A software repository, or repo for short, is a storage location for software packages. Often a table of contents is also stored, along with metadata. A software repository is typically managed by source or version control, or repository managers. Package managers allow automatically installing and updating repositories, sometimes called "packages".

Overview
Many software publishers and other organizations maintain servers on the Internet for this purpose, either free of charge or for a subscription fee. Repositories may be solely for particular programs, such as CPAN for the Perl programming language, or for an entire operating system. Operators of such repositories typically provide a package management system, tools intended to search for, install and otherwise manipulate software packages from the repositories. For example, many Linux distributions use Advanced Packaging Tool (APT), commonly found in Debian based distributions, or Yellowdog Updater, Modified (yum) found in Red Hat based distributions. There are also multiple independent package management systems, such as pacman, used in Arch Linux and equo, found in Sabayon Linux.

As software repositories are designed to include useful packages, major repositories are designed to be malware free. If a computer is configured to use a digitally signed repository from a reputable vendor, and is coupled with an appropriate permissions system, this significantly reduces the threat of malware to these systems. As a side effect, many systems that have these abilities do not need anti-malware software such as antivirus software.

Most major Linux distributions have many repositories around the world that mirror the main repository.

In an enterprise environment, a software repository is usually used to store artifacts, or to mirror external repositories which may be inaccessible due to security restrictions. Such repositories may provide additional functionality, like access control, versioning, security checks for uploaded software, cluster functionality etc. and typically support a variety of formats in one package, so as to cater for all the needs in an enterprise, and thus aiming to provide a single point of truth. Popular examples are JFrog Artifactory, Nexus repository and Cloudsmith, a cloud-based product.

At client side, a package manager helps installing from and updating the repositories.

At server side, a software repository is typically managed by source control or repository managers. Some of the repository managers allow to aggregate other repository location into one URL and provide a caching proxy. When doing continuous builds many artifacts are produced and often centrally stored, so automatically deleting the ones which are not released is important.

Package management system vs. package development process

A package management system is different from a package development process.

A typical use of a package management system is to facilitate the integration of code from possibly different sources into a coherent stand-alone operating unit. Thus, a package management system might be used to produce a distribution of Linux, possibly a distribution tailored to a specific restricted application.

A package development process, by contrast, is used to manage the co-development of code and documentation of a collection of functions or routines with a common theme, producing thereby a package of software functions that typically will not be complete and usable by themselves. A good package development process will help users conform to good documentation and coding practices, integrating some level of unit testing.

Selected repositories

The following table lists a few languages with repositories for contributed software. The "Autochecks" column describes the routine checks done.

Very few people have the ability to test their software under multiple operating systems with different versions of the core code and with other contributed packages they may use. For the R programming language, the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) runs tests routinely.

To understand how this is valuable, imagine a situation with two developers, Sally and John. Sally contributes a package A. Sally only runs the current version of the software under one version of Microsoft Windows, and has only tested it in that environment. At more or less regular intervals, CRAN tests Sally's contribution under a dozen combinations of operating systems and versions of the core R language software. If one of them generates an error, she gets that error message. With luck, that error message details may provide enough input to allow enable a fix for the error, even if she cannot replicate it with her current hardware and software. Next, suppose John contributes to the repository a package B that uses a package A. Package B passes all the tests and is made available to users. Later, Sally submits an improved version of A, which unfortunately, breaks B. The autochecks make it possible to provide information to John so he can fix the problem.

This example exposes both a strength and a weakness in the R contributed-package system: CRAN supports this kind of automated testing of contributed packages, but packages contributed to CRAN need not specify the versions of other contributed packages that they use. Procedures for requesting specific versions of packages exist, but contributors might not use those procedures.

Beyond this, a repository such as CRAN running regular checks of contributed packages actually provides an extensive if ad hoc test suite for development versions of the core language. If Sally (in the example above) gets an error message she does not understand or thinks is inappropriate, especially from a development version of the language, she can (and often does with R) ask the core development-team for the language for help. In this way, the repository can contribute to improving the quality of the core language software.

(Parts of this table were copied from a "List of Top Repositories by Programming Language" on Stack Overflow)

Many other programming languages, among them C, C++, and Fortran, do not possess a central software repository with universal scope. Notable repositories with limited scope include:
 Netlib, mainly mathematical routines for Fortran and C, historically one of the first open software repositories;
 Boost, a strictly curated collection of high-quality libraries for C++; some code developed in Boost later became part of the C++ standard library.

Package managers

Package managers help manage repositories and the distribution of them. If a repository is updated, a package manager will typically allow the user to update that repository through the package manager. They also help with managing things such as dependencies between other software repositories. Some examples of Package Managers include:

Repository managers

Relationship to continuous integration
As part of the development lifecycle, source code is continuously being built into binary artifacts using continuous integration. This may interact with a binary repository manager much like a developer would by getting artifacts from the repositories and pushing builds there. Tight integration with CI servers enables the storage of important metadata such as:
 Which user triggered the build (whether manually or by committing to revision control)
 Which modules were built
 Which sources were used (commit id, revision, branch)
 Dependencies used
 Environment variables
 Packages installed

Artifacts and packages
Artifacts and packages inherently mean different things. Artifacts are simply an output or collection of files (ex. JAR, WAR, DLLS, RPM etc.) and one of those files may contain metadata (e.g. POM file). Whereas packages are a single archive file in a well-defined format (ex. NuGet) that contain files appropriate for the package type (ex. DLL, PDB). Many artifacts result from builds but other types are crucial as well. Packages are essentially one of two things: a library or an application.

Compared to source files, binary artifacts are often larger by orders of magnitude, they are rarely deleted or overwritten (except for rare cases such as snapshots or nightly builds), and they are usually accompanied by much metadata such as id, package name, version, license and more.

Metadata
Metadata describes a binary artifact, is stored and specified separately from the artifact itself, and can have several additional uses. The following table shows some common metadata types and their uses:

See also

 Package manager
 RPM Package Manager
 Synaptic (software)
 FreeBSD Ports
 Definitive media library
 dpkg
 Simtel
 APTonCD

References

Repository

Software repository


Bahgat Muhammad Osman (1931–2001) (Arabic: بهجت محمد عثمان) was an Egyptian cartoonist and illustrator, most widely known as for his political cartoons and children's book illustrations throughout most of the Arab world.

Early life
Osman was born in the Boulaq district of Cairo in 1931. Ahmad Shukry, his fourth grade art instructor, discovered Osman's talent and was one of his first supporters until he moved to the secondary school where he met his first mentor Yusuf Raafat. He later enter the College of Fine Arts in Cairo where he studied sculpture. Soon after graduation, Osman worked as an art instructor in the district of Al-Mansoura.

Politics
During the 1960s and 1970s, Osman was a political cartoonist. He sought exile in Kuwait from the regime of Anwar Sadat. He returned to Cairo soon after Sadat's assassination in 1981.

Work
While working at the private school of Mansoura, Osman drew caricatures. These caricatures were promptly rejected when Osman offered them first to Dar El-Hilal due to their political content. However, Rose al-Yūsuf published his works in the belief that, in the words of the magazine's editor-in-chief, "if they were refused by Dar El-Hilal, then they must be very good."

In 1957, the newspaper Al Messa hired him full-time for two years. Subsequently, Osman returned to Rose al-Yūsuf to join a team that then contributed in the success of their weekly publication Sabah El-Kheir.

In the early 1980s Bahgat returned from exile to Egypt to work with the opposition newspaper, Al Ahali.

In addition to the publication  of daily and weekly caricatures, Osman contributed in publishing over 20 children's books and comics and illustrated UNICEF's Convention on the Rights of the Child, as well as book covers and entire politically opinionated books such as "Bagatos - President of Great Bahgatia", "Hokouma wa Ahali" (Government and People), and "Diwan Bahagigo" in an attempt to criticize the Egyptian status quo.

Publications where he worked
 Rose al-Yūsuf
 Sabah el Kheir
 Al Ahali
 Al Messa
 Al Mesawer
 Al Kawakib
 Hawaa
 Al Hilal
 Sameer (children's comic)
 Majed (children's comic)
 Ala'ddin (children's comic)
 Al Arabi Al Sagheer (children's comic)

Published books
 Diktatorya lil Mubtadeen (Dictatorship for beginners)
 Bahgatos Ra'ees Bahgatia Alozma (Bahgatos President of Bahgatia The Greatest)
 Hokuma wa Ahali (Government and People)
 Dehkaat Majnoona Jiddan (Very Crazy Laughs)
 Sadaka Bela Hudood (Friendship without Boundaries)
 Kunto Hemaran (I was a Donkey)

Political opinion and withdrawal
After the Camp David Accords of 1978, Osman stopped drawing adult comics and instead started drawing for children's books and comics. He dedicated much of his work to women. He and his wife Badr Hamada traveled around the Arab world to draw attention to children's rights and education, as well as contributing to children's artistic education in Yemen.

Osman died at home at the age of 69, on June 3, 2001, a few months after his wife.

See also
 List of famous Arabs

References

1931 births
2001 deaths
Egyptian editorial cartoonists
Egyptian comics artists
Egyptian illustrators
Egyptian children's book illustrators
College of Fine Arts in Cairo alumni
Artists from Cairo

Bahgat Osman


The Cristal Baschet is a contemporary musical instrument developed in 1952 by the brothers Bernard and François Baschet. Models of the crystal organs range from 3.5 to 6 octaves and are made of 56 chromatically tuned glass rods. To play it, musicians rub the rods with wet fingertips.

Operation

Metal rods are embedded in a heavy plate to form the elements. Each metal rod is accompanied by an attached glass rod. The metal rod's length, weight and position at the equilibrium point determine the sound's pitch. The glass rod is gently stroked with a wet finger to produce sound.

The vibration of the rod with greater amplitude and weaker pressure is transmitted into the metal fitting. This causes a transformation in the vibrations and the shape of the wave produced. The vibrations propagating through the metal have a high pressure and a weak amplitude. This amplification in pressure is the result of fiberglass cones that are fixed in a wood frame alongside a tall, cut-out metal part in the shape of a flame. "Whiskers," placed on the side of the instrument, amplify high-pitched sounds.

The Cristal Baschet is also known as the Crystal Organ and the Crystal Baschet. The range of a concert instrument is five octaves. The Cristal is related to the glass harmonica.

History

The Cristal Baschet was invented in 1952 by the French instrument makers and artists Bernard and Francois Baschet. They specialized in creating sculptures that could be played to produce music. They invented the inflatable guitar, an aluminum piano and an "educational instrumentarium" for the purpose of giving young people exposure to musical concepts.

