This is a list of the bird species recorded in Guatemala. The avifauna of Guatemala included a total of 781 species as of June 2023, according to Bird Checklists of the World. Of them, 128 are rare or accidental and five have been introduced by humans. One species (now extinct) was endemic and two non-endemic species have been extirpated.

This list is presented in the taxonomic sequence of the Check-list of North and Middle American Birds, 7th edition through the 63rd Supplement, published by the American Ornithological Society (AOS). Common and scientific names are also those of the Check-list, except that the common names of families are from the Clements taxonomy because the AOS list does not include them.

Unless otherwise noted, the species on this list are considered to occur regularly in Guatemala as permanent residents, summer or winter visitors, or migrants. The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The tags and notes of population status are from Bird Checklists of the World.

 (A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Guatemala
 (E) Endemic - a species endemic to Guatemala
 (I) Introduced - a species introduced to Guatemala as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions

Tinamous

Order: TinamiformesFamily: Tinamidae

The tinamous are one of the most ancient groups of bird. Although they look similar to other ground-dwelling birds like quail and grouse, they have no close relatives and are classified as a single family, Tinamidae, within their own order, the Tinamiformes. They are distantly related to the ratites (order Struthioniformes), that includes the rheas, emus, and kiwis.

Great tinamou, Tinamus major (Near-threatened)
Little tinamou, Crypturellus soui
Thicket tinamou, Crypturellus cinnamomeus
Slaty-breasted tinamou, Crypturellus boucardi

Ducks, geese, and waterfowl

Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae

The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.

Black-bellied whistling-duck, Dendrocygna autumnalis
Fulvous whistling-duck, Dendrocygna bicolor (A)
Muscovy duck, Cairina moschata
Wood duck, Aix sponsa (A)
Blue-winged teal, Spatula discors
Cinnamon teal, Spatula cyanoptera
Northern shoveler, Spatula clypeata
Gadwall, Mareca strepera (A)
American wigeon, Mareca americana
Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos (A)
Northern pintail, Anas acuta
Green-winged teal, Anas crecca
Canvasback, Aythya valisineria (A)
Redhead, Aythya americana
Ring-necked duck, Aythya collaris
Greater scaup, Aythya marila (A)
Lesser scaup, Aythya affinis
Surf scoter, Melanitta perspicillata (A)
Masked duck, Nomonyx dominicus
Ruddy duck, Oxyura jamaicensis (A)

Guans, chachalacas, and curassows

Order: GalliformesFamily: Cracidae

The Cracidae are large birds, similar in general appearance to turkeys. The guans and curassows live in trees, but the smaller chachalacas are found in more open scrubby habitats. They are generally dull-plumaged, but the curassows and some guans have colorful facial ornaments.

Plain chachalaca, Ortalis vetula
White-bellied chachalaca, Ortalis leucogastra
Crested guan, Penelope purpurascens
Highland guan, Penelopina nigra (Vulnerable)
Horned guan, Oreophasis derbianus (Endangered)
Great curassow, Crax rubra (Near-threatened)

New World quail

Order: GalliformesFamily: Odontophoridae

The New World quails are small, plump terrestrial birds only distantly related to the quails of the Old World, but named for their similar appearance and habits.

Buffy-crowned wood-partridge, Dendrortyx leucophrys
Northern bobwhite, Colinus virginianus (Near-threatened)
Black-throated bobwhite, Colinus nigrogularis
Crested bobwhite, Colinus cristatus
Ocellated quail, Cyrtonyx ocellatus (Vulnerable)
Singing quail, Dactylortyx thoracicus
Spotted wood-quail, Odontophorus guttatus

Pheasants, grouse, and allies

Order: GalliformesFamily: Phasianidae

Turkeys are similar to large pheasants but have a distinctive fleshy wattle that hangs from the beak, called a snood.

Ocellated turkey, Meleagris ocellata (Near-threatened)

Grebes

Order: PodicipediformesFamily: Podicipedidae

Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.

Least grebe, Tachybaptus dominicus
Pied-billed grebe, Podilymbus podiceps
Atitlan grebe, Podilymbus gigas (E) (Extinct)
Eared grebe, Podiceps nigricollis

Pigeons and doves

Order: ColumbiformesFamily: Columbidae

Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.

Rock pigeon, Columba livia (I)
Pale-vented pigeon, Patagioenas cayennensis
Scaled pigeon, Patagioenas speciosa
White-crowned pigeon, Patagioenas leucocephala (A) (Near-threatened)
Red-billed pigeon, Patagioenas flavirostris
Band-tailed pigeon, Patagioenas fasciata
Short-billed pigeon, Patagioenas nigrirostris
African collared-dove, Streptopelia roseogrisea (I) (A)
Eurasian collared-dove, Streptopelia decaocto (I)
Inca dove, Columbina inca
Common ground dove, Columbina passerina
Plain-breasted ground dove, Columbina minuta
Ruddy ground dove, Columbina talpacoti
Blue ground dove, Claravis pretiosa
Maroon-chested ground dove, Paraclaravis mondetoura
Ruddy quail-dove, Geotrygon montana
White-tipped dove, Leptotila verreauxi
Caribbean dove, Leptotila jamaicensis (A)
Gray-chested dove, Leptotila cassinii
Gray-headed dove, Leptotila plumbeiceps
White-faced quail-dove, Zentrygon albifacies
White-winged dove, Zenaida asiatica
Mourning dove, Zenaida macroura

Cuckoos

Order: CuculiformesFamily: Cuculidae

The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners, and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails, and strong legs.

Groove-billed ani, Crotophaga sulcirostris
Striped cuckoo, Tapera naevia
Pheasant cuckoo, Dromococcyx phasianellus
Lesser ground-cuckoo, Morococcyx erythropygus
Lesser roadrunner, Geococcyx velox
Squirrel cuckoo, Piaya cayana
Yellow-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus americanus
Mangrove cuckoo, Coccyzus minor
Black-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus erythropthalmus
Gray-capped cuckoo, Coccyzus lansbergi (A)

Nightjars and allies

Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Caprimulgidae

Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs, and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves.

Short-tailed nighthawk, Lurocalis semitorquatus
Lesser nighthawk, Chordeiles acutipennis
Common nighthawk, Chordeiles minor
Common pauraque, Nyctidromus albicollis
Yucatan poorwill, Nyctiphrynus yucatanicus
Chuck-will's-widow, Antrostomus carolinensis (Near-threatened)
Yucatan nightjar, Antrostomus badius
Buff-collared nightjar, Antrostomus ridgwayi
Eastern whip-poor-will, Antrostomus vociferus (A) (Near-threatened)
Mexican whip-poor-will, Antrostomus arizonae
Spot-tailed nightjar, Hydropsalis maculicaudus (A)

Potoos

Order: NyctibiiformesFamily: Nyctibiidae

The potoos (sometimes called poor-me-ones) are large near passerine birds related to the nightjars and frogmouths. They are nocturnal insectivores which lack the bristles around the mouth found in the true nightjars.

Great potoo, Nyctibius grandis
Northern potoo, Nyctibius jamaicensis

Swifts

Order: ApodiformesFamily: Apodidae

Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.

Black swift, Cypseloides niger (Vulnerable)
White-chinned swift, Cypseloides cryptus (A)
White-fronted swift, Cypseloides storeri (A)
Chestnut-collared swift, Streptoprocne rutila
White-collared swift, Streptoprocne zonaris
Chimney swift, Chaetura pelagica (Vulnerable)
Vaux's swift, Chaetura vauxi
White-throated swift, Aeronautes saxatalis
Lesser swallow-tailed swift, Panyptila cayennensis
Great swallow-tailed swift, Panyptila sanctihieronymi

Hummingbirds
Order: ApodiformesFamily: Trochilidae

Hummingbirds are small birds capable of hovering in mid-air due to the rapid flapping of their wings. They are the only birds that can fly backwards.

White-necked jacobin, Florisuga mellivora
Band-tailed barbthroat, Threnetes ruckeri
Long-billed hermit, Phaethornis longirostris
Stripe-throated hermit, Phaethornis striigularis
Brown violetear, Colibri delphinae
Mexican violetear, Colibri thalassinus
Purple-crowned fairy, Heliothryx barroti
Green-breasted mango, Anthracothorax prevostii
Black-crested coquette, Lophornis helenae
Rivoli's hummingbird, Eugenes fulgens
Long-billed starthroat, Heliomaster longirostris
Plain-capped starthroat, Heliomaster constantii
Green-throated mountain-gem, Lampornis viridipallens
Amethyst-throated mountain-gem, Lampornis amethystinus
Garnet-throated hummingbird, Lamprolaima rhami
Slender sheartail, Doricha enicura
Sparkling-tailed hummingbird, Tilmatura dupontii
Ruby-throated hummingbird, Archilochus colubris
Rufous hummingbird, Selasphorus rufus (A) (Near-threatened)
Broad-tailed hummingbird, Selasphorus platycercus
Wine-throated hummingbird, Selasphorus ellioti
Canivet's emerald, Cynanthus canivetii
White-eared hummingbird, Basilinna leucotis
Wedge-tailed sabrewing, Pampa curvipennis
Rufous sabrewing, Pampa rufa
Emerald-chinned hummingbird, Abeillia abeillei
Violet sabrewing, Campylopterus hemileucurus
Crowned woodnymph, Thalurania colombica
Stripe-tailed hummingbird, Eupherusa eximia
Scaly-breasted hummingbird, Phaeochroa cuvierii
Green-fronted hummingbird, Leucolia viridifrons
Azure-crowned hummingbird, Saucerottia cyanocephala
Berylline hummingbird, Saucerottia beryllina
Blue-tailed hummingbird, Saucerottia cyanura
Cinnamon hummingbird, Amazilia rutila
Buff-bellied hummingbird, Amazilia yucatanensis
Rufous-tailed hummingbird, Amazilia tzacatl
White-bellied emerald, Chlorestes candida
Blue-throated goldentail, Chlorestes eliciae

Rails, gallinules, and coots

Order: GruiformesFamily: Rallidae

Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots, and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps, or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short rounded wings and to be weak fliers.

Spotted rail, Pardirallus maculatus
Uniform crake, Amaurolimnas concolor (A)
Rufous-necked wood-rail, Aramides axillaris (A)
Russet-naped wood-rail, Aramides albiventris
Clapper rail, Rallus crepitans (A)
Virginia rail, Rallus limicola (A)
Sora, Porzana carolina
Common gallinule, Gallinula galeata
American coot, Fulica americana
Purple gallinule, Porphyrio martinicus
Yellow-breasted crake, Hapalocrex flaviventer (A)
Ruddy crake, Laterallus ruber
Gray-breasted crake, Laterallus exilis
Black rail, Laterallus jamaicensis (Extirpated)

Finfoots

Order: GruiformesFamily: Heliornithidae

Heliornithidae is a small family of tropical birds with webbed lobes on their feet similar to those of grebes and coots.

