Somatic symptom disorder, also known as somatoform disorder, is defined by one or more chronic physical symptoms that coincide with excessive and maladaptive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors connected to those symptoms. The symptoms are not purposefully produced or feigned, and they may or may not coexist with a known medical ailment.

Manifestations of somatic symptom disorder are variable; symptoms can be widespread, specific, and often fluctuate. Somatic symptom disorder corresponds to the way an individual views and reacts to symptoms as rather than the symptoms themselves. Somatic symptom disorder may develop in those who suffer from an existing chronic illness or medical condition.

Several studies have found a high rate of comorbidity with major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and phobias. Somatic symptom disorder is frequently associated with functional pain syndromes like fibromyalgia and IBS. Somatic symptom disorder typically leads to poor functioning, interpersonal issues, unemployment or problems at work, and financial strain as a result of excessive health-care visits.

The cause of somatic symptom disorder is unknown; however, somatic symptoms may result from a heightened awareness of specific physical sensations paired with a tendency to interpret these experiences as signs of a medical ailment.

Signs and Symptoms
Somatic symptom disorder can be detected by an ambiguous and often inconsistent history of symptoms that are rarely relieved by medical treatments. Additional signs of Somatic Symptom Disorder include interpreting normal sensations for medical ailments, avoiding physical activity, being disproportionately sensitive to medication side effects, and seeking medical care from several physicians for the same concerns.

Manifestations of Somatic symptom disorder are highly variable. Recurrent ailments usually begin before the age of 30; most patients have many somatic symptoms, while others only experience one. The severity may fluctuate, but symptoms rarely go away completely for long periods of time. Symptoms might be specific, such as regional pain and localized sensations, or general, such as fatigue, muscle aches, and malaise.

Those suffering from Somatic symptom disorder experience recurring and obsessive feelings and thoughts concerning their well-being. Common examples include severe anxiety regarding potential ailments, misinterpreting normal sensations as indications of severe illness, believing that symptoms are dangerous and serious despite lacking medical basis, claiming that medical evaluations and treatment have been inadequate, fearing that engaging in physical activity will harm the body, and spending a disproportionate amount of time thinking about symptoms.

Somatic symptoms disorder pertains to how an individual interprets and responds to symptoms as opposed to the symptoms themselves. Somatic symptom disorder can occur even in those who have an underlying chronic illness or medical condition. When a somatic symptom disorder coexists with another medical ailment, individuals overreact to the ailment's adverse effects. They may be unresponsive toward treatment or unusually sensitive to drug side effects. Those with somatic symptom disorder who also have another physical ailment may experience significant impairment that isn't expected from the condition.

Comorbidities
Most research that looked at additional mental illnesses or self-reported psychopathological symptoms among those with Somatic Symptom Disorder identified significant rates of comorbidity with depression and anxiety, but other psychiatric comorbidities were not usually looked at. Major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and phobias were the most common concurrent conditions.

In studies evaluating different physical ailments, 41.5% of individuals with semantic dementia, 11.2% of subjects with Alzheimer's disease, 25% of female patients suffering from non-HIV lipodystrophy, and 18.5% of patients with congestive heart failure fulfilled Somatic symptom disorder criteria.  25.6% of individuals with fibromyalgia fulfilled Somatic symptom disorder criteria, and they exhibited higher depression rates than those with fibromyalgia who didn't meet the criteria for Somatic symptom disorder. In one study, 28.8% of those with Somatic Symptom Disorder had asthma, 23.1% had a heart condition, and 13.5% had gout, rheumatoid arthritis, or osteoarthritis.

Complications
Alcohol and drug abuse are frequently observed, and sometimes used to alleviate symptoms, increasing the risk of dependence on controlled substances. Other complications include poor functioning, problems with relationships, unemployment or difficulties at work, and financial stress due to excess health care visits.

Causes
Somatic symptoms can stem from a heightened awareness of sensations in the body, alongside the tendency to interpret those sensations as ailments. Studies suggest that risk factors of somatic symptoms include childhood neglect, sexual abuse, a chaotic lifestyle, and a history of substance and alcohol abuse. Psychosocial stressors, such as unemployment and reduced job performance, may also be risk factors. There could also be a genetic element. A study of monozygotic and dizygotic twins found that genetic components contributed 7% to 21% of somatic symptoms, with the remainder related to environmental factors. In another study, various single nucleotide polymorphisms were linked to somatic symptoms.

Psychological
Evidence suggests that along with more broad factors such as early childhood trauma or insecure attachment, negative psychological factors including catastrophizing, negative affectivity, rumination, avoidance, health anxiety, or a poor physical self-concept have a significant impact on the shift from unproblematic somatic symptoms to a severely debilitating somatic symptom disorder. Individuals who experience more negative psychological characteristics may regard medically unexplained symptoms to be more threatening and, therefore, exhibit stronger cognitive, emotional, and behavioral awareness of such symptoms. In addition, evidence suggests that negative psychological factors have a significant impact on the impairments and behaviors of people suffering from somatic symptom disorder, as well as the long-term stability of such symptoms.

Psychosocial
Psychosocial stresses and cultural norms influence how individuals present to their physicians.  American and Korean individuals engaged in a study to measure somatization within the cultural context. It was discovered that Korean participants used more body-related phrases while discussing their connections with stressful events and experienced more sympathy when asked to read texts using somatic expressions when discussing their emotions.

Those raised in environments where expressing emotions during stages of development is discouraged face the highest risk of somatization. In primary care settings, studies indicated that somaticizing patients had much greater rates of unemployment and decreased occupational functioning than non-somaticizing patients.

Traumatic life events may cause the development of somatic symptom disorder. Most people with somatic symptom disorder originate from dysfunctional homes. A meta-analysis study revealed a connection between sexual abuse and functional gastrointestinal syndromes, chronic pain, non-epileptic seizures, and chronic pelvic pain.

Physiological
The hypothalamo pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) has a crucial role in stress response. While the HPA axis may become more active with depression, there is evidence of hypocortisolism in somatization. In somatic disorder, there is a negative connection between elevated pain scores and 5-hydroxy indol acetic acid (5-HIAA) and tryptophan levels.

It has been suggested that proinflammatory processes may have a role in somatic symptom disorder, such as an increase of non-specific somatic symptoms and sensitivity to painful stimuli. Proinflammatory activation and anterior cingulate cortex activity have been shown to be linked in those who experienced stressful life events for an extended period of time. It is further claimed that increased activity of the anterior cingulate cortex, which acts as a bridge between attention and emotion, leads to increased sensitivity of unwanted stimuli and bodily sensations.

Pain is a multifaceted experience, not just a sensation. While nociception refers to afferent neural activity that transmits sensory information in response to stimuli that may cause tissue damage, pain is a conscious experience requiring cortical activity and can occur in the absence of nociception. Those with somatic symptoms are thought to exaggerate their somatic symptoms through choice perception and perceive them in accordance with an ailment. This idea has been identified as a cognitive style known as "somatosensorial amplification." The term "central sensitization" has been created to describe the neurobiological notion that those predisposed to somatization have an overly sensitive neural network. Harmless and mild stimuli stimulate the nociceptive specific dorsal horn cells after central sensitization. As a result, pain is felt in response to stimuli that would not typically cause pain.

Genetic
Genetic investigations have suggested that genetic modifications connected to the monoaminergic system, in particular, may be relevant; nevertheless, a shared genetic source remains unknown. It is important to take into account the various processes involved in the development of somatic symptoms as well as the interactions between various biological and psychosocial factors. Given the high occurrence of trauma, particularly throughout childhood, it has been suggested that the epigenetic changes could be explanatory. Another study found that the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) is hypomethylated in those with somatic symptom disorder and in those with depression.

Diagnosis
Because those with somatic syndrome disorder typically have a comprehensive previous workups, minimal laboratory testing is encouraged. Excessive testing increases the possibility of false-positive results, which may result in further interventions, associated risks, and greater expenses. While some practitioners order tests to reassure patients, research shows that diagnostic testing fails to alleviate somatic symptoms.

Specific tests, such as thyroid function assessments, urine drug screens, restricted blood studies, and minimal radiological imaging, may be conducted to rule out somatization because of medical issues.

Somatic Symptom Scale – 8

The Somatic Symptom Scale – 8 (SSS-8) is a short self-report questionnaire that is used to evaluate somatic symptoms. It examines the perceived severity of common somatic symptoms. The SSS-8 is a condensed version of the well-known Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15).

On a five-point scale, respondents rate how much stomach or digestive issues, back discomfort, pain in the legs, arms, or joints, headaches, chest pain or shortness of breath, dizziness, feeling tired or having low energy, and trouble sleeping impacted them in the preceding seven days. Ratings are added together to provide a sum score that ranges from 0 to 32 points.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) modified the entry titled "somatoform disorders" to "somatic symptom and related disorders," in addition to modifying other diagnostic labels and criteria.

The DSM-5 criteria for Somatic Symptom Disorder includes "one or more somatic symptoms which are distressing or result in substantial impairment of daily life." Additional criteria, often known as B criteria, include "excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors regarding somatic symptoms or corresponding health concerns manifested by disproportionate and persistent thoughts about the severity of one's symptoms."  According to the DSM, "Although any one somatic symptom might not be consistently present, one's state of being symptomatic is continuous (typically lasting more than 6 months)."

The DSM includes five distinct descriptions for Somatic Symptom Disorder. These include somatic symptom disorder with predominant pain, formally referred to as pain disorder, as well as classifications for mild, moderate, and severe symptoms.

International Classification of Diseases
The ICD-11 classifies somatic symptoms as "Bodily distress disorder". Bodily distress disorder is characterized by the presence of distressing bodily symptoms and excessive attention devoted to those symptoms. The ICD-11 further specifies that if another health condition is causing or contributing to the symptoms, the level of attention must be clearly excessive in relation to the nature and course of the condition.

Differential diagnosis
Somatic syndrome disorder's widespread, non-specific symptoms may conceal and mimic the manifestations of other medical disorders, making diagnosis and therapy challenging. Adjustment disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and illness anxiety disorder may all exhibit excessive and exaggerated emotional and behavioral responses. Other functional diseases with unknown etiology, such as fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome, tend not to present with excessive thoughts, feelings, or maladaptive behavior.

