A shortline railroad is a small or mid-sized railroad company that operates over a relatively short distance relative to larger, national railroad networks. The term is used primarily in the United States and Canada. In the former, railroads are categorized by operating revenue, and most shortline railroads fall into the Class III or Class II categorization defined by the Surface Transportation Board.

History
At the beginning of the railroad age, nearly all railway lines were shortlines, locally chartered, financed and operated; as the railroad industry matured, local lines were merged or acquired to create longer mainline railroads.

Especially since 1980 in the U.S. and 1990 in Canada, many shortlines have been established when larger railroad companies sold off or abandoned low-profit portions of their trackage. Shortline operators typically have lower labor, overhead and regulatory costs than Class I railroads and therefore are often able to operate profitable lines that lost money for their original owners.

Shortlines generally exist for one or more of the following reasons:
 to link two industries requiring rail freight together (for example, a gypsum mine and a wall board factory, or a coal mine and a power plant)
 to interchange revenue traffic with other, usually larger, railroads
 to operate a tourist passenger train service.

In France, the equivalent of shortlines railroads are the  (local railways operators).

Classification
Because of their small size and generally low revenues, the great majority of shortline railroads in the U.S. are classified by the Association of American Railroads (AAR) as Class III. As defined by the Surface Transportation Board (STB), a Class III is a railroad with an annual operating revenue of less than $28 million.  In Canada, Transport Canada classifies shortline railroads as Class II.

There are three kinds of shortlines in the U.S.:  handling, switch, and ISS (Interline Settlement System).
 Handling shortlines exist only to move cars along their tracks for larger railroads.  They are not listed in the route on a railcar's waybill.  Handling shortlines may have compensation agreements with the larger railroads they serve that do not depend on per car rates.
 Switch shortlines are similar to handling shortlines except that they are listed on a railcar's route, and they collect a fee for each car they move on their tracks.
 ISS shortlines operate the same as Class I and II railroads.  They are included in the routes of railcars.  Also, they serve as the billing railroads for loads that originate on their lines.  For loads not originating on their lines, ISS shortlines still collect a portion of the freight rate.

It was reported in 2009 that shortline railroads employ 20,000 people in the U.S., and own 30 percent of the nation's railroad tracks. About a quarter of all U.S. rail freight travels at least a small part of its journey over a short-line railroad.

An ever-growing number of shortline operators have been acquired by larger holding companies which own or lease railroad properties in many states, as well as internationally.  For example, Genesee & Wyoming controls over 100 railroads in over 40 U.S. states and four Canadian provinces. A consequence of such consolidation is that shortline railroads may no longer be "by state".

See also

 List of U.S. railroads
 List of Canadian railroads
 List of Mexican railroads
 Switching and terminal railroad

References

External links
American Short Line and Regional Railroad Association

Railway companies

Shortline railroad


Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is an extremely rare, always fatal (due to it being caused by prions) neurodegenerative disease that affects patients from 20 to 60 years in age. It is exclusively heritable, and is found in only a few families all over the world. It is, however, classified with the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) due to the causative role played by PRNP, the human prion protein. GSS was first reported by the Austrian physicians Josef Gerstmann, Ernst Sträussler and Ilya Scheinker in 1936.

Familial cases are associated with autosomal-dominant inheritance.

Certain symptoms are common to GSS, such as progressive ataxia, pyramidal signs, and dementia; they worsen as the disease progresses.

Symptoms and signs
Symptoms start with slowly developing dysarthria (difficulty speaking) and cerebellar truncal ataxia (unsteadiness) and then the progressive dementia becomes more evident. In the early stages of GSS, people with the condition may also exhibit clumsiness and experience difficulty walking. As the condition progresses, symptoms of ataxia become more pronounced. Loss of memory can be the first symptom of GSS. Extrapyramidal and pyramidal symptoms and signs may occur and the disease may mimic spinocerebellar ataxias in the beginning stages. Myoclonus (spasmodic muscle contraction) is less frequently seen than in Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Many patients also exhibit nystagmus (involuntary movement of the eyes), visual disturbances, and even blindness or deafness. The neuropathological findings of GSS include widespread deposition of amyloid plaques composed of abnormally folded prion protein.

Four clinical phenotypes are recognized: typical GSS, GSS with areflexia and paresthesia, pure dementia GSS and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease-like GSS.

Causes
GSS is part of a group of diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. These diseases are caused by prions, which are a class of pathogenic proteins that are resistant to proteases. These prions then form clusters in the brain, which are responsible for the neurodegenerative effects seen in patients.

The P102L mutation, which causes a substitution of proline to a leucine in codon 102, has been found in the prion protein gene (PRNP, on chromosome 20) of most affected individuals. Therefore, it appears this genetic change is usually required for the development of the disease.

Diagnosis
GSS can be identified through genetic testing. Testing for GSS involves a blood and DNA examination in order to attempt to detect the mutated gene at certain codons. If the genetic mutation is present, the patient will eventually develop GSS.

Treatment
There is no cure for GSS, nor is there any known treatment to slow the progression of the disease. Therapies and medication are aimed at treating or slowing down the effects of the symptoms. The goal of these treatments is to try to improve the patient's quality of life as much as possible. There is some ongoing research to find a cure, with one of the most prominent examples being the PRN100 monoclonal antibody.

Prognosis
GSS is a disease that progresses slowly, lasting roughly 2–10 years, with an average of approximately five years. The disease ultimately results in death, most commonly from the patient either going into a coma, or from a secondary infection due to the patient's loss of bodily functions.

Research
Prion diseases, also called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are neurodegenerative diseases of the brain thought to be caused by a protein that converts to an abnormal form called a prion. GSS is a very rare TSE, making its genetic origin nearly impossible to determine. It is also challenging to find any patients with GSS, as the disease tends to be underreported, due to its clinical similarity to other diseases, and has been found in only a few countries. In 1989, the first mutation of the prion protein gene was identified in a GSS family. The largest of these families affected by GSS is the Indiana Kindred, spanning over 8 generations, and includes over 3,000 people, with 57 individuals known to be affected. GSS was later realized to have many different gene mutation types, varying in symptom severity, timing and progression. Doctors in different parts of the world are in the process of uncovering more generations and families who have the mutation.

Notes

External links
 Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome, MedicineNet.com
  ITALIAN ASSOCIATION AGAINST GERSTMANN STRAUSSLER SCHEINKER'S DISEASE

Rare syndromes
Syndromes affecting the nervous system
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome


Babiker Awadalla (;  2 March 1917 – 17 January 2019) was a Sudanese Arab nationalist politician who was Prime Minister of Sudan from 25 May 1969 to 27 October 1969.

Early life and education
Awadalla was born in the White Nile State on 2 March 1917. In 1940, he graduated from the Gordon Memorial College law school.

Career
Awadalla held the position of Speaker of the lower house of the Sudanese legislature from 1954 to 1957. In 1964, he provided the drive to start the October Revolution by siding against the military in charge of Sudan. After the revolution, he became Sudan's Chief Justice in 1964. In 1967, Awadalla resigned from his position as Chief Justice in protest of the government's refusal to reinstate the Sudanese Communist Party, which the nation's courts had held to be unconstitutionally banned from parliament.

Cabinet

Awadalla was part of the coup of May 1969 that started Gaafar Nimeiry's presidency.

In Gaafar Nimeiry's military cabinet, Awadalla was the only civilian member on the National Revolutionary Command Council. Awadalla was selected as both Prime Minister and Foreign Minister on 25 May 1969. His position as Prime Minister ended on 27 October 1969 and he kept his position as Foreign Minister of Sudan until 1971. After finishing his previous positions, Awadalla held the positions of Deputy Prime Minister and Justice Minister in 1971.
Next he was Vice President of Sudan from 1972 to 1973.

United Nations
During a General Assembly meeting on 23 September 1969, Awadalla warned that the United States's decision of supporting Israel during the Arab-Israel conflict could provoke the use of nuclear weapons in the Middle East.

Later life and death
After 1972 Awadalla moved to Egypt, and later Dublin, Ireland, where he was reported to be living in May 2017. Awadalla died on 17 January 2019, at the age of 101 of natural causes.

References

1917 births
2019 deaths
People from White Nile (state)
Vice presidents of Sudan
Foreign ministers of Sudan
Government ministers of Sudan
Speakers of the National Assembly (Sudan)
Sudanese judges
Prime Ministers of Sudan
Sudanese Arab nationalists
Sudanese emigrants to Ireland
Sudanese centenarians
Men centenarians
Sudanese expatriates in Egypt
Gordon Memorial College alumni

Babiker Awadalla


Buddleja diffusa is a species endemic to central Peru and northern Argentina, growing on dry hillsides above rivers and creeks at altitudes of 1000–1900 m; it was first described and named by Ruiz and Pavon in 1798.

Description
Buddleja diffusa is a dioecious, scrambling, vine-like shrub 1–3.5 m  high, with yellowish bark. The young branches are quadrangular, the younger growth covered with a white to buff tomentum.  The sessile, membranaceous ovate or elliptic leaves 3–14 cm long by 2–8 cm wide, glabrescent above, tomentose below. The yellow inflorescences are 15–30 cm long, with one or two orders of branches; the flowers borne in capitate cymules, each 0.6–1 cm diameter, with 9–15 flowers; the corolla tubes are 3–3.5 mm long.

Cultivation
The shrub is not known to be in cultivation.

References

diffusa
Flora of Argentina
Flora of Peru
Flora of Southern America
Dioecious plants

Buddleja diffusa


Rear Admiral James Edward Jouett (7 February 1826 – 30 September 1902), known as "Fighting Jim Jouett of the American Navy", was an officer in the United States Navy during the Mexican–American War and the American Civil War. His father was Matthew Harris Jouett, a notable painter, and his grandfather was Revolutionary War hero Jack Jouett.

Biography
Born near Lexington, Kentucky, Jouett was appointed midshipman 10 September 1841. He served on the African coast on the Decatur with Matthew C. Perry and on the John Adams during the Mexican–American War.

American Civil War
At the beginning of the Civil War, Jouett was captured by Confederates at Pensacola, Florida, but was soon paroled. He then joined the blockading forces off Galveston, Texas, distinguishing himself during the night of 7/8 November 1861 in the capture and destruction of Confederate schooner Royal Yacht, while serving on USS Santee. Jouett later commanded the Montgomery and R. R. Cuyler on blockading duty and in September 1863 took command of the Metacomet.

In the Battle of Mobile Bay, 5 August 1864, his ship, the Metacomet, was lashed to Admiral David Farragut's flagship Hartford as the ships entered the bay. Monitor Tecumseh was sunk by an underwater "torpedo", but the ships steamed on, inspired by Farragut's famous command: "Damn the torpedoes! Four bells! Captain Drayton go ahead! Jouett full speed!" Metacomet was sent after two Confederate gunboats, and in a short chase Jouett riddled the Gaines and captured the Selma.

Post-Civil War and last years
Jouett had various commands ashore and afloat after the Civil War, taking command of the North Atlantic Squadron in 1884. In 1885 he commanded a naval force which forced the opening of the isthmus of Panama, threatened by insurrection.

