HTTP/2 (originally named HTTP/2.0) is a major revision of the HTTP network protocol used by the World Wide Web. It was derived from the earlier experimental SPDY protocol, originally developed by Google. HTTP/2 was developed by the HTTP Working Group (also called httpbis, where "" means "twice") of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). HTTP/2 is the first new version of HTTP since HTTP/1.1, which was standardized in  in 1997. The Working Group presented HTTP/2 to the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) for consideration as a Proposed Standard in December 2014, and IESG approved it to publish as Proposed Standard on February 17, 2015 (and was updated in February 2020 in regard to TLS 1.3). The HTTP/2 specification was published as  on May 14, 2015.

The standardization effort was supported by Chrome, Opera, Firefox, Internet Explorer 11, Safari, Amazon Silk, and Edge browsers. Most major browsers had added HTTP/2 support by the end of 2015. About  97% of web browsers used have the capability (and  100% of "tracked desktop" web browsers). , 36% (after topping out at just over 50%) of the top 10 million websites support HTTP/2.

Its successor is HTTP/3, a major revision that builds on the concepts established by HTTP/2.

Goals
The working group charter mentions several goals and issues of concern:

 Create a negotiation mechanism that allows clients and servers to elect to use HTTP/1.1, 2.0, or potentially other non-HTTP protocols.
 Maintain high-level compatibility with HTTP/1.1 (for example with methods, status codes, URIs, and most header fields).
 Decrease latency to improve page load speed in web browsers by considering:
 data compression of HTTP headers
 HTTP/2 Server Push
 prioritization of requests
 multiplexing multiple requests over a single TCP connection (fixing the HTTP-transaction-level head-of-line blocking problem in HTTP 1.x)
 Support common existing use cases of HTTP, such as desktop web browsers, mobile web browsers, web APIs, web servers at various scales, proxy servers, reverse proxy servers, firewalls, and content delivery networks.

Differences from HTTP/1.1
The proposed changes do not require any changes to how existing web applications work, but new applications can take advantage of new features for increased speed. HTTP/2 leaves all of HTTP/1.1's high-level semantics, such as methods, status codes, header fields, and URIs, the same. What is new is how the data is framed and transported between the client and the server.

Websites that are efficient minimize the number of requests required to render an entire page by minifying (reducing the amount of code and packing smaller pieces of code into bundles, without reducing its ability to function) resources such as images and scripts. However, minification is not necessarily convenient nor efficient and may still require separate HTTP connections to get the page and the minified resources. HTTP/2 allows the server to "push" content, that is, to respond with data for more queries than the client requested. This allows the server to supply data it knows a web browser will need to render a web page, without waiting for the browser to examine the first response, and without the overhead of an additional request cycle.

Additional performance improvements in the first draft of HTTP/2 (which was a copy of SPDY) come from multiplexing of requests and responses to avoid some of the head-of-line blocking problem in HTTP 1 (even when HTTP pipelining is used), header compression, and prioritization of requests. However, as HTTP/2 runs on top of a single TCP connection there is still potential for head-of-line blocking to occur if TCP packets are lost or delayed in transmission.
HTTP/2 no longer supports HTTP/1.1's chunked transfer encoding mechanism, as it provides its own, more efficient, mechanisms for data streaming.

History

Genesis in and later differences from SPDY
SPDY (pronounced like "speedy") was a previous HTTP-replacement protocol developed by a research project spearheaded by Google. Primarily focused on reducing latency, SPDY uses the same TCP pipe but different protocols to accomplish this reduction. The basic changes made to HTTP/1.1 to create SPDY included "true request pipelining without FIFO restrictions, message framing mechanism to simplify client and server development, mandatory compression (including headers), priority scheduling, and even bi-directional communication".

The HTTP Working Group considered Google's SPDY protocol, Microsoft's HTTP Speed+Mobility proposal (SPDY based), and Network-Friendly HTTP Upgrade. In July 2012, Facebook provided feedback on each of the proposals and recommended HTTP/2 be based on SPDY. The initial draft of HTTP/2 was published in November 2012 and was based on a straight copy of SPDY.

The biggest difference between HTTP/1.1 and SPDY was that each user action in SPDY is given a "stream ID", meaning there is a single TCP channel connecting the user to the server. SPDY split requests into either control or data, using a "simple to parse binary protocol with two types of frames". SPDY showed evident improvement over HTTP, with a new page load speedup ranging from 11% to 47%.

The development of HTTP/2 used SPDY as a jumping-off point. Among the many detailed differences between the protocols, the most notable is that HTTP/2 uses a fixed Huffman code-based header compression algorithm, instead of SPDY's dynamic stream-based compression. This helps to reduce the potential for compression oracle attacks on the protocol, such as the CRIME attack.

On February 9, 2015, Google announced plans to remove support for SPDY in Chrome in favor of support for HTTP/2. That took effect, starting with Chrome 51.

Development milestones

Encryption
HTTP/2 is defined both for HTTP URIs (i.e. without TLS encryption, a configuration which is abbreviated in ) and for HTTPS URIs (over TLS using ALPN extension where TLS 1.2 or newer is required, a configuration which is abbreviated in ).

Although the standard itself does not require usage of encryption, all major client implementations (Firefox, Chrome, Safari, Opera, IE, Edge) have stated that they will only support HTTP/2 over TLS, which makes encryption de facto mandatory.

