentencing with the death penalty.

Although the death penalty was abolished with the creation of the Federal Republic, he defined murder in German law in 1941, which survives to date in the Strafgesetzbuch § 211.

References

1893 births
1945 deaths

Roland Freisler


Claude Hobday (12 May 1872, Faversham, Kent – 10 March 1954, Surbiton, England) was an English double-bass player, a member of a well-known musical family, who took part in various early chamber-music recordings.

Biography

Early life
Claude Hobday was the younger brother of the violist Alfred Charles Hobday (1870–1942) and the brother-in-law of the pianist Ethel Hobday (née Sharpe).

He studied with A.C. White at the Royal College of Music in London from 1888-1892.

Career
He played in leading orchestras, including the Royal English Opera under Sir Arthur Sullivan, the Glasgow Choral Union under Augustus Manns, the Scottish Orchestra under George Henschel, in the Richter Concerts in London, in the London Symphony Orchestra as a founding member from 1904–10, in the Beecham Symphony Orchestra from 1910–16 and in the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, before becoming a founder member of the BBC Symphony Orchestra in 1930. He retired from playing in 1940. He was professor of double-bass at the Royal College of Music from 1902–46, his pupils including Adrian Beers, Ernest Ineson and Francis Baines. He was a notable collector of basses, owning instruments by Testore, Montagnana, Gasparo da Salò, Gennaro Gagliano, and Vincenzo Panormo.

Hobday was a major chamber musician, appearing in the South Place Concerts for thirty five years.

Recordings
Hobday was a prolific recording artist. He appeared with members of the International Quartet (André Mangeot (violin), Frank Howard (viola) and Herbert Withers (cello)) and Wilhelm Backhaus (piano) in an early Austrian HMV recording of Schubert's Trout Quintet (GC ES 395/8, reissued in 1997 as CD Biddulph [England], LHW 038) (acoustically recorded).

He also appears with the Léner Quartet in the Columbia Records electric microphone recordings of the Beethoven Septet in E flat major and the (1928) Schubert Octet in F major, with Charles Draper (clarinet), E.W. Hinchliffe (bassoon) and Aubrey Brain (French horn).

For HMV, with the Quatuor Pro Arte, he recorded Mozart's Eine kleine Nachtmusik and, with Artur Schnabel at the piano, a second version of the Trout Quintet. He also played on the Busch Chamber Players' recordings of the Bach Brandenburg Concertos and Orchestral Suites and Mozart's Adagio and Fugue.

Sources
 Eaglefield-Hull, A. A Dictionary of Modern Music and Musicians, (Dent, London 1924).
 Forman, F. 'Acoustic Chamber Music Sets (1899–1926): A Discography,' Journal of the Association for Recorded Sound Collections, 3 parts: Vol 31, No. 1 (Spring 2000); 31, No. 2; 32, No. 1.
 Potter, T. 'Hobday's Heyday, Double Bassist, No.18, Autumn 2001, pp. 22–24.

English classical musicians
British double-bassists
Male double-bassists
1872 births
1954 deaths

Claude Hobday


The Palladium Theatre was a theatre at East Fountainbridge in Edinburgh, Scotland.

It was originally built as the Royal Circus by John Henry Cooke, opening in 1886. By 1908, it had been converted for use as a cinema and was rebuilt as a purpose-built cinema in 1911. After it closed as a cinema in 1932, it was used as a theatre by Millicent Ward and her Company (during which time John Le Mesurier made his professional stage debut there) until 1935 when it reverted to use as a venue for variety shows. During this period of its existence, stars including Lex McLean, Donald Peers, Robert Wilson and The Alexander Brothers performed there.

By the 1950s it was in use as a venue in the early years of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. It finally closed for theatrical use in 1966, and was then converted into a bingo hall.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, it was a nightclub known as the White Elephant, before changing its name in the late 1970s to Valentino's. During this time it hosted bands including Slade, The Cure, U2 and New Order. For a time it was also known as The Muscular Arms.

The venue was demolished in 1984 and the site is now occupied by Government offices.

References

External links
Palladium, Fountainbridge,  Scottish Cinemas and Theatres Project

Palladium Theatre
Theatres completed in 1886
1886 establishments in Scotland
Buildings and structures demolished in 1984
Demolished buildings and structures in Scotland
Fountainbridge

Palladium Theatre, Edinburgh


Joshua Allan Lippincott (January 31, 1835 in Burlington County, New Jersey – December 30, 1906 in Los Angeles, California) was the fourth Chancellor of the University of Kansas from 1883 to 1889.

