Jorabs  are multicolored socks with intricate patterns, knitted from the toe-up. They are usually worn in such a way as to display rich decoration.

Etymology

The word "Jorabs" originates from Arabic جورب () which has a general meaning of "socks". Other known variants of the term are "çorap" (Turkish), "чорап" (Bulgarian, Macedonian) "čarape" (Serbian), "corab" (Azerbaijani), "čarapa" (Bosnian), "Ҷӯроб" (Tajik), and "şətəl" (Tat).

The same concept is also known by such local terms as "kyulyutar" in Lezgin, ""  in Tsakhur, and "unq'al" in Avar languages of Dagestan.

Materials

Jorabs are made of wool, silk, nylon or sometimes cotton. Other materials include acrylic and blends of wool and cotton.

Geography

Jorabs are found in Central Asia (Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan), Caucasus (Dagestan, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia); also in Iran, and mountain areas of Pakistan. They are also known in the Balkan countries: Albania, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Serbia, and Turkey.

Shape

Jorabs can be knee-high, regular length, ankle-length, or made as slippers. An early predecessor of jorabs, a knee-high 12th century sock with toe-up construction and intricate patterns, was found in Egypt with possible origin in India.

Tools

Jorabs are usually knitted with 5 double-pointed needles. Bosnian and in old Tajik socks feature a combination of knitting and crochet techniques. Tajik jorabs (Pamirs area) can be made by using crochet technique only. Some ethnic groups from the Caucasus knit jorabs with 3 double-pointed bow-shaped needles.

References

Books

  (LibraryThing page.)

Socks
Hosiery
Folk footwear
History of clothing
Knitting

Jorabs


"Für Elise" (German for For Elise) is the common name of the song "Bagatelle in A minor." It was written for the piano by the composer Ludwig van Beethoven in 1810. The song is thought to be written for Therese, a woman that Beethoven wanted to marry in 1810. It is believed that his handwriting was not translated correctly when the song was transcribed. This caused the piece to be known as "Fur Elise" rather than "Fur Therese".

The piece of music was not published until 1865. This was a long time after the death of Beethoven. It is one of the most well-known pieces of piano music in the world.

Form
The piece is in rondo form. There is a main section (A) which appears three times. Between these three sections there are two other sections (B and C), so the form of the piece can be described as: A B A C A.

The main section has a time signature of 3/8. It is based on arpeggios which flow from one hand to the other. This is the section that many beginner pianists want to play. The two middle sections are harder to play at the correct speed. They have fast scales, arpeggios and left hand demisemiquavers (32nd notes).

References
 Woodstra, Chris. et al. 2005. All Music Guide to Classical Music. All Media Guide, LLC. p. 104.

 What is the meaning of Beethoven's 'Für Elise' – and who was Elise?

Other websites
Für Elise - and other Beethoven resources (includes the free sheet music)

Compositions by Ludwig van Beethoven
Solo piano pieces

Für Elise


In linguistics, a privative adjective is an adjective which seems to exclude members of the extension of the noun which it modifies. For instance, "fake" is privative since a "fake nose" is not an actual nose.  Other examples in English include "pretend", "fictitious", and "artificial". The defining feature of privative adjectives is shown below in set theoretic notation.

 An adjective  is privative if for any noun , we have that .

Privative adjectives are non-subsective, but behave differently from ordinary non-subsectives in important respects, at least in English. While ordinary non-subsectives such as the modal adjective "alleged" can only be used in attributive position, privative adjectives can be used either in attributive or predicative position. In this regard, privative adjectives pattern more like intersective adjectives such as "blue".

 Sara is an alleged spy.        (non-subsective, attributive)
 #Sara is alleged.              (non-subsective, predicative)

 That is a fake nose.        (privative, attributive)
 That nose is fake.          (privative, predicative)

 That is a blue pig.        (intersective, attributive)
 That pig is blue.          (intersective, predicative)

In part because of this pattern, Partee (1997) argued that privative adjectives are in fact intersective adjectives which coerce a broader interpretation of the nouns they modify. On this analysis, listeners treat fake noses as falling within the extension of the noun "nose" because refusing to do so would render the expression "fake nose" self-contradictory.

See also

 Adjective
 Grammatical modifier
 Intersective modifier
 Subsective modifier

References

Grammar
Semantics
Adjectives by type
Formal semantics (natural language)

Privative adjective


"Fading Voices" (Polish:  "Milknące głosy") is an 1883 short story by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus, the leading representative of Realism in 19th-century Polish literature.

Publication
"Fading Voices" was first published, as "Fading Echoes" ("Milknące echa"), in the 1883 New Year's issue (no. 1) of the Warsaw daily Nowiny (News), which was then being edited by Bolesław Prus.  (News would fold a year after Prus assumed its editorship.) The story was reprinted in Kraj (The Country), issue 1/2 (21 January 1883).

In December 1885, "Fading Voices" was one of fourteen short stories by Prus to appear in volume I of his Szkice i obrazki (Sketches and Pictures), published by Warszawska Spółka Nakładowa (Warsaw Publishing Company).

In late November 1897, an inexpensive four-volume jubilee edition of Prus' Pisma (Writings) was brought out by Wawelberg and Rotwand.  One of the 17 stories included in volume III was "Fading Voices."

"Fading Voices" continues to be reprinted in anthologies of Prus' works and in general Polish anthologies.

Plot
A French Army colonel (a Pole whose name is never given) in late 1871 retires from military service.  He is a veteran of "five military campaigns," which may be identified from the names of military commanders and politicians, and of the Battles of Solferino and Gravelotte, mentioned in the story, as likely having been:
 the Polish November 1830 Uprising against Imperial Russia;
 the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 against the Austrian Empire;
 the Franco-Sardinian Campaign against the Austrian Empire (1859);
 the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71); and
 the Paris Commune (1871).

In the last, the Paris Commune campaign, the Colonel would have fought on the side of the Versailles forces, not the Communards (and thus against other Poles, including the Paris Commune's military chief, Jarosław Dąbrowski).

The Colonel has thus participated in campaigns against each of the three imperial powers—Russia, Austria and Prussia—that, acting in concert, had in the 18th century wiped his country, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, from the political map of Europe. (Poland will be restored to independence only with those empires' collapse in World War I, in 1918—six years after Prus' death in 1912.)

On his retirement, the Colonel decides to return to his homeland, to Russian-occupied Poland.  His departure is delayed by the arrival in Lyon of three of his Polish compatriots and comrades-in-arms from, apparently, the 1830–31 Uprising.  But eventually all three die and at last the Colonel, having sold his house and garden, departs for Warsaw.

The Colonel is shocked by the changes that have taken place in his native land since his youth.  He hardly recognizes the streets of Warsaw, now built up with unattractive tenements; he finds no common language with the people in his social circles, who are absorbed by material concerns and a superficial social life; the very natural landscape of his native country appears, to the Colonel, unrecognizably altered.  Disillusioned by the contrast between the country that he had remembered from his youth and the country that meets his gaze, the Colonel contemplates returning to France.

Just as he is pondering whether to leave for France that day or the next day, the Colonel's mind is unexpectedly changed by a chance encounter with an impoverished shoemaker who wishes to show the Colonel to his little son, whom he wants in the future to emulate the military hero of Poland, Hungary and France.  The Colonel finds himself at a loss for words; the two men barely exchange glances, but the brief encounter with this rough member of Polish society suffices to change the Colonel's mind.  His old vision of his native land is restored, and he decides to stay in Warsaw after all.

Themes
In his never-to-be-finished 1885 novel Sława (Fame), Prus excoriates his countrymen:

"You are backward, and what is worse:  sunk in mental lethargy.  The great ideas of civilization, if they ever existed in you, have perished, leaving behind shells and scraps...  All around you has moved ahead, West and East.  In the world's soil there have grown up and matured new ideas, scientific, philosophical, artistic and social, there have arisen new questions and new heroes.  You know nothing of this; when something reaches you like contraband, you receive it with mockery or anger and, to occupy your sterile minds with something, you retreat into dreams of the Middle Ages."

Fame'''s hero, Julian, will characterize Warsaw's upper classes succinctly:  "[T]he ladies are dolls, the parlors—mortuaries, and all the intelligentsia—putrefaction."

This, observes Zygmunt Szweykowski, is close to the atmosphere that will imbue Prus' later novel, The Doll (written and published in newspaper serialization in 1887–89).  There appears here a motif that will loom large in Prus' subsequent works:  flight from this decaying society.  Julian flees it; the old Colonel in "Fading Voices" contemplates fleeing it.

Prus, disappointed with the upper reaches of Polish society, seeks recompense elsewhere, and discovers it in the past and in the common people.  He finds within himself an affinity for the recent past—a past that is condemned by contemporary Polish Positivist doctrine—the Romanticism whose human representatives are gradually dying off.  "Full of elegiac, soft tones," writes Szweykowski, "are [the story's] 'fading voices' which bring echoes of heroic feats of arms, of self-sacrifice for the idea of "For your freedom and ours," and of a fervent, noble faith in the regeneration of mankind."  Prus senses a kindred idealism in the common people, and portrays it in his stories, "On Vacation" ("Na wakacjach," 1884), "An Old Tale" ("Stara bajka," 1884) and here in "Fading Voices" (1883).

On 1 September 1863, Prus, then a 16-year-old volunteer in the Polish 1863–65 Uprising against Imperial Russia, had been captured during a battle at the village of Białka, four kilometers south of Siedlce.  Thus "Fading Voices" resonates for Prus at a deeply emotional level:  not only had the youngster suffered serious physical traumata and probably the beginnings of his lifelong agoraphobia, and subsequently also imprisonment at Lublin, but after the Uprising he had found himself ostracized by many of his compatriots, whom he had sought to restore to national independence.

