The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (, EZLN), often referred to as the Zapatistas (Mexican ), is a far-left political and militant group that controls a substantial amount of territory in Chiapas, the southernmost state of Mexico.

Since 1994, the group has been nominally at war with the Mexican state (although it may be described at this point as a frozen conflict). The EZLN used a strategy of civil resistance. The Zapatistas' main body is made up of mostly rural indigenous people, but it includes some supporters in urban areas and internationally. The EZLN's main spokesperson is Subcomandante Insurgente Galeano, previously known as Subcomandante Marcos (a.k.a. Compañero Galeano and Delegate Zero in relation to "the Other Campaign"). Unlike other Zapatista spokespeople, Marcos is not an indigenous Maya.

The group takes its name from Emiliano Zapata, the agrarian revolutionary and commander of the Liberation Army of the South during the Mexican Revolution, and sees itself as his ideological heir.

EZLN's ideology has been characterized as libertarian socialist, anarchist, or Marxist, and having roots in liberation theology although the Zapatistas have rejected and defied political classification. The EZLN aligns itself with the wider alter-globalization, anti-neoliberal social movement, seeking indigenous control over local resources, especially land. Since their 1994 uprising was countered by the Mexican Armed Forces, the EZLN has abstained from military offensives and adopted a new strategy that attempts to garner Mexican and international support.

Organization
The Zapatistas describe themselves as a decentralized organization. The pseudonymous Subcomandante Marcos is widely considered its leader despite his claims that the group has no single leader. Political decisions are deliberated and decided in community assemblies. Military and organizational matters are decided by the Zapatista area elders who compose the General Command (Revolutionary Indigenous Clandestine Committee – General Command, or CCRI-CG).

History

Background
The Chiapas region has been the scene of a succession of uprisings, including the "Caste War" or "Chamula Rebellion" (1867–1870) and the "Pajarito War" (1911).

The EZLN emerged during the government of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), which at the time had ruled Mexico for more than sixty years, in a dominant-party system. The situation led many young people to consider the legal channels of political participation closed and to bet on the formation of clandestine armed organizations to seek the overthrow of a regime that from their point of view was authoritarian, and thus improve the living conditions of the population. One of these organizations, was known as the National Liberation Forces (FLN). The FLN were founded on August 6, 1969, by César Germán Yáñez Muñoz, in Monterrey, Nuevo León. According to Mario Arturo Acosta Chaparro, in his report Subversive movements in Mexico, "they had established their areas of operations in the states of Veracruz, Puebla, Tabasco, Nuevo León and Chiapas."

In February 1974, a confrontation took place in , State of Mexico, between a unit of the Mexican Army, under the command of Mario Arturo Acosta Chaparro, and members of the FLN, some of whom died during combat, reported having been tortured.

As a consequence of this confrontation, the FLN lost its operational capacity. In the early 1980s, some of its militants decided to found a new organization. Thus, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) was founded on November 17, 1983, by non-indigenous members of the FLN from Mexico's urban north and by indigenous inhabitants of the remote Las Cañadas/Selva Lacandona regions in eastern Chiapas, by members of former rebel movements. Some EZLN leaders have argued that the vanguardist and Marxist–Leninist orientation of the FLN failed to appeal to indigenous locals in Chiapas, leading former members of the FLN in the EZLN to ultimately opt for a libertarian socialist and neozapatista outlook.

Over the years, the group slowly grew, building on social relations among the indigenous base and making use of an organizational infrastructure created by peasant organizations and the Catholic Church (see Liberation theology). In the 1970s, through the efforts of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Cristóbal de Las Casas, most indigenous communities in the Lacandon forest were already politically active and had practice in dealing with governmental agencies and local officials. Specifically in 1974 the indigenous conference brought indigenous peoples from across Chiapas together to discuss their conditions. Promoted and organized by the Catholic church, this event helped foster an indigenous political identity in the region. In the 1980s, they joined with the Rural Collective Interest Association – "Unión de Uniones", (ARIC-UU). However, disputes over strategy in the Chiapas would lead to the EZLN taking on over half of the ARIC-UU's membership in the early 1990s.

1990s

The Zapatista Army went public on January 1, 1994, releasing their declaration on the day the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) came into effect. On that day, they issued their First Declaration and Revolutionary Laws from the Lacandon Jungle. The declaration amounted to a declaration of war on the Mexican government, which they considered illegitimate. The EZLN stressed that it opted for armed struggle due to the lack of results that had been achieved through peaceful means of protest (such as sit-ins and marches).

Their initial goal was to instigate a revolution against the rise of neoliberalism throughout Mexico, but since no such revolution occurred, they used their uprising as a platform to call attention to their movement to protest the signing of the NAFTA, which the EZLN believed would increase inequality in Chiapas. Prior to the signing of NAFTA, however, dissent amongst indigenous peasants was already on the rise in 1992 with the amendment of Article 27 of the Constitution. The amendment called for the end of land reform and the regularizing of all landholdings, which ended land redistribution in Mexico. The end of land distribution heralded the end of many communities that had been growing of the past decade, as they had been waiting for further distribution that was on an agrarian backlog according to the government.

The Zapatistas hosted the Intercontinental Encounter for Humanity and Against Neoliberalism to help initiate a united platform for other anti-neoliberal groups. The EZLN also called for greater democratization of the Mexican government, which had been controlled by the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (Institutional Revolutionary Party, also known as PRI) for 65 years, and for land reform mandated by the 1917 Constitution of Mexico, which had been repealed in 1991. The Zapatistas had mentioned "independence" among their initial demands; however, it received little systematic treatment from the EZLN until the extensive contact between the Zapatistas and other indigenous organizations during the San Andrés negotiations and use of natural resources normally extracted from Chiapas. It also advocated for protection from violence and political inclusion of Chiapas' indigenous communities.

On January 1, 1994, an estimated 3,000 armed Zapatista insurgents seized six towns and cities in the Chiapas highlands. The Zapatistas soon retreated to the forest to avoid a federal military offensive.

"The EZLN listed a series of other demands that were a compendium of long-standing grievances of the indigenous communities of Chiapas, but also found echo in broad sectors of Mexican society outside of Chiapas: work, land, housing, food, healthcare, education, independence, liberty, democracy, justice, and peace."

Following a ceasefire on January 12, peace talks commenced later in the month between Catholic bishop Samuel Ruiz for the Zapatistas and former mayor of Mexico City, Manuel Camacho Solis, for the state.

Military offensive

Arrest-warrants were made for Marcos, Javier Elorriaga Berdegue, Silvia Fernández Hernández, Jorge Santiago, Fernando Yanez, German Vicente and other Zapatistas. At that point, in the Lacandon Jungle, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation was under military siege by the Mexican Army. Javier Elorriaga was captured on February 9, 1995, by forces from a military garrison at Gabina Velázquez in the town of Las Margaritas, and was later taken to the Cerro Hueco prison in Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. On February 11, 1995, the PGR informed the country that the government had implemented an operation in the State of México, where they had captured 14 people presumed to be involved with the Zapatistas, of which eight had already being turned over to the judicial authorities, they had also seized an important arsenal. The PGR threatened the San Cristóbal de Las Casas' Catholic Bishop, Samuel Ruiz García, with arrest. Claiming that they helped conceal the Zapatistas' guerrilla uprising, although their activities had been reported years before in Proceso, a Mexican leftist magazine. It is likely however that the Mexican Government knew about the uprising but failed to act. This adversely impacted Holy See–Mexico relations.

In response to the siege of the EZLN, Esteban Moctezuma, the interior minister, submitted his resignation to President Zedillo, which Zedillo refused to accept. Influenced by Moctezuma's protest, President Zedillo abandoned the military offensive in favor of a diplomatic approach. The Mexican army eased its operation in Chiapas, allowing Marcos to escape the military perimeter in the Lacandon Jungle. Responding to the change of conditions, friends of the EZLN along with Subcomandante Marcos prepared a report for under-Secretary of the Interior Luis Maldonado Venegas; the Secretary of the Interior Esteban Moctezuma and then President Zedillo. The document stressed Marcos' natural pacifist inclination and an unwillingness to get caught in a bloody war. The document also said that the marginalized groups and the radical left that existed in Mexico supported the Zapatista movement. It also stressed that Marcos maintained an open negotiating track.

2000s
In April 2000, Vicente Fox, the presidential candidate for the opposition National Action Party (PAN), sent a new proposal for dialogue to Subcomandante Marcos, without obtaining a response. In May, a group of civilians attacked two indigenous people from the autonomous municipality of Polhó, Chiapas. Members of the Federal Police were sent to guarantee the security of the area. The Zapatista coordinators and several non-governmental organizations described it as "a clear provocation to the EZLN."

Vicente Fox was elected president in 2001 (the first non-PRI president of Mexico in over 70 years) and, as one of his first actions, urged the EZLN to enter into dialogue with the federal government. However, the EZLN insisted that it would not return to peace negotiations with the government until seven military positions were closed. Fox subsequently made the decision to withdraw the army from the conflict zone, so all the military located in Chiapas began to leave the area. Following this gesture, Subcomandante Marcos agreed to initiate dialogue with the Vicente Fox government, but shortly thereafter demanded conditions for peace; especially, that the federal government disarm the PRI paramilitary groups in the area. The Zapatistas marched on Mexico City to pressure the Mexican Congress and formed the Zapatista Information Center, through which information would be exchanged about the trip of the guerrilla delegation to Mexico City, and mobilizations would be articulated to demand compliance with the conditions of the EZLN for dialogue. Although Fox had stated earlier that he could end the conflict "in fifteen minutes", the EZLN rejected the agreement and created 32 new "autonomous municipalities" in Chiapas. They would then unilaterally implement their demands without government support, although they had some funding from international organizations.

