This is a list of high schools in Los Angeles County, California.

Catholic
Los Angeles City

 Bishop Alemany High School, Mission Hills
 Bishop Conaty-Our Lady of Loretto High School (girls), Harvard Heights
 Bishop Mora Salesian High School (boys), Boyle Heights
 Cathedral High School (boys), Elysian Park
 Chaminade College Preparatory School, West Hills
 Crespi Carmelite High School (boys), Encino
 Louisville High School (girls), Woodland Hills
 Loyola High School (boys), Harvard Heights
 Immaculate Heart High School (girls), Los Feliz
 Mary Star of the Sea High School, San Pedro
 Marymount High School (girls), Bel-Air
 Notre Dame Academy (girls), Rancho Park
 Notre Dame High School Sherman Oaks
 Sacred Heart High School (girls), Lincoln Heights
 St. Bernard High School, Playa del Rey
 St. Genevieve High School, Panorama City

Other cities

 Alverno High School (girls), Sierra Madre
 Bishop Amat Memorial High School, La Puente
 Bishop Montgomery High School, Torrance
 Cantwell-Sacred Heart of Mary High School, Montebello
 Damien High School (boys), La Verne, previously Pomona Catholic Boys High School
 Don Bosco Technical Institute (boys), Rosemead
 Flintridge Sacred Heart Academy (girls), La Cañada Flintridge
 Holy Family High School (girls), Glendale
 Junípero Serra High School, Gardena
 La Salle High School, Pasadena
 Mayfield Senior School of the Holy Child Jesus (girls), Pasadena
 Paraclete High School, Lancaster
 Pomona Catholic High School (girls), Pomona, previously Holy Name Academy
 Providence High School, Burbank
 Ramona Convent Secondary School (girls), Alhambra
 St. Anthony High School, Long Beach
 St. Francis High School (boys), La Cañada Flintridge
 St. John Bosco High School (boys), Bellflower
 St. Joseph High School (girls), Lakewood
 St. Lucy's Priory High School (girls), Glendora
 St. Mary's Academy (girls), Inglewood
 St. Monica Academy, Pasadena
 St. Monica High School, Santa Monica
 St. Paul High School, Santa Fe Springs
 St. Pius X - St. Matthias Academy (coed), Downey
 San Gabriel Mission High School (girls), San Gabriel

Other private schools
Protestant
 Bethel Christian High School, Lancaster
 Campbell Hall School, North Hollywood
 Desert Christian High School, Lancaster
 First Lutheran High School, Sylmar
 First Presbyterian School, Arcadia
 Frederick K.C. Price III Christian Schools, Los Angeles
 Glendale Adventist Academy, Glendale
 Hillcrest Christian School, Granada Hills
 Judson International School, Eagle Rock
 Lighthouse Christian Academy, Santa Monica
 Los Angeles Adventist Academy, Los Angeles
 Los Angeles Baptist High School, North Hills
 Los Angeles Lutheran High School, Sylmar
 Lutheran High School, La Verne
 Maranatha High School, Pasadena
 Oaks Christian School, Westlake Village
 Pacific Christian on the Hill, Los Angeles
 Pacific Lutheran High School, Torrance
 Pacifica Christian High School, Santa Monica
 Pilgrim School, Los Angeles
 San Gabriel Adventist Academy, San Gabriel
 Santa Clarita Christian School, Santa Clarita
 South Bay Lutheran High School, Inglewood
 Trinity Lutheran Junior/Senior School, Reseda
 Valley Christian High School, Cerritos
 Village Christian School, Sun Valley

Jewish
 Bais Chana High School (girls), Los Angeles
 Bais Yaakov of Los Angeles (girls), Los Angeles

 Mesivta of Greater Los Angeles (boys), Calabasas
Cofetz Chaim Los Angeles (Orh chanoch) Pico Robertson

 Mesivta Birkas Yitzchok (boys), Los Angeles
 Milken Community School, Brentwood, Los Angeles
Yeshivas Ohev Shalom (Boys High School) Fairfax

 Netan Eli High School (boys), Los Angeles
 New Community Jewish High School (mixed), West Hills
 Machon Los Angeles Bass Yakkov
 Shalhevet High School (mixed), Los Angeles
 Valley Torah High School (boys), Valley Village
 Valley Torah Lintz High School (girls), Sun Valley
 Yeshiva Gedolah School of Los Angeles / Michael Diller High School (boys), Los Angeles
 Yeshiva High Tech, Los Angeles
 Yeshiva Ohr Elchonon Chabad High School (boys), Los Angeles
 Yeshiva University High School of Los Angeles (boys), Los Angeles
 Yeshiva University High School of Los Angeles (girls), Los Angeles

Non-denominational
 Advanced Education Academy, La Canada
 AGBU Vatche and Tamar Manoukian High School, Pasadena
 AGBU Manoogian-Demirdjian School, Canoga Park
 American University Preparatory School, downtown Los Angeles
 Archer School for Girls, Brentwood
 Armenian Mesrobian School, Pico Rivera
 Brentwood School, Brentwood
 Bridges Academy, Studio City
 Buckley School, Sherman Oaks
 Chadwick School, Palos Verdes Peninsula
 Crest View Academy, Santa Clarita
 Crossroads School, Santa Monica
 Delphi Academy of Los Angeles, Lake View Terrace
 Excelsior School, Pasadena
 Ferrahian Armenian School, Encino
 Flintridge Preparatory School, La Canada Flintridge
 Harvard-Westlake School, Holmby Hills, Studio City
 Lycée Français de Los Angeles, Rancho Park – Palms
 Marlborough School, Hancock Park
 Oakwood School, North Hollywood
 Oxford School, Rowland Heights
 Polytechnic School, Pasadena
 Renaissance Academy, Altadena
 Ribet Academy, Glassell Park
 Rio Hondo Preparatory School, Arcadia
 Rose and Alex Pilibos Armenian School, Hollywood
 Sequoyah School, Pasadena
 Sierra Canyon School, Chatsworth
 STAR Prep Academy, Culver City
 STEM3 Academy, Valley Glen
 TCA Arshag Dickranian Armenian School, Hollywood
 Viewpoint School, Calabasas
 Village Glen High School, Sherman Oaks
 Vistamar School, El Segundo
 The Waverly School, Pasadena
 The Webb Schools, Claremont
 Westridge School for Girls, Pasadena
 Wild Wood High School, Los Angeles
 Wildwood School, Los Angeles
 Windward School, Mar Vista

Public schools

ABC Unified School District

 Artesia High School, Lakewood
 Cerritos High School, Cerritos
 Richard Gahr High School, Cerritos
 Gretchen Whitney High School, Cerritos
 Tracy High School, Cerritos

Acton-Agua Dulce Unified School District

Assurance Learning Academy (charter), Acton
 Vasquez High School, Acton

Alhambra Unified School District

 Alhambra High School, Alhambra
 Mark Keppel High School, Monterey Park
 San Gabriel High School, San Gabriel

Alliance for College-Ready Public Schools
 Alliance Alice M. Baxter College-Ready High School, Los Angeles
 College-Ready Academy High School#4, Los Angeles
 College-Ready Academy High School#6, Los Angeles
 College-Ready Math-Science School, Los Angeles
 Gertz-Ressler Academy High School, Los Angeles
 Heritage College-Ready Academy High School, Los Angeles
 Huntington Park College-Ready High School, Los Angeles
 Richard Merkin Middle Academy, Los Angeles

Antelope Valley Union High School District

 Antelope Valley High School, Lancaster
 Assurance Learning Academy (charter), Lancaster
 AV Academy High School (charter), Lake Los Angeles
 AV Academy High School (charter), Palmdale
 AV Learning Academy (charter), Lancaster
 Desert Sands Charter High School, Palmdale
 Desert Winds Continuation High School, Lancaster
 Eastside High School, Lancaster
 Highland High School, Palmdale
 Lancaster High School, Lancaster
 Littlerock High School, Littlerock
 Palmdale High School, Palmdale
 Pete Knight High School, Palmdale
 Quartz Hill High School, Quartz Hill
 R. Rex Parris Continuation High School, Palmdale

Arcadia Unified School District

 Arcadia High School, Arcadia

Azusa Unified School District

 Agvania High School
 Azusa High School, Azusa
 Gladstone High School, Covina

Baldwin Park Unified School District

 Baldwin Park High School
 North Park Continuation School
 Sierra Vista High School, Baldwin Park

Bassett Unified School District

 Bassett High School, La Puente

Bellflower Unified School District

 Bellflower High School, Bellflower
 Mayfair High School, Lakewood
 Somerset High School, Bellflower

Beverly Hills Unified School District

 Beverly Hills High School, Beverly Hills

Bonita Unified School District

 Bonita High School, La Verne
 San Dimas High School, San Dimas

Burbank Unified School District

 Burbank High School, Burbank
 John Burroughs High School, Burbank

Centinela Valley Union High School District

 Hawthorne High School, Hawthorne
 Lawndale High School, Lawndale
 Leuzinger High School, Lawndale

Charter Oak Unified School District

 Charter Oak High School, Covina

Claremont Unified School District

 Claremont High School, Claremont

Compton Unified School District

 Centennial High School, Compton
 Compton High School, Compton
 Dominguez High School, Compton
 Compton Early College, Compton

Covina-Valley Unified School District

 Covina High School, Covina
 Northview High School, Covina
 South Hills High School, West Covina

Culver City Unified School District

 Culver City High School

Downey Unified School District

 Columbus High School
 Downey High School, Downey
 Warren High School, Downey

Duarte Unified School District

 Duarte High School, Duarte
 California School of the Arts - San Gabriel Valley

El Monte Union High School District

 Arroyo High School, El Monte
 El Monte High School, El Monte
 Mountain View High School, El Monte
 Rosemead High School, Rosemead
 South El Monte High School, South El Monte

El Rancho Unified School District

 El Rancho High School, Pico Rivera

El Segundo Unified School District

 El Segundo High School, El Segundo

Glendale Unified School District

 Clark Magnet High School
 Crescenta Valley High School, La Crescenta
 Daily High School
 Glendale High School, Glendale
 Herbert Hoover High School, Glendale

Glendora Unified School District

 Glendora High School, Glendora

Hacienda La Puente Unified School District

 Glen A. Wilson High School, Hacienda Heights
 La Puente High School, La Puente
 Los Altos High School, Hacienda Heights
 Puente Hills High School, La Puente
 Valley Alternative High School, La Puente
 William Workman High School, City of Industry

Inglewood Unified School District

 City Honors High School, Inglewood
 Inglewood High School, Inglewood
 Morningside High School, Inglewood
 Philippine Los Angeles High School, Inglewood

