Keāhole Point is the westernmost point of the island of Hawaii. The Kona International Airport was moved here from directly north of the town of Kailua-Kona in 1970, when the previous smaller airstrip was converted into the Old Kona Airport State Recreation Area. The name comes from Ke āhole since the āhole fish (Kuhlia sandvicensis) was found nearby.

Between the airport and the coast lies the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii.  Most of the land was formed in 1801 by the Huehue lava flow from Hualālai.  This flow extended the shoreline out an estimated 1 mile, adding some 4 km2 of land to the island.  The southern part of this point is sometimes referred to as Kalihi Point.

The Ahupuaa (ancient name of the community in this area) was Kalaoa, still used by the census.
The site includes a house platform, a walled enclosure, a debris pile with volcanic glass and marine shells, and a larger wall.
Probably the home of a common family, an excavation in 1975 estimated occupation from about 1500 to 1800.
On January 14, 1989, the Kalaoa Permanent House Site was put on the state register of historic places as site number 10-27-10,205. On November 21, 1992, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as site number 92001552. It was described as site 81 in a 1930 survey by Reinecke, and site 8 in a 1975 survey by Rosendahl & Kirch, and site HA-D15-12 on a state survey. Just south of this area is the area known as Ooma.

References

Headlands of Hawaii
Landforms of Hawaii (island)
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Hawaii
Archaeological sites in Hawaii
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Hawaii
Buildings and structures in Hawaii County, Hawaii
Beaches of Hawaii (island)
National Register of Historic Places in Hawaii County, Hawaii

Keahole Point


A deuterium arc lamp (or simply deuterium lamp) is a low-pressure gas-discharge light source often used in spectroscopy when a continuous spectrum in the ultraviolet region is needed.

Plasma "arc" or discharge lamps using hydrogen are notable for their high output in the ultraviolet, with comparatively little output in the visible and infrared. This is similar to the situation in a hydrogen flame. Arc lamps made with ordinary light-hydrogen (hydrogen-1) provide a very similar UV spectrum to deuterium, and have been used in UV spectroscopes. However, lamps using deuterium have a longer life span and an emissivity (intensity) at the far end of their UV range which is three to five times that of an ordinary hydrogen arc bulb, at the same temperature. Deuterium arc lamps, therefore, despite being several times more expensive, are considered a superior light source to light-hydrogen arc lamps, for the shortwave UV range.

Principle of operation

A deuterium lamp uses a tungsten filament and anode placed on opposite sides of a nickel box structure designed to produce the best output spectrum. Unlike an incandescent bulb, the filament is not the source of light in deuterium lamps. Instead an arc is created from the filament to the anode, a similar process to arc lamps. Because the filament must be very hot before it can operate, it is heated for approximately 20 seconds before use. Because the discharge process produces its own heat, the heater is turned down after discharge begins. Although firing voltages are 300 to 500 volts, once the arc is created voltages drop to around 100 to 200 volts.

The arc created excites the molecular deuterium contained within the bulb to a higher energy state. The deuterium then emits light as it transitions back to its initial state.  This continuous cycle is the origin of the continuous UV radiation. This process is not the same as the process of decay of atomic excited states (atomic emission), where electrons are excited and then emit radiation. Instead, a molecular emission process, where radiative decay of excited states in molecular deuterium (D2), causes the effect.

The spectral line structure of deuterium does not differ noticeably from that of light hydrogen, but deuterium has a slightly stronger molecular bond (439.5 vs. 432 kJ/mol) and is less-well ionized at the temperature of the arc. This causes a larger population of molecules and a greater emissivity (light output) of UV in the molecular part of the spectrum that is farthest into the ultraviolet.

Because the lamp operates at high temperatures,  normal glass housings cannot be used for a casing. They would also block UV radiation.  Instead, a fused quartz, UV glass, or magnesium fluoride envelope is used depending on the specific function of the lamp.

The typical lifetime of a deuterium lamp is approximately 2000 hours (Most manufacturers guarantee 2000 hours, but newer lamps are consistently performing well at 5000 hours and more).

Deuterium lamp spectra
The deuterium lamp emits radiation extending from 112 nm to 900 nm, although its continuous spectrum is only from 180 nm to 370 nm. The spectrum intensity does not actually decrease from 250 nm to 200 nm as shown in the spectrum plot above. The decrease in the plot is due to decreased efficiency at low wavelengths of the photo detector used to measure the lamp intensity. The deuterium lamp's continuous spectrum is useful as both a reference in UV radiometric work and to generate a signal in various photometric devices.

Safety
Due to the high intensity of UV radiation emitted by the bulb, eye protection is suggested when using a deuterium bulb.  Care must also be taken to avoid touching the bulb directly to avoid burns due to high operating temperatures.  Touching the bulb directly even when cool can smudge the casing and therefore reduce output intensity.

References

Gas discharge lamps
Hydrogen
Deuterium

Deuterium arc lamp


A Head Full of Ghosts is a 2015 horror novel by American writer Paul Tremblay. The plot involves an Massachusetts family under financial and emotional strain while their fourteen-year-old daughter, Marjorie Barrett, exhibits signs of severe mental illness. The Barretts come to believe she is possessed by a demon, and her behavior is publicized when the family stars in a reality TV show. Marjorie's younger sister, Merry Barrett, relays the experiences of her childhood fifteen years later. Themes include elements of Catholic exorcism and reality television exploitation.

Tremblay dedicated the novel to Shirley Jackson. A Head Full of Ghosts has been noted to have plot and thematic similarities to Jackson's "We Have Always Lived In The Castle". Merry Barrett's name is also similar to that of Merricat Blackwood.

The novel was published on June 2, 2015 by William Morrow and won the Horror Writers Association's Bram Stoker Award for Novel in 2015. Focus Features has acquired the rights to develop a movie adaptation.

Synopsis
23-year-old Meredith "Merry" Barrett recalls the horrific events surrounding her sister Marjorie, which were publicized by her family being featured on The Possession, a sensational reality TV documentary show, fifteen years ago. Merry is interviewed by author Rachel Neville for a tell-all book separating the truth from the edited show and urban legends, though Merry admits her memories may be warped by time and others' stories. In blog posts, Karen Brissette reviews and deconstructs The Possession and its reception.

As a precocious 8-year-old, Merry adores her 14-year-old sister Marjorie and is largely unaware of the strain on her family. Her unemployed father, John, has become a born again Catholic, causing tension with his wife, Sarah. Marjorie has been acting bizarrely, blurring the lines between schizophrenia and demonic possession, with psychiatric treatment seeming ineffective. Marjorie begins telling Merry strange, macabre stories and sneaking into her room at night. Marjorie behaves erratically, says she hears voices, has violent outbursts and night terrors, and privately threatens to hurt Merry. John pushes to abandon medical treatment and enlist the help of his church's priest, Father Wanderly, and comes to believe Marjorie is possessed by a demon.

Due to the family's precarious finances, Sarah agrees to have Marjorie be the focus of a TV show, The Possession, following Marjorie's "possession" and  eventual exorcism. After filming reenactments of Marjorie's behavior, a TV crew moves into the Barrett home to document their lives. Marjorie tells Merry she has been faking her possession in order to help the family financially with the show. While Merry is uncertain of the truth, she lies and exaggerates for the show. The family are ostracized by their community and Sarah comes to disagree with John's and Father Wanderly's increasingly cruel behavior toward Marjorie. John grows more volatile, violent, and religiously extreme; Marjorie tells Merry he may be the one who is possessed.

For the final episode of The Possession, Marjorie is tied to her bed while Father Wanderly performs an exorcism and her family witnesses. After Marjorie begs to be let go, she bites a priest, escapes her bonds, and threatens that everyone will die. Merry, overwhelmed, yells at Marjorie to stop faking, then flees. In the show's final scene, Marjorie jumps off the stair railing to follow Merry and appears to float. It is revealed that Karen is a pseudonym Merry writes under, and that John poisoned the family and himself a month after the show ended, with only Merry surviving.

Merry recalls that Marjorie was injured after her jump, a possible suicide attempt, and John felt abandoned by the church after the failed exorcism. Rachel Neville has uncovered emails between John and an extremist Baptist pastor who seemingly encouraged John to kill his family. Finally, Merry recalls the day her family died. Marjorie shows Merry dozens of news stories about familicide committed by fathers who, like John, felt disempowered and abandoned by society. Marjorie claims her behavior has been in attempt to draw attention to John's mental issues, but now John is ready to kill the family with Sarah's help. Marjorie produces a jar of potassium cyanide which she says she stole from John. She instructs Merry to put the poison in a pot of spaghetti sauce, which will knock their parents out and allow the sisters to run away. Merry does so, but at dinner Marjorie eats the sauce instead of refusing, like Merry. Merry is angry that Marjorie has lied again, before her family soon dies.

