An Esperantido (plural Esperantidoj) is a constructed language derived from Esperanto. Esperantido originally referred to the language which is now known as Ido. The word Esperantido contains the affix (-ido), which means a "child (born to a parent), young (of an animal) or offspring". Hence, Esperantido literally means an 'offspring or descendant of Esperanto'.

A number of Esperantidoj have been created to address a number of perceived flaws or weaknesses in Esperanto (or in other Esperantidoj) by attempting to improve the lexicon, grammar, pronunciation, or orthography. Others were created as language games or to add variety to Esperanto literature.

Language reforms
These attempted improvements were intended to replace Esperanto. Limited suggestions for improvement within the framework of Esperanto, such as orthographic reforms and riism, are not considered Esperantidos.

Mundolinco

Mundolinco (1888) was the first Esperantido, created in 1888. Changes from Esperanto include combining the adjective and adverb under the suffix -e, loss of the accusative and adjectival agreement, changes to the verb conjugations, eliminating the diacritics, and bringing the vocabulary closer to Latin, for example with superlative -osim- to replace the Esperanto particle plej "most".

Reformed Esperanto

Zamenhof himself proposed several changes in the language in 1894, which were rejected by the Esperanto community and subsequently abandoned by Zamenhof himself.

Ido

Ido (1907), the foremost of the Esperantidos, sought to bring Esperanto into closer alignment with Western European expectations of an ideal language, based on familiarity with French, English, and Italian. Reforms included changing the spelling by removing diacritics used in alphabet such as ĉ and re-introducing the k/q orthographic distinction; removing a couple of the more obscure phonemic contrasts (one of which, , has been effectively removed from standard Esperanto); ending the infinitives in -r and the plurals in -i like Italian; eliminating adjectival agreement, and removing the need for the accusative case by setting up a fixed default word order; reducing the amount of inherent gender in the vocabulary, providing a masculine suffix and an epicene third-person singular pronoun; replacing the pronouns and correlatives with forms more similar to the Romance languages; adding new roots where Esperanto uses the antonymic prefix mal-; replacing much of Esperanto's other regular derivation with separate roots, which are thought to be easier for Westerners to remember; and replacing much of the Germanic and Slavic vocabulary with Romance forms, such as navo for English-derived ŝipo. See the Ido Pater noster below.

Ido spawned its own idos, the first being Adjuvilo (1908), which was created by an Esperantist to sow dissent in the Ido community.

Saussure
René de Saussure (brother of linguist Ferdinand de Saussure) published numerous Esperantido proposals, starting with a response to Ido later called Antido 1 ("Anti-Ido 1") in 1907, which increasingly diverged from Esperanto before finishing with a more conservative Esperanto II in 1937. Esperanto II replaced j with y, kv with qu, kz with x, and diacritic letters with j (ĵ and ĝ), w (ŭ), and digraphs sh (ŝ), ch (ĉ); replaced the passive in -iĝ- with -ev-, the indefinite ending -aŭ with adverbial -e, the accusative -on on nouns with -u, and the plural on nouns with -n (so membrun for membrojn "members"); dropped adjectival agreement; broke up the table of concords, changed other small grammatical words such as ey for kaj "and", and treated pronouns more like nouns, so that the plural of li "he" is lin rather than ili "they", and the accusative of ĝi "it" is ju.

Romániço
Romániço (1991) is an Esperantido that uses only Romance language vocabulary. Its name derives from the Latin word romanice, an adjective meaning "in a Romance language". Unlike Interlingua, it uses the immediate source forms of words in modern Romance languages, so its spellings resemble Latin in most cases. It replaces all of Esperanto's non-Romance vocabulary and some of its grammar with Romance constructions, allows a somewhat more irregular orthography, and eliminates some criticized points such as case, adjectival agreement, verbal inflection for tense and mood, and inherent gender, but retains the o, a, e suffixes for parts of speech and an agglutinative morphology. Additionally, Romániço uses the digraphs çh (ĉ), kh (ĥ), sh (ŝ), and th (no Esperanto equivalent; represents a voiceless dental fricative  or an aspirated voiceless alveolar plosive ).

Esperanto sen Fleksio

Esperanto sen Fleksio (Esperanto without inflexion), proposed under this name by Richard Harrison in 1996 but based on long-term complaints from Asian Esperantists, is an experimental and unfinished proposal for a morphologically reduced variety of Esperanto. The main changes are:

Loss of the plural (the suffix -j), except in the new plural definite article laj (short for la jo) and possibly in a plural accusative preposition naj; singular number is marked by unu or la, plural by the new words jo and laj (la jo) (and maybe naj)
Replacement of the accusative case (the suffix -n) with either subject–verb–object word order or with a new preposition na for other word orders
Loss of verb tense: past, present, and future are all subsumed under the infinitive ending -i, though the imperative, conditional, and a single active and passive participle (-anta and -ita) remain
Shift from copula-plus-adjective to verb, for example boni instead of esti bona. This usage also exists in standard Esperanto.

In an earlier version, the letter ŭ was replaced with w, but the more recent version uses the same alphabet as regular Esperanto.

Poliespo

While most Esperantidos aim to simplify Esperanto, Poliespo ("polysynthetic Esperanto", ) makes it considerably more complex. Besides the polysynthetic morphology, it incorporates much of the phonology and vocabulary of the Cherokee language. It has fourteen vowels, six of them nasalized, and three tones.

Esperantidoj for amusement
There are also extensions of Esperanto created primarily for amusement.

Universal

One of the more unorthodox Esperantidoj, grammatically, is Universal (1923–1928). It adds a schwa to break up consonant clusters, marks the accusative case with a nasal vowel, has inclusive and exclusive pronouns, uses partial reduplication for the plural (tablo "table", tatablo "tables"), and inversion for antonyms (mega "big", gema "little"; donu "give", nodu "receive"; tela "far", leta "near"). Inversion can be seen in:
Al gefinu o fargu kaj la egnifu o grafu.
He finished reading [lit. 'to read'] and she started to write.

The antonyms are al "he" and la "she" (compare li "s/he"), the ge- (completive) and eg- (inchoative) aspects, fin- "to finish" and nif- "to begin", and graf- "to write" and farg- "to read".

The Universal reduplicated plural and inverted antonyms are reminiscent of the musical language Solresol.

Esperant'
Esperant () is a style of speech that twists but does not quite violate the grammar of Esperanto.

The changes are morphological:
 The nominal suffix -o is removed, as in poetry. Knabo becomes knab'.
 The plural ending -oj is replaced with the collective suffix -ar-. Knaboj becomes knabar'.
 Adjectives lose their -a suffixes and combine with their head nouns. Bela knabino becomes belknabin'.
 In direct objects, the accusative suffix -n is replaced with the preposition je. Knabon becomes je knab'.
 Verbs become nouns, and their erstwhile tense and mood suffixes move elsewhere:
This may be an adverb or prepositional phrase: donu hodiaŭ becomes hodiaŭu don', and estas en la ĉielo becomes est' ĉielas.
If the verb contains a valency suffix, this may detach from the verb: fariĝu becomes iĝu far'.
If none of these options is available, jen may be used as a placeholder: amas becomes jenas am'. The choice of where the tense suffix ends up is largely a stylistic choice.
 Subjects of the erstwhile verb take the preposition de if nouns, or become possessives if pronouns: knabo amas becomes am' de knab', and kiu estas becomes kies est'.
 The article la becomes l whenever the preceding word ends in a vowel.

Example:
Boys love the pretty girl.

Esperanto: Knaboj amas la belan knabinon.

Esperant': Jenas am' de knabar' je l' belknabin'.

Literally, "Behold love of group of boys to the prettygirl."

See the Esperant' Pater noster below.

Esperanto specializations
There are various projects to adapt Esperanto to specialized uses. Esperanto de DLT (1983) is one; it was an adaptation of Esperanto as a pivot language for machine translation.

Esperantidoj used in literature
Esperanto has little in the way of the slang, dialectical variation, or archaisms found in natural languages. Several authors have felt a need for such variation, either for effect in original literature, or to translate such variation from national literature.

Dialects
Occasionally, reform projects have been used by Esperanto authors to play the role of dialects, for example standard Esperanto and Ido to translate a play written in two dialects of Italian.

La Sociolekta Triopo
Halvelik (1973) created Popido ("Popular Idiom") to play the role of a substandard register of Esperanto that, among other things, does away with much of Esperanto's inflectional system. For example, standard Esperanto

Redonu al tiu viro lian pafilon.
"Give that man back his gun."

is in Popido,

Redonu al tu vir la pistol.
("la" is the Popido equivalent of "lia"; the article in Popido is "lo")

In 1969, he published part I of the Sociolekto Triopo, Arkaika Esperanto to serve as equivalent to Middle English, Middle High German and the like.

A slang completes the trio, called Gavaro.

Archaism and Arcaicam Esperantom
Proto-Esperanto would theoretically fulfill the need for archaism, but too little survives for it to be used extensively, though Geraldo Mattos made some sonnets.
Several items of the lexicon have become archaic.
In 1931 Kalman Kalocsay published a translation of the Funeral Sermon and Prayer, the first Hungarian text (12th century), in which he created fictitious archaic forms as though Esperanto were a Romance language deriving from Vulgar Latin.

Manuel Halvelik went further in 1969 with a book on .
Initially he studies the problem of introduced archaism and mentions earlier trials such as André Cherpillod's 1998 translation of a 1743 French treatise on defecation using non-standard spellings with , , , , Ottó Haszpra's translation  with accents and geminated consonants,
Lastly, he lays out the grammar of a fictitious ancestor of modern Esperanto. It echoes Proto-Esperanto in a more complex set of inflections, including dative and genitive cases ending in  and  and separate verbal inflections for person and number, as well as "retention" of digraphs such as  and , writing  for , and the use of the letters , , , .

==Comparison of Esperanto, Internasia, Ido, Esperant''', and Arcaicam Esperantom==
The Esperanto Pater noster follows, compared to the Internasia, Ido, Esperant and Arcaicam Esperantom'' versions.

See also
 Gender reform in Esperanto

References

International auxiliary languages
Constructed languages

Esperantido


Topray Solar () is a vertically integrated solar energy company with global presences in Africa, Europe, Asia and North America. It is a publicly listed company on China Shenzhen Stock Exchange (Stock Ticker: 002218) with a market cap over 1 Billion USD. Topray Solar is a first-tier player in the renewable energy industry with multiple manufacturing bases and several oversea subsidiaries.

