Colin James Barnett  (born 15 July 1950) is an Australian former politician who was the 29th Premier of Western Australia. He concurrently served as the state's Treasurer at several points during his tenure and had previously held various other portfolios in Western Australia's Court–Cowan Ministry.

Barnett was born in Nedlands, Perth. He  graduated from the University of Western Australia with an economics degree. Having lectured in economics at the  Western Australian Institute of Technology and served as an executive director of the Western Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, he was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Assembly for the seat of Cottesloe at a by-election in 1990. Barnett served as a minister in the Court–Cowan Ministry from 1993 until its defeat at the 2001 election, after which he was made leader of the Liberal Party, replacing the outgoing premier, Richard Court. He resigned as leader after the unsuccessful 2005 election, but regained the position prior to the 2008 election, where he was elected premier. Barnett was sworn into office on 23 September 2008 by Ken Michael, the Governor of Western Australia at the time. At the 2013 election Barnett and his government were re-elected to a second term.

The Liberals were defeated at the 2017 election, and WA Labor's Mark McGowan succeeded Barnett as Premier. On 15 December 2017, Barnett announced his intention to resign from politics, which he did on 5 February 2018.

Early life
Barnett was born in Nedlands, an inner western suburb of Perth, on 15 July 1950. He was educated at Nedlands Primary School and Hollywood Senior High School. He began studying geology at the University of Western Australia, but switched to an economics course from which he graduated with an honours degree and later a master's degree. In 1973, he became a cadet research officer for the Australian Bureau of Statistics in Canberra, being promoted to senior research officer before returning to Perth in 1975 to become a lecturer in Economics at the Western Australian Institute of Technology (later renamed Curtin University).

In 1981, he was seconded to the Confederation of Western Australian Industry, becoming the founding editor of their publication, Western Australian Economic Review. He was later appointed their chief economist, and served with them until 1985, when he became the executive director of the Western Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

Early political career
After former state Liberal leader Bill Hassell retired from politics in 1990, Barnett won the ensuing by-election in his old seat of Cottesloe. He had not previously been a member of the Liberal Party, only joining during the preselection process.

Despite this, Barnett was appointed to the shadow cabinet of Barry MacKinnon shortly after entering parliament, with responsibility for housing and works. He also added the fuel and energy portfolio in August 1991. In May 1992, MacKinnon was replaced as leader by Richard Court. Barnett ran for the deputy leadership against Cheryl Edwardes, and after an initial 16–16 tie was elected by lot. He retained responsibility for fuel and energy in the subsequent reshuffle of the shadow ministry, and was also given the state development portfolio.

Court Government (1993–2001)
After Court led the Liberals to power at the 1993 state election, Barnett became Minister for Resources Development and Energy and later, Minister for Education and Minister for Tourism in the Court–Cowan Ministry. He was also the Leader of the House in the Legislative Assembly and remained deputy leader of the Liberal Party. He was generally regarded as a competent and successful minister, and was associated with a number of important resource development projects.

Opposition (2001–2008)
The Court government was defeated at the 2001 election.  Court had a somewhat frosty relationship with Barnett and wanted to keep him from becoming leader of the opposition.  While Court was from the conservative wing of the state Liberal Party, Barnett is from the moderate wing. Court engineered a plan to have federal MP Julie Bishop succeed him instead.  Under Court's plan, both he and Barnett would have resigned from the state legislature. Bishop would have resigned from federal parliament and handed her seat of Curtin, the safest Liberal seat in the Perth area, to Barnett. Bishop would have then run in either Barnett's seat of Cottesloe or Court's seat of Nedlands, both reckoned as comfortably safe Liberal seats. Court would then hand leadership of the WA Liberals to Bishop once she was safely in state parliament. When Barnett found out about the plan, he claimed to have "choked on his Weet-Bix" at what he described as "an act of treachery or deceit." However, when Bishop rejected the plan, Court, finding himself in an untenable situation, resigned. Barnett then took the leadership after defeating his only opponent Rod Sweetman.

At the 2005 state election, Barnett proposed the construction of a canal from the rivers of the Kimberley Ranges in northern Western Australia to Perth to meet Perth's growing water supply problem. The proposal was costed by Barnett at A$2 billion, however it soon emerged that no feasibility study or detailed costings had been done. Some experts put the cost as high as A$5 billion. The Prime Minister, John Howard, refused to commit federal funds to the project. He released the policy costings only a few days before the election, when a A$200 million error in the costings document was discovered. When the Gallop government was returned with its majority intact, Barnett accepted responsibility for the defeat and resigned the Liberal leadership. On 9 March 2005 Liberal MPs elected Matt Birney, the member for Kalgoorlie, as Barnett's successor.

Barnett spent the next two years on the backbench—the first time in his career he had not been either a minister or opposition frontbencher.  In November 2007, he announced that he would retire from politics at the next state election, at that stage due by May 2009.

Premier (2008–2017)

WA Government

On 4 August 2008, Troy Buswell resigned as Opposition Leader and two days later Barnett was re-elected unopposed to the Liberal leadership despite the fact that he had previously announced his retirement and Deidre Willmott (who would subsequently be appointed as his Chief of Staff) had been endorsed in his electorate. On 7 August 2008, Premier Alan Carpenter called an early election for 6 September 2008. Barnett led the Liberal Party to the election, which saw a significant swing away from the incumbent Labor Party, leading to a hung parliament. The balance of power rested with the WA Nationals.  While the federal Liberals and Nationals are in Coalition at the federal level, the WA Nationals do not necessarily follow their federal counterparts' lead politically, and leader Brendon Grylls had torn up the Coalition agreement a year earlier. Knowing that Grylls was in a position to effectively choose the next premier, both Barnett and Carpenter courted the Nationals' support.

A week after the election, the Nationals agreed to support the Liberal Party as a minority government.  As part of the deal, Grylls and two other Nationals, Terry Redman and Terry Waldron, accepted posts in Barnett's cabinet.  However, the National ministers had only limited cabinet collective responsibility, unlike past Liberal-National coalitions in Western Australia (and at most levels in the rest of the country), and the Nationals reserved the right to vote against the government on issues that affected their electorates' interests.  Additionally, Grylls declined to become Deputy Premier, a post which went to Liberal deputy leader Dr Kim Hames. Carpenter resigned rather than face certain defeat on the floor of the Assembly, and Barnett was sworn into office on 23 September 2008.

Barnett was the sole state premier opposed to Labor Prime Minister Kevin Rudd's key Health reform policy deal at the April 2010 COAG meeting. Barnett at the time led the only Liberal State Government in Australia, while all others states were led by Labor governments. The reasoning for Barnett's strong opposition towards the reform was because it would require the State Governments to forfeit a proportion of their GST revenue. The Rudd government's proposal was that 30 per cent of the GST revenue pool was to be dedicated towards the Commonwealth's contribution for hospital services, which had a disproportionate impact on those States receiving a less than per capita share of the GST pool (for Western Australia, this would have resulted in an estimated 64 per cent of GST revenue being forfeit). Barnett had already been angered that Western Australia was given a decreased 7.1 percent amount of the GST revenue (lower than last year's revenue amount of 8.1 percent) while Western Australia is a state that will be heavily relied upon for the nation's economic growth due to its booming resource sector. Western Australia therefore would be heavily dependent on GST revenue to fund major resource sector projects although they would not be supported by GST revenue, thus becoming extensive expenditure for the state.

Barnett believed that if Western Australia had agreed to a proposition for the States to handover 30% of the GST revenue pool, the arrangement could eventually lead to the federal government being able to acquire 100% of the state's GST revenue. The reaction of Barnett towards the health reform has been considered by political writer Peter van Onselen as a preservation of the states' rights.

From 27 April 2010, Barnett held the Treasury Portfolio after the resignation of former Treasurer Troy Buswell. In a cabinet reshuffle he handed the portfolio to Christian Porter later that same year. Barnett returned to the treasury portfolio when Christian Porter suddenly decided to pursue a career in federal politics and resigned immediately from all his state ministerial portfolios on 12 June 2012. Porter's resignation saw Barnett serve as an interim Treasurer until he was officially replaced by Troy Buswell the following month on 7 July.

Barnett led the Liberals to victory in the 2013 state election, taking 31 seats on a swing of 8.8 points.  This was theoretically enough for the Liberals to govern alone, and marked only the second time that the main non-Labor party in Western Australia had won a majority in its own right since adopting the Liberal banner in 1944.  However, Barnett said after the election that the coalition with the WA Nationals would be retained. According to ABC election analyst Antony Green, Barnett would have been forced to keep the Nationals in his cabinet in any event.  Even after the 2008 electoral reforms, rural areas are still significantly overrepresented in the Legislative Council.  Green argued that the rural weighting in the Legislative Council makes it politically impossible for a Liberal premier to govern without National support, even when the Liberals win enough Legislative Assembly seats to theoretically govern alone.

Controversial policies
In October 2004, Barnett led a campaign to raise the age of consent for homosexual acts from 16 to 18. This policy of recriminalisation was opposed by several major organisations, including Amnesty International, the World Health Organization, and the Australian Medical Association, as well as all other parliamentary parties, including the Nationals.

