Endy M. Bayuni (born 3 May 1957) is an Indonesian journalist, who served as chief editor of The Jakarta Post daily newspaper from 2004 to 2010 and 2016 to 2018. He is a co-founder and executive director of the International Association of Religion Journalists. In May 2020, he was named an inaugural member of Facebook's Oversight Board.

Early life and education
Endy Mouzardi Bayuni was born in Jakarta on 3 May 1957 to Rasyid Bayuni and Azhar Musa, both from Bukittinggi, West Sumatra. Endy's middle name, Mouzardi, was chosen because of his father's fondness for the music of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

His father worked as a diplomat, so Endy grew up in Burma (1958–59), Thailand (1960–64), Jakarta (1968-1972), Argentina (1972-74) and Switzerland (1974). After Rasyid was assigned to Geneva, Switzerland, as a staff representative of Indonesia to the United Nations, Endy decided to continue his education in England, where his older brother, Satri Bayuni, was working for Natrabu travel agency.

Endy studied economics at Kingston University in Surrey and received his bachelor's degree in 1981.

Career
After graduating from university, Endy joined his brother at Natrabu travel agency in London, sending British tourists to Indonesia. While applying for a work permit, he was ordered to leave England for working without permission. He returned to Jakarta in November 1982.

In Jakarta, Endy continued work for the travel agency. His parents hoped he would join the Foreign Affairs Ministry and work for the diplomatic corps, but Endy felt the salary of an Indonesia-based civil servant was too low.

In January 1983, the Kompas daily newspaper posted a job advertisement, seeking journalists for the forthcoming The Jakarta Post daily. Endy was hired by Sabam Siagian, the first editor-in-chief of The Jakarta Post, which commenced publication on 25 April 1983. Endy worked as a reporter on the city desk. His first article was about pedicab drivers facing unemployment after their profession was banned by the Jakarta administration.

Endy married Ida Rusdati Ismail, a Garuda flight attendant, whom he had met two years earlier in 1981 on a Jakarta-London flight. After one year of work at The Jakarta Post, Endy was promoted to the position of 'page one assistant'. When Ida gave birth to their first child, Lutfi Oscar Bayuni, Endy began looking for alternative employment with a higher salary. On 1 October 1984, he moved to Reuters news agency, where he enjoyed a higher salary and learned a higher standard of journalism. In 1986, he moved to Agence France-Presse. In 1991, he resumed work for The Jakarta Post as production manager, overseeing the nightly production of the newspaper.

In 2001, he was appointed deputy chief editor of The Jakarta Post. In August 2004, he was appointed chief editor. He stepped down from the position in 2010 to serve as a senior editor. He served as interim chief editor from 2016 to January 2018, after his predecessor, Meidyatama Suryodiningrat, was selected by President Joko Widodo to lead Indonesia's Antara state news agency. In his capacity as senior editor, Endy writes regular columns on Indonesian politics, foreign affairs, economic development, Islam and the changing media industry. In addition to writing columns, he also trains new journalists and organizes writing training for professionals.

Organizations and fellowships
Endy has received several journalism fellowships, including Senior Fellow at the East West Center office in Washington in 2011, the Nieman Fellowship at Harvard University in 2003-04 and the Jefferson Fellowship at Hawaii University in 1999.

In 2016, he was elected executive director of the International Association of Religion Journalists (IARJ), which he co-founded in 2012.

He is a board member of several non-government organizations, including the Partnership for Governance Reform Indonesia, Nature Conservancy Indonesia, and the Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict.

In May 2020, Endy was named a member of Facebook's Oversight Board. He likened the Board to a "supreme court", saying the independent body would consider freedom of expression and human rights principles when determining whether certain content on Facebook and Instagram should be removed or allowed to stay. "I'm a Facebook user, and while I see the benefits of the platform, I also see big issues related to content. On the one hand, we have to protect freedom of speech, but we cannot let free speech lead to harassment or violence. I hope that as part of the Oversight Board I can help to address this balance."

References

Living people
1957 births
Indonesian journalists
Facebook Oversight Board members
Indonesian newspaper editors
Minangkabau people

Endy Bayuni


Chinese food is a term that talks about the food that comes from all over China and the cuisine of China. It is an important part of Chinese culture. This food comes from many different parts of China and also the food made by Overseas Chinese that live in other parts of the world. Because there are a lot of Chinese immigrants around the world, and because China was very important in the past, many food from other countries in Asia have been affected by Chinese food. Important parts of Chinese food are rice, soy sauce, noodles, tea, and tofu. Tools like chopsticks and the wok are also very important.

The four most important types of Chinese food are Sichuan food (Chuan), Shandong food (Lu), Guangdong food (Yue), and Huaiyang food. They each represent the food made in the western, northern, southern, and eastern parts of the country.

References

Other websites

Chinese food


Rainbowfishes are small, colourful freshwater fishes belonging to the family Melanotaeniidae, found in northern and eastern Australia, New Guinea (including islands in Cenderawasih Bay and Raja Ampat Islands in Indonesia), Sulawesi and Madagascar.

The largest rainbowfish genus, Melanotaenia, derives from the ancient Greek melano (black) and taenia (banded).  Translated, it means "black-banded", and is a reference to the often striking lateral black bands that run along the bodies of those in the genus Melanotaenia.

Characteristics
The Melanotaeniidae is characterised by having their distal premaxillary teeth enlarged. They have a compressed body with the two dorsal fins being separated but with only a small gap between them. There are 3–7 spines in the first dorsal fin while the second has 6–22 rays, with the first ray being a stout spine in some species, the anal fin has 10–30 rays and, again, the first may be a stout spine in some species. The lateral line is either weakly developed or absent. They have comparatively large scales and these number 28–60 in the lateral series. The pelvic fins are attached to the fish's abdomen by a membrane which runs along the length of the innermost ray and this is a feature which  can be used to separate rainbowfishes from silversides, although the membrane is easily torn. The majority of the species in this family demonstrate conspicuous sexual dimorphism, with the males usually being the more colorful sex and also showing an elongated median fin ray.

Most species of rainbowfish are less than  in length, with some species measuring less than , while one species, Melanotaenia vanheurni, reaches lengths of up to . They live in a wide range of freshwater habitats, including rivers, lakes, and swamps. Although they spawn all year round, they lay a particularly large number of eggs at the start of the local rainy season. The eggs are attached to aquatic vegetation, and hatch seven to 18 days later. Rainbowfish are generalized omnivores, feeding on small crustaceans, insect larvae, and algae.

Melanotaenia, Pseudomugil, and several other genera of rainbowfish include species that regularly appear in the aquarium trade. In the wild, some rainbowfish populations have been severely affected by the aggressive introduced eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki), tilapia cichlids, and pollution.