Products
Topray Solar is a fully vertically integrated solar manufacture and distribution company with a variety of product lines from crystalline solar cells & modules, thin film solar modules, solar stand alone systems to ultra clear PV glass. Started since 1992 as the No. 1 thin film PV module manufacturer in China, Topray engaged both mono crystalline and poly crystalline production from 2005, becoming the most diversified solar manufacturer in China ever since.

Consumer solar products are also a big category of Topray Solar's product lines. It designs and manufactures consumer solar products for residential application. Its products have been sold in global supermarkets such as Walmart and Home Depot in United States, Canadian Tire in Canada, Netto and Conrad in Germany.

Vertical integration
Topray Solar is the most vertically integrated company in solar industry. For Crystalline Modules, Topray Solar produces silicon ingots, wafers, crystalline solar cells and crystalline solar modules; For Thin Film Solar Modules, Topray Solar manufactures from ultra white conductive glass to final amorphous solar modules.

Building integrated photovoltaics
Topray Solar's building integrated amorphous solar module technology received the "Blue Sky Award" from the United Nations.

Global subsidiary companies
Germany—Topray Solar GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
United States—Topray Power Inc.
Africa—ASE Solar, Uganda and Kenya

See also
Photovoltaics
Building-integrated photovoltaics
Solar energy
Solar panel

References

 Topray Solar IPO

Solar energy companies
Companies based in Shenzhen
Chinese companies established in 1999
Electrical engineering companies
Engineering companies of China
Photovoltaics manufacturers
Solar energy companies of China
Chinese brands

Topray Solar


Nadia Younes (; June 13, 1946 – August 19, 2003) was an Egyptian national who spent her entire career, for over 33 years, in the United Nations (UN) and the World Health Organization, rising to high-level posts in a variety of areas.

She was born in Cairo, Egypt, and earned a Master of Arts degree in political science and international relations from New York University, and a Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature from Cairo University. She spoke French, English and Arabic fluently.

Career in the United Nations
Nadia Younes joined the United Nations in 1970. From 1974, she worked with the Department of Public Information in various capacities, initially as a press officer in both the English and French Sections. Later assignments included Information Officer for the World Conference of the Decade for Women; Information Office, Planning, Programme and Evaluation Unit; and Spokeswoman for the President of the Forty-Second Session of the General Assembly.

Younes served as Deputy Spokeswoman for the Secretary-General from March 1988 until January 1993, when she was appointed Director of the United Nations Information Centre in Rome. She subsequently moved back to New York City to assume the post of Director of the Media Division in the Department of Public Information.

She worked as United Nations Chief of Protocol from 1998. From July 1999 to January 2001, she worked in the field mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) where she was in charge of the information and communication office in the Cabinet of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, Bernard Kouchner. Following her assignment in Kosovo, Younes returned to New York and resumed her functions as Chief of Protocol.

In August 2002, Younes was appointed as WHO's Executive Director in charge of External Relations and Governing Bodies. Her position included responsibility for relations with WHO's Member States, resource mobilization and WHO's governing bodies.

In May 2003, she was seconded by WHO to act as Chief of Staff for the Special Representative of the UN Secretary General to Iraq, Sérgio Vieira de Mello, in Baghdad. Younes died from wounds sustained in the Canal Hotel bombing on August 19, 2003, along with de Mello and 21 other members of his office staff.

WHO's official tribute to her reads in part "...WHO mourns the loss of one of its most respected, effective and charismatic officials".  The Reuters news agency referred to her as "witty" and "with a sharp sense of humor".

She was buried in Cairo, Egypt.

See also
Attacks on humanitarian workers

External links
 Nadia Younes Memorial Website created by the Younes Family
 Nadia Younes Memorial Lecture series
 WHO's Tribute to Nadia Younes
 OpenDocument Kofi Annan
 CIMUN: In Memory of Nadia Younes
 Gone too soon
 Nadia Younes, U.N. Aide In Baghdad, Is Dead at 57

1946 births
2003 deaths
Diplomats from Cairo
Egyptian officials of the United Nations
Egyptian terrorism victims
People killed in the Canal Hotel bombing
Egyptian people murdered abroad
2003 murders in Iraq

Nadia Younes


Silvermine Nature Reserve forms part of the Table Mountain National Park in Cape Town, South Africa. It covers the section of the Cape Peninsula mountain range from the Kalk Bay mountains through to Constantiaberg. The area is a significant conservation area for the indigenous fynbos vegetation, which is of the montane cone-bush type at this location.

The Ou Kaapse Weg main road runs through the reserve, cutting it into a northern and southern section. The Silvermine reservoir, on the  north side, was built in 1898 to supply water to Cape Town.

Until 2000, there were significant pine stands in the reserve, but the last of these were felled in following the major fire in that year. The area was again burnt in March 2015 and the reserve was closed for the rest of the year.

The area is popular for walking, hiking, picnicking, and mountain biking. There are a number of sandstone cave systems in the reserve and there are rock climbing routes on Muizenberg Peak.

The Silvermine River (Western Cape), which starts in the reserve and runs to Clovelly, is the only river in the Cape Peninsula that runs its whole course without going through a developed area.

The South African Navy's Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre is in an underground bunker on the lower slopes of the Silvermine mountain.

References

Climbing areas of South Africa
South African Navy
Nature reserves in Cape Town
Table Mountain National Park

Silvermine Nature Reserve


4MLinux is a lightweight Linux distribution made for both the 32 bit and 64 bit architectures. It is named "4MLinux" since it has 4 main components of the OS. Maintenance (it can be used a rescue Live CD), Multimedia (There is inbuilt support for almost every multimedia format), Miniserver (It comes with a 64-bit server is included running LAMP suite), and Mystery (Includes a collection of classic Linux games). The distribution is developed in Poland, and was first released in 2010. The distribution does not include a package manager, and uses JWM (Joe's Window Manager) as its default window manager. It also comes with Conky preinstalled. When installing programs with the distribution, the distribution will retrieve the Windows version rather than the Linux version due to it coming pre-installed with Wine (A compatibility layer for Windows applications), and not having any package manager. The distribution is geared towards people who prefer a lightweight distribution. There is a version of the distribution called the "4MLinux Game Edition" which provides 90s games natively such as Doom, and Hexen.

The distribution comes in two different version, 4MServer, and 4MLinux. 4MLinux requires 128 MB of RAM when installed to an HDD, and 1024 MB of RAM when being used as a live CD/USB. Whereas, 4MServer requires 256 MB of RAM when installed to an HDD, and 2048 MB of RAM when being used as a live CD/USB.

Resources

External links
 4MLinux official website

Linux distributions
Linux distributions without systemd
Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media

4MLinux


Charles Everett "Hoss" Ellington (May 12, 1935 – May 31, 2014) was an American NASCAR driver and team owner. He married Betty Frances Hunt on April 17, 1959, at the Mount Pleasant Methodist Parsonage. They had three daughters: Monica Dale Ellington, Trellace Hunt Ellington, and Charla Frances Ellington. He made 31 starts as a driver between 1968 and 1970 in the Grand National Series, finishing in the top 10 four times, all in 1969. He later became a successful team owner, with five wins, four of them by Donnie Allison and the other one by David Pearson. His team also collected 52 top fives and 92 top ten finishes. He fielded cars for drivers such as Pearson, Fred Lorenzen, Cale Yarborough, A. J. Foyt, Donnie Allison, Kyle Petty, and Dale Jarrett, among others.

Driver years
Born in Raleigh, North Carolina, Ellington made his NASCAR Grand National debut at the 1968 Dixie 500 at Atlanta Motor Speedway while driving his self-owned #61 Mercury; he finished in 31st place after suffering suspension failure after only 80 laps. He competed at two other races that year, at Darlington Raceway and Lowes Motor Speedway, finishing 17th and 34th, respectively. He ended up 61st in points.

In 1969, he made his first start of the season at Rockingham, scoring his first career top ten with a tenth-place finish. He competed in 15 races, finishing in the top ten four times, including two career-best 7th-place finishes. In 1970, he made three more starts, at Charlotte, Darlington, and Rockingham, with a best finish of 13th that year. He then retired as a driver after the 1970 American 500 race in order to focus on being a team owner.

Early years as a team owner
In 1972, Ellington began fielding cars as an owner for Fred Lorenzen. The car was numbered 28. Lorenzen ran seven races with the team. In Lorenzen's first start with the team, at Darlington, he finished 29th due to an engine failure. Lorenzen would later gather two top 5s and 3 top 10s, plus another top 5 finish for Junie Donlavey. Later in the season, Ellington had Cale Yarborough run three races in the Ellington car, earning two top 10s, and John Sears ran one race for the team, finishing 5th. Between the three drivers, the team competed in 11 races, scoring 3 top 5s and 6 top 10 finishes.

In 1973, Ellington hired Ramo Stott, Charlie Glotzbach, and Gordon Johncock to drive for him, and the team again ran 11 races between the three drivers, but only scored one Top 5 and Top 10, with Johncock finishing fourth at the Firecracker 400 at Daytona. 1974 was much better for the team, with A. J. Foyt, Charlie Glotzbach, Bobby Isaac, and Sam McQuagg splitting up 15 races. Foyt and Glotzbach both scored a single top 5, Isaac finished in the top 10 three times with the team, and McQuagg scored two top tens. The team scored 2 top 5s and 7 top 10s in 15 races.

Racing with Donnie Allison
1975 was when Donnie Allison made his first start with the team. He ran two races with Ellington, finishing third at Talladega in his first race with the team. A. J. Foyt ran seven races with Ellington, scoring an additional top five finish. Glotzbach, Isaac, and Johncock both returned for one race each, but the only top ten was with Glotzbach at Lowes Motor Speedway. The team competed in 12 races, and scored 2 top 5s and 3 top 10s. In 1976, Allison scored Ellington's first win as a team owner at Lowes Motor Speedway in the #1 car, a second team, as A. J. Foyt drove the familiar 28 in that race. Foyt also scored the first pole for the team in that year.

For 1977, Allison was hired as the sole driver for the team, with the main car renumbered #1. Allison repaid Ellington with three pole positions, as well as two wins and 10 top 10s in 17 starts. He finished 24th in points despite running a partial schedule. 1978 was another successful year, with Allison winning at Atlanta and finishing 25th in points, again despite running a part-time schedule. The Atlanta win would be his last career win. Allison did not win at all in 1979, but he became a part of NASCAR history when he and Cale Yarborough crashed while racing for the lead on the last lap of the Daytona 500, when, after the wreck, Allison, Yarborough, and Allison's brother Bobby got into a fistfight in the grass infield in front of what was then the largest televised audience for a NASCAR race.