Sungrebe, Heliornis fulica

Limpkin

Order: GruiformesFamily: Aramidae

The limpkin resembles a large rail. It has drab-brown plumage and a grayer head and neck.

Limpkin, Aramus guarauna

Thick-knees

Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Burhinidae

The thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes, and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats.

Double-striped thick-knee, Burhinus bistriatus

Stilts and avocets

Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Recurvirostridae

Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.

Black-necked stilt, Himantopus mexicanus
American avocet, Recurvirostra americana (A)

Oystercatchers

Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Haematopodidae

The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs.

American oystercatcher, Haematopus palliatus (A)

Plovers and lapwings

Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Charadriidae

The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels, and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks, and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.

Southern lapwing, Vanellus chilensis (A)
Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola
American golden-plover, Pluvialis dominica
Killdeer, Charadrius vociferus
Semipalmated plover, Charadrius semipalmatus
Wilson's plover, Charadrius wilsonia
Collared plover, Charadrius collaris
Snowy plover, Charadrius nivosus (A) (Near-threatened)

Jacanas

Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Jacanidae

The jacanas are a group of waders found throughout the tropics. They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat.

Northern jacana, Jacana spinosa

Sandpipers and allies
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Scolopacidae

Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers, and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.

Upland sandpiper, Bartramia longicauda
Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus
Eskimo curlew, Numenius borealis (A) (Critically endangered, possibly extinct)
Long-billed curlew, Numenius americanus
Hudsonian godwit, Limosa haemastica (A)
Marbled godwit, Limosa fedoa
Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres
Red knot, Calidris canutus (A) (Near-threatened)
Surfbird, Calidris virgata (A)
Ruff, Calidris pugnax (A)
Stilt sandpiper, Calidris himantopus
Sanderling, Calidris alba
Dunlin, Calidris alpina (A)
Baird's sandpiper, Calidris bairdii
Least sandpiper, Calidris minutilla
White-rumped sandpiper, Calidris fuscicollis
Buff-breasted sandpiper, Calidris subruficollis (A) (Near-threatened)
Pectoral sandpiper, Calidris melanotos
Semipalmated sandpiper, Calidris pusilla (Near-threatened)
Western sandpiper, Calidris mauri
Short-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus griseus
Long-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus
Wilson's snipe, Gallinago delicata
Spotted sandpiper, Actitis macularius
Solitary sandpiper, Tringa solitaria
Wandering tattler, Tringa incana
Lesser yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes
Willet, Tringa semipalmata
Greater yellowlegs, Tringa melanoleuca
Wilson's phalarope, Phalaropus tricolor
Red-necked phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus (A)
Red phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius (A)

Skuas and jaegers

Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Stercorariidae

The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with gray or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.

South polar skua, Stercorarius maccormicki (A)
Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus
Parasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus
Long-tailed jaeger, Stercorarius longicaudus (A)

Gulls, terns, and skimmers
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Laridae

Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds and includes gulls, kittiwakes, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically gray or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.
Skimmers are a small family of tropical tern-like birds. They have an elongated lower mandible which they use to feed by flying low over the water surface and skimming the water for small fish.

Sabine's gull, Xema sabini
Bonaparte's gull, Chroicocephalus philadelphia (A)
Little Gull, Hydrocoloeus minutus (A)
Gray Gull, Leucophaeus modestus (A)
Laughing gull, Leucophaeus atricilla
Franklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan
Heermann's gull, Larus heermanni (A) (Near-threatened)
Ring-billed gull, Larus delawarensis
Western gull, Larus occidentalis (A)
Yellow-footed gull, Larus livens (A)
California gull, Larus californicus (A)
Herring gull, Larus argentatus
Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus (A)
Brown noddy, Anous stolidus (A)
Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus (A)
Bridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus
Least tern, Sternula antillarum
Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica
Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia
Inca Tern, Larosterna inca (A) (Near-threatened)
Black tern, Chlidonias niger
Common tern, Sterna hirundo
Arctic tern, Sterna paradisaea (A)
Forster's tern, Sterna forsteri
Royal tern, Thalasseus maximus
Sandwich tern, Thalasseus sandvicensis
Elegant tern, Thalasseus elegans (Near-threatened)
Black skimmer, Rynchops niger

Sunbittern

Order: EurypygiformesFamily: Eurypygidae

The sunbittern is a bittern-like bird of tropical regions of the Americas and the sole member of the family Eurypygidae (sometimes spelled Eurypigidae) and genus Eurypyga.

Sunbittern, Eurypyga helias (A)

Tropicbirds

Order: PhaethontiformesFamily: Phaethontidae

Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.

White-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon lepturus (A)
Red-billed tropicbird, Phaethon aethereus (A)

Southern storm-petrels

Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Oceanitidae

The storm-petrels are the smallest seabirds, relatives of the petrels, feeding on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like. Until 2018, this family's three species were included with the other storm-petrels in family Hydrobatidae.

Wilson's storm-petrel Oceanites oceanicus (A)

Northern storm-petrels
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Hydrobatidae

Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family.

Leach's storm-petrel Hydrobates leucorhous (A) (Vulnerable)
Wedge-rumped storm-petrel Hydrobates tethys
Black storm-petrel Hydrobates melania
Markham's storm-petrel Hydrobates markhami (A) (Near-threatened)
Least storm-petrel Hydrobates microsoma

Shearwaters and petrels

Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Procellariidae

The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterized by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.

Galapagos petrel, Pterodroma phaeopygia (A) (Critically endangered)
Tahiti petrel, Pseudobulweria rostrata (A) (Near-threatened)
Bulwer's petrel, Bulweria bulwerii (A)
Parkinson's petrel, Procellaria parkinsoni (A) (Vulnerable)
Wedge-tailed shearwater, Ardenna pacificus
Sooty shearwater, Ardenna griseus (A) (Near-threatened)
Pink-footed shearwater, Ardenna creatopus (Vulnerable)
Christmas shearwater, Puffinus nativitatis (A)
Galapagos shearwater, Puffinus subalaris (A)
Black-vented shearwater, Puffinus opisthomelas (A) (Near-threatened)
Audubon's shearwater, Puffinus lherminierii

Storks

Order: CiconiiformesFamily: Ciconiidae

Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory.

Jabiru, Jabiru mycteria
Wood stork, Mycteria americana

Frigatebirds

Order: SuliformesFamily: Fregatidae

Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black-and-white, or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have colored inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.

Magnificent frigatebird, Fregata magnificens

Boobies and gannets

Order: SuliformesFamily: Sulidae

The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.

Masked booby, Sula dactylatra
Nazca booby, Sula granti
Blue-footed booby, Sula nebouxii (A)
Brown booby, Sula leucogaster
Red-footed booby, Sula sula

Anhingas

Order: SuliformesFamily: Anhingidae

Anhingas are often called "snake-birds" because of their long thin neck, which gives a snake-like appearance when they swim with their bodies submerged. The males have black and dark-brown plumage, an erectile crest on the nape, and a larger bill than the female. The females have much paler plumage especially on the neck and underparts. The Anhingas have completely webbed feet and their legs are short and set far back on the body. Their plumage is somewhat permeable, like that of cormorants, and they spread their wings to dry after diving.

Anhinga, Anhinga anhinga

Cormorants and shags

Order: SuliformesFamily: Phalacrocoracidae

Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage coloration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white, and a few being colorful.

Double-crested cormorant, Nannopterum auritum (A)
Neotropic cormorant, Nannopterum brasilianum

Pelicans

Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Pelecanidae

Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes.

American white pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
Brown pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis

Herons, egrets, and bitterns

Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Ardeidae

The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons, and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.

Pinnated bittern, Botaurus pinnatus
American bittern, Botaurus lentiginosus (A)
Least bittern, Ixobrychus exilis
Rufescent tiger-heron, Tigrisoma lineatum (A)
Bare-throated tiger-heron, Tigrisoma mexicanum
Great blue heron, Ardea herodias
Great egret, Ardea alba
Snowy egret, Egretta thula
Little blue heron, Egretta caerulea
Tricolored heron, Egretta tricolor
Reddish egret, Egretta rufescens (Near-threatened)
Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis
Green heron, Butorides virescens
Agami heron, Agamia agami (Vulnerable)
Black-crowned night-heron, Nycticorax nycticorax
Yellow-crowned night-heron, Nyctanassa violacea
Boat-billed heron, Cochlearius cochlearius

Ibises and spoonbills

Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Threskiornithidae

Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.

White ibis, Eudocimus albus
Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus (A)
White-faced ibis, Plegadis chihi
Roseate spoonbill, Platalea ajaja

New World vultures

Order: CathartiformesFamily: Cathartidae

The New World vultures are not closely related to Old World vultures, but superficially resemble them because of convergent evolution. Like the Old World vultures, they are scavengers. However, unlike Old World vultures, which find carcasses by sight, New World vultures have a good sense of smell with which they locate carrion.

King vulture, Sarcoramphus papa
Black vulture, Coragyps atratus
Turkey vulture, Cathartes aura
Lesser yellow-headed vulture, Cathartes burrovianus

Osprey

Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Pandionidae

The family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution.

Osprey, Pandion haliaetus

Hawks, eagles, and kites
Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Accipitridae

Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers, and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight.

Pearl kite, Gampsonyx swainsonii (A)
White-tailed kite, Elanus leucurus
Hook-billed kite, Chondrohierax uncinatus
Gray-headed kite, Leptodon cayanensis
Swallow-tailed kite, Elanoides forficatus
Crested eagle, Morphnus guianensis (Near-threatened)
Harpy eagle, Harpia harpyja (A) (Near-threatened)
Black hawk-eagle, Spizaetus tyrannus
Black-and-white hawk-eagle, Spizaetus melanoleucus
Ornate hawk-eagle, Spizaetus ornatus (Near-threatened)
Double-toothed kite, Harpagus bidentatus
Northern harrier, Circus hudsonius
Sharp-shinned hawk, Accipiter striatus
Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperii
Bicolored hawk, Accipiter bicolor
Mississippi kite, Ictinia mississippiensis
Plumbeous kite, Ictinia plumbea
Black-collared hawk, Busarellus nigricollis
Crane hawk, Geranospiza caerulescens
Snail kite, Rostrhamus sociabilis
Common black hawk, Buteogallus anthracinus
Great black hawk, Buteogallus urubitinga
Solitary eagle, Buteogallus solitarius (A) (Near-threatened)
Roadside hawk, Rupornis magnirostris
Harris's hawk, Parabuteo unicinctus
White-tailed hawk, Geranoaetus albicaudatus
White hawk, Pseudastur albicollis
Gray hawk, Buteo plagiatus
Red-shouldered hawk, Buteo lineatus (A)
Broad-winged hawk, Buteo platypterus
Short-tailed hawk, Buteo brachyurus
Swainson's hawk, Buteo swainsoni
Zone-tailed hawk, Buteo albonotatus
Red-tailed hawk, Buteo jamaicensis

Barn-owls

Order: StrigiformesFamily: Tytonidae

Barn-owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.