Classification
Melanotaeniidae is divided into a number of subfamilies; these families have been considered by some authorities to separate families, but the 5th Edition of Fishes of the World classifies these as subfamilies of a single family as they form a monophyletic group or clade. They are therefore classified as follows:
 Subfamily Bedotiinae Jordan & Hubbs, 1919 Madagascar rainbowfishes
 Genus Bedotia Regan, 1903
 Genus Rheocles Jordan & Hubbs, 1919
 Subfamily Melanotaeniinae Gill, 1894 Rainbowfishes
 Genus Chilatherina Regan, 1914
 Genus Glossolepis M. C. W. Weber, 1907
 Genus Melanotaenia T.N. Gill, 1862
 Genus Cairnsichthys G. R. Allen, 1980
 Genus Rhadinocentrus Regan, 1914
 Genus Iriatherina Meinken, 1974
 Genus Pelangia G. R. Allen, 1998
 Subfamily Pseudomugilinae Kner, 1867 Blue-eyes
 Genus Kiunga G. R. Allen, 1983
 Genus Pseudomugil Kner, 1866
 Genus Scaturiginichthys Ivantsoff, Unmack, Saeed & Crowley, 1991
 Subfamily Telmatherininae Munro, 1958 Celebes rainbowfishes
 Genus Kalyptatherina Saeed & Ivantsoff, 1991
 Genus Marosatherina Aarn, Ivantsoff & Kottelat, 1998
 Genus Paratherina Kottelat, 1990
 Genus Telmatherina Boulenger, 1897
 Genus Tominanga Kottelat, 1990

Behaviour in captivity

Rainbowfish usually do best with tropical community fish, such as tetras, guppies, and other rainbowfish. However, two males may sometimes fight at breeding season if there are not enough females. Rainbowfish usually eat floating flakes in captivity, because in the wild they will often eat insects floating on the surface.

In a home setting, these fish need well-oxygenated water with a pH level of 6.8 - 7.2, optimal temperatures varying between 72 and 82 °F (22-28 °C), and plenty of aquatic plants to give them hiding places amid their school. If properly cared for, Rainbowfish can live up to 5 years in captivity.

References

External links
 ANGFA – Australia New Guinea Fishes Association, an international organization responsible for the quarterly publication of the color journal Fishes of Sahul and a quarterly newsletter devoted to the keeping and discussion of native fishes in Australia and New Guinea (the geographical region known as Sahul)
 Home of the Rainbowfish – Adrian Tappin's extensive information pages which promote the aquarium keeping, study and conservation of the rainbowfish species of Australia and New Guinea, and provide free and valuable information to the general public
 Rainbowfish Species Easy to use information on keeping rainbowfish in the aquarium
 Rainbowfish discussion forum
 Rainbowfish discussion forum (mostly Europeans & Australians)

Atheriniformes
Ray-finned fish families
Taxa named by Theodore Gill

Rainbowfish


Todd Heisler (born 1972) is an American photojournalist and Pulitzer prize winner. He is a staff photographer for The New York Times. In September 2010, he won an Emmy as a member of the New York Times "One in 8 Million" team.

Born in Chicago, Heisler is a 1994 graduate of Illinois State University.  While at the Rocky Mountain News, Heisler was awarded the 2006 Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography for "Final Salute," a series of photographs, taken over the course of a year, profiling the funerals of Marines who died in the war and the work of then Major Steve Beck, who is responsible for notifying the family members of the Marine's death. The award citation referred to Heisler's work as a "haunting, behind-the-scenes look" at the funerals. Heisler won the prize the same year as fellow Rocky Mountain News reporter Jim Sheeler, who won a 2006 Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing, covered Major Beck, the Marine Honor Guard, and the families for nearly a year. Images from "Final Salute" project were published by Time, Paris Match, Stern, the Sunday Times, Communication Arts, and other publications in addition to the Rocky Mountain News.

Images from "Final Salute" also won first prize in the "People in the News" category at the World Press Photo awards, first place in newspaper feature photography for the National Headliner Awards and the American Society of Newspaper Editors Award for the "Community Service Photojournalism" category. Heisler also has won honors from Visa Pour L'Image, and first prize in the National Press Photographers Association's Best of Photojournalism award for best published picture story in a publication over 115,000 circulation, as well as both first and second place in general news reporting in a newspaper from Pictures of the Year International, the Lead Award for "Photo of the Year," and first prize for "People in the News" of the China International Press Photo Contest. Heisler also judged for the 2006 Atlanta Photojournalism Seminar.

Heisler was also a member of the Rocky Mountain News team that won the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for its  coverage of wildfire season in Colorado.

References

American photojournalists
Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography winners
1972 births
Living people
The New York Times people
Rocky Mountain News people
Illinois State University alumni

Todd Heisler


Lucanian vase painting was substyle of South Italian red-figure vase painting fabricated in Magna Graecia, produced in Lucania between 450 and 325 BC. It was the oldest South Italian regional style. Together with Sicilian and Paestan vase painting, it formed a close stylistic community.

The Lucanian vase painting tradition began around 430 BC, with the works of the Pisticci Painter. He was probably active in Pisticci, where some of his works were discovered. He was strongly influenced by Attic tradition. His works rarely depict mythological scenes, probably reflecting the local tastes. Most of them were made as grave offerings. Other early production centres were at Policoro and Metapontum. The Pisticci Painter's successors, the Amykos Painter and the Cyclops Painter had a workshop in Metapontum. In 1973, archaeologists were able to prove the existence of such a workshop by discovering a pottery kiln associated with fragments of vases by the Amykos Painter, the Kreusa Painter and the Dolon Painter.  They were the first to paint the new nestoris (see Typology of Greek vase shapes) vase type. Large quantities of Lucanian vases were exported to Apulia.  The Dolon Painter may have emigrated there during his career, as his late work reflects an influence by the Apulian Tarporley Painter.  Around 370 BC, the workshops in Policoro and Metapontum ceased to function, and production moved to the hinterland. After the mid-4th century, the quality of Lucanian vases deteriorated increasingly, and the range of painted motifs became more and more monotonous. Exports to Apulia also stopped nearly entirely. Around 325 BC, production ceased; the last important representatives of Lucanian vase painting were the Primato Painter (strongly influenced by the Apulian Lycourgos Painter) and the Roccanova Painter.  A total of about 1,500 Lucanian vases survive.

In terms of motifs, mythological or theatrical scenes are common. For example, the Cheophoroi Painter, named after the Cheophoroi by Aeschylos showed scenes from the tragedy in question on several of his vases. The influence of Apulian vase painting becomes tangible roughly at the same time. Especially polychromy and vegetal decor became standard.

Further reading
 Thomas Mannack: Griechische Vasenmalerei. Eine Einführung. Theiss, Stuttgart 2002,  .
 Matthias Steinhart: Lukanische Vasenmalerei. In: Der Neue Pauly. vol 7, 1999, col. 491
 Arthur Dale Trendall: Rotfigurige Vasen aus Unteritalien und Sizilien. Ein Handbuch. von Zabern, Mainz 1991 (Kulturgeschichte der Antiken Welt Vol. 47),  (esp. p. 20-28, 63–84)

External links

Ancient Greek vase-painting styles

Lucanian vase painting


HMS Aphis was a Royal Navy . She was built by Ailsa Shipbuilding Company, launched on 15 September 1915 and completed in November 1915. She was based in Port Said at the beginning of World War I, served in Romania and then the China Station until 1940. All of her fighting service was in the Mediterranean, taking part in the invasion of Pantelleria and landings in the south of France, returning briefly to the Pacific in 1945. She was scrapped at Singapore in 1947. Her class was intended for shallow, fast flowing rivers and they also proved suitable for inshore operations when her relatively heavy weaponry could be used to support Army operations.

