Jason Jonathan Roy (born 21 July 1990) is an English cricketer who plays for England in One Day International (ODI) and Twenty20 International (T20I) cricket, and previously played for the Test team. In domestic cricket, he represents Surrey, and has played in multiple Twenty20 leagues, including for Gujarat Lions, Delhi Daredevils and the Sunrisers Hyderabad in the Indian Premier League and Paarl Royals (SA20).

Born in South Africa, Roy moved to England as a child. He made his T20I debut in 2014, his ODI debut in 2015, and played for the Test team in 2019. He was part of the England team that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup.

Roy plays as a right-handed opening batter. Along with Alex Hales, he holds the England record for highest ODI partnership, of 256* against Sri Lanka during their 2016 tour of England, and previously held the England record for highest ODI score (180 against Australia during England's 2018 tour). Roy was the first batter to be given out for obstructing the field in T20Is.

Early career
Having moved to England along with his family from South Africa when he was 10 years old, he attended The Hawthorns School for a few years, then Whitgift School. Whilst at Whitgift, he played with future Surrey teammate and England Test opener Rory Burns, who is the same age. He also played for local club Reigate Priory Cricket Club within Surrey. He represented Surrey in age group cricket from Under-11 through to Under-19 and Academy level. He took part in the Surrey Under-19 tour to South Africa in 2007, where he top-scored for Surrey with an innings of 51 in a one-day match against Western Province Under-19s.

He was a member of the 2008 intake of players to the Pemberton Greenish Surrey Academy, and on 15 June 2007 made a decisive contribution on his one-day debut for the Surrey second team, scoring 48 from 33 balls in a Second XI Trophy match against Hampshire, which Surrey won by 3 runs.

Roy made no further appearances for the Surrey second team in 2007, but was selected to represent the South at Under-17 level in the ECB Regional Festival, held at Loughborough in July 2007, where he played in three matches, against the West, Midlands and North.

In the 2008 season, Roy established himself in the Surrey second team. In his debut in the Second XI Championship, Roy scored 88 from 89 balls against a Hampshire attack which included the South African Test match bowler Nantie Hayward, having come to the crease with Surrey in trouble at 89–4.

Domestic career
He made his debut for the Surrey first team in a Twenty20 Cup match against Middlesex on 27 June 2008, and made his List A debut in the Natwest Pro40 League fixture against Yorkshire on 20 July 2008, the day before his 18th birthday.

He was used as a substitute fielder for England's test team against South Africa in the final test of the 2008 series at The Oval.

In September 2008, Roy was selected for the ECB Elite Player Development squad taking part in a triangular tournament against University Sport South Africa and Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) Universities. Roy was selected for two of his team's four matches. His second match was disrupted by the weather and was declared a no result in the thirteenth over of MCC Universities' innings, which was being bowled by Roy.

In 2008, Roy won the Easter Scholarship to spend the 2008/2009 winter at the Darren Lehmann Academy in Adelaide. While in Australia, Roy also played club cricket for Port Adelaide Cricket Club, and was part of the team which won the XXXX Gold Grade 20/20 Competition, scoring 20 runs from 12 balls in the final played at the Adelaide Oval. This was the club's first victory in the competition.

In April 2009, Roy played in a pre-season match for Surrey against Leeds/Bradford University Centre of Cricketing Excellence. Batting at number five, Roy was dismissed for a duck in Surrey's first innings, but fared better with the ball, taking 2 wickets for 51 runs from five overs.

In spite of his promising performances for the Surrey second team the previous year, Roy was unable to win a place in the team at the beginning of the 2009 season. However, on 25 April 2009, he reminded the county selectors of his ability while playing for his club, Reigate Priory, in a 50-over per side match against the Surrey Second XI. He took a catch as Surrey were dismissed for 157, and opened the innings for Reigate Priory, scoring 69 runs from only 51 balls against a bowling attack including former England international James Ormond before being caught behind. This innings was instrumental in Reigate Priory reaching their target of 158 with more than 22 overs to spare. On 23 May 2009, Roy scored 115 off 88 balls in Reigate Priory's victory over Spencer in the Surrey Championship Premier Division.

Selected for Surrey to play against Warwickshire in the Under-19s County Championship at Whitgift School on 6 July 2009, Roy scored 129 from 106 balls in a drawn match. Following this impressive performance, Roy made his first appearance of the season in Surrey Second XI's match against Somerset at Millfield School on 14 July, scoring 20 in Surrey's first innings. Roy retained his place in the team for the friendly match against Yorkshire Second XI in Guildford on 11 August. Roy top-scored in Surrey's second innings with 45, although Yorkshire won by an innings with a day to spare.

Roy's next appearance for Surrey Second XI was on 18 August against MCC Universities in the Second XI Championship. Playing on familiar territory at Whitgift School, Roy scored 118 from 115 balls in a drawn match. On his return to the one-day team against Kent on 24 August, Roy top scored in Surrey's innings with 55. However, this promising run of form was abruptly ended in the Second XI Championship match against the same opponents which began the following day. Roy recorded a pair, although he took a catch in Kent's second innings.

Better performances for his club (including an aggressive 138 from 60 balls against Henley) and the county Second XI in September 2009 led to a recall to the Surrey first team for the NatWest Pro40 League fixture against Leicestershire on 27 September 2009. Roy opened Surrey's innings, but scored only 6 runs. However, Surrey won the match by four wickets. This was to be Roy's first and only competitive match for the Surrey first team during the 2009 season.

Breakout year 2010
Roy began the 2010 season as a regular in the Surrey Second XI in both Championship (three-day) and Trophy (one-day) cricket. After an unremarkable start to the season, Roy made his first significant contributions to the team in May, scoring centuries in three successive Championship matches, against Essex, Sussex and Durham respectively.  While he scored a greater number of runs against Essex (180) and Durham (120), the innings against Sussex was perhaps the most impressive. In Surrey's second innings, Roy batted at number five and came to the crease with the score 42/3 against a bowling attack containing internationals Yasir Arafat and James Kirtley. When Roy was dismissed for 104, the score was 260–5, setting the platform for Surrey's victory. Roy's century was the top score in Surrey's second innings.

Roy maintained his form with a century for Reigate Priory, but as the county schedule turned to a long period without Championship matches, he had no opportunity to continue the run. However, he had caught the attention of Surrey's Cricket Manager, Chris Adams, and was included in Surrey's senior team for the 2010 Friends Provident t20 tournament, making his first appearance against Hampshire on 22 June, scoring 12 runs at a strike rate of 109.09.

The following day, Roy made history by scoring an unbeaten century against Kent (101 from only 57 balls), the first century scored by a Surrey batter in Twenty20 cricket, as Surrey won the game by 38 runs.

Roy earned further plaudits with another aggressive innings against Somerset on 2 July, scoring 74 from 50 balls in another Surrey victory.

Surrey did not progress beyond the group stages of the 2010 Friends Provident t20, and Roy's personal performances also dipped towards the end of that competition. However, he continued to score heavily for the Second XI and appeared for the Surrey first team in the Clydesdale Bank 40 competition between July and September, the highlight being an innings of 60 from 49 balls against Sussex in a tied match on 4 September. During the match, Roy enjoyed a partnership of 105 runs in 17 overs alongside Surrey's new signing, England international Kevin Pietersen.

He made his first-class debut on 24 August 2010 against Leicestershire at Grace Road, and was last man out in Surrey's first innings, scoring 76 runs off 65 balls (including 9 fours and 3 sixes) in Surrey's first innings total of 483. The last four wickets fell for only 7 runs, preventing Roy from scoring a century in his maiden first-class innings. In his second first-class match, Roy scored 69 against Glamorgan on 7 September 2010 and retained his place in the team for Surrey's final County Championship match of the season against Gloucestershire. By the end of the 2010 season, Roy was established as a first team regular in all forms of cricket, and signed a two-year contract with Surrey, which he described as "a dream come true".

2011 season
Although he ended the 2010 season as a first team regular and demonstrated his fitness in prior to the 2011 season (coming top in the Surrey squad's pre-season Bleep Test), Roy was only selected for one pre-season match in the first team, scoring 0 and 4 against Middlesex. Surrey had strengthened their batting resources over the preceding winter, confirming the long term signing of Kevin Pietersen, as well as bringing in new batsmen Zander de Bruyn and Tom Maynard, and Roy began the season in the Second XI.

However, Roy was included in the first team for the Clydesdale Bank 40 competition and made an immediate impression, scoring 60 runs in his first match, against Scotland, and 76 against Hampshire. Roy scored another half century in the return fixture against Scotland. He made his first County Championship appearance of the season on 4 May against Leicestershire, and although he was dismissed for 5 in the first innings, he scored an aggressive 76 in the second innings as Surrey set the platform for victory. This innings equalled his highest first-class score at the time.

Roy was rested for the Championship match against Essex on 18 May as Surrey included their centrally-contracted international players, Kevin Pietersen and Chris Tremlett, but in the following match, against Glamorgan on 24 May, Roy returned to the first team. After an inauspicious first innings in which he scored only three runs, Roy took his maiden first-class wickets in Glamorgan's second innings, returning bowling figures of 2/29. He then opened Surrey's second innings and scored his maiden first-class century (an unbeaten 106 from 109 balls), guiding Surrey to a comfortable draw. He brought up his hundred with a six struck into the pavilion.

On 17 August he scored his first 40 over century, making 101 off 95 balls against Warwickshire at Edgbaston. He followed this up four days later with 131 off 99 balls, helping Surrey defeat Leicestershire at Grace Road.

