Oliver Martin Wilson Warner (1903 – 14 August 1976) was a well-known British naval historian and writer.

Life and career
Warner was born in 1903 and educated at Denstone College and Caius College, Cambridge. In 1926, he succeeded Frank Swinnerton as staff reader at the publishing house of Chatto and Windus. In addition to his work as staff reader he also worked on the company's advertising material. As a young man he made contributions to magazines such as The Spectator and Time and Tide, some of which were later reproduced in his 1947 book Captains and Kings. In 1939, he published an account of his visit to an "unworldly" relative in Canada, entitled Uncle Lawrence. During the Second World War he joined the Admiralty secretariat, initially serving in the Commission and Warrant (C.W.) branch before serving on the war artists advisory committee. He later served as secretary to the naval honours and awards committee.

After the war he became deputy director of publications of the British Council, where he remained until his retirement in 1963. He worked thereafter at Chatto and Windus for another year before concentrating on writing. By the time of his death he had more than twenty books in print. He married twice, first to Dorothea Blanchard who died in 1937, by whom he had one daughter. He was married secondly to Elizabeth Strahan, with whom he had one son and one daughter.

Warner died at his home, Old Manor Cottage, Haslemere, on 14 August 1976. A memorial service was held on 21 October (Trafalgar Day) at St. Lawrence Jewry-next-Guildhall church. As well as family members, the naval historians Professor Christopher Lloyd and Captain Stephen Roskill were in attendance, among others.

Works
 The English Teapot (1948)
 Tea in Festival (1951)
 Captain Marryat: A Rediscovery (1953)
 Portrait of Lord Nelson  (1958)
 Trafalgar (1959)
 Emma Hamilton and Sir William (1960)
 The Glorious First of June (1961)
 Great Sea Battles (1963)
 Admiral of the Fleet Cunningham of Hyndhope The Battle for the Mediterranean (1967)
 Marshal Mannerheim and the Finns (1967)
 The Navy (1968)
 The Life and Letters of Vice-Admiral Collingwood (1968)
 With Wolfe to Quebec published by Collins (1972)

Footnotes

Bibliography

1903 births
1976 deaths
People educated at Denstone College
20th-century British writers
British naval historians
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
20th-century British historians

Oliver Warner


Jovan Nikolić (, died 2000s) was a Serbian Orthodox priest in Zagreb, Croatia, and the only Serbian Orthodox priest to remain in Zagreb during the Croatian War.

He was a critic of the leadership of the Serbian Orthodox Church, and advocate of peaceful coexistence between Serbs and Croats, but was accused by conservative clerics of being a Marxist.

As Serbian Orthodox archpriest in Zagreb in 1995 Nikolić denied rumours of mass conversions to Roman Catholicism, however in 1996 he acknowledged the devastating results of ethnic conflict on the Serbian Orthodox Church in Croatia to Christianity Today.

References

Serbian Orthodox clergy
2000s deaths
Year of birth missing
Serb priests
Serbs of Croatia
Clergy from Zagreb

Jovan Nikolić (priest)


Korvatunturi is a fell in Lapland, on the border between Finland and Russia. Its Finnish part is within Urho Kekkonen National Park in the municipality of Savukoski. In Finnish the name Korvatunturi means "Ear Fell", referring to the mountain's distinctive profile.

Korvatunturi is covered by a thick pine forest, and surrounded by frozen lakes, and sits on a landscape over which hundreds of thousands of reindeer roam. Korvatunturi stands  above sea level; it has three peaks, with the middle peak crossing Finland and Russia's borders. Since Korvatunturi straddles the border of the country, all visitors are required to obtain written permission from the Finnish Border Guard. There are also no roads that directly lead to the fell, but there are hike trails that provide access, such as the one found in the Savukoski area.

Cultural significance

Korvatunturi is best known as the home of the legendary character Father Christmas (or Joulupukki in Finnish, Julgubben in Finland Swedish). According to Finnish folklore, this land is said to be the location of Father Christmas' secret workshop, where toys, trinkets and gifts are said to be made and eventually wrapped by elves. Known for their good-natured demeanour and their role as guardians of homes, these elves are also said to be responsible for analysing weather patterns for the yearly gift-giving trip around the world.

People have also claimed that the ear-shaped structure of the fell allows Father Christmas to hear the wishes of every child on Earth.

For letters to Father Christmas, Korvatunturi has the postal code 99999 Korvatunturi, even though all post sent to this address will actually be carried to Santa Claus Village at Rovaniemi.

In popular media, this legend has been adapted into the film Rare Exports: A Christmas Tale.

See also

 Christmas in Finland

References

External links
 Visit Savukoski: Korvatunturi

Mountains of Finland
Father Christmas
Savukoski
Mountains of Murmansk Oblast
International mountains of Europe
Finland–Russia border
Landforms of Lapland (Finland)
Christmas traditions

Korvatunturi


Koo Kam (Thai: คู่กรรม) is a Thai novel written by Thommayanti. It was adapted into a 1996 film, Sunset at Chaopraya, and a 2013 remake that shared the same name.

Plot summary

Set in 1939, the early days of World War II in Thailand, the novel opens with Angsumalin meeting one last time with her childhood friend, a young Thai man named Vanus. He is leaving for England for his studies and hopes that Angsumalin will wait for him and marry him when he returns.

Shortly thereafter, Thailand is invaded by Japanese military forces. In Thonburi, opposite Bangkok on the Chaophraya River, the Imperial Japanese Navy establishes itself at a base. The forces there are led by Kobori, an idealistic young navy lieutenant. One day he sees Angsumalin swimming in the river and falls for her. She, being a proudly nationalistic Thai woman, despises him because he is a foreigner.

Nonetheless, Kobori persists at seeing her and a courtship develops. Angsumalin found that Kobori is a real nice gentleman and start falling for him but she kept her feelings in secret because of the war.

Then, for political reasons, Angsumalin's father – who is a leader in the Free Thai Movement, insists that she marry Kobori. Understanding that Angsumalin is not marrying him out of love, Kobori promises not to touch her, but he breaks that vow after the wedding.

Despite this, Angsumalin develops tender feelings for Kobori, but is still torn by her feelings for her nation and feel guilty to Vanus, who returns to set in motion a conflict between the two men.

Film, TV or theatrical adaptations
 Koo Gum (1973) – Starring Nard Poowanai as Kobori
 Koo Gum (1988) – Starring Waruth Woratum as Kobori and Chintara Sukapatana as Angsumalin (Hideko) – is the author's favourite version of Koo Gum, the review mentioned this is the best version of Koo Gum that have ever been made
 Koo Gum (1990) – 26 episode TV series on Channel 7 starring Kwang Komoltithi as Angsumalin and Thongchai McIntyre as Kobori, regarded as the most successful TV series in the Thai entertainment industry history, because it received a high rating of 40, which is the highest record to date.
 Sunset at Chaopraya (1996) – Starring Thongchai McIntyre as Kobori and Apasiri Nitibhon as Angsumalin
 Koo Gum - The Musical (2003) – Starring Ozeki Seigi as Kobori and Teeranai Na Nongkai as Angsumalin. Seigi was the only Japanese actor who played Kobori.
 Koo Gum (2004) – 12 episode TV series on Channel 3 starring Benz Pornchita as Angsumalin and Num Sornram as Kobori
 Koo Gum 2 (2004) – A sequel showing the journey of Kobori and Angsumalin's son
 Sunset at Chaophraya (2013) – 24 episode TV series on Channel 5 Starring Sukrit Wisetkaew (Bie the Star) as Kobori and Noona Nuengtida as Angsumalin
 Sunset at Chaopraya (2013) – Starring Nadech Kugimiya as Kobori and Oranate D.Caballes as Angsumalin

References

External links
 Koo Gum (1988)
 Sunset at Chaophraya (2013)
 Koo Gum (2013)
Novels by Thommayanti
Novels set in Thailand
Novels set in the 1930s
History of Thailand in fiction
Thai romance novels
Novels set during World War II
Historical romance novels

Khu Kam


The battle of Octodurus took place in the winter of 57–56 BC in the Gallic town of Octodurus in what is now Martigny, Valais, Switzerland.  The battle resulted from a Roman attempt to open the Great St. Bernard Pass over the Alps.  It was a Roman victory, but the ferocity of the fighting ended with the Roman legion moving back out of the Alps.

Background

When Caesar was in Gaul (57–56 BC) he sent Servius Galba with the Twelfth Legion and some cavalry to Gallia Transalpina, into the country of the Nantuates, Veragri, and Seduni.
He sent this force to protect the Poeninus Pass over the Alps. Roman merchants could travel over the pass, but were sometimes attacked and were forced to pay tolls to the mountain tribes.

Galba, after taking many strong places, and receiving the submission of the people, sent two cohorts into the country of the Nantuates, and wintered with the remaining cohorts in a town of the Veragri named Octodurus, which was in a narrow valley, surrounded by mountains and divided by the Dranse river. Galba gave one part of the town to the Galli (Gauls) to winter in, and assigned the other to his troops.  He fortified the Roman portion of the town with a ditch and rampart and prepared for winter.  However, a few days after they moved into camp, a Gallic army attacked the fortifications.  Caesar gives a number of reasons for this attack, among them a belief that the Romans would not limit themselves to keeping the pass open, anger that a number of their children had been taken as hostages, and a belief that the single under-strength Roman legion was vulnerable to attack.

The battle
Several days after going into winter quarters the Romans woke to find the Gallic half of the town deserted and the slopes above the town covered with a large force of Seduni and Veragri.  The Roman fortifications needed to be completed and he had only limited supplies.  The Romans defended themselves from the fortifications for about six hours, at which time, fearing that they would not be able to keep the enemy out, they sortied.  The Roman attack succeeded, and Caesar stated that about one-third of the 30,000 tribesmen were killed. Smith mentions that due to the narrowness of the valley, the Gallic army might have been much smaller than Caesar's records and that the casualty figures might also have been inflated.

The aftermath
Despite the Roman decisive victory, Galba didn't feel strong enough to remain at Octodurus.  He was running short of supplies and worried about foraging in the Alps during winter.  He may have also feared raids by the scattered fragments of the Gallic army, which had retreated into the mountains.  After burning the village, Galba marched out of the Alps and spent the rest of the winter in the lands of the Allobroges.

