Buck Rogers XXVC (sometimes written as Buck Rogers in the 25th Century) is a game setting created by TSR, Inc. in the late 1980s.  Products based on this setting include novels, graphic novels, a role-playing game (RPG), board game, and video games.  The setting was active from 1988 until 1995.

History
Buck Rogers is a fictional character created in 1928 by Philip Francis Nowlan. A Buck Rogers comic strip written by Nowlan was syndicated by John F. Dille (who may have contributed the nickname "Buck" to the character). Ownership of Buck Rogers and other works passed into the hands of the Dille Family Trust.

In the 1980s, John Dille's granddaughter, Lorraine Williams, was the president of TSR.  In that decade, business for TSR was booming, mainly as a result of their popular RPG, Advanced Dungeons & Dragons.  Lorraine Williams decided to merge Buck Rogers and D&D to make the XXVc game setting. First, a board game came out in 1988, later followed by a role-playing game in 1990. The latter was based on the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Second Edition rules, but there are some small differences. It was a new incarnation of the Buck Rogers world created by Williams' brother, Flint Dille. Its universe was limited to the Solar System, and revolved heavily around interplanetary travel and terraforming. A few dozen expansion modules were published, as well as a line of novels and graphic novels.

The company TSR owned Advanced Dungeons & Dragons at the time and had worked with SSI on a computerized version of the rules. SSI developed their "Gold Box" game engine for Advanced Dungeons & Dragons, so it was natural for them to use the engine for the XXVc rules.

Setting

History

The setting of XXVC is a possible future of the real universe that we live in.  In the year 1999, the Soviet Union and the United States are involved in the "Last Gasp War."  This is the world's first nuclear war.

This war causes many governments of Earth to abandon conventional warfare and embrace large alliances.  Three of these alliances that grow to be superpowers are the Russo-American Mercantile ("RAM"), the Indo-Asian Consortium ("IAC"), and the Euro-Bloc Faction ("EBF").  In the latter half of the 21st century, these three alliances jointly form the System States Alliance ("SSA") for the purposes of exploring and colonizing the Solar System.  Slowly, the SSA begins to terraform the inner planets.  Mars is colonized by RAM, Luna is colonized by EBF, and Venus is controlled by IAC.

The main method of interplanetary travel from this time onward is the rocket ship.  These vessels use fusion reactions to power the ship throughout its entire voyage.  Rocket ships usually can range from 5 to 500 tons.

In the year 2275, RAM revolts against Earth and gains independence.  Furthermore, because of Earth's dependence on the other planets for resources, RAM begins to dominate Earth.  In 2310, refugees from Earth begin to colonize Mercury.  In the next century, the asteroid belt and Jupiter begin to be settled. Human DNA is modified with genes from various animals, resulting in genetically modified humans commonly known as "gennies." These play a role in the settlement of Venus, Mars, Jupiter and also of many asteroids and moons.

In the first half of the 25th century, certain Terrans (inhabitants of Earth) form the New Earth Organization ("NEO").  This society plans to rebel against the rule of RAM and restore Earth to its former glory.  After the revival of Buck Rogers, NEO is strengthened by alliances with other governments and space pirates.  NEO is able to repel the occupation by RAM and fend off the ensuing large-scale attack by RAM.

Most of the XXVC material takes place in the time from 2430 until 2460.

Buck Rogers
Like all other versions of the Buck Rogers universe, one central story is that of Anthony "Buck" Rogers.  In this case, Buck is the pilot of an experimental spacecraft for the American government in 1999. Buck is sent into space to destroy "MasterLink" - a heavily defended satellite that acts as the hub of the Soviet war machine. The MasterLink satellite is primarily controlled by an eponymous artificial intelligence, but as an experimental system, it is supplemented by a Soviet cosmonaut named "Karkov" - who coincidentally murdered Rogers' parents years before while they were flying in a commercial jet the Soviet Union declared a spy craft.

The battle ends badly for both combatants; the Masterlink satellite is neutralized (but not destroyed), and Karkov dies from space exposure. Masterlink integrates Karkov's mind into its program before he dies. Rogers survives the battle, but his own ship has taken too much damage to make atmospheric reentry. Instead, he utilizes an experimental cryogenic system to await recovery. However, the "Last Gasp War" begins before a rescue can be attempted, and his preserved form is left drifting in space for the next five centuries.

In the year 2456, Rogers's spacecraft is discovered, and a number of factions race to recover it for various unrelated reasons. He is ultimately recovered by a civilian researcher who brings him out of cryogenic stasis, resurrecting the 20th century hero. Rogers, upon discovering what Earth has suffered in his absence, joins NEO, a resistance movement fighting to liberate Earth from its absentee landlord, RAM. His expertise, dedication and symbolic value ultimately prove to be the key to NEO's defeat of RAM.

Computer games
These two games were developed and published by SSI for various platforms and are entirely unrelated to Sega's 1982 Buck Rogers video game Buck Rogers: Planet of Zoom.
 Buck Rogers XXVc SF Computer RPG, Volume I: Countdown to Doomsday (Sep 1990, 16685-04135; Amiga, Commodore 64, MS-DOS, Sega Genesis.)
 Buck Rogers XXVc SF Computer RPG, Volume II: Matrix Cubed (Jan 1992, 16685-04154; MS-DOS.)

Board games
The Buck Rogers Battle for the XXVth Century board game (TSR, Jun 1988, ) was a strategy game, designed by Jeff Grub, similar to Axis and Allies or Risk. Players maneuvered soldiers, ships, and gennies on a board representing the solar system. During the game, the planets moved, changing the relative distances of the various planets and their moons. In the advanced game, each player's leader character, based on a personage from the setting, had a unique special ability, and the gennies could be assigned special abilities based on their home planet.

Following lackluster response, TSR decided to try again with a more conventional table-top RPG, this time based on the original 1928 Philip Francis Nowlan novel Armageddon, 2419 A.D. (Ace, Aug 1978, ) and subsequent 1929 comic strip continuity, in which resurgent tribal Americans overthrow their Red Mongol conquerors. The basic game was called the High Adventure Cliffhangers Buck Rogers Adventure Game (Sep 1993, ) and was co-designed by Jeff Grubb and Steven Schend. The High Adventure Cliffhangers Buck Rogers War Against The Han Campaign Supplement (Dec 1993, ) was designed by Steven Schend alone. Although published by TSR as a licensed Buck Rogers property, this game is unconnected with the XXVC universe.

Bibliography

Gaming supplements

Novels

There were 10 novels published under the XXVC banner, including three trilogies.

The Martian Wars Trilogy:

The Inner Planets Trilogy:

The Invaders of Charon Trilogy:

References

External links

Zarn's Domain: Buck Rogers XXVc

Fiction about the Solar System
TSR, Inc. games
Role-playing games introduced in 1988
Space opera role-playing games
Buck Rogers

Buck Rogers XXVC


11th Hour is the 11th novel of the Women's Murder Club series written by American author James Patterson. The main character of this series is Sgt. Lindsay Boxer. The series is a set in San Francisco and the Women's Murder Club is a small group of women who meet with Boxer to help solve sensational crimes in the city. Throughout the series, the membership of the Women's Murder Club has had some changes.

Plot
This book has two major plots. The two major plots involve cases in which Boxer quickly becomes involved. Someone is gunning down San Francisco drug dealers and kills an undercover officer. One of the weapons used was taken from her own department's evidence locker, indicating the involvement of a rogue cop.
The second major plot involves Boxer, when two heads appear unexpectedly in the garden of a mansion owned by a world-famous actor. More heads are unearthed in the garden.

The first plot concerns Noelle Smith, a violinist, who is giving a gig in front of her father, Chaz Smith, who's killed in the bathroom by a lone avenger, Revenge.
He used a cop, so the circle closes down. But Chaz Smith is revealed to be a cop, too; and Revenge is finally captured by Lindsay Boxer and Rich Conklin; his real name is William Randall and he decided to take revenge on pushers in the name of his son, who was killed by drugs, without anyone paying for his premature death.

The main plot concerns Janet Wolsley, a woman who finds severed heads in the garden of the mansion she keeps, Elssworth House. The heads are marked with numbers and the investigation starts from there; more heads are found in the garden and the Wolseys become suspected; but Nicole, their daughter, takes them on the trail of Connie Kerr, a former tennis player, who has gone insane but seems to know many things.
Connie Kerr reveals she has found and dug out many more heads in the garden; she intrudes Nicole Wolsey's house to interrogate her but Nicole tries to stab her; Janet comes out and says it was actually her.
It's finally discovered it was both of them, in their thirst of revenge against Harry Chandler - Ellsworth's House's owner - who was Janet's lover but cheated on her with many lovers, who became the victims of their furious anger.

Reviews
At least two professional reviews were written about this book. Joe Hartlaub wrote in the Book Reporter website, "The '11th Hour' . . . may be the best Women's Murder Club novel to date." A second reviewer, Kay Dyer, wrote a review on the News OK website, but did not indicate whether or not she liked the book.

References

2012 American novels
Novels set in San Francisco
Women's Murder Club (novel series)
Little, Brown and Company books
Collaborative novels

11th Hour (novel)


Baron Carl Carlsson Gyllenhielm (4 March 1574 – 17 March 1650) was a Swedish soldier and politician. He was made a baron (friherre) in 1615, appointed Field Marshal in 1616, Privy Councilor in 1617, Governor General of Ingria in 1617 and served as  Lord High Admiral from 1620 until his death.

Biography
He was an illegitimate son of Duke Carl, later King Charles IX of Sweden, and Karin Nilsdotter, the daughter of a clergyman from Östergötland. He was raised at the royal estate of Julita Abbey (Julita gård) in Södermanland. He was thus the older half-brother of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. It was the tradition in Sweden in this period that noble children born out of wedlock were acknowledged by their fathers, as long as they were not the product of adultery. Carl Carlsson was ennobled in 1592 with the surname Gyllenhielm and entered the service of the crown as a soldier. He served with the navy in the 1590s before moving to the army during the Swedish-Polish War (1600-11).

He was captured by the enemy in Poland in 1601 and remained a prisoner of war for twelve years. After attempting to escape, he was forced to wear leg irons for the last six and a half years of his captivity. He was freed in 1613, and shortly after raised to the rank of baron and field marshal by his half-brother, the king.

On 27 February 1617 the Treaty of Stolbovo ended the Ingrian War (1610–1617), fought between the Swedish Empire and Russia. From 1617, Gyllenhielm was the governor general of the province of Ingria, until he returned to Sweden in 1620 to become Lord High Admiral. Admirals in this period were expected to lead the navy at sea as well as administrate, but Gyllenhielm did not often take command himself. He delegated much of the day-to-day business of the navy to Clas Fleming, and focused his naval efforts on overseeing the navy's finances. In September 1628, he served as the chairman of the tribunal convened to investigate the loss of the new warship Vasa.

