Heikki Veikko Harma (born 20 April 1947) is a Finnish singer-songwriter who has also distinguished himself as a translator of song lyrics, but has written popular lyrics of his own too. To the public he is better known by the name Hector, which he has used since the release of his 1965 debut single "Palkkasoturi", a Finnish translation of Buffy Sainte-Marie's "Universal Soldier". His 1974 album Hectorock I became the fastest-selling record in Finnish history, selling 50,000 units within a few months. Hector was at the height of his popularity in the first half of the 1970s, but his steady string of recordings provided occasional hits well into the 1990s. In the 2000s he made a strong return to popularity with Ei selityksiä, which became one of his most successful albums. In 2007 he made a farewell tour on big arenas, but has performed occasionally after that too. In 2011 he made a massive comeback tour and released a new album Hauras (Fragile) in 2014, ten years after his previous album.

Hector's work is very diverse in its musical styles. He is mainly known for his folk rock songs, but he has also made progressive rock, hard rock and heavy metal songs. He has translated into Finnish works by Don McLean, Procol Harum, King Crimson, Neil Young, David Bowie and several other artists. Today he is considered, due to his extremely long (51 years) and distinguished career, as first a pioneer and later a mainstay of Suomirock. His lyrics have often a political and/or social component.

Some of Hector's songs are considered classics of Finnish popular music, such as "Lumi teki enkelin eteiseen" (Snow made an angel in the lobby), "Mandoliinimies" (Mandolin man) and "Olen hautausmaa" (I am a graveyard), and he can be considered a primary contributor to Finnish rock music of the 1970s. He has also written song lyrics for other Finnish singers. His song "Juodaan Viinaa" (Let's drink spirits) was covered by Finnish folk metal band Korpiklaani on their 2009 album Karkelo. Hector is the Finnish voice actor of The Muskrat in the Finnish-British animated television family drama Moominvalley (2019–).

In addition to his music career, Heikki Harma has also worked as a music journalist on radio.

Discography
 1972 Nostalgia
 1973 Herra Mirandos
 1974 Hectorock I
 1975 Liisa pien'''
 1976 Hotelli Hannikainen 1977 H.E.C. 1978 Kadonneet lapset 1979 Ruusuportti 1980 Linnut, linnut 1981 Eurooppa 1982 Hyvää yötä, Bambi 1985 Hectorock II 1987 Nuku idiootti 1988 Varjot ja lakanat 1990 Yhtenä iltana 1992 In concert 1966–91 1992 Ensilumi tulee kuudelta 1994 Salaisuuksien talo 1995 Kultaiset lehdet 1999 Hidas 2001 Helismaan pikajuna (album of songs by Reino Helismaa)
 2003 Total Live! 2004 Ei selityksiä 2014 Hauras''

See also
List of best-selling music artists in Finland

References

External links
Official site

1947 births
Living people
Singers from Helsinki
20th-century Finnish male singers
Finnish male songwriters
Eurovision commentators

Hector (musician)


A mouth organ is any free reed aerophone with one or more air chambers fitted with a free reed.
Though it spans many traditions, it is played universally the same way by the musician placing their lips over a chamber or holes in the instrument, and blowing or sucking air to create a sound. Many of the chambers can be played together or each individually.

The mouth organ can be found all around the world and is known by many different names and seen in many different traditions. The most notable variations include the harmonica, and Asian free reed wind instruments consisting of a number of bamboo pipes of varying lengths fixed into a wind chest; these include the sheng, khaen, lusheng, yu, shō, and saenghwang. The melodica, consisting of a single tube that is essentially blown through a keyboard, is another variation.

Gallery

See also
Gourd mouth organ

References

External links

Free reed aerophones

Mouth organ


The spoon class theory () refers to the idea that individuals in a country can be classified into different socioeconomic classes based on the assets and income level of their parents, and as a consequence, one's success in life depends entirely on being born into a wealthy family. The term appeared in 2015 and was first widely used among online communities in South Korea.

Origin
The term is based on the  English idiom "born with a silver spoon in one's mouth". In the past, European nobility often used silver dishes, and children were fed by nannies using silver spoons, which indicated the wealth of the family. In South Korea, this idea was taken further to establish several categories to classify individuals based on their family's wealth.

Spoon classes
The spoon classes have been identified as follows:
The diamond spoon – within top 0.1% of population, with more than $3.2 million ~ $6.4 million annual salary and more than $16 ~ $32 million in assets.
The platinum spoon – within top 0.5% of population, with more than $1.6million ~ $3.2 million annual salary and more than $8 ~ $16 million in assets.
The gold spoon – within top 1% of population, with more than $800K ~ $1.6 million annual salary and more than $4 ~ $8 million in assets.
The silver spoon – within top 5% of population, with more than $400K ~ $800K annual salary and more than $2 ~ $4 million in assets.
The bronze spoon – within top 10% of population, with more than $200K ~ $400K annual salary and more than $1 million ~ $2 million in assets.
The steel spoon – within top 25% of population, with more than $100K ~ $200K annual salary and more than $500k ~ $1 million in assets.
The wooden spoon – within top 50% of population, with more than $50k ~ 100k annual salary and more than $250k ~ $500K in assets.
The soil spoon – those with $25K ~ 50K  annual salary and more than  $125K ~ $250K in assets.
The dirt spoon – those with less than $25K annual salary and less than $125K in assets.

Sociological analysis
Hyo Chan Cho states that the gold spoon "is related to Jean Baudrillard's simulacrum". He suggested that the gold spoon is included in a simulacrum that does not have an origin. Issues of gold spoon celebrities and commercials which made those people idealize changed nonexistence as existence. Regardless of the pros and cons of a gold spoon, it became an important image of their life. He further stated that as our society accepted images like gold spoon which became a hyperreality. We accept media's reproducing images that do not have originals as more than an existence. 'Simulacrum' means an image without substance, it wields strong influence than an existence.

Young adults preparing for significant life changes such as college, marriage or employment are concerned that they are at a disadvantage. For example, many corporations in Korea require stellar academic performance and for applicants to speak English fluently. Individuals who come from the upper class can advance themselves due to the wealth and power that their parents or family possess. Young people who come from the middle and lower class are at a disadvantage because often they are expected to work and attend school, coupled with the fact that they are not being provided with the same monetary support as their wealthier peers. This economic polarization not only influences employment but also affects other things like marriage. The causes of inequality in this society are economic and the fact that poverty is passed from generation to generation. This inequality is creating new classes in Korean society. However, some people overcome their parent's low economic class. Some people who were raised in wealthy families criticize this as well. Unfairness in Korean society is becoming a burden for young adults and is making the Korean society similar to the one described in the spoon class theory.

