Jenny Cecilia Petrén, (née Berggren; born 19 May 1972), professionally known as Jenny Berggren and Jenny from Ace of Base is a Swedish mezzo-soprano singer and former lead singer in the Swedish pop band Ace of Base. Since 1995, she has also been writing songs and performing solo. In 2010, she released her debut album My Story.

Life and career

Early life
Berggren was born in Gothenburg, the third of three children born to Göran Berggren, an X-ray technician, and Birgitta Berggren. She was raised in a Christian family in the Gothenburg suburbs.

All three children took music lessons, and Berggren, along with her older sister Malin, practiced violin. Educated to become a teacher, Berggren studied classical music and sang for her church choir with her sister.

Ace of Base
During the late 1980s, the Berggren siblings, along with close friend, Ulf Ekberg, formed the techno band Tech Noir. The group eventually became Ace of Base. Berggren also attended university, with the intention of becoming a teacher. However, she still pursued a musical career, performing background vocals for symphonic rock band Masque while simultaneously preparing vocals to Ace of Base material, which had yet to be released. Berggren put her plans to become a teacher on hold when Ace of Base was signed to Danish label Mega Records, with the band's debut album eventually selling more than 30 million copies worldwide.

Berggren's original role in the band was equal with her sister, Linn Berggren, although the first singles chosen by the record company had Linn singing most of the lead vocals. In the early years, she and Linn only had a minor role in the production or writing of any of the band's songs. Berggren later composed several songs for the band's The Bridge album, including "Ravine", a song about an attack that occurred the night of 27 April 1994. On that evening, Berggren and her mother were attacked in their home by a woman who had followed Berggren home. Berggren's mother was stabbed in the hands, and the woman, a 21-year-old German named Manuela Behrendt, was banned from returning to Sweden. Jenny also composed "Wave Wet Sand" and "Experience Pearls". She then continued to compose songs for the band's albums, and her compositions have been included on each successive album. Later, with sister Linn's sudden withdrawal from the spotlight and beginning with the single "Life Is a Flower" in 1998, Berggren was forced into a more prominent vocal role.

Reunion with Ace of Base and breakup

The band remained out of the spotlight throughout 2003 and 2004, although Berggren kept busy by performing solo live performances in several Christian shows with her husband, and released an album as a vocalist with the Swedish group Arose.

Berggren, Jonas, and Ulf performed a series of concerts in 2007–2009 in Europe and Asia. While touring they recorded new songs designated for a fifth studio album. The trio did not get a record contract with the songs that were produced and Berggren continued working on her own solo material. In 2009 Berggren announced via Twitter that she was working on new songs for a solo album.

During this time, Ulf and Jonas recruited two other female vocalists, Clara Hagman and Julia Williamson. When this came to the fans' attention, Jonas and Berggren independently stated that this new group would not be called Ace of Base, but would use another name. This alternative line-up later presented a slightly changed name: "Ace.of.Base", but this was mainly a graphical adjustment used on the cover of their releases only. In an interview for Swedish TV Ulf stated: "We're still called Ace of Base. The dots are more for styling and the logo." Berggren has stated several times that she has never left the band and on the contrary declared that all four original members are still band members and own the brand Ace of Base, by agreement with her brother Jonas and by legal documents.

This was later confirmed by Jonas in an interview stating: "She (Jenny) never officially said "I quit". But to the record company, she was a leaving member. And they cancelled her contract. But she never said "oh, I don't want to be in the band"... they wanted a new girl, a new lead vocalist." Regarding the name dispute, Ulf stated that he had "no problems using the name even though all the original members are not included." Berggren discussed this topic further in a newspaper interview on 18 October 2010. She said that she wasn't allowed by Jonas and Ulf to participate in the songwriting for the band's album. "From now on, I want paper on things. I agreed to work under certain conditions, and they just vanished... They didn't want me in". When asked, "Do you want to go back to Ace of Base again?" she responded, "Not right now. It would take some apologies."

In 2016, Berggren stated: "We won't re-form [...] We're finished working together but we're not finished being family together. We have a lot of fun plans in the future but no musical plans."

Solo career and autobiography
In late 2009, Berggren published her autobiography Vinna hela världen. The first edition of the book sold out in Sweden (which only 4% of the books in Sweden do), and a second edition had to be pressed. An English version was to be called To Win the World and was planned to be available in 2011, but a release has yet to surface.

On New Year's Day 2010, Berggren released her solo song, "Free Me", as a free download to her fans via her new website. In May 2010, she released her first solo single, "Here I Am", which is available on iTunes. The single reached number 14 on the Swedish singles charts. On 15 September 2010 she released her second single, "Gotta Go". Her debut album, My Story, was released on 13 October 2010.

Berggren was revealed on 3 February to be a wildcard for the Danish national final for the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 with her entry "Let Your Heart Be Mine". At the national final on 26 February 2011, she performed "Let Your Heart Be Mine". After the first round of voting, she failed to place in the top four and did not advance further in the competition.

In 2015 Berggren participated in the TV4 show Så mycket bättre.

Personal life
Berggren continues to volunteer her time to various humanitarian charities and has staged several Christian concerts as well as regularly singing in churches.

On 18 September 2004, Berggren married her long-time boyfriend Jakob Petrén, a Swedish pianist. They have two children together, a son and a daughter. Berggren and her family reside in Gothenburg.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Vocals
Berggren has contributed vocals for all original Ace of Base songs except:

"All That She Wants" (Malin Berggren, Jonas Berggren, and Ulf Ekberg)
"Happy Nation" (Malin Berggren, Jonas Berggren, and Ulf Ekberg)
"Dimension of Depth" (instrumental)
"Dancer in a Daydream" (Malin Berggren only)
"Strange Ways" (Euro version, Malin Berggren only)
"Everytime It Rains" (Malin Berggren only)

Writing
Berggren has contributed music and lyrics to the following Ace of Base songs:

"Hear Me Calling" (with Jonas Berggren, Malin Berggren and Ulf Ekberg)
"Ravine"
"Wave Wet Sand"
"Experience Pearls"
"He Decides"
"Love in December" (with Jonas Berggren, Malin Berggren and Ulf Ekberg)
"Beautiful Morning" (with Malin Berggren and Jonas Berggren)
"Change With the Light" (with Malin Berggren, Jonas Berggren and Ulf Ekberg)
"What's the Name of the Game" (with Malin Berggren, Jonas Berggren, Ekberg, Harry Sommerdahl and Jonas von der Burg)
"Pole Position" (with Jonas Berggren, Malin Berggren and Ulf Ekberg)
"Moment of Magic" (with Jonas Berggren, Malin Berggren and Ulf Ekberg)
"Memories Forever" (with Jonas Berggren, Malin Berggren and Ulf Ekberg)
"Immanuel"
"Stay With Me"
"Wish You Were Mine" (with Jonas Berggren, Ulf Ekberg and Jakob Petrén)
"Couldn't Care Less" (with Jonas Berggren, Ulf Ekberg and Jakob Petrén)

Solo songs:

"Air of Love"
"Beat of My Heart"
"Dying to Stay Alive"
"Free Me"
"Give Me the Faith"
"Going Home"
"Gotta Go"
"Here I Am"
"Natural Superstar"
"Numb"
"Spend This Night"

References

External links
 JennyBerggren.com
 JennyBerggren.net

1972 births
Living people
Musicians from Gothenburg
Ace of Base members
Swedish mezzo-sopranos
Swedish pop singers
Swedish women singers
Swedish Christians
Dansk Melodi Grand Prix contestants
English-language singers from Sweden

Jenny Berggren


The Cadillac Seville is a mid-size luxury car manufactured by Cadillac from the 1976 to 2004 model years as a smaller-sized, premium model. It was replaced by the STS in 2004.

Origin of the name

The name of "Cadillac's first small car" was selected over a revival of LaSalle or the GM design staff's preference, LaScala, primarily because, as noted by GM Marketing Director Gordon Horsburgh, "It had no negatives." The initial suggestion was "Leland" in honor of one of the make's founders but it was rejected because most buyers wouldn't understand the reference and Henry Leland had also founded rival Lincoln.

Hundreds of suggestions were considered: after extensive research, LaSalle was the top pick with St. Moritz a distant second, trailed further by Seville. A troubled past (Lasalle) and difficult pronunciation (St.Moritz) led to selection of the Seville nameplate.

Seville is the name of a Spanish province and its capital, renowned for its history and treasures of art and architecture. Cadillac had first used the nameplate for a two-door hardtop version of the 1956 Eldorado. 1960 was the last model year for the Eldorado Seville, returning in 1967 under a different name.

First generation (1976–1979)

The Seville, introduced in May 1975 as an early 1976 model, was Cadillac's answer to the rising popularity of European luxury imports as Mercedes-Benz, Audi and BMW. GM planners were becoming concerned that the division's once-vaunted image as the "standard of the world" was fading, especially among the younger generation of car buyers.

Over time, European luxury cars had become quite luxurious and even more expensive than the much larger Cadillacs. As market share of these imports continued to climb, it became obvious that the traditional American automotive paradigm of "bigger equals better" had begun to falter. The Seville became the smallest and most expensive model in the lineup, turning Cadillac's traditional marketing and pricing strategy upside down and also partially succeeding the Calais as the "smallest, Chevrolet-based Cadillac". Full size design prototypes were created as early as winter of 1972–73 (wearing the tentative name LaSalle, reviving the Cadillac junior brand from 1927 to 1940). Subsequent design prototypes looked edgier (specifically a 1973 named LaScala which forwardly hinted at the 1992 Seville).

Styling took strong cues from the Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow. Cadillac stylists added a crisp, angular body that set the tone for GM styling for the next decade, along with a wide track stance, giving the car a substantial, premium appearance. A wide chrome grille flanked by quadruple rectangular headlamps with narrow parking and signal lamps just below the header panel, while small wrap-around rectangular tail lamps placed at the outermost corners of the rear gave the appearance of a lower, leaner, and wider car. The taillight design was similar to that used on a rejected Coupe DeVille concept.

Unibody construction included a bolt-on subframe with a rear suspension based on the rear-wheel drive 1968–74 X-body platform that underpinned the Chevrolet Nova. It also featured a rear differential with thicker front subframe bushings similar to the second generation F platform used in the Camaro, Firebird, and the 1975–79 X-body platform.  Substantial re-engineering and upgrades from these humble origins earned it the unique designation "K-body" (rather than "X-special" following the format of the A-special Chevrolet Monte Carlo/Pontiac Grand Prix and B-special Buick Riviera).  Also shared with the X-body platform was part of the roof stamping and trunk floor pan (for 1973 and newer vehicles).