Roy's season ended in fine style, being part of the Surrey side who won the CB40 final at Lord's against Somerset. Although Roy's day wasn't a personal success - being dismissed for a typically aggressive 11 immediately before a rain delay - he could at least be content that, as the second highest run scorer in the competition he had played a significant part in Surrey's progress to that stage.

On 29 September 2011, Roy was named by the ECB in the England Performance Programme Squad for 2011–12.

T20 franchises

Bangladesh Premier League

Roy participated in the 2018–19 Bangladesh Premier League for the Sylhet Sixers. He played four games, with his top score being 42.

Big Bash League

After a brief BBL spell with Sydney Thunder in 2015 he joined the Sydney Sixers for the 2016–17 season. In the first match of the tournament against Sydney Thunder he scored 29 in a winning effort from the Sixers. Then in the second he scored a 40, which included a towering 6 off Shaun Tait. For the third match he was injured, after pulling a back muscle in training.

Pakistan Super League

Roy was bought by Lahore Qalandars for US$70,000 for the 2017 PSL. He played 5 matches scoring 176 runs before leaving early for national duties. In the 2018 PSL draft, he was picked by Quetta Gladiators in the supplementary round as he was partially available. He played just two games for Quetta Gladiators in the season.

In December 2019, during the 2020 PSL players draft, he was drafted by Quetta Gladiators as their Platinum Category pick, becoming the overall first pick of the draft night. He managed to score 233 runs in 8 innings with a highest score of 73 not out against Peshawar Zalmi. In 2021, he was again picked by Quetta Gladiators for the 2022 PSL.

Mzansi Super League

In October 2018, he was named in Nelson Mandela Bay Giants' squad as their International Marquee player for the first edition of the Mzansi Super League T20 tournament. In September 2019, he was named in the squad for the Nelson Mandela Bay Giants team for the 2019 Mzansi Super League tournament.

Indian Premier League

He played three games for Gujarat Lions in the 2017 IPL. For the 2018 IPL he played for Delhi Daredevils, for whom he scored a match-winning 91* in his first match. In the 2020 IPL auction, he was bought by the Delhi Capitals ahead of the 2020 Indian Premier League. On 27 August 2020, Roy opted out of 2020 Indian Premier League due to personal reasons and as a result he was replaced by Australian all-rounder Daniel Sams.  He was released by Delhi Capitals before the 2021 auction. Ahead of the 2021 Indian Premier League, he was signed by the Sunrisers Hyderabad as a replacement for Mitchell Marsh. In the 2022 IPL Auction, Roy was bought by the Gujarat Titans. However, he later pulled out of the 2022 IPL before the tournament started, citing the challenge of being in the tournament's bubble for a prolonged period of personal time. He was bought by Kolkata Knight Riders replacing injured Shreyas Iyer.

The Hundred
In April 2022, he was bought by the Oval Invincibles for the 2022 season of The Hundred.

Major League Cricket

He was bought by Los Angeles Knight Riders ahead of the 2023 Major League Cricket hosted in USA.

England career

2014: India

Roy made his Twenty20 International debut against India in September 2014, in the only T20I of the series. He was dismissed for 8 in his first international innings. His first international runs were scored when he played a reverse-sweep shot off his second delivery, hitting Ravichandran Ashwin for four runs. He was dismissed by Mohammed Shami after popping a soft catch up to the fielder at cover.

2015: New Zealand and Australia

He made his One Day International debut for England in a one-off ODI against Ireland at Malahide on 8 May 2015, but the match was abandoned due to rain. Roy was then selected again to represent England in the five-match series against New Zealand, in June 2015. In the first match, he was out caught from the first ball of the innings. Despite this, England went on to post a score 408 and went on to win the match. In the second ODI he made 39 but England went on to lose the match, which was affected by rain. England again lost the next match, with Roy this time making 9. He hit 38 in the fourth ODI as England went on to win by seven wickets to level the series at 2-2. He was out for 12 in the final match, which England won to win the series 3–2. In the only T20 match between the sides, Roy made 23 as England won by 56 runs.

In the T20 against Australia, Roy made 11 as England won by 5 runs. In the first ODI between England and Australia, Roy batted well, making 67 although England lost the game by 59 runs. England lost the second match as well, with Roy making 31. England won the third match of the series, with Roy continuing his good form with a score of 63. Roy was out for 36 in the penultimate match of the series, with England winning the match by 3 wickets to level the series at 2-2. Roy scored just 4 runs in the final and deciding match of the series as England collapsed to 138 all out. Australia won the match by 8 wickets with over 25 overs to spare, winning the series 3–2.

2015–16: Pakistan and South Africa

Roy was dismissed for a duck in the first ODI against Pakistan, which England lost by six wickets. He secured a half century in the next game as England fought back to level the series, winning by 95 runs. After making seven in the third ODI, Roy scored his maiden ODI ton (102 off 117 balls) in the final game of the series, which England won by 84 runs. Roy played in all three T20Is against Pakistan. He could only make nine in the first match, which England won by 14 runs. His highest score of the series came in the second match, where he hit 29. In the third match of the series he was out for a duck.

After now establishing himself at the top of the order, Roy was again selected for England's limited overs tour of South Africa. After scoring 48 in the first game, he chipped in with 14 in the next game, with England winning both matches to go 2-0 up in the series. However, disappointment followed and England lost their next three games. Roy did not perform well, making scores of 20, 6 and 8 as England went from 2-0 up to losing the series 3–2. Roy also struggled for form in the two T20Is between the two sides, as he failed to get into double figures in either match as England lost the series 2–0.

2016: T20 World Cup, Sri Lanka and Pakistan

Roy was selected in England's T20 World Cup squad but struggled in the opening game defeat against the West Indies. In the second match, he hit 43 off just 16 balls to help England chase down 230 against South Africa. However, he was out cheaply in the game against Afghanistan, making just five, although England won the game. After scoring 42 in the final group game against Sri Lanka, he smashed a quickfire 78 in the semi-final against New Zealand on a Feroz Shah Kotla wicket to help England qualify for the final against the West Indies. Roy was out for a duck in the final, and England went on to lose the game to West Indies. He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2016 T20 World Cup by the ICC and Cricbuzz.

Roy kept his place in the ODI squad for the series against Sri Lanka. In the first Match he scored 3 runs, as England managed to tie the match. In the second match he made an outstanding 112 not out, as he shared a record opening stand with Alex Hales of 256. He also got two run outs as he won man of the match. In the third match he made an unbeaten five as weather ended the match. In the fourth match he scored his second century of the series, making 162 as England won the match by six wickets. In the final game of the series he hit 34 as England scored 324 and won the match by 122 runs. Roy was named man of the series following his impressive performances. He was out for a duck in the only T20I between the two sides, which England won by eight wickets.

In the first ODI of the series against Pakistan, Roy scored 65 off 56 balls as England won by DLS method. Roy was awarded the man of the match award for his efforts. In the next 3 ODIs he made scores of 0, 15 and 14 respectively as England built a 4–0 series lead. In the fifth ODI Roy made 87, although Pakistan won by 4 wickets to deny England a 5–0 series whitewash. In the only T20I of the series, Roy made 21 runs from 20 balls as Pakistan chased down England's target of 134 with over 5 overs to spare.

2016–17: Bangladesh, India and West Indies

Roy made 41 in the first ODI against Bangladesh as England scored 309/8 to win by 21 runs. He made 13 in the next game as England lost by 34 runs. Roy missed the final game of the series through injury, although England won to win the series 2–1.

Roy made 73 in the first ODI against India, as England made 350/7, although they lost the match by three wickets. In the second match he made 82 but England fell 15 runs short of India's target. In the final match of the series he made 65 as England posted 321 and won by five runs. He made 19 in the first T20I as England won by seven wickets. In the second match he made ten as England lost by five runs. In the final match he made 32 but England could only manage 127 and lost by 75 runs to lose the series 2–1.

Roy made 13 in the first ODI against the West Indies as England won by 45 runs. In the second match he made 52 as England chased down their target of 226 to win by four wickets. In the final game of the series he made 17 as England won by 186 runs.

2017: South Africa, 2017 Champions Trophy and West Indies

England first played two ODIs against Ireland as a warmup for the Champions Trophy. with Roy out for a duck in the first ODI, and making 20 in the second, helping England to a 2–0 series victory. Roy struggled in England's next warmup matches for the Champions Trophy against South Africa. Scoring just 1, 8 and 4 in his 3 innings, although England won the series 2–1.

Roy was named in England's 15-man squad for the 2017 Champions Trophy. In England's first group game, Roy scored 1 run and took a catch off of Liam Plunkett's bowling. After scoring 13 against New Zealand, and 4 against Australia in his next two innings, Roy was dropped by England for their semi-final against Pakistan which they went on to lose by 8 wickets.

After the Champions Trophy, England played South Africa in 3 T20Is, with Roy scoring 28, 67 and 8 runs respectively. During the second T20I whilst on 67, he became the first player in T20I cricket to be given out for Obstructing the field.

Roy played in the only T20I game between England and the West Indies in 2017, being bowled out for a Golden duck by Jerome Taylor. Roy was left out of the first 3 ODIs, however, was recalled by England for the 4th ODI at The Oval. On his return he made 84 runs off 66 balls, helping England to win by 6 runs by DLS. In the 5th and final ODI, Roy made 96 runs off 70 balls as England won by 9 wickets, helping England to clinch a 4–0 series victory.

