Alexander Ioilyevich Ogorodnikov (, born 26 May 1950, Chistopol, Tatar ASSR) is a former chairman of the Russian Orthodox Argentov Seminar, peace activist, political prisoner and founder of several Russian humanitarian organizations.

Alexander Ogrodnikov lacks widespread name recognition outside the republics of the former Soviet Union.  He was jailed during one of the Soviet Union's most aggressive crackdowns on religious activity since the Stalinist era.  The repressive policies of Stalin had been lightened by Khrushchev, but during the 1970s the communist government reinforced its policy of using the state to rid society of religious influence.

His father was a member of the Communist Party, while his grandmother had him secretly baptized.  Alexander was singled out because his convictions defied Soviet "scientific" doctrine on the eradication of religious belief: anyone educated in the Soviet schools or in communism but remaining religious was deemed mentally ill, and Alexander converted after receiving his communist education in Soviet schools.

In 1974, as a Russian Orthodox Neophyte, Alexander founded a philosophical society with a religious basis.  Alexander had been a graduate student at the University of the Urals in Sverdlovsk, and was expelled for attempting to make a film about religious life.  In 1976, at the age of 25, Alexander was jailed in a psikhushka, an institution that in the West would be jokingly referred to as a hospital "for the criminally insane," and he received neuroleptics.  The legal basis for Alexander's confinement was that his religious conviction was a mental disorder, due to its beginning and persistence coming after his education.  Public protest forced the Soviet authorities to release him.

Alexander was again jailed from 1978 until 1987, when he was released by Gorbachev under the Glasnost.  Shortly after the fall of communism Alexander returned to Moscow in 1995 and set up the Christian Democratic Union of Russia and the Christian Mercy Society.  In 1995 Alexander started what was among other things a drug treatment facility, the Island of Hope.

In 1999 Alexander was interviewed following a Russian Orthodox Liturgy in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, describing in detail life in a Soviet Gulag, specifically Perm 36, near the Siberian border where he had been jailed.

References

Further reading

1950 births
Living people
People from Chistopol
Gulag detainees
Soviet dissidents
Russian Orthodox Christians from Russia
Soviet prisoners and detainees

Alexander Ogorodnikov


Lucien (1487 – 22 August 1523) became Lord of Monaco on 11 October 1505, having murdered his predecessor and brother, Jean II, and held that sovereignty until his death.

Family and Marriage
He was the fourth son of Lambert Grimaldi (1420–1494) and Claudine Grimaldi (1451–1515).

On 25 September 1514 he married Jeanne de Pontevès-Cabanes. The couple had at least five children;

Francesco (born c. 1516 – died young)
Claudine (born c. 1517)
Lamberto (born c. 1519 – died young )
Rainier (born c. 1521 – died young)
Honoré (1522 – 7 October 1581)

Murder of Jean II
At least two accounts of the murder portray it as arising from an argument between the brothers. According to Françoise de Bernardy's acclaimed history of the Princes of Monaco, it was almost midnight on the evening of October 5th, 1505. Lord Jean II was staying in the family's house at Menton. Lucien and their mother, Claudine, were also in the house. No one knows what the brothers' argued about, but their quarrel ended with Lucien stabbing Jean with his dagger. In a graphic novel published by Dargaud in 1997, Lucien's explanation to his mother is that he lost his temper when Jean admitted to trying to sell Monaco to the Venetians behind their backs. This supports the account that Lucien gave in writing to the Duke of Savoy: "I remonstrated with him," Lucien wrote, "over the great wrong he was doing his brothers and sisters by planning dishonourably to sell this stronghold of [Monaco] to the Venetians...." Lucien claimed that his brother taunted him and even struck at him with his dagger before Lucien fought back in self-defense.

Reign
A year after Lucien's reign began, Genoa broke free of France, and many of its people fled to Monaco for refuge. In December 1506, 14,000 Genoese troops besieged Monaco and its castle. The blockade lasted for five months, until Lucien was able to rout the Genoese in March 1507. Monaco, and by extension Lucien, was now in a tight spot, being subjects of France but caught in a diplomatic tight spot between France and Spain, trying to preserve its fragile independence.

In 1515, Lucien bought the feudal rights over the city of Mentone, retained by the family of Anne de Lascaris, Countess of Villars, thus bringing the city, as a whole, under Monaco's sovereignty until the French Revolution.

Assassination
On 22 August 1523, Lucien was assassinated by his nephew, Bartholomew Doria of Dolceaqua, son of Lucien's sister Francoise Doria, at the Prince's Palace of Monaco. His body was dragged down the steps of the palace by Doria's men, to be shown to the disbelieving masses, thus inciting a riot wherein the people of Monaco chased Doria and his men out of the country.

Andrea Doria, the famous admiral and a cousin to Bartholomew, is believed to have had prior knowledge of the assassination. The full extent of his compliance in this event is speculation, stemming from his being in the Port of Hercules with his squadron of ships on the day of the assassination and his having received a message from Bartholomew that was sent out of the palace just moments before Bartholomew carried out the assassination. The message was believed to have been a ruse to get rid of Lucien's major domo and twelve or fourteen of Lucien's armed men, leaving Lucien alone in the company of his nephew, but for one slave.

Lucien was succeeded by his youngest son, Honoré.

Notable facts

Monaco issued a stamp in Lucien's honor, in 1967.
Lucien was responsible for extensive repairs and additions to the Prince's Palace of Monaco, resulting from damage received during the Genoese siege.
Pope Adrian VI visited Monaco during Lucien's reign, in 1522.
Monaco issued a 2 euro coin for Lucien in 2012.
A painting of Lucien Grimaldi, attributed to Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio, hangs in the galleries of the Princely Palace of Monaco.

External links
Lucien's Stamp
The Hare Society Page

References

1487 births
1523 deaths
16th-century Lords of Monaco
Lucien
Lords of Monaco
Burials at the Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate
Assassinated Monegasque people
People murdered in Monaco
People of Ligurian descent
Fratricides
16th-century assassinated people

Lucien, Lord of Monaco


Mayburgh Henge is a large prehistoric monument in the county of Cumbria in northern England.
The henge is in the care of English Heritage and is a Scheduled Ancient Monument. It is 400 metres from King Arthur's Round Table Henge.

Location
The Ordnance Survey grid reference for Mayburgh Henge is . The henge is situated on a knoll just outside the village of Eamont Bridge close to the confluence of the Rivers Eamont and Lowther around 1 mile south of Penrith, just a few hundred yards from the M6 motorway.

The henge sites are "to be seen as components in a landscape dominated by steep sided valleys and fast flowing streams...focused on a spring which lay between Mayburgh and King Arthur's Round Table, and which connected them to the River Eamont...on the other side of the Eamont are two less well known burial mounds." (The presence of the spring was noted by William Stukeley.)

The main communication routes of the time – "from Shap, from the Upper Eden, and down the Petteril valley to Carlisle and the Solway all converge at Eamont Bridge, which, as the name implies, is a natural and historic crossing point for the two rivers." The stone circles, henges, cairns and other standing stones in the area are often grouped at nodes of communication routes. The Shap Stone Avenue to the south of Penrith, (including the Goggleby Stone, the Thunder Stone, Skellaw Hill, as well as Oddendale to the east), forms an 'avenue' running to the east of the River Lowther along a main route to the north; the Long Meg complex runs alongside the River Eden; Mayburgh and the other henges run alongside the River Eamont near its confluence with the River Lowther.

Construction

The site consists of a single circular bank possibly built using cobble stones from the rivers "unlike other henge monuments, where earth from the digging of a ditch is piled up to form a bank." There is no evidence of a ditch at Mayburgh. Clare estimates that the bank contains c20,000 tons of stones (despite many being taken away over the years for other uses), and also points to an alternative theory that suggests that the "bank may have been formed by excavation and re-arrangement of a glacial mound."

The bank is up to  high, and 50 metres across its base with a diameter of around . Contained within it is a single monolith  high. According to Thomas Pennant, in the early 18th century there had been four standing stones in the centre (marked on his 1769 plan, shown here), and a further four at the entrance, (plus a possible 'outer circle'), but his contemporary Robert Hutchinson, writing in 1773, gave a slightly different version:
"The inhabitants in the neighbourhood say, that within the memory of man, two other stones of similar nature, and placed in a kind of angular figure with the stone now remaining, were to be seen there, but as they were hurtful to the ground, were destroyed and removed." Clare notes that the centre is slightly domed and raises the possibility that the original site may have been a stone circle (destroyed) with four portal stones, with the bank being added later.

The entrance is due east of the centre of the henge, and frames the rising of the equinoctial sun, which "suggests that the monument may reflect the cardinal points, as do the Long Meg and Castlerigg stone circles." The eastward-looking entrance also points to just north of King Arthur's Round Table and the only view obtainable from the interior of the monument is towards the ridge top of Blencathra where the equinoctial sun sets.

Dating and purpose

No proper excavation has been done at Mayburgh, so it is difficult to date the henge with any certainty, but the presence of Neolithic and Bronze axes found near the site indicate a date in the Neolithic or Bronze Age. In 1992 a magnetometer survey was carried out by Geophysical Surveys of Bradford and English Heritage to confirm any stone settings within the interior and to assess the presence of a ditch, internal or external.

There is no obvious explanation for why Mayburgh was built, but the fact that it is close to the confluence of the rivers Lowther and Eamont have given rise to the theory that it was once a trade centre on a route for stone axe trade from the Neolithic axe factory at Langdale.

The proximity to a river and spring (as with other monuments of this age) also suggests ritualistic uses - an association between water and funerary monuments as at Durrington Walls and Stonehenge is possible. Its proximity to a spring may be to do with birth of life and human life-cycle rituals. The use of significantly-coloured stones (pink, blue/gray local stones and white quartz rock) would have made "the visual impact...awe inspiring...The use of this combination of coloured stones relates to the deliberate symbolic incorporation of the Neolithic worlds of the living and the dead through solar and lunar rituals that incorporate water." (The same combination of red, black/blue and white occurs at Long Meg and Oddendale, as well as at other henges such as those at the Thornborough Henges in North Yorkshire which were covered in gypsum).

Mayburgh's alignment to the equinox sun also suggests a cosmological use similar to that of Long Meg.

Other monuments
The Henge forms part of a selection of prehistoric and historic remains in the surrounding area, including:

King Arthur's Round Table Henge (KART), 400 metres from Mayburgh Henge.
Little Round Table (75 metres to the South of KART, but no longer visible).
(These, together with Mayburgh Henge, are known as the "Penrith Henges").

