Random early detection (RED), also known as random early discard or random early drop, is a queuing discipline for a network scheduler suited for congestion avoidance.

In the conventional tail drop algorithm, a router or other network component buffers as many packets as it can, and simply drops the ones it cannot buffer. If buffers are constantly full, the network is congested. Tail drop distributes buffer space unfairly among traffic flows. Tail drop can also lead to TCP global synchronization as all TCP connections "hold back" simultaneously, and then step forward simultaneously. Networks become under-utilized and flooded—alternately, in waves.

RED addresses these issues by pre-emptively dropping packets before the buffer becomes completely full. It uses predictive models to decide which packets to drop. It was invented in the early 1990s by Sally Floyd and Van Jacobson.

Operation
RED monitors the average queue size and drops (or marks when used in conjunction with ECN) packets based on statistical probabilities. If the buffer is almost empty, then all incoming packets are accepted. As the queue grows, the probability for dropping an incoming packet grows too. When the buffer is full, the probability has reached 1 and all incoming packets are dropped.

RED is more fair than tail drop, in the sense that it does not possess a bias against bursty traffic that uses only a small portion of the bandwidth. The more a host transmits, the more likely it is that its packets are dropped as the probability of a host's packet being dropped is proportional to the amount of data it has in a queue. Early detection helps avoid TCP global synchronization.

Problems with classic RED
According to Van Jacobson, "there are not one, but two bugs in classic RED." Improvements to the algorithm were developed, and a draft paper was prepared, but the paper was never published, and the improvements were not widely disseminated or implemented. There has been some work in trying to finish off the research and fix the bugs.

Pure RED does not accommodate quality of service (QoS) differentiation. Weighted RED (WRED) and RED with In and Out (RIO) provide early detection with QoS considerations.

Other variants

WRED

In weighted RED you can have different probabilities for different priorities (IP precedence, DSCP)  and/or queues.

ARED
The adaptive RED or active RED (ARED) algorithm infers whether to make RED more or less aggressive based on the observation of the average queue length. If the average queue length oscillates around min threshold then early detection is too aggressive. On the other hand, if the average queue length oscillates around max threshold then early detection is being too conservative. The algorithm changes the probability according to how aggressively it senses it has been discarding traffic.

See Srikant for an in-depth account on these techniques and their analysis.

RRED

Robust random early detection (RRED) algorithm was proposed to improve the TCP throughput against Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks, particularly Low-rate Denial-of-Service (LDoS) attacks. Experiments have confirmed that the existing RED-like algorithms are notably vulnerable under Low-rate Denial-of-Service (LDoS) attacks due to the oscillating TCP queue size caused by the attacks. RRED algorithm can significantly improve the performance of TCP under Low-rate Denial-of-Service attacks.

See also
 Blue (queue management algorithm)
 Active queue management

References

External links
 RED (Random Early Detection) Queue Management. Author: Sally Floyd
 Guduz – A Simple Random Early Detection (RED) Simulator
 Variants of RED . Author: Hei Xiao Jun
 Recent Publications in Random Early Detection (RED) schemes

Network performance
Network scheduling algorithms

da:Undgåelse af datanet-trafikforstoppelse#RED og WRED

Random early detection


Frank Renzulli (born February 21, 1958) is an American film actor, writer, and producer.

As an Emmy nominated writer and Golden Globe winner, Renzulli has written teleplays for The Sopranos, mainly in the first two seasons, and another Emmy nominated episode in the third season of the television show. He co-executive produced the short-lived 2006 television show Heist on NBC. He was a co-executive producer and writer for the Starz drama series Crash. Crash showrunner Glen Mazzara handpicked the writing staff for the series and selected people with a background of writing edgier material; Renzulli topped his list. In 2010, he played Sal LoNano, the real-life manager of "Irish" Micky Ward, in the Golden Globe- and Academy Award-nominated film The Fighter. Frank Renzulli had a recurring role as the private detective Vinnie Delgato on NBC's Harry's Law. He reunited with Glen Mazzara to write a freelance episode of AMC's The Walking Dead entitled "When the Dead Come Knocking" in 2012. The episode was critically acclaimed and considered one of the best of the ongoing series.

Partial filmography

Broadway Danny Rose (1984) as Joe Rispoli
The Last Dragon (1985) as Hood #3
The Hidden (1987) as Michael Buckley
The Real Ghostbusters (1987-1990, TV Series) as Foul Grungie / Ghosts / Kids / Shifter / Calahan (voice)
A Different World (1988, TV Series) as Enrico
L.A. Law (1989, TV Series) as Dr. Romanelli
Warlock (1989) as Cabbie
Maverick Square (1990, TV Movie, writer)
Wild Hearts Can't Be Broken (1991) as Mr. Slater
Pros and Cons (1991, TV Series) as Frank the Coroner
The Wonder Years (1992)
The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. (1993, TV Series) as Mr. Crocker
My Father the Hero (1994) as Fred
Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego? (1994, TV Series) (voice)
Confessions of a Hitman (1994) as Vinnie
Duckman (1994–1995, TV Series) as Roulette
The Great Defender (1995, TV Series, writer)
Charlie Grace (1995-1996, TV Series, writer)
The Practice (1997, TV Series) as Kenny Tripp (also writer 1998–2004)
That's Life (1998, TV Series, writer)
The Sopranos (1999–2001, TV Series, writer)
The Cactus Kid (2000)
Russo (2000, writer)
Hack (2002–2003, TV Series, writer)
10-8: Officers on Duty (2003-2004, TV Series, writer)
Crossing Jordan (2005, TV Series) as Frank Lioso
Heist (2006, TV Series, writer)
Crash (2008, TV Series) as Mr. Famisham (uncredited) (also writer 2008–2009)
The Fighter (2010) as Sal Lanano
Harry's Law (2011, TV Series) as Vinnie Delgato
The Walking Dead (2012, TV Series, writer)
Ray Donovan (2014) as Mike Renzetti
Scorpion (2016, TV Series) as Patrick Grady
Damien (2016, TV Series) as Lieutenant Murnau
The Poison Rose (2019) as Richard Gregory

References

External links

People from East Boston, Boston
American male film actors
American male screenwriters
Living people
21st-century American male actors
Male actors from Boston
Writers from Boston
American television writers
American male television actors
20th-century American male actors
Television producers from Massachusetts
American male television writers
1958 births
Screenwriters from Massachusetts

Frank Renzulli


A floorwalker is a senior employee in a large store (usually a department store) who supervises sales staff, in addition to directing and assisting customers and resolving complaints and returns.  Until the early 20th century, when formal training came into vogue, the floorwalker would often be responsible for training new sales staff.

Cultural depiction
 Charles Chaplin had his Tramp impersonate one in The Floorwalker.
 "Captain" Stephen Peacock is a regular character with that position in the British television situation comedy, Are You Being Served?.

References

Sales occupations

Floorwalker


A lunule (from the Latin meaning small moon or crescent moon) is an anatomical feature which is found in the exterior surface of the shells of some species of clams, bivalve mollusks, as for example in the family Veneridae and in the genus Ascetoaxinus.

The lunule is a well-defined area near the hinge line of the shell, anterior to the beaks. Despite the name, a lunule is not always in the shape of a crescent moon. Details of the lunule are sometimes an important diagnostic feature in identifying a bivalve shell.

References

Bivalve anatomy
Mollusc shells

Lunule (bivalve)


María de los Remedios de Escalada y La Quintana (November 20, 1797 – August 3, 1823), commonly known as Remedios de Escalada, was the wife of the leader of the Argentine War of Independence, General José de San Martín.

Life and times
She was born in Buenos Aires in 1797 to Tomasa de la Quintana y Aoiz and Antonio José de Escalada, members of the local gentry. The Escaladas were prominent in local commerce, and became supporters of the May Revolution of 1810, hosting numerous clandestine meetings before and after the events that led to the dissolution of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (a part of the Spanish Empire).

During this interim, she met José de San Martín, one of several generals from the Peninsular War who had recently moved to Buenos Aires. Most historians consider that they developed a love at first sight; however, the aristocratic stature of the Escalada, the social customs of the time and San Martín's own political agenda would suggest instead that it could be an arranged marriage between San Martín and the Escalada. With this marriage, the Escalada arranged ties with a general of a promising career, and San Martín could leave the social isolation of his recent move, getting ties with the aristocracy of the city. Even so, San Martin had conflicts with his political family, by rejecting their aristocratic ways. A dinner with Bernardino Rivadavia ended in an incident between them.

They married on September 12, 1812, in a private ceremony at the Buenos Aires cathedral. Remedios was aged 14 at that time, while San Martín declared being 31 years old, thus, born in 1781. However, those years are inconsistent with other ages declared by San Martín in his life, in his year of birth controversy, and it is likely that he declared being younger than he was, to reduce the age disparity between them.

