La Canela, the Valley of Cinnamon, is a legendary location in South America. As with El Dorado, its legend grew out of expectations aroused by the voyage of Christopher Columbus. He had demonstrated to the satisfaction of his backers that gold and spices would be found as a result of his Atlantic crossing; since he himself found little of these commodities, the search on the American mainland continued.

In 1541, Gonzalo Pizarro led an expedition east of Quito with Francisco de Orellana in search of The country of cinnamon ("País de la Canela"). The reason why they took this route was not explained in early narratives (at that time the existence of La Canela was still taken as fact, so no explanation seemed necessary). The reason became clear only on the publication of Pedro Cieza de León's history, which remained in manuscript form until 1871. According to Cieza de León,  had recently returned from an exploration of the high Andes. He had found some trees with an aroma of cinnamon, and had understood his informants to say that there were more and better such trees under cultivation not far off to the east. It was these "cinnamon plantations" that Gonzalo hoped to find.

In Quito, Gonzalo was able to recruit 220 Spaniards and 4,000 Native Americans. The second-in-command, Orellana, was sent to Guayaquil to recruit more troops and horses. Gonzalo Pizarro and his followers left Quito on February 1541, a month before Orellana, who was able to bring 23 men and several horses. In March, both met in the valley of Zumaco and started their march towards the crossing of the Andes. After following the courses of the Coca and Napo rivers, the expedition began to run out of provisions. By this time about 140 of the 220 Spaniards and 3,000 out of 4,000 natives had died. They built a boat, and in February 1542 decided that Orellana, along with 50 men, should continue sailing down the Napo in search of food for the whole party.

After vainly awaiting their return Gonzalo eventually admitted that the expedition was a failure. He decided to find a more northerly route back to Quito. He arrived there, two years after his departure, with only 80 surviving companions. Orellana, who never found any large supplies of food and had been unable to return upstream to rejoin the main party, continued down the Napo River to the Amazon River and became the first European to follow the great river all the way to its delta.

The best sources for the expedition are the history of Garcilaso de la Vega, el Inca (Garcilaso grew up in the household of Gonzalo Pizarro and therefore heard his story firsthand) and the narrative of Orellana's chaplain, Gaspar de Carvajal, who took part in the navigation of the Amazon. The narrative in William H. Prescott's History of the Conquest of Peru is elaborated on the basis of Garcilaso.

References

Notes

Sources
Dalby, Andrew, "Christopher Columbus, Gonzalo Pizarro, and the search for cinnamon" in Gastronomica vol. 1 no. 2 (2001) pp. 40–49.
Garcilaso de la Vega, el Inca, Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru (tr. Harold V. Livermore) part 2 book 3 chapter 2.
Gaspar de Carvajal, Relación del nuevo descubrimiento del famoso Río Grande que descubrió por muy gran ventura el capitán Francisco de Orellana.
Agustin de Zárate, Historia de descubrimiento y conquista del Peru book 4 chapter 1.
Pedro Cieza de León, Guerra de Chupas, chapter 18.
Toribio de Ortiguera, Jornada del río Marañon chapter 14.

Fictional regions
Spanish colonization of the Americas
Exploration of South America
Upper Amazon

La Canela


Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany (c. 1340 – 3 September 1420) was a member of the Scottish royal family who served as regent (at least partially) to three Scottish monarchs (Robert II, Robert III, and James I). A ruthless politician, Albany was widely regarded as having murdered his nephew, the Duke of Rothesay, and brother to the future King James I of Scotland. James was held in captivity in England for eighteen years, during which time Albany served as regent in Scotland, king in all but name. He died in 1420 and was succeeded by his son, Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany, who was executed for treason when James returned to Scotland in 1425, almost causing the complete ruin of the Albany Stewarts.

Early life and ancestry
Robert Stewart was the third son of the future King Robert II of Scotland (1316–1390) and of Elizabeth Mure of Rowallan. His parents' marriage was deemed uncanonical at first, which, in some circles, gave their children and descendants the label of illegitimacy, but the granting of a papal dispensation in 1349 saw their remarriage and their children's legitimisation. Robert's grandfather was Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland (1293–1326) and his father was the first monarch of the House of Stewart. His maternal great-grandfather was Robert the Bruce (1274–1329), legendary victor of the Battle of Bannockburn.

Robert Stewart was raised in a large family with many siblings. His older brother John Stewart (1337–1406) became Earl of Carrick in 1368 and would later be crowned King of Scotland under the name Robert III.

In 1361 Stewart married Margaret Graham, Countess of Menteith (1334–1380), a wealthy divorcee who took Robert as her fourth husband. His sister-in-law's claim to the Earldoms of Menteith and Fife allowed him to assume those titles, becoming Earl of Menteith and Earl of Fife. In 1362 the couple had a son and heir, Murdoch Stewart (1362–1425), who would in time inherit his father's titles and estates.

Stewart was responsible for the construction of Doune Castle, which remains largely intact today. When Stewart became Earl of Menteith, he was granted the lands on which Doune Castle now stands. Building may have started any time after this, and the castle was at least partially complete in 1381, when a charter was sealed here.

Politics and war

Scottish politics in the late fourteenth century was unstable and bloody, and much of Albany's career was spent acquiring territory, land and titles, often by violent means.

During the reign of their infirm father as King Robert II (1371–1390), Robert Stewart and his older brother Lord Carrick functioned as regents of Scotland, kings in all but name, with Albany serving as High Chamberlain of Scotland. He also led several military expeditions and raids into the Kingdom of England. Fife ensured at the December 1388 council meeting that the guardianship of Scotland would pass from Carrick (who had recently been badly injured from a horse-kick) to Fife. There was general approval of Fife's intention to properly resolve the situation of lawlessness in the north and in particular the activities of Alexander, Earl of Buchan, Lord of Badenoch and Ross, his younger brother. Buchan was stripped of his position of Justiciar North of the Forth, which would soon be given to Fife's son, Murdoch Stewart. Father and son would now work together to expand their family interest, bringing them into violent confrontation with other members of the nobility such as Donald McDonald, Lord of the Isles.

The Earl of Carrick acceded to the throne as King Robert III in 1390. His "sickness of the body" caused control of the kingdom to eventually devolve in 1399 to his son and heir apparent, David. In 1398 David had been created Duke of Rothesay and Robert had been created Duke of Albany, the first two dukedoms created in the Scottish Peerage. Power had begun to shift away from Albany and towards his nephew.

Murder of the Duke of Rothesay
However, the English soon invaded Scotland, and serious differences emerged between Albany and Rothesay. In 1401, Rothesay was accused of unjustifiably appropriating sums from the customs of the burghs on the east coast and confiscating the revenues of the temporalities of the vacant bishopric of St Andrews.  Rothesay had also in conjunction with his uncle, Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, confronted Albany's influence in central Scotland—as soon his lieutenancy expired in 1402 Albany acted swiftly and ruthlessly. Rothesay was arrested and imprisoned in Albany's Falkland Castle where he died in March 1402.  Rothesay's death probably lay with Albany and Douglas who would have looked upon the possibility of the young prince acceding to the throne with great apprehension. Albany certainly fell under suspicion but he was cleared of all blame by a general council, which found that 'by divine providence and not otherwise, it is discerned that he [Duke Rothesay] departed from this life.'

However, even though Albany was exonerated from blame, suspicions of foul play persisted, suspicions which never left Rothesay's younger brother the future James I of Scotland, and which would eventually lead to the downfall of the Albany Stewarts. John Debrett, writing in 1805, was in no doubt of Duke Robert's motives and guilt:
"This Robert, Duke of Albany, having obtained the entire government from his brother, King Robert, he caused the Duke of Rothesay to be murdered, thinking to bring the Crown into his own family".

After Rothesay's death, the King began to fear for his second son, James, who fled Scotland for his own safety. Debrett continues:
"to avoid the like fate, King Robert resolved to send his younger son James, to France, then about nine years old, who being sea-sick, and forced to land on the English coast...was detained a captive in England eighteen years. At these misfortunes King Robert died of grief in 1406."

Regent of Scotland

After the death of his brother, King Robert III, Albany ruled Scotland as regent. His young nephew, the future James I of Scotland, remained in exile and imprisonment in England for 18 years.  Albany made little effort to secure the young Prince's ransom and return to Scotland, focusing his energies instead on securing his own power and interest.

Albany's political triumph did not settle his differences with the other members of the nobility, in particular Donald Macdonald, Lord of the Isles, who in 1411 led an army of clansmen from the Isles and Northwest Highlands into open battle with the Stewarts. This conflict began when Albany had attempted to secure the Earldom of Ross for his second son, John, despite Macdonald's superior claim.  At the  Battle of Harlaw (known as "Red Harlaw" on account of its savagery) on 24 July 1411, losses were heavy on both sides, though Macdonald left with 9,000 men and the Earl of Mar and his lesser forces lay bleeding on the battlefield. The Lord of the Isles eventually prevailed in his claim to the Earldom of Ross.

The Stewart army was led by Albany's nephew, Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar, who later sat on the jury of knights and peers which convicted Albany's son Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany and two of his sons of treason, virtually annihilating the Albany Stewarts.

Marriage and family

Albany married twice. Firstly, in 1361, he married Margaret Graham, Countess of Menteith (1334–1380), a wealthy divorcee who took him as her fourth husband. His sister-in-law's claim to the Earldoms of Menteith and Fife allowed him to assume those titles after marriage. The couple had eight children, seven daughters and a son:
Lady Janet Stewart (married Sir David de Moubray)
Lady Mary Stewart (married Sir William Abernathy, 6th of Saltoun)
 Lady Margaret Stewart (married to Sir John Swinton, 14th of that Ilk and had descendants)
Lady Joan Stewart (married Sir Robert Stewart, 1st Lord of Lorne and had descendants)
 Lady Beatrice Stewart (married Sir James Douglas of Balveny)
 Lady Isobel Stewart (married to Alexander Leslie, 7th Earl of Ross and later to Sir Walter de Haliburton, 1st Lord Haliburton of Dirleton and had descendants)
 Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany (1362–1425) (Married Joan Douglas and later to Isabel, Countess of Lennox).
 Lady Margery (married Sir Duncan Campbell, 1st Lord Campbell and had descendants)

Margaret died in 1380 and Albany subsequently married Muriella Keith, with whom he had three children:
John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Buchan (1381–1424); he fought in France against the English during the Hundred Years War, serving with distinction, but was killed at the Battle of Verneuil on 17 August 1424.
 Robert Stewart, died without issue. (When his brother, John, Earl of Buchan, died in France in 1424, King James prevented Robert from inheriting Buchan's lands, including Ross. Because he accepted his fate, he was one of the few Albany Stewarts to survive the fall of his kinsmen under James I.)
 Lady Elizabeth Stewart (married to Malcolm Fleming, ancestor of Malcolm Fleming, 3rd Lord Fleming)

Death and legacy

The Duke of Albany died in 1420 in Stirling Castle and lies buried in Dunfermline Abbey in Fife. He was succeeded as Duke of Albany and Regent of Scotland by his son, Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany. But Murdoch would not enjoy his power for long. In 1425, the exiled King James, captive in England for 18 years, finally returned to Scotland and executed Murdoch and most of his family for treason, causing the almost complete ruin of the Albany Stewarts.