Other pre-historic complexes:
Shap Stone Avenue, 10 miles to the south of Penrith
Long Meg and Her Daughters, 6 miles northeast of Penrith

Later monuments:
Brocavum Roman Camp, Brougham
Brougham Castle
Shap Abbey, near Shap

Eden Arts Council erected a 50 tonne granite obelisk nearby, called the "Millennium Stone", to mark the year 2000.

References

External links
Mayburgh Henge: English Heritage
The Megalithic Portal: Mayburgh Henge
Modern Antiquarian Mayburgh and King Arthur's Round Table

English Heritage sites in Cumbria
History of Cumbria
Megalithic monuments in England
Archaeological sites in Cumbria
Henges
Tourist attractions in Cumbria
Bronze Age sites in Cumbria

Mayburgh Henge


Gun Bow (1960 – December 1979) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse. He was one of America's leading older male racehorses in 1964 and 1965 and was later inducted into the Hall of Fame. Gun Bow was noted for his rivalry with five-time American Horse of the Year Kelso.

Background
Owned and bred by cosmetics tycoon Elizabeth Arden at her Maine Chance Farm, Gun Bow was sired by Gun Shot, a son of Hyperion, the 1933 Epsom Derby winner and a six-time leading sire in Great Britain & Ireland. He was out of the mare Ribbons and Bows, a daughter of 1937 U.S. Triple Crown champion War Admiral.

Lameness kept Gun Bow out of racing at age two and as a result of American tax laws at the time, Arden sold Gun Bow in December 1962 to Harry Albert and Mrs. John Stanley of New Jersey, who raced him under the name Gedney Farms. He was conditioned by future Hall of Fame trainer Edward A. Neloy.

Racing career
As a three-year-old in 1963, Gun Bow won six of his eighteen starts. His most significant 1963 win came in the Narragansett Special at Narragansett Park in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. However, by age four he had developed into a powerful runner and a major rival for Kelso.

In his 1964 season, Gun Bow traveled across the United States. He raced in California as well as at Arlington Park in the Midwest, plus at tracks on the East Coast, from New York thorough Florida. He won eight of his sixteen starts, including three important graded stakes races on the West Coast, and had wins in major East Coast races such as the Woodward Stakes. He defeated Kelso by twelve lengths in the Brooklyn Handicap while setting a new track record for 10 furlongs. He gave the U.S. a one-two finish against an international field when he came in second to Kelso in record time in the Washington, D.C. International. In September, his owners syndicated 60% of Gun Bow to a group led by John R. Gaines, which included former owner, Elizabeth Arden. For the 1964 racing year, Gun Bow had earnings of more than $580,000.

Racing at age five, Gun Bow won three of eight starts, claiming his second straight San Antonio Handicap in California plus the Metropolitan and Donn Handicaps in the East.

Stud career
Gun Bow retired to stud duty after his 1965 racing season, but his offspring met with modest racing success. Notably, his outstanding daughter Pistol Packer won several Group One races in France, including the 1971 Prix de Diane. In 1974, Gun Bow was sold to a breeding farm in Japan where he died in December 1979.

In 1999, Gun Bow was inducted into the United States' National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.

References

 Bowen, Edward L. At the Wire: Horse Racing's Greatest Moments (2001) Eclipse Press

1960 racehorse births
1979 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United States
United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees
Thoroughbred family 1-k

Gun Bow


Hapi (Ancient Egyptian: ḥꜥpj) was the god of the annual flooding of the Nile in ancient Egyptian religion. The flood deposited rich silt (fertile soil) on the river's banks, allowing the Egyptians to grow crops. Hapi was greatly celebrated among the Egyptians. Some of the titles of Hapi were "Lord of the Fish and Birds of the Marshes" and "Lord of the River Bringing Vegetation". Hapi is typically depicted as an androgynous figure with a prominent belly and large drooping breasts, wearing a loincloth and ceremonial false beard, depicted in hieroglyphics as an intersex person.

Mythology

The annual flooding of the Nile occasionally was said to be the Arrival of Hapi. Since this flooding provided fertile soil in an area that was otherwise desert, Hapi symbolised fertility. He had large female breasts because he was said to bring a rich and nourishing harvest. Due to his fertile nature he was sometimes considered the "father of the gods", and was considered to be a caring father who helped to maintain the balance of the cosmos, the world or universe regarded as an orderly, harmonious system. He was thought to live within a cavern at the supposed source of the Nile near Aswan. The cult of Hapi was mainly located at the First Cataract named Elephantine. His priests were involved in rituals to ensure the steady levels of flow required from the annual flood. At Elephantine the official nilometer, a measuring device, was carefully monitored to predict the level of the flood, and his priests must have been intimately concerned with its monitoring.

Hapi was not regarded as the god of the Nile itself but of the inundation event. He was also considered a "friend of Geb", the Egyptian god of the earth, and the "lord of Neper", the god of grain.

Iconography

Although male and wearing the false beard, Hapi was pictured with pendulous breasts and a large stomach, as representations of the fertility of the Nile. He also was usually given blue or green skin, representing water. Other attributes varied, depending upon the region of Egypt in which the depictions exist. In Lower Egypt, he was adorned with papyrus plants and attended by frogs, present in the region, and symbols of it. Whereas in Upper Egypt, it was the lotus and crocodiles which were more present in the Nile, thus these were the symbols of the region, and those associated with Hapi there. Hapi often was pictured carrying offerings of food or pouring water from an amphora, but also, very rarely, was depicted as a hippopotamus. During the Nineteenth Dynasty Hapi is often depicted as a pair of figures, each holding and tying together the long stem of two plants representing Upper and Lower Egypt, symbolically binding the two halves of the country around a hieroglyph meaning "union". This symbolic representation was often carved at the base of seated statues of the pharaoh.
Egyptian historian Al Maqrizi (1364–1442) related in his "El Khutat El Maqrizia (The Maqrizian Plans) that living virgins were sacrificed annually as "brides of the Nile" ("Arous El Nil") and this has been historically accepted as late as the 1970s, but this claim is disputed by some Egyptologists such as Bassam El Shammaa.

Gallery

References

Works cited

Further reading

External links

 Hapi, God of the Nile, Fertility, the North and South
 Egyptian God - Hapi: Father of the gods
 Ancient Egypt: The Mythology - Hapi

Egyptian gods
Sea and river gods
Nature gods
Androgynous and hermaphroditic deities
Fertility gods
Harvest deities
Personifications of rivers

Hapi (Nile god)


Henry Jenkes (died 1697), was a Gresham Professor of Rhetoric.

Jenkes was descended from a Prussian family, was a native of England, and received his early education at King's College, Aberdeen, where he was admitted in 1642, and graduated M.A. in 1646. On 21 March 1646 he was admitted a member of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and in 1649 he was incorporated M.A. in that university. He was elected a fellow of Caius College, Cambridge, in the time of the civil war. On the occasion of the opening of the Sheldonian Theatre he was incorporated M.A. at Oxford, 13 July 1669. He was elected professor of rhetoric in Gresham College, London, on 21 October 1670, in succession to Dr. William Croone. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on 30 November 1674. He resigned his professorship on 2 October 1676, after which he resided wholly at Cambridge, living by his fellowship at Caius College. Dying there at the end of August 1697, he was buried on 1 September in the church of St. Michael, in which parish the college is situated. He corresponded with several learned men in Holland.

By his Will dated 14 May 1684, Jenkes left his library and all his other worldly goods to his friend James Halman, another fellow of Caius, who was his sole executor.

Works
The Christian Tutor, or a Free and Rational Discourse of the Sovereign Good and Happiness of Man, London, 1683, 8vo.
De Natura et Constitutione Ethicæ, præsertim Christianæ, ejusque Usu et Studio, prefixed to Stephani Curcellæi Synopsis ethices, London, 1684; Cambridge, 1702.
The Christian Dial.
Rationale Biblicum, manuscript left ready for the press at the time of his death.

References

Year of birth unknown
1697 deaths
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Alumni of the University of Oxford
English religious writers
Fellows of the Royal Society
British people of Prussian descent
English male non-fiction writers

Henry Jenkes


Fort Johnson, formerly Fort Polk, is a United States Army installation located in Vernon Parish, Louisiana, about 10 miles (15 km) east of Leesville and 30 miles (50 km) north of DeRidder in Beauregard Parish.

Named after New York soldier William Henry Johnson, the post encompasses about . Some  are owned by the Department of the Army and  by the U.S. Forest Service, mostly in the Kisatchie National Forest. In 2013, there were 10,877 troops stationed at Fort Johnson, which generated an annual payroll of $980 million. Louisiana officials lobbied the Army and the United States Congress to keep troop strength at full capacity despite looming defense cuts.

Fort Johnson began as a base for the Louisiana Maneuvers in the 1940s. It served the 1st Armored Division in the 1950s, and became a basic training post during Vietnam War years of the 1960s and '70s. It hosted the 5th Infantry Division (Mechanized) in the 1970s-1980s, and the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment in the 1990s and the 1st Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, and the 162nd Infantry Brigade in the 2000s. Fort Johnson is now home to the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC), the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division, 115th Combat Support Hospital, U.S. Army Garrison and Bayne-Jones Army Community Hospital.

The land that is now Fort Johnson is part of a region of cultural resources, including archaeological sites, historic houses and structures, and other sites of historical value. The U.S. Army has spent considerable time, effort, and money to find and inventory thousands of archaeological sites on Fort Johnson and the property owned by the U.S. Forest Service where the Army trains.

Fort Polk became Fort Johnson during a re-designation ceremony on June 13, 2023 in honor of Sgt. William Henry Johnson, a World War I Medal of Honor recipient from North Carolina who served in the 369th U.S. Infantry Regiment.

History

1940s

World War II

Construction of Camp Polk began in 1941.  Thousands of wooden barracks sprang up quickly to support an Army preparing to do battle on the North African, European and Pacific fronts. Soldiers at Polk participated in the Louisiana Maneuvers, which were designed to test U.S. troops preparing for World War II.

Until 1939, the Army had mostly been an infantry force with supporting artillery, engineer, and cavalry units. Few units had been motorized or mechanized. As U.S. involvement in World War II became more likely, the Army recognized the need to modernize the service. But it also needed large-scale maneuvers to test a fast-growing, inexperienced force. That is where Fort Polk and the Louisiana Maneuvers came in.