In February 1942 after a successful Warship Week National Savings campaign, Aphis was adopted by the civil communities of Warminster and Westbury in Wiltshire.

Service
During 1917 Aphis was operated on the Danube, in support of military operations, based at Bucharest. She remained there until 1919.

In 1927 she transferred to the China Squadron for service in the Yangtze Flotilla to support British shipping and nationals in China. The situation in China remained volatile and Aphis remained with the Yangtze Flotilla until June 1940 when she was redeployed to the Mediterranean Fleet at Alexandria.

For the next three years, Aphis provided artillery support for the Army. For example, in early December 1940, she bombarded Italian positions at Tobruk in company with her sister ships  and  and the monitor , and later that month, she bombarded harbour installations at Tobruk (three merchant ships were sunk). This continued into February 1941, when she was joined by three Australian destroyers (,  and ). Army support operations continued into April when Aphis bombarded enemy positions at Bomba and Gazala during the 8th Army's withdrawal.

Aphis remained based at Alexandria until Malta became available for use as a naval base in March 1943. Based at Malta, nearer to the landings on the Italian islands and mainland Europe, she provided artillery support for the attack on Pantelleria in June (deployed with headquarters ship  and destroyers  and . Her planned deployment in support of the Sicily landings was cancelled in view of the class' vulnerability to air attack. Instead, after a period at Malta, Aphis supported British landings in Calabria in early September. She was deployed with her sister  and monitors ,  and , to bombard enemy positions on the coast between Reggio Calabria and Pessaro before the Operation Baytown landings by the British XIII Corps.

After another period at Malta, she participated in the support of the landings in the south of France, this time operating under United States command under Lt Commander Douglas Fairbanks Jr. She joined the Western Task Force, in June 1944, attached to the Special Operations Group at Ajaccio. The group was to mis-direct German resources by simulating large Allied landings and in mid-August they carried out bombardments between Antibes and the Var river. The operation was a complete success. A second diversionary operation took place off La Ciotat; Aphis and Scarab and the US destroyer  bombarded the area. During the action, the allied ships were engaged by two German warships, the corvette UJ6082 and armed yacht UJ6083. Both German ships were sunk.

In mid-August 1944, Aphis resumed duty with the Mediterranean Fleet and in September she was deployed in the Adriatic to support of Army operations, based at Ancona. She returned to Malta in January 1945.

In July 1945, she left the Mediterranean to join the British Pacific Fleet at their forward base at Manus Island in the Admiralty Islands. By the time she arrived, Japan had surrendered and she did not join the fleet until after VJ Day. Subsequently, she was paid-off on arrival at Singapore and placed on the disposal list in 1946. She was sold for scrapping in May.

References

Sources
 Lenton H.T, & Colledge, J.J., Warships of World War II, Ian Allan Publishing

External links
  Transcribed logbooks February to April 1916 and November 1918 to May 1921

Insect-class gunboats
1915 ships

HMS Aphis


Cohabitation is an arrangement where people who are romantically or sexually attracted to each other live together, without being married. In most cases, the two people will be of opposite sex, but the term can also be used to describe same-sex relationships. Cohabitation has become common in many countries. In these countries, a percentage of children are born outside marriage.

Family

Cohabitation


Baikar (Պայքար meaning 'Struggle' in Armenian) is an Armenian language weekly published by the Baikar Association Inc., in Watertown, Massachusetts, United States.

It was established in 1922 and published in Armenian as a daily and was an official organ of the Armenian Democratic Liberal Party (ADL) also commonly known as Ramgavar Party. It is considered as a continuation of the publication Tsayn Hayrenyats (in Armenian Ձայն Հայրենյաց meaning Voice of the Fatherland) established in 1899.

After publishing for decades as a daily, it was changed into a weekly and later on ceased publication.

Baikar is the sister publication to the English language Armenian Mirror-Spectator and published from the same premises.

Re-launch
The publication was renewed as a weekly starting January 2018. Headquartered in Watertown, Massachusetts, the new Baikar is widely available as a print publication in California and Lebanon and is available online elsewhere.

Distinction
There were a number of lesser important Armenian publications also called Baikar completely unrelated to ADL's Baikar:
Baikar, a literary, political, economic and general interest Social Democratic publication with participation of Bolshevik (Communist) and Menshevik Internationalist Armenians. It was published from 1915 to 1519 first as a weekly then as a daily. After a 100 issues, the communists withdrew and started their own publication Panvori Grive (in Armenian Բանվորի Կռիվը) with the Mensheviks controlling Baikar.
Baikar, a Turkish Armenian cultural and general interest publication published 1967 to 1971, and after a hiatus of three years, relaunced in 1994.
Baikar, an underground political and cultural monthly published 1989-1993 by Armenian Socialist Artsakh Party, an unofficial front of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation Artsakh Committee. Ceased and eventually replaced by Abaraj (in Armenian Ապառաժ) the official organ of ARF Artskah.
Baikar an Armenian-language electronic publication in 2008 in support of Levon Ter-Petrossian's movement

References

External links
Facebook

Armenian-American culture in Massachusetts
Newspapers published in Massachusetts
Armenian-language newspapers
Newspapers established in 1922
Watertown, Massachusetts
Armenian Democratic Liberal Party
1922 establishments in Massachusetts

Baikar


WTIC (1080 kHz "WTIC NewsTalk 1080") is a commercial AM radio station in Hartford, Connecticut. It airs a news–talk format and is owned by Audacy, Inc. The station's studios and offices are on Executive Drive in Farmington.

WTIC is a Class A clear channel station with a transmitter power output of 50,000 watts, the maximum permitted for U.S. AM stations. Its transmitter site is a two-tower facility off Deercliff Road in Avon, Connecticut. WTIC has a single tower, non-directional signal in the daytime, providing at least secondary coverage to almost all of Connecticut, as well as large portions of southern Massachusetts and the outer suburbs of New York City. At night, when AM band signals travel much farther, WTIC uses both towers in order to create a directional pattern, primarily to protect KRLD in Dallas, Texas, the other Class A station on 1080 AM. Even with this restriction, WTIC can be heard at night over much of the eastern half of North America.

WTIC is the primary entry point (PEP) for the Emergency Alert System (EAS) in Connecticut.

Programming
On weekdays, WTIC features local shows during the day, with syndicated programs at night, including Dana Loesch, Sean Hannity and Coast to Coast AM with George Noory.  On weekends, specialty shows are heard on money, health, real estate, travel, pets and the law, some of which are paid brokered programming.

The station is an affiliate of the Boston Red Sox and New England Patriots Radio Networks. The station features local newsbreaks, as well as updates from CBS News Radio. WTIC's newsroom is staffed 24 hours a day with a team of local newscasters and reporters.  It shares some news and weather forecasts with WFSB, the CBS TV affiliate in Hartford.

Listeners have been setting their watches to WTIC for many years. The station is known for its historic hourly time tone, the Morse code letter "V", which has been in use since 1943. This makes it one of the oldest continuous broadcast interval signals in the world. The sequence matches the opening sequence of Ludwig van Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, whose "short-short-short-long" rhythm matches that of the Morse code letter "V", and was selected during World War II to stand for "victory".  WTIC employs a Global Positioning System (GPS) master clock system that activates the custom-built time-tone generator shortly before the top of the hour, timed so the final tone occurs precisely on the hour (even though everything else heard on the station is on a 10-second delay).