References

External links
 Battle of Octodurus

1st century BC in Switzerland
Octodurus
Octodurus
History of Valais
Military history of Switzerland
57 BC
56 BC
1st century BC in the Roman Republic
Octodurus

Battle of Octodurus


Niels Klim's Underground Travels, originally published in Latin as Nicolai Klimii Iter Subterraneum (1741), is a satirical science-fiction/fantasy novel written by the Norwegian-Danish author Ludvig Holberg. His only novel, it describes a utopian society from an outsider's point of view, and often pokes fun at diverse cultural and social topics such as morality, science, sexual equality, religion, governments, and philosophy.

Plot summary
The novel starts with a foreword that assures that everything in the story is a real account of the title character's exploits in the Underworld. The story is set, according to the book, in the Norwegian harbor town of Bergen in 1664, after Klim returns from Copenhagen, where he has studied philosophy and theology at the University of Copenhagen and graduated magna cum laude. His curiosity drives him to investigate a strange cave in a mountainside above the town, which sends out regular gusts of warm air. He ends up falling down the hole, and after a while he finds himself floating in free space.

After a few days of orbiting the planet which revolves around the inner sun, he is attacked by a gryphon, and he falls down on the planet, which is named Nazar. There he wanders about for a short while until he is attacked, this time by an ox. He climbs up into a tree, and to his astonishment the tree can move and talk (this one screamed), and he is taken prisoner by tree-like creatures with up to six arms and faces just below the branches. He is accused of attempted rape on the town clerk's wife, and is put on trial. The case is dismissed and he is set by the Lord of Potu (the utopian state in which he now is located) to learn the language.

Klim quickly learns the language of the Potuans, but this reflects badly on him when the Lord is about to issue him a job, because the Potuans believe that if one perceives a problem at a slow rate, the better it will be understood and solved. But, since he has considerably longer legs than the Potuans, who walk very slowly, he is set to be the Lord's personal courier, delivering letters and suchlike.

During the course of the book, Klim vividly chronicles the culture of the Potuans, their religion, their way of life and the many different countries located on Nazar. After his two-month-long circumnavigation on foot, he is appalled by the fact that men and women are equal and share the same kind of jobs, so he files a suggestion to the Lord of Potu to remove women from higher positions in society. His suggestion is poorly received and he is sentenced to be exiled to the inner rim of the Earth's crust. There he becomes familiar with a country inhabited by sentient monkeys, and after a few years he becomes emperor of the land of Quama, inhabited by the only creatures in the Underworld that look like humans. There, he marries and fathers a son. But again he is driven from hearth and home due to his tyranny and as he escapes he falls into a hole, which carries him through the crust and back up to Bergen again.

There, he is mistaken by the townsfolk to be the Wandering Jew, mostly due to a lingual misunderstanding (he asks a couple of young boys where he is in quamittian, which is Jeru Pikal Salim, and the boys think he is talking about Jerusalem). He learns that he has been away for twelve years, and is taken in by his old friend, mayor Abelin, who writes down everything Klim tells him. He later receives a job as principal of the college of Bergen, and marries.

English Translations
Anonymous (1742)
Anonymous (1828)
John Gierlow from the Danish translation (1845)
James I. McNelis Jr. (1960)

Influence
 Holberg knew that the satirical content of the novel would cause an uproar in Denmark-Norway, so the book was first published in Germany, in Latin. He thus got a broader audience than he would have gotten in his homeland. The novel made him widely acclaimed across Europe. Danish, German, French, and Dutch translations were also published in 1741.
 The book is significant in the history of science fiction, being one of the first science-fiction novels in history along with Lucian's (125-180 AD) A True Story, Johannes Kepler's Somnium (The Dream, 1634), Cyrano de Bergerac's Comical History of the States and Empires of the Moon (1656), Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels (1726), and Voltaire's Micromégas (1752). Along with a number of those stories, an excerpt was included in the anthology The Road to Science Fiction, Volume 1: From Gilgamesh to Wells.
 The work is referenced in Poe's "The Fall of the House of Usher".
 It is one of the first science fiction novels to use the Hollow Earth concept.
 The Danish Communist author and artist Hans Scherfig [1905–1979] created a graphic retelling of "Niels Klims underjordiske rejse", which was originally published in the Danish newspaper Land og folk [Country and people] from 3 July 1955 to 21 January 1956 and later as a book at Sirius Publishing House, Risskov, Denmark in October 1961.
 The story was adapted to a costly 3 episode TV-series for The Danish Broadcasting Corporation in 1984, starring actor Frits Helmuth in the title role.

Allusions
 In one chapter, Klim refers to Pliny the Elder and his Naturalis Historia when he feels that his descriptions of the Underworld inhabitants would seem too incredible for other humans to believe.
 There are a few characters in the book that were actual persons. Niels Klim (died 1690) was employed at Holy Cross Church, a church in downtown Bergen, as bellringer. He was also a retailer of books and a publisher. Klim's friend in the book, Mayor Abelin, was also a real person named Rasmus Christenssen Abelin, and he was mayor of Bergen in Klim's lifetime.

Notes

References

External links

 Stories of a Hollow Earth – article by Peter Fitting on Holberg's book, published in The Public Domain Review, 2011.

Ludvig Holberg
1741 Danish novels
Satirical novels
18th-century Latin books
Norwegian novels
1740s science fiction novels
Fantasy novels
1740s fantasy novels
Novels set in Norway
Novels set in subterranea
Hollow Earth in fiction
Feminist science fiction novels
Utopian novels
Novels set in the 17th century
Latin-language novels

Niels Klim's Underground Travels


The Scottish Ten was a five-year project, initiated in 2009, funded by the Scottish Government. It used technology to create accurate digital models of the country's five World Heritage Sites and five other UNESCO World Heritage Sites elsewhere in the world.

History
The Scottish Ten was initiated by the Minister for Culture, External Affairs and the Constitution Michael Russell in early 2009, at the Glasgow School of Art's Digital Documentation conference. The minister had heard Ben Kacyra, father of the laser scanner and founder of CyArk, speak about his mission to digitally document the 500 most at risk heritage sites across the world over the next five years. The minister found inspiration in this project and discussion began as to how Scotland could be involved. The Scottish Ten was formally announced at the Mount Rushmore National Memorial on 4 July 2009.

About the Scottish Ten
The Scottish Ten project's primary aims were to:
 Record important historical sites for the benefit of future generations in Scotland and overseas
 Share and disseminate Scottish technical expertise and foster international collaboration
 Provide digital media to site managers to better care for the heritage resource
 Recognise international Scottish cultural connections

Led by Historic Scotland and its partner Glasgow School of Art, under their collaborative venture The Centre for Digital Documentation and Visualisation LLP, the Scottish Ten project created digital documentation of the sites for future development of world class and innovative research, education and management.

The project scanned the five UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Scotland. The overseas sites were selected to fulfil Scottish Government International objectives in Australia, China, India, Japan and the United States.

The 18th century cotton-manufacturing settlement at New Lanark was the first Scottish site to be scanned. Mount Rushmore in South Dakota, in the United States, was scanned in August 2009.

The project used highly precise, high speed terrestrial laser scanning systems, some capable of sub-millimetre data capture and aerial optical remote sensing technology called LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging).

When the digital models were complete, they were hosted by CyArk, a non-profit organisation set up to digitally record heritage sites across the globe and provide public access to the information.

Sites

The five Scottish UNESCO World Heritage Sites are:
 Antonine Wall
 Edinburgh
 Neolithic Orkney
 New Lanark
 St. Kilda

The five non-Scottish UNESCO World Heritage Sites are:
 Eastern Qing Tombs (China)
 Giant Cantilever Crane at Nagasaki (Japan)
 Mount Rushmore (USA)
 Rani ki vav (India)
 Sydney Opera House (Australia)

References

External links

2009 establishments in Scotland
Organisations supported by the Scottish Government

Scottish Ten


Kugurunura (1. Take to pieces especially by unscrewing; 2. Disassemble; 3. Dismantle).

gurunu (ideophone of Loosening e.g. nut; 2. of Taking to pieces, disassembling by unscrewing).
Kugurunuka (1. Come loose e.g. nut, 2. Come out of proper place e.g. tooth). Vamwe vanoti kuguruka.

Kurerutsa Mutauro

Gejo rangu rakagurunurwa nembavha: my plough was taken to pieces by thieves.
Vanotaura Kikongo vanoti kutulula (to let loose, to free).
Mang'anja vanoti ulendi (loose; without firmness or strength - as of limbs) kureva hushamwari.

Mubisho

Kugurunura


Swiss cheese is a name for a number of cheeses that are like Swiss Emmental cheese. This name is mostly used in the United States and Canada, and in most cases, the cheeses are made there and are not from Switzerland. Like it, they have holes, which are made by the bacteria that change milk into Swiss cheese. Propionibacterium uses the lactic acid that is made by other bacteria, and it gives off a gas called carbon dioxide. This slowly forms bubbles that become the holes. The holes in the cheese are called the "eyes", and a Swiss cheese that does not have holes is called a "blind" cheese.

Most often, Swiss cheeses with larger eyes have a better taste, as the same things that make the eyes bigger also make the taste of the cheese better. These include longer time and more warmth as the cheese is formed.

Emmental cheese has been produced in France, Germany, and Austria for a long time. This is why the names Emmental and Swiss Cheese can be used for kinds of cheese that are not made in Emmental in Switzerland but are made the same way.

Related pages
 Emmental cheese

References

Swiss cheese


Adriana Ferreyr (born 18 May 1983) is a Brazilian film, television, stage actress and entrepreneur.

Early life and education
Ferreyr was born in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, the daughter of Rogério Ferreiro, a civil engineer.

Her acting career started in the theater at the age of eight when she joined the theater company of Fernando Peltier. She acted in several plays, among which: O Jardim das Borboletas (The Butterfly Garden), O Jardim das Abelhas (The Bees Garden), Turma da Mônica (Monica and her pals) and The Sound of Music (A Noviça Rebelde).

While taking classes at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Ferreyr continued to pursue an acting career and, after two years, landed a role as a lead character in the prime time Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão soap opera Marisol (2002), playing Vanessa Lima do Vale, Marisol's adopted daughter.

