The Financial Times (FT) is a British daily business newspaper printed in broadsheet and also published digitally that focuses on business and economic current affairs. Based in London, the paper is owned by a Japanese holding company, Nikkei, with core editorial offices across Britain, the United States and continental Europe. In July 2015, Pearson sold the publication to Nikkei for £844 million (US$1.32 billion) after owning it since 1957. In 2019, it reported one million paying subscriptions, three-quarters of which were digital subscriptions. The newspaper has a prominent focus on financial journalism and economic analysis rather than generalist reporting, drawing both criticism and acclaim. It sponsors an annual book award and publishes a "Person of the Year" feature.

The paper was founded in January 1888 as the London Financial Guide before rebranding a month later as the Financial Times. It was first circulated around metropolitan London by James Sheridan, who, along with his brother and Horatio Bottomley, sought to report on city business opposite the Financial News. The succeeding half-century of competition between the two papers eventually culminated in a 1945 merger, led by Brendan Bracken, which established it as one of the largest business newspapers in the world. Globalisation from the late 19th to mid-20th centuries facilitated editorial expansion for the FT, with the paper adding opinion columns, special reports, political cartoons, readers' letters, book reviews, technology articles and global politics features. The paper is often characterised by its light-pink (salmon) newsprint. It is supplemented by its lifestyle magazine (FT Magazine), weekend edition (FT Weekend) and some industry publications.

The editorial stance of the Financial Times centres on economic liberalism, particularly advocacy of free trade and free markets. Since its founding, it has supported liberal democracy, favouring classically liberal politics and policies from international governments; its newsroom is independent from its editorial board, and it is considered a newspaper of record. Due to its history of economic commentary, the FT publishes a variety of financial indices, primarily the FTSE All-Share Index. Since the late 20th century, its typical depth of coverage has linked the paper with a white-collar, educated, and financially literate readership. Because of this tendency, the FT has traditionally been regarded as a centre to centre-right liberal, neoliberal, and conservative-liberal newspaper. The Financial Times is headquartered in Bracken House at 1 Friday Street, near the city's financial centre, where it maintains its publishing house, corporate centre, and main editorial office.

History

The FT was launched as the London Financial Guide on 10 January 1888, renaming itself the Financial Times on 13 February the same year. Describing itself as the friend of "The Honest Financier, the Bona Fide Investor, the Respectable Broker, the Genuine Director, and the Legitimate Speculator", it was a four-page journal. The readership was the financial community of the City of London, its only rival being the more daring and slightly older (founded in 1884) Financial News. On 2 January 1893 the FT began printing on light pink paper to distinguish it from the similarly named Financial News: at the time, it was also cheaper to print on unbleached paper (several other more general newspapers, such as The Sporting Times, had the same policy), but nowadays it is more expensive as the paper has to be dyed specially.

Following 57 years of rivalry, the Financial Times and the Financial News were merged in 1945 by Brendan Bracken to form a single six-page newspaper. The Financial Times had a higher circulation, while the Financial News provided much of the editorial talent. The Lex column was also introduced from Financial News.

Gordon Newton, a Cambridge graduate, took over as Editor in 1949, and immediately introduced a policy (then most unusual in Fleet Street) of direct recruitment of new university graduates, mainly from Oxbridge, as its trainee journalists. Many of them proceeded to have distinguished careers elsewhere in journalism and British public life and became the mainstay of the paper's own editorial strengths until the 1990s. The first such 'direct recruit' was future leading British economist Andrew Shonfield; the second was (later Sir) William Rees-Mogg who went on, via The Sunday Times, to edit The Times in 1967 following its acquisition by Roy Thomson. Other FT Oxbridge recruits included the future Chancellor of the Exchequer Nigel Lawson. The FTs distinctive recruitment policy for Fleet Street journalists was never popular with the National Union of Journalists and ceased in 1966 following the recruitment of Richard Lambert from Oxford, himself a future Editor of the FT. Meanwhile, Pearson had bought the paper in 1957.

Over the years, the paper grew in size, readership and breadth of coverage. It established correspondents in cities around the world, reflecting a renewed impetus in the world economy towards globalisation. As cross-border trade and capital flows increased during the 1970s, the FT began international expansion, facilitated by developments in technology and the growing acceptance of English as the international language of business. On 1 January 1979 the first FT (Continental Europe edition) was printed outside the UK, in Frankfurt; printing in the U.S. began in July 1985. Since then, with increased international coverage, the FT has become a global newspaper, printed in 22 locations with five international editions to serve the UK, continental Europe, the U.S., Asia and the Middle East.

The European edition is distributed throughout continental Europe and Africa. It is printed Monday to Saturday at five centres across Europe, reporting on matters concerning the European Union, the euro and European corporate affairs. In 1994 FT launched a luxury lifestyle magazine, How To Spend It. In 2009 it launched a standalone website for the magazine. On 13 May 1995 the Financial Times group made its first foray into the online world with the launch of FT.com. This provided a summary of news from around the globe, which was supplemented in February 1996 with stock price coverage. The second-generation site was launched in spring 1996. The site was funded by advertising and contributed to the online advertising market in the UK in the late 1990s. Between 1997 and 2000, the site underwent several revamps and changes of strategy, as the FT Group and Pearson reacted to the changes online. FT introduced subscription services in 2002. FT.com is one of the few UK news sites successfully funded by individual subscription.

In 1997, the FT launched a U.S. edition, printed in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Dallas, Atlanta, Orlando and Washington, D.C., although the newspaper was first printed outside New York City in 1985. In September 1998 the FT became the first UK-based newspaper to sell more copies internationally than within the UK. In 2000 the Financial Times started publishing a German-language edition, Financial Times Deutschland, with a news and editorial team based in Hamburg. Its initial circulation in 2003 was 90,000. It was originally a joint venture with a German publishing firm, Gruner + Jahr. In January 2008 the FT sold its 50% stake to its German partner. FT Deutschland never made a profit and is said to have accumulated losses of €250 million over 12 years. It closed on 7 December 2012. The Financial Times launched a new weekly supplement for the fund management industry on 4 February 2002. FT fund management (FTfm) was and still is distributed with the paper every Monday. FTfm is the world's largest-circulation fund management title. Since 2005 the FT has sponsored the annual ''Financial Times'' and Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year Award.

On 23 April 2007, the FT unveiled a "refreshed" version of the newspaper and introduced a new slogan, "We Live in Financial Times". In 2007 the FT pioneered a metered paywall, which let visitors to its website read a limited number of free articles during any one month before asking them to pay. Four years later the FT launched its HTML5 mobile internet app. Smartphones and tablets now drive 12% of subscriptions and 19% of traffic to FT.com. In 2012, the number of digital subscribers surpassed the circulation of the newspaper for the first time and the FT drew almost half of its revenue from subscriptions rather than advertising.

The FT has been available on Bloomberg Terminal since 2010 and on the Wisers platform since 2013. From 2015, instead of the metered paywall on the website, visitors were given unlimited free access for one month, after which they needed to subscribe. Pearson sold the Financial Times Group to Nikkei, Inc. for £844 million (US$1.32 billion) in July 2015.

In 2016, the Financial Times acquired a controlling stake in Alpha Grid, a London-based media company specialising in the development and production of quality branded content across a range of channels, including broadcast, video, digital, social and events. In 2018, the Financial Times acquired a controlling stake in Longitude, a specialist provider of thought leadership and research services to a multinational corporate and institutional client base. This investment built on the Financial Times recent growth in several business areas, including branded content via the acquisition of Alpha Grid, and conferences and events through Financial Times Live and extends the FT traditional commercial offering into a wider set of integrated services. In 2020, reporter Mark Di Stefano resigned from the Financial Times after hacking into Zoom calls at other media organisations including The Independent and the Evening Standard.

In 2020, the retraction of an opinion piece by a reporter for the Financial Times generated a controversy about the editorial independence of the paper from outside political pressure. The controversy followed the withdrawal by the newspaper's editor of an opinion piece by FT Brussels correspondent Mehreen Khan that was critical of French President Emmanuel Macron's policy towards Muslim minorities in France. The piece was withdrawn from the FT website on the same day as its publication. President Macron subsequently published a letter in the FT directly responding to the arguments of the original opinion piece, even if the original opinion piece was no longer available on the website of the newspaper. The editor of the FT, Roula Khalaf, who took the decision to withdraw the initial article, acknowledged having been contacted by the Élysée Palace regarding the article, and defended her decision on the basis purely of several factual errors in the original piece by Mehreen Khan.

Wirecard exposé

In January 2019, the FT began a series of investigative articles detailing fraud suspicions at German payments group Wirecard. When the Wirecard share price plunged, German news media speculated that market manipulation was behind this attack on a German corporate, focusing on the lead author of the FT series, Dan McCrum. The Public prosecutor's office in Munich subsequently launched an investigation. After the formal complaint of an investor, Wirecard and the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin), the responsible state's attorney announced investigations into several FT journalists.

On 22 June 2020 and after 18 months of investigations and an external audit, Wirecard announced that €1.9 billion worth of cash reported in its accounts "may not exist". The company subsequently filed for insolvency. BaFin itself became subject of a European Securities and Markets Authority investigation for its response to the scandal.

Audience
According to the Global Capital Markets Survey, which measures readership habits among most senior financial decision makers in the world's largest financial institutions, the Financial Times is considered the most important business read, reaching 36% of the sample population, 11% more than The Wall Street Journal (WSJ), its main rival. The Economist, which was once 50% owned by FT, reaches 32%. FT The Banker also proved vital reading, reaching 24%. In addition, the FT was regarded as the most credible publication in reporting financial and economic issues among the Worldwide Professional Investment Community audience. The Economist was rated the third-most-credible title by most influential professional investors, while the WSJ was second.

Content
The FT is split into two sections. The first section covers domestic and international news, editorial commentary on politics and economics from FT journalists such as Martin Wolf, Gillian Tett and Edward Luce, and opinion pieces from globally renowned leaders, policymakers, academics and commentators. The second section consists of financial data and news about companies and markets. Despite being generally regarded as primarily a financial newspaper, it does also contain TV listings, weather and other more informal articles. In 2021 and 2022, the outlet began focusing more on the cryptocurrency industry, launching a Digital Assets Dashboard, publishing multi-asset crypto indexes, starting a Cryptofinance newsletter dedicated to digital assets, and recruiting more journalists to cover the sector. About 110 of its 475 journalists are outside the United Kingdom.

