Tracy Hogg (August 1960 – 25 November 2004) was a British nurse and bestselling author. Her experiences as a nurse at St. Catherine's Hospital for the Mentally Handicapped and other hospitals led to a career as a child care expert. She was nicknamed "the baby whisperer" for her ability to placate infants. Hogg emigrated to the United States in 1992 and became famous in her last years for guiding young parents in California, among them Jodie Foster, Cindy Crawford, Jamie Lee Curtis and Calista Flockhart. Her fee for 3 weeks of babysitting was said to be over $15,000.

Her first book, Secrets of the Baby Whisperer: How To Calm, Connect, and Communicate With Your Baby, co-authored by journalist Melinda Blau, was published in 2001. It became a New York Times bestseller. One year later, Secrets of the Baby Whisperer for Toddlers was published and became a national bestseller as well.

In June 2002 Hogg teamed up with Discovery Health in Great Britain to produce a fifteen-part television series entitled The Baby Whisperer. In 2004, as she was battling cancer, Hogg and Blau collaborated on The Baby Whisperer Solves All Your Problems. Hogg died of melanoma on 25 November 2004.

Books
 Secrets of the Baby Whisperer, 2001,
 Secrets of the Baby Whisperer for Toddlers, 2002,
 The Baby Whisperer Solves all your Problems, 2005,

TV shows
 The Baby Whisperer

External links
 Official website
 Tracy Hogg's Baby whisperer Forums
 Author page in publisher's website
 The Telegraph obituary
 The Boston Globe obituary

1960 births
2004 deaths
British writers
People from Doncaster
Deaths from melanoma

Tracy Hogg


Alexandros Tzorvas (; born 12 August 1982) is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

Club career

Early career
Ηe began his career as a member of the renowned (domazos academy) Panathinaikos football academy but, despite his potential, he found it hard to make the first team as the more experienced Antonis Nikopolidis, Konstantinos Chalkias and Stefanos Kotsolis provided more than full cover for the goalkeeping position. Due to the strong competition, and as the team laid hopes on him for the future in the next 4 years, he was loaned to the affiliated teams of Agios Nikolaos, Markopoulo and Thrasyvoulos in order to gain experience.

In 2005 Panathinaikos recalled him from loan as a cover for Mario Galinović and Pierre Ebede.

OFI Crete
A lack of first team opportunities led to his trade to OFI with Orestis Karnezis – also a hot goalkeeping prospect  – following the opposite path. A streak of very good performances made him quickly a starter for the team from Crete even though his transfer was scrutinized by OFI fans, mainly because of what they see as one sided "colonial"-style agreements that their team is signing with Panathinaikos. In 2008, Tzorvas became the Second Greek Best Goalkeeper behind the legendary Antonis Nikopolidis.

Return to Panathinaikos
During the 2008–09 season, Panathinaikos recalled him from OFI with Arkadiusz Malarz taking the opposite way. Although Mario Galinović was considered the first option for the goalkeeper position for the 2008–2009 season, Tzorvas had his chances already in October being in the starting eleven for a few games for the Greek Superleague and the UEFA Champions League.

For the 2009–10 Super League season, beginning from the match against Aris Thessaloniki F.C., he is considered a basic choice for the goalkeeper position, mainly due to bad performances by teammate Galinović.

Tzorvas is a die-hard fan of Panathinaikos. Once, in a game against Olympiakos at Karaiskákis Stadium, he went in front of the partisan opposition fans and kissed the shamrock badge on his shirt.

Italy
On 26 August 2011 he moved to Italy, joining Serie A club Palermo for €700,000; the player agreed a two-year contract with the club and will wear the No. 33 jersey for the Sicilian club, replacing Salvatore Sirigu who left weeks earlier in order to join Paris Saint-Germain FC. He debuted in rosanero on 11 September 2011, in the match won 4–3 against Inter in Serie A. Originally hired as starting goalkeeper, he fell out of favour with head coach Devis Mangia following some unimpressive performances and ultimately lost his place to Francesco Benussi. He was confirmed as second choice also by Bortolo Mutti, who replaced Mangia as Palermo boss in December, and then clearly relegated on the bench after Palermo opted to sign promising Italian international Emiliano Viviano during the January 2012 transfer window from Genoa.

Alexandros Tzorvas will be looking to put a difficult season behind him when Serie A football kicks-off later this month, but according to reports from Italy on Monday the Greek international might not get the chance to prove his Palermo critics wrong as a sensational transfer to league rivals Udinese is reportedly on the cards this summer. The former Panathinaikos shot-stopper was mentioned in a report released by La Gazzetta dello Sport as Udinese looks to fill the void between the sticks following the sale of Samir Handanovic to Inter Milan and the nerve-racking injury to expected starter Zeljko Brkic.
For Tzorvas, a move away from the Sicilian club would provide a fresh start after a disastrous first season in Italy where a shaky Palermo back-line was partly responsible for Tzorvas' struggles with the Rosanero. With Udinese set to compete in the play-off round of the UEFA Champions League, the Northeastern Italian club provides an attractive destination for Tzorvas despite the departure of many key players this season.

In the summer 2012 he moved to Genoa in definitive deal for €600,000 in 1-year contract, together with youth team striker Daniel Jara Martínez in temporary deal, in an exchange deal that took Swiss defender Steve von Bergen at Palermo for €1.7 million. The Greek international 'keeper will back-up expected starter Sebastien Frey, while also competing with Canadian 'keeper Robert Stillo for a spot on the bench. On 17 March 2013, Alexandros Tzorvas made his Genoa debut away to Fiorentina. His first game with the club was a catastrophe, as he smothered a Stevan Jovetić snapshot, but David Pizarro hit a fierce effort that took a massive deflection to loop over the goalkeeper and land on the crossbar. On 9 July 2013 Tzorvas returned to Greece to play for the newly promoted club of Apollon Smyrni as a free agent.

Apollon Smyrnis
On 9 July 2013 Tzorvas returned to Greece to play for the newly promoted club Apollon Smyrni as a free agent. Greece international Alexandros Tzorvas has agreed to join newly promoted Greek Super League side Apollon Smyrni on a two-year deal, the club has confirmed. The Athenians are making their return to the Greek top flight for the first time in 13 years and have made Tzorvas the latest in a string of summer acquisitions.

On 18 August 2013, he made his debut with the club in a 2–1 home win against Aris.
Tzorvas decision to return to Greece was not an easy one, knowing the differences between Serie A and Super League, but his enormous desire to regain his position in the Greece national football team made him sign a contract with a team that is among the favorites for relegation. Eventually, he succeeded to be among Fernando Santos calls' for a friendly against South Korea

NorthEast United
On 1 September 2014, it was reported that he has signed a contract with NorthEast United FC to play in Indian Super League He started his first match against Kerala Blasters FC, he was named  man of the match with a clean sheet. On 23 December 2014, he left the club. After a decent spell at NorthEast United FC, the Greek press reported in March 2015 that Tzorvas was considering a return to India as he has been approached by two unidentified Indian clubs with significant offers.

Although the reason for his departure just after playing two matches are not disclosed.

International career
On 21 March 2008, Otto Rehhagel called Tzorvas as third choice goalkeeper for the friendly against Portugal on 26 March at Frankfurt, Germany. After the retirement of Antonis Nikopolidis from the national team, Tzorvas became the second goalkeeper for Greece. He was named at the 23 man squad for UEFA Euro 2008. He made his senior international debut for Greece on 19 November 2008 in a friendly match against 2006 FIFA World Cup champions Italy at the Karaiskákis Stadium in Piraeus.

One of Tzorvas's greatest career accomplishments to date came in Greece's 2009 home-and-away World Cup playoff with Ukraine. Tzorvas turned away the Ukrainian attack for the entire 180 minutes over ties in Athens and Donetsk, sustaining the Greeks' 1–0 aggregate victory that sent the team to the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa.

At the 2010 FIFA World Cup, he was the starting goalkeeper in all three group matches, beating off competition from Kostas Chalkias and Michalis Sifakis. At the UEFA Euro 2012, however, Kostas Chalkias took over his spot, and Michalis Sifakis played in the final group stage match against Russia and the quarter-final against Germany.

Honours

Club
Panathinaikos
 Super League Greece: 2009-10
 Greek Cup: 2009–10

References

External links
OnSports profile

1982 births
Living people
Men's association football goalkeepers
Greece men's international footballers
Greece men's under-21 international footballers
Footballers from Athens
Greek men's footballers
Thrasyvoulos F.C. players
OFI Crete F.C. players
Panathinaikos F.C. players
Super League Greece players
Genoa CFC players
Apollon Smyrnis F.C. players
NorthEast United FC players
Serie A players
UEFA Euro 2008 players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2012 players
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in India
Greek expatriate men's footballers
Greek expatriate sportspeople in Italy

Alexandros Tzorvas


Mr. Bungle is an American experimental rock band formed in Eureka, California, in 1985. Having gone through many incarnations throughout its career, the band is best known for music created during its most experimental era. During this time, it developed a highly eclectic style, cycling through several musical genres, often within the course of a single song, including heavy metal, avant-garde jazz, ska, disco, and funk, further enhanced by lead vocalist Mike Patton's versatile singing style. This period also saw the band utilizing unconventional song structures and samples; playing a wide array of instruments; dressing up in masks, jumpsuits, and other costumes; and performing a diverse selection of cover songs during live performances.

The band was founded as a death metal project while the members were still in high school. It is named after a character in the 1960 children's educational film Beginning Responsibility: Lunchroom Manners, as featured in the 1981 HBO special The Pee-wee Herman Show. Mr. Bungle released four demo tapes in the mid-to-late 1980s. On the back of Patton's success as frontman of Faith No More, it signed to Warner Bros. Records in 1990 and released three full-length studio albums between 1991 and 1999 in the eclectic, experimental style it became known for. The band toured in 1999 and 2000 to support its third album before going on an indefinite hiatus that was confirmed as a dissolution in 2004. It reunited as a thrash metal band for a series of shows in February 2020 to perform its 1986 demo album The Raging Wrath of the Easter Bunny with Anthrax guitarist Scott Ian and Slayer drummer Dave Lombardo. The band then returned to the studio to re-record the demo as a professional album and released it in October of that year.

Mr. Bungle has gone through numerous lineup changes, with Patton, guitarist Trey Spruance, and bassist Trevor Dunn the sole consistent members. The band was based in San Francisco during its tenure with Warner Bros. During much of the band's existence, it was in a public dispute with Red Hot Chili Peppers, particularly between Patton and Chili Peppers vocalist Anthony Kiedis; in later years, members of the bands have shown respect to each other.

History

Formation (1985–1989)

Mr. Bungle emerged after its members were kicked out of their respective previous bands. "It was kinda like a merger between two bands," Mike Patton recalled. "One really horrible gothic metal band, which our guitarist and original drummer were in, and one really horrible metal band which did Metallica covers, which is the one Trevor and me came from." Mr. Bungle initially described themselves as a death metal band, but also dabbled in speed metal, thrash metal, and hardcore punk. The members came very close to naming the band Summer Breeze before settling on the name Mr. Bungle. The Mr. Bungle name was inspired by a 1950s propaganda film that they had seen as a segment of The Pee-wee Herman Show. The members previously used the name to refer to a fellow classmate that they thought to be "a total goober" before adopting it as the band name.

