Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith is a science fiction movie. It is the third film in the Star Wars saga produced by Lucasfilms. It was released in 2005.

Story

Three years on from the previous movie, the Republic's army of Jedi and clone troopers are still at war with the Separatist Droid Army. Chancellor Palpatine has been captured by the Separatists and is being held aboard their spaceship. Two Jedi, Anakin Skywalker and Obi-Wan Kenobi arrive on the battleship and manage to rescue Palpatine. They kill Count Dooku but the leader of the battle droids, General Grievous, escapes.

Arriving back at the Republic capital, Anakin reunites with his wife, Padmé, who is pregnant. However, he has nightmares that she will die in childbirth and begins to seek ways to stop that from happening. Obi-Wan is sent on a mission to find and kill General Grievous. Anakin begins asking his friend, Chancellor Palpatine for advice.

Palpatine reveals to Anakin that he is a Sith (evil Jedi). Anakin finds out that Palpatine is in fact the true leader of the Separatists and has been using the war to get more power. Anakin tells Mace Windu, who goes to arrest Palpatine. However, Palpatine uses his Sith powers to kill Windu. Palpatine promises to help Anakin save Padmé from death. Anakin agrees to join the Sith and is renamed Darth Vader.

Palpatine sends Vader to the Jedi Temple to murder all of the Jedi inside. Across the galaxy, all of the Republic's clone soldiers suddenly betray their Jedi Generals and kill them. This is because the clone troopers are actually under the control of Palpatine. Within minutes, all of the Jedi are dead, except for Yoda and Obi-Wan.

Vader travels to Mustafar, where he assassinates the Separatist leaders. While he does this, Palpatine makes a speech to the Galactic Senate where he announces the Republic and Separatists will unite into the Galactic Empire. Obi-Wan and Padmé find Anakin on Mustafar. Obi-Wan and Anakin fight each other and Obi-Wan cuts off Anakin's limbs. Obi-Wan leaves Anakin scarred and burnt by the lava river and assumes Anakin has died.

Padmé gives birth to twins: Luke and Leia, but dies in childbirth. Obi-Wan and Yoda agree to split up the children. Luke is sent to his aunt and uncle on Tatooine while Leia is adopted by the royal family of Alderaan. Palpatine rescues Anakin and gives him cybernetic limbs and special armour. Palpatine tells Anakin of Padmé's death and Anakin fully embraces his anger and hatred, completing his journey to the Dark Side.

Cast
 Hayden Christensen as Anakin Skywalker
 Ewan McGregor as Obi-Wan Kenobi
 Ian McDiarmid as Darth Sidious
 Natalie Portman as Senator Padmé Amidala
 Frank Oz as the voice of Yoda
 Samuel L. Jackson as Mace Windu
 Jimmy Smits as Senator Bail Organa
 Anthony Daniels as C-3PO
 Kenny Baker as R2-D2
 Christopher Lee as Count Dooku
 Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca
 Matthew Wood as General Grievous
 Silas Carson as Nute Gunray
 Temuera Morrison as Commander Cody and other clone troopers

Related pages

Other websites
 Episode III on Wookiepedia
 Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith at StarWars.com

 Film screenplay  at MovieScriptPlace.com
 Star Wars Episode III -Revenge of the Sith at The Movie Database

2005 science fiction movies
20th Century Fox movies
Pregnancy movies
Prequel movies
Revenge of the Sith
Movies directed by George Lucas
Screenplays by George Lucas
Movies composed by John Williams
American sequel movies
2000s sequel movies


Charles Harford Lloyd (Thornbury, 16 October 1849 – Eton, 16 October 1919) was an English composer who became a well-known organist in his time.

His most successful area was organ and choral works but he wrote three clarinet pieces for his friend Randle Fynes Holme (1864–1957), (a talented amateur musician), a number of chamber works, a Festival Overture for orchestra, an organ concerto with orchestra and a number of songs for voice and piano.

He served as organist and choir-master at Gloucester Cathedral, Christ Church Cathedral in Oxford, Eton College Chapel and organist at the Chapel Royal. His most frequently performed works today are his settings of the Anglican Church liturgy.

He had a lifelong friendship with Hubert Parry.

Early years
Charles Harford Lloyd was born on 16 October 1849 to a Gloucestershire solicitor, Edmund Lloyd. Charlie, as his intimates called him, began to play the piano at an early age, receiving his first instruction from a governess. When he was ten years old, he played the organ at the neighbouring church of Rangeworthy, where his brother-in-law was the vicar as well as another nearby village of Falfield. He attended the grammar school of his native town for his general education.

In 1862, aged thirteen, he took lessons in piano and harmony with John Barrett, of Bristol, who introduced him to the works of Beethoven and Bach. "He simply revelled in Bach's Forty-eight Preludes and Fugues", said Barrett. He also started composing at an early age, composing a mazurka he called "The Pearl of Denmark", in honour of the Princess of Wales Alexandra of Denmark, and settings of two poems of Tennyson, when he was fourteen.

From 1865 to 1868, he was a pupil at Rossall School in Lancashire. Here he took organ lessons with Charles Handel Tovey, music-master of the school, who introduced him to the more contemporary works of Édouard Batiste and Lefébure-Wély. At Rossall, he played the organ in the school chapel and composed Carmen Rossalliense which became the school song.

Magdalen Hall

A friend of his boyhood was Lady Jenkinson, who had been a pupil of Sigismond Thalberg. Lloyd met Frederick Ouseley and Thomas Gambier Parry at her house. The latter invited him to visit Highnam Court, where Lloyd first met his "attached friend of after years", Hubert Parry. They both stayed up till the small hours making music in the drawing room.

In 1868, Lloyd obtained an open scholarship at Magdalen Hall (later renamed Hertford College), where he matriculated 17 October 1868. While studying there,  Lloyd was founder, with Hubert Parry, and first president of the Oxford University musical club. He took his B.A. degree in 1872, taking a second class in Classical Mods and Theology, however music was quietly taking possession of his life. He was greatly influenced by the organist of Magdalen College, John Stainer, who gave him lessons in harmony but, more importantly, inspired him musically – "I gained an experience of untold value to me in watching him as he played".

Oxford
Lloyd took his B.Mus at Oxford in 1871. His examiners were Ouseley, Charles William Corfe (1814–1883) and Stainer. To make some money, he played the harmonium at Pembroke College Chapel and conducted the Glee Club there. He frequently played duets with Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany and he and Parry played at private gatherings at Cowley House, the residence of Sir Benjamin Brodie. While at Oxford, he was the conductor of a society of undergraduates who called themselves the "Harmonomaniacs". In April 1872, as mentioned above, Lloyd and Parry established the more serious Oxford University Musical Club. The club, known in Oxford as the O.U.M.C., became an important public institution. One of his close friends at Oxford was Sir Walter Parratt.

Tutor
After Oxford, Lloyd had no idea what he wanted to do with his life, so he became a private tutor to the children of socialites. These included the children of the Vernon Harcourts, Lord Inverclyde (then John Burns), of Cunard fame, at Castle Wemyss. At Skelmorlie on the Clyde, he sometimes played the organ in the Presbyterian Church. He saw a great deal of Millais and his wife in Scotland and, through an introduction from them, he visited the Countess Gigliucci (Clara Novello) in Italy. The countess was very impressed with his music-making and was instrumental in Henry Littleton, the proprietor of the music-publishing company Novello & Co, founded by her father Vincent Novello, taking him on as a client. Lloyd said, "But for their helping hand I doubt if any of my compositions would have seen the light. As it is, I have seldom if ever shown them anything which they have refused to publish."

Organist positions

In 1875, The Dean and Chapter of Gloucester Cathedral had approached Lloyd about taking on the classical mastership of the Cathedral Choir School. As it happened, the organist at Gloucester, Samuel Sebastian Wesley, died the following year and the position was immediately offered to Lloyd. This caused dissatisfaction in some musical circles because Lloyd was an unknown at the time, but he soon earned a reputation as an outstanding musician and their fears were put to rest.

The Gloucester organist position carried with it the important office of the Three Choirs Festival, which was held in Gloucester every three years (at that time). Lloyd's first festival was in 1877, for which he selected Brahms' Requiem. A review in The Musical Times stated, "...the intelligence he evinced in the endeavour to realise every point indicated by the composer merit the warmest eulogium."

In 1880, the next time the festival was held, he conducted Beethoven's Mass in D and Hubert Parry's Prometheus Unbound. Prosper Sainton was leader of the orchestra for the festival and wrote Lloyd a letter from France praising both his conducting and Parry's work. Parry was delighted because the critics had not been kind to it. Two of Lloyd's organ pupils, while he was at Gloucester, became well-known organists themselves – they were A. Herbert Brewer, who succeeded him at Gloucester and George Robertson Sinclair who became organist at Hereford Cathedral. Lloyd was organist of Gloucester Cathedral 1876–1881. He was succeeded by Charles Lee Williams.

While at Gloucester Cathedral, Lloyd became the Honorary Secretary of an organisation called Cathedral Organists of England and Wales, which worked for better working and living conditions for organists and choristers.

At the invitation of Dean Henry Liddell, Lloyd became organist at Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford (1882–1891). While in Oxford he took his degree of Doctor of Music in 1890. He was appointed to a specially created lectureship in music at Christ Church and at various times he conducted the Oxford Choral Society, the Oxford Philharmonic Society and the Oxford Orchestral Association; but the most important concerts he directed were a series of Public Classical Concerts organised by the University Musical Club on the initiative of William Henry Hadow which continued for six seasons (1891–1897).

In 1886, Lloyd submitted a cantata, Andromeda to the Three Choirs Festival. It received a favourable but reserved review in The Musical Times.

From 1887 to 1892, Lloyd was an instructor in organ and composition at the Royal College of Music.

Lloyd was invited to fill the position of music teacher at Eton College from 1892, when Sir Joseph Barnby resigned. As Instructor of Music, his work was largely that of supervision with six music teachers under him. He played the organ in the Eton College Chapel every morning and afternoon, as well as on Sundays, and rehearsed the choir. He also gave frequent organ recitals on Sunday evenings. One of his pupils at Eton was Frederick Septimus Kelly, whose musical inclinations were greatly inspired by him.

After retirement from Eton, Lloyd was appointed organist at the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace from 1914, a post he held until his death. He was succeeded by Stanley Roper.

Who's Who of 1906 described Lloyd's recreations as "figure skating, cycling, boating, golf". Lloyd died "very suddenly" on his birthday on 16 October 1919. He was seventy years old that day. The funeral took place at Eton on 21 October 1919. In addition to other works, the Eton College Chapel Choir sang Lloyd's anthem Christ was Delivered for Our Offences.

