The Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast are composed of many nations and tribal affiliations, each with distinctive cultural and political identities. They share certain beliefs, traditions and practices, such as the centrality of salmon as a resource and spiritual symbol, and many cultivation and subsistence practices. The term Northwest Coast or North West Coast is used in anthropology to refer to the groups of Indigenous people residing along the coast of what is now called British Columbia, Washington State, parts of Alaska, Oregon, and Northern California. The term Pacific Northwest is largely used in the American context.

At one point, the region had the highest population density of a region inhabited by Indigenous peoples in Canada.

List of nations

The Pacific Northwest Coast at one time had the most densely populated areas of indigenous people ever recorded in Canada. The land and waters provided rich natural resources through cedar and salmon, and highly structured cultures developed from relatively dense populations. Within the Pacific Northwest, many different nations developed, each with their own distinct history, culture, and society.  Some cultures in this region were very similar and share certain elements, such as the importance of salmon to their cultures, while others differed.  Prior to contact, and for a brief time after colonization, some of these groups regularly conducted war against each other through raids and attacks.  Through warfare they gathered captives for slavery.

Eyak
The Eyak people reside in the Copper River Delta north of the Alaska Panhandle. The vast majority currently live near the Alaskan city of Cordova.

Tlingit

The Tlingit ( , ; the latter is considered inaccurate) are one of the furthest north indigenous nations in the Pacific Northwest Coast. Their autonym is Lingít , meaning "Human being". The Russian name for them, Koloshi, was derived from an Aleut term for the labret; and the related German name, Koulischen, may be encountered in older historical literature.

The Tlingit are a matrilineal society. They developed a complex hunter-gatherer culture in the temperate rainforest of the Alaska Panhandle and adjoining inland areas of present-day British Columbia.

Haida
The Haida people ( ) are well known as skilled artisans of wood, metal and design. They have also shown much perseverance and resolve in the area of forest conservation. The vast forests of cedar and spruce where the Haida make their home are on pre-glacial land, which is believed to be almost 14,000 years old.

Haida communities located in Prince of Wales Island, Alaska and Haida Gwaii, British Columbia (previously referred to as the Queen Charlotte Islands) also share a common border with other Indigenous peoples, such as the Tlingit and the Tsimshian. The Haida were also famous for their long-distance raiding and slaving, going often to California for trading.

Tsimshian

The Tsimshian ( ), translated as "People Inside the Skeena River," are indigenous people who live around Terrace and Prince Rupert on the North Coast of British Columbia, and the southernmost corner of Alaska on Annette Island. There are about 10,000 Tsimshian, of which about 1,300 live in Alaska.

Succession in Tsimshian society is matrilineal, and one's place in society was determined by one's clan or phratry (defined as four equal parts). Four main Tsimshian clans form the basic phratry. The Laxsgiik (Eagle Clan) and Ganhada (Raven Clan) form one half.  Gispwudwada (Killer Whale Clan) and Laxgibuu (Wolf Clan) form the other half. Prior to European contact, marriage in Tsimshian society could not take place within a half-group, for example between a Wolf and a Killer Whale. It was considered to be incest even if there was no blood relationship. Marriages were only arranged between people from clans in different halves: for example, between a Killer Whale and a Raven or Eagle.

Gitxsan
The Gitxsan or Gitksan, meaning "people of the Skeena River", were known with the Nisga'a as Interior Tsimshian.  They speak a closely related language to Nisga'a, though both are related to Coast Tsimshian.  This is the English term for Tsimshian spoken on the coast.  Although inland, their culture is part of the Northwest Coast culture area, and they share many common characteristics, including the clan system, an advanced art style, and war canoes.  They share an historic alliance with the neighboring Wet'suwet'en, a subgroup of the Dakelh (or Carrier people). Together they waged a battle in the courts against British Columbia known as Delgamuukw v British Columbia, which had to do with land rights.

Haisla
The Haisla (also Xa'islak'ala, X̄a'islak'ala, X̌à'islak'ala, X̣a'islak'ala) are an indigenous nation living at Kitamaat in the North Coast region of the Canadian province of British Columbia.  The name Haisla is derived from the Haisla word x̣à'isla or x̣à'isəla,  "(those) living at the rivermouth, living downriver".

Heiltsuk
The Heiltsuk ( ) are an indigenous Nation of the Central Coast region of the Canadian province of British Columbia, centred on the island communities of Bella Bella and Klemtu.  The Heiltsuk are the descendants of a number of tribal groups who came together in Bella Bella in the 19th century.  They generally prefer the autonym Heiltsuk. Anthropology labelled them the Bella Bella, which is how they are more widely known.

Nuxalk
The Nuxalk (pronounced ), also known as the Bella Coola, are an Indigenous people of the Central Coast, as well as the furthest north of the Coast Salish cultures. Linguists have classified their Salishan language as independent of both Interior and Coast Salish language groups. It is quite different from that of their coastal neighbours, though it contains a large number of Wakashan loan words. They are believed to have been more connected to Interior Salish peoples, before Athabaskan-speaking groups now inland from them spread southwards, cutting the Nuxalk off from their linguistic relatives.

Wuikinuxv
The Wuikinuxv, also known as the Owekeeno or Rivers Inlet people (after their location), speak a language related to Heiltsuk, Wuikyala or Oowekyala (they are dialects of a language that has no independent name; linguists refer to it as Heiltsuk-Oweekyala). Together with the Heiltsuk and Haisla, they were once incorrectly known as the Northern Kwakiutl because of their language's close relationship with Kwak'wala. Greatly reduced in numbers today, like other coastal peoples they were master carvers and painters.  They had an elaborate ritual and clan system.  The focus of their territory was Owikeno Lake, a freshwater fjord above a short stretch of river at the head of Rivers Inlet.

Kwakwaka'wakw

The Kwakwaka'wakw are an indigenous people, numbering about 5,500, who live in British Columbia on northern Vancouver Island and the mainland. The autonym they prefer is Kwakwaka'wakw.  Their Indigenous language, part of the Wakashan languages family, is Kwak'wala. The name Kwakwaka'wakw means "speakers of Kwak'wala". The language is now spoken by less than 5% of the population—about 250 people.  Today 17 separate tribes make up the Kwakwaka'wakw, who historically spoke the common language of Kwak'wala. Some Kwakwaka'wakw groups are now extinct.  Kwak'wala is a Northern Wakashan language, a grouping shared with Haisla, Heiltsuk and Oowekyala.

Nuu-chah-nulth
The Nuu-chah-nulth ( ; ) are an Indigenous people in Canada. Their traditional home is in the Pacific Northwest on the west coast of Vancouver Island. In pre-contact and early post-contact times, the number of nations was much greater, but as in the rest of the region, smallpox and other consequences of contact resulted in the disappearance of some groups, and the absorption of others into neighbouring groups.

They were among the first Pacific peoples north of California to come into contact with Europeans. Competition between Spain and the United Kingdom over control of Nootka Sound led to a bitter international dispute around 1790, which was settled when Spain agreed to abandon its claim of exclusivity to the North Pacific coast, and to pay damages for British ships seized during the dispute.  The Nuu-chah-nulth speak a Southern Wakashan language and are closely related to the Makah and Ditidaht.

Ditidaht
The Ditidaht are a Southern Wakashan speaking people related to the Nuu-chah-nulth. Their territory is concentrated in the southern portion of Vancouver Island.

Makah
The Makah are a Southern Wakashan people and are closely related to the Nuu-chah-nulth.  They are also noted as whalers. Their territory is around the northwest tip of the Olympic Peninsula.

Coast Salish

The Coast Salish are the largest of the southern groups. They are a loose grouping of many tribes with numerous distinct cultures and languages.  Territory claimed by Coast Salish peoples spans from the northern end of the Strait of Georgia, along the east side of Vancouver Island, covering most of southern Vancouver Island, all of the Lower Mainland and Sunshine Coast, all of Puget Sound except (formerly) for the Chimakum territory near Port Townsend, and all of the Olympic Peninsula except that of the Quileute, related to the now-extinct Chemakum.  The Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound were officially united as the Salish Sea in 2010.

The Coast Salish cultures differ considerably from those of their northern neighbours. One branch, the Bella Coola, feature a patrilineal, not matrilineal, system. As a whole, the Coast Salish tribes generally have both a matrilineal and patrilineal system. They are also one of the few peoples on the coast whose traditional territories coincide with contemporary major metropolitan areas, namely the North Straits Salish-speaking peoples in and around Victoria, the Halkomelem-speaking peoples in and around Vancouver, and the Lushootseed-speaking peoples in and around Seattle.  Pre-European contact, the Coast Salish numbered in the tens of thousands, and as such were one of the most populous groups on the northwest coast

Chimakum
The Chimakum people were a Chimakuan-speaking people whose traditional territory lay in the area of Port Townsend. Beset by warfare from surrounding Salish peoples, their last major presence in the region was eradicated by the Suquamish under Chief Seattle in the mid-19th century. Some survivors were absorbed by neighbouring Salish peoples, while some moved to join the Quileute on the southeast side of the Olympic Peninsula.

Quileute
The Quileute () are a Chimakuan-speaking people.  Their traditional territory is in the western Olympic Peninsula, around the Quillayute and Hoh Rivers.

Willapa
The Willapa people are a traditionally Athabaskan-speaking people of southwestern Washington.  Their territory was between Willapa Bay (named after them) and the prairie lands around the head of the Chehalis and Cowlitz Rivers.  A related people, known as the Clatskanie () or Tlatskani, lived on the south side of the Columbia River in northwestern Oregon.

