Theodor Wolff (2 August 1868 – 23 September 1943) was a German writer who was influential as a journalist, critic and newspaper editor. He was born and died in Berlin. Between 1906 and 1933 he was the chief editor of the politically liberal newspaper Berliner Tageblatt.

His talent as a writer won praise from an unlikely quarter: In 1939 Joseph Goebbels recommended his Propaganda Ministry staff to study Wolff's contributions in back numbers of the newspaper that he had edited. According to Goebbels, despite him being Jewish, the quality of Wolff's writing was matched by only very few in Germany.

Life

Early years
Theodor Wolff was born in Berlin, second of the four recorded children of a fabric wholesaler from Silesia called Adam Wolff by his marriage to Recha, née Davidsohn. Recha was a doctor's daughter from Danzig. Wolff grew up in a prosperous Jewish family. He rapidly achieved good results at the prestigious King William I Grammar school in Berlin.

He married in 1902, in Paris, the actress Marie Louise Charlotte Anna Hickethier (known as Änne), coming from a Protestant Prussian family. The couple had three children: Richard Wolff (born in Paris, 14 June 1906), Rudolf Wolff (born in Berlin, 9 July 1907) and Lilly Wolff (born in Berlin, 7 August 1909). The children were baptised as Protestants.

Journalism mostly
In 1887 Wolff's cousin Rudolf Mosse recruited him to his successful publishing conglomerate. Mosse was 25 years older than Wolff, to whom he provided a thorough commercial and journalistic training across all the departments of his publishing business, the "Mosse-Verlag". During these years Wolff also found time to write some early novels, inspired by Theodor Fontane whom he greatly admired, and several plays which were staged in Berlin, though in his memoirs he would later describe these as "not particularly distinguished". In 1889 he was one of the ten co-founders of the Berlin theatre company, Freie Bühne ("Free stage").

Wollf's written contributions to the Tageblatt focused initially on cultural matters and literature, but he soon switched his focus towards political journalism. An early journalistic success at the newspaper was a daily bulletin on the health of the emperor (who was dying of throat cancer). Emperor Frederick died in June 1888 and Wolff embarked on an itinerant career, writing pieces and sending them in to Berlin by telegraph from, successively, Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Italy. In 1894 the paper sent him to Paris, where he would live for the next twelve years.

As the Paris correspondent of the Berliner Tageblatt Wolff, identified in print only as "our Paris correspondent", produced numerous contributions covering public life in France. During 1896 he became known for his coverage of the Dreyfus affair, one of the most high-profile news stories of the decade in western Europe. His early ambitions to become a novelist were now being overtaken by his success as a journalist.

Editor-in-chief to the Berliner Tageblatt

1906–1918
In autumn 1906, Rudolf Mosse offered Theodor Wolff the top job at the Berliner Tageblatt. Between 1906 and 1933 Wolff served the Tageblatt as editor-in-chief, developing it into one of Germany's most influential newspapers. Circulation under his stewardship rose from 100,000 to more than 300,000. His powerful prose was notably on display in the Monday editions of the paper for which he wrote the lead article, frequently exhorting fellow citizens to political participation. In respect of foreign policy, he quickly positioned the Tageblatt in opposition to "great power politics", imperial and military assertiveness and the risk of international isolation to which these were leading Germany. On domestic issues the paper's attitude under Wolff favoured civil rights and a liberal-democratic approach, advocating a "parliamentarisation" ("Parlamentarisierung") of the constitution and vigorously opposing the "Dreiklassenwahlrecht" which had been introduced in 1849 and which was, by the beginning of the twentieth century, widely perceived as a badly flawed application of the democratic ideal.

At this time Wolff promoted numerous writers including Victor Auburtin whose individualistic approach he valued and who played an important part in defining the newspaper's liberal profile. Meanwhile, Germany's traditionalist Chancellor, Bernhard von Bülow, refused any interviews or statements to the Tageblatt while his successor, Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg, instructed all government departments to steer well clear of the newspaper's reports and opinions.

In July 1916, the Berliner Tageblatt was temporarily banned. Wolff reacted by refusing to publish anything for several months, which was picked up and used abroad in the savage propaganda battle that was a major element in the increasingly desperate conduct of the First World War. Wolff refused to compromise his editorial line, and the Berliner Tageblatt continued to promote the politically toxic view that the only route to a lasting peace was for Germany to come to an understanding with France.

1918–1933
In November 1918 Theodor Wolff was one of the founders of the German Democratic Party (Deutsche Demokratische Partei, DDP), committed to individual freedom and social responsibility. He had himself played a central role in the party's defining manifesto, but he took no leadership position within the DDP preferring, not for the last time, the role of a powerful newspaper editor. It was in this role that he called on the government to reject the Treaty of Versailles. In 1920 Hermann Müller, who in the early summer was briefly the German Chancellor, invited Wolff to take on the position of German Ambassador to Paris but, again, Wolff opted to remain a Berlin-based journalist.

On 4 December 1926 Wolff resigned his DDP membership. The resignation came in response to the acceptance by a large number of the party's Reichstag Members of tightened censorship laws against so-called dirty and trashy literature.   (Kurt Tucholsky, one of the Tageblatt's most high-profile contributors, had also, on the world stage, sharply condemned DDP support for these measures.) Wolff nevertheless remained powerfully influential, a leading advocate for democracy and moderation, welcomed as a dinner guest by various government ministers. Wolff was also continuing to attract important writers as contributors for the Tageblatt. In 1926 he persuaded the pugnaciously liberal journalist-lawyer Rudolf Olden to move his base from Vienna to Berlin.

Germany's military defeat and the catastrophic economic aftermath did much to discredit democratic politics during the 1920s, which saw a corresponding growth in support for right wing politics, which in their turn favoured somewhat 'tribal' definitions of the political sphere. Theodor Wolff and his Berliner Tageblatt (the "Jewish news-sheet", das Judenblatt) were increasingly targeted by nationalists and during the 1920s nationalists were increasingly setting the country's political agenda. His name started to appear on the death lists of various radical-right and populist groups, causing Wolff to become anxious that he might share the fate of Walther Rathenau, the generally popular Jewish Foreign Minister and fellow DDP member who had been shot dead by a gang of three extremists in June 1922. Anxiety that he might be murdered by racist extremists remained with him for the rest of his life. His counterpart at the right wing Hugenberg media group, editor in chief Friedrich Hussong, stirred up popular hatred of Wolff, whom he identified as a representing the liberal metropolitan press.

The Reichstag election of September 1930 transformed the country's political landscape, with the National Socialist party increasing its share of the popular vote from 2.6% to 18.3%, which under the country's multi-party system left it as the second largest party in the Reichstag. Right wing extremism was suddenly mainstream and at the Berliner Tageblatt the publisher's proprietor, Hans Lachmann-Mosse, who had taken over from his father-in-law, mandated a turn towards the right for the newspaper. The business was also in financial trouble thanks to poorly timed investment decisions and intensified competition from the by now openly anti-Semitic Hugenberg Group.

Exile
The night of 27 to 28 February 1933 was the night of the Reichstag fire. It was also the night on which Theodor Wolff, whose hostility to a Nazi future was undiminished and who had been warned by colleagues that his name was on the SA death list, fled Berlin. His initial destination, traveling via Munich, was the Tirol.  From there he moved on to Switzerland. However, the Swiss refused to issue him with a residence permit and by the end of 1933 Theodor Wolff and his wife had ended up in Nice, which since 1860 had been part of France.

Theodor Wolff's last lead article in the Berliner Tageblatt appeared on 5 March 1933, the day of the last multi-party German election until 1949. In March 1933 the Tageblatt's proprietor (who himself, being Jewish, was effectively deprived of control over his business later in the month), removed Wolff from his editorship responding to political pressure following the flight from Berlin. In May 1933 Wolff's books were among those listed by the government for the public book burnings.  Wolff celebrated his 65th birthday in 1933 and played very little part in the political struggles of the many German Jewish exiles who were gravitating to Nice at this time. His opinions nevertheless remained clear enough, and on 26 October 1937 he was deprived of his German citizenship.

In exile Wolff reverted to writing books, while still contributing occasional pieces of journalism to (non-German) newspapers. Two historical-political works met with little success. He dedicated his last novel, Die Schwimmerin ("The [female] Swimmer") to his secretary from the Berlin days, Ilse Stöbe (1911–1942). His project to have a film produced on the basis of this novel, with Greta Garbo in the starring role, could not be realised.

Wolff continued to distance himself from Zionist separatism, believing throughout his life in a "German-Jewish symbiosis" ("deutsch-jüdische Symbiose").

Arrest and death

After the Fall of France on 22 June 1940 Theodor Wolff applied, unsuccessfully, for permission to emigrate to United States:  he remained in Nice. The coastal strip along the south-eastern part of France including, from late 1942, Nice was in the process of being annexed by Italy, and on 23 May 1943 Theodor Wolff was arrested by the Italian civil authorities. He was handed over to the Gestapo and interned in a Marseilles jail before being transferred to the Drancy detention centre near Paris. Drancy was used as a collection point for Jewish internees scheduled for deportation to internment camps and death camps in Germany, and Wolff now found himself transferred to Sachsenhausen concentration camp to the east of Berlin. Now aged 75, and ill with Phlegmon, his fellow internees pleaded successfully for him to be sent to the Jewish Hospital in Berlin. Here he was admitted on 20 September 1943: he died three days later.

Theodor Wolff's body is buried in the "row of honour" at Berlin's Weißensee Cemetery.

Posthumous honour
In 1961 the Theodor Wolff Prize for newspaper journalism was founded, and it has since 1962 been awarded annually. Since 1973 the prize has been awarded by the German Newspaper Publishers' Association (BDZV / Bundesverband Deutscher Zeitungsverleger).