Later years and end of team
Donnie Allison only drove 3 races for the team in 1980 before he left to join Kennie Childers's team. David Pearson ran 9 races that year, winning once. It was the last win for both Pearson and Ellington's team. in 1981, Buddy Baker drove 15 races, scoring 9 top 10 finishes and Pearson drove 1 race, finishing 8th. Four different drivers (Benny Parsons, Kyle Petty, Buddy Baker, and Donnie Allison) drove for Ellington including Donnie Allison for one race. Of the 14 races the team ran, they only scored 2 top 10 finishes and one pole, all by Buddy Baker. In 1983 and 1984, Lake Speed drove for the team. He ran 18 races in 1983 and 17 in 1984. Overall during Speed's time with Ellington, he scored 4 top 5s and 12 top 10s. Pearson returned for 8 races in 1985. Donnie Allison's nephew Davey ran 3 races, while Rick Wilson and Pancho Carter each ran 1 race. In 1986, Sterling Marlin ran a partial schedule for Ellington scoring 2 top 5s and 4 top 10s, including the Firecracker 400 where he led 6 laps and almost won, coming in second. In 1987, Brett Bodine and Ron Bouchard shared the car, with Bouchard scoring the only top 10 for the team all year. The team's last season was in 1988, when Dale Jarrett drove 8 races for Ellington, with a best finish of 11th and. In the team's last race the season finale at Atlanta, Jarrett qualified 34th but finished 41st after crashing on the fifth lap. The team shut down after attempting to qualify for the 1989 Daytona 500 in an unsponsored Buick with driver Doug Heveron. Unfortunately, a blown engine on lap 1 of the Gatorade 125 Qualifying race forced the team to miss the race.

Ellington died on May 31, 2014, in Wilmington, North Carolina, after a lengthy illness.

References

External links

1935 births
2014 deaths
Sportspeople from Wilmington, North Carolina
Racing drivers from North Carolina
NASCAR drivers
NASCAR team owners

Hoss Ellington


Nižná Boca () is a village and municipality in Liptovský Mikuláš District in the Žilina Region of northern Slovakia.

History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1285. Nižná Boca Village is situated on both banks of the river Boca. It is surrounded by nearby mountains. The area is situated in a protected area in the Low Tatras National Park.

Near the village are meadows and small rolls. The soil is poor. Potatoes are often harvested as much as inflicted. Under difficult circumstances, planted crops grown are exposed to severe weather conditions.

The population was addressed mainly to cattle and sheep. A special feature is a rarity, even the fact that citizens have cattle for short time next to their homes, as well as directly on grassland in special loghouses - meadow stables. About 50 of these meadow stables can be seen scattered throughout the valley. Some are still functional and in good condition. Efforts is currently underway to rescue the stables.

Vyšná Boca is a little, originally a mining village (altitude 950 m), at the end of the Bocianska dolina (Stork Valley) below Čertovica and Rovná hoľa. It is situated in the Protected Area of the Low Tatras National Park (NAPANT) and is an excellent starting point for the hikes to the Ďumbierske and Kráľovohorské Tatras. In the middle of the 19th century, the village was separated from the former villages Kráľovská and Svätojánska Boca. Meantime it was an administrative part of Nižná Boca. In the past, iron, gold and antimony were mined here, later the inhabitants dealt with agriculture, work in woods and stock-raising. The mining past reminds a chain of big mining houses with courtyard galleries shifting now to holiday cottages. In the village, there is a tolerant church from the year 1785, built at foundations of an older one.

Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 851 metres and covers an area of 25.172 km². It has a population of about 178 people.

References

External links

Villages and municipalities in Liptovský Mikuláš District

Nižná Boca


I Am Frankie is an American drama television series based on a story created by Marcela Citterio that aired on Nickelodeon from September 4, 2017 to October 4, 2018. Based on Yo Soy Franky, the series focuses on Alex Hook in the titular role of Frankie Gaines, an android who is attempting to pass herself off as a normal teenage girl.

Plot
Sigourney is a scientist working for the company EGG (Electronic Giga Genetics), who has developed a teenage android girl named Frankie. When the head of EGG, Mr. Kingston, plans to use Frankie for the military company WARPA (Weaponized Android Research Project Agency) for Project Q, Sigourney quits her job, smuggles Frankie out of EGG, and moves her family as far away from EGG as possible so that Frankie can live a normal life. As Frankie adapts to a normal life as a high school student at Sepulveda High, she befriends a girl named Dayton and gains a rival named Tammy. While she and her family work to keep her secret safe so that EGG does not find her, Mr. Kingston is determined to do whatever it takes to locate Frankie. Unbeknownst to Mr. Kingston, he is not the only one after her. In the second season, Frankie works to rescue Andrew from WARPA. Afterwards, WARPA still make their plans for the androids with Project Q in order to take control of the world.

Episodes

Cast and characters

Main

 Alex Hook as Frankie, an android girl who was created by Sigourney who used to work for EGG and seeks to become a real human. Alex Hook also portrays Eliza, who first appears in "I Am... a Sitting Duck" as an android girl and prototype version of Frankie with a dangerous agenda.
 Uriel Baldesco as Lucia, a follower of Tammy and a member of Sepulveda High's Brain Squad.
 Armani Barrett as Byron (season 1), a member of Sepulveda High's Brain Squad who is into robotics.
 Kristi Beckett as Makayla, a follower of Tammy and a member of Sepulveda High's Brain Squad.
 Kyson Facer as Andrew, a student at Sepulveda High who is one of Frankie and Tammy's love interests. He is later revealed to be an android created by James.
 Sophia Forest as Jenny Gaines, the daughter of Sigourney who gets Frankie as an older sister.
 Mohana Krishnan as Tammy, a girl and leader of Sepulveda High's Brain Squad who becomes Frankie's rival and seeks to find the truth about her.
 Jayce Mroz as Robbie (season 1), an intelligent student who follows Frankie and Dayton around.
 Nicole Alyse Nelson as Dayton Reyes, a girl who becomes Frankie's best friend and one of the few people to know the truth about Frankie.
 Carson Rowland as Cole Reyes, the brother of Dayton who is one of Frankie's love interests.
 J.D. Ballard / Jim Ballard as Mr. Kingston, the head of EGG who seeks to reclaim Frankie to be used in WARPA's Project Q. In "I Am... Bound for Glory", he is later revealed to be Dayton and Cole's father Tom operating under an alias. In the first season, Mr. Kingston's first name is Gilford; in "I Am... Eliza", his first name is changed to Clarence.
 Todd Allen Durkin as James Peters, a former EGG scientist who used to work with Sigourney and wants to destroy Frankie.
 Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough, the principal of Sepulveda High.
 Michael Laurino as Will Gaines, the father of Jenny and husband of Sigourney who gains Frankie as a daughter.
 Carrie Schroeder as Sigourney Gaines, a former EGG scientist who built Frankie.
 Mark Jacobson as Voice of "PEGS1" (season 1), a small floating egg-shaped robot that works for Mr. Kingston.
 Amina Alzouma as Rachel (season 2), a new student and computer expert at Sepulveda High.
 Zachary S. Williams as Zane (season 2), a new student at Sepulveda High.
 Tommi Rose as Simone (season 2), an android girl who was created by WARPA.
 Jayme Lake as Cynthia (season 2), a scientist who is an old friend of Sigourney. She is later revealed to be the head of WARPA with plans to have their androids and Human Robot Organisms (or H.R.O. for short) take over Earth.
 Ashton Heathcoat as Beto (season 2), Cynthia's android son.

Recurring
 Justin Jarzombek as John (season 1)
 Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson (season 1)
 David Kelley as WARPA Agent (season 1)
 J. Scott Browning as WARPA Tech (season 2)
 Tracy Wiu as Sr. WARPA Tech (season 2)
 Clayton Johnson / Clayton Royal Johnson as Dolph (season 2)
 Sean Patrick Dawson / Sean Dawson as Lundgren (season 2)

Production
On January 20, 2016, Nickelodeon announced that it had green-lit I Am Frankie to series with its first season to contain 20 episodes. The series is the first global series to be produced at the new Viacom International Studio in Miami, Florida. The series was originally produced as Yo Soy Franky, created by Argentinian writer Marcela Citterio, for Nickelodeon Latin America in Colombia. Catharina Ledeboer, who previously worked on Every Witch Way and Talia in the Kitchen, adapted the series into English for global audiences. It was stated that production of the series would begin sometime in 2016. The series officially debuted on September 11, 2017, after a special sneak peek of the premiere aired on September 4, 2017. The premiere episode was made available on Nickelodeon streaming platforms starting on August 21, 2017.

Nickelodeon renewed the series for a second season on November 13, 2017. Filming for the second season began in March 2018. The second season premiered on Nickelodeon with a special event on August 11, 2018; new episodes of the second season resumed on September 10, 2018. Additionally, Amina Alzouma, Tommi Rose, and Zachary S. Williams joined the series' main cast in the second season.

Ratings

| link2             = List of I Am Frankie episodes#Season 2 (2018)
| episodes2         = 21
| start2            =
| end2              =
| startrating2      = 0.90
| endrating2        = 0.74
| viewers2          = |2}}
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References

External links

2010s American drama television series
2010s Nickelodeon original programming
2017 American television series debuts
2018 American television series endings
American television series based on Colombian television series
American television series based on telenovelas
Androids in television
English-language television shows

I Am Frankie


Rowland Heylyn (or Heilin or Heylin) (1562–1631) was a successful London merchant, sheriff of London in 1624–1625 and publisher of a Welsh bible in 1630.

Life
Heylyn was the son of David Heylyn of the historical Heylyn family of Pentreheylin in Powys, Wales. He entered the free school of Shrewsbury in 1570 and was a pupil of Thomas Lawrence. In 1576 he was apprenticed to Thomas Wade of London, and was admitted to freedom of the Ironmongers' Company  in 1584.  In 1601 he purchased considerable lands at Laleham and Staines. He was assistant of the Ironmongers in 1612 and served as master in 1614. He continued to buy property and in 1619 acquired land at Mayfield, Colton, Haywood and Blithbury in Staffordshire. He lived in the Parish of St Alban Wood Street and was elected alderman of Cripplegate ward in 1624 and was Sheriff of London that year. In 1625 he was master of the Ironmongers company again.

Heylyn supported with Thomas Myddelton publication of the Welsh quarto Bible of 1630, which was bound with the Welsh Prayer Book and the Edmund Prys translation of the Psalter. Other works he saw into print were the Welsh-Latin dictionary of John Davies, and the Practice of Piety of Lewis Bayly in the translation by Rowland Vaughan.