In 1920, a brass plaque commemorating Lloyd was placed in the Eton College Chapel. It is inscribed in Latin thus, and the following translation appeared in the Musical Times:

"To the dear memory of Charles Harford Lloyd, M.A., Mus.D. Appointed organist of Gloucester Cathedral in 1876 he held that post for six years. Afterwards organist of Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, for ten years (1882–1892) He held with distinction the post of Precentor at Eton College from 1892 to 1914. Finally appointed Organist (and Composer) to H.M. Chapels Royal; 1917. Born October 16, 1849. Died October 16, 1919."

Works

Incidental music

 1887 – Alcestis, for flute, clarinet, two harps and male chorus (Dramatic Club, Oxford University, Oxford, 18 May 1887)

Orchestral

 1898 – Festival Overture (Gloucester Festival, 11 September 1898)

Solo instrument and orchestra

 1895 – Organ Concerto in F minor (Gloucester Festival, 15 September 1895)

Choral and vocal

 1883 – Allen-a-Dale (Gloucester Festival, 4 September 1883)
 1884 – Hero and Leander (Worcester Festival, 9 September 1884)
 1885 – The Song of Balder (Hereford Festival, 10 September 1885)
 1886 – Andromeda (Gloucester Festival, 7 September 1886)
 1887 – The Longbeard's Saga, for male voices (Christ Church, Oxford, 20 June 1887)
 1888 – The Gleaners' Harvest, cantata for female voices
 1889 – The Rosy Dawn, pastoral (Leeds Festival, 10 October 1889)
 1890 – To Morning, eight-part chorus (Worcester Festival, 10 September 1890)
 1891 – A Song of Judgment, sacred cantata (Hereford Festival, 10 September 1891)
 1894 – Rossall, ode by Owen Seaman for the 50th anniversary of Rossall School, 1844–1894
 1894 – Ballad of Sir Ogie and the Ladie Elsie (Hereford Festival, 11 September 1894)
 1897 – A Hymn of Thanksgiving for the Queen's Long Reign (Hereford Festival, 14 September 1897)
 1901 – The righteous live for evermore (Gloucester Festival, 11 September 1901)

Part-songs

 1884 – Pack, Clouds, Away!
 1885 – When at Corinna's Eyes I Gaze, madrigal for five voices
 1885 – The Patriot
 1885 – Looking for Spring
 1890 – A Sunny Shaft Did I Behold
 1890 – A Wet Sheet and a Flowing Sea
 1890 – Fly to my Mistress, glee
 1895 – An Ode on the Birth of Our Saviour, carol
 1896 – Is not that my Fancy's Queen?
 1896 – Shall I look to ease my Grief?
 1897 – Mark when she smiles
 1897 – Thomalin, why sytten we soe?
 1897 – In Sherwood lived stout Robin Hood
 1898 – Men are fools that wish to die
 1899 – A Thousand Years, by Sea and Land
 1899 – When first I came to Court
 1901 – Three Men of Gotham, for male voices
 1902 – A Loyal Ode, for male voices
 1903 – Up-Hill
 1904 – Dear in Death
 1905 – A Baby's Feet
 1905 – Give a Man a Horse he can ride
 1907 – The Battle of the Baltic, choral ballad
 1907 – Let my voice ring out
 1909 – Kitty of Coleraine
 1909 – The Young May Moon
 1909 – He left the upland Lawns
 1911 – Our Sailor King
 1911 – Hither! hither!
 1913 – A Water Party
 1916 – Grey Stones

Songs

 1876 – Magdalen at St Michael's Gate
 1886 – Annette, for baritone, piano and clarinet (or violin, viola, or cello)
 1890 – Twelve by the Clock for female duet
 1891 – In Summer Weather
 1895 – Come, Tuneful Friends
 1897 – To a Skylark, trio for female voices
 1898 – The Vigil
 1898 – A Song of Exmoor
 1898 – Hawke
 1899 – The Borderers
 1904 – Dear in Death
 1904 – Song of the Dunes
 1908 – He Left the Upland Lawns
 1909 – Cupid is a Wayward Boy
 1910 – Lesbia's Sparrow – Passer mortuus est meae puellae
 1910 – A Little Work, a Little Play
 1910 – April, April
 1911 – To Althea, from Prison
 1913 – O Father all-creating, sacred song
 1916 – Sweet Dreams, form a Shade
 1916 – Queen Mab, for children

Services, etc.

 1880 – Magnificat and Nunc dimittis in F
 1880 – Morning and Evening Service in E flat
 1890 – Magnificat and Nunc dimittis in F
 1883 – Magnificat and Nunc dimittis in G
 1893 – Magnificat and Nunc dimittis in D
 1906 – Communion Service in E, for female voices
 1911 – Magnificat and Nunc dimittis in E, for male voices
 1911 – Te Deum in E, for male voices
 1911 – Benedictus in E, for male voices
 1913 – Communion Service in F
??     – Benedicite in E flat (Chant form)

Anthems

 1876 – Blessed is he that considereth the poor and needy, for soprano or tenor solo, chorus and orchestra (or organ)
 1876 – Give the Lord the Honour
 1876 – Art thou weary?
 1883 – Blessed is He
 1886 – Fear not, O Land, for Harvest
 1889 – Who are We, O Lord?
 1890 – In this was manifested the love of God
 1899 – Lord, teach us to number our Days
 1903 – Sing Ye to the Lord, for Easter
 1904 – Blessed be Thou, O Lord God
 1904 – Praised be the Lord daily
 1905 – Christ Was Delivered for Our Offences, for Easter
 1908 – Let us come boldly
 1917 – Beloved, it is well
 1918 – Grieve not the Holy Spirit of God
 1919 – Awaked from Sleep

Hymn tunes

 1918 – Contributions to Novello's Parish Choir Book:
 Give the Lord the Honour
 A Thirteenth Century Prayer
 Lie Still Beloved, Lie Still
 Lord, We Uplift Our Voice
 Resignation
 Uprouse Ye, Christian People, for St. George's Day

 c1919 (Published posthumously) – Free Accompaniment of Unison Hymn Singing, ed. A. M. Goodhart

Chamber music

 1888 – Bon voyage for clarinet
 1888 – Duo concertante for violin (or viola, or clarinet) and piano
 1900 – Trio for piano, clarinet, and bassoon
 1912 – Six Easy Pieces for violin and piano
 1912 – Four Characteristic Pieces for violin and piano
 – In modo d'una sonata
 – Cavatina
 – Mazurka
 – Moto perpetuo
 1912 – Idyll for violin and piano
 1914 – Suite in the Old Style for clarinet (or viola) and piano
 – Prelude
 – Allemande
 – Minuet
 – Sarabande
 – Gigue
 1919 – Three Little Pieces for violin and piano: Romance, A simple melody and Valse mignonne
 1919 – Four Miniatures for violin and piano: Morning song, Lullaby, Dirge and Hornpipe

Piano

 1910 – Two Album Leaves: Good Morning! and Good Night
 1918 – Glyndebourne Dances, suite
 1918 – Two Concert Studies: Toccata and Moto Perpetuo

Organ

 1883 – Allegretto in E
 1886 – Sonata in D minor
 1896 – Allegro agitato
 1896 – Study in canon
 1897 – Elegy
 1917 – Elegy No.2
 Theme, Variations and Finale, edited 1920 by A. Herbert Brewer

Scores and manuscripts

Novello, Ewer & Co., London, published the vocal scores of Alcestis, Andromeda, Hero and Leander, A Hymn of Thanksgiving for the Queen's Long Reign, The Longbeard's Saga, O give thanks unto the Lord, Rossall, The Rosy Dawn, The righteous live for evermore, The Ballad of Sir Ogie and the Ladie Elsie, The Song of Balder and A Song of Judgment.

The autograph score of Andromeda is at the British Library, London (Add MS 50772). Autograph scores of The Ballad of Sir Ogie and the Ladie Elsie, Give the Lord the honour, The Longbeard's Saga, the Magnificat and Nunc dimittis in A, the Magnificat and Nunc dimittis in F and A Song of Judgment are held by the Library of the Royal College of Music, London (Add.Mss 5133).

Publications
 "THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF MUSIC; What Results may be anticipated from the new Royal College of Music; (a) as regards its Influence on the British Public as a Musical Public; (&) as regards the Re-establishment of a National School of Composition?" (1883) Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, Longman's, Green & Co., London

Recordings
 "A Thousand Years, by Sea and Land" (to the "Ode to Queen Victoria" of Henry Newbolt) — on Spiritus Chamber Choir (2009) Choral Songs in Honour of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, Track 3, Toccata Classics TOOC 0012
 "Bon Voyage!" on The Victorian Clarinet Tradition, Colin Bradbury, clarinet, and Oliver Davies, piano, Clarinet Classics CC0022

Notes

References

External links

1849 births
1919 deaths
British composers
British classical organists
British male organists
People from Thornbury, Gloucestershire
Male classical organists

Charles Harford Lloyd


Gh hip hop, Gh rap or Ghana hip hop is a hip hop genre, subculture and art movement that developed in Ghana during the late 1990s. The hip-hop genre came into existence in Ghana through Reggie Rockstone, who is known as the hip-life father, and other notable musicians such as Jayso and Ball J. It first came to Ghana as Hiplife, where Reggie Rockstone introduced a fusion of hip-hop beats with African sounds to create a whole new genre.

Hiplife is different from Western hip hop because it involves local dialects such as Twi, Ga, Ewe, Hausa and Ghanaian Pidgin English. Some hip-hop musicians in the early era were Reggie Rockstone, Kae Sun, Sway DeSafo, Samini, Okyeame Kwame, Bradez, Buk Bak, D-Black, Sarkodie, Tic Tac, Obrafour, 4x4, Kwaw Kese, Ayigbe Edem and upcoming artists such as Lil Shaker, Bra Kevin, Rayoe, Yaa Pono, Loone, Asem, and EL. Some songs from this era of hip hop were Asabone, Eye Mo De Anaa, and you no get money.

Hip hop evolution
Fast forward twenty-four years, and hip hop evolved into a more diverse and trendy culture where festivals like the Chale Wote Street Art Festival were a means by which the culture was made widespread. This brought about groups such as yoyo tinz which promoted Ghanaian hip hop through TV shows and documentaries. This also brought about the induction of "Kasahari" which is a twi word meaning "Fast Talk" and is mostly associated with musicians that rap fast. This was a term given to musicians who rapped very fast while using the local dialect known as twi. Some products of Kasahari include Sarkodie and Obrafour.

Hip hop today

Hip hop in Ghana experienced some tensions between two well-known rappers namely Sarkodie and M.anifest This conflict came into existence when Sarkodie in a song titled Bossy, used a popular phrase of Manifest and this sparked tensions between them. Manifest reacted to this by doing a song titled the godMc and this tension continued.

Hip hop in Ghana has been taken over now by the "new school" with acts such as Patapaa, Pappy Kojo, Joey B, La meme gang, Big Ghun, Amerado, B4bonah, teephlow, Kojo Cue, Lil shaker, R2bees and Kwesi Arthur.