Published output (not a complete list)
 Der Heide ("The heathland"). Novel, Berlin 1891.
 Der Untergang ("The downfall"). Novel, Berlin 1892.
 Die stille Insel ("The quiet island"). Play in four acts, Berlin 1894.
 Die Sünder. Eine Liebesgeschichte ("The sinner. A love story"). Berlin 1894.
 Niemand weiß es ("Nobody knows"). Play in three acts, Munich 1895.
 Geistige und künstlerische Beziehungen zwischen Deutschland und Frankreich. In: Fünfundzwanzig Jahre Deutscher Zeitgeschichte – 1872–1897. Jubiläums-Schrift. Ed. by the editorial office of the Berliner Tageblatt, Rudolf Mosse, Berlin 1897, S. 139–148.
 Die Königin ("The queen"). Play in three acts, Cologne 1898 (second, strongly revised edition as play in four acts, Cologne 1904).
 Pariser Tagebuch ("Paris diary"). Munich 1908; new edition: Berlin 1927 (selection from the Parisian reports, released from 1894 to 1906).
 Spaziergänge ("Walks"). Cologne 1909.
 Vollendete Tatsachen, 1914–1917 ("Fait accompli, 1914–1917"). Berlin 1918.
 Das Vorspiel ("The prelude"). Munich 1924; Paris 1926.
 Anatole France. Berlin 1924 (self-published)
 Der Wettlauf mit der Schildkröte. Gelöste und ungelöste Probleme ("The footrace with the tortoise. Solved and unsolved problems"). Berlin 1929.
 Der Krieg des Pontius Pilatus ("The war of Pontius Pilate"). Zürich 1934; London 1935; Paris and New York 1936; Prague 1937.
 Der Marsch durch zwei Jahrzehnte ("March through two decades"). Amsterdam 1936; London 1936, Paris 1937; as a strongly augmented new edition under the title Die Wilhelminische Epoche ("The Wilhelminian epoch", 1989).
 Die Schwimmerin. Ein Roman aus der Gegenwart ("The swimmer. A novel from the present"). Zürich 1937.

References

Journalists from Berlin
German male journalists
20th-century German journalists
19th-century German writers
20th-century German writers
Sachsenhausen concentration camp prisoners
German civil rights activists
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to France
1868 births
1943 deaths
German male writers
Political party founders
German newspaper editors
German Jews who died in the Holocaust

Theodor Wolff


Iloilo  (), officially the Province of Iloilo (; ; ; ),  is a province in the Philippines located in the Western Visayas region. Its capital and largest city is Iloilo City, the regional center of Western Visayas. Iloilo occupies a major southeast portion of the Visayan island of Panay and is bordered by the province of Antique to the west, Capiz to the north, the Jintotolo Channel to the northeast, the Guimaras Strait to the east, and the Iloilo Strait and Panay Gulf to the southwest.

Just off Iloilo's southeast coast is the island province of Guimaras, once part of Iloilo but now an independent province. Across Panay Gulf and Guimaras Strait is Negros Occidental, occupying the northwestern half of the larger island of Negros. Iloilo City, its capital, is the center of the Iloilo–Guimaras Metropolitan Area or Metro Iloilo–Guimaras, and is geographically located in the province and grouped under it by the Philippine Statistics Authority, but remains politically independent from the provincial government. According to the 2020 census, the population of the province (excluding Iloilo City) is 2,051,899. If Iloilo City is included, the population is 2,509,525 in total.

Iloilo is widely recognized for its rich history and cultural heritage. It boasts a remarkable collection of Spanish-era historic sites that showcase its architectural and historical significance. Notable among these is the Miag-ao Church, an esteemed UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Philippines. The province is also home to several other prominent structures, including the San Joaquin Campo Santo, San Joaquin Church, and Santa Barbara Church, all recognized as National Cultural Treasures by the National Museum of the Philippines, emphasizing their importance in preserving the province's heritage.

The province offers diverse attractions, from well-preserved colonial structures in the south to pristine beaches and islands in the north, namely the Bantigue Sand Bar, the Tangke Lagoon, Cabugao Island, and Antonia Island, all part of the Islas de Gigantes. Additionally, Sicogon Island, situated south of the group of islands, has gained popularity as a luxury tourist destination.

Etymology
The name of the province is derived from Iloilo City, which in turn is derived from the older name "Ilong-ilong" (Philippine Spanish: Ilong̃-ílong̃) meaning "nose-like", in English referring to the promontory between two rivers (Iloilo and Batiano) where the Fort San Pedro and the 17th-century Spanish port were located. Other sources see the term as derived from the Fijian word for "mirror".

History

Early history

No pre-Hispanic written accounts of Iloilo and Panay island exist today. Oral tradition, in the form of recited epics like the Hinilawod, has survived to a small degree. A few recordings of these epic poems exist. The most notable are the works of noted Filipino Anthropologist Felipe Jocano.

While no current archaeological evidence exist describing pre-Hispanic Iloilo, an original work by Pedro Alcantara Monteclaro published in 1907 called Maragtas details the alleged accounts of the founding of the various pre-Hispanic polities on Panay Island. The book is based on oral and written accounts available to the author at the time.  The author made no claim on the historical accuracy of the accounts.

According to Maragtas, Madja-as was founded after ten datus fled Borneo and landed on Panay Island. The book then goes on to detail their subsequent purchase of the coastal lands in which they settled from the native Ati people.

Datu Paiburong, one of the ten fleeing datus, established a settlement and named it Irong-Irong after an islet of the same name on the Batiano River.

Spanish colonial era
Spain eventually succeeded on conquering of the island of Panay when Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi moved his headquarters from the island of Cebu and creating the first Spanish settlement in the island in Ogtong in 1566. This is mainly due in part to the rivalries between the Bisaya and the Moro, of which the former found an ally in Spanish against the latter. The Bisayas accepted alliances with Spain, to defend themselves against the enslaving Moros. To this end, Iloilo contributed troops in the Castille War against the Sultanate of Brunei.

In 1581, the encomienda in Ogtong was moved to La Villa Rica de Arevalo, because of frequent coastal raids by the Dutch privateers. Furthermore, an attack in the year 1600 (Part of the Spanish–Moro conflict) where there was a large Muslim armada to destroy Iloilo City, led by two Moros named Sirungan and Salikala who lead the Muslim force of 70 ships and 4,000 warriors that had raided and attacked several Visayan islands in order to abduct slaves to sell to their allies in the Sultanate of Demak and the Sultanate of Malacca, eventually caused the move of the city center further on to the mouth of the Irong-Irong river founding what is now Iloilo City and constructing Fort San Pedro to defend it in 1616.

Nevertheless, when the 4,000 Moros led by Sirungan and Salikala tried to attack Iloilo City they were repulsed with heavy losses in the town of Arevalo by a force of 1,000 Hiligaynon warriors and 70 Mexican arquebusiers under the command of Juan García de Sierra, the Spanish officer who died in the battle. The Spanish Christianized the area.

Soon, the area itself began to prosper, due to its successful textile and sugar industry. As a result, it received Chinese immigrants from the west (that worked for its trades) and Latinos from the ports of Mexico in the east (to man its military installations). The Jesuits soon built a school for Spanish and Visayan boys in Tigbauan, Iloilo.

American invasion era
During the American colonial period, Iloilo became a home to many firsts: including the first department stores and cinema theaters in the Commonwealth of the Philippines.

Japanese occupation era
Iloilo experienced severe devastation during the events of World War II. The Japanese built "comfort stations" in Iloilo in 1942, where they imprisoned Filipino "comfort women" who they routinely gang-raped, brutalized, and murdered for entertainment. Nevertheless,  during the Japanese occupation, Macario Peralta Jr., freed most of Panay (With little exceptions) from Japanese Imperialism, thus other allied guerillas in other provinces from Romblon, Palawan, Marinduque and portions of Masbate and Mindoro, considered majority liberated Panay Island, the "Primus inter pares" in their alliance network.

Philippine independence
Iloilo became a province of the newly fledged Republic of the Philippines when the archipelago gained independence from the United States on July 4, 1946.

Geography

The province covers a total area of  occupying the central and eastern section of Panay island in the Western Visayas region. If Iloilo City is included for geographical purposes, Iloilo has an area of . The province is bordered by the province of Antique to the west, Capiz to the north, the Jintotolo Channel to the northeast, the Visayan Sea and Guimaras Strait to the east, and the Iloilo Strait and Panay Gulf to the southwest.

The province is divided into two distinct geographic regions; the highlands of the Central Panay Mountain Range on the western border and the lowland plains which account for a larger portion of the province. Small islands east of its northernmost tip also dot the Visayan Sea - of these, Pan de Azucar and Sicogon are well-known. Mount Baloy is the highest mountain in Iloilo with an elevation of  above sea level, located on the triple border of Iloilo, Capiz, and Antique. Other peaks are Mount Llorente 4,409 ft. (1,344m), Mount Sansanan 4,219 ft. (1,286m), Mount Napulak 4,095 ft. (1,248 m), Mount Balabag 3,728 ft. (1,136m).

Expansive fishponds and mangrove wetlands are found along the coasts and rivers of Iloilo City and the towns of Oton, Leganes, Zarraga, Dumangas, Anilao, Banate, Barotac Viejo, Barotac Nuevo, Ajuy, Balasan and Carles.

Topography

List of peaks in Iloilo by elevation:
Mount Baloy
Mount Inaman
Mount Igdalig
Mount Tiran

Rivers

List of rivers in Iloilo by length:

Jalaur River
Tigum River
Lamunan River
Ulian River (Laglag)
Suage River
Aganan River
Sibalom River, Tigbauan
Jar-ao River, Guimbal
Asisig River
Alawihaw River
Tangyan River
Balantian River
Barotac Viejo River
Sara River
Siuaragan River
Barotac Nuevo River
Lawigan River
Cata-an River
Banate River
Tiolas River
Tumagbok River
Oyungan River
Iloilo River

Administrative divisions
The Province of Iloilo consists of 42 municipalities and two cities (one component and one highly urbanized).

Climate

Demographics

The population of Iloilo in the 2020 census was 2,051,899 people, with a density of . If the highly urbanized city of Iloilo is included for statistical purposes, the province's total population is 2,361,042 people, with a density of .

People from Iloilo are called Ilonggos. There are three local languages used in the province: Hiligaynon (Ilonggo), Kinaray-a and Capiznon. Hiligaynon and dialects/variants of it are spoken in Iloilo City and in some towns of the province, especially to the northeast. Tagalog and English are widely used as administrative, educational, and commercial languages.

Language

Hiligaynon is concentrated in the city of Iloilo and surrounding areas, as well as the northeastern portion of the province, Guimaras and the Negros Island (especially in Negros Occidental and to a lesser extent in Negros Oriental), as well as the provinces of South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, and North Cotabato in Soccsksargen, Mindanao. It is also spoken in the neighboring provinces, such as Capiz, Antique, Aklan, Masbate, Palawan and Romblon as well as in some parts of Maguindanao. It is also spoken as a second language by Cebuano speakers in Negros Oriental, Kinaray-a speakers in Antique, Aklanon/Malaynon speakers in Aklan, and Capiznon speakers in Capiz.

The language is referred to as Ilonggo in Iloilo and Negros Occidental. More precisely, Ilonggo is an ethno-linguistic group referring to the people living in southeastern Panay and its associated culture. The boundaries of the language called Ilonggo and that called Hiligaynon are unclear. The disagreement of which name is correct extends to Philippine language specialists and native laypeople.

