Tiverton Preedy (22 January 1863 – 26 April 1928) was an English clergyman who worked in Yorkshire and London from 1887 until his death, where he was noted for his work with the poor. He was particularly interested in the use of sport within ministry, and founded a church football team in Barnsley which became the modern Barnsley F.C.

In 1883 he moved to London to become curate of a church in Islington, and later opened a nearby mission. He opened a boxing club at the mission and organised dances for local flower sellers.  In recognition of his work, he was appointed a prebendary of St. Pauls Cathedral in 1926. He died two years later and is buried in Islington Cemetery. In the 1990s supporters of Barnsley F.C. located and restored his grave. The grave is still maintained by supporters of Barnsley F.C. who travel down each summer.

Early life
Preedy was born in Hunstanton in the county of Norfolk in 1863, the second son of a local estate agent. He attended Bloxham School near Sleaford, Lincolnshire before entering Lincoln Theological College in 1885, where he trained to become a minister in the Church of England.  In 1887 he was ordained as a deacon, and in the same year was appointed to the position of Assistant Stipendiary Curate at St Peter's church in the centre of Barnsley.  The church had originally been set up as a mission to tend to the people of the poverty-stricken area, but was licensed as a parish in its own right in 1887.  Preedy was engaged to assist the vicar, John Lloyd Brereton.

During his time at Theological College, Preedy had become keen on the concept of using sport to engender moral values, an idea much in vogue at the time and known as muscular Christianity.  To this end, he decided to join a local sporting club, through which he hoped to come into closer contact with the local people.  He initially joined a rugby football club, but resigned in protest at the team's decision to play a match on Good Friday.

Formation of Barnsley Football Club
Shortly after his split from the rugby club, Preedy encountered by chance a group of young men discussing the idea of forming an association football club.  Preedy was taken with the idea, not least because football was seen in the area as the "poor man's sport" and his involvement would therefore bring him into greater contact with the poor people he wished to help through his ministry.  To this end he formed a football club in September 1887.  Preedy acted as principal fundraiser and organiser of the club, dubbed Barnsley St Peter's F.C., and even played in its first match.  A keen supporter of the Temperance movement, Preedy demanded high standards of behaviour from his players, and once refused to allow St Peter's to play a match against local rivals Ardsley Old due to the conduct of the latter's supporters.

Preedy was also responsible for securing the use of the land on which the Oakwell stadium still stands. After being refused permission to hire a field belonging to the owners of the Barnsley Brewery, Preedy's appeal to the wife of one of the owners ultimately led to the club being granted permission to play at Oakwell.  In 1891 Preedy was instrumental in the formation of the Barnsley Charity Football Association and the creation of the Barnsley Charity Cup.  St. Peter's reached the inaugural final but were surprisingly defeated by underdogs Ecclesfield.

Departure from Barnsley
In 1893 Preedy moved to London to become curate of St. Clement's Church in Islington.  Such was the regard in which the clergyman was held in the town that a civic reception was held to mark his departure, and tributes were printed in the Barnsley Chronicle.  The St. Peter's players presented him with a walking stick, a pipe and a tobacco pouch.  Four years after his departure, the club severed its links to the church and became known simply as Barnsley F.C.

Preedy spent four years at St. Clement's before being appointed to run a nearby mission in what was then an extremely deprived area of the city.  At the time of his appointment the mission operated out of converted cowsheds and the house with which Preedy was provided had no furniture.  Preedy once again endeavoured to use sport as part of his ministry and opened a boxing club at the mission.  Future world champion Terry Allen boxed at the club as a youngster, and among the wrestlers who trained there was future British champion and Olympic Games competitor George MacKenzie.  Preedy also organised dances for the girls who sold flowers on local streets.

Preedy remained in contact with the football club he had founded in Barnsley and was a guest of honour at the 1912 FA Cup Final, in which Barnsley defeated West Bromwich Albion to lift the trophy.  The victorious team presented him with the match ball, which he displayed in his study until his death.

Later years

In 1926 Preedy was appointed a prebendary at St Pauls Cathedral, in recognition of his work in Islington.  At around the same time he began to suffer from heart problems, and died in his sleep in April 1928.  His funeral was attended by several thousand mourners, and he was buried at Islington Cemetery in Finchley.  His obituary in the Islington Gazette described him as "a generous friend to the poor" and the Bishop of Stepney in his eulogy called him "a wonderful parish priest and a splendid friend", and made particular reference to his use of sport in his ministry.

In 1997 representatives of the club he founded located his grave in London and laid wreaths in the club's colours. Full restoration of the grave was later carried out by the Barnsley F.C. Supporters' Trust.
Each summer, life long supporters Neil Richardson and Gaz Lovett, travel down and conduct routine cleaning and maintenance on the grave.

Honours

 Barnsley Hall of Fame

Notes

References

External links
Tiverton Preedy dedicated website

1863 births
1928 deaths
Barnsley F.C. players
People from Hunstanton
19th-century English Anglican priests
20th-century English Anglican priests
Burials at St Pancras and Islington Cemetery
Men's association football players not categorized by position
English men's footballers

Tiverton Preedy


A Site of Biological Importance (or SBI) is one of the non-statutory designations used locally by the Greater Manchester, Cheshire and Staffordshire County Councils in England to protect locally valued sites of biological diversity which are described generally as Local Wildlife Sites by the UK Government. The term SBI should not be confused with Site of Special Scientific Interest.

The guidance from the Her Majesty's Government concerning Local Sites states that:

The series of non-statutory Local Sites seek to ensure, in the public interest, the conservation, maintenance and enhancement of species, habitats, geological and geomorphological features of substantive nature conservation value

SBIs have no legal protection, but do receive some protection through different policies, and they must be taken into consideration by the local authority when planning applications affect the site. Sites are selected using a number of attributes that include; habitat type, diversity and rarity of the species present, and the site's naturalness.

References

External links
Planning Advisory Service
Cheshire County Council
Staffordshire Moorlands
Conservation in the United Kingdom
Town and country planning in the United Kingdom

Site of Biological Importance


Hughes-Hallett may refer to several people with the surname:

Charles Hughes-Hallett (1898-1985), British Royal Navy officer.
Deborah Hughes Hallett, mathematics education reformer
Francis Hughes-Hallett (1838–1903), British politician.
James Hughes-Hallett (1949-2019), British businessman and investor.
John Hughes-Hallett (1901-1972), British politician.
Kathleen Hughes-Hallett (1918-2002), Canadian fencer.
Lucy Hughes-Hallett (born 1951), British cultural historian and biographer.
Norton Hughes-Hallett (1895–1985), British army officer and cricket player.
Sir Thomas Hughes-Hallett (born 1954), British barrister, investment banker and philanthropy executive.

Hughes-Hallett


Thomas Pullen (born January 3, 1945) is a former American football and Canadian football player.  He played college football at the University of Michigan from 1965 to 1967.  A native of Ottawa, Ontario, he also played professional football in the Canadian Football League for the Ottawa Rough Riders (1968–1969, 1972–1974), the Montreal Alouettes (1970–1971), and the Toronto Argonauts (1975).

Early years
Pullen was born in Ottawa, Ontario, in 1945.  He attended Glebe Collegiate Institute, a high school in Ottawa, where he played football, basketball and ran track and field.  He was selected as Glebe's most outstanding football player in 1961, set records in the high jump, hurdles and sprints, and led the basketball team to the Ontario provincial finals.  He also played goalie for the Ottawa Montagnards and was also one of the first players in Canadian Little League history to pitch a no-hit shut-out.

University of Michigan
Pullen enrolled at the University of Michigan in 1965 and played college football for the Michigan Wolverines football team from 1965 to 1967.  He was the first Canadian to receive a full football scholarship from the school, and he became the first Canadian to letter with the Michigan football team. He played principally at the end position for the 1965 Michigan Wolverines football team.  Pullen graduated from the University of Michigan with degrees in science and education.

Professional football
Pullen later played seven seasons in the Canadian Football League with the Ottawa Rough Riders (1968–1969, 1972–1974), the Montreal Alouettes (1970–1971), and the Toronto Argonauts (1975).  He had his best season in 1971 when he caught 34 passes for 487 yards and three touchdowns as a member of the Alouettes.  He was a member of three consecutive Grey Cup championship teams (two with Ottawa with 1968 and 1979, and one with Montreal in 1970), and he also a fourth Grey Cup championship with Ottawa in 1973.

Later years
After retiring from football, Pullen became a teacher and basketball and track coach at Glebe Collegiate in Ottawa.  He also held coaching positions with the Carleton Ravens (three years as receivers coach), Midget Nepean Rams (one year as assistant coach), and Ashbury (one season as the goalie coach).  He later became a vice-president of business development for  Innovative Financial Group Inc.

References

1945 births
Living people
Toronto Argonauts players
Ottawa Rough Riders players
Montreal Alouettes players
Michigan Wolverines football players
Canadian football people from Ottawa
Players of Canadian football from Ontario

Tom Pullen


Carmel is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Kalamunda.

Prior to 1949 it was a stopping place on the Upper Darling Range Railway. The railway siding was originally known as Green's Landing after Perth businessman Levi Green, who had moved into the area in 1844. In 1915, the name Carmel, meaning "park" or "garden of God" in Hebrew, was adopted.

The transmission tower for Network 10 in Perth is located here.

References

External links

Suburbs of Perth, Western Australia
Suburbs in the City of Kalamunda

Carmel, Western Australia


Clathrina coriacea is a species of calcareous sponge belonging to the class Calcarea and family Clathrinidae. Species in the genus Clathrina are composed of calcium carbonate tube-like skeletons containing spicules. The sponge can be located in shallow waters widely distributed along North Atlantic coasts, as well as on other coasts.

Anatomy
This three-dimensional calcareous sponge species occurs as flat white or yellow encrustations and can also be found with grey, pale rose or orange colors. The sponge ranges from 1 cm to 3 cm in diameter with a central osculum and close inspection reveals a tightly-knit latticework of tubes. The calcareous spicules are all of a similar shape, three-rayed triactines. The equiangular triradiate spicules have spicule ray junctions that are planar with large dimensions. The tight tubes form a delicate common oscule and the skeleton is made of the calcareous spicules. At younger ages the species are thin and when mature they are soft with tight tubes.