Merry tells Rachel she remembers being found by her aunt after three days, though the police report says she was found among her family's corpses at the dinner table. While Rachel is moved by the confession, she points out that the only fingerprint found on the poison jar was John's, and questions what the truth is. Merry insists she was manipulated into killing her family by her mentally ill sister, the whole family was hurt by the show, and she is ready for her truth to be known.

Major characters
Meredith "Merry" Barrett is the narrator and protagonist of the novel. As a child, she has an overactive imagination, and enjoys playing in her room rather than with other kids. She admires her older sister, Marjorie, and would do anything to please her. As an adult, Merry struggles with her infamy she gained in childhood and the mockery she faced following the conclusion of "The Possession". In both adulthood and childhood Merry is an unreliable narrator, openly admitting that she doesn't clearly remember her past and that she lied as a child.

Marjorie Barrett is Merry's fourteen year old sister. Prior to the start of the novel she begins seeing a therapist regarding her frequent violent outbursts and lack of motivation at school. Prior to these outbursts she is described as a very conscientious and kind sister who often tells her made-up stories based on characters from Richard Scarry's Cars and Trucks and Things That Go. Over time she acts manipulative towards Merry. Despite her age she is incredibly intelligent. After she begins seeing her therapist, her family becomes convinced that she is possessed, and she becomes the focus of a documentary series called The Possession.

John Barrett is the father of Merry and Marjorie. Prior to the start of the novel he loses his job and struggles with no longer being the main breadwinner of the family. After turning to the Catholic Church for guidance, he becomes increasingly paranoid and is convinced that Marjorie is not mentally ill, but instead has been possessed. He is prone to yelling when angry and wishes his family, particularly his children, would share his Catholic faith.

Sarah Barrett is the mother of Merry and Marjorie. She is the sole breadwinner of the family and does not share her husband's faith. After the possession begins airing, she disagrees with how cruelly Marjorie is treated by those who believe she is possessed, and is concerned by how Merry is being affected. She increasingly regrets letting Marjorie be put on display and is ashamed of her role in the show.

Karen Brissette is the writer of an online blog called "The Last Final Girl" that focuses on horror media. Posts dedicated to analyzing The Possession appear at the start of every section of the novel. Karen professes to have watched The Possession hundreds of times. Karen draws parallels to what happens in the documentary show and other pieces of horror fiction, such as The Blair Witch Project, and notes when the show has been edited to fit certain narratives and perspectives. Karen criticizes how Marjorie was sexualized in the reenactments and dehumanized while she suffered, and how the show's narrative centered John's plight.

Background

While conducting research for another novel, Tremblay read a series of essays exploring the themes behind William Peter Blatty's novel The Exorcist, one of the most famous fiction novels regarding demonic possession. Noting that while other horror tropes that were popular in the late twentieth century had remerged in popular literature, he wrote A Head Full Of Ghosts in response to the lack of recent novels regarding possession.

Reception

A Head Full of Ghosts won the Horror Writers Association's Bram Stoker Award for Novel in 2015.

The novel was also praised for being self-referential and comedic without parodying the horror genre.

The novel was praised by Stephen King, who claimed that it "scared the living hell out of [him]".

In 2016, Focus Features acquired the rights to develop a movie adaptation. In February of 2018, it was announced that Oz Perkins, the director of the horror 2016 film I Am the Pretty Thing That Lives in the House, would be rewriting and directing the film adaptation of A Head Full Of Ghosts.

References

2015 American novels
2010s horror novels
American horror novels
Novels about mental health
Fictional portrayals of schizophrenia
Novels set in Massachusetts
Novels by Paul Tremblay
Bram Stoker Award for Novel winners
HarperCollins books

A Head Full of Ghosts


Federation Square (marketed and colloquially known as Fed Square) is a venue for arts, culture and public events on the edge of the Melbourne central business district. It covers an area of  at the intersection of Flinders and Swanston Streets built above busy railway lines and across the road from Flinders Street station. It incorporates major cultural institutions such as the Ian Potter Centre, Australian Centre for the Moving Image (ACMI) and the Koorie Heritage Trust as well as cafes and bars in a series of buildings centred around a large paved square, and a glass walled atrium.

History

Background
Melbourne's central city grid was originally designed without a central public square, long seen as a missing element. From the 1920s there were proposals to roof the railway yards on the southeast corner of Flinders and Swanston Streets for a public square, with more detailed proposals prepared in the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1960s, the Melbourne City Council decided that the best place for the City Square was the corner of Swanston and Collins Streets, opposite the town hall. The first temporary square opened in 1968, and a permanent version opened in 1981. It was however not considered a great success, and was redeveloped in the 1990s as a smaller, simpler space in front of a new large hotel.

Meanwhile, in the late 1960s, a small part of the railway lines had been partly roofed by the construction of the Princes Gate Towers, known as the Gas & Fuel Buildings after their major tenant, the Gas and Fuel Corporation, over the old Princes Bridge station. This included a plaza on the corner, which was elevated above the street and little used. Between the plaza and Batman Avenue, which ran along the north bank of the Yarra River, were the extensive Jolimont Railway Yards, and the through train lines running into Flinders Street station under Swanston Street.

Design competition and controversy
In 1996 the Premier Jeff Kennett announced that the Gas & Fuel Buildings would be demolished, and the railyards roofed, and a complex including arts facilities and a large public space would be built. It was to be named Federation Square, and opened in time to celebrate the centenary of Australia's Federation in 2001, and would include performing arts facilities, a gallery, a cinemedia centre, the public space, a glazed wintergarden, and ancillary cafe and retail spaces. An architectural design competition was announced that received 177 entries from around the world. Five designs were shortlisted, which included entries from high-profile Melbourne architects Denton Corker Marshall and Ashton Raggatt McDougall, and lesser known Sydney architect Chris Elliott, and London based architects Jenny Lowe and Adrian Hawker. The jury was chaired by Professor Neville Quarry. The winner  announced on 28 July 1997, a consortium led by Lab Architecture Studio directed by Donald Bates and Peter Davidson from London, with the Dutch landscape architects Karres en Brands, directed by Sylvia Karres and Bart Brands, teamed with local executive architects Bates Smart for the second stage.

The design, originally costed at between $110 and $128 million, was complex and irregular, with gently angled 'cranked' geometries predominating in both the planning and the facade treatment of the various buildings and the wintergardens that surrounded and defined the open spaces. A series of 'shards' provided vertical accents, while interconnected laneways and stairways and the wintergarden would connect Flinders Street to the Yarra River. The open square was arranged as a gently sloping amphitheatre, focussed on a large viewing screen for public events, with a secondary sloped plaza area on the main corner. The design was widely supported by the design community but was less popular with the public. The design was also soon criticised when it was realised that the western freestanding 'shard' would block views of the south front of St Paul's Cathedral from Princes Bridge.

The mix of occupants and tenants were soon modified, with the cinemedia centre becoming the new body known as ACMI, offices for multicultural broadcaster SBS added, and the gallery space becoming the Australian art wing of the National Gallery of Victoria, which became the Ian Potter Centre. The performance arts space was dropped, the number of commercial tenancies increased, and the south end of the Atrium became an auditorium. A new substantially rearranged design incorporating the new program was revealed in late 1998.

Construction
After the 1999 State election, while construction was well underway, the incoming Bracks Government ordered a report by the University of Melbourne's Professor Evan Walker into the 'western shard' to be located on the corner of Flinders and Swanston Streets, which concluded in February 2000 that the "heritage vista" towards St Paul's cathedral should be preserved, and the shard be no more than 8m in height.

Budgets on the project blew out significantly due to the initial cost being seriously underestimated, given the expense of covering the railyards, changes to the brief, the need to resolve construction methods for the angular design, and the long delays. Among measures taken to cut costs was concreting areas originally designed for paving.

The final cost of construction was approximately $467 million (over four times the original estimate), the main funding primarily from the state government, with $64 million from the City of Melbourne, some from the federal government, while private operators and sponsors paid for fitouts or naming rights.

The square was opened on 26 October 2002. Unlike many Australian landmarks, it was not opened by the reigning monarch, Elizabeth II, nor was she invited to its unveiling; she visited Federation Square in October 2011.