Personal life
Ferreyr previously dated George Soros for 5 years. On August 10, 2011, Ferreyr filed a $50 million lawsuit against Soros for fraud, harassment, emotional distress, estoppel and assault and battery. In 2011 Soros tried to dismiss the lawsuit and was unsuccessful. In March 2013, Soros sued Ferreyr for defamation and assault.
On April 1, 2014, Soros won a partial dismissal of Ferreyr's lawsuit; the appellate court, in a unanimous decision, dismissed her claims of fraud, infliction of emotional distress and other claims against Soros. The appellate court didn't dismiss Ferreyr's claim of assault and battery, however.

Career
In 2011, Ferreyr owned a retail business selling sunglasses and Christmas ornaments through kiosks in malls on the West Coast of the United States.

Filmography

References

External links

Living people
1983 births
Actors from Salvador, Bahia
Brazilian child actresses
People from Harlem
Columbia University School of General Studies alumni
Brazilian musical theatre actresses
Brazilian television actresses
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro alumni

Adriana Ferreyr


This is a list of instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number, covering those instruments that are classified under 321.33 under that system. These instruments are also known as semi-spike lutes, tanged lutes and internal spike lutes. These instruments are made of a resonator and string bearer that are physically united, with strings in parallel to the sound table and a handle which is also the string bearer and which passes through the resonator but does not pierce its tail end.

West African griot lutes
Tanged lutes are common in East Africa, as are a closely related class of instrument called spike lutes. These are instruments in which the handle does extends all the way through the resonator. A hereditary class of West African musicians, griots, play tanged lutes, and no other form of stringed instrument; non-griot performers in West Africa play a mixture of both spike lutes and tanged lutes. The term griot lute thus typically refers to these tanged lutes of East Africa.

The resonator of East African lutes may be made of wood, metal (such as a discarded can) or a half-calabash gourd. Griot lutes are exclusively wood, while non-griot lutes occur in all three categories. Typically, calabash lutes have no more than two strings, while the wooden instruments generally have more.

Griot lutes tend to be wooden troughs, either boat- (naviform) or figure-8-shaped. Lutes used by griots have a V- or fan-shaped bridge, a feature unique to East African lutes, while non-griot lutes use cylindrical bridges; a few use two-footed bridges in the shape of an upside-down "u", while the Hausa wase places the bridge under the head, creating a ridged lump upon which the strings rest. Non-griot lutes are not restricted by heredity, and are used for many social purposes, most commonly hunting. It likely that one or more of these instruments is the ancestor of the African American banjo.

Classification

These instruments may be classified with a suffix, based on how the strings are caused to vibrate.

4: Hammers or beaters
5: Bare hands and fingers
6: Plectrum
7: Bowing
71: Using a bow
72: Using a wheel
73: Using a ribbon
8: Keyboard
9: Using a mechanical drive

References

Notes

Further reading

321.33
Lute family instruments

List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 321.33


Leonhard Beck ( – 1542) was a painter and designer of woodcuts in Augsburg, Germany. He was the son of Georg Beck, who was active as a miniaturist in Augsburg -1512/15. He worked with his father on two Psalters for the Augsburg monastery in 1495.  He was an assistant to Hans Holbein the Elder, working on a Holbein altarpiece now in the Städel in Frankfurt am Main in 1500–1501.

His most notable work came when he joined the stable of artists, most in Augsburg, used by Emperor Maximilian I for his series of self-propagandising projects in or with woodcut. He was the main designer for the heavily illustrated poem Theuerdank (1517), producing 77 of the 118 woodcuts, and apparently all the many adjustments Maximilian required for the second edition in 1519. In these, his style often contrasts painfully with those of the better artists whose work he was altering. He designed 126 blocks for Der Weisskunig and 7 for the Triumphal Procession. He painted and drew a number of portraits, and designed woodcuts, mostly for book illustrations.

Beck is also known for a compilation of 123 woodcuts, all by him, entitled the Genealogy of the House of Habsburg (or in French Images de Saints et Saintes issus de la famille de l'empereur Maximilien I). The work was commissioned by Maximilian I, intended to show saintly members of his family. Some of the images show saints connected to the Abbey of Maubeuge, which apparently received a copy of the set.

References

External links

1480 births
1542 deaths
Artists from Augsburg
German draughtsmen
German printmakers
16th-century German painters
German male painters
German Renaissance painters

Leonhard Beck


The Cathedral of St. Joseph  is a Catholic cathedral in St. Joseph, Missouri, United States.  Along with the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Kansas City, Missouri it is the seat of the Diocese of Kansas City-St. Joseph.  The Cathedral Church, rectory and convent are all contributing properties to the Cathedral Hill Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places.  The school building and the auditorium do not contribute to the historical nature of the district.

History

St. Joseph Parish
Joseph Robidoux  settled the area that is now the city of St. Joseph in 1826.  The Rev. Pierre-Jean De Smet, SJ was the first priest to visit the area in 1838.  He met with Robidoux and expressed his desire to establish a chapel in his settlement.  The first Mass in the settlement was said by another Jesuit missionary the same year in Robidoux's log house.  The Jesuits continued to visit the area between 1838 and 1845.  Robidoux platted the town of St. Joseph in 1843.

The Rev. Thomas Scanlan arrived in St. Joseph of October 15, 1845, and began plans to build a church.  He had a  brick church built on the northeast corner of Fifth and Felix Streets.  Archbishop Peter Richard Kenrick of St. Louis dedicated the church, named St. Joseph's Church, on June 17, 1847.  The parish had 20 families at the time.  Father Scanlan died in 1860 and was replaced by the Rev. John Hennessy who served the parish until he was named thirdBishop of Dubuque in 1893.

Cathedral of St. Joseph
On March 3, 1868 Pope Pius IX established the Diocese of St. Joseph.  St. Joseph's Church became the new diocese's cathedral.  Bishop John J. Hogan bought property at the corner of Tenth and Isadore Streets to build the present cathedral.  The cornerstone was laid on September 12, 1869.  The construction of the cathedral was slow due to continuing budget shortfalls.  This may have been partly due to the Panic of 1873.  Several prominent parishioners connected with the St. Joseph Improvement Company sponsored a raffle of real estate in the cathedral neighborhood to raise funds.  The raffle involved 60 lots valued between $200 and $500, with tickets offered at $3 each.  Ticket sales were slower than expected and the drawing was delayed from November 22, 1870, to April 10, 1871.  The cathedral was not finished according to its original designs.  When the first Mass was celebrated on March 17, 1871, the interior had yet to be plastered and the stained glass windows were not installed and construction continued to 1883.    The old church was eventually demolished and the property was sold with the proceeds helping fund construction of the new cathedral.

The Rev. Ignatius Conrad, O.S.B became the Rector in 1876 and served the parish until he was named the Abbot of Subiaco Abbey in Subiaco, Arkansas.  The rectory was built in 1893, when the Rev. Andrew Newman was rector.  The parish's priest up to this time had lived in an apartment in the church.  The rectory was also used as the chancery for the diocese.

Bishop Maurice F. Burke oversaw the renovation of the cathedral in 1900.  The two towers were built as was a portico entrance according to the original plans.

In 1924, the Rev. Leo Ruggle came to the cathedral as associate pastor.  He was the diocesan chancellor from 1926 to 1936, served as the Rector from 1937 to 1964 and then became Rector-emeritus until his death in 1984.  He was the Diocesan Administrator from 1961 to 1962.  A year before he died the renovated church basement was named in his honor.

On August 29, 1956, Pope Pius XII merged the Diocese of St. Joseph with the Diocese of Kansas City to form the Diocese of Kansas City-St. Joseph.  The eastern half of the St. Joseph Diocese became part of the newly established Diocese of Jefferson City and the southern half of the Diocese of Kansas City became part of the newly established Diocese of Springfield Cape Girardeau.  The Diocese of Kansas City-St. Joseph has Co-Cathedrals: The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Kansas City and the Cathedral of St. Joseph.

The Cathedral of St. Joseph was renovated from 1969 to 1970 following the liturgical reforms of the Second Vatican Council.  Other renovations were completed in 1981 and 1995.  The parish opened a food pantry in the 1980s.

Catholic schools
In the 1850s Religious of the Sacred Heart and the Christian Brothers came to St. Joseph and opened schools.  The Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul came to St. Joseph in 1869 and began to operate a school and a hospital.  From 1891 to the 1980s they operated St. Joseph's Hospital.

The Religious of the Sacred Heart opened St. Joseph's first parochial school in 1901.  They were replaced by the Benedictine Sisters of Mt. St. Scholastica in 1920.  Christian Brothers High School, now Bode Middle School, was built during the episcopate of Bishop Francis Gilfillan.   The school building was renovated in 1954 and a combination gymnasium and auditorium was built in 1958.  It was named in honor of Msgr. Charles Nowland.  Pre-school was added in 1981.  By the late 1980s the faculty was composed of all lay people.  The convent was turned into a day care center and now houses the Cathedral Early Childhood Center.

Architecture
The cathedral is a brick masonry building designed in the Romanesque Revival style by Patrick F. Meagher.  He would later design the Buchanan County Courthouse.  It features a transept, two corner towers on the main façade with pyramidal roofs.  The narthex, featuring three entrance doors was added in 1956.  The rectory is a three–story brick structure.  "The facade features three-story, projecting box bay and side, two-story, projecting polygonal bays."  The L-shaped porch is supported by Romanesque-style columns.  The auditorium features Art Deco elements on its design from the 1950s.  The convent is influenced by the Colonial Revival style.  It features a hipped roof and an entrance portico with Doric columns and capitals.  The school building is similar in style with the convent.  It is a two-story brick building that at-one-time had a third floor that has since been removed.

