The Knānāya, (from Syriac: Knā'nāya (Canaanite)) also known as the Southists or Tekkumbhagar, are an endogamous ethnic group found among the Saint Thomas Christian community of Kerala, India. They are differentiated from another part of the community, known in this context as the Northists (Vaddakkumbhagar). There are about 300,000 Knanaya in India and elsewhere.

The origins of the division of the Saint Thomas Christians into Northist and Southist groups is traced back to the arrival of the Syrian merchant Thomas of Cana (Knāi Thoma) who led a migration of Syriac Christians (Jewish-Christians) from Mesopotamia to India in the 4th or 8th century. The Knanaya claim descent from Thomas of Cana and those who came with him. The communities arrival was recorded on the "Thomas of Cana copper plates " which existed in Kerala until the 17th century after which point they were taken to Portugal by the Franciscan Order. The ethnic division between the Knanaya and other St. Thomas Christians was observed during the Portuguese colonization of India in the 16th century and was noted throughout the European colonial era.

Today, the majority of Knanaya are members of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church (Kottayam Archeparchy) and the Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church (Knanaya Archdiocese). They became increasingly prominent in Kerala in the late 19th century. Many Knanaya migrated away during the 20th and 21st centuries, largely westward, forming communities in non-Malayalam speaking areas, with a large expatriate community currently living in Houston, Texas and Chicago, Illinois in the United States.

Origins and traditions

The earliest extensive written evidence for the division of the Christian community of India dates to the 16th century. The St. Thomas Christian tradition defines the division as being both geographical and ethnic, expressing that the Native St. Thomas Christians initially resided on the north side of the Chera Empire's capitol city of Cranganore while the Middle Eastern migrant Knanaya arrived and settled on the south side, which subsequently led to the designations Northist and Southist. Celebrated St. Thomas Christian scholar Dr. Placid J. Podipara wrote the following about the division:

"The Thomas Christians hail the Apostle St. Thomas as the founder of their Church...The first converts of St. Thomas were reinforced by local conversions and by Christian colonizations (migrations) from abroad. Connected with the IV century colonization is the origin of those called the Southists"

Directional divisions within communities are common in Kerala, including among Hindu groups. A similar north–south division is found among the Nairs, and it historically appears to have been in place in the early Brahmin settlements in the area. The Saint Thomas Christians may have taken this trait from the Brahmins.

Thomas of Cana's Arrival
The historical rationale for the division between the majority St. Thomas Christians and minority Knanaya traces the divide to the figure of Thomas of Cana, a Syrian merchant who led a group of 72 Jewish-Christian immigrant families, a bishop named Uraha Mar Yausef, and clergymen from Mesopotamia to settle in Cranganore, India in the 4th century (some sources place these events as late as the 9th century). This may reflect a historical migration of East Syrian Christians to India around this time, which established the region's relationship with the Church of the East.In the commonly accepted accounts of this history, the Knanaya are the descendants of Thomas of Cana and his followers, while the Northists descend from the local Christian body which had been converted by Thomas the Apostle centuries earlier. The Oxford History of the Christian Church states the following about the division:
"In time, Jewish Christians of the most exclusive communities descended from settlers who accompanied Knayil Thomma (Kanayi) became known as 'Southists' (Tekkumbha ̄gar)...They distinguished between themselves and 'Northists' (Vatakkumbha ̄gar). The 'Northists', on the other hand, claimed direct descent from the very oldest Christians of the country, those who had been won to Christ by the Apostle Thomas himself. They had already long inhabited northern parts of Kodungallur. They had been there even before various waves of newcomers had arrived from the Babylonian or Mesopotamian provinces of Sassanian Persia."

Elements of Thomas of Cana's arrival feature in ancient songs as well as the Thomas of Cana copper plates awarded to his followers by a local Hindu ruler.  These plates granted Thomas' followers 72 social, economic, and religious rights from Cheraman Perumal, the Chera king.   The plates were present in Kerala during the time of the Portuguese colonization in the early 17th century, but were lost during Portuguese rule.   Archbishop Francis Ros notes in his 1604 account M.S. ADD 9853 that the plates were taken to Portugal by the Franciscan Order. The Knanaya invoke the plates as evidence of their descent from Thomas of Cana's mission.

Translations of the existing Kollam Syrian Plates of the 9th century made by the Syrian Christian priest Ittimani in 1601 as well as the French Indologist Abraham Anquetil Duperron in 1758 both note that the forth plate mentioned a brief of the arrival of Knai Thoma.It is believed that this was a notation of the previous rights bestowed upon the Christians by Cheraman Perumal. The contemporary forth plate however does not mention this paragraph and is believed to be a later copy. Scholar of Early Christian history Istavan Percvel theorizes that at one time the Kollam Syrian plates and the Thomas of Cana plates were kept together.

Jewish-Christian Ancestry
Knanaya tradition claims that the Syriac Christian migrants who arrived with Thomas of Cana were Jewish-Christians. Community scholars express the historicity of this tradition by noting that Jewish-Christian tribes in Mesopotamia were a major component of the early Church of the East. Additionally, scholars express that both Jewish and Christian merchants of the region took part in the Arabian Sea trade with Kerala.

The community also cites their culture as evidence of their Jewish-Christian heritage, particularly their folk songs first written on palm-leave manuscripts in the 17th century. Many of the historical songs allude to the migrants being of Jewish descent such as the song Nallor Orosilam (The Good Jerusalem) which states the migrants prayed at the tomb of the Jewish Prophet Ezra before departing to India. A number of Jewish scholars such as Dr. P.M. Jussay, Dr. Nathan Katz, Dr. Shalva Weil, and Dr. Ophira Gamliel have noted that the Knanaya maintain cultural similarities to the Cochin Jews of India,suggesting historic cultural relations between the two communities.

In 1939, the Knanaya politician and author Joseph Chazhikaden published a book on the community, Tekkumbhagasamudayam Charitram, in which he included some aspects of the communities Jewish claim. Chazhikaden built upon the Thomas of Cana tradition but asserted that Thomas' followers originated in Judea. According to Chazhikaden, the group converted to Christianity while maintaining their distinct culture and identity. Eventually, they were forced out of their homeland and moved to Cranganore, where they were welcomed by the ruler Cheraman Perumal and lived near, but maintained their separateness from, the indigenous "Northist" Saint Thomas Christians. Many modern Knanaya accept the account as factual, while others reject it. As with other Knanaya origin traditions, some Northists dispute and condemn it.

Two Wives Legend
In many other variants recorded during the colonial era, Thomas of Cana had two wives or partners, one of them being the ancestor of the endogamous Southists, and the other one being the ancestor of the Northist. A number of traditions and stories have emerged to explain the status of either wife, and both Southists and Northists historically used variants of these traditions to claim superiority for their group.
These variants are considered apocryphal and are not the accepted tradition among contemporary Northist and Southist scholars who generally believe them to be the consequence of rivalry between the St. Thomas Christians and Knanaya. In most of these variants, the Southists' ancestor was Thomas' Syrian wife, while the Northists' was an indigenous St. Thomas Christian or Nair woman who became his second wife or concubine, implying that the Southists are Thomas' true heirs. In other variants, both wives were Kerala natives, while the Southists' forebearer was from a higher caste.

Some Northist historically maintained versions which countered this assertion, claiming that the Knanaya descend from a dobi (washerwoman); in some versions of this story, she became Thoma's concubine, while in others she married a lower-caste Maaran boy. This assertion is based on the 1676 Portuguese document "M.S Sloane 2748-A", a likely forgery attributed to the Carmelite priest Father Mathew.

Historian of medieval India and Northist priest Pius Malekandathil argues that the two-wives legend was simply a creation of rivalry between the Middle Eastern migrant Knanaya and the Native St. Thomas Christians. Malekandathil expresses that the story originated in the medieval era due to the two ethnic groups of Christians asserting socioeconomic dominance over the other. Furthermore, Malekandathil notes that the two-wives legend is not the accepted tradition among the people of Kerala but instead that the indigenous Saint Thomas Christians got the appellation "Northists" because they were initially located on the northern part of the city of Cranganore, while the migrant Knanaya under the leadership of Thomas of Cana were given the southern side of the city which led to the generic title of "Southists".

References

Malayali people

Knanaya


Dermot Patrick Honan (died 20 July 1986) was a  Fianna Fáil politician from County Clare in Ireland who served as a senator for 8 years.

A licensed vintner before entering politics, he was elected in 1965 to the 11th Seanad Éireann on the Industrial and Commercial Panel, and was re-elected in 1969 to the 12th Seanad. He was defeated in the 1973 Seanad election, but his wife Tras Honan was elected as a senator in 1977, and in a 15-year career in Seanad Éireann she was twice elected as Cathaoirleach (speaker). His father T. V. Honan had been a senator from 1934 to 1954.

See also
Families in the Oireachtas

References

Year of birth missing
1986 deaths
Fianna Fáil senators
Members of the 11th Seanad
Members of the 12th Seanad
Politicians from County Laois
Spouses of Irish politicians
Industrial and Commercial Panel senators

Dermot Honan


Atlanta Silverbacks U23's was an American soccer team based in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Founded in 2006, the team played in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, until 2008, when the franchise folded and the team left the league.

The team played its home games at the soccer-specific RE/MAX Greater Atlanta Stadium in nearby Chamblee, Georgia. The team's colors were red, black and white.