"Fading Voices" thus combines two of Prus' interests during this period:  the common people, and the legacy of the Romantic past—the past out of which Prus had himself grown, as a teenaged participant in the 1863–65 Uprising.

See also

 Positivism in Poland

Notes

References
 Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita, Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912:  Kalendarz życia i twórczości (Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912:  A Calendar of His Life and Work), edited by Zygmunt Szweykowski, Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1969.
 Marian Płachecki, notes to Bolesław Prus, Nowele wybrane (Selected Short Stories), Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1976, .
 Zygmunt Szweykowski, Twórczość Bolesława Prusa'' (The Art of Bolesław Prus), 2nd ed., Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1972

Short stories by Bolesław Prus
Polish short stories
1883 short stories
Works originally published in Polish newspapers

Fading Voices


The Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas (English: Philippine Cartoonists Association) or SKP is an organization of comic strip cartoonists and editorial cartoonists founded in 1978.

History
Its founders, according to the records of the Securities and Exchange Commission, are veteran Filipino cartoonists Larry Alcala, Hugo Yonzon Jr., Gene Cabrera, Edgar Soller, Ed Aragon, Pol Galvez, Tito Milambiling, Renato Santiago, and Boy Togonon.

In 2018, SKP celebrated its 40th anniversary with a kick-off activity at the ComiconAsia at the SMX in March. It also held a Tribute to Larry Alcala Exhibit at the University of the Philippines College of Fine Arts in September. Alcala, SKP founding president, was declared a National Artist by the National Commission of Culture and Arts in October of that year.

References

Organizations established in 1978
Comics-related organizations
Cultural organizations based in the Philippines
1978 establishments in the Philippines

Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas


George T. Chaponda  (born 1 November 1942) is a Malawian career diplomat and politician who served as Malawi's Minister of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development from 2016 to 2017. He is a founding member of the ruling Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and is a DPP Member of Parliament from Mulanje district in southern Malawi.

Early life
Born in Chonde Village, Mulanje District, Chaponda studied at the University of Delhi from 1963 to 1968 where he received degrees in history and political science. He studied law at the University of Zambia from 1976 to 1979 and at Yale University from 1980 to 1984. He was admitted to the bar in 1980.

Career
He has held a number of senior positions in Zambia, including chief executive of a parastal organisation.  From 1984 to 2002, he worked mostly as a senior lawyer for the Office for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in Somalia, Kenya, Thailand, Bangladesh, Switzerland, Austria, Poland and Ethiopia. From 2003 to 2004 he was Chairman of the University Council of the University of Malawi.  In 2004 Chaponda entered Malawian politics and was elected as a member of parliament for the Mulanje South West constituency. In June 2004, he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs in the cabinet of the newly elected President Bingu wa Mutharika. He served in that position until 2005, when he was appointed Minister of Local Government and Rural Development. After the elections in May 2009, President Peter Mutharika appointed him Minister of Education, but moved him to lead the Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs in 2010. The entire cabinet was dismissed on 19 August 2011.

In September 2011, President Peter Mutharika re-appointed him to cabinet as Minister of Education, Science and Technology. He served in that post until April 2012, when the president died suddenly of a heart attack. Mutharika's successor, Joyce Banda, appointed Chaponda Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation on 22 June 2014. On 7 April 2016, President Peter Mutharika moved Chaponda to the Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development.

Mutharika then appointed him Leader of the House of Assembly in May 2016. After a brief suspension in early 2017, Chaponda was re-instated in February but only held the post for a week before he was succeeded by his deputy Kondwani Nankhumwa in an interim capacity, pending the results of Chaponda's ongoing corruption investigation.

He is rumoured to have been groomed to succeed President Peter Mutharika, who could leave office as early as 2019 after the expected tripartite elections.

Air Fouling Legislation
In February 2011, Chaponda said that a clause in the Local Courts bill making it a misdemeanor to "vitiate the atmosphere" would criminalize flatulence to "promote decency".
He told the private Capital Radio's popular Straight Talk programme, "Would you be happy to see people farting anyhow?" The story was quickly picked up by the foreign press. The Solicitor General Anthony Kamanga contradicted him, saying the bill referred only to air pollution. Later, Chaponda retracted his remarks, saying he had not read the proposed bill before commenting.

Personal life
Chaponda is a Christian, is married and has children. During a parliamentary debate in the Malawi parliament in 2016, he was involved in an altercation with a member of parliament from the opposition People's Party (PP), Harry Mlekanjala Mkandawire. Mkandawire is said to have said Chaponda is one of seven ministers alleged to be in an audit report for the plunder of government funds in Malawi, popularly known as Cashgate.

His son, comedian Daliso Chaponda, appeared on Britain's Got Talent in 2017, claiming Amanda Holden's Golden Buzzer. He ended up finishing in third place.

References

1942 births
Living people
Delhi University alumni
University of Zambia alumni
Yale Law School alumni
Foreign Ministers of Malawi
Malawian diplomats
Malawian Christians
People from Mulanje District
Academic staff of the University of Malawi
Government ministers of Malawi
Members of the National Assembly (Malawi)

George Chaponda


The horizontal situation indicator (commonly called the HSI) is an aircraft flight instrument normally mounted below the artificial horizon in place of a conventional heading indicator. It combines a heading indicator with a VHF omnidirectional range-instrument landing system (VOR-ILS) display. This reduces pilot workload by lessening the number of elements in the pilot's instrument scan to the six basic flight instruments. Among other advantages, the HSI offers freedom from the confusion of reverse sensing on an instrument landing system localizer back course approach. As long as the needle is set to the localizer front course, the instrument will indicate whether to fly left or right, in either direction of travel.

On the HSI, the aircraft is represented by a schematic figure in the centre of the instrument – the VOR-ILS display is shown in relation to this figure. The heading indicator is usually slaved to a remote compass and the HSI is frequently interconnected with an autopilot capable of following the heading select bug and of executing an ILS approach by following the localizer and glide slope.

On a conventional VOR indicator, left–right and to–from must be interpreted in the context of the selected course. When an HSI is tuned to a VOR station, left and right always mean left and right and TO/FROM is indicated by a simple triangular arrowhead pointing to the VOR. If the arrowhead points to the same side as the course selector arrow, it means TO, and if it points behind to the side opposite the course selector, it means FROM. The HSI illustrated here is a type designed for smaller airplanes and is the size of a standard 3 ¼-inch instrument. Airline and jet aircraft HSIs are larger and may include more display elements.

The most modern HSI displays are electronic and often integrated with electronic flight instrument systems into so-called "glass cockpit" systems.

HSI is part of a remote indicating compass system, which was developed to compensate for the errors and limitations of the older type of heading indicators. The two panel-mounted components of a typical system include the HSI and a slaving control and compensator unit, which pilots can set to auto-correct the gyro error using readings from a remotely mounted magnetic slaving transmitter when the system is set to "slave gyro" mode. In a "free gyro" mode, pilots have to manually adjust their HSI.

See also
 Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
 Flight instruments

Notes

Aircraft instruments
Avionics
Radio navigation

Horizontal situation indicator


Scott David Tingle (born July 19, 1965) is a NASA astronaut. He was selected in June 2009 as a member of the NASA Astronaut Group 20, qualifying in 2011. Serving as a flight engineer as part of Expedition 54 and 55, Tingle launched into space on board Soyuz MS-07 in December 2017, and returned in June 2018. Tingle is a highly decorated naval pilot, having flown 51 types of aircraft over more than 4,500 flight hours, landed 750 aircraft with carrier arrestments, and fought in 54 combat missions.

Early years and education
Scott Tingle is a captain in the U.S. Navy. He was born Scott D. Tingle in Attleboro, Massachusetts. Tingle became interested in space while working as a machine draftsman in Blue Hills Regional Technical School, class of 1983. He continued to study mechanical engineering, earning a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering while attending Southeastern Massachusetts University in 1987, and a Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Purdue University in 1988. In 2009 his fourth application to the Astronaut Corps was accepted.

Military service
In 1991, Tingle was commissioned as a Naval Officer, and reported to NAS Pensacola, Florida for flight training. He was designated a Naval Aviator in 1993, and, after a period of instruction in the F/A-18, was subsequently assigned to VFA-146, based out of NAS Lemoore, California. With VFA-146, he deployed with Carrier Air Wing Nine aboard the USS Nimitz, and made deployments to the Western Pacific Ocean and Persian Gulf. In 1997, he was selected to attend the United States Naval Test Pilot School, and graduated in June 1998. Following graduation, he became an operational test pilot at China Lake, California with the Vampires of VX-9. Following completion of his developmental test tour, Tingle completed a Landing Signal Officer "CAG Paddles" tour, flying F/A-18A/C Hornets alongside Carrier Air Wing Eleven (CVW-11) aboard the . USS Carl Vinson and Carrier Air Wing Eleven were the first air response to the September 11 attacks, and later assisted in the execution of  Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. Tingle then completed an assignment as an assistant operations officer with Strike Fighter Wing Pacific and briefly served as an instructor pilot with VFA-122. He later returned to Lemoore as a safety, maintenance, and operations officer department head with VFA-97. With VFA-97, he again deployed to the Western Pacific and Persian Gulf with CVW-11 before transferring to Iwakuni, Japan with Marine Air Group Twelve (MAG-12). In 2005, Tingle was assigned as the Ship Suitability Department Head at Patuxent River, Maryland, where he served as a test pilot with VX-23. At Patuxent River, Tingle tested the F/A-18C Hornet, FA-18E/F Super Hornet, and EA-18G Growler aircraft carrier precision landing systems. At the time of his selection as an astronaut, Tingle was working as a systems engineer and program manager on the Standoff Land Attack Missile (SLAM) and harpoon weapons systems at PMA-201.

NASA career
In July 2009 Scott D. Tingle became a member of the 20th astronaut class. His training consisted of flight familiarization with T-38's, spacewalks, technical training regarding the systems of The International space station and Soyuz designs, and standard wilderness survival training.