Within a year of formation, the band expanded their sound to include ska. Trevor Dunn noted that,  "After about a year we got tired of playing speed metal and wanted to do something a little more creative. So we just stopped and started writing our own style of music, which was influenced by bands like Camper Van Beethoven, Oingo Boingo, Bad Manners and kind of funky, ska-oriented stuff. Then we added a two-piece horn section and a new drummer, so now we don't really have any kind of limit on the music we play." Trey Spruance corroborated this. "When I was 15, I was in a death metal group," Spruance reminisced. "We had this idea that we were going to play a bunch of ska tunes for a bunch of metalheads. We just had this idea, you know: 'Okay, we're going to play this ska music, and that'll be amazing.' Half of the audience hated us, but there was definitely a joy in confronting that wall between styles."

Given that the band's background was exclusively in heavy music at that point, some band members experienced difficulties expanding their sound early on. In particular, Spruance noted that Mike Patton had to teach him to play the ska stroke for a performance at their high school talent show. Spruance later explained, "Oh, what I remember was... this was our first... like, we had only done, uh, death metal up to that point. And so this was our first time trying to ever play ska. And I'd never played... on guitar, like, I'd never played... I didn't know how to do that skanking guitar shit at all. But Patton could do, like with one finger on the thread mark, he could do the, the rhythmic part of it pretty well. Like, he could... he taught me how to do it. So, I just sort of awkwardly... I would fill in and make the chord and he actually played guitar, but would just kind of use it percussively. And we played these Camper Van Beethoven songs, and I don't... I dunno if we played The Specials, but that's what we were listening to."

Mr. Bungle played their first show during November 1985 at the Bayside Grange Hall. The band's first demo, The Raging Wrath of the Easter Bunny, was recorded during Easter of 1986. It featured a fast, lo-fi death/thrash sound, with touches of ska. Instruments utilized on the album included a train whistle, saxophone, bongos and a kazoo. The Raging Wrath of the Easter Bunny was followed in 1987 by the Bowel of Chiley demo; it featured a much greater ska presence, as well as the sounds of jazz, swing and funk. Bradley Torreano noted at AllMusic that the recording was "essentially the sound of some very talented teenagers trying to make their love of jazz and ska come together in whatever way they can." In 1988, Mr. Bungle released their third demo, Goddammit I Love America!, which was musically similar to Bowel of Chiley. Mike Patton described its style as "funkadelic, thrashing, circus, ska." In 1988, Mike Patton became the lead vocalist for San Francisco's Faith No More, getting the job after the band heard him on the first two Mr. Bungle demos. Patton continued to be a member of both bands simultaneously and Mr. Bungle released OU818, their final demo tape, in 1989. OU818, was the first release to feature both tenor sax player Clinton "Bär" McKinnon and drummer Danny Heifetz and contained re-recorded songs from the earlier demos, as well as several new tracks. At the time of this release, Mike Patton described Mr. Bungle as a "weirdo funk band".

Mr. Bungle (1990–1993)

During 1990, the band members left Eureka for San Francisco, in search of greater musical opportunities. Trey Spruance said the change in location influenced the band's style, remarking "[we were interested in] Slayer and Mercyful Fate. Later it was The Specials and Fishbone. Then we moved to San Francisco and got all sophisticated. Now we are improv snobs who rule the avant-garde universe by night, and poor, fucked-up hipsters by day." Having established a following in Northern California, Mr. Bungle was signed to Warner Bros. Records in 1990, with the label releasing all three of their studio albums during the 1990s. It has been speculated that Patton's success as frontman of Faith No More was the primary reason Warner Bros. signed the band. The Los Angeles Times stated in a 1991 article that "Under normal circumstances, you'd have to describe Mr. Bungle's chances of landing a major label deal as... a long shot."

Their debut album, Mr. Bungle, was produced by jazz experimentalist John Zorn and was released on August 13, 1991. The cover featured artwork by Dan Sweetman, originally published in the story, "A Cotton Candy Autopsy" in the DC Comics/Piranha Press imprint title, Beautiful Stories for Ugly Children. The record mixed metal, funk, ska, carnival music and free jazz, but was normally described as funk metal by music critics. It received mostly positive reviews, with journalist Bill Pahnelas calling it "an incredible musical tour de force". On the style of the album, critic Steve Huey wrote in AllMusic: "Mr. Bungle is a dizzying, disconcerting, schizophrenic tour through just about any rock style the group can think of, hopping from genre to genre without any apparent rhyme or reason, and sometimes doing so several times in the same song."

The first track was originally titled "Travolta". At Warner Brothers' encouragement, it was renamed Quote Unquote in later pressings, due to fears regarding a potential lawsuit. The band created a music video for the song, directed by Kevin Kerslake. However, MTV refused to air the video because of images of bodies dangling on meat hooks. The album sold well despite MTV refusing to air their video and a lack of radio airplay. Almost all the members went by obscure aliases in the album credits. To promote the album in some stores, a Mr. Bungle bubble bath was given away with copies of the record sold. Following the release of the album the band toured North America.

Disco Volante (1994–1997)

Due to artwork delays and the band members' many side-projects, it was four years before Disco Volante was released, in October 1995. The new album displayed musical development and a shift in tone from their earlier recordings. While the self-titled album was described as "funk metal", with Disco Volante this label was replaced with "avant-garde" or "experimental".

The music was complex and unpredictable, with the band continuing with their shifts of musical style. Some of the tracks were in foreign languages and would radically change genres mid-song. Featuring lyrics about death, suicide and child abuse, along with children's songs and a Middle Eastern techno number, music critic Greg Prato described the album as having "a totally original and new musical style that sounds like nothing that currently exists". Not all critics were impressed with the album, with The Washington Post describing it as "an album of cheesy synthesizers, mangled disco beats, virtuosic playing and juvenile noises", calling it "self-indulgent" and adding that "Mr. Bungle's musicians like to show off their classical, jazz and world-beat influences in fast, difficult passages which are technically impressive but never seem to go anywhere". Additionally, writer Scott McGaughey described it as "difficult", and was critical of its "lack of actual songs". Disco Volante included influences from contemporary classical music, avant-garde jazz, electronic music pioneer Pierre Henry, Edgar Allan Poe, John Zorn, Krzysztof Penderecki and European film music of the 1960s and 1970s, such as those composed by Ennio Morricone and Peter Thomas. The album notes also contained an invitation to participate in an "unusual scam" – if $2 was sent to the band's address, participants would receive additional artwork, lyrics to the songs "Ma Meeshka Mow Skwoz" and "Chemical Marriage" and some stickers. The vinyl release of this album shipped with a 7" by the then-unknown Secret Chiefs 3. In 1996, Theo Lengyel retired as Bungle's original sax player and keyboardist due to creative differences.

Mr. Bungle supported this record with their first world tour, performing across North America, Europe and Australia during 1995 and 1996. In early 1997, the band began work on a covers album, however it was put on indefinite hold due to Patton's touring commitments with Faith No More. Later in 1997, the Seattle-based Rastacore Records started distributing CDs of Bowel of Chiley (incorrectly labelled Bowl of Chiley on the Rastacore release). This was done without official authorization from Mr. Bungle or Warner Bros., and as such production was halted, with only a limited number of CDs surviving.

California (1998–2000)

After a two-year break which saw Faith No More split, Mr. Bungle reconvened in 1998 to record new material. The band's third album, California, was released on July 13, 1999. Ground and Sky reviews have described California as Mr. Bungle's most accessible and, while its signature genre shifts are still present, they are less frequent, with succinct song formats resulting in an album that The Associated Press called "surprisingly linear". AllMusic called the record "their most concise album to date; and while the song structures are far from traditional, they're edging more in that direction, and that greatly helps the listener in making sense of the often random-sounding juxtapositions of musical genres". Of the different style of this album, Patton said that to the band "the record is pop-y", before adding "but to some fucking No Doubt fan in Ohio, they're not going to swallow that." The album was generally well received, with music critic Robert Everett-Green writing, "The band's newest and greatest album does not reveal itself quickly, but once the bug bites, there is no cure. The best disc of the year, by a length."

The recording process for California was more complex than for the band's previous records. It chose to record the disc to analog tape rather than digitally and some songs required several 24-track machines, utilizing over 50 tracks. As a result, each song contains layers of original samples, keyboards, percussion and melodies. The album displays influences from Burt Bacharach and The Beach Boys, while blending lounge, pop, doo-wop, jazz, funk, exotica, thrash metal, Hawaiian, Middle Eastern, alternative metal, surf music, kecak and avant-garde music. The band toured North America, Australia and Europe to support the record. It also appeared on the 2000 edition of the SnoCore Tour, performing alongside alternative metal acts it had influenced, such as Incubus and System of a Down. According to Dunn, Mr. Bungle was "completely out of place" on the SnoCore Tour. He said, "We were sort of the grandpas of the tour, so we started really messing with the audiences. We dressed up like the Village People and acted super gay which really pissed off the metal kids."

The band played its last concert in nearly 20 years on September 9, 2000, in Nottingham, England. Following the California tour, the members again went their separate ways to pursue their various side projects. During the early 2000s, Patton was primarily touring and recording with his metal project Fantômas and the newly formed supergroup Tomahawk. Mr. Bungle was assumed to be in another period of "hibernation", with Patton telling Kerrang! in October 2001, "it's gotta take a rest. There's a few of us that aren't even ready to face it again for a while. We'll put it on the shelf for now and see what happens to it and hopefully revisit it again."

Post-breakup events (2000–2019)
After the dissolution of Mr. Bungle, the members went on to numerous different projects. Patton co-founded the record label Ipecac Recordings and is involved with several other ventures, including various works with composer John Zorn and the bands Fantômas, Tomahawk, and Peeping Tom. In 2004, Björk called upon him to provide vocal work on her album Medúlla. He acted in the motion picture Firecracker, narrated the film Bunraku, and did voice work in the movie I Am Legend, performing the screams and howls of the infected humans. He also did zombie and other character voices in the game Left 4 Dead (as well as the growls for the anger core in the game Portal). In 2009 and 2010, Patton embarked on a world tour with Faith No More after it reunited. Spruance is involved with various bands, including Secret Chiefs 3 and Faxed Head. Dunn joined Patton in Fantômas and Tomahawk, and formed a jazz band, Trevor Dunn's Trio Convulsant; he also occasionally played bass with Secret Chiefs 3. Heifetz's projects included playing with Secret Chiefs 3 and in the country/punk band Dieselhed; he now resides in Sydney, and plays in outfits such as The Exiles, The Tango Saloon and The Fantastic Terrific Munkle. McKinnon also played with Secret Chiefs 3. In 2002, he moved to Melbourne, Australia, after getting into a relationship with an Australian woman he met at a 2000 Mr. Bungle concert in Sydney. Following his move to Melbourne, he went on to play with The Ribbon Device and Umläut.

