The World's Fastest Indian is a 2005 New Zealand biographical sports drama film based on the Invercargill, New Zealand speed bike racer Burt Munro and his highly modified 1920 Indian Scout motorcycle. Munro set numerous land speed records for motorcycles with engines less than 1,000 cc at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah in the late 1950s and into the 1960s. The film stars Anthony Hopkins, and was produced, written, and directed by Roger Donaldson.

The film opened on 7 December 2005 in New Zealand to positive reviews, and quickly became the highest grossing local film at the New Zealand box-office taking in NZ$7,043,000; and taking in over US$18,297,690 worldwide. The film was theatrically released on 3 February 2006 in the United States by Magnolia Pictures; and was subsequently released on DVD on 22 December 2006 by Magnolia Home Entertainment.

Plot
In 1967, Burt Munro is a sort of folk hero in Invercargill, known for his friendly easy-going personality, for having the fastest motorcycle in New Zealand and Australia, and for being featured in Popular Mechanics magazine. However, that recognition is contrasted by his exasperated next-door neighbours, some of whom are fed up with his un-neighbourly habits, such as revving his motorcycle early in the morning, urinating on his lemon tree, and not mowing his grass. Burt, however, has a long-time dream; to travel to the US and test his motorcycle's capabilities at the Bonneville Speedway.
However, while modifying his motorcycle, Burt suffers a heart attack. An ambulance takes him to the hospital and he is told he has angina, and is advised to take it easy and not to ride his motorcycle. Burt ignores this advice, and is given medication.

Burt is finally able to save enough to travel by cargo ship to Los Angeles, working his passage as the cook, but when he arrives, he experiences bureaucracy, skepticism, and the indifference of big city people. It is his blunt but gregarious nature which overcomes each hurdle. He wins over the motel clerk, a transvestite named Tina, who assists him in clearing customs and helps him in buying a car. The car salesman allows Burt to use his workshop and junkyard to build a trailer, and later offers him a job after Burt fine-tunes a number of the cars on the lot. Burt declines the offer, however, and shortly afterwards begins his long trip to Utah.

Along the way, Burt meets numerous helpful people, including highway police, a Native American who aids him when his trailer fails, a woman named Ada who allows him to repair his trailer in her garage and briefly becomes his lover, and an Air Force pilot who is on leave from military service in Vietnam.

He finally arrives at the Bonneville Salt Flats, only to be blocked by race officials for not registering his motorcycle for competition in advance, and not having the mandated safety equipment. In a show of sportsmanship, however, various competitors and fans in the Bonneville series intervene on his behalf, and he is eventually allowed to make a timed run. Despite various problems, he succeeds in his quest and sets a new land speed record at the 8th mile of his run; when he reaches 201.851 mph (324.847 km/h). By the end, his leg is burned by the exhaust, and he then falls with the motorcycle and skids to a stop, but he is able to return home to New Zealand as a hero. An epilogue describes that he went to Bonneville again nine times to compete and set new records.

Cast
 Anthony Hopkins as Burt Munro
 Jessica Cauffiel as Wendy
 Joe Howard as Otto
 Chris Williams as Tina, a transvestite motel clerk
 Paul Rodriguez as Fernando, a used car salesman
 Christopher Lawford as Jim Moffet
 Gavin Grazer as Mike Sobota
 Annie Whittle as Fran
 Aaron James Murphy as Tom
 Chris Bruno as Bob
 Tim Shadbolt as Frank
 Bruce Greenwood as Jerry
 Diane Ladd as Ada
 Saginaw Grant as Jake
 Walton Goggins as Marty
 William Lucking as Rollie Free
 Patrick John Flueger as Rusty
 Antony Starr as Jeff
 Charles Halford as Gas Station Attendant
 Eric Pierpoint as Earl
 Daniel Sing as Ken

Production
Director Roger Donaldson had been working on this film for over 20 years before he started filming it, and had previously directed a short television documentary about Munro called Burt Munro: Offerings to the God of Speed in 1971. Arranging the financing for a full feature film was much more difficult, but a key Japanese investor, and Donaldson and Hannam's own money allowed the film to be made.

In interviews, Hopkins stated that Munro was one of the easiest roles that he has ever played in his career; simply because Munro's view on life was not all that different from his own.

Many of the props used for filming were actually owned by Munro, including all the exploded pistons and the piston mould that Hopkins uses for a scene in the film. These were on display at the Southland Museum and Art Gallery. The location used for Burt Munro's home and workshop in New Zealand took place on an empty section on Lithgow Street in Invercargill, this section was used as the headquarters for the notorious Black Power gang during the 1990s until the house burnt down in 1998. A house has been built on the plot since the film was released.

Historical accuracy

The real Burt Munro married Florence Beryl Martyn on 6 August 1925; they divorced in 1950–51. While the couple had four children together, no mention is made of children in the film; but it is implied that he was married, and either estranged or divorced.

The Munro portrayed in the film recalls the death of a twin brother named Ernie, who died when a tree fell on him. The real Munro had an older brother who was killed when a tree fell on him. Munro also had a stillborn twin sister. The real Munro had set numerous speed records in New Zealand during the late 1930s through the early 1970s. However, these records are only implied in the film. Munro was never known to actually urinate on his lemon tree; film director Roger Donaldson added that detail as a tribute to his own father, who did.

In reality, Munro's record-breaking run at Bonneville came after several separate visits to the US, beginning in 1956. This was demonstrated, for instance, by a letter published in the May 1957 edition of Popular Mechanics (p. 6), which referred to 'H. A. "Dad" Munro' and his 1920 Indian Scout. The visit to Bonneville shown in the film was a composite of several made by Munro. In 1962 he set a record of 178.971 mph at Bonneville. His fastest complete run there was 190.07 mph. While Munro did reach 205.67 mph on an uncompleted run, on which he crashed, he never set a record of 201 mph at Bonneville (as the film suggests).

Near the end of the film, Speed Week participants throw money into 'the hat', and Burt Munro is presented with a bag of cash before he sets the speed record. In fact, Munro had to take up a collection before Speed Week, as US Customs required a cash bond before releasing his motorcycle. A photograph of the gathered crowd presenting Munro with the bag of cash in 1962, was reprinted in a 2006 issue of Hot Rod magazine.

Hopkins' portrayal of a New Zealander
The Welsh-born Hopkins did not employ the Kiwi accent which the real Munro would have had — the review in The New Zealand Herald said that "his vowels swoop from the Welsh valleys to the high veldt without ever alighting in Southland" (Munro's home region of New Zealand). Nevertheless, the same reviewer had said Hopkins gives a "generous, genial and utterly approachable performance … he nails the backyard eccentric genius dead centre … he has inhaled the nature of a mid-century Kiwi bloody good bloke and he inhabits the part to perfection".

Featured vehicles
The 1920 Indian Scout 'Burt Munro Special' — the 1920 Indian Scout portrayed in the film — started life as a 600 cc motorcycle with a designed top speed of 55 mph. Munro's streamlined record-setter was substantially modified with capacity being increased to 950 cc, and a recorded speed of 205 mph. These modifications were largely done in Munro's workshop, using basic methods and tools as depicted in the film. Four motorcycles are used in the film to depict the actual 'Munro Special'; two of which were replica Indian Scouts, the others being Ducatis.

Antarctic Angels Bikes — the motorcycles ridden by the New Zealand bikers comprise largely early- to mid-1960s Triumphs and BSAs. Most of these motorcycles are twin cylinder models and are 500 cc or larger.

Burt's car (in New Zealand) — a 1954 Vauxhall Velox with an inline six cylinder engine — was typical of the many British-built cars common in New Zealand at the time.

Soundtrack
 You Are My Sunshine – Jimmie Davis and Charles Mitchell
 Kiss Twist – Craig Hubber

References

External links

2005 films
2000s biographical films
2000s adventure films
New Zealand auto racing films
New Zealand biographical films
Biographical films about sportspeople
Motorcycle racing films
Sports films based on actual events
Films directed by Roger Donaldson
Films scored by J. Peter Robinson
Films set in 1967
Films set in New Zealand
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in Utah
Films shot in New Zealand
Films shot in Utah
Films shot in Salt Lake City
Films about trans women
Cultural depictions of New Zealand men
Cultural depictions of motorcycle racers
Magnolia Pictures films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
2000s New Zealand films

The World's Fastest Indian


Thomas William Graveney  (16 June 1927 – 3 November 2015) was an English first-class cricketer, representing his country in 79 Test matches and scoring over 4,800 runs. In a career lasting from 1948 to 1972, he became the 15th player to score one hundred first-class centuries; he was the first batsman beginning his career after the Second World War to reach this milestone. He played for Gloucestershire and Worcestershire, and helped Worcestershire win the county championship for the first time in their history. His achievements for England after being recalled in 1966 have been described as "the stuff of legend." Graveney was a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1953, captained England on one occasion and was awarded the OBE while still playing.