Habitat

Environment
his is largely a shallow-water species though it has been recorded at depths of up to 650 m. The substrate is often rock but this sponge is also common on kelp holdfasts and on other sponge species. The sponge is normally found with Dendrodoa grossularia in caves and canyons, but can also be located on the shore on rocks. Additionally, the sponge can be found in dense amounts with Dendrodoa in gullies and tunnels encountering wave-surges. This calcareous sponge species can also be found in mud banks.

Distribution
This species is found along east Atlantic coasts from as far North as the Arctic and down south near South Africa, but is mostly well-defined in the North Atlantic and on the coasts of the British Isles. This species has been found in the Lingurian Sea with purple spots around the sponge. It was determined that these purple spots on the sponge was a web of hyphae of a fungus that causes these spots to appear.

Behavior

Reproduction
The reproduction time period of Clathrina coriacea is from the summer and fall months of July to October. This sponge species can undergo both asexual and sexual reproduction and is also known to be a hermaphrodite. This species of sponge undergoes fragmentation in the summer and reproduction is influenced by environmental factors including temperature. Oogenesis is common in this sponge species and they have a total cleavage which allows the species to form blastula larva that has one posterior granular cell. Once in the parent, the larva blastomeres will migrate into the blastocoel. In order for this calcareous sponge species to reproduce, there is a required minimum size for the adult. Buds on the external side of the sponge have been previously identified before.

Feeding
The Clathrina coriacea are omnivores and feed on several Chaetoceros species. Calcareous sponges are filter feeders that can filter out heterotrophic bacteria in large amounts of water and feed on picoplankton (< 2μm). These sponges are significant in the process of cycling food particles throughout the water column and rocky habitats. They have numerous predators including the Red Reef Hermit Crab and several shrimp species such as the Sand Snapping Shrimp and Dotted Pistol Shrimp.

Locomotion
The Clathrina coriacea has been observed contracting and changing shape to move. In general, locomotion in sponges occurs in outward movements as the sponge moves its spicules. This species of sponge does not have a radial center, so the locomotion and contracting of the sponge is much slower than other species such as Leucosolenia botryoides.

References

Clathrina coreacea at Marine Species Identification Portal

coriacea
Animals described in 1814
Fauna of the Atlantic Ocean
Invertebrates of Europe
Invertebrates of Cape Verde
Invertebrates of Namibia
Invertebrates of South Africa

Clathrina coriacea


A pocket track, tail track, or reversing siding (UK: centre siding, turnback siding) is a rail track layout which allows trains to park off the main line.  This type of track layout differs from a passing loop in that the pocket track is usually located between two main lines, rather than off to the side. Found primarily on metro systems, rapid transit light rail networks, and tramways, a pocket track allows certain trains or trams to change direction, even on lines with high traffic flow, whilst others continue through the station.

Pocket tracks also allow for the short-turning of trains, truncating services at an intermediate station to control train frequency, truncating lower ridership lines or services at an intermediate station in the case of the DART Orange Line, reversing the direction of special event trains or congestion alleviating trains, and storing trains when not in use. They are also used at terminal stations to allow for the construction of future extension of a rail track without disrupting existing service.

A pocket track can have a platform on it to permit turning back of trains and letting passengers change trains, such as Stevenage railway station where a new platform 5 was built on a turnback siding, or Bachman station, where the pocket track is incorporated within the station to allow for trains to terminate before heading to the yard without disrupting traffic.

Typically there will be two tracks, one for each direction of travel. The pocket track will be positioned between the two tracks, linked to both by switches, usually on both sides. Although most trains will pass through the station and continue in the same direction, an individual train may be directed into the pocket track by the control tower, before later exiting the pocket track and running in the opposite direction back into the station. This procedure allows a greater frequency of trains on a section of track closer to the city center, and reduced frequency on the suburban sections by allowing certain trains to run from the city center to intermediate stations, using pocket tracks to change direction within the flow of trains.

References

Railway sidings

Pocket track


Aristides Quintilianus (Greek: Ἀριστείδης Κοϊντιλιανός) was the Greek author of an ancient musical treatise, Perì musikês (Περὶ Μουσικῆς, i.e. On Music; Latin: De Musica)

According to Theodore Karp, his three-volume work on music "constitutes one of the principal sources of modern knowledge of ancient Greek music and its relationship to other disciplines". According to the 17th-century scholar Marcus Meibomius, in whose collection (Antiq. Musicae Auc. Septem, 52) this work was printed for the first time in 1652, it contains everything on music that is to be found in antiquity.

The dates of Aristides are uncertain. In his book he refers to Cicero (d. 43 BC), and his work was used by Martianus Capella (fl. 410-420). According to Thomas J. Mathiesen, Aristides flourished in the late 3rd or early 4th century AD. One piece of evidence for Aristides' date, according to Winnington-Ingram, is that fact in the work he addresses two friends called Eusebius and Florentius; the latter name is unknown before AD 300.

Book 1 of the work deals with the theory of music under the traditional headings of harmonics, rhythm, and metre. It depends heavily on Aristoxenus (4th century BC), but with some "intriguing additions", apparently from a source from the classical period. Book 2 (said by Winnington-Ingram to be "extremely interesting") discusses the importance of music in the education of the young and in the moral life of individuals. Book 3 discusses the arithmetic of music and explores from the point of view of Platonic philosophy the analogies between numbers in music and numbers in the physical world.

Notes

Further reading
Barker, Andrew (1982). "Aristides Quintilianus and Constructions in Early Music Theory". The Classical Quarterly Vol. 32, No. 1 (1982), pp. 184-197.
Borthwick, E. Kerr (1985). Review of "Aristides Quintilianus, On Music by Aristides Quintilianus and Thomas J. Mathiesen". The Classical Review, New Series, Vol. 35, No. 2 (1985), pp. 258-259.
Feaver, Douglas D. (1984). Review of: "Aristides Quintilianus: On Music in Three Books by Thomas J. Mathiesen". The Classical World, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Sep.–Oct., 1984), pp. 61-62.
Wingell, Richard J. (1984). Review of: "On Music, in Three Books by Aristides Quintilianus, Thomas J. Mathiesen". Notes, Second Series, Vol. 41, No. 1 (Sep., 1984), pp. 45-47.
Winnington-Ingram, R.P. (1984). Review of "On Music by Aristides Quintilianus and Thomas J. Mathiesen". Early Music History, Vol. 4 (1984), pp. 375-380.

Roman-era Greeks
Ancient Greek music theorists

Aristides Quintilianus


The National History Museum of Moldova () is a museum in Central Chişinău, Moldova.

Overview
Over 263,000 exhibits, 165,000 of which belong to the national heritage, are exhibited in the National Museum of History, founded in 1983 on the former Regional Lyceum. It is situated on 121a, 31 August 1989 str., in the historical center of Chişinău. In the museum yard there is the Capitoline Wolf, the copy of the one in Rome. Every year almost 15 exhibitions are held in the museum; which are important events in Moldova. The museum is structured into many scientific sections: Ancient History and Archaeology, Medieval History, History of Basarabia, Contemporary History, Treasures.

History

The National Museum of Archaeology and History of Moldova is one of the most important museum institutions of the Republic of Moldova, in terms of its collection and scientific prestige.

The museum was established on December 21, 1983, when there was issued the Order of the Ministry of Culture No. 561 "On reprofiling of the Museums" (on the basis of the Joint Decree of the Central Committee of the CPM and the Council of Ministers of MSSR "On the utilization of the historical monument – the edifice of the former Chisinau Boys' Gymnasia where S. Lazo studied" from 29 November 1983).thumb|left|180px|1939 Nagant revolver
The State Museum of History of MSSR was created on the basis of the Republican Museum of Military Glory, into which it was incorporated, and the historical collection of the State Museum of History and Regional Studies of MSSR. It was housed in the restoring historical building of the former Chisinau Boys' Gymnasia No.1, where formerly the Republican Museum of Military Glory had been located.

On October 22, 1991, by the Order of the Ministry of Culture No. 231 "On perfection of the republican museums' activity", the State Museum of History of MSSR was renamed to the National Museum of History of Moldova.

In 2006 the National Museum of History of Moldova was reorganized into the National Museum of Archaeology and History of Moldova through absorption of the Museum of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, according to the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Moldova No.1326 "On the measures of optimization of infrastructure in the field of science and innovation" from 14 December 2005.

At present the National Museum of Archaeology and History of Moldova is subordinate to the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Moldova, its scientific activity being coordinated by the Academy of Sciences of Moldova.

The museum collections, which initially consisted of the collections of the Republican Museum of Military Glory and the State Museum of History and Regional Studies of MSSR, every year were enriching with items of real scientific value through research, donations, and acquisitions. Besides, in 1989–1995 and 2006–2007, large transfers of collections from a number of broken up museums – the Republican Museum of Friendship Among the Peoples, the Museum of History of the CPM, the Republican Museum of History of the Komsomol, the Republican Museum of G.I. Kotovsky and S.G. Lazo, the Republican Museum of the History of Religion, the Memorial Museum of Bulgarian Volunteers, and the Museum of Archaeology of The Academy of Sciences of Moldova – also contributed to the growth and diversity of the museum property.

Today, the National Museum of Archaeology and History of Moldova owns 322,172 items, the diversity of which covers the history of Moldova over the centuries, from prehistoric times to the present, telling about the land, facts, events, and outstanding people.

In 1991, the first permanent historical exhibition "Pages of Centuries-old History of Moldova", covering the period from the oldest times to 1940, was opened to the public. It was located in three rooms of the 1st floor, with an area of 645 sq. m., containing about 900 exhibit items. The exhibition illustrated the features of the area between the Prut and Dniester in the context of the history of medieval Moldavian state. As to the period after the dismemberment of Moldova in 1812, in the exhibition there was presented only the history of Bessarabia.

In 1997, the permanent historical exhibition was redesigned in content, placement, and by the method of presentation. It expanded to the entire first floor, occupying six rooms with an area of 1,400 sq. m. Chronological framework of the exhibition includes the period from the Paleolithic to the end of the fifth decade of the 20th century.

In 2006–2007, the museum was in a new process of rebuilding of the permanent exhibition, intending to make radical changes in terms of vision and the content of exhibits, representing the section of prehistory and ancient history. Underlying these changes are the collections transferred from the former Museum of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova.  Of course, the current formula of the permanent exhibition is an intermediate. Now there is conceptually and thematically developing a new vision of the exhibition of the National Museum of Archaeology and History of Moldova.