Spruance joined Patton and Faith No More onstage for the first time to perform King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime in its entirety in Santiago in November 2011. Patton sang on the Secret Chiefs 3 song "La Chanson de Jacky" in 2012, provoking further speculation by fans about a reunion. But in a February 2013 interview with SF Weekly , Dunn said there would be no Mr. Bungle reunion: "I've heard the faintest murmurings about it, but honestly I don't think anyone is interested. It's nothing personal, either. We all feel like that band said what it needed to say. It would feel weird and awkward to play that music again. It would take a pant-load of money to make it happen, and honestly, I don't want to do it for that reason. I would prefer to let go of it, respectfully." When asked about Mr. Bungle reuniting in an interview published in February 2014, Patton responded! "Who knows? It certainly doesn't seem like it's on the tip of anyone's lips, but I could have said the same thing—and in fact, I did say the same thing—about Faith No More, and that happened. And I think it happened for the better." Around this time, the book The Faith No More & Mr. Bungle Companion was released, which covered both bands' histories.

Reunion and The Raging Wrath of the Easter Bunny Demo (2019–present)
On August 13, 2019, it was announced that Mr. Bungle would reunite in February 2020 for three shows in Los Angeles, San Francisco and Brooklyn. The reunion was promoted as featuring Patton, Spruance and Dunn, as well as guitarist Scott Ian and drummer Dave Lombardo, performing The Raging Wrath of the Easter Bunny in its entirety. On August 15, after a strong demand for tickets for all three shows, the band added an additional show to each city. A third L.A. show was added on August 21, bringing the total number of reunion shows to seven. The band wrote on its Facebook page that it would not perform any songs from its Warner Bros. albums.

During the reunion shows, Mr. Bungle covered songs of various metal and hardcore punk bands such as Slayer, Corrosion of Conformity, Circle Jerks, Crumbsuckers and Cro-Mags in addition to performing three previously unreleased songs written during the era of The Raging Wrath of the Easter Bunny: "Glutton For Punishment", "Methamatics", and "Eracist". Although the entire recording was promoted as being performed, non-metal songs from the demo (such as "Grizzly Adams" and "Evil Satan") were absent from the performances. The only exception was "Hypocrites", albeit with the ska sections eliminated.

The choice of songs received a mixed reaction from certain portions of the band's fanbase. In their review of the Los Angeles gig, Revolver wrote "One of the most quietly influential bands in metal reunited last night in Los Angeles ... to play zero of the songs that made them influential."

Mr. Bungle collaborated with several guests during the shows including the comedian Eric Andre, who introduced the band at the beginning of their show at February 7, and Jed Watts, the original drummer of Mr. Bungle.

In the weeks following the February 2020 shows, Mr. Bungle posted without comment on their Twitter account pictures taken in a recording studio, hinting at an upcoming record. On March 23 and 24, Revolver magazine published a two-part press release and interview with Spruance formally announcing that the band, joined by Scott Ian and Dave Lombardo, were currently re-recording The Raging Wrath of the Easter Bunny in addition to the previously unreleased songs and covers performed during the reunion shows, with an expected release on Patton's label Ipecac Recordings in the fall of 2020. On June 5, Mr. Bungle released a cover of "U.S.A." by The Exploited, featuring a hardcore punk sound. "Doesn't matter what part of the political spectrum you are on, everyone at some point has said, 'Fuck the USA,'" Spruance commented. "The closest thing we have to a universal sentiment."

On August 13, the band officially announced the album's release date, now titled The Raging Wrath of the Easter Bunny Demo, released on October 30. Alongside the announcement, they released an animated music video for the single "Raping Your Mind" directed by Eric Livingston. Dunn described re-recording their earliest material with Lombardo and Ian like "we were finally utilizing our Ph.Ds in Thrash Metal. All we had to do was go back to our original professors for some additional guidance and talk them into joining us. Turns out we were A+ students... We were haunted for 35 years by the fact that this music wasn't given it's [sic] due respect. Now we can die."

Style and influence
According to Invisible Oranges, Mr. Bungle "cultivated their own complex universe whose parts, embracing both regimen and disorder, inspired awe with increasing perspective and closer examination". Initially a death metal band, and later a thrash metal group, Mr. Bungle changed their style in the '90s to a funk metal sound that showed the influence of ska, disco and avant-garde jazz. In a 2021 interview, Spruance claimed that, "there's never been a time in Mr. Bungle's existence where it wasn't a metal band. There was always metal in there somewhere, and when we think 'metal'; metal isn't just riffs and drums playing like a machine; it's a whole psychology. The psychology of metal is there, even in that funk metal era; it's everywhere."

CBS News said that the band's music was a "anarchic mix of metal, ska, experimental jazz, punk and soundtrack music". The Sydney Morning Herald described Mr. Bungle as "experimental rockers". AllMusic described the band as "free-form rock radicals" and said that "Mr. Bungle's sound and approach are a unique mix of the experimental, the abstract, and the absurd".  Pioneers of avant-garde metal, the band was also categorized as alternative metal by Kerrang! and The Quietus.

Prior to the release of their first album in 1991, the Los Angeles Times stated that the band "performs oddball music one critic has described as Bugs Bunny-type jazz." Variety referred to the band as "Zappa-esque Bay Area pranksters" in 2000. Allmusic's Greg Prato described Mr. Bungle's music as a "unique mix of the experimental, the abstract, and the absurd", while Patrick Macdonald of The Seattle Times characterized their music as "harsh, grating, unstructured, blasting, squeaky, speedy, slow, eerie and strangely compelling". Distinctive features of the music were the use of numerous different instruments, unusual vocals, and the use of unpredictable song formats along with a number of different musical genres. Greg Prato stated they "may be the most talented rock instrumentalists today, as they skip musical genres effortlessly, while Mike Patton illustrates why many consider him to be the best singer in rock". Not all have agreed, with one reviewer calling the band the "most ridiculously terrible piece of festering offal ever scraped off the floor of a slaughterhouse". Journalist Geoffrey Himes criticized the band by stating "the vocals are so deeply buried in the music that the words are virtually indecipherable" and described the music as "aural montages rather than songs, for short sections erupt and suddenly disappear, replaced by another passage with little connection to what preceded it".

Mr. Bungle frequently incorporated unconventional instruments into their music including tenor sax, jaw harp, cimbalom, xylophone, glockenspiel, clarinet, ocarina, piano, organ, bongos, and woodblocks. Journalist John Serba commented that the instrumentation "sounded kind of like drunken jazz punctuated with Italian accordions and the occasional Bavarian march, giant power chord, or feedback noise thrown in". Overlaying this was Mike Patton's vocals, who often used death metal growls, crooning, rapping, screeching, gurgling, or whispering. The arrangement of their songs was also idiosyncratic, often lacking a structured song format and rotating through different genres ranging from slow melodies to thrash metal. New York Times journalist Jon Pareles described it as music that "leaps from tempo to tempo, key to key, style to style, all without warning". Similarly critic Patrick Macdonald commented, "In the middle of hard-to-follow, indecipherable noise, a relatively normal, funky jazz organ solo will suddenly drift in".

The majority of the band's music and lyrics were written by Patton, Dunn, and Spruance, with McKinnon and Heifetz occasionally contributing. Regarding their creative process, McKinnon stated in a 2000 interview that "This band is kind of like a cruel boys club in a way. You bring some ideas and if you're not 100 percent firm about bringing a certain idea to this group, you can watch it get kicked aside and die really quickly."

It has been noted that the band were given an unusual amount of artistic freedom during their tenure with the major label Warner Bros. Records. In a 2016 interview, Trevor Dunn reflected —

Trey Spruance claimed that Warner Bros. cared so little about the band that they at one point were considering delivering an entire album of blank static noise, knowing that the label wouldn't listen to it in the first place. He said, "We could've delivered them static, literally. We thought about it. We almost did it, we were thinking about doing that. Then we realized – actually it doesn't matter to them; that would seem like a big statement but they would just shrug. They don't care about that shit."

Legacy
Korn have utilized what they have dubbed the "Mr. Bungle chord" (A flat fifth chord or "tritone"). James "Munky" Shaffer, one of Korn's guitarists, stated in a 2015 interview that Mr. Bungle's self-titled debut "set the tone for us and what we went on to do creatively".

Stage shows and image

Mr. Bungle were known for their characteristically unconventional stage shows, where the band members would dress up in costumes and masks. The 1999–2000 shows in support of the California album usually featured Dunn dressed as a blonde girl resembling Goldilocks or The St. Pauli Girl, although for the other members this period was largely devoid of masks and outfits due to the increased demands of the music. Occasionally, the band would simply appear in black suits with white dress shirts or dress up in chef costumes, cowboy suits or as the Village People.

Members
All of the members of the 'classic' lineup of Mr. Bungle are multi-instrumentalists. The timeline below reflects only their main roles. Members of the band were known to switch instruments mid-performance.

Current members

Former members

Touring members

Timeline

Discography

Studio albums

Live albums

Demos

Singles

Music videos

Live video

See also
List of alternative metal artists
List of avant-garde metal artists
List of bands from the San Francisco Bay Area
List of experimental musicians
List of funk metal and funk rock bands

References

External links
 Official website

1985 establishments in California
American avant-garde metal musical groups
American experimental rock groups
American funk metal musical groups
Masked musicians
Musical groups established in 1985
Musical groups disestablished in 2000
Musical groups reestablished in 2019
Surrealist groups
Thrash metal musical groups from California
Warner Records artists

Mr. Bungle


Lee Won-tae is a South Korean film director, screenwriter and producer. Formerly working as a producer on programs for MBC TV, Lee debuted with the period prison drama Man of Will in 2017. Prior to that, he also served as producer on the 2011 horror romcom Spellbound and penned the original story for the 2015 period film The Magician. His second feature, The Gangster, The Cop, The Devil, was invited to the Cannes Film Festival in 2019. An upcoming American remake of the film was announced in May 2019, with Sylvester Stallone and Braden Aftergood producing and Ma Dong-seok reprising his role in the remake.

Filmography

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
South Korean film directors
South Korean screenwriters
South Korean film producers

Lee Won-tae


Het Houten Stadion (English: The Wooden Stadium) is a former stadium of AFC Ajax which served as the team's home stadium from 1907 to 1934.

History
Het Houten Stadion is a former stadium of AFC Ajax. Before Ajax moved to this stadium, they had played on a field in Amsterdam-Noord. Houses had been built on their field in 1907 which sent Ajax searching for a new place to play.

The club found two locations in the municipality of Watergraafsmeer losing their previous pitch to housing development. Both new places were located on the Polder, but were closer than the former field in Noord.

In the early years of the grounds there was no actual stadium, there were no stands, no water and the players would change and get ready in a bar nearby. The first stands were built in 1911 with covered seating on one side, and standing tribunes on the other. In 1916 the stands were built behind both goal lines. Designed by architect and Ajax-member Daan Roodenburgh, the funding for the stadium came from Wim Eggerman, a local businessman, who was the president of the club at the time.