The Lex column
The Lex column is a daily feature on the back page of the first section. It features analyses and opinions covering global economics and finance. The FT calls Lex its agenda-setting column. The column first appeared on Monday, 1 October 1945. The name may originally have stood for Lex Mercatoria, a Latin expression meaning literally "merchant law". It was conceived by Hargreaves Parkinson for the Financial News in the 1930s, and moved to the Financial Times when the two merged.

Lex boasts some distinguished alumni who have gone on to make careers in business and government—including Nigel Lawson (former Conservative Chancellor of the Exchequer), Richard Lambert (CBI director and former member of the Bank of England's monetary policy committee), Martin Taylor (former chief executive of Barclays), John Makinson (chairman and chief executive of Penguin), John Gardiner (former chairman of Tesco), David Freud (former UBS banker and Labour adviser, now a Conservative peer), John Kingman (former head of UKFI and a banker at Rothschild's), George Graham (RBS banker), Andrew Balls (head of European portfolio management at PIMCO) and Jo Johnson (former Conservative Member of Parliament for Orpington).

FT Weekend
The FT publishes a Saturday edition of the newspaper titled the Financial Times Weekend. It consists of international economic and political news, Companies & Markets, Life & Arts, House & Home and FT Magazine.

How to Spend It
How to Spend It (HTSI) is a weekly magazine published with FT Weekend. Founded and launched by Julia Carrick with Lucia van der Post as founding editor, its articles concern luxury goods such as yachts, mansions, apartments, horlogerie, haute couture and automobiles, as well as fashion and columns by individuals in the arts, gardening, food, and hotel and travel industries. How to Spend It started in 1967 as a one-page consumer goods feature in the newspaper, which was edited by Sheila Black, the FT first female journalist, a former actor. To celebrate its 15th anniversary, FT launched the online version of this publication on 3 October 2009.

Some media commentators were taken aback by the online launch of a website supporting conspicuous consumption during the financial austerity of the late-2000s recession. The magazine has been derided in rival publishers' blogs, as "repellent" in the Telegraph and "a latter-day Ab Fab manual" in the Guardian. A 'well-thumbed' copy of the supplement was found when rebel forces broke into Colonel Gaddafi's Tripoli compound during the 2011 Libyan Civil War.

In September 2021, an Arabic version of HTSI was launched by Othman Al Omeir, founder of Elaph online newspaper. HTSI Arabic is published in London.

Editorial stance

The FT advocates free markets, and is in favour of globalisation. During the 1980s, it supported Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan's monetarist policies. It has supported the UK Labour Party in the past, including at the general election in 1992 when Neil Kinnock was Labour leader. The FT editorials tend to be pro-European. The FT was firmly opposed to the Iraq War. Due to its advocacy of free markets and free trade, it is often identified as centre-right to right-wing in its political positions.

The modern FT is a product of a merger of two smaller newspapers in 1945; since that time, the paper had backed the Conservatives fairly consistently, but Labour's tacking to the centre, combined with the Conservatives' embracement of Euroscepticism, led the FT to reverse course and back Labour from 1992 until 2010, when the FT returned to the Conservative Party. Euroscepticism further drove a wedge between the FT and the Conservatives in 2019, when the paper refused to make an endorsement, opposed to Labour's socialist economic policies (for wanting to "reverse, not revise, the Thatcherite revolution of the 1980s") and the Conservatives' commitment to a hard Brexit.

In respect of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, FT commentator Martin Wolf expressed support for Ukraine.
Two years before the invasion of Ukraine by Russia, the FT offered an interview to the Russian President Vladimir Putin. The interview has received praise, as it offered an unusual access to the Russian leader's thinking. President Putin used the interview to state his opinions about the value of liberal democracy. Commentators accused the FT of asking President Putin "soft questions" and of not asking any questions on topics that might be challenging to Putin, such as the situation in Ukraine, and offering the leader of Russia a propaganda platform.

United Kingdom politics
In the 2010 general election, the FT was receptive to the Liberal Democrats' positions on civil liberties and political reform, and praised the then Labour Party leader Gordon Brown for his response to the global 2007–2008 financial crisis, but on balance it backed the Conservatives, while questioning their tendency to Euroscepticism.

In the 2015 general election, the FT called for the continuation of the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition that had governed for the previous five years. In the 2017 general election, a Financial Times editorial reluctantly backed Conservative Theresa May over Labour Jeremy Corbyn, while warning about her stance on immigration and the Eurosceptic elements in her party. The Financial Times declared 2019 general election a "fateful election" that "offers no good choices".

United States politics
In the 2008 United States presidential election, the Financial Times endorsed Barack Obama. While it raised concerns over hints of protectionism, it praised his ability to "engage the country's attention", his calls for a bipartisan politics, and his plans for "comprehensive health-care reform". The FT favoured Obama again in the 2012 United States presidential election. The FT endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the run-up to the 2016 United States presidential election and Joe Biden in the 2020 United States presidential election.

Ownership and related publications

On 23 July 2015, Nikkei, Inc. agreed to buy the Financial Times Group, a division of Pearson plc since 1957, for £844m (US$1.32 billion) and the acquisition was completed on 30 November 2015. Under the transaction agreement, Pearson retained the publishing rights to FT Press and licensed the trademark from Nikkei. Until August 2015 the FT group had a 50% shareholding in The Economist, which was sold to the Agnelli family for £469 million. Related publications include the Financial Times, FT.com, FT Search Inc., the publishing imprint FT Press and numerous joint ventures. In November 2013 it agreed to sell Mergermarket, an online intelligence reporting business, to the London private equity investor BC Partners. In addition, the FT Group has a unit called FT Specialist, which is a provider of specialist information on retail, personal and institutional finance segments. It publishes The Banker, Money Management and Financial Adviser (a publication targeted at professional advisers), fDi Intelligence and Professional Wealth Management (PWM). In 2013, FT Specialist acquired a majority stake in medical publisher Endpoints News.

The Financial Times Group announced the beta launch of newssift, part of FT Search, in March 2009. Newssift.com is a next-generation search tool for business professionals that indexes millions of articles from thousands of global business news sources, not just the FT. The Financial Times Group acquired Money Media (an online news and commentary site for the industry) and Exec-Appointments (an online recruitment specialist site for the executive jobs market). The FT Group once had a 13.85% stake in Business Standard Ltd of India, the publisher of the Business Standard. It sold this stake in April 2008 and has entered into an agreement with Network 18 to launch the Financial Times in India, though it is speculated that they may find it difficult to do so, as the brand 'Financial Times' in India is owned by The Times Group, the publisher of The Times of India and The Economic Times. The group also publishes America's Intelligence Wire, a daily general newswire service.

The Financial Times''' Financial Publishing division (formerly FT Business) provides print and online content for retail, personal and institutional finance audiences. Examples of publications and services include: Investors Chronicle, a personal finance magazine and website; "FT Money", a weekly personal finance supplement in "FT Weekend"; FT Wealth, a magazine for the global high-net-worth community and FTfm, a weekly review of the global fund management industry, Money Management and Financial Adviser (a publication targeted at professional advisers). The institutional segment includes: The Banker, This Is Africa, fDi Intelligence and Professional Wealth Management (PWM). Money-Media, a separate arm of Financial Publishing, delivers a range of digital information services for fund management professionals around the globe, including: Ignites, Ignites Europe, Ignites Asia, FundFire and BoardIQ. Financial Publishing includes publications (Pensions Expert and Deutsche Pensions & Investmentnachrichten) and events (Investment Expert) for the European pensions industry. The group also publishes MandateWire, a financial information company that provides sales and market intelligence for investment professionals in North America, Europe and Asia.

FT Knowledge is an associated company which offers educational products and services. FT Knowledge has offered the "Introducing the City" course (which is a series of Wednesday night lectures and seminars, as well as weekend events) during each autumn and spring since 2000. FT Predict is a prediction market contest hosted by the Financial Times that allows users to buy and sell contracts based on future financial, political and news-driven events by spending fictional Financial Times Dollars (FT$). Based on the assumptions displayed in James Surowiecki's The Wisdom of Crowds, this contest allows people to use prediction markets to observe future occurrences while competing for weekly and monthly prizes.

The Financial Times also ran a business-related game called "In the Pink" (a phrase meaning "in good health", also a reference to the colour of the newspaper and to the phrase "in the red" meaning to be making a loss). Each player was put in the virtual role of Chief Executive and the goal was to have the highest profit when the game closes. The winner of the game (the player who makes the highest profit) was to receive a real monetary prize of £10,000. The game ran from 1 May to 28 June 2006.

In 2019, the Financial Times announced it was investing in Sifted, a digital-only news site and newsletter covering European startups. The Financial Times initial 25% stake 25% was subsequently diluted to 14% due to later investments from others.This marked the start of a planned 7-year strategic relationship with Sifted.

Indices

The Financial Times collates and publishes a number of financial market indices, which reflect the changing value of their constituent parts. The longest-running of these was the former Financial News Index, started on 1 July 1935 by the Financial News. The FT published a similar index; this was replaced by the Financial News Index — which was then renamed the Financial Times (FT) Index — on 1 January 1947. The index started as an index of industrial shares, and companies with dominant overseas interests were excluded, such as the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (later BP), British-American Tobacco, Lever Brothers (later Unilever) and Shell. The oil and financial sectors were included decades later.

The FTSE All-Share Index, the first of the FTSE series of indices, was created in 1962, comprising the largest 594 UK companies by market capitalisation. The letters F-T-S-E represented that FTSE was a joint venture between the Financial Times (F-T) and the London Stock Exchange (S-E'). On 13 February 1984 the FTSE 100 was introduced, representing about eighty per cent of the London Stock Exchange's value. FTSE Group was made an independent company in 1995. The first of several overseas offices was opened in New York City in 1999; Paris followed in early 2000, Hong Kong, Frankfurt and San Francisco in 2001, Madrid in 2002 and Tokyo in 2003.