In 2014, Tingle served as cavenaut into the ESA CAVES training in Sardinia, alongside Alexander Misurkin, Sergey Kud-Sverchkov, Luca Parmitano and Matthias Mauer.

Expedition 54/55

In May 2016 he was assigned to the crew of ISS Expedition 53/54, as flight engineer for both expeditions, alongside Russian cosmonauts Aleksandr Skvortsov and Ivan Vagner. The trio was scheduled to launch in September 2017 aboard Soyuz MS-06. Although due to a Russian decision to reduce the number of crew members aboard the Russian Orbital Segment until the launch of their long delayed Nauka laboratory module, Vagner was removed from Skvortosv and Tingle's crew. This resulted in Tingle being moved from the "Flight Engineer-2" position on the Soyuz to the much more systems intensive "Flight Engineer-1" position, this resulted in Tingle needing more time to train for his flight so he and Skvortsov were pushed back to ISS Expedition 54/55, they were joined by JAXA astronaut Norishige Kanai. The ISS-54/55 crew changed one more time when Skvortsov was pushed back to a later flight due to a temporary medical condition and replaced with cosmonaut Anton Shkaplerov.

Shkaplerov, Tingle and Kanai launched on board Soyuz MS-07 on 17 December 2017 07:21 UTC. Originally they were planned to rendezvous with the ISS in just six hours, although due to NASA wanting the launch to be advanced by ten days from December 27 the spacecraft was reverted to the older two-day rendezvous scheme. The three safely arrived aboard the ISS on December 19 and joined the Expedition 54 crew.

On January 23, 2018, Tingle performed his first EVA with Mark Vande Hei. The objective was to replace one of two redundant latching end effectors (LEE) on Canadarm2, the station's robotic arm, which had experienced some degradation of its snaring cables. The duration of the EVA was 7 hours and 24 minutes.

Tingle and his two crew mates returned to Earth on June 3, 2018, following 168 days in space.

Personal life
Scott Tingle is married to Raynette Mahelona Tingle and has three children. Although he was born in Attleboro, he considers his hometown to be Randolph, Massachusetts. At age 15 he took guitar lessons from a neighbor, at age 16 he joined a band that he continued to play with through college, writing original music and playing at clubs in Kenmore Square, and Providence. Tingle cites his experience in a rock band as contributing to team skills he needed as an astronaut.

Awards and honors
Through his educational, military, and NASA career, Tingle has received many awards and honors. He graduated magna cum laude from Southeastern Massachusetts University, earned Outstanding Graduate of U.S. Navy Test Pilot School Class 113, and was awarded Meritorious Service Medal, three Air Medals, six Navy Commendation Medals, four Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medals, and a Combat V medal.

References

External links

 Spacefacts biography of Scott D. Tingle

1965 births
American astronauts
American test pilots
Living people
People from Attleboro, Massachusetts
People from Randolph, Massachusetts
Purdue University College of Engineering alumni
United States Navy officers
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth alumni
Spacewalkers
Military personnel from Massachusetts

Scott D. Tingle


Pūrṇimā () is the word for full moon in Sanskrit. The day of Purnima is the day (Tithi) in each month when the full moon occurs, and marks the division in each month between the two lunar fortnights (paksha), and the Moon is aligned exactly in a straight line, called a syzygy, with the Sun and Earth. Full moon is considered the third of the four primary phases of the Moon; the other three phases are new moon, first quarter moon, and third quarter moon. The full moon shows 100% illumination, causes high tides, and can concur with lunar eclipses.

Festivals
The following festivals occur on the purnima.  The Manava Purana (one of the Upapuranas) contains a list of the festivals that fall on the full moon.
 Kartik Purnima, significant to both Vaishnava and Shaiva traditions, is celebrated on the full moon day of the month of Kartika. It is also called Tripura Purnima.
 Shravana Purnima is the full moon day of the month of Shravana. This day has a number of different names. Hayagriva Jayanti and Gayatri Jayanti are also celebrated on Shravana Purnima. It also marks the occasion of Raksha Bandhan.
 Vat Purnima is celebrated on the full moon day of the month of Jyeshtha. Women pray for their husbands by tying threads around a banyan tree (Vat) on this day. It honours Savitri, the legendary wife of Satyavan who persuaded Yama to restore her husband's life.
 Guru Purnima, devotees offer puja (worship) to their guru, on the full moon day of Ashadha. It is also known as Vyasa Purnima after the birthday of Vyasa, the author of the Mahabharata.
 Sharad Purnima or Kojagiri Purnima, the autumn harvest festival, on the full moon day of Ashvina.
 Buddha Purnima, marking the day of birth of Gautama Buddha, on the full moon day of Vaishakha. Kurma Jayanti is also celebrated on this day.
 Holi/Phalguna Purnima, the spring festival of colours in Hinduism/Buddhism/Jainism, the full moon day of Phalguna.
 Dattatreya Jayanti, commemorating the birth of the deity Dattatreya, is celebrated on the full moon day of the month of Margashira.
 Hanuman Jayanti, making the birth of Hanuman, is celebrated on the full moon of the lunar month Chaitra. However, this is celebrated on different days in different states. While Orissa celebrates this as Vaisakha Sankranti, Andhra Pradesh celebrates Vaisakha Shukla Paksha Dashami, Kerala celebrates it in a previous month Margashira Amavasya coinciding with the Mula nakshatra. Chaitra Purnima is prescribed for the veneration of Chandra.
 Shakambhari Purnima is celebrated on the full moon day of the month of Pausha, marking the descent of the goddess Shakambhari.
 Shraddha Purnima is celebrated on the full moon day of the month of Bhadra. On this day, the Uma Mahesvara Vrata for the propitiation of the divine couple of Shiva Parvati is performed, as well as Shakra Vrata, where Indra is worshipped for children's well-being.

References

External links
 Introduction to the Hindu Calendar (PDF)

Observances held on the full moon
Hindu calendar
Days of the Hindu calendar

Purnima


Lewis Norman Mander, , FAA, FRS (8 September 1939 – 8 February 2020) was a New Zealand-born Australian organic chemist. He has widely explored the synthesis and chemistry of the gibberellin class of diterpenes over a 20-year period at the Australian National University (ANU). In particular, he studied the effect of these hormones on stem growth and on the reasons why plant undergo bolting during plant development. The July 2004 edition of the Australian Journal of Chemistry was dedicated to Mander on the occasion of his 65th birthday. He retired in 2002 but remained active at the ANU until 2014. In 2018 Mander was made a Companion in the General Division in the Order of Australia which "...is awarded for eminent achievement and merit of the highest degree in service to Australia or humanity at large".
In an interview he gave after winning his award, Mander said that his goal was to improve the efficiency of extracting food from plants with the possibility of reducing food shortages in the future.

Education

Mander completed a BSc degree at the University of Auckland, New Zealand in 1960, followed by an MSc degree in 1961 from the same institution.
He then moved to Australia in 1962 to undertake a PhD degree at the University of Sydney before committing to an initial postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Michigan. Mander then moved to Caltech in 1965 (after his PhD had been conferred) for an additional two years.

Career
Mander returned to Australia in 1966 to become a lecturer in organic chemistry at the University of Adelaide. He was promoted to Senior Lecturer in organic chemistry in 1970, where he remained until 1975. During this time Mander visited the University of Cambridge to research "...pathways to the pigments of life". In 1977, he served as a Fulbright Senior Scholar at the California Institute of Technology. He was a distinguished Alumnus Professor at the University of Auckland in 1992 and an Eminent Scientist of RIKEN at Wako, in Saitama Prefecture, Japan from 1995 to 1996.

In Australia, he relocated to the Australian National University Research School of Chemistry as a Senior Fellow. He retired in 2002 but retained the title of Professor Emeritus at the Australian National University.

Death

Mander died at home in Canberra, Australia on 8 February 2020, at age 80.

Research interests
 In the early days, Mander was involved in extracting chemicals in plants that might help fight against cancer. Eventually, he turned his research skills to "...the gibberellin family of plant bioregulators". He further developed his interest in this chemical group to include an understanding of their role in plant development. Professor Sir Alan R. Battersby said that Mander's "...synthesis of gibberellic acid was a brilliant landmark achievement. This molecule is of daunting complexity and he developed two flexible routes to it, both depending on many ingenious and novel synthetic procedures".
Amongst his many scholarly activities, Mander contributed a chapter on 'Stereoselective Synthesis' to the classic text 'Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds' by Professors Ernest L. Eliel and Samuel H. Wilen.

Other interests include:
Synthesis and preparation of semi-synthetic derivatives of gibberellins.
Molecular basis of plant growth regulation with gibberellins.
Synthesis of diterpenoid natural products with high bioactivity.
Dissolving metal-mediated reductive alkylation of benzenoid synthons.
C-selective acylation of enolates using methyl cyanoformate (Mander's reagent).

Fellowships and awards
Nuffield Commonwealth Fellow 1971–1972 (Cambridge)
Fulbright Senior Scholar (California Institute of Technology, 1977, and Harvard University, 1986)
H.G. Smith Memorial Medal 1981 (RACI)
Member of the Australian Academy of Science 1983
Flintoff Medal and Prize (RSC) 1990
Fellow of the Royal Society of London 1990
Hon. Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand 1991 (FRSNZ Hon)
Made a Companion of the Order of Australia "for eminent service to science through pioneering contributions to organic chemistry in the field of plant growth hormones, to higher education as an academic, researcher and author, and to national and international scientific societies".