After the death of Gustavus Adolphus in Germany during 1632, Gyllenhielm was responsible for returning his half-brother's body to Sweden. In the following year, he was appointed to the regency government which ruled in the name of Queen Christina of Sweden during her minority, until 1644. He built   Karlberg Palace to the northwest of Stockholm  and spent his last years there. He died at Karlberg in 1650, and was buried at Strängnäs Cathedral. Karlberg was eventually taken over as an administrative headquarters for the Swedish military, but several of the central reception rooms are preserved as they were in Gyllenhielm's lifetime.

References

Other sources
Glete, Jan (2010) Swedish Naval Administration: Resource flows and organizational capacity  (Leiden: Brill)

1574 births
1650 deaths
Illegitimate children of Swedish monarchs
Ingria
17th-century Swedish politicians
Field marshals of Sweden
Swedish admirals
Governors-General of Sweden
16th-century Swedish nobility
Members of the Privy Council of Sweden
17th-century Swedish nobility

Carl Gyllenhielm


Robert Todd Lincoln (August 1, 1843 – July 26, 1926) was an American lawyer and Secretary of War. He was the first son of President Abraham Lincoln and his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln. Born in Springfield, Illinois, United States, he was the only one of Lincoln's four sons to live to be an adult. He was a bright lawyer, and mostly served railroad interests. He was (1897–1911) president of the Pullman Company. He was quiet and shy. Because of this, he never tried to be a president, but he was minister to Great Britain (1889–93). Most of his last 20 years were spent at Hildene, his estate near Manchester, Vermont.

Lincoln did not have a very close relationship with his father. This was partly because Abraham Lincoln often spent months away from home. Robert would later say his clearest memory of his father was when he was packing for a trip to Illinois. Abraham Lincoln was proud of Robert. He thought Robert was clever. Though they were not close, Robert respected and loved his father. He wept openly at his deathbed.

Following his father's assassination, in April 1865, Robert Lincoln moved with his mother and his brother Tad to Chicago, where Robert completed his law studies at the Old University of Chicago (a school different from but later assumed by the university presently known by that name). He was admitted to the bar on February 25, 1867.

Lincoln was also present during the assassinations of James A. Garfield and William McKinley. He is the only man to have been present in the area where three US Presidents were assassinated.

On September 24, 1868, Robert Lincoln married Mary Eunice Harlan (September 25, 1846 – March 31, 1937). They had two daughters and one son. The last person who was directly related to Lincoln was Robert's grandson "Bud" Beckwith. He died in 1985.

References

Other websites

 Robert Todd Lincoln

1843 births
1926 deaths
United States Secretaries of War
Children of Presidents of the United States
Lawyers from Illinois
Ambassadors of the United States
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Politicians from Springfield, Illinois

Robert Todd Lincoln


Morten Peter Meldal (born 16 January 1954) is a Danish chemist and Nobel laureate. He is a professor of chemistry at the University of Copenhagen in Copenhagen, Denmark. He is best known for developing the CuAAC-click reaction, concurrently with but independent of Valery V. Fokin and K. Barry Sharpless.

Biography
Meldal received B.S. and PhD degrees in chemical engineering from Technical University of Denmark (DTU); his PhD work was supervised by Klaus Bock and focused on the synthetic chemistry of carbohydrates. From 1983 to 1988 he was a postdoctoral fellow in organic chemistry, first at the DTU, next at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology at Cambridge University and then at the University of Copenhagen. In 1996 he was appointed assistant professor at DTU. Since 1998 he has led the synthesis group in the Department of Chemistry of the Carlsberg Laboratory.

Meldal developed several technological techniques and instruments for peptide synthesis near the start of his career. He developed the multiple-column synthesis used in peptide and organic synthesis instruments, as well as for assembling large split-mix libraries. He first presented the cycloaddition of acetylenes and azides used in peptide and protein conjugations, in polymers and in material sciences. Meldal's group has then showed this reaction to be orthogonal to the majority of functional group chemistries.

More recently Meldal has developed an optical encoding technique  and has focused on the merger of organic chemistry and peptide chemistry on solid support. He has devised a range of novel methods for the generation of N-acyl iminium ions in which combinatorial libraries of these compounds are generated and screened for substances with activity toward G protein-coupled receptors in cell-based on-bead screening.

In 2019, Meldal co-founded the company Betamab Therapeutics ApS, based on the concept of beta-bodies, i.e. peptide mimics of antibodies. The company closed in 2021.

Honors and awards
Meldal was awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, jointly with Carolyn R. Bertozzi and Karl Barry Sharpless, "for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry".

References

External links

Danish chemists
1954 births
Living people
Carlsberg Laboratory staff
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
Technical University of Denmark alumni
Academic staff of the University of Copenhagen
Academic staff of the Technical University of Denmark
21st-century Danish scientists
21st-century chemists

Morten P. Meldal


In American science fiction of the 1950s and '60s, psionics was a proposed discipline that applied principles of engineering (especially electronics) to the study (and employment) of paranormal or psychic phenomena, such as extrasensory perception, telepathy and psychokinesis. The term is a blend word of psi (in the sense of "psychic phenomena") and the  - from electronics. The word "psionics" began as, and always remained, a term of art within the science fiction community and—despite the promotional efforts of editor John W. Campbell, Jr—it never achieved general currency, even among academic parapsychologists. In the years after the term was coined in 1951, it became increasingly evident that no scientific evidence supports the existence of "psionic" abilities.

Etymology
In 1942, two authors—biologist Bertold Wiesner and psychologist Robert Thouless—had introduced the term "psi" (from ψ psi, 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet) to parapsychology in an article published in the British Journal of Psychology. (This Greek character was chosen as apropos since it is the initial letter of the Greek word ψυχή [psyche]—meaning "mind" or "soul".) The intent was that "psi" would represent the "unknown factor" in extrasensory perception and psychokinesis, experiences believed to be unexplained by any known physical or biological mechanisms. In a 1972 book, Thouless insisted that he and Wiesner had coined this usage of the term "psi" prior to its use in science fiction circles, explaining that their intent was to provide a more neutral term than "ESP" that would not suggest a pre-existing theory of mechanism.

The word "psionics" first appeared in print in a novella by science fiction writer Jack Williamson—The Greatest Invention—published in Astounding Science Fiction magazine in 1951. Williamson derived it from the "psion", a fictitious "unit of mental energy" described in the same story. (Only later was the term retroactively described in non-fiction articles in Astounding as a portmanteau of "psychic electronics", by editor John W. Campbell.) The new word was derived by analogy with the earlier term radionics. ("Radionics" combined radio with electronics and was itself devised in the 1940s  to refer to the work of early 20th century physician and pseudoscientist Albert Abrams.) The same analogy was subsequently taken up in a number of science fiction-themed neologisms, notably bionics (bio- + electronics; coined 1960) and cryonics (cryo- + electronics; coined 1967).

Background
In the 1930s, three men were crucial to inciting John W. Campbell's early enthusiasm for a "new science of the mind" construed as "engineering [principles] applied to the mind". The first was mathematician and philosopher Norbert Wiener—known as the "father of cybernetics"—who had befriended Campbell when he was an undergraduate (1928–31) at MIT. The second was parapsychologist Joseph Banks Rhine whose parapsychology laboratory at Duke University was already famous for its investigations of "ESP" when Campbell was an undergraduate there (1932–34). The third was a non-academic: Charles Fort, the author and paranormal popularizer whose 1932 book Wild Talents strongly encouraged credence in the testimony of people who had experienced telepathy and other "anomalous phenomena".

The idea that ordinary people only utilize a small fraction of the (potentially enormous) capabilities of the human brain had become a particular "pet idea" for Campbell by the time he first published his own science fiction writings as a college student. In a 1932 short story he asserted that "no man in all history ever used even half of the thinking part of his brain". He followed up on this notion in a note to another story published five years later:

The total capacity of the mind, even at present, is to all intents and purposes, infinite. Could the full equipment be hooked into a functioning unit, the resulting intelligence should be able to conquer a world without much difficulty.

In 1939, he wrote in an editorial in the magazine Unknown, which he edited:

Is it so strange a thing that this unknown mass [the human brain] should have some unguessed power by which to feel and see beyond, directly, meeting mind to mind in telepathy, sensing direct the truth of things by clairvoyance?

Along with Charles Fort, Campbell believed that there were already many individuals with latent "psi powers" among us unwittingly and he took this belief a step further in considering development of such powers to be the "next step" in human evolution. Throughout his career, Campbell had sought grounds for a new "scientific psychology" and he was instrumental in formulating the brainchild of one of his more imaginative science fiction writers—the "Dianetics" of L. Ron Hubbard. Campbell's enthusiasm for Dianetics—which later morphed into the Church of Scientology—was red hot in 1949 and 1950, but had considerably cooled by 1951 when he saw Hubbard for the last time.

History
With Campbell's encouragement, or at his direction, "psionic" abilities began to appear frequently in magazine science fiction stories in the mid-1950s, providing characters with supernormal or supernatural abilities. The first example was Murray Leinster's novella The Psionic Mousetrap published in early 1955. Examples of psychic abilities in fiction, whether attributed to supernatural agencies or otherwise, predated the "psionics" vogue. But the editors of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction describe and define a post-war "psi-boom" in genre science fiction—"which he [Campbell] engineered"—dating it from the mid-1950s to the early 1960s. They cite James Blish's Jack of Eagles (1952), Theodore Sturgeon's More Than Human (1953), Wilson Tucker's Wild Talent (1954) and Frank M. Robinson's The Power (1956) as examples. Alfred Bester's The Demolished Man (1953) is a pioneering example of a work depicting a society in which people with "psi" abilities are fully integrated. Since the "psi-boom" years coincided with the darkest and most paranoid period of the Cold War, it is natural that many examples of the utility of telepathy in espionage (for example those of Randall Garrett) would be produced. In terms of literary continuity, the editors of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction point out that:

All the psi powers, of course, used to be in the repertoire of powerful magicians, and most are featured in occult romances.

In 1956, Campbell began promoting a psionics device known as the Hieronymus machine. It faced skepticism from scientists who viewed it as pseudoscientific and even as an example of quackery.

Some of the wind was taken out of the sails of psionics in 1957 when Martin Gardner, in the updated edition of his book Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science, wrote that the study of psionics is "even funnier than Dianetics or Ray Palmer's Shaver stories", and criticized the beliefs and assertions of Campbell as anti-scientific nonsense.

See also
 Extrasensory perception
 List of psychic abilities
 Psionics (role-playing games)
 Psychotronic harassment
 Psychotronics (parapsychology)
 Radionics
 Supernatural

References

Further reading

 Williamson, Jack (1984), Wonder's Child: My Life in Science Fiction; New York: Bluejay Books.