With the success of AFC Ajax in the 1930s the stadium became too small. Every match more people would come to see Ajax play, the last Klassieker match to be played at Het Houten Stadion against Feyenoord was so busy, no corners could be taken during that match because there were spectators spilling out on to the pitch. 15,000 spectators attended that match. On 9 December 1934, Ajax moved to their new De Meer Stadion.

In 1936, Daan Roodenburgh competed in the Art competitions at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin in the Mixed Architecture event for Sports venues with his construction of De Meer Stadion.

There is now an Albert Heijn situated in the location of the former main entrance to the stadium on Middenweg in the Watergraafsmeer.

References

External links
 Het Houten Stadion at Ajax.nl

Architecture in the Netherlands
Defunct football venues in the Netherlands
Het Houten Stadion
Sports venues in Amsterdam
Amsterdam-Oost
Sports venues completed in 1907
1907 establishments in the Netherlands
20th-century architecture in the Netherlands

Het Houten Stadion


Ariostea () was an Italian professional cycling team from 1984 to 1993. Its first team manager was Giorgio Vannucci; he was replaced in 1986 by Giancarlo Ferretti, who remained manager until the team was disbanded in 1993.

History
The first major victories were the two stage wins at the 1986 Giro d'Italia by Sergio Santimaria (1st stage, maglia rosa for one day) and Norwegian rider Dag Erik Pedersen (15th stage). The highest placed Ariostea rider in the general classification was Alfio Vandi, who finished 11th, 12 minutes and 40 seconds behind the winner.

In the late 1980s the team became a more prominent presence in the peloton. One of its successful riders was Rolf Sørensen who won Paris–Tours in 1990 and the Tirreno–Adriatico of 1992. Moreno Argentin won the team its first "monument", the 1990 Tour of Flanders, followed by a victory at the La Flèche Wallonne. 1990 also saw the team's first Tour de France stage win (Argentin) and two more Girostages (Adriano Baffi).

In 1991, Argentin scored another double in Belgium, with wins in La Flèche Wallonne and Liège–Bastogne–Liège. Davide Cassani won three major classics in Italy (Milano–Torino, Giro dell'Emilia and Coppa Agostoni), while Massimiliano Lelli won two Giro stages - finishing third overall. More success followed at the Tour de France as stage wins for Bruno Cenghialta, Argentin and Marco Lietti registered a Tour triple triumph on consecutive days. That followed a team time trial win on Stage 2 into Chassieu that put Rolf Sørensen in the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification for four days.

Ariostea dominated the 1992 Tirreno–Adriatico with five stage wins and the general classification (Sørensen). Giorgio Furlan won the Tour de Suisse, Rolf Gölz the Tour Méditerranéen. There was another stage win in the Giro, this time for Marco Saligari. Roberto Conti finished 9th in the general classification.

In 1993, its final year, Ariostea was victorious in the Amstel Gold Race (Rolf Järmann). Bjarne Riis won a Giro stage and placed 5th in the general classification in the Tour de France. Saligari also won a stage in the Giro, and was the winner that year's Tour de Suisse. By far the most successful rider of the team this year was Pascal Richard of Switzerland. He won the Giro del Lazio, Giro di Lombardia, the Tour de Romandie and a handful of stages and one day races throughout the year. In the team's final race, the 1993 Giro di Lombardia, Ariostea riders Pascal Richard and Giorgio Furlan finished first and second, breaking away for the final 6 miles of the race.

Team manager Ferretti and a number of riders went to  the next year.

Major results

1985
 Overall Giro di Puglia, Silvano Contini
 Overall GP du Midi-Libre, Silvano Contini
Stage 1, Silvano Contini
Coppa Placci, Silvano Contini

1986
Stage 1 Giro d'Italia, Sergio Santimaria
Stage 15 Giro d'Italia, Dag Erik Pedersen

1987
Stage 8 Tour de Suisse, Alessandro Paganessi

1988
Stage 6 Settimana Siciliana, Rolf Sørensen
Stage 3 Giro d'Italia, Stephan Joho
Stages 1 & 9 Tour de Suisse, Stephan Joho
Stage 7 Tour de Suisse, Francesco Cesarini
Stage 1b Zürich, Stephan Joho
Stage 4 Tour of Denmark, Rolf Sørensen
Overall Schwanenbrau Cup, Bruno Cenghialta
Stage 2, Rolf Sørensen

1989
Giro di Campania, Luciano Rabottini
Stage 7a Paris–Nice, Adriano Baffi
Stages 2 & 3 Driedaagse van De Panne, Adriano Baffi
GP Pino Cerami, Stephan Joho
Stage 6 Giro d'Italia, Stephan Joho
Winterthur Criterium, Stephan Joho
Coppa Bernocchi, Rolf Sørensen
Omloop van de Vlasstreek, Rolf Sørensen
Six Days of Zürich, Adriano Baffi

1990
Overall Settimana Siciliana, Rolf Sørensen
Stage 1, Rolf Sørensen
Stage 5, Adriano Baffi
Trofeo Laigueglia, Rolf Sørensen
Stage 5 Paris–Nice, Adriano Baffi
Giro dei Sei Comuni, Stephan Joho
Tour of Flanders, Moreno Argentin
La Flèche Wallonne, Moreno Argentin
Stage 2 Giro del Trentino, Adriano Baffi
Stages 11 & 18 Giro d'Italia, Adriano Baffi
Stage 9 Tour de Suisse, Moreno Argentin
Stage 3 Tour de France, Moreno Argentin
Stage 2 Tour of Belgium, Adriano Baffi
Stage 5b Tour of Belgium, Stephan Joho
Coppa Bernocchi, Davide Cassani
Stage 6 Volta a Catalunya, Marco Lietti
Overall Schwanenbrau Cup, Stephan Joho
Stage 3, Stephan Joho
Giro dell'Emilia, Davide Cassani
Coppa Sabatini, Moreno Argentin
Paris–Tours, Rolf Sørensen

1991
La Flèche Wallonne, Moreno Argentin
Liège–Bastogne–Liège, Moreno Argentin
 Young rider classification Giro d'Italia, Massimiliano Lelli
Stage 8, Davide Cassani
Stages 12 & 16, Massimiliano Lelli
Stage 9 Tour de Suisse, Rolf Sørensen
Stage 2 (TTT) Tour de France
Stage 14 Tour de France, Bruno Cenghialta
Stage 15 Tour de France, Moreno Argentin
Stage 16 Tour de France, Marco Lietti
Coppa Bernocchi, Giorgio Furlan
Coppa Agostoni, Davide Cassani
Giro dell'Emilia, Davide Cassani
Milano–Torino, Davide Cassani

1992
 Overall Tour Méditerranéen, Rolf Gölz
Stages 1 & 5, Rolf Gölz
Giro di Campania, Davide Cassani
Stage 8 Paris–Nice, Adriano Baffi
Stage 2 Critérium International, Giorgio Furlan
La Flèche Wallonne, Giorgio Furlan
Overall Giro di Calabria, Marco Saligari
Overall Hofbrau Cup, Alberto Elli
Stage 2, Alberto Elli
Stage 3a, Rolf Sørensen
Stage 13 Giro d'Italia, Giorgio Furlan
Stage 15 Giro d'Italia, Marco Saligari
Stage 4 Tour de Luxembourg, Alberto Elli
 Overall Tour de Suisse, Giorgio Furlan
Stage 2, Giorgio Furlan
Stage 12 Tour de France, Rolf Järmann
Paris–Brussel, Rolf Sørensen
Linz Criterium, Adriano Baffi

1993
Stage 1 Critérium International, Pascal Richard
Stage 9 Settimana Ciclistica Lombarda, Fabio Casartelli
Amstel Gold Race, Rolf Järmann
GP Industria & Artigianato, Marco Saligari
 Overall Tour de Romandie, Pascal Richard
Stage 3, Pascal Richard
Stage 7 Giro d'Italia, Bjarne Riis
Stage 9 Giro d'Italia, Giorgio Furlan
Stage 15 Giro d'Italia, Davide Cassani
Stage 17 Giro d'Italia, Marco Saligari
 Overall Tour de Suisse, Marco Saligari
Stage 2, Giorgio Furlan
Stage 7 , Rolf Järmann
Stage 8, Pascal Richard
Stage 7 Tour de France, Bjarne Riis
Coppa Agostoni, Davide Cassani
Giro di Lombardia, Pascal Richard

References

External links

Defunct cycling teams based in Italy
Cycling teams based in Italy
Cycling teams established in 1984
Cycling teams disestablished in 1993

Ariostea (cycling team)


The Australian cricket team is the national cricket team of Australia. It is the joint oldest team in Test cricket. They were in the first Test match in 1877. The team also plays One Day International cricket and Twenty20 International. They were in the first ODI, against England in the 1970–71 season. They were in the first Twenty20 International, against New Zealand in the 2004–05 season. They won both games.

The Australian team has played 859 Test matches, winning 408, losing 231, drawing 218 and tying two. Australia ranked the number-one team overall in Test cricket in terms of overall wins, win-loss ratio and wins percentage. Australia is ranked fourth in the ICC Test Championship behind England, South Africa and India. They led the Test rankings for a record time of 74 months from 2003 to 2009.

Australia has played 982 ODI matches, winning 596, losing 343, tying nine and with 34 ending in no-result. They have led the ICC ODI Championship since it started for all but 48 days in 2007. Australia made a record six World Cup final appearances (1975, 1987, 1996, 1999, 2003 and 2007).  They have won the World Cup a record four times in total; 1987 Cricket World Cup, 1999 Cricket World Cup, 2003 Cricket World Cup and 2007 Cricket World Cup. Australia is the first team to be in 4 consecutive World Cup finals (1996, 1999, 2003 and 2007).

The team was undefeated in 34 consecutive World Cup matches until 19 March at the 2011 Cricket World Cup. There Pakistan beat them by 4 wickets. Australia won the ICC Champions Trophy twice – in 2006 and in 2009 – making them the first and the only team to become back to back winners in the Champions Trophy tournaments. The team has also played 177 Twenty20 Internationals.

Tournament history

References

Cricket clubs
Cricket
1877 establishments in Australia
national team

Australia national cricket team


Naval Station Argentia  is a former base of the United States Navy that operated from 1941 to 1994. It was established in the community of Argentia in what was then the Dominion of Newfoundland, which later became the tenth Canadian province, Newfoundland and Labrador.

Construction

Established under the British-US destroyers for bases agreement of 1940, the base was first occupied on 25 January 1941 following the expropriation of the flat headland formed by a small natural bay called Little Placentia Sound and the western end facing Placentia Bay by the Newfoundland government; over 400 families were displaced.

Civilian construction crews from civilian contractors George A. Fuller Company and Merritt-Chapman and Scott Corporation, rushed to build the base as well as an adjoining air field. On 15 July 1941, the Naval Operating Base was commissioned. On 12 October 1942 the 17th Naval Construction Battalion began to arrive at the base and worked jointly with the civilians until 5 May 1943. At that time it became a completely military operation. Before that happened the 64th CB started to arrive in March followed by the 69th CB in June. On 17 November 1943, Construction Battalion Maintenance Units (CBMUs) 525 and 526 arrived to take over the station maintenance with the CB's having completed the base's construction.