Somatic symptom disorder overlaps with illness anxiety disorder and conversion disorder. Illness anxiety disorder is characterized by an obsession with having or developing a dangerous, undetected medical ailment, despite the absence of bodily symptoms. Conversion disorder may present with one or more symptoms of various sorts. Motor symptoms involve weakness or paralysis; aberrant movements including tremor or dystonic movements; abnormal gait patterns; and abnormal limb posture. The presenting symptom in conversion disorder is loss of function, but in somatic symptom disorder, the emphasis is on the discomfort that specific symptoms produce. Conversion disorder often lacks the overwhelming thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that characterize somatic symptom disorder.

Treatment
Instead than focusing on treating the symptoms, the key objective is to support the patient in coping with physical symptoms such as health anxiety and harmful behaviors.

Early psychiatric treatment is advised. Evidence suggests that SSRIs and SNRIs can lower pain perception. However, because individuals with Somatic Symptom Disorder may have a low threshold for experiencing adverse reactions, medications should be started at the lowest possible dose and gradually increased to produce a therapeutic effect.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been linked to significant improvements in patient-reported function and somatic symptoms, a reduction in health-care expenses, and a reduction in symptoms of depression. Furthermore, brief psychodynamic interpersonal psychotherapy (PIT) for patients with Somatic Symptom Disorder has been proven to improve the physical quality of life in patients with many, difficult-to-treat, medically unexplained symptoms over time

CBT can help in some of the following ways:
 Learn to reduce stress
 Learn to cope with physical symptoms
 Learn to deal with depression and other psychological issues
 Improve quality of life
 Reduce preoccupation with symptom

Outlook
Somatic symptom disorder is typically persistent, with symptoms that wax and wane. Chronic limitations in general function, substantial psychological impairment, and a reduction in quality of life are all common. Some investigations, however, have found that individuals can recover; the natural history of the illnesses implies that around 50% to 75% of patients with medically unexplained symptoms improve, whereas 10% to 30% deteriorate. Fewer physical symptoms and better baseline functioning are stronger prognostic indicators. A strong, positive relationship between the physician and the patient is crucial, and it should be accompanied by frequent, supportive visits to avoid the temptation to medicate or test when these interventions are not obviously necessary.

Epidemiology
Somatic symptom disorder affects 5% to 7% of the general population, with a higher female representation, and can arise throughout childhood, adolescence, or adulthood. Evidence suggests that the emergence of prodromal symptoms often begins in childhood and that symptoms fitting the criteria for somatic symptom disorder are common during adolescence. A community study of adolescents found that 5% had persistent distressing physical symptoms paired with psychological concerns.  In the primary care patient population, the rate rises to around 17%. Patients with functional illnesses such as fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, and chronic fatigue syndrome have a greater prevalence of somatic symptom disorder. The reported frequency of somatic symptom disorder, as defined by DSM-5 criteria, ranges from 25 to 60% among these patients.

History
Somatization is an idea that physicians have been attempting to comprehend since the dawn of time. The Egyptians and Sumerians were reported to have utilized the notions of melancholia and hysteria as early as 2600 BC. For many years, somatization was used in conjunction with the terms hysteria, melancholia, and hypochondriasis.

During the 17th century, knowledge of the central nervous system grew, giving rise to the notion that numerous inexplicable illnesses could be linked to the brain. Thomas Willis, widely regarded as the father of neurology, recognized hysteria in women and hypochondria in males as brain disorders. Thomas Sydenham contributed significantly to the belief that hysteria and hypochondria are mental rather than physical illnesses. The term "English Malady" was used by George Cheyne to denote that hysteria and hypochondriasis are brain and/or mind-related disorders.

Wilhelm Stekel, a German psychoanalyst, was the first to introduce the term somatization, and Paul Briquet was the first to characterize what is now known as Somatic symptom disorder. Briquet reported individuals who had been unwell for most of their lives and complained of a variety of symptoms from various organ systems. Despite many appointments, hospitalizations, and tests, symptoms continue. Somatization disorder was later dubbed "Briquet Syndrome" in his honor. Over time, the concept of hysteria was used in place of a personality or character type, conversion responses, phobia, and anxiety to accompany psychoneuroses, and its incorporation in everyday English as a negative word led to a distancing from this concept.

Controversy
Somatic symptom disorder has long been a contentious diagnosis because it was based solely on negative criteria, namely the absence of a medical explanation for the presenting physical problems. As a result, any person suffering from a poorly understood illness may meet the criteria for this psychological diagnosis, regardless of whether they exhibit psychiatric symptoms in the traditional sense.

Misdiagnosis
In the opinion of Allen Frances, chair of the DSM-IV task force, the DSM-5's somatic symptom disorder brings with it a risk of mislabeling a sizable proportion of the population as mentally ill.

See also
 Conversion Disorder
 Hypochondriasis
 Hysteria
 Jurosomatic illness
 Medically unexplained physical symptoms
 Munchausen syndrome
 Nocebo
 Psychosomatic medicine
 Psychoneuroimmunology
 Somatization

References

Further reading

Somatic psychology

Somatic symptom disorder


The Brian May Band was an English-American rock band formed by Queen guitarist Brian May. The band was originally formed in October 1991 for May's performance at Guitar Legends guitar festival in Seville, Spain. They toured with May to promote some of his studio albums.

The rhythm section for the band was Cozy Powell and Neil Murray, who had already worked together in Black Sabbath and Whitesnake. Spike Edney, who was the tour keyboardist for Queen between 1984 and 1986 took the keyboard spot.

The band soon went on a tour of the United States, Europe and Japan. The tour ended in December 1993, when May returned to the studio with fellow Queen band mates Roger Taylor and John Deacon for Queen's final studio album, Made In Heaven. Meanwhile, Cozy Powell and Neil Murray returned to work with Black Sabbath, and both later joined Peter Green's Band.

The band reunited in 1998 to promote Brian May's Another World album. Eric Singer, of later KISS fame, was brought as the last minute replacement for Cozy Powell, who had died in a car accident earlier that year.

In 2005, both Jamie Moses and Spike Edney joined the Queen + Paul Rodgers collaboration on their worldwide tour.

Their only release was the live album, Live at the Brixton Academy in 1993.

American rock bands
English rock bands
1991 establishments

The Brian May Band


The Santos-Dumont 14-bis was a biplane invented in the early 1900s by Alberto Santos-Dumont.  In the fall of 1906, it became the first airplane to fly in Europe.

Santos-Dumont tried several times before he truly managed to fly in the 14-bis.  His first attempt in July 1906 did not work.  In September, he managed two short hops.  In October, the 14-bis flew for 50 meters.  That was the first flight that the Aero Club of France ever officially witnessed.  In November, he was able to keep the 14-bis in the air for 220 meters, 6 meters up in the air.

According to the Aero Club of France, the 14-bis was 40 feet wide from wingtip to wingtip, 33 feet wide, and weighed 352 pounds.  It used an Antoinette engine.  It was made out of pine and bamboo with aluminum to keep it together.  Its wings were made out of silk cloth.

The 14-bis had three different sets of controls so Alberto Santos-Dumont could steer.  Some were tied to his shoulders so that he looked like he was dancing or shaking while in the air.

No one knows where the original 14-bis from the fall of 1906 is now.  Experts think Santos-Dumont took it apart and used the pieces to build other airplanes.

Some people, especially in Brazil, believe the 14-bis was the first airplane to fly, before the Wright Brothers' Flyer.  The main reason for this is that although the Wright Brothers flew the Flyer at Kitty Hawk in 1903, they did not tell many people about it right away.  Europeans saw Alberto Santos-Dumont fly the 14-bis in 1906 before they heard about the Wrights flying the Flyer in 1903.  This was because the Wright Brothers hoped to patent their work and make money, so they kept most of their experiments a secret.  Alberto Santos Dumont was not trying to make money, so he invited almost anyone who wanted to come watch him work.  However, the Wright Brothers did invite witnesses to their first flight at Kitty Hawk in 1903 to watch and take a photograph.  By 1906, the Wright Brothers had flown many of their planes many times, for as far as 39 kilometers. Today, most aviation historians believe that the 14-bis was not the first plane to fly.

References

Aircraft
Brazil

Santos-Dumont 14-bis


Kockar Ata (Khodzha-Kochkari, Koçqər-i Chodja or Koçkır-i Baba) was a dervish of Ahmad Yasavi. "Ram" is the meaning of his name. According to common belief Koçkar Ata is from Teke Turcomans. In his time the people were making the rams fight and since his ram was the champion of each match, he was named as Kochkar. His real name is not to be known. After Koçkar Ata's death, his ram could not resist the separation and it died on his grave. So a ram statue had been put over Koçkar Ata's grave. There is scripture in Arabic alphabet as"ya Allah, ya Muhammed, ya Ali".

Also, some Clans like "Koçgiri" and "Köşkerler" are named after him.

There are many legends about the city "Kochkor-Ata" in Kyrgyzstan and why that place became sacred. Some people say that Kockar/Kochkor Ata was a Muslim saint and was buried in that place after his death. Since then, the place of his burial became a place of pilgrimage for many people. Others connect the history of Kochkor Ata shrine with Kyrgyz folklore. Thus, Kazakh ethnographer Chokan Valikhanov mentions that Kazakh sultan Barak, who lived at the end of the 18th century, "became careless, and showing off his strength he invaded the sacred place of the Kyrgyz, Koshkar Ata." The Kirghiz became angry, attacked Barak's camp, and pursued his army as far as the Ili River. "The Kirghiz," writes Valikhanov, "attributed their enemies' escape to the holiness of Kochkor Ata" [Valikhanov 1985, p. 375]. There is another legend told by a man from Cholpon Ata, who said that Arslanbab (a mazar in Southern Kyrgyzstan) had seven children. And the seven mazars, Oisul Ata, Karakol Ata, Shïng Ata, Manzhïl Ata, Cholpon Ata, Kochkor Ata, Oluia Ata, were built in their honor [Abramzon 1975, p. 304]. It is worth noting that in the Soviet period, as part of the effort to discourage Islamic practice, the authorities undertook severe measures to prevent worship at mazars.