Murdoch Stewart's sole surviving male heir was his youngest son, James the Fat, who fled to Ireland after a brief rebellion against the King over the arrest of his father and brothers. James remained in Ireland, unable to return, and died there in 1429. He was never able to inherit his father's titles, since they had been declared forfeit.

Albany's great-grandson, James "Beag" Stewart (c. 1410–1470), would eventually secure a pardon from the King and return to Scotland, though the family would never recover their lost estates. James "Beag" Stewart is the ancestor of the Stewarts of Ardvorlich on Lochearnside, whose family history is recounted by Sir Walter Scott in A Legend of Montrose.

Albany in fiction
Nigel Tranter's Stewart Trilogy covers the period when Albany was an important figure in Scotland.

The Strongest Heart by Regan Walker, set between 1386 and 1412, covers the period when Donald of Islay, Lord of the Isles, fought Albany for the earldom of Ross.

See also
 Scottish monarchs family tree

References
 Debrett, John, p.233, The peerage of England, Scotland, and Ireland, London (1805) Retrieved November 2010

 * Mackie, J. D., A History of Scotland, Penguin Books, London (1964).
 McAndrew, Bruce A., Scotland's Historic Heraldry Retrieved November 2010
 Roberts, John L., p.16, Feuds, Forays and Febellions: History of the Highland Clans 1475-1625 Retrieved November 2010

Notes

References

External links

 Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany

1340s births
1420 deaths
14th-century Scottish earls
15th-century Scottish peers
14th-century regents
15th-century regents
Burials at Dunfermline Abbey
101
Earls of Atholl
2nd Earl of Buchan
Earls or mormaers of Fife
Heirs to the Scottish throne
House of Stuart
Lord High Chamberlains of Scotland
Regents of Scotland
Scottish princes
Sons of kings

Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany


The Ohio Valley Redcoats were a Minor League Baseball team in the independent Frontier League.

Team history

Originally located in Parkersburg, West Virginia, the Ohio Valley Redcoats franchise was an original member of the Frontier League. The team played its first six seasons in Parkersburg (1993–1998), making the league playoffs in its first two seasons. After finishing last in three consecutive seasons (1996–1998), the team moved to Dubois County, Indiana.

From 1999-2002, the team was known as the Dubois County Dragons, playing in Huntingburg, Indiana. They made the playoffs in 2001 and 2002, winning their division both seasons.

In 2003, the team moved to Kenosha, Wisconsin as the Kenosha Mammoths. Their one season in Kenosha was a moderate success, seeing the team finish third in their division. However, sub-par attendance forced the team to move again prior to the 2004 season.

2004 saw the team move to Ozark, Missouri and become the Springfield-Ozark Ducks. Their lone season in Price Cutter Park proved to be a success on the field as they finished with a winning record, albeit fourth in their division. However, success didn't translate off the field as minimal attendance forced the franchise to move yet again.

2005 brought the team back to its roots as they were renamed the Ohio Valley Redcoats. Low in funding and without a home ballpark, the Redcoats were forced to play the majority of their schedule on the road. The few home games they did have were split between Lorain, Ohio, Marietta, Ohio, and Lafayette, Indiana. The team played respectably on the field however, finishing only three games under .500, fifth in their division.

Because they had no city or ballpark to play in, the Redcoats were forced to suspend operations before the start of the 2006 season.

Seasons

As Ohio Valley

1993: 29-32 1st Place Eastern Division:

Lost Frontier League Championship 2-0 to Zanesville

1994: 50-17 1st Place Northern Division:

Lost Northern Division Playoff 2-0 to Erie

1995: 36-34 5th Place (No Divisions in 1995)

1996: 31-43 4th Place Eastern Division

1997: 21-59 4th Place Eastern Division

1998: 26-52 4th Place Eastern Division

As Dubois County

1999: 42-42 2nd Place Western Division

2000: 35-47 5th Place Western Division

2001: 48-36 1st Place Western Division:

Lost 1st Round Playoff 2-1 to Richmond

2002: 52-32 1st Place Western Division:

Lost 1st Round Playoff 2-1 to Richmond

As Kenosha

2003: 47-42 3rd Place Western Division

As Springfield-Ozark

2004: 52-44 3rd Place Western Division

As Ohio Valley (2)

2005: 46-49 5th Place Eastern Division

External links
Baseball reference

Frontier League teams
Southwestern Indiana
Dubois County, Indiana
Huntingburg, Indiana
Baseball teams established in 1993
Baseball teams disestablished in 2005
Defunct independent baseball league teams
1993 establishments in West Virginia
2005 disestablishments in Ohio
Professional baseball teams in West Virginia
Defunct Frontier League teams
Lorain, Ohio
Marietta, Ohio
Lafayette, Indiana

Ohio Valley Redcoats


Joseph Francis Fortunato (March 28, 1930 – November 6, 2017) was an American professional football player who spent his entire 12-year National Football League (NFL) career playing linebacker for the Chicago Bears. A five-time Pro Bowl selection, he was the captain and signal-caller for the Bears defense, leading to an NFL Championship in 1963. Fortunato is one of only four players, and the only defensive player named to the National Football League 1950s All-Decade Team who has not yet been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

Prior to the NFL, Fortunato played fullback and linebacker for Mississippi State University, and made All-American in 1951.

Early life
Fortunato was born on March 28, 1930, in Mingo Junction, Ohio. He worked in his grandparents' grocery store as a child and in the steel mill as a teen.

College career

VMI
Fortunato initially attended Virginia Military Institute (VMI) where he was a member of the VMI Keydets football team in 1949.

Mississippi State University
In 1950, he transferred to Mississippi State College—now known as Mississippi State University, reuniting him with head coach Slick Morton who was previously the head coach at VMI. He played both fullback and linebacker since college football had reverted to primarily single-platoon football, meaning those players that were on offense had to switch to defense, and vice versa, when ball possession changed.

As a junior in 1951, Fortunato was tabbed first-team All-American and first-team All-SEC.

In his senior season, he was selected honorable mention All-American and All-SEC after leading the Bulldogs with 779 rushing yards and five touchdowns. He became one of the first Bulldogs to rush for over 1,000 yards in a career, scoring six total touchdowns and registering four interceptions.

Professional career
Fortunato was selected in the seventh round of the 1952 NFL Draft by the Chicago Bears, 80th overall. He did not join the Bears until the 1955 season due to a military commitment. He became a full-time starter during his rookie season under Hall of Fame coach and team owner George Halas.

Together with fellow linebackers Bill George and Larry Morris, Fortunato formed the Bears' greatest linebacker threesome of all-time. However, after a disappointing season in which the team finished 8-4 and missed the playoffs, Halas decided to step down as head coach.

In February 1956, former Bears quarterback and Hall of Famer, Paddy Driscoll was hired by Halas as his successor as head coach. Driscoll lead the Bears to the NFL Western Division a 9-2-1 record, which was tied for best in the league that year. The Bears lost to the New York Giants in the 1956 NFL Championship game. The 47-7 loss in that game, coupled with a 5-7 season the following year, compelled Halas to reassign Driscoll and return as head coach in February 1958.

Under Halas's leadership, the Bears rebounded by finishing with an 8-4 record in both 1958 and 1959. The Bears continued to win at least eight games in 1960, 1961, and 1962, but missed the playoffs in six consecutive seasons. During the latter stages of the 1962 season, George Allen replaced veteran Clark Shaughnessy as Halas' top defensive assistant, effectively making him the Bears' defensive coordinator.

Allen's presence had a formative effect and in 1963, Fortunato guided the Bears league-leading defense (as captain and signal-caller) in scoring, total, rushing and passing as well as turnovers. After the Bears won the 1963 NFL championship, Fortunato stood on a chair in the locker room and delivered a short speech on Allen's importance to the team and tossed him the game ball.

Fortunato led the Bears in tackles for seven consecutive seasons. In addition to his 16 career interceptions, Fortunato also recovered 22 fumbles, which was an NFL record at the time of his retirement. The record stood until Bears teammate Dick Butkus passed him.

During his career, Fortunato played in 155 of 156 possible games, starting 153. The Bears had eight winning seasons in his 12 years.

Coaching career
A knee injury ended Fortunato's playing career shortly before the 1967 NFL season. He stayed on with the Bears as an assistant coach, leading the linebackers in Halas' final season as head coach. He became defensive coordinator after Jim Dooley was elevated to Bears head coach prior to the 1968 season.

Personal life
He left the Bears after one year as defensive coordinator and made his home in Natchez, Mississippi. He owned and operated Big Joe Oil Company, which explored for and drilled wells. He became known for his charity work in Mingo Junction, where a highway was named after him, and Natchez, where he started the Joe Fortunato Celebrity Golf Classic to raise funds for education in Mississippi.

He was a recreational bluegill fisherman.

Awards and recognition
Fortunato played 12 seasons for the Bears (1955–1966), where he served as team captain. He made the Pro Bowl five times, and was named to the NFL 300 Greatest Players team.

Fortunato was inducted into the Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame in 1978 and the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 1990.

In 2017, he was added to Mississippi State University's Ring of Honor on Davis Wade Stadium, which is the highest recognition for Mississippi State Football. He was the seventh Bulldog selected for that honor, following Johnie Cooks, Jack Cristil, Kent Hull, D.D. Lewis, Shorty McWilliams and Jackie Parker.

Also in 2017, the Professional Football Researchers Association named Fortunato to the PFRA Hall of Very Good Class of 2017

He was a recipient of the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association (SGMA) HEROES award in 2000 for his founding of the Joe Fortunato Celebrity Golf Classic.

Death
Fortunato died on November 6, 2017. Upon his passing, Bears Chairman George McCaskey issued a statement acknowledging that Fortunato "was a key figure in one of the greatest linebacker trios in Bears history alongside Hall of Famers Bill George and Larry Morris."