His international career ended at the age of 42 when he played in a benefit match on the rest day of a Test match. He was banned for three matches, and was never selected for England again. In later life he worked as a cricket commentator for BBC Television and was the first former professional to be President of the Marylebone Cricket Club.  He was one of the first 55 players inducted to the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame in 2009.

Early life
Graveney was born on 16 June 1927 in the village of Riding Mill, near Hexham, Northumberland, one of five children born to Jack and Mary Graveney. One of his two brothers was the cricketer Ken Graveney. His father worked for the armaments manufacturer Vickers Armstrong in Newcastle-upon-Tyne as an engineer. After Jack's death in 1933, Mary married another engineer.  The family moved to Lancashire and, in 1938, to Bristol so that Graveney's step-father could take up a position at Avonmouth Docks.

Graveney attended Bristol Grammar School, playing cricket, hockey, rugby and golf all to a very high standard. He started work as an accountant, leaving after a few days to join the Army in 1946, as his elder brother Ken had done. He served in Suez with the Gloucestershire Regiment as a second lieutenant in 1946, and was later promoted to the rank of captain in the sports depot. At school he had been primarily a bowler, but when playing cricket on concrete pitches in Egypt with the army, he specialised more in batting, using his height and technique. On home leave in August 1947, he was asked to play in some benefit matches for Gloucestershire County Cricket Club – an invitation made at the suggestion of Ken, who was already playing as a bowler for the club.  On the basis of Graveney's performances, he was offered a contract to play for the county for £200 annually and although he enjoyed life in the army, he accepted.

Cricketing career

Gloucestershire and England
He played his first first-class match for Gloucestershire against Oxford University Cricket Club in April 1948 but failed to score, and did not become a regular member of the side until later in the season.  He was the 12th man when the county played the touring Australian team of 1948 – known as "the Invincibles" – who scored 783 runs for 6 wickets.  In the 1949 season, he scored 1,784 runs and started to be mentioned as a potential England player.  At that time, selectors were having difficulty finding new batsmen to play alongside Len Hutton and Denis Compton, and tried many possibilities.  After Compton had sustained an injury, Graveney was selected for the Old Trafford Test match against South Africa in 1951, scoring 15 runs. Graveney was not selected for the following Test match, but joined the 1951–52 tour of India and Pakistan after scoring 2,291 runs for Gloucestershire during the season. He scored his first Test century on this tour, taking eight hours to score 175 runs in the second Test in Bombay (after missing the first because of dysentery). By the end of the tour, he had established his place in the national team, and (in the words of The Times) was regarded as "England's outstanding young batsman", along with Peter May.

Graveney's attacking style as a batsman did not find favour with Hutton, the captain, who (in the words of one commentator) "did not want flowery batsmen but fighters" in the attempt to regain the Ashes from Australia. In the late afternoon of the Test match at Lord's in 1953, when Hutton and Graveney were in control with the score at 143 for 1 and Graveney was looking to score a century, Hutton told Graveney to stop attacking for the rest of the day and only 34 runs were scored in the last hour.  Early the next morning, Graveney was dismissed by the refreshed Australian bowling attack without adding to his overnight score of 78. Nevertheless, England won the series and took the Ashes, which Australia had held since 1934. Graveney was named one of Wisden's five Cricketers of the Year for 1953.

Hutton again curbed Graveney's attacking instincts during the 1953–54 tour of the West Indies after Graveney had started by hitting successive boundaries, telling him to "grind this one out". Hutton later described Graveney as "not quite the chap for the big occasion" when Graveney's largest contribution to the 1954–55 tour of Australia was a century in the final Test match, by which point England had already won the series. He had been dropped for two matches earlier in the series after being dismissed for 0 when playing an aggressive shot when the match situation called for caution.

After a poor series against South Africa in 1955 – where he suffered a permanent injury to the little finger of his left hand when acting as substitute wicket-keeper – he was dropped midway through the 1956 tour by the Australians and was not selected for the winter tour to South Africa.  Perhaps jokingly, he later put his failure to be selected for the South Africa tour to the fact that he had beaten the chairman of selectors, Gubby Allen, at a round of golf. His form in county cricket in 1957, where he was the leading run-scorer for the second successive season, prompted his recall to play the West Indies.  Although he was dismissed for 0 at Lords, he scored 258 at Trent Bridge (his highest score in first-class cricket) and a further century later in the series. Poor performances in the following year and the 1958–59 tour to Australia again led to his being dropped.  One Australian journalist, the former cricket Jack Fingleton, said afterwards that he did not think that Graveney's "smiling nature fits in with the seriousness of Test cricket".

Move to Worcestershire
Graveney was appointed captain of Gloucestershire in 1959, but was not suited to the job. The team finished in second place in the county championship that year, but dropped to eighth place in 1960. Discontent with his captaincy led the county to replace him after the end of the 1960 season with Tom Pugh, a less talented batsmen who (according to The Times) was "a young and inexperienced amateur who was barely worth his place in the side". Graveney left Gloucestershire on discovering that it had been decided when giving the captaincy to Graveney that Pugh would be his successor. This meant that Graveney did not play first-class cricket in 1961, as Gloucestershire required him to meet the residence qualification for his new club, Worcestershire, before being allowed to play for them. His performances for Worcestershire in 1962 led to his recall to the England team, where he scored two centuries and averaged 100 in the series against Pakistan, but he failed again on the winter tour of Australia and was dropped.  He helped Worcestershire win the county championship in 1964 and 1965, the first time that they had done so, and reached the landmark of one hundred first-class centuries in 1964 (the 15th person, and the first player starting his career after the Second World War, to do so).

Final matches for England and retirement
Recalled by England in 1966 against the West Indies, he scored heavily, including 165 at the Oval, aged 39, described as "arguably the best innings of his life" by one report. He later said that his England recall "came totally out of the blue" and that a West Indian supporter in the crowd shouted "Heh, Graveney, haven't they got a pension scheme in this country?" He remained in the team in the following seasons, performing well at home and on tour, and captaining England against Australia for one match in 1968 when Colin Cowdrey was unavailable.  He was vice-captain for three years. He was awarded the OBE in 1968, described by one writer as a "rare distinction" for someone still playing.

His final Test match was against the West Indies in 1969. It was also his benefit season with Worcestershire. In those days, the Sunday of the Test match was a rest day, and he had arranged to play in an exhibition match in Luton ("Tom Graveney's XI v Bobby Simpson's XI"), a match that earned him £1,000. For comparison, his salary from Worcestershire in 1966 was £850. He was banned for three matches as a result, as the chairman of the selectors Alec Bedser stated that he had told Graveney before the Test match not to play in the Sunday game. Graveney said that he had told Bedser before being chosen for the Test match that he was committed to the Luton game, but to no avail. He continued to play for Worcestershire, captaining the side from 1968 to 1970, and had the second-highest batting average in the 1970 season. Finding fielding increasingly tiring, although still enjoying batting, he left Worcestershire in 1970 and took up a position as player-coach for Queensland, returning after a generally unsuccessful period in Australia in 1972. He did play one magnificent innings though, in a semi final of the one day knockout competition at Adelaide Oval, where he scored 98 off of 112 balls to lead the unheralded Queensland side to an unlikely victory against a very strong South Australian side which featured 8 current or future test players. Against an attack that featured Freeman, Hammond, Greg Chappell, Mallet and Jenner, Graveney gave a superlative display of cover driving with exquisite timing that sent the crowd and local media into raptures. And all of this at 43 years of age.

Records and appreciation
In all, he played 79 Test matches for England between 1951 and 1969, scoring 4,882 runs at an average of 44.38 with a high score of 258 and 11 centuries. He scored 47,793 first-class runs (a figure bettered by only eight players), making 122 centuries.  He is the only player to have scored more than 10,000 runs for two counties. He was described by The Daily Telegraph as "the greatest, as well as the most elegant and graceful, professional batsman to emerge in Britain in the years after the Second World War", and as "a throwback to cricket's golden age" with his attacking power and technique. The cricket writer Scyld Berry called him "a glorious stroke-maker condemned to play in a dour age." The Independent said that although he "never entirely won the trust" of the England selectors, "the exquisiteness of his touch never faded" and his achievements for England after his recall in 1966 "were the stuff of legend."  The Times described him as "one of the finest English batsmen of the 1950s and 1960s, and arguably the most elegant of them all."

Post-cricket career

After retiring from cricket, he worked in various roles, including a squash club manager in Essex and a pub landlord in Prestbury, Gloucestershire. His wife, Jackie, said that being a publican was the first proper job Graveney had had in his life. For many years 3D Cricket in Cheltenham ran indoor cricket coaching courses advertised as 'Tom Graveney cricket courses' for young and adult cricketers. In 1979, he joined the BBC as a television cricket commentator and became the first former professional cricketer to be elected president of the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 2004. He served as president of Worcestershire from 1994 to 1998.

