The Armenians in Syria are citizens of Syria with Armenian descent.

Syria and areas surrounding it have served as a refuge for Armenians who fled from wars and oppressions such as the Armenian genocide. However, there were Armenians in Syria and nearby regions ever since the Byzantine Era. According to the Ministry of Diaspora of Armenia, there are about 100,000 Armenians in Syria, with more than 60,000 of them are in Aleppo. Other estimations from Armenian foundations in Syria range from 70,000 to 80,000. However, since the start of the Syrian Civil War, 16,623 Syrians that are ethnically Armenian have emigrated to Armenia.

Syria
Syrian people

Armenians in Syria


Islamabad Traffic Police () is a "model traffic police force" formed under the Capital Territory Police in 2006 to "bring a new and healthy change in the traffic system" in Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan.

The police force is responsible for the enforcement of traffic rules, education of traffic laws to the community, issuance of driver' licenses to qualified drivers, advice to the Capital Development Authority on road engineering issues, and regulation of vehicular and pedestrian traffic on highways, avenues and roads of Islamabad and is rated as second corruption free police organization in Pakistan, after National Highways and Motorways Police.

The department is, however, unable to enforce a system of points for traffic violations, and only levies monetary fines to the violators, thus deterrent effects on violators have not been produced.

History
The Police Department was established on the pattern of an earlier success story in Pakistan, National Highways and Motorway Police (NH&MP) which was established in 1997. The Islamabad Traffic Police (ITP) came of age between 2007 and 2010 and came to be known as a corruption free and equal application of law police organization. The Model Traffic Police which later came to be known as Islamabad Traffic Police, was planned and designed by Syed Abbas Ahsan, Superintendent of Police in 2005 on the pattern of National Highways and Motorway Police. Mr. Sultan Azim Temuri, Senior Superintendent of Police, and Mr. Ashfaq Ahmad Khan, Superintendent of Police, were the first officers of the Police Service of Pakistan (PSP) who led this police organization.

The organization was awarded ISO 9001: 2008 certification on 23 June 2009 for introducing state of the art driver's license, the first police radio station, ITP FM 92.4 headed by Aisha Jamil, the new laws of prohibition on using mobile phone while driving and the wearing of seat-belt while driving, and client-oriented policing service in Pakistan. Hallmark of this traffic police department is that rule of law prevails on the roads of Islamabad, and driver's licenses are issued to only the qualified drivers after through testing of driving ability and medical fitness. The organization also has a Traffic Theme Park and Driving School for the education of school kids and driving training to the aspirants.

Ever since the ITP took over the control in Islamabad, the incidents of road accidents have decreased, and drivers are seen wearing seat belts and avoiding to use mobile phone while driving, indicators of rule of law hardly seen in many other cities of Pakistan and other developing countries of South Asia and world as a whole.

Objectives
 Education/awareness in educational institution and other non-professional and non-professional organizations
 Mass awareness about road safety through a well decorated float established on 20 wheels trailer
 Radio program
 Distribution of hand bills and pamphlets at roads along with briefing
 Road safety awareness walks
 Speech competition
 Road safety seminar
 Road safety gala

Equal implementation of law
On 20 July 2009, the Islamabad Traffic Police issued a ticket to the son of Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani for violating traffic rules thus maintaining their commitment to ensure equal implementation of law in the capital city.
Over the last many years, the ITP has fined hundred of VIPs, civil servants, Army and Police officers, Parliamentarians, Judges and Journalists and proved its slogan of equal application of law.

Gallery

See also
Capital Territory Police
Law enforcement in Pakistan
National Highways and Motorway Police

References

External links

Government agencies established in 2006
Islamabad
Federal law enforcement agencies of Pakistan
2006 establishments in Pakistan

Islamabad Traffic Police


Johann Christian von Boyneburg (April 12, 1622 - December 8, 1672) was a German politician.

Life
Johann Christian von Boyneburg was born into a family whose members had often been in the official Hessian state service. His father was the council and  aristocratic marshal Johann Berthold von Boineburg-Lengsfeld († 1640) and his mother Barbara Sibylla von Buttlar († 1624).

In 1648 he married Anna Christine († 1689), daughter of the president of the Hessian court of law Kuno Quirin Schütz von Holzhausen.

Johann Christian von Boyneburg became the Hessian ambassador at the Swedish court, later a privy councillor (Geheimrat) and in 1650 first government minister. In 1656 he converted to the Catholic faith.

Von Boyneburg motivated Leibniz to move to Frankfurt. Leibniz also became the teacher of Boyneburg's son Philipp Wilhelm.

Quotation about Von Boyneburg
When Leibniz got the message that Boyneburg had died he wrote in a letter to John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg:
 "It's certain that the church as well as the fatherland have endured a great loss, which your highness can better estimate than I can express."  ("Es hat gewislich sowohl die Kirche, als das Vaterland an diesem Mann einen großen verlust erlitten, den aber E. Hochfürtsl. Durchl beßer wißen, als ich beschreiben kan." [sic])

1622 births
1672 deaths
German politicians

Johann Christian von Boyneburg


Test cricket is the longest and oldest type of international cricket. The first officially recognized Test match took place on 15–19 March 1877 and was played between England and Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, where Australia won by 45 runs.

The early test matches were played by England against other sides in the British Empire. First test matches took place in these years:

1889 versus South Africa
1928 versus West Indies
1930 versus New Zealand
1932 versus India

Test matches eventually spread to other countries around the world. Later came One Day Internationals (ODIs) and Twenty20 internationals (T20s).

Test matches are a series of 5-day matches. Each team's two innings' scores are added to find the total runs. The team with more runs wins the match if the other team has completed both of their innings, with there being a tie if they have an equal number of runs; otherwise it is a draw.

Follow-on
Follow-on is a rule by which the team batting in second innings can be enforced to bat again just after the end of their first innings. The follow-on can be enforced by the team batted in the first innings only if their first-innings lead is at least 200 runs.

Minimum Lead Required

 When the test match length is 3 or 4 days, the minimum lead required to enforce follow-on is 150 runs.
 If the test match length is 2 days, the minimum lead required to enforce follow-on is 100 runs.
 When the test match is of a single day (extremely rare), the minimum lead reduces to 75 runs.

Timeless Test
Timeless Test matches are Test matches with no limit on the number of days the game can be played for.

References

Cricket
History of sports

Test cricket


ongül Öden is known in Turkey for her many theatrical roles. Songül has been acting since 2001 when she did a TV mini-series entitled "Vasiyet". After that, she acted in three other TV series "Havada bulut" (2002), "Gümüş" (2005-2007) and "Vazgeç Gönlüm" (2007-2008).
In 2005, She landed the title role in the series "Gümüş" ("Silver") where she acted side by side with Kivanc Tatlitug. The series lasted for 2 and a half years.
"Gümüş" is also known by its Arabic title "Noor," became an obsession for many Arabs and it is believed that a whopping 85 million viewers watched the translated Turkish sudser throughout the Arab World when it aired in 2008 by MBC.
"Gümüş" has also been adored by the Bulgarian viewers when it was broadcasted in Bulgarian by the title "Перла" in 2009. The Bulgarian private TV channel bTV recently airing the show dubbed into Bulgarian with the title "Perla" ("Pearl"). Songül Öden was invited to visit Bulgaria to meet her fans and make interviews with some Bulgarian programs.
Her latest series "Vazgeç Gönlüm" ("Abandoned Heart"), in which she played the leading role "Ezra" in the second season was made in late summer/fall of 2008.
She was also a feature model in multiple Turkish catalogs for top brands like Harvey Nichols, polo Ralph Lauren and Tommy Hilfiger.
"Acı Aşk" ("Bitter Love") her new film which she co-stars with Halit Ergenç, Cansu Dere and Ezgi Asaroğlu is her first-ever cinematic performance was released on December 18 2009.
[edit]Filmography

Vasiyet (dizi) (2001)
Havada Bulut (mini dizi) (2002)
Gümüş (dizi) (2005-2007) Gümüş
Vazgeç Gönlüm (dizi) (2007-2008) Ezra
Acı Aşk (Film) (2009) Ayşe

Songul Oden neé le 17 february 1975

Songul oden


The MS Lord Selkirk II was a passenger cruise ship that sailed the Red River and Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba, Canada. Lake Winnipeg's last cruise ship, she was the largest ever built between the Great Lakes and the Rockies, with accommodation for 130 passengers and 40 crew.  She was 176 feet long with a 41 foot beam.

Launched June 7, 1969, the MS Lord Selkirk II sailed for 17 years before being retired in 1990.  While active, the ship carried thousands of passengers on multiple-day excursions to Lake Winnipeg and boasted a game room, a dining room, and a lounge where guests could enjoy live entertainment. Some of its more prestigious passengers over the years included Queen Elizabeth II and Premier of Manitoba Edward Schreyer (later the Governor General of Canada), who sailed on the ship in 1970.

She was built to replace the MS Keenora after that wooden vessel was retired. She was originally commissioned to serve the freight and passenger service market on Lake Winnipeg. In addition to her passenger cabins, she also had refrigerated and freezer cargo compartments, and 120 tons of cargo fuel capacity.
With the construction of new road access to more communities on the lake and increased access to air travel, the need for the freight and passenger service declined and a focus was put on using the vessel for excursions and vacations by the early 1970s. She was purchased by the Manitoba provincial government in the early 1970s, and was operated by the government as part of Venture Manitoba Tours through the 1978 season. Idle for 1979 in Gull Harbour, she was purchased that year by a group of investors led by Harold Einarson and operated on the lake until through the 1982 season. In 1983, local Winnipeg businessmen Jim Gauthier and Bill Harris purchased the ship and refitted her running it until 1986, when she was purchased by Dr. Joseph Slogan of Selkirk, who operated the ship through the 1990 navigation season on the Red River. It was originally intended to run the ship for the 1991 season, and extensive engineering and mechanical work took place through the winter of 1990/91, but the vessel was idled after a decision was made to run the other two competing river excursion companies - Paddlewheel Riverboats and River Rouge Tours - as a joint venture for 1991 in the face of declining passenger traffic, and to idle the Lord Selkirk II for the season. She never sailed again.