In August 1990, in the ground floor of the museum there was open to the public the Diorama of the Iasi – Chisinau Operation, and in 1994, in the basement – the exhibition of items made of precious metals "Treasure-house".

The museum also offers the public diverse temporary exhibitions, which complement the permanent exhibition and contribute to the promotion of the museum cultural and historical property.  During the 27 years of its existence, the museum has organized about 189 temporary exhibitions (at the museum, outside the museum, and abroad), based on its own collections as well as in collaboration with other cultural and research institutions.

The edifice
The National Museum of Archaeology and History of Moldova from the very beginning was located in the historical building of the former Chisinau Boys' Gymnasia No.1, later the Boy's Lyceum named after B.P. Hasdeu (in 1945–1963 in the premises there was housed the frontier detachment "Nistru", and in 1963–1977 – the Polytechnic Institute), that was in the process of restoration.

The earthquake of 1977 has played a tragic role in the history of this monument, causing serious damage that could lead to a total destruction of the building. Restoration work, started in 1979, was halted because, due to the severe destruction, the building was beyond repair.

The old building was demolished and replaced by a new one (the construction lasted from 1980 to 1987), which retained only the exterior of the historical monument, built in eclectic style, and decorative elements of the gymnasia assembly hall, repeated in three domical rooms of the new building.

Thus, the new museum edifice, in operation from 1987, is a modern two-storey monumental building facing the 31 August 1989 Street.  It has 12 exhibition rooms and a diorama, with a total area of 5,700 sq. m.

The museum has five branches: Exhibitions of Military Technology, The Sciusev House and Museum (both in Chişinău), The C. Stamati House and Museum (Ocniţa), Lazo's Manson (in Piatra), and Charles XII of Sweden's House and Museum in Varniţa.

Gallery

See also
 Capitoline Wolf, Chişinău

References

External links

Official website

Museums established in 1983
Buildings and structures completed in 1987
National museums of Moldova
History museums in Moldova
Archaeological museums
Buildings and structures in Chișinău
Culture in Chișinău
1983 establishments in the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic

National History Museum of Moldova


Distressing (or weathered look) in the decorative arts is the activity of making a piece of furniture or object appear aged and older, giving it a "weathered look". There are many methods to produce an appearance of age and wear. Distressing is viewed as a refinishing technique although it is the opposite of finishing in a traditional sense.  In distressing, the object's finish is intentionally destroyed or manipulated to look less than perfect, such as with sandpaper or paint stripper. For example, the artisan often removes some but not all of the paint, leaving proof of several layers of paint speckled over wood grain underneath. This becomes the "finished" piece.

Distressing has become a popular design style and decorative art form. The artisan attempts a rustic, attractive, one-of-a-kind appearance or vintage look. The final appearance is often called the patina.

Distressing can be applied to a variety of surfaces and materials such as wood, glass, metal, plastic, stone, concrete, plaster, and paint. Solid pine furniture in particular is one of the most ideal furniture types to apply distressing to. The Shabby chic style has made both distressing and antiquing popular. The technique is sometimes applied to electric guitars, where it is referred to as relicing.

Antiquing

Antiquing is a more involved form of distressing where the artisan intends to not only age a piece, but also create an antique appearance.

In addition to distressing the finish, the artisan may reapply historical paint colors, antique-like faux finish and crackle varnishes. They might also apply period accent details, such as antique knobs on dresser drawers.

Several methods involve glazes in which colors blend into crevices to give an antique appearance. The antiquing process is time-consuming and normally requires many steps to obtain the appearance of an aged and worn finish.

In the mass-produced furniture market, it is common for 'distressing' to include faux woodworm holes. These can easily be distinguished from real woodworm holes (as might be present on a genuine antique) as faux woodworm holes will usually be all of identical diameter and vertical into the wood. Genuine woodworm holes, on the other hand, would be of varying diameter and usually not perfectly vertical.

Techniques
The artisan may deliberately sand, dent, and scrape the finish off of furniture or object. Wood can be hammered softer, or dimpled, bleached, pickled, stained or repainted with crackling paints and varnishes. Antiquing paints and varnishes are available at craft stores or can be mixed at home. New layers of paint can be watered down before they are applied to allow the wood and other layers to show through or to look more like white washing. Layers of paint of varnishes can be sponged on to create an uneven pattern. After any new paint or layers are applied, the corners and features can be painted slightly lighter or sanded down as desired to appear worn. Steel wool can be treated with vinegar to create an acid oxide, then brushed across a stripped and sanded surface of the piece to create a vintage stain effect. In addition, the following antiquing techniques can be used:
Decoupage
Gold leaf and Gilding
Graining and combing
Texturizing
Trompe-l'œil
Liver of sulfur
Verdigris
Wood stain
Chalk distressing

See also
 Aging (artwork)
 Applied patina
 Faux painting
 List of art techniques
 Refinishing
 Shabby chic
 Stone wash
 Wood finishing

References

External links

 Home and Garden Television (HGTV) - Antiquing/Distressing Article Collection
 Giving artwork a weathered look Macworld.com

Carpentry
Decorative arts
Surface decorative techniques in woodworking
Artistic techniques

Distressing


Hermann Baagøe Storck (18 February 1839 – 4 December 1922) was a Danish architect and heraldist. As an architect, he is mainly known for the restoration of historic buildings. Among his own designs, his building for the Hirschsprung Collection in Copenhagen is the most widely known.

Early life and career
Hermann Baagøe Storck was born on 18 February 1839 in the small town of Skibby on the Hornsherred peninsula, west of Copenhagen. He attended the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts between 1859 and 1865 where he studied under Johan Henrik Nebelong and Johan Daniel Herholdt, for both of whom he also worked. He was also influenced by Niels Laurits Høyen's lectures on art history which strengthened his interest in architectural history in general and historic Danish architecture in particular.

He ventured abroad on several occasions, including to East Prussia in 1862 and to Italy from 1870 to 1871, but he also travelled widely in Denmark, acquiring a deep knowledge of Danish architectural tradition.

Restoration work
A significant part of Storck's work related to the renovation and extension of historic buildings. While he worked for Herholdt, he led the rebuilding of Herlufsholm School between 1867 and 1870. After both Niels Sigfred Nebelong and Julius Tholle died in 1871, Storck was charged with completing the renovation of Viborg Cathedral. The exterior had already been completed but Storck worked on the interior and designed furnishings for the building. This work brought him in contact with Jens Jacob Asmussen Worsaae who would influence his work in future restorations in several ways. Both Høyen and Worsaae were Danish proponents of the intervention theories of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc which in historic preservation calls for a "restoration" that creates something that never actually existed in the past, rather than a retention of status quo. Unlike Høyen, Worsaae found that later additions to a building could also be prone to preservation. Storck shared this view but only to the extent that the later elements were of high artistic value and did not hide the original qualities of the building.

He was active in the preservation of historic architecture, such as the House of the Holy Ghost in Randers and the Carmelite House when they were destined for demolition. He co-founded the Danish Society for the preservation of Old Buildings in 1907 and chaired it until 1911.

Selected buildings
 Sophiendal Manor, Skanderborg (1876–79, extended in 1884)
 Abel Cathrines Stiftelse, Vesterbro, Copenhagen (188–86)
 Holy Cross Church, Nørrebro, Copenhagen (1890)
 Soldenfeldts Stiftelse, Copenhagen (1895)
 The Hirschsprung Collection, Copenhagen (1911)

Restorations
 Stubbekøbing Church, Stubbekøbing, Falster, Denmark (1881)
 Viborg Cathedral, Viborg (1871–76)
 Church of the Holy Ghost, Copenhagen (188–1880)
 Ledøje Church  (1887–92)
 Bjernede Church (1890–92)
 Tower of Maribo Cathedral, Maribo, Lolland, Denmark (1891)
 Spire of St Olaf's Church, Helsingør, Denmark (1898)
 St. Bendt's Church, Ringsted (1899–1910)
 Carmelite Priory, Helsingør (1900–07)
 Stege Church, Stege, Møn, Denmark (1909)

See also
 Architecture of Denmark

References

Danish architects
Danish heraldists
1922 deaths
1839 births
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni
Directors of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Burials at Vestre Cemetery, Copenhagen

Hermann Baagøe Storck


Linzhou Steel Corporation (林州钢铁) is a state-owned Chinese enterprise established in 1969. It employs 5,122 workers and pensioners on the regular payroll and 2,995 workers on the job. It produces about 400,000 tonnes of pig iron and 100,000 tonnes of cement a year. Though it is in Anyang City, authorities in Puyang, which was formed from part of Anyang, administer its operations.

References

Steel companies of China
1969 establishments in China

Linzhou Steel


The Weper is a long, high ridge of hills up to  located in the district of Northeim in the German state of Lower Saxony.

Part of the Weper is a nature reserve with the same name which, with an area of , is the large protected region of dry grassland in Lower Saxony.

Geography
The Weper, which lies in South Lower Saxony and reaches a height of 379 m at the summit of the Balos, belongs to the southern part of the Leine Uplands. The ridge is located between the southeastern foothills of the Solling to the west and the rather distant valley of the Leine to the east. It runs in a north-south direction west of the town of Moringen, between Fredelsloh in the north and Hardegsen in the south. North of the Weper is the Ahlsburg ridge (up to 411.4 m), south is the small Gladeberg ridge (up to 360.2 m). To the west and south the Weper is bypassed by the upper reaches of a left-hand, western tributary of the Leine, the Espolde.

Description
The Weper, much of which is covered by the eastern part of the Hardegsen State Forest, is heavily wooded in its narrow south, but largely open in the more extensive north. On the western slopes in the Weper Nature Reserve large areas are kept artificially open in order to preserve the dry chalk grasslands with their rare plant and animal species. Prior to the 19th century virtually the whole of the Weper was open before it was reforested. In the north there is a glider airfield on south-southeast of the Tönniesberg and not far west of Nienhagen. On the Balos is the Sohnrey Hut (Sohnreyhütte), named after Heinrich Sohnrey who once lived in Nienhagen, from where the entire surrounding countryside can be viewed.

