Mayer André Marcel Schwob, known as Marcel Schwob (23 August 1867 – 26 February 1905), was a French symbolist writer best known for his short stories and his literary influence on authors such as Jorge Luis Borges, Alfonso Reyes, Roberto Bolaño and Patricio Pron. He has been called a "precursor of Surrealism". In addition to over a hundred short stories, he wrote journalistic articles, essays, biographies, literary reviews and analysis, translations and plays. He was extremely well known and respected during his life and notably befriended a great number of intellectuals and artists of the time.

Early life (1867–89)
He was born in Chaville, Hauts-de-Seine on 23 August 1867 into a cultivated Jewish family. His father, George Schwob, was a friend of Théodore de Banville and Théophile Gautier. His mother, Mathilde Cahun, came from a family of intellectuals from Alsace. He was the brother of Maurice Schwob and uncle of Claude Cahun (born Lucy Schwob).

His family had just returned from Egypt, where his father had headed the cabinet of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for ten years. When the French Third Republic began, the Schwob family lived in Tours, where George became the director of the newspaper Le Républicain d'Indre-et-Loire. In 1876, he moved to Nantes to direct the Republican daily Le Phare de la Loire; after he died in 1892, his eldest son Maurice, born in 1859, took his place.

At age 11 he discovered the work of Edgar Allan Poe translated by Charles Baudelaire. He then read the original versions of his tales in English and they proved to be a lifelong influence in his writing. In 1878–79, he studied at the Lycée of Nantes where he won the 1st Prize for Excellence. In 1881, he was sent to Paris to live with his maternal uncle Léon Cahun, Chief Librarian of the Mazarine Library, and continue his studies at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, where he became friends with Léon Daudet and Paul Claudel. He developed a gift for languages and quickly became multilingual. In 1884, he discovered Robert Louis Stevenson, who was to become one of his friends and role models. He studied philology and Sanscrit under Ferdinand de Saussure at the École pratique des hautes études in 1883–84. He then completed his military service in Vannes, joining the artillery.

He failed his entrance exams for the École normale supérieure, but he earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1888. He became a professional journalist, collaborating in the Phare de la Loire, the Événement and L'Écho de Paris.

Early work (1890–1897)
He had a passion for French slang, and in particular for the language of the Coquillards used by Villon in his Ballads in Jargon: unlike the widespread opinion at the time (developed by Victor Hugo in Les Misérables), Schwob considered that slang is not a language that is created spontaneously, but that it is actually an artificial language in code.

For eight years he wrote short stories that were collected in six books: Cœur double ("Double Heart", 1891), Le roi au masque d'or ("The King in the Golden Mask", 1892), Mimes (1893), Le livre de Monelle ("The Book of Monelle", 1894), La croisade des enfants ("The Children's Crusade", 1896) and Vies imaginaires ("Imaginary Lives", 1896). His last short story, "L'étoile de bois," is the longest one he wrote and was published in 1897. Two large reprint collections of his stories were published during his lifetime: La porte des rêves (The Gate of Dreams, 1899), illustrated by Georges de Feure, and La lampe de Psyché (Psyche's Lamp, 1903).

Along with Stuart Merrill, Adolphe Retté and Pierre Louÿs, Marcel Schwob worked on Oscar Wilde's play Salome, which was written in French to avoid a British law forbidding the depiction of Bible characters on stage. Wilde struggled with his French, and the play was proofread and corrected by Marcel Schwob for its first performance in Paris in 1896.

Late work (1898–1905)
In the last eight years of his life Schwob was often too sick to work, but he managed to complete a number of projects, although with the exception of the play Jane Shore, and "Dialogues d'Utopie" (written in 1905), he never wrote any more original fiction. He did write articles, introductions and essays, adapted and translated several plays, and planned or began numerous projects that remained unfinished when he died.

Travels
Ting Tse-Ying was a young Chinese scholar from Saint-Louis, Senegal, fluent in English, whom Schwob had met at the Chinese pavilion at the closing of Paris's Exposition Universelle and hired as a domestic servant, personal assistant and travelling companion. Ting later worked for explorer Paul Pelliot, whom he accompanied to Turkestan.

In 1901, assisted by Ting, he travelled first to Jersey, where he stayed for several weeks, and then to Uriage, trying to improve his health. He then began the biggest voyage of his life, traveling to Samoa, like his hero Stevenson, in search of his tomb. Leaving from Marseilles, he stopped in Port Said, Djibouti, Aden, toured Sri Lanka, Sydney and finally Vailima, where Stevenson had lived. There, he met people who had known Stevenson. He stayed for a little less than a month. He became very sick in the island, lost a lot of weight and was forced to return to Paris in a hurry without having visited the tomb. Because of regional racism, Ting was arrested on several occasions and prevented from accompanying Schwob in some parts of the trip. Schwob complained about this in his letters to Moreno.

In 1904, at the invitation of Francis Marion Crawford and accompanied by Ting, he took a boat trip to Naples, stopping in Porto, Lisbon, Barcelona, Marseille and finally Naples. He stayed for two weeks in Crawford's villa in Sant'Agnello in Sorrento. Bored, he left for France, stopping in Aix-les-Bains where his wife joined him. He then went to the Canton of Vaud in Switzerland, the Plombières in Belgium and finally Carnac, where Moreno, once again, joined him. His health had further worsened and they returned to Paris.

Personal life

Friendships
Throughout his life, Schwob associated with or befriended a great number of notables from the worlds of art and literature. They include Léon Daudet, Alphonse Daudet, Paul Claudel, Anatole France, Edmond de Goncourt, Jean Lorrain, J.-H. Rosny aîné, Auguste Bréal, Paul Arène, Maurice Spronck, Jules Renard, Paul Margueritte, Paul Hervieu, Charles Maurras, Rachilde, Octave Mirbeau, Catulle Mendès, Guillaume Apollinaire, Henri Barbusse, Georges Courteline, Paul Valéry, Colette, Oscar Wilde, Pierre Louÿs, George Meredith, Maurice Maeterlinck, Alfred Jarry, Aristide Bruant, Marcel Proust, Robert de Montesquiou, Édouard Manet, Auguste Rodin, Camille Claudel and Jehan Rictus.

In 1903 Schwob reflected on the passing of several of his closest friends, all cultural celebrities at the time. He wrote to Edmund Gosse: "I have been sadly tried in my friends since a few years. Stevenson and Verlaine, Mallarmé and now Henley and Whistler are gone". Aleister Crowley also considered Schwob a friend and asked him to translate two of his sonnets: "Rodin" and "Balzac". Schwob was also friends with Lucien Guitry and tried to help him reconcile with his son, Sacha Guitry. Decades later Sacha went on to make several films with Marguerite Moreno.

Relationships
The two loves of his life were a young woman known as Louise and the celebrated actress Marguerite Moreno. Schwob met Louise, a working-class girl who might have been a prostitute, in 1891, when he was 24 years old and she was 23. He kept the relationship hidden and exchanged letters with her, most of which he later destroyed. After two years she died of tuberculosis. He was devastated and confided in many of his friends. He dedicated Le livre de Monelle to her, basing the central character on Louise, but turning her into a child of indeterminate age. Many consider this his most personal work, and it is the single book for which he became best known during his lifetime.

In 1894, the year after Louise's death, Schwob met Marguerite Moreno, who, at 23, had been named by Stéphane Mallarmé "the sacred muse of Symbolism", and was the lover of Catulle Mendès. She had posed for sculptor Jean Dampt, artists Edmond Aman-Jean, Joseph Granié and often for Lucien Lévy-Dhurmer. In January 1895 they were officially together and they were married in London five years later, in 1900. Charles Whibley, the English writer, was a witness at the wedding. Their relationship was unconventional. They spent much time apart, due to Moreno's career and Schwob's frequent travels.

Health and death

He became sick in 1896 with a chronic incurable intestinal disorder. He also suffered from recurring conditions that were generally diagnosed as influenza or pneumonia, and he received intestinal surgery several times. After two surgeries by doctor Joaquin Albarrán, Robert de Montesquiou recommended the care of the well-known doctor and surgeon Samuel Jean de Pozzi, who had been lovers with Sarah Bernhardt and was later painted by John Singer Sargent. At first his treatments had some positive effects, relieving Schwob from his constant pain. In appreciation, Schwob dedicated La porte des rêves to him. But by 1900, after two more surgeries, Pozzi told him that he could not do anything else for him. In the following years he ate only kefir and fermented milk. In February 1905, after nine years of serious recurring episodes, he died at age 37, of pneumonia while his wife was away on tour, performing in Aix-en-Provence. He was surrounded by Ting, his brother Maurice and his biographer Pierre Champion.

Teaching
Starting in December 1904 he taught a course on Villon at the École des hautes études that was attended by, among others, Michel Bréal, Édouard and Pierre Champion, Paul Fort, Max Jacob, Auguste Longnon, Pablo Picasso, Catherine Pozzi (daughter of one of his doctors), André Salmon and Louis Thomas.

Dedications

 Paul Valéry dedicated two of his works to him - Introduction à la méthode de Léonard de Vinci and the Soirée avec M. Teste.
 Alfred Jarry dedicated his Ubu Roi to Schwob.
 Oscar Wilde dedicated to him his long poem "The Sphinx" (1894) "in friendship and admiration."

Influence
 The Book of Monelle, in 1894, influenced The Fruits of the Earth by André Gide (Schwob accused Gide of plagiarism).
 The Children's Crusade influenced William Faulkner's As I Lay Dying and Jerzy Andrzejewski's The Gates of Paradise.
 Max Ernst quoted him in Une semaine de bonté (1934).
 Jorge Luis Borges wrote that his book Historia universal de la infamia (A Universal History of Infamy, 1936) was inspired by Schwob's Imaginary Lives.