La Cañada Unified School District

 La Cañada High School, La Cañada Flintridge

Las Virgenes Unified School District

 Agoura High School, Agoura
 Calabasas High School, Calabasas

Long Beach Unified School District

 Cabrillo High School, Long Beach
 California Academy of Math and Science (CAMS) [on the CSU Dominguez Hills campus]
 Jordan High School, Long Beach
 Lakewood High School
 Long Beach Polytechnic High School, Long Beach
 Millikan High School, Long Beach
 Renaissance High School for the Arts
 Wilson Classical High School, Long Beach

Los Angeles Unified School District
See List of Los Angeles Unified School District schools

Lynwood Unified School District

 Firebaugh High School, Lynwood
 Lynwood High School, Lynwood

Manhattan Beach Unified School District

 Mira Costa High School, Manhattan Beach

Monrovia Unified School District

 Monrovia High School, Monrovia

Montebello Unified School District

 Applied Technology Center, Montebello
 Bell Gardens High School, Bell Gardens
 Montebello High School, Montebello
 Schurr High School, Montebello

Norwalk-La Mirada Unified School District

 El Camino High School, Whittier
 John Glenn High School, Norwalk
 La Mirada High School, La Mirada
 Norwalk High School, Norwalk
 Southeast Academy Military and Law Enforcement High School Norwalk

Palos Verdes Peninsula Unified School District

 Palos Verdes High School, Palos Verdes Estates
 Palos Verdes Peninsula High School, Rolling Hills Estates
 Rancho Del Mar High School, Rolling Hills

Paramount Unified School District

 Paramount High School, Paramount

Pasadena Unified School District

 Blair International Baccalaureate School, Pasadena (zoned)
 Marshall Fundamental Secondary School, Pasadena (open-enrollment school)
 Muir High School, Pasadena (zoned)
 Pasadena High School, Pasadena (zoned)

Pomona Unified School District

 Diamond Ranch High School, Pomona
 Franklin High School, Pomona
 Ganesha High School, Pomona
 Garey High School, Pomona
 Palomares High School, Pomona
 Pomona High School, Pomona
 Village Academy High School at Indian Hill, Pomona

Redondo Beach Unified School District

 Redondo Union High School, Redondo Beach

Rowland Unified School District

 John A. Rowland High School, Rowland Heights
 Nogales High School, La Puente
 Santana High School, Rowland Heights

San Gabriel Unified School District

 Del Mar High School, San Gabriel
 Gabrielino High School, San Gabriel

San Marino Unified School District

 San Marino High School, San Marino

Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District

 Malibu High School, Malibu
 Olympic High School, Santa Monica
 Santa Monica High School, Santa Monica

South Pasadena Unified School District

 South Pasadena High School, South Pasadena

Temple City Unified School District

 Temple City High School, Temple City

Torrance Unified School District

 Kurt T. Shery High School, Torrance
 North High School, Torrance
 South High School, Torrance
 Torrance High School, Torrance
 West High School, Torrance

Walnut Valley Unified School District

 Diamond Bar High School, Diamond Bar
 Ron Hockwalt Academies, Walnut
 Walnut High School, Walnut

West Covina Unified School District

 Edgewood High School, West Covina
 West Covina High School, West Covina

Whittier Union High School District

 California High School, Whittier
 La Serna High School, Whittier
 Pioneer High School, Whittier
 Santa Fe High School, Santa Fe Springs
 Whittier High School, Whittier

William S. Hart Union High School District

 Academy of the Canyons, Santa Clarita
 Canyon High School, Santa Clarita
 Castaic High School, Castaic
 Golden Valley High School, Santa Clarita
 Saugus High School, Santa Clarita
 Valencia High School, Santa Clarita
 West Ranch High School, Stevenson Ranch
 William S. Hart High School, Santa Clarita

Other districts

 Assurance Learning Academy (charter), Los Angeles
 Assurance Learning Academy (charter), Wilmington
 Animo Inglewood Charter High School, Inglewood
 Animo Leadership Charter High School, Inglewood
 Animo Locke Technology High School, Los Angeles
 Booth High School, Los Angeles
 Carter-Walters Preparatory School of the Arts, San Dimas
 Crittenton High School, Los Angeles
 Da Vinci Schools, El Segundo
 Desert Sands Charter High School, Garden Grove
 Desert Sands Charter High School, Long Beach
 Desert Sands Charter High School, Norwalk
 Desert Sands Charter High School, Santa Ana
 Desert Sands Charter School, Lancaster
 Dr Olga Mohan High School, Los Angeles
 Environmental Charter High School, Lawndale
 Fred C. Nelles High School, Whittier
 International Polytechnic High School, Pomona
 Jack B. Clarke High School, Norwalk
 Los Angeles Complex Science Academy, Los Angeles
 Los Angeles County High School for the Arts, Los Angeles
 Mission View Public Charter, Gardena
 Mission View Public Charter, Inglewood
 Mission View Public Charter, Los Angeles
 Mission View Public Charter, North Hills
 Mission View Public Charter, Pacoima
 Mission View Public Charter, Panorama City
 Mission View Public Charter, San Fernando
 Mission View Public Charter, Santa Clarita (2 locations)
 Montclair College Preparatory School, Van Nuys
 Pacific Learning Center Charter, Long Beach
 Paramount High School Academy, Lakewood
 Pathway High School, Lynwood
 Promise Academy, Long Beach
 Soledad Enrichment Action Charter School, Los Angeles

See also

 List of high schools in California
 List of high schools in Orange County, California
 List of high schools in San Diego County, California
 List of school districts in California
 List of school districts in California by county
 List of schools in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles
 List of closed secondary schools in California

References

External links
 List of high schools in Los Angeles County, California from SchoolTree.org
 Google Maps view of High Schools in Los Angeles Unified School District from Education.com
 Public and private high school information including school ranking and test scores from LosAngelesSchools.com

Los Angeles County


Kishka or kishke (Belarusian кішка, kishka; Czech  jelito; Slovak  krvavnica (regionally also hurka); ; Romanian chişcă; Yiddish קישקע : kishke; Hebrew קישקע; Russian кишка; Ukrainian кишка; also ; Lithuanian vėdarai; Hungarian hurka) refers to various types of sausage or stuffed intestine with a filling made from a combination of meat and meal, often grain or potato. The dish is popular across Eastern Europe as well as with immigrant communities from those areas. It is also eaten by Ashkenazi Jews who prepare their version according to kashrut dietary laws.

The name  is Slavic in origin, and literally means "gut" or "intestine." It may be related to the Ancient Greek word κύστις : kystis, "bladder" as both words refer to a hollow viscus.

Description

One Eastern European kishka type is kaszanka, a blood sausage made with pig's blood and buckwheat or barley, with pig intestines used as a casing.  Similar to black pudding, it is traditionally served at breakfast.

Kishkas can also be made with an organ meat, such as liver and various grain stuffings. The cooked kishke can range in color from grey-white to brownish-orange, depending on how much paprika is used and the other ingredients. Greater Białystok Area kiszka is usually made in a way very similar to the Jewish kishke, but in the majority of cases, pig intestines are used, and ground potatoes are the main ingredient. There are also vegetarian kishka recipes.

The sausages are popular in areas of the Midwestern United States, where many Poles emigrated. There are numerous mail order companies and delis that sell various kishkas. As blood is often used as an ingredient, kishkas are considered an acquired taste. Kosher kishka recipes omit animal blood and pork products.

Jewish cuisine
Kishke, also known as stuffed derma (from German Darm,  "intestine"), is a Jewish dish traditionally made from flour or matzo meal, schmaltz and spices. In modern cooking, synthetic casings often replace the beef intestine. Kishke is a common addition to Ashkenazi-style cholent.

Prepared kishke is sold in some kosher butcheries and delicatessen; in Israel it is available in the frozen-food section of most supermarkets. Non-traditional varieties include kishke stuffed with rice and kishke stuffed with diced chicken livers and ground gizzards. There are also vegetarian kishke recipes.

The stuffed sausage is usually placed on top of the assembled cholent and cooked overnight in the same pot. Alternatively it can be cooked in salted water with vegetable oil added or baked in a dish, and served separately with flour-thickened gravy made from the cooking liquids.

"Who Stole the Kishka?"

"Who Stole the Kishka?" (originally spelled "Who Stole the Keeshka?") is a polka tune, composed in the 1950s by Walter Dana; lyrics by Walter Solek and recorded and played by various bands. One popular version was familiar to American radio audiences from a 1963 recording by Grammy award-winning polka artist Frankie Yankovic.Who Stole the Kishka?, originally spelled "Who Stole the Keeshka?" is a polka song written by Walter Dana (music) It was recorded and performed by various bands. One popular version was familiar to American radio audiences from a 1963 recording by Grammy award-winning polka artist Frankie Yankovic.  It is an homage to kiszka, also known as kaszanka.

Depending on the performer, the song can also include references to other Polish foods such as szynka, chruściki/faworki, pierogi, sernik/serniczek and kielbasa.

See also
 Kaszanka
 Haggis
 Helzel
 Jewish cuisine
 Israeli cuisine

References

External links

 Definition from Merriam-Webster
 Portugal's Sneaky Sausage that Saved Lives (BBC)

Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine
Slavic cuisine
Precooked sausages
Polish sausages
Belarusian cuisine
Stuffed dishes
Meat and grain sausages

Kishka (food)


"She Used to Be My Girl" is the fourth episode of the sixteenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 5, 2004. It features actress Kim Cattrall from Sex and the City.

Plot
One day, Marge sees a friend from high school, Chloe Talbot, on TV and is jealous of her success as a news reporter. When they meet, an embarrassed Marge confesses she never left Springfield, but the two are glad to see each other again. Chloe comes to the Simpsons' house for dinner, but her exciting stories annoy Marge and inspire Lisa, who goes out to dinner with Chloe.

Marge reveals that she and Chloe were reporters for their high school newspaper, but after high school Marge stayed with her sweetheart Homer after Bart was born, with Chloe leaving her sweetheart Barney when he proposed. With all of Chloe's success, Marge seems to begin to resent both her decision and her family but receives supporting words from Homer.

On their way back from dinner, Chloe invites Lisa to the United Nations women's conference, with Lisa saying she would need parental permission. Upon arriving at the Simpsons house, a drunk Marge, who is worried that Lisa likes Chloe more, provokes Chloe and the two fight on the lawn. This leaves Marge with a black eye.

After Marge talks with Lisa about what happened, she forbids her to go to the women's conference, but Lisa sneaks out and hides in Chloe's car's trunk. Then, as Chloe drives off, her boss calls her, telling her to cover the story of the eruption of Springfield Volcano. When Lisa pops out of the trunk, Chloe has her be her cameraman after her original one fled at the sight of lava.

When Marge and Homer arrive at the women's conference to find Lisa, they see Chloe's live broadcast from the volcano, crediting Lisa behind the camera and the two trapped by a sea of lava. Marge and Homer race to the volcano and the former leaps from rock to rock to rescue Lisa. Moments later, Barney descends in a helicopter to rescue Chloe, who grants him a half hour of pity sex.