Lippincott was born in Burlington County, New Jersey.  In 1853 he began studies at Pennington Seminary and later attended Dickinson College.  He then taught at Pennington.  He later became the superintendent of the Scranton Public Schools.  In 1865 he became a member of the Methodis Episcopal Church.  In 1866 Lippincott joined the faculty of the New Jersey State Normal School in Trenton, New Jersey.  He later was a pastor for the Methodist Church in Hackensack, New Jersey.  In 1874 he became a professor of math and astronomy at Dickinson College where he remained until taking the Chancellorship of the University of Kansas in 1883.

Lippincott resigned the Chancellorship in 1889 and for the rest of his life worked as a Methodist clergyman first in Topeka and later in Pennsylvania.

References

1835 births
1906 deaths
People from Burlington County, New Jersey
Dickinson College alumni
The College of New Jersey faculty
Dickinson College faculty
Chancellors of the University of Kansas

Joshua Lippincott


WBIG-FM (100.3 MHz) is a commercial radio station licensed to Washington, D.C.  It has a classic rock radio format and is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc.  The studios and offices are in Rockville, Maryland.

WBIG-FM has an effective radiated power of 50,000 watts.  Its transmitter is off Tower Street in Falls Church, Virginia, unusually within a dense residential neighborhood with single-family housing surrounding it on all sides.  Besides a standard analog transmission, WBIG broadcasts using HD Radio technology, and is also available online via iHeartRadio. The station is also the official broadcast partner of the NFL's Washington Commanders.

History

WOOK-FM, WFAN
The station first broadcast on 95.9, signing on the air in 1948.  It was owned by the United Broadcasting Company and had the call sign WOOK-FM, as the companion to WOOK (1340 AM).  The two stations largely simulcast their programming.

The FM station soon changed call signs to WFAN, apparently to emphasize its status as the flagship of the Washington Senators radio network. The station moved to 100.3 MHz and upgraded power in 1952. WFAN broadcast in both English and Spanish, featuring tropical music programs for Washington's growing Latino population, mostly from Puerto Rico, Cuba and the Dominican Republic.  By the late 1960s, WFAN was running its Spanish-language format full time, the first in the Washington area.

FCC trouble
In the mid-1970s, United Broadcasting, the owner of WFAN-FM, WOOK and WFAN-TV, along with semi-satellite WMET-TV, was beset by legal issues. In September 1975, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) cited WOOK for broadcasting fraudulent advertising and denied renewal of its license.

Faced with losing one of its two radio signals, United decided to preserve the more popular R&B format of WOOK.  In December 1976, it moved the R&B format and WOOK call letters to 100.3 FM.  Meanwhile, the WFAN call sign and Spanish tropical format, which had a smaller audience, moved to 1340 AM. The AM station's license expired April 22, 1978, and the 1340 AM allocation was turned over to WYCB. The decision to sacrifice the Spanish-language format led to complaints to the FCC from the local Hispanic community. Unlike equivalent bodies such as the Canadian Radio and Television Commission, the FCC does not concern itself with the type of programming broadcast by licensed stations, so it did not take action. In February 1984, WOOK rebranded as WDJY calling itself "DJ 100".

Starting in October 1990, the station began playing smooth jazz as "Jazzy 100", and would subsequently change its call letters to WJZE.

Oldies WBIG-FM
WJZE was acquired by Colfax Broadcasting and adopted an oldies format as WBIG-FM "Oldies 100" at 4 p.m. on June 3, 1993. The station was sold to Chancellor Broadcasting in 1996. Chancellor then merged with Capstar Broadcasting to form AMFM, Inc. in 1998.  Clear Channel Communications purchased AMFM in October 1999.  Clear Channel later changed its name to iHeartMedia, Inc.

As an oldies outlet, WBIG-FM originally played mostly Top 40 hits from the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. In the early 2000s, many 1950s and early 1960s hits were dropped from the playlist. In 2002, the station changed its name from "Oldies 100" to "Big 100". It also aired the Saturday Night dance party playing mostly 1970s disco and dance music.

Classic Hits
WBIG-FM "evolved" from oldies to classic hits at 5 p.m. on April 3, 2006, featuring hits of the 1970s and 1980s. The last song to be played under its oldies format was "Shout" by the Isley Brothers, while the first song under the classic hits format was "You Ain't Seen Nothing Yet" by Bachman Turner Overdrive. This was accompanied with a slight branding change to "Big 100.3". The changeover was not announced, and the new format saw several of the disc jockeys removed.  Jeff "Goldy" Gold, who spent 12 years at WBIG, was the morning host at WFVL in Fayetteville, North Carolina, from September 2005 to February 2009.  In 2012, Goldy became host of Good Morning Fayetteville on WFNC. Kathy Whiteside moved to middays at WLIF in Baltimore, Johnny Dark worked at WTTR in Westminster, Maryland, until his passing in September 2016, and Ira Melman worked for a while at WTOP-FM, and later for Voice of America (VOA) in Washington.

