Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (respectively retitled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Ninja Tribunal, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Fast Forward, and TMNT: Back to the Sewer for the fifth, sixth, and seventh and final seasons of the series) is an American animated television series developed by Lloyd Goldfine. It is the second animated series and third television series in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise. The series premiered on February 8, 2003, as part of Fox's FoxBox programming block (later known as 4Kids TV) and ended on February 28, 2009. A sequel film, Turtles Forever, serving as both the series finale of the series and a crossover with the 1987–1996 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles animated series (via the plot element of the multiverse), was released on November 21, 2009.

The series was announced on May 7, 2002. It was co-produced by 4Kids Entertainment (as its first in-house animated production) and franchise creators Mirage Studios, which co-owned rights to the show, with animation provided by the studio Dong Woo.

The series ran for 156 episodes over seven seasons. For its final season in 2008, the show moved from Fox to The CW. 4Kids also licensed the first 40 episodes to Cartoon Network in 2003, and Cartoon Network aired the series until 2007.

Series overview

Seasons 1–4
Compared to the predominantly comedic approach of the 1987 TV series, the 2003 series more closely matches the serious tone of the original comics, with a greater emphasis on action and themes of familial bonds. The series adapts a large scope of story arcs from the comics, with the Turtles' adventures combining elements of both fantasy and science fiction.

The first season starts with the Turtles' Lair being destroyed by Mousers, robots made by Baxter Stockman. On the hunt for a new place to live, the Turtles go topside and run into the Purple Dragons, who they later discover is led by Hun. The Turtles eventually get to the source of the Mousers and rescue April O'Neil, who after this becomes the Turtles' most trusted friend. Halfway through the season, Leonardo is approached by the Foot Clan leader Oroku Saki, later learned to be The Shredder, who funded Baxter's Mouser project and is Hun's master. The Shredder attacks the Turtles and burns down April's home, forcing them, April, and Casey Jones to flee the city. When the Turtles return to New York they confront the Shredder once more and Master Splinter goes missing, leading to the introduction of the Utroms, an alien race secretly living on Earth.

Season Two starts with the brothers being sent into space in the middle of a war between two alien races, the Triceraton Republic and the Federation. Upon returning to Earth, the Turtles learn from the Utroms the origins of the Shredder. This season also introduces Karai, Shredder's daughter and pupil, when she comes to take control of New York during a gang war. The season ends in a four-parter with the Turtles and Splinter taking part in the Battle Nexus tournament.

In Season Three, the Triceratons and Federation bring their war to Earth with the Turtles having to help end the war to save their planet. Agent John Bishop, leader of the Earth Protection Force, is introduced as an independent antagonist fighting both the Turtles and the Foot. The Turtles meet Renet, an apprentice timestress, which leads to them being scattered into different worlds/timelines. The Turtles and their allies then confront Shredder for a final battle when he attempts to leave Earth to wage war upon the cosmos.

Season Four sees the Turtles recovering from their final battle with Shredder, particularly Leonardo who suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder. Karai takes leadership of the Foot, Hun leaves to reform the Purple Dragons into a powerful crime syndicate, and Bishop stages a faux alien invasion to secure funding for the EPF. However, lingering consequences from Bishop's engineered invasion caused an outbreak of mutations in New York.

Ninja Tribunal

Season Five introduces the Ninja Tribunal, a council of ninjitsu demigods who conscript the Turtles as acolytes to protect the world from the original Shredder, a dark evil coming back into being who threatens to set the world into darkness. During this season, the Turtles go through many trials and tribulations on their journey to become the best fighters they can be, eventually tapping into ancient energy to defeat the original Shredder. This would be the last to use the original character designs and animation style with its plot concluding the series' main storyline.

Fast Forward

The sixth season, subtitled "Fast Forward", would retool the series with a new art style and comedic tone. The season's plot focuses on the Turtles being transported about 100 years into the future to the year 2105; where they meet and befriend Cody Jones, the great-grandson of April and Casey. They must also contend with futurist enemies like Sh'Okanabo and his minion Viral as well as dealing with the activities of Cody's greedy and ambitious uncle Darius Dunn.

Back to the Sewer

The series would conclude in the seventh and final season, titled "TMNT: Back to the Sewer", while sporting another redesign for the entire cast based on the designs from the 2007 TMNT film. After returning to the present day, the Turtles must battle a cybernetic version of the Shredder which was the result of Viral merging with the data of the exiled Utrom Shredder. There is also a running subplot centered on the engagement and wedding of April and Casey.

Turtles Forever

The 2009 television film serves as the actual four-part finale to the 2003 series and centers around the Turtles encountering their 1987 animated counterparts, who have accidentally been transported to the 2003 Ninja Turtles' reality. To make matters worse, the 80's Shredder and Krang as well as their minions Bebop and Rocksteady free Ch'rell from his imprisonment as the redesigned Hun and Karai realign themselves with the released Ch'rell.

Characters

Main
Leonardo (voiced by Michael Sinterniklaas) is the oldest brother and the leader of the team who wields two Katana.
Donatello (voiced by Sam Riegel) is the second youngest brother and the brains of the team who is in charge of creating their gadgets, he wields a bo staff as his weapon.
Raphael (voiced by Greg Abbey) is the second oldest brother and the muscle of the team who has a temper and sometimes argues with Leo over the actions they must take. He wields two Sais as weapons.
Michelangelo (voiced by Wayne Grayson) is the youngest brother and the jokester of the team. He loves comic books and sometimes disguises himself as the superhero Turtle Titan. His weapon of choice is Nunchucks.
Splinter (voiced by Darren Dunstan) is the master and father of the Turtles who finds them prior to their mutation and trains them in Ninjutsu. Prior to his mutation, he was the pet of Hamato Yoshi and learned ninjutsu by mimicking his moves.

Allies
April O'Neil (voiced by Veronica Taylor) is a human who used to be Dr. Stockman's assistant, but after learning his ulterior motives is saved by the Turtles and becomes their friend.
Casey Jones (voiced by Marc Thompson) is a human whose father's shop was set on fire by the Purple Dragon and they later killed his father. He became a vigilante to fight them but has anger issues, but manages to tune it down after meeting and befriending the Turtles.
Mortu (voiced by Dan Green) is a benevolent Utrom and an ally of the Turtles. He was the captain of the ship which was transporting the imprisoned Ch'rell on board and became stranded on Earth with his fellow Utroms when Ch'rell escaped and caused them to crash. He later met Hamato Yoshi and recruited him to become a guardian of the Utroms. He later saved the Turtles from their final battle with the Utrom Shredder and had him stand trial for his crimes.
Ninja Tribunal is a group of four ninja masters. They were once five warriors who defeated the Tengu Shredder, but one of them, Oroku Saki, made a deal with the demon and allowed his spirit to inhabit his body in exchange for power. The other four traveled across the world and trained their body and spirit to counter their old comrade and ultimately succeed in sealing him away. Afterwards, they tried to prevent his return and passed their knowledge of martial arts, which later came to be known as Ninjutsu to others.
Kon Shisho (voiced by David Zen Mansley) is a member of the Ninja Tribunal and the master of spirit.
Juto Shisho (voiced by Marc Thompson) is a member of the Ninja Tribunal and the master of weapons.
Chikara Shisho (voiced by Lenore Zann) is a member of the Ninja Tribunal with bandaged feet and legs who is the master of strength.
Hisomi Shisho is a member of the Ninja Tribunal. As the largest of the group, he is the master of stealth who is always silent.
The Ancient One (voiced by David Chen) is a student of the Ninja Tribunal and the master and father figure of Hamato Yoshi who joins them on their request.
The Acolytes are the students of the Ninja Tribunal that they seek to train and prepare them for the threat of the Tengu Shredder. They are the Ninja Turtles and four other humans.
 Faraji Nagala (voiced by David Moo) is an Acolyte who bonds with Leonardo.
Adam McKay (voiced by Britton Herring) is an Acolyte who bonds with Donatello.
Joei Reynard (voiced by Rebecca Soler) is an Acolyte who bonds with Raphael.
 Tora Yoshida (voiced by David Chen) is an Acolyte who bonds with Michelangelo.
 Cody Jones (voiced by Christopher C. Adams) is the great-grandson of April and Casey and the heir of the O'Neil Tech. He is the Turtles' friend and guide in the year 2105 during the Fast Forward season. After his Time Portal accidentally brings the Turtles to his time, he helps them to become accustomed to the Earth's new way of life while trying to rebuild the Time Window and send them home.
Serling (voiced by Marc Thompson) is Cody's loyal robot servant who is usually annoyed by the Turtles, he later gains a battle mode known as Turtle X which Cody can control. When the Turtles are finally going back to their own time, he is infected by Viral and goes with them and later helps the Turtles defeat the Cyber Shredder.