Shore duty
Admiral Jouett was named President of the Board of Inspection and Survey and served from June 1886 to February 1890.

Retirement
Rear Admiral Jouett retired in 1890. A special act of Congress granted him full pay for the rest of his life as a reward for his brilliant service. He returned to his home "Stockwood" in Howard County, Maryland he lived most of his remaining years at "The Anchorage," Sandy Spring, Maryland. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery section 1, site 85A.

Honored in ship naming
Three ships in the United States Navy have been named USS Jouett in his honor.

References

United States Navy admirals
United States Navy personnel of the Mexican–American War
Union Navy officers
Military personnel from Lexington, Kentucky
People of Kentucky in the American Civil War
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
1826 births
1902 deaths
People from Sandy Spring, Maryland
Jouett family

James Edward Jouett


Double Fattiness () is a 1988 Hong Kong comedy film directed by David Chiang and starring Bill Tung, Lydia Shum, Eric Tsang and Maggie Cheung.

Plot
The movie revolved around a Chinese flatbread restaurant in Hong Kong, where the Mo family worked and make a living. Luk Siu-fung (Lydia Shum) is the matriarch of the family, protecting them against all external threats from local gangsters, while also serving the family's every need. However, Siu-fung suffers from heart problems, and on the eve of her wedding anniversary with her longtime husband, Mo Chak-shu, Siu-fung died.

Before Siu-fung died, she expressed a desire to ride a Chinese Wedding Sedan in the afterlife, which Chak-shu and his son, Sonny, promises. When Siu-fung reaches the underworld, the wedding sedan arrived just in time to carry Siu-fung over the Neihe Bridge, where she will officially reach the underworld and be prepared for reincarnation. After proper registrations, Siu-fung (who is grossly overweight) attempted to cross the Neihe Bridge with the sedan, and the excessive weight caused the bridge to collapse. The sedan carriers, along with the sedan, fell to their death into the Neihe River, while Siu-fung was saved by the Spiritworld Keeper at the last moment.

Since the Neihe Bridge was destroyed, Siu-fung cannot cross the bridge, thus creating an anomaly where Siu-fung is not officially dead, in spiritworld terms. The spiritworld keeper attempted to guide Siu-fung back to human life, where she can reenter her body, and be returned to life. However, Siu-fung was a little late, and her husband and son pressed a button to cremate Siu-fung's body.

Cast
This is a partial list of cast.
 Bill Tung as Mo Chak-shu (武則書)
 Lydia Shum as Luk Siu-fung / Miss Cho
 Eric Tsang as Sonny Mo Tak-ko
 Maggie Cheung as Diana
 Dennis Chan as Spiritworld Keeper
 Paul Chun as Kam Tai-tse
 James Wong as Orchestra Director
 David Chiang as 2nd Spiritworld Keeper
 Ronald Wong as Tse's men
 Teddy Yip as Mr Lin

Character Naming and References
In Cantonese, the name "Mo" (武) is homonymic to the term "no/nothing/never" (無), therefore, Mo Chak-shu (武則書) is phonetically similar to the term "無執輸", which means "Will not lose" or "will not be at a disadvantage". Meanwhile, Mo Tak-ko (武德高) is phonetically similar to "無得高", which means "will never grow tall".

Paul Chun's character, Kam Tai-tse (金大枝) somewhat resembles the transliterated name of the former President of South Korea, Kim Dae-jung.

Mo Tak-ko's purported English name, Charles (as revealed to Diana), is a reference to Charles, Prince of Wales, while Diana's name is a reference to Diana, Princess of Wales.

References

External links

 Double Fattiness at hkcinemagic.com

1988 films
1988 comedy films
Hong Kong slapstick comedy films
Supernatural comedy films
1980s Cantonese-language films
Films set in Hong Kong
Films shot in Hong Kong
1980s supernatural films
Films directed by David Chiang
1980s Hong Kong films

Double Fattiness


The Reproducibility Project: Psychology was a crowdsourced collaboration of 270 contributing authors to repeat 100 published experimental and correlational psychological studies. This project was led by the Center for Open Science and its co-founder, Brian Nosek, who started the project in November 2011. The results of this collaboration were published in August 2015. Reproducibility is the ability to produce the same findings, using the same methodologies as the original work, but on a different dataset (for instance, collected from a different set of participants). The project has illustrated the growing problem of failed reproducibility in social science. This project has started a movement that has spread through the science world with the expanded testing of the reproducibility of published works.

Results
Brian Nosek of University of Virginia and colleagues sought out to replicate 100 different studies that all were published in 2008. The project pulled these studies from three different journals, Psychological Science, the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, and the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,  published in 2008 to see if they could get the same results as the initial findings.  In their initial publications 97 of these 100 studies claimed to have significant results. The group went through extensive measures to remain true to the original studies, including consultation with the original authors. Even with all the extra steps taken to ensure the same conditions of the original 97 studies, only 35 (36.1%) of the studies replicated, and if these effects were replicated, they were often smaller than those in the original papers. The authors emphasized that the findings reflect a problem that affects all of science and not just psychology, and that there is room to improve reproducibility in psychology.

In 2021, the project showed that of 193 experiments from 53 top papers about cancer published between 2010 and 2012, only 50 experiments from 23 papers could get replicated. Moreover, it showed that the effect sizes of that fraction were 85% smaller on average than the original findings. None of the papers had its experimental protocols fully described and 70% of experiments required asking for key reagents.

Statistical relevance
Failure to replicate can have different causes. The first is a type II error, which is when the null hypothesis fails to be rejected when it is false. This can be classified as a false negative. A type I error is the rejection of a null hypothesis even if it is true, so this is considered a false positive.

Center for Open Science
The Center for Open Science was founded by Brian Nosek and Jeff Spies in 2013 with a $5.25 million grant from the Laura and John Arnold Foundation. By 2017 the Foundation had provided an additional $10 million in funding.

Outcome and importance
There have been multiple implications of the Reproducibility Project. People all over have started to question the legitimacy of scientific studies that have been published in esteemed journals. Journals typically only publish articles with big effect sizes that reject the null hypothesis. Leading into the huge issue of people re-doing studies that have already found to fail, but not knowing because there is no record of the failed studies, which will lead to more false positives to be published. It is unknown if any of the original study authors committed fraud in publishing their projects, but some of the authors of the original studies are part of the 270 contributors of this project.

One earlier study found that around $28 billion worth of research per year in medical fields is non-reproducible.

The results of the Reproducibility Project might also affect public trust in psychology. Lay people who learned about the low replication rate found in the Reproducibility Project subsequently reported a lower trust in psychology, compared to people who were told that a high number of the studies had replicated.

See also
 Invalid science
 John Ioannidis
 Meta-analysis
 Metascience
 Proteus phenomenon
 Publication bias
 Replication crisis
 Scientific method

External links
Official website

References

Validity (statistics)
Scientific method
Criticism of academia
Metascience

Reproducibility Project


All Our Yesterdays is a television series, produced by Granada Television, giving an historical account of the 1930s lead-up to the Second World War and to the war itself.  It relied on film footage, and may be considered a precursor to the later Thames Television World at War production.

The series ran weekly from 1960 to 1973 and from 1987 to 1989. The format was a studio commentary, supported by newsreel clips that had been shown in cinemas 25 years ago that week. The final series concentrated on 1939. The years to 1964 focused on the build-up to the Second World War, mixed with more lighthearted fare. The series continued mostly with war footage from 1964 to 1970. A measure of comic relief was provided by wartime cartoons, especially by Osbert Lancaster for the Daily Express, with captions read by actors.

The presenters were:
 James Cameron (1960 to 1961)
 Brian Inglis (1961 to 1973)
 Bernard Braden (1987 to 1989)

One wartime newsreel which found a new audience was "Hoch der Lambeth Valk". This propaganda film of a Nazi rally, with goose-stepping parades, had been re-edited, reversing some sequences, so the marchers appeared to be dancing "The Lambeth Walk". The effect became a favourite.

Only 47 episodes of the original series (1960–1973) survive whereas the later series (1987–89) survives complete. The title of this series alludes to Macbeth's soliloquy in Act 5 Scene 5 after Lady Macbeth's death.

External links

Hoch der Lambeth Valk at the National Archive.

1960 British television series debuts
1989 British television series endings
1960s British documentary television series
1970s British documentary television series
1980s British documentary television series
ITV documentaries
Television series by ITV Studios
Television shows produced by Granada Television
English-language television shows
Documentary television series about World War II

All Our Yesterdays (TV series)


Bruno of Cologne (; ;  – 6 October 1101), venerated as Saint Bruno, was the founder of the Carthusian Order. He personally founded the order's first two communities. He was a celebrated teacher at Reims, and a close advisor of his former pupil, Pope Urban II. His feast day is 6 October.

Life
Bruno was born in Cologne about the year 1030. According to tradition, he belonged to the family of Hartenfaust, or Hardebüst, one of the principal families of the city. Little is known of his early years, except that he studied theology in the present-day French city of Reims before returning to his native land.

His education completed, Bruno returned to Cologne, where he was most likely ordained a priest around 1055 and provided with a canonry at St. Cunibert's. In 1056 Bishop Gervais recalled him to Reims, where the following year he found himself head of the episcopal school, which at the time included the direction of the schools and the oversight of all the educational establishments of the diocese. For eighteen years, from 1057 to 1075, he maintained the prestige which the school of Reims attained under its former masters, Remi of Auxerre, and others.

Bruno led the school for nearly two decades, acquiring an excellent reputation as a philosopher and theologian. Among his students were Eudes of Châtillon, afterwards Pope Urban II, Rangier, Cardinal and Bishop of Reggio, Robert, Bishop of Langres, and a large number of prelates and abbots.

Chancellor of the Diocese of Reims
In 1075, Bruno was appointed chancellor of the Archdiocese of Reims, which involved him in the daily administration of the diocese. Meanwhile, the pious Bishop Gervais de Château-du-Loir, a friend to Bruno, had been succeeded by Manasses de Gournai, a violent aristocrat with no real vocation for the Church. In 1077, at the urging of Bruno and the clergy at Reims, de Gournai was suspended at a council at Autun. Manasses responded, in typical eleventh-century fashion, by having his retainers pull down the houses of his accusers. He confiscated their goods, sold their benefices, and even appealed to the pope. Bruno discreetly avoided the cathedral city until in 1080 a definite sentence, confirmed by popular riot, compelled Manasses to withdraw and take refuge with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, the fierce opponent of Pope Gregory VII.

Refusal to become a bishop

On the verge of being made bishop himself, Bruno instead followed a vow he had made to renounce secular concerns and withdrew, along with two of his friends, Raoul and Fulcius, also canons of Reims.