Religion
Iloilo is a Roman Catholic-predominated province comprising about 87% of the population. Independent Catholic and Protestant churches also exist such as members of Iglesia Filipina Independiente or Aglipayan Church, Baptists, Presbyterians, Methodists, Adventists, and other Evangelical Christians; There are also non-Protestant and other Christian sects such as Iglesia Ni Cristo, Church of Christ of Latter day Saints (Mormons) and Jehovah's Witnesses while non-Christians are usually represented by Muslims, and to a lesser extent, Buddhists and Hindus.

Economy

Iloilo's vibrant economy can be attributed to the combination of good political will and the collective cooperation of the Ilonggos. This fruitful collaboration has resulted in an "economic boom" that has generated thousands of jobs and propelled the province to become one of the most competitive in the country.

Iloilo City, as the economic center, offers a diverse range of industries and services. It serves as a hub for real estate, accommodation, medical centers, education, shopping centers, business centers, and IT/BPO centers, among others. The city's dynamic and multifaceted economy contributes significantly to the overall growth and development of the province.

The northern part of Iloilo thrives on a strong fishing industry and a flourishing tourism sector. Its proximity to the Visayan Sea has made it a leading area for fisheries in the nation. The region's natural beauty and tourist attractions have bolstered its tourism industry, attracting visitors to its pristine beaches and marine reserves. Additionally, the central part of the province serves as an agri-industrial center, producing a wide array of agricultural products such as corn, rice, bananas, pineapples, sugar, and high-end crops in areas like Bucari in Leon and the highlands of Alimodian. These areas also offer inland resorts and trekking sites, providing additional avenues for tourism and recreation.

The sugar industry, centered in Passi City and neighboring towns like Lambunao, Duenas, San Enrique, and Bingawan, contributes significantly to the local economy. Southern Iloilo's economy revolves largely around tourism, thanks to its century-old churches, colonial buildings, and beautiful beaches and marine reserves found in towns like Guimbal, Miagao, and San Joaquin.

Government

 Governor: Arthur R. Defensor, Jr.
 Vice Governor: Christine S. Garin

Provincial board members

1st District:
 Marcelo Valentine S. Serag
 Jo Ann B. Germinanda

2nd District:
 June S. Mondejar
 Rolito S. Cajilig

3rd District:
 Matt P. Palabrica
 Jason R. Gonzales

4th District:
 Domingo B. Oso, Jr.
 Rolando B. Distura

5th District:
 Binky April M. Tupas
 Carol-V Espinosa-Diaz

Ex-officio Board Members:
 PCL President: Ramon G. Sullano
 LNB President: Dorothy G.Paes
 PPSK President: Angelica Bianca B. Requinto

District Representatives
 1st District: Janette L. Garin
 2nd District: Michael B. Gorriceta
 3rd District: Lorenz R. Defensor
 4th District: Ferjenel G. Biron
 5th District: Raul "Boboy" C. Tupas

Culture

The old buildings in downtown Iloilo showcase the influence of Spanish architecture, reflecting the historical presence of the Spaniards in the region. However, even before the arrival of the Mexicans, Spaniards, and other Europeans, Iloilo had already established trade relations with ancient Indonesians, Malaysians and Vietnamese, Indian, Arab, Chinese, Korean and Japanese merchants. The Spanish government encouraged foreign merchants to trade in Iloilo, although they were not granted land ownership privileges. Over time, intermarriage between foreign merchants, Spaniards, and the locals led to the emergence of the Mestizo class, who eventually became the ruling class of the Ilonggos, known as the Principalía.

Fiestas play a significant role in the culture of Iloilo. Almost every town in the province, including the seven districts of Iloilo City, holds an annual fiesta or festival, making these events important highlights for the Ilonggos.

In addition to its rich cultural heritage influenced by Spanish colonization, Iloilo is also home to two of the nation's cultural minorities: the Sulod-Bukidnon and the Ati. These indigenous groups contribute to the cultural diversity of the province and add to its vibrant tapestry of traditions and customs.

Tourism

As a leading province during the Spanish Colonial Era, the province of Iloilo is widely known for its beautiful old world architecture similar to that of Latin American Countries. Spanish colonial Churches are amongst the well-known tourist sites in the province. Some natural sites are also in here as well as mixed-use parks that sprawl around the province.

Miag-ao Church. A World Heritage Site. The Aztec-Baroque inspired church with Filipino botanicals used to carved on the façade. It is known for its intricate façade and pyramidal bell towers. The church was used as a fortress during the olden days. It is a massive structure built of yellowish Limestones.

Molo Church. The Gothic Renaissance Church of Molo was used as a watch tower to warn the people if there are any attackers on the shore of Iloilo City. It is a fine coral stone church with Classical and Gothic details. It is also known as the feminist church because of the beautiful female saints lining inside the church.

Jaro Cathedral. The Neo-Romanesque church has a distinctive feature with its bell tower as it is located across a busy street from the church, on Jaro Plaza. Though the belfry was adjacent to an earlier church, an earthquake destroyed the church and left the tower. In response to Molo Church's all-female theme, the church has its all-male ensemble of saints placed on the main pillars inside, with the exception of the Virgin's icon.

Jaro Belfry. The belfry was used to serve as a watch tower against marauding Moros during Spanish times. It is made of bricks and limestone blocks, and has three stories, standing 29 meters high. In the 1787 earthquake, the belfry was heavily damaged. Reconstruction only began in 1833 under the supervision of an Augustinian friar, Fr. Jesse Alvarez.

Cabatuan Church. This Neoclassic Church, known to be the most massive Hispanic structure in Iloilo is built of red bricks. It is believed to be the largest red brick structure in the Visayas and it was given the title "Model of Temples" by the 'El Eco de Panay'. The Cabatuan Church is known to be the only extant Spanish colonial church with three facades.

San Jose Church. The beautiful church in front of plaza Libertad is considered the most historic amongst the churches in Iloilo City. It is a Byzantine-Neoclassic Church planned to look like the Spanish Church of Valencia del Cid. The Church is known for its collection of priceless Catholic treasures.

San Joaquin Church. The militaristic church on the coast of San Joaquin overlooks the sea. Carved on a disproportionately large pediment on the façade is an intricate sculptural relief depicting the Spanish victory over Moroccan forces in the Battle of Tetuan. The church is one of the National Cultural Treasures in Iloilo by the National Museum of the Philippines, together with San Joaquin Campo Santo.

San Joaquin Campo Santo. A Roman Catholic cemetery known for its imposing Spanish Baroque mortuary chapel that shows a hint of oriental influences. Its hexagonal shape is supported with walls made from coral stones quarried from the nearby coast, fossils, and red clay bricks, while its dome roof consists of galvanized iron sheets. The cemetery is the grandest and best preserved in the province.

Passi City Church. This is considered a militaristic church in that it was planned as a 'fortress church' and the proof of this can be seen in the massive buttresses which support the front and back walls of the church. The church was built to replace churches that had been destroyed by an earthquake in 1612 and subsequent churches that had been destroyed by fires.

Old Capitol building of the Province of Iloilo. A National Historical Site. The building was built with wood stone during the Spanish colonization. It served as the capitol when the civil government of Iloilo was founded in 1901. The National Historical Institute (NHI) formally recognized the Old Capitol as a historical landmark through a marker installed on its walls on April 11, 2010.

Bucari Area. Bucari Area is an area with mountainous terrain situated in the highlands of Leon and Alimodian. It is known as the "Summer Capital of Iloilo" and declared as a special economic zone for tourism and ecological enterprise due to its cool climate, topography, highland attractions and scenery.

Bulabog Putian National Park. Bulabog Puti-an National Park is a protected rain forest area known for being a living museum of flora and fauna. Hundreds of local and foreign tourists visit the 847 eco-tourism park to immerse in the area's natural attractions such as its various forms of wildlife and more than 30 caves. It is located within the municipalities of San Enrique and Dingle.

Islas de Gigantes. The Islas de Gigantes is an island group found in the offshores of the municipality of Carles. The place is known for its numerous caves, white sand beaches, emerald-like shores and lagoon, and rock formations.

Santa Barbara Church. The Santa Barbara Parish Church and Convent is considered to be the "Cradle of Independence" in Panay and in the Visayas. In 1991, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines declared Santa Barbara Church and Convent as a National Landmark. The church was the site where General Martin Delgado of the Visayan Revolutionary Government started the junta that resulted in the first Cry of Revolution against the Spaniards outside Luzon. It was also used as the general headquarters and military hospital of the revolutionary forces.

Calle Real Heritage District. Calle Real, or the J.M. Basa Street in Iloilo City, was once the main commercial center of the city during the Imperial Spanish and American periods. It houses numerous old colonial buildings, including the popular Eusebio Villanueva Building, formerly known as the International Hotel.

Plaza Libertad. The historic plaza where the flag of the first Philippine Republic was raised in triumph after Spain surrendered Iloilo, its last capital in Asia, to the revolutionary forces led by Gen. Martin Delgado on December 25, 1898.

Iloilo River Esplanade. The Esplanade is Iloilo City's newest hub for dining, leisure and recreation. Poised to be the longest linear park in the country with a current total length of over 9 kilometers.

Iloilo Golf and Country Club. The Iloilo Golf Course and Country Club is the oldest golf course in South East Asia. It all began in the 1850s when the British, led by Iloilo-based Vice Consul Nicholas Loney known today as the "Father of the Philippine Sugar Industry."

Infrastructure

Iloilo International Airport

The airport serves the Province of Iloilo, including its capital city, Iloilo City, the regional center of the Western Visayas region in the Philippines. It opened its doors to commercial traffic on June 14, 2007, after a decade of planning and construction located at Cabatuan, Iloilo, replacing Mandurriao Airport in Mandurriao, Iloilo City and inherited its IATA and ICAO airport codes from its predecessor. The fourth-busiest airport in the Philippines, it is the first airport in both Western Visayas and the island of Panay to be built to international standards, and one of the four airports in the region planned to be an international gateway. It is one of three international airports in Western Visayas, the others being Kalibo International Airport and Bacolod-Silay International Airport.

Sicogon Airport

The airport serves tourists to the island of Sicogon in Carles, Iloilo. The airport has been redeveloped and opened in 2018. Charter flights to and from Sicogon to Manila and vice versa took place in late 2018. It is located in Barangay San Fernando on the island.

Iloilo Port Complex

The Port of Iloilo, considered the leader of trade and a commercial hub for Western Visayas is also one of the safest natural seaports in the Philippines. The Iloilo Commercial Port Complex is located on 20.8 hectares of reclaimed land. It includes 11,400 sq. meters of open space for operations, supplemented by an area of 97,000 sq. meters, a crane, rails of 348 lineal meters; roll-on-roll-off support; a 7,800 container freight stations; and a 720 sq. meter passenger shed. The port complex is ideal for ships plying international routes having a berth length of 400 meters, a width of 26.26 meters and a berthing depth of 10.50 meters.

