The Drag is a dramatic play written by Mae West under her pen name Jane Mast. The play opened in out-of-town tryouts in New Jersey and Connecticut, but was later forced to close for its portrayal of homosexuality and cross-dressing. The play never opened on Broadway, as West had planned. This play was the follow-up to West's highly controversial play Sex.

The play was performed again throughout June 2019 at Gay City, an LGBT community center in Seattle.

Inception
West claimed that the inspiration behind the play came from the homosexual young men that she knew around that time who, according to her, desperately wanted to be open about their relationships with their male companions.

With the success of The Captive, a play about two women with homosexual overtones, West set out to create a counter piece that dealt with male, gay life. The Drag was said to make open digs at The Captive and its palatable writing, performing satirical songs such as "The Woman Who Stole My Gal".

West auditioned and cast exclusively gay actors from a Greenwich Village club. Rehearsals for The Drag occurred later at night, after West had finished performing in Sex. These rehearsals were largely improvisational, allowing the cast of 12 principal characters to invent the script themselves. The final scene consisted of a giant Drag Ball with little dramatic function that utilized an extended company of performers. Although this open form of performance encouraged a celebration of the liberated gay man, the play formed a dark underbelly that alluded to the drug addiction and violence that riddled gay life in New York City at that time.

Plot
Act One opens in the library of Dr. James Richmond's New York mansion. Dr. Richmond believes that homosexuals can be treated through conversion therapy, and explains his theory to his close friend and brother-in-law Judge Robert Kingsbury. Judge Kingsbury believes that homosexuals are deviants who need to be controlled by the law. His son, Roland "Rolly", is married to Richmond's daughter Clair.

Two gay men then request an appointment with Dr. Richmond after office hours. One of the men, Clem Hathaway, has brought his friend, David Caldwell, because he is pathologically depressed. During their session, David admits that he had a lover who left him recently, and has allegedly taken up with another man. Dr. Richmond sedates him and leaves him in his office to rest.

Clair is then shown casually telling her father that she wants to make a European trip without her husband. She later confides to her Aunt Barbara that Rolly has no interest in a sexual relationship with her. Rolly readily agrees to his wife's European holiday. While away, Clair is seen at a social event with Allen Greyson, an architect, who is also one of Rolly's business associates.

When David groggily stumbles in from the office, he and Rolly instantly recognize each other as ex-lovers. The doctor reenters to find them struggling and assumes his drugged patient has become violent. Afterwards, Richmond tells Rolly "Thank God you're not what he is."

Act Two opens in the Kingsbury residence drawing room, later that afternoon. Parsons, the family butler, admits three obviously effeminate men who have come to plan a weekend party with Rolly. When Allen Greyson arrives, Rolly asks his friends to behave themselves. Allen has come to talk about an industrial building he is designing for the Kingsbury works.

After the other men have left, Rolly explains to Allen that he married Clair not just because it was encouraged by their two families, but because it provided a convenient cloak for his homosexuality. Rolly tells Allen that he is in love with him, but Allen is appalled because he has fallen in love with Clair. He threatens to quit, but Rolly persuades him to reconsider. Allen, no longer feeling an obligation to respect Rolly's marriage, proclaims his love to Clair, who is not displeased.

Act Three, Scene one takes place in the drawing room of the Kingsbury mansion, which has been converted into a small ballroom. A drag ball is in full swing, with bizarrely attired transvestites and an onstage jazz band. Accompanying the solo songs and dances is a great deal of suggestive banter.

When the party gets too rowdy, Rolly sends the partygoers home and goes upstairs. A shot is heard off stage. Parsons the butler enters, clearly shaken. He phones Judge Kingsbury, telling him that Rolly has been shot.

A police detective and Judge Kingsbury come to the mansion the morning of the next day. Parsons tells them of the argument Rolly had with Allen, and of his later seeing Clair in the arms of Allen. Allen becomes the prime suspect.

David then arrives with Dr. Richmond, who confesses to Kingsbury that he killed Rolly, and that they were once lovers. The doctor pleads with the judge to be compassionate. The judge, wanting to avoid the scandal of his son and the two families being linked to the homosexual world in a murder investigation, tells the inspector to report the shooting as a suicide.

Reception
The play was a great financial success, reportedly earning West $30,000 on its opening night, but was widely panned by critics for its open portrayal of homosexuality. It was closed during its premiere run after two weeks.

The Society for the Prevention of Vice warned the producers that if the play continued, all Broadway productions that season would be scrutinized and censored. The Deputy Police Commissioner at the time issued a police raid of The Captive, Sex, and Virgin Man on February 9, 1927. West was tried and found guilty, sentenced to 10 days in jail and fined $500. Upon her release, West reportedly announced that "A few days in the pen 'n' a $500 fine ain't too bad a deal". West then donated to the women's prison and established the Mae West Memorial Library and continued with other artistic endeavors.

Theatre scholar Jordan Schildcrout examines the production history of the play and its representation of gay characters in Murder Most Queer: The Homicidal Homosexual in the American Theater (2014).

The Pleasure Man
In 1928, West opened a re-worked version of The Drag titled The Pleasure Man. While the lead role of Rolly was replaced with a heterosexual character, the play still experienced backlash for its overtly sexual content.

References

External links
Mae West Playwriting Credits
Theater, Film and Video - Mae West Public Broadcasting System

LGBT theatre in the United States
1927 plays
Plays by Mae West
LGBT-related plays
LGBT-related controversies in plays
Censored plays
Censorship in the United States

The Drag (play)


Carex proposita is a species of sedge known by the common name Great Smoky Mountain sedge. It has a scattered distribution in parts of the western United States, including Washington, Idaho, and California. It was named for the Smoky Mountains of Idaho, not the Great Smoky Mountains, where it does not occur. This sedge produces low, dense clumps of stems under 35 centimeters tall. The inflorescence is a dense or open bundle of rounded or oval brown flower spikes. The fruit is coated in a veined perigynium with a white tip.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Flora of North America
Photo gallery

proposita
Plants described in 1931

Carex proposita


Rick Bayless (born November 23, 1953) is an American chef and restaurateur who specializes in traditional Mexican cuisine with modern interpretations. He is widely known for his PBS series Mexico: One Plate at a Time. Among his various accolades are a Michelin star, the title of Top Chef Masters, and seven James Beard Awards.

Early life and education
Bayless was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, into a family of restaurateurs and grocers specializing in local barbecue. He is the younger brother of sports journalist and television personality Skip Bayless. Having begun his culinary training as a youth, Bayless broadened his interests to include regional Mexican cooking as an undergraduate student of Spanish and Latin American culture. After finishing his undergraduate education at the University of Oklahoma, he obtained his master's degree in linguistics at the University of Michigan. He nearly completed a PhD in anthropological linguistics at Michigan when he decided to leave his studies to concentrate on his nascent cooking career. While at Michigan, he met his future wife and frequent culinary collaborator, Deann. They married in 1979.

Professional career

TV Host and author
After hosting the 26-part PBS television series Cooking Mexican in 1978–1979, Bayless dedicated over six years to culinary research in Mexico, culminating in 1987 with the publication of his Authentic Mexican: Regional Cooking from the Heart of Mexico, which Craig Claiborne described as "the greatest contribution to the Mexican table imaginable."

Following Authentic Mexican, Bayless has written a number of highly regarded cookbooks (see §Awards and accolades), often co-authoring with Deann and his daughter, Lanie. Perhaps his best-known cookbook is his 2001 James Beard Foundation award-winning Mexico: One Plate at a Time, a companion to the first season of Bayless' PBS television show of the same name. At least one other of his cookbooks, Mexican Everyday (2005), provides recipes that directly tie into the show.

In 2003, PBS began broadcasting Bayless' television series Mexico: One Plate at a Time. Bayless and the show have been nominated for several Daytime Emmy Awards. Bayless was personally nominated twice for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lifestyle/Culinary Host for his work on the show in 2012 and again in 2017.  One Plate at a Time's director, Scott Dummler, was nominated for Outstanding Directing in a Lifestyle/Culinary Program in 2012, and the show was nominated overall for Outstanding Culinary Program in 2016.

Seasons of Mexico: One Plate at a Time sometimes focus on the cuisine of a specific region: for example, season 8 was centered around cuisine from Tijuana and the Baja Peninsula, season 9 focused on Oaxaca, and season 11 was produced entirely on the Yucatán Peninsula.

Chef and restaurateur
Before opening his restaurant, Bayless began his career as a professional chef in 1980 as the executive chef at Lopez y Gonzalez in Cleveland Heights, Ohio. In 1987, Bayless and his wife Deann opened Frontera Grill in Chicago, specializing in contemporary regional Mexican cuisine, with special emphasis on the varied cuisines of the Oaxaca region. In 1989, Rick and Deann opened Topolobampo, one of Chicago's first fine-dining Mexican restaurants. , Topolobampo has one Michelin star.

In 1995, Bayless and his partners started the Frontera Foods line of prepared food products. They sold Frontera Foods to ConAgra Foods in 2016. Bayless remains involved as a product-development advisor to the brand. The Frontera restaurants were not included in the deal.

Bayless was one of the founding members of Chefs Collaborative in support of environmentally sound agricultural practices and is active in Share Our Strength, the nation's largest hunger advocacy organization. Often his TV shows emphasize the responsible use of foodstuffs with a focus on sustainable farming and cooking.

Bayless consults for restaurants and teaches authentic Mexican cooking throughout the United States. He is a visiting staff member at the Culinary Institute of America and leads cooking and cultural tours to Mexico. Fluent in Spanish, Bayless favors coastal (seafood) fare and dishes that feature traditional Mexican and pre-Columbian Incan, Mayan, and Aztecan ingredients native to Mexico, like chocolate, peppers, and vanilla bean.

Bayless and his staff began the Frontera Farmer Foundation in 2003. This foundation was set up to support Chicago-area local farmers by offering capital improvement grants. , more than $400,000 has been given to local family farms.

In December 2007, Bayless opened Frontera Fresco restaurant inside Macy's Union Square store in San Francisco. He later opened Frontera Fresco restaurants inside Macy's State Street store in Chicago, Macy's in nearby Skokie, on the campus of Northwestern University, and in Walt Disney World. The San Francisco location closed in April 2014, while the one at Northwestern closed in June 2018 at the end of the school year.

In 2008, Bayless was widely considered to be a serious contender for the position of White House Executive Chef under the administration of Barack Obama.

In 2010, after spending significant time at local Mexican dining spots, Bayless made his Los Angeles debut running the kitchen at the Red O.

