Network 10 (commonly known as the 10 Network, Channel 10 or simply 10) is an Australian commercial television network owned by Ten Network Holdings, a division of the Paramount Networks UK & Australia subsidiary of Paramount Global. One of five national free-to-air networks, 10's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country.

Since 2022, Network 10 is usually the fourth-rated television network and primary channel in Australia, behind the Seven Network, Nine Network and ABC TV. Occasionally, SBS TV beats Ten in the ratings, pushing it into fifth position.

History

Origins
From the introduction of TV in 1956 until 1965 there were three television networks in Australia, the National Television Network (now the Nine Network), the Australian Television Network (now the Seven Network), and the public ABC National Television Service (now ABC TV). In the early 1960s, the Australian Government began canvassing the idea of licensing a third commercial television station in each capital city. This decision was seen by some as a way for the government to defuse growing public dissatisfaction with the dominance of imported overseas programming and the paucity of local content. The first of these third licences was granted to United Telecasters (a consortium of Amalgamated Wireless, Colonial Sugar Refining Company, Email, Bank of New South Wales and the NRMA) on 4 April 1963.

Structurally, the Australian television industry was closely modelled on the two-tiered system that had been in place in Australian radio since the late 1930s. One tier consisted of a network of publicly funded television stations run by the ABC, which was funded by government budget allocation and (until 1972) by fees from television viewer licences. The second tier consisted of the commercial networks and independent stations owned by private operators, whose income came from selling advertising time.

Launch
The network was launched as ATV-0 in Melbourne opened on 1 August 1964 and was owned by the Ansett Transport Industries, which at the time owned one of Australia's two domestic airlines. TEN-10 in Sydney, which opened on 5 April 1965, was originally owned by United Telecasters, which also in July that year opened TVQ-0 in Brisbane. Also opened later that month was SAS-10, serving the city of Adelaide.

The new television network was initially dubbed the Independent Television System or ITS, but in 1970 adopted the title The 0-10 Network, which reflected the channels used by the first two stations launched in the group, ATV and TEN.

Melbourne's ATV was the first station of the network to stage colour broadcasts in 1967, the broadcast was that of the horse races in Pakenham, Victoria, which was seen by network and RCA executives and invited members of the media and press. This would be the first of many test colour telecasts for the station, and in tribute to this event, the 0-10 Network adopted the First in Colour slogan in 1974, within months before the 1 March 1975 transition to colour broadcasting.

1970–1988: Expansion and original run
For its first five years, the 0-10 Network led a hand-to-mouth existence. By the beginning of the 1970s the network was in a precarious financial position and there were predictions that it would fail.

In 1971, the 0-10 Network first aired Young Talent Time, which was a huge rating success, and ran for 17 years.

However, the network's true financial reprise came about due to the fact that the controversial adult soap opera serial Number 96 premiered in March 1972 on the night that "Australian TV lost its virginity". The series broke new ground for Australian television and captured the imagination of viewers like few programs before or since. For the next three years it was consistently Australia's top-rating television program and, not surprisingly, its huge popularity attracted advertisers to Ten en masse, with the result that its revenue increased significantly from $1 million in 1971 to more than $10 million in 1972.

However, the pattern of rating dominance was already set, and for most of the next five decades from the mid-1960s, there was little deviation from the prevalent rankings, with the Nine Network typically in the first place, the Seven Network second, 0-10 third and ABC TV fourth.

The gradual evolution of Network Ten into its current form has its origins in the ongoing attempts by media mogul Rupert Murdoch to acquire a prized commercial television licence in Australia's largest capital city market, Sydney. This began when Murdoch's News Limited purchased the Wollongong station WIN-4 in the early 1960s, around the same time he bought Festival Records. In 1977, frustrated by regulatory blocks that prevented him from expanding into the Sydney market, Murdoch sold WIN and purchased a 46% share in Ten Sydney.

In 1979, Murdoch made an unsuccessful takeover bid for the Melbourne-based The Herald and Weekly Times media group, which originally owned HSV-7. Although the bid failed, he gained a 50% stake in Ansett, which thus gave him control of channel 0 in Melbourne.

In 1979, 0-10 first aired the soap opera Prisoner, which was a huge rating success.

On 20 January 1980, the 0-10 Network became known as Network Ten to reflect ATV moving from channel 0 to channel 10 – although the Brisbane station continued to broadcast as TVQ-0 until 10 September 1988 when the station changed to TVQ-10. In 1987 Adelaide's Network Ten affiliate (SAS-10) and Seven Network affiliate (ADS-7) successfully negotiated to exchange affiliation rights and channel frequencies due to ownership problems. On 27 December 1987, the exchange came into effect and ADS-7, owned by the same owners as the main Network Ten stations, became ADS-10 with SAS-10 converting to SAS-7, operated by TVW-7 in Perth.

When Murdoch became an American citizen in 1985 so that he could expand his media empire in the United States with the Fox network, Australia's media ownership laws obliged him to dispose of the flagship television stations, which were sold to The Northern Star, an offshoot of the Westfield Group conglomerate controlled by property tycoon Frank Lowy. However, Westfield was badly hit by the stock market crash of 1987, and in 1989 sold Network Ten to a consortium led by Charles Curran and former television journalist Steve Cosser.

The network became fully national in 1988 with the launch of NEW-10 in Perth after the introduction of satellite facilities made it economical for the network to broadcast to Western Australia. Northern Star officially took hold of TVQ-10 later in the year because of swapping frequencies with neighbouring DDQ-0 in Toowoomba and rebranded CTC Canberra under the network banner in time for aggregation.

1989–1994: Receivership and relaunch

In 1989, Ten's ratings were in decline, so on 23 July 1989, recently recruited network boss Bob Shanks relaunched the network, re-branding it as 10 TV Australia, and introducing several new programs, including four new prime time game shows. However, by the end of 1989, the ratings failed to improve and most of the new programs were cancelled, except for its Eyewitness News bulletins, Neighbours and E Street (debuting in late 1988).

Meanwhile, Northern Star Holdings were having financial and regulatory problems. The company was subject to an inquiry by the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal in relation to media ownership rules and had run into financial difficulties following the 1987 stock market crash two years earlier. On 1 September 1989, Northern Star Holdings announced a major restructuring to pay off debts and help restore profitability. The proposals included selling off the network's three smaller stations (ADS in Adelaide, NEW in Perth and CTC in Canberra) to Charles Curran's Capital Television Group. The sale was completed on 27 October 1989, effectively splitting Northern Star's Network Ten in half.

In September 1990, Northern Star filed for receivership and on 13 January 1991 at 8:30pm, the network was re-branded back to Network Ten with the first version of its famous ten watermark logo. The network entered liquidation in May 1991. In 1992, the network's flagship stations were sold to the Canadian-based Canwest media group, which held a controlling stake in the network until 2009. Also in 1992, the network commenced a strategy of targeting younger audiences. The Adelaide and Perth stations were re-acquired by the network in 1995.

1995–2007: Recovery and success
With the network having financially recovered, Ten Network Holdings floated on the Australian Stock Exchange in 1998. At this time, Ten had affiliate broadcasting agreements with Southern Cross Broadcasting in southern New South Wales, regional Victoria and Tasmania, and with Telecasters Australia in northern New South Wales and regional Queensland.

In 2001, Ten opened the doors to the Big Brother Australia house and with it reality television. The opening night of Big Brother became the most-watched program of the night. The trend was then followed by the launching of the Australian version of the reality singing competition format Idols called Australian Idol in 2003. Australian Idol was a hit for several years, lasting until 2009.

In 2004, Network Ten enjoyed its best year since the 1970s, winning two rating weeks (out of 40) and finishing second nationally only behind the Nine Network and well ahead of the Seven Network. This was a departure from previous years; it has typically placed third behind Nine and Seven in most other rating years since 2000.

In 2005, Canwest was in discussions with newspaper publisher John Fairfax Holdings about a possible sale of the network, after the federal government indicated it may consider relaxing Australia's media cross-ownership laws. Previously, newspaper owners could not own television stations in the same city. Fairfax owned the Seven Network until 1988 and had been looking for a way back into television for a long time.

On 21 August 2005, the network celebrated its 40th birthday with a two-hour highlights package called Ten: Seriously 40, which was hosted by Bert Newton and Rove McManus.

On 27 October 2005, Network Ten announced that its long-running morning talk-variety program Good Morning Australia would be cancelled at the end of the year after a fourteen-year run. This ended host Bert Newtons 14-year association with Network Ten; although he was offered ongoing employment with the network, he announced that he would be returning to the Nine Network. 9am with David & Kim replaced GMA as Ten's national morning program from 2006 to 2009.

From 2006 to 2008, Ten was the official broadcaster of Sydney New Year's Eve. The rights returned to the Nine Network from 2009.

On 7 August 2007, Network Ten and Foxtel signed a new agreement allowing Ten's digital signal to be transmitted via Foxtel's cable and satellite services. Prior to this, Ten was only transmitted via cable on Foxtel in an analogue format and Austar in standard definition digital via Mystar. Similarly in October 2007, Network Ten and Optus announced that Ten's digital signal would be available on its cable network from 1 December 2007.

On 16 December 2007, Ten HD was officially launched as a breakaway channel, becoming the first new commercial television channel in metropolitan areas of Australia since 1988. Ten HD ceased broadcasting on 25 March 2009 when it was replaced by what was a sports-only high-definition channel, One HD.

2009–2015: Canwest sale, multichannels launch

On 24 September 2009, Canwest announced that it was selling its 50.1% stake in Ten Network Holdings for $680 million, to pay down its significant debt. In late 2009, Canwest filed for creditor bankruptcy protection, due to CA$4 billion mounting debt across radio, television broadcasting and publishing assets in several countries.

On 20 October 2010, four years after he sold his shares in PBL Media to private equity firm CVC Asia Pacific, James Packer purchased 16 per cent of Ten.