Further expansion
In 2006, Federation Wharf redeveloped the vaults under Princes Walk (a former roadway) into a large bar, with extensive outdoor areas on the Yarra riverbank, with elevator access to Federation Square.

Several proposals have been prepared for the area known as Federation Square East, the remaining area of railyards to the east. There have been proposals for office towers and, more recently, a combination of open space and a hotel, or another campus for the National Gallery of Victoria to house their contemporary art collection.

Apple Store
In December 2017, the Andrews government announced that one of the buildings of the square, the Yarra Building, would be demolished to make way for a freestanding Apple Store, generating strong criticism over the commercial use of a cultural space. Opposition groups including Our City Our Square and the National Trust of Australia (Victoria) then nominated Fed Square to the Victorian Heritage Register, which resulted in an interim decision to list in October 2018. Apple cancelled the plans in April 2019 after the application to Heritage Victoria to demolish the Yarra Building was denied, and after a hearing, the square was formally listed in August 2019.

Metro Entrance
With the construction of the upcoming Melbourne Metro Tunnel, an entrance to the underground Town Hall station from the corner of Federation Square was proposed, with a design released in December 2018 that would replace the corner Information Centre. After the heritage listing of the square, a permit was sought to demolish the building and the plaza around it, which was granted on the basis that the Information Centre was not the original design for the 'Western Shard', and it was demolished by January 2019, though without a final approved design for the new entrance.

Location and layout

Federation Square occupies roughly a whole urban block bounded by Swanston, Flinders, and Russell Streets and the Yarra River. The open public square is directly opposite Flinders Street station and St Paul's Cathedral. The layout of the precinct is designed to connect the historical central district of the city with the Yarra River and a new park Birrarung Marr.

Design features

Square

The complex of buildings forms a rough U-shape around the main open-air square, oriented to the west. The eastern end of the square is formed by the glazed walls of The Atrium. While bluestone is used for the majority of the paving in the Atrium and St Paul's Court, matching footpaths elsewhere in central Melbourne, the main square is paved in 470,000 ochre-coloured sandstone blocks from Western Australia and invokes images of the outback. The paving is designed as a huge urban artwork, called Nearamnew, by Paul Carter and gently rises above street level, containing a number of textual pieces inlaid in its undulating surface.

There are a small number of landscaped sections in the square and plaza which are planted with Eucalyptus trees.

Plaza and giant screen

A key part of the plaza design is its large and fixed public television screen, which has been used to broadcast major sporting events such as the AFL Grand Final and the Australian Open every year. It is currently the biggest broadcasting screen in Australia.

Buildings

The architecture of the square is in the deconstructivist style, with both plan and elevations designed around slightly angular, 'cranked' geometries, rather than tradition orthogonal grids. The built forms are mainly slightly bent north–south volumes, separated by glazed gaps, a reference to traditional Melbourne laneways, with vertical 'shards', attached or freestanding, containing discrete functions like the Visitor's Centre, or lifts and stairs.

The larger built volumes are relatively simple reinforced concrete buildings with glass walls, but with a second outer skin of cladding carried on heavy steel framing, folded and stepped slightly to create angular undulating surfaces. The cladding is composed of 6 different materials, zinc, perforated zinc, glass, frosted glass, sandstone and no cladding, in a camouflage-like pattern, and created using pinwheel tiling. The 'crossbar' is an east–west built from that runs through the long gallery building, and is clad in perforated black steel panels.

Some buildings are named. The building along Flinders Street that houses ACMI and SBS is named the Alfred Deakin Building, the building between the plaza space and the river is called the Yarra Building, while the building that houses the NGV Australia is also called the Ian Potter Centre.

Shards

Three shards frame the square space. The eastern and southern shards are completely clad in metallic surfaces with angular slots, very similar in design to the Jewish Museum Berlin, while the western shard is clad in glass. Adjoined to the southern shard is a hotel which features the wrap around metallic screen and glass louvers.

Laneways
There are a number of unnamed laneways in the Federation Square complex which connect it to both Flinders Street and the Yarra River via stairways. The stairways between the Western Shard and nearby buildings are also paved in larger flat rectangle sandstone blocks.

Riverfront
The riverfront areas extend south to an elevated pedestrian promenade which was once part of Batman Avenue and is lined with tall established trees of both deciduous exotic species and Australian eucalpyts. More recently, the vaults adjacent to the Princes Bridge have been converted into Federation Wharf, a series of cafes and boat berths. Some of the areas between the stairs and lanes leading to the river are landscaped with shady tree ferns.

Atrium

The "atrium" is one of the major public spaces in the precinct. It is a laneway-like space, five stories high with glazed walls and roof. The exposed metal structure and glazing patterns follow the pinwheel tiling pattern used elsewhere in the precinct's building facades.

Labyrinth
The "labyrinth" is a passive cooling system sandwiched above the railway lines and below the middle of the square. The concrete structure consists of 1.2 km of interlocking, honeycombed walls. It covers 1600 m2. The walls have a corrugated profile to maximize their surface area, and are spaced 60 cm apart.

During summer nights, cold air is pumped in the combed space, cooling down the concrete, while heat absorbed during the day is pumped out. The following day, cold air is pumped from the labyrinth out into the atrium through floor vents. This process can keep the atrium up to 12 °C cooler than outside. This is comparable to conventional air conditioning, but using one-tenth the energy and producing one-tenth the carbon dioxide.

During winter, the process is reversed, storing warm daytime air in the Labyrinth overnight, and pumping it back into the atrium during the day.

The system can also partly cool the ACMI building when the power is not required by the atrium.

Flagpoles
In the Federation Square complex, there are a number of flagpoles, most notably a group of four, three of which permanently fly the Australian, Aboriginal, and Torres Strait Islander flags. The fourth flagpole occasionally flies the flag of a foreign country to celebrate a national holiday of that country, for example an independence day. Prior to 2022 foreign countries' flags were usually flown on a group of eight flagpoles located next to a bus stop.

The following countries' flags have been raised at Federation Square and/or its surroundings at least once:

 Albania
 Argentina
 Azerbaijan
 Bangladesh
 Bhutan
 Botswana
 Canada
 Chile
 Croatia
 Denmark
 Ecuador
 El Salvador
 Eritrea
 Finland
 France
 Germany
 Greece
 Haiti
 Hungary
 India
 Indonesia
 Iran
 Israel
 Italy
 Japan
 Kosovo
 Lithuania
 Malawi
 Malaysia
 Maldives
 Malta
 Mauritius
 Mexico
 Morocco
 Nepal
 North Macedonia
 Norway
 Pakistan
 Palestine
 Philippines
 Poland
 Portugal
 Rwanda
 Singapore
 Slovenia
 Somalia
 South Africa
 Spain
 Sri Lanka
 Switzerland
 Turkey
 Ukraine
 United States of America
 Venezuela

Facilities and tenants
In addition to a number of shops, bars, cafés and restaurants, Federation Square's cultural facilities include:

Melbourne Visitor Centre

The Melbourne Visitor Centre is located underground, with its entrance at the main corner shard directly opposite Flinders Street Station and St Pauls Cathedral and its exit at the opposite shard. The entrance and exit shards feature interactive news tickers in colour LEDs and small screens promoting current activities. The Visitor Centre was intended to replace a facility which was previously located at the turn of the 19th-century town hall administration buildings on Swanston Street. The Visitors Centre was demolished in December 2018 to make way for an entrance to the Melbourne metro station to be built under the Swanston Street, and the visitors centre returned to the Town Hall.

The Edge

The Edge theatre is a 450-seat space designed to have views of the Yarra River and across to the spire of The Arts Centre. The theatre is lined in wood veneer in similar geometrical patterns to other interiors in the complex.  The Edge was named "The BMW Edge" until May 2013, when a new sponsorship deal with Deakin University caused it to be renamed "The Deakin Edge".

Zinc
Zinc is a function space underneath the gallery building, and opens onto the Yarra river bank. It was intended as an entirely commercial part of the development of Federation Square, and is used for wedding receptions, corporate events, launches, and the like.

National Gallery of Victoria

The Ian Potter Centre, also known as the NGVA, houses the Australian part of the art collection of the National Gallery of Victoria (NGV), in the building along the eastern side. (The St Kilda Rd building now houses that International works of the NGV, and is known as the NGVI). There are over 20,000 Australian artworks, including paintings, sculpture, photography, fashion and textiles, and the collection is the oldest and most well known in the country.