WBIG was the first station in the U.S. to work directly with one of the Beatles. Ringo Starr hosted and voiced the commercials for the "BIG Ringo Starr Art Show" in March 2007. It was the first time that artwork from all four Beatles appeared in the same exhibition. Proceeds from the sales of art benefited Ringo's charity The Lotus Foundations.

Classic rock
After the spring 2009 format change of rival classic rock station WTGB to adult contemporary, WBIG-FM tried to appease listeners of WTGB by shifting to a musical position in between light classic hits and slightly heavier classic rock, but still not becoming a full-fledged classic rock station. Four months later, oldies outlet WJZW (now WMAL-FM) flipped to mainstream rock (mostly heavy classic rock with a few newer songs). Throughout 2010, WVRX slowly siphoned listeners from WBIG, especially in WVRX's target demographic of men 25-54. By the third week of August 2010, WBIG had plummeted to 14th in the overall Arbitron radio ratings after rising to 8th place after the demise of WTGB.

On August 30, 2010, the station fired its morning show staff, host Jon Ballard and news anchor Bill Stabler. After being fired, Ballard called into Elliot in the Morning on WWDC, where Ballard worked afternoons until 2006.  He began to discuss the incident with Elliot Segal. Reportedly, although Ballard did not criticize WBIG-FM or Clear Channel, WWDC management cut off the conversation by ending the show early and "dumping" to music, a process normally used to avoid content that would garner FCC fines. After Ballard's firing, the station shifted its playlist completely to classic rock, and began promoting the fact that it was now running with no disc jockeys. By October, DJ's would return, with Lisa Berigan doing middays, Doc Reno doing afternoon drive, and Big Rig doing nights. On November 20, Tommy Griffiths became the station's morning host.  In July 2016, "Big 100.3" reverted to the "Big 100" branding.

In April 2022, iHeartMedia announced a marketing partnership with the NFL's Washington Commanders, where the team would see marketing spread across the iHeart Washington portfolio with talent having a presence at events such as draft parties and training camp, as well as the team appearing at the group's stations and promotional events and concerts. WBIG-FM would take over as the broadcast home of Commanders games, taking over from a joint simulcast of WMAL-FM, WSBN, and WTEM (outside the market, the broadcasts are accessible via streaming through various league-endorsed paid options, though not iHeartRadio's app itself). The partnership became an issue when Don Geronimo, the station's morning host, was terminated by iHeart after making on-air and disparaging comments about a female sports reporter for WUSA (channel 9) during the team's 2023 opening of training camp, shortly after Josh Harris took over ownership of the team.

Short-spaced signal
WBIG-FM is short-spaced to Media, Pennsylvania-licensed WRNB, a Radio One station in the Philadelphia market which transmits from the Roxborough section of the city. The transmitters of the two stations are around  apart,  short of the FCC's minimum distance guidelines for Class B stations, which is .

The two stations are grandfathered for this short spacing of their allocations, and operate with some interference between Baltimore and the Pennsylvania–Maryland state line.

References

External links
Official website
Washington Post article examining the format change

Washington Post article: " Don Geronimo fired after disparaging on-air comments at Commanders camp"

BIG-FM
Radio stations established in 1948
1948 establishments in Washington, D.C.
IHeartMedia radio stations
Classic rock radio stations in the United States

WBIG-FM


The Seeburg 1000 Background Music System is a phonograph designed and built by the Seeburg Corporation to play background music from special 16 RPM vinyl records in offices, restaurants, retail businesses, factories and similar locations. Seeburg provided a service similar to that of Muzak.

Phonograph

The Seeburg 1000 phonograph was introduced in 1959 as model BMS1. The system replaced the Seeburg Library Unit, which served the same purpose but played standard 45 rpm records.  The Seeburg 1000 is enclosed in a metal cabinet 22 inches (55 cm) wide by 14 inches (35 cm) tall by 12 inches (30 cm) deep.
A later version (the Seeburg Background Music Compact, model BMC1) is housed in a windowless, blue and grey painted metal box. This version contains only the record-playing mechanism, without any amplifier or timer built in.

The player is capable of playing both sides of up to 28 records and repeating the process indefinitely. The records are stacked on the spindle with the first side to be played on the bottom of the stack. A special tone arm, with two needles (one above and one below), is used to play both sides of each record.
A rotating base plate below the records prevents damage to the bottom playing surface while re-stacking the records. A similar weight on top of the stack ensures stable playback of the bottom side of the topmost record.

The mechanism causes the lower portion of the spindle to rotate clockwise like an ordinary record player, while the top half of the spindle rotates counterclockwise to permit the bottom of the record to be played in the correct direction. The spindle contains three sets of retractable claws which hold the records in the upper and lower playing positions, and permit one record at a time to be dropped from the upper to the lower playing position.
A release button in the top of the spindle permits the operator to retract the record-holding claws to remove the record stack.