In October 2009, Barnett announced a series of new policies relating to drug legislation including a repeal of the Cannabis Control Act 2003. The previous laws were formulated by Geoff Gallop's drug summit, taking input from experts such as academics, police, social workers, lawyers, medical professionals and members of the public. Barnett has stated it is his intention to overturn these laws because of his beliefs and stated that the drug summit members made a mistake introducing them and that cannabis was a "gateway drug". To help with the enforcement of this new policy, Barnett also supported legislation to give police the power to search and seize property without any suspicion or belief that a crime has been committed. A Liberal parliamentarian, Peter Abetz, voiced support for these laws in parliament by drawing reference to the work Adolf Hitler did to bring security to Nazi Germany. Barnett said that Abetz was making a valid point.

In June 2013, Barnett said that Western Australia would not sign up to the Gillard government Gonski School Funding Reforms. Barnett said that he will not let the federal government govern schools.

In December 2013, Barnett announced a controversial plan for great white sharks to be shot and disposed of at sea if they come within one kilometre of the coast of Western Australia, while acknowledging broad dissent in the community.

In 2015, former Liberal leader Bill Hassell—who had preceded Barnett as the member for Cottesloe and "has a habit of excoriating Barnett in the media" according to The Australian—labelled Barnett a social liberal and a useful over-spender. Barnett claimed mining royalties were spent on "disability, mental health and other areas of social need". In December 2007 when former Liberal leader Barnett was once again a backbencher and contemplating political retirement, he claimed: "I'm disappointed that the Liberal Party has been taken over by hardline right-wingers" and "The party has become inflexible and has held a hard line on social issues, and that has not worked with 30-year-old voters" and "We should be more moderate on social issues. Saying sorry to Aboriginal people is part of that. We should have said sorry long ago".

2016 leadership spill
On 17 September 2016, Local Government Minister Tony Simpson and Transport Minister Dean Nalder resigned from Cabinet.
Subsequently, a motion to spill the leadership of the WA Liberal Party was brought by backbencher Murray Cowper. On 20 September, it was defeated 31 votes to 15. Nalder, who would have nominated against Barnett if the spill motion had passed, promised not to launch future leadership challenges.

2017 election defeat and resignation from politics

Most polls since Barnett's landslide victory in 2013 showed the Barnett government well behind Labor. A Newspoll conducted from October to December 2015 and released in January 2016, revealing the government significantly trailing 47–53 two-party against the Labor opposition, representing a double-digit two-party swing of more than 10 points since the 2013 election. Had this been repeated at an election, it would have been more than enough to deny Barnett a third term. Just prior to the 2013 election, Barnett was nominated Better Premier with a 21-point lead on 52 percent, with an approval rating of 51 percent and a disapproval rating of 36 percent. Since then, Labor leader Mark McGowan has consistently led Barnett as Better Premier by several percent, with Barnett's approval rating consistently low, currently at 33 percent, with his disapproval rating consistently high, currently at 54 percent.

On 11 March 2017, Barnett was swept from power in the largest defeat of a sitting government in Western Australia's history. The Coalition suffered a swing of 12.6 percent and lost 20 seats. Seven members of Barnett's cabinet, including Grylls, were defeated. The Coalition took a particularly severe beating in Perth. It went into the election holding 26 of the capital's 43 seats, but many Liberals in the outer suburbs sat on inflated margins. The Liberals suffered a 13.6 percent swing in Perth, and were cut down to just nine seats there, including Barnett's. Accepting responsibility for one of the worst defeats of a sitting state or territory government since Federation, Barnett resigned as Liberal leader and returned to the backbench. He was succeeded as WA Liberal leader by his former Treasurer, Mike Nahan.

On 15 December 2017, Barnett announced his intention to retire from politics after Australia Day 2018. He resigned on 5 February 2018, triggering a by-election in his seat of Cottesloe.

In December 2019, Barnett criticised Home Affairs Minister Peter Dutton for stating that the values of the Chinese Communist Party are "inconsistent" with Australian values.

Honours
Barnett was appointed as a Companion of the Order of Australia in the 2023 King's Birthday Honours for "eminent service to the people and Parliament of Western Australia, particularly as premier, to economic and infrastructure development, to social welfare reform, and to the Indigenous community".

See also
 Barnett Ministry

References

External links

 Department of the Premier and Cabinet
 Electorate website for Cottesloe

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1950 births
Australian economists
Australian republicans
Academic staff of Curtin University
Companions of the Order of Australia
Leaders of the Opposition in Western Australia
Living people
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
Politicians from Perth, Western Australia
Premiers of Western Australia
Treasurers of Western Australia
University of Western Australia alumni
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Western Australia
20th-century Australian politicians
21st-century Australian politicians
Energy Ministers of Western Australia

Colin Barnett


Glen Weston Titensor (born February 21, 1958) is a former American football offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys. He played college football at Brigham Young University.

Early years
Titensor attended Bolsa Grande High School and was a three-year starter at tackle on both offense and defense for the football, receiving All-County honors as a junior. He was injured in the first game of his senior year and missed the entire season. He also practiced track & field.

He received a football scholarship from UCLA, where he played at nose guard and defensive tackle backing up All-American Manu Tuiasosopo for two years. He transferred at the end of his sophomore season to Brigham Young University and sat out the 1978 season.

He was named the starter at left defensive tackle as a junior, before moving to defensive end, where he received All-WAC and honorable-mention All-American honors.

As a senior, he registered 41 tackles (5 for loss), 13 sacks (led the team) and 38 quarterback hurries. He finished his college career with 88 tackles (12 for loss), 17 sacks, 57 quarterback hurries and 3 forced fumbles.

Professional career
Titensor was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the third round (81st overall) of the 1981 NFL Draft as a defensive end. The Cowboys offense needed help and like Blaine Nye, John Fitzgerald, Pat Donovan and Kurt Petersen before him, he was switched to the offensive line to play tackle as a rookie. During the season he was also tried at center and guard during practice, but on game days he played mainly on special teams. He played briefly at left guard in the playoffs against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in place of Herbert Scott who suffered a minor injury.

In 1982, he missed 5 of 9 games when he suffered a left knee injury in the fourth game of the season, but returned a month later and was available for the playoffs.

In 1983, he played center during the second half of the game against the Minnesota Vikings and started against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in place of an injured Tom Rafferty.

A reserve guard/center during his first three seasons, Titensor took over the left guard position four games into the 1984 season, after Scott went down with an injury in the preseason and couldn't regain his playing level. He started every game in 1985 and 1986.

In 1987, he suffered a knee injury in training camp and was placed on the injured reserve list. He was replaced on the starting lineup with Nate Newton. He was waived on August 28, 1988, but was re-signed because of injuries on September 24. He appeared in 10 games (one start). He was released on June 1, 1989.

Personal life
Titensor is currently the owner of Timbercreek Golf Center in Lewisville, Texas.

References

External links
Glen Titensor BYU Profile

1958 births
Living people
Players of American football from Bellflower, California
American football offensive guards
UCLA Bruins football players
BYU Cougars football players
Dallas Cowboys players

Glen Titensor


Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a disease that affects about 300,000 people in the US every year, out of 30–50 million cases per year.  There were 92,407 cases of whooping cough in England and Wales in 1957. In 2022,after the success of the vaccination programme there were 3,506.

There is a vaccine that can prevent it, so most cases of it are in places where people cannot afford,  cannot get, or refuse to get the vaccine. However, this vaccine does not work forever. The disease lasts about 6 weeks, and symptoms include vomiting, violent coughing, and other flu-like symptoms. It is called whooping cough for the sound an infected person makes when they cough.

The disease usually infects younger people, as they are more prone to diseases.

Other websites
 Pertussis: new insights in diagnosis, incidence and clinical manifestations, F.G.A. Versteegh, Thesis, 2005

References

Diseases caused by bacteria
Breathing problems

Pertussis


Georg Kreis (born November 14, 1943) is a Swiss historian. He is a professor emeritus of modern general history and history of Switzerland at the University of Basel and was head of the University's Europa Institute until July 2011. Aside from his academic duties, Kreis was the President of the Swiss Federal Commission against Racism, a Swiss government-supported commission of experts, from its founding in 1995 until 2011.

He was appointed a member of the Bergier Commission of historians to investigate Switzerland's conduct during World War II. Kreis was quoted by the New York Times as stating he felt the scandal about Nazi Gold and the World Jewish Congress lawsuit against Swiss banks unearthed anti-Semitism that had always been part of the Swiss societal fabric.

He also lead a research project financed by the Swiss Government to investigate Switzerland's ties to Apartheid South Africa and authored the project's final report.  Kreis also lead a renowned 2014 project to write an all-encompassing history of Switzerland, based on newly released archival sources.

In 2006, Swiss news magazine Schweizer Illustrierte designated Kreis to be one of the 100 most important Swiss citizens of the year. In 2007, he won the Fischhof Prize issued annually by the Swiss Society for Minorities, a group advocating for the rights of minorities in Switzerland.

