The Blackwell gunfight occurred on the morning of December 4, 1896, when a posse of American lawmen confronted two bandits at their hideout near Blackwell, Oklahoma. During a lengthy shootout that followed, Deputy Alfred O. Lund killed an outlaw named Dick Ainsley while the other outlaw, Ben Cravens, was badly wounded and captured.

Background
Ben Cravens and Dick Ainsley were petty thieves and or cattle rustlers, although the latter had also developed a reputation as a gunman. Little is known about their lives before 1896, except that Ainsley also went by the name of "Buck" McGregg or "Diamond Dick," the latter because he had a diamond ring and three of his fingers shot away during a gunfight with Lincoln County policemen. On November 27, 1896, Ainsley and Cravens rode into Blackwell to purchase supplies and to case the town bank for a robbery. After completing their tasks, they then rode out of town to a small one-room shack next to a wooded ravine called Lost Creek. The location was about three and one half miles northwest of town. Because the creek was dry and the site lacked a well, Cravens went to ask the neighbor, Bert Benjamin, for some drinking water. During the conversation that followed, Cravens asked Benjamin several questions about the inside of the bank, which revealed his true intentions for being in the area. Benjamin did, however, reply casually and, on the following day, he went to tell the police about what had happened.

The sheriff's deputy, J. R. Cox, was certain that Ainsley and Cravens were responsible for a recent robbery at a store in Hewins, Kansas, but, instead of organizing a posse immediately, he told Benjamin to go home and report back to him if he saw anything more of the bandits. So, on December 3, 1896, after sighting Ainsley and Cravens again, Benjamin reported back to Cox, who then raised a posse of six men, including himself. The other possemen were Alfred O. Lund, Bill Sherr, John Hunter, Jay McClain, and Richard Clarke. Lund, who became a lawman as result of the shootout, had always been interested in law enforcement, although he was beaten in past elections to determine the new city marshal and town constable of Blackwell. He was the owner of a livery stable, but the presence of Ainsley and Cravens gave him an opportunity to pursue a career in law enforcement, without having to be elected.

At about midnight, the posse took up positions along a riverbank outside of town so they could ambush the outlaws when they rode in. Their plans were thwarted though when Bert Benjamin arrived and told them that Ainsley and Cravens were sleeping at the shack near his home. Because there was a risk of civilians being harmed in the event of a gunfight in the town's streets, Deputy Cox asked Benjamin to lead him and his men to the hideout. By 3:00 am, on December 4, 1896, the posse had made it to the wooded ravine, but found that the outlaws had a guard dog. Now that surprising the outlaws was no longer an option, Cox decided to split his men up to surround the place and wait until daylight to demand a surrender. Lund, Benjamin, Sherr and McClain then maneuvered through some brush to a point that covered the front door and window of the shack while Cox, Hunter, and Clarke went around back to watch the backside of the building and a small barn, where the outlaws had left their horses.

Gunfight
At sunrise, Dick Ainsley was spotted by the posse when he went outside the front door of the shack with a Winchester rifle in his hands. Ainsley first had a look around and then he leaned his rifle up against the shack to wash his hands. A moment later, Ben Cravens appeared at the front of the cabin, also with a rifle in hand. This was the chance Cox was waiting for. With both of the outlaws in view, Cox stood up from his hiding place and shouted: "You're surrounded, throw up your hands!" But, instead of heeding to the sheriff's demand, the outlaws raised their weapons and began firing. After the first shots, Bert Benjamin fired both barrels from his shotgun and then headed for home, apparently in fear, leaving Alfred Lund alone at his position in front of the shack. From there Lund had a good vantage point and could see how ineffective the rest of the posse's fire was, being that they were armed mainly with shotguns, which did not have the necessary range. Cravens was the first to be wounded. He was running for the corner of the shack when a rifle bullet broke his collar bone. Although seriously hurt, Cravens survived the initial shock and continued to fight on.

Sometime later, Lund spotted Ainsley's rifle barrel protruding out from behind the corner of the shack. He then opened fire with his rifle and forced the bandit to retreat to some cottonwood trees in the dry creek. There Ainsley displayed some "fast hip shooting" before moving behind a fallen tree, where he waited for any of the lawmen to advance, hoping to outflank and ambush them. Lund was one step ahead of him though and, while Ainsley was waiting in ambush, Lund got the drop on him and proceeded to sneak forward to force a surrender. Before he could say anything, however, Ainsley spotted the advancing lawman and went for his gun. Lund then fired and struck Ainsley in the chest, but he did not die immediately and Lund wasn't sure if his shot reached its target. Also, the bullet that struck Ainsley passed straight through his body and killed a cow about fifty yards further up the ravine.

Meanwhile, the rest of the possemen were going after Ben Cravens, who was trying to escape through some tall grass on the eastern side of the creek. At the same time Ainsley was wounded, Richard Clarke struck Cravens in the side with a load of buckshot and he fell to the ground, concealed in the grass. It took some time before the possemen were able to find where the outlaws had fallen and relieve them of their weapons. During the search, Cox and his men heard the wounded Ainsley groaning and mistook him for Lund. They called out to him to see if he was okay, but the real Lund did not reply because he was afraid that it was a trick by Cravens. It was not until Lund overheard the possemen talking about where they had found Cravens that he knew who they were. Lund then ordered one of the men to find Ainsley and take his guns while he went to the eastern side of the creek to find Cravens. When he arrived in the area, Lund had one of the others fire towards the concealed Cravens, causing him to put his hand up above the grass and identify himself. The posse demanded that Cravens show both of his hands, but, after sneaking closer, they found the outlaw badly hurt, his other hand being used to hold his wounds.

Aftermath
Once Ainsley was dead and Cravens was in custody, Deputy Cox sent Lund into Blackwell to telephone his superior, Sheriff H. C. Master, the county attorney, Dave Weir, and the coroner from Ponca City. Ainsley's body was taken to the Blackwell Hotel and Cravens was held in a third-story room of the same building. During the following interrogation, Cravens refused to give out any information about his dead partner, except to say that his name was Dick. This made authorities believe they had killed "Dynamite Dick" Clifton, a member of the Wild Bunch, who was also missing three fingers like Ainsley. The real "Dynamite Dick" was killed in November 1897 by Chris Madsen. Because of the confusion, the United States Marshals office in Guthrie was informed and Marshal Evett Dumas Nix led five deputies to Blackwell, one of whom was Frank M. Canton. When they arrived, the marshals were taken to see Ainsley's body and the first thing Nix said was "I don't know this man, but he isn't Dan Clifton." When they entered Cravens' room, the outlaw looked up and asked: "What do you want?" Canton replied: "The name of the dead man." Cravens then began coughing up blood so Canton asked if there was anything that could be done. Cravens responded, saying: "Yes, get my father here because Im real bad and the doctors said I might not make it." Canton agreed and Cravens' father arrived from Iowa two days later, however, Cravens would survive his wounds and Canton never received an answer. Even though Marshal Nix was sure that Ainsley was not Dan Clifton, there remained some speculation for a while afterward. People who viewed Ainsley's corpse claimed that he was "Skeeter Dick", "Three Fingered Dick", or some other desperado of little repute. Eventually, however, Cravens spoke up and confirmed that his partner was, in fact, Dick Ainsley, or Buck McGregg. Also, Ainsley's mother arrived in Blackwell, escorted by two Lincoln County sheriffs, and claimed the body of her son to take him home for burial.

While the outlaws were in the Blackwell Hotel, rumors began circulating through town that their friends would attempt a rescue. Therefore, local citizens were deputized, armed, and positioned in the streets for defense. Although no rescue attempt was made, two "female bandits" arrived in town and began asking questions about Ainsley and Cravens. A December 11 edition of the Kildare Journal said the following: "Two rough and rugged females who arrived in Blackwell Monday [December 7, 1896] armed to the teeth, threw the town into spasms of excitement by their strange behavior and their suspicious inquiries concerning Cravens and "Dynamite Dick" [Dick Ainsley], the outlaws. The females were duly arrested and searched. Certain ladies who were deputized to do the searching came near to fainting away from fright. Blackwell citizens paraded the streets armed with Winchesters, anxiously on the lookout for a raid from friends of the outlaw. The females claimed to be from Guthrie."