He was one of the first 55 people to be enrolled in the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame in 2009. His final cricket match was in 1995, when he played for the Lord's Taverners against the MCC President's XI: he scored 1 run before being caught by David Frost off the bowling of the actor Robert Powell. He continued to play golf, playing off a single-figure handicap, and building up a large collection of stamps, a hobby that he had begun when touring overseas.

Jackie, whom he married in 1952, developed Alzheimer's disease in later life and Graveney moved into a care home to be with her until her death in 2013. He died on 3 November 2015, aged 88, in the week after his brother Ken's death. He and Jackie had two children, Tim and Rebecca. His nephew, David (the son of his brother Ken), played for Gloucestershire and was later chairman of the England selectors.

Notes

External links

1927 births
2015 deaths
People educated at Bristol Grammar School
English cricket commentators
England Test cricketers
English cricketers of 1946 to 1968
England Test cricket captains
English cricketers
Gloucestershire cricket captains
Gloucestershire cricketers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Presidents of the Marylebone Cricket Club
Queensland cricketers
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Worcestershire cricket captains
Worcestershire cricketers
Sportspeople from Hexham
Cricketers from Northumberland
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Gloucestershire Regiment officers
Players cricketers
H. D. G. Leveson Gower's XI cricketers
North v South cricketers
L. C. Stevens' XI cricketers
T. N. Pearce's XI cricketers
20th-century British Army personnel
Marylebone Cricket Club Australian Touring Team cricketers
Duke of Norfolk's XI cricketers
E. W. Swanton's XI cricketers

Tom Graveney


Paul Palnik (March 28, 1946 – August 13, 2021)was an American artist, writer and educator. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio, and resided in Columbus, Ohio.

Palnik included kabbalistic spiritual themes in his cartoons from the 1970s onward. His cartoons combined graphic design, drawing, poetry, and literature. The images were pen and ink drawings, often rendered in minute detail. The cartoons were like one-page books, dispensing wit, wisdom, and spiritual advice. Palnik's cartoons have been described as being balanced between universal, spiritual, prophetic themes, and the absurd.

Many of Palnik's original drawings are in the collection of the Ohio State University libraries in Columbus, Ohio. His work is also represented in the Muse magazine cartoon collection from the publishers of  The Smithsonian in Washington DC. Numerous large paintings by Palnik are in the collection of Camp Ramah in Conover, Wisconsin, where he was artist in residence for 15 years. His paintings strive to depict humanity's relationship with god.

References

External links
Official website
Interview with Palnik
Article about Palnik

1946 births
2021 deaths
American cartoonists
Ohio State University alumni
Artists from Cleveland
Jews and Judaism in Cleveland
Jewish American artists
21st-century American Jews

Paul Palnik


Igbinedion University, Okada (IUO) is a privately owned university located in Okada, the headquarters of Ovia North-East Local Government Area in Edo State, Nigeria.

Established on 10 May 1999 by Sir Gabriel Osawaru Igbinedion CFR, IUO holds the distinction of being the first licensed Private University in Nigeria, as certified by the Federal Government of Nigeria. The university's Certificate of approval, No. 001, was granted by the Federal Government, marking a significant milestone in the country's educational landscape.

History and foundation
Igbinedion University was founded in response to a need for high-quality tertiary education that aligns with global standards. The institution officially opened its doors to foundation students on 15 October 1999, establishing itself as a center of academic excellence in West Africa. Sir Gabriel Osawaru Igbinedion, a philanthropist and prominent figure in Benin City, provided the visionary leadership that gave rise to IUO's establishment.

Academic accreditation
IUO takes pride in its commitment to maintaining high academic standards. The university's programs, both at the graduate and undergraduate levels, have received accreditation from the prestigious National Universities Commission (NUC). Additionally, the university's programs align with the requirements set forth by relevant professional bodies. This accreditation serves as a testament to IUO's dedication to providing students with a comprehensive and internationally recognized education.

Colleges and academic offerings
Igbinedion University comprises seven distinct Colleges, each catering to specific academic disciplines:

 Oba Erediauwa College of Law
 Alayeluwa Oba Okunade Sijuwade College of Health Sciences
 Oba Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi Ojaja II College of Natural and Applied Sciences
 Sanusi Lamido Sanusi College of Business and Management Studies
 Prof. Dora Akunyili College of Pharmacy
 General Abdulsalami A. Abubakar College of Engineering
 Goodluck Ebele Jonathan College of Arts and Social Sciences.

These colleges collectively offer a diverse array of academic programs, providing students with opportunities for comprehensive learning and specialization.

Leadership and governance
IUO has seen a succession of distinguished leaders who have guided the university towards its current stature. The late Professor Anthony Uyekpen Osagie served as the inaugural Substantive Vice-Chancellor from 29 October 1999 to 30 November 2003. Professor Nduka Uraih, who held the position of Deputy Vice Chancellor, subsequently assumed the role of Acting Vice Chancellor from December 2003 to 11 September 2004. Notably, Rev. Professor Eghosa Osaghae assumed the position of the second substantive Vice Chancellor, a role he held until June 2018 when Prof. Lawrence Ezemwonye assumed the mantle of leadership. These transitions in leadership underscore the commitment to maintaining the university's trajectory of progress and academic excellence.

Achievements and international engagements
Igbinedion University's impact extends beyond its borders, marked by significant achievements and international partnerships. A notable milestone is IUO's distinction as the first Private University in Sub-Saharan Africa to produce medical doctors. This accomplishment underscores the institution's dedication to providing specialized education that contributes to the broader healthcare landscape.

IUO's commitment to internationalization is evident through strategic linkages with renowned universities worldwide. Partnerships with institutions such as the University of Westminster (UK) and Howard University (USA) facilitate collaborative endeavors in various academic disciplines. Furthermore, IUO's membership in esteemed organizations like the Global University Network for Innovation (GUNI) and participation in the Network Towards Unity for Health (NUFH) demonstrate its active engagement on the global educational stage.

Academic programs

Faculty and departments
College Of Health Sciences
Medicine and Surgery
Medical Laboratory Science
Anatomy
Physiology
Nursing Science
College of Pharmacy
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Medicinal chemistry|Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Clinical pharmacy|Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy|Pharmacy Practice
Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutics|Pharmaceutical Technology
Pharmaceutical microbiology|Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Pharmacognosy
College Of Engineering
Chemical/Petroleum Engineering.
Civil engineering|Civil Engineering.
Electrical/Electronics and Computer.
Mechanical engineering|Mechanical Engineering.
College of Arts and Social Sciences
Economics and Development Studies
Geography, Urban and Regional Planning
Mass communication|Mass Communication
Political science|Political Science and public administration|Public Administration
Sociology and Anthropology
International Relations and Strategic Studies
Theatre Arts
English
College Of Natural and Applied Sciences
Computer science and Information Technology|Computer Science and Information Technology
Biochemistry
Microbiology
Industrial Chemistry.
Physics.
College Of Business and Management Studies
Accounting
Banking and Finance
Business Administration
College Of Law
Law

Reputation
Over 10,000 people have graduated from various undergraduate and postgraduate programs at the University. Since its establishment in 1999, it has worked for prominent firms both within and outside of Nigeria. It has also received support from people and organizations such as the Central Bank of Nigeria, which funded the creation of an ultra-modern library for the school, and former Chief of Air Staff Air Marshall Paul Dike, who gave a complex.

Notable alumni

 Agboola Ajayi
 Regina Daniels
 Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo, Governor Gombe State.
 Kingsley Kuku, Former National Adviser, Niger Delta Affairs.
 Professor Damilola Sunday Olawuyi, Senior Advocate of Nigeria and Vice Chair of the International Law Association
 Anita Ukah
 Sisi Yemmie, Youtuber and blogger.

References

External links

1999 establishments in Nigeria
Education in Benin City
Educational institutions established in 1999

Igbinedion University


Latomeio (, also: Latomi or Karathodoreika) is a small village of Polykastro municipal unit of the municipality of Paionia, Kilkis regional unit. Its inhabitants were 12 people in 2001 census.  The former name was  Spantzovon or Spantzion until 1928. It is 5km northeast of Polykastro, near the international road Thessaloniki - Belgrade.

It was abandoned in 1920 after the Neuilly treaty and it was re-inhabited by two Sarakatsani clans (Karathodoros': 5 families  and Arkoudas': 1 family), which used to transfer their sheep in Vermion Mountains, in summer.

