Mystery of the Wax Museum is a 1933 American pre-Code mystery-horror film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Lionel Atwill, Fay Wray, Glenda Farrell, and Frank McHugh. It was produced and released by Warner Bros. and filmed in two-color Technicolor; Doctor X and Mystery of the Wax Museum were the last two dramatic fiction films made using this process.

Plot
In London in 1921, sculptor Ivan Igor operates a wax museum that is in financial trouble. One  night, he gives a private tour to a friend, Dr. Rasmussen, and an art critic, Mr. Galatalin, showing them statues of Joan of Arc, Voltaire, and his favorite, Marie Antoinette. Impressed, Galatalin offers to submit Igor's work to the Royal Academy after he returns from a trip to Egypt. He and Rasmussen then leave. Igor's partner, Joe Worth, who is frustrated Igor will not create macabre exhibits like those that draw crowds to their competitors, proposes they burn their museum down to collect a £10,000 insurance policy. Though Igor refuses to consider this, Worth starts a fire, and the men fight while the wax masterworks melt. When Igor passes out, Worth leaves him to die in the conflagration, but he awakens.

Twelve years later, both Igor and Worth are in New York City, where a monstrous figure has been stealing bodies from the morgue. Reporter Florence Dempsey, on the verge of being fired by her impatient editor, Jim, for not bringing in any worthwhile news, gets a tip that George Winton, the son of a powerful industrialist, is being held in connection with the death of his model ex-girlfriend, Joan Gale. Florence goes to watch the autopsy, but the body cannot be found, and then visits Winton in jail, believing his protestations of innocence.

Meanwhile, Igor prepares to open a new wax museum. Due to injuries sustained in the fire, he uses a wheelchair and must rely on assistants to create his new sculptures. One of those assistants, Ralph, is engaged to Florence's roommate, Charlotte Duncan, but Florence does not approve of the match because Ralph is a starving artist. While visiting the museum, Florence notices an uncanny resemblance between the wax figure of Joan of Arc and Joan Gale. At the same time, Igor spots Charlotte and, saying she looks just like his Marie Antoinette, asks if she will pose for him sometime.

Florence gets Winton, who was released from jail, to help her trail Professor Darcy, who Igor said made the Joan of Arc. Darcy leads them to a derelict building owned by Worth, for whom he also works. Florence sneaks into the basement and watches the monster from the morgue pushing a large crate. She returns to Winton and interrupts a conversation with two detectives who have been following him to say she has found Joan Gale's body. The detectives see Darcy leaving and call for help to both give chase and investigate Florence's claim. They catch Darcy, but the crate turns out to contain alcohol, as Worth is a bootlegger.

At the police station, a missing judge's pocket watch is found on Darcy. By the morning, he is experiencing symptoms of drug withdrawal and close to cracking. Meanwhile, Charlotte goes to see Ralph at the museum, but he is not there yet. Igor lures her to his underground laboratory and reveals he can walk. Ralph arrives for work and lets in Florence, who compares a picture of the missing judge with Igor's statue of Voltaire at the same time Darcy is telling the detectives that Igor made his new statues by murdering people and covering them in wax, while all he did for Igor was locate Worth.

Charlotte strikes Igor's face and breaks through a wax mask to his scarred true visage underneath, revealing he is the monstrous bodysnatcher. He uncovers Worth's corpse, saying his search for the man responsible for his appearance is finally over. Charlotte's screams attract Ralph and Florence, but Igor knocks Ralph unconscious and Florence runs away. Igor prepares to douse Charlotte with wax. Florence and Winton return, followed by police, who attack an athletic Igor. One officer shoots Igor, who falls into his vat of molten wax. Ralph comes to and saves Charlotte just before the wax begins to pour onto her.

After turning in her story, Florence goes to gloat to Jim, who asks her to marry him. She looks out the window at the waiting Winton and accepts the proposal.

Cast

Production
The film is based on an unpublished short story, "The Wax Works", by Charles S. Belden, who had also written a play called The Wax Museum, which was optioned by Charles Rogers, an independent producer. This had been discovered by Warner's copyright attorney, but the studio optioned the story from Belden for $1,000 before getting the attorney's report. Rogers dropped his option on the play when the co-author of a Broadway play with a similar plot threatened him with a lawsuit.

A follow-up to Warner's earlier horror film Doctor X (1932), Mystery involved many of the same cast and crew, including actors Lionel Atwill, Fay Wray, Arthur Edmund Carewe, and Thomas Jackson; director Michael Curtiz; art director Anton Grot; and cameraman Ray Rennahan. The film also re-used Doctor Xs opening theme music by Bernhard Kaun.

Color
Mystery of the Wax Museum was the last of Warner's feature films under a 1931 contract with Technicolor, whose two-color system at the time combined separation photography printed with red and green dyes to create a color image with a reduced spectrum. As the novelty of color films began to wear off, Warner had noted a growing apathy, and even hostility, among critics and the public toward their Technicolor films since 1929, given the unreal hues and humdrum quality control, and this made the considerable additional expense seem less worthwhile. Warner had tried, without success, to get Technicolor to permit them to swap out their last feature-length commitment for a series of shorts, but after the studio violated the contract by filming Doctor X with an additional black-and-white unit—thereby permitting them to process B&W prints at their own lab and avoid paying Technicolor thousands of dollars—Technicolor refused. Consequently, Mystery of the Wax Museum was the last studio feature filmed in two-color Technicolor. Because the heat generated by the extremely bright lights required for the process could melt wax, many of the statues in the film were portrayed by actors, though some have said this was always the plan and was intended to add a life-like verisimilitude to the wax exhibits.

Technicolor founder Herbert Kalmus declared the film "the ultimate that is possible with two components." Contemporary exhibitor reviews in The Film Daily document that the film's color was greatly admired by both theater owners and their audiences, who called it "beautiful" and "the best color I have ever seen", and some reviewers have said the eerie atmosphere created by the two-color process, along with Rennahan's lighting and Grot's set designs, adds to the appeal of the film. When Technicolor's three-strip process became available, Warner was the first to use it for live-action shorts, beginning with Service With a Smile (1934).

Reception
Upon its release, Time magazine felt the film was a good mystery film, but was disappointed it lacked a scene at the end that explained everything and wrapped it all up.  Mordaunt Hall of The New York Times praised the comic performances of Glenda Farrell and Frank McHugh, but found the overall film "too ghastly for comfort", writing: "It is all very well in its way to have a mad scientist performing operations in well-told stories, but when a melodrama depends upon the glimpses of covered bodies in a morgue and the stealing of some of them by an insane modeler in wax, it is going too far." The reviewer for Variety said the story was "loose and unconvincing", but liked the gruesome makeup and said the film should do well at neighborhood cinemas.

Box office
At the box office, the film did better in Europe than it did in the United States, but still made a profit of $80,000. According to Warner Bros., it earned $325,000 domestically and $781,000 internationally, making it Warner's fifth-highest-grossing film of 1933.

Preservation
The film was never reissued domestically, though it was reissued in Franco's Spain in 1940, and over time it came to be considered a lost film. In 1936, Technicolor-Hollywood stopped servicing two-color printing and is said to have issued a "last call" to their customers for prints as the final imbibition rigs were converted for their three-strip process, though records show scattered print runs of some two-color subjects after that date, and correspondence indicates that in 1940 Goldwyn Productions wanted to make two-color prints for Spain, and Technicolor was still able to service them. The response of most studios was to junk the two-color negatives of their now obsolete films, which were stored at Technicolor, but a precious few of these negatives survived, including those of the Eddie Cantor musical Whoopee!, which Goldwyn moved to their vaults. Warner Bros. kept the negatives for their two-color cartoons, but not their live-action projects. After the Warner library was sold as a package to Associated Artists Productions for television syndication in the late 1950s, Mystery of the Wax Museum, though it remained on the sales list, was never broadcast, because the negative vaults did not have a preprint to service it.

William K. Everson reported that Warner's London exchange kept a 35 mm color print on hand, and he saw the film there in 1947 as part of a series of free screenings to celebrate the 20th anniversary of sound films. He said the print subsequently began to decay and was destroyed. The "lab reference" 35 mm nitrate copy of the first reel of the film was still held by Technicolor-Hollywood in the 1960s, when it was screened by film historian Rudy Behlmer, but that reel is not currently in the Technicolor Collection of the Academy Film Archive and is presumed to have decomposed decades ago. According to the Wisconsin Historical Society's website, a 16mm copy of the film is located at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research.

In 1970, the Warner Bros. studio reference print of the film was found by former studio head Jack Warner in his personal collection. The American Film Institute made a new negative, which director of photography Ray Rennahan told historian Richard Koszarski looked so dismal he walked out of the screening room when it was shown to him. Nevertheless, it was screened at Graumans Chinese Theatre in early summer of 1970, and then at Alice Tully Hall on September 26 at 4:00 pm as part of "Medium Rare 1927-1933", a retrospective of films not seen since their first release, at the 8th New York Film Festival.

United Artists made a low-contrast negative for TV prints, which lacked virtually all of the original color, and the film was released as part of UA's "Prime Time Showcase" television package in August 1972, which was first broadcast on the BBC in London before playing sixteen domestic TV markets. In Washington D.C., Mystery of the Wax Museum played on WTOP's Saturday night classic film series "Cinema Club 9" in late 1972. In New York City, it had its first airing in 1973 on WPIX-TV in a Sunday morning slot, cut by 15 minutes for commercials, before becoming a staple on the station's Saturday night Chiller Theater.

In 1988, the film's new owner, Turner Entertainment, made another new negative. The result was more faithful to the film's original color, but had intermittent damage, visible splices, and missing footage.