Criticisms

Development process
The FreeBSD and Varnish developer Poul-Henning Kamp asserts that the standard was prepared on an unrealistically short schedule, ruling out any basis for the new HTTP/2 other than the SPDY protocol and resulting in other missed opportunities for improvement. Kamp criticizes the protocol itself for being inconsistent and having needless, overwhelming complexity. He also states that the protocol violates the protocol layering principle, for example by duplicating flow control that belongs in the transport layer (TCP). He also suggested that the new protocol should have removed HTTP Cookies, introducing a breaking change.

Encryption
Initially, some members of the Working Group tried to introduce an encryption requirement in the protocol. This faced criticism.

Critics stated that encryption has non-negligible computing costs and that many HTTP applications actually have no need for encryption and their providers have no desire to spend additional resources on it. Encryption proponents have stated that this encryption overhead is negligible in practice. Poul-Henning Kamp has criticized the IETF for hastily standardizing Google's SPDY prototype as HTTP/2 due to political considerations. The criticism of the agenda of mandatory encryption within the existing certificate framework is not new, nor is it unique to members of the open-source community a Cisco employee stated in 2013 that the present certificate model is not compatible with small devices like routers, because the present model requires not only annual enrollment and remission of non-trivial fees for each certificate, but must be continually repeated on an annual basis. In the end the Working Group did not reach consensus over the mandatory encryption, although most client implementations require it, which makes encryption a de facto requirement.

The HTTP/2 protocol also faced criticism for not supporting opportunistic encryption, a measure against passive monitoring similar to the STARTTLS mechanism that has long been available in other Internet protocols like SMTP. Critics have stated that the HTTP/2 proposal goes in violation of IETF's own  "Pervasive Monitoring Is an Attack", which also has a status of Best Current Practice 188. RFC7258/BCP188 mandates that passive monitoring be considered as an attack, and protocols designed by IETF should take steps to protect against passive monitoring (for example, through the use of opportunistic encryption). A number of specifications for opportunistic encryption of HTTP/2 have been provided, of which draft-nottingham-http2-encryption was adopted as an official work item of the working group, leading to the publication of  in May 2017.

TCP head-of-line blocking
Although the design of HTTP/2 effectively addresses the HTTP-transaction-level head-of-line blocking problem by allowing multiple concurrent HTTP transactions, all those transactions are multiplexed over a single TCP connection, meaning that any packet-level head-of-line blocking of the TCP stream simultaneously blocks all transactions being accessed via that connection. This head-of-line blocking in HTTP/2 is now widely regarded as a design flaw, and much of the effort behind QUIC and HTTP/3 has been devoted to reduce head-of-line blocking issues.

Server-side support

Server software
The following web servers support HTTP/2:
 Apache 2.4.12 supports HTTP/2 via the module mod_h2, although appropriate patches must be applied to the source code of the server in order for it to support that module. As of Apache 2.4.17 all patches are included in the main Apache source tree, although the module itself was renamed mod_http2. Old versions of SPDY were supported via the module mod_spdy, however the development of the mod_spdy module has stopped.
 Apache Tomcat 8.5 (requires a configuration change)
 Apache Traffic Server
 Caddy
 Charles Proxy since version Charles 4.
 Citrix NetScaler 11.x
 Sucuri
 F5 BIG-IP Local Traffic Manager 11.6
 Barracuda Networks WAF (Web Application Firewall)
 h2o (built from the ground up for HTTP/2 support)
 HAProxy 1.8
 Jetty 9.3
 lighttpd 1.4.56
 LiteSpeed Web Server 5.0
 Microsoft IIS (in Windows 10, Windows Server 2016, and Windows Server 2019)
 Netty 4.1
 nghttpd (exclusively implements HTTP/2)
 nginx 1.9.5 released on September 22, 2015, using module ngx_http_v2_module and HTTP/2 Server Push since version 1.13.9 on February 20, 2018.
 Node.js 8.13.0 (A separate module is available for Node.js 5.0 and Node 8.4 introduced experimental built-in support for HTTP/2.)
 Kestrel web server for ASP.NET Core supports HTTP/2 since .NET Core 2.2.0-preview 1.
 OpenLiteSpeed 1.3.11 and 1.4.8
 Proxygen
 Pulse Secure Virtual Traffic Manager 10.2
 Radware Alteon NG
 ShimmerCat
 Vert.x 3.3
 Warp (Haskell web server, used by default in Yesod)
 Wildfly 9
 Envoy proxy

Content delivery networks
 Akamai was the first major CDN to support HTTP/2 and HTTP/2 Server Push.
 Microsoft Azure supports HTTP/2.
 PageCDN supports HTTP/2 out of the box and provides user-interface to setup HTTP/2 Server Push in CDN dashboard.
 CDN77 supports HTTP/2 using nginx (August 20, 2015).
 Cloudflare supports HTTP/2 using nginx with SPDY as a fallback for browsers without support, whilst maintaining all security and performance services. Cloudflare was the first major CDN to support HTTP/2 Server Push.
 AWS CloudFront supports HTTP/2 since September 7, 2016.
 Fastly supports HTTP/2 including Server Push.
 Imperva Incapsula CDN supports HTTP/2. The implementation includes support for WAF and DDoS mitigation features as well.
 KeyCDN supports HTTP/2 using nginx (October 6, 2015). HTTP/2 Test is a test page to verify if your server supports HTTP/2.
 Voxility supports HTTP/2 using nginx since July, 2016. The implementation comes in support for Cloud DDoS mitigation services.
 StackPath supports HTTP/2.

