A stenter (sometimes called a tenter) is a machine used in textile finishing. It serves multiple purposes, including heat setting, drying, and applying various chemical treatments. This may be achieved through the use of certain attachments such as padding or coating.

The machine works by holding the fabric's edges while it is fed from rollers, allowing it to advance gradually while maintaining its dimensions. Eventually, the stretched sheet is pulled off at a specific speed by a second set of rollers. At the delivery end, the edges are released by the stenter pins or clamps that were holding it.

Etymology and History

Stenter is derived from "tenter," which has its origins in the Latin word "tendere," meaning "to stretch," passing through an intermediate French stage. The primary purpose of this machine is to stretch and dry fabric. In the past, frames used for this purpose were called "tenter," and the metal hooks employed to hold the fabric to the frame were known as "tentering hooks."

History
Tenters were primarily utilized to process woolen fabric. During the cleaning process, after squeezing out excess water, crumpled woolen cloth needed to be straightened and dried under tension; otherwise, it would shrink. The wet cloth was stretched on a large wooden frame, referred to as a "tenter," and left to dry. To accomplish this, lengths of wet cloth were fastened to the tenter's perimeter using hooks (nails driven through the wood) all around the frame. This ensured that, as the cloth dried, it would maintain its shape and size.

Initially, the tentering process was conducted in the open air when Higher Mill was constructed, with the tenter frames erected on the hillside to the east of the mill. However, toward the end of World War I, the process was brought indoors and utilized steam heating for drying. Over time, this technique evolved into the modern-day stenter machine.

Function
The process of drying textiles is known to consume a significant amount of energy. The stenter machine is a commonly used machinery within the textile finishing section. There is a variety of stenters with multiple functionalities that are commercially available.

The Stenter machine consists of heated chambers, adjustable to the width of the fabric being treated. The fabric is fed into the heated chamber and supported at either selvedge by a series of stenter pins or clamps, which help maintain its position as it is moved through the drying chambers. (Note: Stenter pins are the modern equivalent of tenterhooks)

The input and output speed of the fabric are closely controlled, as is the output width, which determines the moisture content of the fabric after drying and its dimensional stability.

Holding hook types
 Pins
 Clips

Uses
A stenter is a very useful machine in a textile process house, and the machine plays a vital role in finishing. The machine may be equipped with a padding mangle, which is useful in squeezing excess moisture and applying various finishes  such as wrinkle-free, water repellent, waterproof, anti-static, or flame retardant. Coating and dyeing applications are also possible on a stenter machine with suitable padders and coating attachments.

There are various optional attachments such as a tendamatic, weft straightener, bowing and skew cameras, or ones that can affect over-feeding, edge gumming and trimming, or residual moisture control which help increase its functionality and usage. A stenter is primarily used for the following:

Drying and adjustment of the width.
Application of softeners and various chemical finishes. Most of the textile finishes are applied to the stenter machine. Regular softeners that specialize finishes are applied with wet-to-wet or dry-to-wet finishing modes. The dry-to-wet finishing route is preferred where more of the chemical is required.
Curing, stenter is used in curing the fabrics treated with certain chemicals such as resins and many other crosslinking polymers. Depending upon the requirements, there are two methods of curing the materials. The first is during drying, and another is after drying with another passage, maintaining a certain speed and temperature on the machine. The process of curing improves in fixing the fabrics for creases ( wrinkle free ), shape memory, and dimensional stability, etc.
Adjusting overfeed GSM (grams per square meter), and manipulating the courses and wales, or the picks and ends, in knitted and woven fabrics, respectively.
Controlling shrinkage by overfeeding/increasing input and controlling output speeds. In the process of overfeeding, fabric is fed to the stenter at a rate exceeding the speed at which it is being delivered.
Heatsetting both pre-heatsetting and post-heatsetting of the fabrics. Heatsetting helps in stabilizing synthetic fabrics such as polyester, nylon, and spandex.
Bowing and skew control especially in stripe fabrics.
Color applications.

See also
 Tenterhook

References

Machines
Textile mills
Textile industry
Textile engineering
Textile finishing machines

Stenter


Stade Germain Comarmond is a multi-use stadium in Bambous, Rivière Noire District, Mauritius. It is currently used mostly for football and athletics matches. The stadium was built in 2001 and opened in August 2003.  The venue hosted the 2006 African Championships in Athletics. It is currently the home stadium of the Mauritius national under-17 football team, Mauritius national under-20 football team, Petite Rivière Noire SC and Bambous Etoile de L'Ouest Sports Club.

References

Football venues in Mauritius
Athletics (track and field) venues in Mauritius
Bambous, Mauritius

Stade Germain Comarmond


Herzog Ernst is a German epic from the early high Middle Ages (c. 1180), first written down by an anonymous author from the Rhine region.

Story

The main theme of the story is an argument between a Bavarian duke (Herzog Ernst) and his stepfather Kaiser Otto I. The story is split into two parts:
Ernst becomes a Herzog and, as a result of the malicious scheming of the Kaiser's uncle, Pfalzgraf Heinrich, is outlawed.
Herzog Ernst travels through the Orient in search of the Holy Grave. He encounters wonderful things, for example, creatures with human bodies and bird's heads. Eventually, he decides to return home and tricks the Kaiser into forgiving him.

Historical context
The epic blends together two historical events: an argument between Herzog Liudolf and his father Otto I in 953–954; and the rebellion of Herzog Ernst II from Swabia (born 1007) against his stepfather King Konrad II in 1026–1027

This story was very popular in the Middle Ages in Germany, as evidenced by the number of manuscripts that have been found in a wide range of places. It was popular due to its fantastical descriptions of the Orient and far away lands (a popular topic due to the Second Crusade), and also its introduction of the concept of chivalry.

Herzog Ernst is usually grouped under the heading 'Spielmannsdichtung' or 'Spielmannsepos'. This term is used to describe a handful of other manuscripts of the time, due to the assumption that they were written and told by Spielmänner (a kind of jester). However, this term has recently been disputed, as these works are considered too complex to have been written by Spielmänner, who are generally thought to have been uneducated.

Other works
The following were also produced around this period:
König Rother (c 1160)
Rolandslied (c 1135)
Alexanderlied (c 1130)
Reindhardt Fuchs (c 1170)

External links
 Full text (in German)

Medieval German poems

Herzog Ernst


"The Mexican Staring Frog of Southern Sri Lanka" is the sixth episode in the second season of the American animated television series South Park. The 19th episode of the series overall, it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on June 10, 1998. Series co-creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone wrote the episode, and Parker directed it. In the episode, the an animal called the Mexican Staring Frog of Southern Sri Lanka is sighted in South Park. Two of the town's hunters, Ned and Jimbo, look for it. Their heroic efforts drive up the ratings for their hunting show and threaten to edge out Jesus's television show, Jesus and Pals.

Plot
The teacher, Mr. Garrison, tells the boys to talk to Vietnam War veterans and write an essay.  They talk to Stan's uncle, Jimbo, and his friend, Ned, at the set of their own television show called Huntin' and Killin'. The two men tell a wild story about single-handedly defeating the entire Viet Cong army and riding a log flume ride at the amusement park section of their army camp.  To the audience, it is clear that this is a lie.  However, the boys write about this for their school essay, and their teacher, Mr. Garrison, gives them low grades and detention.

The boys plot are angry at Jimbo, so they plan to trick him in revenge: They plan to make fake videos of an animal, the Mexican Staring Frog of Southern Sri Lanka, which Jimbo and Ned then air on their Huntin' and Killin''' TV show.  But this only makes more people want to watch the TV show.

The show becomes successful, so other TV shows that air at the same time have fewer people watching.  This includes the talk show Jesus and Pals'', starring Jesus.  Jesus' producer wants him to use fancy talk show tricks to make more people watch the show, but Jesus does not want to.  In the end, the boys, Jimbo, and Ned come on Jesus' show.  Jesus tries to make peace with everyone, but there is a big fight instead.

References

Other websites
IMDB

South Park (season 2) episodes
1998 television episodes


Wilson Therapeutics is a biopharmaceutical company, based in Stockholm, Sweden, that develops novel therapies for rare diseases. The company is listed in the Mid-Cap segment on Nasdaq Stockholm with the stock ticker WTX.