Chinook
The Chinookan peoples were once one of the most powerful and populous groups of tribes on the southern part of the Northwest Coast.  Their territories flank the mouth of the Columbia River and stretch up that river in a narrow band adjacent to that river, as far as Celilo Falls.  Their group of dialects are known as Chinookan.  It is distinguished from the Chinook Jargon, which was partly based upon it, and is often called "Chinook."  Close allies of the Nuu-chah-nulth, they are also a canoe people, and pre-European contact, Chinook Jargon arose as a trading language incorporating both Chinookan and Wakashan vocabulary.  The Chinookan peoples practiced slavery, likely learned from the Nuu-chah-nulth as it was more common to the north, and cranial deformation.  Those without flattened heads were considered to be beneath or servile to those who had undergone the procedure as infants.

One likely reason for the cultural prominence of the Chinookan peoples was their strategic position along the Columbia River, which acted as a massive trade corridor, as well as near Celilo Falls, the longest continuously inhabited site in the Americas, used as a fishing site and trading hub for 15,000 years by a wide range of indigenous peoples.

Tillamook
The Tillamook or Nehalem peoples were a Coast Salishan-speaking group of tribes living roughly between Tillamook Head and Cape Meares on the northern Oregon Coast.  The term 'Tillamook' itself is in fact an exonym, from the neighbouring Chinook-speaking Kathlamet people.  Although the Tillamook language was a Coast Salish language, it was somewhat divergent from its more northerly cousins; likewise, the Tillamook culture was substantially different from that of other Coast Salish cultures, apparently influenced by its southern neighbors.  They, and their southern neighbors, were less reliant on salmon runs and more reliant on fish trapping in estuaries, hunting, and shellfish gathering.

Da'naxda'xw Nation
The Da'naxda'xw Nation, or Da'naxda'xw/Awaetlatla Nation is a First Nations government in northern Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada, their main community is the community of Alert Bay in the Queen Charlotte Strait region. There are approximately 225 members of the Da'naxda'xw Nation. The Nation is a member of the Kwakiutl District Council and, for treaty negotiation purposes, the Winalagalis Treaty Group which includes three other members of the Kwakiutl District Council (the Quatsino First Nation, the Gwa'sala-'Nakwaxda'xw Nations, and the Tlatlasikwala Nation).

History

The area referred to as the Northwest Coast has a very long history of human occupation, exceptional linguistic diversity, population density and cultural and ceremonial development. Noted by anthropologists for its complexity, there is emerging research that the economies of these people were more complex and intensive than was previously assumed. Coast Salish peoples' had complex land management practices linked to ecosystem health and resilience. Forest gardens on Canada's northwest coast included crabapple, hazelnut, cranberry, wild plum, and wild cherry species. Many groups have First Generation Stories - family stories that tell of the origin of the group, and often of humans themselves arising in specific locations along the coast.

"the Indian history of British Columbia... began at least a hundred centuries before the Province itself was born...." Wilson Duff

On the northwest coast of North America, the mild climate and abundant natural resources made possible the rise of a complex Aboriginal culture. The people who lived in what are today British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon were able to obtain a good living without much effort. They had time and energy to devote to the development of fine arts and crafts and to religious and social ceremonies.

European colonization
The indigenous populations were devastated by epidemics of infectious diseases, especially smallpox, brought in by European explorers and traders. Prior to European colonization, various reports from European explorers describe the tribes in the area bearing signs of smallpox. Nathaniel Portlock, a British ship's captain, described as having "expected to have seen a numerous tribe" but instead found "only of three men, three women" as well as the oldest of the men "marked with the small-pox", when referring to the Tlingit people in the North West Coast. Oral traditions of various tribes in the Pacific Northwest also refer to an epidemic of smallpox on the populations. There are many theories to how smallpox arrived in the Pacific Northwest. One theory is that an outbreak in central Mexico in 1779 spread north and infected the Shoshone in 1781, allowing the disease to spread into the lower Columbia River and Strait of Georgia via trade between the Flathead, Nez Perce, Walla Walla, and other various tribes. Spanish expeditions to the Northwest Coast from Mexico in 1774, 1775, and 1779 are also attributed to spreading smallpox to the local tribes in the area, with many documented outbreaks correlating to where the Spanish made landfall. Another theory describes the outbreak originating in the Kamchatka Peninsula in 1769 and spreading via Russian explorers to South Alaska and the Aleutians, thus through the Alaska panhandle and down the Pacific Coast. There were a number of later smallpox epidemics, such as the devastating 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic.

Due to the native population having no prior exposure to Old World diseases, local tribes may have lost as much as 90% of their population. This depopulation enabled an easier colonization of the Pacific Northwest by European and American migrants.

Current times
In current times the political and current context of life for these indigenous peoples varies, especially considering their relationship to Canada and the United States. In Canada Indigenous peoples are one of the fastest growing groups with a young and increasing population. Significant issues persist as a result of colonial laws and the now infamous Canadian Indian residential school system. Many of the most repressive elements of the Indian Act (federal legislation governing First Nations) were removed in 1951, and the right for First Nations to vote was granted in 1960. The 1951 amendment to the Indian Act lifted the potlatch ban, though the ban was never fully effective - it had pushed traditional culture underground. Since 1951 ceremonial practices and the potlatch have re-emerged widely along the coast.

One development in recent times is the revival of ocean-going cedar canoes. Beginning in the late 1980s with early Haida and Heiltsuk canoes, the revival spread quickly after the Paddle to Seattle in 1989 and the 1993 'Qatuwas canoe festival in Bella Bella. Many other journeys to different places along the coast have occurred; these voyages have come to be known as Tribal Canoe Journeys.

Material culture

Both the sea and the land provided important sources of food and raw materials to Indigenous Peoples of the Northwest Coast, and many of these resources needed to be managed to ensure continual harvest. Historians and ethnographers provide evidence of cultivation practices and environment management strategies that have been used by First Nations peoples for centuries along the Northwest Coast. Practices like digging and tilling, pruning, controlled burning, fertilizing, streamscaping and habitat creation allowed Indigenous groups to intentionally manage the environment around them in order to encourage greater production of a resource for sustained harvesting.

The Pacific salmon in particular played a central role in the diet and culture of the Northwest, so much so that the Native Nations of the region define themselves as the Salmon People. The salmon were caught with hook and line or small nets, and then pierced with cedar skewers and roasted or smoked over open pit fires. Other methods of catching them could also be used however, such as traps, baskets, spears and lures. The tribe would have to rely on the dried or smoked salmon over the winter, so the first fresh fish caught in the spring was welcomed with great ceremony.

Hunting, both on land and sea, was also an important source of food. At sea this involved hunting whales, sea lion, porpoise, seal and sea otter, while deer, moose and elk were pursued on land. The plentiful supply of all these animals meant that the tribes became prosperous.

The most important plant in the diet of the Northwest Native Americans was the bulb Camassia, a member of the asparagus family.  Indigenous peoples engaged in the active management and cultivation of camassia by clearing land, by tilling and weeding, and by planting bulbs. Camas plots were harvested by individuals or kin-groups, who were recognized as a particular plot's cultivators or stewards.

Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Coast harvested root crops through a process of digging and tilling. Using a digging stick made from hard wood, First Nations people would work the ground between tree roots and in bulb and rhizome patches, which loosened the compacted soil. Loosened soils made it easier to remove root crops whole and undamaged, and allowed roots, bulbs and rhizomes to grow more freely and abundantly with increased production.

Native peoples of the Pacific Northwest also used to eat a variety of fruit and berries. A favorite food was the salmonberry Rubus spectabilis, which derives its name from the fact that it was traditionally eaten with salmon and salmon roe. Blackberries Rubus, and evergreen huckleberries Vaccinium ovatum (which was eaten fresh or dried and made into cakes) were also popular. Red huckleberry Vaccinium parvifolium was both eaten and used as fish bait on account of its resemblance to salmon eggs. The Oregon grape Mahonia nervosa was sometimes eaten, mixed with sweeter berries to counteract its sour flavor.

Society and culture

Potlatch

A potlatch is a highly complex event where people gather in order to commemorate a specific event (such as the raising of a totem pole or the appointment/election of a new chief). These potlatches would usually be held in competition with one another, providing a forum to display wealth within a tribe.

In the potlatch ceremony the chief would give highly elaborate gifts to visiting peoples in order to establish his power and prestige, and by accepting these gifts the visitors conveyed their approval of the chief. There were also great feasts and displays of conspicuous consumption, such as the burning of articles, or throwing things into the sea, purely as a display of the great wealth of the chief. Groups of dancers put on elaborate dances and ceremonies. These dancers were members of secret "dancing societies". Watching these performances was considered an honour. Potlatches were held for several reasons: the confirmation of a new chief; coming of age; tattooing or piercing ceremonies; initiation into a secret society; marriages; the funeral of a chief; battle victory.

Music
Among the Indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast, the music varies in function and expression. Though some groups have more cultural differences than the rest (like the Coast Salish and the more northern nations), there remain many similarities.

Some instruments used by the Indigenous were hand drums made of animal hides, plank drums, log drums, box drums, along with whistlers, wood clappers, and rattles.  A great deal of the instruments were used mostly in the potlatch, but also carried over in to other festivities throughout the year.

The songs employed are used with dancing, although it is also for celebration, which at times may not be accompanied by dancing.  Most singing is community based. There are some solo parts, often the lead singer would begin in the first line of each round of a song, but not long solos.  For some ceremonies, solo songs would be used by men and women without the accompaniment of any person or drum.

Usually slow in tempo and accompanied by a drum. Principal function of music in this area is spiritual; music honors the Earth, Creator, Ancestors, all aspects of the supernatural world.  Sacred songs are not often shared with the wider world. Women and men, families own their own songs as property which can be inherited, sold or given as a gift to a prestigious guest at a Feast. Professionals existed for some communities, but music is taught and then rehearsed. For some nations, the tradition was those who made musical errors were punished, usually through shaming.  Employing octave singing, but rather than running up and down the scale, it is not uncommon to jump notes and go from bottom to top or top to bottom in a couple of notes.  Vocal Rhythmic patterns are often complex and run counter to rigid percussion beats.
The tribes would dance in groups in circles.

