Elite Squad: The Enemy Within (; also known as Elite Squad 2) is a 2010 Brazilian action thriller film directed and co-produced by José Padilha, who co-wrote it with Bráulio Mantovani and . The sequel to 2007's Elite Squad, it furthers the plot of a semi-fictional account of BOPE, the special operations force of the Rio de Janeiro Military Police, with a focus on the relationship between law enforcement and politics. The film was released in Brazil on October 8, 2010.

Like its predecessor, the film was met with critical acclaim and became the largest box office ticket seller and highest-grossing film of all time in Brazil, ahead of Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands and Avatar, respectively. It was selected as the Brazilian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 84th Academy Awards, but did not make the final shortlist.

Plot
Thirteen years after the events of the first film, former BOPE Captain (now Lieutenant Colonel) Nascimento is ambushed while leaving a hospital. While his car is sprayed with bullets, his voiceover narrates the events leading to that point.

Four years prior, Nascimento arrives at Bangu Penitentiary Complex to quell a riot started by gangleader Beirada, who demands Diogo Fraga, a teacher and human rights activist, to negotiate his conditions. Fraga is escorted to the place and convinces Beirada to release the hostages, but Nascimento's protégé, Captain André Matias, shoots Beirada against Nascimento's orders, which results in multiple inmate deaths.

Nascimento learns that PMERJ commander Formoso plans to dismiss him due to the bad publicity and confronts him in a restaurant, only to be cheered by other diners for his tough line. Rio de Janeiro's State Secretary for Public Safety Guaracy seizes the opportunity and promotes Nascimento, but transfers Matias to the ordinary police as a scapegoat. Nascimento promises Matias his help, but Matias informs journalist Clara Vidal of governmental corruption and lack of support for BOPE, leading to a jail term. Fraga, now married to Nascimento's ex-wife Rosane, is elected to Rio's State Assembly.

Nascimento expands BOPE's arsenal, personnel, armored vehicles and helicopters, enabling them to eliminate entire drug cartels from favelas, hoping this will reduce police corruption. However, dirty cops led by Major Rocha form a militia, which eliminates trafficking while extorting money from businesses and building a political machine.

Four years later, disguised militiamen steal rifles from a police station in Tanque, one of the last drug strongholds, giving their corrupt allies a pretext to demand the authorities expel the heavily armed dealers, allowing the militia to take over. Nascimento listens to phonetaps of dealers and assures Guaracy they are uninvolved; however, corrupt Lieutenant-Colonel Fabio Barbosa claims an informant has implicated them and the raid is authorized. Matias, returned to BOPE by Rocha, occupies the station and ambushes the fleeing dealers, torturing captured drugleader Pepa to learn where the stolen weapons are. As Rocha arrives and inexplicably shoots Pepa, Matias confronts him, but is shot and killed by Rocha's men.

Devastated by Matias' death, Nascimento, aware Fraga has been investigating the militia, taps his phone. Vidal, also investigating, enters one of Rocha's favelas and finds the Governor's re-election material. She phones Fraga but is caught by Rocha's group, who kill her and her photographer. Nascimento listens to the call, realizes Fraga is now a target, takes the recording and goes after him; as he waits outside Fraga's building, Fraga, Rafael and Rosane arrive and are attacked in a drive-by shooting. Nascimento shoots the assailant, but Rafael is wounded. They take him to the hospital and Nascimento hands the recording to Fraga, whereupon he detains and assaults Guaracy, threatening to kill everyone involved if his son dies.

The Assembly opens an investigation into the journalists' disappearances based on the recording delivered by Fraga. However, Nascimento is accused of tapping Fraga's phone to spy on Rosane, forcing his resignation. Believing his militia will be scapegoats, Rocha attempts to ambush him after a visit to Rafael; however, Nascimento, expecting an attack, is aided by BOPE officers. They shoot some of the assailants, but Rocha escapes.

Nascimento is called to testify and implicates the Governor, Guaracy and many other individuals such as Gregorio Fortunato, a legislator and TV host who supported the militia, as many corrupt officers and associates are murdered to prevent them from testifying. The Governor, however, is re-elected and Guaracy becomes representative for Rio. The final scene shows Nascimento reflecting over the political scenario in Brazil and stating that "as long as the conditions for the system remain, it will remain". He visits Rafael as he slowly wakes from his coma.

Cast
 Wagner Moura as Roberto Nascimento, lieutenant colonel of the PMERJ and State Subsecretary for Public Safety.
 Irandhir Santos as Diogo Fraga, a history teacher who becomes a state representative after the Bangu I controversy. Rosane's new husband, he is a left-wing politician who runs for state representative in the Federal Chamber of Deputies. Fraga's role was inspired by real life politician Marcelo Freixo.
 André Ramiro as Captain André Matias, a BOPE officer.
 Maria Ribeiro as Rosane Fraga, ex-wife of Nascimento current wife of Fraga.
 Pedro Van-Hel as Rafael "Rafa" Nascimento, the teenage son of Nascimento and Rosane.
 Sandro Rocha (article on Portuguese Wikipedia) as Captain/Major Rocha, one of the main antagonists of the film. Rocha had a small role in the first film, being one of the sargeants under Fabio's control.
 Milhem Cortaz portrays Lieutenant Colonel/Colonel Fabio Barbosa.
 Tainá Müller plays Clara, a journalist. In the film, Matias reads her interview on the scrapping of the BOPE, after being expelled from the same battalion because of the events in the rebellion in Bangu I and then assists the Deputy Diogo Fraga in investigating of the militias.
 André Mattos as Fortunato, state representative and host of a tabloid TV show.
 Seu Jorge as Beirada, a convict responsible for the Bangu I uprising.

Production

Casting and characters
The first member to be acknowledged was Wagner Moura, who returns with his character Roberto Nascimento, now promoted from captain to lieutenant colonel. In Elite Squad: The Enemy Within, Nascimento is 40 years old and has a slightly grayer hair. André Ramiro is also back as Captain André Matias (promoted from Officer Cadet); the actor was prepped by professionals from the CATI-SWAT to give orders to the cops on-screen. Musician and actor Seu Jorge (who played Mané Galinha in City of God) was invited by director José Padilha to act as one of the antagonists, Beirada; Maria Ribeiro is also back as Roseane, who is no longer married to Nascimento, but to a left wing Congressman. Tainá Müller, who was not in the first film, plays Clara, representing the media. Sandro Rocha, who had little on-screen time during the first film, has a bigger role now, playing Major Rocha, known as Russo (Russian), boss of the militia.

Cast preparation
Between November and December 2009, before recording for the film started, every actor - except Maria Ribeiro, pregnant at the time - had a training routine, led by Fátima Toledo. Part of the cast also went through a boot camp in Rio, coordinated by Paulo Storani, security adviser, and with the participation of members from BOPE and CATI. André Ramiro said, "They treated us like real cops. No 'I'm-too-important'. I also had to say 'No, sir. Yes, sir'". Wagner Moura had Jiu-Jitsu lessons from fighter Rickson Gracie. The training helped bring a degree of reality to the film; actors had to learn the proper techniques to handle weapons and also action strategies in risk-zones, besides a strong fitness program, laid heavy on those who weren't in the first movie.

Filming and post-production
Filming started on January 25 of 2010, with the participation of eighty real cops as extras. On February 1, recording took place at Morro Dona Marta, in the Botafogo borough, with the use of two helicopters and heavy guns, leading to next-door neighbors thinking it was a real shoot-out. For the scenes happening at the Bangu 1 prison, forty professionals worked during two months constructing a 500m² detention center, based on notations from art director Tiago Marques about the place, since they didn't get clearance to take pictures of the real building. The scenes at the prison were recorded during the four days of the 2010 carnival. One of the film scenes would be shot at the House of Congress in Brasília, but production couldn't get permission. A fake Ethics Committee was built inside the Federation of Industries of Rio de Janeiro, recording took place at April 15. Filming was done in the same month and the film went to post-production.

Release

Strategy against leaks
After the first film leaked and got in the hands of millions of people before the official release date, the Elite Squad 2 crew created a strategy to avoid the same thing happening to the prequel. Before production began, Marcos Prado informed that, "This time we will have a special security scheme. We will have a security team watching over the editing, transporting the reels, and paying close attention to every little detail. The raw material will be preserved". Director José Padilha concluded, "We won't outsource any of the steps. We are doing the whole post-production at our company, inside our ''". The script was sent to the National Agency of Cinema under the title "Organized crime" and was printed with red ink, to avoid photocopying. The production unit rented an apartment, monitored by cameras, where editing took place. Four people had access to the place, only through passwords, and no means of accessing the Internet. Another strategy used was the marking of each copy sent to the theaters; that way if any of the copies was illegally recorded, they would know where it came from. Military policemen from São Paulo also helped in avoiding the leak. The final picture, still with no sound, was put in a safe.

Domestic release
Elite Squad: The Enemy Within broke national opening weekend records in Brazil, with more than 1.25 million spectators during its first weekend. This opening was the 5th biggest in Brazilian history and the biggest one for a Brazilian film, so far. A total of 696 theaters screened the film, some as often as eight times per day. In three weeks, the film surpassed the mark of R$ 60 million in gross revenue and over six million viewers  becoming the most successful Brazilian film of the 21st century so far on local theaters. In just nine weeks, the film surpassed 10 million viewers on theaters throughout the country becoming the highest box office of a local film in Brazilian history.

United Kingdom release
Elite Squad: The Enemy Within was released in the UK by Revolver Entertainment  on August 12, 2011.

United States release
The film held its United States premiere in January 2011 at the Sundance Film Festival. Since, it has screened at several festivals, including Austin's Fantastic Fest. The film was released in New York City on November 11, 2011, and in Los Angeles on November 18, 2011.