The publication of Kreis' autobiography in 2018, led to him being profiled in multiple Swiss newspapers such as Neue Zürcher Zeitung and Basler Zeitung.

In 2022, Georg Kreis gave multiple interviews to the Swiss press about current affairs. One of these interviews was about Swiss neutrality in the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, another about the removal of historical artifacts with alleged colonial connections from Swiss cities. In 2023, Kreis was interviewed by Swiss Television about his latest project, regarding Swiss ties to colonialism in Africa.

Kreis was heavily criticized by members of the right-wing populist Swiss People's Party (SVP) after he compared the Swiss minaret ban (which the party proposed and successfully campaigned for the Swiss people to vote for in a 2009 referendum) to a hypothetical SVP-initiated ban on synagogues during World War II, with calls for his resignation as Head of the Swiss Federal Commission against Racism.

Kreis was a member of the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland before quitting the party in 2013, citing its apparent ideological rightward shift. He had long publicly criticized party leadership for allying itself with the Swiss People's Party as opposed to more moderate political forces.

References

Swiss historians
1943 births

1943 births
Living people

Georg Kreis


Enigmonia is a genus of saltwater clams, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Anomiidae, the jingle shells. Enigmonia aenigmatica, the mangrove jingle shell clam, is the only species in this monotypic genus. It is found living on mangroves in the Indo-Pacific Ocean.

Description
The mangrove jingle shell clam can grow to a length of about . The shell is thin and delicate. Although this species is a bivalve, only the upper valve is normally visible, and that valve is elongated or oval with a low dome, and thus the general appearance which is like that of a limpet. The umbone of the shell is off centre, near the dorsal margin of the shell. A few fine ridges radiate from the umbone and there is a sculpting of concentric growth rings. The lower valve has a hole or notch in it through which byssus threads pass which attach it to a hard surface, usually a branch, leaf or aerial root of a mangrove tree.  The lower valve is curved so as to adhere closely to the surface on which it rests. Unlike most other bivalves, but like others in the genus, it has a single adductor muscle holding the two valves together.

The morphology of the mangrove jingle shell depends on the nature of the substrate on which it has settled. When it is a juvenile the animal can and does move around, but later it becomes sessile. If it is on a mangrove leaf, the shell becomes flattened and more or less oval. However, on hard surfaces such as the branches of Avicennia and the aerial prop roots of Rhizophora, it is more domed and the animal orientates itself with regard to the water current and the axis of the wood.

The mangrove jingle shell has two distinct colour varieties, one cream, usually found on the underside of mangrove leaves, and the other brownish purple and found on mangrove bark. At first it was thought that these represented two different species or two morphs occupying different habitats. However, in an experiment, cream-coloured shells were transplanted from leaves onto mangrove branches and began to change colour over the course of a few weeks. They became purplish-brown at the margins where new shell material was laid down. Other cream-coloured shells were left as controls on leaves and they showed no colour changes. The researchers concluded that the colour of the shell was not genetically controlled but was determined by the nature of the substrate on which the animal lived.

Distribution
The mangrove jingle shell is found on coasts in the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean, where it is a characteristic member of the mangrove community. The range extends from Malaya and the Philippines to the northern coast of Australia.

Biology
The mangrove jingle shell is a filter feeder. Like bivalves living in the intertidal zone on sandy beaches, this species feeds while the tide is in and it is submerged; otherwise it gathers food particles from splashes of sea water.

References

Anomiidae
Bivalve genera
Monotypic mollusc genera
Bivalves of Asia
Molluscs of Oceania
Mangrove fauna
Fauna of Southeast Asia
Invertebrates of Borneo
Fauna of India
Fauna of Indonesia
Fauna of Malaysia
Molluscs of New Guinea

Enigmonia


After its foundation by Osman I in about 1299, the Ottoman Empire expanded across Bithynia in north-west Anatolia by capturing territory from the Byzantine Empire. Osman was succeeded by his son Orhan in about 1324 and, following long sieges, he took the important cities of Bursa (1326) and Nicaea (1331). Next, Orhan besieged Nicomedia from 1333 to 1337. The Byzantine garrison surrendered due to lack of food and resources. Orhan's victory sealed Ottoman control of Bithynia.

Siege
Following the loss of Nicaea in 1331, Byzantine emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos proposed the payment of tribute to Orhan. Andronikos needed a free hand in the Balkans where Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria were in revolt against Byzantine rule. Orhan rejected his overtures and laid siege to Nicomedia (modern İzmit). In 1337, Andronikos effectively abandoned Nicomedia as he led his army to Albania. The besieged garrison was desperately short of food and supplies by then and so Nicomedia surrendered to Orhan. The inhabitants were allowed to leave the city for Constantinople.

Aftermath
The fall of Nicomedia enabled Orhan to overrun Bithynia and extend Ottoman rule to the eastern shore of the Bosporus. Apart from Constantinople and some territory in Greece, mainly the Peloponnese, the Byzantines were left with an empire in name only.

References

Additional source
 R.G. Grant, Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat, Dorling Kindersley Publishers Ltd, 2005.

Conflicts in 1333
Conflicts in 1334
Conflicts in 1335
Conflicts in 1336
Conflicts in 1337
Nicomedia
Sieges involving the Byzantine Empire
Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire
1330s in the Byzantine Empire
History of Izmit
1330s in the Ottoman Empire
1333 in the Ottoman Empire
1337 in the Ottoman Empire

Siege of Nicomedia


Adduct purification is a technique for preparing extremely pure simple organometallic compounds, which are generally unstable and hard to handle, by purifying a stable adduct with a Lewis acid and then obtaining the desired product from the pure adduct by thermal decomposition.

Epichem Limited is the licensee of the major patents in this field, and uses the trademark EpiPure to refer to adduct-purified materials; Professor Anthony Jones at Liverpool University is the initiator of the field and author of many of the important papers.

The choice of Lewis acid and of reaction medium is important; the desired organometallics are almost always air- and water-sensitive. Initial work was done in ether, but this led to oxygen impurities, and so more recent work involves tertiary amines or nitrogen-substituted crown ethers.

References
 Professor Anthony C. Jones
 Purification of dialkylzinc precursors using tertiary amine ligands

Chemical reactions
Separation processes

Adduct purification


Alfa Romeo Racing Italiano, known in Europe as SCAR - Squadra Corse Alfa Romeo (SCAR - Alfa Romeo Racing Team), is a racing video game for the PlayStation 2, Windows and Xbox. It was developed by Milestone srl and released in 2005.

All the cars in the game are manufactured by the Alfa Romeo motor company. While most of the tracks are in Italy, a few are in other countries like Germany and the United States. A distinguishing feature of the game is that it models driver development using a system almost identical to a role-playing video game. In addition, cars get damaged, both visibly and in performance, by collisions or by driving off course.

Gameplay

General gameplay
Like many racing games, the game has a "quick race mode" and a career mode (called "dynasty mode"). The initial choices of cars and tracks in "quick race mode" are very limited; additional choices are unlocked by progress in dynasty mode". Initially, dynasty mode has a limited number of events available to enter. Placing third or better in races unlocks new races, series of races, and championships. At the same time, the game models the development of the driver using a system that is almost identical to a role-playing video game.

This elaborate system of developing the driver's experience is used to toughen up both the player and the car that they use. Experience points (referred to in the game simply as XP) are acquired for various achievements during a race, such as passing opponents, or driving a clean lap. Similar to the way that XP is lost after dying in some role-playing games, failing to finish the race cancels all XP earned in the event. When certain thresholds of XP are reached, a new driver level is achieved, and a Skill Point is awarded. These Skill Points can be used to develop driver and car. Additional Skill Points are awarded for other achievements. Some races award a skill point for beating a particular opponent for the first time. There is also a list of dynasty achievements, the completion of which awards a number of Skill Points. One such achievement, for example, is going faster than a certain speed in dynasty mode.

Equipment and customization
All cars in the game are manufactured in real life by Alfa Romeo and in any race the player always races against seven other instances of the model that they're driving. The player cannot choose their vehicle for a race, except in the "quick race" mode, and even then the opponent vehicles are all the same model. Cars assigned to beginners can go up to . Advanced cars, however, can go .

Cars cannot be customized; instead it is the driver who gets customized, although some driver customizations do affect car acceleration, handling, and damage resistance. Various achievements in the game, primarily achieving XP point levels, are rewarded with Skill Points which can be distributed across nine different categories to affect car and driver characteristics. In addition, the player wins racing gear—helmets, suits, gloves and boots—by winning "gear races" or by achieving a certain number of victories (as well as knockouts). Gear can also be earned by passing challenges. The gear a driver is wearing can be changed to further affect driver (and car) characteristics. All the gear that is unlocked in the game has a minimum level requirement. Players who do not meet the minimum requirements cannot wear the new gear until they reach that experience level. Different computer-controlled opponents in a race will have different skill points and gear, resulting in differing driving skills and endurance of both car and driver. All opponent drivers have names shown in lineups and results.