The Jack Warner nitrate print of the film resides at UCLA, which also holds a French workprint in the PHI collection. Uncovered by a Los Angeles collector in the early 2000s, the workprint has indifferent, pallid-plus-green color, French subtitles, and an English audio track, though some reels lack sound. In 2019, The Film Foundation sponsored a digital 4K restoration of the film by the UCLA Film & Television Archive, with funding from the George Lucas Family Foundation. The Warner print, with its superior color, was used as the primary resource, but it exhibited pickups at reel ends culled from different prints, and the French workprint, which was less pleasing overall, yielded shots and ends of reels that were tattered, broken, or missing in the main print, along with some lost lines of audio, as it was made from different matrixes. Other missing bits of audio was taken from other Warner Bros. films, including a line of Glenda Farrell's dialogue that was sourced from Life Begins (1932). Following Rennahan's directives in his oral histories as to how he lit for two-color and what palette he aimed to achieve in the film, the new restoration revealed subtle degrees of color that were latent in the nitrate print, but had been obscured by cross-contamination of the color dyes. The restored print of the film received its television premiere on the MeTV show Svengoolie on March 13, 2021, and theatrical Digital Cinema Packages of the restoration are available for archival and theatrical screening.

Home media
A color version of the film, manipulated to look blue/pink, was released as an extra in standard definition on the Warner Bros. DVD and Blu-ray of the 1953 remake of the film, House of Wax.

On May 12, 2020, Warner Archive Collection released the film in 1080p HD as a stand-alone Blu-ray, utilizing a Rec. 709 submaster of the UCLA restoration. With corrected color, restored sound, and digital correction of wear-and-tear to the image, this release garnered universal rave-reviews, with many commenters noting that it was as if they were seeing the film for the first time. Extras included two audio commentaries, one by Michael Curtiz biographer Alan Rode, and the other by UCLA preservationist Scott MacQueen, whose commentary features excerpts from interviews he conducted with Fay Wray and Glenda Farrell.

Remakes
 House of Wax (1953) stars Vincent Price and was directed by Andre De Toth. Whereas the original is more of a mystery film and set in then-contemporary New York City, this remake focuses more on the horror elements and takes the story back to a gaslit, turn-of-the-century setting. However, both films did have one unusual tendency in common: they were vehicles for gimmicks. Mystery was filmed in the early two-color Technicolor process, and House of Wax showcased two other then-novel film technologies, 3-D and stereophonic sound.
 Mill of the Stone Women (1960), the first Italian horror film shot in color, borrows the same basic plot (though the wax-coated corpses are placed in a macabre carousel display instead of a museum). A period piece set in Holland in 1892, this film includes an identical finale showing the figures melting in a massive fire.
 Chamber of Horrors (1966) is the theatrical release of an unsold House of Wax television pilot. Set in Edwardian times, it includes two gimmicks, a "Fear Flasher" and "Horror Horn", that warn the audience to prepare for a supposedly shocking scene of horror or violence.
 House of Wax (2005) is a contemporary slasher film, not a period piece, directed by Jaume Collet-Serra and featuring Elisha Cuthbert, Chad Michael Murray, and Paris Hilton. The story, which involves a group of young people accidentally discovering a small, hidden village made out of wax, has little in common with the previous film incarnations.

See also
 List of American films of 1933
 List of early color feature films
 List of rediscovered films

References

Sources

External links

 .

1933 films
1933 horror films
1930s horror thriller films
1930s color films
American horror thriller films
American mystery horror films
1930s English-language films
Films about journalists
Films based on short fiction
Films directed by Michael Curtiz
Films set in 1921
Films set in 1933
Films set in London
Films set in wax museums
Films set in New York City
Films shot in California
Films with screenplays by Don Mullally
Mannequins in films
Warner Bros. films
Early color films
Rediscovered American films
1930s American films

Mystery of the Wax Museum


Literal translation is the translation of text from one language to another "word-for-word", rather than giving the sense of the original. For this reason, literal translations usually mis-translate idioms.

For example, a literal English translation of the German word "Kindergarten" would be "garden of children", but in American English the expression refers to the school year between pre-school and first grade. The history of the word may also help. It was coined in 1840 by Friedrich Fröbel in the metaphorical sense of "place where children can grow in a natural way", not in the literal sense of "garden".

Related pages
Machine translation
Interlinear text
 Literal translation
 Example of a literal translation of bible text compared with normal translation (at the right) (pdf)

Translation

Literal translation


Hydra are simple invertebrates, with two layers of body cells. They live in fresh water. Their body is radially symmetric. They have a central cavity through which they take in food and expel waste.

As Cnidaria they have stinging cells on their tentacles. They are hydrozoa, and belong to the same order as other polyps. Most Hydra are microscopic in size. Hydras can be found in almost any unpolluted body of water. Hydras reproduce by budding. In budding, the offspring forms as a lump on the parent and eventually becomes big enough to break off and live by itself. They can move if they need to by a kind of slow somersaulting motion.

Recent research has found they produce an antimicrobial protein hydramacin, which protects their outer layer from bacterial infection.

References

Cnidarians

Hydra (animal)


Ayanna MacCalla Howard (born January 24, 1972) is an American roboticist, entrepreneur and educator currently serving as the dean of the College of Engineering at Ohio State University. Assuming the post in March 2021, Howard became the first woman to lead the Ohio State College of Engineering.

Howard previously served as the chair of the School of Interactive Computing in the Georgia Tech College of Computing, the Linda J. and Mark C. Smith Endowed Chair in Bioengineering in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and the director of the Human-Automation Systems (HumAnS) Lab.

Early life and education
As a little girl Howard was interested in aliens and robots and her favorite TV show was The Bionic Woman. Howard received her B.S. in engineering from Brown University in 1993 and her M.S. and Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the University of Southern California in 1994 and 1999, respectively. Her thesis Recursive Learning for Deformable Object Manipulation was advised by George A. Bekey. Howard also has an MBA from Claremont Graduate University.

Career
Howard's early interest in artificial intelligence led her to a senior position at Seattle-based Axcelis Inc, where she helped develop Evolver, the first commercial genetic algorithm, and Brainsheet, a neural network developed in partnership with Microsoft. From 1993 to 2005, she worked at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory  where she held multiple roles including senior robotics researcher and deputy manager in the Office of the Chief Scientist.

She joined Georgia Tech in 2005 as an associate professor and the founder of the HumAnS lab. She has also served as the associate director of research for Georgia Tech's Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines and as chair of the multidisciplinary robotics Ph.D. program at Georgia Tech. In 2017 she became the chair of the School of Interactive Computing at Georgia Tech.

In 2008, she received worldwide attention for her SnoMote robots, designed to study the impact of global warming on the Antarctic ice shelves. In 2013, she founded Zyrobotics, which has released their first suite of therapy and educational products for children with special needs.

Howard has authored 250 publications in refereed journals and conferences, including serving as co-editor/co-author of more than a dozen books and/or book chapters. She has also been awarded four patents and has given over 140 invited talks and/or keynotes. She is a fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Among her many honors, Howard received the Computer Research Association's A. Nico Habermann Award and the Richard A. Tapia Achievement Award.

In a 2020 interview on Marketplace, Howard outlined the ways in which companion robots would fill the gap left by social distancing as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.

On November 30, 2020, the Columbus Dispatch reported Howard has been named the next dean of the College of Engineering at Ohio State University, to begin March 1, pending approval by the board of trustees. On March 1, 2021, Howard assumed the role becoming the first woman to hold the position.

In 2021, Ayanna Howard received the Athena Lecturer Award from Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) for her Contributions to Robotics, AI and Broadening Participation in Computing. In June 2022, Howard was elected a trustee of Brown University.

Research
Howard's research interests include human-robot interaction, assistive/rehabilitation robotics, science-driven/field robotics, and perception, learning, and reasoning.

Howard's research and published works span across various topics in robotics and AI, including intelligent learning, virtual reality for rehabilitation and robotics in the role of pediatric therapy. Her research is highlighted by her focus on technology development for intelligent agents that must interact with and in a human-centered world. This work, which addresses issues of human-robot interaction, learning, and autonomous control, has resulted in more than 200 peer-reviewed publications.

Honors and awards
Howard's numerous accomplishments have been documented in more than a dozen featured articles. In 2003, she was named to the MIT Technology Review TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35. She was featured in Time magazine's "Rise of the Machines" article in 2004. She was also featured in the USA Today Science & Space article.

Some of Howard's awards include:

 Lew Allen Award for Excellence (formerly the Director's Research Achievement Award of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory) for significant technical contributions, 2001
 MIT Technology Review Top 100 Young Innovators of the Year, 2003
 NAE Gilbreth Lectureship, 2010
 A. Richard Newton Educator ABIE Award, Anita Borg Institute, 2014
 Computer Research Association's A. Nico Habermann Award, 2016
 Brown Engineering Alumni Medal (BEAM), 2016
 AAAS-Lemelson Invention Ambassador, 2016-2017
 Atlanta magazine's Women Making a Mark, 2017
 Walker's Legacy #WLPower25 Atlanta Award, 2017
 Forbes America's Top 50 Women In Tech, 2018
ACM Athena Lecturer Award, 2021
2021 class of Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
IEEE Fellow, 2021, "for contributions to human-robot interaction systems"
 2023 AAAI/EAAI Patrick Henry Winston Outstanding Educator Award

References

External links
 Home Page
 ECE Profile
 Presenter at Cusp Conference 2008
 United Nations Academic Impact Podcast Interview

1972 births
Artificial intelligence researchers
Georgia Tech faculty
Living people
Machine learning researchers
American roboticists
Women roboticists
American women computer scientists
African-American computer scientists
American computer scientists
Brown University School of Engineering alumni
USC Viterbi School of Engineering alumni
African-American women engineers
American women engineers
African-American engineers
American women academics
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellow Members of the IEEE

Ayanna Howard


Edward Greene Malbone (1777 – May 7, 1807) was an American painter, and the most sought-after miniaturist of his day. He was an influence on other artists including Charles Fraser, William Dunlap and John Wesley Jarvis.

Edward Greene Malbone was born at Newport, Rhode Island and began his career in Providence at the age of seventeen, later working in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Charleston and London. Exacting and unceasing work undermined his constitution and following an attempt to recover his health in Jamaica, he came to Savannah and died there of tuberculosis at the home of his cousin, Robert Mackay, on May 7, 1807. He is buried in Savannah's Colonial Park Cemetery.