The BMS 1000 was so called because it played both sides of 25 records, each side containing 20 songs (hence 1,000 songs). The phonographs used the old Pickering "Red-head" stereo cartridge, introduced on Seeburg jukeboxes in late 1958 for the 1959 model year. Although the mono Seeburg jukeboxes used 1 mil styluses and the stereo Seeburgs used .7 mil styluses, the background-music systems used a .5 mil stylus, but played the special mono records.  The BMS phonographs were non-selectable and only played these proprietary formatted 9" records with 2" center holes - sequentially, and at 16rpm.

In 1963, Seeburg introduced the next generation BMS, the BMS2. Unlike the BMC1, The BMS2 was intended to be put on display. The BMS2 has a chrome trim and features a lighted window to show off the mechanism inside, similar in style to a jukebox. This phonograph has been nicknamed "the Microwave" in recent years due to its resemblance to the kitchen appliance. The BMS2 also uses a transistorized amplifier.

BMC phonographs lacking a power amplifier or internal speaker could have an optional preamplifier. Early preamps were tube-(valve-) type and (after 1963) transistorized. In 1963 the Seeburg BMCA1 "Companion Audio" speaker/4-watt amp unit became available, using both tubes and transistors.  If more power or an amp was needed Seeburg had the HFA4-56, 60-watt tube (valve) amp available.

Records

A Seeburg Background Music record is a vinyl record of a non-standard 9 inch (23 cm)-diameter size with a 2-inch (5 cm) center hole. The recording is monaural, with a playing speed of 16⅔ rpm and a density of 420 grooves per inch. A 0.5 mil diamond stylus is used for reproduction. Each side contains approximately 40 minutes of music (typically 20 songs).  Records in each series were numbered 1-25 from 1959 to the July 1st 1966 set, and 101-128 from the October 1st 1966 set all the way to the last set. These numbers meant nothing other than an indication as to where a record belonged in the stack order.

Initially, the records were distributed four times a year, in sets of five records. This number was upped to seven with the October 1st 1966 set. The operator was supposed to replace records in the system with new records of the same number (e.g. MM-125). Each box was labeled with the library type, date to place in service, and instructions for the operator (including that each record was to be returned to Seeburg after use). Upon return, the records were destroyed. A Basic library box from 1971 states that the records are the property of "Seeburg Music Library, Inc., 1510 N. Dayton St, Chicago 22, Ill".

Music

Seeburg provided three different libraries of music for use with the Seeburg 1000 system: Basic, Mood and Industrial.  In 1979 these library names were changed to Lifestyle, Mellow Mood, and Upbeat (later renamed Penthouse) respectively.
The Basic library consisted of mid-tempo music selected from top 40 hits, show tunes and standards. The arrangements (created for Seeburg) were nearly all instrumental, featuring horns, strings and keyboards.
The Mood library consisted of medium- to slow-tempo songs in lush arrangements (with primarily stringed instruments). The music was derived from standards, show tunes and some pop music; the first song on each side of each record was often a current pop hit.
The Industrial library consisted of lively, medium- to quick-tempo music to induce workers to be more productive.  This was perhaps the most varied and adventurous of the libraries; it contained polkas, mariachi music, twangy guitar, Hawaiian songs, and occasionally synthesizer.

The first sets of Seeburg 16 rpm records issued in 1959 had a five-pointed star for the Basic and Industrial Libraries, and "MM-100" for the Mood Library.  This was superseded with the first replacement record set by a notice which read "Replace No. 1", "Replace No. 5" etc.  This meant "Replacement Records - Set No. 1", "Set No. 5" etc.  In 1961 this was again superseded by the "place in use" dates, which remained in use through the end of 1975.  For the April 1, 1976 sets, the "place in use" dates were replaced by a code: RR-66.  This meant "replacement records – set #66" and the number advanced with each subsequent set. After the bankruptcy of Seeburg in 1982, the records were sent out roughly one set per year, eventually converging into single library under the MTN (Music Theater Network) label as "Rainbow". The last set of records was sent out in 1988 and bore the code R-99.

The Christmas holiday season required a special set of records. A box of 25 Christmas records was issued to be played during the month of December. This set consisted of Christmas music, interspersed with non-holiday music. The first sets of Christmas records were made separately for each existing library, but by the early 60s were replaced with a simple "Matching Christmas Library".

It was the job of the machine operators to replace all the normal library records with Christmas records on December 1, and then replace the Christmas records with the standard libraries on December 26. This was a large undertaking - in New York, "the entire service and installation force, and even the office help, are pressed into service to still the sound of Christmas past for another 11 months.