References

External links

1930 births
2017 deaths
American football linebackers
Chicago Bears coaches
Chicago Bears players
Mississippi State Bulldogs football players
Western Conference Pro Bowl players
People from Mingo Junction, Ohio
Players of American football from Ohio

Joe Fortunato (American football)


In the human brain, the rhomboid fossa is divided into symmetrical halves by a median sulcus which reaches from the upper to the lower angles of the fossa and is deeper below than above. On either side of this sulcus is an elevation, the medial eminence, bounded laterally by a sulcus, the sulcus limitans.

In the superior part of the fossa the medial eminence has a width equal to that of the corresponding half of the fossa, but opposite the superior fovea it forms an elongated swelling, the colliculus facialis, which overlies the nucleus of the abducent nerve, and is, in part at least, produced by the internal genu of the facial nerve.

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20081224022115/http://isc.temple.edu/neuroanatomy/lab/atlas/omlr/

Ventricular system

Medial eminence of floor of fourth ventricle


Velocity is a measure of how fast something moves in a particular direction. To define it needs both magnitude and direction. If an object moves east at 9 metres per second (9 m/s), then its velocity is 9 m/s to the east.

The idea behind this is that speed doesn't tell us in which direction the object moves in a given frame of reference. Speed is one part of velocity, direction is the other part. Depending on the frame of reference, the velocity can be defined with many mathematical concepts required for making the correct analysis.

Velocity in one-dimensional motion

Average velocity
To calculate the average velocity of an object, we divide its displacement (its change of position) by the time it took to change position.

For example, if an object moves 20 meters (m) to the left in 1 seconds (s), its velocity (v) would be equal to:

Instantaneous velocity
Unlike average velocity, the instantaneous velocity tells us how fast something is moving at only one time, because velocity can only change with time.

Velocity in two-dimensional motion
The concept of velocity allows us to consider two different means of calculating the velocity. Two-dimensional motion requires us to use vector notation to define the physical quantities found throughout the kinematics.

Distinction between average velocity and instantaneous velocity regarding two dimensional motion

Average velocity
To calculate the average velocity of an object, we divide its displacement (its change of position) by the time it took to change position.

where: is the total distance traveled in a given time interval . Each of these quantities can be calculated by substracting two different values intertwined within the given quantity, hence give the desired .

Instantaneous velocity
Contrary to average velocity, the instantaneous velocity tells us the rate of change at which a given object is moving along a certain path at a given instance of time, which usually tends to be infinitesimally small.

When , we can see that . Taking that into consideration we can conceptualize this rate of change between displacement vector and interval of time using mathematical analysis (most notably- Calculus)

Relative velocity
Velocity can also be measured by comparing the motion of two objects. This is called relative velocity. The second object is called the reference frame. To find the relative velocity, subtract the velocity of the reference frame from the velocity of the first object. For example, Earth moves at 67,000 miles per hour around the Sun. Usually, we do not care about this motion. So we subtract the vector that represents Earth's motion from the total motion.

References

Physical quantity

Basic physics ideas

Velocity


A Bloody Mary is an Alcoholic drink, which has vodka and tomatoes, and sometimes other things, like: Worcestershire sauce, hot sauce, garlic, herbs, horseradish, celery, olives, salt, black pepper, lemon juice, lime juice and celery salt. Some different versions of the drink like the "Surf 'n' turf" Bloody Mary have shrimps and bacon on it. In the USA, people usually drink Bloody Maries in the morning or noon to stop hangovers.

The Bloody Mary was invented sometime between the 1920s and 1930s. There are many ideas for the origin of the drink and its name. The Bloody Mary also has different versions, like the Red Snapper (Sometimes called the "Bloody Margaret"), the Virgin Mary, the Caesar, and the Michelada.

Cocktails

Bloody Mary (cocktail)


Monique Roosmale Nepveu (born 1940) is a French billionaire and member of the Louis Dreyfus family.

Early life
Born Monique Louis-Dreyfus, she was one of three children born to Jean and Jeanne Madeline (née Depierre) Louis-Dreyfus. Her brother is Robert Louis-Dreyfus and her sister is Marie-Jeanne Meyer. Her father was Jewish and her mother Roman Catholic. She is the great granddaughter of Léopold Louis-Dreyfus, founder of the Louis-Dreyfus Group, which had begun buying and selling wheat in the Alsace region a century earlier, and rapidly diversified into shipping, oil and other commodities. Her grandfather was Louis Louis-Dreyfus who served in the French Parliament during the French Third Republic. After the death of her brother Robert, his widow and second wife Margarita Louis-Dreyfus (born Rita Bogdanova), inherited 60% of the Louis Dreyfus Group (later increased to 65% in 2012). Monique owns 12.5% of the Louis Dreyfus Group making her a billionaire.

Personal life
She was married to Louis Jan "Jack" Roosmale Nepveu (August 8, 1928 – April 9, 2013). Her husband, a Dutch commoner born in Pretoria, South Africa was previously engaged to Princess Marie Louise of Bulgaria but the wedding did not take place. They have two children.

Actress Julia Louis-Dreyfus is her cousin.

References

1940 births
French billionaires
French people of Jewish descent
Louis-Dreyfus family
Living people

Monique Roosmale Nepveu


Lord Robert Seymour (20 January 1748 – 23 November 1831) was a British politician who sat in the Irish House of Commons from 1771 to 1776 and in the British House of Commons from 1771 to 1807. He was known as Hon. Robert Seymour-Conway until 1793, when his father was created a marquess; he then became Lord Robert Seymour-Conway, but dropped the surname of Conway after his father's death in 1794.

Biography

Seymour was the third son of Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford. Educated at Eton, he was commissioned an ensign in the 40th Regiment of Foot in 1766, and became a lieutenant in the 2nd Regiment of Irish Horse the same year. In 1770, he became a captain in the 8th Dragoons.

Seymour-Conway was returned for two Parliamentary seats in 1771: Lisburn, in the Parliament of Ireland, and the family borough of Orford in the British House of Commons. In 1773, he became a major in the 3rd Irish Horse.

By his first marriage, on 15 June 1773 to Anne Delmé, daughter of MP Peter Delmé, Seymour-Conway had five children:
Elizabeth Seymour (1775 – 23 February 1848), married first William Griffith Davies (1762–1814), on 10 December 1805, married second Herbert Evans (d. 1843) on 2 May 1817
Henry Seymour (c.1776 – 13 February 1843), married Hon. Emily Byng (d. 1824), daughter of George Byng, 4th Viscount Torrington, on 1 July 1800
Frances Isabella Seymour (d. 3 June 1838), married George FitzRoy, 2nd Baron Southampton
Anna Maria Seymour (22 September 1781 – ?)
Gertrude Hussey Carpenter Seymour (28 July 1784 – 3 January 1825), married John Hensleigh Allen on 12 November 1812

Seymour-Conway transferred into the 1st Foot Guards as a Captain-Lieutenant on 7 November 1775, and became captain of a company in the regiment on 30 January 1776.

He gave up his seat at Lisburn that year, but continued to sit for Orford. He served as an aide-de-camp to Sir Henry Clinton in America from 1780 to 1781, but resigned his commission in 1782.

In Parliament, Seymour-Conway followed the rest of his family in supporting the North Ministry and the Fox-North Coalition, and opposing the ministry of Shelburne. In 1784, he turned over the Orford seat to his younger brother, George, having purchased a seat at Wootton Bassett from Henry St John, who managed it. In 1787, he bought the estate of Taliaris in Llandeilo, Carmarthenshire, which would become his principal seat. He left his Commons seat in 1790, the year that he and his brother Henry were granted, for life, the sinecures of joint prothonotary, clerk of the crown, filazer, and keeper of the declarations of the King's Bench in Ireland. By 1816, these offices brought an income of more than £10,000 a year.

He returned to Parliament for Orford in 1794, and continued to hold the seat until 1807. He took some interest in agriculture, as in 1796, he invented a new one-horse cart. On 2 December 1803, he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant of the 2nd Battalion, Carmarthenshire Volunteers. He resigned that command on 6 January 1808.

After the death of his wife Anne, Seymour made a second marriage, on 2 May 1806, to Hon. Anderlechtia Clarissa Chetwynd (d. 1855), daughter of William Chetwynd, 4th Viscount Chetwynd, but they had no children.

During the 1807 election, Seymour was returned both for Orford and Carmarthenshire, choosing to sit for the latter, which he represented until 1820.

On 1 July 1807, Seymour, who owned a house in Portland Place, was sworn a Justice of the Peace for Middlesex. He took an active role in civic affairs in London, and was for some time Director of the Poor for his parish of St Marylebone. This included a particular interest in the care and treatment of the insane, culminating in his appointment in 1827 to the commission superintending the building of Hanwell Asylum and as a Metropolitan Commissioner in Lunacy in 1828. However, he was now approaching the end of his life and played little active role as a Lunatic Commissioner.

In 1829, Seymour funded the building of the north transept and a vicarage for Taliaris Chapel.

References

Links
 Extracts from Lord Robert's diary for 1788

1748 births
1831 deaths
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Seymour Conway, Robert
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British MPs 1796–1800
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Robert Seymour
Seymour Conway, Robert
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
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People educated at Eton College
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Lord Robert Seymour


The Scout Association of Saint Kitts and Nevis operates as a branch of the United Kingdom Scout Association, due to Saint Kitts and Nevis' former affiliation to the United Kingdom. The Saint Kitts and Nevis Scout Oath and Law, as well as other Scouting requirements, closely follow that of the United Kingdom.

Scouting was founded on the islands in 1928 by Reverend W.A. Beckett. Although the program activities are taken from the British system, Saint Kitts and Nevis Scouting is geared to the Caribbean way of life. Training for Wood Badge and leader training are conducted with the help of British and nearby Caribbean Scout associations. Saint Kitts and Nevis Scouts participate in numerous Caribbean camps and events. Presently, five Scout groups are in operation on Saint Kitts-the Saint Georges Scout Group, Sandy Point Scout Group, Newton Ground Scout Group, Verchild's Scout Group and the newest Irishtown Primary School Scout Group.

Bernadette Dolphin was key for the development of the Scout movement on Saint Kitts. She became the first female Chief Scout Commissioner in Latin America and the Caribbean Region in the late 1990s, and still holds the office to date.

Traditionally, Founder's Day is observed with a combination of three events, a march through the streets of Basseterre, church service and luncheon.