Other well-known FTSE indices include the FTSE 350 Index, the FTSE SmallCap Index, the FTSE AIM UK 50 Index and FTSE AIM 100 Index as well as the FTSE AIM All-Share Index for stocks, and the FTSE UK Gilt Indices for government bonds.

In 2021, the Financial Times started publishing three multi-asset indexes with Wilshire Associates covering combinations of the top five cryptocurrencies.

People
In July 2006, the FT announced a "New Newsroom" project to integrate the newspaper more closely with FT.com. At the same time it announced plans to cut the editorial staff from 525 to 475. In August 2006 it announced that all the required job cuts had been achieved through voluntary layoffs. A number of former FT journalists have gone on to high-profile jobs in journalism, politics and business. Robert Thomson, previously the paper's US managing editor, was the editor of The Times and is now the chief executive of News Corporation. Will Lewis, a former New York correspondent and News Editor for the FT, edited the Daily Telegraph and the Wall Street Journal. Dominic Lawson went on to become editor of the Sunday Telegraph until he was sacked in 2005. Andrew Adonis, a former education correspondent, became an adviser on education to the then British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, and was given a job as an education minister and a seat in the House of Lords after the 2005 election. Ed Balls became chief economic adviser to the Treasury, working closely with Gordon Brown, the chancellor of the exchequer (or finance minister), before being elected a Member of Parliament in 2005, and became Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families in July 2007. Bernard Gray, a former defence correspondent and Lex columnist, was chief executive of the publishing company CMP before becoming chief executive of TSL Education, publisher of the Times Educational Supplement. David Jones, at one time the FTs Night Editor, then became Head of IT. He was a key figure in the newspaper's transformation from hot metal to electronic composition and then onto full-page pagination in the 1990s. He went on to become Head of Technology for the Trinity Mirror Group.

Sir Geoffrey Owen was the editor of the Financial Times from 1981 to 1990. He joined the Centre for Economic Performance (CEP) at the London School of Economics as Director of Business Policy in 1991 and was appointed Senior Fellow, Institute of Management, in 1997. He continues his work there. During his tenure at the FT he had to deal with rapid technological change and issues related to it, for example repetitive strain injury (RSI), which affected dozens of FT'' journalists, reporters and staff in the late 1980s.

Editors

1889: Douglas MacRae
1890: William Ramage Lawson
1892: Sydney Murray
1896: A. E. Murray
1909: C. H. Palmer
1924: D. S. T. Hunter
1937: Archibald Chisholm
1940: Albert George Cole
1945: Hargreaves Parkinson
1949: Sir Gordon Newton
1973: Fredy Fisher
1981: Sir Geoffrey Owen
1991: Richard Lambert
2001: Andrew Gowers
2006: Lionel Barber
2020: Roula Khalaf

See also

 Business journalism
 Financial Times Business Book of the Year Award
 Financial Times Person of the Year
 List of newspapers in the United Kingdom
 TNW (website)
 Periodical literature

Notes

References

External links

Financial services companies established in 1888
1888 establishments in England
1957 mergers and acquisitions
2015 mergers and acquisitions
Business newspapers
Business newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Centre-right newspapers
Centrist newspapers
Conservative liberalism
Daily newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Economy of the United Kingdom
International newspapers
Liberal media in the United Kingdom
National newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Neoliberalism
Nikkei Inc.
Pearson plc
Podcasting companies
Newspapers established in 1888

Financial Times


Arborio rice is an Italian short-grain rice. It is named after the town of Arborio, in the Po Valley, which is situated in the region of Piedmont in Italy. When cooked, the rounded grains are firm, creamy and chewy compared to other varieties of rice, due to their higher amylopectin starch content. It has a starchy taste and blends well with other flavours. Arborio rice is often used to make risotto; other suitable varieties include Carnaroli, Maratelli, Baldo,  and Vialone Nano. Arborio rice is also usually used for rice pudding.

Arborio is a cultivar of the Japonica group of varieties of Oryza sativa.

See also
 Italian cuisine
 Bomba rice

References

Italian cuisine
Japonica rice

Arborio rice


Roger Amedee Del'Haye DFC was a Canadian flying ace pilot in the First World War who shot down 9 German Aircraft.

Del'Haye was born in France at Châlons-sur-Marne on 9 January 1889, educated at the University of Paris and emigrated to Regina, Canada, becoming a British subject in 1914.

Combat record
Del'Haye joined the RFC in October 1915 and served with No.13 Squadron from April 1916 to May 1917 on Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2's and RE8's.  After converting to single-seater aircraft, from May 1918 he served with No. 19 Squadron RAF, shooting down one Fokker Dr.I and eight Pfalz Scout airplanes.  He ended the War as a Flight Commander, having also received the British DFC and the Belgian Croix de Guerre.

In the 1930s, alongside his civilian job, Del'Haye commanded RCAF Reserve Squadron No. 120. By 1944, he had become an Air Commodore but was killed on 18 November of that year flying a Harvard Trainer which crashed on take-off.

Honours and awards
 3 December 1918 - Distinguished Flying Cross - Capt. Roger Amedee Delhaye in recognition of gallantry in flying operations against the enemy in France. "A most efficient fighting leader to whose example the high standard of efficiency attained by his squadron is large due. He has led numerous offensive patrols, accounting for eight enemy machines. On all occasions he has shown hugh courage, ability and fine leadership."

References

Dolphin and Snipe Aces of World War 1 - Norman Franks (Osprey Aircraft of the Aces 48)

1889 births
1944 deaths
People from Châlons-en-Champagne
Royal Canadian Air Force officers
Canadian World War I flying aces
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
University of Paris alumni
Royal Flying Corps officers
Royal Air Force officers
Royal Air Force personnel of World War I
British Army personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)
French emigrants to Canada
Royal Canadian Air Force personnel of World War II

R. A. Del'Haye


"The Decay of Lying – An Observation" is an essay by Oscar Wilde included in his collection of essays titled Intentions, published in 1891.  This is a significantly revised version of the article that first appeared in the January 1889 issue of The Nineteenth Century.

Wilde presents the essay in a Socratic dialogue between Vivian and Cyril, two characters named after his own sons. Their conversation, though playful and whimsical, promotes Wilde's view of Aestheticism over Realism.  Vivian tells Cyril of an article he has been writing called "The Decay of Lying: A Protest". According to Vivian, the decay of Lying "as an art, a science, and a social pleasure" is responsible for the decline of modern literature, which is excessively concerned with the representation of facts and social reality. He writes, "if something cannot be done to check, or at least to modify, our monstrous worship of facts, Art will become sterile and beauty will pass away from the land." Moreover, Vivian defends the idea that Life imitates Art far more than vice versa. Nature, he argues, is no less an imitation of Art than Life. Vivian also contends that Art is never representative of a time or place: rather, "the highest art rejects the burden of the human spirit [...] She develops purely on her own lines. She is not symbolic of any age." Vivian thus defends Aestheticism and the concept of "art for art's sake". At Cyril's behest, Vivian briefly summarizes the doctrines of the "new aesthetics" in the following terms:

Art never expresses anything but itself.
All bad art comes from returning to Life and Nature, and elevating them into ideals.
Life imitates Art far more than Art imitates Life. It follows as a corollary that external Nature also imitates Art.
Lying, the telling of beautiful untrue things, is the proper aim of Art.

The essay ends with the two characters going outside, as Cyril asked Vivian to do at the beginning of the essay.  Vivian finally complies, saying that twilight nature's "chief use" may be to "illustrate quotations from the poets."

As Michèle Mendelssohn points out, "in an era when sociology was still in its infancy, psychology wasn't yet a discipline, and theories of performativity were still a long way off, Wilde's essay touched on a profound truth about human behaviour in social situations. The laws of etiquette governing polite society were, in fact, a mask. Tact was merely an elaborate art of impression management."

See also
 "On the Decay of the Art of Lying" by Mark Twain, 1880.

References
 Wilde, Oscar. The Decay of Lying in Intentions (1891)
 Ellmann, Richard, ed., The Artist As Critic (Random House, 1969)
 Ellmann, Richard.  Oscar Wilde (Random House, 1987)

External links

 "The Decay Of Lying" at Online-Literature

Works by Oscar Wilde
1891 essays
Works originally published in Nineteenth Century (periodical)

The Decay of Lying


Souilly Aerodrome was a temporary World War I airfield in France.  It was located  Northeast of  Souilly, in the Meuse department in north-eastern France.

Overview
With the Battle of Verdun raging on in the early part of 1917, a cluster of new airfields were built for the benefit on the French Air Service north of Souilly, sheltered by the forest of Souilly, such as Souilly, Lemmes or Julvécourt, which were to be used in 1918 by the American Air Service.

Early in September 1918, a detachment of 484th Aero Squadron (Construct.) arrived on the airfield to make some improvements, as a French fighter "escadrille" - SPA 23 - was still flying from Souilly for the benefit of the American First Army.
V Corps Observation Group arrived on 7 September, with HQ, 99th Aero Squadron and 104th Aero Squadron, but it soon left for the Foucaucourt Aerodrome, on 20 September, flying observation/reconnaissance missions for the United States First Army.

88th Aero Squadron showed up 12–14 September, flying missions for the American III Army Corps, and it came back on 20 September as part of the newly formed III Corps Observation Group, together with 90th Aero Squadron and the Group's HQ.

During the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, the men at Souilly worked night and day directing the operations, coordinating the work, and suggesting and sending out missions carried out by the squadrons, which returned with valuable and complete information. The progress of the attack was followed the line taken at intervals during each day of the attack.  Many of the planes were damaged during the attack due to enemy fire and the engines were constantly overworked.

By October 1918, Souilly Aerodrome had become one of the major American airfields near Verdun, and it saw units from the First Army Observation Group flying from Souilly, such as a detachment of 91st Aero Squadron for a few days from 16 October, and 186th Aero Squadron, which arrived on 29 October and stayed until 15 April 1919 when it became part of the Rhineland occupation forces.

Just before the Armistice was signed, the four squadrons which formed the 2d Pursuit Group landed at Souilly, while the Group's HQ stayed at Belrain Aerodrome. The Group was finally disbanded on 11 December, while its squadrons progressively left Souilly, eventually to reach Colombey les Belles Air Depot in early 1919, where they left their aircraft before sailing back to the United States.

