The Mount Pulaski Courthouse State Historic Site is a historic county courthouse located in Mount Pulaski, Illinois, United States.  It was the county seat of Logan County from 1848 until 1855.  It is one of only two remaining courthouses from Illinois's Eighth Circuit, the circuit on which central Illinois lawyer Abraham Lincoln carried out much of his practice of law.  The courthouse is operated by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency as a state historic site.  Visitors are given guided tours of the recreated county offices and courtroom.

1848-1855: courthouse
Prior to 1848, the people of Logan County used a frame courthouse, now the Postville Courthouse State Historic Site, located close to the center of the county at Postville.  Frame courthouses were especially vulnerable to fire, and county leaders began looking for a community that would subsidize the construction of a masonry structure.  Mount Pulaski citizens combined to contribute $2,700 toward the $3,000 for a new structure.  This two-story brick building stands today as the Mount Pulaski Courthouse.  The Greek Revival building features pediments spanning the length of the building and pilasters at each corner.

When the new courthouse was built in 1848, Abraham Lincoln of nearby Springfield was representing central Illinois in the U.S. House of Representatives.  Returning to Illinois in 1849, he resumed the practice of law in the Eighth Circuit, and often visited the Mount Pulaski courthouse.  Mount Pulaski is located 25 miles (40 km) north of Springfield, a day's journey by the horse and light buggy that Lincoln used.

Mount Pulaski is located in the southeastern quarter of Logan County.  In the early 1850s, developers built a railroad, which would become the Chicago and Alton Railroad, northeastward from Springfield through Logan County.  The new railroad became the focus of county development, and it did not go near Mount Pulaski.  The railroad and county leaders agreed to move the Logan County seat once again, to a location very near the center of the county and directly on the new railroad line.  The new county seat was named Lincoln, Illinois, after lawyer Lincoln, who by this time had made many friends throughout the county.  The decision was affirmed by county voters in a referendum in 1853, and the court and county government had moved away by 1855.

County leaders' fear of fire proved to be well-founded in 1857, when a blaze destroyed the relocated county records, including the dockets of the Logan County circuit court.  As a result, very little is known of Lincoln's specific legal cases in Logan County during the Mount Pulaski interval.

After 1855
Mount Pulaski only served as the county seat until 1853, when it moved to Lincoln, so the courthouse only served in its intended capacity for five years. After 1853, the building served as a school, the Mount Pulaski city hall and jail, and the local post office.

Illinois Governor Henry Horner launched a statewide search in the 1930s for surviving public buildings with which Lincoln had been familiar.  Mount Pulaski gave the old brick courthouse building to the state of Illinois in 1936, and the state extensively restored it in 1936–1939 to resemble its function as the county courthouse.

The courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 3, 1978, qualifying both because of its place in local history and because of its historically significant architecture.  According to a member of the Logan County planning commission at the time, the building "ranks among the finest and best-preserved pre-1850 buildings in the state."

References

External links
Mount Pulaski Courthouse State Historic Site

Government buildings completed in 1848
Abraham Lincoln National Heritage Area
Former courthouses in Illinois
Former post office buildings
Former school buildings in the United States
Greek Revival architecture in Illinois
Illinois State Historic Sites
Museums in Logan County, Illinois
Law museums in Illinois
Defunct schools in Illinois
County courthouses in Illinois
Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in Logan County, Illinois


An oversize permit is a document obtained from a state, county, city or province (Canada) to authorize travel in the specified jurisdiction for oversize/overweight truck movement.  In most cases it will list the hauler's name, the description of the load and its dimensions, and a route they are required to travel.  They may be obtained from the transportation department/agency of the issuing jurisdiction or from a company specializing in transportation permits, called a permit service.

Road transport

Oversize permit


Jimmy Layne Webb (born August 15, 1946) is an American songwriter, composer, and singer. He achieved success at an early age, winning the Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the age of 21. During his career, he established himself as one of America's most successful and honored songwriter/composers.

Webb has written numerous platinum-selling songs, including "Up, Up and Away", "By the Time I Get to Phoenix", "MacArthur Park", "Wichita Lineman", "Worst That Could Happen", "Galveston" and "All I Know". He had successful collaborations with Glen Campbell, Michael Feinstein, Linda Ronstadt, the 5th Dimension, the Supremes, Art Garfunkel and Richard Harris.

Webb was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1986 and the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1990. He received the National Academy of Songwriters Lifetime Achievement Award in 1993, the Songwriters Hall of Fame Johnny Mercer Award in 2003, the ASCAP "Voice of Music" Award in 2006 and the Ivor Novello Special International Award in 2012. According to BMI, his song "By the Time I Get to Phoenix" was the third most performed song in the 50 years between 1940 and 1990. Webb is the only artist ever to receive Grammy Awards for music, lyrics and orchestration.

Early life
Webb was born on August 15, 1946, in Elk City, Oklahoma  and raised in Laverne, Oklahoma.  He grew up in a religiously conservative family; His father, Robert Lee Webb, was a Baptist minister and veteran of the United States Marine Corps who presided over rural churches in southwestern Oklahoma and west Texas. With his mother's encouragement, Webb learned piano and organ and by the age of 12 was playing in the choir of his father's churches, accompanied by his father on guitar and his mother on accordion.  His father restricted radio listening to country music and white gospel.

During the late 1950s, Webb began applying his creativity to the music he was playing at his father's church, frequently improvising and rearranging the hymns. He began to write religious songs at this time, but his musical direction was soon influenced by the new music being played on the radio, including the music of Elvis Presley. In 1961, at the age of 14, he bought his first record, "Turn Around, Look at Me" by Glen Campbell. Webb said he was drawn to the singer's distinctive voice, and, they became friends a few years later.

In 1964, Webb and his family moved to Southern California, where he attended San Bernardino Valley College, studying music. During this time, he lived in Colton, California, with his family. Following the death of his mother, Sylvia, in 1964, his father made plans to return to Oklahoma. Webb decided to stay in California to continue his music studies and to pursue a career as a songwriter in Los Angeles. Webb would later recall his father warning him about his musical aspirations, saying, "This songwriting thing is going to break your heart." Seeing that his son was determined, however, he gave him $40, saying, "It's not much, but it's all I have."

Career

Early success, 1965–1969
After transcribing other people's music for a small music publisher in Hollywood, Webb was signed to a songwriting contract with Jobete Music, the publishing arm of Motown Records. The first commercial recording of a Jimmy Webb song was "My Christmas Tree" by The Supremes, which appeared on their 1965 Merry Christmas album. The following year, Webb met singer and producer Johnny Rivers, who signed him to a publishing deal and recorded his song "By the Time I Get to Phoenix" on his 1966 album Changes.

In 1967, Rivers released Rewind, an album featuring seven Jimmy Webb songs, including "Do What You Gotta Do" and "Tunesmith", a song also recorded that year by Vikki Carr for her album It Must Be Him. That same year, Rivers turned to Webb for material for a new group Rivers was producing called the 5th Dimension. Webb contributed five songs to their debut album, Up, Up and Away, including the title track, which was released as a single in May 1967 and reached the Top Ten. The group's follow-up album, The Magic Garden, was also released in 1967 and featured eleven additional Webb songs, including "Worst That Could Happen".

In November 1967, Glen Campbell released his version of "By the Time I Get to Phoenix", which reached number 26. At the 1968 Grammy Awards, held in February 1968, "Up, Up and Away" was named Record of the Year (1967) and Song of the Year (1967). "Up, Up and Away" and "By the Time I Get to Phoenix" received eight Grammy Awards between them.

In 1968, Time acknowledged Webb's range, proficiency, and "gift for strong, varied rhythms, inventive structures, and rich, sometimes surprising harmonies". That year, the string of successful Webb songs continued with the 5th Dimension's "Paper Cup" and "Carpet Man" reaching the Top 40, Glen Campbell's "Wichita Lineman" selling over a million copies, and Johnny Maestro & the Brooklyn Bridge scoring a gold record with "Worst That Could Happen", a song originally recorded by the 5th Dimension.

Webb formed his own production and publishing company that year, Canopy, and scored a hit with its first project, an unlikely album with Irish actor Richard Harris singing an album of all Webb songs. One of the songs, "MacArthur Park", was a long, complex piece with multiple movements that was originally rejected by the group The Association. Despite the song's seven minute, twenty-one second length, Harris's version reached #2 on the Hot 100 on June 22, 1968, and #4 on the UK Singles Chart on July 24. The album, A Tramp Shining, stayed on the charts for almost a year. Webb and Harris produced a follow-up album, The Yard Went On Forever, which was also successful.

Further raising Webb's stature as a songwriter, "By the Time I Get to Phoenix" was performed by Frank Sinatra on the latter's 1968 album Cycles. Sinatra would go on to praise "By the Time I Get to Phoenix" as "the greatest torch song ever written."

At the 1969 Grammy Awards, Webb accepted awards for "By the Time I Get to Phoenix", "Wichita Lineman", and "MacArthur Park". In 2019 "Wichita Lineman" was added to the National Recording Registry.

In 1969, Glen Campbell continued the streak of Webb hits with the gold record "Galveston" and "Where's the Playground Susie". Webb and Campbell had first met during the production of a General Motors commercial. Webb arrived at the recording session with his Beatle-length hair and approached the conservative singer, who looked up from his guitar and said, "Get a haircut." That same year, two Webb songs became hits for the second time with Isaac Hayes' soulful version of "By the Time I Get to Phoenix" and Waylon Jennings' Grammy-winning country version of "MacArthur Park". On Frank Sinatra's acclaimed 1969 album My Way, the singer dove deeper into Webb's songbook with a version of "Didn't We?" — a number that was originally done by Richard Harris in 1968 and released as the B-side of "MacArthur Park". Webb finished up the year by writing, arranging, and producing Thelma Houston's first album, Sunshower.

