Gabriel Pascal (born Gábor Lehel; 4 June 1894 – 6 July 1954) was a Hungarian film producer and director whose best-known films were made in the United Kingdom.

Pascal was the first film producer to successfully bring the plays of George Bernard Shaw to the screen. His most successful production was Pygmalion (1938), for which Pascal received an Academy Award nomination as its producer. Later adaptations of Shaw plays included Major Barbara (1941), Caesar and Cleopatra (1945) and Androcles and the Lion (1952).

Early life
Pascal was born Gábor Lehel
on 4 June 1894 in Arad, Transylvania, Kingdom of Hungary,  Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Romania). His wife wrote in her book on Pascal's relationship with Shaw that her husband's "origin was shrouded in a mystery which, I often suspected, he enjoyed thickening with contradictory remarks. When people tried to probe into his past, he had a tailor-made answer for each inquirer."

He claimed to have been an orphan taken from a burning building as a child and raised first by Gypsies before being put into an orphanage. He also claimed that the Gypsies taught him to beg, steal, and do acrobatic tricks. It is unclear what parts of his account of his childhood are true as there are no formal records of him before the age of 17 when he was enlisted in military school in Holics, Hungary (now Holíč, Slovakia), by a mysterious Jesuit priest.

Pascal, who decidedly was unfit for military life, became interested in theatre and studied at the Academy of the Hofburgtheater in Vienna. Later, his interest expanded into the newly burgeoning cinema, and he made films in Germany and Italy with sporadic success. Becoming a teetotaler at an early age, he smoked cigars prodigiously, later provoking admonishments from George Bernard Shaw that he would ruin his voice.

Pascal had one son, Peter, conceived in Germany with his landlady's sister Elsie, during the delirium of a fever. Unable to care even for himself, Pascal fled to the Netherlands. After World War II ended, Pascal returned to Germany to search for his son Peter, but he was listed among the missing Hitler-Jugend. Elsie had been killed by a bomb.

Early career
As a young man, Pascal found a job tending horses in Hungary. Leading the horses through the forest to a stream each day, Pascal developed the habit of riding naked and bareback through the Hungarian countryside. One day he accidentally rode stark naked through the outdoor set of a silent movie in production and was "discovered". The film's director asked him to repeat the ride for the cameras, and he joined the group. Soon he was making his own movies.

Pascal had another auspicious encounter when he was young while walking along the shore of the Mediterranean Sea. A much older man, George Bernard Shaw, was swimming naked holding onto a buoy. A conversation ensued, and Shaw dared the young Pascal on the shore to take off his clothes and join him in the water. He was impressed when Pascal immediately did so, and this began their friendship. Shaw enjoyed Pascal's youthful enthusiasm for art and his bravado, and invited him to visit him one day when he was broke. This chance meeting was to play a major role in Pascal's later career.

Pascal began his producing career making silent movies in Italy for German distribution through UFA Studios in Berlin. His directorial debut was Populi Morituri, in which he also starred. He later produced comedies in Germany.

Meher Baba and India

In 1934, during a trip to Hollywood, Pascal was contacted by Princess Norina Matchabelli (wife of the perfume manufacturer) about a film project based on the teachings of Meher Baba. Pascal became very interested in this project, bringing writers Hy Kraft and Karl Vollmöller into helping him work up treatments and even making a trip to India to discuss the project further with Meher Baba. By the time Pascal arrived in India, however, Meher Baba did not seem in any hurry to complete the film, saying it could wait. He invited Pascal to travel with him in India. Most ordinary men would have been discouraged, but Pascal took energetically to the austere life of an eastern ascetic, even shedding his western garb for eastern clothing. He took a liking to Meher Baba and maintained a correspondence with him for the rest of his life. Meher Baba nicknamed Pascal as his "Phoenix" and alternately his "Black Panther."

Pascal remained in close correspondence with his master Meher Baba until the end of his life; he met with him for the last time in 1952 in Scarsdale, New York. Even in this final meeting, they discussed films which Pascal planned to produce for Meher Baba.

Thirty years before Richard Attenborough's film Gandhi, Pascal had a written agreement with Jawaharlal Nehru, the prime minister of India, to produce a movie of Gandhi's life.

Collaborations with Shaw
Pascal took a ship back from India to the United States, penniless but undaunted. He landed in San Francisco where he spent some time deciding what to do next. He decided to approach playwright George Bernard Shaw, whom he had met many years earlier. During that earlier meeting Shaw, who had been impressed with the young Pascal's passion for art and cinema, had told him to pay him a visit when he was entirely penniless. Pascal sought out Shaw, first by going to New York City hidden in the toilet of a railroad train, then convincing a sea captain to give him a lift to England.

Somehow he convinced Shaw to give him the rights to his plays, beginning with Pygmalion (1938), which he released as a film. It was an enormous international hit, both critically and financially. Pascal tried to convince Shaw to let Pygmalion be turned into a musical, but the outraged Shaw explicitly forbade it, having had a bad experience with the operetta The Chocolate Soldier (based on Shaw's Arms and the Man). Pascal was the only person to convince Shaw to adjust his scripts to the new medium of cinema, gaining concessions from Shaw that no one else could. Pascal created the line for Pygmalion (later used by Lerner and Loewe in their musical version My Fair Lady) "The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain." Shaw, who publicly was referring to Pascal as a genius, added the line into the script.

In 1938, Pascal was named as one of the world's more famous men by Time magazine, along with Adolf Hitler and the pope. He followed the film Pygmalion with Major Barbara (1941), which he directed as well as produced. Major Barbara was filmed in London during aerial bombing by the Nazis. During air raids, the crew and cast had to dodge into bomb shelters. Pascal never stopped the production, and the film was completed on schedule. Pascal became more and more extravagant: Caesar and Cleopatra (1945), the next Pascal film of a Shaw play, was the most expensive British movie ever made at that time. It was a major financial and critical flop. Pascal insisted on importing sand from Egypt to achieve the right cinematic colors for the film. In this period, Shaw had become more difficult to work with. After the success of Pygmalion, which was shortened in its transition from stage to screen, the playwright increasingly refused to let his plays be cut.

Shaw heightened his praise of Pascal during this period. He wrote in 1946:

Pascal produced Androcles and the Lion (1952), but by this time he was suffering from cancer.

Death
Pascal died of cancer in July 1954.

References

Further reading
 Donald P. Costello. The Serpent's Eye, Shaw and the Cinema. Notre Dame, Indiana:  University of Notre Dame Press, 1965.
 Marjorie Deans. Meeting at the SphinxGabriel Pascal's Production of Bernard Shaw's Caesar and Cleopatra. London: MacDonald, 1946.
 Bernard Shaw and Gabriel Pascal. Bernard Shaw and Gabriel Pascal (Selected Correspondence of Bernard Shaw). Bernard F. Dukore (Editor). Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996. .

External links

 March of Time Newsreel with Gabriel Pascal

1894 births
1954 deaths
People from Arad, Romania
Hungarian film producers
Followers of Meher Baba
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)

Gabriel Pascal


Happily Ever After (; Translation: They married and had many children) is a 2004 French comedy drama film. The film is written and directed by Yvan Attal, produced by Claude Berri, and starring Charlotte Gainsbourg and Yvan Attal.

It was released in English in North America. For English-speaking audiences, the film is highly recognizable for the lengthy cameo appearance of Johnny Depp, who speaks fluent French.

The soundtrack also features Radiohead.

Plot

Happily Ever After dissects the viability of fidelity via the story of three buddies and their tumultuous relationships with the opposite sex.

The film opens with the central characters, Vincent (Yvan Attal) and Gabrielle (Charlotte Gainsbourg) capriciously flirting in a bar.  Vincent appears to win the affection of Gabrielle over many other potential courters, but the entire exercise is a ruse; they are actually married with a child.

The rest of the film explores the nature of romance, marriage, happiness, expectations in life, how love and sex interrelate, and ultimately, why no one can feel fulfilled.

Cast
 Charlotte Gainsbourg as Gabrielle
 Yvan Attal as Vincent
 Alain Chabat as Georges
 Emmanuelle Seigner as Nathalie
 Alain Cohen as Frédéric
 Ben Attal as Joseph
 Angie David as the mistress
 Aurore Clément as the mistress's mother
 Anouk Aimée as Vincent's mother
 Claude Berri as Vincent's father
 Nicolas Vaude as The disgruntled viewer
 Johnny Depp as L'inconnu
 Luis Saguar as Casper.

Reception

Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 57% approval rating based on 42 reviews, with an average rating of 6.01/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "Though this French film features good acting, it lacks the wit and charm one would expect to see."

References

External links

2004 films
2004 comedy-drama films
Films directed by Yvan Attal
Films produced by Claude Berri
2000s French-language films
2000s Italian-language films
2000s English-language films
French comedy-drama films
2004 multilingual films
French multilingual films
2000s French films

Happily Ever After (2004 film)


"The Oven Bird" is a 1916 poem by Robert Frost, first published in Mountain Interval. The poem is written in sonnet form and describes an ovenbird singing.

Background
It has been described as a quintessential Frost poem. Several Frost biographers and critics have interpreted the poem as autobiographical. Harold Bloom argues that the bird in Frost is "at best a compromised figure" who learns in singing not to sing.

Text

There is a singer everyone has heard,
Loud, a mid-summer and a mid-wood bird,
Who makes the solid tree trunks sound again.
He says that leaves are old and that for flowers
Mid-summer is to spring as one to ten.
He says the early petal-fall is past
When pear and cherry bloom went down in showers
On sunny days a moment overcast;
And comes that other fall we name the fall.
He says the highway dust is over all.
The bird would cease and be as other birds
But that he knows in singing not to sing.
The question that he frames in all but words
Is what to make of a diminished thing.

References

External links
On "The Oven Bird" (collection of commentary) via University of Illinois

Poetry by Robert Frost
1916 poems
Works originally published in American magazines
Works originally published in literary magazines
American poems
Modernist poems

The Oven Bird


André Hornez (12 May 1905 – 9 March 1989) was a French lyricist and screenwriter.

Lyricist of Paul Misraki in the years 1930-1940 for which he writes many songs lyrics like Qu'est-ce qu'on attend pour être heureux? (1937), André Hornez then became the lyricist of Henri Betti in the years 1940-1950 for which he wrote the lyrics to C'est si bon (1947) and Rien dans les mains, rien dans les poches which were sung by Yves Montand.

Biography
Born in Lens in 1905, André Hornez a passion early for architecture and writing. He finally chose writing. He began his career as secretary of Saint-Granier. For him, he writes books magazines and operettas. The author is also hired by Paramount company in Hollywood to write screenplays.