Network Ten launched a new digital channel, Eleven, on 11 January 2011. The channel is aimed at a "distinctly youthful" audience between the ages of 13 and 29. Neighbours and The Simpsons were high-profile programs migrating from Ten to the new channel. The channel was a joint venture with CBS Studios International, which owned a 33% stake.

On 8 May 2011, Ten relaunched its sports-based channel One, with general entertainment programming aimed at males taking over the schedule. It is aimed at a similar audience to 7mate.

In 2012, Ten unsuccessfully launched many new programs. This led to Ten's ratings dropping to fourth place behind ABC TV for over thirty straight nights. The poor performance resulted in Chief Programming Officer David Mott's resignation.

In September 2012, Ten made a partnership with TVSN, which meant the TVSN channel became available on Ten's free-to-air multiplex to metropolitan viewers as a datacast service on LCN 14, on 24 September 2012.

In late 2012, Ten reported a loss of $12.9m as it battled poor advertising markets and failed to hold larger audience numbers. They made positions at the station redundant and said that production may become centralised.

Ten launched Spree TV, an Australian free-to-air datacasting television channel mainly carrying paid programming and home shopping, on 17 September 2013, on LCN 15, with Brand Developers.

Analogue broadcasts ceased in the regions on 10 December 2013.

On 15 June 2015, Foxtel (co-owned by News Corp) bought 15% shares in Ten Network Holdings, pending approval from the ACCC. Prior to the acquisition, Discovery backed out from a bidding partnership with Foxtel. In July 2015, Paul Anderson was announced as the new chief executive officer.

2016–2017: New affiliation and financial troubles
A high-definition simulcast of 10 was revived on 2 March 2016. As a result, One, now known as 10 Bold, began broadcasting in standard definition only.

On 29 April 2016, the Nine Network pulled its regional affiliation with WIN Television over a lawsuit involving its catch-up service 9Now, and announced a new affiliation agreement with Southern Cross Austereo, Ten's then-primary regional affiliate. Ten subsequently negotiated a five-year affiliation deal with WIN; the new affiliations took effect on 1 July, with WIN becoming the carrier of Network Ten programming in regional Queensland, Northern NSW, Southern NSW, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, Western Australia, the Australian Capital Territory and the Gold Coast. WIN owner and Ten's largest shareholder Bruce Gordon positioned himself to increase his ownership stake in Ten, subject to changes to media ownership laws being passed.

Following Ten Network Holdings reporting a $232 million half year loss, billionaire shareholders Lachlan Murdoch, Bruce Gordon and James Packer withdrew support for $250 million guaranteed loan that would help keep Ten out of receivership. This loan was intended to replace an existing guaranteed $200 million loan that was due to expire in December. On 13 June, Ten asked the Australian Securities Exchange that their stock be placed in a 48-hour trading halt while it assessed its options concerning receivership. It went into voluntary administration the following day.

On 28 August 2017, Ten's administrators announced that the U.S. media company CBS Corporation (which had a 33% share in the multichannel Eleven and was Ten's largest creditor) had entered into a binding agreement to purchase the company for $123 million. CBS refinanced Ten's existing debt including guarantor fees to billionaire shareholders James Packer, Lachlan Murdoch and Bruce Gordon, and existing loans from the Commonwealth Bank. Shareholders in Ten Network Holdings lost their investment.

Gordon and Murdoch had also placed their own joint bid for the company, which was not endorsed by the administrators. At a meeting held on 12 September, Ten's creditors overwhelmingly voted in support of CBS' bid, citing concerns over Murdoch's previous management of Ten and talk of mass job cuts in the news department under Murdoch/Gordon ownership.

The CBS acquisition was completed on 16 November 2017, when the shares of Ten Network Holdings were transferred to CBS Network Ten BV, a company registered in the Netherlands.

2017–present: CBS ownership and merger with Viacom, rebrand as Paramount Global
Following the CBS acquisition, the network became a division of CBS Studios International. Ten moved to commission more Australian content. The additional programs were financed by the savings from the dissolution of Ten's output agreement with 21st Century Fox. CBS also moved to re-establish an in-house advertising sales department for 2019, bringing to an end Ten's four-year period with the Foxtel-affiliated Multi Channel Network (MCN). One reason CBS acquired Ten was to assist the company to launch its CBS All Access streaming service in the Australian market. The service launched in December 2018 and was branded 10 All Access in the local market.

On 31 October 2018, the network unveiled a new logo, replacing the "ten" wordmark used since 1991 with a stylised circle 10, and the network is now referred to in the text as Network 10. The new brand is used across all of Network 10's platforms and services, and was intended to reflect the broadcaster's positioning as an "adventurous alternative" with a "sense of fun". 10 also relaunched its multi channels Eleven and One as 10 Peach and 10 Boss, with Boss focusing on dramatic programming and targeting an older adult audience, and Peach continuing to be targeted towards young adults. 10 Boss was forced to change its name to 10 Bold on 10 December 2018 due to trademark conflicts with Fairfax Media.

On 4 December 2019, CBS Corporation completed a re-merger with fellow media conglomerate Viacom as ViacomCBS; the two companies had previously separated in 2005. ViacomCBS subsequently began to integrate the companies' operations in Australia; in a reorganisation of the ViacomCBS Networks International division, Network 10 would join its new sister network in the United Kingdom, Channel 5 (previously owned by Viacom) as part of ViacomCBS Networks UK & Australia in January 2020. The following month, it was announced that the former Viacom channels in Australia would be brought under the Network 10 sales department, moving away from Foxtel Media (formerly MCN) in April. Network 10 also began to co-commission new programmes with Channel 5, including the drama miniseries Lie With Me and documentary series The Royals Revealed. In February 2022, it similarly announced that it had ordered a spin-off of CBS's drama franchise NCIS that would be set in Sydney.

On 13 July 2020, it was announced that Network 10 would launch a third digital channel, 10 Shake, on 27 September and on channel 13. The network carries children's programmes in the daytime hours (drawing primarily television from Nickelodeon), while evening and primetime hours will feature "edgy" series and films targeting young adults, including television programmes from Comedy Central and MTV, and CBS late-night talk show The Late Late Show with James Corden.

On 16 September 2020, in 10's metropolitan areas, various Network 10 channels moved channel places due to the launch of Network 10's third digital channel 10 Shake. The channels that moved places include TVSN, which moved to channel 16 from channel 14, 10 HD, which moved to channels 1 and 15 from channel 13 and Spree TV, which moved to channel 17 from channel 15. As a result, 10 Bold is now solely on channel 12. A placeholder for 10 Shake appeared on the same day.

In March 2021, 10 announced that it would return to Southern Cross Austereo as its regional affiliate in most markets beginning on 1 July 2021, in a deal that will last at least two years. The agreement reversed 10's 2016 move to WIN, which had announced a long-term agreement to return to the Nine Network.

On 15 February 2022, it was announced that ViacomCBS would be rebranding as Paramount Global as part of a wide rebrand strategy. Following this announcement, the ViacomCBS Networks International division was rebranded as Paramount Networks International. Network 10 joined Channel 5 as part of the rebrand of its respective division, now going under the name of Paramount Networks UK & Australia.

On 12 August 2022, Spree TV ceased broadcasting. It was replaced by Gecko, a similar shopping channel, on 18 September 2022.

On 22 June 2023, it was announced that 10 Shake would rebrand as Nickelodeon on 1 August. The Foxtel feed of the channel subsequently closed down.

Programming

Local programs
Ten's current Australian program line-up consists of series such as: Bondi Rescue, Australian Survivor, I'm A Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, The Masked Singer Australia, Gogglebox Australia (with Foxtel's Lifestyle), Studio 10, RPM, Sports Tonight, The Amazing Race Australia, The Project, The Living Room, Ambulance Australia, Todd Sampson's Body Hack, Hunted, Shaun Micallef's Brain Eisteddfod, Dogs Behaving (Very) Badly Australia, MasterChef Australia, The Bachelor Australia, The Bachelorette Australia, Bachelor in Paradise Australia, Have You Been Paying Attention?, The Cheap Seats, Thank God You're Here, Dive Club, The Dog House Australia, First Dates, Would I Lie to You?, The Real Love Boat, The Challenge: Australia, The Traitors, The First Inventors, Taskmaster Australia, Shark Tank, AACTA Awards and Territory Cops.

International programs
Current American programming that airs on 10 and its digital multichannels is sourced from 10's deals with sister company Paramount Global Content Distribution / MTV Networks and Nickelodeon International (long running; also shared with Paramount+), Miramax, DreamWorks (Paramount distributed films only), Roadshow Entertainment / Warner Bros. International Television Distribution and Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc, STX Entertainment, Lionsgate Films, Lantern Entertainment and Transmission Films. When it was independent, 10 had a long-standing relationship with Paramount Global Content Distribution (then CBS Studios International) for the Australian TV rights to its content.

On 30 October 2017, Network 10's studio output deal was terminated due to the network's bankruptcy and the CBS acquisition of the network in the same year. Consequently, the network lost its contract with 20th Century Fox, which included the network's TV rights to popular shows such as The Simpsons, Modern Family, Fresh Off the Boat and Life in Pieces, among others.

In 2018 however, 10 would create a newly acquired programming deal with Warner Bros. and Roadshow Entertainment, granting the network programming rights which they currently share with the Nine Network.

Shared overseas programs
Sharing programs is currently a new rule for all the networks after a very, very long absence which have their own programs from the 1990s to 2014. All the networks can now share the programs again with each network of televisions and films, including splitting up the different seasons of the same television series or franchise. Also, some television brands can split the different seasons of the same television series by airing on both networks.

Shared American programming which airs on 10 and the Seven Network and its digital multi-channels are sourced from 10 and Seven's deals with Warner Bros. International Television Distribution / Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc.

Shared American programming which airs on 10 and the Nine Network and its digital multi-channels are sourced from 10 and Nine's deals with Paramount Global Content Distribution, Miramax, DreamWorks (Paramount distributed films only), Lionsgate Films, Roadshow Entertainment / Warner Bros. International Television Distribution and Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc.