As the decade came to a close, so too did Webb's string of hit singles. He began to withdraw from the formulaic process in which he worked and began to experiment with his music. He started work on a semi-autobiographical Broadway musical called His Own Dark City, which reflected the emotional displacement he felt at the time. He also wrote music for the films How Sweet It Is! and Tell Them Willie Boy Is Here.

Singer-songwriter years, 1970–1982
Webb's career as a singer-songwriter got off to a rough start with the "counterfeit" album Jim Webb Sings Jim Webb, released by Epic Records in 1968. According to Webb, the album was produced "by a bunch of ruffians from some old demos of mine and tarted up to sound like 'MacArthur Park'". Beginning in 1970, Webb released six original albums of his own songs: Words and Music (1970), And So: On (1971), Letters (1972), Land's End (1974), El Mirage (1977), and Angel Heart (1982). Despite the critical reception that followed each of these projects, Webb has never been as successful as a performer as he has been as a songwriter and arranger. Each album was noted for its inventive music and memorable lyrics.

Webb's debut album as a performer, Words and Music, was released on Reprise Records in late 1970 to critical acclaim. Rolling Stone writer Jon Landau called one of the album's cuts, "P.F. Sloan", a "masterpiece [that] could not be improved upon". The album also features the ambitious song trilogy "Music for an Unmade Movie". Webb's 1971 follow-up album, And So: On, proved equally appealing to critics. Rolling Stone declared the album "another impressive step in the conspiracy to recover his identity from the housewives of America and rightfully install him at the forefront of contemporary composers/performers." The album features the songs "Met Her on a Plane", "All My Love's Laughter", and "Marionette". Also in 1971, the Three Degrees are featured in the movie The French Connection giving a rendition of Webb's song "Everybody Gets To Go To The Moon", originally recorded in 1969 by Thelma Houston.

Webb's 1972 album Letters, which features his own rendition of "Galveston", met with similar praise. Music critic Bruce Eder called Letters the "most surprising, diverse, and possibly the most satisfying of all of Jimmy Webb's early solo LPs" and "arguably the best of Webb's solo albums". In his review of the album, Peter Reilly of Stereo Review wrote, "Jimmy Webb is the most important pop music figure to emerge since Bob Dylan." The album also features the songs "Campo de Encino", an homage to his park-like residence in Encino, California, during the 1970s, "When Can Brown Begin", and "Piano".
He also produced in 1972 album, "The Supremes Produced And Arranged By Jimmy Webb." for The Supremes, featuring Jean Terrell, Mary Wilson and Linda Lawrence. The album sold poorly and did not chart successfully.

In 1974, Webb released Land's End on Asylum Records. Unlike his previous albums, which tended to be underproduced, Webb was able to achieve a more heavily produced pop/rock sound on Land's End, which was recorded in England with the help of an all-star session band that included Joni Mitchell, Ringo Starr, and Nigel Olsson. The album contains "a thematic consistency in that most of its songs were tales of romantic discord". While Webb continued to improve as a singer, he "still hadn't found an identity as a solo artist". The album features the songs "Ocean in His Eyes", "Just This One Time", and "Crying in My Sleep".

In 1977, Webb released El Mirage on Atlantic Records. Produced, arranged, and conducted by The Beatles' former producer, George Martin, the album was Webb's "most polished effort yet as a performer". William Ruhlmann observed, "These were lush tracks full of tasty playing and warm string charts on which Webb's thin tenor was buoyed by numerous background vocalists, the whole an excellent example of the style known as 'West Coast pop'." The album contains several strong compositions, including "The Highwayman", which would later become a number one country hit for Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, Johnny Cash, and Kris Kristofferson, who named their super group The Highwaymen after the song. Their version of "The Highwayman" won a Grammy Award for Best Country Song. El Mirage also features the songs "If You See Me Getting Smaller I'm Leaving", a newly arranged version of "P.F. Sloan", and "The Moon is a Harsh Mistress", which had already been recorded by Joe Cocker, Glen Campbell, and Judy Collins. Despite the positive critical response to the album, El Mirage did not succeed in redefining Webb as a performer as he had hoped.

Webb's final solo album from this period, Angel Heart, was released in 1982 on Lorimar Records. Like its predecessor, the album drew upon the talents of top Los Angeles session musicians to produce a classic West Coast pop sound, enhanced by guest vocal harmonies by Gerry Beckley, Michael McDonald, Graham Nash, Kenny Loggins, Daryl Hall, and Stephen Bishop. Unlike his previous solo albums, however, Angel Heart lacked the quality material usually associated with the composer. Apart from "Scissors Cut" and "In Cars", which were previously recorded by Art Garfunkel, the album offered few high points, despite its polished production. A decade would pass before Webb released his next solo album.

Throughout the 1970s and into the 1980s, Webb's songs continued to be recorded by some of the industry's most successful artists. In 1972, Jimmy Webb produced The Supremes' last album featuring Jean Terrell as lead singer, The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb. Webb is quoted as saying he had a crush on Mary Wilson when he wrote and produced "I Keep It Hid" featuring her on lead vocals. In 1977, the initial release of Art Garfunkel's Watermark album consisted exclusively of songs by Webb. In 1978, Donna Summer's disco version of "MacArthur Park" became a multi-million selling vinyl single that was number one on the American pop music charts for three weeks. In 1980, Thelma Houston recorded "Before There Could Be Me", "Breakwater Cat", "Gone", "Long Lasting Love", and "What Was that Song" on her album Breakwater Cat. Leah Kunkel recorded "Never Gonna Lose My Dream of Love Again" and "Let's Begin" for her album I Run with Trouble. The latter was performed live in 1980 by the born-again Bob Dylan. Tanya Tucker recorded "Tennessee Woman" on her album Dreamlovers. And Frank Sinatra did his own cover of "MacArthur Park" on the 1980 album Trilogy: Past Present Future.

In 1981, Art Garfunkel recorded "Scissors Cut", "In Cars", and "That's All I've Got to Say" for his album Scissors Cut, and Arlo Guthrie recorded "Oklahoma Nights" on his album Power of Love. In 1982, Linda Ronstadt recorded "The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress" and "Easy for You to Say" on her album Get Closer. That same year, Joe Cocker recorded "Just Like Always" on his album Sheffield Steel, and the Everly Brothers recorded "She Never Smiles Anymore" on their album Living Legends.

In 1981 Webb moved to New York state, and said, "One day I wondered what happened to the Seventies and all those grandiose schemes."

Large-scale projects, 1982–1992
From 1982 to 1992, Webb turned his focus from solo performing to large-scale projects, such as film scores, Broadway musicals, and classical music. In 1982, he produced the soundtrack for the film The Last Unicorn, an animated children's tale, with the musical group America performing five new Jimmy Webb songs: "The Last Unicorn", "Man's Road", "In the Sea", "Now That I'm a Woman", and "That's All I've Got to Say". The rest of the album contains instrumental music composed, arranged, and conducted by Webb. That same year, he composed the soundtrack to all episodes of the TV series Seven Brides for Seven Brothers.

The theme music for the 1984-85 TV sitcom E/R was written by Webb. Then in 1985, Glen Campbell recorded Webb's "Cowboy Hall of Fame" and "Shattered" for the album It's Just a Matter of Time. And heavyweights Johnny Cash, Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, and Kris Kristofferson recorded "Highwayman" on the album Highwayman. In 1988, Toto recorded "Home of the Brave" on the album The Seventh One. Kenny Rankin recorded "She Moves, Eyes Follow" for the album Hiding in Myself. And in 1989, Linda Ronstadt recorded the album Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind, which featured four Jimmy Webb songs: "Still Within the Sound of My Voice" (with Webb playing piano), "Adios" (with orchestral arrangement by Webb), "I Keep It Hid" (with Webb playing piano), and "Shattered". In 1990, John Denver recorded "Postcard from Paris" on the album The Flower That Shattered the Stone. In 1991, Kenny Rogers recorded "They Just Don't Make Em Like You Anymore" on the album Back Home Again.

In 1986, Webb produced a cantata, The Animals' Christmas, with Art Garfunkel, Amy Grant, and the London Symphony Orchestra. The cantata tells the Christmas story from the perspective of animals.

In 1987, Webb produced the soundtrack for the film The Hanoi Hilton. That same year, he reunited with Campbell for the album Still Within the Sound of My Voice, for which he wrote the title song. They followed this up in 1988 with an album composed almost entirely of Jimmy Webb songs, Light Years. The album included the title song, as well as  "Lightning in a Bottle", "If These Walls Could Speak" (which was also recorded by Amy Grant that year) and "Our Movie". Two songs from 1982's Seven Brides for Seven Brothers also appear on the album. The record also included the songs "Other People's Lives", "Wasn't There A Moment", "I Don't Know How To Love You Anymore", and "Is There Love After You". Several of these songs later ended up on Webb solo albums.

In 1992, Webb completed a musical called Instant Intimacy, which he developed with the Tennessee Repertory Theatre. The musical contained new songs that he and others would later record, including "What Does a Woman See in a Man", "I Don't Know How to Love You Anymore", and "Is There Love After You". That same year, Webb performed live at the club Cinegrill, performing "What Does a Woman See in a Man" and introducing several additional new songs, including "Sandy Cove" and an old folk hymn, "I Will Arise".