Bruno's first thought on leaving Reims seems to have been to place himself and his companions under the direction of an eminent solitary, Robert of Molesme, who had recently (1075) settled at Sèche-Fontaine, near Molesme in the Diocese of Langres, together with a band of other hermits, who were later on (in 1098) to form the Cistercians. But he soon found that this was not his vocation. After a short stay, he went with six of his companions to Hugh of Châteauneuf, Bishop of Grenoble. The bishop, according to the pious legend, had recently had a vision of these men, under a chaplet of seven stars, and he installed them himself in 1084 in a mountainous and uninhabited spot in the lower Alps of the Dauphiné, in a place named Chartreuse, not far from Grenoble. With St. Bruno were: Landuin, Stephen of Bourg, Stephen of Die (canons of St. Rufus), Hugh the Chaplain and two laymen, Andrew and Guerin, who afterwards became the first lay brothers.

They built an oratory with small individual cells at a distance from each other where they lived isolated and in poverty, entirely occupied in prayer and study, for these men had a reputation for learning, and were frequently honoured by the visits of St. Hugh who became like one of themselves.

At the time, Bruno's pupil, Eudes of Châtillon, had become pope as Urban II (1088). Resolved to continue the work of reform commenced by Gregory VII and being obliged to struggle against Antipope Clement III and Emperor Henry IV, he was in dire need of competent and devoted allies and called his former master to Rome in 1090.

It is difficult to assign the place which Bruno occupied in Rome, or his influence in contemporary events, because it remained entirely hidden and confidential. Lodged in the Lateran with the pope himself, privy to his most private councils, he worked as an advisor but wisely kept in the background, apart from the fiercely partisan rivalries in Rome and within the curia. Shortly after his arrival in Rome, the papal party was forced to evacuate to the south by the arrival of Henry IV with his own antipope in tow.

Bruno resisted efforts to name him Archbishop of Reggio Calabria, deferring instead in favour of one of his former pupils nearby in a Benedictine abbey near Salerno. Instead, Bruno begged to return again to his solitary life. His intention was to rejoin his brethren in Dauphiné, as a letter addressed to them makes clear. But the will of Urban II kept him in Italy, near the papal court, to which he could be called at need.

Bruno did not attend the Council of Clermont, where Urban preached the First Crusade, but seems to have been present at the Council of Benevento (March 1091). His part in history is effaced.

The place for his new retreat, chosen in 1091 by Bruno and some followers who had joined him, was in the Diocese of Squillace, in a small forested high valley, where the band constructed a little wooden chapel and cabins. His patron there was Roger I of Sicily, Count of Sicily and Calabria and uncle of the Duke of Apulia, who granted them the lands they occupied, and a close friendship developed. Bruno went to the Guiscard court at Mileto to visit the count in his sickness (1098 and 1101), and to baptize his son, Roger (1097), the future King of Sicily. But more often Roger went into retreat with his friends, where he erected a simple house for himself. Through his generosity, the monastery of St. Stephen was built in 1095, near the original hermitage dedicated to the Virgin.

At the turn of the new century, the friends of St. Bruno died one after the other: Urban II in 1099; Landuin, the prior of the Grande Chartreuse, his first companion, in 1100; Count Roger in 1101. Bruno followed on 6 October 1101 in Serra San Bruno.

Bruno's legacy

After his death, the Carthusians of Calabria, following a frequent custom of the Middle Ages, dispatched a roll-bearer, a servant of the community laden with a mortuary roll, a long roll of parchment, hung round his neck, who travelled through Italy, France, Germany, and England, stopping to announce the death of Bruno, and in return, the churches, communities, or chapters inscribed upon his roll, in prose or verse, the expression of their regrets, with promises of prayers. Many of these rolls have been preserved, but few are so extensive or so full of praise as that about St. Bruno. A hundred and seventy-eight witnesses, of whom many had known the deceased, celebrated the extent of his knowledge and the fruitfulness of his instruction. Strangers to him were above all struck by his great knowledge and talents. But his disciples praised his three chief virtues — his great spirit of prayer, extreme mortification, and devotion to the Blessed Virgin.

Both the churches built by him in the desert were dedicated to the Blessed Virgin: Our Lady of Casalibus in Dauphiné and Our Lady Della Torre in Calabria; faithful to his inspirations, the Carthusian Statutes proclaim the Mother of God the first and chief patron of all the houses of the order, whoever may be their particular patron. He is also the eponym for San Bruno Creek in California.

Inscription in the Roman Calendar

Bruno was buried in the little cemetery of the hermitage of Santa Maria. In 1513, his bones were discovered with the epitaph "Haec sunt ossa magistri Brunonis" (these are the bones of the master Bruno) over them. Since the Carthusian Order maintains a strict observance of humility, Saint Bruno was never formally canonized. He was not included in the Tridentine Calendar, but in the year 1623 Pope Gregory XV included him in the General Roman Calendar for celebration on 6 October.

Saint Bruno has long been regarded as the patron saint of Calabria and one of the patron saints of Germany.

A writer as well as founder of his order, Saint Bruno composed commentaries on the Psalms and on the Epistles of Paul the Apostle. Two letters of his also remain, his profession of faith, and a short elegy on contempt for the world which shows that he cultivated poetry. St Bruno's Commentaries reveal that he knew a little Hebrew and Greek; he was familiar with the Church Fathers, especially Augustine of Hippo and Ambrose. "His style", said Dom Rivet, "is concise, clear, nervous and simple, and his Latin as good as could be expected of that century: it would be difficult to find a composition of this kind at once more solid and more luminous, more concise and more clear."

In Catholic art, Saint Bruno can be recognized by a skull that he holds and contemplates, with a book and a cross. He may be crowned with a halo of seven stars; or with a roll bearing the device O Bonitas.

See also

 Spatiamentum
 Cologne Charterhouse

References

External links

Order of Carthusians
St. Bruno - Catholic Encyclopedia
Catholic Prayers to St. Bruno

Carthusians
Founders of Catholic religious communities
German Roman Catholic saints
1030s births
1101 deaths

Year of birth uncertain
German hermits
German Christian monks
11th-century Christian saints
Carthusian saints
11th-century Christian mystics
Roman Catholic mystics
Medieval German theologians
Clergy from Cologne
History of Cologne
11th-century German writers
11th-century writers in Latin

Bruno of Cologne


The Port Moresby Airfield Complex was a World War II military airfield complex, built near Port Moresby in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. It was used during the Battle of New Guinea as a base of Allied air operations primarily in 1942 and early 1943. It later became a support base as the battle moved to the north and western part of New Guinea.  It was closed and the facility turned over to civil authorities after the end of the War in September 1945.

This complex of airfields is historically significant as it was from these airfields that the Royal Australian Air Force and the United States Army Air Forces supported Allied ground forces in the Battle of New Guinea.  It represented the changing fortunes of war in the Pacific and the end of the Japanese expansion in the Southwestern Pacific during World War II.

History
The pre–World War II Port Moresby Airport became one of the primary airfields (Jackson Airfield) used by the Allied forces during the New Guinea campaign (1942–1945), and was part of a multiple-airfield complex in the Port Moresby area.

When American forces arrived in April 1942, the airfield was further developed and expanded. Revetments were constructed to protect parked aircraft and defenses.  With the end of the war, the USAAF withdrew from the complex in 1945; however, it was used as a major disposal point for excess Allied aircraft, and for years disposed B-17s, P-47s, B-25s, P-38s, A-20Gs, and even a few P-40s could be found in various states of decay in the area. Some were refurbished and inducted into museums around the world

Airfields

Kila Kila Airfield (3 Mile Drome)

Located: 1.8 miles South of Port Moresby

The airfield was built by the Australians in 1933, and during the 1930s it was Port Moresby's first airport.  Taken over by the RAAF in January 1942, it was expanded for use by military fighters, light bombers and transports.  Its runway was a gravel bed overlaid with Pierced Steel Planking 5,000×100 ft. It includes dispersal pads, taxiways and several buildings.

USAAF assigned units:
 8th Bombardment Squadron, 31 March – 9 May 1942 (A-24, A-20)
 89th Bombardment Squadron, 1 September 1942 – 9 May 1943 (A-20)
 8th Fighter Squadron, 25 September 1942 – 15 April 1943 (P-40)
 35th Fighter Squadron, 10 May – 25 December 1943 (P-40s)
 67th Fighter Squadron, 30 May – 28 June 1943 (P-39)
 80th Fighter Squadron, 20 July – 8 November 1942; 21 March – 11 December 1943 (P-39)

By 1944, the airfield was relegated to a support field and was returned to civil use after the war.  Today, Kila Kila Airfield is now part of Port Moresby suburban area.  It contains the Kila Police Barracks and a technical school. Its wartime past is mostly obliterated by modern development.

Jackson Airfield (7 Mile Drome)

Located: 2.4 mies Northeast of Port Moresby

Named in honor of  Squadron Leader John Francis Jackson, D.F.C. 75 Squadron Royal Australian Air Force, aged 34. Killed in action while flying P-40E A29-8 on 28 April 1942.

Jackson Airfield was one of the primary airfields at Port Moresby at the start of the Japanese invasion of the island, and one of their principal targets. It based the first fighters that flew in defense of Port Moresby, RAAF 75 Squadron from March–May 1942.  It was originally a pre-war airstrip with two parallel runways. American B-17 Flying Fortresses used the airfield en route to Clark Field on 9 September 1941. During the war, it was further expanded and improved by the Australians and Americans.

When American forces arrived in April 1942, the airfield was further developed.  Eventually there were three  parallel runways, running roughly north-west to south-east. In the middle was the original runway, a fighter strip 3,000×100 ft surfaced with Pierced Steel Planking (PSP).  To the north-east side was a bomber strip 3,000' x 150' surfaced with PSP later expanded to 3,750 ft. On the south-west side was a crash strip 7,500×100 ft.  Revetments were constructed to protect parked aircraft and defenses. A network of taxiways between Jackson and Wards Airfields made it possible to taxi between the two airfields.

Assigned units:
 No. 75 Squadron RAAF, 19 March - 7 May 1942 (P-40)
 35th Pursuit Squadron, 26 April - 15 May 1942 (P-39)
 36th Pursuit Squadron, 28 April - July 1942 (P-39)
 HQ, 43d Bombardment Group, 14 September 1942 – 10 December 1943
 8th Bombardment Squadron, 28 January – 10 April 1943 (A-24, B-25)
 63d Bombardment Squadron, 23 January – 29 October 1943 (B-17)
 64th Bombardment Squadron, 20 January – 10 December 1943 (B-17)
 65th Bombardment Squadron, 20 January-11 December 1943 (B-17)
 403d Bombardment Squadron, 11 May – 13 December 1943 (B-24)
 HQ 348th Fighter Group, 23 June – 16 December 1943
 340th Fighter Squadron, 23 June – 17 December 1943  (P-47)

Today, the airfield is Papua New Guinea's international airport, and the air hub for all Air Niugini flights in and out of the nation. Also, a number of smaller regional airlines and helicopter and aviation services.  At the western end of the airport are several large revetments for B-17 and B-24 bombers, still in excellent condition.

Wards Airfield (5 Mile Drome)

Located: 2.5 miles north-northwest of Port Moresby

Named in honor of Australian Lt. Col. K. H. Ward, who was involved with its construction and was killed on August 27, 1942, during the fighting at Isurava on the Kokoda Trail.