Wilson Therapeutics' lead product, Decuprate, is the proprietary bis-choline salt of tetrathiomolybdate. Decuprate is initially being developed as a novel treatment for Wilson's disease, a rare genetic disease that affects approximately 1 in 30,000, causing copper overload in the liver, brain and other tissues and resulting in organ damage and dysfunction. Decuprate has been granted orphan drug designation for the treatment of Wilson's disease in both Europe and the United States. Wilson Therapeutics presented during the 10th Kempen & Co Life Sciences Conference 2017 and showed the world the result with the drug Decuprate. The company also presented during the international investmentconference Bioequity Europe in Paris, France, on May 23, 2017, and showed some promising result.

Clinical trials
As of 2016, tetrathiomolybdate had been tested in over 500 patients for up to seven years, primarily in oncology and Wilson's disease, as well as some other clinical pathologies.

History
Wilson Therapeutics was founded in 2012 by HealthCap, one of the leading European life science venture capital funds. In 2014, Wilson Therapeutics closed a $40 million Series B financing co-led by new investors, Abingworth LLP, MVM Life Science Partners LLP and NeoMed Management AS. HealthCap also participated in the round. On April 29, 2016, Wilson Therapeutics announced its initial public offering on Nasdaq Stockholm and had its first day of trading on May 12, 2016.

References

Pharmaceutical companies of Sweden
Orphan drug companies
2018 mergers and acquisitions
Pharmaceutical companies established in 2012
Swedish companies established in 2012
Companies based in Stockholm

Wilson Therapeutics


Hans Marius Fogh (8 March 1938 – 14 March 2014) was one of the most successful competitive sailors in history, with dozens of national and international championships and in many different classes, including two Olympic medals.

Olympic career

Representing Denmark
Fogh represented his country of birth for the first time during the 1960 Summer Olympics in Naples as helmsman in the Danish Flying Dutchman Skum with Ole Gunnar Petersen as crew, and won the silver medal. In 1964 Fogh returned to the Olympics in Enoshima again with Ole Gunnar Petersen as crew, Fogh took 4th place in the Sailing at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Flying Dutchman Miss Denmark 1964. With crew Niels Jensen and again in the Sailing at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Flying Dutchman, Fogh took 16th place in the 1968 in Acapulco. The last time Fogh represented Denmark at the Olympics was in the Flying Dutchman during the 1972 Olympics in Kiel. With Ulrik Brock as crew, Fogh took 7th place.

Representing Canada
After Fogh emigrated to Canada he was selected to represent his new country at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Kingston. With Evert Bastet as crew, Fogh took 4th place in the Sailing at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Flying Dutchman. His final Olympic appearance came in the Soling at the Los Angeles 1984 Summer Olympics. With fellow crew members Steve Calder and John Kerr Fogh, as helmsman took the bronze medal.

Personal life
Born on 8 March 1938 in Rødovre, Denmark, Fogh grew up in a family of gardeners and was expected to take over the family business. With the encouragement and support of long-time friend and fellow sailor Paul Henderson, who managed to lever Fogh's former career as a gardener, Fogh emigrated to Canada in the 1969 and gained Canadian citizenship in 1975. Fogh was married to Kirsten for 49 years. They have two sons (Morten and Thomas) and five grandchildren. Hans Fogh died from Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease on 14 March 2014 in Toronto.

Professional life
Expected to work in gardening, like the rest of his family, Fogh took a job at Elvstrom sailmakers where he learned the skills of sailmaking. In 1969 he set up a new sailmaking loft in Canada: Elvstrom Canada. Later he produced sails under the labels: Fogh Sails and North Sails. His involvement in the development of the standard Laser sail and the subsequent Laser Radial sail, as well as the Laser 28 sails are of his many well-known accomplishments in his profession.

Sailing career
Hans Fogh won countless World, Continental, and National Championships in even so many Olympic, International, and National Classes. Hans took part of six Olympic Games (1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976 and 1984) and took a silver medal in the Soling during the Pan Am Games in 1987.
A list of major championships is given on the right.

He helmed Evergreen for Don Green during the 1978 Canada's Cup. He sailed on Canada II during the 1987 Louis Vuitton Cup.

Fogh is an Honoured member of the Canada Sports Hall of Fame from 1985, Canadian Olympic Sports Hall of Fame 1986 and the Etobicoke Sports Halls of Fame.

See also
 List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games

References

1938 births
2014 deaths
1987 America's Cup sailors
Canadian people of Danish descent
Canadian male sailors (sport)
Danish male sailors (sport)
Deaths from Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Neurological disease deaths in Ontario
Flying Dutchman class world champions
Hellerup Sejlklub sailors
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Soling class sailors
Olympic bronze medalists for Canada
Olympic medalists in sailing
Olympic sailors for Canada
Olympic sailors for Denmark
Olympic silver medalists for Denmark
Sportspeople from Rødovre
Sailmakers
Sailors at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Flying Dutchman
Sailors at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Flying Dutchman
Sailors at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Flying Dutchman
Sailors at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Flying Dutchman
Sailors at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Flying Dutchman
Sailors at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Soling
Soling class world champions
World champions in sailing for Denmark
Pan American Games medalists in sailing
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Sailors at the 1987 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games

Hans Fogh


The kokoshnik () is a traditional Russian  headdress worn by women and girls to accompany the sarafan. The kokoshnik tradition has existed since the 10th century in the ancient Russian city Veliky Novgorod. It spread primarily in the northern regions of Russia and was very popular from 16th to 19th century. It is still to this day an important feature of Russian dance ensembles and folk culture and inspired the Kokoshnik style of architecture.

Overview
Historically a kokoshnik is a headdress worn by married women, though maidens also wore a headdress very similar to a kokoshnik, but open in the back, named a povyazka. The word kokoshnik describes a great variety of headdresses worn throughout Russia, including the cylindrical hats of Veliky Novgorod, two-pointed nimbus kika of Vladimir, triangular kika of Kostroma, small pearl hats of Kargopol, and scarlet kokoshniks of Moscow.

While in the past kokoshnik styles varied greatly, currently a kokoshnik is generally associated with a tall, nimbus or crest shaped headdress which is tied at the back of the head with long thick ribbons in a large bow. The crest can be embroidered with pearls and goldwork or simple applique, usually using plant and flower motifs. The forehead area is frequently decorated with pearl netting. While wearing a kokoshnik the woman usually wears her hair in a plait. The kokoshnik were often also combined with the Russian braid.

History

The word kokoshnik first appears in 16th-century documents, and comes from the Old Slavic kokosh, which means  "hen" or "cockerel". However, the earliest head-dress pieces of similar type (rigid cylindrical hat which completely covered the hair) were found in the 10th- to 12th-century burials in Veliky Novgorod.

The kokoshnik gave its name to the decorative corbel arch that became a distinctive element of traditional Russian architecture from the 16th century onwards (see kokoshnik architecture).

During the revival of Russian national culture in the early 19th century, diadem-shaped tiaras became part of the official court dress for royalty and for ladies-in-waiting. These "kokoshniks" were inspired just as much by Italian Renaissance fashions and by the french hood as by the authentic Russian kokoshniks still worn by the middle class and wealthy peasants of the time. In this period both unmarried and married women wore the variety used traditionally by unmarried women: showing the front part of the hair, and with a translucent veil falling down the back.

After the  1917 Revolution, Russian émigrés popularized the kokoshnik within European fashion. The style had previously appeared in the 1893 wedding head-dress of Mary of Teck, the future Queen consort of the United Kingdom.

Queen Marie of Romania wore a Cartier tiara created to resemble the Russian kokoshnik for her 1924 portrait painted by Philip de László. The tiara was among the jewels on display in the "Cartier: Style and History" exhibition at the Grand Palais in Paris from December 4 through February 16, 2014.

One of the costumes of Senator Padmé Amidala in the Star Wars saga, the Gold Travel Costume, was based on the Russian national costume with kokoshnik, known in the rest of Europe from the photographs taken during the 1903 Ball in the Winter Palace.