Antagonists
The Foot Clan is a criminal organization of ninjas dating back to the ancient Japan.
Oroku Saki/The Shredder (voiced by Scottie Ray) is the archenemy of the Turtles and Splinter and serves as the main antagonist of the series. Several individuals have used the mantle of Shredder. In a possible future, the Utrom Shredder, Tengu Shredder, and Cyber Shredder are engaged in a war for control of New York City.
Ch'rell is a Utrom warlord who masquerades as a benevolent Japanese philanthropist. He has been stranded on earth for centuries and indirectly had a hand in the Turtles and Splinter's creation.
The Tengu Shredder from ancient Japan was the original Shredder who was also known as Oroku Saki.
The Cyber Shredder is an artificial intelligence copy of Ch'rell that merged with Viral.
Karai (voiced by Karen Neill) is Utrom Shredder's adopted daughter and his second in command from the end of season 2, replacing Hun. Due to her sense of honor, she is usually conflicted with orders she receives from the Shredder. After his defeat, she takes control of the Foot and becomes the next Shredder, seeking revenge on the Turtles for her father's exile. After being forced to team up with the Turtles against the Tengu Shredder, she disbands the Foot and declares a truce with them.
The Foot Mystics, also known as the Heralds of the Shredder, are five mystic beings, each presenting one of the five elements. They are the servants of the Tengu Shredder and have also served Utrom Shredder and Karai through an artifact known as the Heart of Tengu. After they manipulated the Turtles and Agent Bishop to steal and destroy it, they were freed and set out to revive their master.
The Metal Foot Mystic (voiced by Sean Schemmel) is the leader of the Foot Mystics who possesses ferrokinesis.
The Earth Foot Mystic (voiced by Sean Schemmel) is a Foot Mystic who possesses geokinesis.
The Fire Foot Mystic (voiced by Sean Schemmel) is a Foot Mystic who possesses pyrokinesis.
The Water Foot Mystic (voiced by Brian Maillard) is a Foot Mystic who possesses aquakinesis.
The Wind Foot Mystic (voiced by Brian Maillard) is a Foot Mystic who possesses aerokinesis.
Master Khan (voiced by Sean Schemmel) is a high-ranking Foot Ninja and the first lieutenant of the Cyber Shredder who was rebuilding the Foot Clan for whenever he would return. It was revealed in an alternative future that he had destroyed the Turtles.
The Foot Ninjas are the common foot soldiers of the Foot Clan.
The Purple Dragons are a street gang that is associated with Foot Clan.
Hun (voiced by Greg Carey) is the leader of the Purple Dragon and Shredder's second in command until the end of season 2. he was responsible for burning down the shop of Casey's father, as such became his archenemy, he was also going to kill Hamato Yoshi but Splinter left a scar on his face. Hun is very loyal to the Shredder and will do anything to gain his favor. After Ch'rell's defeat, Hun returns to the Purple Dragon and turns it from a street gang into a crime syndicate.
Baxter Stockman (voiced by Scott Williams) is a scientist working for the Foot clan and the Shredder. After suffering severe punishments at the hands of the Shredder, he starts to scheme against him and after his defeat, joins the Earth Protection Force and Agent Bishop.
Agent John Bishop (voiced by David Zen Mansley) is the leader of the Earth Protection Force (E.P.F). He was abducted and experimented on by aliens back in 1815 as such he deems any extraterrestrial as a threat, becoming a deadly adversary of the Turtles. After being saved by an alien during a failed experiment, he starts to have second thoughts about them and decides to seek allies instead of enemies which leads to him ultimately becoming President of the Pan Galactic Alliance (P.G.A) and an ally of the Turtles in the Fast Forward season.
Darius Dun (voiced by David Zen Mansley) is Cody's uncle and guardian and one of the main antagonists of the Fast Forward season. He has taken control of O'Neil Tech and uses it as a cover for his criminal activities which include making weapons and selling them in the black market. He first has a race of endangered warriors known as Inuwashi Gunjin as his slaves and after losing them are provided with the dark counterparts of the Turtles known as Dark Turtles.
Sh'Okanabo (voiced by Sean Schemmel) is an alien Kanabo warlord and one of the main antagonists of the Fast Forward season. He seeks to unleash the Day of Awakening on Earth, which is turning the inhabitants of Earth into Kanabo Drones, and have his race thrive on Earth until its resources are finished but finds the Earth's sun as an obstacle. To fulfill his plans, he teams up with Darius Dun and gives him the Dark Turtles, monsters that he created by combining the Turtles' DNA with that of Kanabo DNA, and in return receives the blueprints of the Time Window.
Viral (voiced by Eva Kaminsky) is a sentient computer virus and Sh'Okanabo's assistant. She aids her master on his quest to bring the Day of Awakening but is ultimately torn to bits by Cody and Serling. Viral returns and uses Serling to get revenge on the Turtles as she goes to their time. Viral accidentally releases the Cyber Shredder from his data storage and becomes a part of him.
The Dark Turtles are deformed clones of the Ninja Turtles who were created by Sh'Okanabo and controlled by Darius Dun. They were created by combining the DNA of the Ninja Turtles and the DNA of a Kanabo.
Dark Leonardo (voiced by Michael Sinterniklaas) is a blue-skinned clone of Leonardo who leads the Dark Turtles and eventually gains a mindset similar to original Leo.
Dark Donatello (voiced by Sam Riegel) is a purple-skinned clone of Donatello with wrist guards and a long tail who is the Dark Turtle's residential mad scientist.
Dark Raphael (voiced by Greg Abbey) is a red-skinned clone of Raphael with twin talon knuckle dusters who is the most aggressive of the group.
Dark Michelangelo (voiced by Wayne Grayson) is a yellow-skinned clone of Michelangelo with orange eyes and a long tongue.

Others
Hamato Yoshi (voiced by Eric Stuart) is Splinter's owner and a guardian of the Utroms. he was once a homeless boy along with his friend Yukio Mashimi, but both were adopted and trained by the Ancient One and became guardians of the Utroms after learning their secrets. He and Mashimi were in love with Ancient One's daughter Tang Shen who was in love with Yoshi, causing Mashimi to become jealous, murder her, and join the Foot. Yoshi avenges Tang Shen and kills Mashimi for his betrayal. He later moves to New York along with the Utroms, where he's captured and tortured by the Foot Ninjas to reveal the Utrom's location and was murdered by the Shredder when he wouldn't talk. Afterwards, Splinter leaves and eventually finds the Turtles.
Starlee Hambrath (voiced by Amanda Brown) is a bright and highly intelligent O'Neil Tech intern from the planet Omatran and a friend of Cody and the Turtles in the Fast Forward season. She is shown to have a crush on Cody.
Torbin Zixx (voiced by David Elliott) is an intergalactic smuggler and mercenary who usually outsmarts the Turtles and uses them for his own end either as an ally or an enemy.

Crew
Susan Blu – Voice Director (seasons 1–5)
Roy Burdine – Voice Director (seasons 6–7)
Darren Dunstan – ADR Voice Director

Production
In May 2002, 4Kids Entertainment announced to produce a new animated Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TV series for the FoxBox programming block to air on Saturday mornings. The series was renewed for a second season in the summer of 2003; the third in May 2004; the fourth in April 2005. The "Ninja Tribunal" was originally intended to be the fifth and final season of the 2003 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles animated series, but the schedule was changed to try to increase interest in the series, and "Fast Forward" became the fifth season. The "Ninja Tribunal" episodes were scheduled to be released on DVD sometime in early 2007, but 4Kids Entertainment later removed them from their release schedule and the season was promoted in commercials as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Lost Episodes.

Series development was headed by producer Lloyd Goldfine, who had known the Ninja Turtles since the original Mirage Studios comics and declared he "loved the charm of the cartoon", but much preferred the idea of turtles raised to be ninja assassins, and was interested in using said plot while also being family-friendly. Once he heard 4Kids had an interest in the franchise, Goldfine suggested going straight to Mirage for guidance, and then he and other company representatives went to the company's headquarters in Northampton, Massachusetts.  Turtles co-creator Peter Laird and Mirage CEO Gary Richardson approved their pitch, and Mirage remained very close during development, with Laird reading every outline and draft of the script, and approving most of the character designs.

Home video

The series was initially released on DVD by FUNimation Entertainment and 4Kids Home Video in various compilation releases, with pre-2005 releases also available on VHS.

On July 25, 2023, Paramount Home Entertainment released the entirety of the 2003 series in a single box set. In addition, the digital versions for all seven seasons are presently available as of May 29, 2023, either individually or in a complete series set.

Broadcast history
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles originally aired in the US on Fox for its first six seasons from February 8, 2003, to October 27, 2007. It then aired on The CW for reruns of its first six seasons, its seventh and final season, and Turtles Forever from September 13, 2008, to February 28, 2009.

On November 24, 2003, 4Kids announced that they had licensed the first 40 episodes of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles to Cartoon Network. 4Kids' CEO, Al Kahn, said he was "pleased to be able to broadcast the series with Cartoon Network. Now that we're adding the Cartoon Network audience, we're certain that many more kids across the country will become part of the growing craze and get 'Turtle-ized.'" The show aired on Cartoon Network until March 24, 2007.

Jetix Europe handled pay-TV rights to the series.

Turtles Forever also aired on Nickelodeon on August 24, 2010. The show was eventually broadcast on Nicktoons from 2014 to 2015.

The show (excluding season 5 and Turtles Forever) aired in the Republic of Ireland on RTE Two from September 17, 2003, to 2009.

The series is currently available for streaming on Paramount+, and Pluto TV as part of their "Totally Turtles" channel, which the latter also includes the 2012 series.

Critical reception
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles received widespread acclaim and was commercially successful throughout its first five seasons, receiving wide critical praise for the faithfulness to the source material, the storytelling, character development, action, darker tone, humor, the theme song, background music, voice acting, animation and appeal to all ages. It also garnered high ratings for a 4Kids Saturday morning cartoon and shortly after the premiere became the highest-rated and most popular children's television show in the US. Unleash the Fanboy praised the series for its connection to the comic books in story and tone, and it helps that co-creator Peter Laird was closely involved with the series, making sure things stayed on the right path.

4Kids was known for its controversial history of censoring anime, but the series was acclaimed for trying to follow the dark and gritty tone of the original Mirage comics. However, due to 4Kids having to keep their ratings under PG, the last two seasons of series, Fast Forward and Back to the Sewer, was met with negative reception from fans and critics alike.

Several of the characters introduced in the series would later appear in subsequent publications of the TMNT franchise. Hun was introduced into the Mirage Comics with the issue Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Volume 2 No. 56 in March 2009, and also appears as a recurring figure in the IDW comic series and in the 2012 animated series, as does Agent Bishop. Angel, Ch'rell, Darius Dun, and the Street Phantoms would also be featured in the IDW comics, and the Triceraton Mozar as an antagonist during season 4 of the 2012 series.

References

External links

2000s American animated television series
2000s American comic science fiction television series
2003 American television series debuts
2010 American television series endings
CW4Kids original programming
Television shows set in New York City
English-language television shows
Works by Christopher Yost
Television shows set in Massachusetts
American children's animated action television series
American children's animated adventure television series
American children's animated comic science fiction television series
American children's animated drama television series
American children's animated science fantasy television series
American children's animated superhero television series
Animated television series reboots
Anime-influenced Western animated television series
Television shows based on comics
Animated television series about turtles
Teen animated television series
Teen superhero television series
4Kids Entertainment

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series)


Robert Nunn (1808 – 2 May 1853), better known as Bobby Nunn, was an English concert-hall songwriter and performer in the 19th century. His most famous song is possibly "The Fiery Clock Fyece". A roof slater by trade, after suffering a serious injury that cost him his vision, he was unable to continue employment, taking up music to support his wife and three children.

Life
Nunn was born in Newcastle. He was a roof slater by trade, but a tragic accident occurred, a fall from the roof of a house after being struck by lightning, causing him to lose his vision and two of his fingers.

After the accident he was unable to continue his trade and turned to his talents as a musician. Fortunately, as a young man, he had played both the triangle and the fiddle in his school orchestra, allowing him to earn his living as an accomplished fiddle player to support his family – a wife, a daughter and two sons. He lived as an entertainer, singing his own songs in the evenings in clubs and small bars.

He was not afraid of hard work; during the day he assisted Jacob Sopwith of Sopwith & Co, Ltd., a manufacturer of cabinets. He loved music, but had a passion for birds; as a hobby he would build cages for them.

Nunn was a regular at pubs, clubs, and similar venues on Tyneside and the adjoining areas. He was heavily built, and a great favourite at parties and entertainment nights at the clubs, pubs and halls. At the high point of his career, it was said that "no party of the kind was considered complete without 'Bobby' and his fiddle." Despite his blindness and lack of fingers, his home life seemed to be happy, and he even wrote one of his songs, "Roby's Wife's Lamentation", about it.