San Martín's responsibilities at the helm of his recently formed Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers kept them separated in the ensuing months, however, and they would not be reunited until after San Martín's August 10, 1814, appointment as Governor of Mendoza Province.

Remedios collaborated in her husband's subsequent efforts to organize and fund the Army of the Andes, and on October 10, 1815, she presented the military leader with a collection of jewelry donated by Mendoza's high society (as well as her own) as a result of her efforts. She and a number of friends also designed the military unit's banner, after San Martín commented on his lack of one during a Christmas 1816 dinner. She gave birth to the couple's only child, Mercedes Tomasa San Martín y Escalada (1816 — 1875), on August 16 of that year.

San Martín's departure towards Chile as leader of the historic Crossing of the Andes in January 1817 again led to a prolonged separation from his wife. This burden was compounded by her developing tuberculosis in early 1819, and on March 24, her worsening state compelled her to return to Buenos Aires, where she expected to die. The commander of the Army of the North, General Manuel Belgrano, had General José María Paz escort her party for the 600 mile (970 km) journey, for the sake of protection against highwaymen and other perils.

Following his tenure from 1821 to 1822 as Head of State of the Protectorate of Peru, General San Martín returned to Mendoza and, in January 1823, planned to journey to Buenos Aires, where his wife lay bedridden. Misgivings in Buenos Aires towards the Liberator remained, however, from his 1820 refusal to intervene militarily on behalf of the besieged Directorate prior to their downfall. Receiving San Martín's petition for safe conduct in his journey to visit his dying wife, Minister of Government Bernardino Rivadavia refused. Undaunted, San Martín left for Buenos Aires, although upon his arrival, was informed that his wife had recently died; she was 25.

María Remedios de Escalada was buried at the La Recoleta Cemetery, and San Martín departed for Le Havre, France, the following February; he died in exile in 1850.

References

Bibliography

 Sosa de Newton, Lily. Diccionario Biográfico de Mujeres Argentinas. Buenos Aires: Editorial Plus Ultra, 1972.
Historical Dictionary of Argentina. London: Scarecrow Press, 1978.

1797 births
1823 deaths
People from Buenos Aires
Argentine people of Spanish descent
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery
José de San Martín
Tuberculosis deaths in Argentina
Patricias Argentinas

María de los Remedios de Escalada


Ture Nerman (18 May 1886, in Norrköping – 7 October 1969) was a Swedish socialist. As a journalist and author, he was a well-known political activist in his time. He also wrote poems and songs.

Nerman was a vegetarian and a strict teetotaler. Alcoholism was a major social problem in Sweden in the early 20th century, and Nerman considered alcohol to be a drug that made the working class passive instead of fighting for better conditions.

Ture Nerman had younger twin brothers, the artist Einar Nerman and the archeologist Birger Nerman.

Background
Nerman grew up in a middle-class family in the working-class, industrial city of Norrköping. His father owned a bookstore in the city and had married an employee who was many years younger: she became the mother of Ture and his two younger brothers. As a boy, Ture Nerman loved reading the books at his fathers store, especially western books about cowboys and Indians.

Nerman graduated from Norrköping gymnasium (secondary school) in 1903 at the age of 17. On his graduation day he took his school bible and tossed it in the Motala ström river. In his autobiography, Nerman describes this as his first revolutionary action. Some years later when he was asked by the Swedish Social Democratic Party's leader Hjalmar Branting what had made him a socialist, Nerman answered that it had been the questioning of religion.

After graduation he moved to Uppsala to study at Uppsala University.

Political awakening
The year 1905 saw both a revolution in Russia and revolutionary development in Scandinavia as Norway declared itself independent from the rule of the Swedish crown. These changes radicalized Ture Nerman politically to the left. He had already started reading August Strindberg, Leo Tolstoy and Ellen Key. Soon he would discover Karl Marx (even if it took many years until he fully started to study and understand Marxism). Nerman started going to socialist youth meetings in Uppsala.

In 1907, Nerman was conscripted for military service. By his own request, he got medical training. Nerman had already developed an anti-militarist standpoint and in 1908 he was caught by the secret police handing out illegal anti-militarist leaflets. He was first convicted to jail, but the penalty was altered to a 300 kronor fine. His father sent him the money, but the rebellious son used it to finance a trip to Paris, where he stayed a couple of weeks. Upon returning to Sweden he was once again sent money by his father to pay off the fine to avoid going to jail.

In 1909, Nerman moved to the northern city of Sundsvall where he started working as a writer for a Social Democratic newspaper called Nya Samhället, (New Society). At this point Nerman had already gotten a couple of his poetry books published. Many of these were radical, provocative poems, aimed against the church, the Swedish king and the bourgeoisie.

Ture Nerman joined the Swedish Social Democratic Party and soon became part of the left wing together with Zeth Höglund. He became one of the leaders of the left opposition of the party against its reformist leader Hjalmar Branting.

On New Year's Day in 1912, and the following weeks, Nerman and some of his Swedish friends went to Germany to follow Karl Liebknecht during his election campaign. Nerman had met Liebknecht briefly a couple of years earlier on a socialist gathering in Stockholm, but this time they got to know each other well. In his autobiography, Nerman writes that he was surprised and impressed to learn that Liebknecht could speak almost fluent Swedish and liked to sing songs by Bellman.

World War I and Zimmerwald
In November 1912, Nerman attended the special emergency convention of the Socialist International, which had been summoned to Basel in Switzerland, due to the outbreak of the Balkan Wars. At the convention, the leaders of all the European Socialist parties agreed to stand together internationally to prevent any future wars. With a united international working class, they stated, there could be no more wars.

Therefore, the outbreak of World War I in 1914, and the collapse of the Socialist International, came as a shock to Ture Nerman. Almost all the leaders of the European Socialist Parties suddenly sided with their bourgeoisie governments in support of the war, and turned against their former Socialist allies. Workers were killing workers on the battlefields.

But there were exceptions. His friend Karl Liebknecht stood alone in the Berlin Reichstag, and against 110 of his own Party members, when he voted against German war credits. Learning of Liebknecht's action, Ture Nerman knew which side he was on.

Together with his friend Zeth Höglund, Ture Nerman represented the Swedish-Norwegian members of the Zimmerwald Conference. It united the remaining international socialist anti-war movement, whose more prominent leaders were Vladimir Lenin, Grigory Zinoviev and Leon Trotsky from Russia, Robert Grimm from Switzerland, and Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht from Germany. Those two could not participate, but sent their greetings and support. Luxemburg was in jail for anti-war propaganda, while Liebknecht had been mobilized by the German military to dig trenches on the frontline. Returning to Sweden, Zeth Höglund was also sentenced to jail for his activities in the international anti-war movement, even though Sweden didn't participate in the World War.

In America
At the start of the year 1915, (before Zimmerwald), Nerman travelled around in the United States for several months. To finance the trip he wrote articles for several Swedish newspapers. He arrived by boat in New York City where he stayed only for a short time but took the chance to go up to the top of the Woolworth Building, the highest skyscraper in the world at the time. He took the express train across the continent to San Francisco where he visited the World's Fair on opening day.

Ture Nerman then started a tour speaking to American workers, mostly of Scandinavian origin, in Minneapolis and Chicago.

He also took some time to visit some relatives in Astoria, Oregon.

When Ture Nerman returned in the mid summer to Sweden, Zeth Höglund complained, asking if it really had been necessary of him to go to America when he was so much needed at home in the intensifying class battle and the struggle within the Swedish Social Democratic Party between the left wing and the right wing.

The birth of Swedish Communism

At the beginning of 1917, the struggle between the left and the right within the Social Democratic Party resulted in a split. Zeth Höglund and Ture Nerman, now considering themselves Communists, were expelled from the Party together with other prominent radicals such as Kata Dalström, Fredrik Ström and Stockholm's mayor Carl Lindhagen.

Höglund, who was the leader of the Party's youth organisation, managed to get the whole young socialists on his side in the foundation of the Swedish Social Democratic Left Party. The new party was formed in May 1917 and had around 20,000 members. It would soon change name and become the first Communist Party of Sweden. They launched a newspaper, Politiken, in which they wrote and published texts by other international communist leaders.

In April 1917, when Lenin passed through Stockholm on his journey from exile in Switzerland home to Petrograd, Ture Nerman was one of those who greeted Lenin and took care of him while there. For instance, the Swedish Communists took Lenin to the PUB department store, where they bought him a brand-new suit so he would look good and clean coming back home to Russia.

