Ma Huateng (, born on October 29, 1971) is a Chinese business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. He is the co-founder and chief executive officer of Tencent, one of the  most valuable companies in East Asia, one of the largest internet and technology companies, and one of the biggest investment, gaming, and entertainment conglomerates in the world. The company in Shenzhen develops China's biggest mobile instant messaging service, WeChat, and its subsidiaries provide media, entertainment, payment systems, smartphones, internet-related services, value-added services and online advertising services, both in China and globally.

In 2007, 2014, and 2018, Time magazine named him one of the world's most influential people, while in 2015, Forbes credited him as one of the world's most powerful people. In 2017, Fortune ranked him as among the top businessmen of the year. In 2018, he was named one of the "Most Powerful People In The World" by the CEOWORLD magazine. Ma was a deputy to the Shenzhen Municipal People's Congress and a delegate in the 12th National People's Congress.

Being one of "Fortune world's greatest leaders", Ma is known for his low profile personality as compared to fellow Chinese businessman and Alibaba founder Jack Ma's outgoing personality. Ma has been compared to famed American investor Warren Buffett for their similar investment approaches, and often described as an "aggressive acquisitor."

, he has a net worth of US$37.5 billion according to Bloomberg Billionaires Index, ranking him as the 33rd wealthiest person in the world. Ma ranks the fourth wealthiest person in China and the 34th wealthiest person in the world according to Forbes, with a net worth of US$34.5 billion . In November 2017, his net worth briefly surpassed that of Larry Page and Sergey Brin (individually) ranking him the ninth richest man in the world, and the first citizen from China to enter Forbes''' top 10 richest list, though the net worth of Page and of Brin have each since eclipsed that of Ma.

 Early life and education
Ma was born in Chaoyang, Shantou, Guangdong. When his father, Ma Chenshu (), got a job as a port manager in Shenzhen, the young Ma accompanied him. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in Computer Science and Applied Engineering from Shenzhen University in 1993.

Career
Founding of Tencent and early career
Ma's first job was with China Motion Telecom Development, a supplier of telecommunications services and products, where he was in charge of developing software for pagers. He reportedly earned $176 per month. He also worked for Shenzhen Runxun Communications Co. Ltd. () in the research and development department for Internet calling services.

Along with four other classmates, Ma Huateng went on to co-found Tencent in 1998. The company's first product came after Ma participated in a presentation for ICQ, the world's first Internet instant messaging service, founded in 1996 by an Israeli company. Inspired by the idea, Ma and his team launched in February 1999 a similar software, with a Chinese interface and a slightly different name: OICQ (or Open ICQ). The product quickly became popular and garnered more than a million registered users by the end of 1999, making it one of the largest such services in China.

In a 2009 interview with China Daily, he stated: "If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants", paraphrasing a quote attributed to Isaac Newton and referencing the similarities between ICQ and OICQ. "We knew our product had a future, but at that time we just couldn't afford it." In order to solve the problem, Ma applied for bank loans and even discussed selling the company.

Since Tencent's prized service OICQ was offered free of charge, the company looked to venture capitalists to finance its growing operational costs. In 2000, Ma turned to US investment firm IDC and Hong Kong's telecom carrier Pacific Century CyberWorks (PCCW), which bought 40 percent of Tencent's shares for US$2.2 million. With the pager market shrinking, Ma improved the messaging platform by allowing OICQ users to send messages to mobile handsets. Afterwards, 80 percent of the company's revenue came from deals struck with telecom operators who agreed to share message fees.

 AOL arbitration and business expansion
After AOL (America Online) bought ICQ in 1998, the company filed an arbitration against Tencent with the National Arbitration Forum in the United States, claiming that OICQ's domain names OICQ.com and OICQ.net were in violation of ICQ's trademark. Tencent lost the case and had to relinquish the domain names. In December 2000, Ma changed the name of the software to QQ ("Q" and "QQ" used to stand for the word "cute").

After the AOL case, Ma decided to expand the business portfolio of Tencent. In 2003, Tencent released its own portal (QQ.com) and made forays into the online games market. By 2004, Tencent became the largest Chinese instant messaging service (holding 74 percent of the market), prompting Ma to list the company on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. After the company raised $200 million in June's IPO, Ma quickly became one of the richest people in China's telecom industry.

In 2004, Tencent launched an online gaming platform and started selling virtual seminal s to support the games published on that platform (weapons, gaming power), as well as emoticons and ringtones.

At Ma's behest, Tencent launched in 2005 the C2C platform Paipai.com (), a direct competitor to e-commerce giant Alibaba.

Mimicking Microsoft, Ma created two competing teams of engineers in 2010 and charged them with creating a new product. After two months, one team presented an app for text messaging and group chat – WeChat – which launched in January 2011. , WeChat (, Weixin), is the largest instant messaging platform in the world, used by 48 percent of Internet users in the Asia-Pacific region.

Other diverse services provided by Tencent include web portals, e-commerce, and multiplayer online games.[8] Online games such as Legend of Yulong and Legend of Xuanyuan boosted revenue by more than half, up to US$5.1 billion, with a US$1.5 billion profit margin.

In December 2015, Ma announced that Tencent would build an "internet hospital" set up in Wuzhen that will provide long-distance diagnoses and medicine delivery.

 Philanthropy
In 2016, Ma transferred US$2.3 billion worth of his personal Tencent shares to his charitable foundation, the Ma Huateng Global Foundation (). However, Forbes'' has not decreased his net worth, as the shares are still listed under his name.

Politics
According to the official Tencent website, Ma is a deputy to the 5th Shenzhen Municipal People's Congress and served in the 12th National People's Congress.

Speaking of censorship at a technology conference in Singapore, Ma was quoted as saying: "In terms of information security management, online companies from any country must abide by a defined set of criteria, and act responsibly. Otherwise it might lead to hearsay, libel and argument among citizens—not to mention between countries. That's why the need for online management is increasingly urgent."

Personal life
Ma uses the nickname Pony, derived from the English translation of his family name Ma (), which means "horse." Ma Huateng seldom appears in the media and is known for his secretive lifestyle.

Ma Huateng's wealth comes from the 9.7 percent stake in Tencent Holdings. He reportedly owns property in Hong Kong and art pieces worth US$150 million. He owns a redeveloped palatial residence of  in Hong Kong.

References

1971 births
Living people
20th-century Chinese businesspeople
20th-century Chinese engineers
21st-century Chinese businesspeople
21st-century Chinese engineers
Billionaires from Guangdong
Businesspeople from Guangdong
Businesspeople from Hainan
Chinese chief executives
Chinese computer businesspeople
Chinese investors
Chinese software engineers
Chinese technology chief executives
Chinese technology company founders
Delegates to the 12th National People's Congress
Delegates to the 13th National People's Congress
Engineers from Guangdong
People from Chaoyang District, Shantou
Shenzhen University alumni
Tencent people

Ma Huateng


Three Imaginary Girls is a Seattle-based website that showcases the music of the Pacific Northwest. Self-described as "Seattle's sparkly indie-pop press", since its founding in 2002, the site has featured hundreds of reviews of albums, live music, film, theater, interviews, political commentary, and even love advice (from Visqueen's Rachel Flotard), in Seattle and beyond.

The girls also book music showcases, contribute to other music publications (including The Stranger, Tablet Magazine, and Music for America), and make guest radio appearances on KEXP. The girls were voted "MVP of Seattle Music 2004" by readers of the Seattle Weekly, and were listed in Seattle Magazine'''s Most Influential People issue.

The girls have become part of the fabric of the Seattle indie-rock scene, cross-pollinating and promoting such bands as Daylight Basement, Math and Physics Club, Tennis Pro, Visqueen, and Slender Means.

With a name similar to The Cure's debut album Three Imaginary Boys'' the girls may have been making reference or paying homage to the British band.

References

External links
Official website
More Imaginary Press, complete TIG Press Listings
TIG at Music for America

American music websites
Mass media in Seattle
Internet properties established in 2002

Three Imaginary Girls


Supaplex is a video game created by Philip Jespersen and Michael Stopp, two Swiss students, and published by Digital Integration in 1991. It is an extended clone of Boulder Dash.

History
Aiming to develop a version of Boulder Dash that could fit onto a floppy disk, the designers had a hard time developing better graphics under said constraint. The original Amiga Supaplex version had to fit on a standard 880 kB floppy disk and needed to run on a standard 512 kB Amiga like the original A500 or A2000. In fact, the Amiga version could not be copied onto the hard drive due to copy protection and its custom disk format.

The game was released for Amiga and MS-DOS. (Two people from the London area started developing a full version for the Atari ST, but it was never released, because of the limited graphical support.) Unofficial ports have been made to other platforms, such as the ZX Spectrum.

Due to hardware-dependent programming, the PC version of Supaplex ran twice as fast as PCs became faster. Herman Perk disassembled the game, debugged it and re-assembled it again. The result became known as SpeedFix. Extra features have also been added without changing the game itself.

The developers of the game have declared the software to be freeware.

Level editors and a Win32 clone called "Megaplex" were created.

Gameplay

The game comes with 111 levels, though many unofficial level sets have been released that greatly increase that number. Although the levels must be played in order, the game allows up to three levels to be skipped at any given time. Also, it was very easy to skip additional levels by editing the file that contained the list of levels successfully completed. The game is very challenging, but unlike many Boulder Dash-related games, the difficulty comes from solving the puzzles in each level rather than from semi-responsive controls. Furthermore, Supaplex does not use time limits for solving the puzzles, unlike Boulder Dash.

Most objects are identical in behaviour to those in the original Boulder Dash, simply redrawn with a computer hardware theme. Murphy replaces Rockford, who collects objects called Infotrons, which are reminiscent of schematic representations of atoms, instead of diamonds. Instead of dirt, the levels are filled with printed circuit board simply called base in the game's manual, and not lined with brick walls, but with computer chips and other hardware, and filled with Zonks instead of rocks. The enemies are moving scissors, called Snik Snaks, and electrons, which resemble sparkling stars.