Park Jae-wan, a professor at Sungkyunkwan University analyzed spoon class theory in research on social mobility. "The distribution of income in Korea is close to that of advanced countries, considering Gini coefficient, relative income share, income share, and relative poverty rate." "The basis of 'Helos' or 'gold spoon' claims is weak". According to the results of estimating the probability that each income group will remain in the same class for the whole household from 2011 to 12, it is 29.8 per cent for low income class, 38.2 per cent for middle class and 32.0 per cent for high income class. Park Jae-wan suggested, "As the results of the analysis, Korea is still highly likely to move." However, the pace of stratification has been slowing since the financial crisis, mainly because the poverty has been fixed, particularly among the elderly. " He cited the following five causes of Spoon class theory. 1. Youth unemployment 2. Reinforced pass down 3. Government regulation and vested interest 4. Relative tendency and relative deprivation of Koreans 5. Bad social capital.

Han Jun, professor of sociology at Yeonsei University said, "Raising the possibility of social mobility is also an important task in terms of social vitality and social integration." It requires policy efforts to care for the physical and mental health of low-income vulnerable children, academic aspirations, and cognitive abilities, Emphasis should be given to schools in low-income vulnerable groups and rural areas. "

Lee Byeong-hoon, professor of sociology at Chung-Ang University, said, "Negative and critical perceptions of opportunistic inequality in our society seem to be influenced by factors such as hierarchy status and experience of discrimination." According to the analysis, the subject and parental generations have low subjective status, experience of discrimination and disadvantages, and younger and higher educated people have higher negative and critical perception of opportunity inequality. In addition, the perception of socioeconomic opportunity inequality, the severity of inequality in opportunity, and the negative perception of effort achievement were found to be higher in the order of lower income class, middle class, and higher income class.

Statistics

In the 1980s, the share of assets contributed by gifts and inheritance was 27 per cent, age groups spanning 19 to 75 years old: 181 men born between 1940 and 1959, the generation of industrialization; 593 men born between 1960 and 1974, the generation of democracy; and 568 men born between 1975 and 1995, the information generation.

The results of the poll found that the spoon class theory not only existed in Korea but deepened with each successive generation. The study showed that the persistence of poverty across generations has deepened, with 50.7 per cent in the youngest generation answering that both father and son were in the lower class – an increase of almost 15 per cent from the 36.4 per cent who answered the same in the democracy generation.

In the oldest generation, only 35.9 per cent answered that both father and son were considered in the lower class.

CEO Score Daily (2017) analyzed the assets fluctuation of 2007 ~ 2017 among the 160 wealthy stockholders of Korea, the United States, Japan and China (for each of the top 40) announced by Forbes. As a result, There are 48 (30 per cent) rich men in the four countries, and the wealthy self-And 112 patients (70 per cent). In Korea, 25 out of 40 equity holders (62.5 per cent) were 'Gold Spoon' It is much higher than that of the US (25 per cent), Japan (12 per cent) and China (2.5 per cent)

"As a result of analyzing the percentage of social movements by generation," said Han Jun, a professor of sociology at Yonsei University, "social movements decreased slightly from 85 percent to 81 percent compared to 20 years ago." According to the analysis, the younger generation (born in 1987–1994) compared to the young people in the 1990s (1966–1975) had a 12 per cent decrease in the percentage of upward movements that gained a better job than their parents, The mobility rate has increased by about 8 percentage points, and social mobility has changed negatively. Professor Han Jun pointed out, "The problem is that the decrease in the mobility opportunity that I feel subjective is bigger than the actual one." According to the National Statistical Office (NSO), the negative perception of upside potential is 22 per cent more than 10 years ago (from 29 to 51 per cent) as of 2015.

Korea's income mobility was the eighth highest among the 17 OECD member countries. Korea's income mobility is not relatively low, said Lee Jin-young, an assistant researcher at the Korea Economic Research Institute. According to the analysis of the inter-generation income elasticity of OECD member countries, Korea's income elasticity is 0.29, similar to New Zealand (0.29) and Sweden (0.27). On the other hand, Japan was higher than Korea with 0.34, 0.47 in the US and 0.32 in Germany.

Criticism
In 2015, Korean society entered into a new class era as inequality increased.  According to Global Attitudes Survey conducted by Pew Research Center, Korean citizens answered that the most threatening thing for them is inequality. However, the conclusion that inequality has a similar effect for all cultures should not be automatically assumed, since at least "8 other countries were content with inequality", including Greece. In contrast, Japan answered that nuclear weapons and radioactivity are most threatening. The results of this survey shows that the awareness of inequality is much higher than nuclear accidents and environmental pollution.

See also
Hell Joseon
Lottery of birth
Sampo generation
Economic inequality in South Korea
Poverty in South Korea

References

External links

2015 establishments in South Korea
2015 neologisms
Korean caste system
South Korean culture
Social class in Asia
Sociological theories

Spoon class theory


Gary Lautens (November 3, 1928 – February 1, 1992) was a Canadian humorist and newspaper columnist. He wrote for the Toronto Star from 1962 until his death in 1992.

Biography

Lautens was born on November 3, 1928, in Fort William, Ontario, to Joe and Bertha Lautens. The family relocated to Hamilton where his father, a Canadian Press employee for 50 years, was a teletype operator and mechanic servicing CP machines in the area from an office in the Hamilton Spectator. Lautens began working for the Spectator after school and in the summers when he was just 13 years old. After graduating from Central Collegiate Institute in 1946, Lautens went on to study history at McMaster University where he was the editor of the campus newspaper The Silhouette from 1948 to 1950.

On graduation Lautens joined the Spectator as a reporter in 1950. He became a sports columnist in 1954 and later served as the paper's assistant sports editor. Fans of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats once burned Lautens in effigy after he had written something unflattering about the team in the newspaper. He met his wife, Jackie, in 1957 when she was a contestant and he was a judge in the annual "Miss Tigercat" pageant. Together they had three children: Richard, Stephen and Jane.

In 1962, Lautens was hired by the Star to replace Pierre Berton. At the Star, Lautens became the most widely read columnist in Canada. In 1982, Lautens was named managing editor of the Star, and successfully increased the paper's circulation and profits even in the midst of an economic recession. He held the position for two years before returning to writing his humour column. On his time as managing editor, Lautens commented: "More important than the commercial success, however, has been the stand The Star has taken on issues I personally consider important - nuclear disarmament, drunk driving, acid rain, medicare, unemployment, the rape of our natural resources."

Lautens published four books during his lifetime. He was awarded a National Newspaper Award (1963) and was a two-time winner of the Stephen Leacock Medal for Humour (1981 and 1984). Two further books collecting some of his most popular columns – Peace, Mrs. Packard and the Meaning of Life (1993) and The Best of Gary Lautens (1995) – were published posthumously. In addition to his newspaper writing, Lautens hosted occasional television and radio programming on CBC Television. He was staff writer for many seasons of the iconic CBC series Front Page Challenge and appeared, for two seasons, as a panelist on It's Your Choice.