History

Early years

WTIC is the second oldest radio station in Connecticut, after WDRC, which went on the air in 1922. WTIC was first authorized, by telegram, on December 17, 1924. The station was founded by the Travelers Insurance Company and its call sign reflected the initials of that corporation. The original studios were in the Travelers Insurance Building at 26 Grove Street in Hartford. WTIC began a series of test transmissions in late December 1924, and began regular programming with a debut broadcast on February 10, 1925.

The Federal Radio Commission (FRC) was formed in 1927, and its reauthorization a year later included the Davis Amendment, which specified an nationwide "equality of radio broadcasting service". The United States was divided into 5 zones, with 8 "clear channel" frequencies assigned to each zone. Zone 1 was located in New England, and WTIC was assigned to one of its clear channel allocations, 1060 kHz. On November 11, 1928, the FRC made a sweeping nationwide reallocation, based on its General Order 40. WTIC was temporarily assigned to 600 kHz, pending construction of a high-powered transmitter needed for broadcasting on its 1060 kHz assignment. WBAL in Baltimore, Maryland was also assigned to 1060 kHz, and this station was close enough to Hartford to require that it and WTIC sharetime.

WTIC was among the first affiliates of the NBC Red Network, carrying its schedule of dramas, comedies, news, sports, soap operas, game shows and big band broadcasts during the "Golden Age of Radio". However, its limitation as a half-time station made its operation uneconomical, and a test of synchronous operation with WEAF on 660 kHz in New York City caused too much interference. An eventual solution, adopted in 1934, moved WTIC to fulltime operation on 1040 kHz, where the nearest other occupant was KRLD in Dallas, Texas, 1500 miles (2400 km) away. In 1941, when the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA) went into effect, stations on 1040 kHz, including WTIC, were moved to 1080 kHz, WTIC's current frequency. WTIC and KRLD were both designated as "Class I-B" clear channel stations, required to use directional antennas at night in order to mutually protect each other from interference.

In 1940, WTIC began experimenting with FM radio, putting W1XSO on the air on 43.2 MHz. It later became 96.5 WTIC-FM, mostly simulcasting the AM station in its early years. In 1957, a television station was added, WTIC-TV on channel 3 (now WFSB). As network programming moved from radio to television in the 1950s, WTIC-AM-FM switched to a full service, middle of the road format of popular music, talk, news and sports.  In the 1960s, WTIC-FM started playing blocks of classical music in the afternoon and evening, eventually ending its simulcast of 1080 WTIC. By the early 1970s, WTIC became more of an adult contemporary full service format, with talk shows in the evening.

In the late 1960s, with declining night time listenership, WTIC management decided that there was a market for long-form shows that could be packaged and sold to sponsors. Two of those shows were The Golden Age of Radio and A One Night Stand with the Big Bands. They were broadcast monthly through the mid 1970s.

Ownership changes
In 1973, Travelers Insurance announced it would divest its broadcasting properties. WTIC-TV channel 3 was sold to Post-Newsweek Stations (now the Graham Media Group) in 1974, switching its call sign to WFSB.  WTIC-AM-FM were sold to a group of its managers, doing business as the "Ten-Eighty Corporation".  Also in the 1980s, some more talk shows were added to WTIC's line up.  In the 1990s, as fewer listeners tuned to AM radio for music, WTIC added more talk programming, eventually eliminating the music shows.

In 1991, Bob Steele retired from hosting weekday mornings.  Tom McCarthy had already begun doing the early part of the morning shift and took over the entire 5:30 to 10 a.m. time slot. In 1998, CBS Radio acquired WTIC-AM-FM. The acquisition ended WTIC's 70-year affiliation with NBC Radio; since then it has aired CBS Radio News updates. Its former television sister had been Connecticut's CBS affiliate since 1958.

Schedule shake-up
In December 2008, the station made several programming changes.  Former WTNH-TV anchor Diane Smith was dropped from the morning show she hosted with Ray Dunaway.  Smith later joined the University of New Haven journalism department.  "Sound Off Connecticut" hosted by conservative Jim Vicevich had an hour added to his show. The station continued to carry Rush Limbaugh at noon, but the afternoon drive personality, vocal liberal Colin McEnroe, was dismissed and his time slot replaced with a three-hour local and national news roundup.

On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom. The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on the February 17.

Bob Steele

Longtime WTIC personality Bob Steele spent 66 years on WTIC, most of them as the morning drive time host.  He joined the station in 1936.  At one point, nearly a third of all radios in the Hartford area were tuned to Steele's wake up show.  Even after retiring from weekday mornings in 1991, he continued hosting Saturday mornings until his death in 2002 at age 91. In 2011 a section of Grove Street near the WTIC studios was renamed Bob Steele Street.

References

External links

 FCC History Cards for WTIC (covering 1924-1980)
 Northeast Airchecks, with an aircheck of their switch to 50,000 watts in 1929
 Goldenage-WTIC.org Recordings of the monthly 1960s and 1970s The Golden Age of Radio and A One Night Stand with the Big Bands provided by former WTIC personality, Dick Bertel and former WTIC engineer Bob Scherago.
 WTIC Alumni website Site created by Bill Clede and carried on by David Kaplan featuring pictures, audio, information and trivia about the old WTIC AM/FM/TV before its sale by the Travelers in 1974.

TIC
News and talk radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1924
The Travelers Companies
1924 establishments in Connecticut
Audacy, Inc. radio stations
Clear-channel radio stations

WTIC (AM)


During the historical timeline of the Southern United States, the Antebellum Period (from )  extended from the conclusion of the War of 1812 to the start of the American Civil War in 1861. This era in the South's history was marked by the prevalent practice of slavery and the associated societal norms it cultivated. Over the course of this period, Southern leaders underwent a transformation in their perspective on slavery. Initially regarded as an awkward and temporary institution, it gradually evolved into a defended concept, with proponents arguing for its positive merits, while simultaneously vehemently opposing the burgeoning abolitionist movement.

The economy was largely plantation based, and dependent on exports. Society was stratified, inegalitarian, and perceived by immigrants as lacking in opportunities. Consequently, the manufacturing base lagged behind the non-slave states. Wealth inequality grew as the larger landholders took the greater share of the profits generated by slaves, which also helped to entrench their power as a political class.

As the country expanded westward, slavery's propagation became a major issue in national politics, eventually boiling over into the Civil War. In the years that followed, this period was romanticized by historical revisionists to protect three central assertions: that the Confederate cause was heroic, that enslaved people were happy and satisfied, and that slavery was not the primary cause of the war. This phenomenon has continued to influence racism, gender roles, and religious attitudes in the South, and to a lesser extent the rest of the country, to the present day.

History
In the 18th century, the Atlantic slave trade brought enslaved Africans to the South during the colonial period as a source of labor for the harvesting of crops. There were almost 700,000 enslaved persons in the U.S. in 1790, which equated to approximately 18 percent of the total population, or roughly one in every six people. This would persist through the 17th and 18th centuries, but it was not until the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in the 1790s, that slavery grew very profitable and that the large plantation system developed. In the 15 years between the invention of the cotton gin and the passage of the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves, an increase in the slave trade occurred, furthering the slave system in the United States.

