Beirut, also known as The Negotiator  in the United Kingdom, is a 2018 American political thriller film directed by Brad Anderson and written by Tony Gilroy.

Set in 1982 during the Lebanese Civil War, the film stars Jon Hamm as Mason Skiles, a former U.S. diplomat who returns to service in Beirut in order to save a colleague from the group responsible for the death of Skiles' family. Rosamund Pike, Dean Norris, Shea Whigham, Larry Pine and Mark Pellegrino also star.

The film premiered on January 22, 2018, at the Sundance Film Festival and was released in the United States on April 11, 2018. It received generally positive reviews from critics, who called it "absorbing despite its flaws" and praised Hamm's and Pike's performances.

Plot
In 1972, Mason Skiles is a U.S. diplomat in Lebanon living in Beirut with his Lebanese wife, Nadia. They have recently begun caring for Karim, a 13-year-old Palestinian boy who claims he is without a family. While hosting a party, Skiles is confronted by his friend, CIA Officer Cal Riley, who wishes to question Karim as Karim's brother, Rafid Abu Rajal, has been linked to the 1972 Munich massacre. The party is suddenly attacked by Rafid and his group, who abducts Karim; in the ensuing gunfight, Nadia is killed.

Ten years later, Skiles has become an alcoholic and is working as a self-employed labor arbitrator in New England. While struggling to keep his small firm afloat, he is approached by Sully, an old client, on behalf of the U.S. government. Sully discloses that Skiles has been requested for an 'academic lecture' in Lebanon, and hands him money, a plane ticket, and a passport. Skiles is initially resistant but decides to travel to Beirut. He meets Bernard, a local fixer, and several government officials, including CIA Officer Donald Gaines, CIA Officer Sandy Crowder, Colonel Gary Ruzak of the National Security Council, and Ambassador Frank Whalen, and learns that Cal Riley was recently abducted in Lebanon. The kidnappers have specifically requested Skiles as the negotiator.

The group meets with the kidnappers and find Karim now heading the organization. Karim demands the release of his brother in exchange for Riley, despite the Americans' protest that they do not have Rafid in captivity. Skiles suspects that Israel is holding Rafid, and travels with Ruzak to secure his release. The Israelis reveal that they do not have Rafid, and Skiles returns to Beirut to meet with Alice, Riley's wife. Alice holds Skiles responsible for Riley's abduction, believing that Riley has remained in Lebanon over the guilt he feels for Nadia's death.

The next day, while Skiles is conducting the lecture at the American University of Beirut (the official reason for his visit), a car bomb is set off outside the building. In the ensuing chaos, Skiles is instructed to leave to meet Karim. Karim brings him to Riley, who covertly tells Skiles that the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is holding Rafid and that Gaines is not to be trusted. Before releasing Skiles, Karim threatens he will sell Riley to Iran unless Rafid is returned later that night. Skiles returns to Riley's apartment to search for clues, where he encounters Crowder. She reveals that Gaines had been stealing money from the embassy and that Riley has made a written report, but didn't deliver it to CIA authorities, shortly before his disappearance. Skiles convinces Crowder that the PLO is holding Rafid, and she steals $4 million from the CIA office to trade for Rafid.

Crowder and Skiles lead an attack on a PLO officer in order to force a trade for Rafid. After a payoff to his PLO captors, they bring him to the exchange with Karim. After trading Riley for Rafid, Rafid is shot and killed by a Mossad sniper. The Americans successfully escape, and the audience sees the sniper is actually Bernard. Bernard escapes with Sandrine, the mistress of the PLO officer whom Skiles attacked, who is also an Israeli agent.

Before departing Beirut, Skiles learns that Gaines has unexpectedly retired and that Ruzak has left Beirut. Crowder announces her intention to apply for the newly vacant station chief job, and Skiles offers his services as a negotiator.

As the film ends, news footage is shown of the subsequent 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, increasing international involvement in the country, and, finally, the 1983 bombings of the U.S. Embassy and the U.S. Marine Corps' barracks.

Cast

Jon Hamm as Mason Skiles, a former U.S. diplomat who returns to service to save a former colleague.
Rosamund Pike as Sandy Crowder, a CIA field officer working undercover at the American embassy. She is tasked with keeping Mason alive and ensuring the mission is successful.
Dean Norris as Donald Gaines, CIA
Shea Whigham as Gary Ruzak, Colonel, National Security Council
Larry Pine as Frank Whalen, U.S. Ambassador to Lebanon
Mark Pellegrino as Cal Riley, CIA, Mason's friend and former colleague.
Yoav Sadian Rosenberg as Karim Abu Rajal (13 years old)
Idir Chender as Karim Abu Rajal (adult)
Hicham Ouraqa as Rafid Abu Rajal
Ben Affan as Jassim/Rami
Leïla Bekhti as Nadia
Alon Abutbul as Roni Niv
Kate Fleetwood as Alice
Douglas Hodge as Sully
Jonny Coyne as Bernard
Mohamed Zouaoui as Fahmi
Mohamed Attougui as Raffik
Neal Huff as Ernie

Production
The screenplay for the film, originally titled High Wire Act, was written by Tony Gilroy in 1991. In May 2015, Deadline Hollywood reported that High Wire Act would be directed by Brad Anderson and that Jon Hamm had signed on to star. In July 2015, Rosamund Pike joined the cast. In May 2016, ShivHans Pictures came on board to produce and finance the film. Dean Norris, Shea Whigham, Larry Pine and Mark Pellegrino joined the cast. Filming began in Tangier, Morocco in June 2016.

