Elena Arellano Chamorro (November 3, 1836; Granada - October 11, 1911; Granada), or better known as "Mother Elena Arellano", was recognized for her selflessness and dedication to women's education in Nicaragua.

Biography
Elena Arellano Chamorro was born in the city of Granada, Nicaragua on November 3, 1836. She was the daughter of Narciso Arellano del Castillo, who served as Prime Minister of Nicaragua. In 1842, after the death of her father, she made vows of chastity and poverty. As a result of these vows, Arellano took in any impoverished people in need of help into her home. She was beautiful and had a charming personality. As part of her apostolate, she founded la Casa de Huerfanas de Artes y Oficios (The Orphanage of Arts and Crafts), this center served widows, female victims of stalking, and prostitutes. In 1872, Arellano boarded young women in her home where they received a basic, elementary level education. This was the first college open to women in Nicaragua. In 1888, she traveled to Europe where she met with Pope Leon XIII and attended the funeral of Don Bosco. She also met with Francisca Javier Cabrini on this trip. In 1892, the city of Granada was affected by Alfombria (black smallpox) and Mother Elena took on the task of treating the sick in the quarantine hospitals created in the city.

Foundations
In 1891, Mother Elena Arellano Chamorro founded el Colegio La Immaculada (The Immaculate School). In the same year, Francisco Javier Cabrini arrived in Nicaragua with eight nuns dedicated to teaching women in Mother Elena's newly created school. On August 20, 1894, General Jose Santos Zelaya expelled the religious group Salesas Misioneras del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús from Nicaragua and Mother Elena left the country with them. Upon her return to Nicaragua in 1895, she founded el Colegio San Luis Gonzaga (The San Luis Gonzaga School). This school was specifically for the education of young men. In 1903, Mother Elena prepared for the arrival of las Oblatas Del Sagrado Corazón, these women were in charge of el Colegio Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe (French school). In March 1912, el Colegio San Juan Bosco began operations under the management of los Salesianos. These Salesianos in charge of this institution were Father José Misieri, Father José Dini, Jorge Müller (student) and Brother Esteban Tosini.

Death
Mother Elena Arellano died on October 11, 1911. Her remains were buried in the chapel of Maria Auxiliadora of the Salesiano School of Granada.

National Recognition
After protests by intellectuals in Granada, the city named a street after Elena Arellano.

References
"Josefa Toledo De Aguerri: Her Life And Her Legacy"

1836 births
1911 deaths
19th-century Nicaraguan educators

Elena Arellano Chamorro


Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. () is a historically African American sorority. The organization was founded by college-educated women dedicated to public service with an emphasis on programs that assist the African American community. Delta Sigma Theta was founded on  by twenty-two women at Howard University in Washington, D.C. Membership is open to any woman who meets the requirements, regardless of religion, race, or nationality. Women may apply to join through undergraduate chapters at a college or university or through an alumnae chapter after earning a college degree.

The sorority is one of the largest sororities founded in the U.S. and has more than 350,000 initiated members who are college-educated women. The sorority currently has over 1,000 chapters located in the Bahamas, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, Bermuda, Canada, England, Germany, Jamaica, Japan, West Africa and South Africa, South Korea, United Kingdom, and the United States. Delta Sigma Theta is also a member of the umbrella organization National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) – an organization of nine international Black Greek-letter sororities and fraternities. The current (28th) National President and CEO is Elsie Cooke-Holmes.

The first public act of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority was its participation as students of Howard University in the Women's Suffrage March in Washington, D.C., on March 3, 1913. Delta Sigma Theta has created programming to improve political, education, and social and economic conditions, particularly within black communities. The sorority is most known for its collaboration with community organizations and corporations to further its programming goals. The sorority reached a centennial year and became the first Black Greek-lettered organization to participate in the Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, California, on January 1, 2013, with a float entitled "Transforming Communities through Sisterhood and Service".

History

Creation: 1912–1913
On January 13, 1913, Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Incorporated was founded by twenty-two women at Howard University. All of its founders were former initiates of the Alpha chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority and wanted to change the sorority's name, color, and symbols. In 1912, they proposed a vote to change the organization's name. This new name was to reflect the group's desire to change the direction of the group.

The 22 founders of Delta Sigma Theta sorority are:

According to Delta Sigma Theta's historian, Paula Giddings, the 22 founders were concerned that since Alpha Kappa Alpha was not incorporated, there was no "legal entity". Since there was no charter, there was no authority to form other chapters, thus limiting their ability to expand the scope of their activities. During the meeting where the changes were discussed, the past president from few months prior, Nellie Quander, disagreed with the proposed changes and got the women to table the discussion until the entire membership had been polled.

Subsequently, in another meeting later in the year, some of the newer initiates of women unanimously voted to reorganize. On January 13, 1913, the younger students named the sorority Delta Sigma Theta and decided to reorganize and incorporate at that meeting. The new sorority's Alpha chapter was incorporated on February 18, 1913. On January 20, 1930, the organization's Grand Chapter was nationally incorporated.

Development of infrastructure and programming: 1914–1930

Immediately following the founding, Delta Sigma Theta members quickly mobilized to build and develop infrastructure and implement programming. One of the first orders of business was to have an oath, which was written by Mary Church Terrell in 1914. In the early years, individual chapters would implement various programs to meet the needs of their local communities. The 1920s began a decade of significant development within Delta Sigma Theta. The organization began to develop uniformity in programming and communication between the chapters of the sorority. In 1920, May Week was developed to encourage Black women to attend college, and the Official Publication of the Sorority was established as "The Delta". Also in 1920, Omega Chapter was established to recognize deceased Sorors, and Sadie T.M. Alexander was voted the first Honorary Grand President of Delta Sigma Theta. The official Delta Sigma Theta Hymn, written by Florence Cole Talbert and Alice Dunbar Nelson, was adopted in 1924. Regions were established in 1925, and the Jabberwock was established as the scholarship fundraiser. The scholarship and standards committee was established in 1929.  Under the threat of losing its name, the sorority sought national incorporation. On January 20, 1930, the Grand Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority was incorporated as a perpetual body, which eliminated the need for each chapter to seek its charter.

Program expansion: 1931–1955

The incorporation of the Sorority in 1930 allowed Delta Sigma Theta Sorority to legally continue its expansion of chapters. Before the establishment of perpetual bodies, new chapters had to apply for separate charters within their respective localities. However, with the national organization incorporated, chartering chapters became easier for regional leadership. The National Library Project was established in 1937 to provide access to books for Blacks in rural areas of the South where either no libraries were located, or they were not accessible to Blacks. They were able to loan books to some of the communities in at least 2 counties in the states of North Carolina and Georgia. The National Victory Book Drive occurred in 1943 to provide books to servicemen. In 1945, Delta Sigma Theta donated its first $1,000 to the United Negro College Fund. Also in 1945, Delta Sigma Theta, along with Alpha Kappa Alpha, who originated the idea Alpha Phi Alpha, Kappa Alpha Psi, Zeta Phi Beta, and Sigma Gamma Rho establish the American Council on Human Rights which had the goal to "mobilize the influence and resources of its members in the struggle for justice and equal opportunity for all U.S. Citizens." While there were many struggles for minorities and women within the United States, Delta leadership also realized the great struggle others of African descent faced around the world, which led to the establishment of the first foreign chapter in Port-au-Prince, Haiti in 1950. Given the great expansion of programming, and the increasing number of chapters and members, Delta Sigma Theta leadership realized there needed to be one central location in which all properties and records could be housed, and in 1953, Delta had the dedication of its first National Headquarters. In continuing with assisting persons in need abroad, Delta established the Maternity Ward at Thika Memorial Hospital in 1955.

Further programs focused on women's and civil rights: 1956–1970

Delta had previously moved toward having some uniformity of programming among chapters, with two international programs abroad. As it began its fifth decade of existence, the organization wanted to ensure that all chapters would focus their programming around one national centralized theme. Thus, the Five Point Thrust was implemented in 1956 by the 10th National President Dorothy Height. The five-point thrust is the five areas under which all Delta programming falls; the thrust is Educational Development, Economic Development, Physical and Mental Health, Political Awareness and Involvement, and International Awareness and Involvement. In 1960, Delta co-sponsored the National Organization of Women for Equality in Education conference. In 1963, while celebrating its 50th Anniversary, Delta participated in the March on Washington and established the Social Action Commission at the 27th National Convention. In 1966, Delta Teen Lift was established and the Delta Sigma Theta Executive Board was received in the White House by President Lyndon B. Johnson to discuss community issues and concerns in 1967. In 1968, the Unwed Mothers program was established, and in 1970 Delta sponsored the East African International Women's Seminar in Nairobi, Kenya.

Further emphasis on education: 1971–1975

While many strides had been made in the fifties and sixties to outlaw de jure segregation and discriminatory practices in schooling and public accommodations, many de facto discriminatory practices persisted. Delta understood the importance of education, and how educating communities would be essential in eradicating discrimination. In 1971, Delta and the Congressional Black Caucus co-sponsored National Policy Conferences on Education for Blacks, which focused on disparities and deficiencies in schools with high Black populations. The right-to-read program was established in 1973 to help the functionally illiterate. In 1975, Delta established life development centers to focus on issues placed by individuals from early childhood to senior citizens.

Call to action in support of women and mothers: 1976–1999

In 1979, the Fortitude sculpture was unveiled on the campus of Howard University. "Fortitude" was originally surveyed as part of the Smithsonian's Save Outdoor Sculpture survey in 1993. The sculpture depicts a figure of a woman cut from a thin piece of metal. She "wears" a sleeveless dress, high heels and has short, straight hair. She is walking; with her proper left arm swinging above her head and her proper right arm back behind her. The sculpture was unveiled on April 28, 1979, at 3:15 p.m. by members of Delta Sigma Theta, to honor the founders of the service sorority. The sculpture is described as symbolizing "the attributes of strength, courage, hope, wisdom, beauty and femininity as depicted by the 22 founders of Delta Sigma Theta".