References

Ghanaian hip hop
Hip hop genres

Gh hip hop


Julian Kestrel Woodrow (born December 30, 1996) is an American singer and songwriter. He is half of the duo "Take 2" (formerly known as "Blackberry Jam"), along with his brother Adrian Chirtea.

Biography
Woodrow is son of Heather Chirtea and Gordon Woodrow. He has a twin brother, Adrian Chirtea. Although twins have a different last name because since Adrian was younger he always went by his mother's last name and Julian by his father's.

Career
Julian and his brother have been singing together since they were little and enjoy harmonizing with each other today. They formed a group, consisting of the two called Blackberry Jam. Under this name, they auditioned for the X-Factor in the fall of 2011 making a video of them singing the song, Hallelujah and that got them into X Factor's Boot Camp but were eliminated during the competition.

In 2012 they play small shows in their hometown Vermont and post new covers on YouTube. They tried out for X-Factor again and their audition tape was their Payphone video (That can be found on their YouTube channel) which got them through the first 3 rounds. They also tried out for America's Got Talent and The Voice.

In 2013 they won a scholarship to the 2013 Prodigy Camp Project, a summer program that brings together 20 of the most promising teenage songwriters and filmmakers to hone their craft.

References

External links

1996 births
Living people
21st-century American singers
21st-century American male singers

Julian Woodrow


Red Norland is a red, early-maturing  potato. Smaller tubers (B and C size) are commonly sold as "baby reds" and this variety is often served boiled or in potato salads. The progenitor variety, 'Norland', was released by the North Dakota Agricultural College in 1957. Since the release of 'Norland', other darker red skinned variants were selected, most notably 'Red Norland' and 'Dark Red Norland'. None of these three varieties is under plant variety protection. The darker red strains are now widely grown, and 'Norland' is rarely grown. 'Norland' and its selections are widely adapted, but have relatively low to intermediate yields.

Botanical Feature

 Medium large with medium thick prominently angled stems and determinate growth
 Dark red skin and white flesh
 Slightly closed, medium to large medium green leaves and green petioles
 Green, slightly swollen nodes have green inter-nodes and waved wings
 Ovate leaflets are acutely lobed and asymmetrical
 Purple flowers with medium to large sized yellow anthers
 Flowers have abundant pollen
 Tubers have an oblong, slightly flattened shape with a smooth texture and shallow eyes
 Tubers have low specific gravity and are good for boiling and salads, but not for processing into chips or fries or for baking

Agricultural Feature

 Variety with Early Maturity and Moderate Resistance to Common Scab
 Tolerant to common scab
 Susceptible to Potato virus Y (PVY) – shows severe rugose symptoms
 Due to field resistance, PVY levels tend to stay low in Red Norland crops
 Susceptible to other common potato viruses – Potato virus X, Potato virus S, Potato leaf roll virus
 Susceptible to early blight, late blight, silver scurf, powdery scab, and air pollution injury

References

Potato cultivars

Red Norland


A surgical mask, also known as a procedure mask, medical mask or simply a face mask, is a  mask. It is intended to be worn by health professionals during surgery and during nursing. Such masks are used to catch the bacteria shed in liquid droplets and aerosols from the wearer's mouth and nose. They are not designed to protect the wearer from inhaling airborne bacteria or virus particles and are less effective than respirators, which provide better protection.

There are different qualities of such mask. Despite their name, not all surgical masks should be used during surgeries. Chinese health officials distinguish between medical (non-surgical) and surgical masks.

Surgical masks are made of a nonwoven fabric created using a melt blowing process.  They came into use in the 1960s and largely replaced cloth facemasks in developed countries.  A shortage of surgical masks is a central issue of the ongoing 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.

Surgical masks are popularly worn by the general public all year round in East Asian countries like China, Japan and South Korea to reduce the chance of spreading airborne diseases to others, and to prevent the breathing in of airborne dust particles created by air pollution. Additionally, surgical masks have become a fashion statement, particularly in contemporary East Asian culture bolstered by its popularity in Japanese and Korean pop culture which have a big impact on East Asian youth culture.

References

Related pages
 Abenomask
Medical equipment

Surgical mask


Mel Stuart (born Stuart Solomon; September 2, 1928 – August 9, 2012) was an American film director and producer who often worked with producer David L. Wolper, at whose production firm he worked for 17 years, before going freelance.

Early life
Stuart was born Stuart Solomon. He was of Jewish background.

Career
Stuart directed the fantasy-musical Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971). He directed other features, including If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium (1969), One Is a Lonely Number (1972) and Running on the Sun: The Badwater 135 (2000).

Stuart also directed feature documentaries including the 1964 Oscar-nominated JFK documentary Four Days in November and the 1973 concert film Wattstax.

In addition he directed or produced over 180 films including movies of the week The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal, Bill, The Chisholms, and Ruby and Oswald, the television series Ripley's Believe It or Not, and the documentaries The Making of the President 1960, 1964, and 1968, The Hobart Shakespeareans, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, Man Ray — The Prophet of the Avant-Garde, George Plimpton and the Philharmonic, and The Poet's View. He was also nominated for the made-for-TV production Bill, starring Mickey Rooney.

Awards
He was awarded an Emmy award, an Academy Award nomination, a Peabody, and numerous other awards. Stuart also served as president of the International Documentary Association for two years.

Personal life
Stuart was born to Edgar and Cecille Solomon, graduated from New York University in 1949, and worked for an advertising company. Stuart married his first wife Harriet Rosalind Dolin on August 12, 1956. They had three children: Madeline, Peter, and Andrew. Madeline and Peter made appearances in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory though only Peter was credited. Stuart and Dolin divorced in 1979. He married his second wife Roberta Silberman in 1985, and they stayed together until her death in 2011.

Death
On August 9, 2012, Stuart died at the age of 83 after suffering melanoma cancer at his home in Los Angeles, California. In addition to his three children from his first marriage, Andrew, Madeleine, and Peter, Stuart was also survived by two grandchildren, Maximilian Stuart and Eleanor Stuart.

Selected filmography
Four Days in November (1964)
If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium (1969)
I Love My Wife (1970)
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)
One Is a Lonely Number (1972)
Wattstax (1974)
Brenda Starr (1976, TV)
Welcome Back, Kotter (1977, TV)
Ruby and Oswald (1978, TV)
Mean Dog Blues (1978)
The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal (1979, TV)
The Chisholms (1980, TV)
Sophia Loren: Her Own Story (1980, TV)
The White Lions (1981)

References

External links

1928 births
2012 deaths
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews
American film directors
American film producers
American documentary filmmakers
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
American television directors
Deaths from cancer in California
Film directors from New York City
Film producers from New York (state)
Jewish American film directors
Jewish American film producers
New York University alumni
People from Manhattan
Primetime Emmy Award winners

Mel Stuart


Lieutenant John Shortland (1769-1810) was an English naval officer who explored and named the Hunter River in Australia.

Shortland joined the Royal Navy in 1781 as a midshipman. After served in Quebec and the West Indies. His father, Captain John Shortland (1739-1803), was the person in the Navy who organized many of the details for the First Fleet which took the first convicts to Australia in 1788. He arranged for two of his sons, John and Thomas George Shortland (1771 – 1827), to sail with him on the First Fleet. Shortland was the master's mate on HMS Sirius with Captain John Hunter. He was also on the ship when it was wrecked on Norfolk Island in 1790. He left Australia in 1792.

In 1792, Shortland came back to Australia with Hunter. Hunter had been made Governor of New South Wales and Shortland was First Lieutenant on the Reliance. Other officers on the ship were Matthew Flinders and George Bass. In 1797 Shortland found and named the Hunter River while searching for escaped convicts. He explored the area which is now the city of Newcastle. He made the first charts of the harbour. Shortland was given grants of land at Liberty Plains and Bankstown. He also served as a member of the Criminal Court in Sydney. He missed the excitement of navy life and in 1800 he returned to England on the Reliance.

Shortland served in Egypt and then on the Dolphin and the Trompeuse. He went to Guinea and after the death of its captain, became captain of the Squirrel. In 1805 at Halifax he was made captain of the Juno, a captured 40 gun French frigate. In 1809 he made a brave but unsuccessful attack on four French ships. The Juno was destroyed and Shortland died of his wounds. The French buried him with military honours at Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe.

The Newcastle suburb of Shortland, and the Division of Shortland - an electoral division in the Australian parliament were named after him. He was honoured with a postage stamp for the 150th anniversary but the artist made a mistake and it was Shortland's father's image on the stamp.

References

1769 births
1810 deaths
Exploration of Australia
Royal Navy officers

John Shortland


Hermann Prey ( Berlin, 11 July 1929 – Krailling, 22 July 1998) was a German lyric baritone, who was equally at home in the Lied, operatic and concert repertoires. His American debut was in November 1952, with the Philadelphia Orchestra and Eugene Ormandy, and his American recital debut took place in 1956, at New York's Carnegie Hall. As a Lieder singer, he was a gifted interpreter of Schubert, including his song-cycles Die schöne Müllerin and Die Winterreise and the collection of songs Schwanengesang, as well as of Robert Schumann, Richard Strauss and Gustav Mahler. He also appeared frequently as a soloist in Bach's Passions and Brahms' A German Requiem.

Early life and education
Hermann Prey was born in Berlin and grew up in Germany. He was scheduled to be drafted when World War II ended. He studied voice at the Hochschule für Musik in Berlin and won the prize of the Frankfurt contest of the Hessischer Rundfunk in 1952.

Career

Repertoire and notable roles
He began to sing in song recitals and made his operatic debut the next year with the Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden in Bad Salzschlirf (Moruccio in Eugen d'Albert's Tiefland). He joined Hamburg State Opera's resident company, where he sang until 1960. During his last years in Hamburg, he also made frequent guest appearances elsewhere, including the Salzburg Festival.

He sang frequently at the Metropolitan Opera between 1960 and 1970 (and as late as the early 1990s), and made his Bayreuth debut in 1965 as Wolfram (Tannhäuser), returning there 1966–67, 1981–84 and 1986. Although he often sang Verdi early in his career, he later concentrated more on Mozart and Richard Strauss. Prey was well known for playing Figaro (Mozart and Rossini), but he played other Mozart roles at least equally often, particularly Papageno and Guglielmo.  He also played, and recorded, the Count in The Marriage of Figaro, and occasionally performed as Don Giovanni. He is regarded by some as the best Eisenstein (from Die Fledermaus by Johann Strauss II) ever.

He was at home with comic opera Italian-style, displaying scenic intelligence, liveliness and hilarity. His virtuoso agility and great comic acting made him an obvious choice for numerous productions of Mozart's and Rossini's operas in the 1970s. In 1972 he performed as Figaro in Jean-Pierre Ponnelle's television film of Rossini's Il Barbiere di Siviglia with Teresa Berganza as Rosina, Luigi Alva as Almaviva and conductor Claudio Abbado. He appeared alongside Fritz Wunderlich and Hans Hotter in the live televised version of Il Barbiere di Siviglia in its German translation, Der Barbier von Sevilla. He also portrayed Figaro in 1976 in Ponnelle's film of Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro.