When Marge imagines her life as a reporter, she screams to her family, who shows little interest.

Production
The episode was written by Tim Long and guest starred Kim Cattrall as Chloe Talbot.

Reception
In its original American broadcast, "She Used to Be My Girl" was viewed by 10.3 million people.

References

External links

The Simpsons (season 16) episodes
2004 American television episodes
Cultural depictions of Bob Dylan

She Used to Be My Girl


Sabre Global Distribution System, owned by Sabre Corporation, is a travel reservation system used by travel agents and companies to search, price, book, and ticket travel services provided by airlines, hotels, car rental companies, rail providers and tour
operators. Originally developed by American Airlines under CEO C.R. Smith with the assistance of IBM in 1960, the booking service became available for use by external travel agents in 1976 and became independent of the airline in March 2000.

Overview
The system's parent company is organized into three business units:
Sabre Travel Network: global distribution system
Sabre Airline Solutions: airline technology
Sabre Hospitality Solutions: hotel technology solutions

Sabre is headquartered in Southlake, Texas, and has employees in various locations around the world.

History
The name of the travel reservation system is an abbreviation for "Semi-automated Business Research Environment", and was originally styled in all-capital letters as SABRE. It was developed to automate the way American Airlines booked reservations.

In the 1950s, American Airlines was facing a serious challenge in its ability to quickly handle airline reservations in an era that witnessed high growth in passenger volumes in the airline industry. Before the introduction of SABRE, the airline's system for booking flights was entirely manual, having developed from the techniques originally developed at its Little Rock, Arkansas, reservations center in the 1920s.  In this manual system, a team of eight operators would sort through a rotating file with cards for every flight. When a seat was booked, the operators would place a mark on the side of the card, and knew visually whether it was full. This part of the process was not all that slow, at least when there were not that many planes, but the entire end-to-end task of looking for a flight, reserving a seat, and then writing up the ticket could take up to three hours in some cases, and 90 minutes on average. The system also had limited room to scale. It was limited to about eight operators because that was the maximum that could fit around the file. To handle more queries the only solution was to add more layers of hierarchy to filter down requests into batches.

American Airlines had already attacked the problem to some degree, and was in the process of introducing their new Magnetronic Reservisor, an electromechanical computer, in 1952 to replace the card files. This computer consisted of a single magnetic drum, each memory location holding the number of seats left on a particular flight. Using this system, a large number of operators could access information simultaneously, so the ticket agents could be told via phone if a seat was available. On the downside, a staff member was needed at each end of the phone line, and handling the ticket took considerable effort and filing. Something much more highly automated was needed if American Airlines was going to enter the jet age, booking many times more seats.

During the testing phase of the Reservisor a high-ranking IBM salesman, Blair Smith, was flying on an American Airlines flight from Los Angeles back to IBM in New York City in 1953.  He found himself sitting next to American Airlines president C. R. Smith.  Noting that they shared a family name, they began talking.

Just prior to this chance meeting, IBM had been working with the United States Air Force on their Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) project. SAGE used a series of large computers to coordinate the message flow from radar sites to interceptors, dramatically reducing the time needed to direct an attack on an incoming bomber. The system used teleprinter machines located around the world to feed information into the system, which then sent orders back to teleprinters located at the fighter bases. It was one of the first online systems.

Smith and Watson observed that the SAGE system's basic architecture was suitable for use in American Airlines' booking services. Teleprinters would be placed at American Airlines' ticketing offices to send in requests and receive responses directly, without the need for anyone on the other end of the phone. The number of available seats on the aircraft could be tracked automatically, and if a seat was available the ticket agent could be notified. Booking simply took one more command, updating the availability and, if desired, could be followed by printing a ticket.

Thirty days later IBM sent a research proposal to American Airlines, suggesting that they join forces to study the problem. A team was set up consisting of IBM engineers led by John Siegfried and a large number of American Airlines' staff led by Malcolm Perry, taken from booking, reservations, and ticket sales, calling the effort the Semi-Automated Business Research Environment, or SABRE.

A formal development arrangement was signed in 1957. The first experimental system went online in 1960, based on two IBM 7090 mainframes in a new data center located in Briarcliff Manor, New York. The system was a success. Up to this point, it had cost $40 million to develop and install (about $350 million in 2000 dollars). The SABRE system by IBM in the 1960s was specified to process a very large number of transactions, such as handling 83,000 daily phone calls. The system took over all booking functions in 1964, when the name had changed to SABRE.

In 1972, SABRE was migrated to IBM System/360 systems in a new underground location in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Max Hopper joined American Airlines in 1972 as director of SABRE, and pioneered its use. Originally used only by American Airlines, the system was expanded to access by travel agents in 1976.

With SABRE up and running, IBM offered its expertise to other airlines, and soon developed Deltamatic for Delta Air Lines on the IBM 7074, and PANAMAC for Pan American World Airways using an IBM 7080. In 1968, they generalized their work into the PARS (Programmed Airline Reservation System), which ran on any member of the IBM System/360 family and thus could support any sized airline. The operating system component of PARS evolved into ACP (Airlines Control Program), and later to TPF (Transaction Processing Facility). Application programs were originally written in assembly language, later in SabreTalk, a proprietary dialect of PL/I, and now in C and C++.

By the 1980s, SABRE offered airline reservations through the CompuServe Information Service, and the Prodigy Internet Service GEnie under the Eaasy SABRE brand. This service was extended to America Online (AOL) in the 1990s.

American and Sabre separated on March 15, 2000. Sabre had been a publicly traded corporation, Sabre Holdings, stock symbol TSG on the New York Stock Exchange until taken private in March 2007. The corporation introduced the new logo and changed from the all-caps acronym "SABRE" to the mixed-case "Sabre Holdings", when the new corporation was formed. The Travelocity website, introduced in 1996, was owned by Sabre Holdings. Travelocity was acquired by Expedia in January 2015. Sabre Holdings' three remaining business units, Sabre Travel Network, Sabre Airline Solutions and Sabre Hospitality, today serves as a global travel technology company.

Other airline systems
In 1982, Advertising Age reported that "United Airlines operates a similar system, Apollo, while Eastern operates Mars and Delta operates Datas." Braniff International's Cowboy system was considered by Electronic Data Systems for building an airline-neutral system.

Controversy
A 1982 study by American Airlines found that travel agents selected the flight appearing on the first line more than half the time.  Ninety-two percent of the time, the selected flight was on the first screen.  This provided a huge incentive for American to manipulate its ranking formula, or even corrupt the search algorithm outright, to favor American flights over its competitors in the results of flight search results, and the airline did not resist the temptation.

At first this was limited to juggling the relative importance of factors such as the length of the flight, how close the actual departure time was to the desired time, and whether the flight had a connection, but with each success American became bolder.  In late 1981, New York Air added a flight from La Guardia to Detroit, challenging American in an important market.  Before long, the new flights suddenly started appearing at the bottom of the screen.  Its reservations dried up, and it was forced to cut back from eight Detroit flights a day to none.

On one occasion, Sabre deliberately withheld Continental's discount fares on 49 routes where American competed.  A Sabre staffer had been directed to work on a program that would automatically suppress any discount fares loaded into the system.

Congress investigated these practices, and in 1983 Bob Crandall, president of American, vocally defended the airline's preferential treatment of its own offerings in the system. "The preferential display of our flights, and the corresponding increase in our market share, is the competitive raison d'être for having created the system in the first place," he told them. The U.S. government disagreed, and in 1984 it outlawed the biasing practices for the search results.

The fairness rules were eliminated or allowed to expire in 2010. By then, none of the major distribution systems was majority owned by the airlines.

In 1987 Sabre's success of selling to European travel agents was inhibited by the refusal of big European carriers led by British Airways to grant the system ticketing authority for their flights even though Sabre had obtained IATA Billing and Settlement Plan (BSP) clearance for the UK in 1986. American brought High Court action which alleged that after the arrival of Sabre on its doorstep British Airways immediately offered financial incentives to travel agents who continued to use Travicom and would tie any override commissions to it. Travicom was created by Videcom, British Airways and British Caledonian and launched in 1976 as the world's first multi-access reservations system based on Videcom technology which eventually became part of Galileo UK. It connected 49 subscribing international airlines (including British Airways, British Caledonian, TWA, Pan American World Airways, Qantas, Singapore Airlines, Air France, Lufthansa, SAS, Air Canada, KLM, Alitalia, Cathay Pacific and JAL) to thousands of travel agents in the UK. It allowed agents and airlines to communicate via a common distribution language and network, handling 97% of UK airline business trade bookings by 1987.

British Airways eventually bought out the stakes in Travicom held by Videcom and British Caledonian, to become the sole owner. Although Sabre's vice-president in London, David Schwarte, made representations to the U.S. Department of Transportation and the British Monopolies Commission, British Airways defended the use of Travicom as a truly non-discriminatory system in flight selection because an agent had access to some 50 carriers worldwide, including Sabre, for flight information.

See also
 Travelocity
 List of global distribution systems
 Passenger name record
 Code sharing
 Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting (ERMA) – another pioneering early system. ERMA, SAGE and SABRE helped legitimize computers in business.
 Real-time operating system – SABRE was one of the first such systems
 Perry O. Crawford Jr.
 Travel technology
 Galileo CRS
 Navitaire
 Travelport

References

 Robert V. Head, "Getting Sabre off the Ground", IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 32–39, Oct.-Dec. 2002,

Further reading
 Robert V. Head, Real-Time Business Systems, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1964. "This book embodies many of the lessons learned about new technology application management while working on the ERMA and Sabre systems".
 D.G. Copeland, R.O. Mason, and J.L. McKenney, "Sabre: The Development of Information-Based Competence and Execution of Information-Based Competition," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 17, no. 3, Fall 1995, pp. 30–57.
 R.D. Norby, "The American Airlines Sabre System," in James D. Gallagher, Management Information Systems and the Computer, Am. Management Assoc. Research Study, 1961, pp. 150–176.
 IBM General Information Manual, 9090 Airlines Reservation System, 1961.

External links
Oral history interview with R. Blair Smith.  Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.  Smith discusses how a chance meeting with C. R. Smith, president of American Airlines, eventually led to the development of the SABRE system.
The Mad Men's Best Friend Was SABRE on Wired.com
Sabre at IBM100
Sabre Holdings
Virtually There public site for viewing reservations made through Sabre.
Some History features a history of ACP/TPF the Operating System used on SABRE

Travel technology
Assembly language software
American Airlines
Computer reservation systems

Sabre (travel reservation system)


Howard Nemerov (March 1, 1920 – July 5, 1991) was an American poet. He was twice Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress, from 1963 to 1964 and again from 1988 to 1990. For The Collected Poems of Howard Nemerov (1977), he won the National Book Award for Poetry, Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, and Bollingen Prize.