The Maneuvers involved half a million soldiers in 19 Army divisions, and took place over  in August and September 1941.  The troops were divided into equal armies of two notional countries: Kotmk (Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Missouri, Kentucky) and Almat (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee). These countries were fighting over navigation rights in the Mississippi River.  The Maneuvers gave Army leadership the chance to test a new doctrine that stressed the need for both mass and mobility. Sixteen armored divisions sprang up during World War II after the lessons learned during the Louisiana Maneuvers were considered.  These divisions specialized in moving huge combined-arms mechanized units long distances in combat.

On the defensive front, U.S. doctrine was based on two needs: the ability to defeat Blitzkrieg tactics; and how to deal with large numbers of German tanks attacking relatively narrow areas. As such, the Maneuvers also tested the concept of the tank destroyer.  In this concept, highly mobile guns were held in reserve until friendly forces were attacked by enemy tanks. Then, the tank destroyers would be rapidly deployed to the flanks of the penetration. Tank destroyers employed aggressive, high-speed hit-and-run tactics. The conclusion drawn was that tank destroyer battalions should be raised. Immediately after the war, the battalions were disbanded and the anti-tank role was taken over by the Infantry, Engineer, and Armor branches.

German POWs

While primarily a training facility, Camp Polk also served as a military prison for Germans captured during World War II. The first prisoners of war (POWs), who began arriving in Louisiana in July 1943, were from the Afrika Korps, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel's troops who fought in North Africa. They were housed in a large fenced-in compound in the area now encompassing Honor Field, Fort Polk's parade ground. Finding themselves captured, transported across the ocean, and imprisoned in the middle of summer was made to hurt their spirits. In his book Up Front, author Bill Mauldin noted that it was more practical to ship prisoners to camps in the U.S. on otherwise empty troop ships returning from the ETO, housing and feeding them in the U.S. where escape was far less likely, rather than further burdening outbound cargo ships with provisions for prisoners in camps based in Europe. He added that American GIs resented the fact that German POWs were allowed to breathe the air in the U.S. while GIs were on the battlegrounds of a devastated Europe through the duration of the war, but they understood the logic of keeping the POWs in the U.S. rather than in Europe.

The POWs picked cotton, cut rice, and cut lumber. They also helped sandbag the raging Red River in the summer of 1944. Prisoners were not forced to work, and some refused. Those who worked earned scrip for their labor, with which they could buy such necessities as toothpaste or snacks at their own Post Exchange.

From the end of World War II until the early 1960s, the post was closed and reopened numerous times. During much of this time, it was open only in the summers to support reserve component training. Soldiers were stationed there temporarily during the Korean War and the Berlin Crisis.

1950s

Korea

In August 1950, the 45th Infantry Division of the Oklahoma Army National Guard became the first unit to train at Fort Polk in preparation for the Korean War. During the Korean War the 45th Infantry Division suffered 4,004 casualties; 834 killed in action and 3,170 wounded in action  The division was awarded four campaign streamers and one Presidential Unit Citation.

Most of the units who rotated through Camp Polk during 1952-54 were trained for combat by the 37th Infantry Division of the Ohio Army National Guard. Although the 37th Division itself was not sent to Korea as a unit, nearly every soldier was sent as an individual replacement.

Operation Sagebrush
In 1955, the U.S. military conducted another large training exercise that covered a substantial portion of Louisiana. Named Operation Sagebrush, the focus of this exercise was to evaluate the effectiveness of military operations in a nuclear environment. The exercise lasted for 15 days with 85,000 troops participating. A provisional army, meant to represent U.S. forces, was built around the 1st Armored Division and an opposing force was built around the 82nd Airborne Division. U.S. Air Force bombers and fighter planes also participated in this exercise with powerful aircraft operating in the sky, stirring great interest among the citizens of the region. Also participating as part of the provisional army was the 15th Infantry Regiment (actually designated as 15th Infantry Combat Command) of the 3rd Infantry Division from Fort Benning.

1st Armored Division
Upon completion of Operation Sagebrush, Polk was declared a permanent installation and the 1st Armored Division was reassigned from Fort Hood to the newly renamed Fort Polk to continue to test mobility and combat strategies for the nuclear age. The 1st Armored Division, with its modern M-48 Patton Tanks and new helicopters, remained at Fort Polk until June 1959, before returning to Fort Hood.

1960s–1970s

Vietnam
In 1962, Fort Polk began converting to both basic training and an advanced individual training (AIT) center. A small portion of Fort Polk is filled with dense, jungle-like vegetation, so this, along with Louisiana's heat, humidity and precipitation (similar to southeast Asia) helped commanders acclimatize new infantry soldiers in preparation for combat in Vietnam. This training area became known as Tigerland. For the next 12 years, more soldiers were shipped to Vietnam from Fort Polk than from any other American training base. For many, Fort Polk was the only stateside Army post they saw before assignment overseas. Many soldiers reported to basic training at Fort Polk and stayed on post for infantry training at Tigerland before being assigned to infantry line companies in Vietnam.

In October 1974, Fort Polk became the new home of the 5th Infantry Division (Mechanized), and basic training and AIT started being phased out. Fort Polk changed from a Continental Army Command (CONARC) post in July 1975 and became a Forces Command (FORSCOM) member. In the spring of 1976, the Infantry Training Center at Fort Polk closed its doors and ceased operations. The final chapter of the Vietnam War ended for Fort Polk. The Combat Engineer Battalion of the 588th lived on North Fort Polk, Louisiana.

1970s–1980s

With the end of the Vietnam War, Fort Johnson experienced a transition from an installation focused on basic and advanced individual training to that of the home of the reactivated 5th Infantry Division (Mechanized). Activated in September 1975, the division called Fort Johnson home until it was inactivated in November 1992. The date of this inactivation, 24 November 1992, was exactly 75 years from the date of the original activation of the division on 24 November 1917. The division was organized with two active duty brigades and a brigade from the Louisiana National Guard. From 1972 until 1987, Fort Johnson hosted the 1st Battalion, 40th Armor Regiment. During that time 1/40th Armor participated in training exercises with the Louisiana Army National Guard and 5th Infantry Division units. It was part of the Rapid Deployment Force for the operations in Grenada, but was not deployed, instead it was reassigned to the hills nol (German Defense Plan). In 1983, the 1/40 Armor took part in the Reforger 1984 exercises in Bavaria and two deployments to the National Training Center in 1984 and 1985. The 1/40 Armor was deactivated at Fort Johnson in 1987. It was reactivated as the 1st Squadron, 40th Cavalry at Fort Richardson in Alaska in 2005. While at Fort Johnson, the 5th Infantry Division participated in the NATO Reforger 78 and 84 Exercise in Europe and the 1989 Invasion of Panama, known as Operation Just Cause. From June to August 1987 the 95th Division (Tng) conducted basic training exercises of approximately 600 recruits. During the stay of the 5th Infantry Division (Mechanized), Fort Johnson experienced a major building program that included new barracks, motor pools, 1000 family housing units, chapels, and dental clinics. The Bayne-Jones Army Community Hospital, named after Stanhope Bayne-Jones, a modern Post Exchange, commissary, warehouses, classrooms, athletic complexes and improved gunnery ranges.

Effective 21 March 1976, the 1st Battalion 61st Infantry was reactivated and once again assigned to the 5th Division at Fort Johnson.

1990s

JRTC moves to Johnson
In 1993, the Joint Readiness Training Center moved from Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, to Fort Johnson, and once again, the post was called on to prepare soldiers for conflict. Each year, JRTC typically conducts several rotations for units about to deploy. During the 1990s, Fort Johnson-based soldiers deployed to Haiti, Southwest Asia, Suriname, Panama, Bosnia, and other locations. Weather support for the exercise is completed by the units participating in the exercise in conjunction with the 26th Operational Weather Squadron.

2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment

The 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment arrived at Fort Johnson in 1993 as the armored cavalry regiment of the XVIII Airborne Corps. Elements of the regiment deployed to Haiti in 1995 in support of Operation Uphold Democracy and to Bosnia in 1996 in support of Operation Joint Endeavor. The 2nd ACR deployed to Kuwait, Qatar, Jordan and Djibouti in 2002 to in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, and then deployed in Iraq in 2003 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (now known as Operation New Dawn).
The Army announced on 14 May 2004, that the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment would be transformed into an Infantry-based Stryker Brigade and move to Fort Lewis, Washington. The transfer of the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment from Fort Johnson to Fort Lewis was completed in 2006. The 2nd Stryker Cavalry Regiment was later moved to Vilseck, Germany.

Current units

Operations Group

The Joint Readiness Training Center is focused on improving unit readiness by providing highly realistic, stressful, joint and combined arms training across the full spectrum of conflict. The JRTC is one of the Army's three "Dirt" Combat Training Centers resourced to train infantry brigade task forces and their subordinate elements in the Joint Contemporary Operational Environment.

With great emphasis on realism, the JRTC Operations Group provides rotational units with the opportunity to conduct joint operations which emphasize contingency force missions. The JRTC training scenario is based on each participating organization's mission essential tasks list and many of exercises are mission rehearsals for actual operations the organization is scheduled to conduct.

JRTC scenarios allow complete integration of Air Force and other military services as well as host-nation and civilian role players. The exercise scenarios replicate many of the unique situations and challenges a unit may face to include host national officials and citizens, insurgents and terrorists, news media coverage and non-governmental organizations.

1st Battalion, 509th Infantry Regiment

The mission of the Opposing Force is handled by the 1st Battalion, 509th Infantry Regiment (1-509th IR). It is the job of the 1-509th IR to conduct combat operations as a dedicated, capabilities-based Opposing Force (OPFOR) to provide realistic, stressful, and challenging combat conditions for JRTC rotational units.

3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division

The 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 36th Infantry Division was officially activated at Fort Johnson in February 2014 as 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division, utilizing the assets of the 4th Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division, which was inactivated.  As part of the Army's transformation initiative, this organization was designed to create a highly mobile, lethal, and flexible combat unit to support the rapid buildup of combat power wherever needed across the globe. The structure of the brigade is modular and provides for organic infantry, cavalry, field artillery, maintenance, logistic and support capabilities. While stilled flagged as 4th Brigade, it deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom from 2006 to 2007 then again for Operation Iraqi Freedom from December 2007 to January 2009. The brigade deployed to Afghanistan in fall 2010 and returned to the U.S. in fall 2011. From 2016 to 2019, the "Patriot Brigade", as they are known, became part of the 36th Infantry Division (Army National Guard) as part of the Army's Associated Unit Pilot. The "Patriot Brigade" was the only Regular Army unit assigned to the 36th ID but returned to the 10th Mountain Division when the Army's Associated Unit Pilot ended.