A portrait of Heylyn by Henry Cocke in the Ironmongers' Hall is described as "Mr Rowland Heylyn a good benefactor.  This gentleman's features are represented as emaciated, but pleasing; with  white beard and whiskers; habited in a black gown and cap; his right hand on a book. He was described by Blakeway in the Sheriffs of Montgomery as "The pious and munificent Rowland Heylyn Alderman of London, promoter of the Welsh translation of the bible and of every other laudable undertaking in his day".  He left £300 for the poor of Shrewsbury and 83 books to Shrewsbury School.

Heylyn married Alice Aldworth, but had no surviving children. He owned property in Laleham and Staines in Middlesex, and manors in Staffordshire and other counties which he left to the children of his two sisters. He was the uncle of Henry Heylyn whose son Peter Heylyn was a notable ecclesiastic and author.

References

Concise Dictionary of National Biography

1562 births
1631 deaths
Welsh merchants
Sheriffs of the City of London
People from Powys
16th-century merchants
17th-century English merchants
16th-century Welsh businesspeople
17th-century Welsh businesspeople
16th-century English businesspeople
17th-century English businesspeople
People educated at Shrewsbury School

Rowland Heylyn


Mario Luis Kreutzberger Blumenfeld (; born 28 December 1940), better known by his stage name as Don Francisco (), is a Chilean television host, and a popular personality on the Univision network reaching Spanish-speaking viewers in the United States. He is best known for hosting the former variety shows Sábado Gigante, Don Francisco Presenta and Don Francisco Te Invita.

Biography
Mario Luis Kreutzberger Blumenfeld was born in Talca, Chile on 28 December 1940, to Anna Blumenfeld Neufeld and Erick Kreutzberger, of German Jewish ancestry who fled to Chile to escape from World War II. He is of Jewish faith.

Career
Kreutzberger started a TV show in 1962, and he named it Show Dominical ("Sunday's Show") on Canal 13; the program's broadcasts were subsequently moved to Saturdays, and henceforth, was renamed Sábado Gigante. In it, he adapted many of the formulas he had seen in American television to the Chilean public. The show became an instant hit that lasted over 53 years. In 1986, the show began to be produced by SIN in Miami, Florida, with the same formula used in Chile, with the slightly different name of Sábado Gigante to KMEX-DT channel 34 Los Angeles.

For the next six years, Kreutzberger developed a three-hour-long variety show, which included contests, comedy, interviews and a traveling camera section. The traveling camera, or Cámara Viajera (originally La Película Extranjera, The Foreign Movie), has taken "Don Francisco" to over 185 countries worldwide, many of them more than once. Kreutzberger in his show has interviewed many celebrities, including Roberto Durán, Cristina Saralegui, Sussan Taunton, Charytín, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, Bill Gates and many others. Through a talent partnership with Memo Flores of Jugaremos en Familia, Sábado Gigante has helped launch the careers of many famous entertainers, such as Lili Estefan, Sissi Fleitas, and numerous others. Kreutzberger appeared as himself in the movie The 33, about the 2010 Copiapó mining accident.

Immediately after the 1973 Chilean coup d'état the military sought after Kreutzberger. They took him to the vandalized house of Salvador Allende, where corpses of guards were still on the floor. The soldiers asked him to report on the events. Kreutzberger declined the offer, encouraging the captain who had approached him to take the role of reporter himself.

Television career
Kreutzberger has also hosted Chilean versions of ¿Quién merece ser millonario? (which is based on the original British format of the international Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? franchise), Deal or No Deal, and Atrapa los Millones (which is based on the American format of the international Money Drop franchise). He hosted the first three seasons of Atrapa los Millones before retiring from the program in 2014; Diana Bolocco became the host for the program's fourth season in 2015, and would eventually remain with the show until its cancellation.

He voiced Governor Bernardo de Galvez in a 2003 episode, "The Great Galvez", of a PBS Kids show Liberty's Kids.

On 18 April 2015, Don Francisco announced his show would come to an end in September after 53 years on air; Sábado Gigante aired its final episode called "Hasta Siempre" on 19 September 2015.

On 1 March 2016, Don Francisco announced his return to the television and signed a multi-year deal with Telemundo. His first show on the network titled Don Francisco Te Invita, a Sunday night talk show considered to be a spiritual successor to both Don Francisco Presenta and Sábado Gigante, debuted on 9 October 2016. The Telemundo show was canceled in late 2018 after the airing of 100 episodes.

False death reports
On April Fool's Day, 2003, a rumor arose that Kreutzberger had died, the rumor appearing around the New York and New Jersey area. The rumor proved false, but distressed many of his fans until it was revealed that it was a joke but he actually did not die

Personal life
Kreutzberger promoted and hosted the Teletón, a TV charity show for disabled Chilean children between 1978 and 2021; there have been 22 telethons over 30 years. He is also the Hispanic spokesperson for the U.S. Muscular Dystrophy Association, in which he also appears in a pre-recorded piece on its annual telethon, to appeal to Hispanics to donate. He retired from hosting the show in 2021, at the end of that year's airing of the program.

Kreutzberger was also the first host of the Teletón USA telethon, which was introduced in December 2012 on the Univision network; the event and charity is based on the popular Teleton (Chile) the Chilean Teleton.

Honors
His show was in world's longest running TV variety show, according to Guinness World Records.

Kreutzberger has received numerous awards and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (on 7018 Hollywood Blvd.).

On 1 March 2012, Kreutzberger was inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame.

On 8 September 2015, the city of New York named a street in the Washington Heights district in honor of Kreutzberger, named "Don Francisco Boulevard".

Celebrity advertising
Don Francisco has been in commercials for La Curaçao Department Stores. He was even present for the opening of La Curaçao's South Gate, California and Arizona locations.

He also appears in TV spots for the Mexican telecom company Claro.

In 2010, the U.S. Social Security Administration enlisted Don Francisco to appear in a series of public service announcements to reach out to American Hispanics about the benefits of Social Security.

Lawsuit
In 1992, Kreutzberger was sued by one of his models for sexual harassment, but the suit was settled out of court. There are many pending cases.

References

External links

 Teleton Foundation In Chile

1940 births
Chilean emigrants to the United States
Chilean Ashkenazi Jews
Chilean people of German-Jewish descent
Chilean philanthropists
Chilean television journalists
Chilean television presenters
Chilean television personalities
Living people
Mass media people from Miami
People from Talca
Recipients of the Benemerenti medal
Chilean television talk show hosts

Don Francisco (television host)


Jon Christopher Conkling (born March 31, 1949) is an American writer. He is best known as the co-writer of the screenplay for the animated version of Lord of the Rings, directed by Ralph Bakshi and produced by Saul Zaentz. He has also published articles in BYU Studies, the Journal of Book of Mormon Studies and the Ensign, and wrote the 1979 book A Joseph Smith Chronology and an award-winning article on Melville's "Bartleby The Scrivener."

Education
Conkling studied at the University of California, Los Angeles, Dartmouth College, Brigham Young University.California State University, Dominguez Hills, and California State University, Northridge from which he received his teaching credentials.

Career
He wrote six complete scripts in an attempt to find the right approach for Bakshi's version of Lord of the Rings—one covered only a third of the epic, one tried to fit the entire saga into a single film, one tried to cut it in half; one version even focused on a re-telling by Pippin and Merry. There was a good deal of experimentation as to how to approach the enormous saga. Eventually, popular science fiction novelist, Peter S. Beagle, was called in to do some revisions, although Conkling still retained first credit on the final version. Lord of the Rings was nominated for a Hugo Award.

He was also a story consultant for the 1977 BYU Film Studio film The Mailbox and wrote The Emmitt Smith Story for BYU. He also wrote several management videos which appeared on PBS, and was also a writer for ABC's television series The Hardy Boys.

Conkling has taught a variety of courses at the American Jewish University in Bel-Air, California.  Prior to this he worked in advertising and public relations for several oil companies and Pool/Sarraille Advertising of Beverly Hills. He also wrote a paper entitled "The Dark Ages: The L.D.S. Church and Japan, 1924-1948" which is held by the Church History Archives and has been used as a source for published work by R. Lanier Britsch.

At AJU Chris Conkling created courses in literature of utopia and literature of evil, taught ancient Greek and Roman literature, and was faculty advisor for several years on the student newspaper. He currently works as a 12th grade English teacher and creative writing teacher at Sylmar High School's Math/Science Magnet, in Sylmar, Ca.

Personal life

Conkling is a Latter-day Saint.

Conkling and his wife Robin are the parents of six children. His mother was in the singing quartet The King Sisters, who had a weekly ABC television musical in the mid-sixties, called The King Family. His father, James Conkling, was a record executive, who became Capitol Record's first vice president, then president of Columbia Records, and founder and first president of Warner Bros. Records. He also helped to found the Grammy Awards  where he became the Grammy's first national chairman.

Conkling's entire family is rather accomplished. One cousin was musical director for the Sonny and Cher show, another the voice of Leonardo on "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" for a decade, another was the female lead on the long-running TV program "My Three Sons" and yet another several created the "Signing Times" sign language videos. One sister, Jamie Miller, has published a half dozen books and another is married to a top Yankee Scout. One Uncle, big band leader and guitar virtuoso Alvino Rey, was the first inductee into the steel guitar hall of fame, another, Bob Clarke, produced and starred in such "B" monster movies as "The Hideous Sun Demon" and "Man from the Planet X," another, Bill Burch, was a Universal Studio executive and longtime protegee of Gene Autry. Among his second cousins is the wife of astronaut Buzz Aldrin, and the founders of the alternative rock band "The Arcade Fire."

Notes

External links

Maxwell Institute bio
LDS booklovers listing
Lds film bio

1949 births
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
Latter Day Saints from California
American male screenwriters
American television writers
Brigham Young University alumni
California State University, Dominguez Hills alumni
Dartmouth College alumni
Living people
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Screenwriters from California
King family (show business)

Chris Conkling


Animals can go through certain changes. In the biology of birds and mammals, altricial species are those in which the young are underdeveloped at the time of birth, but with the aid of their parents mature after birth. Precocial species are those in which the young are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching. Precocial species are normally nidifugous, meaning that they leave the nest shortly after birth or hatching. These categories form a continuum, without distinct gaps between them.

In fish, this often refers to the presence or absence of a stomach: precocial larvae have a stomach at the onset of first feeding whereas altricial fish do not. Depending on the species, the larvae may develop a functional stomach during metamorphosis (gastric) or remain stomachless (agastric).

Altriciality

Etymology
The word is derived from the Latin root alere, meaning "to nurse, to rear, or to nourish" and indicates the need for young to be fed and taken care of for a long duration. By contrast, species whose young are immediately or quickly mobile are called precocial.

Precociality

Etymology
The word "precocial" is derived from the same root as precocious, from the Latin root praecox, meaning early maturity in both cases.