Some fans of Russia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup wore simple versions of kokoshniki. In recent years kokoshniki made out of flowers have become popular. Kokoshniki are a popular Russian souvenir.

Gallery

See also
 Sarafan
 Ryasna

Similar headgear in other cultures
 Ochipok, Ukrainian
 Fontange
 Fengguan, Chinese
 French hood
 Barbette
 Hennin
 Gable hood
 Liangbatou, Chinese

References

External links

16th-century fashion
17th-century fashion
18th-century fashion
19th-century fashion
Headgear
Russian folk clothing
Russian inventions

Kokoshnik


The Gare de l'Est (; English: "Station of the East" or "East station"), officially Paris-Est, is one of the seven large mainline railway station termini in Paris, France. It is located in the 10th arrondissement, not far southeast from the Gare du Nord, facing the Boulevard de Strasbourg, part of the north–south axis of Paris created by Georges-Eugène Haussmann.

Opened in 1849, it is currently the fifth-busiest of the six main railway stations in Paris before the Gare d'Austerlitz. The Gare de l'Est is the western terminus of the Paris–Strasbourg railway and Paris–Mulhouse railway which then proceeds to Basel, Switzerland.

History

The Gare de l'Est was opened in 1849 by the Compagnie du Chemin de Fer de Paris à Strasbourg (Paris–Strasbourg Railway Company) under the name "Strasbourg platform" (Embarcadère de Strasbourg); an official inauguration with President Louis Napoléon Bonaparte took place the next year. The platform corresponds today with the hall for main-line trains. Designed by architect François Duquesnay, it was renamed the "Gare de l'Est" in 1854, after the expansion of service to Mulhouse.

Renovations followed in 1885 and 1900, as part of Haussmann's renovation of Paris. In 1931, it was doubled in size, with the new part of the station built symmetrically with the old part. This transformation changed the surrounding neighbourhood significantly. At the top of the west facade of the Gare de l'Est is a statue by the sculptor Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire, representing the city of Strasbourg, while the east end of the station is crowned by a statue personifying Verdun, by Varenne. These two cities are important destinations serviced by Gare de l'Est. On 4 October 1883, the Gare de l'Est saw the first departure of the Orient Express for Istanbul.

The Gare de l'Est is the terminus of a strategic railway network extending towards the eastern part of France, and it saw large mobilizations of French troops, most notably in 1914, at the beginning of World War I. In the main-line train hall, a monumental painting by Albert Herter, Le Départ des poilus, août 1914 dating from 1926, illustrates the departure of these soldiers for the Western front. The SNCF started LGV Est Européenne services from the Gare de l'Est on 10 June 2007, with TGV and Intercity-Express (ICE) services to Northeastern France, Luxembourg, Southern Germany and Switzerland. Trains are initially planned to run at 320 km/h (198 mph), with the potential to run at 350 km/h (217 mph), cutting travel times by up to 2 hours.

Train services
The following services currently call at Paris-Est:

EuroNight Paris Est - Strasbourg - Berlin - Warsaw - Brest - Minsk - Moscow
High speed services (TGV inOui ) Paris Est - Reims
High speed services (TGV inOui ) Paris Est - Reims - Charleville-Mézières - Sedan
High speed services TGV Paris Est - Champagne Adrennes TGV - Chalons-en-Champagne - Bar-le-Duc
High speed services TGV Paris Est - (Champagne Ardennes TGV/Meuse TGV) - Nancy
High speed services TGV Paris Est - Nancy - Epinal - Remiremont
High speed services TGV Paris Est - Nancy - Saint-Dié-des-Vosges
High speed services TGV Paris Est - Nancy - Strasbourg
High speed services TGV Paris Est - (Meuse TGV) - Metz
High speed services TGV Paris Est - Metz - Thionville - Luxembourg
High speed services TGV/ICE Paris Est - Saarbrücken - Kaiserslautern - Mannheim - Frankfurt
High speed services TGV Paris Est - (Saverne) - Strasbourg
High speed services TGV Paris Est - Strasbourg - Colmar
High speed services TGV/ICE Paris Est - Strasbourg - Karlsruhe - Stuttgart
High speed services TGV/ICE Paris Est - Strasbourg - Karlsruhe - Stuttgart - Ulm - Augsburg - Munich
Regional services TER Grand Est (C2) Paris Est - Chateau-Thierry - Épernay - Chalons-en-Champagne - St Dizier
Regional services Transilien Paris Est - Meaux - Chateau Thierry
Regional services Transilien Paris Est - Meaux - La Ferte-Milon
Regional services Transilien Paris Est - Chelles Gournay - Meaux
Regional services Transilien Paris Est - Tournan - Coulommiers
Regional services Transilien Paris Est - Longueville - Provins

Metro services

 Métro:
 Lines 4 (Porte de Clignancourt—Porte d'Orléans) and 5 (Place d'Italie - Bobigny – Pablo Picasso): service to the Gare du Nord.
 Line 7 (La Courneuve – 8 Mai 1945-Mairie d'Ivry/Villejuif – Louis Aragon (Paris Métro))
 Travelling between Gare de l'Est and other Paris main line stations:
 Gare du Nord: Walk to the station, or take Métro Line 4 or 5.
 Gare Montparnasse: Take Métro Line 4.
 Gare de Lyon: Take Métro Line 4 to Châtelet and then Line 1, 14 or RER A to Gare de Lyon, or take bus 65.
 Gare d'Austerlitz: Take Métro Line 5.
 Gare Saint-Lazare: Take Métro Line 7 to Opéra and then Line 3 to Saint-Lazare, or take RER E from Magenta (connected to Gare du Nord).
Travelling to points of interest
 Disneyland Paris: Take Métro Line 4 to Gare de Châtelet – Les Halles then take the RER Line A to Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy.

Destinations served from the Gare de l'Est

See also
List of Paris railway stations
 List of stations of the Paris RER
 List of stations of the Paris Métro

References

External links

Transilien network map
Transilien website

Railway stations in France opened in 1849
Buildings and structures in the 10th arrondissement of Paris
Railway termini in Paris
SNCF

Gare de l'Est


The 2020 United Democratic Party leadership election and convention will elect the Next Leader of the United Democratic Party (UDP). It was triggered on 18 November 2018, when Prime Minister of Belize, Dean Barrow's cabinet urged him to remain as Prime Minister of Belize until 2 November 2020, a day after the Next Belizean general election on 1 November 2020. Barrow's Cabinet also urged him to remain as Leader of the UDP until February 2020. He said he will take that move and eventually scheduled the United Democratic Party (UDP) leadership election and convention to February 2020, meaning that the 2020 United Democratic Party leadership election and convention will be held in February 2020, unfortunately no firm date has been set yet. Barrow told the Media that he will schedule a few dates for the various ballots to take place when the date nearers. Nominations will be opened in January 2020 and so far two Candidates of the UDP will be contesting this Leadership election and convention. There will be a total of three ballots. The first ballot will be endorsment and voting by the current leader of the UDP and Prime Minister of Belize, Dean Barrow.The second ballot will be from the former members and Candidates of the UDP who will be voting and the third ballot is from the people of Belize. There will also be a exhaustive ballots of MPs also talking place in mid-February 2020. The ultimate decision will be made but the general membership of the party who will elect the leader by postal ballot. The results will be announced by the end of February 2020.

Speculation about a leadership election first arose back in 2006, just before the 2006 Belizean municipal elections. Barrow told LOVE FM that he will resign as Leader of the UDP If his party loses the Municipal Elections. The UDP has not defeated the than rulling People's United Party (PUP) in any election until the 2006 municipal elections and the UDP was not doing very well after Barrow called for Civil Unrest In 2005. At that point debt troubles cloud the future, indeed the future of the UDP and Dean Barrow is nebulous in its own way. Barrow also stated that it was the proper thing to do and he would call for a Leadership election and convention if the UDP continues onto the path of darkness prior to the 2006 municipal elections. However, that all changed after the UDP won a landslide victory in the 2006 Municipal elections and eventually took control of the government realms in the 2008 Belizean general election on 7 February 2008.

