Blackrock College () is a voluntary day and boarding Catholic secondary school for boys aged 13–18, in Williamstown, Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland. It was founded by French missionary Jules Leman in 1860 as a school and later became also a civil service training centre.

The college,  from Dublin city centre, is just in from the sea, and is self-contained, with boarding and teaching facilities in 56 acres of parkland. It accommodates approximately 1,000 day and boarding students. As of 2023, Blackrock is run by the Congregation of the Holy Ghost in close co-operation with a dedicated group of lay personnel.

History
The college was founded in 1860 by Jules Leman, a French missionary with the Congregation of the Holy Ghost, and was the first of the order's five schools in Ireland. Leman had a dual aim, namely to train personnel for missionary service in the Third World and to provide a first-class Roman Catholic education for Irish boys. It was originally known as the French College by the locals. A civil service training and university department (where students were examined and had degrees conferred by the Royal University of Ireland) was later added and operated for over forty years, until University College Dublin grew, and the school focused more on the secondary curriculum.

Although never a seminary, some ordinations have taken place in Blackrock College. The first ordination there was on 22 April 1900, when Emile Allgeyer (a former student of Blackrock and the first to be made a bishop), ordained Joseph Shanahan who later became a bishop and has a house named after him within the school. From 1924 until 1933 the Holy Ghost Fathers studied theology at Blackrock Castle, before returning to Kimmage Manor.

In June 1932, college president John Charles McQuaid, hosted a large garden party on the grounds of the college to welcome the papal legate, Lorenzo Lauri, where the many hundreds of bishops assembled for the Eucharistic Congress of Dublin (1932) had the opportunity to mingle with a huge gathering of distinguished guests, including president of the executive council, Éamon de Valera, and others who had paid a modest subscription fee.

Heraldry
The coat of arms of the college is the third creation, dating back to 1936, and shows a blue cross and a dove in its natural colours on a silver field, with a lion rampant in the first quarter. This is blazoned in the 1937 College Annual as follows:
ARGENT: - On a Cross Azure, the Dove of the Holy Ghost, Proper, with seven Rays descendant, Or. In the first quarter a Lion rampant of the second.

On 30 April 1926 Leen at a sports day speech encapsulated the words Fides et Robur, which henceforth became the Rock motto. In 1928, a new College Crest, bearing four emblems around a blue cross was hurriedly officiated, primarily to show off the motto over the college's specially built new front gates. Not everyone was happy with this design and possible variations of a new design may have been experimented with; evidence exists that both in the crest and in the uniform, by reason of fault or debate, and most likely between 1928 and 1936, a distinctive crest had been "with nine rays descendant, Or". In 1936, McQuaid instigated a new and distinctive crest that to this day is in continual use (unchecked variations and wayward deviations are contracted into stores by stationery and uniform suppliers). It was adopted on blazers that year and a heraldic description of the arms of the college was published (though not officially registered) in the 1937 Blackrock College Annual. It was commissioned into stained glass in 1938, presumably in its true and intended likeness and survives today at the end of one of the house corridors, though its conformity to the true heraldic interpretations is not accurate; "a Lion Rampant of the second" would correctly reveal only a blue silhouette of a rampant lion, that is, minus any fine caricature details so apparent in the existing variations.

Status and operation
Blackrock is now run by the Congregation of the Holy Ghost in close co-operation with a dedicated group of lay personnel. The annual fees for students in 2011 were €6,300 for day boys, €17,250 for boarders and €18,250 for overseas boarders.

The college and its sister schools in Ireland are today held in trust by the Des Places Educational Association, which, as the college's patron, aims to maintain the Spiritan ethos in all five schools – Blackrock, Rockwell, St. Mary's, St. Michael's and Templeogue – conducted by the Congregation of the Holy Spirit in Ireland.

Curriculum
The curriculum offered is broad, covering all common subjects in the State Examinations including Latin, German, art, music, business, materials technology wood, science and history. Inspections by the Department of Education found exemplary standards of teaching and learning. The Irish Times placed the college in the "Top Ten" schools in the state, based on the proportion of students who accept a place in higher or further education. There are dedicated facilities for home economics and materials technology.

College buildings
The college consists mainly of two buildings, the junior cycle and transition year building and the more modern senior cycle building. These two buildings are connected via the central St. Patricks Corridor and the entrance corridor.  Several other wings contain community facilities as well as other classrooms and subject-specific rooms.  The quadrangle or "quad" is a large green area surrounded by the senior wing, the chapel and St. Mary's Corridor.  The campus is  and contains nine rugby pitches, a cricket lawn, an athletics track, an indoor swimming pool, a gym, six tennis courts, basketball courts, hammer throw field and indoor halls.

Apart from classrooms and three study halls, there are nine science laboratories, a woodwork room, a radio studio, three computer rooms, digital communications and graphics room, an art room, a choir hall, a multimedia room and a home economics kitchen.  The college also contains a refectory, chapel, creative arts and digital learning centre, lecture halls and a stage which hosts student-run dramatic productions.  The college is undergoing an extensive modernisation programme, currently, the pitches are being transformed and roads around the school rerouted.

Boarding school
The boarding school is housed in Williamstown Castle (known by students as "The Castle"). Williamstown Castle was built around 1780 on lands rented by the Fitzwilliams, later Pembrokes, to Counsellor William Vavasour. It resembled other spacious houses in the area including Willow Park and Castledawson, but a later owner, Thomas O'Mara, extensively redeveloped the building and its surrounds, adding the castellated finish, hence making it into a 'castle'. O'Mara had acted as an election agent for Daniel O'Connell, who dined in the castle on occasion, and for years a portrait of O'Connell adorned the room which is now the oratory. Niall MacDermott is the director of boarding in the college. The boarding school contains around 100 students. Boarding is available from first year up to sixth year. Some day boys join the boarding school in 6th year in preparation for their Leaving Certificate.  Boarders are allowed to leave the castle with permission.

Extra curricular activities

Field sports
Sport is viewed as an integral part of a Blackrock College pupils education and each pupil is expected to participate in some activity. The principal sport in the college is rugby, with Blackrock having won the Leinster Schools Senior Cup 70 times (a figure larger than every other teams wins combined).

It has also won the Leinster Schools Junior Cup 51 times. Blackrock won the inaugural cup competition held in 1887 and has been consistently the most successful team, winning the cup at least three times in every decade since.

Retired Blackrock rugby union players include Fergus Slattery, Niall Brophy, Hugo MacNeill and Brendan Mullin (all playing before rugby union was professional), former British and Irish Lions, Ireland and Leinster captain Brian O'Driscoll, Shane Byrne, Victor Costello,  Luke Fitzgerald, and the current Leinster Rugby head coach and former Irish international Leo Cullen. Current professional players include Bristol and Ireland's Ian Madigan, Leinster and Ireland players Garry Ringrose, Caelan Doris and Jordi Murphy, Munster and Ireland's Andrew Conway and Joey Carbery, Sale Sharks and US Eagles' AJ MacGinty and multiple others around Ireland and the world.

Gaelic football is played in 4th year in the college. Past pupils Mark Vaughan and Niall Corkery are forwards on the Dublin Gaelic football team. The school also has a hurling team for 2nd and 3rd years. Five members of the All Ireland Club Championship winning Kilmacud Crokes team of 2008–09 were past pupils of Blackrock College.  The college has a soccer team for its senior pupils in 4th, 5th and 6th years.  In 2003 a team from the school won the Leinster and All-Ireland U-17s schools cup.

Swimming

The college has a swimming team, which combines 1st to 6th year. The college competes in Leinster Senior Schools and has won the senior relay cup multiple times, most recently in 2017, and the Irish senior schools, regularly making finals and achieving gold in 2017.  The school has two  swimming pools on the grounds. The junior school Willow Park also has a swimming team.  The college has teams in other water sports such as water polo and 4th years participate in rowing.

Other games

Table tennis is another one of the college's sports with many of its students participating. Many players come from 2nd year with older years fielding fewer numbers. 2010 saw the Blackrock Senior A team retain the Leinster Schools Senior Cup, won for the first time in 2009, while the seniors also won the Leinster Senior League for the first time since 1968, as well as reaching the final of the Senior All Irelands for the first time. 2010 saw the junior team reach the Junior Cup final for the 3rd year in a row, however in 2008 and 2009 the Blackrock Junior A team completed the Leinster double, with victories in both Junior Cup and Junior League, and also reached the final of the Junior All Irelands in both seasons. In 2010, the Senior A team competed in the World Schools Championships for the first time.

The college has its own basketball team run by teachers as well as professional coaches.  The college has three outdoor basketball courts and different indoor basketball courts on the grounds. One indoor basketball court is in Willow Park gym, and one is in the Jubilee Hall while the introduction of the new sports hall provides a professional basketball court and spectator area.

The school has a tennis team divided between minors, juniors and seniors. They practise and play their home matches on the college's four tennis courts. 1st years in Willow Park also play on the college's tennis teams. The college also has teams in other sports such as cricket, golf, rowing and Judo. Cricket has been played since the foundation of the school in 1860. There has been a renaissance on the cricket pitch in the last 10 years since the building of the new sports hall which is fully equipped with 2 full-sized practice lanes. This investment in cricket has helped the college to win its first Junior Cricket Trophy since 1964 and reach its first Senior Cup Final since 1961.  Other sports include rowing, badminton and a full athletics programme.

Cycling

Blackrock College and Willow Park share a cycling club called the Willow Wheelers, run by Christy McDaid. The club has an annual trip abroad to either France or The Netherlands each Easter, recently in Cap D'Agde.  It also has hostel trips to Clare and Donegal at the end of the school year. The club has an annual  cycle for charity which has raised around 150,000 euro in the past few years. The club cycles every Sunday to varying destinations around Dublin.

Athletics

The college has an athletics team and encourages participation in both track events and field events.  The college also has a cross-country team which competes regionally.  The school organises the annual Blackrock College Invitational, inviting top athletic schools (CBC Monkstown, St Gerards School, St Michael's College, Dublin and The King's Hospital to compete as a preliminary to the annual provincial and national competitions.  The athletics team participates in the East Leinster, Leinster and Ireland Athletic championships at under-14s to under-18s annually.

The arts

Each year, opera productions are staged in conjunction with Mount Anville (senior musical) and Loreto Abbey, Dalkey (2nd and 4th-year musical), two nearby schools for girls.

Debating is a tradition dating back to the school's founding in the 1860s. There are separate clubs for junior and senior pupils. One of the college alumni, Shane Murphy (now a Senior Counsel), won the 1985 World University Debating Championship at McGill University, representing the Honourable Society of the King's Inns. The college holds gold medal debates for every academic year giving the students the opportunity to win the medal on prize day if they win the debate. The gold medal debates are used in the sixth year to select an eligible valedictorian for the year, who gives his address at both the graduation mass and again at prize day. The college's debaters participate in many competitions including the L&H debates in UCD.