2017–18: Australia and New Zealand

In the first ODI against Australia, Roy scored 180 which is the highest score by an English batter in ODIs. His feat also won him the man of the match award as England won by 5 wickets. In the second ODI Roy managed only 2 runs before he was out to Mitchell Starc, however, despite this England went on to win the match by 4 wickets. In the 3rd, 4th and 5th ODI series, Roy made 19, 0 and 49 respectively as England won the series 4–1.

Roy represented England in the 2017–18 Trans-Tasman Tri-Series against Australia and New Zealand. Roy made scores of 9, 8, 8 and 21 in the four T20Is as England finished with a record of 1–3, finishing in third place. Roy made scores of 49, 8, 15 and 42 in the first 4 ODIs respectively, before missing the fifth ODI due to injury as he struggled with back spasms. During the 4th ODI, Roy scored his 2,000th run in ODIs.

2018: Australia and India

England played a one-off ODI against Scotland on 10 June at The Grange Club in Edinburgh. Roy made 34, as Scotland beat England by 6 runs to claim their first ODI win over England.

Roy was selected to play against Australia in the ODI and T20I series in England. In the first ODI of the series, he was bowled out for a duck. He responded in the second ODI by making 120 from 108 balls as England won by 3 wickets to take a 2–0 lead in the series, he was also awarded the man of the match award. In the third ODI, he was run out whilst on 82. He scored his second ODI century of the series in the fourth ODI when he made 101 from just 83 deliveries, winning his second man of the match award of the series. In the fifth ODI he made just 1 run, however, England won the match and completed a 5–0 series whitewash. In the only T20I of the series, Roy scored 44 runs of 26 balls as England won by 28 runs.

Roy played in the 3 T20Is and ODIs against India in 2018. In the first two T20Is he made scores of 30 and 15 respectively. In the 3rd T20I Roy scored 67 off 31 balls, equalling England's record for the most sixes hit by a player in a T20I innings. Roy made scores of 38 and 40 in the first two ODIs of the series respectively, before missing the 3rd ODI due to injury. England went on to win the series 2–1.

2018–19: Sri Lanka and West Indies

England played a five-match ODI series against Sri Lanka in October 2018, with Roy playing a part in all 5 ODIs. In the first ODI, he made 24 before being caught out. The match was rained off after 15 overs and there was No result. In the next four matches he made scores of 0, 41, 45 and 4 respectively and England won the series 3–1. In the only T20I of the series, Roy scored 69 off 36 to help England win by 30 runs.

The five match ODI series against the West Indies kicked off perfectly for Roy, as he scored 123 runs from 85 balls taking the man of the match award as England took a 1–0 series lead. Roy made just 2 runs in the second ODI before the 3rd match was Abandoned. He was ruled out of the fourth and fifth ODIs through a hamstring injury. Roy wasn't included in England's squad for the 3 T20Is, instead returning home for the birth of his first child.

2019: Cricket World Cup

In preparation for the 2019 Cricket World Cup, England agreed to warmup matches against Ireland and Pakistan; one ODI against Ireland, and a T20I and 5ODIs against Pakistan. Roy was initially in the squad for the first ODI against Ireland and the T20I against Pakistan, however, was withdrawn after suffering with a back spasm, he was left in the 17-man for the 5 match ODI series versus Pakistan. The first ODI against Pakistan ended in No result. Roy started the series in good form, hitting 87 and 76 in his first two innings. In the 4th ODI he was awarded man of the match after scoring 114, his 8th ODI century, after a "near sleepless" night spent in the hospital with his two-month old daughter. Roy missed the fifth ODI, after being given time off by the ECB to spend time with his daughter who was hospitalised a few days before. Roy was awarded the Man of the Series for his performances during the series.

In April 2019, he was named in England's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. On 3 June 2019, in England's match against Pakistan, Roy scored his 3,000th run in ODI cricket. On 8 June Roy scored 153 runs against Bangladesh at Sophia Gardens which is the second-highest scored by an Englishmen in World Cup cricket, second to only Andrew Strauss' 158 at the 2011 World Cup. During England's win against the West Indies, Roy re-aggravated a hamstring injury he had been suffering with early in the season whilst fielding during the first innings. This led to him not batting during the second innings and missing England's next 3 matches. Roy returned against India in a crucial match for England, who needed to win to keep their qualification fate in their own hands. Roy contributing 66 runs off 57 balls despite not being fully fit, helping England to a 31 run victory.

In the semi-final against Australia, Roy scored 85 runs off 65 balls before being given out caught behind by umpire Dharmasena, off a ball which TV replays and UltraEdge suggested he had not hit. England had already lost their review, so the umpire's original decision had to stand. Roy protested against his dismissal and failed to leave the playing area in a timely manner and he was subsequently fined 30% of his match fee and given two demerit points for dissent. On 14 July, Roy played in his maiden World Cup final against New Zealand. Roy scored 19 runs in England's pursuit of the 242 runs posted by the Black Caps. The match ended in a tie and went to a Super Over, where Roy was selected as England's third batsmen, although England did not end up losing a wicket. Roy ran out Martin Guptill who was attempting to come back for a second run, off of Jofra Archer's final delivery of the super over. New Zealand needed two runs to win the World Cup and would otherwise lose, hence the run out meant that England won their maiden World Cup.

Roy was included in the ICC's CWC2019 Team of the Tournament as one of the opening batsmen alongside Rohit Sharma. They stated that "The England opener had a decisive impact on his team's result in a manner unlike anyone else in the tournament. Roy instilled a much-needed sense of energy in his team, after they lost back-to-back games to Sri Lanka and Australia, when Roy was sidelined due to hamstring injury. His impact was felt in England's must-win games, against India and New Zealand in the round-robin, and against Australia in the semi-final, as he stitched together three successive century stands with his opening partner Jonny Bairstow. Having scored 443 runs from seven innings at an impressive strike-rate of 115.36, Roy forms a formidable opening partnership with Rohit Sharma in this XI".

2019: Test debut and The Ashes
In July 2019, Roy was named in England's Test squad, for their one-off match against Ireland at Lord's. He made his Test debut in the match, scoring 5 runs in the first innings and 72 off 78 in the second. He kept his place in the team for the first four Tests of the 2019 Ashes series, but was dropped for the fifth after a string of low scores.

2020 and 2021
Roy was part of the England team for the home ODI series against Ireland and Australia, but missed the T20I series against both Pakistan and Australia due to a side injury. In September 2021, Roy was named in England's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup.

2022
In 2022, Roy admitted a charge of "conducting himself in a manner which may be prejudicial to the interests of cricket or which may bring cricket, the ECB and himself into disrepute", and was banned for two international matches suspended for 12 months "dependent on good behaviour". The cause of the charge was unclear. At the same time Roy withdrew from the upcoming Indian Premier League auction to spend more time with his family.

2023
Despite being named in the provisional squad, Roy was left out of the England squad for the 2023 Cricket World Cup, after back spasms forced him to miss all four warm-up matches against New Zealand. The good form of Dawid Malan, his replacement as opener in the team, saw Roy's place in the squad taken by Harry Brook.

Personal life
Roy took A-level examinations in Sports Science and Business in 2008, and was offered a place at St. Mary's University College, though he turned down the opportunity in order to concentrate on cricket. On 7 October 2017, Roy married Elle Moore. They had their first child in March 2019. The couple welcomed their second child on 5 January 2022. He is a cousin of Dutch international cricketer Shane Snater.

International records
 Roy was part of an opening partnership of 256 with Alex Hales against Sri Lanka in 2016, which was then the highest successful run chase without losing a wicket in ODIs. It is also the highest partnership for England for any wicket in ODIs.
 Roy scored 180 (off 151 balls) and partnered with Joe Root for highest ever third-wicket partnership for England (to date), with 221 runs off 220 balls in an ODI against Australia on 14 January 2018 at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
English cricketers
English sportspeople of South African descent
Surrey cricketers
People educated at Whitgift School
Cricketers from Reigate
Chattogram Challengers cricketers
England Test cricketers
England One Day International cricketers
England Twenty20 International cricketers
Sydney Thunder cricketers
Sydney Sixers cricketers
Lahore Qalandars cricketers
Gujarat Lions cricketers
Quetta Gladiators cricketers
Delhi Capitals cricketers
Sylhet Strikers cricketers
Perth Scorchers cricketers
Nelson Mandela Bay Giants cricketers
Cricketers at the 2019 Cricket World Cup
South African cricketers
South African emigrants to the United Kingdom
Oval Invincibles cricketers
Paarl Royals cricketers
Cricketers from Durban

Jason Roy


Late of the Pier was an English four-piece dance-punk band from Castle Donington, England, signed to Parlophone. Their debut album Fantasy Black Channel, produced by Erol Alkan was released on 11 August 2008 by Parlophone.

History

Formation, Zarcorp Demo and Fantasy Black Channel (2004–10)
The band formed in 2004, although some of the songs they perform were written before this, with some dating back to 2001. Their debut single, "Space and the Woods", was released through WayOutWest Records, and featured on the band's Zarcorp Demo EP in March 2007. The band's second single "Bathroom Gurgle" was produced by Erol Alkan and was released by Moshi Moshi Records in September 2007. Their third single, "The Bears Are Coming", was released on 12" and download only, with 7" versions being sold exclusively on their February 2008 tour. This was released through the band's own Zarcorp label. Their fourth single, a double A-side including a new version of "Space and the Woods" as well as "Focker", was released following a headline slot on the Levi's Ones To Watch tour.

Late of the Pier opened 2007's Reading and Leeds Festivals on the NME/Radio One stage, while appearing on the festival's Republic stage the following year. The band have performed in support slots for Hadouken!, Soulwax, Justice and U.N.K.L.E., as well as supporting Kaiser Chiefs on their 2008 UK tour.