References

 Dicaeos Vassiliadis, "History of Polykastro"

Populated places in Kilkis (regional unit)
Paionia (municipality)

Latomeio, Kilkis


In knowledge representation and ontology components, including for object-oriented programming and design, is-a (also written as is_a or is a) is a subsumptive relationship between abstractions (e.g., types, classes), wherein one class A is a subclass  of another class B (and so B is a superclass  of A).
In other words, type A is a subtype of type B when A's specification implies B's specification. That is, any object (or class) that satisfies A's specification also satisfies B's specification, because B's specification is weaker.

For example, a cat 'is a' animal, but not vice versa. All cats are animals, but not all animals are cats.
Behaviour that are is relevant to all animals is defined on an animal class, whereas behaviour that is relevant only for cats is defined in a cat class. By defining the cat class as 'extending' the animal class, all cats 'inherit' the behaviour defined for animals, without the need to explicitly code that behaviour for cats.

Related concepts
The is-a relationship is to be contrasted with the has-a (has_a or has a) relationship between types (classes); confusing the relations has-a and is-a is a common error when designing a model (e.g., a computer program) of the real-world relationship between an object and its subordinate. The is-a relationship may also be contrasted with the instance-of relationship between objects (instances) and types (classes): see Type–token distinction.

To summarize the relations, there are:

 hyperonym–hyponym (supertype/superclass–subtype/subclass) relations between types (classes) defining a taxonomic hierarchy, where
 for a subsumption relation: a hyponym (subtype, subclass) has a type-of (is-a) relationship with its hyperonym (supertype, superclass);
 holonym–meronym (whole/entity/container–part/constituent/member) relations between types (classes) defining a possessive hierarchy, where
 for an aggregation (i.e. without ownership) relation:
 a holonym (whole) has a has-a relationship with its meronym (part),
 for a composition (i.e. with ownership) relation:
 a meronym (constituent) has a part-of relationship with its holonym (entity),
 for a containment relation:
 a meronym (member) has a member-of relationship with its holonym (container);
 concept–object (type–token) relations between types (classes) and objects (instances), where
 a token (object) has an instance-of relationship with its type (class).

Examples of subtyping

Subtyping enables a given type to be substituted for another type or abstraction. Subtyping is said to establish an is-a relationship between the subtype and some existing abstraction, either implicitly or explicitly, depending on language support. The relationship can be expressed explicitly via inheritance in languages that support inheritance as a subtyping mechanism.

C++
The following C++ code establishes an explicit inheritance relationship between classes B and A, where B is both a subclass and a subtype of A, and can be used as an A wherever a B is specified (via a reference, a pointer or the object itself).

class A
{ public:
   void DoSomethingALike() const {}
};

class B : public A
{ public:
   void DoSomethingBLike() const {}
};

void UseAnA(A const& some_A)
{
   some_A.DoSomethingALike();
}

void SomeFunc()
{
   B b;
   UseAnA(b); // b can be substituted for an A.
}

Python
The following python code establishes an explicit inheritance relationship between classes  and , where  is both a subclass and a subtype of , and can be used as an  wherever a  is required.

class A:
    def do_something_a_like(self):
        pass

class B(A):
    def do_something_b_like(self):
        pass

def use_an_a(some_a):
    some_a.do_something_a_like()

def some_func():
    b = B()
    use_an_a(b)  # b can be substituted for an A.

The following example,  is a "regular" type, and  is a metatype. While as distributed all types have the same metatype (, which is also its own metatype), this is not a requirement. The type of classic classes, known as , can also be considered a distinct metatype.

>>> a = 0
>>> type(a)
<type 'int'>
>>> type(type(a))
<type 'type'>
>>> type(type(type(a)))
<type 'type'>
>>> type(type(type(type(a))))
<type 'type'>

Java

In Java, is-a relation between the type parameters of one class or interface and the type parameters of another are determined by the extends and implements clauses.

Using the  classes,  implements , and  extends . So  is a subtype of , which is a subtype of . The subtyping relationship is preserved between the types automatically. When defining an interface, , that associates an optional value of generic type P with each element, its declaration might look like:

interface PayloadList<E, P> extends List<E> {
    void setPayload(int index, P val);
    ...
}

The following parameterizations of PayloadList are subtypes of :

PayloadList<String, String>
PayloadList<String, Integer>
PayloadList<String, Exception>

Liskov substitution principle

Liskov substitution principle explains a property, "If for each object o1 of type S there is an object o2 of type T such that for all programs P defined in terms of T, the behavior of P is unchanged when o1 is substituted for o2 then S is a subtype of T,". Following example shows a violation of LSP.

Here is perhaps an example of violation of LSP:

class Rectangle
{
  public:
    void   SetWidth(double w)  { itsWidth = w; }
    void   SetHeight(double h) { itsHeight = h; }
    double GetHeight() const   { return itsHeight; }
    double GetWidth() const    { return itsWidth; }
    double GetArea() const     { return GetHeight() * GetWidth(); }
  private:
    double itsWidth;
    double itsHeight;
};
From a programing point of view, the Square class may be implemented by inheriting from the Rectangle class.

public class Square : Rectangle
{
  public:
    virtual void SetWidth(double w);
    virtual void SetHeight(double h);
};
void Square::SetWidth(double w)
{
    Rectangle::SetWidth(w);
    Rectangle::SetHeight(w);
}
void Square::SetHeight(double h)
{
    Rectangle::SetHeight(h);
    Rectangle::SetWidth(h);
}

However, this violates LSP even though the is-a relationship holds between Rectangle and Square

Consider the following example, where function g does not work if a Square is passed in, and so the open-closed principle might be considered to have been violated.

void g(Rectangle& r)
{
  r.SetWidth(5);
  r.SetHeight(4);
  assert(r.GetArea()) == 20); // assertion will fail
}

Conversely, if one considers that the type of a shape should only be a constraint on the relationship of its dimensions, then it is the assumption in g() that SetHeight will change height, and area, but not width that is invalid, not just for true squares, but even potentially for other rectangles that might be coded so as to preserve area or aspect ratio when height changes.

See also
 Inheritance (object-oriented programming)
 Liskov substitution principle (in object-oriented programming)
 Subsumption
 Is-a
 Hypernymy (and supertype)
 Hyponymy (and subtype)
 Has-a
 Holonymy
 Meronymy

Notes

References
 Ronald J. Brachman; "What IS-A is and isn't. An Analysis of Taxonomic Links in Semantic Networks". IEEE Computer, 16 (10); October 1983
 Jean-Luc Hainaut, Jean-Marc Hick, Vincent Englebert, Jean Henrard, Didier Roland: Understanding Implementations of IS-A Relations. ER 1996: 42-57

Object-oriented programming
Knowledge representation
Abstraction
Articles with example Java code

Is-a


Metropia is a 2009 English-language adult animated science fiction film directed by Tarik Saleh. The screenplay was written by Fredrik Edin, Stig Larsson, and Tarik Saleh after a story by Tarik Saleh, Fredrik Edin and Martin Hultman. The film uses a technique where photographs have been altered and heavily stylized in a computer program, and then animated. The visual style is inspired by the works of Terry Gilliam, Roy Andersson and Yuri Norstein.

Metropia was co-produced by Atmo Media Network and Lars von Trier's Danish production company Zentropa Entertainments, premiered at the 66th Venice International Film Festival, and opened in Sweden on 27 November 2009.

Plot
In a future Europe the world is running out of oil. A gigantic underground network is created by joining all the undergrounds together beneath Europe. Roger (Vincent Gallo), from a suburb of Stockholm, avoids the underground because he finds it disturbing. Sometimes when he is too near the underground he hears a strange voice in his head. One day Roger stumbles upon the truth that his life is controlled in every detail. Trexx, the company that runs the mammoth European rail network, has found a way to read and control minds using the dandruff shampoo "Dangst", with the goal of creating a  highly efficient advertising system. In order to break free, Roger joins forces with supermodel Nina (Juliette Lewis), the former model and spokeswoman for Dangst.

Cast
 Vincent Gallo as Roger
 Juliette Lewis as Nina
 Udo Kier as Ivan Bahn
 Stellan Skarsgård as Ralph Parker
 Alexander Skarsgård as Stefan
 Sofia Helin as Anna
 Shanti Roney as Karl
 Fares Fares as Firaz
 Joanna Zofia Bard Mikolajczyk as metro voice
 Goran Marjanovic as asylum seeker
 Magnus Skogberg Tear as Roger's boss
 Lotta Bromé as news anchor
 Annelie Persson as Trexx Commercial
 Indiana Neidell as Wayne Marshal

Production
The story and supporting material were developed by Stockholm-based Atmo during a period of four years before the actual animation work had begun. Co-producers include Denmark's Zentropa and Norway's Tordenfilm, and with support from the Council of Europe's film fund Eurimages, the film had a budget of around 34 million SEK. Ordinary people spotted on the streets were used as models for the characters. The main character Roger is based on a chef who worked at a restaurant in Stockholm where the Atmo employees were regulars, and Nina was found in a make-up store. Vincent Gallo accepted his part as the lead voice actor after having seen 30 seconds of finished animation as well as hearing that German actor Udo Kier, of whom Gallo was a fan, already was attached to the project. After a story board had been developed, photographer Sesse Lind travelled around Europe and took pictures of needed locations in Stockholm, Berlin, Paris and Copenhagen. The photographs were edited in Photoshop and animated in Adobe After Effects under lead animator Isak Gjertsen. Animation was done in Trollhättan as the first production to use Film i Väst's newly started animation studio. The production took two years to finish.