Atlantic Conference

On 7 August 1941 the heavy cruiser USS Augusta carrying U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt arrived in the anchorage at Little Placentia Bay off the base. Roosevelt inspected the base construction progress and did some fishing from Augusta over the next two days. Augusta was joined by the British warship HMS Prince of Wales carrying British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on 9 August 1941. While in the Argentia anchorage from 9–12 August, the chiefs of staff of Britain and the U.S. met to discuss war strategies and logistics once the U.S. joined in the war. The two leaders and their aides also negotiated the wording of a press release that they called a "joint statement". That press release was issued on 14 August 1941 in Washington, D.C., and was issued simultaneously in London, England. Several days later the Daily Herald would characterize the public statement as being the Atlantic Charter. However, there never was a signed, legal document called the "Atlantic Charter". Neither Roosevelt nor Churchill signed it. The conference concluded the evening of 12 August 1941 with the British and American warships and their escorts passing in review before departing the area for their home ports. The joint declaration was publicly announced on 14 August, presumably after Prince of Wales had returned to UK waters.

Second World War operations

On 28 August 1941 Naval Air Station Argentia was commissioned. NAS Argentia was built on the plateau atop the triangular peninsula adjacent to Naval Station Argentia's anchorage and shore facilities. The air station was used to base convoy protection, coastal patrol and anti-submarine aircraft, both land-based aircraft and seaplanes. While NAS Argentia was nominally an independent facility from Naval Station Argentia, both facilities are largely viewed as one.

Beginning that summer,  was used to house Flag Headquarters at the base.

February 1942 saw the Argentia base at the centre of one of the worst accidental disasters in the US Navy's history when  and  grounded and were lost with heavy casualties  southwest of the base. Over 100 victims were buried in Argentia's military cemetery.

United States Army Coast Artillery Corps troops were first deployed to Argentia in early 1941, at first a single coast defence battery with two or four 155 mm guns and an anti-aircraft battery. In January 1942 construction began on two batteries of 6-inch guns, and in March 1942 the United States Army established Fort McAndrew at Argentia to provide security to the navy base through an anti-aircraft battery and additional coast defence guns. Later that spring the Royal Navy established a small maintenance base at Argentia to service its ships involved in convoy escort groups operating out of Halifax, Sydney, St. John's and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

A US Navy-manned indicator loop station (Station 1X) was at Argentia; this detected submarines via their magnetic signature.

In the spring of 1943 a 7,000 ton floating drydock was installed at Argentia, along with a ship repair facility. In August 1943, Task Force 24 Flag Headquarters moved ashore to permanent facilities after having been housed aboard USS Prairie.

In 1944, Argentia served as one of the two stopover bases for the refuelling, maintenance, and crew changes of the six United States Navy (USN) K-class blimps that made the first transatlantic crossings of non-rigid airships. Blimps K-123 and K-130 from USN Blimp Squadron 14 (also known as ZP-14, Blimpron 14, or "The Africa Squadron") left South Weymouth Naval Air Station in Massachusetts on 28 May 1944 and landed at Argentia about 16 hours later. The two K-ships then flew for approximately 22 hours to Lages Field on Terceira Island in the Azores, the second stopover base for the transatlantic flights. The last leg was a ~20-hour flight to the squadron's final destination with Fleet Air Wing (FAW) 15 at Port Lyautey, French Morocco (now Kenitra, Morocco). Blimps K-123 and K-130 were followed by K-109 and K-134 then K-112 and K-101 which left South Weymouth on 11 and 27 June, respectively, in 1944. These six blimps initially conducted nighttime anti-submarine warfare operations to complement the daytime missions flown by FAW-15 aircraft (PBYs and PB4Y-2) using magnetic anomaly detection to locate U-boats in the relatively shallow waters around the Strait of Gibraltar. Later, ZP-14 K-ships conducted minespotting and minesweeping operations in key Mediterranean ports and various escort missions including that of the convoy carrying Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill to the Yalta Conference in early 1945. In late April 1945, K-89 and K-114 left NAS Weeksville (now Coast Guard Air Station Elizabeth City) in North Carolina and flew a southern route to NAS Bermuda, the Azores, and Port Lyautey, where they arrived on 1 May 1945.

Aerodrome

In approximately 1942 the aerodrome was listed as USAAF Aerodrome - Argentia, Newfoundland at  with a variation of 29 degrees west and elevation of . The field was listed as "all hard surfaced" and had three runways listed as follows:

Fort McAndrew

United States Army Coast Artillery Corps troops were first deployed to Argentia in January 1941, initially Battery A of the 57th Coast Artillery (Tractor Drawn) (TD) Regiment with two or possibly four mobile 155 mm guns, and Battery B of the 62nd Coast Artillery (Anti-aircraft) (AA) Regiment. A command known as the Harbor Defenses of Argentia and St. John's was established at this time to coordinate US coast defence activities in Newfoundland, under the Newfoundland Base Command. On 20 July 1941 the 155 mm gun battery was redesignated as Battery A, 53rd Coast Artillery (TD) Regiment, and on 1 August 1941 (some sources 1942) the AA battery was redesignated as Battery A, 421st CA (AA) Battalion (Separate). After the US entered the war following the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, construction on two batteries (Batteries 281 and 282) of two 6-inch guns each began in January 1942 and was completed in October 1942. These guns were on shielded long-range carriages with reinforced concrete and earth bunkers housing magazines and fire control equipment. On 16 February 1942 the harbour defence units in Newfoundland were redesignated as components of the 24th Coast Artillery (Harbor Defense) (Composite) Regiment, the headquarters and two additional batteries of which arrived at Fort McAndrew from the US on 25 March 1942. In April 1942 the AA defences were strengthened with the arrival of the 422nd CA Battalion (AA).

By the end of 1942 the coast defence gun batteries in the Argentia area were as follows:

In March 1943 the 24th CA Regiment was reduced to a battalion. In December 1943-January 1944 elements of the unit returned to the US for inactivation. In October 1944 the unit was reorganized, but was not fully inactivated until 8 September 1945. The date the unit was transferred to the US for inactivation is unclear. Postwar, circa 1946 the coast defence batteries were inactivated. The 6-inch guns of Batteries 281 and 282 survive. Battery 282's guns are still in place, and in 1993 Battery 281's guns were moved to Fort Columbia in Washington state, US.

Cold War operations
Following the war's end in August 1945, the first dependents of naval personnel were permitted to move to Argentia to live in permanent quarters on base.

In 1946, Fort McAndrew was transferred to the U.S. Army Air Forces which became the United States Air Force in 1947. In 1948, Fort McAndrew was renamed McAndrew Air Force Base.

In 1949, Newfoundland joined the Canadian Confederation as the 10th province. During the Cold War, Argentia Naval Station became a key "node" in the Northwest Atlantic's SOSUS network, helping to detect Soviet nuclear submarines. The base was the target of several espionage attempts between the 1940s–1990s as a result.

In 1955 McAndrew AFB was decommissioned and the facility was turned over to the US Navy with USAF personnel moving to other locations in Newfoundland such as Ernest Harmon AFB, Goose AFB or various radar installations being built in conjunction with the Royal Canadian Air Force such as the Pinetree Line, Mid-Canada Line and Distant Early Warning Line. Associated with the DEW Line, radar picket ships such as USS Hissem used the base, and Lockheed WV-2 Warning Star aircraft used the airfield. These ships and aircraft were called Barrier Force Atlantic (BARLANT) and operated from 1955 through 1965.

In 1959 the Navy deployed a portable Transit tracking station at the station, which recorded the doppler data from the 24-minute flight of the Transit 1A satellite launched on 17 September 1959. An ionospheric refraction value was calculated using the doppler data recovered by the portable station, and a correction factor was then applied to the data to produce a doppler curve unaffected by ionospheric refraction. The Satellite 1-A trajectory thus determined was in close agreement with range track data.

In 1959 the United States Naval Facility (NAVFAC) Argentia was established as a Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) shore terminal. The next year NAVFAC Argentia was terminus for an atypical SOSUS shallow water system designated King Shallow Water composed of ten eight-element arrays, vice the usual forty element deep water arrays. The shallow water system was intended to monitor Soviet patrols into Hudson Bay. In 1963 the first 2x20 array was installed terminating at NAVFAC Argentia. The shallow water system was deactivated in 1968.

Between 1968 and 1994 the United States stored the Mk 101 Lulu and B57 nuclear bombs at Naval Station Argentia.

Closure
In 1972 NAVFAC became a joint operations station for the US Navy and the Canadian Forces but Naval Air Station Argentia was decommissioned and the land transferred in 1975 to the Government of Canada. It was subsequently transferred to the provincial government for development. On 30 September 1994 the US Navy left Argentia completely when NAVFAC Argentia was decommissioned (Canadian operations were transferred to Canadian Forces IUSS Centre in Halifax) and the last personnel moved out.

Until 1994, the runways of the former airfield were utilized by the Royal Canadian Air Cadets. The Air Cadets operated weekend glider familiarization through the Air Cadet Gliding Program. The Schweizer SGS 2-33 was launched using an auto-tow launch method, utilizing the entire length of the runway surfaces. Personnel were housed at the Naval Station Argentia facilities. After the US Naval Station was decommissioned, the glider program was operated without facilities support for a few years until the airfield was occupied for the Hydromet Test Facility owned by INCO. With the announcement that the INCO development would not be using the airfield, the Air Cadet Gliding Program once again started using the airfield for gliding operations in May 2008.

See also
US Naval Advance Bases

References

Bibliography
 Gaines, William C., Coast Artillery Organizational History, 1917-1950, Coast Defense Journal, vol. 23, issue 2
 Hein, David. "Vulnerable: HMS Prince of Wales in 1941." Journal of Military History 77, no. 3 (July 2013): 955–989.

External links

 NAVFAC Argentia, Newfoundland established
 Photos: NAVFAC NF Argentia, 1960–1999

Argentia
Military installations closed in 1994
Military airbases in Newfoundland and Labrador
Military installations in Newfoundland and Labrador
Argentia
Argentia
Argentia
Argentia
Destroyers for Bases Agreement airfields
Argentia
1940s establishments in Newfoundland
1941 establishments in North America
1941 establishments in the British Empire
1994 disestablishments in Newfoundland and Labrador
Closed installations of the United States Navy
Military installations established in 1941
Foreign military bases in Canada

Naval Station Argentia


The Birmingham Campaign was a series of anti-racial segregation protests that took place in Birmingham, Alabama in April of 1963.

Background
Birmingham, Alabama, was a segregated city in the early 1960s. This meant that black and white people had to be kept apart. There were a variety of schools, restaurants, drinking fountains, and housing options available to them. Jim Crow laws were even passed that authorized and enforced segregation. In most situations, amenities for black people, such as schools, were inferior to those for white people. Several African-American leaders agreed to organize a huge protest to bring the issue of segregation in Birmingham to the attention of the rest of the country.