Encore Library

In addition to the main three libraries for the Seeburg 1000 system, Seeburg also released a line of records under the Encore library in 1963. These records used a wider groove than other Seeburg 1000 records to allow for better sound fidelity but otherwise used the same profile and speed as a conventional Seeburg 1000 record. Encore machines used the same basic mechanism as other Seeburg 1000 machines but were housed in a much larger wooden cabinet. Both the machines as well as the records were sold to store owners rather than leased through record dealers and came in sets of six. The music on the Encore series was a variety of selections from the three main "1000" libraries. The Encore library was discontinued by Seeburg in 1968.

Third Party Suppliers

While Seeburg was the primary supplier of records for their 1000 system, other companies such as Rowe, Merrimac, and Kingtone released competing libraries for the 1000 format. Rowe being the most prolific released records for all three of their libraries previously used on their numerous "Customusic" BGM formats, Commercial, Atmosphere, and Production respectively. These competing services were mostly gone by the end of the 1970s.

References

External links
 Seeburg 1000 – The Official Page
 Live MP3 audio stream, from seeburg1000.com
 Tunein.com audio stream direct link
 Tony Miller's Seeburg BMS page
 Techmoan: RetroTech: Seeburg 1000 BMS1 Background Music System (1959-1986), YouTube, 28 February 2017
 Seeburg 1000 – Twitter Page

Audio players
Easy listening music
Industrial music services
Music mass media
Audiovisual introductions in 1959
Discontinued media formats
1959 in music

Seeburg 1000


Charles S. Lawrence (December 22, 1892 – June 12, 1970) was a United States Army colonel who would survive the Bataan Death March to later become the first Executive Vice President of the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT).

Early life and career
A native of Guyton, Georgia, Lawrence enlisted in the United States Army in 1915 where he served for 33 years, including both World War I and World War II.

Assignment to the Philippines
By the start of World War II, Lawrence was a lieutenant-colonel in the United States Army Quartermaster Corps serving in the Philippines when Japan invaded the country on December 22, 1941, as part of the Asian nation's Pacific conquests, now known as the Battle of the Philippines. During this time, the quartermasters (including Lawrence) attempted to purchase as much food as possible to outlast the invaders, but were stopped by their own commanding generals. This accounted for losses of 10 million pounds of rice as a result in one instance. In Lawrence's case at Tarlac where he served as depot commander, he had planned on seizing about 2,000 cases of canned food, mostly fish and corned beef, and a large amount of clothing from Japanese firms stationed in the Philippines, but was refused by General Douglas MacArthur's headquarters claiming that Lawrence had no right to confiscate these items. In fact, MacArthur's staff threatened the lieutenant-colonel with court martial if he attempted to take those supplies. The supplies were not taken as a result and were later destroyed during the Battle of Bataan.

World War II
During the battle, food supplies became so scarce that soldiers became hunters in an effort to stay alive. Even though American and Filipino forces would be victorious in early battles, they could not hold on and Bataan fell on April 8, 1942. Lawrence was among the 15,000 Americans who surrendered with 60,000 Filipinos and were forced into the Bataan Death March. He survived the march and would spend the rest of the war as a prisoner of war.

Lawrence was discharged from the US Army in 1948 after the end of World War II. He would earn the Legion of Merit, the Bronze Star with Oak Leaf Cluster, the Purple Heart with Oak Leaf Cluster, the Mexican Border Service Medal, the World War I Victory Medal, the Asiatic Pacific Campaign Medal, the World War II Victory Medal, and the American Defense of the Pacific medal.

Institute of Food Technologists service
After retirement from the Army, Lawrence agreed to become the first Executive Secretary (now Executive Vice President) of the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) in 1949. He took over the secretary's role from Carl R. Fellers, head of the food technology department at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and moved the national offices to its present location in Chicago. Lawrence's tenure as Executive Secretary would see IFT grow from 3,000 members in 1949 to 6,000 members at the time of his retirement from the IFT in 1961.

Post-IFT activities
Following IFT, Lawrence served as advisor to the president of the National Florasynth Laboratory in Chicago until he retired for good in 1963. He and his wife then moved to Romney, West Virginia, where he lived until his death in 1970. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

References

 Goldblith, S.A. (1993). Pioneers in Food Science, Volume 1: Samuel Cate Prescott – M.I.T. Dean and Pioneer Food Technologist. Trumball, CT: Food & Nutrition Press. p. 102.
 "In Memoriam: Calvert L. Willey." Food Technology. June 1994. pp. 20–21.

Further reading

External links
 Arlington National Cemetery information on Lawrence
 Civilian Heroes of the Pacific War in World War II
 A history of food science at the University of Massachusetts Amherst 1918-93.