See also
The Scout Association of Anguilla
The Girl Guides Association of Saint Christopher and Nevis

References

Saint Kitts and Nevis, The Scout Association of
Scouting and Guiding in Saint Kitts and Nevis
Youth organizations established in 1928
20th-century establishments in Saint Kitts and Nevis
1920s establishments in the Caribbean


Mystique (Raven Darkhölme) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by artist David Cockrum and writer Chris Claremont, the character first appeared in Ms. Marvel #16 (April 1978). A member of a subspecies of humanity known as mutants who are born with superhuman abilities, Mystique is a shapeshifter who can mimic the appearance and voice of any person with exquisite precision. Her natural appearance includes blue skin, red hair and yellow eyes.

Typically portrayed as a foe of the X-Men, Mystique has been both a supervillain and an antiheroine, founding her own Brotherhood of Mutants and assassinating several important people involved in mutant affairs; she has been stated to be over 100 years old. Mystique is the mother of the X-Men hero Nightcrawler and the villain Graydon Creed, and the adoptive mother of the X-Men heroine Rogue.

Mystique has been described as one of Marvel's most notable and powerful female antiheroes.

Mystique appears in seven of the 20th Century Fox X-Men films: the character was portrayed by Rebecca Romijn in X-Men (2000), X2: X-Men United (2003) and X-Men: The Last Stand (2006), while Jennifer Lawrence portrayed a younger version in X-Men: First Class (2011), X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014), X-Men: Apocalypse (2016) and X-Men: Dark Phoenix (2019).

Publication history
Mystique was created by David Cockrum. Chris Claremont saw Cockrum's design, dubbed the character "Mystique", and, with Cockrum's permission, set her in Ms. Marvel #16 (May 1978). The character's true appearance was revealed in Ms. Marvel #18 (June 1978) and first cover appearance in The Avengers Annual #10 (1981).

Claremont, a former X-Men writer, has said that he originally intended Mystique and Destiny to be Nightcrawler's biological parents (with Mystique having morphed into a male body for the act of conception), but Marvel didn't agree, because at that time the Comics Code Authority prohibited the explicit portrayal of gay or bisexual characters.

Fictional character biography

Mystique's origins remain unknown - her shapeshifting powers mean that her true age remains enigmatic. Her earliest attested appearance dates back to the years around 1900, when she lived in a male guise as a "consulting detective" who established a romantic relationship with her reality's version of Irene Adler - biographical details which imply she is in fact Sherlock Holmes.

Sabretooth

While in her Raven persona, Mystique adopts the identity of deceased German secret agent Leni Zauber. Both Leni and Victor Creed, a.k.a. Sabretooth, had been assigned with the assassination of a scientist in East Berlin. Mystique completes the mission in place of Leni, and then she and Victor have to hide in a safe location for a while. They become lovers, but she soon fakes her death to leave him.

The result of this short-lived affair is reportedly the birth of Graydon Creed. A number of stories report that soon after his birth, Mystique gives him up for adoption. Others depict Mystique making arrangements for him from a distance. Raven keeps track of his activities until he reaches adolescence. Despite being the child of two mutants, Graydon is not a mutant himself. Mystique is disappointed and soon abandons him. Graydon grows to hate his parents, and eventually extends his hatred to all mutants. He becomes leader of the mutant-hating organization Friends of Humanity, and then a politician. At the height of his political ascension, Graydon is assassinated by an unknown shooter. The shooter is later revealed to be a time traveling version of Mystique as part of a convoluted time paradox involving Jean Grey, Iceman, Toad, and Juggernaut.

Nightcrawler
Still masquerading as Raven, Mystique is married to Baron Christian Wagner; older sources give his name as Count Eric Wagner, an affluent German noble. He proves to be a loving husband, but disappointing as a lover. His infertility adds to their marital problems. Mystique starts using her shapeshifting powers to secretly have sexual encounters with others. She is eventually seduced by fellow mutant Azazel. Azazel states that he is ruler of "an island nation off the coast of Bermuda: La Isla des Demonas", The Island of Demons. He is later revealed to be immortal and the father of an ancient race of mutants known as the Neyaphem, active since at least 2000 BC.

Mystique becomes pregnant, but her husband becomes suspicious and his own father suggests a blood test to verify whether the child is his. Mystique uses a dagger to murder him and then buries him. She gives birth to a baby with black hair, yellow eyes, blue skin, and a pointed tail. The locals consider the mother and child to be demons and attempt to kill them. Mystique escapes but abandons her son. He is found and raised by Roma sorceress Margali Szardos and named Kurt Wagner.

Rogue
Mystique becomes the adoptive mother of the fourteen-year-old girl Rogue. Rogue had run away from her home in rural Caldecott County, Mississippi. The girl was living alone in a wooded area, brandishing a shotgun and trusting no one, when Mystique found her. Destiny foresees that Rogue will be important to them and Mystique seeks her out, gains her trust, and takes her in. She and Destiny raise the girl, and Mystique grows to be very protective of her.

Mystique, as Raven Darkhölme, rises rapidly through the United States Civil Service to the trusted position of Deputy Director of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in the United States Department of Defense. This position gives her access to military secrets and advanced weaponry, both of which she uses for her own criminal and subversive purposes. In this position, she attempts the theft of the Centurion weaponry from S.H.I.E.L.D. As Destiny had predicted that Ms. Marvel was a danger to Rogue, she spied on Carol Danvers and Ms. Marvel for some time prior to beating her lover Michael Barnett to death, and sought to kill Ms. Marvel.

To help her in her criminal activities, Mystique organizes her own incarnation of the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants, consisting of herself, Avalanche, the Blob, Destiny, and Pyro. The Brotherhood attempts to assassinate Senator Robert Kelly, a notoriously anti-mutant politician. The X-Men thwart the assassination attempt, and all of the Brotherhood except Mystique herself are incarcerated.

Rogue is trained by Mystique and eventually joins the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants. Her mutant power is the ability to absorb the memories, personality, and skills or powers of whomever she touches. To free the other members of the Brotherhood, Mystique concocts a plan involving Rogue absorbing the powers of Ms. Marvel and the Avengers. Though the plan is successful, the Avengers ultimately defeat the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants, capturing all of them except Rogue and Mystique. Moreover, Rogue finds that she has absorbed Ms. Marvel's memories, personality, and powers permanently. In a further humiliation, a confrontation at the Pentagon ends with Mystique being defeated and turned over to the authorities by a powerless Ms. Marvel.

The Brotherhood of Evil Mutants eventually escape, and battle against Dazzler. In an act of revenge against Mystique, Mastermind unbalances Rogue's psyche with the one she absorbed from Ms. Marvel, which prompts her to defect to the X-Men. Because Rogue left without a word, Mystique assumes that Professor X, the X-Men's mentor, brainwashed her. The Brotherhood of Evil Mutants accordingly launches an attempt to kill Professor X. Rogue stops Mystique, and explains that she joined the X-Men because Professor X, as the world's most powerful telepath, is her best hope of healing for her fragmented psyche. Mystique reluctantly relinquishes her guardianship of Rogue.

Freedom Force
Anti-mutant sentiment rises and the federal government launches its own covert anti-mutant program, Project Wideawake. Believing that the times have become too dangerous for the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants to continue, Mystique goes to Doctor Valerie Cooper, special assistant to the head of the National Security Council, and offers the Brotherhood's services to the government. In return for entering government service, Mystique and her team receive a presidential pardon for all criminal charges, to be revoked if any member of Freedom Force is found committing a crime. Cooper agrees to convey the offer to the President on the condition that the Brotherhood arrests their founder, Magneto. The Brotherhood, now reincarnated as Freedom Force, are defeated by Magneto and the X-Men. When Magneto learns that Freedom Force are official federal agents, he voluntarily surrenders to them.

Mystique leads Freedom Force in capturing the Avengers on behalf of the federal government. She clashes with X-Factor in seeking to arrest Rusty Collins. With Freedom Force, she fights the X-Men in Dallas, and witnesses her foster daughter's apparent demise. With Freedom Force, she battles Cyclops and Marvel Girl. With Freedom Force she seeks to arrest Rusty Collins again, and battles the New Mutants. She finally succeeds in capturing Collins as well as Skids. She leads Freedom Force against the Reavers on Muir Island. On this particularly disastrous mission, Freedom Force loses two of its members, Stonewall and Mystique's lover Destiny. The death of her lover leaves Mystique psychologically scarred.

Mystique is later nearly killed by Dr. Valerie Cooper, who is under the Shadow King's mental control. She then impersonates Dr. Valerie Cooper. Mystique is eventually discovered impersonating Dr. Cooper, and saves Xavier's life by killing the Shadow King's human host, Jacob Reisz. She finally reconciles with Rogue. In time, she comes to terms with Destiny's death. She teams with Spiral and Wolverine in thwarting Mojo's near-destruction of the universe. Mystique later briefly stays as a guest at Xavier's mansion. She begins going insane, and leaves the mansion under the care of Forge.

X-Factor
Mystique resurfaces several months later, in a failed attempt to kill Legion for his murdering of Destiny. Mystique has an implant put in her skull by Forge in order for the government to be able to keep track of her. She is then forced to become a member of the government-sponsored team X-Factor after being arrested for trying to blow up a dam. In truth, Mystique had been trying to save the dam, which the U.S. Government wanted to destroy so that they could blame it on mutants. Her membership leads to tension with her teammates when Sabretooth is added to the team months later as a sleeper agent, for the main purpose of killing Mystique before she can uncover the truth about the conspiracy. She slowly develops a romantic relationship with team-leader Forge (though he later thought that she was just using him).

Part of the conspiracy involves Mystique's son Graydon Creed running for President, under an anti-mutant platform.

At the same time, both Graydon and Mystique learn that Destiny married and had children during one of the couple's separations. Destiny/Irene's children are now adults with their own children, one of which is a mutant. Graydon has the mutant teen savagely beaten by members of the Friends of Humanity, as a warning towards his mother. Mystique is furious and wants to kill her son, but stops when she is given a message that Graydon's backers want her to kill him and turn her son into a martyr.

Mystique then seeks to save her son from being betrayed by his backers, but fails. Graydon's death ushers in a new wave of anti-mutant violence. Sabretooth acts on his orders to kill the members of X-Factor as "Operation Zero Tolerance" is activated. Mystique distracts Sabretooth long enough to keep him from finishing off the team. Mystique then flees the scene after arranging for X-Factor to receive medical treatment for the wounds Sabretooth inflicted.

Mystique goes into hiding, taking the identity of the senator's wife Mallory Brickman, using her husband's influence to set the FBI on Sabretooth. She prevents Rogue from giving up her mutant powers and continues her investigation of the U.S. Government over her son's death, leading to her aiding Toad and his most recent incarnation of the Brotherhood of Mutants on a mission to raid a government base. The mission fails thanks to Machine Man, who fights the Brotherhood and forces the team to flee. Mystique flees to Europe. While taking the form of a blonde haired woman, Mystique is confronted by a famous photographer who proposes to make her a big fashion model.

