My Story is a series of historical novels for older children  published by Scholastic New Zealand which was inspired by Dear America. Each book is written in the form of a fictional diary of a young person living during an important event or time period in New Zealand history. The series was renamed My New Zealand Story around 2010 when the style of the covers also changed.

Books

Journey to Tangiwai: The Diary of Peter Cotterill, Napier, 1953 by David Hill (2003)
A Better Life: The Diary of Ivana Ivanovich, Dargaville, 1924–25 by Amelia Batistich (2003)
Abandon Ship!: The Diary of Debbie Atherton, Wellington, 1968 by Shirley Corlett (2003) [Retitled The Wahine Disaster: Wellington, 1968 in 2012
Finding Father: The Journal of Mary Brogan, Otago, 1862 by Pauline Cartwright (2004) [Retitled Gold: Otago, 1862 in 2010
Earthquake: The Diary of Katie Bourke, Napier, 1930–31 by Janine McVeagh (2004)
A New Song in the Land: The Writings of Atapo, Paihia, c1840 by Fleur Beale (2004) [Retitled Mission Girl: Paihia, c.1840 in 2010
Below the Mountains: The Diary of Amy McDonald, Milford Road, 1935–36 by Jean Bennett (2005)
Chinatown Girl: The Diary of Silvey Chan, Auckland, 1942 by Eva Wong Ng (2005)
Fire in the Sky: The Diary of James Collier, Tarawera, 1886 by Shirley Corlett (2005)
A Long Way From Home: The Diary of Lillian Glenmore, Whangateau, 1943 by Lorraine Orman  (2005) [Retitled Here Come the Marines: Warkworth, 1943 in 2012
Escape from Sarau: The Diary of Emilie Ritter, Nelson District, 1882 by Leone Morris-Bensemann (2006)
Aquarius, My Ohu Year: The Diary of Starshine Penney, 1975 by Jill Brasell (2006)
Castaway: The Diary of Samuel Abraham Clark, Disappointment Island, 1907 by Bill O'Brien (2006)
Sitting on the Fence: The Diary of Martin Daly, Christchurch, 1981 by Bill Nagelkerke (2007)
Kauri in My Blood: The Diary of Laura Ann Findlay, The Coromandel, 1921–24 by Joanna Orwin (2007)
Be Counted!: The Diary of Amy Phelps, Dunedin, 1893 by Janine McVeagh (2007)
Land of Promise: The Diary of William Donahue, Gravesend to Wellington, 1839–40 by Lorraine Orman (2008)
Sabotage!: The Diary of Rowan Webb, Auckland, 1985 by Sharon Holt (2008) [Retitled Rainbow Warrior: Auckland, 1985 in 2015
Poor Man's Gold: The Diary of Reuben Radcliffe, Northland, 1899–1900 by Kath Beattie (2008) [Retitled Gumdigger: Northland 1899–1900 in 2011
"The Mine's Afire!": The Journal of Tommy Carter, Brunnerton, 1896  by Susan Battye (2009)
No Survivors: The Diary of Jackie Simms, Hamilton, 1979 by Sharon Holt (2009)
Pandemic: Spanish Flu, 1918 by Sally Stone (2012)
Cyclone Bola: Gisborne, 1988 by Kath Beattie (2013)
Cup Magic: Auckland/San Diego 1995 by Susan Battye (2013)
Canterbury Quake: Christchurch 2010–11 by Desna Wallace (2014)
Lighthouse Family: Coastal New Zealand, 1941–42 by Philippa Werry (2013)
Harbour Bridge: Auckland, 1958–59 by Philippa Werry (2014)
Bastion Point: 507 Days on Takaparawha: Auckland, 1977-78 by Tania Roxborogh (2017)
Dawn Raid by Pauline (Vaeluaga) Smith (2018)

See also

Dear America
Dear Canada
I Am Canada
My Story (UK)
My Australian Story

External links
Scholastic New Zealand homepage
Books in the My New Zealand series on Wheelers Books (Schools & Public Libraries Supplier) website

References

Series of children's books
Young adult novel series
Children's historical novels
New Zealand children's books
Historical novels
New Zealand novels
Fictional diaries
Novels set in New Zealand
Children's books set in New Zealand
Book series introduced in 2003

My Story (Scholastic New Zealand)


Red Guards () were a mass, student-led paramilitary social movement mobilized by Chairman Mao Zedong in 1966 until their abolishment in 1968, during the first phase of the Cultural Revolution, which he had instituted.

According to a Red Guard leader, the movement's aims were as follows:

Despite meeting with resistance early on, the Red Guards received personal support from Mao, and the movement rapidly grew. The movement in Beijing culminated during the "Red August" of 1966, which later spread to other areas in mainland China. Mao made use of the group as propaganda and to accomplish goals such as seizing power and destroying symbols of China's pre-communist past ("Four Olds"), including ancient artifacts and gravesites of notable Chinese figures. Moreover, the government was very permissive of the Red Guards, and even allowed the Red Guards to inflict bodily harm on people viewed as dissidents. The movement quickly grew out of control, frequently coming into conflict with authority and threatening public security until the government made efforts to rein the youths in, with even Mao himself finding the leftist students to have become too radical. The Red Guard groups also suffered from in-fighting as factions developed among them. By the end of 1968, the group as a formal movement had dissolved.

Origins

The first students to call themselves "Red Guards" in China were from the Tsinghua University Middle School, who were given the name to sign two big-character posters issued on 25 May – 2 June 1966. The students believed that the criticism of the play Hai Rui Dismissed from Office was a political issue and needed greater attention. The group of students – led by Zhang Chengzhi at Tsinghua Middle School and Nie Yuanzi at Peking University – originally wrote the posters as a constructive criticism of Tsinghua University and Peking University's administrations, who were accused of harbouring intellectual elitism and bourgeois tendencies. Most of the early Red Guards came from the so-called "Five Red Categories".

The Red Guards were denounced as counter-revolutionaries and radicals by the school administration and by fellow students and were forced to secretly meet amongst the ruins of the Old Summer Palace. Nevertheless, Chairman Mao Zedong ordered that the manifesto of the Red Guards be broadcast on national radio and published in the People's Daily newspaper. This action gave the Red Guards political legitimacy, and student groups quickly began to appear across China. By the end of August 1966, almost every Chinese city and a majority of counties had Red Guard activity. Eighty-five percent of counties had local Red Guard activity by October 1966. According to sociologist Andrew G. Walder, "These figures represent a remarkable level of popular political mobilization. At no point in the previous history of the regime were ordinary citizens permitted, much less encouraged, to form independent political organizations."

Due to the factionalism already emerging in the Red Guard movement, President Liu Shaoqi made the decision in early June 1966 to send in Chinese Communist Party (CCP) work teams. These workgroups were led by Zhang Chunqiao, head of China's Propaganda Department, in an attempt by the Party to keep the movement under control. Rival Red Guard groups led by the sons and daughters of cadres were formed by these work teams to deflect attacks from those in positions of power towards bourgeois elements in society, mainly intellectuals. In addition, these Party-backed rebel groups also attacked students with 'bad' class backgrounds, including children of former landlords and capitalists. These actions were all attempts by the CCP to preserve the existing state government and apparatus.

Mao, concerned that these work teams were hindering the course of the Cultural Revolution, dispatched Chen Boda, Jiang Qing, Kang Sheng, and others to join the Red Guards and combat the work teams. In July 1966, Mao ordered the removal of the remaining work teams (against the wishes of Liu Shaoqi) and condemned their 'Fifty Days of White Terror', a label referencing the period of time the work teams were active. The Red Guards were then free to organize without the restrictions of the Party and, within a few weeks, on the encouragement of Mao's supporters, Red Guard groups had appeared in almost every school in China.

Chiang Kai-Shek believed Mao lost trust in CCP officials and members, Communist Youth League of China (CYLC) members, and even workers, peasants and soldiers, so he had put faith in the students, and made use of the Red Guards to preserve his authority, Chiang also believed Mao started the massive purge among knowledgeable and contributive CCP officials and members and CYLC members in the name of Maoism, let Red Guards replace them to inherite the party.

Role in the Cultural Revolution

Red August

Mao Zedong expressed personal approval and support for the Red Guards in a letter to Tsinghua University Red Guards on 1 August 1966.<ref name=autogenerated1>(Chinese){{Cite web |url=http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/85039/14329784.html |title=倪天祚, '毛主席八次接见红卫兵的组织工作' 中国共产党新闻网 |trans-title=Chairman Mao received the organization of the Red Guards eight times. |last=Ni |first=Tianqi |date=7 April 2011 |website=people.com.cn |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001215921/http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/85039/14329784.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the "Red August" of Beijing, Mao gave the movement a public boost at a massive rally on 18 August at Tiananmen Square. Mao appeared atop Tiananmen wearing an olive green military uniform, the type favored by Red Guards, but which he had not worn in many years. He personally greeted 1,500 Red Guards and waved to 800,000 Red Guards and onlookers below.

The rally was led by Chen Boda and Lin Biao gave a keynote speech. Red Guard leaders, led by Nie Yuanzi, also gave speeches. A high school Red Guard leader, Song Binbin, placed a red armband inscribed with the characters for "Red Guard" on the chairman, who stood for six hours. The 8-18 Rally, as it was known, was the first of eight receptions the Chairman gave to Red Guards in Tiananmen in the fall of 1966. It was this rally that signified the beginning of the Red Guards' involvement in implementing the aims of the Cultural Revolution.

A second rally, held on 31 August, was led by Kang Sheng and Lin Biao also donned a red arm band. The last rally was held on 26 November 1966.  In all, the Chairman greeted eleven to twelve million Red Guards, most of whom traveled from afar to attend the ralliesMeisner, p. 340 including one held on National Day 1966, which included the usual civil-military parade.

During Red August, large number of members of "Five Black Categories" were persecuted and even killed.

 Attacks upon the "Four Olds"

In August 1966, the 11th Plenum of the CCP Central Committee had ratified the 'Sixteen Articles', a document that stated the aims of the Cultural Revolution and the role students would be asked to play in the movement. After the 18 August rally, the Cultural Revolution Group directed the Red Guards to attack the 'Four Olds' of Chinese society (i.e., old customs, old culture, old habits, and old ideas). For the rest of the year, Red Guards marched across China in a campaign to eradicate the 'Four Olds'. Old books and art were destroyed, museums were ransacked, and streets were renamed with new revolutionary names, adorned with pictures and the sayings of Mao. Many famous temples, shrines, and other heritage sites in Beijing were attacked.