The college has two main choirs: the Leman and the Libermann choirs. The Leman choir has members from the 2nd, 4th, 5th and 6th years. The best of the senior members of the Leman choir are accepted into the Libermann choir.  In 2013, a group of students from the college's Leman choir reached the final of the All Island Choir Competition.  The college has a choir for boarders and another for parents. The college has a youth orchestra.  Each year, all the choirs and the orchestra host the annual Leman Concert in the National Concert Hall.

Blackrock College Radio

A transition year program to set up and maintain a radio station, broadcasting to the surrounding south Dublin area, is undertaken annually. All of the administrative work, promotion and content-creation is the labour of transition year students. The station also allows programming submissions from other schools to be broadcast. It's the only second-level radio project that broadcasts nine and a half hours a day (8:00 am to 5:30 pm), five days a week. The station has a mix of programmes from its current affairs programming to its guest programming. Blackrock College Radio has featured many famous and influential guests including Enda Kenny, while in office as Taoiseach, Neil Flynn, Ryan Tubridy, Eamon Gilmore, Leo Cullen, Mary Hannifin, Micheál Martin, Ruairi Quinn, Brent Pope, David Norris, The Heathers, Bobby Kerr, and Denis O'Brien.

Seachtain na Gaeilge

Each year a Seachtain na Gaeilge (literally, "Week of Irish") is organised to promote the Irish language in the school. The Irish department organises events each year to mark this occasion including ceili dance, poc fada (longest hit) and screens Irish films. This co-curricular activity was particularly commended in a Department of Education inspection, which also recommended its further development.

Social work

The school donates most of its funds raised during the first term (September to October) to St Vincent De Paul and in the second and third terms the focus is mainly on Goal, Aidlink and the Willow Wheelers humanitarian projects; all of which provide international aid.

GOAL and Aidlink
Up until 2017, the Transition Year students organised the annual St. Patrick's Day Badge appeal which raised large sums of money throughout Ireland for the Irish charities GOAL and Aidlink. Goal organized a trip to India in both 2012 and 2013 to the Transition Year boys, inviting them to see the projects which they helped fund through their Badge campaigns.

St. Vincent De Paul

The school also has a long-standing relationship with the Society of St. Vincent de Paul, contributing large sums of money raised through various projects. For example, the proceeds of the annual sale of Christmas trees in the college are donated.  In 2007, the Christmas tree project raised €93,000 and the total amount raised for the Society in that year is estimated to be in excess of €150,000.  Other projects for St Vincent De Paul include the second and third-year duck races, which raise money through sponsorship.  Christmas hampers are also packed and delivered by students and their families in the run-up to the holiday.  This provides some families with the necessary supplies of food for the period.

Willow Wheelers

The college supports humanitarian projects in Sub-Saharan Africa, mainly through the college's cycling club, the Willow Wheelers. In 2006, their annual sponsored  cycle raised in excess of €60,000.  The club also annually sends a group of self-funded volunteers to help with humanitarian projects in Africa, most commonly: establishing clean water supplies for villages and constructing schoolhouses, infirmaries or similar institutions.  Transition year students who are members of the cycling club are invited to see the club's projects throughout the world and to understand how their raised funds are spent.  The students usually visit Ethiopia, and have visited Vietnam.

Rock Reaches Out To Kenya
The school's 6th-year students have the opportunity to travel to the school in Kenya every year after the leaving certificate examinations. The school is to be run by the Spiritans, who also run Blackrock College.

Past pupils' efforts

Bob Geldof, initiator of the Band Aid and Live Aid movements for famine relief in the 1980s, was a student at the college. Frank Duff, the founder of the Legion of Mary, the Catholic lay movement, is also a past pupil. In his memoirs, Straight Left: A Journey in Politics Ruairi Quinn cites the ethos and "sense of solidarity" with the Third World that was imparted to students, including Bob Geldof, as a formative force. The Holy Ghost Fathers were (and remain) an active missionary order in Africa. He wrote:

Associated primary schools
Willow Park School, a private primary school that acts as the college's principal feeder, is also run by the order and is situated on the same campus. Until the early 1970s, St. Michael's College in Ballsbridge was also a feeder school for Blackrock College, but now has classes up to the Leaving Certificate.

Controversies

Child sexual abuse
Members of the Spiritans have been associated with a number of child sexual abuse cases in Ireland; the Spiritans acknowledged in 2022 that they had paid out over €5m (£4.4m) in settlements for sexual abuse cases since 2004. In 2022 the Garda Síochána were involved in the investigation; 233 people had made allegations against 77 members of the Spiritans. Martin Kelly, leader of the Spiritans, admitted and apologised for abuse. At least six abusers are known to have operated at Blackrock College; in November 2022, it was reported that 57 people had alleged that they had been abused on campus.

Past pupils

The Blackrock College Union represents former students of the college, organises many charitable events throughout the year, assists the school (e.g., mentoring, management assistance, advice) and organises social events for members. There are branches in Ireland and across the world.

Early Free State ministers such as Art O'Connor (secretary for agriculture 1921–1922), and Éamon de Valera, six times Taoiseach and the 3rd president of Ireland, studied and later taught in Blackrock. Modern politicians include Eoin O'Broin, Ruairi Quinn (a former minister and leader of the Labour Party) and Barry Andrews, a former junior minister. Many businessmen have also attended the school such as David J. O'Reilly, chairman and former CEO of Chevron Corporation, and Brendan O'Regan, founder of Shannon Airport and proponent of the Irish peace and reconciliation process. Philip R. Lane (governor of the central bank), Ronan Dunne (EVP and group president of Verizon Wireless) also attended the college.

Writer Flann O'Brien, and journalist and scholar Tim Pat Coogan, were students of the school. Alumni in the fine arts include designer Paul Costelloe, composer Michael McGlynn and visual artist Robert Ballagh. The Holy Ghost Order has a long tradition of missionaries. Frank Duff, founder of the Legion of Mary, is perhaps the best-known. Singer, songwriter, author and political activist Bob Geldof was also a student at the college. Eminent handbag designer Pauric Sweeney also calls Blackrock his alma mater. Radio and TV personality Ryan Tubridy attended the college. Singer-songwriter and producer Jonathon Ng (better known as EDEN) attended Blackrock, and in 2014 a video was posted on the college's YouTube account of Ng performing a song entitled "Amnesia".

The college places a heavy emphasis on sport. Past pupils include Ireland internationals Brian O'Driscoll, former Ireland and Lions captain, Luke Fitzgerald, Victor Costello, a 20-year Leinster, Ireland and Blackrock College RFC veteran, who also represented Ireland in shot putting at the Olympics, Leo Cullen, former captain, now coach of the Leinster Rugby team and Shane Byrne, Leinster and Ireland professional rugby player.
The current Ireland international team includes Ian Madigan,  Jordi Murphy, Garry Ringrose, Andrew Conway and Joey Carbery,
other Rugby internationals Include Vasily Artemyev (formerly of Russia), AJ MacGinty (USA) and Dylan Fawsitt (USA)

In other games, Michael Cusack, founder of the Gaelic Athletic Association taught at the school and played early forms of hurling with the pupils. Golfer John O'Leary (winner of the Carrolls Irish Open), Alan Lee (Ireland soccer international) and Joey O'Meara (who represented Ireland in both Hockey and Cricket), also went to Blackrock. Retired Dublin GAA footballer Cian O'Sullivan and professional golfer Paul Dunne attended the college.

Notes

References
Seán P. Farragher, Annroai Wyer, Blackrock College 1860–1995 (Dublin: Paraclete Press, 1995)
Seán P. Farragher, Père Leman (1826–1880): Educator and Missionary, Founder of Blackrock College (Dublin: Paraclete Press, 1988)
Seán P. Farragher, The French Blackrock College 1860–1896 (Dublin: Paraclete Press, 2011)
Paddy Murray, ed. 'Fearless and Bold': A Celebration of Blackrock College (London: Third Millennium, 2009)

External links
 Blackrock College - official website

Boys' schools in the Republic of Ireland
Private schools in the Republic of Ireland
Educational institutions established in 1860
Secondary schools in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown
Catholic boarding schools in Ireland
Catholic secondary schools in the Republic of Ireland
Blackrock, Dublin
Boarding schools in Ireland
Spiritan schools
1860 establishments in Ireland

Blackrock College


Munroe Falls is a city in the east-central portion of Summit County, Ohio, United States, between Stow and Tallmadge. It is a suburb of Akron and is part of the Akron Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 5,012 at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in Ohio

Munroe Falls, Ohio


Augusto Bracca (23 April 1918 – 25 December 2012) was a Venezuelan  folk composer.

Biography

Bracca was born in Trinidad de Orichuna, Apure.  In addition to his activity as a composer, he became a singer, through the help of Cándido Herrera, who also helped him in the interpretation of his compositions.

Augusto Bracca recognised in the singers José Catire Carpio and Juan de los Santos Contreras (El Carrao de Palmarito) two of his best interpreters. The former recorded, among others, two of the most famous pieces in his career -  "Mi llano es un paraíso" and "Mi rancho llanero", and the latter made popular the famous piece "Chaparralito llanero".

There are many other singers who have successfully interpreted works of Augusto Bracca, for instance Eneas Perdomo, and Roiman Meza with the song Traigo polvo del camino, Cristóbal Jiménez with  Dios te puso en mi camino, and Edith Salcedo, who recorded Amorcito de mi vida; also the Cuarteto Pueblo, María Teresa Chacín, Quinto Criollo, Lila Moreno, Juan Galea and Lilia Madrigal. The compositions of Bracca have travelled beyond the borders of Venezuela, to become favourite pieces of singers like Javier Solis, Olimpo Cárdenas, Irma Dorante and the Mariachi México.

Some of his most famous songs are: A mi ranchito escondido, Alto Apure, Amorcito de mi vida, Chaparralito llanero, Cariño lindo, El beso que te di, El negro José, Fiesta llanera en Elorza, Lindo amanecer, Traigo polvo del camino yo no olvido mi llanura, Qué bonito es Camaguán, among others.

Bracca died in Guasdualito, Apure, on December 25, 2012, aged 94.

See also
Venezuela
Venezuelan music

References

 Venezuelan cuatro blog

1918 births
2012 deaths
Venezuelan composers
Male composers
Venezuelan folk musicians
People from Apure

Augusto Bracca


Agne Bergvall (born 13 October 1962 in Växjö Sweden) is a Swedish athletics coach.

Bergvall is the head coach for heptathlon (pentathlon indoors) star Carolina Klüft. He was also physical rehabilitation and development coach for hurdlers Susanna and Jenny Kallur between 2005–2007, until the sisters broke off because they were concerned about injuries from Bergvall's allegedly tough training. Other athletes he has coached include the Danish handball team. Since 2006 he is also the responsible fitness coach of Malmö FF.

Bergvall also serves as coach for IFK Växjö and is a frequent speaker on issues of leadership in sports and physical development.