References

External links

 Historic New England. Portrait of Mrs. Harrison Gray (Sally Foster) Otis, 1804
 Edward Greene Malbone historical marker

18th-century American painters
18th-century American male artists
American male painters
19th-century American painters
1777 births
1807 deaths
Artists from Newport, Rhode Island
Painters from Boston
American portrait painters
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
19th-century American male artists
Tuberculosis deaths in Georgia (U.S. state)

Edward Greene Malbone


Not to be confused with the 1920 George M. Cohan play or The Meanest Man in the World (1923 film)

The Meanest Man in the World is a 1943 American comedy film directed by Sidney Lanfield, starring Jack Benny and Priscilla Lane, based upon a play that starred George M. Cohan, who produced it on Broadway and released by 20th Century Fox. The supporting cast features Eddie "Rochester" Anderson, Edmund Gwenn and Anne Revere. The picture's screenplay was written by George Seaton and Allan House. The plotline involves a kind lawyer (Benny) who pretends to be mean in order to further his career, which has the unforeseen repercussion of placing his romance with Lane's character in serious jeopardy.

The story was filmed once before in the silent era in 1923 by First National with Bert Lytell and Blanche Sweet. Only a fragment survives of the silent.

Plot
Richard Clarke is a lawyer with his own legal practice in Pottsville, New York. His black paralegal assistant continuously claims that Clarke is far too nice a man to be a profitable businessman, since he always fails to demand payment from his poor clients and never takes on those he doesn't believe are innocent. But Clarke's main problem is that he is hopelessly in love with the lovely Janie Brown. Janie's wealthy father has decided that Janie will marry the even wealthier bachelor Bill Potts. Clarke remains completely oblivious of this fact.

One day, after Janie and her father visited Clarke in his office, they are hit by a truck on their way home in their car. Clarke wants to impress the father, and starts to litigate against the poor farmer who drove the truck, claiming a large amount of money for the damages. But after learning that the farmer lacks funds to pay the damages, the good-hearted Clarke stops his litigation. Mr. Brown isn't impressed at all by Clarke's efforts, but he tells him that he has excellent qualities as a lawyer and should go to New York City to make better use of them.

That said and done, Clarke brings his paralegal and moves to New York to start earning the big bucks. His plans come to shame, as not a single client comes to ask for his help in the first four months. Ashamed of his misfortune, he panics when he gets a message that Janie and her father are coming for a visit. Clarke desperately tries to find a more upscale apartment to impress them. While visiting a nice building, Clarke and Shufro overhear a couple arguing and leaving their apartment in anger. Clarke then occupies the apartment while the couple is gone, and receives Janie and Mr. Brown in it. Shufro is on the lookout outside, and when the couple returns to the building, Clarke takes Janie and Mr. Brown out to a nightclub. Janie is so impressed with Clarke's achievements that she wants to marry him immediately. Clarke convinces her that they should wait for a month, giving him time to secretly sort out his situation.

Having spent every last cent on visiting nightclubs with Janie and her father, Clarke is forced to change his ways to get some paying clients. While practicing being mean on the street, Clarke steals a lollipop from a little boy, and unfortunately the act is captured on film by a passing photographer. The picture ends up in the newspaper the next day, with a headline that reads "Meanest Man In The World Takes Candy From Baby".

After the initial shock, Clarke happily discovers that a lot of rich clients are attracted to his practice because of the article. Among others, billionaire Frederick P. Leggitt comes to visit him at the office, looking for representation for an eviction of the billionaire's old sister-in-law, Frances. After more of the same kind of "mean" publicity, hoards of clients arrive at Clarke's office and business is booming. In secret, Clarke takes care of Frances and lets her live in his apartment.

Janie is appalled by Clarke's seeming new personality, and during a visit she breaks off their engagement. While Clarke is out drowning his sorrows at a bar an unfortunate series of misunderstandings regarding Frances ensue, and the public is led to believe she has taken her life in the river.

Janie, who is also out drowning her sorrows, hears that Clarke lives with a woman in his apartment, and when she bumps into Clarke on the street, she slaps him in anger over his deceit. Another photographer is in place and captures the scene. The next day the picture is published, saying that Janie is the woman living with Clarke in the apartment. Mr. Brown sees the article and reacts violently.

Mr. Brown forces both Clarke and Janie to go to her apartment in New York. With the help of a judge, Mr. Brown makes the couple marry on the spot. Before this, Shufro has told Janie the truth about Clarke's "room mate" Frances. When the couple is married Mr. Brown orders Clarke to stay in Pottsville and reform and learn how to be less mean and a good husband. Happily Janie then explains the misunderstanding to her father.

Cast
Jack Benny as Richard Clarke
Priscilla Lane as Janie Brown
Eddie "Rochester" Anderson as Shufro
Edmund Gwenn as Frederick P. Leggitt
Matt Briggs as Mr. Brown
Anne Revere as Miss Crockett
Margaret Seddon as Mrs. Frances H. Leggitt
Helene Reynolds as Wife
Gary Gray as Boy With Lollipop
Lyle Talbot as Bill Potts
Harry Hayden as Mr. Chambers
Hobart Cavanaugh as Mr. Throckmorton
Tor Johnson as Vladimir Pulasky
Gladden James as Clerk (uncredited)

Box office
The film earned $1.3 million in the US.

Radio adaptation
The Meanest Man in the World was presented on Theatre Guild on the Air February 17, 1952. The one-hour adaptation starred James Stewart, Josephine Hull, and Colleen Gray.

References

External links
 The Meanest Man in the World in the Internet Movie Database

1943 films
1943 comedy films
20th Century Fox films
American black-and-white films
American comedy films
American films based on plays
Films directed by Sidney Lanfield
Films scored by Cyril J. Mockridge
Films set in New York (state)
Films produced by William Perlberg
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

The Meanest Man in the World


, formally "Ikeda Chikugo no kami Nagaoki", was the governor of small villages of Ibara, Bitchū Province (Okayama Prefecture), Japan, during the end of the Tokugawa shogunate.

He was, at 27, the head of the Second Japanese Embassy to Europe (Japanese:第2回遣欧使節), also called the Ikeda Mission, sent in 1863-1864 by the Tokugawa shogunate to negotiate the cancellation of the open-port status of Yokohama. The mission was sent following the 1863 "Order to expel barbarians" (攘夷実行の勅命) issued by Emperor Kōmei, and the Bombardment of Shimonoseki incidents, in a wish to close again the country to Western influence, and return to sakoku status.

Nagaoki left with a mission of 36 men on a French warship, stopped in Shanghai, India and Cairo through the Suez canal. His mission visited the pyramids, a feat which Antonio Beato photographed at the time. He finally arrived in Marseille and then Paris, where he met with Napoleon III and with Philipp Franz von Siebold. He stayed at the Grand Hotel in Paris.

The request to close Japanese harbours to Westerners was doomed as Yokohama was the key springboard for Western activity in Japan. The mission was a total failure. Nagaoki however was very impressed with the advancement of French civilization, and became very active in promoting the dispatch of embassies and students abroad, once he had returned to Japan. He was finally put under house arrest by the Bakufu.

Nagaoki brought many documents from France, related especially to physics, biology, manufacture, textiles and also fermentation technologies. He is considered as one of the fathers of the wine industry in Japan.

See also
Wine Road of the Samurai

External links
The samurai who dreamed of a wine-producing Japan
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090525090114/http://www.tk-ryoma.com/cgi/mt/archives/2007/10/post_230.html

1837 births
1879 deaths
Samurai
Members of the Second Japanese Embassy to Europe
People from Okayama Prefecture

Ikeda Nagaoki


El indio () is a 1939 Mexican drama film directed by Armando Vargas de la Maza. It was released in Mexico on February 10, 1939 and later released in United States on May 12, of the same year. Consuelo Frank and Pedro Armendáriz received equal billing, while Dolores Camarillo (billed as Dolores C. de Frausto) who was the film's comic relief, was billed last. Later she would receive a somewhat higher billing in Cantinflas' Ahí está el detalle.

The film also explores an early form of Mexican "indio" comic performances given by Carlos López "Chaflán" and Dolores Camarillo. These comic roles would later give inspiration to María Elena Velasco's La India María film series.

Synopsis
El indio centers on an hacienda somewhere in central-Mexico owned by an ambitious landowner who mistreats his indigenous peones. One of the peons, Felipe (Pedro Armendáriz), has separated himself from the hacienda and the tribe and relies on hunting to survive. He is in love with María (Consuelo Frank), a beautiful white Indian girl who is constantly beleaguered by the hacienda's owner.

Cast
Consuelo Frank as María
Pedro Armendáriz as Felipe
Eduardo Vivas as Hacendado
Gloria Morel as Cristina
Carlos López "Chaflán"
Enrique Cancino
Ángel T. Sala
Ernesto Finance
Alfonso Parra
Jesús Ojeda
Rafael Icardo
Dolores C. de Frausto as Panchita
Max Langler as Indian (uncredited)

External links

1939 films
1930s Spanish-language films
Mexican black-and-white films
Mexican drama films
1939 drama films
1930s Mexican films

El indio


An approximant consonant is a consonant that sounds in some ways like a vowel. For example, lateral approximants like the sound for "l" in the English word "like", the sound for "r" in the English word "right", and semivowels like the sound for "y" in "yes" and the sound for "w" in "wet" are all approximants. These sounds are pronounced by bringing two parts of the mouth, for example the tongue and the roof of the mouth, close to each other. However, it is not close enough to cause the air to be blocked, like in a fricative consonant. Also, the parts are not far apart enough to become a vowel.

Semivowels
Semivowels are a type of approximant consonant, which sound like vowels if you pronounced them alone. However, many languages use them as consonants. Here are the common semivowels in the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Central approximants

bilabial approximant  (usually transcribed )
labiodental approximant
dental approximant  (usually transcribed )
alveolar approximant
retroflex approximant  (a consonantal )
palatal approximant  (a consonantal )
velar approximant  (a consonantal )
uvular approximant  (usually transcribed )
pharyngeal approximant  (a consonantal ; usually transcribed )
epiglottal approximant  (usually transcribed )

Lateral approximants
In lateral approximants, only the centre of the tongue touches the roof of the mouth. So, air can only flow through the sides of the tongue, like the sound "l" in "like".

voiced alveolar lateral approximant
retroflex lateral approximant
palatal lateral approximant
velar lateral approximant
velarized alveolar lateral approximant

Coarticulated approximants with dedicated IPA symbols

voiced labialized velar approximant  (a consonantal )
voiceless labialized velar approximant (a consonantal )
labialized palatal approximant  (a consonantal )

Notes

Consonants

Approximant consonant


iParty with Victorious is a 2011 television movie that acts as a crossover of the television series iCarly and Victorious. It premiered on Nickelodeon June 11, 2011.