He was a skillful performer, famed for his playing-up to women.  He was not, however, considered to be highly educated or intellectual. Suffering the effects of a few drinks, some of his songs then contained much innuendo and were rather coarse, which seemed to please his audiences of both women and men. He composed songs to perform, and would sing songs written by others, as well. One of his fellow songwriters, Robert Emery, wrote of him in his song, "The Sandgate Lassie's Lament". Alexander Hay was involved in the location of a manuscript (described as mutilated) of one of his songs.

Nunn died on 2 May 1853 aged 45, at Queen Street, Castle Garth, Newcastle, and was described as "A Newcastle man who had the Burr in all its delightful purity".  As stated in his will, he was buried at sea.

Works
His songs were first published by Fordyce in 1842, and later in "Songs of the Tyne; being a collection of popular local songs. No.1", which was published by J. Ross of Royal Arcade, Newcastle upon Tyne, c 1846

His songs include:

 "Blind Willie's Deeth" – appeared in the booklet "Songs of the Tyne Vol 1", published c1846 and gives reflections on the death of the well-known character William "Blind Willie" Purvis
 "Drucken Bella Roy, O!" – to the tune of "Duncan M'Callaghan" – tells of Bella Roy, a well-known street-vendor of fruit, fish, etc. a once-attractive young woman, but later pitied due to "the drink"
 "Fiery Clock Fyece (The)" (or "The Bonny Clock Fyece") – to the tune of "Coal Hole". The dial of the clock on what would become Newcastle Cathedral, was first illuminated with gas on 5 December 1829. This comic song tells of a pitman, having been drinking, seeing it for the first time and thinking it was afire.
 "Jocker"
 "Keelman's Reasons For Attending Church (The)" – to the tune of "Jemmy Joneson's Whurry", first published c1846, tells of his pondering over the sermon before going back to drinking
 "Luckey's Dream" – to the tune of "Caller Fair"
 "Newcastle Lad (The)" – (or "Newcastle is my Native Place")
 "Pitman and the Blackin' (The)" – possibly his first song – to the tune of "Cole Hole"
 "Poor Aud Horse (The)" – this song appears to have been lost.
 "Quarter of Currans (The)" – this song appears to have been lost.
 "Roby's Wife's Lamentation"
 "St. Nicholas' Church"
 "Sandgate Lass on the Ropery Banks (The)" – to the tune of "The Skipper's Wedding", first published c1846, tells of a lass courting her keelman.
 "Sandgate Wife's Nurse Song"
 "Workmen's trip (A)"?? – A song about R & W Hawthorn Workmen's trip to Edinburgh, 1847

See also
 Geordie dialect words
 Benjamin Ward Richardson

References

External links
  FARNE – Folk Archive Resource North East
 Wor Geordie songwriters
 Allan's Illustrated Edition of Tyneside songs and readings

English singers
English male songwriters
People from Newcastle upon Tyne (district)
Musicians from Tyne and Wear
1853 deaths
1808 births
Geordie songwriters
19th-century English singers

Robert Nunn (songwriter)


Boyzvoice was a fictional Norwegian boy band, best known from the movie Get Ready to be Boyzvoiced (2000). They consisted of three band members: brothers M*Pete (Espen Eckbo), Hot Tub (Øyvind Thoen), and Roar Lund-Bergseter (Kaare Daniel Steen).

Boyzvoice was originally formed by Norwegian comedians/actors Espen Eckbo and Henrik Elvestad with the purpose to make fun of boy bands and the commercial music industry. Boyzvoice first appeared on a late-night Norwegian talk-show in 1999 and the same year they climbed the charts in Norway with their Christmas single Let Me Be Your Father X-mas, but Verdens Gang took the song as sincere and described it as a "cliche orgasm" that couldn't be taken seriously, before rating it at one of six.

In Get Ready to be Boyzvoiced, a mockumentary about their lives, first released in 2000, they have to overcome a scandal involving lip-synching over recordings made by session musicians, which results in their being dropped by their record company — reminiscent of the real-life incident involving Milli Vanilli. The scandal is further fed by their manager Timothy Dahle (Henrik Elvestad) physically assaulting two elderly members of the Salvation Army at a charity concert, and the discovery that lead-singer M*Pete's 16-year-old girlfriend (Ida Thorkildsen Valvik) lied about her age and is in fact only 12.

External links
 Boyzvoice.com – Boyzvoice Fansite

Fictional musical groups
Norwegian boy bands
Fictional Norwegian people

Boyzvoice


The Macquarie River is one of the main inland rivers in New South Wales. It begins in the central highlands of New South Wales near the town of Oberon.  The river flows northwest past the towns of Bathurst, Wellington, Dubbo, Narromine, and Warren to the Macquarie Marshes. The Macquarie Marshes then drain into the  lower Barwon River and then into the Darling River

Burrendong Dam is a large dam (capacity 1,190,000 Megalitres) near Wellington which holds the waters of the Macquarie River and its tributaries the Cudgegong River and the Turon River to stop floods and provide water for irrigation. The dam made Lake Burrendong.

Geography
The Macquarie River flows for 626 kilometres and drops around 517 metres over its length. Lake Burrendong (346m) is the only dam on the river.

Sources
The Macquarie River starts at White Rock, near Oberon at an elevation of 671m.

Tributaries
Six rivers flow into the Macquarie River:
 Fish River (670m)
 Turon River (406m)
 Cudgegong River (342m)
 Bell River (285m)
 Little River (271m)
 Talbragar River (257m)

There are 19 creeks that flow into the Macquarie River:
 Winburndale Rivulet (484m)
 Tambaroora Creek (398m)
 Pyramul Creek (360m)
 Curragurra Creek (351m)
 Triamble Creek (342m)
 Wuuluman Creek (302m)
 Wambangalong Creek (265m)
 Cumboogle Creek (263m)
 Mogriguy Creek (257m)
 Whylandra Creek (255m)
 Coolbaggie Creek (246m)
 Brummagen Creek (239m)
 Gin Gin Creek (217m)
 Greenhide Creek (209m)
 Bulla Bulla Creek (202m)
 Five Mile Cowal (187m)
 Marebone Break (184m)
 Bulgeraga Creek (179m)
 Oxley Break (171m). (descending elevation shown in brackets)

Towns along the river
 Bathurst
 Wellington
 Dubbo
 Narromine
 Warren

Bridge crossings
 Old Rail Bridge - Bathurst, is no longer used
 New Rail Bridge - Bathurst
 Evans Bridge - Bathurst
 Denison Bridge - Bathurst, (built 1869-1870) replaced a bridge was washed away by floods in 1867
LH Ford Bridge - Dubbo,
Emile Serisier Bridge - Dubbo , low bridge used for heavy vehicles. Prone to flooding
 Rawsonville Bridge - Dubbo, is a Dare type timber truss bridge, and was completed in 1916 Scabbing Flat Bridge - is a Dare type timber truss bridge, and was completed in 1911
 Dundullimal Rail Bridge

Watershed
The Macquarie system covers an area of more than 74,000 square kilometres. Over 72% of land is flat, and 17% is hilly. The rest is steep to mountainous, reaching 900 metres.
The east boundary is formed by the Great Dividing Range, from near Oberon in the south to Coolah in the north. A mountain ridge goes north-west from the Great Dividing Range for about 400 kilometres, then the boundary turns north.

From Bathurst, near the start of the river it passes the following geographic areas:
 the Bathurst Plains, undulating country about 700 metres above sea level surrounded by high tablelands on all sides. This includes a large floodplain around Bathurst
 the Hill End Plateau where it is joined from the east by the Turon river. The Turon drains a plateau extending from near Portland to Sofala. This area is about 1100 metres above sea level in the south and 700 metres in the north. The area is mainly rugged mountain slopes
 Burrendong Dam, the Macquarie River is joined from the east by the Cudgegong River. This rises in the hills around Rylstone about 700 metres above sea level.
 through Wellington and Dubbo, the river is joined by the Bell and Little Rivers. The Bell River rises in flat to undulating country of the Orange plateau, about 900 metres above seal level. The highest point is the extinct volcanic peak of Mount Canobolas which 1,400 metres above sea level. Between Wellington and Dubbo large flat areas are evident.
 north of Dubbo, the Talbragar River joins the Macquarie. The Talbragar is the most important downstream tributary. This river rises in mountainous country at the junction of the Great Dividing Range and the Warrumbungle Range. The country through which the Talbragar River flows is broad and flat, bordered by undulating hills that become smaller as the river nears Dubbo.
 north of Dubbo, the river passes through flat plains flowing north-west through Narromine and Warren. A complex series of creeks connecting the Macquarie, Darling and Bogan Rivers.
 Macquarie Marshes are at the end of the river channel proper. Near Carinda, the Macquarie is joined by the Marthaguy Creek which drains an area 6,500 square kilometres and carries flood water from the Macquarie and Castlereagh Rivers.

Rainfall varies across the area drained by the Macquarie River. The mountain the peaks and tablelands receive higher rainfall due to the shadowing effects of the surrounding ranges. The Great Dividing Range area receives between 750 to 900 mm annual median rainfall. This is falls evenly throughout the year. Gaps in the Dividing Range allows moist easterly air to pass inland, annual median rainfall of 750 mm or more is experienced further westward. Further north-west it is drier, in the Castelreagh and middle portions of the Macquarie valleys the annual median rainfall is 300 to 400 mm.

Rainfall can vary dramatically over several years. Records show that rainfall can be 200% or less than 50% of the average annual figure. Evaporation varies from less than 1000 mm south-east of Bathurst up to more than 2000 mm at Bourke.

Statistics

Aboriginal history
The Wiradjuri people are the original people to live in the Macquarie River area. The Wiradjuri called the river Wambool. The famous Wiradjuri warrior Windradyne came from the upper Macquarie River region. He was killed in a tribal battle alongside the river in 1829.

Near Carinda between the Macquarie River and Marra Creek, the oldest evidence of bread making in the world (about 30,000 years old) was found at an ancient lake known as Cuddie Springs.

European history
The upper parts of the Macquarie River were first seen by Europeans in 1813. The river was named for the Governor of New South Wales, Lachlan Macquarie. In 1813 surveyor George Evans wrote in his journal:

Tuesday, 30th November 1813. I have at length reached the Ridge I so much wished to do after walking about 2 Miles, where I had a prospect to the North for a great distance; A Mist arises from a part I suppose to be a River or a large Lagoon about 20 Miles Off;

Thursday, 9th December 1813. I have called the Main Stream "Macquarie River".