In 1976, Hermann Prey organised the first Schubertiade Vorarlberg in Hohenems, Vorarlberg. A Schubertiade is an event dedicated to the life and works of the Austrian composer Franz Schubert. On May 8, 1976, the first Schubertiade Vorarlberg evening begins with a recital by Hermann Prey, with Leonard Hokanson on the piano.

Prey also sang operetta and performed on German television, becoming extremely popular with television audiences. He shared media-celebrity with Fritz Wunderlich until the latter's early death, often playing Papageno to Wunderlich's Tamino.
Unlike Fischer-Dieskau, Prey limited his Wagner to the soft, high-baritone roles Wolfram and Beckmesser. He can be seen on video in the latter role, opposite  Bernd Weikl.

In 1988, he directed a production of The Marriage of Figaro in Salzburg.

Voice
Prey possessed a clear, polished tone—darker and deeper-sounding than his slightly older contemporary Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, but equally refined and equally capable of soaring into the tenor range without the smallest suggestion of vocal effort.

Recordings
He recorded a multi-volume set for Phillips, tracing the history of the Lied from the Minnesänger to the twentieth century. In addition, he released numerous recordings of opera and song.

As a teacher and writer
Starting in 1982, he taught at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg, and he wrote an autobiography which was translated as First Night Fever: The Memoirs of Hermann Prey ().

Collaborative Pianists
Pianists who collaborated with Hermann Prey in recitals and/or recordings of Lied repertoire include Karl Engel, Gerald Moore, Wolfgang Sawallisch, Leonard Hokanson, Helmut Deutsch, Friedrich Gulda, Jörg Demus, Walter Klien and Michael Endres. Florian Uhlig played for one of his last recordings of September 1997 at Herbstliche Musiktage Bad Urach.

Death
He died in Krailling, Bavaria, of a heart attack on July 22, 1998, at the age of 69.

Family
His son Florian is also a baritone.

Videography
 The Metropolitan Opera Gala 1991, Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4582

References
Fritz Wunderlich's Colleagues: Hermann Prey
Prey - Stille meine Liebe: documentary DVD about Hermann Prey

Notes

External links
Interview with Hermann Prey by Bruce Duffie, October 12, 1985
On video singing "Liebesbotschaft" by Schubert (YouTube)
On video singing "Largo al factotum" (Figaro's entrance aria) from Rossini's THE BARBER OF SEVILLE, in German translation (YouTube)

1929 births
1998 deaths
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Berlin
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
German operatic baritones
20th-century German male  opera singers

Hermann Prey


Sir Robert Southwell FRS (31 December 1635 – 11 September 1702) was an Anglo-Irish politician and diplomat. He was Secretary of State for Ireland and President of the Royal Society from 1690.

Background and education
Robert Southwell was born near Kinsale in County Cork on 31 December 1635 to his namesake Robert Southwell (1608-1677) and Helena Gore, daughter of Major Robert Gore, of Sherston, Wiltshire. The family had settled in Ireland a couple of generations earlier, and his father had become a customs official at Kinsale in 1631. Like other Munster planters, he was threatened by the Irish Rebellion of 1641. During the Civil War, he followed the Royalist cause, placing him in a weak position. This may be why his son was sent to Christchurch, Hampshire in 1650, before graduating to Queen's College, Oxford, from which he graduated BA in 1655. Between 1659 and 1661, he travelled in Europe meeting some of the leading intellectuals of his time. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1662.

Public office
On his return to Ireland, his father wanted him to find employment that would keep him in Ireland. He obtained the post of secretary to the Commission of Prizes in 1664. Soon after, he married Elizabeth Dering (1649–1682), daughter of Sir Edward Dering, 2nd Baronet, by whom his son Edward Southwell was born. Her marriage portion of £1500 enabled him to buy one of the four clerkships of the Privy Council.

His linguistic abilities suited him for diplomatic service. He was appointed in November 1665 as an emissary to Portugal, being knighted before he left. There he assisted in securing the peace between Spain and Portugal, which was achieved in February 1668. He returned to England, but was sent back to Portugal, staying for over another year.

In October 1671, he was dispatched to Brussels as ambassador. On his return, he was elected to the English Parliament for Penryn in 1673. He also took up again the post of secretary to the Commission of Prizes, which he had resigned in 1667 and became his father's deputy as Vice-Admiral of Munster. He also became a Commissioner of Excise in 1671.

Southwell was embarrassed by the Popish Plot, being forced to testify at the trial of Edward Colman that Titus Oates, whom he detested, was telling the truth about the evidence he had given at a crucial Council meeting, and sold his clerkship of the Privy Council in 1679. However, he remained in favour, being appointed in spring 1680 as an envoy to the Elector of Brandenburg, with the object of constructing an alliance against France. This took him to the courts of the Prince of Orange and the Duke of Brunswick–Lüneburg, but the project was no longer what Charles II wanted.

In 1685, he was elected to Parliament again, this time for Lostwithiel. However, he was out of office in this period, having lost his Excise place in 1681.

After the Glorious Revolution
After the accession of William and Mary II of England, Southwell accompanied William to Ireland, as his principal secretary, after the deposed James II had landed at Kinsale in his attempt to recover his kingdom. He was in Ireland from June to October 1690. In December he was elected as President of the Royal Society, a post to which he was re-elected annually until 1695. He also held office as a Customs Commissioner from 1689 until 1697. He died at his estate King's Weston House near Bristol, on 11 September 1702 and was buried nearby in Henbury church in Gloucestershire. Though he remained living in England Southwell remembered his Irish roots by founding almshouses in Kinsale.

Family
Southwell married, on 26 January 1664, Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Sir Edward Dering of Surrenden-Dering in Kent. Their children were: Rupert, born on 21 May 1670, and died on 8 May 1678; Edward Southwell, his heir; and four daughters—Helena, Elizabeth, Mary, and Catherine.

See also
 List of presidents of the Royal Society

References

 Toby Barnard, 'Southwell, Sir Robert (1635–1702)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 , accessed 10 April 2009.

External links

 Southwell Papers. Osborn Collection. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.

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1635 births
1702 deaths
People from Kinsale
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
Ambassadors of England to the Holy Roman Empire
Members of the pre-1707 English Parliament for constituencies in Cornwall
Original Fellows of the Royal Society
Presidents of the Royal Society
Clerks of the Privy Council
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
17th-century English diplomats
English MPs 1661–1679
English MPs 1679
English MPs 1685–1687
Ambassadors of England
People from Gloucestershire (before 1904)
Politicians from County Cork

Robert Southwell (diplomat)


Lincoln Theater Napa Valley in Yountville, California, on the grounds of the California Veterans Home in Napa County, California.  The 1214-seat theater is the performance venue  of the Napa Regional Dance Company and home of Symphony Napa Valley.  Originally opened in 1957, it underwent a  $20 million restoration which was completed in 2005.  Robert Mondavi, his wife Margrit, Ron W. Miller and his wife Diane were among the primary benefactors of the restoration project.  The State of California also provided $1.5 million in funding.  Singer Dianne Reeves headlined the opening performance following the restoration on January 8, 2005.  Centrally located on the 900-acre site of the nation's oldest Veteran's Home, the Napa Valley Performing Arts Center has a unique role to play in the artistic and cultural life of the Napa Valley. In 2005 the community came together to upgrade and renovate this very special space, creating what is now the largest venue in the Napa Valley with state of the art technical and performance capabilities. As exciting as this transformation has been, there have been challenges as well.

In August 2011, the theater's largest financial donor and key board member, Don Carr, was killed in an auto accident.  The sudden loss of financial and leadership support, on the heels of the fiscal problems posed by the 2008 economic downturn, created a serious threat to the theater's long term viability. Within a few months, it became clear that the only way to ensure the health and vitality of the theater was to undergo a thorough strategic and financial restructuring process. The restructuring was a success. Within 11 months, the newly named Napa Valley Performing Arts Center at Lincoln Theater opened, debt free and with a new board, a stronger community focus, and a diversified donor base. The Performing Arts Center has since emerged as a leading provider of cultural programming and arts education in Napa County.

References

External links
 Lincoln Theater Homepage

Performing arts centers in California
Yountville, California
Buildings and structures in Napa County, California
Theatres in the San Francisco Bay Area
Music venues in California
Dance venues in the United States
Tourist attractions in Napa County, California
Theatres completed in 1957
1957 establishments in California

Lincoln Theater (Yountville, California)


Anne-Catherine Lacroix (also Ann-Catherine Lacroix) is a Belgian fashion model.

Life
Anne-Catherine Lacroix was born on 3 March 1978 in Brussels, Belgium. She can speak three languages (Flemish, French, and English), and she has a degree in political sciences.

Career
She made her modelling debut on the runway in 1999. Since then, she has gone on to walk the shows of some of the greatest brands in the fashion industry for many seasons (both ready to wear and couture shows), including Chanel, Prada, Alexander McQueen, Miu Miu, Marc Jacobs, and Givenchy. She has appeared in campaigns for big labels such as Jil Sander, Yves Saint Laurent, Balenciaga, and Louis Vuitton. She has been inside and on the cover magazines including i-D, Marie Claire, and Vogue (multiple countries).

References

1978 births
Living people
Belgian female models

Anne-Catherine Lacroix


Rajgangpur is an industrial town situated in the Sundargarh District of Odisha. It is located 400 km to the north-west of the capital city, Bhubaneswar. It is located 30 km west of Rourkela. It is accessible by both road and rail. Rajgangpur Railway Station is on Mumbai-Rourkela line. Regular buses are available to Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Rourkela and Angul. RGP Main Road is the main road of the town. The nearest functional airport is Veer Surendra Sai Airport, Jharsuguda which is approximately 95 km from Rajgangpur.  Places of tourist interest in the vicinity of Rajgangpur include Mandira Dam, Chhatri Hill, Darjeeng, Vedvyas and Khandahar.

History
Rajgangpur derived its name from the erstwhile princely state of Gangpur Estate. This town was transferred from Commissioner of Chhotanagpur to Odisha Division in the year 1905. Industrialization started in Rajgangpur with Dalmia Group setting up a cement plant in 1951.

Industry

Rajgangpur is a major industrial town alongside Rourkela in Sundargarh district. It is home to OCL Industrial Township where cement plants and other factories owned by Dalmia Bharat, Ltd. the flagship company of Dalmia Group are located. The cement plants are the largest owned by Dalmia. The Rourkela-Rajgangpur industrial belt has most of the huge, medium and small scale industrial units in the Sundargarh district.

Demographics
As of the 2011 India Rajgangpur had a population of 51,362 of which 26,259 are males while 25,103 are females. Rajgangpur has an average literacy rate of 84.32%, higher than the state average of 72.87%. In Rajagangpur, Male literacy is around 89.38 % while female literacy rate is 79.07 %. In Rajgangpur, 12.41% of the population is under 6 years of age.