Well-known works at the Ian Potter Centre include Frederick McCubbin's Pioneers (1904) and Tom Roberts' Shearing the Rams (1890). Also featured are works from Sidney Nolan, John Perceval, Margaret Preston and Fred Williams. Indigenous art includes works by William Barak and Emily Kngwarreye.

The National Gallery at Federation Square also features the NGV Kids Corner, which is an interactive education section aimed at small children and families, and the NGV Studio.

ACMI (Australian Centre for the Moving Image)

The Australian Centre for the Moving Image known as ACMI has two cinemas that are equipped to play every film, video and digital video format, with attention to high-quality acoustics. The screen gallery, built along the entire length of what was previously a train station platform, is a subterranean gallery for experimentation with the moving image. Video art, installations, interactives, sound art and net art are all regularly exhibited in this space. Additional venues within ACMI allow computer-based public education, and other interactive presentations.

In 2003, ACMI commissioned SelectParks to produce an interactive game-based, site-specific installation called AcmiPark, which replicated and abstracted the real-world architecture of Federation Square. It also houses highly innovative mechanisms for interactive, multi-player sound and musical composition.

Transport Hotel Bar
Transport hotel and bar is a three-level hotel complex adjacent to the southern shard on the south western corner of the square.
It has a ground-floor public bar, restaurant and cocktail lounge on the rooftop.

SBS Radio and Television offices

The Melbourne offices of the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS), one of Australia's two publicly funded national broadcasters, is in the Deakin Building on Flinders Street.

Melbourne Festival headquarters

The headquarters of Melbourne Festival (formerly Melbourne International Arts Festival) are located on Level 2 of the Yarra Building.

Beer awards
Federation Square has recently become home to several beer award shows, and tastings, including the Australian International Beer Awards trade and public shows, as well as other similar events such as showcases of local and other Australian breweries. These events have been held in the square's outdoor area the Atrium and usually require an entry fee in exchange for a set number of tastings.

Past tenants
Past tenants have included:
 "Champions", The Australian Racing Museum & Hall of Fame — Relocated to Melbourne Cricket Ground.
 National Design Centre — Relocated to National Gallery of Victoria

Reception and recognition

In 2009, Virtual Tourist awarded Federation Square with the title of the 'World's Fifth Ugliest Building'. Criticisms of it ranged from its damage to the heritage vista to its similarity to a bombed-out war-time bunker due to its "army camouflage" colours. A judge from Virtual Tourist justified Federation Square's ranking on the ugly list claiming that: "Frenzied and overly complicated, the chaotic feel of the complex is made worse by a web of unsightly wires from which overhead lights dangle." It continues to be a 'pet hate' of Melburnians and was discussed on ABC's Art Nation.

After its opening on 26 October 2002, Federation Square remained controversial among Melburnians due to its unpopular architecture, but also because of its successive cost blowouts and construction delays (as its name suggests, it was to have opened in time for the centenary of Australian Federation on 1 January 2001). The construction manager was Multiplex.

The designers of Federation Square did not get any work for six months after the completion of the A$450 million public space, but did receive hate-mail from people who disliked the design.

The Australian Financial Review later reported that some Melburnians have learned to love the building, citing the record number of people using and visiting it. In 2005 it was included on The Atlantic Cities 2011 list of "10 Great Central Plazas and Squares".

Architecture and Urban Design Awards

At the Victorian State Architecture Awards held in June 2003, Federation Square was awarded the prestigious Victorian Architecture Medal, the Melbourne Prize and the Joseph Reed Award for Urban Design by the Victorian Chapter of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects.

In November 2003, the project won the Walter Burley Griffin Award for Urban Design and the Interior Architecture Award for The Ian Potter Centre: NGV Australia (Federation Square) at the National Awards of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects.Other Awards'''
2003 — IDAA Public/Institutional Interior Design Award
2003 — Australian Institute of Landscape Architects Award for Design Excellence
2003 — Civic Trust Award
2003 — Mahony Griffin Award for Interior Architecture
2003 — Interior Design Awards Australia
2003 — Victorian and Tasmanian Award for Excellence for Design in Landscape Architecture
2003 — Dulux Interior Colour Award
2003 — Public Domain Award For Sustainability
2003 — Kenneth Brown Award Hawaii, Commendation for Asia Pacific Architecture
2005 — Urban Land Institute Award for Excellence: Asia Pacific USA, Best Public Project
2006 — Chicago Athenaeum International Architecture Awards USA

See also
 Australian landmarks
 Lab Architecture Studio

References

Further reading
 Brown-May, A. and Day, N. (2003). Federation Square, South Yarra, Vic: Hardie Grant Books ().
 Melbourne gets square, Sydney Morning Herald (Australia), 19 October 2002.
 Federation Square'', Macarthur, John; Crist, Graham; Hartoonian, Gevork and Stanhope, Zara, 1 March 2003. Architecture Australia

External links

Fed Square
Federation Square "FedCam"
Culture Victoria – images and video of Federation Square and the history of the site
Federation Square, a brief history

Squares in Melbourne
Melbourne City Centre
Buildings and structures in Melbourne
Buildings and structures completed in 2002
2002 establishments in Australia
Architectural controversies
Landmarks in Melbourne
Sandstone buildings in Australia
Tourist attractions in Melbourne

Federation Square


The siege of Lyon occurred on 9 August to 9 October 1793 when French Republican forces laid siege and captured the city of Lyon, which was the centre of a revolt against the French government during the War of the First Coalition.

Historical background
The Army of the Alps, under the command of Kellermann, was engaged in a campaign in Savoy against the Piedmontese when it received the assignment to head west in order to re-establish central government authority in Lyon, and was able to turn its attention to its new mission only a month later, on 10 August 1793. Two days after that, on 12 August 1793, the rebellious department was split into two, creating on the western side of the river the department of Loire with its capital at Feurs and, on the eastern side, the department of Rhône. Just over a week later, on 21 August, the Paris government sent to Lyon a high level team that included Georges Couthon, a leading member of the Committee of Public Safety and a close colleague of Robespierre himself. The next day the revolutionary army began its bombardment. During September Lyon was encircled, and on 29 September 1793, on the south-western side of the city, the fort at Sainte-Foy was destroyed.

The siege
On 3 October 1793 Couthon called upon the Lyonnais to surrender, and a truce was observed until 7 October. The various representatives leading the city held a succession of group discussions, and on 8 October they sent a team to negotiate with the government representatives, albeit in the face of the opposition of Précy. At the same time two more of the defenders' forts fell, at Saint-Irénée and Saint-Just.

The next day, at dawn, Précy escaped via a district in the north-west of Lyon called Vaise, and went into hiding, turning up shortly afterwards in Switzerland. The city's civil authorities surrendered to the central government representatives at midday.

Aftermath
On 11 October the government delegates decided on the destruction of the city walls. On 12 October Barère, a leading member of the government, put a decree through the convention that Lyon was to lose its name, and would instead be known as Ville-Affranchie (Liberated City) and would be destroyed. All the properties occupied by rich people would be demolished, leaving just the houses of the poor and the homes of duped or banished patriots, buildings specially dedicated to industry and monuments dedicated to humanity and public instruction. On the ruins of Lyon would be erected a commemorative column which would testify to posterity the crimes committed and the punishment received by the city's royalists, with the inscription "Lyon made war on liberty:  Lyon is no more!". In the event, of 600 houses scheduled for demolition, only about fifty were actually destroyed.

References

Smith, D. The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book. Greenhill Books, 1998.

Sieges involving France
Sieges of the French Revolutionary Wars
Battles of the French Revolutionary Wars
Battles in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
1793 in France
Conflicts in 1793
1793 events of the French Revolution

Siege of Lyon


Rüppell's or the greater broad-nosed bat (Scoteanax rueppellii) is a species of vespertilionid microbat found in eastern Australia.

Taxonomy
Scoteanax rueppellii was described as a new species in 1866 by German naturalist Wilhelm Peters. The source of the holotype is noted by the author as "Sydney in Westaustralien", referring to Sydney, Australia.
Peters initially placed it in the genus Nycticejus (alternate spelling of Nycticeius), with the binomial Nycticejus rüppellii.
The eponym for the species name "rueppellii" (pronounced rue'-pel-ee-ee) is Eduard Rüppell of the Frankfurt Museum, who loaned the specimen to the author.
The species was later recognised as sole type of the genus Scoteanax, first described by Ellis Troughton in his standard book of Australian mammals published in 1944.
The species is distinguished as Rueppell's or the greater 'broad-nosed bat', a term that may refer to species of the genus Scotorepens.

