W. L. "Lou" Everett (November 28, 1924 – April 27, 1965), was a United States Army Air Corps fighter pilot and test pilot.

Early life

Lou Everett was born on November 28, 1924, in Brooklyn, New York.  He graduated from high school at seventeen during World War II, and wanted to fly fighter aircraft for the United States Navy.  Because he was too young for the Navy Cadet program, he enlisted in the Army.  Within a few months, he transferred to the United States Army Air Corps and began training as a fighter pilot assigned to fly the P-51 Mustang.  Stationed in Florida, he was awaiting assignment to go overseas when the war ended.

Everett joined the Mississippi Air National Guard, attended Millsaps College, and continued to fly by crop dusting and instructing at a local air school.  While attending Millsaps, he married Betty June Coleman and soon after the couple moved to Starkville, Mississippi, where Lou enrolled in the Aero Physics Department at Mississippi State University. In December 1950, the Mississippi Air National Guard was called to active duty because of the Korean War. Shortly thereafter, Everett was called to serve in Korea, where he flew AT-6 Texans on forward air control missions.

Test pilot career

Everett returned to the United States to resume his education at Mississippi State.  He graduated in 1954 with a degree in Aeronautical Engineering and joined Chance-Vought in California as an engineer. In 1955, he was hired by Ryan Aeronautical Company as their second test pilot for the X-13 Vertijet, joining Ryan's Chief Test Pilot, Pete Girard.  The X-13 was the world's first pure jet VTOL aircraft, and Girard and Everett were the only pilots to fly it.  As a result of their research work on the X-13, the two men received awards from the New York Academy of Sciences.  During this time, Everett became one of the original 17 members of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots.

During the test phase of Ryan's VZ-3 Vertiplane, Girard resigned from test piloting, and Everett became Ryan's Chief Engineering Experimental Test Pilot.  He continued testing the Vertiplane and began testing (a maiden flight: May 23, 1961; Flight magazine) the Flex-Wing; a Rogallo-wing aircraft which evolved into the XV-8 Fleep.  On May 23, 1961, flying the Flex-Wing, he became the first man to leave the ground in a powered Rogallo.

The next project was the XV-5 Vertifan, jointly developed by Ryan and General Electric, and first flown by Everett.  The Vertifan employed the lift fan concept to achieve vertical flight, diverting jet thrust to spin louvered fans in the wings and nose. On April 27, 1965, the two Vertifan prototypes made their public debut during a press demonstration at Edwards.  One was to fly horizontally in front of the grandstand, while the other would convert from horizontal to vertical flight and descend.  Everett was in the plane scheduled to descend.  Flying at  and an altitude of , he prepared to transition from conventional to fan mode, but the Vertifan unexpectedly pitched nose down.  Everett ejected, but the ejection seat failed and his parachute caught on the plane's high tail. He went down with the plane and was killed.

References

External links

 Popular Mechanics, November 1961, written by Lou Everett about flying the Flex-Wing

1924 births
1965 deaths
American test pilots
Aviators from New York (state)
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
Burials at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery
Mississippi State University alumni
People from Brooklyn
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1965

Lou Everett


Brian Blessed OBE (born 9 October 1936) is an English actor.

Early life
The son of William Blessed, a socialist miner, and Hilda Wall, Blessed was born at the Montague Hospital  in the town of Mexborough, Yorkshire. He attended Bolton on Dearne Secondary Modern School, but after his father suffered an industrial accident, he was forced to leave school early at 14 and spent several years working at a variety of jobs, ranging from undertaker to plasterer's assistant. He completed his National Service as a parachutist in the Royal Air Force. He began his acting training at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, alongside Patrick Stewart. He has written about his early life in his autobiography, Dynamite Kid (1992).

Career
An early role was that of PC "Fancy" Smith in the BBC police drama Z-Cars from 1962 to 1965. In 1966, Blessed appeared in Incident at Vichy at the Phoenix Theatre in London. Blessed had small roles in such cult shows as The Avengers (1967, 1969) and the original Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) (1969). He portrayed Caesar Augustus in the BBC series I, Claudius. He portrayed Basileos in the BBC mini-series Michael J. Bird's The Aphrodite Inheritance (1979). He portrayed the father of Robin Hood, Lord Locksley, in the blockbuster Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991).

He has appeared in a number of Shakespearean roles on both stage and screen, including four of the five Shakespeare films directed by Kenneth Branagh: as The Duke of Exeter in Henry V (1989), Antonio in Much Ado About Nothing (1993), The Ghost of Hamlet's Father in Hamlet (1996), and the dual role of Duke Frederick and Duke Senior in As You Like It (2006). He also provided the voices of Bob in the animated series Kika & Bob (2008) and Grampy Rabbit in Peppa Pig.

He also hosted the 1978 documentary on the life of Johann Sebastian Bach called The Joy of Bach in which he also portrayed Bach in different vignettes in this documentary.

Other roles have emphasised his comedic abilities: notably Prince Vultan in Flash Gordon (1980) – for which he is frequently remembered for the famous line "Gordon's alive!"; the mad, comic figure of Richard IV in the first series of The Black Adder (1983); and Spiro in the BBC adaptation of My Family and Other Animals (1987). He also played the role of General Yevlenko in the miniseries War and Remembrance (1988). Blessed jokes he almost starred in Blackadder II (1986) as Queen Elizabeth but he wasn't available at the time of filming.

He provided the vocal links on the Sony-Award-winning Christian O'Connell Breakfast Show on Virgin Radio and introduced adverts for Orange mobile phones. At Christmas 2006, he presented a panto Cinderella for Virgin Radio starring actors such as David Tennant and Thandie Newton. In November 2006, Blessed made a surprise appearance on the midday talk show Loose Women. Also, he is featured reading the story "The White City, Part 1" which is the final piece on the album Late Night Tales: Nightmares on Wax. Blessed was also the voice of Jean Valjean in Focus on the Family Radio Theatre's audio dramatic adaptation of Victor Hugo's Les Misérables.

Blessed has also starred in Andrew Lloyd Webber's Cats as both Old Deuteronomy and Bustopher Jones during the original West End theatre production. In 2002, under the direction of Royal Shakespeare Company director Adrian Noble, Blessed originated the role of Baron Bomburst for the stage musical version of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang.

During December 2005 to January 2006, Blessed headlined the pantomime production of Peter Pan, alongside CBBC Television presenter Kirsten O'Brien at the Regent Theatre in Ipswich. In late 2007 and early 2008, Blessed starred in the panto version of Peter Pan as Captain Hook at the Grove Theatre in Dunstable. He played the same role again in "Peter Pan" in late 2007, early 2008 and again at Christmas 2008 at the Fairfield Halls, Croydon.

Blessed was the narrator of the Sky1 series Crash Test Dummies, starring Steve Marsh and Dan Wright.

Since October 2008, Blessed presents the UK showings of the Japanese gameshow Unbeatable Banzuke on the Challenge channel under the name Banzuke Brian. He also guest hosted episodes of Have I Got News for You in May 2008 and April 2013.

In 2009, Blessed played the world's worst explorer, Sir Basil Champion – a character based upon Blessed's fictional inspiration, The Lost World's Professor Challenger – in the fourth story in The Scarifyers series, The Curse of the Black Comet. The story was broadcast on BBC7 in 2010.

In November 2009, Blessed starred in a series of online videos on the BBC Comedy website in which he played Henry VIII. The concept of the video series is that the Tudor king is alive & well, and living in a suburban semi with his long-suffering sixth wife Catherine Parr. Henry has embraced modern technology and lives his life online – insulting the King of France on Facebook, surfing for desirable women friends, and blocking the Pope on Twitter.

In late 2009, Blessed starred as the Narrator in the In the Wings production of Peter and the Wolf at the New Victory Theater, New York.

After a successful campaign on social networking site Facebook, satnav manufacturer TomTom recorded Brian Blessed's voice as an option for those using its satnav devices; Blessed's voice has been available in devices since October 2010.

In September 2010, Blessed recorded the voiceover to Sheherazade, or The Princess, the Pirate and the Baboon!, an album of children's stories set to the classical music composition Scheherazade by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and also featuring the voices of Rory Bremner, Jess Murphy, Sam Morris and Nigel Garton. Brian voiced the role of the Great Sultan Shahryār; the album was released as the first in a series entitled Grandma Dingley's Ingeniously Musical Tales in March 2011.

In 2013, Blessed starred in an advertising campaign for the New Zealand bank ASB playing a fictionalised version of himself encouraging the humble population to be proud of their achievements whether big or small.

Other achievements
Blessed has attempted to climb Mount Everest three times, getting to 28,200 feet in 1993 and 25,200 feet in 1996, but never reaching the summit. He has reached the summit of Aconcagua, in Argentina, and Kilimanjaro, in Tanzania. He is the oldest man to trek on foot to the magnetic North Pole, and has undertaken an expedition deep into the jungles of Venezuela.

Blessed has an honorary position as official Shoutsperson of the University of York's Douglas Adams Society, and in 2011 the University's student body voted to name a new study space as the 'Brian Blessed Centre for Quiet Study'.

In 2004, Blessed sang on Celebrity Stars in Their Eyes, impersonating Luciano Pavarotti. He is known for his football knowledge and appeared as an expert on the British satellite station UKTV G2 during the 2006 World Cup. He also appeared on A Question of Sport in 2006 and again in 2011 and was a guest host of Have I Got News for You in May 2008, alongside guests Alan Duncan and Marcus Brigstocke (also making a surprise appearance in the Christmas special later in the year). His madcap manner quickly made the show deviate from its usual format, with Paul Merton remarking "Does anyone remember how this show used to be like?" In the same month he appeared as a guest on The Paul O'Grady Show.

Blessed was President of the Television and Radio Industries Club (TRIC) in 2007–2008 and presented the 2008 TRIC Awards at the Grosvenor House, Park Lane. TRIC is an organisation which honours achievers in the film and radio industries. He has honorary degrees from the University of Bradford, awarded in July 2003, and Sheffield Hallam University, awarded in 2004.

He also stars in the Living Legend show in Jersey, Channel Islands. It features many celebrity faces, such as Roger Lloyd Pack, Samantha Janus, Kevin Whately and Tony Robinson. The story is of the history of the island.

In 2009, he featured on the song "Army of the Damned", part of the debut album Beneath the Veiled Embrace by UK power-metal band Pythia, reading the poem "Suicide in the Trenches" by Siegfried Sassoon. He also contributed to "The Joust" by Eden Burning in 1994.