Background

After being in power for seven years the People's United Party was desperate to win the 2006 Belizean municipal elections and govern the country like never before. It has never lost even one election whether general election, municipal elections or Village council elections since coming to power after the 1998 Belizean general election on 27 August 1998. The UDP however, was faced with a shocking traumatic defeat in the 1998 general election with only three of the UDP Candidates getting elected in that General election. Barrow and Member of Parliament for Mesopotamia constituency, Michael Finnegan were the only two Members of Parliament and Area Representatives to be re-elected to their constituencies. Erwin Contreras narrowly defeated PUP's Amin Hegar In Cayo West constituency and became the only newly elected UDP MP and Area Representative. Several UDP Ministers and Members went down to defeat. One of them was prominent then Leader of the UDP, Manuel Esquivel who also served as Prime Minister of Belize since 1984 and has been leading the UDP since 1983.

Aftermath

After the 1998 Belizean general election, Esquivel stepped down as Leader of the UDP On 28 August 1998, after being it's leader for 15 years. Esquivel also called a snap 1998 United Democratic Party (Belize) leadership election and convention on 28 August 1998. He scheduled the leadership election and convention to take place on 30 August 1998 and in his last address to the nation as leader of the UDP, Esquivel said that it's time for the UDP to "renew itself from the top and embark once more on the road to victory". Nomination day was open on 29 August 1998 and than First Deputy Leader of the UDP, Barrow was the only person who submitted his nominations to contest in the UDP leadership election and convention at deadline. When the results for the 1998 United Democratic Party Leadership election and convention were out, Barrow won unopposed as Leader of the UDP and was sworn-in by Governor-General of Belize, Colville Young as Leader of the UDP and Leader of the Opposition.

2020

2020 United Democratic Party (Belize) leadership election and convention


Assault & Flattery is Toronto's sixth and final album, released in 1984. The album features only two original band members, Anne "Holly" Woods and Scott Kreyer. Released as "Holly Woods & Toronto" which hints at Holly's increasing control and autonomy in the band at this time. The album was produced by Mike Flicker who produced five albums for Heart - the band Toronto are most often compared to. The CD release includes the bonus track "Where Are We Now?" - which was also performed by Holly herself, as a solo artist, on her CD Live It Up!.

Track listing

Side 1
 "New Romance" (Holly Knight, Anton Fig) - 3:35
 "Kerry Anne" (Holly Woods, Scott Kreyer, Mike Gingrich) - 4:43
 "Sometimes Change" (Woods, Kreyer) - 4:06
 "Look What's Showing Through" (Eddie Schwartz) - 4:41
 "Bang Your Head" (Woods, Kreyer, Gingrich, Jeff Gilhart) - 3:42

Side 2
"Desperation" (Woods, Kreyer, Paul Hanna, Daryl Alvaro, Gingrich) - 4:56
 "Assault and Flattery" (Woods, Kreyer, Tim McCauley, Gingrich) - 3:39
 "Cats & Dogs (Stealin')" (Woods, Kreyer, Gingrich) - 3:25
 "No More Cliches" (Woods, Brian MacLeod) - 4:21

CD version bonus track
"Where Are We Now?"

Personnel

Band members
Holly Woods - lead and backing vocals, co-producer
Scott Kreyer - keyboards, co-producer
Marty Walsh - lead and rhythm guitars
Mike Gingrich - bass guitar
Paul Hanna - drums

Additional musicians
Daryl Alvaro - additional guitars
Tim McCauley - additional keyboards, programming, producer
Phil Kenzie - saxophone
Lenny Castro - percussion
John Coury - backing vocals and vocal arrangements
Cele Bullard, Nick Cerro, Liz Lausanne - backing vocals
Darby Mills - vocals on the duet "Cats & Dogs (Stealin')"
Brian MacLeod - lead guitar on "Cats & Dogs (Stealin')", producer and mixing on track 9

Production
Mike Flicker - producer
Tony Bongiovi - mixing

References

1984 albums
Toronto (band) albums

Assault & Flattery


The National Natural History Museum of China (NNHM; ), previously the Beijing Museum of Natural History, is a municipal public natural history museum in Beijing, China. It is affiliated with the Beijing Academy of Science and Technology under the Beijing Municipal People's Government.

The museum was established as the national Central Museum of Natural History by the Central Ministry of Culture and the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1951. In 1962, during the Great Leap Forward period, the museum was transferred to the city government of Beijing and was renamed the Beijing Museum of Natural History. Initially affiliated with the Beijing Municipal Culture Bureau, the museum then came under the purview of the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Bureau in 1975, and later, the Beijing Academy of Science and Technology in 1985. In January 2023, after receiving an approval reply from the Central Institutional Organization Commission, the Beijing city government ratified the museum's application for a name change. Consequently, in June 2023, it was officially renamed the National Natural History Museum. Despite the name, the museum is not a national museum of China.

The museum has been publishing the bimonthly journal Da Ziran (; ) since 1980. The museum has total floor space of 24,000 square meters, of which 8,000 square meters are available for display and owns more than 200,000 specimens. The major display area is the Tian Jiabing Building. The collections include paleontology, ornithology, mammals and invertebrates, and include a major collection of dinosaur fossils and mounted skeletons. The museum also engages in significant scientific research in these areas.

Major specimens and exhibitions

Fossil Galleries
There are three galleries devoted to paleontology in the museum. In the Mesozoic gallery, a large bronze model of the ancient earth is set at the beginning of the gallery. In the center of the gallery, a large Mamenchisaurus skeleton is mounted, with multiple dromaeosaur skeletons darting around it. A Szechuanosaurus is also mounted in an upright stance. Also, skeletal mounts of both Bactrosaurus and Lufengosaurus are featured. In the back of the gallery, a Yangchuanosaurus is mounted attacking a Tuojiangosaurus. The gallery also features many feathered dinosaurs from Liaoning, including specimens of Confuciusornis, Microraptor, and Anchiornis. The gallery connects to a large exhibit with animatronic dinosaurs and a smaller gallery housing dinosaur eggs.

The Cenozoic gallery has multiple mounts of Paraceratherium, Stegodon, and Megaloceros. Also on display is a skull of a woolly mammoth. In a glass case, a skeleton of an entelodont is featured. Also on display are skulls of several prehistoric mammals, including Homotherium, Megaloceros, and Elasmotherium.

There is also a gallery showcasing early life on earth. There is a large sculpture showing an Anomalocaris, along with trilobites and a Hallucigenia bursting out of the floor. There is a display of ammonites arranged in a helix shell. There are also many fossils from the Cambrian explosion.

Gallery

See also
 List of museums in China
 List of natural history museums

References

External links

Official website

Museums established in 1951
Museums in Beijing
Natural history museums in China
1951 establishments in China
National first-grade museums of China


The Marxist Party was a tiny Trotskyist political party in the United Kingdom.  It was formed as a split from Sheila Torrance's Workers' Revolutionary Party in 1987 by Gerry Healy and supporters including Vanessa and Corin Redgrave.  At first, it was also known as the Workers Revolutionary Party, but it renamed itself later in the year.  The party also maintained its own version of the International Committee of the Fourth International, although this was moribund by the late 1990s.

After the death of Healy in 1989, the party declined, and in 1990 expelled a group which became the Communist League.

The group, which called for support for the Liberal Democrats in the 2001 UK general election, published The Marxist magazine.  They also famously owned Trotsky's death mask.

In April 2004, the Marxist Party announced its dissolution.  The Redgraves then announced the formation of a new group named the Peace and Progress Party, supporting liberal principles of human rights.

References

External links
Archived Marxist Party website as of 2002

International Committee of the Fourth International
Marxist parties in the United Kingdom
Political parties established in 1987
Political parties disestablished in 2004
Defunct Trotskyist organisations in the United Kingdom
Workers Revolutionary Party (UK)
1987 establishments in the United Kingdom

Marxist Party


Palazzo Besta  is a Renaissance building in Teglio, in the province of Sondrio, Lombardy, northern Italy.

It was built by the Besta family around 1433, commissioned by Azzo I and Azzo II Besta, perhaps over a pre-existing medieval edifice. Later it was owned by the Guicciardi, Quadrio and Parravicini families. It is now owned by the government of the province of Lombardy.