Principal photography began in Morocco in June 2016.

Release
Bleecker Street acquired the U.S. distribution rights to High Wire Act in July 2017. In January 2018 the film, which had been retitled Beirut, premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival. It was theatrically released in the United States on April 11, 2018.

Reception

Box office
By its June 14, 2018, closing Beirut had grossed $5,019,226 in the United States and Canada, and $2,490,210 in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $7,509,436.

Playing in 755 theaters, the film made $1,734,497 in its opening weekend, finishing 13th at the box office. In its second weekend, the film made $1.1 million (a drop of 39%) and finished 17th.

Critical response
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of  based on  reviews, and an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, "Beirut tells a complex, tightly plotted tale of international intrigue, further elevated by strong central performances from Jon Hamm and Rosamund Pike." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 69 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Dennis Harvey of Variety called the film an "agreeably old-school form of cinematic espionage intrigue." John DeFore, writing for The Hollywood Reporter, characterized it as a "period political thriller whose motivations remain timely." The Financial Times Damon Wise wrote that "Beirut proves surprisingly sensitive in its handling of the Middle East, mapping out an area of nuanced power struggle rather than a cartoon Casablanca-style warzone." Brian Tallerico of RogerEbert.com said that "this is Hamm's best leading role to date, a reminder of how good he can be when he's given the right material."

Trailer criticism
The film's trailer received criticism from social media users for dehumanizing Arabs and Muslims, having a white savior narrative, ignoring political complexities of the Lebanese Civil War, and failing to show Lebanese people as fully formed characters. The trailer's closing tagline of "2,000 years of revenge, vendetta, murder... welcome to Beirut" has been criticized as a confusing misrepresentation of the history of Beirut and Lebanon, a diverse country with multiple religions and different sects of Muslims and Christians.

The trailer was criticized by Sopan Deb in The New York Times. He called it offensive, portraying a stereotypical image of Lebanese, Arabs and the Middle East at large. He points out that no Lebanese actors are featured in the film, and cites a social media hashtag, #BoycottBeirutMovie, as evidence of the trailer's reception in Lebanon.

Walaa Chahine, writing for the Huffington Post, echoed similar criticisms, arguing that the trailer "seems to follow the same rhetoric so many other Middle East thrillers like to portray - Arabs are barbaric and uncivilized, and their countries are a mess".

References

External links

2018 films
American political thriller films
American war films
Films set in Beirut
Films about terrorism in Asia
Films directed by Brad Anderson
Films scored by John Debney
Films with screenplays by Tony Gilroy
Films set in 1972
Films set in 1982
Films set in Lebanon
Lebanese Civil War films
Israeli–Palestinian conflict films
2010s political thriller films
Films shot in Morocco
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Beirut (film)


Black '47 is a 2018 Irish period drama film directed by Lance Daly. The screenplay is by PJ Dillon, Pierce Ryan, Eugene O'Brien and Lance Daly, based on the Irish-language short film An Ranger, written and directed by Dillon and Ryan. The film stars Hugo Weaving, James Frecheville, Jim Broadbent, Stephen Rea, Freddie Fox, Barry Keoghan, Moe Dunford, and Sarah Greene. Set in Connemara during the Great Irish Famine, the film follows an Irish Catholic soldier who has been fighting for the British Army abroad, as he deserts his regiment to reunite with his family. The title is taken from the most devastating year of the famine, 1847, which is referred to as "Black '47".

Black '47 held its world premiere on 2 March 2018 at the Berlin Film Festival, before being released on 7 September 2018 in Ireland by Element Pictures. The film received generally positive reviews from a number of critics, and was a box-office success in Ireland.

Plot
Hannah (Weaving) is a veteran of the British army who is working as an investigator for the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC). While drunkenly interrogating a member of the Young Ireland movement, Hannah loses his temper over the prisoner's refusal to identify his accomplices and strangles him. He is subsequently arrested and sentenced to hang.

Martin Feeney (Frecheville) is a former Connaught Ranger who served in Afghanistan and India and who is returning to Connemara, in the west of Ireland, in 1847. On his arrival home, the country is experiencing the worst year of the Great Famine. Feeney finds his mother has died of starvation and his brother has been hanged, having stabbed a bailiff during his family's eviction. Feeney stays with Ellie (Greene), his brother's widow, who is squatting with her three children in one of the few houses still standing, and makes plans to emigrate to America and take his brother's family with him. Before they can leave, agents of the local Anglo-Irish landlord and members of the RIC arrive to remove them from the cottage. During the eviction, the house roof is destroyed, Feeney is arrested and his nephew is killed. Feeney is brought for interrogation by the RIC but manages to kill his captors and burns down their barracks. He returns to the house to find his sister-in-law and her daughter have died of exposure following a snowfall.

The destruction of the barracks draws the attention of British authorities, who suspect Feeney is responsible. Feeney is revealed to have deserted the Rangers in Calcutta and  Captain Pope (Fox), an arrogant British officer of the 68th Regiment, is assigned to apprehend him with the aid of Hannah, who served with Feeney in Afghanistan. Hannah is compelled to assist in the hunt with the promise he shall be spared the noose, although his feelings are conflicted as Feeney saved his life during the war. They are joined by the young idealistic English Private Hobson (Keoghan), and later hire Conneely (Rea), a knowledgeable local, to act as an Irish translator. They track Feeney as he hunts down those he blames for the deaths of his family: a local rent collector, the judge who sentenced his brother, and a Protestant preacher who is inflicting Souperism by offering soup to the starving on condition they convert.