Pastors/ Rectors
The following priests have served as pastors of St. Joseph's parish and after 1868 as the cathedral rector:

Rev. Thomas Scanlan (1845–1860)
Rev. John Hennessy (1860–1866)
Rev. James Doherty (1866–1868)
Bishop John J. Hogan (1868–1876)
Rev. Ignatius Conrad, O.S.B. (1876–1892)
Rev. Andrew Newman (1892–1893)
Bishop M. F. Burke (1893–1913)
Rev. John J. O'Neill (1913–1923)
Rev. Maurice F. Connor (1923–1926)
Rev. Charles F. Buddy (1926–1937)
Msgr. Leo J. Ruggle (1937–1964)
Msgr. Charles S. Nowland (1964–1973)
Msgr. Robert J. Hogan (1973–1979)
Rev. Gerald R. Waris (1979–1986)
Rev. Patrick Tobin (1986–1988)
Rev. Thomas J. D. Hawkins (1988–1995)
Rev. Wayne L. Walter (1995–1996)
Msgr. Richard M. Dierkes (1996–2008)
Rev. Joseph B. Powers (2008–2012)
Rev. Matthew Rotert (2012–2018)
Rev. Stephen Hansen (2018–Present)

See also
List of Catholic cathedrals in the United States
List of cathedrals in the United States

References

External links
 Cathedral Website
Diocese of Kansas City-St. Joseph Website

Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kansas City–Saint Joseph
Religious organizations established in 1845
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1871
Joseph (St. Joseph, Missouri)
Buildings and structures in St. Joseph, Missouri
Romanesque Revival church buildings in Missouri
Tourist attractions in Buchanan County, Missouri
Historic district contributing properties in Missouri
1845 establishments in Missouri
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States

Cathedral of St. Joseph (St. Joseph, Missouri)


A privately held company (or simply a private company) is a company whose shares and related rights or obligations are not offered for public subscription or publicly negotiated in the respective listed markets but rather the company's stock is offered, owned, traded, exchanged privately, or over-the-counter. In the case of a closed corporation (or closely held corporation), there are relatively few shareholders or company members. Related terms are unquoted company and unlisted company.

They are less visible and may be less popular than their publicly traded counterparts, but private companies have major importance in the world's economy. In 2008, the 441 largest private companies in the United States accounted for $1.8 trillion in revenues and employed 6.2 million people, according to Forbes. In 2005, using a substantially smaller pool size (22.7%) for comparison, the 339 companies on Forbes survey of closely held U.S. businesses sold a trillion dollars' worth of goods and services (44%) and employed four million people. In 2004, the Forbes count of privately held U.S. businesses with at least $1 billion in revenue was 305.

Separately, all non-government-owned companies are considered private enterprises. That meaning includes both publicly traded and privately held companies since their investors are individuals in the private sector.

State ownership vs. private ownership vs. cooperative ownership
Private ownership of productive assets differs from state ownership or collective ownership (as in worker-owned companies). This usage is often found in former Eastern Bloc countries to differentiate from former state-owned enterprises, but it may be used anywhere when contrasting to a state-owned or a collectively owned company.

In the United States, the term privately held company is more often used to describe for-profit enterprises whose shares are not traded on the stock market.

Ownership of stock

In countries with public trading markets, a privately held business is generally taken to mean one whose ownership shares or interests are not publicly traded. Often, privately held companies are owned by the company founders or their families and heirs or by a small group of investors. Sometimes employees also hold shares in private companies. Most small businesses are privately held.

Subsidiaries and joint ventures of publicly traded companies (for example, General Motors' Saturn Corporation), unless shares in the subsidiary itself are traded directly, have characteristics of both privately held companies and publicly traded companies. Such companies are usually subject to the same reporting requirements as privately held companies, but their assets, liabilities, and activities are also included in the reports of their parent companies, as required by the accountancy and securities industry rules relating to groups of companies.

Form of organization

Private companies may be called corporations, limited companies, limited liability companies, unlimited companies, or other names, depending on where and how they are organized and structured.  In the United States, but not generally in the United Kingdom, the term is also extended to partnerships, sole proprietorships or business trusts.  Each of these categories may have additional requirements and restrictions that may impact reporting requirements, income tax liabilities, governmental obligations, employee relations, marketing opportunities, and other business obligations and decisions.

In many countries, there are forms of organization that are restricted to and are commonly used by private companies, for example, the private company limited by shares in the United Kingdom (abbreviated Ltd) or unlimited company and the proprietary limited company (abbreviated Pty Ltd) or unlimited proprietary company (abbreviated Pty) in South Africa and Australia.

In India, private companies are registered by the Registrar of Companies, under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. Indian private companies must contain the word Private Limited at the end of their names.

Reporting obligations and restrictions
Privately held companies generally have fewer or less comprehensive reporting requirements and obligations for transparency, via annual reports, etc. than publicly traded companies do. For example, in the United States, unlike in Europe, privately held companies are not generally required to publish their financial statements.  By not being required to disclose details about their operations and financial outlook, private companies are not forced to disclose information that may potentially be valuable to competitors and can avoid the immediate erosion of customer and stakeholder confidence in the event of financial duress. Further, with limited reporting requirements and shareholder expectations, private firms are afforded a greater operational flexibility by being able to focus on long-term growth rather than quarterly earnings. In addition, private company executives may steer their ships without shareholder approval, allowing them to take significant action without delays.  In Australia, Part 2E of the Corporations Act 2001 requires that publicly traded companies file certain documents relating to their annual general meeting with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). There is a similar requirement for large proprietary companies, which are required to lodge Form 388H to the ASIC containing their financial report. In the United States, private companies are held to different accounting auditing standards than public companies, overseen by the Private Company Counsel division of the Financial Accounting Standards Board.(see external links)

Researching private companies and private companies' financials in the United States can involve contacting the secretary of state for the state of incorporation (or for LLC or partnership, state of formation), or using specialized private company databases such as Dun & Bradstreet. Other companies, like Sageworks, provide aggregated data on privately held companies, segmented by industry code.

Privately held companies also sometimes have restrictions on how many shareholders they may have. For example, the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, section 12(g), limits a privately held company, generally, to fewer than 2000 shareholders, and the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940, requires registration of investment companies that have more than 100 holders.  In Australia, section 113 of the Corporations Act 2001 limits a privately held company to fifty non-employee shareholders.

Privately owned enterprise

A privately owned enterprise is a commercial enterprise owned by private investors, shareholders or owners (usually collectively, but they can be owned by a single individual), and is in contrast to state institutions, such as publicly owned enterprises and government agencies. Private enterprises comprise the private sector of an economy. An economic system that 1) contains a large private sector where privately run businesses are the backbone of the economy, and 2) a business surplus is controlled by the owners, is referred to as capitalism. This contrasts with socialism, where the industry is owned by the state or by all of the community in common. The act of taking assets into the private sector is referred to as privatization.

A privately owned enterprise is one form that private property may take.

Types of privately owned businesses

 Sole proprietorship: A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person. The owner may operate on his or her own or may employ others.  The owner of the business has total and unlimited personal liability for the debts incurred by the business. This form is usually relegated to small businesses.
 Partnership: A partnership is a form of business in which two or more people operate for the common goal of making a profit.  Each partner has total and unlimited personal liability for the debts incurred by the partnership.  There are three typical different types of classifications for partnerships: general partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships.
 Corporation: A business corporation is a for-profit, limited liability or unlimited liability entity that has a separate legal personality from its members.  A corporation is owned by one or more shareholders and is overseen by a board of directors, which hires the business's managerial staff. Corporate models have also been applied to the state sector in the form of government-owned corporations. A corporation may be privately held ("close", or closely held—that is, held by a few people) or publicly traded.
 Hybrid Types: Some countries, like Germany, the United States, and the United Kingdom have created a hybrid type of entity that has characteristics of both a corporation and a partnership. In Germany, it is called a Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (Gmbh), in the United States it is called a Limited Liability Company (LLC), and in the United Kingdom it is called a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP). It is considered a corporate body similar to a corporation but is typically taxed like a partnership.

See also
 Limited company
 Private company limited by shares
 Private equity
 Public company
 Unlisted public company

References

External links
 Private Company Council , a part of the Financial Accounting Standards Board

Types of business entity
Private sector

Privately held company


Baden-Baden (foaled 1874 in Kentucky) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 1877 Kentucky Derby. He was bred by A. J. Alexander at his Woodburn Stud in Woodford County, Kentucky. Baden-Baden was sired by Australian (GB) (who in turn was sired by West Australian, first horse to win the English Triple Crown in 1853); his dam, Lavender, was sired by Wagner.  He was purchased at Woodburn's yearling sale by Kentucky horseman Daniel Swigert, from Elmendorf Farm.

Racing career
After the sale, Baden-Baden was trained by future U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Edward D. Brown. In his first start, jockey William Walker rode him to victory in the fledgling Kentucky Derby. Baden-Baden was then sold to New York City businessman William Backhouse Astor, Jr.

1877 Kentucky Derby
The weather was fair and the track, although dry, was "cuppy" from recent rains. The start was delayed by fractious horses; before the advent of the starting gate, Thoroughbreds raced from a standing start. Vera Cruz (ridden by Isaac Murphy) reared and stumbled, nearly unseating his rider and losing a great deal of ground. Robert Swim, on Leonard, took the lead. On the backstretch Baden-Baden (who had been in fourth place) began his run, reaching Leonard at the three-quarter-mile pole. He passed Leonard just as they turned into the stretch and they pounded down it together, Baden-Baden maintaining his lead.

Murphy was known for coming from behind, and that was what he tried here. He had begun his drive well before the stretch, and passed tiring horses until he was closing in on Baden-Baden and Leonard. Vera Cruz finally tired and finished fourth, with Baden-Baden first and Leonard second. The time for the 1½ miles (the Derby was run at that distance from its inauguration in 1875 until 1895) was a slow 2:38.

After the Derby
Racing for Astor at New York-area tracks, Baden-Baden finished third in the Belmont Stakes; he later won the prestigious Travers Stakes at Saratoga Race Course. He made his last start at the end of his three-year-old season in the Kenner Stakes, in which he broke a sesamoid bone. This injury ended Baden-Baden's racing career; he was retired to stud duty at William Astor's Ferncliffe Stud, where he sired many offspring (mostly daughters, with few successful) into the late 1880s.

Pedigree

* Baden-Baden is inbred 4S × 4D to the stallion Emilius, meaning that he appears fourth generation on the sire side of his pedigree and fourth generation on the dam side of his pedigree.

References

External links
 Baden-Baden's Kentucky Derby charts

1874 racehorse births
Kentucky Derby winners
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United States
Thoroughbred family 12-b
Godolphin Arabian sire line

Baden-Baden (horse)


Edward Anderson (May 31, 1864 – November 2, 1937) was an American brigadier general who served during World War I.

Early life
Anderson was born on May 31, 1864, in Virginia. He graduated number thirty of forty-four from the United States Military Academy in 1888.

