Virginia Episcopal School (VES) is a private, co-educational college preparatory, boarding and day school for students in grades 9 - 12, located in Lynchburg, Virginia, United States. The school was first conceived in 1906 by the Reverend Robert Carter Jett, and opened its doors to students in September 1916. Virginia Episcopal School's  campus is located above the James River in Lynchburg along the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains.

History
Virginia Episcopal School's early benefactor, Viscountess Astor, the first female member of British Parliament, donated much of the school's initial endowment while visiting her family home, Mirador, in Albemarle County.  Lady Astor maintained a keen interest in the school for the rest of her life and was instrumental in having her father Chiswell Langhorne donate the school chapel in memory of his wife Nancy Witcher Keene (parents of Lady Astor).

Virginia Episcopal School opened its doors to students in September 1916. Jett Hall was completed the same year under the direction of Frederick H. Brooke, a prominent Washington architect. Pendleton Hall was completed in 1918, enabling enrollment to be increased from sixty-three to one-hundred eleven boys. In 1919, Langhorne Memorial Chapel was consecrated. This was followed by the opening of Barksdale Gymnasium in 1920. As bishop of the newly-created Diocese of Southwest Virginia, Bishop Jett would serve ex officio as chairman of the school's board of trustees until his retirement in 1938.

Originally all-white, the school was racially integrated in 1967, when the first two black students entered the school in a successful initiative organized by the Stouffer Foundation, which also arranged the integration of other elite prep schools in the South, including Saint Andrew's School in Florida, the Asheville School in North Carolina, and the Westminster School in Georgia.

Notable alumni
Dr. Henry C. Bourne Jr.: President, administrator, and faculty member at the Georgia Institute of Technology.
Erskine Bowles: White House Chief of Staff under President Bill Clinton, co-chair of the bipartisan National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform under President Obama, and tenth Chancellor of the University of North Carolina public university system.
Steve Cowper: Sixth governor of Alaska.
Hardy Cross Dillard: United States judge of the International Court of Justice, former Dean of the University of Virginia School of Law.
Paul Fulton Jr.: Former Dean of the University of North Carolina's Kenan-Flagler Business School; founder, former chairman of Bassett Furniture Industries, and former President of Sara Lee Corporation.
William B. Harrison Jr.: Former CEO of J.P. Morgan Chase
Phil Haynes: Professional football player for the Seattle Seahawks.
Vivian Howard: Chef, restaurateur, television personality; star of PBS series "A Chef's Life," for which she has earned a Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Culinary Program.
Jerrauld Jones: Former member of the Virginia House of Delegates.
 Sacha Killeya-Jones (born 1998): American-British basketball player for Hapoel Gilboa Galil of the Israeli Basketball Premier League.
D. Holmes Morton: Physician, founder of the Clinic for Special Children in Strasburg, Pennsylvania; 2006 MacArthur Foundation Fellowship "Genius Grant" recipient; recipient of the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism; and one of Time magazine's "Heroes of Medicine" for his work in genetic illnesses (dropped out, later received honorary degree).
Paul Taylor: Modern dance choreographer, received National Merit of Arts from President Clinton, MacArthur Foundation Fellowship "genius award."
Loretta Pieper: Youngest judge in German history at age 26; founded Webmiles AG internet company and Fine Arts Partners.
Lee M. Thomas: Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency under President Ronald Reagan.

References

External links

 Virginia Episcopal School

School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Private high schools in Virginia
Boarding schools in Virginia
Episcopal schools in Virginia
Educational institutions established in 1916
National Register of Historic Places in Lynchburg, Virginia
Colonial Revival architecture in Virginia
Schools in Lynchburg, Virginia
1916 establishments in Virginia

Virginia Episcopal School


Joseph Lucian Roccisano (October 15, 1939 in Springfield, Massachusetts – November 9, 1997) was an American jazz saxophonist and arranger.

Career
Roccisano received his bachelor's degree in music education from SUNY-Potsdam in 1963. In 1964 he played in the Tommy Dorsey orchestra under Sam Donahue, then moved to Los Angeles, where he played with Don Ellis (1966–68), Ray Charles (1967-68), Louie Bellson, Lew Tabackin, Toshiko Akiyoshi, Terry Gibbs, Don Menza, Bill Holman, and Don Rader. He assembled the 15-piece ensemble Rocbop in 1976 and played in the Capp-Pierce Juggernaut in 1981. He later formed his own big band, the Joe Roccisano Orchestra, which released two albums during the 1990s. The musicians joining him in this band included Bill Charlap, Bud Burridge, Jack Stuckey, Franck Amsallem, James E. Pugh, John Basile, Ken Hitchcock, Lou Marini, Matt Finders, Robert Millikan, Scott Lee, Terry Clarke, Tim Ries, Tom Harrell, Scott Robinson, and Greg Gisbert.

Roccisano was an arranger for with Ellis, Bellson, Doc Severinsen, and Woody Herman. He scored the tune "Green Earrings" on the 1978 Herman album Chick, Donald, Walter, and Woodrow and was nominated for a Grammy Award for the arrangement. He composed "Tenors of the Time", a tune recorded by Pete Christlieb and Warne Marsh.

Discography

As leader
 The Shape I'm In (Landmark, 1993)
 Leave Your Mind Behind (Landmark, 1995)
 Nonet (Double-Time, 1998)

As sideman
With Louie Bellson
 Don't Stop Now (Bosco, 1984)
 Louie Bellson and His Jazz Orchestra (MusicMasters, 1987)
 Hot (MusicMasters, 1988)
 East Side Suite (MusicMasters, 1989)
 Airmail Special (MusicMasters, 1990)
 Live from New York (Telarc, 1994)

With Don Ellis
 Electric Bath (Columbia, 1967)
 Live in 3 2-3/4 Time (Pacific Jazz, 1966)
 Shock Treatment (Columbia, 1968)

With others
 Toshiko Akiyoshi & Lew Tabackin, Long Yellow Road (RCA, 1975)
 Bob Crewe, Street Talk (Elektra, 1976)
 The Capp-Pierce Orchestra, Juggernaut Strikes Again! (Concord Jazz, 1982)
 The Manhattan Transfer, Pastiche (Atlantic, 1978)
 Walter Murphy, Discosymphony (New York, 1979)
 David Oliver, Rain Fire (Mercury, 1979)
 Harry Partch, Delusion of the Fury (Innova/Sony, 1999)
 Don Rader, Polluted Tears (DRM, 1973)

References

"Joe Roccisano". The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz.
[ Allmusic discography]

1939 births
1997 deaths
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
Jazz musicians from Massachusetts
Landmark Records artists
Muse Records artists
20th-century American saxophonists
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
The Capp-Pierce Juggernaut members
Double-Time Records artists

Joe Roccisano


Walter Thomas James Morgan CBE FRS (5 October 1900 – 10 February 2003) was a British biochemist noted for his work on the immunochemistry of antigens and described as 'one of the pioneers of immunochemistry'.

Early life
He was born in Ilford to Walter Morgan, a solicitor's clerk at the Royal Courts of Justice and his wife Anne. He was barred from attending primary school for a year after a ringworm infection on his head; the treatment, irradiation, caused hair to fall out, and his parents refused to sign the waiver absolving the health authority from responsibility should the hair not grow back. Due to this the family moved house to Little Ilford, where after leaving the local primary school he attended Raine's Foundation School, where he became interested in mechanical engineering. His growing interest in chemistry led him to start his own laboratory in a garden shed using chemicals bought from a supplier in London, with his main area of focus being the creation of "dyes and explosive compounds". The start of World War I in 1914 led to a drop in teaching standards as the teachers were drafted into the armed forces, and as a result he left school in 1916 to work for the Gas Light and Coke Company, which he left to work at a government-operated factory in Greenwich as he found the atmosphere at the GLCC unpleasant.

Aware that he would be drafted into the military on his 18th birthday, Morgan instead joined early so that he could pick which branch to serve in. He picked the Royal Navy, and due to his experience working with chemicals he was appointed to , producing chemicals and equipment for the navy, including smoke screen floats.

Academia
He was demobilised in 1919 and offered a government grant to study at university, but his demobilisation came too late in the year for him to start his chemistry degree then. Instead he began his studies in 1920 at East London College. The degree examinations at the time were held after the summer holiday rather than before, so to help with his family's dire financial situation (his father had died in 1918, leaving his mother financially destitute) he again worked for the Gas Light and Coke Company as a junior chemist, where he was tasked with finding a better way to extract natural gas from coke than the process used at the time. He demonstrated the process at the Cantor Lecture of the Royal Society of Arts, and after an uninspiring start (the control sample initially worked just as well as the one using his process) his work turned out to be a success.

After the discovery of Insulin in 1922 Morgan became interested in medicinal chemistry, and he applied to West Ham Municipal College, where he studied for his Master of Science part-time while still working for the Gas Light and Coke Company. He finished his degree in 1925, and published his first paper in the Journal of the Chemical Society in 1926. One of his tutors while he was studying for his MSc was Arthur Harden, who impressed with his work advised Morgan to apply to The Lister Institute for Preventive Medicine for a Grocer's Company Research Student grant. He applied even though the pay (£250 a year) was less than that he was getting as a junior chemist, and was accepted by Charles Martin, the Institute director at the time. Morgan remained working there for over 50 years. Before taking up his position he did a variety of evening classes, including courses at the Case Technical Institute on the subjects of physiology and yeast microbiology and a course on biochemistry at Chelsea Polytechnic. While attending lectures at University College London he met Glen Anrep, who he worked for as an unpaid volunteer, thus getting the physiology qualification he needed to apply for a PhD.

Work at the Lister Institute
He initially worked with Dr Robert Robison identifying the structure of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase discovered by Arthur Harden and William John Young. He succeeded in doing this, and studies on esters made up a large chunk of his PhD thesis. In 1925 he attended a course on organic microanalysis at the University of Graz on the recommendation of Harden. He was awarded his PhD in 1927 and the Beit Memorial Research Fellowship, which allowed him to continue his research on sugars. He visited Graz repeatedly in later years, and saw its transformation from the relative happiness of the 1920s to the oppressive regime in the 1930s, at one point being questioned by a Nazi patrol.