Repertoire

It was originally used in the field of concrete music (avant-garde musical style introduced by Pierre Schaeffer and Pierre Henry) and gradually found its technique and repertoire, mainly thanks to the "crystallists" Jacques and Yvonne Lasry (1952) and then Michel Deneuve, who devoted himself to it in 1978, or Thomas Bloch and international touring glass music instrumentalist Dennis James.

A workshop of instrumental practice of the Cristal Baschet was opened in 1993 at the Conservatory of Albi with Cathy Tardieu which still conducts it. A class of Cristal Baschet was also opened at the Conservatoire de Brive la Gaillarde in 2003 by Michel Deneuve. This class has been conducted since 2010 by Antoine Mas.

The Cristal Baschet has been used in various fields: dance performance, film music (La Marche de l'empereur, Traffic, Solaris, The Testament of Orpheus ...), theater, jazz, improvisation, tales (Bruno de La Salle), contemporary music, song and rock. Artists that have incorporated the Cristal Baschet into their work include Manu Dibango, Fred Frith, Phil Minton, Lindsay Cooper, David Coulter, Vanessa Paradis, Arthur H and Bachibouzouk Band, Zazie, Jad Wio, Marie Laforêt, Zoe, Lokua Kanza, and Daft Punk.

Among the composers are François Bayle, Michel Deneuve, Luc Ferrari, Guy Reibel, Jacques Lasry, Bernard Baschet, Etienne Rolin, Toru Takemitsu, Jean Michel Jarre, Secondson, Cliff Martinez, Beatriz Ferreyra, Michel Redolfi, Damon Albarn / Gorillaz, Tom Waits, Philippe Sarde, Jean-Michel Hasler, Jean-Michel Calvin, Horatiu Radulescu, Bruno Giner, Richard Hawley, Johan Söderqvist, Eric Fischer, Emmanuel Séjourné, Roger Steptoe, Alain Voirpy and others.

See also

 Glass harmonica
 Ondes Martenot
 Musical saw

References

External links
 http://www.baschet.org Official site of the association Structures Sonores Baschet, which perpetuates the heritage as well as the research of the brothers Baschet.
 http://www.thomasbloch.net The site of Thomas Bloch, interpreter of the crystal Baschet and also of the glassharmonica and the waves Martenot - history, videos, photos, discography ...
 http://www.micheldeneuve.com, The site of the composer and Cristal performer Michel Deneuve, who is at the origin of the development of the instrumental technique of the Cristal à clavier horizontal.
 http://www.catherinebrisset.com, The site of the Cristal performer Catherine Brisset, specialized in the contemporary repertoire.
 http://www.florencebaschet.com, Website of composer Florence Baschet
  http://www.tallerbaschet.cat/, Blog about the news in connection with the Cristal Baschet and the Baschet Sound Structures

Crystallophones
Experimental musical instruments
Sets of friction sticks
1952 musical instruments

Cristal Baschet


Stanley David Griggs (September 7, 1939 – June 17, 1989) was a United States Navy officer and a NASA astronaut. He is credited with conducting the first unscheduled extra-vehicular activity of the space program during Space Shuttle mission STS-51-D. Griggs was killed when the vintage World War II-era training aircraft he was piloting – a North American AT-6D (registration N3931S) – crashed near Earle, Arkansas.

Early life
Born September 7, 1939, in Portland, Oregon, Griggs graduated from Lincoln High School in his hometown in 1957. He was an Eagle Scout. In 1962 he received a Bachelor of Science degree from the United States Naval Academy and in 1970 a Master of Science degree in Administration from George Washington University. He enjoyed flying, auto restoration, running, skiing, and diving. He married Karen Frances Kreeb and they had two daughters together, Alison Marie (August 21, 1971) and Carre Anne (May 14, 1974).

Navy career
Griggs graduated from Annapolis in 1962 and entered Naval pilot training shortly thereafter. In 1964, he received his United States Navy pilot wings and was attached to Attack Squadron-72 flying A-4 Skyhawks. He completed one Mediterranean cruise and two Southeast Asia combat cruises aboard the aircraft carriers USS Independence and USS Franklin Roosevelt.

In 1967 Griggs entered the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School at Patuxent River, Maryland and upon completion of test pilot training was assigned to the Flying Qualities and Performance Branch, Flight Test Division, where he flew various test projects on fighter and attack-type aircraft. In 1970, he resigned his regular United States Navy commission and affiliated with the Naval Air Reserve in which he achieved the rank of Rear Admiral.

As a Naval Reservist, Griggs was assigned to several fighter and attack squadrons flying A-4 Skyhawk, A-7 Corsair II and F-8 Crusader aircraft based at Naval Air Stations in New Orleans, Louisiana and Miramar, California.

He logged 9,500 hours flying time, 7,800 hours in jet aircraft, and flew over 45 different types of aircraft including single and multi engine prop, turboprop and jet aircraft, helicopters, gliders, hot air balloons and the Space Shuttle. He made over 300 aircraft carrier landings, held an Airline Transport Pilot License, and was a certified flight instructor.

NASA career

In July 1970, Griggs was employed at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center as a research pilot, working on various flight test and research projects in support of NASA programs. In 1974, he was assigned duties as the project pilot for the Space Shuttle trainer aircraft and participated in the design, development, and testing of those aircraft pending their operational deployment in 1976. He was appointed Chief of the Shuttle Training Aircraft Operations Office in January 1976 with responsibility for the operational use of the shuttle trainer, and held that position until being selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in January 1978. In August 1979, he completed a one-year training and evaluation period and became eligible for Space Shuttle flight crew assignment.

From 1979 to 1983, Griggs was involved in several Space Shuttle engineering capacities including the development and testing of the Head-Up Display (HUD) approach and landing avionics system, development of the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU), and the requirements definition and verification of on-orbit rendezvous and entry flight phase software and procedures. In September 1983 he began crew training as a mission specialist for flight STS-51-D, which flew April 12–19, 1985. During the flight, Griggs conducted the first unscheduled extravehicular activity (space walk) of the space program. The space walk lasted for over three hours during which preparations for a satellite rescue attempt were completed.

At the time of his death, Griggs was in flight crew training as pilot for STS-33, a dedicated Department of Defense mission, scheduled for launch in November 1989. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Awards and honors
   Defense Distinguished Service Medal
   Distinguished Flying Cross
   Meritorious Service Medal
   Air Medal with two Silver Stars and four Gold Stars
   Navy Commendation Medal with three Gold Stars
   Navy Unit Commendation
   Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation
   National Defense Service Medal
   Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry
   Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal
 NASA Space Flight Medal
 NASA Achievement Award
 NASA Sustained Superior Performance Award

References

 Astronautix S. David Griggs bio
 Spacefacts biography of S. David Griggs

External links
 Stanley David Griggs at ArlingtonCemetery.net, an unofficial website

1939 births
1989 deaths
Accidental deaths in Arkansas
United States Navy personnel of the Vietnam War
American test pilots
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
George Washington University alumni
Lincoln High School (Portland, Oregon) alumni
NASA civilian astronauts
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)
Space Shuttle program astronauts
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Naval Aviators
United States Navy rear admirals (upper half)
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1989
Spacewalkers

S. David Griggs


Velázquez, also Velazquez, Velásquez or Velasquez (, ), is a surname from Spain. It is a patronymic name, meaning "son of Velasco".

References to "Velazquez" without a first name are often to the Spanish painter, Diego – see below.

Notable people with this surname include:

Arts
Consuelo Velázquez, 20th-century Mexican songwriter, best known for "Bésame mucho"
Daniel Velazquez, Puerto Rican rock guitarist
Diego Velázquez, Spaniard court painter to Philip IV of Spain, most famous for Las Meninas
Diego Velazquez (actor), American TV and film child actor
Héctor Velázquez Moreno, Mexican architect
Valerie Velazquez American singer, philanthropist
Jaci Velasquez, American contemporary Christian singer
Jesus Velasquez, fictional character in True Blood
Lorena Velázquez (born 1937), Mexican actress
Mark Velasquez (born 1977), American photographer
Nadine Velazquez, Puerto Rican-American actress and model
Patricia Velásquez (born 1971), Venezuelan actress and model
Regine Velasquez (born 1970), Filipina singer-songwriter, actress, and record producer
Tony Velasquez (1910–1997), Filipino illustrator

Politics
Andrés Velásquez, Venezuelan politician
Javier Velásquez (born 1960), prime minister of Peru
Nydia Velázquez, American politician
Ramón José Velásquez, ex-president of Venezuela (1993–1994)
Tracy Velazquez, American politician
Victoria Marina Velásquez (born 1943), Salvadoran jurist
Victoria Velasquez (born 1991), Danish politician

Religion
David Andrés Álvarez-Velázquez, Bishop of the Diocese of Puerto Rico
Rodrigo Arango Velásquez (1925–2008), Roman Catholic Bishop

Sports
Andrew Velazquez (born 1994), American professional baseball player
Arly Velásquez, Mexican Paralympic alpine skier
Alberto Velázquez (born 1934), Uruguayan cyclist
Cain Velasquez (born 1982), Mexican American mixed martial arts fighter
Carlos Velásquez (born 1984), Puerto Rican boxer
Carlos Velázquez (footballer) (born 1984), Mexican footballer
Carlos Velázquez (baseball) (1948–2000), Puerto Rican major league pitcher
Claudia Velásquez (born 1975), Peruvian swimmer
Claudio Velásquez (born 1986), Argentine football striker
Cornelio Velásquez (born 1968), Panamanian jockey
Édgar Velásquez (born 1974), Venezuelan boxer
Emiliano Velázquez (born 1994), Uruguayan football defender
Flor Velázquez (born 1984), Venezuelan judoka
Francisco Velázquez (born 1975), former Argentine roller hockey player
Frank Velásquez (born 1990), Salvadoran beach footballer
Freddie Velázquez, Dominican Republic baseball player
Gilberto Velásquez (born 1983), Paraguayan footballer
Guillermo Velasquez (baseball) (born 1968), Mexican baseball player
Héctor Velásquez (1952–2010), Chilean boxer
Héctor Velázquez (baseball) (born 1988), Mexican baseball player
Jorge Velásquez (born 1946), American horse racing jockey
José Velásquez (footballer, born 1952) (born 1952), retired football midfielder from Peru
José David Velásquez, Honduran footballer
Juan Velásquez (born 1971), Peruvian footballer
Julián Velásquez (1920-?), Argentine fencer
Juliana Velasquez (born 1986), Brazilian professional mixed martial artist
Luis Velásquez (1919–1997), Guatemalan long-distance runner
Manuel Velazquez, 20th-century anti-boxing activist
Marco Velásquez (born 1987), Chilean footballer
Miguel Velasquez (born 1944), Spanish boxer
Nelson Velázquez (born 1998), Puerto Rican baseball player
Pablo Velázquez (born 1987), Paraguayan footballer
Sebastián Velásquez (born 1991), Colombian footballer
Sergio Velasquez (born 1952), American soccer player
Víctor Velásquez (born 1976), Salvadoran footballer
Vince Velasquez (born 1992), Major League Baseball pitcher
Wilfred Velásquez (born 1985), Guatemalan footballer
Wilmer Velásquez, Honduran football player