115th Combat Support Hospital

The 115th Combat Support Hospital traces its origin to Evacuation Hospital #15, originally organized at Fort Riley, Kansas on 21 March 1918. At the onset of hostilities during World War I, the unit sailed aboard the "S.S. Mataika", departing the United States on 22 August 1918, and arriving in France 3 September 1918. Evacuation Hospital #15 earned a battle streamer for its participation in the Meuse-Argonne Forest offensive from 26 September 1918 through 11 November 1918. The hospital, having served honorably and proud during World War I, returned to the United States aboard the "S.S. America" and was demobilized at Camp Lewis, Washington on 28 June 1919. Evacuation Hospital #15 was reconstituted as the 15th Evacuation Hospital in 1936, after having been organized as an inactive unit of the Regular Army on 1 October 1933.

115th Combat Support Hospital is a deployable medical unit that provides medical specialities to the battlefield. Medical specialties provided by the 115th Combat Support Hospital include: general surgery, orthopaedics, podiatry, and physical therapy. Additional support for clinical operations is provided through a pharmacy, X-ray services, clinical laboratories, anaesthesia, and operative services. The 115th Combat Support Hospital is also staffed to provide medical command management and administrative support through an organic medical headquarters.

During peacetime operations the 115th Field Hospital trains at the JRTC and Fort Johnson. As a deployable medical systems hospital with the most modern equipment available, the unit is capable of being deployed in an area of operations during a contingency, war or national emergency.

U.S. Army Garrison

U.S. Army Garrison provides installation support for all tenant units as well as JRTC rotational units.

Bayne-Jones Army Community Hospital

The Fort Johnson medical facility comprises the Bayne-Jones Army Community Hospital, the Wellness and Readiness Center, the Department of Behavioral Health and the United States Army Air Ambulance Detachment. The hospital is named in honour of Brigadier General Stanhope Bayne-Jones, a native of New Orleans, Louisiana. A bacteriologist and preventive medicine specialist, he achieved worldwide acclaim as the individual responsible for the control of typhus in Europe at the conclusion of World War II.

National Guard
The Louisiana Army National Guard maintains a maintenance facility on Fort Johnson which services its major units such as the 256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team and 225th Engineer Brigade.

Current

Land expansion
There have been several times when Fort Johnson was at risk of closing. In 2002 the Army stated a position of "No acquisition of land through purchase or withdrawal of public domain lands is proposed", but in 2005 there were concerns of the post being "at risk", with a proposal to look at land expansion.

In 2008 Fort Johnson began a land expansion plan. The plan calls for the acquisition of 100,000 acres for large JRTC maneuvers and live fire operations. This will be the largest land expansion since World War II, located south and southeast of Peason Ridge, and the first parcel was purchased in 2012. Eminent domain is an option if needed. Fort Johnson issued a press release on 5 May 2014, that 32,500 acres of the targeted 47,500, out of the 100,000 approved, has been acquired. Fifty-four landowners are involved, twenty-nine residences, with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers being the Army's real estate agent.

Rename
Currently, the fort is named to honor William Henry Johnson, a World War I veteran from the New York National Guard unit known as the "Harlem Hellfighters". It was previously named for Leonidas Polk, a confederate general. Johnson was one of the first Americans to receive the French "Croix de Guerre". He was posthumously presented the Purple Heart, the Distinguished Service Cross, and the Medal of Honor. It was one of the U.S. Army installations named for Confederate soldiers recommended for renaming by the Congressional Naming Commission On 5 January 2023 William A. LaPlante, US under-secretary of defense for acquisition and sustainment (USD (A&S)) directed the full implementation of the recommendations of the Naming Commission, DoD-wide. The post was redesignated in a ceremony on 13 June 2023.

Building updates
On 12 November 2014, a grand opening for a new Fort Johnson Commissary took place.

Wildlife management
An area covering  within the post has been designated Fort Johnson-Vernon Wildlife Management Area. An estimated 700 to 750 feral horses roam training lands on and around Fort Johnson. The fate of the horses has been the subject of debate since the Army started removing them in 2017.

References

External links

 Fort Johnson Guardian Newspaper
 Video overview
 USA: Training for Iraq (Documentary about Fort Johnson)

 Prescinct368cor.wordpress.com

Johnson
Johnson
Leonidas Polk
Buildings and structures in Vernon Parish, Louisiana
1941 establishments in Louisiana
Johnson

Fort Johnson


Catherine Jean Crier is an American journalist and author of A Deadly Game and The Case Against Lawyers.

She was the youngest elected state judge in Texas history at age thirty and served as a Texas State District Judge for the 162nd District Court.

Crier is currently a managing partner in Cajole Entertainment, developing television, film, and documentary projects.  She regularly appears as a guest contributor and panelist on various news programs, conducts speaking engagements across the country, and blogs for The Huffington Post. Her fifth book, Patriot Acts: What Americans Must Do to Save the Republic, was published in 2011. Her current events blog was launched to coincide with publication of the book.

Early life
Crier was born in Dallas, Texas in 1954 to Ann, a horse breeder and homemaker, and William Crier, a banker. She has two sisters. In 1970, Crier's family bought a farm in a Dallas suburb where she hauled hay, cleaned stalls, and competed in Arabian horse shows across the Southwest. She attended Richardson High School.

Crier entered the University of Texas at Austin at age 16, earning her Bachelor of Arts degree in political science and international affairs, then received a Juris Doctor in two and a half years from Southern Methodist University School of Law.

Career

Legal and judicial service

Crier began her career in law in 1978  in the Dallas County District Attorney's office, starting as an Assistant District Attorney,  then  becoming Felony Chief Prosecutor. From 1982 to 1984, Crier was a civil litigation attorney with Riddle & Brown, handling complex business and corporate matters.

In 1984, she was elected to the 162nd District Court in Dallas County as a State District Judge, becoming the youngest elected state judge in Texas history. During her tenure on the bench, Crier also served as Administrative Judge for the Civil District Courts and worked with the ABA, National Judicial College, and Texas Legislature. Shortly after her election to a second term on the bench, a chance meeting with a television news executive led to a career change.

Broadcast journalism career

In 1990, Crier began her television career at CNN. She was co-anchor of both Inside Politics '92, a daily show which followed the 1992 political process, and The World Today, the premier evening newscast. Additionally, she hosted Crier & Company, a live, half-hour news talk show. This show included a panel of female policy experts who discussed popular national and international issues.

Crier joined ABC News in 1993, where she served as a correspondent on the network's primetime news magazine program 20/20. She was awarded a 1996 Emmy for Outstanding Investigative Journalism for her work on the segment "The Predators" which examined nursing home abuses throughout the United States. She was also a correspondent and regular substitute anchor for Peter Jennings on ABC's World News Tonight, as well as a substitute host for Ted Koppel on Nightline.

In 1996, Crier became one of the founding television anchors for the Fox News Channel with her prime time program, The Crier Report, a live, hour-long nightly show, during which she interviewed leading newsmakers of the day. Additionally, she co-anchored the evening news, election coverage and Fox Files, a magazine news show aired on the parent network.

Crier joined Court TV's team of anchors in 1999.  She served as Executive Editor, Legal News Specials, in addition to hosting Catherine Crier Live, a live daily series, covering the day's "front-page" stories. Catherine Crier Live ran for six years until it was cancelled in 2007.

She also was a horse racing analyst for ESPN in 2004.

Writing

Crier released her New York Times bestseller, The Case Against Lawyers in October 2002.  Her second book, A Deadly Game: The Untold Story of the Scott Peterson Investigation became a #1 New York Times bestseller and was followed by Contempt – How the Right is Wronging American Justice, and Final Analysis:  The Untold Story of the Susan Polk Murder Case.  Her fifth book, Patriot Acts – What Americans Must Do to Save the Republic, was published in 2011.

Bibliography
 The Case Against Lawyers: How the Lawyers, Politicians, and Bureaucrats Have Turned the Law into an Instrument of Tyranny – and What We as Citizens Have to Do About It (, 2003)
 Contempt: How the Right Is Wronging American Justice (, 2005)
 A Deadly Game: The Untold Story of the Scott Peterson Investigation (, 2007)
 Final Analysis: The Untold Story of the Susan Polk Murder Case (, 2008)
 Patriot Acts: What Americans Must Do to Save the Republic (, 2011)

References

External links

Living people
Journalists from Texas
Writers from Dallas
Texas state court judges
Texas lawyers
Women sports announcers
American horse racing announcers
American television reporters and correspondents
CNN people
Women in Texas politics
University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts alumni
Southern Methodist University alumni
News & Documentary Emmy Award winners
20th-century American journalists
20th-century American judges
21st-century American journalists
American women television journalists
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American women judges
21st-century American women
Richardson High School alumni

Catherine Crier


The International Congress of Human Genetics is the foremost meeting of the international human genetics community. The first Congress was held in 1956 in Copenhagen, and has met every five years since then with the exception of the 2021 meeting which was postponed for two years because of the global COVID-19 pandemic. The Congress is held under the auspices of the International Federation of Human Genetics Societies, an umbrella organization founded by the American Society of Human Genetics, the European Society of Human Genetics and the Human Genetics Society of Australasia. Congresses have been held in such diverse venues as Berlin, Brisbane, Chicago, The Hague, Jerusalem, Mexico City, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Vienna and Washington.

The purview of the International Congress of Human Genetics is all aspects of human genetics, including research, clinical practice, and education. The Congress now attracts thousands of participants, including M.D. medical geneticists, Ph.D. human geneticists and genetic counselors from 80 or more countries. It is by far the largest human genetics meeting in the world.

External links
 History of the International Congress of Human Genetics

Genetics organizations
Recurring events established in 1956
Medical conferences


4,5-Dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione (DPD) is an organic compound that occurs naturally but exists as several related structures.  The idealized formula for this species is CH3C(O)C(O)CH(OH)CH2OH, but it is known to exist as several other forms resulting from cyclization.  It is not stable at room temperature as a pure material, which has further complicated its analysis.  The (S)-stereoisomer occurs naturally.  It is typically hydrated, i.e., one keto group has added water to give the geminal diol.