In 1928 he was appointed as a biochemist at the institute's Serum and Vaccine Department north of London, where in 1930 he successfully immunised a horse against Poliomyelitis. He attended the 1929 International Physiological Congress in Boston where he met several distinguished scientists including Walter Goebel and Michael Heidelberger, both of whom became close friends. In 1936 he was awarded the Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship, allowing him to study at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich under Tadeus Reichstein, who he also became friends with. He returned to England in 1938 to take up a position as Reader of Biochemistry at the Lister Institute, continuing to work on bacterial antigens before the outbreak of World War II forced him to stop his research due to the perceived risk of large bacterial cultures possibly being exposed to the atmosphere by bombing. Expecting casualties in the war he instead focused his attention on the structure of blood antigens with Winifred Watkins, and was one of the first to insist on human-only individual samples, rather than pooled or animal samples. It took until 1965 before they worked out the complete chemical structure of A and B-type blood.

He retired from the Biochemistry department in 1968, staying as a guest researcher until 1972 when due to the poor state of the Institute he was asked to become the director again, which he did until 1975 when the institute was forced to close. From then until 1989 he worked in an honorary position at the MRC Clinical Research Centre.

Awards
He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1949, and from 1956 to 1960 he served as a member of the Scientific Advisory Council. He also served on the Royal Society Council until 1958, and was elected its vice president in 1961, a position he held until 1964. In 1959 he was made a CBE and delivered the Royal Society's Croonian Lecture. In 1968 he was awarded the Royal Medal of the Royal Society 'In recognition of his outstanding contributions to knowledge of the chemistry of blood-group substances, with special reference to genetical as well as immunological considerations'.

Personal life
He married Dorothy Irene Price (died 1993) on 25 April 1930, with whom he had two daughters and a son.

References

1900 births
2003 deaths
British biochemists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Royal Medal winners
British centenarians
Men centenarians
People educated at Raine's Foundation School
Alumni of Queen Mary University of London
Alumni of the University of East London

Walter Thomas James Morgan


Maurice, Count of Saxony (, ; 28 October 1696 – 20 November 1750) was a notable soldier, officer and a famed military commander of the 18th century. The illegitimate son of Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, he initially served in the Army of the Holy Roman Empire, then the Imperial Army, before finally entering French service. De Saxe became a Marshal and even Marshal General of France. He is best known for his deeds in the War of the Austrian Succession and especially for his decisive victory at the Battle of Fontenoy.

Childhood

Maurice was born at Goslar, an illegitimate son of Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, and the Countess Maria Aurora of Königsmarck. He was the first of eight extramarital children whom August acknowledged, although as many as 354 are claimed by sources, including Wilhelmine of Bayreuth, to have existed.

In 1698, the Countess sent him to his father in Warsaw. August had been elected King of Poland in the previous year, but the unsettled condition of the country obliged Maurice to spend the greater part of his youth outside its borders. This separation from his father made him independent and had an important effect on his future career.

Military career

At the age of twelve, Maurice served in the Imperial Army under Prince Eugene of Savoy, at the sieges of Tournai and Mons and at the Battle of Malplaquet during the war of the Spanish Succession. A proposal at the end of the campaign to send him to a Jesuit college in Brussels was dropped due to the protests of his mother.

Upon his return to the camp of the Allies at the beginning of 1710, Maurice displayed a courage so impetuous that Prince Eugene admonished him to not confuse rashness with valour.

He next served under Peter the Great against the Swedes in the Great Northern War. In 1711, August formally recognized him and Maurice was granted the rank of Count (Graf). He then accompanied his father to Pomerania, and in 1712 he took part in the Battle of Gadebusch. At the age of 17 in 1713 he commanded his own regiment of the Royal Saxon Army.

As an adult, Maurice bore a strong resemblance to his father, both physically and in character. His grasp was so powerful that he could bend a horseshoe with his hand, and even at the end of his life, his energy and endurance were scarcely affected by the illnesses his many excesses had caused.

On 12 March 1714, a marriage was arranged between him and one of the richest of his father's subjects, Countess Johanna Viktoria Tugendreich von Loeben, but he dissipated her fortune so rapidly that he was soon heavily in debt. The next year (21 January 1715), Johanna gave birth to a son, called August Adolf after his grandfather; the child only lived a few hours. Since Maurice had also given her more serious grounds of complaint against him, he consented to an annulment of the marriage on 21 March 1721.

After serving the German Emperor Charles VI in a campaign against the Ottoman Empire in 1717, he went to Paris to study mathematics, and in 1720 obtained a commission as field marshal. In 1725, he entered negotiations for election as Duke of Courland, at the insistence of the Duchess Anna Ivanovna, who offered him her hand. He was chosen Duke in 1726, but declined marriage with the duchess. He soon found it impossible to resist her opposition to his claims, but with the assistance of £30,000 lent him by the French actress Adrienne Lecouvreur, he raised a force by which he maintained his authority till 1727, when he withdrew and took up residence in Paris. Lecouvreur was to die mysteriously shortly afterwards: there is controversy as to whether or not she was poisoned by her rival, Maria Karolina Sobieska, Duchess of Bouillon.

At the outbreak of the War of the Polish Succession, Maurice served under Marshal the Duke of Berwick, and for a brilliant exploit at the Siege of Philippsburg he was named lieutenant-general. In the War of the Austrian Succession he took command of an army division sent to invade Austria in 1741, and on 19 November 1741, surprised Prague during the night, and seized it before the garrison was aware of the presence of an enemy, a coup de main which made him famous throughout Europe; he thus repeated the exploit of 1648 of his maternal great-grandfather, Hans Christoff von Königsmarck. After capturing the fortress of Eger (Cheb) on 19 April 1742, he received a leave of absence, and went to Russia to push his claims for the Duchy of Courland, but returned to his command after getting nowhere.

Maurice's exploits were the sole redeeming feature in an unsuccessful campaign, and on 26 March 1743, his merits were rewarded by promotion to Marshal of France. He had been given only 50–60,000 men to defend against an enemy army twice as large. From this time on, he became one of the great generals of the age. In 1744, he was chosen to command the 10,000 men of the French invasion of Britain on behalf of James Francis Edward Stuart, which assembled at Dunkirk but did not proceed more than a few miles out of harbour before being wrecked by disastrous storms. After its termination, he received an independent command in the Netherlands, and by skilful manoeuvering succeeded in continually harassing the superior forces of the enemy without risking a decisive battle.

In the following year, Maurice with 65,000 men besieged Tournai and inflicted a severe defeat on the army of the Duke of Cumberland at the Battle of Fontenoy, an encounter determined entirely by his constancy and cool leadership. During the battle, he was unable to sit on horseback due to edema, and was carried about in a wicker chariot.

In recognition of his brilliant achievement, Louis XV conferred on him the Château de Chambord for life, and in April 1746, he was naturalised as a French subject. Until the end of the war, he continued to command in the Netherlands, always with success. Besides Fontenoy he added Rocoux (1746) and Lawfeldt or Val (1747) to the list of French victories. He led the French force which captured Brussels and it was under his orders that Marshal Löwendahl captured Bergen op Zoom. He himself won the last success of the war in capturing Maastricht in 1748.

Saxe invented a handheld light-artillery piece that he called an amusette, which fired a half-pound ball a distance of 4,000 paces at a rate of 100 shots an hour.

In 1747 the title once held by Turenne and Villars, "Marshal General of the King's camps and armies", was revived for Maurice. But on 20 November 1750 he died at the Château de Chambord "of a putrid fever".

During the last years of his life, Maurice had an affair with a French lady, Marie Rinteau, who at that time was only eighteen years old. In 1748 she gave birth to a daughter, the last of Maurice's several illegitimate children. She was called Maria Aurora (in French: ) after her grandmother. She bore the surname  until 1766 when the Parlement of Paris formally recognized her parentage and she could assume the surname of  or . Marie Aurore married firstly in 1766 with Antoine, Count of Horne (1735–1767), an alleged illegitimate son of Louis XV of France. By her second marriage with Louis Claude Dupin de Francueil (in 1777), she was the grandmother of Amandine Lucile Aurore Dupin, who later became famous as the writer George Sand. Maria Aurore died on 25 December 1821 when her granddaughter George Sand was seventeen. Sand included details of her grandmother's parentage in her memoires.

Writings

Saxe's work on the art of war,  (My Reveries), was published after his death in 1757. Described by Carlyle as "a strange military farrago, dictated, as I should think, under opium", it was praised by Frederick the Great and described by Lord Montgomery, more than two centuries later, as "a remarkable work on the art of war".

A common theme of the 18th century Age of Enlightenment was to emphasise the scientific method and the idea every activity could be expressed in terms of a universal system. In one sense,  followed this by subjecting "military affairs to reasoned criticism and intellectual treatment, and the ensuing military doctrines were perceived as forming a definitive system". Written following Prussian expansion during the War of the Austrian Succession, Saxe rejected their rigid discipline; arguing the French character was fundamentally different and their tactics should reflect that, he advocated the use of a deep order or , rather than relying on firearms.

However,  also challenged French military orthodoxy in arguing for a greater focus on mobile warfare, rather than fortifications; this was partly a legacy of Vauban (1633–1707), who had revolutionised this field but adherence to his principles meant French engineers became ultra-conservative. As early as 1701, John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough argued winning one battle was more beneficial than taking 12 fortresses; Saxe followed this line but his argument was given increased weight by French losses in the 1756–1763 Seven Years' War.

Saxe's  (Selected Letters and Memoirs) appeared in 1794. His letters to his sister Anna Karolina Orzelska, the Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, preserved at Strasbourg, were destroyed by the bombardment of that place in 1870. Thirty copies had, however, been printed from the original.

Legacy

After Maurice de Saxe's death in Chambord, a funerary ceremony was held for him in Paris, but as a Protestant, he could not be buried there. His remains were transported to Strasbourg and temporarily kept at the Temple Neuf. At Louis XV's request, a permanent mausoleum was created by Jean-Baptiste Pigalle in the apse of St Thomas' Church, Strasbourg, of which it now marks the focal point. The elaborate monument, under which de Saxe's remains were interred on , shows Death holding a sandglass and calling him to the grave while a crying France tries to retain him, and Hercules weeps on the tomb's side. To the left are France's enemies personnified by three distraught animals: the German eagle, the Dutch lion, and the British lion, and their broken flags, while to the right are France's triumphant standards. In the middle stands the heroic marshal holding his baton, unfazed by his fate. Gérard de Nerval believed his majestic pose might have inspired the Commendatore's statue in Don Giovanni, based on the fact that Mozart had performed in the church in 1778 shortly after the monument's inauguration.