Release
The film premiered on 2 September 2009 at the Venice Film Festival, opening up the festival's Critic's Week but shown out of competition.

Awards

References

External links
 The Art of Metropia

2009 films
2009 animated films
2009 computer-animated films
2009 drama films
2009 science fiction films
2009 thriller films
Animated drama films
Animated thriller films
Danish animated science fiction films
Films directed by Tarik Saleh
Norwegian animated science fiction films
Swedish animated speculative fiction films
Swedish thriller films
English-language Danish films
English-language Norwegian films
English-language Swedish films
Dystopian films
2000s English-language films
2000s Swedish films
Zentropa films
Adult animated science fiction films
Swedish animated films
Danish adult animated films
Norwegian animated films

Metropia (film)


Temp File Cleaner (TFC) is a utility program for Microsoft Windows designed to quickly remove temporary and unnecessary files which might otherwise prove difficult to find because of dynamic paths and multiple locations.

Features
TFC's minimalist design and single purpose allow it to have compact installation. As of version 3.1.1, a full installation occupies 3.7MB.

It supports the removal of unnecessary and temporary files created by Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, and Opera browsers as well as those created in the course of normal system operation such as Windows Updates Cache, Windows Logs, and Windows, Root, and User Temp files which can be created by a variety of programs. In addition, TFC includes the ability to customize its operations to include deeper search of subdirectories, brute force deletion, root path specification, and the addition of more advanced cleaning protocols such as Windows debug files, Hibernation files, and System Restore Data.

TFC allows a "test run" of its operation, offering users the ability to preview the files that would be deleted upon normal execution as well as the amount of space that would be freed.

References

External links
 Temp File Cleaner download page
 ADDPCS homepage
 CNET's Temp File Cleaner page

2004 software
Computer file systems
Utilities for Windows

Temp File Cleaner


Nicolas Pallois (born 19 September 1987) is a French professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Ligue 1 club Nantes. He has previously played for Caen, Quevilly, Valenciennes, Laval, Chamois Niortais, and Bordeaux.

Career
Pallois started his career with Caen but failed to make an appearance for the club before moving to Championnat de France amateur side Quevilly in 2008. During his two years with Quevilly, he played 53 league matches scoring three goals. In May 2010, Pallois joined Ligue 1 club Valenciennes on a three-year contract. He made his professional debut during the 2010–11 season with Valenciennes and went on to play 11 times for the club, before moving on loan to Laval for the 2011–12 season.

On 28 June 2012, Pallois signed a two-year deal with newly promoted Ligue 2 side Chamois Niortais. He went on to make 71 league appearances for Niort over the following two seasons, scoring four goals.

On 17 June 2014, he signed a four-year contract with Bordeaux.

In late July 2017, Pallois moved Ligue 1 rivals Nantes, agreeing to a three-year deal with the option of a fourth year. The transfer fee paid to Bordeaux was reported as close to €2 million.

Honours
Nantes
Coupe de France: 2021–22

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
People from Elbeuf
Footballers from Seine-Maritime
French men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Stade Malherbe Caen players
US Quevilly-Rouen Métropole players
Valenciennes FC players
Stade Lavallois players
Chamois Niortais F.C. players
FC Girondins de Bordeaux players
FC Nantes players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Championnat National 2 players

Nicolas Pallois


Dorothea Wieck, born Dora Bertha Olavia Wieck (3 January 1908 in Davos, Switzerland – 20 February 1986 in Berlin, West Germany), was a German theatre and film  actress.

Early years
Dorothea Wieck was born Dora Bertha Olavia Wieck and grew up in southern Germany and Sweden. She was descended from musician Clara Schumann.

By the time Wieck was six years old, her father (an artist) and her mother (a musician) felt that she should be an actress. She imitated people who visited their home, and she wrote short plays for her friends and herself. She attended an academy that trained her in music, dancing, and art, but not in acting. When she was 15 years old, she began studying under Max Reinhardt and went to the Josephstaedter Theatre in Vienna, where she began to act.

Career
Wieck launched her acting career on stage in 1924 and made her screen debut in German films in 1926, appearing in several silent films. She became widely known through her leading role in the 1931 film Mädchen in Uniform (Girls in Uniform). Her American film debut came in Cradle Song (1933).

Wieck appeared in around 50 films and played on the stages of many large theatres, notably at the Deutsches Theater and the Schillertheater, Berlin. She also worked as a theatre director. After World War II, she appeared in films only in supporting roles, and she withdrew from films almost entirely in the early 1960s. In 1973, Wieck received the Film Ribbon in Gold of the Deutscher Filmpreis for long and outstanding achievements in German film.

Personal life and death

Wieck was married to Baron Ernest von der Decken, "a man of reputed influence in the Nazi regime". During World War II, German Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels gave a reception at which Wieck was the guest of honor.

DNB, the German official news agency, erroneously reported in March 1945 that Wieck had been killed in an air attack on Dresden by Allied forces.

She actually died on 20 February 1986 in Berlin, West Germany, aged 78. She is buried at the cemetery Friedhof Heerstraße in Berlin.

Partial filmography

 Secret Sinners (1926)
 I Lost My Heart in Heidelberg (1926, directed by Arthur Bergen) - Klärchen - seine Tochter
 Little Inge and Her Three Fathers (1926) - Inge
 Klettermaxe (1927)
 Valencia (1927, directed by Jaap Speyer) - Nicolessa
 My Heidelberg, I Can Not Forget You (1927, directed by James Bauer) - Klärchen Schröder
 Storm Tide (1927)
 Did You Fall in Love Along the Beautiful Rhine? (1927) - Lieselotte, dessen Pflegeschwester
 The Foreign Legionnaire (1928) - Lore
 Mädchen in Uniform (1931, directed by Leontine Sagan) - Governess Fräulein von Bernburg
 A Mad Idea (1932, directed by Kurt Gerron) - Mabel Miller
 Teilnehmer antwortet nicht (Party Doesn't Answer) (1932, directed by Rudolf Katscher and Marc Sorkin) - Doris
 Countess Mariza (1932) - Gräfin Mariza
 Theodor Körner (1932, directed by Carl Boese) - Toni Adamberger
 Trenck (1932, directed by Heinz Paul and Ernst Neubach) - Amalie, Prinzessin von Preußen
 Anna and Elizabeth (1933, directed by Frank Wisbar) - Elisabeth
 Cradle Song (1933, directed by Mitchell Leisen) - Sister Joanna
 Miss Fane's Baby Is Stolen (1934, directed by Alexander Hall) - Miss Madeline Fane
 Der stählerne Strahl (1935) - Wiggers, Enja
 The Private Life of Louis XIV (1935, directed by Carl Froelich) - Madame de Maintenon
 The Student of Prague (1935, directed by Arthur Robison) - Julia
 The Impossible Woman (1936, directed by Johannes Meyer) - Ileana Manescu
 Love Can Lie (1937) - Sigrid Mallé
 The Yellow Flag (1937, directed by Gerhard Lamprecht) - Krankenschwester Dolores
 Der vierte kommt nicht (1939) - Dr. med. Irene Andersen
 Dein Leben gehört mir (1939)
 Kopf hoch, Johannes! (1941, directed by Viktor de Kowa)
 Andreas Schlüter (1942, directed by Herbert Maisch) - Kurfürstin
 Special Correspondents (1943) - Lidia Warren
 The Green Salon (1944, directed by Boleslaw Barlog) - Edith Retzlaff, geb. Bütow
 Leb' wohl, Christina (1945) - Julia von Gallas
 The Murder Trial of Doctor Jordan (1949, directed by Erich Engels) - Constanze Jordan
 Five Suspects (1950, directed by Kurt Hoffmann) - Frau Berling
 Das seltsame Leben des Herrn Bruggs (1951, directed by Erich Engel) - Fräulein Holder - Kunstgewerblerin
 No Greater Love (1952, directed by Harald Braun) - Therese von Gobat
 Behind Monastery Walls (1952) - Subpriorin
 Man on a Tightrope (1953, directed by Elia Kazan) - Duchess (uncredited)
 Elephant Fury (1953, directed by Harry Piel) - Hella Thiele
 The Man of My Life (1954) - Schwester Brigitte
 Der Froschkönig (1954) - Fürstin Than
 Das Fräulein von Scuderi (1955) - Frau von Maintenon
 Operation Sleeping Bag (1955) - Frau Gravenhorst
 The Forest House in Tyrol (1955) - Dorothee Attinger, Försterwitwe
 Roman einer Siebzehnjährigen  (1955) - Frau Berndorff
 The Story of Anastasia (1956, directed by Falk Harnack) - Großherzogin Olga Romanow
 A Time to Love and a Time to Die (1958, directed by Douglas Sirk) - Frau Lieser
 Aus dem Tagebuch eines Frauenarztes (1959) - Sabine Hennemann
 Menschen im Hotel (1959, directed by Gottfried Reinhardt) - Suzanne
  (1959) - Äbtissin
 Brainwashed (1960, directed by Gerd Oswald) - Countess (uncredited)
 Das Mädchen und der Staatsanwalt (1962, directed by Jürgen Goslar) - Oberin