Solo artist, 1993–present
Since 1993, Jimmy Webb has produced five critically acclaimed solo albums: Suspending Disbelief (1993), Ten Easy Pieces (1996), Twilight of the Renegades (2005), Just Across the River (2010), and Still Within the Sound of My Voice (2013). He has continued to expand his creative landscape to include musicals, commercial jingles, and film scores.

In 1994, Webb teamed with Nanci Griffith to contribute the song "If These Old Walls Could Speak" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization.

In 1997, Webb co-produced Carly Simon's "Film Noir" album and contributed his vocals, orchestration, and piano skills to the project, which was filmed for an AMC documentary (which premiered in September 1997). He also co-wrote the song "Film Noir" with Simon. Webb reprised his role as arranger and co-producer on Simon's 2008 album, "This Kind of Love".

In 1998, Webb completed his first book, Tunesmith: Inside the Art of Songwriting, which was published by Hyperion Books. It was well received by songwriters and performers and became a best-seller. One book reviewer described it as "a companion every serious songwriter should read, and read again, and keep handy for referral".

In 2007, he released a live album of his show, Live and at Large (2007), which was recorded in the United Kingdom. The album included personal stories and anecdotes about Richard Harris, Waylon Jennings, Harry Nilsson, Glen Campbell, Art Garfunkel, Frank Sinatra, and Rosemary Clooney.

Webb appears in the 2008 documentary The Wrecking Crew providing thoughtful and descriptive insights into the world of California session musicians in the 1960s.

In June 2010, Webb released Just Across the River, an album of newly arranged Webb songs that featured guest appearances by Vince Gill, Billy Joel, Willie Nelson, Lucinda Williams, Jackson Browne, Glen Campbell, Michael McDonald, Mark Knopfler, J. D. Souther, and Linda Ronstadt.

In 2011, Webb was unanimously elected Chairman of the Songwriters Hall of Fame, replacing Hal David who retired after ten years in that position.

In May 2012, Webb traveled to London to receive the prestigious Ivor Novello Special International Award, which recognizes non-British writers and composers who have made an extraordinary contribution to the global musical landscape. In September 2012, Fantasy Records released Glen Campbell and Jimmy Webb: In Session, a collaborative album by Glen Campbell and Jimmy Webb. The album and its accompanying DVD were filmed, taped, and recorded in December 1988 in the Hamilton, Ontario studios of CHCH-TV as part of the Canadian concert series In Session.

Decades after he sold his first song, Webb's influence on his fellow musicians is ongoing. Famed rock singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen has acknowledged that his 2019 album Western Stars was profoundly impacted by Webb's music, and country music star Keith Urban cites Webb as his earliest songwriting inspiration.

Webb continues to perform throughout the United States and abroad. In 2017 he published an autobiography, The Cake and the Rain: A Memoir.

Emotional content of songs
While some of Webb's songs are happy, such as "Up, Up and Away", he has said that "The territory I tend to inhabit is that sort of 'crushed lonely hearts' thing. The first part of a relationship is usually that white-hot centre when all the happy songs come. When that's gone it can be devastating, and that's when the sorrowful songs come."

Personal life
Webb married cover girl Patricia "Patsy"  Sullivan, the mother of his 17-month-old son Christiaan, in 1974. The youngest child of screen actor Barry Sullivan and Swedish actress and model Gita Hall, Patsy Sullivan was 12 years old and he was 22 when they met on a photo-shoot for the cover of Teen Magazine in 1968.

Webb  became romantically involved with Sullivan, the face of Yardley Cosmetics, a year later and she gave birth to their son Christiaan, the first of their six children, when she was 16 years old. They married on 13 July 1974 in a wedding held at Jim Messina's Ojai, California ranch. Music stars who attended the wedding included Joe Cocker, Kenny Loggins, Joni Mitchell, Harry Nillson, and Ike Turner, plus actors Beau Bridges, Lynda Carter, Andrew Prine, Jessica Walter and Jack Warden. They were divorced in 1996.

Two sons, Christiaan and Justin, formed a rock band, the Webb Brothers.  Their brother, James, later joined the band.  Webb collaborated with his sons on the album Cottonwood Farm, which also featured his father Bob Webb.

In 2004, Webb married Laura Savini, a host and producer for PBS. From 1996 to 2011, Savini was vice president of marketing and communications at WLIW, a PBS station in New York City.

The couple first met backstage on New Year's Eve 1999 at Billy Joel's 2000 Years: The Millennium Concert at Madison Square Garden. Webb said, "I was drunk at the time.... I met her again a couple of years later and barely remembered meeting her the first time." Their second meeting took place when Savini interviewed Webb for her series on the arts.

Friendships
Webb had close personal relationships with Glen Campbell and actor Richard Harris, both of whom had great success singing his songs. Hearing Campbell on the radio singing "Turn Around, Look at Me" inspired him when he was 14 years old in 1961. A life-long friend, Webb thought of Campbell as a "big brother".

He said of Richard Harris, the Irish actor with a reputation as a serious alcoholic and substance abuser, "Richard was a major figure in my life at a time when I needed someone like him to show me how to smoke a cigarette and drink whisky. It was kind of learning how men really live, and we had the time of our lives."

Substance abuse
In his memoir and in interviews with the press, Webb has been frank about his problems with substance abuse, which included frequent use of cocaine, marijuana and alcohol.

He stated that using cocaine was pervasive in the music industry during the 1970s as recording sessions typically were long and cocaine provided the energy to keep on recording.  "[Cocaine] had become legal tender. You could get studio musicians with it. You could get a date for the evening. Cocaine was in the executive suites of all the major record companies. It became cool; there was no social stigma attached to it. Au contraire: Most people didn't set off for an evening's dinner engagement and party after without your stash."

Webb  suffered a near-fatal overdose of angel dust in 1973 while snorting the drug with his friend, singer-songwriter Harry Nillson. He did coke with Nillson and John Lennon during the former Beatle's "Lost Weekend" and often supplied Lennon with drugs.

He kicked his cocaine habit in the early 1990s. He gave up alcohol and marijuana and cocaine after his divorce and revived his performing career. A heavy user of both substances, Webb has been clean and sober since 2000.

Webb once owned Carroll Shelby's 427 Cobra Super Snake, a twin to the Cobra that Bill Cosby talks about on his album "200 MPH".

Honors and awards
 1967 Grammy Award for Song of the Year ("Up, Up and Away")
 1969 Grammy Award for Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s) ("MacArthur Park")
 1969 Oklahoma Baptist University Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia honorary membership, Pi Tau Chapter
 1986 Grammy Award for Best Country Song ("Highwayman")
 1986 National Academy of Popular Music Songwriter's Hall of Fame
 1990 Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame
 1993 National Academy of Songwriters Lifetime Achievement Award
 1999 Oklahoma Hall of Fame
 1999 ASCAP Board of Directors
 2000 Songwriters Hall of Fame Board of Directors
 2003 Songwriters Hall of Fame, Johnny Mercer Award
 2006 ASCAP Voice of Music Award
 2010 Songwriters Hall of Fame, Chairman Emeritus, 2010–2014
 2012 Ivor Novello Awards, Special International Award
 2013 Great American Songbook Hall of Fame, Songbook Award
 2019 National Recording Registry ("Wichita Lineman")

Discography

Original albums
 Jim Webb Sings Jim Webb (1968)
 Words and Music (1970)
 And So: On (1971)
 Letters (1972)
 Land's End (1974)
 El Mirage (1977)
 Angel Heart (1982)
 Suspending Disbelief (1993)
 Ten Easy Pieces (1996)
 Twilight of the Renegades (2005)
 Live and at Large (2007)
 Just Across the River (2010)
 Still Within the Sound of My Voice (2013)
SlipCover (2019)

Collaborative albums
 Up, Up, and Away (1967) by The 5th Dimension
 The Magic Garden (1967) by The 5th Dimension
 Rewind (1967) by Johnny Rivers
 A Tramp Shining (1968) by Richard Harris
 The Yard Went On Forever (1968) by Richard Harris
 Sunshower (1969) by Thelma Houston
 The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb (1972) by The Supremes
 Reunion: The Songs of Jimmy Webb (1974) by Glen Campbell
 Stars (1975) by Cher
 Earthbound (1975) by The 5th Dimension
 Live at the Royal Festival Hall (1977) by Glen Campbell
 Watermark (1977) by Art Garfunkel
 Breakwater Cat (1980) by Thelma Houston
 The Last Unicorn (1982) by America
 The Animals' Christmas (1986) by Art Garfunkel and Amy Grant
 Light Years (1988) by Glen Campbell
 Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind (1989) by Linda Ronstadt
 Film Noir (1997) by Carly Simon
 Only One Life: The Songs of Jimmy Webb (2003) by Michael Feinstein
 This Kind of Love (2008) by Carly Simon
 Cottonwood Farm (2009) by Jimmy Webb and The Webb Brothers
 Glen Campbell and Jimmy Webb: In Session (2012) by Glen Campbell and Jimmy Webb

Compilation albums
 Tribute to Burt Bacharach and Jim Webb (1972)
 Archive (1994)
 And Someone Left the Cake Out in the Rain... (1998)
 Reunited with Jimmy Webb 1974–1988 (1999)
 Tunesmith: The Songs of Jimmy Webb (2003)
 The Moon's a Harsh Mistress: Jimmy Webb in the Seventies (2004)
 Archive & Live (2005)

References

Citations

Sources

External links

  in 2010
 Jimmy Webb interview in 2012

1946 births
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American composers
21st-century American male musicians
American male composers
Asylum Records artists
Atlantic Records artists
Elektra Records artists
Epic Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Ivor Novello Award winners
Living people
People from Elk City, Oklahoma
Reprise Records artists
San Bernardino Valley College alumni
Singer-songwriters from Oklahoma

Jimmy Webb


Joseph Overton was a libertarian political commentator.