Maurice de Saxe has been the focus of several biographical works. Many previous errors in former biographies were corrected and additional information supplied in Karl von Weber's Moritz Graf von Sachsen, Marschall von Frankreich, nach archivalischen Quellen [Moritz Count of Saxony, Marshal of France, according to archival sources] (Leipzig: Tauchnitz, 1863), in Saint-René Taillandier's Maurice de Saxe, étude historique d'après les documents des archives de Dresde [Maurice of Saxe, historical study according to the documents in the archives of Dresden] (1865) and in  Maurice de Saxe (Leipzig, 1861).

A biography in English is Jon Manchip White's Marshal of France: The Life and Times of Maurice, Comte de Saxe (1696–1750) (Rand McNally & Company, Chicago, 1962). See also the military histories of the period, especially Carlyle's Frederick the Great.

He is honoured in the Walhalla Memorial.

Ancestry

References

External links

Child of Chequer'd Fortune: The Life, Loves and Battles of Maurice de Saxe, Maréchal de France by Marjorie Bowen at Project Gutenberg Australia

1696 births
1750 deaths
People from Goslar
French people of German descent
Marshals of France
Marshals General of France
French military writers
Counts in Germany
Maurice
Illegitimate children of Augustus the Strong
French military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
French male non-fiction writers
Dukes of Courland
Military personnel of the Holy Roman Empire
Albertine branch
Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
Sons of kings

Maurice de Saxe


Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker  (24 October 1873 – 24 March 1956) was a British mathematician, physicist, and historian of science. Whittaker was a leading mathematical scholar of the early 20th-century who contributed widely to applied mathematics and was renowned for his research in mathematical physics and numerical analysis, including the theory of special functions, along with his contributions to astronomy, celestial mechanics, the history of physics, and digital signal processing.

Among the most influential publications in Whittaker's bibliography, he authored several popular reference works in mathematics, physics, and the history of science, including A Course of Modern Analysis (better known as Whittaker and Watson), Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies, and A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity. Whittaker is also remembered for his role in the relativity priority dispute, as he credited Henri Poincaré and Hendrik Lorentz with developing special relativity in the second volume of his History, a dispute which has lasted several decades, though scientific consensus has remained with Einstein. Whittaker served as the Royal Astronomer of Ireland early in his career, a position he held from 1906 through 1912, before moving on to the chair of mathematics at the University of Edinburgh for the next three decades and, towards the end of his career, received the Copley Medal and was knighted. The School of Mathematics of the University of Edinburgh holds The Whittaker Colloquium, a yearly lecture, in his honour and the Edinburgh Mathematical Society promotes an outstanding young Scottish mathematician once every four years with the Sir Edmund Whittaker Memorial Prize, also given in his honour.

Life

Early life and education
Edmund Taylor Whittaker was born in Southport, in Lancashire, the son of Selina Septima (née Taylor) and John Whittaker. He was described as an "extremely delicate child", necessitating his mother to home school him until he was 11 years old, when he was sent off to Manchester Grammar School. Ernest Barker, a classmate of Whittaker's at the Grammar School with whom he shared the office of prefect, later recalled his personality: "He had a gay, lively, bubbling spirit: he was ready for every prank: he survives in my memory as a natural actor; and I think he could also, on occasion, produce a merry poem." While at the school, Whittaker studied on the "classical side", devoting three-fifths of his time to Latin and Greek. Whittaker struggled with the poetry and drama which was required by the upper school, and expressed gratitude for being allowed to leave these studies behind and specialise in mathematics.

In December 1891 Whittaker received an entrance scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge. After completing his education at the Manchester Grammar School he went on to study mathematics and physics there from 1892 to 1895. He entered Trinity College as a minor scholar in October 1892 to study mathematics. Whittaker was the pupil of Andrew Russell Forsyth and George Howard Darwin while at Trinity College and received tutoring throughout his first two years. With an interest more in applied than pure mathematics, Whittaker won the Sheepshanks Astronomical Exhibition in 1894 as an undergraduate. He graduated as Second Wrangler in the Cambridge Tripos examination in 1895. The Senior Wrangler that year was Thomas John I'Anson Bromwich and Whittaker tied John Hilton Grace for second, all three along with three other participants, including Bertram Hopkinson, went on to be elected Fellows of the Royal Society. He also received the Tyson Medal for Mathematics and Astronomy in 1896.

Career
Whittaker was a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge from 1896 to 1906 when took on the role of Royal Astronomer of Ireland. He held this post in Dublin until 1912, when he was appointed chair of mathematics at the University of Edinburgh, a role he went on to hold for just over a third of a century. Throughout his career, he wrote papers on automorphic functions and special functions in pure mathematics as well as on electromagnetism, general relativity, numerical analysis and astronomy in applied mathematics and physics, and was also interested in topics in biography, history, philosophy and theology. He also made several important innovations in Edinburgh that had a large impact on mathematical education and societies there.

Trinity College, Cambridge
In 1896, Whittaker was elected as a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and remained at Cambridge as a teacher until 1906. In 1897, Whittaker was awarded the Smith Prize for his work on the paper "On the connexion of algebraic functions with automorphic functions", published in 1888.

In 1902, Whittaker found a general solution to Laplace's equation, which received popular news coverage as a "remarkable discovery", though the mathematician Horace Lamb noted that it did not offer any new features. He also wrote several celebrated books in his early career, publishing A Course of Modern Analysis in 1902 and following it up with A Treatise on the Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies just two years later in 1904. In September of that year, Whittaker was forced to sell six silver forks at an auction to pay back taxes which he had previously refused to pay due to the Education Act 1902 requiring citizens to pay taxes to fund local Christian schools, such as the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England.

Prior to being compelled by a magistrate to repay the tax burden, Whittaker was one of several activists who engaged in passive resistance by refusing to pay the taxes. In 1905, Whittaker was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society in recognition of his achievements.

Trinity College Dublin
In 1906, Whittaker was appointed Andrews Professor of Astronomy at Trinity College Dublin, which came with the title Royal Astronomer of Ireland. He succeeded Charles Jasper Joly at the post and was appointed upon recommendation from the astronomer Robert Stawell Ball.

Ball's recommendation, which was published in a collection of his letters in 1915, stated that Whittaker was the only person he knew who could "properly succeed Joly" and that the role would "suit him in every way". He then describes Whittaker as "modest" and "charming" and as "a man who has infinite capacity for making things go". Ball said Whittaker was a world leading expert in theoretical astronomy and that, in relation to Whittaker's discovery of a general solution to Laplace's equation, notes that he "has already made one discovery which the greatest mathematician of the last two centuries would be proud to have placed to his credit".

The Royal Astronomers acted as directors for the Dunsink Observatory, which used outdated astronomy equipment; it was understood that the primary responsibility of the role was to teach mathematical physics at Trinity College. During this time, the relative leisure of his post allowed him to complete the reading required to write his third major book A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, from the age of Descartes to the close of the nineteenth century. Also during this time, he wrote the book The Theory of Optical Instruments, published six astronomy papers, and published collected astronomical observations.

University of Edinburgh

Whittaker became Professor of Mathematics at the University of Edinburgh in January 1912, where he remained for the rest of his career. The role was left vacant by the death of his predecessor, George Chrystal in 1911. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1912, after being nominated by Cargill Gilston Knott, Ralph Allan Sampson, James Gordon MacGregor and Sir William Turner. He served as Secretary to the Society from 1916 to 1922, the Vice President from 1925 to 1928 and 1937 to 1939, and was President of the Society from 1939 to 1944, through the war years. Whittaker began holding "research lectures" in mathematics at the university, typically given twice a week. He was said to be a great lecturer by one of his previous attendees, who stated that his "clear diction, his felicity of language and his enthusiasm could not fail to evoke a response" and that he was very good with illustrations.

Freeman Dyson commented on Whittaker's lecture style by saying that students were "warmed, not only by the physical presence of a big crowd packed together, but by the mental vigour and enthusiasm of the old man". Whittaker's efforts helped transform the Edinburgh Mathematical Society from a teachers society to an academic research society and was a major driving force in introducing computational mathematics education to the UK and America.

Shortly after coming to Edinburgh, Whittaker established the Edinburgh Mathematical Laboratory, one of the UK's first mathematical laboratories. The laboratory was the first attempt of a systematic treatment of numerical analysis in Great Britain and friends of Whittaker have said he believes it his most notable contribution to the education of mathematics. Subjects taught at the laboratory included interpolation, the method of least squares, systems of linear equations, determinants, roots of transcendental equations, practical Fourier analysis, definite integrals, and numerical solution of differential equations. The laboratory program was so successful, it resulted in many requests for an extra summer course to allow others to attend who previously were unable, ultimately leading to the establishment of a colloquium through the Edinburgh Mathematical Society. In 1913, Whittaker established the Edinburgh Mathematical Society Colloquium and the first was held over five days in August of that year.

The textbook The calculus of observations was compiled from courses given at the Laboratory over a ten-year period; the book was well received and ultimately went through four editions.

Fellowships and academic positions
Outside of the Royal Astronomer of Ireland and his roles in the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Whittaker held several notable academic posts, including president of the Mathematical Association from 1920 through 1921, president of the Mathematical and Physical Section (Section A) of the British Science Association in 1927, and was president of the London Mathematical Society from 1828 through 1829. Whittaker also held the Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize Lectureship for "his service to mathematics" with the Royal Society of Edinburgh from 1924 through 1928.

He was elected either Honorary Fellow or Foreign Member in a number of academic organisations, including the  in 1922, the Societa Reale di Napoli in 1936, the American Philosophical Society in 1944, the Académie royale de Belgique in 1946, the Faculty of Actuaries in 1918, the Benares Mathematical Society in 1920, the Indian Mathematical Society in 1924, and the Mathematical Association in 1935. In 1956, he was elected as a corresponding member of the Geometry section of the French Academy of Sciences a few days before his death. Whittaker was also awarded honorary doctorates from several universities, including two LLDs from the University of St Andrews in 1926 and the University of California in 1934, an ScD from the Trinity College Dublin in 1906, and two D.Sc.s from the National University of Ireland in 1939 and University of Manchester in 1944.

Later life
Whittaker published many works on philosophy and theism in the last years of his career and during his retirement in addition to his work on the second edition of A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity. He released two books on Christianity and published several books and papers on the philosophy of Arthur Eddington.