Implementations
 Other implementations are collected on the GitHub HTTP/2 wiki.

See also
 gRPC
 HTTP pipelining
 HTTP request and response messages
 HTTP/3
 QUIC
 SPDY
 WebSocket
 Web Server
 Web Browser

References

External links

  – Hypertext Transfer Protocol version 2 (HTTP/2)
  – HPACK: Header Compression for HTTP/2
 HTTP/2 explained (Daniel Stenberg)
 SPDY Protocol (draft-mbelshe-httpbis-spdy-00)
 HTTP Speed+Mobility (draft-Montenegro-httpbis-speed-mobility-01)
 Proposal for a Network-Friendly HTTP Upgrade (draft-tarreau-httpbis-network-friendly-00)

Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Application layer protocols
2015 introductions

HTTP/2


The Model 1855 Springfield was a rifled musket used in the mid-19th century. This is a type of musket that was used to fire long-range shots, before the enemy could get close enough. It was produced by the Springfield Armory in Massachusetts, United States.

Firearms

Springfield Model 1855


Alex Andrew Darrow (born October 4, 1993) is an American entrepreneur best known for founding the fiscally sponsored non-profit organization PictureTheWorld. As of February 2010, he is one of the youngest executive directors of an established non-profit organization in the world.

Personal life
Darrow was born in Santa Clara, California to Landy, a civil engineer, and Andrew, also a civil engineer. Darrow, along with his younger brother, was raised in Auburn, California.

The young entrepreneur began forging innovative concepts, and inventing high-tech gadgets when he was 13 years old, including a silicon mat which used a capacitive system to turn any computer monitor into a touch-screen—in pursuit of which he presented the invention to venture capitalists and received good advice, and a social application for MySpace—in pursuit of which he went as far as signing a non-disclosure agreement (NDA), and speaking with the Vice President of MySpace Music, and the COO of MySpace.

Before attending Placer High School, beginning in his sophomore year of high school, Darrow attended the private Jesuit High School (Sacramento) during the regular school year of 2007–2008, and the prestigious Phillips Academy Andover during the summer of 2008. Darrow says, after graduation, he plans on majoring in business.

On March 3, 2011, Darrow, at age 17, spoke on a panel about social entrepreneurship and social innovation at Harvard Business School. At the event, he addressed students and faculty of both Harvard Business School and the Harvard Kennedy School of Government.

PictureTheWorld

Founding
Darrow officially launched PictureTheWorld in February 2010; however, the website was not launched until May 2010. The idea came to him when he decided "to start a project that really represented a large community--thousands and thousands of people coming together to support a worthy cause." He explains, "But I also wanted a project that was fun, innovative, and kind of epitomized the global community. And would allow donors to be able to participate. Not just make a monetary donation, but actually join the movement."

However, it took Darrow nearly two years to raise the funds for the launch of PictureTheWorld. Darrow earned the money by washing dishes at a pizza place, and saving all cash received for Christmas and his birthday. Eventually, he was able to establish the organization, and launch its website. Darrow, PictureTheWorld's founder and executive director, does not take a salary.

About
PictureTheWorld is a fiscally sponsored non-profit organization creating the world's largest photo-mosaic using photos submitted by people from all over the world, using the organization's website. All funds are disbursed among ten beneficiaries, including: Doctors Without Borders, 88 Bikes, the World Food Program, and UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital. PictureTheWorld will require at least 112, 896 photo submissions in order to break the current world-record for largest photo-mosaic.

The current world record for the world's largest photo-mosaic is held by The Big Picture, which was created by Helen Marshall in England in 2008. The Big Picture came through the Arts Council England, West Midland, and was supported by the BBC.

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
American child businesspeople
American Internet celebrities
American company founders
People from Santa Clara, California
People from Auburn, California

Alex Darrow


The 2016 Republican National Convention was the 41st national convention held by the Republican Party. It was held in Cleveland, Ohio from 18-21 July 2016. The purpose of the convention is for the delegates, who are people who represent someone, to vote for the 2016 presidential and vice presidential nominee for the United States Republican Party.

The candidates were businessman Donald Trump of New York, U.S. senator Ted Cruz of Texas, and Governor John Kasich of Ohio.

There are 2,472 delegates to the Republican National Convention. A candidate therefore needs a majority of at least 1,237 delegates to win the presidential nomination.

Results

The convention was held on July 18 to 21. After the convention, Donald Trump with his running mate Mike Pence won the presidential nomination for the Republican Party.

References

July 2016 events
2016 United States presidential election
United States presidential nominating conventions
Republican Party (United States)

2016 Republican National Convention


AutografExpo was an exhibition of contemporary signed documents and autographs of public interest in Poland. The main organizer and promoter was forensic expert Jaroslaw Pijarowski.

Over a three-year period, a planning committee examined and chose 2,000 items from 75,000.  It first opened  July 5, 2008, in the Museum of Diplomacy and Polish Refugees, in the city of Bydgoszcz.

The exhibition also featured a display,  "Act of Unity," a special signed document that commemorated the tenth anniversary of the creation of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian provincial region on 1 January 1999.

Franciszek Starowieyski received an award of the most interesting graphical representation of contemporary autographs.