Driver statistics
During a race, the game's unique "Tiger Effect" allows players to go back in time a few seconds and try again. Typically, this is used to avoid accidents. The Tiger Effect does not automatically cause the player to avoid accidents; usually the player can at least mitigate the effects of the accident. In rare cases, the players' second attempt might actually make things worse. Tiger Effect points are decreased by units of 1.0 every time they are used. For instance, using a Tiger Effect when a player has 1.7 Tiger Effect points will reduce their Tiger Effects points to 0.7, making it useless until the counter increases itself by 0.3 points. The explanations in the game suggest that the Tiger Effect is meant to represent an expert driver's keen ability to anticipate and avoid danger.

Statistics to improve during the course of the game are named "heart", "vision", "intimidation", "handling", "acceleration", "recovery", "focus", "anticipation", and "endurance". Some of these affect the driver, and others the car, and some affect both. Building up points in "anticipation" can help increase the frequency that the player can turn back the clock and try to prevent accidents in a single race. Likewise, building up points in "heart" can help the player heal faster so that they are less likely to lose focus on the race track.

All drivers start each race with all their available driver condition points. Driving close behind another driver reduces their current driver condition points. If a driver loses all such driver condition points, the game calls this a "Knockout". Computer-controlled drivers can do the same thing to the player and each other. If the player receives a Knockout, they suffer a temporary loss of control. This is signified by blurry graphics, heart-pounding audio, and a difference in car response.

Eventually this temporary condition ends and driver condition points begin to regenerate according to the rate that is established in the player's statistics. When computer-controlled drivers suffer a Knockout, their driving becomes visibly slower and slightly erratic. Expert players will be able to recognize the pattern that the knocked out vehicle will take and can avoid them completely. The erratic movements tend to include slowing down, wobbling around the course, followed by taking a slight dip to the left or the right (depending on the race track).

Damage model
All cars start each race with all available condition points. Collisions and/or off-course excursions will visibly damage cars, and reduce car condition points for the duration of the race. Off-road excursions presumably create excessive tire wear and suspension damage to racing cars. In any case, the phenomenon serves to inflict a penalty for cheating short-cuts; excessive off-course excursions can destroy a vehicle the same way that banging it excessively can do. This phenomenon can also reward players who remain on the road by letting them get bumped more frequently before being marked down as a "DNF".

The player's car, and the opponents' cars, can be damaged to zero car condition points. When that happens, retirement is forced. Car damage is shown visibly in the rendered models, as well as on a condition gauge which indicates how much more damage the car can take.

Reception
Ian Dransfield of VideoGamer.com rated the game 3 out of 10 and stated that it "has lots of ideas, but no great ones". Chris Roper of IGN rated the game 4 out of 10 and criticized the controls and the artificial intelligence, and said that many of the vehicles "drive very, very similarly". In his review, "Alfa Romeo Racing Italiano is certainly interesting, but it's too bad it's not any good. There are plenty of good and unique ideas here, but none of them work out as well as they could or should have". Greg Mueller of GameSpot rated the game 4.5 out of 10 and noted that despite the game's selection of vehicles, many of them "are just different versions of the same model". Mueller also criticized the controls and graphics, and stated that the role-playing aspect "makes the lifeless racing a bit more interesting", but "it's not enough to save the dull racing and dated presentation of this game".

References

2005 video games
Racing Italiano
Milestone srl games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Network games
Racing video games
Racing video games set in the United States
Sports video games set in Germany
Sports video games set in Italy
Sports video games with career mode
Valcon Games games
Video games developed in Italy
Video games set in England
Windows games
Xbox games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
RenderWare games
Black Bean Games games

Alfa Romeo Racing Italiano


Peire d'Ussel or d'Uisel (Pèire d'Ussèl in modern Occitan; fl. c. 1200) was a Limousin troubadour, the middle of three brothers, castellans of the castle of Ussel-sur-Sarzonne, northeast of Ventadorn. His elder brother was Eble and his younger Gui, and he also had a cousin named Elias; all four were troubadours.

According to Gui's vida, Peire descanted his relatives' songs. This should not be understood to imply that Peire was only a musician. One cobla addressed to Gui exists under his name. The complete works of the four relations of Ussel, including Eble, were first compiled in one volume by J. Audiau as Les poésies des quatre troubadours d'Ussel (Paris, Delagrave, 1922). They are all available online at trobar.org.

Notes

12th-century French troubadours
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown
People from Limousin

Peire d'Ussel


Hermann Fidel Winterhalter (23 September 1808 – 24 February 1891) was a German painter, younger brother of the portrait painter Franz Xaver Winterhalter (1805–73).

Life
Hermann Fidel Winterhalter  was born in the small village of Menzenschwand (now part of Sankt Blasien) in the Black Forest, Grand Duchy of Baden. His father, Fidel Winterhalter, made him follow a career as a painter in the footsteps of his older brother. Hermann Winterhalter was first trained as a lithographer and later went to study painting in Munich and Rome. He settled in Paris where he assisted his brother and exhibited at the Salon 1838-41, 1847 and 1869.

So close was Hermann Winterhalter to his brother that not only his work but also his personality is hard to disassociate from his most famous sibling. There was no professional rivalry or personal friction in the many years they worked together. Hermann was an immense support to Franz Xaver's successful international career, and took charge of the latter's studio in Paris while he was abroad. He lived independently and had his own personality and points of view. In the 1850s, Hermann was more independent and developed a small portrait practice of his own. Among his works are Young Girl from Ariccia and the portrait of his Parisian patron Nicolas-Louis Planat de la Faye that is in the Louvre.

After the fall of the Second Empire, both brothers decided to retire in Baden. Franz Xaver died in 1873; Hermann survived his brother for almost twenty years, dying in Karlsruhe on 24 February 1891.

Gallery

References

1808 births
1891 deaths
People from Sankt Blasien
People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
19th-century German painters
19th-century German male artists
German male painters

Hermann Winterhalter


Kyle Raymond Phillips (born April 3, 1984) is an American former professional baseball catcher. Phillips was drafted by the Minnesota Twins in the 2002 MLB Draft in the 10th round and is the younger brother of former major leaguer Jason Phillips.

Playing career

Minor leagues
After spending four seasons in the Twins' organization, he was signed by the Milwaukee Brewers in April 2006 and released on March 24, 2007. On March 30, 2007 Phillips signed with the Blue Jays as a Minor League free agent.

Minnesota Twins
In four seasons with the Twins organization, Phillips hit .239 with 24 home runs and 145 RBIs.

Milwaukee Brewers
In one season with the Brewers' Brevard County Manatees farm team, he hit three home runs, drove in 35 runs and hit .236.

Toronto Blue Jays
Phillips spent the 2007 season with the Dunedin Blue Jays and the 2008 season with New Hampshire Fisher Cats. With Dunedin, Phillips hit .306 with 10 home runs and 62 RBIs. With New Hampshire he hit .306 with 8 home runs and 34 RBIs.

He started the 2009 season in New Hampshire hitting .175 with one home run and one RBI. Phillips was then promoted to Las Vegas, hitting .300 with 8 home runs and 29 RBIs.

He made his major league debut on September 14, 2009 getting a hit in 4 at-bats.

San Diego Padres
On June 25, 2010, Phillips was traded to the San Diego Padres for a player to be named later.  He hit his first major league home run in a day game against the Atlanta Braves on May 30, 2011. He was designated for assignment by the Padres on August 31, 2011. He elected free agency on October 11.

Return to Toronto
On January 27, 2012, Phillips signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays which was later voided due to injury.

Scouting
Phillips was hired on as an advanced scout by former GM with San Diego Jed Hoyer with the Chicago Cubs for the 2012 season.

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Major League Baseball catchers
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball players from San Diego
Toronto Blue Jays players
San Diego Padres players
Brevard County Manatees players
Dunedin Blue Jays players
New Hampshire Fisher Cats players
Las Vegas 51s players
Fort Myers Miracle players
Gulf Coast Twins players
Elizabethton Twins players
Quad Cities River Bandits players
New Britain Rock Cats players
Portland Beavers players
San Antonio Missions players
Tucson Padres players

Kyle Phillips (baseball)


Sir Richard Hill, 2nd Baronet of Hawkstone (6 June 1732 – 28 August 1808), was a prominent religious revivalist and Tory Member of Parliament for Shropshire 1780–1806.

Life
He was the eldest son of Sir Rowland Hill, 1st Baronet, who was also a first cousin of Thomas Hill, of Tern (today Attingham Park); his mother was Jane, daughter of Sir Brian Broughton, 3rd Baronet, of Broughton, by Elizabeth Delves. The Hills of Hawkstone owed their status and fortune to the "Great Hill", the Hon. Richard Hill (1655-1727), diplomatist and statesman, great-uncle of Sir Richard Hill. His nephew, Rowland, was a distinguished soldier, created first Viscount Hill of Hawkstone (d. 1842), and his brother was the Evangelical preacher, also named Rowland Hill.