Shared American programming that airs on 10 and ABC and its digital multi-channels are sourced from 10 and ABC's deals with Paramount Global Content Distribution / Nickelodeon International and Warner Bros. International Television Distribution / Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc.

Former programs
The network formerly broadcast catalogue movie and television titles from Sony Pictures produced in the 1990s prior to 2020, NBCUniversal from 1988 to 2016, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer from the late 1990s to 2004, DreamWorks Animation from 2012 to 2019, Touchstone from 2017 to 2022. MGM, NBCUniversal, DreamWorks Animation, and Sony now belong to the Nine Network, while Touchstone, NBCUniversal and Sony now belong to the Seven Network. Nine revived MGM, NBCUniversal, DreamWorks Animation, and Sony broadcast rights, while Seven revived Touchstone, NBCUniversal and Sony broadcast rights.

In 2009, Network 10 lost the rights to Universal Pictures after more than 20 years of movies and television broadcasting when the Seven Network won the $500 billion and long-term deal with the movie and television studio broadcast TV rights.

From 2017 onwards, rival film and television rights with 20th Century Fox from 2007 to 2017 and Regency Enterprises from 2015 to 2017. Fox (now 20th Century Studios) and Regency now belong to the Seven Network and Nine Network, Seven and Nine revived 20th Century Fox and Regency broadcast rights.

News and current affairs

Network 10's news service is called 10 News First (previously Ten News & Ten Eyewitness News). It produces local bulletins each weeknight and national bulletins on weekday afternoons and weekends.

The news service also produces a nightly panel show The Project.

Ten has access to a sister service CBS News for international news coverage.

During weekday overnights and Sunday mornings, Network 10 rebroadcasts American television network CBS's (sister network since 2017) morning news program CBS Mornings.

In November 2006, Network 10 struck a deal with CBS, reportedly worth A$6 million a year. This allows Network Ten the rights to air all CBS News footage, as well as access to its 60 Minutes, Dr. Phil, Late Show with David Letterman and 48 Hours programs. This deal occurred after CBS's talks with the Nine Network broke down, with Nine refusing to pay A$8 million a year to continue its 40-year deal with CBS. Ten in turn struck a cheaper deal and has onsold CBS's 60 Minutes stories to Nine.

On 31 July 2012, Entertainment Tonight was picked up by Network 10 after airing since 1982 until 30 June 2012 on the Nine Network following cutbacks on overseas purchases.

In late 2012, 10 reported a loss of $12.9m as it battled poor advertising markets and failed to hold larger audience numbers. They made positions at the station redundant and said that production may become centralised.

Sport

The network is a major player in Australian sports broadcasting. All sports broadcasts on 10 and its multi-channels are labelled under the 10 Sport brand. Since the Paramount takeover, however, the channel has significantly toned down its commitment to sports programming.

In 2002, 10 combined with the Nine Network and Foxtel to acquire broadcast rights for the Australian Football League, the elite Australian rules football competition, displacing the Seven Network which had held the rights for more than 40 years. 10 broadcast Saturday afternoon and Saturday night games and had exclusive rights for all finals games. Along with the Seven Network, 10 placed a successful $780 million bid to jointly broadcast the game from 2007 to 2011. Under this deal, 10 continued to broadcast the Saturday component of the competition. However, unlike the previous deal, 10 did not hold the exclusive rights to the finals series. Instead, the networks shared the broadcasting of the finals series and alternated the broadcast of the grand final. In the years when 10 did not televise the Grand Final (2008 and 2010), it telecast the pre-season Grand Final and the Brownlow Medal presentation. 10 ended AFL broadcasting after 10 years at the conclusion of the 2011 season.

10 broadcast the 2007 Rugby World Cup.

In 2003, 10 started broadcasting the Formula One World Championship after the Nine Network dropped the rights in 2002 after more than twenty years of coverage.

All Big Bash League games were broadcast in Australia by 10. In 2013, 10 paid $100 million for BBL rights over five years, marking the channel's first foray in elite domestic cricket coverage. Ten previously held the broadcast rights to the Indian Premier League.

10, in joint partnership with subscription television provider Foxtel, had broadcast rights for the 2010 Commonwealth Games.

10 acquired broadcast rights to the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia for AUD$20 million after all three major commercial networks pulled out of bidding on rights to both the 2014 and 2016 Olympic Games due to cost concerns. The Nine Network had lost AUD$22 million on its joint coverage of the 2012 Games with Foxtel, and the Seven Network's bid was rejected for being lower than what Nine/Foxtel had previously paid.

In 2018, 10 signed the rights to the Melbourne Cup Carnival, after the Seven Network ended the rights for 17 years.

In 2019, 10 broadcast the 2019 Rugby World Cup.

In 2021, 10 acquired the rights to a range of football content, most notably both A-League Men and Women competitions as well as Socceroos and Matildas games. The deal also included content from the AFC, which includes the AFC Champions League and other World Cup qualifiers in the AFC region involving non-Australian teams, among others. Football content will be broadcast across both Paramount+ and free-to-air platforms.

Availability
Network 10 is available in standard definition and in 1080i high definition. Core programming is fibre fed out of ATV Melbourne to its sister stations and regional affiliates with TEN Sydney providing national news programming. The receiving stations and affiliates then insert their own localised news and advertising which is then broadcast in metropolitan areas via Network 10's owned-and-operated stations TEN Sydney, ATV Melbourne, TVQ Brisbane, ADS Adelaide, and NEW Perth.

The network's programming is also carried into regional Australia by various affiliate stations, including Southern Cross 10, WIN Television, Mildura Digital Television, Tasmanian Digital Television, Darwin Digital Television, Central Digital Television and West Digital Television.

In addition to this, 10 is retransmitted via Foxtel's cable and satellite pay television services.

10 HD

The 10 HD multichannel was launched on 16 December 2007 until 25 March 2009 and later revived on 2 March 2016. It broadcasts identical programming to 10 but in 1080i HD.

From 2002, this was interspersed with a loop of high definition demonstration material during business hours, for viewing in the showrooms of television retailers, at the conclusion of an equivalent service by Network 10.

After the Nine Network restarted broadcasting 9HD in November 2015, 10 confirmed that it was working on rebroadcasting 10 HD. However, they did not put a time frame on it, stating that they are "working through some technical and rights issues". On 11 February 2016, some smart TVs began receiving notification messages advising of 10HD through a "ghost broadcast" that soon disappeared.

10 later recommenced simulcasting in high definition on 2 March 2016 on channel 13 from 3pm, in time for the 2016 season of the Virgin Australia Supercars Championship. As a result, One was reduced to a standard definition broadcast on both channel 1 and channel 12. Ten uses MPEG-4 technology to broadcast Ten HD.

10Play

The network's free video on demand and catch up TV service is called 10Play. Launched on 29 September 2013, it replaced the network's old website that offered limited catch-up TV services. The service is available on the web and via apps for mobile devices, smart TVs, set-top boxes and video game consoles.

Paramount+

10 All Access was launched on 4 December 2018 as an ad-free subscription streaming service. It was a rebranded, localised version of CBS All Access. The service offered programming from 10 and CBS's libraries, original programming, a Livestream of CBS News and the ability to watch select CBS programmes prior to their broadcast on 10's channels.

In August 2020, following the re-merger of CBS Corporation and Viacom, ViacomCBS revealed plans to launch a new international streaming brand using the CBS All Access infrastructure, which would include CBS All Access and Showtime original programmes, Paramount Pictures films, other ViacomCBS library content, and content contributed from local subsidiaries. It was stated that existing Paramount Plus streaming services in Latin America and Nordic Europe, as well as 10 All Access, would be migrated to the then-unnamed service.

On 16 September 2020, it was officially announced that 10 All Access would be rebranded as Paramount+ in mid-2021. On 7 May 2021, it was announced that Paramount+ would launch on 11 August. ViacomCBS also announced that the second season of Five Bedrooms would premiere on Paramount Plus' launch date and that Australian original series including Spreadsheet, Last King of the Cross and movie 6 Festivals were in production for the platform. In 2022, the streaming platform streamed exclusive coverage of the FA Cup in Australia and announced original series Spreadsheet, The Bridge Australia and Couples Therapy Australia. It also released teen drama More Than This, lifestyle factual series Undressed and documentary series Sky Blue: Inside Sydney FC. In 2023, Paramount+ released original series Last King of the Cross, One Night, NCIS: Sydney, The Betoota Advocate Presents, The Inspired Unemployed (Impractical) Jokers and movie The Appleton Ladies' Potato Race.

Pluto TV

At the start of August 2023 it was confirmed that an Australian version of Pluto TV would be launched within 10 Play from the end of the month. The initial tranche of content announced for the new service included "box set" channels for series such as South Park, I Love Lucy and Happy Days, alongside several MTV and Nickelodeon branded streams, such as MTV Reality, Nick Classics and Nicktoons.

Controversy
For the 2006 series of Big Brother, Ten appointed two censors to review the show instead of one. The Federal Minister for Communications, Senator Helen Coonan, was reported to have said that she would be keeping a "close watch on the show's 2006 series". This controversy resulted in Big Brother Uncut being renamed Big Brother: Adults Only for the 2006 season of Big Brother. In two separate findings, the Australian Communications and Media Authority determined Network Ten breached clause 2.4 of the Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice. These two breaches were in relation to the broadcast of Big Brother Uncut on 30 May, 13 June and 4 July 2005. The broadcast material was not classified according to the Television Classification Guidelines.

Despite toning down Big Brother: Adults Only significantly in comparison to 2005, the series continued to attract controversy.  After Big Brother: Adults Only was abruptly cancelled several weeks early, a subsequent incident of alleged sexual assault in the house saw the removal of two housemates and a huge public outcry calling for the series to be cancelled entirely. This incident generated significant publicity for the show, even prompting the Prime Minister of Australia to call on Network Ten to "do a bit of self-regulation and get this stupid program off the air."