The interior has a rectangular court with a double loggia, frescoed walls  (c. 1540-1630) and an octagonal well. In the first floor, all the rooms are frescoed with mythological themes, most of them from the Aeneid, the Orlando Furioso and the Bible. One, by Giuseppe Prina, portrays the Queen of Sheba received by King Solomon.

In the lower ground is housed the "Antiquarium Tellinum" Museum, housing prehistorical slabs.

References

External links
 Palazzo Besta, Polo museale della Lombardia
 Palazzo Besta, Lombardia Beni Culturali
 Palazzo Besta Virtual visit of the palace

Buildings and structures completed in 1433
Besta
Museums in Lombardy
Archaeological museums in Italy
Renaissance architecture in Lombardy
National museums of Italy

Palazzo Besta


Lilienfeld Abbey () is a Cistercian monastery in Lilienfeld in Lower Austria, south of Sankt Pölten.

History
It was founded in 1202 by Leopold VI, Duke of Austria and Styria, as a daughter house of Heiligenkreuz Abbey. Successive abbots acted as councillors to the rulers of Austria, and the abbey became wealthy as a result of this valuable connection.

Abbot Matthew Kollweis (1650–1695) turned the monastery into a fortress during the Turkish advance against Vienna in 1683, installing a garrison and giving shelter to a large number of fugitives.

In the 17th century the medieval buildings were extended by Baroque additions. In the first half of the 18th century the tower, library and church interior and furnishings were also refurbished in the Baroque style.

The abbey was suppressed by Emperor Joseph II in 1789, but although the library, archives and portable valuables were removed, on the death of Joseph II it was reopened by Emperor Leopold II as early as 1790.

In 1810 much of the abbey was destroyed in a fire, but was rebuilt under Abbot Johann Ladislaus Pyrker, who later became the Patriarch of Venice (1820–26) and eventually Archbishop of Eger.

In 1976 Pope Paul VI declared the abbey church of Lilienfeld a "basilica minor".

The community belongs to the Cistercians of the Common Observance and is part of the Austrian Congregation.

From the early 1980s Lilienfeld Abbey has hosted the Sommerakademie Lilienfeld, a summer music academy with master classes by renowned teachers. The courses are held during two weeks in July, and usually 5 concerts are performed by the participants. In 2008 alone, over 160 people from 27 countries took part in the activities of the Sommerakademie Lilienfeld.

Winemaking
As part of his endowment, Duke Leopold VI, Duke of Austria, granted the Abbey lands in and around Pfaffstätten, between Baden and Gumpoldskirchen, upon which the monks erected a walled estate (known as a "monastic grange"). This estate, the Lilienfelderhof, comprising a gothic church, manor house, and numerous other buildings, was acquired in 2006 by the Kartause Gaming Private Foundation via a 99-year leasehold. The property and its vineyards are currently in the process of being restored and revitalised.

Burials
 Leopold VI, Duke of Austria
 Margaret, Duchess of Austria
 Cymburgis of Masovia

Cross of honour
 Cross of Honour of the Abbot of Lilienfeld, founded 1980

Gallery

References

External links

 Lilienfeld Abbey website
 Lilienfelderhof / Domaene Lilienfeld website
 Catholic Encyclopedia article
 Sommerakademie Lilienfeld

Cistercian monasteries in Austria
Basilica churches in Austria
1202 establishments in Europe
Monasteries in Lower Austria
Christian monasteries established in the 13th century
13th-century establishments in Austria
Establishments in the Duchy of Austria

Lilienfeld Abbey


Levi Wells Prentice (December 18, 1851 – November 28, 1935) was an American still life and landscape painter. Prentice was associated with the Hudson River School.

Prentice grew up on a farm in Lewis County, New York By 1872, Prentice had traveled through the Adirondack Mountains, painting the views as well as the surrounding region. He opened his first studio as a landscape painter in Syracuse, New York in 1875.

Self-taught artist Levi Wells Prentice is best known for his realistic still life compositions of fruit arranged within a landscape, or abundantly spilling from bushel baskets. Early in his career, he painted portraits and landscapes of the Adirondack Mountain region of Lewis County, New York, his birthplace.

He followed a self-prescribed educational path, begun by the Hudson River School and reinforced by John Ruskin's (1819–1900) truth-to-nature principles laid out in his book Modern Painters. Although he can be allied to both schools of thought, Prentice can not be considered a member of either. This book has a photo of the artist in his early Brooklyn studio surrounded by his paintings and a complete essay on his life and work.

Prentice then turned to painting still life subjects when he moved briefly to Brooklyn, New York in 1883, focusing on fruit, in order of frequency apples, strawberries, peaches, plums, raspberries, cherries, muskmelons, pears, currants, pineapples, gooseberries, grapes and bananas usually piled high in pots or in natural settings.

Prentice married an English woman, Emma Roseloe Sparks, in Buffalo, New York in 1882 and had two children, Leigh (born March 22, 1887) and Imogene (born September 17, 1889). He moved around from 1903 to 1907 before settling in the Germantown district of Philadelphia. However, his work did not gain much recognition with historians until the 1970s. He was a member of the Brooklyn Art Association and frequently exhibited his paintings there.

In addition to his artistic talents, he was a craftsman who enjoyed making his own brushes, palettes and frames.

In his painting, Prentice placed an emphasis on dark outlining with a concern for textual precision, creating dramatic contrasts. The shift between dark background areas and the vibrant hues of the fruit are done to give the compositions an exciting, visual energy. The fruit is presented with clarity and precision. An emphasis appears to be placed on the idea of man versus nature. The wooden baskets with hand-wrought nails represent a structured, man-made object, while the overly ripe fruit represents the fleeting qualities of nature. These paintings also demonstrate Prentice's remarkable skills at rendering color, form, and texture.

Art historian William H. Gerdts observed that there are several works by Prentice in which he achieves a quality of illusionism which is unsurpassed. In 1993, the skillful "illusionism" of Levi Wells Prentice was celebrated in a retrospective exhibition at the Adirondack Museum in New York. His works continue to be appreciated by modern collectors. He is represented in many museums including the New York State Museum, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Montclair Art Museum, Philbrook Museum of Art,  Yale University Art Gallery and https://shelburnemuseum.org/

Prentice died November 28, 1935, in Germantown, Pennsylvania.

References

External links
Artist Levi Wells Prentice

19th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American painters
People from Lewis County, New York
1851 births
1935 deaths
19th-century American male artists
20th-century American male artists

Levi Wells Prentice


Sir Hugh Bethell (1 October 1615 – 3 October 1679) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons  at various times between 1654 and 1679.

Bethell was the eldest son of Hugh Bethell of Rise and his wife Ellen Johnston, daughter of Thomas Johnston of Bishop Burton.  He was a captain of horse in the parliamentary army by 1643 and subsequently became a colonel. He commanded a regiment at Marston Moor, where he lost an eye. In 1645 he was a  commissioner for the northern association for the East Riding of Yorkshire. He was commissioner for  militia in 1649 and was governor of  Scarborough Castle from about 1649 to 1651. Also in 1649 he became J.P. for  the East Riding of Yorkshire until 1676 and was commissioner for  assessment  for the East Riding of Yorkshire. From 1650 to 1652 he was commissioner for  assessment for Yorkshire.  He was High Sheriff of Yorkshire from 1652 to 1653.

In 1654, Bethell was elected Member of Parliament for East Riding of Yorkshire in the  First Protectorate Parliament. He was also commissioner for scandalous ministers for East  Riding and Hull in 1654. In 1656 he was re-elected MP for East Riding for the Second Protectorate Parliament. He was  commissioner for  assessment  for the East Riding of Yorkshire and became JP for Beverley in 1657. In 1659 he succeeded to the estates on the death of his father. He was commissioner for  militia in  1659  and took part in a rising against the military government. He was  captain of horse from January to November 1660 when he took over the regiment of horse formerly commanded by John Lambert and was commissioner for  militia in March 1669. He was commissioner for  assessment for the East Riding of Yorkshire from January 1660 until his death. When Lambert escaped from the Tower of London in April 1660, Bethell  arrested the leaders in York and prevented a rising or any serious trouble. In April 1660 Bethell was elected MP for  both Beverley  and Hedon and chose to sit for Hedon in the Convention Parliament. He was knighted after 4 September 1660 and became commissioner for  sewers in the same month. In 1661 he was re-elected MP for Hedon in the Cavalier Parliament. He was commissioner for corporations for  Yorkshire from 1662 to 1663. He was Deputy Lieutenant for East Riding from 1670. In 1675 he was commissioner for recusants for Yorkshire. He was re-elected MP for Hedon at both elections in 1679 but died before the second Exclusion Parliament met.