His younger brother Trevor Lautens was a long-time columnist for the Vancouver Sun, his youngest son Richard Lautens is an acclaimed photojournalist for the Toronto Star and oldest son Stephen Lautens is also a noted Canadian newspaper columnist.

Death

Lautens died on February 1, 1992, after suffering a massive heart attack at his home in downtown Toronto. Upon news of Lautens' death, thousands of readers turned up at the Star offices, lining up for three days to sign books of condolence.  Lincoln Alexander remarked: "He was a great guy ... So full of light, so full of humour. My close friend. His smile and humour will be sorely missed."

Following Lautens's death the Gary Lautens Memorial Scholarship was established at McMaster to assist students with high academic standing and demonstrating written journalistic skill. In 2002 Lautens family donated his papers, including correspondence, columns, scrapbooks and photographs, to McMaster University Library's William Ready Division of Archives and Research Collections. In 2016 it was announced that the archives would become home to the copy of Lautens' 1984 column "Why can't the Queen shop Honest Ed's?" that had been on display outside Toronto's iconic Honest Ed's for 31 years.

Books
 Laughing with Lautens (1964)
 Take My Family...Please! (1980)
 No Sex Please...We're Married (1983)
 How Pierre and I Saved the Civilized World (1984)
 Peace, Mrs. Packard and the Meaning of Life (1993)
 The Best of Gary Lautens (1995)

References

External links

1928 births
1992 deaths
Canadian humour columnists
McMaster University alumni
Writers from Thunder Bay
Stephen Leacock Award winners

Gary Lautens


Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT), known as Digital European Cordless Telephone until 1995, is an ETSI standard for digital portable phones and wireless data transfer. DECT has been standardised as EN 300 175.

DECT phones have two parts:  One part is connected to the phone network, and usually called base station.  The other part is a mobile handset.  To be ready to communicate, each handset must be registered with the base station.  After that, they can communicate and be used as normal "cordless" phones.

DECT uses a  frequency band that is reserved for voice transmissions, called Unlicensed Personal Communications Services. In Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and South America, the frequency band from 1880 MHz to 1900 MMHz is used. In the United States, the band is 1920-1930 MHz.To be sold in the US, only small changes need to be made to DECT equipment. These channels are reserved exclusively for voice communication applications and therefore are less likely to experience interference from other wireless devices such as baby monitors and wireless networks.

A newer standard that is similar to DECT is called CAT-iq

Application
The DECT standard fully specifies how a portable unit, such as a cordless telephone, can access a fixed network using radio waves. It is different from other standards like GSM in that it does not say how the fixed network is made. The communication with the fixed network is done through a base station which is called "Radio Fixed Part", and terminates the radio waves. The base station then uses a gateway to connect the calls to the fixed network. In most cases, the connection will be to the telephone network. Certain units also allow a connection to newer technologies, such as Voice over IP. Some baby phones also use DECT technology. Such baby phones do not have a gateway.

Many PABX systems installed in offices have a part that is capable of doing DECT. Many system vendors now also offer hybrid systems, where communication with voice over IP, or with the classical phone network are possible. In such systems, the communication with the handsets is done using DECT, and the PABX is capable of doing SIP. Some vendors propose WLAN-based solutions to connect the handsets, but this solution is often more complex than using DECT.

Features
DECT has different profiles. A domesic DECT Generic Access Profile (GAP) system typically has the following abilities:
 Multiple handsets to one base station and one phone line socket.  This allows several cordless telephones to be placed around the house, all operating from the same telephone jack.  Additional handsets usually have a battery charger station instead of a base station. The additional handsets do not require additional telephone sockets or additional transceivers.
 Interference-free wireless operation to around 100 metres outdoors. Operates clearly in common congested domestic radio traffic situations. For instance, generally immune to interference from Wi-Fi networks or video senders, Bluetooth technology, baby monitors and other wireless devices.
 Ability to make internal (intercom) calls between handsets.
 An extended range between the telephone and base (allowing greater physical distance between the two devices).
 The communication between the handset and the base station is encrypted, but the cipher is fairly weak. As of 2010, encryption has been broken.

DECT for Data Networks
The DECT suite of standards has other kinds of interoperability.  In particular the DPRS (DECT Packet Radio Services) can use DECT as a wireless LAN and wireless internet access service.  Range is up to 200 m indoors and 6 km using directional antenna outdoors).  It has dedicated spectrum, high interference immunity, open interoperability and data speeds of around 500 kbit/s.  DECT when it was new seemed to be better than Wi-Fi.  The DECT networking protocol standards were particularly good at supporting fast roaming in public spaces, between hotspots operated by competing but connected providers.  The first DECT product to reach the market, Olivetti's Net3, was a wireless LAN, and German firms Dosch & Amand and Hoeft & Wessel built niche businesses on the supply of data transmission systems based on DECT.

DECT came into use in the mid 1990s, too early to find wide application for wireless data. Whilst contemporary providers of Wi-Fi struggled with the same issues, providers of DECT retreated to cordless telephones where they could make money immediately. They could not sell in the United States, due to FCC spectrum restrictions at that time. By the time mass applications for wireless Internet had emerged, and the U.S. had opened up to DECT, well into the new century, the industry had made Wi-Fi better, and DECT's time as a wireless data transport was past.

Ironically, the failure of DECT as a data protocol became a strength when DECT 6.0 phones finally appeared in the U.S. in late 2005. By this time, the ISM bands had become crowded in the U.S., especially the 2.4 GHz band which is used by both the most common variants of Wi-Fi, 802.11b and 802.11g, and many cordless phones; thus interference between unlicensed devices has become common in these bands. However, because Wi-Fi does not operate in the UPCS band and DECT devices negotiate with each other for the available spectrum, not only are DECT 6.0 phones immune from this type of interference, their operation does not impair other nearby devices operating on the same frequency, which is a common issue with 2.4 GHz cordless phones.

Radio links
DECT operates in the 1880-1900 MHz band and defines ten channels from 1881.792 MHz to 1897.344 MHz with a band gap of 1728 kHz. Each base station frame provides 12 duplex speech channel with each time slot occupying any of channel. DECT operates in multicarrier/TDMA/TDD structure. DECT also provides Frequency-hopping spread spectrum over TDMA/TDD structure. If frequency hopping is avoided then each base station can provide up to 120 channels in the DECT spectrum before frequency reuse. Each time slot can be assigned to a different channel in order to take advantage of frequency hopping and avoid interference from other users in asynchronous fashion.

References
General references:

  A summary of the DECT standard.

Specific references:

Other websites

 DECT Forum at dect.org
 DECT information at ETSI
 DECTWeb.com
 DECT reaches a New Generation  at dect.org
 Project for an open source implementation of DECT

Telecommunications
Mobile phones


Daniel Bernoulli (February 8, 1700 - March 8, 1782) was a Swiss mathematician and one of many famous mathematicians in the House of Bernoulli. He is remembered for his mathematical applications to mechanics, especially fluid mechanics, as well as for his pioneering work in probability and statistics. Bernoulli's scientific work is also studied in many schools around the world .