The ship, rusted and broken, has been docked at the end of a slough in Selkirk, Manitoba since being retired in October 1990.  In July 2010 the ship was sold for scrap to an international.  On June 19, 2012 the ship caught fire and is a total loss. Arson is suspected.

A lifeboat and anchor were salvaged and put into the Marine Museum of Manitoba, which is about a block away from the MS Lord Selkirk II's final resting place. As of 2020, the lifeboat and anchor are all that remain of MS Lord Selkirk II.

References

Cruise ships
Passenger ships of Canada
Lake Winnipeg
1969 ships
Ships built in Manitoba

MS Lord Selkirk II


Morgan v. Hamlet, 113 U.S. 449 (1885), was a bill in equity filed by the appellants, September 3, 1879.

Facts
The complainants are the administrator de bonis non of Samuel D. Morgan, deceased, and the children and heirs at law and widow of the intestate, citizens of North Carolina. The female defendants are the children and heirs at law of John G. Morgan, deceased, sued with their husbands, and all citizens of Arkansas.

In 1860, a partnership was formed between two brothers, Samuel D. Morgan and John G. Morgan, the former advancing the means, the latter being bankrupt, for stocking and cultivating a cotton plantation in Arkansas, purchased in the name of the firm, but paid for only in part. Samuel D. Morgan continued to reside in North Carolina. John G. Morgan lived on the plantation in Arkansas, and personally conducted its operations. This he did during several years, including the year 1865, when the plantation was sold, under judicial proceedings, to pay the unpaid purchase money. Samuel D. Morgan died in January 1864.

John G. Morgan died in 1875, the defendants, his heirs at law, having come into possession of the property in his possession at his decease, more than sufficient to satisfy the claim of the complainants.

Of the complainants, Samuel T. Morgan became of age September 8, 1876, and William W. Morgan in May 1878. They never had a guardian, and allege their ignorance of the frauds charged to have been practiced against them by John G. Morgan until in 1879.

The answer of the defendants, though admitting the fact of such a partnership as alleged, denies that any profits were made and denies all the allegations of fraud. It also shows that John G. Morgan died in April 1875, leaving him surviving Emma S. Morgan, his widow, and the defendants, Alice R. Hamlet and Emma G. Abell, and Lula Morgan, an infant, his only children; that letters of administration were issued on his estate by the Probate Court of Chicot County, Arkansas, in which he lived at the time of his death, on August 6, 1875, to his widow, who acted as administratrix of his estate until October 13, 1875, when she resigned, and the defendant John C. Hamlet was appointed by the same court administrator de bonis non, and qualified and acted as such. And it is relied on as a defense that the demands made in the bill were not authenticated and presented to the administratrix or the administrator de bonis non of John G. Morgan, deceased, according to law, within two years of the granting of letters of administration on his estate.

On final hearing the bill was dismissed. From this decree the complainants brought this appeal.

Judgment
In Arkansas, it appears that there is a special statute of limitations governing claims against estates of deceased persons, commonly called the "Statute of Nonclaim." It is as follows:

It has been decided that the statute runs against all creditors, whether resident or nonresident. Erwin v. Turner, 6 Ark. 14.

And that all claims fall within the provisions of the statute that are capable of being asserted in a court of law or equity existing at the death of the deceased or coming into existence within two years after the grant of administration, whether due or not, if running to a certain maturity.

And the effect of a failure to present the claim as prescribed in the statute is not to let it in against the heirs or devisees, but it is to bar is forever as against all persons. Bennett v. Dawson, 18 Ark. 334; Brearly v. Norris, 23 Ark. 771.

In  84 U. S. 530, in a like case, it was held by this Court that the failure to present the claim is, in the absence of circumstances constituting an excuse, fatal to the bill for relief in equity.

It is sought in argument on behalf of the appellants to distinguish their case—at least the case of the two infant children of Samuel D. Morgan—from any case within the statute of nonclaim on the ground that at the death of their father, his title to the real estate, which constituted the plantation, descended to them as his heirs at law, and thereafter, as to the operations conducted by John Morgan in 1864 and 1865, having no guardian, the latter was in equity their representative and guardian de son tort and trustee, so that upon his death and until they arrived at age, there was no one competent to make a demand against his administrator, within the terms of the statute.

But we are unable to appreciate the force of this supposed distinction. The statute in question contains no exception in favor of claimants under disability of nonage or otherwise; the claim of the complainants against John G. Morgan was adverse to his administrator, although it may have originated in consequence of a relation of trust, and there is no ground that we are able to understand on which it can be excepted out of the operation of the statute in question. Their claim was equally against the administrator of John G. Morgan whether the latter be considered as the defaulting partner of themselves or of their father. Whatever its description, it was a claim against the estate of John G. Morgan, and for which his personal representative was in the first instance liable, and the statute is a bar to every such claim unless presented within the time prescribed.

On this ground the decree of the circuit court was affirmed.

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 113

References

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Waite Court
United States trusts case law
1885 in United States case law

Morgan v. Hamlet


Terry McGuire is a co-founder and general partner of Polaris Partners based in the Boston office. McGuire focuses on life sciences investments.

Career
Prior to starting Polaris, McGuire spent seven years as a partner at the venture capital firm Burr, Egan, Deleage & Co. investing in early-stage medical and information technology companies.  McGuire was also a partner at Beta Partners from 1988 to 1997.  His venture capital career began at Golder, Thoma & Cressey in Chicago.

Through the years, McGuire has invested in a multitude of companies spanning several industries.  These investments include Akamai, Aspect Medical Systems, Cubist Pharmaceuticals, GlycoFi, Transform Pharmaceuticals, and Remon Medical Technologies.  Akamai is an internet service that deals with Web interactions, and works to improve effective connections. Today, Akamai is a public company.  Another example is GlycoFi, which creates biotherapeutics through proteins.  GlycoFi was acquired by Merck in 2006.

McGuire has co-founded three companies: Inspire Pharmaceuticals, AIR (Advanced Inhalation Research, Inc.), and MicroCHIPS.  AIR has created a drug delivery method that allows drugs to be inhaled into the lungs.

Companies Terry has supported have touched more than 60 million patients and directly saved over 400,000 lives.  These companies have raised over $6 billion in equity and corporate capital.  As a group, they have achieved a combined peak enterprise value of over $40 billion.

Other affiliations
McGuire is currently a member and formerly the 2009 - 2010 chairman of the National Venture Capital Association, the largest organization of venture capital firms in the United States.  During his tenure as NVCA Chairman, in October 2009, McGuire testified before Congress for Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.  In 2010, McGuire founded the Global Venture Capital Congress which is an annual gathering of venture capital and private equity leaders dedicated to actively supporting the world's venture capital and entrepreneurial economy through the sharing of common issues and ideas, the discussion of regional differences and opportunities for collaboration, and the communication of best practices on a global basis. McGuire is also the Chair of the board of overseers at the Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College.  He also serves on the boards of MIT's David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, The Arthur Rock Center for Entrepreneurship, and the Healthcare Initiative Advisory Board.

McGuire also represents Polaris on the boards of directors of a number of the firm's portfolio companies including Acceleron Pharma, AdiMAB, Arsenal Medical, Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Iora Health, Life Line Screening, MicroCHIPS, Pulmatrix, SustainX and Trevena.

In 2005, McGuire received the Albert Einstein Award for Outstanding Achievement in the Life Sciences.  In 2009, he was the recipient of the Massachusetts Society for Medical Research Award.  He was listed in Forbes - The Midas 100 of Top Tech Investors for 2011, the 2013 Top 10 Life Sciences Investors, and again to the Midas 100 list in 2014.  TheFunded ranked McGuire its most loved VC.

Education

McGuire received an MBA from Harvard Business School in 1985.  Prior to that, he earned his MS in engineering from the Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College.  He became a Thomas J. Watson fellow in 1979.  McGuire earned his BS in physics and economics from Hobart College.

In 2012 Terry was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Laws degree from Ohio Wesleyan University for his work in translational science.  In 2016, McGuire received an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Canisius College, serving as the commencement speaker the same year.

References

External links
Forbes Midas List Profile 2014 - Terry McGuire
Forbes Midas List Top Healthcare Investors 2013
Forbes Midas List Profile 2011 - Terry McGuire
Polaris Venture Partners - Terry McGuire
Done Deals:  Venture Capitalists Tell Their Stories - Harvard Business School Press 2000
MITs Langer-Polaris McGuire have startup formula for success

Living people
American venture capitalists
Harvard Business School alumni
Thayer School of Engineering alumni
Hobart and William Smith Colleges alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

Terry McGuire


There have been two baronetcies created for persons with the surname More, both in the Baronetage of England. Both creations are extinct.

The More Baronetcy, of Loseley in the County of Surrey, was created in the Baronetage of England on 18 May 1642 for Poynings More, Member of Parliament for Haslemere and Guildford. The second Baronet was Member of Parliament for Haslemere. The title became extinct on his death in 1684. The More family descended from Sir Christopher More (d. 1549), King's Remembrancer in the Exchequer and High Sheriff of Surrey and of Sussex during the reign of Henry VIII. His son Sir William More (d. 1660) represented Guildford in Parliament. Sir William's son Sir George More was a Member of Parliament and courtier. Sir George's son Sir Robert More (1581–1626) represented Surrey in Parliament. The first Baronet was the son of the latter.

The seat of the More family was Loseley Park, near Guildford, Surrey. After the death of the second Baronet the family estate passed to the late Baronet's uncle, Reverend Nicholas More. Nicholas More devised the estates to his daughter Margaret More, wife of Sir Thomas Molyneux. Loseley Park has been in the hands of the More-Molyneux family since.

The More Baronetcy, of More Hall in the County of Lancaster, was created in the Baronetage of England on 22 November 1675 for Edward More. He was to have been created a baronet already in 1660 but the patent did not pass the Great Seal until 1675. The second Baronet sat as Member of Parliament for Bramber. The title became extinct on the death of the fifth Baronet in 1810. The More family descended from Sir William de la More, who was made a knight banneret by the Black Prince at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356.