As most of the others airfields, Souilly was returned to agricultural use.  Today it is a series of cultivated fields located northeast of Souilly, on the east side of D 159, with no indications of its wartime use, although the remains of primitive concrete cross-shaped runways probably built in 1918, as shown on the above picture, were still visible as late as 1970.

Known units assigned
 Headquarters, V Corps Observation Group, 7–20 September 1918
 88th Aero Squadron (Observation) 12–14 September 1918; 20 September-4 November 1918
 99th Aero Squadron (Observation) 7–20 September 1918
 104th Aero Squadron (Observation) 8–20 September 1918
 Headquarters, III Corps Observation Group, 20 September-29 October 1918
 13th Aero Squadron (Pursuit) 23 September-16 December 1918
 49th Aero Squadron (Pursuit) 7 November 1918 – 7 December 1919
 22d Aero Squadron (Pursuit) 7 November 1918 – 29 January 1919
 Detachment of 24th Aero Squadron (Observation), 9–18 Oct 1918, 27 Oct - 6 Nov 1918
 Detachment of 91st Aero Squadron (Observation), 16 Oct - Nov 1918
 186th Aero Squadron (Observation), 29 Oct 1918 - 15 April 1919

See also

 List of Air Service American Expeditionary Force aerodromes in France

References

 Series "D", Volume 2, Squadron histories,. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

External links

World War I sites of the United States
World War I airfields in France

Souilly Aerodrome


Merlino ( ) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Lodi in the Italian region Lombardy, located about  east of Milan and about  north of Lodi. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,360 and an area of .

Merlino borders the following municipalities: Rivolta d'Adda, Settala, Comazzo, Paullo, Zelo Buon Persico, Spino d'Adda.

Demographic evolution

References

Cities and towns in Lombardy

Merlino


Charles Frederick Hempel (1811–1867) was an organist and composer.

Hempel, eldest son of Charles William Hempel, was born at Truro, Cornwall, in September 1811. Having under his father's care received a sound musical education, he became a teacher of music at Truro. In 1847 he began writing and publishing songs, the first being dedicated to the Countess of Falmouth and entitled "Heave one sigh for me at parting". He also composed and printed pianoforte and dance music. About 1844 he succeeded his father as organist of St. Mary's Church, Truro (which later became Truro Cathedral). He was one of the first to introduce into Cornwall choral performances on a large scale.

On 11 February 1855 he matriculated from Magdalen Hall, Oxford, and on the 15th of the same month took the degree of bachelor in music. On 19 March 1862 "The Seventh Seal", his oratorio for the degree of doctor of music, was performed in the Sheldonian Theatre, and he received his degree the next day. Four pieces from this oratorio were printed 1864–6, and the author was busy preparing the complete work for the press at the time of his death.

He was an unwearied student of music, but devoted himself more to the theory than to the practice of his art. In 1857 he became organist and choir-master to St. John's Episcopal Church at Perth. He was conductor of the Perth Choral Union and of the Euterpean Society. He also continued his teaching and composed many pieces of light music.

He died at Perth of congestion of the lungs, on 25 April 1867.

References

1811 births
1867 deaths
People from Truro
English composers
English classical organists
British male organists
Alumni of Magdalen Hall, Oxford
19th-century British composers
19th-century English musicians
19th-century British male musicians
Male classical organists
19th-century organists

Charles Frederick Hempel


The peppered tree frog or Black Creek tree frog, speckled leaf tree frog or speckled tree frog (Ranoidea piperata) is a frog from Australia.  Scientists saw it on the New England Tableland in New South Wales.  Scientists have seen it between 800 and 1120 metres above sea level.

This frog is in danger of dying out.  It might already be extinct.  Scientists have not seen this frog for sure since 1973.  Some scientists saw and heard a frog that looked like the peppered tree frog in the 1990s, but their voices sounded different.  In the 1990s, scientists decided that they needed to study the genes and DNA of this frog and its relatives before they could truly say which were separate species and which were not.  Its relatives are Ranoidea barringtonensis, Ranoidea pearsoniana, and Ranoidea phyllochroa.

Scientists are not sure why this frog is dying out.  Many of the streams where it used to live have been changed by human beings who wanted to graze animals there.  These streams also have invasive species, for example the mosquitofish, which eats tadpoles.

References

Pelodryadidae

Peppered tree frog


The 13th Letter is a 1951 American film noir mystery film directed by Otto Preminger and starring Linda Darnell, Charles Boyer, Michael Rennie, and Constance Smith. The film is a remake of the French film Le Corbeau (The Raven, 1943) directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot.

Plot
Doctor Pearson (Michael Rennie), who works at a hospital in Quebec, Canada, receives a series of poison pen letters.  More letters, all signed with the mysterious picture of a feather, are delivered to others in the small Canadian town. Cora Laurent (Constance Smith), the wife of the main doctor - Dr. Laurent (Charles Boyer) - at the hospital, receives a letter accusing her of having an affair with Pearson. Another letter informs a shell-shocked veteran Mr. Gauthier that he is dying of cancer, causing the distraught man to commit suicide.  Quickly, the townsfolk begin pointing fingers at all possible suspects.

Cast
 Linda Darnell as Denise Tourneur
 Charles Boyer as Dr. Laurent
 Michael Rennie as Dr. Pearson
 Constance Smith as Cora Laurent
 Françoise Rosay as Mrs. Gauthier
 Judith Evelyn as Sister Marie Corbin
 Guy Sorel as Robert Helier
 June Hedin as Rochelle Turner

Reception
Channel 4's review of the film praised the cinematography and music score: "The movie is redolent with atmosphere: Joseph LaShelle's photography accentuates the black and shadows, and there's dark shading too in Alex North's music. The film is dominated by death and melancholy, and by Françoise Rosay as the matriarch responsible for the trouble."

References

External links

1951 films
1950s mystery drama films
20th Century Fox films
American mystery drama films
American remakes of French films
American black-and-white films
1950s English-language films
Film noir
Films scored by Alex North
Films directed by Otto Preminger
Films set in Quebec
Henri-Georges Clouzot
1950s American films
English-language mystery drama films

The 13th Letter


Aryan Kaganof (born 1964 as Ian Kerkhof) is a South African film maker, novelist, poet and fine artist. In 1999 he changed his name to Aryan Kaganof.

Partial filmography
 1992: Kyodai Makes the Big Time (91min, Netherlands), drama feature film. The film won the Golden Calf for Best Feature Film award.
 1994 Ten Monologues from the Lives of the Serial Killers (60min, Netherlands) based on the writings of J. G. Ballard, Henry Rollins and Roberta Lannes; plus actual monologues by Charles Manson, Edmund Emil Kemper and Kenneth Bianchi.
 1999 Shabondama Elegy (aka Tokyo Elegy) (With writings by Jack Henry Abbott (Belly of the Beast) and Tricia Warden, (Attack God Inside). Winner of The Golden Calf Special Jury Prize at the Grand Prix of Dutch cinema.
 2002 Western 4.33 (32min, 35mm, Namibia-Netherlands) about the genocide of the Herero people by the German colonisers (Best Video Made in Africa at 12th Milan Festival of African Cinema) (Best Documentary at 1st Africa and The Islands International Film Festival, Réunion) Official Selection Berlinale Forum
 2003 Sharp Sharp! - the kwaito story (25min, DVCam, South Africa-Netherlands) featuring Zola, TKZee, Oskido, Mzambiya, Don Laka and Mandoza
 2005 Giant Steps (co-directed with Geoff Mphakati) (52min, DVCam, South Africa) a documentary portrait of revolutionary poets Lefifi Tladi, Lesego Rampolokeng, Kgafela oa Magogodi, Afurakan, Mac Manaka with music by Johnny Mbizo Dyani and Zim Ngqawana
 2007 Unyazi of the Bushveld (45min, DVCam, South Africa) a documentary about the first symposium of electronic music ever held in Africa featuring Warrick Sony (Kalahari Surfers), Pauline Oliveros, Zim Ngqawana, George Lewis, Matthew Ostrowski, Lukas Ligeti, Francisco Lopez
 2007 SMS Sugar Man (87min, South Africa) the first full-length feature film shot entirely on cell phone cameras, starring Luthuli Dlamini, John Matshikiza, Leigh Graves, Deja Bernhardt and Ryan Fortune.
 2009 Civilization and Other Chimeras Observed During the Making of an Exceptionally Artistic Feature Film (80min, Netherlands) documentary on the making of Winterland, the first feature film by fine artist Dick Tuinder.

Novels
 Hectic! (Pine Slopes Publications, 2002)
 Uselessly (Jacana, 2006)
 12shooters (Pine Slopes Publications, 2007)

Poetry
 Drive Through Funeral (Pine Slopes Publications, 2003)
 The Freedom Fighter (Illuseum Press, 2004)
 Jou Ma Se Poems (Pine Slopes Publications, 2005)
 The Ballad Of Sugar Moon and Coffin Deadly (Pine Slopes Publications, 2007)

References

External links
 Official website

 Badilisha Poetry Exchange Profile

Living people
South African artists
South African film directors
South African male novelists
21st-century South African poets
1964 births
Golden Calf winners
South African male poets
21st-century South African male writers

Aryan Kaganof


Grover J. "Russ" Whitehurst is the Herman and George R. Brown Chair and director of the Brown Center on Education Policy at the Brookings Institution.  His research primarily focuses on  program evaluation, teacher quality, preschools, national and international student assessments, reading instruction, education technology, and education data systems.

Previously, he was the director of the Institute of Education Sciences (IES), which is the research arm of the United States Department of Education, and U.S. assistant secretary for Educational Research and Improvement. Prior to these positions, Whitehurst served as Lead Professor and Chair of the Department of Psychology at the State University of New York at Stony Brook.

A program he developed to enhance school readiness in children from low-income families, Dialogic Reading, is widely used in preschools around the world. He was a pioneer in delivering college-level instruction through the internet, for which he was awarded the Microsoft Innovators in Higher Education Award in 1996.

He received his Ph.D. in experimental child psychology from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1970.