Biography
Daniel Bernoulli was born in Groningen, Netherlands. His father was Johann Bernoulli, his grandfather was Jacob Bernoulli, and his brother of Johann II. He was said to have a bad relationship with his father. They participated together and tied in a scientific context at the University of Paris. Johann was unable to bear the shame of having to compete with his son that banned Daniel from their house. Johann Bernoulli also stole some key ideas from Daniel's book Hydrodynamica to write his own book Hydraulica before Hydrodynamica was published. Despite Daniel's efforts to reconcile, his father carried the enmity until his death.

When Daniel was seven, his younger brother Johann Bernoulli II was born. While he was still in school, his father Johann encouraged him to study business. However, Daniel refused, because he wanted to study mathematics. But he then followed his father's will and studied business. His father then asked him to study medicine, and Daniel agreed with the condition that his father would teach him mathematics privately.

He had a close friendship with Leonhard Euler. He arrived St. Petersburg in 1724 as professor of mathematics. But with unhappiness there, Bernoulli fell ill in 1733 giving him an excuse to leave. He returned to the University of Basel, where he successfully held chairs in medicine, metaphysics and natural philosophy, until his death.

Mathematics study
His first mathematical work was Exercitationes, which was published in 1724 with the help of Goldbach. Two years later, he showed for the first time the analysis of an object's motion into translational and rotational motion. Daniel Bernoulli's main work is the Hydrodynamique (Hydrodynamica) published in 1738, it was similar to Joseph Louis Lagrange's Mécanique Analytique. It classified the results into a single principle, the conservation of energy. Bernoulli also wrote a large number of different questions in the field of mechanics, especially problems connected with vibrating strings, and the solutions were given by Brook Taylor and Jean le Rond d'Alembert.

Physics
Daniel Bernoulli was the first to formulate the aerodynamic theory, and he applied the ideas to explain Robert Boyle's laws.

He worked with Euler on physical elasticity, developing the Bernoulli equation, Bernoulli's principle, and aerodynamics .

Further reading

 [Anon.] (1911) " Bernoulli, Encyclopaedia Britannica
 [Anon.] (2001) "Daniel Bernoulli", Encyclopaedia Britannica
 Blower, S. (2004), D, Bernoulli's "   ", Reviews of Medical Virolology, 14 : 275–2880-435-54150-1
 Mikhailov, GK, 2005, "Hydrodynamica" in Grattan-Guinness, I., ed., Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics . Elsevier: 131-42.
 Pacey, AJ & Fisher, SJ (1967) "Daniel Bernoulli and the viva of compressed air", British Journal for the History of Science 3, 388-92
 Rouse Ball, WW [1908] (2003) " The Bernoullis, " in A Short Account of the History of Mathematics, 4th ed., Dover, ISBN 0-486-20630-00486611876

Other websites

 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: The St. Petersburg Paradox by RM Martin.

Swiss physicists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Swiss mathematicians
1782 deaths
1700 births
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Academics of the University of Basel

Daniel Bernoulli


is a Japanese manufacturer of writing instruments, established in 1914 by Tokumatsu Ishikawa.

The company sells a wide range of writing implements through retail stores, wholesalers and mail order. Zebra offers a line of writing instruments that include fountain, ballpoint, brush and gel pens, markers, highlighters and mechanical pencils.

History
Tokumatsu Ishikawa had begun to produce home-made nibs in 1897, until he established its own business in 1914, registering the name "Zebra" as a trademark. Ishikawa thought Zebra was an appropriate name because his goal was to build a business culture that resembled a family and zebras have a strong herding instinct. Zebra stripes resembling calligraphic pen strokes may also have been a reason for the name.

In 1945, the Zebra facilities were destroyed during a bomb attack in World War II, but those would be reconstructed during the 1950s. In 1959 Zebra launched its first ballpoint pen manufactured. Four years later, the company renamed "Zebra Co., Ltd", with Hideaki Ishikawa becoming president of the firm.

During the 1970s, Zebra marketed its first lines of markers, including brush-tip models, opening a new factory in Tokyo (1979). Zebra opened a subsidiary in the United States (1982). The 1990s and 2000s decade came with new subsidiaries in Canada, Indonesia, China, Mexico, and the United Kingdom.

Products

Zebra's line of pens and pencils include "The Original" F-301 and the M-301, which have stainless steel barrels and textured grips. Other product lines include Blen, Surari, Filare (emulsion ink ballpoint pens); Airfit, Z-Grip (ballpoint pen); Sarasa, Sarasa Dry (gel pens); Sharbo (multi-pens); CLiCKART (water-based coloring markers); DelGuard, Tect 2Way (mechanical pencils); Zensations (art products), Mildliner (double ended creative markers), Zebrite (double ended highlighters), and Zazzle (liquid highlighters). Zebra products are available across the US, Canada, Mexico, UK, Singapore, Korea, and Japan.

Z-Grip
In 2017, the Z-Grip line of retractable gel pens was transitioned to low viscosity ink, aka advanced ink. The benefits of the new formula, in addition to a smoother writing experience, was more vibrant colors and an option to create more nuanced hues.

Steel
The Steel line of pens follows a good, better, best hierarchy; 3-series, 4-series, and 7-series respectively. The 301 series is characterized by stainless steel shafts and hardened plastic grips.  The 401 has the same stainless steel shaft with a rubber grip.  Finally, the flagship pen, the 701 has a knurled grip and is completely stainless steel. A cross section of these barrel styles reflect different ink types. For example, the 3-series barrel is available in ballpoint, gel, mechanical pencil, fountain pen, highlighter, and rollerball pen. All Zebra stainless steel products are refillable, including leads and mechanical pencil erasers.

Sarasa Dry
The company transitioned all their plastic gel pens from different brands and consolidated under one name, Sarasa Dry. All the former products were reformulated to feature Zebra's award-winning Rapid Dry Ink technology, which was third party laboratory, tested and proven to be as fast or faster drying than the competition on a variety of surfaces and dries in less than a second on most surfaces. The assortment, X1, X10, X20, and X30, reflect different barrel styles to accommodate most consumer preferences.

Surari
Range of "emulsion-ink" hybrid ink oil-based ballpoint pens, similar to Uni's Jetstream, Pentel's Vicuna and Pilot's Acroball.

Zensations
Zebra entered the art and activity space with the launch of their Zensations brand of products, geared towards new and amateur artists looking for a slightly higher quality than products solely created for children. The brand encompasses technical pens and pencils, refillable colored mechanical pencils, fineliner markers, calligraphy pens, brush pens (black and colors), and more. Line extensions are developed periodically to refresh the line.