Economic structure
The Antebellum South saw large expansions in agriculture, while manufacturing growth remained relatively slow. The Southern economy was characterized by a low level of capital accumulation (largely slave-labor-based) and a shortage of liquid capital, which, when aggravated by the need to concentrate on a few staples, the pervasive anti-industrial and anti-urban ideology, and the reduction of Southern banking, led to a South dependent on export trade. In contrast to the economies of the Northern and Western U.S., which relied primarily on their own domestic markets. Since the Southern domestic market consisted primarily of plantations, Southern states imported sustenance commodities from the West, and manufactured goods from the North.

The plantation system can be seen as the factory system applied to agriculture, with a concentration of labor under skilled management. But while the industrial manufacturing-based labor economy of the North was driven by growing demand, maintenance of the plantation economic system depended upon usage of slave labor that was both abundant and cheap.

The five major commodities of the Southern agricultural economy were cotton, grain, tobacco, sugar, and rice, with the production of the leading cash crop, cotton, which were concentrated in the Deep South (Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana).

Inefficiency of slave-based agriculture

The leading historian of the era was Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, who studied slavery not so much as a political issue between North and South, but as a social and economic system. He focused on the large plantations that dominated the South.

Phillips addressed the unprofitability of slave labor and slavery's ill effects on the Southern economy. An example of pioneering comparative work was "A Jamaica Slave Plantation" (1914). His methods inspired the "Phillips school" of slavery studies, between 1900 and 1950.

Phillips argued that large-scale plantation slavery was inefficient and not progressive. It had reached its geographical limits by 1860 or so, and therefore eventually had to fade away (as happened in Brazil). In 1910, he argued in "The Decadence of the Plantation System" that slavery was an unprofitable relic that persisted because it produced social status, honor, and political power. "Most farmers in the South had small-to-medium-sized farms with few slaves, but the large plantation owner's wealth, often reflected in the number of slaves they owned, afforded them considerable prestige and political power."

Phillips contended that masters treated enslaved persons relatively well; his views on that issue were later sharply rejected by Kenneth M. Stampp. His conclusions about the economic decline of slavery were challenged in 1958 by Alfred H. Conrad and John R. Meyer in a landmark study published in the Journal of Political Economy. Their arguments were further developed by Robert Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, who argued in their 1974 book, Time on the Cross, that slavery was both efficient and profitable, as long as the price of cotton was high enough. In turn, Fogel and Engerman came under attack from other historians of slavery.

Effects of economy on social structure
As slavery began to displace indentured servitude as the principal supply of labor in the plantation systems of the South, the economic nature of the institution of slavery aided in the increased inequality of wealth seen in the antebellum South. The demand for slave labor and the U.S. ban on importing more slaves from Africa drove up prices for slaves, making it profitable for smaller farms in older settled areas such as Virginia to sell their slaves further south and west. The actuarial risk, or the potential loss in investment of owning slaves from death, disability, etc. was much greater for small plantation owners. Accentuated by the rise in price of slaves seen just prior to the Civil War, the overall costs associated with owning slaves to the individual plantation owner led to the concentration of slave ownership seen at the eve of the Civil War.

Social structure
Much of the Antebellum South was rural, and in line with the plantation system, largely agricultural. With the exception of New Orleans and Baltimore, the slave states had no large cities, and the urban population of the South could not compare to that of the Northeast, or even that of the agrarian West. This led to a sharp division in class in the southern states, between the landowning "master" class, yeoman farmers, poor whites, and slaves; while in the northern and western states, much of the social spectrum was dominated by a wide range of different laboring classes.

Wealth inequality
The conclusion that, while both the North and the South were characterized by a high degree of inequality during the plantation era, the wealth distribution was much more unequal in the South than in the North arises from studies concerned with the equality of land, slave, and wealth distribution. For example, in certain states and counties, due to the concentration of landholding and slave holding, which were highly correlated, six percent of landowners ended up commanding one-third of the gross income and an even higher portion of the net income. The majority of landowners, who had smaller scale plantations, saw a disproportionately small portion in revenues generated by the slavery-driven plantation system.

Effects of social structure on economy
While the two largest classes in the South included land- and slave-owners and slaves, various strata of social classes existed within and between the two. In examining class relations and the banking system in the South, the economic exploitation of slave labor can be seen to arise from a need to maintain certain conditions for the existence of slavery and from a need for each of the remaining social strata to remain in status quo. In order to meet conditions where slavery may continue to exist, members of the master class (e.g., white, landowning, slave-owning) had to compete with other members of the master class to maximize the surplus labor extracted from slaves. Likewise, in order to remain within the same class, members of the master class (and each subsumed class below) must expand their claim on revenues derived from the slave labor surplus.

Mercantilist underpinnings
Mercantilist ideologies largely explain the rise of the plantation system in the United States. In the 16th and 17th centuries under mercantilism, rulers of nations believed that the accumulation of wealth through a favorable balance of trade was the best way to ensure power. As a result, several European nations began to colonize the Americas to take advantage of rich natural resources and encourage exports.

One example of England utilizing the American colonies for economic gain was tobacco. When tobacco was first discovered as a recreational substance, there was a widespread social backlash in England, spearheaded by King James I himself. By the middle of the 17th century, however, Parliament had realized the revenue potential of tobacco and quickly changed its official moral stance towards its use. As a result, tobacco plantations sprung up across the American South in large numbers to support European demand. By 1670, more than half of all tobacco shipped to England was being re-exported to other countries throughout Europe at a premium. In similar ways Britain was able to profit from other American staple crops, such as cotton, rice, and indigo. As Russell Menard puts it, Britain's capitalizing on increased European demand for these crops "fueled the expansion of the American plantation colonies, transformed the Atlantic into an English inland sea, and led to the creation of the first British Empire."

Many claim that being a part of the British mercantilist system was in the best economic interest of the American colonies as well, as they would not have been able to survive as independent economic entities. Robert Haywood, in his article "Mercantilism and South Carolina Agriculture, 1700–1763", argues that "it was unthinkable that any trade could prosper in the straight-jacket of regimented and restricted international trade, without the guiding hand of a powerful protecting government."

Adverse economic effects
The plantation system created an environment for the South to experience an economic boom in the 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries. However, reliance on both the plantation system and more widespread slave labor, left the South in a precarious economic situation. Following the end of the Civil War and into Reconstruction era (1863-1877), the South experienced economic devastation. Some states that relied less heavily on the plantation system managed to fare better following its downfall  Ulrich Bonnell Phillips contends that the plantation "sadly restricted the opportunity of such men as were of better industrial quality than was required for the field gangs." Essentially, men who would have been otherwise capable of performing other skilled jobs were nonetheless relegated to field work because of the nature of the system.

A 1984 journal article by Claudia Goldin and Kenneth Sokoloff suggested that the South misallocated labor compared to the North, which more eagerly embraced women and child labor in its factories to push forward industrialization due to their relative value to Northern agriculture being lesser than in Southern agriculture.