More baronets, of Loseley (1642)

Sir Poynings More, 1st Baronet (1606–1649)
Sir William More, 2nd Baronet (1644–1684)

More baronets, of More Hall (1675)

Sir Edward More, 1st Baronet (died 1678)
Sir Cleave More, 2nd Baronet (1664–1730)
Sir Joseph Edmonds Moore, 3rd Baronet (–1732)
Sir Joseph Edmonds Moore, 4th Baronet (–1741)
Sir William More, 5th Baronet (1738–1810)

References

Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of England

More baronets


Nasir K. Siddiki (born January 1, 1953) is a Canadian evangelist, author, and business consultant.
Since September 2006, Siddiki has hosted a half-hour program on the Trinity Broadcasting Network called "Winning with Wisdom." Siddiki, originally from Canada, was a marketing consultant executive at a financial services company before a bout with shingles in the 1980s, which he says sparked his conversion from Islam to Christianity. Siddiki is still a consultant, but has also started a ministry named Wisdom Ministries in Tulsa, Oklahoma where he resides with his second wife Anita, their two children Matthew and Josiah, and his oldest son Aaron from his first marriage.

Siddiki primarily serves as a motivational speaker at conferences for Christian businessmen, but has also published a book titled Kingdom Principles of Financial Increase and subsequent pamphlets and videotapes.  Siddiki has appeared with and been endorsed by Christian Ministers such as Benny Hinn, Rod Parsley (on his Breakthrough television program), and Kenneth Copeland.

Siddiki graduated from the Rhema Bible Training College, the Bible training center in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma, founded by the son of Kenneth E. Hagin, and has an honorary doctorate from the American Bible College and Seminary in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

References

External links
Wisdom Ministries, Nasir Siddiki's official web site
Flights uk
Boca Raton Attorneys
Polka Dot Plant

1953 births
American evangelicals
American male non-fiction writers
American non-fiction writers
American television evangelists
Pentecostals from Oklahoma
Canadian evangelicals
Converts to Protestantism from Islam
Living people
Writers from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Writers from London, Ontario

Nasir Siddiki


Alexander Hilferding also spelled Aleksandar Fedorovich Giljferding (; 14 July 1831 in Warsaw, Kingdom of Poland – 2 July 1872 in Kargopol, Olonets Governorate, Russian Empire) was a Russian Imperial linguist and folklorist of German descent who collected some 318 bylinas in the Russian North.

A native of Warsaw, he assisted Nikolay Milyutin in reforming the administration of Kingdom of Poland. In the late 1850s, he was a Russian diplomatic agent in Bosnia; he published several books about the country and its folklore, thanks to the collaborative efforts of Prokopije Čokorilo. Hilferding was elected into the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1856. He died of typhoid while collecting folk songs in Kargopol, in the north of European Russia, and was later reburied in the Novodevichy Cemetery, St. Petersburg. Hilferding's collection of Slavonic manuscripts is preserved in the Russian National Library.

Kashubian studies
Hilferding is credited with having coined the term Slovincians (Polish, Słowińcy) to describe the Lutheranized Wends of Hinter Pomerania (also sometimes called Lebakaschuben), but it seems unlikely that he actually did so. The term Slovincian evidently existed long before Hilferding's time. The Lutheran pastors Simon Krofey (1586) and Michael Pontanus (German, Brüggemann; 1643) speak of a slowinzischen language (which they call wendisch in German and—by mistaken association—vandalicus in Latin). Friederich von Dreger, Prussian Kriegs- und Domänenrat in Pomerania, wrote in 1748: "Die meisten Dörfer, sonderlich in Hinterpommern, sind von Wenden bewohnt geblieben, wie denn auch jenseits dem Stolpischen Fluss die wendische Sprache von den Bauern noch gebraucht, auch noch der Gottesdienst in selbiger gehalten wird, welche Sprache man irrig die cassubische heisst, weil Cassuben, Pommern, Pohlen zwar eine sprache gehabt, das eigentliche cassubische Land aber gewesen, wo nun Belgard,. .. Neustettin, Dramburg und Schievelbein belegen ist." (Most villages [in the region], especially in Hinter Pomerania, remain inhabited by Wends, who also still use the Wendish tongue of the peasants on the other side of the river Stolp [Polish, Słupia River], and church services are held in the same, a language wrongly called Cassubian, because Cassubians, Pomeranias, [and] Poles indeed had one language, but the actual Cassubian lands were where Belgard,. .. Neustettin, Dramburg and Schievelbein lie.) The Slovincians seem, however, to have used the name of themselves as merely a synonym for Cassubian, saying, when asked: "Wir sind Slowinzen, Slowinzen und Kaschuben ist dasselbe" (We are Slovincians, Slovincians and Kassubians are the same). Florian Ceynowa and Hilferding were not the only ones to study the language and legends of the Kashubians, but they had the greatest influence and prompted others to take up investigations. The individual character of the Kashubian character and language was first described by Hilferding, to whom we are indebted for the first data about the range of Kashubian dialects. In 1856 he travelled to the Kashubia and demarcated the borders of contemporary Kashubian Pomerania. He researched the Kashubian language, describing its properties and origins.

Comparative linguistics
As Hilferding is mostly known for his works on Slovincians, the other important side of his work - research into the relations of Slavonic to Sanskrit is often overlooked. Soon after graduating the St. Petersburg University in 1853, he wrote an Essay О сродстве языка славянского с санскритским/O srodstve jazyka slavjanskogo s sanskritskim (On cognition of Slavonic language with Sanskrit). In this work, he made the first scientific and systematic comparison of the phonetic correspondences between the two languages and provided a list of several hundred cognate words. It is particularly important that being an expert in many Slavonic languages and not just Russian, and having knowledge of the Russian dialects, Hilferding did not limit this list to Russian but it embraced all the principal Slavonic languages. Although some of his etymologies have been proven incorrect, his essay stands unsurpassed even today and is unduly forgotten. These are some quotes from the Introduction to this book:

"Linguistics is yet a very young science. Therefore, although it has attained great achievements in the course of its 36-year existence, there are still considerable gaps in it. One of the most significant gaps is the Slavonic language. The science of Linguistics had its start in Germany and it owes to the German scholars its most important discoveries. It is natural that they, while keeping as the base Sanskrit - the language that has preserved most truthfully the primordial state of the Indo-European tongue, dispersed, distorted or lost in other cognate languages, mainly expounded the languages that were better known to them, namely Greek, Latin and all German dialects. Other languages attracted much less of their attention. Yet it is strange that out of all other languages Slavonic takes the last place in their works. They would rather base their conclusions on the Zend language or Lithuanian or Celtic then on the rich and flourishing language of the tribe occupying the Eastern part of Europe. This phenomenon is hard to explain: they are either unable to lean the Slavonic language (yet they could indeed learn a language which was not known to anybody with unknown writing - the Ancient Persian), or they are lost in the multitude of Slavonic dialects having equal importance for a scientist, or they do not want to touch the subject which should be developed by Slavs themselves.  Whatever it was, the comparative linguistics, created in the West by German scientists, does not have the knowledge of the Slavonic language; it only knows that there is a rather rich language in the Indo-European family known as Slavonic. But what is this language? What is its relation to the cognate languages? Do not ask this from the Linguistics of our Western neighbours."

Hilferding believed that it was imperative to study the relations of Slavonic to other Indo-European languages after clearing up the relation between Slavonic and Sanskrit. He planned to make a number of essays on this subject and particularly on the relations between Lithuanian and Sanskrit. Unfortunately, this work was interrupted by his untimely death from typhus in 1872.

References

Bibliography

External links
 О сродстве языка славянского с санскритским (page images in individual .djvu files)
 Hilferding's travels in Kosovo

1831 births
1872 deaths
Ethnic German people from the Russian Empire
Linguists from the Russian Empire
Folklorists from the Russian Empire
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery (Saint Petersburg)
Deaths from typhoid fever
Imperial Moscow University alumni

Alexander Hilferding


Anthony William Fairbank Edwards, FRS (born 1935) is a British statistician, geneticist and evolutionary biologist. He is the son of the surgeon Harold C. Edwards, and brother of medical geneticist John H. Edwards. He has sometimes been called "Fisher's Edwards" to distinguish him from his brother, because he was mentored by Ronald Fisher. Edwards has always had a high regard for Fisher's scientific contributions and has written extensively on them. To mark the Fisher centenary in 1990, Edwards proposed a commemorative Sir Ronald Fisher window be installed in the Dining Hall of Gonville & Caius College. When the window was removed in 2020, he vigorously opposed the move.

Career and research

Edwards is a Life Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge and retired Professor of Biometry at the University of Cambridge, and holds both the ScD and LittD degrees. He has written several books and numerous scientific papers. With Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, he carried out pioneering work on quantitative methods of phylogenetic analysis, and he has strongly advocated Fisher's concept of likelihood as the proper basis for statistical and scientific inference. He has also written extensively on the history of genetics and statistics, including an analysis of whether Gregor Mendel's results were "too good" to be unmanipulated, and also on purely mathematical subjects, such as Venn diagrams.

After one postdoctoral research year he was invited by Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza to the University of Pavia, where, in 1961–1964, they initiated the statistical approach to the construction of evolutionary trees from genetical data, using the first modern computers. A year at Stanford University was followed by three years as a senior lecturer in Statistics at the University of Aberdeen supervised by D. J. Finney and then two years as a Bye-Fellow in Science at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, during which he wrote his book Likelihood.

The remainder of Edwards's career has been spent at Cambridge, ultimately as Professor of Biometry, during which he has published widely, including books on Venn diagrams, mathematical genetics, and Pascal's triangle. In a 2003 paper, Edwards criticised Richard Lewontin's argument in a 1972 paper that race is an invalid taxonomic construct, terming it Lewontin's fallacy.

Works

Books
Edwards, A. W. F. 1972. Likelihood. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (expanded edition, 1992, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore).
Edwards, A. W. F. 1977. Foundations of Mathematical Genetics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2nd ed., 2000).
Edwards, A. W. F. 1987. Pascal's Arithmetical Triangle: The Story of a Mathematical Idea. Charles Griffin, London (paperback edition, 2002, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore).
David, H. A.; Edwards, A. W. F. 2001. Annotated Readings in the History of Statistics. Springer, New York.