History
The Atlanta Silverbacks U23's entered the PDL in 2006 as the new development arm of the Atlanta Silverbacks USL First Division franchise. With the backing and support of their parent organization, the first year was pretty successful for the club. The team were unbeaten in their first five games, the highlight of which was an impressive 3–0 victory over Ajax Orlando Prospects that featured a brace by striker Damone Priestley. The highlights in June included a free-scoring see-sawing game against Raleigh CASL Elite which the Silverbacks emerged from as 4–3 winners, and an impressive 6–0 demolition West Virginia Chaos that featured a hat trick from defender John Drummond. The Silverbacks form faded in the latter half of the season, where they managed two wins in their final seven games. A 2–2 tie away at Nashville Metros on the final day of the season eventually left the Silverbacks 3rd in the South Atlantic Division, just out of the playoffs. Midfielder Jyler Noviello was the top scorer, registering 7 goals on the season, while John Drummond tallied 6 assists to go with his own 5 goals.

2007 was much of the same for the Silverbacks, who continued to tally a number of impressive results. The team lost just two games all season – 4–0 to Cary RailHawks U23's in June and 2–1 away to the Palm Beach Pumas in July – and were models of consistency for much of the year. In fact, the season ended with the Silverbacks on a 5-game winning streak which included a massive 8–0 hammering of Cocoa Expos and a 2–0 final day victory against divisional champions Carolina Dynamo; however, the gods were not smiling on the men from Atlanta as Central Florida Kraze's 3–0 victory over Palm Beach in their final regular season game left the Silverbacks third in the division for a second year in a row, pipped at the post to the playoff spot on goal difference. Striker Ryan Roushandel notched an impressive 8 goals on the season, while both David Bell and Patrick Murray registered 4 assists each.

The Silverbacks entered the 2008 season with plans to emulate their big brothers, who had finished as runners-up in the 2007 USL1 playoffs; they started strongly, opening with an exciting 3–3 tie at home against Cary RailHawks U23's, and winning four of their next five games of the season, including an impressive 4–0 drubbing of the hapless Palm Beach Pumas. They began June with a whopping 7–1 demolition of Nashville Metros in which Chad Burt scored a hat trick, but thereafter the Silverbacks suffered a dip in form. They lost three games on the trot in late June, conceding a late goal to lose 2–1 at Carolina Dynamo, and letting Bradenton Academics score on them five times, and suddenly their playoff spot was in jeopardy. Despite winning three of their final games of the regular season, all of which were high scoring thrillers, and included a last-minute winner in the 3–2 victory over Nashville, and a 4–2 final day blowout over Carolina Dynamo in which Ryan Roushandel scored a hat trick, they were never quite able to make up the deficit brought on by their mid season slump, eventually finishing a close 4th in the Southeast Division, 6 point out of the playoffs. Ryan Roushandel scored 12 goals for the season, while Jeff Scannella contributed 9 assists.

Following the conclusion of the 2008 season, the team's parent organization, the senior Atlanta Silverbacks, announced they would be withdrawing from the 2009 USL First Division campaign in order to "assess the landscape". As such, the Silverbacks U23's also withdrew from the PDL.

Year-by-year

Head coaches
  Steve Muccillo (2006–2008)

Stadia
 RE/MAX Greater Atlanta Stadium (Silverbacks Park); Chamblee, Georgia (2006–2008)

Average attendance

References

External links
 Atlanta Silverbacks

U23s
Reserve soccer teams in the United States
Defunct Premier Development League teams
Association football clubs established in 2006
Association football clubs disestablished in 2008
2006 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
2008 disestablishments in Georgia (U.S. state)

Atlanta Silverbacks U23's


Mardala (, ) is a classical percussive instrument native to the east Indian state of Odisha, traditionally used as the primary accompaniment in Odissi classical music. The instrument is different from other instruments that might have similar names in the Indian subcontinent due to its unique construction, acoustic features and traditional playing technique.

The Mardala is used in a wide range of traditional art forms of Odisha, including Gotipua, Mahari, Odissi dance, Bhagabata Tungi, Sakhi Nata, Prahallada Nataka, Ramalila, Krusnalila, Rama Nataka, Sahi Jata, Medha Nacha, Bharata Lila, Bhutakeli Nata, Odisi Kirtana and more.

History
Odishan musicologists in ancient treatises have mentioned four distinct kinds of instruments or vadyas : tat or stringed instruments, susira or wind instruments, anaddha or leather instruments / drums & finally ghana or metallic instruments.

Out of these four, the Mardala falls under the category of anaddha vadyas or drums. Raghunatha Ratha, an ancient musicologist of Odisha extols the Mardala in his treatise, the Natya Manorama as:

The Jagannatha temple of Puri has for centuries had a Mardala servitor. This was known as the 'Madeli Seba' and the percussionist was ritually initiated into the temple by the Gajapati ruler. The Mardala used to be the accompanying instrument to the Mahari dance, the ancestor of present-day Odissi dance, one of the major classical dance forms of India.

In hundreds of Kalingan temples across the state of Odisha, including famous shrines such as Mukteswara and Konarka, the Mardala features prominently, usually in a niche of an alasakanya playing the instrument. There is a pose by the name mardalika replicating the same stance in Odissi dance.

Construction

Wood

All woods are not suitable for constructing the Mardala. According to treatises, the ideal Mardala is made of khadira (khaira) or the wood of Acacia catechu. The wood of raktachandana is also spoken of highly owing to its deep resonance. Other woods such as nimba, mahalimba and gambhari are also used. An instrument fashioned from the aforesaid woods is considered uttama, whereas an instrument made from the wood of jackfruit is considered adhama.

Measurements
Natya Manorama ordains the Mardala to be about one and a half cubits long. The left face must be between twelve and thirteen angulas and the right face half or one angula less than the left face.

Making
The process of making a Mardala is described in detail in the Natya Manorama. The Mardala is thicker at the middle than its ends. A paste called kharali is applied on the playing face of the Mardala in a round shape. The preparation of kharali is a time-consuming and delicate process, requiring the ingredients of paunsa (ash), geru (red chalk), bhata (boiled rice), chuda (flattened rice), harida (fruit of black myrobalan tree) and sour gruel. This is applied to the right face of the Mardala. The purika is applied on the left face to produce a pleasant sound. The preparation of the purika uses bhata (boiled rice), lia (blown rice) or paunsa (ash). Once done, the instrument is sun-dried. Once dried, the paste is reapplied and again sundried, and this process is repeated for at least twelve times before adjudging the shruti (tone) of the instrument. Then the instrument is tied strongly with pata-suta or leather strips and ready to be played.

Repertoire and technique
The playing of the Mardala is based on the tala-paddhati or rhythmic system of Odissi music. A tala is a rhythmic structure in Indian music. The talas in use in Odissi music are distinctive, and are not found in other systems of Indian music. The playing of the instrument follows a strict classical grammar.

Traditionally, there are ten vital features of tala that are taken care of :

kāla or beats
mārga or inter-beat transitions
 kriyā or hand movements
anga
graha
jāti
kalā
laya
jati
prastāra

The kriyas are either nisabda, that is without-sound or sasabda, with sound. The nisabda or soundless kriyas are demonstrated by four types of motions ; there is no stroke. The sasabda or sounded kriyas are created by striking a membrane. Apart from these, there are eight desi-kriyas. The regional terminology used in the Mardala's context are kalā, ansā, māna, aḍasā, bhaunri, bhaunri aḍasā, tāli, khāli, phānka, bāṇi, ukuṭa, pāṭa, chhanda, bhangi, etc. The sabda-swara pata, a traditional component based on the Mardala's beats was integrated into Odissi dance by Guru Deba Prasad Das.

Though several hundred talas are defined in treatises, some are more common : ekatāli, khemaṭā or jhulā, rūpaka, tripaṭā, jhampā, āḍatāli, jati, āditala, maṭhā. Other talas that are also used are sarimāna, nihsāri, kuḍuka, aḍḍa, duāḍamāna, upāḍḍa, panchutāla (nabapanchu tala), paḍitāla, pahapaṭa, aṭṭatāla, āṭhatāli and jagannātha tāla. The talas have a characteristic swing that is typical of and universally found in Odissi music. The details of some major talas are listed below.

Padi
An exclusive technique called paḍi is frequently employed in traditional Odissi songs. This is composed within the fixed prosody of the respective song. The padi is repeated in several different talas, layas and from different matras. Kabichandra Dr. Kali Charan Patnaik calls this feature 'the lifeline of Odissi music'.

Gurus

The Mardala is intimately associated with the Jagannatha temple and thus has a very esteemed position in the culture of Odisha. Many Gurus have worked for carrying forward the legacy of the instrument. Adiguru Singhari Shyamsundar Kar, Guru Banamali Maharana, Guru Padmanabha Panda, Guru Basudeba Khuntia, Guru Mahadeba Rout, Guru Narayana Mahapatra, Guru Banamali Maharana and Guru Kelucharan Mahapatra were among the great Gurus of Mardala in the 20th century.

Guru Rabinarayan Panda, Guru Jayadeba Giri, Guru Janardana Dash, Guru Dhaneswar Swain, Guru Sachidananda Das, Guru Bijaya Kumar Barik, Guru Jagannath Kuanr are among modern-day exponents of the Mardala. Many veteran Gotipua masters have also excelled in the Mardala : Guru Birabara Sahu, Guru Lingaraj Barik, Guru Maguni Das and others.