Reception
The review-aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 93% approval rating based on reviews from 43 critics, and a weighted average of 7.1 out of 10. The website's critical consensus states, "Elite Squad: The Enemy Within is a bleak, violent descent into the Brazilian underbelly, ripping into the favelas with unstoppable and kinetic force." At Metacritic, the film received an average score of 71% based on 18 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Possible sequel
At a press conference after the exhibition "Elite Squad: The Enemy Within" at the Berlin Festival José Padilla was asked about the possible consistency. He ruled out the possibility of launching an "Elite Squad 3". "I told you everything I wanted to say about violence," the director said. Wagner Moura raised the possibility that the third film would be made without the character he interpreted. "Captain Nascimento has nowhere to go from the point of view of dramaturgy, for the big money that it can produce," he said in an interview with GQ magazine in September.

See also
 List of submissions to the 84th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
 List of Brazilian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

References

External links

2010 films
2010 action thriller films
2010 crime drama films
Brazilian action thriller films
Brazilian crime drama films
Films about the illegal drug trade
Films directed by José Padilha
Films set in Rio de Janeiro (city)
Films shot in Rio de Janeiro (city)
2010s Portuguese-language films
Variance Films films
Works about organized crime in Brazil

Elite Squad: The Enemy Within


The Conjuring Universe is an American horror franchise and shared universe centered on a series of supernatural horror films. The franchise is produced by New Line Cinema, the Safran Company, and Atomic Monster, and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. The films present a dramatization of the supposed real-life adventures of Ed and Lorraine Warren, paranormal investigators and authors associated with prominent yet controversial cases of haunting. The main series follows their attempts to assist people who find themselves harassed by spirits, while the spin-off films focus on the origins of some of the entities the Warrens have encountered.

The franchise has been commercially successful, having grossed a combined $2.1billion against a combined budget of $208million, becoming the highest-grossing horror franchise to date. The franchise has received mixed reviews.

Overview
The franchise consists of three films in the main series: The Conjuring (2013), The Conjuring 2 (2016), and The Conjuring: The Devil Made Me Do It (2021). The first two films were directed by James Wan, while the third film was directed by Michael Chaves. The first two installments revolve around two of the many famous paranormal cases of which the Warrens have been a part, with the first film depicting the case of the Perron family, who are experiencing disturbing events in their newly acquired house in Rhode Island. The second entry focused on the controversial case of the Enfield poltergeist while briefly referring to the events that inspired The Amityville Horror. A sequel to the two films and the third entry in the main series, The Conjuring: The Devil Made Me Do It, was released on June 4, 2021, and revolves around the trial of Arne Cheyenne Johnson, a murder that took place in 1981 in Connecticut.

The franchise also includes Annabelle (2014), a prequel directed by The Conjuring cinematographer John R. Leonetti and produced by Peter Safran and Wan, which revealed the events of the doll of the same name before the Warrens came into contact with it at the start of the first film. A prequel, Annabelle: Creation (2017), directed by David F. Sandberg shows the events of the origins of the demon-manipulated doll. A third Annabelle film, Annabelle Comes Home, was released on June 26, 2019, with franchise writer Gary Dauberman making his directorial debut from a script he wrote. Producer Wan has likened the story to Night at the Museum, where Annabelle activates the haunted objects in the Warrens' artifact room.

The Nun, a spiritual prequel based on a character introduced in The Conjuring 2, was released in 2018. The plot focused on the origins of the demonic nun Valak before coming in contact with the Warrens. A sequel, The Nun II, was released on September 8, 2023, with Michael Chaves directing and Ian Goldberg, Richard Naing, and Akela Cooper serving as writers for the film.

Wan stated that they sought accuracy to real life in making the main films, while the spin-offs allowed them to "just explore different sub-genres in the horror genre".

The first two Conjuring films were met with generally positive reviews by both critics and horror fans, earning praise for Wan's directing and main cast performances, particularly Patrick Wilson and Vera Farmiga's on-screen chemistry as Ed and Lorraine. Critics also acknowledged the effect the films have had on popular culture as well as in the production of modern horror films. The third entry received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the performances of Wilson and Farmiga but noted it as weaker than the previous Conjuring installments. The first entry in the Annabelle film series received more mixed to negative reviews, considered an inferior film to its forerunner. Annabelle: Creation was met with generally positive reviews. Annabelle Comes Home and The Nun II received mixed reviews. The Nun, on the other hand, received generally mixed to negative reviews. The three main films and its five spin-offs have proven themselves to be successful at the box office, having combined earnings of over $2.1billion worldwide, against a combined budget of $208million, making The Conjuring Universe the highest-grossing horror franchise in history and one of the most critically acclaimed.

Development
Development began over 20 years before the first film's debut, when Ed Warren played a tape of Lorraine Warren's original interview with Carolyn Perron for producer Tony DeRosa-Grund. DeRosa-Grund made a recording of Warren playing back the tape and of their subsequent discussion. At the end of the tape, Warren said to DeRosa-Grund: "If we can't make this into a film I don't know what we can". DeRosa-Grund then described his vision of the film for Ed.

DeRosa-Grund wrote the original treatment and titled the project The Conjuring. For nearly 14 years, he tried to get the film made without any success. He originally landed a deal to make the film at Gold Circle Films, the production company behind The Haunting in Connecticut, but a contract could not be finalized and the deal was dropped.

DeRosa-Grund allied with producer Peter Safran, and sibling writers Chad and Carey W. Hayes were brought on board to refine the script. Using DeRosa-Grund's treatment and the Ed Warren tape, the Hayes brothers changed the story's point of view from the Perron family to that of the Warrens. The brothers interviewed Lorraine many times over the phone to clarify details. By mid-2009, the property became the subject of a six-studio bidding war that landed the film at Summit Entertainment; however, DeRosa-Grund and Summit could not conclude the transaction and the film went into turnaround. DeRosa-Grund reconnected with New Line Cinema, who had lost in the original bidding war, and the studio ultimately picked up the film. The same year on November 11, a deal was made between New Line and DeRosa-Grund's Evergreen Media Group.

Films

Released

The Conjuring (2013)

The first installment of the series (originally entitled The Warren Files, later retitled The Conjuring) centers on the real-life exploits of Ed and Lorraine Warren, a married couple who investigated paranormal events. Patrick Wilson starred alongside Vera Farmiga in the main roles of Ed and Lorraine. The film focused on the Warrens' 1971 case in which they investigated a witch's curse at a farmhouse in Harrisville, Rhode Island. The Conjuring was released on July 19, 2013, to positive reviews. It earned $320million worldwide against a budget of $20million, becoming one of the most profitable horror films in history.

Annabelle (2014)

A spin-off film, focusing on the origins of the Annabelle doll that was introduced in The Conjuring, was announced shortly after the release of its forerunner, mainly due to the film's worldwide box office success, and positive reception towards the character. The plot focused on John and Mia Form, a married couple expecting a child, whose vintage doll, Annabelle, becomes possessed by a vengeful spirit after two devil worshippers break into their home and are killed. The film was directed by The Conjuring cinematographer John R. Leonetti and produced by Safran and Wan, with Gary Dauberman behind the script. The film was released worldwide on October 3, 2014, to major commercial success, becoming the 14th most profitable horror film in North America. Many critics found Annabelle to be an inferior film compared to The Conjuring.

The Conjuring 2 (2016)

A sequel, The Conjuring 2, was commissioned after the success of the original film and was also directed by Wan, with both Farmiga and Wilson reprising their roles. The film focused on the Enfield poltergeist case in London in 1977, while briefly referring to the events that inspired The Amityville Horror. It was released on June 10, 2016, to positive reviews from both critics and audiences; some agreed that the film was vastly superior to other horror sequels, while others debated whether the film had surpassed its predecessor in quality. Proving to be similarly successful to the first entry in the series, the film became another profitable addition to the franchise, having earned $320.3million worldwide from a budget of $40million, and becoming the second highest-grossing horror film of all time, after The Exorcist, until It was released in 2017.

Annabelle: Creation (2017)

An Annabelle sequel was in development, eventually revealed to be a prequel to the original film. The plot of the film centers on a dollmaker and his wife, whose daughter tragically died twelve years earlier, as they decide to open their home to a nun and several girls from a shuttered orphanage; the dollmaker's possessed creation Annabelle sets her sights on the children and turns their shelter into a storm of ultimate evil. Lights Out director David F. Sandberg replaced Leonetti as director, with Dauberman returning to write the script and Safran and Wan returning to produce. The film was released worldwide on August 11, 2017, to critical and commercial success, with many critics stating Annabelle: Creation was a vast improvement over its predecessor.

The Nun (2018)

A spin-off film titled The Nun, featuring the "Demon Nun" character Valak from The Conjuring 2, was directed by Corin Hardy, with The Conjuring 2 co-scribe David Leslie Johnson initially announced as the writer before being replaced by Gary Dauberman and Wan, who also produced with Safran. Demián Bichir and Taissa Farmiga starred in the lead roles, while Bonnie Aarons reprised her role as Valak in the film. The plot of the film follows a priest and a novitiate as they investigate an unholy secret and confront a malevolent force in the form of a demonic nun (Valak). The film was released on September 7, 2018, and grossed $365.6million on a budget of $22million, becoming the highest-grossing film in the franchise.

Annabelle Comes Home (2019)

The third installment in the Annabelle series, Annabelle Comes Home, featured Gary Dauberman as a writer and the director in his directorial debut. It was based on a story treatment written by Dauberman and Wan. Wan and Peter Safran co-produced the project.

Annabelle Comes Home takes place after Annabelle and The Conjuring and focuses on the doll after she was kept in the glass box in the Warrens' museum. Wilson and Farmiga reprised their roles as Ed and Lorraine Warren, alongside Mckenna Grace as Judy Warren and Madison Iseman as Judy's teenage babysitter. The film was released on June 26, 2019.

The Conjuring: The Devil Made Me Do It (2021)

After The Conjuring 2 was released, Wan revealed he would not return to direct another installment in the series, due to scheduling conflicts, but expressed interest in seeing other filmmakers direct more "Conjuring" films. Wan said that the next film in the series would take place during the 1980s and spoke of ideas for the films to explore lycanthropy, citing An American Werewolf in London and The Hound of the Baskervilles as inspiration. Safran stated that the next film would not be a haunted house movie. David Leslie Johnson-McGoldrick was hired to write the screenplay.