Keynes, M.; Edwards, A. W. F.; Peel, R. eds. 2004. A Century of Mendelism in Human Genetics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Franklin, A.; Edwards, A. W. F.; Fairbanks, D. J.; Hartl, D. L.; Seidenfeld, T. 2008. Ending the Mendel-Fisher Controversy. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh.

Anthology

(Contains: selected papers, including all the papers below; short commentaries by expert biologists, historians, and philosophers; interview with Edwards; appendices; a full list of publications up to 2016.)

Papers
Cavalli-Sforza, L.  L.; Edwards, A.  W.  F.  1964. Analysis of human evolution. Genetics Today 3:923–933.
Edwards, A.  W. F.; Cavalli-Sforza, L.  L. 1964. Reconstruction of evolutionary trees. pp. 67–76 in Phenetic and Phylogenetic Classification, ed. Heywood, V.  H. and McNeill, J. Systematics Association pub. no. 6, London.
Cavalli-Sforza, L.  L.; Edwards, A.  W.  F. 1967. Phylogenetic analysis: models and estimation procedures. American Journal of Human Genetics 19:233–257.
Edwards, A.  W.  F. 1969. Statistical methods in scientific inference. Nature 222:1233–1237.
Edwards, A.  W.  F. 1974. The history of likelihood. International Statistical Review 42:9–15.
Edwards, A.  W.  F. 1986. Are Mendel's results really too close? Biological Reviews 61:295–312.
Edwards, A.  W.  F. 1996. The origin and early development of the method of minimum evolution for the reconstruction of phylogenetic trees. Systematic Biology 45:79–91.
Edwards, A.  W.  F. 2000. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Genetics 154:1419–1426.
Edwards, A.  W.  F. 2003. Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin's Fallacy. BioEssays 25:798–801.

Awards and honours
Edwards was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2015.

Personal life
His elder brother John H. Edwards (1928–2007) was also a geneticist and also an FRS; their father, Harold C. Edwards, was a surgeon. He was awarded the Telesio-Galilei Academy Award in 2011 for Biology.

Edwards is involved in gliding, particularly within the Cambridge University Gliding Club and has written on the subject in Sailplane and Gliding magazine as "The Armchair Pilot".

References

1935 births
20th-century English mathematicians
20th-century British biologists
21st-century English mathematicians
21st-century British biologists
Living people
British geneticists
British statisticians
British evolutionary biologists
Population geneticists
People educated at Uppingham School
Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society
Cambridge mathematicians

A. W. F. Edwards


Deewangi () is Pakistani romantic drama television series, produced by Abdullah Kadwani and Asad Qureshi under 7th Sky Entertainment. It has Danish Taimoor and Hiba Bukhari in their second project together after Haara Dil.

Plot
The story revolves around Nageen (Hiba Bukhari), who hails from a lower-middle-class background, and Sultan Durrani (Danish Taimoor), a wealthy businessman who hails from a political background. Sultan lost his parents at a very young age and has lived with his grandmother Bi Jaan (Ismat Zaidi) ever since. Nageen lives with her sister Nuzhat (Faiza Gillani), brother-in-law Rashid (Noor-ul-Hassan) and Rashid's mother. Nageen lands only menial jobs because she does not have a degree, and is hired as a bus hostess at a private bus company.

Sultan crosses paths with Nageen when his car suddenly stops working on the highway and has no other choice but to travel in a bus. In that brief journey, Sultan is drawn to Nageen when he sees her confronting a harasser. Afterwards, he starts travelling by bus every now and then just to meet Nageen but she ignores him and only treats him as a passenger. To seek her attention, Sultan buys all the bus tickets one day to travel alone with Nageen. He expresses his feelings for her but she rejects him because of their class difference. She gets more frightened after a man throws acid on Faryal (Nageen's friend) for refusing his proposal. On the other hand, Sultan's cousin, Narmeen (Zoya Nasir), who wants to marry Sultan, finds out about Nageen and makes a plan to trap her. After a few days, Sultan forcefully tries to put a ring on Nageen's fingers but she refuses and slaps him. Narmeen's secret agent records a video and it goes viral on social media. The video makes Sultan look like a harasser and as a result, his uncle loses general public elections. Nageen reaches out to Sultan for his forgiveness and he accepts her apology. Sultan again proposes to Nageen and she accepts it this time. Nageen's family is very happy with the marriage, but most members of Sultan's family oppose it as they want him to marry Narmeen. On the wedding day, Nageen is kidnapped and every one suspects her of running away with someone else. Sultan calls off the wedding and Nageen's character is questioned in the society.

Nageen is let go after two days. Her family believes that she has either been raped or ran away on her own wish. Nageen tries to assure them that nothing bad happened with her nor she ran away. She has no explanation to give concerning the two-day kidnapping. After a few days, Nageen goes to Sultan to make him believe of her innocence, but Sultan reveals that he was the one who kidnapped her and that the marriage was just a plan to seek revenge from Nageen for the slap and the public humiliation. Nageen is heartbroken. She threatens to expose Sultan in front of the media but Sultan blackmails Nageen with photoshopped intimate pictures. He also pays Rashid (brother-in-law) 50 Lac Rupees to keep their mouth shut.

Sultan marries Narmeen on Bi Jaan's insistence. Rashid forcefully arranges Nageen's marriage with Anwar but Nageen plans to runaway with the help of her sister. One day, Anwar comes to Nageen's house when she is alone and tries to rape her so Nageen, out of self-defense, grabs the first hard thing she sees, hits him on the head, and escapes. Nageen goes to Lahore to her Aunt's house. On the way, Nageen meets Haroon (Ali Abbas) who tries to become her friend but she turns him down. Haroon helps Nageen a lot in Lahore. Nageen lands a job as a Receptionist in a TV Channel company. She finds out that Haroon also works as a reporter in the same company. They become friends and Haroon starts liking Nageen. Sultan leads an unhappy married life with Narmeen and missed Nageen constantly but tries to deny his feelings. In Lahore, Haroon proposes Nageen but she is reluctant as Haroon's mother doesn't approve of the match. However, Nageen and Haroon manage to get married anyway. On the other hand, Sultan begins his search for Nageen. One day, Sultan finds out about Narmeen's conspiracies and in a fit of rage, he throws Narmeen out of the house. However, Narmeen hits a wall and dies after giving birth to their daughter. Sultan and Bijaan hide it from everyone but Bijaan is angry at Sultan and doesn't let's him meet his daughter. Eventually Narmeen's father gets to know about it. Narmeen's father tries to shoot Sultan, but accidentally shoots Bi Jaan and she dies. Narmeen's parents cut all ties with Sultan and doesn't allow him to meet his daughter Rameen. Thus Sultan loses all his loved ones and temporarily shifts to UK.

Four years pass by. Nageen leads a happy married life with Haroon although they have financial issues, they also have trouble while having a baby and Haroon's mother constantly taunts Nageen. Sultan returns to Pakistan and tries to meet his daughter, but Narmeen's mother doesn't allow him. Sultan still loves Nageen. One day, Sultan sees Nageen and again becomes obsessed with her.
Sultan started stalking Nageen and in order to get closer to her, appoints Haroon in his company. Sultan provided a furnished house to Haroon's family in Karachi so that they can shift to Karachi and he can get close to Nageen more often. Sultan strengthen his ties with Haroon's family but Nageen keeps on trying to avoid him. After realizing that all his efforts are useless, Sultan hired Haroon's ex, Ramsha in his company and conspires with her to make hurdles in Nageen's life. Ramsha got close to Haroon and started manipulating him against Nageen. Ramsha was also suspicious about the obsession of Sultan with Nageen, after digging in Nageen's past she gets to know the affair of Sultan and Nageen. On the other hand, Nageen tried to save his marriage by telling Haroon truth about her past with Sultan. Haroon in fit of rage confront Sultan and try to hit him but his servants attacked Haroon and made his injuries look like an accident. Ramsha realizes that Sultan is dangerous and selfish person so she partnered with Nageen in order to punish Sultan legally. However, Ramsha ended up committing suicide. Nageen claimed that Ramsha is murdered by Sultan but cops said she died by shooting herself.

In order to expose Sultan, Nageen agreed to marry him and ask Sultan to provide money for treatment of Haroon. However, during nikah Nageen neglect to marry Sultan and creates a scene in front of media, infuriating Sultan. He took Nageen to his home where during an argument Nageen shot him. Haroon took the blame of shooting Sultan and was locked up by cops. Sultan was taken to hospital, where he asked cops to release Haroon and that he has shot himself. Haroon's mother accept Nageen as her daughter-in-law. Nageen and Haroon ended up together while Sultan dying in the hospital.

Cast

Main cast
Danish Taimoor as Sultan Durrani; Narmeen's husband. Nageen's Ex Lover
Hiba Bukhari as Nageen Fayaz; Haroon's wife. Sultan's Ex

Recurring cast
Zoya Nasir as Narmeen; Sultan's cousin and later on wife
Ali Abbas as Haroon Malik; Nageen's husband
Ismat Zaidi as Bi Jaan
Mehmood Aslam as Muzaddid Durrani; Narmeen's father and Sultan's paternal uncle
Faiza Gillani as Nuzhat; Nageen's elder sister
Parveen Akbar as Nuzhat's mother-in-law
Noor Ul Hasan as Rashid; Nageen's brother-in-law
Nida Mumtaz as Sharmin; Narmeen's mother
Humaira Bano as Haroon's mother
Aiza Awan as Ridha; Haroon's sister
Anas Ali Imran as Fawad; Sultan's friend
Fahima Awan as Faryal; Nageen's colleague
Salma Shaheen as Faryal's mother
Zohreh Ali as Ramsha; Haroon's ex-girlfriend

Soundtrack

The OST is sung and composed by Sahir Ali Bagga on lyrics penned by Imran Raza. It had gained 1.3M views in 2 weeks on YouTube after release and become trended all over Pakistan in 2020. The OST gains positive reaction and has garnered 42 million views on YouTube as of January 2022 since its release.

Broadcast
The serial started airing on Geo TV from 18 August 2019. The drama was retelecast on Geo TV from 28 September 2021.

Awards and nominations
Deewangi has been successfully able to sweep major nominations at Lux Style Awards and Pakistan International Screen Awards in 2021.