In the early 1980s, the sorority began holding "Summits" which focused on various issues within the African American Community. Delta felt the need to bring attention to issues that affect minorities and women that remained largely ignored in the United States. In 1981, Delta held Summit I which focused on issues affecting American women. Summit II, a call to action in support of single parenting, was held in 1984. The Delta Research and Education Foundation sponsored an international conference in Nassau, Bahamas entitled, "Woman to Woman: Single Parenting from a global perspective" in 1987. In 1989, the School America program was established.

Enlarging the scope of national and international programming: 1990–2002
With significant scope and depth in the existing programming, Delta members felt the need to establish programming that enlarged the scope and reach of sorority activity. The First Delta Days in the Nations Capital was held in 1990 in Washington, D.C. At the event, Delta members met with congressional members to discuss policies that affected minorities and women. In 1992, Delta Sigma Theta became the first African American organization to collaborate with Habitat for Humanity and has built hundreds of houses for those in need. Delta held its Summit III, preparing young men for manhood, in 1993, in response to alarming dropout and incarceration rates among young men. And in 1996, in collaboration with Habitat for Humanity, Delta traveled to Ghana and built 40 homes. Delta adopted the Adelaide Tambo School for the Physically Disabled in South Africa. In that same year, Delta received $1.6 million from NSF for project SEE [Science and Everyday Experiences], and traveled to Swaziland in southern Africa, to break ground for the Delta house that would be housing for children who became orphans due to their parents dying from HIV/AIDS, and dedicated the computer training center in Lesotho. In 2002, Delta was the second African American organization, after NCNW, to receive Special Consultative NGO status with the United Nations.

Symbols
Delta Sigma Theta's official colors are crimson and cream. Its symbols are the Pyramid, Lady Fortitude, and the Delta Torch. Its flower is the African Violet.

Chapters

The sorority initially expanded with Beta chapter, established at Wilberforce University on February 5, 1914. Gamma chapter was established in 1918 at the University of Pennsylvania. Soon after, Delta chapter was established on April 4, 1919 at the University of Iowa and Epsilon chapter at The Ohio State University on November 19, 1919.

The women also quickly realized that membership continued beyond undergraduate years and responded to the need for alumnae chapters. The first graduate chapters were authorized in 1920 at the Second National Convention for graduate members in New York City and Washington, D.C.

Delta Sigma Theta expanded west of the Rocky Mountains with the chartering of the Kappa chapter at the University of California in February 1921; however,  its members weren't initiated until September 1922.

Many Delta members continue to be active in alumnae chapters after graduating from college, and many join at the alumnae level. Delta Sigma Theta has more than 1,000 chapters, located in the United States, Canada, the Caribbean, England, Germany, Korea, Japan, Bermuda, Jamaica, Virgin Islands, West Africa, South Africa and Bahamas.

Membership

Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. is the largest African American Women's organization in the world and has a membership of over 350,000 college-educated women around the world. During the membership intake period, initiates are members of the Pyramid Club. The term soror, Latin for sister, is used among members of the sorority when referring to and addressing each other.

Many members have been recognized as leaders in community activism, athletics, business, education and scholarship, entertainment, media, and literature, as well as in government.

Organizational struction

National Headquarters
In 1953, Delta Sigma Theta purchased a national headquarters site located at 1814 M St. NW in Washington, D.C. In 1972 the Sorority moved its headquarters to New Hampshire Ave. NW in Dupont Circle. The sorority headquarters is currently located at the property located at 1701, 1703, 1705, 1707, and 1709 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W. in the historic Dupont Circle neighborhood. In addition to serving as the national headquarters, the buildings house the Delta Research and Education Foundation (DREF), national staff and records, and equipment systems necessary to conduct Delta Sigma Theta's business.

National presidents

Regions
In 1925, the sorority began to organize its chapters into geographical regions. Initially, it created four regions: Eastern, Midwest, Far West, and Southern. Seven years later, the Central Region was established. In 1960, the Mid-Atlantic region was created. North and South Carolina left the Southern Region to become part of the new South Atlantic Region.

Each of the seven regions is led by a regional director and a collegiate regional representative, who provides a voice for the sorority's college-based members. Regional conferences are held biennially, alternating with the years in which National Conventions are held.

Programs
Delta Sigma Theta has provided assistance to address the challenges faced by people in the United States and internationally as well. Over the years, the sorority has established programs to provide and improve education, health care, and international development, and strengthen the African-American family.

Five-Point Thrust
Delta Sigma Theta provides public service initiatives through the Five-Point Program Thrust. Delta Sigma Theta uses the Five-Point Programmatic Thrust as an organizing structure as it creates programs to benefit the African-American community. The Five-Point Programmatic Thrust, was established in 1955.

 Economic Development;
 Educational Development;
 International Awareness and Involvement;
 Physical and Mental Health; and
 Political Awareness and Involvement.

Each program's development and implementation operates cooperatively, coordinated by committees, the national executive board, and national headquarters staff. Leaders belonging to the Program Planning and Development Committee, Social Action Commission, Commission on Arts and Letters, Information and Communications Committee, Membership Services Committee, and Regional Officers also participate in developing programming to meet the Five-Point Programmatic Thrust.

Delta Sigma Theta Jabberwock
Jabberwock, an annual variety show consisting of cultural expression and talent – such as music, skits, and dance – was initiated by Marion Conover-Hope in 1925 in Boston, Massachusetts. Locally produced Jabberwock shows served as fundraisers for many chapters of the sorority. Funds from the programs support scholarships for youths and other public service projects. The program encourages and assists in the development of young individual talents. On December 28, 1947, the Delta Jabberwock was formally adopted and copyrighted by Delta Sigma Theta.

May Week
May Week was created at the second national convention in 1920 at Wilberforce University. Local chapters began to observe it beginning in 1921. The purpose of May Week is to emphasize the importance of higher education in the community, especially for black women. The slogan "Invest in Education" was adopted. A week in May is set aside for programs highlighting academic and professional achievement.

National Library Project
The sorority's first nationwide effort to provide library services in the rural South was the National Library Project, which it authorized in 1937. The program was implemented in 1945, to establish a traveling library in the South, where library services were not generally available for blacks, both because of segregation and because so many blacks lived in rural areas, which had fewer services. The project arose from concerns that few adequate resources were available, outside of those provided by segregated school systems. In 1939, only 94 out of 774 public libraries in the South served blacks. Additionally, only 5% of rural blacks had access to any public institution at all. The first traveling library was based in Franklin County, North Carolina, where 23 book baskets, with 33 books, were circulated.

Job Analysis and Opportunity Project
The Job Analysis and Opportunity Project began in 1941. It was to provide career, employment counseling, and job exposure for black women. The sorority created the program to address concerns that black women were limited in their choices of occupations and that they lacked training because of the economy and World War II. Some of the project's goals were to improve working conditions and to improve black women's opportunities to acquire a job.

Economic development

Delta Challenge: Delta Homeownership Initiative
In 2003, the "Delta Challenge: DST Homeownership Initiative" was created to assist sorority members, family, friends, and the general public with owning their homes and investing in homeownership. The program is a resource for individuals seeking information about homeownership; wishing to locate a loan representative who partners with the Delta Challenge; information about mortgage insurance or other benefits; or who has questions regarding real estate or related financial topics. In three years, the program has helped more than 400 families purchase homes. The DST Homeownership Initiative is a partnership between Delta Sigma Theta's 950 chapters, Chase Bank, and Genworth Financial.

The national directors of the DST Homeownership Initiative are Lori Jones Gibbs and Lynn Richardson. Gibbs is the Genworth Financial's Vice-President of Affordable Housing and Industry Affairs, and Richardson is Chase Bank's Vice President of National Strategic Partnerships.

The Delta Challenge offers mortgage loans, insurance, and other home buyers' discounts through The Delta Chase Initiative. The Delta Chase Initiative resulted in more than 100,000 consumer touch points worldwide and $35 million in closings for Chase, a staggering 389% increase over those closed over the previous three years.

Delta Sigma Theta and Habitat for Humanity

Delta Sigma Theta was the first national African-American organization to collaborate with Habitat for Humanity International in 1992, during National President Bertha Roddey's administration. Habitat for Humanity builds and rehabilitates homes with the help of selected homeowners, volunteer labor, management expertise, and tax-deductible donations of money and materials. Houses are sold to families without profit, and no-interest mortgages are issued over a fixed period. Between 1992–1994, Delta Sigma Theta and Habitat for Humanity built twenty-two homes throughout the United States. In 1996, sorority members and supporters traveled to Ghana, where they built forty Delta Habitat for Humanity homes.

Financial Fortitude
Financial Fortitude was designed to help sorority members and local communities attain personal wealth and financial security. Financial Fortitude was established as a result of increasing unemployment, Social Security debts, and the widening gap between wealth and poverty. Financial Fortitude helps participants to set and define goals, to develop a financial plan to achieve goals and to put their plan into action. Workshops are focused on topics such as debt management and reduction, retirement, financing for college, investing, insurance, estate and home ownership, savings, and entrepreneurship.

Delta Towers I
In 1979, Delta Sigma Theta's Washington D.C. Alumnae chapter and Delta's Housing Corporation planned and constructed Delta Towers as a multimillion-dollar, ten-story building. Delta Towers opened for occupancy in 1980. Delta Sigma Theta established Delta Towers in the northeast area of Washington, D.C. Delta Towers is an apartment building for elderly and disabled individuals. Delta Towers was the first retirement center founded by any of the African-American sororities or fraternities in the United States. While many African-American sororities and fraternities subsequently established, or have plans to establish, retirement centers, Delta Sigma Theta, once again, remains a leader in setting the standard for others to follow. Delta Towers currently has 150 independent-living residential apartments. Because of the success of Delta Towers, the chapter and housing corporation is constructing a second apartment building, Delta Towers II, near the first.