In 1817-18 John Oxley followed the Lachlan and Macquarie Rivers. In 1828 Charles Sturt proved that Macquarie River ended in marshes. He later explored the Darling River

Irrigation
The Macquarie River area is a regulated Water Management Area and includes private irrigation as well as several public irrigation schemes
 Narromine - Trangie
 Buddha Lakes
 Tenandra
 Trangie – Nevertire
 Nevertire
 Marthaguy

Flooding

The Macquarie River has a history of flooding. After major floods water can flow past the Macquarie Marshes and into the Barwon-Darling river system upstream of Brewarrina.

Floods
 1867, floods washed away the first Denison Bridge at Bathurst
 1955, serious flooding of Macquarie River amongst other river systems
 1998, there was a large flood that affected the farming of cotton and vegetables.
 2010 November/December saw major flooding of the lower Macquarie River following heavy rainfall events throughout Eastern Australia

Recreation
Recreational activities are popular along the length of the river particularly in the communities it passes by.

 Fishing - The following species of fresh water fish can be caught; brown trout, carp, catfish, golden perch, murray cod, rainbow trout, redfin, silver perch, trout cod and yabbies.
 Lake Burrendong - a large dam very popular for water sports include skiing, jet skis, sailing, and general boating.
 Parks - in Bathurst along the bank of the river is Bi-Centennial Park, used for picnics, events, and bicycle riding.

References

Other websites
 Government - Department of Environment, Macquarie Catchment Map
 NSW Government - Daily river reports

Rivers of New South Wales

Macquarie River


The Freshman Research Initiative (FRI), developed at the University of Texas at Austin, gives first-year students in the College of Natural Sciences the opportunity to conduct research in chemistry, biochemistry, nanotechnology, molecular biology, physics, astronomy and computer sciences.

The pilot program started with 43 students in three Research Streams. Currently, about 1000 freshmen each year are enrolled in 35 different Research Streams within FRI. Each Research Stream (laboratory) is led by a faculty member who provides guidance to their respective Research Streams, set goals and directions, and develop and teach the Research Experience courses to the students within their stream. Each  Research Stream has its own dedicated lab, which is run by a research scientist dedicated to the stream. Major funding for this program was provided by National Science Foundation and Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Students who participate in the FRI are 30-35% more likely to graduate with a science degree and 23% more likely to go to graduate school. In addition the program is significantly boosting the number of underrepresented students majoring in science, and approximately 103 students have been included as authors of published research papers.

References

 http://digital.turn-page.com/i/95218/10#
 http://www.hhmi.org/bulletin/may2012/features/research_courses.html
 http://the-scientist.com/2012/02/01/learning-by-doing/
 http://alcalde.texasexes.org/2011/09/research-program-boosts-student-retention-dramatically/
 http://www.chron.com/opinion/outlook/article/At-University-of-Texas-research-enhances-teaching-1684356.php
 http://www.hhmi.org/coolscience/resources/SPT--FullRecord.php?ResourceId=133

External links
 https://cns.utexas.edu/fri

University of Texas at Austin
2005 establishments in Texas

Freshman Research Initiative


Yahya Christian Bonaud (1957 – 26 August 2019), also known as Yaḥyā ʿAlawī (or Yaḥyā Bonaud) was a French Islamologist, philosopher, writer, translator, commentator of the Qur'an in French, and a professor at the Jāmī Theological Center at Al-Mustafa International University in Iran.

Early life
Christian Bonaud was born in 1957 into a Catholic family in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. They lived in (Germany) and Algeria until he was ten-years old, then moved to Strasbourg.

Influenced by the works of René Guénon, a French Sufi metaphysician, Bonaud converted to Islam in 1979. He began to study Arabic. Studying Islamology eventually led him to the writings of Henry Corbin (1903–1978) about Shia Islam.

Under the guidance of Amadou Hampâté Bâ (/1901–1991), an African gnostic and spiritual leader of the Tijaniyyah, he re-converted to Shia Islam and adopted the name Yahya Alawi (). Bonaud did his doctoral dissertation in French on Ruhollah Khomeini, which was reprinted and published as the book  ("Imam Khomeini, an unknown gnostic of the 20th century"). While writing his thesis, he spent seven years in Iran studying under the guidance of Sayyed Jalal-ed-Din Ashtiani.

Death
He died at sea in Abidjan, Ivory Coast in a marine accident on Monday, 26 August 2019. He was making a visit to the African continent to address Muslims about the month of Muharram and the guiding principles of Husayn ibn Ali. His body was transferred to Mashhad, Iran (where he had lived for fifteen–years prior) for his funeral rites and burial. He was 62 years old.

Works
</ref>
French translation of the Qur'an

Rituals of the Islamic Revolution

References

1957 births
2019 deaths
Converts to Shia Islam
French writers
People who died at sea
Traditionalist School
Translators of the Quran into French
Writers from Freiburg im Breisgau

Christian Bonaud


The Truth about Cats & Dogs is a 1996 romantic comedy movie. The movie is about two women dating the same man. Janeane Garofalo plays Abby Barnes. Uma Thurman plays Noelle Slusarsky.

This movie got positive reviews from critics. It earned back its budget.

1996 romantic comedy movies

The Truth About Cats & Dogs


The M45 Project (or M45) is the name of a  cluster announced in November 2007 by Yahoo!.

According to Yahoo!, it has approximately 4,000 processors, three terabytes of memory, 1.5 petabytes of disks, and a peak performance of more than 27 trillion calculations per second (27 teraflops), placing it among the top 50 fastest supercomputers in the world.

Name

M45 is named after the Messier catalog number of the constellation commonly known as the Pleiades.

References

Supercomputers
M45

Yahoo M45


Degree generally means to have a level in something.

Degree can mean:
Academic degree  awarded by a university to people who graduate from it
A degree is a unit of how we measure temperature
degree (angle) in geometry, 1/360th of a circle
degree (mathematics), the highest power of x occurring inside a polynomial

Degree


Cape Don Light is an active lighthouse located on Cape Don, at the tip of the Cobourg Peninsula, Northern Territory, Australia, in Garig Gunak Barlu National Park, marking the entrance to the Dundas Strait. It is Australia's northernmost traditional lighthouse. The station served on the important route to Darwin, between the peninsula and Melville Island. The tower was constructed in 1915–1917, during the "Golden Age of Australian Lighthouses" (1913–1920), and the tower was manned until 1983. During the entire period that the tower was manned it also maintained meteorological records which were well placed to assist in cyclone development tracking. The complex consists of the lighthouse, three residences and ancillary buildings.

Cape Don was named by Phillip Parker King in 1818, as a compliment to General Sir George Don, the Lieutenant-Governor of Gibraltar.

History

The Northern Territory was transferred from the government of South Australia to the federal parliament in 1911. The Commonwealth Lighthouse Service was officially formed on 1 July 1915, and one of the first actions of the service was to realise the need for a lighthouse on the Cobourg Peninsula, as the passage between the peninsula and Melville Island was an important route to Darwin. Construction of the tower was the largest project undertaken by the Commonwealth Lighthouse Service during the "Golden Age of Australian Lighthouses" (1913–1920).

Work on the tower began in May 1915. An iron structure was deemed unsuitable due to the tropical conditions, and the local ironstone was not suitable for concrete, so materials had to be shipped from Melbourne. However, landing conditions at the site meant the closest location for landing the materials was about  to the east, at Christies Bay. A jetty and a tramway were constructed, and the materials were drawn by horses from the landing location. The climate and the grade meant only two round trips could be made each day, and in addition, construction could only be carried out on the dry season, from April to November. As a result, construction took three years, completing in June 1917. Though the lantern was installed and ready to be lit, an earthquake hit the tower in August 1917. Though the structure was not damaged,  of mercury were lost from the mercury-bearing pedestal bath. The lighthouse was finally officially lit on 15 September 1917.

The tower original light source was a 55-millimetre (2.2 in) vapourised kerosene incandescent mantle, with an intensity of 150,000 cd and a visible range of . The original lens was a Chance Brothers 3rd order 500-millimetre (20 in) dioptric fresnel lens. The apparatus was a rotating pedestal floating in a mercury bath, operated by a clockwork mechanism with descending weights, which only had to be rewound once every twelve hours.

In the Second World War, a radar station was installed near the complex.

In the early 1970s, the tower was electrified, with power coming from diesel generators. The light source was converted to a 120-volt tungsten-halogen lamp.

In 1983 the light was automated and the station was demanned. The apparatus installed consists of four vertical panels, each consisting of four 300-millimetre (12 in) rear surfaced parabolic reflectors. The lamps are 12-volt 36-watt quartz halogen lamps, electrically connected in pairs 180° apart. The apparatus is installed on a gear-less pedestal, rotating three times per minute, showing a light characteristic of one white flash every 10 seconds (Fl.W. 10s). The light intensity is 260,000 cd and the light is visible for . The light is solar powered, and it was the first of its kind in Australia. At the same time the cottages were handed over to the Northern Territory Conservation Commission.

In 2005, the original lens and its rotating apparatus were discovered in storage and donated to the Queensland Maritime Museum in Brisbane.

Structures

The tower is  from the ground to the platform. The base is cylindrical, with an octagonal base. On top of the platform is the original 10-foot, 8-inch (3.25 m) Chance Brothers lantern.

Accommodations at the site consist of three lighthouse keeper's cottages, constructed from concrete blocks, set on high blocks with reinforced concrete beams. The cottages have timber floors and wide timber verandahs, enclosed with pivoting storm screens. The original roofing was corrugated galvanised iron, replaced by corrugated asbestos cement roofing in one of the houses. Originally, a breezeway divided the houses into two sections, one comprising three rooms and one comprising two larger rooms, with a corridor between them leading to the double doors to the verandah. The building has been altered, and the original breezeway has been converted to a living area.

Other structures in the complex include small concrete block storage sheds, adjacent to each of the houses, block work sheds around the tower, and some galvanised iron sheds including a powerhouse, a maintenance workshop and a store. At the northern boundary of the complex lies a bore and mill, and an abandoned garden next to it. The original raised water tank is at the center of the complex.

The path of the original tramway, from the complex to Christies Bay, is still visible, and the narrow gauge tramway itself is partially intact, except towards the bay. At the end of the tramway is a causeway, approximately  long and  wide, going through a mangrove swamp into the bay. At its end is a shelter. The jetty no longer exists, though the upright tramway rails which supported it still exist.

Site operation
The light is operated by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority, while the site is managed by the Garig Gunak Barlu National Park authorities.

Visiting

The location is accessible for 4WD car only in the dry season (May–October) and requires permits and paying a fee. The site is also accessible by air and boat. The tower is closed to the public. The head lighthouse keeper's house has been converted to a fishing lodge and is available for overnight accommodations.