Misinformation
An often repeated, yet baseless rumor, states that Schwob died from syphilis. It seems to have its origins in the book The Love that Dared Not Speak Its Name by H. Montgomery Hyde, in which he wrote that Schwob died from the "effects of a syphilitic tumor in the rectum, which he acquired as a result of anal intercourse with an infected youth." This apocryphal theory contradicts almost everything that is known about Schwob's health and sexual activities. Schwob received treatments for syphilis on two occasions, but that does not seem to be the reason for his deteriorating health.

His birth name, Mayer André Marcel Schwob, is clearly indicated on both his birth certificate and marriage license, both in the possession of the Harold B. Lee Library of Brigham Young University. Despite this well-documented fact, several biographical texts erroneously continue to list his "real name" as "André Marcel Mayer" and "Marcel Schwob" as an alias.

Works

Collections of short stories

 Cœur double ("Double Heart", 1891)
 Le roi au masque d'or ("The King in the Golden Mask", 1892)
 Mimes (1893)
 Le livre de Monelle ("The Book of Monelle", 1894)
 La croisade des enfants ("The Children's Crusade", 1896)
 Vies imaginaires ("Imaginary Lives", 1896)
 La porte des rêves (1899), collecting eleven stories selected from Cœur double, Le roi au masque d'or and Le livre de Monelle.
 La lampe de Psyché (1903), collecting Mimes, La croisade des enfants, Le livre de Monelle and "L'étoile de bois"

Stories not collected during his lifetime

 "L'épingle d'or" (1889)
 "Articles d'exportation" (1890)
 "Les noces du Tibre"  (1890)
 "Blanches-mains", "La démoniaque", "Barbe-Noire" (1892)
 "Rampsinit", "L'origine", La maison close", "La main de gloire" (1893)
 "Vie de Morphiel, demiurge", an uncollected chapter of Vies imaginaires (1895)
 "Dialogues d'Utopie" (1905)
 "Maua", a private unpublished text (first printed in 2009)

Other stories

 "Le deuxième Phédon" and "L'Île de la liberté" (1892). These were combined and retitled "L'Anarchie" for Spicilège (1896)
 "Les marionettes de l'amour" and "La femme comme Parangon d'art" in the anthology Féminies (1896). These dramatic dialogues were retitled "L'Amour" and "L'Art" for Spicilège

Theatre

 Jane Shore (written with Eugène Morand, 1900)
 Jane Shore, a Drama in Five Acts (written with Eugène Morand, 1901)

Non-fiction

 Étude sur l'argot français with Georges Guieyesse ("Study of French Slang", 1889)
 Le jargon des coquillards en 1455 ("The Jargon of the Coquillards in 1455", 1890)
 Lecture on the play Annabella et Giovanni (Tis Pity She's a Whore) by John Ford (1895), translated into French by Maurice Maeterlinck for Sarah Bernhardt.
 Spicilège (1896)
 La légende de Serlon de Wilton ("The Legend of Serlo of Wilton", 1899. See also Linquo coax ranis)
 Mœurs des diurnales ("Habits of Day Persons", under the pseudonym of Loyson-Bridet, 1903)
 Le parnasse satyrique du XVe siècle ("The 15th-century satirical poets", 1905)
 Il libro della mia memoria (1905)
 François Villon (1912)
 Chroniques (1981)
 Correspondance inédite : précédée de quelques textes inédits (unpublished correspondence, 1985)
  (1992)
 Vers Samoa ("To Samoa", 2002)
 Un Don Quichotte égoïste: Notes d'une conférence sur Peer Gynt d'Ibsen
 Merlin Coccaïe

Introductions

 Le démon de l'absurde by Rachilde, 1893.
 Messieurs les ronds-de-cuir by Georges Courteline, 1893
 The Dynamiter by Robert Louis Stevenson, 1894.
 Moll Flanders by Daniel Defoe, 1895.
 La chambre blanche by Henry Bataille, 1895.
 La légende de saint Julien l'Hospitalier by Gustave Flaubert, 1895.
 La chaîne d'or by Théophile Gautier, 1896.
 The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark by William Shakespeare, 1900.
 Hiésous by Pierre Nahor (Emilie Lerou) 1903.
 Le Petit et le Grand Testament de François Villon by Honoré Champion, 1905.

Translations and Adaptations

 Die Spiele der Griechen und Römer by Wilhelm Richter, translated with Auguste Bréal,  1891.
 "The Selfish Giant" by Oscar Wilde, 1891.
 Moll Flanders by Daniel Defoe, 1895.
 Last Days of Immanuel Kant by Thomas de Quincey. 1899.
 "Will o' the Mill" by Robert Louis Stevenson in La Vogue, 1899.
 The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark by William Shakespeare play, jointly with Eugène Morand for Sarah Bernhardt, 1900.
 The Tudor Translations : Rabelais by William Ernest Henley, pref. by Charles Whibley, unknown publisher, 1900
  Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde A play in four acts by Robert Louis Stevenson. Theatrical adaptation of the novella in English with Vance Thompson. The French version was never finished. 1900.
 Francesca da Rimini by Francis Marion Crawford for Sarah Bernhardt, 1902.
 La maison du péché, unproduced play in five acts for Sarah Bernhardt adapted from the novel by Marcelle Tinayre. 1903.
 Rabelais in England by Charles Whibley, Paris, Revue des études rabelaisiennes, 1903.

Unfinished Projects

 "Poupa, scènes de la vie latine" (1883-6), a novel of which he only wrote an outline and fragments.
 La légende de Saint Françoise d'Assise
 François Villon et son temps, left unfinished at the time of his death.
 Angélique de Longueval, a melodrama in four parts.
 L'incantatrice,  a drama of ancient times.
 The life of Marie d'Oignies.
 Translation of Macbeth by William Shakespeare for Sarah Bernhardt
 A play inspired by Les filles du feu.
 Mentioned in Pierre Champion's introduction to Vers Samoa: Océanide, Vaililoa, Captain Crabbe, Cissy, De la pourpre des mers a la pourpre des flots and a translation Romeo and Juliet.

Illustrated editions

 1893 Mimes, George Auriol (cover), Mercure de France
 1894 Mimes, Jean Veber (cover), Mercure de France
 1896 Féminies, Georges de Feure (cover) Félicien Rops and others (interiors), Academie des Beaux Livres
 1896 La croisade des enfants, Maurice Delcourt (cover), Mercure de France
 1899 La porte des rêves, Georges de Feure, H. Floury pour Les Bibliophiles indépendants
 1925 Coeur double, Fernand Siméon, Henri Jonquières (Les Beaux Romans)
 1929 Le roi au masque d'or, Stefan Mrożewski, Apollo Éditions Artistiques
 1929 Vies imaginaires, Georges Barbier, Le Livre contemporain
 1930 La croisade des enfants, Jean-Gabriel Daragnès, Manuel Bruker
 1933 Mimes, Jean-Gabriel Daragnès, Les Bibliophiles de l'Automobile-club de France
 1946 Le livre de Monelle, Henri Matisse (cover), Ides et Calendes (Collection du Fleuron)
 1946 Vies imaginaires, Félix Labisse, Editions Lumière (Le Rêve et la Vie)
 1949 La cruzada de los niños, Norah Borges, La Perdiz (Colección La Perdiz)
 1965 Le livre de Monelle, Leonor Fini, Editions L.C.L. (Peintres du livre)
 1992 Le roi au masque d'or, Daniel Airam, Les Bibliophiles de l'Automobile Cub de France
 1996 Deux contes latins: Poupa et Les noces du Tibre, Christian Lacroix, Gallimard (Cabinet des lettrés)
 2001 White Voices (La croisade des enfants'''), Keith Bayliss, The Old Stile Press
 2012 La cruzada de los niños (La croisade des enfants), José Hernández, E.D.A. Libros (= Ediciones de Aquí), (Las musarañas)

Adaptations

Music

 Oratorio La Croisade des Enfants, Gabriel Pierné. This is the composer's best known piece. 1902.