Art

The creation of beautiful and practical objects (for all tribal communities) served as a means of transmitting stories, history, wisdom and property from generation to generation. Art provided Indigenous people with a tie to the land by depicting their histories on totem poles the Big (Plank) Houses of the Pacific Northwest coast – the symbols depicted were a constant reminder of their birthplaces, lineages and nations.

Due to the abundance of natural resources and the affluence of most Northwest tribes, there was plenty of leisure time to create art. Many works of art served practical purposes, such as clothing, tools, weapons of war and hunting, transportation, cooking, and shelter; but others were purely aesthetic.

Pacific Northwest Coast: Spiritualism, the supernatural and the importance of the environment played integral roles in day-to-day life. Therefore, it was not unusual for their worldly goods to be adorned with symbols, crests and totems that represented some important figure(s) from both the seen and unseen worlds.

Often different northern tribes would adorn their possessions with symbols that represented a tribe as a collective (i.e., clan); this would often be a signal of differentiation among tribal groups. Such symbols could be compared to a coat of arms, or running up the flag of a country on a sailing ship, as it approached a harbour.

After the arrival of the Europeans, Indigenous artifacts suddenly became a hot commodity to be collected and placed in museums and other institutions, and many tribal groups were looted of their precious items by overzealous collectors.

In recent years, many Indigenous  organizations have been calling for a return of some of their sacred items, such as masks and regalia, that symbolize their cultural heritage.

Genetics

Haplogroup Q1a3a is a Y chromosome haplogroup  generally associated with the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. The Q-M3 mutation appears on the Q lineage roughly 10 to 15 thousand years ago, as the migration throughout the Americas was underway by the early Paleo-Indians. The Na-Dené, Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however, which are distinct from other indigenous Amerindians along with various mtDNA mutations. This suggests that the migrant ancestors of the current inhabitants of the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later migrant populations.

Genetic analyses of HLA I and HLA II genes as well as HLA-A, -B, and -DRB1 gene frequencies links the Ainu people of Japan to some Indigenous peoples of the Americas, especially to populations on the Pacific Northwest Coast such as Tlingit. The scientists suggest that the main ancestor of the Ainu and of some Native American groups can be traced back to Paleolithic groups in Southern Siberia.

See also

Native Americans in the United States
First Nations
Alaska Natives
Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
History of the west coast of North America
Maritime fur trade

Notes

External links
Anash Interactive — An online destination where users create comics, write stories, watch webisodes, download podcasts, play games, read stories and comics by other members, and find out about the Tlingit people of Canada.
Raven Spirit: A Native American Canoe's Journey - Smithsonian Ocean slideshow

Native American history of Oregon
Native American history of Washington (state)
First Nations in British Columbia
Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest


Christopher Hesketh  (28 November 1944 – 10 August 2017) was an English World Cup winning professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s and 1970s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, England and Lancashire  as a , and at club level for Wigan and Salford, as a , or , i.e. number 3 or 4, or 6.

Background
Chris Hesketh was born in Wigan, Lancashire, England, and he died aged 72.

Playing career

International honours
Hesketh won caps for England while at Salford in 1968 against Wales, in 1969 against Wales, and France, and won caps for Great Britain while at Salford in 1970 against New Zealand, in the 1970 Rugby League World Cup against France (sub), New Zealand (1-try), and Australia (sub); in 1971 against France, France (sub), and New Zealand (3 matches); in the 1972 Rugby League World Cup against Australia, France, New Zealand (1-try), and Australia; in 1973 against Australia (3 matches); and in 1974 against France (2 matches), Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches). For the 1974 Great Britain Lions tour to Australia and New Zealand, Hesketh was named as captain.

Rugby League career
Hesketh started his career at Wigan in 1962, and following the rule change to allow of substitutions, along with Laurie Gilfedder he jointly became Wigan's first substitute on Saturday 14 November 1964. He moved to Salford in 1967, with whom he remained until retiring in 1979. Hesketh worked as a salesman before retiring in 2006.  His death was announced in August 2017.

County Cup Final appearances
Chris Hesketh played left-, i.e. number 4, in Salford's 25–11 victory over Swinton in the 1972–73 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1972–73 season at Wilderspool Stadium, Warrington on Saturday 21 October 1972, he played left- in the 9–19 defeat by Wigan in the 1973–74  Lancashire County Cup Final at [Wilderspool on Saturday 13 October 1973, and played left- in the 7–16 defeat by Widnes in the 1975–76  Lancashire County Cup Final at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 4 October 1975.

BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Final appearances
Chris Hesketh played right-, i.e. number 3, in Salford's 0–0 draw with Warrington in the 1974 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy final at The Willows, Salford on Tuesday 17 December 1974, and played right- in the 10–5 victory in the replay at Wilderspool on Tuesday 28 January 1975.

Player's No.6 Trophy Final appearances
Chris Hesketh played left-, i.e. number 4, in Salford's 7–12 defeat by Leeds in the 1972–73 Player's No.6 Trophy Final during the 1972–73 season at Fartown Ground, Huddersfield on Saturday 24 March 1973.

Testimonial match
Chris Hesketh's Testimonial match at Salford took place in 1977.  In the 1976 New Year Honours Hesketh was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for his services to rugby league.

References

Further reading

External links
(archived by web.archive.org) World Cup 1970
(archived by web.archive.org) World Cup 1972
When Great Britain won the World Cup
Tracking down the heroes of 1972
Photograph "Bill Ramsey forces his way over" at rlhp.co.uk

1944 births
2017 deaths
England national rugby league team players
English rugby league players
Great Britain national rugby league team captains
Great Britain national rugby league team players
Lancashire rugby league team players
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Rugby league centres
Rugby league five-eighths
Rugby league players from Wigan
Salford Red Devils captains
Salford Red Devils players
Wigan Warriors players

Chris Hesketh


New York State Route 308 (NY 308, Route 308) is a short road in Dutchess County, New York. The highway is  long. It goes through mostly rural areas, and is usually used as a shortcut from U.S. Route 9 (US 9) to New York State Route 9G. The road passes several landmarks along its path. The road began its history in about 1685, when a group of Native Americans built the Sepasco Trail. This trail went from the Hudson River to Lake Sepasco, and followed the same path that currently exists as Route 308. The trail was there until 1802, when part of the Ulster and Delaware Turnpike was built over it. Route 308 was officially formed in 1930.

Route description

Part of NY 308 is in the Rhinebeck Village Historic District, which is a  area that has 272 historical buildings. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. A well-known attraction is the Beekman Arms Inn, which is located at the corner of NY 308 and US 9. The inn was started in 1776, and says it is one of the oldest inns within the United States.

The road begins at US 9 in the village of Rhinebeck, which is  above sea level. To the south of here is a park, a small lake, and a cemetery. At this point, the Dutchess County Fairgrounds are north of Route 308. The highway goes to the east, and is called East Market Street. It soon leaves Rhinebeck, while it runs next to a small creek sometimes known as the Landsman Kill.

The road intersects with County Route 101 and then turns to the north. It also intersects with Route 9G before it turns to the east into a rural area. In this area, Route 308 carries about 6,400 vehicles each day. There are many small lakes around the road as it intersects with County Route 52 and turns to the northeast. NY 308 then travels west of Sepasco Lake before turning east again. It ends at NY 199 in the town of Milan.

History
The earliest people that lived in northern Dutchess County were the Mohicans. They were a Native American nation that came to the area about 3,000 years ago. There were around 8,000 Mohicans during the time they first saw the Europeans. However, there were only 800 after the American Revolution. Artifacts were found along the shore of Lake Sepasco, which is a small lake near NY 308. The artifacts included very old arrowheads, and are now being shown at a local museum.

A smaller group of these Native Americans were known as the Sepasco Indians. This name was used for Native Americans in the Sepasco area, which is now known as Rhinebeck. The word Sepasco probably came from the tribe's word for "little river" or "stream", which is sepuus. After the Civil War, only a few of the Sepasco were left. The last Sepasco Indian died in 1867 in a hut near Lake Sepasco. By 1685, a trail known as the Sepasco Trail was formed by the Sepasco people. This trail started at the Hudson River and went east through the village of Rhinebeck. It ended at Lake Sepasco. Part of the trail from Rhinebeck to Lake Sepasco follows about the same path that is today taken by Route 308.

The trail was there until 1802, when a turnpike, a type of road, was built over it "for improving and making a road from the west line of the Town of Salisbury in the State of Connecticut to the Susquehannah River at or near the Town of Jericho". The part of the new turnpike east of the Hudson River was sometimes known as the Ulster and Salisbury Turnpike. A plaque was placed in November 1922 at the Beekman Arms Inn. The sign marked the crossing of the Kings Highway (now called US 9) and the Ulster and Salisbury Turnpike.

NY 308 itself was officially made during 1930. The path of the road was changed a bit in the 1960s.

Major intersections

References

Other reading

Other websites

NY State Route 308 Ends

Roads in New York (state)

New York State Route 308


The male reproductive system is made up of a number of sex organs. It works in the process of human reproduction. Some organs are outside the body, some are in the pelvis.
The main male sex organs are the penis and the testicles, which produce sperm. During sexual intercourse the penis delivers the sperm into a woman's vagina. The sperm can fertilize the egg cell in the woman's womb. The fertilized egg will develop into a fetus, which is later born as a baby.

The matched system in women is the female reproductive system.

sex organs

Penis
The penis is an organ that is used for urination and sexual intercourse. The urethra is a passage that runs underside of the penis. The urine and the semen are released through the urethra. When the male becomes sexually aroused, the penis becomes hard and bigger and ready for sexual intercourse. This erection occurs because the erectile tissue of the penis is filled with blood.