Superprecociality
Extremely precocial species are called "superprecocial". Examples are the megapode birds, which have full-flight feathers at hatching and which, in some species, can fly on the same day they hatch from their eggs. Enantiornithes and pterosaurs were also capable of flight soon after hatching.

Another example is the blue wildebeest, the calves of which can stand within an average of six minutes from birth and walk within thirty minutes; they can outrun a hyena within a day. Such behavior gives them an advantage over other herbivore species; they are 100 times more abundant in the Serengeti ecosystem than hartebeests, their closest taxonomic relative. Hartebeest calves are not as precocial as wildebeest calves and take up to thirty minutes or more before they stand, and as long as forty-five minutes before they can follow their mothers for short distances. They are unable to keep up with their mothers until they are more than a week old.

Phylogeny
Precociality is thought to be ancestral in birds. Thus, altricial birds tend to be found in the most derived groups. There is some evidence for precociality in protobirds and troodontids. Enantiornithes at least were superprecocial in a way similar to that of megapodes, being able to fly soon after birth. It has been speculated that superprecociality prevented enantiornithines from acquiring specialized toe anatomy seen in modern altricial birds.

Differences

In bird and mammal biology, altricial species are those species whose newly hatched or born young are relatively immobile, lack hair or down, are not able to obtain food on their own, and must be cared for by adults; closed eyes are common, though not ubiquitous. Altricial young are born helpless and require care for a length of time. Altricial birds include herons, hawks, woodpeckers, owls, cuckoos and most passerines. Among mammals, marsupials and most rodents are altricial. Domestic cats, dogs, and primates, such as humans, are some of the best-known altricial organisms.  For example, newborn domestic cats cannot see, hear, maintain their own body temperature, or gag, and require external stimulation in order to defecate and urinate. The giant panda is notably the largest placental mammal to have altricial, hairless young upon birth. The larval stage of insect development is considered by some to be a form of altricial development, but it more accurately depicts, especially amongst eusocial animals, an independent phase of development, as the larvae of bees, ants, and many arachnids are completely physically different from their developed forms, and the pre-pupal stages of insect life might be regarded as equivalent to vertebrate embryonic development.

A hastier alternative is employed by precocial animals, in which the young have open eyes, have hair or down, have large brains and are immediately mobile and somewhat able to flee from, or defend themselves against, predators. For example, with ground-nesting birds such as ducks or turkeys, the young are ready to leave the nest in one or two days. Among mammals, most ungulates are precocial, being able to walk almost immediately after birth. Beyond the precocial are the superprecocial animals, such as the megapode birds, which hatch with full-flight feathers. Some ecological niches require young to be precocial for survival, such as cetaceans: restricted to water, their young would quickly drown if they were immobile and helpless.

The span between precocial and altricial species is particularly broad in birds. Precocial birds hatch with their eyes open and are covered with downy feathers that are soon replaced by adult-type feathers. Birds of this kind can also swim and run much sooner after hatching than altricial young, such as songbirds. Very precocial birds can be ready to leave the nest in a short period of time following hatching (e.g. 24 hours). Many precocial chicks are not independent in thermoregulation (the ability to regulate their body temperatures), and they depend on the attending parent(s) to brood them with body heat for a short time. Precocial birds find their own food, sometimes with help or instruction from their parents. Examples of precocial birds include the domestic chicken, many species of ducks and geese, waders, rails, and the hoatzin.

Precocial birds can provide protein-rich eggs and thus their young hatch in the fledgling stage – able to protect themselves from predators and the females have less post-natal involvement. Altricial birds are less able to contribute nutrients in the pre-natal stage; their eggs are smaller and their young are still in need of much attention and protection from predators. This may be related to r/K selection; however, this association fails in some cases.

In birds, altricial young usually grow faster than precocial young. This is hypothesized to occur so that exposure to predators during the nestling stage of development can be minimized.

In the case of mammals, it has been suggested that large, hearty adult body sizes favor the production of large, precocious young, which develop with a longer gestation period. Large young may be associated with migratory behavior, extended reproductive period, and reduced litter size. It may be that altricial strategies in mammals, in contrast, develop in species with less migratory and more territorial lifestyles, such as Carnivorans, the mothers of which are capable of bearing a fetus in the early stages of development and focusing closely and personally upon its raising, as opposed to precocial animals which provide their youths with a bare minimum of aid and otherwise leave them to instinct.

Human children, and those of other primates, exemplify a unique combination of altricial and precocial development. Infants are born with minimal eyesight, compact and fleshy bodies, and "fresh" features (thinner skin, small noses and ears, and scarce hair if any). However, this stage is only brief amongst primates; their offspring soon develop stronger bones, grow in spurts, and quickly mature in features. This unique growth pattern allows for the hasty adaptivity of most simians, as anything learned by children in between their infancy and adolescence is memorized as instinct; this pattern is also in contrast to more prominently altricial mammals, such as many rodents, which remain largely immobile and undeveloped until grown to near the stature of their parents.

Terminology
In birds, the terms Aves altrices and Aves precoces were introduced by Carl Jakob Sundevall (1836), and the terms nidifugous and nidicolous by Lorenz Oken in 1816. The two classifications were considered identical in early times, but the meanings are slightly different, in that "altricial" and "precocial" refer to developmental stages, while "nidifugous" and "nidicolous" refer to leaving or staying at the nest.

The two strategies result in different brain sizes of the newborns compared to adults. Precocial animals' brains are fully developed at birth relative to their body size, limiting their knowledge largely to their instincts but providing them immediate access to their bodies. However, as adults, their brains do not develop any further, and they memorize little from birth to death. Altricial animals' brains are comparatively undeveloped at birth, thus their need for care and protection, but their brains immediately begin developing at birth and do so independently, adapting to individual circumstances, and hence as adults, altricial animals attain more versatile brains than their precocial counterparts, capable of strategic thought based on experience. Thus altricial species, ultimately, possess greater potential for skill and adaptability, which is notably a factor in human developmental success.

See also
Parental investment
Precocious puberty

References

Bibliography

External links

 The altricial-precocial spectrum in birds

Animal developmental biology
Bird breeding
Developmental biology

Precociality and altriciality


Portrait of Young Woman with Unicorn is a painting by Raphael, which art historians date c. 1505-1506. It is in the Galleria Borghese in Rome. The painting was originally oil on panel, and was transferred to canvas during conservation work in 1934. It was in the course of this work that overpainting was removed, revealing the unicorn, and removing the wheel, cloak, and palm frond that had been added by an unknown painter during the mid-17th century.

The composition of the picture—placing the figure in a loggia opening out onto a landscape, the three-quarter length format—was apparently inspired by the Mona Lisa, painted by Leonardo between 1503 and 1506. Christof Thoenes observes: "However unabashedly Raphael adopts the pose, compositional framework and spatial organization of the Leonardo portrait...the cool watchfulness in the young woman's gaze is very different" from the "enigmatic ambiguity" of Mona Lisa.

The work was of uncertain attribution until recent times. In the 1760 inventory of the Gallery, the subject of the painting was identified as Saint Catherine of Alexandria and attributed to Perugino. A restoration of the painting in 1934–36 confirmed art historian Roberto Longhi's attribution of the work to Raphael, and the removal of heavy repainting revealed the unicorn, traditionally a symbol of chastity in medieval romance, in place of a Saint Catherine wheel. Restoration work on the painting in 1959 revealed through radiography the image of a small dog, a symbol of conjugal fidelity, under the unicorn. It served as a sketch for the final appearance of the unicorn.

See also
List of paintings by Raphael

Notes

References

External links

1506 paintings
Paintings in the Borghese Collection
Portraits by Raphael
Works about unicorns

Young Woman with Unicorn


Berlinde De Bruyckere (born 1964) is a Belgian contemporary artist.

De Bruyckere specializes in sculpture in various media including wax, wood, wool, horse skin and hair, though she also works in watercolour, gouache, and since the early 1990s many of her major works have featured structures involving blankets. Their use is symbolic both of warmth and shelter, and of the  vulnerable circumstances such as wars that make people seek such shelter.

In 2000, De Bruyckere's work with five dead horses, In Flanders Fields, a commentary on World War I, was exhibited at the In Flanders Fields Museum in Ypres. In 2006, her work was included in the 4th Berlin Biennial for Contemporary Art and exhibited in a two-artist show at the Kunsthalle Düsseldorf. At the 2013 Venice Biennale, her sculptures were shown in the Belgian Pavilion.

De Bruyckere solo exhibitions include La Maison Rouge, Fondation Antoine de Galbert, Paris (2005); the De Pont Museum of Contemporary Art, Tilburg (2005); The Mystery of the Body: Berlinde De Bruyckere in Dialogue with Lucas Cranach and Pier Paolo Pasonli, the Kunstmuseum Bern; and We are all Flesh at the Australian Centre for Contemporary Art, Melbourne (2012).

In 2015 she received an honorary doctorate from Ghent University.

References

1964 births
Living people
20th-century Belgian sculptors
21st-century Belgian sculptors
20th-century Belgian women artists
21st-century Belgian women artists
Belgian women sculptors

Berlinde De Bruyckere


The Innu (or Montagnais) are an Indigenous people group who live in Quebec and Newfoundland.

They lived as hunter-gatherers. Then the Canadian government moved them away from their homeland and forced them to practice Western lifestyles.

Lands
The Innu call the territory they live in Nitassinan ("Our Land").

History

The Canadian government forced the Innu to live in permanent communities instead of letting them practice their nomadic lifestyle. They also forced them to go to schools run by churches. In those schools, the Innu were not allowed to practice their religion or speak their language. Because of all the wrong things done to the Innu, they have a lot of social problems. On one hand, they lost a lot of knowledge about their traditional ways. On the other hand, the schools did not prepare them well enough to live in Western society and they still faced racism because they were Indigenous.

Ethnic groups in Canada
Quebec
Newfoundland
Native Americans
First Nations

Innu


Leon County Pleistocene coastal terraces and shorelines were the geologic result of warming and cooling periods in what is now Leon County, Florida during the Pleistocene epoch.

Overview
Repeated growth and retreat of the North American glacial sheet resulted in fluctuations of sea level over several thousand years. Florida submerged and emerged several times leaving behind established terraces assigned by mineral deposits and maximum sea level relative to the current mean sea level. These marine terraces and shorelines were named by various geologists, verified and mapped by the USGS. Each glacial retreat caused sea level to rise less than the previous warming event, giving an extremely accurate depiction of the appearance of Florida. Leon County was studied in detail by C. W. Hendry and C. Sproul in 1966.