As a solo instrument
The role of the Mardala as a solo instrument has been presented for the last few decades with great success, apart from its better-known role as an accompaniment in the ensemble for Odissi music and dance. The solo performances follow a specific rule or pranali : starting with a jamana, then proceeding onto chhanda prakarana, ragada, etc. Guru Dhaneswar Swain, the first solo Mardala player who have presented a solo performance on Mardala under the able guidance of Guru Banamali Maharana at Rabidra Mandap, Bhubaneswar which was very first of its kind.

Training
Two state government institutions impart training in Mardala : Utkal Sangeet Mahavidyalaya and Utkal University of Culture. Undergraduate, postgraduate degrees are offered. Many private institutions also impart training. Guru Banamali Maharana had established an institute called 'Mardala Academy' in Bhubaneswar, the state capital. Ramahari Das Odissi Gurukul at Biragobindapur, Sakhigopal also offers training in Mardala under Guru Dhaneswar Swain, who also has his own institute called 'Vadya Vani Gurukul' which specialises in traditional percussion instruments of Odisha. Ensembles of traditional musical instruments of Odisha with the mardala taking the lead have also been conceptualised and executed.

See also

 Odissi music
 Odissi dance
 Gotipua
 Prahallada Nataka
 Dhaneswar Swain

References

Indian musical instruments
Odia culture
Odissi music

Mardala


A logbook (or log book) is a record used to record states, events, or conditions applicable to complex machines or the personnel who operate them. Logbooks are commonly associated with the operation of aircraft, nuclear plants, particle accelerators, and ships (among other applications).

The term logbook originated with the ship's log, a maritime record of important events in the management, operation, and navigation of a ship. The captain was responsible for keeping a log, as a minimum, of navigational wind, speed, direction and position.

Format
Logbooks come in many varieties, but they are sometimes standardized in form and/or content within certain organizations or industries. In some applications like flight training or trucking hours of service, they  contain specific information used to satisfy legal requirements.

Electronic logbooks
Prior to the advent of mobile computing, logbooks were almost exclusively printed and bound in hard copy form.  While physical logbooks offer advantages in frontline applications with many users (like aircraft maintenance logs), the proliferation of cloud computing and mobile devices has enabled the development of electronic logbooks.  They may be as complex as software packages, or as simple as editable spreadsheets, but electronic logbooks offer several advantages—like virtually unlimited capacity and digital backups.

Applications

Maritime logbooks
To record key navigation, engine watch, port calls and other operational activities on board vessels of all sizes, marine logbooks must meet the specific reporting requirements of IMO, SOLAS and flag states. When maritime logbooks are of the electronic variety, manually-inserted information is normally combined with data recorded from the vessel's instruments such as time and position. Typical marine logbooks are:

 Deck logbook – Records navigational events related to the voyage and operations on board
 Dynamic positioning logbook – Manual recording of operations related to Dynamic Positioning (DP) operations
 Engine logbook – Records engine events related to the engine and machinery operation
 Oil record book – Records events related to oil and dirty water as required by IMO's MARPOL convention
 Operational log – Records events related to vessel operation, i.e. performance, cargo handling and maritime operations. The Operational Log will typically need some customisation to owner's requirement and trade.
 Radio logbook – Records events relevant to radio traffic as required by IMO and the flag states

Shift logbooks
On any industrial site, there is a continuous stream of operational, maintenance and safety events occurring at all levels and areas within the process.  An electronic shift logbook is used at power plants and in process industry where several shift teams cooperate in maintaining production. Typically the electronic shift logbook is used to record state at the production plant, but it can also contain simple planning functions that notify personnel about upcoming maintenance activities. Compared to the paper logbook the electronic shift logbook enhance the value of the gathered information through;

 Search functions
 Defined plant hierarchy for registration of logbook entries
 Classification according to certain entry types
 Statistics about most problematic areas
 Management reports

Additionally, access to the information storage can be controlled through user authentication and authorizations mechanisms.

Other applications
It has since been applied to a variety of other uses, including:
 Aircraft pilots must maintain a pilot logbook to record their time spent flying and in a simulator. In addition, aircraft operators must maintain an aircraft technical logbook (or "techlog") recording the aircraft's flights, maintenance and defects.
 In a project, a logbook is a recording which is compiled while it is being done may be called a project diary. In the PRINCE2 project management framework, daily logs are used to record issues, actions or events not caught by other types of registers or logs within the framework. Examples of other logs or registers in PRINCE2 include the lessons log, risk register, issue register, quality register or backlog.
 In skydiving, a logbook serves as a parachutist's personal history in the sport and also serves as an identifying document. It also provides drop zones proof to back one's skydiving licenses, ratings and currency.
 In scuba diving, the dive log documents the experience of a diver by logging a diver's dives.
 In the fishing industry, a logbook is used to record catch data as part of the fisheries regulations. It is then submitted to the fishing authorities of the vessel's flag state.
 For amateur radio, the logbook is where the hams register their contacts and other radio operations. There are several programs to help radio operators in the management of their logbook.
 For commercial vehicles: In Canada, the United States, New Zealand and other countries, a logbook is used to register driver and operator work time for commercial heavy vehicles. In the United States hours of service are recorded in a logbook. In New Zealand it is referred to as work-time.
 In the United Kingdom, a vehicle registration certificate (V5C) and service history is often referred to as a "logbook".
 A race car log book is a document certifying that a car is prepared to a given set of rules and is safe for competitions.
 Lab notebooks and electronic lab notebooks are used in research and scientific settings.

See also

 Inventor's notebook
 Service book (disambiguation)
 Timesheet

References

Records management

Logbook


Science.tv is a virtual community for people interested in science.  It enables users to upload videos and categorize them according to subject matter and intended audience.

History
science.tv was founded by Matt Thurling, a digital media pioneer and film-maker based in Bristol, England.  Research and development work began in 2005  and the site was launched in December 2007.  Thurling writes the science.tv blog, where he sets out the vision for the site and invites feedback and suggestions for improvements.

Domain name
The .tv ("dot-tv") extension is a Top-level domain name, originally associated with the Polynesian island nation of Tuvalu.  The entire domain was purchased from the islands' residents in 2000  and the suffix is now increasingly being used for sites featuring, or relating to, video content.

Technology
A look at the source code of science.tv reveals a front-end built with Cascading Style Sheets and JavaScript.  Video is delivered using the Adobe Flash codec.  The back-end relies on a PHP interface to a mySQL content management system.

Content
The focus of science.tv is user-generated content, and much of the content on the site is actually embedded from other video sites, including YouTube.  The intended audience is broad, ranging from school students to academics and professional programme-makers.
Users are able to navigate for content via site-wide search, tags and by preset categories, which include: physics, chemistry and biology.

References

Science websites
Defunct websites

Science.tv


Lambridge Mill also known as Lambrigg Mill is a wind pump located in the parish of Sea Palling within the Norfolk Broads National Park, United Kingdom and can be found at grid reference , it is approximately 2 miles southwest of Waxham. The wind pump is a grade II listed building.

The current wind pump at this location was built c. 1865 and it fell out of use around 1937. The Mill was built to drain the nearby Long Gore Marsh (located to the south of the mill) along with the Brograve Levels as a helper mill for its much older neighbour Brograve Mill. Both this mill and Brograve Mill drained the levels into the Waxham New Cut via the same drainage channel.

The name of the mill is also somewhat disputed, as the current Ordnance Survey Explorer map states the name of the mill as Lambrigg Mill. The name Lambridge, however, corresponds with the names of the nearby Lambridge Mill Farm and Lambridge Mill Cottage.

The mill still stands today in a derelict state with only two of the original four stocks remaining, these being precariously perched on top of the brickwork attached to the exposed iron windshaft. Only a small rotten section of the original cap remains.

It is difficult to directly reach the mill due to it being located within the private garden of Lambridge Mill Cottage; no public rights of way run nearby. However, it is possible to get relatively close to the structure via the Waxham New Cut, the mill is well beyond the limit of navigation, therefore only small non-motorised craft may venture this far up the river.

References

Windmills in Norfolk
Windmills of the Norfolk Broads
Tower mills in the United Kingdom
North Norfolk
Grade II listed windmills
Grade II listed buildings in Norfolk

Lambridge Mill


The Profit is a feature film written and directed by Peter N. Alexander.  The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in France in 2001. Distribution of the film was prohibited by an American court order which was a result of a lawsuit brought by the Church of Scientology, although the filmmaker says that the film is not about Scientology.  As a result, The Disinformation Book Of Lists and The Times have characterized The Profit as a banned film in the United States.

The film was described by its producers as a work of fiction, meant to educate the public about cults and con men. It was widely seen as a parody of the Church of Scientology and its founder, L. Ron Hubbard. The main character L. Conrad Powers leads an organization called the "Church of Scientific Spiritualism", and many elements about both the Church and Powers' life portrayed in the film, have been compared to Scientology and Hubbard.  The film was mainly produced and shot in the Tampa Bay Area, and the cast included actors from the area and cameos from a few Scientology critics.

The Church of Scientology did not think favorably of the piece. Representatives from a Scientology affiliated group, the Foundation for Religious Tolerance of Florida came to protest against the film, and the film's producers asserted that they were harassed by Scientologists. Initially, representatives of the Church stated the film had no resemblance to Scientology, but later the Church initiated litigation to block the film's distribution.  As a result of a 2002 court order from the Lisa McPherson case, a Pinellas County judge blocked further distribution of the film in the United States. According to the film's attorney the injunction was lifted in 2007, but distribution was blocked due to a conflict with one of the producers, Bob Minton. The film generally did not receive positive reviews from local press, and reviews in the St. Petersburg Times criticized over-the-top acting, and noted that the director should have instead produced a non-fiction documentary piece if he wanted to educate others about cults.