Representative Publications
King G.R., Mander L.N., Monck N.J.T., Morris J.C. and Zhang H. A New and Efficient Strategy for the Total Synthesis of Polycyclic Diterpenoids: The Preparation of Gibberellins (±)-GA103 and (±)-GA73. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 3828–3829.
Frey, B., Wells, A. P., Rogers, D. R. and Mander, L. N. Synthesis of the Unusual Diterpenoid Tropones, Hainanolidol and Harringtonolide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 1914–1915.
Mander, L. N. Twenty years of gibberellin research. Natural Product Reports, 2003, 20, 49–69.
Mander, L. N. and McLachlan, M. M. Total synthesis of the Galbulimima alkaloid GB 13. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 2400–2401.
Mander, L. N. and Thomson, R. J. Total synthesis of Sordaricin. Org. Lett., 2003, 5, 1321–1324.

References

1939 births
2020 deaths
New Zealand chemists
Australian chemists
Organic chemists
Harvard University people
New Zealand emigrants to Australia
Academic staff of the University of Adelaide
University of Auckland alumni
University of Sydney alumni
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
Fellows of the Royal Society of New Zealand
New Zealand Fellows of the Royal Society
University of Michigan fellows
Companions of the Order of Australia

Lew Mander


Bipin Behari Ganguly (5 November 1887 – 14 January 1954) was a member of Indian independence movement and a politician. He was born in Halisahar, Bengal Presidency (now in West Bengal), on 5 November 1887. His father's name was Akshaynath Ganguly.

Revolutionary activities
As a close associate of Barindra Kumar Ghosh and Rashbehari Bose he took active part in the revolutionary activities. He had a direct connection to the incidents like Muraripukur conspiracy and the bomb case. He was the founder member of Atmonnati Samiti, a secret revolutionary society and a fraction of Jugantar Group.

During the beginning of World War I (1914-1918), the Indian revolutionaries decided to do something daring which would result in the procuration of a sufficient number of firearms for their cause of the struggle for Indian Independence. Already the scenario of protest against the British Rule had increased to an extreme after the 1905 partition of Bengal. It started with sedition case against the 'Vande Matram' newspaper charging leaders like Aurobindo Ghosh and Bipin Bihari Ganguly to prove their involvement in promoting protests against the Government. Bipin Bihari Ganguly was imprisoned for 6 months.

Bipin Behari Ganguli planned a daring armed robbery on 24 August 1914. The robbery is known as "Rodda company arms heist". The heist took place on 26 August 1914 and was a very sensational incident. The Statesman, in its edition on 30 August 1914 described the heist as "The greatest daylight robbery".

In 1915, the robbery of car by the Jugantar group and in the office of a Businessman in Beliaghata, Kolkata, he assisted Jatindranath Mukherjee. He was arrested for those incidents with arms.

Bipin Behari Ganguli joined the Indian National Congress during the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1921 and presided over at the conference of Bengal State Committee in 1930. He joined at the Quit India movement in 1942. He was imprisoned at Mandalay, Rangoon and Alipore on 24 occasions throughout his life.

Political activities
Before independence,  Bipin Behari Ganguli was associated with the trade union movement. He became the President of the Bengal unit of Indian National Trade Union Congress. After Indian independence he held a ministerial post in West Bengal government being a member from Beejpur in West Bengal Legislative Assembly in the first General Election held in 1952.

A street in the city of Kolkata has been named (B.B. Ganguly Street) after him.

References

Biographical Dictionary - Sansad Bengali Charitabhidhan (Vol. 1) Editor Anjali Bose page (478-479)

Anushilan Samiti
Indian revolutionaries
Revolutionary movement for Indian independence
1887 births
1954 deaths
Hindu–German Conspiracy
Indian independence activists from West Bengal

Bipin Behari Ganguli


Park 10, also known as Bullrush Park and Warnpangga is one of the Adelaide Park Lands in the city of Adelaide, South Australia. It is one of the few parks (in the Adelaide Park Lands) to still be known most commonly by its assigned number, and is enclosed by McKinnon Parade, Bundey's Road, War Memorial Drive and Frome Road. The park is used extensively by University of Adelaide sporting clubs.

Park 10 is officially used by the Adelaide University Cricket and Football Clubs (Park 10 Oval), Adelaide University Lacrosse Club (Park 10 Lacrosse Field) the Adelaide University Lawn Tennis Club (Park 10 Tennis Courts), and elite running squads Team Tempo and Team Daly.

The Adelaide University Frisbee Club use the space behind the Park 10 football posts, and the Adelaide University Soccer Club use the Park 10 Reserve Soccer field. (This is also the Lacrosse Training Field.) The Adelaide University Athletics Club use the space between the Lacrosse game field and Park 10 oval.

The Uni Loop is a popular running track, 2.2 kilometres in length, which encircles the park. It has hosted a yearly 6-hour ultramarathon since 2009, a 12-hour ultramarathon since 2010 and a 24-hour ultramarathon since 2011.

The Park 10 Grandstand was refurbished by the University of Adelaide in the early 2000s.

Due to drought conditions forcing the closure of the Waite Campus sports fields, the Adelaide University Rugby Club was temporarily moved to the Graduate's Oval in Park 10 during May and June 2007. This was the first time rugby had been played on the University's City of Adelaide sports grounds since the 1980s.

See also
List of Adelaide parks and gardens

References
CLMP for Warnpangga (Park 10) & Tainmundilla (Park 11), formally adopted 27 November 2006.  Community Land Management Plans, Park Lands and Sustainability Business Unit, Adelaide City Council.  (5Mb, 56 pages.)

Parks in Adelaide

Park 10


Insular area is the name for one of the territories of the United States which are not a state of the union. People that live in these areas usually have no right to vote in US elections. Sometimes, they take part in preliminary elections.

There are three areas in the Pacific Ocean:

Guam
Marshall Islands
Palau
Federated States of Micronesia
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Northern Mariana Islands
American Samoa

The following areas are in the Carribean:

Puerto Rico
US Virgin Islands

Uninhabited islands
The term is also used for many uninhabited islands, which the US claims as its territory. Most of these are in the Pacific:

Palmyra Atoll
Baker Island
Howland Island
Jarvis Island
Johnston Atoll
Kingman Reef
Midway Atoll
Wake Island (disputed with Marshall Islands)

Only a few are in the Carribean:

Navassa Island (disputed with Haiti)
Serranilla Bank (disputed with Colombia, Jamaica and Nicaragua)
Bajo Nuevo Bank or Petrel Islands (disputed with Colombia, Honduras and Jamaica)

Geography of the United States

Insular area


A head-up display, or heads-up display, also known as a HUD () or head-up guidance system (HGS), is any transparent display that presents data without requiring users to look away from their usual viewpoints. The origin of the name stems from a pilot being able to view information with the head positioned "up" and looking forward, instead of angled down looking at lower instruments. A HUD also has the advantage that the pilot's eyes do not need to refocus to view the outside after looking at the optically nearer instruments.

Although they were initially developed for military aviation, HUDs are now used in commercial aircraft, automobiles, and other (mostly professional) applications.

Head-up displays were a precursor technology to augmented reality (AR), incorporating a subset of the features needed for the full AR experience, but lacking the necessary registration and tracking between the virtual content and the user's real-world environment.

Overview

A typical HUD contains three primary components: a projector unit, a combiner,  and a video generation computer.

The projection unit in a typical HUD is an optical collimator setup: a convex lens or concave mirror with a cathode-ray tube, light emitting diode display, or liquid crystal display at its focus. This setup (a design that has been around since the invention of the reflector sight in 1900) produces an image where the light is collimated, i.e. the focal point is perceived to be at infinity.

The combiner is typically an angled flat piece of glass (a beam splitter) located directly in front of the viewer, that redirects the projected image from projector in such a way as to see the field of view and the projected infinity image at the same time. Combiners may have special coatings that reflect the monochromatic light projected onto it from the projector unit while allowing all other wavelengths of light to pass through. In some optical layouts combiners may also have a curved surface to refocus the image from the projector.

The computer provides the interface between the HUD (i.e. the projection unit) and the systems/data to be displayed and generates the imagery and symbology to be displayed by the projection unit.

Types
Other than fixed mounted HUD, there are also head-mounted displays (HMDs). These include helmet-mounted displays (both abbreviated HMD), forms of HUD that feature a display element that moves with the orientation of the user's head.

Many modern fighters (such as the F/A-18, F-16, and Eurofighter) use both a HUD and HMD concurrently. The F-35 Lightning II was designed without a HUD, relying solely on the HMD, making it the first modern military fighter not to have a fixed HUD.

Generations
HUDs are split into four generations reflecting the technology used to generate the images.
 First Generation—Use a CRT to generate an image on a phosphor screen, having the disadvantage of the phosphor screen coating degrading over time. The majority of HUDs in operation today are of this type.
 Second Generation—Use a solid state light source, for example LED, which is modulated by an LCD screen to display an image. These systems do not fade or require the high voltages of first generation systems. These systems are on commercial aircraft.
 Third Generation—Use optical waveguides to produce images directly in the combiner rather than use a projection system.
 Fourth Generation—Use a scanning laser to display images and even video imagery on a clear transparent medium.
Newer micro-display imaging technologies are being introduced, including liquid crystal display (LCD), liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS), digital micro-mirrors (DMD), and organic light-emitting diode (OLED).

History

HUDs evolved from the reflector sight, a pre-World War II parallax-free optical sight technology for military fighter aircraft. The gyro gunsight added a reticle that moved based on the speed and turn rate to solve for the amount of lead needed to hit a target while maneuvering.

During the early 1940s, the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE), in charge of UK radar development, found that Royal Air Force (RAF) night fighter pilots were having a hard time reacting to the verbal instruction of the radar operator as they approached their targets. They experimented with the addition of a second radar display for the pilot, but found they had trouble looking up from the lit screen into the dark sky in order to find the target. In October 1942 they had successfully combined the image from the radar tube with a projection from their standard GGS Mk. II gyro gunsight on a flat area of the windscreen, and later in the gunsight itself. A key upgrade was the move from the original AI Mk. IV radar to the microwave-frequency AI Mk. VIII radar found on the de Havilland Mosquito night fighter. This set produced an artificial horizon that further eased head-up flying.