Barn owl, Tyto alba

Owls

Order: StrigiformesFamily: Strigidae

The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.

Flammulated owl, Psiloscops flammeolus (A)
Whiskered screech-owl, Megascops trichopsis
Bearded screech-owl, Megascops barbarus (Vulnerable)
Pacific screech-owl, Megascops cooperi
Western screech-owl, Megascops kennicottii (A)
Middle-American screech-owl, Megascops guatemalae
Crested owl, Lophostrix cristata
Spectacled owl, Pulsatrix perspicillata
Great horned owl, Bubo virginianus
Northern pygmy-owl, Glaucidium gnoma
Central American pygmy-owl, Glaucidium griseiceps
Ferruginous pygmy-owl, Glaucidium brasilianum
Burrowing owl, Athene cunicularia (A)
Mottled owl, Strix virgata
Black-and-white owl, Strix nigrolineata
Fulvous owl, Strix fulvescens
Stygian owl, Asio stygius
Short-eared owl, Asio flammeus (A)
Striped owl, Asio clamator
Unspotted saw-whet owl, Aegolius ridgwayi

Trogons

Order: TrogoniformesFamily: Trogonidae

The family Trogonidae includes trogons and quetzals. Found in tropical woodlands worldwide, they feed on insects and fruit, and their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits. Although their flight is fast, they are reluctant to fly any distance. Trogons have soft, often colorful, feathers with distinctive male and female plumage.

Slaty-tailed trogon, Trogon massena
Black-headed trogon, Trogon melanocephalus
Gartered trogon, Trogon caligatus
Elegant trogon, Trogon elegans
Mountain trogon, Trogon mexicanus
Collared trogon, Trogon collaris
Resplendent quetzal, Pharomachrus mocinno (Near-threatened)

Motmots

Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Momotidae

The motmots have colorful plumage and long graduated tails which they display by waggling back and forth. In most of the species, the barbs near the ends of the two longest (central) tail feathers are weak and fall off, leaving a length of bare shaft and creating a racket-shaped tail.

Tody motmot, Hylomanes momotula
Blue-throated motmot, Aspatha gularis
Russet-crowned motmot, Momotus mexicanus
Lesson's motmot, Momotus lessonii
Keel-billed motmot, Electron carinatum Vulnerable
Broad-billed motmot, Electron platyrhynchum
Turquoise-browed motmot, Eumomota superciliosa

Kingfishers

Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Alcedinidae

Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails.

Ringed kingfisher, Megaceryle torquata
Belted kingfisher, Megaceryle alcyon
Amazon kingfisher, Chloroceryle amazona
American pygmy kingfisher, Chloroceryle aenea
Green kingfisher, Chloroceryle americana

Puffbirds

Order: PiciformesFamily: Bucconidae

The puffbirds are related to the jacamars and have the same range, but lack the iridescent colors of that family. They are mainly brown, rufous, or gray, with large heads and flattened bills with hooked tips. The loose abundant plumage and short tails makes them look stout and puffy, giving rise to the English common name of the family.

White-necked puffbird, Notharchus hyperrhynchus
White-whiskered puffbird, Malacoptila panamensis

Jacamars
Order: PiciformesFamily: Galbulidae

The jacamars are near passerine birds from tropical South America with a range that extends up to Mexico. They feed on insects caught on the wing, and are glossy, elegant birds with long bills and tails. In appearance and behavior they resemble the Old World bee-eaters, although they are more closely related to puffbirds.

Rufous-tailed jacamar, Galbula ruficauda

Toucans

Order: PiciformesFamily: Ramphastidae

Toucans are near passerine birds from the Neotropics. They are brightly marked and have enormous colorful bills which in some species amount to half their body length.

Northern emerald-toucanet, Aulacorhynchus prasinus
Collared aracari, Pteroglossus torquatus
Keel-billed toucan, Ramphastos sulfuratus

Woodpeckers

Order: PiciformesFamily: Picidae

Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails, and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.

Olivaceous piculet, Picumnus olivaceus
Acorn woodpecker, Melanerpes formicivorus
Black-cheeked woodpecker, Melanerpes pucherani
Yucatan woodpecker, Melanerpes pygmaeus (A)
Golden-fronted woodpecker, Melanerpes aurifrons
Yellow-bellied sapsucker, Sphyrapicus varius
Ladder-backed woodpecker, Dryobates scalaris
Hairy woodpecker, Dryobates villosus
Smoky-brown woodpecker, Dryobates fumigatus
Golden-olive woodpecker, Colaptes rubiginosus
Northern flicker, Colaptes auratus
Chestnut-colored woodpecker, Celeus castaneus
Rufous-winged woodpecker, Piculus simplex (A)
Lineated woodpecker, Dryocopus lineatus
Pale-billed woodpecker, Campephilus guatemalensis

Falcons and caracaras

Order: FalconiformesFamily: Falconidae

Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles, and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.

Laughing falcon, Herpetotheres cachinnans
Barred forest-falcon, Micrastur ruficollis
Collared forest-falcon, Micrastur semitorquatus
Red-throated caracara, Ibycter americanus (Extirpated)
Crested caracara, Caracara plancus
Yellow-headed caracara, Milvago chimachima (A)
American kestrel, Falco sparverius
Merlin, Falco columbarius
Aplomado falcon, Falco femoralis
Bat falcon, Falco rufigularis
Orange-breasted falcon, Falco deiroleucus (Near-threatened)
Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus

New World and African parrots

Order: PsittaciformesFamily: Psittacidae

Parrots are small to large birds with a characteristic curved beak. Their upper mandibles have slight mobility in the joint with the skull and they have a generally erect stance. All parrots are zygodactyl, having the four toes on each foot placed two at the front and two to the back.

Olive-throated parakeet, Eupsittula nana
Orange-fronted parakeet, Eupsittula canicularis
Scarlet macaw, Ara macao
Green parakeet, Psittacara holochlorus
Pacific parakeet, Psittacara strenuus
Barred parakeet, Bolborhynchus lineola
Orange-chinned parakeet, Brotogeris jugularis
Brown-hooded parrot, Pyrilia haematotis
White-crowned parrot, Pionus senilis
White-fronted parrot, Amazona albifrons
Yellow-lored parrot, Amazona xantholora
Red-lored parrot, Amazona autumnalis
Mealy parrot, Amazona farinosa
Yellow-headed parrot, Amazona oratrix (A) (Endangered)
Yellow-naped parrot, Amazona auropalliata

Manakins

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Pipridae

The manakins are a family of subtropical and tropical mainland Central and South America, and Trinidad and Tobago. They are compact forest birds, the males typically being brightly colored, although the females of most species are duller and usually green-plumaged. Manakins feed on small fruits, berries and insects.

Long-tailed manakin, Chiroxiphia linearis
White-collared manakin, Manacus candei
Red-capped manakin, Ceratopipra mentalis

Cotingas
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Cotingidae

The cotingas are birds of forests or forest edges in tropical South America. Comparatively little is known about this diverse group, although all have broad bills with hooked tips, rounded wings, and strong legs. The males of many of the species are brightly colored or decorated with plumes or wattles.

Lovely cotinga, Cotinga amabilis
Rufous piha, Lipaugus unirufus

Tityras and allies

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Tityridae

Tityridae are suboscine passerine birds found in forest and woodland in the Neotropics. The species in this family were formerly spread over the families Tyrannidae, Pipridae, and Cotingidae. They are small to medium-sized birds. They do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds. Most, but not all, have plain coloring.

Northern schiffornis, Schiffornis veraepacis
Speckled mourner, Laniocera rufescens (A)
Masked tityra, Tityra semifasciata
Black-crowned tityra, Tityra inquisitor
Cinnamon becard, Pachyramphus cinnamomeus
White-winged becard, Pachyramphus polychopterus
Gray-collared becard, Pachyramphus major
Rose-throated becard, Pachyramphus aglaiae

Royal flycatcher and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Onychorhynchidae

The members of this small family, created in 2018, were formerly considered to be tyrant flycatchers, family Tyrannidae.

Royal flycatcher, Onychorhynchus coronatus
Ruddy-tailed flycatcher, Terenotriccus erythrurus
Sulphur-rumped flycatcher, Myiobius sulphureipygius

Tyrant flycatchers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Tyrannidae

Tyrant flycatchers are passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America. They superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, but are more robust and have stronger bills. They do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds. Most, but not all, have plain coloring. As the name implies, most are insectivorous.

Gray-headed piprites, Piprites griseiceps (A)
Stub-tailed spadebill, Platyrinchus cancrominus
Ochre-bellied flycatcher, Mionectes oleagineus
Sepia-capped flycatcher, Leptopogon amaurocephalus
Northern bentbill, Oncostoma cinereigulare
Slate-headed tody-flycatcher, Poecilotriccus sylvia
Common tody-flycatcher, Todirostrum cinereum
Eye-ringed flatbill, Rhynchocyclus brevirostris
Yellow-olive flycatcher, Tolmomyias sulphurescens
Yellow-bellied tyrannulet, Ornithion semiflavum
Northern beardless-tyrannulet, Camptostoma imberbe
Greenish elaenia, Myiopagis viridicata
Yellow-bellied elaenia, Elaenia flavogaster
Mountain elaenia, Elaenia frantzii
Guatemalan tyrannulet, Zimmerius vilissimus
Mistletoe tyrannulet, Zimmerius parvus
Bright-rumped attila, Attila spadiceus
Rufous mourner, Rhytipterna holerythra
Yucatan flycatcher, Myiarchus yucatanensis
Dusky-capped flycatcher, Myiarchus tuberculifer
Ash-throated flycatcher, Myiarchus cinerascens
Nutting's flycatcher, Myiarchus nuttingi
Great crested flycatcher, Myiarchus crinitus
Brown-crested flycatcher, Myiarchus tyrannulus
Great kiskadee, Pitangus sulphuratus
Boat-billed flycatcher, Megarynchus pitangua
Social flycatcher, Myiozetetes similis
Streaked flycatcher, Myiodynastes maculatus
Sulphur-bellied flycatcher, Myiodynastes luteiventris
Piratic flycatcher, Legatus leucophaius
Tropical kingbird, Tyrannus melancholicus
Couch's kingbird, Tyrannus couchii
Cassin's kingbird, Tyrannus vociferans
Thick-billed kingbird, Tyrannus crassirostris (A)
Western kingbird, Tyrannus verticalis
Eastern kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus
Scissor-tailed flycatcher, Tyrannus forficatus
Fork-tailed flycatcher, Tyrannus savana
Belted flycatcher, Xenotriccus callizonus
Tufted flycatcher, Mitrephanes phaeocercus
Olive-sided flycatcher, Contopus cooperi (Near-threatened)
Greater pewee, Contopus pertinax
Western wood-pewee, Contopus sordidulus
Eastern wood-pewee, Contopus virens
Tropical pewee, Contopus cinereus
Yellow-bellied flycatcher, Empidonax flaviventris
Acadian flycatcher, Empidonax virescens
Alder flycatcher, Empidonax alnorum
Willow flycatcher, Empidonax traillii
White-throated flycatcher, Empidonax albigularis
Least flycatcher, Empidonax minimus
Hammond's flycatcher, Empidonax hammondii
Dusky flycatcher, Empidonax oberholseri (A)
Pine flycatcher, Empidonax affinis
Yellowish flycatcher, Empidonax flavescens
Buff-breasted flycatcher, Empidonax fulvifrons
Black phoebe, Sayornis nigricans
Say's Phoebe, Sayornis saya (A)
Vermilion flycatcher, Pyrocephalus rubinus