Richard Hill was educated at Shrewsbury School, Westminster School and Magdalen College, Oxford. He became a writer of religious tracts, a patron of Methodists and tolerant of Dissenters, who supported George Whitfield against John Wesley. In Parliament he was a supporter of William Pitt the Younger. Nathaniel Wraxall writes that he was

"one of the most upright, honest and disinterested men who ever sat in Parliament… but his religious cast of character laid him open to … ridicule. His manners were quaint and puritanical, his address shy and embarrassed. He possessed, however, a most benevolent disposition, together with a great estate, which enabled him to gratify his generous and philanthropic feelings."

Hill developed the landscape garden at Hawkstone as one of the most notable and visited of the day, with its features of follies and grottos, and column surmounted by a statue of his ancestor, Sir Rowland Hill, the first Protestant Lord Mayor of London. He created a garden of epiphany, a landscape that would display God's majesty in the natural grandeur of Shropshire's rugged hills: "the smooth lawns gave it beauty; the lake and the ruin made it picturesque; and the craggy hills singled it out as one of the very few sublime gardens in the country." It had a 10-mile circuit of novel features, including scenes representing Switzerland and Tahiti. Its excited visitor was left perched on a 'Raven's Shelf', below which cliffs dropped hundreds of feet.

Sir Richard Hill's estate was large even by the standards of the day, but not without difficulties in its administration. In 1790 his steward, George Downward, was found negligent, but Hill did not discharge him. Extravagance continued: in 1796 Hill did not flinch from a very expensive parliamentary contest with his Attingham kinsmen, William Hill, and in 1816 the Hawkstone estate was hit hard by the failure of Thomas Eyton, receiver general of Shropshire.

His tomb in Hodnet in Shropshire was sculpted by John Carline.

Works

 Pietas Oxoniensis : or a full and impartial account of the expulsion of six students from St. Edmund Hall, Oxford : with a dedication to the Right Honourable the Earl of Litchfield, Chancellor of that University (1768)
 The Right Knowledge of God, and of Ourselves, Opened in a Plain, Practical and Experimental Manner
 Deep Things of God: Or, Milk and Strong Meat: Containing Spiritual and Experimental Remarks and Meditations, Suited to the Cases of Babes, Young Men, and ... and who Feel the Plague of Their Own Hearts (1788)
 Daubenism Confuted, and Martin Luther Vindicated. With Further Remarks on the False Quotations Adduced by the Reverend Charles Daubeny ... in His Late Publications

See also
 Attingham Park
 Baron Berwick
 Hawkstone Park
 Richard Hill of Hawkstone
 Rowland Hill
 Viscount Hill

References

Rev. Edwin Sidney, The Life of Sir Richard Hill, Bart. (R. B. Seeley and W. Burnside, London, 1839), xxiv, 533 pp.
Sir L. B. Namier and J. Brooke (eds.), The House of Commons, 1754-1790 (vol. 1), p. 624

1732 births
1808 deaths
Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain
English Methodists
People educated at Shrewsbury School
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford

British MPs 1780–1784
British MPs 1784–1790
British MPs 1790–1796
British MPs 1796–1800
UK MPs 1801–1802
UK MPs 1802–1806
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Shropshire

Sir Richard Hill, 2nd Baronet


Sell Me The Answer is a game show that aired on Sky 1 from 9 November 2009 to 29 January 2010 and is hosted by Gethin Jones.

Format
The game is played by one person at a time.  The player approaches from the front of the set to stand at a podium, opposite Gethin Jones.  After a brief introduction, the player is given a £50 start and introduced to their first of ten questions, each of which increases in value.  The player must answer all ten questions correctly in order to win this money – an incorrect answer at any stage means the player leaving the game with nothing.

To assist the player, the studio also houses 60 "traders" in a position normally reserved for an audience.  On any one question, one of these traders can offer their knowledge at a prearranged price.  If the player feels the need to ask for help, they must shout "Sell Me the Answer!" to the traders.  At this point, the traders must try to attract the player's attention.  The player then chooses two traders from the crowd.  These two traders each have ten seconds to convince the player that they know the answer, before the player selects one of them.  This trader then approaches the podium.  A 30-second haggle now ensues in which the player and trader must decide on a price for the trader's information.  If a deal is made, this amount is deducted from the player's pot and is given to the trader (whether they actually know the answer or not) and the players exchange information.  If no deal is made, the trader leaves empty-handed and the player must answer on their own.  Each trader may only be used once in the game, and the player may only use one trader per question.

Once the player has settled on an answer, they must "lock-down" on that answer using an oversized plunger on the podium.  Jones then tells the player if they are right or wrong.

Once a player answers all 10 questions correctly, they face another choice:  They may take all the money acquired so far (the sum of all question values, including the £50 start, minus the cost of all trades) or can choose to gamble everything on the Jackpot question.  On this question, no help may be sought from the traders, so the player must answer on their own.  A correct answer rewards the player with £25,000.  An incorrect answer sees the player leaving with nothing.

Possible Strategies:

By the Player:
The Player's strategy would be to seek the help of the Sellers for all the questions whether he knows it or not. This would keep the audience guessing whether the Player actually knows the answer or not. The Player would maintain confidence and pretend that he knows the answer.

This would make the seller start the bid with reasonable amount. To the bid amount, the player may try to play on the skills/psyche of the Seller by even keep on reducing the earlier offer to show that the Player really knows the answer to compel the seller to agree to the Player's offer.

Counter Strategy by the Seller:
The Seller (who may or may not know the answer) would pretend that he knows the answer and is trustworthy. He would also try to guess whether the Player actually knows the answer or is bluffing. If the Seller feels that the Player knows the answer, the Seller may have no option but to agree to the Player's offer. But, if the Seller feels that the Player is bluffing, he would keep on increasing his bid. If the final amount agreed by the Player is not satisfactory to the Seller, he may give a misleading answer to the Player (remember the Seller would anyway get the agreed amount whether the answer is right or wrong). The Player then would have to decide whether to go with the sellers answer or not. If the Player goes with the Seller's misleading answer, the seller would have successfully sought revenge on the player for offering a very small amount.

In the current version the Seller will only win money if he provides the correct answer.

Possible win Scenarios:

Both Player and Seller Knows the correct answer
Player knows the answer but the Seller is bluffing.
Player does not know the answer but the Seller knows (in this case extracting the correct answer from Seller may depend on Player's skill & Final Offer).

Prize structure
The prizes from each question is as follows:

If all questions are correctly answered without the use of any traders, the player can accumulate £10,000 before deciding on whether or not to play the Jackpot round.  If traders are used to the maximum extent, a player will still acquire £2000 at this point.

The Jackpot round, if the player chooses to play it, is always worth £25,000 and negates any money won to that point.

External links

Sky UK original programming
2000s British game shows
2010s British game shows
2009 British television series debuts
2010 British television series endings
English-language television shows

Sell Me the Answer


Lomaiviti Province is a province of Fiji. It is part of the Eastern Division. It is made up of the Lomaiviti Islands. The largest town is Levuka.

The province has a total land area of 41 square kilometers. About 15,600 people lived there in 2017.

Provinces of Fiji

Lomaiviti Province


John Samuel Martin Fonblanque (March 1787 – 3 November 1865) was an English legal writer and  Commissioner of Bankruptcy.

Biography

Early life
The eldest son of barrister John Anthony Fonblanque, K.C. and MP, born in Brook Street, London in March 1787, Fonblanque was educated privately at Putney under Mr Applebee. He spent nine months at Charterhouse under Dr Raine, and received private tuition at Epsom for two years under Mr Boucher. He was admitted as "pensioner" at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, aged 17, on 28 August 1804. He was on the list of scholars from Michaelmas 1804 to Lady Day 1809, and was third in the classical and mathematical examinations, 1805.

Fonblanque was one of the founders of the Cambridge Union Society.

War service
In 1810 Fonblanque left Cambridge due to ill-health, a burst blood-vessel on the lungs, and entered the Army obtaining a commission in the 21st Fusiliers. With this regiment he served at Cadiz, Gibraltar, in Sicily and the Greek Islands then in Italy. Lord William Bentinck, under whom he served in Italy, appointed him deputy judge advocate-general. In the American War (of 1812) he was present at the taking of Washington, at the Battle of Baltimore, and ultimately at the fatal repulse at New Orleans when he was made prisoner within the enemy's lines being one of the very few who had succeeded in crossing the works. His last service was with the army of occupation in France in 1815. He left Valenciennes in November 1816 and was almost immediately called to the bar.

The law and its reform
Fonblanque was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, London, 26 November 1816 having kept the necessary terms at Lincoln's Inn during his residence at Cambridge. The next year Lord Eldon appointed him one of the then seventy commissioners of bankruptcy.  The abuses and imperfections of the bankruptcy system did not escape his attention and long before law reform became fashionable he published a pamphlet on the subject. Having attracted the notice of Lord Brougham as a law reformer Fonblanque was appointed one of the original Commissioners of the newly instituted Court of Bankruptcy.