References

External links
Grover J. "Russ" Whitehurst expert page at Brookings
Interview with CBS News and Bob Schieffer
Grover "Russ" Whitehurst Joins Brookings news release

United States Department of Education officials
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Grover Whitehurst


Together for Vojvodina (Serbian: Заједно за Војводину, Zajedno za Vojvodinu) was a political coalition in the Serbian province of Vojvodina. At the latest legislative elections in Vojvodina, in September 2004, the alliance won 9.44% of the popular vote, and 7 seats in the provincial parliament. The alliance is formed by the several mostly regionalist political parties including League of Vojvodina Social Democrats, Union of Socialists of Vojvodina, Vojvodinian Movement, Social Democratic Union and Democratic Union of Croats (elections 2008) .

References

Defunct political party alliances in Serbia
Politics of Vojvodina
Vojvodina autonomist political parties

Together for Vojvodina (coalition)


A stationary state is a quantum state with all observables independent of time. It is an eigenvector of the energy operator (instead of a quantum superposition of different energies). It is also called energy eigenvector, energy eigenstate, energy eigenfunction, or energy eigenket. It is very similar to the concept of atomic orbital and molecular orbital in chemistry, with some slight differences explained below.

Introduction

A stationary state is called stationary because the system remains in the same state as time elapses, in every observable way. For a single-particle Hamiltonian, this means that the particle has a constant probability distribution for its position, its velocity, its spin, etc. (This is true assuming the particle's environment is also static, i.e. the Hamiltonian is unchanging in time.) The wavefunction itself is not stationary: It continually changes its overall complex phase factor, so as to form a standing wave. The oscillation frequency of the standing wave, times Planck's constant, is the energy of the state according to the Planck–Einstein relation.

Stationary states are quantum states that are solutions to the time-independent Schrödinger equation:

where

This is an eigenvalue equation:  is a linear operator on a vector space,  is an eigenvector of , and  is its eigenvalue.

If a stationary state  is plugged into the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, the result is

Assuming that  is time-independent (unchanging in time), this equation holds for any time . Therefore, this is a differential equation describing how  varies in time. Its solution is

Therefore, a stationary state is a standing wave that oscillates with an overall complex phase factor, and its oscillation angular frequency is equal to its energy divided by .

Stationary state properties

As shown above, a stationary state is not mathematically constant:

However, all observable properties of the state are in fact constant in time. For example, if  represents a simple one-dimensional single-particle wavefunction , the probability that the particle is at location  is

which is independent of the time .

The Heisenberg picture is an alternative mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics where stationary states are truly mathematically constant in time.

As mentioned above, these equations assume that the Hamiltonian is time-independent. This means simply that stationary states are only stationary when the rest of the system is fixed and stationary as well. For example, a 1s electron in a hydrogen atom is in a stationary state, but if the hydrogen atom reacts with another atom, then the electron will of course be disturbed.

Spontaneous decay

Spontaneous decay complicates the question of stationary states. For example, according to simple (nonrelativistic) quantum mechanics, the hydrogen atom has many stationary states: 1s, 2s, 2p, and so on, are all stationary states. But in reality, only the ground state 1s is truly "stationary": An electron in a higher energy level will spontaneously emit one or more photons to decay into the ground state. This seems to contradict the idea that stationary states should have unchanging properties.

The explanation is that the Hamiltonian used in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics is only an approximation to the Hamiltonian from quantum field theory. The higher-energy electron states (2s, 2p, 3s, etc.) are stationary states according to the approximate Hamiltonian, but  stationary according to the true Hamiltonian, because of vacuum fluctuations. On the other hand, the 1s state is truly a stationary state, according to both the approximate and the true Hamiltonian.

Comparison to "orbital" in chemistry

An orbital is a stationary state (or approximation thereof) of a one-electron atom or molecule; more specifically, an atomic orbital for an electron in an atom, or a molecular orbital for an electron in a molecule.

For a molecule that contains only a single electron (e.g. atomic hydrogen or H2+), an orbital is exactly the same as a total stationary state of the molecule. However, for a many-electron molecule, an orbital is completely different from a total stationary state, which is a many-particle state requiring a more complicated description (such as a Slater determinant). In particular, in a many-electron molecule, an orbital is not the total stationary state of the molecule, but rather the stationary state of a single electron within the molecule. This concept of an orbital is only meaningful under the approximation that if we ignore the electron–electron instantaneous repulsion terms in the Hamiltonian as a simplifying assumption, we can decompose the total eigenvector of a many-electron molecule into separate contributions from individual electron stationary states (orbitals), each of which are obtained under the one-electron approximation. (Luckily, chemists and physicists can often (but not always) use this "single-electron approximation".) In this sense, in a many-electron system, an orbital can be considered as the stationary state of an individual electron in the system.

In chemistry, calculation of molecular orbitals typically also assume the Born–Oppenheimer approximation.

See also
Transition of state
Quantum number
Quantum mechanic vacuum or vacuum state
Virtual particle
Steady state

References

Further reading

Stationary states, Alan Holden, Oxford University Press, 1971,

Quantum mechanics

ja:基底状態
zh:定态

Stationary state


The Way of Kings is an epic fantasy novel written by American author Brandon Sanderson and the first book in The Stormlight Archive series. The novel was published on August 31, 2010, by Tor Books. The Way of Kings consists of one prelude, one prologue, 75 chapters, an epilogue and nine interludes. It was followed by Words of Radiance in 2014, Oathbringer in 2017 and Rhythm of War in 2020. A leatherbound edition was released in 2021.

In 2011, it won the David Gemmell Legend Award for best novel. The unabridged audiobook is read by narrator team Michael Kramer and Kate Reading.

Development
Sanderson started working on pieces of The Way of Kings in the late 1990s and finished the first draft in 2003. Its publication was delayed when Sanderson instead decided to focus on his Mistborn trilogy. The original, non-canon version, entitled The Way of Kings Prime, is available on the official website of the author.

On June 10, 2010, the prologue and the first three chapters of the book were released, along with an introduction by Sanderson, as a preview on the Tor website. On July 8, 2010, the next three chapters (4–6) were released in audio format. On August 5, 2010, chapters 9 and 11 were released. Tor wrote that they did not release chapters 7, 8, and 10 because they wanted to focus on the storyline of Kaladin, one of the main characters. On August 26, 2010, chapters 12 and 13 were released.

Summary
The story rotates between the points of view of Kaladin, Shallan Davar, Szeth-son-son-Vallano, Dalinar Kholin, Adolin Kholin, and several other minor characters, who lead seemingly unconnected lives.

Plot

Prelude
4500 years ago, a catastrophic war known as the Last Desolation ended when mankind fought victoriously against their enemies known as the Voidbringers. Devastated by the war and mass casualties, The Herald Kalak meets up with his leader Jezrien while learning the other Heralds had renounced their Oathpact and left their Shardblades behind. Jezrien announced to Kalak that they must remain secret for their departure and left his Shardblade behind in despair while Kalak left his sword as well feeling heartbroken about their departure.

Prologue
Szeth, a Shin man cast out by his people and condemned to obey his constantly changing masters, is sent to assassinate the king of one of the world's most powerful nations, Alethkar. As the story progresses, he continuously changes hands, doing his best to hide the fact that he possesses an Honorblade, a mythical blade used by the Heralds that can cut through any material. He also possesses access to powers that are no longer available to normal humans ("Surgebinding"), once possessed by the Knights Radiant and thought lost, making him incredibly difficult to defeat in battle.

Within the palace of Kholinar, Szeth sneaks into the hallway and uses his Lashing abilities to outmaneuver the King's guards. Within the headquarters, Szeth confronted King Gavilar covered in an armored Shardplate. Szeth defeats the King by causing the balcony he is standing on to collapse, mortally wounding him. Szeth reveals to the King that he was sent by the Parshendi to kill him. Before Szeth flees the scene, a dying Gavilar gives the black Spheres to him and informs him to give his last regards to his brother Dalinar Kholin before passing out. When Szeth was sent to kill the Alethi King Gavilar, the Parshendi, a race similar to the docile  slaves of other nations, claimed responsibility for the assassination. Gavilar's paranoid son, Elhokar, declares war on the Parshendi for their act of treason.

 Part One
Six years later, the story shifts to focus on Kaladin, a dark-eyed Alethi villager with a burning hatred for light-eyed nobles. Trained in his youth as a surgeon by his father, Kaladin volunteered to go to war for the army of a local lord named Meridas Amaram, to watch over and protect his brother, Tien, on the field of battle. In his third battle, Kaladin fails to protect his brother Tien, who is killed. This drives Kaladin to become a better fighter, resolving to protect others from the same fate.

During a later battle, Kaladin succeeds in killing an enemy Shardbearer and can claim the enemy's Shardblade and Shardplate by right, becoming a Lighteyes himself. However, he rejects the Shardblade and Shardplate fearing what he might become, and is then betrayed by Brightlord Amaram, who takes the treasures for himself and brands Kaladin a slave to hide the theft. This event cements Kaladin's hatred of the noble Lighteyes and leaves deep emotional scars. After a number of escape attempts, he is later branded as a deserter and is forced into service as a Bridgeman in an army battling the Parshendi on the Shattered Plains. Along the journey of enslavement, he meets and befriends an amnesiac Spren named Sylphrena, who serves as Kaladin's emotional support. Having felt depressed about his failures, Kaladin decided to cast himself to the Honor Chasm to end his life until Syl returns and convinces him to continue his efforts to protect the Bridgemen.

Shallan, a minor light-eyed Veden whose family's inheritance is in danger, hatches a daring plot to switch a broken Soulcaster (a device that allows people to change objects to other things) with a working one belonging to Jasnah Kholin, sister of the Alethi king. Shallan travels to the coastal city of Karbranth where Jasnah seeks her research following King Gavilar's death. While meeting up with Karbranth's reagent name Taravangian, She petitions Jasnah to become her ward, and through persistent effort, she manages to gain Jasnah's confidence and becomes her apprentice.