Bayless was guest chef for the May 19, 2010 White House state dinner honoring Mexican President Felipe Calderón and his wife Margarita Zavala.

Other media appearances
In 2005, Bayless competed on Iron Chef America and lost by one point to Iron Chef Bobby Flay on what was the first broadcast episode of season 1, with American bison meat as the secret ingredient.

Bayless appeared as a guest judge in episode 3 of Season 4's Top Chef, judging both the quickfire and elimination challenges. He later became a contestant in episode 3 of the first season of Top Chef Masters, winning that episode and advancing to the Champion's round. In the championship round, he won the title of Top Chef Master on August 19, 2009.

In 2012, Bayless ventured into the world of theatre, partnering with Lookingglass Theatre Company in Chicago to put on the play Rick Bayless in Cascabel, which Bayless created along with Tony Hernandez and Heidi Stillman. The show opened on March 21, 2012, to favorable reviews and ran through April 29.

Current restaurants
 Frontera Grill (Chicago)
 Topolobampo (Chicago) – 1 Michelin star as of the 2015 guide
 XOCO (Chicago)
 Tortas Frontera (O'Hare International Airport – Chicago) – co-owned with Jollibee Foods Corporation and other shareholders.
 Frontera Cocina (Lake Buena Vista, Florida)
 Bar Sótano (Chicago)
 Tortazo (Chicago)

Awards and accolades
 Best New Chef of 1988, Food & Wine
 Best American Chef: Midwest 1991, James Beard Foundation
 National Chef of the Year 1995, James Beard Foundation
 Outstanding Chef 1995, James Beard Foundation for Frontera Grill/Topolombampo
 Chef of the Year 1995, International Association of Culinary Professionals (IACP)
 Cookbook of the Year, 1996, IACP, for Rick Bayless's Mexican Kitchen
 Cookbook of the Year, 1996, National Julia Child Cookbook Awards, for Rick Bayless's Mexican Kitchen
 Cookbook of the Year, 1996, Chicago Tribune, for Rick Bayless's Mexican Kitchen
 Humanitarian of the year 1998, James Beard Foundation
 Cookbook of the Year in 2001, James Beard Foundation, for Mexico: One Plate at a Time
 Best Chef Midwest (CHICAGO) of 2002, James Beard Foundation
 Who's Who of American Food and Drink
 Humanitarian of the Year IACP 2007
 Frontera Grill won Outstanding Restaurant from the James Beard Foundation 2007
 Winner, Top Chef Masters Season 1 on Bravo Cable Network, September 2009
 Recipient 2011 Golden Beet Award from The Illinois Stewardship Alliance in the category "Community Food Projects" for his work with the Frontera Farmer Foundation and his support of local and sustainable agriculture.
 Frontera Grill was ranked the third-best casual dining restaurant in the world by the International Herald Tribune
 Insignia of the Order of the Aztec Eagle, 2012
 Julia Child Award from The Julia Child Foundation for Gastronomy and the Culinary Arts, 2016
 Topolobampo won 2017 Outstanding Restaurant from the James Beard Foundation.

Bibliography

 Authentic Mexican: Regional Cooking from the Heart of Mexico (1987)
 Rick Bayless's Mexican Kitchen: Capturing the Vibrant Flavors of a World-Class Cuisine (1996)
 Salsas That Cook: Using Classic Salsas to Enliven Our Favorite Dishes (1998)
 Mexico: One Plate at a Time (book) (2000)
 Mexico: One Plate at a Time (television series) (2003–2019)
 Rick and Lanie's Excellent Kitchen Adventures (2004)
 Mexican Everyday (2005)
 Fiesta at Rick's: Fabulous Food for Great Times with Friends (2010)
 Frontera: Margaritas, Guacamoles, and Snacks (2012)
 More Mexican Everyday (2015)

References

External links

1953 births
Living people
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American cookbook writers
American male chefs
American male non-fiction writers
American restaurateurs
American television chefs
Chefs from California
Chefs from Chicago
Chefs from Michigan
Chefs from Oklahoma
Chefs of Mexican cuisine
James Beard Foundation Award winners
Northwest Classen High School alumni
PBS people
Television personalities from Oklahoma City
Top Chef winners
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
University of Oklahoma alumni
Writers from Chicago
Writers from Michigan
Writers from Oklahoma City
International Association of Culinary Professionals award winners

Rick Bayless


Cendrillon (; ) is a French opera in three acts by the Maltese-born composer Nicolas Isouard. It takes the form of an opéra comique with spoken dialogue between the musical numbers, although its authors designated it an opéra féerie. The libretto, by Charles-Guillaume Étienne, is based on Charles Perrault's fairy tale Cinderella. The work was first performed by the Opéra-Comique at the Salle Feydeau in Paris on 22 February 1810. Cendrillon was a success throughout Europe until its popularity was eclipsed by that of Rossini's opera on the Cinderella theme, La Cenerentola (1817).

Roles

Synopsis

Act 1
Cendrillon is the stepdaughter of Baron Montefiascone. She lives in his house with his daughters, Clorinde and Thisbé, where she is treated like a servant. The two sisters are preparing for the royal ball when a beggar arrives asking for hospitality. Cendrillon welcomes him but the sisters drive him away, not realising he is Alidor, the Prince's minister, in disguise. The beggar promises that Cendrillon will be rewarded for her kindness. The Prince has heard rumours of Cendrillon's goodness and he too comes to the house disguised as his valet, Dandini. He learns the true nature of the three stepsisters. Clorinde and Thisbé leave Cendrillon behind as they depart for the ball, but Alidor promises her she will go too.

Act 2
Cendrillon wakes up at the Prince's palace to find herself wearing magnificent clothes. Alidor assures her no one will recognise her in this disguise as he gives her a rose. The Prince meets her, still disguised as Dandini. She allows him to be her "knight (chevalier)" in a mock tournament and he wins. When he asks her to be his wife she flees, leaving a slipper behind.

Act 3
At the Baron's house, Clorinde and Thisbé discuss the news that the Prince has fallen in love with the beautiful stranger at the ball. The Prince tries to find the owner of the slipper and arrives at the Baron's house. It fits Cendrillon and the Prince offers her his hand in marriage. She gladly accepts.

Recordings
Cendrillon Ludmilla Shilova, Byung Soon Lee, Marian Sjölander, Nikolai Doroshkin, Hans Pieter Herman, Ensemble XXI Moscow, conducted by Richard Bonynge (Olympia, 1999)

Sources

Further reading
The Viking Opera Guide ed. Amanda Holden (Viking, 1993)
 Kutsch, K. J. and Riemens, Leo (2003). Großes Sängerlexikon (fourth edition, in German). Munich: K. G. Saur. .

External links

 Cinderella, synopsis, Bampton Classical Opera

French-language operas
Opéras comiques
1810 operas
Opéras féeries
Operas by Nicolas Isouard
Operas
Operas based on Cinderella
Opera world premieres at the Opéra-Comique
Operas based on works by Charles Perrault

Cendrillon (Isouard)


The Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park is a protected area in the Philippines.

The park is located in the Saint Paul Mountain Range on the western coast of the island of Palawan, about  north of the city of Puerto Princesa, and contains the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River (also known as the Puerto Princesa Underground River). It has been managed by the Puerto Princesa city government since 1992.

It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999, and voted as a New7Wonders of Nature in 2012. It also became a Ramsar Wetland Site in 2012.

A major tourist destination, it is mostly accessed through road trips to the seaside village of Sabang from where one of the many Bangkas (Kayaks) take visitors to the park

History
In 2010, a group of environmentalists and geologists discovered that the underground river has a second floor, which means that there are small waterfalls inside the cave. They also found a cave dome measuring  above the underground river, rock formations, large bats, a deep water hole in the river, more river channels, and another deep cave, as well as marine creatures and more. Deeper areas of the underground river are almost impossible to explore due to oxygen deprivation.

On November 11, 2011, Puerto Princesa Underground River was provisionally chosen as one of the New 7 Wonders of Nature. This selection was officially confirmed on January 28, 2012.

Geography

The park has a limestone karst mountain landscape. St. Pauls Underground River Cave is more than  long and contains an  underground section of the Cabayugan River. The river winds through the cave before flowing directly into the West Philippine Sea and is navigable by boat up to  from the sea. The cave includes major formations of stalactites and stalagmites, and several large chambers, including the  Italian's Chamber with approximate 2.5 million square meters volume. It is one of the largest cave rooms in the world. The lower portion of the river up to  from the sea, is subject to tidal influences. Until the 2007 discovery of an underground river in Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula, the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River was reputed to be the world's longest underground river.

The area also represents a habitat for biodiversity conservation. The site contains a full mountain-to-the-sea ecosystem and has some of the most important forests in Asia. It was inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site on December 4, 1999.

Flora

The park has a range of forest formations, the thirteen forest types found in tropical Asia, namely forest over ultramafic soils, forest over limestone soils, montane forest, freshwater swamp forest, lowland evergreen tropical rainforest, riverine forest, beach forest, and mangrove forest. Researchers have identified more than 800 plant species from 300 genera and 100 families. These include at least 295 trees dominated by the dipterocarp species. In the lowland forest, large trees including the dao (Dracontomelon dao), ipil (Intsia bijuga), dita (Alstonia scholaris), amugis (Koordersiodendron pinnatum), and apitong (Dipterocarpus gracilis) are common. Beach forest species include bitaog (Calophyllum inophyllum), Pongamia pinnata, and Erynthia orientalis. Other plant species include almaciga (Agathis philippinensis), kamagong (Diospyros pulganensis) pandan (Pandanus sp.) anibong, and rattan (Calamus sp.).

Fauna

Birds comprise the largest group of vertebrates found in the park. Of the 252 bird species known to occur in Palawan, a total of 165 species of birds were recorded in the park. This represents 67% of the total birds and all of the 15 endemic bird species of Palawan. Notable species seen in the park are the blue-naped parrot (Tanygnathus lucionensis), Tabon scrub fowl (Megapodius cumunigii), hill myna (Gracula religiosa), Palawan hornbill (Anthracoceros marchei), white breasted sea eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster).

There are also some 30 mammal species that have been recorded. Most often observed in the forest canopy and along the shoreline feeding during low tide is the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis), the only primate found in the area. Other mammal species in the park are the Palawan bearded pig (Sus ahoenobarbus), bearcat (Arctictis binturong), Palawan stink badger (Mydaus marchei) and the Palawan porcupine (Hystrix pumila).

19 species of reptiles have been identified, eight of which are endemic. Common species in the area include large predators like the common reticulated python (Python reticulates), the monitor lizard (Varanus salvator) and the green crested lizard (Bronchocoela cristatella). Amphibian fauna include ten species. The Philippine woodland frog (Rana acanthi) is the most dominant and frequently encountered. One species, Barbourula busuangensis, endemic to Palawan was also observed in the area.

