Edward "Ed" J. Suslovic (born November 17, 1959) is an American politician and former member of the Portland, Maine City Council. Suslovic, a Democrat, previously represented part of Portland in the Maine House of Representatives from 2002 to 2004 and served as the ceremonial mayor of Portland from 2007 to 2008.

Education and State Legislature
Suslovic, born in Methuen, Massachusetts in 1959, attended Phillips Academy and proceeded to earn a bachelor's degree from Wesleyan University, where he majored in Government. In 2002, Suslovic ran and defeated incumbent John F. McDonough for the Democratic nomination for District 32 in the Maine House of Representatives. McDonough registered as a Republican after his defeat and was nominated by Maine Republicans as a replacement, only to be defeated by Suslovic again in the 2002 general election. Suslovic served on the State and Local Government, Taxation, Joint Select Committee on Regionalization and Community Cooperation committees during his two years in the House of Representatives.

In the 2004 general election Suslovic was defeated for re-election by Green Independent and fellow incumbent John Eder following a controversial redistricting process which involved a lawsuit by the Green Independent Party claiming the Democrats sought to gerrymander Eder out of office. The lawsuit was unsuccessful and Eder moved across Portland's West End to stay in district.

Election to City Council
In 2005, Suslovic was elected to the Portland's City Council and served as the ceremonial mayor from 2007 to 2008. During his term on the Council, a discussion arose regarding plans to redevelop the Maine State Pier on Commercial Street on Portland's Waterfront. The majority of Suslovic's fellow Democrats supported a plan by Ocean Properties, which was strongly allied with Maine's Governor John Baldacci. However, Suslovic sided with the three Green Independents and one Republican on the Council and backed the plan by the Olympia Companies.

In a competitive, four-way race in 2008, former Ocean Properties employee Dory Waxman defeated Suslovic's bid to return to the City Council.

Return to City Council and current work
In 2010, Suslovic sought to return to the Portland City Council, entering the race for the District 3 seat. Suslovic's opponent was Will Mitchell, the son of 2010 Democratic gubernatorial nominee Libby Mitchell. Despite Mitchell receiving the endorsements of multiple City Councilors, Suslovic won the election with 58% of the vote and returned to the City Council for another three-year term.

During his term on the City Council, Suslovic has worked on a variety of issues, including improving public transportation in Portland, increasing environmentally sustainable practices in area schools and businesses, and advocating for gun control laws that keep firearms from falling in the wrong hands. As a member of the Executive Committee and Recycling Committee of ecoMaine, Suslovic traveled to Arkhangelsk, Russia, a sister city of Portland, as part of an environmental action team to share best practices and discuss with city officials how to solve solid waste management issues. Suslovic has also led the efforts to encourage composting in Portland's public schools and chairs the Green Packaging Working Group, which is tasked with developing an ordinance to ban the use of containers made from polystyrene foam and to identify ways to reduce the use of plastic bags.

Suslovic has worked to advance public transportation in the Southern Maine region through his work as vice-president of the Board of Directors of the Greater Portland Transit District (Metro). Suslovic has worked to improve public transportation in Portland and has also advocated for continuing the funding of public transportation in nearby communities in order to support a regional economy.

A board member of Maine Citizens Against Handgun Violence, Suslovic has advocated for local municipalities to have the flexibility to craft gun laws that are more strict than state statutes. Suslovic has advocated for enact ordinances that prohibit weapons in public buildings and at public gatherings.

Suslovic endorsed Eliot Cutler in the 2014 gubernatorial election.

In the 2016 election, Suslovic faced a challenge from 25-year-old political newcomer Brian Batson. Suslovic lost to Batson 3,561 to 3,219.

Personal life
Suslovic lives with his wife, Jennifer Southard, and three children in Portland's Oakdale neighborhood.

References

External links
 Portland City Council website

Mayors of Portland, Maine
Democratic Party members of the Maine House of Representatives
Portland, Maine City Council members
1959 births
Living people
People from Methuen, Massachusetts
Wesleyan University alumni
Phillips Academy alumni

Edward Suslovic


Leopold Schrötter Ritter von Kristelli, (name often given as Leopold von Schrötter in medical literature) (February 5, 1837 – April 22, 1908) was an Austrian internist and laryngologist born in Graz. He was the son of chemist Anton Schrötter von Kristelli, and father to physician Hermann Schroetter-Kristelli (1870–1928).

Leopold Schrötter Ritter von Kristelli studied at the Akademisches Gymnasium in Graz, Austria. In 1861 he received his medical doctorate from the University of Vienna, and following graduation remained in Vienna as an apprentice-surgeon to Franz Schuh (1804–1865). From 1863 to 1869, he was an assistant to Josef Škoda (1805–1881), receiving his habilitation in 1867.

Following the death of Ludwig Türck (1810–1868), he attained the first chair of laryngology at Vienna, and three years later, became director of the world's first laryngological clinic at Vienna General Hospital (Allgemeines Krankenhaus). In 1875, he became an associate professor of laryngology, and from 1875 to 1881, he was head of the department of internal medicine. In 1881 he was appointed Primararzt (primary physician) at the General Hospital, and in 1890 was named professor and director of the third medical clinic in Vienna.

In addition to his expertise in the field of laryngology, Schrötter is remembered for his work involving diseases of the heart and lungs. He was a driving force in construction of the Alland Lungenheilanstalt (lung clinic), an institution that began attending to patients in 1898. With British surgeon James Paget (1814–1899), the eponymous Paget-Schrötter disease is named. This disorder involves primary thrombosis of the axillary vein or subclavian vein.

Maria Konopnicka, a famous Polish writer and poet, was treated there.

Selected publications
Among his written works is a treatise on heart diseases that was included in Hugo Wilhelm von Ziemssen's Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie. Other noted works by Schrötter include:
 Beitrag zur Behandlung der Larynx-Stenosen (Contribution to the treatment of laryngeal stenosis), 1876.
 Beitrag zur localen Anaesthesie des Larynx (On local anesthesia of the larynx), 1881.
 Über die Lungentuberkulose und die Mittel zu ihrer Heilung (About pulmonary tuberculosis and the means to cure), 1891.
 Hygiene der Lunge im gesunden und kranken Zustand (Hygiene of the lung in healthy and diseased states), 1903.
 Über Hotelbau vom hygienischen Standpunkte (On hotel construction from a hygienic standpoint), 1906.

References
 Leopold von Schrötter @ Who Named It
 "Parts of this article are based on a translation of an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia".

19th-century Austrian people
Austrian otolaryngologists
Academic staff of the University of Vienna
Habsburg Bohemian nobility
Austrian people of Moravian-German descent
Physicians from Graz
1837 births
1908 deaths
Commanders of the Order of Franz Joseph
Commanders First Class of the Order of the Polar Star
Order of the Dannebrog

Leopold von Schrötter


Benjamin Raspail (16 August 1823 in Paris – 24 September 1899 in Cachan, Seine, now Val-de-Marne), was a painter-engraver and politician of the French Third Republic. He was the son of François-Vincent Raspail. Like his father, he was classed as extreme-left, and he went into exile in Belgium with his father from 1853.

In 1874, following the death of Eugène Lavenant, Raspail took over as Mayor of Arcueil as "premier conseiller inscrit au tableau". He was also a member of the conseil général for Seine.

As member of the council for Seine for the Republican left, Raspail proposed the law, on 21 May 1880, which made 14 July a national holiday in commemoration of the storming of the Bastille and the Fête de la Fédération. The bill was signed by 64 members, and was adopted by the Assemblée Nationale on 8 June and by the Sénat on 29 June. The bill was promulgated on 6 July 1880. He also proposed the law to seize the crown jewels from the monarchy, which was passed on 11 January 1887.

He lost a leg, which had to be amputated, following a chase in Épinay by a stone-throwing mob.

Upon his death, Raspail bequeathed his estate in Cachan to become a retirement home for people with work-related disabilities, and also a museum which would house his father's political documents and painting collection, as well as his own painting collection.

Electoral mandates
1876–1877 : Seine
1877–1881 : Seine
1881–1885 : Seine
1885–1889 : Seine

External links
 All about 14 July

People of the French Third Republic
1823 births
1899 deaths
Politicians from Paris

Benjamin Raspail


Liberal internationalism is a foreign policy doctrine that supports international institutions, open markets, cooperative security and liberal democracy. At its core, it holds that states should participate in international institutions that uphold rules-based norms, promote liberal democracy and facilitate cooperation on transnational problems (such as environmental problems, arms control and public health).

Proponents of liberal internationalism argue that the adoption of this foreign policy orientation by the United States during the 20th century has improved American liberty at home and ensured American hegemony in world politics, as well as facilitated the spread of liberal democracy and markets. Critics of the foreign policy doctrine (such as realists and proponents of retrenchment) argue that it tends towards military interventionism and contributes to disorder (for example, through democracy promotion and trade liberalization).

History

Liberal internationalism emerged during the 19th century. Prominent thinkers included Lionel Curtis, Alfred Zimmern and Norman Angell.