The Conjuring: The Devil Made Me Do It was directed by Michael Chaves, after previously directing The Curse of La Llorona, with James Wan in producer's role. Wilson and Farmiga reprised their roles as Ed and Lorraine Warren, with the plot revolving around the real-life "Devil Made Me Do It" case, a legal trial where the defendant claimed to have been possessed during the crimes of which he is accused. The film was initially scheduled for a September 11, 2020, release, before being pushed to June 4, 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The movie was, however, released by Warner Bros. Pictures and New Line Cinema in the United Kingdom on May 26, 2021, followed by United States on June 4, where it also had a month-long simultaneous release on the HBO Max streaming service.

The Nun II (2023)

Prior to the release of The Nun, Wan discussed the possibility of a sequel and what its storyline may be: "I do know where potentially, if The Nun works out, where The Nun 2 could lead to and how that ties to Lorraine's story that we've set up with the first two Conjurings and make it all come full circle".

In April 2019, Safran said that a sequel was in development, stating that there was a "really fun" storyline planned for the film. Later that month, Akela Cooper signed onto the project as writer for the film while Safran and Wan were set as producers. Bonnie Aarons expressed interest in reprising her role as the titular demon in the sequel. In February 2022, Taissa Farmiga stated that she has had discussions with Warner Bros. Pictures regarding reprising her role from the first film while stating that the restrictions on the film industry as a result of COVID-19 had delayed the project. Warner Bros. officially announced the film in April as part of its upcoming slate at the 2022 CinemaCon. Michael Chaves was confirmed as director. Initial photography began on April 29, 2022, with Bonnie Aarons reprising her role as Valak. In September 2022, it was revealed that Ian Goldberg and Richard Naing had contributed to the scipt as co-authors of the most recent draft. Storm Reid had joined the cast in a lead role for the film, principal photography began on October 6, 2022, and concluded later that year. Taissa Farmiga and Jonas Bloquet are reprising their roles as Sister Irene and Maurice "Frenchie" Theriault, with Anna Popplewell and Katelyn Rose Downey joining the cast.

The Nun II was released on September 8, 2023.

Future

The Conjuring: Last Rites (TBA)
In October 2022, a sequel to The Conjuring: The Devil Made Me Do It was revealed to be in development. David Leslie Johnson-McGoldrick would write the script while James Wan and Peter Safran would return as producers. Wan later confirmed that Wilson and Farmiga would reprise their respective roles. In April 2023, during CinemaCon, the film's title was revealed. In September 2023, Michael Chaves stated that work on the script was continuing, stating that the project was intended to be seen as a "finale" of the stories in the franchise that had come before.

Other potential projects
In June 2017, producer Peter Safran stated that while the studio will not incorporate characters from other standalone original works, there are various projects in development. He later reiterated that future projects will only be made that have a direct connection to the Warrens and the other released films in the franchise; stating that they will continue to be made "as long as [we] keep having original stories to tell". By May 2021, he said that there were multiple future projects in various stages of development, with Patrick Wilson and Vera Farmiga intended to reprise their roles. Safran stated: "[They] are such unique actors and they portray Ed and Lorraine so beautifully that we'd love to keep making these movies with them. Ed and Lorraine investigated cases for 50 years, so we have another 40 years with Patrick and Vera before we run out".

Following the release of Annabelle Comes Home in June 2019, Gary Dauberman acknowledged the possibility of a fourth Annabelle film, while stating that there's potential for a number of spin-off films centered around the other cursed artifacts and their entities, as well. The filmmaker revealed that specific entities received detailed backstories that he wrote during the production for Annabelle Comes Home. Developed with Wan, he stated that the future of the franchise will explore different sub-genres of horror; stating that a psychological horror film centered around The Bride, and a slasher horror film centered around The Samurai, were examples of options that were discussed for development.

In June 2021, after the release of The Conjuring: The Devil Made Me Do It, Michael Chaves revealed that the movie was originally intended to directly tie into the next spin-off film. Centered around a demonic character that was cut from the third Conjuring referred to as the Lost Demon, Chaves stated that this entity would be notable because it was entirely based on descriptions from true account witnesses. Though the full character reveal was removed from the final cut, as well as a subplot where Isla the occultist was working with the demon, the filmmaker noted that it is the same entity that torments David in the waterbed and ultimately enters his body. He expressed hope that one day the project would be green-lit. Chaves commented that James Wan has several Warren "cases up his sleeve", with "a lot of things... to explore". The filmmaker acknowledged that he knew various projects that were being developed, while expressing his excitement as a fan to see what would be released first.

In August 2023, the filmmaker said there is potential for additional projects featuring the Nun, to explore the timeframe between the 1950s to the 1960s. In September of the same year, he stated that as a fan of the series, he would like to see a project where various demonic entities from each of the installments antagonize the Warrens.

Cancelled The Crooked Man spin-off film
In May 2017, Safran said that the Crooked Man character from The Conjuring 2 was being considered by the studio for a feature film. By June of the same year, a spin-off film titled The Crooked Man was officially in development with Mike Van Waes serving as screenwriter, based on an original story by Wan; Wan and Safran were set to produce the project. Though in its early stages of development, the filmmaker stated that the sub-genre of horror would be a "dark fairytale". By September 2018, Safran stated that work on the script was ongoing, and that the studio wants to wait until they have a draft that they like before further production will commence. The producer reiterated what Wan had stated, reaffirming that the intention is for each installment in the franchise to have its own style. He later stated that while The Crooked Man was intended to be the next movie following The Conjuring 2, the project had been delayed in favor of fast-tracking production on The Nun due to the audience response to the character. In November 2022, Wan announced that, outside of his control, the project was not moving forward at that time while expressing hope for a potential future release.

Connections in other films

Wolves at the Door (2016)

In May 2015, John R. Leonetti, was announced as the director of Wolves at the Door for New Line Cinema, with Gary Dauberman as screenwriter and Peter Safran as producer. The film is not an entry into The Conjuring Universe, however, it stars Eric Ladin who reprises his role as Detective Clarkin from Leonetti's 2014 film, Annabelle. Wolves at the Door is loosely based on the Manson Family murders in 1969.

The Curse of La Llorona (2019)

In October 2017, Wan served as a producer of a horror film directed by Michael Chaves and starring Linda Cardellini, which was then titled The Children. The film was later retitled The Curse of La Llorona (also known as The Curse of the Weeping Woman in some international markets). Although the film is not an installment in The Conjuring Universe, it stars Tony Amendola, who reprises his role from Annabelle as Father Perez. The character gives direction to the family being tormented by the titular spirit, and relates the haunting to his experiences with the demonic entity attached to the doll.

Television
In May 2021, Peter Safran said that there were ongoing developments for a television series set within The Conjuring Universe. The producer stated that while they did not want to take away from the film installments, there were "some more long-form stories that would be better told over eight episodes or eight hours as opposed to just a two-hour movie". Safran acknowledged that an expansion of the franchise into television shows has been in discussion for some time, with the launch of HBO Max providing Warner Bros. Entertainment with a distributor for any potential series.

In April 2023, an untitled television series in the franchise was announced as being in development. The show would take place chronologically after the events of the films, with James Wan and Peter Safran serving as executive producers. The project was set to be a joint-venture production between New Line Television, Warner Bros. Television Studios, Atomic Monster, the Safran Company, and Max Originals, and was being developed for release via streaming exclusively on Warner Bros. Discovery's Max.

Recurring cast and characters
This table lists the main characters who appear in The Conjuring Universe, in alphabetical order by the character's last name.

Additional crew and production details

Reception

Box office performance
The franchise has been notable for its profit, with The Conjuring and its follow-up having earned a combined profit of $260million, according to Deadline, while Annabelle managed to make 40 times its $6.5million budget. Film critic and box office expert Scott Mendelson of Forbes has called the franchise the "first successful post–Marvel cinematic universe".

Critical and public response

Comic books
In April 2021, DC Comics formed a new horror imprint called DC Horror. The first of a series of comics set within The Conjuring Universe was released on June 1 the same year. The Conjuring: The Lover is a 5-issue limited series that serves as a prequel to The Conjuring: The Devil Made Me Do It. The story involves a college student named Jessica. She struggles with college life and her discovery that something sinister is targeting her. Each issue includes backup stories, which explore the cursed artifacts in the Warren's basement museum. The limited series is co-written by David Leslie Johnson-McGoldrick and Rex Ogle, with artwork by Garry Brown and cover art by Bill Sienkiewicz. The backup stories featuring the occult items from the Warrens' artifact room were written by various writers: the first by Scott Snyder, with Denys Cowan serving as artist, the second from writer Che Grayson and artist Juan Ferreyra, the third from writer Tim Seeley and artist Kelley Jones, followed by the fourth from writer Ray Fawkes and artist Christopher Mitten, and by the fifth from writer and artist Dominike "Domo" Stanton. In March 2022, a trade hardcover collecting the issues was released.

Tie-in media

In July 2013, prior to the theatrical release of The Conjuring, Vice Media alongside Warner Bros. Entertainment and New Line Cinema (under the banner of The Conjuring) presented a series of anthology horror short-films, titled The 3:07 A.M. Project. In the series of shorts, the witching hour of 3:07 A.M. is the only recurring theme within each short. The shorts were presented as a marketing device that drew attention to the first installment of The Conjuring Universe, leading up to its release date. The short films were met with mixed reception, while each filmmaker would later find success in other noteworthy horror franchises. While the series does not connect directly to the franchise, it serves as the first attempt at expanding the franchise, while this specific time was referenced in the first movie of the franchise.