Film

 Il re della maschera d'oro. Silent film by Alfredo Robert (1877-1964) based on Le roi au masque d'or. 1920
 Jean Vigo's classic film L'Atalante (1934) seems inspired by the story "Bargette" from Le roi au masque d'or.
 Clodia – Fragmenta.  Experimental film by Franco Brocani (b. 1938) loosely based on "Clodia, Matronne impudique" from Vies Imaginaries. 1982

Comics

 Lapin #16 L'Association, July 1997. Issue dedicated to Schwob containing three adaptations to comics:
 David B., "La Terreur future" (from Coeur Double)
 Emmanuel Guibert, "La Voluptueuse" (from Le livre de Monelle)
 Vincent Sardon "L'homme voilé" (from Coeur Double)
 It also includes an adaptation of the diary of Paul Léautaud by Jean-Christophe Menu
 Viktor adapted from "L'Étoile de bois" by Tommy Redolfi,  Editions Paquet. 2007
 Le capitaine écarlate. Emmanuel Guibert (art) and David B. (script), Free Area, 2000. An imaginative and surreal story where Schwob is the protagosnist and interacts with several of his creations. Includes a reprint of  "Le roi au masque d'or"

Theatre

 Monelle, Zouzou Leyens, Theatre les Tanneurs, Brussels, 2008

Radio
 Histoire de Monelle radio play adapted by Victoria Cohen and Lionel Ménasché from Le Livre de Monelle for the program Fictions / Drôles de drames aired by France Culture (Radio France)

References

Sources
 Allain, Patrice. et al.  Marcel Schwob: L'Homme au masque d'or. Nantes: Gallimard, 2006. Catalog of a major exhibition on Schwob at the Municipal Library of Nantes.
 Borges, Jorge Luis. Miscelánea. Barcelona: Random House Mondadori, 2011.
 Ellman, Richard. Oscar Wilde. New York: Random House, 1988
 Goudemare, Sylvain. Marcel Schwob ou les vies imaginaires. Paris: Le Cherche Midi, 2000.
 Julian, Philippe, The Symbolists London: Phaidon, 1974.
 Millman, Ian. Georges de Feure: Maitre du Symbolism et de l'Art Nouveau. Paris: ACR Édition Internationale, 1992.
 Schwob, Marcel. The Book of Monelle, tr. Kit Schluter. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Wakefield Press, 2012.
 Schwob, Marcel. The Children's Crusade, tr. Kit Schluter. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Wakefield Press, 2018.
 Schwob, Marcel. Imaginary Lives, tr. Chris Clarke. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Wakefield Press, 2018.
 Schwob, Marcel. The King in the Golden Mask, tr. Kit Schluter. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Wakefield Press, 2017.
 Schwob, Marcel. The King in the Golden Mask and other writings, tr. Iain White. Manchester: Carcanet New Press Limited, 1982.
 Schwob, Marcel.Oeuvres. Paris; Les Belles Lettres, 2002.
 Zachmann, Gayle. "Marcel Schwob's Archaeologies and Medievalism," in: Cahier Calin: Makers of the Middle Ages. Essays in Honor of [[William Calin]]], ed. Richard Utz and Elizabeth Emery (Kalamazoo, MI: Studies in Medievalism, 2011), pp. 48–50.
 Zieger, Robert. Asymptote: An Approach to Decadent Fiction. New York: Edition Rodolpi B. V. 2009
 Zipes, Jack. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. p. 451

External links

 French site dedicated to the writer Marcel Schwob

 Marcel Schwob: The Passive Adventurer by Fleur Jaeggy
 Marcel Schwob a Man of the Future by Stephen Sparks
 Stephen Sparks interviews Kit Schluter, translator of Marcel Schwob.
 Decadent Prose: An Interview with Translator Kit Schluter
 Marcel Schowb Correspondence with Mark Twain Shapell Manuscript Foundation
 Marcel Schwob at Brigham Young University (French)
 Marcel Schwob at Brigham Young University (English)
 Translation of Morphiel the Demiurge at "Cafe Irreal" (by Michael Shreve)
 Marcel Schwob in imdb.com
 W. G. C Byvanck letters to Marcel Schwob, MSS SC 2738 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University

1867 births
1905 deaths
People from Chaville
19th-century French Jews
French fantasy writers
Symbolist writers
Translators from English
Translators to French
French male non-fiction writers
19th-century translators
19th-century French male writers

Marcel Schwob


Seth et Holth is a Japanese film released on September 29, 1993, best noted for starring musicians hide and Tusk. The film is based on an original short story by hide and features the tragic plot of two beings from a different plane of existence coming to earth, specifically Tokyo, and being overwhelmed by the city' sensory overload. The two communicate through swapping blood, and are persecuted and executed.

Plot

In the sphere of Athum there once lived two beautiful angels by the names of  Seth and Holth.  Seth was gentle, kind, and anxious one; Holth was strong, determined, and bold.  They lived in peace in the sphere of Athum for eternity, since there is no time, nor age, nor decay in this world. The waters flow uphill and time is irrelevant.  Athum takes all and creates everything, for eternity.  The angels Seth and Holth lived there undisturbed forever.  They made love by their eyes, tasting their tears, they spoke to each other by their blood. They slept in Athum's womb not knowing of any evil, plight or fear. No worry, no pain ever harmed them... and they could have gone on like this forever, if not one day bold Holth had started to ask questions... questions about other worlds, other beings, questions about life and death.

He tried to force Athum to tell him but instead for an answer the angels Seth and Holth were banished to planet Earth, thrown into the harshness of light, noise and madness.  They woke up from their eternal dream to find themselves reborn to a world full of questions; hectic and evil.  Not knowing what to do, only trying to get home again, home to Athum, home to peace.

Hunted down by humans who did not understand, nor ever loved, Seth and Holth were sacrificed and murdered.  Seeing their plight in the human world Athum pitied them and allowed them to return home, but home was not the same anymore.  They had seen too much, heard too much, felt too much in the human world.  They lost their innocence and their faith, they could ignore the questions no longer.

Cast
hide from X Japan as Seth
Tusk from Zi:Kill as Holth

Names
Seth or Set is an Egyptian god. Holth may be Horus, if pronounced as the Japanese would, but with wrong romanization. Using foreign, "exotic" mythologies is common in Japanese pop culture.

Credits
Planning and basic conception: hide and Tusk
Music composition: hide
Lyrics & vocals: Tusk
Producer/Script: Hideaki Utsumi (Fool's Mate)
Co-producer: Takahiro Ishii (Fool's Mate)

Soundtrack
 "Eyes"
 "Descent to Earth"
 "Crosses Everywhere"
 "The Church"
 "Running ~Persecution"
 "Sacrifice ~Death"
 "Ending Theme ~Music Box"

References

External links

1993 films
Films shot in Tokyo
Japanese avant-garde and experimental films
Japanese fantasy films
Japanese science fiction films
Hide (musician)
1990s Japanese films

Seth et Holth


Mastic ice creams (resin based ice cream) is popularly termed for stretchy and sticky textured ice cream, named after the spice - "Mastic (Pistacia lentiscus resin)". These ice creams are based on of Salep or cornflower, rose water, and the "Mastic resin" that contributes to the texture (as opposed to the texture of other ice creams that have a more airy texture) and are commonly used in Middle Eastern cuisine. Today, due to the very high price of the gum spice and the difficulty of obtaining it, there are ice cream sellers who usually replace it with glucose or other ice cream conducive to appear as a sticky dish.

history
Mastic ice cream was first invented in Turkey during the Ottoman Empire and was called: "Dondurma" and it has been around for 300 years when its recipe was kept secret for many years. there are places in Turkey where it is customary to put the ice cream in a large container equipped with huge spoons for constant stirring, so that you do not over-firm, and serve it in a plate with a knife and fork. The ice cream is very popular in Turkey and there are even street stalls especially for Turkish Mastic ice cream where they pour boiling chocolate syrup over an ice cream cup. There are ice cream vendors who practice juggling and street shows for tourists with ice cream because of its great flexibility and resistance to melting. The ice cream's massive publicity in Turkey has made Istanbul's neighborhood known as "Dondorma".

Syrian ice cream
In the middle of the 19th century a Syrian merchant brought the secret recipe of ice cream from Turkey to Damascus, where he developed a softer local version of ice cream called "Booza", which is lighter And airy from the Turkish version, and from there it was distributed to Arab countries. in the Middle East only sells the Arabic version of the ice cream, while in the Far East only the Turkish version of the ice cream sells.

Related pages
 Kulfi
 Bastani sonnati

Mastic ice creams


Once Upon a Time in Mexico (also known as Desperado 2) is a 2003 American neo-Western action film written, directed, produced, photographed, scored, and edited by Robert Rodriguez. It is the sequel to Desperado (1995) and the third and final installment in the Mexico Trilogy. The film features Antonio Banderas in his second and final performance as El Mariachi. In the film, El Mariachi is recruited by CIA agent Sheldon Sands (Johnny Depp) to kill a corrupt general responsible for the death of his wife, Carolina (Salma Hayek).

Once Upon a Time in Mexico was released in the United States on September 12, 2003, by Sony Pictures Releasing. The film received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for Depp's performance, but criticism for reducing its protagonist to an almost secondary character in his own trilogy and a convoluted plot. In the special features of the film's DVD, Rodriguez explained this was intentional, as he wanted this to be his The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of the trilogy. It grossed over $98 million against a $29 million production budget.

Plot
El Mariachi is recruited by CIA officer Sheldon Jeffrey Sands to kill General Emiliano Marquez, a corrupt Mexican Army officer who has been hired by Mexican drug lord Armando Barillo to assassinate the President of Mexico and overthrow the government during a period of unrest in Culiacán (the capital of Sinaloa) which is testing the presidency. Many years before, El Mariachi and his wife Carolina confronted Marquez in a shootout and wounded the general; in retaliation, Marquez took the lives of Carolina and their daughter in an ambush. In addition to El Mariachi, Sands persuades former FBI agent Jorge Ramírez to come out of retirement and kill Barillo, who had murdered his partner Archuleta in the past. Furthermore, AFN operative Ajedrez is assigned by Sands to tail Barillo.

While monitoring Barillo's activities, Ramírez meets Billy Chambers, an American fugitive who has been living under the protection of Barillo, but can no longer stomach the horrible tasks he's been forced to carry out for him. Ramírez convinces Chambers he will provide him protection in exchange for getting closer to Barillo by tagging Chambers' pet chihuahua with a hidden microphone, and Chambers agrees to complete the deal by surrendering to U.S. authorities once Barillo has been taken down. Sands' agent, Cucuy, originally hired to keep an eye on El Mariachi, instead turns and tranquilizes El Mariachi and turns him over to Barillo, also offering to reveal the details of Sands' plan. Cucuy, however, is promptly killed by Chambers while El Mariachi escapes from captivity and calls his friends Lorenzo and Fideo to assist him in his mission.

