Brisbane School of Arts is a heritage-listed school of arts at 166 Ann Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1865 to 1985. It is also known as former Servants Home. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

History
This building was erected in 1865–1866. Known as the Servants Home, it provided accommodation for single adult females who had migrated to Queensland and were awaiting employment as domestic servants. Designed by H Edwin Bridges, the building comprised a ground floor and two upper galleries. All four elevations were identical. A notable feature of the interior was the lantern above the void in the two upper floors which provided natural lighting to the building. A 6,000 imperial gallon (27,300 litre) tank under the roof serviced the building with water. The contractors were Messrs Butler and Forster.

In 1873 the property was purchased by the trustees of the North Brisbane School of Arts for . The building was let to tenants for several years before it was converted to a school of arts (aka mechanics' institute). In 1877 contractor Blair Cunningham added verandahs and other modifications designed by Richard Gailey for a cost of . The new School of Arts building was opened on 17 May 1878.

The North Brisbane School of Arts was established in 1849 and its first premises were located on the corner Queen and Creek Streets. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it played an important role in the cultural life of the community. The School of Arts provided a library for members, conducted public lectures, and organised classes in a wide variety of subjects.

To meet the needs for technical education classes, a hall was added to the rear in 1884. This space was used for the Brisbane Technical College which operated under the auspices of the School of Arts until 1902 when the Queensland Government took responsibility for technical education.

The lending library was a major activity of the School of Arts. In 1908, to make room for an increase in the number of books, an extension, designed by Messrs Atkinson and McLay, was built beside the hall.

Membership of the School of Arts steadily declined during the 1920s and 1930s. To increase revenue, shops were built in front of the building in 1937. In 1955 a brick upper storey was added to the shops with connections to the School of Arts building. The verandahs were removed at this time.

In 1966 trusteeship of the property was transferred to the Brisbane City Council which continued to operate a public library at the site until 1981. In 1983 the front offices and shops were demolished and restoration work undertaken. The building was re-opened on 13 February 1985 and let to various community groups.

As of 2020 the property has been closed for several years pending renovations.

Description
The School of Arts building is a two-storey masonry building elevated above Ann Street. The lower level is of coursed rubble masonry with red brick quoins and string courses. The upper two levels of the building are entirely brick, with the arched headed openings symmetrically arranged. The rolled iron hipped roof is surmounted by a  lantern light with projecting eaves.

The entry stairs and front and side verandahs contain timber balustrades of diagonal crossed pieces and circular brackets below the eaves. The verandah roof drops in a shallow curve from below the eaves brackets of the main roof to its gutter line.

The double height lecture hall and three classrooms (1884) have face brick with timber floors, roof trusses, and corrugated galvanised iron roof. The library extension (1908) is constructed in a similar manner and consists of a double height room with a lantern roof light.

The building was restored in 1984–1985. Few interior fittings and furnishings remain, but the organisation of the internal space is relatively intact. Rooms on the ground floor are used for exhibitions while the first floor contains offices and a craft gallery. Original roof strutting is visible in the uppermost floor of the 1860s section and staircases and fireplaces have been retained. The tiered seating and balconies in the first floor of the lecture hall remain.

Heritage listing
Brisbane School of Arts was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

The School of Arts is significant for its association with the North Brisbane School of Arts which played a prominent role in the cultural life of Brisbane during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.

The building remains as a rare surviving example of an inner-city masonry building of the 1860s.

The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.

The School of Arts is significant for the successful integration of the extensions under various architects, especially the verandahs designed by Richard Gailey.

References

Attribution

External links

 Brisbane School of Arts building 1879
 Queensland's first chemist: John Henry Pepper
 To Sir with Love "Exhibition poster background

Queensland Heritage Register
Heritage of Brisbane
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Ann Street, Brisbane
Schools of Arts in Queensland
School buildings completed in 1866

Brisbane School of Arts


KTVW-DT (channel 33) is a television station in Phoenix, Arizona, United States, serving as the local outlet for the Spanish-language network Univision. It is owned and operated by TelevisaUnivision alongside Flagstaff-licensed UniMás outlet KFPH-DT, channel 13 (which KTVW-DT simulcasts on its second digital subchannel). Both stations share studios on 30th Street in southern Phoenix, while KTVW-DT's transmitter is located atop South Mountain on the city's south side.

The station's signal is relayed on two low-power translators: Class A station KTVW-CD (channel 6) in Flagstaff, and KDOS-LD (channel 50) in Globe. KTVW is also rebroadcast on the second digital subchannel of KFPH, whose transmitter is located atop Mormon Mountain, about  south of Flagstaff in the Coconino National Forest.

In addition, KUVE-DT (channel 46) in Green Valley and KUVE-CD (channel 42) in Tucson operate as semi-satellites of KTVW-DT, expanding the Univision signal into Southern Arizona. As such, they simulcast all Univision programming as provided through their parent, and share a website with KTVW. However, the Tucson stations air separate commercial inserts and legal identifications. There is also a three-hour overnight segment on Monday mornings, in which the Tucson stations broadcast locally produced English-language programming in accordance with KUVE-CD's Class A license. Local newscasts, produced by KTVW and branded as , are simulcast on KUVE and KUVE-CD. Although KUVE maintains its own studios on Forbes Boulevard in Tucson, master control and most internal operations are based at KTVW's facilities.

History

On March 12, 1976, the Legend of Cibola Television Company (reorganized before launch as the Seven Hills Television Company), owned by a series of principals of the Spanish International Network, filed for a construction permit for a new television station on channel 33 in Phoenix, which was granted on August 17, 1977. The original applicant had just one local stockholder, Julia Zozaya (who later built and owned KNNN-FM 99.9). Facilities were jointly constructed with another construction permit, KNXV-TV; the two stations won approval to construct a new tower on South Mountain in 1978.

KTVW-TV signed on as Arizona's first full-time Spanish-language television station on September 2, 1979. Previously, KPAZ-TV channel 21 had aired some Spanish-language programming from 1967 to 1977, but this was curtailed by financial woes and its sale to the Trinity Broadcasting Network. From the beginning, the plan was to build a translator for KTVW in Tucson: this launched November 1, 1980. While owned by SIN-aligned interests, it was not owned by the network proper until then-owner Hallmark Cards acquired it from Seven Hills in 1989.

For 27 years, KTVW was the only full-power Spanish-language television station in Phoenix, which gave it considerable market dominance. In 2006, this came to an end when NBCUniversal and the Daystar Television Network agreed to a trade that converted Phoenix's noncommercial channel 39 into commercial Telemundo outlet KTAZ.

KTVW-DT also operates the UniMás station for the Phoenix market on low-powered KFPH-CD (channel 35), which broadcasts on full-powered KFPH-DT (channel 13) in Flagstaff (also a part of the Phoenix market), giving it "must-carry" broadcast station status on satellite providers DirecTV and Dish Network.

News operation
KTVW began producing local news in the early 1980s with a 10-minute local news update that aired at 10:30 p.m. before 24 Horas from Mexico City; this was replaced with a 6 p.m. newscast in 1984.

KTVW presently broadcasts ten hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with one hour each day, consisting of two half-hour newscasts at 5 and 10 p.m. seven nights a week). The station does not have any on-air weather staffers of its own, instead weather segments during KTVW's newscasts are produced by Los Angeles sister station KMEX-DT. The station's local newscasts (currently known as ) rank among the top-rated local news programs in the market, either English or Spanish. The station had the highest-rated newscast in Phoenix among the demographics of adults between the ages of 18-34 and 18-49 in 2004.

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
KTVW shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 33, at 10:59 p.m. on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 34 to channel 33 for post-transition operations. Prior to the shutdown of its analog signal, the station's personnel gave information on how to connect and operate their digital converters, and then counting down the last 15 seconds.

Translators
 27 Flagstaff–Doney Park
 19 Globe

Formerly, KTVW was on channels 17 and 52 in Tucson before the launch of its locally operated Univision affiliate KUVE-DT 38/46.

See also
Telemundo/Daystar license swap

References

External links
 Official website for KTVW "Univision 33"
 Univision

Univision network affiliates
Grit (TV network) affiliates
Bounce TV affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1979
TVW-DT
TVW-DT
1979 establishments in Arizona

KTVW-DT


The International Weddell Sea Oceanographic Expeditions or IWSOE are a series of scientific research expeditions to the Weddell Sea began in 1967, involving cooperation among Norway, Canada, Chile and the United States.

 The Weddell Sea, part of the Southern Ocean, is a unique scientific research environment.  The outflow of Weddell Sea Bottom Water and Antarctic Bottom Water formed in the Weddell and Ross Seas is a major source of oceanic deep water and changes affecting the formation of these water masses are liable to have an effect on the circulation of deep water globally. The water of the Weddell Sea is about 1400 m deep at its deepest point; it is exceptionally clear (the Secchi disk visibility reading at 80 metres recorded in the Weddell Sea on 13 October 1986 was the deepest ever, at the theoretical maximum in absolutely pure water). Much of the southern part of the sea is permanent ice, the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, which can be up to 600 m thick.

IWSOE research projects have involved a variety of institutions and covered a wide range of disciplines.

For example, in 1969 scientists from the Universities of Bergen (Norway) and Minnesota, Connecticut and California, Los Angeles (USA), and the US Coast Guard Oceanographic Unit studied the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water, the population density and diversity of the deep sea benthos of the Weddell Sea, the population dynamics of Antarctic seals and sedimentation processes in the Weddell Sea and carried out physical, chemical and photographic oceanographic surveys.

Other subjects of IWSOE research include the Weddell Sea currents and the biology of krill, a species of zooplankton abundance in the area.

The expeditions were initially led aboard the USCGC Glacier, an icebreaker modified for oceanographic research which in 1968 was the first ship to cross the Weddell Sea from the edge of the ice pack to the continental landmass. At the time, the Glacier was the world's largest icebreaker.

References

British Antarctic Territory
Chile and the Antarctic
History of Antarctica
Argentine Antarctica
Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf
20th century in Antarctica
1967 in Antarctica


Brillion is a town in Calumet County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 1,486 at the 2010 census.