Nine species of bat, two species of swiftlet and whip spider (Stygophrynus sp.) are found in the cave, and the sea cow (Dugong dugon) and the hawksbill sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) feed in the coastal area of the park.

International reception

Puerto Princesa Underground River was entered as the Philippine entry – and topped the first round of voting – in the New 7 Wonders of Nature competition. On July 29, 2011, after the second round of voting, it was declared 1 of 28 finalists. Mayor Edward S. Hagedorn extended his gratitude to all those who supported and voted for the PPUR. On November 11, 2011 it was provisionally chosen as one of the New7Wonders, together with the Amazon rainforest, Halong Bay, Iguazu Falls, Jeju Island, Komodo Island, and Table Mountain.

On January 28, 2012, Malacañang expressed elation over the official inclusion of the Puerto Princesa Underground River (PPUR) in the world's New Seven Wonders of Nature. "Confirmation that the Puerto Princesa Underground River is one of the New Seven Wonders of Nature is welcome news indeed. Throughout the competition, Filipinos from all walks of life have given time, energy, and resources to this campaign," Presidential Spokesperson Edwin Lacierda said.

Department of Tourism spokesman and Assistant Secretary Benito Bengzon Jr. said the underground estuary made it into the world's New Seven Wonders of Nature after the validation process conducted by the New7Wonders Foundation last year. The voting was criticized, especially the Philippine voting. Nothing in the New7Wonders voting procedure prohibited repetitive voting, making the results subject to government and tourism industry campaigns to vote often for local sites with the financial incentive of increased tourism. Philippine President Benigno Simeon Aquino III, in his speech during the official proclamation launch of the Puerto Princesa Underground River as one of the 28 finalists, urged the country's 80 million cellphone subscribers to vote PPUR via text.

On June 30, 2019, Puerto Princesa underground river was celebrated with a Google Doodle.

See also
List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines
List of national parks of the Philippines
ASEAN Heritage Parks

References

External links

National parks of the Philippines
World Heritage Sites in the Philippines
Ramsar sites in the Philippines
Protected areas established in 1999
1999 establishments in the Philippines
Subterranean rivers
Caves of the Philippines
Landforms of Palawan
Tourist attractions in Puerto Princesa


The 1905 municipal election was held December 11, 1905 for the purpose of electing a mayor and four aldermen to sit on the Edmonton City Council, as well as five public school trustees and five separate school trustees.  This was the second election to be held since Edmonton became a city.

There were eight aldermen on city council. Two of the positions were already filled: John R. Boyle and Thomas Bellamy were both elected to two-year terms in 1904 and were still in office (Boyle had been elected MLA in the 1905 provincial election and would resign as alderman in March 1906).

Aldermen Charles May and Kenneth McLeod had resigned partway through their two-year terms. Their seats would be filled after the election by appointment of the two most popular unsuccessful candidates - Robert Mays and David Latta. Amendments to the city charter were passed by the Legislature in early 1906. Thereafter, vacant seats were filled by a by-election or as part of a general municipal election.

On March 7, 1906, Alderman Boyle resigned from council. Since his term was not due to expire until December, the city held a by-election on June 1. John Calhoun defeated John McLennan and C.V. Semerad and was elected to serve out Boyle's term. The vote tallies were Calhoun 188, McLennan 187, Semerad 146.

Electoral system
The mayor was elected through First-past-the-post voting.

The aldermen were elected through Plurality block voting, where each voter could cast up to four votes.

Voter turnout

There were 993 ballots cast out of 1900 eligible voters, for a voter turnout of 52.3%.

Results

(bold indicates elected, italics indicate incumbent)

Mayor

Charles May - 627
Arthur Cushing - 355

Aldermen
Four seats were to be filled

William Antrobus Griesbach - 536
Robert Manson - 477
Samuel Smith - 324
Joseph Henri Picard - 299
Robert Mays - 296
David Latta - 250
William Clark - 237
A York - 228
Peter Butchart - 210
Daniel Fraser - 167
John Calhoun - 124
George Sanderson - 121

Two aldermen appointed
Following the election, the two most popular unsuccessful candidates in the aldermanic election - Robert Mays and David Latta - were named by council to fill the two seats left empty by the resignation of Charles May and Kenneth McLeod. May and McLeod had been elected for two years in 1904 but had resigned prior to the end of the first year in office. May had resigned to run for mayor.

Aldermanic candidates' platforms
A. York said he was in favour of a better police force and fire brigade. "More should be hired and better pay offered. I stand strongly for municipal ownership of public utilities. The city currently has too many commissioners, One should be enough."

P.E. Butchart said he favoured municipal ownership of public utilities and also of making them the very best available, and would give all the aid he could to the betterment of the city's electric, light, telephone and waterworks systems. "I believe that having the executive work in connection with city government done by commissioners is the correct idea but the powers of the council and the commissioners should be more clearly defined, the council always being the governing body."
He said vacancies occurring in the council should be filled by the people (by election, not by appointment as was done to fill the empty seats of Charles May and Kenneth McLeod).

York and Butchart signed Clark's nomination papers. Four seats being filled, the candidates were not in direct competition.

Public school trustees

W D Ferris, H A Gray, A E May, Alex Taylor, and Hedley C. Taylor were elected.  Detailed results are no longer available.

Separate (Catholic) school trustees

Nicolas Dubois Dominic Beck, J Bilodeau, Wilfrid Gariépy, Joseph Henri Picard, and O Tessier were elected.  Detailed results are no longer available.

References

City of Edmonton: Edmonton Elections

1905
1905 elections in Canada
1905 in Alberta

1905 Edmonton municipal election


Pavel Efimovich Dybenko (; ; 16 February 1889 – 29 July 1938) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and a leading Soviet officer and military commander. He was arrested, tortured and executed during the Great Purge and subsequently rehabilitated during the Khrushchev Thaw.

Prior to military service
Pavel Dybenko was born in Lyudkovo village, Novozybkov uyezd, Chernigov guberniya, Imperial Russia (now Novozybkov, Bryansk Oblast, Russia) into a Ukrainian peasant family. He was one of six children raised on an eight-acre farm. His parents owned one horse and one cow. In 1907 he started working in the local Treasury department, but was fired as "untrustworthy" due to his political activities. From 1907 onward, Dybenko became active in a Bolshevik group, distributing revolutionary literature, such as the People's Gazette and the Proletariat, which spoke to anti-Tsar sympathies, throughout the Novozybkov region.

He moved to Riga and worked as a port labourer. He tried to avoid enlisting, but was arrested and forcibly enlisted.

Towards the October 1917 revolt
In November 1911, he joined the Baltic Fleet. The first six months he served on the ship "Dvina".

The "Dvina" was used by the Navy as a training vessel for the new recruits at Kronstadt. Formerly known as the Pamiat Azova, its sailors were veterans of the 1906 revolutionary actions.

In 1912 he joined the Bolshevik Party. In 1915, he participated in the mutiny on board of the battleship Emperor Paul I. He was imprisoned for six months and sent as an infantry soldier to the German front. There he went on with anti-war propaganda, and was again imprisoned for six months.

He was released after the February 1917 revolution and returned to the Baltic Fleet. In April 1917, he became the leader of the Tsentrobalt.

Dybenko's role in the October Revolution
Dybenko was appointed the People's Commissar (minister) of naval affairs. Lenin assigned to him an assistant, an ex-tsarist admiral who helped manage the professional affairs of the Navy.

On February 18, 1918, the German army advanced towards Petrograd. The Soviet government sent Dybenko to defend Petrograd with the Baltic Fleet. The later communist propaganda claimed that revolutionary mariners achieved a great victory there on February 23, 1918. February 23 was declared "The birthday of the Red Army". This day is celebrated in Russia and Ukraine to this day as a national holiday. A special military decoration, "20 years to the Soviet Army" was instituted for this occasion in February 1938. However, this medal was never given to Dybenko himself.

The truth is that Dybenko and his mariners fled the field. According to the memoirs of Bonch-Bruyevich, the mariners came by a barrel of pure alcohol and consumed it. Their whereabouts were unknown for at least a month. Lenin wrote in his famous article on 25 February 1918, in Pravda evening edition: A lesson humiliating but necessary : "Refused to fight,... refused to defend the Narva line,...failed to destroy everything as they retreated..."

Lenin added:
From the point of view of the defence of the fatherland it would be a crime to enter into an armed conflict with an infinitely superior and well-prepared enemy when we obviously have no army.... implying that Dybenko and his mariners definitely were not an army.

The government issued an order to arrest Dybenko and to deliver him to Moscow, that he might face court martial. His command was taken over by General Parsky. The Germans were in fact stopped by the ex-Tsarist general Aleksandr Panfilovich Nikolayev, who organized some retreating Russian soldiers to fight.

The defeat at Narva caused the Bolshevik government to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Another outcome was the transfer of the Bolshevik capital from Petrograd to Moscow.

In April 1918, he was dismissed from the government, expelled from the communist party and put to trial for cowardice. Unexpectedly, the court martial declared him innocent, since "Being no military expert, he was absolutely neither competent nor trained for the task,... he was not prepared to fight...".

Dybenko strongly opposed the Brest-Litovsk peace, and tried to organize mariners to act against it. He was arrested.

According to the testimony of Jacques Sadoul, a French socialist who was present then in Moscow and wrote memoirs about this period, it was Dybenko's fellow mariners who saved him. They threatened to open fire on the Kremlin and terrorized Bolshevik government members. The intervention of his wife Alexandra Kollontai, then a People's Commissar of social affairs, also played a role.

In April 1918, Dybenko arrived in Samara, a city governed by local Left Socialist Revolutionary party, along with Anarchists and some other non-Bolshevik groups, all opposing Bolsheviks and the Brest-Litovsk peace. Dybenko soon headed the local opposition and from that remote town he published letters accusing Lenin of corruption, stealing 90 tons of gold, incompetence, terrorism, and of being a German agent.

The Samara opposition groups planned an armed revolt on May 15, 1918. However, one week prior to that date, Dybenko reappeared in Moscow. There he was pardoned and spared punishment, on the condition that he would never again meddle in politics. The Samara revolt was crushed by Bolshevik forces.

During the Civil War

Dybenko left Moscow. In order to keep him as far as possible from the Baltic Navy, Lenin gave him a low-rank military job, as a battalion commander, at the "No-man's land" between Russia and Ukraine. Ukraine was occupied by the German army as the outcome of the Brest peace, and after the German capitulation and retreat of the German army, the situation there devolved into a chaotic "war of all against all".