The crossover's theme song mash-up, "Leave It All to Shine", premiered on  on Nickelodeon and was online (YouTube) on June 7, 2011. The movie was watched by 7.3 million viewers. It guest starred Kenan Thompson. "iParty with Victorious" was released on DVD on August 30, 2011 on the third season DVD of iCarly and on the second volume of the Victorious first season DVD.

Plot
Carly Shay (Miranda Cosgrove) (iCarly) is dating a boy named Steven Carson (Cameron Deane Stewart), who divides his time between his divorced parents in Seattle and Los Angeles. Every other month, Steven goes off to Los Angeles, where he is also dating Tori Vega (Victoria Justice) (Victorious), who attends Hollywood Arts, a high school for the performing arts. Robbie Shapiro (Matt Bennett), a socially awkward friend of Tori's, posts a picture of Steven and Tori online, which Carly and her friend Sam Puckett (Jennette McCurdy) stumble upon. Carly denies that Steven is cheating on her, but Sam seeks to prove otherwise.

Carly, her brother Spencer (Jerry Trainor), Sam, and their friends Freddie Benson (Nathan Kress) and Gibby Gibson (Noah Munck) travel to Los Angeles. They visit Spencer's ex-girlfriend, Monie (Jen Lilley), who happens to be a skilled make-up artist, and receive disguise makeovers to avoid being noticed from iCarly by others. They then head off to Kenan Thompson's house after hearing of a party where Steven might be. Meanwhile, while having lunch at Hollywood Arts High School in Los Angeles,  Andre Harris (Leon Thomas III), another friend of Tori's, announces that his real estate agent uncle sold a house to Kenan, who gave permission for Andre to host a small party there as he scheduled to move the month after since he is in New York. Rex, Robbie's ventriloquist dummy, has tweeted about the party, resulting in hundreds of people attending, much to the dismay of Andre, who had only wanted a small party. The iCarly gang enter Kenan's house during the party and split up to search for Steven. Spencer discovers that the house includes a jacuzzi and relaxes in it, leading to him meeting Tori's teacher Sikowitz (Eric Lange) and her friends Beck Oliver (Avan Jogia) and Jade West (Elizabeth Gillies). Kenan unexpectedly shows up to the house, having expected a bigger party and is disappointed to see that his stalker, who has dressed up in a panda suit assaulting people with a tennis racket has showed up. Sinjin Van Cleef (Michael Eric Reid), another student at Hollywood Arts, falls into the jacuzzi when a surfing arcade game malfunctions. Meanwhile, Carly catches Steven and watches him kiss Tori, after which she admits that Sam was correct about Steven cheating on her.

The iCarly members remove their disguises, and Tori walks in and immediately recognizes them from iCarly. Carly and her friends explain the situation to Tori, and together they come up with a plan to humiliate Steven. As Kenan and Andre are trying to catch the Panda stalker, the iCarly gang and Tori eventually convince him to join their plan. They lure Steven into a closet where he thinks he will make out with Tori for a "100th day anniversary". Instead, when Steven enters the closet, he finds himself on an iCarly webcast with Carly, Sam, Kenan, and Tori, who reveal to iCarlys one million audience members that Steven has been dating Carly and Tori at the same time before they both dump him. Steven becomes embarrassed and leaves. Sometime later, Sam defeats Rex in a rap battle. The iCarly gang then join Tori and her friends in karaoke, where they end the special by singing "Leave It All to Shine", a mash-up of the iCarly and Victorious theme songs.

Cast

iCarly cast
 Miranda Cosgrove as Carly Shay – Carly hosts her own eponymous web show titled iCarly and has become an internet sensation. She is Spencer's younger sister. She is also friends with Sam, Freddie, and Gibby. She is the girlfriend of Steven Carson. When in disguise, she is known as Patty Schwab.
 Jennette McCurdy as Sam Puckett – Carly's delinquent sidekick, troublemaking best friend, and co-host for iCarly. When in disguise, she is known as Regina Goodbody.
 Nathan Kress as Freddie Benson – iCarlys technical producer and director. He is also the techy, geeky neighbor of Carly and Spencer. When in disguise, he is known as Chess Masterson.
 Jerry Trainor as Spencer Shay – Carly's older brother, and a skilled artist. He is also Carly's legal guardian.
 Noah Munck as Gibby Gibson – One of the iCarly gang's friends, and the odd background star of the web show. When in disguise, he is known as Roger Mole.
 David St. James as Mr. Howard – A strict math teacher at Carly's school, Ridgeway Junior High, who hates all his students.
 Mary Scheer as Marissa Benson – Freddie's stereotypically overprotective mother.
BooG!e as The Panda – A mysterious person dressed in a panda costume that goes around the party whacking people with a tennis racket.

Victorious cast
Victoria Justice as Tori Vega – A talented teenager who is a student at Hollywood Arts, an elite performing arts high school. She is also the other girlfriend of Steven Carson, and Trina's younger sister. She is shown to be an iCarly fan in the beginning of the movie.
Leon Thomas III as Andre Harris – Tori's best friend, an aspiring songwriter and the mentor at Hollywood Arts. He is also the host of the big party at Kenan Thompson's house.
Matt Bennett as Robbie Shapiro – One of Tori's friends, and a nerdy student at Hollywood Arts. He is almost always seen with his "best friend" Rex, who is really a ventriloquist's dummy that he carries around everywhere. He takes the picture of Tori and Steven that prompts the iCarly team to drive to L.A. and seek Steven. Jake Farrow is uncredited as the voice of Rex Powers, a ventriloquist dummy who accompanies Robbie whom everyone treats as real.
Elizabeth Gillies as Jade West – Tori's frenemy, who always causes her trouble. She is Beck's girlfriend and the occasional antagonist of Victorious.
Ariana Grande as Cat Valentine – Another one of Tori's eccentric friends who is sweet, cheerful, and also quite dimwitted. In this crossover, Cat has difficulty speaking due to a vocal cord infection and uses a voice simulator called Speechy King. Before the end, however, she takes it off after Cat's vocal cords had been fixed and finally sings it out.
Avan Jogia as Beck Oliver – Another one of Tori's friends, and an actor at Hollywood Arts. He is dating Jade as her boyfriend.
Daniella Monet as Trina Vega – Tori's diva-like older sister, who also attends Hollywood Arts.
Eric Lange as Mr. Sikowitz – A popular hippie-like drama teacher at Hollywood Arts.
Lane Napper as Lane Alexander – The guidance counselor for Hollywood Arts.
Michael Eric Reid as Sinjin Van Cleef – A freaky student at Hollywood Arts.
Marilyn Harris as Mrs. Harris – Andre's grandmother.

Guest stars
Kenan Thompson as himself
Cameron Deane Stewart as Steven Carson – He is dating both Carly and Tori as their boyfriend, a fact that neither of them are aware of.
 Justin Castor as Mark – A kid who recognizes Gibby and is punched before he can reveal him.
Jen Lilley as Monie – Spencer's ex-girlfriend who helps disguise Carly, Sam, Freddie, and Gibby.
 Kwame Patterson as DJ Mustang – The DJ at Andre's big party at Kenan Thompson's house.
 Cierra Russell as Mabel – One of the kids who Trina babysits. Trina, forgetting Mabel's name, calls her Vanessa.
 Walt Schoen as Wilson – Another one of the kids who Trina babysits.

Production
iParty with Victorious was produced as episodes 311–313 of iCarly. It does not count as a Victorious episode.

Victoria Justice appears in iCarly for the second time for "iParty with Victorious", following her appearance as Shelby Marx in the special "iFight Shelby Marx" (Sam also comments on Tori Vega's resemblance to Shelby Marx on the computer). Leon Thomas III, Daniella Monet, and Lane Napper also make return appearances, having appeared in the episodes "iCarly Saves TV", "iPsycho", and "iWas a Pageant Girl" respectively.

The crossover special also marks Kenan Thompson's brief return to Nickelodeon. Thompson previously starred in the Nickelodeon shows All That and Kenan & Kel and had done voice work on The Mighty B!. Victoria Justice is credited with the iCarly cast in the opening sequence while the rest of the Victorious cast are credited during the in-show credits. Kenan Thompson is mentioned during the ending credits.

While in Kenan Thompson's house, "The Joke Is On You" by Niki Watkins, "Give It Up" by Elizabeth Gillies and Ariana Grande, performed in the Victorious episode "Freak the Freak Out", and "Number One (My World)" by fictional Ginger Fox was played.

Music
 "Leave It All to Me"
 "Make It Shine"
 "Number One"
 "Leave It All to Shine"

Subsequent crossovers
This is the first of four crossovers between both iCarly and Victorious. The second and third crossovers occur during each show's April Fools' Day specials, both of which debuted on March 24, 2012. At one point in the Victorious April Fools' special, "April Fools Blank", Tori is seen coming out of the elevator and into the living room of Carly's apartment, where Spencer is sitting on the couch. Meanwhile, in the iCarly episode "iApril Fools", Carly, Sam, Freddie, and Spencer appear in Tori's living room sitting next to Robbie, who is actually a transformed version of Gibby. Sam also sings a line from "Make it Shine". The Nickelodeon series Sam & Cat (a crossover/spin-off and sequel of both shows) acts as the permanent fourth crossover, with Sam and Cat living as roommates and starting a babysitting service to fund their adventures. Freddie, Robbie, and Jade make special return appearances in the Sam & Cat hour-long special "#TheKillerTunaJump", and Gibby, Nevel and Nora made a special appearance in the Sam & Cat 45-minute special "#SuperPsycho".