Geography
The Town of Brillion is located in the northeast corner of Calumet County and is bordered by Brown County to the north and Manitowoc County to the east. The city of Brillion, a separate municipality, is in the southeast part of the town, while the unincorporated Forest Junction is in the northwest.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which  is land and , or 0.40%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,438 people, 501 households, and 383 families residing in the town. The population density was 43.2 people per square mile (16.7/km2). There were 521 housing units at an average density of 15.7 per square mile (6.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.98% White, 0.42% Black or African American, 0.42% Native American, 0.14% Asian, 0.28% from other races, and 0.76% from two or more races. 0.70% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 501 households, out of which 40.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.1% were married couples living together, 4.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.4% were non-families. 18.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.87 and the average family size was 3.32.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 29.6% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $52,500, and the median income for a family was $58,403. Males had a median income of $38,636 versus $22,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,927. About 1.8% of families and 2.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.8% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

References

External links
Town of Brillion official website

Towns in Calumet County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin

Brillion (town), Wisconsin


Cheondoism (Korean Cheondogyo; hanja 天道教; hangul 천도교; literally "Religion of the Heavenly Way") is Korean traditional religion which began during the last year of Joseon Dynasty. It was found in 1860 by Choe Je-U, the first religious sect leader of Cheondoism. At first, he named this religion Donghak, or Eastern Learning in opposition to Western Learning. In 1905, the name was change to Cheondogyo by the third leader, Son Byeong-Hui. In period of Japanese occupation, it made an effort to lead Korea's Independence Movement against Japanese colonial rule and expand it's congregation. Today, Cheondoism exerts less strong influence than before.

Religious thought
Cheondoism is a monotheistic religion and members believe a god called 'Hanul'. God is both transcendent and immanent in Heaven, Earth, and Man. It is not only the notion of God, but also view of human, moral, history are distinctive. When one dies, one does not go to some other-dimensional heaven, but returns to the One Being. The fundamental doctrine of the religion is that all human beings are equal because all people serve the god in their mind when born, so believers desperately oppose the hierarchy. And depending on equality for all, it insisted that children should be respected.

History
Cheondoism weakened by government suppression, but from the effort of second leader Si Hyung Choi. it recovered and in 1870, the number of believers extended for thousands. In 1880s, congregation was expanded to the entire Korean peninsula, and in 1890s, the religion led social movement of semi-feudalism and anti-foreign influence and this became Donghak Movement. In 1910s, it stirred up a revolution for liberation of the oppressed nation from Japanese imperialist rule.

Other websites
www.chondogyo.or.kr

East Asian religions
Korean culture
1860 establishments in Asia
Religious Confucianism

Cheondoism


Martial arts films are movies about martial arts. They're normally action movies.  The martial arts shown in movies tend to include kung fu, wuxia, and karate.

History

There were Martial arts films in Asia. They were more about action then plot. They became popular in 1943 when Akira Kurosawa made the movie Sugata Sanshiro about a young man who has to learn judo. In 1945, Kurosawa made a sequel which was the first movie ever to have karate in it.

In the 1970s, kung fu movies made by studios in Hong Kong like the Shaw Brothers Studio and Godfrey Ho's studio were translated into English and were watched in the United States and Canada.

Actors

Bruce Lee starred in a lot of kung fu movies in the 1970s and 80s. Other important actors in the genre were Jackie Chan, Jet Li, Sammo Hung, Yuen Biao, and Donnie Yen.

Animated movies

There are some animated films that are about martial arts like Kung Fu Panda.

Martial arts movie


Wyoming Commemorative Association was founded in 1878 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Wyoming (also known as the Wyoming Valley Massacre).  This American Revolutionary War battle was fought on July 3, 1778, near Wilkes-Barre in present-day Exeter, Pennsylvania.

History
The Association was informally organized in 1877 to prepare for the centennial anniversary of the battle.  Organizers of the events gathered on January 1, 1878 on the recently excavated foundation of the original fort at Forty Fort, the site from where the American defenders had departed on the day of the fateful battle in 1778.  In 1928, the sesquicentennial of the battle was elaborately celebrated both at the monument as well as throughout the community.

The Association's first observance was held on July 3, 1878, drawing a crowd of more than 50,000 people to hear the main speaker for the event, U. S. President Rutherford B. Hayes.  During the three-day visit, President Hayes was accompanied by the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury John Sherman, as well as the U.S. Attorney General Charles Devens.  Over a quarter of a century later, President Theodore Roosevelt visited the Wyoming Monument during a tour of Wyoming Valley in 1905.  On May 28, 2013, former President Jimmy Carter gave a speech at the Monument.

19th Century speakers
Each year since 1878, the Wyoming Commemorative Association has hosted a major observance on the grounds of the Wyoming Monument to pay tribute to the famed battle.  Hereditary and military organizations place floral tributes at the foot of the monument and the 24th Connecticut Militia (Revolutionary War reenactors) present a volley tribute. Many members of the Association represent some of the leading families of the greater Wilkes-Barre area as well as descendants of those who fought in the battle.  Frank E.P. Conyngham has served as president of the association since 1990.

A number of prominent speakers have addressed the annual program, including Rev. Thomas K. Beecher, D.D., brother of famed writer and abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1895;  Francis W. Halsey of the New York Times in 1898 and Dr. John Howard Harris President of Bucknell University in 1899.

20th Century speakers
In 1901, Dr. E. D. Warfield, President of Lafayette College; Dr. William Elliot Griffis in 1903; History Professor Dr. Albert Bushnell Hart of Harvard University in 1906; Hon. Simeon Eben Baldwin in 1907; Pulitzer Prize winner Claude Halstead Van Tyne of the University of Michigan in 1909; Hon. John E. Potter in 1916; Pennsylvania State Librarian and Director of the State Museum of Pennsylvania Frederic A. Godcharles in 1923; Willis Fletcher Johnson diplomatic writer for the New York Tribune in 1925; University of Pennsylvania dean William E. Lingelbach in 1930; Arthur C. Parker in 1931; Alexander Flick, professor at Syracuse University and then New York State historian in 1933; historian and Union College President Dixon Ryan Fox in 1934; historian, Princeton University librarian and editor of the Susquehannah Company Papers Julian P. Boyd in 1936; Pulitzer Prize winning author Roy Franklin Nichols in 1937; Pulitzer Prize winner Lawrence Henry Gipson in 1941; former Pennsylvania governor Arthur James in 1947; Lafayette College President Ralph Cooper Hutchison in 1951; Julian P. Boyd, editor of the Papers of Thomas Jefferson in 1958; Pennsylvania Supreme Court Justice Benjamin R. Jones in 1959; Congressman Francis Walter in 1960; Hon. William Scranton in 1961; Wilkes University President Eugene Farley in 1963; U.S. Senator Hugh Scott in 1969; Congressman Daniel J. Flood in 1973; Major General Joseph Perugino of the 28th Infantry of the Pennsylvania National Guard in 1995; and Dr. Michael MacDowell, President of Misericordia University in 1999.

21st Century speakers
Theodore Roosevelt's great-grandson Tweed Roosevelt, spoke at the Association's 2005 observance, which celebrated Roosevelt's visit to the Monument in 1905. The principal speaker at the 2010 observance was Denise Dennis, author and collateral descendant of Revolutionary War soldier Gershom Prince, an African American patriot who was killed during the Battle of Wyoming.  On July 4, 2011, the Association held their annual observance, which included a rededication of the Wyoming Monument following its extensive restoration.  In 2012, the keynote speaker for the observance was Dr. William V. Lewis, Jr., Commissioner of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.  In 2013, the commemoration speaker was Professor John Frantz, Professor Emeritus of American History at The Pennsylvania State University  In May 2013, at a privately sponsored event at the Monument, former U. S. President Jimmy Carter gave an address on the Monument grounds.

The Association publishes an annual Proceedings, which is widely distributed both to its membership and to historic research libraries.

References

Further reading
 Oscar Jewel Harvey, The History of Wilkes-Barre and Wyoming Valley
 Wyoming Commemorative Association, Proceedings of the Wyoming Commemorative Association

External links
Former President Jimmy Carter speaks at Wyoming Monument on May 28, 2013 (archived on C-SPAN)

1878 establishments in Pennsylvania
American Revolutionary War monuments and memorials
Organizations established in 1878
Pennsylvania culture
Recurring events established in 1878

Wyoming Commemorative Association


A sleep disorder, or somnipathy, is a medical disorder of an individual's sleep patterns. Some sleep disorders are severe enough to interfere with normal physical, mental, social and emotional functioning. Polysomnography and actigraphy are tests commonly ordered for diagnosing sleep disorders.

Sleep disorders are broadly classified into dyssomnias, parasomnias, circadian rhythm sleep disorders involving the timing of sleep, and other disorders including ones caused by medical or psychological conditions. When a person struggles to fall asleep and/or stay asleep with no obvious cause, it is referred to as insomnia, the most common sleep disorder. Others include sleep apnea, narcolepsy and hypersomnia (excessive sleepiness at inappropriate times), sleeping sickness (disruption of sleep cycle due to infection), sleepwalking, and night terrors.

Sleep disruptions can be caused by various issues, including teeth grinding (bruxism) and night terrors. Management of sleep disturbances that are secondary to mental, medical or substance abuse disorders should focus on the underlying conditions.

Primary sleep disorders are common in both children and adults. However, there is a significant lack of awareness in children with sleep disorders, due to most cases being unidentified. Several common factors involved in the onset of a sleep disorder include increased medication use, age-related changes in circadian rhythms, environmental changes, lifestyle changes, pre-diagnosed physiological problems, or stress. Among the elderly, the risk of developing sleep disordered breathing, periodic limb movements, restless legs syndrome, REM sleep behavior disorders, insomnia, and circadian rhythm disturbances is especially increased.