Career
After graduation, Anderson was commissioned a second lieutenant of infantry but was switched to cavalry and performed frontier duty until 1895. He was in the Ghost Dance War of 1890 and served in the Santiago campaign in Cuba in 1891. For his service in Cuba, he received three Silver Star commendations. In 1898, he served in the Puerto Rican campaign.

He graduated from the Army War College in 1914.

From 1917 to 1920, Anderson commanded several camps and units around the United States. He received a promotion to the wartime rank of brigadier general on October 1, 1918.
From March 19, 1919, to February 23, 1921, he commanded the 13th Cavalry and the post of Fort Clark, Texas.
From April 3, 1921, to October 11, 1922, he commanded the Ninth Cavalry at Camp Stotsenberg in the Philippines, then he organized and commanded the 26th Cavalry of Philippine Scouts from October 1922 until January 6, 1923.

After thirty-eight years of service, Anderson retired as a colonel on April 28, 1923.

On June 21, 1930, his brigadier general's star was restored by an act of Congress.

Awards
Silver Star

Personal life
He was married to Amelie (1896-1985).

Death and legacy
Edward Anderson died at the age of seventy-two on November 2, 1937.

References

Bibliography
Davis, Henry Blaine. Generals in Khaki. Raleigh, NC: Pentland Press, 1998.

1864 births
1937 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Military Academy alumni
Recipients of the Silver Star
United States Army generals of World War I
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
United States Army generals
United States Army War College alumni
Military personnel from Virginia
People born in the Confederate States

Edward Anderson (United States Army officer, born 1864)


The Elliott River is a river in the Wide Bay–Burnett region of Queensland, Australia.

The headwaters of the river rise in the west of the locality of  Elliott approximately  south-west of Bundaberg and flows in an easterly direction. The river crosses the Goodwood Road passing through the suburb of Elliot and entering the Elliott River Fish Habitat Area and then discharging in the Coral Sea near Elliott Heads. The river descends  over its  course.

The river has a catchment area of  of which an area of  is composed of estuarine wetlands.

The river was named in honour of Gilbert Eliott, a public servant and politician who served as Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland between  1860 and 1870, and was Member for Wide Bay during the same term. The spelling of the river has been changed to double "l" over time.

See also

References

Rivers of Queensland
Wide Bay–Burnett

Elliott River (Queensland)


Bob Dermer (born 1946) is a Canadian actor who first made his contributions to Canadian television in 1965 as an actor in Ottawa on a late night serial called Milk and Honey which ran for 200 episodes.
Prior to Readalong, Dermer was also on several Canadian children's shows such as Hi Diddle Day which ran for 10 years on the CBC followed by Pencil Box which ran for another six years.

Early life
Dermer was born in Ottawa, Ontario.

Career
In the 1980s, Dermer appeared on the children's show Today's Special, playing a puppet character named Sam Crenshaw, and starred in the animated Raccoons series and specials as Ralph Raccoon (and various other characters.) He was the voice of Grumpy Bear in the Care Bears films and TV series of that era. In the middle of airing Today's Special in 1984, Dermer was nearly killed in a car accident and suffered from a broken clavicle and thoracic ribs and lost his left eye. He was unable to perform for five months and had to wear an eye patch before having an eyeball transplant.

Later on, he would make a cameo appearance in Walt Disney Pictures's 1994 film The Santa Clause, before making one final foray in the 1996 made-for-TV movie Hostile Advances: The Kerry Ellison Story. He retired from the TV business in 2001.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1946 births
Living people
Canadian male voice actors
Canadian puppeteers

Bob Dermer


The Indiana Statehouse is the state capitol building of the U.S. state of Indiana. It houses the Indiana General Assembly, the office of the Governor of Indiana, the Indiana Supreme Court, and other state officials. The Statehouse is located in the capital city of Indianapolis at 200 West Washington Street. Built in 1888, it is the fifth building to house the state government.

The first statehouse, located in Corydon, Indiana, is still standing and is maintained as a state historic site. The second building was the old Marion County courthouse which was demolished and replaced in the early 20th century. The third building was a structure modeled on the Parthenon, but was condemned in 1877 because of structural defects and razed so the current statehouse could be built on its location.

History

First Statehouse (1816–1824)

When Indiana became a state in 1816, the capital was located in Corydon. The first capitol building was a humble, two-story limestone building constructed in 1813 to house the legislature of the Indiana Territory. The building was constructed by a company owned by Dennis Pennington, a member of the early territorial legislature. Construction cost $1,500 paid for by the citizens of Harrison County, and was completed in three years. It measured forty-feet square with walls two-feet-thick and ten-foot ceilings. The building was made of limestone cut from a nearby quarry and, at the time of its completion, was one of the largest buildings in the state.

The capitol contained three rooms and quickly became too small for the state government, which had to erect additional office buildings across the street for the state's administration. The lower floor of the statehouse was used by the Indiana House of Representatives. The upper floor was split into two rooms, one for the Indiana State Senate and another for the Indiana Supreme Court, with a narrow hall between them. Upon the relocation of the state government to Indianapolis in 1824, the building was given to Harrison County to use as a courthouse. The old capitol building is still preserved and is now a state historic site.

Marion County Courthouse (1825–1835)
When the state government relocated to Indianapolis in December 1824, the government was housed in the Marion County Courthouse. The courthouse had been constructed with state funds in 1822 after Indianapolis was chosen as the site for the new capitol. The courthouse served as the state capitol building for ten years. At the time Indianapolis was a frontier site, nearly  from the nearest settlement of significance, making large scale construction impractical.

The relocation to Indianapolis was an arduous task. At the time it was an eleven-day journey by horseback from Corydon to the new capital. To complicate matters, no road existed and a path for the wagons had to be cut through the dense forests during the winter transit as the long caravan moved north. The caravan was large because it contained the state treasury, state library, state records, the furniture of the General Assembly, Supreme Court, and Executive Offices, along with a whole host of other implements to aid the caravan on its long journey. Colonel Samuel Merrill, the state treasurer, was authorized by the General Assembly to oversee the move. Ultimately, it took more than a month to relocate the government to Indianapolis. The first session of the General Assembly convened there in January 1825.

Second Statehouse (1835–1877)

On February 10, 1831, the Indiana General Assembly approved construction of a new statehouse. The building was to be funded by the sale of lots of land in Indianapolis. A commission was established and Commissioner James Blake offered a $150 prize to the architect who could design the best state house. Twenty-one proposals were received, some from local firms and others from as far as the east coast (New York and Philadelphia) and the south (Nashville, Tennessee). The design from the firm of Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis was selected by the commission and then approved by the General Assembly on January 26, 1832. Their plans were for a structure inspired by the ancient Greek Parthenon. The building looked very much like the Parthenon except for a large central dome. Town and Davis was awarded a $58,000 contract to construct the building. The legislature had anticipated paying for the building by the sale of the remaining lots of the donation grant of land that the Federal government had given the state for a capital city, but only $13,000 was received in the sale in May 1832, with the remaining unsold lots having an estimated value of only $3,650, meaning that other sources of funds were required. On the recommendation of Ithiel Town, the square block directly north of the statehouse was withheld from the sale for future use by the state, which was proved fortuitous when the current statehouse was constructed on both squares. The contract set a 1838 deadline for completion, but construction was completed ahead of schedule, being mostly done by December 1835. The building was centered in the square defined by Washington Street on the south, Mississippi Street (now Senate Avenue) on the west, Market Street on the north, and Tennessee Street (now Capitol Avenue) on the east. It was oriented north-south, with entrances on the north and south. The east and west sides were  long while the north and south sides were .

The statehouse was built of blue limestone, two stories high. The governor and the Supreme Court occupied the lower floor, and the legislature occupied the upper floor, with each house in its own wing. During its first session in the new building, the legislature passed the Internal Improvement Act of 1836 (often known as the Mammoth Improvement Act) that funded several projects, including turnpikes, canals, and later, railroads. The building was the site of many great events in its history, including a bier for Abraham Lincoln.

The statehouse was popular immediately after its construction, but by the 1860s Greek Revival architecture had fallen out of style and the building was beginning to become decrepit. The building's limestone (and perhaps, slate) foundation began to fail, and many feared a general structural collapse of the building. In 1867, the ceiling in the chambers of the Indiana House of Representative collapsed. In addition, the growth of the state government meant that the statehouse was too small. An article in the Indianapolis News on January 30, 1877, summed up the problems, noting that it "is too small if it were good, and it is too bad if it were big enough". A debate was held in 1873 about how to preserve the building but no solution was found. By the time that James D. Williams was elected governor in November 1876, the building was about to be condemned. Demolition of the building began on December 11, 1877, and was completed on March 12, 1978 with the razing of the last portion of the structure still standing, the dome.

Temporary facilities (1877–1888)
When the third statehouse was condemned in 1876, the government abandoned the building. The General Assembly relocated to a large office building that had been built in 1865 and was already housing the Supreme Court. The governor and the executive staff relocated to another office building. The office building was used as the state house during the interim period that the new state house was being built. In 1887, before the new state house had been completed, enough of the lower floors were usable for the government to move out of the cramped office space and begin holding sessions in the new structure.

Current Statehouse

Construction

With Indiana's rapid increase of population during the middle of the 19th century, the state's government increased in size, causing the previous capitol building to become crowded. In 1865, a state office building had to be constructed to house some of the burgeoning government, and the Supreme Court and several bureaus were relocated into the new building. When the statehouse was condemned in 1877, the state was without a real capitol building, and the administration of Governor James D. Williams proposed the construction of the current state capitol building. The plan was approved by the Indiana General Assembly during the legislative session of 1878. After the third state capitol building had been razed, the new building was constructed on the same site. Two million dollars (USD) were appropriated for construction of the new building, and it was completed in 1888. Governor Williams, who was famed for his frugality, was able to complete the project for $1.8 million and returned the extra $200,000 to the general fund.