His first songs are composed by Paul Misraki and performed by Ray Ventura and Maurice Chevalier. As for Ray Ventura, they collaborate with lyricist for many years. Among the best-known songs from this collaboration are Ça Vaut Mieux que d'Attraper la Scarlatine (1936), Qu'est-ce qu'on Attend pour être Heureux? (1937), Comme tout le Monde (1938), Tiens, tiens, tiens ! (1939), Dans mon Cœur (1940), Maria de Bahia (1946) and La mi-août (1950).

In 1936, the song Tant qu'il y aura des Étoiles, performed by Tino Rossi, became a classic of French song. In the late 1930s, André Hornez also wrote for Rina Ketty (Sérénade sans Espoir, 1939) and Johnny Hess (Je suis Swing, 1939).

Screenwriter for film, he wrote a number of film lyrics like Avec son Tralala sung by Suzy Delair in Quai des Orfèvres (1947) by Henri-Georges Clouzot. His songs are performed by Yves Montand (Moi j'm'en Fous, Du Soleil plein la Tête), Lucienne Delyle (Mon Cœur Attendait, 1951), André Claveau (Malgré Tout, 1951) or Line Renaud (Ni Pourquoi ni Comment).

In 1947, he collaborated for the first time with the composer Henri Betti for to write the lyrics of C'est si bon. This song became an international jazz standard from the 1950s.

A large majority of the author's songs were written for the cinema or for operettas. Several of his songs have become immortal French song.

André Hornez died in Le Perreux-sur-Marne in 1989 and is buried with his wife in the cemetery of Faverolles.

Personal life
On 5 July 1963, in Boulogne-Billancourt, André Hornez married the dancer Gisèle Fréry (1929-2013), whom he met on the operetta Baratin in 1949. His best man was Bruno Coquatrix. The couple had no children.

Respects
 On 18 December 2003 a street in Lens, where he was born in 1905, was named after him.
 On 12 May 2007 a commemorative plaque bearing his name was placed on the facade of the building where he was born.

Filmography

Screenwriter
 1936 : Les Deux Favoris
 1937 : Le Chanteur de minuit
 1938 :
 1939 : Tourbillon de Paris
 1943 : Feux de joie
 1947 : En êtes-vous bien sûr?
 1950 : Nous irons à Paris
 1950 : La Petite Chocolatière
 1950 : Le Roi Pandore
 1950 : Pigalle-Saint-Germain-des-Prés
 1951 : Les Joyeux Pélerins
 1951 : Jamais deux sans trois
 1952 : Mon curé chez les riches
 1953 : The Sparrows of Paris
 1956 : Baratin

Lyricist
 1933 : Monsieur Bébé
 1934 : La Prison de Saint-Clothaire
 1935 : Folies-Bergère de Paris
 1938 : Belle Étoile
 1938 : Retour à l'aube
 1947 : Quai des Orfèvres
 1950 : Pigalle-Saint-Germain-des-Prés
 1951 : Nous irons à Monte Carlo
 1952 : Une fille sur la route
 1953 : L'Œil en coulisses
 1954 : Le Fil à la patte
 1956 : The Road to Paradise
 1956 : Et Dieu… créa la femme

Director
 1936 : Les Deux Favoris, with Georg Jacoby

Operettas

 1929 : Jim by Georges Ghestem, Opéra de Lille
 1930 : Loulli by Georges Ghestem, Opéra de Lille
 1936 : Normandie by Paul Misraki, Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens
 1936 : Simone est comme ça by Raoul Moretti, Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens
 1938 : La Féerie blanche by Casimir Oberfeld et Mitty Goldin, Théâtre Mogador
 1948 : Le Chevalier Bayard by Bruno Coquatrix, Théâtre de l'Alhambra
 1949 : Baratin by Henri Betti, L'Européen
 1950 : M'sieur Nanar by Jean-Jacques Vital, Théâtre de l'Étoile
 1953 : Mobilette by Henri Betti, L'Européen
 1960 : La Petite Datcha by Georges Soria, Théâtre Gramont

References

External links

 André Hornez at the AlloCiné
 André Hornez at the BnF
 André Hornez at the Discogs
 André Hornez at the Unifrance
 André Hornez at the Hall de la chanson
 André Hornez on Ciné-Ressources
 André Hornez at the Les Archives du spectacle
 André Hornez at the Les Auteurs et Compositeurs de la Chanson Francophone
 André Hornez at the Les Gens du cinéma
 André Hornez at the Encyclopédie de la comédie musicale
 André Hornez at the Notre Cinéma
 André Hornez at the Geneastar

1905 births
1989 deaths
French male screenwriters
French male songwriters
French lyricists
20th-century French male writers
20th-century French screenwriters
20th-century French songwriters

André Hornez


Mycobacterium haemophilum is a species of the phylum Actinomycetota (Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content, one of the dominant phyla of all bacteria), belonging to the genus Mycobacterium.

Description
Short, occasionally curved, gram-positive, nonmotile and strongly acid-fast rods.

Colony characteristics
Nonpigmented and rough to smooth colonies.

Physiology
Media have to be supplemented with 0.4% haemoglobin or 60 μM hemin (factor X) or 15 mg/ml ferric ammonium citrate respectively, but not with FeCl3 or catalase.
Slow growth on Löwenstein–Jensen medium or Middlebrook 7H10 agar at 32 °C within 2 to 4 weeks.
Growth slower at 25 °C and 35 °C and absent at 37 °C.
Strictly intracellular growth in tissue cultures of fibroblasts.

Differential characteristics
Unique among mycobacteria in its requirement for hemin or ferric ammonium citrate for growth.

Distribution.

Pathogenesis
Infects patients with suppressed immune systems.
Clinical presentation: multiple skin nodules occurring in clusters or without definitive pattern, commonly involving the extremities. Abscesses, draining fistulas and osteomyelitis may be associated with the nodules. Paediatric patients with localised cervical lymphadenopathy.
Biosafety level 2

Type strain
First isolated in Israel from a subcutaneous granuloma from a patient with Hodgkin's disease. An environmental reservoir is presumed.
Strain ATCC 29548 = CCUG 47452 = CIP 105049 = DSM 44634 = NCTC 11185.

Notes

References

External links
Type strain of Mycobacterium haemophilum at BacDive -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

Acid-fast bacilli
haemophilum
Bacteria described in 1978

Mycobacterium haemophilum


Alexandra Deshorties (born 1975) is a French-Canadian soprano who sings principally opera. She was born in Montreal and raised in Marseille, France, where she attended the Conservatory and "where she earned a gold medal/first prize for her performance in vocal juries." She continued her education at the Manhattan School of Music where she was a pupil of Patricia Misslin.

A winner of the Metropolitan Opera Council Auditions (and a participant in the National Council Winners Concert on 2 March 1997) at 21, she entered the Metropolitan Opera's Lindemann Young Artist program the following season and made her debut with the company as the High Priestess in Aida on 30 October 1999. She has since appeared in a large number of roles both with the Met (where she sang Elettra (Idomeneo), Konstanze (Die Entführung aus dem Serail), The Countess (The Marriage of Figaro), and Fiordiligi (Così fan tutte) and with other companies throughout the world.

Principal roles and opera companies
For the Dallas Opera, she has sung the roles of Desdemona in Otello in October 2009 as well as that of Juliana Bordereau in Argento's The Aspern Papers in April 2013. As Fiordiligi and as Cleopatra in Giulio Cesare, she appeared at the Seattle Opera.

Other roles include the First Lady (Die Zauberflöte); Anna (Nabucco); Musetta (La bohème); Echo (Ariadne auf Naxos); Tytania (A Midsummer Night's Dream); Elizabeth I of England (Roberto Devereux) for Welsh National Opera in October/November 2013

Deshorties has appeared at the Festival d'Aix-en-Provence; the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris, France; the Salzburg Festival; the San Francisco Opera; the Houston Grand Opera; the Brooklyn Academy of Music; the Gran Teatre del Liceu, Barcelona; the A Coruña Festival, Spain; the Gstaad Festival; the Theater an der Wien (Elisabetta in Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra).

References
Notes

Sources
Wayne Lee Gay,  "Black, Red and White" (review of Otello for Dallas Opera), 24 October 2009 on theaterjones.com.  Retrieved 10 November 2013
"Alexandra Deshorties" - profile at Welsh National Opera. Retrieved 4 November 2013

1975 births
Singers from Montreal
Living people
French people of Canadian descent
French Quebecers
Canadian operatic sopranos
21st-century French women opera singers
Manhattan School of Music alumni
Winners of the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions

Alexandra Deshorties


Mauerbach Charterhouse (), in Mauerbach on the outskirts of Vienna, Austria, is a former Carthusian monastery, or charterhouse. Founded in 1314 and rebuilt in the 17th and 18th centuries, the Baroque monastic complex is one of the most important structures of its kind in Austria. Since 1984 the former charterhouse has been undergoing restoration by the Austrian Federal Monuments Office ("Österreichischer Bundesdenkmalamt" or BDA), which has its workshops there.

History

Mauerbach Charterhouse was founded in 1314 by the Austrian duke Frederick the Fair, who was later buried here. The new foundation was settled by 12 monks under Prior Gottfried descending from Seiz (Žiče) in Styria and was consecrated in 1316. In 1342 the Prague Charterhouse (at Smíchov), destroyed in the Hussite Wars, was settled by monks who probably came from Mauerbach.

The monastery was plundered and set on fire, and some of the monks were massacred, by Ottoman troops during the 1529 Siege of Vienna, and suffered further serious structural damage by the 1590 Neulengbach earthquake. Under Abbot Georg Fasel (1616–1631) an intensive rebuilding programme began, finishing in 1660, during which the great majority of the present-day buildings were constructed. The chronicle of the charterhouse written by Abbot Leopold Brenner was available from as early as 1669, but was not printed until 1725. Brenner had lived here from 1641 and made his profession in 1650, and was thus an eyewitness of the building of the early Baroque monastery. In 1683 renewed Turkish assaults during the Battle of Vienna caused more destruction, launching a further programme of repairs and refurbishments which finished only in 1750.

Dissolution
In 1782 the monastery was dissolved as "non-productive" by Emperor Joseph II during his rationalist reforms and from 1786 the premises were used for the care of the old and incurably ill of the city of Vienna. Many structural alterations were carried out to adapt the buildings to their new function.

In 1944-45 the former monastery was put to use as an emergency hospital. Between 1945 and 1961 the charterhouse was used to house the homeless. During this period the structure was badly  neglected, and allowed to fall derelict from exposure to the elements. In 1961 it was acquired by the Austrian federal government and was eventually taken over in 1979 by the Bundesbaudirektion ("Federal Buildings Directorate"). Since 1984 the complex has housed the workshops of the Bundesdenkmalamt (Monuments Office).

The buildings were also used for decades as a store for works of art that had been looted by the Nazis and classified by the Austrian State as "ownerless" ("herrenloses Kunstgut").