Upon Lenin's return in Russia and the October Revolution that followed, Ture Nerman and the Left Social Democrats fully supported the Bolsheviks and agitated for a similar Communist revolution in Sweden.

As an international representative of the Swedish Communist Party, Nerman had several communist contacts from all over the world: His friend Karl Liebknecht; Karl Radek, the Polish Bolshevik who had lived in Stockholm for a while; The Ukrainian-Italian socialist leader Angelica Balabanoff, who lived and worked in Stockholm; and Yrjö Sirola and Otto Kuusinen, two prominent Finnish communist leaders visited Ture Nerman in Stockholm several times.

Nerman also corresponded with the American socialist leaders Eugene V. Debs, John Reed (who helped him write a book on the first World War (Folkhatet)) and the American communist leader Max Eastman, who provided Nerman with a subscription to The Liberator.

In Soviet Russia

At the end of the summer of 1918, Ture Nerman traveled together with Angelica Balabanoff and Anton Nilson to Bolshevik Russia.

In Petrograd, Nerman was invited two visit the home of Zinoviev, who was the leader of the Petrograd Soviet. They knew each other from Zimmerwald. Zinoviev asked him: "When will you make revolution in Sweden?" Nerman replied modestly that they did not have a definitive date yet.
The next day Nerman attended a rally outside the Winter Palace, in which Zinoviev and Balabanoff spoke to the red soldiers heading out to fight in the civil war.

After spending some days in Petrograd, the trip continued to Moscow, where Nerman was greeted by Kamenev and his wife, the sister of Trotsky. Nerman was welcomed to live with the Kamenev family at the Kremlin.

On 3 October, Nerman attended a grand meeting at the Bolshoi Theatre. Amongst the speakers were Sverdlov, Radek, Bukharin and the main speaker Trotsky. Lenin, who recently had been shot and wounded, could not attend, but his greetings were received with cheers and applause.
Afterwards Nerman spoke briefly with Trotsky who was in a hurry to go out and fight in the Civil War the same night. Nerman mentioned that the Swedish press, and even the Social Democratic newspapers, wrote almost every day that the Soviet government was about to fall, but still it remained. "Yes," answered Trotsky with a stern smile, "and we will remain."

The day after, Nerman got to sit down with Bukharin for a long interview, in which Bukharin expressed his optimism in the world revolution and socialist future. The same day he met with Alexandra Kollontay, the female Bolshevik leader, who later would be the Soviet ambassador to Sweden.

Ture Nerman returned to Sweden through the Finnish archipelago in late October. The positive energies he had massed from his experience in revolutionary Russia were replaced with devastation after hearing of the failed German revolution of 1918/1919, and the murdering of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg.

Ture Nerman made his second trip to Russia with Otto Grimlund in the spring of 1920, where he got to meet with Lenin, this time as the guest, after having been the host in Stockholm April 1917.

Upon returning to Sweden in the summer he learned about the death of his father. His family had tried to delay the funeral, but still he had missed it.

Ture Nerman would make one more trip to Russia, in 1927. It was the tenth anniversary of the revolution. Lenin was dead now and things had started to change.

Against Stalinism
Ture Nerman condemned the rise of Stalinism in Russia, but when Zeth Höglund broke with the Communist Party in 1924, Ture Nerman remained, although less involved in the leadership. The party's new leadership was composed of Karl Kilbom and Nils Flyg.

In 1929, the Comintern made sure that the power of the Swedish Communist Party was taken over by the minority fraction of Stalinists led by Hugo Sillén. The majority of the party's members, the non-Stalinists, were expelled, including Ture Nerman, Karl Kilbom and Nils Flyg. The minority (Stalinists) seized the party's headquarter and its archives, but the majority (non-Stalinists) managed to keep control over the newspaper Politiken.

The majority, under the leadership of Kilbom, tried to keep running a Swedish Communist Party independent from Moscow. In 1934 this party took the name Socialist Party (Socialistiska partiet).

In 1931 Ture Nerman, 44 years old, was elected to the first chamber of the Riksdag, where he served till 1937 as a representative of the independent communist Party. When he held speeches in the chamber, he usually tried to make them into poems.

In Franco's Spain
In 1937, Ture Nerman and his friend August Spångberg, traveled to Spain where General Francisco Franco's National faction had taken power and a civil war was ravaging the country. They went through Nazi Germany and managed to get to Barcelona. The civil war was a chaos. At times the Stalinists were fighting the Trotskyists, and at other times the Anarchists were fighting everyone. The Nationalists under Francisco Franco benefited from the massive support of Nazi-Germany (financial and military: Legion Condor) and fascist Italy.

On 3 May, serious fighting between the different leftist groups broke out in Barcelona, and Hotel Victoria, where the Swedes were staying, was caught in the crossfire which lasted for three days. At the same hotel, Ture Nerman for the first time met Willy Brandt, (the German Social Democrat who would later live in exile Sweden during World War II and after that become Chancellor of West Germany.) On 7 May, the fighting in Barcelona was over with more than 500 dead and over 1,500 wounded.

Afterwards, by orders from the Comintern, Stalinist press all over the world would claim that the Swedish "Trotskyist Fascists" Ture Nerman and August Spångberg were the masterminds of the battle in Barcelona. Nerman wrote in his autobiography: "I was falsely accused by the Stalinists of being in a pact with Hitler. But in reality, not much more than a year later, Stalin himself would be in a pact with Hitler."

When he returned home to Sweden from the chaos in Spain he was met by a chaos in his own Socialist Party, the independent communist party.

Nils Flyg had taken power and expelled the former party leader Karl Kilbom. Flyg wanted Ture Nerman to stay but he didn't like the development of the party and left voluntarily. (A couple of years later, Nils Flyg would suddenly become pro-Nazi and take the Socialist Party with him on this new course.)

For the next two years Ture Nerman was without a party and he also lost his seat in the Parliament. In 1939, choosing the date of First of May, Ture Nerman re-joined the Swedish Social Democratic Party.

World War II
On 20 April 1933, a couple of months after Hitler had taken power in Germany, Nerman stood up in the Swedish parliament and demanded that Sweden should grant asylum for all German Jews who would like to come. The issue was taken up for vote, but voted against.

When World War II broke out in 1939 Sweden declared itself neutral, but Ture Nerman was not neutral. During the war, Ture Nerman was best known as the editor of Trots allt! (Despite Everything!), an anti-Nazi paper that caused furor at the German Embassy in Stockholm. Trots allt! also criticized the Swedish government for, out of fear of Hitler, allowing German troop transports through Sweden. At its peak, the weekly paper achieved a circulation of 66,000 in 1942.

The paper borrowed its name from a text by Karl Liebknecht, Trotz alledem!, which he wrote on the day before he was murdered in 1919.

At first the Swedish government did not tolerate Trots Allt! since it broke with the neutrality. Many of Nerman's anti-war and anti-Nazi writings of this time were not allowed to be published by the censorship. Ture Nerman was even sentenced to jail for three months in the winter of 1939. But the paper was very popular and a lot of financial help came in from supporters.

In 1940, Nerman was sentenced to three months in prison by Swedish authorities for writing an article in "Trots Allt!" where Nerman claimed that Hitler had ordered a 1939 bombing and assassination attempt in a Münich beer cellar. Nerman was a parliamentarian at the time of his conviction.

One of Nerman's closest collaborators in those days was Israel Holmgren, who also was sentenced to jail.

At the end of 1942, Ture Nerman ran into his former friend Nils Flyg in the streets of Stockholm. Nils Flyg had developed into a Nazi supporter. Nerman asked him: "What are you going to do now?" Flyg said: "I'm going to save Sweden – and I'm going to save you too!" Ture Nerman gave him an ironic "Thank you." They never saw each other again: only a couple of weeks later Nils Flyg died.

On 7 May 1945 Nazi Germany finally surrendered. On 16 May, Ture Nerman went to the liberated Norway together with a group of Norwegian refugees returning from their exile in Sweden. Trots Allt! had been a great supporter of the Norwegian freedom struggle against the Nazi occupation and smuggled in illegal issues of the paper had been were popular amongst the Norwegians.

The last years

Ture Nerman had a seat in the parliament 1946–1953. He retired after that, at 67 years of age. For the next three years (1954 till 1957) Nerman served as publisher of the bimonthly magazine Kulturkontakt, a publication of the CIA-backed Congress of Cultural Freedom and the Svenska kommittén för kulturens frihet (Swedish Committee for Cultural Freedom).

This confirms his positive opinions about the United States and the United Nations. He even became an advocate of Swedish membership in NATO. The red Soviet flag with the hammer and the sickle outside his house in Blidö, an island in the Stockholm archipelago, was an ironic reference to his earlier beliefs.