On June 28, 2005, the Zapatistas presented the Sixth Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle declaring their principles and vision for Mexico and the world. This declaration reiterated the support for the indigenous peoples, who make up roughly one-third of the population of Chiapas, and extended the cause to include "all the exploited and dispossessed of Mexico". It also expressed the movement's sympathy to the international alter-globalization movement and supported leftists governments in Cuba, Bolivia, Ecuador, and elsewhere, with whom they felt there was common cause.

On May 3–4, 2006, a series of demonstrations protested the forcible removal of irregular flower vendors from a lot in Texcoco for the construction of a Walmart branch. The protests turned violent when state police and the Federal Preventive Police bused in some 5,000 agents to San Salvador Atenco and the surrounding communities. A local organization called the People's Front in Defense of the Land, which adheres to the Sixth Declaration, called in support from other regional and national adherent organizations. "Delegate Zero" and his "Other Campaign" were at the time in nearby Mexico City, having just organized May Day events there, and quickly arrived at the scene. The following days were marked by violence, with some 216 arrests, over 30 rape and sexual abuse accusations against the police, five deportations, and one casualty, a 14-year-old boy named Javier Cortes shot by a policeman. A 20-year-old UNAM economics student, Alexis Benhumea, died on the morning of June 7, 2006, after being in a coma caused by a blow to the head from a tear-gas grenade launched by police. Most of the resistance organizing was done by the EZLN and Sixth Declaration adherents, and Delegate Zero stated that the "Other Campaign" tour would be temporarily halted until all prisoners were released.

In late 2006 and early 2007, the Zapatistas (through Subcomandante Marcos), along with other indigenous peoples of the Americas, announced the Intercontinental Indigenous Encounter. They invited indigenous people from throughout the Americas and the rest of the world to gather on October 11–14, 2007, near Guaymas, Sonora. The declaration for the conference designated this date because of "515 years since the invasion of ancient Indigenous territories and the onslaught of the war of conquest, spoils and capitalist exploitation". Comandante David said in an interview, "The object of this meeting is to meet one another and to come to know one another's pains and sufferings. It is to share our experiences, because each tribe is different."

The Third Encuentro of the Zapatistas People with the People of the World was held from December 28, 2007, through January 1, 2008.

In mid-January 2009, Marcos made a speech on behalf of the Zapatistas in which he supported the resistance of the Palestinians as "the Israeli government's heavily trained and armed military continues its march of death and destruction". He described the actions of the Israeli government as a "classic military war of conquest". He said, "The Palestinian people will also resist and survive and continue struggling and will continue to have sympathy from below for their cause."

2010s
On December 21, 2012, tens of thousands of EZLN supporters marched silently through five cities in the state of Chiapas: Ocosingo, Las Margaritas, Palenque, Altamirano and San Cristóbal. Hours after the march, a communiqué from the CCRI-CG was released in the form of a poem, signed by the Subcomandante Marcos. This mobilization, which included the participation of around 40 thousand Zapatistas, was the largest since the 1994 uprising. Of this number, "La Jornada" estimated that half would have marched through the streets of San Cristóbal de las Casas, 7,000 in Las Margaritas and 8,000 in Palenque; for its part El País calculated that San Cristóbal would have seen the concentration of some 10 thousand participants.

Beyond the number of people, the silence with which they marched and the lack of an opening or closing speech were the elements that marked this action. The poet and journalist Hermann Bellinghausen, specialist in coverage of the movement, ended his chronicle in this way:

The Zapatistas invited the world to a three-day fiesta to celebrate ten years of Zapatista autonomy in August 2013 in the five caracoles of Chiapas. They expected 1,500 international activists to attend the event, titled the Little School of Liberty.

In June 2015, the EZLN reported that there was aggression against indigenous people in El Rosario, Chiapas; The report, signed by Subcomandante Moisés, indicated that the attack occurred that same month and year. In addition, there was a complaint by the Las Abejas Civil Society Organization that stated that an indigenous Tzotzil person was assassinated on June 23 on 2015.

In 2016, at the National Indigenous Congress, the EZLN agreed to select a candidate to represent them in the 2018 Mexican general election. This decision broke the Zapatista's two-decade tradition of rejecting Mexican electoral politics. In May 2017, María de Jesús Patricio Martínez, a woman of Mexican and Nahua heritage, was selected to stand, but she was unable to gather the 866,000 signatures required to appear on the ballot.

At the end of August 2019, Subcomandante Insurgente Galeano announced the expansion of EZLN into 11 more districts. In response, President Andrés Manuel López Obrador stated that this expansion was welcome, provided it was done without violence.

2020s
The EZLN has made opposition to mega-infrastructure projects in the region a major priority. In 2020, it announced the Journey for Life and in 2021, Zapatistas visited various activist groups in Europe.

Ideology

The ideology of the Zapatista movement, Neozapatismo, synthesizes Mayan tradition with elements of libertarian socialism, anarchism, Catholic liberation theology and Marxism. The historical influence of Mexican anarchists and various Latin American socialists is apparent in Neozapatismo. The positions of Subcomandante Marcos add a Marxist element to the movement. A Zapatista slogan is in harmony with the concept of mutual aid: "For everyone, everything. For us, nothing" (Para todos todo, para nosotros nada).

The EZLN opposes economic globalization, arguing that it severely and negatively affects the peasant life of its indigenous support base and oppresses people worldwide. The signing of NAFTA also resulted in the removal of Article 27, Section VII, from the Mexican Constitution, which had guaranteed land reparations to indigenous groups throughout Mexico through collective land tenure.

Postcolonialism

Postcolonialism scholars have argued that the Zapatistas' response to the introduction of NAFTA in 1994 may have reflected a shift in perception taking place in societies that have experienced colonialism.

The Zapatistas have used organizations like the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) to raise awareness for their rebellion and indigenous rights, and what they claim is the Mexican government's lack of respect for the country's impoverished and marginalized populations. Appealing to the ECOSOC and other non-governmental bodies may have allowed the Zapatistas to establish a sense of autonomy by redefining their identities both as indigenous people and as citizens of Mexico.

Religion
The Zapatista movement is outwardly secular, and does not have an official religion. However, the overarching Zapatista movement has been influenced by liberation theology and its proponents. The organization established early on that it "has no ties with any Catholic religious authorities nor authorities of any other creed."

In the decades preceding the 1994 uprising, the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Cristóbal de Las Casas, guided by the Bishop Samuel Ruiz Garcia, developed a cadre of indigenous catechists. In practice, these liberationist Christian catechists promoted political awareness, established organizational structures, and helped raise progressive sentiment among indigenous communities in Chiapas. The organization of these catechists and events such as the 1974 Indigenous Congress laid much of the ideological and often organizational groundwork for the EZLN to unite many indigenous communities under a banner of liberation. Further, many of these indigenous catechists later joined and organized within the EZLN.

Anthropologists Duncan Earle and Jeanne Simonelli assert that the liberationist Catholicism spread by the aforementioned catechists which emphasized helping the poor and addressing material conditions in tandem with spiritual ones brought many indigenous Catholics into the Zapatista Movement. Beyond just the Zapatistas, the blossoming indigenous resistance and identity of the late 20th century saw a broader indigenous movement based in indigenous liberationist Christianity. One such group in the broader movement is Las Abejas, an ecumenical Christian organization. Supported, but not controlled by the Diocese of San Cristobal, Las Abejas is dedicated to nonviolence, but shares sympathies and solidarity for the aims of the Zapatistas. Due to their ties to the Zapatistas, 45 Las Abejas members were killed in the Acteal Massacre in 1997.

Communications

The EZLN has placed a high priority on forging communication with the rest of Mexico and the world. Marcos and the Zapatistas would issue hundreds of missives, hold encuentros (mass meetings), give numerous interviews, meet high-profile public and literary figures including Oliver Stone, Naomi Klein, Gael García Bernal, Danielle Mitterrand, Régis Debray, John Berger, Eduardo Galeano, Gabriel García Márquez, José Saramago and Manuel Vázquez Montalbán, participate in symposia and colloquia, deliver speeches, host visits by thousands of national and international activists, and participate in two marches that toured much of the country. Media organizations from North and South America, as well as from many European and several Asian nations, have granted press coverage to the movement and its spokesperson. The EZLN's writings have been translated into at least 14 different languages and Marcos, according to journalist Jorge Alonso, had by 2016 been the subject of ′over 10,000 citations...in the academic world′.

Horizontal autonomy and indigenous leadership

Zapatista communities build and maintain their own health, education, and sustainable agro-ecological systems, promote equitable gender relations via Women's Revolutionary Law, and build international solidarity through outreach and political communication, in addition to their focus on building "a world where many worlds fit". The Zapatista struggle re-gained international attention in May 2014 with the death of teacher and education promoter "Teacher Galeano" (a self chosen name honoring anti-capitalist author Eduardo Galeano), who was murdered in an attack on a Zapatista school and health clinic led by local paramilitaries. In the weeks that followed, thousands of Zapatistas and national and international sympathizers mobilized and gathered to honor Galeano. This event also saw the unofficial spokesperson of the Zapatistas, Subcomandante Marcos, announce that he would be stepping down.