Restoration
In 1984 the Austrian Federal Monuments Office ("Österreichischer Bundesdenkmalamt") began the painstaking process of repair and restoration. The department's restoration workshops are now also located here.

Gallery

Notes and references

Sources
 Fahringer, Karl (1994): Eine so gute Gelegenheit. Die Aufhebung der Kartause Mauerbach. Ein "Tagebuch". Mauerbacher Beiträge Nr. 3/4. Mauerbach 1994
 Fahringer, Karl (2007): Alten und Elenden ihr trauriges Daseyn etwas milder zu machen. Das Schicksal der ehemaligen Kartause Mauerbach (1782 - 2007). Geschichte und Geschichten. Mauerbacher Beiträge Nr. 13–15. Mauerbach 2007.

External links
 Österreichisches Bundesdenkmalamt (BDA): Kartause Mauerbach
 BDA: Geschichte der Kartause Mauerbach (history of Mauerbach Charterhouse)
 Dossier / BDA: Kartause Mauerbach: Die Mönche (the monks)
 Die Kartause Mauerbach - 10 Jahre Umbau im Dienste des Denkmalschutzes, Institut für Hochbaukonstruktionen u. Bauwerkserhaltung | TU Wien

Carthusian monasteries in Austria
1313 establishments in Europe
Religious organizations established in the 1310s
1782 disestablishments
Christian monasteries established in the 14th century
Monasteries in Lower Austria
Establishments in the Duchy of Austria

Mauerbach Charterhouse


The 1928 Republican National Convention was held at Convention Hall in Kansas City, Missouri, from June 12 to June 15, 1928.

Because President Coolidge had announced unexpectedly he would not run for re-election in 1928, Commerce Secretary Herbert Clark Hoover became the natural front-runner for the Republican nomination. Former Illinois Governor Frank Lowden and Kansas Senator Charles Curtis were candidates for the nomination but stood no chance against the popular and accomplished Hoover. Chicago Mayor William Hale Thompson considered himself a candidate, but without the support of Ruth Hanna McCormick, his candidacy was unsuccessful.

Hoover was nominated on the first ballot with 837 votes to 72 for Lowden and 64 for Curtis and the rest scattered. John L. McNab delivered Hoover's nomination address. In his acceptance speech, Hoover said, "We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty ever before in the history of any land." That and other optimistic remarks about the country's future were used against him in the 1932 election, which he lost to Franklin Roosevelt.

Background
After Coolidge announced that he would not run for a second full term in August 1927, Hoover emerged as the frontrunner. Illinois Governor Frank Lowden, Vice President Charles Dawes, and Senators James Eli Watson of Indiana, Charles Curtis of Kansas, Guy D. Goff of West Virginia, and Frank Willis of Ohio also loomed as potential challengers to Hoover.

Hoover had won respect by many for his work in the Wilson, Harding, and Coolidge administrations, but many party regulars distrusted his loyalty to the party on issues of both policy and patronage. Some progressive Republicans, such as California Senator Hiram Johnson, also disliked Hoover, but others, such as Senator William E. Borah, favored Hoover's candidacy. Many party leaders pressured Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon to run, but at 73, Mellon felt that he was too old to run in 1928. Mellon sought to convince former Secretary of State and 1916 Republican nominee Charles Evans Hughes to run, but Hughes refused to campaign for the nomination.

Platform
The platform praised the Coolidge administration for the prosperity of the mid-1920s, and also promised reduction of the national debt, tax reduction, retention of the protective tariff, opposition of cancellation of foreign debts, settlement of claims from World War I from foreign governments, continuation of the Coolidge foreign policy, support of arbitration treaties, civil service protection, a tariff for agricultural protection and continued farm exports, aid to the coal-mining industry, continued appropriations for highway construction, the right to collective bargaining, regulation of railroads, a continued independent American merchant marine, government supervision of radio facilities, construction of waterways to help transportation of bulk goods, support for war veterans, federal regulation of public utilities, conservation, vigorous law enforcement, honest government, continued reclamation of arid lands in the West, improvement of air-mail service, restricted immigration and naturalization of foreign immigrants in America, continued enforcement of the Washington Naval Treaty, continued status of territory status for Alaska and Hawaii and called for more women in public service, right of the President to draft defense material resources and services, creation of an Indian Commission, an Anti-Lynching Law and promised continued Home-Rule for the American Citizen.

Hoover's forces won an early victory by securing adoption of an agricultural plank which endorse President Coolidge's attitude on the question and rejected all principles of the McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill. Former Governor Lowden caused a sensation that left the convention a little dumbfounded by announcing that since the agricultural plank was unsatisfactory he withdrew his name from before the convention as a presidential aspirant.

Presidential nomination

Presidential candidates

With no strong alternative, Hoover appeared to be the likely nominee at the start of the convention, but many in the party still opposed his candidacy. A "draft Coolidge" movement emerged, but the movement collapsed once it became clear that Coolidge would not run again. With Coolidge out of the running, Senate Majority Leader Charles Curtis tried to rally Hoover's rivals around his own candidacy. However, Hoover won the nomination on the first ballot.

Presidential Balloting / 3rd Day of Convention (June 14, 1928)

Vice Presidential nomination

Vice Presidential candidates

At the start of the convention, Vice President Charles G. Dawes, former Kansas Governor Henry Justin Allen, New Jersey Senator Walter Edge, New Hampshire Senator George H. Moses, Connecticut Representative John Q. Tilson, and Ambassador Alanson B. Houghton were mentioned as potential running mates for Hoover. Kansas Senator Charles Curtis was also mentioned as a possibility, but he was not yet ready to concede the presidential nomination to Hoover.

After Hoover won the presidential nomination, Moses, Illinois Senator Charles S. Deneen, and former Massachusetts Governor Channing Cox were named as the most likely vice-presidential nominees, with a re-nomination for Dawes also a possibility. Party leaders considered nominating Cox or Dawes, but Cox was vetoed by Utah Senator Reed Smoot, and Dawes was unacceptable to Hoover and Coolidge for supporting McNary-Haugen.

The convention turned to the farm vote in hopes of placating them for the unfavorably received farm relief plank. Curtis' name was entered by Senator Borah and his nomination was practically assured since the Lion of Idaho and other westerners had issued an ultimatum that a western must hold the vice presidency to placate the farmers. The Senate Majority Leader voted for the McNary-Haugen Bill which President Coolidge vetoed, but had refused to vote to override the veto of that measure. Curtis, possibly with the support of Coolidge, was nominated by the party leaders, and the convention ratified the choice.

Vice Presidential Balloting / 4th Day of Convention (June 15, 1928)

Prayers
Each of the four days of the convention opened with a lengthy invocation by a different clergymen—one Jewish, one Catholic, one Episcopalian, one Methodist. Together, these four religious groups formed a majority of Americans at the time.

All of the clergy were based in Missouri, where the convention was held. Each was listed among the convention officers as an official chaplain.

On June 12, the opening prayer was given by Bishop S. C. Partridge of the Episcopal Diocese of West Missouri. Speakers on the second through fourth days were Catholic Bishop Thomas F. Lillis of the Diocese of Kansas City, Rabbi Herman M. Cohen of Congregation Keneseth Israel-Beth Sholom, Kansas City, and Bishop E. L. Waldorf of the Methodist Episcopal Diocese of Kansas City.

See also
 History of the United States Republican Party
 List of Republican National Conventions
 U.S. presidential nomination convention
 Republican Party presidential primaries, 1928
 1928 United States presidential election
 1928 Democratic National Convention

References

External links
 Republican Party platform of 1928 at The American Presidency Project

1928 United States presidential election
Republican National Conventions
Republican National Convention, 1928
Political conventions in Missouri
1928 in Missouri
1928 conferences
June 1928 events
Conventions in St. Louis
1920s political conferences

1928 Republican National Convention


Restless is the seventh full-length studio release from Maryland-based soul band Starpoint.  It was released in 1985 and was produced by the team of Keith Diamond and Lionel Job (Diamond is also credited for writing two and co-writing four more of the eight selections here). It featured their biggest pop chart hit in the song "Object of My Desire", which peaked at number 25 in 1985. Follow-up singles included "What You Been Missin'", which cracked the R&B top ten, and the title track, which nearly became another R&B top-ten hit.

Additional information
Signing with Elektra in the early/mid-1980s, Starpoint veered more toward the pop side of R&B, while still maintaining the funk elements that originally characterized their sound. Their 1985 LP Restless yielded their sole top 40 pop single, "Object of My Desire", and the R&B/Urban singles "Restless" and "What You've Been Missin'". The non-single tracks (as always) were just as strong, with "Emotions" and "One More Night" being the standouts, in addition to a song that had a lot of pop potential, "See the Light".

Track listing
"Object of My Desire" (Kayode Adeyemo, Ernesto Phillips, Keith Diamond) – 5:00
"One More Night" (Diamond, E. Phillips, Lionel Job) – 4:05
"Emotions" (Orlando Phillips) – 4:27
"See the Light" (Diamond) – 4:20
"Till the End of Time" (Diamond) – 5:05
"Don't Take Your Love Away" (E. Phillips) – 4:14
"Restless" (Diamond, E. Phillips) – 3:49
"What You Been Missin'" (Diamond, Jolyon Skinner) – 5:10

Personnel

Starpoint
Renée Diggs: female vocals
Kayode Adeyemo: male vocals
George Phillips: keyboards, backing vocals
Ernesto Phillips: guitars, keyboards, backing vocals
Orlando Phillips: bass, saxophone, keyboards, backing vocals
Gregory Phillips: drums, percussion, backing vocals

Additional personnel
Keith Diamond: Fairlight and synthesizer programming, keyboards, backing vocals
Ned Liben (aka EBN): additional Fairlight programming
Lionel Job, Bashiri Johnson: additional percussion
Jeff Smith: saxophone on "One More Night"
Cindy Mizelle: backing vocals on "One More Night"
James Woodley: backing vocals on "See the Light"
Barry Eastmond: keyboards on "Til the End of Time"
Terry Silverlight: drums, percussion

Production
Produced by Keith Diamond (for Rough Cut Productions, Inc.) and Lionel Job (for Lionel Job, Inc.)
Recording engineers: Bob Rosa & Tom Lord-Alge; assisted by Jim Dougherty, Pete Robbins & Steve Peck
Mix engineers: Bob Rosa, Keith Diamond, Lionel Job
Mastered by Ted Jensen

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

External links
Starpoint- Restless at Discogs.com.
Production information at Discogs.com.

1985 debut albums
Asylum Records albums
Elektra Records albums
Starpoint albums

Restless (Starpoint album)


Jacob Gentry is an American film director, editor, and writer.  He is best known for The Signal, which he co-wrote and co-directed with David Bruckner and Dan Bush.  He also directed the My Super Psycho Sweet 16 trilogy and collaborated with Broken Bells on short films based on their music.