Other
Andrew Velasquez (born 1969), American civil servant
Baldemar Velasquez (born 1947), president of the Farm Labor Organizing Committee, AFL–CIO
Chico Velasquez (died 1854), Native American leader
Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, Spanish conquistador leader of the conquest of Cuba
Fidel Velázquez Sánchez, 20th-century Mexican union leader
José Velásquez (explorer) (1717–1785), Spanish explorer
José Velásquez Bórquez (1833–1897), Chilean general
Juan Velázquez Tlacotzin, puppet ruler of the Aztec Empire (1525–26)
Lizzie Velásquez (born 1989), author and motivational speaker, she is the index case for Marfanoid–progeroid–lipodystrophy syndrome
Loreta Janeta Velázquez (1842–1923), writer and alleged soldier
María Sofía Velásquez (born 1989), Panamanian beauty pageant winner
Pablo Medina Velázquez ( 1961–2014), Paraguayan journalist
Richard Velazquez (born 1973), Tech Executive, Community Leader, First Puerto Rican designer for Porsche AG in Germany
René Velázquez Valenzuela (died 2016), Mexican suspected hitman
Ronny Velásquez (born 1951), Venezuelan anthropologist

See also
Velázquez, Uruguay, town in Uruguay
Velázquez Press, American publishing company
Velázquez (Madrid Metro), a station on Line 4

Spanish-language surnames
Surnames of Spanish origin
Patronymic surnames

Velazquez


Cold Hatton is a small village in Shropshire, located approximately six miles south of Hodnet near the confluence of the River Tern and River Meese. It is in the civil parish of Ercall Magna. Since 1998 it has been part of the Telford and Wrekin unitary district.

Etymology
The name Hatton is derived from the Old English hæþ-tun, meaning "settlement on the heath". The affix "cold", in English placenames, usually is taken to refer to a village's cold or exposed location. There is another hamlet called Cold Hatton Heath immediately to the east.

History
The area was formerly a manor held by Lilleshall Abbey, and later formed part of the estates of the Duke of Sutherland, who had a number of houses built in the village using local red sandstone.

References

Villages in Shropshire

Cold Hatton


The National Negro Network was a black-oriented radio programming service in the United States founded on January 20, 1954 by Chicago advertiser W. Leonard Evans, Jr.  It was the first black-owned radio network in the country, and its programming was broadcast on up to 45 affiliates. An article in the trade publication Broadcasting said that the network was expected "to reach approximately 12 million of the 15 million Negroes in America."

Evans was the network's president. Reggie Schuebel was vice president-treasurer, and John M. Wyatt was executive vice president.

The network featured a variety of different programming, including a popular soap opera The Story of Ruby Valentine, which was based on CBS's We Love and Learn and As the Twig is Bent, and starred Juanita Hall, Ruby Dee and Terry Carter.  The serial was sponsored by, among others, Philip Morris and Pet Milk. Other short-lived series included The Life of Anna Lewis with Hilda Simms, and It's A Mystery Man with Cab Calloway.

Some shows were produced by Calloway and Ethel Waters. Other fare included broadcasts of symphony concerts from black colleges, and programs hosted by black DJs at affiliate stations.

The network drew up plans for several more series, but—with the TV era exploding—fell apart within a year due to inadequate capital.

Jason Chambers wrote in his book, Madison Avenue and the Color Line: African Americans in the Advertising Industry, that Evans felt that advertising agencies were hesitant to recommend NNN to clients. "Agencies are aware of our existence and watch our growth closely," Evans said, "but ... are still reluctant to come right out and make a recommendation [for using] Negro radio, preferring to keep campaigns at a 'test' level while watching to see what others do."

Notes, References

1954 establishments in the United States
African-American cultural history
Defunct radio networks in the United States
Defunct radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1954
1955 disestablishments in the United States
Radio stations disestablished in 1955

National Negro Network


Lurlene McDaniel (born 1944 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American author who has written more than 70 young adult books. She is well known for writing about young adults struggling with mortality and chronic illness, a career that began as a therapeutic way to deal with the trauma when her son, then 3, was diagnosed with juvenile diabetes.  Her characters have grappled with cancer, diabetes, organ failure, and the deaths of loved ones through disease or suicide. She is a graduate of the University of South Florida - Tampa and currently resides in Chattanooga, Tennessee.

Research
To make her novels medically accurate, she interviews health professionals and works with various medical groups including hospices. She also studies the Bible to help infuse her work with "the human element—the values and ethics often overlooked by the coldness of technology."

Other types of work
In addition to her young adult catalog and a magazine column, she has also written for radio, television and marketing campaigns.
She is a frequent guest speaker, seen everywhere from schools to conventions.

Partial bibliography

Novels
 For Better, For Worse, Forever
 Heart to Heart
 I'm a Cover Girl Now
 More than Just a Smart Girl
 Mother, Please Don't Die
 Why Did She Have To Die (rereleased in 2001)
 The End of Forever
 What's It Like to Be a Star?
 Where's the Horse for Me / Three's a Crowd
 Always and Forever
 Briana's Gift
 If I Should Die Before I Wake
 Last dance
 Letting Go of Lisa
 Angel of Hope
 Sometimes Love isn't Enough (1984)
 Too Young to Die (August 1989)
 Goodbye Doesn't Mean Forever (August 1989)
 Somewhere Between Life and Death (1990)
 Time to Let Go (1990)
 Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep (March 1991)
 When Happily Ever After Ends (February 1992)
 Mourning Song (May 1992)
 Baby Alicia Is Dying (June 1993)
 Don't Die, My Love (August 1995)
 Saving Jessica (May 1996)
 I'll Be Seeing You (July 1996)
 Till Death Do Us Part (July 1997)
 For Better, For Worse, Forever (September 1997)
 The Girl Death Left Behind (May 1999)
 Starry, Starry Night: Three Holiday Stories (October 2000)
 Telling Christina Goodbye (April 2002)
 A Rose For Melinda (August 2002)
 How Do I Love Thee: Three Stories (December 2002)
 Garden of Angels (May 2003)
 The Time Capsule (September 2003)
Till Death Do Us Part and For Better, For Worse, Forever were reissued as a double novel, As Long As We Both Shall Live: Two Novels in October 2003.
 If I Should Die Before I Wake (January 2004)
 A Horse for Mandy (September 2004)
 My Secret Boyfriend (February 2004)
Too Young to Die and Goodbye Doesn't Mean Forever were reissued as a double novel, Always and Forever: Two Novels in May 2004.
Angels of Mercy and Angel of Hope were reissued as a double novel, Journey of Hope: Two Novels (October 2004)
 Sometimes Love Isn't Enough (December 2006)
 Hit and Run (2007)
 Prey (2008)
 All The Days Of Her Life (One Last Wish)
 Sixteen And Dying (One Last Wish)
 Reach for Tomorrow (One Last Wish)
 Breathless (May 2009)
 A Time to Die (One Last Wish)
 Please Don't Die (One Last Wish)
 Mourning Song (One Last Wish)
 She Died Too Young (One Last Wish)
 Mother, Help Me Live (One Last Wish)
 Someone Dies, Someone Lives (One Last Wish)
 A Season for Goodbye (One Last Wish)
 Let Him Live (One Last Wish)
 The Legacy: Making Wishes Come True (One Last Wish)
 Reaching Through Time: Three Stories

Trilogies
The Angels Trilogy
 Angels Watching Over Me'' (November 1996)
 Lifted Up By Angels (November 1997)
 Until Angels Close My Eyes (August 1998)
Reissued as The Angels Trilogy (October 2002)

The Angels in Pink Trilogy
 Angels in Pink: Kathleen's Story (December 2004)
 Angels in Pink: Raina's Story (May 2005)
 Angels in Pink: Holly's Story (December 2005)

The Mercy / Journey of Hope TrilogyAngel of MercyAngel of HopeQuintets
The Dawn Rochelle Quintet
 Six Months to Live I Want to Live So Much to Live For No Time to CryThese first four novels were combined into an omni titled Dawn Rochelle, Four Novels To Live Again'' (April 2001)

References

External links
Lurlene McDaniel: official website
Lurlene McDaniel: publisher bio site
Official facebook page

1944 births
Living people
American writers of young adult literature
Writers from Philadelphia
American women novelists
Women writers of young adult literature
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American women writers
Novelists from Pennsylvania
University of South Florida alumni

Lurlene McDaniel


Tracy's Rock, known as Split Rock or the Station 6 Boulder in the scientific literature, is a large boulder on the Moon which was visited by the Apollo 17 crew on December 13, 1972 at their Taurus-Littrow landing site.  "Tracy's Rock" is its popular name.

Examination
Geologist-astronaut Harrison H. Schmitt and mission commander Eugene A. Cernan spent considerable time studying the rock and its vicinity at station 6 during their third Extravehicular Activity (EVA-3).

"Gene stepped to the northeast corner of fragment 1, put his left hand on the dust-covered shelf to support himself, and reached out as far as possible toward the center of the dusted area and swept the bag twice from his right to his left, leaving furrows and, at the lefthand end of each furrow, a small mound of dust where he stopped... A labeled detail from frame AS17-140-21496 shows the sample location, the area on the shelf probably disturbed by his left hand, and the area on the ground between fragment 1 and the foreground rock that he disturbed while taking the sample and earlier, at about 165:25:48, in the flightline."

At about 165:33:38, Cernan took a series of photos from higher up the hill. In this photomontage, Schmitt is standing to the left of the rock and the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) is parked to the right.

"Cernan - 'I haven't seen the rock from this perspective in nearly nineteen years. My hand print really shows you how big the rock is and, in 21482, you can see across to the South Massif and the Scarp. The Scarp looks small in this photo, but I remember how big it was (80 meters) because we went up it.'"

The Tracy's Rock/Station 6 panorama is also featured in David Harland's "Geology 101 Field Trip" on the Apollo Lunar Surface Journal's "Fun Images" page.

Naming

The patch of dirt on the north face of the boulder is the subject of a 1984 painting by Apollo 12 astronaut Alan Bean. Bean took up a career as a professional artist after he left the Astronaut Corps and, in the years since, he has developed a considerable reputation as a space artist.