Seville engineers chose the X-body platform instead of the originally-intended to be used German Opel Diplomat in response to GM's budget restrictions—executives felt re-engineering an Opel would be more costly. Another proposal during development was a front-wheel drive layout similar to the Cadillac Eldorado. This proposal was also rejected because of budget concerns since the transaxle used for the Eldorado was produced on a limited basis solely for the E-body (Eldorado/Toronado) and the GMC motorhome of the mid-1970s.

Introduced in mid-1975 and billed as the new "internationally-sized" Cadillac, the Seville was almost  lighter than the full-sized Deville. The Seville was thus more nimble and easy to park, as well as retaining a full complement of Cadillac features. More expensive than any other Cadillac (except the Series 75 Fleetwood factory limousines) at US$12,479 ($ in  dollars ), the Seville was modestly successful. It spawned several imitators including the Lincoln Versailles and the Chrysler LeBaron (Fifth Avenue after 1982). To ensure the quality of the initial production run, the first 2,000 units produced were identical in color (Georgian silver) and options. This enabled workers to "ramp up" to building different configurations. Total 1976 Seville production was 43,772 vehicles.

Early Sevilles produced between April 1975 (a total of 16,355) to the close of the 1976 model year were the first Cadillacs to use the smaller GM wheel bolt pattern (5 lugs with a  bolt circle; the 2003–2009 XLR also uses this pattern). The first Sevilles shared a minority of components with the X-Body. The rear drums measured  and were similar to the ones used with the Nova 9C1 (police option) and A-body (Chevelle, Cutlass, Regal, LeMans) intermediate station wagons. Starting with the 1977 model year, production Sevilles used the larger 5-lug bolt circle common to full-size Chevrolet passenger cars (1971–76), Cadillacs, Buicks, Oldsmobiles, Pontiacs, and half-ton Chevrolet/GMC light trucks and vans. It also received rear disc brakes, a design which would surface a year later as an option on the F-body Pontiac Trans Am. 1975–76 models included a vinyl roof, to less expensively cover the roof's two part construction, the rear section around the C-pillar was pressed especially for Cadillac and X-body pressing was used for the forward section. Due to customer demand, a painted steel roof was offered in 1977, requiring a new full roof stamping. 1977 Seville production increased slightly to 45,060 vehicles.  The last year, production increased to the first generation's peak production, at 56,985.

The engine was an Oldsmobile-sourced  V8, fitted with a Bendix/Bosch electronically controlled fuel injection. This system gave the Seville smooth drivability and performance that was usually lacking in domestic cars of this early emissions control era. Power output was , gas mileage was 17 MPG in the city and 23 MPG on the highway  (the larger Deville and Fleetwood were still getting single digit gas mileage) and performance was good for the era with zero-to- taking 11.5 seconds. A diesel  LF9 V8 was added in 1978, a first in an American passenger vehicle.

For model years 1978–1979, the Seville offered a trip computer, marketed as Tripmaster at an extra cost of $920. It replaced the two standard analogue gauges with an electronic digital readout for the speedometer and remaining fuel. It also replaced the quartz digital clock with an LED version. The trip computer performed various calculations on a small panel to the right of the steering wheel, including miles to empty, miles per gallon and destination arrival time (which needed to be programmed by the driver, to estimate arrival time based on miles remaining). Though preceded by the British 1976 Aston Martin Lagonda sedan, the Seville was the first American automobile to offer full electronic instrumentation.  Although the 1978 Continental Mark V was available with a "Miles-To-Empty" feature (i.e., an LED readout of miles left to travel based on the fuel remaining), Lincoln did not offer full electronic instrumentation until 1980. The trip computer proved an unpopular option and was rarely ordered. A digital instrument cluster was not available on the Seville and Eldorado again until 1981. Although this feature itself was no longer available, the new electronic fuel data system introduced in 1980, as well as the new electronic heating and air conditioning controls, replaced some of the trip computer functions.

A number of custom coach builders made modifications to the 1975–1979 Seville, including shortened 2-seat 2-door convertibles, a 2-door convertible with a back seat, a 2-door pickup truck, 2-door coupes, 2- and 4-door lengthened-hood Sevilles with a fake spare tire in each front fender, and a lengthened-wheelbase standard 4-door Seville.  In the late 1970s, Florida coachbuilder, Grandeur Motor Car Company, offered converted Sevilles with neoclassical 1930s styling cues. These sedans were converted into 2-door coupes with an elongated hood, fake spare tire covers on both sides, a small portal window in the rear right section of the vinyl-covered roof, and an upright Rolls-Royce-like grille. An estimated 600 Seville Opera Coupes were produced.

The Seville was manufactured in Iran under the brand name of "Cadillac Iran" from 1978 to 1987 by Pars Khodro, which was known as "Iran General Motors" before the Islamic Revolution. A total of 2,653 Cadillacs were made in Iran during this period. This made Iran the only country assembling Cadillacs outside the US until 1997 when the Opel Omega-based Catera was built in Germany for US sale. The Cadillac BLS, built in Sweden exclusively for European market, was introduced in 2006. Although the Allanté had an Italian-sourced body and interior, its final assembly was done in the US.

Seville Elegante

From 1978, through the third generation in 1988, the Seville was available with the Elegante package. It added a unique black/silver two-tone exterior paint combination and perforated leather seats in light gray only. Real wire wheels were standard as were a host of other features which were optional or unavailable on the base Seville.

In 1979, a second color combination was added, a two-tone copper shade with a matching leather interior. For the second generation Elegante in 1985, a monotone paint combination became available; however, dual-shade combinations, later available in various colors, remained more popular. The price for this package increased over time from $2,600 in 1978 ($ in  dollars ) to $4,005 ($ in  dollars ) in 1987 in addition to the base price.

Production

Engines

Second generation (1980–1985)

While the first-generation Seville had proved quite successful, it failed in its primary mission of winning over younger import buyers.  Marketing research indicated that the car was most popular with older women who wanted a Cadillac in a smaller, more maneuverable size. For the 1980 model year, the Seville's K-body platform became front-wheel drive, based on the E-body Eldorado, Buick Riviera, and Oldsmobile Toronado. Length and wheelbase were similar, with the car losing 0.3" in wheelbase and gaining 0.8" overall. The new model featured independent rear suspension and was the first American car to have a standard diesel engine, carried over from the previous generation. Cadillac's new  L62 V8 with Digital Fuel Injection was a no-cost option except in California, where the fuel-injected Oldsmobile 350 remained available as a no-cost option.

The razor-edged bustle-back rear styling drew inspiration from English coachbuilder Hooper & Co.'s "Empress Line" designs from the early 1950s, which were considered a dramatic, modern take on the mid-'30s style of trunk/body integration. In addition, long hood/short deck proportions were inspired by luxury cars of the 1960s. The Seville's "statement" styling was one of the last vehicles designed by Bill Mitchell, appointed by Harley Earl in 1936 as the Cadillac's first chief designer. It was swiftly imitated by the 1982–87 Lincoln Continental sedan and the 1981–83 Imperial coupe.  Sales were strong at first, but disastrous flirtation with diesel engines and the ill-fated V-8-6-4 variable displacement gasoline engine, coupled with poor quality control eroded Seville's standing in the marketplace.

The Seville introduced features that would become traditional in later years. In 1981, memory seats appeared—a feature not seen on a Cadillac since the Eldorado Broughams of the late 1950s. This option allowed two stored positions to be recalled at the touch of a button. Also new for 1981 was a digital instrument cluster. The "Cadillac Trip Computer" was a precursor to this option in 1978. Available until 1985, it was considerably less expensive than the trip computer and featured just a digital speedometer and fuel gauge. Engine options changed for 1981: the V8 was now equipped with the V8-6-4 variable displacement technology. However, the engine management systems of the time proved too slow to run the system reliably. A  Buick V6 was added as a credit option. Puncture-sealing tires were also new.

In 1982, Seville offered heated outside rear-view mirrors with an optional rear defogger. Inside, a "Symphony Sound" stereo cassette tape system was available. The previously standard diesel engine became an option with the introduction of a new  HT-4100. This engine had a number of reliability issues, such as weak, porous aluminum block castings and failure-prone intake manifold gaskets.

For 1983, the Buick V6 was dropped and a new "Delco/Bose" stereo cassette system was offered at $895. Initially looking like a standard Delco radio, from 1984 onward it featured a brushed gold-look front panel and bulbous lower interior door speaker assemblies. This was also the last year for an available 8-track stereo system. From 1983 through 1985, it was available with a fake cabriolet roof option which gave the appearance of a four-door convertible.

Production Figures:

Engines

In 1980, the 350 ci L49 was only available for California.

Third generation (1986–1991)

The 1985 featured a transverse-mounted V8 driving the front wheels, an advanced transmission, and EPA fuel mileage of nearly  on the highway. The Seville's computerized engine management system featured a BCM/ECM (Body Control Module/Engine Control Module) and an electronic dashboard using high-intensity vacuum fluorescent displays — made possibly after GM's acquisition of Hughes Electronics.

With sales substantially below expectations, Cadillac facelifted the exterior for model year 1988. This was the final generation to have an annual grille facelift. Cadillac introduced the Seville Touring Sedan (STS) trim level this model year, equipped with the FE2 touring suspension, 15-inch alloy wheels, upgraded springs, a rear sway bar, a 15.6:1 steering ratio for enhanced handling, grille mounted emblem, cloisonne trunk lock cover, and a four-passenger interior. Seville Touring Sedan production totaled 1,499 units in 1988. The first 1988 STSs were custom built by Cars and Concepts and announced at that year's Detroit Grand Prix.  These initial run models were available to VIPs within General Motors, the Cadillac Division, some major shareholders and a short list of dignitaries.  A special label was affixed to the lower corner of the driver-side front door identifying it as one of the original STSs. The Elegante trim package, first introduced on Seville in 1978, was discontinued after the 1988 model year.

For 1989, the first production STSs were sold as a "Limited Edition" with option code of YP6. Features from the 1988 model were carried over with the addition of a retuned suspension package for more precise steering and firmer feel of the road. Additional features included hand-stitched beechwood ultrasoft leather seats, anti-lock braking, touring suspension, a 3.3:1 drive ratio, 15-inch cast aluminum alloy wheels, and Goodyear Eagle GT4 blackwall tires.