Hazelhurst

The Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline (formerly the Brandywine) was assigned by C. W. Cooke and includes Vernon's Coastwise delta plain and
MacNeil's high Pliocene terrace. Deposits are found between 97 and 65.5 meters (320–215 feet). During the interstadial period of late Pliocene to early Pleistocene epoch, the Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline was created in many counties east to west. Gadsden in particular had a very large land mass not only created by rising and lowering sea levels, but from depositions from the Apalachicola River on Gadsden's west side. Leon County remained completely submerged.

Coharie
The Coharie terrace and shoreline was applied by C. W. Cook in 1931 and was named for the Great Coharie Creek, a tributary of the Black River in North Carolina. It is associated with a Pre-Illinoian interglacial and was the third rise in sea level during the Early Pleistocene glacial retreat and left behind dry land in the form of six distinct islands. The Coharie is defined by sediments at 65 to 52 meters (215–170 feet) above current mean sea level. In Florida the Coharie is included with the Sunderland terrace in USGS mapping.

One ancient island appeared in the extreme northwest portion of the county near the junction of Meridian Road and County Road 12. The second island was located in the general vicinity of U.S. 319 and Sunnyhill Road just south of the Florida/Georgia border. The third of the northern islands of the Coharie was located in extreme northeast portion of the county and overlapping the county line between Leon and Jefferson County.

To the south lay 3 more islands. The first was located generally north and near Elinor Klapp-Phipps Park and surrounding area. The second and largest covered the area where most of Tallahassee is today.  It extended from near Interstate 10 in the north to the capitol complex in the south, to just east of State Road 263. The third island was to the west and encompassed an area near Arvah Branch including I-10, U.S. 90, and north to Miccosukee Road.

Okefenokee
The Okefenokee terrace and shoreline was assigned by MacNeil in 1950 and named after Okefenokee Swamp. It includes deposits of the Sunderland terrace assigned by Cooke. It is associated with a Pre-Illinoian interglacial (Yarmouthian) and was the third rise in sea level during the Early Pleistocene glacial retreat. The Okefenokee is defined by sediments at 52 to 30.5 meters (170–100 feet) above current mean sea level. The dry land mass left behind can best be described as an oddly shaped peninsula overlaying the islands of the Coharie as well as added land that is connected to adjacent peninsulas in other counties.

During the forming of the Okefenokee, the Ochlockonee River began to take shape as did rivers in other counties in Florida. The large inlet in the northeastern part of the county left the land capable of supporting a more recognizable Lake Iamonia. Eastern Leon had a large inlet reaching as far as the northeastern portion of the county. The Cody Scarp is the remnant of the Okefenokee. What would become Lake Lafayette is a Pleistocene river delta with the lake's eastern section accessing the sea.

Wicomico
The Wicomico terrace and shoreline was assigned by Cooke and is named for the Wicomico River in St. Mary's County, Maryland and Charles County, Maryland. The Wicomico is associated with the Sangamonian Stage between 75,000 and 125,000 years ago. and was the fourth rise in sea level during the Early Pleistocene glacial retreat. The Wicomico is defined by sediments located at 30.5 to 21 meters (100–70 feet) above current mean sea level. The Wicomico is well developed in northeastern and extreme northwestern Florida. At this time the county is mostly dry except for the southern coastline. The Cody Scarp is a shoreline of the Wicomico as well as the aforementioned Okefenokee. The Ocklochonee River empties into a large, wide estuary or inlet leading to the sea. The ground for what will be the Tallahassee Regional Airport remains underwater.

Penholoway

The Penholoway terrace and shoreline was assigned by Cooke and named after Penholoway Creek in Wayne County, Georgia and is associated with the Sangamonian Stage. The Penholoway is defined by sediments located at 21 to 13 meters (70–42 feet) above current mean sea level. The seaward boundary is generally better defined than the landward boundary. In Leon County, the Penholoway is a reduction of the Wicomico.

Talbot

The Talbot terrace and shoreline was assigned by Cooke and named for Talbot County, Maryland. The Talbot is associated with the Sangamonian Stage. The Talbot is defined by sediments located at 12 to 7.5 meters (42–25 feet) above current mean sea level. In Leon County the Talbot existed along the Leon/Wakulla County line. The Talbot is not well developed in Florida as it is in Maryland and other states. However, within Florida, the Talbot is better developed in Leon as well as Bay County, Wakulla, and Walton County.

References

USGS Terrace and shoreline map of Florida.

Natural history of Florida
Pleistocene
Geography of Leon County, Florida


Annamaria Mazzetti (born 25 August 1988 in Magenta, Lombardy, Provincia di Milano) is an Italian professional triathlete and 2009 National Champion in three categories (Duathlon Sprint, Triathlon Sprint, Olympic Distance).

In 2007, Mazzetti won the Italian Championships in all Junior categories (Aquathlon, Duathlon, Triathlon), in 2008 she won the gold medal at the Italian U23 Championships.  In 2010, she won the bronze medal at the European U23 Championships and in Italy she was considered one of the most promising Olympic hopes for London 2012.

In Italy, like Daniela Chmet, Mazzetti represents the Police Club GS Fiamme Oro, after she had been a member of the Friesian Team, and lives in Cesate.

She competed in the women's event at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics, finishing in 46th and 29th place respectively.

ITU Competitions
In the seven years from 2004 to 2010, Mazzetti took part in 30 ITU competitions and achieved 19 top ten positions.
In 2011, Mazzetti won the bronze medal at the European Championships. Apart from Nadia Cortassa, Mazzetti is the first Italian triathlete to win a medal at European Championships.
The following list is based upon the official ITU rankings and the ITU Athletes's Profile Page.
Unless indicated otherwise, the following events are triathlons (Olympic Distance) and refer to the Elite category.

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
People from Magenta, Lombardy
Italian female triathletes
Olympic triathletes for Italy
Triathletes at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Triathletes at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Triathletes of Fiamme Oro
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan City of Milan
20th-century Italian women
21st-century Italian women

Annamaria Mazzetti


The label Nationalist Conservative was used by several Quebec Members of the House of Commons of Canada (MPs) and several unsuccessful candidates.  They used this label in order to distinguish themselves from the British imperialist reputation of the Conservative Party or as a result of disputes with the party.

The three MPs were first elected in the nineteenth century when the term nationalism in Quebec referred to Canadian nationalism, as opposed to British imperialism or a desire for an independent Quebec.

See also
 List of political parties in Canada

Federal political parties in Canada
Defunct political parties in Canada
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)
Canadian nationalism

Nationalist Conservative


John Frank "Buck" Freeman (October 30, 1871 – June 25, 1949) was an American right fielder in Major League Baseball at the turn of the 20th century. Listed at  and , he both batted and threw left-handed. Freeman was one of the top sluggers of his era, his most famous feat being the 25 home runs he hit during the 1899 season.

Career
A native of Catasauqua, Pennsylvania, Freeman showed talent as a pitcher from a young age; he later received advice from early African-American player Bud Fowler to practice hitting more.

Washington Statesmen
Freeman made his major league debut as a left-handed starting pitcher with the Washington Statesmen of the major league American Association on June 27, 1891, registering the loss in a 4–5 defeat to the Philadelphia Athletics. Freeman played in a further four games during the season, finishing up with a 3–2 record and an earned run average of 3.89 in 44 innings pitched, while striking out 28 but also walking 33.

Minor leagues
Following the 1891 season's conclusion, Freeman did not play in the majors again for seven years. From 1892 through 1898, he played in the Pennsylvania State League, Eastern League, New England League, and Western League. His longest stint was in the Eastern League with Toronto from 1896 to 1898.

Washington Senators
Freeman returned to the Washington roster in September of the 1898 season, when Arthur Irwin took over as manager; the team was now known as the Senators and played in the National League. Since Freeman's time as a pitcher with the Statesmen, he had bulked out and had begun to show real skill with the bat (in his 18 at bats in 1891 he had recorded a batting average of .222). In light of this, the Senators decided to retrain Freeman as a right fielder, believing that he would be even more useful with the bat than he was with the ball. Albeit with only 107 at bats in 29 games, he recorded a .364 batting average and a .523 slugging percentage during the final weeks of the 1898 Senators season. Following his strong showing with the bat, he was named as the Senators' first-choice right fielder for the following season.

The 25 home runs that Freeman recorded for the 1899 Senators were truly remarkable by the standards of the time; the second highest total that year was 12 by Bobby Wallace of St. Louis. Although Freeman failed to equal Ned Williamson's record of 27 home runs in a season, recorded in 1884 with Chicago, Freeman's total is generally regarded as the greater achievement. Williamson's home field of Lakeshore Park was less than  down the foul lines and  to center, and prior to 1884 balls hit over the fence at Lakeshore Park had been ground rule doubles; of Williamson's 27 homers, only two were hit away from home. Freeman's tally was not surpassed until 1919, when Babe Ruth hit 29 home runs with the Boston Red Sox.

Freeman's contract was sold to Boston in February 1900, as Washington owner J. Earl Wagner correctly foresaw that the National League would be reduced in size. The Senators were one of the teams disbanded as the league contracted from twelve teams to eight.

Boston Beaneaters
Freeman spent the 1900 season with the Boston Beaneaters (later known as the Boston Braves), where he did not get along with manager Frank Selee. Freeman's offensive numbers for the season were well down from the year before, as he recorded six home runs and 65 runs batted in during 117 games played. On September 1, during a game between Boston and the New York Giants, assigned umpire Ed Smartwood had to leave the game due to injury; the final four innings were completed with Freeman umpiring at home and Bill Carrick of the Giants umpiring at first.

Boston Americans

For the 1901 season, Freeman and teammate Jimmy Collins moved across town to the Boston Americans (later known as the Boston Red Sox), for the inaugural season of the American League. The Americans decided to convert Freeman into a first baseman. The 1901 season was something of a return to form; he finished second overall in home runs (12), runs batted in (114), and slugging percentage (.520), finishing behind Nap Lajoie in all categories.

In 1902, Freeman returned to playing as a right fielder, which was his better position, and led the American League with 121 runs batted in. In 1903, he helped Boston to the inaugural World Series by leading the league in both home runs (13) and runs batted in (104); by doing so, Freeman became the first player to have led both the National League and the American League in home runs. On June 21, 1903, he hit for the cycle, the first Americans/Red Sox player to do so. The 1903 World Series was the only postseason series that Freeman ever played in, and it proved to be lackluster by his own standards—he recorded an average of .281 (9-for-32) with three triples and four runs batted in over the course of eight games, as Boston defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates.

In the three years following the championship, Freeman's offense declined sharply. In 1906, he managed a .250 average with one home run and 30 runs batted in. After that, he decided to play in Boston for one further season, but after only four games of the 1907 season when he batted 2-for-12 including a home run, Freeman was sent to the Washington Nationals. However, before playing for Washington, his contract was sold into the minor leagues, effectively ending his major league career.