A number of shipping companies use the Port of Iloilo, including Lorenzo Shipping Corporation, 2GO, Amigo Shipping Company, New Panay Shipping Company, Sulpicio Lines, and Trans-Asia Shipping Lines Inc. Fast ferries serve Iloilo-Bacolod routes eight times daily. 2GO inter-island, overnight ferries serve longer routes, going to Manila, Bacolod, Cebu, Zamboanga and Cagayan de Oro City. Pumpboat ferries cross the Iloilo Strait to Guimaras constantly during the day and on special trips at night.

Roll-on/roll-off ferry service, known as RO-RO, is available between Iloilo City and Guimaras, but the ro-ro to Negros is available from Dumangas, Iloilo including ro-ro from Iloilo to Palawan.

It is ranked third in terms of ship calls at 11,853, fourth in cargo throughout at 491,719 million metric tons and fourth in passenger traffic at 2.4 million annually.

Accessibility

Iloilo is one of the most accessible provinces in the Philippines. Iloilo can be reached by plane on regular commercial international flights from Hong Kong and Singapore to the Iloilo International Airport. Direct domestic flights connect Iloilo to other major cities in the Philippines including Manila, Cebu, Davao, General Santos, Puerto Princesa, Zamboanga and Cagayan de Oro. Direct ferry routes and roll-on roll-off connections on the Philippines' nautical highway are also available between Iloilo and all other major cities in the country.

By plane, travel time to the Iloilo takes around 1 hour from Manila, 30 minutes from Cebu, 2 hours and 30 minutes from Hong Kong, and 3 hours and 30 minutes from Singapore. By direct ferry, Iloilo is approximately 1.5 hours away from Bacolod, and 15 minutes away from Guimaras. By land, Iloilo is around 4–5 hours away from Boracay, 3 hours away from Kalibo, and 2 hours away from Roxas City.

Iloilo transportation gateways

Iloilo International Airport – The Iloilo International Airport is the primary gateway to Iloilo. It serves regularly scheduled direct domestic flights to Iloilo from major Philippine airlines including Manila, Cebu, Davao, General Santos, Puerto Princesa, and Cagayan de Oro. The airport also serves international flights from Iloilo to Hong Kong and Singapore. Flights to Iloilo are served by Cebu Pacific, Philippine Airlines, PAL Express, and TigerAir. The Iloilo Airport is located approximately 19 kilometers or 20 minutes away by taxi from Iloilo City.

Iloilo Seaports – Ferries in Iloilo depart and arrive at various seaports in Iloilo City and Iloilo Province depending on the route and vessel type. (1) Ferry terminals along the Iloilo River in Lapuz district, Iloilo City serves fastcraft ferries to and from Bacolod, RORO ferries to and from Guimaras, and ferries to and from Palawan. (2) The Iloilo Domestic Port in Fort San Pedro, Iloilo City Proper, serves shipping companies with routes to and from Manila, Cebu, Cagayan de Oro, and Zamboanga.

Universities and colleges

The province of Iloilo, including the city of Iloilo, is the center of education in the Western Visayas region. It has the largest number of universities in the region, with a total of ten major universities.

Universities:

 Central Philippine University, Jaro, Iloilo City
 Iloilo Science and Technology University, La Paz, Iloilo City (with branch campuses in Barotac Nuevo, Leon and Miag-ao)
 Iloilo State University of Science and Technology, Barotac Nuevo (with branch campuses in Dingle, Dumangas, and San Enrique)
 John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University, Molo, Iloilo City (with branch campus in Arevalo, Iloilo City)
 Northern Iloilo State University, Estancia (with branch campuses in Ajuy, Barotac Viejo, Batad, Concepcion, Lemery, and Sara)
 St. Paul University Iloilo, Iloilo City Proper
 University of Iloilo, Iloilo City Proper
 University of San Agustin, Iloilo City Proper (with branch campus in Jaro, Iloilo City)
 University of the Philippines Visayas, Iloilo City Proper and Miag-ao (Main Campus)
 West Visayas State University, La Paz, Iloilo City (with branch campuses in Calinog, Janiuay, Lambunao/CAF, Lambunao/East, and Pototan)

Colleges:

 ABBA Institute of Technology, Iloilo City Proper
 ACSI College Iloilo, Iloilo City Proper
 ABE International Business College (Iloilo campus), Iloilo City Proper
 AMA Computer College (Iloilo campus), Iloilo City Proper
 Asian College of Aeronautics, Jaro, Iloilo City
 Cabalum Western College, Iloilo City Proper
 Colegio de San Jose, Jaro, Iloilo City
 Colegio del Sagrado Corazon de Jesus, Iloilo City Proper
 Computer College of the Visayas, Iloilo City Proper
 De Paul College, Jaro, Iloilo City
 Dominican College of Iloilo, Zarraga
 FAST Aviation Academy Inc. Iloilo, Jaro, Iloilo City
 Gov. Angel Medina Foundation College, Passi City
 Great Saviour College, La Paz, Iloilo City
 Hua Siong College of Iloilo, Iloilo City Proper
 Iloilo City Community College, Molo, Iloilo City
 Iloilo Doctors' College, Molo, Iloilo City
 Iloilo Doctors' College of Medicine, Molo, Iloilo City
 Iloilo State College of Fisheries, Barotac Nuevo
 Iloilo Technical College, Iloilo City Proper
 Integrated Midwives Association of the Philippines Foundation School of Midwifery, La Paz, Iloilo City
 Interface Computer College (Iloilo campus), Iloilo City Proper
 Leon Ganzon Polythechnic College, Balasan
 New Lucena Polytechnic College, New Lucena
 Passi City College, Passi City
 Philippine College of Aeronautics, Science and Technology, Jaro, Iloilo City
 St. Anne College of Iloilo, Mandurriao, Iloilo City
 St. Therese – MTC colleges, Molo, Iloilo City (with branch campuses in La Paz, Iloilo City and Tigbauan)
 St. Vincent College of Science and Technology, Leganes
 St. Vincent Ferrer Seminary, Jaro, Iloilo City
 STI College (Iloilo campus), Iloilo City Proper
 St. Vincent College of Business and Accountancy, Pototan
 Santa Isabel College of Iloilo City, Mandurriao, Iloilo City
 Western Institute of Technology, La Paz, Iloilo City

Special Schools:
SPED-Integrated School for Exceptional Children, Iloilo City Proper

Sports
Iloilo is home to two professional sports teams. Kaya F.C.–Iloilo competes in the Philippines Football League (PFL), the highest tier of Philippine football. The club relocated to the province in 2018. Kaya has won 1 PFL title, 2 Copa Paulino Alcantara, and 1 UFL Cup. Kaya has also competed in the AFC Champions League and the AFC Cup. The Iloilo United Royals compete in the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League, joining as an expansion team in the 2019–20 season.

Media

Iloilo City is home to regional television stations of GMA Network (GMA TV6 & GMA News TV 28), TV5 (UHF 36 & AksyonTV 46), Solar channels (9TV TV-4) ETC UHF 32 & 2nd Avenue UHF 24), IBC (VHF 12), (BEAM UHF 26) and ABS-CBN (ABS-CBN TV10, ABS-CBN Sports+Action (UHF 38)).

Notable people

References

External links

 Iloilo Travel Website
 Republic of the Philippines: Official website of the Provincial Government of Iloilo
 Philippine Standard Geographic Code

Provinces of the Philippines
Provinces of Western Visayas
States and territories established in 1566
1566 establishments in the Philippines

Iloilo


Ute Thimm, née Finger (born 10 July 1958 in Bochum) is a German athlete who competed mainly in the 400 metres.

She competed for West Germany in the 1984 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles, United States in the 4 x 400 metres where she won the bronze medal with her teammates Heike Schulte-Mattler, Heide-Elke Gaugel and Gaby Bußmann. She was the second runner. Time over-all: 3'22"98.

In the same Olympic Games she finished sixth in the 400 metres competition. As last runner with her teammates Edith Oker, Michaela Schabinger and Heidi-Elke Gaugel she finished on the fifth place in the 4 x 100 metres.

She won another medal at the 1986 European Championships in Athletics: The Silver Medal right behind the team of East Germany with her teammates Gisela Kinzel, Heidi-Elke Gaugel and Gaby Bußmann in the 4 x 400 meters competition, also as second runner, time: 3'22"80. She also finished fifth in the 400 metres.

With the German 4 x 400-metres-relay she finished fourth in the Finals of the 1988 Summer Olympics in 3'22"49 with her colleagues Helga Arendt, Andrea Thomas and Gudrun Abt.

She also participated in the 1982 European Championships in Athletics, the 1983 World Championships in Athletics and 1987 World Championships in Athletics but did not win any medals.

First she was a member of ASV Köln, then from 1986 on she belonged to TV Wattenscheid. She is 1,67 metres tall (5 feet and 6 inches) and weighed  in her active time.

References

Sports Reference

1958 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Bochum
West German female sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for West Germany
Olympic bronze medalists for West Germany
ASV Köln athletes
TV Wattenscheid athletes
World Athletics Championships athletes for West Germany
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic female sprinters

Ute Thimm


Kimberly Noel Kardashian (born October 21, 1980) is an American media personality, socialite, and businesswoman. She first gained media attention as a friend and stylist of Paris Hilton, but received wider notice after the sex tape Kim Kardashian, Superstar, which she filmed in 2003 with help from her then-boyfriend Ray J, was released in 2007. Later that year, she and her family began to appear on the E! reality television series Keeping Up with the Kardashians, which aired until 2021. Its success led to the formation of the spin-off series Kourtney and Kim Take New York (2011–2012), Kourtney and Kim Take Miami (2009–2013), and Hulu's The Kardashians (2022–present).

Kardashian has developed a significant presence online and across numerous social media platforms, including her hundreds of millions of followers on Twitter and Instagram. With sisters Kourtney and Khloé, she launched the fashion boutique chain Dash, which operated from 2006 to 2018. Kardashian founded KKW Beauty and KKW Fragrance in 2017, and the shaping underwear or foundation garment company Skims in 2019. She has released a variety of products tied to her name, including the 2014 mobile game Kim Kardashian: Hollywood and the 2015 photo book Selfish. Her acting credits include the films Disaster Movie (2008), Temptation: Confessions of a Marriage Counselor (2013), and PAW Patrol: The Movie (2021), as well as the twelfth season of the anthology horror series American Horror Story (2023).

