A gas flare, alternatively known as a flare stack, flare boom, ground flare, or flare pit, is a gas combustion device used in places such as petroleum refineries, chemical plants and natural gas processing plants, oil or gas extraction sites having oil wells, gas wells, offshore oil and gas rigs and landfills.

In industrial plants, flare stacks are primarily used for burning off flammable gas released by safety valves during unplanned overpressuring of plant equipment. During plant or partial plant startups and shutdowns, they are also often used for the planned combustion of gases over relatively short periods.

At oil and gas extraction sites, gas flares are similarly used for a variety of startup, maintenance, testing, safety, and emergency purposes.  In a practice known as production flaring, they may also be used to dispose of large amounts of unwanted associated petroleum gas, possibly throughout the life of an oil well.

Overall flare system in industrial plants

When industrial plant equipment items are overpressured, the pressure relief valve is an essential safety device that automatically releases gases and sometimes liquids. Those pressure relief valves are required by industrial design codes and standards as well as by law.

The released gases and liquids are routed through large piping systems called flare headers to a vertical elevated flare. The released gases are burned as they exit the flare stacks. The size and brightness of the resulting flame depends upon the flammable material's flow rate in joules per hour (or btu per hour).

Most industrial plant flares have a vapor–liquid separator (also known as a knockout drum) upstream of the flare to remove any large amounts of liquid that may accompany the relieved gases.

Steam is very often injected into the flame to reduce the formation of black smoke. When too much steam is added, a condition known as "oversteaming" can occur resulting in reduced combustion efficiency and higher emissions. To keep the flare system functional, a small amount of gas is continuously burned, like a pilot light, so that the system is always ready for its primary purpose as an overpressure safety system.

The adjacent flow diagram depicts the typical components of an overall industrial flare stack system:

 A knockout drum to remove any oil or water from the relieved gases. There may be several knock out drums: high-pressure and low-pressure drums taking relief flow from high-pressure and low-pressure equipment. A cold relief drum which is segregated from wet relief system because of the risk of freezing.
 A water seal drum to prevent any flashback of the flame from the top of the flare stack.
 An alternative gas recovery system for use during partial plant startups and shutdowns as well as other times when required. The recovered gas is routed into the fuel gas system of the overall industrial plant.
 A steam injection system to provide an external momentum force used for efficient mixing of air with the relieved gas, which promotes smokeless burning.
 A pilot flame (with its ignition system) that burns all the time so that it is available to ignite relieved gases when needed.
The flare stack, including a flashback prevention section at the upper part of the stack.
The schematic shows a pipe flare tip. The flare tip can have several configurations:

 a simple pipe flare
 a sonic tip – upstream pressure > 5 bar
 a multi nozzle tip, sonic or subsonic
 a Coandă tip – a profiled tip using the Coandă effect to entrain air into the gas to improve combustion.

Flare stack height
The height of a flare stack, or the reach of a flare boom, is determined by the thermal radiation that is permissible or tolerable for equipment or personnel to be exposed to. For continuous exposure of personnel wearing appropriate industrial clothing a maximum radiation level of 1.58 kW/m2 (500 Btu/hr.ft²) is recommended. Higher radiation levels are permissible but for reduced exposure times:

 4.73 kW/m2 (1500 Btu/hr.ft²) would limit exposure to 3 to 4 minutes
 6.31 kW/m2 (2000 Btu/hr.ft²) would limit exposure to 30 seconds.

Ground flares
Ground flares are designed to hide the flame from sight and to reduce thermal radiation and noise. They comprise a steel box or cylinder lined with refractory material. They are open at the top and have openings around the base to allow combustion air to enter. They may have an array of multiple flare tips to provide turndown capability and to spread the flame across the cross-section of the flare. They are generally used onshore in environmentally sensitive areas and have been used offshore on floating production storage and offloading installations (FPSOs).

Crude oil production flares

When crude oil is extracted and produced from oil wells, raw natural gas associated with the oil is brought to the surface as well. Especially in areas of the world lacking pipelines and other gas transportation infrastructure, vast amounts of such associated gas are commonly flared as waste or unusable gas. The flaring of associated gas may occur at the top of a vertical flare stack, or it may occur in a ground-level flare in an earthen pit (as in the adjacent photo). Preferably, associated gas is reinjected into the reservoir, which saves it for future use while maintaining higher well pressure and crude oil producibility.

Advances in satellite monitoring, along with voluntary reporting, have revealed that about 150 × 109 cubic meters (5.3 × 1012 cubic feet) of associated gas have been flared globally each year since at least the mid-1990s until 2020. In 2011, that was equivalent to about 25 percent of the annual natural gas consumption in the United States or about 30 per cent of the annual gas consumption in the European Union.  At market, this quantity of gas—at a nominal value of $5.62 per 1000 cubic feet—would be worth US$29.8 billion.
Additionally, the waste is a significant source of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions.

Biogas flares

An important source of anthropogenic methane comes from the treatment and storage of organic waste material including waste water, animal waste and landfill. Gas flares are used in any process that results in the generation and collection of biogas. As a result, gas flares are a standard component of an installation for controlling the production of biogas. They are installed on landfill sites, waste water treatment plant and anaerobic digestion plant that use agriculturally or domestically produced organic waste to produce methane for use as a fuel or for heating.

Gas flares on biogas collection systems are used if the gas production rates are not sufficient to warrant use in any industrial process. However, on a plant where the gas production rate is sufficient for direct use in an industrial process that could be classified as part of the circular economy, and that may include the generation of electricity, the production of natural gas quality biogas for vehicle fuel or for heating in buildings, drying refuse-derived fuel or leachate treatment, gas flares are used as a back-up system during down-time for maintenance or breakdown of generation equipment. In this latter case, generation of biogas cannot normally be interrupted, and a gas flare is employed to maintain the internal pressure on the biological process.

There are two types of gas flare used for controlling biogas, open or enclosed. Open flares burn at a lower temperature, less than 1000 °C and are generally cheaper than enclosed flares that burn at a higher combustion temperature and are usually supplied to conform to a specific residence time of 0.3s within the chimney to ensure complete destruction of the toxic elements contained within the biogas. Flare specification usually demands that enclosed flares must operate at >1000 °C and <1200 °C; this in order to ensure a 98% destruction efficient and avoid the formation of NOx.

Environmental impacts

The natural gas that is not combusted by a flare is vented into the atmosphere as methane. Methane's estimated global warming potential is 28-36 times greater than that of CO2 over the course of a century, and 84-87 times greater over two decades. Therefore, to the extent that gas flares convert methane to CO2 before it is released into the atmosphere, they reduce the amount of global warming that would otherwise occur.

Flaring emissions contributed to 270 Mt (megatonnes) of CO2 in 2017 and reducing flaring emissions is thought to be an important component in curbing global warming. An increasing number of governments and industries have pledged to eliminate or reduce flaring. The Global Methane Pledge signed at COP26, in which 111 nations committed to reducing methane emissions by at least 30 percent from 2020 levels by 2030, is also playing a role in raising the global focus on methane.

Additional noxious fumes emitted by flaring may include, aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylenes) and benzo(a)pyrene, which are known to be carcinogenic. A 2013 study found that gas flares contributed over 40% of the black carbon deposited in the Arctic.

Flaring can affect wildlife by attracting birds and insects to the flame. Approximately 7,500 migrating songbirds were attracted to and killed by the flare at the liquefied natural gas terminal in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada on September 13, 2013. Similar incidents have occurred at flares on offshore oil and gas installations. Moths are known to be attracted to lights. A brochure published by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity describing the Global Taxonomy Initiative describes a situation where "a taxonomist working in a tropical forest noticed that a gas flare at an oil refinery was attracting and killing hundreds of these [hawk or sphinx] moths. Over the course of the months and years that the refinery was running a vast number of moths must have been killed, suggesting that plants could not be pollinated over a large area of forest".