A team of commissioners, including former Civil War general and civil engineer Thomas A. Morris, planned and oversaw the project. The structure was designed by Edwin May, an Indianapolis architect. Not wanting to repeat the mistakes made in the construction of the previous statehouse, the legislature required the new capitol to be built on a solid foundation so that it would last for many decades. Construction began in 1880 and the cornerstone was laid on September 28. Edwin May died in February of that year, and Adolph Scherer supervised the project for the entire construction period. The interior was modeled in the Italian Renaissance style. Wherever possible, materials native to Indiana were used. Doors were made of Indiana oak, and Indiana limestone was used throughout the structure. The building's cornerstone is a ten-ton block of limestone quarried in Spencer, Indiana. The central dome was completed in 1883. The building was also wired for electricity, even though Indianapolis did not yet have an electrical power grid. In 1887, the new capitol was sufficiently finished for the first legislative session to be held there. Construction ultimately endured eight years, and the building was finally completed in October 1888. With the pinnacle of the building reaching  high, it was the second-tallest building in the state at the time of its completion.

A hole was bored in the cornerstone, and a time capsule was placed inside containing forty-two items. The items included annual reports from all the government agencies, a Bible, samples of several varieties of crops grown in Indiana, several new coins, local maps and newspapers, a book on the history of Indianapolis, and pamphlets from many of the city's institutions.

The building is designed in the shape of a cross. A large central rotunda with a glass domed ceiling connects the four wings. The structure is four stories high. The first floor houses committee rooms for the House of Representatives and the Senator. The second floor houses the executive offices of the administration. On the third floor, offices for the Indiana House of Representatives are on the east side, while those for the Indiana State Senate are on the west side. Offices of the Indiana Supreme Court are on the north end of the third floor. The seventy-thousand volume Supreme Court Law Library is located on third floor. The third floor also holds the House, Senate, and Supreme Court chambers, and the fourth floor holds the Indiana Court of Appeals courtroom and the offices of nine of the fifteen judges on the Court. The building was constructed for the purpose of holding the entire government of the state. Indiana is one of a few states that still have all three branches of government operating in the same historic building. For several decades, all the government bureaus were housed within the building, until the government again outgrew the structure; most of the state's bureaus have gradually been moved out of the building. In front of the State House stands a statue of Oliver Morton, governor of Indiana during the Civil War.

Renovation

In 1988, the administration of Governor Robert D. Orr proposed that the Indiana General Assembly renovate the statehouse as part of "Hoosier Celebration '88", the year of the building's 100th anniversary. The General Assembly approved, and the building had an extensive, $11 million renovation that continued until 1995.

During the renovation process, all of the statehouse's stonework, consisting of marble, granite, and limestone columns and blocks, was cleaned and polished. All of the building's woodwork was repaired or replaced. Broken glass in the central dome skylight was replaced. The building's lighting was updated with new chandeliers based on the original designs, and most interior walls were repainted. The building was wired for a new data network to make the building ready for 21st-century technology.

In 1984, the Indiana Statehouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places, and it remains a protected building. The state house is open for public tours during the work week and with limited tours during weekend mornings.

Public artworks

Located inside and around the Statehouse property are more than 40 works of public art that depict many important individuals and events related to the state of Indiana. The collection spans more than 130 years of artistic activity in a variety of mediums.

See also

List of state and territorial capitols in the United States
List of public art at the Indiana Statehouse
Government of Indiana
List of tallest buildings in Indianapolis
Indiana First State Capitol State Historic Site

Notes

References

External links

Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Government of Indiana
National Register of Historic Places in Indianapolis
State capitols in the United States
Government buildings completed in 1888
Terminating vistas in the United States
Skyscraper office buildings in Indianapolis
1888 establishments in Indiana

Indiana Statehouse


Alan Dapré (born 1965) is a British writer who has successfully written for television, radio and publishers for over 20 years. He worked as a creative and originator for Ragdoll Productions for eight years, and his episodes of Brum, Boohbah and Blips are broadcast worldwide. He co-wrote with Robin Stevens and with Joel Wilenius developed many quirky stories and characters for the new BBC show, Tronji.

Alan Dapré is author of over 60 books for children, and 'Everything You Need To Know When You're Eight' was read in audio book form by Tony Robinson. Alan Dapré has written plays for BBC Radio 4 including 'Stranger In The Home' - a monologue read by Bernard Hepton. His play 'Comeback' was staged at the Nottingham Playhouse in 1987 with performances by Philip Middlemiss and William Ivory. His popular plays for Primary schools help developing readers gain fluency.

Alan is also the author of the Porridge the Tartan Cat series of books published by Kelpies, an imprint of Scottish indie publisher Floris Books including:
Porridge the Tartan Cat and the Brawsome Bagpipes
Porridge the Tartan Cat and the Bash-Crash-Ding
Porridge the Tartan Cat and the Kittycat Kidnap
Porridge the Tartan Cat and the Loch Ness Mess
and Porridge the Tartan Cat and the Unfair Funfair.
Porridge the Tartan Cat and the Pet Show Show-Off will be published in June 2018.

Formerly a Deputy Headteacher in Nottingham and primary school teacher at Haddon primary and nursery school Nottingham, Alan Dapré now lives in Glasgow with his wife Kate and young daughter.

References

External links

The Official website for Alan Dapré

Plays
The Unofficial website for Tony Robinson

British male television writers
Living people
1965 births
British radio writers
Alumni of Nottingham Trent University
British children's writers

Alan Dapre


Losing Balance (German: Draußen am See) is a 2009 drama film, written and directed by Felix Fuchssteiner and Katharina Schöde.

Plot

Despite a dark secret, 14-year-old Jessika (Elisa Schlott) fights to keep her broken family together.
When Jessika's father (Michael Lott) loses his job, their family life becomes an impossible struggle. While her parents try to repair their already off-balance relationship and her sister Caro (Sina Tkotsch) becomes increasingly obsessed with boys, Jessika is left to her own devices. The lack of communication between the parents and their incapability to manage their off kilter situation, culminates in a horrifying event, that Jessika is forced to witness. In the face of her parents delusional denial, Jessica begins to fall into a deep self-destructive depression. To save herself from her family's dark abyss, and despite her parents continuous attempts to hold her back, Jessika decides to take her future into her own hands and takes a very courageous step….

Awards
Losing Balance was awarded the Young German Cinema Award as Best Production. In addition Elisa Schlott won the award for Best New Actress. The Young German Cinema Award is awarded by the Bavarian Broadcasting Company (BR), the Bavaria Film Production and the Hypovereins Bank and is offered to promising young filmmakers every year as part of the Munich Film Festival.
The film was also awarded as Best First Feature at Biberacher Filmfestspiele and got the Award of the Student Jury.

Reception
"Powerful themes of familial trauma, of a type that soap operas gleefully exploit, are handled by Fuchssteiner with remarkable integrity, wit, realism and restraint. LOSING BALANCE defies expectation. The story is profoundly affecting but never melodramatic; moving but never mawkish; clever but never cliched."

"A beautifully crafted story that provides the opportunity for insight into the particular problems of a dysfunctional family. The lead character does a wonderful job as the "peacemaker" and the dynamic between the sisters and the contrast of their characters was incredibly convincing. It is a very touching film. Realistic, yet heartbreaking and hopeful in the end."

References

External links

2009 films
Films set in Berlin
2009 drama films
German drama films
2000s German films

Losing Balance


Catholicos Ananias I, also known as Anania Mokatsi, was the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church between 949 and 968.

His predecessor Yeghishe had been deposed as Catholicos and by church regulations no one could be elected during his lifetime. The office was held by a deputy until Yeghishe died two years later and Ananias of Varagavank became pontiff.

Catholicos Ananias moved the seat of the Catholicosate from Vaspurakan at Akhtamar to the town of Arghina. He crowned Ashot III in 961 at his new capital nearby of Ani. In 958 the Catholicos ended the schism of the bishop of Syunik, who was supported by the Catholicos of Albania, at the Council of Kapan by consecrating its new metropolitan. This period showed a great deal of involvement of the king in church activities.

A relative of Ananias later became Catholicos Khachig I of Armenia.

Literature
 Rouben Paul Adalian, Historical Dictionary of Armenia, Scarecrow Press, 2010, 750 pp, c.81
 A. J. Hacikyan, G. Basmajian, E. S. Franchuk, N. Ouzounian: The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the sixth to the eighteenth century, Literary Collections, 2002, pp. 1108

References

Catholicoi of Armenia
968 deaths
Armenian Apostolic Christians
Year of birth unknown
10th-century Armenian people
10th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops

Ananias I of Armenia


Zoroaster, or Zarathushtra, was an ancient prophet who lived in Persia. He founded a religion named Zoroastrianism. This religion has a long history. It was the national religion of Sassanid Empire of ancient Iran. In Persian language, the name takes the form of Zartosht.

Most scholars agree that Zoroaster was a real person who lived long ago. No one is certain about the time when he lived. One estimate is that he lived about 3200 years ago, around 1200 BC. Some other estimates are that Zarathushtra may have lived anywhere between the 18th century BC and the 6th century BC.

Other websites
 Zoroaster -Citizendium

Zoroastrianism
Iranian people
Ancient people

Zoroaster


Cyndy Violette (born August 19, 1959 in Queens, New York) is an American professional poker player who won a World Series of Poker bracelet in 2004.

Background
Violette often played poker with family members as a child.  Her family relocated to Las Vegas when she was 12 years old; Violette took to playing casino poker once she reached the legal age of 21. She spent a short time as a casino employee, working as a blackjack and poker dealer.

Career

In 1984, Violette cashed in a poker tournament in Lake Tahoe and used the proceeds to launch a professional poker career.  She later took the top prize of $74,000 at a seven-card stud tournament at the Golden Nugget; at the time this was the biggest tournament prize ever won by a woman. Shortly thereafter, she married her second husband, and took a two-year hiatus from poker.

In 1990, Violette returned to the poker scene by winning $62,000 in a tournament at Caesars Palace.  She maintained her residence in Washington state but split time between Las Vegas and Los Angeles. In 1993, Violette divorced her husband and relocated to Atlantic City.  She continued to work the poker tournament circuit and was a regular participant in the World Series of Poker (WSOP).  She has also competed on the World Poker Tour.

At the 2004 World Series of Poker, Violette won a bracelet in the seven-card stud high-low split tournament. She was one of three women (Kathy Liebert and Annie Duke being the others) to win a gold bracelet in an open tournament in that year's WSOP.  As of 2014, her total live tournament winnings exceed $1,350,000. Her 35 cashes at the WSOP account for $907,924 of those winnings.