DelGuard
A mechanism employed in the DelGuard system developed by Zebra, causes the lead sleeve in a mechanical pencil to extend outward when excessive pressure is applied at an angle. When excess vertical pressure is applied on the lead, the lead is automatically retracted inwards. Thus, the lead is protected (within certain limits) in both cases. In Japan, 0.3 and 0.7 versions of the DelGuard is available alongside the 0.5 version, whereas in the US, only the 0.5 version is available.

Sharbo
Sharbo is a line of multifunction pens. A pen may contain one or more ink refills plus a mechanical pencil component. Examples are Sharbo X and SK-Sharbo+1.

References

External links

Fountain pen and ink manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Tokyo
Japanese brands
Japanese stationery

Zebra (pen manufacturer)


Eurisko (Gr., I discover) is a discovery system written by Douglas Lenat in RLL-1, a representation language itself written in the Lisp programming language. A sequel to Automated Mathematician, it consists of heuristics, i.e. rules of thumb, including heuristics describing how to use and change its own heuristics. Lenat was frustrated by Automated Mathematician's constraint to a single domain and so developed Eurisko; his frustration with the effort of encoding domain knowledge for Eurisko led to Lenat's subsequent (and, , continuing) development of Cyc. Lenat envisions ultimately coupling the Cyc knowledgebase with the Eurisko discovery engine.

History

Development commenced at Carnegie Mellon in 1976 and continued at Stanford University in 1978 when Lenat returned to teach. "For the first five years, nothing good came out of it", Lenat said. But when the implementation was changed to a frame language based representation he called RLL (Representation Language Language), heuristic creation and modification became much simpler. Eurisko was then applied to a number of domains with surprising success, including VLSI chip design.

Lenat and Eurisko gained notoriety by submitting the winning fleet (a large number of stationary, lightly-armored ships with many small weapons) to the United States Traveller TCS national championship in 1981, forcing extensive changes to the game's rules. However, Eurisko won again in 1982 when the program discovered that the rules permitted the program to destroy its own ships, permitting it to continue to use much the same strategy. Tournament officials announced that if Eurisko won another championship the competition would be abolished; Lenat retired Eurisko from the game. The Traveller TCS wins brought Lenat to the attention of DARPA, which has funded much of his subsequent work.

In popular culture
In the first-season The X-Files episode "Ghost in the Machine", Eurisko is the name of a fictional software company responsible for the episode's "monster of the week", facilities management software known as "Central Operating System", or "COS". COS (described in the episode as an "adaptive network") is shown to be capable of learning when its designer arrives at Eurisko headquarters and is surprised to find that COS has given itself the ability to speak. The designer is forced to create a virus to destroy COS after COS commits a series of murders in an apparent effort to prevent its own destruction.

Lenat is mentioned and Eurisko is discussed at the end of Richard Feynman's Computer Heuristics Lecture as part of the Idiosyncratic Thinking Workshop Series.

Lenat and Eurisko are mentioned in the 2019 James Rollins novel Crucible that deals with artificial intelligence and artificial general intelligence.

Notes

References

Heuristics
Applications of artificial intelligence
Genetic programming

Eurisko


Samuel Fisher (June 30, 1777 – 1856) was an American clergyman and educator.

His father, serving in the Continental Army at Morristown, New Jersey, died of disease just before his birth.  His mother was living at the time with her brother-in-law, Dr. Samuel Ware, in Sunderland, Massachusetts.  He lived for a few years with his mother in Dedham, Massachusetts, and in 1782 went to Conway, to live with his uncle, Dr. Ware, who had adopted him, and where he remained till he went to college. He studied at Williams College, graduating in 1799.

He taught school in Conway and then became head of Deerfield Academy in 1800.  He was next a tutor at Williams College from 1801 to 1803, meanwhile studying divinity. He met his future wife Alice Cogswell in 1802 and they married in 1805.  Her cousin of the same name was the inspiration for the founding of the first school for the deaf in the United States.  Fisher and his wife had six children.  She died in 1850.

He received a license to preach from the Berkshire Association in 1804 and was ordained as a pastor in Wilton, Connecticut.  A series of pastorates in New York and New Jersey followed.  Meanwhile, Fisher received a doctorate in divinity from Princeton University in 1827.

He became embroiled in the Old School-New School Controversy that divided the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America.  He was elected the first moderator of the New School General Assembly at Philadelphia in 1838.

He died on December 27, 1856, in Succasunna, New Jersey, and was buried New Year's Day, 1857, in Paterson, New Jersey

His son, Samuel Ware Fisher, would become president of Hamilton College.

References
 , pg. 116.

1777 births
1857 deaths
Heads of Deerfield Academy
Williams College alumni
Princeton University alumni
19th-century Presbyterian ministers
Presbyterian Church in the United States of America ministers
People from Morris County, New Jersey
Educators from New Jersey
Clergy from Dedham, Massachusetts
Educators from Dedham, Massachusetts
19th-century American clergy

Samuel Fisher (clergyman)


Hermann Kuhnt (14 April 1850 – 31 October 1925) was a German ophthalmologist born in Senftenberg, Brandenburg.

He studied medicine in Bonn, Berlin and Würzburg, and following graduation worked at the anatomy institute in Rostock under Friedrich Sigmund Merkel (1845–1919). Afterwards he became assistant to ophthalmologist Otto Becker (1828–1890) at the University Eye Clinic in Heidelberg. In 1880 he moved to the University of Jena, where in 1881 he was appointed professor of ophthalmology. Around 1892 he began serving as a professor at the University of Königsberg.

From 1870 he was a member of the Corps Rhenania Bonn.

In 1899 with Julius von Michel (1843–1911), he founded the ophthalmic journal Zeitschrift für Augenheilkunde. The following two eponyms are named after him:
 Kuhnt-Junius degeneration: Also known as disciform macular degeneration; named with Paul Junius (1871–1948).
 Kuhnt's spaces: Shallow diverticula or recesses between the ciliary body and the Zonule of Zinn which open into the eye's posterior chamber.

Selected publications
 Beitrage zur Operativen Augenheilkunde, (1883)
 Über die Therapie der Conjunctivitis granulosa, (1897)
 Über die Verwerthbarkeit der Bindehaut in der praktischen und in der operativen Augenheilkunde, (1898)
 Die scheibenförmige Entartung der Netzhautmitte (Degeneratio maculae luteae disciformis), (1926); with Paul Junius

References
 Pagel: Biographical Dictionary (translated biography)

External links

1925 deaths
1850 births
People from Senftenberg
Physicians from the Province of Brandenburg
German ophthalmologists
Academic staff of the University of Königsberg
Academic staff of the University of Jena

Hermann Kuhnt


Hazard symbols or warning symbols are recognisable symbols designed to warn about hazardous or dangerous materials, locations, or objects, including electromagnetic fields, electric currents; harsh, toxic or unstable chemicals (acids, poisons, explosives); and radioactivity. The use of hazard symbols is often regulated by law and directed by standards organizations. Hazard symbols may appear with different colors, backgrounds, borders, and supplemental information in order to specify the type of hazard and the level of threat (for example, toxicity classes).  Warning symbols are used in many places in lieu of or addition to written warnings as they are quickly recognized (faster than reading a written warning) and more commonly understood (the same symbol can be recognized as having the same meaning to speakers of different languages).