Cravens was taken back to Kansas under the custody of a Deputy Powell and, in January 1897, the judge presiding over his case sentenced him to twenty years at the Kansas State Penitentiary in Lansing. Three years later, however, on November 16, 1900, Cravens escaped with a fake gun, made out of a piece of wood and some tin foil from tobacco packages. He evaded a posse, stole a horse, and was soon back in the Osage Nation committing crimes. He also convinced a young horse thief named Herbert Welty to join him. On March 18, 1901, the two bandits robbed a company store in Red Rock and killed the manager, Alvin Bateman. Cravens was disguised as a farmer and Welty posed as his wife. The trick did not work so well though because Batemen discovered their true identities and was shot down when he tried to draw his sidearm. After stealing about $1,000 and some other items, Cravens and Welty escaped on a wagon, but, somewhere just outside town, their vehicle overturned and Welty was shot in the face by his partner's shotgun. It remains uncertain if it was an accident or an attempted murder committed by Cravens, who may have wanted all of the loot for himself. Cravens left Welty for dead, but he survived his wound and walked ten to fifteen miles to a home along Black Bear Creek, where he was arrested. Welty later received a life sentence in prison for the death of Bateman. Cravens fled to the home of a friend, Isom Cunningham, a few miles south of Pawnee, where he was surrounded by a posse. He did, however, manage to shoot his way out of what was described as "a perfect hailstorm of bullets," killing a deputy sheriff named Tom Johnson in the process. Another lawman, Deputy Jack Murray, said the following: "The rapidity with which he [Cravens] worked his artillery was such that the firing made a continuous sheet of flame." Darlene Platt wrote: "Cravens emptied his rifle, fell to the ground, reloaded, came back up and emptied it again followed by his revolver."  At this point, Cravens disappeared and the reward offered for him went from $1,000 to $10,000, making him one of the most wanted outlaws in the territory. He resurfaced though in November 1908, when he was arrested in Missouri for stealing either a horse or some hogs, depending on differing accounts. At the time, Cravens was using the name Charles Maust and said he came to Missouri from Oregon in 1902. He had worked as a farmer for six years, married, and was considered a respectable citizens, at least until his arrest. Nobody recognized him at first so he was sentenced to four years at the prison in Jefferson City. However, not long before he was to be released, a prison barber recognized Cravens and informed his superiors. A trial was then held in Guthrie, Oklahoma and, because Cravens refused to give his real name, the authorities began assembling more than 200 witnesses, many of whom were known outlaws. Among the witnesses were Marshal Alfred O. Lund, who was days away from retiring, and Herbert Welty, Cravens' old associate. Also, Cravens was defended by Al Jennings, a reformed outlaw who was pardoned by Theodore Roosevelt. Both Lund and Welty identified Maust as Ben Cravens so he was sentenced to life in prison at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas on January 29, 1912. Lund's involvement in Cravens' final conviction was significant in that he was the first lawman in Oklahoma history to have both begun and ended his career confronting the same criminal.

See also

 List of Old West gunfights

References

American Old West gunfights
History of Oklahoma
1896 in the United States
Conflicts in 1896
History of the Osage Nation
Crimes in Oklahoma
December 1896 events
Pre-statehood history of Oklahoma

Blackwell gunfight


Duality is a Star Wars fan film created by Mark Thomas and Dave Macomber that made its debut on the internet on February 10, 2001. It is one of the first fan films to exclusively use bluescreen footage composited onto virtual backgrounds.

Plot
Sith apprentice Lord Rive (Dave Macomber), is tasked by his master, Darth Oz (Mark Thomas), to battle another apprentice, Darth Blight (Stephem Muraoka), as a final test determining who would serve by Oz's side. The two would-be Sith clash violently with their double-bladed lightsabers while Oz watches via hologram. After a long and vicious lightsaber duel, Rive's weapon is severed in two and Blight loses his saber. A quick brawl later and the two engage in a final bout with the two halves of Rive's saber. It ends with Rive impaled and Blight bisected through the waist. After they die, Darth Oz appears in the flesh. Consumed with fury and wrath at his failure to procure a permanent apprentice, he electrocutes the bodies of the two failed apprentices with Force Lightning.

Production
Macomber and Thomas originally produced Duel as an acting/choreography demo for an actor, but felt they could make a better film with CG stages, as opposed to the location work on the original. The cast consists of three actors, two of whom are the creators.

The script was first written by Thomas, with Macomber devising the fight. After about 14 months of pre-planning, filming took place at Alamo Studios in Santa Barbara, California, in September 2000. Post-production was split between Thomas and Macomber. Thomas primarily handled the digital backgrounds and 3D animation, while Macomber handled compositing and the lightsaber effects. The final version took four months of post-production, using off-the-shelf software from Electric Image, Adobe, and Apple, and about  in out-of-pocket costs.

Soundtrack
The first cut of the film featured music and sound effects taken from Star Wars films, but a later release had all-new music by Alan Derian.

Reception
Reaction to Duality was mostly positive, generating over a half million downloads in its first year of release. Entertainment Weekly said its effects "have the impressive digital sheen of Episode I", while IFILM programming director said the film "absolutely blew me away, and a lot of people out there are saying this is the best they've ever come across." The film showed that film-level special effects could be produced by the common fan. Macomber and Thomas said they had "taken a few calls" from Hollywood effects houses after the film premiered.

Not every reaction was positive though. Various members of the Star Wars fan films community felt that it was short on story and featured dated special effects when compared to other fan films, and that the trollish behavior of Mark Thomas leading up to its release forever tainted the product.

In August 2010, Time magazine's online visitors listed it at no. 7 on their list of the top 10 Star Wars fan films.

References

External links

 Duality on Vimeo

2001 films
2001 independent films
Fan films based on Star Wars
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Duality (film)


A survey township, sometimes called a Congressional township or just township, as used by the United States Public Land Survey System and by Canada's Dominion Land Survey is a nominally-square area of land that is nominally six survey miles (about 9.66 km) on a side. Each 36-square-mile (about 93.2 km2) township is divided into 36 sections of one square mile (640 acres, roughly 2.6 km2) each. The sections can be further subdivided for sale.

The townships are referenced by a numbering system that locates the township in relation to a principal meridian (north-south) and a base line (east-west). For example, Township 2 North, Range 4 East is the 4th township east of the principal meridian and the 2nd township north of the base line.

History in the US
Township (exterior) lines were originally surveyed and platted by the US General Land Office using contracted private survey crews. Later survey crews subdivided the townships into section (interior) lines. Virtually all lands covered by this system were sold according to those boundaries and are marked on the U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps.

Prior to standardization, some of the Ohio Lands (the United States Military District, the Firelands and the Connecticut Western Reserve) were surveyed into townships of  on each side. These are often known as Congressional Townships.

Sections are divided into quarter-sections of  each and quarter-quarter sections of  each. In the Homestead Act of 1862, one quarter-section of land was the amount allocated to each settler. Stemming from that are the idiomatic expressions, "the lower 40", the 40 acres on a settler's land that is lowest in elevation, in the direction towards which water drains toward a stream, and the "back forty", the portion farthest from the settler's dwelling.

History in Canada
In western Canada, the Dominion Land Survey adopted a similar format for survey townships, which do not form administrative units. These townships also have the area of 36 square miles (six miles by six miles).

Survey township vs. civil township
Survey townships are distinct from civil townships. A survey township is used to establish boundaries for land ownership, while a civil township is a form of local government. In states with civil townships, the two types of townships often coincide. County lines, especially in western states, usually follow survey township lines, leading to the large number of rectangular counties in the Midwest, which are agglomerations of survey townships.

See also
 Township
 Township (United States)
 Charter township (Michigan)
 Paper township (Ohio)

References

Further reading
The Public Land Survey System Study Guide: The foundational concepts and terminology of the Rectangular Survey System, Bureau of Land Management

Surveying of the United States
Political divisions of the United States
Surveying
Townships in the United States
Units of area
Customary units of measurement in the United States
Real property law of Canada
Real property law in the United States
History of agriculture
Human migration
Land tenure
Colonial settlements in North America

Survey township


Frank Donovan "Sandy" Tatum Jr. (July 7, 1920 – June 22, 2017) was an attorney, a golf administrator, a golf course architect, a golf promoter, and an amateur golfer.

Golf career

NCAA champion

Tatum attended Stanford University, where he was a member of Stanford's golf team, which won back-to-back NCAA Men's Golf Championships in 1941 and 1942. In 1942, Tatum won the individual title. He is a member of the Stanford Athletic Hall of Fame. Tatum remained an active golfer into his 90s.

Heads USGA
From 1978 to 1980, Tatum served as president of the United States Golf Association, and he served on the USGA executive committee from 1972 to 1980.