Home media

Lawsuits
Norma Sutcliffe and Gerald Helfrich, previous owners of the house on which The Conjuring was based, have sued Wan, Warner Bros. and other producers in 2015 because their property was being constantly vandalized as a consequence of the film. Entertainment Weekly obtained documents in which the owners affirm various invasions and ratify that they have found numerous objects affiliated with satanic cults. The lawsuit also reveals that the previous owners bought the house in 1987 and lived "in peace" until 2013. Both owners had been seeking unspecified damages. When questioned, a spokesperson for Warner Bros. declined to comment on the issue.

Gerald Brittle, author of a book about the Warrens called The Demonologist, filed a $900million lawsuit on March 29, 2017, against Warner Bros., New Line Cinema, Wan and others, claiming that he had the exclusive rights to the Warrens' story and that it had been stolen by the studios and producers. The case was scheduled to go to trial on April 16, 2018, with a Warner Bros. spokesperson commenting: "We're pleased the Court significantly narrowed the case and look forward to addressing the remaining claims at summary judgment. Mr. Brittle's claims are not only without merit, but contradict Mr. Brittle's prior admissions in other failed lawsuits concerning The Conjuring movies". However, on December 13, 2017, Warner Bros. settled the lawsuit, revealing that Tony DeRosa-Grund, the producer of the original film, was the "mastermind" behind the lawsuit, without Brittle ever having been involved. A spokesperson commented: "New Line has contended all along that DeRosa-Grund was the mastermind behind the lawsuit, was controlling and directing the lawsuit, and had attempted to enter into secret side deals with Brittle". Brittle himself commented that "Mr. DeRosa-Grund has been controlling this litigation from the start. [...] Based on a review of text messages between Mr. DeRosa-Grund and my attorney, I understand that he even threatened my attorneys that if they sent information from me without him seeing it first they would be fired". Brittle went into further detail in the settlement. This follows repeated failed lawsuits by DeRosa-Grund to Warner Bros. for claims of owed millions of dollars from the franchise to the point where he was getting into trouble with the courts and settled with Warner Bros. to never sue them again for anything related to the franchise.

References

External links

 The Conjuring Universe on Rotten Tomatoes
 The Conjuring on Metacritic
 The Conjuring 2 on Metacritic
 Annabelle on Metacritic
 Annabelle: Creation on Metacritic
 The Nun on Metacritic
 Annabelle Comes Home on Metacritic
 The Conjuring: The Devil Made Me Do It on Metacritic

Mass media franchises introduced in 2013
American film series
Horror film franchises
Fictional universes
New Line Cinema franchises

The Conjuring Universe


Bernard Amyot is a Montreal lawyer. He has served as the President of the Canadian Bar Association, appointed in 2007. He is also known for his involvement as the attorney for Omar Khadr in his Federal terrorism trial in Canada. He is currently the Chairman of the Board of Directors for the National Theatre School of Canada. He is a graduate of the McGill University Faculty of Law, where he served as the Associate Editor for the McGill Law Journal.

References

Lawyers from Montreal
Living people
McGill University Faculty of Law alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)

Bernard Amyot


Zvi Lieberman (also Zvi Liberman) () (March 1, 1891 - August 6, 1985) was a Russian-born Israeli children's book author. He immigrated to Palestine during the Second Aliyah period and helped to found Moshav Nahalal. His books became the basis for two landmark films in the history of Israeli cinema - "Oded the Wanderer" (1933) and "Over the Ruins" (1938).

Biography
Zvi Lieberman (Livneh) was born in the village of Mankivka near Uman in the Kiev District (now Ukraine). He grew up in a Hasidic Jewish home and attended a traditional heder. Later he went to yeshiva and studied general subjects with a private teacher. His father, Ben-Zion, was a businessman. While many Jewish families in the village earned their living from agriculture, Ben-Zion was a bookish type who stood out for his knowledge of Hebrew. From a young age, Zvi took an interest in Zionism and joined a Zionist youth movement.

In 1912, Lieberman immigrated to Palestine with the Second Aliyah. He worked as a manual laborer and farmer in Hadera, Gan Shmuel, Degania Alef and Sejera. In 1921, Lieberman was one of the early pioneers of Nahalal, where he settled permanently.

Lieberman married Rivka Pinski. Their first daughter Heftsiba, born in 1919, died of Malaria in infancy. The couple's four other children were Sarah, Rachel, Oded (for whom the fictional hero in Oded Ha-noded was named) and Dina. In 1943, Oded was seriously injured after he was attacked by an Iraqi soldier stationed at Ramat David air base. He died a year later at the age of 19. Givat Tel Sifan, a hill near Ramat David, was renamed Givat Oded in his honor.

Public activism
During the First World War, Lieberman headed the employment bureau of Hapoel Hatzair. In 1916, he was one of the founders of Hamashbir Hamerkazi, an economic agency established by the Labor movement to supply consumers with reasonably priced goods. From 1919 to 1925, he helped to coordinate aliyah at the center run by the Histadrut labor federation. He was also active in the Jewish National Fund and Jewish Agency. In 1935, Lieberman was sent to the 19th Zionist Congress in Lucerne as a Labor movement delegate. He was an active member of the Farmers Association, the Israel Naval Society and the Moshavim Movement.

Literary and journalism career

Lieberman began to write in Ukraine, but disposed of all his papers on the eve of his move to Palestine. He published his first story in Gan Yerek, a journal published by Eliezer Yaffe in Petah Tikvah which became the organ of the Hapoel Hatzair in 1920. It was an article about bee-keeping in the Yemenite Jewish community. Over the years, he continued to write commentary and feature articles for Davar newspaper and Hapoel Hatzair.

In 1932, he began to write for children, first paperbacks like Oded the Wanderer and then hardcover books. In writing for children, he sought to provide an alternative to the cheap Yiddish books that children in the Yishuv read at the time. Over the years, Lieberman published dozens of picture books, fiction for teens and novels alongside serious research for adult audiences. In his semi-autobiographical A Tale of Love and Darkness, Israeli novelist Amos Oz relates that he read Lieberman's book Over the Ruins multiple times as a child and it made a lasting impression on him.

Films

In 1933, Oded ha-noded was made into a silent film. It was the country's first full-length feature film for children, produced on a shoestring budget with private financing. Important plot details were changed in the film. Oded is a young sabra who goes on a hike with school friends. When he strays from the others to record his impressions of the landscape he finds himself lost in the wilderness. After a week he reaches an Arab village, teaches the inhabitants to read and write, and finally returns home.

Another book by Lieberman, Me'al ha-khoravot (Over the Ruins) was turned into a 70-minute film with a soundtrack and dialogue. Lieberman wrote the screenplay himself. Produced in 1938 by Nathan Axelrod and directed by Alfred Wolf, it told the story of children in a Second Temple Jewish village in the Galilee where all the adults were killed by the Romans. The children rebuild the village. Production costs came to 1,000 Palestine pounds. It failed miserably at the box office, but is considered a landmark in the history of Israeli cinema.

Literary themes
Lieberman wrote for children and young adults on a wide range of themes. Some of his books are about life in the kibbutz and moshav, as in the tale of Oded, a boy who goes hiking with his classmates and gets lost. Others are tales about biblical figures or Jews in the First and Second Temple periods. His novel From Babylonia to Jerusalem (1933) drew an analogy between the return from Babylon and the early waves of immigration to Palestine.

Lieberman also published utopian novels. Khalom ha-shlosha ("The Dream of Three), for example, is about three friends from the city of Safed, one of whom cares only about money, and another, only about having fun. Both are saved from a life of sin and wastefulness by the third friend who establishes a socialist commune.

Some of Lieberman's books were translated into English.

Science fiction

'Tevel betkhiyata תבל בתחיתה (Renaissance of a Universe) (1955), about a utopia built by astronauts on a trip to Mars, was one of the first science fiction books written in Hebrew.

In the future foresaw by Lieberman, a Third World War leaves the whole world terribly devastated, but strong-willed reformers, led by Jews from Israel, oversee the reconstruction, ensuring that the rebuilt world be united under a benevolent world government - aided by Progressive, ecumenical-minded religious leaders who eventually unite all world religions into a single faith.

Centuries in the future, the prosperous Earth embarks on the great venture of sending a massive spaceship, with a hundreds of a well-equipped crew, to Mars. They find Mars inhabited by humans similar to those of Earth. Politically the planet is divided into two mutually-hostile Empires, both militarist and highly oppressive to their subjects. The visitors from Earth are especially concerned about an ethnic group called the Yonodins, who live in scattered communities all over Mars and are everywhere subject to racist prejudice and persecution; a Jewish crew member intervenes to prevent a pogrom of Yonodins.

While formally keeping cordial relations with the Emperor hosting them (who hopes to gain advanced Earthly weapons for use in his next war) the visitors from Earth decide to secretly intervene in Martian politics and sponsor the creation of an underground organization aimed at overthrowing both Empires. The conspirators are led by a highly capable Yonodin woman, the love interest of the book's Jewish Israeli protagonist.

Eventually the two rival empires embark on an all-out war with each other, which might leave Mars devastated as Earth was centuries earlier. However, the underground manages to infiltrate both armies. Eventually soldiers mutiny en masse, end the war, overthrow both Emperors and unite Mars. In the happy end, Mars gains a world government modeled on Earth's, with the protagonist's beloved as its First President.