Additional STS features included: grille with flush-mounted wreath-and-crest, modified driver's front fender with the cornering light moved to the front fascia and headlight monitors removed, matching body-color front lower airdam and bodyside moldings, matte black export license pocket with bright bead, matte black front bumper impact pads and rear bumper guard vertical inserts, matching body color outside rearview mirrors with a black patch, modified (from Eldorado) rear reflexes (moved to the bumper), modified export taillamps with three-color European-style lenses, an STS nameplate on the deck lid, and an STS-exclusive cloisonne deck lid lock cover.

The STS interior had a 12-way power front seat, manual articulating front seat headrests, center front armrest with cassette and coin/cup storage console trimmed in ultrasoft leather, netted map pockets, rear bucket seats with integral headrests, center rear console and rear storage compartment, leather-wrapped front and rear door trim panels, door pull straps and overhead pull straps, high-gloss elm burl real wood appliques on door trim panels and switch plates, horn pad and bar, instrument panel and front and rear consoles, floor carpet (marketed as Beechwood Thaxton carpet) and a decklid liner in tara material with STS logo. Other standard STS features included automatic door locks, illuminated driver and passenger side visor vanity mirrors, illuminated entry system, rear window defogger, a theft-deterrent system, and trunk mat.

Four exterior colors were available for the STS this year: White Diamond, Sable Black, Black Sapphire, or Carmine Red. 1,893 Seville Touring Sedans (STS) were produced for the 1989 model year. The first models were leftovers from the Cars and Concepts run of the 1988 production year with the special sticker located on the lower part on the inside of the driver's door. These were produced prior to December 1988 for the 1989 production year and are rare. The last 6 digits of these VIN numbers would be below 808000. As with the 1988 model, a special 3.25" x 2" black/silver chrome label was affixed to the lower inside area of the driver-side front door by Cars and Concepts identifying it as one of the original STS models.

In 1990, the Seville received a new fuel injection system, increasing horsepower to 180. Front park lamps were no longer fender-mounted with any Cadillac model, and the STS was further modified, receiving revised side and rear body color fascias as well as dual exhaust outlets with bright stainless outlets, a larger STS trunk script, standard Teves anti-lock braking system with rear discs, and 16-inch machine finished alloy wheels on Goodyear Eagle GT+4 tires. A driver's side airbag was also added to Seville and STS. While the engine was the same as used in regular Seville models, the transmission had a special final drive ratio of 3.33:1 for better acceleration. The 1990 STS also received its own body designation of 6KY69 and prices started at $36,320. 1990 STS production totaled 2,811 vehicles.

There were no body changes in 1991, and the V8's displacement increased to 4.9-liter and featured a 4T60E electronically controlled transmission. The new V8 no longer used the A.I.R. system and additional refinements to the internals increased horsepower to 200. The only change to the STS was the removal of the rear bucket seats for a full-width bench and new front seats with larger side bolsters taken from the prior year's Eldorado Touring Coupe. 2,206 were produced.

Production Figures:

Engines

Fourth generation (1992–1997)

For 1992, Cadillac delivered a new, European-flavored Seville with positive reviews from both car magazines and customers. The Seville Touring Sedan was Motor Trend magazine's Car of the Year for 1992. It also made Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list that year.  The Seville STS adopted styling cues from the 1988 Cadillac Voyage concept car.

The 1993 addition of the Northstar System, including the Northstar quad-cam 32-valve aluminum V8 and a new unequal-length control arm rear suspension to the STS helped the Seville increase sales.  The rear suspension previously featured a single transverse leaf spring like the Chevrolet Corvette. The wheelbase was back up to  with a  overall length.
The Seville was divided into two sub-models:
 The Seville Luxury Sedan (SLS) started with the 4.9 L HT-4900 V8 but got a  LD8 Northstar V8 for 1994
 The Seville Touring Sedan (STS) also started with the 4.9 L HT-4900 in 1992 but was upgraded to the  L37 Northstar in 1993

0–60 mph times were 7.4 seconds for the SLS and 6.9 seconds for the STS. Rain sensing wipers, called RainSense, were standard on the STS.
From 1994, both models were equipped with the GM 4T80 transmission but different final drive. There were model specific bumpers, side plastic molding and rear taillights. The STS models featured body-colored front grille, while the SLS models had a chrome-plated grille and a Cadillac hood badge. On the inside, the STS models used more Zebrawood trim compared to the SLS. The seats in the STS models were covered with perforated leather in contrast with the non-perforated leather on the SLS. The SLS models could have been specified with the optional column shifter. The STS models featured Active suspension (CVRSS) while the SLS models were equipped with passive suspension. Both models were equipped with speed-sensitive steering effort and rear pneumatic Self-levelling suspension, power antenna, soft-close trunk lid and 2 driver memories for seats, rear view mirrors, climate control, and sound system settings.

As of 1994 model year, the Seville STS (and companion Eldorado ETC) became the most powerful front-wheel-drive cars on the market at 300 hp (224 kW).

For the 1996 production year, on both models, the interior was revised including seats, central console, shifter knob and door trim. Due to the 1996 OBDII compliance mandate most electronic modules were revised. Two sound system options were introduced, the base Delco Electronics and the optional BOSE, both sound systems featured AM/FM radio and tape player. Both could be connected to the optional trunk-mounted 12-disc CD player and the optional cellular phone. The BOSE sound system included 4 amplifiers and added Digital signal processor (DSP) and Radio Data System (RDS). In some export markets the sound system was slightly different. Steering controls were standard for the climate control and the sound system. The exterior changes are minimal, for the STS models new 7-spoke 16-inch aluminum rims were introduced in silver finish and as an option in chrome finish. Depending on the tire options, the top speed was limited to 130 mph ("H" rated tires) or 156 mph ("Z" rated tires).

In 1997 some of the electronic modules were further updated for OBDII compliance reasons, a revised climate control module is introduced and there are updates to the stability system with the addition of a yaw sensor. Some of the advanced DIC self diagnostic features were removed requiring a TechII scanner tool instead. The TheftLock feature is added to the Head Unit (HU). The heated windshield option is no longer available for 1997.
Base prices for both models peaked in 1996 at US$42,995 () for the SLS and US$47,495 () for the STS but the increasingly competitive luxury car market resulted in price reductions for 1997. They were reduced to $39,995 () for the SLS and $44,995 () for the STS.

The Seville continued to move upmarket, in both size and price which lead to the Cadillac Catera taking its place as Cadillac's smallest car for 1997.

Production Figures:

Engines

Fifth generation (1998–2004)

A redesigned Seville was introduced in late 1997 for 1998 MY, built on GM's G platform (which GM chose to continue to refer to as the K). All transverse engine front-wheel drive Sevilles were built in Hamtramck, Michigan.

The wheelbase was extended to  but the overall length was down slightly to . The car looked quite similar to the fourth-generation model, but featured numerous suspension and drivability improvements. The Seville STS (and companion Eldorado ETC) continued being the most powerful front-wheel-drive cars on the market at 300 hp (224 kW). The top STS model ran 0–60 mph in 6.4 seconds and had a 14.8 second quarter-mile time.

The fifth-generation Seville was the first Cadillac engineered to be built in both left- and right-hand-drive form; and the first modern Cadillac to be officially sold in a right-hand-drive market (the United Kingdom). Models sold in Japan were left-hand drive. In the past, right-hand-drive Cadillacs were built from CKD kits or special conversion kits shipped for local conversion. An export version was produced with narrower bumpers to get under a 5-meter taxation length. The 1998 Seville was the first Cadillac launched with a European type approval number in Europe; the United Kingdom first, and then Germany, Belgium, France, Spain, Italy, Finland and other markets.

On the fifth-generation Seville, the steering column was a power tilt and telescoping unit, whose operation was tied into the memory functions. However, the soft-close trunk lid and power antenna was no longer available. The car's security system was now equipped with the Passlock III, an update for the resistor-based Passlock II, which was updated from the previous generation. Also, updated from the previous generation was the car's the sound system. It added a head unit with radio, tape and CD player. The cellular phone option was still available, however the optional trunk-mounted CD player was replaced with a 6-disc unit. Between 1998 and 1999 a first-generation (non-touch screen) GPS navigation option was available. It was updated in 2000 with a larger touchscreen DVD-based GPS navigation unit.

In 1999 a one-year only (for the Seville) massage seats option was available. In 2000 the Tire-pressure monitoring system (TPMS) became available as an option. In January 2002 the STS received a new MagneRide adaptive suspension system, unavailable on the SLS, becoming the first production vehicle equipped standard with such suspension technology.

Production of the Seville STS ended on May 16, 2003. Seville SLS production ended seven months later on December 4, 2003. In 2004, only the Seville SLS model was available for purchase. The Seville model name was discontinued for 2005 and replaced with the Cadillac STS.

Engines

US sales

References

Bibliography

External links

 Cadillac Seville Year by Year Changes

Seville
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
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Charles Bronson (born Charles Dennis Buchinsky; November 3, 1921 – August 30, 2003) was an American actor. Known for his "granite features and brawny physique," and action films, Bronson was born into extreme poverty, in Ehrenfeld, Pennsylvania. His father, a miner, died when Bronson was young. Bronson himself worked in the mines as well until joining the United States Army Air Forces in 1943 to fight in World War II. After his service, he joined a theatrical troupe and studied acting. During the 1950s, he played various supporting roles in motion pictures and television, including anthology drama TV series in which he would appear as the main character. Near the end of the decade, he had his first cinematic leading role in Machine-Gun Kelly (1958).

Bronson had sizeable co-starring roles in The Magnificent Seven (1960), The Great Escape (1963), This Property Is Condemned (1966), and The Dirty Dozen (1967). On television, Bronson was nominated for an Emmy Award for his supporting role in an episode of General Electric Theater, and performed in many major television shows. Eventually, actor Alain Delon (who was a fan of Bronson) hired him to co-star with him in the French film Adieu l'ami (1968). That year, he played one of the leads in the Italian spaghetti western, Once Upon a Time in the West (1968). Bronson was becoming a major star in Europe.