Early life
Gentry was born in Nashville, Tennessee, and raised in Atlanta, Georgia.  At fifteen, MTV aired his short film Terminator 3: School Day.  Later, he attended the University of Georgia along with David Bruckner and A. J. Bowen.  The three would later collaborate with Dan Bush on The Signal (2007).

Career
Gentry's first film was Last Goodbye (2004), which starred Faye Dunaway and the children of several celebrities.  Gentry was initially resistant to the idea of casting the children of celebrities but relented when he realized the gimmick could be used for publicity.  He later described the film as "a messy Magnolia".  In 2005, he edited the film The Lady from Sockholm.  His next feature was The Signal, which traces its origins to a Surrealist game called exquisite corpse in which multiple collaborators independently contribute toward the completion of an art project.  After collaborating with Bruckner and Bush on The Signal, he signed a three picture deal with MTV and directed My Super Psycho Sweet 16 (2009) and its two sequels, My Super Psycho Sweet 16: Part 2 and My Super Psycho Sweet 16: Part 3.  Although not a fan of reality television, Gentry decided to use the source material to discuss the financial crisis.  Gentry was originally approached to contribute to the horror anthology V/H/S, but he was forced to decline due to Directors Guild of America technicalities.  He instead suggested Bruckner, who joined the project.  Gentry worked with the band Broken Bells on two short films.  Gentry said that the shorts allowed him to explore new ideas and work in science fiction, his favorite genre.  Gentry and musician Danger Mouse had gone to college together, and although they had not worked together professionally until then, they were friends.  Gentry did not synchronize the films to the albums; instead, he worked from Danger Mouse's ideas and created independent narratives.  In 2015 he released Synchronicity, after which he released Broadcast Signal Intrusion in 2021.

Awards and nominations
In 2008, Gentry was nominated for the Independent Spirit John Cassavetes Award along with Bruckner and Bush for The Signal.

Filmography

References

External links

Living people
American film directors
American film editors
Year of birth missing (living people)

Jacob Gentry


Brother (, translit. Brat) is a 1997 Russian neo-noir crime drama film written and directed by Aleksei Balabanov. The film stars Sergei Bodrov Jr. as Danila Bagrov, a young ex-conscript who becomes embroiled with the Saint Petersburg mob through his criminal older brother. It appeared in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival.

After its release on VHS in June 1997, Brother unexpectedly became one of the most commercially successful Russian films of the 1990s and quickly rose to cult film status throughout Russia. Due to the film's popularity and fan demand, a sequel, Brother 2, was released in 2000.

Plot
After Danila Bagrov (Sergei Bodrov Jr.), a recently discharged Chechen War veteran, is insisted by his mother that he travel to Saint Petersburg to seek out his successful older brother Viktor, whom his mother is confident will help him make a living. He does, and there he befriends Kat, an energetic drug addict, and "The German" Hoffman, a homeless street vendor whom Danila helps after a thug attempts to extort him.

Unbeknown to their mother, Viktor is an accomplished hitman who goes by the street name "The Tatar", working for a St. Peterburg mafia boss called "Krugliy" (Russian for "round"), His latest target is "The Chechen", a Chechen mafia boss who was recently released from prison. Krugliy, who is unhappy with the amount of money that Viktor demanded for the hit, orders his thugs to watch The Chechen, so that he can kill The Tatar to avoid paying him.

Danila eventually meets up with Viktor. To avoid exposure, Viktor passes his assignment to his brother, gives him money to settle into the city, and then lies to him that the Chechen has been extorting from him, asking Danila to perform the hit, and he agrees. While settling in, Danila boards a public bus and when an Armenian man refuses to pay the fare, Danila steps in and forces him to pay at gunpoint. Danila makes a pipe bomb and blows up The Chechen, and Krugliy's thugs spot and chase him, but he manages to escape by jumping into a tram and killing one of the mobsters, the tram driven by a woman named Sveta.

After Danila recovers, he decides to meet up with her, despite her being married to an abusive husband.

Meanwhile, Krugliy is angry, and decides to draw The Tatar into a combined raid. Viktor, again suspecting a trap, passes the job to Danila once more. The two thugs raid the apartment, but their main target is away. While they wait, in an apartment on the floor above, a party is taking place. A young radio director, Stephan, mistakes the raided flat for the party flat and is almost killed by the thugs, who take him captive. There is a party in a different apartment with members of Nautilus Pompilius, and lead singer Vyacheslav Butusov mistakes this apartment for the one and is turned away by Danila. Bored of the waiting, Danila decides to go to the party above. Some time afterward, he comes back to find the thugs killed their primary target and a hostage, and are about to do the same with Stephan, but Danila kills them.

Krugliy, decides to track Danila and intercepts Sveta's tram. They later raid her apartment, where his men beat and rape her, and learn his phone number, as well as his address. A henchman nicknamed "Mole" ambushes Danila near his apartment building, but Danila manages to kill him, Danila's CD player stopping Mole's bullet. Danila travels to Sveta's house and is shocked.

At the same time, Krugliy raids Viktor's apartment and forces him to call Danila at gunpoint, urging him to come over. Realizing the depth of the situation, Danila goes back to the communal room that he was renting and buys a shotgun from his landlord. He modifies the shells from birdshot rounds to cut nails. At Viktor's apartment, he takes a mobster hostage and kills Krugliy and two of his henchmen and tells the surviving thug to warn the rest of the gang that he will kill anyone who hurts his brother.

Danila forgives Viktor and gives him some of the money from Krugliy's suitcase, telling him to return home and to work for the militsiya. Before leaving for Moscow, he visits Sveta, and upon finding her husband beating her, he shoots him in his leg before leaving, to which Sveta says she doesn't love him anymore for such an action. He then says goodbye to Hoffman and Kat, before hitching a ride to Moscow on a passing truck.

Cast
 Sergei Bodrov Jr. – Danila Bagrov
 Viktor Sukhorukov – Viktor Bagrov (voiced by Aleksei Poluyan)
 Svetlana Pismichenko – Sveta
 Maria Zhukova – Kat
 Yury Kuznetsov – "The German" Hoffman
 Irina Rakshina – Zinka
 Sergei Murzin – Roundhead (voiced by Aleksandr Stroev)
 Andrey Fyodortsov – Stepan
 Igor Shibanov – Militiaman
Andrey Krasko – Owner of the raided apartment
Aleksei Poluyan – "Mole" the bandit
Igor Lifanov – One of Roundhead's bandits (voiced by Aleksandr Bashirov)
Tatiana Zakharova – Danila's and Viktor's mother (voiced by Nina Usatova)
Sergei Debizhev – Music video director (voiced by Valery Kukhareshin)
Konstantin Anisimov – Music video security guard (voiced by Viktor Bychkov)
Anatoly Gorin – Sveta's roommate (voiced by Viktor Bychkov)

The film also features brief appearances from several Russian rock musicians:
 Vyacheslav Butusov, as well as other members of Nautilus Pompilius
 Sergey Chigrakov
 Nastya Poleva
 Band members of Aquarium
 Band members of Kolibri

Production crew
 Aleksei Balabanov – director, screenwriter
 Sergei Astakhov – camera operator
 Vladimir Kartashov – production designer
 Nadezhda Vasilyeva – costumer
 Vyacheslav Butusov – composer
 Sergei Selyanov – producer

Release
Brother was selected for screening at a number of Russian and international film festivals, where it won many awards. The festivals include, among others:
Cannes Film Festival, Un Certain Regard
Chicago International Film Festival

Sozvezdie

Torino International Film Festival

Trieste International Film Festival
The film was released on VHS in June 1997 and premiered on television on 12 December 1997.

Reception
The film became an instant hit and raised the fortunes of both Sergey Bodrov and director Aleksei Balabanov. The story's depiction revolves around the problems and attitudes of 1990s Russia: crime, poverty (in face of the homeless Hoffman), the disaffection of the Russian youth (as with the character Kat), failing families (as with Sveta and her abusive husband) and of course, betrayal and hypocrisy even towards the closest of relatives (such as Viktor first using Danila as cover, and then turning him over). All this was brought about in the aftermath of the Soviet collapse, which took place only six years prior. Yet, despite such negative connotation amid the social decay, it illustrates that there are still courage and good in the face of Danila, who is portrayed as having an acute sense of right and wrong, and appears to follow some semblance of a moral code. As such it carries a powerful psychological message to the Russian audience that even in such gloomy times there is still hope.

Critical response
Brother has an approval rating of 100% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 5 reviews, and an average rating of 7.63/10.

Sequel
Following the film's success, Balabanov initially planned on making a Brother trilogy: the second instalment was to take place in Moscow and the third in America. During the writing phase, however, he abandoned this idea and combined the second and third parts into a single sequel instead. Brother 2 is notable for having a significantly higher budget, placing more emphasis on action sequences, and being set in Moscow and Chicago.

Music

Track listing

Legacy
In the 2018 music video for her song "90", the Russian singer-songwriter Monetochka reenacts scenes from Brother.

Literature

References

External links

 Brother at Russian Film Hub

1997 films
1997 crime drama films
1990s crime action films
Russian crime drama films
1990s Russian-language films
Films about brothers
Films about the Russian Mafia
Films directed by Aleksei Balabanov
Films set in 1996
Films set in Saint Petersburg
Films shot in Saint Petersburg
Neo-noir

Brother (1997 film)


A hydraulic pump is a mechanical source of power that converts mechanical power into hydraulic energy (hydrostatic energy i.e. flow, pressure). Hydraulic pumps are used in hydraulic drive systems and can be hydrostatic or hydrodynamic. They generate flow with enough power to overcome pressure induced by a load at the pump outlet. When a hydraulic pump operates, it creates a vacuum at the pump inlet, which forces liquid from the reservoir into the inlet line to the pump and by mechanical action delivers this liquid to the pump outlet and forces it into the hydraulic system.
Hydrostatic pumps are positive displacement pumps while hydrodynamic pumps can be fixed displacement pumps, in which the displacement (flow through the pump per rotation of the pump) cannot be adjusted, or variable displacement pumps, which have a more complicated construction that allows the displacement to be adjusted. Hydrodynamic pumps are more frequent in day-to-day life. Hydrostatic pumps of various types all work on the principle of Pascal's law.