Christianity
Whittaker was a Christian and became a convert to the Roman Catholic Church in 1930. In relation to that, Pope Pius XI awarded him with the Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice in 1935 and appointed him to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 1936. He was a member of the academy from 1936 onward and served as Honorary President of the Newman Society from 1943 to 1945. Whittaker published two book-length works on the topic of Christianity, including The beginning and end of the world and Space and spirit. The first of which was the result of the 1942 Riddell Memorial Lectures at Durham while the second is based on his 1946 Donnellan Lecture at Trinity College Dublin. It has been remarked by physics historian Helge Kragh, that in these books, Whittaker was "the only physical scientist of the first rank" who defended the strong entropic creation argument, which holds that as entropy always increases, the Universe must have started at a point of minimum entropy, which they argue implies the existence of a god. Whittaker published several articles which draw connections between science, philosophy and theism between 1947 and 1952 in the BBC magazine The Listener, one of which Religion and the nature of the universe was republished in American Vogue, making him "a rare, if not unique, example of a man whose published work not only crossed disciplinary boundaries, but was published everywhere from Nature to Vogue."

Retirement
Whittaker retired from his position as chair of the mathematics department at the University of Edinburgh in September 1946, a role he held for over 33 years. He was awarded emeritus professor status at the university which he retained until his death. In retirement, Whittaker worked tirelessly the second edition of his A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, releasing The Classical Theories just a few years later. He also continued publishing works in philosophy and theism. James Robert McConnell noted that Whittaker's research in the connection between physics and philosophy spanned nearly forty publications written over his last 15 years. During the three years prior to the publication of second volume of his History, Whittaker had already determined that he was going to give priority for the discovery of special relativity to Henri Poincaré and  Hendrik Lorentz in the new book. Max Born, a friend of Whittaker's, wrote a letter to Einstein in September 1953 explaining that he had done all he could over the previous three years to convince Whittaker to change his mind about Einstein's role, but Whittaker was resolved in the idea and, according to Born, he "cherished" and "loved to talk" about it. Born told Einstein that Whittaker insists that all the important features were developed by Poincaré while Lorentz "quite plainly had the physical interpretation", which annoyed Born as Whittaker was a "great authority in the English speaking countries" and he was worried that Whittaker's view would influence others.

Death
Whittaker died at his home, 48 George Square, Edinburgh, on 24 March 1956. He was buried at Mount Vernon Cemetery in Edinburgh, with "mathematical precision at a depth of 6 ft. 6 inches", according to the cemetery register. His entry in the Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society was written by George Frederick James Temple in November 1956. He received published obituaries from Alexander Aitken, Herbert Dingle, Gerald James Whitrow, and William Hunter McCrea, among others. His house was owned by the University of Edinburgh and was demolished in the 1960s to expand the campus and now holds the William Robertson Building.

Personal life
In 1901, while at Cambridge, he married Mary Ferguson Macnaghten Boyd, the daughter of a Presbyterian minister and granddaughter of Thomas Jamieson Boyd. They had five children, two daughters and three sons including the mathematician John Macnaghten Whittaker (1905–1984). His elder daughter, Beatrice, married Edward Taylor Copson, who would later become Professor of Mathematics at the University of St Andrews.

George Frederick James Temple noted that Whittaker's home in Edinburgh was "a great centre of social and intellectual activity where liberal hospitality was dispensed to students of all ages", and went on to note that Whittaker had a happy home life and was well loved by his family. Whittaker kept a piano in his home which he did not know how to play, but enjoyed listening to friends play when they would come to visit. Whittaker was also known to take a personal interest in his students and would invite them to social gatherings at his house. He also continued to keep track of his Honours students over the years. His home was also the location of many unofficial interviews that would have a large impact on a student's future career. After his death, William Hunter McCrea described Whittaker as having a "quick wit" with an "ever-present sense of humour" and being "the most unselfish of men with a delicate sense of what would give help or pleasure to others". He notes that Whittaker had a "vast number of friends" and that he "never missed an opportunity to do or say something on behalf of any one of them".

Legacy
In addition to his textbooks and other works, several of which remain in print, Whittaker is remembered for his research in automorphic functions, numerical analysis, harmonic analysis, and general relativity. He has several theorems and functions named in his honour. In June 1958, two years after his death, an entire issue of the Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society was dedicated to his life and works. The volume included an article by Robert Alexander Rankin on Whittaker's work on automorphic functions, an article on Whittaker's work on numerical analysis by Alexander Aitken, his work on Harmonic functions was covered in an article by Temple, John Lighton Synge wrote about his contributions to the theory of relativity, and James Robert McConnell wrote about Whittaker's philosophy. Among others, Whittaker coined the terms cardinal function and Mathieu function. The School of Mathematics of the University of Edinburgh holds the annual Whittaker Colloquium in his honour. Funded by a donation from his family in 1958, the Edinburgh Mathematical Society promotes an outstanding young Scottish mathematician once every four years with the Sir Edmund Whittaker Memorial Prize, also given in his honour.

Namesakes and notable research
Whittaker is the eponym of the Whittaker function or Whittaker integral, in the theory of confluent hypergeometric functions. This makes him also the eponym of the Whittaker model in the local theory of automorphic representations. He published also on algebraic functions, though they were typically limited to special cases. Whittaker had a lifelong interest in automorphic functions and he published three papers on the topic throughout his career. Among other contributions, he found the general expression for the Bessel functions as integrals involving Legendre functions.

Whittaker also made contributions to the theory of partial differential equations, harmonic functions and other special functions of mathematical physics, including finding a general solution to Laplace's equation that became a standard part of potential theory. Whittaker developed a general solution of the Laplace equation in three dimensions and the solution of the wave equation.

Notable works

Whittaker wrote three scientific treatises which were highly influential, A Course of Modern Analysis, Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies, and The Calculus of Observations. In 1956, Gerald James Whitrow stated that two of them not only were required reading for British mathematicians, but were regarded as fundamental components of their personal libraries. Despite the success of these books and his other researchers and their influence in mathematics and physics, the second edition of Whittaker's A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity has been called his "magnum opus". In reference to the title's popularity, William Hunter McCrea predicted that future readers would have a hard time acknowledging it was the result of just "a few years at both ends of a career of the highest distinction in other pursuits."

Whittaker also wrote The theory of optical instruments during his time as Royal Astronomer of Ireland as well as several books on philosophy and theism. Whittaker's bibliography in the Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society includes 11 books and monographs, 56 mathematics and physics articles, 35 philosophy and history articles, and 21 biographical articles, excluding popular and semi-popular articles published in magazines such as Scientific American. In the bibliography compiled by McCrea in 1957, there are 13 books and monographs and the same journal articles, also excluding popular articles. Among other topics, Whittaker wrote a total of ten papers on electromagnetism and general relativity.

Whittaker & Watson

Whittaker was the original author of the classic textbook A Course of Modern Analysis, first published in 1902. There were three more editions of the book all in collaboration with George Neville Watson, resulting in the famous colloquial name Whittaker & Watson. The work is subtitled an introduction to the general theory of infinite processes and of analytic functions; with an account of the principal transcendental functions and is a classic textbook in mathematical analysis, remaining in print continuously since its release over a hundred years ago. It covered topics previously unavailable in English, such as complex analysis, mathematical analysis, and the Special functions used in mathematical physics. George Frederick James Temple noted that it was unmatched in these aspects "for many years". The book was an edited set of lecture notes from the Cambridge Tripos courses Whittaker taught and contained results from mathematicians such as Augustin-Louis Cauchy and Karl Weierstrass which were relatively unknown to English speaking countries. A. C. Aitken noted the books have been widely influential in the study of special functions and their associated differential equations as well as in the study of functions of complex variables.

Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies

Whittaker's second major work, A Treatise on the Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies was first published in 1904, and quickly became a classic textbook in mathematical physics and analytical dynamics, a branch of classical mechanics. It has remained in print for most of its lifetime, over more than a hundred years, and has been said to have "remarkable longevity". The book represented the forefront of development at the time of publication, where many reviewers noted it contained material otherwise non-existent in the English language. The book was a landmark textbook, providing the first systematic treatment in English for the theory of Hamiltonian dynamics, which played a fundamental role in the development of quantum mechanics. A. C. Aitken called the book "epoch making in a very precise sense", noting that just before the development of the theory of relativity, the book provided a detailed summary of classical dynamics and the progress that had been made in Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics, including work from Henri Poincaré and Tullio Levi-Civita. The book has received many recommendations, including from Victor Lenzen in 1952, nearly 50 years after its initial publication, who said the book was still the "best exposition of the subject on the highest possible level". It was noted in a 2014 article covering the book's development, published in the Archive for History of Exact Sciences, that the book was used for more than just a historical book, where it was pointed out that of the 114 books and papers that cited the book between 2000 and 2012, "only three are of a historical nature". In that same period, the book was said to be "highly recommended to advanced readers" in the 2006 engineering textbook Principles of Engineering Mechanics.

A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity

In 1910, Whittaker wrote A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, which gave a detailed account of the aether theories from René Descartes to Hendrik Lorentz and Albert Einstein, including the contributions of Hermann Minkowski. The book was well received and established Whittaker as a respected historian of science. A second, revised and extended edition was later released. The first volume, subtitled the classical theories, was published in 1951 and served as a revised and updated edition of the first book. The second volume, published in 1953, extended this work covering the years 1900–1926. Notwithstanding a notorious controversy on Whittaker's views on the history of special relativity, covered in volume two of the second edition, the books are considered authoritative references on the history of classical electromagnetism and are considered classic books in the history of physics. Due to the book's role in the relativity priority dispute, however, the second volume is cited far less than the first volume and first edition, except in connection with the controversy.