Among policymakers, liberal internationalism influenced British Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister Lord Palmerston, and was developed in the second decade of the 20th century under U.S. President Woodrow Wilson. In this form it became known as Wilsonianism. After World War I, the foreign policy doctrine of liberal internationalism was retained by the intellectual founders of the League of Nations and augmented somewhat with ideas from classical radicalism and the political party platform of the International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties. Daniel Deudney and John Ikenberry have also associated liberal internationalism with foreign policy ideas promoted by Franklin D. Roosevelt. Paul K. MacDonald has linked diplomatic practices developed at the 1899 and 1907 Hague conferences as being key repertoires of subsequent liberal internationalism.

Theory
The goal of liberal internationalism is to achieve global structures within the international system that are inclined towards promoting a liberal world order. It foresees a gradual transformation of world politics from anarchy to common institutions and the rule of law. To that extent, global free trade, liberal economics and liberal political systems are all encouraged. In addition, liberal internationalists are dedicated towards encouraging democracy to emerge globally. Once realized, it will result in a "peace dividend", as liberal states have relations that are characterized by non-violence, and that relations between democracies are characterized by the democratic peace theory.

Liberal internationalism states that, through multilateral organizations such as the United Nations, it is possible to avoid the worst excesses of "power politics" in relations between nations. In addition, liberal internationalists believe that the best way to spread democracy is to treat all states equally and cooperatively, whether they are initially democratic or not.

According to Abrahamsen, liberal internationalism provides more opportunities to middle powers to advance their economic, security, and political interests.

Examples
Examples of liberal internationalists include former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, U.S. President Barack Obama, and then Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. In the US, it is often associated with the American Democratic Party. Some liberal-leaning neoconservatives shifted towards liberal internationalism in the 2010s.

Commonly cited examples of liberal interventionism include NATO's intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina; the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia; British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War; and the 2011 military intervention in Libya. According to historian Timothy Garton Ash, these are distinct because of liberal motivations and limited objectives, from other larger scale military interventions.

Multilateral institutions, such as UNDP, UNICEF, WHO, and the UN General Assembly, have also been considered examples of liberal internationalism.

According to Ikenberry and Yolchi Funabashi, one of the key pillars of liberal internationalism in practice is the democratic constitution and trade-based prosperity of Japan, which makes Japan a major stabilizer of liberal international order in the Asia-Pacific.

See also
City upon a Hill
Cold War liberal
Cosmopolitan democracy
Empire of Liberty
Humanitarian intervention
Idealism (international relations)
Internationalism (politics)
Liberal hawk
Liberal international order
Liberal institutionalism
Nation-building
Neoconservatism
Perpetual peace

References

Further reading

Foreign policy
Foreign relations of the United States
International relations theory
Internationalism

Liberal internationalism


Farleigh House, or Farleigh Castle, sometimes called Farleigh New Castle, is a large English country house in the county of Somerset, formerly the centre of the Farleigh Hungerford estate. Much of the stone to build it came from the nearby Farleigh Hungerford Castle and the house is now a Grade II listed building.

Farleigh House was built and extended during the 18th and 19th centuries and until 1970 served as the centre of a country estate owned by the Houlton family until 1899, then by others. In 1970 it was sold to be used as a prep school called Ravenscroft School. After this closed in 1996, the house was leased from the last owners of the school by the new Farleigh College until 2001, and it was then sold to Inspecs, a manufacturer of optical instruments. In 2010 a 99-year lease was acquired by Bath Rugby Club, which now occupies it as its headquarters and training centre.

Houlton family
The house was largely built with stone taken from the ruins of the mediaeval Farleigh Castle. A Trowbridge clothier, Joseph Houlton, bought the Farleigh Hungerford estate in 1702, and his son, Joseph Houlton the Younger, lived at Church Farm on the estate. He completely rebuilt and turned an old gabled house into Farleigh House, a modest gentleman's residence complete with a  deer park. In 1806, Colonel John Houlton inherited the estate. He enlarged and altered the house in the fashionable Gothic Revival style, spending £40,000 - several million in today's values — on extensions to the main house, a chapel, hot houses, conservatories, stables and six lodges. Most of the present house dates from that period. One of the lodges was called the Castle Lodge and was known as the Bath Lodge Castle Hotel until its closure in June 2022.

The Houlton family remained at Farleigh Hungerford until 1899, when Sir Edward Houlton died with no male heir.

Later owners
The estate was sold in 1906 to Lord Cairns and later passed through several hands. In the 1950s and 1960s, Farleigh House and its estate were owned by the Hely-Hutchinson family, a cadet branch of the Earls of Donoughmore.

Ravenscroft School
In 1970, the main house and a number of cottages were sold to Mr John F. R. Gillam, the Headmaster and owner of Ravenscroft School, which had previously been based in nearby Beckington Castle. In about 1980, John Gillam also bought much of the Farleigh Hungerford estate. In July 1996, Ravenscroft School was closed and the house was leased to Farleigh College, a Special Needs school educating children with autism spectrum disorders and dyslexia, but which subsequently moved to new premises near Mells. The Gillam family continued to own the house until 2002, when it was sold to an optical company called Inspecs to serve as the firm's headquarters.

Inspecs
In 2002, the London-based company Inspecs, owned by Robin Totterman and Chris Smith, purchased the house and grounds and reinstated the old name of 'Farleigh House'.  They spent eight years and significant amounts of money bringing the house back to its former glory. A complete refurbishment was carried out during this time, including the replacement of most of the flat lead roof.  A medieval fortified tower to the west of Farleigh House, known as 'Drakes' and now called the Tower House or Castle Court, was saved from ruin through an extensive restoration project.  Estate Manager David Reed (the brother of actor Oliver Reed) also carried out significant groundworks to reinstate the traditional formal gardens.

Bath Rugby Club
In April 2010, it was announced that Bruce Craig, a local businessman, had bought a 99-year lease of Farleigh House to use it as Bath Rugby Club's new administrative headquarters and training ground, following his acquisition of the Club. The house is now Bath Rugby's training centre. The property now has two rugby pitches as well as an all weather playing surface.

References

Grade II listed buildings in Mendip District
Houses completed in 1820
Country houses in Somerset
Gothic Revival architecture in Somerset

Farleigh House


Peter Lewyn Bernstein (January 22, 1919 – June 5, 2009) was an American financial historian, economist and educator whose development and refinement of the efficient-market hypothesis made him one of the country's best known authorities in popularizing and presenting investment economics to the general public.

Education and military service during World War II
A native of New York City, Peter Bernstein was the son of financial consultant Allen Bernstein and his wife, Irma Lewyn. His primary education was at the Ethical Culture School where, in first grade, he became a lifelong friend of another economics historian, Robert Heilbroner, with whom he later attended Horace Mann School and Harvard College, from which both received, in 1940, bachelor's degrees in economics. Following Harvard, where he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and graduated magna cum laude, came service as a member of the research staff at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and, in a civilian capacity, at the Office of Strategic Services in Washington. In the aftermath of the December 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor attack, he joined the Air Force and rose to the rank of captain, assigned to the Office of Strategic Services in the European theater.

As investment manager
In 1951, after teaching economics at Williams College and a five-year stint in commercial banking, Bernstein took over, at family insistence, the management of his late father's wealth management firm, Bernstein-Macaulay Inc., where he personally managed billions of dollars of individual and institutional portfolios. The assets under his management had grown more than tenfold by the time the firm was sold in 1967 and he resigned in 1973 to launch Peter L. Bernstein, Inc. and, a year later, to become the first editor of The Journal of Portfolio Management, a widely read scholarly financial publication for investment managers and academics. He continued as consulting editor of the Journal and served on the advisory panel of Robert D. Arnott's investment management firm, Research Affiliates.

Career as educator and lecturer
Bernstein served for many years on the Visiting Committee to the Economics Department at Harvard University, as a Trustee and member of the Finance Committee of the College Retirement Equities Fund (CREF), and as a Trustee of the Investment Management Workshop sponsored by the Association for Investment Management & Research (AIMR), and had been lecturing widely throughout the United States and abroad on risk management, asset allocation, portfolio strategy, and market history.

A longtime resident of Manhattan, Peter Bernstein was 90 years old when he died of pneumonia at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Hospital, after having broken a hip. His first wife, Shirley, died in 1971 and he is survived by his second wife, Barbara, whom he married in 1972.

Works
Bernstein was the author of ten books in economics and finance as well as countless articles in professional journals such as Harvard Business Review, Financial Analysts Journal and, in the popular press, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Worth magazine and Bloomberg, among others, and has contributed to collections of articles published by Perseus and FT Mastering, among others.

Against The Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk, was published by John Wiley & Sons in September 1996 and won the Edwin G. Booz Prize for the most insightful, innovative management book published in 1996. In 1998, it was awarded the Clarence Arthur Kulp/Elizur Wright Memorial Book Award from The American Risk and Insurance Association (ARIA) as an outstanding original contribution to the literature of risk and insurance. The book has sold over 500,000 copies worldwide.

In 1992 Capital Ideas: The Improbable Origins of Modern Wall Street was published by The Free Press in Canada and Maxwell Macmillan International in the USA and has since become a worldwide guide to modern investment theories and practices. Capital Ideas Evolving, the follow-up to this seminal work, was published in May 2007 by John Wiley and Sons.

Streetwise: The Best of The Journal of Portfolio Management, edited by Peter L. Bernstein and Frank J. Fabozzi, was published in 1997 by Princeton University Press.