Just prior to the fifth anniversary of the 9/11 attacks, Network Ten broadcast 911: In Plane Site, a documentary that examined conspiracy theories about the terrorist attacks.  Federal Labor politician Michael Danby demanded that the programming director of the station be sacked.

On 8 October 2008, the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) found Network Ten guilty of breaching the Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice by using subliminal advertising during the broadcast of the 2007 ARIA Music Awards on 28 October 2007. Network Ten had inserted single frames (lasting 1/25th of a second) into the program broadcast. This was exposed on ABC's Media Watch program.

Logo and identity history
From 1964 to 1984 Network Ten's four stations – ATV-0/ATV-10 Melbourne, TEN-10 Sydney, TVQ-0 Brisbane and SAS-10 Adelaide – used different logos to identify themselves. There had also been a number of network-wide logos used from the mid-1960s through to the early 1980s.

By late-1985 ATV-10, SAS-10 and TEN-10 were all using the same logo – a circle with "TEN" in the centre, somewhat in the style of a neon sign. This logo had been introduced by TEN-10 on 16 January 1983, was adopted by ATV-10 in June 1984 and by SAS-10 in November 1985. The logo was also similar to the new logo adopted by Brisbane's TVQ-0 in April 1983, when that station became branded as TV0 – a neon sign-style circle with "TV" in the centre.

Kicking off several years of branding upheaval, on 24 January 1988 ATV-10, ADS-10 and TEN-10 all adopted the "X TEN" logo, followed by Perth's NEW-10 when the station launched in May of that year, and finally TVQ-0 on 10 September, when the station changed frequency and became TVQ-10. On 23 July 1989, the network rebranded again to "10 TV Australia".

On 13 January 1991, the network introduced a new logo featuring a lowercase "ten" in a circle; four variations of this logo would appear over the next 27 years. The first version consisted of a white, silver or metallic ring enclosing a blue circle with "ten" in yellow lowercase text. A revision of the logo with a yellow ring was introduced with the "Give Me Ten" ident campaign in 1995, but the white/silver/metallic ring was reintroduced with the network's 1997 idents. It was not until 1 October 1999 when the "Electric" ident was launched that the ring became yellow permanently.

In January 2008, the logo was enhanced for HD with a glossy "ball" effect similar to the logo of the American network ABC. On 22 June 2013, the logo changed again, when the ring and lettering became blue as well.

On 31 October 2018, Ten unveiled a completely new logo, in its first major rebranding since 1991. The new branding replaced the "ten" wordmark with a numeric 10 in a circle. The "10" used in the logo is similar to those of American local TV stations WBNS-TV and WTSP. Coincidentally, the stations are affiliates of the CBS television network in the U.S., albeit as affiliates owned by Tegna Inc. as opposed to owned-and-operated stations part of CBS Television Stations.

Slogans
The 0–10 Network (1970–1980)

1970: Make Love, Not Revolution! (Used as a response to the Seven Network's "Revolution" campaign)
1974–1975: First In Color (Melbourne/Sydney/Adelaide only)
1976: The Big Parade! (Melbourne/Brisbane only, based on "Seventy-Six Trombones" from the musical "The Music Man")
1977: I Like It! (Based on the song by Silver Convention)
Summer 1977/78: Keep Your Eye On The Circle, Keep Your Eye On The 0! (Melbourne/Brisbane only)
1979–1980: Come Up to TEN! (Sydney/Adelaide only)

Network Ten (1980–2018)
1980 (Melbourne), 1981 (Adelaide): You're on Top with Ten!
1983–1984: You're Home on Ten (Melbourne/Sydney/Adelaide only, used on and off by ATV-10 in 1985–86, only as station ID music)
1985–1986: It's Your Home on Ten!/'Cause You're Home on Ten (Melbourne/Adelaide only)
1985–1988: Ten out of Ten Australia - We Give You Ten (Sydney/Adelaide only)
1988: We're For You! (Ten's for You!)
24 January 1988 – 23 July 1989: X TEN (also used for Capital Television after aggregation for Southern NSW/ACT from March–July 1989, not used in Brisbane until Sept. 1988)
1989: Something's Going On Around Here! c/w Look! You've Got a Friend on TEN
23 July 1989 – 13 January 1991: 10 TV Australia (also used for Capital Television)
1990–1994: The Entertainment Network (also used for Star Television in 1990 and Capital Television from 1991 to 1994)
Summer 1990/1991: Channel Ten's Summer of Entertainment!
1991: That's Entertainment! (used elements from CBS's "Get Ready 1990" video. Also used for Capital Television and QTV)
1992: This Is It! (borrowed lyrical elements from ABC's "America's Watching ABC" and visuals from Fox's "It's on FOX!" video. Also used by Northern Rivers Television NRTV)
1993: It's on Ten! (borrowed from FOX's 1990 slogan)
1994: That's Ten! (also used by Ten Capital)
February 1995 – November 1997: Give Me Ten!
Summer 1997/98: Have a Cool Summer
February 1998 – August 1999: Turn Me On Ten
September 1999 – November 2000: Ten.
Summer 2000/01: Let Ten Entertain You...
11 February 2001 – 22 January 2012: Seriously Ten
Summer 2009/10: Summer's Looking Good!
2012 (22 January – 6 May): Turn It On (based on the song by David Guetta feat. Nicki Minaj)
1 January 2014 – 31 October 2018: Turn on 10
1 August 2014: 10, Celebrating 50 Years Young

Network 10 (2018–present)

31 October 2018 – 23 October 2019: TV with a Twist
23 October 2019 – 15 October 2020: Now You're Talking
15 October 2020 – 12 July 2022: There's No Place Like 10
12 July 2022 – present: TV That's So Good
6 October 2022 – present: A Mountain of Entertainment (shared with Paramount+ streaming service, referencing Paramount Pictures' iconic logo)

See also

 List of Australian television series
10 Peach
10 Bold
Nickelodeon

Notes

References

External links

Television networks in Australia
Television channels and stations established in 1964
1964 establishments in Australia
English-language television stations in Australia
Paramount International Networks
2017 mergers and acquisitions

Network 10


Zulfiqar Ali Bukhari often abbreviated as Z. A. Bukhari () (July 6, 1904 – July 12, 1975) was a broadcaster of British India and later Pakistan. He was also a writer, poet and musician. He was the first director-general of Radio Pakistan.

Early life
He was born into a family of peers (Sufi mystics) on 6 July 1904 in Peshawar, British India. His family was of mixed Kashmiri and Hindkowan ethnicity. Zulfiqar Ali Bukhari, or Z. A. Bukhari as he was popularly known, came to Lahore after passing his matriculation exam. His elder brother Patras Bokhari, one of Urdu's finest humorists, lived there. At Lahore, the younger Bukhari took admission into Oriental College and completed his Munshi Fazil, the highest degree at that time in the oriental branch of knowledge.

Career

Z. A. Bukhari in his autobiography Sarguzasht writes: "As I came out of a tea house in Peshawar, I ran into my friend Qazi. Reading a clipping from Lahore's newspaper Tribune again and again, he was just smiling in reaction to it. On being asked, he told me that an advertiser had invited applications, in care of a post box, for someone who knew English, Urdu, Persian, Arabic, Pushto and Punjabi. The mere thought that how anybody could know that many languages was making him smile. And I thought "well, I at least know a little of all of them". I stormed into a typist's shop, typed an application and mailed it mentioning the names of Mirza Mohammad Saeed Dehlvi and Dr Mohammad Iqbal as references."

The advertisement was from Shimla's Board of Examiners (an institution established in British India to teach vernaculars to the British officers) and Bukhari was selected for the post. It was back in 1925 and he was 21. He became a Munshi (or a teacher) and was ultimately promoted as the head of the bureau of translation. Besides his profession, Z. A. Bukhari also took part in other theatrical activities.

One of Bukhari's British students at Shimla was later posted as Assistant District Commissioner to the then governor of Punjab. And when the government decided to run the radio service in a professional manner and from London sent Lionel Fieldon – a maverick war veteran – to set up a full-fledged broadcasting station in 1935 in Delhi, that student of Bukhari's recommended and introduced him to Fieldon. Z. A. Bukhari's talents blossomed when the British decided to run the radio in a professional manner and launched a broadcasting station in Delhi. Sir Malcolm Darling recruited Bukhari on the recommendation of the controller of broadcasting for All India Radio, Lionel Fielden, to set up the Indian section of the Eastern Service. Initially Bukhari and his team only contributed a weekly news report and an occasional cultural programme. Bukhari was trained by Lionel Fielden in the art of broadcasting. Bukhari was then appointed at the newly established AIR (Akashvani (radio broadcaster)) Delhi station as programme director.

In 1939, Bukhari, as a Station Director of AIR (Akashvani (radio broadcaster)) Delhi station, got transferred to Bombay (now Mumbai) station of AIR (Akashvani (radio broadcaster)).

Z. A. Bukhari helped the Bombay radio station make a lot of improvements. There were many people at Bombay radio station he helped like the film playback singers, G. M. Durrani, Suraiya etc. Durrani called Zulfiqar Ali Bukhari his 'Ustad' (teacher) to show him respect.

After the Partition of India and creation of Pakistan, he was made the first director-general of Radio Pakistan (Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation) (then known as Pakistan Broadcasting Service on 14 August 1947, when Pakistan emerged on the world map as a new country). The most important thing is that the independence of Pakistan was announced through Radio Pakistan on Aug 13, 1947 at 11:59 pm. Zulfiqar Ali Bukhari retired from the radio in 1959.

In 1967, he served as the first general manager of PTV-Karachi Center (Pakistan Television Corporation) as it started broadcasting in the city of Karachi.