Relativity priority dispute

Whittaker is also remembered for his role in the relativity priority dispute, a historic controversy over credit for the development of special relativity. In a chapter named "The Relativity Theory of Poincaré and Lorentz" in the second volume of the second edition of A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, Whittaker credited Henri Poincaré and Hendrik Lorentz for developing the theory; he attributed to Einstein's special relativity paper relatively little importance, saying it "set forth the relativity theory of Poincaré and Lorentz with some amplifications, and which attracted much attention". Max Born, a friend of Whittaker's, wrote to Einstein expressing his concern about the book's publication and wrote a rebuttal in his 1956 book. The controversy was also mentioned in one of Whittaker's obituaries by Gerald James Whitrow, who said that he had written Whittaker a letter explaining how the latter's views "did not do justice to the originality of Einstein's philosophy", but remarked that he understood why Whittaker felt the need to correct the popular misconception that Einstein's contribution was unique. Max Born's rebuttal, published in his 1956 book, also argues that while the contributions of Lorentz and Poincaré should not be overlooked, it was the postulates and philosophy of Einstein's theory that "distinguishes Einstein's work from his predecessors and gives us the right to speak of Einstein's theory of relativity, in spite of Whittaker's different opinion". Though the dispute has lasted decades, most scholars have rejected Whittaker's arguments and scientific consensus has continued to hold that special relativity was Einstein's development.

Philosophy
Whittaker's views on philosophy was analysed by James Robert McConnell for the Whittaker Memorial Volume of the Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society. McConnell noted that Whittaker's research into the connections between physics and philosophy were spread across approximately forty publications. Whittaker's worldview was classified as neo-Cartesianism in the volume, a philosophy described as being "founded on the principle that the search for a universal science should be modelled on the procedure of physicomathematicians." McConnell notes several of Whittaker's original contributions to René Descartes' philosophical system, but goes on to sum up the work by saying that while he admired Whittaker's attempt at the problem, he was not satisfied with the many transitions between mathematics, aesthetics, ethics. He stated that "If the transitions from mathematics to moral values are not firmly established, Whittaker's attempt does not succeed in remedying the defects of Descartes' solution." Whittaker published work in several other areas of philosophy, including research on Eddington's principle, a conjecture by Arthur Eddington that all quantitative propositions in physics can be derived from qualitative assertions. In addition to publishing Eddington's Fundamental Theory, Whittaker wrote two other books pertaining to Eddington's philosophy. Whittaker also wrote at length about the impacts of then-recent discoveries in astronomy on religion and theology, determinism and free will, and natural theology. In the conclusion of his article, McConnell sums up Whittaker's philosophic works as appearing as though it came from "that of the scholarly Christian layman". On metaphysics, he goes on to note that there are  few scholars who are competent in both physics and metaphysics and states that future work could benefit and draw inspiration from Whittaker's research in the area.

Awards and honours
In 1931, Whittaker received the Sylvester Medal from the Royal Society for "his original contributions to both pure and applied mathematics". He then received the De Morgan Medal from the London Mathematical Society in 1935, an award given once every three years for outstanding contributions to mathematics. He received several honours in his 70s, including being knighted in 1945 by King George VI, and in 1954, receiving the Royal Society's Copley Medal, its highest award, "for his distinguished contributions to both pure and applied mathematics and to theoretical physics". In the opening remarks of the 1954 address of President Edgar Adrian to the Royal Society, Adrian announces Whittaker as that years Copley medallist saying he is probably the most well-known British mathematician at the time, due to "his numerous, varied and important contributions" as well as the offices he had held. Noting contributions to nearly all fields of applied mathematics and then-recent contributions to pure mathematics, relativity, electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics, Adrian goes on to say that the "astonishing quantity and quality of his work is probably unparalleled in modern mathematics and it is most appropriate that the Royal Society should confer on Whittaker its most distinguished award."

Whittaker also gave several distinguished lectures, some of which formed the base of books he would later write. He held the Rouse Ball lectureship at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1926, the Bruce-Preller lectureship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1931, and the Selby lectureship at the University of Cardiff in 1933. He also held the Hitchcock professorship at the University of California in 1934, the Riddell lectureship at the University at Durham (Newcastle) in 1942, the Guthrie lectureship of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh in 1943, and the Donnellan lectureship at the Trinity College Dublin in 1946. He gave the Tarner Lecture at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1947 and held the Larmor lectureship of the Royal Irish Academy and the Herbert Spencer lectureship at the University of Oxford, both in 1948.

See also

 List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1905
 List of Cambridge mathematicians
 List of mathematicians born in the 19th century
 List of theoretical physicists

References

Bibliography

Obituaries

Whittaker Memorial Volume: Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society, June 1958

Further reading

External links

1873 births
1956 deaths
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Academics of Trinity College Dublin
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Applied mathematicians
British physicists
British textbook writers
Converts to Roman Catholicism
De Morgan Medallists
Directors of Dunsink Observatory
English historians
English Roman Catholics
Fellows of the Royal Society
Historians of physics
Irish astronomers
Knights Bachelor
Mathematical physicists
Mathematics education in the United Kingdom
Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
Numerical analysts
People educated at Manchester Grammar School
People from Southport
Presidents of the London Mathematical Society
Presidents of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Recipients of the Copley Medal
Second Wranglers
Theoretical physicists

Writers about religion and science
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

E. T. Whittaker


Andrés Guillermo Rodríguez Fernández (born February 27, 1981) is a Puerto Rican professional basketball player, who last played for Atenienses de Manatí of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional. He was born in Puerto Rico, where he debuted as a professional basketball played for the Criollos de Caguas in 1999. Rodríguez attended University of Louisville and American University, completing his college education in 2004. Afterwards, he migrated to Europe, where he first played for Olimpija Ljubljana and had his best season by leading the Liga ACB in assists per game in 2013 with Obradoiro CAB. While concurrently playing in Puerto Rico, Rodríguez won three BSN championships for two different teams. Internationally, he is a member of the Puerto Rico national basketball team.

Early and college career
Rodríguez began his college career in 1999 after graduating from Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola, joining the University of Louisville after becoming a walk on member of the Cardinals squad as a freshman. He debuted on December 15 playing only four minutes, recovering a rebound and stealing a ball. In his next appearance, Rodríguez scored a free throw and stole two balls. In his final appearance for Louisville, he only played a minute and recorded a steal. That same year, he debuted as a professional in his native Puerto Rico for the Criollos de Caguas of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional (BSN). In 2001, he transferred to American University. In seasons 2001–02, 2002–03 and 2003–04 played in the Patriot League Championship for the institution's team, the Eagles. Rodríguez completed a finance major, graduating with an average of 3.62 and forming part of the honor roll. Afterwards, he planned a move back to Puerto Rico in order to study law, but a basketball agent convinced him to pursue professional tryouts.

Playing in Europe and return to the BSN
Rodríguez has a playing style that is decidedly centered around teamwork, something that made him a better fit for European teams. He was able to make a quick and successful transition shortly after graduating from college, joining Olimpija Ljubljana of the Premier A Slovenian Basketball League. Rodríguez recognized that the stark contrast presented by his style in a fast-paced league like the BSN was a hindrance that prevented him from melding for several years. However, he consistently returned to play in Puerto Rico during the international offseason. By his second postgrad year, Rodríguez had established a presence in the European market, signing with BC Dynamo Moscow of the Russian Basketball Super League. His first multi-year stint was with PGE Turów Zgorzelec of the Polish Basketball League. Back in the BSN during the offseason, Rodríguez formed part of the first Criollos team to win the league championship.

Rodríguez began the 2008–09 season by completing his first stay in the Liga ACB by completing the pre-season with Caja Laboral. Afterwards, he signed with BC Donetsk of the Ukrainian Basketball SuperLeague. The following season, Rodríguez returned to the Liga ACB, this time joining Obradoiro CAB. After two seasons of absence, Rodríguez returned to the BSN in 2010, becoming the regular point guard of the Capitanes de Arecibo. Under his lead, the team won back to back championships. In his return to the Liga ACB with Blusens Monbus, Rodríguez lead the league in assists and the team unexpectedly advanced to the post season. This directly limited his participation with the Capitanes. In November 2013, the Capitanes traded him to the Cangrejeros de Santurce in exchange for Walter Hodge and Jonathan Han. Still nursing a knee injury, Rodríguez decided not to pursue an international contract in order to rehabilitate.

On November 19, 2014, he signed with Baloncesto Fuenlabrada. On February 16, 2015, he parted ways with Fuenlabrada.

National team career
Rodríguez made his international debut  by playing for the youth versions of the Puerto Rico national basketball team. He made his debut for the adult team at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games, where Puerto Rico won the gold medal. Rodríguez was included in the preliminary lists for several events held in 2010, but he was not selected by coach Manuel Cintrón. Due to the fact that his father, Luis Dominic Rodríguez, was born in the Dominican Republic he considered joining the Dominican Republic national basketball team if no interest was shown, but ultimately disregarded this idea by noting that playing for Puerto Rico had always been his preference. After Cintrón was fired from the team, Rodríguez was included in the team that participated in the 2011 FIBA Americas Championship by Flor Meléndez.

He was initially meant to serve as a third backup point guard, but the coach's strategy of using Carlos Arroyo and José Barea at once placed him in charge of a defensive backup squad. Puerto Rico was unable to classify with a narrow 2-point loss to Argentina, but classified to the 2012 FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament for Men. The following year, Rodríguez joined the B squad that won silver at the Centrobasket championship. He repeated his previous role at the Olympic Qualifying Tournament. However, another narrow loss costed them the opportunity to classify to the Olympics and eventually lead to the termination of Meléndez. Under coach Paco Olmos, Rodriguez returned in his backup role and joined the team for the 2013 FIBA Americas Championship, which classified directly for the 2014 FIBA World Cup by winning the silver medal.

Personal life
Rodríguez is married to Adienid Muñiz. The couple's first child, Antoneo Andrés Rodríguez Muñiz, was born on October 27, 2012, while his father was playing abroad for Blusens Monbus. Before playing in the fifth game of the season, Muñiz was taken to Hospital La Rosaleda in Santiago de Compostela for a routine checkup after experiencing some discomfort, while Rodríguez proceeded to the game where they were supposed to rendezvous. However, once there she entered labor to the surprise of both, since the birth was expected to take place a month after. In 2015, the couple had their first daughter.

Career statistics

 Correct as of 28.01.2009

|-
| align="left" | 2008–09
| align="left" | BC Donetsk
| 20 ||  || 33.00 || .44 || .19 || .77 || 4.00 || 6.25 || 2.65 || .25 || 8.8

References

1981 births
Living people
ABA League players
American Eagles men's basketball players
Baloncesto Fuenlabrada players
BC Donetsk players
BC Dynamo Moscow players
Cangrejeros de Santurce basketball players
Capitanes de Arecibo players
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Puerto Rico
Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola alumni
Competitors at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games
KK Olimpija players
Liga ACB players
Louisville Cardinals men's basketball players
Obradoiro CAB players
Point guards
Puerto Rican men's basketball players
Saski Baskonia players
Turów Zgorzelec players
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in basketball
Criollos de Caguas basketball players
Vaqueros de Bayamón basketball players

Andrés Rodríguez (basketball)


The Guam kingfisher (Todiramphus cinnamominus) is a reddish-orange bird in the kingfisher family, having blue wings and being about the same size as a North American robin. The only known Guam kingfishers left on Earth seem to live in captivity, with a breeding program having been established. There are an estimated 140 Guam kingfishers left. The Guam kingfisher is one of two subspecies, the other being the now-extinct Micronesian kingfisher.