Earlier books include A Primer on Money, Banking and Gold (Random House 1965), as well as Economist on Wall Street (Macmillan 1970), and The Price of Prosperity (Doubleday, 1962), in addition to two books on government finance co-authored with Robert Heilbroner.

Bernstein's other books are The Power of Gold: The History of an Obsession, published in the fall of 2000 by John Wiley and Sons, Wedding of the Waters: The Erie Canal and the Making of a Great Nation, published in 2005 by W.W. Norton & Co.

Bibliography

Awards
Peter Bernstein received three major awards from the CFA Institute, the key organization for investment managers and analysts:

The Award for Professional Excellence, AIMR's highest award,
The Graham & Dodd Award, given annually for the outstanding article in the Financial Analysts Journal for the previous year, and
The James R. Vertin Award, recognizing individuals who have produced a body of research notable for its relevance and enduring value to investment professionals.

References

External links
Book Reviews: Peter Bernstein
Peter L Bernstein's Homepage. Retrieved January 25, 2005

1919 births
2009 deaths
Educators from Manhattan
Deaths from pneumonia in New York City
United States Army Air Forces officers
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Harvard College alumni
Horace Mann School alumni
Ethical Culture Fieldston School alumni
People of the Office of Strategic Services
20th-century American economists
Economists from New York (state)
American financial businesspeople
American economic historians
American finance and investment writers

Peter L. Bernstein


Barry Bradfield (born April 1, 1981) is a Canadian artist.  From June 1994 to July 1997 his untitled comic strip was published in the Ottawa Citizen.  The comic, usually one-panel in length, ranged in topics from political humour to slices of life.

In 1998, Bradfield created Batman:  The Animated Homepage which featured information and images from Batman: The Animated Series.  Following a merger with Superman: The Animated Message Board created by James Harvey, the site became The World's Finest.  Bradfield has since left the site to pursue other interests.

Bradfield has been creating original material and characters since 1994 including his superhero genre parody "Sinus-Man".  He also collaborated with Mike Jakubinek on their spy genre parody, "James Bean: Double-Oh-Nothing" which was featured in an animated short in 2002.

Barry Bradfield holds a diploma in Animation Television from Algonquin College.  He currently works as a freelance toy designer for Art Asylum and Diamond Select Toys, and is illustrating an upcoming children's book to be published by Bunkhouse Press.

External links
Basement24.com - The Art of Barry Bradfield

References

1981 births
Living people
Algonquin College alumni
Artists from Ottawa
Canadian comic strip cartoonists
Canadian comics artists

Barry Bradfield


Betrayal is a 1978 American made-for-television drama film directed by Paul Wendkos and starring Rip Torn and Lesley Ann Warren, based on a non-fiction book by Julie Roy with Lucy Freedman.  The subject is a real life lawsuit about a woman who sued her psychiatrist after he allegedly lured her into a sexual relationship.  The film was first aired on NBC Monday Night at the Movies on November 13, 1978.

Plot
Julie Roy, a young woman, approaches a maverick attorney, claiming that her psychoanalyst has raped her, and over a period of time used her for sex before discarding her.

Cast

References

External links

Films directed by Paul Wendkos
1978 television films
1978 films
NBC network original films

Betrayal (1978 film)


A fibroblast is a type of biological cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, produces the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing. Fibroblasts are the most common cells of connective tissue in animals.

Structure

Fibroblasts have a branched cytoplasm surrounding an elliptical, speckled nucleus having two or more nucleoli. Active fibroblasts can be recognized by their abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum. Inactive fibroblasts (called fibrocytes) are smaller, spindle-shaped, and have a reduced amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Although disjointed and scattered when they have to cover a large space, fibroblasts, when crowded, often locally align in parallel clusters.

Unlike the epithelial cells lining the body structures, fibroblasts do not form flat monolayers and are not restricted by a polarizing attachment to a basal lamina on one side, although they may contribute to basal lamina components in some situations (e.g. subepithelial myofibroblasts in intestine may secrete the α-2 chain-carrying component of the laminin, which is absent only in regions of follicle-associated epithelia which lack the myofibroblast lining). Fibroblasts can also migrate slowly over substratum as individual cells, again in contrast to epithelial cells. While epithelial cells form the lining of body structures, fibroblasts and related connective tissues sculpt the "bulk" of an organism.

The life span of a fibroblast, as measured in chick embryos, is 57 ± 3 days.

Relationship with fibrocytes
Fibroblasts and fibrocytes are two states of the same cells, the former being the activated state, the latter the less active state, concerned with maintenance and tissue metabolism. Currently, there is a tendency to call both forms fibroblasts. The suffix "-blast" is used in cellular biology to denote a stem cell or a cell in an activated state of metabolism.

Fibroblasts are morphologically heterogeneous with diverse appearances depending on their location and activity. Though morphologically inconspicuous, ectopically transplanted fibroblasts can often retain positional memory of the location and tissue context where they had previously resided, at least over a few generations. This remarkable behavior may lead to discomfort in the rare event that they stagnate there excessively.

Development

The main function of fibroblasts is to maintain the structural integrity of connective tissues by continuously secreting precursors of the extracellular matrix. Fibroblasts secrete the precursors of all the components of the extracellular matrix, primarily the ground substance and a variety of fibers. The composition of the extracellular matrix determines the physical properties of connective tissues.

Like other cells of connective tissue, fibroblasts are derived from primitive mesenchyme. Hence, they express the intermediate filament protein vimentin, a feature used as a marker to distinguish their mesodermal origin. However, this test is not specific as epithelial cells cultured in vitro on adherent substratum may also express vimentin after some time.

In certain situations, epithelial cells can give rise to fibroblasts, a process called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).

Conversely, fibroblasts in some situations may give rise to epithelia by undergoing a mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) and organizing into a condensed, polarized, laterally connected true epithelial sheet. This process is seen in many developmental situations (e.g. nephron and notocord development), as well as in wound healing and tumorigenesis.

Function
Fibroblasts make collagen fibres, glycosaminoglycans, reticular and elastic fibers.  Growing individuals' fibroblasts are dividing and  synthesizing ground substance. Tissue damage stimulates fibrocytes and induces the production of fibroblasts.

Inflammation
Besides their commonly known role as structural components, fibroblasts play a critical role in an immune response to a tissue injury. They are early players in initiating inflammation in the presence of invading microorganisms. They induce chemokine synthesis through the presentation of receptors on their surface. Immune cells then respond and initiate a cascade of events to clear the invasive microorganisms. Receptors on the surface of fibroblasts also allow regulation of hematopoietic cells and provide a pathway for immune cells to regulate fibroblasts.

Tumour mediation
Fibroblasts, like the  tumor-associated host fibroblasts (TAF), play a crucial role in immune regulation through TAF-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) components and modulators. TAF are known to be significant in the inflammatory response as well as immune suppression in tumors. TAF-derived ECM components cause alterations in the ECM composition and initiate the ECM remodeling. The ECM remodeling is described as changes in the ECM as a result of enzyme activity which can lead to degradation of the ECM. Immune regulation of tumors is largely determined by the ECM remodeling because the ECM is responsible for regulating a variety of functions, such as proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis of vital organs. In many tumor types, especially those related to the epithelial cells, ECM remodeling is common. Examples of TAF-derived ECM components include Tenascin and Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), which can be found in sites of chronic inflammation and carcinomas, respectively.

Immune regulation of tumors can also occur through the TAF-derived modulators. Although these modulators may sound similar to the TAF-derived ECM components, they differ in the sense that they are responsible for the variation and turnover of the ECM. Cleaved ECM molecules can play a critical role in immune regulation. Proteases like matrix metalloproteineases (MMPs) and the uPA system are known to cleave the ECM. These proteases are derived from fibroblasts.

Use of fibroblasts as feeder cells
Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) are often used as supportive "feeder cells" in research using human embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and primary epithelial cell culture. However, many researchers are trying to phase out MEFs in favor of culture media with precisely defined ingredients in order to facilitate the development of clinical-grade products.

In view of the potential clinical applications of stem cell-derived tissues or primary epithelial cells, the use of human fibroblasts as an alternative to MEF feeders has been studied. Whereas the fibroblasts are usually used to maintain pluripotency of the stem cells, they can also be used to facilitate development of the stem cells into specific type of cells such as cardiomyocytes.

Host immune response
Fibroblasts from different anatomical sites in the body express many genes that code for immune mediators and proteins. These mediators of immune response enable the cellular communication with hematopoietic immune cells. The immune activity of non-hematopoietic cells, such as fibroblasts, is referred to as "structural immunity". In order to facilitate a fast response to immunological challenges, fibroblasts encode crucial aspects of the structural cell immune response in the epigenome.

See also

 Fibrocartilage callus
 List of distinct cell types in the adult human body

References

External links

Non-terminally differentiated (blast) cells
Connective tissue cells
GAG secreting cells

Fibroblast


Hexafluorobenzene, HFB, , or perfluorobenzene is an organofluorine compound. In this derivative of benzene, all hydrogen atoms have been replaced by fluorine atoms. The technical uses of the compound are limited, although it has some specialized uses in the laboratory owing to distinctive spectroscopic properties.