Time magazine included Kardashian on their list of 2015's 100 most influential people. Both critics and admirers have described her as exemplifying the notion of being famous for being famous. She is estimated to be worth US$1.8 billion, as of 2022. Kardashian has become more politically active by lobbying for prison reform and clemency, and is currently under a four-year law apprenticeship supervised by the legal nonprofit #cut50. Her relationship with rapper Kanye West has also received significant media coverage; the two of them were married from 2014 to 2022 and have four children together.

Early life and education
Kimberly Noel Kardashian was born on October 21, 1980, in Los Angeles, California, to Robert and Kris Kardashian (née Houghton). She has an older sister, Kourtney, a younger sister, Khloé, and a younger brother, Rob. Their mother is of Scottish and Dutch ancestry, while their father was a third-generation Armenian-American. In 1991, their parents divorced and their mother married Bruce Jenner, the 1976 Summer Olympics decathlon winner. As a result of her mother's remarriage, Kim Kardashian acquired step-brothers Burton "Burt", Brandon, and Brody; a step-sister, Casey; and later two half-sisters, Kendall and Kylie Jenner.

Kardashian attended Marymount High School, a Roman Catholic all-girls school in Los Angeles. In 1994, her father represented football player O. J. Simpson during his murder trial. Simpson is Kardashian's godfather. Kardashian's father died in 2003 of cancer. In her teenage years, Kardashian was a close friend of Nicole Richie and Paris Hilton, through whom she first garnered media attention. After totaling her car at age 16, her father agreed to buy her a new one on condition that she agree to be responsible for paying all expenses related to any future damages. She subsequently began working at Body, a local clothing store in Encino, California, where she worked for four years, assisting in the opening of the Calabasas location. In 2000, after entering into her first marriage, she resigned.

Career

Beginnings (2003–2006)
By 2003, Kardashian was working as a personal stylist to the R&B singer and actress, Brandy, the sister of Ray J. Later, the siblings' mother (and manager) Sonja Norwood, alleged that in 2004 she had authorized Kardashian to make "one and only one" purchase on her American Express credit card and that nevertheless Kardashian and her sisters Khloé and Kourtney had incurred over $120,000 in unauthorized charges to that card. Norwood also alleged that the bulk of the charges were attributable to purchases made at Kardashian's family-owned boutique in 2006 and 2007, after Kardashian was no longer employed by Norwood's daughter. Norwood further alleged that, at the request of her children, she did not file criminal charges, instead presenting her allegations personally to Kardashian, and that Kardashian apologized and promised to repay the debt. In 2008, no payments having been forthcoming, Norwood filed a lawsuit. Kardashian has denied all these allegations. In 2009, the parties reportedly reached a confidential settlement, and the lawsuit was dismissed.

In 2006, Kardashian had begun working as a stylist for Paris Hilton, a childhood friend of hers. She appeared in several episodes of the reality series The Simple Life and was frequently photographed accompanying Hilton to events and parties. Sheeraz Hasan, a PR strategist working with Hilton, had previously met Kardashian and her mother Kris Jenner in 2005, and stated in a 2020 20/20 television special that Kardashian was "ready to do whatever it takes" to create a successful brand. Rick Mendozza, a freelance photographer on assignment for the tabloid TMZ, remarked in the same interview that, when Kardashian accompanied Hilton to Hyde, which was a Hollywood hotspot at the time, he continued to get assignments from tabloids to get photographs of Kardashian for the next three years. In 2021, Kardashian said that Hilton "literally gave me a career. And I totally acknowledge that."

Breakthrough (2007–2010)

In February 2007, a sex tape made by Kardashian and singer Ray J in 2003 was leaked on the internet and gained national attention. Kardashian filed a lawsuit against Vivid Entertainment for distributing the film as Kim Kardashian, Superstar. She dropped the suit 3 months later and settled for a reported 5 million, giving Vivid permission to market and sell copies of the tape. Sales from the film reportedly generated nearly US$1.5 million in revenue in the first six weeks. Several media outlets later criticized her and her family for using the sex tape's release as a publicity stunt to promote their forthcoming reality show. In October 2007, a few months later, Kardashian and her mother, Kris Jenner, her step-parent Caitlyn Jenner (then Bruce Jenner), her siblings Kourtney, Khloé, and Rob Kardashian, and half-sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner, began to appear in the reality television series Keeping Up with the Kardashians. The series proved successful for E!, and led to the creation of a number of spin-offs, including Kourtney and Kim Take New York and Kourtney and Kim Take Miami. The flagship series concluded in June 2021 after 294 episodes.

Kardashian posed in a nude pictorial for the December 2007 issue of Playboy, and appeared on the cover of the November 2010 issue of Romanian Playboy, promoting a pictorial titled "Poezia Unui Fund Bombat" (The Poetry of a Bulging Ass). She made her feature film debut, opposite Carmen Electra, in the disaster film spoof Disaster Movie (2008), in which she appeared as a character named Lisa. In 2008, she was a participant on season seven of Dancing with the Stars, where she was partnered with Mark Ballas. She was the third contestant to be eliminated. In September 2009, Fusion Beauty and Seven Bar Foundation launched "Kiss Away Poverty", with Kardashian as the face of the campaign. For each LipFusion lipgloss sold, 1 went to the Foundation to fund women entrepreneurs in the United States. In October, she launched her first fragrance, self-titled "Kim Kardashian". That year, she also released a workout DVD series, became a guest host–judge of WrestleMania XXIV on America's Next Top Model, and guest-starred in How I Met Your Mother, Beyond the Break, and CBS's CSI: NY.

By 2010, Kardashian had ventured into several new endorsement deals, including endorsing various food products for Carl's Jr. On July 1, 2010, the New York City branch of Madame Tussauds revealed a wax figure of Kardashian. Kim, Kourtney, and Khloé wrote an autobiography titled Kardashian Konfidential, which was released in stores on November 23, 2010, and appeared on New York Timess Best Seller List. In December 2010, she filmed a music video for a song titled "Jam (Turn It Up)". The video was directed by Hype Williams; Kanye West makes a cameo in the video. Kardashian premiered the song during a New Year's Eve party at TAO Las Vegas on December 31, 2010. The song was produced by The-Dream and Tricky Stewart. When asked if an album was in the works, Kardashian replied, "There's no album in the works or anything—just one song we did for Kourtney and Kim Take New York, and a video Hype Williams directed, half of the proceeds we're giving away to a cancer foundation, because The-Dream's and one of my parents passed away from cancer. It's just all having fun—with a good cause". Jim Farber, writing for the Daily News, called the song a "dead-brained piece of generic dance music, without a single distinguishing feature", and suggested that the single made Kardashian the "worst singer in the reality TV universe".

In 2010, Kardashian also served as producer for The Spin Crowd, a reality television show about a New York City public relations firm run by Jonathan Cheban and Simon Huck, appeared on season ten of The Apprentice, and guest starred with Khloé and Kourtney as themselves on the season three premiere episode of the series 90210.

Continued exposure (2011–2016)
In 2011, Kardashian released her third fragrance, "Gold", as well as a novel, Dollhouse, along with sisters Kourtney and Khloe. In 2012, E! renewed Keeping Up with the Kardashians for two additional seasons, in a deal reported to be worth $50 million. That year, Kardashian released her fourth fragrance, "True Reflection", which she worked with the company Dress for Success to promote, and her fifth fragrance, "Glam", which was made available through Debenhams. In Temptation: Confessions of a Marriage Counselor (2013), a romantic drama produced, written, and directed by Tyler Perry, Kardashian obtained the role of the co-worker of an ambitious therapist. While the film was a moderate box office success, with a worldwide gross of US$53.1 million, critical response was negative and Kardashian won the Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress.

Kardashian released Kim Kardashian: Hollywood, a mobile game for iPhone and Android, in June 2014. The objective of the game is to become a Hollywood star or starlet. The game supports a free to play model, meaning the game is free to download, but charges for in-game items. It was a hit, earning 1.6 million in its first five days of release. In July, developer Glu Mobile announced that the game was the fifth highest earning game in Apple's App Store. She voiced an alien in the September 21, 2014, episode of the adult animated series American Dad!.

Kardashian appeared on the cover and in a pictorial in Papers winter 2014 issue, photographed by Jean-Paul Goude. On the cover, her nude buttocks are featured above the caption: "Break the Internet", which generated considerable comment in both social and traditional media. A Time magazine writer commented that, unlike previous celebrities' nudes that represented the women's rebellion against repressed society and "trying to tear down" barriers, Kardashian's exhibition was "just provocation and bluster, repeated images that seem to offer us some sort of truth or insight but are really just self serving. We want there to be something more, some reason or context, some great explanation that tells us what it is like to live in this very day and age, but there is not. Kim Kardashian's ass is nothing but an empty promise." However, the stunt "set a new benchmark" in social media response, and Papers website received 15.9 million views in one day, compared with 25,000 views on an average day.

Kardashian released a portfolio book called Selfish, a 325-page collection of self-taken photos of herself, in May 2015. It received positive reviews from critics, with Kat Brown of The Telegraph describing it as "unexpectedly revealing" and "oddly moving". That year, she was also the cover model for the August issue of Vogue Spain, and released an emoji pack for iOS devices called Kimoji. The app was a best-seller, becoming one of the top 5 most bought apps in its first week of release.

By November 2016, as per CBC Marketplace and interviews with celebrity endorsement experts, Kardashian was reportedly paid at least US$300,000 for each post that she made on Instagram, Facebook and Twitter, endorsing beauty products like waist trainers, teeth whiteners as well as Coca-Cola and well-known charities. Business Insider later estimated her fee to be around US$720,000 per Instagram post. Even though engagement data indicates that her posts are worth slightly less, her regular features in the news allows her to demand a premium above any calculated Instagram sponsored post price.

Business and acting ventures (2017–present)
With sisters Kourtney and Khloé, she launched the fashion boutique chain Dash with an initial store in Calabasas, California. The chain operated between 2006 and 2018.

In 2017, Kardashian launched both her beauty and fragrance lines, KKW Beauty and KKW Fragrance.

Kardashian and Laverne Cox co-executive produced the Lifetime reality competition series, Glam Masters, which premiered in February 2018. The eight-episode series featured a number of aspiring beauty bloggers compete in tasks for the title of "Glam Master"; the winner receives the opportunity to collaborate with Kardashian on a makeup line for KKW Beauty and join her "glam squad". Kardashian and the series' winner, Argenis Pinal teamed up on eyeshadow sticks for KKW Beauty, named "Créme Color Sticks". She made a cameo appearance in the heist film Ocean's 8, which was released on June 8, 2018. Kardashian's next project was the hidden camera–prank reality series, You Kiddin' Me. Co-executive produced by Kardashian and Lionsgate Television, the series premiered on Facebook Watch in September 2018. She appeared alongside her sisters and their mother Kris Jenner in the series' premiere episode. In November, Kardashian and Kris appeared in the NBC special, A Legendary Christmas with John and Chrissy.