He died in 1969.

Ture Nerman has a small street named after him in Kungsholmen, Stockholm (Ture Nermans gränd), as well as in Bergen and Namsos, Norway (Ture Nermans vei).

Works
 Folkhatet (1918) – a study of World War I.
 Mänskligheten på marsch – (The Human Race on the March) – a Marxist perspective of the history of mankind.
 Kommunisterna: från Komintern till Kominform - (The Communists: from Comintern to Cominform) a critical view of the development of international communism from Lenin to Stalin. (1949).
 Ture Nerman wrote a biographical book about Joe Hill, the Swedish-American labor activist and political folk singer. Ture Nerman also translated most of Joe Hill's songs to Swedish.
 Ture Nerman also wrote a biography about Cyrano de Bergerac in 1919.
 Ture Nerman's three volume autobiography is called Allt var ungt (Everything Was Young), Allt var rött (Everything Was Red) and Trots allt! (Despite Everything!).
 Nerman wrote a book about his journey in America called I vilda västern (In the Wild West) and a book about his travels in revolutionary Russia called I vilda östern (In the Wild East). He also wrote a book about some of his other political journeys, including to Germany and Zimmerwald, called Röda resor (Red Trips).
 Nerman wrote several volumes of poetry. Mostly love poems or political revolutionary ones, and sometimes love and politics combined, like in Den vackraste visan om kärleken (The most beautiful love song), about a soldier who dies in the world war. He also wrote songs, including for the Swedish revue star Ernst Rolf. Nerman also worked closely with Karl Gerhard in the 1930s.
 Nerman translated a lot of Marxist literature from German to Swedish, especially by Franz Mehring.

References

Kan, Aleksander. Hemmabolsjevikerna. Falun: Carlssons bokförlag, 2005. ()
Nerman, Ture. Allt var ungt. (autobiography vol. 1.) Stockholm: Kooperativa förbundets bokförlag, 1948.
Nerman, Ture. Allt var rött. (autobiography vol. 2.) Stockholm: Kooperativa förbundets bokförlag, 1950.
Nerman, Ture. Trots allt!. (autobiography vol. 3.) Stockholm: Kooperativa förbundets bokförlag, 1954.
Nerman, Ture. I vilda västern. Stockholm: Ljungbergs förlag, 1935.
Nerman, Ture. I vilda östern. Stockholm: Ljungbergs förlag, 1930.
Lenin's Struggle for a Revolutionary International - Documents, 1907–1916; the Preparatory Years, New York, Pathfinder press 1986 ().

External links

1886 births
1969 deaths
Anti–World War I activists
People from Norrköping
Swedish Social Democratic Party politicians
Left Party (Sweden) politicians
Socialist Party (Sweden, 1929) politicians
Swedish communists
Marxist journalists
Writers from Östergötland
Swedish-language poets
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Ture Nerman


Jean-Sébastien Gerard (born 1970) is a musician also known as Jess from Overlanders, who composed chiptunes for the Atari ST demoscene in the 1990s.

Some of his chiptunes have been broadcast on Internet web radios, like scenemusic or CVGM.

He has contributed, along with many other chiptune composers, to the releases of famous Atari ST "MegaDemos". In the demo called "The Froggies Over the Fence" demo (released in 1993), all his chiptunes composed on the Atari ST computer can be listened in a special demo screen.

The scores of these chiptunes were written in Motorola 68000 Assembler language, not with the help of a graphical music editor. The program routines used to play the Yamaha YM2149 (soundchip in the Atari 1040STF) were all coded and optimized in Motorola 68000 Assembler language by Benjamin Gerard, born 1973, his brother.

Jean-Sébastien Gerard also composed soundtracks on Amiga 500, and afterwards on PC platforms. He also released "Arkanodeep" EP on Pro-Zak Trax French Electro Label in 2001, under the pseudo of Jess Lysen.

His entire music collection can be listened and downloaded freely on his personal website Jess Music Vault.

References

Interview of Jean-Sébastien Gerard about Chiptune composing, made by Crown of Cryptoburners, 2001.

External links
 Froggies over the Fence review, 1993

1970 births
Chiptune musicians
Living people

Jean Sebastien Gerard


Paul Duane Beauregard (born January 12, 1975), better known by his stage name DJ Paul, is an American DJ, record producer, and rapper from Memphis, Tennessee. He is a founding member of hip hop group Three 6 Mafia and the half-brother of rapper Lord Infamous. DJ Paul is also the half-brother of convicted drug lord Craig Petties. He is also a part owner of FaZe Clan.

DJ Paul started his career in the late 1980s as a DJ and released a number of solo tapes, as well as three collaboration albums with Lord Infamous as The Serial Killaz. Juicy J was introduced and the three founded the group Three 6 Mafia, going on to achieve national success in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Their 2000 album, When the Smoke Clears: Sixty 6, Sixty 1, debuted at number six on the Billboard 200 chart and was certified platinum. Later followed by Da Unbreakables in 2003 and Most Known Unknown in 2005, both of which were commercially successful. In 2006, DJ Paul, Juicy J, Crunchy Black, and Frayser Boy won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp" from the film Hustle & Flow. Paul has also released three solo albums, and created soundtracks to two movies. He and the rest of Three 6 Mafia are known as the originators of the crunk style of music.  In 2018, he co-produced the track "Talk Up" featuring JAY-Z from Drake's fifth studio album, Scorpion.

Aside from music, DJ Paul has been involved in a variety of business ventures, including film production and real estate. He founded his own record label Scale-A-Ton Entertainment, co-owns the fashion wear line Dangerus / Skandulus, has a collection of BBQ seasonings and is the spokesman for a legal version of the drink Sizzurp.

Career

1988–1992: Career beginnings
In 1988, DJ Paul started his career at age 11 as a DJ in Memphis club "380 Beale". At first he wanted to focus on DJing instead of rapping. In 1989, he formed the duo The Serial Killaz, together with his brother Lord Infamous. Paul served as the producer, making beats, which Infamous would rap over. The two did not have any equipment, so they used to rent local DJ Just Born's studio with the money their father gave them. Paul would play and scratch records on his mother's record player when she was not home. They released self-recorded tapes in their neighborhood, school, and local shops. Their first tape, Portrait of a Serial Killa, was released in 1992. In the following years, the duo went on to release The Serial Killaz tape and two parts of Come with Me 2 Hell.

DJ Paul eventually bought studio equipment, consisting of a keyboard, a turntable, and a four-track recorder. He started making mixtapes with popular songs and selling them at his high school. Later he started including songs of his affiliated rappers on the tapes as well, in order to promote them. Eventually, he began making mixtapes consisting only of original songs by himself and local artists. Paul claimed that Memphis DJs, such as himself, DJ Spanish Fly, DJ Squeeky and Juicy J created the modern format of mixtapes by including their original songs, instead of making compilations of other artists' music.

DJ Paul also released a number of solo tapes called Volume 1 to Volume 16. He rose to prominence as a DJ and producer on the south side of Memphis, and was introduced to fellow producer Juicy J, who was also garnering buzz on the north side of the city. Together with Lord Infamous, they formed the group The Backyard Posse. DJ Paul and Juicy J soon began producing tracks, described as "dark, eerie ... driven by bass-heavy beats and haunting sounds." They changed their name to Triple Six Mafia, after a phrase Lord Infamous would use to refer to the group in their songs.

1993–2005: Three 6 Mafia and debut solo album

In 1994, Triple Six Mafia were joined by Koopsta Knicca and released the underground album Smoked Out Loced Out. Later the group acquired two more members, Gangsta Boo and Crunchy Black and changed its name again to Three 6 Mafia. In 1995, they self-released their debut studio album, Mystic Stylez. Following the album's success, Three 6 Mafia signed a major label deal with Relativity Records. They also started their own label Hypnotize Minds and signed a number of local artists, such as Project Pat, MC Mack, La Chat, Frayser Boy and Lil Wyte, among others. DJ Paul and Juicy J exclusively produced the whole albums by their artists, as well as Three 6 Mafia's releases. The group achieved commercial success with their 2000 album, When the Smoke Clears: Sixty 6, Sixty 1, which debuted at number six on the Billboard 200 chart and was eventually certified platinum by RIAA.

In 2002, DJ Paul released his debut solo studio album Underground Volume 16: For da Summa. Most of the songs, originally featured on his 1994 mixtape Underground Volume 16: 4 Da Summa of '94, were remastered and some of the old featured artists were replaced with new ones from Hypnotize Minds, such as Frayser Boy and La Chat. The album peaked at number 127 at the Billboard 200.