Adverse health effects
Flares release several different chemicals including: benzene, particulates, nitrogen oxides, heavy metals, black carbon, and carbon monoxide. Several of these pollutants correlate with preterm birth and reduced newborn birth weight. According to one study from 2020, pregnant women living near flaring natural gas and oil wells have reportedly experienced a 50% greater premature birth rate. Flares may emit methane and other volatile organic compounds as well as sulfur dioxide and other sulfur compounds, which are known to exacerbate asthma and other respiratory disease.

A 2021 study found that a 1% increase in flared natural gas increases the respiratory-related hospitalization rate by 0.73%.

See also
 Blowdown stack
 Flue-gas stack
 Gas venting

References

Further reading

 Flare and Vent Disposal Systems on PetroWiki

Media

Fuels
Oil refining
Air pollution
Air pollution control systems
Volatile organic compound abatement
Gas technologies

Gas flare


Varkaus is a town in Northern Savonia, Finland. As of January 2014 Varkaus had a population almost of 22,100 people. Neighbouring municipalities are Heinävesi, Joroinen, Leppävirta, Rantasalmi and Savonlinna.

The former municipality of Kangaslampi was merged with Varkaus on 1 January 2005.

In Joroinen is a small airport called Varkauden lenteasema.

Other websites

 Website, finnish, english and in russian

Municipalities of North Savo

Varkaus


A yam is a root vegetable. It is similar to a sweet potato, but not related to them. The inside of a yam is white or orange. Yams are related to lilies and grasses.

Yam is the common name for some species in the genus Dioscorea.  These are perennial vines grown to eat.  They are grown in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean and Oceania. 95 percent of world's yam crop is harvested in West Africa.

Yam is a vegetable that can be cooked in many ways. It can be barbecued; roasted; fried; grilled; boiled; baked; smoked and when grated it is used in desserts.

Yam tubers can grow up to 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) in length and weigh up to 70 kilograms (154 lb) and 3 to 6 inches high.  The skin is rough and hard to peel.  It softens after heating.  The inside ranges in color from white or yellow to purple or pink in mature yams.

Some people in the United States and Canada call the sweet potato a yam, but it is not a yam.

Root vegetables
Monocots

Yam


Dame Sister Mary Philippa Brazill, DBE, LLD (24 December 1895, County Limerick, Ireland — 1 January 1988), generally known as Sister Philippa, was an Australian nursing educator and administrator.

Background
Born as Johanna Brazill but known as Josephine from an early age. She relocated to Australia as a child. She completed her secondary education at Sacred Heart College, Geelong, before commencing her religious training in 1915. She took the religious name of Sister Mary Philippa after entering the Sisters of Mercy on 10 January 1918, aged 21. After graduating from the Teachers' Training College at Ascot Vale, she taught at several schools in Victoria, Australia. In 1928 she entered the nursing staff of St Benedict's Hospital, Malvern, which had been acquired by the Sisters of Mercy.

Work
She completed her training at Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Brisbane. She toured several American hospitals over a period of at least six months, gather ideas for incorporation into the plans of the St Benedict's Sisters for the establishment of a Hospital for Women. When the Mercy Private Hospital was opened in 1935, Sister Philippa was named its first matron, being responsible for setting the patient care standards and for introducing general nurse training. From 1954-59 she served as Provincial of the Sisters of Mercy in Victoria and Tasmania, after which she returned to the Mercy Private Hospital.

Honours/awards
In 1979 Sister Philippa was knighted as a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire for outstanding service in the field of health care. On 1 August 1981, the University of Melbourne awarded her the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws in recognition of her services to women and family life. She was the first nun to receive the award from the University.

Death
She died 1 January 1988, shortly after her 91st birthday.

References

1896 births
1988 deaths
Australian nurses
Irish emigrants to Australia
Australian Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
People from Victoria (state)
Sisters of Mercy
20th-century Australian Roman Catholic nuns
Australian women nurses

Sister Philippa Brazill


Frank Durkan (13 August 1930 – 16 November 2006) was an Irish-American attorney best known for having represented numerous members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), including avowed IRA gun-runner George Harrison, who stood trial, and was acquitted, in 1982.

In another prominent case, which occurred the previous year, Durkan convinced a federal magistrate to deny the United Kingdom's request that Desmond Mackin - accused of shooting a British soldier-  be extradited to British custody.

Born in Bohola, County Mayo, Durkan immigrated to the United States in 1947, aged 17. He stayed with his uncle, William O'Dwyer, the eldest brother of his mother, Mary. "Bill" O'Dwyer was the Mayor of New York City at the time, while his uncle, Paul O'Dwyer, was an influential activist who would later become president of the New York City Council. "The kid" was quickly whisked away to a small apartment in the Bronx to earn his way.  In the meantime, he worked as a liquor store clerk, janitor and car park while being encouraged to follow in the "legal" familial footsteps.

A graduate of Columbia University, 1951, he would earn his law degree from New York Law School two years later, after which he would serve as a clerk for the law firm of O'Dwyer & Bernstein, where Paul O'Dwyer was the senior partner. He, along with Paul's son Brian, were the senior partners at the time of his death.

In addition to representing accused members of the IRA he would also practice malpractice and negligence law, and - towards the twilight of his career- indulge in political campaigns aimed at legitimizing the cause of the new IRA within American political circles by lobbying the government on behalf of Irish-American republicans and Irish nationalists; he was ultimately unsuccessful by the 1990s when a client Joe Doherty was deported in 1992 after 10 years of litigation.

He died on 16 November 2006, aged 76, in Greenwich, Connecticut from complications from RA-induced pulmonary fibrosis. He was survived by his wife, Monica, two daughters, Mary Louise and Aisling, a son-in-law, Stead, and two grandchildren, Brian and Declan.

References

External links
Frank Durkan New York Times obituary.
Odwyer & Bernstien, LLP: Frank Durkan
Friends Celebrate Durkan Landmark
Frank Durkan Papers at Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives at New York University

New York (state) lawyers
1930 births
2006 deaths
Columbia University alumni
Irish emigrants to the United States
Lawyers from County Mayo
People from Rye, New York
Provisional Irish Republican Army
20th-century American lawyers
People from Bohola

Frank Durkan


The 1936 Soviet Constitution also called the Stalin Constitution was the second constitution of the Soviet Union adopted by Joseph Stalin and it was the longest lasting of all Soviet constitutions, running for 31 years. The 1936 constitution nominally granted all manner of rights to the Soviet people. In practice however, this constitution helped cement Stalin's totalitarian power and rubberstamped the Great Purge and other Soviet purges.

1936
Constitutions of the Soviet Union
1930s in the Soviet Union

1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union


Richard Pococke (19 November 1704 – 25 September 1765) was an English-born churchman, inveterate traveller and travel writer. He was the Bishop of Ossory (1756–65) and Meath (1765), both dioceses of the Church of Ireland. However, he is best known for his travel writings and diaries.

Biography
Pococke was born in Southampton and educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, receiving a Bachelor of Law degree. His father was the Reverend Richard Pococke and his mother was Elizabeth Milles, the daughter of Rev. Isaac Milles the younger, son of Rev. Isaac Milles (1638–1720). His parents were married on 26 April 1698. Pococke's uncle, Thomas Milles, was a professor of Greek. He was also distantly related to Edward Pococke, the English Orientalist and biblical scholar. Rev. Jeremiah II Milles (1714–1784) was a first cousin.

His family connections meant he advanced rapidly in the church, becoming vicar-general of the Diocese of Waterford and Lismore.