Bethell died at the age of 64  and was buried at Rise.

Bethell married Mary Mitchellbourne, daughter of Thomas Mitchellbourne of Carleton, on 14 January 1641. He had a son and daughter.  His son and grandson both predeceased him, and his estates went to his nephew, Hugh, who was also MP for Hedon.

References

1615 births
1679 deaths
High Sheriffs of Yorkshire
Members of the Parliament of England for Hedon
English MPs 1654–1655
English MPs 1656–1658
English MPs 1660
English MPs 1661–1679
English MPs 1679
Roundheads
British politicians with disabilities
English people with disabilities
Commissioners for sewers

Hugh Bethell (died 1679)


A recording contract (commonly called a record contract or record deal) is a legal agreement between a record label and a recording act (artist or group), where the act makes an audio recording (or series of recordings) for the label to sell and promote. Artists under contract are normally only allowed to record for that label exclusively; guest appearances on other artists' records will carry a notice "By courtesy of (the name of the label)", and that label in question may receive a percentage of sales through publishing.

Copyrights, payment and royalties
Labels typically own the copyright in the records their artists make, and also the master copies of those records. An exception is when a label makes a distribution deal with an artist; in this case, the artist, their manager, or another party may own the copyright (and masters), while the record is licensed exclusively to the label for a set period of time. Promotion is a key factor in the success of a record, and is largely the label's responsibility, as is proper distribution of records.

While initial recording deals usually yield a smaller percentage of royalties to the artists, subsequent (or re-negotiated) deals can result in much greater profit, or profit potential. A few acts, such as Madonna, Michael Jackson, R.E.M., U2, and Janet Jackson, among others, have signed multimillion-dollar deals. Whitney Houston signed a $100 million deal with BMG to deliver just six albums, the largest recording deal at the time. Robbie Williams signed an £80m (US$125m) contract with EMI. For many other artists, though, for the millions to become tangible, hit albums meeting or exceeding their previous sales figures must follow. Recording contracts may include opt-out clauses for the label in the event an act's popularity dips or the act releases non-hit albums under the deal. For instance, Mariah Carey was dropped by Virgin Records and her $100 million recording deal cancelled after her first album released by the label sold poorly.

Record companies put forth huge sums of money to produce, release, and promote an album. Recording time, manufacturing, packaging, photos, distribution, marketing, and music videos are just some of the areas where the label must spend money on an act it has signed. The label usually absorbs these expenses, but in some artists' contracts, some of this money may be due back to the label, unless otherwise worded. Advances (upfront money that is paid directly to a recording artist) are normally always owed back to the label. Once (and if) the advance has been paid back from record sales, the artist then begins to see royalty payments for additional sales. Advancing an act money is a risk the label endures as it does not know how well the act's album will sell. Capitol Records suspended Linda Ronstadt's contract in the early 1970s, as Capitol had spent more money on Ronstadt then it had yielded. She continued to tour partly to pay Capitol back for her 1960s deal, and a string of hits in the mid-1970s allowed her to finally clear the debt. Record companies expect to make a profit, and little concern themselves with a given performer's lack of business or financial savvy, as artists such as George Michael have discovered. "Walking out" on a deal is very difficult or nearly impossible, as is attempting to strike a new deal without completing an old one. Donna Summer signed a new deal with Geffen Records in 1980, and released two albums on Geffen. She was then told by her previous label, Polygram Records, that she owed them another album, per her agreement. She recorded and delivered an album to Polygram that the label released, and it became a hit. Summer then went back to recording for Geffen Records for her next project. The Mamas & the Papas were forced into a reunion, years after their 1968 breakup, by the letter of their Dunhill Records contract, which required one more album to be completed -which became 1971's People Like Us.

Record companies will generally increase royalty rates or give artistic freedom to get acts to re-sign contracts with them once the original deal has been fulfilled. Established acts may otherwise go where they see better opportunity. During 1980, Diana Ross released her album diana, which fulfilled her contract with Motown Records. The album spawned two US top ten hits (the #1 smash "Upside Down" and the #5 "I'm Coming Out") as well as a UK top ten hit ("My Old Piano", peaking at #5), and sold 10 million copies worldwide. Ross, however, felt she was never fairly compensated by Motown for her work with The Supremes or her solo releases. When RCA Records offered her $20 million to sign with them, Ross gave Motown the chance to match the deal, or at least offer something almost comparable. Motown, believing Ross's solo career was too up-and-down, and not seeing any reason to now compensate her for her earlier Supremes work, offered $3 million. Split with the decision to remain with the label that made her famous, or sign a deal with a company that was willing to pay her what she felt she was worth, she ultimately signed with RCA. That $20 million deal was the biggest recording contract at the time. She had signed with RCA for North America only, she signed a separate longterm contract with Capitol/EMI for international territories. That contractual amount was never officially released. However, it is believed to be as much as $20 more million and she has remained currently signed with them for over 30 years and has produced many more successful recordings internationally including her multi-platinum 1991 release, The Force Behind the Power and an even greater success with a greatest hits compilation, One Woman: The Ultimate Collection that sold over 1.5 million in the United Kingdom alone, spending several weeks at #1.

There are plenty examples of recording contracts available in music business guides, legal texts and also online.

Termination
When recordings go out of print, this typically happens because either the label has decided that continuing to sell (or distribute) the record will not be profitable, or the licensing agreement with the artist has expired. (Labels may also stop distribution as a punitive measure, if an artist fails to comply with their contract, or as a strategic measure if negotiations for a new one prove difficult.) Record labels can also become bankrupt like any business, and their masters and copyrights sold or traded as part of their assets. (Occasionally these are purchased by the artists themselves.)

Recording artists signed to a failed label can find themselves in limbo, unable to record for anyone but a company that is out of business (and thus cannot sell or distribute their records), and with their existing works unavailable for sale. When one label "buys out" another (or a label is purchased by an outside party), any existing copyrights and contracts held (and masters, if owned by the label) normally go with the sale. This often benefits recording artists, but not always.

Distribution deals are often renewed, but occasionally the label and the copyright owner cannot come to terms for a renewal. The reason is usually that one party expects too much money, or too large a percentage of profits, to suit the other.

See also
 Distribution deal
 360 deal
 Record Label
 Music Industry
 List of largest music deals

References

Bibliography
A Band's Guide to Getting a Record Deal by Will Ashurst;

Music industry
Contract law

Recording contract


In biology, a cirrus  , : cirri,  , (from the Latin cirrus meaning a curl-like tuft or fringe) is a long, thin structure in an animal similar to a tentacle but generally lacking the tentacle's strength, flexibility, thickness, and sensitivity.

In the sheep liver fluke, for example, the cirrus is the worm's muscular penis and when not in use is retained within a cirrus sac or pouch near the animal's head.  The same structure exists in the various Taenia species of tapeworm.  In the clam worms, however, the cirrus is the tentacular process or growth on each of the feet (parpodia), either the dorsal cirrus or the ventral cirrus, and has nothing to do with reproduction.

Among the bristleworms, a cirrus is a tentacular growth near the head or notopodium containing sense organs and may be either dorsal, ventral, or lamellar. Among the ribbonworms, the caudal cirrus is a small thread-like growth at the posterior end of the worm. Among feather stars or barnacles, a cirrus is a long slender gripping or feeding appendage.

In sea lilies, the cirri are the thin strands that line the animal's stalk.  Among the tube blennies, a cirrus is a long growth extending from above the eye (a supraorbital cirrus) or extending below the neck-region (a nuchal cirrus).  In a nautilus, each of the animal's tentacles is composed of a thin flexible cirrus and the corresponding hardened and protective cirrus sheath into which the cirri may be withdrawn.

