Enrique Beltrán Castillo (1903–1994) was one of Mexico's first conservationists. A student of Alfonso Herrera at the UNAM in the 1920s, Beltrán was appointed by Herrera "to head two marine commissions (in 1923 and 1926), that were established to study and improve the use of Mexico's coastal fisheries."

In 1932, Beltrán received a Guggenheim Fellowship "to consult oceanographic archives in the United States and to study protozoology at Columbia University."

After completing his doctorate in zoology at Columbia, from 1939-52 Beltrán headed the Department of Protozoology at Mexico's Institute of Health and Tropical Diseases.

With assistance from the Charles Lathrop Pack Forestry Foundation, in 1952, Beltrán founded the Mexican Institute of Renewable Natural Resources (Instituto Mexicano de Recursos Naturales Renovables, or IMERNAR), one of Mexico's first conservation organizations, serving as its director.

In 1966, he received a medal of honor from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Marcotullio, Peter and Gordon McGranahan. 2007. Scaling urban environmental challenges: from local to global and back. United Kingdom: Earthscan. Available: books
 Simonian, Lane. 1995. Defending the Land of the Jaguar: A History of Conservation in Mexico. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. Available:  Google books.

1903 births
1994 deaths
Nature conservation in Mexico
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Columbia University alumni
People associated with the International Union for Conservation of Nature
Marine conservation
Mexican biologists
20th-century biologists

Enrique Beltrán


Craig Morgan Greer (born July 17, 1964) is an American country music artist. A veteran of the United States Army as a forward observer and current member of the United States Army Reserve, Morgan began his musical career in 2000 on Atlantic Records, releasing his self-titled debut album for that label before the closure of its Nashville division in 2000. In 2002, Morgan signed to the independent Broken Bow Records, on which he released three studio albums: 2003's I Love It, 2005's My Kind of Livin', and 2006's Little Bit of Life. These produced several chart hits, including "That's What I Love About Sunday", which spent four weeks at the top of the Billboard country charts while also holding the No. 1 position on that year's Billboard Year-End chart for the country format. A greatest hits package followed in mid-2008 before Morgan signed to BNA Records and released That's Why later that same year. After exiting BNA, Morgan signed with Black River Entertainment and released This Ole Boy in 2012, followed by A Whole Lot More to Me in 2016.

Morgan has charted seventeen times on the Billboard country charts. Besides "That's What I Love About Sunday", six more of his singles have reached that chart's top ten: "Almost Home", "Redneck Yacht Club", "Little Bit of Life", "International Harvester", "Love Remembers", and "Bonfire".

Biography

Craig Morgan Greer was born in Kingston Springs, Tennessee, on July 17, 1964. He became an emergency medical technician at age 18. He served on active duty for nine and a half years in the US Army as a member of the 101st and 82nd Airborne Divisions and remained in the reserves for another six and a half years. On July 29, 2023 Morgan re-enlisted in the US Army Reserve while on stage at the Grand Ole Opry. The oath of enlistment was administered by Gen. Andrew Poppas, commander of the United States Army Forces Command while Command Sergeant Major Todd Sims and Senator Marsha Blackburn stood by him on stage. It was in fact Senator Blackburn who played a key role in Morgan's re-enlistment.

Musical career
Upon his return home to Tennessee, he worked various jobs to support his family, including as a construction worker, a security guard and a Wal-Mart employee. He would later land a job in Nashville singing demos for other songwriters and publishing companies. The demos led to releasing his first album with Atlantic Records, the self-titled Craig Morgan in 2000. It produced three singles including "Something to Write Home About", which reached number 39 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts. The album was produced by Buddy Cannon and Norro Wilson, with co-writing credits from Cannon, Bill Anderson and Harley Allen among others. The album's final track, "I Wish I Could See Bakersfield", included a recitation from Merle Haggard. Country Standard Time critic Jon Weisberger gave the album a mixed review, saying that Morgan had a strong singing voice but that most of the songs were "by-the-numbers". Jim Patterson of The Ledger said that lead-off single "Something to Write Home About" was "pedestrian", but that the rest of the album was "an uncommonly assured hard-country effort". Late in the year, Morgan charted a Christmas single entitled "The Kid in Me". Morgan left Atlantic Records in early 2001 when the label closed its Nashville branch, but said that he was not afraid of his musical future because he still had a publishing contract at the time.