DPD is produced by degradation of S-adenosylhomocysteine by the action of the enzyme S-ribosylhomocysteinase.  The compound probably does not exist as depicted above, but as an equilibrium mixture of three hydrates.

DPD is a precursor to borate diester, which is known as autoinducer-2 (AI-2).  AI-2 is a signaling molecules found in quorum sensing.  It is produced and recognized by many Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. AI-2 is synthesized by the reaction of DPD with boric acid and is recognized by the two-component sensor kinase LuxPQ in Vibrionaceae.

References

Diketones
Vicinal diols
Carbohydrate chemistry
Tetrahydrofurans
Acyloins
Beta-hydroxy ketones
Conjugated ketones

4,5-Dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione


Joshua Dunkley-Smith (born 28 June 1989 in Geelong, Australia) is an Australian former representative rower. He was a national champion, a dual Olympian, two-time silver Olympic medal winner, and won medals at five World Rowing Championships.

Personal
Dunkley-Smith attended Albert Park Primary and learned to row at The Geelong College. He rowed in The Geelong College first VIII in Victorian Schools Head of the River races in 2006 and 2007.

Dunkley-Smith studied for a B.Arts in Journalism at Monash University. After his return from the Olympics in 2012, Dunkley-Smith took up coaching at Melbourne Girls Grammar.

His mother, Addy Bucek, is a former Australian Olympic sailing representative.  His younger sister, Addy, was also an Australian representative rower.

He retired from competitive rowing following the 2018 King's Cup, which was his ninth state representative appearance for Victoria in that event.

Club and state rowing
Dunkley-Smith's senior club rowing was from the Mercantile Rowing Club in Melbourne.

His was first selected to Victorian state representative honours in the 2008 Victorian youth eight, who won the Noel F Wilkinson Trophy at the Interstate Regatta within the Australian Rowing Championships. In 2009, he was again selected in the youth eight, and he stroked the crew to his second victory in that event. On nine consecutive occasions from 2010 to 2018, Dunkley-Smith was seated in the Victorian men's senior eight who contested the King's Cup at the Australian Rowing Championships. In those crews he saw two King's Cup victories and six times placed second. He stroked four of those Victorian eights in King's Cup races.

On 10 March 2018, he set a world record for 2000m on an indoor rowing machine, setting a time of 5:35.8, beating Rob Waddell's record of 5:36.6 (for the 30–39 age category) which was set in 2008. Dunkley-Smith's effort also beat a 1999 mark Rob Waddell had set for the 19–29 age category.

International representative rowing
Dunkley-Smith made his national representative debut in 2009 when he was selected to stroke an Australian U23 eight to contest the World Rowing U23 Championships in Racice. That eight placed fourth. That same year, he achieved his first senior representative selection in the Australian senior men's eight, who raced to a seventh placing at the 2009 World Rowing Championships in Poznan, Poland.

In 2010, Dunkley-Smith competed in an Australian coxless four, winning gold at the World Rowing Cup II in Munich and in the men's eight who took silver at the World Rowing Cup III in Lucerne. He then competed in an U23 coxless four at the 2010 World Rowing U23 Championships in Brest before three months later winning his first senior World Championship medal at Lake Karapiro 2010—a bronze in the men's eight.

In 2011, Dunkley-Smith secured a seat in the Australian senior coxless four, and for the next five years he rowed in that boat consistently at Olympics and at World Championships. That year with Samuel Loch, Nicholas Purnell and Drew Ginn, Dunkley-Smith won a bronze medal at the World Championships at Bled 2011.

At the 2012 London Olympics, Dunkley-Smith won a silver medal in the Australian coxless four with Drew Ginn, James Chapman and Will Lockwood. Ginn's presence in the crew gave it a lineage to the successful Australian men's four crews of the 1990s that were known as the Oarsome Foursomes.

In 2013, Dunkley-Smith, Alexander Lloyd, Spencer Turrin and Will Lockwood won the silver in the four at the 2013 World Championships in Chungju after having won or placed at three World Rowing Cups that year. With Lockwood changed out for Fergus Pragnell, Dunkley-Smith, Lloyd and Turrin won a bronze medal at the 2014 World Championships in Amsterdam. As in 2013 they had performed strongly in the lead-up winning or placing at three World Rowing Cups.

Dunkley-Smith was originally selected for the Australian men's eight in 2015, but an injury to Alex Lloyd led to him being put into the two seat of the four.  At the 2015 World Championships, Dunkley-Smith, Lockwood, Alexander Hill and Spencer Turrin won the silver medal in the men's four.

In 2016, along with Will Lockwood, Joshua Booth, and Alex Hill, Dunkley-Smith was selected in the Australian Men's Coxless four to compete at Rio 2016. They placed second and third at two lead-up World Rowing Cups in Europe and in Rio de Janeiro at the 2016 Summer Olympics; they won their heat and semi-final and took the silver medal behind the fancied Great Britain crew in the final. It was Dunkley-Smith's last international appearance for Australia and a fitting end to a stellar representative career.

Rowing Results

Olympics
 2012 London Olympics M4- stroke – silver
 2016 Rio Olympics M4- two seat – silver

World Championships
 2009 World Rowing U23 Championships men's eight stroke – fourth
 2009 World Rowing Championships men's eight two seat – seventh
 2010 World Rowing U23 Championships coxless four stroke – bronze
 2010 World Rowing Championships men's Eight stroke – bronze
 2011 World Rowing Championships coxless four stroke – bronze
 2013 World Rowing Championships coxless four stroke – silver
 2014 World Rowing Championships coxless four two seat – bronze
 2015 World Rowing Championships coxless four two seat – silver

National Interstate Regatta

2008 – Interstate Championships Men's Youth Eight three seat – first
2009 – Interstate Championships Men's Youth Eight stroke – first
2010 – Interstate Championships Men's Eight stroke – second
2011 – Interstate Championships Men's Eight six seat – second
2012 – Interstate Championships Men's Eight stroke – second
2013 – Interstate Championships Men's Eight stroke – second

2014 – Interstate Championships Men's Eight stroke – third
2015 – Interstate Championships Men's Eight six seat – first
2016 – Interstate Championships Men's Eight  – first
2017 – Interstate Championships Men's Eight  – second
2018 – Interstate Championships Men's Eight six seat – second

References

 Webster's coxswain call of the 2016 Australian King's Cup

1989 births
Living people
Rowers from Melbourne
Rowers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in rowing
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Australian male rowers
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
World Rowing Championships medalists for Australia
Rowers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Sportsmen from Victoria (state)

Josh Dunkley-Smith


Tan Sri Datuk Amar Ong Kee Hui (; 1914–2000) was a Malaysian Chinese politician and founder cum first president of the Sarawak United People's Party which was founded on 12 June 1959. His family trace their origins to Longhai, Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, China.

Family History

Ong Kee Hui is the great-grandson of Ong Ewe Hai (1830-1888), a leading Sarawakian merchant and Rajah Charles Brooke's advisor on Chinese Affairs, and also confidant; grandson of Ong Tiang Swee (1864-1950), the first Chinese nominated to the Sarawak Council Negri (Legislative Council) in 1937; and son of Ong Kwan Hin (1896-1982), a recognised authority on Chinese temples, who was nominated to the Sarawak Council Negri (Legislative Council) as well.

Generations of the Ong family played a prominent role for the Hokkien community in Sarawak. His great-grandfather Ong Ewe Hai was a prominent Kapitan China to the Hokkien community of Sarawak, and a successful businessman in multiple fields. His grandfather, Ong Tiang Swee was Kapitan China, and also President of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce. His father, Ong Kwan Hin was also Kapitan China. Both Ong Tiang Swee and Ong Kwan Hin were the first two Chinese people nominated to the Sarawak Council Negri (Legislative Council) in 1937.

Today, there are seven roads in Kuching, Sarawak named after generations of the Ong family, some by the Rajah in recognition of their contribution to the community. These include Jalan Ewe Hai (also Ewe Hai street), Jalan Ong Tiang Swee, Jalan Ong Kwan Hin, Jalan Ong Kee Hui, Jalan Hui Sing, Jalan Datin Wee (Ong) Siew Eng and Jalan Ong Hup Leong, a branch road of Jalan Ong Tiang Swee.

Ong Kee Hui is also related to Ong Poh Lim. His great grandfather Ong Koon Tian ( d:1837) was born in Bai Jiao, Fujian, China and left for south-east Asia to make his fortune, at which he was not successful - on his death he left three sons and three daughters impoverished.

Early life
Born in 1914 in Kuching, he was educated at St. Thomas's School in Kuching and later St. Andrew's School in Singapore. He received his diploma in Agricultural Science from Serdang College (present-day Universiti Putra Malaysia).

Career
In 1935, he entered the Sarawak Government civil service when he returned home to serve the Department of Agriculture. He believed in Sarawak's cession to Great Britain in 1946, which ended Brooke Sarawak and brought citizenship to Sarawak based on jus soli to the Chinese, who were regarded as immigrants.

Leaving government service in 1948, Ong entered business under the tutelage of Datuk Amar Wee Kheng Chiang, his father-in-law, who appointed him manager of the family's Bian Chiang Bank, today known as CIMB Group, devoting himself to business and banking.

Rise to politics
In the mid-1950s, Ong Kee Hui started his political career as a nominated member of the Council Negri (State Legislative Council), and he was elected to the Kuching Municipal Council as the Mayor of Kuching and an unofficial member of the Supreme Council (State Cabinet) as Minister of Technology, Research and Local Government.

The "divide and rule" method of the British encouraged the communal polarisation of Sarawak politics, something that he and his contemporaries viewed with alarm as boding ill for future Sarawak democracy. To counter this trend, Ong, together with Datuk Amar Stephen Yong Kuet Tze and colleagues, established the Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) as Sarawak's first political party in 1959.

When Malaysia was proposed, Ong argued for Sarawak's independence, before joining the greater federation. The Sarawak United People's Party supported his stance for independence. Ong was also a member of the Malaysian Solidarity Convention's Sarawak delegation in 1962.

Malaysia became an independent country in 1963. In 1965, he seized the expulsion of Singapore to call for a referendum but was rejected.

After much encouragement and pragmatism from then Deputy Prime Minister, Tun Abdul Razak, he was convinced to forge political partnerships and consequently, Sarawak United People's Party joined the State Government in 1971. He served as the Minister of Local Government and Housing and Minister of Science Technology & Environment under Tun Abdul Razak's Cabinet. However, being a federal minister in Kuala Lumpur divorced him from Sarawakian grassroots politics.