Constructed primarily by Australian engineers in 1942, with American engineers grading and surfacing the runway.  Consisted of two parallel 6,000' x 100' runways, with an extensive taxiway and revetment area; a taxiway connected to Jackson Airfield (7 Mile Drome).  During 1943, Wards was the busiest airfield in the entire Southern Hemisphere. It was used by transport and heavy bomber and fighter aircraft.

Assigned units:
 Operations Headquarters, Fifth Air Force
 Headquarters, 374th Troop Carrier Group. 1 December 1942 – 7 October 1943
 22d Troop Carrier Squadron, 24 January – 4 October 1943 (C-47)
 320th Bombardment Squadron, 10 February 1943 – 23 February 1944 (B-24)
 321st Bombardment Squadron, 10 February – 1 December 1943 (B-24)
 341st Fighter Squadron, 23 June – 13 December 1943 (P-47)
 342d Fighter Squadron, 23 June – 16 December 1943 (P-47)

 No. 22 Squadron RAAF, (A-20)
 No. 30 Squadron RAAF, (Bristol Beaufighter)

 The 27th Air Depot, Air Force Technical Service Command, was located to the southeast of the airfield. The group was responsible for assembling crated aircraft delivered by ship docked in Fairfax Harbor from the United States.  Brand new aircraft were delivered to Port Moresby assembled and then flown to other bases. Ships continued to dock at Port Moresby until mid-1945 when transports switched to Manila Bay.

Today, Wards Airfield is now part of Port Moresby suburban area.  The main runway of the airfield appears to be used as Kumuni Avenue, in the Waigani area of Port Moresby, where most of the government buildings and embassies are located.  The revetments and most of the wartime facilities, however, are now part of history.  Located on a hill behind Wards Drome. A large 5th Air Force insignia and USAAF star, drawn into the concrete.   Concrete steps, a garden and path that went up the ridge towards the HQ. In the 1980s traces of the paint still remained.  Today, both the 5th AF logo and USSAF are partially broken, and the area is overgrown, but it still offers commanding views and an impressive remnant of the American era at Wards Airfield.

Berry Airfield (12 Mile Drome)

Located: 6.4 miles Northeast of Port Moresby

Officially named Berry Airfield in honor of P-39D 41-7165 pilot Major Jack W. Berry on November 10, 1942.

The airfield was constructed in early 1942, being completed on 15 May.  The airfield had an 8-inch base of crushed rock and pit gravel for a single earth runway approximately 4,500' by 150'. It also had 40 dispersal bays, and 4 alert areas that would accommodate 15 fighter aircraft.

Assigned units:
 35th Pursuit Squadron, 15 May - June 1942 (P-39)
 40th Fighter Squadron, 2 June – 30 July 1942 (P-39)
 80th Fighter Squadron, 20 July – 8 November 1942; 21 March – 11 December 1943 (P-39)

 No. 75 Squadron RAAF, (P-40)

Today the former main runway has been converted to a road which goes to Port Moresby.  The Bomana Police Training College is located at the site of the former strip, and the Bomana War Cemetery is at the far end of the strip.  All in all, the former airfield site is obliterated by the march of time and development in the area.

Schwimmer Airfield (14 Mile Drome)

Located: 6.9 miles North-northeast of Port Moresby

Named in honor of Charles Schwimmer on 10 November 1942, lost in P-39D 41-6956 intercepting Japanese aircraft over Port Moresby.

Built in 1942 and  surfaced with PSP.  No revetments were built at the airfield, but taxiway and parking areas dispersed to the north of the runway in a semi-circle. Living quarters were pyramid tents a half mile from the strip in scrub trees.

Assigned units:
 13th Bombardment Squadron (Flight), 16 December 1942 – 22 May 1943 (B-25)
 7th Fighter Squadron (Flight), 19 September 1942 – 15 April 1943 (P-40)
 9th Fighter Squadron, 10 October 1942 – 6 March 1943 (P-40)
 39th Fighter Squadron,  18 October 1942 – 15 December 1943 (P-38, P-39)
 HQ, 6th Photographic Group, 10 December 1943 – 17 February 1944
 8th Reconnaissance Squadron, 9 September 1942 – 16 March 1944

The airfield was abandoned after the war, and today no evidence remains that this was a military airfield, being obliterated by the passage of time and human redevelopment of the site.

Durand Airfield (17 Mile Drome)

Located: 5.8 miles North-Northwest of Port Moresby

Named in honor of P-39 pilot Edward D. Durand missing in action on April 30, 1942

Opened in early 1942, was used as a frontline airfield for fighters and medium bombers during all of 1943.  Consisted of a single main runway, running roughly NW-SE was constructed by the 808th Airborne Engineers, and completed in August 1942. The runway was separate from the dispersal and camp areas, where revetments were carved into hillsides and taxiways elevated for drainage. Gun pits built of 55 gallon drums for anti-aircraft were built on the surrounding hills, and buildings on concrete slabs, or tents on gravel from the nearby quarry.

A single main runway, running roughly NW-SE was constructed by the 808th Airborne Engineers, and completed in August 1942. The runway was separate from the dispersal and camp areas, where revetments were carved into hillsides and taxiways elevated for drainage. Gun pits built of 55 gallon drums for anti-aircraft were built on the surrounding hills, and buildings on concrete slabs, or tents on gravel from the nearby quarry.

Assigned units:
 13th Bombardment Squadron (Flight), 16 December 1942 – 22 May 1943 (B-25)
 90th Bombardment Squadron, 28 January – 21 May 1943  1943 (B-25)
 71st Bombardment Squadron, 26 November 1942 – 4 March 1944 (B-25)
 405th Bombardment Squadron, 6 November 1942 – 4 March 1944 (B-25)
 499th Bombardment Squadron, 5 June 1943 – 15 January 1944 (B-25)
 500th Bombardment Squadron, 5 June 1943 – 1 January 1944 (B-25)
 7th Fighter Squadron (Flight), 19 September 1942 – 15 April 1943 (P-40)

Abandoned after the war ended,  vegetation has returned to the area once cleared off for an airfield.   Presumably elements of the facility remain under the vegetation canopy as an outline of the main runway can be discerned.

Rogers Airfield (30 Mile Drome)

Located: 35.5 miles northwest of Port Moresby

Named in honor of Major Floyd "Buck" W. Rogers (C. O. of 3rd Bombardment Group, 8th BS Bombardment Squadron) who was KIA piloting A-24 41-15797.

The airfield was built by the US Army, construction was initiated during the middle of 1942. On May 4, 1942, US Army 43rd Engineering Regiment, Company E moves to this location begin construction.  Originally, the single runway was to be surfaced with marston matting, but the matting bound for this airfield was instead retained for use in Port Moresby. Without matting, this airstrip was not capable of handling heavy bombers. The first usage of the completed runway was during the first week of June, 1942. When built, it was described as a secret airfield. This runway with matting remained for many years as the second runway, being little used, for light aircraft. The remaining matting was torn up in late 1972 and a new 9000 foot reinforced runway (now 14R) with ILS was completed in 1973, before Independence Day. 14L (6000 feet) was the main runway from 1945 to 1972, and has since been much shortened. The matting has been a familiar sight around Port Moresby since the 1950s, being used as fencing and retaining walls.

Probably, one of the first landings at the airfield when a damaged P-39 Airacobra piloted by Paul G. Brown on 17 May 1942. Later, the Airacobra was repaired and flew back to base. The airfield was used to base fighters from July 1942 until the end of August 1943.  Afterwards, the airfield continued to be used as a crash strip.

Assigned units:
 7th Fighter Squadron (Flight), 19 September 1942 – 15 April 1943 (P-40)
 40th Fighter Squadron, 25 November 1942 – 11 August 1943 (P-39, P-400)
 41st Fighter Squadron, 20 July 1942 – 16 August 1943 (P-39, P-400)

The airfield was apparently used as a private airport until the 1970s, then abandoned.   Today, the outline of the main runway can be seen in aerial imagery; the entire area has returned to a natural vegetation cover, being overgrown with kunai grass.

Fishermans Airfield
Located:  10.2 miles West-Southwest of Port Moresby

Built by the RAAF c. 1944 as an emergency airfield on Daugo Island.  Abandoned since the end of World War II, today the remains of the runway can be seen in aerial images.

See also

 United States Army Air Forces in the South West Pacific Theatre
Naval Base Port Moresby

References

 Pacific Wrecks: Port Moresby

World War II airfields in Papua New Guinea
Airports in Papua New Guinea
Airports established in 1942
1942 establishments in the Territory of Papua

Port Moresby Airfield Complex


is a Japanese musical instrument and audio equipment manufacturer.

It is one of the constituents of Nikkei 225 and is the world's largest musical instrument manufacturing company. The former motorcycle division was established in 1955 as Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd., which started as an affiliated company but later became independent.

History

 was established in 1887 as a reed organ manufacturer by Torakusu Yamaha (山葉寅楠) in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture and was incorporated on 12 October 1897. In 1900, the company started the production of pianos. The first piano to be made in Japan was an upright built in 1900 by Torakusu Yamaha, founder of Nippon Gakki Co., Ltd. — later renamed Yamaha Corporation.  The company's origins as a musical instrument manufacturer are still reflected today in the group's logo—a trio of interlocking tuning forks.

After World War II, company president Genichi Kawakami repurposed the remains of the company's war-time production machinery and the company's expertise in metallurgical technologies to the manufacture of motorcycles. The YA-1 (AKA Akatombo, the "Red Dragonfly"), of which 125 were built in the first year of production (1954), was named in honour of the founder. It was a 125cc, single cylinder, two-stroke street bike patterned after the German DKW RT 125 (which the British munitions firm, BSA, had also copied in the post-war era and manufactured as the Bantam and Harley-Davidson as the Hummer). In 1955, the success of the YA-1 resulted in the founding of Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd., splitting the motorcycle division from the company. Also, in 1954 the Yamaha Music School was founded.

Yamaha has grown into the world's largest manufacturer of musical instruments (including pianos, "silent" pianos, drums, guitars, brass instruments, woodwinds, violins, violas, cellos, and vibraphones), and a leading manufacturer of semiconductors, audio/visual, computer related products, sporting goods, home appliances, specialty metals, and industrial robots. Yamaha released the Yamaha CS-80 in 1977.

In 1983, Yamaha made the first commercially successful digital synthesizer, the Yamaha DX7.

In 1988, Yamaha shipped the world's first CD recorder. Yamaha purchased Sequential Circuits in 1988. It bought a majority stake (51%) of competitor Korg in 1987, which was bought out by Korg in 1993.

In the late 1990s, Yamaha released a series of portable battery operated keyboards under the PSS and the PSR range of keyboards. The Yamaha PSS-14 and PSS-15 keyboards were upgrades to the Yamaha PSS-7 with short demo songs, short selectable phrases, and sound effects.

In 2002, Yamaha closed its archery product business that was started in 1959. Six archers in five different Olympic Games won gold medals using their products.