Description
An insectivorous species of bat, moderately large in size with a robust build. The ears of Scoteanax rueppellii are short and widely separated on the head, the tips barely touching if pressed across the head distinguishes physically handled species from similar bats. A concave feature at the outer margin appears below the rounded tip of each ear.
The measurements of the forearm is 51 to 56 millimetres, the length of the head and body combined is 63 to 73 mm and tail range is 44–58 mm. The average of the weight range, 21–35 g, is 30 grams.
The upper parts of the pelage varies from dark cinnamon to a mid-brown colour, the ventral parts are paler tawny-olive tones.
The colour of the patagium forming the wing surfaces is a pinkish shade of brown.
The facial features and ears are hairless.
A dental features that distinguish S. rueppellii is a single pair of incisors at the upper jaw, immediately adjacent to the canids.

They resemble another species found in eastern Australia, Falsistrellus tasmaniensis (eastern false pipistrelle), which is distinguished by larger ears that overlap by more 5 mm when pressed together, a shorter penis with a large bulb-shaped tip and a gap between the canines and incisors.

Behaviour
Daytime roosts are made within tree hollows and has also been found in urban areas occupying roof structures.
The habits and biology of Scoteanax rueppellii are poorly researched and detailed.
The species slowly forages at streams or forest edges for larger prey, mainly insects such as flying beetles, or smaller invertebrates, with a languid motion that is restricted in its agility during pursuits.
The carnivorous diet of this species includes other bats, a behaviour first reported by workers observing the consumption of them in captivity.
Scoteanax rueppellii reproduce with a single birth during January.

Distribution and habitat
An uncommon bat which occurs in a wide distribution range along the eastern coast of Australia. At the northern part of the range they occur at the Mount Carbine Tableland, from which the subcoastal range extends south. The preferred habitat is below 500 metres in the southern part of the range, in New South Wales, although the species is only found at higher elevations in the northern tableland regions.
The distribution range is poorly understood, and previous assumptions were challenged in a 2006 study that reviewed records and estimated the restrictions to occurrence of the species. The reported constraint by altitude or climatic conditions, or restriction to heavily wooded regions was not supported in the findings, and hypotheses for the distribution for S. rueppellii remain unverified.
Scoteanax rueppellii will inhabit wetter gullies of inland forest, but is usually associated with high rainfall regions nearer the coast and with tall forest.

Conservation
As of 2008, it is evaluated as a least-concern species by the IUCN.
It meets the criteria for this designation because it has a large geographic range; its population is presumably large; and it is not thought to be experiencing a rapid population decline.
However, its population is currently decreasing.

References

Bats of Australia
Vesper bats
Mammals of Queensland
Mammals described in 1866
Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters

Rüppell's broad-nosed bat


Maria Joan Hyland is an ex-lawyer and the author of three novels: How the Light Gets In (2004), Carry Me Down (2006) and This is How (2009). Hyland is a lecturer in creative writing in the Centre for New Writing at the University of Manchester. Carry Me Down (2006) was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize and won the Hawthornden Prize and the Encore Prize.

Hyland has twice been longlisted for the Orange Prize (2004 and 2009), the Commonwealth Writers' Prize (2004 and 2007) and This is How (2009) was longlisted for the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award.

At the University of Manchester she has run fiction workshops alongside Martin Amis (2007–2010), Colm Tóibín (2010–2011) and Jeanette Winterson (2013–present).  Hyland runs regular Fiction Masterclasses in the Guardian Masterclass Programme, has twice been shortlisted for the BBC Short Story Prize (2011 and 2012) and she publishes in The Guardian How to Write series and the Financial Times, the LRB, Granta and elsewhere.

Writing and prizes
Carry Me Down (2006) was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize and won both the Hawthornden Prize and The Encore Prize and all three novels have been longlisted and short-listed for several prizes: the Orange Prize (2004 and 2009). Carry Me Down has been listed as one of the Top 100 'Australian' Novels of all time by the Society of Authors.

How the Light Gets In (2004) and Carry Me Down (2006) were shortlisted for the Commonwealth Writers' Prize (2004 and 2007) and This is How (2009) was longlisted for the Dublin International IMPAC Prize and The Orange Prize (2009). Hyland's short story "Even Pretty Eyes Commit Crimes", which was shortlisted for the BBC International Short Story Prize (2012) and first published online by Granta, is story of the week in Narrative Magazine, US.

Short stories
Hyland's short stories have been published in many places, including Zoetrope: All Story (2004, 2005, 2006, 2008), Blackbook Magazine (2004, 2006 & 2007), Best Australian Short Stories (2006 & 2008) and, in September 2011, her short story "Rag Love" was shortlisted for the BBC National Short Story Award. Hyland's "Even Pretty Eyes Commit Crimes" has been published in the anthology Best British Short Stories (2013). Boyd Tonkin from The Independent said of the anthology: "Nicholas Royale has excellent taste, ensuring little explosions of weirdness or transcendence often erupt amid much well-observed everyday life."

Teaching and editing
Hyland runs regular in the Guardian Masterclass Programme, has twice been shortlisted for the BBC Short Story Prize (2011 and 2012) and regularly publishes non-fiction in The Guardian (including in the How to Write series), the Financial Times, the London Review of Books, Lonely Planet, Granta, the Scottish Herald, and elsewhere. Hyland teaches three fiction courses in 2014 in the Curtis Brown (International Literary Agency) programme. Her advice on proof-reading has been cited in The New Scientist.

Public readings and events
Hyland has made more than two dozen appearances on national and international radio, including RTÉ (Ireland), PBS (US), Radio 4 and The BBC World Service, Radio 3, The ABC (Australia) and has been a guest of nine major literary festivals, including the Edinburgh International Festival and Hay-On-Wye.

Hyland has also been appointed writer-in-residence in programmes such as Arizona State University's Workshop Programme (Feb, 2014) & writer-in-residence at Griffith University, Australia (August 2013), and has appeared at the Melbourne Writers' Festival, Crossing Borders, the Netherlands, Segovia, Rome, the Brisbane Writers' Festival (July/August, 2013).

Personal life
In 2008, Hyland was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, a debilitating neurological disease.

Awards

How the Light Gets In (2004)
 Shortlisted for the Commonwealth Writers' Prize (2004)
 Winner Best Young Novelist, The Sydney Morning Herald
 3rd Prize, Barnes & Noble Discover Great Young Novelists
Carry Me Down (2006)
 Shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize
 Winner of The Hawthornden Prize (2007)
 Winner of The Encore Prize (2007)
 Shortlisted for the Commonwealth Writers' Prize (2006)
This Is How (2009)
 Longlisted for The Orange Prize
 Longlisted for The International Dublin IMPAC Prize 2009
Short fiction:
 Nominated for the Pushcart Prize USA - 2008
 "Rag Love" shortlisted for the BBC Short Story Prize (2011)
 "Even Pretty Eyes Commit Crimes" shortlisted for the BBC International Short Story Prize (2012).
 "Other People's Beds" has been longlisted for the EFG £30,000 Sunday Times Short Story Award (2014)
Essays
 "Hardy Animal" shortlisted for the inaugural William Hazlitt Essay Prize 2013
 Shortlisted for the £15,000 Hazlitt Essay Prize 2013

Reviews

How the Light Gets In
"Hyland is a talented writer grappling with serious questions about how we make our way through the world. . . .' New York Times
"A story with grit and heart from an intelligent, perspicacious writer to watch." Kirkus Reviews
"That Hyland is a talented writer is clear from the novel's first page." Australian Book Review
"Hyland is an intelligent writing grappling with serious questions about how we make our way through the world." The New York Times
"Heartbreaking and compelling." The Observer
"Expect to be blown away." The Guardian
"A dry and fantastically sarcastic voice..." Time Out, New York
"Spot on." Irish Examiner
"a disturbing work which simmers with edgy brilliance." Sunday Herald
"The best book I read this year..." Mark Cousins, Scotland on Sunday

Carry Me Down (2006)
"Hyland can do humour, horror and pathos all at once..." The Spectator
"This is writing of the highest order..." JM Coetzee
"[Hyland] brings life's uncomprehended complexities horribly alive." The Times