In 1955 the US Navy's Office of Naval Research and Development did some research with a mockup HUD concept unit along with a sidestick controller in an attempt to ease the pilot's burden flying modern jet aircraft and make the instrumentation less complicated during flight. While their research was never incorporated in any aircraft of that time, the crude HUD mockup they built had all the features of today's modern HUD units.

HUD technology was next advanced by the Royal Navy in the Buccaneer, the prototype of which first flew on  1958. The aircraft was designed to fly at very low altitudes at very high speeds and drop bombs in engagements lasting seconds. As such, there was no time for the pilot to look up from the instruments to a bombsight. This led to the concept of a "Strike Sight" that would combine altitude, airspeed and the gun/bombsight into a single gunsight-like display. There was fierce competition between supporters of the new HUD design and supporters of the old electro-mechanical gunsight, with the HUD being described as a radical, even foolhardy option.

The Air Arm branch of the UK Ministry of Defence sponsored the development of a Strike Sight. The Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) designed the equipment and the earliest usage of the term "head-up-display" can be traced to this time. Production units were built by Rank Cintel, and the system was first integrated in 1958. The Cintel HUD business was taken over by Elliott Flight Automation and the Buccaneer HUD was manufactured and further developed, continuing up to a Mark III version with a total of 375 systems made; it was given a 'fit and forget' title by the Royal Navy and it was still in service nearly 25 years later. BAE Systems, as the successor to Elliotts via GEC-Marconi Avionics, thus has a claim to the world's first head-up display in operational service. A similar version that replaced the bombing modes with missile-attack modes was part of the AIRPASS HUD fitted to the English Electric Lightning from 1959.

In the United Kingdom, it was soon noted that pilots flying with the new gunsights were becoming better at piloting their aircraft. At this point, the HUD expanded its purpose beyond weapon aiming to general piloting. In the 1960s, French test-pilot Gilbert Klopfstein created the first modern HUD and a standardized system of HUD symbols so that pilots would only have to learn one system and could more easily transition between aircraft. The modern HUD used in instrument flight rules approaches to landing was developed in 1975. Klopfstein pioneered HUD technology in military fighter jets and helicopters, aiming to centralize critical flight data within the pilot's field of vision. This approach sought to increase the pilot's scan efficiency and reduce "task saturation" and information overload.

Use of HUDs then expanded beyond military aircraft. In the 1970s, the HUD was introduced to commercial aviation, and in 1988, the Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme became the first production car with a head-up display.

Until a few years ago, the Embraer 190, Saab 2000, Boeing 727, and Boeing 737 Classic (737-300/400/500) and Next Generation aircraft (737-600/700/800/900 series) were the only commercial passenger aircraft available with HUDs. However, the technology is becoming more common with aircraft such as the Canadair RJ, Airbus A318 and several business jets featuring the displays. HUDs have become standard equipment on the Boeing 787. Furthermore, the Airbus A320, A330, A340 and A380 families are currently undergoing the certification process for a HUD. HUDs were also added to the Space Shuttle orbiter.

Design factors

There are several factors that interplay in the design of a HUD:
 Field of View – also "FOV", indicates the angle(s), vertically as well as horizontally, subtended at the pilot's eye, at which the combiner displays symbology in relation to the outside view. A narrow FOV means that the view (of a runway, for example) through the combiner might include little additional information beyond the perimeters of the runway environment; whereas a wide FOV would allow a 'broader' view. For aviation applications, the major benefit of a wide FOV is that an aircraft approaching the runway in a crosswind might still have the runway in view through the combiner, even though the aircraft is pointed well away from the runway threshold; whereas with a narrow FOV the runway would be 'off the edge' of the combiner, out of the HUD's view. Because human eyes are separated, each eye receives a different image. The HUD image is viewable by one or both eyes, depending on technical and budget limitations in the design process. Modern expectations are that both eyes view the same image, in other words a "binocular Field of View (FOV)".
 Collimation – The projected image is collimated which makes the light rays parallel. Because the light rays are parallel the lens of the human eye focuses on infinity to get a clear image. Collimated images on the HUD combiner are perceived as existing at or near optical infinity. This means that the pilot's eyes do not need to refocus to view the outside world and the HUD display – the image appears to be "out there", overlaying the outside world. This feature is critical for effective HUDs: not having to refocus between HUD-displayed symbolic information and the outside world onto which that information is overlaid is one of the main advantages of collimated HUDs. It gives HUDs special consideration in safety-critical and time-critical manoeuvres, when the few seconds a pilot needs in order to re-focus inside the cockpit, and then back outside, are very critical: for example, in the final stages of landing. Collimation is therefore a primary distinguishing feature of high-performance HUDs and differentiates them from consumer-quality systems that, for example, simply reflect uncollimated information off a car's windshield (causing drivers to refocus and shift attention from the road ahead).
 Eyebox – The optical collimator produces a cylinder of parallel light so the display can only be viewed while the viewer's eyes are somewhere within that cylinder, a three-dimensional area called the head motion box or eyebox. Modern HUD eyeboxes are usually about 5 lateral by 3 vertical by 6 longitudinal inches (13x8x15 cm). This allows the viewer some freedom of head movement but movement too far up/down or left/right will cause the display to vanish off the edge of the collimator and movement too far back will cause it to crop off around the edge (vignette). The pilot is able to view the entire display as long as one eye is inside the eyebox.
 Luminance/contrast – Displays have adjustments in luminance and contrast to account for ambient lighting, which can vary widely (e.g. from the glare of bright clouds to moonless night approaches to minimally lit fields).
 Boresight – Aircraft HUD components are very accurately aligned with the aircraft's three axes – a process called boresighting – so that displayed data conforms to reality typically with an accuracy of ±7.0 milliradians (±24 minutes of arc), and may vary across the HUD's FOV. In this case the word "conform" means, "when an object is projected on the combiner and the actual object is visible, they will be aligned". This allows the display to show the pilot exactly where the artificial horizon is, as well as the aircraft's projected path with great accuracy. When Enhanced Vision is used, for example, the display of runway lights is aligned with the actual runway lights when the real lights become visible. Boresighting is done during the aircraft's building process and can also be performed in the field on many aircraft.
 Scaling – The displayed image (flight path, pitch and yaw scaling, etc.), is scaled to present to the pilot a picture that overlays the outside world in an exact 1:1 relationship. For example, objects (such as a runway threshold) that are 3 degrees below the horizon as viewed from the cockpit must appear at the −3 degree index on the HUD display.
 Compatibility – HUD components are designed to be compatible with other avionics, displays, etc.

Aircraft

On aircraft avionics systems, HUDs typically operate from dual independent redundant computer systems. They receive input directly from the sensors (pitot-static, gyroscopic, navigation, etc.) aboard the aircraft and perform their own computations rather than receiving previously computed data from the flight computers. On other aircraft (the Boeing 787, for example) the HUD guidance computation for Low Visibility Take-off (LVTO) and low visibility approach comes from the same flight guidance computer that drives the autopilot. Computers are integrated with the aircraft's systems and allow connectivity onto several different data buses such as the ARINC 429, ARINC 629, and MIL-STD-1553.

Displayed data

Typical aircraft HUDs display airspeed, altitude, a horizon line, heading, turn/bank and slip/skid indicators. These instruments are the minimum required by 14 CFR Part 91.

Other symbols and data are also available in some HUDs:
 boresight or waterline symbol — is fixed on the display and shows where the nose of the aircraft is actually pointing.
 flight path vector (FPV) or velocity vector symbol — shows where the aircraft is actually going, as opposed to merely where it is pointed as with the boresight. For example, if the aircraft is pitched up but descending as may occur in high angle of attack flight or in flight through descending air, then the FPV symbol will be below the horizon even though the boresight symbol is above the horizon. During approach and landing, a pilot can fly the approach by keeping the FPV symbol at the desired descent angle and touchdown point on the runway.
 acceleration indicator or energy cue — typically to the left of the FPV symbol, it is above it if the aircraft is accelerating, and below the FPV symbol if decelerating.
 angle of attack indicator — shows the wing's angle relative to the airflow, often displayed as "α".
 navigation data and symbols — for approaches and landings, the flight guidance systems can provide visual cues based on navigation aids such as an Instrument Landing System or augmented Global Positioning System such as the Wide Area Augmentation System. Typically this is a circle which fits inside the flight path vector symbol. Pilots can fly along the correct flight path by "flying to" the guidance cue.

Since being introduced on HUDs, both the FPV and acceleration symbols are becoming standard on head-down displays (HDD). The actual form of the FPV symbol on an HDD is not standardized but is usually a simple aircraft drawing, such as a circle with two short angled lines, (180 ± 30 degrees) and "wings" on the ends of the descending line. Keeping the FPV on the horizon allows the pilot to fly level turns in various angles of bank.

Military aircraft specific applications

In addition to the generic information described above, military applications include weapons system and sensor data such as:
 target designation (TD) indicator — places a cue over an air or ground target (which is typically derived from radar or inertial navigation system data).
 Vc — closing velocity with target.
 Range — to target, waypoint, etc.
 weapon seeker or sensor line of sight — shows where a seeker or sensor is pointing.
 weapon status — includes type and number of weapons selected, available, arming, etc.

VTOL/STOL approaches and landings
During the 1980s, the United States military tested the use of HUDs in vertical take off and landing (VTOL) and short take off and landing (STOL) aircraft. A HUD format was developed at NASA Ames Research Center to provide pilots of VTOL and STOL aircraft with complete flight guidance and control information for Category III C terminal-area flight operations. This includes a large variety of flight operations, from STOL flights on land-based runways to VTOL operations on aircraft carriers. The principal features of this display format are the integration of the flightpath and pursuit guidance information into a narrow field of view, easily assimilated by the pilot with a single glance, and the superposition of vertical and horizontal situation information. The display is a derivative of a successful design developed for conventional transport aircraft.