Violence
Martin Luther King, Jr. was staying at the Gaston Motel when it was bombed on May 11th. Fortunately, he had departed earlier. In the residence of A.D. King, King's younger brother, another explosion exploded. In response to the explosions, the demonstrators became more violent. They rioted across the city, torching buildings and cars and assaulting police officers. To restore control, soldiers from the United States Army were dispatched.

The Youth Protest
Despite its best efforts, the campaign did not receive the national attention that its strategists had hoped for. They decided to include students in the demonstrations. On May 2, almost a thousand African-American kids skipped school to join the protests. Demonstrators quickly overflowed the cells in Birmingham. With the cells full. He used police dogs and fire hoses on the kids. Images of children being hosed down and dogs being mauled made national headlines. The protests had drawn the attention of the entire country.

Results
Despite the fact that there were still numerous issues with racism, the Birmingham campaign helped to break down several barriers to segregation. When the new school year began in September of 1963, the schools were likewise integrated. The campaign's most important effect was the nationalization of the issues and the engagement of leaders like President John F. Kennedy.

1963 in the United States
1960s in Alabama
1960s protests
Birmingham, Alabama

Birmingham campaign


The red-naped sapsucker (Sphyrapicus nuchalis) is a medium-sized North American woodpecker. Long thought to be a subspecies of the yellow-bellied sapsucker, it is now known to be a distinct species.

Systematics
The red-naped sapsucker is one of four North American woodpeckers in the genus Sphyrapicus. It has no subspecies. First described by Spencer Fullerton Baird in 1858, it was initially thought to be a subspecies of the yellow-bellied sapsucker. However, there are significant genetic differences between this species and the yellow-bellied sapsucker, and the American Ornithologists' Union recognized it as a distinct species in the seventh edition of its North American birds checklist, published in 1998. Genetic analysis has shown that the red-naped sapsucker is a sister species with (and very closely related to) the red-breasted sapsucker, and that these two species form a superspecies with the yellow-bellied sapsucker. All three species are known to hybridize with each other, with hybrids between red-naped and red-breasted sapsuckers proving particularly common.

The genus name Sphyrapicus is a combination of the Greek words sphura, meaning "hammer" and pikos, meaning "woodpecker". The specific name nuchalis is a modern Latin word meaning "of the nape". In its common name, "red-naped", refers to the red patch on the back of the bird's head, while "sapsucker" refers to its distinctive method of feeding.

Description
The red-naped sapsucker is a medium-sized woodpecker, measuring  long and weighing . Adults have a black head with a red forehead, white stripes, and a red spot on the nape; they have a white lower belly and rump. They have a yellow breast and upper belly. They are black on the back and wings with white bars; they have a large white wing patch. Adult males have a red throat patch; for females, the lower part of the throat is red, the upper part white.

Habitat and range
Their breeding habitat is mixed forests in the Rocky Mountains and Great Basin areas of North America. They nest in a cavity in a dead tree. Other species which nest in tree cavities reuse nests formerly used by these birds.

To provide habitat and foraging for woodpeckers, forest management objectives on public land include snag and live tree retention. Numerous studies have shown woodpeckers will readily nest in logged areas as long as some stands are left standing. The drastic change in forest habitat caused by logging and tree retention drastically effects the quality of nesting sites and is detrimental to the red-naped sapsuckers habitat.

These birds migrate south and vacate areas at higher elevations.

Behavior

Feeding

True to their name, and like other sapsuckers, they drill holes in trees and eat the sap as well as insects attracted to it. They sometimes catch insects in flight; they also eat seeds and berries.

Breeding
Red-naped sapsuckers typically lay 3–7 white eggs. The young are altricial, naked, and helpless. The eggs are incubated for 12–13 days and the young are able to fly and leave the nest 25–29 days after hatching.

Throughout western North America, red-naped sapsucker (Sphyrapicus nuchalis) nests have been described primarily in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) with decay-softened wood. Heart-wood decay is reported to infect the roots of most aspens that red-naped sapsuckers choose to excavate for nesting. Red-naped sapsuckers typically excavate their first cavity relatively close to the ground and over subsequent years make progressively higher excavations. Most (68%) nest trees were live and 75% had broken tops. Western larch (Larix occidentalis) and birch were greatly over utilized compared to their availability.

References

Cited texts

External links

Red-naped sapsucker - Sphyrapicus nuchalis - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
Red-naped sapsucker Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Red-naped sapsucker at eNature.com

Project Sapsucker Royal Alberta Museum

red-naped sapsucker
red-naped sapsucker
Native birds of Western Canada
Native birds of the Western United States
red-naped sapsucker
red-naped sapsucker

Red-naped sapsucker


The 1886 Open Championship was the 26th Open Championship, held 5 November at the Musselburgh Links, Musselburgh, East Lothian, Scotland. David Brown won by two strokes from Willie Campbell.

The contest consisted of four rounds of the nine-hole course. There were 42 entries, including seven amateurs. Horace Hutchinson and Johnny Laidlay were the two leading amateurs playing. Local Musselburgh professionals dominated the field, providing 19 of the professional entries.

Brown and John Lambert led after the first round, both scoring 38. Lambert and Willie Campbell led after two rounds on 78, with Brown on 79 with Willie Fernie and Ben Campbell. Brown had an excellent 37 in the third round and took a one-stroke lead over Willie Campbell. They both fared badly at the 3rd hole, where Brown took 7 and Campbell took 8. Campbell was ahead in the final round until he took seven at the 5th, having been bunkered twice on the hole. Eventually Brown finished two ahead of Campbell, finishing with two threes to Campbell's two fours. Willie Park Jr. finished strongly, but his chances were ruined by taking 34 on the first six holes of his first round.

Final leaderboard
Source:

Friday, 5 November 1886

Individual round scores are only known for the leading seven players.

References

External links
Musselburgh Links 1886 (Official site)

The Open Championship
Golf tournaments in Scotland
Open Championship
Open Championship
Open Championship

1886 Open Championship


Thomas Dekker ( – 25 August 1632) was an English Elizabethan dramatist and pamphleteer, a versatile and prolific writer, whose career spanned several decades and brought him into contact with many of the period's most famous dramatists.

Early life
Little is known of Dekker's early life or origins. From references in his pamphlets, Dekker is believed to have been born in London around 1572, but nothing is known for certain about his youth. His last name suggests Dutch ancestry, and his work, some of which is translated from Latin, suggests that he attended grammar school.

Career
Dekker embarked on a career as a theatre writer in the middle 1590s. His handwriting is found in the manuscript of Sir Thomas More, though the date of his involvement is undetermined. More certain is his work as a playwright for the Admiral's Men of Philip Henslowe, in whose account book he is first mentioned in early 1598. While there are plays connected with his name performed as early as 1594, it is not clear that he was the original author; his work often involved revision and updating. Between 1598 and 1602, he was involved in about forty plays for Henslowe, usually in collaboration. To these years belong the collaborations with Ben Jonson and John Marston, which presumably contributed to the War of the Theatres in 1600 and 1601.  But Dekker is credited as the sole author of The Shoemaker's Holiday (1599), his acknowledged masterpiece – a boisterous, rowdy comedy of London life as seen through the eyes of a romanticist. Francis Meres includes Dekker in his list of notable playwrights in 1598.

For Jonson, however, Dekker was a bumbling hack, a "dresser of plays about town"; Jonson lampooned Dekker as Demetrius Fannius in Poetaster and as Anaides in Cynthia's Revels. Dekker's riposte, Satiromastix, performed both by the Lord Chamberlain's Men and the child actors of Paul's, casts Jonson as an affected, hypocritical Horace.

Satiromastix marks the end of the "poetomachia"; in 1603, Jonson and Dekker collaborated again, on a pageant for the Royal Entry, delayed from the coronation of James I, for which Dekker also wrote the festival book The Magnificent Entertainment. After this commission, however, the early Jacobean period was notably mixed for the author. In late 1602, he appears to have broken his association with Henslowe, for unknown reasons. He wrote for Worcester's Men for a time, then returned to the Admiral's Men (now patronized by Prince Henry) to produce The Honest Whore, an apparent success. But the failures of The Whore of Babylon (1607) and If This Be Not a Good Play, the Devil is in It (1611) left him crestfallen; the latter play was rejected by Prince Henry's Men before failing for Queen Anne's Men at the Red Bull Theatre.

Legal troubles
In 1612, Dekker's lifelong problem with debt (he had earlier, 1599, been imprisoned in Poultry Compter) reached a crisis when he was imprisoned in the King's Bench Prison on a debt of forty pounds to the father of John Webster. He remained there for seven years, and despite the support of associates such as Edward Alleyn and Endymion Porter, these years were difficult; Dekker reports that the experience turned his hair white. He continued as pamphleteer throughout his years in prison.

Later years
On release, he resumed writing plays, now with collaborators both from his generation (John Day and John Webster) and slightly younger writers (John Ford and Philip Massinger). Among these plays is one, Keep the Widow Waking (1624, with Ford, Webster, and William Rowley), which dramatized two recent murders in Whitechapel. In the latter half of the decade, Dekker turned once more to pamphlet-writing, revamping old work and writing a new preface to his most popular tract, The Bellman of London.

Death
Dekker published no more work after 1632, and he died in 25 August 1632 and then was buried at St James's Church, Clerkenwell that year.

Work

Drama
 Old Fortunatus (1599)
 The Shoemaker's Holiday (1599)
 Lust's Dominion (1600)
 Satiromastix (1601)
 Blurt, Master Constable (1601–02)
 The London Prodigal (1603)
 Patient Grissel (1603) (co-written with Henry Chettle and William Haughton)
 The Merry Devil of Edmonton (1604)
 The Honest Whore (1604) (co-written with Thomas Middleton)
 Westward Ho (1604) (co-written with John Webster)
 Northward Ho (1607) (co-written with Webster)
 Sir Thomas Wyatt (1607) (co-written with Webster)
 The Bloody Banquet (1608–09) (co-written with Middleton)
 The Roaring Girl (1607–10) (co-written with Middleton)
 Match Me in London (1611)
 The Tragical History of Guy Earl of Warwick (1620)
 The Virgin Martyr (1620) (co-written with Philip Massinger)
 The Witch of Edmonton (1621) (co-written with William Rowley and John Ford)
 The Noble Spanish Soldier (1622)
 The Spanish Gypsy (1623) (co-written with Rowley, Middleton and Ford)
 The Sun's Darling (1624) (co-written with Ford)

When Dekker began writing plays, Thomas Nashe and Thomas Lodge were still alive; when he died, John Dryden had already been born. Like most dramatists of the period, he adapted as well as he could to changing tastes; however, even his work in the fashionable Jacobean genres of satire and tragicomedy bears the marks of his Elizabethan training: its humour is genial, its action romantic. The majority of his surviving plays are comedies or tragicomedies.

Most of Dekker's work is lost. His apparently disordered life, and his lack of a firm connection (such as Shakespeare or Fletcher had) with a single company, may have militated against the preservation or publication of manuscripts. Close to twenty of his plays were published during his lifetime; of these, more than half are comedies, with three significant tragedies: Lust's Dominion (presumably identical to The Spanish Moor's Tragedy, written with Day, Marston, and William Haughton, 1600), The Witch of Edmonton (with Ford and Rowley, 1621), and The Virgin Martyr (with Massinger, 1620).