While monitoring Barillo's activity outside a hospital, Ramírez notices armed men storming the building and follows suit. He discovers that a group of doctors have been gunned down and Barillo has bled to death as a result of a botched facial reconstruction, but realizes that the corpse on the operating table is a body double before he is knocked out and kidnapped by the real Barillo and Ajedrez, who reveals herself to be Barillo's daughter. Sands realizes that his mission has been compromised but is too late, as he is captured by Barillo and Ajedrez — who drill out his eyes before sending him out. Despite his blindness, he manages to gun down a hitman tailing him with the aid of a chicle boy.

As Culiacán celebrates the Day of the Dead during the President's visit, Marquez and his army storm in and attack the presidential palace. Marquez's troops, however, are met with resistance from not only the President's bodyguards but also the citizens of Culiacán and the Mariachis. Sands had instructed El Mariachi to allow the President to be killed before attacking Marquez, but the Mariachis, concluding that the President is a good man, intervene early and protect him.  Marquez enters the presidential palace, only to once again confront El Mariachi, who shoots out his kneecaps before killing him with a headshot. Ramírez, who was released from captivity by Chambers, faces Barillo. After Barillo guns down Chambers, Ramírez and El Mariachi kill the drug lord. Sands manages to shoot the sadistic Ajedrez dead outside the presidential palace. Ultimately, Lorenzo and Fideo walk away with the cash that Barillo was using to pay Marquez and help the president safely escape the attempted coup. Ramírez says goodbye to Sands and walks away, having avenged his partner's death. El Mariachi then gives his share of the cash to his home village before walking into the sunset.

Cast

In a 2003 issue of Rolling Stone, Depp was named as one of its "People of the Year", and gave an interview in which he briefly discussed his role as Sands:

The idea behind him is there was this guy I used to know in Hollywood, in the business, who on the outside was very charming – soft-spoken and almost hypnotic in the rhythm he used to speak. He refused to call me Johnny – always called me John. You knew this guy was aiming to fuck you over, but somehow you stuck around because he was just so fascinating to watch.

Depp also said in an Entertainment Weekly article that he "imagine[d] this guy wore really cheesy tourist shirts", that he had a "sideline obsession with Broadway", and that he favored strange, obvious disguises; all three qualities can be observed in the film. It was also revealed in the director's commentary on the DVD that Depp himself came up with the character's first and middle names.

Production
Made on a US$29 million budget, the film was shot in May 2001 before Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams (2002) and Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over (2003) in order to avoid a potential Screen Actors Guild strike. Shooting took place over seven weeks in Querétaro, San Miguel de Allende and Guanajuato, Mexico. It was the first big budget film to be shot in high definition digital video. Rodriguez chose to shoot on digital after George Lucas, who was shooting Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, showed him early footage shot digitally. Impressed, Rodriguez chose to shoot digitally, but he knew he did not have enough time to shoot Spy Kids 2. Instead, he pitched a sequel to Desperado to Miramax and wrote a script in six days. The initial draft was 65 pages long, which he padded with a subplot borrowed from an unproduced short film. When Miramax expressed hesitation over the added subplot, he readily removed it. His primary influence was Sergio Leone's Dollars Trilogy, specifically The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly. Rodriguez said shooting digitally saved time and money, simplified the filming process, and rendered 35 mm film obsolete for him.

Soundtrack

The film's score includes songs composed by director Robert Rodriguez and performed by a group of musicians gathered specifically for the soundtrack recording. Tracks performed by the group includes "Malagueña" with guitar by Brian Setzer, and "Siente Mi Amor", with singing by Salma Hayek. Track 9, "Sands Theme", credited to "Tonto's Giant Nuts", was written by Johnny Depp. Additional music includes Juno Reactor's "Pistolero", "Me Gustas Tú" by Manu Chao, and "Cuka Rocka" by Rodriguez' own rock band, Chingon. On the DVD director commentary, Rodriguez states that he requested that each of the main actors give him four or eight notes of a melody for their character, but Depp presented him with the entire track.

Track listing

Television adaptation
Sony's AXN channel confirmed that it will be airing a TV series adaptation of El Mariachi franchise. The series premiered on March 20, 2014.

Release
Once Upon a Time in Mexico was released in United States on September 12, 2003 by Sony Pictures Releasing through Columbia Pictures and Internationally by Miramax International through Buena Vista International, in 3,282 theaters with an opening weekend gross of US$23.4 million. It went on to make $56.4 million in North America and $41.8 in the rest of the world for a combined total of $98.2 million on a $29 million budget.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, Once Upon a Time in Mexico holds an approval rating of 66% based on 168 reviews, with an average rating of 6.20/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "Violent, pulpy, loopy fun, with Depp stealing the show." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 56 out of 100 based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"
. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.

Chicago Sun-Times film critic Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars and wrote, "Like Leone's movie, the Rodriguez epic is more interested in the moment, in great shots, in surprises and ironic reversals and closeups of sweaty faces, than in a coherent story." A. O. Scott wrote in his review for The New York Times, "But in the end, the punched-up editing and vibrant color schemes start to grow tiresome, and Mr. Rodriguez, bored with his own gimmickry and completely out of ideas, responds by pushing the violence to needlessly grotesque extremes."

In her review for USA Today, Claudia Puig wrote, "In Mexico, Rodriguez has fashioned a swaggering fantasy that pays homage to spaghetti Westerns such as Sergio Leone's The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. Plenty of blood is shed, much powerful artillery is fired, and action sequences provide astounding car crashes and fiery explosions." Writing for Entertainment Weekly, Owen Gleiberman gave the film a "B" rating and praised Depp's performance with its "winking grace notes of Brandoesque flakery ... is as minimal and laid-back as his Pirates of the Caribbean turn was deep-dish theatrical".

See also
 Livin' la Vida Loca

References

External links

2003 films
2003 Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) films
American action films
Spanish-language American films
Day of the Dead films
Films about Mexican drug cartels
Films about the Central Intelligence Agency
Films about guitars and guitarists
American films about revenge
Gun fu films
Mexico Trilogy
Films about coups d'état
Columbia Pictures films
Dimension Films films
Troublemaker Studios films
Buena Vista International films
Films scored by Robert Rodriguez
Films directed by Robert Rodriguez
Films produced by Elizabeth Avellán
Films produced by Robert Rodriguez
Films set in Mexico
Films shot in Mexico
Films with screenplays by Robert Rodriguez
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
2000s Mexican films

Once Upon a Time in Mexico


Jemm is a fictional alien character appearing in various comic book series published by DC Comics. He is an analogue of and occasional ally of Martian Manhunter.

Publication history
Created by Greg Potter and Gene Colan, Jemm first appeared in Jemm, Son of Saturn #1 (September 1984).

The first unofficial appearance of a Red Saturnian in DC Comics was Detective Comics #314 (April 1963) where he was a nameless alien criminal who was weakened by motor oil, enabling the Martian Manhunter to defeat him.

According to Greg Potter, co-creator of Jemm, the character was originally conceived as the cousin of the Martian Manhunter (Jogar, Jemm's cousin in the series, was originally the Manhunter). This was at a time when the Manhunter had disappeared from the pages of DC Comics for a time. However, part-way through developing the series, Potter was told by editor Janice Race that she had learned Manhunter would reappear in the Justice League of America. To avoid any continuity problems, Potter rewrote the series as Jemm, Son of Saturn, a character with no connection to the Martian Manhunter.

Jemm was reintroduced to the DC Universe by Grant Morrison in JLA #12, which emphasized his similarity to J'onzz. During his run on Martian Manhunter, John Ostrander used these similarities to explain that the Saturnians were a race created by and modelled on the Martians.

Fictional character biography

H'ronmeerca'andra
The three races of Ma'aleca'andra (the Martian name for the planet Mars in the DCU) are directly responsible for the H'ronmeerca's (Saturnians). The Saturnians are genetically modified descendants from the underclass Martian worker clones created by their ancient Martian explorers as they ran Martian colonies on Saturn's moons. The Martians cloned the original Saturnians from themselves; the Red Saturnians were created by the Green Martians while the White Saturnians were created by the White Martians. Both races of clones were created and bred to survive and live on the planet Saturn. The Green Martians treated their clones as equals while the White Martians treated their clones as slaves. The fate of the Yellow Martians is unknown during this time period.

The continued enslavement of the White Saturnians started a civil war between the two Martian races. At the war's conclusion the White Martians were exiled to the "Still Zone", only to escape years later and reappear disguised as the Hyperclan. After the civil war all Saturnians were granted their freedom, but continued to war amongst themselves for millennia.

Jemm, son of King Jaxx was forced to flee the palace after a White Martian coup. His mother Jarlla was able to hide him in a cave, where Jemm was trained by his White Saturnian teacher Rahani in the use of his powers.

Earth
After both his mother and teacher were killed by the White Martians, Jemm stole a ship and escaped to Earth, in search of his lover Syraa who had fled there earlier. He arrives in Harlem, New York and is befriended by an African-American orphan named Luther Mannkin. After a series of adventures with and without Luther, Jemm eventually found Syrra. They all then travelled to "New Bhok", a Red Saturnian colony. Because he refused to take sides in a civil war on New Bhok, Jemm was disavowed and cast out by both factions. Dispirited Jemm and Luther returned to Earth.

There Jemm learned that a criminal named Claudius Tull planned to use Saturnians as living energy sources. He had allied himself with a female White Saturnian named Synn. When Tull's true goal was exposed, Synn surrendered her forces to the Red Saturnian military. When last seen, Jemm had set out in search of Syrra, who had mysteriously disappeared yet again.