Civil aircraft specific applications

The use of head-up displays allows commercial aircraft substantial flexibility in their operations. Systems have been approved which allow reduced-visibility takeoffs, and landings, as well as full manual Category III A landings and roll-outs. Initially expensive and physically large, these systems were only installed on larger aircraft able to support them. These tended to be the same aircraft that as standard supported autoland (with the exception of certain turbo-prop types that had HUD as an option) making the head-up display unnecessary for Cat III landings. This delayed the adoption of HUD in commercial aircraft. At the same time, studies have shown that the use of a HUD during landings decreases the lateral deviation from centerline in all landing conditions, although the touchdown point along the centerline is not changed.

For general aviation, MyGoFlight expects to receive a STC and to retail its SkyDisplay HUD for $25,000 without installation for a single piston-engine as the Cirrus SR22s and more for Cessna Caravans or Pilatus PC-12s single-engine turboprops: 5 to 10% of a traditional HUD cost albeit it is non-conformal, not matching exactly the outside terrain.
Flight data from a tablet computer can be projected on the $1,800 Epic Optix Eagle 1 HUD.

Enhanced flight vision systems

In more advanced systems, such as the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)-labeled 'Enhanced Flight Vision System', a real-world visual image can be overlaid onto the combiner. Typically an infrared camera (either single or multi-band) is installed in the nose of the aircraft to display a conformed image to the pilot. "EVS Enhanced Vision System" is an industry-accepted term which the FAA decided not to use because "the FAA believes [it] could be confused with the system definition and operational concept found in 91.175(l) and (m)" In one EVS installation, the camera is actually installed at the top of the vertical stabilizer rather than "as close as practical to the pilots eye position". When used with a HUD however, the camera must be mounted as close as possible to the pilots eye point as the image is expected to "overlay" the real world as the pilot looks through the combiner.

"Registration," or the accurate overlay of the EVS image with the real world image, is one feature closely examined by authorities prior to approval of a HUD based EVS. This is because of the importance of the HUD matching the real world and therefore being able to provide accurate data rather than misleading information.

While the EVS display can greatly help, the FAA has only relaxed operating regulations so an aircraft with EVS can perform a CATEGORY I approach to CATEGORY II minimums. In all other cases the flight crew must comply with all "unaided" visual restrictions. (For example, if the runway visibility is restricted because of fog, even though EVS may provide a clear visual image it is not appropriate (or legal) to maneuver the aircraft using only the EVS below 100 feet above ground level.)

Synthetic vision systems

HUD systems are also being designed to display a synthetic vision system (SVS) graphic image, which uses high precision navigation, attitude, altitude and terrain databases to create realistic and intuitive views of the outside world.

In the 1st SVS head down image shown on the right, immediately visible indicators include the airspeed tape on the left, altitude tape on the right, and turn/bank/slip/skid displays at the top center. The boresight symbol (-v-) is in the center and directly below that is the flight path vector (FPV) symbol (the circle with short wings and a vertical stabilizer). The horizon line is visible running across the display with a break at the center, and directly to the left are numbers at ±10 degrees with a short line at ±5 degrees (the +5 degree line is easier to see) which, along with the horizon line, show the pitch of the aircraft. Unlike this color depiction of SVS on a head down primary flight display, the SVS displayed on a HUD is monochrome – that is, typically, in shades of green.

The image indicates a wings level aircraft (i.e. the flight path vector symbol is flat relative to the horizon line and there is zero roll on the turn/bank indicator). Airspeed is 140 knots, altitude is 9,450 feet, heading is 343 degrees (the number below the turn/bank indicator). Close inspection of the image shows a small purple circle which is displaced from the flight path vector slightly to the lower right. This is the guidance cue coming from the Flight Guidance System. When stabilized on the approach, this purple symbol should be centered within the FPV.

The terrain is entirely computer generated from a high resolution terrain database.

In some systems, the SVS will calculate the aircraft's current flight path, or possible flight path (based on an aircraft performance model, the aircraft's current energy, and surrounding terrain) and then turn any obstructions red to alert the flight crew. Such a system might have helped prevent the crash of American Airlines Flight 965 into a mountain in December 1995.

On the left side of the display is an SVS-unique symbol, with the appearance of a purple, diminishing sideways ladder, and which continues on the right of the display. The two lines define a "tunnel in the sky". This symbol defines the desired trajectory of the aircraft in three dimensions. For example, if the pilot had selected an airport to the left, then this symbol would curve off to the left and down. If the pilot keeps the flight path vector alongside the trajectory symbol, the craft will fly the optimum path. This path would be based on information stored in the Flight Management System's database and would show the FAA-approved approach for that airport.

The tunnel in the sky can also greatly assist the pilot when more precise four-dimensional flying is required, such as the decreased vertical or horizontal clearance requirements of Required Navigation Performance (RNP). Under such conditions the pilot is given a graphical depiction of where the aircraft should be and where it should be going rather than the pilot having to mentally integrate altitude, airspeed, heading, energy and longitude and latitude to correctly fly the aircraft.

Tanks
In mid-2017, the Israel Defense Forces will begin trials of Elbit's Iron Vision, the world's first helmet-mounted head-up display for tanks. Israel's Elbit, which developed the helmet-mounted display system for the F-35, plans Iron Vision to use a number of externally mounted cameras to project the 360° view of a tank's surroundings onto the helmet-mounted visors of its crew members. This allows the crew members to stay inside the tank, without having to open the hatches to see outside.

Automobiles

These displays are becoming increasingly available in production cars, and usually offer speedometer, tachometer, and navigation system displays. Night vision information is also displayed via HUD on certain automobiles. In contrast to most HUDs found in aircraft, automotive head-up displays are not parallax-free. The display may not be visible to a driver wearing sunglasses with polarised lenses.

Add-on HUD systems also exist, projecting the display onto a glass combiner mounted above or below the windshield, or using the windshield itself as the combiner.

In 2012, Pioneer Corporation introduced a HUD navigation system that replaces the driver-side sun visor and visually overlays animations of conditions ahead, a form of augmented reality (AR). Developed by Pioneer Corporation, AR-HUD became the first aftermarket automotive Head-Up Display to use a direct-to-eye laser beam scanning method, also known as virtual retinal display (VRD). AR-HUD's core technology involves a miniature laser beam scanning display developed by MicroVision, Inc.

Motorcycle helmet HUDs are also commercially available.

In recent years, it has been argued that conventional HUDs will be replaced by holographic AR technologies, such as the ones developed by WayRay that use holographic optical elements (HOE). The HOE allows for a wider field of view while reducing the size of the device and making the solution customizable for any car model. Mercedes Benz introduced an Augmented Reality based Head Up Display while Faurecia invested in an eye gaze and finger controlled head up display.

Further development and experimental uses
HUDs have been proposed or are being experimentally developed for a number of other applications. In military settings, a HUD can be used to overlay tactical information such as the output of a laser rangefinder or squadmate locations to infantrymen. A prototype HUD has also been developed that displays information on the inside of a swimmer's goggles or of a scuba diver's mask. HUD systems that project information directly onto the wearer's retina with a low-powered laser (virtual retinal display) are also being tested.

Some head-up displays can perform real-time language translation.

See also
 Index of aviation articles
 Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
 Augmented reality
 Eyes-on-the-Road-Benefit
 EyeTap
 HUD (video gaming)
 Optical head-mounted display
 Smartglasses
 Virtual retinal display
 VR positional tracking
 Wearable computer

References

External links

 Rochester Archives Article—'Buccaneer HUD PDU'
 BBC Article—'Pacman comes to life virtually'
 'Clinical evaluation of the 'head-up' display of anesthesia data'
 'When will the Head-up go Civil' – Flight 1968 archive
 'Elliott Brothers to BAE SYSTEMS' – a short history of Elliott Brothers
 Head-up Over the Hills – a 1964 Flight International article on flying using an early Specto head-up display
 Jaguar Unveils 'Virtual Widescreen' Technology to Assist Drivers –  Latin Post
 The story of how all Miramar Tomcat squadrons got the funds to purchase riflescopes to attach to the HUD of their F-14 fighter jets

Vehicle technology
Avionics
Aircraft instruments
Automotive technologies
Optical devices
Multimodal interaction
Mixed reality
British inventions
Emerging technologies

Head-up display


Ancient Armenia was a rocky land of ravines, rivers, rugged cliffs, and hundreds of stone monuments and churches. Many survive to this day inside the Turkish border near Armenia. Armenia anciently had far more bigger land than it has now.

Ancient Armenia grew larger into parts of what are now Turkey and Iran.

Religion

De Morgan has said there are signs which show that the Armenians, as their other Aryan relatives, were nature worshipers and that this faith in time was later changed to the worship of national gods, of which many were the equivalents of the gods in the Roman, Greek and Persian cultures. The main proto-Armenian (Aryan) god was Ar, the god of Sun, Fire and Revival. The Armenian hypothesis of Indo-European origins connects the name with the Ar- Armenian root meaning light, sun, fire found in Arev (Sun), Arpi (Light of heaven), Ararich (God or Creator), Ararat (place of Arar), Aryan, Arta etc. According to the researchers, the name of Ardini religious center of ancient Urartu also related to the god Ar-Arda. The cult of Ar appear in Armenian Highland during 5-3th millennium BC and had common Indo-European recognition: Ares (Greek), Ahuramazd (Persian) Ertag (German), Ram (Indian), Yar-Yarilo (Slavonic) etc. After adoption of Christianity the cult of Ar was also evident in Armenia, remembered in the national myth, poetry, art and architecture.