Supaplex introduces a number of new elements that were not present in Boulder Dash, including bugs, pieces of base that randomly cause life-threatening electrostatic discharges, Ports, which limit Murphy's movement to specific directions, and terminals, which set off yellow Utility Disks. Utility Disks are explosive floppy disks and come in three different colors: Orange Disks work like Zonks, but explode when hit or when falling. Yellow Disks do not fall, yet may be pushed in any direction, but not pulled (which allows creating Sokoban-like puzzles), and explode when the Terminal is used. Red Disks can be carried and dropped when convenient, exploding seconds after.

Supaplex is the first Boulder Dash-like game that is not fully grid-based: while the playing field is an obvious grid, the objects do not "snap" from one grid position to another, but can be halfway or "in between" grid positions while moving or falling. This behavior has led to a number of well-known bugs that can be turned to the player's advantage, many of which need to be exploited to complete fan-made levels. For instance, by turning around quickly, the player can cause an enemy or rock to "bounce" off Murphy.

The game also applies "gravity" on some levels, which means that Murphy will fall down empty spaces and will be unable to go back up, unless he climbs up by using bases. Gravity is not indicated visually the player can only notice by trial and error.

Reception

Supaplex received mostly favorable reviews. Comparing it to Boulder Dash and Emerald Mine, CU Amiga lauded the variety of the puzzles and the longevity of the gameplay, only lamenting the lack of a multiplayer mode and the need to restart difficult levels if the player makes a mistake. Amiga Action thought that it improved considerably on the game inspiring it, but expressed dissatisfaction with its graphics, and also felt that it was priced high since several public-domain Boulder Dash clones already existed. Zero praised the puzzle-oriented gameplay as addictive, with minor criticism directed at its stagnant graphics.

Amiga Format also found the game to be addictive, but was more forgiving of the graphics, calling them "simplistic but effective". Amiga Computing considered Supaplex to be an average game. It described its gameplay as dated with new features "to give it some welly", criticised its presentation for not providing context as to what the game is about, and felt that it should have been released as a budget title. In its negative review, Amiga Power criticised the length and difficulty of the levels and the game's overall presentation, writing that there are superior Boulder Dash clones released to the public domain.

See also
Repton (video game)
Rocks'n'Diamonds

References

External links
 Supaplex homepage
 The Children of Supaplex

1991 video games
Amiga games
Digital Integration games
DOS games
Puzzle video games
Rocks-and-diamonds games
Single-player video games
Tile-based video games
Video games developed in Switzerland
Video games scored by David Whittaker

Supaplex


Budots (; ) is a grassroots electronic dance music (EDM) genre that originated in Davao City, Philippines, and is considered as street style hiphop. It eventually spread in Bisaya-speaking regions. Based on house music and Sama-Bajau tangonggo rhythms, it is regarded as the first "Filipino-fied" electronic music, characterized by its heavy use of percussion, hypnotic bass, high-pitched "tiw ti-ti-tiw" whistle hooks, and organic noises that surround the city. It is created to complement a form of freestyle street dance that bears the same name.

Etymology
Budots is a Bisaya slang word for slacker (Tagalog: tambay). An undergraduate thesis published in University of the Philippines Mindanao suggests the slang originated from the Bisaya word burot meaning "to inflate," a euphemism to the glue-sniffing juvenile delinquents called "rugby boys." The publication also claims that rugby boys dance in a style that would be called budots to disguise their drug use. It can also be traced from the Bisaya word tabudots, which means "a person dancing with unpredictable movements."

Origins

Budots dance has eventually made its way to unemployed bums who loiter Davao City. The style seems "worm-like" or "ragdoll-like" in nature, wriggling the hips while moving the arms and legs in slow movements. One of its characteristic moves features opening and closing the knees while in a low squat, the arms swaying and pointing at random. Despite its freestyle movements, the poses in budots dance are possibly inspired by the Sama-Bajau (locally referred to as simply Badjao) people who perform as street buskers, either through variations of the traditional Pangalay dance or their indigenous martial arts such as kuntaw and langka baruwang. Writer and musician Dominic Zinampan claims the connection between budots and the Badjao people remains inconclusive, as it is hard to tell which influenced the other.

Budots dance was performed with foreign electronic dance music until Sherwin Calumpang Tuna, an internet café manager who goes by the stage name DJ Love or Lablab, created a new techno music genre that would complement the dance using FL Studio, which locals referred to as "bistik" (short for Bisayang Tikno, "Visayan techno"). He also choreographed dance steps for his friends to perform on his budots music videos, which were uploaded on his YouTube channel since February 3, 2009. According to Vice, the budots dance compilation videos features "Myspace-era graphics, free-wheeling dances, and the names 'CamusBoyz' or 'DJ Love.'"

While local impression about budots is through its association with overt sexuality, gang wars, and juvenile delinquency, DJ Love has distanced himself and his budots mixes from such issues that plague Davao City.  His music videos are incorporated with captions such as, "Yes to Dance; No to Drugs" or "Yes to Dance; No to Riots." The genre–and its creators–have also become at the receiving end of cyberbullying.

Characteristics

Budots music is characterized as a derivation from electronic and house music. It features 140 bpm four-on-the-floor patterns, pulsating basslines, multiple percussion layers, distorted and repetitive vocal samples, DJ fills placed throughout the track and distinct high-pitched synth hooks that locals onomatopoetically refer to as tiw tiw. It also bears similarities with Eurodance, but without the melodramatic vocals, over-the-top piano melodies, and expressions of emotional vulnerability in exchange for lewd jokes and calls for rowdy partying. Most budots tracks do not have usual pop music elements such as verses, choruses, and chord progressions. Instead, the energetic beats are held together with "cheesy" sound effects such as vinyl scratches or chipmunk laughter. Meanwhile, budots tracks with lyrics are written in any of the Bisayan languages.

Unlike most dance music that is commonly played in nightclubs, budots is performed outdoors such as basketball courts. It also has an element of virality, as its distinct repetitive sound and the craziness of its dance moves serve as the background of a number of Filipino internet memes such as Hala Mahulog! ("Oh no, it's about to fall!") videos and Taga-asa Ka/ Tagasaan Ka ("Where are you from?") challenge.

Music journalists in the Philippines have criticized budots music for its lack of form, repetitiveness, DIY quality, and "cheap-sounding" effects. In contrast, they also acknowledge how the people of Davao City have reinterpreted a Western music genre and have remolded it to their own liking, as well as the flexibility of budots music in keeping itself relevant by remixing any popular song at the moment.

Depictions in popular culture
Budots first appeared in Philippine mainstream media in 2008 when Ruben Gonzaga, the winner of Pinoy Big Brother: Celebrity Edition 2, performed the dance steps on national TV. An episode of GMA Network's news magazine program Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho featured a segment about budots in 2012. In an effort to explain a regional subculture to a Metro Manila-based TV audience, host Jessica Soho called the budots dance as the Philippines' counterpart to other dance crazes at the time such as the dougie in the United States and the "horse dance" in Gangnam Style by Psy of South Korea, describing it as "seemingly freestyle like the pandanggo." She also said that in some instances, the performers did the "spageti dance" that was popularized by SexBomb Girls, but they spent much of the time grinding while in a squatting position that it was deemed vulgar by people who were unfamiliar with the genre.

BuwanBuwan, a Filipino electronic music collective, released a playlist of budots music in 2017 as part of their monthly challenge to their producers. Each track featured excerpts from speeches of Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte, a resident of Davao City. London-based collective and label Eastern Margins released a compilation album titled "Redline Legends," which features reinterpretations of East and Southeast Asian dance music genres such as budots, Vietnam's vinahouse, and Indonesia's funkot.

D'Squared Cru, a street dance group from Davao City, won second place in VIBE PH Dance Competition in 2018 after performing a routine that featured budots tracks namely Budotz by Q-York, Asukarap, and Kiat Jud Dai. Their choreography to the Kiat Jud Dai segment became viral in China after multiple content creators on TikTok and other social media replicated the dance steps, which they referred to as the "electric pendulum dance" (电摆舞, diàn bǎi wǔ). Chinese celebrity Wang Yibo danced to Kiat Jud Dai in an episode of Upward Everyday variety show on Hunan Television.

D'Squared Cru participated in the first season of World of Dance Philippines in 2019, also performing to budots, but failed to pass the Qualifiers. The group then flew to China that same year to participate in Shenzhen Satellite TV's Dance in Step. Their Round 1 performance featured their viral budots choreography, which impressed all three judges.

The documentary Budots: The Craze by Jay Rosas and Mark Paul Limbaga explored the music genre and its dance style, featuring an interview with DJ Love. According to Sun Star of Davao City, the film "raises questions on creative gatekeeping and the extent of ownership", as DJ Love's music was played on Filipino TV networks without proper acknowledgment and compensation. He also alleged a YouTuber claimed ownership of his popular mixes. The documentary premiered in 2019 at the Cinemalaya Philippine Independent Film Festival and was nominated for Best Documentary at the 43rd Gawad Urian Award.

A restaurant in Cagayan de Oro had its waitstaff dance to budots once the disco lights were turned on. An advertisement for Lucky Me! Pancit Canton in 2019 used budots as a mnemonic device for its "No Drain Cooking" method. YouTube-based music parody group SiIvaGunner, known for their bait-and-switch mashups and remixes of video game sound tracks, incorporated budots in several videos.

In February 2023, Manila Community Radio won Boiler Room's sixth Broadcast Lab grant to mount a showcase spotlighting budots and its many mutations. The Broadcast Lab grant scheme funds ideas in the broadcasting space, and brings new audiences to underrepresented scenes, communities, and artists. The recording session took place in April 2023 at an undisclosed location, featuring DJ Love, Libya Montes, Teya Logos, Showtime Official Club, T33G33, Hideki Ito, obese.dogma777, and Pikunin.

Budots remixes of popular songs have become mainstays in Philippine festivals, local radio stations, and Christmas parties. It has also become a form of "uncool" yet non-derogatory self-expression.