2002–2004: I Love It
In 2002, Morgan signed with Broken Bow Records. The label released his second album, I Love It, in March 2003. Leading off this album was "God, Family and Country", a song dedicated to former Nashville session drummer Randy Hardison, with backing vocals from the group 4 Runner. It peaked at number 49 on the country charts. Following this song was Morgan's second Top 40 hit, "Almost Home". The song originally fell off the Hot Country Songs charts from a peak position of number 33. However, it experienced an unexpected increase in airplay after falling off the charts, so it was reinstated at the number 25 position three weeks later. After re-entering the charts, the song went on to a new peak position of number six on Hot Country Songs, also reaching number 59 on the Billboard Hot 100. In addition, it won Morgan and co-writer Kerry Kurt Phillips a Song of the Year award from Broadcast Music Incorporated. The album's next two singles, "Every Friday Afternoon" and "Look at Us", both reached the country top 30. By 2004, the album had sold more than 300,000 copies, and its success was cited by Billboard as the beginning of a new wave of commercial success among independently signed country music artists. Rick Cohoon of Allmusic gave I Love It four stars out of five, saying that Morgan's songwriting was "well-crafted" and that his service in the Army justified the patriotic themes of "God, Family and Country". Jeffrey B. Remz of Country Standard Time commended the album for maintaining a neotraditionalist country sound, but said that the ballads were "generic".

2005–2006: My Kind of Livin
Morgan released his third album, My Kind of Livin', in 2004. It included eight songs that he co-wrote, and guest vocals from John Conlee and Brad Paisley on "Blame Me". The first single release, "That's What I Love About Sunday", became his only No. 1 on the country charts, spending four weeks in that position while also reaching No. 51 on the Hot 100. It was also the first No. 1 single for the Broken Bow label, as well as the first independently distributed single to top the country charts in five years, and the first such single to spend multiple weeks at that position since The Kendalls' "Heaven's Just a Sin Away" in 1977. "That's What I Love About Sunday" also placed at No. 1 on that year's Billboard Year-End charts for the country format.

The album's next single, "Redneck Yacht Club", reached No. 2 on the country charts and accounted for his highest peak on the Hot 100, where it went to 45. After it came "I Got You". Morgan wrote this song while on tour with Keith Urban, with the intention of having Urban record it, but decided to keep it for himself after recording a demo of it. My Kind of Livin was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipping 500,000 copies, and "Redneck Yacht Club" received a gold single certification for 500,000 music downloads. Chris Willman of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B rating, saying in his review that "Morgan's is an idealized Kind of Americana, to be sure. But at least he provides enough writerly detail to avoid setting off smarm alarms." Country Standard Time reviewer Jeffrey B. Remz was generally favorable in his review, saying that Morgan has "a strong voice" and "a number of quality songs", but his review criticized the album's "big and clean" production.

2006–2008: Little Bit of Life and Greatest Hits

His third and final album for Broken Bow, Little Bit of Life, was issued in 2006. Morgan and O'Donnell co-produced the album with Keith Stegall, a record producer known for his work with Alan Jackson, and Morgan co-wrote four of its eleven songs. The label shipped more than 200,000 copies of the album in its first week, and made special exclusive releases for retailers such as Target and Walmart. Three singles were issued: the title track, "Tough", and "International Harvester", all of which made the Hot Country Songs charts. Kevin Oliver of Country Standard Time commended the album's neotraditionalist sound and called Morgan "a classic country singer" but said that, beyond the title track and "Tough", "the traditional sound is mostly wasted." Billboard reviewer Deborah Evans Price gave "Tough" a positive review, praising Morgan's "strong, warm voice" and calling the song "yet another gem" from the album. A greatest hits package followed in February 2008, shortly before his departure from Broken Bow.

2008–2010: That's Why
On September 18, 2008, Morgan was invited by John Conlee to become a member of the Grand Ole Opry. Conlee formally inducted him as a member during the October 25, 2008, edition of the Opry. Although it had been first announced that Morgan would sign to Big Machine Records' sister label Valory Music Group, he instead signed to BNA Records, a division of Sony BMG Nashville. His first album for the label, That's Why, was released in October 2008. Its first single, "Love Remembers", became his sixth top ten hit by early 2009, but follow-up "God Must Really Love Me" peaked at number 26. BNA re-issued the album in May 2009, replacing two of its tracks with the newly recorded "Bonfire" and "This Ain't Nothin'". The former was released that month as the album's third single, also reaching top ten. In October 2009, the music video for "God Must Really Love Me" won Video of the Year from the Inspirational Country Music Awards. In early 2010, "This Ain't Nothin'" was released as the album's fourth single. It became a top 20 country hit by year's end. Stephen Thomas Erlewine criticized the album for having "uninspired" material, but praised Morgan's "cured country croon". In a more favorable review, Country Standard Time wrote that the songs were "simple but profoundly observant" and compared Morgan's singing voice to Randy Travis. Morgan's last single for BNA, "Still a Little Chicken Left on That Bone", was released in October 2010. The song peaked at number 37 on the country music charts in January 2011. A month later, he left the label.

2011–2015: This Ole Boy, The Journey (Livin' Hits)
On April 1, 2011, Morgan signed with Black River Entertainment. Two months later, he sang guest vocals on Colt Ford's single "She Likes to Ride in Trucks". Morgan's first release for Black River was "This Ole Boy", a song co-written by The Peach Pickers (Rhett Akins, Dallas Davidson, and Ben Hayslip) that also appears on Joe Nichols' 2011 album It's All Good. The song is the title track to Morgan's first Black River album, This Ole Boy, which was released on February 28, 2012. The title track was a Top 20 hit for Morgan on the Hot Country Songs chart. After it, "Corn Star" failed to make Top 40, while "More Trucks Than Cars" reached top 30. In July 2013, Morgan released "Wake Up Lovin' You", the first single from his second compilation album The Journey (Livin' Hits). Morgan canceled several shows in May 2014 due to surgical complications for torn tendons in his shoulders.