List of villages named after "Kockar Ata"
Kyrgyzstan: 1.Kochkor-Ata, 2.Kochkor, 3.Ak-Kochkor, 4.Kochkar
Tajikistan: Khodzha-Kochkari
Russia: Kochkari (near Kazan in Tatarstan)
Syria: Kouchkar (area of the Sis Afshars between the 14th and 16th centuries)

Turkey: Koçgiri area (in Sivas), Koçkiran (in Iğdır)

External links
"Ahmet Yesevi University"
"About Kyrgyz city Kochkor Ata and Kockar Atas legend"
"Report in turkish language"

Kyrgyzstani Muslims
12th-century Asian people

Kockar Ata


CAF Rocky Mountain Wing (RMW) Museum is one of 75 local detachments of the national Commemorative Air Force (CAF) non-profit aviation association dedicated to Honoring American Military Aviation through Flight, Exhibit and Remembrance.

The Museum is located at the Grand Junction Regional Airport, Colorado, and contains artifacts and exhibits from World War II, Korean, and Vietnam wars. In addition they operate two aircraft which are part of the CAF's fleet of over 170 vintage warbirds. These two examples happen to be both the largest and smallest of single engine aircraft used by American armed forces during WWII, namely a Grumman TBM Avenger and a Piper J-3 (Army L-4 or Navy NE-1) Grasshopper. Besides offering these as "hands-on" exhibits, the public may also schedule rides as a passenger in these aircraft either at the museum or at airshows where they are also exhibited.

The museum began operation in 1981 with final construction completed in 2000.

Flying aircraft on display

TBM Avenger History

TBM Avenger Aircraft N53503 is a Torpedo Bomber M model World War II single engine aircraft in flying condition which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017. It is  long with  wingspan (with wings folded, ).

The original logbooks of the Museum's TBM Avenger BuNo 53503  show that it was accepted by the US Navy on June 1, 1945 at the Norfolk NAS and assigned to the VT-75 Squadron - the "Fish Hawks". It was transferred in 1947 to VT-82 Squadron - the "Devil's Diplomats" and Naval Air Reserve Training at Los Alamitos in southern California.

In 1950 it was lend/leased to the Royal Canadian Navy with only 546 total hours flown. TBM 53503 flew in the RCN 881 Squadron from the carrier HMCS Magnificent (CVL 21) as a sub hunter. After her RCN military career ended in 1958, TBM 53503 was an aerial insecticide applicator from 1963 to 1970 for the Simsbury Flying Service in Simsbury, CT as N6583D. Acquired by the CAF in 1970 where she was painted as VT-10's "white 82" with a tri-color Navy scheme for the CV-10 Yorktown, but still lacked the characteristic dorsal gun turret. She flew with the CAF Ghost Squadron until 1981 in this configuration. During this time, her movie debut can be seen in the first five minutes of the movie Close Encounters of the Third Kind as directed by Steven Spielburg.

From 1981 until 1985, the Avenger sat outside in Arizona waiting for her next duty assignment and in desperate need of repair and maintenance on various systems. On January 17, 1985 TBM 53503 was officially assigned to the CAF Rocky Mountain Wing.

By July 1989, she was once again "ready for duty" - complete with the installation of the dorsal gun turret, and a new paint scheme - that of a TBM assigned to VT-84, also known as the "Wolf Gang" squadron, aboard the . This squadron was the first to attack Tokyo on February 16 & 17, 1945 and the colorful yellow cowling was adopted to enhance identification as "friendly" when returning to the fleet from their raid.

Piper J-3 Grasshopper
This versatile aircraft was first known as the Taylor Cub in 1930. Later as the Piper J-3 Cub it became the most prolific trainer in the world. There were 14,125 civilian built plus 5,703 for military use. The military version was known as "Grasshopper" and had the designation L-4 in the Army Air Corps and NE-1 in the Navy. Beyond basic flight training use the Grasshopper was used for military liaison scouting, coastal patrol and medevac.

See also
 Colorado Aviation Historical Society Denver, CO
 Peterson Air and Space Museum Peterson AFB, Colorado Springs, CO
 Pueblo Weisbrod Aircraft Museum Pueblo Airport, Pueblo, CO
 Spirit of Flight Center Lafayette, CO
 Vintage Aero Flying Museum Platte Valley Airpark, Husdon, CO
 Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum Old Lowry AFB Campus, Denver, CO
Related lists
List of aerospace museums

References

Aerospace museums in Colorado
Grand Junction, Colorado
Military and war museums in Colorado
Museums
Museums in Mesa County, Colorado

CAF Rocky Mountain Wing Museum


Service Climate has been embedded in the research of social climate (see also: Social environment) which relates to the overall group influence of individuals who partake in certain within-group activities (i.e. Waiting staff). The group aspect of service climate has been compared to atmospheric climate in a way to illustrate its inner distinctive characteristics between different groups of individuals. The social environment has also been related to entrepreneurial leadership within business management and how organizing a group of people can be done to achieve a common goal. Evidence also leads to a rise in research beginning with early social experiments in the 1960s.

"Like meteorological or atmospheric climate, social climate is relatively distinctive across groups (as the Tropics differ from the Himalayas); is dynamic or changeable within groups (like the seasons); and can influence behavior (like an individual's choice of clothing). Social climate research has grown considerably since White and Lippitt's (1960) early experiments comparing democratic, autocratic, and laissez-faire leadership in small groups of children. The concept and measurement of social climate have since been applied across widely diverse disciplines both within and outside the field of psychology."

Climate for service refers to employee perceptions of the practices, procedures, and behaviors that get rewarded, supported, and expected with regard to customer service and customer service quality. For example, to the extent that employees perceive that they are rewarded for delivering quality service, their organization's service climate will be stronger. Additionally, perceptions that customer service is important to management will also contribute to a strong service climate.

"A set of foundation issues that support employee work and service quality is conceptualized as a necessary but not sufficient cause of a climate for service, which in turn is proposed to be reflected in customer experiences."

Service climate is a collective and shared phenomenon. This climate is built in the light of organizational practices focused on customer service.

The way boundary workers (employees with whom customers physically interact in the course of doing business with an organization) perceive their organizations' service climates are related to the service quality perceived by those organizations' customers.

Importance of the service climate
Research has shown that service quality is ultimately related to customer loyalty and retention and, eventually, to higher profits for the organization.
"This skepticism about the value of service quality makes it imperative that research be undertaken to address the quantification of the impact of customer satisfaction on observable financial measures, to place programs to improve customer satisfaction and service quality on an even footing with most other business programs that must justify themselves financially.".

Antecedents of the service climate
The recent research had confirmed the previous findings regarding the positive relationship between organizational resources as an antecedent of service climate, and also showed that this relationship is fully mediated by engagement at the group level. Thus, at the work-unit level, engagement contributes to improve shared service climate among service units.

As well, the research shows that when employees working in work units perceive that the availability of organizational resources (i.e., training, autonomy and technology) remove obstacles at work, they feel more engaged in work, which in turn is related to a better climate for service. Working in an organization that facilitates work for the customers exerts a powerful influence on collective engagement (i.e., the members of the work unit feel more vigorous and persistent, dedicated and absorbed in their tasks). This in turn has a very positive impact on shared service climate perceptions.

The relation between the service climate and customer loyalty seems to be reciprocal, since it was found that the greater is the service climate, the higher is the customer loyalty, (partially mediated by performance) and the higher is the customer loyalty, the greater is the service climate.(Schneider et al., 1998).

References

Customer service
Services marketing

Service climate


Acropyga glaesaria is an extinct species of ant in the subfamily Formicinae known from a group of possibly Miocene fossils found on Hispaniola. A. glaesaria is the first species of the ant genus Acropyga to have been described from fossils found in Dominican amber and is the one of several species of Acropyga found in the West Indies. As with other members of the genus, A. glaesaria was most likely trophobiotic.

History and classification
Acropyga glaesaria is known from six fossil insects which are inclusions in transparent chunks of Dominican amber. The amber was produced by the extinct Hymenaea protera, which formerly grew on Hispaniola, across northern South America and up to southern Mexico. The specimens were collected from undetermined amber mines in fossil bearing rocks of the Cordillera Septentrional mountains, northern Dominican Republic. The amber dates from at least the Burdigalian stage of the Miocene, based on studying the associated fossil foraminifera and may be as old as the Middle Eocene, based on the associated fossil coccoliths. This age range is due to the host rock being secondary deposits for the amber, and the Miocene the age range is only the youngest that it might be.

The holotype amber specimen, number DR-16-603, entombs an alate queen associated with the only known Electromyrmococcus inclusus, and one paratype queen, in a separate amber specimen with the E. reginae holotype, are currently preserved in the American Museum of Natural History in New York. A single specimen in the collections at the Naturmuseum Senckenberg in Frankfurt, Germany preserves two more paratype queens and the two known paratype males, all in association with the holotype of E. abductus.
The fossils were first studied by entomologist John LaPolla of the Smithsonian Institution. LaPolla's 2005 type description of the new species was published in the journal Transactions of the American Entomological Society. The specific epithet glaesaria is derived from the Latin for "of amber" in reference to the preservation of the fossils.

Prior to the species formal description in 2005 the fossils had been attributed to the genus Brachymyrmex and in the 2001 description of Electromyrmococcus specimens of A. glaesaria were suggested to represent several different Acropyga species. The generic placement was stabilized with a review and clarification of the scope of Acropyga by LaPolla in 2004, while the suggestion of multiple species based on morphology was shown to be an artifact of distortion and preservation in the amber. The association of A. glaesaria and the Electromyrmococcus species is one of the oldest examples of trophobiosis. Modern Acropyga are thought to be fully reliant on mealy bug species as their source of food and reproductive only emerge from the nest during the mating flight, each carrying a seed bug in their mandibles.

Description
The Acropyga glaesaria specimens are well preserved, though the specimens show some distortion from the amber moving after entombment. The specimens of queens have estimated body lengths between ,while the measured male shows a length of about . The overall coloration of the A. glaesaria queens is a light yellow tone, typical for members of the genus and the males are a slightly darker dusky yellow which is also typical. The antennae are thickened with nine total segments, the apical of which is a little longer than the next three segments combined. The mandibles have eight teeth overall, with the fourth and seventh from the mandible apex being the longest overall.