Travels in Europe (1733–34) and the Near East (1737–40)

Between 1733 and 1741 he undertook two Grand Tours with his cousin, Jeremiah Milles. The first (1733–34) was to France and Italy and the second (1737) was to various European countries, then again Italy. Milles was recalled in 1737 to attend his uncle, the Bishop of Waterford & Lismore, leaving Pococke to continue his major excursion to the Middle East. He returned via Italy in 1741, visiting the Alps on his way back to England by 1742. He was considered one of the first Alpine travellers.

Detailed accounts of his travels survive in a collection of letters written to Pococke's mother and their mutual uncle, the Bishop, as well as in a number of note-books (British Library, Add. Ms. 19939, 15779, 22998, etc.). The earlier manuscripts, recently edited and published by Rachel Finnegan, include probably the most detailed description of Venice's "Marriage to the Sea" ceremony as well as precious information on contemporary music, especially opera.

From 1737 to 1741 he visited the Middle East, visiting Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon & Syria, Asia Minor and Greece. These travels were later published in his Description of the East of 1743 and 1745, works which were praised by Edward Gibbon. The complete collection of correspondence written to his mother from his Eastern voyage is now in print (2013), thus completing the publication of all his known travels. Among other things, he was one of the European travellers to give an account of the origins of the medieval Arabic document, the Achtiname of Muhammad, which claims that Muhammad had personally confirmed a grant of protection and other privileges to the monks of Saint Catherine's Monastery in Egypt.

Irish tour (1747–60)
During the years 1747–60, Pococke made a number of tours around various parts of Ireland. The longest of these tours occurred in 1752, when he travelled to just over half of Ireland's counties. He kept a record of this tour, but did not publish it. It ended up in the library of Trinity College, Dublin. Eventually, in 1891, an edited edition of Pococke's 1752 tour was published by George Thomas Stokes.

Tours in Scotland  (1747, 1750, 1760)
Pococke made three tours in Scotland.   The first two were quite short, the third in 1760 very extensive taking him as far north as Orkney. The first tour commenced on 27 September 1747 and finished on 26 October of the same year. During that month, he visited Edinburgh, Stirling, Glasgow and Ayr, returning to Ireland via Port Patrick. The second tour was very short, only a few days duration. He crossed from Carlisle on 16 July 1750, visiting Dumfries and Drumlanrig Castle before returning via Carlisle.

The third tour was far more extensive, lasting nearly five months (excepting 8 May to 22 May spent in the north of England). He crossed from Port Patrick on 30 April 1760, returning via Berwick on Tweed on 22 Sept of the same year. His itinerary took him in a clockwise circuit round most of Scotland, including Loch Lomond, Iona, Fort William, Inverness, the North West, Orkney, the North East, Perth, Fife and Edinburgh, finishing at Berwick on Tweed.

In his Tours of Scotland of 1760 he observed marmalade at breakfast "there is always, besides butter and toasted bread, honey and jelly of currants and preserved orange peel".

His travels and observations were recorded in a series of letters to his mother and sister, these letters being subsequently edited by him and transcribed into four manuscript quarto volumes.  These were published for the first time by the Scottish History Society in 1887, this being the Society's first Volume.

Episcopal office and further travels
While known for his travels and travel writing, Pococke also seemed to have been a conscientious churchman: despite the time he spent travelling, his privileged background and reasonable wealth, in an age when the Anglican church was under some criticism for its lax ways.

He came from a family of Anglican clergymen, his father and grandfather both being vicars. He was also related to the Bishop of Waterford and Lismore in Ireland, his uncle Thomas Milles. Following his education at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, he was ordained in 1725, his uncle appointing him to the Precentorship of Lismore. Although he was English, his whole forty-year life of service to the church was spent in the Church of Ireland, eleven of them as a bishop. He was in effect part of the Anglo-Irish social class.

In 1734 he was appointed Vicar-General of the Dioceses of Waterford and Lismore. The following year, he was made Precentor of Waterford. The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the Earl of Chesterfield, then promoted him in 1745 to the Archdeaconry of Dublin. In 1756 the Archdeacon received an important preferment when he was appointed as a bishop, the Bishop of Ossory.  In 1765, having briefly been appointed the Bishop of Elphin, the Bishopric of Meath became vacant and Pococke was translated directly from Ossory to Meath in July; he died three months later (DNB 1885 - 1900/Richard Pococke).

He seemed to have enjoyed a reputation as a preacher. On his tours in Scotland, he visited many Episcopal (i.e. Anglican) congregations, and preached and confirmed in them all,'Bishop Pococke was the only Bishop of the Church of England, since the Revolution, that preached and confirmed in Scotland when Episcopacy was there abolished. For in the summer of 1760, this prelate made a journey from Ireland to the north parts of it (Scotland). . . He preached and confirmed in the English Church in Elgin, and continued to do so in every other of that persuasion which he had occasion to be near, greatly regarded and esteemed by all ranks and degrees of people.' The Cambridge Chronicle, October 5, 1765.He spent many of his later years in travel throughout Britain and Ireland, publishing accounts of many of his journeys. For example, during early 1751 he toured northeast Lancashire visiting Clitheroe, and Whalley, amongst other places.  He died of apoplexy during a visitation at Charleville Castle, near Tullamore, County Offaly, Ireland, in 1765. On his death, many of his manuscripts were given to the British Library.

He was buried at Ardbraccan, County Meath, Ireland.

Works
 Works by Richard Pococke in Internet Archive
 A Description of the East and Some other Countries, Vol. I: Observations on Egypt, W. Boyer, London, 1743.
 A Description of the East and Some other Countries, Vol. II, W. Boyer, London, 1745 – divided into two parts:
 Part 1, Observations on Palæstina or the Holy Land, Syria, Mesopotamia, Cyprus, and Candia.
 Part 2, Observations on the islands of the Archipelago, Asia Minor, Thrace, Greece, and some other parts of Europe.
 Tours in Scotland, 1747, 1750, 1760 , Scottish History Society, Edinburgh 1887 (online via National Library of Scotland)
 The Travels through England of Dr. Richard Pococke, successively Bishop of Meath and of Ossory, During 1750, 1751, and Later Years (Camden Society, 1888, vol. 42)

Mrs Elizabeth Montagu's description
In a letter to Mrs. Donnellan dated Sandleford, 30 December 1750, Mrs. Montagu wrote:
... We have a loss in not having Dr. Pococke here this Christmas, as we expected. The conversation of a man of letters, and a traveller, is very agreeable in the country. Now I am out of the sphere of attraction of the great city of London, I am as well pleased to hear of some custom at Constantinople as of a new fashion in London; and the Nile is as much my thought as the Thames...