Injustice Gang
Jemm resurfaced years later as a member of the Injustice Gang. He had apparently been brainwashed by Lex Luthor through the use of a Philosopher's Stone and used as a psychic weapon against the Justice League. He was able to impersonate J'onn J'onnz telepathically. Plastic Man, disguised as the Joker, played several pranks designed to awaken him, but failed. J'onnz was able to sense and connect with Jemm's mind. J'onn powers freed Jemm, but left him comatose.

J'onn took Jemm to Z'onn Z'orr, his hidden Antarctic retreat to heal his mind. Jemm spent the next several months recovering his mental and physical health. He was later discovered, detained and abused by J'onn's evil brother Malefic, who convinced the JLA that J'onn had gone insane and was torturing Jemm.

While Jemm recovered at the JLA Watchtower, a delegation of Saturnians arrived to reclaim the prince. J'onn discovered that Jemm was to take part in a brokered political wedding designed to unite warring factions of Red and White Saturnians.

Rings of Saturn
During the trip to H'ronmeerca'andra, J'onn learned more about Jemm's future bride, a White Saturnian named Princess Cha'rissa. Cha'rissa became romantically attracted to J'onn, and he admitted his own attraction to her. The trio uncovered a plot by Jemm's White Saturnian cousin Jogarr to assassinate him, and Cha'rissa vowed to put aside her feelings for J'onn and be true to her intended, Prince Jemm. J'onn left for Earth just before the wedding ceremony.

Rann/Thanagar War
During Infinite Crisis,, though Jemm seems a pacifist, he joined forces with the Rannians in their war against Thanagar.

New Krypton
Jemm appears in Superman: World of New Krypton #9 (November 2009), and now appears to command all three known Saturnian races including the albino "Koolars", and the yellow skinned "Faceless Hunters".

When Mon-El brings the bottled city of the Lanothians to Titan, Jemm does not agree to allow the race of stronger telepaths live near his people. He later changes his mind when the Lanothians agree to live under his rule and rename themselves the Titanians.

Powers and abilities
 Jemm is superstrong, and has the power of flight. He is also a telepath, and possesses the ability to fire psychokinetic energy discharges from the organic gemstone in his forehead. The gemstone is known as the Mark of Jargon. Jargon the Mighty is alleged to have brokered peace between the red and white races.
 Unlike Green Martians, Red Saturnians like Jemm cannot shapeshift, but they are capable of rapid cellular regeneration. Koolars, a subset of the White Saturnians, are indeed capable of shapeshifting like Martians. Koolars have also demonstrated the power to meld with inanimate matter.
 Like Martians, all Saturnians are psychologically vulnerable to fire.

Other versions
 In DC's new Multiverse, on Earth-48, J'emm exists as a political leader from Saturn. In this alternate history, the 9 planets of the Solar System settle all armed disputes on Earth (renamed War World). When the Forerunners revolted, the Martian and Saturnian armies were slaughtered. J'emm was the only survivor of this conflict.
 Fura, a Saturnian warlord from 3000 A.D., appeared in Batman #26, an enemy of the Batman of 3000 AD.
 Jemm appears in Scooby-Doo Team Up comics.

In other media

Television
 Jemm appears in the Supergirl episode "Human for a Day", portrayed by Charles Halford. This version is an alien criminal, escapee from the Phantom Zone maximum security prison Fort Rozz, and leader of the Faceless Hunters. When an earthquake hits National City, Jemm escapes the Department of Extranormal Operations (DEO)'s custody before he is killed by the Martian Manhunter.
 Jemm appears in Young Justice: Phantoms, voiced by Phil LaMarr. This version is a Red Martian prince named J'emm J'axx. He befriends Superboy and entrusts him, Miss Martian, and Beast Boy with finding his father's murderer while trying to bring peace between all Martians due to escalating racial issues, only to learn it was S'yraa S'mitt, a Martian he was previously engaged to who accidentally killed his father while learning magic to seek his approval. J'emm breaks off the engagement and takes charge of the Martian race, inspiring his people to bring change and equality. He later assists Miss Martian and the Justice League rescue Superboy from the Phantom Zone and attends his and Miss Martian's wedding on Earth.

Miscellaneous
Jemm received an action figure in wave 15 of Mattel's "DC Universe Classics" line in 2010.

References

External links
 Cosmic Teams: Jemm, Son of Saturn
 DCU Guide: Martian Manhunter Vol. 2 #13
 DCU Guide: Martian Manhunter Vol. 2 #14
 DCU Guide: Martian Manhunter Vol. 2 #15
 DCU Guide: Martian Manhunter Vol. 2 #16
 DCU Guide: Jemm chronology
 DC Universe Who's Who: Jemm
 Heroesanddragons.com: Grant Morrison Writes … (Part 2) Jemm

DC Comics titles
DC Comics aliens
DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
DC Comics characters who have mental powers
DC Comics characters with accelerated healing
DC Comics characters with immortality
DC Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
DC Comics characters with superhuman senses
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics extraterrestrial superheroes
DC Comics extraterrestrial supervillains
DC Comics male supervillains
DC Comics male superheroes
DC Comics telekinetics
DC Comics telepaths
Comics characters introduced in 1984
1984 comics debuts
Characters created by Gene Colan
Fictional characters who can turn intangible

Jemm


Christopher John "Chris" Cassidy (born January 4, 1970) is a retired NASA astronaut and United States Navy SEAL. Chris Cassidy achieved the rank of captain in the U.S. Navy. His first spaceflight was on a Space Shuttle mission in 2009. He was the Chief of the Astronaut Office at NASA from July 2015 until June 2017.

Early life and education
Cassidy was born in Salem, Massachusetts on January 4, 1970.  He attended York High School, in York, Maine. He then graduated from the Naval Academy Preparatory School in Newport, Rhode Island, in 1989. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics at the United States Naval Academy in 1993 and a Master of Science degree in ocean engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2000.

Military experience
Cassidy graduated from BUD/S class 192 in 1993 as Honor man. He served for ten years as a member of the Navy SEALs. His specializations in military tactics include long range special reconnaissance (vehicular and foot patrols), direct action building assaults, non-compliant ship-boardings, desert reconnaissance patrols, combat diving, underwater explosives, and a variety of air operations, including parachuting, fast roping, and rappelling. He made four six-month deployments: two to Afghanistan, and two to the Mediterranean Sea. Cassidy served as Executive Officer and Operations Officer of Special Boat Team 20 in Norfolk, Virginia, and SEAL Platoon Commander at SEAL Team 3 in Coronado, California. He deployed to the Afghanistan region two weeks after the September 11 attacks. He served as Ground Assault Force Commander for international and U.S.-only combat missions in Afghanistan. Cassidy led two months of non-compliant ship-boardings in the Northern Persian Gulf. Cassidy was also a SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) platoon commander at SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team Two in Norfolk. He accumulated over 200 hours underwater as pilot, navigator, or mission commander of a two-man flooded submersible SDV, which is launched and recovered from a host-ship submarine. He also served as drydeck shelter platoon commander at SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team Two in Norfolk. Cassidy volunteered for and completed a week-long,  charity kayak paddle from Norfolk, Virginia to Washington, D.C. to raise money and awareness for the Special Operations Warrior Foundation.

NASA career

Cassidy was selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in May 2004. In February 2006 he completed Astronaut Candidate Training, which included scientific and technical briefings, intensive instruction in Space Shuttle and International Space Station systems, physiological training, T-38 Talon flight training, and water and wilderness survival training. Completion of this initial training qualified him for various technical assignments within the Astronaut Office and future flight assignment as a mission specialist.

STS-127
In February 2008, Cassidy was assigned to his first spaceflight as a mission specialist on STS-127, a Space Shuttle mission to deliver the Exposed Facility of the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM-EF) to the ISS aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour.

Cassidy and his six fellow crew members lifted off aboard Endeavour from the Kennedy Space Center on July 15, 2009. The seven astronauts docked with the ISS on July 17, joining the six-person Expedition 20 crew commanded by Russian cosmonaut Gennady Padalka. This marked the first time that 13 people had been in space together, a record that has not been surpassed since. On July 22, 2009, Cassidy stepped outside the ISS with NASA astronaut David Wolf for his first spacewalk. The two began work replacing batteries on the P6 Truss and continued work on installing the JEM-EF. The EVA was called off after 5 hours and 59 minutes for excess carbon dioxide in Cassidy's suit.

Over the course of STS-127, Cassidy participated in two more spacewalks with NASA astronaut Thomas Marshburn. The two completed replacing the batteries on the P6 truss and completed the installation of the JEM-EF during two excursions lasting 7 hours and 12 minutes and 4 hours and 57 minutes, respectively. Cassidy's third spacewalk marked the completion of the Japanese Experiment Module, a feat that took three space shuttle missions starting with STS-123.

On July 31, 2009, Cassidy returned to the KSC Shuttle Landing Facility, wrapping up his first spaceflight after 15 days in space.

Expedition 35/36
Cassidy was assigned to the Expedition 35 crew as a flight engineer and flew to the ISS aboard Soyuz TMA-08M (US designation: 34S), which launched on March 28, 2013. On May 11, 2013, Cassidy and Thomas Marshburn performed an unplanned spacewalk to replace a pump controller box suspected to be the source of an ammonia coolant leak.

Cassidy participated in two US spacewalks from the ISS in June/July 2013. On July 16, 2013, he was joined by Luca Parmitano on a spacewalk. The EVA was cut short when Parmitano reported water floating behind his head inside his helmet. During the EVA, Cassidy took his space selfie. That photo became one of the best selfies of 2013 listed by many news sites.