Typical antbirds

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Thamnophilidae

The antbirds are a large family of small passerine birds of subtropical and tropical Central and South America. They are forest birds which tend to feed on insects at or near the ground. A sizable minority of them specialize in following columns of army ants to eat small invertebrates that leave their hiding places to flee from the ants. Many species lack bright color, with brown, black, and white being the dominant tones.

Great antshrike, Taraba major
Barred antshrike, Thamnophilus doliatus
Black-crowned antshrike, Thamnophilus atrinucha
Russet antshrike, Thamnistes anabatinus
Plain antvireo, Dysithamnus mentalis
Slaty antwren, Myrmotherula schisticolor
Dot-winged antwren, Microrhopias quixensis
Dusky antbird, Cercomacroides tyrannina
Bare-crowned antbird, Gymnocichla nudiceps (A)

Antpittas

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Grallariidae

Antpittas resemble the true pittas with strong, longish legs, very short tails, and stout bills.

Scaled antpitta, Grallaria guatimalensis

Antthrushes
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Formicariidae

Antthrushes resemble small rails with strong longish legs, very short tails, and stout bills.

Mayan antthrush, Formicarius moniliger

Ovenbirds and woodcreepers

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Furnariidae

Ovenbirds comprise a large family of small sub-oscine passerine bird species found in Central and South America. They are a diverse group of insectivores which gets its name from the elaborate "oven-like" clay nests built by some species, although others build stick nests or nest in tunnels or clefts in rock.

Middle American leaftosser, Sclerurus mexicanus
Scaly-throated leaftosser, Sclerurus guatemalensis
Olivaceous woodcreeper, Sittasomus griseicapillus
Ruddy woodcreeper, Dendrocincla homochroa
Tawny-winged woodcreeper, Dendrocincla anabatina
Wedge-billed woodcreeper, Glyphorynchus spirurus
Northern barred-woodcreeper, Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae
Black-banded woodcreeper, Dendrocolaptes picumnus (A)
Strong-billed woodcreeper, Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus
Cocoa woodcreeper, Xiphorhynchus susurrans (A)
Ivory-billed woodcreeper, Xiphorhynchus flavigaster
Spotted woodcreeper, Xiphorhynchus erythropygius
Streak-headed woodcreeper, Lepidocolaptes souleyetii
Spot-crowned woodcreeper, Lepidocolaptes affinis
Plain xenops, Xenops minutus
Scaly-throated foliage-gleaner, Anabacerthia variegaticeps
Ruddy foliage-gleaner, Clibanornis rubiginosus
Buff-throated foliage-gleaner, Automolus ochrolaemus
Rufous-breasted spinetail, Synallaxis erythrothorax

Vireos, shrike-babblers, and erpornis
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Vireonidae

The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are typically greenish in color and resemble wood warblers apart from their heavier bills.

Rufous-browed peppershrike, Cyclarhis gujanensis
Chestnut-sided shrike-vireo, Vireolanius melitophrys
Green shrike-vireo, Vireolanius pulchellus
Tawny-crowned greenlet, Tunchiornis ochraceiceps
Lesser greenlet, Pachysylvia decurtata
White-eyed vireo, Vireo griseus
Mangrove vireo, Vireo pallens
Bell's vireo, Vireo bellii Near-threatened
Hutton's vireo, Vireo huttoni
Yellow-throated vireo, Vireo flavifrons
Cassin's vireo, Vireo cassinii (A)
Blue-headed vireo, Vireo solitarius
Plumbeous vireo, Vireo plumbeus
Philadelphia vireo, Vireo philadelphicus
Warbling vireo, Vireo gilvus
Brown-capped vireo, Vireo leucophrys
Red-eyed vireo, Vireo olivaceus
Yellow-green vireo, Vireo flavoviridis
Black-whiskered vireo, Vireo altiloquus (A)

Crows, jays, and magpies

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Corvidae

The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers, and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.

Black-throated jay, Cyanolyca pumilo
Azure-hooded jay, Cyanolyca cucullata
White-throated magpie-jay, Calocitta formosa
Brown jay, Psilorhinus morio
Green jay, Cyanocorax yncas
Bushy-crested jay, Cyanocorax melanocyaneus
Yucatan jay, Cyanocorax yucatanicus
Steller's jay, Cyanocitta stelleri
Unicolored jay, Aphelocoma unicolor
Common raven, Corvus corax

Swallows

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Hirundinidae

The family Hirundinidae is a group of passerines characterized by their adaptation to aerial feeding. These include a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings, and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.

Bank swallow, Riparia riparia
Tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor
Violet-green swallow, Tachycineta thalassina
Mangrove swallow, Tachycineta albilinea
Black-capped swallow, Atticora pileata
Northern rough-winged swallow, Stelgidopteryx serripennis
Purple martin, Progne subis
Gray-breasted martin, Progne chalybea
Sinaloa martin, Progne sinaloae (A) (Vulnerable)
Cuban martin, Progne cryptoleuca (A)
Caribbean martin, Progne dominicensis
Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica
Cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
Cave swallow, Petrochelidon fulva (A)

Long-tailed tits

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Aegithalidae

Bushtits are a group of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They make woven bag nests in trees. Most eat a mixed diet which includes insects.

Bushtit, Psaltriparus minimus

Kinglets

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Regulidae

The kinglets, also called crests, are a small group of birds often included in the Old World warblers, but frequently given family status because they also resemble the titmice.

Ruby-crowned kinglet, Corthylio calendula
Golden-crowned kinglet, Regulus satrapa

Waxwings

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Bombycillidae

The waxwings are a group of birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter.

Cedar waxwing, Bombycilla cedrorum

Silky-flycatchers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Ptiliogonatidae

The silky-flycatchers are a small family of passerine birds which occur mainly in Central America, although the range of one species extends to central California. They are related to waxwings and like that group, have soft silky plumage, usually gray or pale-yellow. They have small crests.

Gray silky-flycatcher, Ptiliogonys cinereus

Treecreepers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Certhiidae

Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees.

Brown creeper, Certhia americana

Gnatcatchers

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Polioptilidae

These dainty birds resemble Old World warblers in their build and habits, moving restlessly through the foliage seeking insects. The gnatcatchers and gnatwrens are mainly soft bluish gray in color and have the typical insectivore's long sharp bill. They are birds of fairly open woodland or scrub, which nest in bushes or trees.

Long-billed gnatwren, Ramphocaenus melanurus
White-browed gnatcatcher, Polioptila bilineata
Blue-gray gnatcatcher, Polioptila caerulea
White-lored gnatcatcher, Polioptila albiloris

Wrens

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Troglodytidae

The wrens are mainly small and inconspicuous except for their loud songs. These birds have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous.

Rock wren, Salpinctes obsoletus
Nightingale wren, Microcerculus philomela
House wren, Troglodytes aedon
Rufous-browed wren, Troglodytes rufociliatus
Grass wren, Cistothorus platensis
Carolina wren, Thryothorus ludovicianus
Band-backed wren, Campylorhynchus zonatus
Giant wren, Campylorhynchus chiapensis (A)
Rufous-naped wren, Campylorhynchus rufinucha
Spot-breasted wren, Pheugopedius maculipectus
Rufous-and-white wren, Thryophilus rufalbus
Banded wren, Thryophilus pleurostictus
Cabanis's wren, Cantorchilus modestus
White-bellied wren, Uropsila leucogastra
White-breasted wood-wren, Henicorhina leucosticta
Gray-breasted wood-wren, Henicorhina leucophrys

Mockingbirds and thrashers

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Mimidae

The mimids are a family of passerine birds that includes thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers, and the New World catbirds. These birds are notable for their vocalizations, especially their ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors. Their coloring tends towards dull-grays and browns.

Blue-and-white mockingbird, Melanotis hypoleucus
Black catbird, Melanoptila glabrirostris (Near-threatened)
Gray catbird, Dumetella carolinensis
Tropical mockingbird, Mimus gilvus
Northern mockingbird, Mimus polyglottos (A)

Dippers

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Cinclidae

Dippers are a group of perching birds whose habitat includes aquatic environments in the Americas, Europe, and Asia. They are named for their bobbing or dipping movements.

American dipper, Cinclus mexicanus

Thrushes and allies

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Turdidae

The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.

Eastern bluebird, Sialia sialis
Brown-backed solitaire, Myadestes occidentalis
Slate-colored solitaire, Myadestes unicolor
Orange-billed nightingale-thrush, Catharus aurantiirostris
Ruddy-capped nightingale-thrush, Catharus frantzii
Black-headed nightingale-thrush, Catharus mexicanus
Yellow-throated nightingale-thrush, Catharus dryas
Veery, Catharus fuscescens
Gray-cheeked thrush, Catharus minimus
Swainson's thrush, Catharus ustulatus
Hermit thrush, Catharus guttatus
Wood thrush, Hylocichla mustelina (Near-threatened)
Black thrush, Turdus infuscatus
Mountain thrush, Turdus plebejus
Clay-colored thrush, Turdus grayi
White-throated thrush, Turdus assimilis
Rufous-collared robin, Turdus rufitorques
American robin, Turdus migratorius (A)

Olive warbler

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Peucedramidae

The olive warbler is a small passerine bird, the only member of the family Peucedramidae. It is a long-winged bird with a gray body and wings with some olive-green and two white bars. The male's head and breast are orange, the female's yellow.