He is known for having come up with the idea of the Overton Window a theory about how political ideas that were once unacceptable become mainstream or how ones that were once mainstream become unacceptable. Overton came up with the idea to explain the need for think tanks like the one where he worked. Overton had Lawrence Reed as the best man at his wedding in 2003 and Overton and his wife died in a plane accident a few months later.

Political commentators

Joseph Overton


Mirza Taghi Khan-e Farahani (), better known as Amir Kabir (Persian: , 9 January 1807 – 10 January 1852), also known by the title of Amir-e Nezam or Amir Nezam (), was chief minister to Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (Shah of Persia) for the first three years of his reign. He is widely considered to be "Iran's first reformer", a modernizer who was "unjustly struck down" as he attempted to bring "gradual reform" to Iran. As the prime minister, he also ordered the killing of many Babis and the execution of the founder of the movement, the Báb. In the last years of his life he was exiled to Fin Garden in Kashan and was murdered by command of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar on 10 January 1852.

Background and achievements

Early career

Amir Kabir was born in Hazaveh in the Arak district, in what is now Markazi Province of Iran. His father, Karbalaʾi Mohammad Qorban, entered the service of Mirza Bozorg Qa'em-Maqam of Farahan as cook, and when Mirza Bozorg was appointed chief minister to ʿAbbas Mirza, the crown prince, in Tabriz, Karbalaʾi Qorban accompanied him there, taking his son with him. Amir Kabir first assisted his father in performing domestic duties in the household of Mirza Bozorg, who saw signs of unusual talent in the boy and had him study with his own children. Mirza Bozorg died in 1237/1822 and was succeeded in the post of minister to the crown prince by his son, Mirza Bozorg. Under the son's aegis, Amir Kabir entered government service, being appointed first to the post of lashkarnevis [military registrar] for the army of Azerbaijan. In 1251/1835, he was promoted to the position of mostofi-ye nezam, becoming responsible for supervising the finances of the army of Azerbaijan; several years later he was put in charge of the same army's provisions, financing, and organization with the title of vazir-e nezam.

During his tenure, Amir Kabir participated in many missions abroad. He spent almost four years in Erzurum, part of a commission to delineate the Ottoman-Iranian frontier. He resisted attempts to exclude Mohammareh (present-day Khorramshahr) from Iranian sovereignty and to make Iran pay compensation for its military incursions into the area of Solaymaniyeh. In this, he acted independently of the central government in Tehran, which not only failed to formulate a consistent policy vis-à-vis the Ottomans but also opposed most of Amir Kabir's initiatives. Although a form of treaty was concluded between Iran and the Ottoman state, the borders had still not been delineated when the Crimean War erupted and the British and Russian mediators, now at war with one another, withdrew. Amir Kabir nonetheless acquired first-hand knowledge of the procedures of international diplomacy and of the aims and policies of Britain and Russia with respect to Iran. This helped him in the elaboration of his own distinct policies toward the two powers when he became chief minister.

Moreover, his years in Erzurum fell during the Ottoman military and administrative reforms known as the Tanzimat. Some awareness of these reached Amir Kabir in Erzurum and inspired in him at least one aspect of his policy as chief minister: the elimination of clerical influence upon affairs of state. When explaining to the British consul at Tabriz in 1265/1849 his own determination to make the authority of the state paramount, he said, "The Ottoman government was able to begin reviving its power only after breaking the power of the mullahs".

Reforms of the army
Amir Kabir returned to Tabriz in 1263/1847. A year later, while retaining the post and title of vazir-e nezam, he was appointed lala-bashi or chief tutor to the crown prince Naser-al-din, who was still only fifteen years of age. Soon after, in Shawwal, 1264/September, 1848, Mohammad Shah died, and Naser-al-din had to proceed to Tehran and assume the throne. But his minister, Mirza Fathallah Nasir-al-molk ʿAliabadi, was unable to procure the necessary funds, so Naser-al-din had recourse to Amir Kabir, who made the necessary arrangements. Naser-al-din's confidence in Amir Kabir increased, and shortly after leaving Tabriz, he awarded him the rank of amir-e nezam, with full responsibility for the whole Iranian army. After arriving in Tehran, he also appointed him chief minister (shakhs-e avval-e Iran), with the supplementary titles of amir-e kabir and atabak (Ḏu'l-qaʿda, 1264/October, 1848). The former title came to be his common designation; the latter, used for the first time since the Saljuq period, referred to the tutorial relationship between the minister and his young master.

His appointment as the chief minister aroused resentment, particularly the queen mother and other princes, who resented Amir Kabir's reduction of their spending and allowances. The intrigues of his opponents resulted in a mutiny of a company of Azerbaijani troops garrisoned in Tehran; but with the cooperation of Mirza Abu'l-Qasem Imam of Friday Prayer in Tehran, who ordered the merchants of Tehran to close the bazaar and arm themselves, the mutiny was soon quelled, and Amir Kabir resumed his duties.

More severe disorder prevailed in a number of provincial cities, especially Mashhad. Toward the end of the reign of Mohammad Shah, Hamza Mirza Heshmat-al-doleh was appointed governor of Khorasan, but he found his authority disputed by Hasan Khan Salar, who, with the help of some local chieftains, had rebelled against the central government (1262/1846). Hamza Mirza abandoned Mashad to Hasan Khan and fled to Herat. Amir Kabir sent two armies against Hasan Khan, the second of which, commanded by Soltan Morad Mirza, defeated his forces and captured him. Amir Kabir had him executed (1266/1850), together with one of his sons and one of his brothers, a punishment of unprecedented severity for such provincial resistance to central authority, and a clear sign of Amir Kabir's intention to assert the prerogatives of the state.

Administrative reforms
With order reestablished in the provinces, Amir Kabir turned to a wide variety of administrative, cultural, and economic reforms that were the major achievement of his brief ministry. His most immediate success was the vaccination of Iranians against smallpox, saving the lives of many thousands if not millions. Faced with an empty treasury on his arrival in Tehran, he first set about balancing the state budget by attempting to increase the sources of revenue and to decrease state expenditure. To aid him in the task, he set up a budgetary committee headed by Mirza Yusof Mostofi-al-mamalek that estimated the deficiency in the budget at one million Iranian toman. Amir Kabir thereupon decided to reduce drastically the salaries of the civil service, often by half, and to eliminate a large number of stipends paid to pensioners who did little or no governmental work. This measure increased his unpopularity with many influential figures and thus contributed to his ultimate disgrace and death.

At the same time he strove to collect overdue taxes from provincial governors and tribal chieftains by dispatching assessors and collectors to every province of the country. The collection of customs duties, previously farmed out to individuals, was now made the direct responsibility of the central government, and the Caspian fisheries, an important source of revenue, were recovered from a Russian monopoly and contracted out to Iranians.

The administration of the royal lands (khalesajat) came under review, and the income derived from them was more closely supervised than before. Yield and productivity, not area, were established as the basis of tax assessment for other lands, and previously dead lands were brought under cultivation. These various measures for the encouragement of agriculture and industry also benefited the treasury by raising the level of national prosperity and hence taxability.

Of particular interest is the care shown by Amir Kabir for the economic development of Khuzestan (then known as ʿArabestan), identified by him as an area of strategic importance, given its location at the head of the Persian Gulf, and also of potential prosperity. He introduced the planting of sugarcane to the province, built the Naseri dam on the river Karkheh and a bridge at Shushtar, and laid plans for the development of Mohammara. He also took steps to promote the planting of American cotton near Tehran and Urmia.

Dar al-Fanun and cultural achievements

Among the various measures enacted by Amir Kabir, the foundation of the Darolfonun, in Tehran was possibly the most lasting in its effects. Decades later, many parts of this establishment were turned into the University of Tehran, with the remaining becoming Darolfonun Secondary School. The initial purpose of the institution was to train officers and civil servants to pursue the regeneration of the state that Amir Kabir had begun, but as the first educational institution giving instruction in modern learning, it had far wider impact. Among the subjects taught were medicine, surgery, pharmacology, natural history, mathematics, geology, and natural science. The instructors were for the most part Austrians, recruited in Vienna by Daʾud Khan, an Assyrian who had become acquainted with Amir Kabir during the work of the Ottoman–Iranian border commission. By the time the instructors arrived in Tehran in Moharram, 1268/November, 1851, Amir Kabir had already been dismissed, and it fell to Daʾud Khan to receive them. The Austrian instructors initially knew no Persian, so interpreters had to be employed to assist in the teaching; but some among them soon learned Persian well enough to compose textbooks in the language on various natural sciences. These were to influence the evolution of a more simple and effective prose style in Persian than had previously existed. Dar ul-Funun had large fluctuations in its enrollment, primarily due to the Shah's fluctuating commitment in funding put into the institution. A clear decline in investment was apparent when a visitor reported in 1870 that seventy students and only a single European instructor were enrolled at the institution. Mirza Aqa Khan Nuri, Amir Kabir's successor, sought to persuade Naser-al-din Shah to abrogate the whole project, but the Darolfonun, soon became a posthumous monument to its founder.