In June 2011, a campaign by Cambridge graduates resulted in Blessed's being nominated for the post of Chancellor of the University of Cambridge.

In February 2013, a piece of DLC for the PC game War of the Roses will feature narration from Blessed.

Personal life
Blessed lives in Windlesham, Surrey. He married actress Hildegarde Neil in 1978 and they have one daughter, Rosalind. He also has a number of dogs and is a patron of Hopefield Animal Sanctuary.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video Games

Bibliography
The Turquoise Mountain: Brian Blessed on Everest (1991)
Dynamite Kid (1992)
Nothing's Impossible (1994)
To the Top of the World (1995)
Quest for the Lost World (1999)

References

Other websites

 Brian Blessed at AllRovi

1936 births
Living people
Actors from Yorkshire
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Television personalities from Yorkshire

Brian Blessed


Sensormatic is a subsidiary of Tyco International (now owned by Johnson Controls) that manufactures and sells electronic article surveillance equipment.  Sensormatic Electronics Corporation was purchased by Tyco International in 2001.  The acquisition was executed by a merger of Sensormatic with a subsidiary of Tyco.  Sensormatic is frequently called by the name of its parent company ADT, formerly ADT/Tyco. They manufacture acusto-magnetic (AM) electronic article surveillance systems.

The Sensormatic Supertag is a hard loss prevention tag.  The Supertag took over for the Sensormatic Ultragator tag.  Ultragator is a tan Ultra Max tag that is sold to retail companies.  Ultragator tags were improved upon during the design of the Supertag.

Sensormatic specializes in the area of sourcetagging.  A sourcetag is a security tag or label applied during the manufacturing process.  Recently Sensormatic introduced disposable hard source tags at a few retail chains.

External links

Johnson Controls
Security technology
Wireless locating

Sensormatic


Antam Sanskar (Gurmukhi: ਅੰਤਮ ਸੰਸਕਾਰ atama sasakāra) refers to the funeral rites in Sikhism. Antam (or Antim) means "final", while sanskar means "rite".

In Sikhism, death is considered a natural process and God's will or Hukam. To a Sikh, birth and death are closely associated, because they are both part of the cycle of human life of "coming and going" ( ਆਵਣੁ ਜਾਣਾ, Aaavan Jaanaa)  which is seen as transient stage towards Liberation ( ਮੋਖੁ ਦੁਆਰੁ, Mokh Du-aar), complete unity with God. Sikhs thus believe in reincarnation. The soul itself is not subject to death. Death is only the progression of the soul on its journey from God, through the created universe and back to God again. In life, a Sikh tries always to constantly remember death so that they may be sufficiently prayerful, detached and righteous to break the cycle of birth and death and return to God.

Sikh practices around death

Cremation is the preferred method of disposal, although if it is not possible any other methods or if the person willed to be buried then burial or submergence at sea are acceptable. A memorial to the dead, gravestone, mausoleum etc. is not allowed, because the body is considered to be only the shell, the person's soul was their real essence.

Before death
At a Sikh's death-bed, relatives and friends should read Sukhmani Sahib, the Prayer of Peace, composed by the fifth Guru Arjan Dev, or simply recite "Waheguru" to console themselves and the dying person. When a death occurs, they should exclaim "Waheguru, Waheguru, Waheguru" (the Wonderful Lord).

If the death occurs in a hospital, the body is taken to the funeral parlor or home before the funeral. In preparation for cremation (usually the day before or day of the cremation), the body is first washed while those present recite the Gurmantar Waheguru or Mool Mantar. Then the body is dressed with clean clothes complete with the Five Ks (in the case of Amritdhari Sikhs).

The day of the cremation

On the day of the cremation, the body is taken to the Gurdwara or home where Shabads (hymns) from the Guru Granth Sahib, the Sikh Scriptures, are recited by the congregation, which induce feeling of consolation and courage. Kirtan may also be performed by Ragis while the relatives of the deceased recite "Waheguru". This service normally takes from 30 to 60 minutes. At the conclusion of the service, an Ardas is said before the body is taken to the cremation site.

At the point of cremation, a few Shabads are sung and final speeches are made about the deceased person. Then the Kirtan Sohila (night time prayer) is recited and finally Ardas called the "Antim Ardas" ("Final Prayer") is offered. The eldest son or a close relative generally starts the cremation process – by  lighting the fire or pressing the button for the burning to begin. This service usually lasts about 30 to 60 minutes.

The ashes are later collected and immersed in a body of water. Sikhs do not erect monuments over the remains of the dead.

After the cremation ceremony, there may be another service at the Gurdwara, the Sikh place of worship, called the Sahaj Paath Bhog Ceremony.

Sahaj Paath Bhog Ceremony

After the death of a Sikh, the family of the deceased may undertake a non-continuous reading of the entire Sri Guru Granth Sahib (Sahaj Paath). This reading (Paath) is timed to conclude within ten days of the death of the person. The reading may be undertaken at home or in the Gurdwara and usually takes place on the day of the cremation. The conclusion of this ceremony called the Bhog Ceremony marks the end of the mourning period.

Generally, all the relatives and friends of the family gather together for the Bhog ceremony on the completion of the reading of Guru Granth Sahib. Musicians sing appropriate Shabad hymns, Saloks of the ninth Guru Tegh Bahadur are read, and Ramkali Saad, the Call of God, is recited. After the final prayer, a selected reading or Hukam is taken, and Karah Parshad is distributed to the congregation. Normally food from the Guru's kitchen, Langar, is also served.

References

Ceremonies
Death customs
Sikh practices

Antam Sanskar


The production of fenugreek in India is marked by its dominant position in world production and export. Within India Rajasthan accounts for its largest cropped area and production. The fenugreek plant is an annual herbaceous forage legume with aroma, which is used for food in the form of its seeds as spices, and its leaves as a vegetable. It is also used as a medicinal herb in several Ayurvedic formulations for treatment of dry skin, boils, hair loss and so forth.

Names
Fenugreek's botanical name is Trigonella foenum-graecum in the subfamily of Papilioacae of the family of Leguminosae (bean family, Fabaceae) In India, it is known as methi in Hindi, Oriya, Bengali, Punjabi and Urdu languages, as methya in Marathi, menthya in Kannada, vendayam or Venthayam in Tamil, menthulu in Telugu and uluva in Malayalam. It is termed as Medhika or Chandrika in Sanskrit language.

History
It is believed that fenugreek was known in the Indian cuisine even 3,000 years ago. Its growth in the wild is reported from
Kashmir, Punjab and the Upper Gangetic plains  Its use is also reported in ancient Egypt and India, and later in Greece and Rome. A notable practice reported is its use as fumigant in incense burning in religious ceremonies in Egypt  to spread "Holy Smoke". It was also used for embalming. Other countries where it is grown are Argentina, Egypt and Mediterranean region. Use of its seed as a spice, and its leaves and tender pods as vegetable were also reported. It was also used as cattle feed.

Description
Fenugreek is an annual herb growing to a height of up to . The leaves are pale green and consist of three leaflets with toothed margins. The whitish flowers are produced singly or in pairs in April and May. They are followed by bean-like pods  long containing up to twenty small, grooved, yellowish-brown seeds. The leaves are rich in the nutrients carotene, vitamin A, ascorbic acid, calcium, and iron. The seeds are composed of "protein, starch, sugar, mucilage, minerals, volatile oil, fixed oil, vitamins and enzymes". They smell of curry but are quite bitter and contain coumarin oil. The seeds also contain diosgenin which is used in the manufacture of oral contraceptives.

Production

India is the largest producer of fenugreek in the world. During 2011–12, production was 121,775 tonnes of seeds from an area of . Its seed is traded as a spice, and in an oil extract form as oleoresin. India consumes most of the seeds. Its export was 799 tonnes in 1960–61, and increased greatly to 15,135 tons by 1995–96 and then to 21,800 tonnes during 2011–12. It was exported to UAE, Sri Lanka, and Japan,  and European countries of UK, Netherlands, Germany and France.

Within the country its seed production is the highest in the state of Rajasthan followed by Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttaranchal. In Rajasthan, which accounts for a significant majority of India's total output, the crop is mainly grown during the winter season. Other states where it is grown in fairly good quantity are Tamil Nadu, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. There are several varieties of fenugreek grown in the country.

Cultivation method

The plant is generally cultivated throughout the year in areas where the climate is  moderately cool, and frost free (particularly during the stage of the plant's "flowering and early grain formation") with clear sky. It is grown in many types of soils which have rich organic content. The preferred soil type is loamy or sandy loam with pH value in the range of 6–7 and with good drainage conditions for better yield.

In North India, the sowing season is from the last week of October to the first week of November. It is grown in both the cropping seasons of Rabi and Kharif in South India – first fortnight of October during Rabi and second fortnight of June–July during Kharif. The amount of seeds used for sowing during both seasons is generally 25 kg/ha. The yield is more during Rabi season. The average yield is about 10–11 q/ha with 15–20 q/ha achievable with improved varieties and optimal management methods.

Prior to sowing, the seeds are subject to Rhizobium culture. Seeds are planted preferably in flat beds in rows 30 cm apart and spaced at 10 cm, and in depths of less than 5 cm. Farm yard manure or compost is used to enhance the fertility of the fields before sowing, say at 15 to 20 tons per ha. While sowing, chemicals added are 50 kg N/ha and 40 kg P205/ha, depending on the inherent fertility values of the soil which can be ascertained by testing the soil. Irrigation water is provided immediately after sowing and then after 30, 70–75, 85–90, and 105–110 days; good drainage is facilitated to prevent any water-logging. Other cultivation methods of hoeing and weeding are done as required.  Harvesting is done when the lower leaves of the plant start shedding and the pods turn colour. Timely manual harvesting is done by way of cutting using sickles. The harvested plants are tied in bundles and dried for 5–7 days. Threshing, by hand or using mechanical methods, is done to separate the seeds from the plants. A vacuum gravity separator or spiral gravity separator is used to clean the seeds which are then graded. Disinfected jute bags are used to store the graded seeds and they are kept in moisture-free and airy chambers.

Uses
Fenugreek's seed or pulse is used as a spice and its leaves used as a herb, and also as an admixture in condiments and to flavour food. Its pods and leaves are used as vegetables, as the leaves are rich in protein, minerals and Vitamin C.

In North India and Punjab, fresh fenugreek leaf is used in culinary dishes. In its dried form it is used like any other spice. Seed is also sprouted and used. Various health benefits are claimed for fenugreek.