Before switching to coaching he was a decent athlete competing in decathlon on national level (PB 6.509 p).

References

1962 births
Living people
Swedish decathletes
Swedish athletics coaches
People from Växjö
Sportspeople from Kronoberg County

Agne Bergvall


Six's Maximum and Minimum thermometer is a thermometer that can show the maximum and minimum temperatures of a time period. British scientist James Six invented it  in 1780. The same basic design is still in use.

Design
It is made of a U-shaped glass tube with two separate temperature scales. There is a scale on each arm of the U. One is for recording the maximum temperature  and the other for the minimum temperature. The arms of the U-shaped tube end in sealed glass bulbs. The bulb at the top of the minimum reading scale arm is full of alcohol,  the other tube contains a vacuum (or low pressure alcohol vapour).

How it works
In the bend of the U is a bit of mercury, a metal that is liquid at room temperature. This is pushed around by the thermal expansion and contraction of the alcohol in the first bulb as it responds to the outside temperature. The vacuum in the other bulb allows free movement of the alcohol and mercury. It is the metal indices that measures the temperature; the mercury shows the temperature reading on both scales. This is unlike a normal mercury thermometer, in which the expansion and contraction of mercury itself indicate temperature.

The maximum and minimum readings are recorded by two small steel markers which are sprung into the capillary tube so that they can slide, but only if a force is applied to them, either by being pushed by the mercury or under the influence of an external magnet.

Before a new maximum or minimum reading can be taken, the thermometer must be reset by moving the markers to the top of the mercury. This is usually done by hand with a small magnet to slide them along the tube. Any change in temperature after that will push one of the markers along with it.

If the temperature rises, the maximum scale marker will be pushed. If it falls, the moving mercury will push the minimum scale marker. As the temperature varies, the markers will remain in their positions unless the temperature becomes higher (for maximum) or lower (for minimum) than already recorded, in which case the relevant marker is pushed further. For this reason, the markers  record the furthest point reached by the mercury in each arm of the tube. This corresponds to the highest and lowest temperatures since the last reset. Typically the thermometer is reset every day to measure temperature changes.

References

Thermometers

Six's thermometer


The Sea Wolf is a lost 1920 American drama film based upon the 1904 novel by Jack London, directed by George Melford, and starring Noah Beery as the brutal sea captain Wolf Larsen, sometimes referred to as "The Sea Wolf." The supporting cast includes Mabel Julienne Scott, Tom Forman, Raymond Hatton, and A. Edward Sutherland.

The film was remade twenty-one years later with Edward G. Robinson in Beery's role.

Plot
As described in a film magazine, Wolf Larsen (Beery), captain of the sealing steamer The Ghost, receives a severe blow to his head in a fight with his brother Death Larsen (Gordon) on the day he is to sail. Following the wreck of a ferry boat, rich idler Humphrey Van Weyden (Forman) and his fiancee Maud Brewster (Scott) are picked up by Larson's crew. Wolf refuses to put the couple ashore and makes Humphrey the cabin boy. George Leach (Sutherland), the former cabin boy, and sailor Old Man Johnson (Huntley), enraged at Wolf for his brutal treatment, throw him and mate Black Harris (Long) overboard. The mate is drowned but Wolf comes up the log-line and then over the side on deck, where he beats up his whole crew. The Ghost reaches the seal grounds. Death Larson's ship comes into sight, and Death and part of his crew attempt to board Wolf's ship, but Wolf has them bound and gagged. That night Wolf steers his ship into a fog bank to escape Death's ship. Wolf goes to Maud's cabin and attacks her, and Humphrey puts up a losing fight. At the climax Wolf succumbs to a blinding headache. Humphrey and Maud escape in an open boat to an uninhabited island. Wolf's crew deserts and he is left alone on The Ghost, which runs aground on the island. The paralyzed, blind, and helpless Wolf is cared for by Maud. Soon afterwards he dies and the couple are rescued by a revenue cutter.

Cast
Noah Beery	as Wolf Larsen
 Mabel Julienne Scott as Maud Brewster
 Tom Forman as Humphrey Van Weyden
 James Gordon as "Death" Larsen
 Raymond Hatton as Thomas Mugridge, the Cook
 A. Edward Sutherland as George Leach, the Cabin Boy (billed as Eddie Sutherland)
 Walter Long as "Black" Harris, the Mate
 Fred Huntley as Old Man Johnson
 Kamuela C. Searle as A Seaman
 Peggy Pearce in undetermined role

Gallery

References

External links

1920 films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
1920s adventure drama films
American adventure drama films
Films based on The Sea-Wolf
Sea adventure films
Seafaring films
Films directed by George Melford
Lost American films
1920 lost films
Lost adventure drama films
1920 drama films
1920s American films
Silent American drama films
Silent adventure films

The Sea Wolf (1920 film)


Libera Carlier (19 January 1926 in Nijlen – 25 April 2007 in Ekeren) was a Belgian seaman and writer. He attended the Hogere Zeevaartschool (E: higher seagoing school) and was a member of the resistance during World War II. When sixteen years old he ran away from home during the war and tried to reach the United Kingdom, but only got to France and was sent back.
He was married to Joanna Pairoux and has 3 sons: Guy, Robert and Mark.

Being a captain and river pilot, his tales and novels are mainly related to the sea and the sailors. He made his debut with De zondagsslepers (E: The Sunday haulers) in 1957. Well-known works by him are Tussen wal en schip (E: between rampart and ship) (1977), about the inland shipping, and Langs de kade (E: along the quay) (1987) with the port police force in the head role. Both were made into TV series.
Libera has written the screen play for several series including Geschiedenis mijner jeugd (E: Memories of my Youth) based on the work of Hendrik Conscience.

He was nominated for an Emmy Award for the script of de blijde dag by Stijn Streuvels

His work has been translated into both French and Russian.

Bibliography
 De zondagsslepers (1957)
 Duel met de tanker (1957)
 Action Station Go (1958)
 Piraten (1960)
 Het kanaal (1961)
 De vlucht (1962)
 Teder als trotyl (1963)
 De kleine reder (1965) (verhaal uit "Dietsche Warande en Belfort") (In "Vlaamse verhalen van deze tijd")
 Het oosten is rood (1967)
 De luipaard, en andere verhalen (1968)
 Het geheim van Altamare (1969)
 De kikvorsman (1969)
 De grote wedstrijd (1969)
 Varen in ballast (1970)
 Even be-westen Quessant (1974)
 Tussen wal en schip (1977)
 Het koperen schip (1980)
 Geschiedenis mijner jeugd : faction naar Hendrik Conscience (1983)
 Het yacht Bernard (1984)
 Langs de kade (1987)

Awards
 1959 - Arkprijs van het Vrije Woord

See also
 Flemish literature

Sources
 Libera Carlier
 Libera Carlier

1926 births
2007 deaths
Flemish writers
People from Nijlen

Libera Carlier


The China & South Sea Bank Limited (中南銀行) was established in 1921 in Shanghai as a commercial bank. It was founded by Huang Yizhu (黃奕住)   (Oei Ik Tjoe) and Xu Jingren  (徐靜仁) who were overseas Chinese from Indonesia. The bank became one of the few Chinese owned banks to gain public confidence and its banknotes were widely circulated in Shanghai and Hong Kong. The bank continued its mainland operations until September 1951, when its assets were nationalised by the government of the People's Republic of China.

The bank established a branch in Hong Kong in 1934. This branch continued to operate until 2001, when it was absorbed by the Bank of China (Hong Kong).

See also

 Four Northern Banks
 Bank of China
 People's Bank of China

Defunct banks of China
Defunct banks of Hong Kong
Bank of China
Banks based in Shanghai
Banks disestablished in 2001
Banks established in 1921

China & South Sea Bank


Dress boots are short leather boots worn by men. They are built like dress shoes, but with uppers covering the ankle. Dress boots are used instead of shoes in bad weather or rough outdoor situation, and as a traditional option for day time formalwear.

References

Boots

Dress boot


Aeronautical Society of India (AeSI) is the principal Society in India serving the professions in areas of aeronautics, aerospace and aviation. Its stated primary purpose is to "advance the sciences, engineering, technology and management of aerospace, aeronautics and aviation and to foster and promote the professionalism of those engaged in these pursuits".

History

The Aeronautical Society of India a professional body, devoted to advancement of aeronautical sciences and engineering in India, was founded in 1948. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Patron-in-Chief of the Society.

The Society has more than 14000 members drawn from all major aeronautical establishments such as Defence Research & Development Establishments, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, DGCA, Academic Institutions, Aeronautical Development Agency, Indian Air Force, Indian Space Research Organization, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, National Airports Authority of India, Air India, Pawn Hans and private airlines. Most of the organizations / industries in this field in this country and abroad are Corporate Members of the Society.

Currently Shri A.S. Kiran Kumar, Former chairman of ISRO is the President of The Aeronautical Society of India.

Objectives

The objectives of the Society are to promote the advancement and diffusion of the knowledge of aeronautical sciences and aircraft engineering and the elevation of the aeronautical profession.

The Aeronautical Society of India is the only forum in the country that provides intense interaction between professionals from all facets of civil and military aviation as well as the manufacturing/training/maintenance agencies. Over the years, the Aeronautical Society of India has generated large pool of aviation manpower through non-formal education and training programmes.
.

Affiliation

1. Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) [Approval Revoked on 31 May 2013, prior to this date approved by MHRD].

2. AICTE (All India Council For Technical Education) [Received approval on 31 October 2017 for Members registered on or before 31 May 2013].

3. IITs (Indian Institute of Technology) for MTech through GATE (Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering).

Organisation

The Society is managed by a Council consisting of a President, President-Elect, Seven Vice Presidents, the Honorary Secretary General, Honorary Treasurer and fifteen Members, twelve of whom are elected and the other three nominated to represent special interests.

Activities

The Society's activities include fraternization among professionals, promotion of aeronautical activities and policy and increased awareness of indigenous / international information/events through lectures, workshops and seminars on subject of topical interest.

The Society also conducts examinations in aeronautical engineering twice a year. A pass in this examination has been recognized by the Central Government in the Ministry of education as being equivalent to a degree in Aerospace Engineering from an Indian University. Approximately 50 candidates professional graduate every year. The Society is thus rendering a yeoman's service by giving an opportunity to the young to acquire in Aerospace field without straining the educational system and providing flexibility to students to undertake this on a time flexibility basis. It also provides a centralized library facility to its members and students.

The Society publishes a quarterly journal containing Research Papers, Technical Papers, Full length Papers and Students papers on various facets of aeronautical and Aerospace sciences and a Monthly Newsletter.

The Society conducts and Annual Essay competition to recognize and encourage talent among students, engineers and scientist, and awards prizes to winners.

The Society also confers a number of awards for contributions in fundamental / applied research in the field of aeronautics and space, every year.