Paranormal terminology
Parapsychology
Pseudoscience
Psychic powers
Discovery and invention controversies
Fringe physics
Hypothetical technology
Fictional technology
1951 introductions
American inventions
Science fiction themes
1950s neologisms

Psionics


The Patriarchal Congregation of Bzommar () is an Armenian Catholic religious congregation of priests which was founded in 1750. They use the initials I.C.P.B. after their names.

They were established when the Patriarch of Cilicia, head of the Armenian Catholic Church, established a monastery attached to his cathedral in Bzommar, Lebanon. The men who entered formed a religious community dedicated to the service of the Church, providing spiritual support to the Armenian people. They committed themselves to going wherever in the world they might be sent by the Catholicos, who is ex officio the Superior General of the congregation.

The congregation has provided a number of bishops to the Church during its history. One example is Jean Pierre XVIII Kasparian, who was a member of the congregation, was Patriarch of Cilicia from 1982–1998.

References

External links
Official Site

1750 establishments in Europe
Armenian Catholic Church
Eastern Catholic orders and societies
Eastern Catholic priests
Religious organizations established in 1750

Patriarchal Congregation of Bzommar


In computing, a screen of death, colloquially referred to as a blue screen of death (named after the infamous screen of death in Microsoft Windows), is an informal term for a type of a computer operating system error message displayed onscreen when the system has experienced a fatal system error. The fatal error typically results in unsaved work being lost and often indicates serious problems with the system's hardware or software. These error screens are usually the result of a kernel panic, although the terms are frequently used interchangeably. Most screens of death are displayed on an even background color with a message advising the user to restart the computer.

Notable screens of death

 The Blue Screen of Death (also called BSoD, or stop error) is a common name for a screen displayed by the Microsoft Windows operating system when a critical system error occurs. By far, this is the most famous screen of death.
 Black Screens of Death are used by several systems: One is a failure mode of Windows 3.x. One appears when the bootloader for Windows Vista and later fails. Also in Windows 11 previews the Blue Screen of Death was changed to black.

 A Green Screen of Death is a green screen that appears on a TiVo with a message that includes the words "the DVR has detected a serious problem and is now attempting to fix it" or "A severe error has occurred". Its appearance often means that the hard drive is corrupted and it will attempt to clean up, check, and/or repair the TiVo Media File System. A Blue Screen of Death on a Windows Insider build appears as green instead of blue, starting with build 14997. A Green Screen of Death also appears on the Xbox One and PlayStation 5.
 The Purple Screen of Death is used by VMware ESXi, a server virtualization product by VMware It is displayed in the event of a fatal kernel error. The screen provides error codes that can be used for debugging purposes.
 The Red Screen of Death is used primarily by four different systems: One appears in early beta versions of Windows Vista, but it later became a black screen. Another was in Windows 98 beta builds and was caused by an error with the ACPI. It also appears on the Atari Jaguar if there is a loading cartridge error or a pirated cartridge is detected, marked by the roar of a jaguar and a red Atari Jaguar logo on a screen that changes color from black to red. A similar thing happens on the Sega Genesis (also known as Sega Mega Drive) if an incorrect checksum is detected. Lastly, it's shown on a PlayStation 2; and is known simply as the Red Screen of Death. It bears similarilities to the regular PlayStation 2 startup; such as the pitched-down menu screen audio and its subsequent ambient noises, alongside a faint whistle. After startup, a red screen will appear with a message saying "Please insert a PlayStation or PlayStation 2 format disc". This error can be obtained by inserting a non-compatible disk, e.g. a PC game disc or later Xbox 360 discs.
 A White Screen of Death appears on several other operating systems, content management systems, and on some BIOS. It can be seen on iOS 7, and also when a white iPhone 5 or later or a white 5th generation iPod Touch screen freezes. Everything on the screen but the back Apple logo turns white.

 A Yellow Screen of Death occurs when an ASP.NET web app finds a problem and crashes.
 A kernel panic is the Unix equivalent of Microsoft's Blue Screen of Death. It is a routine called when the kernel detects irrecoverable errors in runtime correctness; in other words, when continuing the operation may risk escalating system instability, and a system reboot is easier than attempted recovery.
 A Sad Mac is a symbol used by older-generation Apple Macintosh computers, starting with the original Macintosh 128K, to indicate a severe hardware or software problem that prevented startup from occurring successfully. A similar symbol exists for the iPod.
 A Sad Tab is an icon featuring a frowning folder displayed on a tab in Google Chrome when that tab crashes. The symbol shares the face of the Sad Mac.
 The Bomb icon is a symbol that was displayed when a classic Mac OS  program  crashed. The bomb symbols were also used by the Atari ST line of computers when the system encountered a fatal system error. The number of bombs indicated the exact cause of the error.
 Guru Meditation is the name of the error that occurred on early versions of the Amiga computers when they crashed. It was also used on the Nintendo DS, most commonly seen when using homebrew. (The top screen was black, and the bottom screen was red with white debug font saying "Guru Meditation Error! data abort! " with some hex addresses below it.)
 Kernel Debug Land is the name of the Kernel Debugger users of Haiku and BeOS see when a kernel crash happens.

See also

 Kill screen
 Xbox 360 technical problems (Common name for a hardware error is the 'Red Ring of Death')

References

Computer errors
Internet memes introduced in the 1990s

Screen of death


Sherwood Manor is a census-designated place (CDP) within the town of Enfield in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 5,410 at the 2010 census.

Geography
The CDP is in the northern part of the town of Enfield, bordered to the west by Interstate 91, to the north partially by Brainard Road, to the east by Connecticut Route 192 (N. Maple Street), and to the south by Connecticut Route 220 (Elm Street/Shaker Road). Thompsonville borders Sherwood Manor to the west, across I-91. Hazardville is  to the southeast, and Longmeadow, Massachusetts, is  to the north.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.1 square miles (8.1 km2), all of it land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,689 people, 2,184 households, and 1,644 families residing in the CDP.  The population density was .  There were 2,230 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.47% White, 1.14% African American, 0.05% Native American, 1.07% Asian, 0.47% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.83% of the population.

There were 2,184 households, out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.0% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.7% were non-families. 19.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 22.6% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 26.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.5% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.4 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.2 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $56,641, and the median income for a family was $62,019. Males had a median income of $46,118 versus $32,500 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $24,839.  About 1.1% of families and 1.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.5% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over.

References

Enfield, Connecticut
Census-designated places in Hartford County, Connecticut
Census-designated places in Connecticut

Sherwood Manor, Connecticut


The Recorder & Times is a daily newspaper published in Brockville, Ontario, Canada.

History
The paper was founded as the weekly Brockville Recorder by Chauncey Beach on January 16, 1821 and later led by William Buell, Jr. as editor and owner until 1849. The newspaper began publishing a daily edition called The Evening Recorder on November 10, 1873, also owned by the holding company Recorder Printing Co.

In 1883 the Daily Times, a rival paper, was founded.

In 1918 the Recorder Printing Co. and the Daily Times merged, and on February 1 the first edition of the daily newspaper The Recorder & Times was issued.

In 1957 the weekly edition ceased publication as the company focused on the daily edition.

In 1998, the newspaper's publishers, Hunter Grant and Perry Beverley, sold the property to Sun Media, established in 1971 in Toronto. That same year, Sun Media became a subsidiary of Quebecor.

Following the sale of Sun Media in 2015, The Recorder & Times came under the control of Postmedia Network.

See also
List of newspapers in Canada
Steve Clark - former Recorder and Times salesman and now provincial cabinet minister

External links
 The Recorder & Times - official website

Mass media in Brockville
Newspapers established in 1918
Daily newspapers published in Ontario
1918 establishments in Ontario
Postmedia Network publications

The Recorder and Times


Johannes Murmellius (c. 1480 – 2 October 1517) was a Dutch teacher and humanist, known for numerous textbooks, and his spreading of humanism, particularly in the Prince-Bishopric of Münster.

Life
He was born in Roermond, and was a pupil of Alexander Hegius von Heek in  Deventer. From 1496 to 1500 he was at the University of Cologne. Then with the support of Rudolph von Langen  he was brought in as assistant head of the cathedral school at Münster. After friction with the head, he moved to another school there, reforming textbooks and promoting the teaching of Greek. Pupils travelled from distant parts of Europe to study with him.

He was then school rector in Alkmaar from 1513, where he insisted his pupils had a good reading knowledge of parts of the Bible. The marauding Arumer Zwarte Hoop sacked Alkmaar in late June 1517, leaving Murmellius destitute. Nowadays, a school in Alkmaar is named after him as the Murmellius Gymnasium.

He moved on to Zwolle, briefly working under Gerardus Listrius, and then to a position at Deventer. He died suddenly in early October 1517, giving rise to an unsubstantiated rumour that Listrius had poisoned him.

Works
Around 50 works of his are known, mostly written with pedagogical intent.

He published an edition of the Consolation of Philosophy of Boethius in 1511, followed in 1514 by a commentary.

His Pappa Puerorum (1515) was a very successful Latin primer, and his Latin Lexicon was influential as far away as Hungary.

Notes

Further reading
Dietrich Reichling (1880, reprinted 1963), Johannes Murmellius: sein Leben und seine Werke

1480 births
1517 deaths
16th-century writers in Latin
Dutch educators
Dutch male poets
Dutch Renaissance humanists
People from Roermond

Johannes Murmellius


Aillen or Áillen is an incendiary being in Irish mythology. He played the harp and was known to sing beautiful songs.

Character
Called "the burner", he is a member of the Tuatha Dé Danann who resides in Mag Mell, the underworld.

Deeds
According to The Boyhood Deeds of Fionn, he would burn Tara to the ground every year at Samhain with his fiery breath after lulling all the inhabitants to sleep with his music. This only ended with the arrival of Fionn mac Cumhaill, who inhaled the poison from his spear to keep himself awake and slew Aillen. The act won him the leadership of the Fianna.

Names
Áillen was also a popular personal name in ancient Ireland and was used by several personages. The fertility goddess Áine is also sometimes known by this name.

Fenian Cycle
Fire gods
Tuatha Dé Danann
Articles lacking sources from June 2009
All articles lacking sources

Aillen


East Bengali Refugees are people who left East Bengal following the Partition of Bengal, which was part of the Independence of India and Pakistan in 1947. An overwhelming majority of these refugees and immigrants were Bengali Hindus. During the Bangladesh liberation war with West Pakistan, an estimated ten million people of East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh) fled the country and took refuge in India particularly in the Indian states of West Bengal and Indian North East region, especially Tripura and Assam.