Olive warbler, Peucedramus taeniatus

Waxbills and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Estrildidae

The members of this family are small passerine birds native to the Old World tropics. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colors and patterns.

Tricolored munia, Lonchura malacca (I) (A)

Old World sparrows

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Passeridae

Sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or gray birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.

House sparrow, Passer domesticus (I)

Wagtails and pipits

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Motacillidae

Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws, and pipits. They are slender ground-feeding insectivores of open country.

Red-throated pipit, Anthus cervinus (A)
American pipit, Anthus rubescens (A)

Finches, euphonias, and allies

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Fringillidae

Finches are seed-eating passerine birds that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.

Elegant euphonia, Chlorophonia elegantissima
Blue-crowned chlorophonia, Chlorophonia occipitalis
Scrub euphonia, Euphonia affinis
White-vented euphonia, Euphonia minuta
Yellow-throated euphonia, Euphonia hirundinacea
Olive-backed euphonia, Euphonia gouldi
Hooded grosbeak, Coccothraustes abeillei
House finch, Haemorhous mexicanus (A) (native to the southwestern U.S., possibly introduced here)
Red crossbill, Loxia curvirostra
Pine siskin, Spinus pinus
Black-capped siskin, Spinus atriceps
Black-headed siskin, Spinus notatus
Lesser goldfinch, Spinus psaltria

New World sparrows

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Passerellidae

Until 2017, these species were considered part of the family Emberizidae. Most of the species are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many of these have distinctive head patterns.

Common chlorospingus, Chlorospingus flavopectus
Stripe-headed sparrow, Peucaea ruficauda
Botteri's sparrow, Peucaea botterii
Grasshopper sparrow, Ammodramus savannarum
Olive sparrow, Arremonops rufivirgatus
Green-backed sparrow, Arremonops chloronotus
Lark sparrow, Chondestes grammacus (A)
Chipping sparrow, Spizella passerina
Clay-colored sparrow, Spizella pallida (A)
Orange-billed sparrow, Arremon aurantiirostris
Chestnut-capped brushfinch, Arremon brunneinucha
Yellow-eyed junco, Junco phaeonotus
Rufous-collared sparrow, Zonotrichia capensis
White-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys (A)
Vesper sparrow, Pooecetes gramineus (A)
Savannah sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis
Lincoln's sparrow, Melospiza lincolnii
White-eared ground-sparrow, Melozone leucotis
White-faced ground-sparrow, Melozone biarcuata
Rusty sparrow, Aimophila rufescens
Spotted towhee, Pipilo maculatus
White-naped brushfinch, Atlapetes albinucha

Yellow-breasted chat
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Icteriidae

This species was historically placed in the wood-warblers (Parulidae) but nonetheless most authorities were unsure if it belonged there. It was placed in its own family in 2017.

Yellow-breasted chat, Icteria virens

Troupials and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Icteridae

The icterids are a group of small- to medium-sized, often colorful, passerine birds restricted to the New World and include the grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles. Most species have black as the predominant plumage color, often enlivened by yellow, orange, or red.

Yellow-headed blackbird, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (A)
Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus (A)
Eastern meadowlark, Sturnella magna (Near-threatened)
Yellow-billed cacique, Amblycercus holosericeus
Yellow-winged cacique, Cassiculus melanicterus
Chestnut-headed oropendola, Psarocolius wagleri
Montezuma oropendola, Psarocolius montezuma
Black-vented oriole, Icterus wagleri
Bar-winged oriole, Icterus maculialatus
Black-cowled oriole, Icterus prosthemelas
Orchard oriole, Icterus spurius
Hooded oriole, Icterus cucullatus (A)
Yellow-backed oriole, Icterus chrysater
Yellow-tailed oriole, Icterus mesomelas
Streak-backed oriole, Icterus pustulatus
Bullock's oriole, Icterus bullockii
Spot-breasted oriole, Icterus pectoralis
Altamira oriole, Icterus gularis
Baltimore oriole, Icterus galbula
Scott's Oriole, Icterus parisorum (A)
Red-winged blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus
Bronzed cowbird, Molothrus aeneus
Brown-headed cowbird, Molothrus ater (A)
Giant cowbird, Molothrus oryzivorus
Melodious blackbird, Dives dives
Brewer's blackbird, Euphagus cyanocephalus (A)
Great-tailed grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus

New World warblers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Parulidae

The wood-warblers are a group of small, often colorful, passerine birds restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal, but some are terrestrial. Most members of this family are insectivores.

Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapilla
Worm-eating warbler, Helmitheros vermivorum
Louisiana waterthrush, Parkesia motacilla
Northern waterthrush, Parkesia noveboracensis
Golden-winged warbler, Vermivora chrysoptera (Near-threatened)
Blue-winged warbler, Vermivora cyanoptera
Black-and-white warbler, Mniotilta varia
Prothonotary warbler, Protonotaria citrea
Swainson's warbler, Limnothlypis swainsonii
Crescent-chested warbler, Leiothlypis superciliosa
Tennessee warbler, Leiothlypis peregrina
Orange-crowned warbler, Leiothlypis celata
Nashville warbler, Leiothlypis ruficapilla
Virginia's warbler, Leiothlypis virginiae (A)
Gray-crowned yellowthroat, Geothlypis poliocephala
MacGillivray's warbler, Geothlypis tolmiei
Mourning warbler, Geothlypis philadelphia
Kentucky warbler, Geothlypis formosa
Common yellowthroat, Geothlypis trichas
Hooded warbler, Setophaga citrina
American redstart, Setophaga ruticilla
Cape May warbler, Setophaga tigrina
Cerulean warbler, Setophaga cerulea (Near-threatened)
Northern parula, Setophaga americana
Tropical parula, Setophaga pitiayumi
Magnolia warbler, Setophaga magnolia
Bay-breasted warbler, Setophaga castanea
Blackburnian warbler, Setophaga fusca (A)
Yellow warbler, Setophaga petechia
Chestnut-sided warbler, Setophaga pensylvanica
Blackpoll warbler, Setophaga striata (A) (Near-threatened)
Black-throated blue warbler, Setophaga caerulescens
Palm warbler, Setophaga palmarum
Pine warbler, Setophaga pinus (A)
Yellow-rumped warbler, Setophaga coronata
Yellow-throated warbler, Setophaga dominica
Prairie warbler, Setophaga discolor (A)
Grace's warbler, Setophaga graciae
Black-throated gray warbler, Setophaga nigrescens (A)
Townsend's warbler, Setophaga townsendi
Hermit warbler, Setophaga occidentalis
Golden-cheeked warbler, Setophaga chrysoparia (Endangered)
Black-throated green warbler, Setophaga virens
Fan-tailed warbler, Basileuterus lachrymosus
Rufous-capped warbler, Basileuterus rufifrons
Chestnut-capped warbler, Basileuterus delattrii
Golden-browed warbler, Basileuterus belli
Golden-crowned warbler, Basileuterus culicivorus
Canada warbler, Cardellina canadensis
Wilson's warbler, Cardellina pusilla
Red-faced warbler, Cardellina rubrifrons
Pink-headed warbler, Cardellina versicolor (Vulnerable)
Painted redstart, Myioborus pictus
Slate-throated redstart, Myioborus miniatus

Cardinals and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Cardinalidae

The cardinals are a family of robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinct plumages.

Rose-throated tanager, Piranga roseogularis
Hepatic tanager, Piranga flava
Summer tanager, Piranga rubra
Scarlet tanager, Piranga olivacea
Western tanager, Piranga ludoviciana
Flame-colored tanager, Piranga bidentata
White-winged tanager, Piranga leucoptera
Red-crowned ant-tanager, Habia rubica
Red-throated ant-tanager, Habia fuscicauda
Black-faced grosbeak, Caryothraustes poliogaster
Northern cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis
Yellow grosbeak, Pheucticus chrysopeplus
Rose-breasted grosbeak, Pheucticus ludovicianus
Red-breasted chat, Granatellus venustus (A)
Gray-throated chat, Granatellus sallaei
Blue seedeater, Amaurospiza concolor
Blue-black grosbeak, Cyanoloxia cyanoides
Blue bunting, Cyanocompsa parellina
Blue grosbeak, Passerina caerulea
Indigo bunting, Passerina cyanea
Varied bunting, Passerina versicolor
Painted bunting, Passerina ciris
Dickcissel, Spiza americana

Tanagers and allies

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Thraupidae

The tanagers are a large group of small to medium-sized passerine birds restricted to the New World, mainly in the tropics. Many species are brightly colored. As a family they are omnivorous, but individual species specialize in eating fruits, seeds, insects, or other types of food. Most have short, rounded wings.

Azure-rumped tanager, Poecilostreptus cabanisi (Endangered)
Golden-hooded tanager, Stilpnia larvata
Blue-gray tanager, Thraupis episcopus
Yellow-winged tanager, Thraupis abbas
Palm tanager, Thraupis palmarum
Rufous-winged tanager, Tangara lavinia (A)
Grassland yellow-finch, Sicalis luteola
Slaty finch, Haplospiza rustica
Cinnamon-bellied flowerpiercer, Diglossa baritula
Green honeycreeper, Chlorophanes spiza
Blue-black grassquit, Volatinia jacarina
Gray-headed tanager, Eucometis penicillata
Black-throated shrike-tanager, Lanio aurantius
Crimson-collared tanager, Ramphocelus sanguinolentus
Scarlet-rumped tanager, Ramphocelus passerinii
Shining honeycreeper, Cyanerpes lucidus
Red-legged honeycreeper, Cyanerpes cyaneus
Bananaquit, Coereba flaveola
Yellow-faced grassquit, Tiaris olivaceus
Thick-billed seed-finch, Sporophila funereus
Nicaraguan seed-finch, Sporophila nuttingi (A)
Variable seedeater, Sporophila corvina
Slate-colored seedeater, Sporophila schistacea (A)
Morelet's seedeater, Sporophila morelleti
Ruddy-breasted seedeater, Sporophila minuta
Black-headed saltator, Saltator atriceps
Buff-throated saltator, Saltator maximus
Cinnamon-bellied saltator, Saltator grandis

See also
List of birds
Lists of birds by region
List of amphibians of Guatemala
List of mammals of Guatemala
List of reptiles of Guatemala

References

External links
Birds of Guatemala - World Institute for Conservation and Environment
Guatemalan Ornithological Society (SGO)

Guatemala
'
birds

List of birds of Guatemala


Bloodline Champions is a free-to-play action game developed by the Swedish company Stunlock Studios. Bloodline Champions won both "Game of the Year" and "Winner XNA" in the Swedish Game Awards 2009. The game officially launched in the United States on January 13, 2011. The spiritual successor to the game, Battlerite, created by the same developer Stunlock Studios, was released as a free-to-play game on November 7, 2017.