 Part Two
The story shifts to the viewpoint of Highprince Dalinar Kholin, the brother of the murdered king. Having felt ashamed of his brother's death, Dalinar serves his duty as the King's bodyguard with Torol Sadeas taking his part as the king's advisor. With his sons, Adolin and Renarin joining him, Dalinar enlists King Elhokar to kill a Chasmfiend in order to harvest the gemheart and regain his nephew's honor as king. However, the Chasmfiend ambushed them by surprise. As Elhokar provides a diversion, Dalinar and Adolin quickly wound the beast, however, Elhokar's saddle is suddenly cut causing him to fall to the ground before getting crushed. Dalinar quickly holds the beast's foot and Adolin cuts the support leg causing the Chasmfiend to collapse with Elhokar taking the final blow and winning the Gemheart with glory.

After the hunt, Dalinar speaks with Adolin about his time with Galivilar long before his death. Before he died, his brother directed Dalinar to an ancient tome called "The Way of Kings", which leads Dalinar to start questioning the warlike and competitive Alethkar way of life. He also begins to experience visions in which he sees the ancient Knights Radiant and receives a cryptic word to unite his allies. For Dalinar, these visions cast doubt on the mistaken history of the Radiants and begin to reveal the truth about the Voidbringers and the current state of the world. All of these events make Dalinar reluctant to fight in battle. Dalinar's conviction is questioned by those closest to him, casting heavy doubt on his sanity and bringing into question his claim to leadership. In the political unrest of the age, perceived weakness is caused by others attempting to eliminate him. Having no other options to uncover his visions, Dalinar plans to abdicate his war position to Adolin.

Kaladin tries his efforts to recruit the Bridgemen but they refused, due to their submission to their life of slavery. Despite this, Kaladin was able to threaten the bridge Sergeant Gaz for payment for medical and food supplies for injured men. Following the upcoming bridge run, Kaladin has gained mutual respect with Unkalaki, Rock, from his death by switching his position and Teft for his loyalty. Gaz orders the entire bridgemen to chasm duty where they might recover remnants of scraps of armor, spheres, and weapons while evading mazed caverns and predatory chasmfiends. During their collection, Kaladin stumbles upon a spear and reluctantly performs a Kata technique which surprises the entire bridge crew, including Teft and Rock. As the bridge crew finishes their chasm duty, Kaladin and Rock decide to provide a stew for the night which both the bridgemen and the guards join in and gained respect. The following day, most of the bridge crews join Kaladin and accept him as their leader.

Following his killing spree, Szeth follows his former master's instruction until he encounters a dark figure who manages to kill his former master and reclaim his Oathstone from him. As the figure departs, he gives Szeth the list of high-ranking noblemen to assassinate.

 Part Three
Kaladin manages to rally the other men in his group and turns them into a team that can survive. After he accidentally ruins a battle by changing tactics, he is beaten violently and left outside during a high storm to die under Sadeas' orders. However, he manages to survive thanks to the sphere Teft gave him for good luck. With Kaladin unconscious, Teft witnesses Kaladin healing himself from the sphere. As Kaladin awakens from his slumber, the Bridge crew continues to follow Kaladin's instructions and gains Kaladin's mutual respect as their leader. Kaladin learned from Sigzil that Sadeas'has planned to strategically use Bridgemen as bait for the opposing armies' archers, allowed to die so that the trained army can attack more easily. This drove Kaladin to lose hope due to the replacement of Bridge's leader. With Syl's and Teft's encouragement, Kaladin decides to train and support the bridge crew in self-defense.

Living as a ward, Shallan grew comfortable while focusing on her mission and aiding Jasnah with her studies. During her break time, she met a friendly ardent named Kabsal who secretly oppose Jasnah's research on the Voidbringers which the Ardents refuse to speak about. However, Shallan began to grow paranoid whenever she sketches her drawings, strange creatures appear unexpected. At that time, Shallan grew doubtful towards Jasnah when she mercilessly kill the four thugs with her soul casting. Furiously and shocked by her actions, Shallan took Jasnah's Soulcaster and hide it. After successfully stealing the Soulcaster, she is frustrated by her inability to use it until one fateful day, when she accidentally turns a goblet into blood. Knowing Jasnah will soon arrive on the scene, Shallan breaks a pitcher and cuts herself to make it seem as though the blood was hers, which Jasnah mistakes for a suicide attempt. Shallan plans to leave soon until Kabsal suddenly collapse and Shallan felt overwhelm by which Jasnah quickly heals her. Despite her success in saving Shallan, Jasnah reveals to Shallan that Kabsal plans to poison her in an attempt to use Shallan as an opportunity to contact her. Unbeknownst to this betrayal, Shallan confesses that she plans to take Jasnah's Soulcaster to support her family's debt. Jasnah expresses her disappointment for Shallan's deception leaving Shallan in tears.

Szeth arrives at the banquet hall of Jah Keved and assassinates the king after he successfully fights off against the Shardbearers and the guards.
 Part Four
As a result of his unlikely survival from the Highstorm, he begins to discover that he possesses the Surgebinding ability that granted him enhanced strength, speed, and healing every time he uses spheres. Kaladin runs off in shock until he wanders towards the canyons where he meets the King's Wit, who renamed himself as Hoid. Hoid began to narrate the story of Derethil and the Wandersail, by which Kaladin concludes that the moral of the story is taking responsibility. Hoid then gave Kaladin his flute and inform him to take care of his pupil before running off into the darkness. As he comes to the realization from Hoid's story and his irresponsible act, he comes to terms with his powers and does whatever he can save Bridge Four. Kaladin returns to the group and asks Teft about his expert on Radiants.

Dalinar and Adolin argue about their decision on focusing on both the battle, the vision, and the stability of Alethkar while Renarin suggested their research of learning Dalinar's visions and the history behind Radiant's betrayal. Having been troubled by his stability, Dalinar pushes Navani away out of shame. During the gala, Wit plans to depart in secret and spoke privately to Dalinar that Sadeas is announcing his last step of investigation. Dalinar and Adolin prepared for Sadea's false accusation only to discover that Dalinar is innocent and exonerated from his involvement. Having felt grateful for his innocent, Dalinar discusses with Sadeas their plans to unite the Highprinces by setting up a trap for the Parshendi at the tower to which Sadeas agrees. During the arena where Adolin duels, Dalinar discusses the king for his plans to withdraw his Vengeance pact and focus more on stabilizing the Alethkar society. Navani, having been fed up with being alone, confesses to Dalinar about her feeling towards him causing Dalinar to comfort her with a kiss and develop their relationship.

During the Battle of the Tower, Dalinar and his troops suddenly overpowers the first wave of Parshendi hordes only to discover that they were ambushed and outnumbered by the second wave. However, Sadeas betrays Dalinar and left him stranded on the plateau. During the struggle, Dalinar got separated from his troops and encounters the Parshendi Shardbearer; the two leaders duel right until the Parshendi Shardbearer overpowers Dalinar. Adolin spotted the Bridgemen in the distance and sends the troops to evacuate only to find out his father is stranded.

As Sadeas and his armies return to their post, Kaladin and his crews remain behind until he realizes that they are free. However, Dalinar and his forces were stranded fighting valiantly against the hordes causing Syl restores her memories and reveals herself as an Honorspren. Syl pleads with a reluctant Kaladin to save Dalinar and his armies. After realizing the Radiants' first ideal and Lirin's word, Kaladin, and Bridge crews went back to save Dalinar's forces. As Kaladin tries to divert the Parsendi's archers, Kaladin lures the entire arrows to himself causing him to collapse, much to everyone's shock. As Kaladin's bridgecrews continue their rescue mission, Kaladin lies unconscious and suddenly remembers the loss of his brother Tien during the war. As Kaladin awakens, he charges towards the Parshendi armies where he summons his Surgebinding abilities and spoke the Radiants' second ideal for the first time. With the power of Surgebinding and Bridge crews' aid, Kaladin quickly outflanks the rest of the Parshendi troops allowing the Kholin's army to retreat, only to find out that the Kholin's army is weakened. Kaladin instructs Adolin to evacuate the army, continue outmaneuvering the hordes, and rescue Dalinar from the Parshendi Shardbearer. When the battle is over, Dalinar and the Shardbearer raise their blades for the salute.

Dalinar thanked Kaladin for his rescue and offers protection in return. Navani arrives and confronts Sadeas after learning about Dalinar's fate and praying for his life, only to find out that Dalinar and Adolin are alive. Dalinar arrives at Sadeas' war camp for confrontation. Sadeas privately confesses to Dalinar that he chooses to betray Dalinar because of Dalinar's comparison with Gavilar and rumors about Dalinar's insanity began to grow tensional by which he wants Dalinar eliminated. Sadeas also reveals that he had kept his oath on protecting the King and evade Elokhar's knowledge about the suspect he already identified. After realizing Sadeas' treachery and Elhokar's distrust, Dalinar traded his Shardblade Oathbringer in exchange for all the Bridgeman Sadeas enslaved them and never set foot on his war camps ever again through which Sadeas reluctantly agreed. Having fed up with his nephew's cowardice, Dalinar confronted Elhokar and disarm his shard plate by pummeling him while scolding his nephew for his act of self-harm and false accusation. Having grown distrust of Highlords, Dalinar declares himself as the Highprince of War and enforces the Codes to unite the army despite their disapproval.

 Part Five
Shallan soon discovers that Jasnah's Soulcaster does not possess the ability to transmute, but instead hides her uncommon inherent ability to Soulcast. When Jasnah learns that Shallan also has the inherent ability to Soulcast, she forgives her and begins instructing her in the proper use of their shared power. She also reveals her research into the secrets of the Knights Radiants' desertion and the enslavements of the Parshendi who are revealed as the Voidbringers. Jasnah prepares Shallan and herself to travel to the Shattered Plains to meet with Jasnah's uncle Dalinar. However, Jasnah explains to Shallan that the secret organization known as the Ghostbloods is planning to thwart her research and reveal Kabsal's membership. Shallan recognizes the symbol and suspects her father is a member of the Ghostbloods.

Kaladin meets up with Dalinar for a discussion. Dalinar entrusts Kaladin and his bridge crew to serve him as his family's bodyguard for their safety and his plans to unite the Highprince. Kaladin agreed to his offer to ensure he only contacts Dalinar and his royal family. Dalinar appointed him as captain of the guard and the Kholin's army and gave him the gift of gratitude. Kaladin felt relief for his goals and promise of Bridge Four training while learning more about the surge binding abilities.