Legacy

The American rock band Rage Against the Machine released three songs in support of the EZLN, "People of the Sun" (1996), "Zapata's Blood" (1997) and "War Within a Breath" (1999).

Notable members
Subcomandante Elisa
Comandanta Esther
Subcomandante Insurgente Galeano, previously known as Subcomandante Marcos
Comandanta Ramona

See also

A Place Called Chiapas, a documentary on the Zapatistas and Subcomandante Marcos
Index of Mexico-related articles
Indigenous movements in the Americas
Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity
Zapatismo
Zapatista coffee cooperatives
Women in the EZLN

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

 (Ed.) Ponce de Leon, J. (2001). Our Word Is Our Weapon: Selected Writings, Subcomandante Marcos. New York: Seven Stories Press. .

 Conant, J. (2010). A Poetics of Resistance: The Revolutionary Public Relations of the Zapatista Insurgency. Oakland: AK Press. .
 Klein, H. (2015). Compañeras: Zapatista Women's Stories. New York: Seven Stories Press. .

 Theodoros Karyotis, Ioanna-Maria Maravelidi, Yavor Tarinski (2022). Asking questions with the Zapatistas. Reflections from Greece on our Civilizational Impasse. Editor: Matthew Little, Publisher: Transnational Institute of Social Ecology.

Further reading

 Castellanos, L. (2007). México Armado: 1943-1981. Epilogue and chronology by Alejandro Jiménez Martín del Campo. México: Biblioteca ERA. 383 pp.
 Dylan Eldredge Fitzwater, The Zapatista Institutions of Autonomy and their Social Implications, 2021
 Patrick & Ballesteros Corona, Carolina (1998). Cuninghame, "The Zapatistas and Autonomy", Capital & Class, No. 66, Autumn, pp 12–22.

 The Zapatista Reader edited by Tom Hayden 2002 A wide sampling of notable writing on the subject.
 Khasnabish, Alex (2010). Zapatistas: Rebellion from the Grassroots to the Global. London and New York: Zed Books. .
 Klein, Hilary. (2015) Compañeras: Zapatista Women's Stories. Seven Stories Press.
  (Eds.) Holloway, John and Peláez, Eloína (1998). Zapatista! Reinventing Revolution in Mexico. London: Pluto Press. .

 Mentinis, Mihalis (2006). Zapatistas: The Chiapas Revolt and what it means for Radical Politics. London: Pluto Press. .
 Muñoz Ramírez, Gloria (2008). The Fire and the Word: A History of the Zapatista Movement. San Francisco: City Lights Publishers. .

 Ross, John (1995). Rebellion from the Roots: Indian Uprising in Chiapas. Monroe, ME.: Common Courage Press. .
 Ross, John (2000). The War Against Oblivion: the Zapatista Chronicles 1994–2000. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press. .
 Ross, John (2006). ¡Zapatistas! Making Another World Possible: Chronicles of Resistance 2000–2006. New York: Nation Books. .
 Subcomandante Marcos (2016). Critical Thought in the Face of the Capitalist Hydra. Durham, NC: Paperboat Press. .
 Subcomandante Marcos (2018). The Zapatistas' Dignified Rage: Final Public Speeches of Subcommander Marcos. Nick Henck (ed.) and Henry Gales (trans.). Chico, CA.: AK Press. .

External links

EZLN Communiques (1994–2004) translated into English
Archives of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation at Stanford University

Military units and formations established in 1983
1983 establishments in Mexico
Far-left politics in Mexico
Libertarian socialist organizations
Indigenous rights organizations in North America
Anti-capitalist organizations
Indigenous politics in North America

Zapatista Army of National Liberation


The   is a recitation show at Yahashira shrine in Kami-fukawa village, near the city of Nara .

The Shinto Temple in Kamifukawa has a tradition of accepting a 17-year-old boy as a member of a religious organization that carries out religious ceremonies at the temple. The acceptance of a boy into the organization at the temple is an acknowledgment that the child has become an adult.

The performance
Young men, aged 17 (If there are not enough boys aged 17 years, boys who are not yet 17 years old or are over 17 years old are also included in the performance)  stand in a semi-circle dressed in samurai clothes and carrying bows. One by one, they are called to the centre by an old man who reads the name of a character in the tales of the feud between the Genji and Heike clans. There is no musical accompaniment. When all twenty-six characters have spoken, the youths rhythmically stamp their feet and sing offstage.

Originally a rite of passage at the age of seventeen to mark the formal acceptance of the eldest son into the community of the twenty-two families of Kami-fukawa, the Daimokutate is now performed annually in mid-October by young men of various ages and from many different families.Unique in Japan as a dramatic performance without acting or music, the Daimokutate is an important marker of identity and plays an indispensable role in maintaining solidarity in this mountainous town.

History
The Daimokutate was performed around the end of the Muromachi period (XVI century). Daimokutate is the last living example of a tradition of reciting in sanctuary  by ordinary people, attested for the first time in a document of 1534.

Documents  collected by the folklore specialist Hosen Jungo between 1953 and 1955, have been preserved, but it is likely that the repertoire was much larger.

Daimokutate was inscribed in 2009 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of Unesco .

References

Nara Prefecture
Festivals in Japan
October events

Daimokutate


Jack Flash is a British adventure story character published in the British comic magazine The Beano, first appearing in issue 355 with artwork by Dudley Watkins. He featured for almost a decade in five serials (told in eight arcs), following his time as a foreigner to Earth and living in a Cornish village.

Development
Noticing the popularity of American comics in the United Kingdom, The Beano staff had an idea to create a superhero for the magazine in the style of an American superhero. Paper rationing continuing from the Blitz is believed to have prevented an ambitious approach to the plans, but a concept design used artwork of Captain Marvel to represent a "Jack Flash" character flying amongst rockets/missiles.

Synopsis
Jack Flash is the son of a scientist from the planet Mercury, who sneaks away from his family and leaves in his father's rocket. The rocket lands on Earth in Colbay, Cornwall, and Flash uses his power of flight to help and bond with the villagers, usually catching petty criminals and rescuing people from danger.

Flash is fair-haired and wears red long johns and a black leotard with a lightning bolt on the chest. His family can also fly due to tiny wings growing out of their ankles. The characterisation shares similarities with the Roman god Mercury, who could fly using his winged sandals.

Publication history

Official serial sagas
Until November 1975, The Beano featured adventure text comics in their issues. An uncredited scriptwriter at DC Thomson would write each saga and an assigned artist designed artwork for a scene to fit each of the issue's eleven paragraphs. Jack Flash had six sagas featured in the magazine for nine years between issue 355 and 835, with artwork by Dudley D. Watkins, Fred Sturrock, Paddy Brennan and Andy Hutton, respectively. Despite his "superhero" conventions, Jack Flash's stories had notable "fish out of water" plots, where fighting criminals was occasional within a story arc about him being a helpful boy who happened to have powers.

Flash's first story, Jack Flash the Flying Boy, followed Flash's adventures after he arrived in Colbay. Watkins, who also designed many funnies and adventure stories for The Beano, drew the story panels for eleven issues until Sturrock replaced him in issue 367. Sturrock continued illustrating for saga number two the following year, which spanned 20 issues between May and October. Due to family illness, Flash is put in charge of a couple's four children as they leave to care for a relative. Brennan and Hutton both illustrated for the fourth and seventh sagas, respectively, in a series now named Jack Flash. From issue 701 to 719, Brennan drew artwork for a story about Flash crash-landing his space ship in "Darkest" Africa, becoming marooned with schoolchildren he travelled with. The seventh (final) saga was a two-month long story about Flash helping a circus look for its escaped lion.

The rest of Flash's stories featured him as joint-lead with others. The third saga (illustrated by Brennan), Jack Flash and the Terrible Twins (1951), introduces Flash's family to the series as Flash reunites with his parents and his younger twin siblings: Jane and Jet, the "terrible twins" that cause mischief and chaos that Flash chases after them to fix. Flash also featured in 1956's 10-issued adventure story The Happy-Go-Luckies (also illustrated by Brennan), helping the Luckie family move from Kent to Africa.

Subsequent cameos and appearances

The Beano
Jack Flash officially left The Beano in 1958, last appearing in issue 835, but made appearances in other Beano media. In the magazine itself, he has not returned since the 1950s, but appeared in a background cameo with Big Eggo and Jonah in a special comic strip titled Lord Snooty's Day Out in issue 3093, revealing formerly popular characters known by previous generations of readers now live in the Beano Retirement Home. He has featured in The Beano Annual in both new stories or cameoing in artwork: 1953's edition was another story about his twin siblings causing mischief, his solo features in 1951's, 1952's, 1954's, 1958's, and 1960's, a Dudley D Watkins-drawn issue reprint in The Beano Book 1959, and he appeared on the front cover of 1953's, the back cover for the 2000's, and inside 2019's edition with 254 other characters from The Beano history.

