Kevin Gerard Barry (20 January 1902 – 1 November 1920) was an Irish Republican Army (IRA) soldier who was executed by the British Government during the Irish War of Independence. He was sentenced to death for his part in an attack upon a British Army supply lorry which resulted in the deaths of three British soldiers.

His execution inflamed nationalist public opinion in Ireland, largely because of his age. The timing of the execution, only seven days after the death by hunger strike of Terence MacSwiney, the republican Lord Mayor of Cork, brought public opinion to a fever-pitch. His pending death sentence attracted international attention, and attempts were made by U.S. and Vatican officials to secure a reprieve. His execution and MacSwiney's death precipitated an escalation in violence as the Irish War of Independence entered its bloodiest phase, and Barry became an Irish republican martyr.

Early life
Kevin Barry was born on 20 January 1902, at 8 Fleet Street, Dublin, to Thomas and Mary (née Dowling) Barry. The fourth of seven children, two boys and five girls, Kevin was baptised in St Andrew's Church, Westland Row. His father, Thomas Barry Sr., ran a prosperous dairy business in Dublin based at Fleet Street and supported by the output of the family's farm at Tombeagh, Hacketstown, County Carlow. Thomas Barry Sr. died of heart disease on 8 February 1908, at the age of 56, when Kevin was six years old.

Kevin Barry's mother, the former Mary Dowling, came from Drumguin, County Carlow, and, upon the death of her husband, moved the family to the farm at Tombeagh while retaining the family's townhouse on Fleet Street. As a child he went to the National School in Rathvilly. In 1915 he was sent to live in Dublin and attended the O'Connell Schools for three months, before enrolling in the Preparatory Grade at St Mary's College, Rathmines, in September 1915.  He remained at that school until 31 May 1916 when it was closed by its clerical sponsors.

During this period he was undoubtedly affected by the events in April of the Easter Rising.  In the same period at St. Mary's he also attended a commemoration concert for the Manchester Martyrs, who were hanged in England in 1867. These events served to incite his nascent nationalism to the extent that he expressed his desire to join Constance Markievicz's Fianna Éireann.  His family attempted to dissuade him, but one sister later expressed the belief that he joined.

Belvedere College
With the closure of St Mary's College, Barry transferred to Belvedere College, a Jesuit school in Dublin. He was a substitute on the championship Junior Rugby Cup team, and earned a place on the senior team. In 1918 he became secretary of the school hurling club which had just been formed, and was one of their most enthusiastic players.

In 1919, his final year at Belvedere, Barry wrote an essay supporting the Dublin Lockout as a "forcible demonstration of the power of Labour and had an experience also of the power of agitation in the person of that marvellous leader James Larkin and his able lieutenant, Commandant James Connolly". This piece earned him only sixty points out of a possible 100.  Generally speaking, Barry's performance as a student was erratic.  In his first and third years at Belvedere he won no honors, although he did earn honors in five subjects in his middle year.  He must have learned more than his grades reflected.  After graduation he won a merit-based scholarship given annually by Dublin Corporation, which allowed him to become a student of medicine at University College Dublin (UCD).

Medical student
Barry entered UCD as a first year medical student in October 1919 and remained a student for the next year. His closest friend at UCD was Gerry MacAleer, from Dungannon, whom he had first met in Belvedere.   Another friend at UCD was Frank Flood, whom he had met at the O'Connell Schools, and was now an engineering student at the university.

Barry's medical studies competed with other attractions, including dancing, drinking, gambling, and cinema.  As a result he only managed to attend about three quarters of his medical school lectures.  Not least of his distractions was his membership in the Irish Volunteers.  Barry was one of several UCD medical students involved in the Volunteers, including Tom Kissane, Liam Grimley and Mick Robinson, all of whom were involved with Barry in the Monk's Bakery ambush, along with Frank Flood.  Kissane, Grimley, Robinson and Flood all survived the ambush unscathed. Flood was later captured and executed by the British in 1921.

Despite Barry's extensive involvement in Volunteer actions, he appears to have been very discreet.  Although Barry was a member of the Volunteers for three of the four years of their friendship, his closest friend, Gerry McAleer was unaware of this aspect of his life.

Volunteer activities

In October 1917, during his second year at Belvedere, aged 15, he joined Company C, 1st Battalion of the Dublin Brigade of the Irish Volunteers.  When Company C was later reorganized he was reassigned to the newly formed Company H, under the command of Captain Seamus Kavanagh. He was attached to Company C, of the 3rd Battalion of the Carlow Brigade during his vacations from school in Tombeagh.

The following year, at age 16, he was introduced by Seán O'Neill and Bob O'Flanagan to the Clarke Luby Club of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB). At some point in time he was sworn as a member of this secret society which was led by Michael Collins.  Barry's activities in Dublin focused on training and operations to acquire weapons and ammunition. Training sites were regularly shifted to avoid discovery, but the extent of training that Barry received is questionable.

Although he served in the Volunteers for almost three years, his operational experience prior to the Monk's Bakery ambush was somewhat limited.  For the most part, Volunteers in Dublin did little other than training and few saw action or heard shots fired in anger. He took part in a number of small operations including a raid on the Shamrock Works for weapons intended for the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), and a raid on Mark's of Capel Street, looking for ammunition and explosives.

Barry's one significant action prior to Monk's Bakery was the raid for weapons on a military outpost at King's Inn on Constitution Hill.  The Dublin Brigade had carefully reconnoitered the site and developed an operations plan to be completed within seven minutes.  On 1 June 1920, a hand-picked team from the Dublin Brigade's three battalions attacked the site taking the 25 soldiers by surprise, and seizing the available weapons.  Within only six minutes the raiders had secured rifles, light machine guns, and large quantities of ammunition, and had departed the site with no casualties.

Ambush
In mid-September 1920, Captain Seamus Kavanagh, Commander of H Company of the Dublin Brigade, was approached by James Douglas of C Company.   Douglas informed him that he and John Joe Carroll of H Company had noticed that a British army lorry guarded by an armed party of soldiers made twice weekly trips to Monk's Bakery at 79-80 Church Street to obtain bread.  They had observed that the lorry came every Monday and Thursday  between 11:00 and 11:15 a.m..  The party usually consisted of an officer and a driver in the cab with a non-commissioned officer and eight privates in the rear.  The officer and one soldier would enter the bakery to purchase bread.  Four or five soldiers would stay with the lorry without taking any particular security measures while the others would cross the street to purchase cigarettes or sweets.  Within ten to fifteen minutes the bread would be loaded and the lorry would depart.

On 13 September, Captain Kavanagh went to Church Street to confirm the information and reconnoiter the area.  He observed the lorry arrive and confirmed the particulars Douglas had related.  After the soldiers departed he went into the bakery and talked with J.J. Moore, the foreman carpenter, whom Kavanauh knew and who was sympathetic to the Volunteers.  Moore also validated the conclusions of Douglas and Carroll and stated that the party did not exceed 11 men.  Moore then showed Kavanagh around the bakery so that the latter could develop a plan for an ambush including planned dispositions of his men.  He was also shown a passage from the bakery yard leading into a shop in North King Street which would provide a useful line of retreat for any men posted in the yard.

After obtaining permission to conduct the ambush Captain Kavanagh selected men from his company to participate and developed his detailed plan.  At this time, Kevin Barry was a member of Company C, but upon returning to Dublin from vacation he learned of the operation and asked Captain Kavanagh if he could participate as he had done in another Company H operation in June at King's Inn. With the addition of Barry, the operational party was to consist of Kavanagh in command, with two Lieutenants, seven Section Commanders, an Assistant Quartermaster, four Squad Leaders (one of which was Barry), and ten Volunteers.  Additionally, a van was to report to the vicinity of the bakery to collect any captured weapons.

On Sunday night, 19 September Kavanagh assembled his men and told them to report to the O'Flanagan Sinn Féin Club at 9:00 a.m. the following morning.  He directed that no one was to carry anything that could be used to identify him in the event of capture.  He then met privately with Barry and asked if he had an examination at UCD the next day.  Barry responded, "Oh, that will be all right".   Kavanagh said that he didn't want him to miss another as he had missed one on the day of the King's Inn raid, to which Barry responded, "How do you think I could sit for an examination, knowing this job is on and me not on it?"  Kavanagh finally agreed, and noted later that, "I can never forget the look of delight on Kevin's face when I told him he could come on the job."

On the morning of 20 September 1920, Barry went to Mass, then joined a party of IRA volunteers on Bolton Street in Dublin. Their orders were to ambush a British army lorry as it picked up a delivery of bread from the bakery, and capture their weapons. The ambush was scheduled for 11:00 am, which gave him enough time to take part in the operation and return to class in time for an examination he had at 2:00 pm. The truck arrived late, and was under the command of Sergeant Banks.

Barry and members of C Company were to surround the lorry, disarm the soldiers, take the weapons and escape. He covered the back of the vehicle and, when challenged, the five soldiers complied with the order to lay down their weapons. A shot was then fired; Terry Golway, author of For the Cause of Liberty, suggests it was possibly a warning shot from an uncovered soldier in the front. Barry and the rest of the ambush party then opened fire. His gun jammed twice and he dived for cover under the vehicle. His comrades fled and he was left behind. He was then spotted and arrested by the soldiers. One of the soldiers, Private Harold Washington, had been shot dead. Two others, Privates Marshall Whitehead and Thomas Humphries, were both badly wounded and later died of their wounds.