Controversy
After the terror incident on Pakistan Stock Exchange in July 2020, the attackers car was found in the later episode of the series, sparked reaction from audiences due to the strange coincidence.

References

External links

2019 Pakistani television series debuts
Pakistani television series
Urdu-language television shows
Geo TV original programming

Deewangi


Jiří Jeníček (8 March 1895 in Beroun – 22 February 1963 in Prague) was a Czech photographer and filmmaker. He is also the writer of theoretical works in both areas.

He is known for his film-making for Czechoslovak Army in the 1930s and also photographed for the illustrated weekly Pestrý týden. He was Director of the Film Departent of the Ministry of National Defense in post-World-War II Czechoslovakia.

References

1895 births
1963 deaths
Czech photographers
Czech filmmakers
People from Beroun

Jiří Jeníček


The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland or Cromwellian war in Ireland (1649–1653) was the re-conquest of Ireland by the forces of the English Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Cromwell invaded Ireland with the New Model Army on behalf of England's Rump Parliament in August 1649.

Following the Irish Rebellion of 1641, most of Ireland came under the control of the Irish Catholic Confederation. In early 1649, the Confederates allied with the English Royalists, who had been defeated by the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War. By May 1652, Cromwell's Parliamentarian army had defeated the Confederate and Royalist coalition in Ireland and occupied the country, ending the Irish Confederate Wars (or Eleven Years' War). However, guerrilla warfare continued for a further year. Cromwell passed a series of Penal Laws against Roman Catholics (the vast majority of the population) and confiscated large amounts of their land.  As punishment for the rebellion of 1641, almost all lands owned by Irish Catholics were confiscated and given to British settlers. The remaining Catholic landowners were transplanted to Connacht. The Act of Settlement 1652 formalised the change in land ownership.  Catholics were barred from the Irish Parliament altogether, forbidden to live in towns and from marrying Protestants.

The Parliamentarian conquest was brutal, and Cromwell remains a deeply reviled figure in Ireland. The extent to which Cromwell, who was in direct command for the first year of the campaign, was responsible for the atrocities is debated to this day. Some authors have argued that the actions of Cromwell were within what many empires at the time viewed as accepted rules of war, while many academic historians disagree.

The impact of the war on the Irish population was unquestionably severe and although there is no consensus as to the magnitude of the loss of life, most modern estimates generally fall in between 15 and 50% of the native population. The war resulted in famine, which was worsened by an outbreak of bubonic plague. Older estimates of the drop in the Irish population resulting from the Parliamentarian campaign reach as high as 83 percent. The Parliamentarians also transported about 50,000 people as indentured labourers to the English colonies in North America and the Caribbean. Some estimates cover population losses over the course of the Conquest Period (1649–52) only, while others cover the period of the Conquest to 1653 and the period of the Cromwellian Settlement from August 1652 to 1659 together.

Background
The English Rump Parliament, victorious in the English Civil War, and having executed King Charles in January 1649, had several reasons for sending the New Model Army to Ireland in 1649.

The first and most pressing reason was an alliance signed in 1649 between the Irish Confederate Catholics, Charles II, proclaimed King of Ireland in January 1649, and the English Royalists. This allowed for Royalist troops to be sent to Ireland and put the Irish Confederate Catholic troops under the command of Royalist officers led by James Butler, Earl of Ormonde. Their aim was to invade England and restore the monarchy there. This was a threat which the new English Commonwealth could not afford to ignore.

Secondly, Parliament also had a longstanding commitment to re-conquer Ireland dating back to the Irish Rebellion of 1641. Even if the Irish Confederates had not allied themselves with the Royalists, it is likely that the English Parliament would have eventually tried to invade the country to crush Catholic power there. They had sent Parliamentary forces to Ireland throughout the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (most of them under Michael Jones in 1647). They viewed Ireland as part of the territory governed by right by the Kingdom of England and only temporarily out of its control since the Rebellion of 1641. Many Parliamentarians wished to punish the Irish for alleged atrocities supposedly committed against the mainly Scottish Protestant settlers during the 1641 Uprising. Furthermore, some Irish towns (notably Wexford and Waterford) had acted as bases from which privateers had attacked English shipping throughout the 1640s.

In addition, the English Parliament had a financial imperative to invade Ireland to confiscate land there in order to repay its creditors. The Parliament had raised loans of £10 million under the Adventurers' Act to subdue Ireland since 1642, on the basis that its creditors would be repaid with land confiscated from Irish Catholic rebels. To repay these loans, it would be necessary to conquer Ireland and confiscate such land. The Parliamentarians also had internal political reasons to send forces to Ireland. Army mutinies at Banbury and Bishopsgate in April and May 1649 were unsettling the New Model Army, and the soldiers' demands would probably increase if they were left idle.

Finally, for some Parliamentarians, the war in Ireland was a religious war. Cromwell and much of his army were Puritans who considered all Roman Catholics to be heretics, and so for them the conquest was partly a crusade. The Irish Confederates had been supplied with arms and money by the Papacy and had welcomed the papal legate Pierfrancesco Scarampi and later the Papal Nuncio Giovanni Battista Rinuccini in 1643–49.

Battle of Rathmines and Cromwell's landing in Ireland

By the end of the period, known as Confederate Ireland, in 1649 the only remaining Parliamentarian outpost in Ireland was in Dublin, under the command of Colonel Jones. A combined Royalist and Confederate force under the Marquess of Ormonde gathered at Rathmines, south of Dublin, to take the city and deprive the Parliamentarians of a port in which they could land. Jones, however, launched a surprise attack on the Royalists while they were deploying on 2 August, putting them to flight. Jones claimed to have killed around 4,000 Royalist or Confederate soldiers and taken 2,517 prisoners.

Oliver Cromwell called the battle "an astonishing mercy, so great and seasonable that we are like them that dreamed", as it meant that he had a secure port at which he could land his army in Ireland, and that he retained the capital city. With Admiral Robert Blake blockading the remaining Royalist fleet under Prince Rupert of the Rhine in Kinsale, Cromwell landed on 15 August with thirty-five ships filled with troops and equipment. Henry Ireton landed two days later with a further seventy-seven ships.

Ormonde's troops retreated from around Dublin in disarray. They were badly demoralised by their unexpected defeat at Rathmines and were incapable of fighting another pitched battle in the short term. As a result, Ormonde hoped to hold the walled towns on Ireland's east coast to hold up the Cromwellian advance until the winter, when he hoped that "Colonel Hunger and Major Sickness" (i.e. hunger and disease) would deplete their ranks.

Siege of Drogheda

Upon landing, Cromwell proceeded to take the other port cities on Ireland's east coast, to facilitate the efficient landing of supplies and reinforcements from England. The first town to fall was Drogheda, about 50 km north of Dublin. Drogheda was garrisoned by a regiment of 3,000 English Royalist and Irish Confederate soldiers, commanded by Arthur Aston. After a week-long siege, Cromwell's forces breached the walls protecting the town. Aston refused Cromwell's request that he surrender. In the ensuing battle for the town, Cromwell ordered that no quarter be given, and the majority of the garrison and Catholic priests were killed. Many civilians also died in the sack. Aston was beaten to death by the Roundheads with his own wooden leg.

The massacre of the garrison in Drogheda, including some after they had surrendered and some who had sheltered in a church, was received with horror in Ireland and is used today as an example of Cromwell's extreme cruelty.
Having taken Drogheda, Cromwell took most of his army south to secure the southeastern ports. He sent a detachment of 5,000 men north under Robert Venables to take eastern Ulster from the remnants of a Scottish Covenanter army that had landed there in 1642. They defeated the Scots at the Battle of Lisnagarvey (6 December 1649) and linked up with a Parliamentarian army composed of English settlers based around Derry in western Ulster, which was commanded by Charles Coote.

Wexford, Waterford and Duncannon

The New Model Army then marched south to secure the ports of Wexford, Waterford and Duncannon. Wexford was the scene of another infamous atrocity: the Sack of Wexford, when Parliamentarian troops broke into the town while negotiations for its surrender were ongoing, and sacked it, killing about 2,000 soldiers and 1,500 townspeople and burning much of the town. Cromwell's responsibility for the sack of Wexford is disputed. He did not order the attack on the town, and had been in the process of negotiating its surrender when his troops broke into the town. On the other hand, his critics point out that he made little effort to restrain his troops or to punish them afterwards for their conduct.

Arguably, the sack of Wexford was somewhat counter-productive for the Parliamentarians. The destruction of the town meant that the Parliamentarians could not use its port as a base for supplying their forces in Ireland. Secondly, the effects of the severe measures adopted at Drogheda and at Wexford were mixed. To some degree they may have been intended to discourage further resistance. The Gaelic Irish majority saw such towns as culturally English; seeing the Anglo-Irish being punished so harshly, the rural Gaelic Irish might expect even worse unless they complied with the invaders.

The Royalist commander Ormonde thought that the terror of Cromwell's army had a paralysing effect on his forces. Towns like New Ross and Carlow subsequently surrendered on terms when besieged by Cromwell's forces. On the other hand, the massacres of the defenders of Drogheda and Wexford prolonged resistance elsewhere, as they convinced many Irish Catholics that they would be killed even if they surrendered.

Such towns as Waterford, Duncannon, Clonmel, Limerick and Galway only surrendered after determined resistance. Cromwell was unable to take Waterford or Duncannon and the New Model Army had to retire to winter quarters, where many of its men died of disease, especially typhoid and dysentery. The port city of Waterford and Duncannon town eventually surrendered after prolonged sieges in 1650.

Clonmel and the conquest of Munster

The following spring, Cromwell mopped up the remaining walled towns in Ireland's southeast—notably the Confederate capital of Kilkenny, which surrendered on terms: see Siege of Kilkenny. The New Model Army met its only serious reverse in Ireland at the Siege of Clonmel, where its attacks on the town's defences were repulsed at a cost of up to 2,000 men. The town nevertheless surrendered the following day.