In 1980, he stood down as party chairman of SUPP and retired to pen his memoirs, Footprints in Sarawak.

Honours
He was bestowed the titles "Datuk" later upgraded to "Dato' Sri" (PNBS) and "Datuk Amar" (DA) by the Sarawak State Government, "Datuk" (PGDK) by the Sabah State Government and "Tan Sri" (PMN) by the Government of Malaysia.

The Malaysian Institute of Chemistry also awards the Tan Sri Datuk Ong Kee Hui Postgraduate Chemistry Award to candidates who produce an outstanding thesis.

In Kuching, there is a road named after him, called Jalan Ong Kee Hui. The headquarters of the Sarawak United People's Party sits here.

A road called Jalan Hui Sing, or better known as Hui Sing Garden in Kuching is also named after Ong Kee Hui and Ong Moh Sing in a joint venture development for a residential area.

Honours of Malaysia
  :
  Recipient of the Malaysian Commemorative Medal (Silver) (PPM) (1965)
  Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (PMN) – Tan Sri (1975)

  :
  Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (PGDK) – Datuk
  :
  Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak (PGBK) – Datuk
  Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of Sarawak (PNBS) – Dato Sri
  Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak (DA) – Datuk Amar

Personal life
On 14 September 1937, he married Wee Bee Siok (), the daughter of a successful banker and businessman, Datuk Wee Kheng Chiang, in a traditional Chinese ceremony. They have eight children - two sons and six daughters.

References

 Albert Lau. Southeast Asia and the Cold War. Routledge, 26 July 2012 pg. 129
 Tan Sri Ong Kee Hui. Footprints in Sarawak: Memoirs of Tan Sri Datuk (Dr) Ong Kee Hui. Research & Resource Centre, 1998
 Tan Sri Ong Kee Hui. Footsteps in Malaysia: Political Development of Sarawak since 1963. Research & Resource Centre, 2002

Further reading
 Ong Kee Hui Footprints in Sarawak: 1914 to 1963. Research & Resource Centre, SUPP Headquarters, 1 January 1998

1914 births
Malaysian politicians of Chinese descent
2000 deaths
Commanders of the Order of Kinabalu
People from Kuching
20th-century Malaysian politicians
Malaysian people of Chinese descent
Government ministers of Malaysia
Commanders of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak
Members of the Dewan Rakyat
Knights Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of Sarawak
Malaysian people of Hokkien descent
Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak
Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm

Ong Kee Hui


Brady Patrick Hoke (; born November 3, 1958) is an American football coach in his second stint as the head football coach at San Diego State University. He served as the head football coach at the University of Michigan from 2011 to 2014.

Hoke grew up in Ohio and attended Ball State University, where he played linebacker from 1977 to 1980. He began his coaching career in 1982 and held assistant coaching positions at Grand Valley State (1983), Western Michigan (1984–1986), Toledo (1987–1989), Oregon State (1989–1994), and Michigan (1995–2002).

Hoke left his assistant coaching position at Michigan in December 2002 to become the head football coach at his alma mater, Ball State. In six years at Ball State, Hoke was credited with turning around the football program. In 2008, he led the Ball State football team to a 12–1 record and the first appearance in the Associated Press Top 25 (peaking at No. 12) in school history. In December 2008, Hoke was hired as the head football coach at San Diego State University. He led the 2010 San Diego State Aztecs football team to the school's first season with at least nine wins since 1977 and a victory over Navy in the 2010 Poinsettia Bowl.

He returned to Michigan after he was hired as the program's 19th head football coach on January 11, 2011. In his inaugural season with the Wolverines, he led them to an 11–2 record, taking Michigan to their first BCS Bowl game since the 2006 season, where Michigan defeated the Virginia Tech Hokies in the 2012 Sugar Bowl. On December 2, 2014, Michigan fired Hoke after four seasons. He was also the interim head coach at the University of Tennessee at the end of the 2017 season.

Early years
Hoke graduated from Fairmont East High School in Kettering, Ohio, in 1977. While at Fairmont East, Hoke played linebacker/defensive end and was also on the school's wrestling squad. His father, John Hoke, played for future Ohio State coach Woody Hayes at Miami University, alongside future Michigan coach Bo Schembechler. Despite his father's association with Hayes, Hoke recalled that, while he was growing up in Kettering, he was a Michigan fan. He went on to play football as a linebacker at Ball State University, where he was a four-year letterman from 1977 to 1980. Hoke helped the 1978 Ball State Cardinals football team win the Mid-American Conference (MAC) championship. He tallied 99 tackles as a sophomore, 95 as a junior and 150 as a senior. He was the captain of Ball State's 1980 team and was selected as a second-team All-MAC player.

Coaching career

Assistant coach
Hoke began his coaching career in 1982 as the defensive coordinator and offensive line coach at Yorktown High School in Yorktown, Indiana.

Hoke began his college coaching career as the defensive line coach at Grand Valley State University in 1983. The following year, he joined Jack Harbaugh's staff at Western Michigan University. He was Western Michigan's defensive line coach from 1984 to 1986. Also on the coaching staff were current Baltimore Ravens head coach John Harbaugh, current Ohio State co-defensive coordinator Greg Mattison, and current Washington State offensive analyst Dan Ferrigno.

Hoke next served as the linebackers coach at the University of Toledo from 1987 to 1989.

Hoke served as an assistant coach at Oregon State University from 1989 to 1994 under head coaches Dave Kragthorpe and his successor Jerry Pettibone. He was the Beavers' defensive line coach in every season except 1990, when coached the inside linebackers. The Beavers went 4–7–1 and 1–10 in Hoke's first two years in Corvallis, resulting in the firing of Kragthorpe. Hoke was retained in 1991 by Oregon State's new head coach, Jerry Pettibone. The Beavers had consecutive one-win seasons in 1991 and 1992 and back-to-back four win seasons in 1993 and 1994. Despite the team's struggles, Hoke later credited Kragthorpe with teaching him many lessons: "One of the big things coach Pettibone instilled in me was the recruiting process, and the work ethic that it takes to recruit, and the other factors, as far as trying to get a team ready every week, coming off a couple of lean years, and the intenseness of the rivalry with Oregon."

In February 1995, Hoke was hired as an assistant coach at the University of Michigan under head coach Gary Moeller. He was the defensive end coach in 1995 and 1996 and defensive line coach from 1997 to 2002. In May 2002, Michigan head coach Lloyd Carr named Hoke as associate head coach, the only member of the staff with that distinction. At the time, Hoke told the press, "Every year you learn more and more what the head coach has to do. I'm very honored to represent this school. I grew up a big Michigan fan, and I think it's a place that's special in a lot of ways." During Hoke's eight years at Michigan, the Wolverines compiled a 75–23 record, went to a bowl game every year and won the national championship in 1997. While at Michigan, Hoke was assigned to recruit in California. One of the players Hoke recruited to Michigan was future legendary NFL quarterback Tom Brady. Hoke recalled: "Tom wasn't the greatest athlete, with those skinny legs, but there was something about him."

Although Hoke was an assistant under head coaches Moeller and Carr at Michigan, Bo Schembechler remained at Michigan in the early part of Hoke's tenure. Interviewed in 2009, Hoke recalled the example set by Schembechler: "When I was at Michigan, Bo Schembechler's office was five doors down from mine. Having the opportunity to talk with him on a daily basis was something that transferred those values that are most important if you're going to be successful."

Ball State
In December 2002, Hoke was hired as the 14th head football coach at his alma mater, Ball State University, signing a five-year contract at $125,000 per season. He was among a group of candidates to succeed Bill Lynch, which included Illinois secondary coach Mike Mallory, Ohio State linebackers coach Mark Snyder, and Wisconsin offensive coordinator Brian White. Hoke told reporters that the moment he heard the vacancy sign was out at Ball State, he knew he wanted to be the school's next head football coach: "There is no doubt." Hoke added, "It is great to return to the school that enabled me to get an education and play football. I am looking forward to representing a great university with integrity and pride." Michigan's head coach Lloyd Carr praised Hoke: "Brady has done a tremendous job at Michigan. He is a great recruiter. One of the things I try to do is hire people that have the potential to become head coaches. He is goal-oriented and has a great motivation to be the best that he can be."

Hoke took over a Ball State football program that had not had a winning record since 1996. Hoke's teams won only 10 games in his first three seasons as head coach. Hoke began to turn this around in his fourth year as the team finished 5–7 (5–3) in 2006. In 2007, the team improved to 7–5 in the regular season, as sophomore quarterback Nate Davis passed for 3,376 yards and 27 touchdowns. The 2007 Ball State team nearly upset the Nebraska Cornhuskers, but a late touchdown gave Nebraska a 41–40 win. The team was invited to play in the International Bowl in Toronto, losing to Rutgers, 52–30.

During the 2008 season, Hoke led the Cardinals to the most wins in school history, finishing the regular season with an undefeated record of 12–0. The 2008 season marked the first time the Ball State Cardinals won a game against a BCS-conference opponent, a 42–20 victory over Indiana. And in October 2008, Ball State was ranked in the Associated Press Top 25 for the first time in the school's history. After his team achieved its top 25 ranking, Hoke told the media, "It's flattering obviously, but there's so much season left to play. You have to evaluate the season at the end. We've got a lot of big games ahead of us." The Cardinals were ranked as high as #12 during the 2008 season. After concluding an undefeated regular season, Hoke's 2008 team lost to the Buffalo Bulls in the 2008 MAC Championship Game.

Ball State's rise to prominence led to Hoke's December 2008 appearance on the Late Show with David Letterman where he read a special "Top Ten List" of the "Highlights of the Ball State Cardinals Season", topped by "The Drunk 3 A.M. Coaching Tips from (Ball State alumnus) Letterman."

While at Ball State, several football players were caught in a scheme to sell textbooks for classes they were not enrolled in. The NCAA cut three football scholarships and put the University on two years probation. Nine other sports were involved in the scheme.

San Diego State
In December 2008, Hoke was hired as the 17th head football coach at San Diego State University. Hoke signed a five-year contract with a guaranteed payment of $3,525,000, plus incentives for hitting revenue marks and bowl berths. San Diego State was also required to pay $240,000 to buy out the remaining two years on Hoke's contract at Ball State. At the press conference introducing Hoke as the Aztecs' new coach, Hoke told reporters, "Number one, this program is going to be a program that's based on toughness. To play football at the Division I level, to compete academically at the Division I level and balance both, you have to be tough-minded. You have to be physically tough and mentally tough."