Published works
Ha-dayagim ha-ktanim, 1932 (Hebrew)
Oded ha-noded, 1932 (Hebrew)
Ha-Dayagim ha-Ktanim, 1932 (Hebrew)
From Babylonia to Jerusalem, 1933 (English, Hebrew)
Aleelot Pooty, 1933 (Hebrew)
Khalom ha-shlosha, 1934 (Hebrew)
Yaldei ha'emek, 1936 (Hebrew)
 Givat ha-yeladim'', 1936 (Hebrew)
 Me'al ha- khoravot'', 1938 (Hebrew)
 Lost on Mount Tabor, in Sabra Children: Stories of Fun and Adventure in Israel , 1940 (English)
Masa'ay Zizi hagamad',' 1942 (Hebrew), illustrated by David Gilboa
Dina veta'aluleha, 1945 (Hebrew)
Nifgeshu bamoledet, 1945 (Hebrew)
Amikhai, yedid kol khai, 1950 (Hebrew)
Nehemia: Sipur histori , 1950 (Hebrew)
Avital ve-Zalzal, 1951 (Hebrew)
Beharei yerushalayaim, 1953 (Hebrew)
David veyonatan: Sipur livnei no'ar, 1954 (Hebrew)
Tevel betkhiyata, 1955 (Hebrew)
Arba'a malakhim, 1955 (Hebrew)
Gad vehagamad, 1956 (Hebrew)
Yair ha-giladi, 1957 (Hebrew)
Ha-yeled Khai vehakhamor Ashmodai, 1957 (Hebrew)
Shimshon ba'al ha-khalomot, 1957 (Hebrew)
Hanna veshiva baneha, 1958 (Hebrew)
Makhbo'im, 1958 (Hebrew)
Ha-gamadim ha-adumim, 1959 (Hebrew)
Ma'ayanot: Sipur mekhayeh ha-moshav ha-rishon be-Eretz Yisrael, 1961 (Hebrew)
Nekhalei Akhzav, 1963 (Hebrew)
Ha-nesher ha-gadol, 1964 (Hebrew)
Harpatka'otav shel Dan, 1964 (Hebrew)
Gidon vekhaverav, 1964 (Hebrew)
 Khayeh akhat khalutzah: Sipur khayeha shel Rivka Livneh Liberman le-vet Pinski, 1964 (Hebrew)
Bishleekhut kalkalit: Khevrat Ampal, koroteha u-pe'ala, 1964 (Hebrew)
Givat avanim: Sipur, 1965 (Hebrew)
 Jewish Farmers in Russia Fields, 1965 (Hebrew, English)
Ikarim yehudim be-rusiya: Skira historit al khakla'im be-rusiya mishnat 1807 (Jewish Agriculturalists on the Russian Steppes), 1965 (Hebrew)
David ve-Aminadav: Sipur histori mitekufat Shaul ve-David, 1966 (Hebrew)
Ha-kana'im ladror: Roman histori mitkufat Bar Kokhba, 1966 (Hebrew)
The Children of the Cave: A Tale of Israel and Rome, 1969 (Hebrew, English)
Ha-khamisha, 1969 (Hebrew)
In the Beginning: The Story of Abraham, 1969 (English)
Avram ha-ivri, 1973 (Hebrew)
Misipurei hakhevraiya, 1973 (Hebrew)
Bein sadeh veya'ar, 1974 (Hebrew)
Moshe, 1977 (Hebrew)
 Betzel ha-ikaliptus, 1978 (Hebrew)
Khalomot uma'asim, 1978 (Hebrew)
Mikhayay hapo'alim be-Hadera, 1912-1920, 1983 (Hebrew)
Sivan bakaiyitz uvkhoref, 1998 (Hebrew)

References

Bibliography
 Meir Schnitzer, Israeli Cinema, Kinneret, 1994, pp. 16, 23, 30, 32, 37.
 Amy Kronish, Israeli Film: A Reference Guide, Greenwood Publishing, 2003, p. 107
 Institute for the Translation of Hebrew Literature

1891 births
1985 deaths
Hebrew-language writers
20th-century Israeli screenwriters
Ukrainian SSR emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Israeli people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Jewish Israeli writers
Ukrainian Jews
20th-century Israeli male writers
Israeli children's writers
Zionists
Israeli male screenwriters

Zvi Lieberman


Bombay High is an offshore oilfield, gas field and refinery. It used to send its low sulphur crude oil to Mathura Oil Refinery. But this factory was closed, so now it transports oil to other refineries. It was founded by a Russian and an Indian oil exploration team.

Economy of India

Bombay High


Judiciary Square is a neighborhood in Northwest Washington, D.C..  It has various federal and municipal courthouses and a number of important federal and municipal office buildings. Judiciary Square is roughly between Pennsylvania Avenue to the south, H Street NW to the north, 6th Street to the west, and the I-395 access tunnel to the east.

The center of the Judiciary Square neighborhood is an actual plaza by the name of Judiciary Square, so named because it is adjacent to or inclusive of most of the courthouse buildings in the area. The square is between 4th and 5th Streets, with D Street to the south and F Street to the north.

Among the buildings in Judiciary Square are:
Four buildings of the H. Carl Moultrie Courthouse, which houses the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, the local trial court
Historic Courthouse, which houses the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, the highest D.C. court
E. Barrett Prettyman Federal Courthouse, which houses United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, at 450 E Street NW
United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, at 625 Indiana Avenue NW
United States Tax Court Building, which houses the United States Tax Court
Federal Bureau of Investigation Washington field office
Frances Perkins Building, which houses the United States Department of Labor, at 200 Constitution Avenue NW
Steve Young Law Enforcement Legislative Advocacy Center of the Fraternal Order of Police, at 328 Massachusetts Avenue NE
Government Accountability Office and United States Army Corps of Engineers, headquarters, at 441 G Street NW
Jackson Graham Building, headquarters of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, at 600 5th Street NW
National Building Museum (Old Pension Building) at 4th Street, 5th Street, F Street, and G Street NW
One Judiciary Square at 441 4th Street NW. Historically the Old Courthouse, the building served as D.C.'s city hall until 1908, when city government moved to the newly built John A. Wilson Building on Pennsylvania Avenue NW. However, Judiciary Square once again became the site of District government between 1997 and 2001, when the Wilson Building was being renovated and the D.C. mayor and Council had temporary chambers and offices in the One Judiciary Square building. Today the building houses various D.C. offices
An 1868 statue of Abraham Lincoln stands in the plaza at what was the south entrance to the Old Courthouse, which today is the back entrance to the Historic Courthouse, which houses the District of Columbia Court of Appeals. This was the first public monument ever built to Lincoln, funded by Washington residents starting just days after his death.
Washington, D.C. Department of Motor Vehicles
National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial
AARP headquarters at 601 E Street NW
Monuments to Albert Pike, José de San Martín (which has since been moved to Virginia Avenue), and John Marshall.

The neighborhood is served by the Judiciary Square station on the Red Line of the Washington Metro.

History

During the first half of the 19th century, Judiciary Square was mostly residential. Its proximity to the courthouses drew a number of lawyers, judges, and clerks to the neighborhood, while its location between the White House and the Capitol made it ideal for government employees. Among its most prominent residents were Missouri Senator Thomas Hart Benton, Vice President John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster. As of 2006, however, nearly all of the once plentiful rowhouses in the area were gone, with the remaining houses mostly centered around the intersection of 5th and D Streets.

Around the turn of the 20th century, the eastern side of Judiciary Square became an enclave of Italian immigrants in Washington - the equivalent of a Little Italy (although it was never called that). The Italian neighborhood rested on the eastern edge of the square proper, stretching eastward to about 2nd Street NW. The heart of the community was Holy Rosary Church, a chapel built at 3rd and F Streets NW.   The neighborhood lasted well into the 20th century, with a particular surge of Italian immigrants in the 1950s and 60s; in the mid 1970s, however, construction of the I-395 northbound extension through the city gutted about half of the neighborhood and forced its remaining residents to move away from the heavy commuter traffic. Today the former Italian enclave is dominated by Federal office buildings and law offices for the trial attorneys who argue in Judiciary Square courthouses, although Holy Rosary Church remains standing and continues to draw a heavily Italian congregation along with its "Casa Italia" cultural center next door.

Neighborhoods in Washington, D.C.

Judiciary Square, Washington, D.C.


Lewis Edward Hayman (September 30, 1908 – June 28, 1984) was an American sports figure. He was one of the driving forces behind the Canadian Football League as coach, general manager, team president, and league president. As head coach, he was a five-time Grey Cup winner with three different teams. Hayman was a pioneer in bringing African Americans into the CFL, hiring one of professional football's first Black players, Herb Trawick, and coach Willie Wood. He was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 2004.

Early years
Hayman was born to a Jewish family in New York City and grew up in Paterson, New Jersey. He attended high school at New York Military Academy and was a star basketball player at Syracuse University, where he was a three-year starter and named College Humor third team All-American in 1931.

Moves to Canada
After graduating from college, Hayman moved to Canada in 1932 to become assistant coach of the University of Toronto football team under Warren Stevens. He was soon also hired as an assistant to coach Buck McKenna with the Toronto Argonauts football team. When McKenna took ill during the 1932 season, Hayman became interim head coach. He was given the job outright for the 1933 season and, at the age of 25, guided the Argonauts to a Grey Cup championship. He followed that with back-to-back Grey Cup wins in 1937 and 1938.

With World War II escalating, the major Canadian football leagues halted operations following the 1941 season and Hayman joined the Royal Canadian Air Force as a flying officer. He was made coach of Toronto's RCAF football team and led the Toronto RCAF Hurricanes to the 1942 Grey Cup championship. He was discharged after the war, having reached the rank of flight lieutenant.

Hayman thought he had an agreement with the Argonauts to return as head coach when play resumed in 1945, but the deal fell through and Ted Morris was hired instead. That left Hayman with bitter feelings toward his former team—which admitted that they had misled him—and Hayman had to settle for a job as coach of the Toronto Indians football team. One of the members of the Indians was future CFL commissioner Jake Gaudaur, who had also played under Hayman in the RCAF.

Forms the Montreal Alouettes
The following season, Hayman partnered with Eric Cradock and Leo Dandurand to form the Montreal Alouettes CFL team, with Hayman as head coach and general manager, as well as part-owner. In his first season, he broke the league's color barrier by signing Herb Trawick, an African American lineman. Other innovations introduced by the Alouettes under Hayman were playing night games, scheduling games on Sundays, and allowing games to be televised.

During the off-season in 1946, Hayman became general manager of the Toronto Huskies professional basketball team, the first Canadian-based team in what evolved into the National Basketball Association (known at the time as the Basketball Association of America). When the team's first coach quit a month into the season, Hayman took his place for one game, and is in the record books as having been an NBA coach for that single game. The Huskies disbanded after one money-losing season.