The Cemetery of Confucius was attacked in November 1966 by a team of Red Guards from Beijing Normal University, led by Tan Houlan. The corpse of the 76th-generation Duke Yansheng was removed from its grave and hung naked from a tree in front of the palace during the desecration of the cemetery.

Attacks on other cultural and historic sites occurred between 1966 and 1967. One of the greater damages was to the Ming Dynasty Tomb of the Wanli Emperor in which his and the empress' corpses, along with a variety of artifacts from the tomb, were destroyed by student members of the Red Guard. Between the assaults on Wan Li and Confucius' tombs alone, more than 6,618 historic Chinese artifacts were destroyed in the desire to achieve the goals of the Cultural Revolution.

Individual property was also targeted by Red Guard members if it was considered to represent one of the Four Olds. Commonly, religious texts and figures would be confiscated and burned. In other instances, items of historic importance would be left in place, but defaced, with examples such as Qin Dynasty scrolls having their writings partially removed, and stone and wood carvings having the faces and words carved out of them.

Re-education came alongside the destruction of previous culture and history; throughout the Cultural Revolution schools were a target of Red Guard groups to teach both the new ideas of the Cultural Revolution as well as to point out what ideas represented the previous era idealizing the Four Olds. For example, one student, Mo Bo, described a variety of the Red Guards activities taken to teach the next generation what was no longer the norms. This was done according to Bo with wall posters lining the walls of schools pointing out workers who undertook "bourgeois" lifestyles. These actions inspired other students across China to join the Red Guard as well. One of these very people, Rae Yang, described how these actions inspired students. Through authority figures, such as teachers, using their positions as a form of absolute command rather than as educators, gave students a reason to believe Red Guard messages. In Yang's case it is exemplified through a teacher using a poorly phrased statement as an excuse to shame a student to legitimize the teacher's own position.

Attacks on culture quickly descended into attacks on people. Ignoring guidelines in the 'Sixteen Articles' which stipulated that persuasion rather than force were to be used to bring about the Cultural Revolution, officials in positions of authority and perceived 'bourgeois elements' were denounced and suffered physical and psychological attacks. On 22 August 1966, a central directive was issued to stop police intervention in Red Guard activities. Those in the police force who defied this notice were labeled "counter-revolutionaries." Mao's praise for rebellion effectively endorsed the actions of the Red Guards, which grew increasingly violent.

Public security in China deteriorated rapidly as a result of central officials lifting restraints on violent behavior. Xie Fuzhi, the national police chief, said it was "no big deal" if Red Guards were beating "bad people" to death. The police relayed Xie's remarks to the Red Guards and they acted accordingly. In the course of about two weeks, the violence left some 100 teachers, school officials, and educated cadres dead in Beijing's western district alone. The number injured was "too large to be calculated."

The most gruesome aspects of the campaign included numerous incidents of torture, murder, and public humiliation. Many people who were targets of 'struggle' could no longer bear the stress and committed suicide. In August and September 1966, there were 1,772 people murdered in Beijing alone. In Shanghai there were 704 suicides and 534 deaths related to the Cultural Revolution in September. In Wuhan there were 62 suicides and 32 murders during the same period.

Intellectuals were to suffer the brunt of these attacks. Many were ousted from official posts such as university teaching, and allocated manual tasks such as "sweeping courtyards, building walls and cleaning toilets from 7am to 5pm" which would encourage them to dwell on past "mistakes." An official report in October 1966 stated that the Red Guards had already arrested 22,000 'counterrevolutionaries'.

The Red Guards were also tasked with rooting out 'capitalist roaders' (those with supposed 'right-wing' views) in positions of authority. This search was to extend to the very highest echelons of the CCP, with many top party officials, such as Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping and Peng Dehuai, being attacked both verbally and physically by the Red Guards. Liu Shaoqi was especially targeted, as he had taken Mao's seat as State Chairman (Chinese President) following the Great Leap Forward. Although Mao stepped down from his post as a sign of accepting responsibility, he was angered that Liu could take the reins of communist China.

 Clashes with the PLA
The Red Guards were not completely unchallenged. They were not permitted to enter Zhongnanhai, the Forbidden City, or any military facility that was tasked with classified information (i.e. special intelligence, Nuclear Weapons development). Several times, Red Guards attempted to storm Zhongnanhai and the 8341 Special Regiment, which was responsible for Mao's security, fired upon them.

Jiang Qing promoted the idea that the Red Guards should "crush the PLA," with Lin Biao seemingly supportive of her plans (e.g., permitting Red Guards to loot barracks). At the same time, several military commanders, oblivious to the ongoing chaos that the People's Liberation Army (PLA) had to deal with, disregarded their chain of command and attacked Red Guards whenever their bases or people were threatened. When Red Guards entered factories and other areas of production, they encountered resistance in the form of worker and peasant groups who were keen to maintain the status quo. In addition, there were bitter divisions within the Red Guard movement itself, especially along social and political lines. The most radical students often found themselves in conflict with more conservative Red Guards.

The leadership in Beijing also simultaneously tried to restrain and encourage the Red Guards, adding confusion to an already chaotic situation. On the one hand, the Cultural Revolution Group reiterated calls for non-violence. On the other hand, the PLA was told to assist the Red Guards with transport and lodging, and assist in organizing rallies. By the end of 1966, most of the Cultural Revolution Group were of the opinion that the Red Guards had become a political liability. The campaign against 'capitalist roaders' had led to anarchy, the Red Guards' actions had led to conservatism amongst China's workers, and the lack of discipline and the factionalism in the movement had made the Red Guards politically dangerous. 1967 would see the decision to dispel the student movement.

 Red Guard press
During the early period of the Cultural Revolution, independent publications by mass political organizations such as Red Guards grew, reaching an estimated number as high as 10,000. Publications were not uniform in style or form and ranged from mimeographed tabloids to newspapers printed with professional metal type in broadsheet format. The first Red Guard newspapers, Red Guard News ( 红卫兵报; Hongweibing bao) and Red Guard (红卫兵; Hongweibing) were published on September 1, 1966.

Red Guard newspapers adopted standard journalistic practices such as publishing editorials and commentator articles, as well as reprinted articles from publications such as People's Daily. Red Guard newspapers contained many articles regarding big-character posters and their function within the information environment of the Cultural Revolution.

A small but significant group of the Red Guard press focused on press criticism. This subset of Red Guard newspapers criticized pre-Cultural Revolution practices and proposed new modes of journalism. For example, a group of journalists from the prestigious newspaper Guangming Daily founded a rebel newspaper called Guangming Battle Bulletin (光明战报; Guangming zhanbao) in which they denounced the press theories of Liu Shaoqi and argued that the proletarian press should be a tool of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Rebel workers at Xinhua News Agency also published newspapers in which they commented and reported on press issues.

Because of their grass roots nature and organic connection with the masses, the Red Guard press was able to exercise public oversight over the Party press.

Factionalism within the Red Guards

"Enveloped in a trance of excitement and change," all student Red Guards pledged their loyalty to Chairman Mao Zedong. Many worshipped Mao above everything and this was typical of a "pure and innocent generation," especially of a generation that was brought up under a Marxist party, which discouraged religion altogether.

Factions quickly formed based on individual interpretations of Mao's statements. All groups pledged loyalty to Mao and claimed to have his best interests in mind, yet they continually engaged in verbal and physical skirmishes throughout the Cultural Revolution, proving that there was no core political foundation at work. This domestic anarchy continued until the second half of the Cultural Revolution, when the 9th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party started civil policies.

Youths from families with party-members and of revolutionary origin joined conservative factions. These factions focused on the socio-political status quo, keeping within their localities and working to challenge existing distributions of power and privilege. Those from the countryside and without ties to the CCP often joined radical groups who sought to change and uproot local government leadership. Among the disputes between Red Guard factions was the bloodline theory advocated by most conservative Red Guard groups in the early period of the Cultural Revolution. Under this political view, the issue of a good class background was a precondition for political participation. Students whose parents had been labeled right wing elements in 1957, for example, were not admitted in groups adhering to the bloodline theory. Although it was quickly politically discredited, the bloodline theory was highly influential and contentious among Red Guards in the early stages of the Cultural Revolution.

The primary goal of the radicals was to restructure existing political and social systems, as supposed "capitalist roaders" were corrupting the Socialist agenda. Primarily influenced by travel and a freer exchange of ideas from different regions of China, more joined the radical, rebel factions of the Red Guards by the second half of the Cultural Revolution.

Some historians, such as Andrew Walder, argue that individuals and their political choices also influenced the development of Red Guard factions across China. Interests of individuals, interactions with authority figures, and social interactions all altered identities to forge factions that would fight for new grievances against "the system".

Suppression by the PLA (1967–1968)
By February 1967, political opinion at the center had decided on the removal of the Red Guards from the Cultural Revolution scene in the interest of stability. The PLA forcibly suppressed the more radical Red Guard groups in Sichuan, Anhui, Hunan, Fujian, and Hubei provinces in February and March. Students were ordered to return to schools; student radicalism was branded 'counterrevolutionary' and banned. These groups, as well as many of their supporters, were later branded May Sixteenth elements after an ultra-left Red Guard organization based in Beijing.

May Sixteenth elements (五一六分子) were named after the so-called May Sixteenth Army Corps (五一六兵团; 1967–1968), ultra-left Red Guards in Beijing during the early years of the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) who targeted Zhou Enlai with the backing of Jiang Qing. The name came from the historic May 16 Notice (五一六通知) which Mao Zedong partially wrote and edited, which triggered the revolution. However, Mao was concerned with its radicalism, so in late 1967 the group was outlawed on conspiracy and anarchism charges, followed by the arrest of most Cultural Revolution Group members (except Jiang Qing). A nationwide campaign was later launched to liquidate "May Sixteenth Elements", which created further chaos.

There was a wide backlash in the spring against the suppression, with student attacks on any symbol of authority and PLA units, but not on Marshal Lin Biao, the Minister of National Defense and one of the Chairman's biggest allies. An order from Mao, the Cultural Revolution Group, the State Council, and the Central Military Affairs Committee of the PLA on 5 September 1967 instructed the PLA to restore order to China and end the chaos. The order came within months of incidents of PLA forces disobeying government and CRG orders during the summer (including the Wuhan incident), the aftermath of these resulted in even more violence amongst the Red Guards, even targeting local level PLA formations, raising fears of a repeat of the Wuhan events and other similar ones.