Three 6 Mafia released two more commercially successful albums: Da Unbreakables in 2003 and Most Known Unknown in 2005, both peaking in top five of Billboard 200. They also created the soundtracks of the movies Choices and its sequel Choices II: The Setup. By 2006, Paul and Juicy were the only members of the group left.

2006–2012: Academy Award win, Scale-A-Ton and A Person of Interest

In 2006, DJ Paul, Juicy J, and Crunchy Black won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp" from the film Hustle & Flow. The song, which they co-wrote with HCP member Frayser Boy, was also ranked at number 80 on VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop".

After Three 6 Mafia released their 2008 album Last 2 Walk, the group had conflicts with their label Sony about their music style, which led DJ Paul and Juicy J to pursue other ventures and their solo careers.

In 2009, Paul released The Weigh In – his first mixtape since the Volume series in the early 1990s. A few months later he followed up with his second solo album Scale-A-Ton, released under Paul's newly founded label Scale-A-Ton Entertainment. The album was received well by critics, earning a positive review and an "Album pick" by AllMusic. In 2010, Paul released his second mixtape Too Kill Again, hosted by DJ Scream and DJ Whoo Kid. The mixtape features many upcoming and new Memphis artists such as Lion Heart, Thug Therapy, Partee and Miscellaneous. DJ Paul stated the tape was a preview to his upcoming album, also titled Too Kill Again, which however was never released. Instead, in 2011, Paul made a new collaboration mixtape with rapper Ya Boy and producer Lil Lody, called Pray For Forgiveness. A few months later Paul released a retail No-DJ version with bonus songs to iTunes.

In 2012, Paul announced he was working on an experimental dub-hop EP called A Person of Interest. Later he changed it into a full featured album, which was released on October 22. A Person of Interest was packed with a bonus DVD, including a self-titled short movie, music videos and behind the scenes footage. Paul released videos for a number of songs from the album, including "What I Look Like (W.I.L.L.)", "Wit Tha Shit", "Trap Back Jumpin", "E&J" and a remix of "I'm Dat Raw" with Snow Tha Product. Paul called A Person of Interest his favorite solo album, stating that he loved the production and the "raw" sound of the album.

2013–present: S.I.M., Da Mafia 6ix, The Killjoy Club, Master of Evil, etc.
In early 2013, DJ Paul focused on performing as a DJ, and created a DJ duo, called S.I.M. (Sex is Mandatory). The group created a number of live sets, as well as remixes to songs, such as Just Blaze & Baauer's "Higher".

In late 2013, Paul and Lord Infamous were discussing creating a sequel to their 1993 album Come with Me 2 Hell, when the latter came with the idea to try and reunite the whole Three 6 Mafia crew. Infamous brought back Crunchy Black, Koopsta Knicca and Gangsta Boo, and the five of them reunited as "Da Mafia 6ix" with plans to release an album in 2014. On November 12, 2013, Da Mafia 6ix released their first mixtape 6ix Commandments. The tape was almost entirely produced by DJ Paul and featured Yelawolf, 8Ball & MJG, Krayzie Bone, Bizzy Bone, SpaceGhostPurrp and HCP affiliates Lil Wyte, Skinny Pimp and La Chat, among others. Juicy J and Project Pat also appeared as surprise guests on the posse song "Body Parts", being credited just as "& more" in the track listing.

DJ Paul collaborated on a mixtape titled Clash of da Titans with fellow Memphis producer Drumma Boy that was released on October 23, 2013, and on a free EP, called Black Fall, with rapper Yellawolf, which they put out for Halloween on October 31, 2013. On November 26, 2013, DJ Paul released Volume 16: The Original Masters, a remaster of his 1994 mixtape 4 da Summer of '94.  It was revealed on the PSYR17 EP given away at the 2014 Gathering of the Juggalos that DJ Paul plans to release his next solo album, Master of Evil, on Psychopathic Records in 2015. He later confirmed it himself on August 28 on The Australia underground hip hop podcast "The Underground Podcast", as well as on the outro song to The Killjoy Club's debut album Reindeer Games.

DJ Paul has been announced to play South by Southwest showcase in Austin, Texas on March 21, 2015.

On August 19, 2016, DJ Paul announced that he has signed to Yelawolf's Slumerican Records. Upon signing with Slumerican, Paul released a two album series titled YOTS: Year of the Six parts 1 & 2.

In 2017, he released the follow-up to his album "Underground, Volume 16: For da Summa" respectfully titled, "Underground, Volume 17: For da Summa" through his own Scale-A-Ton imprint. On September 2, 2018, Paul announced that he had begun working on the next volume in the "Underground" series titled "Drackula: Vol. 18", which is said to be recorded in Castle Dracula in Transylvania. The project was originally scheduled to release sometime in 2018, but has since been pushed back to 2019.

Personal life
DJ Paul and Juicy J starred in MTV's 2007 reality show Adventures in Hollyhood, which showed Three 6 Mafia's move to Hollywood, California, following their Oscar win. The show also featured their personal assistants Computer and Big Triece, as well as Hypnotize Minds artists Project Pat and Lil Wyte. The series aired for eight episodes between April 5 and May 23, 2007.

In 2011, DJ Paul starred in VH1's cooking show Famous Food together with seven other celebrities and eventually won first place. In an interview, Paul cleared up some controversy from the show, involving Ashley Dupre best known from the  Eliot Spitzer scandal.

In a 2013 interview, Paul said he is getting three hours of sleep a day due to the amount of work he has to do in the variety of business ventures he has a part in. Describing his daily schedule, he said that he works with all of his companies during the day and records music during the night, stating that "I feel like if I'm not working, then I'm losing and I'm not really giving my life what I should be giving."

On December 20, 2013, his half-brother, Lord Infamous, died from a heart attack at his mother's house in Memphis, Tennessee.

DJ Paul is no longer engaged to Majda Baltic. They participated in an episode of Celebrity Wife Swap together with Plaxico Burress and his wife. They stated that they met at the Salt Lake City Airport.

Business ventures
In 2001, DJ Paul and the rest of Three 6 Mafia created the straight-to-video film Choices, followed by a sequel Choices II: The Setup, which was released in 2005. In 2007, DJ Paul and Juicy J started their own fashion wear line titled "Dangerus / Skandulus". It was branded as the official Three 6 Mafia wear and includes T-shirts, hats, accessories and stickers. DJ Paul founded his own record label Scale-A-Ton Entertainment in 2009. He has released his last two albums under the label.

In 2012, DJ Paul launched a collection of BBQ seasonings called "DJ Paul BBQ". Paul initially created a BBQ rub seasoning, soon followed by a Smoked Out BBQ Sauce. In 2013, DJ Paul became the official spokesman for a new legal version of the alcoholic drink Sizzurp. As of 2013, Paul also owns a real estate company.

Legal issues
In an interview with Power 105.1's The Breakfast Club, Paul stated he has been arrested numerous times. He was sent to jail for the first time at the age of 17.

In 2006, a man from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, named Ramone Williams, filed a lawsuit against DJ Paul and other Three 6 Mafia members, claiming he has been severely beaten at a Three 6 Mafia concert when other fans followed the lyrics of the song "Let's Start a Riot" and attacked him. The man claimed he was hit with a chair, kicked and stomped numerous times. Three 6 Mafia asked for dismissal of the suit on a summary judgment motion. In October 2006, both sides settled the suit and Williams received financial compensation.

On June 8, 2012, a lawsuit was filed against DJ Paul and Juicy J for failing to appear at a concert for which they were booked. The suit claimed the two were booked for an April 2011 show in Orlando, Florida but never showed up. They also never returned a $9,000 advance payment they received for the performance. Paul and Juicy are demanded to pay $50,000 for economic loss, out-of-pocket expenses and loss of income and revenue.

In October 2012, few days before his third album was released, DJ Paul was arrested in New York when a Taser stun gun was found on him during a routine search. He was charged with misdemeanor and released shortly after. Paul commented on the arrest: "I honestly didn't know it was illegal. I thought it was at the same level as pepper spray." Paul pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 21 hours of community service.