Nemerov was brother to photographer Diane Nemerov Arbus and father to art historian Alexander Nemerov, Professor of the History of Art and American Studies at Stanford University.

Biography
Nemerov was born on March 1, 1920, in New York City; his parents were David Nemerov and Gertrude Russek. The Nemerovs were a Russian Jewish couple who lived in New York City and owned Russeks, a Fifth Avenue department store. His younger sisters were the photographer Diane Arbus and sculptor/painter Renee Nemerov Sparkia Brown.  The elder Nemerov's talents and interests extended to art connoisseurship, painting, philanthropy, and photography — talents and interests undoubtedly influential upon his son. Young Howard was raised in a sophisticated New York City environment where he attended the Society for Ethical Culture's Fieldston School. Graduated in 1937 as an outstanding student and second-string team football fullback, he commenced studies at Harvard University where, in 1940, he was Bowdoin Essayist, and he received a bachelor's degree. Throughout World War II, he served as a pilot, first in the Royal Canadian Air Force and later the U.S. Army Air Forces. He married in 1944, and after the war, having earned the rank of first lieutenant, returned to New York with his wife to complete his first book.

Nemerov then began teaching, first at Hamilton College and later at Bennington College, Brandeis University, and finally Washington University in St. Louis, where he was Edward Mallinckrodt Distinguished University Professor of English and Distinguished Poet in Residence from 1969 until his death in 1991. In 1999, Washington University dedicated a dormitory, The Howard Nemerov House, to him. Nemerov's numerous collections of poetry include Trying Conclusions: New and Selected Poems, 1961-1991 (University of Chicago Press, 1991); The Collected Poems of Howard Nemerov (1977), which won the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, and the Bollingen Prize; The Winter Lightning: Selected Poems (1968); Mirrors and Windows (1958); The Salt Garden (1955); and The Image and the Law (1947). His novels have also been commended; they include The Homecoming Game (1957), Federigo: Or the Power of Love (1954), and The Melodramatists (1949).

Nemerov received many awards and honors, among them fellowships from The Academy of American Poets and The Guggenheim Foundation, a National Endowment for the Arts grant, the National Medal of Arts, the Bollingen Prize for Poetry, the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, and the first Aiken Taylor Award for Modern American Poetry.

Nemerov served as poetry consultant to the Library of Congress in 1963 and 1964, as a Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets beginning in 1976, and two terms as poet laureate of the United States from 1988 to 1990. In 1990 he was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame. Nemerov died of cancer in 1991 in University City, Missouri. The Howard Nemerov Sonnet Award was instituted in 1994 to honor him, and by 2008 about 3000 sonnets were entered annually in the associated competition.

Poetry
Nemerov's work is formalist. He wrote almost exclusively in fixed forms and meter. While he is known for his meticulousness and refined technique, his work also has a reputation for being witty and playful. He is compared to John Hollander and Philip Larkin.

"A Primer of the Daily Round" is his most frequently anthologized poem, and highly representative of Nemerov's poetic style. It is an archetypal Elizabethan sonnet, demonstrative of the prosodic creativity for which Nemerov is famous. Another widely appreciated poem is "The War in the Air," which draws on his wartime experience as a pilot.

Nemerov's "Because You Asked about the Line between Prose and Poetry" is frequently taught as an example of an Ars Poetica as it describes the nearly imperceptible change between rain and snow while still maintaining the formal poetic elements of rhyme and meter. A critical review by Mary Kinzie said of it: "the poem imperceptibly thickens itself out of the stream of prose."

Nemerov also published a short story in the book Stories Selected from the Unexpected by Bennett Cerf under the pseudonym Joseph Cross called "Exchange of Men". http://www.philsp.com/homeville/anth/s194.htm

Bibliography

Poetry collections
The Image and the Law (1947)
Guide to the Ruins (1950)
The Vacuum (1955)
The Salt Garden (1955)
Mirrors and Windows (1958)
The Next Room of The Dream: Poems and Two Plays (1962)
The Blue Swallows (1967)
The Winter Lightning: Selected Poems (1968)
Gnomes & Occasions: Poems (1973) University of Chicago Press
The Collected Poems of Howard Nemerov (1977)  — winner of the National Book Award, Pulitzer Prize, and Bollingen Prize
Sentences (1980)
Inside the Onion (1984)
War Stories: Poems about Long Ago and Now (1987)
Trying Conclusions: New and Selected Poems, 1961-1991 (1992)
Grace to be Said at the Supermarket
The War in the Air

Prose
The Melodramatists (1949)
Federigo: Or the Power of Love (1954)
The Homecoming Game (1957)
The Commodity of Dreams and Other Stories (1959)
Journal of the Fictive Life (1965)
Stories, Fables and Other Diversions (1971)

Literary scholarship
The Oak in the Acorn: On Remembrance of Things Past and on Teaching Proust, Who Will Never Learn (1987)

References

External links

 Academy of American Poets - Biographical Sketch and Links to Poetry
 Poet Laureate Timeline: 1961-1970
 Poetry Foundation - Biography and Links to Poetry
The Howard Nemerov Papers at Washington University in St. Louis
 St. Louis Walk of Fame
 Howard Nemerov "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Skylark" The Baltimore Museum of Art: Baltimore, Maryland, 1964  Accessed June 26, 2012

American Poets Laureate
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Jewish American poets
Formalist poets
Pulitzer Prize for Poetry winners
Bollingen Prize recipients
National Book Award winners
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
Ethical Culture Fieldston School alumni
Harvard College alumni
Poets from Missouri
Poets from New York City
Writers from St. Louis County, Missouri
Deaths from cancer in Missouri
1920 births
1991 deaths
20th-century American poets
Russek family
Royal Canadian Air Force personnel of World War II
Canadian World War II pilots
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
United States Army Air Forces officers
Hamilton College (New York) faculty
Bennington College faculty
Brandeis University faculty

Howard Nemerov


Gacé is a commune. It is in the region of Normandy in the Orne department in the northwest of France. There are 2,192 people living there in 2012. It was at first, a Gallic city named *Vassiākon. The Castle of Gacé was built in the 11th century. The English captured the castle in 1417.

The city had important economic activity in the beginning of 19th century. It's a industrial and agricultural town.

There is the Museum of Lady of the Camellias.

Communes in Orne

Gacé


Machaca  is a traditionally dried meat, usually spiced beef or pork, that is rehydrated and then used in popular local cuisine in Northern Mexico and the Southwestern United States.  It is also readily available in many groceries and supermarkets in these areas. In areas where the dried meat product is not easy to obtain, slow-cooked roast beef (brisket) or skirt steak shredded and then fried is sometimes substituted.

Prepared machaca can be served any number of ways, such as tightly rolled flautas, tacos, or burritos, or on a plate with eggs, onions and peppers (chiles verdes or chiles poblanos).  Machaca is almost always served with flour tortillas that tend to be large, up to 20 inches in diameter.  A very popular breakfast or brunch dish is machaca with eggs, associated with miners in the state of Chihuahua.

The dish is known primarily in the north of Mexico, and the southern regions of the U.S. states of Arizona, California, and New Mexico, and in Texas where it is known as Machacado. In central and southern Mexico, it is not well known by lower socioeconomic classes.

History

Machaca was originally prepared most commonly from dried, spiced beef or pork, and then rehydrated and pounded to make it tender.  The reconstituted meat would then be used to prepare any number of dishes. While drying meat is one of the oldest forms of preservation, the drying of beef with chilis and other native spices was developed by the ranchers and cowboys of northern Mexico.

After the arrival of refrigeration, dehydration was no longer needed for preservation. Most dried beef is sold in the United States as jerky. In Mexico, it is still sold for cooking and snacking; this is done primarily in the north and in small-scale operations. Most machaca dishes now are made from beef that has been well-cooked, shredded, and then cooked in its juices until the desired consistency is achieved, which can be soupy, dry, or medio.  In Tucson, Arizona and southward, the preparation is almost always dry, and approximates more closely the taste and texture of the original dish prepared from dried meat. Carne seca is an alternative name for machaca in parts of the Southwest and Sonora, Mexico.

See also
 List of dried foods
 List of Mexican dishes
 Rousong

References

Mexican beef dishes
Dried meat
Pork dishes

es:Machaca (carne)

Machaca


An expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor  is a variant of the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion (UASB) concept for anaerobic wastewater treatment. The distinguishing feature is that a faster rate of upward-flow velocity is designed for the wastewater passing through the sludge bed. The increased flux permits partial expansion (fluidisation) of the granular sludge bed, improving wastewater-sludge contact as well as enhancing segregation of small inactive suspended particle from the sludge bed. The increased flow velocity is either accomplished by utilizing tall reactors, or by incorporating an effluent recycle (or both). A scheme depicting the EGSB design concept is shown in this EGSB diagram.

The EGSB design is appropriate for low strength soluble wastewaters (less than 1 to 2 g soluble COD/l) or for wastewaters that contain inert or poorly biodegradable suspended particles which should not be allowed to accumulate in the sludge bed.

See also
 Anaerobic digester types
 Biogas
 List of wastewater treatment technologies
 Water pollution

References

Anaerobic digester types
Environmental engineering
Water treatment

Expanded granular sludge bed digestion


Acacio Gabriel Viegas (1 April 1856—February 21, 1933) was a medical practitioner who was credited with the discovery of the outbreak of bubonic plague in Bombay, India, in 1896. His timely discovery helped save many lives in the city and was credited with the inoculation of 18,000 residents. He was also the president of the Bombay Municipal Corporation.

Early life
Acacio Viegas was born on 1 April 1856 in Arpora, Goa. After the completion of his primary education, he joined St Xavier's High School, Bombay, where he completed his matriculation in 1874 with a distinction. He then enrolled in the Grant Medical College, securing a First Class at the L.M. & S. degree examination held in 1880. Viegas then set up practice at Mandvi in the south Bombay area.

As president
Not satisfied with serving the public only through medicine, he successfully contested the civic election from 1888 until 1907. In 1906 he became the President of the Municipal Corporation, enjoying the distinction of being the first native Christian to do so.

He was an active member of the Standing Committee and the Improvement Trust. He then focused his attention to improving the living conditions of the city's poor and down-trodden. He also tried to minimise the increases of public utility costs. As president, Viegas promoted medical relief and introduced compulsory free education.

Viegas was also a member of the Bombay University Syndicate, and was the pioneer of the Faculty of Scientific Technology. He also introduced Portuguese into the syllabus and supported the creation of special colleges for women. He was also an examiner in Medicine at the degree level and Foundation-Fellow of the College of Physicians and Surgeons.