Types of hydraulic pump

Gear pumps

Gear pumps (with external teeth) (fixed displacement) are simple and economical pumps. The swept volume or displacement of gear pumps for hydraulics will be between about 1 to 200 milliliters. They have the lowest volumetric efficiency ( ) of all three basic pump types (gear, vane and piston pumps) These pumps create pressure through the meshing of the gear teeth, which forces fluid around the gears to pressurize the outlet side. Some gear pumps can be quite noisy, compared to other types, but modern gear pumps are highly reliable and much quieter than older models. This is in part due to designs incorporating split gears, helical gear teeth and higher precision/quality tooth profiles that mesh and unmesh more smoothly, reducing pressure ripple and related detrimental problems. Another positive attribute of the gear pump, is that catastrophic breakdown is a lot less common than in most other types of hydraulic pumps. This is because the gears gradually wear down the housing and/or main bushings, reducing the volumetric efficiency of the pump gradually until it is all but useless. This often happens long before wear and causes the unit to seize or break down. Hydraulic gear pumps are used in various applications where there are different requirements such as lifting, lowering, opening, closing, or rotating, and they are expected to be safe and long-lasting.

Rotary vane pumps

A rotary vane pump is a positive-displacement pump that consists of vanes mounted to a rotor that rotates inside a cavity. In some cases these vanes can have variable length and/or be tensioned to maintain contact with the walls as the pump rotates. A critical element in vane pump design is how the vanes are pushed into contact with the pump housing, and how the vane tips are machined at this very point. Several type of "lip" designs are used, and the main objective is to provide a tight seal between the inside of the housing and the vane, and at the same time to minimize wear and metal-to-metal contact. Forcing the vane out of the rotating centre and towards the pump housing is accomplished using spring-loaded vanes, or more traditionally, vanes loaded hydrodynamically (via the pressurized system fluid).

Screw pumps

Screw pumps (fixed displacement) consist of two Archimedes' screws that intermesh and are enclosed within the same chamber.  These pumps are used for high flows at relatively low pressure (max ). They were used on board ships where a constant pressure hydraulic system extended through the whole ship, especially to control ball valves but also to help drive the steering gear and other systems.  The advantage of the screw pumps is the low sound level of these pumps; however, the efficiency is not high.

The major problem of screw pumps is that the hydraulic reaction force is transmitted in a direction that's axially opposed to the direction of the flow.

There are two ways to overcome this problem:
 put a thrust bearing beneath each rotor;
 create a hydraulic balance by directing a hydraulic force to a piston under the rotor.

Types of screw pumps:
 single end
 double end
 single rotor
 multi rotor timed
 multi rotor untimed.

Bent axis pumps
Bent axis pumps, axial piston pumps and motors using the bent axis principle, fixed or adjustable displacement, exists in two different basic designs. The Thoma-principle (engineer Hans Thoma, Germany, patent 1935) with max 25 degrees angle and the Wahlmark-principle (Gunnar Axel Wahlmark, patent 1960) with spherical-shaped pistons in one piece with the piston rod, piston rings, and maximum 40 degrees between the driveshaft centerline and pistons (Volvo Hydraulics Co.). These have the best efficiency of all pumps. Although in general, the largest displacements are approximately one litre per revolution, if necessary a two-liter swept volume pump can be built. Often variable-displacement pumps are used so that the oil flow can be adjusted carefully. These pumps can in general work with a working pressure of up to 350–420 bars in continuous work.

Inline axial piston pumps

By using different compensation techniques, the variable displacement type of these pumps can continuously alter fluid discharge per revolution and system pressure based on load requirements, maximum pressure cut-off settings, horsepower/ratio control, and even fully electro proportional systems, requiring no other input than electrical signals. This makes them potentially hugely power saving compared to other constant flow pumps in systems where prime mover/diesel/electric motor rotational speed is constant and required fluid flow is non-constant.

Radial piston pumps

A radial piston pump is a form of hydraulic pump. The working pistons extend in a radial direction symmetrically around the drive shaft, in contrast to the axial piston pump.

Hydraulic pumps, calculation formulas

Flow

where
, flow (m/s)
, stroke frequency (Hz)
, stroked volume (m)
, volumetric efficiency

Power

where
, power (W)
, stroke frequency (Hz)
, stroked volume (m)
, pressure difference over pump (Pa)
, mechanical/hydraulic efficiency

Mechanical efficiency

where
, mechanical pump efficiency percent
, theoretical torque to drive
, actual torque to drive

Hydraulic efficiency

where
, hydraulic pump efficiency
, theoretical flow rate output
, actual flow rate output

References

External links

External gear pump description
Internal gear pump description

Pumps
Pump, Hydraulic

Hydraulic pump


Missing Link is a 1988 film written and directed by Carol and David Hughes and starring Peter Elliott as the Man Ape and narrated by Michael Gambon.

Plot
The film is set in Africa roughly one million years ago, at a time when one species of "man-apes" (Australopithecus robustus) was being displaced by the ancestors of modern humans. These ancestors are possibly Homo erectus, but they are never named in the film. They are only addressed as "man" and from the few scenes where they show any visibility, they vaguely resemble modern humans.

The film follows the last of the man-apes (Peter Elliott) as he wanders through the wilderness after his tribe is slaughtered by the aggressive humans who have invented the ax and have learned to make use of fire. He journeys through a savanna, an oasis, a desert, and eventually the shores of a beach. Along the way, he avoids the humans that killed his family and witnesses many fantastic sights of wildlife. After experiencing a hallucination brought on by ingesting a hallucinogenic plant (possibly a reference to the stoned ape theory), he realizes the stone ax that he has been carrying after finding it at the site where his tribe was killed is a weapon. When he comes across a human footprint at the ocean shore, he sniffs it and then starts hitting it, wanting revenge against the humans. But he then relents and tosses the ax into the ocean. The closing scene has him sitting mournfully on the beach as the sun sets. The closing text states that the "man-apes" were likely the first species humanity pushed into extinction.

Genre
Missing Link is an unusual film in that it blends elements of drama, documentary, and avant-garde cinema.  There is no dialogue, though there is narration (by Michael Gambon).  There is also very little action.  Instead, the film is filled with extended, picturesque sequences reminiscent of the style often used in nature documentaries.  Perhaps due to its unconventionality, the film was not a commercial success.

References

External links

1988 films
1980s adventure films
Films about evolution
Films set in Africa
Films set in prehistory
Films without speech
Human evolution
Films shot in Namibia
Universal Pictures films
1980s English-language films
American adventure films
American drama films
1980s American films

Missing Link (1988 film)


Zutendaal Air Base  is a reserve Belgian Air Component base, located  east-southeast of Genk (Limburg), approximately  east-northeast of Brussels.

Overview
The base is in reserve status, its primary use being to store retired Agusta helicopters. Since 2009, it has been open to limited civilian recreational flying; it is home to a gliding club, operating on the weekends.

History

Origins
Zutendaal Air Base's origins date to March 1917 when it was originally constructed by the German Army Air Corps as "Flieger Schießschule".  it was established for observers destined for artillery units.  Near this airfield, the Germans selected a large heath area (between Houthalen, Genk, As, Peer and Opglabbeek) where they installed a firing range.

After World War I, the name of the airfield was changed to Asch (as it was spelled at the time) and it became the Flying School of the Belgian Military Aviation, later in March 1920 called Aéronautique Militaire.  Situated 2 km SW of the town centre of As, this school had a large 1100 by 800 metres grass airfield at its disposal and several metal hangars and brick support buildings. After the Flying School was abandoned in 1924, the airfield was closed to make room for the proposed construction of a canal, and moved to Wevelgem, the field gradually became a dense wooded area.

World War II

In November 1944 a new airfield near the World War I aerodrome was constructed by the United States Army Air Forces IX Engineer Command, 852nd and 846th Engineer Aviation Battalions. Known as Advanced Landing Ground "Y-29", the airfield consisted of a single 5000 foot (1500m) Sod runway aligned 06/24. In addition, tents were erected for billeting and also for support facilities; an access road was built to the existing road infrastructure; a dump was created for supplies, ammunition, and gasoline drums, along with a drinkable water; and a minimal electrical grid for communications and station lighting was installed.

Asch was home to North American P-51 Mustangs of the 352nd Fighter Group, Eighth Air Force (which included the 328th Fighter Squadron, led by George Preddy); and P-47 Thunderbolts from 366th Fighter Group, Ninth Air Force, from 19 November 1944 – 11 April 1945. The 406th Fighter Group, also flew from the airfield in P-47s from 8 February – 15 April 1945.   The fighter planes flew support missions, patrolling roads in front of the beachhead; strafing German military vehicles and dropping bombs on gun emplacements, anti-aircraft artillery and concentrations of German troops when spotted.

On January 1, 1945, Asch airfield was the site of a major aerial battle during the Luftwaffe's Operation Bodenplatte. The Fw 190s and Bf 109s of JG-11 arrived at Asch just as the 487th FS of the 352nd FG were rolling down the runway, the ensuing battle came to be known as the Legend of Y-29 and encapsulated the failure of Operation Bodenplatte as a whole. The pilots of the 487th Fighter Squadron who took off did so under fire and in the face of overwhelming odds.  The 487th scored 23 kills while suffering only 2 damaged aircraft in the face of 3:1 odds. For their performance the 487th received the only Distinguished Unit Citation given to a fighter squadron in the European theatre.

When the fighter units moved out, the 391st Bombardment Group flew B-26 Marauder medium bombers from the airfield until 27 May 1945.  With the end of the war in Europe, the airfield was closed on 20 June 1945.

Belgian Air Force
After the war, the airfield was taken over by the Belgian Air Force.  It was later rebuilt into a permanent facility with hard surfaced runways and support buildings. Currently it is used by the Belgian Army as a storage depot.

See also

 Advanced Landing Ground
 Operation Bodenplatte

References

External links
 The Wartime Memories Project - Y29 Asch
 Asch Airdrome

Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Belgium
World War II airfields in Belgium
Belgian airbases
Airports established in 1917
Airports in Limburg (Belgium)

Zutendaal Air Base


Area code 845 is an area code for New York. It was created in 2000 as a split from 914. It covers counties such as Rockland, Putnam, Delaware, Orange, Sullivan, and Columbia. It will be overlaid by 329 on March 24, 2023 due to the exhaustion of telephone numbers for the 845 area code.

Sources

Area codes in New York (state)

Area code 845


Acoustic foam is a type of foam used for acoustic treatment. It makes sound waves in the air weaker, thereby reducing their amplitude. It is used to reduce or control noise. Acoustic foams are typically softer and more lightweight than their sound blocking foams. The open and flexible cell structure of acoustic foam acts as a natural soundwave absorber and prevents noises from reverberating off hard surfaces like walls, floors and ceilings. It does this by converting existing sound energy to heat and reducing the ability of soundwaves to bounce back into the room. Depending on how it's used, this type of foam can also enhance the acoustics within a room. Sound absorbing foam cut into pyramid or wedge shapes can be used to manipulate vibrations in a way that improves sound quality.

Acoustic foam can be attached to walls, ceilings, doors, and other places in a room to control noise levels, vibration, and echoes.

Many acoustic foam products are treated with dyes and/or fire retardants.

References

Materials

Acoustic foam


Georg Philipp Wörlen (5 May 1886, Dillingen an der Donau, Bavarian Swabia – 18 April 1954) was a German painter, particularly associated with Passau, Bavaria, Germany.