Personality
Bukhari was a workaholic. With his immense energies and love for broadcasting, he worked at the radio station till late into the night. Nasrullah Khan in his book Kya Qafal Jata Hai has described how Bukhari would sit with singers, guide them, compose new tunes and would even sing with them. He introduced many innovative ideas at radio stations. He would write many programmes and broadcast them, too.

A hard taskmaster and a man who had been immersed in culture and literature, Bukhari did not tolerate slights in broadcasting and especially emphasized the correct Urdu pronunciation. Some experts were especially hired by him to check and correct the pronunciation of artistes. During Bukhari's tenure, the radio station was a place frequented by intellectuals, writers, musicians, poets and scholars. He turned Radio Pakistan into an institution where raw hands got their early training and later went ahead in search of greener pastures. A great many of them, trained by him, became celebrities in their respective fields.

Literary work
Syed Ghulam Husain Jafri has authored a book on Bokhari called "Baba-e-Nasharyaat: Marconi say Bokhari Tak". In this book the author has traced the history of radio from its invention to establishment of BBC, All India Radio and Radio Pakistan and has tried to narrate the biography of Mr Z.A Bukhari. Mr. Ghulam Husain Jafri has the credit to have detailed discussion with him for about 2 years during his service at Radio Pakistan. A detailed commentary can be found
on Mirza Zafar-ul-Hasan, Bukhari's friend and colleague at Radio Pakistan and a writer in his own right, published a special issue of Ghalib, a quarterly published by Idara-i-Yadgar-i-Ghalib, on Bukhari posthumously. He also compiled Yad-i-Yar-i-Mehrban, a book on Bukhari. Both the publications contain Bukhari's satire columns and some transcriptions of his broadcasts, including the rare ones broadcast by him in Urdu from the BBC during his stay in London.

Bukhari's other books include Sarguzasht, an autobiography, Jo Kuchh Main Ne Kaha, a collection of his verses and Raag Darya, a book on classical music of Pakistan and India.

Death and legacy
Z.A. Bukhari died in Karachi on 12 July 1975 at age 71. An auditorium at Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation building in Islamabad is named in his honor recognizing his services to broadcasting in Pakistan.

References

External links
 Zulfiqar Ali Bukhari at Rekhta.org
'Baba-e-Nasharyaat: Marconi se Bokhari Tak' Zulfiqar Ali Bukhari (father of broadcasting) on Dawn newspaper archives
The quirky, sometimes sad tales from Radio Pakistan Dawn (newspaper)

People from Peshawar
Pakistani writers
Pakistani radio presenters
1904 births
1975 deaths
Writers from Karachi
Radio personalities from Karachi
Pakistani broadcasters
Pakistan Television Corporation executives
Pakistani people of Kashmiri descent
Hindkowan people

Zulfiqar Ali Bukhari


Roland Gewalt (born 2 April 1958 in Berlin) is a German politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 2005 until 2009. He has been a member of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany since 1980, which is affiliated with the Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) and European Democrats in the European Parliament. During his time in parliament, he was a member of the Committee on Transport and Tourism and the delegation for relations with South Africa. He was also a substitute for the Committee on Legal Affairs and the delegation to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly.

Education and early career
Gewalt studied law at the Free University of Berlin and took his first state law examination in 1987. He worked as a trainee at the Berlin Court of Appeal district and took his second state law examination in 1990. He was the section head for property law at Treuhandanstalt, and subsequently the federal institute for special assets of associations, until 1997. He was also head of the property department of a housing association.

Political career
From 1983 to 1985, Gewalt was the chairman of the Berlin-Reinickendorf Junge Union. He has been a member of the Reinickendorf Christian Democratic Union Executive Committee since 1983 and a member of Christian Democratic Union Regional Executive in Berlin since 2005. He has been a member of the Young European Federalists and Europa Union since 1977. He became regional chairman of the Young European Federalists in Berlin in 1980, and from 1987 to 1990 he was a member of the main committee of Europa Union in Berlin.

From 1985 to 1990, Roland was a member of the district assembly of Berlin-Reinickendorf. He has been the press secretary of the Christian Democratic Union Group since 1988. From 1990 he has been a member of the Berlin Chamber of Deputies, serving as the deputy group leader between 1995 and 1998. He was the parliamentary business manager for the Christian Democratic Union Group between 1998 and 2001, the foreigners policy spokesman between 1992 and 1998, and the home affairs spokesman between 1998 and 2002.

From 2002 to 2005, Gewalt served as a member of the Bundestag. At the 2005 election, he unsuccessfully contested the Berlin-Lichtenberg constituency. He is currently chairman of the Berlin regional group of the CDU-CSU Group.

External links
 European Parliament biography

MEPs for Germany 2004–2009
1958 births
Living people
Christian Democratic Union of Germany MEPs
Free University of Berlin alumni
Jurists from Berlin
Members of the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin
Members of the Bundestag for Berlin
Members of the Bundestag 2002–2005
People from Reinickendorf
Members of the Bundestag for the Christian Democratic Union of Germany

Roland Gewalt


Idar Kreutzer (born 29 August 1962) is a Norwegian businessperson.

He holds a siv.øk. degree from the Norwegian School of Economics. From 1986 to 1987 he was a political secretary for Conservative City Commissioner Michael Tetzschner in Oslo. Kreutzer has been with Storebrand since 1992, was a director from 1995 to 2000 and was appointed as chief executive officer in 2000. He was acting CEO after Åge Korsvold left in October 2000, and was hired on a permanent basis in December 2000.

On 7 May 2012, Storebrand announced that Idar Kreutzer would leave Storebrand and join Finance Norway as managing director. His departure will be effective as of 1 June 2012.

References

1962 births
Living people
Norwegian businesspeople
Norwegian School of Economics alumni
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians

Idar Kreutzer


These are the results of the women's 52 kg (also known as half lightweight) competition in judo at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia.  A total of 21 women competed in this event, limited to jūdōka whose body weight was less than, or equal to, 61 kilograms.  Competition took place on July 23 of 1996 in the Georgia World Congress Center.

Results
The gold and silver medalists were determined by the final match of the main single-elimination bracket.

Repechage
The losing semifinalists as well as those judoka eliminated in earlier rounds by the four semifinalists of the main bracket advanced to the repechage.  These matches determined the two bronze medalists for the event.

References

External links

W52
Judo at the Summer Olympics Women's Half Lightweight
Olympics W52
Judo

Judo at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's 52 kg


Shit is a slang word for feces. Shit is a swear word (an offensive, rude, or impolite word) to most English speakers. It can mean bad things other than feces, depending on the context. It can be used as an angry exclamation, which is something said loudly or with strong emotion. It can be an adjective that means low quality or worthless. It can be a verb that means to produce feces (poop). The related form bullshit is a slang word with meanings that include nonsense and lies.

The general etymology of this is from the three words (of different languages): Old English "scitte", Dutch "schijiten", German "schiessen".

English profanity

Shit


Libra is a supervillain appearing in comic books published by DC Comics. He first appeared in Justice League of America #111 (May–June 1974), where he formed the first incarnation of the Injustice Gang (though there had been other villain groups with similar names, like the Injustice Society and the Injustice League). Libra made his return with a leading role in Final Crisis in 2008.

Publication history
Libra's only major appearance, prior to his appearance in Final Crisis, was in Justice League of America #111–112, in 1974. In 2004, he made a brief cameo in the JLA/Avengers crossover (#4) by Kurt Busiek and George Pérez.

Grant Morrison, the writer of Final Crisis, explained the reason for picking an obscure villain:

The reason I chose them was because Libra came from my favorite ever run of  'Justice League of America' and he's never been used again. He was a character who had stolen all the powers of the Justice League, but then couldn't handle it and ascended to some kind of screaming godhood where he became a million transparent body parts spread across the sky. So I thought if I was doing a thing about the New Gods, he'd be an interesting guy to bring back because I needed a masked mystery man to start a new recruitment drive for the Secret Society of Supervillains (sic), because they become almost a terrorist sect. Under Libra's guidance, they start doing quite bad things, even to superheroes' wives and families, crossing the line. So there's that element to the story and I needed a masked guy, who people didn't really know that well. And I remembered Libra and the fact that he is connected to this ascending to godhood thing tied him in really quite nicely. What's really going on under the hood will be revealed later in the series.

In May 2008, his appearances were reprinted in DC Universe Special: Justice League of America at the same time as he was reintroduced, along with the Human Flame (a Martian Manhunter foe who appeared in Detective Comics #274), in Justice League of America #21. He returns, apparently retaining the full might of his godlike status, to lead a new and final incarnation of the Secret Society of Super-Villains, this time offering to every villain, from simple costumed crooks to major ones, the realization of his/her fondest wish.

The full origins of Libra and the connection between his original appearance and Final Crisis was then made apparent in a one-shot story by his original creator, Len Wein, in Final Crisis: Secret Files #1 in December 2008.

Fictional character biography
In Final Crisis: Secret Files #1, it was shown that Libra was born Justin Ballantine, who lost his mother at the age of eight due to an alcoholic pharmacist mismeasuring medicine his mother needed. Soon after his father turned to alcoholism himself and brutally abused Justin regularly. Justin would later use all the money he had to buy a telescope so that he could stargaze and imagine a better life among the stars. His father threatened to beat him with his telescope one night but he lost his balance and fell to his death, which led Justin to see the importance of balance in the universe. While attending university, his physics professor was Ted Knight (Starman).

Libra was a secret founder of the group of super-villains named Injustice Gang, given control by a mysterious benefactor. He constructed an unusual device, the Transmortifier, basing it on copied plans of Ted Knight's Cosmic Rod. The device enabled him to steal half the powers or energies of a given person. By the end of the first appearance, it was revealed that their entire operation was a massive feint by their organizer, Libra, to test the Transmortifier. A series of "Plan A" devices the villains had been given in case the JLA defeated them absorbed half of the heroes' powers and transferred them to Libra. Satisfied with these results, he then turned his device upon the universe itself, hoping to become a god. Instead, Libra was absorbed into the universe itself, effectively disintegrating him and spreading his essence across the cosmos. He spent years drifting through the cosmos, until he was brought back to cohesion on Apokolips, by Desaad. There he encounters his initial benefactor, Glorious Godfrey, and his master, Darkseid. He promises eternal loyalty to Darkseid. Morrison has implied that this means Libra has become a New God.