History
In 1947, Bengal was partitioned into the Indian state of West Bengal and the Pakistani province of East Bengal. East Bengal was later renamed East Pakistan, which subsequently broke away from Pakistan to form the independent country of Bangladesh. Most of Sylhet district in Assam also joined East Bengal and subsequently became part of East Pakistan. East Bengal was the area of agricultural growth whereas West Bengal was meant for industrial development.

Settlement
The majority of East Bengali refugees settled in the city of Kolkata (Calcutta) and various other towns and rural areas of West Bengal, but a significant number also moved to the Barak Valley of Assam and the princely state of Tripura which eventually joined India in 1949. Around 0.5 million were also settled in other parts of India, including the East Pakistan Displaced Persons' Colony (EPDP) in Delhi (subsequently renamed Chittaranjan Park), Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Chhattisgarh. The estimated 0.5 million Bengalis in Delhi and 0.3 million in Mumbai are also largely East Bengali refugees and their descendants.

Scope
The exact number of refugees has never been officially collected and estimates vary considerably.

In the immediate aftermath of partition, commonly attributed figures suggest around three million East Bengalis migrating to India and 864,000 migrants from India to East Pakistan.  Indian government estimates suggest around 2.6 million migrants leaving East Bengal for India and 0.7 million migrants coming to East Pakistan from India.

As per the Refugee Relief and Rehabilitation Department of the Government of West Bengal, the census figures show the number of refugees from East Pakistan in 1971 was nearly 6 million (60 lakhs) and in 1981, the number was assessed at 8 million (80 lakhs). A district-wise break-up in 1971, shows the main thrust of the refugee influx was on 24-Parganas (22.3% of the total refugees), Nadia (20.3%), Bankura (19.1%) and Kolkata (12.9%).

Further migration

1950s
In 1950, it is estimated that a further one million refugees crossed into West Bengal, particularly in the aftermath of 1950 Barisal riots and Noakhali riots. The 1951 Census of India recorded that 27% of Kolkata's population was East Bengali refugees mainly Hindu Bengalis and they contributed the economic growth of Kolkata in various fields. Millions of Hindus particularly Bengali speaking from East Pakistan took refuge in India's various states, mainly West Bengal. A number estimated that around 3.2 lakhs Hindus from East Pakistan migrated mainly to Kolkata and various rural areas and towns of West Bengal during 1947.

1960s
Migration continued, primarily from East Pakistan to India, right up to the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971, both on an ongoing basis and with spikes during periods of particular communal unrest such as the 1964 East Pakistan riots and the 1965 India-Pakistan War, when it is estimated that 600,000 refugees left for India. Estimates of the number of refugees up to 1970 are over five million to West Bengal alone. This includes around 4.1 million coming between 1946 and 1958 and 1.2 million coming between 1959 and 1971.

1970s
Another major influx into India came in 1971 during the Bangladesh Liberation War, when Hindu refugees escaped systematic mass killings, rapes, lootings and arson. It is estimated that around ten million East Bengali refugees entered India during the early months of the war, of whom 1.5 million may have stayed back after Bangladesh became independent.

See also
 Bangladesh–India relations
 Hinduism in Bangladesh

References

Further reading

Partition of India
History of the Republic of India
Bangladesh Liberation War
India–Pakistan relations
Bangladesh–India relations
Refugees in India
East Bengali
1940s in West Bengal
Bengali Hindus

East Bengali refugees


Andreas Menger (born 11 September 1972) is a German former professional footballer who is goalkeeping coach of Hertha BSC.

Menger was born in West Berlin. A goalkeeper, played in German professional football between 1997 until 2005. But merely in his first season at the Cologne side he assured a regular spot. After the Billy Goats relegated, he had only eight appearances. In winter of the 1998–99 season, he was transferred to MSV Duisburg. While playing twelve times with the Zebras, he never played in one game when he was under contract for Frankfurt. Nevertheless, the executives were convinced of his abilities and from 2005 to 2011 he was the goalkeeping coach of the eagles, after splitting his duties between being a stand-by goalkeeper and coaching the keepers.

In July 2011, Menger became new goalkeeping coach of VfB Stuttgart. On 8 January 2013, Menger extended his contract with VfB Stuttgart until June 2016. Since January 2018, Menger has been the goalkeeping coach of 1. FC Köln.

References

1972 births
Living people
Footballers from Berlin
German men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Tennis Borussia Berlin players
SSV Ulm 1846 players
SpVgg Greuther Fürth players
1. FC Köln players
MSV Duisburg players
Eintracht Frankfurt players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Eintracht Frankfurt non-playing staff
VfB Stuttgart non-playing staff
1. FC Köln non-playing staff

Andreas Menger


Theodore "Ted" Makalena (June 14, 1934 – September 13, 1968) was an American professional golfer who played in the 1960s.

Makalena was born and raised in Hawaii, where he attended St. Louis High School in Honolulu.  He started out as a caddie at the age of 8 and eventually worked to become a club professional.

Makalena's only win in an official PGA Tour event came on October 30, 1966, when he won the Hawaiian Open by defeating veteran tour professionals Billy Casper and Gay Brewer.  His record-breaking score of 271 for 72 holes stood for many years. He was the first Hawaiian born golfer to win this event, and one of only two to have ever won it (the other being David Ishii in 1990).  Makalena's victory in this event made him a very popular figure in Hawaii.

Two years after his win in the Hawaiian Open, Makalena died at the age of 34 less than five days after being injured in a swimming accident in Waikiki. Governor John Burns designated September 28, 1968 as Ted Makalena Day. After winning the 1968 Hawaiian Open, Lee Trevino turned over $10,000 of his winner's check to a trust fund honoring Makalena.

A golf facility in Waipahu that borders Pearl Harbor is named for him. He is interred at Diamond Head Memorial Park in Honolulu.

Professional wins (1)

PGA Tour wins (1)

Team appearances
World Cup (representing Hawaii): 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967

References

External links

American male golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Golfers from Hawaii
Accidental deaths in Hawaii
1934 births
1968 deaths

Ted Makalena


Jane Grant (May 29, 1892 – March 16, 1972) was a New York City journalist who co-founded The New Yorker with her first husband, Harold Ross.

Life and career
Jane Grant was born Jeanette Cole Grant in Joplin, Missouri, and grew up and went to school in Girard, Kansas. Grant originally trained to be a vocalist. She came to New York City at 16 to pursue singing, but fell into journalism when she joined the staff of The New York Times in the society department. She soon worked her way into the city room as a reporter and became close friends with the critic Alexander Woollcott. As a journalist for the Times (its first full-fledged woman reporter), she covered women's issues, questioning public figures about their views on the status of women and interviewing women who worked in traditionally male professions. She wrote for the Times for 15 years.

During World War I, Grant, who was also a talented singer and dancer, talked her way onto a troopship to France by joining the entertainment with the YMCA. She joined the American Red Cross and entertained soldiers during shows in Paris and at camps. In France, Woollcott introduced her to the future "Vicious Circle" members, including Harold Ross. Grant and Ross married in 1920. The "Vicious Circle" later became the Algonquin Round Table. She returned to the Times after the war.

In 1921, Grant joined the Lucy Stone League, which was dedicated, in the manner of Lucy Stone, to helping women keep their maiden names after marriage, as Grant did after her two marriages. In 1950, Grant and 22 former members restarted the Lucy Stone League; its first meeting was on 22 Mar 1950 in New York City. That year Grant won the Census Bureau's agreement that a married woman could use her birth surname as her official or real name in the census. (The New York Times, 10 Apr 1950).

Grant was one of the founding members of the New York Newspaper Women's Club and served on its first board of directors after incorporation in 1924.

With the backing of Raoul Fleischmann, Grant and Ross established The New Yorker in 1925. As editor, Ross is credited with driving the success of the magazine, however Ross is quoted saying the magazine would not have been a success without Jane's contribution. Grant was chiefly a business and content consultant for the magazine and initially helped to gather investments towards starting the magazine. She brought her friend Janet Flanner into the magazine's coterie of correspondents, commissioning her enduring Letter from Paris column. The feature continues to be published today, although it now includes many other cities. Grant later produced a special overseas issue for the armed forces during World War II.

Ross and Grant divorced in 1929 after nine years of marriage.

During World War II, Grant wrote for several magazines, including Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine and The New Yorker. Grant wrote Confession of a Feminist for American Mercury in 1943. In the essay, she describes the experience of being a feminist, recounting her early career as a woman reporter among men for the Times and exploring discriminatory laws and practices. Grant continued to be active in feminist causes, reactivating the Lucy Stone League and expanding its purpose. She continued to work for the rights of women into the 1960s, advocating for passage of the Equal Rights Amendment and serving on the National Council of Women.

In 1939, she married William B. Harris, the editor of Fortune magazine. She and Harris moved from Manhattan to Litchfield, Connecticut. The couple founded White Flower Farm out of a barn on their property. In the 1950s, they started a successful mail-order business for home gardening.

In 1968, Grant published a memoir about her life entitled Ross, The New Yorker and Me (Reynal and Co., 1968 New York City). She was encouraged to do so by her second husband, William Harris, and ultimately dedicated the book to him.

Grant died in 1972 on the Connecticut farm she shared with her husband. Harris sold the nursery to Eliot Wadsworth in 1976.

Legacy
In 1974, Harris was approached for an endowment by the University of Oregon. After a visit to the school, he agreed to fund a center that engaged in research on women and gender studies. In 1976, Harris donated Jane Grant's papers to the university. Upon his death in 1981, he left a $3.5 million bequest in his wife's name to establish the Center for the Study of Women in Society.

Grant was portrayed by the actress Martha Plimpton in the 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle.

Bibliography
 Ross, The New Yorker, and Me (New York: Reynal, 1968 (ASIN B000K01216)).
 Confession of a Feminist. The American Mercury, vol. LVII, no. 240, Dec., 1943, pp. 684–691.
 I Saw What I Could (unpublished account of her travels in the Soviet Union, held at the University of Oregon)

References

Further reading
 Merrick, Beverly C. "Jane Grant, The New Yorker, and Ross: A Lucy Stoner Practices Her Own Style of Journalism ." The Serials Librarian 37.2 (1999): 59–88.

1892 births
1972 deaths
American women's rights activists
People from Joplin, Missouri
The New York Times writers
The New Yorker people
Feminism and history
American women journalists
American feminist writers
American magazine founders
People from Girard, Kansas
20th-century American women
20th-century American people
Algonquin Round Table

Jane Grant


25 is singer-songwriter Patty Larkin's twelfth album. Released by Road Narrows Records and Signature Sounds on March 9, 2010, it is a retrospective done in her 25th year as a professional recording artist and contains 25 songs, each recorded with backing from a different friend.

Track listing
All songs were written by Patty Larkin.