Bronson continued playing leads in various action, western, and war films made in Europe, including Rider on the Rain (1970), which won Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Eventually, he returned to the United States to make more films, working with director Michael Winner. Their first collaborations included Chato's Land (1972), The Mechanic (1972) and The Stone Killer (1973). At this point, he became the world's number one box office star, commanding $1 million per film. In 1974, Bronson starred in the controversial film Death Wish (also directed by Winner), about an architect-turned-vigilante, a role that typified the rest of his career. Most critics initially panned the film as exploitative, but the movie was a major box-office success and spawned four sequels.

Until his retirement in the late 1990s and death in 2003, Bronson played almost exclusively lead roles in action-oriented films, often working with director J. Lee Thompson in films such as Mr. Majestyk (1974), Hard Times (1975), St. Ives,(1976), The White Buffalo (1977), Telefon (1977), Assassination (1989).  He made a number of non-action television films in which he would often act against type. In cinema, he played in the Western comedy From Noon till Three (1976), and a supporting role in The Indian Runner (1991), a dramatic film for which his performance received good reviews.

Early life and war service
Bronson was born Charles Dennis Buchinsky, the eleventh of fifteen children, into a Roman Catholic family of Lithuanian origin in Ehrenfeld, Pennsylvania, in the coal region of the Allegheny Mountains north of Johnstown, Pennsylvania. His father, Walter Buchinsky (born: Valteris P. Bučinskis), was a Lipka Tatar from Druskininkai in southern Lithuania. Bronson's mother, Mary (née Valinsky), whose parents were from Lithuania, was born in the coal mining town of Tamaqua, Pennsylvania.

Bronson did not speak any English at home during his childhood in Pennsylvania, like many children with whom he grew up. He once recounted that even as a soldier, his accent was strong enough to make his comrades think he was a foreigner. Besides English, he could also speak Lithuanian, Russian and Greek.

In a 1973 interview, Bronson remarked that he did not know his father very well, and was not sure if he loved or hated him, adding that all he could remember about him was that whenever his mother announced that his father was coming home, the children would hide. In 1933, Bronson's father died and he went to work in the coal mines, first in the mining office and then in the mine. He later said he earned one dollar for each ton of coal that he mined. In another interview, he said that he had to work double shifts to earn $1 a week. Bronson later recounted that he and his brother engaged in dangerous work removing "stumps" between the mines, and that cave-ins were common.

The family suffered extreme poverty during the Great Depression, and Bronson recalled going hungry many times. His mother could not afford milk for his younger sister, so she was fed warm tea instead. His family was so poor that he once had to wear his sister's dress to school for lack of clothing. Bronson was the first member of his family to graduate from high school.

Bronson worked in the mines until enlisting in the United States Army Air Forces in 1943 during World War II. He served in the 760th Flexible Gunnery Training Squadron, and in 1945 as a Boeing B-29 Superfortress aerial gunner with the Guam-based 61st Bombardment Squadron within the 39th Bombardment Group, which conducted combat missions against the Japanese home islands. He flew 25 missions and received a Purple Heart for wounds received in battle.

Career and education

1946 to 1951: acting training
After the end of World War II, Bronson did odd jobs until a theatrical group in Philadelphia hired him to paint scenery, which led to acting in minor roles. He later shared an apartment in New York City with Jack Klugman, who was an aspiring actor at the time. Eventually, he moved to Hollywood, where he enrolled in acting classes at the Pasadena Playhouse.

1951 to 1958: early films to leading roles
In his early career, Bronson's credits listed him as Charles Buchinsky. His first film role – an uncredited one – was as a sailor in You're in the Navy Now in 1951, directed by Henry Hathaway. Other screen appearances in 1951 were The Mob, and The People Against O'Hara, directed by John Sturges

In 1952, he acted in Bloodhounds of Broadway; Battle Zone; Pat and Mike, Diplomatic Courier (1952), Henry Hathaway's My Six Convicts, The Marrying Kind, and Red Skies of Montana.

That year on television, he boxed in a ring with Roy Rogers in Rogers' show Knockout. He appeared on an episode of The Red Skelton Show as a boxer in a skit with Skelton playing "Cauliflower McPugg". He appeared with fellow guest star Lee Marvin in an episode of Biff Baker, U.S.A., an espionage series on CBS.

In 1953, he played Igor the sidekick of Vincent Price in the horror film House of Wax, directed by Andre DeToth. To prepare his role as a mute he took a course in sign language. Ben S. Parker of The Commercial Appeal said "Buchinsky adds mute menace as a deaf-and-dumb assistant to the madman". In the US, the film reach the 4th place on the highest box-office of that year and made 23 millions. The Library of Congress selected House of Wax for preservation in the National Film Registry in 2014, deeming it "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

That same year, he had roles in The Clown, and Off Limits.

In 1954, he appeared in Riding Shotgun, starring Randolph Scott, directed by DeToth. It was reported that he got the role due to the quality his performance in House of Wax.

Also that year, he acted in the film Apache for director Robert Aldrich, Tennessee Champ, Miss Sadie Thompson, Crime Wave directed by de Toth, Vera Cruz, and Drum Beat', directed by Delmer Daves.

Also in 1954, during the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) proceedings, he changed his surname from Buchinsky to Bronson at the suggestion of his agent, who feared that an Eastern European surname might damage his career.

In 1955, Bronson acted in  Target Zero, Big House, U.S.A., and Jubal. That year on television he played a lead in "A Chain of Hearts" an episode of the anthology drama series DuPont Cavalcade Theater.

In 1956 he acted in Sam Fuller's Run of the Arrow. Also that year he started acting in the television show  Alfred Hitchcock Presents and would return over the year: These episodes are "And So Died Riabouchinska" (Season 1 Episode 20 which aired 2/10/1956), "There Was an Old Woman" (1956), and "The Woman Who Wanted to Live" (1962).

In 1957, Bronson was cast in the Western series Colt .45 as an outlaw named Danny Arnold in the episode "Young Gun". He had the lead role in the episode "The Apache Kid" of the syndicated crime drama The Sheriff of Cochise, starring John Bromfield.  He appeared in five episodes of Richard Boone's Have Gun – Will Travel (1957–63). He guest-starred in the short-lived CBS situation comedy, Hey, Jeannie!.

In May 1958, Roger Corman's biopic of a real life gangster Machine-Gun Kelly premiered, in it Bronson plays the lead. Geoffrey M. Warren of The Los Angeles Times said Bronson makes Kelly "a full, three dimensional human being".

In June of that year, Showdown at Boot Hill premiered, where he played the lead.

The following July Gang War, started its theatrical run. Bronson plays the lead as a Los Angeles high-school teacher, who witnesses a gangland killing and agrees to testify. Not realizing this will cause retaliation.On October 10, ABC's series Man with a Camera premiered. Bronson played the lead in which he portrayed Mike Kovac, a freelance crime fighting photographer in New York City. The show lasted two season until 1960.

On November, When Hell Broke Loose premiered, where he played the lead.

Also that year on television Bronson appeared as Butch Cassidy on the TV western Tales of Wells Fargo in the episode titled "Butch Cassidy".

1959 to 1968: supporting roles in major projects to European breakthrough
In 1959, Bronson had a supporting role in an expensive war film, Never So Few, directed by John Sturges.

That year on television, he acted in the Yancy Derringer episode "Hell and High Water", and in U.S. Marshal.

In 1960, in John Sturges's The Magnificent Seven, he played one of seven gunfighters taking up the cause of the defenceless. According to co-star Eli Wallach, during filming "Bronson was a loner who kept to himself." He received $50,000 for this role. The film was a box office disappointment, but proved to be such a smash hit in Europe that it ultimately made a profit. Harrison's Reports praised the film as "A superb Western, well acted and crammed full of action, human interest, pathos, suspense, plus some romance and humor." In 2013, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

That year, he acted in "Zigzag" an episode of Riverboat, "The Generous Politician" an episode of The Islanders, and "Street of Hate" an episode of Laramie. Also that year, he played a recurring role in the second season of  Hennesey. The first episode was episode 3 "Hennesey a la Gunn", the second one was episode 26 "The Nogoodnik" which aired in 1961.
In 1961, Bronson played supporting roles in William Witney's Master of the World, Joseph Newman's A Thunder of Drums, and Richard Donner's X-15.

On television that year, Bronson could be seen, again in the role of a boxer, in an episode of One Step Beyond titled "The Last Round", aired January 10, and starred alongside Elizabeth Montgomery in a Twilight Zone episode named "Two". Bronson was nominated for an Emmy Award for his supporting role in an episode entitled "Memory in White" of CBS's General Electric Theater.

In 1962, acted in the Elvis Presley film Kid Galahad.

In 1963, in John Sturges's The Great Escape, Bronson was part of an ensemble cast who played World War 2 prisoners of war. The film received acclaim. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the critics consensus reads, "With its impeccably slow-building story and a cast for the ages, The Great Escape is an all-time action classic." It grossed $11.7 million at the box office, after a budget of $4 million. It became one of the highest-grossing films of 1963. It was nominated for Best Picture at the Golden Globe Awards, and is 19th in AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills.

Also that year he played a villain in Robert Aldrich's 4 for Texas.

On television that year, he co-starred in the series Empire, which lasted one season. Bronson acted in the 1963–64 television season of the ABC western series The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters.

In 1964, Bronson guest-starred in an episode of the western TV series Bonanza named "The Underdog".

In 1965, Bronson acted in Guns of Diablo, a film derived from the television series The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters. Also that year, he acted in Ken Annakin's in Battle of the Bulge.

That year in television, in the 1965–1966 season, he guest-starred in an episode of The Legend of Jesse James. Bronson was cast as Velasquez, a demolitions expert, in the third-season episode "Heritage" on ABC's WW II drama Combat!.

In 1966, Bronson played a central character in Sydney Pollack's This Property Is Condemned, based on a Tennessee Williams's play. Elston Brooks of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram said "Bronson has never been better as the embittered boarder".

Also that year, Bronson acted in Vincente Minnelli's The Sandpiper.

In 1967, in Robert Aldrich's The Dirty Dozen, Bronson was part of an ensemble cast who played GI-prisoners trained for a suicide mission. The Dirty Dozen was a massive commercial success. In its first five days in New York, the film grossed $103,849 from 2 theatres. Produced on a budget of $5.4 million, it earned theatrical rentals of $7.5 million in its first five weeks from 1,152 bookings and 625 prints, one of the fastest-grossing films at the time.  On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the critics consensus reads, "Amoral on the surface and exuding testosterone, The Dirty Dozen utilizes combat and its staggering cast of likeable scoundrels to deliver raucous entertainment." It is 65th in AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills.