Libra returns in Final Crisis controlling an army of super-villains and threatening the entire Multiverse. He is identified in Justice League of America #21 as an alien warlord, although no such origin was indicated in his initial appearance, or subsequently in Final Crisis: Secret Files #1. During the events of Final Crisis #1 he kills the Martian Manhunter with his staff, granting the Human Flame's greatest desire. Before he died, the Martian Manhunter revealed that he knew how this would end. He told Libra he and his kind would fail, that they always fail. He also told Libra that defeat was his destiny, now and forever. To prove his claims to Lex Luthor when he requests to draw Superman to him, Libra then sends Clayface I to bomb the Daily Planet Building, severely injuring Lois Lane. Later, when the Human Flame thanks Libra for his revenge, Libra begins to discuss what the villain owes him. In follow-up to this, Libra gives him a new base at the former swamp headquarters of the Legion of Doom and then gives him a new upgraded outfit. When Libra shoves a helmet (which turns out to be a Justifier helmet) on Human Flame, he is transformed into a mindless slave to the Anti-Life Equation. Libra then reveals himself as a prophet of Darkseid.

At this point, Lex Luthor tries to kill Libra, having concluded that Libra's effectiveness makes him too dangerous to be left alive, but the newer villain instead surrounds him with more Justifiers. He offers Luthor a choice to either swear an oath to the God of Evil (Darkseid) or become a mindless slave. At the time Libra is leading the Secret Society of Super-Villains at a public execution. Some savant with access to the Society's computers has been breaking codes for the Resistance, and Libra has condemned Calculator for the action. Lex Luthor is silent on the matter, but has been picked to lead the rearguard action against the heroes at Blüdhaven. He assumes it is an honor, but he does not look very pleased. A hole in the sky opens over the hanging, and as Libra tells the Society of the "night of anguish that lasts forever", Darkseid gains the fullness of his power. Libra, having discovered, at this time, that Lex Luthor was the actual mole, attempts to kill him only to have Doctor Sivana use a device to disable the Justifiers. Luthor blasts Libra, seemingly killing him. Lex Luthor reveals that Libra was a living embodiment of the Anti-Life Equation.

In Final Crisis: Rogues' Revenge, Libra is shocked when he hears that the Rogues declined membership into his Secret Society. Many times and in many ways he attempts to recruit them, including threats against their families and revealing that Barry Allen had returned from the dead, but failed. As they walk away, Libra shouts that evil will win.

In Final Crisis: Revelations, Libra is confronted by Crispus Allen, the third Spectre, who has come to judge him for the murder of the Martian Manhunter. Not only was the Spectre unable to learn Libra's real identity, but the villain was able to fight off the Spirit of Vengeance and drive him away.

In other media
Equinox, a character inspired by Libra, appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by Oded Fehr. He was an orphan raised by the Lords of Chaos and Order, who granted him godlike powers and tasked him with maintaining balance between good and evil. However, Equinox was overwhelmed by this and went rogue to pursue his own sense of balance. In the teaser for the episode "Mystery in Space!", Equinox attempts to kill Gorilla Grodd and the Question, which leads to his first encounter with Batman, who foils the plot despite Equinox escaping. In the episode "When OMAC Attacks!", Equinox manipulates Shrapnel and OMAC into fighting and causing a New York City nuclear power plant to melt down as compensation for Shrapnel's village being destroyed years prior. While Batman nearly sacrifices himself to shut down the nuclear reactor, Equinox heals him before disappearing once more. In "The Fate of Equinox!", Equinox tricks Batman into ensuring the former's ascent to godhood, intending to destroy the universe and create it anew. Despite stealing his former masters' powers and becoming Equinox-Prime, Batman distracts Equinox with the revelation that the latter is unbalanced as he hates the Lords of Chaos and Order before knocking him into the vortex Equinox created to destroy the universe. In "Time Out for Vengeance!", it is revealed Equinox's consciousness was shattered into a dozen fragments, each embodying a part of his mind, and scattered throughout space and time. His hatred landed in a computer in the far future, where it captures that time period's Batman and forms the Batman Revenge Squad to erase Batmen across the time-space continuum. However, Rip Hunter discovers this and alerts the Justice League International, who defeat the Batman Revenge Squad before confronting Equinox's hatred. It merges several robots into one giant robot that it can inhabit, but the future Batman frees himself from its control and summons three Batmen from across time to help him neutralize Equinox's hatred.

References

External links
 Libra at the DC Database Project

 FINAL CRISIS FLASHBACK: Libra & Human Flame, Comic Book Resources, June 5, 2008

Characters created by Dick Dillin
Characters created by Len Wein
Comics characters introduced in 1974
DC Comics aliens
DC Comics deities
DC Comics male supervillains
Fictional characters with absorption or parasitic abilities
Fictional mass murderers

Libra (DC Comics)


Diego Arias de Miranda (December 1, 1845, Aranda de Duero – June 28, 1929) was a Spanish politician linked to Christian naturalism. He was minister of justice and navy during the reign of King Alfonso XIII.

A member of the Liberal Party, his political career began with the 1872 election, which resulted in his election in the district of Burgos, even though the proclamation of the First Spanish Republic resulted in a parenthesis in his political activity, and he did not return as a representative until 1886. Since then, he got reelected in every political process until 1903, and in 1904 he passed to the Senate as senator for life.

He was minister of the Navy from February 9, 1910 to April 3, 1911 in the Canalejas cabinet, and minister of Justice from March 12 and December 31, 1912, in successive governments, presided by Canalejas until his assassination, then García Prieto, and finally the Count of Romanones.

He was a civilian  governor, general manager of public works and mayor of Aranda de Duero. In the center of Aranda de Duero, he commissioned a square named in his honor, treating himself with a plaza in whose center he commissioned a statue of himself. His daughter, Josefina Arias de Miranda, married José Martínez de Velasco (1875–1936), founder and leader of the Spanish Agrarian Party, minister of several departments during the Second Republic and mayor of Madrid for 12 years. The son-in-law of Don Diego Arias de Miranda was executed at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War.

1845 births
1929 deaths
People from the Province of Burgos
Liberal Party (Spain, 1880) politicians
Justice ministers of Spain
Government ministers of Spain
Members of the Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the Congress of Deputies of the Spanish Restoration
Members of the Senate of Spain
Politicians from Castile and León

Diego Arias de Miranda


Fred Carl Koenig (April 27, 1931 – January 12, 1993) was an American first baseman and manager in minor league baseball and a coach and farm system director at the Major League level. A native of St. Louis, Missouri, Koenig threw and batted right-handed and stood 6'3" (190 cm) and weighed 210 pounds (95 kg) in his playing days. He graduated from St. Louis' Central High School and attended the University of Illinois.

Koenig's baseball career began in 1951 with his hometown St. Louis Cardinals as a member of the Hamilton Cardinals of the Class D Pennsylvania–Ontario–New York League (PONY League). His career as a first baseman continued through 1961, but Koenig spent most of his career at the Double-A level, reaching Triple-A in 1959 for only 16 games and 49 at bats with the Omaha Cardinals of the American Association.  In his best minor league campaign, with the 1954 Allentown Cardinals of the Class A Eastern League, Koenig batted .287 with 11 home runs and 83 runs batted in in 484 at-bats.  He also led the league's first basemen in putouts and double plays and was selected to the Eastern League all-star team.

He became a manager in the Cardinal farm system in 1962, with the Winnipeg Goldeyes of the Class C Northern League.  Switching to the California Angels organization in 1965, he managed at the Rookie and Class A levels and won the 1968 Midwest League championship at the helm of the Quad Cities Angels.  Koenig then came to the Major Leagues as a coach for Angel skipper Lefty Phillips for 1970–71.

After Phillips' firing in Anaheim at the close of , Koenig returned to the Cardinals for two seasons as a minor league manager, sandwiched around two seasons (1973–74) as the Cardinals' director of player development. He then was a Major League coach for the Cardinals (1976), Texas Rangers (1977–82), Chicago Cubs (1983), and Cleveland Indians (1986). Koenig later worked in the Atlanta Braves' farm system as a roving coach and manager at the Rookie level.  He died in Wagoner, Oklahoma, at age 61.

See also
 List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches

References
 1983 Chicago Cubs Organizational Record Book. St. Petersburg, Florida: The Baseball Blue Book, 1983.

External links

 Coach's page from Retrosheet

1931 births
1993 deaths
Allentown Cardinals players
Baseball players from St. Louis
California Angels coaches
Chicago Cubs coaches
Cleveland Indians coaches
Columbus Foxes players
Columbus Red Birds players
Hamilton Cardinals players
Major League Baseball farm directors
Major League Baseball first base coaches
Major League Baseball third base coaches
Minor league baseball managers
Omaha Cardinals players
Paducah Chiefs players
St. Joseph Cardinals players
St. Louis Cardinals coaches
St. Louis Cardinals executives
Texas Rangers coaches
Tulsa Oilers (baseball) players
Winnipeg Goldeyes players
Winston-Salem Red Birds players
York White Roses players

Fred Koenig


The Coastal and Marine Institute Laboratory (CMIL), formerly known as the Coastal Waters Laboratory, is an academic laboratory operated by the College of Sciences of San Diego State University (SDSU), in the Point Loma district of San Diego, California.

It is located on a coastal site at northern San Diego Bay, on the former grounds of the closed San Diego Naval Training Center, now part of the Liberty Station redevelopment project in Point Loma.

Research
The Laboratory focuses research on environmental and ecological problems on the Southern California Bight coastline in southern California,  caused by urbanization in the coastal environment at land-water interfaces, such as estuaries.