References

External links

Miocene insects of North America
Fossil taxa described in 2005
Fauna of Hispaniola
Insects of the Dominican Republic
Extinct animals of the Dominican Republic
Fossils of the Dominican Republic
Dominican amber
Formicinae
Fossil ant taxa
Prehistoric insects of the Caribbean

Acropyga glaesaria


Never Back Down: No Surrender (also known as Never Back Down 3 and The Fighters 3: No Surrender) is a 2016 martial arts film, directed by Michael Jai White, written by Chris Hauty and Jai White, produced by Craig Baumgarten and starring Jai White, Josh Barnett, Gillian White, Steven Quardos, Nathan Jones and Esai Morales. It is the sequel to Never Back Down 2: The Beatdown, and was released on DVD on June 7, 2016. In No Surrender, which picks up two years after the events of the second film, the former MMA champion Case Walker is on the comeback trail to become champion once again.

Plot
It has been two years since Case Walker has re-entered the world of professional mixed martial arts fighting, but had grown tired of it. He now competes in amateur bouts in an effort to teach his opponents how to utilize their skills. After such a match in Beaumont, Texas, Case runs into Brody James, an old friend who is also an MMA fighter. Brody has signed with PFC Combat, a promotion run by Hugo Vega, in which Brody has signed to fight the 7-foot beast Caesar Braga for the PFC Championship in Bangkok. Brody asks Case to help him train for the fight, knowing Case needs to find his way back as well as attempt to help Brody go on the straight and narrow. Case reluctantly accepts Brody's offer and travels to Thailand.

Case goes to the Top Fight Gym, where he already finds resistance from Brody's other trainer Matty Ramos. To make matters worse, Case is ridiculed for his training by "Cobra" O'Connor, a younger fighter whose arrogance gets the best of him. During a challenge, Case deflects Cobra's moves and uses elements from Kyokushin to knock Cobra out. Case soon finds himself becoming a mentor to two up-and-coming fighters, Taj and "Creech". Case's pummeling of Cobra attracts the attention of Vega, who is revealed to have some sort of history with Case. PFC marketing director Myca Cruz begins to have a liking to Case and asks him on a date to get to know him, to which he agrees.

When Case has his date with Myca, Matty watches the two together and decides to use it against Case when it comes to Brody. Brody has been slowing down his training and Vega, in an effort to make the fight a success, recommends that Brody use steroids from his supplier to help him better himself. Matty tells Brody of Myca and Case, in which their date ends abruptly when Myca brings up Case's time in prison, making him feel very uncomfortable. When Brody offers to spar with Case, the session gets out of hand as Brody goes too far, hitting Case in the head, to which he retaliates in a way he never expected. Despite apologizing to Brody, their friendship seems to have ended. That is until Case notices Brody using steroids. After training one night, Case and Brody go out to eat. It is then when Brody realizes his mistakes and apologizes. He vows to Case he will do things the right way and even tells Case that Myca would be a good woman for him. Brody and Case work together to begin training for the fight along with Matty, who thanks to an intervention from Brody, agrees to work with Case in training Brody for the title fight. However, viral footage of Case beating up the racist policemen from two years prior has grabbed the attention of many, thus causing Vega to realize that Brody may not be the one worthy of the fight against Braga.

During training, a Sambo wrestler named Boris injures Brody's knee. Case reveals that he had secretly replaced Brody's steroids with baby aspirin and other placebo drugs. Vega offers Case a million dollars to fight Braga. Beginning to train for the fight under the mentorship of Brody and physical training from Matty, Taj confronts Case, accusing him of "selling out". The next day, Case's suspicions are confirmed as he breaks into Boris's locker and discovering a text message telling Vega "It's done". Case knows that he is forced to fight, but must find a way to stop both Braga and Vega, who is set to make a lot of money off the fight and prove that he is responsible for Brody's injury.

At the night of the fight, Myca, who has become Case's girlfriend, tells Vega she quits. Case realizes how he can stop Vega and starts a fight with Braga outside the ring. When Braga gets the best of Case, Case resorts to using Kyokushin again, this time using a Nakadaka Ken (Extended middle knuckle punch) that damages Braga's ribs. Case continues using traditional karate techniques and knocks Braga out with a Kaiten Geri (Rolling Wheel Kick) to his head. Vega threatens to sue, but Case tells Vega that they have the proof of him causing Brody's injury and that suing could cost Vega millions of dollars. To make matters worse, Vega must pay back everyone who came to see the fight, to which he storms off in anger, knowing he has been defeated. Case, Myca, Brody, and their crew leave the ring arena knowing they have achieved victory.

Cast
 Michael Jai White as Casey "Case" Walker Jr.
 Josh Barnett as Brody James
 Gillian White as Myca Cruz
 Esai Morales as Hugo Vega
 Tyler Randell as David Barrett
 Stephen Quadros as Matty Ramos
 Amarin Cholvibul as Taj Mahale
 Daniel Renalds as "Creech"
 Owen O'Brien as "Cobra" O'Connar
 Nathan Jones as Caesar Braga
 Jeeja Yanin as Jeeja
 Sahajak Bonthanakit as Joe Kanarot
 Lauren Fornazieri as Brittany
 Nihala Waters as Morgan Cruz
 Brahim Achabbakhe as Brody's Young Fighter
 Logan Brumfield as Boris
 Tony Jaa as Himself
 Rampage Jackson as Himself
 Michael Schiavello as Himself

Ron Smoorenburg appears uncredited as Case's first opponent. Evan Peters appears as Max Cooperman in a flashback scene from Never Back Down 2: The Beatdown.

Production
Filming started in Thailand in June 2015.

Sequel

A sequel, titled Never Back Down: Revolt, was released on November 16, 2021. Kellie Madison directed the film and a new cast includes Olivia Popica, Michael Bisping, Brooke Johnston, Vanessa Campos, Diana Hoyos, Neetu Chandra and James Faulkner.

References

External links

2016 films
2016 action films
American martial arts films
Direct-to-video sequel films
2010s English-language films
Films directed by Michael Jai White
Films scored by Frederik Wiedmann
Films set in Texas
Films set in Bangkok
Films shot in Bangkok
Mixed martial arts films
2016 martial arts films
2010s American films

Never Back Down: No Surrender


WFBO-LP (97.7 FM, "Oldies 97.7 The Blizzard") was a low-power FM radio station in Flagler County, Florida, with their last studio location at 819 North A1A Suite B in Flagler Beach, Florida. The antenna and transmitter were located on and in the Aliki Condo 1601 North Central Ave. and never relocated. This was also the location of the studio when the station first went on air.

In 2004, the station relocated to the second floor of Century 21 A1A, 1399 North Oceanshore Blvd., on A1A in Flagler Beach. Then in February 2006, the studio moved to 819 North A1A Suite B in the Prudential Real Estate building in Flagler Beach. Due to the real estate company moving offices, the studio moved to European Village Resort, 101 Palm Harbor Parkway, Palm Coast, in September 2006, before it went back to 819 North A1A Suite B in 2007, till its demise and it relinquished its broadcast license to the Federal Communications Commission in November 2008, in lieu on not having to pay its second fine of $8,000 to the F.C.C.
The station moved from 93.3 to 97.7 MHz on April 28, 2008, to have a better signal output due to interference from high power stations on 93.3 in Tampa and Jacksonville. The station was licensed to Halifax Christian Community Church Inc. The station also had a webcast on Live 365.com, accessible through the station's website.

K.P. Manning was "The Blizzard" General Manager and did the morning show since the start of the station in September 2002 until July 2006.

Ronald L. Kocher started WFBO-LP and was President, CEO, and Chief Engineer responsible for all legal actions.

References

See:

for FCC fine information.

External links

FBO-LP
Radio stations established in 2002
FBO-LP
Oldies radio stations in the United States
Flagler County, Florida
2002 establishments in Florida
Defunct radio stations in the United States
2008 disestablishments in Florida
Radio stations disestablished in 2008
FBO-LP

WFBO-LP


On 21 March 2019, an explosion occurred at a chemical plant in Chenjiagang Chemical Industry Park, , Xiangshui County, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China.

78 people were killed and 617 injured in this accident.

Background
The plant — located in Yancheng's industrial park—was operated by Tianjiayi Chemical (), and was used to produce fertilizer or pesticides.  Tianjiayi Chemical had previously been punished six times for not obeying pollution and waste management laws, and China Daily reported fines over safety issues.

On November 27, 2007, an explosion occurred in one of the chemical factories in Chenjiagang Chemical Zone (), with 7 killed and around 50 injured. On November 23, 2010, more than thirty were poisoned by a harmful gas release. In the early morning of February 10, 2011, rumors of harmful chemical release and potential upcoming explosions in the Chenjiagang Chemical Industry Park led over ten thousand residents to move away in panic from the towns of Chenjiagang and Shuanggang () during which four people died and many were injured. On the afternoon of May 18 and again on July 26 in 2011, there were explosions at local factories.

Explosion
The explosion happened at a local time of 14:48 (06:48 GMT). 78 people were killed, and at least 94 were severely injured, 32 of whom were critically injured. Around 640 people required hospital treatment and were taken to 16 hospitals. The injured included children at a local kindergarten. CENC detected an artificial earthquake at .

The force of the blast started fires in Yancheng, knocked down several buildings, and reportedly destroyed windows several kilometers away. The fire was reported to have been controlled by 03:00 local time. Considerable damage was caused to nearby factories and offices; the roof of Henglida Chemical Factory, 3 km from the explosion, fell in. At least one of the people killed was in another building destroyed by the blast. Windows are reported to have been blown out up to 6 km away from the explosion, and houses and other buildings were damaged in the nearby administrative divisions including Hai'an Town (Haianju) and Shadang.

Aftermath
The search for survivors was ongoing on 23 March; one survivor was rescued from the site on the morning of 23 March, but 25 of the 28 people earlier reported missing were found dead. According to the Jiangsu environmental protection bureau, the monitored levels of benzene, toluene, and xylene in the area were not abnormal, and levels of acetone and chloroform outside the explosion area were within normal limits.

References

2019 explosions in Asia
2019 in China
2010s disasters in China
March 2019 events

2019 Xiangshui chemical plant explosion


Max Jenkins (born March 13, 1985) is an American actor and writer.  He starred as Max Carnegie in NBC's comedy-drama detective series The Mysteries of Laura. He is also known for his appearances in HBO's acclaimed series High Maintenance.