World Series of Poker Bracelets

Personal life
She has one child, a daughter named Shannon. She divorced her husband in 1993.

References

External links
World Poker Tour profile
Poker Pages profile

1959 births
Living people
American poker players
Female poker players
World Series of Poker bracelet winners

Cyndy Violette


Chenoa is a city in Illinois in the United States. The census tells us 1,695 people lived there in 2020. The city can be found where Interstate 55 meets Historic Route 66 and U.S. Route 24. Matthew T. Scott started the city in 1854 to give the people who rented homes on his farm the chance to shop and buy and sell with each other and so he could ship grain. The Chenoa Centennial was celebrated in 1954. Today, farming is still a big part of the community.

Schuirman's Drug Store (now Chenoa Pharmacy) and Union Roofing are both notable because of how long they have been businesses in the area. Union Roofing is one of the largest roofers in Illinois. Many small shops and factories exist in the city too, including shops which sell antiques. The town school system closed at the end of the 2004 school year so now students go instead to the nearby Prairie Central school district. Lots of people enjoy July 4 celebrations in Chenoa each year.

Cities in Illinois

Chenoa, Illinois


Infidel was written by Christian author Ted Dekker and was released on December 15, 2007. It is the second young adult novel in The Lost Book series. These new novels span the fifteen-year period that is gapped in the Circle Trilogy'''s Black and Red. Thomas Hunter is still the commander of the Forest Guard when these stories occur.

Synopsis

Stretched to their limits and celebrated as heroes, the chosen will wish they had never been given that thankless task of finding the seven lost Books of History before the Dark One can. Martyn, a new Horde general, emerges and lures Johnis into the Horde city, Thrall, to force him into betraying Thomas. Once there, the chosen four are all caught by the Horde and Johnis is forced to strand Thomas into the desert to die. In the end, Johnis, Silvie, Billos, and Darsal are able to save Johnis' mother, retrieve three of the Lost books of History, and recruit the Dark Priest of Teelah's daughter into becoming a member of the forest.

Printing error
An unknown amount of the original copies of Infidel feature Chosen's map. The back side map has the "Black Forest" written as "Unknown". The bottom left features an eye, as on the cover of Chosen, rather than the typical curled hand, as on the cover of Infidel''.

References
http://www.teddekker.com/index.php?em830=0_-1__-1_~0_-1_12_2007_0_20&content=works_biblio
http://www.teddekker.com/index.php?content=album&album=190126

2007 American novels
Young adult fantasy novels
American young adult novels
Novels by Ted Dekker
Thomas Nelson (publisher) books

Infidel (novel)


Founded in 1948, the Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada promotes multiple sclerosis (MS) research and provides education and services to people with MS and their families and caregivers. The society's mission is to seek a cure for MS and to enable people affected by MS to enhance their quality of life.

The MS Society of Canada is governed by a National Board of Directors composed of 27 volunteer members who are elected annually. The seven regional divisions and nearly 120 chapters are also governed by elected volunteer boards of directors.  The society has 28,000 members. The head office is in Toronto, Ontario.  Division offices are located in Dartmouth, Montreal, Toronto, London, Winnipeg, Regina, Edmonton, and Burnaby.

MS Walk

The MS Walk is the society's largest pledge-based fundraiser involving over 60,000 participants and volunteers in more than 160 communities across Canada. The Walk began in 1991 and in 2008, it raised over $12 million.  Money raised through the MS Walk fund much needed research and services to 55,000-75,000 Canadians living with MS.

All MS Walks (now called Walk MS events) have common elements: food, entertainment, fundraising prizes and rest stops.  Each event location has routes of varying length and difficulty and at least one that is wheelchair accessible.  The MS Walks are designed to be events that encourage people with MS to participate in one form or another.  The MS Walks are known for being well organized, logistically sound events.

Walkers can register as an individual or as part of a team. However, the MS Society actively encourages walkers to register as a team, so they can experience the camaraderie of walking with a group of people all working towards a common goal. Teams can consist of family, friends, co-workers, hockey buddies, book club members, etc. Many teams across the country show team spirit by representing their team with t-shirts, temporary tattoos, flags and costumes.

The Society has staff dedicated to help teams achieve success. Staff help with:
 establishing team plans and activities
 registering teams
 setting recruitment and fundraising goals

All registered walkers are highly encouraged to commit to a minimum fundraising goal, however, due to the physical and financial limitations created by MS the focus is participation and community action.  The MS Society provides several tools to ensure that walkers achieve their goals, including a personal online fundraising website where participants can email potential donors, receive online pledges, post photos, and share their stories.

Volunteers are crucial to the success of the MS Walks. For those who are unable to walk, or would prefer to help out in another way, there are many volunteer opportunities available. Some of the many opportunities include: organizing committees, checkpoint help, start/finish line volunteers, and food attendants.

References

External links

 Database for analysis and comparison of global data on the epidemiology of MS

Disability organizations based in Canada
Multiple sclerosis organizations
Medical and health organizations based in Ontario

Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada


Wastewater surveillance is the process of monitoring wastewater for contaminants. Amongst other uses, it can be used for biosurveillance, to detect the presence of pathogens in local populations, and to detect the presence of psychoactive drugs.

One example of this is the use of wastewater monitoring to detect the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in populations during the COVID-19 pandemic. In one study, wastewater surveillance showed signs of SARS-CoV-2 RNA before any cases were detected in the local population.

Later in the pandemic, wastewater surveillance was demonstrated to be one technique to detect SARS-CoV-2 variants and to monitor their spread in regions for studying related ongoing infection dynamics. Comparison between case based epidemiological records and deep-sequenced wastewater samples validated that the composition of the virus population in the wastewater is in strong agreement with the virus variants circulating in the infected population. Following the 2022-23 reopening surge of COVID-19 cases in China, airplane wastewater surveillance began to be employed as a less intrusive method of monitoring for potential variants of concern arising within specific countries and regions.

At the request of the US Centers for Disease Control, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine revealed, in a January 2023 report, its vision for a national wastewater surveillance system. Such a system would, according to the report committee, remove geographical inequities in the identification of future SARS-CoV-2 variants, influenza strains, antibiotic resistant bacteria, and other potential threats. Nationwide wastewater surveillance would likewise be combined with wastewater collection at other early-warning "sentinel sites," such as zoos and international airports.

See also
 Wastewater-based epidemiology

References

Epidemiology
Sewerage
Surveillance

Wastewater surveillance


Mysore painting () is an important form of classical South Indian painting style that originated in and around the town of Mysore in Karnataka encouraged and nurtured by the Mysore rulers. Painting in Karnataka has a long and illustrious history, tracing its origins back to the Ajanta Caves period (2nd century BC to 6th century AD). The distinct school of Mysore painting evolved from the paintings during the Vijayanagara Empire period, the rulers of Vijayanagara and their feudatories encouraged literature, art and architecture as well as religious and philosophical discussions. With the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire after the 1565 Battle of Talikota, the artists who were until then under royal patronage migrated to various places such as Mysore, Tanjore and Surpur among others. Absorbing the local artistic traditions and customs, the erstwhile Vijayanagara school of painting gradually evolved into the many styles of painting in South India, including the Mysore and Tanjore schools of painting.

Mysore paintings are known for their elegance, muted colours, and attention to detail. The themes for most of these paintings are Hindu gods and goddesses and scenes from Hindu mythology.

History

The fall of the Vijayanagar Empire in 1565 AD and the sack of Hampi in the Battle of Talikota resulted initially in distress for scores of families of painters who had been dependent on the patronage of the empire. As Dr. Charita points out, these families of artists, called Chitrakaras, migrated to various pockets (feudatories) of the Vijayanagara Empire. As scholar A.L. Narasimhan traces, some of these surviving paintings are witnessed at Shravanabelagola, Sira, Keregoodirangapura, Srirangapattana, Nippani, Sibi, Naragunda, Bettadapura, Hardanahalli, Mudukutore, Mysore, Chitradurga, Kollegala, Raichur, Hiriyur, Benakanakere, Anegundi, Yalladahalli, Lepakshi and many other places located in Karnataka.
Raja Wodeyar I (1578–1617 A.D) provided a vital service to the cause of painting by rehabilitating several families of painters of the Vijayanagara School at Srirangapatna.

The successors of Raja Wodeyar continued to patronize the art of painting by commissioning temples and palaces to be painted with mythological scenes.  However, none of these paintings have survived due to the ravages of war between the British on the one side and Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan on the other. Hyder and Tippu who bested the Wodeyars took over the reins of Mysore for a brief period. However, the artists (Chitragars) continued to be patronised and flourished under the reign of Tipu and Hyder too. The Narasimha swamy temple in Seebi on the highway between Tumkur and Sira was built by Nallappa who was in the service of both Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan, during Tipu's reign and has several wonderful wall frescoes in the Vijayanagar style which gradually evolved into the Mysore and Tanjore schools of painting. The murals detailing the Battle of Polilur and other painted work at the Daria Daulat Bagh palace of Tipu Sultan in Ganjam, Srirangapatna are also prime examples of the Mysore school of painting.

After the death of Tipu Sultan in 1799 AD, the state was restored back to the Wodeyars of Mysore and its ruler Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar III (1799-1868 AD) who was contemporaneous with Serfoji II of Thanjavur. This ushered in a new era by reviving the ancient traditions of Mysore and extending patronage to music, sculpture, painting, dancing and literature. Most of the traditional paintings of the Mysore School, which have survived until today, belong to this reign. Furthermore, Krishnaraja Wodeyar provided new fillip to the artists of the Mysore school through his Magnum Opus Sritattvanidhi, which would remain the ready reckoner on Mysore style for many years to come. On the walls of Jagan Mohan Palace, Mysore (Karnataka), the fascinating range of paintings which flourished under Krishnaraja Wodeyar can be seen: from portraits of the Mysore rulers, their family members and important personages in Indian history, through self-portraits of the artists themselves which Krishnaraja Wodeyar coaxed them to paint, to murals depicting the Hindu pantheon and Puranic and mythological scenes.

Literary and Inscriptional

The most famous of the manuscripts detailing the various nuances of the Mysore school and listing out the various Gods and Goddesses, is the Sritattvanidhi, a voluminous
work of 1500 pages prepared under the patronage of Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar. This pictorial digest is a compendium of illustrations of gods, goddesses and mythological figures with instructions to painters on an incredible range of topics concerning composition placement, colour choice, individual attributes and mood. The ragas, seasons, eco-happenings, animals, and plant world are also effectively depicted in these paintings as co-themes or contexts.