List of conditions
There are a number of sleep disorders. The following list includes some of them:
 Bruxism, involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth while sleeping
 Catathrenia, nocturnal groaning during prolonged exhalation
 Delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD), inability to awaken and fall asleep at socially acceptable times but no problem with sleep maintenance, a disorder of circadian rhythms. Other such disorders are advanced sleep phase disorder (ASPD), non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder (non-24) in the sighted or in the blind, and irregular sleep wake rhythm, all much less common than DSPD, as well as the situational shift work sleep disorder.
 Fatal familial insomnia, an extremely rare  and universally-fatal prion disease that causes a complete cessation of sleep.
 Hypopnea syndrome, abnormally shallow breathing or slow respiratory rate while sleeping
 Idiopathic hypersomnia, a primary, neurologic cause of long-sleeping, sharing many similarities with narcolepsy
 Insomnia disorder (primary insomnia), chronic difficulty in falling asleep and/or maintaining sleep when no other cause is found for these symptoms. Insomnia can also be comorbid with or secondary to other disorders.
 Kleine–Levin syndrome, a rare disorder characterized by persistent episodic hypersomnia and cognitive or mood changes
 Narcolepsy, characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and so-called "sleep attacks," relatively sudden-onset, irresistible urges to sleep, which may interfere with occupational and social commitments. About 70% of those who have narcolepsy also have cataplexy, a sudden weakness in the motor muscles that can result in collapse to the floor while retaining full conscious awareness.
 Night terror, Pavor nocturnus, sleep terror disorder, an abrupt awakening from sleep with behavior consistent with terror
 Nocturia, a frequent need to get up and urinate at night. It differs from enuresis, or bed-wetting, in which the person does not arouse from sleep, but the bladder nevertheless empties.
 Parasomnias, disruptive sleep-related events involving inappropriate actions during sleep, for example sleepwalking, night-terrors and catathrenia.
 Periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS), sudden involuntary movement of the arms and/or legs during sleep. In the absence of other sleep disorders, PLMS may cause sleep disruption and impair sleep quality, leading to periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD).
 Other limb movements in sleep, including hypneic jerks and nocturnal myoclonus.
 Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), acting out violent or dramatic dreams while in REM sleep, sometimes injuring bed partner or self (REM sleep disorder or RSD)
 Restless legs syndrome (RLS), an irresistible urge to move legs.
 Shift work sleep disorder (SWSD), a situational circadian rhythm sleep disorder. (Jet lag was previously included as a situational circadian rhythm sleep disorder, but it does not appear in DSM-5, see Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders for more).
 Sleep apnea, obstructive sleep apnea, obstruction of the airway during sleep, causing lack of sufficient deep sleep, often accompanied by snoring. Other forms of sleep apnea are less common. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a medical disorder that is caused by repetitive collapse of the upper airway (back of the throat) during sleep. For the purposes of sleep studies, episodes of full upper airway collapse for at least ten seconds are called apneas.
 Sleep paralysis, characterized by temporary paralysis of the body shortly before or after sleep. Sleep paralysis may be accompanied by visual, auditory or tactile hallucinations. It is not a disorder unless severe, and is often seen as part of narcolepsy.
 Sleepwalking or somnambulism, engaging in activities normally associated with wakefulness (such as eating or dressing), which may include walking, without the conscious knowledge of the subject.
 Somniphobia, one cause of sleep deprivation, a dread/ fear of falling asleep or going to bed. Signs of the illness include anxiety and panic attacks before and during attempts to sleep.

Types
 Dyssomnias – A broad category of sleep disorders characterized by either hypersomnia or insomnia. The three major subcategories include intrinsic (i.e., arising from within the body), extrinsic (secondary to environmental conditions or various pathologic conditions), and disturbances of circadian rhythm.
 Insomnia: Insomnia may be primary or it may be comorbid with or secondary to another disorder such as a mood disorder (i.e., emotional stress, anxiety, depression) or underlying health condition (i.e., asthma, diabetes, heart disease, pregnancy or neurological conditions).
 Primary hypersomnia: Hypersomnia of central or brain origin
 Narcolepsy: A chronic neurological disorder (or dyssomnia), which is caused by the brain's inability to control sleep and wakefulness.
 Idiopathic hypersomnia: A chronic neurological disease similar to narcolepsy, in which there is an increased amount of fatigue and sleep during the day. Patients who have idiopathic hypersomnia cannot obtain a healthy amount of sleep for a regular day of activities. This hinders the patients' ability to perform well, and patients have to deal with this for the rest of their lives.
 Recurrent hypersomnia, including Kleine–Levin syndrome
 Post traumatic hypersomnia
 Menstrual-related hypersomnia
 Sleep disordered breathing (SDB), including (non-exhaustive):
 Several types of sleep apnea
 Snoring
 Upper airway resistance syndrome
 Restless leg syndrome
 Periodic limb movement disorder
 Circadian rhythm sleep disorders
 Delayed sleep phase disorder
 Advanced sleep phase disorder
 Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
 Parasomnias – A category of sleep disorders that involve abnormal and unnatural movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreams in connection with sleep.
 Bedwetting or sleep enuresis
 Bruxism (Tooth-grinding)
 Catathrenia – nocturnal groaning
 Exploding head syndrome – Waking up in the night hearing loud noises.
 Sleep terror (or Pavor nocturnus) – Characterized by a sudden arousal from deep sleep with a scream or cry, accompanied by some behavioral manifestations of intense fear.
 REM sleep behavior disorder
 Sleepwalking (or somnambulism)
 Sleep talking (or somniloquy)
 Sleep sex (or sexsomnia)
 Medical or psychiatric conditions that may produce sleep disorders
 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
 Alcoholism
 Mood disorders
 Depression
 Anxiety disorder
 Nightmare disorder
 Panic
 Dissociative identity disorder
 Psychosis (such as Schizophrenia)
 Sleeping sickness – a parasitic disease which can be transmitted by the Tsetse fly.

Causes
A systematic review found that traumatic childhood experiences (such as family conflict or sexual trauma) significantly increases the risk for a number of sleep disorders in adulthood, including sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and insomnia.

In addition, an evidence-based synopsis suggests that idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) may have a hereditary component. A total of 632 participants, half with iRBD and half without, completed self-report questionnaires. The results of the study suggest that people with iRBD are more likely to report having a first-degree relative with the same sleep disorder than people of the same age and sex that do not have the disorder. More research needs to be conducted to further understand the hereditary nature of sleep disorders.

A population susceptible to the development of sleep disorders includes people who have experienced a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Because many researchers have focused on this issue, a systematic review was conducted to synthesize their findings. The results indicate that individuals who experienced a TBI are most disproportionately at risk for developing narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, excessive daytime sleepiness, and insomnia. The study's complete findings can be found in the table below:

Sleep disorders and neurodegenerative diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases have often been associated with sleep disorders, mainly when they are characterized by abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein, such as multiple system atrophy (MSA), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Lewy body disease (LBD). For instance, people diagnosed with PD have often presented different kinds of sleep concerns, commonly in regard to insomnia (around 70% of the PD population), hypersomnia (more than 50% of the PD population), and REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) - that may affect around 40% of the PD population and it is associated with increased motor symptoms. Furthermore, RBD has been highlighted as a strong precursor for future development of those neurodegenerative diseases over several years in prior, which seems to be a great opportunity for improving the treatments of the disease.

Sleep disturbances have been also observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD), affecting about 45% of its population. When based on caregiver reports, this percentage increases to about 70%. As well as in PD population, insomnia and hypersomnia are frequently recognized in AD patients, which have been associated with accumulation of beta-amyloid, circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD) and melatonin alteration. Additionally, changes in sleep architecture are observed in AD. Although sleep architecture seems to naturally change with age, its development appears aggravated in AD patients. SWS potentially decreases (and is sometimes absent), spindles and the length of time spent in REM sleep are also reduced, while its latency increases. Poor sleep onset in AD has been associated with dream-related hallucination, increased restlessness, wandering and agitation that seem related to sundowning - a typical chronobiological phenomenon presented in the disease.

The neurodegenerative conditions are commonly related to structural brain impairment, which might disrupt the states of sleep and wakefulness, circadian rhythm, motor or non motor functioning. On the other hand, sleep disturbances are frequently related to worsening patient's cognitive functioning, emotional state and quality of life. Furthermore, these abnormal behavioral symptoms negatively contribute to overwhelming their relatives and caregivers. The limited research related to it and the increasing life expectancy calls for a deeper understanding of the relationship between sleep disorders and neurodegenerative disease.

Sleep disturbances and Alzheimer's disease
More than 70% of people with dementia are affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite this high number, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms for disease progression remains very limited. However, recent studies have highlighted a link between sleep disturbances and Alzheimer's disease.

Sleep changes with normal aging. Over time, a decrease in time sleeping and a decrease in the quantity of NREM sleep can be observed, specifically in NREM SWS (less than 10% of the SWS is maintained). Older people also are more prone to insomnia or sleep apnea.

In Alzheimer's disease, in addition to cognitive decline and memory impairment, there are also significant sleep disturbances with modified sleep architecture. The latter may consist in sleep fragmentation, reduced sleep duration, insomnia, increased daytime napping, decreased quantity of some sleep stages, and a growing resemblance between some sleep stages (N1 and N2). More than 65% of people with Alzheimer's disease have this type of sleep disturbance.

One factor that could explain this change in sleep architecture is a change in circadian rhythm, which regulates sleep. A disruption of the circadian rhythm would generate sleep disturbances. Some studies show that people with AD have a delayed circadian rhythm, whereas in normal aging, an advanced circadian rhythm is present.

In addition to these psychological symptoms, at a neurological level there are two main symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. The first is an accumulation of beta-amyloid waste forming aggregate "plaques". The second is an accumulation of tau protein.

It has been shown that the sleep-wake cycle acts on the beta-amyloid burden, which is a central component found in AD. As individuals awaken, the production of beta-amyloid protein will be more consistent than its production during sleep. This is explained by two phenomena. The first is that the metabolic activity will be higher during waking, thus resulting in greater secretion of beta-amyloid protein. The second is that oxidative stress will also increase, which leads to greater AB production.

On the other hand, it is during sleep that beta-amyloid residues are degraded to prevent plaque formation. The glymphatic system is responsible for this through the phenomenon of glymphatic clearance. Thus, during wakefulness, the AB burden is greater because the metabolic activity and oxidative stress are higher, and there is no protein degradation by the glymphatic clearance. During sleep, the burden is reduced as there is less metabolic activity and oxidative stress (in addition to the glymphatic clearance that occurs).

Glymphatic clearance occurs during the NREM SWS sleep. This sleep stage decreases in normal aging, resulting in less glymphatic clearance and increased AB burden that will form AB plaques. Therefore, sleep disturbances in individuals with AD will amplify this phenomenon.