The main language spoken by the inhabitants of this town are Oriya, Sambalpuri, Hindi, Urdu, Sadri. The main source of job creation in the town are the industries in and around the town.

Tribals
Rajgangpur has a large tribal population, dominated by Kisan, Gond, Oraons, Munda, Kharias and other tribals. Their main occupation is farming. The tribals also work in nearby factories and also hold a lot of government jobs. The tribal men and women are hardworking and they enjoy singing and dancing using Mandar, Dholki, Nagra and Muhuri. Education, medical facilities, clean drinking water and social justice are of major concern to the tribals, as they have scant access to these resources.

Festivals
People of different faiths stay in Rajgangpur (RGP) like Hindu, Christian, Muslim, Sikh. Some of the festivals that Hindus celebrate are Rath Yatra, Holi, Ganesh puja, Ramnavami, Durga puja, Janmastami, Mahavir Jayanti, Shivaratri, etc. Festivals celebrated by Christians include Christmas and Easter. The important festivals that Muslims celebrate are Id ul fitr (Id), Id ul zuha (Bakrid) & Id miladun nabi. Urs festival also celebrated at Lal Baba's Dargah

Medical
Rajgangpur Government Hospital is located in the heart of the town with ample facilities for patients. LVPEI opened OCL Eye Centre in 2015 to provide secondary level examination and treatment of all types of eye diseases.

Transport
Rajgangpur is well connected with Sundargarh and Rourkela through the State Highway No. 10 and is also well connected with the Odisha state capital Bhubaneswar. Rajgangpur railway station is located in the Tatanagar–Bilaspur section of Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line. Rourkela Airport is the nearest commercial airport.

Entertainment
Currently there are five radio channels (four private and one government based) operating in Rajgangpur which has its radio stations in Rourkela. There is currently one single screen movie theater namely Milan Talkies, Subhas Chowk and another movie theater is Triveni Talkies owned by Mr Rajesh Agrawal. There is also a Cable TV network in Rajgangpur named Satellite Club. Apart from these during various religious festivals plays are also held at town community centre and OCL colony auditorium.

Religious sites
Ghoghar Dham is a sacred place located 8 km towards north from Rajgangpur. It is famous for its Shiv Temple & Hilltop. In the month of Shravan a lot of pilgrims & kawadias visit the temple. The newly renovated Durga mandir is one of the best temple with its finest work of Glass Art. Dalmia Mandir located at the center of the town & managed by OCL India Ltd is a beautiful temple of Shiva, Ram, Laxman, Goddess Sita & Radha Krishna. It is surrounded by a beautiful flower park. There is a shrine of Lal Shah Baba on the main road near OCL gate. Every year Urs is celebrated with all fanfare. Devotees cut across religious line to commemorate this occasion. Beside this there are two churches too.
There is also a temple of Hanuman situated just beside the "Baba Talab".

Politics
Current MLA from Rajgangpur (ST) Assembly Constituency is Rajeen Ekka of INC, who won the seat in State elections in 2019. Previous MLAs from this seat include Gregory Minz of INC who won in 2004 and 2009, Mangala Kisan who won this seat representing BJD in 2000, 2014 and representing JD in 1995, 1990 and representing JNP in 1985, Mukharam Naik of INC(I) in 1980 and Brajamohan Kishan of JNP in 1977. Rajgangpur is part of Sundargarh (Lok Sabha constituency).

References

Cities and towns in Sundergarh district

Rajgangpur


Victor S. Cianca Sr. (January 5, 1918 – January 24, 2010) was a traffic police officer from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, who spent his entire career with the Pittsburgh Police Bureau before he retired on January 4, 1983.  His flamboyant style of directing traffic led to appearances on the television program Candid Camera in 1964, and Allen Funt was so impressed he invited Cianca to direct traffic in New York City's Times Square.  He also appeared on Charles Kuralt's CBS News documentaries, The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and Real People.  He also guest conducted the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra in 1981.  He later appeared in Budweiser commercials and was featured in the movie Flashdance, playing himself.

Upon his retirement in 1982, The Pittsburgh Press said that "A downtown traffic jam without Vic Cianca is a traffic jam with no redeeming qualities."

Following his death, the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette described him as a "Pittsburgh icon" with "affectionate yinzer spirit" on par with Fred Rogers and Myron Cope.

References

External links
Cianca with VP Nixon and Lodge

2010 deaths
1918 births
United States Navy personnel of World War II
American people of Italian descent
American police officers
People from Pittsburgh

Vic Cianca


Nyakayojo Division is one of the six administrative divisions that make up Mbarara Municipality.
The six divisions that make Mbarara Municipality include, Kamukuzi Division, Nyamitanga Division, Kakoba Division, Biharwe Division, Kakiika Division and Nyakayojo Division.

Location

The coordinates of Nyakayojo Division are
Latitide: 0° 38' 1" (0.6336°) south Longitude: 30° 36' 47" (30.6131°) east

Average elevation: 1,422 meters (4,665 feet)

Nyakayojo Division borders with Isingiro District and Nyamitanga Division in the East, Bubaare subcounty of Mbarara District in the North, Kakiika Division in the Northeast, Mwizi subcounty in the South, Bugamba and Rugando subcounties of Rwampara District in the west.

Overview
Nyakayojo Division was added to Mbarara Municipality on 1 July 2014 together with Kakiika Division and Biharwe Division.
The Mbarara Kabale road transverses through Nyakayojo.

The division is a home to a famous secondary school called Nyakayojo Secondary School, Karama Catholic community and a home area of Angella Katatumba.

Nyakayojo Division contains the following neighborhoods, Kicwamba, Katojo, Rwakishakizi, Bugashe, Nyakayojo hill, Katukuru, Kisoro, Rwariire, Kibona, Katereza and Rukiindo.

Population
Nyakayojo Division is the second most populous division in Mbarara Municipality after Kakoba Division.
The 2002 population census established the population of Nyakayojo as 29,396, In 2009 Uganda National Bureau of Statistics estimated the population to be 34,000, the 2014 National population and Housing Census found the population of Nyakayojo Division at 38,252 people.

Points of Interest
 Nyakayojo Secondary School
 Katatumba Resort Hotel
 Karama Community and also

See also
 Mbarara
 Nyakayojo Secondary School
 Angella Katatumba

References

Populated places in Uganda

Nyakayojo Division


In Practice Systems Limited (INPS) is a health informatics company, part of the Cegedim group and based in the United Kingdom.

Company history
The company was established in 1984 under the name of Ranchalley Ltd. It quickly changed its name to Value Added Medical Products Ltd (VAMP) and then to Reuters Health Information Ltd in 1997. In 1998 INPS was acquired by the Cegedim group. In 2004, the company purchased the UK arm of NDCHealth, makers of Pharmacy Manager software that was widely used across the UK. It later rebranded as Vision.

In 1990 VAMP was one of the four most popular GP computer systems in Wales. In 2010, INPS had about 20% of the English market, 30% of the market in Scotland and Northern Ireland and just over 50% of the market in Wales.

Products
Vision 3, a clinical system  used within primary care settings
Vision Online Services, a Web-based patient-centric service
Outcomes Manager, a population health solution for local healthcare communities.

England
In 2018, the GP IT Futures framework was announced as a new way to support modularity in healthcare systems in England and so make it easier for new suppliers to enter the market. Before this, INPS had produced one of the computer systems available to GPs in England under the Systems of Choice scheme from 2008, as well as through Local Service Provider, the CSC. Like other GP systems it made extensive use of Read codes.  The other approved GP systems are SystmOne, EMIS Health and Microtest Health.

From April 2014 practices were contractually required to promote and offer patients the opportunity to book appointments online, order repeat prescriptions online and gain access to their medical records online.

The system hosts pathway management systems which automate the processes of monitoring patients, for example those taking disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs which are potentially toxic.

Wales
In 2018, along with Microtest Health, it was awarded a four-year contract for GP clinical systems by the NHS Wales Informatics Service. This came after EMIS was excluded because its bid failed to 'meet a number of the necessary evaluation criteria relating to financial, contractual and functional requirements', according to NHS Wales.  INPS Vision was already established in Wales, but Microtest was not.

References

External links
GP Systems
Vision

Electronic health record software companies
Companies based in the London Borough of Wandsworth
Private providers of NHS services

In Practice Systems Limited


Grotulja is a sort of necklace made out of walnuts lined on string. Grotulja is a symbol of area around Trilj town in Croatia. Traditionally it was given by a young man to a girl on a feast of Saint Michael (patron saint of Trilj) as a symbol of affection or even as symbol of marriage proposal.

Sources
 Trilj - Grotulja

Croatian folklore
Necklaces

Grotulja


Virginia H. Holsinger (March 13, 1937 – September 4, 2009) was a food scientist whose research was significant in the dairy industry. Her research on enzymes as dietary supplements and food treatments was critical to the development of Lactaid and Beano.

Early life and education

Holsinger was born in Washington, D.C., on March 13, 1937. In 1958, she graduated from the College of William and Mary with a bachelor's degree in chemistry. Afterwards, she joined the Agricultural Research Service within the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), initially working as an analytical chemist at the Agricultural Research Service Dairy Products Laboratory in Washington, D.C.  She later attended the Ohio State University where she completed her doctorate in food science and nutrition in 1980 under the direction of Professor Paul M. T. Hansen. Her dissertation was entitled "A Study of the Rehydration Properties of a Milk Analogue Containing Soy Products and Cheese Whey".

Scientific career

Holsinger specialized in dairy products for the duration of her scientific career. She transferred to USDA's Eastern Regional Research Center in Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, in 1974, at which time she led research programs on the basic science and technology of dairy foods for the duration of her career until her retirement in 1999.

Dietary products
In the early 1980s, Alan Kligerman, who was one of the owners of a family dairy farm, approached Holsinger about the possibility for developing a milk substitute for people who are lactose intolerant. Lactose intolerance is a common condition worldwide. Holsinger subsequently determined that milk could be treated with a lactase enzyme in order to break down the lactose into simple, easily digestible sugars, in particular, glucose and galactose. For this purpose, Holsinger used a lactase derived from fungi. Most lactose intolerant people could digest milk treated in this way without experiencing the symptoms of lactose intolerance. These findings led to Kligerman's commercialization of the Lactaid brand of lactase-treated dairy products.

Following the success of Lactaid, the U.S. Military approached Holsinger about developing a product designed for soldiers who were lactose intolerant, with the additional requirement that the product be made from dehydrated milk powder. The basis of the additional requirement was that the milk could be reconstituted by soldiers while they were in the field. Holsinger worked with the team that helped her develop Lactaid and successfully developed a lactose free dehydrated milk powder that had long shelf life while retaining good flavor.

Holsinger's conducted fundamental research on the ability of the enzyme α-galactosidase to convert complex sugars into simple sugars. The simple sugars are more easily digested by the human digestive tract. Her findings were put to use by Kligerman's company to develop Beano, which is a digestive aid to prevent formation of human intestinal gas.