The PLA violently put down the national Red Guard movement in the year that followed, with the suppression often brutal. A radical alliance of Red Guard groups in Hunan province, called the Shengwulian, was involved in clashes with local PLA units, for example, and in the first half of 1968 was forcibly suppressed. At the same time the PLA carried out mass executions of Red Guards in Guangxi province that were unprecedented in the Cultural Revolution.

The final remnants of the movement were defeated in Beijing in the summer of 1968. Reportedly, in an audience of the Red Guard leaders with Mao, the Chairman informed them gently of the end of the movement with a tear in his eye. The repression of the students by the PLA was not as gentle. After the summer of 1968 some more-radical students continued to travel across China and play an unofficial part in the Cultural Revolution, but by then the movement's official and substantial role was over.

 Rustication

From 1962 to 1979, 16 to 18 million youths were sent to the countryside to undergo re-education.Bramall, Chris. Industrialization of Rural China, p. 148. Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2007. .

Sending city students to the countryside was also used to defuse the student fanaticism set in motion by the Red Guards. On 22 December 1968, Chairman Mao directed the People's Daily to publish a piece entitled "We too have two hands, let us not laze about in the city", which quoted Mao as saying "The intellectual youth must go to the country, and be educated from living in rural poverty." In 1969 many youths were rusticated.

 Economic positions
Among the economic positions some Red Guards supported included abolishing interest.

The majority of the workers in the Shanghai branch of the People's Bank of China were Red Guards and they formed a group called the Anti-Economy Liaison Headquarters within the branch. The Anti-Economy Liaison Headquarters dismantled economic organizations in Shanghai, investigated bank withdrawals, and disrupted regular bank service in the city.

 Monuments
Due to the sensitive nature of this part of Chinese history, most  Red Guard cemeteries were demolished prior to 2007.  The Red Guard Cemetery in People's Park (人民公园) in Shapingba District, Chongqing commemorates a group of the Red Guard called the 815.  In December 2009 that cemetery was made the first Cultural Revolution relic to be formally recognized for its cultural heritage site.

See also
 Red August
 Violent struggle
 Seizure of power (Cultural Revolution)
 Gang of Four
 Morning Sun (film)
 Socialist Patriotic Youth League
 Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung
 Little Pink, Red ribbon

References

Further reading

 Chan, A; 'Children of Mao: Personality Development and Political Activism in the Red Guard Generation'; University of Washington Press (1985)
 Chesneaux, J; 'China: The People's Republic Since 1949'; Harvester Press (1979)
 Howard, R; "Red Guards are always right". New Society, 2 February 1967, pp. 169–170.
 Karnow, S; 'Mao and China: Inside China's Cultural Revolution'; Penguin (1984)
 Meisner, M; 'Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic Since 1949'; Free Press (1986)
Teiwes, F; "Mao and His Followers". A Critical Introduction to Mao Zedong; Cambridge University Press (2010)
Van der Sprenkel, S; The Red Guards in perspective. New Society'', 22 September 1966, pp. 455–456.
Walder, A; 'Fractured Rebellion: the Beijing Red Guard Movement'; Harvard University Press (2009)

Youth organizations based in China
Cultural Revolution
Maoist terminology
Maoist organizations
Defunct organizations based in China
1966 in China
1967 in China

Red Guards


Edwin Quigley White (August 29, 1922 – November 1, 2012) was an American journalist who served as the Saigon bureau chief for the Associated Press from 1965 until 1975 during the height of the Vietnam War. Professionally, he was known as Quigley by colleagues. Those same colleagues also nicknamed him "unflappable Ed" for his calm demeanor in a crisis, particularly during his more than ten-year assignment covering the Vietnam War.

White was born on August 29, 1922, in Tipton, Missouri. He was interested in how Tipton's weekly newspaper was published as a child and decided to pursue journalism as a career. He received a bachelor's degree from the Missouri School of Journalism at the University of Missouri. He joined the United States Army during World War II. Once World War II ended, White and his unit were sent from the Philippines to Korea to help with the repatriation of Japanese troops from Korean Peninsula back to Japan. He also joined the staff of the Pacific Stars and Stripes, an Asian edition of the U.S. military newspaper, Stars and Stripes, while stationed in Asia during the postwar.

He then worked for five years at newspapers in both Kansas and Missouri after returning to the United States following World War II. One of his bosses recommended that he apply for a job at the Associated Press when he discussed his interest in reporting overseas. White joined the staff of the Associated Press' bureau in Kansas City in 1949. He then transferred to the AP's New York City office in 1954. He became the news editor for the Associated Press' Tokyo bureau, where the AP's  Asian operations were headquartered, in 1960.

During the early 1960s, White had long-term assignments covering the growing conflict in Vietnam, which required him to commute between Tokyo and South Vietnam. In 1965, as the war between the United States and North Vietnam began to escalate, White was named the Associated Press' bureau chief in Saigon (now known as Ho Chi Minh City). Notable AP reporters who served at the Saigon bureau under White included photographer Horst Faas, foreign correspondent George Esper, and Roy Essoyan, who later became White's friend and neighbor in Hawaii. White's tenure as bureau chief ended with the Fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975. White fled the city on one of the final helicopters to take off from the roof of the United States Embassy, Saigon.

White returned to the Tokyo bureau after the end of the Vietnam War. He moved to Hawaii in 1979, but transferred to the AP's Seoul bureau in 1980. He was sent to Seoul to help the AP's South Korean staff, who were dealing with increasing restriction on the media from the government of former President Chun Doo-hwan. He retired from the Associated Press in 1987 and moved to Hawaii.

White had been suffering from congestive heart failure during his later years. He died in his sleep at his home in Honolulu on November 1, 2012, at the age of 90. He had lived in Honolulu since his retirement in 1987. He was survived by his wife, Kim, who was originally from Vietnam; daughter, Rachel White Watanabe, and her husband, Michael Watanabe.

John Daniszewski, the current senior managing editor for international news at the Associated Press, praised White for his long career with the news agency, "Ed White led an extraordinary AP bureau that covered the American involvement in Vietnam from its start through the fall of Saigon in 1975...He embodied accuracy, dispassion and objectivity in his reporting, and his contribution to the telling of that history will never be forgotten by his colleagues".

References

2012 deaths
American male journalists
Associated Press reporters
American war correspondents of the Vietnam War
University of Missouri alumni
United States Army personnel of World War II
Writers from Honolulu
1922 births

Edwin Q. White


Adam Mania (born August 31, 1983 in Hickman, Nebraska) is a swimmer who competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece for Poland. In 2006, he switched allegiance to the United States. He grew up in Hickman, Nebraska, where he attended Norris School District 160 and swam for Beatrice High School.

He was initially trained at Country Kids Swim Team in Bennett, Nebraska.

He swam for the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he was a Big-10 champion in the 400 freestyle relay, and a 13-time All-American. He was the University of Wisconsin–Madison school record holder in the 100 backstroke, 200 backstroke, 200 breaststroke, and 200 individual medley. He was the U.S. National Champion in 2006 in the 100 backstroke and 200 individual medley in the meet held in Federal Way, Washington. In 2010 Mania was also part of his team's national championship 4 x 100 LCM Freestyle Relay, giving him his third U.S. national title.

Currently he is a coach and swimmer for Schroeder YMCA Swim Team in Brown Deer, Wisconsin and coached by Dave Anderson. His main training partner for the 2012 Olympic trials was Kevin Ewald.

His parents are Genowefa Szczerbowska and Zbigniew Mania.

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
American male swimmers
Polish male backstroke swimmers
Polish male breaststroke swimmers
Polish male medley swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Poland
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
People from Lancaster County, Nebraska
Wisconsin Badgers men's swimmers
21st-century Polish sportsmen
21st-century American sportsmen

Adam Mania


Gentle Ben is a bear character created by author Walt Morey and first introduced in a 1965 children's novel, Gentle Ben. The original novel told the story of the friendship between a large male bear named Ben and a boy named Mark. The story provided the basis for the 1967 film Gentle Giant, the popular late 1960s U.S. television series Gentle Ben, a 1980s animated cartoon and two early 2000s made-for-TV movies.

1965 children's novel Gentle Ben

Walt Morey, a filbert farmer and former boxer, had previously written many pulp fiction stories for adults dealing with subjects such as boxing, the Old West, and outdoor adventures, published in magazines such as Argosy. However, due to the decline in demand for pulp fiction caused by the advent of broadcast television in the 1950s, Morey stopped writing for ten years. His wife, a schoolteacher, challenged him to write adventure stories that would interest young readers, similar to those of Jack London. After several years, Morey took up her challenge with the goal of producing an adventure story for young readers that adults could also enjoy.

The result was Gentle Ben, which was based on Morey's own past experiences working and traveling in Alaska. Morey said that many of the book characters were based on real Alaskan people he had met. According to Morey, the concept of a boy's friendship with an Alaskan brown bear was also taken from real life, and such friendships and interactions between humans and bears were not unusual in Alaska.

Originally published in 1965 by E.P. Dutton, the novel was a success, selling nearly 3 million copies. As an unpublished draft it won the Dutton Animal Book Award resulting in its publication. Morey won the Dutton prize a second time in 1968 for Kävik the Wolf Dog. Morey went on to write many more children's novels, often involving themes of nature, animals and survival, but is perhaps best known for Gentle Ben.

Synopsis of the novel
Mark Andersen is a young teenage boy who lives in Alaska with his fisherman father and mother, Karl and Ellen Andersen. Mark is lonely after the death of his older brother, and befriends an Alaskan brown bear named Ben that was captured as a cub by local drunkard Fog Benson. Ben, now a large adult bear, spends his days chained alone in a shack on Benson's property, and the lonely bear bonds with the lonely boy who secretly visits him. Mark's parents are initially upset that he visits Ben, but eventually see that Mark and Ben have a special friendship and buy Ben from Fog Benson for Mark, on the condition that Mark help his father with the fishing to pay him back.