References

Bibliography

Agricultural production in India by commodity
Edible legumes
Indian cuisine
Leaf vegetables
Medicinal plants of Asia
Nitrogen-fixing crops
Spices
Traditional medicine in India
Trifolieae

Fenugreek production in India


Capon Springs Run is a  tributary stream of the Cacapon River in Hampshire County of West Virginia's Eastern Panhandle. Capon Springs Run is a shallow, stony, non-navigable stream fed by the famous "Capon Springs" at its source on the flanks of Great North Mountain east of the hamlet of Capon Springs. The stream flows west through Capon Springs Resort, parallel to Capon Springs Road (West Virginia Secondary Route 16) along Middle Ridge and meets with Himmelwright Run. To the south, Capon Springs Run is bound by the George Washington National Forest. At its confluence with Dry Run at Capon Springs Station, the stream is met by the old Winchester and Western Railroad grade where a trestle and passenger station once existed. Capon Springs Run enters the Cacapon at the old Capon Lake Whipple Truss Bridge in Capon Lake.

Capon Springs Run primarily serves agriculture purposes with segments used for livestock watering and all of its segments and wetlands used by wildlife.

See also
List of rivers of West Virginia

References

Rivers of Hampshire County, West Virginia
Rivers of West Virginia
Tributaries of the Potomac River

Capon Springs Run


Nicolae Păun (born  9 November 1964) is a Romani-Romanian politician. He is the president of the Party of the Roma, and has held the one reserved seat for Romani people in the Romanian Chamber of Deputies since 2000. Since 2000, he has also been the president of the Committee for Human Rights, Religious Affairs and National Minorities in the Chamber of Deputies.

Nicolae Păun is one of only two ethnic Romani members of parliament in Romania, the other one being Mădălin Voicu of the Social Democratic Party.

External links
Nicolae Păun's page at the Romanian Chamber of Deputies

Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Romanian Romani people
Romani politicians
Romanian politicians of ethnic minority parties
1964 births
Living people

Nicolae Păun (politician)


Penyakit motor neuron (bahasa Inggeris: motor neuron diseases; MND) adalah sekumpulan penyakit gangguan neurologi yang memberi kesan motor neuron terpilih, sel-sel yang mengawal aktiviti-aktiviti otot dengan sendiri termasuklah bercakap, berjalan, bernafas, menelan dan pergerakan umum badan.

Terminologi
MND merujuk kepada sekumpulan  penyakit yang menjejaskan motor neuron. Di Amerika Syarikat, MND biasanya dipanggil sebagai sklerosis lateral amiotrofik (ALS), atau  Penyakit Lou Gehrig, selepas pemain besbol. Di Perancis, penyakit ini kadangkala dikenali sebagai maladie de Charcot (Penyakit Charcot), walaupun ia dirujuk sebagai terjemahan terus ALS, sclerose laterale amyotrophique (SLA). Bagi mengelakkan kekeliruan, persidangan saintifik tahunan ini ditujukan kepada kajian  MND dipanggil sebagai  Simposium ALS/MND . ALS/MND merujuk kepada subset spesifik kepada penyakit identical patologi; di sana terdapat penderitaan motor neuron yang tidak   patologi jauh daripada ALS/MND dan mempunyai kursus klinik berbeza. Contoh-contoh penyakit-penyakit lain daripada  motor neuron yang lain seharusnya tidak dikelirukan dengan  ALS/MND termasuklah atrofi otot spinobulbar, atrofi otot spina,Penyakit Charcot-Marie-Tooth, dan banyak yang lain.

Sejarah
Walaupun pakar neurologi abad ke-19 lain sebelum ini telah menghuraikan penyakit ini, pakar neurologi Perancis, Jean-Martin Charcot, mula-mula mencadangkan pengelompokan keadaan berbeza yang mempengaruhi tanduk lateral saraf tunjang pada 1869.

Pengelasan
Bentuk penyakit motor neuron termasuklah:
 Sklerosis lateral amiotropik (ALS) (juga dikenali sebagai penyakit Lou Gehrig)
 Sklerosis lateral primer (PLS)
 Sklerosis lateral progresif (PMA)
 Penyakit bulbar
 Palsi pseudobulbar - spastik
 Palsi bulbar progresif - spastik dan flasid

"Kawasan bulbar" dalam jadual di atas merujuk kepada mulut, muka dan tekak. Atrofi otot tulang belakang (SMA) dikelaskan di bawah MND oleh MeSH, tetapi tiada dalam ICD-10.

Punca
Kira-kira 90% kes MND adalah sporadik, bermakna pesakit tidak mempunyai sejarah keluarga ALS, dan kes itu nampaknya berlaku tanpa sebab yang diketahui. Faktor genetik disyaki penting dalam menentukan kerentanan individu terhadap penyakit, dan terdapat beberapa bukti lemah yang menunjukkan bahawa permulaan boleh "dicetuskan" oleh faktor persekitaran yang belum diketahui (lihat 'Epidemiologi' di bawah).

Kira-kira 10% daripada kes adalah "MND keluarga", ditakrifkan sama ada oleh sejarah keluarga MND atau dengan ujian positif bagi mutasi genetik yang diketahui berkaitan dengan penyakit tersebut. Gen berikut diketahui dikaitkan dengan ALS: Cu/Zn superoksida dismutase , ,  (sebilangan kecil kes), senataksin () dan vesikel berkaitan protein B ().

Of these, SOD1 mutations account for some 20% of familial MND cases. The SOD1 gene codes for the enzyme superoxide dismutase, a free radical scavenger that reduces the oxidative stress of cells throughout the body. So far over 100 different mutations in the SOD1 gene have been found, all of which cause some form of ALS(ALSOD database). In North America, the most commonly occurring mutation is known as A4Vand occurs in up to 50% of SOD1 cases. In people of Scandinavian extraction there is a relatively benign mutation called D90A which is associated with a slow progression. In Japan, the H46R mutation is most common. G93A, the mutation used to generate the first animal model (and by far the most widely studied), is present only in a few families worldwide. Future research is concentrating on identifying new genetic mutations and the clinical syndrome associated with them. Familial MND may also confer a higher risk of developing cognitive changes such as frontotemporal dementia or executive dysfunction (see 'extra-motor change in MND' below).

It is thought that SOD1 mutations confer a toxic gain, rather than a loss, of function to the enzyme. SOD1 mutations may increase the propensity for the enzyme to form protein aggregates which are toxic to nerve cells.

Patofisiologi
Skeletal muscles are innervated by a group of neurones (lower motor neurones) located in the ventral horns of the spinal cord which project out the ventral roots to the muscle cells. These nerve cells are themselves innervated by thecorticospinal tract or upper motor neurones that project from the motor cortex of the brain. On macroscopic pathology, there is a degeneration of the ventral horns of the spinal cord, as well as atrophy of the ventral roots. In the brain, atrophy may be present in the frontal and temporal lobes. On microscopic examination, neurones may showspongiosis, the presence of astrocytes, and a number of inclusions including characteristic "skein-like" inclusions, Bunina bodies, and vacuolisation. Bunina bodies were first described in 1962; they are markers of neuronal degeneration.

The availability of mouse models has led to extensive research into the causes of SOD1-mutant linked familialALS. The most commonly used mouse model is G93A,although many others have since been generated. At the gross physiological level, the mouse models faithfully recapitulate the features of human ALS (motorneuron death, muscle atrophy, respiratory failure).

Although there is tiada consensus as to the exact mechanism by which mutated SOD1 causes the disease (in either mice or patients), studies based largely on mouse models suggest a role for excitotoxicity and more controversially, oxidative stress, presumably secondary to mitochondrial dysfunction. Death by apoptosis has also been suggested.

Punca dan simpton
Symptoms usually present themselves between the ages of 50-70, and include progressive weakness, muscle wasting, and musclefasciculations, spasticity or stiffness in the arms and legs, and overactive tendon reflexes. Patients may present with symptoms as diverse as a dragging foot, unilateral muscle wasting in the hands, or slurred speech.

Neurological examination presents specific signs associated with upper and lower motor neurone degeneration. Signs of upper motor neurone damage include spasticity, brisk reflexes and the Babinski sign. Signs of lower motor neurone damage include weakness and muscle atrophy.

Note that every muscle group in the body requires both upper and lower motor neurones to function. The signs described above can occur in any muscle group, including the arms, legs, torso, and bulbar region.

The symptoms described above may resemble a number of other rare diseases, known as "MND Mimic Disorders". These include, but are not limited to, multifocal motor neuropathy, Kennedy's disease, hereditary spastic paraplegia, spinal muscular atrophy and monomelic amyotrophy. A small subset of familial MND cases occur in children, such as "juvenile ALS", Madras syndrome, and individuals who have inherited the ALS2 gene. However, these are not typically referred to as MND, but by their specific names.

Diagnosis
The diagnosis of MND is a clinical one, established by a neurologist on the basis of history and neurological examination. There is tiada diagnostic test for MND. Investigations such as blood tests, electromyography (EMG), magnetic resonance imaging  (MRI), and sometimes genetic testing are useful to rule out other disorders that may mimic MND. However, the diagnosis of MND remains a clinical one. Having excluded other diseases, a relatively rapid progression of symptoms is a strong diagnostic factor. Although an individual's progression may sometimes "plateau", it will not improve.

A set of diagnostic criteria called the El Escorial criteria have been defined by the World Federation of Neurologists for use in research, particularly as inclusion/exclusion criteria for clinical trials. Owing to a lack of clinical diagnostic criteria, some neurologists use the El Escorial criteria during the diagnostic process, although strictly speaking this is functionality creep, and some have questioned the appropriateness of the criteria in a clinical setting.

It is possible that Transcranial magnetic stimulation can be used to diagnose MND.

Rawatan
Currently there is tiada cure for ALS.  The only drug that affects the course of the disease is riluzole. The drug functions by blocking the effects of the neurotransmitter glutamate, and is thought to extend the lifespan of an ALS patient by only a few months.

The lack of effective medications to slow the progression of ALS does not mean that patients with ALS cannot be medically cared for. Instead, treatment of patients with ALS focuses on the relief of symptoms associated with the disease. This involves a variety of health professionals including neurologists, speech-language pathologists, physical therapists,occupational therapists, dieticians, respiratory therapists, social workers, palliative care specialists, specialist nurses and psychologists.

Prognosis
Most cases of MND progress quite quickly, with noticeable decline occurring over the course of months. Although symptoms may present in one region, they will typically spread. If restricted to one side of the body they are more likely to progress to the same region on the other side of the body before progressing to a new region. After several years, most patients require help to carry out activities of daily living such as self care, feeding, and transportation.