The society also conduct international conference about manufacturing, R&D with major aerospace companies such as Rolls-Royce, Airbus, and Boeing. A national conference is offered to have better industry interaction, mostly in Bangalore, Mumbai and Delhi.

The society also partly fund to the Indian student who want to release their paper worldwide with technical support.

First Council of the Aeronautical Society of India (year 1948)

President
Shri A.S. Kiran Kumar, former Chairman ISRO

Membership examination

The AeSI conducts Associate Membership Examination twice a year.
In which applicant has to clear a minimum 10 level of Section-A and 10 level of Section- B with training, Internship & projects of this examination which is recognized by the Ministry of Education, at par with a bachelor's degree (BS) in Aerospace Engineering of University from India.

This degree is recognized at par with British Bachelor Honors Degree in Engineering from Accredited UK University.
Also Aeronautical Society of India (AeSI) have MoU with Royal Aeronautical Society (RAes) to have higher degree co-operation between professional bodies.

See also
Rotary Wing Society of India
Journal of Aerospace Sciences and Technologies

References

Non-profit organisations based in India
Aviation organisations based in India
Indian engineering organisations
Professional associations based in India
Aerospace engineering organizations

Aeronautical Society of India


Something's Gotta Give is a 2003 American romantic comedy-drama film written, produced and directed by Nancy Meyers. It stars Jack Nicholson and Diane Keaton as a successful 60-something and 50-something, who find love for each other in later life, despite being complete opposites. Keanu Reeves and Amanda Peet co-star, with Frances McDormand, Paul Michael Glaser, Jon Favreau, and KaDee Strickland playing key supporting roles.

Something's Gotta Give received positive reviews from critics, and was a box office hit, grossing $266 million worldwide. For her performance, Keaton received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress, and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical, while Nicholson received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.

Plot
Harry Sanborn is a wealthy New York record company owner who only dates women under 30, including his latest girlfriend, Marin Klein. The two drive to her mother's Hamptons beach house, expecting to be alone. However, her mother, a playwright named Erica Barry, and Erica's sister Zoe, unexpectedly arrive.

After an awkward dinner, the night turns disastrous when—during foreplay with Marin—Harry has a heart attack and is rushed to a hospital. The attending doctor, Julian Mercer, tells Harry to stay nearby for a few days, so Harry reluctantly stays with Erica. Their personalities clash and create awkward living arrangements at first, but they soon find charming qualities in each other and begin to form a connection. Harry's relationship with her daughter and Erica's budding relationship with Julian become obstacles to their growing attraction. Marin tells her mother that she will break up with Harry, but he ends things first. Harry and Erica spend more time together and eventually have sex. Julian tells Harry he has improved enough to return to the city. He and Erica share an awkward goodbye, as despite their strong feelings, Harry is clearly hesitant to enter into a serious relationship.

Marin receives news that her father and Erica's ex-husband, Dave Klein, is getting remarried to a doctor who is only two years older than she. Though Erica is unaffected by the news, Marin is devastated and pressures her mother into accompanying her to a dinner. At dinner, Erica sees Harry at another table with another, much younger woman. An argument follows and Erica admits that she is in love with Harry, but he does not reciprocate, so she ends things between them and leaves. Harry suffers from what he believes is another heart attack, but in the emergency room he is told it was a panic attack.

Devastated, Erica returns home where she cries almost nonstop for several weeks, pouring her heartbreak into a new play about a woman who falls in love with her daughter's boyfriend, titling it "A Woman to Love," a phrase Harry had used to describe Erica. Harry hears about the play and rushes to the theater, where it is being rehearsed. Despite her denials, it is obvious that she has used the most personal details of their affair in the play. When he tells her he still cares about her, Erica rebuffs him. After learning his character dies in the play, he suffers another panic attack. At the hospital, he is told he needs to de-stress, and he relocates temporarily to the Bahamas.

Six months later, Erica's play is a huge success. Harry pays Marin a visit to apologize for any past disrespect, and discovers that she is now happily married and pregnant. Marin informs Harry that Erica is in Paris celebrating her birthday. Harry flies to Paris and surprises Erica at her favorite restaurant. He tells Erica that he has been reaching out to all the young women he had affairs with in an attempt to atone for his heartless behavior. Julian, whom Erica is now dating, appears.

Harry, Erica and Julian have dinner together, and part amicably outside the restaurant. While Harry gazes in heartache over the river Seine, Erica arrives. She tells him that Julian realized she still loves Harry and decided to step aside to let them be together. Harry tells her that at age 63, he's in love for the first time in his life, and they embrace.

A year later at a restaurant, Erica and Harry, now married, are out with Marin, her husband Danny and their new baby daughter, celebrating life as a loving family.

Cast
 Jack Nicholson as Harry Sanborn, a 63-year-old, self-satisfied playboy and socialite who owns ten companies, including a magazine and the second-largest hip hop label in the world. He only dates women under the age of 30.
 Diane Keaton as Erica Barry, a 56-year-old successful, divorced Broadway playwright, partly living in an upscale Hamptons beach house. Having survived her divorce without huge bitterness, she lives a quiet life of professional fulfillment and romantic disappointment.
 Keanu Reeves as Julian Mercer, Harry's 36-year-old doctor. He is also a huge fan of Erica's, with whom he develops a relationship.
 Amanda Peet as Marin Klein, Erica's daughter, a 29-year-old auctioneer, working for Christie's.
 Frances McDormand as Zoe, Erica's sister. She is a lesbian feminist women's studies professor at Columbia University.
 Jon Favreau as Leo, Harry's personal assistant.
 Paul Michael Glaser as Dave Klein, Marin's father and Erica's ex-husband. He directs Erica's plays.
 Rachel Ticotin as Dr. Martinez, the ER doctor
 KaDee Strickland as Kristen, Dave's fiancée. She is an ear, nose and throat doctor who is two years older than Marin.
 Peter Spears as Danny Benjamin, Marin's husband near the end of film.

Soundtrack
Something's Gotta Give was a co-production between Columbia Pictures and Warner Bros. Pictures. Both companies have released soundtracks for the movie. As of 2004, the soundtrack has sold 172,000 copies in United States.

The following soundtrack was released on December 9, 2003 by Warner Bros. Records.

Track listing – Warner Bros.
 "Butterfly" – Crazy Town
 "Sing a Song" – Earth, Wind and Fire
 "Oooh Baby" – C+C Music Factory
 "Samba de mon cœur qui bat" – Coralie Clément
 "Fibre de Verre" – Paris Combo
 "Let's Get It On" – Marvin Gaye
 "O Beijo (The Kiss)" – Claudio Ragazzi
 "Here We Go" – Grits
 "Que reste-t-il de nos amours" – Charles Trenet
 "It's On Tonight" – Johnny Rourke
 "You Can Get It If You Really Want" – Jimmy Cliff
 "Have Dinner" – Badly Drawn Boy
 "Assedic" – Les Escrocs
 "I've Got a Crush on You" – Steve Tyrell
 "Graffito Disguise" – Mason Daring
 "I Only Have Eyes for You" – The Flamingos
 "La Vie en Rose" – Louis Armstrong
 "So Nice (Summer Samba)" – Astrud Gilberto
 "Boum!" – Charles Trenet
 "Je Cherche un Homme" – Eartha Kitt
 "Sunday Morning" – Maroon 5
 "Julian Calls" – Badly Drawn Boy
 "C'est si bon" – Eartha Kitt
 "Brazil" – Django Reinhardt
 "Exactly Like You" – Christopher Westlake and Bonnie Greenberg
 "Sweet Lorraine" – Stephane Grappelli, Ilsa Eckinger, Ike Isaacs and Diz Disley
 "I Only Have Eyes for You" – Michael Melvoin, John Guerin, Tony Dumas, and Mitch Holder
 "Learn How to Fall" – Paul Simon
 "La Vie en Rose" – Jack Nicholson

The following soundtrack was released on February 23, 2004 by Columbia Records.

Track listing – Columbia
 "La Vie en Rose" – Louis Armstrong
 "I've Got a Crush on You" – Steve Tyrell
 "I Only Have Eyes for You" – The Flamingos
 "So Nice (Summer Samba)" – Astrud Gilberto
 "Remember Me" – Heitor Pereira
 "Samba de mon cœur qui bat" – Coralie Clément
 "Que reste-t-il de nos amours" – Charles Trenet
 "Assedic" – Les Escrocs
 "Je Cherche un Homme" – Eartha Kitt
 "C'est si bon" – Eartha Kitt
 "Brazil" – Django Reinhardt
 "Sweet Lorraine" – Stephane Grappelli, Ilsa Eckinger, Ike Isaacs and Diz Disley
 "Love Makes the World Go 'Round" – Deon Jackson
 "La Vie en Rose" – Jack Nicholson

The film was originally scored by Alan Silvestri and orchestrated by Tony Blondal, however creative differences led to Silvestri being replaced at the last minute by members of Remote Control Productions. As Silvestri's music was already recorded, some of it remains in the film.

Reception

Critical response
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 72% based on 171 reviews, with an average rating of 6.60/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "Though it occasionally stumbles into sitcom territory, Something's Gotta Give is mostly a smart, funny romantic comedy, with sharp performances from Jack Nicholson, Diane Keaton, and Keanu Reeves." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "A−" on scale of A to F.

Mick LaSalle, writing for the San Francisco Chronicle, felt the performances of the film's stars, Diane Keaton and Jack Nicholson, were among their best, and that Nicholson's acting, as his role covered a wider range of emotions, was the more complex. The reviewer praised the film for being a romantic comedy for adults:

Roger Ebert describes the film's dialogue as "smart". Although noting that Keanu Reeves's role "seems like nothing more than a walking plot complication", he praises the performances of Keaton and Nicholson: "A movie like this depends crucially on its stars. To complain that Nicholson is playing "himself" – or that Keaton is also playing a character very much like her public persona – is missing the point. Part of the appeal depends on the movie's teasing confusion of reality and fiction."

Accolades

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:
 Nominated – Romantic Comedy Film

Home media
Something's Gotta Give was released on VHS on June 8, 2004 and DVD on March 30, 2004 by Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment and Warner Home Video.

References

External links

2003 films
2003 romantic comedy-drama films
American romantic comedy-drama films
Columbia Pictures films
2000s English-language films
Films about writers
Films scored by Hans Zimmer
Films directed by Nancy Meyers
Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance
Films set in Long Island
Films set in New York City
Films set in Paris
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in New York City
Films shot in Paris
Films with screenplays by Nancy Meyers
Midlife crisis films
Warner Bros. films
Films about mother–daughter relationships
2000s American films

Something's Gotta Give (film)


Preserve America is a United States government program, established under President George W. Bush, intended to encourage and support community efforts to preserve and enjoy the country's cultural and natural heritage.