Szeth arrived at Kharbranth, posing as the porter, where he learned that the Taravangian, his target, revealed himself as the figure who instructed Szeth to kill the Highprinces, including the king of Jah Keved. To lure Szeth into his domains, Taravangian deliberately added his name to the list to avoid Szeth's capture and ordered Szeth to finish the job so that he wanted to stabilize Roshar for the upcoming years. He escorted Szeth to the secret hospital where he and his followers conducted a brutal experiment on people dying from blood loss. Much to Szeth's horror of the king's action, Taravangian explains to Szeth that he was recording people dying words while experimenting with them and deducing that their words are the key to people's salvation. He instructs Szeth to kill Dalinar Kholin who is planning to unite Highprinces.

Dalinar receives a vision and encounters a stranger who reveals himself as the Almighty of Roshar. He announced to Dalinar the preparation of the Everstorm and confesses that he was murdered by Odium, a powerful being who is capable of destroying the world.

 Epilogue
Meanwhile, Hoid made some conversation with guardsmen in Kholinar about his discussion of talents. Upon this point, He and the guards met an unexpected arrival of the former Herald, Talenel'Elin or Talenel, who forbears a prophecy of an Everstorm before collapsing on the ground along with his Honorblade. Curiously surprised, Hoid confirmed that he is too late for his arrival.

Setting
The backstory of the novel revolves around recurring disasters known as Desolations, where monstrous Voidbringers ravage the world and human survival hangs in the balance. To counter the threat, the Knights Radiant (so named for their glowing aura and eyes) possess magical armor and swords known as Shardplate and Shardblades as well as magical powers. The last Desolation was believed to be the final one, and has become a time of myths and legends, in particular as the Knights Radiant left behind their weapons and armor and disappeared into obscurity. Their discarded armor and swords remain as some of the most priceless heirlooms.

The magic of the world is based on gemstones that glow with light for many weeks after recurring, powerful storms known as highstorms. These commonplace gemstones are also used as mundane currency in merchant transactions, as well as interior lighting at night in wealthy houses and palaces. Drawing in this "stormlight" energy is what fuels the magical talismans of priest-wizards (the gem encrusted gloves called Soulcasters) that convert matter into another form, such as stone into grain, or people into stone, and powered gemstone constructs known as fabrials, such as a fabrial that creates red light and heat to replace wood in a fireplace. Soulcasting and fabrials are typically only owned by the nobility. In Alethkar, nobility is also based on eye color, blue eyes being seen as the purest royalty due to the association with the legendary Knights Radiant, who had glowing eyes.

The world itself has flora and fauna which have adapted to the common, and extremely powerful highstorms. Most animal life is based on crustaceans, most of which can burrow into the ground to survive a highstorm. Plant life is also mobile, in that it retracts into the ground to survive highstorms. Because all highstorms come from the eastern ocean and travel west, the western side of rocks and mountains harbor plant and animal life. Also, spirits called  exist and react to the emotions of people and the environment. High wind will have  in the form of ribbons of light that flow with it. Suffering from pain will cause red  to appear around the wound, and giving a noble, heartfelt speech will have  of golden, twinkling lights form a halo around the head of the speaker.  are so common that many people take them for granted.

Viewpoint characters
The primary chapters within the book are told from the viewpoint of several major characters, while the book's interludes are told from the viewpoint of other characters (not all of which repeat).

Main
Szeth-son-son-Vallano: An assassin from the land of Shinovar. He refers to himself as a "Truthless", who must serve those who bear his Oathstone. Bearer of an Honorblade and wielder of Stormlight. His Windrunner abilities are granted by his Honorblade. He hates being forced to murder and weeps as he does.
Kaladin: A darkeyes from the nation of Alethkar, who is forced to serve on a bridge crew in the army of Highprince Torol Sadeas. Formerly an apprentice learning surgery from his father and a member of the army of Brightlord Amaram, he hates lighteyes because of Amaram. Amaram betrayed Kaladin, by first causing the death of his brother, Tien, and after Kaladin saves him from a man in Shardplate, forcibly takes the Shards for himself, killing all of Kaladin's close friends in the process. Kaladin is able to use Stormlight to heal himself and make himself stronger and faster than any normal human being. He is accompanied by an  named Sylphrena, or Syl for short. She came to him because of his innate honor and kindness in the face of the evil and betrayal that seem to surround him. Kaladin's connection with Syl is what gives him his power with Stormlight; it also gives Syl the level of sentience she possesses.
Shallan Davar: A minor lighteyes from the nation of Jah Keved. Her family has fallen on hard times after the death of her father. She seeks to be accepted as the ward and student of the renowned scholar Jasnah Kholin, sister to King Elhokar of Alethkar. A skilled artist who can with a single glance remember and recreate a scene with charcoal and paper, she learns that she is able to Soulcast without a Soulcaster, just like Jasnah. Though the beginning of the book has her plotting to steal Jasnah's Soulcaster to save her family, she has become Jasnah's true apprentice by the end of the book.
Dalinar Kholin: A highprince of Alethkar, brother to the slain King Gavilar, uncle to the current king. Nicknamed the Blackthorn. A general who helped unite the kingdom with his brother. A man who experiences visions during the highstorms, and a Full Shardbearer, he is criticized as weak after he begins to follow the Codes and talks about stopping the pointless war Alethkar is engaged in.
Adolin Kholin: A lighteyes of Alethkar and heir to his father Dalinar's highprince seat. A skilled duelist and a Full Shardbearer, he loves and respects his father despite fearing that he has gone mad.
Navani Kholin: Widow of King Gavilar, mother of King Elhokar and Jasnah. A skilled artifabrian (one who creates devices known as fabrials). She has always loved Dalinar, even when she was married to his brother, Gavilar. She attempts to rekindle a relationship with Dalinar but is initially rebuffed; eventually, she convinces Dalinar to embrace his feelings at the end of the book.
 Jasnah Kholin: the sister to the king of Alethkar and the greatest scholar in Roshar. Mostly viewed as a heretic by the ardent, she is capable of Soulcasting without a Soulcaster.
 Taravangian: the king of Kharbranth. He employed Szeth to kill a great number of leaders around the world, following the Diagram, a master plan to prepare the world for the Last Desolation, made by himself.

Prologue, epilogue and Interludes
Kalak is one of ten Heralds of the Almighty. His viewpoint chapter is the prelude which takes place 4,500 years before the events of the first chapter.
Axies the Collector is a Siah Aimian engaged in a quest to catalog all the different varieties of  on Roshar. He is virtually immortal due to an interaction with magic.
Baxil is a thief of Emuli nationality, the cousin of Av. He and a beautiful lighteyes woman break into places to destroy artwork.
Geranid is a scientist and philosopher. She lives with Ashir on a small Reshi island, where she spends her time studying .
Ishikk is a fisherman from the Purelake. He is approached by three strangers, who he calls Grump, Thinker and Blunt. They are using him as an agent to find a man named Hoid.
Nan Balat is one of Shallan's brothers, a lighteyed Veden. After Nan Helaran, Balat's eldest brother, was proclaimed dead by their father, Balat gained the title 'Nan', making him first in line.
Rysn is a young woman from Thaylenah, an apprentice merchant. She travels with Vstim to Shinovar.
Wit, also known as Hoid, the Drifter, and Cephandrius, is the court jester of king Elhokar Kholin at the Shattered Plains. Wit's role as court jester simply allows him to insult everyone he meets, often by just deliberately discussing that person's worst character flaws openly. Wit is also secretly more than he seems, often possessing an omniscient knowledge of things he shouldn't, and the ability to know where to travel to meet important people and offer obscure but useful advice and information to those he briefly meets. Hoid is in all major books in the Cosmere, a universe where most works by Sanderson are set.

Reception

Critical response and sales
In its first week of released, the book was #7 on The New York Times Best Seller list. In subsequent weeks, the book was #11, #20, and #25.

The Way of Kings received critical acclaim and received praise for its extensive world-building. An early review from the website Unshelved gave the book a positive review. A review from Elitist Book Reviews pointed out some problems with the book (black-and-white characters, too much exposition), but gave an overall positive opinion of the book. The website SFReviews.net gave the book a mixed review, praising Sanderson's writing and creativity, but criticizing its extreme length and overall dearth of action.

SF Reviews pointed out, "The ride is luxurious, the scenery is often breathtaking, but The Way of Kings is truly a long and winding road." KeepingTheDoor.com commented, "The Stormlight Archive is a series that, like Robert Jordan's The Wheel of Time, George R.R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire and Robin Hobb's The Realm of the Elderlings epics, every fantasy fan worth their salt must read and be familiar with. This will be one of the giant series that will help shape the entire scene."

Awards and nominations

Adaptations

Audiobook
An audiobook version was released in August 2010 by Macmillan Audio read by narrator team Kate Reading and Michael Kramer who have also read several other books written by Sanderson, including The Wheel of Time series. A 5-part GraphicAudio version of The Way of Kings was released from March to July 2016.

Film
In October 2016, the rights to the entire Cosmere universe were licensed by DMG Entertainment. DMG is fast-tracking an adaptation of The Way of Kings. Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan were hired as screenwriters. DMG founder Dan Mintz will produce the film, with Sanderson and Joshua Bilmes serving as executive producers.

Video game
A VR game, "The Way of Kings: Escape the Shattered Plains", developed by Arcturus VR, was released on March 2, 2018.

References

External links

2010 American novels
American fantasy novels
High fantasy novels
The Stormlight Archive
Tor Books books
Books with cover art by Michael Whelan
Novels set on fictional planets
Victor Gollancz Ltd books

The Way of Kings


Stade Said Mohamed Cheikh is a multi-use stadium in Mitsamiouli, Comoros. It is currently used mostly for football matches.

History
It was opened in 2007 as part of FIFA's Win in Africa with Africa program. It is named after former Comoros head, Said Mohamed Cheikh.  It replaced Stade de Beaumer as the home of the Comoros national football team. It was the first stadium in the Comoros to host a CAF Champions League match.

References

External links
Stadium information

Football venues in the Comoros
2007 establishments in the Comoros

Stade Said Mohamed Cheikh


Woodville is a village in Sandusky County, Ohio, United States. The population was 2,006 at the 2020 census. The National Arbor Day Foundation has designated Woodville as a Tree City USA.