MND is typically fatal within 2–5 years. Around 50% die within 14 months of diagnosis. The remaining 50% will not necessarily die within the next 14 months as the distribution is significantly skewed. As a rough estimate, 1 in 5 patients survive for 5 years, and 1 in 10 patients survive 10 years. Professor Stephen Hawking is a well-known example of a person with MND, and has lived for nearly 50 years with the disease. The television film Hawking starring Benedict Cumberbatch was made in 2004 about him and this disease.

Mortality normally results when control of the diaphragm is impaired and the ability to breathe is lost. One exception isPrimary Lateral Sclerosis (PLS), which may last for upwards of 25 years. Given the typical age of onset, this effectively leaves most PLS patients with a normal life span. PLS can progress to ALS, decades later.

Komplikasi

Kesan emosi

Around a third of all MND patients experience labile affect, also known as emotional lability, pseudobulbar affect, or pathological laughter and crying. Patients with pseudobulbar palsy are particularly likely to be affected, as are patients with PLS.

Kesan terhadap kognisi dan deria
Cognitive change occurs in between 33–50% of patients. A small proportion exhibit a form offrontotemporal dementia characterised by behavioural abnormalities such as disinhibition, apathy, and personality changes. A small proportion of patients may also suffer from an aphasia, which causes difficulty in naming specific objects. A larger proportion (up to 50%) suffer from a milder version of cognitive change which primarily affects what is known as executive function. Briefly, this is the ability of an individual to initiate, inhibit, sustain, and switch attention and is involved in the organisation of complex tasks down to smaller components. Often patients with such changes find themselves unable to do the family finances or drive a car. Depressionis surprisingly rare in MND (around 5–20%) relative to the frequency with which it is found in other, less severe, neurological disorders e.g. ~50% in multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease, ~20% in Epilepsy.  Depression does not necessarily increase as the symptoms progress, and in fact many patients report being happy with their quality of life despite profound disability.  This may reflect the use of coping strategies such as reevaluating what is important in life.

Although traditionally thought only to affect the motor system, sensory abnormalities are not necessarily absent, with some patients finding altered sensation to touch and heat, found in around 10% of patients. Patients with a predominantly upper motor neurone syndrome, and particularly PLS, often report an enhanced startle reflex to loud noises.

Neuroimaging and neuropathology has demonstrated extra-motor changes in the frontal lobes including the inferior frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, and superior temporal gyrus. The degree of pathology in these areas has been directly related to the degree of cognitive change experienced by the patient, if any. Patients with MND and dementia have been shown to exhibit marked frontotemporal lobe atrophy as revealed by MRI or SPECT neuroimaging.

Epidemiologi
The incidence of MND is approximately 1–5 out of 100,000 people. Men have a slightly higher incidence rate than women. Approximately 5,600 cases are diagnosed in the U.S. every year. By far the greatest risk factor is age, with symptoms typically presenting between the ages of 50-70. Cases under the age of 50 years are called "young onset MND", whilst incidence rates appear to tail off after the age of 85.

There are three "hot spots" of MND in the world. One is in the Kii peninsula of Japan, one amongst a tribal population inPapua New Guinea. Chamorro inhabitants from the island of Guam in the Pacific Ocean have an increased risk of developing a form of MND known as Guamanian ALS-PD-dementia complex or "lytico bodig", although the incidence rate has declined over the last 50 years and the average age of onset has increased.Putative theories involve neurotoxins in the traditional diet including cycad nut flour and bats that have eaten cycad nuts.

Etimologi
Terminology around the motor neurone diseases can be confusing; in the UK "motor neurone disease" refers to both ALS specifically (the most common form of disease) and to the broader spectrum of motor neurone diseases including progressive muscular atrophy, primary lateral sclerosis, and progressive bulbar palsy. In the United States the most common terms used are ALS (both specifically for ALS and as a blanket term) or "Lou Gehrig's disease".

Amyotrophic comes from the Greek language: A- means "no", myo refers to "muscle", and trophic means "nourishment"; amyotrophic therefore means "no muscle nourishment," which describes the characteristicatrophication of the sufferer's disused muscle tissue. Lateral identifies the areas in a person's spinal cord where portions of the nerve cells that are affected are located. As this area degenerates it leads to scarring or hardening ("sclerosis") in the region.

Lihata juga
 :Category:People with motor neurone disease
 :Category:Deaths from motor neurone disease
 Kennedy's disease
 Monomelic amyotrophy
 Primary lateral sclerosis
 Progressive muscular atrophy
 Riluzole

Rujukan

Pautan luar
 MND Association
 MND Scotland

 MND Association of Australia
 Motor Neuron Disease Association of South Africa
 ALS Association (US-based)
 ALS Society of Canada
 Project A.L.S
 ALSOD Database of all known SOD1 mutations
 ALS Therapy Development Foundation

Disability

Systemic atrophies primarily affecting the central nervous system
Rare diseases
nl:Amyotrofische laterale sclerose

Penyakit motor neuron


Julia Crawford Ivers (October 3, 1869 – May 8, 1930) was an American motion picture pioneer.

Biography
Born in Boonville, Missouri in 1869, her family arrived a year later in Los Angeles. Her father was a dentist. Her mother died in 1876, when Julia was age 7. Julia's sister Grace died at age 14. Ivers watched the film industry come into existence and establish itself in southern California. She participated in the new industry as writer, producer and director.

She and her husband Franklin S. Van Trees (aka Frank Van Trees 1866 – 1914), a famed "society" architect best known for his mansions in Pacific Heights, San Francisco], had a son, James Van Trees (1890 – 1973), who became a popular cinematographer for Paramount Pictures and Warner Bros. and shot some of his mother's films. Ivers later worked with director William Desmond Taylor and was reportedly a part of his inner circle before his murder. Her extremely wealthy second husband was Oliver Ivers (who died in 1902, two years after their marriage).

Death
Julia Crawford Ivers died in Los Angeles in 1930, aged 60, from stomach cancer.

Selected filmography
The Heart of Paula (1916) (director, writer, story)
The American Beauty (1916) (lost film)
The Intrigue (1916) (writer)
The Call of the Cumberlands (1916) (writer)
David Garrick (1916)
A Son of Erin (1916) (director, writer) (print: Library of Congress)
The World Apart (1917)
 Sauce for the Goose (1918)
Widow by Proxy (1919)
Huckleberry Finn (1920) (writer)
Nurse Marjorie (1920) (writer)
Jenny Be Good (1920) (writer)
The Furnace (1920)
Sacred and Profane Love (1921) (writer)
Wealth (1921)
Beyond (1921) (story, scenario)
The White Flower (1923) (director, writer)
Married Flirts (1924) (writer)

References

External links

Profile, findagrave.com

1869 births
1930 deaths
American women film directors
American women screenwriters
Silent film directors
Film directors from Los Angeles
American women film producers
Film producers from California
Deaths from stomach cancer
Deaths from cancer in California
Women film pioneers
Screenwriters from California
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American screenwriters

Julia Crawford Ivers


Dottie May Frazier (July 15, 1922 – February 8, 2022) was an American diver, designer, and dive shop owner. Her life is chronicled in her autobiography, Trailblazer: The Extraordinary Life of Diving Pioneer, Dottie Frazier. She was the first female scuba instructor and the first female dive shop owner.

Early life
Dorothy Adele Reider was born on July 15, 1922, in Long Beach, California, to parents Francis and Laura Davis Reider. She was injured in the 1933 Long Beach earthquake. She graduated from Long Beach Polytechnic High School in 1939.

Career
Frazier began teaching freediving in the 1940s. During World War II she worked for Douglas Aircraft Company. In 1955, Frazier became a certified scuba instructor and was the first woman in the United States to do so. She also created some of the first wetsuit patterns for women. The suits were developed under the name Penguin Suits in conjunction with Frazier's dive shop, Penguin Dive Shop. Penguin was the first female-owned dive shop. After the birth of her third son, Frazier founded Aqua Families, a club of divers who dove with their children.

Personal life and death
Frazier had four sons and was married three times. She died in Long Beach on February 8, 2022, at the age of 99.

Awards
Frazier was inducted into the Women Divers Hall of Fame in 2000. In 2019, Frazier was awarded the Historical Diving Society's Diving Pioneer Award.

References

1922 births
2022 deaths
American freedivers
People from Long Beach, California
Underwater diving pioneers
Long Beach Polytechnic High School alumni
 Women Divers Hall of Fame

Dottie Frazier


Daunian pottery was produced in the Daunia, today's Italian provinces of Barletta and Foggia. It was created by the Daunians, a tribe of the Iapygian civilization who had come from Illyria.

Daunian pottery was mainly produced in the regional production centers of Ordona and Canosa di Puglia, beginning around 700 BC. The early paintings on the pottery show the vessels with geometric patterns. The ceramics were hand-formed, rather than thrown on a potter's wheel. They consisted of red, brown or black earth color applied with the decor. Diamonds, triangles, circles, crosses, squares, arcs, swastika and other forms of art were painted on them. The development of Daunian pottery forms is independent of the first Greek ceramics. Typical Daunian pottery include the Askos, hopper vessels and bowls with loop handles. Striking are often manual, or anthropomorphic protomen to the sides and handles of the ceramics attached to or reproduced graphically.

From the 5th century BC, Daunian pottery is influenced by the Greek forms to an extent that crude human, bird and plant figures are depicted on the pottery. From 350 BC-250 BC the decorative forms change even further.

See also
Illyrians
Messapian pottery
Peucetian pottery

References

Illyrian pottery
Italian pottery

Daunian pottery


Raise the Titanic is a 1980 adventure film produced by Lew Grade's ITC Entertainment and directed by Jerry Jameson. The film, written by Eric Hughes (adaptation) and Adam Kennedy (screenplay), is based on the 1976 book of the same name by Clive Cussler. The storyline concerns a plan to recover  to obtain cargo valuable to Cold War hegemony.

The film stars Jason Robards, Richard Jordan, David Selby, Anne Archer, and Alec Guinness. It received mixed reviews by critics and audiences and proved to be a failure at the box office, grossing about $7 million against an estimated $40 million budget. Producer Lew Grade later remarked "it would have been cheaper to lower the Atlantic".

Plot
In the wilds of Northern Siberia during the Cold War, an American spy breaks into an old, snow-covered mine, where he discovers the frozen body of a U.S. Army sergeant next to a wooden marker dated 10 February  1912. Using a Geiger counter, the spy discovers that byzanium, a highly radioactive element that could be used in nuclear warfare, was mined there. The spy is quickly discovered and chased out of the mine by a Soviet soldier, who shoots him in pursuit. The Soviet soldier is then shot and killed by Dirk Pitt, who rescues the spy and takes him back to Washington, D.C.