This is How (2009)
"Unflinching, absorbing, morally complex ... an eerie, commanding book ... a novel about crime but not a crime novel ... thrilling, moving and compassionate." The New York Times
"Bleak yet moving, mercilessly dispassionate yet shot through with kindness and wit, it is a profound achievement" Justine Jordan
"A novel of extraordinary power ... Hyland tells her story in a supercharged present tense, tremblingly aware of physical detail." The Guardian
"This is an expertly paced, gripping novel that doesn't falter and never compromises its emotional truth." The Times
"A tour de force. Hyland illuminates this man's damaged soul with such a steely, brilliant clarity that your heart breaks for him." Helen Garner
"When you've been reading Hyland, other writers seem to lack integrity ... whereas she aims straight for the truth and the heart." Hilary Mantel
"Three or four days [after finishing the novel], Hyland's white-hot prose was still smouldering in my head." Financial Times
"She makes it look so simple, with her words of one syllable, with a style almost entirely devoid of affect; but there is nothing simplistic about her achievement." New York Times
"The narrative drive is relentless, surging on and on in the toneless voice of Patrick Oxtoby, Hyland's protagonist." Philip Womack

Teaching and editing
"The course carries on and, just as I'm starting to get bored by the group discussion, Curtis Brown Creative pulls what is a stroke of genius in the form of four sessions with MJ Hyland. OMFG. I read the first chapter of her book Carry Me Down. Wow, she can write – even if she is writing about teaching a child to drown puppies. I should have worked out what was coming. She is lively, clever and shit-scary in a way that few men are. She is intimidating yet attentive. Comparing her to our tutor is like comparing Guns N' Roses to Otis Redding."  Collette Brown.

Works
 How the Light Gets In, Canongate, 2004. .'
 Carry Me Down, 2006,  (hardback),  (paperback)
 This Is How, 2009, .
 Even Pretty Eyes Commit Crimes – Published by Granta in 2012. Shortlisted for the International BBC Short Story Prize (2012), also Published in Narrative Magazine and Comma Press
 Rag Love – originally published in January 2011 as First-Class Passage. Also published in Australia's major review/politics/ arts & media magazine, The Monthly. Available as a BBC radio broadcast.
 M. J. Hyland's Short Stories published in Zoetrope: All-Story:
 A Boy, an Ex-Orphanage, and a Trapped Dog, Vol. 10, No. 3:
 Eggshell Skull, Vol. 12, No. 1

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
21st-century Australian novelists
21st-century Australian women writers
Australian women novelists
People with multiple sclerosis

M. J. Hyland


The Krusty Krab is a fictional fast food restaurant in the television series, "SpongeBob SquarePants". It is in the city of Bikini Bottom. The restaurant is run by a crabnamed Eugene H. Krabs. The other two workers at the restaurant are SpongeBob SquarePants (fry cook), and Squidward Tentacles (cashier). The fast food sold is the popular Krabby Pattys (which is similar to hamburgers but made of krill), and others such as French fries, and drinks.

SpongeBob SquarePants
Fictional buildings and structures

Krusty Krab


Charles Elbert Scoggins (1888-1955) was an American writer who specialized in adventure stories set in Central America.

Two of his stories were filmed by Hollywood; Untamed in 1929 and Tycoon, first serialized in the Saturday Evening Post in 1932 was filmed with John Wayne in 1947.

External links
C.E. Scoggins magazine stories https://web.archive.org/web/20081204124136/http://www.philsp.com/homeville/FMI/d1646.htm#A77321
C.E. Scoggins works in the Open Library https://openlibrary.org/a/OL2315333A/C._E._Scoggins

1888 births
1955 deaths
American short story writers
Pulp fiction writers
Place of birth missing

Charles Elbert Scoggins


Ecological thinning is a silvicultural technique used in forest management that involves cutting trees to improve functions of a forest other than timber production.

Although thinning originated as a man-made forest management tool, aimed at increasing timber yields, the shift from production forests to multifunctional forests brought with it the cutting of trees to manipulate an ecosystem for various reasons, ranging from removing non-native species from a plot to removing poplars growing on a riverside beach aimed at recreational use.

Since the 1970s, leaving the thinned trees on the forest floor has become an increasingly common policy: wood can be decomposed in a more natural fashion, playing an important role in increasing biodiversity by providing habitat to various invertebrates, birds and small mammals. Many fungi (e.g. Calocera viscosa) and mosses are saproxylic or epixylic as well (e.g. Marchantiophyta) – some moss species completing their entire life-cycle on a single log.

Where trees are managed under a commercial regime, competition is reduced by removing adjacent stems that exhibit less favourable timber quality potential. When left in a natural state trees will "self-thin", but this process can be unreliable in some circumstances. Examples of this can be found in the Buxus–Ironbark forests and woodlands of Victoria (Australia) where a large proportion of trees are coppice, resultant from timber cutting in decades gone by.

Ecophysiological repercussions

Thinning decreases canopy closure and increases the penetration of solar radiation into the canopy. The photosynthetic efficiency of this energy is improved, and needle retention is prolonged, especially in the lower parts of the crown. The root system, crown length, crown diameter, and crown area all increase after thinning. Even if soil evaporation and individual tree transpiration increases after thinning, total evapo-transpiration at stand level tends to decrease; canopy water interception is reduced and throughfall increased, so that tree-water status usually improves after thinning.

Radial annual growth is an integrative index of tree physiological response to environmental variation. Working with Norway spruce, which can be expected to behave in some respects similarly to white spruce, Misson et al. showed that a reduction in stand density alters the classical climate–growth relationship. At individual tree level, thinning could be used to increase tree resistance to drought stress. Nevertheless, this effect is limited when site conditions are limiting. Misson et al. concluded that heavy thinning should be applied when forest decline is expected from drought stress. Furthermore, stands on dry sites should be thinned more heavily because such sites cannot support high-density stands.

Aussenac, also working with Norway spruce, investigated the response to thinning. Thinning altered the temporal evolution of radial growth at all frequencies in radial growth chronologies. Previous studies had shown, not surprisingly, that thinning decreases the canopy closure and encourages solar radiation to penetrate the canopy. Solar energy then becomes more important inside the crown. The improved photosynthetic efficiency of this energy influences the retention time of needles, especially in the lower part of the crown. Furthermore, the length, diameter, and area, of the crown, and the size of the root system all increase after thinning.

These modifications at the crown level influence photosynthate production positively as long as water supply is not limiting. Even if soil evaporation and individual tree transpiration are more important after thinning, total evapo-transpiration at stand level tends to decrease. Furthermore, with the reduced importance of leaf area index (LAI), thinning reduces canopy water interception and increases throughfall. This explains why the soil moisture content increases in a thinned stand. Thus, during the vegetation period, tree-water status is usually better in a thinned stand than in a high-density stand.

For semi-tolerant species such as Norway spruce and white spruce, solar energy is less limiting than for intolerant species. This can account for the exponential relationship found by Misson et al. between thinning intensity and mean radial growth. Only when thinning was relatively severe did important radial growth variation occur. Furthermore, the ecophysiological advantage of an improved water supply could be counterbalanced by limiting site conditions.

For Norway spruce in the Belgian Ardennes, Misson et al. recommended that stand basal area should not exceed 26 m2/ha on a dry site, or 29 m2/ha on a moist site if the objective is to maintain high long-term radial growth.

Misson et al. found that adaptations to thinning cover a continuous range of different time scales, with long-, medium-, and short-term growth variations being controlled by very different internal factors influenced by the environment. Misson et al. ascribed what they called long- and medium-term radial growth variation of individual trees mainly to structural adaptation, such as enlargement of the crown or the root system. Short-term radial growth variations, on the other hand, were considered to be due mainly to physiological acclimatisation, with response to factors such as stomatal conductance regulation, variation of photosynthetic capacity, and respiration. Nevertheless, it is clear that the adaptations are linked, and that radial growth is the integrative response of this mutual inter-relationship.

Research
Research programs under way in various parts of the world (e.g. United States and Australia) are aimed at providing an alternate approach in forest management where conservation objectives are a high priority. Methods of ecological thinning being developed on silvicultural techniques for local forest types. Ecological thinning is being developed using two principles: 1. appropriate stem reduction to reduce competition and 2. retention of trees (selection) that are more suitable for wildlife (i.e. not timber production).  An example of ecological thinning research is the project in Victoria's Box-Ironbark forests, investigating various thinning and timber removal methods under an adaptive management or AEM framework. The primary objective is to generate (over time) a number of forest habitat values (i.e. tree hollows) that are crucial for wildlife conservation.