Geometry of the aromatic ring
Hexafluorobenzene stands somewhat aside in the perhalogenbenzenes. When counting for bond angles and distances it is possible to calculate the distance between two ortho fluorine atoms. Also the non bonding radius of the halogens is known. The following table presents the results:

Hexafluorobenzene is the only perhalobenzene being planar, the other perhalobenzene species exhibiting buckling. As a consequence, in C6F6 the overlap between the p-orbitals is optimal versus the other perhalobenzenes, resulting in lower aromaticity of those compounds compared to C6F6.

Synthesis
The direct synthesis of hexafluorobenzene from benzene and fluorine has not been useful. Instead it is prepared by the reaction of alkali-fluorides with halogenated benzene:
 C6Cl6 + 6 KF → C6F6 + 6 KCl

Reactions
Most reactions of hexafluorobenzene proceed with displacement of fluoride. One example is its reaction with sodium hydrosulfide to afford pentafluorothiophenol:
C6F6 +  NaSH   →  C6F5SH  +  NaF

The reaction of pentafluorophenyl derivatives has been long puzzling for its mechanism. Independent of the substituent, they all exhibit a para directing effect. The new introduced group too has no effect on the directing behaviour. In all cases, a 1,4-disubstituted-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene derivative shows up. Finally, the clue is found not in the nature of the non-fluorine substituent, but in the fluorines themselves. The π-electropositive effect introduces electrons into the aromatic ring. The non-fluorine substituent is not capable of doing so. As charge accumulates at the ortho and para positions relative to the donating group, the ortho and para-positions relative to the non-fluorine substituent receive less charge, so are less negative or more positive. Furthermore, the non-fluorine substituent in general is more bulky than fluorine, so its ortho-positions are sterically shielded, leaving the para-position as the sole reaction site for anionic entering groups.

UV light causes gaseous HFB to isomerize to hexafluoro derivative of Dewar benzene.

Laboratory applications

Hexafluorobenzene has been used as a reporter molecule to investigate tissue oxygenation in vivo. It is exceedingly hydrophobic, but exhibits high gas solubility with ideal liquid gas interactions. Since molecular oxygen is paramagnetic it causes 19F NMR spin lattice relaxation (R1): specifically a linear dependence R1= a + bpO2 has been reported. HFB essentially acts as molecular amplifier, since the solubility of oxygen is greater than in water, but thermodynamics require that the pO2 in the HFB rapidly equilibrates with the surrounding medium. HFB has a single narrow 19F NMR signal and the spin lattice relaxation rate is highly sensitive to changes in pO2, yet minimally responsive to temperature. HFB is typically injected directly into a tissue and 19F NMR may be used to measure local oxygenation. It has been extensively applied to examine changes in tumor oxygenation in response to interventions such as breathing hyperoxic gases or as a consequence of vascular disruption. MRI measurements of HFB based on 19F relaxation have been shown to correlate with radiation response of tumors. HFB has been used as a gold standard for investigating other potential prognostic biomarkers of tumor oxygenation such as BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent), TOLD (Tissue Oxygen Level Dependent)  and MOXI (MR oximetry)  A 2013 review of applications has been published.

HFB has been evaluated as standard in fluorine-19 NMR spectroscopy.

Toxicity
Hexafluorobenzene may cause eye and skin irritation, respiratory and digestive tract irritation and can cause central nervous system depression per MSDS.
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lists it in its  Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances as neurotoxicant.

See also
Pentafluorobenzene
Hexabromobenzene

References

Further reading

Fluoroarenes
Aromatic solvents
Neurotoxins
Fluorocarbons
Solvents

Hexafluorobenzene


The BYU Testing Center, the largest college testing center in the nation, is located in the Heber J. Grant Building at Brigham Young University. It serves the purpose of administering tests to students.  Tests are often administered in the Testing Center instead of during class time.  By doing this, instructors allow students to take as much time as they need for the test, do not waste class time on testing, and allow students to take tests at their convenience.

Building history

The Heber J. Grant Building was originally built as the BYU library.  It was dedicated in 1925 by Heber J. Grant, the first building completed while Franklin S. Harris was president of BYU.  The library was housed on the second floor, while the first floor contained classrooms.

After the building of the Harold B. Lee Library the building was used as a museum by the College of Biology and Agriculture until this was moved to the Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum. In 1982 the building began its use as the university's testing center.

Current functions

The main portion of the Testing Center is a large main testing room, which originally served as BYU's library, and now is filled with approximately 650 desks. Students enter through the center's administration area.  The center also has a few smaller rooms with even more desks (one of which, the music room, has soft classical music playing through wall-mounted speakers), study hall rooms downstairs for test preparation, and faculty offices.

When students exit the testing center, they can see their scores immediately on the BYU Testing Center website (for multiple-choice tests). Earlier, those taking multiple-choice tests waited for a moment or two in the administration area to receive a printout of their results, which usually resulted in the exit area being crowded.

In order to avoid long lines during finals, the testing center opens remote locations around campus.  Generally the Wilkinson Student Center (WSC) serves all religion finals while the Joseph Smith Building (JSB) Auditorium is used for larger classes such as American Heritage. Lines are usually shortest before 11:00 AM, in the early afternoon, and after 7:00 PM.

References

External links
 National College Testing Association
 Official website of BYU
 BYU Testing Services

Brigham Young University buildings

BYU Testing Center


Narrative forms have been subject to classification by literary theorists, in particular during the 1950s, a period which has been described metaphorically as the Linnaean period in the study of narrative.

Narrative forms include:
Autobiography – a detailed description or account of the storyteller's own life.
Biography – a detailed description or account of someone's life.
Captivity narrative – a story in which the protagonist is captured and describes their experience with the culture of their captors.
Epic – a very long narrative poem, often written about a hero or heroine and their exploits.
Epic poem – a lengthy story of heroic exploits in the form of a poem.
Essay - a short literary composition that reflects the author's outlook or point
Fable – a didactic story, often using animal characters who behave like people.
Fantasy – a story about characters that may not be realistic and about events that could not really happen.
Flash fiction – a fictional work of extreme brevity that still offers character and plot development.
Folk tale – an old story which has been passed down orally and which reveals the customs of a culture.
Historical fiction – stories which take place in real historical settings and which often feature real historical figures and events, but which center on fictional characters or events.
Legend – a story that is based on fact but often includes exaggerations about the hero.
Memoir – similar to an autobiography, except that memoirs generally deal with specific events in the life of the author.
Myth – an ancient story often meant to explain the mysteries of life or nature.
News – information on current events which is presented by print, broadcast, Internet, or word of mouth to a third party or mass audience.
Nonlinear narrative – a story whose plot does not conform to conventional chronology, causality, and/or perspective.
Novel – a long, written narrative, normally in prose, which describes fictional characters and events, usually in the form of a sequential story.
Novella – a written, fictional, prose narrative normally longer than a short story but shorter than a novel.
Parable – a succinct, didactic story, in prose or verse, which illustrates one or more instructive lessons or principles.
Play – a story that is told mostly through dialogue and is meant to be performed on stage.
Poem - a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language—such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre—to evoke meaning
Quest narrative – a story in which the characters must achieve a goal.  This includes some illness narratives.
Realistic fiction – stories which portray fictional characters, settings, and events that could exist in real life.
Screenplay – a story that is told through dialogue and character action that is meant to be performed for a motion picture and exhibited on a screen.
Short story – a brief story that usually focuses on one character and one event.
Tall tale – a humorous story that tells about impossible happenings, exaggerating the hero's accomplishments.

See also
Bibliography
Literary device
Narrative mode

Notes

References

Literature lists

List of narrative forms


Edmund Frederick Erk (April 17, 1872 – December 14, 1953) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

Biography
Erk was born in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania (now the North Side of Pittsburgh) to German immigrants.  He was engaged extensively in newspaper work in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  He served as secretary to Congressman Stephen G. Porter from 1911 to 1919 and as clerk of the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs from June 1, 1919, to November 3, 1930.  He was the Secretary of the American delegation to the League of Nations Conference at Geneva in 1924 and 1925.

Erk was elected as a Republican to the Seventy-first Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Stephen G. Porter, at the same time being elected to the Seventy-second Congress.  He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1932 and for election in 1934.  He served as secretary to Congressman Michael J. Muldowney from March 4, 1933, to January 2, 1935, and as an author and compiler.  He served as clerk to United States Senator James J. Davis of Pennsylvania from 1939 to 1945.  He was a resident in Bethesda, Maryland, until his death there.  Interment in St. John's Cemetery in Pittsburgh.

Sources

The Political Graveyard

References

1872 births
1953 deaths
American people of German descent
Clerks
Politicians from Pittsburgh
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania

Edmund Frederick Erk


Spacecraft operating in the inner Solar System usually rely on the use of power electronics-managed photovoltaic solar panels to derive electricity from sunlight. Outside the orbit of Jupiter, solar radiation is too weak to produce sufficient power within current solar technology and spacecraft mass limitations, so radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) are instead used as a power source.

History
The first practical silicon-based solar cells were introduced by Russell Shoemaker Ohl, a researcher at Bell Labs in 1940. It was only 1% efficient. In  April 25, 1954 in Murray Hill, New Jersey. They demonstrated their solar panel by using it to power a small toy Ferris wheel and a solar powered radio transmitter.

They were initially about 6% efficient, but improvements began to raise this number almost immediately. Bell had been interested in the idea as a system to provide power at remote telephone repeater stations, but the cost of the devices was far too high to be practical in this role. Aside from small experimental kits and uses, the cells remained largely unused.