The C.I.A. discovers that the mine was operated by Americans and that the raw byzanium ore found there was to be sent back to the United States. The byzanium was packaged into wooden shipping boxes by an American named Brewster and loaded onboard the Titanic, which sank on its maiden voyage on 15 April 1912. Pitt travels to speak with a deckhand on the Titanic who was the last person to see Brewster alive. The man says that he locked Brewster in the vault containing the shipping boxes minutes before the ship sank and that his last words were "Thank God for Southby!". When Pitt returns, he proposes a salvage mission to locate the wreck of the Titanic and raise it out of the ocean so they can find the byzanium before the Soviets can. Pitt and Admiral James Sandecker propose the plan to the president, who agrees and puts Pitt in charge of the operation.

Soviet diplomat Andre Prevlov discovers the plan and leaks the story to the press, forcing Sandecker to hold a press conference about why the Titanic is being raised. Reporters ask him questions about byzanium, but he refuses to answer. Meanwhile, Navy vessels search the ocean floor in the North Atlantic to locate the sunken ocean liner. During the search, one of the submersibles, Starfish, experiences a cabin flood and implodes. Once the wreckage is found, salvage experts begin the dangerous job of raising the Titanic. Another submersible, Deep Quest, experiences a battery shortage, which causes its manipulator arm to become locked onto the Titanics wreckage.

Eventually, the rusting Titanic is brought to the surface using multiple compressed air tanks and buoyancy aids. The passenger liner is then towed to a dry dock in New York, its original destination. It turns out no expense is being spared because the rare mineral will be used as the power source in a proposed weapons system that could take down any missile entering US airspace. In response, Prevlov challenges the United States over the salvage of Titanic because they claim the mineral was taken illegally from the Soviet Union. On entering the watertight vault, the salvage team discover the mummified remains of the American, but no mineral. The boxes are just full of gravel. It soon becomes evident that a clue was left in the dead American's final words. He had arranged a fake burial in a graveyard in "Southby", England prior to sailing back to the United States on the ill-fated ocean liner. It is decided to leave the mineral buried in the grave because knowledge of its existence would destabilise the  that maintains the peace between the West and the Soviet Union.

Cast
 Jason Robards as Admiral James Sandecker
 Richard Jordan as Dirk Pitt
 David Selby as Gene Seagram
 Anne Archer as Dana Archibald
 Alec Guinness as John Bigalow
 Bo Brundin as Captain Andre Prevlov
 M. Emmet Walsh as Master Chief Vinnie Walker
 J.D. Cannon as Captain Joe Burke
 Norman Bartold as Admiral Kemper
 Elya Baskin as Marganin
 Dirk Blocker as Merker
 Robert Broyles as Willis
 Paul Carr as CIA Director Nicholson
 Michael C. Gwynne as Bohannon
 Nancy Nevinson as Sarah Martindale
 Harvey Lewis as Kiel

Development
The novel was published in 1976. In August of that year producer Robert Shaftel reportedly had the film rights, but in the following month it was clarified that the film rights had not yet been offered.

Stanley Kramer
Lew Grade said he read the novel by Clive Cussler and became interested, thinking there was potential for a series along the lines of the James Bond films. He discovered that Stanley Kramer was interested in directing, and Grade said he would buy the rights to the book and let Kramer direct and produce. Kramer was making The Domino Principle for Grade. In October 1976 Grade had the film rights for a reported $450,000.

The book came out in late 1976 and was a best seller. In the summer of 1976 Kramer filmed footage from a Bicentennial Ball which he hoped to use in the movie.

In January 1977 Kramer signed contracts to direct the film and produced by Marvin Starger. In March Grade said he had optioned the rights for two other Dirk Pitt novels, Iceberg and The Sea Dweller.

At the Cannes Film Festival in May 1977, Lew Grade revealed the film as part of a slate of projects which included The Boys from Brazil, The Golden Gate (from a novel by Alistair MacLean directed by Jerry Jameson), and $1.97 about the early years of Charles Bronson.

Pre-production began and models of the ship were built; Grade said that the models were at least two or three times larger than they should be. The model was based on blueprints of the actual Titanic and were built at CBS Studio Center in Studio City at a cost of $5–6 million.

Eventually in December 1977 Lew Grade said that Kramer had left the project due to creative differences. Kramer explained "the factors were casting and the number of miniatures we planned to use. You might say one of the possibilities as to why I left was that I felt things might have cost more. It's always a little sad to see it happen this way. Raise the Titanic was a big challenge – all the excitement of special effects, underwater filming". Kramer said the producers wanted the movie made for $9 million but he felt it would cost $14 million. Kramer was paid off with a fee of $500,000.

Jerry Jameson
In May 1978, Jerry Jameson was picked up as a director, who had been attached to The Golden Gate, which had not been made. Grade said the movie would be his most expensive yet, costing $20 million, but would not feature any major stars, as he commented that "the ship is the star. Anyway the money that would normally go to actors has been spent on our models. They're magnificent". The models cost $5 million. William Frye, who produced Jameson's Airport 77, was hired to produce.

Production costs spiralled to  as work was undertaken to find a ship that could be converted to look like the sunken Titanic.

It was felt that the real Titanic, if raised from the bottom of the ocean, would come up rather gradually at a gentle angle, before levelling off on the surface. The tank in North Hollywood was too shallow and would launch the model like a rocket ship. It was decided to film in a bigger tank.

In December 1978 construction began on a water tank in Malta to film the underwater scenes. Grade said that "Malta was the only place we could find an existing tank with the right location and the right surroundings".

A double for the Titanic was found in Athens.

Screenplay
The screenplay also underwent numerous rewrites. The first writer to work on it was Adam Kennedy, who wrote the script for Stanley Kramer's film for Lew Grade, The Domino Principle. He was followed by Eric Hughes, Millard Kaufman and Arnold Schulman. Kennedy was brought back to do further revisions on the script and he gets sole credit.

Novelist Larry McMurtry – who disliked Cussler's novel, considering it "less a novel than a manual on how to raise a very large boat from deep beneath the sea" – claims that he was one of approximately 17 writers who worked on the screenplay and the only one not to petition for a credit on the finished film.

Admiral David Cooney, Chief of Information for the Navy, demanded the script be rewritten so as the Russians did not come off smarter than the Americans.

Cussler was furious with the final result, because most of the original plot had been rejected leaving a hollow shell of his story; additionally he felt that the casting was wrong. Elements of the novel which did survive into the film were the discovery of the cornet that leads the search party to the wreck, and the eventual discovery of the mineral not in the Titanic cargo hold, but in the Southby graveyard, although in the novel's story it is exhumed and the Sicilian Project is tested.

Casting
Elliott Gould was offered a lead role, but turned it down: "I don't want to raise the Titanic. Let the Titanic stay where it is".

Jason Robards said he did the film for "money, m'dear, money... We're all incidental to the hardware and the special effects on this one".

In October 1979, Richard Jordan was cast as Dirk Pitt.

Clive Cussler made a cameo in the film as a reporter at the script conference.

Filming
Filming started in October 1979 at CBS Studio Center. By this stage $15 million had already been spent on the tank and models.

An old Greek ocean liner, SS Athinai was converted into a replica of the Titanic. A scale model was used for close-up underwater scenes. At the time of filming there were conflicting views as to whether the Titanic had broken up as she foundered based on the original eyewitness testimony of the survivors, and – in line with the novel's assumption against the break-up narrative – the ship was portrayed as intact in the film. In 1985 the wreck of the real Titanic was located, confirming that she had broken up during the disaster, and lay in two pieces on the bottom of the North Atlantic in a state of advanced corrosion.

A 10-tonne  scale model was also built for the scene where the Titanic is raised to the surface. Costing $7 million, the model initially proved too large for any existing water tank.

Following the completion of filming, the scale model was left to rust for 30 years at the side of the horizon tank (at ). In January 2003 a storm caused damage to the model. By 2012 the remains of the metal structure had been moved to a new location closer to the sea (at ).

The final scene involved Alec Guinness at St Ives, Cornwall over two days. The day before the shoot St Ives had its worst storm in one hundred years, destroying the church where the scene was to be shot so it had to be relocated. Second unit filming was in San Diego, California.

Soundtrack

John Barry created the film's musical score, which became the most acclaimed aspect of the production and is considered by many to be one of the very best of Barry's career – closely following the style of his soundtrack for the James Bond film Moonraker the preceding year, with militaristic passages reflecting the Cold War aspects of the plot to the dark, cold, brooding compositions reflected in the underwater scenes.

Though the original recordings of the music have been lost, Silva Screen Records, along with Nic Raine, one of Barry's orchestrators, commissioned a re-recording in 1999 of the complete score with the City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra.

In August 2014 Network On Air were to release Raise The Titanic on Blu-ray in the UK, with the only known available original Barry score. There are tapes from M&E which contain the score plus sound effects. There is no known source for the original, complete score.

In March 1980 Marble Arch auctioned off props for the film among others.

Release
The film was released by a new distribution company, AFD.

The film premiered in 1980. Twelve minutes were cut after the premiere.

Reception
Raise the Titanic received mixed reviews and has a 38% on Rotten Tomatoes from eight reviews.

Cussler was so disgusted with the film that he refused to give any permission for further film adaptations of his books. In 2006, Cussler sued the filmmakers of Sahara, a film adaption of his 1992 book, for failing to consult him on the script when it also made huge financial losses.

The film grossed $7 million against a budget of $40 million.

Lew Grade later wrote that he "thought the movie was quite good", particularly the actual raising of the Titanic and the scene where Dirk Pitt walks into the wrecked ballroom. He blamed the failure of the film in part on the release of a TV movie on the topic, S.O.S. Titanic (released theatrically through EMI Films, of which Grade's brother, Lord Delfont, was then chairman).  Grade was quoted years later as saying "It would have been cheaper to lower the Atlantic."

Raise the Titanic, along with other contemporary flops, has been credited with prompting Grade's withdrawal from continued involvement with the film industry.