San Diego State compiled a 2–10 record the year before Hoke arrived. A sports writer for the San Diego Union-Tribune described the challenge facing Hoke: "It's going to be difficult for [Brady Hoke], because with the Aztecs, we're basically talking about a sea change in everything from A to Zed. This isn't Urban Meyer taking over at Florida, where the cupboard already was full of epicurean delights. State has rotting skeletons in its closet. The Aztecs haven't had a winning season since 1998, just seven since 1980."

Hoke won a reputation for recruiting at San Diego State. His brother Jon Hoke, an assistant coach in the NFL, noted: "I don't care where it is, whether it's San Diego State or anywhere else, if there's one thing he can do it's recruit. He's as good at it as anybody. He's relentless with recruiting. He has a great feel for parents and a great feel for players. As long as you give him the budget to (recruit) the way it needs to be done, he'll be fine."

In 2009, Hoke led the Aztecs to a record of 4–8. During the 2010 season, Hoke's team improved to 9–4. Two of the Aztecs' losses in 2010 came in close matches against ranked opponents. The Aztecs gave the undefeated, #2 TCU team its closest game of the regular season, losing by a score of 40–35. Hoke's team also lost a close game against No. 12 Missouri by a score of 27–24. The team concluded its season with a convincing 35–14 win over Navy in the 2010 Poinsettia Bowl.

Prior to the 2010 season, San Diego State had not won nine or more games in a season since 1977 (when they had their second straight 10 win season) and had not played in a bowl game since the 1998 team lost in the Las Vegas Bowl After the 2010 season, a reporter for the Orange County Register wrote that Hoke had given San Diego State "swagger."

Michigan

2011 season

On January 11, 2011, Hoke was named the 19th head football coach of the Michigan Wolverines football team. Michigan athletic director Dave Brandon described some of the factors that influenced his selection of Hoke: "The reason I wanted him to be prominent in this process was simply the combination of turning around two programs, being known as a terrific recruiter, and being a defensive-minded coach with a lot of experience. Everybody that I ever talked to just raved about the quality of person he is and how much he loves Michigan." Although many speculated that Hoke had been a third choice behind Jim Harbaugh and Les Miles, Brandon stated, "The job was never offered to them."

On November 26, Hoke's Wolverines defeated Ohio State in Hoke's first season as the Wolverines' head coach, clinching Michigan's first 10-win season since 2006. Hoke's 2011 team also held Michigan's first winning record in Big Ten conference play since 2007. Michigan's win over Ohio State in the long-standing rivalry was its first since 2003.

Following the 2011 Big Ten Conference football season, Hoke swept the Big Ten Coach of the Year awards, earning the Hayes-Schembechler Coach of the Year, as selected by conference coaches, and the Dave McClain Coach of the Year, as picked by the media.

Hoke won his first bowl game as the head coach of Michigan in an overtime contest against Virginia Tech by a score of 23–20. It was Michigan's first BCS bowl victory since the 2000 Orange Bowl, and its 20th bowl victory overall.

2012–2014 seasons

Hoke's second season in Ann Arbor started off with Michigan losing 41–14 to the defending and eventual repeat national champions, the Alabama Crimson Tide. The Game was played at Cowboy Stadium on a neutral playing field, being broadcast to a nationally televised audience. Hoke said after the game "Obviously, we didn't play Michigan football, and that's something that bothers our team, bothers the coaches;" he continued "Win or lose your first game, you learn a lot." Michigan ended the regular season with losses to AP #25 Nebraska (10–4), #4 Notre Dame (12–1), #3 Ohio State (12–0), and #1 Alabama (13–1), before losing 33–28 on the final touchdown to #8 South Carolina in the Outback Bowl.

Hoke led the 2014 Michigan team to a 5–7 record. This marked only the third season since 1975 in which Michigan missed a bowl game (the previous two instances were both under Hoke's predecessor, Rich Rodriguez). The team defeated only one bowl-eligible opponent, with the win coming against Penn State.

Following the season, Michigan fired Hoke after four seasons. Hoke compiled a 31–20 record, including an 18–14 record in Big Ten play.

Back as assistant coach

Oregon
Hoke was announced as the University of Oregon's defensive coordinator on January 16, 2016. He was not retained by new coach Willie Taggart after the firing of Mark Helfrich.

Tennessee
Hoke was announced as the University of Tennessee's defensive line coach on February 7, 2017. On November 12, 2017, Butch Jones was terminated as head coach of the Volunteers. As a result, Hoke was named as the interim head coach. Hoke coached the last two games of the season, which were a 30–10 loss to #21 LSU and a 42–24 loss to Vanderbilt. The two losses under Hoke combined with the 4–6 record from Butch Jones gave the Tennessee Volunteers their first eight-loss season in program history.

NFL Carolina Panthers
On January 29, 2018, ESPN reported that Hoke was hired to coach the defensive line for the NFL's Carolina Panthers. The move to the NFL was a first for Hoke's coaching career, as all of his previous stops had been in high school or college. He was fired on December 3.

San Diego State
Hoke returned to San Diego State University in 2019 as defensive line coach under head coach Rocky Long. Hoke helped the Aztecs fielded a defense that was second in rush defense allowing 75.4 yards per game and sixth in total defense allowing 287.8 yards per game in 2019.

Second stint as head coach at San Diego State
On January 8, 2020, Rocky Long announced his retirement from coaching and Hoke was named the head coach for the Aztecs.

Family
Hoke and his wife have a daughter, Kelly, who was born in 1986 and is also a Ball State graduate. Brady is the younger brother of Jon Hoke, who is the secondary coach for the Atlanta Falcons. Jon's son, Kyle Hoke, played for his uncle at Ball State and was a graduate assistant coach for the Western Michigan Broncos football team in their 2012 and 2013 seasons.

Head coaching record

 * Did not coach in bowl game.

References

External links

 San Diego State profile
 Tennessee profile

1958 births
Living people
American football linebackers
Ball State Cardinals football coaches
Ball State Cardinals football players
Carolina Panthers coaches
Grand Valley State Lakers football coaches
Michigan Wolverines football coaches
Oregon Ducks football coaches
Oregon State Beavers football coaches
San Diego State Aztecs football coaches
Tennessee Volunteers football coaches
Toledo Rockets football coaches
Western Michigan Broncos football coaches
High school football coaches in Indiana
People from Kettering, Ohio
Sportspeople from Montgomery County, Ohio
Coaches of American football from Ohio
Players of American football from Dayton, Ohio

Brady Hoke


Hermann/Herman  Nunberg (23 January 1884 – 20 May 1970) was a psychoanalyst and neurologist born in Będzin which was then part of the German Empire.

Training and life

Nunberg earned his medical degree in 1910 from the University of Zurich, where he assisted Carl Gustav Jung at the Burghölzli Psychiatric Clinic with word association tests.  For a short time he practised psychiatry in Schaffhausen and Bern, and in 1912 he taught classes at the university clinic in Krakow. In 1914 he became an assistant to Julius Wagner-Jauregg in Vienna, where for several years he taught classes on neurology, and where in 1915 he joined the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society.

He remained in Vienna until 1932 when he emigrated to the United States and worked in Philadelphia and New York City. While in New York he was a member of the New York Psychoanalytic Society, of which he was president from 1950 until 1952.

Writings and work

In 1932 copies of his lectures were published (translated in 1955 as a book titled "Principles of Psychoanalysis, Their Application to the Neuroses"); and in the preface of the 1932 publication, an impressed Sigmund Freud wrote that it:"contains the most complete and conscientious presentation of a psycho-analytic theory of the neurotic processes which we at present possess".

Nunberg was an early advocate (1918) of required "training analysis" sessions for psychoanalysts in training. He also spoke up strongly in favor of lay analysis, suggesting that behind opposition to it stood non-theoretical motives "such as medical prestige and motives of an economic nature".

Ernest Jones noted Nunberg as one of the few proponents for Freud's Death drive.  Jacques Lacan however considered that Nunberg revealed something of his own grandiosity in his meditations upon the relations between the life and the death forces.

Nunberg's articles on 'The Will to Recovery' (1926) and 'On the Theory of Therapeutic Results of Psychoanalysis' (1937) reveal his interest in the curative aspects of analysis.  Lacan singled out the former piece as showing (in humorous fashion) the inherent ambiguities in the neurotic's search for cure: "to restore peace in his home...the patient admits to a desire, in the form of a temporary suspension of his presence at home, the opposite of what he came to propose as the first aim of his analysis".

See also
Apprentice complex
Depersonalization
Franz Alexander

Bibliography

References

External links
 Answers.com; Hermann Nunberg

1884 births
1970 deaths
Austrian psychiatrists
Analysands of Paul Federn
German expatriates in Switzerland
German emigrants to Austria-Hungary
Austrian emigrants to the United States

Hermann Nunberg


The Northern General Transport Company was a bus company in North East England.

History

It originated in the early 1900s when Gateshead and District Tramways asked Parliament's permission to extend their Tramway, which finished at Low Fell, to Chester-le-Street. Parliament denied this, so the directors decided to set up a motor bus operation instead. Hence the Northern General Transport Company was formed and its first depot was built at Picktree Lane, Chester-le-Street in 1913. Gateshead Tramways was a subsidiary of British Electric Traction.

The first motor bus service was from Chester-le-Street, via Birtley, to Low Fell, where there was a connection to the Gateshead trams. The service was quickly extended to Gateshead and within a few years crossed the River Tyne to finish in Newcastle.

Other motor bus routes quickly developed from Chester-le-Street, its central location being ideal for other towns and colliery villages nearby. Northern even built the bus station in Durham (as a terminus) before Tilling's United Automobile Services arrived there. After World War I, services really got going. In Newcastle two bus stations were opened, Marlborough Crescent and Worswick Street. Depots were built in Stanley and Gateshead which was to become the workshops and in 1933 the head office.

Throughout the 1930s smaller independents were bought out and British Electric Tracton in the North East began to convert to motor bus operation, expanding into Sunderland and North Tyneside taking over the declining tramway routes and expanding the bus routes further. By now Northern even built their own buses to accommodate the high passenger numbers with the very low bridges in the area (meaning three-axle single deckers). There were by now excursion services, parcel deliveries and long-distance services to other cities including London Victoria Coach Station.