Life
Wörlen was born in Dillingen an der Donau. After completing his Abitur he attended the art college in Nuremberg and subsequently worked as a restorer in the Atelier Altheimer in Regensburg. In 1914, after marrying Margarete Neunhöfer, he moved to Marnheim to work as a teacher in a technical secondary school. While he was fighting at the front in World War I in Romania and France, among other places, his son Hanns Egon was born.

During the war Wörlen was twice buried and seriously injured. Shortly before the end of the war he was captured by the British and was held as a prisoner of war for 15 months, in a camp near Ripon in Yorkshire. During this time he changed his artistic direction and committed himself to Expressionism and Cubism.

After his repatriation in 1920 Wörlen moved with his family to Passau and became an art teacher in the Gymnasium Leopoldinum. Along with Franz Bronstert and Fritz Fuhrken, who had been detained in the same POW camp in England, and a number of other artists including the Austrian Carry Hauser, he founded the Expressionist artists' group Der Fels (1920/21-1927), which held over 30 exhibitions featuring his work. in addition he was for a short time (1923/1924) a member of the Gruppe der 6, and between 1927 and 1938 he was a member of the Vienna-based group Der Hagenbund. In 1947 he was a founder member of the Donau-Wald-Gruppe.

He died in Passau, where there is a street named after him. The holdings of the Museum of Modern Art in Passau consist largely of his works.

Selected works
 Liebespaar ("Lovers"), tempera on cardboard, 1920
 Gasse ("Lane"), oil on linen, nd
 Passauer Häuser ("Passau Houses"), oil on linen, 1920
 Passauer Gasse ("Passau Lane"), watercolour, 1923
 Kreuzigung ("Crucifixion"), watercolour, 1919

References
 Wiener Secession (publ.): Georg Philipp Wörlen, Vienna 1971
 Museum Moderne Kunst Passau (publ:) Philipp Wörlen 1886-1954, Passau 1990

External links
 Website of the Museum Moderner Kunst Wörlen Passau
 Website of the Galerie Wildner

1886 births
1954 deaths
People from Dillingen an der Donau
Artists from the Kingdom of Bavaria
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German male painters
German Expressionist painters
German Army personnel of World War I
People from Passau
Academy of Fine Arts, Nuremberg alumni

Georg Philipp Wörlen


The poise (symbol P; ) is the unit of dynamic viscosity (absolute viscosity) in the centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS). It is named after Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille (see Hagen–Poiseuille equation). The centipoise (1 cP = 0.01 P) is more commonly used than the poise itself.

Dynamic viscosity has dimensions of , that is, .

The analogous unit in the International System of Units is the pascal-second (Pa⋅s):

The poise is often used with the metric prefix centi- because the viscosity of water at 20 °C (standard conditions for temperature and pressure) is almost exactly 1 centipoise. A centipoise is one hundredth of a poise, or one millipascal-second (mPa⋅s) in SI units (1 cP = 10−3 Pa⋅s = 1 mPa⋅s).

The CGS symbol for the centipoise is cP. The abbreviations cps, cp, and cPs are sometimes seen.

Liquid water has a viscosity of 0.00890 P at 25 °C at a pressure of 1 atmosphere (0.00890 P = 0.890 cP = 0.890 mPa⋅s).

See also

 Poiseuille
 Viscosity

References

Centimetre–gram–second system of units
Units of dynamic viscosity

et:Poise

Poise (unit)


The Toba catastrophe was the largest volcanic eruption in the last 2.6 million years. It is called a catastrophe because its effects may have damaged the human species.

The eruption
Lake Toba in Sumatra, Indonesia, is the site of a supervolcanic eruption that occurred 73,000 (±4000 years) years ago.
It was a climate-changing event. The eruption was two orders of magnitude (= x100) larger than the largest known historic eruption, that of Tambora, also in Indonesia.

This eruption was the last and largest of four eruptions of Toba during the Quaternary epoch. It had an estimated Volcanic Explosivity Index of 8 (described as "apocalyptic"). It made a sizable contribution to the 100x30 km caldera complex. The mass it threw out was 100 times greater than the largest volcanic eruption in recent history. That was the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia, which caused the 1816 "Year Without a Summer" in the northern hemisphere.

Consequences
The eruption of Toba led to a volcanic winter with a worldwide decline in temperatures between 3-5 degrees C, and up to 15 degrees C in higher latitudes.

Effect on humans
According to the Toba catastrophe theory, it had global consequences. It killed most humans then alive. It created a population bottleneck in Central Eastern Africa and India that affected the genetic inheritance of all humans today.

According to the theory, only 10,000 (perhaps only 1,000) pairs of humans survived the disaster. Perhaps it led to the other hominids becoming extinct, though the Neanderthals certainly survived in Europe and Eurasia.

There is no direct evidence that the theory is correct. And there is no evidence for any other animal decline or extinction, even in environmentally sensitive species. There is evidence that human habitation continued in India after the eruption. The theory in its strongest form seems to be incorrect.

References

Volcanic eruptions
Calderas
Volcanoes of Indonesia

Toba catastrophe


Charles Weissmann (born 14 October 1931) is a Hungarian-Swiss molecular biologist. Weissmann is particularly known for the first cloning and expression of interferon and his contributions to the unraveling of the molecular genetics of neurogenerative prion diseases such as scrapie, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and "mad cow disease".

Weissmann went to University of Zurich and obtained his MD in 1956 and Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry in 1961. In 1978, Weissmann co-founded the biotech company Biogen in Geneva. Biogen is considered one of the pioneers of the biotechnology industries. Weissmann was director of the Institute for Molecular Biology in Zurich, President of the Roche Research Foundation and co-founder and Member of the Scientific Council of Biogen. He was Chairman of the Department of Infectology, Scripps Florida until 2011.

Weissmann won several awards, including the Otto Warburg Medal (1980) and the Scheele Award (1982). A member of the American Society of Biological Chemistry and the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina he is also a Foreign Associate of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society (UK) and the Pour le Mérite (Germany). On May 16, 2011 Weissmann became Doctor of Science Honoris Causa at New York University.

Awards
Sir Hans Krebs Medal (1974).
Otto Warburg Medal (1980).
Scheele Award (1982).
Wilhelm Exner Medal (1996).
Max Delbrück Medal (1997)
Mendel Medal (1998)

References

External links
 Profile at The Scripps Research Institute
 "Dart/NYU Biotechnology Achievement Award"

1931 births
Living people
Jewish scientists
Swiss biologists
Scientists from Budapest
Hungarian Jews
Hungarian emigrants to Switzerland
University of Zurich alumni
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Scripps Research faculty
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Winners of the Heineken Prize
Fellows of the American Academy of Microbiology

Charles Weissmann


Educational psychology is a branch of psychology. It has ancient roots, but was mostly developed in the 20th century. It has two "faces", the scientific and the humanistic.

Two concepts
Education as an objective science was strongly promoted around 1900 by Alfred Binet and Edward Thorndike. Binet it was who invented the first intelligence tests, and they were extended and promoted in English by Louis Terman. Binet's ideas were sympathetic to Thorndike, who was above all interested in turning psychology into a real science by research, measurement and empirical evidence. The arrival of World War I caused a huge conscription of men into the fighting services. Sorting out men of all types was an urgent problem. The intelligence tests proved to be very useful at helping get the right men into the right jobs. Not surprisingly, the use of IQ tests continued in education, where a similar problem of sorting out occurs in unselected public school enrollments.

The other way to look at educational psychology is to notice that a child is a growing person. Unlike most adults, the child is open to influence. Education does change a child. The emphasis on the child as a growing person is typical of humanistic psychology. It has many supporters, especially at primary school level. Examples of educators whose interest was humanistic include Johann Pestalozzi, Maria Montessori, John Dewey, and Jean Piaget. This type of approach is called "child-centered" education.

Public certification
How these two approaches are balanced varies in different countries. Many countries have arrangements for certified psychologists to inluence schools and help children.

These posts are now called 'educational and child psychology' in the United Kingdom. Since a training overhaul in 2006, there is a 3-year taught doctorate similar to that of clinical psychology. In the United States it is still called school psychology. Educational and child psychology is the practice of applied psychology with children and families in the context of education and is usually based within a government local authority.

References

Branches of psychology

Educational psychology


Wosret is an Egyptian goddess with a cult centre at Thebes in Upper Egypt. She is initially a localised guardian diety whose cult rose widely to prominence during the stable 12th dynasty when three pharaohs were named as her son; for example, Senwosret the man of Wosret.

Egyptian mythology

Wosret


The Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy refers to the controversy surrounding the name and logo of the Chicago Blackhawks, a National Hockey League (NHL) ice hockey team based in Chicago, Illinois. The use of terms and images referring to Native Americans/First Nations as the name or mascot for a sports team without permissions from or consultations with local Indigenous communities, is a topic of public controversy in the United States and Canada. Since the 1960s, as part of the indigenous civil rights movements, there have been a number of protests and other actions by Native Americans and their supporters targeting the more prominent use of such names and images by professional franchises such as the Cleveland Guardians formerly known as the "Indians" of Major League Baseball (MLB) (in particular their "Chief Wahoo" logo) that was officially discontinued in 2016; the Washington Commanders formerly known as the "Redskins" of the National Football League (NFL), the NFL's Kansas City Chiefs and MLB's Atlanta Braves, the latter two attracting criticism of "the tomahawk chop" often performed by their fans. Like other teams with tribal mascots, there are calls from Indigenous activists and organizations to change the Blackhawks' name and logo and eliminate tribal mascots and imagery throughout sports. In contrast to generic names used by other teams, Blackhawks refers to a World War I-era U.S. Army division which was named for prominent Illinois-based Native American chief Black Hawk.

Professional organizations representing psychologists, sociologists, school counselors, anthropologists, and educators have published resolutions opposing the use of Native American mascots as harmful and discriminatory. Psychologist Stephanie Fryberg argues that sports mascots and images, rather than being mere entertainment, are important symbols with deeper psychological and social effects. Stereotyping may directly affect the academic performance and self-esteem of Native American youth, whose people face high rates of suicide, unemployment, and poverty. Euro-Americans exposed to mascots may be more likely to believe not only that such stereotypes are true, but that Native Americans have no identity beyond these stereotypes. Research demonstrates the harm of stereotyping, with studies showing that exposure to any stereotypes increased the likelihood of stereotypical thinking with regard to other groups.