The decrease in the quantity and quality of the NREM SWS, as well as the disturbances of sleep will therefore increase the AB plaques. This initially occurs in the hippocampus, which is a brain structure integral in long-term memory formation. Hippocampus cell death occurs, which contributes to diminished memory performance and cognitive decline found in AD.

Although the causal relationship is unclear, the development of AD correlates with the development of prominent sleep disorders. In the same way, sleep disorders exacerbate disease progression, forming a positive feedback relationship. As a result, sleep disturbances are no longer only a symptom of AD; the relationship between sleep disturbances and AD is bidirectional.

At the same time, it has been shown that memory consolidation in long-term memory (which depends on the hippocampus) occurs during NREM sleep. This indicates that a decrease in the NREM sleep will result in less consolidation, resulting in poorer memory performances in hippocampal-dependent long-term memory. This drop in performance is one of the central symptoms of AD.

Recent studies have also linked sleep disturbances, neurogenesis and AD. The subgranular zone and the subventricular zone continued to produce new neurons in adult brains. These new cells are then incorporated into neuronal circuits and the subragranular zone, which is found in the hippocampus. These new cells contribute to learning and memory, playing an essential role in hippocampal-dependent memory.

However, recent studies have shown that several factors can interrupt neurogenesis, including stress and prolonged sleep deprivation (more than one day). The sleep disturbances encountered in AD could therefore suppress neurogenesis—and thus impair hippocampal functions. This would contribute to diminished memory performances and the progression of AD, and the progression of AD would aggravate sleep disturbances.

Changes in sleep architecture found in patients with AD occur during the preclinical phase of AD. These changes could be used to detect those most at risk of developing AD. However, this is still only theoretical.

While the exact mechanisms and the causal relationship between sleep disturbances and AD remains unclear, these findings already provide a better understanding and offer possibilities to improve targeting of at-risk populations—and the implementation of treatments to curb the cognitive decline of AD patients.

Sleep disorder symptoms in psychiatric illnesses

Schizophrenia
In individuals with psychiatric illnesses sleep disorders may include a variety of clinical symptoms, including but not limited to: excessive daytime sleepiness, difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, nightmares, sleep talking, sleepwalking, and poor sleep quality. Sleep disturbances - insomnia, hypersomnia and delayed sleep-phase disorder - are quite prevalent in severe mental illnesses such as psychotic disorders. In those with schizophrenia, sleep disorders contribute to cognitive deficits in learning and memory. Sleep disturbances often occur before the onset of psychosis.

Sleep deprivation can also produce hallucinations, delusions and depression. A 2019 study investigated the three above-mentioned sleep disturbances in schizophrenia-spectrum (SCZ) and bipolar (BP) disorders in 617 SCZ individuals, 440 BP individuals, and 173 healthy controls (HC). Sleep disturbances were identified using the Inventory for Depressive Symptoms - clinician rated scale (IDS-C). Results suggested that at least one type of sleep disturbance was reported in 78% of the SCZ population, in 69% individuals with BD, and in 39% of healthy controls. The SCZ group reported the most number of sleep disturbances compared to the BD and HC groups; specifically, hypersomnia was more frequent among individuals with SCZ, and delayed sleep phase disorder was three times more common in the SCZ group compared to the BD group. Insomnias were the most frequently reported sleep disturbance across all three groups.

Bipolar disorder
One of the main behavioral symptoms of bipolar disorder is abnormal sleep. Studies have suggested that 23-78% of individuals with bipolar disorders consistently report symptoms of excessive time spent sleeping, or hypersomnia. The pathogenesis of bipolar disorder, including the higher risk of suicidal ideation, could possibly be linked to circadian rhythm variability, and sleep disturbances are a good predictor of mood swings. The most common sleep-related symptom of bipolar disorder is insomnia, in addition to hypersomnia, nightmares, poor sleep quality, OSA, extreme daytime sleepiness, etc. Moreover, animal models have shown that sleep debt can induce episodes of bipolar mania in laboratory mice, but these models are still limited in their potential to explain bipolar disease in humans with all its multifaceted symptoms, including those related to sleep disturbances.

Major depressive disorder (MDD)
Sleep disturbances (insomnia or hypersomnia) are not a necessary diagnostic criterion—but one of the most frequent symptoms of individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). Among individuals with MDD, insomnia and hypersomnia have prevalence estimates of 88% and 27%, respectively, whereas individuals with insomnia have a threefold increased risk of developing MDD. Depressed mood and sleep efficiency strongly co-vary, and while sleep regulation problems may precede depressive episodes, such depressive episodes may also precipitate sleep deprivation. Fatigue, as well as sleep disturbances such as irregular and excessive sleepiness, are linked to symptoms of depression. Recent research has even pointed to sleep problems and fatigues as potential driving forces bridging MDD symptoms to those of co-occurring generalized anxiety disorder.

Treatment

Treatments for sleep disorders generally can be grouped into four categories:
 Behavioral and psychotherapeutic treatment
 Rehabilitation and management
 Medication
 Other somatic treatment

None of these general approaches are sufficient for all patients with sleep disorders. Rather, the choice of a specific treatment depends on the patient's diagnosis, medical and psychiatric history, and preferences, as well as the expertise of the treating clinician. Often, behavioral/psychotherapeutic and pharmacological approaches may be compatible, and can effectively be combined to maximize therapeutic benefits.

Management of sleep disturbances that are secondary to mental, medical, or substance abuse disorders should focus on the underlying conditions. Medications and somatic treatments may provide the most rapid symptomatic relief from certain disorders, such as narcolepsy, which is best treated with prescription drugs such as modafinil. Others, such as chronic and primary insomnia, may be more amenable to behavioral interventions—with more durable results.

Chronic sleep disorders in childhood, which affect some 70% of children with developmental or psychological disorders, are under-reported and under-treated. Sleep-phase disruption is also common among adolescents, whose school schedules are often incompatible with their natural circadian rhythm. Effective treatment begins with careful diagnosis using sleep diaries and perhaps sleep studies. Modifications in sleep hygiene may resolve the problem, but medical treatment is often warranted.

Special equipment may be required for treatment of several disorders such as obstructive apnea, circadian rhythm disorders and bruxism. In severe cases, it may be necessary for individuals to accept living with the disorder, however well managed.

Some sleep disorders have been found to compromise glucose metabolism.

Allergy treatment
Histamine plays a role in wakefulness in the brain. An allergic reaction over produces histamine, causing wakefulness and inhibiting sleep. Sleep problems are common in people with allergic rhinitis. A study from the N.I.H. found that sleep is dramatically impaired by allergic symptoms, and that the degree of impairment is related to the severity of those symptoms. Treatment of allergies has also been shown to help sleep apnea.

Acupuncture
A review of the evidence in 2012 concluded that current research is not rigorous enough to make recommendations around the use of acupuncture for insomnia. The pooled results of two trials on acupuncture showed a moderate likelihood that there may be some improvement to sleep quality for individuals with insomnia. This form of treatment for sleep disorders is generally studied in adults, rather than children. Further research would be needed to study the effects of acupuncture on sleep disorders in children.

Hypnosis
Research suggests that hypnosis may be helpful in alleviating some types and manifestations of sleep disorders in some patients. "Acute and chronic insomnia often respond to relaxation and hypnotherapy approaches, along with sleep hygiene instructions." Hypnotherapy has also helped with nightmares and sleep terrors. There are several reports of successful use of hypnotherapy for parasomnias specifically for head and body rocking, bedwetting and sleepwalking.

Hypnotherapy has been studied in the treatment of sleep disorders in both adults and children.

Music therapy

Although more research should be done to increase the reliability of this method of treatment, research suggests that music therapy can improve sleep quality in acute and chronic sleep disorders. In one particular study, participants (18 years or older) who had experienced acute or chronic sleep disorders were put in a randomly controlled trial, and their sleep efficiency, in the form of overall time asleep, was observed. In order to assess sleep quality, researchers used subjective measures (i.e. questionnaires) and objective measures (i.e. polysomnography). The results of the study suggest that music therapy did improve sleep quality in subjects with acute or chronic sleep disorders, though only when tested subjectively. Although these results are not fully conclusive and more research should be conducted, it still provides evidence that music therapy can be an effective treatment for sleep disorders.

In another study specifically looking to help people with insomnia, similar results were seen. The participants that listened to music experienced better sleep quality than those who did not listen to music. Listening to slower pace music before bed can help decrease the heart rate, making it easier to transition into sleep. Studies have indicated that music helps induce a state of relaxation that shifts an individual's internal clock towards the sleep cycle. This is said to have an effect on children and adults with various cases of sleep disorders. Music is most effective before bed once the brain has been conditioned to it, helping to achieve sleep much faster.

Melatonin
Research suggests that melatonin is useful in helping people fall asleep faster (decreased sleep latency), stay asleep longer, and experience improved sleep quality. To test this, a study was conducted that compared subjects who had taken melatonin to subjects with primary sleep disorders who had taken a placebo. Researchers assessed sleep onset latency, total minutes slept, and overall sleep quality in the melatonin and placebo groups to note the differences. In the end, researchers found that melatonin decreased sleep onset latency and increased total sleep time  but had an insignificant and inconclusive impact on the quality of sleep compared to the placebo group.

Sleep medicine

Due to rapidly increasing knowledge and understanding of sleep in the 20th century, including the discovery of REM sleep in the 1950s and circadian rhythm disorders in the 70s and 80s, the medical importance of sleep was recognized. By the 1970s in the US, clinics and laboratories devoted to the study of sleep and sleep disorders had been founded, and a need for standards arose. The medical community began paying more attention to primary sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, as well as the role and quality of sleep in other conditions.

Specialists in sleep medicine were originally and continue to be certified by the American Board of Sleep Medicine. Those passing the Sleep Medicine Specialty Exam received the designation "diplomate of the ABSM." Sleep medicine is now a recognized subspecialty within internal medicine, family medicine, pediatrics, otolaryngology, psychiatry and neurology in the United States. Certification in Sleep medicine shows that the specialist:

Competence in sleep medicine requires an understanding of a myriad of very diverse disorders. Many of which present with similar symptoms such as excessive daytime sleepiness, which, in the absence of volitional sleep deprivation, "is almost inevitably caused by an identifiable and treatable sleep disorder", such as sleep apnea, narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia, Kleine–Levin syndrome, menstrual-related hypersomnia, idiopathic recurrent stupor, or circadian rhythm disturbances. Another common complaint is insomnia, a set of symptoms which can have a great many different causes, physical and mental. Management in the varying situations differs greatly and cannot be undertaken without a correct diagnosis.