Hayman led the Alouettes to their first Grey Cup in 1949 — Hayman's fifth and final Grey Cup as head coach. Following the 1951 season, Hayman stepped down as coach but continued as general manager until the end of the 1954 season. Following the latter, he sold his share of the Alouettes and moved back to Toronto to become a stockbroker.

Returns to the Argonauts
Hayman's career outside of football was short-lived, as he became managing director of the Argonauts in 1956. Despite his previous success as head coach, the Argonauts were largely reduced to being Eastern Conference doormats through this period, finishing last in their division nine times in 11 years from 1956 to 1966 before returning to respectability. During that time, Hayman also became team president. He was elected president of the CFL in 1969 and served a one-year term.

After John Barrow was made general manager of the Argonauts in 1972, Hayman was given the title of executive consultant. He was planning to retire when the season ended, but was persuaded by owner John Bassett to sign a three-year contract as team president, followed by 10 years as vice-chairman and director. Hayman again became president of the Argonauts in 1979 and remained in that role until he was succeeded by Ralph Sazio during the 1981 season. He died in 1984 at age 75.

Hayman was elected to the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1975. The CFL award presented to the outstanding Canadian player in the East Division is called the Lew Hayman Trophy. In 2004, he was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame.

Sources
 "Lew Hayman devoted his life to pro football," Rex McLeod, Toronto Star, July 2, 1984, p. C16.
 "Lew Hayman," International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame, accessed November 4, 2006

References

1908 births
1984 deaths
American expatriate basketball people in Canada
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from New Jersey
Basketball players from Paterson, New Jersey
Canadian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Syracuse Orange men's basketball players
Montreal Alouettes coaches
Montreal Alouettes general managers
Toronto Argonauts coaches
Toronto Argonauts general managers
Toronto Argonauts team presidents
Toronto Huskies coaches
Sportspeople from New York City
Sportspeople from Paterson, New Jersey
Jewish American sportspeople
Jewish men's basketball players
20th-century American Jews

Lew Hayman


Faribault City Hall is the seat of local government for Faribault, Minnesota, United States, in continual service since its completion in 1897.   Originally housing a public library as well, Faribault City Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for having local significance in the themes of architecture and politics/government.  It was nominated for its associations with Faribault's emergence as a regionally important city in the 1890s and a concurrent wave of civic development statewide, and for its Renaissance Revival architecture.

History and significance
Faribault City Hall was designed by architect Harry Wild Jones of Minneapolis in 1894, invoking the Renaissance Revival style then popular for public buildings.  The project was a result of increased civic development during the 1890s in Faribault and many other communities throughout Minnesota, when numerous government buildings, libraries, water works, and park systems were established.  Locally the same decade was when Faribault first achieved its status as an important manufacturing center in south central Minnesota.

Faribault's public library originally occupied the south half of the building, but moved to the Thomas Scott Buckham Memorial Library in the 1930s.

See also
 List of city and town halls in the United States
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Rice County, Minnesota

References

Buildings and structures in Faribault, Minnesota
City and town halls in Minnesota
City and town halls on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Government buildings completed in 1897
National Register of Historic Places in Rice County, Minnesota
Renaissance Revival architecture in Minnesota

Faribault City Hall


The Treaty of Madrid (also known as the Treaty of Limits of the Conquests) was an agreement concluded between Spain and Portugal on 13 January 1750. In an effort to end decades of conflict in the region of present-day Uruguay, the treaty established detailed territorial boundaries between Portuguese Brazil and the Spanish colonial territories to the south and west. Portugal also recognized Spain's claim to the Philippines while Spain acceded to the westward expansion of Brazil. The treaty included a mutual guarantee of support in case either state's American colonies were attacked by a third power.

Most notably, Spain and Portugal expressly abandoned the papal bull Inter caetera and the treaties of Tordesillas and Zaragoza as the legal basis for colonial division.

Background
See also Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–37)

Earlier treaties such as the Treaty of Tordesillas and the Treaty of Zaragoza authored by both countries and as mediated by Pope Alexander VI, stipulated that the Portuguese empire in South America could extend no further west than 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (called the Tordesillas meridian, approx. the 46th meridian). Had these treaties remained unchanged, the Spanish would have held both what is today the city of São Paulo and all land to the west and south. Thus, Brazil would be only a fraction of its present-day size.

Gold was discovered in Mato Grosso in 1695. Starting in the 17th century, Portuguese explorers, traders, and missionaries from the state of Maranhao in the north, and gold-seekers and slave-hunters, the famous bandeirantes of São Paulo, in the south, had penetrated far to the west and southwest of the old treaty-line also looking for slaves.

New captaincies (administrative divisions) created by the Portuguese beyond Brazil's previously-established boundaries: Minas Gerais, Goias, Mato Grosso, and Santa Catarina.

National motivations

Portugal
The Portuguese wanted to strike a balance between the boundary claims of Spain and Portugal by allotting the greater part of the Amazon basin to the latter and that of the Rio de la Plata to the former. They also sought to secure the undisputed sovereignty of the gold and diamond districts of Goias and Mato Grosso for the Portuguese Crown as well as secure Brazil's frontier by the retention of the Rio Grande do Sul and the acquisition of the Spanish Jesuit missions ("Seven Peoples") on the left bank of the river Uruguay. They hoped that the meeting would allow them to secure the western frontier of Brazil and river communication with Maranhao-Para by ensuring that navigation on the rivers Tocantins, Tapajos and Madeira remain in Portuguese hands

Spain
Spain instead was desirous to stop the westward advance of the Portuguese, who had already encroached on much of what was theoretically Spanish territory even though it consisted mostly of virgin jungle. They also sought to transfer to Spain the Portuguese colony of Sacramento, which had functioned as a backdoor for the illegal Anglo-Portuguese trade with the Viceroyalty of Peru and which rendered the Spanish city of Buenos Aires dangerously exposed to foreign invasion. Furthermore, they hoped to undermine the Anglo-Portuguese alliance, and thus eventually to facilitate a Spanish-Portuguese alliance against English aggression and ambition in South America.

Cartographic issues
1722 map of French cartographer Guillaume de Lisle
1749 map of Alexandre de Gusmão: Mappa das Cortes, or Mapa de las Cortes

International context
The Philippines and Moluccas were under Spanish sovereignty.

Structure of the Treaty
The original was in both Portuguese and Spanish. The treaty consists of a lengthy preamble, and 26 articles.

Terms of the Treaty
The Treaty of Madrid was based on the principles of Uti possidetis, ita possideatis from Roman law (who owns by fact owns by right) and "natural boundaries", stating respectively in the preamble: "each party must stay with what it now holds" and "the boundaries of the two Domains... are the sources and courses of the most notable rivers and mountains", and thereby authorizing the Portuguese to retain the lands they had occupied at the expense of the Empire of Spain. The treaty also stipulated that Spain would receive the Sacramento Colony and Portugal the Misiones Orientales. These were seven independent Jesuit missions of the upper Uruguay River.  The Treaty of Tordesillas was specifically abrogated.

The treaty sensibly sought to follow geographic features in fixing the boundary: it moved westward from a point on the Atlantic coast south of Rio Grande do Sul, then northward irregularly following parts of the Uruguay, Iguaçu, Paraná, Paraguay, Guapore, Madeira, and Javari Rivers, and north of the Amazon, ran from the middle Negro to the watershed between the Amazon and Orinoco basins and along the Guiana watershed to the Atlantic.

Soon after signing it, two commissions for demarcation were created. The Northern, chaired by the State Governor of Grão-Pará and Maranhão, in the South headed on the Portuguese side by the Governor of Rio de Janeiro.

Aftermath

The Treaty of Madrid was significant because it substantially defined the modern boundaries of Brazil. However, the resistance of the Jesuits to surrendering their missions and the refusal of the Guaraní to be forcibly relocated led to the nullification of the treaty by the subsequent Treaty of El Pardo, signed by both countries in 1761.

The opposition by the Guaraní led to the Guaraní War of 1756.

There were frequent skirmishes in the Banda Oriental after the 1750 treaty. The terms of the Treaty of Madrid, with a few exceptions, were re-established in the First Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1777, and that treaty was again negated in 1801.

See also
Treaty of Madrid (5 October 1750)
Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery
Spanish missions in South America

References

Citations

Bibliography
 .

External links

Geographic Map of the Captaincy of Mato Grosso is a map that features details about the Treaty of Madrid, from c. 1800.

Colonial Brazil
1750 treaties
Madrid 1750
Madrid 1750
Portugal–Spain relations
Portuguese colonization of the Americas
Spanish colonization of the Americas
Geopolitical rivalry
Treaties involving territorial changes
1750 in Brazil
1750 in South America
1750 in Spain
1750 in Portugal
1750 in the Spanish Empire

Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)


Polesworth Vicarage stands adjacent to St Editha's Church in High Street, Polesworth, Warwickshire, England.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.

The vicarage was rebuilt in about 1870, incorporating parts of an earlier building, the architect being John Douglas of Chester.  It is built on the site of the former lodging of the abbess of Polesworth Abbey.  The vicarage is constructed in brown brick with some timber framing and tiled roofs; it is in the form of an E-plan.  Internally there is an Elizabethan fireplace and some 17th-century panelling.

See also
List of houses and associated buildings by John Douglas

References

Grade II listed buildings in Warwickshire
Grade II listed houses
Houses completed in 1870
Houses in Warwickshire
John Douglas buildings
Clergy houses in England
Polesworth

Polesworth Vicarage


National Velvet is a 1944 American Technicolor sports film directed by Clarence Brown and based on the 1935 novel of the same name by Enid Bagnold. It stars  Mickey Rooney,  Donald Crisp, Angela Lansbury, Anne Revere, Reginald Owen, and an adolescent Elizabeth Taylor.