References

Footnotes

Sources

Notes and Queries. London, 1859.
Nichols, John. Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century. 6 vols. Vol. 2. London, 1812.
St. John, James Augustus. The Lives of Celebrated Travellers. 3 vols. Vol. 2. New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1859.
Ratliff, Brandie. "The monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai and the Christian communities of the Caliphate." Sinaiticus. The bulletin of the Saint Catherine Foundation (2008).
Stokes, George Thomas (ed.). Pococke's Tour in Ireland in 1752. Dublin: Hodges Figgis & Co., 1891.
Chrissochoidis, Ilias. "Musical References in Richard Pococke's Early Correspondence (1734–37)". Society for Eighteenth-Century Music Newsletter 17 (September 2010 – April 2011), 5.
Damiani, Anita. Enlightened Observers: British Travelers to the Near East, 1717–1850, American University of Beirut, 1979, pp. 70–104

External links

Google Book Search, A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels in All Parts of the World: Many of which are Now First Translated Into English, 1811. The full text of Pococke's "A Description of the East and Some other Countries, Vol. II (1745)" p. 406 – p. 770
Google Book Search, A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels in All Parts of the World: Many of which are Now First Translated Into English, 1814. The full text of Pococke's "A Description of the East and Some other Countries, Vol. I (1743)" p. 163 – p. 402
Letters from Abroad: The Grand Tour Correspondence of Richard Pococke and Jeremiah Milles. Volume 1, Letters from the Continent (1733–34). Finnegan, Rachel (Ed.), Published by Pococke Press, 2011;
Letters from Abroad: The Grand Tour Correspondence of Richard Pococke and Jeremiah Milles. Volume 2, Letters from the Continent (1736–37). Finnegan, Rachel (Ed.), Published by Pococke Press, 2012;
Letters from Abroad: The Grand Tour Correspondence of Richard Pococke and Jeremiah Milles. Volume 3, Letters from the East(1737–41). Finnegan, Rachel (Ed.), Published by Pococke Press, 2013;

1704 births
1765 deaths
Clergy from Southampton
Anglican bishops of Ossory
Anglican bishops of Meath
English anthropologists
18th-century travel writers
British travel writers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Writers from Southampton

Richard Pococke


On 9 January 2008, 22-year-old Sophie Kate Elliott (born 11 June 1985) was stabbed to death by ex-boyfriend Clayton Robert Weatherston (born 9 January 1976), in Dunedin, New Zealand. The crime and trial were covered extensively in the news media, and contributed to the government abolishing the partial defence of provocation in cases of murder.

Murder
Elliott and Weatherston had a romantic relationship which lasted around six months and ended before her death. In court, witnesses described the relationship as troubled. Weatherston had been an economics lecturer at the University of Otago, and also taught Elliott, who completed an honours degree in economics. On the day she died, she was packing to relocate to Wellington the next day, and start a job at the New Zealand Treasury.

At around 12:30 pm on 9 January 2008, Sophie Elliott and her mother Lesley were at the family home in the suburb of Ravensbourne northeast of the city centre when Weatherston arrived unannounced, saying he had a farewell present. A short time later Lesley heard her daughter screaming. A New Zealand Police officer, Constable John Cunningham, responding to a 111 call from Lesley found Weatherston locked in Sophie's bedroom. When asked what he had done, he told the officer "I killed her". He was then arrested and taken into custody.

Forensic pathologist Martin Sage performed the autopsy the next day, and found Elliott died from blood loss. Two wounds pierced her heart and one lung, with other wounds to her neck and throat severing the main artery and the major vein. In total she received 216 separate injuries, mostly stab wounds from a knife blade, with some inflicted by scissors. Additionally there were seven blunt force injuries. The pathologist found some defensive wounds, and that the attack targeted aspects of beauty and was intended to disfigure.

Trial
At the end of a week-long depositions hearing during May 2008 in the Dunedin High Court, Weatherston pleaded not guilty and was committed for trial by two justices of the peace. The trial moved to the Christchurch High Court for suppressed reasons, and was scheduled to start on 22 June 2009. Weatherston was represented by Judith Ablett-Kerr QC, who argued a defence of provocation. The knife used in the attack came from Weatherston's kitchen; the defence stated he carried it concealed all the time for self-defence. Two psychiatrists also appeared for the defence, stating he had narcissistic personality disorder.

After a five-week trial the jury returned a verdict of guilty on 22 July, and on 15 September Justice Judith Potter sentenced Weatherston to life imprisonment with a minimum non-parole period of 18 years, saying she believed the killing was deliberate and controlled. The news media in November 2009 revealed that the victim impact statement of Sophie Elliott's father had been censored at the request of the judge, preventing him from addressing some of the claims Weatherston made during the trial.

Appeal
On 13 October 2009, Weatherston's lawyers filed an appeal, claiming there was a "lynch mob" mentality over his actions.

On 7 April 2011, Weatherston's lawyer Robert Lithgow QC appealed the 2009 verdict before the Court of Appeal on seven grounds, including that Weatherston did not receive a fair trial due to widespread media coverage, with the magazine Listener attacking the provocation defence. Lithgow also argued that comments made by Law Commission deputy president Warren Young unduly influenced the Christchurch jury, and challenged the use of photographs of the wounds Weatherston inflicted on Elliott as exhibits.

Crown prosecutor Cameron Mander opposed these arguments, pointing out that the jury had been directed to ignore media coverage of the case and that Young's attack on provocation could not be linked specifically to the Elliott murder. Elliott's parents and Sensible Sentencing Trust spokesman Garth McVicar also criticised the appeal.

Three Court of Appeal judges reviewed the 2009 trial and verdict, and on 17 June 2011 denied the appeal on all seven grounds. They said that Justice Potter had directed the jury sufficiently to ignore media coverage, and that the use of the photographs did not undermine the trial's fairness.

Weatherston sought leave of the Supreme Court to appeal the Court of Appeal's denial, but it rejected this on 13 September 2011.

Sophie Elliott Foundation
On 6 October 2010, the Sophie Elliott Foundation was launched. The aim of the foundation was to warn and educate young women of the signs of an abusive relationship. One of the trustees was Kristin Dunne-Powell, who suffered abuse at the hands of high-profile sports presenter Tony Veitch. The foundation's main aim was to raise money to fund a nationwide primary prevention programme and to support local community initiatives which aligned with the foundation. On 10 June 2011, Elliott's parents launched the book Sophie Elliott—A Mother's Story of Her Family's Loss and Their Quest For Change to present her side of the story while warning young women of the dangers of domestic violence. In 2013, the foundation partnered up with the New Zealand Police and Ministry of Social Development to develop a one-day workshop for Year 12 students named Loves-Me-Not, to educate students on healthy relationships and prevent abusive relationships.

In 2019, Elliott's mother Lesley Elliott closed the foundation, stating that her Parkinson's disease prevented her from continuing to run the foundation, and that she did not want another person controlling her daughter's image. , the New Zealand Police continue to run the Loves-Me-Not workshop in high schools.

References

External links
Sophie Elliott Foundation for Young Women

1985 births
2008 deaths
2008 in New Zealand
Deaths by stabbing in New Zealand
Murder in New Zealand
Narcissism
2008 in New Zealand law
New Zealand murder victims
2008 murders in New Zealand
Crime in Dunedin

Murder of Sophie Elliott


Rhona Goskirk is a fictional character from the British television soap opera Emmerdale, played by Zoë Henry. She made her first appearance during the episode broadcast on 17 September 2001. The character was introduced by series producer Steve Frost and she appeared on a recurring basis during 2001 and 2002. She returned to Emmerdale as a full-time character on 31 March 2010, reintroduced by series producer Gavin Blyth.

Rhona has been through a diverse range of storylines, including a romantic bond with comedic chef Marlon Dingle (Mark Charnock); giving birth to their son Leo Goskirk, who has Down Syndrome; marrying Paddy Kirk (Dominic Brunt); becoming addicted to painkillers, discovering Paddy's affair with her friend Tess Harris (Nicola Stephenson) after Tess' death; pursuing a manipulative relationship with Tess's widower Pierce Harris (Jonathan Wrather), her near-death in the soap's biggest stunt known as "No Return Week", marital rape at the hands of Pierce; becoming infertile after a farming accident; and bringing Pierce to justice for killing her boyfriend Graham Foster (Andrew Scarborough) amid feuding with Graham's estranged boss and ex-wife Kim Tate (Claire King).

Development

Casting
Henry joined the cast of Emmerdale as Rhona Goskirk in 2001 for an initial seven episodes. The actress returned in 2002 for another brief stint, departing in December. On 13 February 2010, Kris Green of Digital Spy reported Henry had reprised her role and Rhona would be returning to Emmerdale later in the year. Rhona returned on 31 March 2010.