This changed with the development of the first US spacecraft, the Vanguard 1 satellite in 1958. Calculations by Dr. Hans Ziegler demonstrated that a system using solar cells recharging a battery pack would provide the required power in a much lighter overall package than using just a battery. The satellite was powered by silicon solar cells with ≈10% conversion efficiency.

The success of the Vanguard system inspired Spectrolab, an optics company, to take up the development of solar cells specifically designed for space applications. They had their first major design win on Pioneer 1 in 1958, and would later be the first cells to travel to the Moon, on the Apollo 11 mission's ALSEP package. As satellites grew in size and power, Spectrolab began looking for ways to introduce much more powerful cells. This led them to pioneer the development of multi-junction cells that increased efficiency from around 12% for their 1970s silicon cells to about 30% for their current gallium arsenide (GaAs) cells. These types of cells are now used almost universally on all solar-powered spacecraft.

Uses

Solar panels on spacecraft supply power for two main uses:

 Power to run the sensors, active heating, cooling and telemetry.
 Power for electrically powered spacecraft propulsion, sometimes called electric propulsion or solar-electric propulsion.

For both uses, a key figure of merit of the solar panels is the specific power (watts generated divided by solar array mass), which indicates on a relative basis how much power one array will generate for a given launch mass relative to another.  Another key metric is stowed packing efficiency (deployed watts produced divided by stowed volume), which indicates how easily the array will fit into a launch vehicle.  Yet another key metric is cost (dollars per watt).

To increase the specific power, typical solar panels on spacecraft use close-packed solar cell rectangles that cover nearly 100% of the Sun-visible area of the solar panels, rather than the solar wafer circles which, even though close-packed, cover about 90% of the Sun-visible area of typical solar panels on Earth. However, some solar panels on spacecraft have solar cells that cover only 30% of the Sun-visible area.

Implementation

Solar panels need to have a lot of surface area that can be pointed towards the Sun as the spacecraft moves. More exposed surface area means more electricity can be converted from light energy from the Sun. Since spacecraft have to be small, this limits the amount of power that can be produced.

All electrical circuits generate waste heat; in addition, solar arrays act as optical and thermal as well as electrical collectors. Heat must be radiated from their surfaces.  High-power spacecraft may have solar arrays that compete with the active payload itself for thermal dissipation. The innermost panel of arrays may be "blank" to reduce the overlap of views to space.  Such spacecraft include the higher-power communications satellites (e.g., later-generation TDRS) and Venus Express, not high-powered but closer to the Sun.

Spacecraft are built so that the solar panels can be pivoted as the spacecraft moves. Thus, they can always stay in the direct path of the light rays no matter how the spacecraft is pointed. Spacecraft are usually designed with solar panels that can always be pointed at the Sun, even as the rest of the body of the spacecraft moves around, much as a tank turret can be aimed independently of where the tank is going. A tracking mechanism is often incorporated into the solar arrays to keep the array pointed towards the sun.

Sometimes, satellite operators purposefully orient the solar panels to "off point," or out of direct alignment from the Sun. This happens if the batteries are completely charged and the amount of electricity needed is lower than the amount of electricity made; off-pointing is also sometimes used on the International Space Station for orbital drag reduction.

Ionizing radiation issues and mitigation

Space contains varying levels of great electromagnetic radiation as well as ionizing radiation. There are 4 sources of radiations: the Earth's radiation belts (also called Van Allen belts), galactic cosmic rays (GCR), solar wind and solar flares. The Van Allen belts and the solar wind contain mostly protons and electrons, while GCR are in majority very high energy protons, alpha particles and heavier ions. Solar panels will experience efficiency degradation over time as a result of these types of radiation, but the degradation rate will depend strongly on the solar cell technology and on the location of the spacecraft. With borosilicate glass panel coverings, this may be between 5-10% efficiency loss per year. Other glass coverings, such as fused silica and lead glasses, may reduce this efficiency loss to less than 1% per year. The degradation rate is a function of the differential flux spectrum and the total ionizing dose.

Types of solar cells typically used

Up until the early 1990s, solar arrays used in space primarily used crystalline silicon solar cells. Since the early 1990s, Gallium arsenide-based solar cells became favored over silicon because they have a higher efficiency and degrade more slowly than silicon in the space radiation environment. The most efficient solar cells currently in production are now multi-junction photovoltaic cells. These use a combination of several layers of indium gallium phosphide, gallium arsenide and germanium to harvest more energy from the solar spectrum. Leading edge multi-junction cells are capable of exceeding 39.2% under non-concentrated AM1.5G illumination and 47.1% using concentrated AM1.5G illumination.

Spacecraft that have used solar power

To date, solar power, other than for propulsion, has been practical for spacecraft operating no farther from the Sun than the orbit of Jupiter. For example, Juno, Magellan, Mars Global Surveyor, and Mars Observer used solar power as does the Earth-orbiting, Hubble Space Telescope. The Rosetta space probe, launched 2 March 2004, used its  of solar panels as far as the orbit of Jupiter (5.25 AU); previously the furthest use was the Stardust spacecraft at 2 AU. Solar power for propulsion was also used on the European lunar mission SMART-1 with a Hall effect thruster.

The Juno mission, launched in 2011, is the first mission to Jupiter (arrived at Jupiter on July 4, 2016) to use solar panels instead of the traditional RTGs that are used by previous outer Solar System missions, making it the furthest spacecraft to use solar panels to date. It has  of panels.

The InSight lander, Ingenuity helicopter, Tianwen-1 orbiter, and Zhurong rover all currently operating on Mars also utilize solar panels.

Another spacecraft of interest was Dawn which went into orbit around 4 Vesta in 2011. It used ion thrusters to get to Ceres.

The potential for solar powered spacecraft beyond Jupiter has been studied.

The International Space Station also uses solar arrays to power everything on the station. The 262,400 solar cells cover around  of space. There are four sets of solar arrays that power the station and the fourth set of arrays were installed in March 2009. 240 kilowatts of electricity can be generated from these solar arrays. That comes to 120 kilowatts average system power, including 50% ISS time in Earth's shadow.

Future uses
For future missions, it is desirable to reduce solar array mass, and to increase the power generated per unit area. This will reduce overall spacecraft mass, and may make the operation of solar-powered spacecraft feasible at larger distances from the sun. Solar array mass could be reduced with thin-film photovoltaic cells, flexible blanket substrates, and composite support structures. Solar array efficiency could be improved by using new photovoltaic cell materials and solar concentrators that intensify the incident sunlight. Photovoltaic concentrator solar arrays for primary spacecraft power are devices which intensify the sunlight on the photovoltaics. This design uses a flat lens, called a Fresnel lens, which takes a large area of sunlight and concentrates it onto a smaller spot, allowing a smaller area of solar cell to be used.

Solar concentrators put one of these lenses over every solar cell. This focuses light from the large concentrator area down to the smaller cell area. This allows the quantity of expensive solar cells to be reduced by the amount of concentration. Concentrators work best when there is a single source of light and the concentrator can be pointed right at it. This is ideal in space, where the Sun is a single light source. Solar cells are the most expensive part of solar arrays, and arrays are often a very expensive part of the spacecraft. This technology may allow costs to be cut significantly due to the utilization of less material.

Gallery

See also

 For solar arrays on the International Space Station, see ISS Solar Arrays or Electrical system of the International Space Station
 Ingenuity Mars 2020 helicopter runs on batteries powered by solar panels
 Nuclear power in space
 Photovoltaic system
 Solar cell
 Space-based solar power

References

Spacecraft components
Solar power
Photovoltaics
Solar power and space

Solar panels on spacecraft


Valladolid () is a city in Spain, with a population of 316,564. It is the capital of Castile and León, and one of the historical capitals of the Spanish Kingdom.

On 19 October, 1469, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile married secretely in the Palacio de los Vivero. Also, Christopher Columbus died in the city on 20 May, 1506.

The river that runs through the city is known as the Pisuerga. Valladolid has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification).

Capital cities in Spain

Valladolid


Trevor Meier (born July 7, 1973) is a retired ice hockey left winger. He has dual-citizenship with Canada and Switzerland.

Trevor was born in Oakville, Ontario, Canada. He grew up in Burlington, Ontario, Canada playing for the local rep hockey system until he decided to play hockey for Nelson High School at the age of 16.  In the summer of 1992 he had an open "free-skate" tryout with the coach of Herisau SC in Switzerland who, impressed with his skill, invited him over to play in the Swiss B league.  After a successful first year in Herisau, he signed with SC Bern in 1993 and competed in the Swiss Nationalliga A for the rest of his career.  He played for SC Bern (NLA Champion 1997, 2010), HC Lugano (NLA Champion 1999), SC Lausanne, SC Langnau, EV Zug, and HC Ambri-Piotta.

External links

1973 births
Nelson High School (Ontario) alumni
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Canadian emigrants to Switzerland
EV Zug players
HC Ambrì-Piotta players
HC Lugano players
Naturalised citizens of Switzerland
Ice hockey people from Oakville, Ontario
SC Bern players
SC Herisau players
SC Langnau players
SC Lausanne players
Swiss ice hockey players
Swiss people of Canadian descent
Living people
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Switzerland

Trevor Meier


Wendela Beata Losman (née Hammarskjöld, b. 27 November 1938) is a Swedish historian and archivist.