Plot synopsis
Eric Rath plays a paranoid cult leader named L. Conrad Powers (a parody of L. Ron Hubbard), whose organization is called the "Church of Scientific Spiritualism."

The narrative starts with Leland Conrad Powers getting interested in cults and he watches a Black Mass from behind a tree being performed by Zach Carson. Carson invites Powers to perform the "Caliban Working" and afterwards Carson gives Powers $20,000 to sell sailboats.  Powers sails off with the boat, the money, and Helen Hughes.  In retribution, Carson evokes Satan to summon a typhoon.

The film often takes the form of parody. One of the church followers in the film creates a device that can read thoughts, called a "Mind Meter."  Scientologists use a similar-looking device, the e-meter, as an aid in Scientology counseling, claimed to measure the "mass of a thought". Other elements in the film that have been cited as similar to L. Ron Hubbard and Scientology include conflict with the Internal Revenue Service, an infiltration of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, usage of military uniforms and science fiction theology.  L. Conrad Powers is supported in the film by a "Tom Cruise-style celebrity," before eventually becoming a "reclusive demagogue."

Production
The film's director stated that the script was based upon a fictional character he had created with "many parallels to reality." Filming took place over the course of eight weeks during the summer of 2000, with locations near Fort De Soto Park, Ybor City and Tampa Bay, Florida.  Half of the cast came from Tampa Bay, Florida, and cameo appearances by Scientology critics included Bob Minton, Stacy Brooks, Jesse Prince and Ken Dandar.  Costume and design themes hearkened back to the Citizen Kane period.  Bob Minton funded the film, and invested almost US$2.5 million into the piece.

According to the director, the film's cast and crew faced harassment from Scientologists throughout production.  Representatives from the Foundation for Religious Tolerance of Florida — a Scientology front group — came to the shooting sites of the film and handed out fliers which demeaned the film's financial backers.  They followed crew members home in order to "press them for information about the content of the film."  In addition to the protests, promotional videos shipped to Cannes, France were reported to have disappeared, and Alexander believed that an individual disguised as himself came to pick up the videos.

The founder of the Foundation for Religious Tolerance of Florida, Mary DeMoss of Clearwater, Florida, characterized the movie as a "hate propaganda film," denied that anyone from her foundation followed crewmembers home and stated that the fliers were passed out in order to let crew members know "who was behind this."

Church of Scientology's response
Initially in response to the film, Church of Scientology spokesman Ben Shaw agreed with the film's director that "the movie is fiction and has nothing to do with Scientology."  Notwithstanding the fictional elements of the film, the Church of Scientology took legal action against the film makers after a handful of test screenings in Florida. The Church said that the film was intended to influence the jury pool in the wrongful death case of a Scientologist, Lisa McPherson, who died while in the care of the Church of Scientology in Clearwater, Florida.  In response to the lawsuit, Pinellas County, Florida, Judge Robert Beach issued a court order in April 2002 enjoining The Profit from worldwide distribution for an indefinite period.  As part of the decision, Church of Scientology attorneys were barred from seeking any information about the film's production.

In November 2002, Bob Minton, one of the film's producers, filed a lawsuit against Peter Alexander in order to see the financial accounts of the film's production.  According to the St. Petersburg Times, "Minton went from being Scientology's archenemy to a cooperating witness who wanted out of an expensive fight against the church."  Though a contract signed by Minton and Alexander guaranteed either partner to demand an accounting of the film's finances, Alexander would not let Minton see the books.  Peter Alexander's attorney "accused Minton of doing the church's bidding by attacking Alexander and a movie that could be interpreted as being critical of Scientology."  A spokesman for the Church of Scientology denied any involvement in Minton's lawsuit.  The court issued an order, compelling the two parties to arbitration.  In 2003, Alexander filed in state court in Florida, seeking a writ of certiorari in the matter, and the court found in Alexander's favor and reversed the decision of the lower court.

Reception
Tampa Bay's 10 reported on the opening of the film at the Cinema Cafe in Clearwater, Florida on August 24, 2001, noting the film's controversial nature, and the fact that it appeared to be an exposé of the Church of Scientology.  The report stated that a subtle message of the film was director Alexander's critique of Scientology and his motivation to bring information about it to the public.  In an interview with Tampa Bay's 10, Alexander stated he was trying to expose a hoax, and give others insight into "what it is that makes people join cults."  Fox 13 News called the film's portrayal of the Church of Scientific Spirituality as "oddly similar to the real world's Church of Scientology," while reporting that Alexander asserted character L. Conrad Powers was actually a composite character, based on several "alleged cult leaders."  Alexander stated in an interview with FOX 13 News, that he felt he could better inform others about cults through a fictional portrayal than he could have through a documentary.

The film was not well received in a review in the St. Petersburg Times.  The reviewer described the movie as "stilted", debunked Alexander's statements that the film was not based on the life of L. Ron Hubbard, and drew several parallels between the plot of the film and Hubbard's life.  The review critiqued the length the story went to make a point, stating "Cultists may be capable of the acts The Profit describes, but this story comes across as farfetched rather than convincing."  Eric Rath's performance as "L. Conrad Powers" was seen as "over the top", and the review characterized the film on the whole as "National Enquirer-style entertainment."

In a separate review in the St. Petersburg Times, Steve Persall did not view the film in high regard.  Persall noted that although Peter Alexander stated the film was a "warning against the influence of religious cults," and not based on Scientology specifically, he thought that "The Profit is a rant against Hubbard and Scientology, no matter how many cults the filmmakers claim to have researched and incorporated into the story."  Persall expressed frustration when Alexander did not answer specific questions about his inspiration and influences used in the film, citing concerns that: "the evil empire will jump all over whoever else is going to show it next."  Though the review was not favorable, Persall wrote that the film would have been a more powerful piece as a truthful documentary, and not a parody, writing: "The Profit would make a stronger statement if Alexander used his Scientology experience to produce a documentary or a no-holds-barred version of Hubbard's life that calls him Hubbard."

The film is cited in Russ Kick's 2004 work, The Disinformation Book of Lists, as one of "16 Movies Banned in the U.S.," in between the 1987 film Superstar: The Karen Carpenter Story and Ernest and Bertram, from 2002.  Kick described the film as "obviously based on L. Ron Hubbard and the Church of Scientology."  He recounted how the Church of Scientology changed tactics midstep, writing that "Lawyers and spokespeople for the Church professed that the movie bore absolutely no resemblance to Scientology, then turned around and sued the filmmakers after it had been showing for a few weeks."  Kick ended his segment on the film by writing that "The litigation continues..."  In October 2007, The Times discussed The Profit as part of an article on blasphemy in film.  The Times noted that the film depicted a con man who had started a religion in order to become wealthy, and noted that the film is "banned in the US because of a lawsuit taken out against it by The Church of Scientology," even though the filmmaker stated the film does not depict L. Ron Hubbard. In October 2010, Andre Soares of Alt Film Guide noted that the Spanish website Cineol.net included The Profit in "a list of the top ten movies censored and/or banned in Spain". José Hernández of Cineol.net noted that the film was banned due to a court order, and might never be seen other than in a clandestine manner.

Cast

See also

Banned films
List of fictional religions
Parody religion
Religious satire
Scientology in popular culture

References

External links

The Profit Internet Archive
The Profit: The Movie Scientology Won't Let You See, Dave Touretzky, Ph.D.

2001 films
Scientology in popular culture
Scientology-related controversies in film
Films about religion
Fictional cults
Works critical of Scientology
2000s English-language films
American drama films
2000s American films

The Profit (film)


An opinion is something a person or a group of people think.  "What is your opinion?" is like saying: "What do you think about it?"

The person's answer might start with: "In my opinion..........." or "I think........."

Sometimes companies try to find out what people think about something by asking many people their opinion.  This is called an "opinion poll" and the people who do it are "pollsters".  They might be trying to find out whether people think something is good or bad, such as electricity or exercise or Wikipedia, or whether one politician or beer or sport team is better than another.

Opinions are usually contrasted with facts. Facts are statements which are reliably supported by evidence. Opinions may or may not turn out to be facts.

Related pages
Endoxa
Freedom of speech

Basic English 850 words
Human communication

Opinion


Sam Justin Gallagher (born 5 May 1991) is an Australian footballer who last played as a central defender for Manly United.

Club career

Australia
Gallagher was born in Sydney, New South Wales. A product of Epping Boys High School, Gallagher spent his junior career at Gladesville Spirit, the NSW Institute of Sport and Manly United FC before being signed for the Sydney FC National Youth League team.

He was called into the senior Sydney FC team on 8 January 2010, as an injury replacement player for Matthew Jurman, who was ruled out for the rest of the season with an injury.

On 19 March 2010, it was announced that Gallagher had signed a senior contract with the Central Coast Mariners starting from the 2010–11 season. He eventually left the club in 2012, having made just 1 of a possible 61 appearances for the club.