Amused, Mystique accepts and quickly becomes the fashion industry's newest top model. Using her money, Mystique moves back to New York and into an expensive penthouse apartment. There, Skrulls staying in a nearby building frame Mystique for the murder of a Japanese diplomat. With help from Shadowcat and Rogue, Mystique is cleared and leaves town. Before she leaves, Shadowcat finds one of Destiny's diaries, left there by Destiny herself before she died.

Breakdown
While gaining critical intelligence on the identity of those who were involved in her son's death and the attempt to kill her using Sabretooth, Mystique suddenly loses her powers while pretending to be a man in a busy office workplace.

Mystique is arrested. The U.S. Government acts on their intelligence regarding Mystique, and destroys all of the alternate identities that she established over the years and confiscate the money she and Destiny had hidden away. The loss of her powers and her freedom causes her to lash out at everyone around her. Rogue has no sympathy for Mystique's plight. The relationship sours when Rogue refuses to tell Mystique that the X-Men are going to fight the High Evolutionary, who was responsible for depowering all mutants, to restore everyone's powers. The X-Men defeat the High Evolutionary and restore everyone's powers, allowing Mystique to escape jail.

Mystique is sent back in time by the original X-Factor's sentient ship. Raven finds that she is destined to be part of a great time paradox, where she finds herself with a time delay weapon, which she is about to program to kill Graydon. After some deliberation, she decides to activate the weapon to kill Graydon. Mystique's sanity is further damaged by the revelation that Destiny was one of the founding members of the anti-mutant conspiracy Mystique had dedicated countless years to fighting, and had willfully withheld medical treatment to mutant children that would have resulted in them not growing up deformed due to their mutations.

This leads to Raven again going mad. She reforms the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants for another assassination attempt on Senator Kelly, and kidnaps Moira MacTaggert and impersonates her to access her research on the Legacy Virus. Mystique uses samples of the Legacy Virus to create a biological weapon that would infect humans and not mutants, and develops a cure for the Legacy Virus.

The assassination attempt on Kelly ends in failure when Pyro betrays his teammates. Mystique blows up MacTaggert's research facility, fatally injuring the doctor. Mystique then shoots Moira's foster daughter Wolfsbane with a prototype of Forge's neutralizer gun, depowering her. The X-Men confront Mystique and she is seriously wounded. She tells the X-Men that Destiny had predicted a dark future for mutant-kind, and that the future Destiny foretold kept on unfolding despite all that Mystique had done to prevent it. She believes that the only way to save them is to eradicate all humans.

Mystique is sent to prison, but quickly escapes. She allies herself with Martinique Jason in an attempt to wrest control of the X-Corps from its founder, Banshee. Outfitted with a device that gives her the ability to generate an electrical charge, Mystique creates the identity of a supervillain named Surge and joins the X-Corps. While Jason mind-controls the other members of the organization, Mystique brings Banshee's organization down and slits his throat, leaving him in critical condition.

Double agent
Professor X is forced to make Mystique his secret agent, as his previous one, Prudence Leighton, has died and Mystique is the only one suitable to complete the missions. Xavier poses as Magneto to rescue Mystique from the Department of Homeland Security and from execution at the hands of Johny Kitano, Special Magistrate for Homo Superior crimes against humanity, and a mutant himself. At this time, Mystique claims that there is an imposter out to frame her, taking control over the Brotherhood and sending them on their recent missions (the assassination of Moira and the infiltration of X-Corps). As long as Mystique completes the missions without killing anybody, Xavier, working with Forge, keeps her safe from the authorities, who are out to execute her.

One of Xavier's enemies, the Quiet Man, who is actually Prudence Leighton inhabiting the body of her assassin, contacts Mystique and offers to give her an interference transmitter which would keep her safe from the authorities if she kills Xavier. Creating a plan that would free her from both men, Mystique pretends to try killing Xavier while secretly working with the mutant thief Fantomex, after alerting Forge to stop her at the last moment. Her plan is to have the Quiet Man see this and believe that she really has attempted to kill Xavier and is still working for him. The other X-Men believe that Mystique has tried killing Xavier and seek her out.

Rogue tracks her down. Distraught with rage, she attacks her foster mother. Mystique escapes by blowing up the house and going through the window, changing her form to shield her fall.

Mystique goes to the Quiet Man, who is planning on having her killed. After a battle, Mystique kills the Quiet Man, saves her former field-handler Shortpack, and discovers the Quiet Man's interference transmitter was a fake. She tries to steal Forge's interference transmitter but is caught. After some angry words, he smashes it and tells her he never wants to see her again. The two share a sad goodbye kiss and Mystique leaves. After Mystique is gone, Forge realizes that she had already switched his transmitter for the fake one.

Joining the X-Men
Mystique later infiltrates the X-Men, posing as a young girl named Foxx and joining Gambit's training squad, the Chevaliers. She attempts to seduce Rogue's boyfriend Gambit to break them up so she can set her daughter up with a young mutant named Augustus, but Gambit resists. Mystique ultimately reveals herself to him, telling him that she is trying to relieve the tension between him and Rogue (because of the two being unable to touch due to her ability to absorb someone's essence upon skin-to-skin contact). Mystique then metamorphoses into Rogue and tells Gambit that he would not be cheating on Rogue if he had sex with her in Rogue's form.

When the telepath Emma Frost discovers who Foxx really is, the X-Men confront Mystique. Mystique tells them that she had been lonely and wants to join the X-Men. Mystique uses Rogue's doubts about what happened between her and Gambit to sow further discord in Rogue's relationship with Gambit, but he still refuses. The X-Men vote and decide to have Mystique join them on a probationary status (though Rogue is one of the ones who vote against her joining). Nightcrawler asks her to leave for a while regardless of the vote, saying that he needs more time adjusting to the idea of her being a member. Mystique agrees and leaves. After M-Day, she joins the X-Men and brings Augustus (Pulse) along with her. Both have been crucial in the downfall of Apocalypse.

Marauders
After the Hecatomb battle on Providence, Rogue's team returns to Rogue's childhood home in Caldecott County, Mississippi, which Mystique owns, for some downtime. Mystique alerts the X-Men, who come to treat Rogue's illness, that there are intruders in the area. Only after Lady Mastermind drops her illusions do the X-Men realize that it is an all-out attack, and that both Lady Mastermind and Omega Sentinel (the latter being possessed by Malice) have defected sides. During the Marauders' initial ambush, Mystique prevents Scalphunter from shooting Rogue. She then reveals herself as a traitor as well, shoots her adopted daughter, and orders the remaining Marauders to kill the X-Men.

Mystique remains with the Marauders during the hunt for the first new mutant baby, but is revealed to have murdered Mister Sinister in a plot involving the baby and Rogue's killing touch. She also appears to be working with Gambit, who, like her, has ulterior motives to want to betray Mister Sinister. When Sinister approaches Mystique as she is with the comatose Rogue, Mystique shoves Sinister onto Rogue, killing him through fatal skin-to-skin contact. Then, in keeping with the words of the Destiny Diaries, she touches the baby's face to Rogue's. The baby's touch purges her of the Strain 88 virus and all the residual psyches she had absorbed over her life, including Hecatomb. Rogue is sickened by Mystique's manipulations, and leaves.

Wolverine tracks Mystique to the Middle East and then into Afghanistan. It is hinted at that Mystique's recent betrayal is not the only reason Logan is out to kill her, as they have a common history of friendship, love, and ultimately, betrayal. After a heated fight, Wolverine wounds Mystique, but denies her the Coup de grâce.

Manifest Destiny
Mystique shows up again, posing as Bobby Drake's ex-girlfriend Opal Tanaka. She sets off a bomb inside of Bobby's Blackbird before shooting him and kicking him out of the plane. Later, she follows Iceman to the hospital and injects him with a fatal dose of a toxin created by Mister Sinister. Hospital staff try to get to Iceman, but they are held back by Mystique while Iceman expels the toxin from his system. Afterward, Mystique attacks Iceman in a truck and sets the truck ablaze with Iceman in it. Iceman steps out of the fire unharmed and disarms and immobilizes Mystique, but she escapes after turning her body into her child form. Mystique impersonates Iceman and stands on top of the Golden Gate bridge threatening to blow it up. Iceman arrives and discovers the reason for Mystique doing this is Wolverine telling her that she will die alone. After a heated conversation, Iceman freezes the bomb. Mystique jumps off the bridge into the water. Iceman tells Cyclops and Hank McCoy that he knows that she is not dead and thanks her for what she did for him.

Dark X-Men
Mystique joins Norman Osborn's Dark X-Men, posing as Professor Charles Xavier for P.R. purposes. Osborn has her injected with nanites and kept on a short leash; should she try anything, Osborn would turn her into a human bomb. After the defection of Emma Frost, Namor, and Cloak and Dagger, Mystique leads the remaining members of the team under the public guise of Jean Grey, as no one could prove Jean had actually died, but mainly to hurt those who had caused her great harm.

Wolverine, having returned from hell and retrieved his possessed body from a demonic force, targets Mystique after finding out she was responsible for sending his soul there at the behest of The Red Right Hand. Mystique is shot by a hit-man named Lord Deathstrike. Badly wounded, Mystique patches herself and escapes on a motorcycle. Wolverine and Lord Deathstrike are in hot pursuit of Mystique throughout the San Francisco streets simultaneously. Mystique ultimately confronts Wolverine, who stabs her with his claws, killing her. Lord Deathstrike collects Mystique's body and auctions it off. Her corpse is sold for 5 million to group of ninjas. It is implied these are agents of The Hand.

Revival
Mystique is seen alive again posing as Sabretooth at Los Angeles International Airport. In the form of Sabretooth she has agreed to assist the Hellfire Club in their destruction of the Jean Grey School. Mystique, as Sabretooth, was a faculty member of The Hellfire Academy. When the Hand revived Mystique, her powers were enhanced and she is now capable of changing her scent to match the forms she takes.

Receiving word that the original X-Men are in the present day, Mystique seeks out young Scott Summers to manipulate him into thinking she has his and mutantkind's best interests at heart. She uses Lady Mastermind and Sabretooth to commit robberies and frame the X-Men. Viper shows up. Mystique explains to her that she wants to buy Madripoor from HYDRA and control the crime in the area. Before this transaction is completed, the X-Men raid the place. Lady Mastermind and Mystique are captured, but Mystique escapes in a S.H.I.E.L.D. helicopter.