Plague
In 1896, a mysterious disease hit the city in the Nowroji Hill slums. The disease spread rapidly affecting many city residents and became an epidemic. Those in the medical field were puzzled by this disease which saw a mass exodus from the city. The city's commerce was badly hit, and the flourishing textile industry was grounded.

Viegas correctly diagnosed the disease as bubonic plague and tended to patients at great personal risk. He then launched a vociferous campaign to clean up slums and exterminate rats, the carriers of the plague.

To confirm Viegas' findings, four teams of independent experts were brought in. With his diagnosis proving to be correct, the Governor of Bombay invited W M Haffkine, who had earlier formulated a vaccine for cholera, do the same for the epidemic. Haffkine's vaccine saved thousands of lives with Viegas personally inoculating around eighteen thousand residents.

After his death in 1933, a life-size statue of him was erected in the Cowasji Jehangir Hall opposite Metro Cinema on his birth centenary in 1956, by the Governor of Bombay Presidency, Harekrushna Mahtab, as a tribute to the services rendered to the city. A street in the Dhobitalao area is also named after him.

References

 Dr Acacio Viegas, Goan Achievers in Bombay, Dr Teresa Albuquerque, Goacom: Goanow – Looking Back (Nov 2000 issue)
 Goans are all over the world, doing all kinds of things (Archived 2009-10-24), Frederick Noronha

External links

Goans in science and technology
1856 births
1933 deaths
Medical doctors from Mumbai
People from Portuguese India
People from British India
19th-century Indian medical doctors
University of Mumbai alumni
People from North Goa district
Indian Roman Catholics
20th-century Indian medical doctors
Medical doctors from Goa

Acacio Gabriel Viegas


In fishing, casting is the act of throwing bait or a lure using a fishing rod, reel, and line. Several types of rod and reels are designed just for casting. The method of casting can vary but in each case the object of casting is to get the bait or lure to where the fish are.

Basic methods

The most accurate type of cast is the 'overhead cast'. The angler raises the rod (and reel) back behind the head, then quickly flicks the rod forward, releasing the line as the cast is completed. The 'side cast' is less forceful but easier to learn. The rod is swung back in a horizontal motion then quickly moved forward releasing the line. Both basic methods have variations. But both are popular when using spinning and casting rods. Fly fishing uses similar movements, but the line release is different. All types of rods and reels need to match the weight rating of the rod, reel, line and lure for best performance.

Spinning rods & reels

Anyone can learn to cast a lure with a spinning rod and reel in just a few minutes. Two types of spinning reels, open faced and close faced. They work differently. With a closed face reel a push-button is held down and released at the end of the cast. Open face reels require the angler to first open the bail, then hold and release the line with your forefinger as you cast. Open faced reels have a disadvantage when casting short distances. Short casts causes the line to twist. This in turn causes line tangles on the spool. Spinning rods and reels work best using light line and light lures. Spinning reels have an advantage over casting reels when casting into the wind.

Bait casting rods & reels

Bait casting (also called baitcasting) reels come in different sizes and capacities. Depending on use, they also can have different features. The common feature is a horizontal spool that the line winds onto. Casting reels usually have better control of the line and lure. They have better accuracy than other types. Bait casting reels are better at handling heavier line and lures. But there is a learning curve to become skilled with a bait casting rod and reel. To cast a bait casting reel, a push-button is pressed and held until you want to release the line. Bait casting reels have a tendency to 'snarl' or 'backlash'. This is because during the cast the line is coming off the reel at a high rate of speed. When the lure hits the water the line stops. But the spool on the reel keeps turning, causing the line to snarl up. This is even more so when casting into the wind. Practice with bait casting reels minimizes this problem. To control snarling, bait casting reels usually have a brake. This automatically stops the spool when the line stops. Reels have either a magnetic brake control or a centrifugal brake control. Some have both. These must be adjusted to balance between good distance in casting and preventing backlash. Many anglers set the brake lightly to allow more distance. Then they control the braking with their thumb on the spool. Low-profile bait casting reels are designed especially for using the thumb.

Flipping and pitching

Among the specialized types of casts with a bait casting rod are two made popular by tournament fishermen:
 Flipping (or Flippin') is a very short cast of just a few feet. It drops a lure into heavy cover. It requires a stiff rod and heavy braided fishing line.
 Pitching (or Pitchin') is a short cast of just a few yards.  Also for heavy cover it also works with a stiff rod and heavy braided fishing line. In both methods, the rod is used to swing the lure (like a pendulum) out over the water. In both cases the lure enters the water very quietly and so as not to frighten the fish.

Fly rods & reels

Fly fishermen use artificial flies as a lure. Most flies have almost no weight and by themselves could not be cast with other types of rods and reels. The fly rod works because it uses a much heavier line than the other types. It is the line that is being cast. The fly simply goes where the line goes. Fly casting looks more difficult than it is. In less than a couple of hours most beginners can learn the basic cast. Fly casting is more involved than other types of casting. There are fly fishing schools that teach fly casting.

To cast a fly rod, the angler pulls several feet of line off the reel. The rod tip is moved back then in a fluid motion and accelerating, it is moved forward as the line is released. In fishing streams and rivers, trees and shrubs on the bank may prevent an overhead cast. Another type of cast is the 'roll cast'. Using the rod tip the fisherman forces the rod tip down to roll the line forward. Most fly lines are rated by a weight system. A 1wt (one weight) is very light while a 13wt is very heavy. It would be suitable for large salt water fish. Rods (and reels) are rated by the weight of the line they are designed for. Unfortunately there is no one size for all kinds of fish and fishing situations.

Net casting

The term may also be used for casting a net. The net is cast (thrown) by hand so that it spreads out on the water and sinks. Fish are caught in the net and it is hauled back in. Net casting is often used to catch fish for bait. Modern cast nets have a radius of from 4 to 12 feet (1.2 to 3.6 metres). A larger net full of fish may take more than one person to pull it in. Cast nets also sometimes use a 'net thrower' device. This helps spin the net as its thrown, keeping it open. Cast nets work best in shallow water.

Competitive casting

Casting (known as Casting Sport) is also a sport. The sport is supervised by the International Casting Sport Federation  (ICSF). As of April 2014 are in 31 countries.

Casting competitions were active in England and the United States in the later 1800s. In 1881 the first tournament was held just outside of London. In 1955, 14 different national associations started the ICF (now ICSF). The ICSF sets all international standards for the sport. It sponsors tournaments. It also recognizes world records for accuracy and distance. This sport uses plastic weights or hookless flies. Competitions can be held on water or on athletic fields. There are competitive divisions for almost all types of fly, fixed spool and revolving spool tackle, and competitor classes. Competitive casting is part of the World Games.

World Championship in 2014 are to be held in Szamotuly (Poland), from 3 to 7 September.

References

Other websites
 How to do the overhead cast
 How to do the side cast
 Casting a fly rod
How to use fishing pliers

Fishing

Casting (fishing)


Swedish death metal is a death metal music scene developed in Sweden. Many Swedish death metal bands are associated with the melodic death metal movement, thus giving Swedish death metal a different sound from other variations of death metal. Unlike American death metal groups, the first Swedish bands were rooted in hardcore punk. Gothenburg has a large melodic death metal scene while Stockholm is known for its more raw death metal scene.

History

Precursors
The Swedish death metal scene's earliest originators were influenced more by punk rock, especially the D-beat and hardcore punk scene, than they were metal bands. The most influential of these bands upon the burgeoning Swedish extreme metal scene was Gothenburg's Anti Cimex. Influenced by such Swedish punk bands as Asocial, Mob 47 and Anti Cimex, emerged the country's first extreme metal band Bathory. Subsequently becoming a primary influence for the black metal scene, Bathory were a pivotal group in Swedish extreme metal. Mefisto, Obscurity and Merciless were some of the earliest bands to follow in Bathory's footsteps, combining their sound with influences from German groups like Sodom and Destruction. Although Mefisto and Obscurity only released two demos each, and rarely performed live, Merciless became prominent in the extreme metal underground. Their live performances became notorious for bassist Fredrik Karlén's reckless behaviour, including climbing up buildings and jumping off of balconies. Furthermore, the band's 1988 demo Realm of the Dark, led to them becoming the first Swedish extreme metal band after Bathory to be signed to a record label, in this case of Euronymous's label Deathlike Silence Productions, who released Merciless's 1990 debut album The Awakening.

Origins
Stockholm's Morbid and Nihilist were two of the earliest Swedish death metals, who both began to record music at Sunlight Studio around 1987 and 1988. The distinctive "buzzsaw" guitar tone which would become emblematic of the scene was pioneered early on by Nihilist guitarist Leffe Cuzner. It was created by using detuned electric guitars (usually C# standard or lower), a maxed out Boss HM-2 Heavy Metal pedal, sometimes in combination with a single guitar through a Boss DS-1 Distortion pedal. As these groups gained attention locally, additional groups joined the scene in subsequent years including Carnage, Dismember and Treblinka. During this time, many members of the Stockholm scene began congregating in Stockholm Metro stations, where they would listen to music and party. This group called themselves Bajsligan, meaning "Army of Excrement" or "the Shit League". Outside of the city, Grave from Visby formed, who soon began associating with the members of the Stockholm scene. By 1989, this first wave of bands was beginning to conclude: newer groups like Carbonized and Afflicted Convulsion began to gain prominence in the scene and the members of Nihilist, Morbid and Carnage would soon fragment, founding Entombed and Unleashed, and reforming Dismember.

Entombed released their debut album Left Hand Path in 1990, which not only marked them as the most prominent act in Swedish death metal, but also influenced a countless bands both locals and internationally. The same year also saw the release of Carnage's Dark Recollections and Tiamat's Sumerian Cry two other albums which signified beginning of Swedish death metal's second wave. The four groups who eventually solidified themselves as the most prominent bands of this era were Entombed, Grave, Dismember and Unleashed.

Gothenburg scene
The first death metal band to form in Gothenburg was Grotesque, who formed in 1988 and were influenced by both early death metal and black metal. After the 1990 disbandment of Grotesque, the band's vocalist Tomas Lindberg and guitarist Alf Svensson formed At the Gates alongside brothers Jonas and Anders Björler. At the Gates' melancholic and melodic take on death metal proved immediately influential upon fellow Gothenburg bands, with Eucharist and Ceremonial Oath quickly adopting a similar style. Dissection and In Flames were also an early purveyors of this sound, additionally incorporating elements of black metal and folk music respectively. By 1993, Dark Tranquillity too began to incorporate more melodic elements influenced by At the Gates. Following the 1996 disbandment of At the Gates, critics dubbed this style the "Gothenburg sound", and At the Gates, Dark Tranquility and In Flames as the "Gothenburg big three", credited as pioneers of melodic death metal.