2015–present: A Whole Lot More to Me
The lead single to Morgan's third album for Black River Entertainment, "When I'm Gone", was released to digital retailers on September 18, 2015, and to radio on September 21, 2015. The song peaked at number 48 on the Billboard Country Airplay chart. The album, A Whole Lot More to Me, was released on June 3, 2016.

In 2019, Morgan released a new single called "The Father, My Son, and the Holy Ghost," written about the grief he experiences after his son Jerry's death at the age of 19. Upon hearing the song, Blake Shelton started a campaign on Twitter to help boost the song's chart position. Following this song's release, Morgan was re-signed to Broken Bow for distribution of the single.

Personal life
Morgan is married to wife Karen with whom he has five children: daughters Marisa and Alexandra and sons Kyle, Jerry, and Wyatt. He and his family currently reside in Dickson, Tennessee. In February 2011, Morgan rescued two young children from a burning house in Dickson, Tennessee, and helped put out the fire using a fire hose. On April 23, 2011, Morgan became an honorary initiate of the Delta Theta chapter of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity. On July 10, 2016, Morgan's son, Jerry Greer, went missing after falling off an inner tube in Kentucky Lake on the Tennessee River. His body was recovered one day later. He was 19 years old.

Charitable efforts
Morgan frequently performs at military bases both in the U.S. and abroad and on USO tours. He was awarded the 2006 USO Merit Award for his tireless support of US soldiers and their families. Having served in the military, Morgan told American Songwriter Magazine, "Because I have been there, I can appreciate that and have the ability to communicate with them a little differently." Morgan has been active in raising money for the Special operations warrior foundation. Morgan has an annual two-day charity (Craig Morgan Charity Fund) for Billy's Place. The most recent, and fifth one, was held in Dickson, Tennessee, on August 6–7, 2011. The event raised more than $95,000. Morgan came up with the idea for Billy's Place while serving as an assistant Dickson County sheriff's deputy from 1995 to 1996. Through the Craig Morgan Charity Fund, Morgan plans to provide lasting funding to the home.

Discography

Albums
Craig Morgan (2000)
I Love It (2003)
My Kind of Livin' (2005)
Little Bit of Life (2006)
Greatest Hits (2008)
That's Why (2008)
This Ole Boy (2012)
The Journey (Livin' Hits) (2013)
A Whole Lot More to Me (2016)
God, Family, Country (2020)
Top ten singles (U.S. Hot Country Songs)
"Almost Home" (No. 6, 2003)
"That's What I Love About Sunday" (No. 1, 2004–2005)
"Redneck Yacht Club" (No. 2, 2005)
"Little Bit of Life" (No. 7, 2006–2007)
"International Harvester" (No. 10, 2007–2008)
"Love Remembers" (No. 9, 2008)
"Bonfire" (No. 4, 2009)

References

External links

1964 births
American country singer-songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
Atlantic Records artists
BNA Records artists
BBR Music Group artists
Grand Ole Opry members
Living people
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee
Black River Entertainment artists
United States Army soldiers
People from Dickson, Tennessee
Country musicians from Tennessee
Participants in American reality television series

Craig Morgan


Henning Filip Hjulström (6 October 1902 – 26 March 1982) was a Swedish geographer. Hjulström was professor of geography at Uppsala University from 1944, and in 1949, when the subject of geography was split, he became professor of Physical Geography.

Filip Hjulström's doctoral thesis, "The River Fyris", contained one of the first quantitative studies of geomorphological processes ever published. It was a study of sediment transport and soil erosion in the drainage area of the river Fyrisån, based on a daily water sample that he took as he passed on the way to the department, and analyzed for suspended sediment content. His students followed in the same vein, making quantitative studies of mass transport (Anders Rapp), fluvial transport (Åke Sundborg), delta deposition (Valter Axelsson), and coastal processes (John O. Norrman). This developed into "the Uppsala School of Physical Geography".

Hjulström is most known for creating the Hjulström curve, which describes the thresholds for erosion and deposition of particles in running water.

Family

Hjulström's son Lennart Hjulström went on to become a notable Swedish actor that had two children with Ulla (née Söderdal), Niklas Hjulström and Carin Hjulström, also actors. Lennart also had a child, Hannah Nyroos with his current wife, Gunilla Nyroos, an actress.