The British Army released the following statement on Monday afternoon:This morning a party of one N.C.O. and six men of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment were fired on by a body of civilians outside a bakery in Church Street, Dublin. One soldier was killed and four were wounded. A piquet of the Lancashire Fusiliers in the vicinity, hearing the shots, hurried to their comrades' assistance, and succeeded in arresting one of the aggressors. No arms or equipment were lost by the soldiers.

Much was made of Barry's age by Irish newspapers, but the British military pointed out that the three soldiers who had been killed were "much the same age as Barry". On 20 October, Major Reginald Ingram Marians OBE, Head of the Press Section of the General Staff, informed Basil Clarke, Head of Publicity, that Washington was "only 19 and that the other soldiers were of similar ages." General Macready was well aware of the "propaganda value of the soldier's ages." Macready informed General Sir Henry Wilson on the day that sentence was pronounced "of the three men who were killed by him (Barry) and his friends two were 19 and one 20 — official age so probably they were younger... so if you want propaganda there you are."

About this competing propaganda, Martin Doherty wrote in a magazine article entitled 'Kevin Barry & the Anglo-Irish Propaganda War':from the British point of view, therefore, the Anglo-Irish propaganda war was probably unwinable [sic]. Nationalist Ireland had decided that men like Kevin Barry fought to free their country, while British soldiers — young or not — sought to withhold that freedom. In these circumstances, to label Barry a murderer was merely to add insult to injury. The contrasting failure of British propaganda is graphically demonstrated by the simple fact that even in British newspapers Privates Whitehead, Washington and Humphries remained faceless names and numbers, for whom no songs were written."

Capture and allegations of torture

Barry was placed in the back of the lorry with the young body of Private Harold Washington, and also with Washington's comrades. He was transported then to the North Dublin Union. Upon arrival at the barracks he was taken under military police escort to the defaulters' room where he was searched and handcuffed. A short while later, three sergeants of the Lancashire Fusiliers and two officers began the interrogation. He gave his name and an address of 58 South Circular Road, Dublin (his uncle's address), and his occupation as a medical student, but refused to answer any other questions. The officers continued to demand the names of other republicans involved in the ambush.

At this time a publicity campaign was mounted by Sinn Féin. Barry received orders on 28 October from his brigade commander, Richard McKee, "to make a sworn affidavit concerning his torture in the North Dublin Union." Arrangements were made to deliver this through Barry's sister, Kathy, to Desmond Fitzgerald, director of publicity for Sinn Féin, "with the object of having it published in the World press, and particularly in the English papers, on Saturday 30th October."

The affidavit, drawn up in Mountjoy Prison days before his execution, describes his treatment when the question of names was repeated: He tried to persuade me to give the names, and I persisted in refusing. He then sent the sergeant out of the room for a bayonet. When it was brought in the sergeant was ordered by the same officer to point the bayonet at my stomach ... The sergeant then said that he would run the bayonet into me if I did not tell ... The same officer then said to me that if I persisted in my attitude he would turn me out to the men in the barrack square, and he supposed I knew what that meant with the men in their present temper. I said nothing. He ordered the sergeants to put me face down on the floor and twist my arm ... When I lay on the floor, one of the sergeants knelt on my back, the other two placed one foot each on my back and left shoulder, and the man who knelt on me twisted my right arm, holding it by the wrist with one hand, while he held my hair with the other to pull back my head. The arm was twisted from the elbow joint. This continued, to the best of my judgment, for five minutes. It was very painful ... I still persisted in refusing to answer these questions... A civilian came in and repeated the questions, with the same result. He informed me that if I gave all the information I knew I could get off.

On 28 October, the Irish Bulletin, the official propaganda news-sheet produced by Dáil Éireann's Department of Publicity, published Barry's statement alleging torture. The headline read: English Military Government Torture a Prisoner of War and are about to Hang him. The Irish Bulletin declared Barry to be a prisoner of war, suggesting a conflict of principles was at the heart of the conflict. The English did not recognise a war and treated all killings by the IRA as murder.

Historian John Ainsworth, author of Kevin Barry, the Incident at Monk's bakery and the Making of an Irish Republican Legend, pointed out that Barry had been captured by the British not as a uniformed soldier but disguised as a civilian and in possession of flat-nosed "Dum-dum" bullets, which expand upon impact, maximising the amount of damage done to the "unfortunate individual" targeted, in contravention of the Hague Convention of 1899.

Erskine Childers addressed the question of political status in a letter to the press on 29 October, which was published the day after Barry's execution.
This lad Barry was doing precisely what Englishmen would be doing under the same circumstances and with the same bitter and intolerable provocation — the suppression by military force of their country's liberty.
To hang him for murder is an insulting outrage, and it is more: it is an abuse of power: an unworthy act of vengeance. contrasting ill with the forbearance and humanity invariably shown by the Irish Volunteers towards the prisoners captured by them when they have been successful in encounters similar to this one. These guerrilla combats with soldiers and constables — both classes do the same work with the same weapons; the work of military repression — are typical episodes in Ireland.
Murder of individual constables, miscalled 'police', have been comparatively rare. The Government figure is 38, and it will not, to my knowledge, bear examination. I charge against the British Government 80 murders by soldiers and constables: murders of unarmed people, and for the most part wholly innocent people, including old men, women and boys.
To hang Barry is to push to its logical extreme the hypocritical pretense that the national movement in Ireland unflinchingly supported by the great mass of the Irish people, is the squalid conspiracy of a 'murder gang'.
That is false; it is a natural uprising: a collision between two Governments, one resting on consent, the other on force. The Irish are struggling against overwhelming odds to defend their own elected institutions against extinction.

In a letter addressed to "the civilised nations of the world", Arthur Griffith — then acting President of the Republic wrote:
Under similar circumstances a body of Irish Volunteers captured on June 1 of the present year a party of 25 English military who were on duty at the King's Inns, Dublin. Having disarmed the party the Volunteers immediately released their prisoners. This was in strict accordance with the conduct of the Volunteers in all such encounters. Hundreds of members of the armed forces have been from time to time captured by the Volunteers and in no case was any prisoner maltreated even though Volunteers had been killed and wounded in the fighting, as in the case of Cloyne, County Cork, when, after a conflict in which one Volunteer was killed and two wounded, the whole of the opposing forces were captured, disarmed, and set at liberty.

Ainsworth notes that "Griffith was deliberately using examples relating to IRA engagements with British military forces rather than the police, for he knew that engagements involving the police in particular were usually of an uncivilized nature, characterized by violence and brutality, albeit on both sides by this stage."

Trial
The War Office ordered that Kevin Barry be tried by court-martial under the Restoration of Order in Ireland Act, which received Royal Assent on 9 August 1920. General Sir Nevil Macready, Commander-in-Chief of British forces in Ireland then nominated a court of nine officers under a Brigadier-General Onslow.

On 20 October, at 10 o'clock, the nine officers of the court — ranging in rank from Brigadier to Lieutenant — took their places at an elevated table. At 10.25, Kevin Barry was brought into the room by a military escort. Then Seán Ó hUadhaigh sought a short adjournment to consult his client. The court granted this request. After the short adjournment Barry announced "As a soldier of the Irish Republic, I refuse to recognise the court." Brigadier Onslow explained the prisoner's "perilous situation" and that he was being tried on a capital charge. He did not reply. Ó hUadhaigh then rose to tell the court that since his client did not recognise the authority of the court he himself could take no further part in the proceedings.

Barry was charged on three counts of the murder of Private Marshall Whitehead. One of the bullets taken from Whitehead's body was of .45 calibre, while all witnesses stated that Barry was armed with a .38 Mauser Parabellum. The Judge Advocate General informed the court that the Crown had only to prove that the accused was one of the party that killed three British soldiers, and every member of the party was technically guilty of murder. In accordance with military procedure the verdict was not announced in court. He was returned to Mountjoy, and at about 8 o'clock that night, the district court-martial officer entered his cell and read out the sentence: death by hanging. The public learned on 28 October that the date of execution had been fixed for 1 November.

Execution
Barry spent the last day of his life preparing for death. His ordeal focused world attention on Ireland. According to Sean Cronin, author of a biography of Barry (Kevin Barry), he hoped for a firing squad rather than the gallows, as he had been condemned by a military court. A friend who visited him in Mountjoy prison after he received confirmation of the death sentence, said: He is meeting death as he met life with courage but with nothing of the braggart. He does not believe that he is doing anything wonderfully heroic. Again and again he has begged that no fuss be made about him.

He reported Barry as saying "It is nothing, to give one's life for Ireland. I'm not the first and maybe I won't be the last. What's my life compared with the cause?" Barry joked about his death with his sister Kathy. "Well, they are not going to let me like a soldier fall… But I must say they are going to hang me like a gentleman." This was, according to Cronin, a reference to George Bernard Shaw's play The Devil's Disciple.