Subsequent developments
Cemetary formed in Borås in 1989. The band's 1992 debut album An Evil Shade of Grey incorporating keyboards and elements of gothic metal and doom metal into its death metal foundation. The influence of Cematary led the other groups to form in the city pursuing a similar take on the genre, notably Lake of Tears and Beseech.

Other groups to have emerged from the Swedish death metal scene include Scar Symmetry, Hypocrisy, Tiamat, Arch Enemy, Soilwork, Meshuggah, Amon Amarth, Edge of Sanity, Opeth, Desultory, Cemetary, Avatar and The Haunted.

Newer bands playing in the "old school" Swedish style include Bloodbath and Repugnant. According to Stewart Mason of AllMusic, the "increasingly melodic" style of Swedish death metal combines the post-hardcore aggression and guttural vocals of black metal with melodic and technically proficient guitar lines.

Influence
The death metal scene in Sweden has influenced many bands and genres outside Sweden.
Stewart Mason has noted this popularity in the United States, using the term "Swedecore" to describe Scandinavian-style metal as played by non-Nordic bands. The Stockholm sound has been known to be very influenced by the first Entombed album and bands such as Autopsy, Death and Repulsion. The Stockholm sound has less reception but is strictly followed by bands like Trap Them and Rotten Sound. Melodic death metal, on the other hand, has had a notable influence on the melodic metalcore sound of the 2000s.

See also

List of Swedish death metal bands
Early Norwegian black metal scene

References

Footnotes

Works cited

Olivier "Zoltar" Badin, "In the Embrace of Evil: Swedish Death Metal New Blood", Terrorizer #182, April 2009, pp. 32–34.
James Hoare, "Left Hand Pathfinders", Terrorizer #182, April 2009, pp. 28–29.
Perlah, Jeff. "Justin Foley of Killswitch Engage: Playing Heavy, having Fun". Modern Drummer 10 2004: 96,100, 102, 104, 106.
Freeborn, Robert. "A Selective Discography of Scandinavian Heavy Metal Music". Notes - Quarterly Journal of the Music Library Association 66.4 (2010): 840-50.

Death metal
Music scenes
Swedish styles of music
Extreme metal
Heavy metal by location

Swedish death metal


Amado Alonso (13 September 1896, Lerín Navarre, Spain – 26 May 1952, Arlington, Massachusetts) was a Spanish philologist, linguist and literary critic, who became a naturalised citizen of Argentina and one of the founders of stylistics.

He was a pupil of Ramón Menéndez Pidal at the Center for Historical Studies in Madrid, where he worked on phonetic and geographical linguistics. Between 1927 and 1946 he lived in Buenos Aires, where he headed the Institute of Philology. He then went to Harvard University and lived in America until his death.

Work
Alonso studied a variety of linguistic topics including phonetics, dialectology and lexis. He showed a keen interest in the study of his native language while contributing directly to the Latin American academic world. Without diverging from Menéndez Pidal's philological orientation, Alonso adopted a clearly linguistic research project. The works of Hispanoamerican authors, especially Bello and Cuervo, had impacted his studies and research. His comparative studies on American Spanish have contributed to a greater linguistic appreciation to the language.

His first published work was in the field of language history, showing derivations of modern Spanish words such as Augustu > agosto and auguriu > agüero (1922). From then until 1927 he wrote eight other articles, most of them published in the Revista de Filología Española. Alonso published some of his most important works between 1928 and 1938 while residing in Buenos Aires. His numerous articles in newspapers and magazines were collected and published in linguistic studio, but his two-volume work, "From medieval to modern Spanish pronunciation" was published post-posthumously by Rafael Lapesa 1955.

Alonso popularized the structuralist methodology and the main philosophical currents of his time. In 1945 he translated a Course in General Linguistics by Ferdinand de Saussure, who added an important preface, as he had done with the work of Charles Bally and Karl Vossler.

While at Harvard he founded the Nueva Revista de Filología Española published by the Colegio de Mexico, to reignite the spirit of the Revista de Filología Española, created and directed by him in Buenos Aires from 1939 to 1946.

Alonso was an International member of the American Philosophical Society and an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Publications

 Estructura de las sonatas de Valle Inclán (1928) – (The structure of the Valle Inclán Sonnets)
 El problema de la lengua en América (1935) – (The language problem in America)
 Castellano, español, idioma nacional. Historia espiritual de tres nombres (1938) – (Castillian, Spanish, National language. The spiritual History of the three names)
 Gramática Castellana (Primer curso, 1938; Segundo curso, 1939) En colaboración con Pedro Henríquez Ureña. – (Spanish Grammar – First course, 1938; Second course, 1939 – In collaboration with Pedro Henríquez Ureña)
 Poesía y estilo de Pablo Neruda (1940) – (The poetry and style of Pablo Neruda)
 Ensayo sobre la novela histórica: El modernismo (1942) – (Essay on the historic novel: Modernism)
 Traducción y prólogo del Curso de Lingüística General de F. de Saussure (1945) – (Translation and preface to the General Linguistics Course of F. de Saussure)
 Estudios lingüísticos. Temas españoles (1951) – (Linguistic studies. Spanish issues)
 Estudios lingüísticos. Temas hispanoamericanos (1953) – (Linguistic studies. Latin-American issues)
 Materia y forma en poesía (1955) – (Matter and form in poetry)
 De la pronunciación medieval a la moderna en español (1955) – (From medieval to modern Spanish pronunciation)

References

1896 births
1952 deaths
People from Ribera del Alto Ebro
Spanish philologists
Linguists from Spain
Spanish literary critics
Argentine philologists
Linguists from Argentina
Argentine literary critics
20th-century linguists
Harvard University faculty
Spanish emigrants to Argentina
20th-century philologists
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Amado Alonso


Henry Guernsey Hubbard (May 6, 1850 – January 18, 1899) was an American entomologist and horticulturist. He was both a field entomologist and an applied entomologist. He is most noted for the work he did to identify and control the agricultural pests in the Florida citrus industry. He was also an early pioneer in the study of cave insects.

Biography
Hubbard was born on May 6, 1850, in Detroit, Michigan. His parents were Bela Hubbard and Sarah (Baughman) Hubbard. Bela was a native of Hamilton, N. Y. and in 1835 moved to Michigan where he became a prominent and wealthy citizen of Detroit. Bela had a strong scientific interest in geology, botany, forestry, arboriculture, and archaeology. This interest was passed along to his oldest son, Henry, who became familiar with the habits of the wild creatures in the neighborhood of Detroit at an early age.

Henry Hubbard was educated at a private school in Cambridge, Massachusetts and then spent several years studying with private tutors in Europe. He entered Harvard University in 1869 and worked closely with Hermann August Hagen, Carl Robert Osten-Sacken, and especially Eugene Amandus Schwarz, who became Hubbard's lifelong friend. Under their influence he was determined to become an entomologist when he graduated in 1873. After graduation, he briefly spent time as a post-graduate working under Hagen to study the hibernation of Coleoptera (beetles) during winter.

In May, 1874, he returned to Detroit with Schwarz to start a private museum and form a great collection of beetles. In company with Schwarz, they made several collecting trips in and around Detroit in 1874, through Florida in 1875, and then, in 1876, a series of expeditions to the region of Lake Superior. The collection they built was reviewed favorably by the entomologists attending the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, held in Detroit in 1875. John Lawrence LeConte, the noted coleopterist, declared that the wealth of new specimens would force him to adjust parts of his beetle classification scheme.

While on a trip with his uncle in 1877, Hubbard studied and collected termites in Jamaica. He next joined the Geological Survey of Kentucky as a naturalist in 1879, studying the fauna of Mammoth Cave and other caves in the region. The resulting paper, Two Days' Collecting in the Mammoth Cave (1880) was said to mark the beginning of the scientific study of cave life. He later wrote about cave fauna in Jamaica (1880) and Florida (1901). Other papers he published expressed a similar interest in the assemblages of insects found in unique micro-habitats such as tortoise burrows (1894), Yellowstone hot springs (1891), saguaro cactus (1899) and desert rodent burrows (1901).

When two of his brothers were drowned in a boating accident on Lake St. Clair in 1879, Hubbard moved to Crescent City, Florida where one of the brothers had owned an estate. Hubbard designed and built a home on the property and lived there for several years. He created a beautiful subtropical garden around the home which became famous as "Hubbard Park". The Hubbard House still stands and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. The surrounding gardens no longer exist.

In 1880, Hubbard was appointed a special agent for the United States Entomological Commission and he began an intensive study of the insect pests affecting the Florida citrus crops. In 1885 he published his best-known work, Insects Affecting the Orange. It remained the standard authority for many years and was praised as one of the most careful studies of insect pests yet published. He also developed a kerosene-soap emulsion that proved to be an effective control for scale insects and other citrus pests.

For the next few years he devoted himself to horticultural work, developing his garden and consulting with other horticulturalists. By 1889 he rededicated himself to entomology and made several collecting trips across the country. In 1889 he revisited Lake Superior; in 1890 Montana; in 1891 he and Schwarz traveled to the Wasatch Mountains in Utah, Lake Tahoe in California, and Yellowstone Park; and in 1892 they visited Oregon, Washington and British Columbia. In 1894 he accompanied Charles Valentine Riley on a collecting trip to the British West Indies. After Florida's "Great Freeze" in 1896, Hubbard studied the ambrosia beetles that infested the dead and dying citrus trees.

By 1896 Hubbard's health had declined significantly from tuberculosis that had infected him for several years. In an effort to improve his health, he spent much of his time in Arizona in 1897 and 1898, studying insects with his friend Schwarz. However, his health continued to deteriorate and he died on January 19, 1899.

Hubbard married Kate Lasier in 1887 and together they had four children.

Selected works
Hubbard published approximately 68 papers, including:
 1877: Notes on the tree nests of termites in Jamaica.
 1878: (with  Schwarz, E.A) The Coleoptera of Michigan.
 1880: Two Days' Collecting in the Mammoth Cave.
 1885: Insects Affecting the Orange
 1891: Insect Life in the Hot Springs of Yellowstone National Park.
 1894: The Insect Guests of the Florida Land Tortoise.
 1897: The Ambrosia Beetles of the United States.

Notes

References

**
"Henry Guernsey Hubbard." Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936.

External links

Florida Citrus Hall of Fame

American entomologists
Harvard University alumni
1850 births
1899 deaths
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in the United States

Henry Guernsey Hubbard


Colwyn Bay Football Club () is a professional football club based in Old Colwyn in north Wales. They are currently members of the . Nicknamed the Seagulls, but also known as 'The Bay', their home ground is Llanelian Road in Old Colwyn.