As of 2017, more than 900 communities, representing all 50 states, Washington, D.C., American Samoa, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, have been designated as "Preserve America Communities". Designated communities become eligible to apply for Preserve America grants to enhance heritage tourism and the use of community historic and cultural sites. Federal budget allocations for Preserve America grants totaled approximately $5 million in fiscal year 2007 and $7.5 million in fiscal year 2008. Designated communities also receive White House recognition, a certificate of recognition, a Preserve America Community road sign, listing in the Preserve America Community directory on the program's website, authorization to use the Preserve America logo, inclusion in national and regional press releases, and official notification of the designation to state tourism offices and visitors bureaus.

Executive Order 13287, "Preserve America", signed by President Bush on March 3, 2003, established a federal policy to provide leadership in preserving the nation's heritage by actively advancing the protection, enhancement, and contemporary use of historic properties owned by the federal government. The order encourages federal agencies to seek partnerships with state, tribal, and local governments and the private sector to make more efficient and informed use of these resources for economic development and other recognized public benefits. In addition, it directs the Secretary of Commerce to assist in development of local and regional heritage tourism programs.
Legislation providing permanent authorization for the Preserve America program was passed by the U.S. Congress and signed by President Barack Obama in March 2009.

The Preserve America program is jointly administered by the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and Department of the Interior in partnership with the U.S. Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Education, Housing and Urban Development, and Transportation; U.S. General Services Administration; National Endowment for the Humanities; President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities; Institute of Museum and Library Services; and Council on Environmental Quality. Laura Bush, former First Lady of the United States, was the Honorary Chair of Preserve America from the program's inception. Her successor as First Lady, Michelle Obama, continued that tradition by serving an honorary role in supporting and promoting Preserve America.

See also
 List of Preserve America Communities

References

External links
 Official Preserve America website

2003 establishments in the United States
Cultural heritage of the United States
Establishments by United States executive order
Executive orders of George W. Bush
Heritage registers in the United States
Historic preservation in the United States
United States Department of the Interior
United States federal boards, commissions, and committees

Preserve America


Hydrabad was an iron cargo and passenger sailing ship, built in Scotland and launched in 1865. She was owned by several successive companies, and served until being wrecked off the coast of New Zealand in 1878. There were attempts to salvage her, but they all failed, and the wreck was left to deteriorate on the shoreline.

Construction and early years
She was built by Robert Duncan & Company, of Port Glasgow, Scotland and launched on 14 May 1865. She was completed in August 1865, and initially owned by the Bombay Iron Ship Company, of Bombay. She was later acquired by Stephens and Sons, of London. Hydrabad was a full-rigged ship with three masts, built of iron. She was  long, had a beam of , and a draught of . She had two holds, and an ornately carved figurehead of a Hindu warrior. Her accommodation was lavishly furnished.

Wreck

Hydrabad was bound from Lyttelton to Adelaide, carrying broad gauge rolling stock which had been sold by the Canterbury Provincial Railways to the South Australian government. While making the voyage she became caught in a severe storm on 24 June 1878. Her captain, a man named Holmwood, ran the ship aground on Waitarere Beach five kilometres south of the mouth of the Manawatu River in the North Island, to increase the passengers' and crew's chances of survival. There were no deaths in the wreck. Two attempts were made to refloat the vessel, the first in November 1878, and another on 7 January 1879. During the latter attempt, the steamer SS Glenelg managed to tow Hydrabad off the beach, but she then began to rapidly take on water. The attempt was abandoned and Hydrabad was left to drift up the beach, preparatory to her cargo being unloaded and taken to Foxton. Eventually a fire broke out, buckling her hull planks, and the wreck was abandoned. She had been insured for £15,000 and her cargo for £24,500.

The remains of Hydrabad were washed further and further up the beach by later storms, and today the wreck lies well above the high-water mark. It is periodically uncovered and recovered by shifting sands. The nearby community of Waitarere commissioned a survey of the Hydrabad from the Maritime Archaeological Association of New Zealand, to investigate the rate of decay of the wreck, and the possibility of creating a memorial using some or all of the remains.

Notes

References

1865 ships
Sailing ships
Ships built on the River Clyde
Maritime incidents in June 1878
Shipwrecks of New Zealand
History of Manawatū-Whanganui
Heritage New Zealand Category 2 historic places in Manawatū-Whanganui
1865 in Scotland
1878 in New Zealand
1878 disasters in New Zealand

Hydrabad (1865 ship)


Jerry Estrin (May 6, 1947 – June 22, 1993) was a U.S. poet and magazine editor born in Los Angeles, California. Estrin was founder and editor of the magazines "Vanishing Cab" and "Art and Con".

Estrin received a B.A. in Russian History and Sociology from UCLA in the sixties, an M.A. in English from San Francisco State University in the seventies and an M.A. in Literacy Education from UC Berkeley in 1992. He was married to the poet Laura Moriarty.

Jerry Estrin died in his sleep on June 22, 1993. At the time of his death he was suffering from adrenal cancer. Prior to his death, Estrin organized a public reading of his book Rome, A Mobile Home. Scheduled for June 27, 1993 in Berkeley, California, the event became a group reading and memorial for Estrin instead.

Selected bibliography

A Book of Gestures (Somber Reptiles, 1980)
In Motion Speaking (Chance Additions, 1986)
Cold Heaven (Zasterle Press, 1990)
Rome, A Mobile Home (Roof Books, 1993)

External links
 from "Exorcise Your Monkey" excerpt from Estrin's "Exorcise Your Monkey" article from The Difficulties (Ron Silliman issue)
Silliman's Blog: Thursday - December 29, 2005 U.S. poet Ron Silliman responds to the poetry and poetics of Estrin, one of his students at San Francisco State University.
Rome, A Mobile Home available here, complete and on-line in HTML document format

References

American magazine editors
1947 births
1993 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Deaths from cancer in California
Poets from Los Angeles
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
San Francisco State University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
20th-century American poets
20th-century American non-fiction writers

Jerry Estrin


Bruce Alan Beutler M.D. (born December 29, 1957 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American immunologist and geneticist of Jewish descent. Together with Jules Hoffmann, he received one-half of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for "discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity" (the other half went to Ralph Steinman for "his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity").

Beutler is currently Director of the Center for the Genetics of Host Defense at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, Texas and Professor and Chairman of the Department of Genetics at The Scripps Research Institute, in La Jolla, California. His father, Ernest Beutler, a hematologist and medical geneticist, was also a Professor and Department Chairman at Scripps.

Scientific discoveries
Beutler is best known for his pioneering molecular and genetic studies of inflammation and innate immunity. Interested in the mechanism by which lipopolysacchride (LPS) activates mammalian immune cells, Beutler identified the LPS receptor. Identification of the receptor hinged on the positional cloning (a method of gene identification) of the mammalian Lps locus, which had been known since the 1960s as a key gene for biological responses to LPS.

Beutler thus discovered the key sensors of microbial infection in mammals. He found that one of the mammalian toll-like receptors, TLR4, acts as the membrane-spanning component of the mammalian LPS receptor complex. The TLRs work in the perception of microbes. Ten are now known in humans. Each detects signature molecules produced early in an infection. These receptors also work in severe illness, including shock and systemic inflammation as it occurs in the course of an infection. They are also active in sterile inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. The research on TLRs won him the Nobel Prize in 2011.

The positional cloning of Lps was completed in 1998. Beutler continued to analyse immunity in mammals. His work found numerous signalling molecules of the innate immune response, and helped to work out the biochemistry of innate immunity.

References

1957 births
Living people
American geneticists
American Nobel Prize winners
American physicians
American immunologists
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from Chicago
University of Chicago alumni

Bruce Beutler


The following is a list of notable deaths in June 2016. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Months".  Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are reported here also if notable.

 Each listing of a death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, nationality, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known) and most importantly a source.

June

1
Roger Enrico, 71, American businessman (PepsiCo, DreamWorks), heart attack.
Razak Khan, 62, Indian actor (Baadshah, Hello Brother, Akhiyon Se Goli Maare), heart attack.
Boyce F. Martin, Jr., 80, American judge, Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (1996–2003), brain cancer.

2
 Corry Brokken, 83, Dutch singer ("Net als toen", "Voorgoed voorbij", "Heel de wereld"), Eurovision Song Contest winner (1957).
 Tom Kibble, 83, British physicist (Quantum field theory) and educator (Imperial College London).
 Yevhen Lemeshko, 86, Ukrainian football coach (national team, Dynamo Khmelnytskyi, Metalist Kharkiv, stroke.
Abderrahmane Meziani, 74, Algerian footballer (USM Alger), heart disease.
 Andrzej Niemczyk, 72, Polish volleyball player and coach (women's national team), European champion (2003, 2005), cancer.
Freddie Wadling, 64, Swedish singer-songwriter (Blue for Two).

3
Muhammad Ali, 74, American boxer, three-time WBC world heavyweight champion (1964, 1974, 1978), Olympic gold medalist (1960), septic shock.
Jocelyn Lovell, 65, Canadian cyclist, Commonwealth (1978) and Pan American Games (1971, 1975) gold medalist.
Sten Lundin, 84, Swedish motocross racer, world champion (1959, 1961).
Luis Salom, 24, Spanish motorcycle rider, road collision.
Dave Swarbrick, 75, British folk musician and singer-songwriter (Fairport Convention), emphysema. (death announced on this date)
Adolph Cornelis van Bruggen, 86, Dutch malacologist.

4
Gil Bartosh, 86, American football player and coach.
Phyllis Curtin, 94, American soprano, non-communicable disease.
Sulabha Deshpande, 79, Indian actress (Bhumika, Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan, Gaman).
István Halász, 64, Hungarian footballer (Tatabánya, Vasas, national team).
Antti Hyry, 84, Finnish writer.
Carmen Pereira, 79, Bissau-Guinean politician, acting President (1984).

5
Manohar Aich, 104, Indian bodybuilder.
Gianluca Buonanno, 50, Italian politician, MEP (since 2014), traffic collision.
Jerome Bruner, 100, American psychologist.
Jarbas Passarinho, 96, Brazilian politician, President of the Senate (1981–1983), Governor of Pará (1964–1966).

6
Ayaz Jani, 48, Pakistani poet and journalist, heart attack.
Viktor Korchnoi, 85, Russian-born Swiss chess player, complications from a stroke.
Steve Pisanos, 96, American air force officer, heart failure.
Theresa Saldana, 61, American actress (Raging Bull, The Commish, I Wanna Hold Your Hand).
Sir Peter Shaffer, 90, British playwright (Black Comedy, Equus, Amadeus) and screenwriter.
Kimbo Slice, 42, Bahamian-born American mixed martial artist (Bellator, UFC) and actor (Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh), heart failure.

7
Johnny Brooks, 84, English footballer (Tottenham Hotspur, Chelsea, Brentford), vascular dementia.
Amber Gurung, 78, Nepalese musician and composer (national anthem), esophageal cancer.
Thomas J. Perkins, 84, American businessman (Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers).
Sean Rooks, 46, American basketball player (Dallas Mavericks, Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers), and assistant coach (Philadelphia 76ers), heart disease.