Hills
The hills and elevations of the Weper ridge include:

Rivers
The rivers in and on the Weper ridge include (all in the catchment area of the Leine):
 Bölle (rises on the southern edge of the Ahlsburg, passes the northeastern foothills of the Weper and is a western tributary of the Leine)
 Dieße (rises on the eastern edge of the Solling, passes the northwestern foothills of the Weper and is a south-southwestern tributary of the Ilme)
 Espolde (rises on the eastern edge of the Solling, passes the Weper to the west and south and is a western tributary of the Leine)
 Moore (rises on the eastern slopes of the Weper and flows eastwards. It is a western tributary of the Leine)
 Ummelbach (rises on the southeastern slopes of the Weper and flows eastwards. It is a northwestern tributary of the Espolde)

Towns and villages
The towns, villages and hamlets around the Weper ridge are:(clockwise from the north)

External links
 Regulations of the Brunswick regional government concerning the Weper Nature Reserve (pdf file; 983 kB)

Central Uplands
Forests and woodlands of Germany
Geography of Lower Saxony
Ridges of Lower Saxony
Natural regions of the Weser-Leine Uplands

Weper


False Impression is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published in February 2005 by Macmillan (). The novel was published in several countries.

Plot summary
False Impression concerns an international journey through several countries and continents, including London, New York, Bucharest and Tokyo, and includes historical information about the September 11 attacks on New York, which the protagonist, Anna Petrescu, escapes after being fired by the dishonest banker Bryce Fenston. From this point on, the book tells the story of Anna trying to help Arabella Wentworth, a British aristocrat, to recover her family's fortune by selling a historical painting by Vincent van Gogh, which Bryce Fenston is intent on acquiring. She is followed closely by Olga Krantz, a mercenary on service to Fenston, and by Jack Delaney, an FBI agent who is investigating Fenston and trying to discover if Anna is still working for Fenston. Anna succeeds in throwing both off her trail and makes arrangements to sell the painting to a Japanese steel magnate. In the end Krantz is shot, for the second time in a few days, and later captured and sent to the Belmarsh prison. The painting is successfully sold to the steel magnate, Anna accepts a job as CEO of his foundation, Jack Delaney gathers enough proof to arrest Fenston, and Anna and Jack begin a romantic relationship.

External links

2005 British novels
Novels by Jeffrey Archer
Macmillan Publishers books

False Impression


Veggie Pride is an international event that celebrates and promotes vegetarianism (including veganism).

Background
Veggie Pride has been held annually in Paris since 2001 and has later been emulated in other cities in the world. It brings together vegetarians, including vegans, who want to show their pride to refuse to eat animals and denounce the discrimination which they claim they suffer, both personally and in terms of expressing their ideas. Veggie Pride aims to encourage vegetarians to affirm their convictions and to bring society to accept the debate on the legitimacy of the consumption of animals.

International spread
The first Italian Veggie Pride was held in Rome on 17 May 2008 and was attended by about 700 people. In 2009, Veggie Pride was held on May 16 simultaneously in Birmingham, Lyon, Milan and Prague.

The first American Veggie Pride Parade was in 2008 in Manhattan, New York and was attended by several hundred people. The NYC parade continues to be held annually.

On April 26, 2009 the Los Angeles Veggie Pride Parade was celebrated, that had Rory Freedman, author of Skinny Bitch, and Karen Dawn, author of Thanking the Monkey: Rethinking the Way We Treat Animals as special guest speakers. On May 17 of the same year the New York Veggie Pride Parade was celebrated, which included Freya Dinshah, director of the American Vegan Society, the Queens city councilman and mayoral candidate Tony Avella, Paul Shapiro, director of factory farming campaigns of the Humane Society of the United States and Christine "Peanut" Vardaros, vegan athlete, among others.

On June 2, 2012 the first Chicago Veggie Pride Parade was held in the Grant Park, Chicago.

Gallery

References

External links

 Veggie Pride international site

Annual events
Food and drink festivals in Barbados
Parades
Vegetarian festivals
Vegetarianism in Europe

Veggie Pride


Metamath is a formal language and an associated computer program (a proof assistant) for archiving and verifying mathematical proofs. Several databases of proved theorems have been developed using Metamath covering standard results in logic, set theory, number theory, algebra, topology and analysis, among others.

, the set of proved theorems using Metamath includes 74 of the 100 theorems of the "Formalizing 100 Theorems" challenge, making it fifth after Isabelle, HOL Light, Coq, and Lean.

There are at least 19 proof verifiers that use the Metamath format.
The Metamath website provides a database of formalized theorems which can be browsed interactively.

Metamath language
The Metamath language is a metalanguage for formal systems. The Metamath language has no specific logic embedded in it. Instead, it can be regarded as a way to prove that inference rules (asserted as axioms or proven later) can be applied.
The largest database of proved theorems follows conventional first-order logic and ZFC set theory.

The Metamath language design (employed to state the definitions, axioms, inference rules and theorems) is focused on simplicity; it contains only a handful of keywords. Proofs are checked using an algorithm based on variable substitution. The algorithm also has optional provisos for what variables must remain distinct after a substitution is made.

Language basics
The set of symbols that can be used for constructing formulas is declared using $c (constant symbols) and $v (variable symbols) statements; for example:

$( Declare the constant symbols we will use $)
    $c 0 + = -> ( ) term wff |- $.
$( Declare the metavariables we will use $)
    $v t r s P Q $.

The grammar for formulas is specified using a combination of $f (floating (variable-type)
hypotheses) and $a (axiomatic assertion) statements; for example:

$( Specify properties of the metavariables $)
    tt $f term t $.
    tr $f term r $.
    ts $f term s $.
    wp $f wff P $.
    wq $f wff Q $.
$( Define "wff" (part 1) $)
    weq $a wff t = r $.
$( Define "wff" (part 2) $)
    wim $a wff ( P -> Q ) $.

Axioms and rules of inference are specified with $a statements along with ${ and $} for block scoping and optional $e (essential hypotheses) statements; for example:

$( State axiom a1 $)
    a1 $a |- ( t = r -> ( t = s -> r = s ) ) $.
$( State axiom a2 $)
    a2 $a |- ( t + 0 ) = t $.
    ${
       min $e |- P $.
       maj $e |- ( P -> Q ) $.
$( Define the modus ponens inference rule $)
       mp  $a |- Q $.
    $}

Using one construct, $a statements, to capture syntactic rules, axiom schemas, and rules of inference is intended to provide a level of flexibility similar to higher order logical frameworks without a dependency on a complex type system.

Proofs
Theorems (and derived rules of inference) are written with $p statements; for example:

$( Prove a theorem $)
    th1 $p |- t = t $=
  $( Here is its proof: $)
       tt tze tpl tt weq tt tt weq tt a2 tt tze tpl
       tt weq tt tze tpl tt weq tt tt weq wim tt a2
       tt tze tpl tt tt a1 mp mp
     $.

Note the inclusion of the proof in the $p statement. It abbreviates the following detailed proof:

tt            $f term t
tze           $a term 0
1,2 tpl       $a term ( t + 0 )
3,1 weq       $a wff ( t + 0 ) = t
1,1 weq       $a wff t = t
1 a2          $a |- ( t + 0 ) = t
1,2 tpl       $a term ( t + 0 )
7,1 weq       $a wff ( t + 0 ) = t
1,2 tpl       $a term ( t + 0 )
9,1 weq       $a wff ( t + 0 ) = t
1,1 weq       $a wff t = t
10,11 wim     $a wff ( ( t + 0 ) = t -> t = t )
1 a2          $a |- ( t + 0 ) = t
1,2 tpl       $a term ( t + 0 )
14,1,1 a1     $a |- ( ( t + 0 ) = t -> ( ( t + 0 ) = t -> t = t ) )
8,12,13,15 mp $a |- ( ( t + 0 ) = t -> t = t )
4,5,6,16 mp   $a |- t = t

The "essential" form of the proof elides syntactic details, leaving a more conventional presentation:

a2             $a |- ( t + 0 ) = t
a2             $a |- ( t + 0 ) = t
a1             $a |- ( ( t + 0 ) = t -> ( ( t + 0 ) = t -> t = t ) )
2,3 mp         $a |- ( ( t + 0 ) = t -> t = t )
1,4 mp         $a |- t = t

Substitution

All Metamath proof steps use a single substitution rule, which is just the simple replacement of a variable with an expression and not the proper substitution described in works on predicate calculus. Proper substitution, in Metamath databases that support it, is a derived construct instead of one built into the Metamath language itself.

The substitution rule makes no assumption about the logic system in use and only requires that the substitutions of variables are correctly done.

Here is a detailed example of how this algorithm works. Steps 1 and 2 of the theorem 2p2e4 in the Metamath Proof Explorer (set.mm) are depicted left. Let's explain how Metamath uses its substitution algorithm to check that step 2 is the logical consequence of step 1 when you use the theorem opreq2i. Step 2 states that . It is the conclusion of the theorem opreq2i. The theorem opreq2i states that if , then . This theorem would never appear under this cryptic form in a textbook but its literate formulation is banal: when two quantities are equal, one can replace one by the other in an operation. To check the proof Metamath attempts to unify  with . There is only one way to do so: unifying  with ,  with ,  with  and  with . So now Metamath uses the premise of opreq2i. This premise states that . As a consequence of its previous computation, Metamath knows that  should be substituted by  and  by . The premise  becomes  and thus step 1 is therefore generated. In its turn step 1 is unified with df-2. df-2 is the definition of the number 2 and states that 2 = ( 1 + 1 ). Here the unification is simply a matter of constants and is straightforward (no problem of variables to substitute). So the verification is finished and these two steps of the proof of 2p2e4 are correct.

When Metamath unifies  with  it has to check that the syntactical rules are respected. In fact  has the type class thus Metamath has to check that  is also typed class.

Metamath proof checker
The Metamath program is the original program created to manipulate databases written using the Metamath language. It has a text (command line) interface and is written in C. It can read a Metamath database into memory, verify the proofs of a database, modify the database (in particular by adding proofs), and write them back out to storage.

It has a prove command that enables users to enter a proof, along with mechanisms to search for existing proofs.

The Metamath program can convert statements to HTML or TeX notation;
for example, it can output the modus ponens axiom from set.mm as:

Many other programs can process Metamath databases, in particular, there are at least 19 proof verifiers for databases that use the Metamath format.

Metamath databases
The Metamath website hosts several databases that store theorems derived from various axiomatic systems. Most databases (.mm files) have an associated interface, called an "Explorer", which allows one to navigate the statements and proofs interactively on the website, in a user-friendly way. Most databases use a Hilbert system of formal deduction though this is not a requirement.