1892 births
1970 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army personnel of World War II
Bataan Death March prisoners
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Businesspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Businesspeople from Chicago
People from Effingham County, Georgia
People from Romney, West Virginia
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Army colonels
World War II prisoners of war held by Japan
Businesspeople from West Virginia
20th-century American businesspeople
Military personnel from Illinois

Charles S. Lawrence


William Haseldine Pepys FGS FRS (23 March 1775 – 17 August 1856) (or William Hasledine Pepys - both versions were used during his lifetime) was an English scientist and founder of learned institutions who contributed significantly to the advancement of the chemical and physical sciences during the first half of the nineteenth century.

Biography
Pepys was born in London, the son of William Pepys and his wife Laetitia Weedon. He was descended from Richard Pepys MP cousin of the diarist. His father was a cutler and maker of surgical instruments and Pepys was apprenticed to his father as a cutler on 16 April 1789. He was released on 10 May 1796 and became a liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Cutlers of London in 1796. He also became part of a group of London-based Quakers and dissenters who were excluded from the political and social mainstream because of their religion, and being occupied in skilled proprietarial enterprises "fostered zealous commitment to the progress of utility, wealth, knowledge and talent".

In 1796 he was one of the founders of the Askesian Society, and on 2 April 1799 at a meeting held at his laboratory at 2 Plough Court he was part of a group including William Allen that founded the British Mineralogical Society. The membership of the BMS was made up of middle-class chemists, physicians, and owners of businesses such as iron-making and instrument manufacturers which were increasingly subject to technological change. The BMS was a forerunner of the Geological Society of London.

In his own research, Pepys worked on soda-water apparatus in 1798 and also researched into using mercury contacts for electrical apparatus and tubes coated in India rubber to convey gases, inventing the mercury gasometer as a result.
In the field of experimental physics, he investigated several aspects of the recently discovered Voltaic electricity: his 'Voltaic coil', consisting of only two plates, but of very large dimensions, was particularly suited for investigating electromagnetic phenomena and was so used in his friend Humphry Davy's researches.

His father died in 1805 and Pepys extended his father's business into making instruments for the philosophical discipline. Pepys own application of electrolysis, linked to his business, was shown in his attempts to melt platinum by the discharge from his very large batteries. In 1805 Pepys made some fruit knives in platinum, presenting one to Sir Joseph Banks and asking him to present a pair to George III.

In 1806 Pepys was prominent in the founding of the London Institution and was an original manager. In 1807 he invented a type of eudiometer, and in 1808 he was elected to the Royal Society, of which he was a Fellow by 1815. In 1808 and 1809 he was involved in the subscription to the 'great battery' installed at the Royal Institution. By 1815, Pepys used an electric current to heat iron in the presence of diamond to produce steel. This removed any remaining doubts that diamond was a form of carbon.

Another close friend was William Allen and together they investigated the composition of carbon dioxide, and the density of ammonia, and elucidated the chemical phenomena of respiration in man, animals, and plants. These researches were successful largely because of the ingenious apparatus invented and designed by Pepys. He was active in the management of the Royal Institution of Great Britain and was its vice-president in 1816. He was honorary secretary of the London Institution from 1821 to 1824 and was Master of the Worshipful Company of Cutlers in 1822 and 1828. He became the Treasurer and Vice-President of the Geological Society.

As well as the manufacture of surgical instruments in the City he took active directorships in the Imperial Continental Gas Association, which was introducing gas illumination to cities and towns across Europe, and the General Steam Navigation Company, which first used steam-propelled vessels to maintain a regular passenger and cargo service to Continental ports.

Pepys married Lydia Walton in 1815 and they had several children. He died at his home at Earl's Terrace, Kensington and is buried to the left of his wife Lydia in the Terrace Catacombs, Highgate Cemetery.

Publications
Description of a new Gas Holder Philosophical Magazine 13 1802
A New Eudiometer accompanied with experiments elucidating its application Philosophical Transactions 97 (1807)
On the quantity of carbon in carbonic acid: and the nature of the diamond Philosophical Transactions (1807) with William Allen
On the changes produced in atmospheric air and oxygen gas by respiration Philosophical Transactions (1808) with William Allen
On respiration (1809) Philosophical Transactions with William Allen
 (1811)
Description of a new Construction of the voltaic Apparatus (1817)

References

External links

1775 births
1856 deaths
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
English scientists
People of the Industrial Revolution
English educational theorists
Fellows of the Royal Society
English Quakers

William Haseldine Pepys


Rose Ann Scamardella (born July 20, 1947) is a former anchorwoman of WABC-TV's Eyewitness News in New York City, and the inspiration for Gilda Radner's character "Roseanne Roseannadanna" on Saturday Night Live.

Biography

Rose Ann Scamardella was born in Brooklyn, New York City, and graduated from Marymount Manhattan College with a B.A. in sociology in 1968.

After working for Gerald Freedman, a stockbroker, for "a couple of years" by her own account, she became the personnel director of an export company. By 1972, referred to in The Village Voice as "Roseann" Scamardella, she was working as what the paper identified only as a "television journalist".