This is also the first of three times that Jennette McCurdy has been involved with Victorious; the second was when McCurdy guest starred as "Crazy Ponnie" in the Victorious episode of the same name, and the third time was reprising her role of Sam on Sam & Cat. On iCarly, Victoria Justice appeared as fighter Shelby Marx in the episode "iFight Shelby Marx", Leon Thomas III as Harper in "iCarly Saves TV", and Daniella Monet as a party goer at Nora Dershlit's house in "iPsycho".

Reception
"iParty with Victorious" received mainly positive reviews from critics. Verne Gay of Newsday gave a positive review, suggesting "iParty with Victorious" may be the biggest event of the Summer 2011 and noting the scene depicting a guy in a panda costume chasing Kenan Thompson was hilarious. Carl Cortez of Assignment X praised the episode but also gave a slightly more critical review. He believes "the mechanism for verifying Carly's boyfriend is cheating is a bit of a stretch". He reacted positively to how the times spent with the characters of iCarly and Victorious are evenly distributed. Overall, he finds the episode to be "enjoyable nonetheless" and gives it a grade of B−. This crossover aired during the 2011 NBA Finals and the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals.

The movie did well in the ratings, drawing 7.3 million viewers, and was the top-rated cable program for the week of June 6–12, 2011.

See also
 List of Nickelodeon original films

References

External links

2011 American television episodes
American crossover films
ICarly
Television episodes set in Los Angeles
Victorious
Films directed by Steve Hoefer
Television crossover episodes

IParty with Victorious


From March 12 to June 7, 1924, voters and members of the Democratic Party elected delegates to the 1924 Democratic National Convention, in part to  nominate a candidate for President of the United States in the 1924 election.

Though William Gibbs McAdoo won a vast majority of states, and almost three-fifths of the popular vote, in those twelve states that held primary elections, it meant little to his performance nationwide. Many of the delegations from states that did not hold primary elections favored his main rivals, Oscar Underwood of Alabama and Al Smith of New York, neither of which won any primary elections. As well as the primaries that McAdoo did not win were won by "local sons" who stood no chance of winning the nomination, or in some cases were not even formal candidates. Once at the convention, the party was deadlocked for 102 straight ballots, before dark horse candidate John W. Davis, (who was not a formal candidate when he arrived at the convention) was chosen on the 103rd ballot. Davis went on to lose the election to Republican candidate Calvin Coolidge.

Background

Sizable Democratic gains during the 1922 Midterm elections suggested to many Democrats that the nadir that they experienced immediately after the 1920 elections was ending, and that a popular candidate like William Gibbs McAdoo of California, who could draw the popular support of labor and Wilsonians, would stand an excellent chance of winning the coming presidential election. The Teapot Dome scandal added yet even more enthusiasm for the party initially, but further disclosures revealed that the corrupt interests had been bipartisan. Edward Doheny for example, whose name had become synonymous with that of the Teapot Dome scandal, ranked highly in the Democratic Party of California, contributed highly to party campaigns, served as chairman of the state party, and was even at one point advanced as a possible candidate for vice-president in 1920. The death of Warren Harding in August 1923 and the succession of Coolidge blunted the effects of the scandals upon the Republican Party, including that of Teapot Dome, but until the convention many Democrats believed that the Republicans would be turned out of the White House.

The concept of a primary election in which any registered party member would vote for a candidate, was relatively new in the American political landscape and been introduced for presidential delegates in 1912. In only 12 states were actual primaries held, and even in them, the results were not universally binding for the delegates to the Democratic National Convention, where the presidential candidate would be formally chosen. In most of the country, the selection of delegates was confined to state-level conventions and caucuses under the heavy hand of local political machines.

Candidates
There were four candidates:

McAdoo, the frontrunner
The party's immediate leading candidate of the 60-year-old William Gibbs McAdoo, who was extremely popular with labor thanks to his wartime record as Director General of the railroads and was, as former Wilson's son-in-law, also the favorite of the Wilsonians. However, in January 1924, unearthed evidence of his relationship with Doheny discomforted many of his supporters. After McAdoo had resigned from the Wilson administration in 1918, Joseph Tumulty, Wilson's secretary, had warned him to avoid association with Doheny. However, in 1919, McAdoo took Doheny as a client for an unusually-large initial fee of $100,000 in addition to an annual retainer. Not the least perplexing part of the deal involved a million-dollar bonus for McAdoo if the Mexican government reached a satisfactory agreement with Washington on oil lands Doheny held south of the Texas border. The bonus was never paid, and McAdoo later insisted that it has been a casual figure of speech mentioned in jest. At the time, however, he had telegraphed the New York World that he would have received "an additional fee of $900,000 if my firm had succeeded in getting a satisfactory settlement" since the Doheny companies had "several hundred million dollars of property at stake, our services, had they been effective, would have been rightly compensated by the additional fee." In fact, the lawyer received only $50,000 more from Doheny.

It was also charged that on matters of interest to his client, Republic Iron and Steel, from which he received $150,000, McAdoo neglected the regular channels dictated by propriety and consulted directly with his own appointees in the capital to obtain a fat refund.

McAdoo's connection to Dohney appeared to lessen his desirability seriously as a presidential candidate. In February, Colonel Edward M. House urged him to withdraw from the race, as did Josephus Daniels, Thomas Bell Love, and two important contributors to the Democratic Larty, Bernard Baruch and Thomas Chadbourne. Some advisers hoped that McAdoo's chances would improve after a formal withdrawal. William Jennings Bryan, who never doubted McAdoo's honesty, thought that the Doheny affair had damaged the lawyer's chances "seriously, if not fatally." Senator Thomas Walsh, who earlier had called McAdoo the greatest Secretary of the Treasury since Alexander Hamilton, informed him with customary curtness: "You are no longer available as a candidate." Breckinridge Long, who would be McAdoo's floor manager at the June convention, wrote in his diary on February 13: "As it stands today we are beat." The New York Times, itself convinced that McAdoo had acted in bad taste and against the spirit of the law, report the widespread opinion that McAdoo had "been eliminated as a formidable contender for Democratic nomination."

McAdoo was unpopular for reasons other than his close association with Doheny. Even in 1918, The Nation was saying that "his election to the White House would be an unqualified misfortune." McAdoo, the liberal journal then believed, had wanted to go to war with Mexico and Germany and he was held responsible for segregating clerks in the Treasury Department. Walter Lippmann wrote in 1920 that McAdoo "is not fundamentally moved by the simple moralities" and that his "honest" liberalism catered only to popular feeling. Liberal critics, believing him a demagogue, gave as evidence his stand for quick payment of the veterans' bonus.

Relations with Klan
Much of the dissatisfaction with McAdoo on the part of reformers and urban Democrats sprang from his acceptance of the backing of the Ku Klux Klan. James Cox, the 1920 Democratic nominee, indignantly wrote that "there was not only tacit consent to the Klan's support, but it was apparent that he and his major supporters were conniving with the Klan." Friends insisted that McAdoo's silence on the matter hid a distaste that the political facts of life kept him from expressing, especially after the Doheny scandal, when he desperately needed support. Thomas Bell Love of Texas, though at one time of a contrary opinion, advised McAdoo not to issue even a mild disclaimer of the Klan. To Bernard Baruch and others, McAdoo explained as a disavowal of the Klan his remarks against prejudice at a 1923 college commencement. However, McAdoo could not command the support of unsatisfied liberal spokesmen for The Nation and The New Republic, which favored the candidacy of Republican Senator Robert LaFollette. A further blow to McAdoo was the death on February 3, 1924 of Wilson, who had ironically outlived his successor in the White House. The father-in-law to the candidate, Wilson might have given McAdoo a welcome endorsement now that the League of Nations had receded as an issue.

William Dodd of the University of Chicago wrote to his father that Wilson had been "counting on" his daughter's being in the White House. The New York Times, however, reported a rumor that Wilson had written to Cox hoping he would again be a candidate in 1924.

McAdoo vs. Underwood
Those handicaps did not deter McAdoo from campaigning vigorously and effectively in presidential primaries. He won easily against minor candidates, whose success might have denied him key delegations in the South and the West, but Senator Oscar Underwood of Alabama was no match for McAdoo. Opposed to Prohibition and to the Klan, Underwood failed to identify himself with the kind of progressivism that would have won him some compensating support. Underwood's candidacy also suffered from a view that he was not a "real southerner" since he had been born in Kentucky, and his father had served as a colonel in the Union Army. "He is a New York candidate living in the South," said Bryan. McAdoo defeated Underwood in Georgia and even split the Alabama delegation. Whatever appeal that Underwood had outside of the South was erased by the emerging candidacy of New York Governor Al Smith.

McAdoo vs. Smith
In their immediate effects, the heated primary contests drew to McAdoo the financial support of the millionaires Thomas Chadbourne and Bernard Baruch, who was indebted to McAdoo for his appointment as head of the War Industries Board, and they strengthened the resolve of Smith, ten years younger than McAdoo, to make a serious try for the nomination, which he had originally sought primarily to block McAdoo on the behalf of the eastern political bosses. The contests also hardened the antagonisms between the candidates and cut deeper divisions within the electorate. In doing so, they undoubtedly retrieved lost ground for McAdoo and broadened his previously-shrinking base of support by drawing to him rural, Klan, and dry elements that were awakened by the invigorated candidacy of Smith. Senator Kenneth McKellar of Tennessee wrote to his sister Nellie: "I see McAdoo carried Georgia by such an overwhelming majority that it is likely to reinstate him in the running."

The Klan seemed to oppose every Democratic candidate except McAdoo. A Klan newspaper rejected Henry Ford because he had given a Lincoln car to a Catholic archbishop; flatly rejected Smith as a Catholic from "Jew York;" and called Underwood the "Jew, jug, Jesuit candidate." The primaries, therefore, played their part in crystallizing the split within the party that would tear it apart at the forthcoming convention.

City immigrants and McAdoo progressives had earlier joined to fight the Mellon tax plans in Congress since both groups represented people of small means. Deeper social animosities dissolved their alliance, and the urban-rural division rapidly supplanted all others. Frank Walsh, a progressive New York lawyer, wrote, "If his [Smith's] religion is a bar, of course it is all right with me to bust up the Democratic party on such an issue."