Amir Kabir made a second indirect contribution to the elaboration of Persian as a modern medium with his foundation of the newspaper Vaqayeʿ-ye Ettefaqiyeh, which survived under different titles until the reign of Mozaffar-al-din Shah. A minimum circulation was ensured by requiring every official earning more than 2,000 rials a year to subscribe. In founding the journal Amir Kabir hoped to give greater effect to government decrees by bringing them to the attention of the public; thus the text of the decree forbidding the levying of soyursat was published in the third tissue of the paper. He also wished to educate its readers in the world's political and scientific developments; among the items reported in the first year of publication were the struggles of Mazzini against the Habsburg Empire, the drawing up of the Suez Canal project, the invention of the balloon, a census of England, and the doings of cannibals in Borneo.

All of the measures enumerated so far had as their purpose the creation of a well-ordered and prosperous country, with undisputed authority exercised by the central government. This purpose was in part frustrated by the Ulema, who throughout the Qajar period disputed the legitimacy of the state and often sought to exercise an independent and rival authority. Amir Kabir took a variety of steps designed to curb their influence, above all in the sphere of law. He sought initially to supersede the sharʿ courts in the capital by sitting in judgment himself on cases brought before him; he abandoned the attempt when he realized that the inadequacy of his juridical knowledge had caused him to pronounce incorrect verdicts. Then he established indirect control over the sharʿ courts by giving prominence to one of them that enjoyed his special favor and by assigning the divan-khana, the highest instance of ʿorf jurisdiction, a more prominent role. All cases were to be referred to it before being passed on to a sharʿ court of the state's choosing, and any verdict the sharʿ court then reached was valid only if endorsed by the divan-khaneh. In addition, any case involving a member of the non- Muslim minorities belonged exclusively to the jurisdiction of the divan-khana. Not content with thus circumscribing the prerogatives of the sharʿ courts, Amir Kabir took stringent measures against sharʿ judges found guilty of bribery or dishonesty; thus Molla ʿAbd-al-Rahim Borujerdi was expelled from Tehran when he offered to settle a case involving one of Amir Kabir's servants to the liking of the minister.

Amir Kabir also sought to reduce clerical power by restricting the ability of the ulema to grant refuge (bast), in their residences and mosques. In 1266/1850, bast was abolished, for example, at the Masjed-e Shah in Tehran, although it was restored after the downfall of Amir Kabir. In Tabriz, prolonged efforts were made to preserve bast at various mosques in the city, and recourse was even had to the alleged miracle of a cow that twice escaped the slaughterhouse by running into the shrine known as Boqʿa-ye Saheb-al-amr. The immediate instigators of the "miracle" were brought to Tehran, and soon after the emam-e jomʿa and shaykh-al-eslam of Tabriz, who had reduced civil government in the city to virtual impotence, were expelled. Less capable of fulfillment was Amir Kabir's desire to prohibit the taziyeh, the Shia "passion play" enacted in Moharram, as well as the public self-flagellation that took place during the mourning season. He obtained the support of several ulema in his attempt to prohibit these rites, but was obliged to relent in the face of strong opposition, particularly from Isfahan and Azerbaijan.

Minorities
Amir Kabir took a largely benevolent interest in the non-Muslim minorities of Iran, though in order to further his desire of strengthening the state. In Erzurum he had learned how European powers intervened in Ottoman affairs on the pretext of "protecting" the Christian minorities, and there were indications that Britain, Russia, and France hoped for similar benefits from the Assyrians and Armenians of Iran. He moved therefore to remove any possible grievances and hence any need for a foreign "protector." He exempted the priests of all denominations from taxation, and gave material support to Christian schools in Azerbaijan and Isfahan. In addition, he established a close relationship with the Zoroastrians of Yazd, and gave strict orders to the governor of the city that they not be molested or subjected to arbitrary taxes. He also forbade attempts made in Shushtar to convert forcibly the Mandaean community to Islam.

Foreign policy
The foreign policy of Amir Kabir was as innovative as his internal policies. He has been credited with pioneering the policy of "negative equilibrium," (giving concessions to neither Britain nor Russia) that was to later prove influential in Iranian foreign affairs. He thus abrogated the agreement whereby the Russians were to operate a trade center and hospital in Astarabad, and attempted to put an end to the Russian occupation of Ashuradeh, an island in the southeastern corner of the Caspian Sea, as well as the anchorage rights enjoyed by Russian ships in the lagoon of Anzali.

In the south of Iran he made similar efforts to restrict British influence in the Persian Gulf, and denied Britain the right to stop Iranian ships in the Persian Gulf on the pretext of looking for slaves. It is not surprising that he frequently clashed with Dolgorukiy and Sheil, the representatives of Russia and Britain in Tehran. In order to counteract British and Russian influence, he sought to establish relations with powers without direct interests in Iran, notably Austria and the United States. It may finally be noted that he set up a counter-espionage organization that had agents in the Russian and British embassies.

Suppression of Bábís and execution of the Báb
Amir Kabir regarded the followers of Bábism, the predecessor of the Bahá'í Faith, as a threat and repressed them. He suppressed the Babi upheavals of 1848-51 and personally ordered the execution of the Seven Martyrs of Tehran and the execution of The Báb, the movement's founder. `Abdu'l-Bahá referred to Amir Kabir as the greatest of the religion's oppressors but also acknowledged his significant government reforms.

The challenging and heterodox nature of the Báb's claims provoked opposition on the part of the Shiʿite establishment, which then led the civil authorities of Qajar Persia to intervene on the side of the clerics. Although no Bábis are known to have been put to death for their faith during the first three-and-a-half years of the movement and during the reign of Mohammad Shah (May 1844-late 1847), several leading Bábi were persecuted for their activities; e.g. Mullá ʻAlíy-i-Bastámí, one of the early disciples of the Bab was arrested and put on trail in Ottoman Iraq in January 1845, and condemned to work in the naval dockyards in Istanbul where he soon died.

In 1848, however, after the death of Mohammad Shah, and enthronement of the new teenage king, Nasir al-Din Shah and premiership of Amir Kabir, circumstances changed and a number of confrontations occurred between the Bábís and government and clerical establishment which lead to the massacre  of several thousand Bábís.

The first major killings of Bábís recorded in history took place in Qazvin. Since then, attacks against the Bábís by prominent clerics and their followers became more common and some Bábís started to carry arms. In remote and isolated places the scattered Bábís were readily attacked and killed while in places where large numbers of them resided they acted in self-defense. One of these attacks occurred in Babol of Mazandaran, where a group of Bábís under the leadership of Mullá Husayn Bushrui were passing through. A mob led by a local cleric attacked them and a fighting broke out between the two groups. The Bábís took refuge in the nearby shrine of Shaykh Tabarsi. Accused of rebellion by their opponents, they were subsequently attacked by various local and national forces. After seven months of siege and severely weakened by starvation and their own loss of men, they responded to sworn promises of a truce and were for the most part massacred. After that, two other big clashes between the Bábís and their opponents took place in the cities of Zanjan and Neyriz in the north and south of Iran, respectively, as well as a smaller conflict in Yazd. A total of several thousand Bábís were killed in these conflicts. In the three main conflicts in Ṭabarsí, Zanjan and Neyriz, Bábís were accused by their enemies of revolting against the government. However, in all three cases, the battles that took place were of a defensive nature, and not considered an offensive jihad, as the Báb did not allow it and in the case of two urban conflicts (Neyriz and Zanjan), they were related to pre-existing social and political tensions within the towns.

After the Ṭabarsi conflict, mere adherence to the Báb could be sufficient to lead to a death sentence. One famous example of that is when Amir Kabir personally ordered the public beheading of seven prominent Babis of high social rank, (three merchants, two clerics, a leading dervish and a government official) in February 1850 . The seven could easily have saved their lives by recanting their faith, but they refused.

In mid-1850, Amir Kabir ordered the execution of the Báb which was followed by the killings of many other Bábís. The Báb stood his ground despite great pressure to recant, and gain his freedom. Consequently he was executed by a firing squad in public in Tabriz, the first  exection of its kind in Iran, to crush the Babi movement and to display the restored power of the Qajar government under the new minister, Amir Kabir.

The confrontation between Amir Kabir and the Bábís was between two visions of modernity. Amir Kabir envisaged state-enforced reforms that were authoritarian and secular while the Bábís advocated an all-embracing religious renewal, proposed by the Báb that emphasized, among other teachings, on progressive revelation, abolishing priesthood, independent investigation of religious matters without the need for the clergy, and improving the status of women.

The Babis were advocating a grass-roots revolution to reform religious doctrine and remedy the ills of the clerical class and those of the community as a whole. Amir Kabir, on the other, sought to eliminate all expressions of religious dissent while trying unsuccessfully to subordinate the clerical class to the authority of the state. The European-inspired secularism of Amir Kabir was antithetical to serious reconsideration of religious tenets; especially if they could disturb security and order. By denying the Babis a chance to survive as a viable alternative, the Qajar state reaffirmed the unrivaled status of the clergy as the sole arbiter of religious norms. With the suppression of the Bábi movement chances for an indigenous movement of change ceased to exist for decades to come, and Amir Kabir inadvertently cleared the way for the consolidation of the power of the clergy for the rest of the century and beyond.