The 2022 Irish-Filipino horror film Nocebo also features Budots as part of its soundtrack.

Usage in Philippine politics

During his term as mayor of Davao City, Duterte was seen dancing to budots on two occasions in 2015. One video featured Duterte dancing with Cebuano-speaking Americans from Hey Joe Show! YouTube channel, while the other clip showed him dancing with local teenagers at a public park. The virality of these videos may have helped him win the 2016 presidential elections. A discourse published in University of the Philippines Diliman claims that budots has become instrumental in cementing Duterte's populist posturing as a politician for the masses who is allegedly deeply immersed in Visayan culture. The captions found in DJ Love's budots dance videos, such as "Yes to Dance/ No to Drugs," can be read as support for Duterte's hardline stance on the criminalization of drug abuse.

A number of Filipino politicians have also attempted to use budots to attract voters, most notably by Ramon Bong Revilla Jr., who ran for senator in 2019. He appeared on a national television advertisement dancing to budots music, which critics cited how he did not talk about any plan of governance throughout the campaign. Revilla won the 11th vacant Senate seat (out of 12), even doing a little dance after the official proclamation. DJ Love claimed that Revilla used his track without permission and asked for compensation to Camus Girls, the dance group who popularized the choreography.

Revilla's political advertisement was listed as one of the best Filipino internet memes in 2019. In his column for the Daily Tribune, Larry Faraon wrote that Revilla's victory solely by dancing to budots is a reflection of the culture of elections in the Philippines.Senator Panfilo Lacson lamented the "pathetic" situation of Filipino voters who are easily swayed by stage performances of election candidates, such as cracking jokes and dancing to budots.

Then-Davao City Mayor Sara Duterte-Carpio (daughter of President Duterte) questioned the use of the 1976 song Manila by Hotdog during the parade of Team Philippines at the 2019 Southeast Asian Games opening ceremony. She claimed the title is capital-centric and did not represent the whole country, even suggesting to use budots instead since her fellow Davaoeños "invented" it.

See also

 Music of the Philippines
 Tagonggo
 Electronic dance music
 House music

References

External links
 Badjao buskers performing a precursor to budots music and dance
 An explainer on Pangalay, a classical dance in Sulu archipelago and a possible precursor to budots dance
 A budots dance competition in Masbate Province
 An impromptu budots dance showdown at a high school in Bohol Province
 DJ Love's YouTube channel
 Bakunawa Vol. 7: Rodrigo Duterte's Summer Budots Party (a budots playlist by BuwanBuwan)
 Ramon Bong Revilla Jr's Budots Political Advertisement

2009 in Philippine music
2009 introductions
Culture of Davao City
Electronic dance music genres
Novelty and fad dances
Philippine styles of music

Budots


Five Forks is an unincorporated community in Gwinnett County in the U.S. state of Georgia near the intersections of River Road, Five Forks Trickum, Oak Road and Dogwood Road. It is a former mail-stop served from the mid-1800s to early 1900s by the Yellow River Post Office and still appears on maps as a small unincorporated community between Snellville and Lawrenceville. It is connected to another nearby mail-stop called Trickum by the unusually named Five Forks Trickum Road. Currently, the center of Five Forks is home to some restaurants and shopping centers, as well as relatively new Ronald Reagan Park across the street from the Five Forks Library branch.

Education
Five Forks is home to Five Forks Middle School and Gwin Oaks Elementary School feeding into Brookwood High School. All of these schools are operated by Gwinnett County Public Schools.

Gwinnett County Public Library operates the Five Forks Branch.

References

External links
 Google Map
 www.fiveforks.com

Unincorporated communities in Georgia (U.S. state)
Unincorporated communities in Gwinnett County, Georgia

Five Forks, Gwinnett County, Georgia


Seoul International Fireworks Festival is the one of the biggest festivals held in Seoul held by Hanwha group , Korean corporation. In 2000, it was held to wish for successful World Cup 2002 near Yeouido. After that, it has been held annually with Italian, Chinese, American and Korean teams except for 2001, 2006, 2009. In 2001, it was cancelled due to the September 11 attacks. In 2006, it could not be held because North Korea carried out a nuclear test, and in 2009, because of influenza A. The latest festival was held in October 6, 2012, which gathered more than 120 million people.

Features
The Hanwha Group spends about 1500-million won for the fireworks festival. Each team spends about 200 million won every year. People do not pay any fee to enjoy the festival. As time passes, more and more people are gathering, so the "Hot Places" become crowded 3 hours before the beginning of the festival. The best place to watch the fireworks is in front of 63 Building. People can enjoy sound effects as well near 63 Building. If the place is too crowded to enjoy the festival, Hangang Park is also a good place. If people take the subway to get to the place, they can exit at Yeouinaru Station. If the subway does not stop at Yeouinaru Station around start time of the festival, Yeouido Station is also fine.

The fireworks start around at 8 p.m. and end around at 9 p.m. Before the fireworks start, additional festivals, such as concerts or racing are held.

Criticism
There is criticism that Hanhwa Group holds the festival only to advertise their company. The president Lee Myung-bak says that Seoul cannot support this festival for advertising the private company. In addition, people who do not go to the festival have to deal with inconvenience because of heavy traffic or if some subway stations are not allowed to approach due to this festival. A lot of trash left is also criticized. In 2011, 25 tons of trash was left after the festival and 130 sanitation engineers cleaned the area until 3 a.m.

Festivals in South Korea
Seoul

Seoul International Fireworks Festival


In sports strategy, running out the clock (also known as running down the clock, stonewalling, killing the clock, chewing the clock, stalling, time-wasting (or timewasting) or eating clock) is the practice of a winning team allowing the clock to expire through a series of preselected plays, either to preserve a lead or hasten the end of a one-sided contest. Such measures expend time but do not otherwise have a tactical purpose. This is usually done by a team that is winning by a slim margin (or, occasionally, tied) near the end of a game, in order to reduce the time available for the opposing team to score. Generally, it is the opposite strategy of running up the score.

The process of running out the clock generally involves low-risk, low-event play, intending to minimize the ability of the other team to interfere or counter. As this produces unexciting sport for spectators, many rulebooks attempt to counteract this; some include a time limit for completing a play, such as a play clock or shot clock.

Approaches to running out the clock differ, particularly between sports. In some cases it is considered a normal aspect of the game, whereas in others it is considered unsporting. The term "time-wasting" has pejorative implications and is generally reserved for varieties of football. In other timed sports, including basketball, gridiron football, and hockey, the more neutral term "running out the clock" is more commonly used.

Association football (soccer)
Time-wasting in association football consists of two forms, extending the length of stoppages when the ball is out of play, and, while the ball is in play, playing in a way as to keep possession of the ball as long as possible rather than attempting to score.

Extending the length of stoppages

A common time-wasting tactic is to make substitutions late in the game, lengthening the duration of stoppages while the change is made. Players may also feign injury, kick the ball away, obstruct the taking of a quick free kick by an opposing player, or delay the taking of their own free kicks or throw ins. If the referee considers a delay to be unreasonable, the offending player may be given a yellow card.

When playing at home, there have been some instances where teams have been accused of time-wasting by instructing (or allowing) their ball boys to delay returning the ball to the away team.

These actions should, in theory, be negated by the addition of an equal amount of stoppage time, but teams nevertheless employ these methods.

Maintaining possession

A common tactic often involves carrying the ball into the corner of the field and shielding it from the defender. This will commonly lead to a free kick if the frustrated defender budges the player out of the way, or it can also lead to a throw-in by the defender placing a tackle and managing to legally make contact with the ball so close to the line it often rolls out of play. This can be repeated to continue time-wasting.

Laws of the Game
Both types of time-wasting are generally viewed negatively, though only the former is contrary to the game's rules. Referees are empowered to book players whom they feel are delaying the restart of play and several amendments to the Laws of the Game and guidance to match officials have been made to prevent time-wasting, including progressively stricter restrictions on how long possession can be maintained by goalkeepers. The back-pass rule was introduced in 1992 in order to prevent time-wasting by defenders repeatedly passing the ball back to their goalkeeper.

An amendment to the Laws attempting to mitigate time-wasting substitutions was made in 2019 — players are now required to leave the pitch at the nearest boundary, rather than making an often long and slow walk back to their teams' technical area.

Australian rules football
In a close game, Australian rules football players on the leading side will typically run the clock down by kicking the ball between the defenders while having no intention of a forward thrust, or by advancing the ball with short, low-risk kicks. Each time a mark is taken, the player can run approximately eight seconds off the clock before being required to play on – and may continue to run time off the clock if no opponents pressure them after the call of play on is made. Strategically, running down the clock can be stifled by playing man-on-man defence, in an attempt to force the opposition to kick to a contest, creating the chance for a turnover.

Late in a close game, players who have marked the ball will often attend to their uniforms by performing actions such as tucking in jerseys or pulling their socks up, along with overzealous stretching, in an effort to "milk" the clock and disguise their intentions as an act of plausible deniability. Players kicking for goal are now given a shot clock 30 seconds to take their kicks, while in general play they are only given 7 seconds, after which "play on" is called. According to the laws, wasting time is either (a) a free kick to the opposing team (15.10.1.a), (b) a 50-metre penalty (18.1.b), or (c) a reportable offence if it is judged to be intentional, reckless or negligent (19.2.2.g.iv). In reality, though, the umpire will almost always call play on—even if the time on the 30-second shot clock has been depleted. Shot clocks are disregarded for kicks after the siren.

It is also important to mention that Australian rules football has a scoring concept known as "rushing a behind". A rushed behind scores one point for the attacking team, but it also prevents the attacking team from scoring a goal, worth six points. As such, it is common for a defending player to deliberately concede a single point. However, while such a tactic was accepted in general play as being part of the game, the tactic was exploited to an extreme degree in two high-profile incidents during the 2008 AFL season to take valuable time off the clock and deny the trailing team any chance of winning. In Round 16, Richmond's Joel Bowden rushed two behinds in a row while kicking in to use up time towards the end of their game against Essendon, reducing the margin from 6 points to 4 points but enabling Richmond to win the game. This tactic was exploited to an absurd degree in the 2008 AFL Grand Final, which saw Hawthorn rush a record 11 behinds against Geelong.