List of common symbols

Tape with yellow and black diagonal stripes is commonly used as a generic hazard warning.  This can be in the form of barricade tape, or as a self-adhesive tape for marking floor areas and the like.  In some regions (for instance the UK) yellow tape is buried a certain distance above buried electrical cables to warn future groundworkers of the hazard.

Generic warning symbol

On roadside warning signs, an exclamation mark is often used to draw attention to a generic warning of danger, hazards, and the unexpected. In Europe and elsewhere in the world (except North America and Australia), this type of sign is used if there are no more-specific signs to denote a particular hazard. When used for traffic signs, it is accompanied by a supplementary sign describing the hazard, usually mounted under the exclamation mark.

This symbol has also been more widely adopted for generic use in many other contexts not associated with road traffic. It often appears on hazardous equipment, in instruction manuals to draw attention to a precaution, on tram and train blind spot warning stickers or on natural disaster (earthquake, tsunami, hurricane, volcanic eruption) preparedness posters, as an alternative when a more-specific warning symbol is not available.

Poison symbol

The skull-and-crossbones symbol, consisting of a human skull and two bones crossed together behind the skull, is today generally used as a warning of danger of death, particularly in regard to poisonous substances.

The symbol, or some variation thereof, specifically with the bones (or swords) below the skull, was also featured on the Jolly Roger, the traditional flag of European and American seagoing pirates. It is also part of the Canadian WHMIS home symbols placed on containers to warn that the contents are poisonous.

In the United States, due to concerns that the skull-and-crossbones symbol's association with pirates might encourage children to play with toxic materials, the Mr. Yuk symbol is also used to denote poison.

Ionizing radiation symbol

The international radiation symbol is a trefoil around a small central circle representing radiation from an atom.  It first appeared in 1946 at the University of California, Berkeley Radiation Laboratory. At the time, it was rendered as magenta, and was set on a blue background. The shade of magenta used (Martin Senour Roman Violet No. 2225) was chosen because it was expensive and less likely to be used on other signs.  However, a blue background for other signs started to be used extensively.  Blue was typically used on information signs and the color tended to fade with weathering.  This resulted in the background being changed on the radiation hazard sign.  The original version used in the United States is magenta against a yellow background, and it is drawn with a central circle of radius R, an internal radius of 1.5R and an external radius of 5R for the blades, which are separated from each other by 60°. The trefoil is black in the international version, which is also used in the United States.

The symbol was adopted as a standard in the US by ANSI in 1969.  It was first documented as an international symbol in 1963 in International Organization for Standardization (ISO) recommendation R.361.  In 1974, after approval by national standards bodies, the symbol became an international standard as ISO 361 Basic ionizing radiation symbol. The standard specifies the shape, proportions, application and restrictions on the use of the symbol.  It may be used to signify the actual or potential presence of ionizing radiation. It is not used for non-ionizing electromagnetic waves or sound waves. The standard does not specify the radiation levels at which it is to be used.

The sign is commonly referred to as a radioactivity warning sign, but it is actually a warning sign of ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation is a much broader category than radioactivity alone, as many non-radioactive sources also emit potentially dangerous levels of ionizing radiation. This includes x-ray apparatus, radiotherapy linear accelerators, and particle accelerators. Non-ionizing radiation can also reach potentially dangerous levels, but this warning sign is different from the trefoil ionizing radiation warning symbol.  The sign is not to be confused with the fallout shelter identification sign introduced by the Office of Civil Defense in 1961.  This was originally intended to be the same of the radiation hazard symbol but was changed to a slightly different symbol because shelters are a place of safety, not of hazard.

On February 15, 2007, two groups—the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)—jointly announced the adoption of a new ionizing radiation warning symbol to supplement the traditional trefoil symbol. The new symbol, to be used on sealed radiation sources, is aimed at alerting anyone, anywhere to the danger of being close to a strong source of ionizing radiation. It depicts, on a red background, a black trefoil with waves of radiation streaming from it, along with a black skull and crossbones, and a running figure with an arrow pointing away from the scene. The radiating trefoil suggests the presence of radiation, while the red background and the skull and crossbones warn of danger. The figure running away from the scene is meant to suggest taking action to avoid the labeled material. The new symbol is not intended to be generally visible, but rather to appear on internal components of devices that house radiation sources so that if anybody attempts to disassemble such devices they will see an explicit warning not to proceed any further.

Biohazard symbol

The biohazard symbol is used in the labeling of biological materials that carry a significant health risk, including viral and bacteriological samples, including infected dressings and used hypodermic needles (see sharps waste).

History
The biohazard symbol was developed by the Dow Chemical Company in 1966 for their containment products.

According to Charles Baldwin, an environmental-health engineer who contributed to its development: "We wanted something that was memorable but meaningless, so we could educate people as to what it means." In an article in Science in 1967, the symbol was presented as the new standard for all biological hazards ("biohazards"). The article explained that over 40 symbols were drawn up by Dow artists, and all of the symbols investigated had to meet a number of criteria: "(i) striking in form in order to draw immediate attention; (ii) unique and unambiguous, in order not to be confused with symbols used for other purposes; (iii) quickly recognizable and easily recalled; (iv) easily stenciled; (v) symmetrical, in order to appear identical from all angles of approach; and (vi) acceptable to groups of varying ethnic backgrounds." The chosen scored the best on nationwide testing for memorability.

Geometry

All parts of the biohazard sign can be drawn with a compass and straightedge. The basic outline of the symbol is a plain trefoil, which is three circles overlapping each other equally like in a triple Venn diagram with the overlapping parts erased. The diameter of the overlapping part is equal to half the radius of the three circles. Then three inner circles are drawn in with  radius of the original circles so that it is tangent to the outside three overlapping circles. A tiny circle in center has a diameter  of the radius of the three inner circles, and arcs are erased at 90°, 210°, and 330°. The arcs of the inner circles and the tiny circle are connected by a line. Finally, the ring under is drawn from the distance to the perimeter of the equilateral triangle that forms between the centers of the three intersecting circles. An outer circle of the ring under is drawn and finally enclosed with the arcs from the center of the inner circles with a shorter radius from the inner circles.

Chemical symbols
A chemical hazard symbol is a pictogram applied to containers of dangerous chemical compounds to indicate the specific hazard, and thus the required precautions. There are several systems of labels, depending on the purpose, such as on the container for end-use, or on a vehicle during transportation.

GHS symbols and statements

The United Nations has designed GHS hazard pictograms and GHS hazard statements to internationally harmonize chemical hazard warnings. Several European countries have started to implement these new global standards, but older warning symbols are still used in many parts of the world.