In January 2005, it acquired German audio software manufacturer Steinberg from Pinnacle Systems. In July 2007, Yamaha bought out the minority shareholding of the Kemble family in Yamaha-Kemble Music (UK) Ltd, Yamaha's UK import and musical instrument and professional audio equipment sales division. It was renamed Yamaha Music U.K. Ltd in late 2007. Kemble & Co. Ltd, the UK piano sales & manufacturing arm, was unaffected.

On 20 December 2007, Yamaha made an agreement with the Austrian Bank BAWAG P.S.K. Group BAWAG to purchase all the shares of Bösendorfer, intended to take place in early 2008. Yamaha intends to continue manufacturing at the Bösendorfer facilities in Austria. The acquisition of Bösendorfer was announced after the NAMM Show in Los Angeles, on 28 January 2008. As of 1 February 2008, Bösendorfer Klavierfabrik GmbH operates as a subsidiary of Yamaha Corp.

Yamaha Corporation is widely known for its music teaching programme that began in the 1950s. Yamaha electronics have proven to be successful, popular, and respected products. For example, the Yamaha YPG-625 was awarded "Keyboard of the Year" and "Product of the Year" in 2007 from The Music and Sound Retailer magazine. Other noteworthy Yamaha electronics include the SHS-10 Keytar, a consumer-priced keytar which offered MIDI output features normally found on much more expensive keyboards.

Other companies in the Yamaha Corporation group include:
 Bösendorfer Klavierfabrik GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
 Yamaha Fine Technologies Co., Ltd.
 Yamaha Music Communications Co., Ltd.
 Yamaha Pro Audio
 Steinberg
 Ampeg
 Line 6

Corporate mission
 is a Japanese word used by Yamaha Corporation to describe its corporate mission. Kandō is the sensation of profound excitement and gratification derived from experiencing supreme quality and performance. Some reasonable English equivalents are "emotionally touching" or "emotionally moving".

Yamaha Music Foundation
The Yamaha Music Foundation is an organization established in 1966 by the authority of the Japanese Ministry of Education for the purpose of promoting music education and music popularization. It continued a program of music classes begun by Yamaha Corporation in 1954.

Products

Yamaha expanded into many diverse businesses and product groups. The first venture into each major category is listed below.
 1887 Reed organs
1900 Pianos
 1903 Furniture
 1914 Harmonicas
 1922 Audio equipment (crank phonograph first)
 1942 Guitars
 1955 Motorcycles – made by Yamaha Motor Company, which started as an affiliated company of Nippon Gakki (Yamaha Corporation's name at the time) but is a separate company today
 1959 Sporting goods (starting with archery)
 1959 Music schools
 1961 Metal alloys
 1965 Band instruments (trumpet first)
 1967 Drums
 1971 Semiconductors
2000 Yamaha Music Communications (record company)
 2001 Yamaha Entertainment Group (record company)

Music school
 The Yamaha Music School is operated by the Yamaha Music School Association under the name Yamaha Music School and its curriculum is offered at Yamaha Music Retailing stores, which are wholly owned subsidiaries of Yamaha, and at about 1,400 special stores. As of 2004 (Heisei 16), there were 500,000 students.
 Music schools under direct management have been established in China and Korea.

Living room business
The company began by manufacturing high-end furniture based on its expertise in wood processing for piano manufacturing, and was spun off into a separate company in 1991 with the establishment of YAMAHA Livingtec (YLT). The company manufactured and sold unit baths, system kitchens, and other products. In 1992, the company decided to stop selling system furniture, and after narrowing down its product lineup, it terminated orders and production in 2005 March.

In 2010, Yamaha sold its 85.1% stake in YLT to Japan Industrial Partners and three foreign investment funds as part of a restructuring. At this point, the YAMAHA brand and company name continued, but the company essentially withdrew from management. Subsequently, YLT conducted a MBO of the investments of Yamaha and the investment funds, and the company name was changed as of 1 October 2013 and withdrew from the housing equipment business in both name and reality.

Synthesizers and samplers

Yamaha announced the singing synthesizer Vocaloid for the first time at the German fair Musikmesse on 5–9 March 2003.

Yamaha began the sale and production of Vocaloid applications, starting with Lily which was later sold via Internet Co., Ltd.'s website. Their involvement continued with the VY series, with VY1 being the first, released in deluxe and standard editions on 1 September 2010. The VY series is a series designed to be a high quality product for professional musicians. The series is also designed with the intention to set a new standard for the Vocaloids for having no face, sex, or set voice, but are designed to complete any song. VY1 has a new approach to how the software handled the database of samples and improved the performance of the Vocaloid 2 engine.

Yamaha announced a version of the Vocaloid 2 software for the iPhone and iPad, which exhibited at the Y2 Autumn 2010 Digital Content Expo in Japan. Later, this version of the software was released using the VY1 voice. VY2 will also be released for this version of the software.

Factory locations
In Japan, the company maintains three factories for musical instrument manufacture, engine and various vehicle manufacture (motorcycles and marine products), with all factories located in Shizuoka Prefecture.

Kakegawa Factory
1480, Ryoke, Kakegawa-shi, Shizuoka
Toyooka Factory
203, Matsunokijima, Iwata-shi, Shizuoka
Tenryu Factory
283, Aoyacho, Minami-ku Hamamatsu-shi, Shizuoka

Sports teams
Yamaha Jubilo—Rugby
Júbilo Iwata—Football

See also
 List of phonograph manufacturers
 List of studio monitor manufacturers
 Yamaha Motor Company
 Yamaha Pro Audio
 mLAN
 Yamaha XG
 Yamaha Artist

References

External links

Japanese companies established in 1887
1940s initial public offerings
Brass instrument manufacturing companies
Clarinet manufacturing companies
Compact Disc player manufacturers
Companies based in Shizuoka Prefecture
Conglomerate companies established in 1887
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Conglomerate companies of Japan
Electronic organ manufacturing companies
Fuyo Group
Guitar amplifier manufacturers
Guitar effects manufacturing companies
Guitar manufacturing companies
Headphones manufacturers
Japanese brands
Loudspeaker manufacturers
Microphone manufacturers
Multinational companies headquartered in Japan
Music equipment manufacturers
Musical instrument manufacturing companies of Japan
Percussion instrument manufacturing companies
Phonograph manufacturers
Piano manufacturing companies of Japan
Recorder makers
Robotics companies of Japan
Synthesizer manufacturing companies of Japan
Unmanned aerial vehicles of Japan
Unmanned aerial vehicle manufacturers
Vocaloid production companies
Hamamatsu

Yamaha Corporation


Vincent Noel Harold Strudwick (born 1932) is a British Church of England priest, theologian and educationalist. His areas of expertise include sixteenth-century English history and the ecclesiology of Richard Hooker.

Education
After serving as a Pilot Officer in the Royal Air Force, Strudwick entered Kelham Theological College (1952), which was run by the Society of the Sacred Mission. He also studied at the University of Nottingham, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history. He later received a Diploma in Adult Education from the University of London (1979).

Ordination
In 1959 he was ordained deacon in the Church of England and the following year he was ordained priest. He was a tutor at Kelham Theological College 1959-63 and Sub-Warden and House Master 1963–70. From 1970 until 1973 he served as Assistant Curate of St John the Baptist's Church, Crawley. From 1973 until 1977 he was Rector of Fittleworth and at the same time he became Adult Education Adviser for the Diocese of Chichester and Tutor in Reformation Studies at Chichester Theological College. He was Ecumenical Planning Officer for Education for Milton Keynes 1977–80, living in association with the Society of the Sacred Mission at Willen with his wife and three children. He was also a part-time Tutor with the St Albans Ministerial Training Scheme.

Oxford
In 1980 he moved to Oxford, becoming diocesan Director of Education and Training until 1988, while also serving as Continuing Ministerial Education Adviser 1985–89. In 1989 he became Director of the Diocesan Institute for Theological Education, serving as Principal of the Oxford Ministry Course until 1994 and Principal of the St Albans and Oxford Ministry Course 1994–97.

In 1994 he became a Fellow and Tutor of Kellogg College, Oxford, and a member of the Theology Faculty, being granted the status of a Master of Arts in the university. He was made Fellow Emeritus of Kellogg in 2000 and was chamberlain of the college from 1997 to 2008. Strudwick was made an Honorary Fellow in 2007.

Between 1997 and 2000 he served as Director of Religious Studies for the Department for Continuing Education. He was Associate Chaplain of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, from 1999 to 2007 and taught on numerous out-of-term programmes such as the Smithsonian and continued with tutorial work for the Faculty of Theology as an Emeritus member. He founded the Oxford Theology Summer Programme held at Christ Church in 1993 and continued to teach on it until 2011.

He taught for the Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies and other institutions including the Graduate Theological Foundation of Indiana (USA), where he holds the position of Bishop John Tinsley Professor of Anglican Theology. He was also visiting lecturer in Anglicanism at St Stephen's House, Oxford until 2011.

Honorary Canon
Strudwick has been an Honorary Canon of Christ Church, Oxford since 1982 and on 21 July 2009 he was awarded the Lambeth Degree of Doctor of Divinity by the Archbishop of Canterbury for his "outstanding work in theological and ministerial education and as an historian for his research on the English Reformation and Richard Hooker".

References

External links
Interview with Vincent Strudwick
 Archbishop of Canterbury Awards Lambeth Degrees
Details

1932 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of London
British theologians
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
Royal Air Force officers
20th-century English Anglican priests
Fellows of Kellogg College, Oxford
Holders of a Lambeth degree
Graduate Theological Foundation faculty

Vincent Strudwick


HMS Springer was an S-class submarine of the Royal Navy, and part of the Third Group built of that class.  She was built by Cammell Laird and launched on 14 May 1945. So far, she has been the only boat of the Royal Navy to bear the name Springer.

History
Built as the Second World War was drawing to a close, she did not see much action. In 1953 she took part in the Fleet Review to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.

Springer was sold to the Israeli Navy in 1958 and renamed Tanin (; Crocodile or Tannin). Tanin participated in the Six-Day War, launching naval commandos to attack the port of Alexandria. She then tried to torpedo an Egyptian sloop but was severely damaged by a depth charge counterattack. Her commander was awarded the Medal of Courage for his actions at the port of Alexandria. She received spare parts from her sister ship Rahav, formerly HMS Sanguine, when Rahav was retired in 1968. Tanin was listed for disposal in 1972.

A Gal-class submarine named Tanin served the Israeli Navy from 1977 to 2002, and the Dolphin-class submarine  was delivered in May 2012.

References

External links

British S-class submarines (1931)
Ships built on the River Mersey
1945 ships
Royal Navy ship names
British S-class submarines (1931) of the Israeli Navy

HMS Springer


Henri Géraud Julien, Chevalier Bessières et de l'Empire (30 July 1777, Gramat, Lot – 30 July 1840, Paris) was a French scientist and diplomat. He was a cousin of marshal Jean-Baptiste Bessières and Bertrand Bessières.