Legal writer
With John Paris he wrote Medical Jurisprudence published in 1823. It was awarded the first Swiney Prize for works on jurisprudence; and it remained the only guide on the subject for many years.

He was one of the founders of The Jurist in 1826.  A quarterly journal of jurisprudence and legislation The Jurist was the first periodical which systematically advocated the amendment of the law. This was considered a bold step.

Fonblanque married Caroline O'Connell, daughter of John O'Connell of Cork. They had at least two sons and a daughter. He died at Brighton on 3 November 1865.

Publications
 Treatise on Medical Jurisprudence with Dr John Ayrton Paris, 1823
 Observations on a bill now before Parliament, 1824
 Contributions to the quarterly journal The Jurist 1826-

References

 J. Venn, Biographical History of Gonville and Caius College (Cambridge, 1898).
 Francis Watt, Fonblanque, John Samuel Martin de Grenier (1787–1865), rev. Jonathan Harris, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
 Joseph Foster, Men-at-the-bar: a biographical hand-list of the members of the various Inns of court: including Her Majesty's judges, etc., Reeves & Turner, London 1885
 Obituary, The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Review, Volume 219. December 1865

Cambridge Union
1787 births
1865 deaths
People educated at Charterhouse School
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Royal Scots Fusiliers officers
De Fonblanque family
19th-century English lawyers

John Samuel Martin Fonblanque


The Return of the Condor Heroes is a Taiwanese television series adapted from Louis Cha's novel of the same name. It was first broadcast on CTV in 1984 in Taiwan.

Cast
 Meng Fei as Yang Guo (yeung kwok)
 Kuo Hui-wen as young Yang Guo
 Angela Pan as Xiaolongnü (siu loong nooi)
 Hsiang Yun-peng / Chang Han-po as Guo Jing(kwok ching)
 Shen Hai-jung as Huang Rong(wong yung)
 Lin Ling as Guo Fu
 Ying Hsiao-wei as Guo Xiang
 Chao Tien-li as Li Mochou
 Chiang Ta-chuan / Wang Hsieh as Huang Yaoshi
 Sun Jung-chi / Lü Fu-pao as Hong Qigong
 Li Chih-chien as Ouyang Feng
 Chu Pen-ke as Yideng
 Lung Kuan-wu as Zhou Botong
 Wang Chi-sheng as Jinlun Fawang
 Sung Hsien-hung as Huodu
 Kang Kai as Da'erba
 Lin Hsiu-chun as Cheng Ying
 Pei Hsin-yu as Lu Wushuang
 Fu Chuan / Tang Hui-chen as Gongsun Lü'e
 Chou Lin / Li An-shun as Yelü Qi
 Chao Hsueh-huang as Yin Zhiping
 Tang Fu-hsiung as Zhao Zhijing
 Lin Kuang-chin as Li Zhichang
 Kao Sheng as Lu Qingdu
 Chang Chieh / Kuan Hong as Gongsun Zhi
 Chen Chih-chen as Qiu Qianchi
 Chen Chih-tseng as Granny Sun
 Cheng Ching as Qiu Qianren (Ci'en)
 Mao Ching-shun as Qiu Chuji
 Wang Hai-lan as Sun Bu'er
 Li Kui as Wang Chuyi
 Xie Chien-wen as Hao Datong
 Niu Yen-jung as Yelü Yan
 Wang Yu-huan as Wanyan Ping
 Cheng Ya-yun as Hong Lingbo
 He Wei-hsiung / Hsueh Chang-wen as Wu Santong
 Lin Chi-yang as Wu Xiuwen
 Sun Hsiao-wei / Meng Chia-te as Wu Dunru
 Lin Feng-chin as Shagu
 Wang Chang-chih as Yelü Chucai
 Wei I-ping as Ke Zhen'e
 Chang Chia-hui as Yinggu
 Fu Ming as Lu Youjiao
 Hsieh Wen-to as Indian Monk
 Wang Fu-shih as Lu Liding
 Yeh Yun-yen as Xiaoxiangzi
 Chu Chien-tu as Guo Polu
 Hsieh Ping-nan / Chang Tai-lun as Kublai Khan
 Feng Kai as Renchuzi

External links

Taiwanese romance television series
1984 Taiwanese television series debuts
1984 Taiwanese television series endings
Taiwanese wuxia television series
Television shows based on The Return of the Condor Heroes
Television series set in the Southern Song
Television series set in the Mongol Empire
Television series about orphans
1980s Taiwanese television series
1980s romance television series

The Return of the Condor Heroes (1984 TV series)


An electric vehicle is a vehicle that uses electricity to move. Its wheels are driven by electric motors.

Electric vehicles were one of the first kinds that did not use horse or human power. Electric trains and cars were built in the 1830s, and in the early 1900s there were more electric cars than gasoline-powered cars. But cars powered by gasoline or diesel fuel become the most common kind of car for most of the last 100 years.

Electric vehicles have long been used in some special cases, such as forklifts used inside a building, golf carts, trolley bus or certain vehicles used around airplanes at an airport. Early in the 21st century people are using more electric and hybrid vehicles again as a way to reduce pollution and use less gasoline.

History
It is unclear who the first inventor was, but Ányos Jedlik of Hungary built a small model of a working electric car in 1828.  In the 1830's Robert Anderson of Scotland, Professor Stratingh of Holland and Thomas Davenport, a blacksmith from Vermont all built electric vehicles. Davenport is said to be the inventor of the DC electric motor.  In 1865, Gaston Plante of France made a better battery. In 1886, the inventor Frank Sprague of Connecticut made important changes to the electric motor.

Great Britain and France were early leaders in making better electric cars. Interest in the electric car in the United States grew after 1891 when A. L. Ryker built a three-wheeled electric car, and William Morrison built a six-passenger wagon.

The years 1899 and 1900 were the best years for electric cars in America, as they outsold all other types of cars (steam, gasoline and diesel). One example was the 1902 Phaeton built by the Woods Motor Vehicle Company of Chicago, which had a range of 18 miles, a top speed of 14 mph and cost $2,000. (At that time, there were few good roads between towns, so most driving was for short distances). Electric cars could go as far as steam-powered cars and did not take 30 to 40 minutes to get started. Gasoline engines were smelly and noisy.

But then the internal combustion engine (that used gasoline and diesel) were greatly improved, and cars that used those engines could go much farther and faster than other cars.

Some people would make electric cars in their garages by taking out the engine and putting in an electric motor and batteries, but for a long time, no big car company made an electric car. Only in the late 1990's did big car companies start making electric cars again. The most famous was the GM's EV-1. Now interest in alternative fuel vehicles is growing.

Kinds of electric vehicles

Pure electric cars
These types of cars do not have any kind of internal combustion engine, but are driven entirely using electric motors, which gets its power in different ways other than an engine.
 A fuel cell makes electricity from hydrogen. Hydrogen is very common, but hard to store. It can be made from water, but is usually made from natural gas. These cars are very rare, because there are not many places where one can fill up with hydrogen, and so not many are made. One of the few companies who makes fuel cell cars is Toyota, which has the Mirai.
 A solar cell stores energy from the sun as electricity to make the car go. But the sunlight that lands on a solar car is not enough to make a full sized car move very fast, and cannot work at night unless it stores energy somewhere. There is a competition every year to see who can make a car that goes the farthest on only solar power.
 A battery-electric vehicle (BEV) stores electrical energy in a big battery inside the car. The batteries get their energy from an electric supply outside the car, usually a electrical outlet like those in a house. It is the most common kind of electric car seen today. Many governments around the world are encouraging public places to install charging stations, which have a plug that can charge most types of plug-in cars. Companies that make BEVs include Nissan, which has the Leaf, and Mitsubishi Motors, which makes the i-miEV. An American company called Tesla is famous for making BEVs that charge very quickly, such as the Roadster (a sports car) and more recently the Model S.

Hybrid cars
A hybrid is a combination of two things. In this case, it is an electric motor, and another type of power, such as an engine. Because of this, hybrid vehicles are not true electric vehicles.
 A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor which drives the wheels. Usually, the electric motor is used when moving at low speeds and power from the internal combustion engine is used as the car goes faster. The engine get its power from gasoline, diesel, or any other kind of fuel, and can generate electricity which is stored in batteries to be used later with the electric motor. The battery is much smaller than that of a pure electric vehicle and even though the vehicle can go without starting the gas engine, it cannot go very far before the battery runs out of energy and the gas engine has to be started. The Toyota Prius is the best-selling HEV of all time, but many other companies around the world like Honda (with the Clarity), BMW (with the i3), and Ford (with the Focus) also make hybrid cars, some of which, such as the Honda Civic and Toyota Camry, come in both gas-only and hybrid versions. The hybrid version is usually more expensive because it has more parts.
 A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is like an ordinary hybrid electric vehicle in that it has both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. The difference is that a PHEV has a bigger battery that can be charged using a plug from an outlet, just like a battery-electric vehicle. This allows the car to go farther on electric power alone than a HEV before the gas engine has to be used. However, the battery is still quite small, meaning a PHEV most often does not go as far as a BEV on electric power alone. The Chevrolet Volt from General Motors and the Sonata by Hyundai are just two examples of plug-in hybrids, and Toyota also makes a plug-in version of its Prius, as does Honda with its Clarity.
 A human electric hybrid vehicle (HEHV), in its simplest form, is a battery and motor put on a bicycle. The Twike is a covered vehicle that can hold two people. It can be pedaled, run from the battery, or both.