Biography
Beata Hammarskjöld, later Losman through marriage, was born 27 November 1938 in Malmö. She is the daughter of the physician Sven Hammarskjöld and the librarian Birgit Lundberg.

She received a master's degree in Gothenburg in 1961, a licentiate in history in Gothenburg in 1965, and a doctoral degree at the University of Gothenburg in 1970.

Losman was employed at the Regional Archives in Gothenburg in 1962. She became senior archivist in 1972 and held a research position at the Humanities-Social Sciences Research Council in 1981–1985. She was acting Regional Archives during Gösta Lexts's illness 1975–1977, and became its head in 1987. She was chairman of the Foundation for Women's History Archive in Gothenburg and Lund from 1970, member of the board of the Forum for female researchers and women's research in Gothenburg from 1970, and treasurer there 1979–1986. In 1995, she competed with Anita Göransson for the professorship in women's history at the University of Gothenburg.

Selected works
Norden och reformkonsilierna 1408–1449 (akademisk avhandling, 1970)
Kamp för ett nytt kvinnoliv (1980)
Margareta Hvitfeldt. En biografi (1984)
Kvinnor, män och barn på 1800-talets svenska landsbygd (1986)
Kvinnoröster ur arkiven (1993)
Från Eddan till Ellen Key: texter om och av kvinnor från medeltiden till 1900 (1993)
–inte bara Göteborg: dokument ur de införlivade kommunernas historia (1996)
Från vårdarinneutbildning till hälsohögskola (2000)

References

Citations

Bibliography
 "Losman, Beata W", in: Vem är hon: kvinnor i Sverige: biografisk uppslagsbok (1988),
 Nordby, Peter; Lönnroth, Louise (2012), Landsarkivet i Göteborg 1911-2011 : byggnader, människor och handlingar, Landsarkivet i Göteborg,

1938 births
Living people
Swedish archivists
Swedish non-fiction writers
Swedish women non-fiction writers
20th-century Swedish writers
20th-century Swedish women writers
21st-century Swedish writers
21st-century Swedish women writers
People from Malmö
University of Gothenburg alumni

Beata Losman


In Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States the term treaty rights specifically refers to rights for indigenous peoples enumerated in treaties with settler societies that arose from European colonization.

Exactly who is indigenous is understood differently across the New World, and not all indigenous groups have signed treaties.  Therefore the concept of "treaty rights" operates very different in context.  no such treaties exist in Australia, and the discussion of treaty rights there is speculative, based on future agreements that may be signed.  For the other English-speaking settler countries, well-established legal regimes decide who is eligible for what legal protections based on treaties.  Treaty rights of one kind or another apply to most Alaska Natives and Native Americans in the United States and many but not all First Nations in Canada. The concept of treaty rights also applies to a smaller number of Inuit and Metis in Canada, who have entered into treaties. By extension, a "treaty Indian" is a Canadian legal term for a person who has inherited such rights.

Treaty rights are not the only rights claimed by indigenous peoples. Indigenous people claim inherent rights to self-determination, which implies that they be recognized as rights-bearing groups (called "tribes", "bands", or "nations" - depending on place and time) capable of self-determination and cultural survival. In the British constitutional tradition operating in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States, once the Crown or the government recognizes that there is another body corporate with legal personality capable of making binding agreements on behalf of its members, negotiations can begin for mutual exchange and aid, resulting in a treaty.

By signing treaties, indigenous peoples have traded claims over vast amounts of land and resources in exchange for (for example):

 reserved areas of land (Indian reservations [US terminology] and Indian reserves [Canadian terminology])
 protection (from attacks from other indigenous group or land-rushing settlers)
 health care (the "medicine chest clause" of Treaty Number Six between Canada and the Cree and Stoneys being a famous example)
 education
 religious freedom
 protection of hunting and fishing rights
 sometimes some monies as well ("treaty monies" distributed at "treaty day" ceremonies)

Critics of the treaty relationship commonly claim that a state may grant special rights to indigenous people because of their racial status. Defenders of the treaty system argue that governments do not give treaty rights to anyone but that Native people reserved such rights when they signed treaties in an inter-governmental relationship.

Historical background and legal theory
The early treaties between European colonial powers and the various indigenous peoples of the Americas were generally similar in manner to military alliances between peers. With the expansion of European settler colonialism in the Americas, treaties increasingly involved the cession of land from indigenous peoples for the purposes of colonial expansion.

In the Royal Proclamation of 1763, the British Crown forbade white settlers from settling past a defined boundary in North America and stipulated that all land purchases with indigenous peoples could be done only by agents of the Crown, which could then be redistributed to individuals. That principle, which was adopted by both Canada and the United States upon independence, and became the legal impetus for all subsequent treaties during the period of westward expansion. A similar system operated in New Zealand and resulted in the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840.

In Australia and British Columbia, by contrast, a different legal principal of terra nullius was invoked by white settlers to justify occupying land without consulting indigenous peoples living there.

In British India, the precedent of the Pratt–Yorke opinion on 1757 meant that India is one of the few common law jurisdiction that has rejected the doctrine of aboriginal title and so treaties did not needed to be signed before British companies could enter into land purchases in India. Therefore, indigenous treaties of the North American type do not exist in Burma, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.

Continuation to present
Because Article Six of the United States Constitution declares treaties to be the supreme law of the land, treaties are just as valid today as they were the day they were signed, and treaty rights are still legally binding as well. Likewise treaty rights were enshrined in Canada under section 35 by the package of constitutional reforms of 1982.

United States
Between the years 1778 and 1868, there were 373 treaties between the United States government and various Native American groups, including peace settlements and land exchanges. Over the years, many of these treaties went to court and help define the term treaty rights. In more recent years, the United States Senate has attempted to clarify the rights granted to Native Americans living on reservations. The field remains complex.

The central underpinning of treaty rights is that Native Americans are sovereign people living under their own laws, which exist alongside current United States law. It is the balance between these two systems of law that create issues and require frequent interpretation by the United States court system. One such case is the Crow Dog habeas corpus case.

Ex Parte Crow Dog
In this case, Crow Dog, a Native American, shot and killed another Native American on a reservation. The reservation police turned him over to the army, who tried him in Dakota Territorial Court. The court sentenced him to death for the murder. Crow Dog appealed the case up to the Supreme Court of the United States. He argued that because he committed the crime on a reservation, and his family had made amends for his crime in accordance with tribal law and custom, the United States had no right to try him. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Crow Dog in 1883, stating that the district court could not impose a punishment on a Native American for a crime committed on a reservation against another Native American.

Williams v. Lee
As Native Americans became more integrated into American culture, more non-Native Americans began working and living on the reservations. This gave rise to the question of whether or not tribes had the legal authority over non-Native Americans who commit crimes on their land. In 1959, a case surrounding the rights of a tribe to regulate the civil activities within their reservation went to the Supreme Court. In Williams v. Lee, a non-Native American merchant, who owned a general store on a reservation, sued some of his Native American customers in Arizona State Courts. The Supreme Court ruled that the Arizona court system did not have legal authority over reservations. Stating that the tribes had legal jurisdiction over both criminal and civil cases. Including those between non-Native Americans and Native Americans on the reservation.

Oliphant v. Suquamish
The Supreme Court case Oliphant v. Suquamish attempted to settle this issue once and for all. This case centered around the question of if Native American law applied to non-Native Americans living on reservations. The Supreme Court ruled that non-Native Americans living on reservations were not subject to the rulings of the tribal courts.

Canada
Treaties are used to establish the relationship between Indigenous peoples and the Canadian Government and define the rights Indigenous peoples are entitled to. Treaty rights within Canada are set out in either a historic or modern treaty agreement. These rights define specific rights, benefits and obligations which are recognized and affirmed by Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982.

These agreements were made between the Crown and Indigenous peoples where Indigenous nations agreed to share some of their ancestral lands in return for various payments and promises. These promises have been broken over the years and have subjected Indigenous peoples to poor living conditions in attempts of erasure.

Treaties are understood differently between the Canadian and Indigenous nations. For Indigenous peoples, the character of treaties is found in what was said at the time of negotiations. Contrary to this, the principles for treaty makings were to establish the constitutional foundations of Canada and what was said was not reflected in the treaties signed. Verbal commitments made to the Indigenous leaders not included in the written treaties became a common source of discontent and remains an ongoing issue of dispute and discussion. Following complaints from affected communities, many of these promises are not honored.

Canada only recognizes the 70 historic treaties signed between 1701 and 1923 and 25 modern treaties (also called comprehensive land claim agreements) since 1975. Together, these treaties have provided inconsistent protection to traditional ways of life, vague participation in land and resource management decisions, and Indigenous ownership to about 600,000 km² out of the 9.985 million km² of land that makes up Canada.

Historic treaties promised Indigenous peoples reserve land, the government paid schools and teachers on reserves, hunting and fishing rights on unoccupied Crown land, and one-time benefits (such as farm equipment and animals, ammunition, and clothing).