See also
 Habitat conservation

References

External links
 Parks Victoria Box-Ironbark Parks & Reserves – follow link to thinning trial FAQ
 Ecological Thinning Conference Poster – Poster presented to ESA2004 in Adelaide, Australia
 Review of Thinning Prescriptions – Review of thinning in park management in Australia
 Cedar River Watershed Habitat Conservation Plan – Catchment project in Seattle, US

Forest management
Forest ecology
Sustainable forest management
Environmental terminology
Habitat
Sustainable agriculture

Ecological thinning


Francis Anthony Fasani (6 August 1681 – 29 November 1742) was an Italian friar of the Order of Conventual Friars Minor who has been declared a saint by the Catholic Church.

He was a friend of another Conventual friar, Antonio Lucci.

Early life
He was born Giovanniello Fasani on 6 August 1681 in Lucera, in the Province of Foggia, then part of the Kingdom of Naples. He was the son of Giuseppe Fasani and Isabella della Monaca. He began his studies at the Conventual friary in his town and there entered the order, taking the religious names of Francis and Anthony. Fasani professed his religious vows in 1696.

Religious life
Once having professed his vows, Fasani began theological studies in Agnone, and continued them in the General Study Centre at Assisi, close to the tomb of St. Francis. It was there that Fasani was ordained to the priesthood in 1705.  He stayed in Assisi, and completed his theological studies there in 1707.

From 1707 until his death in 1742, Fasani resided in his hometown of Lucer, and endeared himself to the faithful of that town as well as Daunia and Molise. In 1709, he received the degree of Doctor of Theology and, from that time on, Fasani became known to all as "" ('Father Master'), a title which is still attributed to him today in Lucera. Fasani also fulfilled many duties in the Franciscan Order, being a respected teacher of scholastic philosophy, and was entrusted with the position of Master of novices and the junior professed friars. He was later appointed to serve as the guardian of the community of friars and the pastor of the town. He came to be elected Minister Provincial of his province in the Order.
As a worthy ministry of "the one who uninterruptedly exercises his priestly mission for us in the Liturgy through the Spirit" (PO, 5), Fasani dedicated himself with zeal-especially the administration of the sacrament of Penance and the celebration of the Holy Eucharist. "He heard the confession of every type of person," asserted a witness, "with the greatest patience and kindness on his face". He was charitable and welcoming to all, giving as his reason the hope of being able one day to say to the Lord: "I was indulgent, I don't deny it; but it was You who taught me to be so."

Fasani was known for having a deep life of prayer and was considered to be a mystic, becoming greatly in demand as a confessor and preacher. He constantly preached popular parish missions, gave retreats and led Lenten devotions and novenas - either in his own town or wherever he was requested. It was reported by his contemporaries that he would levitate while at prayer. At the same time, he was a steadfast friend of the poor, constantly seeking out the financial support necessary for efforts to meet their needs.

Fasani died in Lucera and was buried in the parish church there. Upon the news of his death, children could be heard running through the streets shouting, "The saint is dead! The saint is dead!"

Veneration
The proceedings to open the cause for his canonization began several years after his death. Testimony to his holy life was given by many people of region. Among them was his old friend, Lucci, who by then was a bishop in the region. Progress did not take place, however, until the 20th century, when he was beatified in 1951, and subsequently canonized in 1986. His feast day is celebrated by the Franciscan Order on 29 November.

References

1681 births
1742 deaths
People from Lucera
Conventual Friars Minor
Franciscan saints
18th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
Italian Roman Catholic saints
18th-century Christian saints
18th-century Christian mystics
Roman Catholic mystics
Beatifications by Pope Pius XII
Canonizations by Pope John Paul II
Burials in the Province of Foggia

Francis Fasani


Baron Ormathwaite, of Ormathwaite in the County of Cumberland, was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 16 April 1868 for Sir John Walsh, 2nd Baronet, the long-standing former Member of Parliament for Sudbury and Radnorshire. The family descended from William Benn, of Moor Row in Cumberland, the member of an old north-country family. His son John Benn was in the service of the Honourable East India Company and represented Bletchingley in the House of Commons. He married Margaret, daughter of Joseph Fowke, of Bexley, Kent, by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Joseph Walsh. In 1795 he assumed by Royal licence the surname of Walsh in lieu of Benn, in accordance with the will of his wife's uncle Sir John Walsh (1726-1795). In 1804 he was created a Baronet in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. He was succeeded by his only son, the aforementioned second Baronet, who was elevated to the peerage in 1868. Apart from his long spell in the House of Commons he also served as Lord-Lieutenant of Radnorshire.

On his death the titles passed to his son, the second Baron. He sat as Member of Parliament for Leominster and Radnorshire and served as Lord-Lieutenant of Radnorshire. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the third Baron. He represented Radnorshire in Parliament as a Conservative and was Lord-Lieutenant of Radnorshire. Lord Ormathwaite also held several positions at the Royal court, notably as Master of the Ceremonies from 1907 to 1920. He was childless and on his death the titles passed to his younger brother, the fourth Baron. He was succeeded by his younger brother, the fifth Baron. He held several minor diplomatic positions. When he died the titles passed to his son, the sixth Baron. The sixth and last Baron Ormathwaite was a farmer and landowner, who owned the Pen-y-Bont Hall Estate, near Oswestry, Shropshire. He never married and on his death in 1984 the baronetcy and barony became extinct.
As late as in 1937 the Ormathwaite Estate comprised some 28000 acres of land, primarily in Radnorshire and other parts of the Welsh Borders.

Walsh Baronets of Ormathwaite, Cumberland (1804)
Sir John Benn Walsh, 1st Baronet (1759–1825)
Sir John Benn Walsh, 2nd Baronet (1798–1881) (created Baron Ormathwaite in 1868)

Barons Ormathwaite (1868)
John Walsh, 1st Baron Ormathwaite (1798–1881)
Arthur Walsh, 2nd Baron Ormathwaite (1827–1920)
Arthur Henry John Walsh, 3rd Baron Ormathwaite (1859–1937)
George Harry William Walsh, 4th Baron Ormathwaite (1863–1943)
Reginald Walsh, 5th Baron Ormathwaite (1868–1944)
John Arthur Charles Walsh, 6th Baron Ormathwaite (1912–1984)

References
Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage'' (1968 edition)

Information on the Walsh family
Astronomy and Geology compared by Lord Ormathwaite, 1872

Extinct baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1868
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Baron Ormathwaite


Albert Bernhard van Raalte (21 May 1890, Amsterdam – 23 November 1952) was a Dutch conductor, the son of Izak van Raalte and Carolina van Engel.  He began music studies at age 7, from such teachers as Herman Meerlo and Arnold Drilsma (both violin), and J.W. Kersbergen (piano).

From 1906 to 1909, van Raalte studied at the Hochschule für Musik Köln, where his teachers included Fritz Steinbach (conducting), Bram Eldering (violin), Lazzaro Uzielli (piano), and Waldemar von Baussern (harmony and counterpoint). He later pursued further studies in music theory with Max Reger and in conducting with Bruno Walter and Camille Saint-Saëns.  His conducting career began with a 1909 concert at the Musikalische Gesellschaft in Cologne. In 1911–1912, he was a répétiteur at La Monnaie (Brussels).  He worked as an opera conductor in Germany and the Netherlands from 1912 until the outbreak of World War II.

From 1928 to 1940, van Raalte conducted concerts on Dutch radio (AVRO), until his dismissal during World War II.  After the war, from 1945 to 1949, he served as the first principal conductor of the Radio Filharmonisch Orkest. He also undertook guest conducting opportunities, such as with the Scottish [National] Orchestra.

Van Raalte married Helena Wilhelmina Sophia Horneman on 23 July 1918. The couple had one son.

References

External links
Biography of Albert van Raalte from the Huygens Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis

1890 births
1952 deaths
Dutch conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Musicians from Amsterdam
20th-century conductors (music)
Répétiteurs
20th-century Dutch male musicians

Albert van Raalte


Frederick Robert Charles Clarke, known largely by his initials F. R. C. Clarke (August 7, 1931 – November 18, 2009) was a Canadian musician and composer who spent most of his musical career in Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Clarke was born in Vancouver, British Columbia in 1931. He earned the University of Toronto degrees of Bachelor of Music in 1951 and  Doctor of Music in 1954. A distinguished Canadian organist, he earned the Royal Canadian College of Organists' prestigious diplomas of Associate and Fellowship by examination. Among his teachers were George Laughlin, Eric Rollinson, Kenneth Ross, Healey Willan, and S. Drummond Wolff. He served as organist-choirmaster for several Toronto-area churches during his time in the city.  From 1957–58, he conducted the St. Catharines Civic Orchestra (now the Niagara Symphony Orchestra), before moving to Kingston and taking up the role of organist-choirmaster at Sydenham Street United Church, a role he served from 1958 until his retirement, after which he served as Organist Emeritus.  He began teaching music at Queen's University in 1964, and was head of the Music Department (which became the School of Music during his tenure) from 1981–1991.