Discography

Studio albums
 Underground Volume 16: For da Summa (2002)
 Scale-A-Ton (2009)
 A Person of Interest (2012)
 Volume 16: The Original Masters (2013)
 Master of Evil (2015)
 YOTS: Year of the Six Pt. 1 (2016)
 YOTS: Year of the Six Pt. 2 (2016)
 Underground Volume 17: For da Summa (2017)
 Power, Pleasure & Painful Things (2019)
 Drackula: Volume 18 (TBA)

Filmography

Films

Television

References

External links

1977 births
African-American crunk musicians
American fashion designers
African-American film producers
Film producers from Tennessee
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
African-American record producers
African-American songwriters
American drink industry businesspeople
American businesspeople in retailing
American chief executives of food industry companies
American fashion businesspeople
American hip hop DJs
American hip hop record producers
American music industry executives
American real estate businesspeople
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Businesspeople from Tennessee
Living people
Rappers from Memphis, Tennessee
Songwriters from Tennessee
Three 6 Mafia members
Trap musicians
Singers from Memphis, Tennessee
21st-century American rappers
Crunk musicians
Horrorcore artists
American rap rock musicians

DJ Paul


Shipbuilding refers to the manufacturing of ships. In the past many ships were built in places like Glasgow and Sunderland but in the 21st century this industry is not big in the United Kingdom and most ships are built in South Korea and China. Japan once built the most ships but is now in 3rd place.

Related pages
Boston Navy Yard

Industries

Shipbuilding


Trufresh LLC is a frozen seafood producer with a mailing address in Suffield, Connecticut, United States.

Trufresh uses freezing technology from Japan to flash-freeze fish for transport. Businessweek said in 1997 that Trufresh is "a virtual company." As of 1997 Trufresh does not have a corporate headquarters; during the same year the company had a small sales staff. The company outsources its distribution and warehousing. Kevin Vandervoort, the company's CEO in 1997, said during that year that "We're not looking to have a traditional corporate structure. It just isn't necessary."

As of 1997 the sole Trufresh office with overhead was located in a room in Vandervoort's residence in Windsor Locks, Connecticut. The finance operation was performed by the majority owners of the company, who had their offices in Manhattan. The oversight of production occurred in a  large piece of rented space in a sardine canning plant in Lubec, Maine.

In 2004 the company announced that it discovered that some lobsters that are frozen are able to return to life.

References

External links

 Trufresh

Food and drink companies based in Connecticut
Companies based in Hartford County, Connecticut

Trufresh


The Bradlee-McIntyre House is a Victorian Cottage Style house. It is now located in Longwood, Florida at 130 West Warren Avenue, after being moved there from Altamonte Springs. On March 28, 1991, the house was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

The Bradlee-McIntyre House was built circa 1885 for noted Boston architect Nathaniel Jeremiah Bradlee and family. It is the only surviving "cottage" in Orange and Seminole counties, a Queen Anne Style three-story, 13-room winter vacation house featuring an octagonal tower and "ginger-bread" trim typical of the flamboyant houses of the Victorian Period.

Currently the Bradlee-McIntyre House is open to the public for tours on scheduled days as posted at the house.  Museum tours are offered the 2nd and 4th Wednesdays and Sundays from 1-4 pm.

References

External links
 Seminole County listings at National Register of Historic Places
 Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs
 Seminole County listings
 Bradlee-McIntyre House
 Longwood Historical Trail at Historic Hiking Trails

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Seminole County, Florida
Houses in Seminole County, Florida
1880s establishments in Florida
Queen Anne architecture in Florida
Longwood, Florida

Bradlee-McIntyre House


A dialect coach is a technical advisor who supports actors as they craft voice and speech patterns for characters in the context of productions be it in an on-camera setting (film, television and commercial), stage setting ("straight plays" as well as stand-up comedy, musicals and operas), or voiceover setting (radio plays, animation, audiobooks, video games, etc.). Scope of work can differ widely from production to production and from actor to actor within a production. The coach's tasks may include researching real-world voices with an ear to regional, social or idiosyncratic patterns, curating primary source recordings for the actor's exploration, providing guidance and feedback during the actor's vocal design process (sometimes with input from directors or writers), running lines and monitoring vocal performance whether on set or in post (film/tv/commercials), during recording sessions (voiceovers), or at runs and previews (stage). A dialect coach will typically give notes on clarity, consistency, and credibility. Sometimes dialect elements are in place primarily to add texture to character or to the world, but occasionally authenticity is also flagged as a concern by a production. In such cases, the dialect coach will be tasked with monitoring the vocal transformation as it might be experienced by a native speaker in the audience. Above all, the coach strives to remove stumbling blocks to performance so that the actor's vocal transformation work does not distract the actor or the audience.

For on-camera productions, dialect coaches with a strong background in languages, cultures and dramatic writing may be involved in trans-creation or polishing of dialogue or other forms of written language (for signage, etc.), often with the support of native-speaker language consultants and culture advisors, including on-set language and culture monitors. Dialect coaches who have a background in linguistics may also be hired to design constructed languages ("conlangs").

Although the purview of the dialect coach is very different from that of the director, dialect coaches and directors often develop highly collaborative working relationships. Coaches may also be consulted by members of other departments including, for on-camera productions, writing, post, graphics, props, camera scenic and even wardrobe (for instance, when language elements appear on costumes).

Outside the acting world, dialect coaches are also employed to train broadcast journalists in speech (newscasters/newsreaders, etc.), to coach non-actor public speakers in presence and delivery, and to support singers, for instance, with diction challenges and in balancing tone and articulation in an unfamiliar language.

Terminology

Throughout much of the English-speaking entertainment industry, dialect coach persists as the primary designation for a pronunciation coach. However, other designations such as speech coach are also used. In the United Kingdom, dialect coaches are also called voice coaches or accent coaches, but, in the United States, the term voice coach tends to be reserved either for those who do the work of a vocal coach, in other words, a singing coach, or who for those who coach stage actors in techniques for inducing a state of heightened relaxation prior to a rehearsal or performance. Dialect coaches often have training as voice coaches in this sense, and may offer guidance on breath support or vocal practices related to placement of resonances in the upper body, availability of expression and appropriate projection.  They may also guide voice warm-ups that integrate full-body work in yoga, movement, alignment or balance. Many practitioners believe that such exercises reduce the likelihood of vocal strain, most especially during expression of high intensity emotion outdoors or in a large performing venue in the absence of electronic amplification (e.g., microphones and a PA system).  There is rarely time for this type of practice on a film, television or commercial set, though dialect coaches with specialized voice training may be hired in any setting (on-screen/stage/voiceover) when vocal combat is involved.

When a production involves heightened language, for instance, with Shakespeare's works, a text coach may be consulted. Many dialect coaches also work as text coaches. In the UK, text coaching is sometimes seen as part of the job of a voice coach.

Some dialect coaches have a second specialization in as diction coaches who help opera singers with articulation of lyrics in languages relatively unfamiliar to the singer. In the past, the term diction coach was also used more generally alongside elocution coach for accent or speech coaching especially in film, though that usage is now rare.

A few dialect coaches have additional training as acting coaches or dialogue coaches (sometimes historically designated "dialogue directors"), but those professions are distinct from that of dialect coaching.

Hiring and management

On-camera productions
On a film or television production, dialect coaches are typically hired by the line producer during pre-production to begin preparing cast far in advance of the first day of principal photography. When engaged during principal photography, it is the unit production manager, production manager, production supervisor, production coordinator or, in some cases, executive producer who is likely to recruit prospective coaches in behalf of the production. If engaged only during post-production, the coach may even be hired directly by the post producer. At any stage of the hiring process, coaches may be interviewed by the showrunner or a staff writer in the case of episodic television or by the film director in the case of a feature film. Dialect coaches may work with any members of the cast, but are brought in especially often to work with celebrity actors. Frequently, the actors or their representation will request that Production hire a specific coach.

However the coach comes to be hired, the creatives will often consult with the dialect coach early in the process in order to acquaint the dialect coach with the overall creative vision and to start the actor as early as possible to allow time for the character's voice to become fully integrated by the actor prior to the actor's first shoot day. Once hired, the coach will typically prepare actors over a number of sessions either remotely, on set, at the Production Office, in the actor's own home or, increasingly, remotely via video chat. Coaches who work in serialized television are expected to be especially flexible as there may be no opportunity for a meeting between the episode director and coach, as shooting scripts may not be finalized until very close to the day of the shoot and as last-minute casting decisions and limitations on actor-availability may make it difficult to schedule advance coaching.

During production, the key second assistant director typically coordinates coaching sessions. Many creatives will ask that the coach be present at read-throughs or story conferences, at production meetings (if serving as key coach or department head) and during at least some first-team rehearsals. After first-team rehearsal, the coach is often given the opportunity to check in with any actors they coach while the shot is set up. Often, the coach will be assigned a dressing room, or, on location, a room in the honeywagon, double-banger or triple-banger at basecamp near cast trailers. On set, the dialect coach will be issued a wireless headset and given a chair (exclusive, if on set regularly) in video village. On set, the dialect coach will be issued a wireless headset and given a chair (exclusive, if on set regularly). Many coaches, but not all, sit in video village in order to facilitate access to the director and to the script supervisor who may be asked by the coach to log notes on pronunciation and clarity, particularly if the dialogue is in dialect or language unfamiliar to the post-production team. An on-set coach may also work with an actor between takes if needed, especially on last minute changes to the script. Later, the coach may be brought back for dubbing or to pick up new lines during the post-production process, sometimes via a feed from a remote studio when the actors are no-longer available in person.