Tatum played an important role in persuading the USGA to bring the U.S. Open to the Olympic Club in San Francisco in 1955; the championship has since returned there four times: in 1966, 1987, 1998, and 2012. He also was instrumental in the USGA's decision to take the Open to Pebble Beach Golf Links, south of the Bay Area, for the first time in 1972; the championship has since returned there five times: in 1982, 1992, 2000, 2010, and 2019.

Activist, golf course architect, promoter
In the early 2000s, Tatum led a successful campaign for renovation of the Harding Park Golf Club in San Francisco, which had previously hosted many PGA Tour events in the 1950s and 1960s, but which had fallen into disrepair. It took several years, but the Harding Park course was restored to prominence, and has since held several high-profile golf events.

Tatum was involved in the design and development of The Links at Spanish Bay golf course in Pebble Beach, California. He co-designed The Preserve Golf Club in Carmel, California and Lockeford Springs Golf Course in Lodi, California, as well as Mount Shasta Resort in Mount Shasta, California.

He was involved with The First Tee of San Francisco chapter out of Harding Park, and went on to host "Sandy's Circle" through the Northern California Golf Association to help fund the Youth on Course subsidized round program in 2007.

Tatum was inducted into the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame in April 2011.

Law career
Following his graduation from Stanford, Tatum attended Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar, and received his BCL in 1949. He returned to Stanford, where he earned a JD in 1950, and was admitted to the bar in California in 1950. He was an attorney with Cooley Godward Kronish in Palo Alto, California.

Death
Tatum died on June 22, 2017, at the age of 96.

Writings
 A Love Affair with the Game, by Sandy Tatum, with foreword by Tom Watson ()

References

American male golfers
American memoirists
Amateur golfers
Stanford Cardinal men's golfers
Golf administrators
Golfers from California
Golf course architects
Golf writers and broadcasters
20th-century American lawyers
American Rhodes Scholars
Stanford Law School alumni
Lawyers from San Francisco
1920 births
2017 deaths

Sandy Tatum


An academic clinical trial is a clinical trial not funded by pharmaceutical or biotechnology company for commercial ends but by public-good agencies (usually universities or medical trusts) to advance medicine.  These trials are a valuable component of the health care system; they benefit patients and help determine the safety and efficacy of drugs and devices, and play an important role in the checks and balances that regular commercially oriented clinical trials.

A typical area of academic clinical trials is the advancement and optimization of already existing therapies. Thus, academic clinical trials may for instance test how a combination of registered drugs may improve treatment outcomes; or they may apply registered treatments in additional, less frequent indications. Such research questions are not a primary focus of for-profit companies, and thus these trials are typically initiated by individual investigators or academic research organizations.

There are many different organizations which have an interest in academic clinical trials and facilitate or take part in their conduct. These organizations include:
Hospitals, universities, researchers and institutions who view trials as a source of income and prestige, and receive private, charitable and governmental funding.
Pharmaceutical or biotech companies who view the development and commercialization of treatments as their business.
Regulators who wish to ensure treatments are safe and work effectively.
Patients and patients' organizations and associations who want faster access to advanced treatments.

Academic clinical trials are run at academic sites, such as medical schools, academic hospitals, and universities; and non-academic sites which may be managed by so-called site management organizations (SMOs). Site management organizations are for-profit organizations which enlist and manage the physician practice sites that actually recruit and follow patients enrolled in clinical trials. In some cases, academic members participate in clinical trials as members of SMOs.

See also
Clinical investigator
Clinical monitoring
Clinical research associate
Clinical site
Clinical trial protocol
Clinical trials publication
EORTC (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer)

References

Clinical trials

Academic clinical trial


Matthew James Phelps (born 1 September 1972 in Lismore, New South Wales) is an Australian first-class cricketer who played for the New South Wales Blues. He was a right-handed middle order batsman.

Matthew Phelps' career began in 1998-99 and ended in 2006 when he retired aged 33 after a career best domestic season where he was named NSW Pura Cup Player of the Year. He scored 635 runs at 45.35 with 3 centuries. It was the second season in a row that he had scored over 600 runs. Of his 6 first-class tons in his career he was able to score one in his home town of Lismore, an innings of 133 against Victoria. He finished his career with 2380 first-class runs at 37.77 from 38 matches. His highest score was 192 which came against Tasmania in 1999-2000.

See also
 List of New South Wales representative cricketers

External links

1972 births
Living people
New South Wales cricketers
Sportspeople from Lismore, New South Wales
Sportsmen from New South Wales

Matthew Phelps


Lan Han (; died August 15, 398) was an official and a consort kin of the Xianbei-led Chinese Later Yan dynasty, who killed the emperor Murong Bao (Emperor Huimin) in 398 and briefly took over the regime before being killed by Murong Bao's son Murong Sheng (Emperor Zhaowu).

Lan Han was an uncle of Murong Bao's father Murong Chui (Emperor Wucheng), the founding emperor of Later Yan, as a younger brother of his mother Consort Lan (although some references indicate that he was her cousin, not her brother), and in 384 he assisted Murong Chui's son Murong Nong in starting a rebellion against Former Qin to assist Murong Chui's main rebellion.  During Murong Chui's reign he was sparsely mentioned in history.  In 387 he was one of the commanders in a Later Yan campaign against Jin.  In 391 he commanded a force against a chieftain of the Xianbei Helan (賀蘭) Tribe, Helan Rangan (賀蘭染干). During Murong Chui's reign, he married one of his daughters to Murong Sheng, then the Duke of Changle.  As of 395 Lan Han was referred to as the Prince of Yangcheng and was defending Jicheng (modern Beijing).  (This reference, however, may be in error, as in 396, after Murong Chui had died and been succeeded by Murong Bao, a cousin of Murong Chui's, Murong Lan (慕容蘭), was referred to as the Prince of Yangcheng and defending Jicheng, so it could have been that both references were supposed to be to Lan Han or neither was.)

In spring 398, after a rebellion by the general Duan Sugu (段速骨) had Murong Bao sieged behind the walls of Longcheng (龍城, in modern Jinzhou, Liaoning), Lan Han was described as having the title of Prince of Dunqiu and commanding an army near the city, but secretly aligned with Duan.  It was at his instigation that Murong Nong surrendered to Duan, causing the morale of Murong Bao's army to collapse and Longcheng to fall, forcing Murong Bao to flee.  Less than a month later, however, Lan ambushed Duan and took over Longcheng and temporarily installed Murong Bao's crown prince Murong Ce (慕容策) as leader while sending messengers to try to welcome Murong Bao back to Longcheng.  He also resumed sacrifices to Later Yan ancestral temples to show that he was still faithful to the Later Yan state.  Murong Bao, based on Murong Sheng's advice, initially declined Lan's request and tried to head south to join his uncle Murong De, but upon hearing that Murong De had assumed imperial powers himself earlier in the year, returned north again under escort by Lan Han's brother Lan Jia'nan (蘭加難).  As the procession neared Longcheng, however, Lan Jia'nan, likely under Lan Han's orders, killed Murong Bao.  Lan Han then killed Murong Ce and a number of other Murong princes as well and declared himself Grand Chanyu and the Prince of Changli.  He also changed era name to Qinglong (青龍), signifying that he was declaring a new state.

Murong Sheng, who had been suspicious of his father-in-law's intentions and therefore did not join his father's procession back to Longcheng, now decided to arrive at Longcheng to mourn his father, judging correctly that Lan Han would not kill him both because he was Lan's son-in-law and because he pitied Murong Sheng for the destruction of his clan.  As Murong Sheng arrived at Longcheng, his wife Princess Lan further bowed not only to her father but her brothers as well, begging for Murong Sheng's life, and she was joined by Lan Han's wife Lady Yi.  Lan Han therefore spared him.  Murong Sheng soon managed to sow seeds of suspicion between Lan Han and his brothers Lan Jia'nan and Lan Ti (蘭堤).  He created his son Lan Mu (蘭穆) crown prince.

Lan Han also spared Murong Qi (慕容奇) the Prince of Taiyuan, whose mother was also a daughter of Lan Han.  Murong Sheng and Murong Qi then conspired for Murong Qi to flee out of the city and start an uprising.  Murong Sheng, meanwhile, suggested to Lan Han that Lan Ti, not himself, was behind Murong Qi's rebellion.  Further, at this time, because of a severe drought, Lan Han went to pray to the Later Yan ancestral temples and Murong Bao's spirit, blaming Murong Bao's murder on Lan Jia'nan.  Upon hearing these things, Lan Ti and Lan Jia'nan became angry and started a rebellion of their own.  Lan Mu, meanwhile, suggested that Murong Sheng be killed, and Lan Han initially agreed, but Murong Sheng, upon hearing the news through Princess Lan, declined to attend an imperial meeting that Lan Han called, and Lan Han soon changed his mind.