See also

 List of lighthouses in Australia

Notes

References

  reprinted in

External links

Lighthouses completed in 1917
Lighthouses in the Northern Territory
Northern Territory places listed on the defunct Register of the National Estate
Northern Territory Heritage Register
Cobourg Peninsula

Cape Don Light


Professor Stanley J. Gill (26 March 1926 – 1975) was a British computer scientist credited, along with Maurice Wilkes and David Wheeler, with the invention of the first computer subroutine.

Early life, education and career
Stanley Gill was born 26 March 1926 in Worthing, West Sussex, England. He was educated at Worthing High School for Boys and was, during his schooldays, a member of an amateur dramatic society.

In 1943, he was awarded a State Scholarship and went to St John's College, Cambridge, where he read Mathematics/Natural Sciences. He graduated BA in 1947 and MA in 1950. Gill worked at the National Physical Laboratory from 1947 to 1950, where he met his wife, Audrey Lee, whom he married in 1949. From 1952 to 1955 he was a Research Fellow at St John's working in a team led by Maurice Wilkes; the research involved pioneering work with the EDSAC computer in the Cavendish Laboratory. In 1952, he developed a very early computer game. It involved a dot (termed a sheep) approaching a line in which one of two gates could be opened. The  game was controlled via the lightbeam of the EDSAC's paper tape reader. Interrupting it (such as by the player placing their hand in it) would open the upper gate. Leaving the beam unbroken would result in the lower gate opening.

He gained a PhD in 1953 and, following a year as Visiting Assistant Professor at the University of Illinois, Urbana, joined the Computer Department at Ferranti Ltd.  In the UK in 1963 he was appointed Professor of Automatic Data Processing, UMIST, Manchester and, following various consultancies including International Computers Ltd he was appointed in 1964 to the newly created Chair of Computing Science and Computing Unit at Imperial College, University of London. This was later merged into the Imperial College Centre for Computing and Automation, which Gill became director of, whilst he worked as a consultant to the Ministry of Technology. Gill was a founding member of the Real Time Club in 1967 and its chairman from 1970 to 1975. In 1970 he became Chairman of Software Sciences Holdings Ltd and was Director of various companies in the Miles Roman Group. From 1972 until his death in 1975 he was Senior Consultant to PA International Management Consultants Ltd.

Gill travelled widely and advised on the establishment of departments of computing in several universities around the world. He was also President of the British Computer Society from 1967 to 1968.

Publications
 The Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer by Maurice Wilkes, David Wheeler, and Stanley Gill; (original 1951); reprinted with new introduction by Martin Campbell-Kelly; 198 pp.; . Available through Charles Babbage Institute  Archive.org Full Text
 Papers of Professor Stanley Gill 1964-1971, Imperial College Archives and Corporate Records Unit, Room 455, Sherfield Building, Imperial College, London, UK.
 Gill, Stanley. Second Progress Report on the Automatic Computing Engine, National Physical Laboratory, Mathematics Division. (1949)
 Gill, Stanley. A process for the step-by-step integration of differential equations in an automatic digital computing machine. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc, v. 47, p. 96 (1951). [The Runge-Kutta-Gill method.] https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305004100026414
 Gill, Stanley. The diagnosis of mistakes in programmes on the EDSAC. Proc. Roy. Soc. A., v. 206, p. 538 (1951). https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspa.1951.0087
 Gill, Stanley. "The application of an electronic digital computer to problems in mathematics and physics." PhD diss., University of Cambridge, November 1952.
 Gill, Stanley and Bernhart, Frank R.. "An extension of Winn's result on reducible minor neighborhoods." (1973).

References

Further reading
 Oral history interview with David Wheeler, 1987-05-14. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.  Wheeler was a research student at the University Mathematical Laboratory at Cambridge from 1948–1951, and a pioneer programmer on the EDSAC project. Wheeler discusses projects that were run on EDSAC, user-oriented programming methods, and the influence of EDSAC on the ILLIAC, the ORDVAC, and the IBM 701.
 Biographical Librarian, St. John's College, Cambridge, UK.
 https://mathworld.wolfram.com/GillsMethod.html
 http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/univac/1103/PX71900-10_CentrExchNewsl%2310_Dec56.pdf

External links
 Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine webpage on Stanley Gill

1926 births
1975 deaths
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
British computer scientists
History of computing in the United Kingdom
People educated at Worthing High School

Stanley Gill


Elias Howe Jr. (; July 9, 1819October 3, 1867) was an American inventor best known for his creation of the modern lockstitch sewing machine.

Early life
Elias Howe Jr. was born on July 9, 1819, to Dr. Elias Howe Sr (1792–1867) and Polly (Bemis) Howe (1791–1871) in Spencer, Massachusetts. Howe spent his childhood and early adult years in Massachusetts, where he apprenticed in a textile factory in Lowell beginning in 1835. After mill closings due to the Panic of 1837, he moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, to work as a mechanic with carding machinery, apprenticing along with his cousin Nathaniel P. Banks. In the beginning of 1838, he apprenticed in the shop of Ari Davis, a master mechanic in Cambridge who specialized in the manufacture and repair of chronometers and other precision instruments. It was in the employ of Davis that Howe seized upon the idea of the sewing machine.

He married Elizabeth Jennings Ames, daughter of Simon Ames and Jane B. Ames, on March 3, 1841, in Cambridge. They had three children: Jane Robinson Howe (1842–1912), Simon Ames Howe (1844–1883), and Julia Maria Howe (1846–1869). He then married Rose Halladay.

Invention of sewing machine and career

Howe was not the first to conceive of the idea of a sewing machine. Many other people had formulated the idea of such a machine before him, one as early as 1790, and some had even patented their designs and produced working machines, in one case at least 80 of them. However, Howe originated significant refinements to the design concepts of his predecessors, and on September 10, 1846, he was awarded the first United States patent () for a sewing machine using a lockstitch design. His machine contained the three essential features common to most modern machines: a needle with the eye at the point, a shuttle operating beneath the cloth to form the lock stitch, and an automatic feed.

A possibly apocryphal account of how he came up with the idea for placing the eye of the needle at the point is recorded in a family history of his mother's family:

Despite securing his patent, Howe had considerable difficulty finding investors in the United States to finance production of his invention, so his elder brother Amasa Bemis Howe traveled to England in October 1846 to seek financing. Amasa was able to sell his first machine for £250 to William Thomas of Cheapside, London, who owned a factory for the manufacture of corsets, umbrellas and valises. Elias and his family joined Amasa in London in 1848, but after business disputes with Thomas and failing health of his wife, Howe returned nearly penniless to the United States. His wife Elizabeth, who preceded Elias back to the United States, died in Cambridge, Massachusetts shortly after his return in 1849.

Despite his efforts to sell his machine, other entrepreneurs began manufacturing sewing machines. Howe was forced to defend his patent in a court case that lasted from 1849 to 1854 because he found that Isaac Singer with cooperation from Walter Hunt had perfected a facsimile of his machine and was selling it with the same lockstitch that Howe had invented and patented. He won the dispute and earned considerable royalties from Singer and others for sales of his invention.

Howe contributed much of the money he earned to providing equipment for the 17th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry of the Union Army during the Civil War, in which Howe served as a private in Company D. Due to his faltering health he performed light duty, often seen walking with the aid of his shillelagh, and took on the position of Regimental Postmaster, serving out his time riding to and from Baltimore with war news. He'd enlisted August 14, 1862, and then mustered out July 19, 1865.

Involvement in inventing the zipper
Howe received a patent in 1851 for an "Automatic, Continuous Clothing Closure". Perhaps because of the success of his sewing machine, he did not try to seriously market it, missing recognition he might otherwise have received.

Adult life and legacy

Between 1854 and 1871/72, Elias's older brother, Amasa Bemis Howe (died in 1868), and later his son Benjamin Porter Howe, owned and operated a factory in New York City, producing sewing machines under the name of the Howe Sewing Machine Co., which won a gold medal at the London Exhibition of 1862. Between 1865 and 1867, Elias himself established The Howe Machine Co. in Bridgeport, Connecticut, that was operated by Elias's sons-in-law, the Stockwell Brothers, until about 1886. Elias Howe's sewing machine won a gold medal at the Paris Exhibition of 1867, and that same year he was awarded the Légion d'honneur by Napoleon III for his invention. In 1873, Benjamin P. Howe sold the Howe Sewing Machine Co. factory and name to the Howe Machine Co., which merged the two companies.

Elias Howe died at age 48, on October 3, 1867, of gout and a massive blood clot. He was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. His second wife, Rose Halladay, who died on October 10, 1890, is buried with him. Both Singer and Howe were multi-millionaires.

Howe's father died two months later on December 28, 1867, one day after his 75th birthday.

Howe was commemorated with a 5-cent stamp in the Famous American Inventors series issued October 14, 1940.

The 1965 Beatles movie Help! is dedicated to his memory.

In 2004 he was inducted into the United States National Inventors Hall of Fame.

Genealogy
Howe was a descendant of John Howe (1602–1680) who arrived in Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 from Brinklow, Warwickshire, England, and settled in Sudbury, Massachusetts. Howe was also a descendant of Edmund Rice, another early immigrant to Massachusetts Bay Colony.

See also

Daniel Davis Jr.

References

External links

  Elias Howe Biography by Alex I. Askaroff

1819 births
1867 deaths
19th-century American inventors
American mechanical engineers
People from Spencer, Massachusetts
People from Bridgeport, Connecticut
People of Connecticut in the American Civil War
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees
Engineers from Connecticut

Elias Howe


The Cheese Store of Beverly Hills is a gourmet foods store in Beverly Hills, California, known for its selection of 500-600 cheeses. It also stocks wines and other delicacies, including the rarest of all caviars, Golden Imperial Osetra, and is often featured in publications such as Bon Appétit and Entrepreneur magazine, as a notable epicurean source. The store claims to carry "the largest assortment of goat's and sheep's milk cheeses found anywhere".  The store's former owner, Norbert Wabnig, has become a noted Los Angeles personality.

The store, housed in a refurbished 1920s brick building, has supplied many of Los Angeles' high-end restaurants past and present, including Wolfgang Puck's Spago, Valentino's, Patina, and Bar Marmont, as well as Las Vegas' Bellagio hotel.

History
The Beverly Hills branch of Cheese Shop International, an East Coast-based franchise, was founded in 1967 by Colonel Sigmund Roth. In 1978, after a few years of the colonel's declining health, Norbert Wabnig, who had worked at the store by day while pursuing his music career at night, purchased the business and changed its name to The Cheese Store of Beverly Hills. He transformed the store's feel from one of an upscale chain store to the more European style that it retains today.  Wabnig has often stated that he likes the community aspect of the store, which often hosts wine tastings.

As a way of recognizing the producers of handmade specialty foods from whom he sources his products, in 2004 Wabnig founded the American Artisanal Treasure Awards. Awards are presented for Best Cheese, Best Olive Oil, and Best Condiment.