 "Lately" (with Martin Sexton)
 "Only One" (with Jonatha Brooke)
 "Open Arms" (with Bruce Cockburn)
 "The Cranes" (with David Wilcox)
 "Closest Thing" (with Rosanne Cash)
 "Hallelujah" (with Shawn Colvin)
 "Coming Up for Air" (with Jennifer Kimball)
 "Tango" (with Lucy Kaplansky)
 "You and Me" (with Willy Porter)
 "Brazil" (with Chris Smither)
 "Island of Time" (with Cheryl Wheeler)
 "Cupid's Knee" (with Catie Curtis)
 "Home" (with Birdsong at Morning)
 "Pablo Neruda" (with Suzanne Vega)
 "Beautiful" (with Erin McKeown)
 "Booth of Glass" (with Peter Mulvey)
 "Good Thing" (with Dar Williams)
 "Déjà Vu" (with John Gorka)
 "Inside Your Painting" (with Merrie Amsterburg)
 "Chained to These Lovin' Arms" (with Mary Chapin Carpenter)
 "Italian Shoes" (with Janis Ian)
 "Here" (with Greg Brown)
 "St. Augustine" (with Beppe Gambetta)
 "Lost & Found" (with The She-las)
 "I'm Fine" (with The Nields)

References

Patty Larkin albums
2010 albums

25 (Patty Larkin album)


Mesa de los Tres Reyes (Basque: Hiru Erregeen Mahaia, Roncalese Basque: Iror Errege Maia, Aragonese: Meseta d'os Tres Reis, Gascon: Tabla d'eths Tros Rouyes,  French: Table des Trois Rois) is a mountain of the Pyrenees. It is the highest point of Spanish Navarre, with an elevation of .

Its name, "The Table of the Three Kings", derives from the fact that the mountain is located at the confluence of the ancient kingdoms of Navarre, Aragon, and Béarn; where the three kings of those kingdoms met from time to time to discuss matters of importance.

See also
 Pyrenees
Tossal dels Tres Reis

External links
 "Mesa de los Tres Reyes" on Summitpost
  Mesa de los Tres Reyes, CamptoCamp.

Mountains of the Pyrenees
Mountains of Aragon
Mountains of Navarre

Mesa de los Tres Reyes


Project Vote (and Voting for America, Inc.) was a national nonpartisan, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization that worked to mobilize marginalized and under-represented voters until it ceased operations on May 31, 2017. Project Vote's efforts to engage low income and minority voters in the civic process included voting rights litigation and the provision of training, management, evaluation, and technical services. Its last executive director was Michael Slater, who had worked for Project Vote since 2004. In May 2017, the staff announced that Project Vote would suspend operations indefinitely due to difficulties maintaining funding.

History

A national organization known as Project VOTE!, originally a project of Americans for Civic Participation, was active between 1982 and 1993, and after reorganizing formed the foundation of Project Vote. Project VOTE! is best remembered for a highly successful Chicago voter registration drive run by Barack Obama in 1992.

Project Vote in its present form was incorporated in 1994 as Voting for America, Inc., and in 1997 it began registering as Project Vote/Voting for America. In 2010, the organization dropped Voting for America from its registered name.

Between 1994 and 2008, Project Vote often coordinated voter registration campaigns with local chapters of ACORN, and Project Vote's board members also had membership in ACORN before the summer of 2008. Project Vote has also worked with organizations such as Demos, National Voting Rights Institute, Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, and the Fair Elections Legal Network regarding election administration policy and voting rights, including enforcement of the National Voter Registration Act through research, litigation, and technical assistance.

In February 2012, Voting for America/Project Vote filed a federal lawsuit suit on behalf of organizations dedicated to registering citizens to vote challenging Texas' burdensome restrictions on voter registration drives.

References

External links
Official Project Vote website

Advocacy groups in the United States
Election and voting-related organizations based in the United States

Project Vote


Asterix and Obelix All at Sea (, "Obelix's galley [ship]") is the thirtieth volume of the Asterix comic book series, by Albert Uderzo. The album was dedicated to Uderzo's grandchild, as well as to the American actor Kirk Douglas.

Plot summary
A band of slaves led by Spartakis (a parody of Spartacus) has taken over Julius Caesar's personal galley, prompting Caesar to send his Admiral Crustacius to recover the vessel.

After some arguing about a safe place to disembark, the slaves set sail for the only place safe from the Romans: the village of indomitable Gauls. The four outlying Roman camps rehearse a parade to welcome Crustacius, who is pursuing the slaves. Believing the Romans are about to attack, the Gauls prepare for battle. Obelix is (as usual) denied Getafix's magic potion and sulks off. When Asterix asks Getafix why he denies Obelix a serving, Getafix replies that too much of the potion may incur side effects beyond his knowledge. As the Gauls return victorious, they find Obelix has turned to stone after drinking a remaining cauldron of magic potion.

The former galley slaves are granted refuge, while Getafix tries to revive Obelix. Ultimately Obelix returns to life, but as a child and deprived of his usual strength. He is kidnapped by Roman soldiers and put on a ship bound for Rome, where Crustacius intends to use him as a bargaining counter for the return of Caesar's galley. Asterix, Dogmatix, Getafix and the former slaves set out in pursuit and rescue Obelix at sea. Crustacius and his adjutant Vice-Admiral Nautilus, as well as Caesar's galley, are handed over to the pirates, who plan to ransom them to Caesar. Spartakis and his crew take the Gauls to Atlantis (the Canary Islands), but the Atlanteans, despite having the secret of eternal youth, cannot restore Obelix's adulthood. The Gauls head homeward, while the freed slaves remain on Atlantis as children forever.

On Caesar's galley, the pirates unwittingly give Crustacius a dose of magic potion from a barrel inadvertently left behind by Getafix. He expels the pirates and plans on using his new strength to usurp Caesar; however, he makes the same mistake as Obelix and becomes a statue. Nautilus's ambition of obtaining a promotion for bringing back the galley is dashed when he forgets to remove the Jolly Roger flag upon approaching Rome's harbour and the vessel is attacked and sinks. On their way back, the Gauls are intercepted by another Roman galley and Asterix is knocked unconscious by a catapult stone. Seeing his friend about to be thrown to the sharks, Obelix recovers his strength and size, and rescues him. Obelix then propels the galley into the Roman camp of Aquarium, before returning to the village for a feast. The statue of Crustacius is installed in the Circus Maximus, while Nautilus and his crew are reduced to sweeping the arena. Asked by Cleopatra why he has erected a statue to commemorate his incompetent admiral, Caesar replies that although lions do not eat granite, things may change some day.

Notes
The character Spartakis is obviously based on actor Kirk Douglas and his role in the movie Spartacus.
This is the only album in which two of the pirates are called by their names.
The Atlantean palace in the album has been modeled after the ruins of the Minoan civilization. Connections between Atlantis and Minoan Crete have also been explored in Atlantis Mystery, Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis, and other fiction.
The young Obelix lacks his usual great strength. This means he must be under six years old, as he was about that age when he fell into the potion and gained his strength (see How Obelix Fell into the Magic Potion When he was a Little Boy).
This album has perhaps the closest thing in the Asterix series to a character actually dying, as Admiral Crustacius is left trapped in stone form at the end of the story, without Getafix to revert him to normal.
Cleopatra appears in this album alongside Julius Caesar; but her physical appearance is quite different from that seen in the album Asterix and Cleopatra, in that she is here darker-skinned and shorter-nosed, and is never shown in her characteristic irascibility.
The young Obelix here pronounces the name of Asterix properly; but lisps in How Obelix Fell into the Magic Potion When he was a Little Boy.

In other languages
Croatian: Gali na galiji (Gauls on galley)
Czech: Obelix a Caesarova galéra
Danish: Så til søs, Obelix!
Dutch: De beproeving van Obelix
Finnish: Obelixin kaleeri (also translated into Savo dialect as Opeliksin orjalaeva, roughly translatable as Obelix's Slave Ship)
German: Obelix auf Kreuzfahrt
Spanish: El mal trago de Obelix
Greek: Η γαλέρα του Οβελίξ
Italian: Asterix e la galera di Obelix
Indonesian: "Obelix Yang Malang"
Latin: "Navis actuaria Obeligis"
Norwegian: Obelix på galleien
Portuguese: A Galera de Obelix (Brazil) O Pesadelo de Obelix (Portugal)
Polish: Galera Obeliksa
Serbian: Obeliksove nevolje (Obelix' Troubles)
Swedish: Obelix på galejan

Reception
On Goodreads, it has a score of 3.85 out of 5.

See also
 Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas (originally from Virgil, quoted by the pirate captain on page 41 of the English edition of this book)
 English translations of Asterix
 Atlantis in comics

References

External links

All at sea, Asterix and Obelix
Atlantis in fiction
1996 graphic novels
Comics by Albert Uderzo
Depictions of Julius Caesar in comics
Depictions of Cleopatra in comics
Cultural depictions of Spartacus
Nautical comics
Rapid human age change in fiction
Canary Islands in fiction

Asterix and Obelix All at Sea


The Plain of Flanders (fr: Plaine de Flandre or plaine flamande) is a low-lying plain bordering the North Sea. It is part of the Low Countries, and the North European Plain. It extends through the territories of Northern France and Belgium. It has two main sections : Maritime Flanders and Interior Flanders. The coastal plain consists mainly of sand dunes and polders.

It is a feature of the Flanders Basin (fr: Bassin de Flandre), which is separated from the Parisian Basin by the Hills of Artois.

It is a formation dating the Cenozoic era.

Maritime Flanders also refers to the French Westhoek region. It refers more specifically to the Blootland (Dutch for "naked land") or the Maritime Plain (French: Plaine maritime) including Dunkirk, Bourbourg, Bergues and Hondschoote.

See also
 Flanders
 Geography of Belgium

References

 La Flandre: étude géographique de la plaine flamande en France, Belgique et Hollande. R Blanchard, 1906
 Les changements du niveau de la mer dans la plaine maritime flamande pendant l'Holocene. R Tavernier, F Moormann, Geol. Mijnbouw, 1954

Plains of France
Landforms of Flanders

Plain of Flanders


Gerhard Fanselau (30 April 1904, Leipzig – 28 April 1982, Potsdam) was a German geophysicist.

Biography
Fanselau's parents were the steward Wladislaus Fanselau and Sophie. As the family moved often for his father's work, Gerhard attended the humanist schools in Leipzig, Breslau, Halle and Berlin. From 1923 to 1927, he studied mathematics and physics at the University of Berlin.

In 1927 Fanselau started work at the Meteorological Institute of the University of Berlin and the following year moved to the Magnetic Observatory, led by Adolf Schmidt. The first few years he was engaged in the construction of the observatory in Niemegk. The electrification of the Berlin Stadtbahn disturbed geomagnetic observations in Potsdam and Seddin. In 1929 he developed the Fanselau coil, a modified version of the Helmholtz coil, which uses a special arrangement of coils to improve the homogeneity of the generated magnetic field. In 1933 he became head of the observatory at Niemegk. In 1935 he qualified as a professor of geophysics in Berlin, and in 1941 he commenced a teaching position there. In 1940 he joined the Nazi Party.