Current Research Projects
Coastal GIS Center
Wetlands Restoration Center (Pacific Estuarine Research Lab)
Coastal and Marine Ecology Group
Beach Water Quality Center

HPWREN
Data is transferred back from the Laboratory via the High Performance Research and Education Network (HPWREN).

Equipment
50,000 square foot Coastal Waters Laboratory
10,000 square feet devoted to outdoor aquaria and a greenhouse
Continuous flow seawater system from San Diego Bay
Large hall for classes, lectures, and workshops on resource issues
Boat maintenance and SCUBA diving facility
Specialized analytical, research, and wet laboratories, including:
Coastal Zone GIS Laboratory
Virus and Pathogen Laboratory

Coastal Zone Campus
Adjacent to the CMIL laboratory complex is another research laboratory, operated by the Metropolitan Wastewater Department (MWWD) of the City of San Diego, in order to consolidate marine monitoring and analytical operations.

Together, this has created a "Coastal Zone Campus" on San Diego Bay to allow mutual access to and sharing of new and innovative research ideas and activities among federal regional, and local entities, and nationally known scientists and experts, in order to exchange information related to the coastal zone environment.

See also

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

External links
Official SDSU Coastal Waters Laboratory website
SDSU College of Sciences
Marine Ecology and Biology Student Association
San Diego State University: main homepage

Oceanographic organizations
Laboratories in California
Research institutes in California
San Diego State University
Point Loma, San Diego
San Diego Bay
Buildings and structures in San Diego
Education in San Diego
Environmental organizations based in California
Organizations based in San Diego
University subdivisions in California
Estuaries of California
Water in California

Coastal Waters Laboratory


Yuri Ivanovich Ryabinkin (Russian: Юрий Иванович Рябинкин; 2 September 1925 – between 8 January and 2 March 1942), was a Russian boy who endured the Siege of Leningrad. He kept a personal diary from 22 June 1941 (the day the Germans invaded the Soviet Union) to 6 January 1942.

He gained posthumous fame a few years later after World War II ended, when his diary was printed by a press. His diary was first published in 1970.

Yuri's fate remains unknown. It is known that he did not survive the siege of Leningrad, and that he died between 8 January and 2 March 1942 (due to records confirming it). The exact date of his death and his burial place, has not been recorded.

Life and family

Yuri Ivanovich Ryabinkin was born on 2 September 1925 in Saint Petersburg (then Leningrad). His younger sister Irina was born on 30 April 1933. His mother Antonina Mikhailovna Riabinkina (née Pankina), who was born on 13 August 1903, came from a family belonging to the intelligentsia. She finished education at the gymnasium and knew French, German, and Polish, well. Yuri and his family lived in a apartment, which even had a library. By 1941 (when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union), Antonina worked as a  librarian and was also a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Yuri's father left the family in April 1933, remarried, and lived with his new wife in a Russian village,  near Finland, before being sent to the Gulag, in 1937.

Living with his aunt alone until he was 7, he and his aunt moved in with his mother. In 1933, he began to attend school, and by the age of 15, finished eighth grade. In 1938, whilst sill in school, Yuri began to study the sea in Kuybyshev for one year, and, in 1941, began to study history in the House of Pioneers of Leningrad. Yuri lived with Irina, Antonina, and his aunt in Sadova Street (today named the July 3 street) in Leningrad. When the Ryabinkins learned about the invasion of the Soviet Union, they preferred to stay in Leningrad (because Antonina was a member of the Communist Party). When the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, Yuri suffered from poor eyesight and lung disease, which is why he never made any attempts to join the Red Army. During the siege of Leningrad, in the fall of 1941, his mother Antonina advised him to go to a navy school, so that Yuri could be in better conditions and be evacuated from Leningrad, but Yuri did not pass the test and was rejected from the Navy.

Yuri began writing a diary on 22 June 1941 (without mentioning why he wanted to keep a diary, at all), without his sister, Irina's knowledge. The only known person to know that Yuri kept a diary, was his mother Antonina. According to his diary, she did not want him to keep a diary.

In a entry dated December 1941, Yuri mentions that he and his family were included in a list of those who will be evacuated from Leningrad, stating that the list showed they will be evacuated somewhere between one day to seven days (one week), but later states that the evacuation was later postponed for almost one month. Sometime later, his mother Antonina recieved a work card, his sister Irina a child card, and Yuri recieved one slice of bread. In the last entry for 1941 dated 24 December, Yuri recalls thier life before the war and happiness.

In the first week of January 1942, Yuri and his family began to suffer from severe stomach disease. The last entry dated 6 January, ends literally in mid-sentence. Two days later on 8 January, the family were put on evacuation, whilst Yuri stayed behind, being gravely ill and weak. Yuri died alone in the family's apartment a few days later from starvation. After traveling for two weeks, the family arrived in Volgoda, where Antonina died the same day they arrived, from exhaustion. Irina, still alive, was sent to a orphanage in the city. On 11 February, Irina was sent to another orphanage in the village of Nikitskaya. She never found out what happened to her brother Yuri, almost all her life.

Once Irina became a adult, she began searching for her brother Yuri, and asked archivists for records, to discover Yuri's fate.

In February 2021, an archivist found records from the siege of Leningrad indicating that Yuri Ryabinkin died in 1942. Irina was later told of her brother's death.

The fate of Yuri's diary
Sometime in 1942 in Volgoda, a schoolteacher was taken to a hospital, suffering from tuberculosis. There, he gave a nurse named Rebekah Trifonovah in the hospital, a notebook which was Yuri Ryabinkin's diary. The schoolteacher was so weak that he could not talk, and therefore, he did not say where he got the diary. He died a few days later in the hospital.
The nurse published the diary in 1970.

References

1925 births
1942 deaths
Writers from Saint Petersburg
Diarists

Yuri Ryabinkin


Harper (sometimes referred to collectively as Harper Road) is a Canadian rural community located in western Prince County, Prince Edward Island.

Among other roads, Harper is located on Route 158, which runs from Route 2 (Tignish) to Route 156 (Palmer Road).

The second community on Route 158 is Leoville, which continues to officially exist, although a 1998 civic address reform in Prince Edward Island saw all Leoville addresses consolidated under Harper. Many locals refer to Harper and Leoville as "Harper Road" collectively.

Harper is home to Harper's Brook, a tributary to the Tignish River, which runs from Tignish to DeBlois. Harper has a population of approximately 200 residents and traces its name to the explorer William Harper, who inhabited the area during the 19th century.  Harper (Settlement) was adopted in the Place Names of Prince Edward Island in 1925 and was changed to Harpers (Settlement) on December 3, 1946, then to Harper (Station) on May 5, 1960. It was changed to its present status as Harper (Locality) on October 23, 1989.

List of roads in Harper
Harper Rd - Route 158
Gunion Rd
Spruce Ln
Pinetree Ln
Western Rd - Route 2
Phillip St
Joe Pete Rd
Peter Rd - Route 159

See also
Tignish
Leoville
Route 158 (Harper, Leoville)

Communities in Prince County, Prince Edward Island

Harper, Prince Edward Island


NGC 660 is a peculiar and unique polar-ring galaxy located approximately 45 million light-years from Earth in the Pisces constellation. It is the only such galaxy having, as its host, a "late-type lenticular galaxy". It was probably formed when two galaxies collided a billion years ago. However, it may have first started as a disk galaxy that captured matter from a passing galaxy. This material could have, over time, become "strung out" to form a rotating ring.

The ring is not actually polar, but rather has an inclination from the plane of the host disk of approximately 45 degrees. The extreme number of pinkish star-forming areas that occurs along the galaxy's ring could be the result of the gravitation interaction caused by this collision. The ring is 50,000 light-years across - much broader than the disk itself - and has a greater amount of gas and star formation than the host ring. This likely indicates a very violent formation. The polar ring contains objects numbering in the hundreds. Many of these are red and blue supergiant stars. The most recently created stars in the ring were just formed approximately 7 million years ago. This indicates that the formation of these stars has been a long process and is still occurring.

Data about the dark matter halo of NGC 660 can be extracted by observing the gravitational effects of the dark matter on the disk and ring's rotation. From the core of the disk, radio waves are being emitted. The source of these waves is an area only 21 light-years across. This may indicate the presence of a super-cluster of stars located within an area of cloud of gas.
The region in the centre has a vast amount of star formation, so luminous that it is considered to be a starburst galaxy.

Late in 2012, this polar-ring galaxy produced an enormous outburst having a magnitude of approximately ten times brighter than a supernova explosion. The cause is not certain, but this event may have resulted from a tremendous jet being emanated from the galaxy's central black hole.

NGC 660 is a member of the M74 Group.

See also
 List of polar-ring galaxies

References

External links

M74 Group
Pisces (constellation)

Polar-ring galaxies
Lenticular galaxies

0660
6318

NGC 660


Kenneth Darrell Rowe (December 31, 1933 – November 22, 2012) was an American professional baseball player and coach whose career spanned 60 seasons. The native of Ferndale, Michigan, was a veteran of minor league baseball who appeared in 26 games over parts of three Major League seasons as a middle-relief pitcher for the Los Angeles Dodgers () and Baltimore Orioles (–). He also spent all but two seasons of his coaching career in the minors; the exceptions came in  and  when he was the big-league pitching coach of the Orioles under managers Joe Altobelli and Earl Weaver.

Rowe batted and threw right-handed and was listed as  tall and . He signed with his hometown Detroit Tigers in 1953 and bounced among five Detroit farm teams in the lower minors until November 1955, when he was drafted by the Dodgers, still in Brooklyn. He became a relief pitcher in 1962 with the Spokane Indians, appearing in 70 games, and then received his first MLB trial with the 1963 Dodgers. After a six-game, early season stint in Los Angeles, which netted Rowe his only MLB save (May 7 against the St. Louis Cardinals), he returned to Spokane until late July when the Dodgers recalled him. He then appeared in eight more games during the year's final three months, as the Dodgers successfully fended off the Cardinals to win the National League championship. He won his first MLB game September 26 with three innings of shutout relief against the New York Mets, but did not appear in the 1963 World Series, won by the Dodgers in a four-game sweep over the New York Yankees.