The players in this game are split up into two teams (Warm and Cold) with up to five players per team. The objective is different depending on the game mode, ranging from team deathmatch and capture-the-flag to map point control.

Gameplay

There are four categories of bloodlines (character archetypes): melee attack, ranged attack, healer, and tank.  There are currently 26 bloodlines, with six or seven in each category. Stunlock Studios have announced that they are working on new bloodlines. Each bloodline has seven abilities, two of which have an EX version, an enhanced version of the ability. Each has its own cooldown, as well as triggering short global cooldowns. The seventh ability is an "ultimate" ability that may only be used after gaining sufficient energy through executing other abilities successfully, such as healing allies, damaging enemies, and otherwise helping your team.

Bloodlines also have HP (Health Points) - when the champion runs out of HP, the champion dies, removing it from combat until the end of the round. Each champion also has two items that grant additional abilities. The Bloodline Medallion allows a champion to recover an increasing amount of HP over a period of time and Resurrect revives nearby fallen teammates. Both items require a significant amount of uninterrupted time to prepare, which makes them impractical in immediate combat. In Conquest and Capture The Artifact modes resurrection skill has been replaced with warp skill that allows you to warp a short distance every 20 seconds.

The controls in Bloodline Champions are similar to a first-person shooter, as the bloodline's movement is controlled using the W, A, S, and D keys. The primary two abilities are mapped to the left and right mouse buttons, and the rest of the abilities are used with the Q, E, R, F, and space keys. Almost all the abilities are aimed, where the direction of the ability is determined by the position of the cursor on the screen relative to the champion's position. There are two different camera modes; Free Look and Static. The static camera stays over the characters head at all times regardless of the location of the players cursor. The Free Look camera allows the player to control their camera with the cursor. A few defensive abilities are directed by hovering the cursor on the desired recipient, and some abilities target a specific location on the playing field.

Bloodline Champions also features fog of war which represents the areas of the map which cannot be seen due to visual obstruction or distance. There are obstacles on the map which create fog of war and inhibit movement. Champions have their own collision, which can be used to inhibit movement and protect allies (for example a tank bloodline will have a larger collision size, making it easier to defend teammates by blocking fire, but also being more susceptible to focus fire).

Bloodlines
Bloodline Champions has 27 characters split into 4 archetypes: tank, ranged damage, melee damage, and healer. Tanks are generally close-quarters fighters and specialize in defense as well as peeling; removing pressure from allies by putting equal pressure on enemies. Ranged damage characters have lower health and deal high damage from a safe distance. They generally have many ways to escape melee combat but are taken down quickly if outmaneuvered. These bloodlines generally deal the most damage but must be in close range and have slightly higher health than ranged damage bloodlines. They tend to have very limited ways to control fights aside from their high damage output. Healers, as the title implies, keep their allies alive through a mix of powerful control and healing abilities.  They have the lowest health of all bloodlines and generally lack mobility options other characters enjoy.

Game modes
Bloodline Champions has several game modes that provide different types of gameplay. The central game mode is Arena, as it is the only one available through matchmaking.

Arenas

Players can face an engaging challenge in competing in 2v2, 3v3 and 5v5 arenas.

Capture the Artifact
The objective is to capture both artifacts and bring them back to your own base. Each team begins with one artifact in their base, and the first team to hold both artifacts for a period of time wins the round. The artifacts can be carried and thrown, but lifting one from its starting position takes time and can be interrupted by attacks. The carrier may drop the artifact by using certain abilities as well as receiving attacks by specific enemy abilities. When dropped, the artifact can be instantly picked up after it has sat for a short delay.

Conquest
In Conquest, the players have an infinite amount of respawns but the delay before respawning can increase with time. The teams battle for a number of capture points, and if one team holds all of them, the other team cannot respawn until they capture one of the capture points. To capture a point, the player must stay at that point for a period of time without taking damage or using abilities. The starting point provides a healing aura to the team that started there, and power rune pickups are distributed across the map, allowing champions to temporarily boost their capabilities. A team wins by either killing all the enemy champions while they cannot respawn, or holding the capture points for a set amount of time.

In-game currencies
Bloodline Champions is Free-to-Play (F2P). Bloodlines rotate every day, so there are always four available Bloodlines, one of each archetype. Players earn Blood Coins and spend them on additional Bloodlines, titles, avatars and other visual perks. None of the purchasable items give an edge in gameplay since there are no weapons with higher damage, for example, but they create more variety and choices in gameplay and appearance. Players can also choose to buy Funcom Points by using real money. Funcom Points serve the same purpose as Blood Coins, but they are bought using real currency instead of earned through in-game accomplishments. All marketplace items cost significantly less Funcom Points than Blood Coins.

Reception

Bloodline Champions received mainly favorable reviews from critics; on aggregate review website Metacritic the game attains an overall score of 79 out of 100.

Strategy Informer gave BLC a score of 85% in their review, while PC Gamer gave 75%. Servers are located in Europe and USA; at this time there are no servers in Australia, South America, Africa, or Asia, but there is no area restriction whatsoever, so players in these regions are also able to play.

At release Bloodline Champions announced their participation in DreamHack Summer a LAN tournament with BLC having a $10,000 US prize pool. This helped contribute to the games initial success as a competitive arena game. Since release BLC has had multiple cash prize tournaments hosted by DreamHack and GLHF.gg for a total of $11,600 prize money as of July 11, 2011.

References

External links

Bloodline Champions at SGA's website

2011 video games
Action games
Funcom games
Microsoft XNA games
Multiplayer video games
Video games developed in Sweden
Windows games
Windows-only games
Stunlock Studios games

Bloodline Champions


The San Diego History Center is a museum showcasing the history of San Diego, located in the city's Balboa Park.

Description and history

Founded in 1928 by businessman and civic leader George W. Marston, the San Diego Historical Society was housed in the Mission style Junípero Serra Museum on Presidio Hill, the site of the earliest settlement in San Diego and California. The original building was designed by architect William Templeton Johnson. In 1982, the San Diego Historical Society moved its collections and research library to the Casa de Balboa building in Balboa Park (maintaining the Serra Museum as an auxiliary museum and education center), and the Society changed its name to the San Diego History Center in 2010.

Of special note among the museum's collections are the Historic Clothing and Textile Collection, which includes over 7,000 items illustrating the history of dress from the late 18th century to the present, and the San Diego Fine Art Collection, notable for its early 20th century plein air paintings, with works by Maurice Braun, Alfred Mitchell, Charles Fries, Belle Baranceanu, Charles Reiffel, Alice Klauber, and Donal Hord.

In addition to its museum exhibits, the History Center maintains a research library and archives serving residents, scholars, students and researchers. The Document Archives, the region's largest collection of historical materials, holds over 45 million documents including public and architectural records, books, maps, scrapbooks, manuscripts, newspapers, ephemera, diaries and oral histories.

The photograph collection, with 2.5 million photographs, is one of the largest regional photography collections in the United States. It includes a large number of 19th and early 20th century images of the San Diego region acquired in 1979 from the Union Title & Trust Insurance Company; important additions to the collection in the 1980s and 1990s include the entire collection of the San Diego Union-Tribune newspaper prior to 1981. Highlights of the photograph collection include the Edward H. Davis Collection of Indian Photographs and Drawings, 1900s-1940s, and the Norman Baynard Collection of the African-American Community of Logan Heights, 1939-1985.

Since 1955 the center has published the Journal of San Diego History in cooperation with the University of San Diego. In 2013, the History Center became a Smithsonian Affiliate.

References

External links

 Edward H. Davis Collection of Indian Photographs and Drawings (catalog), San Diego History Center
 Norman Baynard Collection (catalog), San Diego History Center

Balboa Park (San Diego)
Historical societies in California
Museums in San Diego

San Diego History Center


Roe Ethridge is a postmodernist commercial and art photographer, known for exploring the plastic nature of photography – how pictures can be easily replicated and recombined to create new visual experiences. He often adapts images that have already been published, adding new, sculpted simulations of reality, or alternatively creates highly stylized versions of classical compositions, such as a still life bowl of moldy fruit which appeared on the cover of Vice magazine, or landscapes and portraits with surprising elements. After participating in the 2008 Whitney Biennial, his work has been collected by several leading public museums, including the Museum of Modern Art, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, and the Tate Modern. In 2010, his work was included in the MoMA's 25th Anniversary New Photography exhibit.

Biography
Born in Miami, Florida, in 1969, Roe Ethridge grew up in the Atlanta, Georgia area. He attended Florida State University and graduated with a BFA in Photography from the Atlanta College of Art. In 1997 he moved to New York City and started his commercial photography career, over time providing catalog images, editorial and fashion shots, and working for publications including New York Times Magazine, Allure, Spin, Vice and Wired. The same year he moved, he also had his first solo exhibition, in Zurich, Switzerland, and participated in the Atlanta Biennial, held at the Nexus Contemporary Art Center. By the 2011 Deutsche Börse Photography Prize competition, the Jury advanced him to the four finalists.

Ethridge took the cover photo for Cat Power's 1998 album Moon Pix. They had known each other as teenagers in Atlanta.

In 2002, Ethridge married fashion model Nancy Hagen. They live in Rockaway Beach, Queens and his studio is in Brooklyn, NY.

Work
"American photographer Roe Ethridge became a recognizable force in the fine art world with his serene but subversive portraits, still lifes, and landscapes." -James Lim, New York Magazine, 2012

Ethridge is widely regarded to have been influenced by fellow photo artists including Thomas Ruff, Michael Schmidt, and Christopher Williams. Critics have frequently noted his seamless switching between commercial assignments and fine art photography. As a commercial photographer, beyond contributing to many magazine editorials, his clients have ranged from fashion, including Balenciaga and Kenzo, to corporate, such as Goldman Sachs. He often appropriates his own work as commercial photographer — as well as newspaper, catalog and stock photography — for his museum and gallery shows. According to the curators of the MoMA: "The pictures acquire their meaning from the salient way in which they have been shuffled, sequenced, and laid out in nonlinear narrative structures. His prints vary widely in scale and source material. Combining and recombining already recontextualized images, Ethridge at once subverts the photographs' original roles and renews their signifying possibilities."