Clarke's better-known compositions include "Bel and the Dragon" (1954), "Sing a New Song to the Lord" (1960), "Psalm 145" (1966), which won the 1967 CBC prize for choral music, "Festival Te Deum" (1972), and "Reginae" (1991). His was commissioned to write "Saugeenia" performed by the Georgian Bay Symphony and the Centennial Singers in 1981. Clarke also chaired the committee that produced The Hymn Book (1971) shared by the Anglican Church of Canada and the United Church of Canada, contributing several hymn tunes (including Concrete, Sydenham Street, Causa Divina, Tradition, Kingston, Orbis Terrarum and A Blessing) and arrangements.  In 1982, Clarke published a biography of Canadian composer Healey Willan.

Clarke died of cancer at his home in Kingston on November 18, 2009 at the age of 78.

External links
 Entry for F.R.C. Clarke at The Canadian Encyclopedia
 Obituary from the Kingston Whig Standard

See also

 Music of Canada
 List of Canadian composers

References

Canadian male composers
Members of the United Church of Canada
Musicians from Vancouver
University of Toronto alumni
Academic staff of Queen's University at Kingston
2009 deaths
1931 births
20th-century Canadian composers
20th-century Canadian male musicians

F. R. C. Clarke


Hye Rim Lee (born 1963 in Seoul) is a South Korean-born New Zealand artist. She is mainly known for her 3D animations and digital photography.

Lee was born in Seoul, South Korea and studied at Ewha Womans University. In 1985 she graduated with a Bachelor of Music degree, majoring in voice. In 1993 Lee moved to New Zealand and completed a Bachelor of Fine Arts majoring in intermedia at Elam School of Fine Arts at the University of Auckland in 2002.

In 2013 Lee held the position of visiting research fellow, faculty of design and creative technology at Auckland University of Technology.

References

Living people
Artists from Seoul
Ewha Womans University alumni
South Korean emigrants to New Zealand
New Zealand people of Korean descent
New Zealand women artists
Elam Art School alumni
1963 births

Hye Rim Lee


Showa Women's University is a private university for women in Sangenjaya, Setagaya Ward in Tokyo, Japan. SWU was founded in 1920 and re-established in 1949. The university shares a campus with a graduate school, a high school, a junior high school, an elementary school and a nursery school. Showa's founder, Enkichi Hitomi, was influenced by the educational ideas of Lev Tolstoy.

History
Showa Women's University as we know it today is a women's private university. It was opened in 1920 and was named 'Japan Women's Institute'. The 'Institute' as it was known at that time, was founded by Mr. Hitomi Enkichi, whose educational ideas were influenced by the infamous Lev Tolstoy. The institute was in the Bunkyo Ward of Tokyo. In 1922, the school changed its name from 'Japan Women's Institute' to 'Japan Women's College'. They had moved location from Bunkyo Ward in Tokyo to its present location in Taishido, Setagaya Ward, in Tokyo. In 1949, the College had changed its name one final time from 'Japan Women's College' to 'Showa Women's University' as they are known today. Showa Women's University has been offering excellent educational opportunities from Kindergarten to Graduate School.

Departments

Undergraduate School

Faculty of Humanities & Culture
Department of Japanese Language & Literature
The 3 fields of Japanese studies include Japanese Literature, Japanese Language and Teaching Japanese as a Foreign Language.

Department of English Language and Communication
Students have the opportunity to work on their English skills by studying abroad at Showa Boston Institute of Language and Culture in Boston, Massachusetts.

Department of History & Culture
Students study and compare history and culture between Japan and the rest of the world.

Department of International studies
Students learn and study global issues while attaining fluency in both English and other foreign languages.

Faculty of Human & Social Sciences
Students investigate and study the social groups in human society using history, economics, geography, law, psychology and international relations.

Department of Psychology
Students use scientific processes to study both human and animal behavior, with the object of understanding why living beings behave as they do.

Department of Welfare Society
Students may choose from 3 courses that include Social Work, Welfare Career and Parenting Support.

Department of Contemporary Liberal Arts
Students learn social sciences including subjects such as literature, languages, philosophy, history, mathematics, and science.

Department of Elementary Education
Students learn to become educators and obtain multiple licenses allowing them to teach nursery school, kindergarten and elementary school.

Faculty of Human Life & Environmental Sciences
Students learn a wide variety of professional careers that include community service, education, business, government and industry. From these careers, finds ways of improving life for individuals and/or families to live and function in society. Furthermore, students also study the management of resources, human goals and needs for family relationships, working environments, human development, living environments, food and apparel.

Department of Human Environmental Science and Design
Students study more in depth the following four fields including costume design management, product design, design production and architecture interior design.

Department of Human Health and Design
Students learn the health science] and can choose to specialize in either exercise, perception or food science.

Department of Food Science & Nutrition
Students study food science which is the chemical, biological, and physical nature of food components – and the technology to bring good, healthy food from the farm to the table. Nutrition is where students study various foods chemistry, ways of cooking and eating well so they can prescribe diets for both health and disease.

Junior College
Is a two-year college program aimed at offering students academic, professional and vocational training and education. An associate degree is the highest certificate offered at the Junior College level. Students may opt to transfer their Junior College credits to a four-year college or university.

Department of Culture and Creative Arts
Students learn the differences and similarities of English and Japanese cultures using television, film, theatre, music and art history.

Hitomi Memorial Hall
The Showa Women's University Hitomi Memorial Hall on the university campus is famous for its great acoustics. Many classical concerts with many famous conductors have used this now famous concert hall. In 1986, the Suntory Hall at Akasaka opened in central Tokyo causing a slight decrease in the number of concerts in the Hitomi Memorial Hall. It is still used for concerts for the public still.

The General Education Center
This education center offers students teacher training programs, foreign language studies and liberal arts.

Graduate School Of Letters
This consists of the Doctoral and Master of Arts programs that consists of 12 subjects including Department of Japanese Language and Literature, Department of English and American Literature,
Department of Language Educational Communication, Graduate School of Human Life Sciences, Department of Human Science and Culture, Department of Psychology, Department of Welfare Society, Department of Education, Department of Environmental Design, Department of Human Science and Design, and Department of Human Life Science and Culture.

Showa Junior & Senior High School
Showa Junior & Senior High School is included in the Showa School network and was established in 1922. Students study for 6 years. This school is in Taishido, Setagaya Ward in Tokyo. Currently, approximately 44.2%, or 100 students, enter the Showa Women's University after graduating from Showa Junior & Senior High School.

Showa Elementary School
Showa Elementary was established in 1953. This is a coed elementary school. About 75% of the girls that complete Showa Elementary School enter Showa Junior & Senior High School.

Showa Kindergarten
Showa Kindergarten was established in 1951. Children here learn English, science, and arts. Most students from the kindergarten enter Showa Elementary School.

Study Abroad
Showa Women's University has numerous programs to study abroad in the USA and around the world. Showa Women's University places a heavy emphasis on study-abroad programs because of the growing demand for global communications and business. Many students are currently involved in these exchange programs.
Showa Boston Institute for Language and Culture in Massachusetts opened in 1988 and is a key campus in our study abroad program. Because of Boston's rich academic, culture and history, it helps in the cultural experience the students. Over 700 students travel to the Boston campus to experience the school and its culture every year. Showa was recognized by the Foreign Minister in 2010 for this ongoing effort. The Japanese students learn English and about American culture while experiencing schooling in an American school environment. English majors spend up to three (3) semesters there. For Nutrition, Teaching Japanese and Early Elementary Education there is a specialized two-week program.
There is a 15-week program that focuses mainly on English. Students can learn about American society and culture by experiencing their community learning and field work.
There is also a one-month Summer Session during their summer break that gives students one (1) choice out of seven (7) programs to choose from based on their interest.
American Culture, Volunteer, American Food and Culture, Museum, Education, Psychology, Business English

Other Showa Campuses
Include Boshu, Tomei, Aizu, Boston

Other websites
 Map in English  to Showa.

Colleges and universities in Tokyo
1920 establishments in Asia
1920s establishments in Japan

Showa Women's University