The most notable historic treaties include the Numbered Treaties 1-11. These were used as political tools to secure alliances and transfer land ownership. Differing interpretations of the treaties have led to disputes between the federal government and First Nation groups. The concept of territory and ownership differ amongst European and Indigenous world views, where  Indigenous peoples interpreted the treaties as promises to share, rather than own, the land and natural resources with the colonizers. The long-lasting legal and socioeconomic impacts of the Numbered Treaties on First Nation peoples, such as the creation of reserves, schools and other instruments of assimilation, have affected Indigenous cultures, customs and traditional ways of life.These treaty presentation copies are held in the Bruce Peel Special Collections at University of Alberta Library. Each is printed on parchment with text in black and red and a blue and red border.

Contemporary treaties began in 1973 after the Supreme Court of Canada's decision which recognized Aboriginal rights for the first time. Aboriginal rights are the collective rights entitled to Indigenous peoples as the first inhabitants of Canada. These treaties addressed Indigenous rights to ownership of lands, wildlife harvesting rights, financial settlements, participation in land use and management in specific areas, and self-government.

Section 35
Section 35 recognizes and affirms the treaty rights and Aboriginal rights of the Indigenous peoples in Canada. The Constitution does not define Indigenous rights under Section 35, but they can include Aboriginal titles, rights to occupy and use land resources, self-government rights, and cultural and social rights. Section 35 varies depending on the vast cultures, customs, practices, and traditions of each group.

Significant court cases
Some inherent Indigenous rights are not recognized by the Crown, as the Constitution does not define specifics. The Canadian government stipulated that these rights were to be defined in the courts on a case-by-case basis. There are several significant cases that recognized Indigenous rights in the Canadian court, such as R v. Sparrow, R. v. Van der Peet, and R. v. Powley.

R v Sparrow
R v Sparrow (1990) set out criteria ("the Sparrow test") to determine whether government infringement on Aboriginal rights was justifiable.

R v Van der Peet
R v Van der Peet (1996) was pivotal in further defining Aboriginal rights in Section 35. It established criteria that are used to determine whether an Aboriginal right is protected as an "existing" Aboriginal right under the Canadian Constitution.

R v Powley
R v Powley (2003) was the first major Aboriginal rights case concerning Métis peoples. It created "the Powley Test", which addressed the criteria that defines Métis rights, and who is legally entitled to those rights.

Violations
Many Native nations have reserved rights to hunt and fish in their accustomed places, which are often lands that were given up at the treaty signing, or "ceded land". This leads to conflict with sports and commercial hunters and fishers, who are competing for the same limited resource in the same place. Things like dams and logging have huge effects on fish and wildlife populations. In Canadian law, the government has a court-mandated "duty to consult" indigenous peoples regarding the management process of these lands and rivers. In the United States, no such mandate exists.

Spearfishing in Northern Wisconsin

Beginning in the 1980s and extending into the early 1990s, Northern Wisconsin was rife in protests against Ojibwe spearfishing. The Voigt decision in 1983 had reaffirmed that the treaties made in 1837 and 1842 still stood. These treaties gave the Ojibwe the rights to hunt, fish, and gather off-reservation, which was not subject to state regulation. This heralded a backlash of non-Natives, who believed the Ojibwe had been granted special rights. Spearheaded by groups like Stop Treaty Abuse (STA), often violent and racially discriminatory protests against spearfishing covered boat landings across northern Wisconsin. This led to the case Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians v. Stop Treaty Abuse-Wisconsin. This case culminated with Judge Barbara Crabb upholding the Voigt decision and many members, donors, and politicians distancing themselves from the STA, which many believed was racist.

Whaling in Washington
The right to hunt North Pacific gray whales has been a contentious issue for the Makah people in Washington state. The Makah people ceded much of their traditional lands in the Treaty of Neah Bay in 1855 but retained the right to whale. The tribe voluntarily gave up this practice in 1915 because of decimated gray whale populations, but once the species was taken off the Federal Endangered Species List in 1993, the tribe sought to continue whaling. In 1999, they killed one whale but faced immediate backlash from environmental groups and animal rights groups. The International Whaling Commission (IWC) believed that the Makah tribe's quota of harvesting up to five whales a year would not hurt the recovering population. Because of a number of new studies garnishing evidence for and against this practice, the issue has been tied up in court since 1999, with the tribe being unable to exercise the right given to them in the Treaty of Neah Bay.

Annexation of Hawaii

Throughout the 19th century, the United States made several treaties with the then Kingdom of Hawaii, the last being in 1887. These treaties recognized the Kingdom of Hawaii as being sovereign and independent. In 1893, John L. Stevens, US minister assigned to the Kingdom of Hawaii, led a group of non-indigenous people to overthrow Queen Lili'uokalani, which was backed by the United States naval forces. They established a Provisional government, which then declared itself the Republic of Hawaii. In 1899, the US annexed Hawaii. Many Hawaiian sovereignty activists feel that because of the treaties mentioned above, Hawaii should today be its own Nation instead of part of the United States.

Dakota Access Pipeline

The Lakota people of Standing Rock reservation in North and South Dakota believe that the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), which runs near their main source of water, could contaminate that source of water should it leak. They also cite the Fort Laramie Treaties of 1851 and 1868, which promised the land that DAPL runs through to the Lakota's land. Lands were seized in 1877 and 1887 with the Dawes Allotment Act that broke up reservations. Some call for these treaties to be reinstated and enforced today, which would put the course of the DAPL straight through Lakota lands.

References

Notes

Works cited

Native American law
Treaties
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Sovereignty
First Nations
Collective rights
Human rights concepts
Canadian Aboriginal and indigenous law

Treaty rights


Bibi Gaytán (or Biby) (born Silvia Gaytán Barragán on January 27, 1972) is a Mexican singer and actress. Since she was born, she has lived in Villahermosa, Tabasco and she considers herself "Tabasqueña".

Career
She is the only female among five brothers: musician Gonzalo "Chacho" Gaytán, retired actor Alejandro Gaytán, Timbiriche's Daniel "Mano" Gaytán and Rodrigo "Ruy' Gaytán. Bibi Gaytán started her career in 1989 when she joined the musical group Timbiriche, taking the place of original band member Alix Bauer. When she was in Timbiriche, she finished the tour for the "Timbiriche 8/9" album, and later recorded and toured for the "Timbiriche 10" album.

In 1991, she was cast in the Televisa telenovela, Alcanzar Una Estrella II, co-starring Sasha Sokol, Ricky Martin, Erik Rubin, Angélica Rivera, Pedro Fernández, among other known Mexican actors, as part of a fictional musical group called Muñecos de papel. Her solo song, Tan Sólo Una Mujer written by Ricardo Arjona, hit the charts and was a success in her singing career. She later left Timbiriche in May and her place was taken by Tanya Velasco.

1992 was an important year in Bibi's career. She starred in what became the box office hit of the year, the film Mas Que Alcanzar Una Estrella as part of the "Alcanzar una estrella" saga. That same year, she got one of the leads in the soap opera, Baila Conmigo, along with singer Paulina Rubio, and Eduardo Capetillo with whom she started a romantic relationship by the end of the telenovela. In September 1992, she released her first solo album, Bibi Gaytán. That album included the singles, Y Se Marcha Diciendo Perdon, No Me Importa, Mucha Mujer Para Ti, and Rock Cafe. She also released a 1993 calendar that was a hit.

After intense promotion of her debut album in Latin America, in mid-1993, she was cast for another telenovela. One of the most popular telenovelas in television history in Mexico, Dos Mujeres, Un Camino, alongside Erik Estrada and Laura Leon. It was the first telenovela that included "grupero artists" such as Grupo Bronco and the late Selena. The telenovela lasted one year.

In 1994, Bibi released her second studio album titled Manzana Verde. The promotion of this album did not even start because Bibi was pregnant. On June 25, 1994, Bibi and Eduardo Capetillo got married in the State of Morelos in Hacienda de Chiconcuac, an estate built in the 16th century by Martín Cortés, son of Hernán Cortés and La Malinche. The wedding was televised and was a historic event in Mexican Pop Culture.

On August 17, 1994, Eduardo Capetillo Gaytán was born and later, on May 13, 1997, Ana Paula Capetillo Gaytán was born.

In 1998, both Bibi and Capetillo starred in the telenovela, Camila alongside Adamari Lopez. It was the new version of 80s hit "Viviana". This is the last telenovela where Bibi has worked as a lead protagonist.

A third child was born on November 4, 1999, Alejandra Capetillo Gaytán.

In the 2000s, we saw Bibi do television ads, she even starred in 5 episodes of En Nombre del Amor, she was a guest judge in Bailando por un sueño. In 2011, Eduardo and Bibi moved from Televisa to Television Azteca. Bibi did La Academia as a co-host and later Mexico Baila as a dance judge.

The Capetillo Gaytán family kept growing, and on June 20, 2014, twin brothers Manuel Capetillo Gaytán and Daniel Capetillo Gaytán were born.

Bibi is active on social media, with official Instagram and Twitter accounts.