Cromwell's treatment of Kilkenny and Clonmel is in contrast to that of Drogheda and Wexford. Despite the fact that his troops had suffered heavy casualties attacking the former two, Cromwell respected surrender terms which guaranteed the lives and property of the townspeople and the evacuation of armed Irish troops who were defending them. The change in attitude on the part of the Parliamentarian commander may have been a recognition that excessive cruelty was prolonging Irish resistance. However, in the case of Drogheda and Wexford no surrender agreement had been negotiated, and by the rules of continental siege warfare prevalent in the mid-17th century, this meant no quarter would be given; thus it can be argued that Cromwell's attitude had not changed.

Ormonde's Royalists still held most of Munster, but were outflanked by a mutiny of their own garrison in Cork. The British Protestant troops there had been fighting for the Parliament up to 1648 and resented fighting with the Confederates. Their mutiny handed Cork and most of Munster to Cromwell and they defeated the local Irish garrison at the Battle of Macroom. The Irish and Royalist forces retreated behind the River Shannon into Connacht or (in the case of the remaining Munster forces) into the fastness of County Kerry.

Collapse of the Royalist alliance
In May 1650, Charles II repudiated his father's (Charles I's) alliance with the Irish Confederates in preference for an alliance with the Scottish Covenanters (see Treaty of Breda). This totally undermined Ormonde's position as head of a Royalist coalition in Ireland. Cromwell published generous surrender terms for Protestant Royalists in Ireland and many of them either capitulated or went over to the Parliamentarian side.

This left in the field only the remaining Irish Catholic armies and a few diehard English Royalists. From this point onwards, many Irish Catholics, including their bishops and clergy, questioned why they should accept Ormonde's leadership when his master, the King, had repudiated his alliance with them. Cromwell left Ireland in May 1650 to fight the Third English Civil War against the new Scottish–Royalist alliance. He passed his command onto Henry Ireton.

Scarrifholis and the destruction of the Ulster Army

The most formidable force left to the Irish and Royalists was the 6,000 strong army of Ulster, formerly commanded by Owen Roe O'Neill, who died in 1649. However the army was now commanded by an inexperienced Catholic bishop named Heber MacMahon. The Ulster Army met a Parliamentarian army commanded by Charles Coote, at the Battle of Scarrifholis in County Donegal in June 1650. The Ulster army was routed and as many as 2,000 of its men were killed. In addition, MacMahon and most of the Ulster Army's officers were either killed at the battle or captured and executed after it. This eliminated the last strong field army opposing the Parliamentarians in Ireland and secured for them the northern province of Ulster. Coote's army, despite suffering heavy losses at the Siege of Charlemont, the last Catholic stronghold in the north, was now free to march south and invade the west coast of Ireland.

Sieges of Limerick and Galway

The Parliamentarians crossed the River Shannon into the western province of Connacht in October 1650. An Irish army under Clanricarde had attempted to stop them but this was surprised and routed at the Battle of Meelick Island. Ormonde was discredited by the constant stream of defeats for the Irish and Royalist forces and no longer had the confidence of the men he commanded, particularly the Irish Confederates. He fled for France in December 1650 and was replaced by an Irish nobleman Ulick Burke of Clanricarde as commander. The Irish and Royalist forces were penned into the area west of the River Shannon and placed their last hope on defending the strongly walled cities of Limerick and Galway on Ireland's west coast. These cities had built extensive modern defences and could not be taken by a straightforward assault as at Drogheda or Wexford. Ireton besieged Limerick while Charles Coote surrounded Galway, but they were unable to take the strongly fortified cities and instead blockaded them until a combination of hunger and disease forced them to surrender. An Irish force from Kerry attempted to relieve Limerick from the south, but was intercepted and routed at the Battle of Knocknaclashy. Limerick fell in 1651 and Galway the following year. Disease however killed indiscriminately and Ireton, along with thousands of Parliamentarian troops, died of plague outside Limerick in 1651.

Guerrilla warfare, famine and plague

The fall of Galway saw the end of organised resistance to the Cromwellian conquest, but fighting continued as small units of Irish troops launched guerrilla attacks on the Parliamentarians.

The guerrilla phase of the war had been going since late 1650 and at the end of 1651, despite the defeat of the main Irish or Royalist forces, there were still estimated to be 30,000 men in arms against the Parliamentarians. Tories (from the Irish word tóraí meaning "pursuer" or "outlaw") operated from difficult terrain such as the Bog of Allen, the Wicklow Mountains and the drumlin country in the north midlands, and within months made the countryside extremely dangerous for all except large parties of Parliamentarian troops. Ireton mounted a punitive expedition to the Wicklow mountains in 1650 to try to put down the tories there, but without success.

By early 1651, it was reported that no English supply convoys were safe if they travelled more than two miles outside a military base. In response, the Parliamentarians destroyed food supplies and forcibly evicted civilians who were thought to be helping the Tories. John Hewson systematically destroyed food stocks in counties Wicklow and County Kildare, Hardress Waller did likewise in the Burren in County Clare, as did Colonel Cook in County Wexford. The result was famine throughout much of Ireland, aggravated by an outbreak of bubonic plague. As the guerrilla war ground on, the Parliamentarians, as of April 1651, designated areas such as County Wicklow and much of the south of the country as what would now be called free-fire zones, where anyone found would be, "taken slain and destroyed as enemies and their cattle and good shall be taken or spoiled as the goods of enemies". This tactic had succeeded in the Nine Years' War.

This phase of the war was by far the most costly in terms of civilian loss of life. The combination of warfare, famine and plague caused a huge mortality among the Irish population. William Petty estimated (in the 1655–56 Down Survey) that the death toll of the wars in Ireland since 1641 was over 618,000 people, or about 40% of the country's pre-war population. Of these, he estimated that over 400,000 were Catholics, 167,000 killed directly by war or famine, and the remainder by war-related disease. Modern estimates put the toll at closer to 20%.

In addition, some fifty thousand Irish people, including prisoners of war, were sold as indentured servants under the English Commonwealth regime. They were often sent to the English colonies in North America and the Caribbean where they subsequently comprised a substantial portion of certain Caribbean colony populations in the late 17th century. In Barbados, some of their descendants are known as Redlegs.

Eventually, the guerrilla war was ended when the Parliamentarians published surrender terms in 1652 allowing Irish troops to go abroad to serve in foreign armies not at war with the Commonwealth of England. Most went to France or Spain. The largest Irish guerrilla forces under John Fitzpatrick (in Leinster, Edmund O'Dwyer (in Munster) and Edmund Daly (in Connacht) surrendered in 1652, under terms signed at Kilkenny in May of that year. However, up to 11,000 men, mostly in Ulster, were still thought to be in the field at the end of the year. The last Irish and Royalist forces (the remnants of the Confederate's Ulster Army, led by Philip O'Reilly) formally surrendered at Cloughoughter in County Cavan on 27 April 1653. However, low-level guerrilla warfare continued for the remainder of the decade and was accompanied by widespread lawlessness. Undoubtedly some of the tories were simple brigands, whereas others were politically motivated. The Cromwellians distinguished in their rewards for information or capture of outlaws between "private tories" and "public tories".

The Cromwellian Settlement

Cromwell imposed an extremely harsh settlement on the Irish Catholic population. This was because of his deep religious antipathy to the Catholic religion and to punish Irish Catholics for the rebellion of 1641, in particular the massacres of Protestant settlers in Ulster. Also he needed to raise money to pay off his army and to repay the London merchants who had subsidised the war under the Adventurers Act back in 1640.

Anyone implicated in the rebellion of 1641 was executed. Those who participated in Confederate Ireland had all their land confiscated and thousands were transported to the West Indies as indentured labourers. Those Catholic landowners who had not taken part in the wars still had their land confiscated, although they were entitled to claim land in Connacht as compensation. In addition, no Catholics were allowed to live in towns. Irish soldiers who had fought in the Confederate and Royalist armies left the country in large numbers to find service in the armies of France and Spain—William Petty estimated their number at 54,000 men. The practice of Catholicism was banned and bounties were offered for the capture of priests, who were executed when found.

The Long Parliament had passed the Adventurers Act in 1640 (the act received royal assent in 1642), under which those who lent money to Parliament for the subjugation of Ireland would be paid in confiscated land in Ireland. In addition, Parliamentarian soldiers who served in Ireland were entitled to an allotment of confiscated land there, in lieu of their wages, which the Parliament was unable to pay in full. As a result, many thousands of New Model Army veterans were settled in Ireland. Moreover, the pre-war Protestant settlers greatly increased their ownership of land (see also: The Cromwellian Plantation).  Before the wars, Irish Catholics had owned 60% of the land in Ireland, whereas by the time of the Stuart Restoration, when compensations had been made to Catholic Royalists, they owned only 20% of it. During the Commonwealth period, Catholic landownership had fallen to 8%. Even after the Restoration of 1660, Catholics were barred from all public office, but not from the Irish Parliament.

Historical debate
The Parliamentarian campaign in Ireland was the most ruthless of the Civil War period. In particular, Cromwell's actions at Drogheda and Wexford earned him a reputation for cruelty.

Cromwell's critics point to his response to a plea by Catholic Bishops to the Irish Catholic people to resist him in which he states that although his intention was not to "massacre, banish and destroy the Catholic inhabitants", if they did resist "I hope to be free from the misery and desolation, blood and ruin that shall befall them, and shall rejoice to exercise the utmost severity against them".

Tom Reilly, an amateur historian not taken seriously by most academics, argues in Cromwell, an Honourable Enemy that what happened at Drogheda was not unusually severe by the standards of 17th century siege warfare. In Cromwell was Framed (2014), he also claims that civilians were not targeted. John Morrill commented, "A major attempt at rehabilitation was attempted by Tom Reilly, Cromwell: An Honourable Enemy (London, 1999) but this has been largely rejected by other scholars." Morrill himself argued, that what happened at Drogheda, "was without straightforward parallel in 17th century British or Irish history... So the Drogheda massacre does stand out for its mercilessness, for its combination of ruthlessness and calculation, for its combination of hot- and cold-bloodiness". Moreover, historians critical of Cromwell point out that at the time the killings at Drogheda and Wexford were considered atrocities. They cite such sources as Edmund Ludlow, the Parliamentarian commander in Ireland after Ireton's death, who wrote that the tactics used by Cromwell at Drogheda showed "extraordinary severity".