In the winter 1918, Dybenko's troops conquered some towns near the Russian-Ukraine border in the Kharkov (now Kharkiv) district. Dybenko tried then to cooperate with non-Bolshevik leftist political forces, especially with the Left SR, but also with Maximalists and Anarchists, all having some military forces, who tried to achieve independence in Ukraine. However, this attempt brought no results. The non-Bolshevik troops were disarmed.

In the beginning of 1919, Dybenko unexpectedly received a general-rank appointment as the commander of the Red Army forces which invaded Ukraine, in particularly, the 1st Trans-Dniepr division. This division had 10000 soldiers, and included the anarchist brigades of Makhno and Hryhoriv.  Trotsky selected him for this role because of his Ukrainian name and origin. It could help the Bolsheviks to pretend it was just another military force acting in the Ukrainian chaos, rather than an "official invasion".

During the spring of 1919, Dybenko's forces destroyed all non-Bolshevik political forces in Ukraine. In Ekaterinoslav (current Dnipro), he arrested and executed all S.R. activists. In Zaporizhia he executed the members of the local Soviet, the elected local authority. The Dybenko troops supplied their own needs robbing both the local population, and the trains carrying coal and provisions to Russia.

In April 1919 Dybenko disregarded the orders of his superiors and invaded Crimea, instead of moving his forces into the eastern Ukraine (Donbas). As a result of this insubordination, the White army conquered Donbas and later in August to December 1919 conquered the rest of Ukraine, other than Crimea.

Dybenko created what he called "The Crimean Soviet Army", with 9000 men, independent from the Ukrainian Front. He created the Crimean Soviet Socialist Republic, and invited Lenin's brother Dmitry Ulianov, to be the prime minister there. Kollontai also joined him. For himself he reserved the appointment of the Army-and-Navy minister.

The regime which Dybenko established in Crimea was called "Dybenkism" by the leading Bolsheviks. By "Dybenkism" they meant some combination of anarchy, tyranny, and banditry. Trotsky said then that the whole Crimean Army was infected by Dybenkism and stopped supplies to it. During his short reign, Dybenko terrorised national minorities in Crimea.

The Crimean Soviet Socialist Republic was rather short-lived. Soon Crimea was reoccupied by Denikin. Dybenko fled to Ukraine, losing his army. Some of his soldiers deserted to Makhno's forces, while others became independent bands fighting against the Red army and the White army simultaneously.

In September 1919 Dybenko appeared in Moscow and entered the Red Army Academy. After one month he was appointed the commander of the Division No. 37, and sent to fight against the advancing white army at Tsaritsyn and Tula. He was court-martialed for unjustified executions of soldiers of his, but was found not guilty.

In March 1920 Dybenko was appointed commander of the Caucasian cavalry division, and in May 1920 given the Horseback division #2 of the Southern front. Due to Dybenko's lack of experience in cavalry warfare, his division #2 was crushed by the White Guard cavalry led by General Ivan Barbovich (Барбович). After this event, the Bolshevik command could not entrust any cavalry to him and he was recalled to Moscow to complete his studies.

After the civil war
In March 1921 Dybenko led, under the command of Mikhail Tukhachevsky, the suppression of the naval rebellion in Kronstadt. Following the military action, Dybenko created a court martial, that "Individually discussed each man's case".

Dybenko won there his first Order of the Combat Red Banner, then the USSR's supreme decoration. He received two more, in peacetime, (12.2.1922, 19.4.22) for his excellency in suppression of peasants uprisings (One- for the Tambov uprising, the second- unclear).

Dybenko wrote several books, all memoirs from the pre-revolutionary and revolutionary eras. The high quality of these books was no match with his very low education and poor vocabulary. This led some historians to suspect he could not have written them, and they were indeed written by his wife Alexandra Kollontai.

In 1922 Dybenko finished (as an extern) the General Staff Military Academy. Alexandra Kollontai admitted in her memoirs she wrote all his home assignments and his thesis. She also authored some army reform ideas, which Dybenko ascribed to himself. Soon their marriage collapsed, Dybenko attempted suicide, and Kollontai arranged a diplomatic mission for herself, just to be as far as possible from him. Dybenko was married twice more.

After finishing the Academy, Dybenko was appointed Commander of the 5th Rifle Corps of the Red Army, and then the 10th Rifle Corps and restored as a member of the Communist Party. Dybenko served between 1925 and 1928 as a head of the Artillery Directorate and the Supply Directorate of the General Staff of the Red Army.

In 1928 he was sent to command the Central Asia Military District. To mask his ignorance in military matters, he always preferred "the Iron Fist method". He created a Border Guard and fought against smugglers. He suppressed the local nationalists and Muslim devotees with notable cruelty. He did not hesitate to attack civilians in the peacetime, or to set fire to entire populated villages.

In 1930 Dybenko was sent, with a numerous group of other generals, to Germany.

In 1933 Dybenko was appointed the Volga military district commander. According to Stalin's well known method, his enemy of old, corps commander Ivan Semenovich Kutyakov (ru), a renowned hero of the Civil War, was assigned as Dybenko's deputy. Both wrote many slanderous letters against each other. This slander caused the liquidation of Kutyakov in 1937. Kutyakov was arrested by NKVD men in Dybenko's office, with Dybenko's personal assistance, and soon was shot. Dybenko himself suffered no harm.

Kutyakov's complaints contained mainly the truth about Dybenko's brutality, drunkenness and incompetence. These accusations were well known in the top level of the Soviet army. Tukhachevsky and Uborevich openly criticized him. But he wrote an explanatory letter to Voroshilov, then the Defence Minister, and was pardoned. Later in 1937, Dybenko assisted the NKVD in preparing Tukhachevsky's arrest.

Dybenko became a member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, was promoted to Komandarm second class ("Four Rombs", at that time it was equivalent to a 4 star general), and appointed the Leningrad military district commander after Iona Yakir's downfall. The Leningrad military district was always one of the most important districts, second only to Kyiv.

Wherever he was, he loved rich life. For example, while serving in 1935—1937 as the Volga military district commander, he annexed an island on the Volga river, 57 square kilometers large, just for hunting entertainment for himself and his friends.

Dybenko personally led the purges in the Leningrad military district in 1936-1937. In 1938 he participated, as a judge, in the trial of the Tukhachevsky group.

Downfall
Dybenko apparently welcomed the start of Stalin's assault on the high command of the Red Army during the Great Purge, because it began with the sudden arrests of Marshal Tukhachevsky and other senior officers in May 1937. When the Military Council to discuss the affair on 1 June 1937, with Stalin present, Dybenko boasted about his past conflict with Tukhachevsky and his fellow defendants, saying: "They declared that we were illiterate. I declare to the Politburo that we are more literate than them in military affairs." He was named as one of judges at the trial of Tukhachevsky and others on 11 June.

Dybenko personally led the purges in the Leningrad military district in 1936-37, but was among the officers purged from the Party in 1938. At first, he was moved from his command of the Leningrad Military District officially for "lack of trust" and appointed Deputy People's Commissar of Forestry Industry, as a preparation for his arrest, in order to disconnect him from his followers. Five days later, he was arrested and accused of Hitlerite conspiracy and links with Mikhail Tukhachevsky. He did not deny the accusations of using state funds to organize sex and alcohol orgies. Edward Radzinsky  citing an unknown NKVDist, claimed that NKVD tortured Dybenko by putting a box with nails over his head.  Roy Medvedev repeated this claim without attribution.  questions this statement, claiming that contrary to the legend about a staunch revolutionary,  Dybenko during all his five arrests (including the ones by Tsarist Russia) was  quick to confess and betray his comrades. Therefore any tortures were completely unnecessary.

Zinaida Viktorovna Dybenko (Karpova) (Дыбенко (Карпова) Зинаида Викторовна), Dybenko's third wife, was arrested and charged with being a "ЧСИР" (ChSIR) - "a member of traitor's family". She confessed to the authorities about her husband being a traitor and a spy. She was sentenced to five years in ALZhIR ("Akmolinsk camp for the wives of traitors to the Motherland").

Dybenko was sentenced to death, and shot. Twenty years later, following the death of Stalin, he was rehabilitated.

Books by Dybenko
The Depths of the Tzarist Navy (В недрах царского флота), 1919;
The Rebels (Мятежники), 1923;
October on Baltics (Октябрь на Балтике) 1934;
The Baltic revolutionaries (Революционные балтийцы)
From the Depth of the Tzarist Navy to the Great October (Из недр царского флота к Великому Октябрю)  free online full text, russian

References

External links

The Truth About Kronstadt - A translation of Pravda o Kronshtadte, The Truth about Kronshtadt, part of a Bates College bachelor's thesis by Scott Zenkatsu Parker.
Dybenko (Russian) different versions of Dybenko's biography.
Dybenko: Rebel and Hangman (Russian) A very detailed Dybenko biography from an anticommunist source (www.mahno.ru), emphasizing the 1917–1921 years.
"How the People's Commissar Dybenko crushed the Germans at Narva", Suvorov's version of Dybenko's biography (free full text, Russian)
An Interview with George Levy
Myth of February 23, 1918 by George Levy: Part 1 , Part 2
The Revolutionary Consciousness of Pavel Dybenko
http://paveldybenko.blogspot.com/ by George Levy: focus on causes of revolution and Dybenko and sailors activities through revolution

1889 births
1938 deaths
Great Purge victims from Ukraine
Old Bolsheviks
People from Chernigov Governorate
People from Novozybkov
Russian Constituent Assembly members
Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Russian anti–World War I activists
Russian military personnel of World War I
Ukrainian people executed by the Soviet Union
Russian revolutionaries
Soviet admirals
Soviet Navy personnel
Soviet people of the Ukrainian–Soviet War
Soviet rehabilitations
Ukrainian emigrants to Russia
Ukrainian revolutionaries
Residents of the Benois House
Members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union executed by the Soviet Union

Pavel Dybenko


The burden of proof () is a level of proof that a party seeking to prove a fact must reach before it is accepted in a court of law.

In a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution. A defendant is not required to prove his or her innocence. The standard the prosecution must reach is proof of their version of the facts beyond a reasonable doubt. In a civil trial the burden of proof is on the one bringing the case to court, called the plaintiff. In a civil trial the burden of proof is on the plaintiff. The standard that must be met is that the "preponderance of the evidence" (weight of the evidence) is enough to prove their case.