References

External links
Filip Hjulström (Swedish)

Swedish geographers
1902 births
1982 deaths
Process geomorphologists
Academic staff of Uppsala University
Swedish geomorphologists
Swedish hydrologists
Sedimentologists
20th-century geographers
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

Filip Hjulström


Philip Showalter Hench (February 28, 1896 – March 30, 1965) was an American physician.  Hench won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1950. He won the award along with his Mayo Clinic co-worker Edward Calvin Kendall and Swiss chemist Tadeus Reichstein . They won it for finding the hormone cortisone and its use for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis."

Hench went to university at Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania. He was trained as a physician at the United States Army Medical Corps and the University of Pittsburgh.  Hench began working at Mayo Clinic in 1923. He later became the head of the Department of Rheumatology.

Early life and education
He attended Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania. At Lafayette, he earned his Bachelor of Arts in 1916. After that, he served in the Medical Corps of the U.S. Army and the reserve corps to finish his medical training. He got a doctorate in medicine from the University of Pittsburgh in 1920.  After getting his medical degree, Hench spent a year as an intern at St. Francis Hospital in Pittsburgh. Next, he became a Fellow of the Mayo Foundation.

In 1928 and 1929, Hench studied at Freiburg University and the von Müller Clinic in Munich.

Medical career
Hench started his career at Mayo Clinic in 1923. He worked in the Department of Rheumatic Diseases. In 1926, he became the head of the department.  While at Mayo Clinic, Hench worked mainly on arthritic diseases. This lead him to believe that steroids lessened the pain caused by the disease.  During this time, biochemist Edward Calvin Kendall has found several steroids created by the adrenal gland cortex.  After several years of work, Hench and Kendall decided to use one of these steroids on patients with rheumatoid arthritis.  Testing of the hypothesis was delayed because the synthesis of Compound E was costly and time-consuming, and Hench served in the military during World War II. The tests were conducted successfully in 1948 and 1949.  The steroid they used was named Compound E at the time. It later become known as cortisone.

Hench, Kendall and Swiss chemist Tadeus Reichstein won the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects."  As of the 2010 prizes, Hench and Kendall are the only two Nobel winners who worked with Mayo Clinic.
During his career, Hench was one of the founding members of the American Rheumatism Association. He was its president in 1940 and 1941.

Hench also got the Heberdeen Medal (1942), the Lasker Award (1949), the Passano Foundation Award (1950), and the Criss Award.  Lafayette College, Washington and Jefferson College, Western Reserve University, the National University of Ireland and the University of Pittsburgh gave Hench honorary doctorates.

References

Other websites
Nobel Biography
Biography

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
American Nobel Prize winners
American physicians
Scientists from Pittsburgh
1896 births
1965 deaths

Philip Showalter Hench


The National Higher Education Entrance Examination, or the Gaokao, is the People's Republic of China's national-level university entrance exam. All high school students in China must take the Gaokao in their last year of school, and much of their time in high school is spent preparing to take the exam. Like many other Asian countries, such as Japan, South Korea, and India, the Gaokao has been well-known internationally for being a very difficult exam because many students do not get a high enough score to attend university in China.

The required subjects are mathematics, Chinese and English, and the full score of each three subjects is 150 points. For the remaining subjects, there are two choices: the liberal arts comprehensive are history, geography and politics, with a score of 100 for each subject; The science subjects include physics, chemistry and biology, with 100 points for each subject. Students are allowed to choose between science and liberal arts based on their level of study, and each student scored a maximum of 750. Although two kinds of choice means brought the power that examinee learns, but in China, the obtain employment of liberal arts living is more difficult than science living, the score of the university entrance exam also is lower than science living, so the examinee that chooses science department is much more than the examinee that chooses liberal arts.

In the national college entrance examination in June 2018, 9.75 million people took the exam, which shows the great pressure of competition. It is a pity that many people are ruined on their way to university just because of one failure in the exam. One of the disadvantages of Chinese education is that it only takes one exam to select talents. However, because there are too many references, the nation can only select talents through examinations. Facts have proved that this selection method still has some merits.
Colleges and universities in the People's Republic of China

Examinations


Gordon College, also known as Dalubhasaang Gordon in Filipino, is a local government-funded college in Olongapo City, Philippines. It was founded on February 24, 1999, by virtue of City Ordinance No. 9, and is composed of four constituent colleges: College of Computer Studies, College of Business and Accountancy, College of Education, and College of Allied Health and Sciences. Other academic units include the Department of Vocational Technology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Center for Research and Development, and Institute of Graduate Studies.

Academic programs

Graduate Studies
Master of Arts in Nursing
Master of Arts in Education major in Educational Management
Master in Business Management
Master in Public Management

Undergraduate Courses
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Bachelor of Elementary Education
Bachelor of Secondary Education
Major in:
English
Mathematics
Biological Science
Social Studies
Music, Arts and Physical Education (MAPE)
Filipino
Bachelor of Arts in Communication
Bachelor of Science in Accountancy (5 years)
Bachelor of Science in Accounting Technology (4 years)
Bachelor of Science in Customs Administration
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration (formerly Business Management)
Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management (4 years)
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management (4 Years)
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
Associate in Computer Technology (2 years)
Graduate of Midwifery

K-12 Curriculum
 Senior High School

See also
 Alculympics
 Association of Local Colleges and Universities
 Pamantasan

External links

 City Report of Olongapo
 olongapocity.gov.ph

Local colleges and universities in the Philippines
Universities and colleges in Olongapo

Gordon College (Philippines)


Chickenhead (Csirkefej) is a Hungarian tragedy in 16 acts written by György Spiró in 1985. The background of the play is the ever so bleak realism of the socialist Hungary in the '80s: An old woman gets killed in a rural apartment building after they had killed her cat.