Other Sanskrit literary sources such as the Visnudharmottara Purana, Abhilasitarthacintamani and Sivatatvaratnakara also throw light on the objectives and principles of painting, methods of preparing pigments, brushes and the carrier, qualifications of the chitrakar (traditional community of painters) the principles of painting and the technique to be followed.

Materials

The ancient painters in Mysore prepared their own materials. The colours were from natural sources and were of vegetable or mineral substances such as leaves, stones and flowers. Brushes were made with squirrel hairs for delicate work, but for drawing superfine lines, a brush made of pointed blades of a special variety of grass had to be used. Due to the long-lasting quality of the stone- and plant-based colours used, the original Mysore paintings retain their freshness and lustre even today.

Technique and characteristic

Mysore Paintings are characterized by delicate lines, intricate brush strokes,
graceful delineation of figures and the discreet use of bright vegetable colours
and lustrous gold leaf. More than mere decorative pieces, the paintings are
designed to inspire feelings of devotion and humility in the viewer. The painter's
individual skill in giving expression to various emotions is therefore of paramount
importance to this style of painting.

The first stage of Mysore Painting was to prepare the ground; paper, wood, cloth or wall grounds were variously used. The paper board was made of paper pulp or waste paper, which was dried in the sun and then rubbed smooth with a polished quartz pebble. If the ground was cloth it was pasted on a wooden board using a paste composed of dry white lead (safeda) mixed with gum and a small quantity of gruel (ganji). The board was then dried and burnished. Wood surfaces were prepared by
applying dry white lead, yellow ochre and gum, and walls were treated with yellow ochre, chalk and gum. After preparation of the ground a rough sketch of the picture was drawn with crayon prepared from the straight twigs of the tamarind tree. The next step was to paint the furthest objects such as sky, hill and river and then gradually animal and human figures were approached in greater detail. After colouring the figures, the artists would turn to elaboration of the faces, dress and ornaments including the gesso work (gold covering), which is an important feature of Mysore painting.

Gesso work
Gesso work was the hallmark of all traditional paintings of Karnataka. Gesso refers to the paste mixture of white lead powder, gambose and glue which is used as an embossing material and covered with gold foil. The gesso work in Mysore paintings is low in relief and intricate as compared to the thick gold relief work of the Tanjore School. Gesso was used in Mysore painting for depicting intricate designs of clothes, jewellery and architectural details on pillars and arches that usually framed the deities. The work was taken up in the morning when the base of the gold work on the painting was still moist so as to hold the gold foil firmly. After allowing the painting to dry, glazing was carried out by covering the painting with thin paper and rubbing over it with a soft glazing stone known as kaslupada kallu.
When the thin paper was removed the painting shone brightly and looked resplendent with the combination of gold and a variety of colours.

See also
Mysore pak
Mysore Agarbathi
Mysore Sandal Soap
Mysore Sandalwood Oil
Channapatna toys

References

Further reading
 (see index: p. 148-152)

External links

Karnataka year book, Government of Karnataka.
History and facts about Mysore paintings

Schools of Indian painting
Culture of Karnataka
Culture of Mysore
Geographical indications in Karnataka

Mysore painting


The following lists events that happened during 1837 in South Africa.

Events
 Voortrekker Louis Trichardt arrives in Lourenço Marques, Mozambique
 Separate administrative districts are granted to Port Elizabeth, Cradock and Colesberg
 17 January Voortrekkers under Andries Potgieter, Piet Uys and Gerrit Maritz, helped by Rolong and Griqua tribes, defeat Ndebele at Mosega
 2 February - Voortrekker leader Piet Retief publishes his Manifesto which sets out the reasons the Voortrekkers are leaving the Cape Colony
 28 March - Piet Retief and his followers leave the Cape Colony
 23 April - Piet Retief orders Erasmus Smit to be ordained as a minister of the Voortrekkers, but meets with opposition because they consider him as being too old and sickly at 59
 October - The voortrekkers under the leadership of Piet Retief arrived in Natal over the Drakensberg mountains after trekking overland from the Cape Colony during the Great Trek.

References
See Years in South Africa for list of References

South Africa
Years in South Africa

1837 in South Africa


Oujda ()  is a major ceety in eastren Morocco wi an estimatit population o hauf a million. The ceety is locatit aboot 15 kilometers wast o Algerie an aboot 60 kilometers sooth o the Mediterranean Sea.  It is the caipital o the Oriental Region o Morocco an the birthplace o the current Algerian preses Abdelaziz Bouteflika. The urban aurie o Oujda haes got a beach cried Saidia.

History

There is some evidence o a settlement durin the Roman occupation, which seems tae hae been unner the control o Berbers rather than Romans. The modren ceety wis foondit in 994 bi Ziri ibn Atiyya, king o the Zenata tribes. Further additions wur made in 1048. The ceety wis rebuilt in the 13t century bi sultan Abou Youssef. The French occupied it in 1844 an again in 1859. An aa tae the wast is the site o the 1844 major Franco-Moroccan Battle o Isly. Ance Morocco wis occupied bi the French, Oujda wis uised as a military base tae control eastren Morocco.

The ceety grew up alang the roads that wur built an owes muckle o its present form tae the French.
The Moroccan border wi Algerie is juist east o Oujda, on the ither side o the border is the Algerian toun o Maghnia.  The state o the border crossin depends on relations atween the twa kintras which are aften strained.

Uqba ibn Nafi began the Arab conquest o the region, durin the reign o the Umayyad Caliphate, a conquest which wis completit in 705 AD bi Musa bin Nusair. In the mid 11t century, Oujda acquired prominence through its strategic position on the road east frae Sijilmasa. Throughoot the history o the dynasties o the Muslim West, Oujda played an important strategic role amang the Merinids, settled in Fez, in this case as a rear base in their conflict wi the Abdalwadids o Tlemcen. This situation wis at the oreegin o several destructive invasions o Oujda. The ceety experienced great difficulty in makin peace wi its neighbours tae the east, an sometimes tae the wast, acause o its position in respect tae the clashes atween the Saadi dynasty an Turks. It wis torn atween the rulers o Fez an the disputit Tlemcen, an frae the 16t century, it wis contestit biy the Alaouite Dynasty o Morocco an the Turks in Algiers. In 1692, Sultan Ismail led in the Turks, who establisht their hegemony on Algerie.  Oujda fell again unner Turkish rule in the follaein century.

Muisic
Gharnati refers tae a variety o Moroccan muisic oreeginatin in Andalusia. Its name is relatit, being derived frae the Arabic name o the Spainyie ceety o Granada.

Gharnati constitutes the muisical mode maist uised in the Moroccan ceety o Oujda, whaur besides this muisical kynd is omnipresent an whaur ane organizes each year in Juin the Internaitional Festival o the Gharnati muisic. This muisical airt wis preserved mainly in Oujda an Rabat an near moroccan-algerian borders at Tlemcen in Algerie. Like Oran is Oujda the destination o raï.

Famous muisicians o Gharnati

 Hassan El Hayek
 Sheik Salah Chaabane,
 Bouchnak Benyounes says Afendi
 Kerzazi Sheik Brahim.
 Hamid Bouchnak
 Cheikh Hamada
 Cheb Rachid Beriah
 Mohamed Ray

Education
Oujda is hame tae the Mohammed I University, a French,  Inglis an Arabic leid an technology university.  The ceety is served bi Angads Airport, which haes connectin flichts tae Amsterdam, Brussels, Madrid, Marseille an Paris.

Industry
Oujda has a cement works.

Transport

The city is the endpoint of the mainline from Casablanca via Fez and Taourirt before the border with Algeria. There are several day and nighttrains to and from the city linking it to the Western part of the country.

Apart from this raillink and many bus/coach services the city also has an airport offering both national as international destinations.

Toun twinnin

Syne 2009, the ceety haes been twinned wi Trowbridge in Ingland due tae the huge number o diasporans maist o whom oreeginate frae villages close tae Oujda. Trowbridge haes the lairgest Moroccan community in the UK ootside London.

  Trowbridge, UK, since 2009/10
  Lille, Fraunce
  Sevran, Fraunce
  Jouy-le-Moutier, Fraunce
  Aix-en-Provence, Fraunce (2007)
  Jeddah, Saudi Arabie
  Sirte, Libie
  Oran, Algerie
  Sint-Jans-Molenbeek, Belgium

See also

 Oujda group - an Algerian poleetical faction named efter the toun.

Freemit airtins

 Oujda Portail  Portail d'actualités et Immobilier d'Oujda
 Oujda Portail  Journal d'actualités d'Oujda
 Oujda Times
 Entry in Lexicorient
 OujdaCity.net
 Le Maroc oriental

References

994 establishments
Populatit places in Morocco
Oriental Region
Prefecturs o Morocco

Oujda


Castor "Cass" McCord (May 17, 1907 — February 14, 1963) was an American jazz saxophonist, born in Alabama's largest city, Birmingham, who, with his twin brother, clarinetist and alto saxophonist Ted McCord, started out, at age 17, as a member of Edgar Hayes' Blue Grass Buddies in 1924. Along with Hayes, he attended Ohio's Wilberforce University, where he played in the student band run by Horace Henderson. Later in the 1920s he moved from Ohio to Atlantic City and then to New York City, where he played with the Mills Blue Rhythm Band and Louis Armstrong early in the 1930s. His other collaborators included Eubie Blake and Charlie Matson.

In the middle of the 1930s, McCord played in France for a year and toured India with Leon Abbey in 1936. McCord led his own trio in Amsterdam in 1937, then worked with Walter Rains in Rotterdam the next year. He moved back to New York near the end of the decade, returning to briefly play under Abbey as well as in the bands of Benny Carter, Eddie Mallory, and Claude Hopkins.

In 1940, when he was 33 years old, McCord left music to open a hairdresser shop in Manhattan, running it until his death three months before his 56th birthday.

References

1907 births
1963 deaths
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
Musicians from Birmingham, Alabama
20th-century American saxophonists
Jazz musicians from Alabama
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Mills Blue Rhythm Band members

Castor McCord