Scrotum
The scrotum is a pouch-like structure that hangs behind the penis. It holds and protects the testicles. The function of the scrotum is to keep the testicles less warm than the rest of the body.

Testicles
Testicles are small ball-like organs. An adult testicle size is about 4 to 5 cm long. The testicles produce sperm cells from teenage years to old age. The sperm cells are produced in the seminiferous tubules, which are the main part of the testicles. After the sperms are produced, they are stored temporarily in the epididymis. The epididymis is covering the top of the testicle.

Testicles are also called the gonads and they are very important in sexual works. Leydig cells in the testicles product the testosterone. Testosterone cause puberty in boys and maintain the male characteristics for adult. If the testicles are removed, male characteristics are decreased.

Intestinal cells of Leydig: These cells are mainly used in the production of the testosterone which flows into the blood streams and establish the secondary individuality of a person.

These characteristics include the beards, breaking of voice (deep voice) heavy bones (masculinity), and a constricted pelvis that are in charge of producing offspring.

Seminal vesicle
The seminal vesicles are a pair of tube-like glands or small sac-like gland found behind the bladder. The seminal vesicle produces fluid that aids in keeping sperm alive after they are finally released and stores sperms until they are ejaculated.

Prostate gland
Prostate gland is located under the bladder. It produces a thick fluid which aids the protection and transportation of the sperms which are now referred to as the semen.

Infertility in Men - Male Reproductive Disorders
Most causes of infertility in men is as a result of male reproductive system disorders. An abnormal penis may not be able to deliver the semen properly. In hypospadias or epispadias where the opening of the penis is in an abnormal position, male infertility is a possibility.

Other factors in male infertility
Varicocele: This is a condition characterized by enlargement, elongation and coiling of the blood vessels around the scrotum. Most times, it appears as bag of warm in the scrotum. It is seen in 10% of normal males and 40% of males with infertility.

Drugs: Impotence in men has been found as side effects of some drugs like nitrofurantoin, antihypertensive drug particularly the sympatholytic ones, cimetidine, cancer drugs etc.

Irradiation like X-ray, GSM etc. triggers release of free radicals and can directly halt the Spermatogenesis (process of sperm formation). This is the reason behind covering the scrotum (Testes) during X-ray.

Autoimmune Antibodies: It has been found that some people have antibodies (defense chemicals) against their own sperm cells. By this interaction, the antibodies destroy the sperm cells leading to Azoospermia, oligospermia or normospermia depending on the degree of damage. This condition can be treated if diagnosed.

Liver disease: The liver is a vital organ which ensures that the male hormone (testosterone) dominates in action than female hormone, oestrogen. This it does by breaking down the oestrogen continually. However in a case of liver disease which may impair liver functions, the level of female hormone, oestrogen, increases leading to male characteristics, loss of pubic hair and impotence.

Male reproductive system


Salt Island () is joined to Holy Island, Anglesey, in North Wales. It is a natural provider of shelter for the town's Old Harbour from the Irish Sea and is part of the Port of Holyhead.

History
The island is believed to have gained its name from a factory on the island which processed sea water in order to extract sea salt.

The Stanley Sailors' Hospital was set up in 1871 by public subscription and initially only treated sailors although it quickly became a general hospital. It was taken over by the National Health Service in 1948 and closed its doors in 1987 and was subsequently demolished.

Lighthouse

There have been three lighthouses located on the island. The current lighthouse is the Holyhead Mail Pier Light. It was designed by John Rennie the Elder in 1821, although he died before supervising the construction. It is one of the few surviving examples of Rennie's work. The lighthouse was superseded by the Holyhead Breakwater Lighthouse when the new harbour opened in 1873.

Pier
The main pier on the island, the Admiralty Pier, was opened in 1821. At around  long it extends east into the sea and has been used to handle ferry traffic since it was opened. Due to its important historical links between Great Britain and Ireland, the pier has twice had royal visitors. On 7 August 1821, King George IV arrived from Ireland. The Arch known as Admiralty Arch was constructed to commemorate this visit. and once in 1898 when Queen Victoria set sail for her last voyage to Ireland.

An inner arm, pairing the existing  long breakwater (built between 1848 and 1876) was planned from Salt Island. The isolated broad gauge tramway railway from the Holyhead Mountain quarry used to build the former had a branch to Salt Island, via Newry Beach, to facilitate this.  Although started with an intention to be 2,100 feet long, the inner arm was never developed beyond a rubble spit at the northern tip of the island.  Stone blocks that supported this tramway are still to be found along the upper seafront of Newry Beach.  No trace remains of the, presumably, wooden viaduct across the Borth Sach inlet which provided access to the island.  During the 1990s the remains of rails were still to be found amongst the large boulders deposited as the foundations for the inner arm.

In more recent times, starting in February 2001, the island was expanded into the sea by the process of land reclamation. In total  was gained at a cost of £10 million. An average of 7,000 tonnes of rock and mud was extracted per day during the process.

Transport and access

Salt Island is part of the port of Holyhead and almost the whole extent of the island is used as a passenger, car and freight terminal and berths for ferries to and from Ireland. Both Irish Ferries and Stena Line sail from Salt Island to the Port of Dublin. The Holyhead lifeboat station is on the island. The Admiralty Arch, the end of the A5 which links London to Holyhead is located very close to the southern tip of the island. This was opened in 1826 when the last section of the road the Menai Suspension Bridge was completed. Access to the island as a whole is strictly monitored and is virtually impossible for pedestrians to enter.

References

External links

Islands of Anglesey
Holyhead

Salt Island, Anglesey


How to Murder Your Wife is a 1965 American black comedy movie directed by Richard Quine and starring Jack Lemmon, Virna Lisi, Terry-Thomas, Claire Trevor, Eddie Mayehoff, Jack Albertson. It was distributed by United Artists.

Other websites

1965 comedy movies
American black comedy movies
Movies directed by Richard Quine

How to Murder Your Wife


Megachile pluto, also known as Wallace's giant bee, is a very large Indonesian bee. It is the largest known living bee species.

It was believed to be extinct until several specimens were found in 1981. No more were found until two were collected and sold on eBay in 2018. A live female was found and filmed for the first time in 2019.

It is in the Megachilidae family of bees, which carry pollen on their underside. It is about 4 cm long and has a 6 cm wingspan.

Ecology
Wallace's giant bees build communal nests inside active nests of a tree-dwelling termite. This may have hidden their existence even from island residents. The bee uses tree resin to build compartments inside the termite nest, which protects its galleries. Female bees leave their nests repeatedly to forage for resin. The bee's large jaws help to gather resin: the female makes large balls of resin which are held between the jaws. The association of the bee with the termite may be obligate (it must live there).

References

Bees

Giant bee


The AC Mogadiscio ("Associazione Calcio Mogadiscio" in Italian language) was a football team of the Italian community in Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia. It existed from 1933 (during the years of existence of the Italian colony called "Italian Somalia") until 1960, when the Italians finished their administrative mandate from the ONU in Somalia and most of the few Italians remaining in Mogadishu left Somalia forever.

History

The AC Mogadiscio was a historical football team in Mogadishu, which officially existed until 1960 being created mainly for the Italian community of the capital of Italian Somalia. In 1933, the first Somali soccer championship -amateur- was created in Mogadishu under Italian rule, called "Coppa Federazione Sportiva", with three teams ("AC Mogadiscio", "Marina" and "Milizia"). The AC Mogadishu came second.

In 1947 the AC Mogadishu won the (amateur) Somalia Championship.

In 1952 the name of the team was changed in AS Mogadiscio ("Associazione Sport Mogadiscio"), while was third in the Championship of that year. The reason of the change was that the team was followed almost exclusively by Italian colonists and their descendants, so the management tried to get followers from the native Somalis erasing the Italian word "calcio" (that means 'football' in Italian).

The main rival of the AS Mogadiscio (the team of the Italians of the capital) was in the 1950s the Lavori Publici FC (or "Genio Oficina"), that was the team of the Italian of all Somalia and that had many native Somalis as fans.

Finally, in the 1957-58 Championship, the AS Mogadiscio was named "Champion of Somalia", with the following results:
 Name of football Team---matches/victories/tie/defeats/goals done/goals received/points:
 1.AS Mogadishu...….. 10 9 0 1 43-10 18 "Champion"
 2.AS Corpo Polizia…. 10 6 2 2 21-11 14
 3.Autoparco...………. 10 6 0 4 25-18 12
 4.LLPP....……...……. 10 4 3 3 20-17 11 (aka Lavori Publici FC)
 5.AS The Gab...…….. 10 2 0 8 10-34 4
 6.AC Scuraran…..…... 10 0 1 9 10-39 1

In the 1959-1960 Championship the AS Mogadishu disputed its last contest, being third.

In 1961 the team was declared "closed", mainly for economic reasons since it almost did not have followers (because of the almost total disappearance of the Italians of Mogadishu & Somalia, who moved away -mainly to Italy)).

References

Bibliography
 Tripodi, Paolo. The Colonial Legacy in Somalia. Capítulo: Deportes. St. Martin's P Inc. New York, 1999.

Related pages
 Somalia
 Italian Mogadiscio
 Lavori Publici FC

Sport in Somalia

AC Mogadiscio


Catatan Seorang Demonstran (Indonesian for Annotations of a Demonstrator)  or Catatan Harian Seorang Demonstran (Indonesian for The Diaries of A Demonstrator) is the diary of  Indonesian activist Soe Hok Gie, published in 1983.

This book briefly appeared in a scene of the film What's Up with Love? and was later made into a movie directed by Riri Riza.

When the 2005 film about Soe Hok Gie's life (entitled Gie) debuted, this book was republished with Nicholas Saputra's face on the cover, who portrays Soe Hok Gie in the film.