Chief of the Astronaut Office
Cassidy was named Chief of the Astronaut Office at NASA in July 2015, succeeding Robert L. Behnken.

On June 2, 2017, Cassidy was replaced by Patrick G. Forrester as Chief of the Astronaut Office and was returned to normal flight status.

Expedition 62/63

Cassidy launched onboard Soyuz MS-16 on April 9, 2020, as part of Expedition 62. He was the ISS commander for Expedition 63, which consisted of Cassidy and Russian cosmonauts Ivan Vagner and Anatoli Ivanishin. Cassidy was joined by fellow NASA astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken on May 31, 2020, with the docking of Crew Dragon Demo-2. Cassidy and his crew returned to Earth on October 21, 2020. They landed in Dzhezkazgan, Kazakhstan at 10:54 pm.

Cassidy's last two years as an astronaut were the central feature of the Disney+ docuseries Among the Stars. The series was removed from Disney+ on May 26, 2023, amidst the Disney+ and Hulu purge.

Post-NASA Career
Cassidy joined the National Medal of Honor Museum Foundation as President and CEO in August 2021 after retiring from the Navy and the NASA Astronaut Corps earlier that year. Since his retirement from government service, Cassidy has also been active on the boards of directors for several non-profits, including the Navy SEAL Foundation and the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation. He also serves as an advisor for New Vista Acquisition Corp, a Special Purpose Acquisition Company (SPAC).

Awards and honors
Cassidy was awarded the Bronze Star with "V" device and the Presidential Unit Citation for leading a nine-day operation at the Zhawar Kili cave complex, a national priority objective directly on the Afghan–Pakistan border, during Operation Enduring Freedom. Cassidy was a guest speaker at the USNA Combat Leadership Seminars in 2003 and 2004. He was awarded a second Bronze Star for combat leadership service in 2004 during Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.

Chris Cassidy is also the 500th person in space. He achieved this when his crewmates so designated him during the STS-127 mission. He is also the second SEAL to fly in space, following William Shepherd, a veteran of four missions.

Awards and decorations

Personal life
Cassidy is married to the former Peggy Yancer from Elyria, Ohio. They have five children between the two of them. Recreational interests include traveling, biking, camping, snow skiing, weight lifting, running, basketball, real estate, and home improvement.

Cassidy is a licensed Amateur Radio operator (ham), holding U.S. Technician level license KF5KDR. Cassidy has participated in several Amateur Radio on the International Space Station events with students in the United States.

Cassidy announced his retirement from both the Navy and NASA Astronaut Corps on May 28, 2021.

References

External links

NASA biography
 Spacefacts biography of Christopher Cassidy

1970 births
Living people
United States Navy astronauts
United States Navy SEALs personnel
People from York, Maine
United States Naval Academy alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
United States Navy officers
United States Naval Special Warfare Command
United States Navy personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Recipients of the NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Commanders of the International Space Station
Spacewalkers

Christopher Cassidy


State Route 474 (SR 474, known as Merchants Greene Boulevard) was a  five-lane state highway in Hamblen County in the eastern portion of the U.S. state of Tennessee. It served as a connector route from SR 160 to US 11E/SR 34. It was decommissioned and designated as part of SR 66 following an extension project by TDOT in November 2020.

Route description

SR 474 began at an intersection with SR 160 (Gov. Dewitt Clinton Senter Highway) at a traffic signal southwest of Morristown. The route then proceeds northwest through rural areas of Morristown. It crosses over a Norfolk Southern Railway line then it continued to the northwest and meets its northern terminus, an intersection with US 11E/SR 34 (West Andrew Johnson Highway) in the western part of Morristown.

Major intersections

See also

 List of state routes in Tennessee

References

474
Transportation in Hamblen County, Tennessee
Morristown, Tennessee

Tennessee State Route 474


Palatography is a technique used to identify which parts of the mouth are used when making different sounds. This technique is often used by linguists doing field work on little-known natural languages. A record made through palatography is called a palatogram.

It involves painting a coloring agent, such as a dye or a mixture of charcoal and olive oil on the tongue or the roof of a person's mouth and having that person pronounce a specific sound. A photograph is then made of the mouth roof and tongue in order to determine how the sound was articulated.

The technique can also be performed electronically (electropalatography) using a tool called a pseudo-palate, which consists of a retainer-like plate lined with electrodes that is placed on the roof of the mouth while the speaker pronounces a sound.

See also
 Articulatory phonetics

References

External links
 www.linguistics.ucla.edu Static Palatography
 www.linguistics.ucla.edu "Preserving the Sounds of Disappearing Languages"
 www.linguistics.ucla.edu Electropalatography (EPG)
 Scholar Space: Static Palatography for Language Fieldwork

Human voice
Phonetics

Palatography


Monospace is a monospaced Unicode font, developed by George Williams. It is based on the typeface Courier.
This font contains 2860 glyphs. It includes characters in the following unicode ranges: Basic Latin, Latin-1 Supplement, Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended-B, IPA Extensions, Spacing Modifier Letters, Combining Diacritical Marks, Greek, Cyrillic, Hebrew, Latin Extended Additional, Greek Extended, General Punctuation, Superscripts and Subscripts, Currency Symbols, Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols, Letterlike Symbols, Number Forms, Arrows, Mathematical Operators, Miscellaneous Technical, Control Pictures, Enclosed Alphanumerics, Box Drawing, Block Elements, Geometric Shapes, Miscellaneous Symbols, Alphabetic Presentation Forms, Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms.

External links
 Monospace font, iso8859 & Unicode (George Williams)
 Free UCS Outline Fonts - FreeFont project - savannah.gnu.org
 George Williams - Type Design Information Page (Luc Devroye)

Monospaced typefaces
Unicode typefaces

Monospace (typeface)


Paul "Silky" Jones (born 19 November 1966 in Sheffield, England), is former World Boxing Champion, known as Silky for his quickness, truly unpredictable skills and defensive prowess. He has a professional record of 31-12-1(15 KOs) in the welterweight, light-middleweight, middleweight, and super middleweight divisions. He defeated rugged American Verno Phillips for the Light Middleweight World Championship on 22 November 1995 and was stripped of the title in February 1996, Philips would go on to achieve World Championship status another three times.

Early years
Jones turned pro in 1986, aged 20 winning his first professional bout against Paul Gillings. Paul then had 4 more fights before moving to Toronto to gain some top experience where he had 3 winning bouts including a stunning 3rd-round KO at the hands of Tony Collier. Paul then returned to the UK and had 8 more fights against respectable fighters before winning his first title against Jason Rowe. After the fight Jones was quoted as being happy for winning the title but said he would never defend it as he was going on to bigger and better things. On 14 April Jones won the WBO's Intercontinental title against Damien Denny, winning him the "KO of the year award". This then placed Jones as number 2 in the WBO rankings. Jones then defended this title twice. Jones was in the form of his life and was unbeaten for more the 3 years.

Capturing the Light Middleweight title
Next up was what he had been waiting for, a shot at the champion. Jones went into the fight the heavy underdog but surprised the boxing world by dominated the fight capturing the WBO Light Middleweight title in 1995 with a majority decision win over Future IBF Light Middle Weight Champ and future IBHOF Champion Verno Phillips. With the win, Jones became the first British-born Light Middleweight World Champion. "Freddie King" (Paul's trainer) said after the fight he "Showed glimpses of absolute greatness and produced a great fight". Jones joined close friend and boxer Naseem Hamed as Sheffield's second world champion at the time and who was also ringside for the fight he said "Silkys's done the business tonight what a fight I knew he would win but not so easily".

Jones had become one of four world champions, from no one wanting to fight him to being world champion in the space of 6 months. Many Great fighters wanted to fight him especially Winky Wright (who later picked up Jones' title on the way to becoming Undisputed Light Middleweight World Champion) The plan was for Jones to defend his WBO title against Bronco Banyon McKart of Bob Arum's Top Rank promotions. Both parties had a verbal agreement for the bout to be staged either in the UK or America. Many did say Jones's style would have been perfect for this big fight but unfortunately this did not materialize however Jones did go on to win the WBC Super Middle Weight International World Title. Jones' last fight was a points decision over the future EBU–EE Super Middleweight champion Kreshnik Qato. Jones retired in 2002 with a record of 31-12-1.

WBO controversy

In late 2014 it came to light via social media that Paul Silky Jones had never received his actual title belt from the World Boxing Organisation. Boxing fans began a trending campaign on Twitter with the hash tag #GetSilkyHisBelt. A very surprised Paul 'Silky' Jones was finally awarded his belt in Doncaster at a non-existent event staged by former trainer Ian Allcock and John Sheppard on 10 July 2015, after 20 years of fighting against the WBO and British Boxing Board of Control who denied his existence, retracted statements, and tried to charge him for the belt on more than one occasion. The belt arrived in England while Paul was on social media Tweeting support for world-famous Floyd Mayweather after his recent rift with the WBO.

Junior middleweight

Championships and accomplishments

World Boxing Organization
WBO Light Middleweight Championship
WBO Inter-Continental Light Middleweight Championship
 1995 World Boxing Organization Fighter of the Year
 1995 World Boxing Organization KO of the year.
World Boxing Council
WBC International Super Middleweight Championship
Commonwealth
Commonwealth Middleweight Championship
World records set in 2011- first ever boxer to commentate on a live boxing fight via YouTube.