In 2005, the store introduced its house wine, Scoundrel, a cabernet bottled by Sylvester Vineyards in Paso Robles, California. Wabnig's daughter, Talia, designed the label.

In June 2023 The Cheese Store moved into its new location at 9705 South Santa Monica Blvd. Beverly Hills 90210.

Products
Because of its epicurean nature, The Cheese Store of Beverly Hills has been known to carry hard-to-find and high-end ingredients, which over the years have included Austrian pumpkin seed oil, fresh truffles (in season), varieties of French butter, various kinds of Russian caviar (Golden Imperial Osetra and Sevruga), French and Spanish hams, Italian prosciutto, and 25 varieties of extra virgin olive oil. As part of the store's environmental ethos customers are encouraged to bring their own bottles, which are then filled with olive oil.

Owner
Born in Vienna, Austria, on August 11, 1948, Norbert Wabnig and his family moved to New Orleans in 1955, but returned during summers to Vienna, where he apprenticed in the kitchen of his uncle Franz Blauensteiner's restaurant, Gausthaus au Stadt Paris, a popular spot for celebrities such as Oskar Werner and Klaus Maria Brandauer. After graduating from the University of New Orleans, Wabnig moved to Los Angeles to pursue a music career with his band Wendell Nightfall Troupe. To support himself, Wabnig took a job at what is now The Cheese Store of Beverly Hills, which he later bought in 1978.

Wabnig travels the world in search of cheeses for the store.  He is a member of the American Cheese Society and often assists top culinary schools – including The Cordon Bleu Program at the California School of Culinary Arts, and The New School of Cooking – with cheese courses.

Wabnig and Ruthie Grahm composed the theme song for the Los Angeles chapter of Meals on Wheels.

In popular culture
Eat, Drink or Die. Wabnig hosted a Cheese of the Day video series for the popular epicurean website.

In 2007, Wabnig appeared on the History (formerly, The History Channel) series Modern Marvels, as a cheese expert.

Awards
Received 2-Leaf ranking from Greenopia Los Angeles as a Distinguished Business for 2008–2009.
Voted Best Cheese Shop in Los Angeles in 2007 and 2008 and 2009 by MyFoxLA.
Awarded the "Best Gourmet Food Store" by editors and readers for Los Angeles' edition of the Best of Citysearch website poll in 2006 and 2007.
Rated #1 Overall, #1 for Cheese, and #1 for Beverly Hills by Zagat every year from 1997 to 2001. In Zagat's 1999/2000 Survey, it was one of only two food sources to receive a score of 29 points.
Los Angeles Magazine listed the store in its "Best of LA 1996."

References

External links

Landmarks in Los Angeles
Companies based in Beverly Hills, California
Retail companies established in 1967
Cheese retailers
1967 establishments in California
Buildings and structures in Beverly Hills, California
Food retailers of the United States
Dairy products companies in California
American companies established in 1967

The Cheese Store of Beverly Hills


Samson Morpurgo ben Joshua Moses (1681 – 12 April 1740) was an Italian rabbi, physician, and liturgist.

Morpurgo was born in Gradisca d'Isonzo, close to Gorizia.  When a boy of seven he was taken by his father to Venice, where he received his elementary education. He then studied in the University of Padua, and graduated as doctor of medicine.

In 1704 Morpurgo published in Venice his "'Eẓ ha-Da'at," a philosophical commentary on Jedaiah Bedersi's "Beḥinat ha-'Olam." At the end of this work was printed a satire upon the cabalists by Jacob Frances, on account of which Morpurgo was persecuted by the rabbis of Padua. At the same time he devoted himself to the study of the Talmud and rabbinics, and in 1709 he obtained a rabbi's diploma from Leon Briel, chief rabbi of Mantua (Preface to Morpurgo's "Shemesh Ẓedaḳah"). Soon afterward he was associated in the rabbinate of Ancona with Joseph Fiametta, whose son-in-law he subsequently became. After Fiametta's death (1721) Morpurgo was sole rabbi of Ancona; and he continued in office till his death.

Morpurgo enjoyed much consideration as a distinguished rabbi; his objections to certain rabbinical decrees are to be found in Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi, "Bibliotheca Antichristiana," p. 63; and an approbation of his, of 1716, was inserted by Isaac Lampronti in his "Paḥad Yiẓaḳ," i. 35b, s.v. . He corresponded with Abraham Segre and Moses Ḥagiz concerning Moses Ḥayyim Luzzatto (see "Kerem Ḥemed," iii. 149). Morpurgo proved a skilful physician during an epidemic of influenza at Ancona in 1730; and in recognition of his services he was presented with a testimonial by Pope Benedict XIV, who was Archbishop of Ancona. He died at Ancona.

Morpurgo left a number of responsa on the four parts of the Shulḥan 'Aruk, which were published, with notes and preface, by his son Moses Ḥayyim Shabbethai (Venice, 1743). He was also the author of a prayer beginning "Anna ha-El ha-Gadol ha-Gibbor weha-Nora," to be recited by persons visiting the cemetery.

References
Eliakim Carmoly, in Revue Orientale, ii. 473;
Julius Fürst, Bibl. Jud. ii. 391;
Marco Mortara, Indice, p. 42;
Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi, Dizionario, ii. 64;
Moritz Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. col. 2637;
Zunz, Literaturgesch. p. 448;
idem, in Liebermann, Deutscher Volkskalender, 1853, p. 68

External links
Source

 Signature of Samson Morpurgo (Rare Books of the Shimeon Brisman Collection in Jewish Studies, Washington University)

1671 births
1740 deaths
18th-century Italian rabbis
University of Padua alumni
18th-century Jewish physicians
Rabbis from Ancona

Samson Morpurgo


Carlota D.d.R EspinoZa (born 1943, Denver, Colorado) is an American painter, muralist, and activist in her Art. She is one of the early Latina / Chicana muralists in Denver with works in Cuba, San Francisco, Texas, Arizona, and Colorado.

Early life and education
Carlota D.d.R EspinoZa is the middle child of 14 siblings growing up first 8 years in Fraser, Colorado, and attended the Rocky Mountain School of the Arts in the 1960s and the University of Colorado Denver Metro. During the 1960s she participated in the Centro Cultural Center, organizing exhibitions for artists and was involved in the 1969 "Hispano Art Fiesta / Cinco de Mayo" events in Denver.

Career
Early in her career, Carlota d.D.R EspinoZa painted two murals for the activist Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzales' Crusade for Justice center, one of which was destroyed in a 1973 fire after a bombing at the center. The surviving mural, Mexican Heros, painted in 1966, depicts Pancho Villa and Benito Juarez and was hung at the Crusade for Justice center.

EspinoZa is well known for her mural of La Guadalupe that is found on the altar of Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic Church in Denver. She obtained permission to paint this work  from Pastor Jose Lara who claims to have told EspinoZa, "You don't have to have a picture of a perfect Lady of Guadalupe like in Mexico. Please paint a beautiful Chicana from north Denver." The mural, The Apparition of the Virgin Mary to Juan Diego in Mexico, was painted in 1976 and was on the altar until Father Benito Hernandez and church leadership had it removed it in 2010 under claims that the mural took away from the focus of the Holy presence. This removal stirred protests calling for the mural's return, including the gathering of 70 signatures for a letter to Denver Archbishop Charles Chaput demanding the murals restoration at the church, with EspinoZa agreeing to perform the restoration work if the church decides to remove the wall.

The mural, Pasado, Presente, Futuro is in the Byers branch of The Denver Public Library and "blends myth and reality, dream and truth. The past, present, future are one blood: Chicano!" This mural was commissioned by the Friends of the Denver Public Library in 1977 and included in the City of Denver Public Art collection.

Additionally, EspinoZa's screenprint We the People, Broken Treatys. from the National Chicano Screenprint Taller, 1988-1989, is held in the Smithsonian American Art Museum. She also worked as a background and foreground artist, She has two sculpture's at the Denver.Co.Library.She also worked at the Denver Museum of Natural History for 9 nine years.

EspinoZa is also known for her work as a Chicano activist using her "art to express those in need, especially the Chicano Latino communities in Colorado."

References

Living people
1943 births
American women painters
Chicano
20th-century American painters
21st-century American painters
American muralists
American women muralists
American artists of Mexican descent
Hispanic and Latino American women in the arts
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists
People from Grand County, Colorado
Painters from Colorado
University of Colorado Denver alumni
Activists from Colorado

Carlota D. EspinoZa


William Valentine Shakespeare (September 27, 1912 – January 17, 1974) was an American football player.  He played at the halfback position, and also handled punting, for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football teams from 1933 to 1935.  He gained his greatest acclaim for throwing the winning touchdown pass as time ran off the clock in Notre Dame's 1935 victory over Ohio State, a game that was voted the best game in the first 100 years of college football.  Shakespeare was selected as a consensus first-team All-American in 1935 and was posthumously inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1983.  Sharing the same name as "The Bard of Avon", Shakespeare earned nicknames including "The Bard of Staten Island", "The Bard of South Bend", and "The Merchant of Menace".

Biography

Early years
Shakespeare was born on Staten Island, New York.  His father, Valentine Shakespeare, was a New York City firefighter and the captain of Fire Company 163.  The family claimed to be direct descendants of the famed writer William Shakespeare.  The younger Shakespeare became a star football player at Staten Island's Port Richmond High School.  He showed particular talent as a punter and later told reporters that he had trained his pet fox terrier to retrieve his punts as he practiced his technique.

Notre Dame

Bard of Staten Island
He enrolled at the University of Notre Dame in 1932, the year after the death of the school's legendary football coach Knute Rockne.  He played for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football teams in 1933, 1934, and 1935, and was selected as a consensus All-American in 1935.

Because of his shared name with William Shakespeare, "The Bard of Avon", he acquired nicknames "The Bard of Staten Island" and "The Merchant of Menace".  Newspapers reported that, though he claimed to be a direct descendant of the Bard, Shakespeare had flunked his sophomore English class.  In 1934, newspapers published a photograph of Shakespeare staring at a football in the manner of Hamlet examining Yorick's skull under the caption "To Be Or Not To Be -- Football Player or English Wizard Is Perplexing Question Facing William Shakespeare, of Notre Dame."

1933 and 1934 seasons
As a sophomore in 1933, Shakespeare was a substitute at the halfback position.  He also showed promise as a punter with an average of 53.2 yards on five punts.