Delta Towers II
The Washington D.C. Alumnae chapter's Delta Housing Corporation is planning to construct Delta Towers II. Delta Towers II will provide 150 additional safe and affordable apartments for low to moderate-income senior citizens. Delta Towers II will be designed to provide a senior citizen wellness center, ground level commercial office and retail services, and a community room. Together, Delta Towers I and Delta Towers II will offer 300 affordable apartments for senior housing (affordable to households earning 60% or less of the area's median income). Construction on Delta Towers II began in March 2009.

Delta and Hurricane Katrina
The Sorority established the Delta Hurricane Katrina Relief Task Force to facilitate the needs of Gulf Coast residents affected by the national disaster. The Hurricane Relief Task Force is responsible for creating strategies to address the numerous difficulties impacting persons displaced by Hurricane Katrina as it relates to housing, health and wellness, and emotional and financial needs. Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. made a major commitment to three Historically Black Colleges and Universities that were affected by Hurricane Katrina. Collectively $700,000 was awarded to Dillard, Xavier, and Southern Universities over four years and a total of more than $1.2 million was committed to agencies, organizations, members, and other residents of the affected Gulf areas.

Educational development

Delta Academy
Dr. Betty Shabazz's Delta Academy ("Catching the Dreams of Tomorrow, Preparing Young Women For the 21st Century") is designed for girls ages 11 to 14, who have an interest in developing leadership skills. The program is named in honor of sorority member, the late Dr. Betty Shabazz, wife of Malcolm X. It is for girls who demonstrate the potential for success, but may not have support systems or access to financial resources. Participants are exposed to math, science, technology, and non-traditional careers. The Delta Academy sessions may also include service learning activities, field trips, and book clubs.

Delta Academy's symbol is the dream catcher. In Native American culture, the dream catcher possesses the power to capture bad dreams and entangle them into a web. The good dreams pass through the dream hoop's open center into the person.

Delta GEMS
Delta GEMS is an outgrowth and continuation of the Dr. Betty Shabazz Delta Academy Program. Delta GEMS was created to assist in facilitating the dreams and goals of at-risk, adolescent African-American girls, aged 14–18. Goals for Delta GEMS are:

 To instill academic excellence
 To provide tools permitting the girls to sharpen and enhance their skills to achieve academic success
 To assist girls in setting and planning proper goals for their futures in high school and beyond
 To create compassionate, caring, and community-minded young women by active involvement in community service opportunities.

The Delta GEMS framework has five major components (Scholarship, Sisterhood, "Show Me the Money", Service, and Infinitely Complete), which forms a road map for college and career planning. Topics within the five major components provide interactive lessons and activities which allow opportunities for individual growth. Delta GEMS, like Delta Academy, is implemented by Delta Sigma Theta's chapters.

Delta GEMS Collegiate Challenge
Lawry's Foods partnered with Delta Sigma Theta to create the National Collegiate Public Service Caddy and Grant Recognition Program. The Collegiate Challenge recognizes and rewards a Delta collegiate chapter in each of Delta's regions for the Delta GEMS program's outstanding implementation. Regional winners receive $1,000, and the grand prize winner receives $5,000. In 2006, collegiate chapters were asked to partner with other collegiate chapters, alumnae chapters or community organizations in their municipality.

Maryland Educational Opportunity Center
The Maryland Educational Opportunity Center was established in 1979 and created with a special service grant of $450,000 – the largest grant awarded by the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. MEOC is a free program in Baltimore which provides information and counseling services to adults and youths interested attending college or vocational/technical school. Having seven outreach centers, the program is sponsored by Delta Sigma Theta and funded by the federal government. The MEOC is a federal TRIO program and one of 130 Educational Opportunity Centers (EOC) in the country. From 1979 to 2006, MEOC has served more than 78,000 individuals. Nearly 20,000 participants were enrolled in postsecondary institutions.

Empowering Males
The EMBODI (Empowering Males to Build Opportunities for Developing Independence) program is designed to refocus the efforts of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc., with the support and action of other major organizations, on the plight of African-American males. Both informal and empirical data suggest that the vast majority of African-American males continue to be in crisis and are not reaching their fullest potential educationally, socially, and emotionally. EMBODI is designed to address these issues through dialogue, and recommendations for change and action. EMBODI will include a program format and information template. The delivery options may include a town hall meeting, workshops, and/or teen leadership summits.

Endowed scholarship at Howard University
In honor of the 22 Founders, in January 2003, members of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc., as a part of the four-day celebration of the Sorority's 90th anniversary, then National President Gwendolyn Boyd, presented Howard University President H. Patrick Swygert with a check for $1 million as an endowed scholarship, completely paid in full.

Distinguished Professor Endowed Chair
The Distinguished Professor Endowed Chair Award, established in 1977 at the 34th National Convention as a perpetual trust fund, confirms and extends the Sorority's longstanding commitment to educational excellence through quality instruction at historically Black colleges and universities. Delta Sigma Theta's purpose it to support and sustain these historical institutions, supply assistance to enable the expansion of educational opportunities, and give long overdue recognition to distinguished Black instructors and professors. Biennially, Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. makes a grant to a historically Black college or university that provides support for a professor of distinction to be in residence.

Physical and mental health

Total Woman
The Total Woman: Mind, Body, and Spirit Lifestyle Change Initiative impacts the well-being of sorority members and members' families and communities at-large. The Lifestyle Change initiative was started in 2004 by the Health Taskforce, providing physical and mental health expertise. Some of the program's goals are to educate on the importance and benefits of lifestyle changes affecting longevity, morbidity, and mortality; to identify organizational alliances that work towards addressing pertinent health issues, and to develop and implement health-focused programs.

Through the Initiative, the sorority is working to combat the high incidence of women's obesity. The program's first component is a challenge to chapter members to achieve and maintain healthier weights.

50 Million Pound Challenge
In 2006, Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, in collaboration with Dr. Ian K. Smith and State Farm Insurance, began a partnership, encouraging members to become healthier by exercising and eating properly. Members joined with others in the African-American community to reverse the deadly effects of obesity. At the 2008 National Convention in Orlando, Florida, Delta Sigma Theta Sorority was presented with an award for the most weight lost by any sorority or fraternity.

American Heart Association Partnership
Heart disease is the leading killer of women and women of color in the United States. Delta Sigma Theta Sorority was the first sorority to join the American Heart Association's "Go Red for Women" campaign as an organizational alliance working to educate women on heart disease.

Political awareness and involvement

Participation in the 1913 Women's Suffrage March

Less than two months after the sorority's founding, members of Delta Sigma Theta participated in the historic 1913 Women's Suffrage March on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C with other Howard University girls ., on March 3, 1913. Black female marchers were subjected to racism, not only by people who were opposed to the enfranchisement of women but by march organizers reluctant to advocate suffrage for black women. Since 1890, white Democrats of the southern states of the former Confederacy had ratified new state constitutional amendments and passed legislation that effectively disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites. Black women marching for the right to vote reminded many that black men had also been disenfranchised. Also, in those years, Washington was effectively a segregated city in public areas. Several years later, Terrell confided her feelings about the National American Woman Suffrage Association and suffragist leader Alice Paul to NAACP representative Walter White. Terrell questioned Paul's loyalty to black women's rights, saying, "If [Paul] and other white suffragist leaders could get the Anthony Amendment through without enfranchising African American women, they would do so." Delta Founder, Florence Letcher Toms commented, "We marched that day in order that women might come into their own, because we believed that women not only needed an education, but they needed a broader horizon in which they may use that education. And the right to vote would give them that privilege."

Delta Days in the Nation's Capital

In 1989, the National Social Action Commission instituted Delta Days in the Nation's Capital. Delta Days is an annual legislative conference to increase sorority members' involvement in the national public policy-making process. The annual conference includes legislative briefings, issue forums, and developing advocacy skills. Featured speakers include key policy makers, members of the United States Congress, staff members, and national policy experts.

In 2009, Delta Sigma Theta Sorority celebrated the twentieth anniversary of Delta Days in the Nation's Capital. The theme was "Advocacy in Action: Strengthening Our Legacy". Topics included empowering members to be effective social action advocates in the areas of quality education, affordable health care, Census 2010, and economic viability. An orientation for first-time attendees providing "how to's" on navigating the legislative process, legislative letter writing, congressional testimony, resolution writing, and coalition building was provided.

In addition to Delta Days in the Nation's Capital, each state organizes annual events in which members discuss and advocate state and local issues with their state legislative bodies.

Delta Days at the United Nations

On March 27, 2003, Delta Sigma Theta became a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) with special consultative status at the United Nations. National President Gwendolyn Boyd accepted the credentials on behalf of the sorority, before 150 UN members from across the world, in a presentation by Hanifa Mezoui, Chief NGO Secretary in the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the UN (ECOSOC). Delta Sigma Theta was welcomed to the United Nations by Assistant Secretary-General for External Affairs, Gillian Sorensen, who advised the sorority, "[to] use your NGO status to monitor the status of women and children in the world and bind together with other NGOs to ensure that the UN honors its commitments." Delta Sigma Theta was granted Special Consultative Status as an NGO to the Economic and Social Council of the UN as a result of volunteer services and humanitarian efforts around the world. Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. is the first African American Sorority and one of only three African-American organizations with the NGO special consultative status with the United Nations, the other two African American organizations with this status are the National Council of Negro Women, Inc. and The Links, Incorporated.

Both other organizations have significant ties to Delta Sigma Theta. National Council of Negro Women, Inc. was founded by Delta member Mary McLeod Bethune, and headed by many Delta members including Delta 10th National President, Dorothy Irene Height for more than five decades, and currently by Delta member Ingrid Saunders Jones. The Links co-founder and first president, Sarah Strickland Scott was a member of Delta Sigma Theta, and several national presidents of the Links are also Delta members including Immediate Past National President Margot James Copeland.

Voting rights
The sorority committed to creating programs advocating:

 Reauthorization of the Voting Rights Act of 1965
 Repeal of Voter Disenfranchisement laws.
 Repeal of Felony disenfranchisement in the United States
 Full implementation of the Help America Vote Act.