Metamath Proof Explorer

The Metamath Proof Explorer (recorded in set.mm) is the main and by far the largest database, with over 23,000 proofs in its main part as of July 2019. It is based on classical first-order logic and ZFC set theory (with the addition of Tarski-Grothendieck set theory when needed, for example in category theory). The database has been maintained for over thirty years (the first proofs in set.mm are dated September 1992). The database contains developments, among other fields, of set theory (ordinals and cardinals, recursion, equivalents of the axiom of choice, the continuum hypothesis...), the construction of the real and complex number systems, order theory, graph theory, abstract algebra, linear algebra, general topology, real and complex analysis, Hilbert spaces, number theory, and elementary geometry. This database was first created by Norman Megill, but as of 2019-10-04 there have been 48 contributors (including Norman Megill).

The Metamath Proof Explorer references many text books that can be used in conjunction with Metamath. Thus, people interested in studying mathematics can use Metamath in connection with these books and verify that the proved assertions match the literature.

Intuitionistic Logic Explorer
This database develops mathematics from a constructive point of view, starting with the axioms of intuitionistic logic and continuing with axiom systems of constructive set theory.

New Foundations Explorer
This database develops mathematics from Quine's New Foundations set theory.

Higher-Order Logic Explorer
This database starts with higher-order logic and derives equivalents to axioms of first-order logic and of ZFC set theory.

Databases without explorers
The Metamath website hosts a few other databases which are not associated with explorers but are nonetheless noteworthy. The database peano.mm written by Robert Solovay formalizes Peano arithmetic. The database nat.mm formalizes natural deduction. The database miu.mm formalizes the MU puzzle based on the formal system MIU presented in Gödel, Escher, Bach.

Older explorers
The Metamath website also hosts a few older databases which are not maintained anymore, such as the "Hilbert Space Explorer", which presents theorems pertaining to Hilbert space theory which have now been merged into the Metamath Proof Explorer, and the "Quantum Logic Explorer", which develops quantum logic starting with the theory of orthomodular lattices.

Natural deduction
Because Metamath has a very generic concept of what a proof is (namely a tree of formulas connected by inference rules) and no specific logic is embedded in the software, Metamath can be used with species of logic as different as Hilbert-style logics or sequents-based logics or even with lambda calculus.

However, Metamath provides no direct support for natural deduction systems. As noted earlier, the database nat.mm formalizes natural deduction. The Metamath Proof Explorer (with its database set.mm) instead uses a set of conventions that allow the use of natural deduction approaches within a Hilbert-style logic.

Other works connected to Metamath

Proof checkers
Using the design ideas implemented in Metamath, Raph Levien has implemented very small proof checker, mmverify.py, at only 500 lines of Python code.

Ghilbert is a similar though more elaborate language based on mmverify.py. Levien would like to implement a system where several people could collaborate and his work is emphasizing modularity and connection between small theories.

Using Levien seminal works, many other implementations of the Metamath design principles have been implemented for a broad variety of languages. Juha Arpiainen has implemented his own proof checker in Common Lisp called Bourbaki and Marnix Klooster has coded a proof checker in Haskell called Hmm.

Although they all use the overall Metamath approach to formal system checker coding, they also implement new concepts of their own.

Editors
Mel O'Cat designed a system called Mmj2, which provides a graphic user interface for proof entry. The initial aim of Mel O'Cat was to allow the user to enter the proofs by simply typing the formulas and letting Mmj2 find the appropriate inference rules to connect them. In Metamath on the contrary you may only enter the theorems names. You may not enter the formulas directly. Mmj2 has also the possibility to enter the proof forward or backward (Metamath only allows to enter proof backward). Moreover Mmj2 has a real grammar parser (unlike Metamath). This technical difference brings more comfort to the user. In particular Metamath sometimes hesitates between several formulas it analyzes (most of them being meaningless) and asks the user to choose. In Mmj2 this limitation no longer exists.

There is also a project by William Hale to add a graphical user interface to Metamath called Mmide. Paul Chapman in its turn is working on a new proof browser, which has highlighting that allows you to see the referenced theorem before and after the substitution was made.

Milpgame is a proof assistant and a checker (it shows a message only something gone wrong) with a graphic user interface for the Metamath language(set.mm),written by Filip Cernatescu, it is an open source(MIT License) Java application (cross-platform application: Window,Linux,Mac OS). User can enter the demonstration(proof) in two modes : forward and backward relative to the statement to prove. Milpgame checks if a statement is well formed (has a syntactic verifier). It can save unfinished proofs without the use of dummylink theorem. The demonstration is shown as tree, the statements are shown using html definitions (defined in typesetting chapter). Milpgame is distributed as Java .jar(JRE version 6 update 24 written in NetBeans IDE).

See also
 Automated theorem proving
 Computer-assisted proof
 Proof assistant

References

External links
 Metamath: official website.
 What do mathematicians think of Metamath: opinions on Metamath.

Free mathematics software
Free theorem provers
Large-scale mathematical formalization projects
Proof assistants

Metamath


Louis II (; ) (25 October 1330, Male – 30 January 1384, Lille), also known as Louis of Male, a member of the House of Dampierre, was Count of Flanders, Nevers and Rethel from 1346 as well as Count of Artois and Burgundy from 1382 until his death.

Family
Louis was the son of Count Louis I of Flanders, and Countess Margaret I of Burgundy, daughter of King Philip V of France. He was baptised by Bishop Pierre Roger (later Pope Clement VI). His father arranged his marriage with Margaret, daughter of Duke John III of Brabant, in the course of the rapprochement to the Imperial Duchy of Brabant. They had a daughter, Countess Margaret III of Flanders (1348–1405). Louis also had several illegitimate sons, three of whom were killed at the Battle of Nicopolis.

Rule
When his father was killed at the Battle of Crécy against the troops of King Edward III of England in 1346, he inherited the French counties of Flanders, Nevers, and Rethel. In the Anglo-French conflict, the Flanders guilds, depending on the English wool trade, forced Louis to recognize King Edward III as his overlord and arranged an engagement to the daughter of the English king, Isabella. Louis managed to avoid this by fleeing to the court of King Philip VI of France. In 1347 he married Margaret of Brabant, which sparked a revolt in Ghent. Nevertheless, while the Black Death devastated the county and after Louis came to terms with the English king in 1349 he could return to Flanders to succeed his father.

In 1350 Louis gained credence by openly refusing to pay homage to the newly ascended King John II of France. When his father-in-law John III died without male heirs in 1355, he moved to claim the Duchy of Brabant, but was unable to wrest it from his sister-in-law Joanna. Though Louis managed to defeat the Brabantian forces in the Battle of Scheut near Anderlecht (17 August 1356) and capture the cities of Mechelen, Brussels, Antwerp, and Leuven, he was unable to prevail against Joanna, backed by her husband Duke Wenceslaus I of Luxembourg and his mighty brother Emperor Charles IV. By the 1357 Peace of Ath he at least gained the rule over the small Lordship of Mechelen and the thriving city of Antwerp.

Louis tried to govern as a realpolitiker and continued a policy of neutrality, which kept him in favor with both France and England during the continued conflicts of the Hundred Years' War, initiating a period of stability and relative affluence in Flanders. With regards to his internal policy, his main aim was to prevent the formation of a broad coalition against him, as happened against his father. Except for his last years, he was successful in preventing this.

In 1355 Louis II had his seven-year-old daughter Margaret marry the minor Duke Philip I of Burgundy. Philip died from plague four years later. As heir presumptive to her father's territories, she was a highly coveted bride courted by both Edmund of Langley, son of King Edward III of England, and Philip the Bold, son of King John II of France and the new duke of Burgundy since 1363. After several years of tough bargaining, Count Louis II gave his consent to Philip and his brother King Charles V of France. In return he received the lordships of Romance Flanders (Lille, Douai, Orchies) and a payment of 200,000 livre tournois. The marriage of Margaret and Philip was celebrated at the church of Saint Bavo's Abbey in Ghent on 19 June 1369.

Though a capable ruler, Louis' lavish lifestyle burdened his county's finances and caused increasing disturbances. However, even in his latter years he managed to get the support of the Bruges citizens against revolting Ghent. The latter years of his rule were nevertheless marked by civil strife. In 1379, he obtained aid from his son-in-law, Philip the Bold, to put down another Ghent revolt. The Flemings again rose in 1382 under Philip van Artevelde and expelled Count Louis from Flanders after the Battle of Beverhoutsveld; however, the influence of Philip the Bold procured a French army to relieve him, and the Flemings were decisively defeated at the Battle of Roosebeke. The citizens of Ghent continued to resist (with English aid) until after his death in 1384. His mother, Margaret, had died two years previously, leaving him the County of Artois and the Free County of Burgundy (Franche-Comté).

References

Sources

1330 births
1384 deaths
House of Dampierre
Louis 2
Counts of Nevers
Counts of Rethel
Counts of Artois
Counts of Burgundy
14th-century peers of France
14th-century people from the county of Flanders
14th-century counts in Europe

Louis II, Count of Flanders


The Matterhorn Museum in Zermatt is a cultural-natural museum whose main theme is the Matterhorn. The museum is in the form of a reconstituted mountain village consisting of 14 houses (church, hotel, huts and granaries), and relates the history and development of tourism in the Zermatt area, including the story of the first ascent of the Matterhorn by Edward Whymper and party.

The museum displays one of the two stones that Claude Nicollier took from the summit and brought with him on the Space Shuttle Endeavour STS-61 mission in 1993. The other stone was put back on the summit.

References

External links
 Official website
 Matterhorn Museum Zermattlantis

Museums in Valais
Zermatt
History museums in Switzerland
Matterhorn
Alps museums

Matterhorn Museum


Hamo de Belers (also spelt Beleyr, Bellers) was a Priest in the Roman Catholic Church. Not to be confused with Hamo who was Dean of York.

Career
He was appointed Archdeacon of Leicester between 1187–1189.

He was then appointed Dean of Lincoln and was a Prebendary of Aylesbury in 1189 and continued in this role until his death in 1195.

References

Year of birth unknown
1195 deaths
12th-century English Roman Catholic priests

Hamo (dean of Lincoln)


Sir Humphrey McGuire Burton  (born 25 March 1931) is an English classical music television presenter, broadcaster, director, producer, impresario, lecturer and biographer of musicians. Burton was knighted in the 2020 New Year Honours for services to classical music, the arts and the media.