Affirmative defense
If a defendant in a civil or criminal case wants to provide an alternative set of facts to those provided by the prosecution or the plaintiff, this is called an "affirmative defense". This shifts the burden of proof to the defendant to prove his or her version of the facts. The defendant would seek to excuse or justify his or her actions that brought the lawsuit. Common affirmative defenses include entrapment, Self-defense, unclean hands, insanity, and the statute of limitations.

Preponderance of the evidence
Preponderance of the evidence, also known as  the "balance of probabilities" is the standard required in most civil cases. It is also used in family court for determinations solely involving money, such as child support under the Child Support Standards Act.

The standard is met if the proposition is more likely to be true than not true. The standard is satisfied if there is greater than fifty percent chance that the proposition is true. Lord Denning, in Miller v. Minister of Pensions, described it simply as "more probable than not." Until 1970, this was also the standard used in juvenile court in the United States. This is a far lower burden than "beyond a reasonable doubt," the threshold a prosecutor must meet in criminal trials.

Beyond a reasonable doubt

This is the highest standard used as the burden of proof in common law countries. It usually only applies in criminal proceedings. If there is a real doubt, based upon reason and common sense after careful and impartial consideration of all the evidence (or lack of evidence) in a case, then the level of proof has not been met. If the jury, or judge in a bench trial, has no doubt as to the defendant's guilt, or if their only doubts are unreasonable doubts, then the prosecutor has proved the defendant is guilty.

References

Legal terms

Legal burden of proof


The Luga Bay (Russian: Лужская губа) is a shallow bay near the southern Russian coast of the Gulf of Finland. It is free of ice 326 days a year. Kurgalsky Peninsula separates the bay from the Bay of Narva to the west, while the Soikinsky Peninsula separates it from the Koporye Bay to the east. The Luga River empties into the bay near Ust-Luga.

Bays of the Baltic Sea
Bays of Leningrad Oblast

Luga Bay


The Ukraine men's national under-18 ice hockey team is the men's national under-18 ice hockey team of Ukraine. The team is controlled by the Ice Hockey Federation of Ukraine, a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation. The team represents Ukraine at the IIHF World U18 Championships.

International competitions

IIHF World U18 Championships

External links
Ukraine at IIHF.com

I


Ponte Mammolo is an above ground station on line B of the Rome Metro in the Ponte Mammolo district of Rome. It is on the road which links Viale Palmiro Togliatti to Via Tiburtina, and nearby is the river Aniene.

The line itself opened in 1990 and so and for a long time line B services did not stop at the incomplete station, until the station finally opened in September 1997. At the same time a major terminus for urban and suburban buses (most of which had previously run to and from Rebibbia station) opened here.

COTRAL regional blue buses stop at the bus terminal just outside the main entrance of the station, connecting Rome to some important archeological sites such as Hadrian's Villa, Villa d'Este and the town of Tivoli.

'The Community of Peace' refugee camp
The land adjacent to the station used to house a refugee camp of between 150 and 300 refugees, mostly hailing from South America, Romania and more recently from Syria and Eritrea. The refugee camp became known as 'The Community of Peace.' Its accommodation was a mixture of tents, shacks built from sheet metal and a few brick sheds. The only sanitation was a water fountain and an outside toilet shared by the whole community. It was described in the local Italian press as the 'least known' of the refugee camps in the city.

In February 2015 Pope Francis made an unscheduled visit to the camp where he was warmly welcomed by the residents. He spoke with the refugees and prayed with them.

In May 2015, the local authorities bulldozed the camp without warning, destroying the temporary houses while most residents were at work. It was reported by the New York Times that refugees lost all their possessions, including money, clothes, furniture, white goods and mementoes.  The residents were successfully rehoused in other accommodation around Rome

References

External links

 ATAC site on this station

Rome Metro Line B stations
Railway stations opened in 1997
1997 establishments in Italy
Rome Q. XXI Pietralata
Railway stations in Italy opened in the 1990s

Ponte Mammolo (Rome Metro)


The National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics, or NCED, is an NSF Science and Technology Center- a collaborative
partnership among educational, research, and public/private entities that aims to create new knowledge of significant benefit to society.
Its mission is to understand the dynamics of the coupled processes that shape the Earth's surface—physical, biological, geochemical, and anthropogenic—and how they will respond to climate, land use, and management change. NCED is headquartered at the University of Minnesota's Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory.

Research

NCED is building interdisciplinary Earth-surface science by integrating elements of geomorphology, ecology, hydrology, sedimentary geology, engineering, economics, and geochemistry. It is creating a predictive Earth-surface science by integrating the advances and approaches of theory, laboratory experiments, numerical modeling, and fieldwork

NCED research is unified by a focus on channel networks and their surroundings. The center's three research initiatives ("Integrated Programs") approach channel networks from a source-to-sink perspective, looking at watersheds (Watersheds), individual stream
reaches (Streams), and depositional systems (Deltas).

In the Watersheds Integrated Program, NCED researchers work to develop quantitative expressions for the fundamental geomorphic and biological processes involved in landscape evolution, and combine that knowledge with digital topographic data to predict the locations of landslide hazards, large algal blooms, or other properties of interest. NCED Watersheds research seeks to build watershed-scale numerical models of real landscapes to explore problems of long time-scale controls on landscape evolution and short time-scale responses of aquatic ecosystems to land-use change.

NCED Streams research works to move the practice of stream restoration beyond analogy and experiential anecdote toward multidisciplinary quantitative prediction. The Streams research program involves biologists, civil engineers, ecologists, geochemists, geologists, hydrologists, and economists in a concerted effort to develop practical, predictive models of river systems that can guide stream and watershed restoration practice.

NCED Deltas research seeks to understand the processes of delta dynamics to inform the present-day restoration of the Mississippi River Delta. Research in this program uses the subsurface stratigraphy of modern deltas to infer rates, spatial patterns, and mechanisms of natural (pre-human) delta building processes. Simultaneously, researchers at the center perform experiments and field studies to develop predictive models of the processes by which deltas build land and maintain themselves and their associated ecosystems against subsidence and sea-level rise.

Institutions

Institutions that are home to NCED principal investigators who participate directly with NCED include:

Fond du Lac Tribal and Community College,
Johns Hopkins University,
Science Museum of Minnesota,
Southern Illinois University Carbondale,
University of California-Berkeley,
University of Colorado at Boulder,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Louisiana State University,
University of Texas at Austin,
St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, and
University of Minnesota.

See also
 International trade and water
 Wax Lake

References

Fluid mechanics
Civil engineering organizations
Hydrology
Geology organizations
Geomorphology
Sedimentology
Laboratories in the United States
Water resources management
University and college laboratories in the United States
National Science Foundation
Research institutes established in 2002
2002 establishments in Minnesota


Winifred Anne Tutin (née Pennington) FRS (8 October 1915 – 1 May 2007) was a British limnologist and biologist.

Life
Pennington was born in Barrow-in-Furness on 8 October 1915, the daughter of Albert Roger Pennington, Post Office supervisor, and his wife, Margaret. In 1938, she graduated from the University of Reading in botany. As an undergraduate she undertook published research on algae and the ecology of mosses. Supervised by Tom Harris, she was awarded her PhD in 1941 by the University of Reading for her thesis titled 'An investigation of some problems of freshwater algae, with special reference to the process of sedimentation'. In the same year she, along with colleagues at the FBA, published the landmark paper 'The Study of Lake Deposits' in the academic journal Nature.

Whilst attending Easter courses at the Freshwater Biological Association (FBA) near Lake Windemere Pennington met Limnologist Clifford H. Mortimer and plant ecologist William Pearsall, both of whom were to have major influences on her subsequent research. She later became a field assistant at the FBA and here she was able to pursue her joint interests in Phycology and the natural history and sediments of freshwater lakes.

After a period working at the FBA in Windermere and at the then Botany School in Cambridge Pennington went on to become one of a new generation of respected women researchers. Moving to Leicester in 1945, she worked as a demonstrator and temporary lecturer at Leicester University from 1947, part-time lecturer in 1948, special lecturer in 1961, honorary reader in 1971, and honorary professor in 1980, a title she held until her death.

On 25 February 1942 she married Thomas Gaskell Tutin, a botanist at the University of Leicester who was also destined to be elected FRS. They had a son and three daughters. Her final years were spent in the village of Kingsclere where she remained actively involved in research, co-authoring important papers until 2003.

Pennington died in Basingstoke, Hampshire on 1 May 2007.

Works

Awards

In 1974 Pennington was elected as a foreign member of the Royal Danish Academy.

In 1979, she was elected Fellow of the Royal Society. Her citation read:

"Dr. Tutin is distinguished for her contributions on the history of lake ecosystems and vegetation in northern Britain. Her early researches were on the sedimentation and ecological history of Windermere since the end of the last glaciation. She demonstrated a late-glacial oscillation in northern Britain for the first time and she was able to demonstrate the associated sedimentary and vegetational events. She later extended these studies to examine in detail the vegetational history of the Lake District. This work is remarkable for its palynological detail and field sampling programme, and for the clear correlations which emerged between vegetational history, climatic history and man's occupation of the area.
From this work Dr. Tutin developed pioneering palaeolimnological studies of Lake District lakes, and demonstrated how chemical studies of lake sediments revealed much about the vegetation and soil history of catchments. She later extended this field of study to lakes in northern Scotland. This work has proved very stimulating and productive and is now of fundamental importance. More recently Dr. Tutin has been concerned with applying absolute pollen frequency methods, palaeomagnetic dating methods and tracer element studies to palaeolimnological problems. She has again been a pioneer in the development of these methods and has obtained results significant especially for the recent history of lakes and their catchments."

References

1915 births
2007 deaths
Academics of the University of Leicester
Alumni of the University of Reading
Fellows of the Royal Society
Female Fellows of the Royal Society
British limnologists
People from Barrow-in-Furness
British women biologists
New Naturalist writers
20th-century British biologists
20th-century British women scientists
Women limnologists
People from Kingsclere

Winifred Pennington


The Model Aeronautics Association of Canada (MAAC) is the official organization for all forms of the aeromodelling hobby, for model aircraft hobbyists living in Canada. Based in Burlington, Ontario, it was founded in 1949, and presently has over 13,000 members. MAAC is responsible for instituting official policies and regulations and guidelines. This includes radio frequencies, noise restrictions, and flying clubs. They organize flying events across Canada, and provide liability insurance coverage to its members.

MAAC produces a magazine, Model Aviation Canada, which is included in the yearly membership fees, containing regional reports from elected zone directors, articles and model reviews from around the country.

MAAC offers guidelines for the Wings program, teaching beginners how to safely operate an aircraft.