8
Pierre Aubert, 89, Swiss politician, President (1983, 1987).
Stephen Keshi, 54, Nigerian football player (Anderlecht, Strasbourg) and manager (national team), heart attack.
Sascha Lewandowski, 44, German football manager (Bayer Leverkusen, Union Berlin).
Qahhor Mahkamov, 84, Tajik politician, President (1990–1991).
Marina Malfatti, 83, Italian actress (The Night Evelyn Came Out of the Grave, The Red Queen Kills Seven Times, Black Killer).

9
Hamza Ali, 20, English cricketer (Hampshire), drowning.

10
Mary Feik, 92, American aviator, cancer.
Alexander Gorlov, 85, Russian mechanical engineer.
Alex Govan, 86, Scottish footballer (Plymouth Argyle, Birmingham City). (death announced on this date)
Habib, 63, Iranian singer, heart attack.
Gopal Gurung, 80, Nepali politician and author.
Gordie Howe, 88, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player (Detroit Red Wings), complications from a stroke.
Mimmo Palmara, 87, Italian actor (A Fistful of Dollars, Bullets Don't Argue, For One Thousand Dollars Per Day).
Alfred Oftedal Telhaug, 81, Norwegian educationalist.
Giuseppe Virgili, 80, Italian footballer (Fiorentina, national team).

11
Rudi Altig, 79, German cyclist, winner of the 1962 Vuelta a España, world champion (1966), cancer.
Shaibu Amodu, 58, Nigerian football manager (national team), heart attack.
Asghar Bichareh, 89, Iranian photographer and actor, laryngeal cancer.
Christina Grimmie, 22, American singer-songwriter (Find Me) and talent show participant (The Voice), shot.
Bryan Robinson, 41, American football player (Chicago Bears, Cincinnati Bengals, Arizona Cardinals).
Lars Skytøen, 86, Norwegian politician, Minister of Industry (1979–1981).

12
Donald Carr, 89, English cricketer (Derbyshire, Oxford, national team).
Vladimir Dolgopolov, 54, Soviet-born Russian football player (FC Zenit Saint Petersburg).
Omar Mateen, 29, American mass shooter (2016 Orlando nightclub shooting), shot.
Alfonso Portugal, 82, Mexican footballer (national team).
George Voinovich, 79, American politician, Senator from Ohio (1999–2011), Governor of Ohio (1991–1998), Mayor of Cleveland (1980–1989).
Janet Waldo, 96, American voice actress (The Jetsons, The Flintstones, Wacky Races), brain cancer.

13
Ofelya Hambardzumyan, 91, Armenian folk singer.
Randy Jones, 72, British-born American jazz musician (Chet Baker, Dave Brubeck, Maynard Ferguson), heart failure.
Oleg Karavaychuk, 88, Soviet-born Russian composer.
Chips Moman, 79, American songwriter ("(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song") and record producer (Elvis Presley, Bobby Womack), Grammy winner (1976), complications from emphysema.

14
Ronnie Claire Edwards, 83, American actress (The Waltons).
Anatoli Grishin, 76, Russian sprint canoeist, Olympic gold medalist (1964).
Ann Morgan Guilbert, 87, American actress (The Dick Van Dyke Show), cancer of unknown primary origin.
Gertrude Kerbis, 89, American architect (O'Hare International Airport), liver cancer.
Gilles Lamontagne, 97, Canadian politician, Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (1984–1990), MP (1977–1984).
Henry McCullough, 72, Northern Irish guitarist (Spooky Tooth, Paul McCartney & Wings, The Grease Band).
Gregory Rabassa, 94, American literary translator (One Hundred Years of Solitude).
Irma Roy, 84, Argentine actress (Simplemente María, Mi marido y mi novio, Alguien como usted) and politician, member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies (1995–2005), complications from a fall.
 Robert T. Paine, 83, American ecologist (Keystone species), acute myeloid leukemia.

15
Claude Confortès, 88, French actor (War of the Buttons).
Lois Duncan, 82, American writer (I Know What You Did Last Summer, Hotel for Dogs, Who Killed My Daughter?), complications from a stroke.

16
Bill Berkson, 76, American poet and art critic, heart attack.
Jo Cox, 41, British politician, MP for Batley and Spen (since 2015), shot and stabbed.
Irving Moskowitz, 88, American businessman and philanthropist.
Pat Suggate, 94, British-born New Zealand geologist.
Jerome Teasley, 67, American drummer (Junior Walker and the All Stars), complications from lung and liver cancer.

17
Rubén Aguirre, 82, Mexican actor (El Chavo del Ocho, El Chapulín Colorado, Chespirito), complications from pneumonia.
Attrell Cordes, 46, American rhythm and blues singer (P.M. Dawn), kidney disease.
Ron Lester, 45, American actor (Varsity Blues, Popular, Good Burger), liver and kidney failure.
David Morgenthaler, 96, American businessman (Morgenthaler Ventures).

18
Paul Cox, 76, Dutch-born Australian movie director (My First Wife, A Woman's Tale, Exile), liver cancer.
William J. Livsey, 85, American army general, heart attack.
Vittorio Merloni, 83, Italian entrepreneur and industrialist, founder of Indesit Company.
Wu Jianmin, 77, Chinese diplomat, Ambassador to France and the Netherlands (1998–2003), traffic collision.

19
Nicolás García Uriburu, 78, Argentine artist and landscape architect.
Sverre Kjelsberg, 69, Norwegian musician (The Pussycats).
Ricardo Obregón Cano, 99, Argentine politician, Governor of Córdoba (1973–1974).
Götz George, 77, German actor (Tatort).
Victor Stănculescu, 88, Romanian general and politician, Minister of National Defence.
Anton Yelchin, 27, Soviet-born American actor (Star Trek, Alpha Dog, Fright Night), blunt traumatic asphyxia.

20
Frank Chapot, 84, American equestrian, Olympic silver medalist (1960, 1972).
Benoîte Groult, 96, French journalist, writer and feminist activist.
Ernesto Maceda, 81, Filipino politician, Senate President (1996–1998), Senator (1971–1972, 1987–1998) and columnist, multiple organ failure.
Rich Olive, 66, American politician, member of the Iowa Senate (2007–2011), cancer.
Edgard Pisani, 97, French politician, philosopher and writer.
Chayito Valdez, 71, Mexican-born American folk singer and actress (Zacazonapan), complications from a cerebral hemorrhage.

21
Kunio Hatoyama, 67, Japanese politician.
Henk Hofland, 88, Dutch journalist, columnist and writer.
Al Howie, 70, Canadian long distance runner, complications from diabetes.

22
Joan Acker, 92, American sociologist.
John William Ashe, 61, Antiguan diplomat, President of the United Nations General Assembly (2013–2014), heart attack.
Vasily Bochkaryov, 67, Russian politician.
Jim Boyd, 60, American singer-songwriter.
Marc Allan Feldman, 56, American physician and politician.
David J. Hickson, 85, British organizational theorist.
Yaşar Nuri Öztürk, 71, Turkish theologian and politician, stomach cancer.
Harry Rabinowitz, 100, British music composer (Reilly, Ace of Spies) and conductor (Chariots of Fire, Cats).
Samir Roychoudhury, 82, Indian writer (Hungry Generation).
Amjad Sabri, 45, Pakistani qawwali singer, shot.

23
James Green, 71, American historian, leukemia.
Stanley Mandelstam, 87, American theoretical physicist.
Ralph Stanley, 89, American bluegrass musician and member of The Stanley Brothers, Grammy winner (2002), skin cancer.

24
Bernie Worrell, 72, American musician (Parliament-Funkadelic), lung cancer.

25
Nicole Courcel, 84, French actress (Rendezvous in July, Sundays and Cybele).
Bill Cunningham, 87, American fashion photographer (The New York Times), complications from a stroke.
Giuseppe Ferrara, 83, Italian movie director (The Moro Affair), cardiac arrest.
Bur'i Mohamed Hamza, 70s, Somali politician, injuries sustained in Hotel Naso-Hablod attack.
Patrick Mayhew, 86, Northern Irish-born British barrister and politician, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland (1992-1997), complications from Parkinson's disease.
Mohapatra Nilamani Sahoo, 89, Indian writer (Akasha Patala, Abhisapta Gandharba), multiple organ failure.

26
Austin Clarke, 81, Canadian novelist (The Polished Hoe).
Barbara Goldsmith, 85, American author (Little Gloria), heart failure.
Ryan Jimmo, 34, Canadian mixed martial artist (UFC, MFC), traffic collision.
Kim Sung-min, 43, South Korean actor (Miss Mermaid, Time, The Weight), suicide by hanging.
Kavalam Narayana Panicker, 88, Indian dramatist, theatre director and poet, respiratory failure.
Rostislav Yankovsky, 86, Belarusian actor, People's Artist of the USSR (1978).

27
Elmer Cravalho, 90, American politician, Speaker of the Hawaii House of Representatives (1959–1967), Mayor of Maui (1969–1979).
Pelle Gudmundsen-Holmgreen, 83, Danish composer, cancer.
Harry Halbreich, 85, Belgian musicologist.
Simon Ramo, 103, American engineer, businessman and author.
Mack Rice, 82, American songwriter ("Mustang Sally", "Respect Yourself") and singer, complications of Alzheimer's disease.
Bud Spencer, 86, Italian actor (They Call Me Trinity, Watch Out, We're Mad!, A Friend Is a Treasure) and Olympic swimmer.
Alvin Toffler, 87, American writer and futurist (Future Shock, The Third Wave).

28
Scotty Moore, 84, American guitarist (Elvis Presley).
Buddy Ryan, 85, American football head coach (Philadelphia Eagles, Arizona Cardinals) and defensive coordinator (Chicago Bears, Houston Oilers), cancer.
Pat Summitt, 64, American basketball coach (Tennessee Lady Volunteers), dementia.
Zurlon Tipton, 26, American football player (Indianapolis Colts), accidental gunshot wound.

29
Inocente Carreño, 96, Venezuelan composer, complications from pneumonia.
Gunnar Garbo, 92, Norwegian politician, MP (1958–1973).
Ojo Maduekwe, 71, Nigerian politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs (2007–2010).
Vasyl Slipak, 42, Ukrainian opera singer, shot.
Xu Jiatun, 100, Chinese politician and dissident, Governor of Jiangsu (1977–1979).

30
Don Friedman, 81, American jazz pianist.
Juan Habichuela, 83, Spanish flamenco guitarist.
Geoffrey Hill, 84, British poet.
Martin Lundström, 98, Swedish cross-country skier, Olympic champion (1948).
Gordon Murray, 95, British puppeteer and television producer (Trumpton, Camberwick Green, Chigley).