More directly, the contest between McAdoo and Smith thrust upon the Democratic national convention a dilemma of a kind that no politician would wish to confront. To reject McAdoo and nominate Smith would solidify anti-Catholic feeling and rob the party of millions of otherwise certain votes in the South and elsewhere. However, to reject Smith and nominate McAdoo would antagonize American Catholics, who constituted some 16 percent of the population, most of whom could normally be counted upon by the Democrats. Either selection would affect significantly the future of the party.

Now in the ostensibly-neutral hands of Cordell Hull, the chairman of the Democratic National Convention, party machinery was expected to shift to the victor during the convention, and a respectable run in the fall election would insure the victor's continued supremacy in Democratic politics.

Despite the strong showing by McAdoo in the primaries, an argument could be made for the political wisdom of a Smith ticket. In the 1922 congressional elections, the largest gains had come in New York, New Jersey, and other urban areas in which Roman Catholicism was strong. The new strength of the party, those elections seemed to indicate, lay not in the traditionalist countryside of Bryan and McAdoo but in the tenement areas of the city and the regions of rapid industrialization.

Also, as Franklin Roosevelt wrote to Josephus Daniels, Smith's followers came from states with big electoral votes that often swung a presidential election: Massachusetts, New York, and Illinois. However, the strain of anti-Catholicism in America was a threat of proportions that could not be easily calculated.

Nevertheless, no one had gotten anywhere near the two thirds needed to win at the convention in New York.

See also
 Republican Party presidential primaries, 1924
White primary

References

1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries


Heikant is a former hamlet in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It was located about 2 km northwest of Helvoirt (now municipality of Vught).

The hamlet is mentioned by the 19th-century historian A.J. van der Aa, and shown on a map of the area. It is no longer considered to be a separate hamlet, although the houses and a street named "De Heikant" still exist.

Heikant should not be confused with any of the other hamlets named Heikant in the Netherlands.

References

Populated places in North Brabant
Vught

Heikant, Helvoirt


Green Patch is a settlement on East Falkland, in the Falkland Islands, It is on the north east coast, on the south shore of Berkeley Sound, a few miles south east from Port Louis, on Port Louis Harbour. It looks out onto Long Island and Hog Island.

It was the location of an experiment to try to remedy the land ownership imbalance in the islands:
In an effort to alleviate this problem of dependence [outlined in the Shackleton report], and notably to offer opportunity to those requiring their own stake in the economy by obtaining land, the Falkland Islands Company sold their Green Patch holding of , situated north of Stanley. This was acquired by the Falkland Islands Government, subdivided into six separate holdings and in 1980 was leased to applicants, with an option to apply for freehold possession after twenty years.

References

Populated places on East Falkland
History of the Falkland Islands

Green Patch


Harvey Sollberger (born May 11, 1938 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa) is an American composer, flutist, and conductor specializing in contemporary classical music.

Life

Sollberger holds an M.A. degree from Columbia University, where his composition instructors included Jack Beeson and Otto Luening. In 1962 he co-founded (with Charles Wuorinen) The Group for Contemporary Music in New York City, which he directed for 27 years.

He is emeritus professor of music at the University of California, San Diego.
He taught at Columbia University, the Manhattan School of Music, and Indiana University. From 1997 to 2005, he served as Music Director of the La Jolla Symphony and Chorus.

His music has been released on Composers Recordings, Inc.

He currently lives in Strawberry Point, Iowa.

Awards
 1969 Guggenheim Fellowship
 Fromm commission
 Koussevitzky commission
 Naumberg Foundations commission
 National Endowment for the Arts

References

External links

"Sollberger", Classical Composers Database
"Harvey Sollberger", DRAM
Harvey Sollberger page
Interview with Harvey Sollberger, January 21, 1994

1938 births
Living people
American male classical composers
American classical composers
20th-century classical composers
American classical flautists
American male conductors (music)
Manhattan School of Music faculty
Musicians from Cedar Rapids, Iowa
University of California, San Diego faculty
Columbia University School of the Arts alumni
Contemporary classical music performers
Pupils of Jack Beeson
Pupils of Otto Luening
Musicians from Iowa
20th-century American composers
20th-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American conductors (music)
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
20th-century flautists
21st-century flautists

Harvey Sollberger


Anglo-Saxon mythology refers to the Migration Period Germanic paganism practiced by the English peoples in 5th to 7th century England before conversion to Christianity.

Origins and history

The Anglo-Saxons, composed of tribes of  the Angles, Saxons, Friesian and Germans, arrived in Britain from southern Scandinavia, the Netherlands and northern Germany. It is from these people that the modern English language (Angle-ish) derives. An impression, but only that, of the Anglo-Saxon mythology can be obtained from reading about Scandinavian mythology. The latter was written down much later, by Snorri Sturluson, because Iceland remained pagan until well into the Christian era (c.1000). The Norse of Iceland and the English certainly shared a common ancestry in 6th century Denmark. The Anglo-Saxons were a largely illiterate society and tales were orally transmitted between groups and tribes by the Anglo-Saxon traveling minstrels, the scops, in the form of verse

Sources
The chief literary source is Bede, a Christian monk who wrote of the old English calendar in his De Temporum Ratione. Only a little Old English poetry has survived, and all of it has had Christian editors. The epic poem Beowulf is an important source of Anglo-Saxon pagan poetry and history, but it is clearly addressed to a Christian audience, containing numerous references to the Christian God, and using Christian phrasing and metaphor. The monster Grendel, for example, is described as a descendant of the biblical Cain. In fact, the only fragment of poetry dating to the pagan era that has not undergone edits by Christian editors is the Finnsburgh Fragment.

Beliefs
The Anglo-Saxons believed in supernatural creatures such as elves, dwarves and giants ("Etins") who often brought harm to men. It is likely that they believed in Wyrd (German "werden"), usually translated as "fate," although the modern term fate does little justice to the true meaning of wyrd.

Being a Germanic people, the Anglo-Saxons worshiped the same gods as the Norse and other Germanic peoples.  The names are slightly different due to the differences in language among the Germanic peoples.  For example, Thunor of the Anglo-Saxons was the same god as Thor of the Norse and Donar of the Germans.  Likewise, Woden of the Anglo-Saxons is the same as Odin among the Norse and Wotan of the Germans.

The Gods

The Ēse
The Ēse correspond to the Norse Æsir.

Wōden, the leader of the Wild Hunt and the one who carries off the dead, is one of the chief gods of the Anglo-Saxons before the Christian era. He was held to be the ancestor of Hengest and Horsa, two legendary figures from early English history and most of the early Anglo-Saxon kings claimed descent from Wōden. He gives us the modern Wednesday ("Wōden's day").

Þunor, is the god of thunder, who rules the storms and sky. He also protects mankind from the giants. He was the god of the common people within the heathen community. His name gives rise to the modern Thursday ("Thunor's Day").

Frīġ is the goddess of love, wisdom, and sīden magic, and is the wife of Wōden. She is one of the most powerful Goddesses, this position being threatened only by Freya, who might be one in the same with Frīġ as argued by many.

Tīw is the god of warfare and battle, and gives us Tuesday ("Tiu's day"). Some people believe that he was a sky-god figure and formerly the chief god, replaced over the years by Wōden, but is likened to Mars in Roman religion when looking at his known traits.

The Wæna

Ingui Frēa was one of the most popular Gods, after Þunor and Wōden - there is evidence to suggest that Ingui was the most popular of the Anglo-Saxon deities, his cult later being replaced in popularity by that of Wōden. He is above all the god of fertility, bringing fruitfulness to the crops, herds, and folk. Though he is a fertility god, he is also connected to warfare to a degree; however, this warfare is believed to be defensive, as opposed to offensive, and is not to create havoc. After all, peace is necessary for a good harvest and a productive community, while needless warfare destroys any prospect of peace and fruitfulness. The Yngling royal line of Sweden claimed descent from him.

Freya, or Frēo, is said to be the most beautiful of all the goddesses, and is therefore described as the goddess of love. She might be the same as Frīġe, however; As Frīġe's is love and marriage. It is likely that Frēo directed Wōden's Wælcyrġe onto the battlefield to claim the dead soldiers. Like her brother, Frēa, she is connected to abundance and wealth; however, her wealth is more thought of as metals and gems. She is also a goddess of magic, having taught Wōden "seiðr", or Sīden in Old English.

Neorð is Frēa and Frēo's father, and is a god of the seas and commerce. He is called upon by fishermen and sailors who depend upon good seas.  Like his son and daughter, his realm is that of wealth; namely, the wealth of the sea. He married the giantess Sċeaþa, albeit the marriage was not successful as neither of them could accept the other's element; Neorð his sea, and Sċeaþa her mountains.

Other Gods and Heroes
Hengest and Horsa, who are named in historical sources as leaders of the earliest Anglo-Saxon raids and settlements in the south, may also had deific status. The name Hengest means "stallion" and Horsa means "horse"; the horse in the Anglo-Saxon mythology is an important symbol, and there's also the broader Indo European reconstructed Gods, The Divine Horse Twins, who are reflected in many Indo European derived religions.

Wēland is a mythic smith. Originally, he is an elvish being, a shape-changer like his wife, a swan maiden and Wælcyrge. His picture adorns the Franks Casket, an Anglo-Saxon royal box and was meant there to refer to wealth and partnership.

Ēorðe, whose name means "Earth," is the wife of Wōden and mother of Þunor. She is also the daughter of the Goddess Niht.  Her worship is generally passive, as opposed to active, though she is called on for "might and main."  Her latent strength can be seen in her son, Þunor.

Ēostre, according to St. Bede, was a Goddess whose feast was celebrated in Spring. Bede asserts that the current Christian festival of Easter took its name from the Goddess's feast in "Eostur-monath" (April/Aprilis).

Niht is the Goddess of Night, and also the mother of Ēorðe. The Norse night was the daughter of Narvi. She was married three times; the first to Naglfari by whom she had Auðr; the second, to Annar by whom she had Ēorðe; and the third to Dellinger, Dæġ.