Gallagher will start the 2012–13 season at the Melbourne Victory, having signed a pre-contract with the A-League club in March. His debut with the Victory ended almost as soon as it began; in just the 16th minute of the Victory's Round 8 clash with the Western Sydney Wanderers at Parramatta Stadium, Gallagher was controversially sent off for bringing down Wanderers striker Dino Kresinger just outside the penalty area, denying the Croatian what was deemed an obvious goalscoring opportunity. This came despite the fact that Kresinger had clearly fouled Gallagher prior to Gallagher bringing him down. As a result of that red card, Gallagher was handed a one match ban, ruling him out of the Victory's clash with Perth Glory.

Gallagher made his second and final appearance with the Victory in their Round 10 clash with Adelaide United. Gallagher was handed a yellow card in the 79th minute of the match, a match which the Victory eventually lost 4–2.

Gallagher, along with teammates Diogo Ferreira, Spase Dilevski and Tando Velaphi were released by Melbourne Victory in April 2013, shortly after the end of the 2012–13 A-League season. He left the club, having played just 2 games out of a possible 29 in his lone season with the club.

Vietnam
On 7 January 2014, after a successful trial period, Sam Gallagher signed with V-League Champions Hanoi T&T on a 1-year contract. He will play for Hanoi T&T in the 2014 V League and AFC Cup. The deal makes Sam the first Australian to play in both the Australian A-League and the Vietnamese V-League. He is hoped to be the replacement for Cristiano Roland, T&T's former captain and defender who retired after 2013 season. Gallagher said he knew about the pressure and hoped to do well replacing Cristiano.

Gallagher made his debut on 11 January when he came from the bench in the match against Becamex Bình Dương, which T&T won 4–2. He played about 60 minutes and did well enough to earn the belief from club manager Phan Thanh Hùng. He got chosen to the starting XI for the first time a week later in V-League second round against Hoàng Anh Gia Lai F.C. and continued to do well. He got his second full-start against Vissai Ninh Bình F.C. on 22 January and scored an own-goal as T&T lost 1–3 in Hàng Đẫy.

Four days after, Gallagher made his debut in the AFC Champions League as T&T played the first-round qualifier against Pune F.C. of India and scored a goal – his first goal ever for the Hanoian club.

Return to Australia
Gallagher returned to Australia, and signed with the Newcastle Jets for the 2014–15 A-League season. After a tumultuous season in which the Jets finished last on the ladder, Gallagher was one of several players released from the club at the end of the season.

After being axed by Newcastle, Gallagher was picked up by Manly United halfway through the NSW NPL 1 season, making his debut in a heavy 4–0 defeat to Rockdale City Suns. He scored his first goal for the club a few games later in a 4–1 win over Marconi Stallions.

Gallagher signed for English National League South club Hampton & Richmond Borough in February 2017 making his debut for the club in a Middlesex Senior Cup match against Hanworth Villa. In August 2017 he joined Metropolitan Police on a dual registration with Hampton.

International career
Gallagher has represented Australia at the Under 19 and Under 20 levels, playing in the 2010 AFC U-19 Championship qualification and 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He made his Under 23 debut for the Olyroos against Singapore, coming on as a substitute in a 6–0 friendly win.

Honours
Sydney FC
 A-League Championship: 2009–10
 A-League Premiership: 2009–10
Central Coast Mariners
 A-League Premiership: 2011–12
Australia
 AFC U-19 Championship runners-up: 2010
 AFF U-19 Youth Championship: 2010
Hà Nội T&T
 Vietnam Super Cup runners-up: 2014

References

1991 births
Living people
People educated at Epping Boys High School
Australian men's soccer players
Australia men's youth international soccer players
Australia men's under-20 international soccer players
Australian expatriate sportspeople in England
Australian people of Irish descent
Sydney FC players
Central Coast Mariners FC players
Melbourne Victory FC players
Newcastle Jets FC players
Metropolitan Police F.C. players
Hampton & Richmond Borough F.C. players
A-League Men players
New South Wales Institute of Sport alumni
Expatriate men's footballers in Vietnam
Men's association football defenders
Soccer players from Sydney

Sam Gallagher (soccer, born 1991)


Julian Roman Pölsler (born 1954) is an Austrian film director, theatre director, and screenwriter. Pölsler was born on the Kreuzberg mountain above the village of Sankt Lorenzen im Paltental in Styria, Austria. He studied film directing and production at the University of Music and Performing in Vienna. He also studied directing and dramaturgy at the Institute for Cultural Management in the Max Reinhardt Seminar, after which he worked as an assistant director to Axel Corti.

In 1982, he began directing television films and operas. Since 2003, Pölsler has held teaching positions in the drama department at the Konservatorium Wien and in the computer science and media department at the Vienna University of Technology. In 2006, he became theatre director  at Klosterneuburg. Pölsler lives and works in Vienna and Munich. His most recent feature film The Wall won the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2012, and was selected as the Austrian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 86th Academy Awards.

Filmography

References

External links

Austrian film directors
Austrian television directors
Austrian theatre directors
Austrian opera directors
University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna alumni
Academic staff of TU Wien
1954 births
Living people

Julian Pölsler


The Taira (平) clan was one of the four most important clans that dominated Japanese politics during the Heian, Kamakura and Muromachi periods of Japanese history. The other clans were the Minamoto, the Fujiwara, and the Tachibana. The clan is divided into four major groups, named after the emperors they descended from: Kanmu, Ninmyō, Montoku, and Kōkō.

The clan was founded when the Imperial Court grew too big, and the emperor thus give order for the previous descendants emperors that they were no longer be princes but they still retain their power by given kingdom surnames and ranks. This decision became implemented during the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805) and thus, together with their cousin relative, the Taira clan was born.

History of Japan

Taira clan


Arthur Asher Stein (born November 19, 1950) is a Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Specialising in issues such as ethnic conflict, terrorism, economic relations, and global governance, Stein has served on the editorial boards of International Organization, the American Journal of Political Science, and International Interactions and was a member of the Statewide Steering Committee for the Institute for Global Conflict and Cooperation. He is currently an Editor of the American Political Science Review.

Publications
Why Nations Cooperate: Circumstances and Choice in International Relations (1990)

References

External links
Arthur A. Stein, personal webpage, UCLA

Political science educators
American political scientists
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
1950 births
Living people

Arthur Stein (political scientist)


The Gorillas (French: Les gorilles) is a 1964 French comedy film directed by Jean Girault and starring Darry Cowl, Francis Blanche and Bernard Dhéran. It was shot at the Billancourt Studios in Paris. The film's sets were designed by the art director Sydney Bettex.

Cast

 Darry Cowl as Edouard
 Francis Blanche as Félix
 Bernard Dhéran as Hubert Loisif
 Michel Galabru as Le contractuel débutant
 Jean Lefebvre as L'électro
 Jess Hahn as Boris, Alexis Alexevitch, le maquilleur
 Jean Le Poulain as Le metteur en scène
 Patricia Viterbo as Claudine Carter
 Maurice Chevit as Le premier contractuel
 Clément Harari as Rha-Thé, l'indou magicien
 Béatrice Altariba as Sylvie Danlevent
 Pierre Doris as Le représentant en vins
 Philippe Dumat as Frank Danlevent
 Robert Dalban as Montecourt, l'entraîneur
 Maria Pacôme as Josépha Dépelouze
 Jacques Seiler as Le valet
 Grégoire Aslan as Maître Lebavard
 Maurice Garrel as La Lame
 Maria-Rosa Rodriguez as Loetitia
 Henri Virlojeux as Le second gardien à la Santé
 Jean Carmet as La Fauche
 Mario David as Bercy
 Gérard Darrieu as Un complice de Lebavard
 Jacques Famery
 Guy Grosso as Un agent cycliste
 Mitsouko
 Michel Modo as Un agent cycliste
 Paul Préboist as L'agent d'Orly
 Pierre Tornade as Un agent de police
 Henri Attal as La Tignasse
 Willy Braque
 Henri Cogan
 Pierre Collet as Le premier gardien à la Santé
 Michel Constantin as Otto, le légionnaire
 Guy Delorme as Le Toulousain
 Pierre Gummay as Franck
 Rudy Lenoir as Lucien
 Maryse Martin as La concierge
 Michel Nastorg
 Jean-Pierre Zola as Van Lédiam

References

Bibliography
 Philippe Rège. Encyclopedia of French Film Directors, Volume 1. Scarecrow Press, 2009.

External links

1964 films
French comedy films
1964 comedy films
1960s French-language films
Films directed by Jean Girault
1960s French films

The Gorillas (film)


Corlough () is a Roman Catholic parish situated in the Barony of Tullyhaw, County Cavan, Ireland. It  derives its name from Corlough townland, in which the parish church is situate. It formed part of the larger parish of Templeport until 1877 when Corlough was made a separate parish. The name of Corlough parish has an unclear derivation. Some references propose it means either 'the Hill of the Lake' or "the Lake of the Herons". These are unlikely meanings as there is no lake in the townland. The earliest reference to the townland is in the 1790 list of Cavan townlands where it is spelled "Corclagh", which would be an Anglicization of "Cor Cloch", meaning either 'the Stone on the Round Hill' or "the Stony Hill", a more likely explanation.