While the South still attracted immigrants from Europe, the North attracted far more during the early-to-mid 1800s, such that by the time of the American Civil War, the population of the North far exceeded the non-enslaved population of the South per the 1860 United States census. Colin Woodard argued in his 2011 book American Nations that the South was relatively less successful in attracting immigrants due to the South's reputation as a more stratified society. Striving immigrants who sought economic advancement thus tended to favor the more egalitarian North, compared to the more aristocratic South, where there were fewer perceived opportunities for advancement.

See also

 Confederate States of America
 Reconstruction era
 Deep South
 Old South, the pre-Civil War economy and society of the Southern U.S.
 New South, the post-Reconstruction era economy and society of the Southern U.S.

References

Economic history of the American Civil War
Eras of United States history
American frontier
Jeffersonian democracy
Historical regions in the United States
19th century in the United States
Plantations in the United States
History of the Southern United States

Antebellum South


Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

Events
 After August 16 – Sir William Davenant becomes poet laureate of England on the death of Ben Jonson (on the death of Davenant in 1668, he is succeeded by John Dryden)

Works published
 Sir William Alexander, Recreations with the Muses, contains Four Monarchicke Tragedies, Doomesday, A Paraenesis to Prince Henry (all previously published), and Jonathan: An heroicke poem
 Arthur Johnston, Scottish poet writing in Latin
 Psalmorum Davidis paraphrasis poetica et canticorum evangelicorum, translation of the Psalms
 Deliciae poetarum Scotorum huius aevi illustrium, edited anthology
 Thomas Jordan, Poeticall Varieties; or, Varietie of Fancies including "Coronemus nos Rosis antequam marcescant" ("Let us drink and be merry")
 Ralph Knevet, Funerall Elegies, elegies on Lady Katherine Paston
 Shackerley Marmion, The Legend of Cupid and Psyche
 Nathaniel Whiting, Le hore di recreatione; or, The Pleasant Historie of Albino and Bellama

Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
 August 16 – Emilie Juliane of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (died 1706), German countess and hymn writer

Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
 Before July – Henry Adamson (born 1581), Scottish poet and historian
 February 3 – Gervase Markham (born 1568), English poet and writer
 May 29 – Jiří Třanovský, also known as "Juraj Tranovský" or "Georgius Tranoscius" (Latinized) (born 1592), Czech and Slovak hymnwriter, sometimes called the father of Slovak hymnody and the "Luther of the Slavs"
 July 26 – Philippe Habert (born 1604), French poet
 August 10 – Edward King (born 1612), Irish poet writing in Latin in England; a friend of John Milton who writes "Lycidas" in his memory (contributed to Justa Edouardo King Naufrago, 1638); drowned in shipwreck in the Irish Sea
 c. August 16 – Ben Jonson (born 1572), English playwright and poet
 Johannes Narssius (born 1580), Dutch-born New Latin poet and physician

See also

 17th century in literature
 17th century in poetry
 Poetry

Notes

17th-century poetry
Poetry

1637 in poetry


A Memory of Two Mondays is a one-act play by Arthur Miller. He began writing the play in 1952, while working on The Crucible, and completed it in 1955. Based on Miller's own experiences, the play focuses on a group of desperate workers earning their livings in a Brooklyn automobile parts warehouse during the Great Depression in the 1930s, a time of 25 percent unemployment in the United States. Concentrating more on character than plot, it explores the dreams of a young man yearning for a college education in the midst of people stumbling through the workday in a haze of hopelessness and despondency. Three of the characters in the story have severe problems with alcoholism.

Paired with the original one-act version of A View from the Bridge, the first Broadway production, directed by Martin Ritt, opened on September 29, 1955, at the Coronet Theatre, where it ran for 149 performances. The cast included Van Heflin, J. Carrol Naish, Jack Warden, Eileen Heckart, and Richard Davalos, who won the Theatre World Award for his performance.

In 1959, Miller adapted the play for an ITV broadcast starring Alan Bates.

Miller adapted the play for a 1971 television movie directed by Paul Bogart, A Memory of Two Mondays.

After seven previews, a Broadway revival directed by Arvin Brown opened on January 26, 1976, at the Playhouse Theatre where, paired this time with 27 Wagons Full of Cotton by Tennessee Williams, it ran for 67 performances. The cast included Thomas Hulce, John Lithgow, Tony Musante, Joe Grifasi, and Meryl Streep.

1976 awards and nominations
Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play (Streep, nominee)
Theatre World Award (Streep, winner)
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play (Streep, nominee)
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play (Leonardo Cimino and Roy Poole, nominees)
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play (Alice Drummond, nominee)
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Play (nominee)
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Costume Design (nominee)
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lighting Design (nominee)
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Set Design (nominee)
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival (nominee)

References

External links
1955 production at the Internet Theatre Database
1976 production at the Internet Theatre Database listing

1955 plays
Broadway plays
Plays by Arthur Miller
One-act plays
Plays set in the 1930s
Plays set in New York City
Brooklyn in fiction
American plays adapted into films

A Memory of Two Mondays


Credit Rating Agency of Bangladesh Ltd. (CRAB) is the leading credit rating company in Bangladesh.

CRAB is a technical partner of ICRA Limited, India. The company was promoted by some of the leading industrial and business personalities of the country as well as institutional investors.

CRAB is an external credit assessment institution accredited by Bangladesh Bank, the central bank of Bangladesh. This allows the company's ratings to be used by banks and financial institutions for capital adequacy reporting under Basel 2 and 3.

It is also accredited with Insurance Development & Regulatory Authority of Bangladesh for rating of insurance companies.

CRAB has by 2014 rated more than 4,000 entities and instruments. Over the years, CRAB has carried out rating assignments across a wide spectrum of industries, including, agro inputs, automotive, cement, cold storage, textile, garments, engineering, rice mill, food and allied, pharmaceuticals, telecom, steel, trading, banks, FIs, MFIs, insurances and utilities (power, oil & gas, and transportation). CRAB's extensive and in-depth sector specialisation ensures not only rating consistency but also quicker turnaround.

CRAB's highly specialized analyst teams servicing clients across the country and thereby ensuring comprehensive geographic coverage. CRAB's ratings are used extensively by all kinds of investors and lenders to assess risks associated with credit or investment decisions. Besides, CRAB's ratings and consultancy are also used as key inputs for strategic purposes by players in the corporate, public finance, financial, infrastructure and utilities, and structured finance sectors, among others.

References
 The Hindu Business Line - April 10, 2004 -  ICRA ties up with Bangladesh rating agency
 The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - April 10, 2004 - ICRA, Bangladesh rating agency join hands
 The Bangladesh Today, Vol. 02,   issue 1674, Dhaka, Sunday, May 27, 2007 -  Standard Bank inks deal with CRAB

External links

Credit rating agencies
Financial services companies of Bangladesh

Credit Rating Agency of Bangladesh Limited


... nur ein Komödiant (also König der Maske; in English, ... just a Comedian, or King of the Mask) is the title of an Austrian film of 1935. The director was Erich Engel, temporarily in Vienna as a political emigrant from Germany, who with this film made a statement against fascism and authoritarian government. That it passed the strict censors not only of the Third Reich but of Austria can only have been because all political references were veiled by their setting in a royal court of the 18th century.