Holsinger's work and research was also used to develop reduced-fat mozzarella cheese which was widely adapted in school lunch programs. Holsinger formulated a powder drink mix based on whey and soy drink mix that can be reconstituted with water to provide a milk substitute. This formulation was widely used in emergency relief situations as part of the U.S. Agency for International Development's Food for Peace program.

Awards and honors
In 1995, Holsinger received the Women in Science and Engineering (WISE) Lifetime Achievement Award, granted by the Agricultural Research Service. The award citation stated that this was "for over 20 years of accomplishment in dairy product research and for aiding the advancement of other women in the fields of science and engineering."

A year after Holsinger's 1999 retirement as the leader of the Dairy Products Research Unit, she was inducted into the Agricultural Research Service's Hall of Fame for lifetime career achievements.

In 1986, Holsinger received the Distinguished Service Award of the American Chemical Society's Division of Agricultural & Food Chemistry. Holsinger was an emeritus member of the American Chemical Society, having been a member of the organization since 1959.

Holsinger and the rest of the team that developed Lactaid received the Food Technology Industrial Achievement Award  by the Institute of Food Technologists in 1987.

Representative publications
Holsinger published more than 100 scientific papers in scholarly journals. Representative examples:
 Holsinger V.H. (1988) Lactose. In: Wong N.P., Jenness R., Keeney M., Marth E.H. (eds) Fundamentals of Dairy Chemistry. Springer, Boston, MA.  .
 Malin E.L., Basch J.J., Shieh J.J., Sullivan B.C., Holsinger V.H. "Detection of Adulteration of Buttermilk Powder by Gel Electrophoresis", Journal of Dairy Science, 77(8), August 1994, pp. 2199-2206.
 Van Hekken D.L., Tunick M.H., Malin E.L., Holsinger V.H., "Rheology and Melt Characterization of Low-Fat and Full Fat Mozzarella Cheese made from Microfluidized Milk", LWT - Food Science and Technology, 40(1), January 2007, pp. 89-98.

Death

Holsinger died on September 4, 2009, from breast cancer at the age of 72, in Fairfax, Virginia. Holsinger maintained a home in northern Virginia, near where her brother Gordon Holsinger lived, keeping this home even during the time she was working at the USDA facility in Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania. Her brother Gordon Holsinger was her sole survivor at the time of her death.

References

External links
 Obama White House Archives article on "Women-in-Stem"
 An example of a United States Patent for which Holsinger is an inventor can be viewed on-line.
 Holsinger's account of the development of lactase treated milk and lactase capsules for human consumption.

American food scientists
American women scientists
College of William & Mary alumni
Ohio State University College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences alumni
1937 births
2009 deaths
Scientists from Washington, D.C.
United States Department of Agriculture people
Deaths from breast cancer
American Chemical Society

Virginia Holsinger


The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is a ligament in each knee of humans and many other animals. It works as a counterpart to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). It connects the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the medial condyle of the femur. This allows the PCL to resist forces pushing the tibia posteriorly relative to the femur.

The PCL gets its name by attaching to the posterior portion of the tibia.

The PCL, ACL, MCL, and LCL are the four main ligaments of the knee in primates.

References

Skeletal system

Posterior cruciate ligament


Zoran Stefanović (, , born 21 November 1969 in Loznica) is a Serbian author, publisher and cultural activist, best known as the founder of several cultural networks, including Project Rastko. His works were published and produced in Europe and US.

He made his debut in theater and film in 1987 and he graduated in dramaturgy and screenwriting in 1994 at the Faculty of Dramatic Arts (University of Arts in Belgrade). He lives in Belgrade.

He is the president of the Association of Playwrights of Serbia (2022).

Writings

Some of his works belong to science fiction and fantasy - in the theater ("Slavic Orpheus," "Fable of the Cosmic Egg"), graphic novels and comics ("The Third Argument", based on stories by Milorad Pavić, "Under the Seal of the Wolf"), prose (novel Verigaši) and in film/television ("Narrow Paths").

His other works are documentary, such as the TV-series "The Janus' Face of History," or films "Lives of Kosta Hakman" and "Music of Silence" .

His theater plays, prose and graphic novels have been translated into Macedonian, Romanian, Slovene, English, French, Polish, Ukrainian and Russian.

Cultural work

Stefanović was the principal founder of several international cultural networks: Project Rastko (network of digital libraries), Distributed Proofreaders Europe (international digitization of cultural heritage), the Project Gutenberg Europe (Beta version, a public digital library) and similar communities in the fields of digitization, lexicography and pop-culture.

He is also active in cultural and scientific projects since 1993, especially in the former Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Ukraine, Russia and Poland, including preservation of minority cultures as well as initiative for Balkan Cultural Network, with Greek cultural activist and music producer Nikos Valkanos.

Since the mid-1990s he promotes the philosophy of open sources and free knowledge, as "the very foundation of every civilized human society." He actively supports several regional Wikipedias, particularly in Eastern and Central Europe since 2004.

Awards and honors

As a writer, playwright and screenwriter, he has been nationally and internationally awarded and short-listed some twenty times, including The "Josip Kulundžić" award for theatrical play, Gold medal for the screenplay at the 42nd Festival of Yugoslav documentary and short films, two wins in Yugoslav literary SF/F competitions "Znak Sagite", Grand Prix for the best Serbian graphic novel and Award for the best graphic novel script, The Edition of the Year of The Belgrade Book Fair. He was nominated for the Prix Europa award in Berlin and the Prix Italia award in Rome.

For his cultural and publishing work he has been also nationally and internationally recognized, including three times the Annual award of the Informatics Society of Serbia, ten YU Web Top 50 awards (SR Web Top 50) and Webfest 2007 Award for the best culture site of the Western Balkans. He has been nominated for United Nations World Summit Award and Central European Review Content Crown award.

Selected bibliography

Theatrical and radio plays
 An Island Story (Ostrvska priča), 1987, based on characters from Corto Maltese comics series by Hugo Pratt, directed by Zoran Đorđević
 Tristia, 1990.
 Weekend with Marija Broz (Vikend sa Marijom Broz), 1990.
 Slavic Orpheus (Slovenski Orfej), 1992.
 Fable of the Cosmic Egg (Skaska o kosmičkom jajetu), 1992.
 The Meeting Point (Tačka susreta), 1992.
 Snow is not White (Sneg nije beo), 2009.
 A waltz for Olga (Valcer za Olgu), 2018.

Books of plays
 Slavic Orpheus and other plays (Slovenski Orfej i druge drame), Znak Sagite, Belgrade, 1995.

Novels
 Chainers of the World, a novel of our people (Verigaši, roman o Našima), Everest media, Belgrade, 1993, 2012.

Comics and graphic novels
 The Third Argument (Treći argument) with writer Milorad Pavić and artist Zoran Tucić
 albums, Serbian and English, Bata-Orbis, Belgrade-Limasol, 1995;
 serialized in English, Heavy Metal Magazine, New York, 1998/1999/2000.
 Under the Seal of the Wolf (Pod vučjim žigom) with artist Antoan Simić
 Stripmania, magazine, Belgrade, 1996.
 Duke Lipen (Knez Lipen) with artist Siniša Banović
 Parabellum, magazine, Sarajevo, 2012.

History and aesthetics of comics (monographs)

 The Comics We Loved, Selection of 20th Century Comics and Creators from the Region of Former Yugoslavia (Stripovi koje smo voleli: izbor stripova i stvaralaca sa prostora bivše Jugoslavije u XX veku), a critical lexicon, co-author with Živojin Tamburić, Zdravko Zupan and Paul Gravett, "Omnibus", Belgrade, 2011. (Serbian and English)
 Little Nemo in Slumberland (Mali Nemo u Zemlji snova) Vol. 1-5, introductory essays for Winsor McCay's complete series in Serbian translation, "Makondo", Belgrade, 2013-2015. Vol 1. , Vol 2.
 Dikan. Vol. 1, (1969-1971), by Lazo Sredanović, Nikola Lekić et al., editing and essays, "Everest Media", Belgrade 2013.
 "The Soundless Hiss: A critical history of Kobra comics series" ("Siktaj bez zvuka: kritička istorija serijala Kobra"), in: Kobra, Vol. 1, by Svetozar Obradović and Branislav Kerac, "Darkwood", Belgrade, 2013, pp. 157–189.
 Lectures on comics (Predavanja o stripu), DVD, co-author, edited by Mićun Ristić, Dom kulture Studentski grad, 2014.

Selected filmography

Writer
 Give my regards to all who ask for me (Pozdravi sve koji pitaju za mene), documentary, 1987 (script collaborator)
 Ars longa, vita brevis, 1991
 Slavic Orpheus (Slovenski Orfej), theatrical adaptation, 1992
 Janus' Face of History (Janusovo lice istorije) 1–3, documentary mini-series, 1993
 Narrow Paths (Uske staze), short, 1995
 Lives of Kosta Hakman (Životi Koste Hakmana), documentary, 2005
 Music of Silence (Muzika tišine), documentary, 2011
 120 years of Serbian Literary Cooperation (120 godina Srpske književne zadruge), documentary 2012
 Lectures on comics (Predavanja o stripu), documentary, 2014 (contributing writer)
 Sava Lozanić bells (Zvona Save Lozanića), documentary, 2018

Producer
 My dead town (Moj mrtvi grad), documentary, 2000
 Lives of Kosta Hakman (Životi Koste Hakmana), documentary, 2005

Casting Departement
 Largo Winch, 2008 (casting: Serbia)

References

External links

 Slavic Orpheus, a drama, official site
 Music of Silence project, official site
 "Comics Culture in Yugoslavia: World-Class Innovators & Remarkable Visionaries" by Paul Gravett, foreword for Tamburić-Zupan-Stefanović lexicon The Comics We Loved: Selection of 20th Century Comics and Creators from the Region of Former Yugoslavia, 2011.

1969 births
Living people
People from Loznica
Serbian screenwriters
Male screenwriters
Serbian dramatists and playwrights
Serbian male short story writers
Serbian short story writers
Serbian science fiction writers
Serbian comics writers
Serbian non-fiction writers
Serbian literary critics
Comics critics
Comic book publishers (people)
University of Belgrade Faculty of Dramatic Arts alumni
Signalism
Serbian publishers (people)
Serbian journalists
Serbian fantasy writers
Serbian magazine editors
Serbian book editors
News editors
Academic journal editors
Comic book editors
Serbian speculative fiction editors
Science fiction editors
Male speculative fiction editors
Serbian literary editors
Serbian editors
Male non-fiction writers

Zoran Stefanović


Sudama (), also known as Kuchela (), is a childhood friend of the Hindu deity Krishna. The story of his visit to Dvaraka to meet his friend is featured in the Bhagavata Purana.