As part of their advocacy for voting rights, Delta Sigma Theta has partnered with VoteRiders, an organization that seeks to assist eligible voters in exercising their right to vote.

International awareness and involvement

World AIDS Day
Delta Sigma Theta Sorority supported the World AIDS campaign in observance of World AIDS Day, on December 1, 2008. With the slogan "Stop AIDS! Keep the Promise", Delta Sigma Theta promotes workshops, programs, and information dissemination. Individual chapters and members continue increasing awareness of HIV/AIDS in the community

Mary Help of the Sick Mission Hospital
Concerns about inadequate prenatal and maternity care for women in Africa prompted Delta Sigma Theta to invest in health care for women in Kenya. In 1955, Delta Sigma Theta Sorority established a maternity wing and health services in Thika Town. The sorority began planning for a larger facility in the early 1960s and financed the construction of Thika Maternity Hospital. The first hospital to open after Kenya gained independence in 1963, it is now known as Mary Help of the Sick Mission Hospital. Missionary Sisters of the Holy Rosary operate the facility.

In 1985, Delta Sigma Theta members visited the hospital. They were able to see the positive results of an increased population and improved infant mortality rate in and around Thika. In response, the sorority donated another $20,000, to establish two additional maternity wards and an administrative office.

Mary Help of the Sick Mission Hospital now has 121 beds and provides affordable prenatal and postnatal care, nutritional education, child immunization, and family planning. The hospital gives prenatal care, including lab work, blood tests, and examinations for 200 women each day. The facility also has a special-care nursery for newborn babies. The hospital serves to educate nurses and midwives. Over 66 students are trained each year.

Summit VI
In April 2006, Delta Sigma Theta commemorated 25 years of providing summit programs with an International Awareness Program: "Summit VI: Health Issues Impacting Women of African Descent". Held in Jamaica, the health issues summit heightened awareness of increases in diabetes, heart disease and obesity among African-American women. The conference included various formats for a variety of healthcare experts to disseminate information, such as workshops, panels, and town hall formats.

Controversies

Embezzlement
On , former executive director and member Jeanine Henderson Arnett and her husband Diallo Arnett pleaded guilty in Federal court to embezzling more than $200,000 from Delta Sigma Theta. Due to the gravity of the crime, Jeanine Henderson Arnett was expelled from the organization when the sorority discovered the misappropriated money and reported the crime.

News reports indicate that the couple spent the money on items like designer Coach handbags, rental cars, real estate, Amazon purchases, and other expenses between 2017 and 2019. Federal prosecutors also determined that over $14,000 had been transferred to their personal bank account. Channing Phillips, acting U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia, said in a press release: "While Delta Sigma Theta and its members were committed to a mission of public service, the defendants were committed to a mission of personal benefit, stealing hundreds of thousands of dollars to use for their pleasure."

In November 2021, Jeanine was sentenced to 16 months in prison and her husband Diallo was sentenced to 12 months and one day in prison. They must collectively pay $228,357 in fines and will be placed on five years' supervised release after their prison sentence.

North Texas rapist
In October 2011, a serial rapist in the Dallas area was reported to be targeting Delta Sigma Theta alumnae, attacking four alumnae in their mid-50s to mid-60s over eleven months. The sorority issued a release advising its members not to identify their affiliation with the sorority via their cars, key chains, clothing, or Facebook postings.

The case was featured on the December 9, 2011, episode of America's Most Wanted. In 2021, a 48 year-old Texas man was arrested and sentenced.

Notable hazing events
At Western Illinois University in January 1999, a Delta pledge was hospitalized due to torn skin on her lower back and buttock from severe beatings by Delta women. She sued the sorority for an undisclosed amount.

At Norfolk State University in February 1999, a Delta pledge was hospitalized in an Intensive Care Unit after a series of physical beatings and strenuous activities. Nine sorority members, two of whom were about to graduate, were expelled from the university in May.

At McNeese State University in September 2006, the sorority was found guilty of severely hazing pledges. 11 members involved were each fined $1,000 and the chapter was fined $1,000 by the sorority's headquarters. The university banned the sorority from campus for four years.

At the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, in April 2009, one Delta was arrested on two counts of simple battery, and several other Deltas were disciplined for the physical and mental abuse of pledges. One pledge was admitted to the hospital due to internal bleeding and stomach pains she developed because of physical abuse by members of the sorority.

At Northern Kentucky University in 2009, the chapter was suspended from campus for beating three pledges repeatedly and severely with paddles.

At the University of Tampa in 2010, three high-ranking Deltas of the university's chapter had a complaint filed against them by the university in a circuit court for hazing pledges. These three Deltas forced pledges to run long distances, do push-ups, and squats, eat garlic wrapped in Big Red gum and drink hot sauce, hold a match between their fingers while reciting a pledge, had rocks and grass thrown at them, and paddled them. The Deltas accused of hazing filed a petition against the university stating they were unfairly targeted as black women because all-white fraternities on campus engaged in similar hazing rituals, including tasering pledges, but were collectively sanctioned and given probation for one semester. The Hillsborough County Circuit Court dismissed their petition stating that the university was not at fault.

At East Carolina University, in November 2010, Delta pledges Victoria Carter and Briana Gather died in a traffic accident around 6:30 am on the way to a hair appointment that had been set up to prepare for initiation. Gather and Carter had undergone several grueling hazing activities that week, including the "Delta TV", in which the pledges were forced to get into and hold a push-up position, do "wall sits" and maintain that stance for a long period, and do the "Delta Chair": standing on one leg and holding heavy bricks over their heads. The pledges also wore "Delta Lipstick": hot sauce rubbed on their lips, and ate a "Delta Apple", a large raw onion; they were also asked to eat large amounts of cottage cheese, and drink buttermilk. The driver of the vehicle, a fellow pledge who survived, pleaded guilty to misdemeanor death by motor vehicle. According to the lawsuit filed by the family, she was suffering from "excessive and overwhelming fatigue, exhaustion and sleep deprivation and fell asleep behind the wheel" due to the pledging exercises.
The night and morning hours before the accident, the pledges had been practicing the "probate death march", an aspect of the initiation ceremony. They did not have the opportunity to sleep as a result of the long hours of practice. Members of the sorority were also accused of lying and attempting to destroy all evidence of hazing throughout the investigation process in the lawsuit filed.

In 2010, the sorority was banned from Winston-Salem State University for ten years following a hazing investigation, however, the suspension was lifted five years after the initial ruling. The sorority was previously suspended for endangering pledges and other hazing activity.

At Baylor University in 2012, the sorority was placed on suspension by the university for a few years due to reports of hazing. Delta Sigma Theta and Alpha Kappa Alpha were the only sororities on campus suspended for hazing between 2010 and 2015.

At Florida A&M University in 2013, it was anonymously reported a Delta pledge lost consciousness one night after being forced to do squats for a long period. Women pledging were physically and verbally punished if any forgot information they were asked to remember about each of their 54 "line sisters." Members of the sorority initially denied all hazing allegations but a thorough investigation led to the sorority being placed on suspension until at least June 2016 and the 2013 pledge line was dropped.

At Ohio State University in 2013, the university banned Delta Sigma Theta from campus until at least fall 2016. The sorority was found guilty of hazing and violating the university's codes of conduct.

The chapter at Louisiana State University (LSU) was banned from campus for several years (ended July 2019) for reported repeated hazing violations. The banning of sororities at LSU is rare; the banning of fraternities is more common.

Sorority Sisters TV show
In December 2014, VH1 debuted a reality TV show named Sorority Sisters that followed the personal and professional lives of several alumnae members of National Pan-Hellenic Council sororities in Atlanta, Georgia. Five members of the cast were Deltas that complained about death threats and harassment they received from those displeased with their appearance on the show. In January 2015, the highest leadership of Delta Sigma Theta Inc. expelled the five cast members from the sorority. The expelled members maintain their innocence and feel like they were mistreated by their former sorority. The Delta cast members were the only cast members that had their sorority memberships permanently revoked. Two cast members of Alpha Kappa Alpha had their memberships temporarily suspended. Cast members having Zeta Phi Beta or Sigma Gamma Rho memberships never had them jeopardized. The show was canceled before the last three scheduled episodes aired.

In January 2018, one of the expelled members filed a lawsuit against Delta Sigma Theta, Inc. In her lawsuit she states the sorority never reprimanded members that she alleged publicly harassed her and sent death threats, never expelled a celebrity sorority member who starred in similar shows on VH1, she never claimed on the show to represent the sorority, and she lost many paid opportunities due to the sorority involvement in vilifying the show and getting it canceled. As the plaintiff in the lawsuit, she is seeking to be compensated for lost wages and mental and emotional abuse.

Celebrations

Golden Anniversary

In 1963 the Sorority's Golden 50th Anniversary was celebrated, the same year as the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Delta Sigma Theta's 10th National President Dorothy Height was an organizer of the March and was the sole woman to have been seated on the Speakers' Platform. Delta members were also present at the March in large numbers.

At the Golden Anniversary Luncheon held January 12, 1963, President John F. Kennedy addressed the membership and congratulated the sorority on their anniversary, and explained the necessity for all Americans to have equal education opportunities. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson and Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas also addressed the membership during the Golden Anniversary Celebration in 1963 at a reception held January 13. In addition, Founders Osceola McCarthy Adams, Winona Cargile Alexander, Ethel Cuff Black, Bertha Pitts Campbell, Myra Davis Hemmings, Jimmie Bugg Middleton, Eliza Pearl Shippen, Florence Letcher Toms, Wertie Blackwell Weaver, and Madree Penn White were also in attendance. Soror Mary Elizabeth Vrooman wrote Shaped to its Purpose, a 50-year history of Delta Sigma Theta, which was published in 1965.