Europe

European standards are set by:
 CLP regulation (2008) for chemical containers, following international GHS recommendations; see European CLP/GHS hazard symbols
 European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) for additional packaging for transportation. Vehicles carrying dangerous goods must be equipped with orange signs, where the upper code number identifies the type of hazard, and the lower code number identifies the specific substance. These symbols cannot be readily interpreted without the aid of a table to translate the numerical codes.

Canada

The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System, or WHMIS, is Canada's national workplace hazard communication standard.

United States

The US-based National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has a standard NFPA 704 using a diamond with four colored sections each with a number indicating severity 0–4 (0 for no hazard, 4 indicates a severe hazard). The red section denotes flammability. The blue section denotes health risks. Yellow represents reactivity (tendency to explode). The white section denotes special hazard information. One example of a special hazard would be the capital letter W crossed out (pictured left), indicating it is water reactant.

Non-standard symbols

A large number of warning symbols with non-standard designs are in use around the world.

Some warning symbols have been redesigned to be more comprehensible to children, such as the Mr. Ouch (depicting an electricity danger as a snarling, spiky creature) and Mr. Yuk (a green frowny face sticking its tongue out, to represent poison) designs in the United States.

See also

 Pictogram
 ISO 7010 – ISO standard for safety symbols
 ISO 7001 – ISO standard for public information symbols.
 GHS hazard pictograms – Symbols used by the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals
 Safety sign

References

External links

 Hazchem Guide from The National Chemical Emergency Centre
 European Chemicals Bureau
 Directive 2001/59/EC
 Hazchem panel information

Pictograms
Infographics
Occupational safety and health
Symbols

Hazard symbol


C. P. First (Craig P. First, born March 16, 1960) is an American composer of the avant-garde. He was born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Recognized primarily for his chamber music, he has also composed opera, orchestral and electronic music. His music is characterized by its taut, often disturbing drama, and carefully calculated, discordant atonal language.

Biography
Whilst still in his early teens, C. P. First began composing works of an experimental nature. After completing his primary education, he pursued composition studies in Chicago, Illinois, where he studied at the American Conservatory, then at the University of Chicago where he studied with the Pulitzer prize-winning composer Shulamit Ran. He earned his Doctoral degree (1990) from Northwestern University. During his years as a graduate student, First became deeply entrenched in the electronic and computer media that often reside at the core of his compositional output.

Whilst an undergraduate student, First was commissioned by Charles Moore and the ACM Chamber Opera of Chicago to write the one-act opera, The Soul of Rose Dede. His work caught the attention of influential cultural figures in Chicago, including impresario Dalia Kuceanas, who introduced the young composer to important European musicians. These introductions led to the commission of several works, including Two by One (solo violin) for the preeminent Russian violinist, Raimundas Katillus, who performed the composer's music at Carnegie Hall. Immediately following First's Carnegie Hall debut, performances of his works appeared throughout Europe and the major performance centers in the US.

Among the important European musicians with whom First came in contact was the brilliant Greek virtuoso Dimitris Marinos. Perhaps First's most well-known work, Tantrum, was written for Marinos, who performed the work widely in Europe and the US, including the World Music Days in England, the World Music Days in Luxembourg, and Carnegie Hall and Merkin Hall. Marinos and First collaborated on two other works, Epiphany and Contrapuntal Variations I commissioned by Commissioning Music/USA.

Although in recent years somewhat reclusive, the composer persistently emerges with new works that invariably receive critical acclaim. Most recently, his collaboration with New York filmmaker Matt Marello on the eccentric multi-media collaboration, The Eternal Return (2002), received worldwide attention, including performances on the America in Berlin exhibit at the Berlin Academy of Art.

 In addition to his work as a composer, First has contributed to the introduction of new works in his service as Artistic Director with the Chicago 21st Century Music Ensemble. Founded in 1992 by First and conductor Gui Bordo, the ensemble remains an important contemporary music group in Chicago.

From 1990 until 1995, First served as a Lecturer in Theory and Composition at Northwestern University and DePaul University. In 1995, he accepted a post at the University of Alabama, where he is Professor and Chair of Composition and Theory.

Works and honours
First's interest in electronic media led to the production of some of his most important and widely performed works, including Tantrum (1992-amplified mandolin and tape), I' vidi in terra angelici (1990-mezzo-soprano and tape) on Petrarch sonnets, and Zu wissen was kein Engel weiss (1990-double orchestra and quadrophonic tape). His most recent music includes The Eternal Return, a multimedia work for five ensembles and five films created by New York filmmaker Matt Marello.  His work was recently included in the New York Museum of Modern Art "America in Berlin" exhibition at the Berlin Academy of Art.

Works

Opera
 The Soul of Rose Dede (Chamber Opera)

Film
 The Eternal Return (Five Films and Five Ensembles)

Chamber music
 String Quartet
 Two by One (Violin Solo / Arrangement for Alto Sax)
 Shadow Play (Piano Solo)
 Intimate Voices (Violin, Cello, and Piano)
 Black Sun (Violin and Piano)
 Tantrum (Amplified Mandolin and Tape)
 Mosaics (Saxophone Quartet)
 Flights of Fantasy (Chamber Orchestra)
 Zu wissen was kein Engel weiß (Double Orchestra and Four-Channel Tape)
 Summer Knowledge (Flute, Violin, Cello, and Piano)
 Drame lyrique (Guitar)
 Contrapuntal Variations I (Mandolin and Tape)
 Contrapuntal Variations II (Violin)
 Contrapuntal Variations III (Cello)
 Time's Dedication (Soprano, Narrator, and 8 Instruments)
 Chimera (Viola and Harpsichord)
 Scatterbrain (Cello Solo)
 Three Scenes for a Mad Clarinet (Clarinet and Piano)
 Dream Music for Guitar and Cello
 Lo, the Solace Passed (Alto Saxophone and Large Chamber Ensemble)
 The Apocryphal (Violin Duo)
 Jetz (Double Bass and Piano)

Orchestral music
 Flights of Fantasy (Chamber Orchestra)
 Zu wissen was kein Engel weiß (Double Orchestra and Four-Channel Tape)
 Concerto for Chamber Orchestra
 Sun Devil (Soprano Saxophone and Orchestra)

Electronic music

 Zu wissen was kein Engel weiß (Double Orchestra and Four-Channel Tape)
 I ' vidi in terra angelici (Soprano and Two-Channel Tape)
 Epiphany (Amplified Violin, Mandolin, and Two-Channel Tape)
 Tantrum (Amplified Mandolin and Tape)
 Fever 103o (Two-Channel Tape)
 Invariance (Two-Channel Tape)

References

External links
Official website
Page at the University of Alabama School of Music

1960 births
Living people
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
American opera composers
Male opera composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Modernism
Postmodern composers
Bienen School of Music alumni
University of Chicago alumni
DePaul University faculty
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians

Craig First


Wayne Robert Teasdale (16 January 1945 – 20 October 2004) was a Catholic monk, author and teacher from Connecticut, best known as an energetic proponent of mutual understanding between the world's religions, for an interfaith dialogue which he termed "interspirituality". He was also an active campaigner on issues of social justice.