See also

 List of WBO world champions

References

External links
 Career boxing record

1966 births
English male boxers
Living people
World Boxing Organization champions
Welterweight boxers
Sportspeople from Sheffield
People educated at King Ecgbert School

Paul Jones (boxer)


Font Book is a font manager by Apple Inc. for its macOS operating system. It was first released with Mac OS X Panther in 2003.

Features
It is opened by default whenever the user clicks on a new .otf or .ttf font file. The user can view the font and install it, at which point the font will be copied to a centralised folder of user-installed fonts and be available for all apps to use.

It may also be used as a browser of all installed fonts. The user may view the list of fonts and see their alphabets, their complete repertoire of characters or how they set a sample text of the user's choice.

The program also allows users to:

 Group fonts into collections, which can then be used in all Cocoa programs.
 View details of fonts, such as their designer's name.
 Activate/deactivate individual fonts or collections.
 Check the data integrity of font files.
 Export font collections for use on another computer

It does not feature any editing tools, even for changing font properties. This means that the user cannot use it to rename, merge or split up fonts or to redesign or modify fonts by (for example) changing kerning rules or exporting small capitals into a separate style.

In the 2003–2007 period, Apple's Font Book faced some criticism regarding an inability to validate and auto-activate fonts. These features were added to Font Book with the release of Mac OS X Leopard.

References

External links
 Apple's Font Book user guide
 Font Book 101 from Apple

MacOS
MacOS-only software made by Apple Inc.
Font managers
Products introduced in 2003

Font Book


The Gruenspan (or Grünspan) is a music club in Hamburg, Germany. It  was founded in 1968 as a music club and event centre, in a former movie theatre situated in Grosse Freiheit, next to the Reeperbahn. The club became known for concerts and progressive rock.

The building, situated at a corner, seats 800. Its exterior, painted by Hamburg artists Dieter Glasmacher and Werner Nöfer, was restored in 1995 when the building was overhauled.

In November 1998, it hosted a Rockpalast concert with R.E.M.

External links
 Homepage of Gruenspan

Nightclubs in Hamburg
Buildings and structures in Hamburg-Mitte
Music venues in Germany
Music in Hamburg
1968 establishments in West Germany
Music venues completed in 1968

Gruenspan


Orchidea De Santis (born 20 December 1948, Bari) is an Italian television and film actress.

Biography
Orchidea De Santis is an Italian actress in cinema, theatre and television. Her films include Il Vizio di Famiglia directed by Mariano Laurenti, Per Amare Ofelia by Flavio Mogherini, Concerto per Pistola Solista by Michele Lupo, Colpo di Stato by Luciano Salce (1969) and Paolo il caldo by Marco Vicario (1973). She appeared briefly in Il Nero by Giovanni Vento (1965) and Una Macchia Rosa  by Enzo Muzii (1970). Since the mid-1980s, her film work has declined in favor of other activities.

Her theater work includes comedies such as Morto un Papa se ne fa un Altro, Strega Roma  and  Chicchignola  written by Ettore Petrolini, all of which were directed by Ghigo De Chiara and Fiorenzo Fiorentini.

De Santis appeared in Sottoveste by Castellacci e Ventimiglia and Love and Life by Mike Immordino. She wrote and acted in  La Bambola Orchidea featuring the music of maestro Aldo Saitto, as well as Chicchignola  with Mario Scaccia, and La cicogna si diverte by Carlo Alighero.

For the RAI radio, De Santis  appeared in many roles, mainly in the  serials Barocco a Roma and Racconto Italiano which were broadcast in the late 1970s. In the 1989 she began working in the international broadcasting department  where she produced Notturno Italiano, AZ per gli Italiani all'Estero, Italia Canta, Itinerari Italiani, Facile Ascolto.

She was producer of the radio show L'Arca di Noè, and 13 episodes of Ciak si esegue. She also developed and produced a program about animals called L'Anello di Re Salomone. She is currently the director of, Due di Notte.

Her television work includes Roosvelt (Rai Tre 1986), Maga Circe and Lucrezia Borgia (Rai Uno 1987) and Il caso Redoli, a TV series: The Great Trials (Rai Uno 1996).

Outside of cinema and theater, she worked with the city government of Rome, organizing a review of 1970s Italian cinema called Italia (de)Genere.

Selected filmography
 I due figli di Ringo (1966)
 How I Learned to Love Women (1966)
 Psychopath (1968)
 The Weekend Murders (1970)
 A Suitcase for a Corpse (1970)
 Seven Murders for Scotland Yard (1971)
 Le calde notti del Decameron (1972)
 The Ribald Decameron (1972)
 Le mille e una notte all'italiana (1972)
 Devil in the Brain (1972)
 Alla mia cara mamma nel giorno del suo compleanno (1974)
 Per amare Ofelia  (1974)
 Charley's Nieces (1974)
 La nipote (1974)
 The Sensual Man (1974)
 Il vizio di famiglia (1975)
 L'ingenua (1975)
 Le dolci zie (1975)
 Una bella governante di colore (1976)
 La dottoressa sotto il lenzuolo (1976)
 L'appuntamento (1977)
 Tre sotto il lenzuolo (1980)
 Arrivano i gatti (1980)
 Close Friends (1992)

External links
Orchidea De Santis Official site

1948 births
Living people
Actors from Bari
Italian film actresses
Italian television actresses
20th-century Italian actresses
Italian stage actresses
Italian radio actresses

Orchidea De Santis


William Gravatt FRS (14 July 1806 – 30 May 1866), was a noted English civil engineer and scientific instrument maker.

Apprenticed as a mechanical engineer in London from aged 15, after interview he worked with Sir Marc Isambard Brunel on the Thames Tunnel, and then designed bridges for the Calder and Hebble Navigation. Whilst surveying the route for the South Eastern Railway to Dover, he devised the more transportable dumpy level, which is now universally employed. He then supervised the northern engineering team under Isambard Kingdom Brunel on the Bristol and Exeter Railway, where the deployment of his "curve of sines" theorem speeded construction. Dismissed from the project in 1841, after losing money during the railway mania period, Gravatt helped to construct both the Craig telescope and a copy of the Difference machine, distinguishing himself in a number of papers submitted to the Institution of Civil Engineers. He died after being accidentally poisoned by an over dose of morphine by his nurse.

Early life
Born in Gravesend, Kent on 14 July 1806, he was the son of Colonel William Gravatt, the Assistant Inspector of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. At age 15, his father negotiated an apprenticeship to mechanical engineer Bryan Donkin. During this period he met and became friends with John Smeaton, Edward Troughton and Dr. George Wollaston.

Career
Gravatt joined the Institution of Civil Engineers as an Associate in 1826, and in 1828 was elected a member, following his proposal based on the "curve of sines" for use on defining track transition curves on railways. In 1832 he became a FelIow of the Royal Society, and a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Thames Tunnel

Before he finished his apprenticeship, Gravatt successfully interviewed with Sir Marc Isambard Brunel, and was given a job as a supervisor on the Thames Tunnel.

On 27 June 1827, after the tunnel flooded, Isambard Kingdom Brunel forbade anyone from entering the workings. However, company directors Robert Marten and Richard Harris insisted Gravatt take them in to inspect the damage, accompanied by two miners as crew for a dinghy. Whilst in the workings, Marten attempted to move forward in the dinghy, and after striking his head on the tunnel, tipped the boat over in  of water. Only Gravatt and miner Dowling could swim, and after rescuing Marten and Harris, Gravatt was joined by Brunel in the search underwater for the second miner Richardson. Joined by officials from the Humane Society, they eventually recovered the body with a drag-line. On 5 March 1828, silver medals were voted by the Royal Humane Society to Brunel and Gravatt "for having hazarded their own lives to preserve those of their fellow-creatures."

Calder and Hebble Navigation

In 1832 during a break in work on the Thames Tunnel due to water ingress, Donkin recommended Gravatt as Engineer to the Calder and Hebble Navigation. Gravatt resultantly designed the arches for several bridges, using a solid iron-plate inverted arched chain above the platform, creating the forerunner of the suspension bridge. However, early in the start of construction Gravatt was dismissed on grounds of experience. He was replaced by William Bull.

Works with Isambard Kingdom Brunel
Commissioned by Mr. H.R. Palmer in examining the original scheme for the South Eastern Railway's route from London to Dover, during the works Gravatt devised the more transportable dumpy level, which is now universally employed.

In 1834, he was employed by Brunel on a number of works. His major project was to survey the Taff Vale Railway, from Cardiff to Merthyr Tydfil and onwards to Dowlais. He was also asked to design several bridges for both the mainline and extensions to the Great Western Railway.

In 1835, Brunel appointed Gravatt superintendent of the  of surveys for the Act of Parliament for the Bristol and Exeter Railway. With Brunel subsequently appointed Chief construction engineer, he appointed Gravatt supervisor for the section between Bristol and White Ball, Somerset, with William Froude supervising the section from White Ball to Exeter, Devon. Brunel himself was in charge of the design of White Ball Tunnel. Through having from the outset deployed his own "curve of sines" mathematical theorem in his original surveys, the final laid operational lines did not deviate from the original drawings by more than .

In 1835, Brunel was appointed to improve navigation on the River Parrett from Westport to Langport, Somerset. After gaining passage of their Act of Parliament in 1836, on Brunel's recommendation, the newly incorporated Parrett Navigation Company engaged Gravatt as their engineer on the Westport Canal in June 1836. His Great Bow Bridge of 1840 at Langport still survives.