References

Coraciiformes
Birds of Oceania

Guam kingfisher


Sabrina the Teenage Witch is an American children's television sitcom. It is based on the Archie comic book series of the same name. It is set in Massachusetts. It stars Melissa Joan Hart in the title role. Its first four seasons aired on Nickelodeon from September 27, 1996 to May 5, 2000; the final three seasons ran on Noggin from September 22, 2000 to April 24, 2003.

Other websites

1996 American television series debuts
2003 American television series endings
1990s American sitcoms
1990s teen television series
2000s American sitcoms
2000s teen television series
American teen comedy television series
College television series
High school television series
Television series set in Massachusetts
WB network shows
English-language television programs

Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (TV series)


Allegorical Painting of Two Ladies, English School is a 17th century painting by an unknown artist. For its time period, the painting is considered unusual and "extremely rare" in its depiction of a black woman and a white woman sitting side-by-side as equals.

Description
The painting depicts two women, one black and one white, sitting next to each other covered in beauty patches. The painting is unusual for the time in its depiction of the sitters as equals. The women are presented as companions with similar dress, makeup, hair, and jewelry. The work was created circa 1650 and subverts traditional portraiture ideals of the time period. The painting likely doesn't represent real sitters, but may have contextual relevance within contemporaneous British print culture.

Above the women is the inscription, "I black with white bespott you white with blacke this evil proceeds from thy proud hart then take her, Devill". The writing is likely intended to be moralizing, condemning the use of cosmetics and especially beauty patches, which were popular adornments at the time. In 1650, an act to forbid beauty patches was introduced to Parliament, although it was not passed.

Provenance
The painting originates from the estate of Lloyd Tyrell-Kenyon (1947–2019), 6th Baron Kenyon. Tyrell-Kenyon was quoted as saying in 1949 that "We have a curious picture which has hung here for many years, but of which I know of no real explanation." It was held at his manor house in Shropshire, England since at least the nineteenth century.

Export bar and acquisition
On 23 June 2021, the painting was sold at a small auction house in Shropshire with an estimate of £2000-4000. There was a fierce bidding war due to the inherent sociological interest of the allegorical depiction of a dark-skinned woman, and the final sale price was £220,000 with a 20% buyer's premium. It was the highest sum ever paid for an item at the Shropshire auction house.

After its sale, the purchaser applied for an export licence. The British government subsequently barred the painting from export in the hopes that a UK institution could purchase the painting within a time limit, a routine action intended to prevent overseas buyers from acquiring culturally important artworks.

The painting's export bar was set to be deferred on March 9, 2022. On 23 June 2023, The Guardian reported that the painting had been "saved" for Britain by Compton Verney Art Gallery for £300,000, with the help of grants from the National Heritage Memorial Fund and the Victoria and Albert Museum valued at £154,600 and £50,000 respectively.

References

English paintings
17th-century paintings
Paintings of women


Ehud Barak, born as Ehud Brog, Hebrew: אהוד ברק , (born in February 12, 1942 in Mishmar HaSharon) is a former Israeli general and politician. He was a member of HaAvoda (Labor Party) till 2011.

Barak was Prime Minister of Israel from 1999 to 2001.

He was also the Chief of General Staff from 1991 to 1995, minister of foreign affairs from 1995 to 1996, and minister of defense from 2007 to 2013.

He studied physics, mathematics and economics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Stanford University.

References
 Bio at Knesset Website

1942 births
Living people
Members of the Knesset
Government ministers of Israel
HaAvoda politicians
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Israeli political leaders
Israeli generals
Israeli opposition leaders
Jewish Israeli politicians
Jewish military people
Prime Ministers of Israel
Stanford University alumni

Ehud Barak


Egil Myklebust (born 9 June 1942) is a Norwegian businessperson and lawyer. Since 2001 he has been chairman of the board of SAS Group.

Born in Kvinnherad, Myklebust took a law degree from the University of Oslo in 1967, before starting work with the Norwegian Welfare Services (1968 to 1971). After that he worked at Norsk Hydro from 1971 to 2001, the ten last as chief executive officer. After he retired of CEO of Norsk Hydro he took over as chairman of the board of Norsk Hydro (until 2004) and SAS Group, as well as deputy board chairman of Norske Skog.

He was also CEO of the Norwegian Employers' Confederation (NAF) from 1987 to 1989, and then of the Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise until 1990, overseeing the 1989 merger. He is a former member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group.

He is a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences.

References

1942 births
Living people
Norwegian businesspeople
20th-century Norwegian lawyers
People in the petroleum industry
Norsk Hydro people
SAS Group people
Norske Skog people
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences
Members of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group
People from Kvinnherad

Egil Myklebust


A name in the Italian language consists of a given name (), and a surname (); in most contexts, the given name is written before the surname. (In official documents, the Western surname may be written before the given name or names.)

Italian names, with their fixed nome and cognome structure, have little to do with the ancient Roman naming conventions, which used a tripartite system of given name, gentile name, and hereditary or personal name (or names).

The Italian nome is not analogous to the ancient Roman nomen; the Italian nome is the given name (distinct between siblings), while the Roman nomen is the gentile name (inherited, thus shared by all in a gens). Female naming traditions, and name-changing rules after adoption, for both sexes likewise differ between Roman antiquity and modern Italian use. Moreover, the low number, and the steady decline of importance and variety, of Roman praenomina starkly contrast with the current number of Italian given names.

In Italy, one portion in person's name may be determined by the name day (). These name days are determined according to the sanctorale, a cycle found in the General Roman Calendar, which assigns to a day a saint (or as to the great majority of days, several saints), so that different names often are celebrated on that day. Traditionally, parents fix the name day of their child at christening, according to their favourite saint; in case of different ones (on different days) with the same name; that child will carry it throughout life. In the case of multiple given names, the child will celebrate only one, usually the first.

Given names
Typical Italian male given names:
 Commonly end in -o: Alberto, Alessio, Alessandro, Angelo, Anselmo, Antonio, Arcangelo, Basilio, Basilico, Bruno, Bernardo, Carlo, Claudio, Cristiano, Damiano, Danilo,  Dario, Domenico, Enrico, Enzo, Eugenio, Evangelo, Ezio, Fabrizio, Federico, Filippo, Flavio, Francesco, Franco, Gaetano, Gennaro, Gianmarco, Giorgio, Giuliano, Gregorio, Lorenzo, Ludovico, Marcello, Marco, Mario, Mariano, Martino, Massimo, Matteo, Maurizio, Mauro, Nevio, Niccolo, Norberto, Orlando, Ottaviano, Paolo, Pietro, Riccardo, Roberto, Romeo, Silvio, Sorrento,  Stefano, Tommaso, Umberto, Orsino, Valentino, Vincenzo, Vittorio, etc.
 Can also end in -e: Achille, Aimone, Alceste, Alcide, Amilcare, Amintore, Annibale, Apollone, Aristotele, Ariodante, Astore, Baldassare, Beppe, Fedone, Oreste, Carmine, Cesare, Clemente, Daniele, Dante, Davide, Emanuele, Ercole, Ettore, Felice, Gabriele, Gaspare, Gastone, Gentile, Giacobbe, Giosuè,  Giuseppe, Leone, Marte, Melchiorre, Michele, Nataniele, Oddone, Ottone, Pasquale, Raffaele, Salomone, Salvatore, Samuele, Sante, Scipione, Simone, Ulisse, Vitale, Vittore, etc.
 May also end in -i: Alessi, Dionigi, Gianni, Giovanni, Luigi, Nanni, Ranieri, Vangeli. etc.
 Or in -a: Andrea, Battista, Basilica, Elia, Enea, Evangelista, Luca, Mattia, Nicola
 Some names, usually of foreign origin (or foreign variant of existing Italian names), end with a consonant, such as Christian/Cristian ( Cristiano), Igor, Ivan (cf. Ivano or Giovanni), Loris, Oscar and Walter/Valter (cf. Gualtiero).

Typical Italian female names:
 Commonly end in -a: Andonella, Adriana, Angela, Anita, Anna, Arianna, Alessandra, Alessia, Aurora, Basilica, Basilia, Basilissa, Bella, Berta, Bettina, Carla, Corinna, Claudia, Cristiana, Diana, Elena, Elisa, Eugenia, Fabrizia, Federica, Florinda, Francesca, Filippa, Gabriella, Gianna, Giorgia, Giovanna, Giulia, Giuliana, Giulietta, Ilaria, Isabella, Lavinia, Loredana,  Lucia, Lucrezia, Luisa, Maddalena, Maria, Marianna, Martina, Massima, Nicoletta, Olivia, Ornella, Paola, Patrizia, Piera,  Regina, Roberta,  Sara, Serena,  Simona, Silvia, Sofia, Stamatina, Stella, Teresa, Vittoria, Viviana, Zarina, Zita, etc.
 Can also end in -e: Adelaide, Adele, Agnese, Alice, Beatrice, Berenice, Geltrude, Irene, Matilde, Rachele, Venere
 May also end in -i: Noemi, etc.
 Or even with a consonant (usually of foreign origin), such as Nives, Lauren, Ester.

A few names end with an accented vowel, for instance Niccolò and Giosuè.

Almost every base name can have a diminutive form ending with -ino/-ina or -etto/etta as in Paolino/Paoletto and Paolina/Paoletta from Paolo and Paola, -ello/-ella, as in Donatello/Donatella from Donato and Donata, or -uccio/-uccia, as in Guiduccio from Guido. The forms -uzzo/-uzza, as in Santuzza from Santa, are typical of Sicilian language.