After the exhibition, Jaroslaw Pijarowski received a special diploma and award from the head of the city of Bydgoszcz, Konstanty Dombrowicz

References

External links
 http://www.muzeum.ukw.edu.pl//jednostka/muzeum_dyplomacji/ - website of Museum of Diplomacy and Polish Refugees in Poland

Documents

AutografExpo


A lamellophone (also lamellaphone or linguaphone) is a member of the family of musical instruments that makes its sound by a thin vibrating plate called a lamella or tongue, which is fixed at one end and has the other end free. When the musician depresses the free end of a plate with a finger or fingernail, and then allows the finger to slip off, the released plate vibrates. An instrument may have a single tongue (such as a Jew's harp) or a series of multiple tongues (such as a mbira thumb piano).

Linguaphone comes from the Latin root lingua meaning "tongue", (i.e., a long thin plate that is fixed only at one end). lamellophone comes from the Latin word  for "small metal plate", and the Greek word  phonē for "sound, voice".

The lamellophones constitute category 12 in the Hornbostel–Sachs system for classifying musical instruments, plucked idiophones. There are two main categories of plucked idiophones, those that are in the form of a frame (121) and those that are in the form of a comb (122).

According to Sachs,

African lamellophones

A large number of lamellophones originate in Africa, where they are known under different names including mbira, kisanji, likembe, kalimba, kongoma, and sanza. They play a role in southeast African Music. They were reported as early as the 16th century, but there is no doubt they have a much longer history. The Caribbean marímbula is also of this family. The marímbula can be seen as a bass variant of the mbira and is sometimes used in hip hop music.

In most cases the tongues are divided in two playing halves with the lowest notes in the centre; from there to the left and to the right each tongue is tuned higher than the previous one. The tongues may also be arranged in a linear arrangement in the manner of a piano. Tongues may be made small enough to play with individual fingers, hence the colloquial name "thumb piano". (Although some instruments, like the Mbira, have an additional rows of tongues, in which case not just the thumbs are used for plucking.)

Some conjecture that African lamellophones were derived from xylophones and marimbas. However, similar instruments have been found elsewhere; for example, the indigenous peoples of Siberia play wooden and metallic lamellophones with a single tongue.

Lamellophones may be made with or without resonators. There are also electric lamellophones with an additional pickup.

Electric lamellophones

Electric lamellophones have been electrified with an electro-magnetic pickup (like on electric guitars) or contact piezo pickup.

Piezo pickup lamellophones
There is a distinct difference between the piezo and the electro-magnetic pickup. Most electric lamellophones feature piezo pickups. The piezo sound contains more treble and has more problems with feedback when amplified (distorted) heavily. Lucinda Ellison produces a wide range of her Embiras, which are solid body electric mbiras with piezo pickups — a design first conceived in 1981 and finalised in 1996. David Bellinger has been making ekalimbas - kalimbas with piezo pickups - for 20 years.

The Array Mbira is a lamellophone with an alternate tine configuration. It is electrified by the addition of a 2-channel stereo piezo cable pickup system. A special solid-body Array mbira exists.

Electro-magnetic lamellophones

Ernst Zacharias created a series of electric lamellophones created in the 1960s for Hohner. These instruments were based on the reeds made by Hohner (already employed in accordions, concertinas, melodicas and harmonicas). These instruments were the Pianet (plucked by a foam pad), the Cembalet (plucked by a rubber pad) and the Guitaret (plucked by fingers). The idea of a struck reed tongue had been pioneered by the Alexandre brothers in their "Orgues expressifs" (harmoniums) in the 19th century, where they were called percussion stops.

The Space Harp, or Frankiphone (designed, built and played by Phil Cohran), is a famous instance of an electric lamellophone.

A range of other mbiras and kalimbas have been created by contemporary instrument makers. The African band Konono No.1 uses custom-built electric kalimbas with electro-magnetic pickups. Neptune's Jason Sanford makes electric thumb pianos from scrap in a similar tradition and Yuri Landman has made 12-TET bass kalimbas and metal tongue drums.

Schaeffner's classification
Schaeffner's musical instrument classification scheme has a post-prominent place for the linguaphones (lamellophones) at the second highest level of classification.

In 1932, Andre Schaeffner developed a new classification scheme that was "exhaustive, potentially covering all real and conceivable instruments" [Kartomi, p. 176].
Schaeffner's system has only two top-level categories denoted by Roman numerals (Schaeffner, A.: Origine des instruments de musique, pp. 371–377.):
I: instruments that make sound from vibrating solids;
IA Solids not susceptibles of tension (equivalent to a big part of Hornbostel & Sachs idiophones);
IB Flexible solids (equivalent to mainly linguaphones);
IC Tensionable solids (equivalent to both membranophones and chordophones);
II: instruments that make sound from vibrating air (aerophones).

List of lamellophones

In the form of a frame (121)
The lamellae vibrate within a frame or hoop

121.1 Clack idiophones or Cricri - The lamella is carved in the surface of a fruit shell, which serves as resonator. Also known as galip nut snapper.

121.2 Guimbardes and jaw harps - The lamella is mounted in a rod- or plaque-shaped frame and depends on the player's mouth cavity for resonance.