In May 2019, Kardashian appeared in the music video for DJ duo Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike and Paris Hilton's single, "B.F.A. (Best Friend's Ass)". After announcing a new range of shapewear called Kimono in June, Kardashian was heavily criticized over the name of the brand, which critics argued disrespected Japanese culture and ignored the significance behind the traditional outfit. Following the launch of the range, the hashtag #KimOhNo began trending on Twitter and the mayor of Kyoto wrote to Kardashian to ask her to reconsider the trademark on Kimono. In response to public pressure, she announced that she would change the name. However, Japanese trade minister Hiroshige Seko stated that he would still be dispatching patent officials for a meeting at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, and that Japan would keep an eye on the situation. In August 2019, she rebranded the shapewear company to the name Skims, officially launching the following month on its own web store and later made available on various other retailers such as SSENSE, David Jones, Net-a-Porter, and Ounass.

In February 2020, Skims entered its first retail partnership with luxury store chain Nordstrom. The company has also expanded into lingerie, bodysuits, loungewear, dresses, winter wear, and unisex clothing. Since 2021, Skims has opened various pop-up stores in the United States, Europe and Asia. In June 2021, the brand entered a partnership with the US Olympics team to provide Team USA-branded athleisure to the team's female athletes at the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. Skims' clothing was also worn by athletes at the 2022 Winter Olympics, following a capsule collection release in collaboration with the US Winter Olympics delegation. In November 2021, Skims and luxury fashion house Fendi released a collaborative range of shapewear, leather dresses, and bodysuits. For her work on Skims, Kardashian was honored with the Brand Innovator award at the 2021 WSJ. Innovator Awards, and the Innovation Award at the 2023 CFDA  Awards. In July 2023, it was reported that her company stood at a valuation of US$4 billion. Skims made it to Time's list of 100 Most Influential Companies of 2022.

On April 5, 2020, the documentary Kim Kardashian West: The Justice Project premiered on Oxygen, starring and executive produced by Kardashian. It follows her journey advocating for criminal justice reform and highlights mass incarceration in the US. In September, she made a cameo appearance in the YouTube Originals documentary, This is Paris. In December 2020, it was announced that Kim, the Kardashian–Jenner sisters, and their mother Kris Jenner had signed a multi-year exclusive global content deal with Disney-owned Hulu. A reality television series titled The Kardashians premiered in April 2022, co-produced by the sisters and Kris with British production company Fulwell 73. Described as a "premium version" of Keeping Up With The Kardashians, the program had the most-watched series premiere for Hulu in its first three days in the US, and was the most-watched Star Originals series on Disney+ and Star+ across global markets. It was renewed up to a sixth season.

Kardashian appeared in the Van Jones–led documentary, The First Step, which focuses on criminal justice reform; it premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in June 2021. In July and August, she appeared in the premiere episodes of Martha Stewart's reality series, Martha Gets Down and Dirty; and Paris Hilton's cooking show Cooking with Paris, on Discovery+ and Netflix. Kardashian voiced Delores, a poodle, in the Canadian animated film PAW Patrol: The Movie, released on August 20, 2021. Courtney Howard of Variety stated that Kardashian and the supporting cast handled the film's "sillier moments". She reprised her voice role in the film's sequel, PAW Patrol: The Mighty Movie, released on September 29, 2023. In October 2021, Kardashian hosted Saturday Night Live and in her monologue, she made fun of her estranged-husband Kanye West, her mother's ex-husband Caitlyn Jenner, her sisters, O. J. Simpson, and many others.

In January 2022, in a class-action lawsuit filed against the cryptocurrency company EthereumMax that alleged the company is a pump and dump scheme, Kardashian was named as a defendant, along with former professional boxer Floyd Mayweather Jr., former NBA player Paul Pierce, and other celebrities, for promoting the EthereumMax token on their various social media accounts. In October 2022, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission announced that Kardashian had agreed to pay a $1.26 million fine, to not promote cryptocurrency assets for three years, and to cooperate with an ongoing investigation without admitting or denying wrongdoing for failing to report receiving a $250,000 payment to promote the EthereumMax token. In December 2022, Central California U.S. District Court Judge Michael W. Fitzgerald dismissed the lawsuit on the basis that the claims were insufficiently supported given heightened pleading standards for fraud.

In April 2022, Kardashian founded Skky Partners, a private equity firm, with a former partner of the Carlyle Group. Her mother, Kris Jenner, is also a partner at the firm. In July 2022, she made her Paris Fashion Week modeling debut on the catwalk for fashion house Balenciaga, along with Nicole Kidman, Dua Lipa, and Christine Quinn (from the reality television series Selling Sunset). The following month, Kardashian and Beats Electronics launched a collaborative range of true wireless earbuds in an earth tone palette inspired by her "signature minimalist style". Under an exclusive deal with Spotify, she hosted and co-produced the eight-episode podcast The System: The Case of Kevin Keith with podcast network Parcast. Premiering in October 2022, it outlines the discrepancies of Keith's case, in which he was convicted of triple homicide in 1994 in Ohio.

In 2022, Kardashian collaborated with Dolce & Gabbana to curate their Spring/Summer 2023 collection. The collection of mainly black, white, beige and silver pieces was shown on the runway at Milan Fashion Week.

In July 2023, Kardashian released an energy drink called Kimade with nutritional supplement company, Alani Nu.

Kardashian co-led the twelfth season of American Horror Story, subtitled Delicate, alongside Emma Roberts. Her first scripted television role, she starred as Siobhan Corbyn, the protagonist's best friend and publicist. The season is based on Danielle Valentine's novel Delicate Condition; its first part premiered in September 2023 on FX. Production for the season temporarily halted due to the Hollywood Writer's strike.

Personal life

Relationships

In 2000, at the age of 19, Kardashian eloped with music producer Damon Thomas. Thomas filed for divorce in 2003. Kardashian later blamed their separation on physical and emotional abuse on his part and said she was high on ecstasy during their wedding ceremony. Before her divorce was finalized, Kardashian began dating singer Ray J.

Kardashian then dated Reggie Bush. Their relationship began after Matt Leinart introduced them at the 2007 ESPY Awards. They split on July 27, 2009 and got back together on September 28, 2009.
Kardashian also briefly dated NFL player Miles Austin in 2010.

In May 2011, Kardashian became engaged to NBA player Kris Humphries, then of the New Jersey Nets, whom she had been dating since October 2010. They were married in a wedding ceremony on August 20 in Montecito, California. Earlier that month, she had released her "wedding fragrance" called "Kim Kardashian Love" which coincided with her own wedding. A two-part TV special showing the preparations and the wedding itself aired on E! in early October 2011, amidst what The Washington Post called a "media blitz" related to the wedding. After 72 days of marriage, she filed for divorce from Humphries on October 31, citing irreconcilable differences. Several news outlets surmised that Kardashian's marriage to Humphries was merely a publicity stunt to promote the Kardashian family's brand and their subsequent television ventures. A man professing to be her former publicist, Jonathan Jaxson, also claimed that her short-lived marriage was indeed staged and a ploy to generate money. Kardashian filed a suit against Jaxson, saying his claims were untrue, and later settled the case that included an apology from Jaxson. A widely circulated petition asking to remove all Kardashian-related programming from the air followed the split. The divorce was subject to widespread media attention.

Kardashian began dating rapper and longtime friend Kanye West in April 2012, while still legally married to Humphries. Her divorce was finalized on June 3, 2013, Kardashian and West became engaged on October 21, Kardashian's 33rd birthday, and married on May 24, 2014, at Forte di Belvedere in Florence, Italy. Her wedding dress was designed by Riccardo Tisci of Givenchy with some guests' dresses designed by designer Michael Costello. The couple's high status and respective careers have resulted in their relationship becoming subject to heavy media coverage; The New York Times referred to their marriage as "a historic blizzard of celebrity". West said Kardashian was his muse.

In January 2021, CNN reported that the couple were discussing divorce and on February 19, 2021, Kardashian officially filed for divorce. In April 2021, they both agreed before court that they would end their marriage due to "irreconcilable differences" and agreed to joint custody of their four children. They also agreed that neither of them need spousal support. In February 2022, Kardashian filed a complaint to the Los Angeles Superior Court, asking for a quicker proceedings in the divorce from West, saying that West was trying to delay it and saying that "Mr. West, by his actions, has made it clear that he does not accept that the parties' marital relationship is over." Kardashian was declared legally single on March 2, 2022. This allowed her to drop "West" as her legal last name and ended their marriage. A divorce settlement was reached on November 29, 2022.

Kardashian was in a relationship with actor and comedian Pete Davidson from November 2021 to August 2022.

Religion
Kim Kardashian is a Christian and has described herself as "really religious". She was educated in Christian schools of both the Presbyterian and Roman Catholic traditions. In October 2019, she was baptized in an Armenian Apostolic ceremony at the baptistery in the Etchmiadzin Cathedral complex and given the Armenian name Heghine (Հեղինէ).

In April 2015, Kardashian and West traveled to the Armenian Quarter of the Old City in Jerusalem to have their daughter baptized in the Armenian Apostolic Church, one of the oldest denominations of Oriental Orthodox Christianity. The ceremony took place at the Cathedral of St. James. Khloé Kardashian was appointed as the godmother. In October 2019, Kim baptized her three younger children at the baptistery in the Etchmiadzin Cathedral complex, Armenia's mother church.

Health and pregnancies
Kardashian and West have four children: two daughters (born 2013 and 2018) and two sons (born 2015 and 2019).

Kardashian has publicly discussed difficulties during her first two pregnancies. She experienced pre-eclampsia during her first, which forced her to deliver at 34 weeks. With both pregnancies, she developed placenta accreta after delivery, eventually undergoing surgery to remove the placenta and scar tissue. After her second pregnancy, doctors advised her not to become pregnant again; her third and fourth children were born via surrogacy.

Kardashian has also spoken about her psoriasis. In May 2021, it was reported that Kardashian had tested positive for COVID-19 in November 2020. She confirmed this report but denied reports that she caught the disease after hosting a party at a private island.