Their debut album, Fantasy Black Channel, was released by Parlophone on 11 August 2008. On 7 September 2009, it was voted winner of the Neptune Music Prize on the Drowned in Sound website.

They released a new single titled "Blueberry" as a digital download on 17 December 2009, and as a double A-Side in February 2010 with "Best in the Class". Following this release, the band concentrated on a number of side projects and personal work, and stated that it was unlikely that new material would be forthcoming.

Side projects (2010–2015)
Lead singer Sam Eastgate featured on Filthy Dukes' track "This Rhythm" on their debut album Nonsense in the Dark, and produced Manchester indie pop band Egyptian Hip Hop's debut double A-side single "Wild Human Child"/"Heavenly". He also toured as part of New Zealand indie twee act Connan Mockasin's band on his 2010 album release tour around New Zealand.

Sam Potter co-wrote music on Franz Ferdinand's 2018 album Always Ascending, and formed tribute act A Tribute to February Montaine in honour of lo-fi pop artist February Montaine. He also ran Blackout, a music event that ran at London venue Oval Space, where anonymous musicians played in the pitch black. Ross Dawson did some session work and joined London based band Zibra in summer 2014, but left in early 2015.

In early 2015, Eastgate released the album Inji and its lead single "Oino" under the name LA Priest.

On 21 May 2015, the band's former label Parlophone announced the death of drummer Ross Dawson. A press release from the musician's family, via the label, stated that Dawson was "involved in a very sudden and tragic accident" on 15 May. Dawson's family write, "Ross was a monumental force in the lives of everybody who knew him, multi-talented, modest, kind and generous; he loved and was loved by his family. The world has become a sadder place without him. He will be eternally missed by all who knew and loved him."

Fantasy Black Channel reissue (2015–present)
In August 2018, the band resurfaced in a series of cryptic posts on a newly created Instagram account. In December 2018, the band announced a vinyl reissue of Fantasy Black Channel via Phantasy. Bundled with a download code for a digital album of unreleased demos and outtakes, the reissue was released on 19 January 2019.

Musical style
Late of the Pier's style has often been compared to artists like Gary Numan, Brian Eno, Stephen Dubrich, Bill Nelson of Be-Bop Deluxe fame, and the more contemporary Metronomy and Klaxons, mainly due to the prominent use of synthesisers in an off-kilter pop style.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Music videos

Demos
2005: Refill Men Twist & The Zarcorp Legacy
2007: Zarcorp Demo

References

External links
Late of the Pier on Myspace

Astralwerks artists
Alternative dance musical groups
Dance-punk musical groups
Musical groups established in 2004
Musical groups disestablished in 2010
Musical groups reestablished in 2018
English rock music groups
Musical groups from Leicester
Parlophone artists

Late of the Pier


Dan Giancola Jr. (born January 28, 1970)  is a former placekicker in the Canadian Football League (CFL).

Professional career
Giancola made his CFL debut with the Toronto Argonauts during the 1999 CFL season as a 29-year-old rookie. In his rookie season, Giancola kicked 48 field goals while also going 28 for 28 on extra point converts and recording 9 singles. The 181 points he accumulated that season were 5 points shy of the CFL record for most points scored by a first year player, set by Ray Macoritti with the Edmonton Eskimos in 1990.

In 2000, Giancola tried out with the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League but was cut during training camp. Soon after, the Argonauts, who still owned his CFL rights, traded him to the BC Lions in exchange for defensive back Marcello Simmons and defensive tackle Tom Hipsz. Giancola would go on to win a Grey Cup Championship with the Lions.

In 2001, Giancola re-signed with the Toronto Argonauts. In his second tenure with the Argonauts, Giancola made 25 field goals. The team went on to miss the playoffs.

In 2002, Giancola was drafted by the Ottawa Renegades during their expansion draft. During that season, Giancola suffered what was believed to be a groin injury and was released by the Renegades while injured. He filed a grievance against the Renegades and won.

In 2003, Giancola signed with the Montreal Alouettes, where his injury was later discovered to have been a hernia. Giancola later joined the Argonauts during the latter part of the 2003 CFL season.

In 2004, Giancola was re-acquired by the Argonauts late in the season after an injury to incumbent kicker Noel Prefontaine. Giancola's only game played during this tenure with the Argonauts occurred in the regular season finale against the Montreal Alouettes. The Argonauts would go on to win the Grey Cup that season. In what would ultimately be his last tenure with the Argonauts, he ended up playing the second most career games as their kicker during the 2000s.

On May 7, 2009, Giancola was signed by the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, five years after his last CFL stint. Giancola suffered a groin injury that kept him out for most of training camp. On June 19, 2009, he was released by the team during training camp.

Personal life
At the time Giancola became a kicker in the CFL, he worked as a grocery store clerk at Commisso's Food Terminal.
As of 2011, Giancola was a personal trainer at an Anytime Fitness Gym in St. Catharines, Ontario. Since then, he has been operating his own fitness gym; BTO Performance in Thorold, Ontario.

References

1970 births
Living people
BC Lions players
Canadian football placekickers
Canadian sportspeople of Italian descent
People from Thorold
Sportspeople from the Regional Municipality of Niagara
Players of Canadian football from Ontario
Toronto Argonauts players

Dan Giancola


Created on December 15, 1791, the Sixth Amendment (Amendment VI) to the United States Constitution is a part of the United States Bill of Rights. It provides many protections and rights to those accused of a crime. Among the provisions are the right to a lawyer, the right to a speedy public trial and the right to an impartial jury. It gives defendants the right to know who his (or her) accusers are. It also give the defendant the right to know the charges and evidence against him.

Text

Rights

To counsel

One of the most important rights given is that to legal counsel. It is so important that another right is associated with it. All those who cannot afford to pay for legal assistance will have a lawyer appointed for them at government expense. The federal, state and local justice systems all have provisions to appoint legal counsel for indigent defendants. The appointed counsel assists the defendant in any interrogations by law enforcement. They assist the defendant through the trial phase, sentencing and the initial appeal if there is a conviction. Legal systems, including the U.S. legal system, are complex and not easily understood by the average person. Having an attorney is critical to guiding the defendant through the legal processes. An attorney advises his client, the defendant, as to his or her rights and explains all processes of the criminal proceedings. The attorney protects the defendant's Constitutional rights. An attorney also can negotiate with the prosecution and the court in cases of plea bargains.

Speedy trial
The right to a speedy trail originated with the Assize of Clarendon in 1166. It says that justice must be provided to robbers, murders, and thieves "speedily enough."  Those who wrote the Bill of Rights did not want defendants to be prisoners for a long time without the benefit of a trial. They did not want the accused to have their life disrupted, especially when the Fifth and Sixth Amendments both hold a presumption of innocence. Also, the longer a trial is delayed, the more likely that evidence may be lost and that witnesses may forget or cannot be found.
A right to a speedy trial does not begin until a person has been arrested or formally charged.  The government may investigate a crime (within any applicable statute of limitations) for as long as they find it is necessary. They are under no obligation to bring an indictment within a certain period of time. The prosecution may drop any pending criminal charges and open the investigation again at a later time without penalty of the Sixth Amendment.
If a defendant brings a claim that their speedy trial rights have been violated the court may look at the reasons for the delay, any prejudice or injury to the defendant and how far the prosecution has gone into the criminal proceedings. If a defendant does not assert the right to a speedy trial early enough, they may lose their claim. Defendants who cause unnecessary delays also lose their rights to a speedy trial claim.
If the delay in bringing a defendant to trial exceeds one year following the arrest, this will trigger a presumption that the Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial may have been violated. The government may counter if they have good or plausible reasons for the delay. Requests by the prosecution for additional time may be granted if plausible. But if none are offered or the court finds the reasons not plausible, they may dismiss the indictment, overturn a conviction or hear other remedies the defense might seek.

Public trial
This right, to a public trial, has its roots in English common law. It reflects the hostility and suspicion felt at the time towards secret proceedings such as the Spanish Inquisition, the French Lettre de cachet or England's Star Chamber. The framers of the Bill of Rights believed that public trials would help prevent corruption in judges and prosecutors. It was also thought it might reduce witnesses committing perjury. The United States Supreme Court has held that the right to a public trial applies to federal, state, and local governments. The right is not absolute however. While the public and the press have a First Amendment interest in open proceedings, under some circumstances a defendant waive his rights to a public trial. In cases where undue publicity might hurt the defendant's case, public access to the trial can be restricted.

Impartial jury
The right to a jury has always depended on the nature of the offense with which the defendant is charged. Petty offenses—those punishable by imprisonment for no more than six months—are not covered by the jury requirement. Even where multiple petty offenses are concerned, the total time of imprisonment possibly exceeding six months, the right to a jury trial does not exist. Also, in the United States, except for serious offenses (such as murder), minors are usually tried in a juvenile court, which lessens the sentence allowed, but forfeits the right to a jury.

Originally, the Supreme Court held that the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial indicated a right to "a trial by jury as understood and applied at common law. This includes all the essential elements as they were recognized in this country and England when the Constitution was adopted. Therefore, it was held that juries had to be composed of twelve persons and that verdicts had to be unanimous, as was customary in England.

When, under the Fourteenth Amendment, the Supreme Court extended the right to a trial by jury to defendants in state courts, it re-examined some of the standards. It has been held that twelve came to be the number of jurors by "historical accident," and that a jury of six would be sufficient, but anything less would deprive the defendant of a right to trial by jury. The Sixth Amendment requires unanimity in a federal jury trial. However, the Supreme Court has ruled that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, while requiring states to provide jury trials for serious crimes, does not incorporate all the elements of a jury trial within the meaning of the Sixth Amendment. Thus, states are not mandated to require jury unanimity.