The title of the play refers in the first instance to the chicken heads that an old woman feeds to her cat. However, it can also be taken to refer more broadly to the obtuse behaviour of the main characters in the play. The play is an odd mixture of pathos and nihilism, written against the bleak background of Stalinist totalitarianism from which Hungary was emerging. As with much modern drama, there is no hero in the play. The only noble behaviour that one can find belongs to one of the characters in the past, when he was a child, but he is no longer as he was. The hint that what once existed might be achieved again is the only faint ray of hope in a very bleak view of the human condition.

References
Chickenhead, full script, from the Hungarian Electronic Library.

Plays by György Spiró
Hungarian plays
1985 plays

Chickenhead (play)


Edon Lulzim Zhegrova (born 31 March 1999) is a professional footballer who plays as a right winger for Ligue 1 club Lille. Born in Germany, he represents the Kosovo national team.

Club career

Early career
Zhegrova is a product of youth team systems of the different Kosovan and Belgian sides. In 2012, he was chosen as the best player of the Milan Junior Camp which was held in Kosovo.

Genk
On 22 March 2017, Zhegrova joined Belgian First Division A side Genk. On 10 September 2017, he made his debut in a 1–1 away draw against Gent after coming on as a substitute in the 80th minute in place of Ruslan Malinovskyi.

Basel

Period on loan
On 4 February 2019, Genk announced the loan of Zhegrova to Swiss Super League side Basel. On the same day later, the Swiss club confirmed that he had joined on a one and a half season loan contract and received squad number 30. On 23 February 2019, he made his debut in a 2–0 away win against Neuchâtel Xamax after coming on as a substitute in the 83rd minute in place of Valentin Stocker. He scored his first goal for his new club on 25 September 2019 in the home match in the St. Jakob Stadium against Zürich as Basel won 4–0. It was the third goal of the game.

Return as a permanent player
On 22 September 2020, Zhegrova signed a three-year contract with Swiss Super League club Basel and received squad number 30. Five days later, he made his debut in a 1–0 away win against Servette after being named in the starting line-up. Seven days after debut, Zhegrova scored his first goal for Basel in his third appearance for the club in a 3–2 home win over Luzern in Swiss Super League.

On 14 January the club announced that Zhegrova had transferred out and signed for French team Lille OSC for undisclosed fee. During his three years with the club from January 2019 to January 2022 Zhegrova played a total of 89 games for Basel scoring a total of 15 goals. 60 of these games were in the Swiss Super League, 3 in the Swiss Cup, 11 in the Europa League and Conference League and 15 were friendly games. He scored 9 goals in the domestic league, 2 in the Conference League and the other 4 were scored during the test games.

Lille
On 14 January 2022, Zhegrova signed a four-year contract with Ligue 1 club Lille and received squad number 23. Lille reportedly paid a €7 million transfer fee. Eight days later, he was named as a Lille substitute for the first time in a league match against Brest. His debut with Lille came on 6 February in a 1–5 home defeat against Paris Saint-Germain after coming on as a substitute in the 85th minute in place of Jonathan Bamba. One month after debut, Zhegrova scored his first goal for Lille in his fourth appearance for the club in a 4–0 home win over Clermont in Ligue 1.

International career
He had the option to represent Albania being an ethnic Albanian, but decided to represent Kosovo. In August 2017, Zhegrova refused a call-up from Kosovo U21 with the pretense that it's important for him to concentrate on playing at the club level for now. On 6 March 2018, he finally decides to play with Kosovo. Thirteen days later, Zhegrova received a call-up from Kosovo for friendly matches against Madagascar and Burkina Faso. Five days after the call-up, he made his debut with Kosovo in a friendly match against Madagascar after being named in the starting line-up and scored his side's only goal during a 1–0 home win.

Personal life
Zhegrova was born in Herford, Germany to Kosovo Albanian parents from the village Dobrajë e Madhe of Lipjan, which later would be his temporary residence after his family returned to Kosovo's capital, Pristina, after the end of Kosovo War. Zhegrova's younger sister, Valza is a singer.

Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Kosovo's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Zhegrova goal.