Mystique is attacked by Iceman, who is possessed by the Apocalypse fragment. After Iceman is shattered into pieces by Thor, Mystique takes the Apocalypse fragment and swallows it to inherit its powers.

To help move her plans along, Mystique drugs and replaces Dazzler, who's now became SHIELD's mutant liaison, allowing her to set up her New Brotherhood under Maria Hill's nose. She sets up operations in Madripoor, allowing her to regularly visit to 'investigate' the mutant uprising there, while secretly being the one in charge of it. She offers Magneto a place in her New Brotherhood after he leaves the Uncanny X-Men team, but he rejects it on the grounds of her financing her operation via drug money from Mutant Growth Hormone sales, attacking and defeating her Brotherhood and stealing her chopper to find his own place in the new world.

Uncanny Avengers
Mystique appears as a member of Magneto's unnamed supervillain group during the fight against Red Skull's Red Onslaught form. When the heroes and villains present undergo a moral inversion due to a flawed spell cast by the Scarlet Witch and Doctor Doom, Mystique joins the other inverted villains in the 'Astonishing Avengers' as they go up against the inverted X-Men and Avengers, also working to prevent the inverted Nightcrawler from killing those who were involved in the riot that nearly killed him before his first meeting with Professor X. During the final fight, Mystique briefly poses as Professor X to try to get through to the 'reborn' Apocalypse (Actually the now-adult clone of Apocalypse known as Evan Sabahnur that the X-Men had been trying to raise away from his template's influence), but is converted back to her usual villainous attitude at the conclusion of the storyline.

Krakoan Era
Mystique is sent in with a team of X-Men to stop the launch by the anti-mutant organization Orchis to activate Mother Mold, an incredibly powerful Master Mold made to make other Master Molds that will lead to the Nimrod generation. While they succeed, the whole team is killed in the raid, to then be resurrected on Krakoa.

Mystique is sent on a last-ditch mission to detonate a singularity bomb inside the Orchis base before Orchis leader Dr. Alia Gregor completes her own Nimrod prototype, in exchange for moving the resurrection of Destiny to the front. The mission ends in failure, with only the Nimrod containing Alia's husband's mind being destroyed. A back-up Nimrod is nevertheless still functioning. This leads to Magneto and Professor X forbidding Destiny's resurrection—it is heavily implied they had no intention of ever doing this due to her being a threat to Moira McTaggert—and Mystique remembering a promise Destiny made to burn down Krakoa if such an event occurred.

Powers and abilities
Mystique is a mutant shapeshifter with the ability to molecularly shift the formation of her biological cells at will to change her appearance and thereby assume the form of other humans and animals. She can also alter her voice to duplicate exactly that of another person. Originally, it was clearly stated that Mystique's powers were limited to appearances only; she could not assume the powers of the people she morphed into or alter her body to adapt to different situations. Additionally she could not change her overall body mass when taking on the appearance of a person larger or smaller, but due to subsequent enhancements she has stated that her body mass is not fixed and can change when she does.

Her body is not limited to purely organic appearances: She also has the ability to create the appearance of clothes and other materials out of her own body, including items such as glasses, zippers, identity cards, handbags and even test tubes. Mystique is shown in at least one instance transforming a metallic part of her costume into a functioning blaster pistol. Whether this is a function of her powers or the costume piece itself, is unclear.

As a shape-shifter, Mystique is able to constantly alter and rejuvenate her body's cells and thereby retain her youthful appearance despite having lived for over one hundred years.

Mystique received her first power enhancement in the X-Men Forever miniseries, in which she was exposed to dangerous levels of radiation to save the life of Toad. The process boosted her powers so that she can now morph her body into taking certain desired physical traits depending on her situation at the time. Examples of these new abilities include night vision, wings on her back, talons in her fingers or toes, and natural body armor. She can compress into nearly two-dimensions (like a sheet of paper) to glide on air currents in a fashion similar to that of Mister Fantastic. She has moved her vital organs out of place to survive gunshots to her torso and head,<ref>Wolverine vol. 2 #304</ref> and can make herself virtually invisible via camouflage. She has even, with strain, given herself two heads and four arms to facilitate a gun fight on two fronts, as well as shapeshifted into herself as a small child. She is also now able to hold a shape when knocked unconscious and can conceal items in shapeshifted pouches under her skin.

Following her death and resurrection by the Hand, her powers have been further enhanced. She can now alter and conceal her scent from those with enhanced senses, and is capable of changing her shape to a greater degree, including altering her limbs to form tentacles and bladed weapons, and compressing herself into a dog.

Damage to her biological tissue is known to heal at a relatively fast rate and she can form a resistance to poisons upon contacting them. Her enhancements have allowed her to rapidly regrow severed limbs, and rapidly recover from near fatal injury. Her powers grant her immunity to diseases, enhanced agility and strength, and agelessness.

Mystique is a cunning strategist in terrorist and commando operations, and adept at martial arts and information technology. She has a talent for finding, stealing, and understanding cutting edge weaponry. She is a talented actress and a polyglot, being fluent in over fourteen languages. Her mind is naturally unreadable owing to changing grey matter and she wears devices to prevent telepathic intrusion. Furthermore, with over a century's experience in posing as other people she has picked up the unusual skill of being able to identify people posing as others based on body language and changes in behavioral cues.

Having lived for at least a century, Mystique has built up considerable resources, one of her aliases being the billionaire B Byron Biggs who owns a number of safehouses around the world which are often protected by sophisticated security systems. She also controls a variety of weaponry and gadgets, including the Changeling, a highly advanced stealth ship capable of cloaking and flying at very high speed. The ship had sophisticated weapons and surveillance systems, with an on-board analysis computer and power-suppressing containment cells.

 Reception

 Critical reception
Shoshana Kessock of Tor.com called Mystique "one of the most impactful mutant villains in the comics," writing, "With several independent movies suggested for the ongoing X-Men franchise, we'll just have to wait and see if our favorite blue shapeshifter appears beside Gambit and Magneto as a possibility. Fox would really be losing out if they overlooked their opportunity for a kick-ass, sexy, heartfelt and powerful action movie with Mystique." Peter Eckhardt of CBR.com stated, "The shape-shifting Mystique is one of the X-Men's most compelling characters. Mystique is primarily motivated by self-interest and is capable enough to get what she wants, be it through espionage, combat, or manipulation. One of the most dynamic figures in the Marvel Universe, Mystique has remained a central player since her introduction." Richard Chachiwski of Screen Rant wrote, "One of the most recognizable villains in all of X-Men comics, Mystique is a blue-skinned, red-haired mutant shapeshifter able to take any physical form she wishes. A frequent adversary to the X-Men, she has also been portrayed as an unlikely anti-heroine in later years. The founding member of her own Brotherhood of Mutants, Mystique is characterized not only by her memorable physical appearance, but also by the various personal relationships she maintains with several X-Men team members." IGN asserted, "Not every great villain has to be a world-conquering, war-mongering, super-powered bad ass. Some of them are simply great at manipulating events to their liking, bending the world to their desire and getting away with it. Mystique is one of those villains, and is absolutely one of the greatest female villains ever created. [...] In essence, over the years X-fans have been treated to a kick ass femme fatale who has found herself at several key turning points in the history of the mutant race. Princess Weekes of The Mary Sue said, "One of my biggest issues with the X-Men film franchise is how they have underserved their actresses/female characters. Despite Mystique being known for her pragmatism, spy-craft, intelligence, queerness, and complex family history, all of that, in adaptation, gets chiseled down to spy-craft and that's it. The character has a lot more to offer audiences, and considering we, as comic fans, have been denied the entire majesty of Mystique, and how amazing Romijn was in delivering the very basic bones and elevating it to a masterclass, with writers who care, she could be the amazing antagonist we deserve." Evan Valentine of ComicBook.com stated, "Marvel's Mystique is about to play a major role in Marvel's comics with the upcoming comic book event, Inferno, acting as one of the biggest story arcs of Jonathan Hickman's X-Men run. While no one knows when the Marvel Cinematic Universe will introduce the blue-skinned villain to its roster, she was definitely a fan-favorite mutant within Fox's X-Men titles."

 Sexuality
Benjamin Riley of Special Broadcasting Service referred to Mystique as one of the "queer superheroes who changed the face of comics," writing, "You could argue that shapeshifting, femme-fatale Mystique's bisexuality makes her another negative example of the 'bisexual villain' trope in popular culture, but given she's one of comics' most interesting superhero characters I think she pulls it off. Brutally intelligent and morally opaque, Raven Darkholme has a prominent X-Men villain, and occasional ally, for decades. Her co-creator Chris Claremont has said Mystique was always meant to have been in a romantic, same-sex relationship with her long-time partner Destiny, but Marvel Comics' then-edict on same-sex romance meant this had to be revealed in hindsight, years after Destiny's character had been killed off." Matthew Kang of MovieWeb described Mystique an "allegory for the LGBTQ+ experience," saying, "Some mutants choose to hide that they are a mutant. Others publicly embrace that aspect of themselves. While the Marvel universe is not the most welcoming towards mutants, Raven Darkholme (Mystique) chooses to accept herself and declares that she is "mutant and proud." In the real world, allies and members of the LGBTQ+ community wave the rainbow flag. June is Pride Month, a time when people celebrate the freedom to be themselves." Samantha Puc of Newsarama called Mystique and Destiny's relationship one of the "most iconic LGBTQIA+ comics romances," writing, "Though it remains to be seen whether it's a good thing or a bad thing, longtime villains-turned-Krakoan politicians Mystique and Destiny are mutantkind's current power couple, following Destiny's resurrection and their upending of the Quiet Council's status quo in the recent Inferno limited series. And they've certainly earned their place as mutant matriarchs." Sara Century of Syfy said, "Mystique has been a hypersexualized seducer of men in many of her comic book appearances since Destiny's death, and while that isn't inherently a bad thing, it has a tendency to distract writers and readers away from other interesting aspects of her character. Her stories have distanced her from the discussion of her queerness and her potential status as a non-binary character so much as to render it non-existent. Mystique has seldom been given the deeper focus she deserves, even after years of stories in which she appeared as a prominent character. Her relationship with Destiny is still referred to in the context of close friendship in most stories." Mark Young of BuzzFeed wrote, "The shapeshifting mutant not only has a strong history of being with any and all people, she also defies gender on a daily basis. Her onscreen portrayals have been very straight and as a sort of lackey/underling figure, but her comic history shows the queer woman has very much been her own amazing figure." Beat Staff of ComicsBeat stated, "Mystique and Destiny have been written as lovers from the beginning. From their first appearances, the love and loyalty they felt for each other was so palpable that it has to date inspired fanfiction and critical commentary that takes their status as one of comics' most epic love stories as text. Wherever their story might go, Mystique and Destiny have always had the kind of love that transcends the thoughts, desires, and expectations of the outside world." Jude Dry of IndieWire asserted, "While she's only been depicted in her many movie appearances as being interested in men such as Charles Xavier or Magneto, Mystique has been canonically bisexual since 1981. The character has been romantically connected to her companion Destiny ever since their first appearance in X-Men together. The characters are shown dancing together, and the ancient power known as the Shadow King refers to Destiny as Mystique's "leman", an archaic term for "lover". The antiquated word was likely a ruse to slip past the comic sensors of the time. Mystique is one of the most famous and beloved X-Men, and making her bisexual would certainly be a boon for the MCU."