From 2005 to 2010, Ethridge was commissioned to photograph the construction of 200 West Street, the Goldman Sachs headquarters in Lower Manhattan.

In 2009, Ethridge returned to a studio-based approach after the international location shooting for his project "Rockaway." In his 2012 series "Interiors", he investigates the broad world of personal space, featuring images of his own home and studio, magazine photographs of staged bedrooms inspired by the suburban aesthetic, and billboard advertisements.

Commissioned by automobile manufacturer Mercedes-Benz in 2014, Ethridge directed Special sets the standard, a three-minute short film starring actress Tilda Swinton as the driver of a S-Class Coupé.

Exhibitions
Ethridge's work has been shown in the United States and internationally, including: Greater New York, MOMA PS1 (2000), The Americans, Barbican Center, London (2001), Hello My Name Is…, Carnegie Museum of Art (2002), Momentum 4: Roe Ethridge, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston (2005), Whitney Biennial (2008), New Photography 2010: Roe Ethridge, Museum of Modern Art, New York (2010), and Les Recontres D'Arles, France (2011). A major survey of his work, curated by Anne Pontégnie, originated at Le Consortium in Dijon, France, and opened at M - Museum Leuven, Belgium.

Publications
 Le Luxe, Mack: London, 2012.

Collections
After gaining considerable exposure from participating in the 2008 Whitney Biennial, his photographs have been acquired by several modern art museums, including:
 Museum of Modern Art
Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston
Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles
Tate Modern

References
Notes

American photographers
Living people
1969 births
Artists from Miami
Florida State University alumni
Artists from New York City
Postmodern artists
Artists from Atlanta
Atlanta College of Art alumni

Roe Ethridge


Lilburn Ray Harper Jr. (born October 11, 1961) is an American college basketball coach, currently head coach for Jacksonville State University. Previously, he was head coach at Oklahoma City University, Kentucky Wesleyan College, and Western Kentucky University. At Kentucky Wesleyan Harper compiled a 242–45 win–loss record.

He has been named the Division II National Coach of the Year seven times and won two national titles at Kentucky Wesleyan in 1999 and 2001.

Harper was named interim head coach at Western Kentucky on January 6, 2012, after Ken McDonald was fired. He was named permanent head coach on February 19, 2012, by then-athletic director Ross Bjork. He resigned from the position on March 17, 2016, following the permanent suspension of three of his players. Harper was subsequently hired at Jacksonville State on April 6, 2016, where he took the 2016–17 team to the school's first NCAA appearance.

Born in Greenville, Kentucky and a native of Bremen, Kentucky, Harper played collegiately at the University of Texas as a freshman and at Kentucky Wesleyan, during his sophomore-senior seasons, where he was named third team NABC All-American as a senior in 1985.

He is married to Shannon Harper, a WKU alumna.

Head coaching record

* 20 wins and 5 losses were vacated from the 2003–04 season and for the 2002–03 season; the school had to vacate the NCAA Division II runner-up and conference regular season championship.

References

1961 births
Living people
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Kentucky
Basketball players from Kentucky
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Jacksonville State Gamecocks men's basketball coaches
Kentucky Wesleyan Panthers men's basketball coaches
Kentucky Wesleyan Panthers men's basketball players
Oklahoma City Stars men's basketball coaches
People from Greenville, Kentucky
Texas Longhorns men's basketball players
Western Kentucky Hilltoppers basketball coaches

Ray Harper (basketball)


Der Wanderer is the name of a Lied composed by Franz Schubert in October 1816 for voice and piano.   The words are taken from a German poem by Georg Philipp Schmidt von Lübeck.  The lied is set in the key of C-sharp minor with the tempo marking sehr langsam (very slow) and the time signature alla breve.  The piece has a total of 72 measures.  Schubert wrote another lied entitled "Der Wanderer;" it is numbered D.649.

Detailed Description of Der Wanderer

The song begins with a recitative,  describing the setting: mountains, a steaming valley, the roaring sea.  The wanderer is strolling quietly, unhappily, and asks, sighing, the question: "where?"

The next section, consisting of 8 bars of a slow melody sung in pianissimo, describes the feelings of the wanderer: He feels that he is a stranger everywhere.  This 8 bar section was later used by Schubert as theme for  the second movement of the Wanderer Fantasy.

Next the music shifts to the key of E major, the tempo increases and the time signature changes to 6/8. The wanderer asks: "where are you my beloved land?" This place the wanderer longs for is described as green with hope, "the land where my roses bloom, my friends stroll, my dead rise" and, finally, "the land which speaks my language, Oh land, where are you?"  Towards the end of this section, the music gets quite animated and forms the climax of the song.

Finally, the music returns to the original minor key and slow tempo.  After quoting the question "where?" from the opening, the song closes with a "ghostly breath" finally answering the question:  "There where you are not, there is happiness."  The song closes in the key of E major.

Other websites
Recording  by Lotte Lehmann

1810s songs

Der Wanderer


Nerds is an American candy launched in 1983 by the Sunmark Corporation under the brand name Willy Wonka Candy Company. Nerds are now made by the Ferrara Candy Company, a subsidiary of Ferrero Group. With their anthropomorphic covers, Nerds usually contain two flavors per box, each flavor having a separate compartment and opening.

Production process
The television show Unwrapped explains how Nerds are made. A factory worker states, "Basically we start off with a sugar crystal and we just keep coating it with more sugar." The factory spins huge barrel-like containers of sugar crystals, which receive coats of sugar until the Nerds are formed. Their original color is pure white; they receive their colors in separate barrels. The contents of the barrels are then transferred to boxes, which are divided into two compartments by a vertical partition so each half of the box contains a different flavor. Certain flavor combinations are frequently packaged together, such as grape and strawberry, the most popular pairing in the United States.

The nucleus of each candy is composed of one or more complete sucrose crystals. These optically clear monoclinic crystals are about 0.2–1 mm in length and help define the irregular shape. They are thickly glazed with carnauba wax, which gives them a hard bite and a gloss.

Nutritional facts

The article "Nerds Candy Nutrition" states, "Nerds primarily consist of sugar. The top three ingredients are dextrose, sugar and malic acid. The rest of the candy contains less than 2 percent of corn syrup, artificial flavors, carnauba wax and artificial coloring. The artificial coloring varies by flavor." The allergy warnings of this candy state that Nerds are created "in a facility that also produces wheat and egg." The normal serving size is one tablespoon—about 15 grams. (One serving of Nerds is equivalent to 60 calories, mostly from carbohydrates, with little fat or protein.) The Halloween hand-out size is typically , and the larger boxes contain .

Early competition
Nerds were a popular candy in the 1980s, but they had big competitors that included Pop Rocks, Candy Buttons, and Mike and Ike. Nerds also had a close cousin in the 1990s: Dweebs. Dweebs were very similar to Nerds; but they were less sour and bigger in size. One of the most popular differences is that Dweebs contained three flavors instead of two, though the United Kingdom had a box of Nerds with three flavors for a limited time. According to Rob Bricken, "A squishier Nerd with more leg space and a surprise in the middle, Dweebs were more substantial, less sour, and displayed a greater depth and complexity than Nerds." Dweebs only lasted a very short time on the market, however.

Varieties and flavors
Nerds consist of various flavors and colors, ranging from extremely sweet to extremely sour; often, the two flavors in one box will contrast, and a single flavor may even exhibit both extremes. A Nerds breakfast cereal based on the concept appeared in the 1980s with two varieties (Orange and Cherry / Grape and Strawberry), but it had a short lifespan.

Although many other flavors are available, some of the current regular flavors of Nerds include the following:
Strawberry and Grape (pink and purple)
Wild Cherry and Watermelon (orange or red and green)
Double Dipped Lemonade-Wild Cherry and Apple-Watermelon (red and yellow)
Sour - Lightning Lemon and Amped Apple (yellow and light green)
Surf 'n Turf - Totally Tropical Punch and Road Rash Raspberry (red and blue)
Wildberry and Peach (blue and orange)
Watermelon and Punch and Wildberry (green and blue)
Mango Chile and Guava (yellow and pink)
Lime and Pineapple (green and yellow)

Previous flavors

 Orange and Cherry (Orange and Red)
 Watermelon and Punch and Grape and Punch (Green and White and Purple and White)
 Watermelon and Rainbow (Green and Mixed Colors)

Spin-off products

Willy Wonka has also come up with several spin-off products of Nerds:

 Sour Nerds are big and they usually come in Lightning Lemon and Amped Apple. They are packaged in a regular box. A second flavor—Shocking Strawberry and Electric Blue—was also released.
 Strawberry Giant Chewy Nerds, also known as "Future Nerds", have a chewy jelly bean center with a bumpy, crunchy Nerd shell. They are the same product as Nerd Jelly Beans, but they are available year-round.
 Nerds Rope consists of gummy string with a variety of Nerds attached to the outside. It comes in original, berry and tropical flavors.
 Rainbow Nerds is a box of regular Nerds with multiple flavors, with no partition or organization.
 Jumbo Nerds is a box of Nerds with multiple flavors—much larger than regular Nerds. The box depicts one jumbo Nerd on one end of a see-saw with several regular-sized Nerds trying to counter its weight.
 Nerds Gum Balls are bubble gum balls filled with multiple flavors of Nerds on the inside.
 Seasonal Nerds are sometimes manufactured for holidays. Flavors may include:
Spooky Nerds, a Halloween variety featuring fruit punch (white) and orange flavors.
Frosty Nerds, a Christmas variety featuring watermelon (green), cherry (red) and fruit punch (white) flavors.
Valentine Nerds, a Valentine's Day variety in a miniature box featuring mixed strawberry (pink) and fruit punch (white) flavors.
Hoppin' Nerds, an Easter variety featuring pink rainbow and blue rainbow flavors.
 Nerds Cereal, a now-discontinued breakfast cereal that, like the candy, featured two separate flavors in a box (Orange and Cherry/Grape and Strawberry). The cereal came with a mail-in offer for a Nerds cereal bowl, which also could be divided in two, like a standard Nerds box.
 Nerds Gum consisted of pieces that looked like regular Nerds, but were actually bubble gum. The box featured a Nerd floating away with a bubble gum bubble coming out of its mouth.
 Dweebs, now discontinued, were a soft, chewy version of Nerds. Released in the early 1990s, Dweebs contained three separate flavors rather than two. Dweebs were available only for a very short time, however.
Neon Nerds were introduced in 1996 and came in Pinktricity, LightningLime, and Electro Orange flavors. They are still sold in Australia and New Zealand. The LightningLime flavor was only sold in the UK, according to candy expert Jason Liebig.
Nerd Jelly Beans, produced for Easter, are jelly beans with a coating of carnauba wax, which makes them taste like Nerds.
Wonkalate, a UK-only raspberry-flavored white chocolate bar that was colored purple, which contained green-colored snozzberry (mixed fruit) Nerds.
W-egg, a UK-only Creme Egg-like confection resembling a larger, more squat version of a Munchie, made of the same chocolate used in the Wonkalate and also containing snozzberry Nerds. It also had a hot-pink colored fondant center. It was available during Easter in 2000.
Nerd Blizzard, a Nerd milkshake offered from Dairy Queen. Now discontinued, Nerds and soft serve ice cream were not a popular pairing (this combination can still be found at DQs throughout Minnesota, however).
Candy Nerds Slushes, a variety of the Candy Slushes offered by Sonic that feature Nerds.
Nerds Gummy Clusters, bite-sized gummy balls coated in Nerds.