Pope's group catch up with Feeney at the home of Cronin (McArdle), the land agent who oversaw his family's eviction, but he escapes after Hobson fails to shoot him when he has the chance. Reasoning that Feeney's next target is the landlord, Lord Kilmichael (Broadbent), the group travels to the estate house to warn him. Putting a large bounty on Feeney's head and surrounding himself with armed police, led by the violent Sergeant Fitzgibbon (Dunford), Kilmichael vows to accompany his grain harvest to the railway station, where it will be shipped abroad. Outraged by the sight of people starving outside the gates, Hobson threatens a policeman's life to allow the starving people crowded outside the guarded gates to enter for food. Although Hannah and Pope try to reason with him, Hobson is shot dead by Fitzgibbon and the police. Kilmichael, accompanied by the armed police and the remainder of Pope's posse, stays at an inn en route to Dublin. Feeney attacks in the night but falls for a trap set by Pope, who is sleeping in Kilmichael's bed.  When Hannah cannot bring himself to shoot him, Feeney is able to again escape. As he flees, Feeney takes Lord Kilmichael as a hostage and Hannah is arrested by Fitzgibbon.

The following morning, after he refuses to speak under interrogation, Hannah is brought out to the yard to be summarily executed by firing squad but is saved when Feeney attacks. After the soldiers shoot him from his horse, they are stunned to find that they have instead killed Lord Kilmichael, who had been dressed in Feeney's clothes and mounted on his horse. In the chaos, the starvelings storm the yard and take the grain, a number of local bounty hunters turn against Kilmichael's men, and Hannah is freed by Conneely. Fitzgibbon shoots Feeney but is choked unconscious in a brawl. Hannah steals a horse and attempts to get the wounded Feeney to safety, but Feeney is shot fatally by Pope and dies shortly after their escape. As he is dying, he laments the fate of his family and his country and implores Hannah not to continue the fight, but to instead go to America as Feeney had once intended to do. Seeking vengeance, Hannah follows the badly wounded Pope as he returns to Dublin but stops at a fork in the road, where a group of people bound for America have gathered. Among them is Feeney's last remaining relative, his young niece. Pope rides down one path, as the emigrants start down the other. The film ends without showing which path Hannah takes.

Cast

Production
Black '47 received funding from many private and public production companies, including the Irish Film Board, alongside Film Fund Luxembourg, and the Council of Europe's Eurimages.

The film is an adaptation from the 2008 Irish language short film An Ranger, starring Owen McDonnell and written and directed by PJ Dillon and Pierce Ryan, who co-wrote the screenplay.

"Black '47" refers to the year 1847, when death and emigration resulting from starvation, plague and disease lead to the most dramatic population decrease in the entire period of the Great Hunger in Ireland.

In an interview, Daly highlighted that no film on the Great Hunger had been made for the big screen previously, despite its significance to Irish history, stating, "Given the singular importance of the Great Hunger in Irish history, and that it has never been seen on our cinema screens before, our cast and crew felt a huge responsibility to make a film that was not only historically accurate and emotionally true..." Later, at the Berlin Film Festival press conference, he added that he was compelled to make a film about "the most important period of Irish history but it was difficult to find a way in, to address the horrors of that time, hard to do it justice".

Casting
On 29 November 2016, the ensemble cast was announced, including Hugo Weaving, Jim Broadbent and James Frecheville among others.

Auditions for background extras were held on 23 November 2016 in Temple Bar Dublin. However, on 11 January 2017, casting for background extras renewed.

In preparation for the role, Frecheville, an Australian actor, had to learn Irish. In an interview, he discussed the challenges of playing Irish, stating "It's hard to say where the challenge was because it was all challenging. It was all very cold. I'm not so good at learning languages so to pick up a language that not a great number of people speak was pretty tough, but apparently, I passed a few tests but I still have to see what the public thinks." Keoghan also prepared for his role, revealing he had limited his eating of solid foods and survived on glucose drinks to lose weight for the role.

Filming
Filming took place between 28 November and 22 December 2016 and from 6 to 28 January 2017 in Wicklow, Kildare and Connemara.

Music
The film's score was composed by Brian Byrne. Byrne has previously collaborated with Daly, composing the score for The Good Doctor. Stephen Rea performed the traditional song Little Jimmy Murphy, arranged by Lance Daly and Peadar Cox.

Release
Black '47 held its world premiere at the Berlin Film Festival on 16 February 2018. On 9 May 2018, the film was presented at the Cannes Film Festival. On 21 February 2018, the film was screened at the Dublin International Film Festival. It was also screened at several festivals across Ireland, including the Dingle International Film Festival on 24 March 2018, the Belfast Film Festival on 12 April 2018, and the Galway Film Fleadh on 15 July 2018. The film premiered in North America at the Toronto International Film Festival on 6 September 2018. The film also had a screening at a special event at the Irish Film Institute as part of the art and film exhibition on the Famine in Ireland.

The film's first trailer was released on 27 July 2018.

The film was released in Ireland on 7 September 2018 by Wildcard Distribution. It was released on 28 September 2018 in the United Kingdom by Altitude Film Distribution and StudioCanal and in the United States by IFC Films.