That year on television, he guest-starred as Ralph Schuyler, an undercover government agent in the episode "The One That Got Away" on ABC's The Fugitive.

In 1968, Bronson made a serious name for himself in European films. He was making Villa Rides when approached by the producers of Jean Herman's French film Adieu l'ami looking for an American co-star for Alain Delon, a fan of Bronson's acting. Bronson's agent Paul Kohner later recalled the producer pitched the actor "on the fact that in the American film industry all the money, all the publicity, goes to the pretty boy hero types. In Europe... the public is attracted by character, not face." Bronson was signed in December 1967. The film was shot in Marseilles and Paris. The film was a massive hit in France, earning around $6 million at the box office. Bronson went on to star in a series of European made movies that were hugely popular. The TV Guide praised the chemistry between Delon and Bronson.Another European success, was Sergio Leone's Spaghetti Western Once Upon a Time in the West where played one of the leads. Bronson had turned down Leone prior to this film for the lead in 1964's A Fistful of Dollars. In Italy, the film sold 8,870,732 tickets. In the United States, it grossed $5,321,508, from  ticket sales. It sold a further 14,873,804 admissions in France and 13,018,414 admissions in Germany. The film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". The film is regarded as one of the greatest westerns of all time and one of the greatest films of all time. Leone called Bronson "the greatest actor I ever worked with".

Also that year, Bronson acted in Henri Verneuil's Guns for San Sebastian, and Buzz Kulik's Villa Rides. He was also set to star in Duck, You Sucker! (1972), but did not work on the project.

1969 to 1973: subsequent success to US breakthrough
In 1969, he was being considered to co-star in 99 and 44/100% Dead (1974), while early drafts of the script were being made.

In 1970, Bronson played lead roles in Richard Donner's Lola, Peter Collinson's You Can't Win 'Em All, Sergio Sollima's Violent City, and Terence Young's Cold Sweat.

Also that year, Bronson played a lead in René Clément's French thriller, Rider on the Rain. It was a big hit in France. Wanda Hale of the Daily News gave it four stars and said Bronson is "marvellous as the tough American colonel". It won a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

In June of that year, it was announced that he was being considered to star in Papillon (1973), the role that went to Steve McQueen.

In 1971, he acted in Nicolas Gessner's French thriller, Someone Behind the Door, alongside Anthony Perkins. Also that year, he acted in Terence Young's French-Spanish-Italian Western, Red Sun.

In 1972, The Valachi Papers was directed by Terence Young; Bronson played Joseph Valachi.

That year, this overseas fame earned him a special Golden Globe Henrietta Award for "World Film Favorite – Male" together with Sean Connery.

In 1972, Bronson began a string of successful action films for United Artists, beginning with Michael Winner's Chato's Land. This would lead Winner and Bronson to work on multiple films together following up with The Mechanic (1972) and The Stone Killer (1973).

By 1973, Bronson was considered to be the world's top box office attraction, and commanded $1 million per film.

Also that year, Bronson worked with director John Sturges on Chino. Also Warner Bros. were trying to convince director Robert Aldrich to have Bronson play the lead in The Yakuza. The role went to Robert Mitchum.

In 1974, Bronson's most famous role came at age 52, in Death Wish, his most popular film, with director Michael Winner. He played Paul Kersey, a successful New York architect who turns into a crime-fighting vigilante after his wife is murdered and his daughter sexually assaulted. This movie spawned four sequels over the next two decades, all starring Bronson. Many critics were displeased with the film, considering it an "immoral threat to society" and an encouragement of antisocial behavior. The film was the 20th highest grossing film in the US that year making 22 millions at the box office.

Also that year, he played the lead in Mr. Majestyk directed by Richard Fleischer based on a book by Elmore Leonard.

1975 to 1989: action film star
In 1975, Bronson starred in two films directed by Tom Gries: Breakout, and Breakheart Pass, a Western adapted from a novel by Alistair MacLean, which was a box office disappointment.

Also that year, he starred in the directorial debut of Walter Hill, Hard Times, playing a Depression-era street fighter making his living in illegal bare-knuckled matches in Louisiana. It earned good reviews. The film was the 29th highest grossing film in the US that year making 5 millions at the box office. Roger Ebert said it is "a powerful, brutal film containing a definitive Charles Bronson performance."

Furthermore in 1975, he among the many actors who were offered the lead in The Shootist (1976), they all turned it down because the character had prostate cancer.

Bronson reached his pinnacle in box-office drawing power that year, when he was ranked 4th, behind only Robert Redford, Barbra Streisand, and Al Pacino.

In 1976, Bronson did a Western comedy for UA, Frank D. Gilroy's From Noon till Three.

Also that year, Bronson made St. Ives, his first film with director J. Lee Thompson.In 1977, Bronson acted in Irvin Kershner's Raid on Entebbe, where he played Dan Shomron. The NBC television film was based on the true story of the Entebbe raid. It received initially good reviews. Capitalizing on its strong all-star ensemble cast, a film version was released theatrically in the UK and Europe in early 1977. At the Golden Globe Awards it won "Best Television Movie". At the Emmy Awards it was nominated for "Outstanding Special – Drama or Comedy" as well as winning and receiving nominations in other categories.

Also that year, he was reunited with Thompson in The White Buffalo, produced by Dino de Laurentiis for UA. UA also released Telefon, directed by Don Siegel.

Finally in 1977, Bronson was announced as the star of Raise the Titanic (1980), but didn't appear in the final product.

In the 1970s, director Ingmar Bergman wanted to make a film with Bronson but he turned him down finding Bergman's works dull. "Everything is weakness and sickness with Bergman," he said.  Bronson auditioned for the role of Superman for the 1978 film adaptation, but producer Ilya Salkind turned him down for being too earthy and decided to cast Christopher Reeve. Another 1978 film he was considered as a lead was Capricorn One. For the 1981 film Escape from New York, the studio wanted him to play the role of Snake Plissken, but director John Carpenter thought he was too tough looking and too old for the part, and decided to cast Kurt Russell instead.

Bronson went on to make two films for ITC, Love and Bullets (1979) and Borderline (1980). He was reunited with Thompson on Caboblanco (1980), and played Albert Johnson in Death Hunt (1981), opposite Lee Marvin.

In the years between 1976 and 1994, Bronson commanded high salaries to star in numerous films made by smaller production companies, most notably Cannon Films, for whom some of his last films were made.

Bronson was paid $1.5 million by Cannon to star in Death Wish II (1982), directed by Michael Winner. In the story, architect Paul Kersey (Bronson) moves to Los Angeles with his daughter. After she is murdered at the hands of several gang members, Kersey once again becomes a vigilante. The film was a big success at the box office.

Cannon Films promptly hired Bronson for 10 to Midnight (1983), in which he played a cop chasing a serial killer. The film marks the fourth collaboration between Bronson and director J. Lee Thompson. The supporting cast includes Lisa Eilbacher, Andrew Stevens, Gene Davis, Geoffrey Lewis, and Wilford Brimley.

ITC Entertainment hired Thompson and Bronson for The Evil That Men Do (1984), co-starring Theresa Saldana and Joseph Maher. The film was adapted by David Lee Henry and John Crowther from the novel of the same name by R. Lance Hill. Bronson plays a former assassin, who comes out of retirement to avenge the death of his journalist friend.

Cannon reunited Bronson and Winner for Death Wish 3 (1985). It is the last to be directed by Winner. Kersey returns to battle with New York street punk gangs while receiving tacit support from an NYPD lieutenant (Ed Lauter).

In Murphy's Law (1986), directed by Thompson, Bronson plays Jack Murphy, a hardened, antisocial LAPD detective who turns to alcohol to numb the pain of harsh reality. His ex-wife, played by Angel Tompkins, has become a stripper and his career is going nowhere. His world is turned upside down when an ex-convict, played by Carrie Snodgress, frames him for putting her in prison earlier in his career.

In 1986. Bronson acted in John Mackenzie's Act of Vengeance. Based on a true story, he plays union leader Joseph Yablonski going against W.A. Boyle (Wilford Brimley). For the HBO television film, Bronson acted against type and said "it's a complete departure for me, I'm not wearing a moustache, and I'm not carrying a gun. I don't perform any violence in this film." He also explained since he didn't act for television in a long time, he had to think a lot about it before accepting which he did partly because of his background in mining. For his commitment on this project, Bronson dropped out of a lead role in The Delta Force (1986). Greg Burliuk of the Kingston Whig-Standard and Robert DiMatteo of The Advocate-Messenger both praised Bronson acting against type. More typical of this period were four Cannon action films: Assassination (1987) directed by Peter R. Hunt, and three with Thompson: Death Wish 4: The Crackdown (1988), Messenger of Death (1989), and Kinjite: Forbidden Subjects (1989).

1990 to 1999: final roles to retirement
In the early 1990s, Bronson declined the role of Curly Washburn in City Slickers.

In 1991, Bronson acted in The Indian Runner, directed by Sean Penn. Starring David Morse and Viggo Mortensen, it is generally positively received. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said that Bronson performance "is a performance of quiet, sure power. After his recent string of brainless revenge thrillers, I wondered if Bronson had sort of given up on acting, and was just going through the motions. Here he is so good it is impossible to think of another actor one would have preferred in his place".

Also in 1991, Bronson acted in ABC's TV movie adaptation of Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus, directed by Charles Jarrott. In the holiday drama, Bronson plays a reporter assigned to reply to letter by a young girl, whose family is in despair facing a bleak Christmas. Linda Renaud of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that Bronson "cast totally against type, is thoroughly convincing as the distraught newspaperman".

In 1993, Bronson was paired Dana Delany to lead in the CBS television film Donato and Daughter, directed by Rod Holcomb. In it, Bronson plays Delany's father, and are both cops assigned to investigate a serial killer. In Kay Gardella's review published in The Gazette she says "Delany and Bronson work well together. Bronson shows a warmer, more caring side than his usual tough-guy image allows. And Delany, as attractive as ever, is crisp and efficient as cop."

Also that year, he acted against type playing the antagonist in Michael Anderson's television film The Sea Wolf, an adaptation of the novel by the same name, with the lead was played by Christopher Reeve. About playing the main villain Bronson had reservations and said "I was a little worried about all of the dialogue. I don't usually do that much talking in movies. And this is a bad guy. A really bad guy." Ray Loynd of The Los Angeles Times wrote that "Bronson playing what's probably his first thinking's man heavy seems right at home."