In their legend, Sudama and Krishna study together as children at Sandipani's ashrama, believed to have been at Ujjain. Leading a life of abject poverty, Sudama's wife urges him to go to Krishna, and request his assistance. Carrying some handfuls of parched rice as a gift, Sudama visits his old friend at Dvaraka, who receives him with honour. After discerning Sudama's unrevealed poverty, Krishna creates various luxurious palaces for his friend where his hut had stood, which the former sees when he returns home.

Legend
In one iteration of his legend, Sudama, along with Tulasi, are stated to have once resided in Krishna's own abode, Goloka, before a curse by Radha forced them to be born on earth.

Accordingly, Sudama was born into a poor Brahmin family. He received his education as a pupil of Sandipani, who was also the preceptor of Krishna. While Sudama had only known poverty, his friend Krishna was from a royal family of Yaduvamsha lineage. Despite this difference in socioeconomic status, they were educated in the same way. According to one story, Krishna and Sudama were sent to the forest to get firewood for a havana. The two boys grew hungry, and Krishna enquired if Sudama had anything to eat; Sandipani had given Sudama a bundle of chickpeas to share with Krishna. Sudama, however, chose to be selfish, and ate all the chickpeas, denying to Krishna that he had any foodstuffs with him. Despite this incident, their friendship did not waver. However, upon reaching adulthood, while Krishna became the ruler of Dvaraka, and became reputed for his deeds, Sudama remained a humble and impoverished villager.

The Bhagavata Purana narrates that eventually, Sudama's starving wife implored her husband to visit Krishna and tell him of his impoverishment, stating that as the refuge of his devotees and a patron of Brahmins, he would no doubt shower his old friend with great wealth. Despite his reluctance to seek help from Krishna, Sudama agreed, if only to see the deity, which would accrue punya. He asked his wife if there was anything he could bring his friend as a gift, and she was able to procure four handfuls of parched and beaten rice for him to take to Dvaraka. He entered the palace of Krishna, and found the deity seated on a couch with his favourite queen, Rukmini. Overjoyed at the sight of his old friend, Krishna made him sit on his own couch, and washed his feet, according to custom. He offered his friend a number of refreshments and smeared his body with pastes and perfumes. Rukmini herself attended on him, holding a whisk, to the astonishment of the women of the palace. Krishna and Sudama conversed about their boyhood days at the ashrama of Sandipani. Krishna recounted an incident when the duo were once tasked with bringing fuel from the forest during a great storm, wandering aimlessly as they held each other's hands, until their preceptor found them. The deity jovially asked his friend if he had brought any presents for him. Ashamed of what he had brought, Sudama did not respond. Being omniscient, Krishna declared that the grains of parched rice that had been brought to him were his favourite food, and swallowed one grain of it. Rukmini prevented him from having anymore, for the abundance of her consort's act overwhelmed the world. After spending the night in the palace, the Brahmin begun his journey back home, feeling small because he had been ashamed to ask for anything, but also content because he had obtained a darshana of the deity. He decided that Krishna had been merciful to deny him of wealth. Sudama returned to find that his humble hut had been transformed into several seven-storied palaces, filled with beautiful gardens and parks. He was welcomed by splendid musicians and singers. Delighted, his wife rushed to embrace him, looking like the goddess Lakshmi herself as she cried tears of joy. The flabbergasted Brahmin entered his house, finding that it resembled Svarga itself with its facilities and opulence. Sudama exulted in the generosity of the deity, for having smiled upon him during his time of misfortune. His wife and he enjoyed the worldly pleasures they had been blessed with without attachment, and grew even more devoted to Krishna.   The generosity of Krishna and his friendship with Sudama is associated with the celebration of the festival of Akshaya Tritiya.

See also

 Balarama

Rukmini
Draupadi

References

Characters in the Bhagavata Purana
People related to Krishna

Sudama


Geraldo Rivera (born Gerald Riviera; July 4, 1943) is an American journalist, attorney, author, and political commentator who worked at the Fox News Channel from 2001 to 2023.  He hosted the tabloid talk show Geraldo from 1987 to 1998. He gained publicity with the live 1986 TV special The Mystery of Al Capone's Vaults. Rivera hosted the news magazine program Geraldo at Large, hosts the occasional broadcast of Geraldo Rivera Reports (in lieu of hosting At Large). He served as a rotating co-host of The Five from 2022 to 2023.

Early life
Rivera was born at Beth Israel Medical Center in New York City, New York, the son of Lillian (née Friedman; October 16, 1924 – June 3, 2018) and Cruz "Allen" Rivera (October 1, 1915 – November 1987), a restaurant worker and taxicab driver respectively. He is of Galego Spanish ancestry through his father, who was from Puerto Rico. His mother was Ashkenazi Jewish, while his father was Roman Catholic. Rivera was raised "mostly Jewish" and had a bar mitzvah ceremony. He grew up in Brooklyn and West Babylon, New York, where he attended West Babylon High School. Rivera's family was sometimes subjected to prejudice and racism, and his mother took to spelling their surname as "Riviera" to avoid having bigotry directed at them, although Riviera, Ribeira, Rivera, and Ribera are variations of the same name as spelled by Galician, Italian and Portuguese families. Rivera is a common family name in Puerto Rico, which received a significant population of colonists from Galicia, Spain, in the 16th century. The  Rivera is also very common among Sephardic Jews. He is also related to the Lebovitz of Brooklyn.

When I was born, my mother filled in my birth certificate with the name Gerald Riviera, adding an extra "i" to my father's surname. She did the same thing for my sister Irene. Later, she would drop the pretense for my sister Sharon, only to pick it up again with the birth of my baby brother Craig. Whenever we asked about the inconsistencies, she would shrug shyly and joke her way out of it. "I just forgot how to spell it", she would say, and leave it at that. Underneath, I came to realize, she was deeply embarrassed over what was a clumsy attempt at an ethnic cover-up.

From 1961 to 1963, he attended the State University of New York Maritime College in the Throggs Neck section of the Bronx, where he was a member of the rowing team. Afterwards, he transferred to the University of Arizona, where he received a B.S. in business administration in 1965.

Following a series of jobs ranging from clothing salesman to short-order cook, Rivera enrolled at Brooklyn Law School in 1966. While a law student, he held internships with the New York County District Attorney under crime-fighter Frank Hogan and Harlem Assertion of Rights (a community-based provider of legal services) before receiving his J.D. near the top of his class in 1969. He then held a Reginald Heber Smith Fellowship in poverty law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School in the summer of 1969 before being admitted to the New York State Bar later that year.

After working with such organizations as the lower Manhattan-based Community Action for Legal Services and the National Lawyers Guild, Rivera became a frequent attorney for the East Harlem-based New York City chapter of the Young Lords, a Puerto Rican activist group, eventually precipitating his entry into private practice. This work attracted the attention of WABC-TV news director Al Primo when Rivera was interviewed about the group's occupation of a neighborhood church in 1969. Primo offered Rivera a job as a reporter but was unhappy with the first name "Gerald" (as he wanted something more identifiably Latino), so they agreed to go with the pronunciation used by the Puerto Rican side of Rivera's family: Geraldo. Due to his dearth of journalistic experience, ABC arranged for Rivera to study introductory broadcast journalism under Fred Friendly in the Ford Foundation-funded Summer Program in Journalism for Members of Minority Groups at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in 1970.

Career

Early stages

Rivera was hired by WABC-TV in 1970 as a reporter for Eyewitness News. In 1972, he garnered national attention and won a Peabody Award for his report on the neglect and abuse of patients with intellectual disabilities at Staten Island's Willowbrook State School and Rockland County's Letchworth Village, and he began to appear on ABC national programs such as 20/20 and Nightline upon their launches in 1978 and 1979 respectively. After John Lennon watched Rivera's report on the patients at Willowbrook, he and Rivera put on a benefit concert called "One to One" on August 30, 1972, at Madison Square Garden in New York City (which Yoko Ono released posthumously in 1986, as Live in New York City).

In July 1973, Rivera taped the pilot episode of Good Night America, a late-night newsmagazine that he hosted (and executive produced).  It began its semi-regular airing from April 1974 to June 1977 as part of the ABC's Wide World of Entertainment program block. The show featured Ringo Starr's "It Don't Come Easy" as the theme. Good Night America tackled controversial topics of the era, including marijuana usage and the status of Vietnam War draft dodgers. A 1975 episode of the program, featuring Dick Gregory and Robert J. Groden, showed the first national telecast of the historic Zapruder film.  All 33 episodes of Good Night America may be viewed and downloaded on Rivera's web site.

On May 19, 1983, Rivera broadcast the first U.S. network television mention of "AIDS" by this name. (Other names had been used in the previous two years, as the disease was poorly understood at the time.) On 20/20, he interviewed New York City lighting designer Ken Ramsauer. Ramsauer died aged 27, four days later; Rivera delivered a eulogy at Ramsauer's Central Park memorial service.

In October 1985, ABC's Roone Arledge refused to air a report done by Sylvia Chase for 20/20 on the relationship between Marilyn Monroe and John and Robert F. Kennedy. Rivera publicly criticized Arledge's journalistic integrity, claiming that his friendship with the Kennedy family (for example, Pierre Salinger, a former Kennedy aide, worked for ABC News at the time) had caused him to spike the story; as a result, Rivera was fired. During a Fox News interview with Megyn Kelly aired May 15, 2015, Rivera stated the official reason given for the firing was that he violated ABC policy when he donated $200 to a non-partisan mayoral race candidate.

On April 21, 1986, Rivera hosted The Mystery of Al Capone's Vaults. The special broadcast was billed as the unearthing of mobster Al Capone's secret vaults, located under the old Lexington Hotel in Chicago. Millions of people watched the 2-hour show, which ultimately did not uncover any valuables from beneath the hotel. In a 2016 interview with the Chicago Tribune, Rivera commented, "It was an amazingly high profile program—maybe the highest profile program I've ever been associated with."

Talk shows, specials, and guest appearances
In 1987, Rivera began producing and hosting the daytime talk show Geraldo, which ran for 11 years. The show featured controversial guests and theatricality, which led to the characterization of his show as "Trash TV" by Newsweek and two United States senators. In another special in 1988, Rivera's nose was broken in a well-publicized brawl during a show whose guests included white supremacists, antiracist skinheads, black activist Roy Innis, and militant Jewish activists.

In 1999, Rivera was offered to host the game show Winning Lines on CBS which was set to premiere in January 2000, but Rivera couldn't agree on the contract at the last minute and was replaced by Dick Clark.

From 1994 to 2001, Rivera hosted Rivera Live, a CNBC evening news and interview show which aired on weeknights.

In 1998, Rivera played himself in the Seinfeld  finale.

In 2009, Rivera played himself in the My Name is Earl episodes "Inside Probe" (parts 1 and 2). In the same year Rivera lent his voice to Phineas and Ferb, playing newscaster Morty Williams in the episode "Phineas and Ferb Get Busted!".

Fox News

Rivera left CNBC in November 2001—two months after the September 11 terrorist attacks—to become a Fox News war correspondent. Rivera's brother Craig accompanied him as a cameraman on assignments in Afghanistan.