It is collected from several diaries and covers the life of Soe Hok Gie from around the end of his childhood until several days before his death at the age of 26 in 1969. The book is notable for its first hand account of the Indonesian political turmoil in the 1960s, at the end of President Sukarno's era leading to the birth of the Orde Baru (New Order) under General Suharto.

References

External links

1983 non-fiction books
Books about politics of Indonesia
Books about activists
Diaries

A Diary of A Demonstrator


Anton Diffring (born Alfred Pollack; 20 October 1916 – 19 May 1989) was a German actor. He had an extensive film and television career in the United Kingdom from the 1940s to the 1980s, latterly appearing in international films. Primarily a character actor, he often played Nazi officers in World War II films, and other antagonistic authority figures.

Early life
Diffring was born Alfred Pollack in Koblenz. His father, Solomon Pollack, was a Jewish shop-owner who managed to avoid internment and survived Nazi rule in Germany. His mother, Bertha Pollack (née Diffring), was Christian. He studied acting in Berlin and Vienna, but there is conjecture about when he left Germany prior to the outbreak of World War II. The audio commentary for the Doctor Who series Silver Nemesis mentions that he left in 1936 to escape persecution due to his homosexuality. Other accounts point to him leaving in 1939 and settling in Canada, where he was interned in 1940, which is unlikely as he appears in the Ealing Studios film Convoy (released in July 1940, as the officer of U-37, in an uncredited role). His sister Jacqueline Diffring moved to England and became a sculptor.

While in England, he quickly became fluent in English and for a time worked in the War Office as an interpreter. Although he made two fleeting uncredited appearances in films in 1940, it was not until 1950 that his acting career began to take off.

Career

With numerous World War II film and television productions being produced in England from the 1950s, Diffring's "Germanic" physical type of blond hair, pale blue eyes and chiselled features saw him regularly cast in roles as Nazi military officers in films such as Albert R.N.  (1953) and The Colditz Story (1955). Some of his other roles as German characters were in The Heroes of Telemark (1965), The Blue Max (1966), Where Eagles Dare (1968), Zeppelin (1971), as SS officer Reinhard Heydrich in Operation Daybreak (1975) and the football match commentator in Escape to Victory (1981), although he also played a Polish parachutist in The Red Beret (1953). He played Hitler's foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop in the American mini-series The Winds of War (1983). In the Italian war movie Uccidete Rommel, shot in the Egyptian desert in 1969, he played the role of a British officer of the SAS.

On stage, Diffring played the title role in the musical Mister Venus, opposite Frankie Howerd. It opened at the Prince of Wales Theatre on 23 October 1958 but closed after only sixteen performances. In the show, Diffring sang two solo numbers: "Love Like Ours" and "Tradition". The book was by Ray Galton and Johnny Speight, while the music was by Trevor H. Stanford (Russ Conway) and Norman Newell.

He played a part in the TV mini-series Flambards as the aeronautical pioneer who assists William Russell (Alan Parnaby), second in line of inheritance to the Flambards Estate, who is obsessed with flying. Diffring's character was a German living in Britain shortly before the beginning of the Great War.

Diffring starred in several horror films, such as The Man Who Could Cheat Death (1959) and Circus of Horrors (1960) and played the lead in the television pilot Tales of Frankenstein (1958). He also appeared in international films, such as Fahrenheit 451 (1966), an English-language film directed by François Truffaut. He appeared in the 1964 West German comedy A Mission for Mr. Dodd having previously starred in the West End play Out of Bounds on which it is based.

His final performance was once more as a Nazi for the BBC in the 1988 Doctor Who serial Silver Nemesis.

Death
Diffring died on 19 May 1989 from cancer at his home in Châteauneuf-Grasse, in the South of France, at the age of 72. In a 2002 interview, his longtime friend Arthur Brauss said Diffring had actually died of complications from AIDS. His body was buried in the graveyard of St. Andrew's Church, in the village of White Colne in Essex.

Filmography

Convoy (1940) as U-Boat officer (uncredited)
Neutral Port (1940) as Sailor (uncredited)
State Secret (1950) as State Police Officer at Theatre
Highly Dangerous (1950) as Officer At Station Check Point (uncredited)
Hotel Sahara (1951) as German soldier (uncredited)
Appointment with Venus (1951) as 2nd German soldier
The Woman's Angle (1952) as Peasant
Song of Paris (1952) as Renoir
Top Secret (1952) as East German policeman (uncredited)
Never Let Me Go (1953) as Hotel Desk Clerk (uncredited)
The Red Beret (1953) as The Pole
Park Plaza 605 (1953) as Gregor
Albert R.N. (1953) as Hauptmann Schultz
Operation Diplomat (1953) as Shroder
Betrayed (1954) as Captain Von Stanger
The Sea Shall Not Have Them (1954) as German Pilot
The Colditz Story (1955) as Fischer
I Am a Camera (1955) as Fritz Wendel
Doublecross (1956) as Dmitri Krassin
The Black Tent (1956) as Senior Nazi Officer
Reach for the Sky (1956) as German Stabsfeldwebel
House of Secrets (1956) as Anton Lauderbach
The Traitor (1957) as Joseph Brezina
The Crooked Sky (1957) as Fraser
Lady of Vengeance (1957) as Karnak
Seven Thunders (1957) as Colonel Trautman
A Question of Adultery (1958) as Carl Dieter
Mark of the Phoenix (1958) as Inspector Schell
The Man Who Could Cheat Death (1959) as Dr. Georges Bonnet
Circus of Horrors (1960) as Dr. Schuler
Enter Inspector Duval (1961) as Inspector Duval
Incident at Midnight (1963) as Dr. Erik Leichner
A Mission for Mr. Dodd (1964) as Howard
Lana, Queen of the Amazons (1964) as Professor Van Vries
Operation Crossbow (1965) as SS Sturmbannfuhrer (uncredited)
Shots in Threequarter Time (1965) as Burger
The Heroes of Telemark (1965) as Major Frick
The Blue Max (1966) as Holbach
Fahrenheit 451 (1966) as Fabian
The Double Man (1967) as Berthold
Counterpoint (1968) as Colonel Arndt
Where Eagles Dare (1968) as Colonel Paul Kramer
Man on Horseback (1969) as Kurfürst
 (Kill Rommel!, 1969) as Captain Richard Howell
Zeppelin (1971) as Colonel Hirsch
The Iguana with the Tongue of Fire (1971) as Ambassador Sobiesky
The Day the Clown Cried (1972, unreleased) as Captain Curt Runkel
The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of (1972)
Little Mother (1973) as The Cardinal
Mark of the Devil Part II (1973) as Balthasar von Ross
Seven Deaths in the Cat's Eye (1973) as Dr. Franz
The Battle of Sutjeska (1973) as General Alexander Lohr
Tony Arzenta (1973) as Grunwald
Dead Pigeon on Beethoven Street (1974) as Mensur
Shatter (1974) as Hans Leber
The Beast Must Die (1974) as Pavel
Die Antwort kennt nur der Wind (1974) as John Keelwood
Operation Daybreak (1975) as Reichsprotektor Reinhard Heydrich
 (1976) as Lieutenant Slade
The Swiss Conspiracy (1976) as Franz Benninger
Love Letters of a Portuguese Nun (1977) as Old Priest
Vanessa (1977) as Cooper
Waldrausch (1977)
L'imprécateur (1977) as Ronson
Valentino (1977) as Baron Long
Les Indiens sont encore loin (1977) as Le professeur d'allemand
Son of Hitler (1978) as Gernheim
The Unicorn (1978) as Blomich
Io sono mia (1978) as Padre di Suna
It Can Only Get Worse (1979) as Gloria's first husband
Tusk (1980) as John Morrison
Escape to Victory (1981) as German – Chief Commentator – The Commentators
 (1983) as Colonel Henderson
S.A.S. à San Salvador (1983) as Peter Reynolds
 (1985) as Cardinal Millini
Operation Dead End (1986) as Prof. Lang
Wahnfried (1986) as Franz Liszt
 (1986) as Wintrich
Faceless (1987) as Dr. Karl Heinz Moser
 (1988) as George Mamoulian (final film role)

Selected television appearances

Colonel March... (Episode 14: "The Silent Vow", 1956)
 Edgar Wallace Mysteries episode: Incident At Midnight (1962) .... Dr Erik Leichner
 Scobie in September (6 episodes, 1969) .... Pandorus
Assignment Vienna (8 episodes, 1972–1973) .... Inspector Hoffman
Thriller (Series 2, Episode 3: "Kiss Me and Die", 1974) .... Jonathan Lanceford
The Galton & Simpson Playhouse (Episode 1: "Car Along the Pass", 1977) .... Heinz Steiner
 (1978) .... Arnold
Flambards (5 episodes, 1979) .... Mr. Dermot
The Old Fox: Morddrohung (1980) .... Leo Steglitz
Arsène Lupin joue et perd (TV mini-series, 1980) .... Wilhelm II
Derrick: Am Abgrund (1981) .... Alfred Bandera
Ein Winter auf Mallorca (1982) .... Konsul Fleury
The Winds of War (4 episodes, 1983) .... Joachim von Ribbentrop
Derrick: Angriff aus dem Dunkel (1984) .... Scherer
Der Besuch (1984) .... Crozier
Weltuntergang (1984)
Opération O.P.E.N. (1 episode, 1984) .... Beejlab
The Masks of Death (1984) .... Graf Udo Von Felseck of Purbridge Manor
Messieurs les jurés (1 episode, 1985) .... Karl Düren
Jane Horney (TV mini-series, 1985) .... Adm. Wilhelm Canaris
Derrick: Nachtstreife (1987) .... de Mohl
Doctor Who serial Silver Nemesis (3 episodes, 1988) .... De Flores

Sources

Brian McFarlane, The Encyclopedia of British Film, Methuen, 2003.