The National Congress of American Indians, The American Indian Center of Chicago, The Chi-Nations Youth Council and over 1,500 Native organizations and advocates from over 150 federally recognized tribes across the country, including members of the Sac and Fox Nation, support changing the team name and logo.
Members of Black Hawk's family have spoken out opposing the use of Native-themed mascots. The American Indian Association of Illinois has criticized the logo as a caricature of Black Hawk.
Since July 2020, headdresses have been banned from being worn at Blackhawk home games. The team has stated that they believe that both the name and logo symbolize the importance of Black Hawk's legacy. Chicago is home to the third largest Urban Indian population in the United States with 65,000 Native Americans in the Greater Chicagoland area with over 175 tribes represented.

History
The National Hockey League (NHL)'s Chicago Blackhawks was named in honor of the U.S. 86th Infantry Division, which was nicknamed the "Blackhawk Division" after Black Hawk, a Native American chief who was based in present-day Illinois; the team's founder, Frederic McLaughlin, having served in that division. The first logo was drawn by Irene Castle in 1926, who was white.

Black Hawk was a leader of the Sauk who sided with the British in the War of 1812 and later attempted to regain tribal land in the Black Hawk War of 1832. Opponents of the logo say that adoption of his name for the 86th Infantry, the hockey team, and later for the Blackhawk helicopter are an example of designating certain Native Americans as "worthy adversaries."

Black Hawk and the Black Hawk War

Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak or Black Hawk was born in Saukenuk (modern-day Rock Island, Illinois). He was a Sac war leader. He fought with the British in the War of 1812 in hopes it would deter white settlement in his homelands.

He rejected the Treaty of St. Louis of 1804 which took his homelands and called for removal west of the Mississippi River.

In 1832, Black Hawk led an armed party of  Sacs, Meskwakis (Foxes), Kickapoos, Ho-Chunk (Winnebagoes), and Potawatomis into his occupied homelands. This was in contrast with Sac Chief Keokuk who did not seek to confront the Americans. Black Hawk did not intend to start a war, but he was prepared to defend his homelands. His intention was to grow corn on his tribal homelands. Eventually, the Black Hawk War began, which was waged in modern-day Illinois, Wisconsin, and Iowa.
During the war, his people faced starvation.

The Black Hawk War culminated into what has been described as a massacre and slaughter at the Battle of Bad Axe. US troops shot at Indigenous women, children, and men as they were crossing the river to escape as well as injured Indigenous People as they were drowning. US troops scalped victims and tore skin off the backs of the dead. Jeffrey Ostler writes in the Journal of Genocide Research that "The slaughter at Bad Axe is clearly encompassed by Chalk and Jonassohn's definition of genocide as 'a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group.'"

After the war, Black Hawk was taken prisoner of war under Lieutenant Jefferson Davis, who would later become President of the Confederate States of America. In his autobiography, Black Hawk described his imprisonment as torture.
After the war, Andrew Jackson sent Black Hawk on a tour of eastern cities as a trophy of war to show the strength of the United States. Black Hawk attracted large crowds and grew in fame. However, In Detroit crowds hanged and burned an effigy of Black Hawk.
Black Hawk spent the last years of his life in Iowa with his family with the Sacs, where he died.
After his death, his grave was robbed and his head was severed. The rest of his remains were stolen later. One historical account says that his remains were stored at a museum which burned down and were destroyed.

Controversy

Suzan Shown Harjo (Cheyenne and Hodulgee Muscogee), who was awarded the US Presidential Medal of Freedom for decades of American Indian advocacy and is President of the Morning Star Institute, says the Blackhawks have escaped the scrutiny given to other teams using Native imagery because hockey is not a cultural force on the level of football or baseball. American Indian organizations have called for an end to all Indian-related mascots and that she found the hockey team's name and Indian head symbol to be offensive. "It lacks dignity," she said. "There's dignity in a school being named after a person or a people. There's dignity in a health clinic or hospital. There's nothing dignified in something being so named (that is used for) recreation or entertainment or fun." The National Congress of American Indians also opposes the Blackhawks' logo, as it does all Native American mascots. In 2010, sports columnist Damien Cox called on the franchise to retire the "racially insensitive" logo, saying that: "Clearly, no right-thinking person would name a team after an aboriginal figure these days any more than they would use Muslims or Africans or Chinese or any ethnic group to depict a specific sporting notion."

In 2013, WTTW interviewed Chicagoan Anthony Roy, First Nation Ojibway Tribe, who has called for a new logo and mascot, who said "…You can't ignore the history of the time and the ideas and the ideology people of color faced during the creation of mascots. There was forced assimilation and cultural destruction. When the [physical] genocide of the Nation was over, cultural genocide starts. So while children were taken from their families, Native children, …this is alongside the history of sports and the births of sports leagues and many mascots. For instance the residential school my father attended that was around the time of the foundation of the Blackhawks."

In 2015, Mark Chipman, chairman of True North Sports & Entertainment, the owner of the NHL's Winnipeg Jets decided to ban fake Native headdresses at games after meeting with First Nations leaders. The meeting took place in response to a complaint by a Jets fan after seeing a Blackhawks fan in a headdress.

Addressing the controversy
The Blackhawks have worked with the American Indian Center (AIC) to help inform their community and fan base by sharing Native American culture and history. Scott Sypolt, Executive Counsel for the American Indian Center weighed in on the logo and name controversy by stating, "There is a consensus among us that there's a huge distinction between a sports team called the Redskins depicting native people as red, screaming, ignorant savages and a group like the Blackhawks honoring Black Hawk, a true Illinois historical figure."

However, this stance is markedly different from the one previously taken by the American Indian Center, with the shift coming only in the past few years. In 2010, for instance, Joe Podlasek stated that, "The stance is very clear. We want the Chicago Blackhawks logo to change. For us, that's one of our grandfathers. Would you do that with your grandfather's picture? Take it and throw it on a rug? Walk on it and dance on it?" John Blackhawk, Chairman of the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska, has suggested that the change in position for the AIC may be connected to contributions the Blackhawks organization has recently begun making to the center: "We all do contributions, but we don't do it for the sake of wanting to be forgiven for something we've done that's offensive."

In 2019, the American Indian Center of Chicago ended all ties to the Chicago Blackhawks Foundation, stating they will no longer affiliate "with organizations that perpetuate stereotypes through the use of 'Indian' mascots." The AIC noted in its statement that they "previously held a relationship with the Chicago Blackhawks Foundation with the intention of educating the general public about American Indians and the use of logos and mascots. The AIC, along with members of the community have since decided to end this relationship" and stated that "going forward, AIC will have no professional ties with the Blackhawks, or any other organization that perpetuates harmful stereotypes."

After the Washington Redskins announced that they would be changing their name in July 2020, the Blackhawks confirmed that they would continue to use their team name. However, the team did agree to ban Native American headdresses at home games held in the United Center in recognition of being sacred symbols. Before the ban was enacted, there had in fact been incidents where some Blackhawk fans wore headdresses. After the Cleveland Indians announced in December 2020 that the team would change their name after the 2021 season, new CEO Danny Wirtz reiterated that the Blackhawks would not change.

The Chi-Nations Youth Council (CNYC), an Indigenous youth organization in Chicago, said in 2020, "The Chicago Blackhawks name and logo symbolizes a legacy of imperialism and genocide." "As statues of invaders, slave holders, and white supremacists fall across the nation so too should the images and language of the savage and dead 'Indians'." CNYC also noted "As social consciousness has grown over the past decades so has the Blackhawks performative gestures of buying their reprieve from those willing to sell out the health and humanity of our future generations."

Despite this opposition, as of 2022, the Blackhawks have stated their intent to keep the name and imagery, along with their belief that they "honor and celebrate legacy of Black Hawk" and that the name and logo "symbolizes this important and historic person." Their website states that they are working on "educating our staff, fans and local community on the history of Black Hawk and original peoples of Illinois, as well as on Native American contributions to today's society." The website also lists several Native American groups and individuals they donate money to, or hire to do artwork, and posts stories about various Native Americans who are considered members of the "Blackhawks community."

References

Chicago Blackhawks
National Hockey League team mascots
Anti-indigenous racism in the United States
Native American-related controversies
Ice hockey controversies


Theodore Sigritsa () or Sigritzes (died 924) was a Bulgarian military commander and noble, kavkhan (first minister) of Emperor Simeon I (r. 893–927).

In 895 he headed a delegation in Constantinople for exchange of prisoners and captives between Bulgaria and Byzantium during the Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896. In the first year of the Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927 Theodore worked out the prearrangement for peace after arduous and prolonged negotiations, which included the coronation of Simeon as Emperor of the Bulgarians. He participated in a successful campaign against the Principality of Serbia in 917, but in 924 he and Marmais, leading a small army, were ambushed by the Serbs and killed. Their deaths were followed by the Bulgarian annexation in the same year.

References

Sources
Иречек, К. История на българите, 119-129.
Божилов, Ив. Цар Симеон Велики, с. 126,142
Fine (1991)

9th-century births
924 deaths
9th-century Bulgarian people
10th-century Bulgarian people
Medieval Bulgarian nobility
Bulgarian people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
Medieval Bulgarian military personnel
Military personnel killed in action
People of the Bulgarian–Serbian Wars
10th century in Serbia

Theodore Sigritsa


The architectural technologist, also known as a building technologist, provides technical building design services and is trained in architectural technology, building technical design and construction.

Architectural technologists apply the science of architecture and typically concentrate on the technology of building, design technology and construction. The training of an architectural technologist concentrates on the ever-increasingly complex technical aspects in a building project, but matters of aesthetics, space, light and circulation are also involved within the technical design, leading the professional to assume decisions which are also non-technical. They can or may negotiate the construction project, and manage the process from conception through to completion, typically focusing on the technical aspects of a building project.

Most architectural technologists are employed in architectural and engineering firms, or with municipal authorities; but many provide independent professional services directly to clients, although restricted by law in some countries. Others work in product development or sales with manufacturers.

In Britain, Ireland, Sweden, Denmark, Hong-Kong (Chartered Architectural Technologist), Canada (Architectural Technologist or Registered Building Technologist), Argentina (M.M.O Maestro Mayor de Obras / Chartered Architecture & Building Science Technologist) and other nations, they have many abilities which are extremely useful in a technological sense to work alongside architects, engineers and other professionals - the training of a technologist  provides skills in building and architectural technology. It is an important role in the current building climate. Architectural technologists may be directors or shareholders of an architectural firm (where permitted by the jurisdiction and legal structure). To become an Architectural Technologist, a four-year degree (or equivalent) in Architectural Technology (in Canada normally a three year diploma) is required, which can be followed by a Master's Degree, with structured professional and occupational experience.

By country

Canada
Most provinces in Canada have an association representing Architectural Technologists and Technicians.

In the province of Ontario, the Association of Architectural Technologists of Ontario (AATO) was founded in 1969. The Association holds four titles, Architectural Technologist, Registered Building Technologist, Architectural Technician and Registered Building Technician and the French equivalent of each title. The Association recognizes students and has an Internship process for members that incorporates both education and work experience for members. Our membership is involved in all aspects of the construction industry and often form part of the team of professionals on all types of projects.