Throughout the 1980s, several new flavors of Nerds were introduced from time to time; for example, "Hot and Cool" Nerds (cinnamon and wintergreen flavored), blueberry and raspberry, banana, lemon and lime, and Cherry Cola.

Trivia
According to Laurnie Wilson, "Some say that [Nerds were] named after a reference in the Dr. Seuss book If I Ran the Zoo, where a 'nerd' is mentioned as one of the creatures the narrator would collect for his zoo." Wilson also mentions the invention of the now-discontinued Nerds cereal. He points out, however, that "you can eat Nerds pretty much any other time of the day."

In 1985, Nerds were named "Candy of the Year" by the National Candy Wholesalers Association.

A variety of Nerds products have been sold exclusively in the United Kingdom. Jason Liebig claims that "back in 2005, Wonka's UK arm released a product called Nerdalicious, which was sort of like Nerd-filled licorice."

External links

 Official website

References

Products introduced in 1983
Nestlé brands
Candy
American confectionery
Ferrara Candy Company brands
The Willy Wonka Candy Company brands
Brand name confectionery

Nerds (candy)


Toba Inlet is one of the lesser, but still principal, inlets of the British Columbia Coast. It is fourth in the series north from the 49th parallel which begins with Burrard Inlet, which is the harbour for the city of Vancouver. Between it and Jervis Inlet to its east, however, there is a freshwater fjord, Powell Lake, which has been augmented by a small hydro project to supply power to the large pulp mill at Powell River, the principal town of the Malaspina Peninsula of the upper Sunshine Coast. Klahoose 1 Reserve, of the Klahoose First Nation is at the mouth of Toba River at the Head of Toba Inlet. Toba Inlet and the Toba Valley is home to many grizzly bears.

Geography
Toba Inlet is relatively short in comparison to the other major coastal inlets, being only about  in average width and  from the mouth of the powerful (but short) Toba River to the inlet's mouth at the junctions of Pryce Channel and Homfray Channel at the north tip of East Redonda Island.

History
The first non-indigenous exploration of Toba Inlet occurred in 1792 when British and Spanish expeditions arrived in the area simultaneously. There was cooperation between the British under George Vancouver and the Spanish under Dionisio Alcalá Galiano. From a base of operation in Desolation Sound boats were sent out to explore the region. On June 25, 1792, Vancouver proposed sending out three parties in boats. The Spanish offered to take on one of the three, this being the investigation of Toba Inlet. Caytetano Valdés left with a boat party early on June 25, and returned on June 27, having determined that the inlet was closed. He described it as being of great depth, with steep shores and high peaks around. On its east shore Valdés found a plank ("tabla" in Spanish) covered with paintings, which he described as "hieroglyphics of the natives". There were several empty villages. The Spanish encountered no inhabitants. Valdés named the inlet after the plank he found, Canal de la Tabla. The British examined the inlet just after Valdés, confirming for themselves the Spanish report. Vancouver kept the Spanish name, which a Spanish map engraver's mistake had changed to its present form of Toba Inlet.

Toba Inlet's Coast Salish name is Yekwamen (phonetic) or yɛkʷamɛn (orthography).

See also
 List of fjords in Canada
 Albert Ostman

References

External links

Fjords of British Columbia
Sunshine Coast (British Columbia)
Spanish history in the Pacific Northwest
Inlets of British Columbia
Salish Sea

Toba Inlet


Tritylodon (from the Greek for "three-cusped tooth") is an extinct genus of tritylodonts, one of the most advanced group of cynodont therapsids. They lived in the Early Jurassic and possibly Late Triassic periods along with dinosaurs. They also shared many characteristics with mammals, and were once considered mammals because of overall skeleton construction. That was changed due to them retaining the vestigial amniote jawbones and a different skull structure. Tritylodons are now regarded as non-mammalian synapsids.

Characteristics
If a living Tritylodon were to be seen today, it would look a lot like a large rodent. They were about  long but there is no certainty about the exact weight. Their method of chewing food, a grinding motion with the bottom teeth sliding against the top teeth, resembled that of rodents as well. The bottom teeth were much like a set of cusps and the top teeth were a set of matching grooves that matched perfectly allowing this motion. There were large incisors at the very front of their mouth separated by a gap from the rest of the teeth. The incisors would stick out and remain slightly visible when the mouth was closed. The legs were directly beneath the body like mammals, unlike the earlier therapsids with sprawling limbs.

These animals were burrowers; the structure of the shoulder, front limbs, and large front incisors show this. They used their incisors to help dig and unearth buried plants. The way they ate and the shape of their teeth demonstrate that Tritylodons were probably primarily herbivorous (though some tritylodontids show evidence of more omnivorous diets, and modern analogues like rodents tend to be more omnivorous than their dentitions lead on). Any of the Tritylodonts including Tritylodon were warm-blooded or endothermic. Like most non-placental mammalimorphs, it had epipubic bones, aiding in its erect gait but preventing the expansion of the abdomen, making it unable to go through prolonged pregnancy and instead give birth to larval young like modern marsupials and monotremes.

Habitat
The Tritylodons''' habitat was limited to the forests of South Africa, with other fossils found in the Hanson Formation of Antarctica. When the species originated, about 200 million years ago, the African area was drier and hotter. But for most of their existence the climate was tropical and wetter.

Fossils
The Tritylodon fossils in South Africa are found concentrated mainly in an area about 11,000 km² (4,250 mi²). They have been found in floodplain deposits of the Lower Jurassic Elliot Formation (upper Karoo Supergroup). In this area there have been so many findings it has been named the Tritylodon Acme Zone. The fossil findings have all been in the Free State of South Africa.

The genus Tritylodon of the Tritylodonts is restricted to the South African forms: Tritylodon longaevus and Tritylodon maximus. It is suggested that T. maximus is either a large T. longeavus or a closely related species. If it is a closely related species it could possibly be ecological succession since the larger T. maximus fossils have been dated in the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian mainly less than 190 million years ago and the T. longaevus in the Hettangian–Sinemurian mainly more than 190 million years ago. With the fossil findings of each species overlapping in Sinemurian stage, the fossils show two differences, T. maximus being larger and having nine upper postcanines (neither species had canine teeth) instead of the seven teeth like T. longeavus. All other structures of the two Tritylodon'' species were the same.

Below is a cladogram from Ruta, Botha-Brink, Mitchell and Benton (2013) showing one hypothesis of cynodont relationships:

References

External links

https://archive.today/20130204222846/http://tritylodontidae.totallyexplained.com/

Prehistoric cynodont genera
Jurassic synapsids of Africa
Fossil taxa described in 1884
Taxa named by Richard Owen
Tritylodontids

Tritylodon


River Town: Two Years on the Yangtze is a 2001 book by Peter Hessler. It documents his Peace Corps teaching assignment at Fuling Teachers College in Fuling, Sichuan, which started in 1996 and lasted for two years; Fuling is now part of Chongqing municipality.

Style
The book is a memoir of his experience in Fuling, told in first person. The language used is deliberately informal and aims to convey the beauty of the city and the poignancy of the stories. One of the features of the book is that most of its chapters can be read out of order without confusion. Most characters only appear inside a single chapter — or a few contiguous chapters — while just a few main characters appear throughout the book.

The main characters are:
Adam, Peter's foreign friend
Teacher Liao and Teacher Kong, who will teach Peter Chinese
Anne, one of Peter's brightest students

The author uses many Chinese terms (normally romanized) to refer to common things or people, to make them look more typical of Chinese culture. For instance, foreigners are often referred to as waiguoren, girls are called xiaojies, porters are called stick-stick soldiers (translated literally from the Sichuanese term 棒棒军 bàngbàngjūn), and so on.

Each chapter includes a short annex which describes Fuling's most notable places in the present tense, whilst normal chapters are set in the past and use the past simple, present perfect and past perfect tenses.

It is common to find excerpts from writing assignments given to Chinese students. Those short pieces and excerpts are pregnant with their stories, feelings and thoughts, that help the reader (as the author before) to discover hidden private stories about Chinese life.

The goal of the book partly seems to be to recount the author's experience in Fuling, but mostly it seems to be aimed at telling the locals' stories inside the setting of the author's life in Fuling. Many stories are heavy with poignancy: for instance, the priest of the Fuling Catholic Church, 李海若 (Li Hǎiruò) has a beautiful innocence and a poignant past. Moving stories are also those of some of his students, who came from deprived peasant homes in Sichuan countryside and tried to deal with a tough schooling system. Some of his students (mostly women) had abortions or committed suicide. The author manages to go over the "unemotional veneer" that the Chinese presented to the outside world and discover real China.

Environment
Fuling was very different from now in the two-year period 1996-1998. There were no streets and highways, and the life, the schooling system as well as the working conditions and salaries were worse than now. History also plays a role in the narrative, when Deng Xiaoping's death and the Handover of Hong Kong (1997) give the author the chance to exchange opinions with the locals and participate in the celebration of those events.

The university
The campus where Peter Hessler was teaching was called Fuling Teachers College and it used to be a college for teachers. As shown on the map found in the book, it was located in Jiangdong area at that time. The Jiangdong campus then became Yangtze Normal University and eventually it was shut down. Now it serves as a dormitory for the elderly. Nowadays, Fuling Teachers College, together with Yangtze Normal University, is located in the newly built Lidu (李渡镇) neighborhood.

Reception
The book won the Kiriyama Prize and it has also been a New York Times Notable Book.
Marlene Chamberlain of Booklist concluded that "This is a colorful memoir from a Peace Corps volunteer who came away with more understanding of the Chinese than any foreign traveler has a right to expect."

See also
White Crane Ridge

References

Bibliography

2001 non-fiction books
Chinese memoirs
Books about China
English-language education
Peace Corps
Chongqing
Sichuan

River Town: Two Years on the Yangtze