Townlands in Corlough parish
Aghnacollia;
Altachullion Lower;
Altachullion Upper;
Altateskin;
Altcrock;
Altinure;
Altnadarragh;
Arderry;
Ardvagh;
Cartronnagilta;
Clarbally;
Corlough townland;
Cornacleigh;
Corracholia Beg;
Corracholia More;
Corrachomera;
Corraclassy;
Corranierna (Corlough);
Corratillan;
Cronery;
Culliagh;
Curraghabweehan;
Derry Beg;
Derryconnessy;
Derry More;
Derrynacreeve;
Derrynaslieve;
Derryvahan;
Derryvella (Corlough);
Drumbeagh;
Drumlaydan;
Eaglehill;
Garvary (Corlough);
Gortnacargy;
Gowlan;
Greaghnadoony;
Gubnagree;
Knockmore, County Cavan;
Lannanerriagh;
Leitra, Corlough;
Moneynure;
Muineal;
Owencam;
Prospect, Corlough;
Scrabby, Corlough;
Tawnagh;
Teeboy;
Tirnawannagh;
Tonlegee;
Torrewa;
Tullandreen;
Tullybrack;
Tullyloughfin;
Tullynaconspod;
Tullynamoltra;
Tullytrasna;
Tullyveela;
Tullywaum;

Transport
Bus Éireann Thursdays only route 464 (Carrigallen-Ballinamore-Enniskillen) serves Corlough Cross.

See also
 Patrick McGovern (Irish politician)

External links
A map of Corlough
Corlough Horse Museum
Corlough GAA Club
A photo of Corlough R.C. Chapel

References

Geography of County Cavan

Corlough


The Schaproder Bodden is a bodden on the Baltic Sea coast between the island of Hiddensee in the west and the islands of Rügen and Ummanz in the east. To the north the Schaproder Bodden is linked to the Vitter Bodden by the so-called Trog between the Fährinsel and the Stolper Haken of Rügen island. To the south the bodden transitions into the Kubitzer Bodden. A boundary would be the line between the southern tips of the Hiddensee (Geller Haken) and Ummanz or the link from the Geller Haken - Insel Heuwiese.

The Schaproder Bodden is 4.5 metres deep at three places, otherwise it is very shallow (mostly under 1.5 metres deep). Another source claims water depts. of 6 m.

The bodden was named after Schaprode, the main village on its shores on the island of Rügen. The bodden is part of the Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park and it belongs to the West Rügen Bodden.

In the southwestern part the bodden runs in front of Hiddensee into a very low windwatt or wind-exposed mudflat. The islands in this bodden are the Gänsewerder, the Fährinsel and the Öhe.

Ferries to Hiddensee from Schaprode, Stralsund and Zingst cross the bodden.

References

Geography of Rügen
West Rügen Bodden

Schaproder Bodden


The AN/APG-67 is a multi-mode all-digital X band coherent pulse doppler radar originally developed by General Electric for the Northrop F-20 Tigershark program of the early 1980s. It offers a variety of air-to-air, air-to-ground, sea-search and mapping modes, and compatibility with most weapons used by the US Air Force in the 1980s.

When the F-20 project ended in the mid-1980s and no other U.S. sales were immediately forthcoming, GE sold off its radar division. It eventually became part of Lockheed Martin, which sells the APG-67 for use on light fighters and trainer aircraft. It has been selected for the AIDC F-CK-1 Ching-kuo of Taiwan, and the Korean FA-50 fighter variant of the T-50 Golden Eagle.

Description
The APG-67 is a modern radar featuring a planar phased array antenna and simplified electronics housed in three line-replaceable units, one of these being the radar "dish" itself. The entire system weighs less than 160 lb and takes up less than 1.9 cubic feet. All communications with the cockpit is handled using the MIL-STD-1553 data bus; the data bus allows the data from any of the aircraft's sensors to be shown on any of the in-cockpit displays, or sent to other aircraft using a data link.

The system broadcasts an average power of 396 watts, allowing it to detect fighter-sized targets at up to 40 nm (75 km) in tracking modes, and up to 80 nm (150 km) in velocity search. In the air-to-air mode it offers long-range velocity search, track-while-scan with up to ten tracked targets, and a variety of single-target-track and auto-lockon "dogfight" modes. It has a variety of pulse repetition frequencies that are automatically selected depending on whether or not the antenna is looking up or down.

The APG-67 also includes a variety of air-to-ground modes including real beam ground mapping, synthetic aperture radar imaging (SAR) and beacon tracking. It can also search for moving targets on the ground, and offers tracking modes for ground targets similar to those for air-to-air use. These modes can also be used for sea-surface-search, in which case the display is de-cluttered to remove waves. The SAR mode is an optional add-on to the basic system.

History
For many years Northrop had worked with Emerson Electric to provide a series of radars for their F-5 series. The original F-5A/B was designed as a light strike aircraft and had only a rudimentary ranging radar for the gunsight, and very little room in the nose for anything else. When the F-5 airframe was adapted into the F-5E/F for the air-to-air role, Emerson designed the AN/APQ-153 to fit into the extremely limited space in the F-5's nose. The small space and severe weight limitations meant that the APQ-153 could offer only the most basic features, including basic single-target-track and a scanning mode with a range about 10 nm. A further upgrade produced the AN/APQ-159, which offered longer range of about 20 nmi, as well as offering a number of practical improvements like wider scanning angles and improved reliability.

When Northrop started work on the latest member of the F-5 family, then known as the F-5G, Emerson was initially selected to produce a version of the APQ-159 with the capability of firing the AIM-7 Sparrow missile at beyond visual range. However, as the project was repeatedly re-positioned during the late 1970s, Northrop developed the requirement for a much more capable design, able to support both air-to-air and air-to-ground modes like the radars being used in modern designs like the F-16 Fighting Falcon. Emerson's earlier designs were all analog systems so they were not a "shoe in" for the digital system Northrop was looking for, and they threw open the competition to anyone with a suitable design. Several proposals were returned, and General Electric eventually won the contract.

References

Military radars of the United States
Aircraft radars
General Electric radars

AN/APG-67


Shivaji VI(April 05, 1863 – December 25, 1883) of the Bhonsle dynasty, was Raja of Kolhapur from 1871 to 1883. A distant relation of the main family line, he was born as Shrimant Narayanrao Dinkarrao Bhonsle and was adopted at the age of eight by the widow of Rajaram II. Owing to his youth, he reigned under a regency until he had attained his majority. In 1875, he was presented with a sword of honour by the future Edward VII and on New Year's Day, 1877, was knighted with the title of Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India(KCSI), at the age of 13, the youngest knight ever of that honour. Later that same year, he also became the youngest recipient of the Empress of India Medal.

Alleged madness and the Kolhapur affair

By 1882, Sir Shivaji (according to the British colonial authorities) had become insane, and was placed under the protection of the British Government, with a regent appointed for the state, Karbhari Mahadeo Barve.

This aroused a considerable controversy. British officials and doctors reiterated that Shivaji VI was suffering from an incurable madness. This official version received support from English newspapers such as the Times of India and the Bombay Gazette.

However, this was strongly disputed by some Indian-owned newspapers such as Induprakash, Mahratta, and Kesari. The latter two were published in English and Marathi respectively, and had been founded shortly before by Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a prominent leader of the Indian Independence movement.

In Kesari, there was a public questioning of the diagnosis, treatment, and mental state of Chhatrapati. Kesari, then under the editorship of Agarkar, and Mahratta under Tilak, argued that Shivaji VI was not mad and the little instability in his mental state was caused by the maltreatment given to him by the servants and officials appointed to take care of him.

They especially accused Mahadeo Barve, the British-appointed Regent of Kolhapur, of complicity in a conspiracy to make Shivaji VI mad. Letters published in Kesari and Mahratta, allegedly written by Mahadeo Barve to his subordinate officials, indicated his involvement along with some British officials and native servants in a plot to poison Shivaji VI.

To clear himself of the charges, Mahadeo Barve filed a defamation case against Tilak and Agarkar. The trial which followed brought into the public sphere the private life of Shivaji VI and the ill treatment meted out to him by British officials.

Kesari published the verbatim account of the High Court trial drama, which in its editors' opinion exposed to public scrutiny the barbarous attitude of the British officers towards Shivaji VI. On July 16, 1882 the jury found Tilak and Agarkar guilty on the charge of slander against Mahadeo Barve and sentenced them to four months imprisonment at Dongri jail in Bombay.

Even during the trial, Kesari published articles which questioned the physical control of British officers over the body of Shivaji VI and expressed fears regarding danger to Shivaji VI's life from officers appointed to protect him. In spite of such accusations, the British government did not remove Shivaji VI from the custody of these officers.

Death & aftermath

Eventually, Shivaji VI died as a youngster in 1883. The whole episode became famous as the Kolhapur Prakaran(affair).

Removed to Ahmednagar, Sir Shivaji VI died a year later on December 25, 1883 at the age of 20, in a scuffle with, or due to beating received from a British soldier appointed to take care of him – Private Lloyd Passingham. He was succeeded by Shahu as he had left no heir.

The manner of his death was widely regarded as a vindication of the accusations made by the Indian nationalists, in spite of the court ruling against them, the whole issue being a landmark in the development of the Indian Independence Movement.