References

External links

1980 films
1980s action adventure films

1980 independent films
British action adventure films

American action adventure films
1980s English-language films
Dirk Pitt films
Films based on American novels
Films based on works by Clive Cussler
Films set in New York City
Films shot in Alaska
Films shot in California
Films shot in England
Films shot in Greece
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in Malta
Films shot in New York City
Films shot in Washington, D.C.
British independent films
Films about RMS Titanic
ITC Entertainment films
Films scored by John Barry (composer)
Films directed by Jerry Jameson
American independent films
1980s American films
1980s British films
Films shot in San Diego
English-language independent films

Raise the Titanic (film)


The Borgia Stick is a 1967 American made-for-television crime drama film starring Don Murray and Inger Stevens. It featured Fritz Weaver, Barry Nelson, Barnard Hughes, Conrad Bain, and Sorrell Booke in supporting roles, and was directed by David Lowell Rich. Shot in New York City, the film was one of the highest-rated events of the 1966–1967 season.

The story of a couple trying to break free from a crime syndicate, it was made by Universal Studios.

Plot
A typical suburban couple are actually working for the Mob.  Tom Harrison (Don Murray) runs a company manufacturing toys, but in reality he travels the country secretly acquiring companies
in order to launder the tremendous profits of The Syndicate.  His picture perfect wife, Eve (Inger Stevens), is an ex hooker/junkie who was assigned to him for "cover". When the mob discovers that the FBI is on to him, they become expendable. Tom is given cash from "The Company" (Syndicate), which he distributes to various clean businesses. Hearing that the head of a company has died, he realizes they're ripe to acquire. He meets with several bank executives introducing himself as "Mr. Bennet with one t" and calling attention to his walking stick, its top is an antique from the Borgia Family of Italy, hence the movie's title. He gives them cash, which they put in trust accounts that they control. He then meets with his boss, Alton and a lawyer to review his plan: the bankers will use the money he's given them to buy stock in a company owned by "The Company". With that infusing of cash, the company can now buy the other company "The Company" wants. The lawyer gives his blessing and leaves, and Alton derides Tom for his modest project and how long his next one will take. As Alton says, "The Company" gives him three million a day and expects him to make it clean. Tom asks why he doesn't quit, if the work is so hard. This scares Alton as you don't just quit the company. Yet, he says he's not worried about dying. As he puts it, this is the age of science, they don't blow up people in cars anymore.

Later, Tom is accosted by a stranger who calls him by his real name. This worries him, especially when his neighbor and best friend Hal calls him by the name while drunk at a party. Tom goes to his boss at "The Company" for help. They decide to move him, but Eve won't be going with him. Their marriage is a sham anyway, so why should he or she care? He agrees, and Eve is asked if she wants to stay with Tom. She says no and is placed in a temporary job: hooker at a bar owned by "The Company". Not only is she to sleep with the clients, but also order expensive drinks and then actually be served something cheap. When she can't follow through on her first assignment, she's scolded for not telling the truth about wanting to stay with Tom, and she's sent back to him. At home, Hal and his FBI partner listen to tapes of recordings of Tom and Eve. Hal moved his family across the country to live next door to them and bugged the whole house in hopes of getting information on "The Company." When his son stumbles across the tapes, he recognizes the voices and turns the volume up. Tom hears it, Hal sees him, they have a confrontation, and Tom and Eve flee to his boss.

They're taken to a nursing home run by "The Company." Walking on the patio, they encounter one of the bank executives Tom worked with, and his wife. She tells them he came here for an ear operation and will be fine. His head is all bandaged up and he gazes off blankly. Then Tom sees the man who called him by his real name and figures everything out. "The Company" must have found out Hal was FBI and wanted to test Tom and Eve to see if they were working with him and where their loyalties lay. They're told that Dr. Willoughby will perform plastic surgery on them, but Tom suspects they'll end up like the executive - lobotomized. Just as his boss had said, "The Company" doesn't blow up people in cars anymore, it's the age of science. Once they're mental vegetables, they'll be cared for in the nursing home, which will collect on their health insurance. Escaping the building, a chase ensues that ends in a junkyard. Hal shows up with a machinegun and riddles both of them with bullets. Later, a man with a smoking pipe sticking up out of his breast pocket, which he turns toward the bodies, watches as Tom and Eve are loaded in a van. As it turns out, it's all a ruse, the bullets were blanks, and the two are being taken to a safe house where they'll be debriefed about everything they know about "The Company." Hal is with them and Tom jokingly laments not be bothered anymore for a cup of sugar.

Cast

 Don Murray as Tom Harrison
 Inger Stevens as Eve Harrison
 Barry Nelson as Hal Carter
 Fritz Weaver as Anderson
 Sorrell Booke as Alton
 Marc Connelly as Davenport
 Kathleen Maguire as Ruth
 Dana Elcar as Craigmeyer
 Barnard Hughes as Doctor Helm
 Frederick Rolf as Rigley
 Hugh Franklin as Willoughby
 Ralph Waite as Man from Toledo
 John Randolph as Smith

See also
List of American films of 1967

References

External links

1967 crime drama films
1967 films
1967 television films
American crime drama films
American television films
Films directed by David Lowell Rich
Films scored by Kenyon Hopkins
Films shot in New York City
1960s English-language films
1960s American films

The Borgia Stick


Taganskaya () is a station on the Koltsevaya line of the Moscow Metro. It opened on 1 January 1950 with the first segment of the fourth stage of the system. The station is named after the Taganka Square which is a major junction of the Sadovoye Koltso.

Designed by architects K. Ryzhkov and A. Medvedev, this pylon station was built with the post-war flamboyance in mind, the overall design is based on the traditional Russian motives in decorations. The central feature of the station are 48 maiolica panels located on each face of the pylon. (works of Ye.Blinova, P. Kozhin, A. Sotnikov, A. Berzhitskaya and Z. Sokolova). These contain apart from floral elements, profile bas-reliefs of various World War II Red Army and Navy servicemen each dedicated to a group such as pilots, tank crews, sailors etc. The color gamma is balanced in such a way that the panels facing the central hall are on a blue majolica background, whilst the platform hall panels are monochromatic. Lighting comes from a set of 12 gilded chandeliers in the central hall with the same blue majolica center. The remaining decoration of the station include a cream-colored ceramic tile on the walls, powder colored marble on the lower pylons and also on the walls, and a checkerboard floor layout of black and gray granite.

The end of the central hall once had a large sculptural group Stalin and youth, however this was replaced in 1961 by a new artwork of the same authors (P. Baladin and Ye. Blinova) depicting Vladimir Lenin, Coats of arms of the Soviet Republics and images of Hero-Cities Leningrad, Stalingrad, Sevastopol and Odessa. This was also taken down in late 1966 to make way for a transfer to the newly opened Taganskaya of the Zhdanovskaya line. Further transfer was opened in 1979 by adding a stairwell into the middle of the central hall for the new station Marksistskaya of the Kalininskaya line.

Because the Taganka Square is located on the hill, in order to conveniently place the large vestibule, and also preserve a nearby heritage building, the escalator descent had to be broken, and an intermediate hall was added by placing a large cylinder and gradually lowering to the required depth. After a dome was added, the interior work on the new lobby began, the walls of which are faced with Altai marble Oroktoy with Syringa shade, and the pilasters from white marble. The dome contains a large ceiling fresco, Victory Fireworks by A. Shiryaeva.

On 18 November 2005 the vestibule was closed for restoration, during which old escalators (installed in 1949) were replaced. All of the decoration features were renovated, and the upgrade included new turnstiles, ticket offices and security upgrade. The station was re-opened on 20 December 2006.

It was the deepest station in Moscow Metro from 1950 until 1958.

Popular culture

In 1991 the rock band Lyube recorded the song Taganskaya Station about the station in its debut album titled Atas.

Moscow Metro stations
Railway stations in Russia opened in 1950
1950 establishments in the Soviet Union
Koltsevaya Line
Railway stations located underground in Russia
Cultural heritage monuments of regional significance in Moscow

Taganskaya (Koltsevaya line)


The Hooper–Lee–Nichols House is an historic Colonial American house in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Initially constructed in 1685 and enlarged and remodeled many times thereafter, it is located at 159 Brattle Street in Cambridge. It is the second-oldest house in the city (after the Cooper–Frost–Austin House, c. 1681–1682). The house is now headquarters for History Cambridge, formerly the Cambridge Historical Society.

History
The house was originally built in 1685 by Dr. Richard Hooper as a typical First Period farmhouse, although its ceilings were plastered, which was unusual for a modest house. When Hooper died in 1691, his wife took in boarders and the property then began to fall into disrepair. She in turn died in 1701, and the house continued its decline until 1716, when it was claimed by Hooper's son, Dr. Henry Hooper, who discharged the debts on his mother's estate. He purchased a second house, had it disassembled, moved to the site and reassembled, thereby doubling the size of the house. He also added a lean-to and rebuilt the chimney with cooking ovens. In 1733, he sold the house to Cornelius Waldo, who added a third story and began the process of converting the house to Georgian style.

Judge Joseph Lee bought the house in 1758, adding the enclosed entry porch and applying stucco to the west wall. Lee was a Loyalist and hence vacated his house during the first days of the American Revolution; he returned, however, in 1777.

In 1850, George and Susan Nichols rented the house and began to renovate it. They enlarged the rear and installed the roof balustrade, containing balusters once part of the chancel of Saint Paul's Cathedral in Boston. In 1916 Austin White, a relative of the Nicholses, removed the two-story rear of the house and rebuilt it to a full three stories. Finally in 1923 Frances Emerson was given the house by her father as a Christmas present. Her husband was for many years Dean of Architecture at MIT.  She deeded the house to the Cambridge Historical Society, which came into possession of it in 1957. In the early 1980s, the Society made extensive restorations and stabilization of the structure. Additional major renovation work was performed in 2013.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Cambridge, Massachusetts

References

Further reading

External links

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1685
Historic house museums in Massachusetts
Museums in Cambridge, Massachusetts
1685 establishments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Hooper–Lee–Nichols House


Ákos Farkas de Dorog (22 August 1894 – 1955) was a Hungarian jurist and politician, who served as Mayor of Budapest during the Nazi occupation of Hungary. In his office he played a major role in the deportation of the Hungarian Jews, as a result after the Second World War he was sentenced to 10-year imprisonment by a People's Tribunal in Hungary.

Life
Ákos Farkas finished his studies of law in the University of Budapest, after that, in 1913 he began to work at the capital's mayor office. During the First World War he was working at the Serbian General-Governmentship. After 1919, Farkas became secretary for mayor Jenő Sipőcz, where he served till 1933.