For spin-off Beano magazines, Flash had his own strip in Beano Summer Special 2003, and appeared in issue 1 of BeanoMAX. Adventure strips initially out of Beano canon for over twenty years meant Flash's stories were reworked as funnies, with BeanoMAX portrayal making Flash comedic and having crossovers with comic strip characters Billy Whizz and Calamity James.

DC Thomson
The character was not just confined to the pages of The Beano. Sandy Calder designed stories for Flash in Nutty in 1980 and 1981, and an issue of Flash and Billy the Cat were reprinted to represent The Beano in the Classics from the Comics "Superhero Special" issue in 2010, celebrating superhero characters created by DC Thomson.

Reception and legacy
Audience reception at the time is unavailable to the public, but Jack Flash became one of the longest-running characters in The Beano adventure story genre, along with Jimmy Watson (eight sagas) and General Jumbo (eight sagas).

A female version of Jack Flash, named Jackie Flash, appeared from issue 347 to 380 in the DC Thomson comic Mandy in 1973. She could fly, could communicate through telepathy, and create force fields.

References

Bibliography

External links

 from the 1953 Beano annual

1949 comics debuts
1951 comics endings
1955 comics debuts
1958 comics endings
Adventure comics
Beano strips
Comics about extraterrestrial life
Fiction about superhuman features or abilities
Fiction set on Mercury (planet)
Science fiction comics
Works about children
Text comics

Jack Flash


SafetyBUS p is a standard for failsafe fieldbus communication in automation technology.
It meets SIL 3 of IEC 61508 and Category 4 of EN 954-1 or Performance Level "e" of the successor standard EN 13849-1.

Origin
SafetyBUS p was developed by Pilz GmbH & Co. KG between 1995 and 1999. The objective was to provide a fieldbus for data communication in terms of machinery safety .

Since 1999 the technology of SafetyBUS p has been managed by the user organisation Safety Network International e.V. (formally SafetyBUS p Club International e.V.), whose members work on the further development of SafetyBUS p.

Application
The main application of SafetyBUS p lies in the communication of data with safety-related content. SafetyBUS p can be used anywhere that communicated data has to be consistent in terms of time and content, in order to safeguard against danger. This danger may concern hazards to life and limb, but may also involve the protection of economic assets.

Typical application areas are:

	Factory automation (e.g. car production, presses)
	Transport technology (e.g. cable cars, fairground rides)

SafetyBUS p can be used on applications with safety-related requirements up to SIL 3 of IEC 61508 or Cat. 4 of EN 954-1.

Technology
Technically, SafetyBUS p is based on the fieldbus system CAN. In addition to OSI Layers 1 and 2, which are already defined in CAN for bit rate and security, SafetyBUS p adds additional mechanisms to safeguard transmission in Layers 2 and 7.

Fault mechanisms
The following mechanisms are used on SafetyBUS p to detect transmission errors and device errors:

	Sequential numbers
	Timeout
	Echo
	ID for transmitter and receiver
	Data security (CRC)

Technical details
The SafetyBUS p frame data, as determined by the technology, is as follows:

	Maximum 64 bus subscribers per network
	Up to 4000 I/O points per network
	Transmission rates 20 to 500 kbit/s, depending on the network extension
	Individual network segments can extend to up to 3500 m
	Multiple network segments can be connected
	Guaranteed error reaction times of up to 20 ms can be achieved
	Suitable for applications in accordance with SIL 3 of IEC 61508 and Cat. 4 of EN 954-1
	Option to supply voltage to the devices via the bus cable
	Subnetworks can be implemented in wireless technology, with fibre-optic cables and as an infrared connection.

Devices
Only safety-related devices are used in SafetyBUS p networks. In general these are designed to be multi-channel internally. Safety-related use of the devices normally requires safety to be certified by authorised testing laboratories, who test the devices in accordance with the applicable standards and provisions. A functional inspection is carried out by the user organisation Safety Network International e.V.

Organisation
The user organisation SafetyBUS p Club International e.V. combines manufacturers and users of SafetyBUS p and has been in existence since 1999. In 2006 the organisation was renamed Safety Network International e.V. In addition to the international organisation there are also two other regional organisations: Japan was established in 2000, while USA was established in 2001. The organisation continues to develop the system, resulting in its successor, SafetyNET p.

Literature
 Winfried Gräf: Maschinensicherheit. Hüthig GmbH & Co. KG, Heidelberg 2004,
 Armin Schwarz und Matthias Brinkmann: Praxis Profiline – SafetyBUS p – Volume D/J/E. Vogel Industrie Medien GmbH & Co. KG, Würzburg 2004,
 Armin Schwarz und Matthias Brinkmann: Praxis Profiline – SafetyBUS p – Volume D/E. Vogel Industrie Medien GmbH & Co. KG, Würzburg 2002,
 EU machinery directive: 98/37/EG
 IFA Report 2/2017: Funktionale Sicherheit von Maschinensteuerungen – Anwendung der DIN EN ISO 13849
 BG ETEM, Prüfgrundsatz GS-ET-26: Bussysteme für die Übertragung sicherheitsrelevanter Nachrichten
 Reinert, D.; Schaefer, M.: Sichere Bussysteme für die Automation. Hüthig, Heidelberg 2001.

External links
Organizations:
 Safety Network International e.V.
 Safety Network International USA (Regional organization for USA)

Industrial automation
Safety

SafetyBUS p


The New York Herald was a large-distribution newspaper based in New York City that existed between 1835 and 1924.  At that point it was acquired by its smaller rival the New-York Tribune to form the New York Herald Tribune.

History

The first issue of the paper was published by James Gordon Bennett Sr., on May 6, 1835. The Herald distinguished itself from the partisan papers of the day by the policy that it published in its first issue: "We shall support no party—be the agent of no faction or coterie, and we care nothing for any election, or any candidate from president down to constable," although it was typically considered sympathetic to the Jacksonian Democratic Party and later, President John Tyler. Bennett pioneered the "extra" edition during the Herald'''s sensational coverage of the Robinson–Jewett murder case.

By 1845 it was the most popular and profitable daily newspaper in the United States. In 1861 it circulated 84,000 copies and called itself "the most largely circulated journal in the world." Bennett stated that the function of a newspaper "is not to instruct but to startle and amuse." His politics tended to be anti-Catholic and he had tended to favor the "Know Nothing" faction. But he was not so anti-immigrant as the Know-Nothing Native American Party. During the American Civil War, Bennett's  policy, as expressed by the newspaper, was to staunchly support the Democratic Party. Frederic Hudson served as managing editor of the paper from 1846 to 1866. During the mid-19th century, the New York Herald adopted a proslavery stance, with Bennett arguing that the Compromise of 1850 would lead to "but little anxiety entertained in relation to the question of slavery, the public mind will be so fatigued that it will be disinclined to think of the matter any further."

In April 1867 Bennett turned over control of the paper to his son James Gordon Bennett Jr. Under James Jr., the paper financed Henry Morton Stanley's expeditions into Africa to find explorer David Livingstone, where they met on November 10, 1871. The paper also supported Stanley's trans-Africa exploration. In 1879 it supported the ill-fated expedition of George W. De Long to the Arctic region.

In 1874 the Herald ran the New York Zoo hoax,Connery, T. B. (June 3, 1893). A Famous Newspaper Hoax, Harper's Weekly, p. 534 in which the front page of the newspaper was devoted entirely to a fabricated story of wild animals getting loose at the Central Park Zoo and attacking numerous people.

On October 4, 1887, Bennett Jr. sent Julius Chambers to Paris, France, to launch its European Edition. Later he moved to Paris himself, but the New York Herald suffered from his attempt to manage its operation in New York by telegram. In 1916 a Saturday issue of the paper reported that a major financier was found dead from poisoning; it added that in 1901 he was "mysteriously poisoned and narrowly escaped death."

After Bennett Jr. died in 1918, Frank Munsey acquired control of the New York Herald (including its European Edition). In 1924 Munsey sold the paper to the family of Ogden Reid, owners of the New-York Tribune, creating the New York Herald Tribune (and the International Herald Tribune with a divergent future).

When the Herald was still under the authority of its original publisher Bennett Sr., it was considered to be the most intrusive and sensationalist of the leading New York papers. Its ability to entertain the public with timely daily news made it the leading circulation paper of its period.

European edition

During the time of original publisher Bennett, the New York Herald was perhaps the best-known American paper in Europe. Its first issue came out on October 4, 1887. The official name of the paper on its front page masthead was The New York Herald European Edition—Paris.  But it became widely known as simply the Paris Herald.

Publisher Bennett Jr. referred to the paper as a "village publication" for the circle of people in Paris who were interested in international news. Indeed, during its first decades of publication a feature of the paper was a list of every American known to be in Paris at the time, culled from inspections of hotel registries. Even as the paper's audience grew, most of its readers were in France or countries near France.

The European edition consistently lost money into the 1910s. As the time of Paris in World War I began, Bennett Jr. kept the paper running, even during the First Battle of the Marne when some French papers shut down. When the American Expeditionary Forces began arriving in France in 1917, demand for the Paris Herald soared, with eventually some 350,000 copies being printed each day and the edition finally becoming profitable.