References

External links

1999 births
Living people
People from Lipljan
Kosovan men's footballers
Kosovo men's international footballers
Kosovan expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Kosovan expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
Kosovan expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Kosovan expatriate sportspeople in France
Men's association football wingers
Belgian Pro League players
K.R.C. Genk players
Swiss Super League players
FC Basel players
Ligue 1 players
Lille OSC players

Edon Zhegrova


A comparison sort is a type of sorting algorithm that only reads the list elements through a single abstract comparison operation (often a "less than or equal to" operator or a three-way comparison) that determines which of two elements should occur first in the final sorted list. The only requirement is that the operator forms a total preorder over the data, with:
 if a ≤ b and b ≤ c then a ≤ c (transitivity)
 for all a and b, a ≤ b or b ≤ a (connexity).

It is possible that both a ≤ b and b ≤ a; in this case either may come first in the sorted list. In a stable sort, the input order determines the sorted order in this case.

A metaphor for thinking about comparison sorts is that someone has a set of unlabelled weights and a balance scale. Their goal is to line up the weights in order by their weight without any information except that obtained by placing two weights on the scale and seeing which one is heavier (or if they weigh the same).

Examples

Some of the most well-known comparison sorts include:
Quicksort
Heapsort
Shellsort
Merge sort
Introsort
Insertion sort
Selection sort
Bubble sort
Odd–even sort
Cocktail shaker sort
Cycle sort
Merge-insertion sort
Smoothsort
Timsort
Block sort

Performance limits and advantages of different sorting techniques

There are fundamental limits on the performance of comparison sorts. A comparison sort must have an average-case lower bound of Ω(n log n) comparison operations, which is known as linearithmic time. This is a consequence of the limited information available through comparisons alone — or, to put it differently, of the vague algebraic structure of totally ordered sets. In this sense, mergesort, heapsort, and introsort are asymptotically optimal in terms of the number of comparisons they must perform, although this metric neglects other operations. Non-comparison sorts (such as the examples discussed below) can achieve O(n) performance by using operations other than comparisons, allowing them to sidestep this lower bound (assuming elements are constant-sized).

Comparison sorts may run faster on some lists; many adaptive sorts such as insertion sort run in O(n) time on an already-sorted or nearly-sorted list. The Ω(n log n) lower bound applies only to the case in which the input list can be in any possible order.

Real-world measures of sorting speed may need to take into account the ability of some algorithms to optimally use relatively fast cached computer memory, or the application may benefit from sorting methods where sorted data begins to appear to the user quickly (and then user's speed of reading will be the limiting factor) as opposed to sorting methods where no output is available until the whole list is sorted.

Despite these limitations, comparison sorts offer the notable practical advantage that control over the comparison function allows sorting of many different datatypes and fine control over how the list is sorted. For example, reversing the result of the comparison function allows the list to be sorted in reverse; and one can sort a list of tuples in lexicographic order by just creating a comparison function that compares each part in sequence:
 function tupleCompare((lefta, leftb, leftc), (righta, rightb, rightc))
     if lefta ≠ righta
         return compare(lefta, righta)
     else if leftb ≠ rightb
         return compare(leftb, rightb)
     else
         return compare(leftc, rightc)

Comparison sorts generally adapt more easily to complex orders such as the order of floating-point numbers. Additionally, once a comparison function is written, any comparison sort can be used without modification; non-comparison sorts typically require specialized versions for each datatype.

This flexibility, together with the efficiency of the above comparison sorting algorithms on modern computers, has led to widespread preference for comparison sorts in most practical work.

Alternatives
Some sorting problems admit a strictly faster solution than the  bound for comparison sorting by using non-comparison sorts; an example is integer sorting, where all keys are integers. When the keys form a small (compared to ) range, counting sort is an example algorithm that runs in linear time. Other integer sorting algorithms, such as radix sort, are not asymptotically faster than comparison sorting, but can be faster in practice.

The problem of sorting pairs of numbers by their sum is not subject to the  bound either (the square resulting from the pairing up); the best known algorithm still takes  time, but only  comparisons.

Number of comparisons required to sort a list
Above: A comparison of the lower bound  to the actual minimum number of comparisons (from ) required to sort a list of n items (for the worst case). Below: Using Stirling's approximation, this lower bound is well-approximated by .

The number of comparisons that a comparison sort algorithm requires increases in proportion to , where  is the number of elements to sort.  This bound is asymptotically tight.

Given a list of distinct numbers (we can assume this because this is a worst-case analysis), there are  factorial permutations exactly one of which is the list in sorted order. The sort algorithm must gain enough information from the comparisons to identify the correct permutation. If the algorithm always completes after at most  steps, it cannot distinguish more than  cases because the keys are distinct and each comparison has only two possible outcomes. Therefore,
, or equivalently

By looking at the first  factors of , we obtain

This provides the lower-bound part of the claim. A more precise bound can be given via Stirling's approximation. An upper bound of the same form, with the same leading term as the bound obtained from Stirling's approximation, follows from the existence of the algorithms that attain this bound in the worst case, like merge sort.

The above argument provides an absolute, rather than only asymptotic lower bound on the number of comparisons, namely  comparisons. This lower bound is fairly good (it can be approached within a linear tolerance by a simple merge sort), but it is known to be inexact. For example, , but the minimal number of comparisons to sort 13 elements has been proved to be 34.