Family and characterisation

In an interview with Inside Soap, Henry expressed her desire to see Rhona's mother be cast on Emmerdale. She stated: "I'd love to see Rhona's mum, who lives in Kent and we hear about all the time, come to the Dales." Regarding who she would want to portray her mother Mary, Henry explained that she originally wanted Judith Barker, until she was cast as Agatha Finn. She then suggested that Susan George would be "great". When asked about her favourite qualities of Rhona, Henry said that she "admires her sense of fun and her inner strength", and described Rhona as a "lioness". Henry added that she has felt "exhausted" by some of the storylines that her character has been part of, but that she does not "wish any of them hadn't happened", and does not regret the effort she put into them. On the various relationships that her character has been part of, Henry stated that Rhona "could rekindle things with Marlon, which would be amazing for Leo, and for April, as Rhona is the closest she has to a mother", but stated that she enjoyed working with all of the actors Rhona has romances with.

On 29 January 2022, Louise Jameson cast as Rhona's mother, Mary Goskirk. Jameson described her casting as a gift and said that playing Henry's on-screen mother was "the icing on the cake". She was billed as a domineering, feisty and "no-nonsense character" with a sharp wit and stubbornness that would challenge Rhona. Upon Mary's introduction, she "bursts onto the scene at a critical point in her daughter's life" since Rhona is dealing with memories of her rapist, Pierce Harris (Jonathan Wrather). It transpires that Mary and Rhona share a strained relationship due to Rhona feeling like she has never been good enough for her mother. However, Digital Spy noted that Mary arriving at the time of Rhona's struggles could benefit their relationship, serving as an opportunity for them to bond.

Storylines

2001–2002
Rhona first appeared in the village in September 2001 as a locum, helping Paddy Kirk (Dominic Brunt) and covering for Zoe Tate (Leah Bracknell), whilst she was on holiday. She begins dating with local chef Marlon Dingle (Mark Charnock) in light of his ex-girlfriend, Tricia Fisher (Sheree Murphy), departing the village after their relationship had ended. However, Tricia soon reappeared and Rhona left not long after. Rhona returned in June 2002 to cover for Zoe as she was incapable of work, due to mental illness. She and Marlon soon resumed their relationship and realized they had several shared interests, including Laurel and Hardy films and design. When Tricia found out, she was very upset but Rhona left again in December.

2010–present
Rhona returned in 2010, covering for Paddy after his foster son Aaron Livesy (Danny Miller) attacked him. Rhona stayed for a few weeks and clashed with receptionist Pearl Ladderbanks (Meg Johnson), as she wanted to protect Paddy. It was later revealed that in her absence, Rhona had married and divorced. Rhona completed her contract and left but returned when Paddy needed to care for Aaron, following his suicide attempt. As no one knew how long Aaron's recovery might take, Rhona stayed with Andy Sugden (Kelvin Fletcher) and Ryan Lamb (James Sutton) but moved in with Marlon, Bob Hope (Tony Audenshaw) and Lizzie Lakely (Kitty McGeever). She left when she realised she was in love with Paddy. She confided in Laurel Thomas (Charlotte Bellamy) that her relationship with Paddy had become difficult and was seriously considering leaving so Laurel told Paddy to sort things out with her before she left.

Rhona discovered she was expecting Marlon's baby. When she learns that the baby has Down's syndrome, she considers a termination but decides not to after talking to Hazel Rhodes (Pauline Quirke). On 1 February, she has a scan and discovers that the sonographer is an old school friend, Stephanie Ray, and she tells Paddy and Marlon that Rhona was very rebellious when she was at school. Rhona tries to set Marlon and Stephanie up but he wasn't keen. Marlon decided that they should try pregnancy yoga and Rhona agrees but decides to go alone, because Marlon is very irritating. She has another scan in March and is told everything is fine but is so worried that they visit a Downs Syndrome support group. In April, she and Paddy tell Aaron about the baby's condition and are touched by his reaction. She gets Braxton Hicks Contractions twice before giving birth to a boy they name Leo.

Rhona starts to make plans to propose. However, Paddy gets drunk and Rhona cannot go through with it. Paddy tells Rhona that he feels getting married is unnecessary but proposes when he feels guilty and she accepts. Paddy is offered a job in New Zealand and he and Rhona agree to go but Marlon refuses to let them take Leo. Consequently, Paddy and Rhona ask Marlon to go with them and he agrees but later changes his mind. Rhona tells Marlon that she is still taking Leo but Marlon tells them that he has taken legal action to stop them. After a lot of debate between Rhona and Laurel about taking Leo to New Zealand, Rhona and Leo leave but Paddy has to stay after being arrested for assaulting a police officer. Rhona and Leo return after Marlon tells Paddy to tell Rhona to come back voluntarily or be forced to return as they have another court date. Paddy's licence to practice as a vet is suspended because of his arrest so Rhona's old friend, Vanessa Woodfield (Michelle Hardwick), helps out but she annoys Paddy. However, Vanessa buys a share in the surgery and when Paddy is able to return, he, Rhona and Vanessa all have their names above the door.

Rhona's life takes a turn for the worse when she becomes addicted to the painkillers prescribed for a back injury. Like many addicts, her personality changes and she becomes aggressive. Vanessa sees Rhona raid the surgery's drugs cabinet, warning her of the penalties if she is caught. Rhona apologises and hides while Leo cries in his cot. Vanessa sees this and is shocked by Rhona's state. She tells her that Leo is fine before giving her a pill to make her feel better. This helps initially but Rhona's dependence worsens dramatically. Vanessa tries to help Rhona wean herself off the painkillers and confesses that she has fallen in love with Rhona. Rhona initially spurns her affection before giving in as Vanessa is now her dealer but also buys drugs from a dealer named Gary. Paddy and others are suspicious of Rhona's odd behaviour. Paddy checks her phone and sees that she is contacting Gary and lying about where she goes. When he confronts her and grabs her phone, Rhona screams and attacks Paddy before demanding that he leave. However, Rhona's addiction leads her to put herself and others in danger as when visiting different pharmacies to get painkillers, she and Laurel are carjacked by Ross Barton (Michael Parr). Rhona is also unaware of the damage that the drugs are doing to her body and only realises when she is rushed to hospital after collapsing. The doctor tells her that her kidneys are about to collapse so Marlon, feeling Paddy has to look after Rhona, removes Leo. Losing residency of her son and attending rehab help Rhona get and stay clean.

After Vanessa brings her son, Johnny, home from hospital, Rhona realises that she wants another baby. As she has not got pregnant again, she decides to adopt and discusses it with Paddy. He agrees and the references selected by Paddy and Rhona include Aaron, Pearl and Leo's teacher, Tess Harris (Nicola Stephenson). Tess befriends Rhona and tells her that she is in love with a married man. Rhona encourages Tess to go for it, saying life is too short but after Tess dies, Rhona learns that Paddy is Tess's married man. Initially Rhona insists on carrying on as normal but soon realises that she and Paddy cannot stay together, let alone adopt a child, as things are so bad between them that they didn't realise that Leo was hurting April.

In March 2016, Rhona tells Pierce Harris (Jonathan Wrather), Tess' widower, that Paddy was Tess' lover so Pierce punched Paddy. Later, Rhona discover Aaron and Chas knew that Paddy was having an affair. Not long afterwards, Rhona gets involved with Pierce who harbours a dark secret. Initially her friends and family think this a bad idea but come round when they see that Pierce and Rhona are happy together. In October, after Rhona and Pierce argue, she goes camping with Paddy, Marlon and Leo. However, Pierce arrives and they argue again. After Pierce leaves, Paddy and Rhona go after him and are involved in a pile up, caused by Emma Barton (Gillian Kearney) pushing her husband, James, from a bridge. Rhona and Paddy are badly injured but they all survive and Rhona continues her relationship with Pierce.