The European edition subsequently became a mainstay of American expatriate culture in Europe. In Ernest Hemingway's novel, The Sun Also Rises (1926), the first thing the novel's protagonist Jake Barnes does on returning from Spain to France is buy the New York Herald from a kiosk in Bayonne in the Basses-Pyrénées department and read it at a café.

Evening Telegram
The New York Evening Telegram was founded in 1867 by the junior Bennett, and was considered by many to be an evening edition of the Herald. Frank Munsey acquired the Telegram in 1920 and ended its connection to the Herald.

Commemorated

New York's Herald Square is named after the New York Herald newspaper.
The New York Herald Building was designed by the prestigious firm of Stanford White, and completed in 1908. It occupied the north side of the square. At its top was a sculpture commemorating the Bennetts. The statue of Minerva, the Bellringers, and Owls, by Antonin Carles, sounded every hour with bellringing.
After the building was demolished in 1921 to make way for other development, the sculpture was installed on the north side of Herald Square, and the sound was stopped.
The chorus of "Give My Regards to Broadway" includes the phrase "[R]emember me to Herald Square." North of Herald Square is Times Square, which is named after the rival The New York Times.

 See also
 Porter Cornelius Bliss
 New York Herald Tribune (successor to the New York Herald'')

References

External links

The New York Herald 1842-1920 Many Editions Digitized Online at The Library of Congress
Three months with the New York Herald: or, Old news on board of a homeward ... by John Henry Potter
 Photographs and architectural sketches of the New York Herald Building
 A winter evening in a crowded Herald Square at the New York Herald Building, oil on board painting

American penny papers
Newspapers established in 1835
Publications disestablished in 1924
Defunct newspapers published in New York City
1835 establishments in New York (state)
1924 disestablishments in New York (state)
Daily newspapers published in New York City

New York Herald


Frederick William Lehmann (February 28, 1853 – September 12, 1931) was an American lawyer, politician, United States Solicitor General, and rare book collector.

Biography
He was born February 28, 1853, in Prussia. His father Friedrich Wilhelm Lehmann emigrated to Cincinnati, Ohio, when Frederick was two, where he ruled the family with an iron hand. His mother Sophia died young.

At age 10, Frederick ran away from home forever. As a vagabond, selling newspapers, working on farms, and herding sheep, he wandered across the Midwest, rarely going to school. In his teens, at the urging of his fellow sheep men, he took the stump for presidential candidate Horace Greeley and gave his first political speech.

At 17, he worked as a farm-hand for Judge Epenetus Sears of Tabor, Iowa. Sears was impressed with the boy's ability and sent him to Tabor College, where he graduated in 1873. After reading law in his benefactor's office, Lehmann practiced in Tabor, Sidney, Nebraska City, and Des Moines, Iowa. He married Nora Stark of Indianola on December 23, 1879, and he represented the Wabash Railroad.

A noted orator, he was active in Iowa politics, including the election of Governor Horace Boies. In 1890, he moved with his family to St. Louis, Missouri, and continued to represent the Wabash while building a general law practice. In 1908, he was elected president of the  American Bar Association and served twice.

President William Howard Taft named Lehmann as United States Solicitor General in 1910. In the Supreme Court of the United States Lehmann established the right to tax corporation incomes. He considered national bank affiliates to be illegal.  About Lehmann's oral arguments, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. told Felix Frankfurter that Lehmann was so persuasive "I don't dare decide against Lehmann. You feel as though you're ruling against God."

In 1912, he returned to practice law in St. Louis with his sons.

In 1914, however, he and Justice Joseph Rucker Lamar represented the United States at the ABC Powers Conference in which Argentina, Brazil, and Chile mediated between the United States and Mexico on the Veracruz Incident.

Cases in his private practice established the right of the Associated Press to news as intellectual property, he secured the Telephone Company's right to valuation on reproduction cost less depreciation, and he preserved the Coca-Cola Company's right to use "Coca" against a claim that it was fraudulent since actual cocaine had been removed from the drink formula.

In 1918, he became counsel for the Railway Wage Commission. He supported the forced separation of investment banks, commercial banks and brokerages (a policy later implemented in the Glass–Steagall Act of 1933) quoting: "No man can serve two masters."  (Matthew 6:2), alluding to an inherent conflict of interest: investment banks promote the sale of investments, even risky ones, but commercial banks have a duty to avoid risky investments.   Lehmann also vigorously opposed Prohibition.

Representing the U. S. government in the Supreme Court, he would "confess error", a practice in which the Solicitor General admits that the government has been wrong all along and just drops the case even when supported by a lower court's prior decision. Inscribed in the office rotunda of the Attorney General is Lehmann's famous saying, when a judge had remarked that he seemed to be supporting the opposing side: "The United States wins its point whenever justice is done its citizens in the courts."

Frederick Lehmann always refused to run for public office, especially at a party convention of the breakaway Gold Democrats (opposed to the Free Silver candidate William Jennings Bryan) in St. Louis which he chaired (being foreign-born, he could not run for President anyway), and he declined judgeships. In politics he was generally a Democrat, if sometimes a Gold Democrat.  In 1909 he drafted the charter by which the City of St. Louis is still run today.

He was a founder of the St. Louis Art Museum and the State Historical Society of Missouri, president of the St. Louis Public Library, and a director of the St. Louis World's Fair (Louisiana Purchase Exposition) of 1904, in which he was host of the Universal Congress of Jurists and Lawyers. He was a bibliophile and he collected rare first editions of Charles Dickens, Robert Burns and others, and artworks of Aubrey Beardsley, George Cruikshank and Thomas Rowlandson. He and industrialist William K. Bixby started the Burns Society; he was twice president of the University Club of St. Louis. Furthermore, he had a remarkable (possibly eidetic) memory—when writer Henry James visited his house, Lehmann could recite whole works that James himself had written but forgotten. For most his life Lehmann was in demand as a public speaker, which he thoroughly enjoyed. His published works included: John Marshall (1901); The Lawyer in American History (1906); Abraham Lincoln (1908); Conservatism in Legal Procedure (1909); Prohibition (1910); and The Law and the Newspaper (1917).

In old age he auctioned off his rare book collections. He died September 12, 1931, aged 78, survived by his wife and three sons, lawyers Sears Lehmann, Frederick W. Lehmann Jr., and John Stark Lehmann. He was buried in Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis.

Legacy

Three special collections at Olin Library, Washington University in St. Louis, include a selection of Lehmann's legal papers (including his time as Solicitor General), a collection of historic manuscript letters of notable people, and rare editions of works of Robert Burns and others. There is also a Frederick Lehmann Autograph Collection at the Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis.

Frederick W. Lehmann's house at No. 10 Benton Place in St. Louis is now preserved as the "Lehmann House" Bed and Breakfast.

References

1853 births
1931 deaths
People from the Kingdom of Prussia
Prussian emigrants to the United States
Iowa lawyers
Missouri lawyers
Ohio lawyers
United States Solicitors General
Presidents of the American Bar Association
American book and manuscript collectors
Burials at Bellefontaine Cemetery
Railway Wage Commission
Missouri Democrats
People from Tabor, Iowa
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
Tabor College (Iowa) alumni

Frederick William Lehmann


Arthur Harold Landis (1917 - January 1986) was an American fantasy, fiction and non-fiction author.

Biography

Born at Birmingham, Alabama to a family of vaudeville performers, Landis later travelled throughout the American West working at a variety of jobs. In 1937 he enlisted in the Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion of the International Brigade in Spain during the civil war, serving as a scout and artillery spotter. He served in the battles of Aragon and Teruel. Before departing Spain, he was able to load his unit's archives onto a ship that left the country.

Landis' fantasy novel A World Called Camelot was published in 1965. He founded in 1969, the horror- and fantasy-fiction magazine Coven 13 which serialized the novel as Let There Be Magick! under the name James R. Keaveny, along with publishing the work of a number of other writers. The novel was reprinted in book form in 1976, under the "Camelot" title and his own name. He later published the sequels Camelot in Orbit (1978) and The Magick of Camelot (1981) as well as the thematically similar Home to Avalon (1982).

Landis and Mandy Harriman, also a veteran of the International Brigade, founded Camelot Publishing, whose publications included the magazine Coven 13, which printed a variety of fantasy and witchcraft stories, including the two-part story Let There Be Magick under the pen name of James R. Keaveny.  He also published Dealer's Voice, a motorcycle magazine.

A non-fiction book by Landis The Abraham Lincoln Brigade was published in 1967, the result of many years of research and interviews with survivors of the Brigade. In 1972 he published Spain the Unfinished Revolution through Camelot Publishing. He was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples by the Soviet Union.

Landis died of bone cancer in Los Angeles in 1986.

Two years after his death, Death in the Olive Groves: American Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War 1936-1939, a re-edited and shorter version of his The Abraham Lincoln Brigade, was published.

References

External links

Fantastic Fiction Bibliography
Arthur H. Landis Papers, Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives at New York University

1917 births
1986 deaths
20th-century American novelists
Abraham Lincoln Brigade members
American communists
American fantasy writers
American male novelists
American military historians
Historians of the United States
Writers from Birmingham, Alabama
Deaths from bone cancer
20th-century American historians
Novelists from Alabama
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers

Arthur H. Landis


State Road 924 (SR 924) is an  east–west highway connecting I-75 and SR 826 (Palmetto Expressway) in Hialeah and SR 909 (West Dixie Highway) in North Miami.  The westernmost 4.85 miles (west of West 32nd Avenue), named Gratigny Parkway (or simply, the Gratigny), is a controlled-access all-electronic toll road maintained by the Miami-Dade Expressway Authority (totalling to two gantries of $0.47 each for SunPass users and $0.94 each for toll-by-plate users); the easternmost  is a surface street (Northwest 119th Street) also known as Gratigny Road.  Despite its relatively short length, SR 924 is a major east–west artery in northern Miami-Dade County.