See also
 Academy of Model Aeronautics, the United States brother organization of aeromodeling

External links
 Model Aviation Canada - MAAC Magazine website.
 Academy of Model Aeronautics - United States sister organization.

Aviation organizations based in Canada
Clubs and societies in Canada
Model aircraft
Sports governing bodies in Canada
Hobbyist organizations

Model Aeronautics Association of Canada


Eric White (born June 3, 1968, in Ann Arbor, Michigan) is an American visual artist, based in New York City.

Early life and education

White received his BFA from the Rhode Island School of Design in 1990. He has served as an adjunct professor at The School of Visual Arts in New York City since 2006. In 2010, White received a Painting Fellowship from The New York Foundation for the Arts.

Work

White's paintings are derived from disrupted, cinematic moments where his subjects vacillate between character immersion and audience interaction: the landscape of the film set is just out of reach to the viewer. His work is centered on carefully executed figurative paintings, revealing influences of traditional Surrealism, neo-Realism and Conceptualism. "The paintings and drawings," says Leah Ollman of the Los Angeles Times, "strike a resonant chord -- nostalgic and at the same time also vaguely futuristic, even dystopian. White, based in New York, has a devilish sense of humor.

In a review from LA Weekly, Peter Frank observed that "His dream-state scenes, full of puzzled faces, double-images, anachronisms and attenuated unlikelihoods are painted with a vertiginous exactitude, its wooziness enhanced with bilious colors, weird superimpositions, and a tendency to render everything a little wobbly and elongated—El Greco goes suburban."

Critic Carlo McCormick comments that "For all its passages of radical distortion, poly-perverse morphism, and darkly subversive portraiture, Eric White's art is essentially grounded deeply in the recognizable world. [...] Obsessively crafted in a digital age of endlessly reproductive domains, an unself-conscious idiosyncrasy of our rampant interconnectivity, Eric White paints for the global village idiot that is all of us today.

In 2009, White was chosen to participate in STAGES, a contemporary art exhibition organized by Lance Armstrong and Mark Parker, CEO of Nike, Inc. Its objective was to gather a range of internationally celebrated artists to create unique works benefitting the Lance Armstrong Fund and its LIVESTRONG Global Cancer Campaign. The show debuted at Galerie Emmanuel Perrotin in Paris, appeared at a pop-up space created by Jeffrey Deitch  in New York City, and concluded in Miami during Art Basel. Participating artists included Ed Ruscha, Damien Hirst, Takashi Murakami, Richard Prince, Tom Sachs, Raymond Pettibon, Andreas Gursky, and Shepard Fairey.

White's work has been presented at group exhibitions at international nonprofit venues including the Laguna Art Museum, Museo de la Ciudad de México, MACRO (Museo d'arte Contemporanea Roma), The American Visionary Museum in Baltimore and the Long Beach Museum of Art. He has also shown in an array of international private spaces including Gladstone Gallery (New York City), Deitch Projects (New York City), Trampoline House (Brooklyn), and Antonio Columbo (Milan). His work is represented in numerous national and international private collections.

White designed an album cover for Tyler, the Creator's 2017 album, Flower Boy.

Publications
 Eric White (2015, Rizzoli; )
 Who Are Parents? Eric White. (2005, Perceval Press; )
 It Feeds Itself (hardcover). Eric White. (2003, Last Gasp; )
 Blue Folds Of Skin. Eric White. (1999, Smart Art Press; ASIN: B0006RN7ZC)

References

External links
Eric White

Living people
American artists
1968 births
Artists from Ann Arbor, Michigan

Eric White (artist)


Wild at Heart is a 1990 American romantic crime drama film written and directed by David Lynch, based on the 1989 novel of the same name by Barry Gifford. Starring Nicolas Cage, Laura Dern, Willem Dafoe, Crispin Glover, Diane Ladd, Isabella Rossellini, and Harry Dean Stanton, the film follows Sailor Ripley and Lula Fortune, a young couple who go on the run from Lula's domineering mother and the criminals she hires to kill Sailor.

Lynch intended to only produce the film, but after reading Gifford's book, he decided to write and direct it as well. He disliked the ending of the novel and decided to change it to fit his vision of the main characters. The film is noted for its allusions to The Wizard of Oz and Elvis Presley. Early test screenings for the film were poorly received, with Lynch estimating that at least 300 people walked out due to its sexual and violent content.

Wild at Heart won the Palme d'Or at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival, which at the time was considered a controversial decision. The film was theatrically released in the United States on August 17, 1990, to polarizing reviews from critics and grossed $14 million against its $10 million budget. At the 6th Independent Spirit Awards, Dafoe was nominated for Best Supporting Male and Elmes won for Best Cinematography. Ladd was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture at the 63rd Academy Awards and the 48th Golden Globe Awards, respectively. The film has been positively reevaluated by critics in the years since its release.

Plot
Lovers Lula and Sailor are separated after he is jailed for killing a man who attacked him with a knife; the assailant, Bobby Ray Lemon, was hired by Lula's mother, Marietta Fortune. Upon Sailor's release, Lula picks him up outside prison, where she hands him his snakeskin jacket. They go to a hotel where she reserved a room, make love and go to see the speed metal band Powermad. At the club, Sailor gets into a fight with a man who flirts with Lula, and then leads the band in a rendition of the Elvis Presley song "Love Me". Later, back in their hotel room, after making love again, Sailor and Lula finally decide to run away to California, breaking Sailor's parole. Marietta arranges for private detective Johnnie Farragut—her on-off boyfriend—to find them and bring them back. But unbeknownst to Farragut, Marietta also hires gangster Marcello Santos to track them and kill Sailor. Santos's minions capture and kill Farragut, sending Marietta into a guilt-fueled psychosis.

Unaware of all of the events happening back in North Carolina, Lula and Sailor continue on their way until they witness—according to Lula—a bad omen: the aftermath of a two-car accident, and the only survivor, a young woman, dying in front of them. With little money left, Sailor heads for Big Tuna, Texas, where he contacts his old acquaintance, Perdita Durango, who might be able to help them, although she secretly knows Lula's mother has a contract out for his murder. At an outdoor party, Lula and Sailor meet Bobby Peru, a career criminal. Lula, who has been feeling ill, tells Sailor she is pregnant with his child. While Sailor is changing their car's oil, Lula waits for him in the hotel room. Peru enters the room and threatens to sexually assault Lula, forcing her to ask him to have sex with her, before leaving, stating he has no time. This traumatizes Lula, who was also raped as a child.

Not knowing about Peru's abuse of Lula, Sailor agrees to accompany him to a bar. Over beers, Peru enlists Sailor's help in robbing a nearby feed store, which allegedly keeps $5,000 in cash on hand. The robbery goes spectacularly wrong when Peru unnecessarily shoots the two store clerks. Peru then admits to Sailor that he has been hired to kill him, and Sailor realizes he has been given a pistol with dummy ammunition. Chasing Sailor out of the store, Peru is about to kill him when the sheriff's deputy opens fire on him and Peru blows his own head off with his own shotgun. Sailor is arrested and sentenced to six years in prison.

While Sailor is in jail, Lula has their child. Upon his release, Lula decides to reunite with him. Rejecting her mother's objections over the phone, she throws water over her mother's photograph and goes to pick up Sailor with their son. When they meet Sailor, he reveals he will be leaving them both, having decided that mother and son are better off without his influence. While he is walking a short distance away, Sailor encounters a gang whose members surround him. He insults them, and they quickly knock him out. While unconscious, he sees a vision in the form of Glinda the Good Witch, who tells him, "Don't turn away from love, Sailor." When he awakens, Sailor apologizes to the men, tells them he realizes the error of his ways, and then runs after Lula. The photograph of Marietta, in Lula's house, sizzles and vanishes. As there is a traffic jam on the road, Sailor begins to run over the roofs and hoods of the cars to get back to Lula and their child in the car. Sailor sings "Love Me Tender" to Lula, having earlier said that he would only sing that song to his wife.

Cast

 Nicolas Cage as "Sailor" Ripley: the actor described his character as "a kind of romantic Southern outlaw". Cage said in an interview that he was "always attracted to those passionate, almost unbridled romantic characters, and Sailor had that more than any other role I'd played." Prior to being cast in the film, Cage had met Lynch several times at Musso & Frank Grill, which they both frequented. When Lynch read Gifford's novel, he immediately wanted Cage to play Sailor.
 Laura Dern as Lula Pace Fortune: previously, Dern had played a supporting role in Lynch's film, Blue Velvet. For Dern, Wild at Heart was the first opportunity she had "to play not only a very sexual person, but also someone who was, in her own way, incredibly comfortable with herself". When Lynch read Gifford's novel, he immediately thought of Dern to play Lula.
 Diane Ladd as Marietta Fortune, Lula's overbearing mother, who forbids Lula and Sailor's relationship; she forms a grudge against Sailor after he rejects her advances. Ladd and Dern are mother and daughter in real life.
 Willem Dafoe as Bobby Peru
 Harry Dean Stanton as Johnnie Farragut
 Isabella Rossellini as Perdita Durango
 Calvin Lockhart as Reggie
 J. E. Freeman as Marcellus Santos
 W. Morgan Sheppard as Mr. Reindeer
 Crispin Glover as Dell
 Grace Zabriskie as Juana Durango
 Marvin Kaplan as Uncle Pooch
 David Patrick Kelly as "Dropshadow"
 Freddie Jones as George Kovich
 John Lurie as "Sparky"
 Jack Nance as "00 Spool"
 Pruitt Taylor Vince as Buddy
 Sherilyn Fenn as Girl In Accident
 Frances Bay as Madam
 Frank Collison as Timmy Thompson
 Sheryl Lee as The Good Witch
 Charlie Spradling as Irma
 Peter Bromilow as Hotel Manager
 Koko Taylor as Zanzibar Singer

Production
In the summer of 1989, Lynch had finished the pilot episode for the successful television series Twin Peaks, and tried to rescue two of his projects—Ronnie Rocket and One Saliva Bubble—both involved in contractual complications as a result of the bankruptcy of Dino De Laurentiis, which had been bought by Carolco Pictures. Lynch stated, 'I've had a bad time with obstacles...it wasn't Dino's fault, but when his company went down the tubes, I got swallowed up in that.' Independent production company Propaganda Films commissioned Lynch to develop an updated noir screenplay based on a 1940s crime novel, while Monty Montgomery, a friend of Lynch's and an associate producer on Twin Peaks, asked novelist Barry Gifford what he was working on. Gifford happened to be writing the manuscript for Wild at Heart: The Story of Sailor and Lula but still had two more chapters to write. He let Montgomery read it in pre-published galley form while the producer was working on the pilot episode for Twin Peaks. Montgomery read it, and two days later he called Gifford and told him that he wanted to make a film of it. Two days after that, Montgomery gave Gifford's book to Lynch while he was editing the pilot, asking him if he would executive produce a film adaptation that he would direct. Lynch remembers telling him, 'That's great Monty, but what if I read it and fall in love with it and want to do it myself?' Montgomery did not think that Lynch would like the book because he did not think it was his 'kind of thing'. Lynch loved the book and called Gifford soon afterwards, asking him if he could make a film of it. Lynch remembers, 'It was just exactly the right thing at the right time. The book and the violence in America merged in my mind and many different things happened.' Lynch was drawn to what he saw as 'a really modern romance in a violent world—a picture about finding love in Hell', and was also attracted to 'a certain amount of fear in the picture, as well as things to dream about. So it seems truthful in some way'.