Early in 1946, the Niemegk observatory resumed operations. In 1950 Fanselau was also director of the Geomagnetic Institute in Potsdam. In 1954 he was appointed professor at the Humboldt University in Berlin, and in 1958 at the Karl Marx University in Leipzig.

Publications
Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, 1965
with Horst Wiese: Geomagnetic instruments and measurement methods, 1960
with Peter Mauersberger: The theory of electromagnetic fields, 1964
High Fläming Nature Park, 1974
with Peter Mauersberger: About the product derived from the geomagnetic field, 1959
with Julius Bartels : Geophysical lunar tables 1850-1975, 1938
To evaluate the potential calculations in limited areas, 1960
Geophysical Colloquium of 1 December 1956 in Freiberg, 1957
Some contributions to the theory of fluid mechanics and their application in the radiometer theory, 1927
Results of geomagnetic observations Prof. Filchner on his second trip to Tibet 1935-1937, 1943
The production of homogeneous magnetic fields by currents rectangle, 1956

References

1904 births
1982 deaths
Scientists from Leipzig
German geophysicists

Gerhard Fanselau


George Dionysius Tillman (August 21, 1826 – February 2, 1902) was a Democratic politician from South Carolina. He was a state representative, state senator, and U.S. Representative. He was the brother of Governor Benjamin Ryan Tillman, and father of James H. Tillman, who was Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina from 1901 to 1903 and in the latter year shot newspaper editor Narciso Gener Gonzales and was acquitted.

Early life

He was born near Curryton, South Carolina, and attended schools in Penfield, Georgia, and in Greenwood, South Carolina. He attended Harvard University but did not graduate. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1848, and commenced practice in Edgefield, South Carolina. During the American Civil War, he enlisted in the Confederate States Army. He served in the 3rd
South Carolina Infantry Regiment in 1862. After the 3rd South Carolina was disbanded, he joined the 2nd South Carolina Artillery, in which he served until the close of the war.

Political career

He served as a state representative from 1854 to 1855 and in 1864. He served as member of the State constitutional convention in 1865, held under the Reconstruction proclamation of President Andrew Johnson. He then served as a state senator in 1865.

He was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1876 to the Forty-fifth Congress. Tillman was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-sixth Congress from the Fifth district (1879–1881), and re-elected to the Forty-seventh Congress (1881–1883). He served from March 3, 1881, to June 19, 1882, when his election was overturned by the House. Republican Robert Smalls, his African-American opponent in 1880, contested the election, and succeeded Tillman.

Tillman was elected to the Forty-eighth Congress from the Second district and to the four succeeding Congresses (1883–1893). He served as chairman of the Committee on Patents in the Fifty-second Congress. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1892. He served as member of the State constitutional convention in 1895, and was an unsuccessful candidate for election as Governor of South Carolina in 1898.

Besides his political and legal activities, he engaged in agricultural pursuits and also worked as a publicist.

He died in Clarks Hill, McCormick County, South Carolina, on February 2, 1902, and was interred in the Bethlehem Baptist Church Community Cemetery.

References

Sources

1826 births
1902 deaths
People from Edgefield County, South Carolina
Harvard University alumni
Confederate States Army personnel
Democratic Party members of the South Carolina House of Representatives
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina
19th-century American politicians
Benjamin Tillman

George D. Tillman


KENT Systems is a plastic injection molding company in Loveland, Colorado. KENT Systems has a line of patented plastic quick coupling, plastic fittings, media bags, and tubing. KENT Systems was designed, created, and developed by Kent Sampson. Kent Sampson  along with his wife, Gloria, founded Value Plastics in Fort Collins, Colorado. While owning Value Plastics, Kent Sampson invented the KENT Systems line of quick couplings. In 1998 Kent and Gloria were the first business owners to win the prestigious Bravo! Lifetime Achievement Award presented by the Northern Colorado Business Report.  In 2001 Kent and Gloria Sampson decided spin off the KENT Systems product line and create a separate company from Value Plastics, the newly formed company was named Kent Systems. In 2007 Kent and Gloria Sampson sold KENT Systems to their youngest son, Lyle, and daughter in-law, Linda.

References

Plastics companies of the United States
Companies based in Colorado

Kent Systems


The Stiftskirche (Collegiate Church) is an inner-city church in Stuttgart, the capital of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is the main church of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg (Evangelische Landeskirche in Württemberg) as well as the parish church of the evangelical (Lutheran) inner-city church district of Stuttgart.

History and structure
Recent research found structures of a small Romanesque church dating to the 10th and 11th centuries within the outline of today's church.

In 1240, a stately three-naved church with two towers was built in the Romanic style, apparently by the Counts of Württemberg who from around that time were residing in the nearby Old Castle.  The remains of Ulrich I, Count of Württemberg and his second wife, Countess of Württemberg, Agnes von Schlesien-Liegnitz (both died in 1265) rest in a double tomb in the south tower chapel that dates to the late 13th century.

When Stuttgart became the new residence of the rulers of Württemberg, they added a new Gothic chancel between 1321 and 1347.  Ulrich V added a Late Gothic nave in the second half of the 15th century.

In 1500, a coloured, later (from the 19th century) golden pulpit was added.

With the adoption of the Lutheran Protestant Reformation in Württemberg in 1534, all pictures and altars were removed from the naves, pewage and a gallery were added. The tombstones were moved to the interior of the church.

The Lutheran reformer Johannes Brenz, the main Protestant Reformer of Württemberg, was buried under the chancel after his death in 1570.

From 1574, small statues of all the Counts of Württemberg (i.e. since Ulrich I) were added at the North wall of the chancel.

In 1608, a new grave crypt or burial vault was added. All of the Württemberg rulers until 1677 were buried there. Catherine Pavlovna of Russia, Queen of Württemberg from 1816 until 1819, was buried here from 1819 to 1824, before her remains were brought to a mausoleum on the Württemberg mountain.

In 1826, the roof of the chancel was renovated, as was most of the interior of the church in the 1840s.

Near the end of World War II, the church was heavily damaged by the bombing raids on Stuttgart in 1944.  The church was rebuilt in the 1950s, however, the interior was rebuilt in a modern style.

Gallery

Other burials
Eberhard I, Count of Württemberg
Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Württemberg
Frederick I, Duke of Württemberg
Sibylla of Anhalt
John Frederick, Duke of Württemberg
Barbara Sophie of Brandenburg
Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg
Duchess Anne Catherine of Salm
Maria Dorothea Sophia of Oettingen-Oettingen
William Louis, Duke of Württemberg
Magdalena Sibylla of Hesse-Darmstadt

Renovation
The latest major renovation took place from 1999 to 2003. The design and realization of the new concept comes from the Hamburg-based Architect Bernhard Hirche. The altar sculpture was created by the Sculptor Holger Walter.

References

External links

Official Website

Churches in Stuttgart
Stuttgart Stiftskirche
Lutheran cathedrals in Germany
Stuttgart Stiftskirche
Stuttgart Stiftskirche
Burial sites of the House of Württemberg

Stiftskirche, Stuttgart


William Washington Beaudine (January 15, 1892 – March 18, 1970) was an American film director. He was one of Hollywood's most prolific directors, turning out films in remarkable numbers and in a wide variety of genres.

Life and career

Born in New York City, Beaudine began his career as an actor in 1909, aged 17, with American Mutoscope and Biograph Company. He married Marguerite Fleischer in 1914 and they stayed married until his death. Her sister was the mother of actor Bobby Anderson. Beaudine's brother Harold Beaudine was a director of short, action-filled comedies.

In 1915, William Beaudine was hired as an actor and director by the Kalem Company. He was an assistant to director D.W. Griffith on The Birth of a Nation and Intolerance. By the time he was 23 Beaudine had directed his first picture, a short called Almost a King (1915). He would continue to direct shorts exclusively until 1922, working with Bobby Vernon at the Al Christie studio and Snub Pollard at the Hal Roach studio. He began making feature-length films for then-struggling Warner Bros., demonstrating his clever ways of making films look more expensive than their budgets. This efficiency became a hallmark of Beaudine's style.

The 1959 book, Classics of the Silent Screen: A Pictorial Treasury (credited to Joe Franklin but actually written by noted film historian William K. Everson), remarks on "what a really fine director William Beaudine was in the silent era, long before he became the principal director of The Bowery Boys "B" comedies".

Beaudine was very much in demand during the 1920s; he directed silent films for Goldwyn Pictures (before it became part of MGM), Metro Pictures (also before MGM), First National Pictures, and Sol Lesser's Principal Pictures. In 1926 he made Sparrows, the story of orphans imprisoned in a swamp farm starring Mary Pickford, and The Canadian, based upon a W. Somerset Maugham play and shot on location in Alberta with Thomas Meighan as the lead. Beaudine had at least 30 pictures to his credit before the sound era began. Among his first sound films were short Mack Sennett comedies; he made at least one film for Sennett while contractually bound elsewhere, resulting in his adopting the pseudonym "William Crowley." He would occasionally use the pseudonym in later years, usually as "William X. Crowley."

He ground out several movies annually for Fox Films, Warner Bros., Paramount, and Universal Pictures. His most famous credits of the early 1930s are The Mad Parade (1931), starring Evelyn Brent in the only World War I battlefield drama with an all-female cast (though men are occasionally heard and parts of their bodies are seen); Three Wise Girls (1932), Jean Harlow's first starring film; and The Old-Fashioned Way (1934), a comedy about old-time show folks starring W. C. Fields.

Beaudine was one of a number of experienced directors (including Raoul Walsh and Allan Dwan) who were brought to England from Hollywood in the 1930s to work on what were in all other respects very British productions. Beaudine directed 11 features there from 1935 through 1937, including Boys Will Be Boys (1935) and Where There's a Will (1936) starring Will Hay, and the George Formby comedy Feather Your Nest (1937).

Beaudine returned to America in 1937 and had trouble re-establishing himself at the major studios. Once widely known as an A-list director of important productions, Beaudine had commanded a premium salary in the late 1920s that Hollywood producers of the late 1930s didn't want to match. He worked briefly at Warner Bros., with whom he had been associated in Britain, and then waited for offers on his terms. They never came. Beaudine had lost much of his personal fortune through no fault of his own (a bank he bought an interest in had failed, and much of his income was claimed by the British government in taxes).