Soon thereafter, after Lan Mu had won a victory over Lan Ti and Lan Jia'nan, Lan Han held a feast for the soldiers, at which both he and Lan Mu became extremely drunk.  Murong Sheng used this opportunity to join some army officers whom he had persuaded to join his cause, and they killed Lan Han and Lan Mu, and then Lan Ti, Lan Jia'nan, and Lan Han's other sons Lan He (蘭和) the Duke of Lu and Lan Yang (蘭揚) the Duke of Chen.  Murong Sheng then took the throne.

References

 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 105, 107, 108, 110.

398 deaths
Later Yan generals
4th-century births
People executed by Later Yan
Sixteen Kingdoms monarchs
Executed Sixteen Kingdoms people
People executed by a Sixteen Kingdoms state by decapitation
4th-century executions
Murdered Chinese emperors

Lan Han


Aimie Allen-Atkinson (born 5 June 1987) is an English stage actress and singer. She is known for portraying the role of Katherine Howard in British comedy musical Six on the original UK tour and in the West End production at the Arts Theatre, Lyric Theatre and Vaudeville Theatre, portraying Vivian Ward in the West End production of Pretty Woman, as well as forming part of pop girl group SVN.

Early life
Atkinson was born to parents Faith Allen and Tom Atkinson in Stevenage, England. Her father played part-time in a rock band, which encouraged her to begin singing from a young age. Whilst studying at Collenswood School in Stevenage, Atkinson was part of the Fusion Performing Arts group and took part in many of their productions. Having studied to GCSE level, she left school to complete a BTEC in Performing Arts at Susi Earnshaw Theatre School and then worked as an admin assistant in a music publishing company. She also ran a franchise for the Stagecraft school in Stevenage.

Career
After agreeing with a friend whilst studying at the Arts Educational School that both should apply to the BBC Radio 2 Voice of Musical Theatre competition, Atkinson was told that she could only apply for the amateur competition. After winning that, she joined a final competition against the final professional contestants - those with at least five years of stage experience - and also won that.

Aged 19, Atkinson left Arts Educational and became a full-time stage actress, taking her first professional job in Howard Goodall's Days of Hope at the King's Head Theatre. She then took on various parts, before starting an intensive course in musical theatre at the Royal Academy of Music. After completing two months in RAM and one month in Arts Educational Schools, she left after two months to join the UK touring production of Zorro, playing the part of Luisa. Subsequently, landing a part in a musical as a sassy 40-year-old singer, the producer of the show then asked Atkinson to audition for the role of Daniela in the musical In The Heights, which she subsequently played at the King's Cross Theatre. She has since played Princess Jasmine in Aladdin alongside Priscilla Presley, Serena in Legally Blonde at Kilworth House, and Snow White opposite Jerry Hall at Richmond Theatre. She has also originated the role of Katherine Howard in the West End production of Six.

On 13 February 2020, Atkinson began playing the role of Vivian Ward in the West End production of Pretty Woman: The Musical alongside Danny Mac at the Piccadilly Theatre. The show later officially opened on 2 March 2020, but closed only two weeks later due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Atkinson returned to the show for its reopening at the Savoy Theatre on 8 July 2021. The show closed in June 2023 and announced a UK and Ireland tour.

In May 2023 it was announced that Death Note: The Musical will have its English premiere at the London Palladium in August. Cast included Atkinson as Rem, Adam Pascal as Ryuk, Frances Mayli McCann as Lisa, Dean John-Wilson as L and Joaquin Pedro Valdes as Light. The show is due to trasfer at the Lyric Theatre in September 2023 for six additional performances with Georgie Maguire, Jessica Lee and Carl Man taking on the roles of Ryuk, Misa and alternate L respectively.

Recording and music
Atkinson released her debut studio album Step Inside of Love with Jay Records in 2017. As a member of the girl group Goldstone, she competed in Eurovision: You Decide 2018 with the song "I Feel The Love". Atkinson's recordings include:

Step Inside Love - debut solo album
I Feel The Love - BBC
100 Greatest Musicals - recorded at Abbey Road Studios
Postman and The Poet
Kurt Weill's One Touch of Venus
 'Six The Musical' Studio Cast recording

In 2021, Atkinson formed a seven piece girl group called SVN with six other members of the original West End cast of Six, Millie O'Connell, Natalie Paris, Alexia McIntosh, Jarnéia Richard-Noel, Maiya Quansah-Breed, and Grace Mouat. In 2022, the group released a number of singles such as "Woman" and "Free"

On 18 June 2021, Atkinson released the single "Pretty Woman", a contemporary reimagining of Roy Orbison's Pretty Woman.

Personal life
Atkinson has dated both women and men.

Her charity work includes a 24 Hour Musical Marathon live stream for Save the Children.

Discography

Concert performances
 ''Fridays Night is Music Night'' on many occasions.
 Barbara Windsor's 70th Birthday BBC Radio 2 live from Hackney Empire.
 Great British Musical (Perfect Pitch) - What's On Stage Awards.
 Stephen Sondheim's 70th Birthday Concert.

Filmography
 Nikki Martin - Doctors, BBC.
 Anna Karenina - American Express Commercial.
 Voice over for Thompson Holidays.
 Snow White I-dents - Christmas Special, GMTV.
 Snow White Documentary 'Seven Dwarfs', Channel 4,
 Backing vocalists for 'The Michael Ball Show' and 'Britain's Got Talent', ITV.
 BBC Wales 'Search for a Musical Theatre Star' and subsequently 'A Musical Star is Born'.

Audio

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Living people
1987 births
21st-century English actresses
21st-century English women singers
21st-century English LGBT people
Actresses from Hertfordshire
English musical theatre actresses
English stage actresses
LGBT actresses
English LGBT actors
English LGBT singers
People from Stevenage
Singers from London

Aimie Atkinson


Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley (originally known as Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Reimerdes), 273 F.3d 429 (2nd Cir., 2001), was a court ruling at the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. The ruling was the first significant test of the anti-circumvention provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.

Background
Eight plaintiffs, all movie studios, sought an injunction against the distribution of DeCSS, a program capable of decrypting video content that had been encrypted by the Content Scramble System, which was commonly used to protect DVDs from unauthorized copying. DeCSS was developed by Norwegian teenager Jon Johansen and released in October 1999 via LiViD, a mailing list focused on producing programming tools and software libraries relevant to DVD use on the Linux operating system. DeCSS was distributed by LiViD and other Internet communities without authorization from the DVD Copy Control Association, the trade organization responsible for DVD copy protection.

District court proceedings
In January 2000, the movie studios filed suit under the title Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Reimerdes at the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. The defendants were Eric Corley (publisher of 2600: The Hacker Quarterly magazine, which copied the DeCSS code for its readers), Shawn Reimerdes (who had posted the code on dvd-copy.com, a personal website), Roman Kazan (who ran an Internet hosting service that provided access to DeCSS), and 2600 Enterprises, Inc. The studios claimed that the defendants, by making DeCSS available, were trafficking in circumvention devices, an illegal act under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). The studios sought an injunction that would prohibit the distribution and use of the DeCSS program, as well as monetary damages.

At the beginning of the proceedings, the district court granted a preliminary injunction barring the defendants from posting the code for DeCSS. The court felt this precaution was necessary given that the movie studios made a reasonable argument that widespread dissemination of DeCSS would cause irreparable harm to their interests. Reimerdes and Kazan then entered into consent decrees with the plaintiffs and were subsequently dropped from the suit. Both were then barred from posting the DeCSS code or providing links to sites where the code could be found.

Corley removed the DeCSS code from 2600.com after the preliminary injunction was issued, but did not reach a settlement of his own with the plaintiffs and remained a defendant in the suit. In what Corley termed an act of "electronic civil disobedience," 2600.com continued to host links to other websites that themselves provided the source code for DeCSS. Corley also moved for the court to overturn the Digital Millennium Copyright Act altogether as a violation of the First Amendment, because it restricted citizens from distributing and discussing programming code, which in turn is an item of expression.

In August 2000, Judge Lewis A. Kaplan ruled in favor of the plaintiffs. Kaplan acknowledged the tension in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act between copyright holders and those who wish to use new technologies, but concluded that the language of the act provided relief for the plaintiffs against unauthorized copying of their copyrighted works. In Kaplan's words, "For now, at least, Congress has resolved this clash in the DMCA and in plaintiffs' favor. Given the peculiar characteristics of computer programs for circumventing encryption and other access control measures, the DMCA as applied to posting and linking here does not contravene the First Amendment."