Reception

Box office
As of 28 September 2018, Black '47 has grossed over €1 million in Ireland. In its opening weekend in Ireland, the film grossed €444,000. It had the highest-grossing opening weekend for a film since the 2015 film Brooklyn. It also became the highest-grossing Irish film in Ireland.

Critical response
Black '47 received generally positive reviews from critics with many praising its depiction of a difficult subject in the Irish Famine, along with its extensive use of the Irish language, gritty visual style, and the performances of Frecheville, Weaving and Rea. However, some British critics were less positive, including criticism for bias.

On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of  based on  reviews, and an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads, "Black '47 anchors its grim and gritty action in deceptively deep genre storytelling, although its epic ambitions arguably exceed its grasp." Another aggregation site, Metacritic, reported a score of 65, representing 'generally favorable reviews'.

Donald Clarke of The Irish Times gave the film 4 out of 5 stars.
Paul Whitington of the Irish Independent gave the film 4 out of 5 stars.

Glenn Kenny of The New York Times described Black '47 as: "handsomely staged and shot, us[ing] the Irish famine of 1847 as the setting for a fast-paced, well acted and occasionally exhilarating tale of revenge." Simran Hans of The Guardian described the film as 'weak', and rated it 2 out of 5.

Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, praising Frecheville's "coldly terrifying performance" as "a Ned Kelly figure of insurgent justice", and though the film is "a viscerally tough and uncompromisingly violent picture" it is also "a gripping piece of storytelling".

Niall O'Dowd called the film "essential viewing for Irish-Americans": "It is a must-see movie for those who value their heritage and history. In that dreadful genocide was the seed of the Irish nation that would spread worldwide."

Simon Abrams of RogerEbert.com was much less positive, describing the film as 'The paint-by-numbers Irish revenge thriller "Black 47" is essentially "First Blood" in period dress.' He also noted the 'cringe-worthy expository dialogue' and described Martin as a 'character whose only sympathetic qualities are his unrestrained anger and proficiency at murdering people. It's entirely possible that Martin makes more sense to Irish viewers, since they can presumably relate with Martin's anti-British sentiments better than this reviewer did. Unfortunately, in the film, Martin often comes across like any other crazed, but ostensibly relatable antihero who wracks (sic) up kills and then slumps over in pseudo-tragic exhaustion.'

Alistair Harness of The Scotsman was also critical, noting 'Black 47 on the other hand wants to be the Irish Braveheart. Set against the backdrop of the Great Famine and featuring Australian leads and an unashamedly biased view of history, the film manages to turn human tragedy into a gnarly action film.' Kevin Maher of The Times concluded 'Black 47 is a deeply silly action film'. Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph summarised the film as 'an overbaked, über-glum Irish famine thriller', along with a rating of 2 out of 5.

Historical inaccuracies
While Black 47 is a fictional film set during factual historical events, there are some historical inaccuracies purported in the film. These include:
 Feeney returns to Ireland in 1847 after deserting his regiment in Calcutta. However, the Connaught Rangers were stationed in the British West Indies in 1847, where they remained until 1850, when they were moved to Nova Scotia. They were deployed to India in 1857 and were combatants in the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857.
 Hannah and Feeney could not have met in Afghanistan during the First Afghan-Anglo War (1839-1842) as the Connaught Rangers did not partake in this war  and were stationed in the Crown Colony of Malta (1840-1847) during this period.
 The motives behind Hannah murdering a captive Young Irelander during interrogation is questionable considering the violence from the Young Ireland rebellion did not take place until a year later in 1848 as opposed to what is suggested in the film.
 In a scene involving Hannah and Pope, they are seen travelling on a train to Galway, however, the first train to Galway was not put into service until 1851 when Midland Great Western Railway completed the Dublin to Galway line and subsequently built the first Galway railway station. The track was a single line as opposed to the double track filmed in Black 47.

References

External links

 Black '47 at the British Film Institute

2018 films
2018 action drama films
2010s historical action films
Features based on short films
Films about poverty
Films set in 1847
Films set in Ireland
Films about outlaws
Films shot in Ireland
Irish action drama films
Luxembourgian historical films
Works about the Great Famine (Ireland)
Films directed by Lance Daly
2010s English-language films
English-language Irish films
English-language Luxembourgian films
Irish-language films
2018 multilingual films
Irish multilingual films
Luxembourgian multilingual films

Black '47 (film)


Norman Alexander Miscampbell, QC (20 February 1925 – 16 February 2007) was a British Conservative Party politician.  He served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Blackpool North for 30 years, from 1962 to 1992, making him Blackpool's longest serving MP.

Early life
Miscampbell was born in Carrickfergus in County Antrim.  His grandfather owned a salt mine in Northern Ireland, and his father worked for ICI.  He was educated at St Edward's School, Oxford, and served with the 4th Queen's Own Hussars in Italy and Germany during World War II, from 1943 to 1945.

He studied economics at Trinity College, Oxford, where he joined the Oxford University Conservative Association.  He became a barrister, was called to the bar by Inner Temple in 1952, and worked on the Northern Circuit from chambers in Liverpool.  He became a Queen's Counsel in April 1974, and a bencher in 1983.

He married Margaret Kendall in 1961.  They had two sons and two daughters.