Other vehicles

There are many other types of electric vehicles. A trolley bus (also called a trackless trolley) uses overhead electric lines to power it. Many trains use a railway electrification system to supply power. A few high-speed rail lines use powered magnets in the track to move the train, in a system called 'mag-lev' (magnetic levitation).  There are electric bicycles and motorcycles and some tricycles (trikes) like the Corbin Motors Sparrow, which was also seen in the Austin Powers movie Goldmember.

Most freight trains are diesel-electric. The locomotive has a diesel engine which provides electricity, and an electric motor which makes the wheels turn. In recent years, however, there are buses and trains that store their power in a battery or use some other source like fuel cells. These kinds of vehicles do not need wires.

Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages:

These vehicles use an electric motor, so they are very quiet, no smell and no pollution from exhaust gases that is why UK is considering stopping sale of diesel, petrol and hybrid vehicles by 2035. They can even be used indoors, in tunnels and mines. Petroleum for vehicles is a limited resource - it will not last forever and is becoming more expensive. If the electricity for a battery-electric vehicle comes from a renewable energy source, like a windmill, solar cells, geothermal or hydroelectric, then it will not produce as many global warming gases.

Electric vehicles save on operating costs.  An electric vehicle can be fully charged for max $20 where full tank of fuel will cost $50-60.  Maintenance is also cheaper (E.g. No Oil Change, No Check Engine Light).

Electric bicycles also have benefits and advantages.  If you have a short daily commute to work or store, it is suggested to get an electric bicycle instead of a car. They are way cheaper and cost you less to run. Also an exclusive advantage of electric bikes are discounts and coupons. Many retailers offer discounts to attract customers and to stand out from the rival retailors. There competition always ends up in advantage of customers.

Disadvantages:

Batteries have limitations such as a relatively low energy storage capacity and heavy weight, advancements in technology are continually being made to improve these factors. While charging times can be longer than refueling with gasoline, charging infrastructure is rapidly expanding, making it more convenient for drivers to recharge their vehicles. While  battery costs are currently high, they are expected to decrease as demand for electric vehicles increases. Additionally, electricity can be produced from renewable sources such as wind and solar, which reduces greenhouse gas emissions and helps combat climate change.

References

Other websites

Electric vehicle


Andrew C. von Eschenbach (born October 30, 1941) was the Commissioner of the United States Food and Drug Administration from 2006 to 2009.  He became acting Commissioner on September 26, 2005, after the resignation of his predecessor Lester Crawford, and was confirmed as Commissioner by the Senate on December 7, 2006. He was previously the 12th director of the National Cancer Institute.

Von Eschenbach currently serves on the board of directors of BioTime, a biotechnology company helmed by CEO Michael D. West. He also serves as a director of Viamet Pharmaceuticals.

Biography
After graduating from St. Joseph's Preparatory School, von Eschenbach received his bachelor of science in biology from St. Joseph's University in 1963 and his MD from Georgetown University School of Medicine in 1967.
He did residencies at Pennsylvania Hospital in general surgery and urology and taught urology at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine.
He served in the US Navy Medical Corps with the rank of lieutenant commander from 1968 to 1971.

In 1976, von Eschenbach began his long association with The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, beginning as a urologic oncology fellow, and becoming  chair of the department of urology in 1983.  He was founding director of the Prostate Cancer Research Program in 1996, director of the Genitourinary Cancer Center, and held the Roy M. and Phyllis Gough Huffington Clinical Research Distinguished Chair in Urologic Oncology.  Driven by his father's prostate cancer, he specialized in the disease.

Von Eschenbach was president-elect of the American Cancer Society when he was selected by President George W. Bush to head the NCI in December 2001.  As director of the NCI he announced in 2003 that his organization's goal was to "eliminate suffering and death" caused by cancer by the year 2015. However, under von Eschenbach's leadership the FDA has been criticized for being too risk averse when considering life saving treatments for desperate, dying patients. For example, in 2007 the FDA failed to approve Provenge for the treatment of late stage prostate cancer against the recommendation of an independent advisory committee.

Von Eschenbach was criticized for overruling his staff recommendations, and approving the Menaflex knee implant, made by ReGen Biologics Inc., New Jersey, on a fast-track basis, after four New Jersey congressmen lobbied on ReGen's behalf. Von Eschenbach said, "We fumbled that process."

In 2006, Time named him as one of the Time 100 "People Who Shape Our World", writing that as head of the FDA, which "wields enormous influence on American lives", von Eschenbach "could make a signal contribution to the public's health" by focusing on issues of diet and obesity in addition to drugs and disease.

On August 1, 2006, Senators Clinton and Cantwell announced they would block his nomination to be the permanent FDA commissioner because of his department's failure to act on the application by Barr Pharmaceuticals to sell Plan B over-the-counter. They ultimately voted for his nomination.

Eschenbach left the FDA in 2009 to join Greenleaf Health, which counsels pharmaceutical clients, before starting his own consulting company, Samaritan Health Initiatives.

Andrew von Eschenbach was instrumental in the development and growth of the Prostate Cancer Foundation (founded by Michael Milken) since its inception in 1993 and held a board membership position and scientific advisor role at the foundation.  C-Change, a forum that brings together the principal leaders of key national cancer organizations, and founded by Andrew von Eschenbach, is in partnership with the Prostate Cancer Foundation.

References

 "Andrew von Eschenbach." Biography Resource Center Online. Gale, 2006.

External links

1941 births
Living people
St. Joseph's Preparatory School alumni
Saint Joseph's University alumni
Commissioners of the Food and Drug Administration
Georgetown University School of Medicine alumni
Physicians from Philadelphia
United States Navy Medical Corps officers
George W. Bush administration personnel

Andrew von Eschenbach


Not to be confused with Chai tow kway, a type of local dish found in Singapore and Malaysia

Carrot cake is a sweet and moist spice cake, full of cut carrots and toasted nuts, and covered in cream cheese icing. One part of the cake is that the orange flakes of cut carrot give the cake color and texture, along with sweetness and moisture.

Baking and ingredients
To make carrot cake, all the wet ingredients, such as the typical eggs, vegetable oil, yogurt, melted butter and, are mixed together. Then, all the dry ingredients; such as flour, grated carrots,  baking powder, baking soda, allspice, cinnamon, nutmeg, salt, sugar, brown sugar are typically then mixed together, and the wet are then added to the dry. Many carrot cake recipes have optional ingredients, such as nuts, raisins, pineapple, or coconut.

Presentation
Carrot cake may be eaten plain, but it is commonly either glazed or covered with white icing or cream cheese icing and walnuts, often cut.  Often they are decorated with frosting or marzipan made to look like carrots.  They are popular in loaf, sheet cake and cupcake form, and (in the United Kingdom as well as North America) can be found pre-packaged at grocery stores, and fresh at bakeries. Some carrot cakes are even layered.

Pictures

Related pages
Cake
Chocolate cake

References

Other websites
A carrot cake recipe

Cakes

Carrot cake


Seren Bundy-Davies (born 30 December 1994) is a Welsh track and field sprinter who competes in the 400 metres for Great Britain. She came to international prominence at the 2015 European Athletics Indoor Championships, winning bronze in the 400 metres and silver in the 4 × 400 metres relay. She won a Bronze medal in the 4 × 400 m relay at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics.

Career

Early years and breakthrough
Born to Welsh parents in Greater Manchester, she grew up in the city and was educated at Wilmslow High School. After playing numerous sports in school, she was picked out at age 17 by coach Steve Ball of Trafford Athletic Club, after finishing 4th over 400m at English School's Championships.

Joining Trafford Athletic Club and coached by Ball, she now competes for TAC and the University of Manchester, where under a sports scholarship she is studying for a biomedical science degree. She broke through at the national level in 2014, placing fourth at the British Athletics Championships. She was the Welsh senior champion that year and improved her personal best to 52.50 seconds to become the Welsh record holder.

2015 season
At the Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix at the start of 2015, she ran a personal best of 51.72 seconds to win the race. This run took Bundy-Davies top of the European Indoor rankings, and despite a fall in the British Athletics Indoor Championships, she was selected to represent Great Britain for the first time at the 2015 European Athletics Indoor Championships. There she won a bronze in the 400 metres, and a silver in 4 × 400 metres relay teamed with Laura Maddox, Kirsten McAslan and Kelly Massey.