Lynch got approval from Propaganda to switch projects; however, production was scheduled to begin only two months after the rights had been purchased, forcing him to work fast. Lynch had Cage and Dern read Gifford's book and wrote a draft in a week. By Lynch's own admission, his first draft was 'depressing and pretty much devoid of happiness, and no one wanted to make it'. Lynch did not like the ending in Gifford's book, where Sailor and Lula split up for good. For Lynch, 'it honestly didn't seem real, considering the way they felt about each other. It didn't seem one bit real! It had a certain coolness, but I couldn't see it.' It was at this point that the director's love of The Wizard of Oz (1939) began to influence the script he was writing, and he included a reference to the 'yellow brick road'. Lynch remembers, 'It was an awful tough world, and there was something about Sailor being a rebel. But a rebel with a dream of the Wizard of Oz is kinda like a beautiful thing.' Samuel Goldwyn Jr. read an early draft of the screenplay and did not like Gifford's ending either, so Lynch changed it. However, the director was worried that this change made the film too commercial, 'much more commercial to make a happy ending yet, if I had not changed it, so that people wouldn't say I was trying to be commercial, I would have been untrue to what the material was saying.'

Lynch added new characters, such as Mr. Reindeer and Sherilyn Fenn as the victim of a car accident. During rehearsals, Lynch began talking about Elvis Presley and Marilyn Monroe with Cage and Dern. He also acquired a copy of Elvis' Golden Records and after listening to it, called Cage and told him that he had to sing two songs, "Love Me" and "Love Me Tender". Cage agreed, and recorded them so that he could lip-synch to them on the set. Cage asked Lynch if he could wear a snakeskin jacket in the film, and Lynch incorporated it into his script. Before filming started, Dern suggested that she and Cage go on a weekend road trip to Las Vegas in order to bond and get a handle on their characters. Dern remembers, 'We agreed that Sailor and Lula needed to be one person, one character, and we would each share it. I got the sexual, wild, Marilyn, gum-chewing fantasy, female side; Nick's got the snakeskin, Elvis, raw, combustible, masculine side.' Within four months, Lynch began filming on August 9, 1989, in both Los Angeles (including the San Fernando Valley) and New Orleans with a relatively modest budget of $10 million. Originally, Wild at Heart featured more explicit erotic scenes between Sailor and Lula. In one, she has an orgasm while relating to Sailor a dream she had of being ripped open by a wild animal. Another deleted scene had Lula lowering herself onto Sailor's face saying, 'Take a bite of Lula.'

Soundtrack
Wild at Heart features the Chris Isaak song "Wicked Game", for which a music video was made—directed by Lynch, and featuring scenes of Sailor and Lula interspersed with black-and-white footage of Isaak performing the song.

Themes
According to Lynch, one of the film's themes is, 'finding love in Hell'. He has stated: 'For me, it's just a compilation of ideas that come along. The darker ones and the lighter ones, the humorous ones, all working together. You try to be as true as you can to those ideas and try to get them on film.' The film has been compared to Lynch's previous Blue Velvet, with both said to explore the dark side of the United States.

There are various references to The Wizard of Oz, which has been interpreted as indicative of the overall fantasy world of the movie, which Sailor's obsession with the fantasies of Elvis and the couple's fantastical relationship also speak to. Alongside movies released around the same time, such as Quentin Tarantino's Reservoir Dogs (1992), the movie also depicted a previously unseen level of violence. Lynch himself commented on interviews that the book on which the film was based was "exactly the right thing at the right time" and that "Each year we give permission for people to get away with more".

Some critics have postulated that, similar to Blue Velvet, the sudden idealistic ending of perfect happiness is ironic, suggesting that people who have the potential for violence struggle to find true happiness. However, Lynch himself refers to the ending of Wild at Heart as being 'happy', having consciously made the decision to change the original darker ending from the novel.

Release

Distribution
Early test screenings for Wild at Heart did not go well, with the strong violence in some scenes being too much. At the first test screening, 80 people walked out during a graphic torture scene involving Johnnie Farragut. Lynch decided not to cut anything from the film, and at the second screening, 100 walked out during this scene. Lynch remembers: 'By then, I knew the scene was killing the film. So I cut it to the degree that it was powerful but didn't send people running from the theatre.' In retrospect, he said: 'But that was part of what Wild at Heart was about: really insane and sick and twisted stuff going on.'

Wild at Heart was completed one day before it debuted at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival in the 2,400-seat Grand Auditorium. After the screening, it received 'wild cheering' from the audience. When Jury President Bernardo Bertolucci announced the film as the winner of the Palme d'Or at the awards ceremony, the jeers almost drowned out the cheers, with film critic Roger Ebert leading the vocal detractors. Gifford remembers that there was a prevailing mood that the media was hoping Lynch would fail. "All kinds of journalists were trying to cause controversy and have me say something like 'This is nothing like the book' or 'He ruined my book'. I think everybody from Time magazine to What's On in London was disappointed when I said 'This is fantastic. This is wonderful. It's like a big, dark, musical comedy'".

Rating
The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) told Lynch that the version of Wild at Heart screened at Cannes would receive an X rating in North America unless cuts were made, as the NC-17 was not in effect in 1990, at the time of the film's release; he was contractually obligated to deliver an R-rated film. Lynch made one change in the scene where Willem Dafoe's character shoots his own head off with a shotgun. Gun smoke was added to tone down the blood and hide the removal of Dafoe's head from his body. Foreign prints were not affected. The Region 1 DVD and all Blu-rays contain the toned-down version of the shotgun scene.

Response

Box office
Wild at Heart opened in the United States on August 17, 1990, in a limited release of only 532 theaters, grossing 2,913,764 in its opening weekend. It went into wide release on August 31 with 618 theaters and grossing an additional $1,858,379. The film ultimately grossed $14,560,247 in North America.

Reception

Wild at Heart initially received mixed reviews from critics. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 65% based on 54 reviews, with a weighted average of 6.4/10. The site's consensus reads: 'One of director David Lynch's more uneven efforts, Wild at Heart is held together by his distinctive sensibilities and compelling work from Nicolas Cage and Laura Dern.' On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100, based on 18 critics, indicating 'mixed or average reviews'.

In his review for the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert wrote that Lynch 'is a good director, yes. If he ever goes ahead and makes a film about what's really on his mind, instead of hiding behind sophomoric humor and the cop-out of 'parody', he may realize the early promise of his Eraserhead. But he likes the box office prizes that go along with his pop satires, so he makes dishonest movies like this one.' USA Today gave the film one and a half stars out of four and said: "This attempt at a one-up also trumpets its weirdness, but this time the agenda seems forced."

In his review for Sight & Sound magazine, Jonathan Rosenbaum wrote, 'Perhaps the major problem is that despite Cage and Dern's best efforts, Lynch is ultimately interested only in iconography, not characters at all. When it comes to images of evil, corruption, derangement, raw passion and mutilation (roughly in that order), Wild at Heart is a veritable cornucopia.' Richard Combs in his review for Time wrote, "The result is a pile-up, of innocence, of evil, even of actual road accidents, without a context to give significance to the casualties or survivors". Christopher Sharrett, in Cineaste magazine, wrote: 'Lynch's characters are now so cartoony, one is prone to address him more as a theorist than director, except he is not that challenging...one is never sure what Lynch likes or dislikes, and his often striking images are too often lacking in compassion for us to accept him as a chronicler of a moribund landscape a la Fellini.' However, in Rolling Stone, Peter Travers wrote: 'Starting with the outrageous and building from there, he ignites a slight love-on-the-run novel, creating a bonfire of a movie that confirms his reputation as the most exciting and innovative filmmaker of his generation.'

Legacy
Despite mixed initial reviews, Wild at Heart came to be viewed favorably in subsequent years. It was ranked the 47th best film of the 1990s in an IndieWire critics' poll, the 26th greatest film of the same period in a Complex poll, and the 53rd best in Rolling Stones poll.

Awards and honors

American Film Institute recognition:

 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs—Nominated
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions—Nominated

References

Bibliography

External links

1990 crime films
1990 films
1990 romance films
1990s English-language films
1990 black comedy films
1990s road movies
American black comedy films
American crime films
American neo-noir films
American road movies
American romance films
Films based on American novels
1990 independent films
Films directed by David Lynch
Films produced by Steve Golin
Films scored by Angelo Badalamenti
Films shot in El Paso, Texas
Films shot in New Orleans
Films with screenplays by David Lynch
Palme d'Or winners
PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films
Rating controversies in film
Romantic crime films
The Samuel Goldwyn Company films
1990s American films

Wild at Heart (film)


WNYT (channel 13) is a television station licensed to Albany, New York, United States, serving the Capital District as an affiliate of NBC. It is owned by Hubbard Broadcasting alongside Pittsfield, Massachusetts–licensed MyNetworkTV affiliate WNYA (channel 51). Both stations share studios on North Pearl Street in Menands (with an Albany postal address), while WNYT's transmitter is located on the Helderberg Escarpment west of New Salem.

History

The station began broadcasting on February 17, 1954, as CBS affiliate WTRI, licensed to Troy and broadcasting on UHF channel 35. The station was co-owned by Van Curler Broadcasting, a unit of the Stanley Warner Theaters chain, and Troy Broadcasting Company, owner of WTRY radio (AM 980, now WOFX). Van Curler operated the station. Its studio was located alongside its transmitter on Bald Mountain in the town of Brunswick, east of Troy. The station lost its CBS affiliation to Albany's WROW-TV (channel 41, now WTEN on channel 10) in January 1955. Logically, it should have taken over WROW-TV's ABC affiliation. However, ABC balked, forcing WTRI off the air. Van Curler purchased Troy Broadcasting's stake in WTRI and returned the station to the air in 1956 as an ABC affiliate.