In January 2017, Rhona and Pierce's relationship takes a sinister turn when Pierce forces himself on Rhona. After this, Rhona is left in a state of confusion and probable shock, suggesting Rhona did not give her explicit consent. A month later, despite Pierce forcing himself on her for a second time, she agrees to marry him on Valentine's Day, although she has shared a kiss with Paddy. Pierce overhears Rhona and Paddy discussing the kiss, unaware that Pierce has overheard; On her wedding day, Paddy gives Rhona his mother's necklace and she and Pierce marry. Pierce shows Rhona information of a Lake District veterinary practice lease, but Rhona is surprised he acquired it without discussion and, when Pierce suggests Rhona is not over Paddy, Rhona admits she drunkenly kissed Paddy. He insults her so she attempts to flee the house, however, Pierce drags her back in the house and jealously rips the necklace off. Losing control, Pierce pushes Rhona to the floor and proceeds to rape her. He attempts to shift the blame onto Rhona but, under pretence of showering, a shocked Rhona escapes the house, goes to the police station and reports her rape. Rhona is taken to a Sexual Assault Referral Centre, where she is examined. Rhona leaves during the interview and orders Pierce to get out or she'll phone the police. Rhona almost confides in Marlon, later, after putting Leo to bed, she breaks down on the stairs. Pierce tells her things will be worse if she does tell the police.

Rhona meets Pierce's mother Martha after the truth comes out, and Martha gives insight into Pierce's troubled mindset due to his father's death when he was young. At Pierce's trial, his defense suggests Rhona is lying about the rape as the couple enjoyed "rough" sexual intercourse. As it appears the jury is swayed in Pierce's favour, he is ultimately found guilty of his crime and later sentenced to a period of jail time. Rhona is allowed to visit Pierce in prison, and he acknowledges his actions and apologises to Rhona, who rejects the apology and in return declares she is free of him at last.

It takes Rhona some time to get over her ordeal, but in early 2018, she falls for farmhand Pete Barton (Anthony Quinlan), whom Leo quickly becomes attached to. Pete even tries his hand at learning Makaton to communicate with Leo. Rhona and Pete get engaged and after Pete's brother, Ross (Michael Parr), leaves the village, he gives up their old house and moves into Smithy Cottage. In February 2019, while out on a call to Butler's Farm concerning the animals there, Rhona is run over by faulty farming machinery operated by Pete's cousin, Matty Barton (Ash Palmisciano). The accident leaves Rhona gravely injured, and an operation she needs in order to stand a chance of fully recovering would render her unlikely to have children again, which strains Rhona's relationship with Pete as she worries he will want more children after they marry. Rhona confides her worries in businesswoman Kim Tate (Claire King), with whom she becomes friends. However, Kim has an ulterior motive; her former stepdaughter Zoe (Leah Bracknell) used to be part-owner of the vets, in business with Paddy, and now Kim wants to buy into the vet's, which is in financial straits, so she can employ her son - Jamie (Alexander Lincoln). When Rhona thereafter realises Kim's plan, she rebuffs her - so Kim tries to seduce Pete. Though the pair never go beyond a kiss, Rhona feels betrayed and her relationship suffers further. On a night out with several other villagers in April 2019, Rhona kisses a stranger called Nate Robinson (Jurell Carter) after the pair get talking at the bar. The encounter leaves Rhona feeling guilty and she eventually tells Pete. After several months of difficulty, in June 2019, Rhona and Pete end their engagement and relationship. Pete moves in to Butler's Farm, but he and Rhona maintain a close friendship and Leo is still allowed to see Pete too.

In October 2019, Rhona starts seeing Kim's associate Graham Foster (Andrew Scarborough) - unaware that the pair have had a casual sexual relationship for several years. Kim's jealousy swells to the point that she tries sabotaging Rhona and Graham's relationship several times, until during a Halloween party in the Woolpack, Kim spills the beans on her and Graham's affair, insulting Rhona and warning her to stay away. In return, Graham angrily reveals that Jamie dobbed his mother in with the police for her criminal activities several years previously, which earned her a spell in prison. After the big reveal, Graham commits himself to Rhona and they make their relationship official - with Kim swearing revenge against them both.

In January 2020, Rhona is devastated to learn that Graham has been murdered and quickly suspects Kim to be the perpetrator - most notably after learning that Kim wanted Graham dead. She soon begins to doubt her theories on Kim, however, when Rhona learns that Pierce has been released from prison not long ago. Eventually, Rhona deduces that Pierce killed Graham upon learning that her ex-husband has been stalking her ever since he had been released from prison. Moreover, Pierce has kidnapped Vanessa and Johnny to force Rhona to meet him face-to-face - and she does so after finding out about the situation. When Rhona meets Pierce face-to-face for the first time since before he went to prison two years ago, she secretly records him admit to killing Graham - all the while the recording is being streamed live in front of Paddy and the other punters in The Woolpack. Paddy instantly phones the police just as Pierce knocks out Kim, after the latter arrived to help Rhona extract proof about the culprit behind Graham's murder. When the police arrive moments later, Pierce prevents Rhona from escaping and attempts to rape her again; however, she fights back by injecting an animal needle on Pierce to subdue him. As Pierce lies helpless and injured, Rhona lectures him for what he put her through by raping her and killing Graham. The police then besiege the building and Pierce, after being identified by his ex-wife as Graham's killer, is arrested for murder and kidnap; he is later charged for his crimes and consequently jailed once more, thus allowing Rhona to finally lay Pierce to rest from her life. Her efforts to move on from Graham become troubled when Kim arranges for his funeral to proceed without Rhona's knowledge, which restarts their conflict in the process. Rhona then learns that Graham left her a lot of money in his will and not Kim. She decides to keep it and use it to help Moira with her farming troubles, much to Kim's frustration.

Reception
In August 2017, Henry was longlisted for Best Actress at the Inside Soap Awards. The nomination made the viewer-voted shortlist, although Henry lost out to Lucy Fallon, who portrays Bethany Platt in Coronation Street.

References

External links
 Rhona Goskirk at itv.com

Emmerdale characters
Television characters introduced in 2001
British female characters in television
Fictional veterinarians
Fictional painkiller addicts
Fictional victims of sexual assault
Dingle family

Rhona Goskirk


Pastor Gong Shengliang (龚圣亮) is the founder and leader of the South China Church, an evangelical house-church fellowship with some 50,000 members across several provinces. In December 2001, he was convicted and sentenced to death under China's anti-cult legislation. Responding to international pressure, China dropped the religious charge and the death penalty and ordered a re-trial. Pastor Gong was convicted of multiple counts of rape and given a life sentence.

Religious persecution
He was sentenced to death in 2001, but because of international pressure, the sentence was reduced to life. Some who testified against Gong later stated that they were tortured into doing so by Communist officials. Liu Xianzhi, a former leader in the South China Church, has sought asylum in the United States and gives extensive testimony on the details of Pastor Gong Shengliang's case.  There are also reports that he has been beaten and mistreated in prison. Over several weeks in late May and early June 2003, it was reported that he lapsed in and out of a coma and was bleeding internally, and that he nearly died from a savage beating in prison in June 2003.

In 2013 Pastor Shengliang's daughter in an open letter to Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, asked for his help. According to her, her father had not received medical treatment over the past ten years. His condition is now life-threatening. A heart attack at the end of 2012 left him unable to walk or speak. His daughter is asking for his release to receive urgent medical treatment.