 Accolades

 In 2009, IGN ranked Mystique 18th in their "Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time" list and included her in their "Marvel's Femme Fatales" list.
 In 2014, BuzzFeed ranked Mystique 20th in their "95 X-Men Members Ranked From Worst To Best" list.
 In 2015, Entertainment Weekly ranked Mystique 14th in their "Let's rank every X-Man ever" list.
 In 2019, Screen Rant ranked Mystique 9th in their "10 Strongest Female Marvel Villains" list.
 In 2019, CBR.com ranked Mystique 9th in their "X-Men: The 10 Most Powerful Female Villains" list.
 In 2020, Scary Mommy included Mystique in their "195+ Marvel Female Characters Are Truly Heroic" list.
 In 2021, BuzzFeed ranked Mystique 9th in their "11 Of The Most Important Marvel And DC LGBTQ+ Superheroes" list.
 In 2022, Screen Rant ranked Mystique 3rd in their "10 Best X-Men Characters Created By Chris Claremont" list.
 In 2022, CBR.com ranked Mystique 3rd in their "Marvel's 10 Best Infiltrators" list, 4th in their "10 Most Heroic Marvel Villains" list, and ranked Mystique and Destiny's 5th in their "Marvel's 10 Best Married Couples" list.
 In 2022, The A.V. Club ranked Mystique 11th in their "28 best Marvel villain" list and 62nd in their "100 best Marvel characters" list.
 In 2022, Newsarama ranked Mystique 10th in their "Best X-Men villains" list.

 Literary reception

 Volumes

 Mystique - 2003
According to Diamond Comic Distributors, Mystique #1 was the 25th best selling comic book in April 2003.

 X-Men: Black - Mystique - 2018
According to Diamond Comic Distributors, X-Men: Black - Mystique #1 was the 42th best selling comic book in October 2018.  X-Men: Black - Mystique #1 was the 400th best selling comic book in 2018.

Mike Fugere of CBR.com described X-Men: Black - Mystique #1 as a "great villain spotlight", writing, "Other than that one quibble, from a narrative standpoint the issue is fun and gives a strong voice to Raven. Her inner monologue reads like a character screed written for new readers, telling you everything you need to know about Mystique while still keeping everyone at arm's length, which plays to the character's strengths brilliantly. If Mystique were to get her own miniseries, or even an ongoing series, we would love to see McGuire take the reins. She has a wonderful understanding of the character, and conveys this fact in a single issue. The artwork is solid as well. Marco Failla (Ms. Marvel) is a talent to watch. His panel layout and story beat transitions are smooth and easy to follow (which makes those pesky character tags even more frustrating), and his line work is crisp and reminds us of the works of Oscar Bazaldua. And while the coloring in this issue isn't exactly next level, Jesus Aburtov brings enough to the table to keep things aesthetically pleasing. Next to the Mojo issue, this is the best offering from X-Men: Black so far. It's fast-paced and leaves you wanting more of Mystique, and reminds us that Raven is more than just Jennifer Lawrence in blue makeup. Mystique is a powerhouse of a character, one who, when in the right hands, can drive noir and espionage narratives with ease. Just like the previous entries in X-Men: Black this is one to add to your stack if you have even the slightest interest in the character." Peyton Hinckle of ComicsVerse gave X-Men: Black - Mystique #1 a score of 91%, saying, "In X-Men: Black - Mystique #1, McGuire finally gives Mystique some definitive titles that go beyond "villain" or "X-Man". We see her not just as a thief but as someone who truly feels as though stealing and committing crimes is a form of art. Her ease and calm demeanor show us a master at work. Her willingness to release the young captured mutant shows what may be the beginning of morals. Of course, the senseless slaughter of an entire office building full of people shows us the exact opposite. Mystique doesn't learn some grand lesson or show true emotion, like in Magneto and Mojo's X-MEN BLACK issues. But, someone who's been around for as long as Mystique has doesn't need those things. She just needs the things that make her who she is. [...] X-Men: Black - Mystique #1 is the kind of issue that is undoubtedly a good read but definitely could have said more. A few hints about Mystique's future could have gone a long way and would've given readers something to look forward to. Still, I thoroughly enjoyed learning more about Mystique's personal motives and identity. If you're not a fan of Mystique, this issue probably isn't for you, since it's absolutely focused on her character. If you are a fan, or perhaps used to be a fan, this one is definitely worth a buy."

Other versions

Absorbed by Rogue
A copy of Mystique's mind, including her memories and personality, exists within the mind of Rogue ever since the events of "X-Men: Messiah Complex". She converses with Rogue. She also requests that Rogue turn over control of their body. Eventually she is erased by Professor Xavier.

Age of Apocalypse
In the Age of Apocalypse timeline, she gave up her adopted daughter Rogue to Magneto and his X-Men. Years later, Mystique is the ferrywoman to Avalon. It is her task to meet the refugees and make sure they meet the guide to Avalon, Cain. Though she works against Apocalypse, she is not much of a hero. She charges a heavy tariff to ferry the refugees to Avalon, taking all of their valuables. This plagues her conscience and she is reluctant to go to Avalon, as she feels that she is not fit to enter. Ultimately, she gets past her guilt to guide her son, Nightcrawler, to Avalon and find Destiny. She and her son form X-Calibre to defeat Apocalypse's agents, the Pale Riders and the Shadow King.

Battle of the Atom
Mystique's future is shown, where she is revealed to be the mother of Charlie Xavier II, the son of Charles Xavier, possessing his father's powers and appearance. While disguised as Moira MacTaggert she gives birth to Charlie, but upon birth she tearfully abandons her child. Later she raised her son Raze (conceived by Wolverine, with his mother's shape-shifting skills and his father's healing ability), who eventually killed her and took her appearance to rule Madripoor.

Cable's Future
Mystique inquires of Cable "How does [history] judge the part we play here and now in protecting the remnants of mutant-kind?" He says "History is short on specifics" and that it only remembers broad movements, not individuals. She hints at wanting to know how she is remembered, and he comments that her name did survive in a database of his time. Her name is synonymous with traitor, comparing her name to Judas Iscariot. He adds that the information from his time is part of his history, as it was 2,000 years old.

Earth-14412
A Mystique from Earth-14412 first appears in the form of unidentified woman in a dark robe and golden skin. In addition, she possesses the powers of her reality's Phoenix Force and operates as the Dark Phoenix. She is a member of the Multiversal Masters of Evil and is in charge of the Berserkers consisting of Hound (a version of Wolverine from an alternate reality) and an unidentified version of Thor. Dark Phoenix and Hound accompanied King Killmonger in attacking Echo's Phoenix form, Iron Man, and Thor in Asgard where Dark Phoenix summoned her Thor to her side. After briefly engaging Echo, Dark Phoenix, Hound, and King Killmonger retreated after Dark Phoenix's Thor was killed by Thor. They alongside the rest of the Multiversal Masters of Evil left Earth-616 to get back to work.

On one Earth that she rules, the Dark Phoenix kills any flying animal that comes her way so that she would be the only one that flies. The Hellfire Church that works for her have their slaves collect the dead flying animals.

Dark Phoenix and Hound were with the Multiversal Masters of Evil when they take over another Earth before they can return to Earth-616. Just then, Ghost Rider arrives to fight them. After using the Hell Charger to knock down Hound and Kid Thanos, Ghost Rider chains up Dark Phoenix and has the Hell Charger drag it. By the time Ant-Man of Earth-818 and Ghost Rider's Deathlok companion arrive where the former shrinks Doom Supreme, Dark Phoenix goes on the attack. Deathlok buys Ant-Man of Earth-818 time to get away as Dark Phoenix manages to kill him. After the Hell Charger leaves with Ghost Rider and Ant-Man of Earth-818, Dark Phoenix states that she is starting to hate that car. Doom Supreme tells Dark Phoenix and the rest of the Multiversal Masters of Evil that they need to regroup as he knows where they are going. They will make one more stop before they can return to Earth-616 as Doom Supreme states that "No Avenger gets out alive".

Dark Phoenix and Hound accompany the Multiversal Masters of Evil in fighting the Avengers and the Prehistoric Avengers where Hound is killed by Prehistoric Ghost Rider. After being repelled where most of her teammates are either dead or defeated, Dark Phoenix returns to her Mystique form and goes to find Doom Supreme where she accuses him of abandoning them when they were getting their butts kicked. She ended up attacking a hologram of Doom Supreme. In a flashback, it was shown that Mystique took on the powers of the Phoenix Force and blasted apart Old Man Phoenix.

Dark Phoenix later appears at the God Quarry and attacks Doom Supreme for abandoning her as he claims that he awaited her arrival. While Dark Phoenix claims that he lied and plans to place her searing lips on his tongue, Doom Supreme removes his mask and kisses her while daring her to try. She later confronts Old Man Phoenix and tries to attack him only to be attacked by the Prehistoric Phoenix Firehair. When Thor meets Firehair, they do a combo attack to knock down Dark Phoenix. Dark Phoenix in the form of a phoenix attacks Echo and Firehair in order to claim the ancient Multiverse energies for herself. They break free and slay Dark Phoenix.

Exiles

In the Earth-797 reality, Mystique is apparently a man and goes by the name of Raphael-Raven Darkhölme (and his alias is Mystiq). Much like the main Mystique, he has a relationship with Destiny but due to his gender has a child with her (Claremont's original plan for Nightcrawler's origin). They are both killed in unknown circumstances and Raphael often goes to their grave sites. On such an occasion, he is about to be attacked by soldiers when the Exiles' Sabretooth, who had been stranded on this Earth, saves his life. Saying he is in his debt, he joins the Exiles when they come to pick up their teammate.