Dismissal and execution

From the start, Amir Kabir's policies incited animosity within the influential circles of Iranian elite – most notably the inner circle of the monarchy whose pensions and income were slashed by his financial reforms. He was also later opposed by those who envied him his numerous posts; they were backed strongly by foreign powers, whose influence had greatly diminished under his leadership. A coalition was thus formed among this opposition whose prominent members consisted of the Queen Mother, Mirza Aqa Khan-e Nuri (Amir Kabir's lieutenant, reputedly Anglophile), and Mirza Yusuf Khan Ashtiyani (the Court's chief accountant, reputedly Russophile).

As the adolescent Nasir al-Din Shah began to exert his own independence in government, he was strongly influenced by the Queen Mother. Through her influence, Amir Kabir was demoted solely to the chief of the army and replaced by Nuri as the premier. This transition marked a rejection "of … reformist measures in favor of the traditional practices of government." The power struggle in government finally resulted in his arrest and expulsion from the capital under continued Russian and British interference. Amir Kabir was sent to Kashan under duress and kept in isolation by the Shah's decree. His execution was ordered six weeks later after the Queen Mother and his executioner, Ali Khan Farash-bashi, had convinced the King that Amir Kabir would soon be granted protection by the Russians – possibly allowing him to make an attempt to regain control of the government by force. The young Shah may have been inclined to believe these accusations because of the arrogance and disdain for protocol that Amir Kabir had shown since the beginning of his government career in Tabriz. Amir Kabir was murdered in Kashan on 10 January 1852. With him, many believe, died the prospect of an independent Iran led by meritocracy rather than nepotism.

Legacy
Among his Iranian contemporaries Amir Kabir received praise from several poets of the age, notably Sorush and Qaʾani, but his services to Iran remained generally unappreciated in the Qajar period. Modern Iranian historiography has done him more justice, depicting him as one of the few capable and honest statesmen to emerge in the Qajar period and the progenitor of various political and social changes that came about half a century later.

Contemporary Legacy
 Amir Kabir Dam, inaugurated in 1961, is named after him.
 Tehran Polytechnic, established in 1958, was renamed Amirkabir University of Technology after him in 1979.
 Amirkabir, a well-known publisher founded in 1949.

In fiction
 Amir Kabir Farahani is portrayed by actor Dariush Arjmand in Mohsen Makhmalbaf's movie Nasereddin Shah, Actor-e Cinema.
 He is also portrayed by Saeed Nikpour in the Iranian television series Amir Kabir.
 He is also portrayed by Naser Malek Motiee in Iranian television series Soltan-e Sahebgharan.

See also
List of prime ministers of Iran
Military history of Iran
Prime Minister of Iran
Dapir

References and notes

 Amir Kabir and Iran' by Fereydun Adamiyat, Tehran, Kharazmi Publishing, 1354/1975.

1807 births
1852 deaths
Executed Iranian people
Executed politicians
People from Markazi Province
Prime Ministers of Iran
People executed by Qajar Iran
19th-century executions by Iran
Foreign ministers of Iran
19th-century Iranian politicians
People of Qajar Iran
People from Arak, Iran

Amir Kabir


Free-living amoebae (or "FLA") in the Amoebozoa group are important causes of disease in humans and animals.

Naegleria fowleri is sometimes included in the group "free-living amoebae", and it causes a condition traditionally called primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. However, Naegleria is now considered part of the Excavata, not the Amoebozoa, and is considered to be much more closely related to Leishmania and Trypanosoma.

Presentation
Acanthamoeba spp. causes mostly subacute or chronic granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), with a clinical picture of headaches, altered mental status, and focal neurologic deficit, which progresses over several weeks to death.  In addition, Acanthamoeba spp. can cause granulomatous skin lesions and, more seriously, keratitis and corneal ulcers following corneal trauma or in association with contact lenses.

Life cycle
Acanthamoeba spp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris are opportunistic free-living amoebae capable of causing granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) in individuals with compromised immune systems.
 Acanthamoeba spp. have been found in soil; fresh, brackish, and sea water; sewage; swimming pools; contact lens equipment; medicinal pools; dental treatment units; dialysis machines; heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems; mammalian cell cultures; vegetables; human nostrils and throats; and human and animal brain, skin, and lung tissues.
 B. mandrillaris however, has not been isolated from the environment but has been isolated from autopsy specimens of infected humans and animals.
Unlike N. fowleri, Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia have only two stages, cysts and trophozoites, in their life cycle. No flagellated stage exists as part of the life cycle.  The trophozoites replicate by mitosis (nuclear membrane does not remain intact) .  The trophozoites are the infective forms and are believed to gain entry into the body through the lower respiratory tract, ulcerated or broken skin and invade the central nervous system by hematogenous dissemination .  Acanthamoeba spp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris cysts and trophozoites are found in tissue.'Diagnosis
In Acanthamoeba infections, the diagnosis can be made from microscopic examination of stained smears of biopsy specimens (brain tissue, skin, cornea) or of corneal scrapings, which may detect trophozoites and cysts.  Cultivation of the causal organism, and its identification by direct immunofluorescent antibody, may also prove useful. Laboratory workers and physicians often mistake the organisms on wet mount for monocytes and a diagnosis of viral meningitis is mistakenly given if the organisms are not motile. Heating a copper penny with an alcohol lamp and placing it on the wet mount slide will activate sluggish trophozoites and more rapidly make the diagnosis. If the person performing the spinal tap rapidly looks at the heated wet mount slide the trophozoites can be seen to swarm while monocytes do not.

Treatment

Eye and skin infections caused by Acanthamoeba spp. are generally treatable.  Topical use of 0.1% propamidine isethionate (Brolene) plus neomycin-polymyxin B-gramicidin ophthalmic solution has been a successful approach; keratoplasty is often necessary in severe infections.  Although most cases of brain (CNS) infection with Acanthamoeba'' have resulted in death, patients have recovered from the infection with proper treatment.

Geographic distribution

While infrequent, infections appear to occur worldwide.

See also
 Waterborne diseases

References

External links

Protozoal diseases

Free-living Amoebozoa infection


Joseph-Hyacinthe Bellerose (July 12, 1820 – August 13, 1899) was a Canadian militiaman and politician. He served in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada, the House of Commons of Canada, the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, the Senate of Canada and as the mayor of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Quebec.

Early life
Joseph-Hyacinthe Bellerose was born on July 12, 1820, at Trois-Rivières to father Michel-Hyacinthe Bellerose, a merchant, and mother Geneviève-Sophie Lemaître. The young Joseph attended a local Trois-Rivières school until 1833, when he began attending Séminaire de Nicolet. Educated there until 1836 or 1837, Bellerose completed his classical education at Séminaire de Saint-Hyacinthe in 1842. He began to study law in Montreal and married Henriette Armand on October 4, 1847. After marriage, the couple moved to Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Quebec, where Bellerose entered business and began farming. There, he joined the militia and raised twenty volunteer regiments, before his commissioning as ensign in the 2nd Battalion of Terrebonne militia on December 6, 1855. On January 29, 1857, Bellerose was made captain of the 1st Company of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul volunteer militia and on December 4 of that same year was made a brigade major. The next year, he was approached regarding a captaincy position in the 100th foot of the regular army, but declined the offer for reasons unknown. On May 22, 1861, he became brigade major of Military District No. 8 and commanding officer of the new 12th Battalion of Volunteer Militia on October 29, 1862.

Political career
In 1861, Bellerose made an attempted entry into politics by running against Louis-Siméon Morin for the Quebec Legislative Assembly of Canada constituency of Laval. Two years later, he made another attempt, and this time was successful, winning the constituency with a majority of just 94. He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1867 elections in the Quebec riding of Laval. A Conservative, he was re-elected in the 1872 elections. He was also elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, and served there on occasion at the same time as serving in the House of Commons of Canada. In 1873, he was appointed to the Senate of Canada representing the senatorial division of De Lanaudière, Quebec.

It was due to the insistence of Bellerose that from 1877, the record of debates in the Senate of Canada was translated into French, a reminder of his roots in Quebec.

During his political career, Bellerose served in several other roles, including justice of the peace, mayor of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Quebec (at the same time as serving in the federal Senate representing a constituency) and president of the Union Navigation Company. He died in office in 1899, aged seventy-nine years and one month. Bellerose is buried in the Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Quebec, parish church vault.

Electoral record

References

External links

1820 births
1899 deaths
French Quebecers
Canadian senators from Quebec
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) senators
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada East
Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs

Joseph-Hyacinthe Bellerose


Henning Christophersen (8 November 1939 – 31 December 2016) was a Danish politician, a former Vice President of the European Commission (1985–1995), former leader of the Danish liberal party Venstre (1978–1984) and former member of the European Convention. Christophersen was one of the early architects of the Single Market and the Euro.

Life
Christophersen was born in Copenhagen. He was Deputy Prime minister and Finance Minister of Denmark (1982–1984) and Foreign Minister of Denmark (1978–1979).

During his time as Vice President of the European Commission for Budget and later for Economic & Financial Affairs, Christophersen decisively contributed to the preparations of the launch of the Euro and of the Economic & Monetary Union.  Through his pioneering work on Transeuropean Networks, he also played a big role in the realization of the Internal Market.

In 1992, as EU commissioner, Christophersen together with 10 Baltic Ministers of Foreign Affairs founded the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) and the EuroFaculty.