Determining the exact number of comparisons needed to sort a given number of entries is a computationally hard problem even for small n, and no simple formula for the solution is known. For some of the few concrete values that have been computed, see .

Lower bound for the average number of comparisons
A similar bound applies to the average number of comparisons. Assuming that
 all keys are distinct, i.e. every comparison will give either a>b or a<b, and
 the input is a random permutation, chosen uniformly from the set of all possible permutations of n elements,
it is impossible to determine which order the input is in with fewer than  comparisons on average.

This can be most easily seen using concepts from information theory. The Shannon entropy of such a random permutation is  bits. Since a comparison can give only two results, the maximum amount of information it provides is 1 bit. Therefore, after k comparisons the remaining entropy of the permutation, given the results of those comparisons, is at least  bits on average. To perform the sort, complete information is needed, so the remaining entropy must be 0. It follows that k must be at least  on average.

The lower bound derived via information theory is phrased as 'information-theoretic lower bound'. Information-theoretic lower bound is correct but is not necessarily the strongest lower bound. And in some cases, the information-theoretic lower bound of a problem may even be far from the true lower bound. For example, the information-theoretic lower bound of selection is  whereas  comparisons are needed by an adversarial argument. The interplay between information-theoretic lower bound and the true lower bound are much like a real-valued function lower-bounding an integer function. However, this is not exactly correct when the average case is considered.

To unearth what happens while analyzing the average case, the key is that what does 'average' refer to? Averaging over what? With some knowledge of information theory, the information-theoretic lower bound averages over the set of all permutations as a whole. But any computer algorithms (under what are believed currently) must treat each permutation as an individual instance of the problem. Hence, the average lower bound we're searching for is averaged over all individual cases.

To search for the lower bound relating to the non-achievability of computers, we adopt the Decision tree model. Let's rephrase a bit of what our objective is. In the Decision tree model, the lower bound to be shown is the lower bound of the average length of root-to-leaf paths of an -leaf binary tree (in which each leaf corresponds to a permutation). The minimum average length of a binary tree with a given number of leaves is achieved by a balanced full binary tree, because any other binary tree can have its path length reduced by moving a pair of leaves to a higher position. With some careful calculations, for a balanced full binary tree with  leaves, the average length of root-to-leaf paths is given by

For example, for , the information-theoretic lower bound for the average case is approximately 2.58, while the average lower bound derived via Decision tree model is 8/3, approximately 2.67.

In the case that multiple items may have the same key, there is no obvious statistical interpretation for the term "average case", so an argument like the above cannot be applied without making specific assumptions about the distribution of keys.

n log n maximum number of comparisons for array-size in format 2^k
Can easy compute for real algorithm sorted-list-merging (array are sorted n-blocks with size 1, merge to 1-1 to 2, merge 2-2 to 4...).
(1) = = = = = = = =

(2) =   =   =   =     // max 1 compares (size1+size2-1), 4x repeats to concat 8 arrays with size 1 and 1
   === === === ===

(3)   =       =       // max 7 compares, 2x repeats to concat 4 arrays with size 2 and 2
     ===     ===
    =====   =====
   ======= =======

(4)                   // max 15 compares, 1x repeats to concat 2 arrays with size 4 and 4

Formula extraction:
n = 256 = 2^8 (array size in format 2^k, for simplify)
On = (n-1) + 2(n/2-1) + 4(n/4-1) + 8(n/8-1) + 16(n/16-1) + 32(n/32-1) + 64(n/64-1) + 128(n/128-1)
On = (n-1) + (n-2) + (n-4) + (n-8) + (n-16) + (n-32) + (n-64) + (n-128)
On = n+n+n+n+n+n+n+n - (1+2+4+8+16+32+64+128)   | 1+2+4... = formula for geometric sequence Sn = a1 * (q^i - 1) / (n - 1), n is number of items, a1 is first item
On = 8*n - 1 * (2^8 - 1) / (2 - 1)
On = 8*n - (2^8 - 1)   | 2^8 = n
On = 8*n - (n - 1)
On = (8-1)*n + 1   | 8 = ln(n)/ln(2) = ln(256)/ln(2)
On = (ln(n)/ln(2) - 1) * n + 1

Example:
n = 2^4 = 16, On ~= 3*n
n = 2^8 = 256, On ~= 7*n
n = 2^10 = 1.024, On ~= 9*n
n = 2^20 = 1.048.576, On ~= 19*n

Sorting a pre-sorted list

If a list is already close to sorted, according to some measure of sortedness, the number of comparisons required to sort it can be smaller. An adaptive sort takes advantage of this "presortedness" and runs more quickly on nearly-sorted inputs, often while still maintaining an  worst case time bound. An example is adaptive heap sort, a sorting algorithm based on Cartesian trees. It takes time , where  is the average, over all values  in the sequence, of the number of times the sequence jumps from below  to above  or vice versa.