Route description
The road begins at the national southern terminus of Interstate 75 at the Palmetto Expressway at the border between Miami Lakes and Hialeah.  The road heads east as an eight lane expressway through Hialeah's residential areas and through the first of two $0.47 toll gantries ($0.94 for toll-by-plate users).  Following the gantry, the expressway has its first interchange with NW 57th Avenue/Red Road, giving access to Opa-locka Airport just north of the toll road.  SR 924 then curves southeast, leaving Hialeah and heading towards the second $.47 toll gantry ($0.94 for toll-by-plate users) in Opa-locka, followed by an interchange with SR 953 before the expressway ends at NW 32nd Avenue, becoming NW 119th Street, a divided surface street heading due east.  The road then becomes a mix of commercial and residential areas as it crosses SR 9, then reaching North Miami, intersecting with U.S. Route 441/SR 7, followed by Interstate 95, becoming a residential street before ending at SR 909.

Tolls
The tolls on the expressway portion of SR 924 are all electronic, and does not accept cash.  Payment is done either via SunPass transponders or via toll-by-plate billing, the latter of which attracts a higher cost. Two toll gantries are located along the expressway portion of the road, each charging $0.47 for SunPass users and $0.94 for Toll By Plate users.  The eastern toll gantry is placed at the location of the former toll plaza which closed in 2010 when cash collection ended.  As of June 8, 2018, it costs $0.94 to travel the entire expressway portion via SunPass and $1.88 via Toll By Plate.  All motorists are charged at least one toll for using the road; there are no "free sections" as existed prior to the electronic toll conversion in 2010.

History
Despite appearances, the Gratigny Parkway isn't an outgrowth of an attempt to extend I-75 to connect with I-95. Initial plans for the Gratigny were devised in the 1960s, when planners had hoped to route I-75 along Tamiami Trail and the then-under construction "east–west Expressway" that opened (in 1969) as SR 836 and eventually became known as the Dolphin Expressway. When plans for the major north–south Interstate changed so it would be routed along Alligator Alley instead, the proposed Opa-locka Expressway was intended to be Miami-Dade County's second full east–west throughway.

The Opa-locka Expressway was never intended to terminate at I-95, but merge with a surface street within a few blocks of it instead.  Funding issues caused the Florida Department of Transportation to mothball its construction plans for over a decade, but when the plan was revived, the changing demographics of the neighborhoods impacted by construction (an area with a predominantly white population in the 1960s became an area with a predominantly African-American and Hispanic population in the 1980s).  In 1982, racial politics killed the portion of the Opa-locka Expressway that was planned for east of Northwest 32nd Avenue, and the proposed new expressway received a new name: the Gratigny Parkway.

Faced with rising construction costs in 1982, FDOT officials told the North Dade Chamber of Commerce that the Gratigny Parkway would be built as a toll road; and in the following year, the construction project was given a green light.

In 1984, increased opposition almost derailed construction of the expressway again, but this time the resistance came from residents of Miami Lakes and Hialeah.  Both communities didn't want any expressways to be built, even to the point of Hialeah amending its city charter to oppose all expressway construction within its city limits.  Yet at that point, FDOT had already purchased 90% of the land needed for construction of the Gratigny Parkway - and it was determined to get it built.  After a compromise that deleted one interchange with a major surface street (Ludlam Road/Northwest 67th Avenue), construction finally began in 1987.

The Gratigny Parkway opened to traffic in January 1992.  At the time, no signs indicated the name of the toll road: they merely showed the SR 924 designation that it shared with Gratigny Road to the east.  In 1997, the newly established Miami-Dade Expressway Authority took over the operation from FDOT.  New TOLL shields (with the MDX logo underneath them) made their appearance along the expressway but not the surface road to the east of 32nd Ave; the corner of Northwest 119th Street at 32nd Ave has an MDX "end 924" sign for the eastbound drivers, while on the other side of 32nd Ave an FDOT "east SR 924" sign greets people who wish to continue eastward on the surface street. In 1998, the expressway section of SR 924 was designated as the Marlins Expressway by the state of Florida to honor the Florida Marlins' 1997 World Series victory.

On June 7, 2010, the tolled section of SR 924 ceased collecting cash tolls and went completely electronic, with SunPass users paying the same rate as before, but those without SunPass have to utilize the toll-by-plate program, which adds a 15 cent surcharge to every gantry they pass.  By 2014, the cost to drive on the expressway is double on the Toll By Plate system compared to SunPass.

Exit list

References

External links

Florida @ SouthEastRoads - Florida 924

924
924
924
North Miami, Florida
1992 establishments in Florida
Hialeah, Florida
Opa-locka, Florida

Florida State Road 924


In an auction, bid shading is the practice of a bidder placing a bid that is below what they believe a bid is worth.

Bid shading is used for one of two purposes.  In a common value auction with incomplete information, bid shading is used to compensate for the winner's curse.  In such auctions, the good is worth the same amount to all bidders, but bidders don't know the value of the good and must independently estimate it.  Since all bidders value the good equally, the winner will generally be the bidder whose estimate of the value is largest.  But if we assume that in general bidders estimate the value accurately, then the highest bidder has overestimated the good's value and will end up paying more than it is worth.  In other words, winning the auction carries bad news about a bidder's value estimate.  A savvy bidder will anticipate this, and reduce their bid accordingly.

Bid shading is also used in first-price auctions, where the winning bidder pays the amount of his bid.  If a participant bids an amount equal to their value for the good, they would gain nothing by winning the auction, since they are indifferent between the money and the good.  Bidders will optimize their expected value by accepting a lower chance of winning in return for a higher payoff if they win.

In a first-price common value auction, a savvy bidder should shade for both of the above purposes.

Bid shading is not only a normative theoretical construct, it was detected in the above-mentioned real world auction markets. Previous theoretical work on sequential auctions focused either on bid shading in an exogenous sequence of auctions, or on strategic auctioning to short-lived buyers, who never want to shade their bids. This paper provides the first model of a sequential auction with both endogenous strategic selling and forward-looking longer-lived buyers who can shade their bids. The model's contribution is the analysis of the best response of the seller to strategic bid shading, and the exposition of a market equilibrium, in which bidders do not always shade. The most related model of bidding is Jeitschko (1999), who finds that relatively to exogenous and certain future supply, exogenous but uncertain future supply leads to a proportional bid increase. In contrast, high-valuation bidders shade more than low valuation bidders here. The most related model of optimal sequential auctioning by Vulcano, van Ryzin, and Maglaras (2002) (VRM), who study a monopolist selling to unit-demand strategic buyers who each only lives for one period. While VRM's bidders do not shade their bids by assumption, strategic sequential auctioning has an effect on their bidding strategy because they are forward-looking: there is an incentive to overbid and make the seller sell more units in the current period than would be optimal for her.

See also
 Jump bidding

References

Bidding strategy

Bid shading


The Michael Weir Foundation for the Arts is an organization that supports excellence in the arts, in memory of artist Michael Weir. The Michael Weir Foundation for the Arts sponsors awards that honour artistic excellence, including an annual award at the Atlantic Film Festival.

Michael Weir was raised in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania and lived in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He was an artist, writer, performer, and editor. He was an accomplished film editor, having been twice honored by the Atlantic Film Festival and nominated for the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television's Genie Award.

Atlantic Film Festival Michael Weir Award for Outstanding Atlantic Screenplay

References

Foundations based in Canada
Arts organizations based in Canada

Michael Weir Foundation for the Arts


Grace Episcopal Church is an Episcopal Church in Alexandria, Virginia, in the Episcopal Diocese of Virginia.  Grace Episcopal Church is a center for worship and fellowship, a school for discipleship and stewardship and a community for healing and outreach.

History
The church was founded in 1855 by members of Christ Church and St. Paul's Episcopal Church who wanted to start another Episcopal Church in the expanding West end of Alexandria. The parish's original founding statement says "where all may come without regard for temporal estate, freely and without fee, as brethren come one to another."  This was in contrast to the common practice at the time for parishioners to pay a pew tax. During the American Civil War, the church's building was used as a hospital. It was associated with the Oxford Movement.

After World War II, the parish expanded and moved to Alexandria's outskirts, constructing the current church building in gothic style in 1948. A grade school was added in 1959 in the parish education wing.

Current practice
Today, the parish continues to proclaim itself to be a place "where all may worship freely by God's grace." The parish is inclusive, and welcomes all persons. The parish also includes La Gracia, a liturgy for Spanish-speaking members. La Gracia meets on Sunday mornings at 9:00 am in the parish hall.

Grace Episcopal School accepts children ages 3 years old to 5th grade of all faiths and ethnicities.