He was the Chairman of the Energy Charter Conference 1998 until 2007.

He was Chairman and member of a number of Supervisory Boards of Directors, and a Partner of Kreab, Brussels.

Christophersen died on 31 December 2016 in Brussels at the age of 77 after a short illness.

References

Sources
 Tom Matz (2004), Venstre ved du hvor du har  ForlagsKompagniet : Nørhaven Book.

1939 births
2016 deaths
Danish Finance Ministers
Foreign ministers of Denmark
Danish European Commissioners
Members of the Folketing
Politicians from Copenhagen
European Commissioners 1985–1988
Leaders of Venstre (Denmark)
20th-century Danish politicians

Henning Christophersen


The 210th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home) was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army organised during the Second World War to command a group of newly raised Home Defence battalions. It was later converted to a frontline brigade that served (under a new name) with distinction in the later years of the war, the 38th (Irish) Infantry Brigade.

Origin
The brigade was formed for service in the United Kingdom on 10 October 1940 by No 10 Infantry Training Group. It was initially composed of newly raised battalions from English infantry regiments.

Service
The brigade initially served in V Corps, and was then attached to 3rd Infantry Division (28 February – 24 April 1941) before becoming an integral part of the Dorset County Division. When that division was disbanded on 24 November 1941, 210 Brigade transferred to the 1st Infantry Division, and soon afterwards dropped the 'Home' part of its title. By now all of 210 Brigade's English home defence battalions had been posted away and were being replaced by frontline Irish battalions. The brigade was redesignated as the 38th (Irish) Infantry Brigade on 13 January 1942. Under this designation it served with distinction in the Tunisian Campaign with the 6th Armoured Division before being transferred to the 78th Infantry Division in February 1943 with whom it saw service in the Allied invasion of Sicily, the Italian Campaign and later in Austria.

Order of battle
The 210th Brigade was constituted as follows:
As part of the Dorset County Division.
 7th Battalion, Suffolk Regiment (to 8 November 1941, converted to 142nd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps)
 8th Battalion, Essex Regiment (to 226th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home) 28 February 1941; later converted to 153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps)
 9th Battalion, Essex Regiment (to 226th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home) 28 February 1941); later converted to 11th Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery
 9th Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment (to 6th Armoured Division 2 February 1941)
 8th Battalion, Dorsetshire Regiment (to 24 November 1941; converted to 105th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery)
 10th Battalion, Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) (from 2 February 1941; to 203rd Independent Infantry Brigade (Home) 24 November 1941)
 10th Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry (from 10 February 1941; to 226th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home) 14 June 1941)
As part of the 210th Independent Infantry Brigade attached to the 1st Infantry Division.
 2nd Battalion, London Irish Rifles (from 30 November 1941)
 1st Battalion, Royal Irish Fusiliers (from 12 December 1941)
 6th Battalion, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers (from 15 January 1942)
Renamed the 38th (Irish) Infantry Brigade on 12 January 1942.

Commanders
The following officers commanded the 210th Infantry Brigade:
 Brigadier N.V. Blacker (until 4 November 1940)
 Brigadier Gerald Templer (4 November 1940–1 May 1941)
 Brigadier H.P. Spark (1 May–30 December 1941)
 Lieutenant Colonel Sir William Randle Starkey, 2nd Baronet (acting, 30 December 1940–12 January 1942)
 Brigadier The O'Donovan (from 12 January 1942)

Notes

References

Military units and formations established in 1940
Infantry brigades of the British Army
Infantry brigades of the British Army in World War II
Military units and formations disestablished in 1942


When doing measurements using a device or tool, it is important to know that this measurement has as little error as possible. There is a process, known as calibration. It consists of doing some measurements, where the outcomes are known, and comparing the mesurements of the device under test with the known values. In many cases, the device under test can then be adjusted to correct these errors. To be able to do accurate measurements, a decice needs to be calibrated regularly.

The reasons to do a calibration include the following:

 The device is new, and has not been used before
 The device has been repaired, or modified
 The device is used at a different location.
 After a specified time period has elapsed. Devices need to be calibrated periodically, to stay accurate
 After the device has been in use for a long time.
 Before or after an important or critical measurement
 When the measurements look counterintuitive, or odd; or when they don't match those of other similar devices close by

In general, calibration includes  the process of adjusting the output or indication on a measurement instrument to agree with value of the applied standard, within a specified accuracy. That way, a balance or thermometer can be corrected to show the exact value.

Measurement

Calibration


Rüdiger Rainer Minor (1939-2017) was a German bishop of the United Methodist Church, elected in 1986.  He was born 22 February 1939 in Leipzig, Germany, the son of a Methodist family.  He went to school and university in his home city.  He is a graduate of Karl Marx University, Leipzig (Dr. Theol. and Dr. Theol. Habil., 1968) and of the United Methodist Theological Seminary in  Bad Klosterlausnitz, Germany.  He married Gerlinde Johanna Müller on 24 October 1964.  They have three children:  Mechthild Barbara, Bertram Christoph, and Friedrun Susanne, as well as nine grandchildren. He died 3 September 2017.

Rüdiger joined the Middle Germany Annual Conference in 1964 and was appointed assistant minister at Plauen.  He was ordained elder by Bishop Friedrich Wunderlich in 1966.  While pastoring in Jena (1970–76) he became a part-time faculty member at the United Methodist Theological Seminary in Bad Klosterlausnitz.  He was appointed full-time faculty in 1976, and served as the director of the seminary, 1984–86.  On 22 May 1986 he was elected bishop by the Central Conference in the German Democratic Republic and was assigned to the Dresden Episcopal Area.  In 1992 he was assigned to the Commonwealth of Independent States.  He was elected bishop for the Eurasia Area by the North European Central Conference in 1993.

Minor was a delegate to the 1980 General Conference of the U.M. Church.  He was a member of the U.M. General Council on Ministries (1980–86), and of the World Methodist Historical Society beginning in 1973, serving on its executive committee (1976–86) and as a vice-president for Europe (1986–91).

See also
 List of bishops of the United Methodist Church

References
InfoServ, the official information service of The United Methodist Church.
The Council of Bishops of the United Methodist Church

External links
 Photo of Bishop Minor

German United Methodist bishops
1939 births
2017 deaths
Seminary academics
German academics
Clergy from Leipzig

Rüdiger Rainer Minor


James Wilfred "Bill" Orwig (January 1, 1907 – July 30, 1994) was an American football and basketball player, coach, and college athletics administrator.  He played college football and college basketball at the University of Michigan.  He later served as the athletic director at the University of Toledo, the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, and the Indiana University Bloomington.

Raised in Toledo, Ohio, Orwig was an all-state athlete in high school and went on to be an All-Big Ten Conference basketball player at Michigan.  He received three varsity letters in basketball and one in football.  After graduating from Michigan, Orwig was a successful high school football and basketball coach from 1931 to 1945 in Benton Harbor, Michigan, and Toledo.  He helped develop an athletic program for the occupation forces in Germany and became the athletic director, football coach, and basketball coach at the University of Toledo after World War II.

From 1948 to 1951, Orwig was an assistant football coach at Michigan in charge of ends, participating in Michigan's 1948 national championship team and the 1950 team that won the Big Ten championship and the Rose Bowl.  He accepted a job as athletic director at the University of Nebraska in 1954 and remained there for seven years.  In 1961, he was hired as athletic director at Indiana University and led the Hoosiers from a four-year NCAA probation to 37 Big Ten Conference championships and seven NCAA championships.  He hired Bobby Knight as basketball coach at Indiana, and has been inducted into the Halls of Fame at Indiana, Michigan and Toledo.

Athlete at Scott High School and University of Michigan
Born in Cleveland, Ohio, and raised in Toledo, Ohio, Orwig won letters in football, basketball, baseball and swimming at Scott High School, and won all-state honors in football and basketball. He played guard for the University of Michigan basketball team three years, from 1928 to 1930, helping the team win the Big Ten Conference championship in his junior year, 1928–29.  He was picked as an All-Big Ten basketball player in 1930.  He also played at the end position for the Michigan football team in 1928.   While at Michigan, he was a member of Phi Mu Delta fraternity and a member of the Michigauma society.  He graduated from the School of Education in 1930.  From 1930 to 1931, Orwig was a graduate assistant working with Michigan's freshman football team, and also tutoring freshman player and future U.S. President Gerald R. Ford.

Football and basketball coach at Benton Harbor, Toledo and Michigan
In May 1931, Orwig succeeded Wally Weber as head football coach at Benton Harbor High School in Benton Harbor, Michigan.  In five years at Benton Harbor, the football team won 75% of its games, including a 4–0–1 record against rival St. Joseph High School.  Orwig also coached the basketball and tennis teams, and in 1934, he led the first Benton Harbor basketball team ever to win a regional championship.  He also coached Earl Brown at Benton Harbor, who went on to be an All-American at Notre Dame.  In 1936, he moved back to his hometown, Toledo, to be the basketball and football coach at Libbey High School.  At Libbey, Orwig's teams won three state football championships and six city basketball crowns.  He worked with the U.S. State Department during World War II, helping to set up an athletic program for the occupation forces in Germany. Orwig was hired in 1946 as the athletic director at the University of Toledo, where he helped reinstate the athletic programs after the end of World War II.  He was also the Toledo Rockets football coach, leading the team to a 15–4–2 record and an Ohio Conference title.  In one season as Toledo's basketball coach, he led the team to a 19–6 record.  He returned to Michigan in 1948 as an assistant football coach under Bennie Oosterbaan, and was one of the coaches on Michigan's undefeated 1948 national championship team, and its 1950 Rose Bowl championship team.  He remained as an assistant football coach at Michigan from 1948 to 1953.  As the ends coach at Michigan, Orwig helped develop Dick Rifenberg, Lowell Perry, Harry Allis, and Ozzie Clark.