In 1958, Van Curler sought Federal Communications Commission (FCC) permission to move the license to Albany, on channel 13. By this time, the market had expanded to cover not only east-central New York, but also large swaths of southwestern Vermont and western Massachusetts. Not only is this market one of the largest east of the Mississippi River, but much of it is very mountainous. UHF stations have never covered large areas or rugged terrain very well. Van Curler thus jumped at a chance to move to the stronger VHF band. The FCC granted the request, and in December, the station took new call letters, WAST (for Albany, Schenectady, and Troy). Originally, the station had wanted to take the call sign WTAS (for Troy, Albany, and Schenectady) but the similarity of the letters TAS to the news agency of the Soviet Union (known as TASS) led to the use of WAST. As part of a dial realignment, WKTV in Utica moved from channel 13 to channel 2.

Shortly after the upgrade, WAST moved to a converted warehouse on the Albany–Menands line on North Pearl Street, which previously housed Selective Service records. Channel 13 still operates from this location today.

Despite the increased transmitter power, WAST's signal was still significantly weaker in some portions of the Capital District market than its competitors, particularly in the southern portion. This was because as a condition of being allowed to move to the VHF band, it remained on its original transmitter on Bald Mountain (a legacy of the days when it was licensed to Troy) and used a somewhat directional signal to protect WNTA-TV (now WNET) in Newark, near New York City. The other stations in the market had their transmitters on the Helderberg Escarpment. This forced WAST to build several translators to expand its coverage. Combined with the fact it was affiliated with ABC, the smallest and weakest of the three major networks at the time (but, during the late 1970s, ABC's fortunes would improve considerably), channel 13 was not really on par with rivals–WTEN and then-General Electric-owned NBC affiliate WRGB (channel 6)–until cable television arrived in the Capital District in the early 1970s. In 1968 Van Curler sold WAST to Sonderling Broadcasting, a radio company based in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, Illinois.

On October 23, 1977, the station switched affiliations with WTEN and became the Capital District's CBS affiliate, returning the station to its original affiliation after 22 years. In 1978, the original iteration of Viacom announced its purchase of Sonderling Broadcasting's holdings and made WAST the company's second television station (after WVIT in New Britain, Connecticut) when the sale was finalized two years later, in March 1980. On September 28, 1981, WAST swapped affiliations again, this time with WRGB and became the area's NBC affiliate. Seeking a fresh start and a new identity, Viacom decided to mark the affiliation change with the current call sign of WNYT. It is one of the few stations in the United States to have been a primary affiliate of all of the big three networks.

Viacom's 1994 acquisition of Paramount Pictures placed the company's existing television stations (WNYT; WVIT; WHEC-TV in Rochester; KMOV in St. Louis; and KSLA-TV in Shreveport, Louisiana) under common ownership with Paramount's broadcasting arm, the Paramount Stations Group; the two groups were formally consolidated in December 1995. Prior to the merger, Paramount announced the formation of the United Paramount Network (UPN), which started operating in January 1995; as early as 1994, Viacom was considering selling off its non-UPN stations. In June 1996, Viacom/Paramount agreed to trade WNYT and WHEC-TV to Hubbard Broadcasting in return for UPN affiliate WTOG in St. Petersburg, Florida.

WNYT signed-on its digital signal in October 2003 on VHF channel 12. Unlike the station's analog signal, WNYT's digital transmitter was located in the Helderberg tower farm with the market's other stations.

On February 25, 2013, Hubbard announced that it would purchase WNYA from Venture Technologies to form a duopoly with WNYT, for $2.3 million, pending FCC approval. Hubbard sought a failed station waiver to acquire the station; Venture had put WNYA up for sale in 2009, but no other potential buyers came forward. The sale did not include Class A repeater WNYA-CA which will remain with Venture Technologies. Under a clause of the sale of WNYA that required WNYA-CA to use a new call sign that does not feature the letters "N" or "Y," that station became WEPT-CA on March 8, 2013. On May 29, 2013, the FCC approved the sale of WNYA to Hubbard, with Venture retaining ownership of WEPT-CA.

News operation
For many years, channel 13 ran a distant third in the area's Nielsen ratings behind WRGB and WTEN. This was not only because it was the youngest station in the market, but also because of its signal reception issues. Under Viacom ownership, the station expanded and modernized its studios (newsroom, offices, etc., including the market's first modern computers), becoming a factor in the Capital District ratings race for the first time. The company also made a significant investment in electronic equipment, including a satellite receiving news truck. Investment in talent increased with the building of its own talent and by acquiring key personalities from other stations in the area. The station also benefited from the switch to NBC, giving its resurgent news operation a powerful lead-in as NBC rose to become the ratings leader for most of the second half of the 1980s.

WNYT overtook WTEN for the runner-up spot by the late-1980s, and in 1992, scored its first late news victory over longtime leader WRGB. Gradually, the station overtook WRGB, which had lost considerable momentum due to the retirement of longtime anchor Ernie Tetrault, in other time slots. In Viacom's last sweeps period owning WNYT, the station won every time slot. It remained the overall market leader under Hubbard ownership until mid-2009 when it lost the late weeknight lead to WRGB in the May 2009 ratings period. In November 2009, WNYT's weekday evening newscasts slipped to third place largely due to the station's decision to terminate many of its popular personalities. Two years after Hubbard bought WNYT, it won the distinction of being the first and only station outside of New York City to win a regional Emmy Award for best newscast in New York State. With the re-branding of the station's newscasts from News 13 to NewsChannel 13 in 1991, WNYT became the first station to use the "Live. Local. Late Breaking." tag line slogan which is now commonplace throughout the country.

In the mid-1990s, the station began an alliance with PBS member station WMHT (channel 17). This led to WNYT producing several programs for the public broadcaster including semi-regular town hall meetings, the weekly call-in show Health LINK (which continues today), and for two years the market's first 10 p.m. newscast on WMHT's then-secondary station WMHQ (now WCWN). This production was canceled due to a lack of support. From 2001 until 2004, WNYT also maintained a joint sales agreement (JSA) with Pax affiliate WYPX-TV (channel 55) that included rebroadcasts of newscasts and other local non-news programming.

In 2001, WNYT opened the Berkshire County Bureau on South Church Street in Downtown Pittsfield to cover the Massachusetts side of the market. At that time, the bureau was the first of a Capital District station. The Berkshire County Bureau began to be staffed only on an occasional basis in 2009, and subsequently closed altogether as a result of the 2008 recession, though the station still covers Berkshire County. WCDC (a dark full-time satellite of rival WTEN), had never established any sort of physical presence in the Berkshires despite being licensed in the region before it shut down in 2017 (specifically, Adams). With the acquisition of WNYA, Hubbard has indicated that it would produce newscasts on WNYA with an increased emphasis on news from Berkshire County. It remains to be seen whether this will include any new physical presence (i.e. a news bureau or a full studio) of WNYA and WNYT in the local area.

A newscast airing on WNYA finally premiered September 16, 2013, and is known on-air as NewsChannel 13 Live at 10 on My 4 Albany. The show airs weeknights for a half hour in a fast-paced format and includes a "Berkshire Moment" segment featuring western Massachusetts headlines powered by The Berkshire Eagle. It competes with the firmly established sixty-minute broadcast seen every night on Fox affiliate WXXA-TV (produced by WTEN) and another thirty-minute news show on WCWN (a weeknight-only production by WRGB).

After forging an alliance with the Glens Falls Post-Star, the Saratoga/North Country Bureau was opened on Broadway/NY 50/US 9 in Downtown Saratoga Springs in early 2004. In December 2005, WNYT began broadcasting NBC Weather Plus on its second digital subchannel with a full launch coming two months later on Time Warner Cable digital channel 556. In the late 2000s, WNYT briefly replaced its weekday noon news with an hour-long broadcast at 11 a.m. entitled Midday. On April 24, 2012, WNYT became the third station in Albany to launch newscasts in high definition. Although three other Hubbard-owned stations have already been broadcasting their local news shows in 16:9 enhanced definition widescreen, WNYT is only the second Hubbard-owned station (after company flagship KSTP-TV in St. Paul, Minnesota) to have made the upgrade to full high definition level. The station operates its own Doppler weather radar, known on-air as "NewsChannel 13 First Warning Live Doppler" at its former analog transmitter site on Bald Mountain.

Notable former on-air staff
Andrew Catalon – Broadcaster for CBS Sports and NBC's Olympics coverage.
 Nancy Cozean – The first lead female weekday anchor in the Albany market, left in 1985 to co-anchor the evening newscast at WTZA in Kingston, New York. Later became the mayor of the City of Poughkeepsie.
Todd Gross – Chief meteorologist, 1980–1983.
Chris Kapostasy (Jansing) – 1981–1998, was an anchor from 1987 to 1998, now correspondent and anchor for NBC and MSNBC.
Kari Lake – anchor, 1998–1999, later at KSAZ-TV in Phoenix.
Miles O'Brien – Weekend anchor, mid-1980s; Later spent 16 years at CNN.
Randy Salerno – Weekend anchor, 1988–1993; later went to WGN-TV and then to WBBM-TV in Chicago; killed in snowmobile accident in 2008.
Norm Sebastian – Former weekend, then weekday morning/noon meteorologist); deceased.
Don Weeks – Weatherman during the late 1960s under the name of "Wally Weather"; was the morning show host at WGY from 1980 until his retirement in December 2010 (deceased).

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
WNYT shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 13, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 12. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 13. With the 2019 digital television repack, WNYT remained on its current VHF channel 12.

Translators
WNYT operates five additional repeaters. Until the early 1990s, it maintained a translator in Kingston (in the New York City market). This was first located on channel 63 but moved to channel 36 after the launch of WTZA in 1985. The translators were all built because WNYT's analog signal was not as strong as the other major television stations in the Capital District (see above). The Adams, Gloversville and Pittsfield translators have since been converted from analog to digital. The Glens Falls and Troy repeaters are licensed under the WNYT call sign but designated as low-power digital replacement translators.

 Adams, MA
 28 Glens Falls
 Gloversville
 Pittsfield, MA
 27 Troy

Former translators
W38DL Adams, MA
W55AN Frankfort
W07AV Gloversville
W63AA Kingston
W07AI Pittsfield, MA
W07AG Rutland, VT

References

External links

NYT (TV)
NBC network affiliates
MeTV affiliates
Start TV affiliates
Get (TV network) affiliates
Hubbard Broadcasting
Television channels and stations established in 1954
1954 establishments in New York (state)
Former Viacom subsidiaries
Paramount Stations Group

WNYT (TV)