Centennial Celebration
Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. began its year-long centennial celebration on January 1, 2013. Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. kicked off its centennial year by being the first Black Greek Lettered Organization to participate in the Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, California, on New Year's Day with a float entitled "Transforming Communities through Sisterhood and Service." Then National President Cynthia M.A. Butler-McIntyre accepted a proclamation presented by Local Officials in Pasadena in honor of the Sorority's 100 years of public service. On Thursday January 10, 2013, hundreds of members of Delta Sigma Theta gathered in New York City in Times Square for appearances on the Today Show and Good Morning America, followed by a massive caravan to Washington, D.C., which included busses bearing the Centennial logo.

During January 11–13, 2013, more than 12,000 members of Delta Sigma Theta convened in Washington, D.C., at Howard University to participate in a range of activities which included twenty-two distinct service activities Friday, January 12, 2013, and many galas and activities honoring the Sorority's accomplishments. March 1–5, 2013, thousands of members of Delta Sigma Theta participated in the Delta Days at the Nation's Capital. This is an annual event in which members of Delta Sigma Theta converge on Washington, D.C. to discuss with members of Congress pertinent issues that affect women and the Black Community. On March 3, 2013, during the Delta Days at the Nation's capital event, Delta Sigma Theta organized a re-enactment of the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913. The women's suffrage march originally took place on March 3, 1913. Delta Sigma Theta was the only Black Women's organization to participate in the original march. March 8, 2013, Delta Sigma Theta participated in its tenth annual Delta Day at the United Nations to celebrate "A decade of commitment to global advocacy and protecting the rights of women and girls."

On June 15, 2013, the Cynthia M.A. Butler-McIntyre Campus of the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. Elementary School opened in Cherette, Haiti. By rebuilding an improved school with larger classrooms and implementing new technologies and unlimited access to clean water, promotes academic excellence in the remote village of Cherette, located 96 miles southwest of Port-au-Prince. The Delta Research & Educational Foundation will support the elementary school by providing funds earmarked to support initiatives to provide clean water for Haitians impacted by the earthquake of January 2010. The site of the school will allow members to engage in an enhanced learning environment and promote educational advancement throughout the community of Cherette while experiencing a hands-on global service learning experience. The school project involves the construction of an administrative office building and six classrooms. In recognition of the Delta Research & Educational Foundation's grant in support of clean water at the school site, the Chérette school administration will name the school Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. Elementary School, The Cynthia M. A. Butler-McIntyre Campus. Designated areas of the school will be named in honor of the seven living Past National Presidents: Frankie Muse Freeman, Esq., Dr. Thelma T. Dailey, Mona Humphries Bailey, Dr. Bertha M. Roddey, Congresswoman Marcia L. Fudge, Rev. Gwendolyn E. Boyd, and Dr. Louise A. Rice.

Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. during the week of July 11–17, 2013, in Washington, D.C., celebrated its Centennial Convention. More than 40,000 registered and countless unregistered members participated in activities which included multiple service activities, and recognition for the many achievements the Sorority accumulated over the past 100 years. As part of the yearlong celebration, a 22-city tour of the Delta Torch, which symbolizes the "passion and commitment to the organization's global reach", kicked off in Los Angeles – with Delta's historic participation in the 2013 Tournament of Roses Parade – and continued through Seattle, Dallas, Little Rock, Detroit, Atlanta, Charlotte, New York City and Baltimore and International chapters in Japan and Bermuda. The tour culminated in Washington, D.C., at the 51st national convention on July 11, 2013, when it was passed to the national president, signifying the start of the convention. During the Centennial Convention, the Mayor of Washington D.C., honored the work of Delta Sigma Theta by honorarily renaming the 1700 block of New Hampshire Ave NW in Washington, D.C. "Delta Sigma Theta Way".

Throughout 2013 Delta Sigma Theta was honored in many ways by outside individuals and organizations, including being highlighted in a Wal-Mart commercial, Being honored by an NBA team, the Cleveland Cavaliers Being featured in large national periodicals and various news channels including CNN, MSNBC, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Washington Post among others, their accomplishments were praised by National Leaders such as Attorney General, and Delta's husband, Eric Holder who stated, "As I look around this crowd today, I'm certain that – if you continue to hold fast to the values, the ideals, and the extraordinary history, that have been entrusted to you – then yours will be a future defined by continued progress, and limitless possibilities." and Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton who stated, "Delta means change and Deltas are called to serve... Wherever you see women advancing, you see Deltas!". Both the American and Canadian Falls in Niagara Falls on February 22, 2013, and the White House on January 13, 2013, were illuminated with red lighting in honor of the Sorority's Centennial celebration. And President Barack Obama invited Delta Leadership to the White House, and personally addressed them in the oval office, President Obama also addressed attendees via video at the Centennial celebration closing gala. In Andrew Rankin Memorial Chapel on the Campus of Howard University a Delta Sigma Theta-themed window was dedicated to the sorority. In addition, on August 28, 2013, members of Delta Sigma Theta participated in the 50th anniversary of the March on Washington.

Popular culture and literature
The poem "Delta Girl" was written by honorary member Mary McLeod Bethune. The poem is said to embody the ideals of a Delta Sigma Theta woman.

See also

 Cultural interest fraternities and sororities

 List of social fraternities and sororities
 List of Delta Sigma Theta National Conventions
 Victoria Carter and Briana Gather
Roman goddess Minerva

References

External links

 Black Sorority Project – Unofficial history

1913 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Fraternities and sororities in the United States
International student societies
National Pan-Hellenic Council
Student organizations established in 1913
Women's rights organizations based in the United States

Delta Sigma Theta


The Penny Lilac was the basic penny postage and revenue stamp of the United Kingdom from its first issue on 12 July 1881 until 1901. It superseded the short lived Penny Venetian Red because the Customs and Inland Revenue Act of 1881 necessitated new stamps that were valid for use as both postage and revenue stamps, and so the Penny Lilac was issued in that year, inscribed "POSTAGE AND INLAND REVENUE". All previous stamps had been inscribed merely "POSTAGE". This stamp remained the standard letter stamp for the remainder of Queen Victoria's reign, and very large quantities were printed.

The oval design of the Penny Lilac was adapted from that used for revenue stamps in Britain from the early 1860s. In that respect it represented a break with 40 years of tradition in postage stamp design. Its predecessors (the Penny Black, the Penny Red and the Penny Venetian Red) all had rectangular designs. The use of the colour lilac for low value definitives was extended in 1884 when other low-value stamps were issued in lilac, with green then being used for higher-value stamps.

The Penny Lilac was a surface-printed stamp and was issued in two forms:
 Die I  with 14 dots in each corner from 12 July 1881 (495,984,000 issued)
 Die II with 16 dots in each corner, 13 December 1881 – 1901 (33,600,000,000 issued)

Penny Lilac stamps are often found as perfins - that is with initials or insignia added as perforations to mint stamps which meant they could not be redeemed for cash at a post office. The addition of perfins was widespread practice in Britain from the 1860s as a precaution against theft.

See also
 List of British postage stamps
 Philatelic calendar

References

 Stanley Gibbons Great Britain Specialised Stamp Catalogue Volume 1: Queen Victoria

Postage stamps of the United Kingdom
Cultural depictions of Queen Victoria
Postage and revenue stamps

Penny Lilac


openDemocracy is an independent media platform and news website based in the United Kingdom. Founded in 2001, openDemocracy states that through reporting and analysis of social and political issues, they seek to "challenge power and encourage democratic debate" around the world. The founders of the website have been involved with established media and political activism. The platform has been funded by grants from organisations such as Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, the Open Society Foundations, the Ford Foundation, and Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust, as well as by receiving direct donations from readers.

History
openDemocracy was founded in 2000 by Anthony Barnett, David Hayes, Susan Richards and Paul Hilder. First publication began in May 2001.

Founder Anthony Barnett, Charter 88 organiser and political campaigner, was the first editor (2001–2005) and Isabel Hilton was editor from 2005 to 2007. She was succeeded in 2010 by Rosemary Bechler, who in turn handed over the editorship to Adam Ramsay in 2019. In 2012 the editor-in-chief was Magnus Nome, who was succeeded by Mary Fitzgerald.

Recent events

On 21 September 2022, the organisation announced that they were being sued in the UK by a company linked to the former President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev.

Ownership and finances

openDemocracy is owned and published through a non-profit foundation. It has been funded by a number of philanthropic organisations, among them the Mott Foundation, Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust, Ford Foundation, David and Elaine Potter Foundation, Lush, Andrew Wainwright Trust and the Network for Social Change.

Readership and audience

Originally attracting a meagre following, visits to openDemocracy's website grew exponentially following the September 11 attacks after it published an article by Todd Gitlin on the subject, who was in New York during the attacks. In his article, Gitlin presciently wrote that what was needed was "a focused military response—a precise one, not a revenge spasm ... but an action that distinguishes killers from civilians." openDemocracy began receiving daily international contributors and many Americans who were dissatisfied with their media's coverage on the issue logged onto the website for an alternative source. With a shift to a more broad based readership, the e-magazine "became a forum of debate for political activists, academics, journalists, businesspeople, politicians, and international civil servants from around the world" drawing interest from charitable sponsors.

By 2002, the three main topics of debate covered on the website were: the impact of globalisation, the use and abuse of American power around the world and the character of Islam. As the magazine grew, so too did its coverage of topics from climate change and regulation of global markets to the future of multiculturalism and the impact of migration. openDemocracy's mission statement asserts: "With human rights as our central guiding focus, we ask tough questions about freedom, justice and democracy. We give those fighting for their rights the agency to make their case and to inspire action."

In terms of readership, the website had nearly 9 million unique visitors in 2021, with 40% of all returning readers coming from the UK.

The Library of Congress stated, "openDemocracy is the leading independent website on global current affairs--offering stimulating, critical analysis, promoting dialogue and debate on issues of global importance and linking citizens from around the world."

References

External links

  (historic)

British political websites
Internet properties established in 2001
Centre-left newspapers
Liberal media in the United Kingdom
Newspapers published in London
Progressivism in the United Kingdom
Online publishing companies of the United Kingdom

OpenDemocracy


WNCP-TV (formerly known as WPSU-TV) is a cable-only television station owned by the University of North Carolina at Pembroke. It is available on campus and via Charter Spectrum in Robeson County.