As a result of the painting, those who know the story call the Station 6 boulder "Tracy's Rock". Tracy is Gene Cernan's daughter, who was nine years old at the time of the mission.

"Cernan - 'It was on this part of the rock that Al Bean wrote "Tracy", my daughter's name, in one of his paintings. After we came home I started to see a picture of the boulder in lots of places. It was the picture of Jack going past the corner of the rock (21496), one of the pictures from my pan. It became very popular. One day Al Bean came by and said he was doing a painting of it. And it was a big painting, six feet by three feet or something like that.

"Al likes to have stories in his paintings and he wanted to talk about it. So we talked about the slope and how hard it was to climb up there and I said that, if I'd known the picture was going to get so much notoriety, I wished I would have done something that I hadn't even thought of at the time. And that is to have printed Tracy's name in the dust.

"Al's daughter Amy and Tracy had grown up together and he asked 'How would you have done it'. So I wrote it out on a piece of paper and, some time later, he called and wanted me to come over and look at what he'd done. He had erased the place where I'd taken the sample and had put in Tracy's name, instead.

"And in the little story he put with the picture, he said that he'd done it to save me the trouble of going back to do it myself, and to save the taxpayers the expense of sending me back."

References

 Alan Bean Gallery - Tracy's Boulder, 1984
 NASA Human Spaceflight Gallery

Geological features on the Moon
Apollo 17
Gene Cernan
Alan Bean
Harrison Schmitt

Tracy's Rock


The Fundy Basin is a sediment-filled rift basin on the Atlantic coast of southeastern Canada. It contains three sub-basins; the Fundy sub-basin, the Minas Basin and the Chignecto Basin. These arms meet at the Bay of Fundy, which is contained within the rift valley. From the Bay of Fundy, the Minas Basin trends northeast to Nova Scotia. Chignecto Bay runs from the Bay of Fundy northwest between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia which is separated from the waters of the Northumberland Strait by the Isthmus of Chignecto.
The Fundy Basin is best known for the bay it contains. The Bay of Fundy is home to huge tidal changes and tidal bores. It is part of the system of Eastern North America Rift Basins.

Approximately 220 million years ago, during the late Triassic period, the supercontinent Pangaea began to break apart. The focus of the rifting began somewhere between where present-day eastern North America and north-western Africa were joined.

As the rift began to separate from mainland North America, volcanic activity occurred, forming volcanoes and flood basalts. These flood basalts poured out over the landscape, covering much of southern Nova Scotia. Sections of the flood basalts have been eroded away, but still form a basaltic mountain range known as North Mountain. The rift valley eventually failed (see aulacogen) as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge continued to separate North America, Europe, and Africa.

As in all rifting environments, grabens formed. Many of these grabens were created, but for some of them, extension stopped before full rifting occurred. Where only partial rifting occurred, basins formed. By definition, a basin is any area that collects sediments. These "aborted rifts" (rifts that are tectonically inactive and no longer collecting sediments) extend from Alabama to Newfoundland.

Along certain basins, rifting was not partial. Where full rifting occurred, the Atlantic Ocean was created. It is important to note that along these rifts, magmatic activity never stopped, as shown by the ongoing eruption of lava along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

The Fundy Basin is one in a series of these failed rifts. During its rupture, tholeiitic basaltic lava erupted, producing a sequence of continental tholeiitic basalts. These tholeiitic basalts form a volcanic mountain range known as North Mountain.

See also
 Volcanism of Canada
 Volcanism of Eastern Canada
 Geography of New Brunswick
 Geography of Nova Scotia

References

Volcanism of Nova Scotia
Volcanism of New Brunswick
Aulacogens
Jurassic volcanism
Sedimentary basins of North America
Mesozoic rifts and grabens
Oceanography of Canada

Fundy Basin


Missing May is a children's book, the recipient of the 1993 Newbery Medal. It was written by Cynthia Rylant, who has written over 100 children's books such as The Islander.

Plot

The novel is set in present-day West Virginia. The protagonist is Summer, an orphaned child who has been passed from one apathetic relative to another. At age six, she meets her Aunt May and Uncle Ob. The kindly old couple notices that, although Summer is not mistreated, she is virtually ignored by her caretakers and decide to take Summer home to their rickety trailer home in the hills of the Appalachian mountains. Summer thrives under their care, feeling that she finally has a home.

Six years after Summer moves in, Aunt May dies suddenly in the garden. Summer must cope with her own grief while worrying about Uncle Ob, who is overwhelmed by the thought of living without his beloved wife. Uncle Ob decides to try contacting May's spirit, after he experiences the sensation that she has tried to communicate with him. He is assisted in this endeavor by Cletus Underwood, a classmate of Summer's, who provides information on a supposed spirit medium of some renown. Summer views his ideas with some skepticism, but is willing to try anything that might alleviate her uncle's sorrow. The three take a roadtrip to meet with the medium, only to discover that she had recently died. Uncle Ob is initially crushed by this news, and Summer fears that this disappointment was the last blow to his will to live. However, on the return trip, Uncle Ob suddenly snaps out of his depression, deciding to continue living on for Summer's sake.

Characters

Summer- A young girl who serves as the main character and narrator of the story. She was orphaned as a baby, and was passed from relative to relative, until being taken in permanently by her Aunt May and Uncle Ob, who provided her with a happy, love-filled home. Summer is distraught when May dies, but is even more worried about Uncle Ob.
Uncle Ob- Summer's uncle and May's husband. He sinks into an extreme depression once May dies, and Summer fears that he has given up on living. He eventually becomes convinced that May's spirit is still visiting them, and seeks out a way to contact her. He is an accomplished craftsman, who has carved dozens of whirligigs over the years.
Cletus- A classmate of Summer's, he is viewed as the strangest student at her school. He meets Uncle Ob by chance shortly after May's death, and the two quickly become friends. Although Summer is not fond of him, she tolerates his presence since Ob enjoys his company. She begins to look more kindly upon him as time goes on. He claims to have had a near-death experience as a child, which gives Ob hope of being able to contact May's spirit.

References

Newbery Medal–winning works
1992 American novels
American children's novels
Novels set in Appalachia
Novels set in West Virginia
Novels about orphans
1992 children's books
Orchard Books books
Children's books set in West Virginia
Children's books set in the 1990s

Missing May


Cancioneiro Geral (that means "The General Book of Songs") is an anthology (collection) of Portuguese poetry organized by the poet Garcia de Resende (1470-1536). The book was published in 1516. It contains poems by Portuguese authors of the 15th and 16th centuries. It was the largest collection of Portuguese poetry, written mostly in Portuguese but also in Castilian. It contains about 1000 poems by 286 authors and covers a variety of subjects. It is the main source for history of early modern Portuguese poetry, as it was the first collection of poetry printed in Portugal, and the main repository for poetry at the time. The book was republished in 1846 Stuttgart, Germany. It was edited by Eduard Heinrich von Kausler. Francisco de Sá de Miranda's poems were included into Cancioneiro Geral. Cancioneiro Geral can be compared to Carmina Burana or Tottel's Miscellany.

The Songbook follows the models of Castilian poems compilations performed earlier, as the Songbook of Baena 1445 and the General Songbook of Hernando del Castillo, published in 1511. [ 2 ] Garcia de Resende (c.1470-1536), who was a poet , chronicler and courtier in the court of D. Manuel I , gathered a set of almost a thousand poems of 286 authors, of which about 150 are written in Castilian and the rest in Portuguese. [ 2 ] The production period of poems ranges from the mid-fifteenth century to the early sixteenth century. [ 3 ]Unlike the Castilian songbook of 1511, the poems of the Portuguese work are not arranged by themes. [ 4 ]

The work of Resende was published for the first time in 1516, in the workshop of Hermão de Campos , and is dedicated to Prince John, future John III of Portugal . [ 3 ] The themes reveal a palatial character of poetry, on the day to day in court, and other religious themes, loving, elegiac , and some attempts to epic poetry . [ 3 ]Unlike the time troubadour , when poetry was meant to be sung and bailada, the poems of Cancioneiro are autonomous, and the pace is achieved by the sound of words and the Organizationverses and stanzas . [ 2 ]

Among the many authors include João Roiz de Castel-Branco , Sá de Miranda , Bernardim Ribeiro and Garcia de Resende himself. [ 2 ]

References

Portuguese literature
Poetry books
16th-century books
1510s works

Cancioneiro Geral


A serial killer is typically a person who murders three or more people, with the murders taking place over more than a month and including a significant period of time between them. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines serial killing as "a series of two or more murders, committed as separate events, usually, but not always, by one offender acting alone".

Pre-reunification

Post-reunification

Unidentified serial killers

See also
 Lists of serial killers

References

german

Serial killers

List of German serial killers


The Jeep Liberty (KJ), or Jeep Cherokee (KJ) outside North America, is a compact SUV that was produced by Jeep from 2002 to 2007. Introduced in May 2001  as a replacement for the Cherokee (XJ), the unibody Liberty was priced between the Wrangler and Grand Cherokee. It was the smallest of the 4-door Jeep SUVs up until the car platform based 4-door Compass and Patriot arrived for 2007.

Description
Inspired by styling from the Dakar and Jeepster concept vehicles, the Liberty was designed by Bob Boniface in 1998. Intended as a replacement for the discontinued Jeep Cherokee (XJ), the Liberty was the first Jeep vehicle to use rack and pinion steering and the two then-new PowerTech engines: the  2.4 L straight-4, which was discontinued in 2006, and the  3.7 L V6. However, the Liberty was not the first Jeep vehicle to use an independent front suspension, as the Jeep Wagoneer first used it in the 1963 model. But, that independent front suspension was limited to four wheel drive versions and, even then, was a short lived option. The Liberty was nominated for the North American Truck of the Year award for 2002.

Three trim levels were initially offered; the top end Limited, a more rugged looking Renegade and the base Sport. All were made available with either 2WD or 4WD. In July 2004 for the 2005 model year,  the Liberty received a mid-cycle facelift. The 2005, 2006 Renegade and 2005 Rocky Mountain Edition Liberties received an exclusive flat hood and taller grille. In 2007, the Renegade trim level was replaced with the Latitude which appeared to focus more on an urban appearance and lost the Renegade trim's unique hood and grille.