University of Nebraska
In March 1954, Orwig signed a three-year contract as the athletic director at the University of Nebraska for $12,600 a year.  He remained at Nebraska until 1961, and during his tenure the Corhuskers started to emerge into national prominence.  Orwig was responsible during his seven years at Nebraska for creating the Touchdown Club, the Extra Point Club and the Husker Athletic Achievement Awards.  However, the football team did not fare well during Orwig's time there, as the football program went through three coaches (Bill Glassford, Pete Elliott, and Bill Jennings), and had a 27–44 record.  Orwig was the athletic director who hired Pete Elliott as the football coach at Nebraska in 1956.  Elliott later recalled, "I thought the world of him. I thought he was a great guy."  In 1961, Orwig quit his position at Nebraska to accept the athletic director job at Indiana; news reports indicated that Orwig had been offered $20,000 a year by Indiana, $5,000 more than he was making at Nebraska.  At the time, Orwig said: "The decision to accept the Indiana University position as Director of Athletics was a most difficult one. . . . The people of Nebraska and the University have been most kind to me over the past 7 years.  Their understanding of our problems, their excellent help and their friendship have been heartwarming. . . . I leave Nebraska with the greatest admiration for its administrative staff, its teaching staff, and its increasing educational strength. . . . My thanks go out to all my friends throughout the state and best wishes and hopes to the Cornhuskers for many victories in the years to come."  Football coach Bill Jennings said, "I'm sorry to see Bill leave and I'm sure everybody who has worked with him does. He's done a fine job.  Nebraska's loss is Indiana's gain."

Athletic director at Indiana University
Orwig was the athletic director at Indiana University from 1961 to 1975.  He took over as athletic director in February 1961, ten months into a four-year NCAA probation.  On accepting the post, Orwig said: "No strong athletic department has been built on fraud.  We'll never have a part of that as long as I am the director at Indiana University.  I know there have been mistakes made here, but I think they've been honest ones.  These are mistakes to be corrected." In the 61 years preceding Orwig's arrival, Indiana had won 49 conference championships and seven NCAA championships.  During Orwig's 15 years, the Hoosiers won 37 Big Ten championships in seven sports and six NCAA titles including a tie for the Big Ten football title in 1967 and a Rose Bowl appearance.  Home football attendance at Indiana averaged 25,854 the year before Orwig arrived, and by 1969 it had more than doubled to 53,319.  Orwig also guided the expansion of the school's athletic facilities, including the Assembly Hall basketball facility.  Among the coaches hired by Orwig were John Pont in football and Bobby Knight in basketball.  Bobby Knight said of Orwig: "Bill Orwig, the athletic director who hired me, was a man of exceptional intelligence and class who knew how to get along with people and work with coaches. He had a great arrogance, in a positive way—he knew he was damned good at what he did.  I think more than anybody else in the school's history, Bill Orwig developed Indiana's athletic program into a major league operation—facilities, teams, coaches.  Sam Bell was a nationally respected track coach. Doc Counsilman was one of the great coaches of all time; John Pont took a team to the Rose Bowl; and Jerry Yeagley started the soccer program and built it from nothing into the best one going.  The architect of all that, Bill Orwig, is in the college athletic directors hall of fame."  He was also one of the founders and the first president from 1969 to 1970 of the National Athletic Directors of America.

Orwig's speech about the 1946 NIT finals
When he won the NIT-NACDA Athletic Directors Award, he said in his speech: "I have always been a great believer in sports as part of our American way of living. . . .  I am reminded of an experience I had of 40 years ago which brought home the real sudden realization of how important we are, and how important it is to have sports in our American way of life. I mentioned 40 years ago, that would bring us back to March of 1946. At that time I was involved in some high school work in Toledo, Ohio, as a football and a basketball coach. But in order to augment my income, because we weren't getting paid a great deal in those days, I was doing some officiating. I was very fortunate to be chosen by the Big Ten Conference to work the Final Four of the NCAA, which in that year was held in Madison Square Garden. I went a day or two early so I could watch the finals of the NIT Tournament. The two teams were Utah and Kentucky. On the Utah team was a little Japanese-American boy by the name of Walter Misaka. On the Kentucky team was a great basketball player, number one in the country, by the name of Ralph Beard. Misaka was about 5'10" and probably weighed around 160 pounds. Beard was about 6'2" or 6'3" and weighed about 190 He was called 'Mr. Everything' in basketball. Nobody had ever heard of Walter, but in the man to man defense that the Utah coach, Peterson, used against Kentucky that night, Misaka was chosen to guard Ralph Beard. He held Ralph Beard to 3 points, one basket and one free throw, and as a result of the great work that this little guy did on Ralph Beard, and of course, the work of his teammates, Utah won the game and won the National Invitation Tournament Championship. Just before the end of the ballgame, with just about a minute to play, the Utah coach took Misaka out of the game. About 14,000 people in the Garden that night rose to a person and stood on their feet and cheered the great effort turned out by the little Japanese-American boy. As I reflected on it later, I thought what a great display of how sports are in the American way of life. Remember, I mentioned the date was March, 1946. We had just finished a war with Japan. There were people in the audience who had lost loved ones in the Japanese conflict. There wasn't much love in the heart of any of those people or any American for that matter, for anyone of Japanese ancestry. Yet they could cast aside all of their dislike for the Japanese race and stand on their feet at a sports contest and cheer the efforts of a little Japanese-American boy. Since that time I realize how great our sports program is in America, and how much it means to the American way of life."

Later years and awards

After stepping down as Indiana's athletic director in 1975, Orwig retired with his wife to Sister Lakes in southwestern Michigan, where he was a volunteer and fundraiser for the University of Michigan athletic scholarship program and sat on the board of directors of the Michigan Health Care Association, the State Bank of Coloma, the Southwestern Michigan Humane Society, and the Berrien Hills Country Club.  He also enjoyed fishing and playing golf.  Orwig and his wife Jane Orwig (formerly Jane Ingrid Anderson) had two children.  Orwig and his wife were married in 1933 in St. Joseph, Michigan.

Since 1976, the Bill Orwig Medal has been awarded each year by the Indiana University Alumni Association to recognize outstanding contributions made by a non-alumnus to the IU athletic program.

In 1978, Orwig received the James J. Corbett Memorial Award, presented annually to the collegiate administrator who "through the years has most typified Corbett's devotion to intercollegiate athletics and worked unceasingly for its betterment."  On receiving the award, Orwig said: "This award is kind of like being named coach of the year.  It's the top award you can get in the field of athletic administration.  It pleases me immensely, particularly since I was elected by my peers after I had retired."

Orwig was inducted into the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor in 1984 and the Indiana University Hall of Fame in 1987.  He has also been inducted into the Toledo Rockets' Varsity 'T' Hall of Fame.

Orwig died of cancer on July 30, 1994, in St. Joseph, Michigan.

Head coaching record

College football

References

1907 births
1994 deaths
American football ends
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Ohio
Basketball players from Cleveland
Deaths from cancer in Michigan
Guards (basketball)
High school basketball coaches in Ohio
High school football coaches in Michigan
High school football coaches in Ohio
Indiana Hoosiers athletic directors
Michigan Wolverines football coaches
Michigan Wolverines football players
Michigan Wolverines men's basketball players
Nebraska Cornhuskers athletic directors
Players of American football from Cleveland
Sportspeople from Cleveland
Players of American football from Toledo, Ohio
Toledo Rockets football coaches
Toledo Rockets men's basketball coaches

Bill Orwig


Erik Asklund, born 20 June 1908 in Södermalm, Stockholm, died 6 November 1980 in Stockholm, was a Swedish writer.

Asklund grew up in the working class area Södermalm in Stockholm. He was a proletarian writer and published his first novel Bara en början ("Just a beginning") in 1929. The same year he contributed to the influential modernist anthology Fem Unga ("Five Young Ones"). Most of his books - novels, stories and non-fiction - are set in his native Stockholm. Asklund is best known for Manne, a series of autobiographical novels published in the 1950s.

References

20th-century Swedish novelists
Swedish male writers
Writers from Stockholm
1908 births
1980 deaths

Erik Asklund


Maurice Walter Sinclair (born 20 January 1937) is a retired English Anglican bishop. He was  the Bishop of Northern Argentina from 1990 to 2001, and Primate of the Southern Cone, from 1996 to 2001.

He was educated at Chigwell School and the University of Nottingham, in England. He was ordained an Anglican priest in 1964 and began his career with a curacy at St John's Church, Boscombe. In 1967 he went to South America where he served as a Missionary. He returned to England in 1984 to become Principal of Crowther Hall, Selly Oak,  a post he held to his elevation to the episcopate. He was Bishop of Northern Argentina, from 1990 to 2001, and Primate of the Southern Cone of America, from 1996 to 2001. He returned to England, where in his retirement he continues to serve as an assistant bishop in the Diocese of Birmingham.

References

1937 births
People educated at Chigwell School
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
Living people
Anglican bishops of Northern Argentina
English Anglicans
20th-century Anglican bishops in South America
20th-century Anglican archbishops

Maurice Sinclair