Since 2009, it has been illegal in AFL matches for a defender to deliberately concede a rushed behind when he is not under any pressure from the attacking team. In the event that a defender does this, the umpire awards a free kick to the attacking team on the goal-line at the spot where the defender conceded the score. The defender may still deliberately concede a rushed behind if he is under pressure from an attacker.

Baseball
Unlike many other sports, baseball does not have a game clock, although some aspects of the game do have time limits, most notably the pitch clock adopted by Major League Baseball (MLB) starting with the  season.  Despite the absence of a game clock, stalling tactics have been used in baseball. In games that were played before the advent of stadium lighting or were subject to a relatively early curfew, losing teams would sometimes waste time in the hopes that darkness or curfew would come before the game was declared official—a baseball game scheduled for nine innings is not official until five innings have been completed, or  innings if the home team is winning. For most of baseball history, games ended before becoming official were re-played from the beginning at a later date, thus giving a losing team incentive to waste time under some circumstances. Such deliberate attempts to slow down play are subject to a forfeit being declared. The most recent major-league example occurred on July 18, 1954, when the St. Louis Cardinals were assessed a forfeit after wasting time while losing to the Philadelphia Phillies.

Basketball

In basketball games, the clock stops when the ball is dead and runs when it is live.

Running out the clock was a major problem in the early days of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Often, once a team grabbed the lead, they would spend the remainder of the game just passing the ball back and forth, in what was called stalling, a "delay offense", or more colloquially, "stall ball". The only hope for the defense was to attempt to steal the ball (which could give the offense opportunities to score an easy basket) or commit fouls and hope that the fouled team would miss free throws.

Two notable examples of stalling occurred during the 1950–51 NBA season. The first was a November 1950 game with a final score of 19–18. The second, played in January 1951, had six overtime periods with only a single shot attempted in each. The NBA responded to these problems when Danny Biasone invented the shot clock, which was instituted for the 1954–55 NBA season. The NBA's shot clock gives teams 24 seconds to make a shot that hits the basket rim or scores, with the team losing possession if it fails to do so. This effectively eliminated stalling and, as once noted on the NBA's website, "accomplished nothing less than the salvation of pro basketball."

Today, shot clocks are used in nearly all basketball leagues, although the duration varies (for example, 30 seconds in NCAA college basketball). One notable exception is high school basketball in the United States; , the shot clock was only used in high school basketball in eight U.S. states. The use of the shot clock in high school basketball can vary by state or league, and stalling tactics (such as the four corners offense) may be used as an offensive strategy if circumstances call for it, though some state athletic associations or game referees can prohibit it as an unsportsmanlike act.

Most clock management in modern basketball centers around both the game clock and the shot clock. An offense nearing the end of a game and holding a slim lead will attempt to use up as much of both clocks as possible before shooting the ball, to give the opposing team as little time as possible to respond. A team trailing by a small margin near the end of regulation or overtime may counter their opponent's attempt to run out the clock by intentionally committing personal fouls while on defense. This stops the clock, and if the fouling team is in the penalty situation, it forces the fouled team to shoot free throws (usually two). The fouling team will regain possession without any additional clock time lost if the last free throw is successful or if they get the rebound from a missed last free throw, but this strategy carries the obvious risk of giving the fouled team an opportunity to extend its lead if it makes the free throw(s). Fouls intentionally committed in this way are usually tolerated with no penalty beyond the normal penalties assessed for personal fouls, as long as the fouls are not flagrant. Alternate basketball rules, such as the Elam Ending, have been proposed to minimize intentional fouling at the end of games.

Gridiron football

American football
In American football, each quarter of a game is measured with a 15-minute game clock, or 12-minute clock in many high school football codes and the German Football League. A team in possession of the lead and the ball will attempt to use up as much of the game clock as possible in order to bring the game to an end more quickly, thus denying the opposition another chance on offense.

Typically, the leading team will execute a series of simple rushing plays (the clock does not stop moving at the conclusion of a rushing play unless the rusher steps out of bounds) or one or more quarterback kneels. A team will often accept minimal prospect for a large gain in yardage (or even, particularly with quarterback kneels, a modest loss of yardage) in order to drain more time from the game clock, as time elapsed is considered more valuable than yardage to a team with the lead. Passing plays are not typically used by a team running out the clock, as an incomplete pass will cause the game clock to stop. Passing plays always carry the risk of interception, and spread the offense widely across the field, which makes tackling after an interception much harder compared to a fumble. If the ball passes out of bounds, the clock will also stop. This leads to teams running plays in the middle of the field in order to minimize the chance that the ball will travel out of bounds. Running plays also carry a much lower chance of turning the ball over and of a turnover resulting in a score or significant gain for the defense. Relatively safe, short, West Coast offense-type passes can be, and sometimes are, included in attempts to run out the clock, especially if more yardage is needed to earn a first down and maintain possession.

In both professional and college football, the offense has 40 seconds from the end of the previous play to run the next play. A team running out the clock will allow the play clock (which records the time remaining until a play must be run) to drain as much as possible before running its next play. In the NFL, this is particularly noteworthy due to the existence of the two-minute warning. If the trailing team has no timeouts remaining and the leading team is in possession of the ball with a first down at the two-minute warning, they can effectively run out the clock and win the game without running another positive play. With two minutes to go (120 seconds), the offense can take three "knees", one each on 1st, 2nd, and 3rd down (using all 40 seconds from the play clock on each), and allow the game clock to expire before having to run a play for fourth down. A similar situation can be had by also achieving a first down inside the two-minute warning. This practice is commonly known as the "Victory Formation", as the offense lines up in a tightly-protective "V" formation to minimize the chances of a fumble or other turnover.

Conversely, a team that faces the risk of the other team running out the clock may attempt to force its opponent to score so it can quickly get the ball back. In Super Bowl XLVI, for example, the New England Patriots were ahead of the New York Giants 17–15 with 1:04 left in the fourth quarter. The Giants were at the Patriots' six-yard line; however, the Patriots had only one time-out left. The Giants elected to run out as much time as possible and then kick a relatively short field goal to take a late lead. Had the Giants been successful in this strategy it would have left the Patriots with no timeouts and less than 10 seconds remaining to score. The Patriots thus let Ahmad Bradshaw score a touchdown in hopes of scoring a touchdown of their own before the game's end. Bradshaw, aware of the Patriots' strategy, attempted to stop himself from crossing the goal line but was unsuccessful as his momentum carried him forward. The Patriots then received the ball with 57 seconds remaining, but failed to score, and the Giants won 21–17.

Alternatively in Week 7 of the 2020 NFL season, a similar situation occurred where the Atlanta Falcons were trailing the Detroit Lions, who had no more timeouts,  14-16 with 1:12 left in the game and were at the Detroit ten-yard line. Atlanta quarterback Matt Ryan was planning to hand the ball off to running back Todd Gurley so Gurley could fall down in bounds short of the goal line in order for the Falcons to run out the clock and kick a game-winning field goal as time expired, with Ryan literally telling Gurley "don't score" in the huddle. However on the next play, Gurley rushed up the middle for ten yards and tried to go down at the one yard line, but with no Detroit defenders even trying to stop him short, accidentally broke the plane in the process, giving the Falcons an unintentional touchdown with 1:04 left on the clock. The Falcons subsequently opted for a two-point conversion, which was successful with a pass to wide receiver Calvin Ridley, putting the Falcons ahead 22-16, but with over a minute left on the clock for the Lions to try to win the game with a touchdown and a successful extra point. Quarterback Matthew Stafford then led Detroit on a 75-yard drive in 8 plays all the way down the field, culminating with an 11-yard pass to tight end TJ Hockenson to tie the game as time expired, and kicker Matt Prater kicking the game-winning extra point to give the Lions a narrow 23-22 win.

Canadian football
Rule differences between the two codes mean that in Canadian football running out the clock is much more limited. The specific differences are:
 The offensive team is only allowed three downs to advance the ball 10 yards and thereby maintain possession, as opposed to four downs in the American game.
 The play clock runs for only 20 seconds from the time the ball is whistled into play, compared to 40 seconds from the end of the last play in U.S. college football and the NFL.
 Two major changes in game timing occur in the last 3 minutes of each half:
 The clock stops after each play.
 The penalty for "time count" (equivalent to "delay of game" in American football) is loss of down on first or second down, and 10 yards on third down with the down repeated. The referee has the right to penalize repeated third-down time counts during the last 3 minutes with loss of possession.
 Finally, if the game clock runs out during a play, or while the ball is dead, the quarter is extended by one final untimed play.

A Canadian football side on offense with a full set of downs can run just over 40 seconds off the game clock, a third of what is possible in American football. The Canadian Football League is proud of this distinction, with "No Lead Is Safe" being one of the league's catchphrases.

Ice hockey
An ice hockey team which shoots the puck forward from their half of the ice over the opposing team's goal line in an effort to stonewall is guilty of icing, and the puck is brought to the other end of the ice for a face-off. The rule is not in effect when a team is playing shorthanded due to a penalty. Additionally, a player (usually a goalkeeper) may be charged with a minor (two-minute) penalty for delay of game for shooting the puck over the glass and out of play. A leading team may pass the puck to the defense who will then retreat in his zone. During a power play, the shorthanded team will try to ice the puck in order to gain time until the penalty time ends.