However, Fog Benson and his friends attack Ben and Ben fights back, injuring Fog. The townspeople, who generally regard brown bears as wild and unpredictable, now think that Ben is dangerous, and Mark is forced to abandon Ben on an island, where Ben is still menaced by Fog Benson and hunters. Soon afterwards, Karl's fishing boat is destroyed in a storm, so he takes a job minding a fish trap on the island where Ben is living, which leads to Mark and Ben's renewing their friendship. Then Ben helps a wealthy businessman and trophy hunter visiting the island, Peter King, who is trapped under a rock. Ben gently rolls the rock off him.  The grateful King pays a local guide to protect Ben and ends up going into business with Karl Andersen, so Ben will be safe and the Andersens' financial fortunes are greatly improved.

Memorial statue
An  tall (life size) carved wooden statue of Gentle Ben the bear stands in Walt Morey Park in Wilsonville, Oregon, a bear-themed park created on land that previously belonged to the Morey family. In 2012, the Gentle Ben statue was stolen from the park by local teens and dumped in a roadside ditch. It was later found and returned to the park.

1967 film Gentle Giant

1960s television series Gentle Ben

The CBS television series Gentle Ben premiered September 10, 1967, and ran until August 31, 1969, airing a total of 58 episodes in two seasons. The series chronicled the adventures of young Mark Wedloe (played by Clint Howard) and his lovable  black bear named Ben.

Gentle Ben was produced by Ivan Tors, who also produced the Gentle Giant pilot film. Tors was an established producer of successful TV series, including Sea Hunt, Flipper and Daktari. Like the Gentle Giant film, the TV series Gentle Ben was set in Florida (allowing Tors to use his own studio facilities there) rather than Alaska, and Ben was a large black bear instead of the brown bear of the original novel. The TV series picked up the story where Gentle Giant left off, with Mark's father Tom Wedloe already a wildlife officer in the Everglades, and Ben an adult bear and established family pet living outside (or sometimes inside) the Wedloes' house.

Cast of the TV series

The TV series had few regular characters, consisting of the Wedloe family and their friend and neighbor Henry Boomhauer. Clint Howard and Dennis Weaver continued their roles from the Gentle Giant film. The role of Ellen Wedloe, played in Gentle Giant by Vera Miles, was recast for the TV series with Beth Brickell. The Boomhauer character appeared in several of the episodes and was played by Clint's real-life father Rance Howard (who also wrote episodes for the show).

Other recurring characters included Hank Minegar, a squatter played by Robertson White (who had a different small role in Gentle Giant) and Willie, a friend of Mark's, played by Angelo Rutherford.

Although several black bears were used to play Ben, depending on what behavior was required for a particular scene, the role was played primarily by Bruno the Bear (who also played adult Ben in the Gentle Giant film).

Musician and voice actor Candy Candido provided the voice of Ben. Although the network wanted to have Ben speak like a human on the show, Tors disliked the idea, so Ben made only animal noises.

Notable guest stars included Burt Reynolds, Jay Silverheels, Strother Martin, Slim Pickens, Victor French, and Clint Howard's brother Ron Howard.

Bears in the TV series
Ralph Helfer's Africa U.S.A. animal ranch provided Bruno and other bears (as well as other animals) used in the series. The bears were obtained from Canada or near the Canada-U.S. border because those bears' coats were thicker and more photogenic than those of bears located further south in the U.S. The bears were declawed and had most of their teeth removed. Helfer stated that four bears were used to portray Ben, with other sources naming or listing additional bears, who may have been used in particular scenes or as stand-in bears. Some episodes and sequences also involved bear cubs or other bear characters that may have required additional bears.

Bruno was the favorite bear actor because of his good disposition, broad range of behaviors, facial expressions, and ability to work with children. A bear named Buck, who closely resembled Bruno but was a slightly smaller, younger and more agile bear, was used for scenes requiring the bear to run. According to Clint Howard, Bruno the bear and Buck the bear together did approximately 75 percent of the bear acting work.

A bear named Drum frequently appeared in scenes requiring the bear to enter water. Drum's coat was brown and had to be spray-painted to match the black coats of the other bears playing Ben. In the 1980s, Dennis Weaver recalled that a bear named Hammer, who occasionally misbehaved on the set, was used for bear scenes involving water. Other bears reportedly used included Smokey, Oscar, Baron, Tudor, Virgil, and a bear (identity unknown, possibly Hammer) with a tendency to fight who was used for bear fight scenes. Bear trainer Tuffy Truesdell, who owned nine bears including the elder and younger Victor the Wrestling Bear, also claimed that his bears did "most of the stand-in work" for the TV series.

According to most sources, the primary bear trainers and bear handlers who did most of the day-to-day bear work on the series were head bear trainer Monty Cox (who said that he was hired after "Ben" had "chewed up" a previous bear trainer), and Vern Debord. Other animal trainers involved in the series included Ron Oxley and Steve Martin. Derrick Rosaire Sr. and Pat Derby have also claimed involvement, although it is not clear whether they worked on the TV series or just on the Gentle Giant pilot film. Bruno and some of the other bears were trained using "affection training", which stressed establishing a respectful bond between animal and trainer, rather than using punishment or food rewards. However, food rewards were used to motivate at least one bear who responded better to that method. Bruno reportedly lived with Cox in a Miami apartment, sometimes even following him into the shower and sleeping in his bed.

During and after the run of the TV series, the name "Ben" or "Gentle Ben" was used to refer to a number of bears who had appeared in the show. Bruno's name was changed to "Ben" while he was appearing in the series; it was changed back to "Bruno" after the show ended. Oxley and Martin made personal appearances at fairs and events with a bear (often Drum) billed as "Gentle Ben." In the late 1960s and 1970s, Rosaire Sr. appeared with the Emmett Kelly Circus and elsewhere with a trained bear he called "Gentle Ben" that purportedly played the role. Rosaire Sr., his son and grandson have said over the years that this bear was a female bear who played both Ben's mother and Ben in the Gentle Giant film. (Ben's mother never appears in the TV series as she is killed at the beginning of the film, and the TV series takes place after the events of the film.)

Tuffy Truesdell also trained a wrestling brown bear known as "Gentleman Ben" and occasionally called "Gentle Ben" or "Ben", who wrestled in at least 80 matches for various promotions in the late 1960s and 1970s. Although Truesdell claimed that his bears did work on the TV series, there is no evidence linking the particular bear he called "Gentleman Ben" to the TV show, particularly since the show used black bears rather than brown bears.

After the Gentle Ben series ended, Bruno moved back to California with trainer Ron Oxley and continued his acting career, making a well-received appearance in the 1972 film The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean with Paul Newman. Bruno reportedly died in 1980 or 1981. Buck entertained visitors for many years at the Homosassa Springs Attraction in Florida (now part of Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park). Hammer retired from acting in 1969 and became the first black bear at the Dreher Park Zoo (later renamed the Palm Beach Zoo) in West Palm Beach, Florida, where he lived for almost 20 years. Derrick Rosaire Sr. continued to exhibit his bear named "Gentle Ben" throughout the 1970s. The fate of the other bear actors involved in Gentle Ben and the Gentle Giant pilot film is not currently known.

Although the bear character in a subsequent television series, The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams, was also named "Ben", that character was played by a grizzly bear rather than a black bear, and the show, character and bear actor had no connection to Gentle Ben, except for trainer Steve Martin supplying some animals (including a "backup" grizzly named Grizz) to the Grizzly Adams show.

Production
Gentle Ben was filmed in Florida at the Ivan Tors Studios (now Greenwich Studios) in North Miami and at various locations in the surrounding area, including Homosassa Springs and Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. The bears, who were from the northern United States or Canada and thus used to colder temperatures, had trouble adjusting to the warm climate. Following a severe flood that caused major damage to Africa U.S.A. in January 1969, the bears working on the show were relocated permanently to Homosassa Springs, where the Ivan Tors Animal Actor Training School was then operating.

Writers for the series included Roswell Rogers, Earl Hamner, Jr., Tam Spiva, Rance Howard, Gilbert Ralston, and Frank Telford. Many of the plots focused on themes relating to Tom Wedloe's work as a wildlife officer, such as animal management, lost children, disasters such as hurricanes or fires, and poaching or other illegal activities taking place in Wedloe's jurisdiction. In addition to Ben, other animals were frequently featured. A recurring plot device involved a stranger encountering Ben for the first time and being terrified, until Mark explained that Ben was not dangerous.

In the series, Tom Wedloe often traveled the Everglades via airboat and Jeep, while Henry Boomhauer drove a swamp buggy. The airboat, with the characters of Tom, Mark, Ellen, and Ben the bear riding it, was prominently featured in the show's opening credits. Dennis Weaver later recounted an incident where one of the bear actors, Hammer, capsized the airboat.

According to trainer Monty Cox, Ivan Tors once expressed concern that when Bruno the bear walked away from the camera, his testicles were visible in some shots, and asked if Cox could somehow tape them up so they would be out of camera view. Cox refused.

Several people involved with the series, including Cox, have confirmed that the bears used in the production were sometimes ill-tempered or did not behave as expected, and that working with them could be dangerous. On one occasion, Bruno the bear sat on Clint Howard. According to Dennis Weaver, during the run of the show, the cast and crew were forbidden to publicly mention any incidents of bear misbehavior. However, Clint Howard has stated that he never suffered any injuries from the bears on the show, and that his only injury came from working with a raccoon that had not been declawed.

Reception

Gentle Ben was a  hit, reaching a position of #2 in the Nielsen ratings during its first season.  A number of TV tie-in products were marketed, including children's books (by authors other than Walt Morey), a board game and a pull-string talking "Gentle Ben" plush bear by Mattel, a lunchbox, and an album of songs sung by the cast members entitled The Stars of "Gentle Ben": The Bear Facts. Dell Comics produced a Gentle Ben comic book, featuring photo covers of the TV show actors, that ran for five issues in 1968.

However, in its second season, Gentle Ben failed to consistently make the top 20 and was cancelled. Its decline in popularity has been attributed to its young target audience growing older and losing interest in animal shows, and also to its timeslot forcing it to compete with Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color for its target audience. A letter-writing campaign to save the show (even read into the Congressional Record) resulted in 2600 letters being sent to the network, but was not successful.

In spite of its short lifespan and cancellation, the show continued to run regularly in syndication, including outside the United States. Personal appearances by "Gentle Ben" at circuses and events continued to be popular into the 1970s. In October 1969, after the cancellation of the show, "Gentle Ben" the bear even received a personalized invitation from Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk, Jr. to a celebrity party in Fort Lauderdale.