Worship
Grace Church considers itself to be High Church by tradition. The Eucharist is the center of worship at Grace Church, and is celebrated several times per week. The weekly Eucharist schedule includes services on Sunday at 7:30 am, 9 am, 11:15 am, and 5:00 pm, as well as Tuesday at 6:30 pm, Wednesday mornings at 7:30 am and Thursdays at 12:15 pm. Grace Church uses both Rite I and Rite II from the Book of Common Prayer for worship services, and conducts one 9 am Eucharist on Sundays in Spanish.  Worship times vary in the summer, and during the seasons of Lent and Advent.

Architecture
The current church building was constructed in 1948.  It has nineteen stained glass windows, including 6 in the Nave.  The stained glass windows were made by Willet Hauser Architectural Glass, a leader in the Gothic Revival movement and creator of many of the windows in the National Cathedral, as well as the West Point chapel and other notable buildings. The twelve windows in the Nave portray twelve prominent church figures, including:

 Paul of Tarsus
 Athanasius
 Augustine of Hippo
 Bede
 Dunstan
 Anselm of Canterbury
 Francis of Assisi
 Thomas Aquinas
 William Laud
 Samuel Seabury, first bishop of The Episcopal Church
 Edward Pusey
 Bishop Fabian of the Anglican Diocese of Trinidad and Tobago

The stained glass window in the narthex is a rose window and contains the symbol for the Anglican Communion with the words, "the truth shall make you free."

The pulpit is wood carved, and shows images of five great British evangelists:

 St. Patrick
 St. Margaret of Scotland
 Thomas Becket
 John Donne
 C. S. Lewis

External links
 Grace Episcopal Church website
 Grace Episcopal School website
 Book of Common Prayer

Episcopal churches in Virginia
Anglo-Catholic church buildings in the United States
Episcopal schools in Virginia
Private elementary schools in Virginia
Religious organizations established in 1855
Churches in Alexandria, Virginia
1855 establishments in Virginia

Grace Episcopal Church (Alexandria, Virginia)


An escape crew capsule is an escape capsule that allows one or more occupants of an aircraft or spacecraft to escape from the craft while it is subjected to extreme conditions, such as high speed or altitude. The occupant remains encapsulated and protected until such time as the external environment is suitable for direct exposure or the capsule reaches the ground.

Escape types
There are two ways to do this:
 Ejecting individual crew capsules (one for each pilot/crew member) or "capsule ejection"
 Ejecting the entire crew cabin, or "cabin ejection"

Four U.S. military aircraft have had escape crew capsules:
 The Convair B-58 Hustler Mach 2 bomber  had individual encapsulated seats. The B-58's capsule had a control stick, a bottle of oxygen, and a drogue chute.
 The North American XB-70 Valkyrie Mach 3 bomber prototype had individual encapsulated seats. A cabin ejection for the XB-70 Valkyrie was also tested.
 The General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark used cabin ejection where both side-by-side seats were in a single 3000 lb (1360 kg) capsule.
 Three of the four Rockwell B-1A prototypes also used cabin ejection. They had a single capsule "roughly the size of a mini-van"  for all four crew members.

Design and development
Pioneering developments in jettisonable-cockpit style escape capsule systems occurred in Nazi Germany, by both Heinkel Flugzeugwerke and by the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug (German Institute for Glider Research). Heinkel Flugzeugwerke built the first ejection-seat-equipped combat aircraft, the Heinkel He 219. Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug flew the Heinkel He 176 rocket plane (in 1939), and the DFS 228 research aircraft, both of which had a jettisonable nose.

The British design for a supersonic test aircraft Miles M.52 of necessity had a jettisonable pilot capsule at the front of the aircraft. The aircraft progressed no further than a nearly complete airframe before cancellation in 1946.

The first American attempt to design such an escape capsule was for the U.S. Navy F4D Skyray. It was tested in 1951-52 but was never installed in the aircraft. The Bell X-2, designed for flight in excess of Mach 3, could jettison the cockpit, though the pilot would still have to jump out and descend under his own parachute. The first production aircraft with an escape crew capsule was the Mach 2 B-58 Hustler. It was developed by the Stanley Aviation Company for Convair. The capsule was pressurized, sheltered the pilot from the airstream, and contained food and survival supplies. During testing of the "Stanley Capsule" in 1962, a bear became the first living creature to survive a supersonic ejection.

The Mach 3 XB-70's two crew escape capsules did not work well the only time they were needed. On June 8, 1966, XB-70 airframe AV/2 was involved in a mid-air crash with an F-104 Starfighter. Maj. Carl Cross's seat was unable to retract backwards into the escape capsule due to high-g-forces as the plane spiraled downwards. He died in the crash. Maj. Al White's seat did retract but his elbow protruded from the capsule and blocked the closing clamshell doors. He struggled to free his trapped elbow. As soon as he freed the doors, he was ejected from the plane and descended by parachute as planned. Due to pain and confusion, White failed to trigger the manually activated airbag that would normally cushion the capsule upon landing. When the capsule hit the ground, White was subjected to an estimated 33 to 44 g (320 to 430 m/s²). He received serious injuries, but nevertheless survived.

December 8,1964 a B-58 navigator, Manuel "Rocky" Cervantes, ejected in his escape capsule, which landed 548 ft (167 m) from the bomber; he did not survive.

In the 1960s and 1970s, the F-111 and B-1A introduced the method of jettisoning the entire cockpit as a means of crew escape. The crew remains strapped in the cabin, unencumbered by a parachute harness, while 27,000 lbf (120 kN) of thrust from rockets accelerates the module away from the rest of the aircraft. A single, large parachute retards the descent of the capsule. On landing, an airbag system cushions the impact. In the event of a water landing the airbag acts as a flotation device. Additional airbags could be activated to right the capsule in the event of a water landing (similar to the Apollo Command Module), or an additional airbag could be selected for auxiliary flotation. With a movement of a pin at the base of the pilot's control stick, a bilge pump could be activated and extra air pumped into the airbags. For the F-111 escape capsule, following a successful landing on land or water, it could serve as a survival shelter for the crew until a rescue could be mounted.

Three of the four B-1A prototypes featured a single crew escape capsule for the crew members. For the fourth prototype and for the B-1B, this was changed to use conventional ejection seats. One source gives the reason "due to concerns about servicing the pyrotechnical components of the system," while another says this was done "to save cost and weight." On August 29, 1984, B-1A prototype #2 crashed and the capsule was ejected at low altitude. The parachute deployed improperly and one of the three crew died.

Ejection seats vs. escape crew capsules
Kelly Johnson, founder of Lockheed Skunk Works, and developer of the U-2 and SR-71 Blackbird family of spy planes, commented on escape crew capsules when discussing development of the YF-12A (Blackbird) ejection seat: "We set ourselves a very high goal in providing crew escape systems. We were determined to develop a system good for zero escape velocity on the ground and through the complete flight spectrum, having speeds above Mach 3 at 100,000 feet. We did achieve our design goals.... I have never been convinced that a capsule ejection is required for anything other than high velocity re-entry from outer space. Our escape system in a very important sense really provides a capsule, which is the pressure suit, which is surely capable of meeting the speeds and temperatures likely to be encountered in the near future of manned aircraft." Rather than using escape capsules, SR-71 and U-2 pilots wore full pressure suits for high-altitude ejections. The suits were also heat-resistant so that SR-71 pilots could survive the high temperatures generated from a Mach 3 ejection.

See also
Escape pod
Launch escape system
Space Shuttle abort modes

References

External links

Escape Capsule
Combat Lancer: The F-111A's Introduction to War
F-111 Crew Module Escape and Survival Systems

Ejection seats
Aircraft emergency systems
Safety equipment

Escape crew capsule


Jan Smallenbroek (21 February 1909 – 29 September 1974) was a Dutch politician of the defunct Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) now merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) party and nonprofit director.

Smallenbroek attended the State Civics School in Assen from April 1926 until May 1931. Smallenbroek worked as a civil servant for the municipality of Ooststellingwerf from May 1931 until July 1936 and for the municipality of Elburg from July 1936 until April 1941. Smallenbroek served on the Municipal Council of Elburg from September 1939 until September 1941 and served as an Alderman in Elburg at the same time. On 10 May 1940 Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands and the government fled to London to escape the German occupation. Smallenbroek served as acting Mayor of Elburg from 1 April 1940 until 15 May 1940. Smallenbroek joined the Dutch resistance against the German occupiers in May 1940. Smallenbroek worked as a civil servant for the municipality of Assen from September 1941 until April 1942 and as a tax collector for the Tax and Customs Administration of the Ministry of Finance from April 1942 until January 1944. On 12 January 1944 Smallenbroek was arrested by the Gestapo and detained in a prison in Scheveningen and was released on 5 May 1945.