In 2001, during the War in Afghanistan, Rivera was derided for a report in which he claimed to be at the scene of a friendly fire incident; it was later revealed he was actually 300 miles away. Rivera blamed a minor misunderstanding for the discrepancy.

Controversy arose in early 2003, while Rivera was traveling with the 101st Airborne Division in Iraq. During a Fox News broadcast, Rivera began to disclose an upcoming operation, even going so far as to draw a map in the sand for his audience. The military immediately issued a firm denunciation of his actions, saying it put the operation at risk; Rivera was expelled from Iraq. Two days later, he announced that he would be reporting on the Iraq conflict from Kuwait.

In 2005, Rivera engaged in a feud with The New York Times over their allegations that he pushed aside a member of a rescue team in order to be filmed "assisting" a woman in a wheelchair down some steps in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. In the ensuing controversy, Rivera appeared on television and demanded a retraction from the Times. He further threatened to sue the paper if one was not provided. The Times later acknowledged that Rivera did not push aside the woman.

In 2007, Rivera was involved in a dispute with fellow Fox colleague Michelle Malkin. Malkin announced that she would not return to The O'Reilly Factor, claiming that Fox News had mishandled a dispute over derogatory statements Rivera had made about her in a Boston Globe interview. Rivera, while objecting to her views on immigration, said, "Michelle Malkin is the most vile, hateful commentator I've ever met in my life. She actually believes that neighbors should start snitching out neighbors, and we should be deporting people." He added, "It's good she's in D.C., and I'm in New York. I'd spit on her if I saw her." Rivera later apologized for his comments.

In 2008, Rivera's book, titled HisPanic: Why Americans Fear Hispanics in the U.S., was released.

On January 3, 2012, Rivera began hosting a weekday radio talk show on WABC (770 AM) in New York, N.Y. The show was scheduled in the two hours between Imus in the Morning and The Rush Limbaugh Show on WABC. On January 30, 2012, Rivera also began hosting a weekday show on KABC (790 AM) in Los Angeles.

On March 23, 2012, Rivera made comments regarding Trayvon Martin's hoodie and how the hoodie was connected to Martin's shooting death, specifically claiming that Martin would not have been shot if he was not wearing the hoodie, repeating them on subsequent occasions. Rivera apologized for any offense that he caused with the comments. His son Gabriel said that he was "ashamed". Some people found the apology disingenuous; among those who did not accept it was Rivera's longtime friend Russell Simmons. He later apologized to Trayvon Martin's parents as well.

In 2015, Rivera competed on the 14th season of the television series The Celebrity Apprentice, where he ultimately placed second to TV personality Leeza Gibbons. However, Rivera still raised the highest amount of money out of any contestant in the season, with $726,000, $12,000 more than Gibbons.

Rivera hosted the newsmagazine program Geraldo at Large and appears regularly on Fox News. On November 13, 2015, Rivera revealed on Fox that his daughter, Simone Cruickshank, was at the Stade de France when the attacks and explosions occurred; she and her friends made it out alive and would be returning safely home.

He continued to host a weekday talk radio show on WABC (770 AM) until a leadership change at parent company Cumulus Media resulted in his contract not being renewed in November 2015; Geraldo would later sue Cumulus for what he claimed was the reneging of a "handshake agreement" between him, previous chairman Lew Dickey and executive vice president John Dickey.

Rivera competed on season 22 of Dancing with the Stars, partnered with professional dancer Edyta Śliwińska.  On March 28, 2016, Rivera and Śliwińska were the first couple to be eliminated from the competition. On November 29, 2017, Rivera defended Matt Lauer, who had been fired by NBC after inappropriate sexual behavior was alleged, by saying, "News is a flirty business." He later apologized after receiving heavy criticism. Part of the controversy stemmed from his 1991 book "Exposing Myself", which bragged about his active social life in the 1960s and 1970s.  In a 1991 interview with Barbara Walters, actress Bette Midler accused Rivera and one of his producers of having drugged and groped her during the early 1970s. The allegation resurfaced during the 2017 #MeToo movement. He issued a statement in November 2017 that claimed a different recollection of events than Midler's and apologized for the incident.

The 2017 Kendrick Lamar song "YAH." on his fourth studio album DAMN. mentions Rivera, who criticized Lamar's performance of "Alright" at the BET Awards 2015. The album's second track, "DNA." also features Rivera's negative comments about Lamar.

On September 22, 2018, Geraldo and WTAM (1100 AM) in Cleveland, Ohio announced that he would join the station to host a daily one-hour talk show, Geraldo in Cleveland, in addition to a weekly podcast on the parent iHeartRadio app, effective September 24. (Rivera resides in the Cleveland suburb of Shaker Heights.)

On March 13, 2020, during a segment of Fox & Friends discussing the coronavirus pandemic, Rivera stated, "If you can't hold your breath for 10 seconds. Everyone should do that. Hold your breath for 10 seconds. If you can hold your breath for 10 seconds then you don't have this disease." This false claim has been debunked by medical experts.

On July 22, 2020, Rivera called President Trump "brave" for wishing Ghislaine Maxwell "well", after a reporter questioned Trump over Maxwell's charges of helping Jeffrey Epstein traffic and abuse children. Rivera called the fact that Maxwell had been denied bail and given solitary confinement an example of "woke politics". Rivera had previously accused the judge who had denied bail to Maxwell of caving to the "mob".

On September 6, 2020, Fox News presented a one-hour special segment, "I Am Geraldo", on Rivera's 50-year television career, which began with accolades for such from President Trump.

On April 8, 2021, during a discussion on St. Louis mayor-elect Tishaura Jones, Rivera asked fellow contributor Leo Terrell, a black man, "when was the last time you were in the ghetto?" Terrell then became outraged, with the two escalating into a shouting match. Rivera later apologized to Terrell on Twitter, saying he "didn't mean it personally".

On December 14, 2021, Rivera called to account texts sent by Fox news anchors, including Sean Hannity to then president Donald J. Trump asking for a forceful response to the January 6 attack on the U.S. Capitol Building. Imploring, "I beg you, Sean (Hannity), to remember the frame of mind you were in when you wrote that text on January 6th. And when Laura did. And when Brian did. And when Don Jr. did. Remember that concern you had."

In January 2022, Rivera joined The Five  as a rotating liberal co-host alongside Jessica Tarlov and Harold Ford Jr.. He announced on June 21, 2023 that he would be departing the program on June 30 but remaining with the network. A week later Rivera announced that he had been fired from The Five hours before his scheduled June 29 appearance. As a result he quit Fox News after 23 years, citing "growing tension that goes beyond editorial differences and personal annoyances and gripes."

Personal life
Rivera has been married five times:
 Linda Coblentz (1965–1969, divorced)
 Edith Vonnegut (December 14, 1971 – 1975, divorced)
 Sherryl Raymond (December 31, 1976 – 1984, divorced)son: Gabriel Miguel (born July 1979)
 C.C. (Cynthia Cruickshank) Dyer (July 11, 1987 – 2000, divorced)children: daughter Isabella Holmes (born 1992) daughter Simone Cruickshank (born 1994). Six other attempts at having children through IVF ended in miscarriage
 Erica Michelle Levy (since August 2003)one daughter

Rivera has admitted to having a multi-year affair with Marian Javits, wife of New York Senator Jacob Javits, until 1985.

In a 1991 interview with Barbara Walters, actress and singer Bette Midler accused Rivera of groping her. In a 2017 tweet, Midler renewed the accusation. Rivera later tweeted a response, saying he recalled the incident "much differently," and apologized, "in the very least, publicly embarrassing her all those years ago."

Rivera is a resident of Shaker Heights, Ohio. He previously resided in Middletown Township, New Jersey, at Rough Point, an 1895 shingle-style estate.

Rivera is an active sailor. As owner and skipper of the sailing vessel Voyager, he participated in the Marion–Bermuda Cruising Yacht Race in 1985, 2005, 2011, and 2013. In 2013, his vessel finished in 12th place out of 34 finishers. He also sailed Voyager 1,400 miles up the Amazon river and around the world, going so far as to meet the King of Tonga on the international dateline in time for the new millennium.  The adventures were chronicled in six one-hour-long specials on The Travel Channel, and some of this footage remains available on his website.

Politics
Rivera is a Republican. He has described himself as pro-choice, pro-gay marriage, and pro-immigration reform. Rivera supports some gun control. Following the Robb Elementary School shooting, he criticized the National Rifle Association of America (NRA) for saying that 18-year-olds should have the ability to purchase assault weapons, questioning why an 18-year-old is able to buy an assault weapon but not a beer.

In 2002, Rivera described himself as being a Zionist who would die for Israel. However, he also said that Palestinian suffering was turning himself into a Palestinianist. Rivera has also frequently criticized Israeli treatment of Palestine. In 2017, Rivera criticized Israel for its military attacks on Gaza which killed civilians and babies. During the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, Rivera said it was "abhorrent" that Palestinian children died in bombings from Israel retaliating against Hamas. That same year Rivera criticized the United States for providing arms to Israel which it used to bomb the Gaza Strip and sided with Democratic congresswoman Rashida Tlaib in opposing the sale.

In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, Rivera supported Democratic candidate Barack Obama, while in the 2012 election he supported Republican Mitt Romney. Despite his friendship with Donald Trump, Rivera has nevertheless confirmed that he did not vote for the Republican candidate in the 2016 election because of "spousal influence". He had also previously said he would not vote for Trump because of comments made by the latter regarding Mexicans.

Rivera considered running as a Republican in the 2013 U.S. Senate special election in New Jersey to fill the Senate seat left vacant by the death of Frank Lautenberg. He eventually decided not to stand for election. Rivera also considered running in the 2022 U.S. Senate election in Ohio after incumbent Senator Rob Portman announced he would not seek re-election for his seat in the Senate. He eventually decided not to.

Selected works

See also
 List of Puerto Ricans

References

External links

  – Rivera tells the story of his Iraq "Map in the Sand"
 "Pentagon Says Geraldo Rivera Will Be Removed From Iraq" – The New York Times, April 1, 2003
 Geraldo Rivera's Influence on the Satanic Ritual Abuse and Recovered Memory Hoaxes  – from religioustolerance.org
 Urban Legend about Geraldo Rivera's name being changed from Jerry Rivers – from snopes.com

1943 births
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American journalists
21st-century American male writers
American journalists of Puerto Rican descent
American male film actors
American male non-fiction writers
American political journalists
American political writers
American radio personalities
American Reform Jews
American television reporters and correspondents
American television talk show hosts
Brooklyn Law School alumni
CNBC people
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Jewish American attorneys
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Journalists from New Jersey
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Lawyers from Brooklyn
Living people
New Jersey lawyers
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Participants in American reality television series
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People from Edgewater, New Jersey
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People from West Babylon, New York
State University of New York Maritime College alumni
The Apprentice (franchise) contestants
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Geraldo Rivera