Late career
Freeman went on to finish the 1907 season with the Minneapolis Millers of the American Association, recording an average of .335 and hitting 18 home runs in 142 games played. Following this successful season, he decided to spend a further season with the Millers; in 1908 he played 92 games with 10 home runs albeit with an average of .218. Freeman then closed his professional career by playing in the New York State League in 1909, the Tri-State League in 1910, and a final 15 games in the New York State League in 1912 at age 40 when he managed the Scranton Miners.

Legacy
In an 11-season major league career, Freeman was a .293 hitter (1,235-for-4,208) with 82 home runs and 713 runs batted in during 1,126 games, including 199 doubles, 131 triples, 92 stolen bases, a slugging percentage of .462, and a .346 on-base percentage. Freeman died at the age of 77 in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. In May 2018, Freeman was inducted to the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame.

See also

 List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders
 List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle

References

Further reading

External links
, or Retrosheet

1871 births
1949 deaths
19th-century baseball players
Albany Senators players
American League home run champions
American League RBI champions
Baseball players from Lehigh County, Pennsylvania
Boston Americans players
Boston Beaneaters players
Detroit Tigers (Western League) players
Harrisburg Senators players
Haverhill (minor league baseball) players
Major League Baseball right fielders
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
National League home run champions
Scranton Miners players
Toronto Canadians players
Toronto Canucks players
Troy Trojans (minor league) players
Washington Senators (1891–1899) players
Washington Statesmen players
Wilkes-Barre Coal Barons players

Buck Freeman


Amaravati is a Theravada Buddhist monastery at the eastern end of the Chiltern Hills in South East England. Established in 1984 by Ajahn Sumedho as an extension of Chithurst Buddhist Monastery, the monastery has its roots in the Thai Forest Tradition. It takes inspiration from the teachings of the community's founder, the late Ajahn Chah. Its chief priorities are the training and support of a resident monastic community, and the facilitation for monastic and lay people alike of the practice of the Buddha's teachings.

It is not to be confused with the ancient Amaravati Stupa in India.

Community

The resident community consists of monks (bhikkhus), nuns (siladhara), and male and female postulants who live in accordance with strict traditional codes of celibacy, together with a volunteer support staff and visitors. According to the monastery website, regarding the male monastic community, "Usually, there are between 15 and 25 bhikkhus and samaneras in residence, living a contemplative, celibate, mendicant life according to the Vinaya and Dhamma. [...] The community also consists of anagārikas, or white-robed postulants on the eight precepts, who after a year or two may be given samanera ordination." The monastery's order of siladhara, or ten-precept nuns, dates from 1983; there are 10 or so members and a number of female postulants at Amaravati and at Chithurst Buddhist Monastery in West Sussex.

Origins

Amaravati formally opened in 1985, the site having been purchased from Buckinghamshire County Council by the English Sangha Trust the year before. Its configuration of several large huts of Canadian cedar, built in extensive grounds for military purposes during World War II, had formerly been a residential school. A purpose-built temple was officially opened on 4 July 1999 by Princess Galyani Vadhana, sister of the King of Thailand. The monastery's founder and abbot for most of its existence has been Ajahn Sumedho, Ajahn Chah's foremost disciple in the West. In Autumn 2010 he handed over to the English monk Ajahn Amaro, who for the preceding 15 years had been co-abbot of Abhayagiri Monastery in Redwood Valley, California.

Outreach

Amaravati has sister monasteries in England – in Devon, Northumberland and West Sussex – as well as monasteries in New Zealand, Italy, Switzerland and North America, which were likewise founded by Ajahn Sumedho. These exist among other Western branches of Ajahn Chah's community, in addition to those in Thailand (see list below). A new vihara in Portugal, called Sumedharama, has been founded north west of Lisbon, near Ericeira. Amaravati's retreat centre provides meditation courses for lay people from April to December. A meditation workshop for lay visitors happens each Saturday from 2-4pm, and there are family and other practice and teaching events happening at the monastery regularly.

In accordance with the principle of dāna established by the Buddha, the monastery and the retreat centre are run entirely on donations. Amaravati is near the Hertfordshire village of Great Gaddesden. The nearest towns are Hemel Hempstead and Berkhamsted. The mediaeval convent of St Margaret's, abolished by Henry VIII during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, was for centuries just 400 yards along the lane. Amaravati in the ancient Buddhist language of Pali means "deathless realm."

Retreat Centre
The monastery includes a retreat centre offering monastic and lay retreats most of the year.

Long Term Plans
In 2013, plans were unveiled to update the buildings to a more eco-friendly design, replacing some of the old wooden buildings. So far the following have been completed

 Aroga Kuti: Nursing cottage for elderly monks, completed in Nov 2017.
 Heartwood House: Increased accommodation for the nuns' community.
 Re-building of the nuns' residence at Amaravati.

See also
Thai Forest Tradition
Forest Tradition of Ajahn Chah
Aruna Ratanagiri, UK
Chithurst Buddhist Monastery, UK
Wat Pah Pong, Thailand
Wat Pah Nanachat, Thailand
Santacittarama, Italy
Abhayagiri Buddhist Monastery, USA
Birken Forest Buddhist Monastery, Canada
Bodhinyana Monastery, Australia
Buddhism in the West
Buddhism in the United Kingdom
Buddhism in Europe

References

External links
Official website

Forest Sangha website
Forest Sangha newsletter

1984 establishments in England
Buddhist monasteries in England
Buddhist temples and monasteries of the Thai Forest Tradition
Monasteries in Hertfordshire
Overseas Thai Buddhist temples
Religious organizations established in 1984
Thai diaspora in Europe

Amaravati Buddhist Monastery


The Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance of 1948, also known as the YYA Treaty from the Finnish  () (Swedish:  was the basis for Finno–Soviet relations from 1948 to 1992. It was the main instrument in implementing the Finnish policy called Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine.

Under the treaty, which was signed on 6 April 1948, the Soviets sought to deter Western or Allied Powers from attacking the Soviet Union through Finnish territory, and the Finns sought to increase Finland's political independence from the Soviet Union. It thus ensured Finland's survival as a liberal democracy in close proximity to strategic Soviet regions, such as the Kola Peninsula and the old capital Leningrad.

Under the pact, Finland was obliged to resist armed attacks by "Germany or its allies" (in reality interpreted as the United States and allies) against Finland, or against the Soviet Union through Finland. If necessary, Finland was to ask for Soviet military aid to do so. However the pact in itself did not provide any provisions for the Soviet military to enter Finland and stipulated that all such actions would have to be agreed separately should Finland choose to request aid. Furthermore, the pact did not place any requirements for Finland to act should the Soviet Union be attacked (if the attack would not take place through Finland). The agreement also recognized Finland's desire to remain outside great-power conflicts, allowing the country to adopt a policy of neutrality in the Cold War.

Due to the uncertain status of Finno–Soviet relations in the years after the Continuation War, and the precise interpretation of the treaty's wording, Finland followed the Eastern Bloc countries' decision and did not participate in the Marshall Plan. As a result, Finland's post-war period of economic hardship was prolonged, compared to other European capitalist countries, and it thus became considerably more economically dependent on the Soviet Union. In general, Finland kept its relations towards western military powers officially distant (including the proposed Scandinavian Defense Union) and NATO in particular. By avoiding supporting the West, it attempted to fend off Soviet pressure for affiliation with the Warsaw Pact. No joint military exercises were ever held, and other military cooperation was minimal, despite occasional Soviet advances.

The YYA Treaty was a cornerstone in Paasikivi's foreign policy. It was also a central policy under the presidency of Urho Kekkonen (1956–1981), who dubbed his foreign policy doctrine the Paasikivi-Kekkonen line. The treaty was an instrumental tool for the Soviet Union to gain political leverage in the internal affairs of Finland in post-war era, in confrontations such as the note crisis. This influence was commonly referred to as Finlandization. It is hotly debated to what degree President Kekkonen (President 1956–1981) intentionally used it to further his own influence and damage his opponents.

Despite the official policy, there was some secret co-operation with the West. This ranged from Finnish organizations such as the Social Democratic Party accepting U.S. Central Intelligence Agency funding to sharing of seismic data on nuclear tests. Likewise, Eastern Bloc countries conducted espionage in Finland, e.g., the East German Stasi had agents there.

The Soviet Union had similar agreements with many nations that were not directly allied with it but depended heavily on Soviet support, such as North Korea since 1961, with India since 1971, and Vietnam since 1978. The first such agreement, however, was with Free France on 10 December 1944.

The treaty came to an end in 1992 with the signing of a new treaty between Finland and the post-Soviet Russia.

References

External links
 Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance at www.mannerheim.fi
 Text of Agreement at heninen.net
 The Paasikivi Policy and Foreign-Policy Thinking at the Paasikivi Society
 The Cold War and the Treaty of 1948 from Library of Congress (the Country Studies)

Political history of Finland
1948 in Finland
1948 in the Soviet Union
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of the Soviet Union
Finland–Soviet Union relations
Treaties concluded in 1948
Treaties entered into force in 1948
April 1948 events in Europe
1948 in Moscow

Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948


The Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr (), abbreviated VRR, is a public transport association (Verkehrsverbund) in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It covers most of the Ruhr area, as well as neighbouring parts of the Lower Rhine region, including Düsseldorf and thus large parts of the Rhine-Ruhr conurbation. It was founded on 1 January 1980, and is Europe's largest body of such kind, covering an area of some  with more than 7.8 million inhabitants, spanning as far as Dorsten in the north, Dortmund in the east, Langenfeld in the south, and Mönchengladbach and the Dutch border in the west.

Structure and responsibilities
The VRR is tasked with coordinating public transport in its area. This means the following:

 setting and developing the fare system ("VRR-Tarif")
 redistributing ticket revenue onto the transport companies
 coordinating local train services (Schienenpersonennahverkehr, SPNV) within its area as public service obligations (PSO)
 integrating the public transport system
 setting standards and guidelines for passenger information and bus/tram stop facilities
 coordination between transport companies, local authorities and Land authorities
 financing partial subsidies for bus and tram companies according to § 11 (2) and § 11a ÖPNVG NRW
 coordinating Land subsidies to transport companies and local authorities according to § 12 and § 13 ÖPNVG NRW

Governance
Officially, 24 cities and districts form the Zweckverband VRR (ZV VRR), and an additional 2 districts the Nahverkehrs-Zweckverband Niederrhein (NVN). Together, the ZV VRR and the NVN form the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr AöR, which in addition cooperates with further transport companies.