Months
 January
 February
 March
 April
 May
 June
 July
 August
 September
 October
 November
 December

Related pages
 Deaths in 2014
 Deaths in 2015

References

Other websites
 The Guardian, UK obituaries
 Obituaries, Los Angeles Times
 Obituaries, Chicago Tribune
 The New York Times, US obituaries
 The Sydney Morning Herald, Australian obituaries
 The Telegraph obituaries

06
June 2016 events

Deaths in June 2016


Benjamin Ginsberg (born 1947) is a libertarian political scientist and professor at Johns Hopkins University who is notable for his criticism of American politics, in which he says that citizens have become "marginalized as political actors" and political parties weakened while state power has grown.  His assessment of the futility of voting, along with his notion that the public has an illusion of control over government, has caused controversy. He is a co-author, along with Matthew Crenson, of Downsizing Democracy, 2004, which received critical attention in mainstream newspapers.

Biography
At the University of Chicago studying political science, Ginsberg earned a bachelor's degree in 1968, a master's degree in 1970, and a doctorate in 1973. At Cornell, he was an instructor (1972), assistant professor (1973), associate professor (1978), and professor (1983). In 1991, he served as founding director of the Cornell Institute for Public Affairs. He returned to University of Chicago in 1992 as the Exxon Foundation Lecturer for the Committee on Social Thought, also becoming a professor at Johns Hopkins University later that year. He won the George E. Owen Award for outstanding teaching and service in June 2000, and again in 2016. From 2002 to 2004, he served as president of the National Capitol Area Political Science Association.

Work

Downsizing Democracy
This 2002 book received serious critical attention from reviewers in major newspapers who explained, and criticized, the analysis of Ginsberg and co-author Matthew Crenson.
 A reviewer from the Associated Press elaborated that the authors commented on dwindling civic participation in America. A newspaper chronicled a pattern of reduced interest in civic groups, using diminished Lions Club attendance from the 1970s to 2004, as an example of the "decline of mass political participation." Ginsberg and Crenson argue that civic decline is "not simply a consequence of the decay of civil society brought on by TV, suburbanization and busy lives;" rather, government regulatory commissions, which were supposed to have served as watchdogs on special interests, have been taken over by those interests. As a result, "Citizens became less vigilant and involved, and interests like the banks and railroads came to control the very commissions that were supposed to work on behalf of the public good." Ginsberg criticizes "statutes and judicial rulings" for making advocacy by litigation commonplace, and effectively removing many issues from the political arena.
 The Washington Post discussed how Ginsberg and Crenson charted the declining importance of citizens to political and public life in the United States. People are better described as consumers, not citizens. Americans no longer embrace civic responsibility. Many people don't bother to vote, according to one report. The authors argue that the public has chosen to stay aloof from government which it sees as "another service provider." Many factors are blamed for causing this shift, including fewer patronage jobs. Candidates use polls to focus on the dwindling number of persons who show up to vote. Increasing court involvement is blamed, as well, for diminishing the role of public sentiment. The authors suggest that the 1960s civil rights movement has morphed into a litigation struggle about rights and a "middle class" prerogative. Reviewer Kerry Lauerman suggested Ginsberg and Crenson "overstate on occasion," such as characterizing the issues of AIDS, breast cancer, and gun violence as "the causes of the comfortable." The reviewer criticized the writing style as sometimes "turgid" but concluded overall that the analysis was "thoughtful and useful", but needed more analysis of the role of the media.
 A review in the Independent Review, a quarterly academic journal, found the writing style to be "well documented" and "analytical," which exposed the "thoroughly corrosive impact of beltway politics on democratic processes and citizen power." The authors suggest that citizens, who used to be the "backbone of the western state," are no longer relevant. While government has grown, influential citizens have been reduced to recipients of government services and "marginalized as political actors." Government can raise an army and collect taxes without widespread public support; the withholding tax has made the voluntary component of tax paying less important; a professional military limits the need for citizen soldiers; special interests provide bureaucrats with a substitute for public support. The authors blame, in part, Progressive Era reforms such as primaries and recalls and referendums as weakening the parties' ability to mobilize voters. Neither party has much enthusiasm for mobilizing more voters. Group conflict dominates, and government is little more than a "broker for competing interests." Inside-the-Beltway regulatory agencies have a huge advantage over colleagues elsewhere. Ginsberg and Crenson think that increased litigation, caused by lowering the requirements for class-action lawsuits, works to the benefit of special interests who can cause changes beneficial to them without having to energize apathetic voters. The reviewer writes: "the authors trace the civil rights, consumer, and environmental movements from their beginnings as popularly based struggles to the narrow group causes they have become today." The reviewer suggested that the authors have "acuity" but neglected to consider that "big government itself" may be the problem. The reviewer criticized the argument as having "fallen short" in some respects by focusing on non-elected public officials skilled at channeling power to special interests. The reviewer thinks elected officials still have incentives to mobilize wider publics and to act responsibly. But the reviewer concluded that American government might become "a Frankenstein's monster of exceptionally powerful officialdom with neither defined goals nor clear responsibility to the American public."

The Captive Public
 A reviewer from The New York Times evaluated Ginsberg's The Captive Public: How Mass Opinion Promotes State Power 1986. Ginsberg argued that people think they're in control since they vote and answer public opinion polls, but he argues that such control is illusory. He thinks government used tactics such as extending rights of modern citizenship to diverse new groups, such as minorities and women, as well as encouraging voting as an alternative to more dangerous unwanted protests, such as striking or rioting, to tame a wary public. "To vote meant not to strike or riot," and the state preferred citizens to vote rather than mount more serious challenges to its power such as lawsuits, protests, organizing, parliamentary procedure, or lobbying. Schools taught children the benefits of voting with such repetition until it became a "tenacious myth of mass control," in his view. Since elections happen periodically, they limit citizen participation in politics to the selection of leaders and keep people away from policy formation. Ginsberg sees public opinion polling as a "subtle instrument of power" since it renders opinions "less dangerous, less disruptive, more permissive, and, perhaps, more amenable to governmental control." He sees policy based not on mass opinion but on managing mass opinion, a kind of giant public relations project. Reviewer Mark Crispin Miller found Ginsberg's analysis compelling but "a bit too careful to do justice to the complex advertising mechanism that has swallowed up our politics," and found his focus "too narrow", "too simple", with a "libertarian bias." He criticizes Ginsberg's terms as "too crude" such as using "the state" to describe regulatory agencies, and for equating agencies such as the Office of Economic Opportunity with Big Brother. Miller criticized Ginsberg for ignoring the "subtle and extensive interrelationships" between government, corporations, advertising agencies and the mass media. Miller thinks Ginsberg underestimated the public, and "has translated his fellow citizens into a featureless manipulated mass, without fears or desires worth taking seriously."

Citizenship, political parties, and polling
Ginsberg has criticized the Washington political climate as "toxic", characterized by a "cycle of attack and counterattack" in which minor indiscretions are used as political weapons. Ginsberg sees this as a "structural" problem. While Ginsberg sees voting as a passive and meaningless act which gives the illusion of public control over government, he sometimes criticizes both political parties as having a "resistance" to sincerely working towards increased voter participation. One newspaper reporter, writing about low voter turnout in 1998, suggested there was a "deep-rooted resistance within both parties to expanding the national electorate," and quoted Ginsberg as saying "Politicians who have risen to power in a low-turnout political environment have little to gain and much to fear from an expanded electorate." Ginsberg added when officeholders talk about "getting out the vote," they generally mean their own voters, not non-participants. Ginsberg argued that citizenship has been undermined by a move to a voluntary military. He believes citizen participation in the military is good since it strengthens patriotism, which means "sacrifice and a willingness to die for one's country." But the switch to a voluntary military eliminates "a powerful patriotic framework" since "instead of a disgruntled army of citizen soldiers, the military seems to consist of professional soldiers and private contractors." Ginsberg suggested that the "government learned the lessons of Vietnam and has found ways to insulate the use of military force" from society. Ginsberg criticized American leaders for trying to wage war on terrorism without any sacrifice from citizens: "U.S. leaders have pleaded for what can best be described as defiant normalcy – living, spending and consuming to show that terrorists won't change the American way of life," according to a reporter commenting on Ginsberg's views. Ginsberg has suggested that American political parties have less and less influence.

Ginsberg has commented on campaign strategies; for example, he suggested that a photo of young Bill Clinton shaking the hand of President John F. Kennedy, taken by photographer Arnold Sachs, was used by campaign operatives to reinforce the idea of Clinton as "heir apparent" to the Kennedy legacy. He also commented on the tight presidential primary race between Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama in 2008, and compared the two candidates to "Walmart and Kmart – they're occupying the same space." Ginsberg has a cynical outlook, seeing the Republican Party as courting Jews not for their votes but for their financial contributions. He was quoted as saying: "When the numbers are added up, we will probably find that Jewish money was especially important to the Republicans this year." In another instance, Ginsberg criticized the administration of FDR for the tactic of having federal investigators sift through tax and financial records of opposition politicians. He's known for speaking bluntly about religious politics: for example, he said "Jews have always been the brains, the wallet and the legs of the Democratic Party," in an interview in 2002. Ginsberg participated in panel discussions about polling and democracy.

The effect of administrative bloat on universities
Ginsberg has been an outspoken critic of the expansion in the number and pay of non-teaching university administrators on campuses throughout the world. As these administrators now outnumber faculty in every university in the U.S., he points out that this is the fundamental reason for rapid tuition increases despite the fact that the faculty to student ratio has remained nearly unchanged and faculty salaries generally track inflation. There is general consensus that Ginsberg's observations are correct with some studies showing that administrators not qualified to be assistant professors in their own discipline are hired to oversee faculty  at all levels. These conditions have incited rage in some faculty, yet little has changed at university campuses since the publication of Ginsberg's book. Ginsberg places the blame not only on administrators but also on faculty for seceding their universities to inept administrators. Even critics have said, "Ginsberg rightly points out that numbers of administrators and professional staffers have grown far more quickly than numbers of faculty, pushing up the costs that students and their families pay without enhancing the academic side of their experience."