Lacrosse
In lacrosse, once a team gains possession in its own end, it must advance the ball from its defensive square to the midfield line within 20 seconds (a time period that runs whether they possess the ball or it becomes loose, ending only if the other team regains possession, play is stopped for any other reason or an official calls a play-on after seeing a technical foul that does not immediately disadvantage the fouled team) and then into the offensive square within 10 additional seconds (although the loose ball only need touch the ground within the box to satisfy that requirement) or lose possession; additionally, a team in possession that appears to be stonewalling by not attacking the goal may be ordered by the referee to stay within the attacking box or lose possession. The NCAA, Premier Lacrosse League and most forms of indoor lacrosse also employ a shot clock as with basketball.

Rugby league
In the National Rugby League (rugby league), anti-time wasting measures include countdown clocks to achieve timely formations of the scrum and execution of line drop-outs, calling of time-off during the last five minutes of the match when a try has been scored, or when a conversion attempt runs longer than 80 seconds.

Rugby union
In rugby union, it often takes place by one team deliberately collapsing a scrum. The penalty is a free kick, as it is considered a technical offence.

Water polo
A 30-second shot clock is employed in water polo, in much the same manner as college basketball.

See also
 Garbage time
 Delay of game
 Mercy rule

References

Terminology used in multiple sports
American football terminology

Running out the clock


Thomas Alexander "Tag" Greason (born September 16, 1970) is a former Republican member of the Virginia House of Delegates. He represents the 32nd district, which includes parts of Loudoun County. He first won election in 2009, defeating incumbent Democrat Dave Poisson. He was sworn in January 2010 in Richmond, Virginia. In the Virginia House of Delegates elections, 2017, he lost to David Reid.

Early life and education
Greason was born as the youngest of four children to a United States Army officer at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Greason's family eventually moved to northern Virginia, where he graduated from Lake Braddock Secondary School in Fairfax County. He graduated from the United States Military Academy and served in the Army with the Corps of Engineers. After serving, he returned to Northern Virginia. He lives in Loudoun County with his wife, Mary Beth, and their three children. He is a marketer and financial analyst and serves as the  Executive Vice President for Quality Technology Services.

Political career
In November 2009, Greason defeated David Poisson for the 32nd District House of Delegates seat. Greason won 57 percent of the vote despite being outspent by over $100,000.

Greason was appointed to the House committees on Education, Finance, and Science and Technology.

In 2011, Greason was reelected after running unopposed.

In June 2013, the Democratic Party of Virginia nominated Elizabeth Miller to run against Greason in the November election. Greason won reelection 51.3% – 48.5%, a margin of 651 votes.

In the Virginia House of Delegates elections, 2017, he lost to David Reid.

Legislative accomplishments
In 2011, Greason was the chief patron of legislation that guaranteed children with autism spectrum disorder would not be denied insurance coverage. The bill requires insurers to provide autism coverage for children ages 2 to 6 with a benefit cap of $35,000. The bill was signed into law by Gov. Bob McDonnell.

McDonnell (R) had originally signed a bill into law in 2011 mandating coverage, but Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli determined that the legislation contained imprecise language that legislators needed to correct. In 2012 Greason introduced clarifying language to rectify the situation and the bill was signed, again, by Gov. McDonnell on February 7, 2012.

In 2012, Greason was appointed to serve on the influential House Appropriations Committee after just one term in the House. He was also appointed to the House Committee on General Laws.

In 2015, Greason helped lead an effort in the General Assembly to allow Virginia public schools to let students who failed their end-of-year SOL tests to retake the tests. While retakes happened prior to 2015, this legislation required the Board of Education to create a uniform policy for expedited retakes on all SOL tests except for the writing test. This was bipartisan legislation that passed the General Assembly without a single no vote on the floor of either chamber.

Accusation of misconduct
In 1996, a female enlisted soldier who served as Greason's driver while both were stationed in Fort Polk, Louisiana; filed a sworn statement alleging that in 1994, Greason had exposed his genitals and appeared to be fondling himself in her presence. Charges of obscenity and disturbing the peace were filed in the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana, which has jurisdiction over Fort Polk.

Greason denied that the event took place, calling it a "false charge." The charges were reduced and the case was delayed multiple times in 1997 and 1998 until it was eventually dismissed in 2006. The driver has never wavered from her claim.

References

External links
Virginia House of Delegates bio
Official website

Living people
1970 births
Republican Party members of the Virginia House of Delegates
21st-century American politicians
People from Ashburn, Virginia

Thomas Greason


Panzer greift an (known as Tank Attacks in English) is an unfinished book on armoured tactics and warfare by Erwin Rommel. It was to be the follow-up and companion work to his earlier and highly successful Infanterie greift an, which was published in 1937.

Manuscript
Panzer greift an exists only in the form of scattered manuscripts and notes, but due to the fame of its author, it has achieved legendary status as a work of military literature. It is believed Rommel started writing the text while commandant of the War Academy at Wiener Neustadt (Theresian Military Academy) in 1938, though he may have started earlier during his time as an instructor at the Potsdam War Academy (1935–37). His career as a military theorist and instructor, however, was preempted by his duties as a commander and soldier during World War II.

Following the end of the North African Campaign in 1943, he again started work on it, drawing upon his, by then, extensive experience and notes. But once more the war, along with ill health, interfered as he was put in charge of the entire Atlantic wall in 1944. After his staff car was strafed by an RCAF Spitfire fighter on July 17 of that year, he again started on the work while recuperating from his injuries. However, he soon became implicated in the July 20 Plot against Adolf Hitler  and was compelled to commit suicide on October 14, 1944.

Fearful of the loss of Rommel's personal papers, then mostly stored in Wiener Neustadt, his wife and son collected and hid them from both the SS and advancing allied troops. According to Manfred Rommel, "My father's death made my mother all the more anxious to save his papers, not only for personal reasons but so that, when history came to be written, the truth might be told." In the chaos at the end of the war, some papers were lost or went missing, but most of them eventually ended up in the hands of the US Army.

Publication

Most of what was to be in the book can now be found in the 1953 book The Rommel Papers, which was developed from notes and diary entries by Rommel during the North African Campaign. The book was edited by the British journalist and historian B. H. Liddell Hart, with assistance of a former Wehrmacht general Fritz Bayerlein, who served on Rommel's staff in North Africa, and Rommel's widow and son. The volume contained an introduction and commentary by Liddell Hart.

Popular culture
In the film Patton, a book with this title is on the nightstand when he is awakened by his aides who inform him that Rommel is about to attack his army. When the tank battle is over, Patton exclaims "Rommel, you magnificent bastard, I read your book!"  This, of course, never could have occurred, as Rommel never completed his tank book; although Patton may very well have read Rommel's earlier book on infantry.

See also
Rommel myth

References

Military strategy books
German books
Erwin Rommel

Panzer Greift An


Harnaam Kaur (born 29 November 1990) is a British social media personality, postpartum coach, life coach and motivational speaker.

Early life
Kaur was born in Slough on 29 November 1990 in what she describes as "a traditional Punjabi family". At the age of 12, Kaur was diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is due to elevated androgens (male hormones) in females. One of the symptoms of PCOS is hirsutism, or the ability to grow excessive facial and body hair. Kaur is able to grow a full beard as a result of her condition. While Kaur initially attempted to remove her facial hair due to constant bullying, she has grown to embrace her unconventional appearance and has become a spokesperson for the body positivity movement. In an interview with Rock N Roll Bride, Kaur reflects on her decision to keep her beard: "I decided to keep my beard and step forward against society's expectations of what a woman should look like. Today I am not suicidal and I do not self-harm. Today I am happy living as a young beautiful bearded woman. I have realised that this body is mine, I own it, I do not have any other body to live in so I may as well love it unconditionally."

Career
Kaur worked as a primary school teaching assistant at Khalsa Primary School before coming to media attention in 2014, when she started giving public interviews. After achieving notoriety, Kaur became a full-time public figure and freelance model and motivational speaker.

In March 2015, photographer Mr. Elbank included a photo of Kaur in his exhibit at Somerset House in London, which featured portraits of over 80 individuals with beards. In June 2015, Kaur modeled for Rock N Roll Bride and was photographed by Louisa Coulthurst of Urban Bridesmaid Photography. In November 2015, Kaur joined the "Eff Your Beauty Standards" campaign founded by Tess Holliday as a spokesperson and representative.

In March 2016, Kaur became the first woman with a beard to walk at London Fashion Week. She opened the show for designer Marianna Harutunian. She is signed to Wanted Models in Paris and continues to be featured in fashion spreads in both online and print magazines. In May 2016, the conceptual artist Annelies Hofmeyr featured Kaur in her project Trophy Wife Barbie, where Hofmeyr altered a Barbie doll to Kaur's likeness.

In July 2016, musician Aisha Mizra featured Kaur in the music video for her song "Fuck Me or Destroy Me".

In September 2016, Kaur was included in the Guinness World Records as the youngest woman in the world to have a full beard. Her record citation read: "Now with a beard measuring as long as six inches [15 cm] in places, she overcame years of bullying to take ownership of her appearance and achieve this record title at the age of 24 years 282 days".

In March 2017, Kaur was featured in the Teen Vogue article "Instagrammers Challenge Body and Facial Hair Stigma".

In August 2017, Kaur collaborated with the grooming company Captain Fawcett to create and design a beard oil elixir. Kaur models in the advertisement campaign for the beard oil.

Activism
In interviews and on social media, Kaur references the abuse and harassment she received as a teenager that led to her self-harm and attempted suicide. In 2017, Kaur contributed to panel discussions in the House of Parliament on topics relating to mental health, body image, cyberbullying, LGBTQIA+ and how social media, businesses, schools and the government can help with the development of positive body images.

Kaur uses her profiles on Instagram, Twitter, Facebook and YouTube to contribute to numerous body-positive campaigns. She frequently posts content to promote awareness of body shaming, cyberbullying and mental illness. Kaur also aims to challenge gender stereotypes in media. She has said, "I don't think I believe in gender. I want to know who said a vagina is for a woman and a penis is for a man, or pink is for a girl and blue is for a boy. I am sitting here with a vagina and boobs – and a big beautiful beard."