Early life and career
Born in 1931 in Trowbridge, Wiltshire, Burton attended Long Dene, a co-educational progressive school, from 1943 until 1947, and The Judd School, Tonbridge, from 1947 until 1949. He performed 18 months of national service in the Royal Corps of Signals before reading music and history at Fitzwilliam House, Cambridge, from 1951 until 1954. He then spent a year in France on a French Government scholarship, researching musical life in the 18th century, before joining BBC Radio as a trainee studio manager in 1955. He was seconded to the Recorded Programmes Production Unit and began regular broadcasts as a presenter of Transatlantic Turntable in 1957. The following year he transferred to BBC Television, joining the production team of the new arts programme Monitor. He directed many studio programmes and film documentaries, working alongside Ken Russell, John Schlesinger, David Jones and Peter Newington, rising to the post of editor, in succession to his mentor Huw Wheldon, in 1962.

Later career

Burton helped spearhead the BBC's preparation for the opening of BBC2, launched in April 1964, and the following year was appointed the BBC's first Head of Music and Arts (1965–67). In 1965, he won BAFTA's top award of the year (then SFTA) for creativity in music programming; credits include The Golden Ring, Elgar (producer), Master Class and Workshop. He then worked for eight years in commercial television, being one of the founder members of London Weekend Television, where after a spell as head of Drama, Arts and Music he resigned from management and devised, edited and presented the award-winning arts series Aquarius (1970–75), the forerunner of The South Bank Show. His direction credits included The Great Gondola Race and Alfred Brendel: Anatomy of a Recording.

Burton returned to the BBC for a second term as head of Music and Arts, creating such long-running strands as Young Musician of the Year and Arena, until 1981, when aged 50 he resigned from management to concentrate on direction: he stayed with the BBC until 1988 as editor of performance programmes and director of Proms and opera relays from the Royal Opera House, English National Opera, Glyndebourne, and Scottish Opera (Bernstein's Candide). For Omnibus he directed the world premiere of Andrew Lloyd Webber's Requiem in 1985 and produced The Making of West Side Story.

Freelance work had begun in 1970, when he produced and directed an Emmy-winning bicentennial portrait entitled Beethoven's Birthday for CBS TV.
 For later showings on A&E, and for VHS and DVD release, the program was retitled Bernstein on Beethoven: A Celebration in Vienna.

A 20-year association with conductor/composer Leonard Bernstein followed; he directed over 170 documentaries and filmed concerts, including cycles of symphonies by Mahler, Beethoven, Schumann, Brahms and many others, as well as Bernstein's own compositions. The films were almost all produced for the Munich company Unitel. He also worked with other great conductors, including Karajan, Solti, Kleiber, and Abbado, and with pianists including Pogorelic, Brendel and Zimerman.

He was guest director of the Hollywood Bowl in 1983 and director of Tanglewood's 70th Bernstein Birthday Bash in 1988. He served as Artistic Adviser to the Barbican 1988–91, where he was responsible for the award-winning festival of Scandinavian arts entitled Tender is the North. After Bernstein died in 1990, Burton spent three years in New York researching and writing his biography, Leonard Bernstein - A Life 1994. Other musician biographies followed: Yehudi Menuhin in 2000 and William Walton – The Romantic Loner (OUP 2002, co-authored with Maureen Murray). For the decade after his return from New York he worked in the US and Europe as director and/or programme presenter of classical music (for Classic FM and Radio 3), opera, ballet, documentaries and music competitions. He celebrated his 70th birthday by conducting Verdi's Requiem at the Royal Albert Hall, raising £75,000 for the prostate research charity.  Later in 2001 he moved to Aldeburgh, where he has been President of the Aldeburgh Music Club since 2010 and has presented fifteen seasons of Matinées Musicales at the local cinema. In 2011 he mounted a Schubert weekend to mark his 80th birthday.

He has been awarded four Emmies and two British Academy Television Awards, the Royal Television Society's silver medal and a Sony Gold Award. He was appointed a CBE in the Millennium Honours 2000.

Family
In 1957, he married Gretel Davis, but the couple later divorced. In 1970, he married Swedish radio and TV presenter Christina Hansegård. He has six children: Chris Hockey, retired (born 1949); Clare Dibble, TV producer and schoolteacher (born 1959); Matthew Burton, actor-director-drama teacher (born 1962); Helena Burton, artist and art therapist (born 1968); Lukas Burton, TV/film composer and producer (born 1971); and Clemency Burton-Hill, presenter, classical music (born 1981).

Bibliography

Books
Sole author
Leonard Bernstein.  New York: Doubleday, 1994.  (10).   (13).
Yehudi Menuhin: A Life.  Boston: Northeastern UP, 2001.  (10).   (13).
In My Own Time: An Autobiography.  Boydell & Brewer, 2021.   (10).   (13).
Co-author
William Walton: The Romantic Loner: A Centenary Portrait Album.  Oxford: Oxford UP, 2001.  (10).   (13). (With Maureen Murray.)

Videography
 Mozart, W.A.: Great Mass in C minor, Exsultate, jubilate and Ave verum corpus, with Arleen Augér, Frederica von Stade, Frank Lopardo, Cornelius Hauptmann, the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra and the Bavarian Radio Chorus, conducted by Leonard Bernstein, Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4240, 2006

References

Chapin, Schuyler. Leonard Bernstein: Notes from a Friend.  New York: Walker & Company, 1992.  (10).   (13).
Culshaw, John: 'Ring Resounding' London Secker and Warburg 1965

External links
"Burton, Humphrey (1931–)" – Biography at the BFI screenonline.

1931 births
Living people
20th-century British Army personnel
Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
BBC executives
BBC television producers
British radio personalities
British television directors
Classical music radio presenters
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English television executives
English television producers
Knights Bachelor
People educated at The Judd School
People from Trowbridge
Royal Corps of Signals soldiers

Humphrey Burton


Todd Banfield (born 28 June 1990) is an Australian rules football player who played in the Australian Football League (AFL). Banfield played 53 games for the Brisbane Lions between 2010 and 2013 and joined Richmond in 2014, before being delisted after one season.

He was selected with the Brisbane Lions' third selection (pick 41 overall) in the 2008 National Draft. He was recruited from Swan Districts in the West Australian Football League (WAFL).

AFL career

Banfield made his debut for Brisbane in the first round of the 2010 season.

In round 6 Banfield received an AFL Rising Star nomination when he kicked a career best three goals.

In the 2010 season Banfield was one of the few Lions to play every match. He finished the season as the third highest goal scorer (27) for the club, only behind Jonathan Brown (53) and Brendan Fevola (48).

At the end of the 2013 season Banfield was delisted from Brisbane without playing an AFL match for the entire year. He was subsequently picked up by Richmond for pick 11 in the 2014 Rookie Draft.

Richmond announced that he was delisted on 9 September 2014, along with seven other players.

International career
Banfield was included in the 22-man squad that travelled to Ireland to represent Australia in the 2010 International Rules series.

Honours
Australia
Cormac McAnallen Cup 2010 winner

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Brisbane Lions players
Swan Districts Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
Australia international rules football team players

[build by build specialist]

Todd Banfield


PowerVM Lx86 was a binary translation layer for IBM's System p servers. It enabled 32-bit x86 Linux binaries to run unmodified on the Power ISA-based hardware. IBM used this feature to migrate x86 Linux servers to the PowerVM virtualized environment; it was supported on all POWER5 and POWER6 hardware as well as BladeCenter JS21 and JS22 systems.

In contrast to regular emulators only the instructions are translated, not the entire system, thus making it fast and flexible. The Lx86 software senses that it is executing x86 code and translates it to PowerPC code at execution, and these instructions are later cached ensuring that the translation process only has to take place once, further reducing the drop in performance usually associated with emulation. Lx86 does not support applications that access hardware directly, like kernel modules.  Earlier versions of Lx86 did not run code that makes use of SSE instructions, though as of version 1.3.2 the SSE and SSE2 instruction sets were supported.

The product was at first marketed as System p AVE (System p Application Virtual Environment) and was incorrectly reported as PAVE (Portable Advanced Virtualization Emulator) in the press but the name has since changed to PowerVM Lx86. Lx86 was based on the QuickTransit dynamic translator from Transitive, the same that Apple uses for its Rosetta emulation layer that enables Mac OS X to run unmodified PowerPC binaries on their Intel-based Macintoshes.

All versions and releases of the Lx86 product were withdrawn from marketing in September 2011, with support discontinued in April 2013.

References

 PowerVM Lx86 for x86 Linux applications
 Red Book – Getting started with PowerVM Lx86
 White paper – x86 Linux application consolidation on Power Systems platforms using IBM virtualization technologies
 PowerVM Lx86 on IBM's developerWorks
 IBM's press release 2007-04-23
 X86 applications on IBM's PowerPC servers - Heise online
 IBM Opens Up Beta for PAVE Linux Runtime on Power Chips, The Four Hundred
 IBM US Withdrawal Announcement 911-170

Virtualization software
X86 emulators
IBM software

PowerVM Lx86


A Hungarian Fairy Tale (original title: Hol volt, hol nem volt) is a 1987 Hungarian film directed by Gyula Gazdag.

Plot
Andris is a child living in Budapest. He is conceived when his mother Maria is attracted to a mysterious stranger during a performance of The Magic Flute. The stranger disappears after the conception, and as a result Andris does not know his father. The law states that a boy should have his father's name, even if the father is unknown, to avoid the taint of illegitimacy. When Maria tries to register Andris with the child custody department, Andris is given the name of a fictitious father. She enters on Andris' birth certificate the name of the bureaucrat she is dealing with, Antal Orban.

Maria dies when she is hit on the head by a falling brick, an accident resulting from being in the wrong place at the wrong time, leaving Andris suddenly motherless. He then goes off in search of his nonexistent father. Along the way he meets and is helped by The Girl, the young nurse who delivered him, and who is alone like Andris. Meanwhile, the kindly Orban becomes tired of the tyrannical bureaucracy, and decides to destroy the files of children he has helped to legitimize by giving them fictitious fathers. He then sets out to find Andris. Andris and The Girl finally meet Orban, and they form their own family.

They meet scouts being trained as instruments of the state, and the scouts pursue Andris, Orban and The Girl. The three of them climb onto the back of a stone eagle, which takes off in flight.