Sleep dentistry (bruxism, snoring and sleep apnea), while not recognized as one of the nine dental specialties, qualifies for board-certification by the American Board of Dental Sleep Medicine (ABDSM). The qualified dentists collaborate with sleep physicians at accredited sleep centers, and can provide oral appliance therapy and upper airway surgery to treat or manage sleep-related breathing disorders. The resulting diplomate status is recognized by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM), and these dentists are organized in the Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine (USA).

Occupational therapy is an area of medicine that can also address a diagnosis of sleep disorder, as rest and sleep is listed in the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (OTPF) as its own occupation of daily living.  Rest and sleep are described as restorative in order to support engagement in other occupational therapy occupations.  In the OTPF, the occupation of rest and sleep is broken down into rest, sleep preparation, and sleep participation. Occupational therapists have been shown to help improve restorative sleep through the use of assistive devices/equipment, cognitive behavioral therapy for Insomnia, therapeutic activities, and/or lifestyle interventions.

In the UK, knowledge of sleep medicine and possibilities for diagnosis and treatment seem to lag. The Imperial College Healthcare shows attention to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) and very few other sleep disorders. Some NHS trusts have specialist clinics for respiratory and/or neurological sleep medicine.

Epidemiology

Children and young adults
According to one meta-analysis of sleep disorders in children, confusional arousals and sleepwalking are the two most common sleep disorders among children. An estimated 17.3% of kids between 3 and 13 years old experience confusional arousals. About 17% of children sleepwalk, with the disorder being more common among boys than girls, the peak ages of sleepwalking are from 8 to 12 years old.

A different systematic review offers a high range of prevalence rates of sleep bruxism for children. Parasomnias like sleepwalking and talking typically occur during the first part of an individual's sleep cycle, the first slow wave of sleep  During the first slow wave of sleep period of the sleep cycle the mind and body slow down causing one to feel drowsy and relaxed. At this stage it is the easiest to wake up, therefore many children do not remember what happened during this time.

Nightmares are also considered a parasomnia among children, who typically remember what took place during the nightmare. However, nightmares only occur during the last stage of sleep - Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. REM is the deepest stage of sleep, it is named for the host of neurological and physiological responses an individual can display during this period of the sleep cycle which are similar to being awake.

Between 15.29% and 38.6% of preschoolers grind their teeth at least one night a week. All but one of the included studies reports decreasing bruxist prevalence as age increased, as well as a higher prevalence among boys than girls.

Another systematic review noted 7-16% of young adults have delayed sleep phase disorder. This disorder reaches peak prevalence when people are in their 20s.  Between 20 and 26% of adolescents report a sleep onset latency of greater than 30 minutes. Also, 7-36% have difficulty initiating sleep.  Asian teens tend to have a higher prevalence of all of these adverse sleep outcomes—than their North American and European counterparts.

By adulthood, parasomnias can normally be resolved due to a person's growth; however, 4% of people have recurring symptoms.

Effects of Untreated Sleep Disorders
Children and young adults who do not get enough sleep due to sleep disorders also have many other health problems such as obesity and physical problems where it could interfere with everyday life. It is recommended that children and young adults stick to the hours of sleep recommended by the CDC, as it helps increase mental health, physical health, and more.

Insomnia
Insomnia is a prevalent form of sleep deprivation. Individuals with insomnia may have problems falling asleep, staying asleep, or a combination of both resulting in hyposomnia - i.e. insufficient quantity and poor quality of sleep.

Combining results from 17 studies on insomnia in China, a pooled prevalence of 15.0% is reported for the country.  This result is consistent among other East Asian countries; however, this is considerably lower than a series of Western countries (50.5% in Poland, 37.2% in France and Italy, 27.1% in USA). Men and women residing in China experience insomnia at similar rates.

A separate meta-analysis focusing on this sleeping disorder in the elderly mentions that those with more than one physical or psychiatric malady experience it at a 60% higher rate than those with one condition or less. It also notes a higher prevalence of insomnia in women over the age of 50 than their male counterparts.

A study that was resulted from a collaboration between Massachusetts General Hospital and Merck describes the development of an algorithm to identify patients with sleep disorders using electronic medical records. The algorithm that incorporated a combination of structured and unstructured variables identified more than 36,000 individuals with physician-documented insomnia.

Insomnia can start off at the basic level but about 40% of people who struggle with insomnia have worse symptoms. There are treatments that can help with insomnia and that includes medication, planning out a sleep schedule, limiting oneself from caffeine intake, and cognitive behavioral therapy.

Obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects around 4% of men and 2% of women in the United States. In general, this disorder is more prevalent among men. However, this difference tends to diminish with age. Women experience the highest risk for OSA during pregnancy, and tend to report experiencing depression and insomnia in conjunction with obstructive sleep apnea.

In a meta-analysis of the various Asian countries, India and China present the highest prevalence of the disorder. Specifically, about 13.7% of the Indian population and 7% of Hong Kong's population is estimated to have OSA. The two groups in the study experience daytime OSA symptoms such as difficulties concentrating, mood swings, or high blood pressure, at similar rates (prevalence of 3.5% and 3.57%, respectively).

Obesity and Sleep Apnea
The worldwide incidence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is on the rise, largely due to the increasing prevalence of obesity in society. In individuals who are obese, excess fat deposits in the upper respiratory tract can lead to breathing difficulties during sleep, giving rise to OSA. There is a strong connection between obesity and OSA, making it essential to screen obese individuals for OSA and related disorders. Moreover, both obesity and OSA patients are at higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Implementing dietary control in obese individuals can have a positive impact on sleep problems and can help alleviate associated issues such as depression, anxiety, and insomnia. Obesity can influence the disturbance in sleep patterns resulting in OSA.  Obesity is a risk factor for OSA because it can affect the upper respiratory system by accumulating fat deposition around the muscles surrounding the lungs. Additionally, OSA can irritate the obesity by prolonging sleepiness throughout the day leading to reduces physical activity and an inactive lifestyle.

Sleep paralysis
A systematic review states 7.6% of the general population experiences sleep paralysis at least once in their lifetime. Its prevalence among men is 15.9%, while 18.9% of women experience it.

When considering specific populations, 28.3% of students and 31.9% of psychiatric patients have experienced this phenomenon at least once in their lifetime. Of those psychiatric patients, 34.6% have panic disorder. Sleep paralysis in students is slightly more prevalent for those of Asian descent (39.9%) than other ethnicities (Hispanic: 34.5%, African descent: 31.4%, Caucasian 30.8%).

Restless leg syndrome
According to one meta-analysis, the average prevalence rate for North America and Western Europe is estimated to be 14.5±8.0%. Specifically in the United States, the prevalence of restless leg syndrome is estimated to be between 5% and 15.7% when using strict diagnostic criteria. RLS is over 35% more prevalent in American women than their male counterparts.

See also

References

External links

 Sleep Problems – information leaflet from mental health charity The Royal College of Psychiatrists
 WebMD Sleep Disorders Health Center

Sleep disorder


Mabelle Gilman Corey (December 4, 1874 – November 14, 1960) was an American actress. She had an affair with William Ellis Corey which led to the dissolution of his marriage, and they later married.

Biography
She was born Mabelle Gilman to Charles Henry Gilman and Jeannette R. Curtis in San Francisco, California.

Gilman attended Mills College in Oakland, California. She studied voice under Julie Rosenwald. She would later make her forte in musical comedy.

Broadway

She first appeared on the stage in London at the Comedy Theatre on July 11, 1896, as Rosa in The Countess Gucki. In September 1896 she made her Broadway debut at Daly's playing O Kinkoto San in The Geisha (opened September 9, 1896). She played Lucille in The Circus Girl, Juno in The Tempest, Alice in The Runaway Girl (opened August 25, 1898) with James T. Powers and  parts in Much Ado About Nothing and The Merchant of Venice. Gilman was in "In Gay Paree" (opened March 20, 1899), "The Rounders" (opened July 12, 1899), The Casino Girl (opened March 19, 1900) and The King's Carnival (opened September 9, 1901). She went to London to the Shaftesbury Theatre and opened The Casino Girl in London on July 11, 1900. Back in New York for the 1902 season she starred in The Hall of Fame (opened February 5, 1902) which had a great run. She closed out 1902 in The Mocking Bird (opened November 10, 1902). In 1903 Gilman was the heroine in Dolly which she also performed at the Avenue Theatre in London on October 1, 1903. At the Comedy Theatre (the first London theatre she appeared at in 1896) she was seen in a comic opera playing the title role in Amorelle.

Marriage
Gilman in 1905 was one of the top musical comedy stars on Broadway. In this year she first met William Ellis Corey during an engagement of The Mocking Bird in Pittsburgh. Corey was a millionaire, having made his fortune in steel. He was president of United States Steel. Corey had a wife Laura and a son Allan. His wife Laura, unable to divorce William in Pennsylvania and retain custody of her son or receive a settlement to support herself and her son, traveled to Reno, Nevada, to be granted a divorce from William.  After satisfying the six-month residency requirement Laura filed for divorce, resulting in full custody of Allan and an unprecedented $3,000,000 (approximately $ today) settlement. Pittsburgh society threatened to shun Corey if he married Mabelle. Mabelle and William Corey married on May 14, 1907.

Corey had bought his new wife a chateau in France, valuable jewels and had given her one million dollars all as a wedding present. Corey's Reno divorce from his first wife Laura and subsequent marriage to Mabelle help put Reno on the map as a destination for quickie divorces.

Europe
Mabelle and her sisters Eunice and Pearl had all studied voice from Jean de Reszke, a noted tenor. Mabelle entertained high-profile guests to the Corey chateau in the years before World War I. She had plans for grand opera but her new duties as matron took up time for her preparations. She developed a dislike for her home country the United States, complaining of too much noise.  Mabelle also said American men are more worried about accounts receivable, stocks, and bonds rather than their wives.

The marriage to William Corey deteriorated and divorce came in 1923.