In , Rowe found himself back in Spokane, where he worked in 88 games, all in relief, and posted a 16–11 record and sparkling 1.77 earned run average in 137 innings pitched. The performance impressed the Orioles, who were locked in a three-way struggle with the Yankees and Chicago White Sox for the American League pennant. They purchased Rowe's contract from Spokane September 10 and, four days later, called upon Rowe to take over for starting pitcher Milt Pappas in the ninth inning of a 3–3 tie at Memorial Stadium against the Minnesota Twins. Rowe retired the Twins in order and then was credited with the victory when the Orioles pushed across the winning run in the home half of the ninth. Rowe worked in five more games for Baltimore and was effective until his final two outings, as the Orioles finished third, only two games behind the Yankees.

He then made six early-season appearances for the 1965 Orioles before returning to the minors for the rest of his active career. In his brief MLB career, Rowe posted a 2–1 record with a 3.21 ERA and one save in 26 games pitched, including nine games finished, 19 strikeouts, 14 walks, and  innings. He allowed 55 hits.

His acquisition by Baltimore in late 1964 marked a long association with the Orioles, whom he served as a minor league manager, pitching coach and pitching coordinator, and MLB pitching coach through 1986. After working in the Yankees' and Philadelphia Phillies' systems, he joined the Cleveland Indians in 1991 as a minor league pitching coach, working with the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons and the Short-season Mahoning Valley Scrappers, among other assignments, for 22 seasons until his death in 2012.

Notes

External links

Ken Rowe at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)

1933 births
2012 deaths
Águilas Cibaeñas players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
Alexandria Aces players
American military personnel of the Korean War
Atlanta Crackers players
Baltimore Orioles coaches
Baltimore Orioles players
Deaths from pneumonia in Georgia (U.S. state)
Greenville Tigers players
Idaho Falls Russets players
Jackson Senators players
Jamestown Falcons players
Leones del Caracas players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Macon Dodgers players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball pitching coaches
Minor league baseball coaches
Minor league baseball managers
Navegantes del Magallanes players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
People from Ferndale, Michigan
Baseball players from Oakland County, Michigan
Rochester Red Wings players
Spokane Indians players
Stockton Ports players

Ken Rowe (baseball)


The Song of Rhiannon is a fantasy novel by American writer Evangeline Walton, the third in a series of four based on the Welsh Mabinogion. It was first published in paperback by Ballantine Books as the fifty-first volume of the Ballantine Adult Fantasy series in August, 1972. It has been reprinted a number of times since, and gathered together with Walton's other Mabinogion novels by Overlook Press as the omnibus The Mabinogion Tetralogy in 2002. The novel has also been published in translation in several European languages. The other three novels in the series are The Island of the Mighty (1936), The Children of Llyr (1971), and Prince of Annwn (1974).

The novel is a retelling of the story of the Third Branch of the Mabinogion, Manawydan Fab Llŷr (Manawyddan, son of Llŷr).

Plot summary

In the wake of the tragedy that befell the Children of Llyr, Prince Pryderi of Dyved returns to his realm with Manawyddan, the last survivor of the family. There Pryderi is reunited with his wife Cigfa and Manawyddan marries Pryderi's mother Rhiannon.

An enchantment descends on the land, leaving it a wasteland empty of all domesticated animals and humans apart from the four protagonists. They support themselves by hunting at first, then move to the larger realm of Llogres where they make a living making saddles, shields and shoes. Their work is of such quality that the local craftsmen cannot compete, and drive them from town to town.

Finally they return to Dyved and become hunters again. Pryderi and Manawyddan follow a white boar to a mysterious castle. Against Manawyddan's advice Pryderi goes inside, and does not return. Rhiannon goes to investigate and finds Pryderi clinging to a bowl, unable to speak. The same fate befalls her, and the castle disappears.

Manawyddan and Cigfa return to Llogres as shoemakers, but are once again forced to leave so they return to Dyved. They sow three fields of wheat, but the first is destroyed before it can be harvested. The next night the second field is destroyed. Manawyddan watches over the third field, sees it destroyed by mice, and catches one of them. He decides to hang it for theft the next day.

Three strangers turn up in succession to offer him gifts if he will spare the mouse. Manawyddan refuses. Asked by the third stranger what he wishes in return for the mouse's life, he demands the release of Pryderi and Rhiannon and the lifting of the curse from Dyved. The stranger agrees to these terms, and his captives are freed and the land restored. He reveals himself as Llwyd, an ally of Gwawl, whom Pryderi's father Pwyll had beaten in order to get Gwawl to give up his right to Rhiannon's hand, which Gwawl had won from Pwyll by trickery. The mice who destroyed Manawyddan's crops were his attendants, magically transformed, and the one Manawyddan captured is Llwyd's own pregnant wife. He had placed the enchantment on Dyved in vengeance for Gwawl's beating and humiliation.

Awards
The Song of Rhiannon received the 1973 Mythopoeic Award for Best Novel.

External links

1972 American novels
American fantasy novels
Mabinogion Tetralogy
Ballantine Books books
Works based on Celtic mythology

The Song of Rhiannon


Below is the list of the 124th Maine Senate, which was sworn into office on December 3, 2008 and left office in December 2010.

On December 3, Libby Mitchell (D-Kennebec) was the only candidate nominated for President of the Maine Senate and was subsequently elected Senate President.

The 124th Senate consisted of 21 Democrats and 14 Republicans. In April 2009, the Maine Senate approved LD 1020 with a 21-14 vote. The bill if enacted allowed same-sex couples to marry. The bill ultimately passed the Maine Legislature as a whole and was signed by Governor John Baldacci before being repealed via a people's veto in November 2009.

State senators
1 Peter Bowman (D) of Kittery, York County
2 Richard Nass (R) of Acton, York County
3 Jonathan Courtney (R) of Sanford, York County
4 Nancy Sullivan (D) of Biddeford, York County
5 Barry Hobbins (D) of Saco, York County
6 Phil Bartlett (D) of Gorham, Cumberland County
7 Larry Bliss (D) of South Portland, Cumberland County
8 Justin Alfond (D) of Portland, Cumberland County
9 Joseph Brannigan (D) of Portland, Cumberland County
10 Stan Gerzofsky (D) of Brunswick, Cumberland County
11 Gerald Davis (R) of Falmouth, Cumberland County
12 G. William Diamond (D) of Windham, Cumberland County
13 David Hastings (D) of Fryeburg, Oxford County
14 Bruce Bryant (D) of Dixfield, Oxford County
15 Deborah Simpson (D) of Auburn, Androscoggin County
16 Margaret Craven (D) of Lewiston, Androscoggin County
17 John Nutting (D) of Leeds, Androscoggin County
18 Walter Gooley (R) of Farmington, Franklin County
19 Seth Goodall (D) Richmond, Sagadahoc County
20 David Trahan (R) of Waldoboro, Lincoln County
21 Earle McCormick (R) of West Gardiner, Kennebec County
22 Chris Rector(R) of Thomaston, Knox County
23 Carol Weston (R) of Montville, Waldo County
24 Libby Mitchell (D) of Vassalboro, Kennebec County
25 Lisa Marrache (D) of Waterville, Kennebec County
26 S. Peter Mills (R) of Cornville, Somerset County
27 Douglas Smith (R), Dover-Foxcroft, Piscataquis County
28 Dennis Damon (D) of Trenton, Hancock County
29 Kevin Raye (R) of Perry, Washington County
30 Elizabeth Schneider (D) of Orono, Penobscot County
31 Richard Rosen (R) of Bucksport, Penobscot County
32 Joseph Perry (D) of Bangor, Penobscot County
33 Debra Plowman (R) of Hampden, Penobscot County
34 Roger Sherman (R) of Hodgdon, Aroostook County
35 Troy Dale Jackson (D) of Allagash, Aroostook County

References

Maine legislative sessions
2000s in Maine
2008 in Maine
2009 in Maine
2010 in Maine

124th Maine Senate


Acropora millepora is a species of branching stony coral native to the western Indo-Pacific where it is found in shallow water from the east coast of Africa to the coasts of Japan and Australia. It was first described in 1834 by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg as Heteropora millepora.

Description
Acropora millepora is a small colonial coral that grows in clumps. The short branches are cylindrical. The radial corallites are all the same size and have projecting lower rims, giving them a scale-like appearance. The colour is variable and may be green with orange tipped branches, or pale pink, orange, plain green or blue.

Distribution and habitat
Acropora millepora is a common species and is found in the western and central Indo-Pacific. Its range extends from the Red Sea, Kenya and South Africa to India, Malaysia, Japan, Indonesia and Australia. This coral grows in shallow water, between two and twelve metres (six and forty feet) deep, mostly on reef flats, but also on upper reef slopes and in lagoons.

Ecology
Acropora millepora is a zooxanthellate species of coral and harbours symbiotic dinoflagellates in its tissues. The larvae of Acropora millepora preferentially settle on vertical surfaces and on encrusting coralline algae. It has been found that at lower temperatures () the larvae were less specific as to their choice of settlement sites and that their survival rates were lower. Surprisingly, the choice of substrate for settlement was modified by the strain of symbiont present in the locality even though it had not yet infected the tissues.

Status
The main threat affecting Acropora millepora is the destruction of the coral reefs where it lives. Although relatively common it is a shallow water species and susceptible to bleaching and coral diseases. It is also collected for the reef aquarium trade. Corals in general are expected to be impacted by rising sea temperatures and ocean acidification. For these reasons, the IUCN has listed Acropora millepora as being "Near Threatened".

References

Acropora
Corals described in 1834
Near threatened animals
Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg

Acropora millepora