After 1945, Northern and United started more co-operation on routes and further expansion in the Chester-le-Street and Stanley areas. As for vehicles, Guy, Leyland and Crossley were quite common. In the 1950s Northern bought up more smaller bus operators and with expanding industry at the time rebodied quite a few of their prewar buses. However, by the late 1950s these were showing their age, so in 1959 Northern General placed one of the first big orders for the new Leyland Atlantean.

By now the friendly rivalry between Northern and United was at its peak, and United being a Tilling Group company had Bristol Lodekkas and the underpowered Atlanteans put Northern at a disadvantage. After assessing and testing a demonstrator AEC Routemaster, Northern placed an initial order for 18, followed by another 32, and later prototype RMF1254 was purchased. They were fitted with Leyland engines and a higher-ratio rear axle for operation on longer trunk routes. However, throughout the 1970s it became increasingly uneconomic to have conductors on inter-urban services. Despite driver and customer satisfaction, Northern had little option but to replace them. Northern placed a large order for Bristol VRs with Eastern Coach Works and Willowbrook bodywork in 1977 to replace them.

On 1 January 1969, Northern became part of the National Bus Company. On 1 May 1970, neighbouring Venture Transport was purchased with 86 buses.

In February 1987, as part of the privatisation of the National Bus Company and by now trading as Go-Ahead Northern There is a separate subdivision of the Go-Ahead Group known as Go North West, and was a rebrand of the north east based division around the 2011 period), Northern General Transport was sold in a management buyout, becoming the first company of what is now the Go-Ahead Group. The Northern General Transport Company Ltd was renamed Go Northern Limited in June 1998, and is still owned by the Go-Ahead Group although the company has been dormant since approximately 2009. See the Go-Ahead Group page for more information on the operating history since privatisation in 1987.

References

Defunct bus manufacturers of the United Kingdom
1913 establishments in England
1987 disestablishments in England
British companies established in 1913
Transport companies established in 1913
Former bus operators in Tyne and Wear
British companies disestablished in 1987

Northern General Transport Company


Numen, pl. numina,  is a Latin term.  It is used  for "divinity", a "divine presence" or a "divine will." The Latin authors defined it as follows. Cicero writes of a "divine mind" (divina mens), a god "whose numen everything obeys," and a "divine power" (vis divina) "which pervades the lives of men." It causes the motions and cries of birds during augury. In his Aeneid, Virgil tells about the  how the one-eyed giant, Polyphemus, is blinded:  First, Odysseus and his men "ask for the assistance of the great numina" (magna precati numina). Reviewing public opinion of Augustus on the day of his funeral, the historian Tacitus reports that some thought "no honor was left to the gods" when he "established the cult of himself" (se ... coli vellet) "with temples and the effigies of numina" (effigie numinum). Pliny the younger in a letter to Paternus raves about the "power," the "dignity," and "the majesty;" in short, the "numen of history." Lucretius uses the expression numen mentis, or "bidding of the mind," where "bidding" is numen, not, however, the divine numen, unless the mind is to be considered divine, but as simply human will.

Since the early 20th century, numen has sometimes been treated in the history of religion as a pre-animistic phase. This is a belief system that comes from an earlier time. Sociologists also use the term Numen to refer to the idea of magical power coming from an object, particularly when writing about ideas in the western tradition. When used in this sense, numen means almost the same thing as mana. However, some authors only use the word mana for ideas about magic from Polynesia and Southeast Asia.

Etymology
The literal meaning is simply "a nod", or more accurately,"that which is produced by nodding". In the same way, flamen is "that which is produced by blowing", i.e., a gust of wind. It came to mean "the product or expression of power" — not, be it noted, power itself.Numen (divinity) is not personified (although it can be a personal attribute) and should be distinguished from deus (god).

Roman cults of the numina
Numen was also used in the imperial cult of ancient Rome, to refer to the guardian-spirit, 'godhead' or divine power of a living emperor. It was  a way of worshiping a living emperor without literally calling him a god.

The cult of Augustus was promoted by Tiberius, who dedicated the Ara Numinis Augusti.
In this context, a distinction can be made between the terms numen and genius.

Definition as a pre-animistic phase of religion
The expression Numen inest appears in Ovid's Fasti (III, 296) and has been translated as 'There is a spirit here'. Its interpretation, and the exact sense of numen has been discussed extensively in the literature.

Some people thought, that numen could have been a leftover of ealier animist religions which was incorporated into the Roman religion. Sometimes the etymology of Latin names for deities, has often been popularly implied,  but it  was criticised as "mostly a scholarly fiction" by McGeough (2004).

Numina and specific religions
The phrase "numen eris caeloque redux mirabere regna" appears on line 129 of the poem Metrum in Genesin, attributed to Hilary of Arles.

In popular culture
In modern times, the term (referring to the Christian God) has been used in various expressions:

 Innocue vivito, numen adest (Live blameless; God is here.) was the motto of Carl Linnaeus, taken from Ovid's Ars Amatoria (I, 640).
 Nil sine numine is the state motto of Colorado. Its origin could be the phrase "...non haec sine numine divum eveniunt" (...these things do not come to pass without the will of Heaven) from Virgil's Aeneid (II, 777).
 Benigno numine (with divine favor) is the motto of the city of Pittsburgh.
 Numen lumen (God is the light) is the motto of the University of Wisconsin–Madison and Elon University.
 The term numen appears three times (142.23, 162.13, 282.21) in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake.

Related pages

 Animism
 Lares
 Penates
 Sacred (comparative religion)

References

Further reading

Other websites

 Roman religion
History of religion

Numen


Adolfo Suaya (born March 16, 1961) is an Argentine-American restaurateur, hotelier, and television host. He has founded or financed numerous Southern California restaurants and bars including Gaucho Grill, Dolce, the Lodge, Osaka, and others. He served as host of the Sun Channel television series, Latin American Foodie and Foodie Trips. Suaya also owns hotels in Uruguay and Argentina.

Early life

Suaya was born on March 16, 1961. He dropped out of high school early to pursue entrepreneurship. At age 17, he opened a children's clothing business, and, two years later, he began a separate business designing and manufacturing ski jackets. At age 21, Suaya moved to Europe where he lived for a year and a half before returning to Buenos Aires to study acting. In 1985, at the age of 24, he moved to Los Angeles to more thoroughly study film and acting at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute. After his schooling, Suaya had roles in a few films and directed another prior to focusing on his entrepreneurial career.

Career

Suaya opened his first restaurant, Gaucho Grill, on Sunset Boulevard in 1986. By 1996, he had opened a chain of 12 Gaucho Grill restaurants. In 2003, he opened Dolce Enoteca e Ristorante. By 2006, he was the landlord for or operator of 15 Southern California restaurants including Memphis, Bella Cucina, The Lodge, Geisha House, Sushi Roku, and others. He was also in the process of opening two other restaurants, Goa Nightclub and BlackSteel.

In 2008, Suaya branched out into the hospitality business, opening Casa Suaya, a resort hotel in José Ignacio, Uruguay. Two years later, he opened The Surly Goat, a West Hollywood bar on Santa Monica Boulevard. In 2011, the number of restaurants or bars in which Suaya had a stake had gone from 17 at his peak to 3: The Surly Goat, BoHo, and Osaka (which opened that year).

That year, Suaya began work as host on the Sun Channel television series, Latin American Foodies. The show aired Latin American and featured Suaya traveling to different locations to sample food from local eateries. In 2013, Suaya opened The Phoenix, a Beverly Hills bar located on La Cienega Boulevard. After opening and closing several times, Suaya moved the establishment to Los Angeles and rebranded it as a whiskey bar called The Phoenix LA in 2016. In 2015, he opened his second hotel, the Hotel Clásico, in Palermo Hollywood in Buenos Aires. He also opened the Casa Suaya Condo Hotel, a companion to the original Casa Suaya in José Ignacio. In June 2016, Suaya filed plans with the city of Los Angeles for a hotel near the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He also began work on a new series, Foodie Trips, also for Sun Channel.

References

External links
Adolfo Suaya on Instagram

1961 births
Living people
American hoteliers

Adolfo Suaya


In spectroscopy, oscillator strength is a dimensionless quantity that expresses the probability of absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation in transitions between energy levels of an atom or molecule. For example, if an emissive state has a small oscillator strength, nonradiative decay will outpace radiative decay. Conversely, "bright" transitions will have large oscillator strengths. The oscillator strength can be thought of as the ratio between the quantum mechanical transition rate and the classical absorption/emission rate of a single electron oscillator with the same frequency as the transition.

Theory
An atom or a molecule can absorb light and undergo a transition from
one quantum state to another.

The oscillator strength  of a transition from a lower state
 to an upper state  may be defined by

where  is the mass of an electron and  is
the reduced Planck constant. The quantum states  1,2, are assumed to have several
degenerate sub-states, which are labeled by . "Degenerate" means
that they all have the same energy .
The operator  is the sum of the x-coordinates
of all  electrons in the system, etc.:

The oscillator strength is the same for each sub-state .

The definition can be recast by inserting the Rydberg energy  and Bohr radius

In case the matrix elements of  are the same, we can get rid of the sum and of the 1/3 factor

Thomas–Reiche–Kuhn sum rule

To make equations of the previous section applicable to the states belonging to the continuum spectrum, they should be rewritten in terms of matrix elements of the momentum . In absence of magnetic field, the Hamiltonian can be written as , and calculating a commutator  in the basis of eigenfunctions of  results in the relation between matrix elements
.

Next, calculating matrix elements of a commutator  in the same basis and eliminating matrix elements of , we arrive at

Because , the above expression results in a sum rule

where  are oscillator strengths for quantum transitions between the states  and . This is the Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn sum rule, and the term with  has been omitted because in confined systems such as atoms or molecules the diagonal matrix element  due to the time inversion symmetry of the Hamiltonian . Excluding this term eliminates divergency because of the vanishing denominator.

Sum rule and electron effective mass in crystals

In crystals, the electronic energy spectrum has a band structure . Near the minimum of an isotropic energy band, electron energy can be expanded in powers of  as  where  is the electron effective mass. It can be shown that it satisfies the equation

Here the sum runs over all bands with . Therefore, the ratio  of the free electron mass  to its effective mass  in a crystal can be considered as the oscillator strength for the transition of an electron from the quantum state at the bottom of the  band into the same state.

See also
 Atomic spectral line
 Sum rule in quantum mechanics
 Electronic band structure
Einstein coefficients

References

Spectroscopy
Atoms
Crystals

Oscillator strength