As a junior in 1934, Shakespeare became the starting left halfback in the Notre Dame's first year under new coach Elmer Layden.  In an October 1934 win over Carnegie Tech, Shakespeare ran 56 yards for a touchdown on a sweep play around the right end.  The Associated Press noted: "Superb blocking opened the route for Shakespeare, who put a little reverse English on his dash and then outfooted the field to score."  On November 24, 1934, he helped lead the Irish to a 12–6 win over Army with a 67-yard touchdown pass to Dominic Vairo in front of a crowd of 81,000 at Yankee Stadium.  The Associated Press wrote that "the Irish scored a touchdown on a sensational pass, Shakespeare to Captain Vairo, who took the ball on Army's 15 as he was surrounded by three cadets and broke away to spring across the goal line."  And in the final week of the season, he threw a 51-yard touchdown pass to Francis "Mike" Layden in a 14–0 win over the University of Southern California.  He led the 1934 Notre Dame team in several offensive categories, including passing (230 yards and two touchdowns), kickoff returns (60 yards on four returns), and punting (41 punts for 1,638 yards and a 40.0 yard average).

1935 season

Early games
In the opening game of the 1935 season, Shakespeare threw a pass from the 50-yard to Wayne Millner, who caught the ball on the five-yard line and ran into the endzone for a touchdown as Notre Dame defeated Kansas 28–7.  The following week, Shakespeare ran for a touchdown against Carnegie Tech at Pitt Stadium—the first touchdown scored by Notre Dame in Pittsburgh since 1931.  Against Wisconsin on October 12, 1935, he caught a 20-yard touchdown pass from Vic Wojcihovski to help lead Notre Dame to a 13-0 win at Camp Randall Stadium.  In the fourth week of the 1935 season, Notre Dame beat Pitt, 9–6, as Shakespeare scored Notre Dame's only touchdown.  Shakespeare also booted an 86-yard punt (70 yards in the air) in the Pitt game, still the longest punt in Notre Dame football history.  He also kicked a 75-yard punt against Navy in 1935 that ranks as the fifth-longest in school history.

"Game of the Century"
On November 2, 1935, Notre Dame faced the undefeated 1935 Ohio State Buckeyes team in front of a crowd of 81,000 at Ohio Stadium.  Ohio State was heavily favored in the game and led at half-time by a score of 13–0.  The score remained the same at the start of the fourth quarter, but the Irish rallied in the fourth quarter for two touchdowns to narrow Ohio State's lead to 13–12.  With less than a minute left in the game, Notre Dame's quarterback Andy Pilney ran for a 30-yard gain to the Ohio State 19-yard line.  Pilney was injured on the play and had to be carried off the field on a stretcher.  Shakespeare replaced Pilney and threw a pass into the arms of an Ohio State player who intercepted the ball but dropped it before securing possession.  With the clock running out, the ball was snapped to fullback Jim McKenna, who handed it to Shakespeare on what appeared to be a reverse.  Shakespeare threw a pass into the endzone, which was caught by Wayne Millner on his knees for an 18–13 win.

The 1935 Notre Dame-Ohio State match was regarded as one of the greatest comebacks in history of the sport.  Red Barber, who broadcast the game on radio, later called it "the greatest college football game I ever called."  In The New York Times, Allison Danzig opened his report on the game by writing, "One of the greatest last-ditch rallies in football history toppled the dreaded Scarlet Scourge of Ohio State from its lofty pinnacle today as 81,000 dumbfounded spectators saw Notre Dame score three touchdowns in less than fifteen minutes to gain an almost miraculous 18–13 victory in jammed Buckeye Stadium."  Radio announcer Tom Manning added, "I always said Shakespeare had a pair of rosary beads and a bottle of holy water in his back pocket."  The media picked up stories of the Catholic faithful praying for Notre Dame as they listened to the game on the radio.  One nun told a reporter of overhearing a colleague in her convent "gamefully bargaining" and eventually "threatening" the Poor Souls and saints for another Notre Dame touchdown.  The Chicago Tribune later noted the irony that it was a truly ecumenical group that combined for the famed "Hail Mary" pass: "Mazziotti, a Catholic, handed to Shakespeare, a Protestant on a fake reverse.  Shakespeare passed to End Wayne Millner, a Jewish boy."  In 1969, as part of the centennial of the first college football game, the Associated Press conducted a poll to select the "game of the century", and the 1935 Notre Dame-Ohio State game was chosen as the best game in the first 100 years of college football.

Later games
The week after the Ohio State game, Notre Dame faced Northwestern featuring All-American end Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.  Before the game, the Associated Press carried a story profiling the two players: "Shakespeare and Longfellow will meet tomorrow —- not to trade verses, but to play all the football they know."  Longfellow later recalled, "Shakespeare and I played against each other for three years.  Each year, because of our names, we got a terrific buildup. It was a natural, I suppose. All through my college days I never heard the end of it. The writers went wilder each year."  Longfellow got the better of Shakespeare in 1935, as he caught a touchdown pass to help Northwestern win the game, 14-7.  Shakespeare attempted to lead the Irish to another come-from-behind victory, as he ran 48 yard to the Northwestern ten-yard line late in the game, but the Northwestern defense held.    On the last play of the game, Shakespeare threw a "long, desperate pass", but it was intercepted as time ran out.

On November 16, 1935, Shakespeare led a Notre Dame comeback against Army, but the comeback fell short as the game ended in a 6–6 tie.  The game was played in Yankee Stadium in front of a crowd of 80,000, and Army led 6–0 late in the game.  With a minute to go, Shakespeare threw a 44-yard pass to Millner at the Army goal line.  The ball fell from Millner's arms, but the referee called pass interference and Notre Dame scored on the next play from the two-yard line.  Damon Runyon wrote of the finish: "It is the opening gun, so to speak, of the duel with William Valentine Shakespeare, who waits until the very last minute to put on a typical Shakespeare finish to a Notre Dame football tale."

Shakespeare concluded his football career with a come-from-behind victory over the USC Trojans On November 23, 1935.  USC led 6–0 at halftime, but Notre Dame scored 20 points in the second half.  The Associated Press credited Shakespeare for leading the comeback: "Heading the brilliant attack was the 'bard of Staten Island,' William Shakespeare who closed his collegiate career with one of his greatest games."  Shakespeare started the rally by throwing a 38-yard touchdown pass to Wally Fromhart.

Post-season honors
Shakespeare finished the 1935 college football season as Notre Dame's leader in most offensive categories, including passing (19 completions on 66 attempts for 267 yards), rushing (374 yards and four touchdowns on 104 carries), punting (1,801 yards on 45 punts), kickoff returns (123 yards on five returns), and scoring (24 points).  He was selected as a consensus first-team All-American and finished third in the voting, behind Jay Berwanger and Monk Moscrip, for the first Heisman Trophy award.

NFL Draft
Shakespeare was drafted in the first round (3rd overall selection) of the 1936 NFL Draft by the Pittsburgh Pirates (now Steelers). The 1936 draft was the first official NFL draft, and Shakespeare holds the distinction of being the third player ever selected in an NFL draft, the first Notre Dame player to be drafted in the first round, and the first first-round pick for the Pirates.  Despite being drafted in the first round, professional football was not a high-paying proposition in the mid-1930s, and Shakespeare opted for a career in business rather than professional football.

Before turning to a career in business, Shakespeare did take time to appear with fellow All-Americans Jay Berwanger, Bobby Wilson, Monk Moscrip and Gomer Jones in the RKO Pictures feature film, The Big Game.

World War II
In July 1943, Shakespeare entered the U.S. Army and went overseas with the Ground Forces Reinforcement Command of the 106th Division. He was commissioned as a captain and commanded a machine-gun platoon of the 424th Infantry Regiment, which played a prominent role in the Ardennes breakthrough, and served in Northern France and the Rhineland Campaign.  Shakespeare was awarded four battle stars, the Combat Infantryman Badge, and the Bronze Star for gallantry during the Battle of the Bulge.

Later years
Shakespeare joined the Cincinnati Rubber Company upon graduating from Notre Dame in 1936.  With exception of the time he spent in military service during World War II, Shakespeare spent his entire career with the company.  By 1959, he had become a vice president of the company, and he became the company's president in 1960.  He lived in Kenwood, Ohio and remained president of Cincinnati Rubber until his death in 1974.  He died in January 1974 at age 61 at Good Samaritan Hospital in Cincinnati.  He was married with two sons.

Awards
In 1983, Shakespeare was posthumously named to the College Football Hall of Fame and he has also been inducted into the Staten Island Sports Hall of Fame.

References

1912 births
1974 deaths
Sportspeople from Staten Island
Players of American football from New York City
American football halfbacks
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Pittsburgh Steelers players
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army officers
Port Richmond High School alumni

William Shakespeare (American football)


Bush Heritage Australia is a non-profit organisation with headquarters in Melbourne, Australia, that operates throughout Australia. It was previously known as the Australian Bush Heritage Fund. Its vision is: Healthy Country, Protected Forever.

It works under three Impact models:

 Purchasing land (see 'Reserves' heading below), assessed as being of outstanding conservation value, from private owners, to manage as wildlife reserves in perpetuity.
 Investing in partnerships with Aboriginal groups, who are often owners of vast estates. Bush Heritage supports the development and implementation of Healthy Country Plans.
 It partners with farmers to support conservation work and aims to have an influence over 10 million hectares of agricultural land by 2030.

It does so to protect endangered species and preserve Australia's biodiversity. It's 2022-23 Impact Report stated it was contributing to the protection of 11.3 million hectares on its reserves and partnership lands. There were 7,735 Australian species recorded on its reserves and partnership properties, including more than 200 threatened species.

History
Bush Heritage Australia was founded in 1990 by Bob Brown who purchased two forested properties in Tasmania, adjoining the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site, to save them from being woodchipped.  He used the money of his Goldman Environmental Prize as a deposit, borrowing the rest and setting up the Australian Bush Heritage Fund.

The organization subsequently developed, first in a small way in Tasmania, before expanding to the Australian mainland, and has grown with the assistance of regular subscribers and other donors.

Doug Humann  led Bush Heritage Australia as CEO from 1997 to 2011, raising its profile nationally. ( he is chair of Landcare Australia.) Gerard O'Neill took over from 2011 until 2018 and Heather Campbell has been the CEO since January 2019.

In 1997 Bush Heritage acquired the lease of Erith Island, an island in the Kent Group, Bass Strait, used for cattle grazing.  It was relinquished to the Tasmanian Government in 2002 for incorporation into the Kent Group National Park.

In 2011 Bush Heritage entered into a ten-year agreement with the Wunambal Gaambera Aboriginal Corporation, the "first long-term agreement in Australia between traditional landowners and a non-government conservation organisation". Many others have since followed. The Healthy Country Plan developed by the two groups helps to manage the Indigenous Protected Area (IPA) within the Mitchell River National Park in the Kimberley region in Western Australia. Bush Heritage now has an extensive Aboriginal Partnerships Program.