Career
Jenkins was first seen on High Maintenance in the webisode "Olivia" in 2013, guest-starring opposite Heléne Yorke. BuzzFeed lauded Jenkins and Yorke in their list of "16 Scene-Stealers From TV Comedy" in 2014, while Indiewire praised "Olivia" as "one of the series' strongest and most popular episodes."

Jenkins has also given critically acclaimed performances in various New York theatre productions, notably Unnatural Acts at Classic Stage Company. The play, co-written by Jenkins and other members of the cast, was nominated for three 2012 Drama Desk Awards, including Outstanding Play.

Upon the premiere of The Mysteries of Laura on September 17, 2014, The Los Angeles Times cited Jenkins as "fabulous," adding that he "may deserve a show of his own."

In August 2018, it was announced that Jenkins was cast as Christopher Doyle in the Netflix dark comedy series, Dead to Me.

In 2022, he played Jeff in the world premiere production of Which Way to the Stage off-Broadway.

Personal life
Jenkins was born and raised in New York City.

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male web series actors
American gay actors
American gay writers
LGBT producers
LGBT people from New York (state)
Male actors from New York City

Max Jenkins


The Taron or T'rung (တရုမ်း ) are an ethnic group in the Himalayan foothills of northern Kachin, Myanmar, whose population is declining to the point where they may disappear entirely. They have been referred to as the "East Asian pygmies". They are allegedly descended from an ethnic group concentrated in China known as Derung who migrated to Burma from Tibet in the 1880s.

Like the Pygmies of Central Africa and the Negritos of Southeast Asia, the Tarons are very small, averaging less than 129.5 cm (4 feet and 3 inches).

Evolutionary history
The Tarons have received their name from their original homeland, the headwaters of the Taron River (Derong/Dulong). Leaving their original homeland around 200 years ago, the Tarons moved into Burma territory through the Thalalarkha mountain pass.
They settled in Kachin State, in the lower Adunlaung River valley in the Naung Mun Township of Putao District. The landscape is dense forests and difficult terrain, with torrential streams and snow-clad mountains that are home to rare wild animals such as the blue sheep and the leaf deer.

In the 1960s, a Burmese research expedition found over 50 pure-blood pygmies, and although cases of cretinism, intellectual disability, goiter, spasticism and other physical and mental ailments were noted, they felt as though the community would sustain itself.

A 1997 field trip commissioned by the Kachin State Peace and Development Council revealed that only eight individuals of pure Taron stock remained. It makes the Taron one of the most highly endangered human populations in the world today.

Alan Rabinowitz visited their village to learn about the Taron pygmies in the late 1990s, and discovered the fate of the tribe. Dawi, age 39, the youngest remaining pure-blood Taron, explained that Taron babies were being born with increasingly severe birth defects, without any known cause. The Taron elders decided that their population would go extinct rather than risk any more misshapen children. As a child, Dawi's father demanded that he would not marry or have children. Rabinowitz's visit was followed by anthropologist P. Christiaan Klieger of the California Academy of Sciences in 2003. Then, Dawi announced he would travel to Tibet or Yunnan in order to search for a wife, since many Taron/Dulong people lived there.

Link with the Derung people
It has been proposed by Richard D. Fisher that the Taron people are descended from the Derung people who are based in the Dulong Valley in Yunnan, China. There are currently approximately 5,000 ethnic Derung people living in six designated villages within the valley. This is based on Klieger's work  Derung is simply a Chinese term for Taron or T'rung.

Genetic similarities between the two ethnic groups have been observed, and it has been purported that all the Taron people were derived from three Derung people who migrated from Tibet to Myanmar in the 1880s.

References

Citations

General references
Discussion on the current status of the Taron
Alan Rabinowitz's Fight of His Life
An Asian Pygmy and his Pal from Far Rockaway
 myanmartravelinformation.com about-myanmar/myanmar-people/158-taron
 myanmartravelinformation.com mti-myanmar-people/taron

Indigenous peoples of Southeast Asia
Ethnic groups in Myanmar

Taron people


M2M is a three-letter abbreviation with multiple meanings, as described below:

In computing,
M2M (Eclipse), an implementation of the Object Management Group's QVT standard for model transformation
Machine to Machine, a word describing the field of machine-to-machine communications
Made2Manage, a software application by Consona Corporation

In music and film,
M2M (band), a musical group
Minutes to Midnight (album), the third and most recent album from the band Linkin Park
Mission to Mars, a 2000 film

In other uses,
Man-to-man defense, a defensive tactic used in a variety of sports

Related pages
 MTM

M2M


The William J. Paugh House, also known as Rosewall, is a very pure example of a Carpenter Gothic - Gothic Revival house, one of a very few in Northern California. It is located in Jackson, California, in Amador County. It was built in the late 1850s by Charles L. Parish, artist, architect and builder.

According to Parish family lore, it was built to impress a school teacher that Charles was in love with, in order to persuade  her to marry him. When his intended bride   was tragically killed in a "runaway accident", he raffled the house off, charging one dollar a ticket. He called the raffle "The Charles L. Parish Gift and Musical Entertainment Raffle". He sold 8,650 tickets around the state in 1860 and 1861. Advertisements appeared in the Amador Ledger-Dispatch and the Sacramento Daily Union.

The house was won in 1861 by Amador County's second Sheriff, Dr. William J. Paugh, who lived there until 1870, when he moved to San Francisco to practice medicine as a physician/surgeon. It was sold at that time to George Snowden Andrews, Jackson Wells Fargo agent from 1857 until 1875.

In 1884 the owner of the house, Superior Court judge George Moore, was shot and killed in the sitting room. A reward was offered by the governor of the state in hopes of apprehending the assassin.

In 1918 Susan Hocking, who owned the house with her husband Tobias T. Hocking, died from the Spanish flu, the worst pandemic in human history. She is buried in the Jackson City cemetery.

In 1940 the house was purchased by Walter and Margaret Voss. Walter died in 1958. Margaret, an educated and strong willed woman, lived there until her death in 2001 at 102 years of age, having lived in three centuries.

The house was purchased by Jerry and Jeanette Chaix in 2001 and completely restored during the years 2002–2006. It was placed on The National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

References

External links
For a complete history of the house and its restoration see Paugh House website

Carpenter Gothic architecture in California
Houses in Amador County, California
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in California
National Register of Historic Places in Amador County, California

William J. Paugh House


The Metropolitan Borough of Fulham was a metropolitan borough in the County of London between 1900 and 1965, when it was merged with the Metropolitan Borough of Hammersmith to form the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. It was a riverside borough, and comprised the many centuries-long definition of Fulham so included parts often considered of independent character today Walham Green, Parsons Green, Hurlingham, Sands End and that part of Chelsea Harbour west of Counter's Creek. The SW6 postal district approximately follows this as does the direct, though less empowered, predecessor Fulham civil parish.

Coat of arms

When the metropolitan borough was formed it carried on using the unofficial arms adopted by its predecessor, Fulham vestry in 1886. This was a quartered shield, with a depiction of a bridge in the first and fourth quarters. The bridge in the first quarter was the original wooden Putney Bridge, opened in 1729 with its toll houses. Its replacement, the present Putney Bridge, constructed of stone, was shown in the fourth quarter. The new bridge was opened in 1886, when the arms were designed. The second quarter showed crossed swords, from the arms of the Bishop of London. The manor of Fulham was held by the bishop from 691, and his official residence, Fulham Palace, was built in the area. The third quarter was the arms then associated with the county of Middlesex, in which Fulham lay until 1889. The three seaxes on a red field was also regarded as the arms of Essex.

In 1927 councillor F. H. Barber, proprietor of Barber's Department Store in the borough, offered to pay the
costs of a grant of arms and new civic regalia. Accordingly, an official grant was obtained from the College of Arms
on 12 October of that year, blazoned as follows:
Barry wavy of ten, Argent and azure, on a Saltire gules, two swords in Saltire points upwards of the first enfiled of a Mitre Or, and for the Crest upon a Mural Crown of Seven turrets Or and Ancient Rowing Ship in full sail Sable, the Flags per fesse Argent and Azure charged on the sail with a Rose Gules, surmounted by a Rose Argent barbed Vert and seeded proper.
The silver and blue wavy field was for the River Thames, the swords and mitre signifying the Bishop of London.

The crest rose from a gold mural crown, resembling a city wall, and thus municipal government. The crest itself was
a black ship, recalling an expedition to Fulham by the Danes in 879. The main sail was charged with a Tudor rose, recalling the importance of the area in that era, when Fulham Palace was rebuilt.

The Latin motto, Pro Civibus Et Civitate, was translated as "for citizens and state".

The waves from the shield, the two swords, the mitre and most of the crest was brought to the coat of arms of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham when Fulham and Hammersmith merged to form a new London borough in 1965.

Population and area
Over its existence the borough's area varied from 1,704 to . The population, as recorded at the census, was:

Fulham Vestry 1801-1899

Metropolitan Borough 1900–1961
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
|| 1901||1911 || 1921 || 1931 || 1941 || 1951 || 1961
|-
! Population|| 137,289 || 153,284 || 157,938 || 150,928 ||<ref>The census was suspended for World War II</ref>|| 122,064 || 111,791
|}

Town Hall
The borough was administered from Fulham Town Hall, on Fulham Broadway, in Walham Green. The hall had been built in 1888 – 1890 for the Fulham vestry, and was in the classical renaissance'' style. When the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham was formed, Hammersmith Town Hall was adopted as the administrative centre. Some offices remain at Fulham however, and contains a registry office. The grand hall is a popular venue for concerts and dances. The london borough council also makes the building available for filming purposes.

Politics

Under the Metropolis Management Act 1855 any parish that exceeded 2,000 ratepayers was to be divided into wards; however the parish of Fulham did not exceed this number so was not divided into wards.

In 1883-84 the population had increased enough for the parish to be divided into three wards (electing vestrymen): North End (27), Walham (27) and South Fulham (18).

In 1894 as its population had increased the newly incorporated vestry was re-divided into eight wards (electing vestrymen): Baron's Court (12), Margravine (9), Munster (9), Lillie (12), Walham (12), Town (6), Hurlingham (3) and Sands End (9).

The metropolitan borough was divided into eight wards for elections: Baron's Court, Hurlingham, Lillie, Margravine, Munster, Sands End, Town, and Walham.