Stage productions
On a stage production, dialect coaches are typically brought in by a director or artistic director with contractual terms negotiated by a producer or general manager. Coaches work closely with the production stage manager who coordinates meetings with the director and coaching sessions for the cast collectively or individually. The coach may also be present to give notes to the actors at some rehearsals, partial runs, and full runs. Coaching typically takes place throughout the rehearsal process, but especially before the actors begin memorizing their lines and again after the show is loaded into the performance space. Understudies may be coached alongside the principal performers or after the show goes into previews. Coaching may continue in a limited way during a run.

Status and compensation
In the film and television businesses, dialect coaches are very well paid. Coaches are customarily given on-screen credits for their work on films and for substantial contributions to serialized television. The wording of the credit may vary with the specific requirements of the production. Because dialect coaches are often asked to help navigate a rather unusual and sensitive set of challenges, deal memos for coaches may include terms that are not typical for crew positions, leading to the adage that dialect coaches are neither above-the-line nor below-the-line, but on-the-line.

In the Republic of Ireland, South Africa, the UK and the US, dialect coaches remain among a very small minority of production staff who are not unionized; their deals may differ in substance from production to production in these jurisdictions. In Australia and New Zealand, dialect coaches who are employed on a film or theatre set are covered under the Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance. On English-language Canadian film and television productions, dialect coaches are unionized under the Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists, however, coaches work outside of collective bargaining agreements on French-language productions in Canada where they are not unionized under the Union des artistes.

In the theater, coaches who help actors hone dialects or character voices typically seek compensation on a par with designers and may be credited as dialect coaches, voice and speech directors or as dialect designers when the director has asked the coach to craft and coordinate a consistent vocal world across characters. Dialect coaches are not unionized for live performances in Canada, the Republic of Ireland, South Africa, the UK, or the US.

There is no membership branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences that incorporates dialect coaching, nor is there a peer group of the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences that accords active membership status to coaches.

Cost-cutting for low-budget productions
Due to budget constraints, producers of student films and low-budget stage plays, showcase theater and slimly financed independent films and web series may avoid hiring a dialect coach, and instead substitute the services of a low-paid or volunteer native speaker model in hopes that the actors will be able to learn mimetically, retain the accent and act in accent without expert guidance or monitoring. In some such cases, cast members may themselves pay a coach, sometimes in consultation with the director, though employing crew is not normally regarded as a cast member's responsibility. In other cases, actors may attempt to self-study the dialect using commercially available training materials or web-based voice archives which host native-speaker recordings of oral histories or interviews or other scripted speech. Many such archives also provide native-speaker recordings of phonemically balanced narrative passages, especially Comma Gets a Cure, which is structured around the lexical sets of English and other phonological patterns of potential interest to the student of dialect.

Job prospects
While there are many hundreds of voice and speech trainers connected with drama courses throughout the English-speaking world who may control a stock of stage dialects for general use, far fewer specialize in dialect coaching. A web search of dialect coaches on Internet Movie Database generates a list of fewer than 100 living film and TV coaches worldwide, the majority showing few recent jobs, credited or uncredited. In some cases, a coach may moonlight as a dialect coach in film, television and commercials while pursuing an outside line of work, for instance as a resident voice and speech director for a theatre company or as a private coach for auditions, etc. As with many aspects of the entertainment business, entry into the field of dialect coaching is very competitive. Outside of the entertainment businesses based in English-speaking countries, dialect coaching is less common, and opportunities rarer.

Professional societies
Dialect coaches, especially those who teach in theater education programs, may become active in such professional societies as the Australian Voice Association, the British Voice Association, the International Centre for Voice and the Voice and Speech Trainers Association.

See also
Acting coach

Notes and references

Filmmaking occupations
Theatre
Occupations in music
Theatrical occupations
Temporary employment
Coaching

Dialect coach


The King is a 2005 drama film about a troubled man, recently discharged from the Navy, who goes to Corpus Christi, Texas, in search of the father he's never met. The film stars Gael García Bernal, who received strong critical acclaim for his portrayal of the main character Elvis, as well as William Hurt, Pell James, Paul Dano and Laura Harring.

The film is deeply rooted in a Southern Gothic style and features themes similar to those in Greek tragedy. It was written by its British director James Marsh and also by Milo Addica, the Academy Award–nominated writer of Monster's Ball and Birth.

Synopsis
A man enlisted in the U.S. Navy, Elvis Valderez (Gael García Bernal), is discharged and  purchases a used car to travel to his "home" in Corpus Christi, Texas. Elvis arrives at the church of Pastor David Sandow (William Hurt). He watches his sermon from the back of the church and then follows him and his family, including his wife Twyla (Laura Harring), son Paul (Paul Dano) and daughter Malerie (Pell James), to their home. Pastor Sandow confronts Elvis, who shows him a snapshot of his mother Yolanda, with whom he had relations many years ago before becoming a Christian. Pastor Sandow becomes agitated and tells Elvis that he has a family now and is a popular member of the community. He tells Elvis to call him so they can talk, though later tells his family that the young man simply wanted to become a member of the church and to not associate with him.

Elvis moves into a local motel and gets a job as a pizza delivery man. Having met Pastor Sandow's teenage daughter Malerie earlier at the church, he soon begins to pick her up from school where they go on drives and take walks at a local park. They start a passionate affair and have sexual relations on a regular basis. Meanwhile, Pastor Sandow's son Paul leads a high school movement where he attempts to change the school's science curriculum from evolution to intelligent design, though his plans are rejected by the school board. Disappointed by this setback, Paul, who leads a Christian rock band at his father's church, performs an intimate song before the congregation about his frustrations, the song being a cover of Sparklehorse's "Sad and Beautiful World". Pastor Sandow severely chastises his son for such indulgence. One evening, Elvis sneaks into the Sandow's home to spend the night with Malerie. After they have sex, he leaves the house in the middle of night and is spotted by Paul, who follows Elvis back to his motel and interrogates him about his affair with his sister. Paul threatens to tell his father and Elvis abruptly stabs Paul in the stomach, killing him.

Elvis dumps Paul's body in a nearby pond and returns Paul's car to the Sandow's house. The next day the police are called to investigate Paul's disappearance and the family becomes distraught. Pastor Sandow believes Paul has run away because of the argument they had about his musical performance. Meanwhile, Elvis continues his affair with Malerie and she soon becomes pregnant. Elvis takes Malerie to the pond where he dumped Paul's body and reveals to her what happened. Deeply in love with Elvis, Malerie holds his hands and they pray together to God and ask for forgiveness.

After seeing Elvis one day at a traffic light, Pastor Sandow follows him to his motel. Together, they drive to a local archery range where he teaches Elvis to shoot with Paul's hunting bow. He invites Elvis to dinner where he sits at the family table in Paul's chair. In private, Elvis explains to Malerie that his arrival at dinner is because of his acceptance into her father's church. Elvis soon moves into the Sandow's home, taking Paul's bedroom. During a Sunday sermon, Pastor Sandow's wife Twyla walks out of the church, still distraught over Paul's disappearance and doubting the existence of God. She walks into a busy street of traffic and attempts suicide, but Elvis saves her from injury. Elvis begins to plant flowers in the family garden, and Twyla compliments him on his work, slowly accepting him into the family. Malerie and Elvis continue to have sexual relations, with Elvis sneaking into her room each night.

One Sunday, Pastor Sandow finally decides to make a confession to his congregation. He reveals that Elvis is his illegitimate son, the product of an affair he had many years ago with his mother Yolanda, a prostitute. Malerie, sitting next to Elvis, is stunned by the revelation and stares at him though he will not meet her gaze. Pastor Sandow asks Elvis to join him on stage and he is accepted into the congregation with enthusiastic applause. Later, Elvis and Malerie are having lunch together. Malerie is repulsed and distraught knowing their relationship is incestuous, but Elvis simply places a paper crown upon his head when she says to him, "We're going to hell." Elvis attempts to enter Malerie's room that night but the door is locked. The next day, Malerie embraces her mother in tears in the backyard of the Sandow's home. Elvis, watching from an upstairs window, is greeted by the hateful gaze of Twyla, suggesting that she now knows their secret. Pastor Sandow arrives at his church alone prepared to go about the day's business.