In her first outdoor race of the 2015 season at Nivelles, Belgium in June, she lowered her personal best to 51.72secs. She then choose to compete at the 2015 European Athletics U23 Championships in Tallinn, Estonia, finishing fourth in the individual 400m, and being part of the Great Britain and Northern Ireland team that claimed gold in the 4 × 400 m relay. She then ran a personal best at the London Anniversary Games in July with 51.48 in the 400m, coming in seventh. However, although these performances gained her selection for the GB relay team at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, China, under UK Athletics policy due to competing in an international Under23 competition she was made ineligible for individual 400m selection, despite meeting the required standard.

References

External links

Living people
British female sprinters
Welsh female sprinters
Sportspeople from Manchester
People from Wilmslow
1994 births
World Athletics Championships athletes for Great Britain
World Athletics Championships medalists
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Great Britain
European Athletics Championships medalists
Olympic female sprinters

Seren Bundy-Davies


Major-General Sir Henry Edward Colvile,  (10 July 1852 – 25 November 1907) was an English soldier.

Biography
Colvile was born at Kirkby Hall, Leicestershire, the son of Charles Robert Colvile and Hon. Katherine Sarah Georgina Russell.

Colvile was educated at Eton, and entered the Grenadier Guards in 1870. He was appointed A.D.C. to General the Hon. Sir Leicester Smyth, commanding the forces in South Africa, in 1880. He served on the Intelligence Department of the Suakin Expedition of 1884, was present at the Battles of El Teb and the Battle of Tamai, mentioned in despatches, and received the bronze star, medal, and clasp. He was employed on special service in the Sudan prior to the Nile Expedition of 1884–85, and during that Expedition served as D.A.A.G. ; was mentioned in despatches ; received the clasp, and was created C.B. At the close of the Expedition he was Chief of the Intelligence Department of the Frontier Force ; was present at the Battle of Ginnis; was mentioned in despatches, and was promoted to the rank of colonel. He was then attached to the Intelligence Department at headquarters, and wrote the official history of the Sudan Campaign.

Colvile was the author of a plan, dated 1892, for a military expedition to Abeokuta. However, a settlement was reached between the British and the Egba state without the use of military force. The plan is now held at Derbyshire Record Office among the Colvile family archives (collection D461).

In 1893 he succeeded the late Sir Gerald Portal as Commissioner (Acting) for Uganda, commanded the Unyoro Expedition, which resulted in the inclusion of that country into the Protectorate ; received the Central Africa Medal, was created Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG), and received the second-class Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar. He was selected for promotion to the rank of major-general, 12 April 1898.

Later, he became commander of the Infantry Brigade at Gibraltar in early 1899.

He served in the Second Boer War in South Africa 1899–1900. During the early part of the war he commanded the Guards Brigade, including during the Battle of Modder River in November 1899. He took part in the Battle of Magersfontein on 10–11 December 1899, in which the defending Boer force defeated the advancing British forces amongst heavy casualties for the latter. Colvile was mentioned in the despatch from Lord Methuen describing the battle. The following year he was on 10 February 1900 appointed in command of the 9th Division, with the local rank of lieutenant-general whilst so employed. However, in May 1900, while Lord Roberts was closing in on Johannesburg, a Yeomanry battalion under Colvile's command was cut off and forced to surrender, Colvile was made a scapegoat and sent home. He retired 1901.

Family
Colvile married, firstly, Alice Rosa Daly, daughter of Hon. Robert Daly and Hon. Cecilia Maria A'Court, on 6 August 1878. He married, secondly, on 30 December 1886, Zélie Isabelle Richaud de Préville daughter of Pierre Richaud de Préville and Georgiana Anne Mowbray (1828–1896). Their son, Gilbert de Préville Colvile (1887–1966) who lived in Kenya married Diana Caldwell (1913-1987), later the third wife of Thomas Cholmondeley, 4th Baron Delamere.

Colvile died after his motorcycle collided with Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson's car at Bisley.

Notes

Works
 A ride in petticoats and slippers: an account of a journey through Morocco (Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, London, 1884)
 The accursed land, or, first steps on the water-way of Edom (Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, London, 1884)
 History of the Sudan campaign (HMSO, London, 1889)
 The land of the Nile springs; being chiefly an account of how we fought Kabarega (Edward Arnold, London, 1895)
 The nick of time: a musical romance in 3 acts (Lamley & Co, London, 1896)
 The work of the 9th Division in South Africa, 1900 (Edward Arnold, London, 1901)
 The ALLIES, ie England and Japan (Hutchinson & Co, London, 1907)
 Henry Charles Shelley, Colvile's Case (W Tarrant, London, 1901)
 The scapegoat: being a selection from a series of articles which have appeared in the review of the week on the case of Sir Henry Colvile (London, 1901)

References
 Rayne Kruger, Goodbye Dolly Gray: The Story of the Boer War, London: Cassell, 1959/Pan 1974, .

1852 births
1907 deaths
Military personnel from Leicestershire
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
People from Hinckley and Bosworth (district)
People educated at Eton College
Grenadier Guards officers
British Army personnel of the Mahdist War
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
British Army major generals
Henry Edward
Road incident deaths in England
Motorcycle road incident deaths

Henry Edward Colvile


Geoffrey II, surnamed Jordan, was the lord of Preuilly from 1067 (as Geoffrey III) and count of Vendôme from 1085, the son of Geoffrey II of Preuilly and Almodis of Blois.

When his brother-in-law Bouchard III died, he inherited Vendôme. He took part in the war between the brothers, the counts of Anjou, Geoffrey III and Fulk IV. He originally supported Fulk, but reversed his allegiance and was imprisoned by Lancelin de Beaugency only to be released in 1090 with a ransom.

He followed his predecessors into conflict with the Trinity Abbey, Vendôme and was excommunicated. In penitence, he took part in the Crusade of 1101 as part of the army of William IX and died in 1102 a prisoner in Arab hands following the siege of Ascalon.

With his wife, Euphrosine, sister of Bouchard IV, he had three sons:
, who succeeded in Vendôme
Escivard, who succeeded in Preuilly
Engelbaud (1062–1115), Archbishop of Tours
Geoffrey had donated a church to the abbey of La Trinité of Vendôme which Euphrosyne took back after his death.  She was later forced to return the church and excommunicated.

Sources
 Comtes de Vendôme (Seigneurs de Preuilly) (archive)
 Prof. J. S. C. Riley-Smith, Prof, Jonathan Phillips, Dr. Alan V. Murray, Dr. Guy Perry, Dr. Nicholas Morton, A Database of Crusaders to the Holy Land, 1099-1149 (available on-line)

References

1102 deaths
Counts of Vendôme
People temporarily excommunicated by the Catholic Church
Christians of the First Crusade
Year of birth unknown

Geoffrey II of Vendôme


İhap Hulusi Görey (November 28, 1898, in Cairo – March 27, 1986, in Istanbul), was the first Turkish graphic artist best known for his illustrations on posters and labels of several Turkish brands in the Republican era.

Early life
Ihap Hulusi's father was a well-known architect in Cairo and he wanted his son become a successful diplomat. For this Ihap Hulusi was sent to English schools in Cairo. However, his primary interest was in painting. In the meantime, he took lessons in painting by mail from Germany. In 1920, after graduating from the high school, Ihap Hulusi went to Munich, Germany, and studied painting for five years specializing in illustrations.

Following his return, İhap Hulusi's father enrolled him to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Istanbul against his will. So Ihap Hulusi dropped off after a while and devoted himself to commercial graphic art.

Career

Ihap Hulusi's first work was the illustration for a toothpaste advertisement poster. In 1929 he established his first workshop in Istanbul and designed 1930 the famous bottle label for the Turkish liquor Raki brand "Kulüp Rakısı". This artwork on the bottle label is still in use today.

With the Latin alphabet reform in 1928, Atatürk commissioned him in 1934 to make illustrations in order to promote the adoption of the new Turkish alphabet. The graphic artwork showed Atatürk teaching the new Turkish alphabet to a little girl, Atatürk's adoptive daughter Ülkü.

His first private exhibition was held in 1935 in Istanbul. Several exhibitions followed at home and abroad. Ihap Hulusi Görey's work became well-known and he performed illustrations for state and private companies until 1977. He worked without interruption for 45 years designing the tickets for the Turkish State lottery, which came out three times a month. He designed the bottle labels of various products of the Turkish State Monopoly 35 years long. He illustrated also posters for the famous brands like the British whisky John Haig, Italian Cinzano and Fernet Branca.

Görey designed also logos for some companies, which helped them get easily recognized and well known. In his late life he was much involved in performing calligraphy.

He was called the "man who illustrated the Republic" or the "king of the graphic art". Ihap Hulusi Görey died on March 27, 1986, in Istanbul. He was survived by his fourth wife Naşide after 27 years of marriage.

Ender Merter, a Turkish advertisement businessman, who collects the works of Ihap Hulusi Görey since 1993, exhibited in 2002 Görey's original drawings, aquarelles, calligraphies and personal belongings in the Rahmi M Koç Museum.

External links
Personal Web site (Turkish)

1898 births
1986 deaths
Turkish illustrators
Turkish poster artists
Egyptian emigrants to Turkey

İhap Hulusi Görey