In 1940 publicist-turned-producer Jed Buell approached Beaudine to direct an all-black-cast feature for Buell's Dixie National Pictures. The salary was a flat $500 for one week's work. Beaudine knew that if he accepted this job, he would henceforth be associated with low-budget films and would never command his old salary again, but with his finances at a low ebb Beaudine accepted the assignment, under his "William X. Crowley" alias.

Buell was pleased with Beaudine's professionalism and inventive ways to extend a shoestring budget. He hired Beaudine to direct Misbehaving Husbands (1940), noteworthy at the time as the comeback feature of silent-screen clown Harry Langdon. It was a humble comeback for both Langdon and Beaudine, since it was released by the tiny Producers Releasing Corporation, whose budgets seldom ventured beyond five figures. Langdon and Beaudine received critical raves for their work: "Preview house rewarded them with practically solid laughter" (Boxoffice); "Easily [Langdon's] best performance in years" (Motion Picture Daily). The film's success within its own market reestablished both Langdon and Beaudine, albeit in B pictures.

William Beaudine became a low-budget specialist, forsaking his artistic ambitions in favor of strictly commercial film fare, and recouping his financial losses through sheer volume of work. He made dozens of comedies, thrillers and melodramas with such popular personalities as Bela Lugosi, Ralph Byrd, Edmund Lowe, Jean Parker, and The East Side Kids. He became a fixture at the ambitious Monogram Pictures, and directed fully half of the 48 comedy features starring The Bowery Boys. By this time Beaudine had a reputation for being a resourceful, no-nonsense director who could make feature films in a matter of days, sometimes as few as five. He occasionally directed special-interest productions, like the 1945 crusade-for-sex-education feature Mom and Dad, produced by Kroger Babb, and the 1950 religious drama Again Pioneers, produced by the Protestant Film Commission.

Beaudine was often entrusted with series films, including the Torchy Blane, The East Side Kids, Jiggs and Maggie, The Shadow, Charlie Chan and The Bowery Boys series. His efficiency was so well known that Walt Disney hired him to direct some of his television projects of the 1950s and had him direct a feature western, Ten Who Dared (1960). Beaudine became even busier in TV, directing Naked City, The Green Hornet, and dozens of Lassie episodes.

His last two feature films, both released in 1966, were the horror-westerns Billy the Kid vs. Dracula (with John Carradine) and Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter. By the end of the decade he was the industry's oldest working professional, having started in 1909.

In 1980, in their tongue-in-cheek book The Golden Turkey Awards, Michael and Harry Medved put William Beaudine on their list of worst directors of all time. They gave him the unflattering nickname "One-Shot," because he always seemed to shoot just one take, regardless of actors flubbing their lines or special effects malfunctioning. It is true that Beaudine shot economically—he usually had no choice—but he was always professional, and actually did shoot multiple takes of movie scenes. (The coming-attractions trailers of Beaudine's films are rife with alternate takes.)

The Academy Film Archive has preserved three films directed by William Beaudine: Little Annie Rooney, Mom and Dad, and A Husband in Haste.

Death
Beaudine died of uremic poisoning in 1970, aged 78, in California.

Selected filmography
The following is a listing of the theatrically released, feature-length films directed by William Beaudine. Short subjects and television productions are not included.

1910s
 Almost a Wild Man (1913)

1920s

 Watch Your Step (1922)
 Catch My Smoke (1922)
 Heroes of the Street (1922)
 Her Fatal Millions (1923)
 Penrod and Sam (1923)
 The Printer's Devil (1923)
 The Country Kid (1923)
 Boy of Mine (1923)
 Daring Youth (1924)
 Wandering Husbands (1924) a.k.a. Love and Lies
 Daughters of Pleasure (1924) a.k.a. Beggars on Horseback
 A Self-Made Failure (1924) a.k.a. The Goof
 Cornered (1924)
 Lover's Lane (1924) unconfirmed
 The Narrow Street (1925)
 A Broadway Butterfly (1925)
 How Baxter Butted In (1925)
 Little Annie Rooney (1925)
 That's My Baby (1926)
 Sparrows (1926)
 The Social Highwayman (1926)
 Hold That Lion (1926)
 The Canadian (1926)
 Frisco Sally Levy (1927)
 The Life of Riley (1927)
 The Irresistible Lover (1927)
 The Cohens and the Kellys in Paris (1928)
 Heart to Heart (1928)
 Home, James (1928)
 Do Your Duty (1928)
 Give and Take (1928)
 Fugitives (1929)
 Two Weeks Off (1929)
 Hard to Get (1929) a.k.a. Classified
 The Girl from Woolworth's (1929)
 Wedding Rings (1929) a.k.a. The Dark Swan

1930s

 Those Who Dance (1930)
 Road to Paradise (1930)
 Father's Son (1931)
 Misbehaving Ladies (1931)
 The Lady Who Dared (1931)
 The Mad Parade (1931) a.k.a. Forgotten Women
 Penrod and Sam (1931)
 Men in Her Life (1931)
 Three Wise Girls (1932)
 Make Me a Star (1932)
 The Crime of the Century (1933)
 Her Bodyguard (1933)
 The Old Fashioned Way (1934)
 Two Hearts in Harmony (1935)
 So You Won't Talk (1935)
 Dandy Dick (1935)
 Boys Will Be Boys (1935)
 Get Off My Foot (1935)
 Mr. Cohen Takes a Walk (1935)
 Where There's a Will (1936)
 Educated Evans (1936)
 It's in the Bag (1936)
 Windbag the Sailor (1936)
 Feather Your Nest (1937)
 Said O'Reilly to McNab (1937)
 Take It from Me (1937)
 Torchy Gets Her Man (1938)
 Torchy Blane in Chinatown (1939)

1940s

 She Done Him Right (1940)
 Four Shall Die (1940) a.k.a. Condemned Men
 Misbehaving Husbands (1940)
 Up Jumped the Devil (1941)
 Emergency Landing (1941)
 Federal Fugitives (1941) a.k.a. International Spy
 Desperate Cargo (1941)
 Mr. Celebrity (1941)
 The Miracle Kid (1941)
 Blonde Comet (1941)
 Duke of the Navy (1942)
 Broadway Big Shot (1942)
 Lucky Ghost (1942) a.k.a. Lady Luck
 Professor Creeps (1942)
 The Panther's Claw (1942)
 Men of San Quentin (1942)
 Gallant Lady (1942) a.k.a. Prison Girl
 One Thrilling Night (1942)
 Phantom Killer (1942)
 Foreign Agent (1942)
 The Living Ghost (1942)
 The Ape Man (1943)
 Clancy Street Boys (1943)
 Spotlight Scandals (1943) a.k.a. Spotlight Revue (reissue title)
 Ghosts on the Loose (1943)
 Here Comes Kelly (1943)
 Mr. Muggs Steps Out (1943)
 Mystery of the 13th Guest (1943)
 What a Man! (1944)
 Voodoo Man (1944)
 Hot Rhythm (1944)
 Detective Kitty O'Day (1944)
 Follow the Leader (1944)
 Leave It to the Irish (1944)
 Oh, What a Night (1944)
 Shadow of Suspicion (1944)
 Bowery Champs (1944)
 Crazy Knights (1944) a.k.a. Murder in the Family (TV title)
 Mom and Dad (1945)
 Adventures of Kitty O'Day (1945)
 Fashion Model (1945)
 Blonde Ransom (1945)
 Swingin' on a Rainbow (1945)
 Come Out Fighting (1945)
 Black Market Babies (1945)
 Girl on the Spot (1946)
 The Face of Marble (1946)
 One Exciting Week (1946)
 Don't Gamble with Strangers (1946)
 Below the Deadline (1946) a.k.a. Jumping Joe (TV title)
 Spook Busters (1946)
 Mr. Hex (1946)
 Philo Vance Returns (1947) a.k.a. Infamous Crimes (TV title)
 Hard Boiled Mahoney (1947)
 Too Many Winners (1947)
 Killer at Large (1947) a.k.a. Gangway for Murder and Syndicated Murder
 Gas House Kids Go West (1947)
 News Hounds (1947)
 Bowery Buckaroos (1947)
 The Chinese Ring (1947)
 Angels' Alley (1947)
 Jinx Money (1948)
 The Shanghai Chest (1948)
 The Golden Eye (1948)
 Smugglers' Cove (1948)
 Incident (1948)
 Kidnapped (1948)
 Jiggs and Maggie in Court (1948)
 The Feathered Serpent (1948)
 The Lawton Story (1949)
 Tuna Clipper (1949)
 Forgotten Women (1949)
 Trail of the Yukon (1949) as William X. Crowley
 Jiggs and Maggie in Jackpot Jitters (1949)
 Tough Assignment (1949)

1950s

 Blue Grass of Kentucky (1950)
 Blonde Dynamite (1950)
 Jiggs and Maggie Out West (1950)
 Lucky Losers (1950)
 County Fair (1950)
 Second Chance (1950)
 Blues Busters (1950)
 Again Pioneers (1950)
 A Wonderful Life (1951)
 Bowery Battalion (1951)
 Cuban Fireball (1951)
 Ghost Chasers (1951)
 Let's Go Navy! (1951)
 Havana Rose (1951)
 Crazy Over Horses (1951)
 The Congregation (1951)
 Rodeo (1952)
 Hold That Line (1952)
 Jet Job (1952)
 Here Come the Marines (1952)
 The Rose Bowl Story (1952)
 Bela Lugosi Meets a Brooklyn Gorilla (1952)
 Feudin' Fools (1952)
 No Holds Barred (1952)
 Jalopy (1953)
 Born to the Saddle (1953)
 Roar of the Crowd (1953)
 Murder Without Tears (1953)
 Yukon Vengeance (1954)
 Paris Playboys (1954)
 Pride of the Blue Grass (1954)
 High Society (1955)
 Jail Busters (1955)
 Westward Ho, the Wagons! (1956)
 Up in Smoke (1957)
 In the Money (1958)

1960s
 Ten Who Dared (1960)
 Billy the Kid Versus Dracula (1966)
 Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter (1966)

Quotes
"These films are going to be made regardless of who directs them. There's a market for them and the studios are going to continue to make them. I've been doing this long enough, I think I can make them as good or better than anyone else."

See also
Medved, Harry and Medved, Michael. The Golden Turkey Awards. Perigee Books, G.P. Putnam's Sons. New York. 1980. . Pages 171–172.