Fallout with Brunel, Railway Mania losses
Although by 1839 Gravatt's northern engineering team had been delayed in reaching Bridgwater after legal difficulties in the company purchasing land, their remaining section between Bridgwater and Taunton had resulted in Brunel and Gravatt arguing over the most suitable route over the soft clay plains of the Somerset Levels and the River Tone. With mixed instructions given to the private contractors, bridges were sinking into the soft soil, and costs were escalating above budget. In mid 1841, Brunel revealed to the shareholders that he was about to dismiss his entire northern engineering team, although Froude was the son of major B&ER shareholder R.H. Froude, the Archdeacon of Totnes. Brunel wrote to Gravatt on 18 June 1841 stating that he had lost confidence in him, forcing his resignation; he was replaced by John Joseph Macdonnell. The Bristol to Bridgwater section of the B&ER was opened to traffic on 14 June 1841, and on 30 June through running on the GWR between London and Bristol began.

Gravatt subsequently resurrected his reputation by designing and being appointed superintended for the St. Philip's drawbridge, Bristol, which itself was replaced again in 1868. But post this period, although appointed Chief engineer on a number of proposed railway projects during the early Railway Mania period of 1845–6, as an investor he lost a great deal of money when many were never constructed.

Craig telescope

Returning to London, in 1850 Gravatt was selected by the Reverend John Craig to design and construct the Craig telescope. Living in an apartment at 34 Parliament Street, his neighbours included the portrait photographer Richard Beard, who in 1852 came to take pictures of the instrument for the Illustrated London News. Designed as a great refractor, it was a refracting telescope with an achromatic doublet, giving an aperture of . The doublet was made with flint glass by Chance Brothers, and plate glass by Thames Plate Glass Company. Gravatt designed the mounting himself, built on Wandsworth Common, featuring a  tall brick tower with a  long telescope tube, built by Messrs Rennie.

The eventual Craig telescope was the largest refracting telescope (a telescope with a lens) in the world from 1852. However, it had a problem with its lens figuring starting from its first light in the summer of 1852. It quickly fell into disuse, and was dismantled in 1857.

Difference engine

When Per Georg Scheutz brought his Difference engine to London in 1854, Gravatt engaged its inventor in conversation. His knowledge allowed Gravatt to commission a copy from Donkin, which was sent to Somerset House. From 1855 he gave lectures on the machine to professional audiences, including the Royal Society attended by Prince Albert, and followed this with lectures at the International Exposition in Paris. Gravatt then worked with the Registrar-General to establish public faith in the machine, by quickly calculating specimens of logarithmic and other tables. For his services rendered to science, he was elected Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Institution of Civil Engineers
Gravatt became involved in a number of key and controversial discussions at the Institution of Civil Engineers. These included the theory of the jet-propeller, and the laying of submerged telegraphic cables based on his "curve of sines" theorem. Gravatt published on the subject on numerous occasions, including a paper written after a discussion on Messrs. Longridge and Brooks' Paper at the Institution in February 1858.

During his career, Gravatt collected a number of gifts, including: a pair of calipers made by Troughton; Donkin's chronometer by Hardy; a specimen of Babbage's original difference engine. He left them all in his will to the Institution.

Death
While ill in bed at his home in Westminster, on 30 May 1866, Gravatt was accidentally poisoned by an overdose of morphine, given inadvertently by his longtime nurse. A later coroner's inquest cleared her of any cause in Gravatt's death, recording a cause of accidental death.

References

People from Gravesend, Kent
19th-century British inventors
Bridge engineers
People of the Industrial Revolution
British railway pioneers
British railway civil engineers
Great Western Railway people
British scientific instrument makers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Accidental deaths in England
1806 births
1866 deaths

William Gravatt


The Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA) is the government agency of Tanzania, charged with the responsibility of managing the assessment, collection and accounting of all central government revenue in Tanzania.

History
Tanzania adopted and periodically reformed the colonial tax systems starting with the poll tax which was introduced by the British in the early 20th century. Reforms that were done post-colonial era include introduction of sales tax in 1969, enacting of new income tax legislation in 1973, amendment of the existing tax legislation to revise the tax bases and rates, abolition of some excise duty in 1979 and export duty in 1985/86, re-introduction of previously abolished excise duty in 1989.

In recognition of the continued poor functioning of the tax system and the need to look at the tax system as a whole, the Government appointed a Tax Commission in October 1989. The Commission's primary task was to study and review the central and local government tax system and its administration, and make recommendations to the government. Specifically, it was to recommend changes to the existing tax system to widen the tax base, enhance revenue collections, and promote greater efficiency of production in the economy. The Commission's report was presented to the Government in December 1991.

The commission recommended, among other things, broadening of tax bases by taxing fringe benefits and improve compliance by more effective enforcement, reduction of individuals' and companies' income tax rates and apply the rates on broader bases, making adjustments for the effects of inflation, replace a multiple-rate structure of sales and excise taxes by a value-added-tax (VAT) and a limited number of excises on traditional excisable goods and luxury items, simplifying the customs duties by reducing the number of rates, and reducing exemptions from both customs and sales taxes.

This "low-rate, broad-base" strategy was considered to be more consistent in practice with both efficient resource allocation and equity than the "high-rate, narrow-base" pattern that had dominated the Tanzanian tax system in the past.

Current Tax Regime
Basically Taxation in Tanzania is in form  two types of taxes. Each type is classified according to the legal and effective incidence to the final payer. These two types are direct and indirect taxes.

Direct taxes
These are taxes levied directly on people's income from employment, business or ownership of property and an investment. The impact and incidence of the tax falls on the same person i.e. incidence cannot be shifted to another person e.g. Corporate tax, Pay-as-you-earn tax (PAYE) and withholding taxes.

Corporation Tax
This is a tax, which is paid from corporate profits. Companies or entities have to prepare final accounts, which must be approved by authorized Auditors, and Accountants recognized by both NBAA and TRA. These accounts are submitted to TRA on the prescribed accounting date. All companies whether resident or non-resident are required by the Income Tax laws to file an estimate of income within three months after the start of its accounting year. The firm is supposed to pay tax based on four installments. Six months after the accounting period, the firm must file a final tax return to TRA. The current corporation tax rate is 30% and 10% for new assemblers of vehicles, tractors and fishing boats for the initial 5 years from commencement of operation. Income of companies newly listed on the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange (DSE) is taxed at 25% for three consecutive years. Income of new manufacturers of pharmaceutical or leather products having performance agreements with Tanzania's government is taxed at 20% for the first five years.

Individual Income Tax
Individuals include sole traders and salaried people who are taxed at progressive individual income tax rate, which varies from the lowest marginal rate of 8% to the top marginal rate of 30%. However, for a non-resident individual the applicable rate is 20%, which is charged on the total income. The table below shows the current resident individuals tax rates. Sole traders are also required by the law to file estimate of income within 3 months of the new accounting year. they are taxed based on presumptive tax system, where the tax payable on estimates depends on annual turnover/sales, and not profit.

Indirect taxes
These are taxes, which are based on consumption. Examples of such taxes are like Import Duty, Excise Duty, and Value Added Tax (VAT), etc. By definition the legal incidence of the tax falls on the trader who acts as a collection agent of the government while the effective incidence falls on the final consumer of goods or services who eventually pays the tax.

Value Added Tax (VAT)
Value Added Tax is a consumption tax charged by VAT registered traders on all taxable goods and services at a standard rate of 18%. The VAT is a multistage tax levied at each stage of production and distribution up to the retail stage. The tax is also levied on taxable imports made by persons whether or not registered for VAT. All exports are zero rated (0%).

VAT Registration requirements

1. All traders or businesses whose taxable turnover exceeds TSh 200 millions per annum or 100 million in period of six months ending at the end of the previous months.

2. Professional service providers such as accountants, lawyers, engineers, and related consultancies irrespective of their turnover registered under laws of the United Republic of Tanzania.

all the above are obliged to apply for registration to the Commissioner for Domestic Revenue within thirty (30) days of becoming liable to make such application.

Application for VAT registration is done by filling the application form online or manually and TRA inspect the business site before approving any registration. One registered, the taxpayer is required to submit monthly VAT returns either with payment, repayment or a nil return before 20th of the month following the month of business.

Some persons and institutions are relieved from the payment of VAT on supplies or on importation of taxable goods and services, while some goods services are specifically exempted from VAT.

Compliance requirements
The compliance requirements are of two kinds. The first is filing of returns and the second is payment of the tax. In most cases, the deadlines for payment of taxes fall on the same date that the respective return is due.

Filing of returns and payment of taxes

1. Statement of Estimated Tax Payable by Instalment (SETPI)
A taxpayer is expected to self-assess and submit his potential income for the year ahead on or before 31st March. They are expected to pay the tax they have self-assed by four equal instalments on or before 31st March, 30th June, 30th September and 31st December.

2. Return of Income
The Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA) requires taxpayers in Tanzania to file their "return of income" each year before the 30th of June. The return of income is a document that taxpayers must submit to the tax authority, providing details about their income, deductions, and taxes owed for the specific financial year. It includes information about various sources of income, allowable deductions, and credits that help calculate the final tax liability or potential refund. Filing the return on time and accurately is crucial to avoid penalties and comply with Tanzania's tax regulations.

3. Statement and Payment of Tax Withheld for Employees
Every month an employer is expected to withhold tax from the taxable salaries paid to the employees. A return related to this tax should be filed on or before 7th day of the following month. Filing of the return is obligatory irrespective of the fact that the taxpayer have any tax liability or not.

See also
List of countries by tax rates
List of countries by tax revenue as percentage of GDP

References

External links
Tanzania Revenue Authority
Income Tax Calculator
Ministry of Finance
Taxation System in Tanzania

Income taxes

Taxation in Tanzania