The most common names are:

 For males: Marco, Alessandro, Giuseppe, Flavio, Luca, Giovanni, Roberto, Andrea, Stefano, Angelo, Francesco, Mario, Luigi.
 For females: Anna, Maria, Sara, Laura, Aurora, Valentina, Giulia, Rosa, Gianna, Giuseppina, Angela, Giovanna, Sofia, Stella.
Since the ancient Romans had a very limited stock of given names (praenomina), very few modern Italian given names (nomi) are derived directly from the classical ones. A rare example would be Marco (from Marcus).

Some nomi were taken from classical clan names (nomina) for their meanings or because they are euphonic, such as Emilio/Emilia (from Aemilius), Valerio/Valeria (from Valerius), Claudio/Claudia (from Claudius), Orazio (from Horatius), Fabio (from the cognomen Fabius), Flavio/Flavia (from Flavius) and Fulvio from Fulvius.

When combined with a second given name, Giovanni and Pietro are commonly contracted to Gian- and Pier-, as in Giancarlo, Gianfranco, Gianluca, Gianluigi, Gianmarco, Gianmaria, Giampaolo (Gianpaolo), Giampiero (Gianpiero), Giambattista, Pierangelo, Pierantonio, Pierfranco, Pierluigi, Piermaria, Pierpaolo,  and so on.

Italian unisex names are very rare (e.g. Celeste), but the feminine name Maria is common as a masculine second name, as in Gianmaria, Carlo Maria, Anton Maria etc.

Surnames
Italy has the largest collection of surnames (cognomi) of any country in the world, with over 350,000.  Men—except slaves—in ancient Rome always had hereditary surnames, i.e., nomen (clan name) and cognomen (side-clan name). However, the multi-name tradition was lost by the Middle Ages. Outside the aristocracy, where surnames were often patronymic or those of manors or fiefs, most Italians began to assume hereditary surnames around 1450.

Registration of baptisms and marriages became mandatory in parishes after the Council of Trent in 1564.

Suffixes
A large number of Italian surnames end in i due to the medieval Italian habit of identifying families by the name of the ancestors in the plural (which has an -i suffix in Italian). For instance, Filippo from the Ormanno family (gli Ormanni) would be called "Filippo degli Ormanni" ("Filippo of the Ormannos"). In time, the middle possessive portion ("of the") was dropped, but surnames became permanently pluralized even for a single person. Filippo Ormanno would therefore be known as Filippo Ormanni. Some families, however, opted to retain the possessive portion of their surnames, for instance Lorenzo de' Medici literally means "Lorenzo of the Medici" (de''' is a contraction of dei, also meaning "of the"; c.f. The Medicis).

Some common suffixes indicate endearment (which may also become pluralized and receive an -i ending), for example:
 -ello/illo/etto/ino (diminutive "little"), e.g., Bernardello, Vettorello, Iannuccillo, Bortoletto, Bernardino, Ravellino, Verdino
 -one/ne (augmentative "big"), e.g., Mangione, Bellone, Capone, Pastene, Mantone, Vallone
 -accio/azzo/asso (pejorative), e.g., Boccaccio, Terrazzo, Varasso

Other endings are characteristic of certain regions:
Veneto: -asso, -ato/ati,  and consonants (l, n, r); -on: Bissacco, Zoccarato, Cavinato, Brombal, Bordin, Meneghin, Perin, Vazzoler, Peron, Francescon, Zanon, Fanton
Sicily: -aro, -isi and -osso: Cavallaro, Cherisi, Rosi, Rosso (Sicily, Piedmont and Veneto)
Lombardy and Piedmont: -ago/ghi (of Celtic derivation), -engo/enghi (of Germanic derivation): Salmoiraghi, Ornaghi, Vernengo, Martinengo, Giordanengo, Lambertenghi
Lombardy: -ate/ati/atti: Lunati, Bonatti, Moratti, Orsatti
Piedmont: -ero, -audi, -asco,-zzi, -anti, -ini: Ferrero, Rambaudi, Comaco, Bonazzi, Santi, Baldovini
Friuli: -otti/utti and -t: Bortolotti, Pascutti, Codutti, Rigonat, Ret
Tuscany: -ai and -aci/ecci/ucci: Bollai, Balducci, Martaci
Sardinia: -u, -as and -is, derived from the Sardinian language (see Sardinian surnames): Pusceddu, Cadeddu, Schirru, Marras, Argiolas, Floris, Melis, Abis , Cannas
Calabria: -ace: Storace, Versace
Campania: -iello: Borriello, Aiello, Manganiello
Abruzzo: -us, -is and -iis that stem from traditional Latin names: Fidelibus, De Sanctis, De Laurentiis

Origins
As in most other European naming traditions, patronymics are common. Originally they were indicated by a possessive, e.g., Francesco de Bernardo, meaning "Francis (the son) of Bernard". De Luca ("[son] of Luke") remains one of the most common Italian surnames. However, de ("of") was often dropped and suffixes added, hence de Bernardo evolved to be Bernardo and eventually pluralized as Bernardi (see Suffixes above).

The origin or residence of the family gave rise to many surnames, e.g.,
 Habitat: Della Valle ("of the valley"), Montagna ("mountain").
 Specific placename:Abbruzzesi/Abbruzzi/Abruzzi/Abruzzese/Abruzzesi/D'Abbruzzo/D'Abruzzo ("Abruzzan"/"of Abruzzo"/"from Abruzzo")Benevento/Di Benevento/Beneventano ("Beneventan"/"from Benevento")Albanese/Albanesi ("Albanian"/"from Albania")Bologna/Bologni/Bolognese/Bolognesi ("Bolognan"/"from Bologna")Bresci/(De) Brescia/Bresciani/Bresciano/Brescianini ("Brescian"/"from Brescia")Calabrese/Calabresi/Calabria ("Calabrian"/"from Calabria")Campaniano/Campano/Campana ("Campanian"/"from Campania")Casertano ("Casertanian"/"from Caserta")Catalani/Catalano ("Catalan"/"from Catalonia") Catanese/Catanesi/Catania ("Catanian"/"from Catania"/"from the province of Catania")Emiliani/Emiliano ("Emilian"/"from Emilia")Fiorentini/Fiorentino/Firenze/Florenzi ("Florentine"/"from Florence")Francese/Franzese/Franzesi ("French"/"from France")De Genova/Di Genova/Genova/Genovese/Genovesi ("Genoese"/"from Genoa")Greco ("Greek")De Lucca/Di Lucca/Lucca/Lucchesi/Lucchese ("Luccan"/"from Lucca")Maltese/Maltesi ("Maltese"/"from Malta")De Milano/Di Milano/Milano/Milanese/Milanesi ("Milanese"/"from Milan")De Napoli/Di Napoli/Napoli/Napoletani/Napoletano/Napolitani/Napolitano ("Neapolitan"/"from Naples") Di Norcia/Norcia/"from Norcia")Da Padova/Di Padova/Padova/Padovani/Padovano/Patavini/Patavino/Padovan ("Paduan"/"from Padua")(Di) Palermo/Palermitani/Palermitano ("Palermitan"/"from Palermo")De Pisa/Di Pisa/Pisa/Pisani/Pisano ("Pisan"/"from Pisa")Portoghese/Portoghesi ("Portuguese"/"from Portugal") Puglisi/Pugliese ("Apulian"/"from Apulia")Romagnoli/Romagnolo ("Romagnan"/"from Romagna")Romana/Romani/Romano ("Roman"/"from Rome") Salerno/Salernitani/Salernitano ("Salernitan"/"from Salerno")Sardo ("Sardinian"/"from Sardinia") Siciliana/Siciliani/Siciliano ("Sicilian"/"from Sicily")Spagnola/Spagnoli/Spagnolo/Spagnuola/Spagnuoli/Spagnuolo ("Spaniard", "Spanish", "from Spain")Svizzera/Svizzeri/Svizzero ("Swiss"/"from Switzerland")Tedeschi/Tedesco/Tedisco/Todeschi/Todesco ("German"/"from Germany")Toscani/Toscano ("Tuscan"/"from Tuscany")Trapanese/Trapanesi ("Trapanese"/"from Trapani"/"from the province of Trapani")Umbro ("Umbrian"/"from Umbria")Veneziani/Veneziano ("Venetian"/"from Venice")Veronese/Veronesi ("from Verona")
 Nearby landmarks: La Porta ("the gate"), Fontana ("fountain"), Torregrossa ("big tower").

Ancestors' occupation was also a great source of surnames.
 Job title: Pastore ("shepherd"), Tagliabue ("ox-cutter"), Passafiume and Passalacqua ("waterman").
 Objects (metonyms) associated with the vocation:  Zappa ("hoe", farmer), Delle Fave ("of the beans", grocer), Martelli ("hammers", carpenter), Tenaglia ("pincer", smith), Farina ("flour", baker), Garitta/Garita ("garitta di vedetta"), Forni ("ovens", cook), Ferraro ("blacksmith").

Nicknames, referring to physical attributes or mannerism, also gave rise to some family names, e.g., Rossi (from rosso "redhead"), Basso ("short"), Caporaso ("shaved or bald head"), Pappalardo ("lard-eater", an insult for someone claiming to be devout but ate meat and fatty dishes in forbidden times), and Barbagelata ("frozen beard").

A few family names are still in the original Latin, like Santorum, De Juliis and De Laurentiis, reflecting that the family name has been preserved from Medieval Latin sources as a part of their business or household documentation or church records.

Second surnames

In some areas of Italy, individuals and their descendants may have taken a second surname, attached to the first by the word detto, vulgo, or dit (all meaning "called" or "known as"). This practice was mostly used to distinguish between different branches of the same family, especially when the families remained in the same town for generations.

Occasionally, a very similar name to the one already used by the family was adopted in order to better parallel local naming styles. For example, when they settled and founded their firm in France, the Mellerio family of jewellers, from Valle Vigezzo, modified their name to Mellerio dits Meller.

Some families with such names eventually drop the first part or even in rare cases the second, as with the Mellerio family (the expanded form of whose name now survives only in the name of their company).

Articles
The traditional rule, which is the common usage especially in Tuscany, is that in referring to people by their surnames alone, the definite article should be used (il for most parts, lo before some consonants and consonant clusters and l before vowels). Mario Russo, therefore, is called il Russo ("the Russo"). Now, some prefer to use the article only or chiefly for historical surnames ("l'Ariosto", "il Manzoni", etc.)

Male given names are never preceded by an article except in popular northern regional usage.

However, in Tuscany and the rest of Northern Italy, given names of females are usually preceded by articles (la Maria, la Gianna) unless one is speaking of a woman who is personally unknown (such as Cleopatra, Maria Stuarda, with no article). That is also the traditional grammar rule.