On 31 October, he was allowed three visits of three people each, the last of which was taken by his mother, brother and sisters. In addition to the two Auxiliaries with him, there were five or six warders in the boardroom. As his family were leaving, they met Canon John Waters, on the way in, who said, "This boy does not seem to realise he is going to die in the morning." Mrs Barry asked him what he meant. He said: "He is so gay and light-hearted all the time. If he fully realised it, he would be overwhelmed." Mrs Barry replied, "Canon Waters, I know you are not a Republican. But is it impossible for you to understand that my son is actually proud to die for the Republic?" Canon Waters became somewhat flustered as they parted. The Barry family recorded that they were upset by this encounter because they considered the chief chaplain "the nearest thing to a friend that Kevin would see before his death, and he seemed so alien."

Kevin Barry was hanged on 1 November, after hearing two Masses in his cell. Canon Waters, who walked with him to the scaffold, wrote to Barry's mother later, "You are the mother, my dear Mrs Barry, of one of the bravest and best boys I have ever known. His death was one of the most holy, and your dear boy is waiting for you now, beyond the reach of sorrow or trial."

Dublin Corporation met on the Monday, and passed a vote of sympathy with the Barry family, and adjourned the meeting as a mark of respect. The Chief Secretary's office in Dublin Castle, on the Monday night, released the following communiqué:The sentence of death by hanging passed by court-martial upon Kevin Barry, or Berry, medical student, aged 18½ years, for the murder of Private Whitehead in Dublin on September 20, was duly executed this morning at Mountjoy Prison, Dublin. At a military court of inquiry, held subsequently in lieu of an inquest, medical evidence was given to the effect that death was instantaneous. The court found that the sentence had been carried out in accordance with law.

Barry's body was buried at 1.30 p.m, in a plot near the women's prison. His comrade and fellow-student Frank Flood was buried alongside him four months later. A plain cross marked their graves and those of Patrick Moran, Thomas Whelan, Thomas Traynor, Patrick Doyle, Thomas Bryan, Bernard Ryan, Edmond Foley and Patrick Maher who were hanged in the same prison before the Anglo-Irish Treaty of July 1921 which ended hostilities between Irish republicans and the British. The men had been buried in unconsecrated ground on the jail property and their graves went unidentified until 1934.They became known as The Forgotten Ten by republicans campaigning for the bodies to be reburied with honour and proper rites. On 14 October 2001, the remains of these ten men were given a state funeral and moved from Mountjoy Prison to be re-interred at Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin.

Aftermath

The only full-length biography of Kevin Barry was written by his nephew, journalist Donal O'Donovan, published in 1989 as Kevin Barry and his Time. In 1965, Sean Cronin wrote a short biography, simply entitled "Kevin Barry"; this was published by The National Publications Committee, Cork, to which Tom Barry provided a foreword.
Barry is remembered in a well-known song about his imprisonment and execution, written shortly after his death and still sung today. The tune to "Kevin Barry" was taken from the sea-shanty "Rolling Home". The execution reportedly inspired Thomas MacGreevy's surrealist poem, "Homage to Hieronymus Bosch". MacGreevy had unsuccessfully petitioned the Provost of Trinity College Dublin, John Henry Bernard, to make representations on Barry's behalf.

Legacy
A commemorative stamp was issued by the Department of Posts and Telegraphs to mark the 50th anniversary of Barry's death in 1970.

The University College Dublin and University of Galway branches of Ógra Fianna Fáil are named after him. Derrylaughan Kevin Barry's GAA club was founded in Clonoe, County Tyrone.

In 1930, Irish immigrants in Hartford, Connecticut, created a hurling club and named it after Barry. The club later disappeared for decades, but was revived in 2011 by more recently arrived Irish immigrants and local Irish-Americans in the area.

In 1934, a large stained-glass window commemorating Barry was unveiled in Earlsfort Terrace, then the principal campus of University College Dublin. It was designed by Richard King of the Harry Clarke Studio. In 2007, UCD completed its relocation to the Belfield campus some four miles away and a fund was collected by graduates to defray the cost (estimated at close to €250,000) of restoring and moving the window to this new location. A grandnephew of Kevin Barry is Irish historian Eunan O'Halpin.

There is an Irish republican flute band named after him in Glasgow, the "Volunteer Kevin Barry Republican Flute Band".

Barry's execution is mentioned in the folk song "Rifles of the I.R.A." written by Dominic Behan in 1968. The ballad  "Kevin Barry", relating the story of his execution, has been sung by artists such as Paul Robeson, Leonard Cohen, Lonnie Donegan, Stompin' Tom Connors, The Hootenanny singers (as "Kevin Berry") Damien Dempsey and The Dubliners. In the Ballad of Kevin Barry, as performed by The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem, a line is sung as "Another martyr for Old Erin, another murder for the Crown. The British laws may crush the Irish, but cannot keep their spirits down".

At the place where Kevin Barry was captured (North King Street/Church Street, Dublin), there are two blocks of flats named after him.

References

External links
The Incident at Monk's Bakery
The lyrics to "The Ballad of Kevin Barry"
Some images and a short discussion of the Kevin Barry Memorial Window, UCD.
The Digital Kevin Barry Papers in UCD Digital Library
The Digital Papers of the Kevin Barry Memorial Committee in UCD Digital Library
A Google Arts and Culture Exhibition - Kevin Barry: UCD Student, Irish Republican Hero

1902 births
1920 deaths
People educated at St Mary's College, Dublin
People educated at Belvedere College
Medical students
Old Belvedere R.F.C. players
Irish people convicted of murder
People executed for murder
Rugby union players from Dublin (city)
Irish torture victims
People from Hacketstown
People convicted of murder by the British military
The Forgotten Ten
Executed people from County Dublin

Kevin Barry


Joseph Emin (, ; 1726 – 2 August 1809) was an Indo-Armenian traveler, writer and patriot who sought to achieve the liberation of Armenia from Persian and Ottoman rule. He wrote an autobiography titled The Life and Adventures of Joseph Emin the Armenian Written in English by Himself, which was first published in London in 1792.

Born in Hamadan and raised in Calcutta, he traveled to London as a young man, received a military education there, and fought in the Seven Years' War. In 1759-1760, he traveled to Armenia for the first time, preaching his ideas of liberation to Armenian villagers along the way. He then went to Russia to seek support for his program for the liberation of Armenia. In 1763 he left Russia for Georgia with a group of supporters and was received by the Georgian king Heraclius II. Emin established contacts in Ottoman Armenia, hoping to eventually raise a rebellion with Heraclius's support. However, in 1764 the Georgian king exiled Emin, who then unsuccessfully attempted to gather support for his plans among the Armenian meliks (princes) of Karabakh. Emin eventually returned to India, where he became a close collaborator of the Armenia writer Shahamir Shahamirian. From 1777 to 1783, Emin lived New Julfa, Iran and unsuccessfully tried to return to Armenia and resume his revolutionary activities. He returned to India for the last time in 1783 and spent the rest of his life there.

Emin espoused the ideas of the European Enlightenment and sought to spread these to his compatriots. Although he was criticized and persecuted by the Armenian clerical elite for his ideals and activities, he is celebrated by Armenians today as a national hero and a pioneer of the Armenian national liberation movement. He has been described as the first Asian to travel from India to Britain and to write an account of his travels in a European language.

Early life
Emin was born in Hamadan, Persia in 1726 to the family of an Armenian merchant named Joseph (Hovsep). Like most Armenians in Iran, he was descended from Armenians that had been forcibly resettled in that country by Shah Abbas I in the early 17th century. Emin was born at a time when Iran was in turmoil as a result of the Afghan occupation of Isfahan and the fall of the Safavid dynasty. In the early 1730s, Emin's family moved to Baghdad, where his mother and younger brother died during the siege of the city in 1733 by Tahmasp Qoli Khan, the future Nader Shah. Emin was sent back to Hamadan by his grandfather, where he was soon joined by his father. As a child Emin had witnessed firsthand the troubles of his family and other Christians at the hands of local Muslim officials. Forced to leave Hamadan due to the abuses of the authorities there, Emin's father left for India, leaving his son in Iran. In 1744 Emin and his grandfather moved to India to join his father Joseph in Calcutta. Emin attended St. Anne's Charity School in Calcutta (now the site of St. Andrew's Church in B. B. D. Bagh), where he learned English. As a young man, not unlike Israel Ori before him, Emin resolved to dedicate his life to the liberation of Armenia. When he came into contact with the British military in Calcutta, he realized that the Armenians needed both education and skill in the contemporary Western art of warfare if they hoped to regain independence.

Life in England
In 1751, against his father's wishes, Emin left for London. His first four years there were filled with misery and hard labour, and he was deprived of any financial assistance from his father. However, in 1755 Emin experienced a turning point in his life. He met and befriended Edmund Burke, the future British statesman and political writer, with whose support he gained access to the circles of British intellectuals and nobility. He received sponsorship from Hugh Percy the Duke of Northumberland and was admitted to the Royal Military Academy in Woolwich, where he remained for thirteenth months after which he enlisted as a volunteer in the British and Prussian armies during their war against France in order to gain practical experience.