Borough council

Parliament constituency
For elections to Parliament, the borough for 18 years amounted to one seat:
Fulham
In 1918 such representation was increased to two seats:
Fulham East
Fulham West
In 1955 such representation was reduced to  seats. The half seat shared was with part of the Metropolitan Borough of Hammersmith and was named:
Barons Court
The other seat was:
Fulham (reduced period of the seat mentioned in the bullet point above)

References

Further reading

Metropolitan boroughs of the County of London
History of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
1900 establishments in the United Kingdom
1965 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Districts abolished by the London Government Act 1963
Metropolitan Borough of

Metropolitan Borough of Fulham


KBMY (channel 17) is a television station in Bismarck, North Dakota, United States, affiliated with ABC and MyNetworkTV. Owned by Forum Communications Company, the station maintains a news bureau and advertising sales office on North 15th Street in Bismarck, and its transmitter is located near St. Anthony, North Dakota.

Although identifying as a separate station in its own right, KBMY is considered a semi-satellite of sister station and company flagship WDAY-TV (channel 6) in Fargo, which operates semi-satellite WDAZ-TV (channel 8) in Grand Forks. Internal operations are housed at WDAY-TV's studios on South 8th Street in Fargo. KBMY clears all network programming as provided through its parent WDAY-TV and simulcasts WDAY-TV's newscasts, but airs a separate offering of syndicated programming; there are also separate commercial inserts and legal station identifications.

KMCY (channel 14) in Minot, North Dakota operates as a semi-satellite of KBMY extending the ABC/MyNetworkTV signal into the northern half of the Bismarck–Minot market; this station's news bureau and advertising sales office are located on 2nd St SE in Minot, and its transmitter is located near South Prairie. KMCY simulcasts all network and syndicated programming as provided through KBMY but airs separate local commercial inserts and legal identifications.

History
KBMY signed on for the first time on March 31, 1985, and KMCY signed on for the first time in June 1985; bringing the full ABC schedule to central and western North Dakota and eastern Montana for the first time ever. Before 1985, this area had been one of the last in the United States without full network service. ABC was limited to off-hours clearances on KX Television (KXMC/KXMD/KXMB/KXMA) and Meyer Television (KFYR/KQCD/KMOT/KUMV). From the 1970s onward, some cable subscribers in western North Dakota received the full ABC schedule from KULR-TV (now NBC) from Billings, KFBB-TV from Great Falls, KOTA-TV from Rapid City or KUSA in Denver. The eastern half of the market was served by Fargo's KTHI-TV (now KVLY-TV) until it swapped affiliations with WDAY/WDAZ in 1983. From 1983 onward, cable systems in Bismarck piped in WDAY-TV, while cable systems in Minot piped in WDAZ.

On paper, western North Dakota had been large enough to support three full network affiliates since at least the late 1960s. However, this region is one of the largest geographic markets in the nation, spilling across large slices of North Dakota, Montana, and South Dakota. It is so vast that KX Television and Meyer Television both need four full-power stations to adequately cover it. On paper, the FCC collapsed central and western North Dakota into one giant market in 1957. However, the market was not fully realized until 1980, when Meyer upgraded its low-powered translator in Dickinson to full-powered KQCD, prompting Dickinson's original station, KDIX-TV (now KXMA) to become a separately-owned satellite of KX Television. Additionally, the only available commercial allocations were on the UHF band; UHF stations have never covered large areas very well. By the early 1980s, cable television—a must for acceptable television in much of this vast market—had gained enough penetration for a network affiliate on the UHF band to be viable.

In the early 2000s, KBMY signed on two low-powered translators to serve the smaller cities in the market, K44HR in Williston and K42FY in Dickinson. Prior to K44HR's inception, cable systems in Williston, Dickinson and the western half of the market piped in Denver's ABC affiliate—KUSA prior to 1995 and KMGH-TV after 1995. The Dickinson station directly repeated KBMY, while the Williston station repeated KMCY.

From the 1990s until 2007, KBMY and KMCY were known collectively as ABC West. That year, the stations changed their monikers in favor of the station identities for their area. From 2002 until 2008, KBMY/KMCY was operated by Prime Cities Broadcasting, owner of western North Dakota's Fox affiliate, KNDX/KXND, in a local marketing agreement. The LMA allowed KBMY/KMCY to share the facilities, staff, and some equipment of KNDX/KXND.

The LMA with KNDX/KXND ended in 2008, with Forum opting to partner with Reiten Television in KBMY/KMCY's local operations via a joint sales agreement. While some local advertising staffers were based at KXMB-TV in Bismarck and KXMC-TV in Minot, most operations have been consolidated at WDAY-TV's studios in Fargo.

Under this arrangement, KBMY and KMCY's programming was transported from WDAY-TV's studios to Bismarck via leased microwave relay bandwidth furnished by Prairie Public Broadcasting's statewide digital terrestrial microwave network (the only permanent full-time video link from Fargo to Bismarck for television broadcasting). The signal was then sent to KXMB from Prairie Public via fiber-optic line, where it then is exported via a studio to transmitter link (STL) from KXMB's studios to KBMY and KMCY's transmitters.

As part of the JSA with Reiten, KBMY/KMCY were picked up on the digital subchannels of KX Television satellites KXMA-TV in Dickinson and KXMD-TV in Williston starting in May 2009, and the translators serving Dickinson and Williston were shut down. The JSA was terminated following the acquisition of the KX stations by Nexstar Broadcasting Group on February 2, 2016. At the same time, the ABC subchannels of KXMA and KXMD were replaced with The CW Plus. Due to the high penetration of cable and satellite in this market, however, few viewers in the western part of the market lost access to ABC programming.

WDAY Xtra
WDAY Xtra is a digital subchannel carried on WDAY 6.3, WDAZ 8.3, KBMY 17.3, and KMCY 14.3, airing as a primary affiliation to MyNetworkTV on KBMY and KMCY and independent without interruption on WDAY-TV and WDAZ-TV. This subchannel airs syndicated programming, North Dakota and Minnesota high school sports, North Dakota high school state tournaments, Minnesota State University Moorhead athletics, and select University of North Dakota athletic events. It airs Doppler weather radar and "Storm Tracker" weather loop with easy listening music during overnights.

WDAY Xtra became available in HD in 2014, and in 2016, MyNetworkTV programming began airing (in prime time), although on KBMY and KMCY only (in Bismarck and Minot respectively) but not on WDAY-TV in Fargo or WDAZ-TV in Devils Lake/Grand Forks (the most likely reason being that both of those stations broadcast to a viewing area that is currently being serviced by MyNetworkTV affiliate KRDK-TV from Valley City/Fargo).

Starting on August 29, 2016, WDAY Xtra and the Justice Network aired WDAY Xtra News during weekdays at 9:00 p.m. It is offered on Midco cable channel 594. KBMY and KMCY began carrying this subchannel in 2013.

News and programming

When KBMY/KMCY signed on in 1985, the stations originated and aired a local newscast at 10 p.m. with on-location ENG and studio news coverage for the Bismarck and Minot areas. With fewer reporters than KX Television and Meyer Television, as well as a smaller footprint (only two transmitters to four apiece for their competitors), KBMY concentrated on in-depth reporting. However, despite Forum's resources and legacy in North Dakota (sister stations WDAY/WDAZ are among the strongest ABC affiliates in the nation), KBMY/KMCY made almost no headway against Meyer Television and KX Television. Forum shelved this first attempt at a local newscast in March 1989 due to concerns about costs; a new reporter was to have moved from California before the shutdown. The nationally syndicated USA Today: The Television Show took over the newscast's former timeslot in KBMY/KMCY's schedule.

For the next quarter-century, the stations were among the few Big Three affiliates in the nation with no long form newscasts. From the mid-1990s to 2014, the closest thing to a newscast on the stations was Good Morning West Dakota, a 30-minute morning show produced by Bismarck radio station KBMR. Even then, there were no local cut-ins during Good Morning America.

Starting in 2014, WDAY-TV began reorienting its newscasts to a statewide focus, and gradually began simulcasting them on KBMY/KMCY. The Sunday 5:30 p.m. (Central Time) newscast was the first rolled out to Bismarck, in February 2014. First News broadcasts during weekday mornings from 5:00 a.m. to 7:00 a.m. (Central Time) debuted in April 2014, and the stations began airing WDAY's 5:00 p.m. (Central Time) weekday newscast in August 2014. Local cut-ins during Good Morning America are broadcast from WDAY-TV's studios. WDAY's 6 p.m. newscast debuted on September 14, 2015 with the 10 p.m. news starting on December 5, 2016.

The stations do not produce much local content, mostly serving as "pass-throughs" for automated programming from ABC and WDAY/WDAZ.

KBMY and KMCY sign off on Monday mornings at 4:30 a.m., returning to the air just minutes later.

Technical information

Subchannels
The stations' digital signals are multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
KBMY shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 17, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station "flash-cut" its digital signal into operation on UHF channel 17.

KMCY shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 14, on February 10, 2009, and "flash-cut" its digital signal into operation on UHF channel 14.

References

ABC network affiliates
True Crime Network affiliates
MyNetworkTV affiliates
Ion Television affiliates
Defy TV affiliates
Forum Communications Company
Television channels and stations established in 1985
BMY
1985 establishments in North Dakota
Bismarck, North Dakota

KBMY


Wooden Ships and Iron Men is a naval board wargame simulating naval combat during the Age of Sail that was published by Battleline Publications in 1974, then revised and republished by Avalon Hill the following year.

Name
The name should come from the phrase attributed to Austrian admiral Wilhelm von Tegetthoff about the battle of Lissa «Wooden ships commanded by men with iron heads defeated iron ships commanded by men with wooden heads», with which he wanted to ascribe the defeat's responsibility to the inept Italian commands, in particular to Carlo Pellion di Persano.

Description
Wooden Ships and Iron Men is a two-player game that simulates naval combat in the 18th and 19th centuries between individual ships as well as with larger fleet actions. The 1975 Avalon Hill edition of the game has 23 scenarios, including the Battles of The Saintes, the Nile, and Trafalgar, as well as smaller and lesser known actions. (Avalon Hill published a further nine scenarios in various issues of The General).