Judge Kaplan also held that the Corley and 2600.com had violated the DMCA by continuing to post the code that ran afoul of the act's anti-circumvention provisions. Kaplan issued another injunction against Corley, prohibiting him from posting the DeCSS code or providing links to sites where the code could be found.

Corley appealed this ruling to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.

Circuit court ruling
Corley's appeal at the Second Circuit, now under the name Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley because Shawn Reimerdes had been removed as a defendant, received numerous amicus curiae briefs from both the entertainment industry and supporters of Internet innovations.

In November 2001, the Second Circuit upheld Kaplan's ruling at the lower court. However, the circuit court found merit in Corley's view that computer programs are a form of protected speech regardless of whether they are in source code or object code form, which commentators regarded as significant. The circuit court opined that the Digital Millennium Copyright Act could be subjected to intermediate scrutiny as a partial restriction on free speech. Citing the Supreme Court precedent Hill v. Colorado, the circuit court held that some laws can restrict speech for reasons that are "justified without reference to the content" if there are larger public benefits from the speech restrictions. Hence, due to the conflict with the DMCA in the present case, DeCSS was held to be a form of speech but it could be restricted due to its functionality (anti-circumvention that is prohibited per the DMCA) and not its content.

The circuit court also considered Corley's fair use defense, as Corley argued that DeCSS allowed users to watch encrypted DVDs, which prior to that point had been impossible on Linux machines. The circuit court held that the specific facts of the present case were beyond the types of fair use that are permissible under the DMCA. According to the court, "the Appellants do not claim to be making fair use of any copyrighted materials, and nothing in the injunction prohibits them from making such fair use. They are barred from trafficking in a decryption code that enables unauthorized access to copyrighted materials."

Impact and subsequent developments
Both the district and circuit court rulings were controversial, and have been widely criticized by free speech advocates such as the American Civil Liberties Union and the Electronic Frontier Foundation, as well as the American Library Association, the author of The Boondocks, and others, due to upholding legal restrictions on expressive programming code. On the other hand, some media and content-owning organizations, such as the National Football League and Major League Baseball, supported the decisions.

Corley initially planned to appeal the circuit court decision to the Supreme Court, but decided not to after consultation with his lawyers. Despite the courts' rulings, the DeCSS code is still widely available on the Internet.

References

Cryptography case law
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit cases
2001 in United States case law
Universal Pictures litigation
Digital Millennium Copyright Act case law
DVD Copy Control Association
2600: The Hacker Quarterly

Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley


Fall River Waterworks is a  historic site located at the eastern end Bedford Street in Fall River, Massachusetts, along the shore of North Watuppa Pond. The property, which is still used as a water works for the city, contains the original pumping station, intake house and  tall standpipe water tower. The system was originally built between 1872 and 1875, and expanded or upgraded many times. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.

The property also contains several non-contributing modern structures, that are still in use as part of the water works, including the 1976 filtration plant, the 1922 administration building, maintenance buildings and two large mid-20th century steel water tanks. The water supply system provides an average of 11 million gallons per day to Fall River and several surrounding communities.

History

Between 1870 and 1875, the City of Fall River experienced remarkable population growth. To keep up with demand for water for drinking and fire protection purposes, the Fall River Board of Water Commissioners was established in 1871. The buildings for the waterworks were constructed between 1872 and 1875 along the shore of North Watuppa Pond, a large naturally occurring water body at the east end of the city. The original buildings were constructed from local Fall River granite, mostly in the Ruskinian Gothic style. The engine house was designed to contain four engines, two for the high-service system and two for the low-service system. Initially, the system only contained two engines, one for each system. The first engine went into service in January 1874. It was a double horizontal condensing engine, built by the Boston Machine Company, and rated at 3 million gallons per day. It served the low-service system, which consisted of a 24-inch force main down Bedford Street to downtown. The high-service system consisted of a 16-inch force main down Bedford Street to Robeson, where it split to the higher elevations on each side of the Quequechan River. The high-service system went into service in 1875, and was supplied by a Worthington duplex pumping engine powering a pump rated at 5 million gallons per day. The pump house was also fitted with gates so that each pump could power either the high or low systems, if needed. By 1876, more than 45 miles of water pipe, ranging from 6 to 24 inches in diameter had been installed throughout the city.

The National Register designation includes the original pumping station that consists of the engine house, boiler house and coal house, the intake building, the standpipe water tower, as well as the 1908 Narrows gate house located at the southern end of North Watuppa Pond, adjacent to Interstate 195.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Fall River, Massachusetts

References

Buildings and structures in Fall River, Massachusetts
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Water supply infrastructure on the National Register of Historic Places
Towers completed in 1875
Water towers in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Fall River, Massachusetts
Water supply pumping stations in the United States
Water towers on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

Fall River Waterworks


Saint Ceccardus of Luni (died 860), otherwise San Ceccardo, was a bishop of Luni in Liguria, Italy, who was believed to have been killed by Viking pirates, probably in 860 when they sacked the city of Luni.

He was declared a martyr and later became the patron saint of Carrara. His feast day is 16 June.

Life
He drew up a brief commemoration of the episcopate of Petroaldo (816?-826?); in this document, as a cleric, he signs himself as Sicheradus Silitraldi. The name indicates his probable origin from a Byzantine family.

Ceccardo suffered martyrdom as a bishop when the Vikings of Hastein conquered Luni in 860. Hastein was a Viking chieftain, who, around 860, joined with Björn Ironside to lead an expedition to raid countries in the Mediterranean. After sacking Nîmes and Arles, they turned to Italy where they attacked the city of Luna. Believing it to be Rome, Hastein had his men carry him to the gate and tell the guards he was dying and wished to convert to Christianity. Once inside, he was taken to the town's church where he received the sacraments, before jumping from his stretcher and leading his men in a sack of the town.

Veneration
In the place indicated by the legends, the church of San Ceccardo ad Acquas was built, at least as early as the 14th century, containing a small spring that sprang up where the first stream of blood of the martyr would have touched the ground (a similar legend is at the base of the Tre Fontane monastery in Rome).

His body is kept in the Cathedral of Carrara and has undergone at least five recognitions: in 1599 during the episcopate of Giovanni Battista Salvago, in 1625, in 1782 and in 1949, during the episcopate of Carlo Boiardi, bishop of Apuania. The last survey was carried out at the end of the 90s of the twentieth century.

The cult of San Ceccardo, bishop and martyr, was strongly promoted by the Canons Regular of San Frediano of Lucca, who took care of the Cathedral until the late eighteenth century, when the Duchess of Modena had the church transferred to the diocesan clergy.
This propaganda activity was part of a targeted action of pressure by the above mentioned canons, aimed at the recognition of the jurisdiction "nullius diocesis" of the church itself.

However, this doesn't take anything away from the strong devotion of the citizenship since the most remote times to San Ceccardo - to whom tradition attributes many miraculous interventions.

Feast day
The solemnity of St. Ceccardo, patron of the town, of the municipality and of the vicariate of Carrara, is June 16.

References

Date of birth unknown
860 deaths
Bishops of Luni
Italian saints

Ceccardus of Luni


Baa Atoll (includes Southern Maalhosmadulu Atoll or Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi, Fasdhūtherē Atoll, and Goifulhafehendhu Atoll) is an administrative division of the Maldives. It consists of three separate natural atolls, namely southern Maalhosmadulu Atoll (which is 42 km long and 32 km wide and consists of 9 inhabited islands), the Fasdūtherē Atoll (wedged in between the two Maalhosmadulu Atolls and separated from north Maalhosmasdulu Atoll by Hani Kandu or Moresby Channel) and the smaller natural atoll known as Goifulhafehendhu Atoll (Horsburgh Atoll in the Admiralty charts).

Situated on the west of the Maldives atoll chain, it consists of 75 islands of which 13 are inhabited with a population of over 11,000 people. The remaining 57 islands are uninhabited, in addition to eight islands being developed as resorts.

Thulhaadhoo Island is traditionally well known for lacquerwork handicrafts.

Geography

Baa Atoll consists in two roughly circular sub-atolls, separated by the narrow Kudarikilu Kandu channel. The total measures approximately 38 km wide (east-west) for 46 km long (north-south), covering a surface of 1 127 km2 surface.

The atoll is formed by 105 coral reefs, representing a reef surface of 263 km2. This reef surface is 61 islands provided with vegetation, and a variable number of sandy bays (between 4 and 14). Half (38) of these islands are less than 10 hectares, constituting less than 20% of the atoll lands.