References

External links

1916 births
1989 deaths
20th-century German male actors
German gay actors
German expatriates in England
German expatriates in France
German male film actors
German male television actors
German people of Jewish descent
Actors from Koblenz
Actors from the Rhine Province
20th-century German LGBT people
German male stage actors
AIDS-related deaths in France

Anton Diffring


Pterostylis dilatata, commonly known as the robust snail orchid, is a species of orchid which is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. Non-flowering plants have a rosette of leaves but flowering plants lack a rosette and have a single green and white flower on a flowering stem with stem leaves. The flowers appear in winter and have lateral sepals which almost close off the front of the flower.

Description
Pterostylis dilatata is a terrestrial,  perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and when not flowering, a rosette lying flat on the ground. Flowering plants lack a rosette but have a single green and white flower on a flowering stem  tall with three to five stem leaves. The stem leaves are  long and  wide. The flower is green and white,  long,  wide. The dorsal sepal and petals form a hood over the column with the petals flared and the dorsal sepal having a short point.  The lateral sepals are erect, fused for most of their length except for their thread-like tips which are  long. The lateral sepals are in close contact with the gales and have a bulging sinus between them. The labellum is about  long,  wide and not visible outside the intact flower. Flowering occurs from May to August.

Taxonomy and naming
Pterostylis dilatata was first formally described in 1984 by Alex George from a specimen collected near Bluff Knoll. The description was published in Nuytsia. The specific epithet (dilatata) is a Latin word meaning "spread out", "enlarged" or "extended" referring to the bloated base of the flower.

Distribution and habitat
The robust snail orchid grows in shrubland, woodland and in soil pockets on granite outcrops between Geraldton and Israelite Bay in the Avon Wheatbelt, Esperance Plains, Geraldton Sandplains, Jarrah Forest, Swan Coastal Plain biogeographic regions of Western Australia.

Conservation status
Pterostylis dilatata is classified as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.

References

dilatata
Endemic orchids of Australia
Orchids of Western Australia
Plants described in 1984
Endemic flora of Western Australia

Pterostylis dilatata


The Martin M-130 was a commercial flying boat designed and built in 1935 by the Glenn L. Martin Company in Baltimore, Maryland, for Pan American Airways. Three were built: the China Clipper, the Philippine Clipper and the Hawaii Clipper. All three had crashed by 1945. A similar flying boat, (the Martin 156), named Russian Clipper, built for the Soviet Union, had a larger wing (giving it greater range) and twin vertical stabilizers.

Martin named them the Martin Ocean Transports, but to the public they were the "China Clippers", a name that became a generic term for Pan Am's large flying boats - including, retroactively, the smaller Sikorsky S-42 (first flown in 1931) and larger Boeing 314 (first flown in 1938).

All three were eventually lost, the first in 1938 disappeared on flight over the Pacific, then in 1943 one flew into California mountainside in poor weather, and finally in 1945 the last broke up on landing in Trinidad and Tobago. In their time they blazed some of the longest routes yet, and served in WW2 as transports. One helped evacuate 40 civilians from the ill-fated Wake island at the start of WW2, which was soon invaded.

Operational history

Designed to meet Pan American World Airways President Juan Trippe's desire for a trans-Pacific aircraft, the M-130 was an all-metal flying boat with streamlined aerodynamics and engines powerful enough to meet Pan Am's specified range and payload. They were sold at US$417,000. The first flight was on December 30, 1934. On November 22, 1935, the China Clipper, piloted by Captain Edwin C. Musick and First Officer R.O.D. Sullivan, flew the first trans-Pacific airmail route. A postage stamp, Scott Catalog C-20, was printed for use on the transpacific service. With extended service, two more denominations were later issued. All three have the same design showing the M-130 in flight.

Weekly passenger flights across the Pacific Ocean began in October 1936 when Hawaii Clipper left San Francisco for Manila, stopping overnight at Honolulu, Midway Island, Wake Island and Guam. An S-42 began flying the Manila-Hong Kong route in 1937, and the Martins replaced it in 1938.

In July 1938, Hawaii Clipper disappeared between Guam and Manila with the loss of nine crew and six passengers. No cause was determined.

Their range and capacity made them valuable for trans-ocean military flights during World War II. Beginning in 1942, the two remaining planes were pressed into transport roles for the United States Navy.

The Philippine Clipper was on a civilian flight when it encountered – and survived – the surprise Japanese attack on Wake Island in December 1941, following the attack on Pearl Harbor. It crashed in January 1943, between Ukiah and Boonville, California on a flight from Honolulu.
ComSubPac Admiral Robert H. English and 18 others were killed.

In January 1945 the China Clipper left Miami on Pan Am's first scheduled flight to what is now Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The route went via Brazil before crossing the South Atlantic Ocean, but the last surviving M-130 did not complete the flight. It broke up and sank during landing at Port of Spain, in the West Indies islands of British colonies of Trinidad and Tobago on January 8, killing 23 of those on board.

Specifications (Martin M-130)

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

 Martin M-130 photo gallery at the University of Miami Library
 "China Clipper is Giant of Pacific Air Fleet" Popular Mechanics, January 1936

M-130
1930s United States airliners
Flying boats
Four-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Pan Am
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Four-engined piston aircraft

Martin M-130


Ignatius Baffour-Awuah (born 24 August 1966), a Ghanaian politician is the Minister of Employment and Labour Relations.

Early life and education
He was born on 24 August 1966 and hails from Nsoatre in the Bono Region of Ghana. He had his bachelor's degree in accounting in 1992. He also had his post-graduate diploma in management consultancy in 2017.

Political life
He joined the New Patriotic Party and was a member of  President Kufour's government as a District Chief Executive of the Sunyani District Assembly. He later became the deputy regional minister for the Brong-Ahafo region and subsequently became the regional minister under the same Kuffour administration. He ran for Member of Parliament for the Sunyani West constituency and won in the 2008 parliamentary elections. His party, the NPP however lost the presidential election. He was re-elected as MP in the same constituency in 2012 and 2016. He's therefore the current MP of the Sunyani West constituency. He served as the deputy minority chief whip from 2013 to 2017.

Cabinet minister
In May 2017, President Nana Akufo-Addo named Baffour-Awuah as part of nineteen ministers who would form his cabinet. The names of the 19 ministers were submitted to the Parliament of Ghana and announced by the Speaker of the House, Rt. Hon. Prof. Mike Ocquaye. As a Cabinet minister, Baffour-Awuah is part of the inner circle of the president and is to aid in key decision-making activities in the country.

Committees
Baffour-Awuah is a member of House Committee; a member of Privileges Committee and also a member of Committee of Selection Committee.

Carrer
Hon Baffour Awuah started his career as an Accountant working with the European Union funded Micro-projects in Atebubu. He then worked as a management trainee and eventually became the Operations Manager for Nsotreman Rural Bank.

In 2001, he made his official entrance into local politics being appointed as the District Chief Executive (DCE) for the Sunyani District Assembly. He served as the DCE for four years before becoming the Deputy Regional Minister of the Brong Ahafo Region in 2005 and later in 2006 -2008 he was made the substantive Regional Minister.

Personal life
Baffour-Awuah is married with three children. He is a Catholic.

References

External links
 Baffour-Awuah wins NPP primaries on modernghana.com from 29. April 2008

1966 births
Living people
Ghanaian Roman Catholics
New Patriotic Party politicians
Ghanaian MPs 2009–2013
Ghanaian MPs 2013–2017
Ghanaian MPs 2017–2021
Cabinet Ministers of Ghana
Ghanaian MPs 2021–2025
People from Bono Region
21st-century Ghanaian politicians

Ignatius Baffour-Awuah


Gary Malkowski (born July 26, 1958) is a former Canadian provincial politician. He represented the riding of York East in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1990 to 1995, as a member of the Ontario New Democratic Party (NDP). He was Canada's first deaf parliamentarian, and the first deaf parliamentarian in the world to address a legislature in a sign language, specifically American Sign Language. He was formerly a table tennis player who went onto represent Canada at the Deaflympics in 1977 and 1985.

Background
Born in Hamilton, Ontario, Malkowski went to E. C. Drury School for the Deaf, in Milton, Ontario. He was further educated at Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C., receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology and social work, and a Master of Arts degree in rehabilitation counselling. He was cited in Who's Who in American Universities and Colleges for his work in advancing student rights.

After graduating, he worked as a vocational rehabilitation counsellor and deaf culture instructor for the Canadian Hearing Society, and taught continuing education courses in politics and culture for deaf adults at George Brown College.  In 1989, he was presented with a Community Action Award by the Ontario government.  On May 13, 2011, he received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Gallaudet University; he also delivered the commencement address that day.

Politics
The NDP won a majority government in the 1990 provincial election, and Malkowski defeated Liberal incumbent Christine Hart by 789 votes in the Toronto area riding of York East.  When Bob Rae's government took office following the election, the very first law passed was to permit Malkowski's sign language interpreters to stand on the floor of the legislature.  Malkowski was named parliamentary assistant to Elaine Ziemba, Minister of Citizenship on October 1, 1990. Ziemba was also the minister responsible for human rights, the disabled, seniors and race relations.

In 1993, Malkowski became parliamentary assistant to the Minister of Education and Training. In 1994, he introduced the Rae government's Ontarians with Disabilities bill, which aimed to improve service accessibility for people with disabilities. Although the bill did not pass, it helped form the basis for the Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act which was passed in 2005.

In the 1995 election, the governing NDP were reduced to 17 seats, and Malkowski lost to Progressive Conservative John Parker by 3,263 votes.

After politics
He is now a special advisor to the president of the Canadian Hearing Society. In this role, Malkowski opposed disabilities legislation proposed by the Mike Harris government in 1998 as ineffective.