In 2003, National Velvet was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

Plot

Velvet Brown, a twelve-year-old horse-crazy girl, lives with her family in Sewels, a small village in Sussex, England. After winning a spirited gelding in a raffle, she dreams of training him for the Grand National steeplechase. Penniless young drifter Mi Taylor, who discovered Mrs. Brown's name and address among his late father's effects, arrives at the Brown farm. Hoping to profit from the association, Mi accepts an invitation to dinner and a night's lodging at the Browns' home. Mrs Brown is unwilling to allow Mi to trade on his father's good name and remains vague about their connection. Nevertheless, she convinces her husband to hire Mi as a store helper, over his better judgment. It is eventually revealed that Mi's career as a steeplechase jockey ended in a collision that resulted in another jockey's death. The accident left Mi fearing riding and hating horses.

Velvet calls her horse "The Pie" because his previous owner called the troublesome gelding a pirate. Seeing the Pie's natural talent, Velvet pleads with Mi to train him for the Grand National. Mi believes it a fool's errand, not because the horse lacks the ability, but because they are unable to finance the effort. He makes his case to Mrs. Brown, but she consents to Velvet's desire to train the horse. To cover the entrance fee and other costs, Mrs. Brown gives Velvet the prize money she won for swimming across the English Channel. Velvet and Mi train the Pie and enter him into the race.

Mi and Velvet travel to the Grand National. Mi hires a professional jockey, but the night before the race, Velvet senses he lacks faith in the Pie and will lose. Velvet dismisses the jockey, leaving them without a rider. That night, Mi overcomes his fear of riding and intends to race the Pie himself only to discover Velvet wearing the jockey silks and intending to ride. Knowing the dangers, Mi attempts to dissuade Velvet, who is determined to ride. As the race unfolds, Velvet and the Pie clear all hurdles and win the race. Elated but exhausted, Velvet falls off her mount just after the finish. However, Velvet and Pie are disqualified for violating the rule requiring the winning jockey not to dismount before reaching the enclosure.

When it is discovered that the jockey is a girl, Velvet becomes a media sensation and receives lucrative offers to travel to Hollywood and be filmed with the Pie. To her father's disappointment, Velvet tearfully declines all offers, claiming that the Pie would not understand the intense scrutiny. Velvet says that she raced the Pie at the Grand National because he deserved a chance for greatness. Velvet chooses a normal life for herself and her horse.

Sometime later, Mi, ready to resume his old life, takes his leave without bidding Velvet goodbye. Velvet is heartbroken, but Mrs Brown says it was time for him to resume his old life. She gives Velvet permission to tell Mi that his father coached Mrs Brown to swim the English Channel. Astride the Pie, Velvet catches Mi at the top of a hill against a sunset sky, where she tells him about his father.

Cast

Production notes
An 18-year-old Gene Tierney, who was then appearing on Broadway, was offered the role of Velvet Brown in 1939. Production was delayed, however, so Tierney returned to Broadway. Much of the film was shot in Pebble Beach, California, with the most-scenic views on the Pebble Beach Golf Links (with golf holes visible in the background). Elizabeth Taylor was given "The Pie" as a birthday gift after filming was over.

This was the first of two films casting Elizabeth Taylor and Anne Revere. The other film, A Place in the Sun, featured Revere as the mother of Taylor's love interest, played by Montgomery Clift. In that film, however, the two actresses never shared the screen with each other in any scene.

Mickey Rooney's scenes were shot first in one month allotted by the U.S. Army before Rooney was inducted in June 1944.

Mickey Rooney played a similar role in the film The Black Stallion (1979).

Differences from the book
The screenplay was written by Helen Deutsch. The film differs from the book in a number of respects. For example, Velvet's horse in the book is a piebald, and thus is given the name "The Piebald" or "The Pie" for short. In the movie, Pie is a chestnut, and another explanation for his name was given. Velvet, in the book, is a sickly child who is given to great imagination and spirit; her father is stern and given to anger, but the mother is stronger still and stands up to him. Since her days as a swimmer, she has become a large woman and weighs 16 stone— at the time of the story, and warns Velvet never to allow herself to be burdened by weight. In the book Mr. and Mrs. Brown also have a 15-year-old daughter named Meredith, in addition to Edwina, Malvolia, Velvet, and Donald. In the novel, the professional jockey hired by Mi to race at the Grand National is said to have finished in 4th place at the previous event, it is possible this character is a reference to 1932 Ascot Gold Cup disgraced competitor Arthur Pasquier.  The Meredith character does not appear in the movie.

Song
 "Summertime" - Elizabeth Taylor, Angela Lansbury, Juanita Quigley, MGM Studio and Orchestra Chorus Girls, and Norma Varden

Reception
National Velvet holds a 97% 'Fresh' rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 29 reviews, with an average rating of 7.9/10. The site's consensus reads: "National Velvet makes the most of a breakout performance from Elizabeth Taylor, delivering a timeless family-friendly tearjerker that avoids straying into the sentimental".

At the box office, the film earned $3,678,000 in the US and Canada and $2,162,000 elsewhere.

Academy Awards
The film won two Oscars, and was nominated for three others, in 1945:

Other adaptations
 National Velvet was dramatized as a one-hour radio play on the February 3, 1947 broadcast of Lux Radio Theater, with Elizabeth Taylor, Mickey Rooney, Donald Crisp and Janice Scott.
 In 1960, the film was adapted into a television series with the same title.

Sequel
In 1978, the sequel International Velvet was released. The film stars Tatum O'Neal, Christopher Plummer, Anthony Hopkins, and Nanette Newman, who plays Velvet Brown as an adult. After the events of National Velvet, Donald got married, had a daughter named Sarah Velvet Brown, and moved from England to Cave Creek, Arizona. Sarah comes to live with Velvet and her boyfriend John after Donald and his wife die from their injuries in a car accident. Elizabeth Taylor did not reprise her role as Velvet in the sequel.

See also
 List of films about horse racing

References

External links

1944 films
American children's drama films
Films about women's sports
Films about horses
American horse racing films
Films adapted into television shows
Films based on British novels
Films set in England
Films set in Sussex
Films shot in California
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award-winning performance
Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award
United States National Film Registry films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films produced by Pandro S. Berman
Films directed by Clarence Brown
Films scored by Herbert Stothart
1944 drama films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

National Velvet (film)


Peter Schlechtriem (March 2, 1933, in Jena – April 23, 2007, in Freiburg im Breisgau) was a German jurisprudential scholar.

Biography
Peter H. Schlechtriem was born March 2, 1933, in Jena (Germany) and studied law at the University of Hamburg and the Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg. After having passed both his State Examinations in law, he in 1964 received the title of Doctor iuris from the Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg for his dissertation on foreign inheritance law. In 1965 the University of Chicago Law School awarded him a Master of Comparative Law. Peter Schlechtriem subsequently returned to Freiburg where in 1970 he completed his Habilitation with a substantial book on the relationship between liability in contracts and tort, written under the supervision of Ernst von Caemmerer.

In 1971 he was offered professorships at both the University of Erlangen and the University of Heidelberg. He accepted the chair in Heidelberg, where he headed the Institute for Foreign and International Private Law. In 1977, he accepted a professorship in Freiburg and became the successor of his academic teacher Ernst von Caemmerer. When being offered a chair by the University of Vienna (Austria) in 1984, he declined.

Work
Peter Schlechtriem's academic work focused on the law of contracts, comparative law and international uniform law. His two textbooks on the German law of contracts, contributions to commentaries and numerous articles have significantly influenced the development of the law in Germany and abroad. His article-by-article commentary on the 1980 Vienna Sales Convention (CISG), published both the German and in English, has been particularly successful. Peter Schlechtriem's writings have been translated into a number of languages.

Peter Schlechtriem served on numerous international commissions. He was a member of the German delegation at the Diplomatic Conference in Vienna that adopted the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods in 1980. During the creation of the new Civil Codes of Estonia, Lithuania, Russia and Slovakia, he acted as a consultant and advisor. Peter Schlechtriem was a member if the Commission for the Reform of the German Law of contracts (Kommission zur Reform des deutschen Schuldrechts) and thus exercised considerable influence on the new general law of contracts and law of sales in force in Germany since 2002. He acted as a member of the German Council on International Private Law, of the UNIDROIT Working Group on the development of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts 2004, of the Study Group for a European Civil Code and was an Advisor of both the American Law Institute and the National Conference of Commissioners of Uniform State Laws in the United States.
From 1990 until 1997, Peter Schlechtriem was President of the German Gesellschaft für Rechtsvergleichung. He served as the first Chairman of the CISG Advisory Council (from 2001 until 2004).

Honours and international recognition
Peter Schlechtriem served as a Visiting Professor at the University of Chicago Law School, Harvard Law School, Victoria University of Wellington, the University of Fribourg (Switzerland), the University of Zurich and Oxford University. In 1995 he received a Doctorate honoris causa from the University of Basle, and in 2002 a Doctorate honoris causa from the University of Tartu (Estonia). He became a Fellow of St. Catherine's College in Oxford in 2001. Peter Schlechtriem was a member of the International Academy of Comparative Law. On occasion of his 70th birthday in 2003, he was presented with a substantial Festschrift.

Selected publications
 Schlechtriem, Vertragsordnung und außervertragliche Haftung, Frankfurt am Main (1972)
 Schlechtriem & Schwenzer, Kommentar zum Einheitlichen UN-Kaufrecht - CISG -, 4th ed., Munich: C.H. Beck (2004),
 Schlechtriem, Commentary on the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press (2005),
 Schlechtriem, Internationales UN-Kaufrecht, 4th ed., Tübingen: Mohr (2007),

References

1933 births
2007 deaths
Jurists from Thuringia
University of Hamburg alumni
University of Chicago Law School alumni
Harvard Law School faculty
Scholars of comparative law
German legal scholars

Peter Schlechtriem


The National Revolutionary Front for the Liberation and Reconstruction of Haiti () was a rebel group in Haiti that controlled most of the country following the 2004 Haitian coup d'état. It was briefly known as the "Revolutionary Artibonite Resistance Front", after the country's central Artibonite region, before being renamed on February 19, 2004, to emphasize its national scope.