While living in France, she was taken captive by the Nazis in 1940 and was placed in an internment camp near Vittel, but was released in 1942 after all female prisoners over 60 years of age were freed.

References

External links

1874 births

Mills College alumni
19th-century American actresses
American stage actresses
20th-century American actresses
Singers from California
Actresses from San Francisco
1960 deaths

Mabelle Gilman Corey


Tecmo NBA Basketball is a basketball video game that was released by Tecmo for the Nintendo Entertainment System.

Like Tecmo Super Bowl and Tecmo Bowl before it, the game features cinema-style cutscenes during gameplay. There is an option to play an all-star game, but unlike with Tecmo Super Bowl, there is no option to select the players on the All-Star teams. Tecmo also released a version of the game for the Super NES and Genesis, titled Tecmo Super NBA Basketball. This is the first basketball video game to feature an official license from both the NBA and the NBPA players union (however, it was not the first basketball video game to have a license from the NBA; that distinction went to Intellivision's NBA Basketball in 1980).

The game features an appearance from Michael Jordan and all current NBA teams and players from the 1991–92 NBA season. The Los Angeles Lakers team features Magic Johnson despite his not actually playing in the NBA during that season (he had announced his retirement early in the season, having never played a game in the 1991–92 season). Larry Bird, who played his last NBA game in 1992, also appears, as a member of the Boston Celtics.

References

1992 video games
National Basketball Association video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
North America-exclusive video games
Koei Tecmo franchises
Tecmo games
Video games scored by George Sanger
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in 1991
Video games set in 1992
Multiplayer and single-player video games

Tecmo NBA Basketball


Armand de La Richardie (7 June 1686 – 17 March 1758) was a French Roman Catholic missionary in New France.

Born at Périgueux, he entered the Society of Jesus at Bordeaux, 4 October 1703, and in 1725 was sent to the Canada mission. He spent the two following years helping Father Pierre Daniel Richer at Lorette, and studying the Huron language. In 1728 he went to Detroit to re-establish the long-interrupted mission to the dispersed Huron-Petuns in the West. Not a solitary professing Christian did he find, but among the aged not a few had been baptized. The new Indian church, though "seventy cubits long" (105 ft?) was scarcely spacious enough to contain the fervent congregation of practising Hurons. During the night, 24–25 March 1746, the father was stricken with paralysis, and on 29 July he was placed in an open canoe and thus conveyed to Quebec.

In 1747 the Hurons insisted on his returning to restore tranquillity to their nation. The father had almost completely recovered from his palsy, and willingly consented. He set out from Montreal on 10 September, and reached Detroit on 20 October. From this date until 1751, leaving the loyal Hurons in the keeping of Father Potier at the Detroit village, he directed all his energies to reclaiming Nicolas Orontondi's band of insurgent Hurons. These had already in 1740, owing to a bloody feud with the Detroit Ottawas and to the reluctance, if not refusal, of Governor Beauharnais to let the Hurons remove to Montreal, sullenly left Detroit and settled at "Little Lake" (now Rondeau Harbour) near Sandusky. There they had been won over to the English cause, had openly revolted in 1747, and had murdered a party of Frenchmen. Early in the spring of 1748 Orontondi set fire to the fort and cabins at Sandusky, and withdrew to the White River, not far from the junction of the Ohio and Wabash Rivers. Until his death, which occurred some time after September 1749, Orontondi continued to intrigue with the English emissaries, the Iroquois, and the disaffected Miamis. When there was no longer doubt of the renegade leader's demise, de La Richardie resolved on a final attempt at conciliation. He had already at intervals spent months at a time among the fugitives, and now in September 1750, at the peril of his life he started, with only three canoe men for the country of the "Nicolites" as they were then termed. The greater number remained obdurate. It is the descendants of the latter who in July 1843, removed from their lands at Upper Sandusky, Ohio, to beyond the Mississippi, to occupy the Wyandot reserve in the extreme north-eastern part of Oklahoma. The father's failing strength obliged his superiors to recall him to Quebec in 1751, and on 30 June he bade a final farewell to the Mission of Our Lady of the Assumption among the Hurons in Detroit. From the autumn of 1751 until his death he filled various offices in Quebec College. His Huron name was Ondechaouasti. He died at Quebec.

References

People from Périgueux
1686 births
1758 deaths
French Roman Catholic missionaries
18th-century French Jesuits
Jesuit missionaries in New France

Armand de La Richardie


Edgar Montilion "Monty" Woolley (August 17, 1888May 6, 1963) was an American film and theater actor. At the age of 50, he achieved a measure of stardom for his role in the 1939 stage play The Man Who Came to Dinner and its 1942 film adaptation. His distinctive white beard was his trademark and he was affectionately known as "The Beard."

Early life
Woolley was born in New York City's Manhattan to William Edgar Woolley (1845-1927) and Jessie née Arms (1857-1927) and grew up in the highest social circles. Woolley received a bachelor's degree at Yale University, where Cole Porter was an intimate friend and classmate, and master's degrees from Yale and Harvard Universities. He eventually became an assistant professor of English and drama coach at Yale. Thornton Wilder and Stephen Vincent Benét were among his students. He served in World War I in the United States Army as a first lieutenant assigned to the general staff in Paris.

Acting career

Woolley began directing on Broadway in 1929 with Fifty Million Frenchmen, and began acting there in 1936 after leaving his academic career. In 1939 he starred in the Kaufman and Hart comedy The Man Who Came to Dinner for 783 performances. It was for this well-reviewed role he was typecast as the wasp-tongued, supercilious sophisticate.

Woolley signed with 20th Century Fox in the 1940s and appeared in many films through the mid-1950s. His most famous film role, a reprise of his Broadway role, was in 1942's The Man Who Came To Dinner in which he plays a cranky radio wag restricted to a wheelchair because of a seemingly injured hip, a caricature of the legendary pundit Alexander Woollcott. The film received a good review from the New York Times. He played himself   in Warner Bros.' fictionalized film biography of Cole Porter, Night and Day (1946), and the role of Professor Wutheridge in The Bishop's Wife (1947). In the comedy As Young as You Feel (1951) he played a printer who, fired routinely from his job at 65 years old, poses as an executive to get his job back.

He was also a frequent radio guest performer, first appearing in the medium as a foil to Al Jolson. Woolley became a familiar guest on such shows as The Fred Allen Show, Duffy's Tavern, The Big Show, The Chase and Sanborn Hour with Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy, and others. In 1950, Woolley landed the starring  role in the NBC series The Magnificent Montague. He played a former Shakespearean actor whose long fall onto hard times forced him to swallow his pride and take a role on daily network radio, becoming an unlikely star while sparring with his wife, Lily (Anne Seymour), and his wise-cracking maid, Agnes (Pert Kelton). The show lasted from November 1950 through September 1951.

Woolley first appeared on television in cameos, then in his own dramatic play series On Stage with Monty Woolley.<ref name="S.Gazette">"Monty Woolley to Appear in a Series of Television Films". ''Schenectady Gazette, NY, July 11, 1953. p. 8. Retrieved August 9, 2010.</ref> He starred in a CBS TV adaptation of The Man Who Came to Dinner in 1954, which he and some reviewers lambasted,Gould, Jack. (October 15, 1954).  "Television in Review; Bite Taken Out of Man Who Came to Dinner". New York Times. Retrieved August 9, 2010. and appeared in other televised dramas in the series Best of Broadway.

After completing his last film, Kismet (1955), he returned to radio for about a year, after which he was forced to retire due to ill health.

Woolley was nominated twice for an Academy Award, as Best Actor in 1943 for The Pied Piper and as Best Supporting Actor in 1945 for Since You Went Away.  He won a Best Actor award from the National Board of Review in 1942 for his role in The Pied Piper.

His hands and beard were impressed in the pavement of Grauman's Chinese Theatre in 1943.1940s . Grauman's Chinese Theatre Woolley received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960, officially listed in the "Motion Picture" category, though his star bears the television emblem. The error of the television emblem was evident, considering his only TV efforts were his classic role as Sheridan Whiteside in a 1954 TV adaptation of "The Man Who Came to Dinner", and another small role in an episode of a short-lived series called "Five Fingers" in 1959.

Personal life
Woolley and Cole Porter enjoyed many adventures together in New York and on foreign travels, although Porter reportedly disapproved of Woolley taking a black man as his lover.
Woolley has been described in scholarly and other works as gay and closeted.

Starting in 1939, Woolley was living with a gay companion, Cary Abbott, who had also graduated from Yale in 1911. Abbott was discreetly identified publicly as Woolley's "courier-secretary-traveling companion." In 1942, Woolley and Abbott moved into a house in Saratoga Springs, where they lived together until Abbott's death, at age 58, from lung cancer, in 1948.

According to Bennett Cerf in his 1944 book Try and Stop Me, Woolley was at a dinner party and suddenly belched. A woman sitting nearby glared at him; he glared back and said, "And what did you expect, my good woman?  Chimes?" Cerf wrote, "Woolley was so pleased with this line that he insisted it be written into his next role in Hollywood."Cerf,  p. 57. (remainder of quote).

In 1943, Alfred Hitchcock wrote a mystery story for Look titled "The Murder of Monty Woolley."

Death
On April 6, 1963, Woolley was taken to the Saratoga Springs Hospital with heart problems, and two days later transferred to the Albany Hospital. He died of complications from kidney and heart ailments on May 6, 1963, in Albany, New York, aged 74. He is interred at the Greenridge Cemetery, Saratoga Springs, Saratoga County, New York.

Stage
Fifty Million Frenchmen (1929) - Director
The Second Little Show (1930) - Director
The New Yorkers (1930) - Director
America's Sweetheart (1931) - Director
Walk a Little Faster (1933) - Book director
Champagne, Sec (1933) - Director
Jubilee (1935) - Dialogue director
On Your Toes (1936) - Sergei Alexandrovitch
Knights of Song (1938) - His Royal Highness, Albert Edward
The Man Who Came to Dinner (1939) - Sheridan WhitesideGreen, p. 455.