Controversy over portrayal of bears

Although the show was praised for promoting respect for nature and family values, it also drew criticism for its unrealistic portrayal of a wild bear's interaction with humans. Some critics noted that the show premiered only a few weeks after the well-publicized Glacier National Park, Montana fatal grizzly bear attacks of August 13, 1967, when two female campers were killed by grizzly bears, in separate incidents and locations, on the same night. When the show debuted, PTA Magazine complained that "[f]or years, there have been warnings to children and adults against feeding and playing with bears...How CBS could permit a program with a black bear for a pet—not a cub either—but a gigantic adult bear—is beyond our comprehension."

In 1971, John Hast, the chief National Park Service officer, stated that "[t]he television series 'Gentle Ben' was the worst thing that ever happened to us. People saw this big lovable bear on television and when they see a bear in the park I guess they think it's the same one. They don't realize how wrong they are until they're bleeding."

Sweden also refused to broadcast the show due to concerns that children would be influenced to play and interact with the wild bears indigenous to that country.

Home media
On October 15, 2013, CBS Home Entertainment (distributed by Paramount) released season 1 on DVD in Region 1.  The second and final season was released on February 18, 2014.

1981 animated cartoon Gentle Ben
In 1981, a short-lived animated cartoon called Gentle Ben was released in syndication by the Gentle Ben Animation Co. The main character, Gentle Ben the bear, was portrayed as a crime-fighting superhero who wore a cape.

2000s TV films
In the early 2000s, two TV film remakes of the original series were sponsored by the Animal Planet cable channel in association with Hallmark Entertainment. In both remakes, "Ben" was played by Bonkers, a 6-foot-tall, 650 pound American black bear trained by Ruth La Barge.

Gentle Ben (also known as Gentle Ben: The Movie and Gentle Ben: Terror on the Mountain) was first shown on 25 March 2002, although some cable airings list it with a 2003 date.

Gentle Ben 2 (also known as Gentle Ben: Danger on the Mountain) was first shown on 5 January 2003. It was known as Gentle Ben: Black Gold for its UK release.

Cast
 Dean Cain as Jack Wedloe
 Corbin Bernsen as Fog Benson
 Ashley Laurence as Dakota
 Reiley McClendon as Mark Wedloe
 Cody Weiant as Ashley June Benson
 Collin Bernsen as Kyle
 Gil Birmingham as Pete
 Jack Conley as Cal Striker
 Jeanne Coopr as Rowland
 Martin Kobey as Sully
 Bonkers the Bear as Ben

In popular culture
 Since the 1960s, "Gentle Ben" has been widely used by many writers as a humorous name when referring to a bear.
 "Gentle Ben" has also been used as a nickname for various public figures, including American professional golfer Ben Crenshaw and Australian cricketer Ben Hilfenhaus.
 The "Homer Badman" episode of The Simpsons animated cartoon (Season 6, episode 9, originally broadcast on November 27, 1994) included a parody of a TV talk show called Ben, hosted by a bear named "Gentle Ben" with a microphone strapped to his head. "Gentle Ben" responds to audience members' comments and questions with growls, then gets distracted by a backstage buffet, runs amok and starts to eat, at which point he is surrounded and shot by marksmen wearing jackets labeled "Ben Control" and the TV screen cuts briefly to a test pattern, then an interstitial card. The sequence has been mentioned in several compilations of funniest moments from the long-running show. A parody of the character is portrayed as "genteel Ben" in season 17 episode 12, "My Fair Laddy".
 In the "Rangeboy" episode of The Adventures of Pete & Pete children's television series (Season 1, episode 4, originally broadcast on December 19, 1993), Big Pete refers to a (probably) fictional Gentle Ben episode, where Ben saves a blind kid from a mineshaft. He refers to Ben as a positive character in order to persuade his father to wear a bear costume while he is occupied as a rangeboy at his father's golf club.

References

External links
 The Bear Facts
  (1967 pilot film)
  (1967–1969 series)
  (2002 TV movie)
  (2003 TV Movie)
"The Legend of Ivan Tors" documentary.

1965 American novels
American children's novels
Children's novels about bears
Novels set in Alaska
American novels adapted into films
Films set in Florida
1965 children's books
Children's books set in Alaska

Gentle Ben


Mastens Corner is an unincorporated community in Kent County, Delaware, United States. Mastens Corner is located at the intersection of Hopkins Cemetery Road and Hills Market Road,  northwest of Harrington.

The community was named for William Masten, a pioneer settler. The Vogl House, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is located near Mastens Corner.

References

Unincorporated communities in Kent County, Delaware
Unincorporated communities in Delaware

Mastens Corner, Delaware


Emmanuel Kwasi Bandua (born 11 September 1949) is a Ghanaian lawyer and politician. He was the member of parliament that represented Biakoye constituency in the Volta region of Ghana in the Fourth and Fifth and Sixth parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana.

Personal life
Bandua is married with three children. He is a Christian.

Early life and education
Bandua was born on 11 September 1949. He hails from Bowiri-Anyinase in the Volta region of Ghana. He obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics and Sociology.  He obtained a diploma in Education from the University of Cape Coast in 1980. He is also an alumnus of Ghana School of Law where he obtained his Bachelor of Law degree in 1990.

Political career
Bandua is a member of the National Democratic Congress. He was first elected into office in the 2004 Ghanaian general election obtaining 16,083 votes out of 24,207 valid votes in his Constituency. He represented his constituency until 6 January 2017. He was a committee member of Business, Foreign Affairs, Lands and Forestry.

Employment
Bandua is a lawyer. He was the Deputy Chief Manager of Bank of Ghana. He has been MP since January 2005.

Committee
He was a member of committee for business, foreign affairs, Lands and forestry.

References

Living people
People from Volta Region
National Democratic Congress (Ghana) politicians
University of Cape Coast alumni
1949 births
Ghanaian MPs 2005–2009
Ghanaian MPs 2009–2013
Ghanaian MPs 2013–2017
20th-century Ghanaian lawyers

Emmanuel Kwasi Bandua


The Lambretta 48 was a single-seat, 48 cc moped built by Innocenti from 1954. First introduced at the 1954 Milan Show, it was exhibited at Earls Court, London in 1956, and had a two-speed transmission with rear suspension.

The moped market during the 1950s was dominated by the highly successful NSU Quickly, and the Lambretta 48 was withdrawn from the UK market in 1959.

The Lambretta 48 was also produced in India under the name API Lambretta, being assembled in India from kits supplied by parent-business Innocenti in Italy.

Successor

The Lambrettino, an updated design using a rigid spine frame with a coil-sprung single seat and 39 cc (40 x 31 mm) engine, was introduced for the 1966 Model Year. Having a single-speed transmission with automatic (centrifugal) clutch, 18 x 2.00 inch tyres and weighing , the maker claimed a top speed of 24 mph returning an overall fuel consumption of 200 mpg.

Sources

External links

Vehicles introduced in 1954
Mopeds

Lambretta 48


A hawker is a person who sells things that can be easily moved from place to place. They are also known as peddlers, costermongers, or street vendors. Hawkers often sells food items,various types of toys for kids,jewellery for girls and women. They attract attention by calling out, singing chants, and interacting loudly with
customers. While hawkers can be found in markets, they often move their products from place to place in small carts. In 19th century Australia, the hawkers travelled around to distant towns and remote farms, carrying a large range of items to sell in horse drawn wagons.

Business occupations

Hawker


A satellite galaxy is a smaller companion galaxy that travels on bound orbits within the gravitational potential of a more massive and luminous host galaxy (also known as the primary galaxy). Satellite galaxies and their constituents are bound to their host galaxy, in the same way that planets within our own solar system are gravitationally bound to the Sun. While most satellite galaxies are dwarf galaxies, satellite galaxies of large galaxy clusters can be much more massive. The Milky Way is orbited by about fifty satellite galaxies, the largest of which is the Large Magellanic Cloud.

Moreover, satellite galaxies are not the only astronomical objects that are gravitationally bound to larger host galaxies (see globular clusters). For this reason, astronomers have defined galaxies as gravitationally bound collections of stars that exhibit properties that cannot be explained by a combination of baryonic matter (i.e. ordinary matter) and Newton's laws of gravity. For example, measurements of the orbital speed of stars and gas within spiral galaxies result in a velocity curve that deviates significantly from the theoretical prediction. This observation has motivated various explanations such as the theory of dark matter and modifications to Newtonian dynamics. Therefore, despite also being satellites of host galaxies, globular clusters should not be mistaken for satellite galaxies. Satellite galaxies are not only more extended and diffuse compared to globular clusters, but are also enshrouded in massive dark matter halos that are thought to have been endowed to them during the formation process.

Satellite galaxies generally lead tumultuous lives due to their chaotic interactions with both the larger host galaxy and other satellites. For example, the host galaxy is capable of disrupting the orbiting satellites via tidal and ram pressure stripping. These environmental effects can remove large amounts of cold gas from satellites (i.e. the fuel for star formation), and this can result in satellites becoming quiescent in the sense that they have ceased to form stars. Moreover, satellites can also collide with their host galaxy resulting in a minor merger (i.e. merger event between galaxies of significantly different masses). On the other hand, satellites can also merge with one another resulting in a major merger (i.e. merger event between galaxies of comparable masses). Galaxies are mostly composed of empty space, interstellar gas and dust, and therefore galaxy mergers do not necessarily involve collisions between objects from one galaxy and objects from the other, however, these events generally result in much more massive galaxies. Consequently, astronomers seek to constrain the rate at which both minor and major mergers occur to better understand the formation of gigantic structures of gravitationally bound conglomerations of galaxies such as galactic groups and clusters.

History

Early 20th century
Prior to the 20th century, the notion that galaxies existed beyond our Milky Way was not well established. In fact, the idea was so controversial at the time that it led to what is now heralded as the "Shapley-Curtis Great Debate" aptly named after the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Doust Curtis that debated the nature of "nebulae" and the size of the Milky Way at the National Academy of Sciences on April 26, 1920. Shapley argued that the Milky Way was the entire universe (spanning over 100,000 lightyears or 30 kiloparsec across) and that all of the observed "nebulae" (currently known as galaxies) resided within this region. On the other hand, Curtis argued that the Milky way was much smaller and that the observed nebulae were in fact galaxies similar to our own Milky Way. This debate was not settled until late 1923 when the astronomer Edwin Hubble measured the distance to M31 (currently known as the Andromeda galaxy) using Cepheid Variable stars. By measuring the period of these stars, Hubble was able to estimate their intrinsic luminosity and upon combining this with their measured apparent magnitude he estimated a distance of 300 kpc, which was an order-of-magnitude larger than the estimated size of the universe made by Shapley. This measurement verified that not only was the universe much larger than previously expected, but it also demonstrated that the observed nebulae were actually distant galaxies with a wide range of morphologies (see Hubble sequence).