History
Woodville was laid out and platted in 1836. It was named for General Amos E. Wood.

Woodville was the midway point on the Western Reserve and Maumee Turnpike, which was also known as the "Old Mud Pike" because of the thick mud that often mired animals and vehicles alike.  It was the first permanent route across the Black Swamp.  The toll road connected Perrysburg with Lower Sandusky, which has since been renamed Fremont.

A mile marker from the road remains at 100 East Main Street, in front of the village pharmacy.  Several of the milestones are still in place along the  stretch between present day Fremont and Perrysburg.  The route is currently designated U.S. Route 20.

Woodville is also the point at which U.S. 20 crosses the Portage River.  The former Pennsylvania Railroad also crossed the Portage River in Woodville.  The line was at one time a main route from Toledo to Pittsburgh.

To the north of Woodville lies Woodville Road emanating from Toledo, passes through Genoa, ending in Elmore. It does not pass through Woodville.

A half mile upstream from the highway and the rail bridges lies Trailmarker Park.  This is site of a shallow point in the river where Native Americans routinely crossed the Portage.   A tree that was bent by Native Americans to mark the crossing point had a large limb that stretched over the west bank of the river, just south of the Cherry Street bridge.  However, the limb was mistakenly removed by village workers in the 1990s.

State Route 105 also runs through Woodville.

Geography
Woodville is located at  (41.451093, -83.365967).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,135 people, 850 households, and 581 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 894 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 96.3% White, 0.3% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 1.8% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.0% of the population.

There were 850 households, of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.9% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.6% were non-families. 27.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.07.

The median age in the village was 39.1 years. 25.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.6% were from 25 to 44; 26.8% were from 45 to 64; and 15.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.7% male and 51.3% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,977 people, 786 households, and 558 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 815 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 97.67% White, 0.15% African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.86% from other races, and 1.06% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.19% of the population.

There were 786 households, out of which 37.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.8% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.9% were non-families. 25.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 27.8% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 90.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.5 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $47,039, and the median income for a family was $56,467. Males had a median income of $38,793 versus $28,350 for females. The per capita income for the village was $21,414. About 2.3% of families and 3.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.3% of those under age 18 and 4.4% of those age 65 or over.

Schools
Woodville and the surrounding Woodville Township are part of the Woodmore Local School District.  Until 1968 Woodville had its own school district and the athletic teams were known as the Warriors, with a Native American mascot.  In 1968, Woodville's school absorbed the Harris-Elmore Local Schools and the name of the district was changed to Woodmore.  Elmore's athletic teams formerly competed as the Bulldogs.

Immediately following the consolidation, students attended classes through fifth grade in their hometown, or the village nearest to their homes.  A portion of the school in Woodville was used as a Middle School for grades 6-8 and the Elmore building was used as the High School for all students.  In the early 1980s, all students in grades K-6 began attending school in Woodville and all students in grades 7-12 were moved to the high school in Elmore.

Most of the high school was demolished, rebuilt and opened for the 1990–91 academic year.  The original portion of the Elementary School dates back to 1923.  A new school building in Woodville is under construction and will house K-8.  It is expected to be complete for the 2015–16 academic year.

Woodmore High School athletic teams are called the Wildcats and compete in the Northern Buckeye Conference.

Woodville has a public library, a branch of the Birchard Public Library Of Sandusky County.

Industry
Limestone is the primary export of Woodville.  Two quarries located in Woodville Township each rank in the top ten in size in the United States among lime quarries.

Recreation
There are three public parks in Woodville:
Trailmarker Park is the largest.  It is located along the west bank of the Portage River and is home to a public pool, several pieces of playground equipment and a boat ramp.
Veterans Memorial Park is also referred to locally as Waterworks Park because of its proximity to the water treatment plant on North Perry Street.  The park features a memorial to soldiers, complete with a decommissioned cannon and is located on First Street between Walnut and Perry Streets.  Playground equipment is also in place at Veterans Memorial Park.
Busdiecker Park was originally named Teardrop Park because of its shape.  It is located at the intersection of Main Street (U. S. 20) and Findlay Road and is also bounded by the Portage River.  Busdiecker Park features 13 flagpoles, one for each of the astronauts killed in the United States space program at the time of the park's renaming in the mid 1990s.

Notable people
 Terence T. Henricks, astronaut
 Jon Giesler, former offensive tackle for the Miami Dolphins
 Jeff Little, former southpaw relief pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals and Minnesota Twins

References

Villages in Sandusky County, Ohio
Villages in Ohio

Woodville, Ohio


Tomas Quintin Donato Andres is a Filipino intercultural consultant, counselor, and pioneer of the Philippine-based management and training system known as Management by Filipino Values.  He is also the initiator of the internationally based management and training system known as Management by Humor.  Apart from being a professor at the Ateneo de Manila University, he is also the manager and president of the Values and Technologies Management Centre.  His Understanding Filipino Values is a book that relates the Filipino value system to the management situation in the Philippines, in order to provide a clearer understanding of those values, concepts and traditions, and to increase productivity and efficiency in business.  As an intercultural consultant, Andres conducts crosscultural orientation on Philippine culture for expatriates of multinational and international organizations. Having worked as counselor and consultant in several institutions, Andres was an adviser and a crosscultural educator to Filipino seamen and migrant workers in their moments of culture shocks in foreign lands. He is an accomplished author of books about the usage and application of Filipino values in daily living, interpersonal relationships, work, management, and productivity, among others.

Education
Andres received his doctorate degree from the Far Eastern University in the Philippines.  He is a recipient of a master's degree in Philosophy from the University of Santo Tomas in Manila, Philippines.  He obtained his diplomate in labor and industrial management from the Labor Management College in Buffalo, New York in the United States.  He received five baccalaureate degrees in Education, Liberal Arts, Oriental Philosophies, Behavioral Sciences, and Industrial Technology from the Philippines, Spain, and India.

Works
As an accomplished author, here is an enumeration of some of the books Andres has written:

Dictionary of Filipino Culture and Values (Mar 15, 1994)Managing People by Filipino Values (1988)Filipino Values for Winning Success (1989)Enhancing Organizational Performance and Productivity: Management Tools and Techniques (2001)Negotiating by Filipino Values (1988)Organizational Development for Productivity in the Philippine Setting (1983)Filipino Behavior at Work: Human Relations and Organizational Behavior in the Philippine Setting (2001)Reading the Filipino Seaman (2000)Church Management and Pastoral Administration (1999)Developing Positive Behavior by Filipino Values (1991)Dictionary of Values (2000)Social and Business Ethics in the Philippine Setting (1998)Management Filipino Style (1989)Quality Management by Filipino Values (1989)Management by Filipino Values: A Sequel to Understanding Filipino Values (1985)Understanding Filipino Values: A Management Approach (December 1981)Understanding Values (1980)Human Resource Training and Development (1980)New Dimensions in Philippine Christianity (1980)Lohika sa Kaisipang Pilipino (Logic in Filipino Thinking) (1981)Understanding the Positiveness of Filipino Values (1996)Quotes and Humor for Value Education (1989)New Dimension in Philippine Christianity: 117 Themes for Reflection and Homilies (1973)Understanding Filipino Values on Sex (1987)Making Filipino Values Work for You (1986)A Handbook of Values Education Strategies and Techniques for the Development of Interpersonal Relationships (1994)Parenting by Filipino Values (1990)Industrial Counseling: A Manual (1990)Understanding the Filipino (1987)How to Land a Job, Be a Model Employee and Be a Top Earner (1984)Ang mga Wastong Pamamaraan ng Pangangasiwa at Pamamahala - Management Essentials in the Philippine Setting'' (1996)

References

External links
Books written by Tomas Andres from the Philippine eLibrary
Andres, Tomas D. "Understanding the Filipino seaman: His Values, attitudes and behavior" (Quick View) (eBook PDF version), Our Lady of Manaoag Publishers (1991), 28 pages,

Filipino consultants
Filipino writers
Far Eastern University alumni
University of Santo Tomas alumni
Living people
Filipino educators
Academic staff of Ateneo de Manila University
Year of birth missing (living people)

Tomas Andres


The Molucca Sea is in the western Pacific Ocean, within the country of Indonesia.  The region is rich in coral and has many diving sites.

Location
The Molucca Sea borders the Banda Sea to the south and the Celebes Sea to the north.

The islands bordering the Molucca Sea include Halmahera to the north east, Buru and Ceram in the centre, and Sulawesi to the west.  The Talaud Islands to the north are the general limit of the sea. The Molucca Sea Plate, the tectonic plate named after the sea, goes further north.

Other websites

Seas of the Pacific Ocean
Geography of Indonesia

Molucca Sea


Southern Bavarian or South Bavarian, is a cluster of Upper German dialects of the Bavarian group. They are primarily spoken in Tyrol (i.e. the Austrian federal state of Tyrol and the Italian province of South Tyrol), in Carinthia and in the western parts of Upper Styria. Before 1945 and the expulsions of the Germans, it was also spoken in speech islands in Italy and Yugoslavia.
Due to the geographic isolation of these Alpine regions, many features of the Old Bavarian language from the Middle High German period have been preserved. On the other hand, the Southern Bavarian dialect area is influenced by the Rhaeto-Romance languages, locally also Slovene and to a lesser extent Italian.

The speech area historically included the former linguistic enclaves in Carniola (present-day Slovenia) around Kočevje in the Gottschee region (Gottscheerish), Sorica (Zarz) and Nemški Rovt (Deutsch Ruth). The Cimbrian language still spoken in several language-islands in north-eastern Italy (Friuli, Veneto and Trentino) mostly counts as a separate Bavarian language variant. Southern Bavarian is also spoken in the Werdenfelser Land region around Mittenwald and Garmisch-Partenkirchen in German Upper Bavaria.

The Tyrolean Unterland, the Alpine regions of Salzburg (Pinzgau, Pongau and Lungau), as well as the adjacent parts of Styria and southern Burgenland form the dialect continuum with the Central Bavarian language area in the north.

See also
Hutterite German
Mòcheno language

References

Bavarian language
Languages of Germany
Languages of Switzerland
Languages of Austria
German dialects

Southern Bavarian