Political career
Miscampbell served as a councillor on Hoylake Urban District Council from 1955 to 1961.  He contested the safe Labour Party seat of Newton-le-Willows in 1955 and 1959, losing to the incumbent Fred Lee twice.

He was selected to fight Blackpool North at the by-election in March 1962, resulting from the ennoblement of the sitting Conservative MP, Toby Low, as Baron Aldington.  The seat was thought to be safe—Low had majority of over 15,000—but a strong swing to the Liberals saw Miscampbell returned with a majority of less than 1,000.  Two days later, Eric Lubbock won the Orpington by-election for the Liberals, overturning a Conservative majority of over 14,000 with a swing of almost 22%.  The same year, Jeremy Bray, Dick Taverne, Bill Rogers and Tam Dalyell were all elected at by-elections.

Miscampbell became a strong advocate for the interests of his seaside resort constituents, securing tax concessions for hotels and owners of holiday flats.  He held the seat in the eight subsequent general elections until his retirement in at the 1992 general election.  He held independent views, towards the liberal wing of the Conservative party, which were often not in sympathy with the party's mainstream orthodoxy.  He supported Harold Macmillan's proposal for the UK to join the Common Market, and was one of few Conservative MPs to vote in favour of the abolition of capital punishment in December 1964.  He also voted with Labour MPs to propose an oil embargo against Rhodesia in December 1964.  He also opposed the creation of the Assisted Places Scheme, and sent all four of his children to comprehensive schools.

He never held ministerial office, but served as Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to Sir Peter Rawlinson from 1972 to 1973, while Rawlinson was Attorney General.  In the 1980s, he found his views increasingly at odds with his party's Thatcherite orthodoxy.  He did not support the introduction of student loans, the abolition of the Greater London Council, and he and Sir Patrick Cormack were the only Conservative MPs publicly to refuse to support the community charge (aka poll tax) in 1986.

Later life
Having failed to secure political advancement, Miscampbell increasingly concentrated on his legal career. He served as an assistant recorder and deputy circuit judge from 1976 to 1977, and as a Recorder of the Crown Court from 1977 to 1995.  He was a member of the Criminal Injuries Compensation Board from March 1993 until it was wound up in March 2000.

Norman Miscampbell died of undisclosed causes at a hospital in London on 16 February 2007, four days before his 82nd birthday. His wife and their two sons and two daughters survived him.

Margaret Thatcher recommended his appointment to a knighthood, which he declined reportedly because he thought it would prevent him enjoying his retirement from political activity. His name is in the Cabinet Office list of declined honours  disclosed on 26 January 2012.

References

The Times Guide to the House of Commons, Times Newspapers Ltd, 1955, 1966 & 1987

House of Commons Hansard, 8 July 1993, Written Answers to Questions, cols 203-8, see col. 207
National Archives
Tributes to former Blackpool MP, Blackpool Today (22 February 2007)
Obituary, The Times, 24 February 2007
Obituary, The Independent, 26 February 2007
Obituary, The Guardian, 1 March 2007
Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, 27 March 2007

External links

1925 births
2007 deaths
People from Carrickfergus
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
4th Queen's Own Hussars officers
British Army personnel of World War II
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
English barristers
People educated at St Edward's School, Oxford
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
Councillors in Merseyside
20th-century English lawyers

Norman Miscampbell


Pinkilluni (Quechua pinkillu a kind of flute, Aymara -ni a suffix to indicate ownership, "the one with a pinkillu", Hispanicized spelling Pinquillone) is a mountain in the Peruvian Andes, about  high. It is located in the Moquegua Region, Mariscal Nieto Province, Carumas District, and in the Puno Region, Puno Province,  Pichacani District. Pinkilluni lies northwest of the mountain Q'iwiri.

References

Mountains of Moquegua Region
Mountains of Puno Region
Mountains of Peru

Pinkilluni


In sports, a time-out or timeout is a halt in the play. This allows the coaches of either team to communicate with the team, e.g., to determine strategy or inspire morale, as well as to stop the game clock. Time-outs are usually called by coaches or players, although for some sports, TV timeouts are called to allow media to air commercial breaks. Teams usually call timeouts at strategically important points in the match, or to avoid the team being called for a delay of game-type violation, such as the five-second rule in basketball.

List of time-out rules by sport

Association football
With very few exceptions (such as the defunct North American Soccer League's experimentation with TV timeouts) timeouts have never been permitted in association football. Moreover, the game clock runs continuously in each half, even if extenuating circumstances compel the referee to halt play for an extended period of time, unless and until the match is abandoned. However, the referee adds stoppage time at the end of each half to ensure roughly 45 minutes of actual play is completed in each half after accounting for the amount of time play is interrupted.

Baseball

Baseball players and managers of both the offense and defense can request time out for a number of purposes, such as for a batter to step out of the batter's box to better prepare for a pitch, a foreign object entering a batter's eye such as dust or a bug, for a manager to speak with a player or umpire, or to replace one player with another (for which a time-out is required by the rules), etc. The requested time out is not effective unless an umpire grants it verbally or by hand signal (both hands raised). The umpire also has the ability to call time out for his/her own purposes, or for purposes of the game, such as replacing a worn ball. Since there is no clock in baseball, the main effect of a time out is to temporarily prevent the defensive team from tagging base runners out or delivering a pitch as well as to prevent base runners from advancing.  However, the catcher may also request timeout once the pitcher has stepped on the rubber, usually with the intention of either "resetting" the play, or to deliver some information to the pitcher via either signals or a visit to the mound. Under certain (uncommon) circumstances specified by the rules, umpires are required to call time out, even while a play is in progress, such as certain cases of interference. Unlike many other sports, the rules of baseball do not limit time outs, either by number or duration. The end of the time out is indicated by an umpire verbally declaring "Play!" and/or by pointing at the pitcher while he is holding the ball (these umpire signals are identical to those used to start a game or resume play after the ball has become "dead", for example due to a half-inning ending). Since baseball provides natural breaks in the action when teams exchange offensive and defensive roles between half-innings (two minutes, five seconds normally; two minutes and twenty-five seconds for nationally televised games), TV timeouts are not necessary.