Programming
WNCP-TV offers various programming for its viewers.
Carolina News Today (formerly WNCP News) - A weekly, student produced news show that covers topics from campus events to national news. Airs live on Fridays at 10:30 a.m.
WNCP Sports - Live airings of the sports at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke. Currently includes wrestling and men & women's basketball games.
Academe Today - WNCP's eclectic, educational talk show hosted by Dr. Bruce Ezell of the UNCP Department of Biology.
Picture of Health - Ann Stephens discusses advances in health care at Southeastern Regional Medical Center.
Superintendent's Office - Produced by Public Schools of Robeson County.
RCC Today - What's new at Robeson Community College.

Podcasts/RSS Feeds
Several shows are available as podcasts via iTunes, iPodder, or directly from WNCP-TV's Subscribe page.

Past Programming

Trailer Trash - Comedic review of movie trailers and commentary on Hollywood, with a heavy emphasis on comedic skits involving recurring characters in later seasons. Co-produced by Matt Heckel and Andra Hale. Was the station's number one rated show during its three seasons.
Broadcast Now - 30 minute sitcom about what happens behind the scenes of a student ran TV news show. Produced, Written, and Directed by co-star Jules Forde. Due to its language, sexual humor, and depictions of drug and alcohol use, it was the most controversial show in WNCP-TV's history.
On the Come Up - Student-produced program, showcasing up and coming music artists.
Cafe Olé - Mature student produced comedy. Produced by Kyle Orozovich.
The Electric Monkey Factory - Student produced comedy show. (1991-1996)  Featuring skits and music videos.  First half-hour show of its type produced at WNCP-TV.  Founded by students Tripp Culbreth, Michael Joyner and John Field.
Unleashed - Student produced program, showcasing local bands and musicians (similar to MTV Unplugged)
One Mic - A stand-up comedy show showcasing local comedians. Produced by Andra Hale and Dennis Douglas Jr.

External links
WNCP-TV website
Podcast/RSS Subscription page
Program Listing

NCP-TV
University of North Carolina at Pembroke

WNCP-TV


Tazekka National Park is a national park of Morocco. It was created in 1950 with an initial area of 6.8 km² to protect the natural resources around Jbel Tazekka (elevation 1,980 m), particularly the grove of cedars (Cedrus atlantica), which are isolated on this peak in the Middle Atlas range.

In 1989, the park was extended to include nearly 120 km² of ecologically important areas, including forests of cork oak and holm oak, as well as canyons, caves, cascades, and rural landscapes.

Access
Tazekka National Park is located in the Middle Atlas, near the city of Taza.

Climate
Atmospheric moisture condenses as it is orographically lifted over the mountain. As a result, the mountain frequently shows a cap cloud and annually receives approximately 180 cm of precipitation, particularly in the form of snow.

Fauna
Mammals are represented by North African boars (Sus scrofa algira), porcupines (Hystrix cristata), otters (Lutra lutra), small-spotted genets (Genetta genetta), hares (Lepus capensis), African wolves (Canis anthus algirensis), and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes).

Barbary leopards (Panthera pardus panthera), striped hyenas (Hyaena hyaena) and caracals (Caracal caracal), which were found once in the area, are extinct. The Barbary stag (Cervus elaphus barbarus) was extinct as well, but has been reintroduced recently.

References

External links
  Official website

National parks of Morocco
Protected areas established in 1950
Atlas Mountains
Geography of Fès-Meknès

Tazekka National Park


{{DISPLAYTITLE:Kappa1 Lupi}}

Kappa1 Lupi is a solitary star in the southern constellation of Lupus. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 3.86, and forms a double star with Kappa2 Lupi. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 18.12 mas as seen from Earth, it is located about 180 light years from the Sun. Both Kappa1 Lupi and its neighbor Kappa2 Lupi are members of the Hyades Stream, which is a moving group that is coincident with the proper motions of the Hyades cluster.

This is a B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B9.5 Vne. The 'n' suffix indicates the spectrum shows "nebulous" absorption lines due to rapid rotation, while the 'e' means this is a Be star that displays Balmer series emission lines. With an estimated age of 195 million years, it is about 75% of the way through its life span on the main sequence. The star is rotating with a projected rotational velocity of 191 km/s. This rate of spin is giving the star an oblate shape with an equatorial bulge that is an estimated 9% larger than the polar radius.

In Chinese astronomy, Kappa1 Lupi is called 騎陣將軍, Pinyin: Qízhènjiāngjūn, meaning Chariots and Cavalry General, because this star is marking itself and stand alone in Chariots and Cavalry General asterism, Root mansion (see : Chinese constellation).

References

External links

B-type main-sequence stars
Be stars
Hyades Stream
Lupus (constellation)
Lupi, Kappa1
Durchmusterung objects
134481
074376
5646

Kappa1 Lupi


Since the version 2.3 (Gingerbread) of Google's Android operating system an easter egg containing an animation has been hidden. The easter egg can be accessed through the "Settings" application, in the "About phone" section, by repeatedly tapping the "Android version" section. The animation is different in every version of the Operative System.
 In 2.3 – 2.3.7 (Gingerbread) there is a painting of an Android next to a zombie gingerbread man, surrounded by zombies using cellphones.
 In 3.0 – 3.2.6 (Honeycomb) there is a blue honeybee. Below it, there is the text "REZZZZZZZ…" as a reference to Tron: Legacy.
 In 4.0 – 4.0.4 (Ice Cream Sandwich) there is pixel art of an ice cream sandwich android. Long-pressing it will result in many ice cream sandwich androids flying across the screen, dubbed the "nyan droid" as they are a tribute to Nyan Cat.
 In 4.1 – 4.3.1 (Jelly Bean) a red jelly bean appears, which if pressed will show its face along with the OS version. If this jelly bean is then long-pressed, an interactive jelly bean minigame will appear. This is where one can fling the jelly beans around.
 In 4.4 (KitKat) a rotating letter "K" appears, which if continually tapped turns into the text "Android" in the styling of a KitKat logo. If the Android logo is then long-pressed a tile interface, known as "a daydream" called "Dessert Case", loads with icons from all previous versions of Android. It appears to be a mock of the Windows Phone interface.
 In 5.x (Lollipop) and 6.x (Marshmallow), a colored circle appears (or a circle with a stylized M inside in Marshmallow). If continuously tapped, it will turn into a lollipop with the text lollipop inside (or the M changes into a marshmallow in 6.x). Tapping the circle changes the color. When long-pressed, a game of Flappy Bird starts with the Android mascot instead. In Marshmallow, tapping the plus sign adds extra players (up to five), which can be controlled by the user or other players.
 In 7.0 (Nougat), an "N" appears, which will enable another Easter egg if tapped. This Easter egg, titled "Android Neko" as a reference to the cat collecting mobile game Neko Atsume, can be accessed from the Quick Settings menu, and allows the user to create virtual treats, which will eventually attract kittens. The kittens can be viewed in a gallery-style screen. Additionally, long-pressing on the aforementioned "N" repeatedly will alternate between displaying the no symbol emoji and the cat face emoji, respectively toggling the Easter egg on and off. "No" and "cat" is a mondegreen for "nougat".
 In 8.0 (Oreo), instead of the normal way of going to the easter egg, heading to System > About Phone and tapping on the Android version repeatedly will launch the easter egg. An orange circle appears, representing an "O" for Oreo. Tapping on it a few times will open a blue screen representing a sea with an octopus floating around. The "O" in octopus represents Oreo while the eight legs on the octopus represent the version (8.0). The octopus can be moved by dragging the head around.
 In 9.0 (Pie), the Easter egg is found by going to System > About Phone > Android version and then tapping three times on the Android version on the next screen. A white, extended "P" will then appear, usually with concentric colored circles disappearing into the "P". Each time the Easter egg is invoked, it displays different colors. The animation can be pinched to zoom.
In 10.0 (10), the text "android 10" will appear, where each of the texts "android", "1", and "0" can be moved and rotated. Rotating "1" and merging with the digit "0" will result in the "android Q" text. In this state, tapping the "Q" several times will reveal a Nonogram game, where the resulting pictures are various icons of Android.
In 11.0 (Dots), a circle with 9 white dots around the circle and 1 other dot inside the circle the perimeter will appear. Dragging your finger around the circle will change the inside dots position. When the dot inside dot is at the last white dots space, there will be a text saying '11'. Then a message with the emoji '🐱' will appear. When dragging the inner dot back to the first white dot there will be a message saying '🚫'
In 12.0 and 13.0 (Clock), an interactive clock will appear. Setting the clock time to 12:00 (or 1:00 for Android 13) will change the clock to a circle with text inside that says '12' (or, on Android 13, '13') and many circles will appear in the background

References

Google

List of Google Easter eggs


Gary James Lewingdon (February 14, 1940 – October 24, 2004) and Thaddeus Charles Lewingdon (December 22, 1936 – April 16, 1989) were American siblings and serial killers, who committed a series of ten murders in different Ohio counties from December 1977 to December 1978 for the motive of robbery. As a murder weapon, the criminals used .22 caliber pistols, due to which they received the nickname The .22 Caliber Killers. In 1979, both brothers were sentenced to several terms of life imprisonment.

Early years
Little is known about the early years of the Lewingdon brothers. It is known that the older brother, Thaddeus, was born on December 22, 1936. After leaving school, he graduated from the Cleveland Institute of Electronics, and worked as a technical specialist at the Columbus Steel Drum Company in Columbus. He was married, and had three children.

The younger brother, Gary, was born on February 14, 1940. In 1958, after graduation, he enlisted in the army and was assigned to the Air Force. He served in Vietnam during the early period of the war, and after four years, he resigned in 1962 and returned home to his mother, where he lived with her until 1977, when he met a woman who would later become his wife.