A long camera shot through the Sandow's picturesque home eventually reveals Elvis placing the bodies of Malerie and Twyla on Pastor Sandow's bed. Malerie is still breathing, and Elvis smothers her with a pillow. Elvis then sets fire to the Sandow home. Elvis drives in Paul's car to Pastor Sandow's church. With blood on his shirt and hands, he walks into Pastor Sandow's office and says to him, "I need to get right with God".

Cast

Reception

Some film critics were impressed with the film's sensitive handling of subject matter. Roger Ebert gave it 3.5/4 calling it, "the kind of work where characters develop on their own, without consulting the book of clichés". Empire, a UK film magazine, called it, "A compelling, intelligent and provocative sins-of-the-father story with a terrific ensemble cast, and a standout Mr. Ripley turn by the ever-versatile Gael García Bernal."

It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival.

References

External links

2005 films
American drama films
British drama films
Films set in Texas
Films shot in Austin, Texas
Films shot in Corpus Christi, Texas
Incest in film
2005 drama films
Films directed by James Marsh
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
2000s British films

The King (2005 film)


Football IQ or football intelligence is a concept in American football regarding a player's intelligence related to the sport. Often times, a player's football IQ is of particular concern depending on their position. For instance, the trait is considered important for quarterbacks. Player intelligence has also been assessed in scouting and pre-draft procedures.

Description and overview
Football IQ involves understanding concepts and strategies of American football. Players with a high football IQ can assist with a team's game plan. Joe Burrow was noted to be like a "co-offensive coordinator" during his time at LSU, often changing his receiver's route based on defensive formations.

In the NFL, rookies have been noted as sometimes experiencing difficulty adjusting to the pro game from college, with football IQ often presenting a challenge. Rookies who showcase high football IQs have thus been noted by coaches as impressive. Veteran players are seen as key contributors for successful teams; Tampa Bay Buccaneers head coach Bruce Arians called having a smart and experienced team a "huge" value in the NFL playoffs.

A physically demanding game, football players' bodies will physically decline over their careers. However, football IQ can remain a strength through this physical decline; Peyton Manning has been cited by his peers as one such example of this. Often identified as an example of a quarterback with a high football IQ, the trait became one of Manning's "defining characteristics". It also helped his performance elevate above quarterbacks with similar or greater physical capabilities.

Positions

A high football IQ is often seen as a requirement for National Football League (NFL) quarterbacks, especially those considered franchise quarterbacks. Being able to analyze opposing defenses quickly and good in-game decision making are associated with having a high football IQ. In-game, quick processing of opposing defenses is a positive trait for quarterbacks. This processing is a factor both pre- and post-snap. Tom Brady's football IQ has been often discussed by general fans, sportswriters, opposing players, and football analysts alike. Sports Illustrated writer Andy Benoit wrote:
A QB is taught to play along the "midline"—the imaginary lane directly behind the center. Sloppy QBs will drift off the midline in their dropback, or they'll hitch out of the midline upon finishing their dropback. This is never true of Brady. Brady only moves off the midline when necessary. And because he's so calm dropping back and has such a keen sense for reading defensive fronts before and after the snap, he often senses that necessity beforehand. This speaks to his football IQ, but it's also a uniquely difficult physical trait.

Although much of the discussion of football IQ is focused on the quarterback position, the trait is assessed for other positions. During the 1970s, middle linebacker, safety, center were all considered "thinking" positions. Football IQ is considered important for middle (or "mike") linebackers, in particular. Due to this, mike linebackers are often called the "quarterback of the defense". Writing on a high school mike linebacker's highlights, Sports Illustrated writer Evan Crowell stated that "communicating the play call with confused teammates [is] an encouraging sign for a high school junior." Crowell continued to write "most inside linebacker play at the next [college] level is getting yourself in the correct position before the ball is snapped."

Offensive linemen are also associated with a high football IQ. Mark Beech of Sports Illustrated called offensive linemen "thinking men", noting how their role includes processing defensive formations and alignments, as well as constant thought behind footwork mechanics and hip positioning "for optimum leverage". Beech continued, writing "It is widely believed by coaches and NFL executives that offensive linemen are among the smartest players on the field." Regarding the football intelligence of offensive linemen, college football coach Joe Lee Dunn stated:

Yeah, they're smarter, but they're smarter because they have to be. On defense we teach recklessness, whereas over on that side of the ball they're teaching things like finesse and footwork. Thirty years ago most offenses ran the I formation, and blocking was pretty straightforward. But these days you've got spread offenses and calls being made from the sideline. The passing game has taken over college offenses. When that happened, it got pretty complicated for offensive linemen.

The aforementioned rookie struggle to adjust from college to the pros due to lesser football IQ has been noted to be particularly prevalent for wide receivers. Former NFL head coach Brian Billick noted that "running disciplined routes (both in terms of positioning and timing) and mastering the myriad sight adjustments and choice routes that are a big part of the modern pro game" as among some difficult aspects of a wide receiver's adjustment process. New England Patriots head coach Bill Belichick cited Deion Branch as "one of the smartest receivers" during his tenure with the team.

Assessment in scouting

College
Football IQ has been documented to be assessed in the recruitment of players by college football programs. In 2011, Los Angeles Times writer Matt Stevens stated that "Defining the multiple parts of athletic intelligence, identifying it in an athlete and recruiting accordingly is a complex and tedious task." Stevens went on to write that "players' intense focus on football may help explain why the sport has a reputation for fielding proportionally more low-performing students."

NFL
In the 1970s, the  Wonderlic test caught on in the NFL's assessment of players. A measurement of cognitive ability and problem-solving skills, the Wonderlic was part of scouting processes prior in the lead up to the NFL Draft. Prospective quarterbacks were required to take the Wonderlic.

This assessment was found to be a failed predictor of NFL success in a 2009 Human Performance study by Brian D. Lyons, Brian J. Hoffman, and John W. Michel. Economists David Berri and Rob Simmons also found Wonderlic scores as "all but useless as predictors." The Wonderlic also was criticized for racial bias. A 2011 study by two Cal State Fullerton economics professors found a discrepancy in the rise of draft positions between white and black players regarding an increase from the 25th to the 75th percentile in a Wonderlic score. History, African American studies, and Africana studies professor Derrick White of the University of Kentucky stated that the test likely contributed to placing players in certain positions according to racial stereotypes, a practice called "stacking".

During the 2010s, the NFL and its teams began to adopt other assessments "that claim to gauge how quickly players pick up football-specific concepts and assess behavioral tendencies" in order to discern a player's potential success in the league. The NFL debuted the Player Assessment Test at its 2013 Scouting Combine. A computerized test created by Cyrus Mehri of the Fritz Pollard Alliance, the test measures attributes like aggressiveness alongside cognitive traits. The NFL did not officially administer the Wonderlic at Scouting Combine in 2022.

References

Further reading

American football terminology
History of American football
Intelligence quotient
Race and intelligence controversy

Football IQ


Abbey Coachworks Limited was a British coachbuilding business based in Merton, South West London and later Acton, North West London. It was active between 1930 and 1938.

Arthur P Compton set up several coachbuilding businesses, including Compton, Sons and Terry which was founded in 1929 in Merton, South West London. He left this in 1930 to set up on his own, and the other partner D.H. Terry with D.H.B. Power renamed the company Abbey Coachworks. In 1933, the company moved to larger premises in Acton, North West London. In 1936, they took over the Wingham brand from Martin Walter and changed their name to Wingham Martin Walter. They exhibited at the 1937 London Motor Show under the new name. By the late 1930s, the practice of custom coachbuilding on a car maker's chassis was in decline leading to the business' eventual collapse by the end of the decade.

Abbey seem to have concentrated on short production runs rather than bespoke bodywork. Cars they equipped included the Wolseley Hornet Special, Rover 20 and various MGs particularly their MG Magna, Fords, Hillmans and Vauxhalls. Some of their production was for other coachbuilders such as Jarvis of Wimbledon and was sold under names other than Abbey.
Around 1937 they also produced bodywork for the French automobile manufacturer Delahaye. The car pictured on that page with numberplate DXE-66 has undergone a thorough restoration in France during the years 2018 - 2019 and now resides in Belgium.

Martin Walter themselves remained in business after the demise of Abbey, and after the Second World War made a range of motor caravans under the Dormobile name, and ambulance and minibus bodies on Bedford Austin and Ford chassis.

References

 A-Z of British Coachbuilders. Nick Walker. Bay View Books. 1997.
 Delahaye - La belle carrosserie française. Jean-Paul Tissot. 2006.

External links

 1935 Bentley 3½ litre Sports Two Seater Tourer by Abbey for Jarvis—Capt George Eyston
 Delahaye - La belle carrosserie française

Coachbuilders of the United Kingdom
Companies based in the London Borough of Merton
Vehicle manufacture in London

Abbey (coachbuilder)