Components
The Avalon Hill 1975 edition of the game comes with:
 22" x 28" mounted hex grid map board (representing ocean) in two single-fold pieces. (In the 1981 2nd edition, this became a single piece four-fold board.)
 rule book
 100 die-cut counters
 log sheets for plotting movement, forming boarding parties and tracking damage
 reference sheet
 six-sided die

Gameplay
The rules are divided into a Basic game and an Advanced game. There are also optional rules that can be added in whole or in part to the Advanced game. In addition to movement and combat, the rules cover towing damaged vessels, fields of fire restricted by fallen masts, running aground, determinlng depth of waters by means of a lead line, and exploding or sinking ships.

Combat
Damage can be inflicted on a ship either by the use of cannon fire, or by sending a boarding party to capture the ship.

Victory conditions
All scenarios use an identical method of calculating victory points by comparing the strengths of captured and destroyed vessels.

Publication history
In 1974, Battleline Publications released the first edition of Wooden Ships and Iron Men with what would become the Basic rules. The following year, Avalon Hill acquired the rights to the game and S. Craig Taylor revised the game, adding Advanced as well as optional rules. Game development was by Mick Uhl, and the revised game was published in 1975. Avalon Hill released a second edition with updated rules in 1981.

In 1987, Avalon Hill published an identically titled video game for the Commodore 64 that was based on the board game.

Nine years later, Avalon Hill released a second Wooden Ships and Iron Men video game, this one for PC computers.

Reception
In a 1976 poll conducted by wargame publisher Simulations Publications Inc. (SPI) to find the most popular wargame in the United States, Wooden Ships and Iron Men was Avalon Hill's most popular game, placing 7th out of 202 games. In a similar 1976 poll conducted by Avalon Hill, but only of their own games, Wooden Ships and Iron Men placed first out of 25 games.

In his 1977 book The Comprehensive Guide to Board Wargaming, Nicholas Palmer called the game "Playable and yet highly realistic; it simulates numerous naval battles at a detailed tactical level, with different types of sail, various forms of ammunition, and an immense range of different ships." Palmer noted that "wind plays a crucial role, and the reasons for the historical formations become apparent." He did note that many scenarios were unbalanced "but experienced players design their own groups from a point system." He concluded, "Complex but accurate."

In Issue 29 of Phoenix, Doug Davies admired the rules that emphasized the importance of wind direction. However, he noted that while differences in combat ability between various ships were reflected in the rules, no such difference in the navigation abilities of the crews were differentiated. He also noted that visibility in every scenario except one night action is assumed to be unlimited, which he thought "could be deemed to be unrealistic", given the amount of gunpowder smoke that drifted between the ships. He also felt that some unrealistic maneuvers could be made by canny players taking advantage of the map's hex grid. Davies also felt that too many of the scenarios involved actions that were historically unbalanced, and questioned why more closely balanced actions from history were not chosen, such as several historical and hard-fought naval battles during the American War of Independence. Despite these quibbles, Davies was quite taken with this game, and concluded "the best method of trying to appreciate the subtleties of the 'Nelson touch' is by playing the excellent Wooden Ships and Iron Men."

In Issue 19 of Wargamer, Andy Bagley called this game "arguably the most popular tactical naval game, a game whose simple mechanics belie the complexity and subtlety of skills needed by the would-be Admiral."

In the 1980 book The Complete Book of Wargames, Jon Freeman wrote, "two turns of this game speak volumes about the significance of wind direction for sailing ships-of-the-line [...] Purely for the feel of being there, this game is unsurpassed."

In Issue 4 of Command, Dennis Agosta called the game "easy to learn, easy to play, well-balanced and extremely exciting to play." His only complaint was that the game box did not include a tray to hold counters.

In The Guide to Simulations/Games for Education and Training, Martin Campion compared this game to its rival, Frigate (SPI, 1974), in terms of use in the classroom and noted, "They deal with the same subject, but Wooden Ships does it in much more detail. [Frigate] is best used for fleet actions with two to four players. [Wooden Ships] is best used in single ship actions with two players or fleet actions with a lot of players to do the bookwork."

Reviews
Jeux & Stratégie #10

Awards
At the 1997 Origins Awards, the 1996 video game for PC computers won Best Military or Strategy Computer Game of 1996.

Other recognition
Copies of both the board wargame (object ID 112.6288) and the videogame (object ID 112.6158) Wooden Ships and Iron Men are held in the collection of the Strong National Museum of Play.

References

Avalon Hill games
Battleline Publications games
Board games introduced in 1974
Board wargames set in Modern history
Naval board wargames
Naval games
Origins Award winners
Wargames introduced in 1974

Wooden Ships and Iron Men


Mara Corday (born Marilyn Joan Watts; January 3, 1930) is an American showgirl, model, actress, Playboy Playmate, and 1950s cult figure.

Early life
Corday was born in Santa Monica, California. Wanting a career in films, she came to Hollywood while still in her teens and found work as a showgirl at the Earl Carroll Theatre on Sunset Boulevard. Her physical beauty brought jobs as a photographer's model that led to a bit part as a showgirl in the 1951 film Two Tickets to Broadway.

Dancing
One of Corday's first professional jobs was as a dancer in the Earl Carroll Revue in Hollywood. Accompanied by her mother, Corday auditioned when she was 15 years old. During the 2½ years that she was in the show, she advanced "from showgirl to actress in the sketches". This was also when she adopted the stage name Mara Corday, because it made her seem more exotic. The name Mara came from a bongo player who called her Marita when Corday was working as an usher at the Mayan Theater; the name Corday was lifted from a bottle of perfume.

Film

Corday signed with Universal-International Pictures (UI) as a contract player, where she was given small roles in various B-movies and television series. In 1954, while on the set of Playgirl, she met actor and future husband Richard Long.

Her acting roles were small until 1955, when she was cast opposite John Agar and Leo G. Carroll in the successful science-fiction film Tarantula, which has Clint Eastwood in a very brief role as a jet fighter pilot. She had two other co-starring roles in the genre, The Black Scorpion and The Giant Claw (both 1957), as well as in a number of Western films, including Man Without a Star and Raw Edge. Film critic Leonard Maltin said Corday had "more acting ability than she was permitted to exhibit".

A few years after her husband's death in 1974, Corday's old friend Eastwood offered her a chance to return to films with a role in his 1977 film The Gauntlet. She also had a brief but significant role in Sudden Impact (1983), where she played the waitress who dumped sugar into the coffee of Det. Harry Callahan in that film's iconic "Go ahead, make my day" sequence. She acted with Eastwood again in his 1989 film Pink Cadillac, as well as in her last film, 1990's The Rookie.

Modeling
Corday appeared as a pinup girl in numerous men's magazines during the 1950s and was the Playmate of the October 1958 issue of Playboy, along with model Pat Sheehan.

Television
In 1956, Corday had a recurring role in the ABC television series Combat Sergeant. From 1959 to early 1961, Corday worked exclusively doing guest spots on various television series, such as Peter Gunn in the episode, "Keep Smiling".
She also guest starred with Steve McQueen in Wanted: Dead or Alive in April 1960.

Personal life
Following the 1955 death of Suzan Ball, the first wife of actor Richard Long, Corday began dating Long, and they married in 1957. Through Long's sister Barbara, Corday was a sister-in-law of actor Marshall Thompson. In the early 1960s, Corday gave up her career to devote herself to raising a family. Widowed in 1974, she had three children with Long during their 17-year marriage: Valerie, Carey, and Gregory.  Corday has also been a lifelong friend of actor Clint Eastwood, whom she met while working for Universal Pictures.

Partial filmography

 Two Tickets to Broadway (1951) - Showgirl / Passerby on Sidewalk (uncredited)
 Sea Tiger (1952) - Lola, Hotel Proprietress
 Son of Ali Baba (1952) - Girl on Balcony (uncredited)
 Toughest Man in Arizona (1952) - Bit Role (uncredited)
 The Lady Wants Mink (1953) - Model
 Problem Girls (1953) - Dorothy Childers
 Tarzan and the She-Devil (1953) - Locopo Woman (uncredited)
 Sweethearts on Parade (1953) - Belle
 Money from Home (1953) - Waitress (uncredited)
 Yankee Pasha (1954) - Harem Girl (uncredited)
 Playgirl (1954) - Pam
 Drums Across the River (1954) - Sue
 Francis Joins the WACS (1954) - Kate
 Dawn at Socorro (1954) - Letty Diamond
 So This Is Paris (1954) - Yvonne
 Man Without a Star (1955) - Moccasin Mary
 The Man from Bitter Ridge (1955) - Holly Kenton
 Tarantula (1955) - Stephanie 'Steve' Clayton
 Foxfire (1955) - Maria - Hugh Slater's Nurse
 Raw Edge (1956) - Paca
 A Day of Fury (1956) - Sharman Fulton
 Naked Gun (1956) - Louisa Jackson / Morales
 The Quiet Gun (1957) - Irene
 The Giant Claw (1957) - Sally Caldwell
 Undersea Girl (1957) - Valerie Hudson
 The Black Scorpion (1957) - Teresa Alvarez
 Girls on the Loose (1958) - Vera Parkinson
 The Restless Gun (1959) Episode "Shadow of a Gunfighter"
 The Gauntlet (1977) - Jail Matron
 Sudden Impact (1983) - Loretta - Coffee Shop Waitress
 Pink Cadillac (1989) - Stick Lady
 The Rookie (1990) - Interrogator #2 (final film role)

See also
 List of people in Playboy 1953–1959

References

External links

1930 births
Actresses from Santa Monica, California
Female models from California
American film actresses
American television actresses
Living people
1950s Playboy Playmates
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American women

Mara Corday


John Bull's Other Island is a comedy about Ireland, written by George Bernard Shaw in 1904. Shaw himself was born in Dublin, yet this is one of only two plays of his where he thematically returned to his homeland, the other being O'Flaherty V.C. The play was highly successful in its day, but is rarely revived, probably because so much of the dialogue is specific to the politics of the day.

Characters and original cast
Tom Broadbent – Louis Calvert
Larry Doyle – J. L. Shine
Tim Haffigan – Percival Stevens
Hodson – Nigel Playfair
Peter Keegan – Harley Granville Barker
Patsey Farrell – Graham Browne
Father Dempsey – Charles Daly
Corney Doyle – F. Cremlin
Barney Doran – Wilfred Shine
Matthew Haffigan – A. E. George
Aunt Judy – Agnes Thomas
Nora Reilly – Ellen O'Malley
Source: The Times.