Personal life
While Kaur has referenced her conversion to Sikhism at age 16 as one of the reasons she stopped removing her facial hair, she now describes herself as spiritual rather than religious. Traditionally, Sikhism forbids the cutting of hair. She continues to wear her turban or other head coverings, which is a custom of the Khalsa tradition of Sikhism.

Kaur is originally from Slough, England. Her younger brother, Gurdeep Singh Cheema, created the film Happy Ending? The Dangers of Online Grooming to bring awareness to the issue of online child grooming by predators.

To promote self-love and acceptance, Kaur has stated that she has named her beard Sundri, which means beauty or beautiful, and refers to her beard as "she".

See also
 Polycystic ovary syndrome
 Hirsutism
 Fat feminism

References

1990 births
Living people
Bearded women
British female models
People from Slough
British people of Sindhi descent

Harnaam Kaur


The red Versace dress of Cindy Crawford is the red plunge Versace dress worn by Cindy Crawford at the 63rd Academy Awards on March 25, 1991. The dress worn by the model and designed by Versace was a long evening dress in red, with straps and plunging neckline. The model, accompanied by her boyfriend of the time, the actor Richard Gere, presented the Oscar for Best Set Design along with Susan Sarandon. The Oscar red carpet of 1991 represents the first official occasion where Gere and Crawford were shown together as a couple.

Reception
The dress had a major influence on fashion, and many copies and fakes of the dress were produced. The dress and the fame which Crawford generated also raised the profile of Gere at the time. Variety's Complete Book of Oscar Fashion said "Cindy Crawford lives up to the term "supermodel" in this chili-pepper hot Versace gown. She and handsome hubby-to-be Richard Gere could have been the hottest couple at the awards show."

In a poll by Debenhams published in The Telegraph the dress was voted the 12th greatest red carpet gown of all time. Another survey conducted in 2010 by the site  offerssupermarket.co.uk positioned the dress of Crawford in tenth place of the most memorable clothing of the last fifty years, chosen by 44% of voters. The online magazine News & Celebrity Style Now put the red Versace gown among the ten best ever appeared on the red carpet at the Oscars.

See also
 List of individual dresses

References

1990s fashion
Outfits worn at the Academy Awards ceremonies
1991 clothing
Versace
Versace, Crawford

Red Versace dress of Cindy Crawford


Anna Howard Shaw (February 14, 1847 – July 2, 1919) was a leader of the women's suffrage movement in the United States. She was also a physician and one of the first ordained female Methodist ministers in the United States.

Early life

Shaw was born in Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1847. When she was four, she and her family emigrated to the United States and settled in Lawrence, Massachusetts. When Shaw was twelve years old, her father took "up claim of three hundred and sixty acres of land in the wilderness" of northern Michigan "and sent [her] mother and five young children to live there alone.""
Her mother had envisioned their Michigan home to be "an English farm" with "deep meadows, sunny skies and daisies," but was devastated upon their arrival to discover that it was a "forlorn and desolate" log cabin "in what was then a wilderness, 40 miles from a post office and 100 miles from a railroad." Here, the family faced the dangers of living on the frontier. Shaw became very active during this period, helping her siblings refurbish their home and supporting her mother in her time of shock and despair. Shaw took on several physical tasks such as "digging of a well, chopp[ing] wood for the big fireplace, [and] fell[ing] trees."

Seeing her mother's emotional suffering, Shaw blamed her irresponsible father for "ha[ving] g[iven] no thought to the manner in which [their family was] to make the struggle and survive the hardships before [them]." While her invalid mother was overburdened with household chores", her father in Lawrence could freely dedicate "much time to the Abolition cause and big public movements of his day."

The family's misfortunes grew worse over the years. During the Civil War, her sister Eleanor died giving birth, and her brother Tom was wounded. When Shaw was fifteen, she became a school teacher, and after her older brothers and father joined the war effort, she used her earnings to help support her family. Yet with "every month of effort, the gulf between income and expenses grew wider."

Call to preach
Shaw felt a call to preach from an early age. As a child, she would spend time in the woods near her house and stand on tree stumps to preach to the forest. She was determined to go to college and follow the path that she felt was God's will for her life. Despite her family's disapproval, Shaw's drive to attend college became firmer as she matured. After the Civil War, she abandoned her teaching job and moved in with her married sister Mary in Big Rapids, Michigan. While she recalls that she would have preferred more physical and active labor, such as digging ditches or shoveling coal, she was forced to pick up the "dreaded needle" and become a dressmaker, one of the more acceptable occupations available for women at the time.

A pivotal moment in Shaw's life came when she met Reverend Marianna Thompson, a Universalist minister who came to preach in Grand Rapids. Shaw went to the service, eager to see a woman in the pulpit. After the service, Shaw confided in Thompson her desire to pursue the ministry as a vocation, and Thompson strongly encouraged her to obtain an education without delay.

Thanks to Thompson's help, Shaw entered Big Rapids High School, where the preceptress, Lucy Foot, recognized Shaw's talents and drive. At the age of twenty-four, Shaw was invited by H. C. Peck, a man looking to ordain a woman into ministry in the Methodist Episcopal Church, to give her first sermon. Shaw hesitated initially because her only previous experience had been "as a little girl preaching alone in the forest...to a congregation of listening trees." With encouragement from Lucy Foot, Peck, and her close friend, Clara Osborn, Shaw agreed and gave her first sermon in Ashton, Michigan.

Despite the success of her first sermon, her newfound passion for preaching received disapproval from her classmates, friends, and family, who agreed to pay for her college education only if she abandoned preaching. Despite such continual opposition and isolation from so many, Anna continued preaching. She was "deeply moved" by Mary A. Livermore, a prominent lecturer who came to Big Rapids. Ms. Livermore gave her the following advice: "if you want to preach, go on and preach…No matter what people say, don't let them stop you!"

In 1873, the Methodist Church "voted unanimously to grant her a local preacher's license."

Struggles during college years
In 1873, Shaw entered Albion College, a Methodist school in Albion, Michigan. Since her family frowned upon her career path, they refused financial support. At that point, Shaw had been a licensed preacher for three years and earned her wages by lecturing on temperance.

After Albion College, Shaw attended Boston University School of Theology in 1876. She was the only woman in her class of forty-two men, and she always felt "the abysmal conviction that [she] was not really wanted there." This attitude was furthered by her difficulty supporting herself financially. Already running on a tight income, Shaw found it unfair that the "male licensed preachers were given free accommodations in the dormitory, and their board cost each of them $1.25 while it cost her $2 to pay rent of a room outside." Additionally, she had trouble finding employment. Unlike in Albion, where she was "practically the only licensed preacher available", at Boston University, there were many preachers who she had to compete with. As she lost money to pay the rent, she struggled to feed herself and felt "cold, hunger, and lonel[y]." Shaw started questioning whether the ministerial profession was meant for her. In the face of these hardships, Shaw continued. In 1880, after she and Anna Oliver were refused ordination by the Methodist Episcopal Church, despite passing with the top exam score that year. After being rejected from the Methodist Episcopal Church, she switched churches and achieved ordination in the Methodist Protestant Church.

Following her ordination, Shaw received an MD from Boston University in 1886. During her time in medical school, she became an outspoken advocate of political rights for women.

Role in the women's suffrage movement

Joint effort with Susan B. Anthony
Beginning in 1886, Shaw served as the chair of the Franchise Department of Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). Her task was "to work for woman suffrage and then to use the ballot to gain 'home protection' and temperance legislation." However, her focus on temperance subsided as she became more heavily involved in the suffrage movement by lecturing for the Massachusetts Suffrage Association and later the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA).

Shaw first met Susan B. Anthony in 1887. In 1888, Shaw attended the first meeting of the International Council of Women. Susan B. Anthony encouraged her to join the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA). Having agreed, Shaw played a key role when the two suffrage associations merged when she "helped to persuade the AWSA to merge with Anthony's and Elizabeth Cady Stanton's NWSA, creating for the first time in two decades a semblance of organizational unity within the [suffrage] movement." Beginning in 1904 and for the next eleven years, Shaw was the president of NAWSA. Under her leadership, NAWSA continued to "lobby for a national constitutional amendment granting women the right to vote."

Resignation from NAWSA presidency

During the early 20th century, Alice Paul and Lucy Burns, NAWSA members, began employing militant techniques (e.g., picketing the White House during World War I) to fight for women's suffrage. They, like other members, were inspired by the success of the militant suffragettes in England. As president of NAWSA, Shaw was pressured to support these tactics. Nevertheless, Shaw maintained that she was "unalterably opposed to militancy, believing nothing of permanent value has ever been secured by it that could not have been more easily obtained by peaceful methods." She remained aligned with Anthony's philosophy against militant tactics. In 1915, she resigned as NAWSA president and was replaced by her ally Carrie Chapman Catt.

Later years and death

During World War I, Shaw was head of the Women's Committee of the United States Council of National Defense, for which she became the first woman to earn the Distinguished Service Medal. She continued to lecture for the suffrage cause for the remaining years of her life.

Only months before her death, at an appearance at Baylor University in Waco, Texas, Shaw said, "The only way to refute" the argument that America was a democracy--and therefore women were entitled to vote--was "to prove that women are not people." She ended the speech by urging the women in attendance to participate in the women's suffrage movement.

She was a speaker at the 1919 National Conference on Lynching, presenting women's suffrage as a step against lynching.

Shaw died of pneumonia at her home in Moylan, Pennsylvania at the age of 72, only a few months before Congress ratified the Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution.

Personal life

Shaw built a home at 240 Ridley Creek Rd., Media, during her tenure as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Assn. (1904–1915) and lived there with her companion Lucy Elmina Anthony (1859–1944), niece of Susan B. Anthony, until her death. Lucy and Anna were together for thirty years, and she was by her bedside when she died.

Legacy
Her 1915 speech "The Fundamental Principle of a Republic" was number 27 in American Rhetoric's Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century (listed by rank).

In 2000, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. Twenty years later, in 2020, she was named an honoree of the National Women's History Alliance.

The Anna Howard Shaw Women's Center at Albion College.