See also

 List of China-related topics
 List of Chinese people

External links
Amnesty International
John Mark Ministries
Chinese Embassy in the US
Gao Ying's comments on Gong Shengliang
Comments from the National Agency for Religious Affairs of China
ChinaAid.org Testimony of Liu Xianzhi
PrisonerAlert.com

Living people
Chinese dissidents
People from Xiangyang
Chinese Christian clergy
Chinese prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the People's Republic of China
Chinese prisoners sentenced to death
Prisoners sentenced to death by the People's Republic of China
Year of birth missing (living people)
Chinese religious leaders

Gong Shengliang


Sehwan Sharif () is a taluka in Jamshoro District, Sindh, Pakistan. The taluka headquarter is Sehwan, the city famous for saint Lal Shahbaz Qalandar.

Currently, Sindh government is planning to Create Sehwan Sharif District with the combination of Sehwan taluka and Rani Kot Taluka (Planned), Rani Kot Taluka is under planning due to upgrade tourists facilities

History
The city is known for its Muslim patron saint Hazrat Lal Shahbaz Qalandar who lived here in 13th century CE. The mausoleum of Hazrat Shahbaz Qalandar attracts hundred of thousands of faithful Muslims every year. Sehvan sharif is basically known by the Muslim Sufi saint, philosopher and poet Hazrat Syed Usman Shah Marwandi commonly known as Lal Shahbaz Qalandar ( لال شھباز قلندر).

Colonial Era
In British India, Sehwan Taluka was a part of Sehwan Division of Karachi District. Its headquarters were in the town of Sehwan and it was a tehsil (administrative subdivision) of the district.

The taluka was bordered to the north by the talukas of Dadu and Johi, to the east by the talukas of Kazi Ahmed and Moro, and to the south by the talukas of Manjhand and Kohistan Mahal (now Thana Bula Khan).

Sehwan Taluka has a lengthy history that goes back thousands of years. Siwistan or sewan was the traditional name for sehwan. The shrine of Lal Shahbaz Qalander, a Sufi saint who is thought to have lived in the 12th century, is located in the town of Sehwan. Muslim pilgrims from all over the world frequently visit the shrine.

Sehwan was a part of the Talpur kingdom in the 18th century. Sindh was controlled by the Talpur family from 1783 to 1843. Following the British victory over the Talpurs in 1843, Sehwan was given the rank of taluka, and the taluka joined the Karachi district of British India.

The taluka was transferred to Larkana from Karachi district in 1901 to create the new  Larkana District.

Before being combined with the taluka of Dadu to establish the new district of Dadu in 1931, the taluka was still a part of the Larkana district. Sehwan Taluka is currently a part of Sindh, Pakistan's Jamshoro district.

In 2004, Sehwan taluka was again combined with Kotri taluka to form a new Jamshoro district.

The shrine of Lal Shahbaz Qalander, the remains of the Sehwan Fort, and the Manchhar Lake are just a few of the historical and archaeological monuments that can be found in the taluka. Additionally, the taluka is renowned for its agricultural output, particularly of wheat, sugarcane, and rice.

The following are a few significant occasions in Sehwan Taluka's history:

Lal Shahbaz Qalander is reputed to have resided in Sehwan in the 12th century.

Sehwan was a component of the Talpur kingdom from 1783 to 1843.

1843: The British annex Sehwan Taluka.

1858: Sehwan attained taluka rank.

1901: Sehwan Taluka was moved to the Larkana district.

1931: The talukas of Sehwan and Dadu are combined to create the new district of Dadu.

2004: taluka again combined with Kotri taluka to form a new district Jamshoro.

References

Tehsils of Sindh
Jamshoro District

Sehwan Sharif Tehsil


Winifred Milius Lubell (June 14, 1914 – January 3, 2012) was an American illustrator, artist and writer. In her early adult years, Milius was active in the Communist Party of the United States and an advocate for social justice. She began her artistic career creating pen and ink portraits of victims of the Great Depression, before proceeding to examine the struggles of the working poor in the towns of the Eastern United States through woodcuts, as well as producing drawings from the sit down strikes in Chicago. An artist and an illustrator, Milius' most notable publications include the illustrations for Dorothy Sterling's Cape Cod natural history book The Outer Lands. In her eighties she wrote and illustrated the women's studies exploration of feminism, sexuality and mythology: The Metamorphosis of Baubo, Myths of Woman's Sexual Energy. She died on January 3, 2012, of congestive heart failure.  She was 97.

Early life
Winifred Milius Lubell was born in New York City to Elsa Simonson and Lester Milius. Wealthy New Yorkers, the Milius' ancestors immigrated to the United States from Bavaria in the 19th-century and made fortunes in Manhattan real estate and textiles. Raised in a German-Jewish family in New York, her parents were conscious of their social status, looking down upon those below them in the social ladder, even as they were set off for their Jewish heritage. Her mother was more liberal than her father and was the younger sister of the noted theatre designer and critic Lee Simonson. This upbringing led to Elsa Simonson socializing with modernist artists such as Charles Demuth, Marsden Hartley, Florine Stettheimer, and William and Marguerite Zorach. From 1922 to 1932, Milius attended the Ethical Culture Fieldston School, which contradicted the views of her father by teaching racial equality, social justice and intellectual freedom. Her teachings at Fieldston led her to be called a "rebel" as a youth, protesting the double standards of the upper class.

Artistic career

Early days

Elsa Simonson was an amateur painter, working out of a large art studio on Riverside Drive at which Winifred began her artistic explorations. In April 1923, Simonson had a solo exhibition as a member of the art co-operative Artists Galleries. That year she also joined the Salons of America, which was formed by Hamilton Easter Field, and others who had left the Society of Independent Artists. She painted floral still lifes, nudes and rural landscapes, exhibiting her work through the 1920s until 1928, when Parkinson's disease caused her to stop painting.

Elsa Simonson died in 1933, which led Milius to become more serious about her artistic career. In October 1933 she enrolled in the National Academy of Design to learn figure drawing. Eventually she became frustrated by the strict and conservative nature of the academy. After an instructor told her to concentrate on plaster casts to bring "classic dignity" to her life drawings, she quit school and declared she was going to move out of New York. Instead of leaving, she took classes at the Art Students League of New York, where students could choose their own classes without strict guidelines. In 1934 she began taking a life drawing class under artist George Grosz. An opportunity to study under Grosz appealed to her due to his leftist ideologies and technical innovations. Despite disappointment in Grosz's political weariness, Milius found influence in Grosz's class trips to the Hooverville shantytowns, where Milius and her classmates documented the plight of the homeless during the Great Depression. The victims and impoverished that she observed would find their way into sketches, which eventually developed into prints.

Disappointed with Grosz's lack of political energy, Milius began training under printmaker Harry Sternberg, who she described as a "spirited leftist". Sternberg was a member of the John Reed Club, and his Marxist beliefs began to influence Milius and her fellow students including Rita Albers, Julien Alberts, Mary Annand, Hugh Miller. Encouraged by Sternberg, the students joined the Artists Union in New York. Milius exhibited her art in union shows, and was one of hundreds who participated in the Rockefeller vandalism protests, which protested the destruction of Diego Rivera's Man at the Crossroads painting. With her political and artistic friends, she frequently visited the New York Public Library print collections, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and New York art galleries.

Milius and fellow student Blanche Grambs explored various New York neighborhoods such as the Lower East Side, the waterfront, and SoHo, drawing outside, or going inside to the New York Public Library on cold days. Milius's works of the NYPL depict the buildings use as a shelter for Depression-era victims, reflective of the use of libraries today as an afternoon housing for the poor. In 1935 Milius and Grambs started using the studio of William Karp, creating formal portraits. The two used unemployed men as models, who they would find at Stuyvesant Square; models that would allow the two emerging artists to continue to explore social awareness within their art. Milius' portraits and sketches of this time expressed the failure of Capitalism and the resilience of the working class.

After working at Karp's studio for a summer, the two joined an information sketch group that met at Will Barnet's tenement apartment. Milius would make portraits of the children in the neighborhood, and produced a pen-and-ink drawing that would be her first published piece in Marxist publication The New Masses.