Life
He was a member of the Commission des Sciences et des Arts during Napoleon's invasion of Egypt but fell ill and had to return to France on board the Livornese tartane Madona di Montenego, setting sail on 26 October 1798. Among his travelling companions on the voyage back were his fellow Commission members François Pouqueville and P. S. Girard, as well as the engineers officer Jean Étienne Casimir Poitevin de Maureilhan and the artillery officer Joseph Claude Marie Charbonnel. The ship was attacked and captured by the Albanian pirate Ourochs, who took its passengers prisoner and sold them separately to various Ottoman officials. Bessières Poitevin and Charbonnel were sold to Ali Pasha and in 1800 the three men were imprisoned in the Fortezza Nuova on Corfu, from which they escaped on the night of 21/22 November that year. They got back to France and on arrival Bessières was made director of droits réunis for the Hautes-Alpes (1803).

In 1804 he went back to meet Ali Pasha, becoming his agent, and in 1805 he was made France's consul general to Venice. From 1807 to 1810 he served as French imperial commissaire (i.e. in charge of all civilian affairs of the French-ruled Ionian Islands) back on Corfu. He then served as intendant of Navarre, préfet of Gers (1813), préfet of the Aveyron (15 July 1814) then préfet of the Ariège (Hundred Days). Also during the First Empire he became a commander of the Legion of Honour and a Chevalier de l'Empire.

Under the Bourbon Restoration he was elected as the député for the Dordogne in 1827, adhering to the constitutional royalist party. He was re-elected in 1830 under the July Monarchy but then beaten in the 1831 elections, and only returned to the Chambre on 21 June 1834 after being elected by two circonscriptions – his 'fiefdom' of Sarlat and Figeac in Lot. An ordinance of 3 October 1837 made him a peer of France and on his death in 1840 he was buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery.

Sources
  Francois Pouqueville, Voyage en Morée, à Constantinople, en Albanie, et dans plusieurs autres parties de l'Empire Ottoman (Paris, 1805, 3 vol. in-8°), translated into English and German
  Dr. Vincent, "Les Français à Corfou. L'arrivée.", in Revue des Études napoléoniennes., vol XXX, January–June 1930.

1777 births
1840 deaths
People from Lot (department)
Knights of the First French Empire
Orléanists
Members of the 4th Chamber of Deputies of the Bourbon Restoration
Members of the 1st Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 2nd Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 3rd Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of Parliament for Dordogne
Members of Parliament for Lot
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy
Ambassadors of France to the Ottoman Empire
French rule in the Ionian Islands (1807–1814)
19th-century French scientists
Commission des Sciences et des Arts members
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery

Julien Bessières


Neopets: The Darkest Faerie is an action-adventure game developed by Idol Minds and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2 in 2005.

Plot
Neopets: The Darkest Faerie is set in "Neopia", the land of the Neopets universe, which is inhabited by anthropomorphic versions of various Neopets species. The adventure is based on a story written by Neopets founder Adam Powell.

Long ago, a dark faerie was imprisoned at the bottom of the Maraquan sea as punishment for attempting to take over the realm, her name having been erased from history and the faerie remembered only as 'the Darkest Faerie'. However, after a thousand years, the spell imprisoning the Darkest Faerie has become weak and breaks, and the faerie escapes, returning to the surface intent on taking over the realm of Neopia and exacting revenge upon the Faerie queen Fyora who imprisoned her.

The game begins with Tormund Ellis (nicknamed "Tor"), a young Lupe farm boy who has long dreamed of being a knight in the city of Meridell. After being accepted into the ranks and training under the discipline of the castle's master-at-arms, Torak, Tormund is knighted after saving the village of Cogham from The Ixi Raiders. But when answering a plea to defend the nearby forest glade of Illusen, the earth faerie, from an invading tribe of Werelupes, the mission fails, and Tormund returns to Meridell to discover both it and its inhabitants under a cloud of dark magic and the control of the Darkest Faerie. Though unaffected himself, he is driven out of the castle and city by the faerie's minions.

The neighboring kingdom of Brightvale notices the dark clouds, and sends a diplomatic envoy to the city of Faerieland, home to the Faerie queen Fyora, to investigate. A young Acara, Roberta, the niece of Brightvale King Hagan, is among the diplomats. The Darkest Faerie attacks Faerieland that night, capturing and binding the Faerie queen and covering the castle in a dark aura. Roberta is able to escape the castle but is pursued and falls to the countryside of Neopia below.

Roberta and Tormund meet each other and then proceed to warn the king of Brightvale about the Faerie. It is revealed that both were given amulets to protect against the Darkest Faerie's power, and upon research discover that the Darkest Faerie was once sealed away by the power of Fyora's magical rod, now lying deep underneath the city of Meridell. After freeing the neighboring regions from control of dark magic, they are able to infiltrate the castle of Meridell and find a way deep underground, recovering Fyora's ancient rod. With its power they are able to drive the darkness out of the city, and then return to Faerieland to stop the Darkest Faerie. It is a trap, however, as the Darkest Faerie seizes the rod and a fight between the two Faeries ensues. Fyora is able to teleport Tormund and Roberta to safety before being captured and imprisoned again.

When Tor and Roberta awaken, they find themselves in the lost Kingdom of Altador, which was thought to have been destroyed by the Darkest Faerie one thousand years ago. Through research, they learn that the Darkest Faerie was one of the Kingdom's founders who later betrayed them, and that her spell can be broken by awakening the other founders, also known as "The Protectors". Once they have awakened the Protectors and restored the Kingdom to Neopia, one of them, Jerdana, gives them the same orb that Fyora used to imprison the Darkest Faerie beneath the ocean, and opens a portal for them to return to Faerieland, where a final confrontation between our heroes, and the Darkest Faerie is held.

The final fight with the Darkest Faerie is timed, as the Darkest Faerie uses Fyora's Rod to cause Faerieland to start falling onto Meridell. If you do not defeat her within three minutes, Faerieland will crash into Meridell and you will be returned to the title screen. If you succeed, you imprison her once again with Jerdana's Orb, free Queen Fyora and retrieve the Rod. Fyora then uses the Rod to stop Faerieland's descent just before it impacts Meridell and returns it to the sky. Tormund and Roberta are hailed as heroes as the game ends, and the Darkest Faerie can be seen as a statue on a fountain in Faerieland, where Queen Fyora says, "She will be kept a close eye on."

Development
A PlayStation version of the game was being developed by The Code Monkeys and was cancelled in favor of a PlayStation 2 version. According to the Neopets team, this was done because they "felt that it couldn't achieve everything we wanted it to on the PS1" and "so the graphics will be much better." It is believed that the protagonists were largely the same and a new antagonist to the series would have been present, who was named Master Nola, and spanned two discs, one for each protagonist.

Gameplay
In this game, Tormund and Roberta are playable. Tor uses a sword to attack and Roberta uses magic attacks. Both of them has the power to use specials, or motes, which when used in a powerup attack unveil special effects ranging from poisoning the enemies to creating a beam of light. Magic power becomes weaker as their magic reserve is used. However, Purple Juppies, and other fruits/potions, replenish the player's magic gauge when they're eaten/used.

In Neopia, there are many motes that assist Tor and Roberta in their fight to bring light to the shadows. These motes can be equipped to Tor and Roberta's weapons, shields, and armor. The motes throughout Neopia include; Light, Sun, Fog, Wind, Fire, Lava, Nova, Supernova, Dark, Shadow, Leaf, Rock, Bubble, and Water.

Players can feed a petpet so that he can follow them. When fed, it will follow the character for a certain time depending on food type that it was fed and its inherent species. It gives a range of special effects: seeing the invisible/health restore/etc. After feeding the petpet the same kind of food for too long, it will not accept it.

Reception

The game received a score of 61 on review aggregator website Metacritic, indicating "mixed or average" reviews.

See also
 Neopets: Petpet Adventures: The Wand of Wishing

Notes

References

External links
 Official website

2005 video games
Action-adventure games
Neopets
North America-exclusive video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Single-player video games
Sony Interactive Entertainment games
Video games scored by Jack Wall
Video games developed in the United States
Video games featuring female protagonists
Deck Nine games

Neopets: The Darkest Faerie


Utrecht (officially Province of Utrecht) is a province in the Netherlands. It is found near the centre of the country. Utrecht is the smallest province by size in the Netherlands. About 1,361,000 people are living in Utrecht (2021).

Its capital is also called Utrecht, it is the city of Utrecht.

Other websites

 Detailed Map of Utrecht
 Province maps showing subdivision in municipalities:
 Municipalities of Utrecht Province
 Detailed Information about Utrecht's Municipalities

Utrecht (province)


Morris Medlock "Buddy" Hancken (August 30, 1914 – February 15, 2007) was an American catcher in Major League Baseball who played during the 1940 season. Hancken batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Birmingham, Alabama.

Hancken spent seven decades in professional baseball as a player, manager, coach, scout, and executive. He began his career in the minor leagues in the late 1930s with the Toledo Mud Hens and Seattle Rainiers. Then reached the Majors when manager Connie Mack knew he could catch knuckleballs and wanted him as the fourth catcher for the Philadelphia Athletics. Hancken played his only Major League game on May 14, 1940, getting a putout in the field, but he never had a chance to bat. Unfortunately, Mack sent his two knuckleballers to the minors and Hancken became expendable.

From 1942 to 1946 Hancken served in the United States Marines during World War II, but he would not leave baseball behind forever. He managed ten different minor league teams, spent time as a scout for several clubs, and served as a bench coach for the Houston Astros from 1968 through 1972. He then joined the Astros front office staff in 1971 and 1991–92, being recognized as a mentor to players like Enos Cabell, Larry Dierker and Art Howe.

Hancken died in Orange, Texas at the age of 92. At the time of his death, he was one of the oldest living former major leaguers.

Quote
Elected into the Texas Baseball Hall of Fame in 1994, Hancken best described his career in one statement. "I got to play one inning as a catcher, make one putout, meet Connie Mack and shake hands with Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb." His friend, Bill McCurdy (The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball), responded him with a reference to the popular baseball movie Field of Dreams: "That's OK, Buddy, at least you got your hands on the ball. Moonlight Graham never did".

Sources
Baseball Reference
The Orange Leader - Jason Rollinson article

1914 births
2007 deaths
Alexandria Aces players
Baseball players from Birmingham, Alabama
Batavia Pirates players
Baton Rouge Red Sticks players
Beaumont Exporters players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Charleston Senators players
Columbia Reds players
Fort Worth Cats players
Greenville Majors players
Houston Astros coaches
Lake Charles Lakers players
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball bench coaches
Major League Baseball executives
Minnesota Twins scouts
Minor league baseball managers
New York Mets scouts
Philadelphia Athletics players
Pittsburgh Pirates scouts
Seattle Rainiers players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Waco Pirates players
Washington Senators (1901–60) scouts
Williamsport Grays players

Buddy Hancken


Tartan is a paitren conseestin o criss-crossed horizontal an vertical baunds in multiple colours. Tartans oreeginate in wuiven claith, nou thay are uised in mony ither materials. Tartan is parteecular associate wi Scotland. Scots kilts awmaist aye hae tartan paitrens. (Tartan is kent as plaid in North Americae, but in Scotland, a plaid is a tartan claith slung ower the shouder or a blanket.)