Efforts to liberate Armenia
Emin left London in 1759 and traveled to Echmiadzin, passing through the Armenian areas of the Ottoman Empire on his way. His initial strategy for liberating Armenia involved attempting to motivate the Catholicos of Echmiadzin (then Simeon I of Yerevan) toward the idea of first liberating Ottoman Armenia and then Persian Armenia and then proceeding to secure the cooperation of the Armenian meliks of Karabagh and King Heraclius II of Georgia, who, after the death of Nader Shah, had liberated his country from the Persian yoke and reestablished the Georgian Kingdom. However, Emin was disappointed with the ignorance of the Armenian clergy and the passive and apathetic leadership. He decided to return to London to pursue other avenues for his liberation plans.

Emin returned to England in early 1761 from where he secured passage to Russia from Prince Golitsyn, the Russian Ambassador to England. In Saint Petersburg he met with the Russian imperial chancellor Count Vorontsov, to whom he presented his plans to go to Georgia, enter the service of King Heraclius II, and help liberate Armenia. Emin entered Tiflis (now Tbilisi) in 1763 with a letter of recommendation from Count Voronstov to King Heraclius II and accompanied by a large group of Armenian volunteers who had joined him from Armenian settlements in the North Caucasus. In Tiflis, Emin stressed to the king the historical links between the Armenian and Georgian peoples and the monarch's legitimate rights to extend his rule over his ancestral lands (see Origin of the Bagratid dynasties), assuring him that a small but disciplined army could easily cross over into Armenia, where a general revolt against Persian and Ottoman rule would take place. Tens of thousands of volunteer fighters, mostly gathered by Hovhan, the head of the religious order of St. Karapet Monastery in Moush, Western Armenia, would assist him in defeating the Muslim forces, allowing the establishment of a joint Kingdom of Armenia and Georgia. While King Heraclius initially showed some interest in Emin's plans, he eventually saw Emin as a challenger and a few months after his arrival in Tiflis Emin was forced to leave Georgia and cross into the Northern Caucasus. Emin remained in the region for the following five years, spending a lot of time among the mountain tribes, with whose assistance he was finally able to reach Karabagh and the mountainous Zangezur region in Armenia where he tried to pursue his liberation plans with the local Armenian nobles and the Armenian Bishop of Gandzasar. Realizing he needed the help of the Georgian king for any hope of success, he returned briefly to Georgia again only to be ordered to leave.

Return to India

After his second failed attempt to persuade King Heraclius, Emin left Georgia, and passing through Armenia and Persia, returned to India in 1770, where he tried to secure financial support from Armenian merchants to go back to Armenia to maintain a 'few troops' there. But facing clerical opposition again, he failed. Bitterly disillusioned, he rejoined the British Army under Warren Hastings. Emin remained in India for the rest of his life, and devoted his time and energy to keeping the idea of the liberation of Armenia alive. Emin wrote his memoirs where he described all his numerous and dangerous adventures. The book was entitled The Life and Adventures of Joseph Emin the Armenian Written in English by Himself, and was first published in London in 1792. A second edition was prepared and published in Calcutta in 1918 by Emin's great-great-granddaughter who added all the preserved letters written by Emin in English.

Descendants and heritage
Emin's book (The Life and Adventures of Joseph Emin) was revised by his great-great-granddaughter Amy Apcar who added many letters and documents letters written by Emin. He also has descendants living in Calcutta, Russia, and London. Emin was also a descendant of Emin the First (or Emin the Great), who is thought to have held a position of considerable power in Armenia during the early 1500s. None of Emin's remaining descendants have retained the name 'Emin', and thus it has been lost.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
 Одной жизни мало. A historical novel about Joseph Emin by Eduard Avagyan

1726 births
1809 deaths
Armenian memoirists
Armenian nationalists
Armenian revolutionaries
British military personnel of the Seven Years' War
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
Indian people of Armenian descent
People from Hamadan
Persian Armenians

Joseph Emin


The Hartlepool Mail is a newspaper serving Hartlepool, England and the surrounding area.

History
The paper was founded in Hartlepool in 1877 as The Northern Daily Mail and continued to be printed in the town until August 2006, when the printing staff were told they would be made redundant on 30 September.

The newspaper's owners, Johnston Press, decided it was in the interests of their business to move printing to Sunderland. On 16 July 2012, most of the reporting and sports staff moved to the headquarters of the Sunderland Echo. It was also decided later that year, that the printing plant in Sunderland would close with printing of the paper moving to Dinnington, near Sheffield as a result.

In 2015, the newspaper offices moved to Houghton le Spring alongside the Sunderland Echo and Shields Gazette. In May 2019, the office then moved to its Sunderland address at the BIC on the River Wear.

In December 2020, it was announced that former Mirror Group chief executive David Montgomery's group National World had acquired the paper's owners JPI Media for £10.2m.

On 12 March 2022, the paper printed its final daily edition. It was announced that the Mail was to become a weekly paper with a new copy being released every Thursday. As a result, its cover price increased from 90p to £1.30.

On 14 July 2023, the paper's editor revealed that the Mail had been banned from covering Hartlepool United home games for the foreseeable future. The club did not give the Mail any reason why they had been banned and the editor Gavin Ledwith described the decision as "unjust".

Peterlee Mail
The newspaper was formerly distributed in the Peterlee area under the Peterlee Mail name. Following a period of absence, this was replaced in June 2012 with the Peterlee Star, a new weekly paid-for paper retailing at 30p, produced by the Hartlepool editorial team.

Circulation
From January to June 2011, the newspaper averaged a daily circulation of 14,198. Since then, the sales have dropped which has resulted in increases in the paper's cover price. In November 2013, the paper cost 60p while in April 2019, it costs 73p.

In December 2017, it had an average daily circulation of 4,183 making it the third lowest in regional newspaper daily sales in the UK. In December 2021, that figure dropped to 1,570 daily sales. When the paper first became a weekly edition, it's average circulation was 1,408 sales in December 2022.

The newspaper has a strong online presence and, in 2012, their website averaged 121,000 unique users a month.

Other information
The newspaper is where sports journalist and TV presenter Jeff Stelling began his career. In April 2022, Stelling began writing a monthly column for the paper.

See also

 Sunderland Echo
 Shields Gazette
 Johnston Press
 Hartlepool Life

References

External links
 Hartlepool Mail website
 Young and Bold Feature
 Photos Today website
 Darwin Trial

Newspapers published in County Durham
Newspapers established in 1877
1877 establishments in England
Weekly newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Hartlepool

Hartlepool Mail


Donnan potential is the difference in the Galvani potentials which appears as a result of Donnan equilibrium, named after Frederick G. Donnan, which refers to the distribution of ion species between two ionic solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane or boundary.  The boundary layer maintains an unequal distribution of ionic solute concentration by acting as a selective barrier to ionic diffusion. Some species of ions may pass through the barrier while others may not. The solutions may be gels or colloids as well as ionic liquids, and as such the phase boundary between gels or a gel and a liquid can also act as a selective barrier. Electric potential arises between two solutions is called Donnan potential.

Donnan equilibrium is prominent in the triphasic model for articular cartilage proposed by Mow and Ratcliffe, as well as in electrochemical fuel cells and dialysis.

The Donnan effect is extra osmotic pressure attributable to cations (Na+ and K+) attached to dissolved plasma proteins.

See also
 Chemical equilibrium
 Nernst equation
 Double Layer (biospecific)

References

 Van C. Mow and Anthony Ratcliffe Basic Orthopedic Biomechanics, 2nd Ed. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, 1997

Physical chemistry
Colloidal chemistry

sl:Donnanovo ravnovesje

Donnan potential


John Frederick Peck (born 1941) is an American poet, Jungian analyst, editor and translator.

As Poet
Peck was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1941. He earned a Ph.D. in English from Stanford University in 1973, where he studied with the poet and literary critics Yvor Winters and Donald Davie. Peck's dissertation, Pound's Idylls with Chapters on Catullus, Landor, and Browning, was supervised by Davie, and focused on the writing of the American modernist poet Ezra Pound. Peck's allusive, musically nuanced poetry shows clear traces of Pound, though Peck's ideas and metaphors tend to engage rather than insist. Peck writes primarily in free verse, though he does, in his words, "plait phonic elements across both accentual and syllabic grids," a patterning of sound that he characterizes as having been more influenced by verse written by Pound's friend and contemporary Basil Bunting than by Pound.

The final chapter of literary critic Robert Archambeau's book Laureates and Heretics: Six Careers in American Poetry is devoted to Peck's life and work. Archambeau has praised Peck's non-pedantic erudition, describing Peck as "perhaps the most challenging—and one of the most rewarding—American poets of his generation."

Peck's second collection of poems, The Broken Blockhouse Wall, received the Prix de Rome in 1978, and was followed by more than a decade of poetic silence (his next book of poems was not published for almost 15 years). Other honors include fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation and the American Academy in Rome, an award from the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, AGNI's Anne Sexton Poetry Award, and the first annual Thomas McGrath Prize in poetry. Peck was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 2006.

He has held faculty positions at Princeton University, Mount Holyoke College, University of Zurich, Skidmore College, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) and currently lives in Brunswick, Maine.

As Jungian analyst and editor

Peck graduated from the C.G. Jung Institute in Zurich, Switzerland in 1992. Speaking to the relationship between his analytical work and his writing, Peck has said that "Jung's psychology has deepened my respect for the gap between framing an intuition in words and actually taking in what the larger personality would have one incorporate."