Siġel/Sunne is the Goddess of the Sun. Her day is, of course, Sunday.

Practices
Since Anglo-Saxon religion a subset of Germanic paganism in general, many of its central practices are also shared by other religions such as the religion of the Norse peoples.

Blót
November in Old English was known  as blótmónath, as this   passage points out:
"This month is called Novembris in Latin, and in our language the month of sacrifice, because our forefathers, when they were heathens, always sacrificed in this month, that is, that they took and devoted to their idols the cattle which they wished to offer."

It is significant to note that the English word "bless" ultimately derives from Proto-Germanic (the language that English and Norse come from) blothisojan (meaning "to smear with blood"), which denotes the sacrificial aspect of the term.

Symbel
A ritual drinking feast in which magical knowledge was achieved through drinking alcohol, usually mead. This magical knowledge is typically associated with the quest for good fortune, the wyrd. The  participants at symbel other than the drinkers themselves were the symbelgifa, the giver of the symbel or host, the scop or poet (the entertainment), the alekeeper (the server of the ale), and the  thyle who kept order.

 It is possible that magical practice was common, and that water, tree and stone worship in various forms were also practiced by the Anglo-Saxons.

Modern Influence

The Germanic gods have affected elements of every day western life in most countries that speak Germanic languages. An example is some of the names of the days of the week. The names for Tuesday through Friday are named after Germanic gods. In English and Dutch, Saturday was named after the Roman god Saturn. This is because the 7-day week was invented by the Romans which ultimately shaped the calendar we use today and the English and the Dutch never substituted a god's name for this day. Saturday is named after the Sabbath in German, and is called "washing day" in Scandinavia. Sunday and Monday are named after the Sun (or Sunne in Old English) and the Moon (Mōna in Old English).

Also, many place names such as Woodway House, Wansdyke, Thundersley and Frigedene are named after the old deities of the English people.

Modern popular culture

J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings was influenced by the myths of the Northern Europeans. As it became popular, parts of its fantasy world moved into how people see the fantasy genre. In almost any modern fantasy novel, you can find Germanic creatures like elves, dwarves, and giants. Tolkien was also strongly influenced by his experiences fighting during the First World War and created his own mythology, drawing heavily from Anglo Saxon myths as well as Welsh. Thus he wrote the books in which he created over 30,000 years of history within The Simarillion, of which the entire Lord of the Rings storyline only takes up a small part of.

References

English mythology

Anglo-Saxon mythology


The Wyoming toad or Baxter's toad (Anaxyrus baxteri) is a toad that has become rare. The only living Wyoming toads are in captivity. For example, the Mortenson Lake National Wildlife Refuge in Wyoming breeds these toads. It was listed as "endangered" in 1984, and as "extinct in the wild" in 1991.  There were suddenly far fewer Wyoming toads around 1975 and the toad extremely rare by 1980. To prevent extinction, a captive breeding program was started in 1989 at the Thorne Williams Unit. This program produced enough young toads in the first few years to send toads to seven different zoos. In 1998, the Saratoga National Fish Hatchery received toads to breed. Between 1995 and 2006, when the remaining captive toads were moved from the Thorne Williams Unit to the Red Buttes Environmental Biology Laboratory south of Laramie, nearly 46,000 offspring had been produced at the Thorne Williams Unit and released back into the wild. Before the sharp declines occurred, this toad was classified as a subspecies of the Canadian toad.

In nature, the female toad leaves her eggs in the shallow parts of ponds and lakes.  The tadpoles swim in the warmest parts of the water.

Adult frogs look for food during the day and hide at night.  Sometimes they go into burrows dug by rodents.  Adult frogs eat mostly ants but they also eat beetles and other animals without backbones.

Scientists are not sure why the Wyoming toad started to die out in the 1970s.  They think it might have been that people were using an insect-killing chemical called Baytex, that seagulls, pelicans and raccoons were eating the toads, or that irrigation for hay growing changed their living space.

References

Toads
Frogs of North America

Wyoming toad


A security interest is a legal claim on collateral. The collateral can be real estate, personal property or any asset. Collateral is usually used to secure a loan.

The borrower is the party who borrows the funds. The lender is the one who lends the money in return for a security interest. The lender can repossess the asset if the borrower fails to repay the loan. The lender can then sell the asset to repay the loan. A loan secured by collateral is called a secured loan (also called a lien). A loan with no collateral (such as a credit card) is an unsecured loan. There is nothing for the lender to repossess.

Different types
There are different types of security interest or liens:
 Consensual agreements are entered into consensually between a borrower and a lender. For example, a borrower may want to purchase a car or house and the property purchased secures the buyer's obligation to pay for the property.
Statutory liens are security interests that may be secured by statutes.
Mechanic's Liens are those that come about when a mechanic or contractor is not paid for work they performed. The owner may not sell the property (real or personal) until the debt is paid.
Tax Liens are a type of lien that is placed against property by the local, state or federal government. They are authorized by statute, for delinquent taxes, including property, income and estate taxes. If the taxes remain unpaid for a specified period of time, the property may be sold by the government in what is called a tax sale.

References

Legal terms
Finance

Security interest


Melanie Rawn (born 1954) is an American author of fantasy literature. She received a BA in history from Scripps College and worked as a teacher and editor before becoming a writer.

She has been nominated for a Locus award on three occasions: in 1989 for Dragon Prince in the first novel category, in 1994 for Skybowl in the fantasy novel category, and again in 1995 for Ruins of Ambrai in the fantasy novel category. The third novel in the "Exiles" trilogy has now been "forthcoming" since the late 1990s due to the author suffering from clinical depression and moving on to other projects to facilitate her recovery. In 2014, Rawn stated via Kate Elliot's blog that she intended to complete the trilogy after finishing the fifth book of the Glass Thorns series.

Bibliography

Dragon Prince trilogy
Dragon Prince, 1988
The Star Scroll, 1989
Sunrunner's Fire, 1990

Dragon Star trilogy
Stronghold, 1991
The Dragon Token, 1993
Skybowl, 1994

The Golden Key universe
The Golden Key, 1996 (with Kate Elliott and Jennifer Roberson)
The Diviner, 2011 (prequel to The Golden Key)

Exiles trilogy
The Ruins of Ambrai, 1994
The Mageborn Traitor, 1997
The Captal's Tower (planned)

Spellbinder
Spellbinder: A Love Story with Magical Interruptions, 2006
Fire Raiser, 2009

Glass Thorns
Touchstone, 2012
Elsewhens, 2013
Thornlost, 2014
Window Wall, 2015
Playing to the Gods, 2017

Stand-alone
The Rushden Legacy, 1985 (as Ellen Randolph)
Knights of the Morningstar, 1994, Quantum Leap tie-in novel

Short stories
Salve, Regina in Return to Avalon (Roberson; 1995 DAW)
The Lady's Gift in Ancient Enchantresses  (Massie-Ferch, Greenberg, Gilliam; 1995 DAW)
Of the Death of Kings in Warrior Enchantresses  (Maisse-Ferch, Greenberg; 1996 DAW)
The Abbot of Croxton in Highwaymen: Robbers & Rogues  (Roberson; 1997 DAW)
There Goes the Neighborhood in Return of the Dinosaurs  (Resnick, Greenberg; 1997 DAW)
The Sacrifice in Fantasy: DAW 30th Anniversary  (Gilbert, Wollheim; 2002 DAW)
Mother of All Russiya in Lightspeed, May 2012  (Adams; 2012 Lightspeed Magazine)

References

External links
 Interview with Melanie Rawn at SFFWorld.com

1954 births
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American fantasy writers
American women short story writers
American short story writers
American women novelists
Dragon Prince series
Living people

Scripps College alumni
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers

Melanie Rawn


Marco Polo sheep (Ovis ammon polii) is a wild sheep, and a subspecies of the Argali.

It takes its name from famed explorer Marco Polo who described the species during his crossing of Pamir (ancient Mount Imeon) in 1271. The Marco Polo sheep is particularly known for its long horns. The longest horn ever found on a sheep was found on a Marco Polo sheep and measured 191 centimeters (75 inches). The sheep is unofficially the National animal of Afghanistan.

Related pages

Argali

Caprids
Mammals of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
it was named after Marco polo
its scientific name is Ovis ammon polii .They can reach 6 feet in length
horns starts to grow after 15 to 20 days after birth. number of rings on the horn indicates age of the male sheep
The argali or mountain sheep (Ovis ammon) is a wild sheep. It lives in the highlands of Central Asia (Himalaya, Tibet, Altay).

It is the biggest wild sheep. It stands as high as 120 cm. It weights as much as 140 kg. The Pamir argali (also called Marco Polo sheep, for they were first described by that traveller) may be more than 6 feet in length. It is globally endangered.

Marco Polo sheep


The Poppies were a Welsh rock band which was active during the mid-2000s. Many of the songs were in the Welsh language.

Band history
In early 2003, Sam James (guitar and vocals), Twm Champagne (drums) and Eifion Austin (bass) met and formed The Poppies in Aberystwyth. Austin, originally from Morriston in Swansea was a first year politics student at Aberystwyth University while Twm (from Carmarthen) studied Film & TV. James was still studying at the local Welsh comprehensive Ysgol Gyfun Penweddig.

The band's first gig was held in Aberystwyth in 2003. They quickly gained support from Radio 1 DJ's Huw Stephens and Bethan Elfyn and often appeared on S4C's Welsh language music programme Bandit.

During 2005, the band recorded a Maida Vale session for Steve Lamacq's BBC Radio 1 programme and released the Dau Bys EP on the Ciwdod label. They also won the 'Best Live Act' at the Radio Cymru Awards and 'Best Welsh Language Act' at The Pop Factory Awards. Around this time ex-Catatonia guitarist Owen Powell became the band's manager.