121.21 Idioglot guimbardes - The lamella is of one substance with the frame of the instrument.

Đàn môi

121.22 Heteroglot guimbardes - The lamella is attached to the frame.

121.221 Individual heteroglot guimbardes.

Jew's harp
Morsing

121.222 Sets of heteroglot guimbardes.

Kouxian

In the form of a comb (122)

The lamellae are tied to a board or cut out from a board like the teeth of a comb.

122.1 With laced on lamellae.

Array mbira
Agidigbo (Nigeria)
Eleke
Ikembe
Insimbi
Kalimba
Kasayi
Kisanji
Likembe
Lukembe (Congo and Tanganyika)
Maduimba
Malimbe
Marímbula - Caribbean thumb piano
Mbira
Chisanza mbira (Elisabethville)
Kalimba mbira (Southern Rhodesia)
Njara mbira (Southern Rhodesia)
Shona mbira (Southern Rhodesia)
Oopoochawa
Prempensua (Ghana)
Thumb piano
Tom (Ethiopia)
Sanza/Sansa (Equatorial Africa and West Africa)
Space Harp
Whale Drum
Zimbabwean Marimba

122.11 Without resonator.

122.12 With resonator.

122.2 With cut-out lamellae
Comb
Mechanical music box
Slit drum
Steel tongue drum
Teponaztli

See also
Music of Africa
Gravikord

References
Gerhard Kubik: "Lamellophone", in: The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (ed. Stanley Sadie). Macmillan Publishers, London, 1981

Specific

External links
Lamellophone players list from N. Scott Robinson site
 and "Idiophone", OnMusic Dictionary (accessed 24 May 2020).

African musical instruments
Lists of percussion instruments
Lists of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number

Lamellophone


Gloria Talbott (February 7, 1931–September 19, 2000) was an American film and television actress.

Early life and career
Gloria Maude Talbott was born in Glendale, California. Her great-grandfather Benjamin F. Patterson arrived from Ohio in 1882 and bought some acreage in the area. He later  assisted with the platting of the city.

She began her career as a child actress in such films as Maytime (1937), Sweet and Low-Down (1944), and A Tree Grows In Brooklyn (1945). She attended Glendale High School. In 1947, she was chosen as the winner of the "Miss Glendale" beauty pageant. In November 1948, Talbott was in the cast of One Fine Day, a comedy presented on stage at the Biltmore Theater in Los Angeles.

Her sister, Lori Talbott, also became an actress.

Film roles

Talbott worked in film regularly during the 1950s. In 1952, she had the role of Rose Rodriguez in The Rodriguez Story featurette. She appeared in Crashout (1955), the Humphrey Bogart comedy We're No Angels (1955), Lucy Gallant (1955), and All That Heaven Allows (1955).

She appeared in The Oregon Trail with Fred MacMurray as an Indian named Shona.

She later became known as a "scream queen", after appearing in a number of horror films, including The Daughter of Dr. Jekyll (1957), The Cyclops (1957), I Married a Monster from Outer Space (1958), and The Leech Woman (1960).

Her final film role was as Bri Quince, the love interest in the 1966 Western film An Eye for an Eye.

Television roles

In 1953, Talbott appeared in "The Crime of Sylvester Bonnard" and "High Seas" on Favorite Story, starred in "The Dear Departed" on Chevron Theatre and played Herelda in "Gypsy Wagon," an episode of The Gene Autry Show.

In 1955, she appeared in TV Reader's Digest episode "America's First Great Lady" as Pocahontas and was the first guest star with roles in both of the 1955 season's new adult Westerns, Gunsmoke, episode  "Home Surgery" and The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, episode 2 "Mr. Earp Meets a Lady".

On November 27, 1956, she starred as Maureen in a science-fiction episode of the television anthology series Conflict entitled "Man From 1997" featuring Charlie Ruggles and James Garner. She guest-starred in the premiere episode of Mr. Adams and Eve, "The Young Actress", which was broadcast on January 4, 1957. On October 1, 1957, she appeared as Linda Brazwell in the episode "Reluctant Hero" of the ABC/Warner Bros. Western television series Sugarfoot.

Talbott's multiple television credits also include the syndicated Adventures of Superman, The Range Rider, The Cisco Kid, the NBC Western anthology series Frontier (1955), and the syndicated Western-themed crime drama, Sheriff of Cochise with John Bromfield. She appeared in the 1956 episode "The Singing Preacher" of the religious anthology series, Crossroads.

In a broadcast on NBC on January 27, 1958, Talbott played Valya in star/producer John Payne's The Restless Gun, season one, episode 19, "Hang and Be Damned". She was cast in the syndicated American Civil War drama Gray Ghost, the 1958 episode "Fatal Memory" on CBS's Wanted: Dead or Alive (returning for the 1960 episode  "Tolliver Bender"), the 1959 episode "Have Sword, Will Duel" of the NBC Western Cimarron City, and in the 1961 NBC Western Whispering Smith in the role of Cora Gates.

She guest-starred as Jenny in the 1958 episode "A Cup of Black Coffee" of the CBS crime drama Richard Diamond, Private Detective, reprising the pairing David Janssen and she played in the 1955 film All That Heaven Allows. She also guest-starred in several episodes of ABC's Zorro.