Along with Mark Kyburz, Peck was co-translator of Jung's The Red Book  and Luigi Zoja's Cultivating the Soul (2005). Peck also translated Zoja's Ethics and Analysis (2007), and Violence in History, Culture, and the Psyche (2009). Peck co-edited Dream Interpretation Ancient and Modern: Notes from the Seminar Given in 1936-1941, published by Princeton University Press in 2014, and is currently one of the main editors for the Philemon Foundation.

Works

Poetry collections
Cantilena: One Book in Four Spans (Shearsman Books, 2016)
I Came, I Saw: Eight Poems (Shearsman Books, 2012)
Contradance: Phoenix Poets (University of Chicago, 2011)
Red Strawberry Leaf (University of Chicago, 2005)
Collected Shorter Poems (Triquarterly, 2004)
M and Other Poems (Triquarterly, 1996)
Selva Morale (Carcanet Press, 1995)
Argura (Carcanet Press, 1993)
Poems and Translations of Hĭ-Lö (Sheep Meadow, 1991)
The Broken Blockhouse Wall (David R. Godine, 1978)
Shagbark (Bobbs-Merrill, 1972)

Translations

The Red Book: Liber Novus (W. W. Norton & Company, Philemon Press, 2009)

References

External links
 John Peck biography at The Poetry Foundation's website.
 Kyburz & Peck, an English language consultancy Peck runs with Dr. Mark Kyburz.
 A short biography at the Philemon Foundation, a nonprofit organization dedicated to making Carl Jung's complete works available for publication.

Living people
1941 births
20th-century American poets
Stanford University alumni
Writers from Pittsburgh
Poets from Pennsylvania
21st-century American poets
American male poets
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers

John Peck (poet)


James Percival (born 9 November 1983) is a rugby union player for Worcester Warriors in the RFU Championship after signing from Harlequins in the Summer of 2011. He primarily plays in the second-row.

Percival started out at Worcester Warriors, gaining International recognition as a member of Welsh Schools Under 18's and the England Under 21 team that won the 2004 Six Nations Grand Slam.

He joined Northampton Saints in the summer of 2005, however his progress was hampered after suffering a broken neck in a friendly game against Munster. This injury ruled him out of action for the whole of the 2005–06 season.

Percival spent much of the 2006–07 campaign with a successful on-loan spell at Bedford Blues to get post injury game time.

Percival left Northampton Saints to join Harlequins in the summer of 2007 and participated in successful Guinness Premiership and Heineken Cup campaigns.

At the end of the 2010/2011 Aviva Premiership campaign, Percival left Harlequins and signed a 2-year contract which saw him return to the newly promoted Worcester Warriors, and the club where he started his career. Percival will stay with the Warriors until at least the end of the 2012/2013 season.

References

External links
Harlequins profile
Guinness Premiership profile
Worcester Warriors Profile
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120827035802/http://www.warriors.co.uk/warriors/matchcentre/players_warriors_first_team.php?player=4804&includeref=dynamic

1983 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Rugby union players from the West Midlands (county)
Worcester Warriors players
Rugby union locks

James Percival (rugby union)


Treasures of the Snow is a children's story book by Patricia St. John. Originally published by CSSM in 1950, it has been reprinted over a dozen times by various publishers, including braille versions published by the Royal National Institute for the Blind in 1959 and by the Queensland Braille Writing Association in 1996. The book is still in print today.

Over the years it has been translated into and published in many languages, including French, Hungarian, Finnish, Danish, Chinese, Czech, German, Greek, Italian, Vietnamese, Korean, Mari, Faroese, Polish, Welsh, Serbian, Bosnian, Romanian and Russian. An audiobook version in English was produced by Blackstone Audio in October 2005, available in CD, MP3 and audio cassette formats.

Background
Treasures of the Snow was Patricia St. John's second book, started soon after the end of World War II. The theme was forgiveness – as she wrote in her autobiography: "The world was settling down after the war, but as the atrocities came to light there was so much anger and hatred. I remembered the boys coming back from the war to wives who had proved unfaithful. I remembered the faces of those who had seen the first photographic exhibition of the horrors of Belsen and the state of the bombed cities of Europe; the resentment of those who could not forgive others, the remorse of those who could not forgive themselves, and I knew that this generation of children needed, above all things, to learn the meaning of forgiveness".

The story is set in Switzerland, where the author spent some time as a child, and is written for children aged eight and above. The narrative is centred on three children, and explores love, hatred, death, disability, repentance, self-sacrifice, forgiveness and reconciliation. Woven through the story runs a frank description of the children's thoughts, motives, struggles, feelings and fears as well as their prayers and their developing Christian faith.

Plot summary
Annette Burnier lives with her father, elderly grandmother and young brother Dani in a small village in the Swiss mountains. When she is eight years old her mother dies just after Dani's birth, and since the family is too poor to afford a nanny, Annette takes the responsibility upon herself, arranging with the schoolmaster to study at home under her grandmother's guidance. When Dani is old enough for her to return to school, she does well and often gains top marks. On Dani's fifth Christmas, he puts his slipper outside in the snow, hoping that Father Christmas will bring him a present. In the morning, to everyone's astonishment, a tiny white kitten has snuggled into the slipper. Dani calls him Klaus and the two become inseparable.

Further up the mountain in the next chalet, Annette's classmate Lucien Morel lives with his elder sister Marie and their widowed mother. Lucien finds schoolwork difficult and is frustrated that he is often bottom of the class. He also resents having to help around the home and farm with all the tasks that his father would have done, and his mother and sister criticise his laziness.

Conflict flares one day when Lucien is sledging down to school and accidentally collides with Annette's sledge, throwing her into a ditch full of snow. Out of resentment at her success in school, he doesn't stop to help her, but speeds off to school instead. When she arrives late, cold, wet and grazed, with torn wet books, Annette has to explain what happened. Lucien is caned by the schoolmaster, and ostracised by the rest of the class. While on his way home he vents his frustration by kicking over a snowman Dani has built, causing Annette to run out and slap his face and shout angrily at him.

Lucien's increasing loneliness and festering hurt is directed at Annette and looks for opportunities for revenge. When he sees Dani in a meadow picking flowers for Annette's birthday one day, he grabs the flowers and tramples on them. Then afraid Dani would get him into trouble, he picks up Klaus and holds him out over a deep ravine, threatening (but not intending) to drop the kitten unless Dani promises not to tell. Klaus, however, scratches Lucien, and he lets go by accident. Dani rushes across and falls over the cliff into the ravine while trying to save his kitten. Lucien is terrified and griefstricken, convinced that Dani is dead, and flees home to hide in the barn, unable to face his family. When the worried families find Lucien, he confesses what had happened. Dani's father uses a rope to climb down the ravine and finds Dani still alive at the bottom, but with a broken leg. Dani's leg heals badly, shorter than the other leg, leaving him permanently unable to walk without crutches.

The whole village hears about Lucien's involvement with Dani's accident, and he becomes an outcast. Working hard around the home and farm helps him stop brooding for a while, and his mother praises him for this while his sister becomes kinder to him. But his real solace is to climb to the woods and spend time alone, carving little figures out of wood, which he finds he has a real talent for. Here he meets and makes friends with an old man who lives alone in a tiny chalet high above the village, whose only income comes from selling his own woodcarvings. He mentors Lucien and let him use his woodcarving tools, helping him improve his skills. He also confides in Lucien his life story. As a young man he had been happily married with two young sons and a good job in a bank, but then got into bad company and became addicted to alcohol and gambling. To pay the family's debts he stole from the bank and ended up in prison. His wife died, but his sons were adopted by their grandparents and became very successful. When he got out of prison, he did not want his sons' futures jeopardised by being associated with a criminal, so let them assume he was dead. He had lived alone on the mountain for many years and saved a lot of money from the beautiful woodcarvings he sold, similar to the amount he had stolen. He could not repay the people he had stolen from, since he did not know who they were, but his hope was that instead he might be able to use the money to help someone in need.

Lucien is constantly burdened by the guilt of what he had done to Dani, but Annette's hatred towards him makes it impossible for him to do anything to try and right it. He carves a Noah's Ark full of little animals for Dani, but Annette simply throws it on the woodpile when he tries to deliver it. Lucien also decides to enter one of his carvings for the hand-craft competition at school, but shortly before the competition Annette secretly smashes the carved horse out of spite, but goes on to wins the girls' competition while a boy named Pierre won the boys'. Because of their guilt and bitterness, neither Annette nor Lucien can find peace of mind or happiness.

One night Annette goes out for a walk alone, slips on ice and sprains her ankle very badly. She struggles to the nearest chalet but the owners were away and being unable to walk, finds herself in danger of freezing to death. To her relief Lucien skis past while on his way home from visiting his old friend. She calls for help and he gives her his cloak while he goes home to fetch a sledge. When he returns, Annette confesses to him about breaking his carved horse, but instead of being angry Lucien forgives her and takes her home on the sledge, where Annette invites him in. Later Annette confesses to the schoolmaster, and they agree that he should present her prize to Lucien.