Modern times
Despite Hubble's discovery that the universe was teeming with galaxies, a majority of the satellite galaxies of the Milky Way  and the Local Group remained undetected until the advent of modern astronomical surveys such as the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and the Dark Energy Survey (DES). In particular, the Milky Way is currently known to host 59 satellite galaxies (see satellite galaxies of the Milky Way), however two of these satellites known as the Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud have been observable in the Southern Hemisphere with the unaided eye since ancient times. Nevertheless, modern cosmological theories of galaxy formation and evolution predict a much larger number of satellite galaxies than what is observed (see missing satellites problem). However, more recent high resolution simulations have demonstrated that the current number of observed satellites pose no threat to the prevalent theory of galaxy formation.

Motivations to study satellite galaxies
Spectroscopic, photometric and kinematic observations of satellite galaxies have yielded a wealth of information that has been used to study, among other things, the formation and evolution of galaxies, the environmental effects that enhance and diminish the rate of star formation within galaxies and the distribution of dark matter within the dark matter halo. As a result, satellite galaxies serve as a testing ground for prediction made by cosmological models.

Classification of satellite galaxies
As mentioned above, satellite galaxies are generally categorized as dwarf galaxies and therefore follow a similar Hubble classification scheme as their host with the minor addition of a lowercase "d" in front of the various standard types to designate the dwarf galaxy status. These types include dwarf irregular (dI), dwarf spheroidal (dSph), dwarf elliptical (dE) and dwarf spiral (dS). However, out of all of these types it is believed that dwarf spirals are not satellites, but rather dwarf galaxies that are only found in the field.

Dwarf irregular satellite galaxies
Dwarf irregular satellite galaxies are characterized by their chaotic and asymmetric appearance, low gas fractions, high star formation rate and low metallicity. Three of the closest dwarf irregular satellites of the Milky Way include the Small Magellanic Cloud, Canis Major Dwarf, and the newly discovered Antlia 2.

Dwarf elliptical satellite galaxies
Dwarf elliptical satellite galaxies are characterized by their oval appearance on the sky, disordered motion of constituent stars, moderate to low metallicity, low gas fractions and old stellar population. Dwarf elliptical satellite galaxies in the Local Group include NGC 147, NGC 185, and NGC 205, which are satellites of our neighboring Andromeda galaxy.

Dwarf spheroidal satellite galaxies
Dwarf spheroidal satellite galaxies are characterized by their diffuse appearance, low surface brightness, high mass-to-light ratio (i.e. dark matter dominated), low metallicity, low gas fractions and old stellar population. Moreover, dwarf spheroidals make up the largest population of known satellite galaxies of the Milky Way. A few of these satellites include Hercules, Pisces II and Leo IV, which are named after the constellation in which they are found.

Transitional types
As a result of minor mergers and environmental effects, some dwarf galaxies are classified as intermediate or transitional type satellite galaxies. For example, Phoenix and LGS3 are classified as intermediate types that appear to be transitioning from dwarf irregulars to dwarf spheroidals. Furthermore, the Large Magellanic Cloud is considered to be in the process of transitioning from a dwarf spiral to a dwarf irregular.

Formation of satellite galaxies
According to the standard model of cosmology (known as the ΛCDM model), the formation of satellite galaxies is intricately connected to the observed large-scale structure of the Universe. Specifically, the ΛCDM model is based on the premise that the observed large-scale structure is the result of a bottom-up hierarchical process that began after the recombination epoch in which electrically neutral hydrogen atoms were formed as a result of free electrons and protons binding together. As the ratio of neutral hydrogen to free protons and electrons grew, so did fluctuations in the baryonic matter density. These fluctuations rapidly grew to the point that they became comparable to dark matter density fluctuations. Moreover, the smaller mass fluctuations grew to nonlinearity, became virialized (i.e. reached gravitational equilibrium), and were then hierarchically clustered within successively larger bound systems.

The gas within these bound systems condensed and rapidly cooled into cold dark matter halos that steadily increased in size by coalescing together and accumulating additional gas via a process known as accretion. The largest bound objects formed from this process are known as superclusters, such as the Virgo Supercluster, that contain smaller clusters of galaxies that are themselves surrounded by even smaller dwarf galaxies. Furthermore, in this model dwarfs galaxies are considered to be the fundamental building blocks that give rise to more massive galaxies, and the satellites that are observed around these galaxies are the dwarfs that have yet to be consumed by their host.

Accumulation of mass in dark matter halos
A crude yet useful method to determine how dark matter halos progressively gain mass through mergers of less massive halos can be explained using the excursion set formalism, also known as the extended Press-Schechter formalism (EPS).  Among other things, the EPS formalism can be used to infer the fraction of mass  that originated from collapsed objects of a specific mass at an earlier time  by applying the statistics of Markovian random walks to the trajectories of mass elements in -space, where  and  represent the mass variance and overdensity, respectively.

In particular the EPS formalism is founded on the ansatz that states "the fraction of trajectories with a first upcrossing of the barrier  at  is equal to the mass fraction at time  that is incorporated in halos with masses ". Consequently, this ansatz ensures that each trajectory will upcross the barrier   given some arbitrarily large , and as a result it guarantees that each mass element will ultimately become part of a halo.

Furthermore, the fraction of mass  that originated from collapsed objects of a specific mass at an earlier time  can be used to determine average number of progenitors at time within the mass interval  that have merged to produce a halo of  at time . This is accomplished by considering a spherical region of mass  with a corresponding mass variance  and linear overdensity  , where  is the linear growth rate that is normalized to unity at time  and  is the critical overdensity at which the initial spherical region has collapsed to form a virialized object. Mathematically, the progenitor mass function is expressed as:where  and  is the Press-Schechter multiplicity function that describes the fraction of mass associated with halos in a range .

Various comparisons of the progenitor mass function with numerical simulations have concluded that good agreement between theory and simulation is obtained only when is small, otherwise the mass fraction in high mass progenitors is significantly underestimated, which can be attributed to the crude assumptions such as assuming a perfectly spherical collapse model and using a linear density field as opposed to a non-linear density field to characterize collapsed structures. Nevertheless, the utility of the EPS formalism is that it provides a computationally friendly approach for determining properties of dark matter halos.

Halo merger rate
Another utility of the EPS formalism is that it can be used to determine the rate at which a halo of initial mass M merges with a halo with mass between M and M+ΔM. This rate is given by

where , . In general the change in mass, , is the sum of a multitude of minor mergers. Nevertheless, given an infinitesimally small time interval  it is reasonable to consider the change in mass to be due to a single merger events in which  transitions to .

Galactic cannibalism (minor mergers)

Throughout their lifespan, satellite galaxies orbiting in the dark matter halo experience dynamical friction and consequently descend deeper into the gravitational potential of their host as a result of orbital decay. Throughout the course of this descent, stars in the outer region of the satellite are steadily stripped away due to tidal forces from the host galaxy. This process, which is an example of a minor merger, continues until the satellite is completely disrupted and consumed by the host galaxies. Evidence of this destructive process can be observed in stellar debris streams around distant galaxies.

Orbital decay rate

As satellites orbit their host and interact with each other they progressively lose small amounts of kinetic energy and angular momentum due to dynamical friction. Consequently, the distance between the host and the satellite progressively decreases in order to conserve angular momentum. This process continues until the satellite ultimately mergers with the host galaxy. Furthermore, If we assume that the host is a singular isothermal sphere (SIS) and the satellite is a SIS that is sharply truncated at the radius at which it begins to accelerate towards the host (known as the Jacobi radius), then the time  that it takes for dynamical friction to result in a minor merger can be approximated as follows:where  is the initial radius at ,  is the velocity dispersion of the host galaxy,  is the velocity dispersion of the satellite and  is the Coulomb logarithm defined as  with ,  and  respectively representing the maximum impact parameter, the half-mass radius and the typical relative velocity. Moreover, both the half-mass radius and the typical relative velocity can be rewritten in terms of the radius and velocity dispersion such that   and . Using the Faber-Jackson relation, the velocity dispersion of satellites and their host can be estimated individually from their observed luminosity. Therefore, using the equation above it is possible to estimate the time that it takes for a satellite galaxy to be consumed by the host galaxy.

Minor merger driven star formation
In 1978, pioneering work involving the measurement of the colors of merger remnants by the astronomers Beatrice Tinsley and Richard Larson gave rise to the notion that mergers enhance star formation. Their observations showed that an anomalous blue color was associated with the merger remnants. Prior to this discovery, astronomers had already classified stars (see stellar classifications) and it was known that young, massive stars were bluer due to their light radiating at shorter wavelengths. Furthermore, it was also known that these stars live short lives due to their rapid consumption of fuel to remain in hydrostatic equilibrium. Therefore, the observation that merger remnants were associated with large populations of young, massive stars suggested that mergers induced rapid star formation (see starburst galaxy). Since this discovery was made, various observations have verified that mergers do indeed induce vigorous star formation. Despite major mergers being far more effective at driving star formation than minor mergers, it is known that minor mergers are significantly more common than major mergers so the cumulative effect of minor mergers over cosmic time is postulated to also contribute heavily to burst of star formation.

Minor mergers and the origins of thick disk components
Observations of edge-on galaxies suggest the universal presence of a thin disk, thick disk and halo component of galaxies. Despite the apparent ubiquity of these components, there is still ongoing research to determine if the thick disk and thin disk are truly distinct components. Nevertheless, many theories have been proposed to explain the origin of the thick disk component, and among these theories is one that involves minor mergers. In particular, it is speculated that the preexisting thin disk component of a host galaxy is heated during a minor merger and consequently the thin disk expands to form a thicker disk component.

See also

References

Extragalactic astronomy

Satellite galaxy


Meteg (or meseg or metheg, Hebrew: , lit. 'bridle', also  , lit. 'bellowing',  , or  ) is a punctuation mark used in Biblical Hebrew  for stress marking. It is a vertical bar placed under the affected syllable.

Usage

Meteg is primarily used in Biblical Hebrew to mark secondary stress and vowel length.