The member cities and districts of the Zweckverband VRR (ZV VRR) are:

 cities of Bochum, Bottrop, Dortmund, Duisburg, Düsseldorf, Essen, Gelsenkirchen, Hagen, Herne, Krefeld, Mönchengladbach, Monheim, Mülheim, Neuss, Oberhausen, Remscheid, Solingen, Viersen, and Wuppertal
 districts of Ennepe-Ruhr, Mettmann, Recklinghausen, Rhein-Kreis Neuss and Viersen

The members of the Nahverkehrs-Zweckverband Niederrhein (NVN) are the districts of Kleve and Wesel.

The municipal and district councils send representatives to the two Zweckverband councils (Verbandsversammlung), which in turn elect the main decision making body, the administrative council (Verwaltungsrat) of the VRR AöR, and other committees. The Verwaltungsrat elects the administrative board of the VRR AöR (Vorstand), currently Gabriele Matz and José Luis Castrillo.

In addition, there are departments within the VRR dealing with different matters, such as marketing or law. Two Land institutions are located within the VRR structure: Kompetenzcenter Digitalisierung NRW (KCD) and Kompetenzcenter Sicherheit (KCS).

Through the ZV VRR Eigenbetrieb Fahrzeuge und Infrastruktur (ZV VRR FaIn-EB), the VRR also buys and/or owns the rolling stock for some, but not all, of its PSO rail operations.

Transport companies
These above mentioned cities' and districts' and other associated transport companies thus operate under the VRR fare scheme:

 Bahnen der Stadt Monheim (BSM)
 Bochum-Gelsenkirchener Straßenbahnen (Bogestra)
 Busverkehr Rheinland (BVR), operating as "DB Rheinlandbus"
 Dortmunder Stadtwerke (DSW21)
 Duisburger Verkehrsgesellschaft (DVG)
 Flughafen Düsseldorf
 Hagener Straßenbahn (HST)
 Kraftverkehr Schwalmtal (KVS)
 Kreisverkehrsgesellschaft Mettmann (KVGM)
 LOOK Busreisen
 Niederrheinische Verkehrsbetriebe (NIAG)
 NEW mobil und aktiv Mönchengladbach (NEW Möbus)
 NEW mobil und aktiv Viersen (NEW Viersen)
 Rheinbahn
 Ruhrbahn
 StadtBus Dormagen
 Stadtwerke Goch
 Stadtwerke Kevelaer
 Stadtwerke Krefeld (SWK)
 Stadtwerke Neuss (SWN)
 Stadtwerke Oberhausen (STOAG)
 Stadtwerke Remscheid (SR)
 Stadtwerke Solingen (SWS)
 Straßenbahn Herne – Castrop-Rauxel (HCR)
 Verkehrsgesellschaft der Stadt Velbert (VGV)
 Verkehrsgesellschaft Ennepe-Ruhr (VER)
 Verkehrsgesellschaft Hilden
 Vestische Straßenbahnen
 Wuppertaler Stadtwerke (WSW)

The following rail companies operate S-Bahn or regional train services in the VRR area and accept VRR tickets:

 DB Regio
 Keolis Deutschland, operating as "eurobahn"
 National Express Rail
 NordWestBahn
 Regiobahn
 Train Rental
 VIAS Rail

Line numbering scheme
With the introduction of the VRR in 1980 a new line numbering system for all bus, tram and Stadtbahn lines in the VRR area was introduced. The VRR was divided into ten regions, which were assigned a prefix digit (e.g. 4 for Dortmund), the first digit in the three-digit line number representing that prefix. The last two digits are the individual line number. These are the existing prefixes:
 1: Essen and Mülheim
 2: Kreis Recklinghausen, Bottrop and northern Gelsenkirchen
 3: Bochum, southern Gelsenkirchen, parts of the Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis and Herne
 4: Dortmund
 5: Hagen and main part of the Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis
 6: Wuppertal, Solingen and Remscheid
 7: Düsseldorf and Kreis Mettmann
 8: Düsseldorf and Rhein-Kreis Neuss
 9: Duisburg and Oberhausen
 0: Mönchengladbach, Krefeld and Kreis Viersen
 no prefix: Kreis Kleve and Kreis Wesel

Stadtbahn lines are identified with the prefix "U" followed by the prefix and a one-digit identifiers. The prefixes 2, 5, 9 and 0 are not used for Stadtbahn lines. The Wuppertal Schwebebahn is officially line 60, but because it does not run underground, the U prefix is not used.

After the integration of the former Verkehrsgemeinschaft Niederrhein (VGN) area north of Duisburg, route numbers were unchanged, i.e. representing no prefix.
 Express buses are called Schnellbus and have the prefix SB followed by a two-digit-number. None of these numbers is a key number.
 Semi-fast buses are called City-Express and have the prefix CE followed by a two-digit-number. As with the Schnellbusse none of these numbers is a key number.
 Taxi buses are AST – AnrufSammelTaxi or ALT – AnrufLinienTaxi or Taxibus
 In some cities the local buses have an own numbering system, e.g. the buses in Velbert are called Ortsbus, their line number consists of an OV followed by a one- or two-digit number.
 In some cities the night buses are called NachtExpress – NE
, the VRR network consists of 1098 lines, of which there are:
 in regional rail
 12 S-Bahn lines (see: Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn)
 20 Regional-Express lines (see: List of regional railway lines in North Rhine-Westphalia)
 19 Regionalbahn lines (see: List of regional railway lines in North Rhine-Westphalia)
in urban rail
 15 Stadtbahn light rail lines (see: Rhine-Ruhr Stadtbahn)
 45 tram lines
 1 Schwebebahn line (in Wuppertal)
 2 H-Bahn peoplemover systems made up of three lines (two H-Bahn lines in Dortmund, and the Düsseldorf SkyTrain at Düsseldorf airport)
 in buses
 1030 bus lines
 6 trolleybus lines (in Solingen)
290,988 train and bus km per year
 15,300 km of route network (bus, light rail, and train)
 11,500 stops

History

In 2004, roughly 1 billion trips were made by way of the VRR network.

See also
 Rhine-Ruhr Stadtbahn
 Bochum Stadtbahn (BOGESTRA)
 Dortmund Stadtbahn
 Düsseldorf Stadtbahn (see also: Rheinbahn)
 Essen: Public Transport (incl. Essen Stadtbahn)

References

External links

 Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr (VRR) – official site
 Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr (VRR) – official site

Transport associations in Germany
Transport in North Rhine-Westphalia
Ruhr
Companies based in North Rhine-Westphalia
Companies based in Gelsenkirchen
Transport in Gelsenkirchen
1980 establishments in West Germany
Companies established in 1980

Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr


Teksid S.p.A. is an Italian company based in Carmagnola which specialises in the production of iron and castings for the automotive industry. Originally known as Ferriere Piemontesi, Teksid is owned by Stellantis, and was owned by its predecessors Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (2014-2020) and Fiat S.p.A. (1978-2014). The company was renamed Teksid in January 1978.

In 1998, the French car manufacturer Renault merged its foundry business with Teksid, creating a change of ownership with a share 66.5%/33.5% to Fiat and Renault respectively.
By 2013 Fiat grew its share to 84.8% and Renault retains 15.2%.

The company owns seven plants (four in Europe, and one each in South America, Central America and China), and employs 7,000 persons. Teksid produces engine blocks, cylinder heads, engine components, transmission parts, gearboxes and suspensions. In 2012 the company reported total revenues of €780 million, down 15% over 2011.

Teksid's products are used by various Stellantis companies, and also sold to third-party companies including Cummins, Ford and General Motors.

The company was chaired by Sergio Marchionne and the subsidiary is managed at group level by COO Riccardo Tarantini, alongside fellow subsidiary Comau.

In December 2019, it was announced that Stellantis had agreed to sell Teksid's global cast iron automotive components business to Tupy S.A. The sale is expected to close in the second half of 2020. Teksid's aluminum
business is not included in the transaction and will remain a strategic asset in Stellantis' portfolio.

Joint ventures
In China, Teksid has a 50% ownership of Hua Dong Teksid Automotive Foundry Co. Ltd.

References

External links

HD Teksid (Chinese JV)

Stellantis
Steel companies of Italy
Manufacturing companies established in 1978
Italian companies established in 1978
Italian brands

Teksid


Lindel Frater (born 13 November 1977 in Trelawny, Jamaica) is a former sprinter who specialised in the 60 metres and 100 metres events.

He competed at the 2000 Olympic Games, reaching the semi-finals in the 100 m and finishing fourth in the 4 × 100 metres relay as part of the Jamaican team which broke the national record. He also competed in the 100 m at the 2001 World Championships, dropping out at the heat stage, and in the 60 m at the 2003 World Indoor Championships, where he reached the semi-finals.

He is the brother of Michael Frater who holds the world record in the 4 × 100 m relay event. He stated that Lindel "is like the biggest influence in my life in terms of track and field. He was there before anyone else and I looked up to him".

Career

1995
Frater won the 100 m at the CARIFTA Games, in the Under-20 category. His winning time was 10.60.

1996
Frater successfully defended his 100 m title at the CARIFTA Games, winning in 10.50.

1998
Running for Tarleton State, Frater won the 100 m at the NCAA Division II Track & Field Championships, posting 10.37 into a -1.2 m/s headwind. He received All-American awards for the 100 m and 200 m. He won the Lone Star Conference Championship in the 100 m and 200 m, setting school records of 10.12 and 20.58 respectively and was awarded the title of Lone Star Conference Most Outstanding Track Athlete.

2000
Competing at the NCAA Division I Indoor Championships for Texas Christian University in March, Frater finished third in the 60 m.

At the June NCAA Division I Outdoor Championships, Frater recorded a personal best 10.07 in the 100 m semi-final. He finished fourth in the final by one hundredth of a second, posting 10.20.

At the Sydney Olympics, Frater finished eighth in the first semi-final, running 10.43. Frater ran the first leg of the 4 × 100 m relay, his team setting a new National Record of 38.27 in the semi-final. In the final he ran the first leg and the team set another new National Record of 38.20 but finished fourth.

2001
Frater was the 100 m Jamaica National Champion.

Frater was eliminated in the heats of the 100 m at the World Championships in Edmonton, running 10.57 into a -0.3 m/s headwind.

2003
At the World Indoor Championships Frater was eliminated in the 60 metres semi-finals, finishing fourth in his heat in 6.69.

End of career
Injury forced Frater into early retirement in 2003. He had severe tendinitis in both knees. Frustrated by the inability to heal, Frater retired from competitive running. He now lives in Dallas, Texas.

Personal bests

All information taken from IAAF profile.

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Trelawny Parish
Jamaican male sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Jamaica
20th-century Jamaican people
21st-century Jamaican people

Lindel Frater