In 2004, Malkowski began a campaign to have major theatre companies install closed-captioning services for deaf patrons. This led to a human rights complaint which was resolved in 2007 when then major theatre companies agreed to install the deaf patron services in their theatres.

Memoirs
Author Richard Medugno has published a biography, Deaf Politician: The Gary Malkowski Story and a play, Bigger Dreams, about Malkowski.

References

External links

 Official Site

1958 births
Canadian politicians with disabilities
Deaf culture in Canada
Deaf politicians
Living people
Ontario New Democratic Party MPPs
Politicians from Hamilton, Ontario
Canadian deaf people
Canadian male table tennis players
Deaf table tennis players
Gallaudet University alumni

Gary Malkowski


Andronikos IV Palaiologos or Andronicus IV Palaeologus (; 11 April 1348 – 25/28 June 1385) was the eldest son of Byzantine Emperor John V Palaiologos. Appointed co-emperor from 1352, he had a troubled relationship with his father: he launched a failed rebellion in 1373, usurped the throne in 1376–1379, and remained engaged in a bitter struggle with John V until his death in 1385. This civil war depleted Byzantium's scarce resources and greatly facilitated the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans, most notably through the cession of Gallipoli by Andronikos.  He was also the father of John VII.

Life
Born on 11 April 1348, Andronikos IV Palaiologos was the eldest son of Emperor John V Palaiologos by his wife Helena Kantakouzene. In 1352 he was already associated as co-emperor with his father, and when John V left for Italy in 1369 to affirm his submission to the Pope, John left Andronikos behind in Constantinople as regent, while his younger son Manuel II Palaiologos was sent to govern Thessalonica.

During his stay in Italy, John attempted to settle his accounts with the Republic of Venice; this included not only John's own loans, but also the loan of 30,000 ducats (and the associated interest) that his mother, Anne of Savoy, had taken during the Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347, with the Byzantine crown jewels as collateral. John went in person to Venice, but he lacked the funds to pay off the loans, or even to secure a ship for his voyage home. As a result, he proposed to cede to the Venetians the island of Tenedos, strategically located at the entrance of the Dardanelles, in exchange for further funds and six warships. The Venetians accepted, but when news reached Constantinople, Andronikos IV, likely urged by the Genoese, Venice's commercial rivals, refused to honour his father's agreement. This left John stranded in Venice, effectively as a captive debtor of the Republic; when he suggested that funds be raised to secure his release by selling precious objects from the churches, Andronikos again refused, claiming that this was impious. In the end, it was only the intervention of Manuel, who went from Thessalonica to Venice in person, that secured John's release. It was not until October 1371 that the emperor returned to Constantinople.

Andronikos IV rebelled when the Ottoman sultan Murad I forced John V into vassalage in 1373. On 6 May,  Andronikos IV fled Constantinople and allied with Murad's son Savcı Bey, who was rebelling against his own father. Both rebellions failed and Andronikos was imprisoned and blinded on 30 May, albeit only in one eye. His brother Manuel replaced him as heir.

Reign

In July 1376, the Genoese helped Andronikos to escape from prison, whence he went straight to Sultan Murad I, and agreed to return Gallipoli in return for his support.  Gallipoli had been retaken by the Byzantines ten years before, with the assistance of Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy; this strategically important bridgehead greatly improved the sultan's ability to attack Europe. The sultan duly provided a mixed force of cavalry and infantry and with these, Andronikos was able to take control of Constantinople. Here he was able to capture and imprison both John V and his son Manuel.

However, he made the mistake of favouring the Genoese too highly by awarding them Tenedos. The governor there refused to hand it over, and passed it on to Venice. In the same year, 18 October 1377, he was crowned emperor and also crowned his young son John VII as co-emperor. However, in 1379 John and Manuel escaped to Sultan Murad, and with the assistance of the Venetians, overthrew Andronikos later in the year. The Venetians restored John V to the throne, and Manuel II. Andronikos fled to Galata, staying there until May 1381, when he was once again made co-emperor and heir to the throne despite his earlier treachery. Andronikos IV was also given the approaches to Constantinople with the city of Selymbria (Silivri) as his personal domain.

In 1385, he rebelled again, but died soon after, on 25 or 28 June, at Selymbria. He was buried in the Pantokrator Monastery in Constantinople.

Family
In 1356, Andronikos IV married Keratsa of Bulgaria, a daughter of Emperor Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria. The couple had one son, John VII Palaiologos.

Ancestry

References

Sources

 Harris, Jonathan, The End of Byzantium. Yale University Press, 2010.

1348 births
1385 deaths
14th-century Byzantine emperors
Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Ottoman wars
Andronikos 04
Andronikos 04
Byzantine prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of the Byzantine Empire
Sons of Byzantine emperors
Byzantine regents

Andronikos IV Palaiologos


The Uranium Information Centre (UIC) was an Australian organisation primarily concerned with increasing the public understanding of uranium mining and nuclear electricity generation.

Founded in 1978, the Centre worked for many years to provide information about the development of the Australian uranium industry, the contribution it can make to world energy supplies and the benefits it can bring Australia. It was a broker of information on all aspects of the mining and processing of uranium, the nuclear fuel cycle, and the role of nuclear energy in helping to meet world electricity demand.

The Centre was funded by companies involved in uranium exploration, mining and export in Australia.

In 1995 Ian Hore-Lacy assumed the role of General Manager of the UIC, a position he held until 2001. The UIC's website was established in the year of his appointment. After leaving the UIC, Ian Hore-Lacy went on to work for the World Nuclear Association (WNA) as Director of Public Information for 12 years and as of 2015 he continues to work there as a Senior Research Analyst. In the late 2000s, the UIC's main information-providing function was assumed by the WNA and World Nuclear News (WNN), based in London, UK.

In 2008 the UIC's purely domestic function was taken over by the Australian Uranium Association, and was subsequently absorbed by the Minerals Council of Australia's uranium portfolio in 2013.

See also
List of uranium mines
World Uranium Hearing
Uranium mining debate

External links
 World Nuclear Association Homepage
 World Nuclear News Homepage
 Australian Uranium Association Homepage

Australian educational websites
Organizations established in 1978
1978 establishments in Australia
Nuclear organizations
Uranium mining in Australia

Uranium Information Centre


Y Foryd (meaning 'the estuary' or 'the inlet'), also known as Foryd Bay, is a tidal bay in Gwynedd, Wales. It is located at the south-western end of the Menai Strait, about two miles south-west of Caernarfon. Several rivers flow into the bay and there are large areas of mudflats and salt marsh. A shingle spit partly blocks the mouth of the bay. At the north-western end is Fort Belan, built during the 18th century.

Aerial photography in the drought of 2018 identified rectangular structures possibly of Roman age, at Glan y Mor, on slightly raised ground adjacent to the shoreline. This layout is very unusual in Roman Wales; it is rectilinear but has no defences and is otherwise unlike the military Roman sites in Wales, nor does it resemble the native defended settlements with their roundhouses and irregular outlines, nor the occasional villas. It is similar to the buildings and ditched enclosures excavated on the other side of the Menai Strait at Tai Cochion. To the south is a rectangular ditched structure or possible building, with an internal subdivision, measuring 25 by 13 m. To the north is a pair of almost identical structures; both groups are linked by a linear ditch or boundary. Close by, an early field system runs north-west to south-east between Plas Farm and the shores of the Menai Strait; the fields are rectangular, with at least one visible ditched hollow way.

The bay has been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest and in 1994 it became a Local Nature Reserve because of its importance for wildlife. Many birds visit in winter and during migration, including large numbers of wildfowl and waders such as wigeon which peak at over 3000 birds. Notable species include brent goose, jack snipe, spotted redshank and greenshank. Terns roost at the mouth of the bay.

References

Bontnewydd, Gwynedd
Llandwrog
Llanwnda, Gwynedd
Menai Strait
Bays of Gwynedd
Nature reserves in Gwynedd
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in West Gwynedd

Foryd Bay


Claude E. Robinson (1900–1961) was an American pioneer in advertising research and opinion survey research techniques. Along with George Gallup, he was instrumental in developing many scientific sampling techniques that were later used in Gallup polls and other public opinion research surveys.

Life

Claude Robinson was born in Portland, Oregon in 1900, the son of a teacher. He left high school to join the Army during World War I but later returned to Oregon to work his way through the University of Oregon where he won the Phi Beta Kappa key. He received M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in sociology from Columbia University.

In 1929, while still a student at Columbia, Robinson filed for Patent #1961170, an invention for recording the tuning of individual radio sets for what he imagined would be a ratings industry. This invention would record what a radio was tuned to, when it was turned on, and the length of time turned on. Further, the object of the invention would provide for scientifically measuring broadcast listener response over a selected period of time. Robinson sold his patent to RCA. Eventually, A.C. Nielsen developed the AudiMeter, or PeopleMeter, on which the Nielsen rating system was founded. The A.C. Nielsen Company continues to measure and compile statistics on television audiences and their viewing habits.

In 1932, Robinson published 'Straw Votes, a Study of Political Prediction', a pioneering book on scientific polling that was based on his doctoral dissertation.

Robinson was the Associate Director of the American Institute of Public Opinion, later called Gallup polls.

In 1938, he organized Opinion Research Corporation (ORC—now known as ENGINE Insights) that provides survey and market research services for public and private enterprises. In 1948, with George Gallup, he founded Gallup and Robinson, Inc., an advertising research company.

In 1945, the National Association of Public Relations Council presented Robinson with an award. He was considered to have made the greatest contribution during that year, through public relations, to the national welfare.

In 1960, Robinson served as the chief pollster for Vice-President Richard M. Nixon's unsuccessful presidential campaign against Senator John F. Kennedy. A few days after the election Kennedy and Nixon met in Florida. When Kennedy asked Nixon to rate Robinson's performance as his pollster, Nixon told Kennedy that Robinson's "polls in individual states were almost miraculously accurate." (Nixon, p. 483)

Claude E. Robinson died on August 7, 1961, from hepatitis following a cancer operation.