History
The club played its first match in January 1881 and joined the North Wales Coast League in 1898. The club were forced to resign from the league during the 1900–01 when they could not find a home ground to play at, with their fixtures taken over by Penmaenmawr Royal Welch Fusiliers. However, they returned to the league the following season. From 1907, the club became known as Colwyn Bay United. After the league folded in 1921, they joined the Welsh National League. In 1927–28 the club finished as runners-up in the league and won the League Cup. They won the cup for a second time in 1929–30, also reaching the semi-finals of the Welsh Cup, in which they lost 3–1 to Rhyl Athletic. The league folded at the end of the season and the club were subsequently founder members of the North Wales Football Combination, which they went on to win in its first season. Following their title, the club joined the Birmingham & District League. However, the team struggled in the new league, and after finishing bottom in 1935–36 and 1936–37, they switched to the Welsh National League (North).

Colwyn Bay finished as Welsh League (North) runners-up in 1945–46, the first season after World War II. They were runners-up again in 1963–64, and were champions the following season. The early 1980s saw the club enter a period of success, as they were champions for a second time in 1980–81. In 1982–83 the club won the league and reached the Welsh Cup semi-finals, losing 4–0 on aggregate to Swansea City.

After retaining the league title in 1983–84, the club returned to the English football league system, joining Division Three of the North West Counties League. They finished as runners-up in their first season in the league and were promoted to Division Two. A fourth-place finish in Division Two 1986–87 saw the club promoted to Division One. In 1987–88 the club reached the first round of the FA Cup for the first time, losing 1–0 at Northwich Victoria. The following season saw the club win the League Cup, beating Warrington Town 3–0 in the final at Gigg Lane. After finishing as Premier Division runners-up in 1990–91, they were promoted to Division One of the Northern Premier League, filling the vacancy created by South Liverpool folding. They won the division at the first attempt and were promoted to the Premier Division. The season also saw them win the North Wales Coast Challenge Cup and reach the Welsh Cup semi-finals for a third time, losing 4–2 to Hednesford Town.

However, at the end of the 1991–92 season, a dispute with the Football Association of Wales led to Colwyn Bay being ordered to join the newly-formed League of Wales or cease playing in Wales. As a result, the club started the new season playing at the Drill Field in Northwich, before moving to Ellesmere Port Stadium in Ellesmere Port. A court injunction allowed the club to return to playing home matches in Colwyn Bay in 1994 before the case was won in the High Court of Justice in April 1995.
In 1995–96 they reached the first round of the FA Cup again; after beating Spennymoor United 1–0 in the first round, they lost 2–0 at Blackpool in the second round. They qualified for the first round again the following season, eventually losing 2–0 to fellow north Wales club Wrexham in a replay. Another first round appearance in 1997–98 resulted in a 2–0 defeat at Notts County.

The club remained in the Northern Premier League's Premier Division until the end of the 2002–03 season, when they were relegated to Division One. In 2006–07 a fifth-place finish saw the club qualify for the promotion play-offs, in which they lost 3–2 to Cammell Laird in the semi-finals. League restructuring led to the club being placed in Division One South for the 2007–08 season, before being switched to the North division the following season. Their first season in Division One North resulted in a fourth-place finish and another play-off campaign, in which they lost their semi-final match 4–2 on penalties to Newcastle Blue Star after a 2–2 draw. However, after finishing fourth again in 2009–10, the club were promoted back to the Premier Division via the play-offs, beating Curzon Ashton 2–1 in the semi-finals and then winning 1–0 against Lancaster City in the final.

The 2010–11 season saw Colwyn Bay finish as Premier Division runners-up. In the subsequent play-offs they beat North Ferriby United 2–1 in the semi-finals and then defeated FC United 1–0 in the final to earn promotion to the Conference North. After four seasons in the Conference North, the club were relegated back to the Northern Premier League's Premier Division at the end of the 2014–15 season. They were relegated again in 2015–16, returning to Division One North. In March 2019 the club opted to rejoin the Welsh football system for the 2019–20 season, and joined the newly formed second-tier Cymru North. The 2022–23 season saw the club win the League Cup North and the Cymru North title, losing only once during the season after winning 25 consecutive games, earning promotion to the Cymru Premier.

Ground

The club had a nomadic existence during their early years, often having to move as builders acquired land as the town rapidly expanded during the late 19th and early 20th century. They played on land owned by Penrhos School, at the Board School field, at Marine Hotel field and then Eirias Park. After the adjacent school expanded onto the land, they played on a pitch in Mochdre before relocating to another ground at Eirias Park towards the end of the 1940s. This remained home until 1983, when the land was required to dump soil following construction of the A55. Eirias Arena was a temporary home for a season and a half until the club moved to their current Llanelian Road ground in 1984. The Shed End stand was erected in 1985 and two more stands built by 1990, when floodlights were installed and inaugurated with a friendly match against Liverpool. When the club was forced to play outside Wales in 1992, they initially played at Northwich Victoria's Drill Field, before moving to Ellesmere Port.

After returning to Llanelian Road in 1994, terracing was installed on the Llanelian Road side of the ground in 1998. Following promotion to the Conference North, a new covered 500-seat stand was built during the 2011–12 season. The ground currently has a capacity of 3,000, of which 500 is seated. In 2023 a new 1,000-seat stand was built to replace two covered terraced stands on the west side of the ground.

Current squad
As of 4 September 2023

Out on loan

Management team

Honours
Cymru North
Champions 2022–23
League Cup North winners 2022–23
Northern Premier League
Division One champions 1991–92
Division One League Cup winners 1991–92
North West Counties League
League Cup winners 1988–89
Floodlit Trophy winners 1990–91
Welsh League (North)
Champions 1964–65, 1980–81, 1982–83, 1983–84
North Wales Football Combination
Champions 1930–31
Welsh National League
League Cup winners 1927–28
 North Wales Coast Challenge Cup
Winners 1930–31, 1960–61 (shared), 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1991–92, 1995–96, 1997–98, 1999–2000, 2010–11
Alves Cup
Winners 1963–64
Cookson Cup
Winners 1973–74, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1983–84
Barrit Cup
Winners 1979–80, 1983–84

Records
Best FA Cup performance: Second round, 1995–96
Best Welsh Cup performance: Semi-finals: 1929–30, 1982–83, 1991–92, 2021–22
Best FA Trophy performance: Quarter-finals, 1996–97
Record attendance: 5,000 vs Borough United, 1964 (at Eirias Park)
Most appearances: Bryn Jones
Most goals: Peter Donnelly

See also
Colwyn Bay F.C. players
Colwyn Bay F.C. managers

References

Sources

External links

Official website

Football clubs in Wales
Welsh football clubs formerly in English leagues
Association football clubs established in 1881
1881 establishments in Wales
West Midlands (Regional) League
North West Counties Football League clubs
Northern Premier League clubs
National League (English football) clubs
Cymru North clubs
Sport in Conwy County Borough
Welsh League North clubs
North Wales Coast League clubs
Colwyn Bay

Colwyn Bay F.C.


Luise Danz (11 December 1917 – 21 June 2009) was a Nazi concentration camp guard in World War II. Danz was captured in 1945 and put on trial for crimes against humanity at the Auschwitz trial in Kraków, Poland. She was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1947, but released due to general amnesty on 20 August 1957.

Atrocities in Nazi concentration camps
She was born in Walldorf (Werra) in Thuringia. On January 24, 1943, at the age of 25, Danz was conscripted as an SS-Aufseherin within the Nazi concentration camp system at Ravensbrück. She served as guard in several camps in occupied Poland, including Majdanek (1943-April 1944), Kraków-Płaszów (April 1944), Auschwitz-Birkenau (May 1944-January 1945) and Malchow (subcamp of Ravensbrück). In 1943, she received an award from Nazi Germany for her camp service. From 1 March 1943, she completed a three-week guard course at the Ravensbrück concentration camp and was on March 22, 1943 transferred to the Majdanek concentration camp. There she oversaw the women's camp work details in the camp tailoring, kitchen, nursery and clothing store. During the evacuation of Majdanek at the end of April 1944, Danz was in the Plaszow concentration camp. Halina Nelken remembered her in Plaszow: "Danz, tall, slender, and with a gaunt, boyish face was a specialist in punching jaws with her fist and at the same time bringing her knee up into a stomach. The woman she was mistreating fainted immediately."

After the evacuation of Plaszow concentration camp Luise Danz was in Auschwitz-Birkenau in September or October 1944, where she oversaw a Jewish commando in the concentration camp laundry and led the leather detail as a Kommandofuhrerin, and eventually rose to the rank of Rapportfuhrerin in the camp for Hungarian Jewish women. After the evacuation of Auschwitz took place in January 1945, she was moved to Ravensbrück and on to its subcamp in Malchow. Danz became Oberaufseherin in Malchow in January 1945 upon her arrival and served in that capacity until the beginning of May 1945. In Malchow 900 female prisoners worked in Verwertchemie, the local explosives factory for recovery of chemicals work. Danz's behavior is said to have evolved according to statements of surviving prisoners of the different camps into that of a sadist. She severely abused prisoners, for example, with her bull whip. She also aided in the hanging of Russian women prisoners and hours-long prisoner roll calls which claimed many lives from exposure and exhaustion alone.

Capture and trials for war crimes

At the end of the war in May 1945, Danz tried to slip into obscurity, but was discovered, captured and arrested on 1 June 1945 in Lützow and tried by Poland at the Auschwitz Trial for crimes she had committed while on duty in the vast German camp system. At her 1947 trial, she was sentenced to life imprisonment, but was released early in 1957 after serving 10 years.

In 1947, survivor Mirosława Odi stated in the Municipal Court of Oświęcim that "As regards the defendant Luise Danz, I can state that the defendant was an SS woman and that she was very good, because she helped the prisoners and was punished for doing so three times with a 14-day long incarceration in the bunker. I know that this defendant used to turn a blind eye to all transgressions on the part of the prisoners. That SS woman worked for some time in the kitchen and later in the clothes sorting room."

In 1996, she was tried before a German court for the alleged murder of a teenager in the Malchow concentration camp. German doctors said the defendant was too old to be able to withstand court proceedings, so the charge was dropped.

See also
Female guards in Nazi concentration camps

References

1917 births
2009 deaths
Female guards in Nazi concentration camps
German people convicted of crimes against humanity
German people imprisoned abroad
German prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Holocaust perpetrators in Poland
Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp personnel
Majdanek concentration camp personnel
People convicted in the Auschwitz trial
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Poland
People extradited to Poland
Torturers

Luise Danz


The 2017 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame in the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team was coached by Brian Kelly and played its home games at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend, Indiana. They competed as an independent. They finished the season 10–3, an impressive turnaround from the season before, where the Irish finished with their worst record since 2007. They were invited to the Citrus Bowl where they defeated LSU. The Irish would finish the season with four wins over teams that finished in the top 25 rankings (both the AP and Coaches polls), including winning three of those by over 20 points or more.