Cromwell's actions in Ireland occurred in the context of a mutually cruel war. In 1641–42 Irish insurgents in Ulster killed some 4,000 Protestant settlers who had settled on land confiscated from their former Catholic owners. These events were magnified in Protestant propaganda as an attempt by Irish Catholics to exterminate the English Protestant settlers in Ireland, with English Parliamentarian pamphlets claiming that over 200,000 Protestants had died. In turn, this was used as justification by English Parliamentary and Scottish Covenant forces to take vengeance on the Irish Catholic population. A Parliamentary tract of 1655 argued that, "the whole Irish nation, consisting of gentry, clergy and commonality are engaged as one nation in this quarrel, to root out and extirpate all English Protestants from amongst them".

Atrocities were subsequently committed by all sides. When Murrough O'Brien, the Earl of Inchiquin and Parliamentarian commander in Cork, took Cashel in 1647, he slaughtered the garrison and Catholic clergy there (including Theobald Stapleton), earning the nickname "Murrough of the Burnings". Inchiquin switched allegiances in 1648, becoming a commander of the Royalist forces. After such battles as Dungans Hill and Scarrifholis, English Parliamentarian forces executed thousands of their Irish Catholic prisoners. Similarly, when the Confederate Catholic general Thomas Preston took Maynooth in 1647, he hanged its Catholic defenders as apostates.

Seen in this light, some have argued that the severe conduct of the Parliamentarian campaign of 1649–53 appears unexceptional.

Nevertheless, the 1649–53 campaign remains notorious in Irish popular memory as it was responsible for a huge death toll among the Irish population. The main reason for this was the counter-guerrilla tactics used by such commanders as Henry Ireton, John Hewson and Edmund Ludlow against the Catholic population from 1650, when large areas of the country still resisted the Parliamentary Army. These tactics included the wholesale burning of crops, forced population movement, and killing of civilians.

Total excess deaths for the entire period of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms in Ireland was estimated by Sir William Petty, the 17th century economist, to be 600,000 out of a total Irish population of 1,400,000 in 1641. One modern estimate estimated that at least 200,000 were killed out of a population of allegedly 2 million.

In addition, the whole post-war Cromwellian settlement of Ireland has been characterised by historians such as Mark Levene and Alan Axelrod as ethnic cleansing, in that it sought to remove Irish Catholics from the eastern part of the country, others such as the historical writer Tim Pat Coogan have described the actions of Cromwell and his subordinates as genocide. The aftermath of the Cromwellian campaign and settlement saw extensive dispossession of landowners who were Catholic, and a huge drop in population. In the event, the much larger number of surviving poorer Catholics were not moved westwards; most of them had to fend for themselves by working for the new landowners.

Long-term results
The Cromwellian conquest completed the British colonisation of Ireland, which was merged into the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1653–59. It destroyed the native Irish Catholic land-owning classes and replaced them with colonists with a British identity. The bitterness caused by the Cromwellian settlement was a powerful source of Irish nationalism from the 17th century onwards.

After the Stuart Restoration in 1660, Charles II of England restored about a third of the confiscated land to the former landlords in the Act of Settlement 1662, but not all, as he needed political support from former parliamentarians in England. A generation later, during the Glorious Revolution, many of the Irish Catholic landed class tried to reverse the remaining Cromwellian settlement in the Williamite War in Ireland (1689–91), where they fought en masse for the Jacobites. They were defeated once again, and many lost land that had been regranted after 1662. As a result, Irish and English Catholics did not become full political citizens of the British state again until 1829 and were legally barred from buying valuable interests in land until the Papists Act 1778.

The Cromwellian government also contributed to the decline and eventual extinction of wolves in Ireland, through such methods as deforestation and anti-wolf legislation, the latter including bounties paid out for killing wolves.

See also
 British military history
 Chronology of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
 History of Ireland (1536–1691)
 Irish Confederate Wars
 Wars of the Three Kingdoms

Notes

References

Bibliography
Coyle Eugene,  , of Cromwell: An Honourable Enemy, by Tom Reilly, Brandon Press, 1999,

Fraser, Antonia. Cromwell Our Chief of Men, Panther, St Albans 1975,
Ó Siochrú, Mícheál. RTÉ ONE, Cromwell in Ireland Part 2. Broadcast 16 September 2008.

Lenihan, Padraig, Confederate Catholics at War, Cork 2001.
Morrill, John. Rewriting Cromwell: A Case of Deafening Silences. Canadian Journal of History. Dec 2003.
Reilly, Tom. Cromwell, an Honourable Enemy, Dingle 1999,
Scott-Wheeler, James, Cromwell in Ireland, Dublin 1999,

Further reading

Canny, Nicholas P. Making Ireland British 1580–1650, Oxford 2001,
Gentles, Ian. The New Model Army, Cambridge 1994,
O'Siochru, Micheal, God's Executioner- Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland, Faber & Faber, London, 2008.
Plant, David. Cromwell in Ireland: 1649–52, British Civil Wars, Retrieved 22 September 2008
Stradling, R.A. The Spanish monarchy and Irish mercenaries, Irish Academic Press, Dublin 1994.
 Excerpts, support for and a critique of Tom Reilly's Cromwell, an Honourable Enemy (1999)

1640s in Ireland
1650s in Ireland
English Civil War
Invasions of Ireland
Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Irish Confederate Wars
Guerrilla wars
Wars involving Ireland
Anti-Catholicism in Ireland
Oliver Cromwell
England–Ireland relations
Genocides in Europe
British war crimes

Cromwellian conquest of Ireland


George Gray Bell,  (May 24, 1920 – October 15, 2000) was a Canadian soldier, civil servant, and academic.

Education
Born in Toronto, Ontario, he joined the Canadian Army in 1940 and graduated from the Royal Military College of Canada in 1943.

Career
He served in the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps in the Netherlands and Germany. After World War II, he remained in the army serving in different positions eventually becoming a Brigadier-General. In 1972, he received a Ph.D. in International Relations from McGill University. In 1973, he became Assistant Deputy Minister to the Minister of the Treasury, Economics and Intergovernmental Affairs in the Government of Ontario. In 1976, he became Executive Vice-president and Professor of Strategic Studies at York University. He helped found and was the first President of the Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies. He was a founding director of the Canadian Institute for International Peace and Security (CIIPS) from 1984 until its dissolution in 1987.

After his retirement, he was the Honorary President of the RCAC Association. He was a senior research fellow at York University until 1996.

In 1988, he was awarded the Officer of the Order of Canada "An outstanding citizen, he has served Canada well throughout a long military career, a continuing connection with public life and the academe... [H]e has made major contributions to many organizations with the primary aim of preserving the security of Canada."

He was Honorary Colonel, Royal Canadian Dragoons. He died in Toronto, Ontario on October 15, 2000.

Legacy
The Canadian International Council awards the Brigadier-General George G. Bell Strategic Leadership Shield in recognition of the qualities of outstanding intellectual leadership, inspiration in strategic studies and promoting public awareness of international security interests. The Canadian International Council holds the George G. Bell Strategic Leadership Award Dinner.

The George Gray Bell fonds at York University (1964–92) consists of records documenting his career, minutes of meetings, correspondence, working papers, reports, and reference and research materials.

References

4237 Dr. Adrian Preston & Peter Dennis (Edited) "Swords and Covenants" Rowman And Littlefield, London. Croom Helm. 1976.
H16511 Dr. Richard Arthur Preston "To Serve Canada: A History of the Royal Military College of Canada" 1997 Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1969.
H16511 Dr. Richard Arthur Preston "Canada's RMC – A History of Royal Military College" Second Edition 1982
H16511 Dr. Richard Preston "R.M.C. and Kingston: The effect of imperial and military influences on a Canadian community" 1968
H1877 R. Guy C. Smith (editor) "As You Were! Ex-Cadets Remember". In 2 Volumes. Volume I: 1876–1918. Volume II: 1919–1984. Royal Military College. [Kingston]. The R.M.C. Club of Canada. 1984

1920 births
2000 deaths
20th-century Canadian civil servants
Canadian generals
Canadian university and college vice-presidents
Academic staff of McGill University
Canadian Members of the Order of the British Empire
Officers of the Order of Canada
Military personnel from Toronto
Academic staff of York University
Anglophone Quebec people
Royal Military College of Canada alumni
Canadian Army personnel of World War II
Canadian Army officers

George Gray Bell


The 1944 Sugar Bowl was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 1944, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana.  It was the tenth playing of the Sugar Bowl.  The Tulsa Golden Hurricane returned to the game for the second consecutive season and faced the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets, who became the first team to have played in all four major bowls; they had previously participated in the 1929 Rose Bowl, the 1940 Orange Bowl, and the 1943 Cotton Bowl Classic. The Golden Hurricane had an 18–7 lead at halftime, but Georgia Tech roared back, scoring 13 unanswered points to win.

Scoring summary

First quarter
 Tulsa: Ed Shedlosky 15-yard pass from Clyde LeForce (kick failed); 6–0 Tulsa

Second quarter
 Tulsa: Jimmy Ford 76-yard run (kick failed); 12–0 Tulsa
 GT: Frank Broyles 1-yard run (Eddie Prokop kick); 12–7 Tulsa
 Tulsa: LeForce 1-yard run (kick failed); 18–7 Tulsa

Third quarter
 GT: Phil Tinsley 46-yard pass from Prokop (kick failed); 18–13 Tulsa

Fourth quarter
 GT: Ed Scharfscherdt 1-yard run (Prokop kick); 20–18 Georgia Tech

References

Sugar Bowl
Sugar Bowl
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football bowl games
Tulsa Golden Hurricane football bowl games
Sugar Bowl
Sugar Bowl

1944 Sugar Bowl


Johnny Kaw is a fictional Kansas settler and the subject of a number of Paul Bunyan-esque tall tales about the settling of the territory.

The legend of Johnny Kaw was created in 1955 by George Filinger, a professor of horticulture at Kansas State University, to celebrate the centennial of Manhattan, Kansas.  The stories were initially printed in the city newspaper, The Manhattan Mercury, during the centennial and later collected into a self-published book by Filinger, who created Kaw to be Kansas' answer to other heroes like Bunyan and Pecos Bill.  Elmer Tomasch of the Kansas State University Art Department provided ink drawings to illustrate the stories and the book.