The enmity is over, but Lucien still feels troubled with guilt about Dani's disability. One evening Lucien's sister, who commutes by train to work in a hotel in the nearest town, comes home with a generous tip from a famous orthopaedic surgeon, Monsieur Givet, who is staying at the hotel. Intrigued, Lucien asks whether he can make Dani better, but is told the doctor is leaving the hotel for home early the next morning, and that his fees are far too expensive. Undeterred, Lucien creeps out of the house that night in a blizzard and goes to talk with his friend the old man, telling him about Monsieur Givet and that he might be able to cure Dani. The old man gives Lucien a sock full of banknotes to pay for the treatment, but makes him promise to not tell the doctor where the money was obtained, telling Lucien "Just tell him that it is the payment of a debt." Lucien attempts to climb and ski to the town, which involves crossing a high mountain pass. Despite the atrocious weather he reaches the hotel about 5 am. Monsieur Givet goes with Lucien to visit Dani, and offers to treat him in his hospital. But before he leaves the village, he asks Lucien's sister where the old man lived that Lucien knew, and goes to visit him. He recognises the old man as his father and invites him to come home after telling him how much he had missed him.

Annette goes with Dani to stay in the hospital. His fractured leg is re-broken and set properly, and Dani returns home able to walk and run like any little boy. Everybody is reunited with each other as spring arrives.

Adaptations
A film Treasures of the Snow, written and directed by Mike Pritchard and based on the book was filmed in Switzerland and released in 1980. He also adapted Tanglewood's Secret.

A Japanese anime series, based on the book and entitled Story of the Alps: My Annette (アルプス物語 わたしのアンネット), was produced in 1983 by Kōzō Kusuba at Nippon Animation and has been broadcast in 48 weekly episodes in Japan, France, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Arab World, Poland, Iran and the Philippines.

A stage version, adapted by Barbara Solly, was published in Bristol around 1980.

References

Christian children's books
British children's novels
Novels set in Switzerland
British novels adapted into films
1950 children's books
1950 British novels
Children's books set in Switzerland

Treasures of the Snow


The Charleston Coliseum & Convention Center (originally known as Charleston Civic Center) is a municipal complex located in the downtown area of Charleston, West Virginia, United States. Originally completed in 1958, it consists of four main components: the Coliseum, the Theater, the Auditorium, and the Convention Center (also referred to as the Grand Hall).

History
In 1953, the first in a series of general obligation bonds was approved by city voters for the construction of a civic center in the downtown area of Charleston, West Virginia between Lee Street and Quarrier Street on the banks of the Elk River just before the Elk River empties into the Kanawha River. When the original Civic Center opened in November 1958 at the cost of $2.5 million, it consisted of a 6,000-seat arena and the 750-seat "Little Theater."

The complex underwent its first renovation and expansion in 1964 when 2,400 additional seats were added to the arena and a paved parking lot and an ice rink were added to the facilities. The $1.5 million project was financed through the sale of revenue bonds.

The most significant renovation and expansion began when city voters approved a $10 million general obligation bond sale in 1976 to erect a 13,000-seat coliseum, a two-story lobby that connected the new coliseum with the original arena and theater, and remodel the original arena into a convention center. The project also received an additional $10 million in federal matching grants and was completed in 1980.

Two parking garages were added in 1983, accommodating up to 1,300 cars. In 1994, the  Grand Hall of the convention center received a new ceiling, paint and lighting and the ice rink was also converted into an exhibit hall in the 2001. The last renovations took place between 2004 and 2006 when about $250,000 was spent to renovate the Little Theater.

After Pride Youth Programs' annual anti-drug convention in early 2007, Jay DeWispelaere, CEO of Pride Youth Programs, commented on what he felt were the inadequacies of the Charleston Civic Center. In May 2015, the Charleston's Municipal Planning Commission approved the permit need to move forward with a planned comprehensive expansion and renovation, expected to cost around $72 million.  Construction began in September 2015, with an expected completion date in early 2018.  The Civic Center will remain open during construction.

As part of a 10-year sponsorship deal with the organization, the Charleston Civic Center's new basketball court (which debuted in the 2011-12 season) is branded with a large logo for Friends of Coal, a locally based political advocacy group.

Events
A number of annual events and fairs throughout the year at the complex. Among the events includes the Annual West Virginia Hunting and Fishing Show, West Virginia Association of Fairs & Festivals Conference, West Virginia International Auto Show, West Virginia Sports Show, the Taste of Charleston, and the Capital City Art & Craft Show. Several local high schools hold proms and graduation ceremonies at the Civic Center. The Civic Center has also hosted local show choir festivals, including the state competition.

It hosts the quarterfinals, semifinals, and finals of the annual, West Virginia State High School Boys and Girls Basketball Tournaments, music concerts, professional wrestling, and hosted basketball games between in-state rivals West Virginia University and Marshall University until that series ended in 2016. West Virginia State University held its commencement ceremonies in the Coliseum until 2013.

The Charleston Light Opera Guild conducts performances in the Little Theater throughout the year.

References

Basketball venues in West Virginia
Buildings and structures in Charleston, West Virginia
College basketball venues in the United States
Convention centers in West Virginia
Marshall Thundering Herd basketball venues
Music venues in West Virginia
Sports venues in West Virginia
Tourist attractions in Kanawha County, West Virginia
Sports venues completed in 1959
1959 establishments in West Virginia

Charleston Coliseum & Convention Center


Willie Bishop is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played for the Australian rugby union sevens team.

Playing career
Bishop initially played touch rugby and rugby league and in 2000 he won the New Zealand Junior Sportsperson of the Year and New Zealand Maori Sportsperson of the Year awards. In 2002, while playing for the Hibiscus Coast Raiders, won the Auckland Rugby League's Best and Fairest award.

In 2003 he played for the New Zealand Warriors at the Rugby League World Sevens where he was subsequently signed by the Sydney Roosters. He again played in the 2004 World Sevens for the Roosters.

In 2006 he signed with the Manly Sea Eagles, playing six matches in the NSWRL Premier League and also playing for the Belrose Eagles in the 2007 Jim Beam Cup.

Bishop then switched to rugby union, joining the Warringah Rugby Club. In 2008 he was spotted playing rugby union sevens for the club and called into the Australian team. He again played for Australia in 2009.

Personal life
His father Matt played rugby union for New Zealand Maori and his brother Raymond played for Waikato in the NPC.

References

Living people
New Zealand rugby league players
Hibiscus Coast Raiders players
Rugby league halfbacks
New Zealand rugby union players
Male rugby sevens players
Australia international rugby sevens players
Touch footballers
New Zealand sportsmen
Year of birth missing (living people)
People educated at Forest View High School, Tokoroa
Place of birth missing (living people)

Willie Bishop


Viktor Klima (born 4 June 1947) is an Austrian Social Democrat politician and businessman. He was chancellor of Austria from 1997 to 2000.

Early career

Born in Schwechat, Lower Austria, Klima started working for the then state-owned OMV oil company in 1969 and remained with the company up to the beginning of his political career in 1992, in his later years serving as a member of their management board.

Minister

Although Klima was then unknown to the majority of Austrians, in 1992 Chancellor Franz Vranitzky made him Minister of Transportation and Nationalised Industry, a position Klima held till 1996, when he became Finance Minister for a year.

Chancellor of Austria

In 1997, upon Vranitzky's resignation, Klima was elected chairman of the Social Democratic party and was sworn in as Chancellor of Austria, having renewed the grand coalition between his own party (Social Democratic Party of Austria, SPÖ) and the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP), with Wolfgang Schüssel serving as his vice chancellor.

Influenced by the "Third Way" strategy of other European leaders such as Tony Blair and Gerhard Schröder, under Klima's chairmanship the Social Democrats played down their allegiance to Marxism and thus to their own political roots and very clearly continued their move from the political left towards the centre, frequently using spin doctors and embracing populism as a political strategy.

For example, further privatizations took place, and several public services that had been subsumed under the policies of the welfare state were tentatively reduced. As a consequence, a high percentage of the party's traditional working-class constituency, dissatisfied with Klima and his party, redirected their support to Jörg Haider's populist far-right Freedom Party (FPÖ). However, just as his predecessor Vranitzky, Klima repeatedly and publicly announced that under no circumstances was he prepared to enter into a coalition with Haider's party.

Following the elections of October 1999, in which the Social Democrats sustained heavy losses, Viktor Klima stepped down as the chairman of his party and was succeeded in this capacity by Alfred Gusenbauer. As chancellor he was succeeded by Wolfgang Schüssel from the Austrian People's Party, who formed a coalition government with the Freedom Party in February 2000.

Klima and his party heavily resented the fact that they were removed from rulership. While negotiations to form a new government on the basis of the October 1999 elections were ongoing, Klima "urged fellow EU leaders to help influence the coalition bargaining," an unprecedented call for foreign interference in the political affairs of the sovereign Austrian state whose acting chancellor he still was at the time of this statement. While this failed to influence the outcome of the coalition talks, it led directly to the so-called "sanctions" against Austria, which had no basis whatsoever in the EU charter.

Business career
A few weeks later, with the help of his friend Gerhard Schröder, Klima took up a senior management position with Volkswagen in Argentina at a time when the country was in a deep economic crisis. Klima became General Manager of Volkswagen's entire South American operations in mid-2006, and was under contract until 2011. Klima's background in politics as well as in economy predestines him for networking, a capability he has continued to cultivate on the highest level, such as with Argentina's former president, Néstor Kirchner and his predecessor, Eduardo Duhalde. Klima retired in 2011 and lives on a cattle farm near Buenos Aires.