Notes

References

 Donald Knuth. The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 3: Sorting and Searching, Second Edition. Addison-Wesley, 1997. . Section 5.3.1: Minimum-Comparison Sorting, pp. 180–197.

Comparison_sorts
Sorting algorithms

Comparison sort


Ukulan-tojon, also known as Su Ata, Ed'uget-tojon, Ukula, and Ukun, is a water god in Altay and Yakut mythologies. It protects the cleanliness of the water and fish. Before fishing, he is asked for permission and prayed that the fishing is auspicious. He resents those who pollute the water and dry the lakes, and punishes them. He does not welcome the burning of a fire on the icy part of the river in winter and holds a grudge against those who do so. The phrase "Küğöh Bolloh" (Yakut: Күөх боллох, "Sky Bulah") is sometimes used for him.

Etymology
It derives from the root (Uk/Uğ). In Altaic languages, the verb Ukağah means to wash, while Uha means water in Buryat. Uğ/Uk means the origin, and water is also seen as the origin of everything.

External links
 http://asrm.egloos.com/47674 in Korean;
 Sadettin Buluç-Şamanizm in Turkish, citing Pripuzov, N.- Svedeniya dlya izuçeniya şamastva u yakutov yakutskago okruga (Izves. vost. Sibir. Otd. Geog. Obşç.), İrkutsk, 1885, XV, sayı 3-4.

Yakut mythology

Water gods
Water spirits
Altai culture

Ukulan-tojon


Electrocution or electric shock is when electricity passes through something living. It happens when the human body gets in contact with electric current. The word "electrocution" originated as a portmanteau between electricity and execution, referring to those executed by electric chair, but has evolved to describe any fatal encounter with electricity. Nonfatal encounters are called electric shocks, or simply a "shock".

The human body is affected by electric current (measured in Amperes). If the electric current is strong, it can stop heartbeat and cause death. High current can cause severe burns and even fry the victim alive.   In order for current to flow through a body you need a sufficiently high voltage, typically more than 50 volts AC, and the voltage generator must be able to supply enough current.  Super high voltages, such as from a small Tesla coil, supply such a small amount of current that a person feels just a tickle.  A large Tesla coil can burn and kill.

Safety devices like a GFCI or RCD try to protect humans from any current greater than 5 to 30 mA  (0.005 to 0.03 Amps).   Human muscles are paralyzed -- you cannot move an affected arm or leg -- at currents from 10 to 20 mA; as a result a victim may be unable to let go of a wire that is shocking him. At around 20 mA breathing is difficult. At about 75mA breathing stops. At 100 mA the heart fibrillates -- death is quick. At 200 mA you get severe musculature contractions and burning.

Electricity
Torture
Death
Capital punishment

Electrocution


The Fiocruz Genome Comparison Project is a collaborative effort involving Brazil's Oswaldo Cruz Institute and IBM's World Community Grid, designed to produce a database comparing the genes from many genomes with each other using SSEARCH. The program SSEARCH performs a rigorous Smith–Waterman alignment between a protein sequence and another protein sequence, a protein database, a DNA or a DNA library.

The nature of the computation in the project allows it to easily take advantage of volunteer computing. This, along with the likely humanitarian benefits of the research, has led the World Community Grid (a volunteer computing grid that uses idle computer clock time) to run the Fiocruz project. All products are in the public domain by contract with WCG.

Description
The problem is that a very large information body (structural, functional, cross-references, etc.) is attached to protein database entries. Once entered the information is rarely updated or corrected. This annotation of predicted protein function is often incomplete, uses non-standard nomenclature or can be incorrect when cross referenced from previous sometimes incorrectly annotated sequences. Additionally, many proteins composed of several structural and/or functional domains are overlooked by automated systems. The comparative information today is huge when compared to the early days of genomics. A single error is compounded and then made complex.

The Genome Comparison Project performs a complete pairwise comparison between all predicted protein sequences, obtaining indices used (together with standardized Gene Ontology) as a reference repository for the annotator community. The project provides invaluable data sources for biologists. The sequence similarity comparison program used in the Genome Comparison Project is called SSEARCH. This program mathematically finds best local alignment between sequence pairs, and is a freely available implementation of the Smith–Waterman algorithm.

SSEARCH's use makes possible a precise annotation, inconsistencies correction, and possible functions assignment to hypothetical proteins of unknown function. Moreover, proteins with multiple domains and functional elements are correctly spotted. Even distant relationships are detected.

See also
 Comparative genomics

Notes

External links
Genome Comparison Project
World Community Grid Project

Genomics
Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing projects
Volunteer computing projects

Fiocruz Genome Comparison Project


Earphones or earbuds are a small type of headphones and audio devices that people wear in their outer ear. Earphones are lighter and more portable than headphones. They let people listen to music on a walkman, MP3 player, mobile phone or computer.

Earphones that are worn inside the ear canal are called In-ear headphones or In-ear monitors. They typically have better sound quality.

Earphones often use a small plug for connection.

Audio technology
Ear

Earphones