After the Operation Margarethe, the Hungarian mayor, Károly Szendy resigned as a protest against the occupation. He was succeeded by Ákos Farkas, who was elected as mayor on 19 May 1944. During his service, he played a major role in the application of the Sztójay government's act about the collection of the Jews of Budapest in ghettos. After the Arrow Cross Party's coup d'état, he remained in his office, and played an active role in the deportation of the Jews of Budapest. When the Soviet troops arrived to Budapest, he left the city, and moved to Germany, where he was captured by the US Army. In 1946 he was transported to Hungary as a war criminal and sentenced to 10 years of imprisonment. He spent his punishment at Vác prison, where he died in illness, in 1955.

Sources
Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon

1894 births
1955 deaths
Hungarian people of World War II
Hungarian people convicted of war crimes
Hungarian collaborators with Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators in Hungary
People from Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County
Mayors of Budapest
Hungarian people who died in prison custody
Prisoners who died in Hungarian detention
Arrow Cross Party politicians
World War II prisoners of war held by the United States

Ákos Farkas


Litorosuchus is a genus of armored, semiaquatic archosauriform reptile from the Middle Triassic of China, closely related to the morphologically similar Vancleavea. It contains one species, L. somnii.

Description
For an archosauriform, Litorosuchus was medium-sized at some  in length. It shows clear adaptations to a semiaquatic lifestyle: the nasal opening is retracted and angled upwards, the tail is tall and long (about 60% of the animal's entire length), the scapula is short and broad, the feet are webbed (as shown by fossilized skin impressions), the neck is long and slender, and the snout is long, with many of the teeth being conical. In many of these ways, Litorosuchus resembles the similarly semiaquatic Vancleavea from North America.

Like Vancleavea, the body of Litorosuchus was covered in bony plates known as osteoderms, of which eight distinct types can be observed: two rows of rectangular-to-roundish semi-concave osteoderms with central ridges covered the neck and back; more oval-shaped osteoderms, also with ridges, covered the sides of the trunk and the rest of the neck; a row of tall, spike-like osteoderms lined the top of the tail (similar to Vancleavea); small, thin, and variably-shaped osteoderms covered the arm above the hand and the foot above the ankle; sheets of tiny osteoderms covered the hands and feet; rows of broad, oval-shaped osteoderms covered the bottom of the trunk; similarly broad but semi-concave osteoderms covered the bottom portion of the tail; and oval, keeled osteoderms with a notch on the back edge covered the remainder of the tail. Out of these eight types, the former four are found in other archosauriforms, but the latter four are entirely unique to Litorosuchus.

Asides from the aforementioned characteristics, Litorosuchus can also be differentiated from other archosauriforms by a unique combination of other characters: only two teeth are present on the premaxilla, and are situated close to the front of the bone; the maxillary process, on the back edge of the premaxilla, is relatively long; the nasal process of the maxilla extends behind the back edge of the nostril; there is a large, canine-like (caniniform) tooth on each maxilla (also seen in Vancleavea); the prefrontal bone is T-shaped and extends down to the lacrimal bone, separating the latter from the eye socket; the width of the skull roof between the antorbital fenestrae is very thin, being only one-fifth the width of the skull roof between the eye sockets; a vertical ridge is present on the sides of most of the caudal vertebrae; and the joint between the astragalus and the calcaneum is a simple butt joint (the bones meet in flat surfaces, not ball-and-socket joints).

Discovery and naming
Litorosuchus is known from one nearly-complete skeleton embedded in a slab of limestone and lying on its left side. The rocks in which the specimen was found are located in Fuyuan County, Yunnan, and belong to the Zhuganpo Member of the Ladinian-age Falang Formation. The specimen is stored in the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology under the number IVPP V 16978.

The genus name is derived from Latin litoralis ("littoral"), in reference to the habitat of this animal, and Greek soukhos ("crocodile"). The species name, somnii, comes from the Latin somnium ("dream"); this is because the lead author dreamt of the animal while trying to come up with a name for it.

Classification
In 2016, Litorosuchus was found to be closely related to Vancleavea in a phylogenetic analysis, with both being non-archosaur archosauriforms. The results of said analysis are reproduced partially below.

Paleoecology
The Zhuganpo Member of the Falang Formation, from which Litorosuchus is known, would have been a coastal, shallow-water environment. In addition to various actinopterygian fish, various reptiles are known from this location; they include the terrestrial Macrocnemus as well as the aquatic Lariosaurus, Keichousaurus, Yunguisaurus, Qianxisaurus, Tanystropheus, Anshunsaurus, and Glyphoderma.

Besides Litorosuchus and Vancleavea, other possibly semiaquatic archosauriforms include Qianosuchus and Diandongosuchus; both show some of the morphological specializations associated with semiaquatic lifestyles, and the latter was found with fish bones in its stomach. In addition, phytosaurs and proterochampsids also have retracted nostrils. The large number of independent acquisitions of semiaquatic lifestyles among archosauriforms may be indicative of plasticity in the lifestyles of these animals, which could also explain the prevalence of semiaquatic crocodiles and birds in the modern world.

References

Prehistoric reptile genera
Prehistoric archosauriforms
Middle Triassic reptiles of Asia
Triassic China
Fossils of China
Fossil taxa described in 2016
Paleontology in Yunnan

Litorosuchus


Il Puttino is a book published by Alessandro Salvio in 1634, full title:

IL PVTTINO
Altramente detto,
IL CAVALIERO ERRANTE
DEL SALVIO,
Sopra il gioco de'Scacchi, con la sua Apologia contra il Carrera, diuiso in tre Libri. IN NAPOLI, Nella Stampa di Gio: Domenico Montanaro. 1634. Con licenza de'Superiori.

In its closer sense, it is the second "book" (libro secondo), or second chapter of the first book (out of two) published in 1634 (see also "LIBRO QUARTO", fourth book, reprint of the "trattato" of 1604).

All these four books have been published as a reprint by an unknown author, "Da un Incognito", in 1723.

The latter work of 1723 is sometimes referred as The Salvio.

In its closest sense, however, 'Il Puttino' is a nickname used by Salvio for Giovanni Leonardo from Cutro. In the two version of the 'libro secondo' a story is told which actually took place 50–60 years before it was printed in letters. Although the descriptions of Alessandro Salvio should be considered with caution (due to the long distance of time), Il Puttino is very relevant for our imagination of these times. A long list of chess players are named in the Puttino, which obviously reflect real persons, such as

 Ruy Lopez
 Leonardo
 Puttino
 Paolo Boi
 Giulio Cesare da Lanciano

The first translation of Il Puttino (in the sense of the 'libro secondo') from Italian to English language was done by George Walker, and published unter the title "The light and lustre of chess" in The Chess player's chronicle, 1843.

According to JH Saratt's translation, Il Puttino was first published in 1604, and republished in 1634.

References

1634 books
17th century in chess
Chess books

Il Puttino


Luis Gispert (born Jersey City, New Jersey, United States, 1972) is an  American sculptor and photographer, living and working in Brooklyn, New York.  Gispert earned an MFA at Yale University in 2001, a BFA in Film from Art Institute of Chicago in 1996, and attended Miami Dade College from 1990 to 1992.

Career
Luis Gispert creates art through a wide range of media, including photographs, film, sounds, and sculptures, focusing upon hip-hop, youth culture, and Cuban-American history. Some of his sculptures incorporate objects identified with hip hop, such as turntables, chrome tire rims, and boom boxes, into  functional designs usable in other manners, such as furniture. He first rose to fame due to his well received Chearleaders set of art photographs which he started in 2000 - several of the pics feature chonga style women, and helped to establish chongas as a Miami icon, comparable to "ghetto fabulous" images. His installation art graced the 2002 Whitney Biennial at the Whitney Museum of American Art, and has been exhibited internationally at galleries and museums such the Brooklyn Museum of Art, and the Studio Museum in Harlem in New York, Art Pace in Texas, the Museum of Contemporary Art, North Miami, the Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, Palazzo Brocherasio in Turin, and the Royal Academy in London. Gispert has also participated in several exhibitions with high-profile commercial galleries including Gagosian Gallery, Andrea Rosen Gallery, and Deitch Projects in New York. He is represented by Mary Boone Gallery in New York, Rhona Hoffman Gallery in Chicago, and Moran Bondaroff in Los Angeles.

Gispert describes the first ten years of his career as a period during which he underwent a personal transformation in his attempt to comprehend why certain objects and events strike him physically and emotionally. Always, there is the push- and-pull between seduction and aggression in his work that inundates the viewer's senses. His photographs, videos, films and sculptures are complex, composed arrangements that delve into the familiar and the unknown, the mainstream and the marginalized, to expose and address the various subcultures that infiltrate the mainstream. These subjects also provided him the means to explore the sheer aggressiveness and excessiveness of the hip hop ornamentation or the effusively decorated interior of his immigrant family's homes. Similarly the volume of the rap lyrics lip-synched by a cheerleader in Can It Be That It Was All So Simple Then, 2001, or the unnerving scream of a car alarm mouthed by another cheerleader in Block Watching, 2002, is overwhelming.
In 2011, the Feminist art collective Go! Push Pops performed Block Watching Remix  at the Moore St. Market in a show curated by Michelle Lopez during Bushwick Open Studios remixing footage of Luis Gispert's original 2002 Block Watching video. In 2013, Luis Gispert invited Go! Push Pops to perform Block Watching Remix during the Brooklyn Museum's Annual Artist Ball.

His most recent photographs of landscapes viewed through the windows of customized vehicles achieve the widescreen grandeur of CinemaScope film and provide the viewer the sensation of occupying the driver's seat. He shot hundreds of sheets of film for each landscape in an attempt to capture the perfect vista, but ultimately collaged various details to produce landscapes that most closely adhered to his ideal.

Gispert's cheerleader series of lush, color photographs depicting cheerleaders accessorized with the hip hop gold chains and jewelry, first brought him to the art world's attention. Although this series was perceived as a reference to popular culture and cultural identity, Gispert approached the subject from the perspective of Baroque religious paintings depicting levitating saints at moments of epiphany and the conventions of sports photography, which established the iconic image of the sports hero in mid air. The cheerleader photographs were achieved with cinematic techniques and methods to produce special effects, most notably the green-screen. Gispert used a long exposure to photograph his models suspended on wires in a chroma-key green room. In movies, actors play against the green background, which is typically superimposed onto another backdrop to complete the illusion. However, Gispert retained the green field to reveal the artifice.

Filmmaking has played a major role in Gispert's career. He has consistently contrasted films that use the syntax of cinema as exercises in the manipulation of sound, image and film time, as in Stereomongrel, 2005, and Smother, 2008, with raw, aggressive videos that deliberately contradict film conventions. Gispert has used elements of destruction to designate the end of one phase of his career and the beginning of another. He always approaches new projects by trying to work himself out of a problem. This occasionally requires the obliteration of the past and has manifested itself in a sculpture composed of all the props and hip hop ornamentation that he used in his Cheerleader series or the fictitious baptism of a pet dog (representing himself as a child) by fire in order to liberate his creativity in his film "Smother".