Articles are also used (more often than with those of men) with the surnames of women: Gianni Rossi can be called il Rossi or (especially nowadays) simply Rossi, but Maria Bianchi is usually la Bianchi (also la Maria Bianchi).

Placing the surname before the name is considered incorrect except in bureaucratic usage and is often seen as a sign of lack of education.

Names that are derived from possessions of noble families normally never had articles preceding them such as the House of Farnese (from a territorial holding) and the Cornaro family (from a prince-bishopric). Articles were also omitted for surnames with an identifiable foreign origin (including Latin ones) such as Cicerone.

That practice somewhat resembles the Greek custom of placing definite articles before all names (see Greek names). The Greco-Italian practice even spread to French in the 17th century, especially in writings regarding figures in literature and painting such as le Poussin. For example, some Italian surnames of Greek sound descent: Papasidero, Papadopulo''.

See also

Germanic names in Italy

References

Names by culture

Italian name


Home, Home on the Road is an album by the American country rock group the New Riders of the Purple Sage.  Released by Columbia Records in 1974, it was their first live album, and their fifth album overall.  The eleven songs on the album are a combination of originals and covers.  Six of them had appeared on previous New Riders albums, and five had not.

Home, Home on the Road was produced by Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead, who had co-founded the New Riders and had been their original pedal steel guitar player.  One track, "Kick in the Head", was written by Robert Hunter, who wrote the lyrics to many Grateful Dead songs.

Track listing

"Hi, Hello, How Are You" (John Dawson)
"She's No Angel" (J.W. Arnold, Wanda Ballman)
"Groupie" (Dave Torbert)
"Sunday Susie" (Dawson)
"Kick in the Head" (Robert Hunter)
"Truck Drivin' Man" (Terry Fell)
"Hello Mary Lou" (Gene Pitney, C. Mangiaracina)
"Sutter's Mill" (Dawson)
"Dead Flowers" (Mick Jagger, Keith Richards)
"Henry" (Dawson)
"School Days" (Chuck Berry)

Personnel

New Riders of the Purple Sage
John Dawson – guitar, vocals
David Nelson – guitar, vocals
Dave Torbert – bass, vocals
Buddy Cage – pedal steel guitar
Spencer Dryden – drums

Additional musicians
Andy Stein – baritone sax on "School Days"

Production
Jerry Garcia – producer
Tom Flye – recording and remix engineer
Bob Edwards – sound engineer
Tom Lubin – assistant engineer
Chris Harms – cover art
Recorded on the Record Plant NY White Truck with Frank Hubach, David Hewitt, John L. Venable
Cover photography: Jamie Eric Eisman

Notes

References

"Home, Home on the Road" on deaddisc.com
"Major Releases" partial discography on NRPS official website nrps.net

New Riders of the Purple Sage live albums
1974 live albums
Columbia Records live albums
Albums produced by Jerry Garcia

Home, Home on the Road


Valentina is a brand of "pourable" hot sauce manufactured by Salsa Tamazula, a company based in Guadalajara, Mexico. The sauce, like the parent company's Tamazula hot sauce, is made with puya chilis from Jalisco state, similar to the Guajillo chili and known by the name guajillo puya.

It is typically sold in 12.5-ounce and large (one-liter or 34-ounce) glass bottles, with a flip-top cap permanently attached to the bottle. The cap does not unscrew. The red shape on the label is an outline of the Mexican state of Jalisco. Valentina is described as thicker than Tabasco sauce and less vinegary, with more chili flavor. It comes in two varieties: hot (900 Scoville Heat Units) and extra hot (2100 SHU). The sauce is known for its use as a condiment on several Mexican foods, especially street fare, and its taste, not only for its heat. Valentina's ingredients are water, chili peppers, vinegar, salt, spices and sodium benzoate (as a preservative).

The sauce is named for Valentina Ramírez Avitia, a Mexican revolutionary.

See also
List of hot sauces
Scoville heat scale

References

External links
 Official website

Brand name condiments
Mexican sauces
Hot sauces
Products introduced in 1954

Valentina (hot sauce)


James Jarvis (born London, 1970) is a British illustrator and toy designer, a pioneer of the soft vinyl designer toy revolution.

Beginning as a designer for the fashion company Silas, Jarvis now creates characters at his own company, Amos Toys, each character with its own personality and background world.

Education
Jarvis was educated at Dulwich College, London. After a foundation course at Chelsea College of Arts he went on to study illustration at the University of Brighton (1990–1993) and took a master's degree in illustration at the Royal College of Art (1993–1995).

Career
1994: freelance illustrator
1998: begins collaboration with London fashion company Silas, designing a moulded plastic toy, Martin
1999: more Silas toys, Evil Martin and Bubba Silas
2000: exhibition at PARCO Gallery, Tokyo, later at Nagoya, of 'World of Pain', an imaginary environment invented for Silas
2000: World of Pain comic launched
2000: new toy Tattoo-Me Keith, for Silas
2001: Lars World of Pain, for Silas
2002: Juvenile Delinquents characters for Sony Capsule Toy
2002: book James Jarvis Drawings published
2002: With Sofia Prantera and Russell Waterman (directors of Silas), sets up Amos Toys
2003: three sets of In-Crowd toys for Amos: Forever Sensible Motorcycle Club, Ages of Metal and Zombies
2003-2007: King Ken (ape icon), Vortigern's Machine, the Great Sage of Wisdom, Tales From Green Fuzz, Rusty, Wiggs, Yod's Micro Theatre of Dreams
August 2006: with Liberty of London, creates Vortigern's Machine and The Great Sage of Wisdom displays in the menswear department of Liberty's Regent Street, London, store
January 2007: exhibition at Festival International de la Bande Dessinee, Angoulême, France
March 2007: launches blogspot at jamesjarvis.blogspot.com: "An insight into artistic genius, or the rantings of a madman on the road to oblivion? You decide!"
April 2007: runs in Zürich Marathon
April 2011: Collaborated with Coca-Cola for their 125th Anniversary
February 2012: 'Fifty-Two Spheres' - solo Exhibition at Beach London Gallery, Shoreditch
June 2013: 'Objects in Space' - solo Exhibition at Beach London Gallery, Shoreditch
James Jarvis Drawings (Relax Book, Tokyo, 2002)
Vortigern's Machine and the Great Sage of Wisdom (Amos Novelties Ltd, 2006)
 Yodzine (Amos Novelties Ltd, 2007)
Selected Drawings (Amos Novelties Ltd, 2008)

References

1970 births
Living people
People educated at Dulwich College
Alumni of the University of Brighton
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
British illustrators

James Jarvis (illustrator)


Enrico Dante (5 July 1884 – 24 April 1967) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as papal master of ceremonies from 1947 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1965.

His face became very familiar after assisting the popes at their Masses and other ceremonies for nearly twenty years.

Biography

Enrico Dante was born in Rome to Achille Dante, a devoted supporter of Giuseppe Garibaldi, and Zenaide Ingegni (died 1892). He had two sisters, and a brother who was a missionary in Brazil. Dante studied in Paris and then at Collegio Capranica in Rome. He also attended the Pontifical Gregorian University, from where he received doctorates in philosophy, theology, canon law and civil law; from the Sacra Rota Romana he obtained a diploma of avvocato rotale.

He was ordained to the priesthood on 3 July 1910 by Patriarch Giuseppe Ceppetelli. Dante taught philosophy at the Pontifical Urbaniana University from 1911 to 1928, and then theology until 1947. He began work as an official in the Apostolic Penitentiary in 1913, and became a member of the College of Pontifical Ceremoniers on 25 March 1914. In 1923, along with his duties as a papal ceremoniere, he entered the Congregation of Rites, of which he was later named substitute on 28 September 1930. He was raised to the rank of domestic prelate of his holiness and undersecretary of the Congregation of Ceremonies in 1943.

Appointed prefect of Pontifical Ceremonies on 13 June 1947, Dante was entrusted with assisting and overseeing the sacred functions performed by the pope and other cardinals. In 1953, he assisted in the consistory of Pope Pius XII, whom he deeply revered. In 1959 he was named pro-secretary of the Congregation of Rites, and later its secretary in 1960. In 1960, Time magazine named him a likely candidate for membership in the College of Cardinals, a speculation, which was prompted by the announcement of Pope John XXIII, that he had named three persons in pectore cardinals. As papal ceremoniere, he participated in the conclaves of 1914, 1922, 1939, 1958, and 1963, and the coronations of Popes Benedict XV, Pius XI, Pius XII, John XXIII, and Paul VI.

On 25 January 1959, he organised the extraordinary consistory which announced the Vatican council. On 28 August 1962, he was appointed Titular Archbishop of Carpasia. Dante received his episcopal consecration on the following 21 September from John XXIII himself, with Archbishops Francesco Carpino and Pietro Parente serving as co-consecrators, in the Lateran Basilica. He then attended the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), of whose reforms Dante did not approve.

Dante was created Cardinal-Priest of Sant'Agata dei Goti by Pope Paul VI in the consistory of 22 February 1965. During the ceremony, Pope Paul accidentally bestowed the biretta of Lawrence Shehan on Dante, causing the biretta to fall over his ears.

He died in the early morning of 24 April 1967 in Rome, at age 82, and was buried in his cardinalatial church of S. Agata dei Goti.

References

External links
The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Catholic-Hierarchy

1884 births
1967 deaths
20th-century Italian cardinals
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI
Almo Collegio Capranica alumni
Pontifical Gregorian University alumni

Enrico Dante


A magnon in physics is a quasiparticle with magnetic properties. It is not a  thing which exists on its own   in free space but exists only within the structure being studied  usually a crystalline solid.

Each atom in a solid has a magnetic field generated by its electrons as they spin. If these  spins all align then the solid becomes magnetic at the bulk everyday level. Usually they do not align and the magnetic field of individual atoms cancel each other out.

Individual atoms can have their spin reversed by interaction with energy from elsewhere. A spin reversal itself  can influence the spin of the electrons in neighbouring atoms.  A wave of change in electron spins can then move through the electrons in the crystal lattice as it dissipates like waves on a pool of water.  Since the electrons are very small and governed by quantum mechanics, this wave, can be treated as though it is a number of particle like entities. These are magnetic quasi particles or magnons.

Quantum mechanics
Magnetism

Magnon