The biggest island is Dharavandhoo (45,5 ha), followed by Kunfunadhoo (35 ha). The highest point, although difficult to establish, is situated in Funadhoo., with 3,19 m over the sea level.

Biodiversity and ecology

Maalhosmadulu Atoll is also considered as a good example of the rich biodiversity found in the Maldives, including large mangroves and a unique diversity of fauna, such as the benthic fauna. Furthermore, the ring-shaped reef forms known as faru in the Dhivehi language is a reef structure which is unique to the Maldives.

The southernmost uninhabited island of Olhugiri in the North Maalhosmadulu Atoll lies 13 km north of Goifulhafehendhu Atoll. Olhugiri is well known for its unique natural vegetation and for providing two of the only perching sites for the great frigatebird in the Maldives. Likewise, other marine creatures such as sea turtles and hawksbill turtles can be encountered.

The Fisheries Ministry of the Maldives has banned catching turtles or taking eggs from Olhugiri, which also applies to 11 other islands.

Biosphere reserve
The Maldives harbors globally-significant biodiversity in its numerous reefs and demonstrates a long history of human interaction with the environment. Covering approximately 139,700 ha of coastal/marine areas, the site is representative of the Maldives' high diversity of reef animals, with hard and soft corals, reef-associated fish species, marine turtles, Manta Rays and Whale Sharks. In addition to its 12,170 inhabitants, some 350,000 tourists visit the biosphere reserve annually. As part of a Global Environment Facility (GEF) project, the site has great potential for demonstrating sustainable development throughout the Maldives and the region, while relying on a green economy.

Hanifaru Bay which is known locally as Vandhumaafaru Adi is thought to be one of the few places in the world where whale sharks congregate to mate, although recent research suggests otherwise with the vast majority of the whale sharks seen there being young males. The bay however regularly sees some of the largest gatherings of manta rays worldwide with up to one hundred individuals in the small inlet when the tide pushes plankton into the bay.

The designation of Baa Atoll as a UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve in June 2011 was a significant achievement for the Maldives.
placing it in the company of world famous sites such as Komodo island in Indonesia, Uluru (Ayer's Rock) in Australia and the Galápagos Islands.

Voavah
Voavah is the first island designated by UNESCO as an exclusive use island. The island is owned by the Four seasons company and is available for hire. The islands coordinate's are 5.31652 73.07797. The island is also known as Hafnas.

See also
Reethi Beach
Landaa Giraavaru

References

 Divehi Tārīkhah Au Alikameh. Divehi Bahāi Tārikhah Khidmaiykurā Qaumī Markazu. Reprint 1958 edn. Malé 1990.
 Divehiraajjege Jōgrafīge Vanavaru. Muhammadu Ibrahim Lutfee. G.Sōsanī.
 Xavier Romero-Frias, The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom. Barcelona 1999.

External links
 http://www.baa.gov.mv
 News report on banning the capturing of turtles
 Facts and figures about Baa Atoll (archived 11 March 2007)

Administrative atolls of the Maldives
Atolls of the Maldives

Baa Atoll


The Pontiac Sunfire was a car produced by Pontiac from 1995 through 2005. The Sunfire succeeded the Pontiac Sunbird and was succeeded by the Pontiac G5 (a rebadged Chevrolet Cobalt). The Sunfire was also purchased in a sedan, convertible or coupe. Much like its twin the Cavalier the Sunfire also fared poor in the offset test by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.

First release
The first Pontiac Sunfire became the successor of the Pontiac Sunbird after it got cancelled in 1990s. The Pontiac received a minor facelift in the early 2000s.

1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Pontiac automobiles

Pontiac Sunfire


William David Charles Carling   (born 12 December 1965) is an English former rugby union player. He was England's youngest captain, aged 22, and won 72 caps from 1988 to 1996, captaining England 59 times. Under his captaincy, England won Five Nations Grand Slam in 1991, 1992 and 1995, and reached the 1991 World Cup final.

He played for Rosslyn Park and Harlequins at club level. In the 1992 New Year Honours, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE).

Since retiring, Carling has pursued interests including corporate speaking and punditry. In 2018 he joined the England coaching staff of Eddie Jones as a leadership mentor.

Early life
The son of Lieutenant Colonel Bill Carling, an officer in the Royal Regiment of Wales, Carling was born in Bradford-on-Avon and educated at Terra Nova School in Cheshire and then Sedbergh School, on an army scholarship. He disliked being sent to prep school but showed an aptitude for rugby and played above his age group, arriving at Sedbergh – a "big rugby school" – with a reputation as a serious talent.

On 2 April 1983 he made his debut for England Schools in a 16–0 victory over Ireland. He narrowly missed out on a junior Grand Slam, with an England Schools side that included Kevin Simms, Victor Ubogu and Carling's future Durham and Harlequins teammate Andy Mullins, losing 13–12 to Wales.

University
Having decided for a career in the British Army like his father, Carling – after a gap year – took an in-service degree in Psychology at Durham University. This meant the "occasional weekend exercise", but otherwise military activities were rather limited. He was an undergraduate student at Hatfield College, Durham (which had built a strong sporting reputation post-war), and was reunited with Mullins. Carling did not enjoy the transition from school to university rugby, and claimed to have "stagnated" in terms of development. Playing his first year at fullback, he had to accept a style of rugby that offered less creative freedom than he was used to.

Carling strongly considered giving up rugby after failing to enjoy his first year on the pitch at Durham, but found himself rejuvenated during an old boys' match at Sedbergh; and this reignited a desire to succeed in the sport. By his own admission did not take his studies seriously and was often absent for lectures. He left with an ordinary pass degree in 1988. In January that year, Carling, still an undergraduate, made his debut for England against  at the Parc des Princes. In May he was invited to tour with England abroad, but the start date clashed with his final exams. Consequently, he took his exams two days early, and to safeguard examination security, was driven straight to Newcastle Airport.

Despite a less than stellar academic record, Carling had the opportunity to continue his education at the University of Cambridge and represent Cambridge University R.U.F.C., who had already recruited his Durham colleague Chris Oti. However, Carling did not follow up the invitation, because he did not feel he would have got in on merit.

Career

Early career, 1987–1991
The England rugby team were in a period of transition following failure at the 1987 Rugby World Cup. There was a new manager, Geoff Cooke, and a new coach, Roger Uttley, replacing Mike Weston and Martin Green. England's recent record was one of considerable underachievement, described by one writer as a "sprawling desert of failure, stretching back as far as 1963" — they had only won a single Five Nations Championship since then, in 1980. The new season offered good prospects for younger players, as league rugby was introduced for the first time, establishing a "proper system which rewarded progress"; Divisional Championships, which brought the best club players into regional teams, would not necessarily be the main method of selection in future.

In February 1987 Carling made his debut for Harlequins against Metropolitan Police. He soon played for England B in a 22–9 win over France B.  Carling sensed he had a chance of earning his first senior England cap when Kevin Simms, a former England Schoolboys teammate, was selected to play against Romania. As Carling knew the strengths and weaknesses of Sims and "wasn't in awe of him", expectation that he might match this achievement grew.

Around Christmas 1987 Carling took part in an England trial for the upcoming Five Nations Championship. Initially he and Simms were set to be part of a junior team set to test more experienced "probables" including Simon Halliday of Bath and John Buckton of Saracens; but both Halliday and Buckton pulled hamstrings, which saw Carling and Simms "bumped up". The team list was officially published the following Monday, and after some uncertainty, Carling realised he'd earned his first callup when a university friend phoned to congratulate him. His debut against France on 16 January was a defeat, with England losing 10-9 in Paris due to a late French score. Later comparing the atmosphere in the dressing room afterwards to a "morgue", Carling was nonetheless pleased with his own performance. Carling started the remaining games against Wales, Scotland and Ireland, with England winning the latter two to finish third in that years Five Nations Championship.

Though still expected to pursue a military career, Carling abandoned these plans. He has stated that, contrary to media suggestions, he was never "fully commissioned". By Carling's own account, he was due to attend Sandhurst for the full officer training course in August 1988, but his status as an England international meant the army would not be able to accommodate his rugby ambitions. As a result, Carling opted to "buy himself out" of the army for £8,000. As rugby was an amateur game at this point, he accepted an executive post with Mobil Oil to make ends meet.

1991–1995
Under Carling England started to challenge and beat the established rugby union powers such as New Zealand and Australia, and their success helped to make rugby union a more popular sport in England. English victories over New Zealand and South Africa in 1993 were perhaps the peak of England's performance under Carling.