Study of American capitalism

Claude E. Robinson made important contributions to the study of American capitalism. He chaired the Princeton University panel — Center for the Study and Teaching of Principles of American Capitalism.

He also served as a trustee of the Committee for Economic Development and the Foundation for Economic Education.

His book "Understanding Profits" was published posthumously in 1961.

Books

Straw Votes: A Study of Political Prediction, by Claude E. Robinson, Robert E. Chaddock, Columbia University Council for Research in the Social Sciences; Columbia University Press, 1932. 210

Understanding Profits (Library of American Capitalism) by Claude E. Robinson (Author), Publisher: Van Nostrand (1961)

References

 Bird, William L, Jr. (1999) Better Living: Advertising, Media, and the New Vocabulary of Business Leadership, 1935–1955, Northwestern University Press
Eisinger, Robert Martin (2003), The Evolution of Presidential Polling, Cambridge University Press
 Field, Mervin D. (1961) In Memoriam: Claude E. Robinson, Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol 25, Page 669
 Fisher, "Are the Overnights Over? Do Nielsen's broadcast ratings have a future in the coming interactive age?" Wired, Issue 1.06 (Dec. 1993)
 Museum of Broadcast Communications, "A.C. Nielsen Company: U.S. Media Market Research Firm"

External links
 Gallup & Robinson, Inc.

American statisticians
1900 births
1961 deaths
Scientists from Portland, Oregon
University of Oregon alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
20th-century American mathematicians
Mathematicians from Oregon
Foundation for Economic Education

Claude E. Robinson


Llyn-y-Foel ("lake of the mountain" in Welsh) is a lake in Snowdonia, Wales.  It is  approximately 240 m across, 120 m wide and up to 2 m deep. It lies at 535m altitude at the foot of the main ridge of Moel Siabod at .

The main outflow, at the south-east of the lake, forms one of the main tributaries of Afon Ystumiau, which eventually feeds into Afon Lledr and subsequently into Afon Conwy.

The deep brown colour of the water, caused by the peat in the immediate area, gives rise to a unique type of brown trout which can only be found in this lake.

Although the lake bears the name Llyn y Foel, it does have another name - Llyn Llygad yr Ych, the Lake of the Ox's Eye - which recounts a tale about an ox that lost an eye under the strain of pulling the dreadful afanc from Betws y Coed to Glaslyn below Snowdon. See Perrin, Jim. Visions of Snowdonia (London: BBC Books, 1997) .

Capel Curig
Foel
Foel

Llyn-y-Foel


Lanín is an ice-clad, cone-shaped stratovolcano on the border of Argentina and Chile. It forms part of two national parks: Lanín in Argentina and Villarrica in Chile. As a part of the flag and anthem of the Argentine province of Neuquén, it serves as a symbol for the region. Although the date of its last eruption is not known, it is estimated to have occurred within the last 10,000 years. Following the 1906 Valparaíso earthquake a local newspaper reported the volcano to have erupted, but a work published in 1917 by Karl Sapper disputed this.

The ascent is regulated by the management of Argentine National Parks and the Argentine National Gendarmerie and is technically relatively simple but has a much higher level of exposure than the neighbouring volcanoes. The nearest towns, usually employed as a base for climbers, are Pucón in Chile and Junín de los Andes in Argentina.

There are two paths to the summit: one on the north, starting at 1,200 metres above mean sea level near Tromen Lake and the international Mamuil Malal Pass, accessible via Neuquén's Provincial Route 60; and one on the south, starting beside Huechulafquen Lake, accessible via Provincial Route 61.

Geography and geology
Lanín lies at the Atlantic-Pacific water divide of the Andes, being for that reason located on the Argentina-Chile border according to the 1881 border treaty between these countries. To the north and south lie the Tromen and Paimun Lakes, respectively.

Lanín is the easternmost volcano of a north-west south-east oriented chain of three large stratovolcanoes, Villarrica being the westernmost one and Quetrupillán the one in the middle. This alignment is attributed to the existence of a fault beneath the volcanoes. In historical times, Lanín has been the least active of these volcanoes. Apart from Quetrupillán and Villarrica, there are a number of old eroded remains of stratovolcanoes in the alignment.

The volcano itself rests on a basement of gneisses, felsic plutons, and volcaniclastic sequences. The basement rocks constitute a tectonically elevated block limited in the west by the north–south Reigolil-Pirihueico Fault. Ages of ranging from Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene have been suggested for the oldest known parts of the volcano, which are dacitic lava flows with columnar joints.

Basalt is the most common rock of the volcano. Lanín shows overall higher alkali (Na2O plus K2O) to silica ratio than Villarrica, which is interpreted as reflecting a lesser degree of partial melting underneath the volcano and showing that the volcanoes of the chain have distinct source regions in Earth's mantle. Another petrologic characteristic of Lanín is its bimodal volcanism.

See also
 List of volcanoes in Chile
 List of volcanoes in Argentina
 List of Ultras of South America
 Quetrupillán

References

External links

 La estrella del Parque: el Volcán Lanín - San Martín de los Andes municipal website.
 "Volcán Lanín, Argentina/Chile" on Peakbagger

Stratovolcanoes of Chile
Subduction volcanoes
Stratovolcanoes of Argentina
Villarrica National Park
Volcanoes of Araucanía Region
Volcanoes of Neuquén Province
Argentina–Chile border
International mountains of South America
Three-thousanders of the Andes
Pliocene stratovolcanoes
Pleistocene stratovolcanoes
Holocene stratovolcanoes

Lanín


Sabouraud agar or Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) is a type of agar growth medium containing peptones. It is used to cultivate dermatophytes and other types of fungi, and can also grow filamentous bacteria such as Nocardia. It has utility for research and clinical care.

It was created by, and is named after, Raymond Sabouraud in 1892. In 1977 the formulation was adjusted by Chester W. Emmons when the pH level was brought closer to the neutral range and the dextrose concentration lowered to support the growth of other microorganisms. The acidic pH (5.6) of traditional Sabouraud agar inhibits bacterial growth. Peptones are complex digests and can be a source of variability in Sabouraud agar.

Typical composition

Sabouraud agar is commercially available and typically contains:
 40 g/L dextrose
 10 g/L peptone
 20 g/L agar
 pH 5.6

Medical use
Clinical laboratories can use this growth medium to diagnose and further speciate fungal infections, allowing medical professionals to provide appropriate treatment with antifungal medications. Histoplasma and other fungal causes of atypical pneumonia can be grown on this medium. Sabouraud agar used in combination with additional media, such as Inhibitory Mold Agar (IMA), improves identification of fungal clinical isolates.

References

Microbiological media

Sabouraud agar


The 1987 Dartmouth Big Green football team was an American football team that represented Dartmouth College during the 1987 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Dartmouth finished second-to-last in the Ivy League.

In their first season under head coach Eugene "Buddy" Teevens, the Big Green compiled a 2–8 record and were outscored 302 to 113. Matthew Drury and Brett Matthews were the team captains.

The Big Green's 1–6 conference record placed seventh in the Ivy League standings. Dartmouth was outscored 192 to 46 by Ivy opponents. The team's only league win was a two-point victory over Columbia, a team in the midst of a five-year losing streak.

Dartmouth played its home games at Memorial Field on the college campus in Hanover, New Hampshire.

Schedule

References

Dartmouth
Dartmouth Big Green football seasons
Dartmouth Big Green football

1987 Dartmouth Big Green football team


Eddie Krawiec (born December 6, 1976 in Englishtown, New Jersey) is an NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series Pro Stock Motorcycle racer. He currently pilots the #2 Buell Motorcycles Pro Stock bike for Vance & Hines as a teammate to 4-time Pro Stock Motorcycle champion Andrew Hines. Ed Krawiec, a former AMA Prostar racer, served as a full-time employee of Old Bridge Township Raceway Park from 1999 through 2007, and became dragstrip manager in 2001.

On November 16, 2008, Krawiec overcame a 19-point deficit to win his first NHRA Full Throttle Pro Stock Motorcycle championship by five points over second-place finisher Chris Rivas. Krawiec did this, despite never having won an official event in his career.   He is only the second NHRA driver to win a championship without winning an event in the same year. Rob Bruins won the Top Fuel title in 1979  going winless, but Bruins had won twice in 1978, though after that, he never won a race again. For Krawiec, this has changed. As of the start of the 2013 season, Krawiec now has 20 career wins in the Pro Stock Motorcycle division. In 2012, Krawiec captured his third NHRA title (and second consecutive title) at Auto Club Raceway in Pomona at the Automobile Club of Southern California NHRA Finals.  Eddie won his fourth Pro Stock motorcycle title in 2017.

External links
NHRA Press Release

1976 births
Living people
American motorcycle racers
People from Englishtown, New Jersey
Motorcycle drag racers

Ed Krawiec


Maria Carowsky (née Ross) (1723–1793) was a Swedish artist.

Maria Carowsky was born in Gothenburg to the artist Johan Ross the Elder, an emigrant from Holstein. In 1744, she married the artist Michael Carowsky. She was widowed in 1745 and took over her husband's studio. She was employed as a decorator of the Gothenburg Cathedral from the 1750s to the 1770s. She is known as the artist behind the pulpit in the Lerum Church from 1752. She played a great role as the teacher of several art students in her studio. Her daughter Christina Elisabeth Carowsky (1745–1797) was a portrait painter.

See also
 Margareta Capsia

References

Other sources
  Svenskt konstnärslexikon (Swedish Art dictionary) Allhems Förlag, Malmö (1952)

1723 births
1793 deaths
Artists from Gothenburg
18th-century Swedish painters
Swedish women painters
18th-century Swedish women artists

Maria Carowsky