Aims
Bush Heritage Australia is striving for the long-term protection of Australia's biodiversity through the acquisition and management of land, water and wildlife of outstanding conservation significance. To do so it focuses its attention and investment on broad 'priority landscape' regions across Australia, selected for a combination of criteria, including the number of threatened species and ecosystems, the number of endemic species, the general condition of the lands, expected climate change impacts and existing staff and resources deployed in the region. Care of Bush Heritage owned properties includes the rehabilitation of degraded land, the control of introduced herbivores and predators, the use of fire as a management tool, consultation and co-operation with neighbouring landowners and traditional owners, as well as with government departments, and the creation of habitat corridors.

Bush Heritage Australia also has a conservation science program led by Rebecca Spindler. They study public attitude towards conservation as well as the conservation of animal and plant species.

Governance
Bush Heritage is run by an independent board of directors skilled in land management and conservation, around 200 paid staff and many volunteers. In 2022-23 Bush Heritage had over 50,000 supporters and hundreds of highly skilled volunteers (contributing over 43,206 hours in 2022-23) who are given opportunities to visit and work on the reserves. Details of income and expenditure can be found in the Impact Report on its website.

Reserves
As of October 2023, Bush Heritage had 42 reserves and was working with 25 Aboriginal partnerships protecting 11.3 million hectares (113,000 square km):

 Beringa (WA)
 Bellair (Victoria)
 Bon Bon (SA)
 Boolcoomatta (SA)
 Brogo (NSW)
 Buckrabanyule (Victoria)
 Burrin Burrin (NSW)
 Carnarvon Station (Queensland)
 Charles Darwin (WA)
 Chereninup Creek (WA)
 Currumbin Valley (Queensland)
 Edgbaston (Queensland)
 Ediegarrup (WA)
 Ethabuka (Queensland)
 Eurardy (WA)
 Fan Palm (Queensland)
 Friendly Beaches (Tasmania)
 Goonderoo (Queensland)
 John Colahan Griffin (Victoria)
 Hamelin Station Reserve (WA)
 Kojonup (WA)
 John Douglas (Victoria)
 Lawan (Victoria)
 Liffey Valley including Oura Oura, Liffey River, Coalmine Creek, Drys Bluff & Glovers Flat reserves (Tasmania)
 Monjebup (WA)
 Nameless Sylvan (NSW)
 Nardoo Hills (Victoria)
 Ngulambarra (Victoria)
 Pilungah (Queensland)
 Pullen Pullen (Queensland)
 Red Moort (WA)
 Reedy Creek (Queensland)
 Scottsdale (NSW)
 South Esk Pine (Tasmania)
 Tarcutta Hills (NSW)
 The Round House (Victoria)
 Yarrabee Wesfarmers (WA)
 Yourka (Queensland)

See also

 Conservation in Australia
 List of threatened flora of Australia
 Threatened fauna of Australia

References

External links

 Biodiversity in the Lake Macquarie Region

 01
Protected area administrators of Australia
Environmental organizations established in 1990
1990 establishments in Australia
Environmental organisations based in Australia
Non-profit organisations based in Victoria (state)
Organisations based in Melbourne
Nature conservation organisations based in Australia
Environmental charities
Charities based in Australia

Bush Heritage Australia


High-functioning autism (HFA) was historically an autism classification where a person exhibits no intellectual disability, but may experience difficulty in communication, emotion recognition, expression, and social interaction.

HFA has never been included in either the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) or the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (ICD), the two major classification and diagnostic guidelines for psychiatric conditions.

Characterization

High-functioning autism is characterized by features similar to those of Asperger syndrome. The defining characteristic recognized by psychologists is a significant delay in the development of early speech and language skills, before the age of three years. The diagnostic criteria of Asperger syndrome exclude a general language delay.

Further differences in features of people with high-functioning autism from those with Asperger syndrome include the following:
 Lower verbal reasoning ability
 Better visual/spatial skills (Being uniquely artistically talented)
 Less deviating locomotion (e.g. clumsiness)
 Problems functioning independently
 Curiosity and interest for many different things
 Not as good at empathizing with other people
 Male to female ratio (4:1) much smaller

Comorbidities
Individuals with autism spectrum disorders, including high-functioning autism, risk developing symptoms of anxiety. While anxiety is one of the most commonly occurring mental health symptoms, children and adolescents with high functioning autism are at an even greater risk of developing symptoms.

There are other comorbidities, the presence of one or more disorders in addition to the primary disorder, associated with high-functioning autism. Some of these include bipolar disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). In particular the link between HFA and OCD, has been studied; both have abnormalities associated with serotonin.

Observable comorbidities associated with HFA include ADHD and Tourette syndrome. HFA does not cause, nor include, intellectual disabilities. This characteristic distinguishes HFA from low-functioning autism; between 40 and 55% of individuals with autism also have an intellectual disability.

Behavior
An association between HFA and criminal behavior is not completely characterized. Several studies have shown that the features associated with HFA may increase the probability of engaging in criminal behavior. While there is still a great deal of research that needs to be done in this area, recent studies on the correlation between HFA and criminal actions suggest that there is a need to understand the attributes of HFA that may lead to violent behavior. There have been several case studies that link the lack of empathy and social naïveté associated with HFA to criminal actions.

There is still a need for more research on the link between HFA and crimes, because many other studies point out that most people with ASD are more likely to be victims and less likely to commit crimes than the general population. But there are also small-subgroups of people with autism that commit crimes because they lack understanding of the laws they have broken. Misunderstandings are especially common regarding autism and sex offenses, since many people with autism do not receive sex education.

Cause

Although little is known about the biological basis of autism, studies have revealed structural abnormalities in specific brain regions. Regions identified in the "social" brain include the amygdala, superior temporal sulcus, fusiform gyrus area and orbitofrontal cortex. Further abnormalities have been observed in the caudate nucleus, believed to be involved in restrictive behaviors, as well as in a significant increase in the amount of cortical grey matter and atypical connectivity between brain regions.

Diagnosis and IQ

HFA is not a recognised diagnosis by the American Psychiatric Association or the World Health Organization. HFA is often, however, used in clinical settings to describe a set of symptoms related to an autism spectrum disorder whereby they exhibit standard autism indicators although have an intelligence quotient (IQ) of 70 or greater.

For modern IQ tests, the raw score is transformed to a normal distribution with mean 100 and standard deviation 15. This results in approximately two-thirds of the population scoring between IQ 85 and IQ 115 and about 2.5 percent each above 130 and below 70.

IQ scales are ordinally scaled. The raw score of the norming sample is usually (rank order) transformed to a normal distribution with mean 100 and standard deviation 15. While one standard deviation is 15 points, and two SDs are 30 points, and so on, this does not imply that mental ability is linearly related to IQ, such that IQ 50 would mean half the cognitive ability of IQ 100. In particular, IQ points are not percentage points.

A diagnosis of intellectual disability is in part based on the results of IQ testing. Borderline intellectual functioning is the categorization of individuals of below-average cognitive ability (an IQ of 71–85), although not as low as those with an intellectual disability (70 or below).

Treatment

While there exists no single treatment or medicine for people with autism, there exists several strategies to help lessen the symptoms and effects of the condition. There is however no one size fits all solution, so that the best treatment course is different for each individual. Furthermore, research shows that earlier diagnosis and interventions are more likely to have significant beneficial effects later in life.

Augmentative and alternative communication
Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) is used for autistic people who cannot communicate orally. People who have problems speaking may be taught to use other forms of communication, such as body language, computers, interactive devices, and pictures. The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is a commonly used form of augmentative and alternative communication with children and adults who cannot communicate well orally. People are taught how to link pictures and symbols to their feelings, desires and observation, and may be able to link sentences together with the vocabulary that they form.

Speech–language pathologists

Speech–language pathologists (SLPs) can help those with autism who need to develop or improve communication skills. People with autism may have issues with communication, or speaking spoken words. According to the ASHA, SLPs can help diagnosing autism as they often are among the earliest practitioners that children with autism see, and help with finding means of communication that better suit the child. They can also counsel caretakers, and accompany people with autism when they transition into adulthood and a work environment, such as help in writing an adequate CV. SLPs may teach someone how to communicate more effectively with others or work on starting to develop speech patterns. SLPs use a variety of therapies depending on the child's needs and practitioner's preferences, usually a mix composed in majority of promising therapies and a few unestablished therapies according to evidence-based guidelines.

Occupational therapy
Occupational therapy helps autistic children and adults learn everyday skills that help them with daily tasks, such as personal hygiene and movement. These skills are then integrated into their home, school, and work environments. Therapists will oftentimes help people learn to adapt their environment to their skill level. This type of therapy could help autistic people become more engaged in their environment. An occupational therapist will create a plan based on a person's needs and desires and work with them to achieve their set goals.

Applied behavioral analysis (ABA)
Applied behavior analysis (ABA) is considered the most effective therapy for autism spectrum disorders by the American Academy of Pediatrics. ABA focuses on teaching adaptive behaviors like social skills, play skills, or communication skills and diminishing problematic behaviors such as self-injury by creating a specialized plan that uses behavioral therapy techniques, such as positive or negative reinforcement, to encourage or discourage certain behaviors over-time. However, ABA has been strongly criticised by the autistic community, who view it as abusive and detrimental to autistic children's growth.

Sensory integration therapy

Sensory integration therapy helps people with autism adapt to different kinds of sensory stimuli. Many with autism can be oversensitive to certain stimuli, such as lights or sounds, causing them to overreact. Others may not react to certain stimuli, such as someone speaking to them. Many types of therapy activities involve a form of play, such as using swings, toys and trampolines to help engage people with sensory stimuli. Therapists will create a plan that focuses on the type of stimulation the person needs integration with.

Neurofeedback

Studies suggest Neurofeedback alleviates certain symptoms of autism, such as emotional outbursts, hyperactivity, resistance to change, and stimming. Although considered a safe, non-invasive procedure, it may potentially involve some side effects.

Medication

There are no medications specifically designed to treat autism. Medication is usually used for symptoms associated with autism, such as depression, anxiety, or behavioral problems. Medicines are usually used after other alternative forms of treatment have failed.

Criticism of functioning labels
Many medical professionals, autistic people, and supporters of autistic rights disagree with the categorisation of individuals into "high-functioning autism" and "low-functioning autism", stating that the "low-functioning" label causes people to put low expectations on a child and view them as lesser. Furthermore, critics of functioning labels state that an individual's functioning can fluctuate from day to day, and categories do not take this into consideration. Levels of functioning are unrelated to intellectual disability. Additionally, individuals with "medium-functioning autism" are typically left out of the discussion entirely, and due to the non-linear nature of the autistic spectrum, individuals can be high-functioning in some areas while at the same time being medium or low functioning in other areas.

See also
 Asperger syndrome
 Low-functioning autism

References

Further reading

Autism spectrum disorders
Learning disabilities

High-functioning autism