Accounts of her hiring at WABC-TV Eyewitness News vary. Howard Weinberg, a producer then with the Educational Broadcasting Corporation, owner of WNET, recounts that he "responded to concerns for newsroom diversity and [the WABC] News Director's complaints that he couldn't find an Italian-American correspondent; [I] found Rose Ann, ... coached her, worked with her."

Scamardella said in 1975 that while she was employed at the export firm and working to get her master's degree in sociology at New York University, "I get this call that the Human Rights Commission is looking for an Italian-American girl. ... So they took me, sitting on discrimination cases. Then the news director here at ABC at the time, Al Primo, was looking for an Italian girl. ... Al talked to me for about five minutes and hired me. I went on the air two weeks later, scared stiff. I got no training at all. Correspondent Geraldo Rivera took me around on some stories a few nights, but that was it."

Scamardella began as a reporter and later became an anchor for the broadcast in 1978. She was mostly known as a co-anchor with Ernie Anastos on the weeknight 11 p.m. edition of Eyewitness News during the late 1970s and early 1980s. She remained in that position until leaving WABC-TV in 1983.

She returned to New York local television in May 1999 to present a two-part report on the plight of Albanian refugees in Brooklyn for WNYW-TV's Ten O' Clock News. She went on to teach at the Salisbury School in Salisbury, Connecticut during the 1990s and into 2000.

After this, Scamardella co-hosted a television show, Crossroads Magazine. She was partnered with Father John Gatzak on the show, which was produced in cooperation with the Office of Radio and Television of the Archdiocese of Hartford; it aired on two Connecticut television stations, CW20 and MyTV9.

References

External links

American television journalists
American women television journalists
Television anchors from New York City
1947 births
Living people
Marymount Manhattan College alumni
American people of Italian descent
21st-century American women

Rose Ann Scamardella


Light sensitivity, photophobia or hypersensitivity to light is a medical symptom that causes higher than usual intolerance of bright light, and usually the glare that accompanies it. When someone with photophobia is exposed to bright light, such as sunlight or modern florescent lighting, he or she usually experiences discomfort and or pain.

Various conditions and diseases like glaucoma, dyslexia, albinism, and concussions can cause light sensitivity.

One common remedy is to wear glasses with tinted lenses while in sun or florescent lighting. The glasses tints can be anything from barely noticeable tints to full on sunglasses

sensetivity

Photosensitivity


Gordonville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Leacock Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 508 as of the 2010 census. Though the village is little known outside its immediate area, the surrounding countryside has been portrayed in many books and magazine articles. The Old Order Amish constitute a significant cultural presence in the area of the village. Wendell Berry mentioned the town in one of his collections of essays.

Geography
The village is in eastern Lancaster County in the southwestern corner of Leacock Township, approximately  east of the county seat of Lancaster,  southwest of the village of Intercourse, less than one mile (1.1 km) north of Paradise, and about  southeast of Bird-in-Hand. Gordonville is bordered to the southwest and south by Soudersburg.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Gordonville CDP has an area of , all  land. The community drains south to Pequea Creek, a southwestward-flowing tributary of the Susquehanna River.

There are 153 farms in Leacock Township; all but seven are owned by Amish families. These small-scale farms (many with small shops) dot the gently rolling and open landscape around the village. Though rural in character, Gordonville is at the edge of the metropolis: Amtrak Keystone Service trains pass daily through the village on runs to Lancaster and Harrisburg to the west and Philadelphia and New York City to the east. Though there was once a train station in the center of the village, no train has officially stopped there since the 1950s. On back roads, horse-drawn buggies and automobiles occasionally compete for space with rollerblading Amish youth and Amish men on scooters commuting to local jobs.

Demographics

History

Gordonville is located on part of a grant of  of land to the Mary Feree family by the sons of William Penn. The town resulted from the railroad that planned to pass through the area. Around 1829 land was surveyed for the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, chartered in 1823 and again in 1826, to run between Philadelphia and Columbia, a growing city along the Susquehanna River south of Harrisburg. Land on the south and west side of the railway route belonged to the Christian Hershey family, which was associated with the land from as early as 1709. Daniel Gordon erected the first dwelling on land now associated with the village in 1832 (some say 1834), a -story, five-bay brick farmhouse with central doorway, largely intact gallery under gable roof, with first floor windows on facade to floor. The house was inhabited by Henry Eckert in the 1880s, and is still occupied today, though divided into several apartments.