Confront witnesses
The Sixth Amendment's confrontational clause grants the defendant the right to face their accusers. It allows the defense to dispute the testimony given by prosecution witnesses. It also allows the jury the opportunity to decide if a witness is being dishonest in any way. This applies to statements made in court and out of court statements. A court may prevent repeated questioning of witnesses on the same question or harassing a witness. But if a judge restricts the cross-examination of a witness too severely, it may cause a violation of the defendant's Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses.

Admitting out of court statements, often called hearsay evidence, may also prevent a defendant from confronting his accusers. There are some exceptions. For example, if a witness is unavailable and testified against the defendant in previous judicial proceedings, and the defendant was able to cross-examine the witness, a transcript of the testimony may be used as evidence.

The compulsory clause also allows the accused to present witness testimony favorable to the defense.

References

United States Bill of Rights
06

Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution


Jerry John Rawlings (22 June 1947 – 12 November 2020) be Ghanaian President, Soja den politician wey lead de country from 1981 to 2001 wey he sa lead for some small time be for 1979 insyd. He lead soja government ahh till 1992, den he san serve two terms as presido wey be democratically for Ghana.

Rawlings come chop power for Ghana as he be flight lieutenant for Ghana Air Force after he make coup d'état for 1979 insyd. Before that nu, he led a coup bi wey do yawa on 15 May 1979, as Major Abubakar Sulemana (Rtd) of RECCE regiment barb am plus ein boys wey dey come do de coup. Dem lock Rawlings den some of ein boys wey dem barb nu. De Soja govament for dat time decide say dem go kill Rawlings. But on June 4, 1979, some Soja boys wey dey feel Rawlings ein vibes break am out from de gaaroom wey he come be dema leader for June 4th insyd. After June 4 nu, he carry power give civilian govament. After he hand power give civilian government, he san go take control of de country for 31 December 1981 as de chairman of de Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC).

For 1992 insyd, Rawlings resign from de soja, wey he go create de National Democratic Congress (NDC), den ge come turn de first President of the Fourth Republic. Dem san elect am for 1996 insyd wey he chop four years add. After de two terms he dey office nu, limit time wey dey de Ghana Constitution insyd, Rawlings support ein vice-president John Atta Mills so say he go stand as a presidential candidate for 2000 insyd. Rawlings go serve as de African Union envoy give Somalia. He die for November 2020 insyd, he chop 73 wey dem accord state funeral give am.

Ein Background
Dem born Rawlings as Jerry Rawlings John for 22 June, 1947 for Accra, Ghana insyd, to Victoria Agbotui, Anlo Ewe wey comot Dzelukope, Keta, den James Ramsey John, chemist wey comot Castle Douglas for Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland insyd. Rawlings attend Achimota School, den military academy for Teshie. Rawlings marry Nana Konadu Agyeman, he meet am for Achimota College. Na dem get three pikiins: Zanetor Rawlings, Yaa Asantewaa Rawlings, Amina Rawlings; den one son, Kimathi Rawlings. Na Junior Agogo be Rawlings ein nephew.

Ein death den state funeral
Rawlings die 12 November 2020 for Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital for Accra insyd, week ein back after dem admit am sake of "short term illness" for Ghana insyd. Sum reports dey claim say, COVID-19 complications wey cause ein death. Ein death come after ein mummy, Victoria Agbotui, die for 24 September 2020. President Nana Akufo-Addo declare seven-day period of mourning sake of ein honor wey dem fly flags for half-mast. Ein family members appeal give de Government of Ghana so say dem go bury am for Keta for Volta Region insyd. Dem gbele schedule sake of make dem sign book of condolence for ein memory. Dem originally plan ein funeral for 23 December 2020, wey dem postpone am sake of ein family request dat.

State burial
From 24 come 27 January 2021, dem organize funeral ceremonies for Accra sake of Rawlings ein memory. Holy Spirit Cathedral hold requiem mass sake of Jerry Rawlings for 24 January 2021, later nu dem take vigil follow for de Air Force Officers' Mess for Accra insyd for eveningti insyd. Dem lay ein body in state for de foyer for de Accra International Conference Centre from 25 come 26 January 2021. Na de Anlo Ewe people for ein maternal ancestry sanso perform traditional rites. For 27 January 2021, national den international political leaders, paramount chiefs, diplomats den oda dignitaries, attend state funeral wey dem hold for Black Star Square before ein burial service for de Military Cemetery for Burma Camp, plus full military honors, wey dey include funeral cortège dema slow march, Ghana Air Force helicopter dema flypast, army buglers sound dema Last Post den 21-gun salute.

Ein awards den honors

 July 1984: de Order of Jose Marti by de Cuban leader Fidel Castro.
 October 2013: Honorary degree (Doctorate of Letters) wey comot de University for Development Studies for Northern Ghana insyd.
 Dis award recognise Rawlings ein contribution for de establishment of de university. For 1993 insyd, he use ein US$50,000 Hunger Project cash prize as seed money wey he take sponsor de establishment of de state-owned university (dem found for May 1992 insyd), de first of ein kind for de three northern regions for Ghana.
 October 2013: de Global Champion for People's Freedom award bestow de Mkiva Humanitarian Foundation.
 August 2014: Doctor of Letters, Honoris Causa.
 August 2018: Marcus Garvey Awards.
 December 2018: dem enstool am de Togbuiga Nutifafa I for Anlo, development chief for de Ghanaian chieftaincy system insyd.

Ein legacy
President Nana Akufo-Addo propose to de Governing Council for UDS make dem rename de institution after Jerry John Rawlings since Rawlings use ein US$50,000 Hunger Project prize as seed money he take establish de university. Ein family accept dis suggestion.

References
Presidents of Ghana
Human
Ghanaian politicians
1947 births
2020 deaths
Ghanaians
Chiefs of de Defence Staff (Ghana)
Ghana Air Force personnel
Ghanaian Roman Catholics
National Democratic Congress (Ghana) politicians
Ewe people
People wey komot Volta Region
Deaths from de COVID-19 pandemic insyd Ghana
Ghanaian aviators
21st-century Ghanaian politicians
20th-century Ghanaian politicians

Read further
De physical books wey dey follow be relevant to Jerry Rawlings, wey no fi be available online, but dem add in case you dey look for more info.
 Danso-Boafo, Kwaku (2012). J. J. Rawlings and the Democratic Transition in Ghana. Accra: Ghana Universities Press. ISBN 978-996430384-6.
Ahwoi, Kwamena (2020). Working with Rawlings. Tema: Digibooks Ghana Limited. ISBN 9789988892999.
 Nugent, Paul (1996).  Big men, small boys and politics in Ghana.  London: Frances Pinter. ISBN 9781855673731

Jerry Rawlings


Safari Motorcoach Corporation (also known as Safari Coach) is a defunct American motor coach manufacturing company that was based in Oregon. The company's manufacturing plant was initially located in Harrisburg. The Safari Coach brand name was purchased by Monaco in 2002, however the Safari Coach name was no longer being used as of 2009.

History

Safari was founded in the 1980s by Mat Perlot and Curt Lawler, former employees of Beaver Motorcoach Corporation. The company started building diesel- and gas-powered Class A motorhomes. Safari bought Beaver in 1994 for $7.6 million after outbidding Country Coach. In 2002, Monaco Coach purchased Safari and Beaver brand names. In 2006 Beaver moved its  assembly plant.  Safari was able to keep its plant in Harrisburg open. Safari also shared ownership in Beaver's Bend assembly plant. In 2006 the Beaver plant moved and Safari had to vacate.  Throughout his career, Mat Perlot stayed in touch with his customer base. He knew that once you owned one of his coaches, you were a candidate for another, newer one down the road.  One of the ways he did this was to create Safari International, a chapter of the Family Motor Coach Association.  With over 4,000 members at one time Mat knew what they wanted in a motor coach and he was excited to market to their desires.  Today, Safari International still exists, albeit much smaller in size, but they still maintain their beautiful coaches with pride.  They can be found at Safari-International.org

Bankruptcy And Closure Of Brand

In 2009, Monaco filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The following year Navistar International purchased Monaco, but Navistar did not purchase the Safari Coach brand name, the Safari and Beaver brand names were no longer used.

References

1986 establishments in Oregon
2009 disestablishments in Oregon
Manufacturing companies based in Oregon
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2009
Defunct companies based in Oregon
Recreational vehicle manufacturers

Safari Motorcoach Corporation


The University of Essex is a university in Essex, England. It was started in 1963. The university's main campus is at Wivenhoe Park in Essex. It is less than one mile (1.6 km) from the town of Wivenhoe and 2 miles (3.2 km) from the city of Colchester.

Apart from this main campus, there are also branch campuses in Southend, Loughton (home of the East 15 Acting School), and Ipswich. The University of Essex has 18 main teaching departments and 36 centres and institutes, teaching a wide range of subjects. Its motto is Thought the harder, heart the keener. The motto comes from the East Saxon poem, The Battle of Maldon.

Essex
1963 establishments in England

University of Essex


You Can Heal Your Life is a 1984 self-help and new thought book by Louise Hay. It was the second book by the author, after Heal Your Body which she wrote at age 60. After Hay appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show and Donahue in the same week in March 1988, the book appeared on the New York Times Best Seller list, and by 2008, over 35 million copies worldwide had been sold in over 30 languages, becoming one of the best-selling non-fiction book of all time. The book was also instrumental in the success of her publishing company, Hay House Inc. Due to the book, she is "one of the best-selling authors in history", and one of largest selling women authors, after J. K. Rowling, Danielle Steel and Barbara Cartland.