The first phase of Dekker's career is documented in Henslowe's diary. His name appears for the first time in connection with "fayeton" (presumably, Phaeton) in 1598. There follow, before 1599, payments for work on The Triplicity of Cuckolds, The Mad Man's Morris, and Hannibal and Hermes.  He worked on these plays with Robert Wilson, Henry Chettle, and Michael Drayton. With Drayton, he also worked on history plays on the French civil wars, Earl Godwin, and others. In 1599, he wrote plays on Troilus and Cressida, Agamemnon (with Chettle), and Page of Plymouth. In that year, also, he collaborated with Chettle, Jonson, and Marston on a play about Robert II. 1599 also saw the production of three plays that have survived. It was during this year that he produced his most famous work, The Shoemaker's Holiday, or the Gentle Craft, categorised by modern critics as citizen comedy. This play reflects his concerns with the daily lives of ordinary Londoners, and contains the poem The Merry Month of May. This play exemplifies his intermingling of everyday subjects with the fantastical, embodied in this case by the rise of a craftsman to Mayor and the involvement of an unnamed but idealised king in the concluding banquet. Old Fortunatus and Patient Grissel, the latter on the folkloric theme treated by Chaucer in The Clerk's Tale. In 1600, he worked on The Seven Wise Masters, Fortune's Tennis, Cupid and Psyche, and Fair Constance of Rome. The next year, in addition to Satiromastix, he worked on a play possibly about Sebastian of Portugal and Blurt, Master Constable, on which he may have worked with Thomas Middleton. In 1602 he revised two older plays, Pontius Pilate (1597) and the second part of Sir John Oldcastle. He also collaborated on Caesar's Fall, Jephthah, A Medicine for a Curst Wife, Sir Thomas Wyatt (on Wyatt's rebellion), and Christmas Comes But Once a Year.

Except for Blurt, which was performed by the Blackfriars Children, the earlier of these works were performed at the Admiral's Fortune Theatre. After 1602, Dekker split his attention between pamphlets and plays; thus, his dramatic output decreased considerably. He and Middleton wrote The Honest Whore for the Fortune in 1604, and Dekker wrote a sequel himself the following year. The Middleton/Dekker collaboration The Family of Love also dates from this general era. Dekker and Webster wrote Westward Ho and Northward Ho for Paul's Boys.  The failures of the anti-Catholic Whore of Babylon and tragicomic If This Be Not... have already been noted. The Roaring Girl, a city comedy that incorporates the real-life contemporary figure 'Moll Cutpurse', otherwise known as Mary Frith, was a collaboration with Middleton in 1611. In the same year, he also wrote another tragicomedy called Match Me in London.

During his imprisonment, Dekker did not write plays. After his release, he collaborated with Day on Guy of Warwick (1620), The Wonder of a Kingdom (1623), and The Bellman of Paris (1623). With Ford, he wrote The Sun's Darling (1624), The Fairy Knight (1624), and The Bristow Merchant (1624). He also wrote the tragicomedy The Noble Spanish Soldier (1622) and later reworked material from this play into a comedic form to produce The Welsh Ambassador (1623). Another play, The Late Murder of the Son upon the Mother, or Keep the Widow Waking, a dramatization of two recent murders in Whitechapel, occasioned a suit for slander heard in the Star Chamber. That play is lost.

Dekker's plays of the 1620s were staged at the large amphitheatres on the north side of London, most commonly at the Red Bull; only two of his later plays were seen at the more exclusive, indoor Cockpit Theatre, and these two were presumably produced by Christopher Beeston, who operated both the Red Bull and the Cockpit. By the 1620s, the Shoreditch amphitheaters had become deeply identified with the louder and less reputable categories of play-goers, such as apprentices. Dekker's type of play appears to have suited them perfectly. Full of bold action, careless about generic differences, and always (in the end) complementary to the values and beliefs of such audiences, his drama carried some of the vigorous optimism of Elizabethan dramaturgy into the Caroline era.

Prose
He exhibited a similar vigour in his pamphlets, which span almost his whole writing career, and which treat a great variety of subjects and styles.

Dekker's first spate of pamphleteering began in 1603, perhaps during a period when plague had closed the theaters. His first was The Wonderfull Yeare, a journalistic account of the death of Elizabeth, accession of James I, and the 1603 plague, that combined a wide variety of literary genres in an attempt to convey the extraordinary events of that year ('wonderful' meaning astonishing, not excellent). It succeeded well enough to prompt two more plague pamphlets, News From Gravesend and The Meeting of Gallants at an Ordinary. The Double PP (1606) is an anti-Catholic tract written in response to the Gunpowder Plot. News From Hell (1606) is an homage to and continuation of Nash's Pierce Penniless. The Seven Deadly Sins of London (1606) is another plague pamphlet.

After 1608, Dekker produced his most popular pamphlets: a series of "cony-catching" pamphlets that described the various tricks and deceits of confidence-men and thieves, including thieves' cant. These pamphlets, which Dekker often updated and reissued, include The Belman of London (1608, now The Bellman of London), Lanthorne and Candle-light, Villainies Discovered by Candlelight, and English Villainies. They owe their form and many of their incidents to similar pamphlets by Robert Greene.

Other pamphlets are journalistic in form and offer vivid pictures of Jacobean London. The Dead Term (1608) describes Westminster during summer vacation. The Guls Horne-Booke (1609, now The Gull's Hornbook) describes the life of city gallants, including a valuable account of behaviour in the London theatres. Work for Armourers (1609) and The Artillery Garden (1616) (the latter in verse) describe aspects of England's military industries. London Look Back (1630) treats 1625, the year of James's death, while Wars, Wars, Wars (1628) describes European turmoil.

As might be expected, Dekker turned his experience in prison to profitable account. Dekker His Dreame (1620) is a long poem describing his despairing confinement; he contributed six prison-based sketches to the sixth edition (1616) of Sir Thomas Overbury's Characters; and he revised Lanthorne and Candlelight to reflect what he had learned in prison.

Dekker's pamphlets, even more than his plays, reveal signs of hasty and careless composition. Yet the best of them can still entertain, and almost all of them offer valuably precise depictions of everyday life in the Jacobean period.

Dekker's poetry entered into modern popular song (although almost unnoticeably) when some of the lyrics of the poem "Golden Slumbers", from Dekker's play Patient Grissel, were included by Paul McCartney in the Beatles' 1969 song "Golden Slumbers".

References
Bednarz, James P. Shakespeare and the Poets' War. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
Bowers, F. – 'The Dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker', In 4 Volumes – Cambridge University Press – 1961
Chapman, L.S. – 'Thomas Dekker and the Traditions of the English Drama' – Lang – 1985
Gasper, J. – 'The Dragon and the Dove: The Plays of Thomas Dekker' – Oxford: Clarendon – 1990.
Gregg, Kate. Thomas Dekker: A Study in Economic and Social Backgrounds. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1924.
 G.R. Hibbard, ed., Three Elizabethan pamphlets by Robert Greene, Thomas Nash, Thomas Dekker (Folcroft, PA: Folcroft Library Editions, 1972).
Hunt, Mary. Thomas Dekker: A Study. New York: Columbia University Press, 1911.
McLuskie, Kathleen. Dekker and Heywood: Professional Dramatists. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993.
Wilson, F. P, editor. The Plague Pamphlets of Thomas Dekker. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1925.

References

External links

 The Noble Spanish Soldier (1622) at Project Gutenberg
 The Wonderful Year (1603) at University of Oregon
 A Knight's Conjuring (1607) at Google Books
 The Gull's Hornbook (1609, modern spelling) at Big Wind
 The Guls Horn-Booke (1609, orig. spelling) at Renascence Editions

1570s births
1632 deaths
16th-century male writers
17th-century English male writers
17th-century English writers
16th-century English dramatists and playwrights
17th-century English dramatists and playwrights
English people of Dutch descent
English Renaissance dramatists
English pamphleteers
People imprisoned for debt
16th-century English writers

Thomas Dekker (writer)


Maya Romanoff (born Richard Romanoff; June 30, 1941 – January 15, 2014) was an American artist, inventor, and director of the Maya Romanoff Corporation, a manufacturer of wall covering and surfacing materials.

Biography
Romanoff grew up in Lincoln Park, Chicago neighborhood. he was a student at the University of California, Berkeley during the 1960s. After graduation, he traveled to North Africa and Paris, where employment at the couture houses spurred his interest in textile design. The influence of Woodstock led to Romanoff producing fabrics that brought the technique of tie-dye into the realm of couture.

The Maya Romanoff Corporation was established in 1969 and now has more than 60 employees. It is based in Skokie, Illinois.

Diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1991, Romanoff continued to lead the company in partnership with his wife Joyce and family. He died on January 15, 2014, aged 72.

Selected works
Some of Romanoff's most acclaimed projects have showcased fabrics as fluid works of art, most notably: New York's Museum of Contemporary Arts' 1972 Fabric Vibrations; Bess' Sunrise, the draping of the Chicago Sun-Times building in  long ribbons of vibrant color; and the design of shimmering main stage curtain for The Harris Theater for Music and Dance at Chicago's Millennium Park.

He led the corporation into position as a prime surface coverings resource for top interior designers and architects. Installations include such high-profile projects as Nobu in Hong Kong, Melbourne and Los Angeles (opened September 2007), the Green Room at the Kodak Theatre for the 2007 Academy Awards, Tiffany & Co, the new Playboy Club in Los Angeles, Boucheron stores, Phantom of the Opera Theater in Los Angeles, special projects for Walt Disney, the palace of the Crown Prince of Dubai, Harrod's, American Girl Stores, etc.

Awards
Romanoff received many awards, including the ICON of Industry Scholarship Award, presented in honor of his lifetime achievements in November 2006 by NEWH, Inc., the Hospitality Industry Network.  Other prestigious awards include House & Garden's Designers' Best, The International Furnishings and Design Association's Trailblazer Award, Hospitality Design's Best of Show in Hong Kong, Las Vegas and Miami, commissions for one of a kind artworks with Dizine for the St. Louis Contemporary Art Museum & Puerto Rican Museum of Modern Art, Metropolitan Home's Top 100 Designs, NEOCON's Best of Show, and the International Contemporary Furniture Fair's Editor's Award.

References

External links
 Official website
 cooperhewitt.org

1941 births
2014 deaths
American interior designers
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Neurological disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Businesspeople from Chicago
20th-century American businesspeople

Maya Romanoff


Dušan Třeštík (1 August 1933 – 23 August 2007) was a Czech historian. He specialized in medieval history (Dark Ages (500–1000)) of the Czech lands and theory of history.