Complete filmography

 Ladies in Love (1936) (uncredited and unconfirmed)
 Live, Love and Learn (1937) - Mr. Bawltitude
 Nothing Sacred (1937) - Dr. Oswald Vunch (uncredited)
 Everybody Sing (1938) - John Fleming
 Arsène Lupin Returns (1938) - Georges Bouchet
 The Girl of the Golden West (1938) - Governor
 The Forgotten Step (1938 short) - The Art Collector
 Three Comrades (1938) - Dr. Jaffe
 Lord Jeff (1938) - Jeweler
 Vacation from Love (1938) - Wedding Guest in Car (uncredited)
 Young Dr. Kildare (1938) - Dr. Lane-Porteus
 Artists and Models Abroad (1938) - Gantvoort
 Zaza (1939) - Fouget
 Midnight (1939) - The Judge
 Never Say Die (1939) - Dr. Schmidt
 Man About Town (1939) - Henri Dubois
 Honeymoon in Bali (1939) - Parker, Smitty's Publisher (uncredited)
 Dancing Co-Ed (1939) - Professor Lange
 See Your Doctor (1939 short) - Doctor (uncredited)
 The Man Who Came to Dinner (1942) - Sheridan Whiteside
 The Pied Piper (1942) - John Sidney Howard
 Life Begins at Eight-Thirty (1942) - Madden Thomas
 Holy Matrimony (1943) - Priam Farll
 Since You Went Away (1944) - Col. William G. Smollett
 Irish Eyes Are Smiling (1944) - Edgar Brawley
 Molly and Me (1945) - John Graham
 Night and Day (1946) - himself
 Paris 1900 (1947 documentary) - Narrator (US version)
 The Bishop's Wife (1947) - Professor Wutheridge
 Miss Tatlock's Millions (1948) - Miles Tatlock
 As Young as You Feel (1951) - John R. Hodges
 Kismet (1955) - Omar

Radio appearances

 References Notes'''

External links

1888 births
1963 deaths
American male stage actors
American male film actors
American male radio actors
American male television actors
Harvard University alumni
Yale University alumni
LGBT people from New York (state)
American gay actors
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of World War I
Yale University faculty
People from Saratoga Springs, New York
Burials at Greenridge Cemetery
20th-century American male actors

Monty Woolley


The ERCO Ercoupe is an American low-wing monoplane aircraft that was first flown in 1937. It was originally manufactured by the Engineering and Research Corporation (ERCO) shortly before World War II; several other manufacturers continued its production after the war. The final model, the Mooney M-10, first flew in 1968 and the last model year was 1970. It was designed to be the safest fixed-wing aircraft that aerospace engineering could provide at the time, and the type continues to enjoy a faithful following.

Design and development

Fred Weick

In 1931, aeronautical engineer Fred Weick was assistant chief of the aeronautics division of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). In 1934 he asked permission to build an aircraft based on the 1931 Stout Skycar, using fabric instead of aluminum covering, and control modifications based on NACA research. Weick and a group of co-workers designed and assembled the experimental aircraft with a group of his colleagues who worked on the project in their spare time and paid for it themselves. The resulting aircraft, known as the W-1, featured tricycle landing gear, a parasol wing, and a pusher propeller configuration.

Fred Weick listed the W1 design goals that were tested in later seminars:
Tricycle landing gear with castering nosewheel, steerable if desired
Suitable longitudinal and lateral stability with limited up-elevator deflection, to prevent loss of control due to stalling and spinning.
A glide-control flap
Two-control operation using controls for pitch and roll.

In 1934, the Bureau of Air Commerce approached Weick's team looking for standards for a competition for a safe and practical $700 aircraft. In 1936 the winner of the competition was the Stearman-Hammond Y-1, incorporating many of the safety features of the W-1. Two other winners were the Waterman Aeroplane and a roadable autogyro, the Autogiro Company of America AC-35. The W-1 was not intended for production to qualify as a competitor, but was purchased by the Bureau for continued experimental tests in spin-control safety. After the prototype W-1 underwent a forced landing, an updated W-1A was built by Fairchild, incorporating leading edge cuffs.

ERCO
Weick left NACA in 1936 and joined Engineering and Research Corporation's (ERCO) fledgling aircraft team as chief designer, primarily to continue improving his aircraft design. Focusing his efforts on a number of design issues, primarily simplicity and safety, Weick strove to create a reasonably priced aircraft that would not stall or spin. Retaining the tricycle gear for ease of maneuvering on the ground, and limited stall-spin features, Weick switched to a low-wing monoplane configuration in his new model, powered by an engine in tractor configuration.

The ERCO 310, which included a fully cowled engine, made its first flight in October 1937 at College Park Airport and was soon renamed the "Ercoupe". The easy-to-fly design included unique design features, including a large glazed canopy - with almost as much visibility as a bubble canopy - for improved visibility. The prototype 310 featured an ERCO-made inverted four-cylinder engine, the ERCO I-L 116, which was quickly dropped due to its high manufacturing cost compared to the new four-cylinder Continental A-65 air-cooled boxer engine. Lacking rudder pedals, the Ercoupe was flown using only the control wheel. A two-control system linked the rudder and aileron systems, which controlled yaw and roll, with the steerable nosewheel. The control wheel controlled the pitch and the steering of the aircraft, both on the ground and in the air, simplifying control and coordinated turning and eliminating the need for rudder pedals. A completely new category of pilot's license was created by the CAA for Ercoupe pilots who had never used a rudder pedal.

The Ercoupe was the first aircraft certified by the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) as "characteristically incapable of spinning." The high-winged General Skyfarer obtained the second certification by licensing the ERCO technology. The first production Ercoupe, serial no. 1, NC15692 built in 1939 was donated to the National Air and Space Museum. In 1941 that aircraft, designated YO-55, was used in US Army Air Force testing.

The two-seat ERCO Ercoupe 415 went on sale in 1940. LIFE magazine described the aircraft as "nearly foolproof" and showed pictures of a pilot landing with his hands in the air. Only 112 aircraft were delivered before World War II intervened, halting all civil aircraft production. By mid-1941 aluminum supplies were being diverted to war-related production, so ERCO decided to manufacture Ercoupes for military use by using wood as the principal building material. The substitution of wood resulted in a heavier but quieter aircraft, because the wood absorbed vibrations from the engine and airflow. Ercoupes were flown during the war by the Civilian Pilot Training Program for flight instruction, and the Civil Air Patrol used them to patrol for German submarines.

Postwar sales

Although World War II had interrupted production of the Ercoupe, general aviation manufacturers were enthusiastic about the prospects of a postwar aviation boom. Thousands of men and women were trained as pilots by the government, and the hope was that they would want to include flying in their civilian life. Production of the model 415-C resumed in 1945, and in 1946 alone 4,311 aircraft were produced and sold at a cost of US$2,665. This was the same price as in 1941. At its peak, ERCO was turning out 34 Ercoupes per day, operating three shifts per day. The aircraft was aggressively marketed through unconventional outlets such as the men's department of the Macy's department store chain.

However, private aircraft sales slumped after the war and the bottom dropped out of the civil aircraft market in late 1946, ending prospects for a boom market for civil aircraft sales. A 30-day layoff at the factory in November resulted in rivets tossed around the factory and some aircraft sides and signs being painted. The year ended with an Ercoupe flown by a test pilot and mechanic breaking up in flight.

Other production
Aeronca
Aeronca obtained a licence to produce the Ercoupe 415 as the Aeronca 12AC Chum in 1946 and built two prototypes: NX39637, with the Ercoupe twin-tail, and NX83772 with a larger, single tail, metal wings and trailing-link struts in the main undercarriage. The Chum was powered by a Continental C-85J with a   cruise speed. No production ensued.

Sanders Aviation
In 1947 ERCO sold its remaining Ercoupe inventory to Sanders Aviation, which continued to produce the aircraft in the same ERCO-owned factory. A total of 213 aircraft were sold by 1950. During this time, ERCO's chief engineer Fred Wieck moved on to Texas A&M, where he developed the agricultural Piper Pawnee aircraft and eventually the popular Piper Cherokee with John Thorp and Karl Bergey.

Univair Aircraft Industries
Univair Aircraft Corporation of Aurora, Colorado purchased the Ercoupe design from the Engineering and Research Company in 1950. It provided spare parts and customer support to the existing aircraft.

Forney/Fornaire Aircoupe

In April 1955, Univair sold the Ercoupe type certificate to the Forney Aircraft Company of Fort Collins, Colorado, which later became the Fornaire Aircraft Company. The aircraft produced differed from the 415-G in its engine/propeller combination they were upgraded to a C-90 engine, revised engine cowling, larger baggage compartment, and aluminum-covered wing panels. The F-1A model had three axis controls and bucket seats. Production began in 1958 and ended in 1959.

56 of the F-1 Forney Deluxe were produced in 1958 and sold for $6,995 each.
59 of the F-1 Forney Explorer, Execta and Expediter were produced in 1959 and sold for $6,995.
23 of the F-1A Forney Trainer were produced in 1959. It was sold for $7,450.

A total of 138 aircraft were produced.

Air Products Company Aircoupe
Between August 1960 and March 1964, the rights to the Aircoupe aircraft were held by the AirCoupe division of Air Products Company of Carlsbad, New Mexico. The company was started by the city, with the hope of establishing aircraft manufacture as a local industry. It purchased the type certificate from Forney when a potential deal with Beechcraft fell through. Only a few airframes were produced before the type certificate was sold to Alon, Incorporated on March 16, 1964. 25 of the F-1A Forney Trainer were produced for US$7,450 each.

Alon Aircoupe
Alon Inc. was founded by John Allen and Lee O. Higdon, two executives who had retired from aircraft manufacturer Beechcraft to found their own company.  They had previously negotiated with Forney Aircraft to purchase production of the Aircoupe so that Beechcraft could use the design as an introductory trainer. The deal was canceled by Olive Ann Beech, who decided to concentrate resources on the Beechcraft Musketeer. This decision caused the executives to leave Beechcraft and establish Alon in McPherson, Kansas, which purchased the type certificate for the Aircoupe from the City of Carlsbad, New Mexico on March 16, 1964.

"A new company formed by former Beechcraft executives Allen and Higdon, who have purchased all assets, jigs, tools, and engineering of the program from the city of Carlsbad NM. They expect to deliver the first of 30-50 Aircoupes to be built next year for about $8,000."