References

 "Austria." Britannica Book of the Year, 2001. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 22 January 2010
 "Klima, Viktor (1947-)." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Thomson Gale, 1998

1947 births
Living people
20th-century Chancellors of Austria
Social Democratic Party of Austria politicians
Austrian people of Czech descent
Chancellors of Austria
Finance Ministers of Austria
People from Schwechat

Viktor Klima


Andrew Charles Farriss  (born 27 March 1959) is an Australian rock musician and multi-instrumentalist best known as the keyboardist, backing vocalist, and main composer for rock band INXS. Farriss released his debut studio album in 2021.

Career
Andrew Charles Farriss was born on 27 March 1959 in Perth, Western Australia, to Dennis and Jill Farriss, and is the second oldest of four children: he has two brothers, Tim (born 1957) and Jon (born 1961), and a sister, Alison. At the age of five years, Farriss, and his family had a holiday in London where they saw a performance by The Beatles. In 1971 the Farriss family relocated to Sydney, where he attended Davidson High School. With Tim taking up guitar lessons, Farriss "had instinctively taken to playing piano", and Jon played drums. At school Farriss met Michael Hutchence after preventing a fight with another student. The two became friends and in 1976 Hutchence, on lead vocals, joined his band, Doctor Dolphin. The line up included two other classmates, Kent Kerny and Neil Sanders and, from the nearby Forest High School a bass guitarist, Garry Beers, and Geoff Kennely.

Farriss is credited solely with keyboards on the band's earliest albums, but by 1984's The Swing, he was listed as playing guitar as well. On stage, he also plays harmonica and various hand-held percussion instruments.

While INXS' early albums credit the band as songwriters, by their third album, Shabooh Shoobah, the team of Farriss as composer and Hutchence as lyricist was well established for most of the band's material. While there were some INXS songs written by other members of the group, or by Farriss alone, it was this Farriss-Hutchence duo that brought INXS the majority of their international success in the 1980s and 1990s. In fact, Farriss co-wrote all but one of the band's top-40 hits in the US.

Despite extensive writing, recording and touring commitments with INXS, Farriss collaborated with many other Australian artists in a songwriting or production capacity. His most significant early collaboration was with Jenny Morris, a New Zealand singer who had sung back-up vocals on INXS' 1985 hit album, Listen Like Thieves. Farriss has also co-written and produced with the Australian Aboriginal band Yothu Yindi, Australian country singer Tania Kernaghan and Scottish rockers Gun. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1990 he won Producer of the Year for his work on the Jenny Morris album Shiver.

In 2005, INXS launched a reality TV show, Rock Star: INXS, a worldwide search for a new lead singer.  While all of INXS knew it would be impossible to replace Michael Hutchence, who died in 1997, they wished to carry on bringing their music to the world.

In 2016, Farriss was inducted into the Australian Songwriters Hall of Fame.

In 2019, Farriss released his debut solo single "Come Midnight". In January 2020 he released his second single "Good Momma Bad". He has performed solo at the Hay Mate drought relief concert, the Gympie Muster, the Tamworth Country Music Festival, and the Bluebird Cafe in Nashville. On 28 August 2020 Farriss released his single "All the Stars Are Mine" and announced his EP Love Makes the World, which was released on 2 October 2020.

On 26 January 2020 Farriss was awarded with the Member of the Order of Australia.

Farriss released his debut, self-titled album in March 2021.

Personal life
Farriss married Shelley Blanks on 22 April 1989 (divorced 2012). The couple have three children.

In the official INXS autobiography Story to Story, Farriss describes his dislike of touring and being away from his family.

Farriss married Marlina Neeley in October 2013.  The couple live on a cattle farm in the Tamworth Region of New South Wales.

Discography

Albums

Extended plays

Singles

Awards and nominations

APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), "honouring composers and songwriters". They commenced in 1982.

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| rowspan="3"| 2021
| rowspan="3"| "Break My Heart" by Dua Lipa (Andrew Farriss, Michael Hutchence, Dua Lipa, Jordan Johnson, Stefan Johnson, Ali Tamposi, Andrew Watt)
| Song of the Year
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| Most Performed Pop Work
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| rowspan="2"|
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| Most Performed Australian Work
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ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music.

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| 1990
| Andrew Farriss for Shiver by Jenny Morris
| ARIA Award for Producer of the Year
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Australian Songwriter's Hall of Fame
The Australian Songwriters Hall of Fame was established in 2004 to honour the lifetime achievements of some of Australia's greatest songwriters.

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| 2016
| Himself
| Australian Songwriter's Hall of Fame
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|}

Countdown Australian Music Awards
Countdown was an Australian pop music TV series on national broadcaster ABC-TV from 1974 to 1987, it presented music awards from 1979 to 1987, initially in conjunction with magazine TV Week. The TV Week / Countdown Awards were a combination of popular-voted and peer-voted awards.

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| 1984
| Himself (with Michael Hutchence)
| Best Songwriter
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West Australian Music Industry Awards
The West Australian Music Industry Awards (WAMIs) are annual awards presented to the local contemporary music industry, put on annually by the Western Australian Music Industry Association Inc (WAM).

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| 2008
| The Farriss Brothers (Andrew, Tim and Jon)
| Hall of Fame
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References

External links

  Official Andrew Farriss Website
 Official INXS site: www.inxs.com

 INXS.PL – Polish INXS website

1959 births
APRA Award winners
ARIA Award winners
Australian rock keyboardists
Australian male singers
Living people
Musicians from Perth, Western Australia
People educated at Davidson High School
Australian rock guitarists
INXS members
Members of the Order of Australia
20th-century Australian musicians
21st-century Australian musicians
Australian male guitarists

Andrew Farriss


Phil Rose (born 2 May 1952) is an English actor, best known for his role as Friar Tuck in the 1980s TV series Robin of Sherwood.

Theatre
Rose was born in Manchester, and established himself as a theatre actor playing Sir Toby Belch in Twelfth Night and The Gangster in Kiss Me, Kate at Bristol Old Vic. Numerous touring appearances followed, including the Ludlow Festival, Dundee Repertory Theatre and Colwyn Bay.

In the West End, Rose appeared as Durdles in The Mystery of Edwin Drood.

In the 1980s and 1990s, he devoted his time mainly to touring theatre productions. In 1996, in a company that he co-founded with Ian Dickens, he appeared in a touring production of There's a Girl in My Soup with Jack Smethurst, Deborah McAndrew and Tony Scannell.

Pantomime
Rose is well known for appearing in pantomime as the Dame and has more than 20 years' experience of this.

Television
In addition to his role in Robin of Sherwood, Rose played the part of a doctor from the regional health authority in the 1984 BBC nuclear-war drama Threads.

In 2007, Rose played the science-fiction writer A.K. 'Bunny' Cheesewight in the second story in BBC7's Scarifyers series, "The Devil of Denge Marsh". He reprised the role in 2010 in "The Secret Weapon of Doom".

Over the years, Rose has appeared in Minder, Gaskin, Jemima Shore Investigates as well as a spell in EastEnders.

Film
In 1984, Rose appeared with Peter Ustinov playing his nephew in the movie Memed My Hawk.

References

External links
 Phil Rose Fan Club

 Birmingham Theatre School

1952 births
English male stage actors
Living people
English male television actors
Male actors from Manchester

Phil Rose


Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission, 354 F.2d 608 (2d Cir. 1965) is a United States Second Circuit Court of Appeals case in which a public group of citizens, the Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference, organized and initiated legal action after the Federal Power Commission approved plans for Consolidated Edison to construct a power plant on Storm King Mountain, New York.  The federal regulatory agency had denied that the environmental group could bring action, but the court disagreed, ruling that Scenic Hudson had legal standing because of their "special interest in aesthetic, conservational, and recreational aspects" of the mountain.

This was the first decision of a court to grant standing on such terms, and established a precedent to allow similar public-based environmental groups to engage in legal processes. As Justice Hays stated, "the cost of a project is only one of several factors to be considered" in addition to "the preservation of natural beauty and national historic sites" as a basic concern. This 1965 ruling helped to establish the legitimacy of environmental issues and paved the way for lawyers and the courts to play a significant role in all manner of land-use and environmental battles.

Background

This case is part of a 17-year (1963–1981) dispute. In September, 1962, Consolidated Edison announced plans to build the country's largest pumped-storage, 2,000-megawatt (MW) hydroelectric power plant on Storm King Mountain at a cost of $234 million. The proposed project also required that Con Edison buy about three hundred acres of the Black Rock Forest owned by Harvard University, which was unwilling to sell. In response to the proposal, by November 1963 citizens had formed the Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference to provide a stronger unified voice against the project. Despite its opposition, the Federal Power Commission granted Consolidated Edison the right to proceed. The Commission's decision was immediately appealed and the matter was sent to the U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals. The timeline below provides a more thorough context of the different cases and significant decisions.

Legal framework

Parties involved
Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference was a collection of concerned citizens and other local interests. Several towns joined Scenic Hudson as plaintiffs. The towns were located along both banks of the Hudson River within the vicinity of Storm King Mountain. These surrounding local governments felt as though the development of the storage facility along with the additional transmission lines would adversely affect them. Among them were Phillipstown, Putnam Valley, Cortland, and Yorktown, all on the opposite bank and concerned about the visual impact of the project.