House of M
In the House of M, Mystique is an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. and a member of its elite unit, the Red Guard, alongside Jessica Drew, Toad, and her children Rogue and Nightcrawler. She's also involved in an affair with Wolverine, the Red Guard's leader. When this unit, in pursuit of their former leader, attacks the heroes 'awakened' by Layla Miller, the entire squad is restored. With all of reality against them, any personal history is set aside, and Mystique fights alongside the rest of the 'awakened' without incident.

Infinity Wars
During the Infinity Wars storyline where the universe was folded in half, Mystique was fused with Lady Deathstrike creating Deathstrique. She was hired by Dragon King (fusion between Shadow King and Dragoness) to assassinate Diamond Patch (fusion between Wolverine and Emma Frost), but was instead slashed and thrown from the roof by Diamond Patch.

She was then hired by Red Dormmamu (fusion of Red Skull and Dormammu) to masquerade as Madame Hel (fusion between Madame Masque and Hela) and start a conflict between Soldier Supreme (fusion between Captain America and Doctor Strange) and Iron Hammer (fusion between Thor and Iron Man).

Marvel Mangaverse
In X-Men Mangaverse, Mystique teams up with Nightcrawler and other Brotherhood members. Storm later kills her with a lightning bolt.

Marvel Zombies
Mystique appears as a zombie twice in the Marvel Zombies universe. She is first shown disguised as Scarlet Witch to get close to and bite Quicksilver, thus becoming directly responsible for the fast spread of the zombie virus throughout the world. She is also shown fighting alongside zombie versions of Avalanche, Blob, and Pyro taking a direct blast from Cyclops right to the face.

Ultimate Marvel
In the Ultimate Marvel Universe, Mystique is the former lover of Charles Xavier. During their stay in the Savage Land with Magneto, the young Emma Frost comes under the tutelage of Xavier, and shortly thereafter he dumps Mystique for Frost. Ever since then, Mystique has held great resentment toward Xavier, which in turn makes her loyal to Magneto. She teams up with Forge and helps Magneto escape the Triskelion by taking his place in the prison cell, before she is replaced by Mastermind and Stacy X and given a new assignment. She is hinted to be one of the few who actually knows how Xavier's darker side operates, stating "We all bought into Xavier's dream until we got a look at the sick brain behind it." It is later revealed that Emma Frost named Xavier's cat after Mystique, after the feline partially destroyed the decor of his office. She briefly appears in Ultimates 3, impersonating the Black Widow to distract Tony Stark until knocked out by the Wasp. She is later seen with the few surviving Brotherhood members still stationed in Wundagore.

X-Men: The End
In the trilogy book series X-Men: The End Mystique is posing as Dark Beast and pretending to work with Mister Sinister. When Sinister murders Rogue she kills him. Gambit later asks her to look after his and Rogue's children when he goes off into space.

X-Men Fairy Tales
Mystique appears briefly in the X-Men Fairy Tales limited series' first issue. She is leading a group of thieves who attack the old monk/Professor X. They are scared away by Hitome/Cyclops. The other thieves are Avalanche and Pyro. In the fourth issue, she appears as Anna/Rogue's mother, a voodoo priestess.

In other media
Television
 Mystique appears in X-Men: The Animated Series, voiced by Randall Carpenter in the first and second seasons and by Jennifer Dale for the rest of the series. This version is an associate of Apocalypse, who granted her her powers, Mister Sinister, and Magneto as well as the leader of the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants.
 Mystique appears in X-Men: Evolution, primarily voiced by Colleen Wheeler. This version initially serves Magneto, supervises the Brotherhood of Bayville, and works undercover as Principal Raven Darkholme of Bayville High School during the first season. For the second through fourth seasons, she assumes the alias of Risty Wilde (voiced by Nicole Oliver) before she is converted into Apocalypse's Horseman of Pestilence, in the two-part series finale "Ascension".
 Mystique appears in Wolverine and the X-Men, voiced by Tamara Bernier. This version is a resident of Genosha and member of Magneto's Acolytes who displays previous romantic history with Wolverine.
 Mystique appears in The Super Hero Squad Show episode "Deadly is the Black Widow's Bite!", voiced by Lena Headey. This version is a member of Doctor Doom's Lethal Legion.
 Mystique appears in Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers, voiced by Masumi Asano.

 Film

Two incarnations of Mystique appear in Twentieth Century Fox's X-Men film series, portrayed by Rebecca Romijn and Jennifer Lawrence as adults and Morgan Lily as a child. The first incarnation appears in X-Men (2000), X2, and X-Men: The Last Stand as a member of Magneto's Brotherhood of Mutants until she is subjected to a mutant cure and ousted from the group, for which she later sells him out. The second incarnation appears in X-Men: First Class, X-Men: Days of Future Past, X-Men: Apocalypse, and Dark Phoenix as the childhood friend of Charles Xavier, founding member of the X-Men, and associate of Magneto before she is eventually and inadvertently killed by Jean Grey.

Video games
Mystique appears as a boss in X-Men (1992).
Mystique appears as a playable character in X-Men: Mutant Academy. This version is a member of Magneto's Brotherhood of Mutants.
Mystique appears as a playable character in X-Men: Mutant Academy 2. This version is a member of Magneto's Brotherhood of Mutants.
Mystique appears as a playable character in X-Men: Next Dimension, voiced by Julianne Grossman. This version is a member of Magneto's Brotherhood of Mutants.
Mystique appears as a boss in X-Men Legends, voiced by Grey DeLisle. This version is a member of Magneto's Brotherhood of Mutants.
Mystique appears as a non-player character (NPC) in X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse, voiced again by Grey DeLisle. This version is a member of Magneto's Brotherhood of Mutants.
Mystique appears in X-Men Origins: Wolverine, voiced by Anna Graves.
Mystique appears in the Nintendo DS version of Marvel Super Hero Squad.
Mystique appears in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online.
Mystique appears in X-Men: Destiny, voiced by Sumalee Montano. This version is a member of Magneto's Brotherhood of Mutants.
Mystique appears in LittleBigPlanet via the "Marvel Costume Kit 1" DLC.
Mystique appears in Marvel: Avengers Alliance as a member of Magneto's Brotherhood of Mutants.
Mystique appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes, voiced by Laura Bailey. This version is a member of Magneto's Brotherhood of Mutants.
Mystique appears as a playable character in Marvel Strike Force. This version is a member of Magneto's Brotherhood of Mutants.
Mystique appears as an NPC in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order, voiced again by Sumalee Montano. This version is a member of Magneto's Brotherhood of Mutants.
Mystique appears as a playable character in Fortnite Battle Royale.
Mystique appears in Marvel Snap.

Collected editions
 Essential Ms. Marvel Vol.1 (Ms. Marvel Vol.1 #1-23; The Avengers Vol.1 Annual #10; Marvel Super-Heroes #10-11; 512 pages, February 2007, )
 Mystique Vol.1: Dead Drop Gorgeous (Mystique #1-6; 160 pages, August 2004, )
 Mystique Vol.2: Tinker, Tailor, Mutant, Spy (Mystique #7-13; 170 pages, November 2004, )
 Mystique Vol.3: Unnatural (Mystique #14-18; 120 pages, January 2005, )
 Mystique Vol.4: Quiet (Mystique #19-24; 150 pages, April 2005, )
 Mystique By Brian K. Vaughan Ultimate Collection (Mystique #1-13; 312 pages, May 2011, )
 Mystique By Sean McKeever Ultimate Collection (Mystique #14-24; 256 pages, June 2011, )
 Wolverine: Get Mystique'' (Wolverine Vol.3 #62-65; 96 pages, August 2008, )

References

External links
 Mystique at Marvel.com
 Mystique at UncannyXMen.net

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Mystique (character)


Uncle Peretz Takes Off (הדוד פרץ ממריא, Ha-Dod Peretz Mamree in Hebrew), is a collection of short stories by Israeli writer Yaakov Shabtai. An English translation by Dalya Bilu was published in 2004. The stories present a gallery of characters in Tel Aviv of the 1940s, including Uncle Shmuel who tries to make his fortune as a poulterer, the nude model Tamara Bell, and Albert Weiss-Fink, who dreams of bringing a traveling circus to Palestine.

Writing and Publication history

The thirteen stories which make up the first edition of the collection were all written between 1966 and 1971, when Yaakov Shabtai was in his thirties, and still mostly focused on his work as a playwright. Following his experience with these stories, Shabtai decided to dedicate himself to prose. Once the collection was published he turned to writing novels, and never attempted to write short stories again.

The first Hebrew edition of the book was published in 1972 and included thirteen stories. An expanded edition, including seven previously unpublished stories from Shabtai's estate, was published posthumously in 1985. The English edition includes the 13 original stories and one additional story, "The Czech Tea Service", from the new collection.

The Stories

The original stories

Shabtai paid close attention to the overall structure of the collection, believing that it also reflected the internal ideas of the stories. Though at first the book included additional stories, such as "The Gospel according to Lucas," Shabtai decided to leave them out since they did not fit the overall structure.

Seven of the stories - the first five and the final two - deal with memory and serve as a frame for the book. The first story, "Adoshem", recounts the narrator's Bar Mitzvah, while the last story, "Departure", presents the death of his grandmother. the character of the narrator reappears in all seven  of these "memory" stories, as either protagonist or witness. All the stories in the collection except two, "Cordoba" and "The Voyage to Mauritius", take place in Tel Aviv.

The thirteen stories, in order, are:
 Adoshem
 Model
 True Tenderness
 Uncle Shmuel
 A Marriage Proposal
 Past Continuous
 Cordoba
 Twilight
 The Voyage to Mauritius
 A Private and Very Awesome Leopard
 Uncle Peretz Takes Off
 The Visit
 Departure

The estate stories
Shabtai deemed these seven stories as unfitting for the collection; they were later added by his wife, who managed his estate, as the first volume in a series which would publish Shabtai's complete literary output. Except for "The Czech Tea Service," none of these stories were translated into English and their titles are direct translations of the original Hebrew names.

The seven stories are:
 Family - an early draft of "A Private and Very Awesome Leopard"
 The Czech Tea Service - partly integrated into the novel Past Continuous
 Lesson
 Chardash
 Love Adventure
 A Wick from the Cathedral Bell's Rope
 The Gospel according to Lucas

References
 Shabtai, Yaakov. Uncle Peretz Takes Off. Overlook, 2004,
 Shabtai, Edna. Afterword to Uncle Peretz Takes Off. Siman Kriah, 1985. pg. 233-234 (in Hebrew).

External links
 Uncle Peretz Takes Off - Review at the Jewish News Weekly

2004 short story collections
Israeli short story collections
1993 short story collections
Tel Aviv in fiction

Uncle Peretz Takes Off