Cast
Dávid Vermes - Andris
František Husák - Antal Orban
Mária Varga - Maria
Eszter Csákányi - The Girl

Accolades
The film won the following awards:
Fantafestival 1988 - Best Actress (Mária Varga)
Locarno International Film Festival 1987 - Bronze Leopard (Dávid Vermes) (Special Grand Prize)
Salerno International Film Festival 1989 - Grand Prix (Gyula Gazdag)
Sitges Film Festival 1987 - Best Film (Gyula Gazdag)

External links

1987 films
1987 fantasy films
Films about orphans
Films set in Budapest
Hungarian black-and-white films
Hungarian fantasy films

A Hungarian Fairy Tale


David "Davie" Cooper (25 February 1956 – 23 March 1995) was a professional football player. He was a Scotland international and played as a left winger.

He started his career at Clydebank F.C. where he was an instant success, helping the club to the second division championship in 1975-1976. Some of the major clubs began to take notice of his ability and in 1977 he was signed by Rangers manager Jock Wallace for £100,000. With Rangers, Cooper won three League Championships and three Scottish Cups. By season 1988-1989 he was no longer a first team regular and moved to Motherwell for £50,000. He went on to win the Scottish Cup with Motherwell in 1991 before returning to his former club Clydebank in 1994.

Dutch footballing legend Ruud Gullit played against Davie Cooper in a friendly match for Feyenoord against Rangers, after which he called Cooper one of the greatest players he has ever seen, he later named Cooper in his greatest XI in football magazine Four Four Two

He died of a brain haemorrhage on 23 March 1995 whilst he was filming a coaching video.

References

1956 births
1995 deaths
Footballers from South Lanarkshire

Davie Cooper


John A. Lankford (December 4, 1874 – July 2, 1946), American architect. He was the first professionally licensed African American architect in Virginia in 1922 and in the District of Columbia in 1924. He has been regarded as the "dean of black architecture".

Life

John Lankford was born on a farm near Potosi, Missouri, on December 4, 1874. He attended Lincoln Institute and Tuskegee Institute, historically black colleges. He studied architectural and mechanical drawing from the International Correspondence School. He earned a Bachelor of Science from Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina in 1898. He earned Master of Science degrees from Morris Brown College and Wilberforce University.

He married Charlotte Josephine Upshaw in 1901. She was a granddaughter of Henry McNeal Turner, a bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal church, the first independent black denomination founded in the United States.

In 1902, Lankford moved to Washington, D.C., to finish the design of the True Reformer Building. He was appointed supervising architect for the African Methodist Episcopal denomination. He organized the National Negro Business League chapter in Washington, D.C., in 1905, and served as president of the National Technical Association from 1941 to 1942. His Southern Aid Society building in Richmond, Virginia is considered the "first exclusively African American office building in the country, being the result of a collaboration between a black patron, architect, and contractor."

He lived and worked at 1448 Q Street, NW, in Washington, D.C.

Lankford died on July 2, 1946, in Washington, D.C., and is buried at Lincoln Memorial Cemetery in Suitland, Maryland.

Buildings
Buildings he designed include:
Arnett Hall, Wilberforce University
Big Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, Atlanta, Georgia
Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, Columbia, South Carolina
Chapelle Administration Building at Allen University, which is a National Historic Landmark
Haven African Methodist Episcopal Church, Washington, D.C.
Southern Aid Society building, built 1908, stood at 527 N. 2nd Street, Richmond, Virginia
True Reformer Building, Washington, D.C.
Historic Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, 226 East Howry Avenue, DeLand, Florida

See also

 African-American architects

References

External links
John A. Lankford Residence and Office, Cultural Tourism DC
"Past is present: D.C. buildings with a history", Biz Journals - Washington, 11 May 1998
 John Anderson Lankford at Findagrave

20th-century American architects
African-American architects
Lincoln University (Missouri) alumni
Shaw University alumni
Wilberforce University alumni
Morris Brown College alumni
Tuskegee University alumni
Methodists from Missouri
1874 births
1946 deaths
Architects from Missouri
People from Potosi, Missouri
Architects from Washington, D.C.
Methodists from Georgia (U.S. state)
Methodists from Virginia

John A. Lankford


Peter Minnema better known by his ring name Pete Wilson (born December 15, 1985) is a Canadian professional wrestler. He is best known for his time in Stampede Wrestling where he held several titles, including the Stampede International Tag Team Championship which he held three times.

Early life
Minnema has a sister named Jennifer.

Professional wrestling career
Wilson was trained by the Hart family and debuted in 2001 in Eric Bischoff's MatRats promotion. He also wrestled at Stu Hart's 88th Birthday Celebration show on May 2, 2003.

Stampede Wrestling (2003–2008)
He joined Stampede Wrestling under the ring name "Pistol" Pete Wilson and was billed as the younger brother of TJ Wilson. He later changed his ring name to "Pyro" Pete Wilson and formed a tag team with Phoenix Taylor known as "Fast and Furious". On June 17, 2005, Wilson defeated Gama Singh, Jr. and Dandy Myers in a three-way match to win the vacant British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Championship. On November 4, 2005, Wilson teamed with "Ravenous" Randy Myres to defeat the New Karachi Vice (Singh, Jr. and Tiger Raj Singh) for the International Tag Team Championship, making Wilson a double champion. After successful title defenses against Harry Smith and TJ Wilson, and Dusty Adonis and Blanco Negro Dragon, they lost the titles on December 16, 2005, when Karachi Vice defeated them. After losing the tag team titles, Myres and Wilson split as a team and began feuding throughout March and April 2006. Wilson gained three victories over Myres, including one by disqualification, and one in a tables match. He later dropped the British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Championship to Myres on May 26, 2006, after holding it for nearly a year. On July 28, 2006, Wilson won the International Tag Team Championship for the second time, with Juggernaut, by defeating Duke Durrango and Chris Steele. Wilson, however, received a legitimate injury in November 2006, and could not compete, so TJ Wilson replaced him as one half of the tag team champions.

Wilson returned to Stampede on September 7, 2007, as a heel, defeating Brady Roberts. After the match, he went on a leave of absence, before returning on November 16, 2007, to defeat Scotty "The Body" Putty. He continued to appear in Stampede throughout 2008, losing to Teddy Hart on February 15 at My Bloody Valentine. He also competed against Chucky Blaze, and at Carnage In Acadia on April 26, the match went to a no contest, after Blaze performed his finishing move on Wilson through a table.

Hart Legacy Wrestling
Wilson is part of the Hart Legacy Wrestling promotion. During the "Resurrection" event in 2013 he suffered a shoulder injury and was rushed to the ER.

Canadian Wrestling's Elite
Wilson wrestled for the promotion Canadian Wrestling's Elite during 2016, he performed as a tag-team named Armed & Dangerous with "Dynamite" Dan Myers, they debuted in the main event of CWE's first event in Calgary against "Dungeon Master" Johnny Devine and "Hotshot" Danny Duggan. In August 2017 they had a match together with Matt Hart against Silas Young, Tony Kozina and The Big Chief which was a tribute match to Matt's father Smith Hart who died in July.

Personal life

Minnema is married to Brooke Hart-Minnema, granddaughter of Stu Hart and the daughter of Alison Hart and Ben Bassarab. Minnema and Hart met each other when he was wrestling for her uncles Bruce and Ross Hart's incarnation of Stampede Wrestling. Minnema is a trainer at the Hart family's school, Dungeon Discipline Professional Wrestling School.

Championships and accomplishments
Real Canadian Wrestling
RCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Teddy Hart
Stampede Wrestling
Stampede British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Stampede International Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Randy Myers (1), Juggernaut (1), and Chris Steele (1)
Stampede Mid-Heavyweight of the Year (2005)

References

External links

 Stampede Wrestling profile

1985 births
21st-century professional wrestlers
Canadian male professional wrestlers
Hart family members
Living people
Professional wrestlers from Calgary
Stampede Wrestling alumni
Stampede Wrestling British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Champions
Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Champions

Pete Wilson (wrestler)


Erskine Caldwell (17 December 1903 – 11 April 1987) was an American writer. He wrote about poverty, racism and social problems in the Southern United States. He did this in novels such as Tobacco Road and God's Little Acre. This work was praised by critics. It also made him controversial among fellow Southerners because they felt he was making them look bad.

1903 births
1987 deaths
Writers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Writers from Oregon
People from Ashland, Oregon

Erskine Caldwell


Football Australia is the governing body of soccer, futsal, and beach soccer within Australia, headquartered in Sydney. Although the first governing body of the sport was founded in 1911, Football Australia in its current form was only established in 1961 as the Australian Soccer Federation. It was later reconstituted in 2003 as the Australian Soccer Association before adopting the name of Football Federation Australia in 2005. In contemporary identification, a corporate decision was undertaken to institute that name to deliver a "more united football" in a deliberation from the current CEO, James Johnson. The name was changed to Football Australia in December 2020.

Football Australia oversees the men's, women's, youth, Paralympic, beach and futsal national teams in Australia, the national coaching programs and the state governing bodies for the sport. It sanctions professional, semi-professional and amateur soccer in Australia. Football Australia made the decision to leave the Oceania Football Confederation (OFC), for which it was a founding member, and become a member of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) on 1 January 2006 and ASEAN Football Federation (AFF) on 27 August 2013.

History
Football Australia's origins lie as far back as 1911, with the formation of the "Commonwealth Football Association". This body was then superseded by the Australian Soccer Football Association, which was formed in 1921, with its headquarters in Sydney. The Australian Soccer Football Association operated for forty years, was given FIFA provisional membership in November 1954 and this was confirmed in June 1956, however in 1960, the association disbanded after being suspended from FIFA for the poaching of players from overseas. In 1961 the Australian Soccer Federation was formed as a potential successor to the former governing body for the sport. However, this association was refused re-admittance to FIFA until outstanding fines had been paid, which was later done in 1963, seeing the new national body admitted to FIFA.

Isolated from international football, Australia repeatedly applied to join the Asian Football Confederation in 1960, and in 1974 but were denied in all requests. Australia with New Zealand eventually formed the Oceania Football Federation (now Oceania Football Confederation) in 1966. Australia resigned as an OFC member in 1972 to pursue membership with the AFC, but they rejoined in 1978.

In 1995, the Australian Soccer Federation formally changed its name to Soccer Australia.