Premise
The key premise of the book is that because the mind and body are connected, illnesses of the body somehow have their root causes in emotional and spiritual aspects of the mind and its beliefs and thought processes. While modern medicine concerns itself with eliminating symptoms of disease in the body, using tools such as chemotherapy and other pharmaceutical drugs and various surgical techniques, Hay's approach is to identify and work to resolve what she perceives as the mental root causes of disease. Hay believes that the causes of "dis-ease" include stress and unhealthy thought patterns and beliefs about oneself, and postulates that the most fundamental way to effect positive change in the body is to change the way we think, using tools such as "mirror work" and affirmations. At the end of the book, a separate section lists numerous illnesses and various emotional thought patterns that Hay believes causes them; this was derived from Hay's earlier book, Heal Your Body, which had its origins in a pamphlet she published in 1979.

Film adaptation
In 2007, the book was adapted into a documentary film of the same name, with a screenplay written by Gay Hendricks and directed by Michael A. Goorjian.

Controversy
The theories described in this book have been criticized as groundless by proponents of evidence based medicine. Specific passages within Hay's book appear to be medically inaccurate. For example, the below quotation appears to falsely claim that migraine headaches are purely psychosomatic:

Hay has also been criticized for 'blaming the victim' by suggesting that people with AIDS are causing their own illness due to poor mental attitude, and for claiming for decades that positive attitude can defeat AIDS, despite not being able to demonstrate any examples of this happening.

The book also claims that birth defects are due to karma and that children choose their parents.

References

External links
 Louise Hay, website
 Summaries of the book  You Can Heal Your Life

Self-help books
1984 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Books about spirituality
Non-fiction books adapted into films
Hay House books
New Thought literature

You Can Heal Your Life


Translated from the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia. May be expanded

Kusumoto Chōzaburō (Japanese: 楠本長三郎) (10 March 1871 - 6 December 1946) was a Japanese scientist, physician and the second president of Osaka Imperial University. He was the founder of Osaka Medical College, and oversaw the elevation of the school from a prefectural college to an imperial university. In establishing the Research Institute for Microbial Diseases and the Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, he greatly contributed to the expansion of Osaka Imperial University.

Early life
Kusumoto was born in the village of Shichikama, later incorporated into the town of Saikai, in Nishisonogi District, Nagasaki on 10 March 1871, or the 20th day of the first month by the old calendar then still in use. The second son of Kusumoto Gansho, he lost his father at an early age and was raised by his mother and grandfather, who himself died in October 1882, leaving his mother to raise four children alone. However, with her support he graduated from a private junior high school in Omura in 1889 and from its First Higher School in 1896. In December 1900, he graduated from the medical school of Tokyo Imperial University.

Doctor
Following his graduation, Kusumoto worked as a teaching assistant in the medical school until April 1905, when he took up the post of medical director and instructor in the medical school of Osaka Prefectural Higher School. In March 1906, he left for Germany to undertake further studies, returning in October 1907.  While in Germany, Kusumoto studied the Zarichin effect of the relationship between bile and fecal hyperlipidemia in regards to diet. He also conducted research on Vitamin B1 after his return to Japan. In December 1909, he was awarded a doctorate from Tokyo Imperial University for a paper "concerning the occurrence of bleeding in the kidney". However, Kusumoto's inclinations were more towards clinical studies rather than research. He always made efforts to be courteous while treating the patient, as he had often noted doctors seemed to regard clinical studies as more of a hobby than a true duty. Even after he became a university president, he was noted for his kindness towards patients.

Professor
In February 1917, Kusumoto became an instructor at a public vocational school; joining the faculty of Osaka Medical College as a pathology professor in November 1919, he became its dean in May 1924 and director of the college hospital in October. After becoming dean of the medical college, he strenuously worked towards the recognition of Osaka University as an imperial university, including taking a six-month tour of Western countries from April 1930 to study their universities. After returning home, he and the university faculty with the cooperation of public and private sectors and the Osaka business community, promoted the concept of Osaka Imperial University to Prime Minister Hamaguchi. On 1 May 1931, with the support of Finance Minister Jun'nosuke Inoue et al. the government donated ¥ 185 million, equal to over $1.1 billion in the present day; this, in addition to donations from Osaka totalling ¥ 95 million, enabled the establishment of the university.

University president
As the progenitor of Osaka Imperial University, Kusumoto had much popular support from many in the community to become the new institution's first president. However, the Minister of Education instead supported Hantaro Nagaoka upon a recommendation from RIKEN. Though Hantaro was himself hesitant to assume the role, it was finally agreed Kusumoto would be his successor, and Hantaro would retire as soon as possible. Kusumoto became the second president of the university in June 1934. In September, he established the Research Institute for Microbial Diseases with donations from the business community, and headed a group to study cancer treatment in August 1935. The study group began cancer treatment research by buying 3g of radium from Czechoslovakia, which was widely reported in newspapers. He was appointed Director of the Institute of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Disaster Science of Osaka Imperial University in January 1937. In November 1939, the Industry, Science and Research Association/Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research was formed. As a result of discussions with the President of Nippon Life Insurance, Naruse Ogata, in September 1942 Tekijuku land and buildings of the current Ogata Koan were donated to Kusumoto.

Last years
Kusumoto retired in February 1943, becoming an emeritus professor in May. He died at the hospital he had helped establish on 6 December 1946, aged 75.

Honours
Showa Coronation Medal - November 1928
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure - February 1943 (Second Class: April 1936; Third Class: March 1928; Fourth Class: March 1922; Fifth Class: December 1914; Sixth Class: October 1906)

Order of precedence
Senior third rank (February 1943)
Third rank (April 1938)
Senior fourth rank (March 1933)
Fourth rank (August 1926)
Senior fifth rank (April 1921)
Fifth rank (December 1915)
Senior sixth rank (September 1908)

Kusumoto Award
Upon Kusumoto's retirement in February 1943, the "Association Memorial Scholarship of Former President Kusumoto" was set up, funded by individuals and the business community. In March 1945, Dr. Kusumoto Memorial Scholarship Foundation was established and in December of the same year the foundation set up Kusumoto Award to "inherit the will of his tenure, to subsidize and promote the development of natural sciences and humanities". The award has been presented every year to the excellent graduates from each of the faculties and departments of Osaka University.

1871 births
1946 deaths
People from Nagasaki Prefecture
Japanese scientists
Japanese endocrinologists
Academic staff of Osaka University
University of Tokyo alumni

Chozaburo Kusumoto


Joseph Benjamin Palmer (November 1, 1825 – November 4, 1890) was an American lawyer, legislator, and soldier. He served as a Confederate general in the American Civil War, during which he was wounded four times. After the conflict he resumed his law practice in Tennessee.

Early life and career
Joseph B. Palmer was born in 1825 in Rutherford County, Tennessee. His first immigrant ancestor to America was the youngest son of a British member of Parliament named James Palmer (1585–1658), who moved to Virginia in the 1600s. After his parents' divorce, his father's move to Illinois, and his mother's death, Joseph was raised by his grandparents. Palmer received his education at the Union University, then located in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. He was admitted to the state bar association in 1848 and began practicing as a lawyer. In 1849 Palmer was elected to the Tennessee General Assembly, and in 1851 he was re-elected. In 1855 he was then elected as mayor of Murfreesboro, serving until 1859.

Civil War service
At the beginning of the American Civil War in 1861, Palmer chose to follow his home state and the Confederate cause. He organized a company of soldiers and in May was elected a captain in the 18th Tennessee Infantry, into which this company was added. That June he was elected colonel, assuming command of the regiment.

Palmer fought primarily in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. He was part of the garrison surrendered at Fort Donelson on February 15, 1862, and was exchanged on August 15. That October Palmer was given brigade command in the Army of Mississippi. He fought in the Battle of Stones River and was wounded in his right shoulder and his right leg on January 2, 1863. Palmer fought during the Battle of Chickamauga that fall, and was wounded on September 19 when he again hit in his right shoulder.

Temporarily unfit for active field service, Palmer was appointed to district command in the Department of Tennessee beginning on November 18, 1863. He resumed brigade command on June 27 in the Army of Tennessee, and then participated in the Atlanta Campaign. Palmer fought during the Battle of Jonesborough, and was wounded on the third day of the fight on September 1, 1864. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier general on November 15.

Palmer fought in the 1864 Franklin-Nashville Campaign, participating in the Battle of Columbia in late November of 1864 and the Battle of Franklin on November 30 (only a few days later), in the Battle of Nashville on December 15–16, and was part of the army's rearguard during the retreat following Nashville. What remained of the Tennessee regiments of the Army of Tennessee were consolidated, were placed under Palmer's command, and he led them during the 1865 Carolinas Campaign.

On March 19, 1865, Palmer fought during the Battle of Bentonville and was again wounded, but remained in brigade command until April 26. He surrendered with Gen. Joseph E. Johnston on May 1 and was paroled from Greensboro, North Carolina. Palmer was pardoned by the U.S. Government on October 26, and again on May 21, 1866.

Postbellum career
Following the war, Palmer returned home and resumed his law practice. Despite several requests to run for governor of Tennessee he chose to avoid public service. Palmer died in 1890 at his home in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, and his body was buried in the city's Evergreen Cemetery.

See also

List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .
 Wright, Marcus J., General Officers of the Confederate Army: Officers of the Executive Departments of the Confederate States, Members of the Confederate Congress by States. Mattituck, NY: J. M. Carroll & Co., 1983. . First published 1911 by Neale Publishing Co.