Třeštík was born in 1933 in Sobědruhy, now a part of the city of Teplice. He studied history at the Charles University from 1951 to 1956 where his tutor was František Graus. After two years at the Charles University, since 1958 he worked in the Historic Institute of the Academy of Science and Arts. In his later years he was prominent in its Centre of Medieval Studies. In 1959 he married historian Barbara Krzemieńska and in 1968 he studied in West Germany and France. Třeštík was a stark defender of veracity Kristián's legend. As a theorist of history he criticised the neopositivist approach of the mainstream Czech history scholarship and its icon Josef Pekař. He labeled it as faktopis.

Since 1989 he also published a lot of political texts (collected as Češi. Jejich národ, stát, dějiny a pravdy v transformaci, 1999), especially in Lidové Noviny (from 1993 to 1996 he was a member of its editorial board) and Mladá Fronta Dnes. He criticised Sudeten Germans, but he joined Impuls 99 despite being close to Václav Klaus. After 9/11 Třeštík was sceptical towards neoconservative politics and the invasion of Iraq.

He died in Prague in 2007.

Works
 Kosmova kronika: Studie k počátkům českého dějepisectví a politického myšlení (1968)
 Románské umění v Čechách a na Moravě (1983)
 Počátky Přemyslovců (1981)
 Počátky Přemyslovců: Vstup Čechů do dějin (510–935) (1997)
 Mysliti dějiny (1999)
 Češi: Jejich národ, stát, dějiny a pravdy v transformaci (1999)
 Vznik Velké Moravy: Moravané, Čechové a střední Evropa v letech 781–871 (2001)
 Mýty kmene Čechů (7. – 10. století): Tři studie ke Starým pověstem českým (2003)
 Češi a dějiny v postmoderním očistci (2005)

External links
Bibliography

1933 births
2007 deaths
People from Teplice
20th-century Czech historians
Czech medievalists
Charles University alumni

Dušan Třeštík


Luhanka () is a municipality in Central Finland, Finland. About 765 people lived there in February 2014. The municipalities located next to Luhanka are Hartola, Joutsa, Jyväskylä, Jämsä, Kuhmoinen and Sysmä. Originally Luhanka was part of Sysmä. Later it was made into its own municipality in 1864. Luhanka is a popular place for summer cottages.

Famouse people
 Composer Toni Edelmann lives in Luhanka.
 Writer Kreetta Onkeli spent her childhood at Luhanka.

Other websites

 Community website

Municipalities of Central Finland

Luhanka


The Princes Czartoryski Foundation was established by Prince Adam Karol Czartoryski in 1991 to administer the Czartoryski Museum under the auspices of the National Museum in Kraków, Poland.

Through 2016, the Princes Czartoryski Foundation was the controlling entity of the collections.  The Foundation, however, now exists in name only: on 29 December 2016, its Founder and President, Prince Adam Karol Czartoryski, donated to the Polish Nation, on his own behalf and that of his direct ancestors, all the Foundation's buildings (arsenal, monastery, museum, and library), with all their contents, valued at some 3 billion euros.

External links

Culture of Poland

Princes Czartoryski Foundation


The Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement or Washington Agreement (August 8, 1944) was a failed attempt by the British and American governments to establish a lasting agreement to manage international petroleum supply and demand. The agreement would have established the International Petroleum Commission for the purposes of balancing discordant supply and demand, managing surplus, and bringing order and stability to a market laden with oversupply, similar to the Texas Railroad Commission in the United States. After being concluded, the agreement faced near total opposition from the petroleum industry, prompting U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt to withdraw the treaty from ratification consideration and abandon the agreement.

References

Petroleum politics
United Kingdom–United States treaties
Treaties concluded in 1944
Energy treaties
1944 in the United Kingdom
1944 in the United States
Unratified treaties
1944 in economics

Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement


Elizabeth Butler (nee Darcy), Countess of Ormond (3 April 1332 – 24 March 1390), was the wife of Irish peer James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond, and the mother of his six children, including James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond.

Family and lineage
Elizabeth Darcy was born on 3 April 1332 at Platten, County Meath, Ireland, the daughter of Sir John Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy de Knayth, Justiciar of Ireland, and his second wife Joan de Burgh. Sir John was a veteran of the Battle of Crecy. He held the offices of Constable of Nottingham Castle, Constable of the Tower of London, and Sheriff of Lancashire. From 1341- 1346, he was Chamberlain to King Edward III.

Elizabeth had a brother, Sir William Darcy, who married Catherine FitzGerald, by whom he had issue. She also had numerous half-siblings from her parents' previous marriages. Her father's first wife was Emeline Heron, by whom he had eight children, including his heir, John Darcy, 2nd Baron Darcy of Knaith. Elizabeth's mother's first husband had been Thomas FitzGerald, 2nd Earl of Kildare, by whom she had three sons, John FitzGerald,  Richard FitzGerald, 3rd Earl of Kildare, and Maurice FitzGerald, 4th Earl of Kildare.

Elizabeth's paternal grandparents were Roger Darcy and Isabel d'Aton, and her maternal grandparents were Richard de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster, and Margaret de Burgh, daughter of Sir John de Burgh and Cecily de Balliol.

One of her maternal aunts was Elizabeth de Burgh, the second wife of Robert the Bruce.

Marriages and issue
On 15 May 1346, in Ormond, Ireland, when Elizabeth was fourteen, she married her first husband James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond, the son of James Butler, 1st Earl of Ormond. He was Lord Justice of Ireland in 1359, 1364 and 1376. He was also Constable of Dublin Castle in 1349. He was known as the Noble Earl; however, the Irish called him The Chaste. As they were related in the fourth degree of kinship, a papal dispensation was required for their marriage.

Upon her marriage to the Earl, Elizabeth assumed the title of Countess of Ormond. Historian Thomas Carte described her as having been a "wise and honourable lady".

James and Elizabeth had six children:

 Ralph Butler
 Eleanor Butler (died 1392), married Gerald FitzMaurice FitzGerald, 3rd Earl of Desmond, by whom she had issue, including the 4th and 6th Earls of Desmond.
 James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond (died 6 September 1405), before 17 June 1386, married firstly, Anne Welles, Countess of Ormond, daughter of John Welles, 4th Lord Welles and Maud de Ros, by whom he had issue, including James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormond. He married secondly, Katherine FitzGerald of Desmond, by whom he had further issue. In 1391, he purchased Kilkenny Castle.
 Thomas Butler
 Catherine Butler (born 1361), married firstly, Thomas Reade, by whom she had one son, Richard; and secondly, Thomas Fleming of Slane.
 Joan Butler, married Tiege O' Carroll

Elizabeth's husband died on 18 October 1382 in Knocktopher and was buried in Gowran Church, County Kilkenny. She married secondly, Sir Robert Lukyn de Hereford, Seneschal of the Liberty of Tipperary, between 28 December 1383 and 30 March 1384.

Death
Elizabeth Darcy died on 24 March 1390, shortly before her 58th birthday.

References

1332 births
1390 deaths
Irish countesses
Normans in Ireland
People from County Meath
14th-century Irish people
14th-century Irish women
Anglo-Norman women

Elizabeth Darcy, Countess of Ormond


The Worshipful Company of Saddlers is one of the  Livery Companies of the City of London. A Guild of Saddlers, the Company's predecessor, is thought to have been an Anglo-Saxon Craft Guild – it certainly existed at some point in the eleventh century. The Guild became a Company when a Royal Charter of Incorporation was granted by King Edward III in 1363. The City granted the Company the right to regulate the trade of saddle-making; all saddlers in and within two miles of the City were subject to the Company's regulations. However, the powers of the Company, which has existed on the same site at Cheapside (formerly West Chepe) since 1160, were eroded over time.

Nowadays the Company retains strong affiliations with the saddlery trade, sponsoring the Society of Master Saddlers and giving prizes for deserving young riders at equestrian events. The Company is an institution which is charitable rather than a charitable institution and it supports many good causes and sponsors scholarships at Alleyn's School, has strong links with the Household Cavalry and the King's Troop R.H.A. as well as with other regiments and Livery Companies traditionally involved with leather or horses.

The Company ranks twenty-fifth in the order of precedence of Livery Companies (as settled in 1515 on the Companies' economic or political power at that time). Unusually, the Saddlers Company has two mottoes: Hold Fast, Sit Sure and Our Trust Is In God. The coat of arms seen on the entrance of Saddlers' Hall, showcasing a parlfrey, two horses, a bascinet and the moto, is continued to be used in the Company's communications.

In addition to admitting members as Freeman and Liveryman, the Saddlers' Company has the unique privilege of granting Yeoman status. Its notable Yeomen include The Princess Royal, Peter Walwyn (Chairman of the Lambourn Trainers Association), and Richard Meade.

References

External links
 The Saddlers' Company
 Saddlers' Hall

Saddlers
11th-century establishments in England

Worshipful Company of Saddlers


The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) was one of the Big Four British railway companies from 1923 to 1948. It was formed on 1 January 1923 under the Railways Act of 1921, which required the grouping of over 120 separate railways into four. The companies merged into the LMS included the London and North Western Railway, the Midland Railway, the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (which had previously merged with the London and North Western Railway on 1 January 1922), several Scottish railway companies (including the Caledonian Railway), and numerous other, smaller ventures.

For the Modern Company, see London Midland.

Big Four (British railway companies)
1923 establishments in the United Kingdom

London, Midland and Scottish Railway


Tarnish is a thin layer of corrosion that forms over copper, brass, aluminum, magnesium, neodymium and other similar metals as their outermost layer undergoes a chemical reaction. Tarnish does not always result from the sole effects of oxygen in the air. For example, silver needs hydrogen sulfide to tarnish, although it may tarnish with oxygen over time. It often appears as a dull, gray or black film or coating over metal. Tarnish is a surface phenomenon that is self-limiting, unlike rust. Only the top few layers of the metal react. The  layer of tarnish seals and protects the underlying layers from reacting.

Tarnish actually preserves the underlying metal in outdoor use, and in this form is called patina. The formation of patina is necessary in applications such as copper roofing, and outdoor copper, bronze, and brass statues and fittings. Patina is the name given to tarnish on copper-based metals, while toning is a term for the type of tarnish which forms on coins.

Chemistry

Tarnish is a product of a chemical reaction between a metal and a nonmetal compound, especially oxygen and sulfur dioxide. It is usually a metal oxide, the product of oxidation. Sometimes it is a metal sulfide. The metal oxide sometimes reacts with water to make the hydroxide; and carbon dioxide to make the carbonate. It is a chemical change. There are various methods to prevent metals from tarnishing.

Prevention and removal
Using a thin coat of polish can prevent tarnish from forming over these metals. Tarnish can be removed by using steel wool, sandpaper, emery paper, baking soda or a file to rub or polish the metal's dull surface.  Fine objects (such as silverware) may have the tarnish electrochemically reversed (non-destructively) by resting the objects on a piece of aluminium foil in a pot of boiling water with a small amount of salt or baking soda, or it may be removed with a special polishing compound and a soft cloth. Gentler abrasives, like calcium carbonate, are often used by museums to clean tarnished silver as they cannot damage or scratch the silver and will not leave unwanted residues.

References

Chemical reactions
Metals
Metalworking terminology
Corrosion

Tarnish