Trim Levels and Equipment
The 2002-2007 Jeep Liberty KJ was offered in three basic trim levels, each offering their own level of standard and optional equipment:

Sport: The Sport served as the "base" model 2002-2007 Jeep Liberty. It offered the following standard equipment: a 2.4L "Power-Tech" Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine, a five-speed manual transmission, sixteen-inch (16") steel wheels, an AM/FM stereo with cassette player (later, a single-disc CD player), a six-speaker audio system, cloth seating surfaces, dual manually-adjustable front bucket seats, a split-folding rear bench seat, full instrumentation, manual windows and door locks (power windows and door locks became standard equipment starting in 2005), gray front and rear bumpers and body side cladding panels, and a rear-mounted spare tire and wheel.
 Optional equipment:
 Included an AM/FM stereo with single-disc CD player (this later became standard equipment), power windows and door locks with keyless entry and automatic front windows, (also later became standard equipment), an Infinity premium amplified audio system, aluminum-alloy wheels, a full-size spare tire and wheel (this later became standard equipment), air conditioning (also later became standard equipment), a four-speed automatic transmission, a 3.7L "Power-Tech" V6 engine, a 2.8L Common-Rail Diesel (CRD) engine, a five-speed automatic transmission, and front-mounted fog lamps. "Special-Edition" models of the Liberty KJ, such as the 2003 Freedom Edition, the 2004 Columbia Edition, the 2005 and 2007 Rocky Mountain Edition, and the 2006 65th Anniversary Edition, were all based on the base Sport trim level.

Renegade: The Renegade served as the "off-road-ready" model of the Jeep Liberty between midyear 2002 and 2007. Based on the base Sport' model, it added the following equipment: a 3.7L "Power-Tech" V6 engine, power windows and door locks with keyless entry, cloth-and-vinyl-trimmed seating surfaces, air conditioning, sixteen-inch (16") color-keyed aluminum-alloy wheels (in Cactus Green, Mineral Gray, or Light Khaki), gray front and rear decorative wheel flares, Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS), front-mounted fog lamps, and an AM/FM stereo with single-disc CD player.
 Optional equipment:
 Included seventeen-inch (17") chrome-clad aluminum-alloy wheels, roof-mounted "Off-Road" lamps, an Infinity premium audio system, leather-trimmed seating surfaces, low-back front bucket seats, a power tilt-and-sliding sunroof, and a four-speed automatic transmission.

Limited Edition: The Limited Edition was the top-of-the-line 2002-2007 Jeep Liberty model. It added the following equipment to the Renegade trim level: a 3.7L "Power-Tech" V6 engine, a four-speed automatic transmission, sixteen-inch (16") aluminum-alloy wheels (later seventeen-inch (17")), color-keyed front and rear bumpers, chrome body side cladding panels, an AM/FM stereo with single-disc CD player, security system, power-adjustable front driver's bucket seat, air conditioning, front-mounted fog lamps, an overhead Electronic Vehicle Information Center (EVIC), and premium cloth seating surfaces with low-back front bucket seats.
 Optional equipment:
 Included an AM/FM stereo with Radio Data System (RDS) and cassette and single-disc CD players (later, a six-disc, in-dash CD changer), an Infinity premium amplified audio system, luxury leather-trimmed seating surfaces, dual heated front bucket seats, a power-adjustable front passenger's bucket seat, seventeen-inch (17") chrome-clad aluminum-alloy wheels, Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS), a 2.8L Common-Rail Diesel (CRD) engine, a five-speed automatic transmission, and a power tilt-and-sliding sunroof.

CRD in North America
In 2005, DaimlerChrysler began offering a diesel engine to the North American market to gauge the marketability of diesel engines in North America. The last North American market Jeep product that was offered with a diesel engine was the 1987 Jeep Cherokee and Comanche. Only available for the 2005 and 2006 model years in Sport and Limited trims and only with an automatic transmission, the 2.8L VM Motori R 428 I4 common rail turbodiesel or CRD exceeded expectations by selling 10,000 vehicles in its first calendar year of production. The diesel utilized a variable geometry turbocharger and generated  and  of torque.  The diesel offered 60 more foot-lbs of torque than the comparable V6 gasoline engine and offered higher fuel efficiency but it added nearly  to the curb weight, a price increase, and offered less peak output power. The CRD was prohibited from being sold in Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, and California due to their higher emission standards and was discontinued for the 2007 model year due to stricter federal emission standards in the United States. The next year Jeep offered the Jeep Grand Cherokee with a diesel engine option, which was legal for emissions in all fifty US states.

Four wheel drive systems

The Liberty is available with either a part-time Command-Trac or full-time Selec-Trac transfer case.

The Command-Trac transfer case has four positions: 2-HI, 4-HI, Neutral, and 4-LO. The lever is placed in 2WD HI for regular driving. This allows the two rear tires to receive power. The second position, 4WD HI, is used for driving on slippery or loose surfaces. This position locks both the front and rear drive shafts together allowing the vehicle to maintain drive as long as at least one axle has traction. The third position, Neutral, disengages both drive shafts from the transfer case allowing the car to roll freely; this is used for towing behind another vehicle, for example. The last position, 4WD LO is used for situations requiring higher torque or slow speed when traversing rough terrain. A common misconception is that 4WD LO provides more traction.  It only changes the gear ratio and does not add any more friction between the tires and the driving surface. This position, like 4WD HI locks both the front and rear drive shafts together, and by using a lower gear ratio, allows for 2.72 times more torque (however, the speed is limited to around 25 MPH max). Turning while in 4WD HI or LO on dry pavement is hazardous to vehicle components, through driveline binding and wheel-hop.

The Selec-Trac transfer case has five positions: 2-HI, 4-HI Part-Time, 4-HI Full-Time, Neutral, and 4-LO. The transfer case is different from the Command-Trac transfer only in the extra 4WD HI Full-Time position. The 4WD HI Full-Time position adds the same traction benefits that the part-time 4WD setting offers, but features an open differential between the front and rear axles to allow the two axles to spin at independent speeds and eliminate drive line binding and wheel-hop. The down side of 4WD Hi Full-Time is that, due to the open differential between front and rear drive lines, at times the drive train will only deliver power to the front or the rear e.g. when the front of the vehicle has reached a high traction surface such as dry pavement and the rear is in sand, the rear tires will spin with 100% of engine power, the front receiving no traction. Under equal traction conditions (front-rear) this position gives the rear wheels 52% of the engine's power and the front wheels 48% of the engine's power. The division of power and open center differential allows the Selec-Trac transfer case to be operated at all times in an "All Wheel Drive" mode with no adverse effects.

Government/Fleet use
Even though no special Jeep Liberty was introduced in 2002 for police use, police and rental agencies continue to purchase it for fleet use. Most are equipped with the 3.7L "Power-Tech" V6 Engine that produces 210 horsepower mated to a 4-Speed Automatic Transmission, however, some fleet Liberties used a 2.4L I4 Engine that produced about 150 horsepower with a 4-Speed Automatic Transmission. In 2008, when the Jeep Liberty was fully redesigned, the I4 engine was dropped, and the V6 engine was the only engine choice, as was the 4-Speed Automatic Transmission. Most fleet and government Liberties also use either the Selec-Trac or Selec-Trac II 4WD Systems, but some Liberties used 2WD.

Since it was introduced in April 2001 as a 2002 Model Year vehicle to the time it was discontinued in 2007, the Liberty KJ also found its way into rental car fleets. Most rental Liberty KJ's were the V6-powered Sport models with automatic transmissions and 4WD.

International versions

Numerous versions were available in markets outside the U.S. and Canada.

Early-2002 through mid-2003 model year CRDs were equipped with a 2.5lt VM Motori Diesel producing  and . An external wastegated turbo was standard and the engine was available only with a manual transmission.

A commercial Cherokee version with 2.5 CRD engine and five-speed transmission rated at  has a completely flat cargo area (the rear seat area has a carpeted full-length galvanized metal floor) and the rear quarter glass and rear door glass is replaced with fixed body colored aluminum panels (the front doors have power windows). For additional cargo security a removable floor to ceiling metal and mesh bulkhead is optional. In European markets, VAT registered buyers can claim back the tax paid as this qualifies as a Commercial Vehicle.

 Arab American Vehicles Company (a joint venture) assembles the Jeep Cherokee (Liberty) for the Egyptian market.
 Carabobo Assembly Plant (DaimlerChrysler de Venezuela) assembles the Jeep Cherokee (Liberty) in Valencia, Carabobo for the Venezuelan market.

Assembly
The Liberty was assembled at the Toledo North Assembly Plant in the United States, as well as in other countries including Egypt and Venezuela.

U.S. sales

References

See also
 Jeep Liberty

Liberty
Compact sport utility vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 2001
Cars discontinued in 2007
Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States

Jeep Liberty (KJ)


Hurley is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in the Town of Hurley, Ulster County, New York, United States. The population was 3,346 at the 2020 census.

Hurley is a community near the eastern town line of the Town of Hurley. Much of the hamlet is within the Hurley Historic District, a National Historic Landmark.

History

Early days
The first people known to have lived in the vicinity of the hamlet of Hurley were Esopus Indians, a northern branch of the Delaware. Dutch and Huguenot settlers moved there from Wiltwyck in the spring of 1662. It was given the Dutch name, Nieu Dorp, (new village). Dissatisfied  with their treatment by the Dutch, the Delaware attacked the villages of Hurley and Kingston in June 1663 in what is called the Second Esopus War. The village of eight houses was destroyed and several women and children were taken as captives. It was a year before all the captives were returned to their families. Although the village was soon rebuilt some Huguenot settlers moved from Hurley to found New Paltz.

In September 1664 the Dutch colony of New Netherland Colony was taken over by the English. In 1669, Governor Francis Lovelace renamed some of the Dutch settlements with English names. Nieu Dorp became Horley, (pronounce Hurley) after the Lovelace ancestral home in Horley, England. He also relocated the troublesome English garrison into Marbletown, greatly easing tensions in the area. Nonetheless, Hurley remained a Dutch provincial town in language, customs, and architecture, located along the Old Mine Road, which linked Dutch settlements in the Upper Delaware Valley with Kingston.

Revolutionary War
During the American Revolutionary War, British led by Generals John Burgoyne and Henry Clinton attempted to split the colonies in two by taking control of the Hudson River Valley. Burgoyne marched south from Canada while Clinton sailed north. On October 16, 1777, a British force under the command of General John Vaughan burned the village of Kingston, which was at that time New York's capital. Many people from Kingston fled to Hurley. With the burning of Kingston, the old stone Van Deusen House in neighboring Hurley served for a brief time as the state capital.

British troops were called back to Ponck Hockie to board their ships before they reached Hurley. The grain crop was saved from destruction in part by a four-hour artillery barrage made by the militia of the first Ulster regimen under Colonel Johannes Snyder and Major Adrian Wynkoop, which had delayed the British advance. As the British fleet moved upriver, General George Clinton encamped his troops at the village of Marbletown and moved his command to the Houghtaling House in Hurley in order to better monitor the British. Hurley was an ideal location for a military outpost, with roads providing access to the Kingston, the Strand on Rondout Creek and back roads to Saugerties and Katsbaan.