Bronson's last starring role in a theatrically released film was 1994's Death Wish V: The Face of Death.

From 1995 to 1999, Bronson acted in a trilogy of TV movies as Commissioner Paul Fein, the patriarch of a family of law enforcers. They were Family of Cops (1995), Breach of Faith: A Family of Cops 2 (1997), and Family of Cops 3 (1999).

Bronson's health deteriorated in his later years, and he retired from acting after undergoing hip-replacement surgery in August 1998.

Death
Bronson died at age 81 on August 30, 2003, at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.

Although pneumonia and Alzheimer's disease have been cited as his cause of death, neither appears on his death certificate, which cites "respiratory failure", "metastatic lung cancer", with, secondarily, "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" and "congestive cardiomyopathy" as the causes of death. He was interred at Brownsville Cemetery in West Windsor, Vermont.

Screen persona and technique

At the time of his death, film critic Stephen Hunter said that Bronson "oozed male life-force, stoic toughness, capability, strength" and "always projected the charisma of ambiguity: Was he an ugly handsome man or a handsome ugly man? You were never sure, so further study was obligatory." Hunter said, "he never became a great actor, but he knew exactly how to dominate a scene quietly." Bronson "was the man with the name ending in a vowel ... who never left the position, never complained, never quit, never skulked. He simmered, he sulked, he bristled with class resentments, but he hung in there, got the job done and expected no thanks. His nobility was all the more palpable for never having to be expressed in words."

Bronson told critic Roger Ebert in 1974 that "I'm only a product like a cake of soap, to be sold as well as possible." He said that in the action pictures he was producing at the time, there was not much time for acting. He said: "I supply a presence. There are never any long dialogue scenes to establish a character. He has to be completely established at the beginning of the movie, and ready to work."

Director Michael Winner said that Bronson did not have to "go into any big thing about what he does or how he does it" because he had a "quality that the motion-picture camera seems to respond to. He has a great strength on the screen, even when he's standing still or in a completely passive role. There is a depth, a mystery – there is always the sense that something will happen."

Partial accolades

 Nominee Emmy Awards "Outstanding Performance in a Supporting Role by an Actor or Actress in a Series" (1961)
 Winner Golden Globes "World Film Favorite – Male" (1972)
 Included on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (1980)

Personal life

Character and personality
Bronson was scarred by his early deprivation and his early struggle as an actor. A 1973 newspaper profile said that he was so shy and introverted he could not watch his own films. Bronson was described as "still suspicious, still holds grudges, still despises interviews, still hates to give anything of himself, still can't believe it has really happened to him." He was embittered that it took so long for him to be recognized in the U.S., and after achieving fame he refused to work for a noted director who had snubbed him years before.

Critic Roger Ebert wrote in 1974 that Bronson does not volunteer information, does not elaborate, and has no theories about his films. He wrote that Bronson threatened to "get" Time magazine critic Jay Cocks, who had written a negative review he viewed as a personal attack and, unlike other actors who projected violence on film, Bronson seemed violent in person.

Marriages
His first marriage was to Harriet Tendler, whom he met when both were fledgling actors in Philadelphia. They had two children, Suzanne and Tony, before divorcing in 1965. She was 18 years old when she met the 26-year-old Charlie Buchinsky at a Philadelphia acting school in 1947. Two years later, with the grudging consent of her father, a successful, Jewish dairy farmer, Tendler wed Buchinsky, a Catholic and a former coal miner. Tendler supported them both while she and Charlie pursued their acting dreams. On their first date, he had four cents in his pocket — and went on, now as Charles Bronson, to become one of the highest paid actors in the country.

Bronson was married to English actress Jill Ireland from October 5, 1968, until her death in 1990. He had met her in 1962, when she was married to Scottish actor David McCallum. At the time, Bronson (who shared the screen with McCallum in The Great Escape) reportedly told him, "I'm going to marry your wife". The Bronsons lived in a grand Bel Air mansion in Los Angeles with seven children: two by his previous marriage, three by hers (one of whom was adopted), and two of their own, Zuleika and Katrina, the latter of whom was also adopted. After they married, she often played his leading lady, and they starred in fifteen films together.

To maintain a close family, they would load up everyone and take them to wherever filming was taking place, so that they could all be together. They spent time in a colonial farmhouse on  in West Windsor, Vermont, where Ireland raised horses and provided training for their daughter Zuleika so that she could perform at the higher levels of horse showing. The family frequented Snowmass, Colorado, in the 1980s and early 1990s for the winter holidays.

On May 18, 1990, aged 54, after a long battle with breast cancer, Jill Ireland died of the disease at their home in Malibu, California. In the 1991 television film Reason for Living: The Jill Ireland Story, Bronson was portrayed by actor Lance Henriksen. In December 1998, Bronson was married for a third time to Kim Weeks, an actress and former employee of Dove Audio who had helped record Ireland in the production of her audiobooks. The couple were married for five years until Bronson's death in 2003.

Filmography

References

Works cited

 Michael R. Pitts (1999). Charles Bronson: the 95 films and the 156 television appearances. McFarland & Co. .

External links

 New publication with private photos of the shooting & documents of 2nd unit cameraman Walter Riml
 Photos of the filming The Great Escape

1921 births
2003 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American people of Lithuanian descent
American people of Tatar descent
Burials in Vermont
Deaths from lung cancer in California
Deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Deaths from respiratory failure
Deaths from cardiomyopathy
Male Spaghetti Western actors
Male Western (genre) film actors
Male actors from Malibu, California
Male actors from Pennsylvania
Military personnel from Pennsylvania
People from Cambria County, Pennsylvania
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
Western (genre) television actors
People of Lipka Tatar descent

Charles Bronson


Laurentia is a large continental craton. It forms the ancient geological core of the North American continent.

Originally, it included the core of Greenland and the northwestern part of Scotland, known as the Hebridean Terrane. Laurentia is also called the North American Craton. It is a modern geological feature, and it is also a very ancient geological core made of igneous rock. It is nearly four billion years old.

At times in the past, Laurentia has been part of larger continents and supercontinents. It is an assembly of smaller tectonic plates which merged early in the Archaean era. As the plates moved together, a huge range of mountains formed. Much later, in the Proterozoic era, small plates and oceanic islands collided with and fused with the ever-growing Laurentia. Together they made the huge, stable craton we see today as the north and center of North America and the west of Greenland.

Over a billion years ago, the Grenville Orogeny in the Canadian Shield made jagged peaks, higher than any of today's mountains. Millions of years of erosion have changed these mountains to rolling hills.

The remaining, western, part of North America was added much later, after Pangaea split up, and the Americas moved west from Eurasia and Gondwana.

The craton is named after the Laurentian Mountains, a range to the north of the St. Lawrence River.

Rocks as seen today
The cratonic rocks are metamorphic and igneous, while the overlying sedimentary rocks are composed mostly of limestones, sandstones, and shales. These sedimentary rocks were deposited from 650 to 290 million years ago. In eastern and central Canada, much of the stable craton is exposed at the surface.

The southwestern portion of Laurentia consists of Precambrian basement rocks deformed by continental collisions (violet area of the image above). This area has been subjected to considerable rifting as the Basin and Range Province and has been stretched up to 100% of its original width. The area has a history of major volcanic eruptions.

References

Continents
Geography of North America
Geography of Greenland
Archaean
Proterozoic

Laurentia


ABC Spark is a Canadian English-language discretionary specialty channel owned by Corus Entertainment. The channel was launched on March 26, 2012, replacing the declining channel Dusk.

ABC Spark is based on the U.S. subscription channel Freeform (previously known as ABC Family) and primarily consists of programming aimed at teenagers, young adults/millennials, and preteens, as well as some sitcoms. The channel's name and various programs are licensed from the ABC Family Worldwide subsidiary of Walt Disney Television, a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company.

History

Announcement and launch (2011–2012)
The announcement of the formation of ABC Spark occurred on October 26, 2011, as part of a program licensing agreement between Corus Entertainment and The Walt Disney Company. The use of the name "ABC Spark", as opposed to "ABC Family", is presumably to avoid any confusion with Family Channel (owned by Astral Media at the time), which at the time aired programming from ABC Family's sibling, Disney Channel. The channel's broadcast licence, tentatively known then as Harmony, was approved by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) in February 2012.

Selected ABC Family programs that were set to air on ABC Spark began airing in special sneak preview blocks in advance of the network's launch starting on January 26, 2012, on fellow Corus channels YTV, W Network, and CMT, as they and remaining Corus-owned channels broadcast commercials about the channel. The channel was owned by Corus (51%) and Shaw Media (49%) at launch on March 26, 2012.

Transfer of ABC Spark licence; Corus' acquisition of Shaw Media's ownership interest (2013)
Shortly after the channel's launch, the CRTC published notice of a pending application to transfer the ABC Spark licence to the numbered company which previously owned Dusk, which is 51% owned by Corus and 49% owned by Shaw Media. However, on March 4, 2013, Corus Entertainment announced that it would acquire Shaw Media's 49% ownership interest in ABC Spark, in a larger transaction that would see Corus also acquire Shaw's 50% interest in Historia and SériesPlus, while Corus would sell their 22.58% stake in Food Network. In total, Shaw would receive net proceeds of approximately $95 million in cash. The sale of the portion of ABC Spark closed in April 2013.

Expanded relationship with Disney; first original series (2015–2016)
In April 2015, Corus Entertainment announced that it would expand its relationship with Disney, and Corus acquired the rights to Disney Channel's programming and related brands, which resulted in the launch of a Canadian version of Disney Channel, and re-launched versions of Disney Junior and Disney XD after DHX Media decided against renewing their agreement to broadcast the programs in Disney's programming catalogue.

In October 2015, ABC Family announced plans to change its name to "Freeform" in January 2016. ABC Spark did not adopt the Freeform name, but it did adopt the on-air imaging used by the U.S. network.

By the end of October 2015, ABC Spark had its first original series entitled Cheer Squad, a docu-reality series which first premiered on July 5, 2016.

Programming

ABC Spark carries most of the original programs produced for Freeform in the U.S. (Pretty Little Liars: The Perfectionists premieres on W Network), including its own versions of the 31 Nights of Halloween and 25 Days of Christmas events, which broadcast special programming during the lead-up to their respective holidays. The channel's daily programming mainly consists of acquired sitcoms and dramas, as well as syndicated programs from other Corus-owned channels.