Meteg is also sometimes used in Biblical Hebrew to mark a long vowel. While short and long vowels are largely allophonic, they are not always predictable from spelling, e.g.  'and they saw' vs.  'and they feared'. Meteg's indication of length also indirectly indicates that a following shva is vocal, as in the previous case. This may distinguish qamatz gadol and qatan, e.g.  'she guarded' vs.  'guard (volitive)'.

In modern usage meteg is only used in liturgical contexts and dictionaries. Siddurim and dictionaries may use meteg to mark primary stress, often only for non-final stress, since the majority of Hebrew words have final stress.

Appearance and placement
Its form is a vertical bar placed either to the left, the right, or in the middle of the niqqud (diacritics for vowels or cantillation) under a consonant. It is identical in appearance to silluq and is unified with it in Unicode.

Meteg differs from other Hebrew diacritics in that its placement is not totally fixed. While meteg is usually placed to the left of a vowel, some texts place it to the right, and some place it in the middle of hataf vowels. The Rabbinic Bible of 1524–25 always shifts meteg to the left, while the Aleppo and Leningrad codices are not consistent in meteg placement.

The different placements of meteg are subgrouped relatively to its order with surrounding vowel points occurring below letters before or after it and are summarized in the table below. Three types of metegs are generally considered, with the left meteg being the most common case for simple vowels (however there's some rare cases where this group must be subdivided according to the placement of cantillation accents), and the medial meteg occurring only (but most frequently) with (composite) hataf vowels.

Note finally that under narrow letters (such as nun) with vowel points below, or under letters that are also surrounded by multiple vowel points or cantillation accents below them, the meteg may not fit well on any side of the vowel point below the base letter. In that case the meteg may adopt an ambiguous position, below the existing vowel point or above the cantillation accent that normally fits below the base letter. Such ambiguous positioning occurs in old books like the Codex Leningradensis (around year 1006) whose text on paper was extremely compacted with minimal spacing between letters.

Unicode
In Unicode, Meteg and Silluq (when it occurs before punctuation Sof passuk at end of verses) are unified.

Unicode also does not distinguish between the different placements of Meteg. And because Meteg has a distinctive combining class, its encoding order relative to other diacritics is not significant (because of canonical equivalence). Consequently, the Meteg may be freely reordered during Unicode normalization when it appears in sequences with other combining diacritics, without affecting its interpretation or rendering.

Where the relative placement of Meteg is significant and does not match the standard order of combining classes of Hebrew diacritics (where the Meteg should appear after Hebrew vowel points but before Hebrew cantillation marks in normalized texts), a combining grapheme joiner (CGJ, U+034F) should be added between Meteg and other diacritics before or after it, to fix its rendering placement and intended meaning.

In the most frequent use of Meteg, it should follow the vowel mark, but the canonical ordering of combining classes swaps them during standard normalizations: the canonical combining class of Meteg is 22, higher than the canonical combining classes 10 to 20 assigned to Hebrew vowel points; it is also higher than the canonical combining class 21 assigned to the combining Dagesh (or Mapiq) consonant modifier, but this generally causes no problem.

In the most frequent cases of use in modern Hebrew, the Meteg should only follow a vowel point and cantillation marks are not used; but in Biblical Hebrew it must sometimes be encoded with an additional CGJ after it before a vowel point, so that it remains interpreted first (and rendered to the right) before the niqqud after it (to the left); Meteg must also be preceded by a CGJ if it must appear after (to the left) a cantillation accent (whose combining class is 220 or more).

Additionally, the special placements of meteg with the three hataf vowels (whose canonical combinal classes are between 11 and 13) requires encoding it after the hataf vowel point, separated by a zero-width joiner control (ZWJ, U+200D) for the medial position (between the two parts of the hataf vowel), or by a zero-width non-joiner control (ZWNJ, U+200C) for the final position (to the left of the hataf vowel); some encoded texts use CGJ instead of ZWNJ for the later case.

The three controls CGJ, ZWJ and ZWNJ (which have canonical combining class 0) are all blocking the canonical reordering of meteg with vowels points, and only ZWJ is needed for the special placement of meteg (combining class) in the middle of an hataf vowel. But in the cases where the encoding of CGJ is optional but not needed, or for the case where ZWNJ is replaced by CGJ, the presence or absence of this CGJ control creates texts that are not visually distinctive, but they are still not canonically equivalent. This may create difficulties for plain-text search, unless it uses a conforming Unicode collation algorithm (UCA) with the appropriate tailoring for the Hebrew script, where these controls are assigned ignorable weights after the initial normalization.

References

External links

 Normalization for Biblical Hebrew

Hebrew alphabet
Punctuation

Meteg


The Cambodian National Sustaining Party was created by its president Pen Sovan. Formed on 21 January 1998, and holding its first party congress on the same day.

Political ideology
This political party's ideology is a combination of several ideas. One of its ideologies that's right-wing is supporting and promoting "Nation Religion and King", "constitutional monarchy" and to "protect the constitution of Cambodia". With the other part of its ideology which is left-wing is again promoting/supporting "women's rights in society" and promote equal rights for women like men in both "political" and "social" roles. Another left-wing idea is promoting peoples interests in the present and future. The other part of its ideology is liberalism since the CNSP believes in "peace", "freedom", opposition to "anarchism", "dictatorship" and prevent "starvation and poverty" in Cambodia, and construct a "free and pluralistic democracy".

Political activities
The CNSP's press secretary explained to a Cambodian newspaper called Phnom Pehn that the CNSP expresses an "appeal" for investigators from the "Human Rights Action Committee" to investigate the deaths of rival candidates like the one called Meas Soy of FUNCINPEC competing against Sam Rainsy and another called Uch Horn who was affected by political violence. This is because the Cambodian National Sustaining Party wanted to protect democracy and safety of political party candidates for a free and fair 2002 February election.

CNSP gallery

References

External links
Cambodian National Sustaining Party website

1998 establishments in Cambodia
Buddhist democratic parties
Cambodian democracy movements
Defunct political parties in Cambodia
Liberal parties in Cambodia
Monarchist parties in Cambodia
Nationalist parties in Cambodia
Political parties established in 1998
Political parties with year of disestablishment missing

Cambodian National Sustaining Party


Manuel Antônio Álvares de Azevedo (September 12, 1831 – April 25, 1852), affectionately called "Maneco" by his close friends, relatives and admirers, was a Brazilian Romantic poet, short story writer, playwright and essayist, considered to be one of the major exponents of Ultra-Romanticism and Gothic literature in Brazil. His works tend to play heavily with opposite notions, such as love and death, platonism and sarcasm, sentimentalism and pessimism, among others, and have a strong influence of Musset, Chateaubriand, Lamartine, Goethe and – above all – Byron.

All of his works were published posthumously due to his premature death at only 20 years old after a horse-riding accident. They acquired a strong cult following as years went by, particularly among youths of the goth subculture.

He is the patron of the second chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, and of the ninth chair of the Paulista Academy of Letters.

Biography
Azevedo was born into a wealthy family in São Paulo, on September 12, 1831. Son of Law student Inácio Manuel Álvares de Azevedo and Maria Luísa Azevedo (née Mota), a popular myth says that he was given birth in the library of the University of São Paulo Law School, but it actually happened on the house of his maternal grandfather, Severo Mota. He also had a sister and a younger brother, Inácio Manuel Júnior, but he died prematurely in 1835. The death proved to be an early source of shock for the young Álvares.

In 1833, Álvares moved with his family to Rio de Janeiro, and in 1840 he enrolled at the Colégio Stoll, in the bairro of Botafogo. In 1844 he temporarily returned to São Paulo with his uncle, going back to Rio in the following year, where he enrolled at the Colégio Pedro II. There he learned English, French and German, and, being a very avid reader, got acquainted with the works of Lord Byron, François-René de Chateaubriand, Victor Hugo, George Sand, William Shakespeare, John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Manuel du Bocage, Dante Alighieri, Alfred de Musset, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Alphonse de Lamartine and Thomas Chatterton, which would heavily influence his writing style.

While at school, Azevedo drifted towards the moderate liberalism of Lamartine and François Guizot. In his poem "Rex Lugebit" and in his "Speech delivered at the inaugural session of the Academy Society – Philosophical Essay, May 9, 1850", Azevedo condemns the despotic practices of the Brazilian government.

Having graduated in 1846 from the Colégio Pedro II, he was admitted to the University of São Paulo Law School in the following year, where he befriended poets José Bonifácio the Younger (the grandnephew of famous Brazilian statesman José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva), Aureliano Lessa and Bernardo Guimarães. Alongside these poets and others, he founded the infamous "Sociedade Epicureia" ("Epicurean Society"), a mythical club heavily based upon Epicurean and bohemian thought, and also planned a work in conjunction with Lessa and Guimarães, the poetry book As Três Liras (The Three Lyres). However, the As Três Liras project never came to be; the only surviving part of it today is the book Lira dos Vinte Anos, published one year after Azevedo's death, in 1853. He also founded in 1849 the official magazine of the Sociedade Ensaio Filosófico Paulistano, whose publication ceased in 1856.

Because of his fragile health and the murky weather of São Paulo, Azevedo contracted tuberculosis. He then abandoned college and moved to his grandfather's farm in Rio, where the weather was warmer, in order to mitigate his disease's symptoms; there he fell from a horse and fractured his iliac fossa. After an unsuccessful surgery, he died, on April 25, 1852, being only 20 years old. It is a common misconception that he died directly from the tuberculosis. He was buried one day later at the Saint John the Baptist Cemetery; his last words before his death were reported to be "Que fatalidade, meu pai!" ("What a fatality, my father!"). Coincidentally, one of the last poems Azevedo wrote prior to his death was entitled "Se Eu Morresse Amanhã" ("If I Died Tomorrow") – the poem was read at his funeral by Manuel Antônio de Almeida, who also happened to be one of Azevedo's cousins.

Another one of Azevedo's cousins, Maria Catarina de Abreu Sodré, eventually married famous novelist Joaquim Manuel de Macedo, who allegedly based the character Carolina of his novel A Moreninha on her.