Titles

 1863–1871: Shrimant Narayanrao Dinkarrao Bhonsle

 1871–1877: His Highness Shrimant Rajashri Shivaji VI Chhatrapati Maharaj Sahib Rao Bahadur, Raja of Kolhapur

 1877–1883: His Highness Shrimant Rajashri Sir Shivaji VI Chhatrapati Maharaj Sahib Bahadur, Raja of Kolhapur, KCSI

References

Sources
The London Gazette, 1 January 1877

Murdered Indian royalty
1863 births
1883 deaths
Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Maharajas of Kolhapur
Indian knights
People from British India

Shivaji VI


Spotlight was an American premium cable television network that was founded by the Times Mirror Satellite Programming Company unit of the Times Mirror Company, and owned as a joint venture with Storer Communications, Cox Cable and Tele-Communications Inc. (TCI). The channel's programming focused mainly on theatrically released motion pictures, with the only scheduling deviation being of monthly specials previewing films set to air on the channel.

History

Development and early history
Times Mirror announced the formation of Spotlight on March 12, 1981. Although it was intended to act as a direct competitor to existing movie-focused premium channels Cinemax, The Movie Channel and Home Theater Network, Spotlight was primarily developed to compete with dominant pay cable service HBO, which – like Spotlight – was owned by a media company with cable system interests, as parent company Time Inc. had owned the American Television & Communications Corp. (eventually integrated into Time Warner Cable and later Charter), the second-largest American cable television provider at the time (format-wise, HBO's programming contrasted from Spotlight, with a general interest format that mixed movies with specials and some limited original series within its lineup). Times-Mirror operated the channel as part of its cable programming unit, the Times Mirror Satellite Programming Company.

Originally scheduled to launch on May 1, Spotlight officially launched just over four weeks later on May 28, 1981. It was initially available primarily on cable systems operated by Times-Mirror's Dimension Cable Television unit; Dimension originally planned to replace HBO with Spotlight on most of the provider's 51 systems nationwide, although it would instead replace competing general interest service Showtime throughout most of its service areas.

In December 1981, Times-Mirror sold minority interests in the channel to Tele-Communications, Inc. (TCI), Cox Cable and Storer Communications; the three companies, then also among the nation's largest cable providers, mainly served as investors in Spotlight and added the channel to their respective systems; Times-Mirror remained managing partner, handling business and programming operations.

For its first year of operation, Spotlight transmitted its programming for twelve hours each day, from 12:00 p.m. to 12:00 a.m. Eastern Time. The channel began to maintain a 24-hour-a-day schedule in 1982 (in contrast, Cinemax had maintained a 24-hour schedule from its August 1980 launch, while The Movie Channel switched to 24-hour schedules in January 1980; Showtime and HBO followed suit in July and September 1981 respectively, the latter airing a 24-hour lineup on weekends only, before expanding its weekday programming to a round-the-clock schedule in December of that year). At its peak, Spotlight had 784,000 subscribers throughout the United States, comparatively less than HBO, Cinemax (which both had around 13 million subscribers), Showtime and The Movie Channel (which both had around seven million subscribers).

Shutdown and acquisition by Showtime-The Movie Channel
On December 12, 1983, Times-Mirror announced that Spotlight would cease operations after 2½ years, and would sell the channel's subscriber base and rights to its transponder to Showtime-The Movie Channel, Inc. for an undisclosed price. Each of the providers would offer their subscribers the option of purchasing either Showtime or The Movie Channel as a replacement for Spotlight, with those dissatisfied with Showtime's program offerings following a two-month sampling period during February and March permitted to exchange it for another premium channel at no charge.

In announcing its reasoning for closing the channel, Spotlight President John F. Cook cited that it was unlikely that the channel could sustain "acceptable profitability" long-term and the four partner companies had internal disagreements over the channel's operation. In addition, Spotlight had suffered from relatively limited national carriage throughout its existence as it was available exclusively to cable systems owned by Dimension, Storer, TCI and Cox, limiting the number of potential subscribers to the service. Cook noted that reaching distribution and marketing agreements with other providers would have been too cost-prohibitive to execute; and that the venture would not have been able to make justifiable expenditures to make licensing fee bids to major film studios that were competitive with those submitted by established pay services for the rights to certain films, commit to pre-production financing and finance the production of original made-for-cable films for the channel without a bigger financial commitment by the partners.

Spotlight shut down at 12:00 a.m. Eastern Time on February 1, 1984, at which time, all subscribers of the participating systems that carried Spotlight who received the channel began to automatically receive either Showtime or The Movie Channel, the service which replaced Spotlight depended on the provider's existing carriage of one or neither of the two pay services offered as replacements. Although they were both largely unavailable on Dimension's systems beforehand, Showtime-The Movie Channel President Michael Weinblatt estimated that approximately 100,000 subscribers of the four partner systems already received either Showtime or TMC, and that the absorption of Spotlight would increase the total number of paid subscribers to both channels by at least 650,000 to about eight million subscribers nationwide.

Programming
As with most premium cable services at the time, Spotlight did not maintain exclusive first-run film licensing agreements major film studios, instead licensing films on an individual basis with studios such as Warner Bros. Entertainment, 20th Century Fox, Universal Studios, Columbia Pictures and Paramount Pictures; because of this lack of exclusivity over its content, the channel experienced a sizeable amount of duplication with its film inventory with Showtime, The Movie Channel and HBO, airing many of the same movies as any one of its competitors during the same calendar month.

The channel's prime time movie schedule initially maintained a "flip-flop" format, in which one film would be broadcast at 7:00 p.m. and another around 9:00 p.m. on one evening and with the two films being shown in reverse order the next night, with the late movie from the previous night being shown first. Singer Robert Goulet served as Spotlight's initial on-air spokesperson, appearing in some of its early promotional imaging campaigns, and also hosted the channel's launch. Spotlight's network identifications and feature presentation bumpers throughout its existence utilized a big band-type theme, with a sequence featuring an animation that zoomed into the "O" of the Spotlight logo, accompanied by a whooshing sound.

See also
 Home Theater Network – A competing family-oriented premium channel owned by Group W Cable, which operated from 1979 to 1985.
 PRISM – A regional premium channel that served the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania metropolitan area, which operated from 1976 to 1997.
 ONTV – An over-the-air subscription television service, which operated from 1978 to 1985.
 SelecTV – An over-the-air subscription television service, which operated from 1979 to 1985.

References

External links
 Museum of Broadcast Communications

Defunct television networks in the United States
Commercial-free television networks
Television channels and stations established in 1981
Television channels and stations disestablished in 1984
Movie channels

Spotlight (TV channel)


3-1-1 is a special telephone number used for non-emergency call to municipal services. It is used in several cities in Canada and the United States. 3-1-1 was created to receive many of the calls which commonly were made to 9-1-1 which were common questions and not emergencies.

Availability

United States
3-1-1 is available in several major American cities, including: Akron, Albuquerque, Austin,  Baltimore, Charlotte, Chattanooga, Chicago, Columbus, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Hartford, Houston, Kansas City, Las Vegas, Little Rock, Los Angeles, Miami, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Mobile, Nashville, New York City, Rochester, Orlando, Pittsburgh, San Antonio, San Francisco, San Jose, Somerville, and Washington, D.C..

Canada
The service is available in the following communities (with starting date):

 Calgary, Alberta (18 May 2005)
 Gatineau, Quebec (22 June 2005)
 Windsor, Ontario (22 August 2005)
 Ottawa, Ontario (19 September 2005)
 St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador (27 June 2006)
 Fort St. John, British Columbia (14 November 2006)
 Greater Sudbury, Ontario (12 February 2007)
 Laval, Quebec (3 October 2007)
 Montreal, Quebec (mid-December 2007)

Other Canadian municipalities are expected to use 3-1-1 in the near future. These include Edmonton, Winnipeg and Toronto.

Telephone numbers in Canada
Telephone numbers in the United States
N11 codes

3-1-1


Yaropolk III Yaroslavich (after 1174 – after 1212 / before 1223) was a Kievan Rus' prince. He was prince of Novgorod (1197).

His life
Yaropolk was the younger son of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (who was the prince of Starodub or Chernigov when Yaropolk was born), by his wife Irene.

In 1196, prince Vsevolod Yurevich of Suzdalia refused to grant the citizens of Novgorod their request to replace his appointee Yaroslav Vladimirovich with his son or some other prince. Failing to have their way, they used their recently confirmed right to invite a prince of their own choice. On November 26, they evicted Yaroslav Vladimirovich and sent a delegation to Yaroslav Vsevolodovich in Chernigov, who promised to give them his son Yaropolk.

According to a number of late chronicles, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich could not send his son because the Olgovichi (the dynasty of Chernigov) were embroiled in a conflict with Monomakh's dynasty. Since Yaroslav Vsevolodovich had been reconciled with Vsevolod Yurevich, the princes of Monomakh's dynasty who prevented him from sending his son must have been the two Rostislavichi (David Rostislavich of Smolensk and Rurik Rostislavich of Kiev). Nevertheless, early in 1197 they were pacified to judge from the news that Yaropolk finally arrived in Novgorod at the end of March.

However, after six months the Novgorodians expelled Yaropolk and recalled Yaroslav Vladimirovich. Although his sojourn in Novgorod was brief, a number of lead seals that were found there have been attributed to him.

At the beginning of 1212, Yaropolk's cousin grand prince Vsevolod IV Svyatoslavich of Kiev waged war against the Rostislavichi, and kicked them out of Rus'. Vsevolod Svyatoslavich probably gave Vyshgorod to Yaropolk's brother, Rostislav Yaroslavich, and Yaropolk joined his brother. In June 1212, the Rostislavichi (Mstislav Romanovich and prince Mstislav Mstislavich of Novgorod) launched a major offensive against Vsevolod Svyatoslavich to reclaim their lands. Vsevolod Svyatoslavich and his brothers confronted the attackers at Vyshgorod, but the Rostislavichi occupied the town and captured Rostislav and Yaropolk.