The premiere took place on 20 September 1935 in the Ufa-Palast in Hamburg. The film went on general release in Germany on 9 October 1935, opening in the Capitol in Berlin, and in Austria on 10 January 1936, opening in Vienna.

Cast

Plot
The young countess Beate von Dörnberg is travelling to Schönburg to the court of Duke Karl Theodor to take up residence as a lady in waiting. During an interruption in the journey while the coach is being repaired she gets to know two actors. The younger one is rather importunate, but the older one, Florian Reuther, tells her about the art of acting. The conversation is interrupted by the resumption of the journey, and the countess hopes to meet Reuther again.

Duke Theodor, to whose court she is travelling, is known to take no interest in the government of his state, and to leave all state business to Minister von Creven, who oppresses and exploits the people. After Countess Beatrice arrives at court, she is assigned as lady in waiting to the Countess von Röderau. At an evening party she attracts the attention of the Duke, who makes her an offer of marriage. Beate thus becomes his wife.

Florian Reuther's troupe of travelling players arrives in Schönburg. During a discussion about the performance with Duke Karl Theodor, an attempt is made to press the young actor Peter Tamm into service in the army for the colonial wars of the Generalstaaten for which Minister von Creven has hired out Karl Theodor's army. Tamm attempts to escape but in the process falls from the flies onto the stage and is killed. Next day the Minister orders Florian to perform a certain piece. Florian is obliged to decline, as his principal actor is dead, for which he blames the Minister. This angers Von Creven, who strikes him in the face. Florian gets his own back at a masked ball, where he hits von Creven across the face with a riding crop. After this he is in danger, and is hidden by Beate, who has recognised him.

The climax of the film is the release by the people of the comedian Melchior, who had been put under arrest. Creven thereupon has the people rounded up and demands that they surrender whoever is responsible. When this does not happen, Creven orders his captain to shoot into the crowd. The Duke wants to prevent this, but cannot get through. But the captain refuses the order in any case. Florian hears the ensuing argument and decides to intervene, dressed as the Duke, of whom he is an exact double, to order the crowd to disperse. In the role of the Duke he also orders the arrest of the Minister, who pulls out a pistol and shoots him. Florian makes it back to the chambers of Beate, in whose arms he dies. The real Duke is shocked into awareness by these events and resolves that Florian's sacrifice shall not be in vain. He promises to take the affairs of his state seriously from now on, in which Beate will support him.

Background
Despite its anti-authoritarian plot this film, critical of fascism, was passed by both the German and Austrian censors, presumably because the period setting masked the contemporary relevance of the content. For example, the film contains a piece of dialogue in which the Minister insists that the captain obey his order to shoot the 70 malcontented and rebellious subjects, which makes clear the contrast between dictatorship and humanitarianism:

Captain: I can't do that!
Minister: What is that supposed to mean? Captain, you heard my order!
Captain: I am not a murderer, I am an officer!
Minister: You were an officer!

The film is generally counted as an example of the genre of the Wiener Film, by virtue of its period setting and overall style, but its serious plot and contemporary political relevance make it much more heavyweight than the usual Wiener Filme, which are almost invariably light musical comedies.

Production
The film was produced by the Horus-Film company of Vienna and filmed in the Sievering Studios and Rosenhügel Film Studios of Sascha-Film. The outdoor scenes were shot in Heiligenkreuz using the local inhabitants as extras.

The Tobis-Klangfilm sound system was used. The set designer was Julius von Borsody. When checked by the censors the film was 2,593 metres long. The German censors assessed the film on 2 September 1935 and declared the film unsuitable for minors. In Austria the film was declared "artistically noteworthy".

Distribution was carried out by Syndikat-Film, promotion by Tobis-Sascha-Filmindustrie.

Notes

Sources

External links

 www.heiligenkreuz.at: Old pictures of Heiligenkreuz, including the making of the film

1935 films
1930s historical adventure films
Austrian historical adventure films
1930s German-language films
Films directed by Erich Engel
Films set in Germany
Films set in the 18th century
Films about rebellions
Films about theatre
Wiener Film
Films shot at Sievering Studios
Austrian black-and-white films
1930s German films

... nur ein Komödiant


Fall from Grace is an American television film about the lives of Jim Bakker and his then-wife, Tammy Faye Bakker, during the 1980s, starring Kevin Spacey and Bernadette Peters in the lead roles. The film, which depicts the events that led to the PTL scandal and the Bakkers' subsequent downfall, aired on NBC on April 29, 1990, as well as during occasional reruns in later years on the Lifetime Movie Network.

Plot
In the 1980s, televangelist and PTL Club founder Jim Bakker (Spacey) and his wife Tammy (Peters) decide to expand their PTL television ministry to include a village resort with an amusement park, which they christen Heritage USA.

However, during this time, the Bakkers are being investigated for various acts of scandalous behavior, beginning with Jim's 1980 affair with then-church secretary Jessica Hahn. They are also investigated for fraud (specifically, using followers' donated funds to support an upscale lifestyle as well as finance the Heritage USA project). These investigations ultimately led to a highly-publicized scandal involving the Bakkers and the PTL ministry in March 1987, which gained national attention. The Bakkers are defrocked and the PTL ministry and Heritage USA are then taken over by another televangelist, Rev. Jerry Falwell. Jim is later sentenced to prison on fraud and conspiracy charges (but this is not depicted in the movie).

Subplots in the film deal with Jim and Tammy's constant bickering, as well as Tammy's drug abuse that led to rehabilitation at the Betty Ford Center.

Bernadette Peters, as Tammy, sings several gospel songs throughout the movie, including "Mercy Rewrote My Life", "Amazing Grace", "God Rides on the Wings of Love", and "His Eye Is on the Sparrow". Peter Matz arranged the music.

Cast
 Kevin Spacey as Jim Bakker
 Bernadette Peters as Tammy Faye Bakker
 Richard Herd as Richard Dortch
 Richard Paul as Rev. Jerry Falwell
 Annie Wood as Jessica Hahn
 Beth Grant as Paulene
 John McLiam as Rev. Aubrey Sara
 Travis Swords as Patrick
 Jon Lindstrom as Brian
 Justin Lord
 Steven Barr as Bodyguard #1
 Rod Britt as Finance Executive
 Robert Broyles as Construction Foreman
 Randy Crowder as TV Director
 Mark Davenport as Real Estate Man
 Keith Joe Dick as Cowboy

Production
The rights to the Bakkers' story were sold to NBC Productions in 1987. After Ken Trevey was hired to write the movie, his assistant interviewed the Bakkers. After the bankruptcy trial in 1989, the script was rewritten. Spacey at first declined the role, but finally decided to take it, because of "Jim's complexity — and a 3½-hour phone conversation with director Arthur." Because Tammy's weight fluctuated, Peters sometimes had to have extra padding; she wears false nails and five wigs. The movie cost $3-million-plus to make.

A Los Angeles Times article noted that both Peters and Spacey said "they had doubts about taking part in the show because of the caricature, Saturday Night Live aspect of their characters", but were assured that they would not play caricatures.

Response
The Entertainment Weekly reviewer wrote that  "Kevin Spacey as Jim and Bernadette Peters as Tammy are absolutely fabulous" but that, in a "miscalculation", the "movie they're in is so petrified of offending religious viewers that it pulls back."