Plot
The play deals with Larry Doyle, originally from Ireland, but who has adopted English cultural customs and manners to find his place in England and Tom Broadbent, his English business partner. They are civil engineers who run a firm in London. They go to Roscullen, where Doyle was born, to develop some land.

Doyle has no illusions about Ireland while Broadbent is taken with the romance of the place. Broadbent, a lively man who is seemingly not always aware of the impression he makes, becomes a favourite of the people. Before the play is over, it is clear he will marry Nora Reilly, the woman waiting for Doyle (who is more than happy to let her go) and become the area's candidate for Parliament after Doyle refuses to stand. Doyle has also 'called in' all his loans given "so easily" to the locals against their homes and intends (as he had planned all along) to make the village into an amusement park.

Another major character is the defrocked priest Peter (Father) Keegan, the political and temperamental opposite of Broadbent, who becomes suspicious of him upon his arrival and warns the locals against him.

Productions
The play was commissioned by W. B. Yeats for the opening of Dublin's Abbey Theatre, but Yeats rejected it as too long and too difficult to produce. He claimed that no actors were available who could do justice to the part of Broadbent. Peter Kavanagh suggests that Yeats' real reason was dislike of Shaw's style of playwriting: "at this time Yeats and Synge did not feel that Shaw belonged to the real Irish tradition. His plays would thus have no place in the Irish theatre movement. John Bull's Other Island was a play about Ireland but not of it. Furthermore, Shaw's plays were mostly argument, and Yeats particularly detested this quality in dramatic writing." Shaw himself commented the play was written at the request of "Mr William Butler Yeats as a patriotic contribution to the Repertory of the Irish Literary Theatre. Like most people who have asked me to write plays Mr Yeats got rather more than he bargained for ... It was uncongenial to the whole spirit of the neo-Gaelic movement, which is bent on creating a new Ireland after its own ideal, whereas my play is a very uncompromising presentment of the real old Ireland."

The play premiered in London at the Royal Court Theatre on November 1, 1904, under the Vedrenne-Barker management. Due to its length, Barker, with Shaw's consent but not approval, cut the play somewhat. Dealing with the Irish question of the time, the play was attended by many major British political figures.  A command performance was given for King Edward VII. He laughed so hard he broke his chair. This incident was widely reported and—after more than a decade of playwriting—Shaw's name was made in London. It was a great success and the Court would go on to produce many other Shaw plays, both old and new. In the words of T. F. Evans, "the age of Bernard Shaw may be said to have begun".

Political contexts
As popular as the play was originally, it is not one of Shaw's more revived pieces. Liz Kennedy reviewing a revival in 2004, during the New Labour government of Tony Blair, argued that the play was still relevant: "Shaw's vision from one hundred years ago was a far-seeing one...The drama has especial contemporary resonance in this continued period of political vacuum on our own shores" She particularly praised "Alan Cox, giving an appropriately mannered Blairite performance as Broadbent the Englishman...he might historically be a Liberal, but he sounded very New Labour."

References

1904 plays
Plays by George Bernard Shaw
Plays set in Ireland

John Bull's Other Island


HMS Dominica was the French privateer schooner J(T?)opo L'Oeil (aka Tape à lOeil or Tape à lOeuil or Tap à lOeil) that the British captured in 1807 in the Leeward Islands. She took part in one inconclusive single-ship action before she foundered in 1809.

Capture
On 17 October 1807 the British brig  encountered the French schooner privateer Jopo L'Oeil about 120 leagues east of Barbados. The sanguinary engagement between the two vessels lasted an hour and a quarter, with Captain John Buller of Superieure being killed instantly by a musket ball to the head while attempting to board the privateer early in the fight. Lieutenant John G. Bird took command and continued the fight until the privateer surrendered. She had a crew of 95 men. She was pierced for 14 guns but carried only six 18-pounders plus another one on a traveling carriage. She was 32 days out of Pointe-à-Pitre Guadeloupe and had made no captures. Bird described Jopo L'Oeil as "a remarkable fine Vessel". In the fight the British lost four men killed, including Buller, and eight men wounded; the French lost five killed and 19 wounded. The brig  was in sight during the engagement but was unable to close until after the fight was over. The British took the privateer into service as HMS Dominica.

Service
The British commissioned Dominica under Lieutenant Stephen Burke. At some point in 1807 Lieutenant J. Deane may have taken command. On 3 February 1808 Dominica had an inconclusive engagement with the French privateer Victor, of 18 guns. In 1809 Lieutenant Charles Welch took command.

Fate
Dominica foundered or capsized in a hurricane off Tortola in August 1809. Accounts differ as to survivors. Hepper reports that she foundered with all hands. Marx and Gosset reports that there were three survivors. The National Maritime Museum database records that there were five survivors.

Notes

Citations

References

Schooners of the Royal Navy
Maritime incidents in 1809
Shipwrecks of the British Virgin Islands
Privateer ships of France
1800s ships
Captured ships

HMS Dominica (1807)


Fabulous 208 (retitled Fab 208 from 1969 onwards) was a British pop music magazine.

History and profile

Published weekly between 1964 and 1980 by Fleetway (later IPC Magazines) and aimed at the teenage market, it ran for almost 900 issues, and oversaw a period of considerable change in popular music consumption, from the early years of the Beatles' career to the growth of the music video. Many of its contributors began their professional careers with the magazine including photographers David Steen and Robert Whitaker and writers Quentin Crewe, Sheena Mackay, Neil Aspinall and Michael Aldred.

First published as Fabulous on 18 January 1964, the Beatles appeared on the front cover, espousing the magazine's (then) unique selling proposition: full-colour pinups. At the time, Fabulous'''s competition - chiefly New Musical Express and Melody Maker - were newsprint publications. As Paul Jobling and David Crowley note, the Beatles went on to appear in every edition of the magazine for the next two years, and several early editions featured no other artists. In June 1966, after a deal with Radio Luxembourg to carry its programme listings and related items, the magazine was retitled Fabulous 208 - 208 metres being Radio Luxembourg's broadcast wavelength. At its peak it had a circulation of 250,000, and for the majority of the 1960s had the biggest market share of its type.

An innovation in the magazine's early years was celebrity guest editors, including Donovan, Cat Stevens, Gerry Marsden, the Kinks and Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick and Tich. Although its focus was pop music, Fabulous 208 was the first magazine of its type to cover other pop culture genres: fashion, films and television, and this later extended beyond the media to celebrity footballers such as George Best - a trend which was widely emulated in the late 60s and beyond, most notably by the ITV-sponsored Look-In.

Its readership had always been predominantly female, but as it moved into the 1970s the magazine repositioned itself more explicitly as a girl's publication, placing itself in competition with titles such as Jackie (which itself had launched only weeks after Fabulous) with more fashion features, and models replacing pop stars on the cover in most weeks. By the end of the 1970s it was being outsold by both Jackie and on the pop front by newly launched titles such as Smash Hits (from 1978). After a brief spell as rebranded as Fab Hits'' it was published for the last time on 27 September 1980, with the Beatles once again on the front cover.

References

Music magazines published in the United Kingdom
Fleetway and IPC Comics titles
Magazines established in 1964
Magazines disestablished in 1980
Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom
Weekly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Teen magazines

Fabulous 208


Jasminum officinale is the common Jasmine. It is in the family Oleaceae.
It is famous for its scent. It is also known as Poet's Jasmine or jessamine.

Garden history
For thousands of years, the Jasmine has been cultivated not only for the beauty of its small, white, star-like flowers, but also  for its intoxicating scent.

It is native to the foothills of the Western Himalayas and the Indus Valley plains of the Pakistani Punjab. The plant was cultivated and brought to the rest of the Indian subcontinent, China, the Middle East and other regions of Asia. From there, it spread into France, Italy and the Mediterranean, and eventually it was introduced to the rest of Western Europe and Britain. Today, Jasmine is grown and cultivated all over the world in its many varieties.

Since Jasmine has been cultivated all over the world for its flowers and scent, there are different varieties, and each type of Jasmine is associated with different meanings. In Pakistan, Jasmine is a very common plant and one can find it in any garden. Because of its attractive scent, the white Jasmine symbolizes attachment and represents amiability and modesty; therefore, Jasmine is named as the National flower of Pakistan respectively.

References

Plants of Asia
National symbols of Pakistan
Plants of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Oleaceae

Jasminum officinale


Three Summers (Greek: Τα ψάθινα καπέλα) is a Greek novel written by Margarita Liberaki and first published in 1946. In 1995 the novel was translated into English by Karen Van Dyck; it was reissued in 2019 by NYRB Classics.

In 2019 Van Dyck discussed the work she did translating the novel in a blog post for The Paris Review. She noted that the original title translated literally to The Straw Hats which she changed to avoid negative class connotations associated with the term "straw hats" in English.

Three teenage sisters, Maria, Infanta and Katarina, come of age in the countryside near Athens shortly before the outbreak of WWII.

Summary
In Kifisia three teenage sisters Maria, Infanta and Katarina, live on their grandfather's estate with their grandparents, mother and aunt. Their parents are divorced due to their father's infidelities. Maria, who is nineteen, spends the first summer being deliberately flirtatious while ignoring the attentions of Marios, their neighbour who is deeply in love with her. After abruptly losing her virginity to a handsome stranger, Maria decides she wants to marry and agrees to marry Marios.

The second summer Maria gives birth to her first child. Infanta has suitors, but taking after her artistic and ambitious aunt, she feels unable to pursue a sexual relationship with them. Katarina falls in love with one of her neighbours, David, and after a long and protracted summer flirtation they finally kiss in his observatory.

By the third summer Maria is pregnant again, though her marriage to Marios is already rocky as he spends most of his time at work and is uninterested in her domestic life. Infanta is pursued by a friend, Nikitas, but encouraged by her aunt Theresa rejects his advances to focus on her art. Katerina and David renew their affections after he returns from studying abroad.

Katerina learns that David has asked for her hand in marriage and decides to think over his proposal for a week. During this time period she discovers that her mother has secretly been keeping up a correspondence with her mother, a Polish born woman who abandoned her as a child. Katerina feels empathy for her mother and decides to reject David's offer of marriage.

Criticism
NPR called the translation "engaging and provocative."

References

NYRB Classics
1946 novels

Three Summers (novel)