Other than coaching visits, which the umpires ensure stay brief, timeouts theoretically have no time limits.  However, when no runners occupy a base, a pitcher must deliver the pitch within twelve seconds of receiving the ball from the catcher or else a "delay of game" is called, resulting in a ball. Also, any relief pitcher is limited to eight warm-up throws before play resumes, except in special circumstances (such as a pitcher substitution due to injury).

Though not officially recognized as a "timeout", a stoppage in play can also be requested by the defense. This can be accomplished in several ways.  First, once in his "set" position, the pitcher may stop play by stepping off the rubber prior to his windup. Secondly, the catcher may visit the pitcher at any point before he steps on the rubber. Finally, the manager or pitching coach may also visit the pitcher before he steps on the rubber (called a "coaching visit"). Under MLB rules, a team is limited to one visit per inning and a maximum of three per game. Under NFHS (high school) rules, a team receives three mound visits for the game and can use more than one an inning. If a team exceeds the limit in either MLB or high school ball, the pitcher must be removed immediately.

Basketball

NCAA
In the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), there are two systems of timeouts used. In games that are not broadcast, each team is allowed four 75-second and two 30-second timeouts per regulation game. In games which are being broadcast, as of the 2015-16 season, each team is granted one 60-second timeout and three 30-second timeouts per game in addition to the media timeouts (at the first dead ball under 16, 12, 8 and 4 minutes remaining in each half). A maximum of two 30-second timeouts may carry over into the second half. Any called timeout that occurs within the 30 seconds prior to a scheduled media timeout break automatically takes the place of the upcoming media timeout, with the only exception to this rule being the first called timeout of the second half. A timeout cannot be called by a coach when the ball is live. Previously, under NCAA rules in prior seasons, teams had a total of five timeouts, and timeouts superseding media timeouts were only used in the women's rules.

NFHS
High school basketball allots five timeouts per game, with three 60-second and two 30-second timeouts. In overtime games, each team is given one additional 60-second timeout, and is allowed to carry over any unused timeouts from regulation or – if the case may be – previous overtimes. Media timeouts are typically reserved for televised state tournament games only.

Coaches and players can call timeouts. While the ball is live, only the team in control of the ball can request a timeout.

NBA
In the National Basketball Association (NBA), teams are allowed seven timeouts, each of 1 minute, 15 seconds.  There is no limit on substitutions. In overtime periods, each team is allowed two timeouts. A timeout can only be requested by a player in the game or the head coach, and only when the ball is dead or in control of the team making the request. If a request for a timeout is made with none remaining, the offending team is assessed a technical foul and loses possession.

In each quarter, there are two mandatory timeouts. If no team has taken a timeout prior to 6:59 of the period, the official scorer declares it at the first dead ball and charges it to the home team. If no subsequent timeouts have been taken prior to 2:59 of the period, the official scorer declares it and charges it to the team not previously charged. The first and second timeouts in a quarter are extended to 2:45 for locally televised games and 3:15 for nationally televised games, to accommodate advertising.

A team is limited to a maximum of four timeouts in the fourth quarter, losing any timeouts not yet taken. With three minutes remaining in the fourth quarter, a team is limited to two timeouts. However, if one team has yet to be charged its mandatory timeout, then the limit applies after the mandatory timeout is taken.

With less than two minutes to go in the game or overtime period, if the offensive team takes a timeout prior to inbounding the ball or if it secures the ball from a rebound or turnover but prior to advancing it, the team may choose to inbound the ball at midcourt.

The rules were changed before the 2017-18 NBA season to eliminate the distinction between "full" and "20-second" timeouts (which were actually 60 seconds by rule) and eliminate a third mandatory timeout in the second and fourth quarters. The changes sped up the pace of play and addressed a common fan complaint that the last few minutes of a game dragged due to excessive timeouts. However, some coaches call several timeouts before the three-minute mark to avoid losing them.

FIBA

Under FIBA rules, each team is allowed two time-outs in the first half, three time-outs in the second half, and one time-out in each overtime period. Only two time-outs may be granted to each team during the last two minutes of the fourth quarter.

Unlike in most other rule sets, only coaches are allowed to call time-outs. A time-out request may be made to the scorer's table at any time, but it may only be granted by a referee when the ball is dead and the game clock is not running. A time-out may also be granted after a scored goal, but only to the team that was scored upon. If a time-out is granted to the team in possession of the ball during the last two minutes of the fourth quarter or any overtime, the head coach of the team calling the time-out may choose to have the game resumed with a throw-in either from a designated line in the team's frontcourt or from the place in the backcourt nearest to where the game was stopped.