Following the end of World War II Queen Wilhelmina ordered a Recall of Parliament and Smallenbroek was appointment as a Member of the House of Representatives taking the place of Willem Wagenaar, taking office on 20 November 1945 serving as a frontbencher and the de facto Whip. After the election of 1946 Smallenbroek wasn't reelected and he continued to serve until the end of the parliamentary term on 4 June 1946. Smallenbroek served on the Provincial-Council of Drenthe from 19 June 1946 until 14 April 1965 and as a member of the Provincial-Executive of Drenthe at the same time. After the election of 1956 Smallenbroek returned as Member of the House of Representatives, taking office on 6 November 1956 serving as a frontbencher and spokesperson for the Interior, Social Affairs, Social Work and Civil Service. After the election of 1963 the Leader of the Anti-Revolutionary Party and Parliamentary leader of the Anti-Revolutionary Party in the House of Representatives Barend Biesheuvel was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries and Minister for Suriname and Netherlands Antilles Affairs in the Cabinet Marijnen, the Anti-Revolutionary Party leadership approached Smallenbroek as his successor as Parliamentary leader, Smallenbroek accepted and became the Parliamentary leader, taking office on 24 July 1963. On 27 February 1965 the Cabinet Marijnen fell and continued to serve in a demissionary capacity until the cabinet formation of 1965 when it was replaced with the Cabinet Cals with Smallenbroek appointed as Minister of the Interior, taking office on 14 April 1965. On 31 August 1966 Smallenbroek resigned following a Hit and run accident due to driving under the influence. Smallenbroek remained in active in national politics, in August 1967 he was nominated as a Member of the Council of State, taking office on 1 September 1967. In June 1967 Smallenbroek was diagnosed with terminal cancer, he died four months later at the age of 65.

Smallenbroek was known for his abilities as a manager and policy wonk.

Decorations

References

External links

Official
  J. (Jan) Smallenbroek Parlement & Politiek

1909 births
1974 deaths
Anti-Revolutionary Party politicians
Aldermen in Gelderland
Deaths from cancer in the Netherlands
Dutch nonprofit directors
Dutch resistance members
Dutch politicians convicted of crimes
Knights of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Mayors in Gelderland
People from Elburg
Members of the Council of State (Netherlands)
Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)
Members of the Provincial Council of Drenthe
Members of the Provincial-Executive of Drenthe
Ministers of the Interior of the Netherlands
Municipal councillors in Gelderland
Reformed Churches Christians from the Netherlands
People from Assen
Tax collectors
20th-century Dutch civil servants
20th-century Dutch politicians

Jan Smallenbroek


Revenue stamps of Scotland refer to the adhesive revenue or fiscal stamps which were used in Scotland, a constituent country of the United Kingdom, between 1871 and the 1970s. Regular revenue stamps of the United Kingdom were widely used throughout the country, but revenue stamps for exclusive use in Scotland were issued for Law Courts and Register House.

Register House stamps were issued to prepay deeds registration fees relating to property. They were first issued in 1871, and consisted of embossed adhesives of Great Britain underprinted REGISTER HOUSE SCOTLAND. In 1873, a set of key types depicting Queen Victoria with the appropriate inscription was issued. There are four sets of Queen Victoria key types, two of which also incorporated the thistle, a symbol of Scotland, in the design. Other sets of key types were issued in subsequent years, with the portraits of reigning monarchs: Edward VII in 1903, George V in 1921, George VI in 1947 and Elizabeth II in 1959.

All Law Courts stamps were key types, with the first issue being in 1873. These were simply inscribed LAW COURTS, making no reference to Scotland despite only being in use there. Like the Register House stamps, there are four sets of Queen Victoria stamps and a set each for Edward VII, George V and George VI. Stamps depicting Queen Elizabeth II denominated in pre-decimal currency were issued in 1959, and a final set in decimal currency was issued in 1971. This last set was additionally inscribed with the name of the country.

See also
Revenue stamps of the United Kingdom

References

External links
Law Courts and Register House Scotland Revenue Stamp Archive – gallery of Scottish revenue stamps by I.B RedGuy's Fine Stamps

History of taxation in the United Kingdom
Taxation in Scotland
Philately of the United Kingdom
Scotland
1871 establishments in Scotland

Revenue stamps of Scotland


Ladislas Fodor (1898–1978) was a Hungarian novelist, playwright and screenwriter.

Plays
A Church Mouse (A templom egére); a comedy in three acts, adapted by James L. A. Burrell (1928)
Jewel Robbery (Ékszerrablás a Váci utcában); a comedy in three acts, adapted by Bertram Bloch (1931)
I Love an Actress (Szeretek egy színésznőt); a comedy in four acts, adapted by Chester Erskin (1932)
The Kiss Before the Mirror (Csók a tükör előtt); a drama in three acts (1932)
Youth at the Helm (Helyet az ifjúságnak) (1933)

Matura (Érettségi); a comedy in three acts (1934)
A Woman Lies (Egy asszony hazudik); a drama in three acts (1935)

The Night Before the Divorce (Die Nacht vor der Scheidung); comedy (1937)
Strange Case of Blondie White (Katzenzungen, 1934); a play in three acts, adapted by Bernard Merivale and Jeffrey Dell (1938)
Birthday Gift (Születésnapi ajándék); a play in three acts (1939)

The Vigil (1947)
Europa and the Bull (1952)

Filmography

Films Based on Plays by Ladislas Fodor
Poor as a Church Mouse, directed by Richard Oswald (Germany, 1931, based on the play A Church Mouse)
Beauty and the Boss, directed by Roy Del Ruth (1932, based on the play A Church Mouse)
Jewel Robbery, directed by William Dieterle (1932, based on the play Jewel Robbery)
The Kiss Before the Mirror, directed by James Whale (1933, based on the play The Kiss Before the Mirror)
La Cinquième empreinte, directed by Karl Anton (France, 1934, based on the play Lilas blanc)
The Church Mouse, directed by Monty Banks (UK, 1934, based on the play A Church Mouse)
Lärm um Weidemann, directed by Johann Alexander Hübler-Kahla (Germany, 1935, based on the play Youth at the Helm) (uncredited)
The White Lilac, directed by Albert Parker (UK, 1935, based on the play Lilas blanc)
Thunder in the Night, directed by George Archainbaud (1935, based on the play A Woman Lies)
The Unguarded Hour, directed by Sam Wood (1936, based on the play The Unguarded Hour)
Girls' Dormitory, directed by Irving Cummings (1936, based on the play Matura)
Jack of All Trades, directed by Robert Stevenson and Jack Hulbert (UK, 1936, based on the play Youth at the Helm)
Wives Under Suspicion, directed by James Whale (1938, based on the play The Kiss Before the Mirror)
, directed by Camillo Mastrocinque (Italy, 1940, based on the play Youth at the Helm)
Footsteps in the Dark, directed by Lloyd Bacon (1941, based on the play Strange Case of Blondie White)
, directed by Schamyl Bauman (Sweden, 1941, based on the play A Church Mouse)
A Very Young Lady, directed by Harold D. Schuster (1941, based on the play Matura)
Frøken Kirkemus, directed by Lau Lauritzen Jr. and Alice O'Fredericks (Denmark, 1941, based on the play A Church Mouse)
The Night Before the Divorce, directed by Robert Siodmak (1942, based on the play The Night Before the Divorce)
The Peterville Diamond, directed by Walter Forde (UK, 1943, based on the play Jewel Robbery)
, directed by Axel von Ambesser (West Germany, 1953, based on the play Youth at the Helm)
A House Full of Love, directed by Hans Schweikart (West Germany, 1954, based on the play Fräulein Fortuna)
Love Without Illusions, directed by Erich Engel (West Germany, 1955, based on the play Ärztliches Geheimnis)
North to Alaska, directed by Henry Hathaway (1960, based on the play Birthday Gift)
, directed by Alekos Sakellarios (Greece, 1965, based on the play A Church Mouse)
Más pobre que una laucha, directed by Julio Saraceni  (Argentina, 1955, based on the play A Church Mouse)

Ladislas Fodor as Screenwriter

Le Bal (France/Germany, 1931)
Charlie Chan in City in Darkness (1939)
Seven Sinners (1940)
Tales of Manhattan (1942)
Cairo (1942)
Isle of Missing Men (1942)
Girl Trouble (1942)
Tampico (1944)
The Imperfect Lady (1947)
The Other Love (1947)
The Great Sinner (1949)
The Man from Cairo (1953)
Tom Thumb (1958)
Menschen im Hotel (West Germany, 1959)
Abschied von den Wolken (West Germany, 1959)
 Grounds for Divorce (West Germany, 1960)
Das Riesenrad (West Germany, 1961)
The Return of Doctor Mabuse (West Germany, 1961)
Breakfast in Bed (West Germany, 1963)
 Scotland Yard Hunts Dr. Mabuse (West Germany, 1963)
 The Strangler of Blackmoor Castle (West Germany, 1963)
Old Shatterhand (West Germany, 1964)
The Secret of Dr. Mabuse (West Germany, 1964)
 The Treasure of the Aztecs (West Germany, 1965)
The Pyramid of the Sun God (West Germany, 1965)
Die Nibelungen (West Germany, 1966)
The Peking Medallion (Italy/France/West Germany, 1967)
Im Banne des Unheimlichen (West Germany, 1968)
Kampf um Rom (West Germany, 1968)
 The Man with the Glass Eye (West Germany, 1969)
Strogoff (Italy/France/West Germany, 1970)
The Devil Came from Akasava (Spain/West Germany, 1971)
Es muss nicht immer Kaviar sein (West Germany, 1977, TV series)

External links
Ladislas Fodor at IMDb

1898 births
1978 deaths
Hungarian male screenwriters
20th-century Hungarian dramatists and playwrights
Hungarian male novelists
Hungarian male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Hungarian male writers
20th-century Hungarian novelists
20th-century Hungarian screenwriters

Ladislas Fodor