On October 10, 1777, Lt. Daniel Taylor of Captain Stewart's Company of the 9th Royal Regiment was captured at Little Britain in southern Ulster County, carrying an innocuous note from General Henry Clinton to General John Burgoyne. He was a loyalist junior officer who traveled in civilian clothes on horseback carrying messages between various units of the British Army. As was customary, the note was concealed in a small silver capsule screwed together in the middle. Ordinarily, such messengers from either army were not considered spies of such a nature that their conviction would call for the death sentence. However, Nathan Hale of Connecticut had been captured by the British a year earlier and hanged as a spy. Lieutenant Taylor was tried in New Windsor by a Courts Martial composed largely of Connecticut officers and was condemned to be hanged "at such time and place as the General shall direct."

American troops, trying to reach and defend Kingston from the British, set out from new Windsor and took Taylor with them. They reached Hurley on October 17, where Taylor was held in the Dumond House. On the morning of October 18, Lt. Taylor was moved by horse and wagon to the sweet apple tree on the side of Schoolhouse Lane, where he was hanged.

After leaving Kingston, the British fleet sailed upriver to Saugerties where a raiding party crossed the river and burned the Livingston Estates at Clermont and Belvedere. Upon learning of Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga, the British force set sail to the south and on the 24th, rejoined the British forces at Fort Clinton. Once the British threat had passed, General Clinton left Hurley and moved his troops south to their original base at Little Britain.

After the Civil War until the early 1900s, the largest industry was bluestone quarrying. In 1871 Hurley contained a Reformed church, two hotels, a store, a school-house, two wagon shops, two blacksmith shops, a shoe shop and about thirty dwellings. A wire suspension bridge, 160 feet long, crossed the creek at this place.

Hurley Historic District

Hurley Historic District includes early Hudson Valley Dutch-style stone houses.
 The 1685 Dumond House was used by the Continental Army as a temporary guardhouse.
 Pre-1700s Patentee Manor was built by the Cole family.
 Part of the 1709 Ostrander - Elmendorf House served as the Half Moon tavern during the Revolutionary War.
 The Jonathan Crispell House was built in 1725 by farmer Jonathan Crispell.
 The Polly Crispell House, built in 1735, once held a blacksmith's shop.
 The Jan Van Deusen Jr. House, was built in 1744 by Captain Jan. The parlor served as the meeting room for the NYS Committee of Safety during the Revolutionary War.
 The two-story Ten Eyck House was built in 1786 by Dr. Richard Ten Eyck as a gift for his wife, Jenett Baker.

Once a year, on the second Saturday of July, the Hurley Reformed Church organizes Stone House Day.

Geography
Hurley is located at  (41.920701, -74.054508). It is bisected by US 209.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5.5 square miles (14.3 km2), of which, 5.5 square miles (14.2 km2) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2) of it (0.54%) is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,561 people, 1,415 households, and 1,049 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 1,476 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.76% White, 1.24% Black or African American, 0.11% Native American, 1.43% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.06% from other races, and 1.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.13% of the population.

There were 1,415 households, out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.3% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.8% were non-families. 22.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.1% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 28.2% from 45 to 64, and 18.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.5 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $58,624, and the median income for a family was $64,261. Males had a median income of $43,750 versus $28,611 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $27,458. About 1.8% of families and 2.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 2.6% of those age 65 or over.

References

External links
 Hurley Heritage Society
 Stone House Day
 "Hurley Historic District", National Park Service

Census-designated places in New York (state)
Census-designated places in Ulster County, New York
Hamlets in New York (state)
Hamlets in Ulster County, New York
1662 establishments in the Dutch Empire

Hurley (CDP), New York


Thomas Francis Smailes (27 March 1910 – 1 December 1970) was an English cricketer, who played first-class cricket for Yorkshire County Cricket Club, and one Test match for England. He was one of Yorkshire's main players in the club's outstanding years, when they won eight County Championships out of ten.

Though Smailes was never a player of the class of Sutcliffe, Hutton, Bowes, Verity or Leyland, he was extremely valuable to Yorkshire because of his versatility. He could bowl either swingers as a new ball partner to Bowes, or later off-breaks when pitches were affected by rain. He was also a dangerous left-handed batsman who scored over a thousand runs in 1938, with centuries against Glamorgan and Surrey.

He lost his best potential cricketing years to the cessation of competitive cricket during World War II.

Life and career
Born Thomas Francis Smailes in Ripley, then in the West Riding of Yorkshire and although he joined the Yorkshire staff in 1932, it was not until George Macaulay became unfit that Smailes had his chance of playing regularly for the first eleven. Smailes debut took place on 4 May 1932, against Oxford University. He took this chance very effectively, taking 105 wickets for around 21 runs apiece – a good average in such a fine summer, even though his bowling at this stage lacked the accuracy that was expected from Yorkshire cricketers, and he was perhaps overawed by having to lead the attack so often. His best performance was six for 56 against Kent, where he swung the ball prodigiously. At the end of the 1934 season, Smailes was awarded his county cap.

With Bowes and Verity dominating the following season, Smailes had fewer opportunities but his accuracy improved greatly. In the last match against Sussex he took ten wickets in a match for the first time, but just missed 100 victims. 1936, however, saw Smailes capture significant attention for the first time, with an impressive all-round performance against India of 77 (including three sixes) and ten wickets for 62 runs. He shared in a partnership of 167 with Verity for the ninth wicket, against Somerset, in one of the more remarkable county matches, and his fast-medium swervers could still be valuable as he showed with seven for 72 against Middlesex at Scarborough. Nonetheless, it was Smailes' development of off-spin – helped by the continuously soft wickets in the North – that caused his advance. In this style he took nine for 41 in a match against Worcestershire, six for 57 against Nottinghamshire and five for 39 versus Leicestershire.

1937, with Bowes absent for half the year, saw Smailes worked harder than ever before. Though he did not accomplish anything so good as in 1936 with the ball, he was always steady whatever style he was bowling, and as a batsman he hit his maiden century against Warwickshire early in the season. Smailes said, in later life, that he considered scoring that century as his greatest day in cricket. 1938 saw Smailes remarkably effective at Sheffield, but he did little as a bowler away from Yorkshire with Bowes, Verity and Ellis Robinson all beating him in the averages. Nonetheless, ten wickets for 137 in what would, but for rain, have been the first triumph of a county side over an Australian touring team since 1912, saw Smailes seriously considered for an England place. He was chosen for the Old Trafford Test in 1938, but the game was washed out without a ball being bowled.

1939, despite an amazing performance of 14 for 58 against Derbyshire, including ten wickets for 47 after he helped dismiss that county for 20 in the first innings, was wiped out by a major injury that allowed Smailes almost no cricket in the second half of the season. His ten wicket haul made him only the third Yorkshireman to take all ten wickets in a first-class innings, the others being Alonzo Drake and Hedley Verity (twice). At the start of hostilities, Smailes joined the 124th Battery Light Anti Aircraft Royal Artillery, as acting sergeant major. By 1942, he was promoted to captain, and served in North Africa fighting Rommel's Afrika Korps, and later in the invasions of Sicily and Italy. It was there that he learned of the death of his friend, Hedley Verity. He went to the cemetery in Caserta were Verity was buried and, along with another Yorkshire-born county cricketer, Phil King, erected a simple cross on Verity's grave. The conflict aggravated Smaile's varicose vein condition, and every day thereafter he had to have his legs bandaged.

Nevertheless, with the War having decimated England's ranks, Smailes, after just six first-class matches and an appearance in the Test Trial, finally received selection for a Test match against India at Lord's in 1946. Despite not faring badly in scoring 25 batting at number 8, and taking 3 for 44 in India's second innings, he was not retained. He was part, though, of another Yorkshire Championship winning campaign.

During the first few post-war years, despite occasionally captaining the side when Norman Yardley could not play, Smailes gradually dropped out of the team. He was awarded a benefit in 1948, which raised £5,104. As his playing days drew to a close, Smailes took over a pub and played three seasons of league cricket with Walsall Cricket Club.

Frank Smailes died in Harrogate, Yorkshire in December 1970, after a long and painful illness, at the age of 60.

References

1910 births
1970 deaths
England Test cricketers
English cricketers
Yorkshire cricketers
Players cricketers
Cricketers from Harrogate
People educated at Pocklington School
Cricketers who have taken ten wickets in an innings
English cricketers of 1919 to 1945
H. D. G. Leveson Gower's XI cricketers
North v South cricketers
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Artillery officers

Frank Smailes


Bastion Square is a historic pedestrian mall in Victoria, British Columbia.

The square has a ceremonial entry arch at View and Government streets, and the exit on the Wharf Street side opens to a staircase with a view of the Inner Harbour.

In 1963, under the direction of city planner Rod Clack, Bastion Square was developed as part of the modern scheme for Centennial Square. View Street was closed off, and a pedestrian area was created, set off by restored historic buildings on three sides and a view across the harbour on the fourth.

Historic buildings on the square include Burnes House, the Beaver Building, the Board of Trade Building, Chancery Chambers, Law Chambers, the Rithet Building, and the Supreme Court Building.

Events held at the square include the Bastion Square Public Market, the Holiday Market, and the Art Walk.

References

External links

 Tourism Victoria web page

Buildings and structures in Victoria, British Columbia
Culture of Victoria, British Columbia
Squares in Canada
Tourist attractions in Victoria, British Columbia
Pedestrian malls in Canada

Bastion Square


Vito Volterra (1880-1940) was an Italian mathematician and physicist. Today, he is mostly known for his work in mathematical analysis. He is one of the authors of the predator-prey equations. In the first world war, he was active in the development of airships. It was him who had the idea to use helium, instead hydrogen for airships. Hydrogen is highly flammable, helium is not. From about 1922, he took positions against the Fascists. In 19333, he refused to take an oath on Mussolini, and left Italy. He spent the last years of his life in Spain and France. Shortly before his death, he briefly returned to Italy.

1880 births
1940 deaths
Italian mathematicians
Italian physicists

Vito Volterra


idio Ltd. is an enterprise software company that produces and implements products for brands and publishers. To do so, idio uses its cloud-hosted platform, which incorporates modules for large-scale content aggregation and structuring, content analytics (most fundamentally, semantic extraction), multi-channel marketing automation, and customer insight generation. idio has offices in London and Exeter in the UK.

In early 2011, idio acquired thru digital to expand its engineering team and set up a London office.