Wealth

In May 2014, Kardashian was estimated to be worth 45 million. In 2015, Forbes reported she had "made more this year than ever as her earnings nearly doubled to $53 million from 2014's $28 million", and reported that she "has monetized fame better than any other". Much of her income includes wholesale earnings of the Sears line, the Kardashian Kollection, which brought in $600 million in 2013 and the Kardashian Beauty cosmetics line, Kardashian-branded tanning products, the boutique-line DASH, as well as sponsored social media posts which are collectively worth $300,000–500,000 per post. As of July 2018, Kardashian was worth US$350 million. Kardashian does not receive alimony payments from either of her first two marriages. On April 6, 2021, Forbes estimated Kardashian's net worth at US$1 billion.

Paris robbery
On October 2, 2016, while attending Paris Fashion Week, Kardashian was robbed at gunpoint in the apartment where she was staying. Five individuals, dressed as police officers, bound and gagged her, then stole $10 million worth of jewelry. The thieves got in her residence by threatening the concierge. Once they accessed Kardashian's room, they held a gun to her head, tying her wrists and legs and wrapping duct tape around her mouth as a gag. Kardashian, who was placed in the bathtub, was physically unharmed and reportedly begged for her life. She managed to wriggle her hands free from the plastic ties around her wrists and scream for help. The thieves escaped. On October 6, 2016, it was revealed that filming for the next season of Keeping up with the Kardashians had been placed "on hold indefinitely" after the robbery.

After the robbery was announced, several critics expressed skepticism about whether it was staged or not, with some even drawing comparison to Olympic swimmer Ryan Lochte's recent false robbery claim. On October 10, 2016, a video was released showing Kardashian immediately after the robbery, as police began conducting their investigation. In the video, she is seen using the cell phone that she had reported stolen, and did not have any of the markings she claimed from being bound by her captors, prompting more questions as to whether or not the events were staged. In response, Kardashian filed lawsuits against several media outlets the following day, and secured a gag order to get the video removed from any articles due to it being part of an active police investigation. On October 25, 2016, Kardashian dropped the lawsuit, prompting more criticism that the robbery was a ploy to generate media attention. Production resumed on Keeping Up with the Kardashians on October 26.

On January 9, 2017, French police detained 17 persons of interest for questioning in the robbery case. Later in 2017, 16 people were arrested for their alleged involvement. It was revealed in 2020 that French prosecutors would seek trial for 12 of the suspects. The suspects who allegedly entered her room were of, or near, senior age and were named the 'Grandpa Robbers' by the press. In 2021, the suspects were still awaiting trial with at least one of the five who entered Kardashian's room reportedly set to plead no contest to the charges.

Activism
During an interview with Caity Weaver of GQ for the July 2016 issue, Kardashian described herself as a Democrat, and declared her support for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.

In January 2017, she tweeted a table of statistics that went viral, highlighting statistics that show that gun violence in the United States kills 11,737 people annually while terrorism in the United States kills 14 people annually. In December 2017, the tweet was mentioned by the Royal Statistical Society in the announcement of its "International Statistic of the Year" for 2017. On a trip to Uganda in October 2018, she and her husband met with President Yoweri Museveni. They had a press conference, and Kanye talked about tourism in Uganda. They were criticized for meeting Museveni due to his being a dictator and his recent crackdown on the opposition and the Ugandan LGBT community.

In April 2019, Vogue reported that Kardashian was studying to pass the bar exam; instead of attending law school, she is "reading law". In 2021, Kardashian said she had failed her first-year law exam (the baby bar) for a second time, performing "slightly worse" than her first attempt earlier in the year. In December 2021, she passed the "baby bar" law exam on her fourth attempt.

In 2020, Kardashian condemned the actions of Azerbaijan in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, and expressed her support for Armenia and the Republic of Artsakh. On November 20, 2021, it was reported that Kardashian and the English soccer club Leeds United F.C., with the help of Rabbi Moshe Margertten of the Tzedek Association, had financially helped female Afghan soccer players to make their way safely to England. The women and girls had escaped Afghanistan following the Taliban takeover, but were stranded in Pakistan.

Armenian genocide recognition

Kardashian has expressed pride in her Armenian and Scottish ancestry. She is not a citizen of either Armenia or the United Kingdom, and does not speak Armenian. She has advocated for the recognition of the Armenian genocide on numerous occasions and encouraged President Barack Obama and the United States government to consider its acknowledgement. In April 2016, Kardashian wrote an article on her website condemning The Wall Street Journal for running an advertisement by FactCheckArmenia.com denying the Armenian genocide. In April 2021, Kardashian wrote a letter to President Joe Biden thanking him for officially recognizing the Armenian genocide and becoming the first United States president ever to do so.

In April 2015, Kardashian traveled to Armenia with her husband, her sister Khloé, and her eldest daughter and visited the Armenian Genocide Memorial Tsitsernakaberd in Yerevan. On October 10, 2020, Kardashian announced she donated $1 million to Armenia Fund, a humanitarian organization that supports Armenia's development.

Prison reform and clemency advocacy
Kardashian has worked in the area of prison reform, advocating for the commutation of the sentence of Chris Young and also of Alice Marie Johnson, a woman who received a life sentence for a first-time drug offense as the leader of a major cocaine ring in Tennessee which was granted by President Donald Trump in June 2018. Along with Van Jones and Jared Kushner, she was instrumental in persuading President Trump to support the First Step Act, which enacted major reforms in the US prison system. Van Jones later stated that without Kardashian, the act would have never passed because it would not have received the president's support. It was later passed by a great majority in the US Senate.

In 2019, Kardashian largely funded the 90 Days to Freedom campaign, an initiative to release nonviolent drug offenders from life sentences by attorneys Brittany K. Barnett and MiAngel Cody. The effort resulted in 17 persons being released under provisions of the First Step Act. Kardashian was widely credited for the success of the campaign in media headlines. Commentary on her involvement ranged from praise, to assertions that it was a public relations stunt, to accusations that she was taking the credit for work she did not do. In a Facebook post from May 7 of that year, Barnett commented on the divisive and underfunded nature of the "criminal justice reform space", adding, "Kim linked arms with us to support us when foundations turned us down. We and our clients and their families have a lot of love for her and are deeply grateful for her."

In April 2022, Kardashian advocated for the clemency of Melissa Lucio, the only woman of Hispanic descent on Texas' death row, in a series of tweets. She tweeted, "I recently just read about the case of Melissa Lucio and wanted to share her story with you. She has been on death row for over 14 years for her daughter's death that was a tragic accident." Lucio is on death row for the abuse and death of her daughter, who was two years old. Kardashian deleted the series of tweets the same day. When Lucio was granted a stay of execution on April 25, Kardashian celebrated on her social media channels.

In July 2022, Kardashian expressed support and petitioned for the release of rapper Gunna, who was imprisoned without bond, charged with one count of violating the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act. However, in October of the same year, Gunna was again denied release from jail ahead of his January trial. In December, Gunna pled guilty to a single charge of racketeering and was sentenced to five years in prison, with one year commuted to time served and the rest of the sentence suspended subject to probation conditions. He was soon released from jail, and instead was ordered to serve 500 hours of community service.

Filmography

 Kim Kardashian, Superstar (2007)
 Keeping Up with the Kardashians (2007–2021)
 Disaster Movie (2008)
 Kourtney and Kim Take Miami (2009–2013)
 Kourtney and Kim Take New York (2011–2012)
 Temptation: Confessions of a Marriage Counselor (2013)
 Dash Dolls (2015)
 PAW Patrol: The Movie (2021)
 The Kardashians (2022–present)
  American Horror Story: Delicate (2023)
 PAW Patrol: The Mighty Movie (2023)

Awards and nominations
Teen Choice Awards

Other awards

Bibliography

See also
 Famous for being famous
 List of most-followed Instagram accounts
 List of most-followed Twitter accounts

Notes

References

External links

Kim Kardashian
1980 births
Living people
Actresses from Los Angeles
American billionaires
American bloggers
American women bloggers
American cosmetics businesspeople
American fashion businesspeople
American fashion designers
American women fashion designers
American film actresses
American people of Armenian descent
American people of Dutch descent
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Scottish descent
American reality television producers
American retail chief executives
American socialites
American television actresses
American victims of crime
American women chief executives
Armenian Apostolic Christians
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Businesspeople in online retailing
Kanye West
Kardashian family
Female models from Los Angeles
Participants in American reality television series
People from Hidden Hills, California
People from Calabasas, California
American Oriental Orthodox Christians
Television producers from California
American women television producers
21st-century American businesswomen
21st-century American businesspeople
Female billionaires
California Democrats
Muses

Kim Kardashian


Darlene Cates (born Rita Darlene Guthrie; December 13, 1947 – March 26, 2017) was an American actress. She became known for her role in the 1993 film What's Eating Gilbert Grape, in which she played the title character's housebound mother.

Career
Author and screenwriter Peter Hedges saw a tape of Cates on a 1992 episode of Sally entitled "Too Heavy to Leave Their House". On the show, she discussed her battle with obesity and how it had affected her life. In 1986, pelvic infections caused by her excess weight kept her bedridden for two years, during which she gained an additional . Hedges offered her the role of a morbidly obese mother in the 1993 film What's Eating Gilbert Grape, which she accepted. Television roles followed on the shows Picket Fences in 1994 and Touched by an Angel in 1996. She had a small role in the 2001 film Wolf Girl. Producer J. Miles Dale flew a small crew and the film's stars from Romania to Texas to shoot their scenes with Cates.

Her performance in What's Eating Gilbert Grape, her first attempt at acting in any form, received critical acclaim and was lauded by her costars Leonardo DiCaprio and Johnny Depp.

Personal life
Cates married Robert Cates, a U.S. Marine, on January 11, 1963. She had one daughter, Sheri Ann, and two sons, Mark and Chris. She had four grandchildren and lived in Forney, Texas. In 1992, she received her high school diploma via correspondence courses. In 2012, Cates had lost 240 pounds after a series of health issues in 2010 kept her hospitalized for nearly a year, and she expressed a desire to resume her acting career.

Death
Cates died in her sleep at age 69 on March 26, 2017. Her daughter, Sheri Cates Morgan, announced her death in a Facebook post.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1947 births
2017 deaths
American film actresses
American television actresses
People from Borger, Texas
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Dallas
People from Dumas, Texas
People from Forney, Texas

Darlene Cates


Jake Kaminski (born August 11, 1988) is an American archer.

Personal life
Kaminski was born in Buffalo, New York and grew up in Elma, New York. As of August 2016, he resides in Gainesville, Florida with his wife Heather and children Kai and Genevieve. When not at home, he has resided in Chula Vista, California at the U.S. Olympic Training Center since 2006 to develop his archery skills.

Archery career
Kaminski started his archery career at the age of six near his hometown of Elma, New York, focusing on compound shooting at a Junior Olympic Development Club. By the age of 15, he focused his attention on recurve archery so he could one day compete in the Olympics. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he competed for the U.S. in the Men's team event and won a silver Olympic medal along with his teammates Brady Ellison and Jacob Wukie. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, he once again competed for the United States in the Men's team event and took home another silver Olympic medal, alongside teammates Brady Ellison and Zach Garrett.