Works
 Lira dos Vinte Anos (1853; poetry anthology)
 Macário (1855; theater play)
 Noite na Taverna (1855; short story book, under pen name Job Stern)
 O Conde Lopo (1886; an epic poem that remains only in fragments today)
 O Poema do Frade (1890; narrative poem)

Azevedo also wrote many letters and essays, and translated into Portuguese numerous poems by Victor Hugo, Lord Byron's Parisina, William Shakespeare's Othellos fifth act and Heinrich Heine's poem "Sag' mir wer einst die Uhren erfund" (present in his Lira dos Vinte Anos under the title "Relógios e Beijos"). He also wrote a novel, O Livro de Fra. Gondicário; however, the only extant parts of it today are two fragments of its third chapter.

Representations in popular culture
 Azevedo is the main character of Mário Teixeira's 2009 young adult novel Alma de Fogo (). The novel's premise is that a serial killer is on the loose in the streets of São Paulo, and Azevedo decides to investigate alongside his friends Aureliano Lessa (who is unjustly accused of being the killer) and Bernardo Guimarães.
 Noite na Taverna was adapted into a film in 2014, in which Azevedo appears as a character portrayed by Victor Mendes.
 A semi-fictionalized biography of Azevedo, Delírio, Poesia e Morte (), was written by Luciana Fátima and released on June 27, 2015, through Editora Estronho. Fátima previously wrote a lengthy essay regarding Azevedo's life and œuvre in 2009, entitled Álvares de Azevedo: O Poeta que Não Conheceu o Amor Foi Noivo da Morte ().
 Alongside her husband Arlindo Gonçalves, Fátima wrote in 2019 the novel Ad Infinitum (), published by Editora Clepsidra; its plot focuses on a meeting between the spirits of Azevedo and Joy Division's vocalist Ian Curtis in the afterlife.
 A 2014 children's book by Márcia Abreu, Morrer Amanhã (), elaborates a story based on the friendship between Azevedo and a fictional character, the Afro-Brazilian slave Tonico.

References

Further reading
 ALVES, Maria C. R. O Poeta-Leitor: Um Estudo das Epígrafes Hugoanas em Álvares de Azevedo. USP, 1999.
 BELÚZIO, Rafael Fava. Uma Lira de Duas Cordas. SCRIPTUM, 2015.
 CUNHA, Cilaine Alves. O Belo e o Disforme. EDUSP, 2000.
 CUNHA, Cilaine Alves. Entusiasmo Indianista e Ironia Byroniana. EDUSP, 2000.
 FÁTIMA, Luciana. Álvares de Azevedo: O Poeta que Não Conheceu o Amor Foi Noivo da Morte. Annablume, 2009.

External links

 Álvares de Azevedo's biography at the official site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters

 About the Epicurean Society

1831 births
1852 deaths
Brazilian male poets
Brazilian people of Portuguese descent
Brazilian translators
Portuguese-language writers
Romantic poets
Sonneteers
Brazilian male short story writers
19th-century Brazilian dramatists and playwrights
19th-century Brazilian poets
19th-century translators
Writers from São Paulo
University of São Paulo alumni
Patrons of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
Brazilian essayists
English–Portuguese translators
Writers of Gothic fiction
Deaths by horse-riding accident
Brazilian male dramatists and playwrights
Male essayists
19th-century Brazilian short story writers
19th-century Brazilian male writers
19th-century essayists
Burials at Cemitério de São João Batista

Álvares de Azevedo


Robin Bengtsson (born 27 April 1990) is a Swedish pop singer who took part in Swedish Idol 2008. He represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 in Kyiv, Ukraine with the song "I Can't Go On" finishing in 5th place.

Career
Bengtsson was born in Svenljunga. He finished third behind winner Kevin Borg and runner-up Alice Svensson in Idol 2008. In mid-2009, he was signed by Merion Music label releasing the single "Another Lover's Gone". Bengtsson was also a guest of Katrin Zytomierska's programs Idol 2008: Eftersnack and ZTV program Sexuellt.

In 2010, Bengtsson took part in the charity song "Wake Up World" for "Hjälp Haiti" with Karl Martindahl and Daniel "The Moniker" Karlsson and also performed the song "Long Long Night" with Kim Fransson (known from the TV reality program Made in Sweden. In 2010, Robin Bengtsson participated in the Swedish/Scandinavian version of Wipeout, reaching the final round and finishing second. He participated in Melodifestivalen 2016 with the song "Constellation Prize" and placed fifth.

Bengtsson came back in Melodifestivalen 2017 with the song "I Can't Go On" and won the competition. He represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 in Kyiv. He performed in the first semi-final on 9 May, and qualified for the final. In the final, he placed fifth.

He participated as a celebrity dancer in Let's Dance 2019, which was broadcast on TV4. Bengtsson's partner in the competition was Sigrid Bernson. The pair placed fifth overall.

Bengtsson took part in Melodifestivalen 2020 with the song "Take a Chance". He participated in the first semi-final of the competition, which took place in Linköping on 1 February. Bengtsson qualified directly for the final in Stockholm, which took place on 7 March. He finished in eighth place, scoring a total of 63 points.

He returned to Melodifestivalen in 2022 with the song "Innocent Love". He came second in the first round on 5 February 2022, qualifying directly to the final. At the final on 12 March 2022, he finished in eleventh place with 34 points. The song went to #10 on the Swedish charts.

On 8 April 2023, Bengtsson was a special guest celebrity  in the episode Drömsystrar of the Swedish language reality television series Drag Race Sverige broadcast on SVT1 and SVT Play.

Discography

References

External links

Robin Bengtsson Twitter
Robin Bengtsson page on LastFM

1990 births
Living people
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Sweden
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2017
People from Svenljunga Municipality
Idol (Swedish TV series) participants
Melodifestivalen winners
21st-century Swedish singers
21st-century Swedish male singers
Melodifestivalen contestants of 2022
Melodifestivalen contestants of 2020
Melodifestivalen contestants of 2017
Melodifestivalen contestants of 2016

Robin Bengtsson


Ptychadena retropunctata is a species of frog in the family Ptychadenidae.
It is found in Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and possibly Ivory Coast.
Its natural habitats are moist savanna, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, and intermittent freshwater marshes.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

References

Ptychadena
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Amphibians described in 1949

Ptychadena retropunctata


Pangal  is a mandal in Wanaparthy District of Telangana in India.

The surrounding mandals are Wanaparthy and Kollapur. Villages in the mandal include Chintakunta, Mallayipally, Dondaipally, Annaram, Davajipally, Gopalpur, and Remaddula.

The mandal's population is 60303 as per 2011 census calculation. Male population is 31034. female population is 29269.

References

Mandals in Wanaparthy district

Pangal, Wanaparthy


The England Lions (formerly England A) cricket team is England and Wales' "second-tier" team, below the full England cricket team. It is largely intended as a way for promising young cricketers to gain experience of playing international cricket.

England B and England A

Although primarily intended as a touring team, for several years in the 1990s they played one match in England at the start of each season: between 1992 and 1995 against the previous season's county champion and in 1996 and 1997 against a Rest of England team. England A also played two List A games against the full Sri Lankan touring side in England in 1991.

Previously a second tier team known as "England B" played one game against the Pakistanis in 1982 and had made a full tour of Sri Lanka in 1985/86. The first full tour by a team named "England A" was to Zimbabwe in 1989/90, and consisted of three first-class matches and three 50-over games. On this occasion England A played against the full Zimbabwe side, but on subsequent tours their most important opponents have usually been the equivalent A teams of the countries they have been touring. However, England A has toured Australia but had played a match against their Australian A team counterparts until 2021.

They also often play matches against state or provincial sides, and in 2000/01 England A participated in the Busta Cup, the West Indian domestic first-class competition, finishing in third place out of the eight teams taking part. In 2003/04 England A took part in India's Duleep Trophy competition, but failed to progress beyond the group stages after losing both their matches. There were no England A matches played in the period between these two tours.

England Lions

The newly rebranded England Lions was then integrated with the ECB National Academy, with touring parties taken from the Academy squad. On 15 June 2007, it was announced by the ECB (English & Welsh Cricket Board) the inaugural Lions side would play a one-day touring warm-up match against the West Indies at Worcester. Later in the summer against the touring Indians the Lions drew a 3-day match at Chelmsford and had a one-day match abandoned due to rain at Northampton.

On 4 January 2008 the squad for the England Lions tour of India was named, with Sussex batsman Michael Yardy named as captain. The team competed in the 2008 Duleep Trophy domestic first-class competition in addition to friendly matches.

Current squad
The following players were named in the squad for the 2023 England Lions tour of Sri Lanka.

The captain of the side typically varies from series to series. On this tour, the chosen captain was Haseeb Hameed.

 = has played senior international cricket for England.

Results summary

Season-by-season

Head-to-head

Up to date as of 16 December 2015.

See also
 National Cricket Performance Centre

Notes

England in international cricket
Wales in international cricket
National 'A' cricket teams
C
C

England Lions cricket team


The Palais Bourbon is a large building in Paris. It is on the left bank of the River Seine. Today it is the home of the French National Assembly. It was originally built by Louise Françoise de Bourbon as a large townhouse for her own personal use. It was later the main Parisian residence of the Princes of Condé.

History

Building began in 1722 under the direction of several prominent architects of the day. It was inspired by the "Grand Trianon" in the grounds of the Palace of Versailles. It was built near the Hôtel de Lassay, which was the townhouse of the Marquis of Lassay. He was a nobleman the duchess had began having an affair with some years prior. The two buildings were connected by a corridor.

During the French Revolution the property was seized as a bien national or property of the nation.

References
Le Palais Bourbon

Palaces in Paris

Palais Bourbon


Magenta is a city in northern Italy. Magenta is in the Lombardy Region. About 25,000 people live there.

The city is notable as the site of the Battle of Magenta in 1859. The color magenta comes its name from the battle.

Magenta is the birthplace of Saint Gianna Beretta Molla (1922–1962) and movie producer Carlo Ponti (1912–2007).

Twin town
Magenta is twinned with:
  Magenta, France, since 2009

Cities in the Province of Milan

Magenta, Lombardy


Mikhail Sergeyevich Biryukov (; 28 April 1992 – 4 October 2019) was a Russian junior tennis player. His highest ATP singles ranking was 292. After his retirement from professional tennis at age 22, he was a coach of under 16 player Alexey Zakharov. He was the son of four-time World Champion in modern pentathlon, Irina Kiseleva. He won the silver medal in the inaugural Youth Olympic Games held in Singapore.

On 4 October 2019, Biryukov was found dead in Moscow at the age of 27.

References

1992 births
2019 deaths
Russian tennis players

Mikhail Biryukov (tennis)