Fiilinger's stories related how Johnny Kaw created the Kansas landscape, geography and pioneer trails.  Kaw was said to have dug the Kansas River Valley, planted wheat, invented sunflowers, and grown giant potatoes.  Kaw even controlled the weather, lopping the funnels off tornadoes and wringing out the clouds to end droughts.  His pets were the mascots for the two state universities: a wildcat and a jayhawk, who enjoyed a good fight.  The Dust Bowl was said to be a result of their fights.

Filinger's book was not republished after 1969, but Kansas author Jerri Garretson released a children's picture book about Johnny Kaw in 1997. Her book was illustrated by another KSU art instructor, Diane A. Dollar. A color edition of the book was published in September 2011 and the original version was included in the 2008 anthology, Kansas Tall Tales.

Statue
A  statue of Johnny Kaw holding a scythe stands in Manhattan City Park, Kansas .Three small statues were created before the large one was erected in City Park. Mrs. Walter O'Neill of Manhattan sculped the first one for the centennial. It was featured in City Park during the 1955 Centennial, but vandals beheaded it. It was then moved to a farm, where someone backed a wagon over it. The statue seen today was built in 1966, eleven years after the Manhattan Centennial celebration that inspired George Filinger to write the story of Johnny Kaw. George Filinger worked hard to promote the statue's construction and donated a large share of the required money. The statue cost approximately $7,000, far exceeding the estimates of $3,000 to $3,500. Although, local citizens donated the money required, hoping that the statue would establish Johnny Kaw as a local legend and prove to be a roadside attraction.  The statue is constructed of concrete over a steel beam framework.  The design was intended to withstand wind and weather and be easy to maintain.

The statue was featured in a Zippy the Pinhead comic strip on September 17, 2005.

See also
 Fakelore
 Novelty architecture

References

External links
 Gallery of Huge Beings
 Jerri Garretson bio web page
 Diane A. Dollar web page

Kansas culture
American folklore
Fictional characters from Kansas
Outdoor sculptures in Kansas
Novelty buildings in Kansas
Roadside attractions in Kansas
Fictional giants
Tall tales
Concrete sculptures in the United States
1966 sculptures
Fictional farmers
Individual signs in the United States
Fakelore
Statues of fictional characters

Johnny Kaw


Sigrid Carolina Sofia Fridman (23 November 1879 – 8 January 1963) was a Swedish sculptor most known for her works of women and the Centaur sculpture which is located in the park known as Observatorielunden in Stockholm. Many of her sculptures are located in public parks throughout the country.

Early life
Sigrid Carolina Sofia Fridman was born on 23 November 1879 in the Haparanda Municipality of Norrbotten County, Sweden to Mathilda Kristina (née Bruhn) and Karl Gustaf Fridman. She attended Arvedson's Gymnastics Institute (sv), in Stockholm, a school designed in 1902 to teach women the skills of physiotherapy.

Career
Moving to London after her graduation, Fridman began working as a physical therapist. As a hobby, she began studying sculpting in a private studio around 1911. In 1912, she moved to Paris to focus on her art and enrolled at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière, under the tutelage of Antoine Bourdelle. After studying in Paris for four years, in 1916, she exhibited in the London Spring Exhibition of the Grosvenor Gallery. From around 1914, Fridman was involved in a relationship with the artist Ragnhild Barkman.

Fridman returned to Sweden and settled in Gothenburg, producing a series of decorative works. She was commissioned by the Swedish seafaring company Atlantica in 1921 to create two statues for their new building. She produced Sea Horse () and Walrus (), both in black granite.  In the same period, she sculpted another piece of black granite known as Penguin's Well (), which is now located on the grounds of the Swedish Museum of Natural History. Other known pieces from her Göteborg period include Fauns (), Skipping youth () and a bust of Torgny Segerstedt.

Around 1924, Fridman and Barkman moved to Stockholm and became friends with another lesbian couple, Klara Johanson and Ellen Kleman. They spent time together until Johanson's death in 1948, often taking summer trips together to Rättvik and Masesgården. On one study trip to Greece, Fridman and Johanson became romantically involved, though neither left their long-term partners. In 1927, Fridman created a sculpture of Fredrika Bremer, which caused controversy about whether a woman should be engaged as a serious sculptor. This debate continued, with many male colleagues taking the position that women should only sculpt children's portraits or small pieces that depicted femininity, when in 1928, Fridman proposed her Centaur statue.

Fridman's work Centaur became her most noted piece. Completed in 1939, angry controversy surrounded it as well, with many complaining that the figure was not culturally sensitive, as centaurs were not part of the national folklore. The statue, in bronze is unadorned and reflects the power of the creature in its strong composition. Though initially Fridman intended the sculpture to be displayed at the beginning of Library Street, it was installed on the hill near the observatory in Observatorielunden in Stockholm. In 1948, Johanson published a book in defense of Fridman and other women artists, Sigrid Fridman—och andra konstnärer: en krigskrönika (Sigrid Fridman—and other artists: a war chronicle).

Fridman's statue of Ellen Key (1953) was also the subject of fierce debate, and as the artist aged, she became more introverted, though she continued to work. Various pieces of her sculpture are scattered throughout the country in public spaces, such as variant centaurs in Örebro and Bollnäs, a figure of Pan with pipes in Härlanda and a fountain in the garden of  near Visby in Gotland. Her last work, Det droppande trädet (The Dripping Tree) is located in Odengatan near the City Library and was installed the year after her death.

Death and legacy
Fridman died on 8 January 1963 in Stockholm County, Sweden.

Gallery

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

1879 births
1963 deaths
People from Haparanda Municipality
20th-century Swedish women artists
Swedish lesbian artists
Swedish women sculptors

Sigrid Fridman


Last Bus to Woodstock is a crime novel by Colin Dexter, the first of 13 novels in his Inspector Morse series.

Plot summary

Two young women are waiting in Oxford for a bus to the nearby town of Woodstock, and they decide to hitch a lift. Later that night, one of them, Sylvia Kaye, is found murdered and apparently raped in the car park of the Black Prince pub in Woodstock.

Suspicion falls on various characters. The body is reported found by John Sanders, a young man who, it later transpires, is addicted to pornography and sometimes paid Sylvia for sex. He admits to waiting for her on the night of her murder but found her dead. It turns out he interfered with the body but did not murder her.

Inspector Morse discovers the lift was offered in a red car and guesses various bits of information about the owner. His discoveries lead him to calculate the chances of finding a red car in North Oxford which meets all the criteria. There is only one, and it belongs to Bernard Crowther, a don at the university who lives on Southdown Road. Crowther admits that, although married, he is having an affair with another woman. He admits to giving a lift to two women and dropping them in Woodstock while on the way to meet his mistress.

Crowther's wife kills herself, mistakenly thinking that her husband is the murderer; Crowther himself dies shortly afterwards from a heart attack, thinking that she is the killer. In the end it turns out it was neither of them but rather the other woman at the bus stop, Sue Widdowson, who was Crowther's mistress. Crowther had dropped her off and had sex with Sylvia. Widdowson became insanely jealous, crept up behind Sylvia in the car, and hit her on the back of the head with a tyre lever lying in the car park.

A further complication involves Jennifer Coleby who worked with Sylvia in an insurance office. Jennifer is having an affair with her boss, Palmer, and shares a flat with Sue Widdowson. Crowther types coded messages to Widdowson, who is his girlfriend. He leaves the messages with Coleby at her work, and she delivers them to Widdowson.

Characters
Inspector Morse
Sergeant Robert Lewis
Max
Sue Widdowson
Jennifer Coleby
Bernard Crowther
Clive Palmer
Margaret Crowther
Mrs Jarman
Peter Newlove
John Sanders
Sylvia

Development history
This is the first Inspector Morse novel, and is more carefully plotted than many subsequent books in the series. The reader is not deliberately led astray. Colin Dexter started writing what would become Last Bus to Woodstock on a 1972 family holiday in North Wales. Sitting in the kitchen on a rainy Saturday afternoon he committed to paper a few paragraphs regarding a detective named Morse. Knowing where it would be set, Oxford, and how the story would end, he spent the next 18 months writing the novel.

Adaptations
The novel was adapted for television as part of Inspector Morse and was first aired on 22 March 1988. The character of Sue Widdowson was renamed Mary, and Sylvia's last name was changed to Kane. There were several amendments to the plot in the television adaptation: e.g. the red car was identified through the observations of another woman waiting for the bus and her smart deductions; Crowther did not die of the heart attack, and his wife did not commit suicide; Crowther and Sylvia didn't have sex after he picked her up at the bus stop; the "murder" turned out to be more of an accident—Widdowson confronted Sylvia in the car park, knocked her to the ground, and Crowther unwittingly reversed over her in the car and drove off not knowing; and there was no sexual attack on the corpse by Sanders, only theft. The cast included John Thaw as Morse, Kevin Whately as Sergeant Lewis, Peter Woodthorpe as Max, Ingrid Lacey as Mary Widdowson, Jill Baker as Jennifer Coleby, Anthony Bate as Bernard Crowther, Terrence Hardiman as Clive Palmer, Shirley Dixon as Margaret Crowther, Fabia Drake as Mrs Jarman, Paul Geoffrey as Peter Newlove, Ian Sears as John Sanders, Holly Aird as Angie Hartman Shirley Stelfox as Mrs. Kane and Jenny Jay as Sylvia Kane.

The book was first dramatised as a radio play by the BBC on Radio 4 in 1975.  The announcer reading the end credits attributes the authorship of the original book to Colin Dempster.

In 1984, a BBC Radio 4 adaptation was released that was dramatised by Melvyn Jones and directed by Brian Miller. The radio play featured  Andrew Burt as Inspector Morse and Christopher Douglas as Sergeant Lewis.

References

External links
Last Bus to Woodstock at Pan Macmillan
Goodreads Review
Mystery List Retrospective

1988 British television episodes
1975 British novels
Novels by Colin Dexter
Novels set in Oxfordshire
British novels adapted into television shows
Macmillan Publishers books

Last Bus to Woodstock