Awards and nominations
Emmy Awards
 Outstanding Achievement in Hairstyling for a Miniseries or a Special—WINNER (tied with "The Phantom of the Opera")
 Outstanding Achievement in Makeup for a Miniseries or a Special—nominated

References

External links

1990 television films
1990 films
NBC network original films
NBC Productions films
Films set in 1980
Films set in 1987
Films directed by Karen Arthur
Films scored by Charles Bernstein

Fall from Grace (1990 film)


Ménéké is a village in the far southwest of Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Tabou, Tabou Department, San-Pédro Region, Bas-Sassandra District. The village is five kilometres northwest of the coast.

Ménéké was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

Notes

Former communes of Ivory Coast
Populated places in Bas-Sassandra District
Populated places in San-Pédro Region

Ménéké


Samuel van Houten (17 February 1837 – 14 October 1930) was a Dutch liberal politician, who served as Minister of the Interior from 1894 to 1897.

Early life
Van Houten was born in Groningen into a wealthy |Mennonite family.  His parents were Derk van Houten, a timber merchant and local politician, and his wife Barbara Elizabeth Meihuizen. After attending a Latin school from 1849 to 1854, he studied Law at the University of Groningen, obtaining a degree in 1859. He then worked as a lawyer. He quickly became involved in the city's politics, getting elected to the municipal council in 1864 and becoming one of the city's aldermen in 1867. About this time Van Houten left the Mennonite Church and became an agnostic.

Member of the House of Representatives

In 1869, van Houten was first elected to the House of Representatives for the electoral district Groningen. In the House of Representatives, Van Houten quickly established himself as an independent liberal, not reluctant to criticise the Thorbeckian liberal establishment. He denounced what he saw as a centralist tendency in the ideology of their leader, Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, jokingly referring to the latter's views as Bonapartism in 1872. Van Houten, in contrast, adhered to the belief that the historical development of different sectors of society should be respected, in this sense sharing semblance to Abraham Kuyper's theory of sphere sovereignty. This belief led him to take a different position on the issue of the school struggle than most of his fellow liberals. In 1887, he was one of only seven liberals to vote to allow for the equal funding of confessional schools.

Van Houten adhered to the principle of autonomy regarding the individual as well. On the issue of social policy, he believed government intervention was necessary to eliminate barriers to development of the individual so as to create equality of opportunity and thus to promote individual liberty. In this spirit, Van Houten introduced a bill that forbade child labour for children younger than 12 years. This bill, nicknamed the Kinderwetje van Van Houten, became the first social law of the Netherlands in 1874. Nonetheless, van Houten who started out as very progressive gradually became more conservative and opposed further social laws and any egalitarianism by the state. On individual issues, he continued to sponsor progressive causes, writing about feminism, prostitution and birth control. He was president of a Neo-Malthusian society in 1888.

While initially supportive of expansion of suffrage, Van Houten gradually became more conservative on the issue over time, fearing that an enfranchised proletariat would threaten the social balance. His opposition to Johannes Tak van Poortvliet's proposal to extend suffrage to all men except beggars and servants led him to lose re-election in the progressive district of Groningen in the general election of 1894. He was defeated by the Takkian liberal Hendrik Lodewijk Drucker.

Ministership and later career

While Van Houten lost his seat in 1894, the anti-Takkians won the general election, after which Joan Röell was asked to form a government. In this conservative liberal government, which was installed on 9 May 1894, Van Houten succeeded Tak van Poortvliet as Minister of the Interior. As such, he was responsible for preparing a new Election Act. While more modest than Tak van Poortvliet's previous proposal, Van Houten's bill still doubled the electorate to roughly half the male adult population, a figure that would gradually rise to 68% in 1913. Aside from the suffrage issue, Van Houten introduced a bill that gave municipalities more financial support. He also allowed for the territorial expansion or large municipalities, such as Rotterdam in 1894 and Amsterdam and Leiden in 1896, necessitated by urbanisation.

Van Houten's ministership lasted until 27 July 1897, when he was succeeded by Hendrik Goeman Borgesius. Although he was not re-elected to the House of Representatives, he sat in the Senate for Friesland between 1904 and 1907. He strongly opposed the government of Abraham Kuyper, but also criticised liberal policy; his voting behaviour led some fellow liberals to call him an "honorary member of the right". Critical of the new electoral system and the expansion of government, the 85-year old Van Houten founded the short-lived Liberal Party in 1922 and became its lijsttrekker in the general election in that year. The party won one seat, but Van Houten chose not to accept it, allowing instead Lizzy van Dorp to take the seat.

Death
Van Houten died of natural causes at the age of 93 on 14 October 1930.

Personal life
Van Houten married Elisabeth van Konijnenburg on 29 June 1861, and the couple had five daughters and two sons. She died on 16 June 1872, after which Van Houten remarried Hermine Leendertz on 3 June 1873. With her, Van Houten had another five daughters and two sons. He had three well known grandsons. One was Hans van Houten, State Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands between 1959 and 1963. Also, through his daughter Sina, her two sons, Sir Frederick Leith-Ross, who was chief economic advisor to the UK government from 1932 to 1945 and Harry Leith-Ross, who was a well-known artist who lived and worked in the US.

References

External links

1837 births
1930 deaths
Aldermen of Groningen
Dutch agnostics
Dutch liberal politicians
Dutch political party founders
Independent politicians in the Netherlands
Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)
Members of the Senate (Netherlands)
Ministers of the Interior of the Netherlands
Municipal councillors of Groningen (city)
University of Groningen alumni

Samuel van Houten


Commerce de Bordeaux was a  74-gun ship of the line of the French Navy. She was funded by a don des vaisseaux donation from Bordeaux.

Renamed Timoléon in February 1794, she took part in the Battle of the Nile under captain Louis-Léonce Trullet. In the confusion of the battle, her rudder was damaged by misdirected fire from the neighbouring Généreux. She fought for three days, eventually running aground and set on fire by her crew. She exploded around noon on 2 August, the last fighting French ship of the battle.

See also
 List of ships of the line of France

References

Ships of the line of the French Navy
Téméraire-class ships of the line
Don des vaisseaux
Ships built in France
Maritime incidents in 1798
Ship fires
Scuttled vessels
Naval magazine explosions
Shipwrecks of Egypt
Shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
1785 ships

French ship Commerce de Bordeaux (1785)


Winifred Mitchinson is a New Zealand born Model/Actress. She is best known for winning Playboy Playmate of the Year in 1988 for Australian Playboy Magazine. She modelled for Australian Playboy Magazine under the name of Desiree Brown. She married Scott Mitchinson in 1990, who she met on the Red Carpet of the premiere for Crocodile Dundee 2. They have one child named Alexander Mitchinson also known as Mc Medicinal, an actor & rapp artist. Scott worked as First Assistant Film Editor on Crocodile Dundee 2, which was directed by John Cornell. Scott also was First Assistant editor to Leon Gast, director for When We Were Kings, feature length academy award winning documentary about B B King & Muhummad Ali at the 3 day soul festival in Africa in 1974.

Adult models
Australian actors

Winifred Mitchinson