In televised games, media time-outs may be used at the discretion of the game's organizing body. They may be up to 100 seconds long. One of these time-outs will occur in each quarter, but no media time-outs are allowed during overtime. If a time-out is requested by either team during the  first five minutes of a quarter, this time-out will be considered a media time-out and will also be charged to the appropriate team. If neither team has requested a time-out by the first dead ball after the five-minute mark in a quarter, a media time-out shall be taken. This time-out is not charged to either team.

Beach volleyball
In beach volleyball, the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) stipulates one 30-second time-out allowed per team, per set. In FIVB World Competitions, there is an additional 30-second technical time-out in sets 1–2 when the sum of both scores is equal to 21.

Cricket
During the 2009 season of the Indian Premier League of T20 cricket, the halfway point of each innings contained a seven-and-a-half minute television timeout, two-thirds of which were devoted to additional advertising time. After complaints by viewers and players (criticizing its commercial purpose and for breaking the flow of the game), the following season replaced them with two sponsored and compulsory two-and-a-half minute "strategic timeouts" that must be taken by each side at certain points during the innings; one must be taken by the bowling team between the 6th to 10th overs, and the batting team between the 11th to 16th overs.

Floorball
In floorball, each team is allowed one thirty-second time-out per game, which may only be taken during a normal stoppage of play. The time-out is measured from when all the players are gathered around the team benches.

Gridiron football

In gridiron football, the use and rationing of time-outs is a major part of clock management strategy; calling time-out stops the clock (which normally is running between plays except in the case of a penalty, an incomplete pass, officials requiring time to re-spot the ball and/or down markers, or when the ball is run out of bounds), extending the time a team has to score. Timeouts can be called by both players (typically the quarterback or a linebacker) and the head coach. The number of timeouts is limited to three per team per half in the National Football League, and college and high school levels; to two per half in amateur Canadian football, and to one per half in the Canadian Football League. Unused timeouts carry over between the first and second quarters and between the third and fourth quarters, but they do not carry over between halves. If overtime is required in the NFL, each team is given two timeouts during a ten-minute regular season sudden-death period (overtime periods are fifteen minutes in the playoffs), while in college football each team gets one timeout per possession. In the CFL, overtime is untimed and teams receive no additional timeouts. If a timeout above these limits is called, it is usually ignored and no penalty is assessed (however, in many leagues, a coach attempting to call a timeout when he has no timeouts left can be assessed a 5-yard Delay of Game penalty).

Teams use several methods to stop the clock without exhausting a timeout. These include:
 Running out of bounds with the ball. In the NFL, this only stops the clock in the final two minutes of the first half and final five minutes of the second half; the rest of the time, the clock stops only temporarily, restarting when the ball is set for the next play. In arena football, the clock stops only for out-of-bounds plays in the final minute of the half.
 Throwing the ball out of bounds. This is an incomplete pass, and depending on the circumstances risks incurring an intentional grounding penalty, but sometimes, the team may choose to sacrifice a down to stop the clock.
 Spiking the ball. This act, likewise, is an incomplete pass and sacrifices a down, but when performed immediately after the snap is explicitly permitted without the risk of incurring an intentional grounding penalty.
 Waiting for the two-minute warning in the NFL, three-minute warning in Canadian football, one-minute warning in Arena football if it is approaching. College and high school football do not have any of these stoppages.
 Committing an offense for which a minor penalty may be called. In some leagues, late in the game, a 10-second runoff is assessed to discourage such tactics.
 Feigning the injury of a player. If this occurs more than once in a game, a timeout may be charged, and/or a penalty may be assessed. In some leagues, if time is called because of an injury, the injured player may be ordered to sit out at least the next play as a way of discouraging the feigning of injury.

In the NFL, college football, and CFL, a timeout is assessed against a team if a head coach unsuccessfully challenges a play.

A common practice in gridiron football is to call a timeout right before a potential game-winning or game-tying field goal, a strategy known as "icing the kicker". In theory, this strategy is based on the presumption that the kicker has prepared himself mentally to make the kick only to have the timeout break his concentration. While this strategy has seemingly worked on occasion, statistics suggest that not only is this an ineffective strategy, but is actually counterproductive because kickers are more likely to make a field goal after a timeout is called—possibly because they have come to expect a timeout to be called, if the opposing team still has one. There have also been times when the tactic has directly backfired; for example, in an NFL game played on November 19, 2007, between the Denver Broncos and Tennessee Titans, Broncos head coach Mike Shanahan called a timeout to ice the kicker. It was difficult to hear the whistle and the play continued, with Titans kicker Rob Bironas badly shanking a 56-yard field goal. The play was restarted, this time without a timeout, and the kick was good. Since a team is not allowed to call multiple timeouts between plays, they are prohibited from trying to ice a kicker more than once on the same kick; attempting to do so results in an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty, giving the kicking team 15 yards and an automatic first down. It has only happened once in the NFL, in a 2007 game between the Buffalo Bills and the Washington Redskins, when Redskins head coach Joe Gibbs called a timeout just before Bills kicker Rian Lindell attempted a 51-yard field goal. The kick was good, but Gibbs was awarded the timeout. Gibbs then called a second timeout when Lindell was preparing to kick the ball again, because Gibbs was unaware of the rule. Gibbs was issued an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty, which narrowed the attempt from 51 yards to 36 yards out. Lindell made the 36-yard field goal to win the game for the Bills, 18–17.