Related pages
 Urartu
 Armens
 Nairi
 Religion in ancient Armenia

References

Other websites
 History of Armenia
 Ancient Armenia on ArmeniaPedia.org
 History of Ancient Armenia and Urartu

Ancient Armenia

Ancient Armenia


The National University of San Juan (in Castilian, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, UNSJ) is a public university in Argentina. Its seat is located in the city of San Juan, capital of the province of the same name, in the Cuyo region. It was founded in 1973, based on several local institutions and a faculty of the National University of Cuyo.

Institutions
The National University of San Juan includes the following faculties:
 Engineering
 Philosophy, Humanities and Arts
 Architecture, Urbanization and Design
 Social Sciences
 Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences

These provide a wide array of titles, including tecnicaturas (intermediate), licenciaturas (Bachelor's degrees), professorships, and post-graduate courses.

Research activity is conducted through the postgraduate departments of each faculty.  Moreover, The University has 14 Research Institutes in which primary research activities are conducted.

History
The origin of UNSJ was a Preparatory College founded in 1839 by then-governor (then president of Argentina) Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. The faculty of Mineralogy of this college gave rise to the technical School of Mines, which in turn fathered other teaching institutions. In 1939 the National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo) was founded with its seat in Mendoza, and San Juan Province was included in its area of influence; UNCuyo's Faculty of Engineering started functioning in San Juan in 1947. Also in that year, courses to form professors in Sciences and Letters began at the Sarmiento Normal School. These courses were split from the school, to be dictated at the newly created National Institute of the Secondary School Professorship, in 1958.

During the 1960s, the society of San Juan Province strived to achieve the creation of a national university. In 1968 a programme to create new state universities did not include San Juan, but renewed demands led to a feasibility study.

The National University of San Juan was created by Law 20367, signed by de facto President Alejandro Agustín Lanusse, on 10 May 1973. It grew to integrate the National Institute of the Secondary School Professorship, the Faculty of Engineering, Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences formerly dependent on the National University of Cuyo, and the Domingo F. Sarmiento Provincial University. The full fusion of these institutions was completed on 10 October.

See also
Science and Education in Argentina
Argentine Higher Education Official Site
Argentine Universities
Automation Institute

References

 Universidad Nacional de San Juan — Institutional website.

External links

1973 establishments in Argentina
San Juan
Universities and colleges established in 1973
National University of San Juan

National University of San Juan


Dale Evans Rogers (born Frances Octavia Smith; October 31, 1912 – February 7, 2001) was an American actress, singer, and songwriter. She was the third wife of singing cowboy Roy Rogers.

Early life

Evans was born Frances Octavia Smith on October 31, 1912, in Uvalde, Texas, to Bettie Sue Wood and T. Hillman Smith. She had a tumultuous early life. She spent a lot of time living with her uncle, Dr. L.D. Massey MD FACP, an internal medicine physician, in Osceola, Arkansas. At age 14, she eloped with and married Thomas F. Fox, with whom she had one son, Thomas F. Fox Jr., when she was 15. A year later, abandoned by her husband, she found herself in Memphis, Tennessee, a single parent pursuing a career in music. She landed jobs with Memphis radio stations (WMC and WREC), singing and playing piano. Divorced in 1929, she took the name Dale Evans while working at radio station WHAS (Louisville, Kentucky) in the early 1930s after the station manager suggested it because he believed she could promote her singing career with a short pleasant sounding name that announcers and disc jockeys could easily pronounce.

Early career

After beginning her career singing at the radio station where she was employed as a secretary, Evans had a productive career as a jazz, swing, and big band singer that led to a screen test and contract with 20th Century Fox studios. She gained exposure on radio as the featured singer for a time on the Edgar Bergen/Charlie McCarthy show.

Throughout this early period, Evans went through two additional failed marriages, first with August Wayne Johns from 1929 to 1935; then with accompanist and arranger Robert Dale Butts from 1937 to 1946. Neither marriage produced children. During her time at 20th Century Fox, the studio promoted her as the unmarried supporter of her teenage "brother" Tommy (actually her son Tom Fox, Jr.), a deception that continued through her divorce from Butts in 1946 and her development as a cowgirl co-star to Roy Rogers at Republic Studios.

Joint efforts
Evans married Roy Rogers on New Year's Eve 1947 at the Flying L Ranch in Davis, Oklahoma, where they had earlier filmed the movie Home in Oklahoma. The successful marriage was Rogers' third and Evans' fourth; the two were a team on- and off-screen from 1946 until Rogers' death in 1998. Shortly after the wedding, Evans ended the deception regarding her son Tommy. Roy had an adopted daughter, Cheryl, and two biological children, Linda and Roy Jr. (Dusty), from his second marriage. Together they had one child, Robin Elizabeth, who died of complications of Down syndrome shortly before her second birthday. Her life inspired Evans to write her bestseller Angel Unaware. Evans was very influential in changing public perceptions of children with developmental disabilities and served as a role model for many parents. After she wrote Angel Unaware, a group then known as the "Oklahoma County Council for Mentally Retarded Children" adopted its better-known name Dale Rogers Training Center in her honor. She went on to write a number of religious and inspirational books, and she and Roy appeared many times with Billy Graham in Crusades all over the country, singing gospel songs and giving their testimony. Evans and Rogers adopted four other children: Mimi, Dodie, Sandy, and Debbie.

From 1951 to 1957, Evans and Rogers starred in the highly-successful television series The Roy Rogers Show, in which they continued their cowboy and cowgirl roles, with her riding her trusty buckskin horse, Buttermilk. In addition to her successful TV shows, more than 30 films and some 200 songs, Evans wrote the song "Happy Trails". In later episodes of the program, she was outspoken in her Christianity, telling people that God would assist them with their troubles and imploring adults and children to turn to Him for guidance. In late 1962, the couple co-hosted a comedy-western-variety program, The Roy Rogers and Dale Evans Show.

In 1964, Evans spoke at a "Project Prayer" rally attended by 2,500 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. The gathering, which was hosted by actor Anthony Eisley, star of ABC's Hawaiian Eye series, sought to flood the United States Congress with letters in support of mandatory school prayer, following two decisions in 1962 and 1963 of the United States Supreme Court which struck down mandatory prayer as conflicting with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Evans supported Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election.

Joining Evans and Eisley at the Project Prayer rally were Walter Brennan, Lloyd Nolan, Rhonda Fleming, Pat Boone, and Gloria Swanson. Evans declared, "It's high time that all America stood up to be counted. Let our children learn of the Lord and be free." Eisely and Fleming added that Rogers, John Wayne, Ronald Reagan, Mary Pickford, Jane Russell, Ginger Rogers, and Pat Buttram would have attended the rally had their schedules permitted. In the 1970s, Evans recorded several solo albums of religious music. During the 1980s, the couple introduced their films weekly on the former The Nashville Network. In the 1990s, Evans hosted her own religious television program.

Death
Evans died of congestive heart failure on February 7, 2001, at the age of 88, in Apple Valley, California. She is interred at Sunset Hills Memorial Park in Apple Valley, next to Rogers.

Legacy
For her contribution to radio, Evans has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6638 Hollywood Blvd. She received a second star at 1737 Vine St. for her contribution to the television industry. In 1976, she was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. In 1995, she was inducted into the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame in Fort Worth, Texas. In 1997, she was inducted into the Texas Trail of Fame. She ranked No. 34 on CMT's 40 Greatest Women in Country Music in 2002.

Cheryl Rogers-Barnett, a daughter of Roy Rogers and step-daughter of  Evans, co-authored Cowboy Princess: Life with My Parents, Roy Rogers and Dale Evans with Frank Thompson.

In 2001, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to her and Roy Rogers. In 2018, she was inducted into the National Multicultural Western Heritage Museum.

Selected filmography

 Orchestra Wives (1942)
 Girl Trouble (1942)
 Swing Your Partner (1943)
 The West Side Kid (1943)
 Hoosier Holiday (1943)
 Here Comes Elmer (1943)
 In Old Oklahoma (1943)
 Casanova in Burlesque (1944)
 Cowboy and the Senorita (1944)
 The Yellow Rose of Texas (1944)
 Song of Nevada (1944)
 San Fernando Valley (1944)
 Lights of Old Santa Fe (1944)
 The Big Show-Off (1945)
 Utah (1945)
 Bells of Rosarita (1945)
 The Man from Oklahoma (1945)
 Hitchhike to Happiness (1945)
 Along the Navajo Trail (1945)
 Sunset in El Dorado (1945)
 Don't Fence Me In (1945)
 Song of Arizona (1946)
 Rainbow Over Texas (1946)
 My Pal Trigger (1946)
 Under Nevada Skies (1946)
 Roll on Texas Moon (1946)
 Home in Oklahoma (1946)
 Out California Way (1946)
 Heldorado (1946)
 Apache Rose (1947)
 Bells of San Angelo (1947)
 The Trespasser (1947)
 Slippy McGee (1948)
 Susanna Pass (1949)
 Down Dakota Way (1949)
 The Golden Stallion (1949)
 Bells of Coronado (1950)
 Twilight in the Sierras (1950)
 Trigger, Jr. (1950)
 South of Caliente (1951)
 Pals of the Golden West (1951)

Notes

References

Further reading
 White, Ray. King of the Cowboys, Queen of the West: Roy Rogers and Dale Evans (University of Wisconsin Press).
 Rogers, Roy, and Evans, Dale, with Jane and Michael Stern. Happy Trails: Our Life Story (Thorndike Press, Thorndike, Maine).
 Zwisohn, Laurence. (1998). "Dale Evans". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music''. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 166–7.

External links

 Dale Evans Movie
 Dale Evans Production
 Dale Evans Memorial

1912 births
2001 deaths
American women country singers
American country singer-songwriters
RCA Victor artists
Bell Records artists
American film actresses
Western (genre) film actresses
People from Uvalde, Texas
20th-century American actresses
20th Century Studios contract players
20th-century American singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Texas
People from Apple Valley, California
People from Italy, Texas
Cowgirl Hall of Fame inductees
20th-century American women singers
California Republicans
Country musicians from Texas
Singer-songwriters from California

Dale Evans


William Gregg VC DCM MM (27 January 1890 – 10 August 1969) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Details
He was 28 years old, and a sergeant in the 13th Battalion, The Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own), British Army during the First World War when he performed a deed for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross.