Tartan


Max Neuburger (8 December 1868 in Vienna – 15 March 1955, Vienna) was an Austrian physician and historian of medicine.

Born in Vienna on 8 December 1868, he "descended from Jewish families which had long been resident in Munich and Hamburg", his father, a linguist, moving out of Munich and becoming an Austrian subject in 1859, while his mother, an invalid, prompted the young Max to become a doctor, the future historian of medicine, during his youth, being well-versed in Greek, Latin and German literature, and particularly fond of philosophy.

In 1893 he received his medical doctorate at the University of Vienna, followed by clinical training at the Rudolfspital and work as an assistant to neurologist Moritz Benedikt at the Allgemeinen Poliklinik. In 1898 he qualified as a lecturer at the university under the supervision of Theodor Puschmann, who was also an important influence to his career. In 1917 he became a full professor in the field of history of medicine. Because of Nazi persecution, he emigrated to London in 1939, where he worked at the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum. In 1948 he moved to Buffalo, New York, to live with his son, and several years later returned to Vienna, where he died in 1955.

From 1901, in collaboration with Julius Leopold Pagel, he produced a revision of Puschmann's textbook on the history of medicine. He also published his own "Geschichte der Medizin", an acclaimed two volume work on the history of medicine of ancient and medieval times. In 1919, at the Josephinum in Vienna, he established a history of medicine institute (Instituts für Geschichte der Medizin) with an impressive library and museum that grew in importance during the ensuing years.

Selected works
 Historische Entwicklung der experimentellen Gehirn- und Rückenmarksphysiologie vor Flourens, 1897; edited and translated into English by Edwin Clarke with the title "The historical development of experimental brain and spinal cord physiology before Flourens", 1981.
 Handbuch der Geschichte der Medizin, (original author Theodor Puschmann, edited with Julius Leopold Pagel); 3 volumes, 1901–06 – Handbook of the history of medicine.
 Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Medicin (with Karl Sudhoff, Hugo Magnus), 1902 – Essays on the history of medicine.
 Schillers Beziehungen zur Medizin, 1905 – Friedrich Schiller's relationship with medicine.
 Geschichte der Medizin (2 volumes, 1906–11); translated into English by Ernest Playfair and published as "History of medicine" 1910–15.
 Die Medizin im Flavius Josephus, 1919 – The medicine of Flavius Josephus.
 Hermann Nothnagel, Leben und Wirken eines deutschen Klinikers, 1922 – Hermann Nothnagel, life and work of a German clinician.
 British Medicine and the Vienna School; Contacts and Parallels, 1943.
 "British and German Psychiatry in the Second Half of the Eighteenth and the Early Nineteenth Century", Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 18 (2): 121–145. ISSN 0007-5140. 1945.

References

1868 births
1955 deaths
Austrian Jews
Jewish scientists
Scientists from Vienna
University of Vienna alumni
Academic staff of the University of Vienna
Austrian medical historians
20th-century Austrian physicians
Scientists from Austria-Hungary

Max Neuburger


Buddleja utahensis is a species of Buddleja endemic to the southwestern United States (northwest Arizona, eastern California, southern Nevada, and southwestern Utah), where it is known by the common names Utah butterfly bush and Panamint butterfly bush. Named and described by Coville in 1892, the shrub favours limestone outcrops at elevations of 700–2000 m,
where it is often found in association with Joshua trees.

Description
Buddleja utahensis is a compact, dwarf dioecious shrub reaching 0.3–1.0 m in height. The bark is rimose and greyish, while the plant structure is characterized by persistent naked twigs. The younger branches are terete, bearing subsessile linear to oblong leaves 1.5–3.5 cm long by 0.3–0.5 cm wide, rounded at the apex and attenuate at the base. Both surfaces of the leaves are densely short tomentose, bestowing a silver-grey appearance. The inflorescences are 4–12 cm long, with 3–7 pairs of heads forming verticels, subtended by leafy bracts. The verticels are 0.5–1.13 cm in diameter, each comprising 15–30 pale yellow flowers, the corollas 4–5 mm long. Capsules are  up to 2.5 mm long, with numerous globose seeds up to 0.4 mm in diam.

Cultivation
Buddleja utahensis is very rare in cultivation; it is a difficult plant to raise in temperate regions, demanding very free draining soil and infrequent watering. Hardiness: USDA zone 8.

References

External links
Calflora Database: Buddleja utahensis (Panamint butterfly bush,  Summer lilac, Utah butterflybush)
 Jepson eFlora (JM2) treatment of Buddleja utahensis
UC Photos gallery — Buddleja utahensis

utahensis
Flora of the California desert regions
Flora of the Southwestern United States
North American desert flora
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Plants described in 1892
Dioecious plants
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Buddleja utahensis


The Aegidienkirche or Liebfrauenmünster St. Aegidien is the main Roman Catholic church in the German city of Braunschweig, located in the city centre. It is a hall church in the Gothic style, built to replace a Romanesque building of 1115 which burned down in 1278. It acted as the abbey church to the Benedictine abbey of saints Maria and Aegidius, endowed by Gertrude of Brunswick, and after the monastery's abolition in the Reformation it was used as a Protestant church and for secular use as the Ägidienhalle. Since 1902 part of its former monastic buildings has been used by the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum. In 1945 it was made a Roman Catholic parish church.

Gallery

Sources

Churches in Braunschweig
Churches in the Diocese of Hildesheim
Brunswick Aegidien
Brunswick Aegidien

Aegidienkirche, Braunschweig


Charles Lee Evans (born December 12, 1971) is a retired American professional basketball player, and former coach of British team Worcester Wolves.

Evans was born in Atlanta, Georgia. A 1.80 m tall point guard, he led the 1994–95 Euroleague in assists with 6.2 per game. At the time he was playing for Russian club CSKA Moscow. Later he played in Germany with the Bayer Giants Leverkusen and Alba Berlin.
In 2007, he signed for British Basketball League side Worcester Wolves, joining the club at the same time as fellow Americans James Life and Anthony Paez. As starting point guard that year, he recorded two triple doubles, in back-to-back home games, and was widely thought of as the best creative point guard in the BBL and received an honourable mention for Player of the Month in March 2008. At the end of the season, he moved to rival BBL side Everton Tigers, for whom he played for one season before returning to coach Worcester Wolves. He is also writing a regular column for the local newspaper, the Worcester Evening News.

External links
Fibaeurope.com Profile
Evans appointed head coach of Worcester Wolves
Evans records Triple Double against Guildford

References

1971 births
Living people
Alba Berlin players
Basketball players from Atlanta
American expatriate basketball people in Germany
American expatriate basketball people in the United Kingdom
American expatriate basketball people in Russia
Bayer Giants Leverkusen players
Mississippi State Bulldogs men's basketball players
PBC CSKA Moscow players
Worcester Wolves players
Mersey Tigers players
American men's basketball players
Point guards
American expatriate sportspeople in England

Chuck Evans (basketball)


Tenerife Bluetrail (formerly CajaMar Tenerife Bluetrail and Fred. Olsen Tenerife Bluetrail), is an ultramarathon by mountain that offers five modalities of different characteristics for people with or without disabilities. It is celebrated every year in the month of June in the island of Tenerife (Spain). This ultramarathon began its first edition in 2011 and has since been organized by the Cabildo de Tenerife.

It is the highest race in Spain and second in Europe as a section crosses the Teide National Park (3,555 meters). For this reason, it is one of the most important sporting events in the Canary Islands and one of the races with more international repercussions, attracting runners from different parts of the country and the world.

Modalities
The circuit offers five modes: Ultra (102 km), Trail (66 km), Marathon (43 km), Media (21 km) and Reto Bluetrail.

Repercussion
The Tenerife Bluetrail is considered one of the most important marathons in the world. In 2017, for example, the race featured some 2,700 runners from 33 countries: Italy, Germany, United Kingdom, Argentina, Netherlands, France, Austria, Belgium, Algeria, China, Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Poland, Turkey, Romania, Russia, Albania, Andorra, Australia, Chile, Denmark, Estonia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Paraguay, Portugal, Switzerland, Uruguay and Uzbekistan.

Featured runners
 Sangé Sherpa (Nepal, 1981), winner of the Cajamar Tenerife Bluetrail of 2016.
 María Lorena Ramírez (Mexico, 1995), background runner of the Tarahumara or Rarámuri ethnic group.

References

External links
 Official Website

Athletics competitions in Spain
Sport in Tenerife
Ultramarathons
Marathons in Spain
2011 establishments in the Canary Islands
Recurring sporting events established in 2011

Tenerife Bluetrail


Margaret of Austria (;  – 29 October 1266), a member of the House of Babenberg, was German queen from 1225 until 1235, by her first marriage with King Henry (VII), and Queen of Bohemia from 1253 to 1260, by her second marriage with King Ottokar II.

Biography
Margaret was the eldest daughter of Duke Leopold VI of Austria (d. 1230) and his wife Theodora Angelina, a member of the Byzantine Imperial Angelus dynasty. Since 1198 Duke Leopold, according to the Georgenberg Pact, ruled over both the duchies of Austria and Styria. His court in Vienna became known as a centre of medieval Minnesang and he also played an important rule in the Empire's policies, acting as an arbitrator in the struggle between the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II and Pope Gregory IX.

First marriage
In the Imperial City of Nuremberg, on 29 November 1225, the 21-year-old Margaret was married to the 14-year-old Henry, eldest son of Emperor Frederick II and elected King of the Romans since 1222. Frederick's counsellor Archbishop Engelbert of Cologne had initially planned for a bride from the English royal Angevin dynasty, however, the attempt failed, as did Henry's former engagement with the Přemyslid princess Agnes, daughter of King Ottokar I of Bohemia.

Margaret's coronation as Queen of the Romans took place on 23 March 1227 in Aachen Cathedral. King Henry and Queen Margaret had two short-lived sons, Henry (died ca. 1242/1245) and Frederick (died ca. 1251/1252). In 1228, Henry took over the rule in the German kingdom and tried to limit the powers of the princes, thereby disturbing the Imperial policies of his father who made him pay homage under the threat of excommunication.

In 1235, Henry allied with the princely opposition and openly rebelled against the emperor, however, was defeated by his father's forces and dethroned. Frederick had him confined in several castles in Apulia, where he died on 12 February 1242 after a fall from his horse, probably in an attempted suicide. In the meanwhile, his wife Margaret (who possibly never saw her husband again) retired to the Dominican monastery in Trier and in 1244 moved to Würzburg, where she lived in seclusion in St Marcus Abbey.