Further reading
  Neff, Robert O., Tennessee's Battered Brigadier: The Life Of General Joseph B. Palmer CSA, Hillsboro Press, 2000, .

External links
 nps.gov National Park Service description of the Battle of Stones River.
 pastigo.com Site describing Palmer's house he built in 1869 in Murfreesboro, Tennessee.
 murfreesboropost.com Murfreesboro Post site biography of Palmer.

1825 births
1890 deaths
Confederate States Army brigadier generals
People of Tennessee in the American Civil War
Recipients of American presidential pardons
Union University alumni
People from Rutherford County, Tennessee
Tennessee lawyers
Mayors of places in Tennessee
Members of the Tennessee General Assembly
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century American politicians
People from Murfreesboro, Tennessee

Joseph B. Palmer


Carel Struycken (born 30 July, 1948) is a Dutch film, television and stage actor. He is known for playing The Giant in the television series Twin Peaks (1990-1991, 2017), the occasional guest role as Mr. Homn in Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987-1992), and the household butler Lurch in the three 1990s Addams Family films. He also appeared in the films Gerald's Game (2017) and Doctor Sleep (2019).

Other websites

1948 births
Living people

Carel Struycken


Nutty Professor II: The Klumps is a 2000 American comedy film directed by Peter Segal. It is the sequel to the 1996 film The Nutty Professor.

In contrast to the previous film, subplots which are centered on the parents of protagonist Sherman Klump occupy a substantial part of the film. Members of the Klump family, including Sherman's parents, also provide an increased level of comic relief.

Plot

Professor Sherman Klump has created a new de-aging formula. He is also in love with DNA researcher, Denise Gaines, developer of a method to isolate genetic material. Despite his good fortune, Sherman's major problem is his id alter ego, Buddy Love. He is still ingrained inside him and has begun to periodically take control of his body. Buddy's antics culminate in the corruption of Sherman's attempted proposal to Denise into a mortifying display of perversion.

Determined to be rid of Buddy permanently, and despite his assistant, Jason, warning him of potential consequences, Sherman uses Denise's methodology to isolate and remove the DNA where Buddy has manifested. However, the Buddy genetic material grows into a sentient being when a hair from Jason's Basset Hound, Buster, accidentally lands in it. Sherman apologizes to Denise and they become engaged. Later, Dean Richmond informs them that Phleer Pharmaceuticals has offered Wellman College $150 million for the youth formula.

Sherman and Denise then encounter the newly reformed Buddy at a movie theater. Buddy pickpockets Sherman and learns of the $150 million offer. He subsequently visits the pharmaceutical company, making a rival bid of $149 million with Leanne Guilford, President of Acquisitions, for the youth formula. Sherman learns that the extraction has altered his body chemistry and that he is losing his intelligence. Realizing he needs to keep the youth formula out of Buddy's hands, Sherman stashes it at his parents'.

Sherman's sexually frustrated father Cletus accidentally drinks some of the youth formula. He goes out for a night on the town and attempts to seduce his wife and Sherman's mother, Anna, but she is horrified. Buddy witnesses Cletus changing and realizes that the youth formula is being stored in the Klump household. Meanwhile, Sherman's condition causes him to act like a fool in front of Denise's parents, concerning her.

Buddy steals some of the youth formula from the Klump household, filling the vial the rest of the way with fertilizer. This sabotage causes chaos at a demonstration the next day as Petey, the male hamster Sherman uses to demonstrate the formula, mutates into a giant monster who violates Richmond as he is trying to escape under a fur coat, as Petey confuses him for Molly, the female hamster that escaped during the event. The humiliated and enraged Richmond fires Sherman, who soon learns from Jason that his brain's deterioration has worsened, so he decides to break up with Denise. Cletus consoles a depressed Sherman, and inadvertently gives him the solution to regaining his intelligence: getting Buddy Love back into his DNA.

Sherman quickly works on a newer, much more potent formula while his mental faculties allow him. Richmond confronts him about Buddy's actions, believing that they are working together. Sherman leaves with Richmond and a tennis ball covered in the youth formula and heads to a presentation at Phleer Pharmaceuticals that Buddy is giving about the youth formula. Meanwhile, a worried Denise discovers what has happened and that Sherman's brain damage is progressing. With Cletus' help, Denise goes after him. Sherman takes advantage of the canine DNA crossed with Buddy's and throws the tennis ball to distract him. Buddy catches the ball in his mouth, and the youth formula transforms him back into a glowing mass of sentient genetic material.

Sherman chases the genetic material, intent on drinking it to correct his condition. However, it evaporates on the edge of a fountain before he can. Cletus and Denise arrive too late to save him, and Denise breaks into tears, which hit the genetic material and fall into the fountain. As they go to leave, Sherman looks into the fountain, remarking that it is "pretty". Seeing the water is glowing, Denise realizes the genetic material has reconstituted thanks to her tears and that if Sherman drinks the fountain water, he will be restored to normal. When he drinks it, he is able to restore his intelligence.

Sherman and Denise later get married, while Cletus and Anna reconcile with each other.

Cast

 Eddie Murphy as Professor Sherman Klump / Buddy Love / Papa Cletus Klump / Young Papa Cletus Klump / Ernie Klump Sr. / Mama Anna Klump / Grandma Ida Jenson / Lance Perkins
 Janet Jackson as Denise Gaines-Klump. Gaines replaces Sherman's girlfriend in the first film, Carla Purty (briefly mentioned) because the actress who played her, Jada Pinkett left due to marrying with Will Smith, her pregnancy and later her signing on to the sequels to The Matrix.
 Larry Miller as Dean Richmond
 John Ales as Jason
 Richard Gant as Mr. Gaines
 Anna Maria Horsford as Mrs. Gaines
 Melinda McGraw as Leanne Guilford
 Jamal Mixon as Ernie Klump Jr.
 Wanda Sykes as Chantal
 Freda Payne as Claudine
 Nikki Cox as Miss Taylor Stamos (Credited as Bright Student)
 Chris Elliott as Restaurant Manager
 Earl Boen as Dr. Knoll
 Charles Napier as Four Star General
 Gabriel Williams as Isaac

Additionally, Kathleen Freeman makes an uncredited appearance as Denise's neighbor who witnesses Sherman proposing to her. Freeman previously portrayed Millie Lemmon in the original 1963 film.

Music

Reception

Box office
Nutty Professor II: The Klumps grossed $42.5 million in its opening weekend, beating out Thomas and the Magic Railroad and What Lies Beneath to reach the number one spot. At the time, it had the highest opening weekend for an Eddie Murphy film, breaking the record formerly held by Dr. Dolittle. This also made it the third-highest opening weekend for any 2000 film, behind X-Men and Mission: Impossible 2. For its second weekend, it fell into second place behind Hollow Man with $18 million. The film went on to generate a total gross of over $123.3 million in the United States. It earned an additional $43 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $166.3 million worldwide.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 27% and an average rating of 4.5/10, based on reviews from 89 critics. The site's consensus states that "While Eddie Murphy is still hilarious as the entire Klump family, the movie falls apart because of uneven pacing, a poor script, and skits that rely on being gross rather than funny." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 38 out of 100, a score that indicates generally unfavorable reviews, based on reviews from 34 critics. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on a scale of A+ to F.

Salon.com's reviewer gave the movie one of its few positive notices, and offered the praise "cheerfully vulgar".
The New Yorker's Anthony Lane was particularly severe; in addition to hating the film, he dismissed Murphy's playing of multiple characters as "minstrelling", and charged the actor with "at once feeding us what we like and despising us for swallowing it." Most critics gave a generally negative assessment of the movie with at least a nod towards Murphy's versatility and comic talent.

Roger Ebert gave the film three stars, noting that while it was "raucous" and "scatological," the film overall proved to be "very funny" and "never less than amazing."
Variety's Joe Leydon wrote: "Be prepared to laugh less at a lot more of the same thing in this overbearing but underwhelming sequel."

See also

 The Nutty Professor (film series)

References

External links

2000 films
2000s fantasy comedy films
2000 romantic comedy films
2000s science fiction comedy films
African-American comedy films
American science fiction comedy films
American fantasy comedy films
American romantic comedy films
American sequel films
2000s English-language films
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about scientists
American films about revenge
Films directed by Peter Segal
Films produced by Brian Grazer
Films set in California
Films set in Los Angeles
Films shot in South Carolina
Imagine Entertainment films
The Nutty Professor
Universal Pictures films
Films scored by David Newman
Films with screenplays by Chris Weitz
Films with screenplays by Paul Weitz
Films with screenplays by Barry W. Blaustein
Films with screenplays by David Sheffield
2000s American films

Nutty Professor II: The Klumps


Phillip Andrew Irwin (born February 25, 1987) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Texas Rangers, and in Korea Baseball Organization (KBO) for the KT Wiz.

Amateur career
Irwin attended Christian Brothers High School in Memphis, Tennessee. At Christian Brothers, Irwin was on the baseball and bowling teams, winning state championships in bowling in 2003 and 2004 and a state championship in baseball in 2005. Irwin attended the University of Mississippi.

Professional career

Pittsburgh Pirates
Irwin was drafted by the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 21st Round of the 2009 Major League Baseball draft. In 2009, Irwin pitched for the State College Spikes. In 2010, he pitched for the West Virginia Power. In 2011, he pitched for the Bradenton Marauders and the Altoona Curve. In 2012, he pitched for Bradenton, Altoona and the Indianapolis Indians. In November 2012, Irwin was added to the 40-man roster to protect him from the Rule 5 draft.