References

Animal anatomy
Annelid anatomy

Cirrus (biology)


Maria Mitchell (/məˈraɪə/; August 1, 1818 – June 28, 1889) was an American astronomer, librarian, naturalist, and educator. In 1847, she discovered a comet named 1847 VI (modern designation C/1847 T1) that was later known as "Miss Mitchell's Comet" in her honor. She won a gold medal prize for her discovery, which was presented to her by King Christian VIII of Denmark in 1848. Mitchell was the first internationally known woman to work as both a professional astronomer and a professor of astronomy after accepting a position at Vassar College in 1865. She was also the first woman elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Mitchell is the namesake of the Maria Mitchell Association, the Maria Mitchell Observatory, and the Maria Mitchell Aquarium.

Early years (1818–1846)
Maria Mitchell was born on August 1, 1818, on the island of Nantucket, Massachusetts, to Lydia Coleman Mitchell, a library worker, and William Mitchell, a schoolteacher and amateur astronomer.  The third of ten children, Mitchell and her siblings were raised in the Quaker religion.  William Mitchell educated all his children about nature and astronomy and her mother's employment at two libraries gave them access to a variety of knowledge. Mitchell reportedly showed an early interest and talent in astronomy and mathematics. Her father taught her to operate a number of astronomical instruments including chronometers, sextants, refracting telescopes, and Dolland telescopes. Mitchell often assisted her father in his work with local seamen and in his observations of the night sky.

Additionally, Nantucket's importance as a whaling port meant that wives of sailors were left for months, sometimes years, to manage affairs at home while their husbands were at sea, thus fostering an atmosphere of relative independence and equality for the women of the island.

After attending Elizabeth Gardner small school as a young child, Mitchell enrolled in the North Grammar school, where her father was the first principal. When Maria Mitchell was 11 years old, her father founded his own school on Howard Street. There, she was a student and also a teaching assistant to her father. In 1831, at the age of 12, Mitchell aided her father in calculating the exact moment of a solar eclipse.

William Mitchell's school closed, and afterwards she attended Unitarian minister Cyrus Peirce's school for young ladies until she was 16. Later, she worked for Peirce as his teaching assistant before opening her own school in 1835. Mitchell developed experimental teaching methods, which she later employed during her professorship at Vassar College. She allowed nonwhite children to attend her school, though the local public school was still racially segregated.

In 1836, Mitchell began working as the first librarian of the Nantucket Atheneum, a position she held for 20 years. The institution's limited operating hours enabled Mitchell to assist her father with a series of astronomical observations and geographical calculations for the U.S. Coast Survey and to continue her own education. Mitchell and her father worked in a small observatory constructed on the roof of the Pacific Bank building with a four-inch equatorial telescope provided by the survey. In addition to looking for nebulae and double stars, the pair produced latitudes and longitudes by calculating the altitudes of stars and the culminations and occultations of the Moon, respectively.

In 1843, Mitchell converted to Unitarianism, although she did not physically attend a Unitarian Church until more than twenty years later. Her departure from the Quaker faith did not cause a break with her family, with whom she appears to have remained close. Historians have limited knowledge about this period in Mitchell's life because few of her personal documents remain from before 1846. Members of the Mitchell family believed she destroyed many of her personal documents in order to keep them private, having witnessed personal papers blown through the street by the Great Fire of 1846, and because fear of another fire persisted.

Discovery of "Miss Mitchell's Comet" (1847–1849)
At 10:50 pm on the night of October 1, 1847, Mitchell discovered Comet 1847 VI (modern designation C/1847 T1) using a Dollond refracting telescope with three inches of aperture and forty-six inch focal length. She had noticed an unknown object flying through the sky in an area where she previously had not noticed any other activity and believed it to be a comet. The comet later became known as "Miss Mitchell's Comet." She published a notice of her discovery in Silliman's Journal in January 1848 under her father's name. The following month, she submitted her calculation of the comet's orbit, ensuring her claim as the original discoverer. Mitchell was celebrated at the Seneca Falls Convention for the discovery and calculation later that year.

On October 6, 1848, Mitchell was awarded a gold medal prize for her discovery by King Christian VIII of Denmark. This award had been previously established by King Frederick VI of Denmark  to honor the "first discoverer" of each new telescopic comet, a comet too faint to be seen with the naked eye. A question of credit temporarily arose because Francesco de Vico had independently discovered the same comet two days after Mitchell but reported it to European authorities first. Mitchell was declared the first to discover the comet and she was awarded the prize. The only previous women to discover a comet were the astronomers Caroline Herschel and Maria Margarethe Kirch.

Mitchell's medal was inscribed with line 257 of Book I of Virgil's Georgics: "Non Frustra Signorum Obitus Speculamur et Ortus" (Not in vain do we watch the setting and the rising [of the stars]). Though the award was sent via letter in 1848, Mitchell did not physically receive the award in Nantucket until March 1849. She became the first American to receive this medal and the first woman to receive an award in astronomy.

Intermediate years (1849–1864)

Mitchell became a celebrity following her discovery of the comet, with hundreds of newspaper articles written about her in the subsequent decade. At her home in Nantucket, she entertained a number of prominent academics such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Herman Melville, Frederick Douglass, and Sojourner Truth. In 1849, Mitchell accepted a computing and field research position for the U.S. Coast Survey undertaken at the U.S. Nautical Almanac Office. Her work consisted of tracking the movements of the planets - particularly Venus - and compiling tables of their positions to assist sailors in navigation. She joined the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1850 and befriended many of its members, including the director of the Smithsonian Institution, Joseph Henry.

Mitchell traveled to Europe in 1857. While abroad, Mitchell toured the observatories of contemporary European astronomers Sir John and Caroline Herschel and Mary Somerville. She also spoke with a number of natural philosophers including Alexander von Humboldt, William Whewell, and Adam Sedgewick before continuing her travels with Nathaniel Hawthorne and his family. Mitchell never married, but remained close to her immediate family throughout her life, even living in Lynn, Massachusetts with her sister Kate and her family in 1888.

Professorship at Vassar College (1865–1888)

Though Mitchell did not have a college education, she was appointed professor of astronomy at Vassar College by its founder, Matthew Vassar, in 1865 and became the first female professor of astronomy. Mitchell was the first person appointed to the faculty and was also named director of the Vassar College Observatory, a position she held for more than two decades. Mitchell also edited the astronomical column of Scientific American during her professorship. Thanks in part to Mitchell's guidance, Vassar College enrolled more students in mathematics and astronomy than Harvard University from 1865 to 1888. In 1869, Mitchell became one of the first women elected to the American Philosophical Society, alongside Mary Somerville and Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz. She received honorary doctorates from Hanover College, Columbia University, and Rutgers Female College.

Mitchell employed many unconventional teaching methods in her classes. She reported neither grades nor absences, advocated for small classes and individualized attention, and incorporated technology and mathematics into her lessons. Though her students' career options were limited by their gender, she emphasized the importance of their study of astronomy. "I cannot expect to make astronomers," she said to her students, "but I do expect that you will invigorate your minds by the effort at healthy modes of thinking. When we are chafed and fretted by small cares, a look at the stars will show us the littleness of our own interests."

Mitchell's research interests were varied. She photographed planets such as Jupiter and Saturn, as well as their moons, and studied nebulae, double stars, and solar eclipses. Mitchell also developed theories around her observations, such as the revolution of one star around another in double star formations and the influence of distance and chemical composition in star color variation.

Mitchell often involved her students with her astronomical observations in both the field and the Vassar College Observatory. Though she began recording sunspots by eye in 1868, she and her students began photographing them daily in 1873. These were the first regular photographs of the Sun, and they allowed her to explore the hypothesis that sunspots were cavities rather than clouds on the surface of the Sun. For the total solar eclipse of July 29, 1878 Mitchell and five assistants traveled with a 4-inch telescope to Denver for observations. Her efforts contributed to the success of Vassar's science and astronomy graduates, as twenty-five of her students would go on to be featured in Who's Who in America.

After teaching at Vassar for some time, Mitchell discovered that she was being paid less than many younger male professors. Mitchell and Alida Avery, the only other woman on the faculty at that time, demanded a salary increase, which they received. She taught at the college until her retirement in 1888, one year before her death.