In 1960, Talbott made guest-starring appearances as Nora Lanyard and Lucinda Jennings in the episodes "Landlubbers" and "Devil in Skirts" of the NBC Western series, Riverboat.  She was cast as Sandy in "The Velvet Frame" of the ABC/WB drama, The Roaring 20s. She also appeared in the ABC Western series, The Rebel and in Bonanza as Nedda in the episode "Escape to Ponderosa". In 1961, she portrayed Maria Mosner in the episode "The Twenty-Six Paper" of the ABC adventure series, The Islanders. That same year, she guest-starred in the episode "Buddy's Wife" of the CBS sitcom Bringing Up Buddy.

She appeared twice on CBS's TV Western series Bat Masterson, once in the 1958 episode "Trail Pirate" playing Ellen Parrish, a widowed yet brave wagon train owner, then again in the 1960 episode "Barbary Castle" playing Scottish-accented Mary MacLeod. She also appeared on CBS's Rawhide in the episodes "The Incident of the Calico Gun" (1959), "Incident of the Broken Word" (1960), and "Prairie Elephant" (1961). She appeared in the 1961 episode "Terror in the Afternoon" of the syndicated crime drama The Brothers Brannagan.

Talbott made four guest appearances on the CBS courtroom drama series Perry Mason: as defendant Eve Nesbitt in "The Case of the Angry Dead Man", Ann Gilrain in "The Case of the Crying Comedian" (both in 1961), co-defendant Bonnie Lloyd in the 1963 episode, "The Case of the Elusive Element", and Minna Rohan in the 1966 episode, "The Case of the Unwelcomed Well".

In 1962, she appeared again in an episode of Gunsmoke called "Cody's Code" and in 1963 in an episode entitled "The Cousin".

In 1965, Talbott was cast in the lead in an episode of the syndicated series, Death Valley Days, "Kate Melville and the Law". In 1965 Talbott appeared as Lola Wynatt in season 5 Episode !0 of My Three Sons.

Personal life
Talbott was married four times and had two children.

Death
On September 19, 2000, Talbott died of kidney failure while hospitalized in Glendale, California.

Filmography

 Maytime (1937) - Little Girl (uncredited)
 Sweet and Low-Down (1944) - Teen-Ager on Dance Floor (uncredited)
 A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (1945) - Teen-Age Girl in Classroom (uncredited)
 Desert Pursuit (1952) - Indian Girl (uncredited)
 We're Not Married! (1952) - Girl in Hector's Daydream (uncredited)
 Northern Patrol (1953) - Meg Stevens
 Crashout (1955) - Girl on Train
 We're No Angels (1955) - Isabelle Ducotel
 All That Heaven Allows (1955) - Kay Scott
 Lucy Gallant (1955) - Laura Wilson
 Strange Intruder (1956) - Meg Carmichael
 The Young Guns (1956) - Nora Bawdre
 Mr. Adams and Eve (1957) - The Actress - Episode "The Young Actress"
 The Kettles on Old MacDonald's Farm (1957) - Sally Flemming
 The Oklahoman (1957) - Maria Smith
 The Cyclops (1957) - Susan Winter
 The Daughter of Dr. Jekyll (1957) - Janet Smith
 Taming Sutton's Gal (1957) - Lou Sutton
 The Restless Gun (1958) - as Valya in Episode "Hang and be Damned"
 The Restless Gun (1958) as Sophie Wilmer in Episode "The Outlander"
 Wanted: Dead or Alive (1958) as Jody Sykes in Episode "Fatal Memory"
 The Restless Gun (1958) as Mercyday in Episode "Mercyday"
 Cattle Empire (1958) - Sandy Jeffrey
 I Married a Monster from Outer Space (1958) - Marge Bradley Farrell
 Alias Jesse James (1959) - Princess Irawanie
 The Oregon Trail (1959) - Shona Hastings
 Girls Town (1959) - Vida
 Oklahoma Territory (1960) - Ruth Red Hawk
 The Leech Woman (1960) - Sally
 Rawhide (1961) as Lucille Foley In S3:E11, "Incident of the Broken Word" (CBS-TV)
 Whispering Smith (1961) - Cora Gates
 Gunsmoke (1955-1963, TV Series) - Hallie / Rose Loring / Holly Hawtree
 Arizona Raiders (1965) - Martina
 An Eye for an Eye (1966) - Bri Quince (final film role)

References

External links

Literature on Gloria Talbott

1931 births
2000 deaths
20th-century American actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
Deaths from kidney failure
Actresses from Glendale, California
Actresses from California
American child actresses
American stage actresses

Gloria Talbott


Jacob Yost (April 1, 1853 – January 25, 1933) was an American politician who served as mayor of Staunton, as well as twice represented Virginia's Shenandoah Valley in the United States House of Representatives, from 1887 to 1889 and 1897–1899.

Early and family life
Yost was born in Staunton, Virginia in 1853 to Major Samuel McPherson Yost (1829-1915) and his wife Henrietta Cushing Yost (1834-1856). His father became Indian Agent for New Mexico in 1857, and Quartermaster Major in the Confederate States Army (C.S.A.) during the American Civil War. Branches of the Yost family were active in Shenandoah and Rockingham Counties. A cousin was C.S.A. General John R. Jones (son of Samuel's sister Harriet Yost). Samuel's cousins (with the same grandmother, Catharine Miller (b. Aug. 2, 1778)) included Major Hunter Liggett of the 31st U.S.V. in the Philippine Islands and C.S.A. Lt. Jacob N. Liggett of Harrisonburg, Virginia. He had an elder brother Merrell Cushing Yost (1851-1868), a younger brother Isaac Willis Yost (1855-1857), younger sister Bettie (b. 1860), and later after his father's remarriage, several half-siblings, including and half sister Alice Yost Pipes (1869-1969)

Having lost his mother as an infant, young Jacob Yost was raised by his grandmother Kate D. Yost, aunt Mary and cousin Samuel W.P. Yost. He attended the public schools and Jedediah Hotchkiss's Mossy Creek Academy in Augusta County, where he learned about cartography and mining. After the American Civil War, his father Samuel M. Yost lived with his family (including his second wife, Catherine) in Linville, Rockingham County, Virginia.