References

Notes

External links

 Dorothea Wieck at steffi-line.de
 Profile at Cyranos
 Images, filmography and bibliography at Virtual Film History
 Biography at FemBio

1908 births
1986 deaths
People from Davos
German film actresses
German silent film actresses
German stage actresses
Actresses from Berlin
20th-century German actresses
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Swiss expatriates in Sweden
Swiss emigrants to Germany

Dorothea Wieck


Michael Behonick (born January 3, 1981 in Bohemia, New York) is an American retired soccer player who last played for the Puerto Rico Islanders of the USL First Division. Behonick is now an assistant coach at for the Pittsburgh Panthers men's soccer team.

Career

College
Behonick played college soccer at American University from 1999–2002, where he helped the Eagles reach the NCAA Tournament as a junior and earned second-team all-Patriot League honors the same season.

Professional
Behonick was selected 51st overall in the 2003 MLS SuperDraft by D.C. United but did not remain with the club. Instead, he began his professional career with the Charleston Battery of the A-League but did not see significant playing time until starting 10 matches in the 2005 season.

In 2004, the Battery sent him on loan to the Harrisburg City Islanders where he played seven games. In 2006, he was signed by New York Red Bulls as the team's third-choice goalkeeper behind Tony Meola and Jon Conway. The Red Bulls sent him on loan to the Long Island Rough Riders before releasing him at the end of the season. In 2007, he joined Crystal Palace Baltimore after passing their trial in early 2007. He began the season as first choice goalkeeper, but after some heavy defeats found himself dropped in favor of Brian Rowland.

Half way through the season he was signed by the Islanders to serve as second string goalie behind Josh Saunders. In January 2008 he suffered an injury to his leg when in camp with the Puerto Rico national team, sidelining him for five months and ruining his chance of becoming first goalkeeper for the Puerto Rico Islanders after Josh Saunders left. In July 2008 he rejoined the Puerto Rico Islanders as backup to Bill Gaudette.

Honors

Club

Puerto Rico Islanders
USL First Division Championship
 Runners-up (1): 2008
Commissioner's Cup
 Winners (1): 2008
CFU Club Championship
 Runner-up (1): 2009

References

External links
 Charleston Battery bio

1981 births
Living people
American Eagles men's soccer players
American men's soccer players
Men's association football goalkeepers
American University alumni
USL First Division players
USL Second Division players
Charleston Battery players
Crystal Palace Baltimore players
Puerto Rico Islanders players
Long Island Rough Riders players
Penn FC players
Expatriate men's footballers in Puerto Rico
A-League (1995–2004) players
Soccer players from New York (state)
D.C. United draft picks

Michael Behonick


M&M's World is a store that sells M&M's candy and other things. The first M&M's World store was on the Las Vegas Strip in 1997. There are now other stores in Orlando, Florida, New York City, Henderson, Nevada, London and Shanghai.

There are three floors of candy in many colors.  There are other things inspired by M&Ms inspired items like aprons, oven mitts and T-shirts. The cost of buying M&M's at these stores is over US$12 per pound.

Chocolate

American shops

M&M's World


() is the Portuguese word for cod and—in a culinary context—dried and salted cod. Fresh (unsalted) cod is referred to as  (fresh cod).

Portuguese and other cuisines
 dishes are common in Portugal, and also in former Portuguese colonies such as Cape Verde, Angola, Macau, Brazil, and Goa. There are said to be over 1000 recipes for salt cod in Portugal alone and it can be considered the iconic ingredient of Portuguese cuisine. (Curiously it is one of the few species of fish not consumed fresh in this fish-loving country, which boasts the highest per capita fish consumption within the European Union). It is often cooked on social occasions and is the traditional Christmas Eve dinner in some parts of Portugal.

Similar recipes can be found across Europe. It is also found in the cuisines of other territories and regions such as the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Suriname. In Norway  commonly refers to a specific Spanish-style dish prepared with salted and dried cod, potatoes, onions, tomatoes, and olives which was assimilated to Norwegian cuisine in the 20th century, and is now officially spelled .

For centuries, salted, dried cod came primarily from the North Atlantic fisheries of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland  () and Georges Bank, with the salting and drying done in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, with lesser volumes caught and dried in Iceland and Norway. It was a cheap food until the collapse of the cod stocks and dismantling of Portuguese  fleet when it became more expensive, especially near Easter and Christmas time as it is a part of many traditional dishes of the holiday season.

Cuisine
There are numerous  recipe variations, depending on region and tradition. In Portugal, it is said there are more than 365 ways to cook , one for every day of the year; others say there are 1,001 ways. Whatever the exact number,  is a ubiquitous ingredient in Portuguese cuisine.

 is often served with potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams and fresh bread. More traditional flavourings include but are not limited to garlic, onion, olive oil, black pepper, white pepper, piripiri, bay leaves, parsley, coriander and allspice. Green wine (vinho verde) or mature wines (Alentejo wine, Dão wine, or Douro wine) are served alongside.

Some  dishes:
Arroz de Bacalhau
Açorda de Bacalhau
Bacalhau à Gomes de Sá (some varieties: original, Porto)
Bacalhau à Brás
 Bacalhau Assado
Bacalhau à Zé do Pipo
Bacalhau à Lagareiro
Bacalhau com Broa
Bacalhau com Castanhas
Bacalhau com natas ( with cream)
Bacalhau com todos
Bacalhau Confitado em azeite
Bacalhau Espiritual
Bacalhau no Forno com Cebolada
Bacalhau Suado à Lisboa
Pasteis de Bacalhau/Bolinhos de Bacalhau
Pataniscas de Bacalhau

Protection in the EU and UK
The traditional production method for Bacalhau is protected in the EU and UK as a Traditional Speciality Guaranteed under the name Bacalhau de Cura Tradicional Portuguesa.

History
Salt cod has been produced for at least 500 years, since the time of the European discoveries of the New World. Before refrigeration, there was a need to preserve the cod; drying and salting are ancient techniques to preserve nutrients and the process makes the cod tastier. More importantly, fish low in oils and fats are more suitable for the drying and preservation process, as oils and fats prevent the salt from preserving the fish. Cod have very low levels of oils and fats in their muscle tissue, and most is located in the liver.

Portuguese, Norman, Breton, and English fisherman were the first to adopt the salt-based curing technique from Basque fishermen in Newfoundland near the cod-rich Grand Banks by the late 1500s. By the 1700s, salted cod had become a staple food for ordinary Portuguese people and by upper levels of Portuguese society. With the advancements in freezing and transportation in the 1900s, salted cod from North America declined and Iceland and Norway became the major supplier of the salted fish to Portuguese markets. During this time  was a cheap source of protein and frequently consumed. Thus,  became a staple of the Portuguese cuisine, nicknamed  ('loyal friend'). In fact, in Portugal, cod always refers to salted, dried codfish and it is very rare to find fresh cod () for sale.

This dish is also popular in Portugal and other Roman Catholic countries because of historical fasting rules, which forbade the eating of meat on many days (Fridays, Lent, and other festivals), and so  dishes were eaten instead.   is also popular in Sfax where this dish is eaten with chermoula on the first day of Eid ul-Fitr .

In Portugal,  is often sold as a generic product with no brand information. Customers are free to touch, smell, and otherwise personally inspect the fish, which is very different from how fresh seafood is often sold. Stores can carry a large variety of  differing in color, size, smell, taste, and dryness. Such variation has led Portugal to define requirements as to what products can carry the label . They are however, graded by weight which often defines what price category the  is sold under. The largest is , which are large pieces of whole fish weighing more than 4kg. Following this are  (4-2kg),  (2-1kg),  (1-0.5kg) and  (below 500g).

See also

 Dried and salted cod
 Fishing in Portugal
 List of dried foods
 Portuguese cuisine

Notes

References

Portuguese cuisine
Dried fish
Macanese cuisine

Bacalhau


Allegory of Wealth is a circa 1640 painting by the French Baroque artist Simon Vouet. Allegory of Wealth is its traditional title, though Nicolas Milovanovic argues that it should instead be entitled Allegory of Contempt for Wealth and the Louvre (where it now hangs) entitles it Allegory of Faith and of Contempt for Wealth.