Gary led a marginal lifestyle and was forced to engage in low-skilled labor, and from 1962 to 1977 was repeatedly prosecuted for offences such as petty theft, obscene behavior in public places and illegal possession of weapons. In 1977, Thaddeus divorced his wife and was in a serious psycho-emotional state, as a result of which his brother, having financial difficulties, persuaded him to commit a series of robberies.

Serial murders
The Lewingdon brothers chose strangers as their targets, away from their homes. The killings were particularly cruel; ten to seventeen shots fired at each victim. The murder spree began on December 10, 1977, when the brothers attacked 38-year-old Joyce Vermillion and 33-year-old Karen Dodrill at a bar in Newark, during which they robbed and shot at them. No witnesses were present at the crime scene, and Dodrill died afterwards, on her 34th birthday.

On February 13, 1978, the brothers broke into the property of an entrepreneur, 52-year-old Robert McCann, who owned a nightclub in Franklin County. During the robbery, they shot McCann, his 77-year-old mother Dorothy and his girlfriend, 26-year-old Christine Hardman, with several shots to the heads. On April 8, 1978, the killers arrived in the city of Granville, Licking County, where they attacked 77-year-old Jenkins Jones, shooting him and his four dogs before stealing money and valuables from the house. The Lewingdons' next victim was a priest, 35-year-old Gerald Fields, who was killed on April 30 in Fairfield County.

On May 22, 1978, the brothers committed a double murder. In northeast Columbus, where 47-year-old Jerry Martin, vice president and general manager of "Perma-stone", lived. Before stealing all valuables, the brothers shot Martin and his wife Martha through the window screen, after which they left the crime scene without leaving any clues for the investigators. In the course of a forensic ballistic examination of the bullets pulled from the bodies and casings found on the scene, it was established at the end of May 1978 that all the victims were killed with the same pistol. It was also found that another .22 caliber pistol was used in the spouses' murder, which established that there were two criminals present.

In the fall of 1978, a conflict occurred between the two brothers, with Thaddeus refusing to participate in further joint criminal activities. As a result, Gary, having financial difficulties for the upcoming Christmas Day, attacked 56-year-old Joseph Ennik on December 4, 1978, robbing and subsequently killing him. On December 8, while trying to pay off Ennik's stolen credit card, Gary Lewingdon was arrested by the store security service and was taken to the police station. During the interrogation, he began to cooperate with the investigation and confessed to the crimes, on the basis of which Thaddeus was arrested on December 11, 1978. Three days later, both brothers were charged with murder.

Trial
The Lewingdon brothers were charged with 10 counts of murder and aggravated theft. In January 1979, they abandoned their testimonies and insisted on their innocence. While searching through the accused's apartments, the murder weapons were found, as well as a number of objects that were later identified by the victims' relatives. This evidence, coupled with the findings from the ballistic and fingerprint examinations, indicated the brothers' involvement in the crimes. In February, Thaddeus confessed to killing Vermillion, Dodrill, Jones and committing a number of thefts, after which he was sentenced to life imprisonment.

In the spring, Thaddeus was brought before a court in Franklin County on charges of complicity in another 6 murders. In April, he was found guilty and received another 6 sentences of life imprisonment as punishment. In mid-1979, Gary Lewingdon was found guilty of killing 8 people and committing a number of thefts, and also received life imprisonment.

Aftermath
After being imprisoned, Gary Lewingdon began to demonstrate deviant behavior and signs of suicidal ideation, as a result of which he was transferred to Lima State Hospital, where he was caught trying to escape in March 1982. In the early 2000s, Gary was diagnosed with a group of cardiovascular diseases, and their complications eventually took his life on October 24, 2004. His brother Thaddeus died on April 16, 1989, from lung cancer.

See also
List of serial killers in the United States

References

1936 births
1940 births
1989 deaths
2004 deaths
American serial killers
Criminal duos
Criminals from Ohio
Deaths from cancer in Ohio
Deaths from lung cancer
People convicted of murder by Ohio
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Ohio
Prisoners who died in Ohio detention
Serial killers from Ohio
Serial killers who died in prison custody
Sibling duos

Gary and Thaddeus Lewingdon


River Tay is a river in Scotland. It starts in Loch Tay, and opens up into the North Sea at the Firth of Tay. It discharges more water than the Thames and the Severn put together.

It is the longest river in Scotland and the sixth longest in the United Kingdom. It starts in the Scottish Highlands, and moves east until it goes through Perth. Its mouth is wide, and is called the Firth of Tay on the east coast. Dundee is on the north bank of the Firth.

The Tay's very wide mouth is spanned by a long rail bridge, the replacement for the one which fell in the Tay Bridge disaster. The Tay Road Bridge was opened in 1966.

References

Rivers of Scotland

River Tay


The Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology  (also called Connect) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission and is responsible for EU investment in research, innovation and development of critical digital technologies (such as Artificial Intelligence, Common Data Spaces, High-Performance Computing, 5G, Micro-Electronics, Blockchain and Quantum).

The current Director-General is Roberto Viola, under the responsibility of the European Commissioner for Internal Mark

et.

In 2020, it had 828 employees.

Structure

Directorates
The organization of the Director General office  was:
 A: Artificial Intelligence and Digital Industry (Director: Lucilla Sioli)
The directorate's objective is to strengthen competitiveness and to ensure that any industry in any sector in Europe can make the best use of digital innovations to compete on a global scale, grow and create jobs. The Directorate is responsible for the coordination of the digitisation of industry strategy following the adoption of the DSM technology package in April 2016 including links with national initiatives such as Industrie 4.0 (DE), industrie du future (FR), smart industry (NL), etc.

 B: Connectivity (Director: Rita Wezenbeek)
Designing and monitoring a legally predictable (regulatory) environment for electronic communications in the EU. As the basis for the Digital Single Market, this environment should foster a pro-competitive single market for the roll-out of high-speed internet networks and the delivery of electronic communications services. This will be an essential contribution to boost innovation, growth and jobs in Europe.

 Directorate C: Digital Excellence and Science Infrastructure (Director: Thomas Skordas)
Directorate provides support to future ICT Technologies and Infrastructures such as the Destination Earth.

 D: Policy Strategy and Outreach (Director: Thibaut Kleiner)
The Policy Strategy and Outreach Directorate is responsible for the consistent implementation of the Commission Work Programme and the legislation under the responsibility of DG CONNECT in line with better regulation principles.

It ensures coherence between the DSM strategy and the available EU financial instruments, notably the ICT part of H2020 and the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF), but also the European structural and investment funds (EFSI) and the European Fund for Strategic Investments (EFSI).

It is the outward-facing element of the DG, responsible for involving stakeholders in delivering policy and research outcomes, engaging with member states' authorities and the other institutions, the media and other interested stakeholders, and for communicating within and outside the EU and managing internal communication within the DG.
 E: Future Networks (Director: Pearse O'Donohue)
The Directorate is responsible for the strategic advancement of the policy, technological research and standardisation on all-encompassing Future Internet dimension, ensuring an innovative intertwining of all these aspects so that Europe can lead in the design, piloting and roll-out of the Internet of tomorrow. Its strategic agenda focuses on components that are crucial for the digital economy, including 5G global policy advancement, research, innovation and deployment of future mobile systems, strategic use of spectrum, implementation of cloud policies, support to software strategy and implementation of a common European IoT agenda while addressing a long-term perspective for the Internet. It promotes large-scale, experimentally-driven research, validation and piloting of future Internet systems, services and architectures. It implements an innovative industrial strategy exploring the benefits of the Internet to all sectors of the economy and society in line with the priorities on digitisation of the European economy. The Directorate acts as a centre of competence for DSM-related issues on Cloud policies, Free-Flow of Data and IoT liability with stakes on open service platforms. The Directorate acts from a global perspective, exploiting multilateral cooperation and reinforcing Internet governance.

 F: Digital Transformation (Director ff: Fabrizia Benini)
Directorate F is responsible for defining and implementing the overall strategy for the digital economy and society. It will develop, coordinate and steer the Digital Single Market (DSM) strategy and monitor its effective implementation in the context of the European semester based on socioeconomic data on the digital society and economy. It has direct responsibility for e-commerce, geo-blocking and platforms. It will also develop and implement the innovation strategy in particular geared towards web-tech and start-up companies and the development of digital skills.

 G: Data (Director: Yvo Volman)
The mission of Directorate G is threefold: to set up framework conditions for a thriving European data economy, to exploit the potential of the European cultural heritage and creative industries; to contribute to removing digital barriers that lead to social and economic disparities, such as language, accessibility and education.

 H: Digital Society, Trust and Cybersecurity (Director: Lorena Boix Alonso)
To improve the lives of citizens, the opportunities for companies and the quality of public administrations in major areas of society and economy. To provide a strategic approach to the societal dimension of the DSM, focusing on applications that combine digital policy, digital Research and Innovation, and deployment and provide for leadership in cyber security and digital privacy and digital trust policy, legislation and innovation. To pay specific attention to the interplay of EU digital policy and digital technologies with EU policy in application areas such as transport, energy, climate, environment, health, ageing, employment, public sector, security and data protection. To provide for the co-chairing of the health, innovation/inclusion and security societal challenges of Horizon 2020. As many of the societal challenges are global it has a strong international involvement.
 I: Media Policy (Director: Giuseppe Abbamonte)
The Directorate supports the development of a competitive European audiovisual and media industry able to reach out to new audiences and thrive in the Digital Single Market. The Directorate ensures that the audiovisual and copyright legislative frameworks are fit for purpose in the digital era and promote the circulation of works across borders and reward innovation. Through support actions, it fosters the creation, distribution, and promotion of European works across Europe and beyond. It supports research on new technologies and services resulting from convergence and social media in any device and mobile environments.

The Directorate promotes the freedom and pluralism of the media, protection and consumers, minors and cultural and linguistic diversity. It contributes to this goal through its legislative framework and by complementing the activities of the Member States by monitoring the threats to media independence and journalists across the EU. The Directorate promotes Europe's cultural diversity and the production of news on European affairs with a European perspective.
 R: Resources and Support (Director: Morten Fjalland)
To support DG Connect's people and operations, including those related to research projects in H2020, CEF, FP7 and CIP, as well as to promote and verify compliance with essential procedures.