The Alon A-2 and A-2A Aircoupes featured a sliding canopy, a Continental C90  engine, separate bucket seats and an improved instrument panel. The A-2 also differed from earlier two-control models in having limited-movement rudder pedals. This was done in order to make it a more acceptable training aircraft and to make it easier to counteract increased P-factor yaw during a climb from the more powerful engine. Nosewheel steering was no longer interlinked with the control yoke, and was changed to the more common practice of being interlinked with the rudder pedals (this was the same system that was installed in the Forney F-1A). The older two axes control system was offered as an option. The single control (non-differential) wheel brakes remained. The airplane had a higher rate of climb, a higher speed for best climb rate, and better engine cooling. Its non-spinning characteristics remained unchanged.

Alon produced 245 A-2s from 1964 to 1967, with peak production of 137 in 1966. The last 25 A-2s produced by Alon had spring-steel landing gear in place of the original main gear struts, light alloy castings and trailing links. The base price in 1967 was up to $7975. Production of the A-2 ceased in September 1967, and on October 9, 1967, Alon was purchased by, and became a division of, the Mooney Airplane Company of Kerrville, Texas.
Mooney A2-A and M-10 Cadet

Mooney began producing the aircraft in 1968 as the Mooney A2-A. Next the company redesigned the fuselage from the cockpit back, with square windows behind the sliding canopy. Even as it produced the A2-A Cadet, Mooney was busy re-designing the aircraft. On February 23, 1968, the first Mooney Cadet M-10 flew. The aircraft has a single fin, with a vertical leading edge, as most Mooneys do.

Univair
The type certificate was sold to Univair Aircraft Corporation of Aurora, Colorado in October, 1974 and remains with Univair. The company has not produced any new aircraft but continues to produce replacement parts and provide technical assistance to Ercoupe owners.

Operational history

Military

Three model 415-C aircraft were procured by the United States Army Air Forces for use during World War II.

On 12 August 1941, the first USAAF rocket-assist takeoff was made by a Wright Field test pilot, Capt. Homer Boushey, using a small civilian-type Ercoupe aircraft. Subsequent refinements of this technique were made for assisting heavily loaded aircraft in taking off from limited space. The tests were conducted between 6 August and 23 August 1941, at March Field, California, using various combinations of rocket units mounted under the wings of NC28655.

An additional Ercoupe was evaluated by the Royal Air Force in 1947.  This aircraft was serial number 4784, carried Royal Air Force markings VX 147 and was polished metal all over with RAF roundels.

Light sport use
The Ercoupe is a type certified aircraft. However, some Univair Ercoupe 415-C and 415-CD models meet the FAA requirements to be flown by sport pilots as light-sport aircraft. The characteristics of the Ercoupe helped Jessica Cox (who was born without arms) to become a qualified pilot.

Variants
ERCO 310
Appearing in 1937, this two-seat low-wing monoplane was the origin of the Ercoupe, powered by a  Continental A40.

ERCO 415
Initial production aircraft powered by  ERCO IL-116 engines. The -A and -B suffixes were never used; the company's official records use only the -C suffix, which stood for "Continental", once the IL-116 was no longer used. 10 aircraft were built from 1939 to 1940.

Wooden Ercoupe
Two aircraft were built using birch and plywood in 1941 to demonstrate use of non-strategic materials, but no further aircraft were built and the test articles were scrapped.

ERCO 415-C Ercoupe
The prewar 415-C Ercoupes were powered by  Continental A65-8 engines. The postwar Ercoupes were powered by  Continental C75 engines. One Ercoupe was built in 1946 with a retractable undercarriage but no production followed. These models were built under type certificate A-718, giving them a maximum gross weight of 1,260 pounds, making this model light sport compliant.

ERCO 415-D Ercoupe and 415-CD Ercoupe
From 1947, further refinement introduced a 9° elevator up-travel restriction, stainless steel front fuselage skin and increased gross weight (1,400 pounds under type certificate A-787), powered by the  Continental C75. One consequence of the increased gross weight was to make these models ineligible to be flown by light sport pilots.

One ERCO 415-D was modified under a Supplemental Type Certificate to fit a  Lycoming O-235-C2C powerplant.

During 1947, pilots complained that it was too difficult to land with the limited elevator travel. Some of the aircraft produced in 1947 had the 9° elevator up-travel restriction of the 415-D removed and the gross weight lowered. These were designated as model 415-CD Ercoupes. This model used the A-718 type certificate, giving it a gross weight of 1,260 pounds, making this model light sport compliant.

ERCO 415-E Ercoupe
From 1948 the -E model, powered by an  Continental C85, introduced the split elevator with 20° of up-elevator travel. The -E elevator restored the landing characteristics of the -C model, while having the 1400 lb. gross weight.

ERCO 415-F Ercoupe
415-F aircraft had fuel injection.

ERCO 415-G Ercoupe
, the 1949 model was powered by an  Continental C85 , and Kiddy-Seat.

ERCO 415-H Ercoupe
Seven aircraft built in 1949 powered by  Continental C75 engines with no electrical systems.

ERCO YO-55
A single Ercoupe was acquired for evaluation for the military observation role.

ERCO XPQ-13
In August 1941 the US Army Air Corps (USAAC) evaluated use of the Ercoupe as a man carrying aerial target. Similar to the pre-war 415-C. Erco provided two aircraft to Wright Field, Dayton Ohio for evaluation.  One aircraft was used for JATO testing, with modified extended rudders.  Because of the modifications and damages from JATO testing the aircraft was not returned to civilian service. The remaining aircraft continued to serve at the Army Mechanics training school at Lincoln Army Airfield, Lincoln Ne. then assigned from the Lincoln Army Airfield to the Nebraska Wing of the Civil Air Patrol, on 05/29/1944, ultimately returned to civilian service. In the end the military determined the Ercoupe was unsuited for use as an aerial target role.

ERCO Twin Ercoupe
in 1948 J. B. Collie of Southeast Air Service produced a Twin Ercoupe by joining two Ercoupe fuselages with a new centre section, similar to the North American P-82 Twin Mustang, for use in airshows by Thrasher Brothers Air Circus, Elberton GA. Flown by Grady Thrasher and his brother, who rolled, looped, and spun it. The aircraft had a smoke system for each engine, and could be flown from either cockpit.

Forney F-1 Aircoupe
The Fornaire Aircraft Co. continued development of the ERCO Ercoupe 415-G, as the F-1 Aircoupe powered by a  Continental C90-12F They also built the Forney F1A that had  standard three axis controls, to be sold as a basic trainer.

New Aircoupe
The rights to the Aircoupe passed from Fornaire, via the Carlsbad civil government, to Air Products Co. which marketed the air craft as the New Aircoupe. In 1962 the rights were passed on to Alon.

Alon A2 Aircoupe
After acquiring the rights to the Forney Aircoupe (aka Ercoupe), Alon Inc modernized the Ercoupe with a new panel and sliding canopy. Fitting a 90hp Continental C90.

Mooney M10 Cadet
A single-tailed version of the Alon Aircoupe, powered by a  Continental C90-16F, aka Mooney-Coupe, with 59 aircraft built.

Bryan Autoplane
Leland D. Bryan built a series of roadable aircraft using an Ercoupe fuselage, calling this line the Bryan Autoplane. Significant modifications included a double-articulated folding wing mechanism and a pusher engine. It still retained Ercoupe features, such as the twin tail and the center section. The first flight was in 1953, and the model II flew 65 hours. The Model III with a single wing-fold mechanism crashed in 1974, killing Bryan.

Lasher Little Thumper
C. W. Lasher built and flew a single-seat open-cockpit taildragger aircraft called "Little Thumper", using an Ercoupe center section and wing assembly and an Aeronca Champ aft fuselage.

Specifications (Ercoupe 415-C)

See also

Notes

References

"Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Maryland: Central Prince George's County area", by Roger Freeman, Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields
"CAC Manuscripts: MS 162", by Marilyn Levinson, Center for Archival Collections, Bowling Green State University
"College Park Aviation Museum: History: ERCO", College Park Aviation Museum
"ERCO Ercoupe", by Roger Guillemette, US Centennial of Flight Commission
"ERCO 415-C Ercoupe", National Air and Space Museum
"American airplanes: Ab – Ak", Aerofiles
"American airplanes: Al – Av", Aerofiles
"American airplanes: Ea – Ew", Aerofiles
"American airplanes: Fa – Fu", Aerofiles

External links

Owl Plane Can't Spin Or Stall Popular Science, October 1940
 Richard Harris, "Ercoupe: Fred Weick's 'Safer' Airplane,"  AAHS Journal, Vol 59 No 1 - Spring 2014, American Aviation Historical Society, retrieved 2016-08-09.
  Richard Harris, "ERCOUPE: Fred Weick's 'Safer' Airplane - References", (bibliography), AAHS Journal, Vol 59 No 1 - Spring 2014, American Aviation Historical Society
 AVweb guide to the Ercoupe and Cadet

1930s United States civil utility aircraft
World War II utility aircraft of the United States
Light-sport aircraft
Aviation in Maryland
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Ercoupe
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Twin-tail aircraft

ERCO Ercoupe


Graphic texture is commonly created by exsolution and devitrification and immiscibility processes in igneous rocks.
It is called 'graphic' because the exsolved or devitrified minerals form  lines and shapes which are reminiscent of writing.

Graphic granite is a leucocratic granitic rock consisting of alkali feldspar with exsolved quartz typically forming a distinctive repetitive pattern sometimes resembling cuneiform writing. Experiments have shown that graphic granite texture is derived from large single crystals of quartz and feldspar interleaving to create the cuneiform illusion.

Exsolved magnetite has graphic texture, as do some exsolution textures of pyroxene, pyrite feldspar and rarely other minerals.

See also
 List of rock textures

 Peperite

References

External links
Gallery of graphic granites

Igneous rocks

Graphic texture


A Meitei Christian or Christian Meitei is a person who belongs to Meitei ethnic group and follows  Christianity as their faith. There are very few Meitei Christians in Manipur and other Manipuri settlements of the world.

Unlike the other indigenous communities of Manipur, who are all tribesmen communities, the Meitei people embraced Christianity not with any form of imposition but by willing decisions. The first person to baptize is believed to be a lady "Ningol Kaboklei", in the year 1893, when she met a Christian missionary in Sylhet, Bangladesh.

Christianity
Indian Christians

Meitei Christians