Other works include films such as Stereomongrel.

Notes and references

1972 births
Living people
Artists from Jersey City, New Jersey
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
Miami Dade College alumni
21st-century American photographers
Sculptors from New Jersey
21st-century American sculptors
21st-century American male artists
Photographers from New Jersey

Luis Gispert


GreatMixes is a remix album released by Supergroove in 1994 to capitalise on the band's success generated by their hit album Traction and the large following they had attracted worldwide from their live performances.

Whilst only a stopgap release, it was remixed by the New Zealand hip hop artist DLT.  Following Great Mixes, DLT released a very successful album, The Tru School, containing a New Zealand number 1 single, "Chains", featuring Che Fu, who was returning the favour for the work done on Great Mixes (this single is seen as one of the catalysts that led to Fu leaving the band before the recording of Backspacer).

Track listing
Platinum Blondes
Bloody Shame
Screwdriver
Hoopla
Depth Bomb
Platinum Blonde (Instrumental)
Screwdriver (Instrumental)

References
Amplifier article on Supergroove

Supergroove albums
1994 remix albums
RCA Records remix albums

Great Mixes


Mumbai Central (formerly Bombay Central, station code: MMCT)  is a major railway station on the Western line, situated in Mumbai, Maharashtra in an area known by the same name. It serves as a major stop for both Local and Inter-City/Express trains with separate platforms for them. It is also a terminal for several long-distance trains including the Mumbai Rajdhani Express. It is one of the five major Terminal stations in Mumbai while others being Mumbai CST, Mumbai LTT, Mumbai BDTS and Mumbai Dadar. Trains depart from the station connecting various destinations mostly across states in the northern, western and north-western parts of India. The station was renamed from Bombay Central to Mumbai Central in 1997, following the change of Bombay to Mumbai. In 2018, a resolution was passed to change the station code to MMCT, with implementation ongoing.

History
The Bombay Central station was built in response to the government directive to demolish the Churchgate-Colaba rail section owing to land reclamation needs. The BB&CI had to agree to this back in the 1870s, when it had extended the line to Colaba, when the permission to build the terminus was provided on the condition that in the event of any further reclamation schemes, the railway company would shift its railway to any other location between Marine Lines and Colaba. The railway was provided a notice about the directed demolition in 1920. The BB&CI could not do this until a new terminus was found. A new station was completed of the name Bombay Central on 18 December 1930, and Colaba Terminus went defunct after the 31st December of the same year.

The Station was designed by the British architect Claude Batley, and constructed by the Shapoorji Pallonji in 1930 in a record time of 21 months. The project was then costed INR 15.6 million. The station opened on 18 December 1930.

When the station opened in 1930, The Times of India suggested that the name Bombay Central was inspired by the Grand Central Terminal in New York City. The paper argued that the station should have been called Kamathipura, after the area it was located in. The paper suggested that the name Kamathipura was probably ruled out, because the area is a red-light district.

The Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway extended its reach from Baroda to Pathankot via Delhi. The Colaba-Ballard Pier railway station proved insufficient in meeting the demands of a growing population which led the government to make plans for the construction of Bombay Central.

The present suburban route that once ran till Colaba was earlier served by Bellasis Road station. It was renamed Bombay Central (local) after the construction of the long-distance Bombay Central Terminus (BCT) on the eastern side. On 1 Feb 2018, a resolution was passed to change the station code from BCT to MMCT.

Infrastructure

Platforms and layout
The station is divided into two parts. The eastern half of the station serves long-distance trains operated by Western Railways while the western half serves commuter trains running on the Churchgate–Virar suburban section of Western Railways. The mainline section has five high level platforms terminating in a large concourse on the southern end. The suburban section has four high level platforms. All the platforms are connected by foot overbridges and the mainline platforms are wheelchair accessible from the south end.

Tickets and reservation
A large Passenger Reservation Center with several ticket windows is located on the east side of the mainline station. Tickets between any two stations in India on any train offering reserved accommodation can be purchased from this facility. There are many Unreserved Ticket Counters in the main concourse for purchasing unreserved tickets for immediate travel on express and passenger trains starting from Mumbai Central. The west and south exits of the suburban section of the station have ticket windows for purchasing tickets for travel on the suburban trains. Suburban train tickets can also be purchased from automatic ticket vending machines (ATVMs) located at several locations in the station premises.

Food and other facilities
The concourse on the mainline side has an outlet of Rajdhani chain of restaurants  serving authentic Indian food.

Bellasis Rail Café at Mumbai Central is located on the first floor near Bellasis Road overbridge connecting Mumbai Central station near the south end booking office. Items in this café are available in food packets, with ready to take away facility.

There are several stalls in the concourse and on the suburban platforms serving snacks, chips, bottled water and cold drinks (soda). There are book stalls in the main concourse and on the suburban platforms selling newspapers, magazines and other reading material. Train timetables are also available at the book stalls. Restrooms (toilets) are available in the concourse on the mainline side.

Gardens
There are two gardens located outside the station. One of the gardens houses a historic locomotive, popularly known as the "Little red horse". The locomotive was built by English firm Kerr Stuart and Co. in 1928. The engine operated on the Devgarh-Baria Railway Narrow Gauge line, owned by the Princely state of Devgarh-Baria. The line was merged into Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway (BB&CI) in August 1949, and later became part of the Western Railway. The engine served for 61 years, before being transferred to the Pratapnagar workshop for shunting duties in 1990. It was placed at the garden in front of the Mumbai Central station in 1991 to commemorate its platinum jubilee.

WiFi Services

RailTel, the telecom arm of the Indian Railways, on 22 January 2016 launched free public Wi-Fi service at Mumbai Central station in collaboration with Google.

"We are delighted to launch India's first high-speed public Wi-Fi service in partnership with Indian Railways", Google South East Asia and India VP & Managing Director Rajan Anandan said.

Gallery

References

Railway stations in India opened in 1930
Railway centrals in India
Mumbai WR railway division
Railway stations in Mumbai City district
Mumbai Suburban Railway stations
1930 establishments in British India

Mumbai Central railway station


The Bryn Mawr Historic District (pronounced  from Welsh for "big hill") is on the lakefront of the Edgewater neighborhood of far-north Chicago, Illinois. It extends along Bryn Mawr Avenue between Broadway  and Sheridan Road. Its most prominent features are the Belle Shore Apartment Hotel, Bryn Mawr Apartment Hotel, Edgewater Beach Apartments, Edgewater Presbyterian Church, Manor House, and the northernmost area of Lincoln Park.

Old fashioned green lanterns and lamp posts, reminiscent of Chicago in the 1920s and 1930s, line the Bryn Mawr Historic District streets, adorned with green banners and gold lettering proudly proclaiming the neighborhood's historic significance. It was declared a historic district by the Chicago City Council due to the presence of several Chicago Landmark sites.

Bryn Mawr Avenue was named in the 1880s by Edgewater developer John Lewis Cochran after Bryn Mawr station on the Main Line north of Philadelphia. Bryn Mawr is Welsh for Big Hill.

Landmarks

Bryn Mawr & Belle Shore Apartment Hotels

Built between 1928 and 1929, this pair of detailed buildings are symbolic of the rapid growth and expansion of Chicago in the 1920s and the commercial development of Bryn Mawr Avenue and the surrounding community. Situated across the street from each another, the buildings both feature extensive and lavish use of decorative terracotta. The 12-story Bryn Mawr is dressed in white terracotta designed in a late Gothic Revival style, while the 8-story Belle Shore is clad in rich green and cream terracotta and features Egyptian-like Art Deco designs.

Designated a Chicago Landmark on November 6, 2002.

Manor House
The 1907 Manor House residential complex was built by John Edmund Oldaker Pridmore in the Tudor Revival style. It features two symmetrical wings, each with a large turret. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Edgewater Beach Apartments
This structure, dating to 1928, is the extension wing of a lavish hotel complex, the Edgewater Beach Hotel. Although once popular with celebrities and the elite, the extension of the Lake Shore Drive cut the hotel from the beach and led to its demolition. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The Renaissance

This 17-story building is built in a Renaissance Revival style and was sold as apartment dwelling for the well-to-do.

The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

References

External links
Memories of the Edgewater Beach Hotel

Historic districts in Chicago
North Side, Chicago
Chicago Landmarks
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Chicago
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
1897 establishments in Illinois

Bryn Mawr Historic District


A maven is an expert. A Yiddish word, deriving from the Hebrew word Mavin ( מבין ), which means "to understand". The term may also refer to:

Science and technology
 Apache Maven, a software tool for build automation
 MAVEN, an orbiter mission to Mars
 Maven (Scrabble), a Scrabble-playing algorithm
 Project Maven, a US Department of Defense project utilizing AI to improve drone targeting

Other uses
 Maven (car sharing), a former carsharing service of General Motors
 Maven Networks, a multimedia company acquired by Yahoo!
 Mitsubishi Maven, a minivan sold in Indonesia since 2005

People
 Fred Mavin or Maven (1884–1957), English football player and manager
 Maven (wrestler) (born 1976), American professional wrestler
 Max Maven (1950–2022), American magician and mentalist

See also
 Mavin (disambiguation)

Maven


Purine analogues are antimetabolites that mimic the structure of metabolic purines.

Examples
Nucleobase analogues
Thiopurines such as thioguanine are used to treat acute leukemias and remissions in acute granulocytic leukemias.
Azathioprine is the main immunosuppressive cytotoxic substance. A prodrug, it is widely used in transplantation to control rejection reactions. It is nonenzymatically cleaved to mercaptopurine, a purine analogue that inhibits DNA synthesis. By preventing the clonal expansion of lymphocytes in the induction phase of the immune response, it affects both cell immunity and humoral immunity. It also successfully suppresses autoimmunity.
Mercaptopurine
Thioguanine
Nucleoside analogues
Clofarabine
Pentostatin and cladribine are adenosine analogs that are used primarily to treat hairy cell leukemia.
Nucleotide analogues
Fludarabine inhibits multiple DNA polymerases, DNA primase, and DNA ligase I, and is S phase-specific (since these enzymes are highly active during DNA replication).

Medical uses
Purine antimetabolites are commonly used to treat cancer by interfering with DNA replication.

References

Antimetabolites

Purine analogue