Social activism
In 1841, Mitchell attended the anti-slavery convention in Nantucket where Frederick Douglass made his first speech, and she also became involved in the anti-slavery movement by boycotting clothes made of Southern cotton. She later became involved in a number of social issues as a professor, particularly those pertaining to women's suffrage and education. She also befriended various suffragists including Elizabeth Cady Stanton. After returning from a trip to Europe in 1873, Mitchell joined the national women's movement and helped found the Association for the Advancement of Women (AAW), a group dedicated to educational reform and the promotion of women in higher education. Mitchell addressed the Association's First Women's Congress in a speech titled The Higher Education of Women in which she described the work of English women working for access to higher education at Girton College, Cambridge.

Mitchell advocated for women working part-time while acquiring their education to not only ease the wages off of men paying for their education, but also to empower more women to be in the workforce. She also called attention to the place for women in science and mathematics and encouraged others to support women's colleges and women's campaigns to serve on local school boards. Mitchell served as the second president of the AAW in 1875 and 1876 before stepping down to head a special Committee on Science to analyze and promote women's progress in the field.  She held this position until her death in 1889.

Death and legacy
Mitchell died of brain disease on June 28, 1889, in Lynn, Massachusetts at the age of 70. She was buried in Lot 411, in Prospect Hill Cemetery, Nantucket. The Maria Mitchell Association was established to promote the sciences on Nantucket and preserve the legacy Mitchell's work. The Association operates a Natural History museum, an Aquarium, a Science Library and Research Center, Maria Mitchell's Home Museum, and an Observatory named in her honor, the Maria Mitchell Observatory.

In 1989, Mitchell was named a National Women's History Month Honoree by the National Women's History Project and was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1994. She was the namesake of a World War II Liberty ship, the SS Maria Mitchell, and New York's Metro North commuter railroad (with its Hudson Line endpoint in Poughkeepsie near Vassar College) has a train named the Maria Mitchell Comet. A crater on the Moon was also named in her honor. On August 1, 2013, the search engine Google honored Maria Mitchell with a Google Doodle showing her in cartoon form on top of a roof gazing through a telescope in search of comets.

Her unique place at the intersection of American science and culture has been captured in a number of recent publications.

Publications
During her life, Mitchell published seven items in the Royal Society Catalog and three articles detailing her observations in Silliman's Journal. Mitchell also authored three articles for Hours at Home, Century, and The Atlantic.

See also
List of astronomers
List of Christian thinkers in science
List of female scientists before the 21st century
Timeline of women in science

References

Online sources

 "Notice of a reward by the King of Denmark for the discovery of Comet", MNRAS 2 (1832) 59
 "Elements of Miss Mitchell's Comet", MNRAS 8 (1848) 130
 "Discontinuance of the King of Denmark's comet medal", AJ 1 (1850) 56 (due to First war of Schleswig)

Printed sources
 Kendall, Phebe Mitchell. Maria Mitchell: Life, Letters, and Journals. Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1896. (out of print; compiled by her sister)
 M. W. Whitney, In Memoriam, (Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 1889)
 M. K. Babbitt, Maria Mitchell as her students Knew her, (Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 1912)
 Albers, Henry editor "Maria Mitchell, A Life in Journals and Letters" College Avenue Press, Clinton Corners, NY, 2001.       (Henry Albers was the Fifth Maria Mitchell Professor of Astronomy at Vassar College.)
 Torjesen, Elizabeth Fraser, Comet Over Nantucket: Maria Mitchell and Her Island: The Story of America's First Woman Astronomer, (Richmond, IN: Friends United Press, 1984)
 Renée Bergland, Maria Mitchell and the Sexing of Science: An Astronomer Among the American Romantics, Beacon Press, Boston, 2008.
 Wright, Helen, Sweeper in the Skies: The Life of Maria Mitchell, College Avenue Press, Clinton Corners, NY, 1997. . (Commemorative Edition of 1949 edition. Wright was born in Washington, DC and served as assistant in Astronomy Dept. at Vassar and later US Naval Observatory and Mt. Wilson Observatory.Wrote bios of Geo. Hale and Palomar Observatory & w. Harold Shapley co-ed of Treasury of Science)

External links

 Encyclopædia Britannica biographical information

 Maria Mitchell Association
 Unitarian Universalist Biography of Maria Mitchell
 Prospect Hill Cemetery
 Bibliography from the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
 Episode 5: Maria Mitchell from Babes of Science podcasts

Michals, Debra. "Maria Mitchell". National Women's History Museum. 2015.
Vassar Telescope located at Smithsonian National Museum of American History

1818 births
1889 deaths
American women astronomers
American Quakers
American Unitarians
Discoverers of comets
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the American Philosophical Society
People from Nantucket, Massachusetts
Vassar College faculty
19th-century American astronomers
19th-century American women scientists
Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees
American suffragists
American women academics

Maria Mitchell


The Swedish Linnaeus Society  (Swedish Svenska Linnésällskapet) is a Swedish learned society devoted to the study of the 18th century naturalist Carl Linnaeus. It was founded at a meeting taking place at Hammarby, the country house of Linnaeus outside Uppsala, on May 23, 1917, the 210th birthday of Carl Linnaeus. In 1918 it took over the old botanical garden in Uppsala, Linnaean Garden, and from 1918 until 1923 restored it according to Linnaeus' own plans and specifications in his published work Hortus Upsaliensis from 1745. The care for the garden was taken over by Uppsala University in 1977. The society still runs the Linnaeus Museum in the 17th-century house adjacent to the garden, where Linnaeus once lived.

The yearbook of the society, Svenska Linnésällskapets Årsskrift, has been published since 1918. In addition, it has republished some of Linnaeus's own publications. In cooperation with, among others, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Uppsala University and the Linnean Society of London, the society is involved in the digital publication of the correspondence of Linnaeus.

See also
 Linnean Society of London

External links
 The Swedish Linnaeus Society, official website
 The Linnaean correspondence, publication project

Carl Linnaeus
Linnaeus
Organizations established in 1917
1917 establishments in Sweden
Uppsala University

Swedish Linnaeus Society


Baby is a 1973 novel by Danish author Kirsten Thorup. It deals with the disadvantaged members of society, those who have failed to make a mark.

The novel traces the movements of a selection of losers as they leave a cheap Copenhagen nightclub. There is Mark, a car salesman heavily in debt who ultimately separates from his pretty wife, Suzie who goes off to Sweden on a drunken escape, Leni who translates porno rather than the book she would like to complete, and many others. The losers are contrasted with Eddy, a loan shark, who causes increasing distress among his clients.

The overall message seems to be that nothing really matters, everything is reduced to the same low common denominator. The book is written in a simple style that is easy to read—whether as a novel or as an ambitious experiment.

The novel was awarded the Pegasus Prize for Literature in 1979.

References

1973 Danish novels
Novels set in Copenhagen

Baby (Thorup novel)


The saucer pass is an ice hockey technique in which the puck is passed to another player in such a way that it flies in the air like a flying saucer. This makes the pass more difficult to intercept by opposing players but it will still land flat on the ice making it simple to control for the receiving player.  The saucer pass is widely used nowadays due to the difficulty of intercepting it.  It requires a high degree of skill to perform a saucer pass to a team member while also making it difficult for an opposing player to intercept it. The typical height used for a saucer pass depends on the number of opposing players surrounding the player initiating the pass. If the pass is in front of the goal within a few meters, it usually rises a maximum of 30 centimeters above the ice level. In the case of a "torpedo attack"—a saucer pass covering tens of meters, often starting from the passer's defensive zone—the pass can easily rise over 3 meters from the ice to avoid being captured by an opposing player's glove (capturing a pass with a stick above one's own shoulder level or above goal height is prohibited close to a goal).

The inventor of the saucer pass is commonly credited as the Finnish ice hockey legend Raimo Helminen. According to the book Raipe - vaatimattomuuden lyhyt oppimäärä, he invented the pass when he was playing against grown-up men from his neighborhood when he was a young child in Koivistonkylä, Tampere, Finland.

References

Ice hockey terminology
Ice hockey skills

Saucer pass