In the summer of 2005 the band moved to Splott in Cardiff where they shared a house. In early 2006, Twm Champagne was replaced by Gethin Jones, a jazz student at Cardiff's Royal College of Music and Drama. The band focused on recording English language material from this point onwards and lost much of the support they had initially found in the Welsh language scene. This culminated in a popular Welsh language music magazine labelling the group traitors to the Welsh language. Copies of the magazine (which had photos of the band on the cover) were then ritually burned at the National Eisteddfod annually, as this level of betrayal is hard to forgive and memories live long in the principality.

Failing to secure a recording contract the band began to gig less as James toured as bassist with The Heights, Gethin concentrated on his jazz studies and Eifion's played bass for The Spencer McGarry Season. The band split up in late 2007.  James moved to London with members of The Heights to form 'Rogues', and Gethin and Eifion formed 'Avash Avash'.

Sam James is also an ex-member of the bands Mozz, The Dancing Bullets, The Heights and Rogues. In 2010 he sang lead vocals on Example's UK top ten single "Won't Go Quietly". He is also the organiser of the Castell Rock festival in Aberystwyth.

Eifion Austin went on to play with a number of bands including Alun Gaffey and latterly, Ynys. At the current time he is working on an acid jazz/shoegaze/indie fusion album under the name Cleifion.

Gethin Jones is a well-respected professional jazz drummer in London who fits kitchen worktops in his spare time.

References

External links
BBC - Radio Cymru - C2

Welsh rock music groups
Welsh-language bands

The Poppies (Welsh band)


Lasseter's Reef was a legendary rich gold deposit that was said to be in remote central Australia. A prospector, Harold Bell Lasseter, claimed to have discovered the site in 1897. But Lasseter forgot the exact location of it. He died when he went back into the desert to look for it again. The gold's location remains a mystery—nobody even knows whether it really exists.

Lasseter told the story in 1929. He said that he had found the gold near the border of the Northern Territory and Western Australia. This area at the time was uncharted (no maps had been made of it). When he came out of the desert, he spent the next thirty years trying to get people to fund an expedition to go back and look for it. But people ignored him because people were already making fortune from the gold rush at Kalgoorlie in Western Australia. Nobody wanted to risk going into unchartered desert.

But during the Great Depression, people became interested. Lasseter got enough money for an expedition to relocate the gold. But the expedition was hard—there were long distances involved, no maps to guide them, and it was very hard to find water. When the expedition party became lost, the people who went with Lasseter called him a liar. They left him, but Lasseter continued, with one other man. The man later said that Lasseter became crazy in the desert, and he too left him.

Now alone, Lasseter continued in the desert, but eventually became exhausted and dehydrated. He died from exhaustion and malnutrition in early 1931. He was on his way to Uluru or Kata Tjuta. His body was found in March 1931 by a bushman. The story of Lasseter's expedition is known from the stories of his travelling group. The later part of the story is known from Lasseter's diary, which was found on his body. No maps showing the location of the fabled gold reef were ever found. The tale of the reef has become legend. It is probably the most famous "lost mine" legend in Australia.

References
 Account of the possible rediscovery of the reef
 Reef Rediscovery & Planned Mining

Australian folklore
History of Australia

Lasseter's Reef


The Beja people (, Beja: Oobja, ) are a Cushitic speaking ethnic group native to the Eastern Desert inhabiting a coastal area from southeastern Egypt through eastern Sudan and into northwestern Eritrea. They are descended from peoples who have inhabited the area since 4000 BC or earlier, although they were Arabized by Arabs who settled in the region. They are nomadic, and live primarily in the Eastern Desert. They number around 1,900,000 to 2,200,000 people. Most of the Beja speak the Cushitic language of Beja while some speak the Semitic language of Tigre. In Eritrea and southeastern Sudan, many members of the Beni-Amer grouping speak Tigre. Most also speak Arabic. Originally, the Beja did not speak Arabic. However, the migration of the numerous Arab tribes of Juhaynah, Mudar, Rabi'a, and many more to the Beja areas contributed to the Arabization and Islamization of them. However, the Arabs did not fully settle in the Beja areas as they looked for better climate in other areas. The Beja have partially mixed with Arabs through intermarriages over the centuries, and by the 15th century were absorbed into Islam. The process of Arabization led to the Beja adopting the Arabic language, Arab clothing, and Arab kinship organization.

While many secondary sources identify the Ababda as an Arabic-speaking Beja tribe due to their cultural links with the Bishari, this is a misconception: The Ababda do not consider themselves Beja, nor are they so considered by Beja people.

History

The Beja are traditionally Cushitic-speaking pastoral nomads native to northeast Africa, referred to as Blemmyes in ancient texts. The geographer Abu Nasr Mutahhar al-Maqdisi wrote in the tenth century that the Beja were at that time Christians. Beja territories in the Eastern desert were conquered and vassalised by the Kingdom of Aksum in the third century. The historian Al-Yaqubi documented five Beja Kingdoms in the 9th century. Originally, the Beja did not speak Arabic, however the migration of the numerous Arab tribes of Juhaynah, Mudar, Rabi'a, and many more to the Beja areas contributed to the Arabization and Islamization of them, however the Arabs did not fully settle in the Beja areas as they looked for better climate in other areas. The Beja have partially mixed with Arabs through intermarriages over the centuries, and by the 15th century, the Beja were Islamized. The Balaw of the southern Red Sea coast may have come from the mixing of people from the Arab Peninsula and Beja people, but there has been significant historical dispute on this matter. The Hadendoa Beja by the 18th century dominated much of eastern Sudan. In the Mahdist War of the 1880s to 1890s, the Beja fought on both sides, the Hadendoa siding with the Mahdist troops, while the Bisharin and Amarar tribes sided with the British, and some Beni Amer - a subset of the Beja who live largely in Eritrea sided with the Ethiopian Ras Alula in certain battles, such as Kufit.

The Beja Congress was formed in 1952 with the aim of pursuing regional autonomy from the government in Khartoum. Frustrated by the lack of progress, the Beja Congress joined the insurgent National Democratic Alliance in the 1990s. The Beja Congress effectively controlled a part of eastern Sudan centered on Garoura and Hamshkoraib. The Beja Congress sabotaged the oil pipeline to Port Sudan several times during 1999 and 2000. In 2003, they rejected the peace deal arranged between the Sudanese government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army, and allied with the rebel movement of the Darfur region, the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army, in January 2004. A peace agreement was signed with the government of Sudan in October 2006. In the general elections in April 2010, the Beja Congress did not win a single seat in the National Assembly in Khartoum. In anger over alleged election fraud and the slow implementation of the peace agreement, the Beja Congress in October 2011 withdrew from the agreement, and later announced an alliance with the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army.

Geography

The Beja people inhabit a general area between the Nile River and the Red Sea in Sudan, Eritrea and eastern Egypt known as the Eastern Desert. Most of them live in the Sudanese states of Red Sea around Port Sudan, River Nile, Al Qadarif and Kassala, as well as in Northern Red Sea, Gash-Barka, and Anseba Regions in Eritrea, and southeastern Egypt. There are smaller populations of other Beja ethnic groups further north into Egypt's Eastern Desert. Some Beja groups are nomadic. The Kharga Oasis in Egypt's Western Desert is home to a large number of Qamhat Bisharin who were displaced by the Aswan High Dam. Jebel Uweinat is revered by the Qamhat.

Names
The Beja have been named "Blemmyes" in Roman times, Bəga in Aksumite inscriptions in Ge'ez, and "Fuzzy-Wuzzy" by Rudyard Kipling. Kipling was specifically referring to the Hadendoa, who fought the British, supporting the Mahdi, the Sudanese leader of the war against Turkish-Egyptian rule, supported by the British Imperial administration.

Language

Many of the Beja speak Arabic, while some speak the Beja language, known as Bidhaawyeet or Tubdhaawi in that language. It belongs to the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family. Cohen noted that the Beja language is the Cushitic language with the largest proportion of Semitic roots, and stated that they are in majority of Arabic origin.

The French linguist Didier Morin (2001) has made an attempt to bridge the gap between Beja and another branch of Cushitic, namely Lowland East Cushitic languages and in particular Afar and Saho, the linguistic hypothesis being historically grounded on the fact that the three languages were once geographically contiguous. Most Beja speak the Beja language, but certain subgroups use other lingua franca. The Beni Amers speak a variety of Tigre, whereas most of the Halengas speak Arabic.

Although there is a marked Arabic influence, the Beja language is still widely spoken. The very fact that the highest moral and cultural values of this society are in one way or the other linked to their expression in Beja, that Beja poetry is still highly praised, and that the claims over the Beja land are only valid when expressed in Beja, are very strong social factors in favour of its preservation. True enough Arabic is considered as the language of modernity, but it is also very low in the scale of Beja cultural values as it is a means of transgressing social prohibitions. Beja is still the prestigious language for most of its speakers because it conforms to the ethical values of the community.

Subdivisions

The Bejas are divided into clans. These lineages include the Bisharin, Hedareb, Hadendowa (or Hadendoa), the Amarar (or Amar'ar), Beni-Amer, Hallenga, Habab, Belin and Hamran, some of whom are partly mixed with Bedouins in the east.

Beja society was traditionally organized into independent kingdoms. According to Al-Yaqubi, there were six such Beja polities that existed between Aswan and Massawa during the 9th century. Among these were the Kingdom of Bazin, Kingdom of Belgin, Kingdom of Jarin, Kingdom of Nagash, Kingdom of Qita'a and Kingdom of Tankish.

See also
Kingdom of Jarin
 Osman Digna
History of Sudan
Demographics of Sudan

References

Further reading

Ethnography

History
A. Paul.  A history of the Beja tribes of the Sudan, Cambridge University Press, 2012.

External links

 Beja People
 The Beja Congress
 Fighting erupts in Eastern Sudan
 The National Movement for Eastern Sudan - NMES
 Meet the Beja

Ethnic groups in Egypt
Ethnic groups in Eritrea
Ethnic groups in Sudan
Ethnic groups in the Arab world
Cushitic-speaking peoples
Semitic-speaking peoples
Arabic-speaking people
Pastoralists
African nomads
Modern nomads
Indigenous peoples of North Africa
Indigenous peoples of East Africa
Blemmyes
Ethnic groups in the Middle East
Muslim communities in Africa

Beja people