History

idio was founded in 2006, by Edward Barrow and Andrew Davies, at Warwick Business School in the UK, with the aim of building a system to personalize content effectively. After several months, idiomag was launched. This consumer-facing personalized music magazine was a proving ground for the technical and commercial approach of idio. Based on this, idio refocused on a business-to-business proposition, and started licensing the technology to brands and publishers; to aggregate social media content, deliver personalized multi-channel content services, and to monitor user interactions. idio has since refined this proposition and delivers a range of content and customer intelligence solutions.

Offerings

Platform

idio has a growing range of modules built on its platform, including the following:
 Content Aggregation (from multiple sources and formats)
 Content Analytics (including semantic extraction, sentiment analysis, language detection and readability)
 Meta-analysis (building an organic taxonomy of the content, and providing analytics on trends)
 Multi-channel Delivery (including web, mobile, email, social media, performance advertising, and SMS)
 Customer Insight (preference and behavioral web analytics, and CRM data augmentation)

These modules deliver a range of solutions, including the following:
 Editorial Dashboard (providing a customized market-view of real-time analyzed content to editors)
 Content Marketing (aggregating multiple content archives to deliver the right content to the right customer at the right time, on the right channel)
 Content Insight (analyzing large unstructured content archives to provide structure and rich annotations)
 Customer Insight (analyzing on-site and social media interactions and preferences to augment CRM)

Chrome extensions

In early 2010, idio launched a range of Google Chrome Extensions on Google's new Chrome Extension Marketplace. This enables users to install Chrome Extensions from many publishers and get customized alerts when relevant news is posted. The Independent launched one in January 2010, and it now used by 20,815 people.

References

External links
 idio Ltd.

Companies established in 2006
Privately held companies of the United Kingdom
Software companies of the United Kingdom
Google Chrome extensions
2006 establishments in England
2006 in London

Idio


The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) is a professional honorary group meant for the advancement of the arts and sciences of movies.

The Academy has over 6,000 motion picture professionals as members. While the most of its members are in the United States, membership is open to filmmakers around the world. As of 2004, it had members from 36 countries. It is known around the world for its yearly Academy Awards, known to most people as the "Oscars."

Also, the Academy gives Student Academy Awards to filmmakers at the undergraduate and graduate level each year; awards up to five Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting each year; and runs the Margaret Herrick Library in Beverly Hills, California and the Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in Hollywood, California, which will grow to include Academy Museum of Motion Pictures, to open as a tourist site in 2017.

The president of the Academy has been Cheryl Boone Issacs since 2013.

References

Movie organizations
1927 establishments in the United States


The year 1701 in music involved some significant musical events and new works.

Events
Georg Philipp Telemann matriculates in law at the University of Leipzig.  In the same year, he meets George Frideric Handel for the first time.
Founding of the Slovenian Philharmonic Society (orchestra)
In a competition held in Dorset Gardens, London, for the best musical setting of the masque 'The Judgement of Paris' by William Congreve, John Weldon emerges victorious, with John Eccles second and Daniel Purcell third.
The semi-opera Acis and Galatea, with music by John Eccles and text by Peter Anthony Motteux, is staged in London.
Domenico Scarlatti is appointed organist and composer of the vice-regal court in Naples

Published popular music
"Captain Kidd"

Classical music
Giovanni Henrico Albicastro – XII Suonate a tre, due violini et violoncello col basso per l'organo
Tomaso Albinoni – 12 Balletti de Camera, Op. 3
Carlo Ambrogio Lonati – 12 Violin Sonatas
Giovanni Bononcini
La conversione di Maddalena
Duetti da camera, Op.8
 Michel Richard Delalande – Venite exultemus Domino, S.58
Charles Dieupart – 6 Suittes
Gottfried Finger – 10 Recorder Sonatas, Op.3
Johann Joseph Fux – Concentus Musico-Instrumentalis, Op.1
Louis Heudelinne – 3 Suites, Livre 1
Giuseppe Maria Jacchini – Concerti per camera a 3. e 4. strumenti, Op.4
Marin Marais
Domine salvum fac regem (lost)
Pièces de viole, Livre II
 Carlo Antonio Marino – 12 Sonatas, Op.6
Georg Muffat
"Auserlesene Instrumentalmusik" (Selected Instrumental Music)

 Sybrandus van Noordt – Sonate per il cimbalo appropriate al flauto & violino
 Johann Christoph Pez – 12 Sonatas 'Duplex Genius''', Op.1
 Michelangelo Rossi – Toccata No.14 in C major Alessandro Scarlatti – Tu sei quella che al nome, H.743
 Domenico Scarlatti – Antra, valles, divo plaudant montes colles Johann Schenck – Scherzi musicali, Op.6
 George Philipp Telemann – Ach Herr, strafe mich nicht, TWV 7:3
Tomaso Antonio Vitali – Concerto di sonate a violino, violoncello e cembalo, Op.4

 Opera
Antonio Caldara Costanza in amor vince l'inganno (Includes arias "Selve Amiche" and "Sebben, Crudele")La PartenopeAndre Campra – Hésione (final revised version)
Theobaldo di Gatti – ScyllaReinhard Keiser – Störtebecker und Jödge MichaelsTomás de Torrejón y Velasco – La púrpura de la rosaTheoretical writingsJohan Georg Ahlens musikalisches Winter-Gespräche by Johann Georg Ahle, on intervals and modes. This is the fourth and final part of Ahle's Musikalische Gespräche series of treatises in form of dialogues.Dictionnaire de musique by Sébastien de Brossard.Principes d'acoustique et de musique by Joseph Sauveur

 Births
January 10 – Johann Caspar Simon, organist and composer (died 1776)
February 1 – Johan Agrell, German composer and violinist (died 1765)
June 19 – François Rebel, French composer (died 1775)
September 22 – Anna Magdalena Bach, second wife of Johann Sebastian Bach, to whom he dedicated several of his works (died 1760)

 Deaths
February 15 – Adam Drese, composer and bass viol player (b. c.1620)
March 10 – Johann Schelle, composer (b. 1648
October 13 – Andreas Anton Schmelzer, composer (b. 1653)probable''
Carolus Hacquart, composer (b. c.1640)
Servaes de Koninck, composer (b. c.1654)

References

18th century in music
Music by year

1701 in music


Romana Tomc (born 2 November 1965) is a Slovenian politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Slovenia. She is a member of the Slovenian Democratic Party, part of the European People's Party.

Political career
Tomc has been a Member of the European Parliament since the 2014 elections. In parliament, she has since been serving on the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs.

In addition to her committee assignments, Tomc is part of the parliament's delegation for Northern cooperation and for relations with Switzerland and Norway and to the EU-Iceland Joint Parliamentary Committee and the European Economic Area (EEA) Joint Parliamentary Committee. She is also a supporter of the MEP Alliance for Mental Health and the MEPs Against Cancer group.

On the national level, Tomc was the candidate of the Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS) in the 22 October 2017 presidential election, challenging incumbent Borut Pahor.

Recognition
In December 2020, Tomc received the Employment, Social Affairs and Regions award at The Parliament Magazine's annual MEP Awards.

References

External links

Official website

1965 births
Living people
Politicians from Ljubljana
MEPs for Slovenia 2014–2019
Slovenian Democratic Party MEPs
Slovenian Democratic Party politicians
Members of the National Assembly (Slovenia)
MEPs for Slovenia 2019–2024

Romana Tomc


WBIK (92.1 FM) — branded Classic Rock 92.1 — is a commercial classic rock radio station licensed to Pleasant City, Ohio. Owned by Joel Losego, through licensee AVC Communications, Inc., the station serves Guernsey County in East Central Ohio.  The WBIK studios are located in the Guernsey county seat of Cambridge, as is the station transmitter.

References

External links

BIK
Radio stations established in 1998
Classic rock radio stations in the United States

WBIK


In physics, a mechanical wave is a wave that is an oscillation of matter, and therefore transfers energy through a medium. While waves can move over long distances, the movement of the medium of transmission—the material—is limited. Therefore, the oscillating material does not move far from its initial equilibrium position. Mechanical waves can be produced only in media which possess elasticity and inertia. There are three types of mechanical waves: transverse waves, longitudinal waves, and surface waves. Some of the most common examples of mechanical waves are water waves, sound waves, and seismic waves.

Like all waves, mechanical waves transport energy. This energy propagates in the same direction as the wave. A wave requires an initial energy input; once this initial energy is added, the wave travels through the medium until all its energy is transferred. In contrast, electromagnetic waves require no medium, but can still travel through one.

Transverse wave

A transverse wave is the form of a wave in which particles of medium vibrate about their mean position perpendicular to the direction of the motion of the wave.

To see an example, move an end of a Slinky (whose other end is fixed) to the left-and-right of the Slinky, as opposed to to-and-fro. Light also has properties of a transverse wave, although it is an electromagnetic wave.

Longitudinal wave

Longitudinal waves cause the medium to vibrate parallel to the direction of the wave. It consists of multiple compressions and rarefactions. The rarefaction is the farthest distance apart in the longitudinal wave and the compression is the closest distance together. The speed of the longitudinal wave is increased in higher index of refraction, due to the closer proximity of the atoms in the medium that is being compressed. Sound is  a longitudinal wave.

Surface waves

This type of wave travels along the surface or interface between two media. An example of a surface wave would be waves in a pool, or in an ocean, lake, or any other type of water body. There are two types of surface waves, namely Rayleigh waves and Love waves.

Rayleigh waves, also known as ground roll, are waves that travel as ripples with motion similar to those of waves on the surface of water. Such waves are much slower than body waves, at roughly 90% of the velocity of  for a typical homogeneous elastic medium. Rayleigh waves have energy losses only in two dimensions and are hence more destructive in earthquakes than conventional bulk waves, such as P-waves and S-waves, which lose energy in all three directions.

A Love wave is a surface wave having horizontal waves that are shear or transverse to the direction of propagation. They usually travel slightly faster than Rayleigh waves, at about 90% of the body wave velocity, and have the largest amplitude.

Examples
Seismic waves
Sound waves
Wind waves on seas and lakes
Vibration

See also
Acoustics
Ultrasound
Underwater acoustics

References

Waves
Mechanics

Mechanical wave


USS Specter (AM-306) was an  built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was originally ordered, laid down, and launched as USS Spector (AM-306), but was renamed the correctly spelled Specter in March 1944. She was awarded four battle stars for service in the Pacific during World War II. She was decommissioned in 1946 and placed in reserve. While she remained in reserve, Specter was reclassified as MSF-306 in February 1955 but never reactivated. In April 1973, she was sold to the Mexican Navy and renamed ARM DM-04. In 1994 she was renamed ARM General Manuel E. Rincón (C52). She was stricken in July 2001, but her ultimate fate is not reported in secondary sources.