Resources
DG Connect is one of the larger DGs in the European Commission with around 1100 employees in Brussels and Luxembourg, and around one-fifth of the total EU research budget. A significant part of its activities is devoted to research in areas where it can provide stimulus and support to Member State research, including coordination, cooperation, standardisation and long-term basic research activities.

Significant staff cuts were planned for 2014.

History

On 1 July 2012, the DG Connect replaced the DG for Information Society & Media (DG INFSO). The mission will also change and large staff cuts are foreseen (from 1 January 2013 a substantial part of the ex-INFSO agenda will be externalised). DG INFSO was previously known as DG XIII.  Until 2004, the DG shared Commissioner with DG Enterprise.

From January 2005, the DG Information Society was expanded to include Media (formerly under DG Education and Culture). DG INFSO deals with research, policy and regulation on the areas of information and communication technology and media. Its regulation has cultural, societal and economic objectives, and covers some of the largest economic sectors in Europe, as well as some of the most visible. The DG is however not responsible for some general economic and market issues central to information society policies like intellectual property issues.

See also
 European Commissioner for Internal Market
 Executive Vice President of the European Commission for A Europe Fit for the Digital Age
 Ambient Assisted Living (AAL)
 European Institute for Health Records (EUROREC)
 European Round Table of Industrialists
 Media Plus
 ProRec
 World Intellectual Property Organization
 EU Open Data Portal

References

External links
Official websites:
 DG Communications Networks, Content and Technology official website
 Mission and Priorities
 Neelie Kroes, VP of the Commission in charge of Digital Agenda for Europe (Internet Archive 2016/09/22)
 Who's who in DG Communications Networks, Content and Technology (Internet Archive 2012/07/21)

Connect main policy website
 2021 - Digital Strategy current website presenting the policies under DG's responsibility
 2016-2021 Digital Single Market (Internet Archive 2021/03/14)
 2012-2016 Digital Agenda for Europe (Internet Archive 2016/02/19)

Information Society and Media
Information society and the European Union
Information technology organizations based in Europe
Framework Programmes


Adakaleh (nicknamed Ottoman Atlantis) was a small island in the Danube River at the Carpathian Mountains, opposite on the other bank of Orşova and  Tekija. From 1699 onward, it was a part of the Ottoman Empire, until the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. After that, it was owned by the Kingdom of Romania. In 1939, many Turkish people left Ada Kaleh and settled in Turkey. The Island was flooded in 1968-1971, when a dam was made by the Socialist Republic of Romania and Yugoslavia. The island has been underwater since then. The people who used to live on the island were Turkish speaking Sufism-Muslims Turks. In 1967, before the island was flooded, the Turkish people on the island went to other places in Mainland Romania to Dobruja, but most of the people went to Turkey.

The island was known for its Mediterranean climate and Oriental Flair, with roses, different fruit trees like apricot and fig, almond and sweet chestnut trees, exotic Ottoman architecture and production of Turkish delight, Baklava, Candy, and Turkish coffee, rose water sorbet, Rose and Fig Marmalade, fishing, and souvenirs. The island was also known for smuggling. The island had a mosque with one Minaret and Well for Wudu, and a Hammam, a Bazaar and an old fortress with catacombs, a governor's villa, a cinema, an old Ottoman cemetery, small white  Cottages, three or four Mansion, a Hotel, many Café's, a Textile and Tobacco Fabric, a small Power station for Electricy, an Association football pitch and a botanical garden. The islanders were described by outlandish visitors as kindly people, the male and female wear Salwar kameez, the men handsome who wear a Fez (hat), and the women beautiful, some of them veiled in Chador until it was forbidden by Socialist Republic of Romania. Oil wrestling, Belly dance, Turkish dance and Sünnet parties of Boys were performed as tourist attractions.

The most famous resident was Bego Mustafa, a turk, former officer in the ottoman army.
In 1846 he helped the Hungarian national hero Lajos Kossuth to escape to Vidin in the Ottoman Empire.
His image was often used for postcards from Adakaleh. He died in 1910 at the age of 104.

Diaspora
When in 1967 the majority of the Islanders moved to Turkey, they call themselfs Haymatlos, the descendants of Adakaleh Turks live mostly in Turkey and few in Romania, but some came from Turkey to Germany as Guest worker, and became part of the Turks in Germany.

References

Adakaleh


The Carthage Street Circuit was a street circuit in Tunis used in the Tunis Grand Prix between 1931 and 1937.

History
The Tunis Grand Prix was originally held on a street circuit at Le Bardo, west of Tunis. After two Grands Prix, a much larger triangular highway circuit was used. It was laid out between the then separate cities of Tunis and Carthage.
After 1937, the Tunis Grand Prix was not held until 1955, in Parc du Belvedere as Circuito du Belvedere, which was also used during historic revival events between 2000 and 2008.

Course layout
The main straight (2,25 km) is now located on the N9 from the populated area Ain Zaghouan to the border with the populated place Les Berges du Lac. From there the course follows a second straight (2,32 km) through El Aouina, just east of La Charguia airport. The most northern point of the course is located in La Soukra, from where it follows the N10 south down to Sidi Daoud, where a hairpin and a slow chicane leads back to the main straight. The total length of the circuit is 12,9 km.

Carthage
Defunct motorsport venues in France
Motorsport in Tunisia
Sports venues in Tunisia

Carthage Street Circuit


The park Fælledparken in Copenhagen, Denmark, was created 1906–1914 by landscape architect Edvard Glæsel in cooperation with the Copenhagen Municipality on the commons (Danish: fælled) previously named Nørrefælled and Østerfælled. Fælledparken is located in the eastern part of Copenhagen called Østerbro.

Fælledparken is used for activities such as:

 Walking
 Sunbathing
 Running
 Playgrounds
 Soccer training and matches on the courts marked on the grass
 The cafe Pavillonen
 Copenhagen Historic Grand Prix (auto racing with old cars)
 1 May: Labour Day demonstration, with speeches by politicians
 Concerts and celebrations such as carnival

Fælledparken lies adjacent to Parken, the Danish national stadium.

The southern part of Fælledparken was sometimes used by rescue helicopters from the Danish Air Force when transporting patients to Rigshospitalet. This practice was abandoned in the year 2006 with the construction of a helicopter platform on the roof of Rigshospitalet.

A path runs along the southern edge of Fælledparken past the Niels Bohr Institute where Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger and other famous physicists of the 20th century would walk and discuss their theories on space and quantum physics. These strolls in Fælledparken were essential in their thought process and theorising so soon acquired the name Filosofgangen, one of many with the same name where great thinkers gathered their thoughts.

Skateboarding and street sports
In 2009, and older skatepark from 1988 in the southeast of Fælledparken was rebuilt as Fælledparken Skatepark. The skatepark opened in 2011, and is designed for all levels of skateboarders (beginners, advanced, and professional), and includes bowls, verts, ramps and street skating facilities. Apart from skateboarding, the park is also open for BMX and rollerskating. The skatepark is unique in its diversity design and is also one of the largest in Northern Europe at 4,500 m2 of skateboarding facilities.

It is prohibited to use Fælledparken Skatepark for scooting, but a smaller park (Løbehjulsparken') has been built specifically for freestyle scooting near the southwest corner of Fælledparken.

Football
Boldklubben Heimdal football club, founded in 1919, play their home matches in Fælledparken.

References

External links

 Café Pavillonen
 Source

1914 establishments in Denmark
Parks in Copenhagen

Fælledparken


Adam Had Four Sons is a 1941 American romantic drama film directed by Gregory Ratoff and starring Ingrid Bergman, Warner Baxter, Susan Hayward, and Fay Wray,

Plot
Adam Stoddard is a wealthy, easy-going family patriarch who falls on hard times after the death of his wife Molly and the stock market crash of 1907 that wipes out his wealth. Recently arrived governess Emilie works to keep the family together. But with the loss of Adam's fortune, the boys are sent off to boarding school, their schooling paid for by wealthy, aged Cousin Phillipa. Emilie must return to France until Adam can afford to repurchase the family estate and recall her to look after it. Reversing his fortunes takes Adam several years. By then, the three older boys are fighting in World War I.

Just as the family is getting back to its former way of life, one son, David, returns with his new wife, Hester, who turns out be a conniving, evil woman wanting to rule the roost. Cousin Phillipa figures out the false Hester, dying before she can tell Adam. Hester schemes to rid the home of Emilie, and seduces another son, Jack, while her husband is away at war. Emilie discovers the affair, but keeps quiet to preserve Adam's happiness and the brother's reputation, pretending to Adam that she was the one involved with Jack. Later, when David returns, Hester inadvertently exclaims "Oh, Jack" while David is caressing her. Realizing her infidelity, David leaves to commit suicide by flying a plane and crashing on a stormy night. Yet, he is hospitalized and survives. Ultimately, all is discovered, and Hester receives her comeuppance and is evicted from the home. Emilie and Adam become engaged, and all ends happily.

Cast

References

External links

1941 films
1940s historical drama films
1940s historical romance films
1941 romantic drama films
American black-and-white films
American historical drama films
American historical romance films
American romantic drama films
Columbia Pictures films
Films directed by Gregory Ratoff
Films based on American novels
Films set in the 1900s
Films set in the 1910s
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

Adam Had Four Sons


Spray paint art uses spray painting on a non-porous material, such as wood, metal, glass, ceramic or plastic.

Spray paint art is usually street art, in large cities. Themes may include surreal landscapes of planets, comets, pyramids, cities, and nature scenes. The pieces can have a simple one-colored background or a multi-colored backgrounds in which the paint swirls together or fades from one color to the other through a series of differing values of each color. It is said to have originated in Mexico City in the early 1980s.

References

Painting materials

Spray paint art