Jacob Yost married Mary S. Young Yost (1859-1930) on January 13, 1881. They had a daughter Mary born in 1882 and who became a teacher in Staunton but still lived with her parents in the 1910 census, and a son Merrill C. Yost (b. 1900) who survived to adulthood.

Career
Yost learned the printing trade from his father and in 1875 purchased the Valley Virginian. The family enterprise also published various books. He also engaged in civil engineering involving iron and coal (traditional industries in Rockingham County).

Although his father Samuel participated in the National Republican Convention of 1880 and served as Staunton's postmaster under Presidents Grant, Hays, Arthur, Harrison and McKinley, Jacob Yost was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for election in 1884 to the Forty-ninth Congress.

Staunton's voters elected him mayor in May 1886 and he served until January 1887, when he resigned, having been elected to Congress. He was elected as a Republican to the Fiftieth Congress (March 4, 1887 – March 3, 1889) but was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1888 to the Fifty-first Congress. Years later, he was elected to the Fifty-fifth Congress (March 4, 1897 – March 3, 1899) but he declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1898.

Later life and death
After leaving Congress, Yost engaged in the management and development of iron ore and coal lands. He moved to Palo Alto, California in 1925 and lived there in retirement until his death on January 25, 1933. His body was returned to Staunton for burial in historic Thornrose Cemetery.

References

1853 births
1933 deaths
Mayors of Staunton, Virginia
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia

Jacob Yost (Virginia congressman)


The National Confederation of Eritrean Workers (NCEW) is a National trade union center in Eritrea. Its predecessor, the National Union of Eritrean Workers (NUEW) was founded in 1979 as the trade union wing of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), then waging a war of independence against Ethiopia. After independence, the NUEW was reconstituted as the NCEW. It has around 26,000 members in five subsidiary federations. It is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation.

Foundation and role in War of Independence
Between the 1950s and 1970s, trade unions in Eritrea had significant nationalist factions, which caused conflicts with the Ethiopian government. In the 1970s, escalating conflict with the newly-installed Derg regime caused a large number of Eritrean workers to join the armed struggle for independence.
NUEW was founded as trade union wing of EPLF, which had become the main Eritrean fighting force, in November 1979 at a convention in Sahel. The union formed clandestine cells within Ethiopian-controlled towns to conduct sabotage and intelligence operations. These local unions were mostly eliminated by the Ethiopia by 1982.

As a result, during the Eritrean War of Independence, NUEW mostly functioned as tool for overseas Eritrean workers to contribute to the war effort. It organized Eritrean workers in the diaspora, including construction workers in Sudan. These workers provided financial support as well as professional and skilled expertise.

Role in independent Eritrea
Eritrea became an independent country in 1991, with EPLF forming the government in its new guise - People's Front for Democracy and Justice. NUEW, while still led by its war-time leadership, changed focus to organizing workers into trade unions with a view to supporting the reconstruction of its war-torn country. Major public and private-sector industries were organized with the support of the government. In 1992, the government increased wages by 50% based on NUEW's intervention. Labour proclamation 8/1991 promulgated in 1991 legalized labour unions and gave workers the right to defend their interests.

At NUEW's last congress in 1994, the organization was transformed into the National Confederation of Eritrean Workers. Chapters representing overseas workers were dissolved. The NCEW consists of individual workplace-based unions grouped together in five trade union federations, responsible for organizing and representing workers in different industrial sectors. By the end of 1994, 18,000 workers had been organized in 111 locals.
The five federations comprising the NCEW are -
 Chemical, mining and general workers federation including at the Assab oil refinery with 1000 workers.
 Food, drink and allied workers federation
 Service giving industries workers federation
 Textile and leather workers federation
 Transportation and communication workers federation

By 2012, NCEW had 26,000 members. Tekeste Baire had been the Secretary-General of the organization since 1994 until his death in 2022.

The ability of unions to organize and represent workers is constrained by the government. A new law passed in 2001 made NCEW the only legal body entitled to represent workers. Any new union within NCEW formed needs to be approved by the Ministry of Labour and Human Welfare. A number of independent-minded NCEW trade union leaders were arrested and held incommunicado in 2005.

References

Unions of Eritrea
Trade unions in Eritrea
International Trade Union Confederation
Trade unions established in 1979


A tau faka-niua is a song in the Niua style (Niuafoʻou). A song without rhyme or rhythm, rather a recital, like the pater noster. But one such a song, recorded by William Mariner 2 centuries ago, still evokes emotions nowadays. The text contains periphrasing (saying the opposite of what is meant). A literal translation:
We remained talking about the Vavaʻu Tuʻaliku when said to us the women:

Let us go for a walk to the Liku that we may see the sunset,
we will listen to the whistling of the birds and the crying of the pigeons,
we will pick fragrant flowers at the precipice at Matoto,
we will stay and we share the provisions from Liku-beach.