The Anna Howard Shaw Center at Boston University School of Theology. Ten years after its founding in 1978, the Shaw Center was designated the women's center for the Northeastern Jurisdiction of the United Methodist Church."

The Anna Howard Shaw Junior High School, built in 1922–1924 in Southwest Schuylkill, Philadelphia, is named for her.

A statue of Anna Howard Shaw was erected next to the Community Library in Big Rapids, Michigan, in 1988.

See also
"Anna Howard Shaw Day", an episode of 30 Rock
Eastern Victory, a car owned by Shaw
Iron Jawed Angels, a television film where Shaw is portrayed by Lois Smith
List of suffragists and suffragettes
List of women's rights activists
Timeline of Women's Ordination in the US
Timeline of women's suffrage
Ordination of women
Ordination of women in Methodism

References

Further reading
 (autobiography)
Pellauer, Mary D. Toward a Tradition of Feminist Theology: the religious social thought of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Anna Howard Shaw. Brooklyn, NY: Carlson, 1991.
Franzen, Trisha. Anna Howard Shaw: The Work of Woman Suffrage. University of Illinois, 2014.

External links

 Finding Aid for the Anna Howard Shaw Papers
 Anna Howard Shaw letter from the Anna Howard Shaw Papers, 1917–1919 at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro
 Anna Howard Shaw quotation from the Anna Howard Shaw Papers, 1917–1919 at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro
 The Anna Howard Shaw Center at Boston University School of Theology
 Papers in the Woman's Rights Collection, 1908–1943. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
 The Story of a Pioneer From the Library of Congress
 American National Biography Online, Ann D. Gordon. "Shaw, Anna Howard", February 2000. Access Date: March 8, 2016

1847 births
1919 deaths
Boston University School of Theology alumni
American women's rights activists
American tax resisters
American autobiographers
People from Newcastle upon Tyne
History of Methodism in the United States
Albion College alumni
American women in World War I
American temperance activists
Women autobiographers
20th-century American women
Women Christian clergy
American Methodist clergy
19th-century Methodist ministers
20th-century Methodist ministers
American suffragists
British emigrants to the United States
19th-century American physicians
19th-century American women physicians
Boston University School of Medicine alumni
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Civilian recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States)
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from A Woman of the Century
National American Woman Suffrage Association activists

Anna Howard Shaw


A revolver is a type of firearm.

Revolver may also refer to:

Film and television
 Revolver (1973 film), an Italian film directed by Sergio Sollima
 Revolver (1992 film), a television film featuring Robert Urich
 Revolver (2005 film), a British film directed by Guy Ritchie
 Revolver Entertainment, a UK film distributor
 Revolver (TV series), a 1978 British music series presented by Peter Cook
 Revolver (2001 TV series), a British TV comedy sketch show featuring John Inman

Literature
 Revolver (DC Comics), a 2010 graphic novel published by DC Vertigo
 Revolver (Fleetway comics), a 1990–1991 British comic
 Revolver (magazine), a rock music publication
 Revolver (novel), a 2009 young adult novel by Marcus Sedgwick
 "The Revolver", an 1895 short story by Emilia Pardo Bazán
 Revolver, a 1985–1986 Renegade Press comic pencilled by Steve Ditko
 RevolveЯ Quarterly, a comic and website by Salgood Sam

Music

Groups and labels
 Revolver (British band), a 1990–1994 guitar group
 Revolver (French band), a pop rock band formed in 2006
 Revolver Music, a British record label
 Revolution Records (Canada), issued recordings as "Revolver".

Albums
 Revolver (Beatles album), 1966
 Revolver (The Haunted album), 2004
 Revolver (T-Pain album), 2011
 Revolver (EP), a comedy album by Lewis Black, 2002

Songs
 "Revolver" (song), by Madonna featuring Lil Wayne, 2009
 "Revolver", by the Donnas from Gold Medal, 2004
 "Revolver", by Hooverphonic from A New Stereophonic Sound Spectacular, 1996
 "Revolver", by Rage Against the Machine from Evil Empire, 1996
 "Revolver", by Usher from Here I Stand, 2008
 "Revolver", by Warehouse Republic, with a video featuring Rachel Hurd-Wood, 2010

Other uses
 Revolver (Ferris wheel) or Wheel of Dublin, formerly in Dublin, Ireland
 Revolver Gallery, an art gallery in Los Angeles, California, US
 Revolver Island, Antarctica
 Nord 2.231 to 2.305, nicknamed "Revolver", a series of French steam locomotives

See also

 Revolve (disambiguation)
 Revolution (disambiguation)
 Rotation (disambiguation)

Revolver (disambiguation)


In mathematical logic, a set  of logical formulae is deductively closed if it contains every formula  that can be logically deduced from , formally: if  always implies . If  is a set of formulae, the deductive closure of  is its smallest superset that is deductively closed.

The deductive closure of a theory  is often denoted  or . This is a special case of the more general mathematical concept of closure — in particular, the deductive closure of  is exactly the closure of  with respect to the operation of logical consequence ().

Examples
In propositional logic, the set of all true propositions is deductively closed. This is to say that only true statements are derivable from other true statements.

Epistemic closure

In epistemology, many philosophers have and continue to debate whether particular subsets of propositions—especially ones ascribing knowledge or justification of a belief to a subject—are closed under deduction.

References

Concepts in logic
Closure
Logical consequence
Propositional calculus
Set theory

Deductive closure


The Tunisian Civil Aviation and Airports Authority () (OACA) is a Tunisian public sector organization responsible for the management, operation, maintenance and development of international airports, as well as regional and local control of air navigation and its services in Tunisia.

Brief history
In 1940, the first airport in Tunisia started to operate in El Aouina. Still in its aviation infancy, the French controlled all aspects of Tunisian airports and flight.

In 1970, the Office of Tunisian Airports (OPAT) was established and the airport in Almonastir Skanes became the first to be run by Tunisians. OPAT was the first official version of what eventually became the Tunisian Aviation and Airports Authority.

OPAT continued until 1998 when it became the Tunisian Civil Aviation and Airports Authority (OACA).

Nature of the company and types of activities
Tunisian Civil Aviation and Airports Authority (OACA) is an organization that belongs to the Tunisian public sector. It is "responsible for the management, development, operation, maintenance [...] of international airports, as well as regional and local control of air navigation and its services in Tunisia". Its auspices includes the seven international airports: Tunis–Carthage International Airport, Djerba–Zarzis International Airport, Tozeur–Nefta International Airport, Sfax–Thyna International Airport, Tabarka–Ain Draham International Airport, Gafsa – Ksar International Airport, and Gabès – Matmata International Airport.

Company structure

Main offices
The company is composed of fourteen main offices that contain other sub-offices to reach forty offices as a whole. Each office with its sub-offices has a unique function in the company. For example, the Communication and Public Relations Department, Regulation and Quality Department, and Studies and Projects Department. The main offices cannot achieve their work without the collaboration of the sub-offices, such as for the Communication and Public Relations Department: Six divisions are in charge of making a team work.

Management
OACA is headed by M. Mohammed Rjab who represents the company to the governing Ministry of Transport.

References

Civil aviation authorities in Africa
Government agencies established in 1970
Government ministries of Tunisia
Civil aviation in Tunisia
Transport organisations based in Tunisia


Ruthellen Josselson is professor of clinical psychology at The Fielding Graduate University and a psychotherapist in practice.

Work
She was formerly a professor at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Towson University, a visiting professor at Harvard University and a visiting fellow at Cambridge University. Her research focuses on women's identity and on human relationships. She received the Henry A. Murray Award,  the Theodore R. Sarbin Award and the Distinguished Contributions to Qualitative Research Award from the American Psychological Association as well as a Fulbright Fellowship. She has been active in group relations work for many years, consults to organizations, and lectures and conducts workshops both nationally and internationally. She is co-Director of the Irvin D. Yalom Institute of Psychotherapy. Dr. Josselson was a founder of the Society of Qualitative Inquiry. and is the editor of the APA journal Qualitative Psychology.

Education
She received her Ph.D. in clinical psychology in 1972 from the University of Michigan.

Books published
Josselson is the author of numerous books, among them: Paths to Fulfillment: Women's Search for Meaning and Identity; Playing Pygmalion: How People Create One Another; Revising Herself: The Story of Women's Identity from College to Midlife (which received the Delta Kappa Gamma Educators Award); Irvin D. Yalom: On Psychotherapy and the Human Condition;  The Space Between Us: Exploring the Dimensions of Human Relationships; and Interviewing for Qualitative Research. She was, for many years, co-editor of the annual, The Narrative Study of Lives.

External links
 www.ruthellenjosselson.com
 www.amazon.com/Ruthellen-Josselson/e/B001H9TAQ8
 http://www.epsilen.com/rjosselson

References

Living people
American psychotherapists
Towson University faculty
University of Michigan alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

Ruthellen Josselson


Dana College was a private college in Blair, Nebraska. Its rural 150-acre (607,000 m²) campus is approximately 26 miles (40 km) northwest of Omaha and overlooks a portion of the Missouri River Valley. The campus was planned to be purchased by Midland University, which expressed its intention to re-open the campus in 2015 or 2016, but dropped plans in early 2016.

The name "Dana" is the poetic variant of "Denmark". The college was founded in 1884 by Danish pioneers.

Introduction
The student body was taught by 45 professors and eight non-doctorate instructors, resulting in an average teacher-student ratio of 1:12.

The college offered on-campus housing in five residence halls and contractually maintained off-campus apartments for married or non-traditional students. Campus life fostered by an active student government and many student organizations. There were no fraternities and sororities.

History
The Danish Evangelical Lutheran Association in America (or Blair Church) was formed in 1884 by a group of Danish members who left the Conference of the Norwegian-Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church of America. Many Blair Church pastors were supportive of the Inner Mission.

The Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America (or North Church) was formed in 1894 when seminary professor P. S. Vig, along with a number of pastors and congregations, left the Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America over theological differences.