Books

 Moses of South Carolina: A Jewish Scalawag During Radical Reconstruction (Baltimore; Johns Hopkins University Press; 2010)
 The American Lie: Government by the People and other Political Fables
 Presidential Power: Unchecked and Unbalanced (co-authored)
 Downsizing Democracy: How America Sidelined Its Citizens and Privatized Its Public (with Matthew Crenson) The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.
 Embattled Democracy (co-authored with Theodore J. Lowi), W.W. Norton, 1995
 Democrats Return to Power
 Politics by Other Means, The Captive Public (co-authored with Martin Shefter), Basic Books, 1990
 Do Elections Matter? (co-edited with Alan Stone), M. E. Sharpe Publishers, 1986
 American Government: Freedom and Power (co-authored with Theodore J. Lowi), W.W. Norton, 1990. Textbook with numerous reprintings.
 The Consequences of Consent
 Poliscide (co-authored with Theodore J. Lowi), MacMillan Publishing Company, 1976
 The Captive Public:  How Mass Opinion Promotes State Power. Basic Books, 1986
 Politics by other means (co-authored with Martin Shefter), Basic Books, 1990.
 American Government: Readings and Cases, (co-edited with Theodore J. Lowi and Alice Hearst), W.W. Norton, 1992.
 The Fatal Embrace: Jews and the State, University of Chicago Press, 1993.
 We the People (co-authored with Theodore J. Lowi and Margaret Weir), W.W. Norton, 1997.
 Making Government Manageable: Executive Organization and Management in the 21st Century (co-editor with Thomas H. Stanton) Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.
 Moses of South Carolina: A Jewish Scalawag during Radical Reconstruction (2010) Johns Hopkins University Press
 The Fall of the Faculty: The Rise of the All-Administrative University and Why It Matters (2011) Oxford University Press
 The Worth of War, 2014.
 What Washington Gets Wrong: The Unelected Officials Who Actually Run the Government and Their Misconceptions about the American People, 2016.

References

External links

21st-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
Libertarian historians
Libertarian theorists
Historians of the United States
American political scientists
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Living people
1947 births
21st-century American male writers

Benjamin Ginsberg (political scientist)


Free Software Foundation Latin America (FSFLA) is the Latin American sister organisation of the Free Software Foundation. It is the fourth sister organisation of FSF, after Free Software Foundation Europe and Free Software Foundation India. It was launched on November 23, 2005 in Rosario, Argentina.

The founding general assembly of FSFLA elected Federico Heinz as President, Alexandre Oliva as Secretary and Beatriz Busaniche as Treasurer. The Administrative Council consisted of them as well as Enrique A. Chaparro, Mario M. Bonilla, Fernanda G. Weiden and Juan José Ciarlante.

In 2006, Beatriz Busaniche, Enrique A. Chaparro, Federico Heinz, Juan José Ciarlante and Mario M. Bonilla left the FSFLA's Council. After that the original directives were modified to the current ones. A new position of "Observer of the Council" was created in the organisation to allow other important people in the free software community to participate, observe and advise the Council.

The current members of the Council are Alexandre Oliva, Andres Ricardo Castelblanco, Exal Garcia-Carrillo, Octavio Rossell, Oscar Valenzuela, J. Esteban Saavedra L., Luis Alberto Guzmán García, Quiliro Ordóñez and Tomás Solar Castro.

The actual Observers of the Council group is formed by Richard Stallman, Georg Greve, Adriano Rafael Gomes, Franco Iacomella, Alejandro Forero Cuervo, Alvaro Fuentes, Anahuac de Paula Gil, Christiano Anderson, Eder L. Marques, Elkin Botero, J. Esteban Saavedra L., Fabianne Balvedi, Felipe Augusto van de Wiel, Nagarjuna G., Glauber de Oliveira Costa, Gustavo Sverzut Barbieri, Henrique de Andrade, Harold Rivas, Jansen Sena, Marcelo Zunino, Mario Bonilla, Daniel Yucra, NIIBE Yutaka, Beatriz Busaniche, Octavio H. Ruiz Cervera, Omar Kaminski, and Roberto Salomon.

Projects
 Linux-libre

References

External links

Free Software Foundation
History of computing in South America

Free Software Foundation Latin America


Cornelis "Kees" Boeke (25 September 1884 3 July 1966)  was a Dutch reformist educator, Quaker missionary and pacifist. He is best known for his popular essay/book Cosmic View (1957) which presents a seminal view of the universe, from the galactic to the microscopic scale, and which inspired several films.

Boeke tried to reform education by allowing  the children to contribute their ideas. He called this process sociocracy and regarded schools as  workshops, with pupils as workers, and teachers as co-workers.  Based on Quaker ideas, he wanted the  children  to respect democracy. In 1926, he founded a school in Bilthoven, which he led until 1954. As a child, the later Dutch Queen Beatrix attended the school.

Biography
Boeke was born on 25 September 1884 to a Mennonite family in Alkmaar, Netherlands, where he grew up. He studied architecture at the Delft University of Technology. As a student, he spent a year in England, where he met the Quakers. He became a Quaker and attended Woodbrooke Quaker Study Centres, a college in Selly Oak, Birmingham. There, he found inspiration in Bournville, the garden village which the Cadbury family (owners of the chocolate factory) had built for their workers. He met and married Beatrice (Betty) Cadbury. The couple went to modern day Lebanon in 1912 as Quaker missionaries, where Kees was headmaster at the Brummana School. In 1914, after the outbreak of World War I, they returned to England. They became active in peace work, the Fellowship of Reconciliation having come into being in 1914 through Henry Hodgkin. In 1915 Boeke traveled to Berlin, where he met Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze, with whom Hodgkin had been working at the outbreak of war. Boeke began to speak publicly in England: "The Germans are our brothers; God did not create man that he might kill; the war will find its quickest end when all soldiers lay down their weapons." He was deported from Britain and returned to the Netherlands. His family followed; there they lived in Bilthoven, near Utrecht. Their home soon became a pacifist centre. Later in the Second World War, Boeke took part in the underground Dutch resistance movement against the same Germans that he called brothers before. This was, however, in line with his ideas of anti-authoritianism and his disapproval of war and prosecution.

After the First World War, Boeke erected a large conference centre in Bilthoven, which he called "Brotherhood House." The first international peace conference took place there between 4 and 11 October 1919. Present at the conference were Leon Revoyne, Mathilda Wrede, Leonard Ragaz, Pierre Ceresole, as well as Hodgkin and Schultze. Boeke and Ceresole became the secretaries of this movement, which initially called itself "Christian International", later the International Fellowship of Reconciliation. Together with Helene Stöcker,  and Wilfred Wellock, they founded the Service Civil International and in 1921 "Paco" (the Esperanto word for peace), which in 1923 became War Resisters' International (WRI).

Kees and Betty Boeke considered war to be rooted in the entanglement of the state and capitalism. As Betty was a Cadbury, she inherited large shares in her family's firm. She renounced her wealth, transferring this money to various charitable organizations such as the Quaker-Help Organisation in Russia in 1920. Later, she gave the shares to a trust for the workers of the Cadbury factory. For a while, the Boekes abstained from using money, so as to avoid contributing to the state — since public funds are also spent on weapons. They never used public transport, nor did they pay postage, tolls, or taxes. As a result, they were imprisoned several times. On one occasion the Dutch tax authorities auctioned off the estate in order to recover taxes. Queen Wilhelmina was in attendance at the auction, and purchased Kees' favorite violin, only to return it to him on the spot. Boeke supported his family by working in Utrecht in a building association which he had founded; he did not work as an architect (which was his training), but as a simple worker.

In the late 1920s Boeke increasingly withdrew from international peace movements. Believing he could build a better society through educating children, he started a school called "De werkplaats" (the workshop). He founded his school in 1926 when all private schools, including the Montessori school his children attended, started receiving an equal amount of money per child from the state, to which he objected.

His school, which uses Maria Montessori's methods, extended by Boeke's own educational ideas, became nationally known; even the Dutch queen Juliana sent her daughters there. The school has been hugely influential for its creative way of making the students co-responsible for their own curriculum, together with the teachers; many students who failed in regular schools have blossomed at "De werkplaats", but on the other hand many talented children could not reach a high level in this school.

Co-responsibility in school did not mean a freewheeling life at "the Werkplaats". Children had to perform tasks such as cleaning the school, growing vegetables and fruits, and helping with lunch cooking. Boeke's notion of sociocracy was, in effect, a secular implementation of the Quaker ideals applied to education in such a way that children were treated as adults, and were on  first-name terms with their teachers.

In WWII, Kees and Betty sheltered Jews at their own peril, saving several lives.  For this work, they were enshrined in Yad Vashem () in 1992.

Boeke wrote a major book on education. One of his last works was Cosmic View (New York 1957).

On 3 July 1966, Boeke died in the company of his family in Abcoude, Netherlands.

Legacy
Boeke's system of sociocracy still survives, and his work was expanded upon through the efforts of a well-known student of Boeke's ideas, Dr. Gerard Endenburg, who in the 1960s and 1970s developed a governance and decision-making methodology by the same name while directing the Endenburg Electrotechniek company.

Boeke's essay/book Cosmic View (1957) presents a seminal view of the universe, from the galactic to the microscopic scale. It inspired several films:

 Cosmic Zoom (1968) produced by the National Film Board of Canada
 Powers of Ten (1968; new version in 1977) by Charles and Ray Eames
 The IMAX film Cosmic Voyage (1996) produced for the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum.
 Superpowers of Ten (2013), a theater piece produced by Andrés Jaque and performed at the Lisbon Triennial, the Chicago Architectural Biennial, Museo Jumex in Mexico and ZKM in Karlsruhe
 Cosmic View is mentioned as an inspiration by Will Wright, creator of a video game, Spore (2008).

See also
 List of peace activists

External links

 Official Website of the Werkplaats Kindergemeenschap
 Archief Kees Boeke
Online copy of the book Cosmic View
Cosmic View, the Universe in 40 Jumps (1957, John Day Company)

References

1884 births
1966 deaths
Dutch anti-capitalists
Dutch educators
Tax resisters
Converts to Quakerism
Dutch Quakers
People from Alkmaar
Delft University of Technology alumni
Dutch Christian socialists
Dutch Christian pacifists
Dutch anti-war activists
Nonviolence
Quaker socialists

Kees Boeke


Nicholas Owen (2 January 1752 – 30 May 1811) was a Welsh Anglican priest and antiquarian.

Life
Owen, who was born in Llandyfrydog, Anglesey (where his father was the rector of St Tyfrydog's Church, Llandyfrydog), was educated at Jesus College, Oxford, obtaining his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1773 and his Master of Arts degree in 1776.  He was ordained as a priest in the Church of England and was a curate (possibly also a schoolmaster) in Winslow, Buckinghamshire by 1779, but resigned in 1789.  Cantankerous appeals to various bishops and influential layman to be given a parish in north Wales were initially unsuccessful, with Owen having to make a public apology to the Bishop of Bangor.  He was given the parish of Llanfihangel Ysgeifiog and Llanffinan in 1790, and became rector of Mellteyrn with Botwnnog in 1800.  He died on 30 May 1811 and was buried at Llandyfrydog.

Works
Owen wrote on various topics from Welsh history.  In 1788, his British Remains covered a number of subjects including a discussion of the claim that Prince Madoc discovered America and a biography of Edward Lhuyd.  Carnarvonshire: a Sketch of its History was published in 1792, and he may have been the author of the anonymous A History of the Island of Anglesey, with Memoirs of Owen Glendower (1775), although other names have been put forward.

References

1752 births
1811 deaths
18th-century Welsh Anglican priests
Welsh antiquarians
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
People from Anglesey

Nicholas Owen (priest)