Probably painted for Louis XIII's château at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, it is first mentioned in the French royal collection inventories early in the 18th century as Victory crowned with laurels holding in her arms an infant with a sash and an infant holding bracelets and precious stones. Frédéric Villot entitled it La Richesse in the mid-19th century and this title was not contested until 2015.

References

Sources
 Nicolas Milovanovic, Simon Vouet et le Mépris des richesses in "Grande Galerie - Le Journal du Louvre", sept./oct./nov. 2015, n° 33, pp 40–41.

Paintings by Simon Vouet
Paintings in the Louvre by French artists
1640s paintings
17th-century allegorical paintings
Allegorical paintings by French artists

Allegory of Wealth


Higher Education and Research Opportunities in the UK (HERO) is the official gateway website of the UK's higher education system and introduces the research organisations and bodies of the UK. As of November 2010, the site is closed.

The idea of a single site to promote the UK's higher education system was discussed by stakeholders in the UK higher education sector resulting in the idea of a "UK HE Mall" website.

The rationale for the site is that the UK's education system comprises autonomous bodies.

The UK HE Mall proposal was developed into the HERO website, launched in November 2000, which is produced by HERO Ltd, an internet publishing company based in Newcastle upon Tyne.

The site does not carry advertising and is grant funded by the main UK higher education funding councils (the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE), The Higher Education Funding Council for Wales (HEFCW), The Scottish Funding Council (SFC) and the Department for Employment and Learning (DEL) in Northern Ireland, alongside Guild HE (Formerly SCOP), the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS) and Universities UK (UUK).

The UK's research councils were stakeholders in the site but now produce their own Research Councils UK (RCUK) site. The Training and Development Agency for Schools and Graduate Prospects are also former stakeholders.

External links

Tertiary educational websites
Higher education in the United Kingdom
Defunct websites


Grown Ups 2 is a 2013 American comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan, written by Adam Sandler, Fred Wolf, and Tim Herlihy, and produced by Sandler and Jack Giarraputo. It is a sequel to the 2010 film Grown Ups and stars Sandler, Kevin James, Chris Rock, David Spade, Salma Hayek, Maya Rudolph, Maria Bello, and Nick Swardson. It follows Lenny, who moves his family to his old hometown. While spending time with his old friends, he and his companions must soon face bizarre situations and new enemies.

Produced by Sandler's production company Happy Madison Productions and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing through its Columbia Pictures label, Grown Ups 2 was released  on July 12, 2013, to overwhelmingly negative reviews from critics. The film grossed $247 million on an $80 million budget. It was nominated for nine Razzies at the 2014 Golden Raspberry Awards.

Plot
In 2013, three years after the events of the first film, Lenny Feder relocated his family to his hometown of Stanton, where his friends Eric Lamonsoff, Kurt McKenzie, and Marcus Higgins live. Lenny wakes up to find a deer in his bedroom, which wreaks havoc through the house until he uses his daughter Becky's stuffed animal to lure it outside.

Lenny dismisses his wife Roxanne's suggestion that they have another child; Eric worries that his wife Sally is encouraging their children's self-confidence above all else; Kurt gives his wife Deanne a gift for their anniversary, which she has forgotten; and Marcus prepares to spend the summer with Braden, his unknown son, but is intimidated by the teenager, who deeply resents him.

Lenny commandeers his children's school bus from Nick, the unstable driver, and takes everyone to their last day of school. He picks up Kurt and Eric and visits K-Mart, where they are joined by Marcus, who has sent Braden to school. Kurt persuades Lenny to throw a party for the first day of summer, and the friends discuss Lenny's childhood bully, Tommy Cavanaugh. Police officers Fluzoo and Dante escort them to Becky's ballet recital at McDonough Elementary, where Lenny runs into Tommy, who openly threatens him.

As school ends, Kurt's daughter Charlotte agrees to go on a date, Lenny's younger son Keith struggles with his own bully Duffy, and Charlotte and Keith's older brothers Andre and Greg accompany Braden to an abandoned quarry, where they join a college party.

After humiliating their old rival Dickie at the Ice Cream House, Lenny, Eric, Kurt, and Marcus visit the same quarry, where they swam during their youth. There, they are confronted by a hostile college fraternity led by Milo and Andy, who force them to jump in naked from the highest point. Finding their fraternity house vandalized, the frat boys blame Lenny and his friends and swear revenge. Later, the friends take Marcus' van, vandalized by Braden, to Eric's auto body shop, and Marcus inadvertently rolls through town in a giant runaway construction tire.

Lenny learns that Keith is a gifted football kicker, but accidentally breaks his son's leg. Eric apologizes to Sally for avoiding her to spend time with his mother. Lenny becomes suspicious of Kyle's relationship with Roxanne, who is angered by her employee Penny's lifelong obsession with Lenny. Marcus bonds with Braden, Charlotte goes on her date, Andre passes his driving test overseen by Wiley, and Greg succeeds in asking out Nancy Arbuckle, a girl he has a crush on.

Roxanne tells Lenny that she is pregnant, and most of the town arrives for the Feders' 1980s-themed party. Lenny realizes she is not having an affair with Kyle, who has repaired Becky's stuffed animal. He challenges Tommy to a fight, who takes a dive to allow Lenny to look tough in front of his bullied son.

Soon after, the fraternity crashes the party, looking for the culprit of the frat house vandalism, to which Braden admits. When the fraternity members insult the townsfolk, a massive brawl breaks out between them. The partygoers eventually defeat the fraternity, with Andy getting attacked by the deer, thanks to Becky's tactic with her stuffed animal.

Afterward friends Nick and Dickie enjoy a meal at Mrs. Lamonsoff's, reminiscing about their childhood together. Eric's mother reassures Lenny about his new baby, so he returns home to Roxanne and they reconcile, looking forward to their growing family.

Cast

The J. Geils Band members Peter Wolf, Seth Justman, Magic Dick, and Danny Klein as well as the group's known tour members Duke Levine and Tom Arey appear as the party band which is identified as Lenny's friends from the aforementioned group.

Production
Filming of Grown Ups 2 began on May 2, 2012, in Swampscott, Massachusetts, which portrayed the fictional town of Stanton, Connecticut, and ended on July 15, 2012.  Some scenes were also filmed in Saugus, Massachusetts. Columbia Pictures and Happy Madison Productions distributed the film. The film was written by Adam Sandler, Fred Wolf and Tim Herlihy and directed by Dennis Dugan, Sandler's longtime collaborator. The film was released on July 12, 2013, in the United States. It was released on August 9, 2013, in the United Kingdom. Rob Schneider, who played Rob Hilliard in the first film, was unable to reprise his role, because of scheduling conflicts with Rob, and because his wife Patricia was pregnant during production.

This is the first film sequel that Adam Sandler has starred in. It also has a role played by WWE Hall of Famer Steve Austin. Stand-up comedian Chris Hardwick confirmed a cameo as an ice cream vendor via his Facebook page, but it was cut from the film. Additionally, the film features a cameo appearance by sportscaster Michael Kay and includes Shaquille O'Neal as a cop. On July 10, 2012, it was announced Arnold Schwarzenegger's son, Patrick, would be appearing as one of the frat brothers. Oliver Cooper was offered a role as one of the fraternity brothers but had to back out due to scheduling conflicts.

Release
The first trailer for the film was released on April 2, 2013. The film was released on July 12, 2013, in United States.

Grown Ups 2 was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 5, 2013.

Reception

Box office
Grown Ups 2 grossed $133.7 million in North America and $113.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $247 million, against a budget of $80 million. It made a net profit of $48 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film.

In the U.S., the film earned $16.3 million on its opening day, Grown Ups 2 was released on July 12, 2013, alongside Pacific Rim. and opened to number two in its first weekend, with $41.5 million, behind Despicable Me 2. In its second weekend, the film dropped to number four, grossing $19.9 million. In its third and fourth weekends, the film made $11.6 million and $7.9 million, respectively.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval percentage of 8% based on 117 reviews and an average rating of 3.00 out of 10. The critics consensus states: "While it's almost certainly the movie event of the year for filmgoers passionate about deer urine humor, Grown Ups 2 will bore, annoy, and disgust audiences of nearly every other persuasion." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 19 out of 100 based on 28 critic reviews, indicating "overwhelming dislike". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.