Republic of Ireland
In the Republic of Ireland, the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland RIAI declares being the leading professional body for Architectural Technologists in Ireland. The RIAI recognises the professional Architectural Technologist as a technical designer, skilled in the application and integration of construction technologies in the building design process. RIAI Architectural Technologists are recognised as professional partners to Architects in the delivery of exemplary buildings in the Republic of Ireland and worldwide. However, the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland has always prevented its technician members to provide a full architectural service. Many qualified architectural technologists believe that a conflict of interest exists, that the RIAI represents architects and cannot adequately defend the interests of architectural technologists: "The RIAI acts as the Registration Body and Competent Authority for "Architects" in Ireland and only provides support services for Irish AT'".

Another representative body is the Chartered Institute of Architectural Technologists (CIAT). The technologist membership of the RIAI (RIAI tech) is equivalent to the associate membership of CIAT (ACIAT). Chartered members of CIAT (MCIAT) are qualified and recognised to lead a project from inception through to completion. The RIAI and the CIAT were represented within the Building Regulations Advisory Body (BRAB) which advised the Minister for the Environment on matters relating to the Building Regulations. BRAB is no longer active.  CIAT is now challenging the Building Control Regulations 2014, which are depriving its members from providing full architectural services in the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Government appears to have no valid reason to prevent CIAT members from practising in the Republic of Ireland. The restrictions imposed on members of the CIAT are viewed as anti-competitive and in breach of European Law for free movement of services. The CIAT is awaiting for an opinion from the European Commission on this issue.

South Africa
In South Africa the profession is by the South African Institute of Architectural Technologists SAIAT. Senior architectural technologists (10 years or more in practice) enjoy the same statute than architects. The South African Institute of Architects (SAIA) explains that: "Architecture can be practiced in one of four categories of registered person, namely professional architect, professional senior architectural technologist, professional technologist or professional draughtsperson. The possibility of progression from one category to the next has been provided for in the Regulations."

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, chartered architectural technologists enjoy the same status as architects. They deliver similar services with a different orientation. The Chartered Institute of Architectural Technologists CIAT regulates the profession. CIAT defines chartered architectural technologists as follow: Chartered Architectural Technologists provide architectural design services and solutions. They are specialists in the science of architecture, building design and construction and form the link between concept and construction. They negotiate the construction project and manage the process from conception through to completion. Chartered Architectural Technologists, MCIAT, may practise on their own account or with fellow Chartered Architectural Technologists, architects, engineers, surveyors and other professionals within the construction industry. As professionals adhering to a Code of Conduct, they are required to obtain and maintain mandatory Professional Indemnity Insurance (PII) if providing services directly to clients. They specify products with reference to the RIBA Product Selector, Architects Standard Catalogue, Barbour Index and trade literature.

See also

Architect
Architectural drawing
Architectural engineering
Architectural technology
Building engineer
Building engineering
Building services engineering
Project engineering
Construction manager
Construction engineering
Construction engineer
Drafter
Engineering technician
Engineering technologist

References

External links
 CIAT's website for Chartered Architectural Technologists
 British Columbia Institute of Technology
 South African Institute of Architectural Technologist
 Architectural Technology Ireland
 Architectural Technology Ontario
 Architectural and Building Technologists Association of Manitoba

Architectural design
Architecture occupations
Building engineering
Draughtsmen
Technicians

Architectural technologist


Simon Thoumire is a Scottish musician and an English concertina virtuoso.

Thoumire has played all over the world. A winner of the BBC Radio 2 Young Tradition Award in 1989, Thoumire has always been keen to explore different genres of music, releasing many records over the years delving into folk, jazz, improvisation and composition (see discography). He has also pursued interests in the industry side of traditional music forming Foot Stompin' Records in 1997, Scottish Traditional Music Trust (2000) and Hands Up for Trad (2003).

References

External links

Distil
Hands Up for Trad

Concertina players
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Simon Thoumire


Karolina Nowakowska (born 17 May 1982 in Warsaw) is a Polish actress, dancer and vocalist. Known primarily with the role of Olga in the M jak miłość. She played among others in the city law, Pitbull 2, Na wspólnej, Kryminalni. She is a graduate of the Higher School of Journalism M. Wankowicz and music school. Then she studied acting in school at Warsaw's Jewish Theater.
Carolina as a dancer in step won, among others Champion of the Czech Republic (1996), the Champion of Poland (1999) and the Polish Cup (2001). From 7 March to 25 April took part in the second edition of the Stars dancing on ice. Her partner was Filip Bernadowski. Dropped out in the 7th section, covering 6 place. From 6 September to 6 December 2008, she participated in the fourth edition of the program Jak oni śpiewają(Soapstar Superstar), taking second place.

Filmography

 Mięso (Ironica) (1993) as dziewczynka w stroju komunijnym
 Decyzja należy do ciebie (1999) as Anielka
 Policjanci (1999) as Bożenka
 To my (2000) as herself
 Kariera Nikosia Dyzmy (2002)
 Kasia i Tomek (2002–2003) as Uczestniczka prezentacji kosmetyków
 Samo Życie (2002–2008) as Joasia, recepcjonista w redakcji gazety 'Samo Życie'
 Lokatorzy (2003) as panna młoda, klientka restauracji Jacka
 Na Wspólnej (2003–2008) as a wife of Damian
 Zostać miss 2 (2003) as Magda "Komandoska"
 Dziki (2004)
 Kryminalni (2004–2008) as Barmanka/Sabina, żona Łukasza Czecha
 Klinika samotnych serc (2005) as Gabi, modelka
 Pogromczynie mitów (2005) as Ankietowana
 Pitbull (2005–2008) as Prosecutor
 M jak Miłość (2007–2008) as Olga Jankowska, girlfriend of Kuba
 Prawo miasta (2007) as recepcjonistka w firmie Woytowicza

Teatr TV

 Portret słabego pianisty (1994) as Ola
 Blues (1999) as Girl

Polish dubbing
 Szóstka w pracy (2004)
 Battle B-Daman (2005) as Karat

External links
 Official site of Karolina Nowakowska

Living people
1982 births
Polish actresses

Karolina Nowakowska


Hugh Roger McDonald (born 23 June 1941 in Young, New South Wales) is an Australian author of several novels and a number of non-fiction works. He is also an accomplished poet and TV scriptwriter.

Life and career
The middle son of a Presbyterian minister, Hugh Fraser McDonald, 1909–81, and the Central Queensland historian, Dr Lorna McDonald, 1916–2017, his childhood was spent in the NSW country towns of Bribbaree, Temora, and Bourke, before the family moved to Sydney. He attended The Scots College and the University of Sydney.

He was briefly a teacher, ABC producer, and publisher's editor in NSW, Tasmania, and Queensland, before moving to Canberra and taking up writing full-time in 1976, in order to complete his first novel, 1915. McDonald has since 1980 lived near Braidwood, NSW, apart from periods in Sydney and New Zealand.

His novels are 1915, Slipstream, Rough Wallaby, Water Man, The Slap, Mr Darwin's Shooter, The Ballad of Desmond Kale, When Colts Ran, The Following and A Sea-Chase. Non-fiction: Shearers' Motel and The Tree In Changing Light.

1915 won The Age Book of the Year in 1979 and the South Australian Biennial Literature Prize in 1980. In 1982 it was made into a seven-part ABC-TV television series. (Scripting: Peter Yeldham)

Shearers' Motel won the 1993 Banjo National Book Council Banjo Award for non-fiction. It was filmed as "Cross Turning Over" for ABC-TV in 1996 (Director: Robert Klenner)

McDonald was nominated for the Miles Franklin Award in 1994 for Water Man, and in 1999 for Mr Darwin's Shooter, which in that year won the New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards, the Victorian Premier's Literary Award, the South Australian Premier's Awards, and the Adelaide Festival Book of the Year.

The Ballad of Desmond Kale won the Miles Franklin Award in 2006 and the Adelaide Festival Prize for Fiction in 2008. McDonald won the O. Henry Award in 2008 for "The Bullock Run" (USA). This story forms the basis of chapters 15 and 16 of When Colts Ran.

McDonald's eighth novel,  When Colts Ran, 2010, was shortlisted for the 2011 Miles Franklin Award, the 2011 Victorian Premier's Prize for Fiction, and the 2011 Prime Minister's Literary Award for Fiction.

His ninth novel, The Following, was published in 2013. A fictionalised reimagining of the life of Australian Prime Minister Ben Chifley, the story centres on the rise to prominence and legacy of Marcus Friendly. Of the book, Sydney Morning Herald reviewer Daniel Herborn wrote: 'The Following is just as interested in the sweep of history as in those who are caught up in, and occasionally influence, the great social changes it surveys. Its themes of destiny, sectarianism and political patronage echo across generations as the influence of Friendly rises and wanes.'

His tenth novel, A Sea-Chase was published in October 2017. The book follows the fortunes of young teacher Judy Compton. After fleeing a rioting classroom one dismal Friday, she gets drunk and wakes up on a boat. Overnight her life changes; she is in love with being on the water and in love with Wes Bannister. But then events at sea challenge everything she holds dearest...

Bibliography

Novels
 1915 (1979)
 Slipstream (1982)
 Melba (1988) (film novelisation)
 Rough Wallaby (1988)
 Flynn (1992) (film novelisation)
 Water Man (1993)
 The Slap (1996)
 Mr Darwin's Shooter (1998)
 The Ballad of Desmond Kale (2006)
 When Colts Ran (2010)
 The Following (2013)
 A Sea-Chase (2017)

Non-fiction
 Mike Willesee's Australians (1988)
 Reflecting Labour: Images of Myth and Origin Over 100 Years (1991)
 Shearers' Motel (1992)
 Australia's Flying Doctors (1994) (text for Richard Woldendorp photographs)
 The Tree in Changing Light (2001)
 Wool: The Australian Story (2003) (text for Richard Woldendorp photographs)
 Australia's Wild Places (2009). Canberra: National Library of Australia

Poetry
 Citizens of Mist (1969)
 Airship (1975)

Edited
 The First Paperback Poets Anthology (1974)
 Gone Bush (1990)

Television scripts
 Melba (1988)
 Cross Turning Over (1995), part of the anthology series Naked: Stories of Men

References

External links
Roger McDonald Penguin Random House Australia author page
Roger McDonald blog "The Following" 2013

1941 births
Living people
Australian non-fiction writers
Australian poets
Australian screenwriters
Miles Franklin Award winners
People from Young, New South Wales
People educated at Scots College (Sydney)
University of Sydney alumni
Writers from New South Wales
20th-century Australian novelists
21st-century Australian novelists
20th-century Australian male writers
21st-century Australian male writers
Australian male novelists
Male non-fiction writers

Roger McDonald