In 1896, two small groups of Danish Lutherans in America – known as the Blair Church and the North Church – came together to form the United Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church (commonly known as the United Church). This church body was a part of the Danish Lutheran "Inner Mission" movement, which supported a revival of religious practice based on the Bible and orthodox Lutheran teachings. Its members strongly opposed the liberalizing influence of Danish theologian N. F. S. Grundtvig, who had supported the realization of religious expression through sacramental and congregational practices.

Led by Peter Sørensen Vig and C. X. Hansen, one of the United Church's first priorities was to establish an educational system. Elk Horn Højskole in Elk Horn, Iowa, had been founded in 1878 as the first Danish folk school in America. In 1894, Pastor Kristian Anker, then owner and principal of the Elk Horn Højskole, sold it to the newly formed Danish Lutheran Church in North America for use as a seminary and college. When the North Church merged with the Blair Church in 1896, the seminary was consolidated with Trinity Seminary in Blair, Nebraska.

When the Dana School was founded, part of its purpose was to be a pre-seminary school for those preparing for ministry in the Lutheran church. Many of Dana's early graduates went on to study at Trinity Seminary. For many years, Dana and Trinity shared faculty, administrators, staff, and presidents. This relationship ended in 1956 when Trinity Seminary merged with Wartburg Theological Seminary in Dubuque, Iowa.

The Dana School was begun as preparatory school. By the early 1910s – in cooperation with the University of Nebraska – the Dana School was awarding associate degrees. In the 1930s Dana College became an accredited four-year school and began awarding bachelor's degrees.

Closure
The institution faced significant, on-going financial challenges in the 2000s. Dana College reported that its deficit rose from $7,170,000 USD in 2005 to more than $12,550,000 USD in 2009. The Dana College Board of Regents attempted to convince major donors to make contributions to the college. Yet Dana College was unable to attract the donations to erase the deficit and fund on-going operations. This lack of financial support for the institution was because of two major problems: The global financial crisis which resulted in the Great Recession of 2008 meant that several prospective donors were unable and/or unwilling to contribute, as did a lack of a "big grand vision for what Dana could become", according to one Regent who served during that period.

In 2010, the Dana College Board of Regents made a decision to structure an agreement to sell Dana College to an investment group, Dana Education Corporation. The investment group proposed to transform Dana into a for-profit institution with a focus on "doubling enrollment, aggressively marketing the school and building Dana's study abroad program".  However, this proposed change of control was not accepted by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools.

The sale of Dana College to the investment group collapsed. On June 30, 2010, the Dana College Board of Regents elected to cease operations, citing a multimillion-dollar deficit.

On July 14, 2010, the Dana College Board of Regents wrote in a letter to alumni and supporters, "We are firm in our belief that politics, not substance and reason, drove the ultimate decision." Attempts made by students, faculty, staff, alumni and other supporters of Dana College to influence the Higher Learning Commission to reverse its decision failed.

Students were offered the ability to transfer to the University of Nebraska at Omaha and Grand View University in Iowa through formal teach-out plans.

Midland University of Fremont, Nebraska, allowed all former Dana College students to transfer all Dana college credits, honored all Dana academic, athletic and need-based scholarships and grants, and waived enrollment deposits for Dana students. Of the roughly 600 Dana students, approximately 275 enrolled at Midland in the fall of 2010.

In 2013, Midland University, experiencing increasing enrollment and considering expansion, leased the Dana campus with the option of purchasing it; the land was purchased instead by Frank Krejci, an Omaha developer, for $3.5 million, who then donated it to Ed Shada, an Omaha banker, to lead redevelopment of the campus. In 2016, Midland announced that it would not re-open the Dana campus, but would concentrate its expansion efforts in Fremont and Omaha. According to a Midland press release, high maintenance costs and "a complicated path to accreditation" dissuaded them from carrying through their plans for the Blair site.

The land was to become the new home of Omaha's Grace University in 2018, after the school sold a large part of its campus to Omaha Public Schools. However, Grace too announced its folding at the end of the 2017–18 academic year, and the move to Blair did not occur. In 2018, alumni and friends of Grace founded Charis University with the intent of occupying the Dana campus and becoming a spiritual successor to Grace.

In 2018 Angels Share, a nonprofit organization, acquired the land. In cooperation in with The Metro Area Planning Agency and the City of Blair, portions of the campus have been sold off, while others have been redeveloped. The former residence halls have been converted into housing for young adults who have aged out of the foster care system.

Presidents
The Presidents of Dana College were:

 Kristian Anker (1902–1905)
 C. X. Hansen (1908–1914, 1919–1925, 1936–1938)
 Erland Nelson (1931–1936)
 Lawrence Siersbeck (1938–1944)
 R. E. Morton (1944–1956)
 C. C. Madsen (1956–1971)
 Earl R. Mezoff (1971–1978)
 James Kallas (1978–1985)
 Myrvin Christopherson (1986–2005)
 Janet Philipp (2005–2010)

Campus
The campus has  of space. It is about  northwest of Omaha.

Rasmussen Hall housed first and second year students. It was coed, with each wing or each floor housing a sex. Holling Hall housed first and second year students. Blair Hall housed upperclassmen, and first year students were not eligible to live there. Previously Mickelsen Hall housed both men and women on different floors. In the  summer of 2007 Mickelsen was renovated so it housed upperclassmen women. In the fall of 2006 the school opened the Suite-Style Apartments for third and fourth year students.

The university maintained Omaha Village Apartments, for married and non-traditional students. Omaha Village had one and two bedroom apartments.

Dana College expected its students to live on campus for all of their years. Any students wishing to live off campus were required to gain approval.

The campus was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.

Notable alumni
 Matty Lewis (1998), co-lead singer of the La Habra, CA based punk rock band Zebrahead
 Benson Henderson (2006), current mixed martial artist, former Bellator MMA and UFC Lightweight Champion
 Richard A. Jensen, theologian, professor and author
 Paul Simon, U.S. Senator from Illinois. He attended but did not graduate.
 Megan Hunt (politician), Member of the Nebraska Legislature from the 8th district. Hunt earned a Bachelors of Arts in Intercultural communication and German from Dana College in Blair in 2008.

Athletics
The Dana athletic teams were called the Vikings. The college was a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Great Plains Athletic Conference (GPAC) from 1969–70 to 2009–10.

Dana competed in 18 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports included baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, track & field and wrestling; while women's sports included basketball, cheerleading, cross country, dance, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, track & field and volleyball.

Athletic director
Former pro wrestler Bill Danenhauer was the last athletic director.

Backlash
In January 2009, it considered changing conference affiliations; however, outcry from alumni caused the school to rethink its position.

Clubs & intramurals
The college also had a number of intramural and club sports programs below the varsity level, operating independently of the athletic department.

References

On the history of Dana College and Trinity Seminary:
Christensen, William E.  Saga of the Tower: A History of Dana College and Trinity Seminary.  Blair, Nebraska: Lutheran Publishing House, 1959.
Petersen, Peter L.  A Place Called Dana: The Centennial History of Trinity Seminary and Dana College.  Blair, Nebraska: Dana College, 1984

On the history of the Danish Lutherans in America:
Jensen, John M.  The United Evangelical Lutheran Church: An Interpretation.  Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1964.
Nyholm, Paul C.  The Americanization of the Danish Lutheran Churches in America: A Study in Immigrant History.  Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1963.

External links

  (archive)
 Official athletics website

Defunct private universities and colleges in Nebraska
Educational institutions established in 1884
Educational institutions disestablished in 2010
Danish-American culture in Nebraska
Liberal arts colleges in Nebraska
1884 establishments in Nebraska
2010 disestablishments in Nebraska
National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Nebraska

Dana College


The Laboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems (LEES) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) provides the theoretical basis, and component, circuit and system technologies required to develop advanced electrical energy applications. LEES research areas include electronic circuits, components and systems, power electronics and control, micro and macro electromechanics, electromagnetics, continuum mechanics (the interaction of fields with fluids and other deformable media), high voltage engineering and dielectric physics, manufacturing and process control, and energy economics.

In 2009 the LEES ceased to exist as a separate lab and was administratively merged into the Research Laboratory of Electronics to form its seventh research theme.

References

External links
The LEES official website
The MIT official website

Massachusetts Institute of Technology


Inprecor is a multilingual monthly Marxist magazine published by the reunified Fourth International. Its name is a contraction of International Press Correspondence and indicates that the magazine translates articles and letters from revolutionaries around the world.

Inprecor was established by the Third International in the wake of the Russian Revolution to allow communists to read the documents and thoughts of their comrades around the world.  The Third International closed Inprecor in July 1938, replacing it with World News and Views.

After World War II, Ernest Mandel successfully proposed that the Fourth International assumed responsibility for the production of Inprecor. Since 1973, four parallel editions have been produced by the United Secretariat of the Fourth International: in French Inprecor, German Inprekorr, Spanish Punto de Vista Internacional and English International Viewpoint.

In  1977, the United Secretariat merged the English language edition of Inprecor with Intercontinental Press, edited by Joseph Hansen. The new publication, 'Intercontinental Press/Inprecor', was based in the New York offices of the Socialist Workers Party (US). After Hansen's death, political differences between the SWP and the United Secretariat grew to the point where the SWP leadership took control of the magazine, renaming it Intercontinental Press and eventually closing the magazine. In 1982 the United Secretariat reestablished an English-language edition of Inprecor, International Viewpoint, which is edited in Europe.

References

External links
Inprecor website
Punto de Vista Internacional

Fourth International (post-reunification)
Marxist magazines

Inprecor


In physics and geometry, the nodary is the curve that is traced by the focus of a hyperbola as it rolls without slipping along the axis, a roulette curve.

The differential equation of the curve is:
.

Its parametric equation is:

where  is the elliptic modulus and  is the incomplete elliptic integral of the second kind and sn, cn and dn are Jacobi's elliptic functions.

The surface of revolution is the nodoid constant mean curvature surface.

References

Plane curves

Nodary