We will bathe in the sea and then we will rinse in the Bush-root and annoint ourselves with scented oil,
we will string the flowers and we will plait the sī from our pickings at Matoto.
While we are standing at the precipice at Bird-cave,
we will look down breathlessly in the distance to the sea below.
As our minds are reflecting the wind whistles and blows towards us
from the ironwood trees standing inland on the plains.
My elevated mind will see the waves below trying in vain to tear away the firm rocks.
It is a bad [=good] thing our state here compared to the state of those in town.
It is already evening, let us go to town; listen! a choir resounds to here,
are they teaching a dance to be performed tonight at the square of Taʻanea?
Let us go to there.

Let us not [=deeply] think about our state of affairs at the time when war had not yet torn our land.
Helas, it is a terrible thing, the war.
See how the land is overgrown with weeds and many men have died badly.
The lords are unsettled, they do not go out alone in moonlight often anymore to see their mistresses.
Let us not think about it for the reason that war is on our land.
From the land of Fiji the war has been brought to our land, Tonga,
and now we have grown to act like them, the Fijians.
Let us not think about it [be happy], maybe tomorrow we are dead.

Let us dress ourselves with the red sī and tie a girdle of tapa of ngatu around our waist,
let us put up our crown of strung gardenia flowers and our ''huni'' neckgarland to show off our suncoloured skin.
Listen to the appluase of the people [they praise us].
The dance is already over, and they are distributing the food of our celebrations;
let us go to town tomorrow.
The young men are not [=very] eager towards us begging for our flower wreaths,
and then they say in their flattery:
"It is a not [=very] beautiful thing, our women coming from Liku,
their skin is not [=very] good brown shining,
their smell is equal to the precipice to Mataloka and Vaipūua.
We should go to the Liku too, let us go ourselves tomorrow."
A poetical translation by a literary friend of John  Martin and William Mariner.
Thus spoke the daughters of the Isle,-
	O! let us ramble to Liku,
And watch the broad sun's farewell smile,
	And hear the birds their song's renew,
And listen whilst the moaning dove,
	Wails sadly in her native bowers,
And o'er Matoto's summit rove,
	And gather heaps of golden flowers.

There shall our ʻOne fruits be shared,
	There shall we lave by ocean's shore,
There is the Aka's bath prepared,
	And there sweet ointment's fragrant store;
There shall we wreath in many a hue
	Matoto's flowers, - there plait the sī;
There, standing high at steep Manu,
	Gaze breathless on the distant sea.

Lost in a thousand reveries,
	A soothing calm pervades the mind,
As from the lofty toa-trees
	Comes murmuring past the inland wind;
Or deeper thoughts perchance awake,
	As gazing on the tide below
We see its surges idly break
	Against the rock's majestic brow.

Ah! happier far such hours as these
	Than ought we find in life's dull throng!
And, hark! upon the evening breeze
	Floats faintly the pō ula song;
And now to fair Taʻanea's lawn,
	The torch-light dance's merriment,
Has all the young and happy drawn,
	And thither shall our course he bent.

How will that cheerful festival,
	And graceful dancers' circling band,
The well-remembered times recall,
	Ere war had frowned upon our land!
Alas the change! Behold rank weeds,
	Unheeded, cover many a field,
And many a noble spirit bleeds,
	And heroes die who scorn to yield.

No more our youths and maidens meet
	By moonlight, as they used of yore,
For, hark! the sons of Fiji beat
	Their war-drums upon Tonga's shore:-
So let it be; -away with thought!
	To catch our moments as they fly,
Is wisdom that the foe has taught;
	Be gay tomorrow we may die!

Yes, let us wear the kula gay,
	And round our waists the ngatu twine,
And chaplets wreath of siale,
	And huni necklaces that shine
In milky whiteness on our skins,
	Sun-tinted with a golden brown,
And now, behold the feast begins,
	And jocund shouts the music drown.

Tomorrow we return;- tonight
	We give our hearts to happiness;
And gentle words and glances bright
	Are ours, as crowding round us press
Our eager lovers, begging sore,
	With many a honeyed word and sigh,
For nosegays from our flowery store,
	Whilst thus the merry flatterers cry:-

"Think you our maidens from Liku
	Are fairer than all maids beside?
Think you their necks of auburn hue
	The paleness of the huni chide?
Think you that fragrance breathes around them,
	Sweet as the fragrance of Vaipuū-?
Oh! surely some new charm has bound them,
	We too must visit their Liku!"

Tau fakaniua/en


Grischa (alternatively spelled Grisha or Gricha) is a short form for the name Gregory or Grigorij, and sometimes for the name Georgi as well, used in Russia and some other Slavic countries, including Ukraine and Bulgaria. The "sha" ending is a typical short form in the Russian language for names. Other such short forms include Natasha for Natalia, Sasha for Alexander, Alyosha for Alexei, and Misha for Michael (or Mikhail, which is the Russian spelling).

See also
Names in Russian Empire, Soviet Union and CIS countries
The Case of Sergeant Grischa, the title of a novel by Arnold Zweig

External links
Grischalogie, a Web page that focuses on the roots of the name, where it was first used, and points to several other resources surrounding this unique name.

Given names
Russian masculine given names
Masculine given names

Grischa