Claim to Austria and Styria
In 1246 Margaret's brother Duke Frederick II of Austria, last scion of the Babenberg dynasty, died childless in the Battle of the Leitha River, leaving a succession crisis. The two principal claimants over the succession in the duchies of Austria and Styria were two women: Margaret (who, as the eldest sister of the late Duke, claimed proximity of blood) and her niece Gertrude, who claimed primogeniture, as the only daughter of Henry of Mödling, the eldest brother of the late Duke Frederick II, who had predeceased their father Duke Leopold VI.

As King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia wanted to take control over the duchies south of his realm, he arranged for the wedding of his eldest son and heir, Margrave Vladislaus III of Moravia, with Gertrude. The couple was even proclaimed Duke and Duchess of Austria, but Vladislaus died in the following year (1247). The next ruler of Austria was Gertrude's second husband, Margrave Herman VI of Baden, who died in 1250, leaving Austria and Styria princeless again.

Second marriage

The Austrian aristocracy offered the government of the duchies to King Wenceslaus' second son and new heir apparent Ottokar II. However, one condition was imposed by the nobles: Ottokar could only take control of Austria and Styria if he married one of the Babenberg heiresses. Ottokar refused to marry his brother's widow, such marriage being prohibited by the Book of Leviticus, and decided to marry Margaret, 26 years his senior. The ceremony took place on 11 February 1252 in the Castle Chapel (German: Burgkapelle) of Hainburg an der Donau.

Ottokar acquired the imperial privileges sealed with a Golden Bull on the basis of the Privilegium Minus, acknowledged by Emperor Frederick II, which legitimized his claim over Austria and Styria, since Margaret was the heiress of the last duke by proximity of blood. Thereby she transferred the government of the duchies to Austria and Styria to her husband. Pope Innocent IV, who had previously changed sides several times between Gertrude and Margaret, confirmed the lawful government of Ottokar over both duchies on 6 May 1252. Bohemian administrators ruled the duchies in his name.

One year later, on 23 September 1253, King Wenceslaus I died, and Ottokar and Margaret became King and Queen of Bohemia. Once he had obtained the Babenberg duchies, it was evident to Ottokar that Margaret, already 50 years old, would not bear children. The king tried to gain from the Pope the recognition of the illegitimate son whom he had with Agnes of Kuenring, one of Margaret's ladies-in-waiting, as his lawful successor. After the Pope refused this, in 1261 Ottokar obtained the annulment of his marriage with Margaret.

Later life
While Ottokar married Kunigunda of Halych, a grand-daughter of King Béla IV of Hungary, the repudiated Queen Margaret left Bohemia and returned to her Austrian homeland. She took her residence in Krumau am Kamp, spending the winters in Krems. After the annulment she was called Romanorum quondam Regina ("former Queen of the Romans"); however, she maintained the title ducissa Austrie et Stirie (Duchess of Austria and Styria). In 1266 she changed her title to quondam filia Livpoldi illustris ducis Austrie et Stirie et Romanorum Regina as a reference to her father.

Prior to her death in Krumau, she chose Lilienfeld Abbey as her burial place, next to her father. The date of her death is controversial. Some sources state 1266, while others state 2/12 October 1267 as the real date. King Ottokar II kept Austria, Styria; he also acquired the Duchy of Carinthia with the March of Carniola in 1269, claiming to be the heir designated by Margaret in their divorce settlement. He even stood as a candidate for the Imperial Crown several times, until he was deposed by King Rudolf I of Germany in 1276 and killed in the Battle on the Marchfeld two years later.

References
 Heinrich Ritter von Zeissberg: Margarethe von Österreich. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie  (ADB). Band 20. Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1884, p. 320.
 Heide Dienst: Margarethe von Österreich. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 16. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1990, pp. 152–154.
 Karl Lechner: Die Babenberger. Markgrafen und Herzoge von Österreich 976–1246. In: Institut für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung, Wien (Hrsg.): Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung. 6., Band 23, Böhlau, Vienna / Köln / Weimar 1996, .

External links

1200s births
1266 deaths
Babenberg
Hohenstaufen
Queens of the Romans
Queens consort of Bohemia
Repudiated queens
Austrian royal consorts
Duchesses of Swabia
Ottokar II of Bohemia
13th-century Austrian people
13th-century Austrian women
13th-century people from Bohemia.
13th-century women from Bohemia
13th-century German nobility
13th-century German women
Remarried royal consorts
People from the Duchy of Austria
Daughters of monarchs

Margaret of Austria, Queen of Bohemia


John Lane Bell  (born March 25, 1945) is an Anglo-Canadian philosopher, mathematician and logician. He is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Western Ontario in Canada.  His research includes such topics as set theory, model theory, lattice theory, modal logic, quantum logic, constructive mathematics, type theory, topos theory, infinitesimal analysis, spacetime theory, and the philosophy of mathematics. He is the author of more than 70 articles and of 13 books. In 2009, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

Biography
John Bell was awarded a scholarship to Oxford University at the age of 15, and graduated with a D.Phil. in Mathematics: his dissertation supervisor was John Crossley. During 1968–89 he was Lecturer in Mathematics and Reader in Mathematical Logic at the London School of Economics.

Bell's students include Graham Priest (Ph.D. Mathematics LSE, 1972), Michael Hallett (Ph.D. Philosophy LSE, 1979), David DeVidi (Ph.D. Philosophy UWO, 1994), Elaine Landry (Ph.D. Philosophy UWO, 1997) and Richard Feist (Ph.D. Philosophy UWO, 1999).

Bibliography
The Continuous, the Discrete, and the Infinitesimal in Philosophy and Mathematics  (New and Revised Edition of 2005 book), Springer, 2019.
Oppositions and Paradoxes: Philosophical Perplexities in Science and Mathematics. Broadview Press, 2016.
Intuitionistic Set Theory. College Publications, 2013.
Set Theory: Boolean-Valued Models and Independence Proofs. Oxford University Press 2011.
The Axiom of Choice. College Publications, 2009.
The Continuous and the Infinitesimal in Mathematics and Philosophy. Polimetrica, 2005.
(With D. DeVidi and G. Solomon) Logical Options: An Introduction to Classical and Alternative Logics. Broadview Press, 2001.
The Art of the Intelligible: An Elementary Survey of Mathematics in its Conceptual Development. Kluwer, 1999.
A Primer of Infinitesimal Analysis. Cambridge University Press, 1998. Second Edition, 2008.
Toposes & Local Set Theories: An Introduction. Clarendon Press,  Oxford, 1988. Reprinted by Dover, 2008.
Boolean-Valued Models and Independence Proofs in Set Theory. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1977. 2nd edition, 1985. 3rd edition, 2005.
(With M. Machover). A Course in Mathematical Logic. North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1977. 4th printing, 2003.
(With A. B. Slomson). Models and Ultraproducts: An Introduction. North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1969. Reprinted by Dover, 2006.

References

External links
John Bell's webpage
John Bell at the Mathematics Genealogy Project

1945 births
20th-century Canadian mathematicians
20th-century Canadian philosophers
21st-century Canadian mathematicians
21st-century Canadian philosophers
Academics of the London School of Economics
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Living people
Academic staff of the National University of Singapore
Model theorists
Philosophers of mathematics
Set theorists
Academic staff of the University of Western Ontario

John Lane Bell


Mainzer Straße is a major arterial road in Wiesbaden, Germany, running from Ringroad near central station at the north end, south towards as continuation of Bundesautobahn 671 through the suburb of Südost. The Mainzer Straße is a four lane street and part of Bundesstraße 263. The street is with the Schiersteiner Straße and Ringstraße the busiest southern arterial road in Wiesbaden and is in the peak-hour traffic often congested.

The street was named according to their primary direction to Mainz-Kastel, a former district of the city of Mainz. Since the allied-occupation of Germany the district is administered by the city of Wiesbaden.

Streets in Wiesbaden

Mainzer Straße (Wiesbaden)


Hubert Haider (1879–1971) was a German landscape painter.

Haider was born 11 February 1879 at Munich, son to the Munich painter Karl Haider and his first wife Katharina, née Brugger (died 1882), niece to the sculptor Friedrich Brugger. He was grandson of the forester draughtsman Max Haider. His half-brother, Ernst Haider, son of his father's 1890 second marriage to Ernestine Schwarz, was also a painter.

After attending the Gymnasium Dillingen (grammar school), he transferred in 1891–92 to Munich's Maximiliansgymnasium. From 1894 to 1902 he lived at the village of Eicherloh, between Munich and Erding, and from 1914 at Altötting, Schliersee and Munich. He developed an artistic relationship with the older landscape painter Edmund Steppes, and through him with his son-in-law Karl Alexander Flügel (1890-1967). He was a member of the Munich Artists' Cooperative and the Reichsverband bildender Künstler Deutschlands (Reich Association of Visual Artists). His painting was described as of a "very exact style... with an almost naïve conception of the image". He mainly chose subjects from the Upper Bavarian Alpine foothills and mountainous regions. From 1925 until 1939 he exhibited works in Munich annual exhibitions.

Haider died 16 August 1971 at Altötting.

Selected works
Der Wilde Kaiser bei Kufstein, oil on cardboard, 30 × 35 cm; signed H.Haider, label of Galerie Heinemann, Munich (art trade) # on verso.

Munich, Bavarian State Painting Collections:
Peissenberg, oil on cardboard, 56 × 49 cm (BStGS, Inv.No. 10131).
Salzach Valley, oil on linen, 76 × 106 cm (BStGS, Inv.No. 13033)
Breitenstein, Autumn Landscape, oil on canvas, 78 × 94 cm (BStGS, Inv.No. 10039).

Munich, Lenbachhaus:
Hohenpeißenberg
Jägerkamp near Schliersee
Spring
Mountain forest
The Wendelstein
Landscape

Bibliography
Dresslers Kunsthandbuch (Dressler's Handbook of Art), 1930
Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler des XX. Jahrhunderts (General Encyclopaedia of the Visual Artists of the XXth Century), "Haider, Hubert", Hans Vollmer (ed.), Volume 2, E–J. E. A. Seemann, Leipzig, 1955
"Münchner Maler im 19./20. Jahrhundert", Bruckmanns Lexikon der Münchner Maler ("Munich painters in the 19th/20th century", Bruckmann's Encyclopaedia of Munich Painters) Volume 5, Munich 1993, p. 338
Zoller, Andreas, Der Landschaftsmaler Edmund Steppes (1873–1968) und seine Vision einer "deutschen Malerei (The Landscape Painter Edmund Steppes (1873-1968) and his Vision of a "German Painting"), dissertation, Braunschweig University of Art, 1999
Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon (General Encyclopaedia of Artists), "Haider, Karl", Volume 68, de Gruyter, Berlin, 2010.
Weiß, Siegfried; Berufswunsch Kunst – Maler, Grafiker, Bildhauer. Ehemalige Schüler des Münchner Maximiliansgymnasiums der Jahre 1849 to 1918 (Career aspiration art –Painter, graphic artist, sculptor. Former pupils of the Maximiliansgymnasium in Munich from 1849 to 1918), Allitera Verlag, Munich, 2012, pp. 248–251.

References

Painters from Munich
19th-century German painters
19th-century German male artists
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German male painters
1879 births
1971 deaths

Hubert Haider