References

External links

Corus Entertainment networks
Freeform (TV channel)
English-language television stations in Canada
Television channels and stations established in 2012
2012 establishments in Canada
Digital cable television networks in Canada

ABC Spark


Space: 1889 is a tabletop role-playing game of Victorian-era space-faring, created by Frank Chadwick and originally published by Game Designers' Workshop (GDW) from 1989 to 1990. It was the first roleplaying game to feature space colonization using steam technology in the style of Jules Verne, H.G. Wells, and Arthur Conan Doyle in what would later be called steampunk. The setting of Space: 1889 has not only produced roleplaying games, but boardgames, books, miniatures and a computer game.

Publication history
The first published description of Space: 1889 was in the "Feedback" column in the Ares Magazine in 1983, as a proposal for a board wargame.

GDW initially published the game in 1989, cancelling it a year later in 1990, as a commercial failure. Along with the RPG, a Space: 1889 computer game was produced in 1990 by Paragon. On the closures of GDW in 1995, the rights returned to Chadwick, with Heliograph, Inc. acquiring a reprint licence in 2000 and 2001.

In 2010, the Pinnacle Entertainment Group published a Savage Worlds edition of the game called Space 1889: Red Sands.

In February 2013  Chronicle City announced that they were working with the German publisher Uhrwerk Verlag/Clockwork Publishing on a new English edition of Space: 1889, which is based on the German edition from 2011 which uses the Ubiquity ruleset. In December 2014 Uhrwerk Verlag cut their ties with Chronicle City and continued the translation of the new English edition on their own. The PDF of the English Ubiquity core rulebook was released in October 2014, the print edition in November 2015.

In September 2019 and following the announcement of bankruptcy by Clockwork Publishing earlier that year, Ulisses North America announced they had acquired the rights to Space: 1889. Under license in December 2023, Strange Owl Games successfully crowdfunded Space: 1889 After, set ten years after 1899, and with two different sets of rules: Dungeons & Dragons 5th edition, and a new system called Empyrean.

Setting
The game presented an alternate history in which certain discredited Victorian scientific theories were instead found to be true and have led to the existence of new technologies. In the setting, Thomas Edison invented an "ether propeller" which could propel ships through the "luminiferous aether" (the universal medium that permeates space, based on a now outdated scientific theory), and traveled to Mars in 1870 accompanied by Scottish soldier of fortune Jack Armstrong, where they discovered that the planet was inhabited. By the time of the game's setting in 1889, the great powers have used Edison's invention to extend their colonies and interests to the inner planets of the Solar System. Venus and Mars have been colonized by the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Russia. Belgium has only colonized Mars and Italy has only colonized Venus whilst Japan and the United States maintain economic and scientific enclaves on Mars. There are no colonies or bases on the Moon. Only the United Kingdom maintains a (scientific) base on Mercury.

The inner planets reflect an evolutionary progression, the planets nearest to the Sun being younger than those farther out. All planets have Extraterrestrial life, and most bear native sentient species. Mercury is primeval and tide locked, and possesses apparently only rudimentary lifeforms. Venus is a vast swamp world dominated by hulking reptiles and lizard men. The Moon is an airless dead world, but with mysteries hidden deep beneath the surface. Mars is an ancient desert planet in decline, divided into warring decadent city-states clinging to a failing system of canals. Vulcan (named historically more correct Phaeton in Uhrwerk/Clockwork version) has exploded and become the asteroid belt. Due to limitations in technology the outer worlds remain unreachable and unexplored. There are also hints that some worlds may have terrain hidden beneath their surface.

One of the treasures that spurred the Europeans to Mars was "liftwood": a rare cultivated plant with anti-gravity properties that allowed for the construction of giant floating ships. While the Earthers used Martian sky galleons at first, they later constructed their own armored, steam powered flyers.

Since wireless was not invented yet in 1889, communication between Earth and Mars is handled by orbital heliograph stations. The game contains much more detail on the flora, fauna, and species of the planets. The majority of the published material is centered on Mars.

The Space: 1889 edition by Uhrwerk Verlag/Clockwork Publishing partially modified the alternate history of Earth, at Frank Chadwick request. In this time line the revolutionary Paris Comune was successful to establish itself as the form of government in France. Also, and more controversial, the American Civil War ended with the victory of the Confederate States due to the death of Abraham Lincoln from Typhus in the spring of 1862. As other minor changes, Maximilian I of Mexico is still Emperor in 1889, while Siam is an emerging regional power under the government of Rama V.

The Space: 1889 After iteration takes place ten years after the original 1889 setting, where war and disaster has separated the worlds for a time.

Publications

GDW (1989-1990)
Space: 1889 by Frank Chadwick (1989). The core rulebook, hardback, 216 pages.
 Space: 1889 Referee's Screen by Julia Martin (1989).
Tales From The Ether by Frank Chadwick, Marc Miller, Loren Wiseman, Ryan and Smith (1989), 64 pages. Five adventures.
More Tales from the Ether by Brown, Smith, Ryan, and Blaine Pardoe, edited by Loren Wiseman (1989), 64 pages. Four Martian adventures.
Beastmen of Mars by Lester Smith (1989), 64 pages. An adventure set on Mars.
Canal Priests of Mars by Marcus Rowland, 1990, 64 pages. Adventure.
Steppelords of Mars by John A. Theisen (1989), 64 pages. Campaign setting on the steppes of Mars.
Caravans of Mars by Ed Andrews (1989), 64 pages. A caravan adventure set on Mars.
Cloud Captains of Mars by Frank Chadwick (1989), 64 pages. Supplement on the aerial cloud ship captains and sky pirates.
Conklin's Atlas of the Worlds and Handy Manual of Useful Information by Frank Chadwick (1989), 80 pages. The basic reference for Space: 1889, mapping Earth, Mars, Venus, Mercury, Luna, and Atlantis. Includes history and transport maps.
Soldier's Companion by Frank Chadwick (1989), 196 pages. Miniatures rules for land and sky combat, with army lists.
 Ironclads and Ether Flyers by Frank Chadwick, boardgame. Rules for surface naval combat, including detailed information about Earth's navies and flyers. The rules are a simplification of Sky Galleons of Mars
 Sky Galleons of Mars, boardgame. Boxed game of aerial combat on Mars. It included large scale maps, ship miniatures, and rules.
 Cloudships & Gunboats, Sky Galleons of Mars expansion. Role playing game supplement with mini-scale deckplans, cardstock miniatures, rules, and ship diagrams.
 Temple of the Beastmen, boardgame. Boxed modular board game that never plays the same way twice.

 GDW's house magazine (Challenge) also contained material for the game.

3W (1990)
The Liftwood Conspiracy by Gary E. Smith, published under license by 3W (1989), 64 pages. Adventure on Mars.

Heliograph (1999-2002)
 Heliograph's magazine Transactions of the Royal Martian Geographical Society (fan material mostly originally published in the early 1990s) containing additional game material.
 The Complete Canal Priests of Mars by Marcus Rowland. The GDW edition cut about a third of the author's manuscript. The Complete Canal Priests of Mars restored all of the original text and had new illustrations throughout.
 Heliograph reprinted the rules portions of Sky Galleons of Mars and Cloudships & Gunboats, but did not reprint the boxed games themselves.

Pinnacle Entertainment Group (2010)
Space 1889: Red Sands A Savage Worlds Plot Point Campaign published by Pinnacle Entertainment Group as a full-color hardback. The campaign "pits a desperate band of heroes against the Inner Circle of the Brotherhood of Luxor. The Brotherhood, led by the mysterious Kronos, King of the Titans, plots to bring about the end of all worlds." The campaign was released on November, 2010, with a Gen Con debut in August.

Uhrwerk Verlag/Clockwork Publishing (2012-2018)
Space: 1889 published first in German by Uhrwerk Verlag (Clockwork Publishing) in July 2012 as 264 pages full-color hardback, based on the Ubiquity rules. The sourcebooks of Venus and Mercury were published in 2015, Mars in 2016, and Luna in 2017. An English translation, by Uhrwerk Verlag and Chronicle City (later only Uhrwerk Verlag under Clockwork Publishing) was funded on Kickstarter in late 2013, met with continued delays but was finally completed. The English edition was released in 2014 (PDF) and 2015 (print).
Marvels of Mars, focussed on martian fauna and flora as well as on martian technology and artifacts is also available since 2016.Venus Sourcebook is available since August 2017 (both as PDF and print).
Mercury Sourcebook was released in May 2017 (PDF) and May 2018 (print).
Mars Sourcebook, devoted to Mars history, geography, politics including colonial powers, and mysteries is available since November 2018 after a successful Kickstarter campaign. It includes most of the Information presented in Marvels of Mars and has harmonized most of the supplemental Information regarding Mars published by GDW and Heliograph.
The City at the Center of the Earth, The Ether Calculator, On the Trails of Gods, London Bridge has Fallen Down, Thunders of Venus, The Fate of Angahiaa, Nocturne in the City of Lights, The Strange Land and Murder on the Ether Express, are all adventures available as PDF and print published by Clockwork Publishing for both Ubiquity and Savage Worlds rules.
Phaetons Vermächtnis, Kolonie im Nebel, Unter Hochdruck, Der marsianische Patient are all expansions and adventures by Uhrwerk-Verlag currently available only in German, as well as the sourcebooks Paris 1889 - Im Angesicht der Welten and the above named Luna. Das Erbe der Kanalwächter is a translation into German and the Ubiquity rules of the Canals Priests of Mars adventure. Äther, Dampf und Stahlgiganten contains adventures printed in GDW's Magazine Challenge, adapted to Ubiquity rules, while Planet der Legenden includes adventures from both Challenge Magazine, Tales from the Ether and More Tales from the Ether, also adapted to Ubiquity rules.

Strange Owl Games (2023- )

 Space 1889: After, both 5e and Empyrean editions are expected to be released by mid-2023

Miniatures
GDW released a range of 25mm miniatures sculpted by Bob Murch of RAFM.  These sets were collectively called Adversaries, and included Soldiers of the Queen (a "company" of 20 British infantry), Legions of Mars (a warband of 20 Martians), Kraag Warriors (20 High Martians, 10 each flying and walking), and Victorian Adventurers (10 diverse personalities, as seen in Temple of the Beastmen).
In 2002, RAFM released Martian colonial infantry, cavalry & artillery crew, as well as new gashants (a Martian cavalry mount), Hill Martians and Canal Martians.

Highlander studios produced a line of 15mm miniatures.