Another common practice, particularly in high school, college and the NFL, is for a team that, with its defense on the field, is trailing the opposing team near the end of the regulation by a touchdown or less to use their time outs when the winning team is using the victory formation to run out the clock. Since winning teams using the quarterback kneel can run off the last 90 seconds to 2 minutes of a game (depending on the level) with three successive kneels, the losing team will call a time out to stop the clock, force the winning team to run a standard play (as only a few seconds are taken off the clock with the kneel itself, the clock restarting only upon the snap) or make a first down and thus increase the chances that the trailing team will get the ball back on offense.

Game officials also have the authority to call their own time-outs, which unlike the team time-outs are unlimited. Such official time-outs can be used for instant replay reviews, to tend to an injury, to measure the spot of the ball with the chain crew or (in televised contests) to insert television commercials into the telecast.

Ice hockey
In ice hockey, each team is allowed one thirty-second time-out per game, which may only be taken during a normal stoppage of play. In the National Hockey League, only one team is permitted a time out during stoppage. However, in the International Ice Hockey Federation rules, both teams are permitted a time out during the same stoppage, but the second team must notify the referee before the opponent's time-out expires.

In the NHL, teams lose their time-out if they unsuccessfully challenge a goaltender interference call, and cannot challenge if they are already without their time-out.

Since the 2017–18 season, teams cannot utilize their time-out after an icing, except for the team who was not charged with the icing. In addition, they retain their timeout after every successful goaltender interference challenge; unsuccessful offside challenges result in a minor penalty for delay of game.

Team handball
In team handball, one sixty-second time-out per half per team is allowed. Time-outs are called by the head coach by handing a green time-out card to the match official, and can only be called when the team is in possession of the ball.

Volleyball
In volleyball, the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) stipulates two 30-second time-outs allowed per team, per set. In FIVB World and Official Competitions, there are two additional 60-second technical time-outs in each set when the leading team reaches the 8th and 16th points, however there is no technical time-out in a tie-breaking set (5th set) (though there is a change of ends at 8 points).

Water polo
In water polo, each team is entitled two sixty-second time-outs in regular time, and one extra time-out in extra time. The time-out can only be called if the team is in possession of the ball.

Criticism
Time-outs have been criticized for slowing games down and thus diminishing their entertainment value.

See also
 Truce term

References

Sports terminology
Terminology used in multiple sports

Time-out (sport)


David Whitton (August 4, 1836 – May 13, 1917) was an American produce dealer and lawyer from Brandon, Wisconsin, who spent a single term as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Fond du Lac County. He was elected as a member of the short-lived Wisconsin Reform Party.

Background
Whitton was born August 4, 1836, in Dundee, Scotland, and emigrated to the United States in 1842 with his father (a stonecutter and mason), mother and brother Charles. The family moved to Wisconsin in 1846 and settled in Ashippun, where he received a common school education. In 1856 they moved to Waupun, where David apprenticed as a carpenter and joiner, but found the trade did not suit him, and in 1860 became a produce dealer.

He served while in Waupun as a supervisor and an assessor. In 1866 or 1867 he moved to Brandon, in which place he would repeatedly be elected justice of the peace. He was described as "from boyhood... an active Democrat".

Elective office
He was elected in 1873 as the candidate of Wisconsin's Reform Party, a short-lived coalition of Democrats, reform and Liberal Republicans, and Grangers which in 1873 secured the election for two years of William Robert Taylor as Governor of Wisconsin, as well as electing Whitton and a number of other state legislators. He received 997 votes to 933 for Republican Chester Hazen (Republican incumbent Alonzo A. Loper was not a candidate for re-election). He was appointed to, and chaired, the standing committee on state lands. While his official biography in the 1874 Wisconsin Blue Book lists his party as "Reform", in another table in the same book he was listed as a Democrat ("'Opposition' of all kinds", as the Blue Book put it, held 59 of 100 seats that, to 41 for regular Republicans, and party lines were somewhat fluid). He was not a candidate for re-election in 1874, and was succeeded by Republican William Plocker.

After the Assembly
In April 1877 he was admitted to the bar, and took up practice in Fond du Lac and neighboring counties, while continuing in the produce trade (he owned a grain warehouse in Brandon). In September 1877, he was one of the nine signatories to a petition for the incorporation of Brandon as a village; all the documentation was "left at the office of David Whitton within said territory, where the same may be examined".

In 1881, he was the Democratic nominee for the Wisconsin Senate, District 18, losing with 1593 votes to Republican Edward Colman with 2,491 votes, but ahead of Greenback I. Fay (431 votes) and Prohibitionist J. M. Bonnell (117 votes).

In 1890, he was elected to a two-year term as Sheriff of Fond du Lac County.

Personal life
On January 1, 1862, he married Mary B. Turner of Waukesha County, with whom he would have seven children. He played a leadership role on a state and national level in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and was a Royal Arch Mason. In 1913 he relocated to Roberts, Wisconsin, where he died in 1917.

References

External links

1836 births
1917 deaths
American grocers
Businesspeople from Wisconsin
Democratic Party members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
Politicians from Dundee
People from Brandon, Wisconsin
Scottish emigrants to the United States
Wisconsin lawyers
Wisconsin Reformers (19th century)
19th-century American politicians
Wisconsin sheriffs
People from Ashippun, Wisconsin
People from Waupun, Wisconsin
People from Dodge County, Wisconsin
19th-century American businesspeople
19th-century American lawyers

David Whitton (Wisconsin politician)