John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter said, "Throughout, gags are cartoonishly broad and afforded so little time for setup and delivery we seem to be watching less a story than a catalog of tossed-out material." Andrew Barker of Variety said, "Among the slackest, laziest, least movie-like movies released by a major studio in the last decade, "Grown Ups 2" is perhaps the closest Hollywood has yet come to making "Ow, My Balls!" seem like a plausible future project." Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film one out of four stars, saying, "The temptation arises to say something nice about "Grown Ups 2" just because it doesn't cause injury. But no, it's a bad movie, just old-school bad, the kind that's merely lousy and not an occasion for migraines or night sweats." Linda Barnard of the Toronto Star gave the film zero out of four stars, saying, "Adam Sandler scrapes the bottom of the barrel—and then he pukes into it—with Grown Ups 2, a lazily cribbed-together swamp of pointless and unfunny sketches that makes 2010's Grown Ups look like Citizen Kane." Matt Patches of Time Out New York gave the film one out of five stars, saying, "In the first five minutes, a deer walks into the star's bedroom and urinates on his face. It's all downhill from there."

Rafer Guzman of Newsday gave the film one out of four stars, saying, "For all its warm and fuzzy notions of family and community, Grown Ups 2... has a desperate reliance on jokes about pee, poo and – with surprising frequency – gay panic." Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly, who gave the film a B, said, "In certain ways, Grown Ups 2 marks a return to classically Sandlerian infantile anarchy." Mark Olsen of the Los Angeles Times gave the film one and a half stars out of five, saying, "Grown Ups 2 looks like it was a lot of fun to make. And the last laugh is on us." Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News gave the film two out of five stars, saying, "Like most Adam Sandler movies, it's exactly like most Adam Sandler movies... This movie stars all Sandler's buddies and gleefully embraces lowbrow crudity even while promoting loving family values." Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film a D−, saying, "Largely free of Sandler's usual schmaltz and lame romance, it's pure plotless, grotesque high jinks, bizarre and inept in a way that's fascinating without ever being all that funny." Nick Schager of The Village Voice gave the film a negative review, saying "A few decent one-liners notwithstanding, the movie comes off as willfully uninspired."

Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film one star out of four, saying, "Mystifyingly, the movie manages to emerge plot-free. Instead, it offers a succession of humorless gross-out gags, fat jokes, suggestive posturing, bullying, belches and pratfalls. Life is simple – and gross – in Sandlerville." Sara Stewart of the New York Post gave the film half a star out of four, saying, "The movie lurches from one gross-out scene to another, flipping the bird at continuity and logic. It honestly seems as if Sandler and his team descended on a random suburb, halfheartedly improvising and moving on when they got bored." Stephanie Merry of The Washington Post gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying, "Grown Ups 2 isn't merely mindless. At times it seems to actually drain IQ points from its viewers while wasting a talented cast of "Saturday Night Live" alums, who are all capable of being much smarter and so much funnier." Andy Webster of The New York Times gave the film one out of five stars, saying, "This is pap, plain and simple: scattered raunch-lite devoid of emotional resonance. At best, it sells itself on the spectacle of a TV show's cast reunion—and even then it disappoints. With the debacles of That's My Boy and Jack and Jill, Mr. Sandler has increasingly squandered his comic capital. His onetime SNL brethren do themselves few favors—beyond a paycheck—by working in his orbit." Peter Keough of The Boston Globe gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying, "Apparently the world demanded another family-friendly version of The Hangover, one that combined scatological comedy with smarmy sentimentality."

Connie Ogle of the Miami Herald gave the film one out of four stars, saying, "Nobody escapes untainted by the foul stench of Grown Ups 2; it's bad enough to make you look askance at Salma Hayek, Maria Bello, and Maya Rudolph, all of whom deserve a chance to do something funny other than pose as wives exuding various degrees of sexiness." Richard Roeper gave the film one and a half stars, saying, "When Taylor Lautner is the funniest thing in a movie starring Adam Sandler and Chris Rock, we're in trouble." Randy Cordova of The Arizona Republic gave the film one out of five stars, saying, "In its own way, "Grown Ups 2" sets the bar really high. After all, it's hard to imagine another comedy coming along this year that is this abrasive and free of laughs. It's like everyone involved intentionally tried to create a horrible movie." Alonso Duralde of The Wrap wrote, "Yes, it's time for another visit to the Adam Sandler Death-of-Cinema Fun Factory, the big-screen version of a terrible sitcom where laugh tracks are replaced by the co-stars chuckling at their own awful material." Adam Nayman of The Globe and Mail gave the film two out four stars, saying, "None of the stars are trying very hard, and so the most memorable presences are the cameos: If nothing else, Grown Ups 2 will go down as the only film in history to find room for Steve Buscemi alongside "Stone Cold" Steve Austin."

In 2014, comedians Tim Batt and Guy Montgomery watched the film every week for a full year for the first season of their podcast, The Worst Idea of All Time.

Accolades

Possible sequel
Maria Bello said in an interview, "People have talked about it and we've heard it might happen, but I don't know if there is a script, I don't know what there is. But I hope so because, boy, it's fun to work with those guys." In January 2020, comedian Tom Scharpling gained attention for uploading an unofficial and unaffiliated Grown Ups 3 script, written in April 2019, to Twitter.

References

External links

2013 films
2010s buddy comedy films
2010s comedy road movies
American buddy comedy films
American comedy road movies
American sequel films
2010s English-language films
Films about vacationing
Films set in Connecticut
Films set in 2011
Films shot in Massachusetts
Midlife crisis films
Happy Madison Productions films
Columbia Pictures films
Films scored by Rupert Gregson-Williams
Films directed by Dennis Dugan
Films produced by Adam Sandler
Films produced by Jack Giarraputo
Films with screenplays by Adam Sandler
Films with screenplays by Fred Wolf
Films with screenplays by Tim Herlihy
2013 comedy films
2010s American films
Film and television memes

Grown Ups 2


Lisa deMena Travis is a researcher and educator in the field of linguistics, specializing in syntax and in the study of Austronesian languages such as Malagasy and Tagalog. She is currently a professor of linguistics at McGill University. Her 1984 proposal of the Head Movement Constraint, which seeks to account for limitations on the movement of syntactic heads in question formation, has become a cornerstone of generative linguistics.

Lisa Travis is one of the co-founders of the Austronesian Formal Linguistics Association (AFLA), a learned society that provides forums for collaborative research and runs an annual conference.

Travis was consulted by the set design team of Denis Villeneuve's Arrival during the construction of the workplace sets for the protagonist, a linguist.

Publications
Lisa Travis has contributed to and been an editor for numerous journals, books, and conference proceedings in the field. Some notable examples include:
 "Inner Aspect: the articulation of the VP", 2010, Dordrecht:Springer
 "Austronesian and Theoretical Linguistics", 2010, Amsterdam:John Benjamins (editor, with Raphael Mercado, Eric Potsdam)
 "Bahasa Indonesia as a predicate fronting language", 2008, in Lingua, 18: 1583-1602
 "Voice morphology in Malagasy as Clitic Left Dislocation or through the looking glass: Malagasy in Wonderland", 2006. In Hans-Martin Gärtner, Paul Law, Joachim Sabel, eds., Clause Structure and Adjuncts in Austronesian Languages, 281-318. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
 "Formal issues in Austronesian Linguistics", 2000, Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers (editor, with I. Paul and V. Phillips)

Notes

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Women linguists
Linguists from Canada
Canadian women academics
Place of birth missing (living people)
Academic staff of McGill University
Linguists of Austronesian languages

Lisa Travis


A riff is an example of ostinato, a short, repeated musical phrase.

Riff, RIFF, The 'Riff, or Riffs may also refer to:

Acronyms

Film Festivals
 Reykjavík International Film Festival, Iceland
 Riga International Film Festival, Latvia
 Riverside International Film Festival, California, U.S.
 Rome Independent Film Festival, Italy

Other acronyms
 Rajasthan International Folk Festival, a music and arts festival in Jodhpur, India
 Resource Interchange File Format, a file container format for storing data

Fictional characters
 Riff (dinosaur), on Barney & Friends, a supporting character from 2006 to 2018.
 Riff, a character in Allegra's Window
 Riff (Sluggy Freelance)
 Riff, the leader of the Jets in West Side Story
 Riff Randle, protagonist of the Ramones film Rock 'n' Roll High School
 The Riffs, a gang in the film The Warriors

Music
 Riff (American band), a 1980s/1990s rhythm and blues vocal group
 Riff (Argentine band) a hard rock band
 Riffs (Status Quo album), 2003
 Riffs (Jimmy Lyons album)
 "The Riff" (Lordi song), 2013
 The Riffs, American band
 "Riff", a song by Sander van Doorn from Supernaturalistic
 "The Riff Song", a musical number from The Desert Song

Other uses
 MSTing or riffing, a form of humorous media commentary
 The Riff, an Australian music video television show
 Riff: Everyday Shooter, a 2007 video game
 WRIF, "The Riff", a radio station in Detroit, Michigan, US

See also
 RIF (disambiguation)
 Rif, a region of Morocco
 Riffian people, a Berber people of the Rif

Riff (disambiguation)