Computer game

A computer game adaptation of the same name was also released in 1990.  It was developed by licensee Paragon, who produced four computer games for GDW.

Audio dramas
Between 2005 and 2006, Noise Monster Productions produced audio adventures under license from Chadwick. The first three released stories are commonly referred to as The Mars Trilogy, and the fourth release The Lunar Inheritance is a stand-alone tale. Each was released on a single CD with a full-cast and running time of approximately 70 minutes.

The Audio dramas released have been:

Red Devils by Jonathan Clements
The Steppes of Thoth by James Swallow
The Siege of Alclyon by Marc Platt
The Lunar Inheritance by Andy Frankham-Allen & Richard Dinnick

eBooks
In 2011, Untreed Reads Publishing launched a series of Space: 1889 eBooks. Called "Space: 1889 & Beyond", they were edited by Andy Frankham-Allen. The first series was based loosely, on the Tales from the Ether supplement, introducing the characters, setting, aether, planets, and politics. The first series ran until February 2012. The second series of six books began in August 2012, for the first time advancing the setting beyond the year 1889, and pushing the narrative forward to previously unexplored areas of the property. The opening book of series two, Conspiracy of Silence, was the first time any Space: 1889 product has been set entirely on Earth (featuring characters from Frank Chadwick's forthcoming prequel novel The Forever Engine), with the series two finale, Horizons of Deceit Book I, being the second - serving as the opposite bookend of the season following the political manoeuvring seen in the previous novel. A third series of novels launched in July 2014, a further set of six books featuring authors who have all previously written for the series. Only the first two books in the series were published, and Untreed Reads is no longer publishing the series.

Series one (April to December 1889)
Journey to the Heart of Luna by Andy Frankham-Allen
Vandals on Venus by K.G. McAbee
The Ghosts of Mercury by Mark Michalowski
Abattoir in the Aether by L. Joseph Shosty
A Prince of Mars by Frank Chadwick
Dark Side of Luna by J.T. Wilson & Frank Chadwick

Series two December (1889 to October 1890)
Conspiracy of Silence by Andy Frankham-Allen & Frank Chadwick
Mundus Cerialis by Andy Frankham-Allen & Sharon Bidwell (based on an idea by Paul Ebbs)
Leviathans of the Clouds by Steven Savile & David Parish-Whittaker
A Fistful of Dust by Sharon Bidwell
The Forever Journey by Paul F Gwyn (based on an idea by Mark Michalowski)
Horizons of Deceit Book I by Jonathan Cooper

Series three October (1890 to late 1891)
Horizons of Deceit Book II by Andy Frankham-Allen & Jonathan Cooper
The Draco Eye by Sharon Bidwell

Reception
G. E. Smith reviewed Space: 1889 in Space Gamer/Fantasy Gamer No. 85. Smith commented that "the Space: 1889 system encompasses a serious game, produced by serious game designers who have their tongues lovingly but firmly in their cheeks, at least in the technology areas. But it all seems to work wonderfully well and is a delight to read and work with, as well as play."

Paul Mason reviewed Space: 1889 for Games International magazine, and gave it 3 stars out of 5, and stated that "All in all, a good game. Not a great game, but certainly worth a try if you like the idea of the background."

The Games Machine reviewed Space: 1889 and stated that "this is one very entertaining package and after a play you'll soon be wanting to return to the Crown Colony of Sytis on Mars!"

Space 1889 was ranked 20th in the 1996 reader poll of Arcane magazine to determine the 50 most popular roleplaying games of all time.  The UK magazine's editor Paul Pettengale commented: "Although the character generation is a delight - the stats include Social Standing - the system itself combines simplicity with incomprehensibility. You have to be prepared for lots of house rulings and on-the-spot improvising, or take an easier route and convert to another system. Comparisons with the later Falkenstein are inevitable and not necessarily to Falkenstein'''s credit. Space 1889 avoids fantasy hangovers, or the pretence that the setting is a utopia. Imperialism exists, and its complexities and gradiations are not glossed over. The game leaves it up to the players (and ref) to decide wehether they become bold imperialists or bold freedom fighters for the Martians. You bring your own biases to Space 1889'', rather than being forced to accept the predigested ideas of its authors."

See also
Mars in fiction
Venus in fiction
Mercury in fiction
Alternative history

References

External links
 Heliograph's Space: 1889 homepage

Campaign settings
Frank Chadwick games
Game Designers' Workshop games
Fiction set on Mars
Fiction set on Venus
Role-playing games introduced in 1988
Steampunk role-playing games
Planetary romances

Space: 1889


Dracula 3000 (stylized as DRACULA.3000, and also known as Dracula 3000: Infinite Darkness) is a 2004 made-for-television science fiction horror film directed by Darrell Roodt. An international co-production of the United States and South Africa, the film's plot follows the vampire Count Dracula, in the futuristic setting of outer space in the 30th century. Despite its title, the film is not a sequel to Dracula 2000.

Plot
In the year 3000, the salvage spaceship Mother III happens upon the derelict transport Demeter. Captain Van Helsing and his crew board the abandoned ship.

They explore the bridge and find the corpse of the Demeter's Captain tied to a chair and clutching a crucifix. Despite the misgivings of the crew, particularly intern Mina Murry and vice-captain Aurora, the Captain claims salvage rights and decides to tow the ship back to Earth. As the crew prepares to return, Mother III suddenly uncouples from the Demeter, leaving them stranded with no means of communication.

Later, cargo specialist "187" and deckhand "Humvee" discover a cargo bay full of coffins. 187 speculates that the coffins could contain smuggled goods and opens one, only to find sand. Humvee heads back to the bridge while 187 stays to open the other coffins; he's soon mysteriously attacked. The crew rushes to 187's aid, only to find that he's now a vampire. Under orders from his "master", 187 vows to kill the entire crew.

Aurora, fleeing 187, runs into the "master", a vampire named Count Orlock. Aurora makes her way to a recreation room, where she reports her encounter with Orlock and reveals his intentions to return to Earth. Upon questioning, she's unable to explain how she escaped Orlock unharmed. Thinking that Aurora could be lying, the Captain ties her up, and Humvee guards her. Soon, 187 gains entrance and attacks Humvee, who manages to stake him in the heart with a pool cue. Aurora, still tied up, confesses that she's an undercover android cop investigating salvage activities. This is why Orlock didn't bite her, as he sensed that she had no actual blood flow. The Captain and Humvee feel betrayed but untie her, thinking that they can use her as a weapon against Orlock, due to her immunity against vampirism. Searching the ship's database, the Captain and the Professor, who uses a wheelchair, discover that the legendary vampire hunter Abraham Van Helsing was one of the Captain's ancestors. The Professor believes that Orlock will seek revenge against the Captain. The Captain learns how vampires can be stopped and decides to steer the Demeter on a course towards a binary star system.

Orlock soon confronts the Captain and Aurora. Aurora leaves to rally reinforcements, leaving the Captain to fight Orlock alone. Orlock eventually gains the upper hand and turns the Captain into a vampire. Aurora and Humvee return, only to be attacked by the Captain. Aurora stakes him with another cue stick, but Mina (now a vampire herself) attacks, allowing Orlock to escape. Humvee dispatches Mina. The Professor, despairing of his chances of survival, finds Orlock, who promises to free him from his disability in return for aiding Orlock's return to Earth. When Aurora and Humvee return to the bridge, they find the Professor passed out. Aurora stabs him with a cross, revealing that he was a vampire. A furious Orlock tries to enter the bridge, but Humvee and Aurora close the door on him, cutting off his arm in the process.

As the Demeter draws closer towards one of the binary stars, Humvee and Aurora confess to each other that neither knows how to pilot the ship. Knowing they are about to die, they take comfort in the fact that Orlock's plan to return to Earth has been foiled. Aurora reveals that she was originally programmed for sexual pleasure before her days as a robotic cop, and it's implied that the two spend their final moments having sex.

The movie ends with a video segment from the Demeter's Captain Varna, who announces his intention to sacrifice himself and his ship. The Demeter explodes in space, killing Humvee and Aurora and destroying Orlock.

Cast

 Casper Van Dien as Captain Abraham Van Helsing
 Erika Eleniak as Aurora Ash
 Tommy "Tiny" Lister as "Humvee"
 Coolio as "187"
 Alexandra Kamp as Mina Murry
Grant Swanby as Arthur "The Professor" Holmwood
 Langley Kirkwood as Count Orlock
 Udo Kier as Captain Varna

Reception
Critical reaction to Dracula 3000 has been negative. Andrew Stine of Something Awful said, "Whether it's out of some facsimile of genuine interest (rare) or because I just want to see how completely stupid things can possibly get within ninety minutes, I have so far been able to keep myself from lapsing into a waking coma by latching upon some facet of the movie which is not utterly, interminably boring. That is, until Dracula 3000." Mitchell Hattaway of DVD Verdict said, "Dracula 3000 is a shining example of complete filmmaking ineptitude. You can look all you want and you won't find even the slightest hint of intelligence on any level. ... It sucks. Dracula 3000 makes Leprechaun 4: In Space look like Alien."

David Oliver of CHUD.com said, "This is the worst movie I've ever reviewed so far for CHUD. How is it bad? Every particular way you can think of: the acting, the writing, directing... I can go on for paragraphs. ... To call this film shit is an insult to fragrant brown logs everywhere."

See also
 Vampire film

References

External links

Dracula films
2000s science fiction horror films
2004 horror films
2004 television films
American vampire films
Films directed by Darrell Roodt
Films scored by Michael Hoenig
Films set in the 30th century
Films set on spacecraft
American space adventure films
South African science fiction horror films
English-language South African films
Films set in the future
2004 films
American horror television films
American science fiction horror films
2000s American films

Dracula 3000


Florian Tschögl was one of the Righteous among the Nations, awarded from Yad Vashem. In 1943, while serving in the Wehrmacht, Tschögl was ordered to guard captured Soviet soldiers in a prison camp in Moledeczno, Belarus. There he met the Jewish Arzichowski family, which had been denounced by Polish antisemites as plotting against German soldiers.

Tschögl resolved to save the family from deportation and death and denied the claims against them.  From 1943 to 1944 he provided the family with food and supplies. When other soldiers tried to imprison one of the family's daughters, Sarah, Tschögl sheltered her in his house. The Arzichowskis survived the war.

References

Austrian Righteous Among the Nations
Austrian soldiers
Year of birth missing
Possibly living people

Florian Tschögl