2017 NFL draft
The following former Notre Dame players were selected in the 2017 NFL Draft:

Transfers out/departures
 WR Corey Holmes (Purdue)
 QB Malik Zaire (Florida)
 C/G Tristen Hoge (BYU)
 TE Tyler Luatua (injury)
 OL Parker Boudreaux (UCF)
 LB Josh Barajas (Illinois State)
 G Colin McGovern (Virginia)
 S Spencer Perry (South Alabama)
 RB Justin Brent (Nevada)

Transfers in
 WR Freddy Canteen (Michigan)
 WR Cameron Smith (Arizona State)
 S Alohi Gilman (Navy)

Coaching changes
Departures
 Scott booker – dismissed
 Keith gilmore – dismissed
 Mike Denbrock (hired at Cincinnati)
 Bob Elliott (hired at Nebraska)
 Mike Sanford Jr. – hired as head coach at Western Kentucky
 Paul longo – replaced and moved into an administrative role

Additions
 Mike Elko – hired as defensive coordinator
 Chip Long – hired as offensive coordinator and Tight ends coach
 Brian Polian – returns as special teams coordinator
 Clark Lea – hired as linebackers Coach
 DelVaughn Alexander – hired as wide receivers coach
 Tom Rees – returns as quarterback coach
 Matt balis – hired as director of football performance

Recruiting

Position key

Recruits
The Fighting Irish signed a total of 21 recruits.

Personnel

Coaching staff

Roster

Schedule

Schedule Source: 2017 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Football Schedule

Rankings

Game summaries

Temple

The Irish offense racked up 606 yards of offense including 422 of it from rushing. They finished with three players with over a 100 rushing yards: Josh Adams (161 yards), Dexter Williams (124 yards) and quarterback Brandon Wimbush (106 yards) all hit the century mark rushing as the Irish win big on opening day.

Georgia

With 3 minutes, 34 seconds left to play, the Bulldogs took a 1-point lead on a 30-yard field goal by kicker Rodrigo Blankenship. On The Irish's final drive, Bulldogs linebacker Davin Bellamy strip-sacked quarterback Brandon Wimbush, and linebacker Lorenzo Carter recovered the fumble with 1:27 left to seal the victory. For the Bulldogs, Jake Fromm made his first career start at quarterback in place of the injured Jacob Eason (left knee).

Boston College

Fighting Irish quarterback Brandon Wimbush rushed for 270 yards with four touchdowns; the most rushing yards by a Notre Dame quarterback, a school record. Also, running back Josh Adams rushed for 229 yards in three quarters. This is the first time in Notre Dame football history that two players have rushed for more than 200 yards in a single game.

Michigan State

The Irish would score on their opening drive, a 7 play, 78-yard drive that was capped off by Quarterback Brandon Wimbush's 16-yard touchdown run. Notre Dame would add to their lead three minutes later with a 59-yard interception return for a touchdown by cornerback Julian Love go to up 14–0 over the Spartans. The Irish defense forced three turnovers in the game, all of them the Irish turned into touchdowns. The Irish offense racked up 5.8 yards per play, including rushing for 182 yards against the Spartans defense that came into the game in the top 10 in rush defense.

Miami (OH)

The Irish opened the scoring on the second play from scrimmage when running back Josh Adams scampered 73 yards for a touchdown. Another Adams touchdown run—this one a 59-yarder—was bookended by two RedHawks turnovers that the Irish converted into 14 points. The 28-point first quarter marked the most points for the Irish in a single period since 2005. The victory was the 900th win in Irish program history.

North Carolina

After a scoreless opening period, quarterback Ian Book found receiver Cameron Smith for a 6-yard touchdown pass. On the second play of the next offensive series, running back Josh Adams scored on a 73-yard touchdown run. Later in the game, running back Deon McIntosh added two rushing scores for the Irish who gained 341 of its 487 total yards on the ground. Book made his first career start at quarterback in place of the injured Brandon Wimbush (right foot).

USC

The Fighting Irish would welcome No. 11 USC in a highly anticipated game. The Irish defense started the game forcing a USC turnover on the Trojans first offensive play of the game, and that would be a sign of things to come from the rest of the game as the Irish forced three total turnovers and would take a commanding 28–0 lead by halftime. Running back Josh Adams had 191 rush yards and three touchdowns, including an 84-yard score in the third quarter. The Irish would rush for a total of 377 yards and averaged 8 yards per rush during the game. With this victory, Notre Dame earned the largest margin of victory in the series with USC in a half century. The last time was 51–0 in Los Angeles in 1966.

NC State

Coming into the game, NC State had a six-game win streak, along with the Irish who had a five-game win streak. The talk coming into the game was who would have the advantage. Would it be North Carolina State's stout run defense (ranked 6th in the country) or Notre Dame's dangerous rush offense (ranked 6th in the country). The first quarter saw both offenses struggle to move the ball, but the Wolfpack got on the board first with a blocked punt returned that was recovered in the end zone to give North Carolina State a 7–0 lead. Notre Dame responded in quick fashion with a 2-play, 60-yard drive that was capped off with a touchdown pass by Irish Quarterback Brandon Wimbush, who threw a 25-yard touchdown pass to tight end Durham Smythe. The two teams traded scores in the 2nd quarter but the Irish would take a 21–14 lead with another touchdown pass by Brandon Wimbush, this time an 11-yard pass to wide receiver Kevin Stepherson. Before the first half ended, the Wolfpack were threatening to score, as they had the ball at the Irish 35. But on 3rd and 10, the Irish were able to get a sack on quarterback Ryan Finley to push the Wolfpack out of field goal range. That play would seem to set the stage for the rest of the game. After halftime, the Irish started to take control with a 69-yard interception return for a touchdown by Irish cornerback Julian Love giving the Irish a two touchdown lead. Josh Adams put the game away for good with a 77-yard touchdown run late in the 3rd quarter.

Josh Adams finished the game with 202 rush yards and the Irish as a team finished the game with 318 rush yards. That was more than twice as many rush yards that the Wolfpack defense had allowed on the year, as the previous most was 133 rush yards by Furman. This was the sixth straight game the Irish had won by 20 points or more. This was also the first time since 2012 that the Irish had two wins over opponents ranked in the top 15 in a season and the first time since 1989 that they did it in consecutive weeks. It was also the sixth time the Irish ran for 300 yards or more in a game this season.

Wake Forest

Though the Irish defense gave up a season-high 580 yards of offense and 37 points, the offense was dominant. The Irish rushed for 380 yards and racked up 710 total yards of offense, 10 yards shy of tying the school record. This was the seventh time in nine games this season the Irish rushed for over 300 yards.

Miami (Florida)

In a highly anticipated matchup, the Fighting Irish of Notre Dame and the Miami Hurricanes met in a crucial game that had major College Football Playoffs implications for the winner. Miami would prevail in a one-sided contest in which the Hurricanes defense shut down the high powered offense of Notre Dame, including Heisman candidate Josh Adams. Coming into the game, the Irish had just two turnovers in the previous six games, including no turnovers during that span when quarterback Brandon Wimbush started. They turned it over four times in the contest that was turned into 24 points for the Hurricanes. A pick six by True Freshman Trajan Brady just before halftime gave Miami a commanding 27-0 lead at halftime and Notre Dame never recovered. The Irish had just 109 yards rushing (averaged 324 yards a game coming in), 8 points (averaged 41 points a game) and just 261 total yards of offense (averaged 440). With this loss, the Irish dropped out of the College Football Playoff conversation.

Navy

Another tough, competitive game between Notre Dame and Navy in this historic rivalry, as the Irish prevail 24–17. For Navy, after taking a 17–10 lead on a 12 yard touchdown pass from Zach Abey to Craig Scott in the 3rd quarter, Navy finished the game with a missed field, an interception and a turn over on downs, all in Irish territory. The Irish went up for good in the 4th quarter with a 9 yard touchdown pass from Brandon Wimbush to wide receiver Kevin Stepherson. A week after giving up 41 points, the Irish defense held Navy to just 17 points, despite Navy controlling the game clock 42:42 to 17:18.

Josh Adams ran for 106 yards on 18 carries. Josh Adams topped 3,000 career yards and now has the 4th highest single season rushing total in Notre Dame history at 1,337.  He needs 101 yards next weekend against Stanford to break the record.

Stanford

Heading into the 4th quarter, the Irish had a 20–17 lead in a tightly contested game, but back to back turnovers by the Irish turned the game around in a hurry, as the Cardinal took advantage and turned both turnovers into touchdowns. Less than five minutes into the final quarter, the Cardinal had a 38–20 lead. The Irish tried to play catch up for the rest of the quarter, but a turnover on downs and an interception at the goal line halted any comeback bid.

LSU (Citrus Bowl)

With the Irish trailing 17-14 with less than 2 minutes to play, quarterback Ian Book connected on a 55-yard touchdown pass to tight end Miles Boykin, giving the Irish an improbable lead late in the game. The Irish defense would force LSU to turn the ball over on downs on the next series, securing Notre Dames first bowl win on New Year's Day since January 1, 1994.

The game started out fast for the Irish, as quarterback Brandon Wimbush connected on a 35-yard pass to receiver Equanimeous St. Brown on the first play of the game to the LSU 40 yard line. The drive later stalled as the Irish were stuffed on 4th and 1. The Irish offense would sputter for most of the first half, punting on five straight possessions. The Irish defense would make a key goal line stand in the 2nd quarter, as Notre Dame would stop LSU twice at the Irish 1 yard line, forcing LSU to kick a field goal (which missed), keeping the score tied 0–0. With Brandon Wimbush struggling to move the offense, quarterback Ian Book came in to relieve him. A field goal at the end of the half gave the Irish a 3–0 lead. In the second half, two Irish turnovers would give LSU momentum, including scoring a touchdown to give the Tigers their first lead of the game. In the 4th quarter, LSU would extend its lead to 14–6 with a 2 yard touchdown pass from Danny Etling to Derrius Guice on 3rd and goal. On the following possession, Book connected on a 29-yard pass to Miles Boykin on 3rd and 19 to extend the drive. Five plays later, The Irish got their first touchdown of the game with a 6-yard touchdown pass by Book to Michael Young Jr. Running Back Josh Adams would run in the two-point conversion to tie the game. The Tigers would retake the lead with a 17 yard field goal with 2:03 left in the game.

The win would give Notre Dame 10 wins on the year, one year after the Irish finished a miserable 4–8 in 2016. This would be the second time in three seasons the Irish had 10 wins, and only the fifth time the Irish reached at least 10 wins since 2002.

Scoring summary

Post season

Awards
Doak Walker Award
Semi-finalist: Josh Adams
Outland Trophy
Finalist: Quenton Nelson
Wuerffel Trophy
Finalist: Drue Tranquill
Joe Moore Award
Winner: Offensive Line
Peter Mortell Award
Finalist: Montgomery VanGorder

All-Americans

References

Notre Dame
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football seasons
Citrus Bowl champion seasons
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football