Publications

Books
Essays in Mysticism: Explorations into Contemplative Experience, Foreword by George A. Maloney (Liturgical Publications/Sunday Publications 1982)
Towards a Christian Vedanta: The Encounter of Hinduism and Christianity according to Bede Griffiths (Asian Trading Corporation 1987)  Developed from his dissertation at Fordham University.
The Mystic Heart: Discovering a Universal Spirituality in the World's Religions, Foreword by the Dalai Lama, Preface by Beatrice Bruleau (New World Library 1999)
 A Monk in the World: Cultivating a Spiritual Life, Foreword by Ken Wilber (New World Library 2002)
Bede Griffiths: An Introduction to his Interspiritual Thought, Foreword by Bede Griffiths (Skylight Paths Publishing 2003)
Catholicism in Dialogue: Conversations across the Traditions (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 2004)
The Mystic Hours: A Daybook of Inspirational Wisdom and Devotion (New World Library 2004)

Editor
The Community of Religions: Voices and Images of the Parliament of the World's Religions,  editor, with George Cairns (Continuum International Publishing Group 1996)
Awakening the Spirit, Inspiring the Soul: 30 Stories of Interspiritual Discovery in the Community of Faiths, editor, with Martha Howard, Foreword by Joan Borysenko (Skylight Paths Publishing 2004)

References

External links

Interspiritual Dialogue 'n' Action

One Spirit Learning Alliance and Interfaith Seminary website
Order of Universal Interfaith website
Community of the Mystical Heart website
Interspiritual multiplex website
Amy Edelstein's interview with Teasdale
Universal Declaration on Nonviolence
Review of A Monk in the World
"Determined to be Free" : an interview with ascent magazine.

1945 births
2004 deaths
American religious writers
American spiritual teachers
American spiritual writers
20th-century Christian mystics
Fordham University alumni
DePaul University faculty
Benedictine University faculty
Buddhist and Christian interfaith dialogue
American Christian monks

Wayne Teasdale


Minuscule 937 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1137von Soden), is an 11th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. It has marginalia and was prepared for liturgical use. The manuscript has not survived in complete condition.

Description

The codex contains the text of the four Gospels, on 256 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 22 lines per page. The leaves are arranged in sedez. The manuscript is lacunose at the end (John 21:11-25). In John 14:22-15:5 it was supplied by later hand.

It contains Epistula ad Carpianum, but it lacks the Eusebian Canon Tables. It uses lectionary markings at the margin for liturgical use.

Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine. Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family Kx. Kurt Aland placed it in Category V.
According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents textual Family Kx in Luke 1, Luke 10 and Luke 20. The manuscript is a fragmentary in Luke 20.

History

The manuscript was dated by Gregory to the 11th century. Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 11th century. The codex 937 was seen by Gregory at the Dionysiou monastery (29), in Mount Athos. Currently the manuscript is housed at the Dionysiou monastery (161 (29)) in Athos.

The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by C. R. Gregory (937e). It was not on the Scrivener's list, but it was added to this list by Edward Miller in the 4th edition of A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament.

It is not cited in critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS4, NA28).

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules (1–1000)
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

External links

Greek New Testament minuscules
11th-century biblical manuscripts
Athos manuscripts
Dionysiou Monastery

Minuscule 937


Albert Kostin (1892–1984) was an American painter, born Odesa (then the Russian Empire, now Ukraine). He started his career around 1912 in Paris, where he specialized in cubism. Later, in the US, he became a respected member of the New York School of abstract-expressionism. Albert Kostin was directly influenced by Pablo Picasso and worked with Jackson Pollock.

Early life

Albert Kostin was born in 1892 in Odessa (the Russian Empire) where he attended the School of Arts. When he was in his twenties, he did what so many other young Russian artists had done before him: move to Paris, the city where modern art was exploding.

Paris

In Paris, Kostin settled near art-centre La Ruche and came into contact with the artistic circle of Montparnasse. This group of artists focussed on modern art movements such as luminism, expressionism, fauvism, futurism and -especially- cubism. It is said he worked in Paris in the studio of Georges Braque and was directly influenced by Pablo Picasso. He worked in the centre of the School of Paris for about six years and made a series of cubistic compositions. In 1918, shortly after World War I ended, Kostin emigrated to the USA.

United States

In the United States, he worked as an independent artist. He married Pauline (1896-?) and became the father of two sons: Abraham (1921-?) and Jesse (1925-2008). Gradually his fame as an artist grew, as he participated in international group expositions with Friez, Kisling, Derain, Jacobi, Picasso, Braque, De Vlaminck, Utrillo and Dufy. His art developed to a new form of abstraction, noted and appreciated both by art critics as well as galleries. At the end of the 1940s, he was offered several solo-exhibitions. In the second half of the 20th century, although he was still active as a painter, he was no longer interested in exhibiting his paintings. He gave away most of his work. He moved to Los Angeles, where he died in 1984.

Work

During his stay in Paris between 1912 and 1918, Kostin made a series of table-compositions, influenced by Pablo Picasso, George Braque and the group of Montparnasse painters (Le Fauconnier, Leger and Metzinger). These table compositions are characterized by a new geometry, vivid and transparent colors and spatial effects.
In the 1930s, he worked in the US with Georgia O'Keeffe, Milton Avery and Stuart Davis, painting a series of luminist landscapes. In the 1940s, when his paintings were shown in major New York Galleries, his work developed to abstract color compositions ("More or less influenced by Graham Vivian Sutherland" The New Yorker, May 1949) and later to a subtile form of action-painting. By then, he was influenced by and worked with Jackson Pollock. The painting "Yellow and red abstraction"(1950), is considered to be one of the highlights of their collaboration.

Exhibitions and collections

From 1940–1941, his paintings were shown in New York in The Gallery of Modern Art and the Contemporary Arts Gallery

In 1949, Kostin had solo exhibitions in both the J.B. Neuman Gallery and the Contemporary Arts Gallery. Reviews were published in the New York Times, Art Digest and Art News (Roy Miller: "Albert Kostin makes a substantial contribution to the abstract-expressionism of the New York School..."

Later, at the end of the century, his paintings were presented in solo exhibitions in Amsterdam (Netherlands, 1995) and Marbella (Spain, 2004)

Most of the paintings of Albert Kostin are part of private collections in Europe and the USA

Public collections
 New York – Metropolitan Museum of Art

References

1892 births
1984 deaths
Artists from Odesa
20th-century American painters
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
American male painters
Ukrainian male painters
20th-century American male artists
Expatriates from the Russian Empire in France

Albert Kostin