Discography
 1992: Bibi Gaytan
 1994: Manzana verde

Appearances
 1990: Timbiriche 10 ("Como Te Dire")
 1991: Muñecos de Papel – appears on the cover, but her vocals were not recorded due to differences with the record label
 1991: Alcanzar una estrella II – Various Artists ("Tan Solo Una Mujer", "Solo Quiero Que Me Vuelvas a Querer", "Fijate En Mi" – Bibi Gaytán, "No Quiero Dejar De Brillar" – Muñecos de Papel)
 1992: Baila conmigo – Various Artists ("Olvidame", "El Primer Adios")
 1992: Más que alcanzar una estrella – Various Artists ("Sha La La y Apertura" – Bibi Gaytán, Ricky Martin, Alex Ibarra, Lorena Rojas)
 1999: Ellas Cantan a Cri Cri – Various Artists ("Di Por Que")
 2007: Un Vaquero en la ciudad – Eduardo Capetillo ("Una de Vaqueros" – trio con Joan Sebastian y Bibi Gaytán, "Si no es ahora" – duo con Bibi Gaytán)

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

Premios TVyNovelas

References

External links
– Official Instagram Account
Official My Space Music Page of Bibi Gaytán

1972 births
Living people
Mexican telenovela actresses
Mexican women singers
Actresses from Chiapas
Singers from Chiapas
20th-century Mexican actresses
21st-century Mexican actresses
Timbiriche members
People from Tapachula

Bibi Gaytán


The first-dose phenomenon is a sudden and severe fall in blood pressure that can occur when changing from a lying to a standing position the first time that an alpha blocker drug is used or when resuming the drug after many months off. This postural hypotension usually happens shortly after the first dose is absorbed into the blood and can result in syncope (fainting). Syncope occurs in approximately 1% of patients given an initial dose of 2 mg prazosin or greater. This adverse effect is self-limiting and in most cases does not recur after the initial period of therapy or during subsequent dose titration.

The alpha blocker prazosin (Minipress) is most notorious for producing a first dose phenomenon. Other drugs of the same family, doxazosin (Cardura) and terazosin (Hytrin), can also cause this phenomenon, though less frequently.

The cause is not clear. It occurs more commonly in patients who are salt and fluid volume depleted (as happens due to the use of diuretics), or were using beta blockers. Diuretics and beta blockers are frequently used to control hypertension. For this reason, treatment with prazosin (Minipress) should always be initiated with a low dose and should be taken at bedtime to avoid standing position.

Other drug classes with observed first dose hypotension

This effect is also observed after the administration of the first dose of drugs in the ACEi class (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor). This may occur with the class's better known side effect of dry cough (due to decreased breakdown of bradykinin), though there is no clear relationship between the two side effects.

The first dose phenomenon in ACEi is reduced and made safer by avoiding diuretics for 24 hours prior to first dose, taking first dose at night (so avoiding falls, etc) and starting on low doses and titrating upwards.

See also
First pass effect

References

Clinical pharmacology

First-dose phenomenon


In the United States, a student pilot certificate is issued to a pilot in training, and is a prerequisite for the student to fly alone in the aircraft.

Prior to April 1, 2016, it could be issued by a medical doctor who is also an authorized aviation medical examiner (AME), in conjunction with the student's first medical certificate. Although the classification of the certificate does not matter, it is suggested that the student get a first-class certificate, as it helps in passing more complex tests in the future.

The student takes the application to their instructor, who then completes part of the application. All applications can be completed online through the Integrated Airman Certification and Rating Application (IACRA) on the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)'s online portal. The student will fill out the remaining portion. The completed application is then sent to the FAA. After the prospective airman has been vetted by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), the student pilot certificate will be mailed to the student. A temporary certificate is available after the form has been approved (approximately seven days after submission). This temporary paper certificate is used during solo flying and until the plastic card is received in the mail.

Earning a student pilot certificate is an indication that a solo flight might be approaching even though getting one is necessary and does not always happen right before one.

Requirements
Obtaining a student pilot certificate has two requirements:
 Be 16 years of age or older (14 years for gliders and balloons)
 Be English proficient (You can read, speak, and understand English)

Although there are minimum ages for licenses, there is no minimum age for when flight training can occur. In the aviation industry, all time should be logged; therefore if a prospective student goes flying at 12 years old with proper educational guidance, the prospective student should log the time.

Private pilot licenses generally require a minimum of 40 hours. Commercial licenses generally require a minimum of 250 hours. In order to be considered for an airline position, most airlines require at least 1500 hours of total flight time.

Student pilot certificates allow students to fly the plane by themselves, with the instructor's permission. The time logged flying under the student pilot certificate is PIC (or pilot in command time), meaning all responsibilities are on the student pilot.

There are limitations to this student pilot certificate. Students can only fly under visual flight rules (VFR). Additionally, their instructor remains responsible for furthering the student's knowledge of aviation. This means students are unable to rent a plane and pilot it as they wish. Lastly, they may not fly for compensation or hire as a student pilot.

See also
 Pilot certification in the United States – Student pilot

References

https://www.faa.gov/pilots/become/student_cert
https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-D/part-61/subpart-C
https://www.gtc.edu/sites/default/files/files/documents/1550001446/Medical%20and%20Student%20Pilot%20Cert%20Help.pdf

Aviation licenses and certifications

Student pilot certificate


The Power Farmstead is a historic farm located on County Road 9500N east of Cantrall, Illinois. George Power, a prominent early settler of northern Sangamon County, established the farm in the 1820s. The farm includes an intact collection of buildings which represent typical 19th-century farm life. In addition, the original farmhouse served as a local courthouse, as Power was Sangamon County's justice of the peace for two decades; Abraham Lincoln argued his first case in the courthouse. The farm was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 1, 1989.

Description
The farm includes thirteen buildings, eleven of which are contributing buildings, and five other contributing resources. Power's original farmhouse, which also served as a local courthouse, is the farm's oldest building; built in 1829, it was the first frame building in the county north of the Sangamon River. A new main farmhouse with a detached kitchen was built circa 1840-1850; this farmhouse is still the farm's main building. The 1845 wooden stable is the oldest non-residence building on the farm. Three other large 19th-century buildings remain on the farm: the main barn, caretaker's cottage, and scales house. Significant outbuildings include the wood house, smoke house, ice house, gas generator house, privy, pergola, and corn crib. A family cemetery is located to the southeast of the main farmhouse.

History
George Power, originally a Kentucky resident, moved to Sangamon County in 1821; he settled on his farm's land the same year, building a temporary log cabin to live in. Power was one of the first settlers in the county, which allowed him to buy enough farmland to establish one of its largest farms. He also played an important role in its justice system, as he served as Sangamon County's justice of the peace from 1828 to 1847. When the farm's original farmhouse was completed in 1829, it also became Power's courthouse. As circuit courts only met biannually at the time, Power heard hundreds of the county's important cases in his farmhouse, including the first case argued by Abraham Lincoln. After Power's death in 1886, his son James inherited the farm; the property remains in the Power family.

References

Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Federal architecture in Illinois
Queen Anne architecture in Illinois
Houses completed in 1829
National Register of Historic Places in Sangamon County, Illinois

Power Farmstead


The C-16 class switchers were the last 0-4-0 steam locomotives built for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. They were assigned to the Baltimore, Maryland "Pratt Street Line" along the Inner Harbor, and to the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania waterfront trackage. Initially constructed as saddle tank engines, nos. 96 and 99 were given tenders in later years. After the saddle tank was removed in 1926 they were then given the classification of "C-16A" (Nos. 97 and 98 remained unchanged.) The diminutive size and short wheelbase were required to handle the tight curves of these lines. No. 99 was scrapped in 1944. No. 97 was renumbered 897 in 1950 and scrapped in 1951. No. 98 was renumbered 898 in 1950 and also scrapped in 1951.

Nicknamed "Little Joe" by railroad workers, they became famous to several generations of model railroad enthusiasts through construction of N, HO, S & O scale models of the "Dockside" switcher.  Arguably one of the best known of all steam locomotive models for half a century, versions of the C-16 have been offered by Varney, Rivarossi, Gem, Life-Like, Pacific Fast Mail, MTH, Bachmann and others. They were also used as a model for Trainz Railroad Simulator.

Not to be confused with the unrelated electric locomotives that were also nicknamed "Little Joe".

References

Baldwin locomotives
0-4-0ST locomotives
C-16
Steam locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1912
Scrapped locomotives
Individual locomotives of the United States

Freight locomotives

Little Joe (Baltimore and Ohio locomotive)


Nathaniel Jack "Monk" McFay (June 27, 1908, Wichita Falls, Kansas - October 22 or 23, 1994, Los Angeles) was an American jazz drummer and bandleader, known especially for leading jazz bands in Hawaii.

McFay was working as a bellhop in Amarillo, Texas when he was asked by Roderick Thomas to substitute on drums in the house band; he played with Thomas's territory band until 1934, also doing a short stint with Red Williams during that time. In 1934 he played in Oklahoma City with the Spotlight Entertainer Orchestra, the band led by Joe Brantley. In 1935 he relocated to Los Angeles and played with Bernard Banks, who took his band to the Casino Ballroom in Honolulu. He led his own band at the Casa Loma Ballroom in 1936, then returned to Oklahoma City to play in the Spotlight band again, now under the leadership of Leonard Chadwick. In 1937 he toured Honolulu with his own band again, and returned to Oklahoma City a third time in 1938 to play with Leslie Sheffield's band. From 1939 to 1941 he once more played in Honolulu with a band which included Henry Coker; he left Hawaii due to legal troubles. Following this he played with Harlan Leonard in 1945 and then joined Buddy Banks's band, where he recorded for the first time. He played with Banks until 1949.

References
Howard Rye, "Monk McFay". Grove Jazz online.

1908 births
1994 deaths
American jazz drummers
American jazz bandleaders
Musicians from Kansas
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians

Monk McFay