When all the princes assembled in Kiev in the spring of 1223, Mikhail Vsevolodovich was the second in seniority among the Olgovichi which suggests that Yaropolk and Rostislav had died by that time.

Ancestors

Footnotes

Sources
Dimnik, Martin: The Dynasty of Chernigov - 1146-1246; Cambridge University Press, 2003, Cambridge; .

Olgovichi family
Princes of Novgorod
Eastern Orthodox monarchs

Yaropolk III Yaroslavich


The Four-Faced Liar is a 2010 comedy-drama-romance film directed by Jacob Chase. The title is a reference to a four-faced clock that displays four different times, all wrong, and to a bar with that name (also named after the clock) that features prominently as a location in the film.

Plot
Set in New York City spanning several months, Greg has just moved in with his girlfriend Molly. During their first night after unpacking, they go out for drinks and a meal at a local bar, called The Four-Faced Liar. There, they meet Trip, his girlfriend Chloe (Liz Osborn), and his lesbian friend Bridget.  Molly and Bridget bond as they discuss Wuthering Heights and relationships. Molly tells Bridget that she has everything in common with her boyfriend, but Greg lacks passion. Bridget tells Molly that she doesn't have a girlfriend because no one can hold her interest for long enough to bother. Bridget is a roommates with Trip, and they always wake at the same time every morning and they both brush their teeth together in front of the bathroom mirror.

Trip and Greg bond over beers and smoking joints on the roof of Trip's apartment building. Trip shows concern with Greg over Molly spending more and more time with Bridget, and he reminds Greg that Bridget is a lesbian. Greg tells Trip that he is getting worked up for nothing.

Around Halloween, Trip annoys Chloe by skipping a ballet performance to watch sports. Chloe takes Bridget in Trip's place to watch the show. However, Trip wins Chloe back with a candlelit apology, her favorite dessert, and a self-deprecating dance.

After coming home from the holidays early, Chloe catches Trip having sex with a random girl and she leaves him. That same night, Greg drunkenly tries to force an uninterested Molly into sex. She leaves him to stay with Bridget until he apologizes, which he does the next day.

At a New Year's Eve party at the bar, Molly laments to Bridget that she has never been thrown up against a wall and kissed. In the restroom, Bridget does just that when she follows Molly in, and the pair has breathless sex for the first time. Afterward, Molly and Bridget appear shocked by their own actions; Bridget asks Molly to come home with her, but Molly rejects her. Molly heads out to be with Greg. Later that night, Molly follows Bridget home after putting Greg to bed and starts a secret affair with Bridget. A montage is shown as Molly's bond with Bridget grows during the next several weeks. One morning, Chloe enters Bridget's room to gather some stuff and finds naked Molly in bed with her.  Chloe expresses her disapproval and disappointment with Molly and her infidelity. Trip briefly enters the room but quickly left in shock. And after finding out what went on between Molly and Bridget, he reports it to Greg, who takes the news calmly and forgives his girlfriend because "she's worth it." Molly then breaks off her romance with Bridget and announces that she is marrying Greg.

A few days later at Molly's birthday party at the bar, Trip attempts to woo Chloe back, while Bridget shows up and presents her case to Molly with a simple, "I like you." Greg sees Bridget outside the bar and he confronts her by asking how she pleases Molly in bed better than he. The angry and jealous Greg finally loses his temper and throws Bridget up against a car over her presence at the party. When Chloe and Molly realize that both Greg and Bridget are missing, they all run outside where Trip pulls Greg off of Bridget who wanders off while Chloe follows and tries to comfort her.

Molly ends her engagement with Greg, who moves out and back to his hometown.

Molly then visits Bridget to report Greg leaving her, and both women lie in bed side by side, staring at the ceiling. The camera pans in to a tight shot of them together.  Bridget turns to Molly and says "you keep me completely interested." She then questions the look on Molly's face, and Molly responds, "It means I love you." "Oh," Bridget responds.  Both women turn to face the ceiling.  Molly breaths out and says, "So."  Bridget says, "So."

Cast

Emily Peck as Molly
Marja-Lewis Ryan as Bridget
Daniel Carlisle as Greg
Todd Kubrak as Trip
Liz Osborn as Chloe
Lisa Bierman as Amy
Tadia K. Taylor as Dorothy
Jessie Paddock as Tracy
Natasha David as Jenna

Reception
Winner of 2010 HBO Audience Award for Best First Feature Film (Outfest), Winner of 2010 Roger Walker-Dack award for Emerging Artist (Marja-Lewis Ryan),

Official Selection: Slamdance Film Festival, Newport Beach International Film Festival, Ashland Independent Film Festival, Miami Gay and Lesbian Film Festival, Toronto Gay and Lesbian Film Festival, Provincetown Film festival, deadCenter Film Festival, Pink Apple Film Festival, New York LGBT Film Festival, Frameline, Tokyo LGBT Film Festival, Outfest, Philadelphia QFest, North Carolina LGBT Film Festival, and Atlanta Film Festival.

Distribution and home media
MTV/Viacom/Logo owns the broadcast rights.  Wolfe Media owns the North American DVD/VOD rights.  Multivisionaire is the film's foreign sales agent.  TLA owns the UK rights.

See also
List of lesbian filmmakers

References

External links

2010 films
American LGBT-related films
Lesbian-related films
2010 LGBT-related films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

The Four-Faced Liar


The Louisville, Harrods Creek and Westport Railroad was a 19th-century railway company in the U.S. state of Kentucky. It was formed from the failed Louisville, Harrods Creek and Westport Railway in 1879, gave up its predecessor's hope of reaching Westport or beyond, and simply continued service along the existing  narrow gauge railway line between Fulton Street and Harrods Creek until the company's 1881 purchase by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad.

The L&N continued the LHC&W's separate existence, but converted it to . Under the L&N, it offered passenger service on four daily round trips and principally serviced commuters living along River Road (the old Louisville–Westport Turnpike). At night, the line was employed for freight service by a lime kiln, bourbon distillery, two quarries, and nearby farms.

In 1904, the L&N sold the  between Zorn Avenue and Prospect to the Louisville Railway Company, which electrified the rail and ran hourly commuter shuttles.

All service on both stretches were abandoned during the Great Depression in 1935. The LHC&W's rights-of-way continued to be employed by the L&N for freight service, however, and presently make up part of the class-I CSX Transportation system.

See also
 List of Kentucky railroads
 Louisville, Harrods Creek and Westport Railway

References

Defunct Kentucky railroads
Defunct companies based in Louisville, Kentucky
Transportation in Louisville, Kentucky
Narrow gauge railroads in Kentucky
3 ft gauge railways in the United States
Railway companies established in 1879
Railway companies disestablished in 1881


The Higher Education Funding Council for Wales (HEFCW) is the Welsh Government Sponsored Body responsible for funding the higher education sector.

Functions
HEFCW distributes funds for education, research and related activities at Wales's higher education institutions, and funds the teaching activities of the Open University in Wales. It also funds higher education courses at further education colleges.

The body uses resources from the Welsh Government and others to:

 secure higher education learning and research of the highest quality;
 make the most of the contribution of higher education to the culture, society and economy or Wales;
 distribute to universities and colleges the tuition fee grant for Welsh domiciled full-time undergraduates; and
 ensure high quality, accredited teacher training across Wales.

These activities contribute to enhancing social justice and supporting a buoyant economy.

HEFCW has identified the following in its Corporate Strategy as the areas on which it will primarily work:
  Widening access: ensuring equity, opportunity and success in higher education.
  Student experience: ensuring that the student learning experience is of high quality.
  Skills: ensuring that all graduates are equipped for the world of work and for their role as citizens.
  Knowledge transfer: ensuring more productive relationships between higher education institutions and public/private sectors, local communities and other agencies.
  Research: ensuring improved research performance to underpin the knowledge economy and cultural and social renewal.
  Reconfiguration and Collaboration: delivering a reconfigured higher education system with strong providers that, through partnership working, particularly regionally, offers more accessible higher education opportunities.
  Governance: delivering continual improvement in the quality of governance and long term sustainability of the higher education system.

All Welsh universities that want to charge tuition fees above the basic fee level (£4000 for a full-time undergraduate student for the year 2012/13) must first seek approval from HEFCW through submitting a 'fee plan' which satisfies certain requirements in relation to widening access and inclusion.

Background and status

The Higher Education Funding Council for Wales (HEFCW) was established in May 1992 under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. HEFCW's responsibilities for initial teacher training (ITT), including the accreditation of ITT providers, are covered under the Education (School Teachers' Qualifications) (Wales) Regulations 2004 and the Education Act 2005.

As a Welsh Government Sponsored Body, HEFCW receives its funds from, and is accountable to, the Welsh Government. At the same time, HEFCW provides advice to the Welsh Government on the funding needs, aspirations and concerns of the higher education sector. HEFCW also promotes Welsh interests in the wider UK higher education arena.

Around 45 members of staff work for HEFCW's Executive, which is based in Bedwas, Caerphilly County Wales. HEFCW is governed by a Council of up to 12 members, including the Chairman, Mr David Allen, and the Chief Executive, Dr David Blaney.

References

External links

Education in Cardiff
Higher education in Wales
Higher education organisations based in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in Cardiff
Welsh Government sponsored bodies