Irwin made his major league debut on April 14, 2013.

Irwin had ulnar nerve transposition surgery on his right-elbow on July 3, 2013, shortly after returning to the AAA Indians. He subsequently pitched for the Scottsdale Scorpions in the Arizona Fall League during October and November 2013, making four appearances totaling 11 2/3 innings pitched while striking out 11.

On May 22, 2014, the Pirates designated Irwin for assignment.

Texas Rangers
On May 28, 2014, Irwin was claimed off waivers by the Texas Rangers, and optioned to the Triple-A Round Rock Express. He was recalled by the Rangers on July 8 to start that night's game against the Houston Astros. He was released by the Rangers on August 29, 2014.

KT Wiz
Irwin signed a contract with the KT Wiz of the Korean Professional Baseball League for the 2015 season worth $550,000. The Wiz released Irwin in June 2015, after he pitched to a 1–7 record with an 8.68 earned run average in 12 games.

Second stint with Rangers
Irwin signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers on July 31, 2015. He became a free agent on November 7, 2015.

References

External links

Career statistics and player information from Korea Baseball Organization

1987 births
Living people
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Texas Rangers players
KT Wiz players
Ole Miss Rebels baseball players
State College Spikes players
West Virginia Power players
Bradenton Marauders players
Altoona Curve players
Indianapolis Indians players
Round Rock Express players
Mesa Solar Sox players
Scottsdale Scorpions players
American expatriate baseball players in South Korea
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Tennessee
People from Germantown, Tennessee
Sportspeople from the Memphis metropolitan area

Phil Irwin


Four Around the Woman () is a 1921 German silent drama film directed by Fritz Lang and starring Hermann Böttcher, Carola Toelle and Lilli Lohrer. It is also known by the alternative title of Kämpfende Herzen.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Hans Jacoby. It was shot at the Babelsberg Studios. The film premiered at the Marmorhaus in Berlin in February 1921.

Plot
Harry Yquem is a wealthy realtor. He disguises himself in order to purchase a piece of jewelry for his wife Florence (Carola Toelle) in a criminal cellar from the fence Upton (Rudolf Klein-Rogge) with counterfeit notes. He meets a man in whom he thinks he recognizes a former lover of Florence from before their marriage: it is Werner Krafft who has returned to the city after years and is looking for his former lover Florence. Since he is penniless, he seeks out his twin brother William Krafft to ask him for money. But William has become a bon vivant and a deceiver.

Yquem thinks William is Werner and therefore has him shadowed by his confidant Meunier. Finally he passes him a bogus message that Florence allegedly wants to see him and offers him a rendez-vous, whereupon William drives to the Yquem household. Yquem follows him armed, hoping to catch him and his wife. At the same time, however, Meunier approaches Florence on his own initiative and with clear intentions, who is visibly confused.

Werner Krafft has tried in vain to find his brother William. When Werner returns to Upton's basement, he overhears him and his assistant. They have discovered Yquem's fraud with the wrong money and want to kidnap Florence in order to extort the amount owed from Yquem.

Upton and his friend drive to the Yquems estate, Werner Krafft pursues them. The Yquems have a showdown with shootings and a large police presence, in which all secrets are revealed.

Cast
Hermann Böttcher as Florence's father
Carola Toelle as Florence Yquem
Lilli Lohrer as Florence's maid
Ludwig Hartau as Harry Yquem, a broker
Anton Edthofer as Werner Krafft and as his twin brother William Krafft
Robert Forster-Larrinaga as Meunier
Lisa von Marton as Margot
Gottfried Huppertz as the head chef
Rudolf Klein-Rogge as Upton, a jewel fence
Harry Frank as Bobby
Paul Morgan as the other jewel fence
Gerhard Ritterband as the newspaper boy
Hans Lipschütz as the rascal
Erika Unruh as the whore
Edgar Pauly as the inconspicuous gentleman
Leonhard Haskel as crook #1
Paul Rehkopf as crook #2

Restoration
Long regarded as lost, a film reel in Portuguese was found in 1986 in the Cinemateca Brasileira in São Paulo by the film historian Walther Seidler, an employee of the Kinemathek in Berlin, together with Lang's The Wandering Image, from the estate of a local distributor. After two years of restoration work, it was shown again in 1988 at the Berlinale. The reconstructed copy is 1,618 meters long. The subtitles have been translated back from Portuguese.

References

External links

Films of the Weimar Republic
German silent feature films
Films directed by Fritz Lang
1921 drama films
German black-and-white films
Films shot at Babelsberg Studios
Silent German drama films
1920s German films
Films with screenplays by Thea von Harbou

Four Around a Woman


The Church of St Nicholas in Combe St Nicholas, Somerset, England is Norman in origin, with the chancel and lower stage of the tower dating from the 13th century. It was enlarged and aisles added in the 15th century, with further restoration in 1836. It has been designated as a grade I listed building.

There was a church on the site from the Norman Conquest and possibly earlier. The church was dedicated by the Bishop of Waterford with Bishop Jocelin of Wells in 1170.

The Hamstone nave has five bays and holds the font which may have survived from the pre Norman era. The 15th century aisles include a piscina and another font. The carved rood screen dates from around 1470. Beneath the chancel are three vaults which were discovered in 1971. The tower has six bells and a clock dating from 1845. It has battlements, corner pinnacles and gargoyles.

The parish is part of the benefice of Chard, St. Mary with Combe St Nicholas, Wambrook and Whitestaunton within the deanery of Crewkerne and Ilminster.

See also

 Grade I listed buildings in South Somerset
 List of Somerset towers
 List of ecclesiastical parishes in the Diocese of Bath and Wells

References

Church of England church buildings in South Somerset
English churches with Norman architecture
Grade I listed churches in Somerset
Grade I listed buildings in South Somerset

Church of St Nicholas, Combe St Nicholas


Trivia (1716) is a poem by John Gay. The full title of the poem is Trivia, or The Art of Walking the Streets of London, and it takes its name from the Latin word for "crossroads" and from the "goddess of crossroads," Diana, whom the poet invokes in the opening stanza.

The poem, written in heroic couplets, is loosely based on Virgil's Georgics, yet attains a Horatian satirical manner.

The length of the entire poem is approximately 1000 lines, and it is in three books.

Content
The poem describes the perils of walking in London in the 1710s. It is a topographical poem, taking the form of a walk through a day and night. It pretends to utmost seriousness in advising the reader on:

how to dress properly
what sorts of boots to wear
how to survive falling masonry
chamber pots being emptied out of windows
overflowing gutters
pickpockets
wig thieves
mud splashes

Gay also describes the characters of the city, including its ballad singers, chairmen, footmen, and toughs.

External links

The University of Toronto's Representative Poetry Page for Trivia

1716 poems
British poems
British satirical poems
Works about London
Works by John Gay

Trivia (poem)


Leo Gross (April 6, 1903 in Krosno, Galicia - November 8, 1990 in Cambridge, Massachusetts) was an Austrian-American lawyer of Jewish descent. He was a scholar in the area of international law and international relations and from 1944 to 1980 a professor at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy of Tufts University.

Gross was born in 1903 in the town of Krosno in Galicia, then in Austria-Hungary, and graduated from the University of Vienna to study political science, international law and economy. He pursued his doctoral studies under Hans Kelsen until 1927. From 1929 to 1931, with a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, he studied in the field of law and legal philosophy at the London School of Economics (LSE), at Columbia University and at Harvard University, where he was awarded a doctorate in the field of law in 1931. He then returned to Europe and worked as a research assistant to Kelsen at the University of Cologne.

After the seizure of power by the National Socialists, Kelsen was suspended from his professorship in Cologne because of his Jewish ancestry and emigrated to Switzerland in April 1933. On Kelsen's recommendation, Gross then worked again at the LSE where he worked as an assistant to Hersch Lauterpacht. Two years later, he moved to the Paris-based International Institute of Intellectual Co-operation, an arm of the League of Nations. There, he worked as a manager of the Department of International Relations until 1940, when he emigrated to the United States via Vichy, Pau, Madrid, and Lisbon because of the start of World War II.

In 1941 he was employed in the US, and three years later, he was hired as a professor of international law at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy of Tufts University, where he remained until his retirement in 1980. In addition, in various years throughout his career, he taught as Fulbright professor at the University of Copenhagen, at the University of Tokyo, and at Hitotsubashi University. As a guest professor, he also taught at Yale University, Harvard University, Columbia University and the Hague Academy of International Law. He was also an adviser to the U.S. State Department and the United Nations.

His jurisprudential interaction focused on the United Nations and the International Court of Justice.

He was married to a Viennese artist, Gerda Fried, who gave birth to the twin daughters Elisabeth and Marilyn in the United States.

He died in 1990 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, of pneumonia. His estate is located in the German Exile Archive in the German National Library at Frankfurt.

Awards and recognition

Gross served on the board of the American Society of International Law from 1956 until 1959. He was appointed honorary vice president in 1970, was awarded an ASIL Certificate of Merit in 1977 for his work The Future of the International Court of Justice, and received the ASIL's highest award, the Manley O. Hudson Medal, in 1986. Furthermore, in 1970 Gross became honorary publisher of the American Journal of International Law for which he had served as co-publisher from 1956 until 1970 and as book review editor from 1958 until 1985. He became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1958 and an honorary member of the Indian Society of International Law in 1964.

References

20th-century American lawyers
Tufts University faculty
Harvard University alumni
1903 births
1990 deaths
University of Vienna alumni
Charles H. Stockton Professors of International Law
Austrian emigrants to the United States

Leo Gross