Consolidated Edison was, and as of 2013 still is, a large investor-owned utility in New York. It was seeking a reliable source of energy to meet the needs of a then growing population.

Appeals court
This case was tried in the U.S. Court of Appeals, 2nd Circuit. It was argued on October 8, 1965 and decided on December 29, 1965. The case was remanded to the Federal Power Commission in the lower courts. The decision was the beginning of what was to become environmental law. The case was presented before Chief Judge J. Edward Lumbard and Circuit Judges Sterry R. Waterman and Hays. The innovative decision was written by Justice Hays.

Issues
The main issue presented in this case is whether aesthetic harm can suffice as an injury-in-fact in order to establish standing. The "injury in fact" test requires both an "injury to a cognizable interest" and that "the party seeking review be himself among the injured."

The Storm King project was to be located in an area of unique beauty and major historical significance. The highlands and gorge of the Hudson offer one of the finest pieces of river scenery in the world. The great German traveler Baedeker called it "finer than the Rhine." Petitioners' contention that the Commission must take these factors into consideration in evaluating the Storm King project is justified by the history of the Federal Power Act. Prior to this case, aesthetics were not considered worthy of standing in court. Environmental groups had to demonstrate a harm to a person or people (typically economic harm) before they could be allowed to challenge development in court and be heard.

The New York Court of Appeals set aside the Storm King license and remanded to the Federal Power Commission in a decision marking the birth of environmental law. The court stated that "The Commission's renewed proceedings must include as a basic concern the preservation of natural beauty and national historic sites, keeping in mind that in our affluent society, the cost of a project is only one of several factors to be considered." In addition, the court ruled that "On remand, the Commission should take the whole fisheries question into consideration before deciding whether the Storm King Project is to be licensed."

This also helped to establish some of the largest environmental organizations today. See "Catalyst for other action," below.

Opinion of the Court
Presented by Justice Hays on behalf of Chief Justice Lumbard and Justice Waterman.

Standing

In United States law, the Supreme Court of the United States has stated, "In essence the question of standing is whether the litigant is entitled to have the court decide the merits of the dispute or of particular issues."

This case was significant because the court decided the Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference was an aggrieved party under § 313(a) of the Federal Power Act and thus "has standing to challenge the Commission's order." They were determined to be an "aggrieved party" because of their "special interest in aesthetic, conservational, and recreational aspects of power development."

This was the first example of granting standing on the basis of aesthetic or environmental benefits.

Commission
The Second Circuit Court of Appeals held the following:

 Commission violated requirements of §10(a) and §313(b) of Federal Power Act by failing to compile record adequate to support its findings and by failing to consider alternatives to the proposed project, including no project at all.
 Commission failed to weigh adequately the need to preserve an area of unique beauty and major historical significance for "recreational purposes" as expressly mandated by Act.
 Commission illegally failed to consider such alternatives as a gas turbine system, an interconnection with other systems, or a combination of the two.
 Commission illegally failed to consider the possibility that no device could adequately protect fish and fish larvae in the project area and further failed to consider the desirability of running segments of the transmission lines underground.

Remand
The licensing order of March 9 and the two orders of May 6 were set aside, and the case was remanded for further Federal Power Commission hearings.

Judicial timeline
The Storm King Decision incorporates 15 years of legal challenges, beginning with the first case in 1965. Below is the timeline:

 1963: Initial proposal for Storm King plant is developed, Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference established
 1964: Federal Power Commission (FPC) holds hearings on the proposed plant. They grant Consolidated Edison the license to build plant
 1965: First case: Consolidated Edison Vs. Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference, Towns of Phillipsville, Putnam Valley, Cortland. Court remands case to lower court and acknowledges the aesthetic and historical importance of Storm King Mountain and grants standing to a citizen environmental group.
 1966–1967: The remanded FPC hearings take place. There are over 19,000 pages of testimony. Many additional environmental studies are presented including studies showing the predicted number of fish kills from the plant.
 1968: Almost one year after the hearings ended, the FPC recommends that the license be granted for the Storm King Project.
 1968–1970: Alternative sites and routes are examined by FPC. They determined that the alternate site is a major hazard to the New York City aqueduct. This eliminates the possibility of the alternate location. The FPC again examines the potential of the Storm King Mountain Site. In August 1970 the FPC re-licensed Storm King.
 1971: Scenic Hudson, the Hudson River Fisherman's Association (now Riverkeeper), The City of New York, the Palisades Park Commission and others appealed the Federal Power Commission decision. The Court upholds the FPC licensing decision in a two-to-one vote. The court later split four-to-four on reconsideration. (453 F. 2d 463 (2d Cir. 1971), cert. denied 407 U.S. 926 (1972)).
 1973: Once again, Scenic Hudson and the Hudson River Fisherman's Association petitioned the Federal Power Commission to reconsider the Storm King license. They allege that the fish studies used in the 1970 license granting were inaccurate. The study did not consider that the Hudson is a tidal river and therefore underestimated impact to certain fish. The Federal Power Commission later rejected the Scenic Hudson and Hudson River Fisherman's Association Petitions. (49 FPC 1227 (1973)).
 1973: Scenic Hudson and Hudson River Fisherman's Association bring suit against the US Army Corps of Engineers in federal district court to stop Consolidated Edison from dumping rock excavated from the Storm King project into the Hudson River. They argued that a  Corps of Engineers permit was required. Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Callaway, 370 F. Supp. 162 (S.D.N.Y. 1973), aff'd 499 f.2d 127 (2d Cir. 1974).
 1976: NY City Attorney General and some FPC staff join Scenic Hudson and Hudson River Fisherman's Association in petitioning the Federal Power Commission to restart hearings on the Storm King license. This time they include economics in the argument along with changed circumstances and environmental concerns.
 1980: Scenic Hudson and Consolidated Edison reached a settlement in the Storm King case. Consolidated Edison agreed to terminate the Storm King plans, reduce fish kills at some of its power plants on the Hudson. They also established a research fund for the Hudson River. The surrender was approved by Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) in 1981.

Catalyst for other action
The Court's decision to grant standing to the Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference, a conservation group with local members, established an important legal precedent for similar groups to be able to take legal action to protect the public interest. This case has been attributed as the birth of environmental law, which is now so firmly established, it is taught as a separate branch of legal studies at most law schools today.

Related cases
This case sets a precedent for "attainment of standing to sue than for justiciability of aesthetic issues on their merits." Within each case, it is important that aesthetic conditions be specifically mentioned within the applicable statutes. In the case of Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission case, this was the Federal Power Act.

 Izaak Walton League of America v. St. Clair (1970): in response to mineral claims in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area.
 Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe (1971): lawsuit in response to a proposed highway corridor through a municipal park. This case contained environmental issues with aesthetic factors, but also had particular statutory language examined.
 U.S. v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures (SCRAP) (1973): students found to have alleged individual standing because assigning higher transport tariffs would encourage use of raw materials over recycled materials. Though the students had standing, they eventually lost the case.
 Parker v. US (1971): lawsuit in response to a proposed forest timber sale. This case contained environmental issues with aesthetic factors, but also had particular statutory language examined.
 Sierra Club v. Morton (1972): The key issue in the case was whether the permitted development would cause the Sierra Club sufficient injury to give them standing to sue to block the permit. The Supreme Court held that the Sierra Club, in its corporate capacity, lacked standing, but that it may sue on behalf of any of its members who had individual standing because the government action affected their aesthetic or recreational interests. However, the Sierra Club had failed to state in its complaint that any of its members had ever visited Mineral King, even though several members had used it for recreational purposes and even owned property in the nearby area, and so it lost.
 Friends of the Earth v. Armstrong (1973).

Policy change
Though a powerful tool for environmental action, private litigation does not replace the proactive approach of states and the federal government establishing environmental standards.

Environmental organizations
The Natural Resources Defense Council started in 1970 from a partnership including attorneys of the Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference, led by Stephen Duggan.

See also
 Clearwater Festival
 David Sive
 Pete Seeger

References

External links

 Full text of the ruling, Environmental Law Reporter
 Clearwater
 Friends of Hudson River Park
 Hudson River Environmental Society
 Hudson River Foundation
 Hudson River Valley Institute
 Newburgh Free Library – Hudson River Resource Center
 New York State Archives
 New York State Hudson River Greenway
 Pace Law School Archives
 Riverkeeper
 Scenic Hudson, Inc.
 SUNY Albany Archives – Environmental Collections

1965 in the environment
Hudson Highlands
United States environmental case law
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit cases
1965 in United States case law
Federal Power Commission
United States standing case law
History of Orange County, New York
Consolidated Edison
Scenic Hudson


The Embassy of Germany in Bagdad is the diplomatic mission of the Federal Republic of Germany in Iraq. In addition, the Consulate General is working in Erbil as the second German representation in the Kurdistan Region in the north of the country. The embassy Baghdad is located in the district of Jadriyah. Ambassador is Ole Diehl.

The Federal Intelligence Service has an office at the Embassy in Baghdad and the Consulate General in Erbil.

References

External links

Bilateral relations of Iraq
Iraq

Embassy of Germany, Baghdad