In 2003, following Australia's failure to qualify for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, allegations of fraud and mismanagement were levelled at Soccer Australia by elements within the Australian Press including the ABC. Soccer Australia commissioned an independent inquiry known as the Crawford Report as a result of the Australian Government's threat to withdraw funding to the sport. The Australian Government could not interfere as any political interference would have constituted a breach of FIFA Statutes. The findings of the report were critically analysed by the board of Soccer Australia who believed that the recommendations contained therein were not capable of being implemented. The report recommended, among other things, the reconstitution of the governing body with an interim board headed by prominent businessman Frank Lowy. Some three months after Lowy's appointment Soccer Australia was placed into liquidation and Australia Soccer Association (ASA) was created without encompassing the Crawford Report recommendations and effectively disenfranchising all parties who had an interest in Soccer Australia. The Australian Government provided approximately $15 million to the ASA.

On 1 January 2005, ASA renamed itself to Football Federation Australia (FFA), aligning with the general international usage of the word "football", in preference to "soccer", and to also distance itself from the failings of the old Soccer Australia. It coined the phrase "old soccer, new football" to emphasise this.

On 1 January 2006, Football Federation Australia moved from the OFC to the AFC. The move was unanimously endorsed by the AFC Executive Committee on 23 March 2005, and assented by the OFC on 17 April. The FIFA Executive Committee approved the move on 29 June, noting that "as all of the parties involved ... had agreed to the move, the case did not need to be discussed by the FIFA Congress", and was unanimously ratified by the AFC on 10 September. Football Australia hoped that the move would give Australia a fairer chance of qualifying for the FIFA World Cup and allow A-League clubs to compete in the AFC Champions League, thereby improving the standard of Australian football at both international and club levels with improved competition in the region.

In February 2008, the Football Federation Australia formally announced their intention to bid for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, 2022 FIFA World Cup and the 2015 AFC Asian Cup. In 2010, the decision was made by Football Australia to withdraw its World Cup bid for 2018, instead focusing on a bid for the 2022 tournament. FFA failed in its $45.6 million bid for the 2022 World Cup having received only one vote from the FIFA Executive.

ASEAN Football Federation member
In 2013, Australia was admitted as a full member to the ASEAN Football Federation (AFF), after they formally joined as an invite affiliation to the regional body in 2006.

On 29 January 2015, after the defeat of Iraq and the United Arab Emirates during the 2015 AFC Asian Cup, West Asian Football Federation members reportedly sought to remove Australia from the AFC primarily due to "Australia benefiting hugely from Asian involvement without giving much in return".

In November 2018 with numerous board positions coming to the end of their 3-year term, the bulk of the board of directors were replaced at an annual general meeting, as well as the departure of Steven Lowy as chair of the board, which he did in protest at major changes to the governance and voting structure in the overarching Football Australia Congress that elects the Board. His position was filled by Chris Nikou. Other board members to be elected were Heather Reid, Joseph Carrozzi and Remo Nogarotto.

On 25 June 2020, Australia won the rights to co-host the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup alongside New Zealand.

On 25 November 2020, the FFA Annual General Meeting (AGM) was held. The FFA voted to rename itself to Football Australia. Football Australia Chief Executive, James Johnson, told the media the rebranding would not cost the organisation any money as they already owned the domain and company names. The name change was seen as a way to unify the branding with the state member federations.

On 31 December 2020, it was announced that the A-League, W-League and Y-League would no longer be under the jurisdiction of Football Australia in an 'unbundling' process. The newly formed Australian Professional Leagues would take over the running of top-level football. As part of the unbundling, the Australian Professional Leagues would also obtain the exclusive right to use the intellectual property rights associated with the A-League brand.

Administration

Soccer in Australia has used a federated model of national, states and territories governing bodies since the first state body was established in New South Wales in 1882. Local associations and regional zones were set up within the states and territories as soccer expanded and from time to time informal groups of clubs have augmented the formal structures. Today, there is one national governing body, nine state and territory member federations and over 100 district, regional and local zones and associations.

 Capital Football
 Northern NSW Football
 Football NSW
 Football Northern Territory
 Football Queensland
 Football South Australia
 Football Tasmania
 Football Victoria
 Football West

Corporate structure

Board of directors

Senior management team

Team staff

National Indigenous Advisory Group

In November 2021, Football Australia created the inaugural National Indigenous Advisory Group (NIAG), an advisory body aimed at helping to foster engagement with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and increase their participation in the game. NIAG is an advisory body for Football Australia, comprising 9 members of First Nations communities.

The inaugural members of the group are drawn from all levels of football as well as media, academia, and government: Frank Farina OAM, Karen Menzies (the first Indigenous Matilda), Tanya Oxtoby, Kyah Simon, Jade North (former Socceroos defender), Courtney Hagan, Kenny Bedford, Selina Holtze, Professor John Maynard, Narelda Jacobs, and Football Australia's Head of Women's Football, Sarah Walsh. North and Walsh are co-chairs of the group.

The initial focus of NIAG is on supporting and retaining First Nations players and other staff involved in the game, reviewing pathways and programs to football that impact social outcomes, fostering strategic partnerships, as well as developing employment strategies and the organisation's reconciliation action plan (RAP).

Competitions

Football Australia organises several national competitions, with state-based competitions organised by the respective state governing soccer bodies.

 A-League Men (ceased ownership of the competition in July 2019)
 Australia Cup
 National Premier Leagues
 A-League Women, formerly W-League (ceased ownership of the competition in July 2019)
 A-League Youth, formerly Y-League (ceased ownership of the competition in July 2019)
 FFA State Institute Challenge
 F-League

See also

 Soccer in Australia
 Futsal in Australia

References

External links

 Australia at FIFA.com (archived 13 December 2009)
 Australia at The-AFC.com

Soccer governing bodies in Australia
Australia
1961 establishments in Australia
Sports organizations established in 1961
Organisations based in Sydney
Australia

Football Australia


"Good Times with Weapons" is the first episode of the eighth season of the American animated series South Park and the 112th episode of the series. It originally aired on March 17, 2004. In the episode, the boys are transformed into Japanese warriors after they buy martial arts weapons at a local market. Their sworn enemy, Professor Chaos, confronts them and a highly stylized battle ensues. The episode's animation routinely switches from the usual cutout-and-solid-color style to a highly stylized anime theme.

This was the first episode with April Stewart as the bulk of the female characters following Eliza Schneider's departure. The episode was written by series co-creator Trey Parker. In 2015, he and co-creator Matt Stone listed it as their second favorite episode of the series. The episode was rated TV-MA L in the United States.

Plot
At the Park County Fair, the boys find a man selling East Asian weapons. The vendor says he cannot sell weapons to them without their parents' approval, so they lie by claiming that they are brothers and that their parents died in a car accident the previous year, convincing the shopkeeper to give them the weapons. Stan purchases a pair of Tonfa, Kyle gets nunchaku, Cartman buys a pair of sai, and Kenny purchases a pair of shaken-style shuriken. After showing their weapons off to Craig, they go around town pretending to be ninjas, becoming anime-like characters with their own individual superpowers. The animation style takes on an overall Japanese look and switches to a cinemascope aspect ratio whenever this happens in the original print at 4:3.

Butters sees them playing and wants to join but the boys refuse to let him. He goes home and becomes his supervillain alter ego, Professor Chaos, and sets off to get his revenge on the four ninjas. Professor Chaos neutralizes Kyle and Stan, so Kenny comes to their defense and throws one of his shuriken. It hits Butters in his eye and becomes lodged in it, ending the boys' playtime. They realize that Butters needs medical attention but taking him to the local hospital would result in their parents discovering their purchases. When an attempt to extract the shuriken from his eye fails, the boys decide to dress Butters up like a dog by Sparky's fur and using to get him treatment from a veterinarian.

On the way, the boys encounter Craig again and have to hide Butters in an abandoned oven so nobody sees him. Much to their chagrin, Craig has copied them and obtained weapons from the same vendor, enlisting Jimmy, Clyde, and Tolkien as his fellow ninjas. The two ninja groups fight, but in the chaos Butters escapes. The four boys force Craig's group to help them search for Butters, threatening to tell on them if they do not. A weakened, delirious Butters makes his way to the hospital, but his disguise fools the attending doctor, who sends Butters to the local animal shelter. There, the veterinarian determines that the only thing to do is to put Butters to sleep, but he escapes.

The boys decide to dispose of the evidence and return to the fair to have the vendor refund their money, which he refuses to do. Craig and the others inform them that they have seen Butters wandering around on the other side of the fair towards an auction that all their parents are attending. Cartman decides to use his ninja power of invisibility to walk across the auction stage to get to Butters undetected and takes off his clothes. However, in real life, he inadvertently ends up streaking across the stage.

The final scene shows the townsfolk protesting at an emergency meeting about an outrage at the auction. The boys are under the impression that the outrage in question is Butters' wound (which has been medically treated by this time), but it soon transpires that the real issue is Cartman's public nudity. Cartman explains that it was a "wardrobe malfunction" (a reference to the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy that occurred six weeks prior to the episode's airing), and the episode ends with the other three boys addressing the issue that adults are more offended by sex than by violence, allowing them to keep their weapons with Kyle suggesting that Cartman should be punished. The episode ends with a freeze-frame of the Stan, Kyle, and Kenny in anime style posing.

Production
In spite of the episode's popularity among fans, series co-creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone openly admitted in the season eight DVD audio commentary that they did not think it was a very good episode. This episode features some ninja counterparts of the original cast of characters that appears to be modeled after the video game sprites from Capcom's Street Fighter Alpha 3.  "Let's Fighting Love" is a theme song that mixes Japanese and English lyrics in a style parody of anime theme songs including that of Dragon Ball Z. The song is performed by Parker.

Home media
"Good Times with Weapons", along with the thirteen other episodes from South Parks eighth season, was released on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on August 29, 2006. The set includes brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode. In 2006, the episode was also included in South Park – The Hits: Volume 1, a DVD compilation which features Parker and Stone's ten favorite episodes. On March 6, 2007, 1 day before the 11th season began, this episode was re-rendered in HD at 16:9 widescreen and was free with purchases of an Xbox 360 console or  HD DVD Drive at Best Buy on a single HD DVD disc from March 20 to April 3. It was also free on the Xbox 360 marketplace for two weeks from March 6 to March 20.

References

External links

 "Good Times with Weapons" Full episode at South Park Studios

Ninja parody
South Park (season 8) episodes
Anime-influenced Western animation
Japan in non-Japanese culture
Fiction about invisibility

Good Times with Weapons