References

External links

1988 births
Sportspeople from Buffalo, New York
American male archers
Archers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Archers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in archery
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Archers at the 2011 Pan American Games
World Archery Championships medalists
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in archery
Living people
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games

Jake Kaminski


Jonathan R. Cole (born August 27, 1942), is an American sociologist, John Mitchell Mason Professor of the University at Columbia University. He is best known for his scholarly work developing the sociology of science and his work on science policy. From 1989 to 2003 he was Columbia's chief academic officer – its Provost and Dean of Faculties.

Biography
He was born in New York City attending New York City public schools, including Jamaica High School. He received his bachelor's degree from Columbia University in 1964, and has spent his entire academic career at Columbia. He received his doctorate from the Department of Sociology in 1969, for a thesis entitled, The Social Structure of Science directed by Robert K. Merton. He served successively as the Director of the Center for the Social Sciences from 1979 to 1987, when he became Vice President for Arts and Sciences.  After two years, he was named Provost of the University and in 1994 became Provost and Dean of Faculties until 2003.

Works
His scholarly work has focused principally on the development of the sociology of science as an academic field.  Columbia's Program in the Sociology of Science, was started with Merton, Harriet Zuckerman, Stephen Cole (his brother) and Jonathan R. Cole as principal investigators with support from the National Science Foundation for 20 years.  It produced a substantial body of both theoretical and empirical work.  Jonathan and Stephen Cole collaborated on studies of the system of social stratification in science and on the reward system in science  examining the extent to which the social system of science approximated a meritocracy. culminating in their book, Social Stratification in Science (University of Chicago Press, 1973).  In this early work, they developed the use of citations as a measure of scientific quality and impact, the   first social scientists to do so. After meeting with initial resistance, it is today widely used as a measure of scholarly impact and there is a very substantial literature on it.

He subsequently worked on the peer review system in science especially the claim that it was an "old-boys" network of self-reinforcing elites.  The study resulted in two volumes on Peer Review in the National Science Foundation, both  published by the National Academy of Sciences Press.  He also worked on the role of women in science.  His early work, Fair Science: Women in the Scientific Community (The Free Press, 1987) was one of the first major empirical works on this; he then carried out a series of studies  in collaboration with Harriet Zuckerman.  This NSF supported work, with   extended interviews with hundreds of men and women scientists (including recorded interviews with scores of many  eminent women scientists in the United States), resulted in many published papers and the volume The Outer Circle: Women in the Scientific Community (1991, with Harriet Zuckerman and John Bruer, editors). This work papers explored the relationship between marriage, family, and scientific productivity, and tried to explain the "productivity puzzle" of increasing differences in the scientific publication rates of men and women scientists.  It compares the careers and scientific productivity of matched samples of men and women in various fields of science. His interest in science has extended to work on the relationship between science and the media, dealing with  the presentation by journalists of problematic scientific findings as "facts."

In recent years, he has worked on issues in higher education, particularly the great American research universities, and on questions of scientific and technological literacy, intellectual property in the new digital media, and current problems facing research universities generally. In January 2010, his book The Great American University was published (PublicAffairs, Perseus Publishing Group, 2010).

Between 1987 and 2003 he was primarily an academic administrator.  After two years as Vice President for Arts and Sciences, Jonathan R. Cole was Columbia's chief academic officer for 14 years – the second longest tenure as Provost in the University's 250-year history.  During these years, he has served three University presidents. In 2003, he returned to the faculty as John Mitchell Mason Professor of the University.

Awards and honors
He was a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences in 1975–76; in the same year, he was awarded a John Simon Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship.  He spent the 1986–87   as a visiting scholar at the Russell Sage Foundation.  In 1992, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; in 2003,  a "National Associate" of the United States National Academies of Science, in 2004 a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. In 2004, he was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and in 2005, he was elected to membership in the American Philosophical Society. He has been honored twice by the Government of Italy, as  Ufficiale in 1994 and  as Commendatore  of the Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana in 2003 for his work in creating the Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America.

Publications

Books
 Toward a more Perfect University. PublicAffairs, 2016
 Who's afraid of Academic Freedom? Editor (with Akeel Bilgrami) : Columbia University Press. 2015
 The Great American University: Its Rise to Preeminence, Its Indispensable National Role, Why It Must Be Protected Public Affairs, 2010
 More Juice, Less Punch.  New York Times, December 22, 2007 https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/22/opinion/22cole.html
 The Research University in a Time of Discontent Baltimore Editor (with Elinor G. Barber and Stephen R. Graubard) : Johns Hopkins University Press. 1994
  The Outer Circle: Women in the Scientific Community. Editor (with Harriet Zuckerman and John Bruer) :  New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 1991. Paperback edition, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993.
 Fair Science: Women in the Scientific Community, New York: The Free Press. 1979. Paperback edition with a new preface, New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.
 Peer Review in the National Science Foundation: Phase One of a Study, Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences Press (Stephen Cole, Leonard Rubin and Jonathan R. Cole). 1978.
 Social Stratification in Science. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press. Paperback edition, University of Chicago Press, 1981.  Sections reprinted in many sources.  Translated into Chinese, People's Republic of China, 1999. (Jonathan R. Cole and Stephen Cole).
 The Social Structure of Science. Doctoral Dissertation, Columbia University. Dissertation Abstracts International (AAT6920169) (Thesis Advisor: Robert K. Merton) 1969

Journal articles
Cole has also published over 40 journal articles.

References

 Jonathan R. Cole's website at Columbia University
 Jonathan Cole's Provost site at Columbia University
 Department of Sociology bio
 Jonathan R. Cole & citing papers
 Television interview with Charlie Rose, Mar 1, 2010 Duration 18 min. Retrieved 2010-03-05.

1942 births
Living people
Columbia University faculty
American sociologists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Commanders of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni

Jonathan R. Cole


Matthew Williams (February 8, 1908 – December 4, 1931) was a black man  lynched by a white mob in Salisbury, Maryland on December 4, 1931.

Introduction
Matthew Williams was born on February 8, 1908, the second and youngest child of Annie Handy and Harry Williams. Following the death of his mother from pneumonia when he was just 4 years old, he and his sister Olivia were sent to live with their maternal grandmother, Mary Handy, in Salisbury, Maryland.

Shortly after starting school in Maryland at the age of 8, Matthew's father died. By age 14, his grandfather also died, forcing Matthew to leave school and seek employment to help the family earn a living. Upon the death of his grandmother, Matthew went to live on Isabella Avenue in the black district of Salisbury with his maternal Aunt, Addie Black, and her husband Thomas Black Sr.; along with his cousins Viola, Thomas Jr. Preston, Edna, and Mary. His Aunt Addie called him "Buddie".

At some point in his teenage years, Matthew Williams went to work for a local white employer - one Mr. Daniel J. Elliott -  who owned a lumberyard and box factory in town. Matthew worked as a laborer in the factory, but also did odd jobs for the Elliott family. According to known accounts, the Elliott family were "quite fond of Williams, and he of them".

In her book, On The Courthouse Lawn, professor and civil rights lawyer Sherrilyn Ifill wrote of Matthew Williams:

The last time his family saw Matthew alive was in the afternoon of December 4, 1931. After playing with his cousins, Matthew announced to his aunt that he was going to work. By that evening, Daniel J. Elliott was dead and Matthew Williams was in the hospital.

The official story goes that Matthew Williams went to his employer's office, and the two began arguing over wages. At some point in the argument, Matthew Williams shot Daniel Elliott, then turned the gun on himself, unsuccessfully. Daniel Elliott's son, James Elliott, was reported to have found the two, and using the gun fired two more shots at Matthew Williams, wounding him in the chest and leg.

The 1970's biography of Dorchester County waterman Joseph L. Sutton recounts a different story:
Williams was taken to Peninsula General Hospital (now Peninsula Regional Medical Center), where he was placed in the "Negro Ward" in a straitjacket, and his head bandaged so that he could not see.

Lynching
What happened next was described by one Mr. Howard A. Nelson, a light-skinned man of color visiting from Philadelphia. His account from the Baltimore Afro-American:

The following is from the edition of December 5 of the Baltimore Post:The size of the mob was further corroborated in a report by The Baltimore SunSometime the following year, the Baltimore Afro-American received an account from an unidentified eyewitness to the murder of Matthew Williams:

Historical Significance

Legacy/Aftermath
Despite the size of the mob and the preponderance of eye-witnesses, no one was ever identified or prosecuted for the lynching of Matthew Williams. After a year long probe by MD. State Attorney General William Preston Lane at the behest of Governor Albert Ritchie, it was concluded (as reported in the Baltimore Post on March 19, 1932) that:Matthew Williams one of three lynchings that took place in Salisbury, Maryland. The others were an unknown victim in the days following William's murder, and Garfield King in May 1898.

He was one of seven known lynchings on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, and one of 29 recorded in the state of Maryland.

The Second Victim:

In the days following Matthew Williams murder, a second victim of mob violence was found in Salisbury. This from the edition of December 12, 1931 of the Baltimore Afro-American:

References

External links
 Segment on Williams 5:27-17:54.

1931 deaths
1931 murders in the United States
Lynching deaths in Maryland
Murdered African-American people
People from Salisbury, Maryland
1908 births

Lynching of Matthew Williams


Henrik Gustaf Ulfvenklou (1756–28 September 1819), was a Swedish mystic and medium who gained a great influence in the circles of Charles XIII of Sweden by claiming to communicate with the spirits of the dead.

Lieutenant Ulfenklou arrived in Stockholm in 1783, where he made success in the esoteric circle around Duke Charles. He claimed he stood in contact with the duke's dead mother, Louisa Ulrika of Prussia, whose spirit he sent to observe Charles's brother the king, Gustav III of Sweden, who was in Italy at that time (1784). He sent a warning with a prediction to Gustav, which is said to have caused damage in the relationship between Charles and Gustav. Reuterholm disliked him and had him sent away, and when he returned in 1785, Reuterholm was to have "exposed" him to Charles. His public career then ended, but he continued to have influence over Charles through correspondence.

See also
 Ulrica Arfvidsson
 Karl Adolf Boheman

References
 Nordisk familjebok / Uggleupplagan. 30. Tromsdalstind - Urakami /

18th-century Swedish people
Spiritual mediums
1756 births

1819 deaths
18th-century occultists
Gustavian era people
Swedish royal favourites
Swedish occultists
Court of Gustav III

Henrik Gustaf Ulfvenklou