On 8 May 1918 at Bucquoy, France, when all the officers of Sergeant Gregg's company had been hit during an attack on an enemy outpost, he took command, rushing two enemy posts, killing some of the gun teams, taking prisoners and capturing a machine-gun. He then started to consolidate his position until driven back by a counter-attack, but as reinforcements had by now come up, he led a charge, personally bombed a hostile machine-gun, killed the crew and captured the gun. When driven back again, he led another successful attack and held on to his position until ordered to withdraw.

Further information
He later achieved the rank of company sergeant-major and served in World War II with the Sherwood Foresters.

The medal
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Green Jackets (Rifles) Museum in Winchester, England.

Local honours
William lived in Heanor, Derbyshire, and as testament to his deeds of gallantry when the town's new swimming baths were built in 1970 they were named the 'William Gregg V.C Swimming Baths' in his honour. That recognition was continued when the facilities were extended and privatised in 2009-10 as the 'William Gregg V.C. Leisure Centre.

References

Bibliography

External links
Location of grave and VC medal (Derbyshire)
Leisure Facilities Named in his honour (Heanor Leisure Centre)
 The Comprehensive Guide to the Victoria & George Cross

1890 births
1969 deaths
People from Heanor
Rifle Brigade soldiers
British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
Recipients of the Distinguished Conduct Medal
Recipients of the Military Medal
British Army personnel of World War I
Sherwood Foresters soldiers
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
Military personnel from Derbyshire

William Gregg (VC)


Herbert Thomas Dicksee (14 June 1862 – 20 February 1942) was an English painter who specialised in oil paintings of dogs, particularly the deerhound. Prints and etchings of his best-known paintings were widely distributed by publishers such as Klackner of London, and his work is popular among collectors and dog enthusiasts today.

Dicksee belonged to an illustrious artistic family. His father was the artist John Dicksee (1817–1905). John's brother Thomas (1819–1895), also a painter, was the father of Sir Frank Dicksee (1853–1928), president of the Royal Academy from 1924 until his death. (Herbert, meanwhile, had one sister, whose name was Amy.) Dicksee studied art at the Slade School, London, on a scholarship. His first painting was exhibited in 1881.

Dicksee specialised in sympathetic paintings of hounds, such as "After Chevy Chase" and "Silent Sympathy", but he also painted big cats at London Zoo, of which he was a fellow. His paintings were usually done from life; he kept numerous dogs as pets. Those pets featured in his etchings included a bloodhound, a French bulldog named "Shaver", and several pugs and bull terriers.

Many of Dicksee's works, especially those painted during the war, depict the dogs accompanying melancholy young ladies. His most frequent model was the actress Gladys Cooper.

The artist married Ella Crump in 1896, and they had two children, Maurice (who was killed in World War I) and Dorothy (who also studied art). Herbert Dicksee died in 1942 in Hampstead. His daughter Dorothy was the executor of his will, which directed her to destroy most of the plates for Dicksee's etchings.

Works

This is an incomplete list.
 "Watercress Beds – Surrey" (1885)
 "Beauty and the Beast" (1887)
"All His Troubles Before Him" (1887)
"Silent Sympathy" (1894)
"The Watcher on the Hill" (1900)
"Where's Master?" (1911), commissioned by King Edward VII
"The Kill" (1933)
"Family of Bloodhounds" (1894 - Etching)

See also
Collectible

References

"The Life and Etchings of Herbert Dicksee", Pottery Auctions website.
"Windsor Magazine April 1906", The Art of Mr Herbert Dicksee, by Enoch Scribe.

1862 births
1942 deaths
Dog artists
19th-century English painters
English male painters
20th-century English painters
Artists' Rifles soldiers
20th-century English male artists
19th-century English male artists

Herbert Dicksee


Louise Jordan Miln (March 5, 1864 – September 22, 1933) was an American actress, writer and novelist.

Biography
Miln was born in Macomb, Illinois to Dr. T. M. Jordan, a local physician and Annie Wells. At age 5 the family moved to Chicago where her father became wealthy as a banker. She attended Vassar College but was forced to withdraw due to ill-health. At age 18, she began to act in plays in a travelling theatrical company which was run by her future husband, George Crichton Miln. She married him in 1888 and together they travelled to Australia. Her husband struggled to work as an actor and their life for a few years was lived in poverty. He eventually left for work in New Zealand leaving her behind in Sydney to take care of their three young children.

After her father died, Miln came in to some income from his estate which allowed them to travel around Asia where they also performed in plays. As a stage actress, Miln and her husband performed Shakespeare in Australia in 1890.  Moving through Asia, they continued to perform in Calcutta, Rangoon, Singapore, Shanghai, and Hong Kong.  Arriving in Japan in May 1891, the theatre group directed by her husband gave two weeks of Shakespeare performances at the Gaiety Theatre in Yokohama.  These performances were the first full-text Shakespeare productions staged in Japan and were influential in the modern development of Japanese theatre.

Her earlier travel experiences in Asia inspired her to start writing which she did with two travel memoirs, When We Were Strolling Players In The East, (1894) and Quaint Korea, (1895). During her time in Japan, she visited with two students she had known at Vassar in 1879, one was Stematz Yamakawa. Stematz (aka Sutematsu) had become the first Japanese woman to earn a college degree in 1882. Stematz had married the Japanese Minister of War by the time of Miln's visit and had become the Countess Sutematsu Oyama.

In 1896, they moved to London, England where they bought a monthly periodical called The British Realm, which George edited. Louise contributed many articles and continued writing. George died in 1917 and Miln continued her writing career.  She completed Mr. Wu in 1918, based on the successful earlier play by H.M. Vernon and Harold Owen.  The novel focuses on ancient traditions and the vengeance that, seemingly, must follow the clandestine relationship between a Chinese mandarin's daughter and her young American lover.  The book was very popular and it was eventually made into a film starring Lon Chaney. This led to 15 more novels, mainly romances set in China which sold well at the time.

One of her books, The Green Goddess, is based on a play by William Archer about a Shangri-La-type place.  Miln's 1922 novel is set in British controlled India. Captain Anthony Crespin brings his beautiful young bride Lucilla there to continue his military service.  The two of them, with their airplane pilot, have an emergency landing in a remote mountainous enclave outside of the control of British regiments. They are held as captives when the ruler of the hidden land falls in love with Lucilla. A silent film The Green Goddess (1923) and a Vitaphone remake The Green Goddess (1930) were released within a decade of the successful play and novel.

She purchased a house in Trepied, France, just across the channel where she died in 1933.

Works
Mr. & Mrs. Sên explores the difficulties a British woman and Chinese man face when they fall in love in Washington D.C.  After visiting China together, they decide to make their home in England.

Ruben and Ivy Sên follows the lives of the children of Mr. & Mrs. Sên. Ruben Sên has the physical features of his English mother while he has the "Chinese soul" of his father.  Ivy Sên hates her Chinese appearance and heritage with an unforgiving vehemence.

It Happened in Peking is set during the siege in 1900. Trapped British and Americans tourists seek to survive during the conflict between China and the rest of the world. Epigraph: "If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh?  If you poison us, do we not die? and if you wrong us, shall we not revenge?"

Quaint Korea is a set of reminiscences of the Far East, comparing Korea with its neighbours Japan and China. The descriptions cover architecture, men, women, morals, art, theatre and many other topics. Written to entertain but critical as to common perceptions in the West, including those of other travel writers. It gives descriptions of Queen Min and the daily lives of Korean ladies, concubines, geishas and the poor.

 When We Were Strolling Players In The East, (1894)
 Quaint Korea, (1895)
 An Actor's Wooing: Being The Confessions Of A Chaperon, (1896)
 Little Folk Of Many Lands, (1899)
 Wooings And Weddings In Many Climes, (1900)
 A Woman And Her Talent, (1905)
 The Invisible Foe, (1917)
 Were Man But Constant, (1918)
 Mr Wu, (1918)
 The Purple Mask, (1918)
 The Feast Of Lanterns, (1920)
 The Heart Of A Rose, (c1920)
 The Pursuit of Pamela, (c1921)
 The Green Goddess, (1922)
 Mr And Mrs Sen, (1923)
 In A Shantung Garden, (1924)
 The Soul Of China, (1925)
 Ruby And Ivy Sen, (1925)
 It Happened In Peking, (1926)
 In A Yun-nan Courtyard, (1927)
 Red Lily And Chinese Jade, (1928)
 The Flutes Of Shanghai, (1928)
 By Soochow Waters, (1929)
 Rice, (1930)
 The Vintage Of Yon-Yih (also titled: The Vintage Of Yon Yee), (1931)
 Ann Zu-Zan, A Chinese Love Story (also titled: A Chinese Triangle), (1932)
 Peng Wers Harvest, (1933)

Source:

References

External links

1864 births
1933 deaths
19th-century American novelists
20th-century American novelists
American women novelists
People from Macomb, Illinois
20th-century American women writers
19th-century American women
Actor-managers

Louise Jordan Miln


Custer County High School is a public high school located in Westcliffe, Colorado, United States.

Custer County School District is nestled between the Wet Mountains and Sangre de Cristo Mountains of south central Colorado. It includes the neighboring towns of Silver Cliff and Westcliffe, with a county-wide population of 3,500.  All students are in the same building but have three sections within the school.

There are 182 students enrolled in Custer County High School and 527  in the district.

The school operates Monday to Thursday, from 8am to 4pm.

The average class size at the school is 13.

References

Public high schools in Colorado
Schools in Custer County, Colorado

Custer County High School