The group can be considered an alliance between two elements within the coup: armed anti-government gangs and former soldiers of the disbanded Haitian army. The most prominent of the gangs was the one based in Gonaïves, formerly known as the "Cannibal Army", that had once supported Jean-Bertrand Aristide but later turned against him. It initiated the coup with its capture of Gonaïves on February 5, 2004. It has been led by Buteur Metayer since the murder (allegedly on Aristide's orders) of Buteur's brother, Amiot Metayer, in late 2003.

Following the capture of Gonaïves, the rebels quickly moved into several neighboring towns, expelling the police from them. Some of these, such as Saint-Marc, were retaken by the police and pro-Aristide militants within days, however. On February 14, the rebels were reinforced by opponents of the government who had returned from exile in the Dominican Republic: 20 former soldiers, led by Louis-Jodel Chamblain, a former militia leader who headed army death squads in 1987 and a militia known as the Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haïti (FRAPH), which killed and maimed at least 4,000 people, and raped and tortured thousands more in the early 1990s. By February 17, the rebel forces had captured the central town of Hinche, near the Dominican border. According to reports, this attack was led by Chamblain. The rebels also controlled most of the roads connecting the central Artibonite province with the north and south of the country.

It has been alleged that, from 2001 to 2004, the United States Government funded and implemented training operations for a group of 600 anti-Aristide paramilitary soldiers, with the approval of the Dominican Republic's president, Hipolito Mejia.This training was allegedly carried out by roughly 200 members of the US Special Forces. Among the soldiers trained during this operation were known human-rights violators, Guy Philippe and Louis-Jodel Chamblain.

On February 4, 2004, the paramilitary groups led by Buteur Metayer, Guy Philippe, and Louis-Jodel Chamblain began marching on the capital of Haiti, Port-au-Prince. On February 22, the rebels captured the country's second-largest city, Cap-Haïtien. By February 25, nearly the entire north was in rebel hands, and the rebels were threatening to attack the capital, Port-au-Prince. On February 29, Aristide resigned under intense pressure from the United States Government and an impending attack from rebel groups, including the National Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Haiti. Aristide was Haiti's first democratically elected president. April 24, 2004, Louis-Jodel Chamblain surrendered to Haitian authorities after being convicted in absentia of the slaughter of dozens in Haiti in 1999.

Notes

Politics of Haiti
Political organizations based in Haiti
History of Haiti


Richardson-Bates House is a historic home located at Oswego in Oswego County, New York. It is constructed primarily of brick and built in two stages. The main section is a -story, Tuscan Villa style brick residence with a gable roof and 4-story tower designed by architect Andrew Jackson Warner about 1867. The interior features carved woodwork by Louis Lavonier. The South wing addition included a private library, formal dining room and kitchen that was completed in 1889.

The house and its contents were donated to the Oswego Historical Society in 1947. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

References

External links
Richardson-Bates House Museum, City of Oswego
http://www.rbhousemuseum.org/

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Historic house museums in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1867
Museums in Oswego County, New York
Houses in Oswego County, New York
Oswego, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Oswego County, New York

Richardson-Bates House


Icade SA is a multinational real estate investment trust (REIT) that is headquartered in Issy-les-Moulineaux, Paris, France and is a subsidiary of Caisse des dépôts et consignations. The name is an abbreviation of Immobilière Caisse des Dépôts. It invests in various types of properties including health care, offices, business parks, housing and public facilities. It is one of the largest property businesses of France. Icade became the leading commercial real-estate company for offices and business parks in the Ile-de-France region, is the largest REIT in healthcare sector of France and a key partner of major French cities. The main shareholders are the parent organization and Crédit Agricole.

History
Société Centrale Immobilière de la Caisse des dépôts (SCIC) was founded in 1954 as a subsidiary of Caisse des dépôts et consignations. The company was a housing construction project owner in France, and was particularly active in the Paris region. During the 1950s and 1960s, it worked with a number of architects to build housing at Sarcelles (France's first large-scale programme, with over 10,000 housing units), Créteil, Mourenx, Épinay-sur-Seine and Gagny. It was not until the 1980s that it started investing in non residential/public properties. By the end of the 1980s it owned around 200,000 rental homes.

SCIC was renamed Icade SA in 2003, and its capital opened up to external shareholders.

The initial public offering of Icade at the Euronext Paris on 12 April 2006 was valued at €2,64 billion.

Icade gained SIIC (REIT outside France) eligibility in 2007 after combining many of its subsidiaries.

Since 2007, Icade has been gradually selling its housing real-estate assets and service activities, to focus on tertiary sector real-estate.

In 2009, the French government considered Icade as a potential "asset in the strategic investment fund that will be key to reviving France's economy". However, this did not ultimately come to pass. In late 2009, Icade acquired Compagnie la Lucette from Morgan Stanley.

On November 13, 2009 Icade sold about 4745 housing units to a group of 25 social housing investors representing another company SNI. That move brought the number of residential units sold or committed for sale in late 2009 to early 2010 up to 29,452. The value of assets divested adds up to about €2 billion.

In the summer of 2010 Icade reached an agreement with MVRDV to develop part of France's first Eco-quarters, a residential complex made up of low energy buildings a first for France.

Icade and Silic merged on 31 December 2013. Since the merger, the new company has divested a number of assets in order to finance new construction projects and acquire more assets outside of France.

On February 17, 2015, Chairman and CEO of Icade, Serge Grzybowski, resigns. Icade SA appoints Jean-Paul Faugere as Chairman of the Board of Icade and Nathalie Palladitcheff as Chief Executive Officer on a temporary basis.

In April 2017 the Icade subsidiary Santé acquired a polyclinic in southwest France and a reception center in Saint-Germé for 52 million euros in total.

In 2017 Icade acquired ANF for 400 million euro. The merger into Icade was completed on 29 June 2018.

In December 2018 Icade sold their main office in Issy-les-Moulineaux for 100 million euro. They continue to occupy the building as a tenant.

In 2018 Icade bought several retirement homes for 100 million euro in Italy. In 2019 it acquired 19 long-term care homes in Germany.

Key figures

Assets
Icade's assets include offices, shopping centres, business parks, healthcare facilities.
 Offices: In France, Icade handles office properties most of which are located in and around Paris.
 Business parks: Icade's business parks are located in Paris, Saint-Denis, Aubervilliers, Rungis, Nanterre-Seine, Colombes...
 Icade owns two shopping centres: Le Millénaire in Aubervilliers (north-eastern Paris suburbs), opened in April 2011 (50%-owned by Klépierre) and "Le Parc de Fresnes".

The alternative assets portfolio (Icade Santé) : Icade owns 62 establishments as at 30/06/2014.

Many of the buildings in La Défense belong to Icade.

References

External links

Real estate companies of France
Companies based in Paris
Real estate companies established in 1954
1954 establishments in France
Companies listed on Euronext Paris

Icade


The Atlanta and West Point Rail Road  was a railroad in the U.S. state of Georgia, forming the east portion of the Atlanta-Selma West Point Route. The company was chartered in 1847 as the Atlanta and LaGrange Rail Road and renamed in 1857; construction of the  gauge line was begun in 1849-50 and completed in May 1854. A large minority interest owned by the Georgia Railroad and Banking Company eventually passed under the control of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (ACL), which later acquired a majority of the stock.

In the late 20th century restructuring, through the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad (SCL), successor to the ACL, the A&WP came under the Family Lines System banner in 1972.  Years later in June 1983, it was merged into the Seaboard System Railroad, successor to the SCL. The former A&WP property is now owned by CSX Transportation.

In 1967 A&WP reported 232 million revenue ton-miles of freight and 3 million passenger-miles on  of road operated.

History

The AWP and the Western Railway of Alabama had financial backing from the parent company of the Georgia Railroad and Banking Company. From 1886 onward the AWP and the Western operated essentially as one railroad under the name "West Point Route". In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the three were controlled through joint lease by the Central of Georgia Railroad and the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (through assignment by its majority owner, the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad).

The CofG sold its interest in 1944. The lines eventually fell under the control of the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad, as a result of a merger between the Atlantic Coast Line and the Seaboard Air Line. All of these lines, plus the Clinchfield Railroad, became the Family Lines System in the 1970s, though all the lines maintained separate corporate identities. Those identities became "fallen flags" when the group was renamed Seaboard System Railroad (SBD). In 1986 SBD merged with Chessie System to form CSX Transportation.

The former AWP line remains in full service today, although  This was 16 months before Amtrak took over most of the nation's long-distance passenger trains. (The Central of Georgia's Man o' War continued to operate for several more months over the A&WP rail line.) The Atlanta & West Point name ended in June 1983, when the railroad company was absorbed by the Seaboard System.

One of AWP's most notable steam locomotives, heavy Pacific AWP 290, survived and was restored to operational status in 1989. The 290 pulled steam excursions around Atlanta from 1989 to 1992 for the "New Georgia Railroad," including a special excursion from Atlanta to Montgomery along the original West Point Route.

List of stations

These stations existed as of 1867.

Trains departed from Atlanta at 12:15PM and arrived there at 8:37AM. West Point was the connecting point further west via the Montgomery and West Point Railroad.

See also

Lemuel P. Grant
Atlanta and West Point 290

References

External links
 Railga.com
 Railroads and the Battle of West Point
 Old Alabama Rails — West Point Route
 Atlanta and West Point Railroad, Passenger Depot, Newnan, Georgia, one of many drawings related to the Atlanta and West Point Railroad in the Georgia State Archives.
 "Steam Locomotion at High Tide!" historical marker, Georgia Info

Defunct Georgia (U.S. state) railroads
Railway lines in Atlanta
Seaboard System Railroad
Predecessors of CSX Transportation
Former Class I railroads in the United States
Standard gauge railways in the United States
Railway companies established in 1857
Railway companies disestablished in 1986
5 ft gauge railways in the United States
1857 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)

Atlanta and West Point Railroad