Early trains on the railroad were merely wagons, fitted to run on tracks and pulled by horses along the single track. The first U.S.-made locomotive, built at Philadelphia's Baldwin Locomotive Works, was produced in 1832. On 17 April 1834 the first long distance steam train ran through Gordonville along the new Columbia Railroad; the  journey from Lancaster to Philadelphia took about eight and one half hours. Only one track was in use until October of that year; turnouts every one and a half miles allowed for passing. By 1836 Daniel Gordon had a house, a warehouse, and a storehouse on the south and west side of the railway, and the town was starting to grow. In 1857 the Pennsylvania Railroad purchased Pennsylvania's Main Line of Public Works, which by then included the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad and an ambitious cross-Appalachian canal project. The nickname "Main Line" was affixed to the railroad route. Abraham Lincoln spoke from his train at nearby Leaman Place-Strasburg railroad junction on 22 February 1861, only one mile east of Gordonville; over 5,000 people were present. (In 1968 Hubert H. Humphrey, candidate for president, stopped and spoke at the same place.) In 1870 two barns in Gordonville were destroyed by fire caused by locomotive sparks. The 1895 U.S. Atlas described the village of Gordonville as having a population of 413, a railroad station, post office, and express office. By 1898 the railway was widened to four tracks, and by the early twentieth century 200 trains per day passed through the town. The building of the famous (and now abandoned) low grade railway in the southern end of the Lancaster County in 1906 drastically reduced train traffic. The railway line was electrified in 1938. Later in the early twentieth century only six passenger trains and two freight trains actually made scheduled stops at Gordonville station each day. One of the freights was the morning milk train. Today the village has a population of about 460 people. Amtrak trains still travel through the town along the railway that brought about the town's birth. There is talk of a new station to be erected at Leaman Place, a mile east of Gordonville at the Strasburg RR junction, which would serve Amtrak and SEPTA trains.

Spring sale and auction

The Annual Spring Sale and Auction of the Gordonville Fire Company and Ambulance Association, held the second Saturday of March, is the largest event of its kind on the East Coast. A tradition since 1969, it draws about 12,000 people (about 4,500 registered bidders) to bid on farm machinery, horses, quilts, carriages, old stuff, and antiques. When not actively buying, people socialize, tourists observe, and some Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonite youth play cornerball, a traditional and "acrobatic" game played with a small hard ball on a field of manure, mud, and straw. Though similar mud sale auctions abound in Lancaster County in the spring, none has as many people attending. Proceeds of the sale assist the upkeep of fire equipment.

On March 13, 1993 the fire company auction was abruptly closed at 10:00 am by state police, who announced that an unseasonable snowfall would eventually block the roads, stranding people in town. Most people were gone by 11:00 am. At noon the last people to attempt to leave, a family which actively volunteered with the fire company, ambulance, and the spring sale, discovered that the roads were actually impassable. The family was compelled to spend the night with friends in town. In the next 24 hours, only  of snow fell, but 50 to 60 mile per hour winds limited visibility and caused drifting snow to block the roads. During the blizzard, the fire company's ambulance crew handled several emergencies, taking people by snowmobile to Bird-in-Hand where, due to nearly continuous plowing, it was still possible to travel to Lancaster city by highway. Sunday morning discovered very little activity. Roads were blocked by frozen four and five feet high snow drifts until the early afternoon. The auction field contained farm machinery and over a hundred carriages buried under snow. It was at least a week before things were normal. Some called it the snowfall of the century, but on January 8, 1996, a two-foot snowfall led to all roadways in 47 Pennsylvania counties being closed by the governor's order.

References

Populated places in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Census-designated places in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania

Gordonville, Pennsylvania


Tyndallization is a process from the nineteenth century for sterilizing substances, usually food, named after its inventor John Tyndall, that can be used to kill heat-resistant endospores. Although now considered dated, it is still occasionally used.

A simple and effective sterilizing method commonly used today is autoclaving: heating the substance being sterilized to  for 15 minutes in a pressured system. If autoclaving is not possible because of lack of equipment, or the need to sterilize something that will not withstand the higher temperature, unpressurized heating for a prolonged period at a temperature of up to , the boiling point of water, may be used. The heat will kill any bacterial cells; however, bacterial spores capable of later germinating into bacterial cells may survive. Tyndallization can be used to destroy the spores.

Tyndallization essentially consists of heating the substance to boiling point (or just a little below boiling point) and holding it there for 15 minutes, three days in succession. After each heating, the resting period will allow spores that have survived to germinate into bacterial cells; these cells will be killed by the next day's heating. During the resting periods the substance being sterilized is kept in a moist environment at a warm room temperature, conducive to germination of the spores. When the environment is favourable for bacteria, it is conducive to the germination of cells from spores, and spores do not form from cells in this environment (see bacterial spores).

The Tyndallization process is usually effective in practice. But it is not considered completely reliable — some spores may survive and later germinate and multiply. It is not often used today, but is used for sterilizing items that cannot withstand pressurized heating, such as plant seeds.

See also
 Autoclave

References

Hygiene
Microbiology
Food preservation
Sterilization (microbiology)

Tyndallization