References

External links

 One-Shot Beaudine

Male actors from New York City
American male film actors
Film producers from New York (state)
American male screenwriters
American television directors
Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery
Deaths from kidney failure
1892 births
1970 deaths
20th-century American male actors
Film directors from New York City
Horror film directors
Screenwriters from New York (state)
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters

William Beaudine


The Southern Colonies within British America consisted of the Province of Maryland, the Colony of Virginia, the Province of Carolina (in 1712 split into North and South Carolina), and the Province of Georgia. In 1763, the newly created colonies of East Florida and West Florida would be added to the Southern Colonies by Great Britain until the Spanish Empire took back Florida. These colonies were the historical core of what would become the Southern United States, or "Dixie". They were located south of the Middle Colonies, albeit Virginia and Maryland (located on the expansive Chesapeake Bay in the Upper South) were also called the Chesapeake Colonies.
The Southern Colonies were overwhelmingly rural, which made slavery and indentured servitude highly used. During a series of civil unrest, Bacon's Rebellion shaped the way that servitude and slavery worked in the South. After a series of attacks on the Susquehannock, attacks that were ensued after the group of natives burnt one of Bacon's farms, Bacon's arrest, along with other arrest warrants, were issued by Governor Berkely, for attacking the natives without his permission. Bacon avoided detainment, though, and then burnt Jamestown, in opposition of the governor previously denying him land in fear of native attacks, however Bacon hadn't believe his policies were entirely conventional, saying that they didn't ensure protection to the English settlers, as well as the exclusion of Bacon from Berkeley's social clubs and friend groups. The rebellion dissolved sometime in 1676, following Charles II's initial sending of troops to restore order in the colony. This rebellion influenced the view of the Africans, helping create a completely African servitude and workforce in the Chesapeake Colonies, alleviating primarily White servitude, a working-class that could be repugnant at times through disobedience and mischief. This also helped racial superiority in White regions, helping the poor White and wealthy White people, respectively, feel almost equal. It diminished alliances between White and Black people, happened in Bacon's Rebellion.
The colonies developed prosperous economies based on the cultivation of cash crops, such as tobacco, indigo, and rice. An effect of the cultivation of these crops was the presence of slavery in significantly higher proportions than in other parts of British America.

Carolina
The Province of Carolina, originally chartered in 1608, was an English and later British colony of North America. Because the original charter was unrealized and was ruled invalid, a new charter was issued to a group of eight English noblemen, the Lords Proprietors, on March 24, 1663. Led by Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, the Province of Carolina was controlled from 1663 to 1729 by these lords and their heirs.

Shaftesbury and his secretary, the philosopher John Locke, devised an intricate plan to govern the many people arriving in the colony. The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina sought to ensure the colony's stability by allotting political status by a settler's wealth upon arrival - making a semi-manorial system with a Council of Nobles and a plan to have small landholders defer to these nobles. However, the settlers did not find it necessary to take orders from the Council.

By 1680, the colony had a large export industry of tobacco, lumber, and pitch.

In 1691, dissent over the governance of the province led to the appointment of a deputy governor to administer the northern half of Carolina. After nearly a decade in which the British government sought to locate and buy out the proprietors, both Carolinas became royal colonies.

Georgia
The British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12, 1733. The colony was administered by the Georgia Trustees  under a charter issued by and named for King George II. The Trustees implemented an elaborate plan for the settlement of the colony, known as the  Oglethorpe Plan, which envisioned an agrarian society of Yeoman farmers and prohibited slavery. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins' Ear.  In 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the Crown, and Georgia became a Crown colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The warm climate and swampy lands make it perfect for growing crops such as tobacco, rice, sugarcane, and indigo.

Maryland
George Calvert received a charter from King Charles I to found the colony of Maryland in 1632. When George Calvert died, Cecilius Calvert, later known as Lord Baltimore, became the proprietor. Calvert came from a wealthy Catholic family and was the first individual (rather than a joint-stock company) to receive a grant from the Crown. He received a grant for a large tract of land north of the Potomac river and on either side of Chesapeake Bay. Calvert planned on creating a haven for English Roman Catholics, most of whom were well-to-do nobles such as himself who could not worship in public. He planned on creating an agrarian manorial society where each noble would have a large manor and tenants would work in the fields and on other tasks. However, with extremely cheap land prices, many Protestants moved to Maryland and bought land for themselves. They soon became a majority of the population, and in 1642 religious tension began to erupt. Calvert was forced to take control and pass the Maryland Toleration Act in 1649, making Maryland the second colony to have freedom of worship, after Rhode Island. However, the Act did little to help religious peace. In 1654, Protestants barred Catholics from voting, ousted a pro-tolerance Governor, and repealed the Toleration Act. Maryland stayed Protestant until Calvert again took control of the colony in 1658.

Virginia
The Colony of Virginia (also known frequently as the Virginia Colony or the Province of Virginia, and occasionally as the Dominion and Colony of Virginia) was an English colony in North America which existed briefly during the 16th century, and then continuously from 1607 until the American Revolution (as a British colony after 1707). The name Virginia was first applied by Sir Walter Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth I in 1584. Jamestown was the first town created by the Virginia colony. After the English Civil War in the mid 17th century, the Virginia Colony was nicknamed "The Old Dominion" by King Charles II for its perceived loyalty to the English monarchy during the era of the Commonwealth of England.

While other colonies were being founded, Virginia continued to grow. Tobacco planters held the best land near the coast, so new settlers pushed inland. Sir William Berkeley, the colony's governor, sent explorers over the Blue Ridge Mountains to open up the back country of Virginia to settlement.

After independence from Great Britain in 1776 the Virginia Colony became the Commonwealth of Virginia, one of the original thirteen states of the United States, adopting as its official slogan "The Old Dominion". The states of West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, and portions of Ohio, were all later created from the territory encompassed earlier by the Colony of Virginia.

See also
Middle Colonies
Mid-Atlantic
Chesapeake Colonies
Colonial South and the Chesapeake
Colonial history of the United States
New England Colonies
Confederate States of America
South Atlantic States

References

-04
B04
Thirteen Colonies
Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas
Colonies

Southern Colonies


A medium dependent interface (MDI) describes the interface (both physical and electrical/optical) in a computer network from a physical layer implementation to the physical medium used to carry the transmission. Ethernet over twisted pair also defines a medium dependent interface crossover (MDI-X) interface.  Auto MDI-X ports on newer network interfaces detect if the connection would require a crossover, and automatically chooses the MDI or MDI-X configuration to properly match the other end of the link.

Ethernet

The popular Ethernet family defines common medium-dependent interfaces. For 10BASE5, connection to the coaxial cable was made with either a vampire tap or a pair of N connectors. For 10BASE2, the connection to the coaxial cable was typically made with a single BNC connector to which a T-piece was attached. For twisted-pair cabling 8P8C, modular connectors are used (often incorrectly called "RJ45" in this context). For fiber, a variety of connectors are used depending on manufacturer and physical space availability.

With 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX, separate twisted pairs are used for the two directions of communication. Since twisted pair cables are conventionally wired pin to pin (straight-through) there are two different pinouts used for the medium-dependent interface. These are referred to as MDI and MDI-X (medium-dependent interface crossover). When connecting an MDI port to an MDI-X port, a straight-through cable is used, while to connect two MDI ports or two MDI-X ports, a crossover cable must be used. Conventionally, MDI is used on end devices and routers while MDI-X is used on hubs and switches. Some hubs and switches have an MDI uplink port (often switchable) to connect to other hubs or switches without a crossover cable.

MDI vs. MDI-X
The terminology generally refers to variants of the Ethernet over twisted pair technology that use a female 8P8C port connection on a computer, or other network device.

The X refers to the fact that transmit wires on an MDI device must be connected to receive wires on an MDI-X device.
Straight through cables connect pins 1 and 2 (transmit) on an MDI device to pins 1 and 2 (receive) on an MDI-X device.  Similarly, pins 3 and 6 are receive pins on an MDI device and transmit pins on an MDI-X device. The general convention is for network hubs, bridges and switches to use the MDI-X configuration, while all other nodes such as personal computers, workstations,  servers and routers use an MDI interface.  Some routers and other devices had an uplink/normal switch to go back and forth between MDI and MDI-X on a specific port.

The requirement of connecting the transmitter of one side to the receiver on the other side and vice versa makes it necessary to always have an odd number of crossovers between two devices, with an MDI-X port containing an internal crossover. Thus, connecting MDI to MDI-X requires a straight-through cable (one crossover in total). Connecting MDI to MDI (no crossover) or MDI-X to MDI-X (two crossovers) requires a(nother) crossover in the cable to get an odd number. When using more complicated setups through multiple patch panels in structured cabling, the connection can use multiple patch and building cable segments. It is a good idea to have all necessary crossovers on one side, i.e. either on the central hub/switch or on each secondary hub/switch.

Auto MDI-X
 To connect two ports of the same configuration (MDI to MDI or MDI-X to MDI-X) with a 10 or 100 Mbit/s connection (10BASE-T or 100BASE-TX), an Ethernet crossover cable is needed to cross over the transmit and receive signals in the cable, so that they are matched at the connector level. The confusion of needing two different kinds of cables for anything but hierarchical star network topologies prompted a more automatic solution.

Auto MDI-X (aka "auto crossover") automatically detects the required cable connection type and configures the connection appropriately, removing the need for crossover cables to interconnect switches or connect PCs peer-to-peer. As long as it is enabled on either end of a link, either type of cable can be used. For auto MDI-X to operate correctly, the data rate on the interface and duplex setting must be set to "auto". Auto MDI-X was developed by Hewlett-Packard engineers Daniel Joseph Dove and Bruce W. Melvin.
A pseudo-random number generator decides whether or not a network port will attach its transmitter, or its receiver to each of the twisted pairs used to auto-negotiate the link.

When two auto MDI-X ports are connected together, which is normal for modern products, the algorithm resolution time is typically < 500 ms.  However, a ~1.4 second asynchronous timer is used to resolve the extremely rare case (with a probability of less than 1 in 5×1021) of a loop where each end keeps switching.

Subsequently, Dove promoted auto MDI-X within the 1000BASE-T standard and also developed patented algorithms for "forced mode auto MDI-X" which allow a link to be automatically established even if the port does not auto-negotiate. This may or may not be implemented on a given device, so occasionally a crossover cable may still be necessary when connecting auto MDI-X to MDI-X (hub or switch), especially when autonegotiation is deactivated.

Newer routers, hubs and switches (including some 10/100, and all 1-gigabit or 10-gigabit devices in practice) use auto MDI-X for 10/100 Mbit connections to automatically switch to the proper configuration once a cable is connected.

Gigabit and faster Ethernet links over twisted pair cable use all four cable pairs for simultaneous transmission in both directions. For this reason, there are no dedicated transmit and receive pairs, and consequently, crossover cables are never required for 1000BASE-T communication. The physical medium attachment sublayer (PMA) provides identification of each pair and usually continues to work over crossover cables as well, even if the pairs are unusually swapped, crossed, or if the polarity of a pair is unexpectedly inverted.

See also
 system to correct inversions within a pair
 Media-independent interface (MII)

References

External links

 Diagram of non-automatic connections between MDI and MDIX devices

Network architecture
Network protocols
Ethernet

Medium-dependent interface