Carling's career included the 1993 British Lions tour to New Zealand. He underachieved on that tour, a pattern attributed by coach Ian McGeechan and manager Geoff Cooke as at least partly due to his failing to secure the captaincy (this instead going to Gavin Hastings of Scotland) but also due in large part to the ascendency in the centre of both Guscott and Scott Gibbs of Wales. McGeechan and Cooke disclosed that Carling came close to voluntarily withdrawing from the squad; he did however recover his test place and played a notable role in the third test. McGeechan commented in his autobiography that Carling's failure to rise to the occasion as a Lion (in contrast to Guscott) may be seen by some as the difference between his legacy as a good player and a great player.

Also in 1993, he became the second captain after John Pullin to lead and beat all of the "Big Three" Southern Hemisphere sides: ,  and , after beating the All Blacks 15–9. He had earlier led England to wins against Australia in November 1988, and South Africa in November 1992. As captain, he had 2 wins against Australia, 1 against New Zealand, and 2 against South Africa.

1995 World Cup
In the run-up to the 1995 World Cup, after England returned to form with their third Grand Slam in five years, Carling described the Rugby Football Union general committee as "57 old farts" which led to his sacking as captain. The incident had been provoked by administrator Dudley Wood's comments about England players' alleged desire to cheat by breaking the amateur ethic. He was however quickly reinstated due to public pressure and following a public apology was able to go to the 1995 Rugby World Cup. After a slow start, England found form and subsequently won all their group games knocking out Australia in the quarter-final 25–22, thanks to a last-minute drop-goal from Rob Andrew. They were well beaten by New Zealand in the semi-final, largely thanks to four tries from Jonah Lomu. Although Carling himself scored two tries towards the end of that game, and set up two more for Rory Underwood, England lost 45–29. The subsequent loss in the third place play-off, against France, was England's first loss to the French in seven years.

Following his resignation from the England captaincy, he continued to be selected as an outside centre, usually with Guscott or Phil de Glanville; the latter succeeded him as captain.

Life after rugby
After his rugby career ended he became a TV pundit on rugby union. He has also worked as a motivational speaker and in 2001 founded Will Carling Management Ltd, a corporate hospitality company which is also involved in the rugby social networking website 'Rucku'.

George Gregan, an Australian player, equalled Carling's then world record 59 matches as captain in the 2007 Rugby World Cup against Fiji. In the 2009 Tri Nations Series, Springbok John Smit also equalled and then beat Carling's record in tests between New Zealand in Bloemfontein, and Durban respectively. Brian O'Driscoll Ireland/Lions 2009 and 2010, and Richie McCaw broke his record in 2011.

Personal life
Carling is married to his second wife Lisa, the ex-wife of David Cooke. The couple have two children. Carling has an older son with former partner Ali Cockayne. Carling was previously married to the television presenter Julia Carling (née Smith) from 1994 to 1996. Prior to their divorce, he was romantically linked by some members of the press with Diana, Princess of Wales, the then-wife of Prince Charles. Carling has denied any such relationship.

Carling, whose mother was diagnosed with breast cancer when he was an infant and later died from the disease, is a patron of the charity Breakthrough Breast Cancer.

Politics
In August 2014, Carling was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to September's referendum on that issue.

Matches as captain

Honours as captain
Rugby World Cup
Runner-up: 1991

Five Nations Championship
Champions: 1991 (Grand Slam and Triple Crown), 1992 (Grand Slam and Triple Crown), 1995 (Grand Slam and Triple Crown), 1996 (Triple Crown)
Runners-up: 1989, 1990, 1994

Calcutta Cup
Winners: 1989, 1991–96
Runners-up: 1990

Millennium Trophy
Winners: 1989–92, 1995–96
Runners-up: 1993–94

Honours
In 2021, World Rugby inducted Carling into its World Rugby Hall of Fame, alongside Osea Kolinisau, Humphrey Kayange, Huriana Manuel, Cheryl McAfee and Jim Telfer.

Notes

References

External links
Sporting Heroes
 Lions profile
 Englands forgotten hero - bbc.co.uk

1965 births
Living people
Alumni of Hatfield College, Durham
Barbarian F.C. players
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England
Combined Services rugby union players
Durham University RFC players
England international rugby union players
English rugby union players
Harlequin F.C. players
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Sedbergh School
Royal Regiment of Wales officers
Rugby union centres
Rugby union players from Wiltshire
1991 Rugby World Cup players
1995 Rugby World Cup players

Will Carling


Dinah was a person from the Book of Genesis who was the daughter of Jacob and Leah. After Shechem kidnapped her, brought her to his hometown and raped her, he wanted to marry her. So Shechem's father, a king named Hamor asked Jacob what it would take for Shechem to marry Dinah. Jacob asked his sons what to do about what had happened and they told him to tell Hamor that the daughters of Israel would never marry the men of Shechem unless they agreed to circumcision. Then the men of Shechem actually circumcised themselves. Then Shechem married Dinah.  Then three days later, Simeon and Levi, killed all adult males in Shechem as revenge for the rape of Dinah. When Jacob was worried that the Canaanites would kill them for that and was angry with Simeon and Levi because of it, they asked him "shall our sister be treated as a whore."
Old Testament people

Dinah


Jean-Louis André Théodore Géricault (; 26 September 1791 – 26 January 1824) was a French painter and lithographer, whose best-known painting is The Raft of the Medusa. Despite his short life, he was one of the pioneers of the Romantic movement.

Early life

Born in Rouen, France, Géricault moved to Paris with his family probably in 1797, where Théodore's father obtained employment in the family tobacco business based at the Hôtel de Longueville on the Place du Carrousel. Géricault's abilities were likely first recognized by the painter and art dealer Jean-Louis Laneuville. Laneuville lived at the Hotel de Longueville alongside Jean-Baptiste Caruel, Théodore Géricault's maternal uncle, and other members of the extended Géricault family. In 1808, Géricault began training at the studio of Carle Vernet, where he was educated in the tradition of English sporting art by Carle Vernet. In 1810, Géricault began studying classical figure composition under Pierre-Narcisse Guérin, a rigorous classicist who disapproved of his student's impulsive temperament while recognizing his talent. Géricault soon left the classroom, choosing to study at the Louvre, where from 1810 to 1815 he copied paintings by Rubens, Titian, Velázquez and Rembrandt.

During this period at the Louvre he discovered a vitality he found lacking in the prevailing school of Neoclassicism. Much of his time was spent in Versailles, where he found the stables of the palace open to him, and where he gained his knowledge of the anatomy and action of horses.

Success

Géricault's first major work, The Charging Chasseur, exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1812, revealed the influence of the style of Rubens and an interest in the depiction of contemporary subject matter.  This youthful success, ambitious and monumental, was followed by a change in direction: for the next several years Géricault produced a series of small studies of horses and cavalrymen.

He exhibited Wounded Cuirassier at the Salon in 1814, a work more labored and less well received. Géricault in a fit of disappointment entered the army and served for a time in the garrison of Versailles. In the nearly two years that followed the 1814 Salon, he also underwent a self-imposed study of figure construction and composition, all the while evidencing a personal predilection for drama and expressive force.

A trip to Florence, Rome, and Naples (1816–17), prompted in part by the desire to flee from a romantic entanglement with his aunt, ignited a fascination with Michelangelo. Rome itself inspired the preparation of a monumental canvas, the Race of the Barberi Horses, a work of epic composition and abstracted theme that promised to be "entirely without parallel in its time". However, Géricault never completed the painting and returned to France.

The Raft of the Medusa

Géricault continually returned to the military themes of his early paintings, and the series of lithographs he undertook on military subjects after his return from Italy are considered some of the earliest masterworks in that medium.  Perhaps his most significant, and certainly most ambitious work, is The Raft of the Medusa (1818–19), which depicted the aftermath of a contemporary French shipwreck, Méduse, in which the captain had left the crew and passengers to die.

The incident became a national scandal, and Géricault's dramatic interpretation presented a contemporary tragedy on a monumental scale. The painting's notoriety stemmed from its indictment of a corrupt establishment, but it also dramatized a more eternal theme, that of man's struggle with nature. It surely excited the imagination of the young Eugène Delacroix, who posed for one of the dying figures.

The classical depiction of the figures and structure of the composition stand in contrast to the turbulence of the subject, so that the painting constitutes an important bridge between neo-classicism and romanticism. It fuses many influences: the Last Judgment of Michelangelo, the monumental approach to contemporary events by Antoine-Jean Gros, figure groupings by Henry Fuseli, and possibly the painting Watson and the Shark by John Singleton Copley.