U.S. Navy career
Initially named Spector, the ship was laid down on 5 September 1943 by Associated Shipbuilders, Seattle, Washington; launched on 15 February 1944, sponsored by Miss Carol D. Petrie, and commissioned on 30 August 1944. Specter departed Seattle on 16 September en route to San Pedro, California. She conducted shakedown training off San Pedro and San Diego, California, from 21 September to 19 October. The minesweeper sailed from San Pedro on 9 November for Hawaii and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 18 November 1944. Following training in gunnery, antisubmarine warfare, and minesweeping operations, she sailed on 22 January 1945 for the Volcano Islands.

After stops at Eniwetok and Tinian, Specter arrived at Iwo Jima on 16 February, three days before the landing, and began minesweeping operations. She was busy clearing minefields, patrolling, and performing escort duty until 28 February when she sailed for Saipan. After a stop at Ulithi from 6 to 19 March Specter steamed to Okinawa. On arrival there on 25 March, she commenced pre-invasion minesweeping operations of sea-lanes and channels. The ship remained in the Okinawa area until 6 August. During this period, she conducted antisubmarine patrols, swept mines off Okinawa and Iheya Shima, and made two open-sea sweeps in the East China Sea. While on patrol off Ie Shima on 25 May, she shot down a Japanese fighter plane.

Specter was in Leyte Gulf from 9 to 27 August. She sailed for Japan on 28 August and, after touching at Buckner Bay, Okinawa, arrived in Japanese home waters on 9 September. During the next three months she swept mines at Nagasaki, Sasebo, Bungo Suido, and Tsushima. On 11 December 1945, Specter was ordered home; she arrived at San Diego on 11 January 1946; and was routed onward to Orange, Texas, where she was placed in reserve, out of commission later in the year.

Specter was re-designated MSF-306 on 7 February 1955 while in reserve. She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 July 1972 and sold to Mexico on 11 April 1973. In her U.S. Navy career, Specter was awarded four battle stars for her World War II service.

Mexican Navy career
The former Specter was acquired by the Mexican Navy in April 1973 and renamed ARM DM-04. In 1994, she was renamed ARM General Manuel E. Rincón (C52), after Mexican general Manuel E. Rincón. She was stricken on 16 July 2001, but her ultimate fate is not reported in secondary sources.

Notes

References

External links
 NavSource Online: Mine Warfare Vessel Photo Archive - Specter (MSF 306) - ex-Specter (AM 306) - ex-Spector

Admirable-class minesweepers
Ships built in Seattle
1944 ships
World War II minesweepers of the United States
Admirable-class minesweepers of the Mexican Navy

USS Specter (AM-306)


Urheiluruutu is a daily sports news show produced and broadcast by the Finnish Broadcasting Company, Yle.

The programme originally launched on 18 August 1963. The sportsreader was  and the programme was gathered up by . Kukkonen is also the father of the name Urheiluruutu ("sports screen") which was inspired by Swedish Sportspegeln. Before Urheiluruutu, the sports news was read in the end of normal news broadcast. In the beginning, Urheiluruutu was broadcast only once in a week: 15 minutes at Sunday evenings. Later it was broadcast also on Thursdays and Saturdays. In 1993, the daily broadcasting began.

The audiovisual appearance of Urheiluruutu has changed many times during the years, previously in February 2013. The first opening sequence from 1963 included an animated rooster, originating from a pun of Anssi Kukkonen's name ("kukko" being the Finnish word for rooster). The most well-known theme music is the Leevi and the Leavings song "Tuhannen markan seteli", used from 1983 to 1993.

Nowadays the broadcasting times of Urheiluruutu are 7:16 p.m. in YLE TV2 and 8:55 p.m. in YLE TV1 (the main broadcast). Also a short sports segment is included after the 9:50 p.m. news bulletin in YLE TV2, often clashing with the beginning of rival station MTV3's Kymmenen uutiset ("Ten O'Clock News").

Sportreaders

Current

 Maija Kautto

 Manu Myllyaho

 Riikka Smolander

Former
 Hannu-Pekka Hänninen

 Niki Juusela
 Ville Klinga

 Bror-Erik Wallenius

References

External links

Sports mass media in Finland
Finnish television news shows
1963 television series debuts
Yle original programming
1960s Finnish television series debuts
Sports television series

Urheiluruutu


Ghassoul (Arabic: غسول) is a municipality in El Bayadh Province, Algeria. It part of Brézina District and has a population of 5.179, which gives it seven seats in the PMA. Its postal code is 32150 and its municipal code is 3205.

It is also the name of a red Moroccan clay (sometimes known as Rhassoul) dug in the Atlas mountains.

Communes of El Bayadh Province
El Bayadh Province

Ghassoul


Miani is a small town of Bhalwal Tehsil, Sargodha District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is about 70 km from Sargodha city.

History
Miani used to have a large  population of Hindus before the partition of India. They had to leave their ancestral homes and move to India after partition. Sargodha itself  was the homeland  of Khatris and had a large concentration of the ancient Khatri clans. Khatris are found among both Hindu as well as Muslim Punjabis. Some Khatris were converted to Islam after he introduction of Islam into the Punjab. Miani continues to have a population of Muslim Khatris or Punjabi Shaikhs.

Pre-partition, there were also many Hindu Brahmin families living in Miani. There were Gosain Brahmins of six clans, some of which are Balak-nathiye, Dabre, Bhature. The details are available with Purohits at Haridwar, India, a most holy place for Hindus on the banks of holy river Ganges. They were living, before partition, in and around Jhikki Gali of Miani, which was near a 'Roni Khui' or a well. These Gosain families would marry their children into Bagge, Kapooriye Saraswat Brahmins of the region. Other Brahmin families of Miani were Mohyal Brahmins, mainly Dutt. A very large house belonging to a Dutt family still stands tall in Miani with the name 'Krishen Niwas' inscribed in Hindi on the elaborately carved, large wooden doors (for which Miani & Bhera were famous). This door has also engravings of Lord Krishna, cows, lotus etc.

Miani was nicknamed Namak-Miani (salt Miani) because it was the main marketplace for salt that was mined from the mountains around Khewra.

Towns in Punjab (Pakistan)
Sargodha District

Miani, Punjab


Álvaro X Nimi a Mvemba Água Rosada was a ruler of Kibangu and was the first Água Rosada claimant to the throne of the Kingdom of Kongo during its civil war. He ruled the Kingdom of Kibangu from 1688 to 1695.

Rule

During the reign of the previous King of Kibangu, Álvaro and his brother led a faction that was unsatisfied by his rule. They managed to overthrow Manuel I in 1688 and Álvaro took the throne. During his reign, the king was able to keep the forces of the other two claimants to the Kingdom of Kongo at bay. The king was the first civil war claimant to Kongo to be of the Água Rosada house where there was a parent from each of the main houses of Kinlaza and Kimpanzu. This was not a real house at the time of Álvaro's rule, and was only after his death in 1695 when his successor, Pedro IV formed it as a house to end the civil war and reform the Kingdom of Kongo.

References

Kingdom of Kongo
1695 deaths
Year of birth unknown

Álvaro X of Kibangu


Laurence Harrington (born 30 September 1938) is a British actor who has played DS Probert in Z-Cars, Lunar Guard in Doctor Who, George Latimer in Softly, Softly, the Lawyer in The Sweeney, Jackson in Space: 1999, Gary in Agony, Jeff Sadler in Boon, Ricky Price and Cyril Harrington-Morse in two separate episodes on Lovejoy, Vic Lawson in Love Hurts and James Palfrey in Dalziel and Pascoe. He has also guest-starred in Agatha Christie's Poirot, The Bill, Casualty, Holby City and Doctors, and appeared in films such as The Boys in Blue (1982), Don't Open till Christmas (1984), Car Trouble (1986), Out of Order (1987) and Afraid of the Dark (1991). Harrington also appeared in the British band Naked Eyes' 1984 music Video "(What) In the Name of Love". He also starred in Upstairs Downstairs as Chief Petty Officer Webb in an episode called Facing Fearful Odds.

Filmography

External links

British male soap opera actors
1938 births
Living people

Laurence Harrington


Anne Jane Louisa Outhwaite (1842 – 13 December 1925) was a New Zealand watercolour artist, poet social activist and philanthropist. As an artist, she exhibited in Auckland from 1875 until 1900. Some of her works are held in the Alexander Turnbull Library.

Biography
Outhwaite was born in Auckland in 1842. Her father was Thomas Outhwaite, New Zealand's first Supreme Court Registrar, and her mother was the French-born Marie Henrietta Louise Outhwaite (née Roget). Outhwaite exhibited with the Auckland Society of Artists and the New Zealand Art Students Association between 1875 and 1900. Some of her sketches were published in the newspaper New Zealand Graphic in 1879.

Outhwaite and her mother were close friends of Suzanne Aubert, founder of the religious order the Daughters of Our Lady of Compassion. She conducted a correspondence with Mother Aubert for many years. When Aubert spent six years in Rome seeking recognition from Pope Benedict XV for her order, Outhwaite supported her financially. Outhwaite was also a prison "official visitor" and welfare worker for women prisoners at Mount Eden Prisons.

She wrote poetry and in 1916 she contributed a verse to a very early Australian ANZAC day memorial book (Their death Our Life: For the mortal shroud of our immortal heroes, Love weaves Peace).

Isa Outhwaite died on 13 December 1925 aged 83. She is interred in the Catholic section of Waikaraka Cemetery, Onehunga.

Among the beneficiaries of her will were the Sisters of Compassion (£500), St Joseph's School, Grey Lynn (£250), St Mary's Orphanage, Howick (£250), the Little Sisters of the Poor (£1000), Mater Misericordiae Hospital (£1500), Bishop Cleary (£500 to be used to support female prisoners released from Mt Eden prison), and the remainder of her estate to Bishop Cleary for Catholic education in Auckland. This bequest led to the establishment of St Peter's College. She also left the family home and land in Grafton to Newmarket Borough Council, which was later developed into Outhwaite Park, and left Hen Island (Taranga) of Hen and Chicken Islands near Whangārei to the New Zealand government for a bird sanctuary. Isa Outwaite also gave money for the relief of poverty in Besançon, France and is publicly remembered there for her philanthropy.

Legacy
In 2015, St Peter's College completed a 12-classroom block on  Mountain Rd named the "Outhwaite Building" in memory of Isa Outhwaite and her family and in gratitude for the legacy of funds and land on which the college was established.

See also
 Outhwaite family (Auckland)
 Louise Outhwaite

References

1842 births
1925 deaths
New Zealand watercolourists
20th-century New Zealand artists
People from Auckland
New Zealand Roman Catholics
Burials at Waikaraka Cemetery
St Peter's College, Auckland faculty

Isa Outhwaite