The painting ignited political controversy when first exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1819; it then traveled to England in 1820, accompanied by Géricault himself, where it received much praise.

While in London, Géricault witnessed urban poverty, made drawings of his impressions, and published lithographs based on these observations which were free of sentimentality. He associated much there with Charlet, the lithographer and caricaturist. In 1821, while still in England, he painted The Derby of Epsom.

Later life

After his return to France in 1821, Géricault was inspired to paint a series of ten portraits of the insane. These were the patients of a friend, Dr. Étienne-Jean Georget (a pioneer in psychiatric medicine), with each subject exhibiting a different affliction. There are five remaining portraits from the series, including Insane Woman.

The paintings are noteworthy for their bravura style, expressive realism, and for their documenting of the psychological discomfort of individuals, made all the more poignant by the history of insanity in Géricault's family, as well as the artist's own fragile mental health. His observations of the human subject were not confined to the living, for some remarkable still-lifes—painted studies of severed heads and limbs—have also been ascribed to the artist.

Géricault's last efforts were directed toward preliminary studies for several epic compositions, including the Opening of the Doors of the Spanish Inquisition and the African Slave Trade. The preparatory drawings suggest works of great ambition, but Géricault's waning health intervened. Weakened by riding accidents and chronic tubercular infection, Géricault died in Paris in 1824 after a long period of suffering. His bronze figure reclines, brush in hand, on his tomb at Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, above a low-relief panel of The Raft of the Medusa.

Works

Les Monomanes (Portraits of the Insane)

See also
 Joseph (art model), remembered for his professional relationship with Géricault

References

Works cited

Further reading
 (see index)

External links

 The Zurich Sketchbook by Théodore Géricault
 Géricault Life Magazine

1791 births
1824 deaths
École des Beaux-Arts alumni
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Deaths by horse-riding accident in France
French male painters
French romantic painters
French people of Norman descent
French printmakers
Orientalist painters
Artists from Rouen
Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
19th-century French painters
Romantic painters
19th-century French male artists

Théodore Géricault


Agostino Abbagnale (born 25 August 1966) is an Italian rower and triple Olympic gold medalist. He is the younger brother of multiple Olympic medalists Carmine Abbagnale and Giuseppe Abbagnale.

Biography
Abbagnale was born in Pompei.  He won his first gold medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.  He stroked the Italian Quadruple scull (4x). His brothers Carmine and Giuseppe won gold medals at the same games in the pair with coxswain event (2+).

After the medal ceremony, Abbagnale, who is a poor swimmer, jumped into the rowing lake and landed on one of his partners Davide Tizzano, knocking the gold medal out of his hand.  It took scuba divers two days to recover the missing medal. Shortly thereafter, Abbagnale began suffering from thrombosis which caused blood clots in the veins of his legs. He had to give up rowing for five years, which prevented him from rowing in the 1992 Summer Olympics.

Abbagnale returned to the Olympic stage at the 1996 Summer Olympics, teaming with Davide Tizzano to win the Gold in the double scull (2x). At the 2000 Summer Olympics, Abbagnale repeated his gold medal performance, winning the quadruple scull (4x). A flare-up in his thrombosis forced Abbagnale to retire in 2003.

In 2006, Abbagnale was awarded the Thomas Keller Medal, given by FISA, the governing board for international rowing.  The Thomas Keller Medal is awarded for an outstanding career in international rowing.  Abbagnale's brothers Carmine and Giuseppe had been awarded the Thomas Keller Medal in 1997.

Achievements
 Olympic Medals: 3 Gold
 World Championship Medals: 2 Gold and 2 Silver.
 Thomas Keller Medal Awarded in 2006 for an outstanding career in international rowing.

Olympic Games
 2000 – Gold, Quadruple Scull
 1996 – Gold, Double Scull
 1988 – Gold, Quadruple Sculls

World Championships
 2002 – Silver, Double Scull
 1999 – 7th, Quadruple Scull
 1998 – Gold, Quadruple Scull
 1997 – Gold, Quadruple Scull
 1995 – 13th, Double Scull
 1987 – 11th, Quadruple Scull
 1985 – Silver, Eight

See also
 List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
 Italian men gold medalist at the Olympics and World Championships

References

External links

 RAI Profile

1966 births
Living people
People from Pompei
Italian male rowers
Rowers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic rowers for Italy
Olympic gold medalists for Italy
Olympic medalists in rowing
Rowers of Fiamme Gialle
World Rowing Championships medalists for Italy
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Thomas Keller Medal recipients
Sportspeople from the Province of Naples

Agostino Abbagnale


Barber–Mulligan Farm is a historic farm located at Avon in Livingston County, New York. The nearly  farm includes a number of original buildings as well as many improvements. The most important cluster is the central farm complex which includes the main house, a carriage house, horse barn, and corn crib, all built in 1852 by Aaron Barber. The house is an example of late Greek Revival architecture.  Not far from the main house is a cobblestone tenant house built c. 1828.

In July 2009, a lightning strike ignited a fire which destroyed the large connected complex of barns, the earliest of which were built in the 1870s. The house and earliest structures were preserved, as were all the modern dairy facilities. The farm boasts a cutting-edge Holstein milking operation of nearly 2000 cows as well as acreage in corn, wheat, and alfalfa.

Aaron Barber Jr. purchased the land in 1840 and built his homestead by 1852, and his son Aaron III continued the agrarian lifestyle, well known for his prize-winning herd of short-horn cattle. He sold the land to the Mulligan family in 1920, and the third and fourth generations are now running the operation.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

References

Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Greek Revival houses in New York (state)
Colonial Revival architecture in New York (state)
Italianate architecture in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1850
Houses in Livingston County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Livingston County, New York

Barber–Mulligan Farm


The Cover Farm is an historic farmstead on Maine State Route 3 in the Hulls Cove village of Bar Harbor, Maine on Mount Desert Island.  Its centerpiece is an early 19th-century Cape, set on a parcel of land owned until 1810 by the granddaughter of the island's original French proprietor, Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac. In the early 20th century, the property was transformed into a summer estate, with the addition of a Colonial Revival wing and a walled garden.  The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

Description
Cover Farm consists of  of land, facing Frenchman Bay in the Hulls Cove area of Bar Harbor.  The main house is located at the end of Cover Farm Road, a private road extending westward from Maine State Route 3.  Its main block is a -story wood frame Cape, five bays wide, covered in wood shingles, with a central chimney and a granite foundation.  A long gambrel-roofed wing extends to the north, and a gable-roofed wing extends to the west (rear) of the main house.  The main entrance is framed by a Greek Revival surround.  South of the house stands a formal walled garden.

The history of the property has its roots in the early settlement of Mount Desert Island, whose first acknowledged European proprietor was Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac (for whom Cadillac Mountain is named).  Following British conquest of the area in the French and Indian War, the island was granted to Massachusetts Governor Francis Bernard.  The island was seized by the state of Massachusetts (which present-day Maine was then part of) in the American Revolutionary War, since Bernard was a Loyalist.  Bernard's son John, however, had sided with the rebel cause, and both he and Cadillac's granddaughter Marie Therese de Gregoire filed claims for the land.  These claims were adjudicated by granting John Bernard the western half of the island, and de Gregoire the eastern half.

Although de Gregoire family tradition claims that this house was built by them, documentary and architectural evidence suggests this house was built after they sold the property on which this house stands in 1806.  It was more likely built by the Cutlers, who owned the property from 1810 to 1834.  The Greek Revival treatments were probably added by the next owners, the Peaches.  The next significant owner was Mrs. Olive Tilton, who acquired the property in 1917.  She was responsible for adding the gambrel-roofed wing and the walled garden, marking the property's transformation from a farm to a summer residence.  She also gave the property its current name.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hancock County, Maine

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Federal architecture in Maine
Greek Revival houses in Maine
Colonial Revival architecture in Maine
Houses completed in 1810
Houses in Hancock County, Maine
Buildings and structures in Bar Harbor, Maine
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Hancock County, Maine

Cover Farm


섬 조국(Island Home)는 저지섬의 국가이다.

영어 가사
Ours is an Island home
Firm on rock and strong by sea
Loyal and proud in history,
Our thankful hearts are
Raised to God for Jersey.

The beauty of our land
Long inspires both eye and mind.
Ours the privilege to guard its shore
So help we God that
Jersey might by grace endure.

프랑스어 가사

한국어 번역본

외부 링크
 국가 설명
 국가 듣기

저지섬
국가

저지섬의 국가