Industrial themes

Milius moved away from urban themes after two years, and in 1936 began introducing industrial themes into her work. That year, Harry Sternberg received a Guggenheim Fellowship to travel to mining and steelmaking centers in the United States, and he brought a group of students with him, including Milius, who visited an anthracite mining town in Lanford, Pennsylvania. The whereabouts of the works that Milius created from this trip are unknown, but, several journals depict studies of Lanford miners preparing for work. Milius stayed with a host-family in Lanford, and was moved by the malnutrition suffered by the family, describing how after dinner, the miner, his wife, and his family "crossed to a single sideboard, each in turn taking out their false teeth, which they placed in glasses of water lined in a row, and went straight to bed."

Her woodcut, Coal Gatherers, expresses her concerns with the poverty in mining towns, which shows children collecting coal bits from train tracks to bring back to their families for fuel. This piece, designed to bring public awareness to the plight of miners, was included in the American Artists' Congress "America Today" exhibition, which opened in thirty cities in December 1936. The exhibition was designed to show awareness to social concerns and promote the ability to mass-produce prints in fast and inexpensive manners for wide distribution.

Move to Chicago
At the end of 1936, Milius moved to Chicago with her first husband, Daniel House, whom she married in 1935. House began law school at the University of Chicago and Milius settled into activities with the Chicago branch of the Artists Union. She befriended Mitchell Siporin, Morris Topchevsky, and Adrian Troy, joining them in their ongoing dispute against the Illinois Art Project (IAP). IAP became a target after issues with dismissals, subject matter censoring, and the rights of the artists to organize. On December 12, 1936, 27 representatives from the Illinois Workers Alliance, the Technical and Research Employees Union, the Adult Teachers' Union and the Artists Union, occupied the IAP headquarters in a sitdown strike. Milius participated in the eight-day sitdown, and her drawings of the event were published in the Chicago Daily News and New Masses.

In the spring and summer of 1937, artists' strikes and conflicts with authorities became headline news along with the violent industrial struggles. Milius participated more than ever in the labor movement, and assisted Harry Sternberg in creating the painting Epoch of a Great City, when he came to Lakeview, Illinois to complete the mural at a post office. The two visited stockyards and workers districts, gaining inspiration for the piece. Milius also became active in the Packinghouse Workers Organizing Committee, painting banners, creating illustrations for publications and disturbing those leaflets.

Milius' activities within the Communist Party put a strain on her relationship with her husband, who was a Trotskyite, opposed to the Communist Party. Within two years the couple had separated and Milius moved back to New York.

Back in the East
Returning to New York in 1938, Milius began making contributions to the theater scene. She designed costumes for the Dave Doran Memorial Committee modern dance performance, which served as a fundraiser for Communist Party trade union director Dave Doran, who died in combat as the youngest commander in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade. She also designed costumes for a musical called A Song About America, which depicted the Boston Tea Party, the Steel strike of 1919 and other revolutionary American moments. Despite a few experiments, she would not pursue costume design beyond 1939.

Milius began spending time at the Fifteenth Street studio, which was shared by Mervin Jules and Axel Horn. A social center for artists, intellectuals and revolutionaries, it was there where she met Cecil Lubell, a Harvard graduate and scholar of William Blake and James Joyce who became an expert on textiles and authored several books and an encyclopedia of textiles. The two had much in common, including the belief that the Communists were the only group addressing the serious problems in society at the time. They were married in Boston in 1939 and moved to Croton-on-Hudson, New York. Shortly after their marriage and move, they collaborated on their first book: Petticoat Picket Lines: The History of Women in the American Labor Movement, which Cecil Lubell wrote and Winifred Milius illustrated. The book was never published due to the onset of World War II. Milius continued to explore gender, race, and class through woodcuts based on historical motifs that depicted the lives of black women abolitionists. In 1941 she exhibited in her fifth Artist's Union exhibit, in Massachusetts, displaying her work Marathon Race, which was described as an "amusing bit of abstraction,".

Post-War
Milius and Lubell remained members of the Communist Party of the United States of America until they either were forced to leave (Cecil Lubell) or left of their own accord after the Kruschov speech of 1956 (Winifred), but nonetheless they and their family were affected by the Red Scare Cold War policies. In 1956, Cecil Lubell was subpoenaed by the Internal Security Subcommittee of the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee chaired by Senator James O. Eastland to testify against friend and neighbor Joseph North. Lubell did not incriminate his friend and neighbor, denying any knowledge of North and his involvement within the Communist Party. During this time, Milius began illustrating more books. She co-created, with Lubell, a series of children's books about animals, natural history, plants and ecosystems.

Political activity
Milius has been active in the Artists Union, the American Artists' Congress and the Communist Party of America. During the Depression era, she participated in activities and events surrounding federal support for the arts, Congress of Industrial Organizations efforts to establish racially integrated labor unions, and the Loyalists opposition in the Spanish Civil War.

Becoming active during her college years, inspired by professor Harry Sternberg. Milius had close artist friends who also joined the ranks of leftist politics, such as Edward Jacobs and Blanche Grambs, whose relationships were solidified with politics and art. She described Communism as an "absolutely wonderful thing," upon discovering it in the early 1930s. While in Chicago, she became active in the organized labor movement, and also contributed to awareness about the Loyalists movement against Francisco Franco in Spain. Block prints by her and other Chicago area artists were included in the book For Spain and Liberty, where Milius expressed "solidarity with all who combat those forces with burned books in Germany, plundered Ethiopia, made shambles of Guernica, and everywhere imperil the minority peoples of the earth."

As of 2005, Milius still believed that poor party leadership led to the failure of Communist ideals. She does not regret her participation in the movement, and says it opened her eyes towards the diversity and complex issues within the world.

In the 1970s, after moving permanently to Wellfleet, Massachusetts, Milius and Lubell founded a Cape Cod chapter of Amnesty International and became active supporters of the Wellfleet Public Library.

Writing

Beginning in the 1940s, Milius wrote and or illustrated over 50 books. In 1994 she published The Metamorphosis of Baubo, Myths of Woman's Sexual Energy. In her late seventies she learned ancient Greek, and in her eighties she translated Batrachomyomachia.

Legacy
In 1995 a selection of Milius' illustrations and sketches were donated to the Andersen Library at the University of Minnesota. In 2003 Milius donated her papers to the Archives of American Art. Following her death, the remainder of her children's book material was donated to the Kerlan Collection in Minnesota, and her artwork and wood blocks to the Rutgers University Libraries in New Brunswick, New Jersey.

Family
In 1935 Milius married her first husband, Daniel House, a law student at the University of Chicago; the couple would live in Chicago and divorce in 1938. She met and married her second husband, English-born writer and textile expert Cecil Lubell (1912–2000) in 1939. The couple shared interests in mythology, psychology, linguistics, and specifically the history and visual styles of written language. They are survived by two sons: David (born 1942), an archaeologist in Waterloo, Canada, and Stephen (born 1945), a typographer and typographic historian in London, UK, grandchildren Naomi, Michal, Anne, Christopher and Claire, and two great grandchildren Ilai and Libby.

Further reading
Lubell, Winifred Milius. The Metamorphosis of Baubo: Myths of Woman's Sexual Energy. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press (1994).
Sterling, Dorothy. The Outer Lands. New York: WW Norton & Co (1978).

References

1914 births
2012 deaths
21st-century American women writers
American feminist writers
American people of German-Jewish descent
American social sciences writers
Jewish American artists
Jewish American writers
Art Students League of New York alumni
American children's book illustrators
Members of the Communist Party USA
People from New York City
People from Wellfleet, Massachusetts
Scholars of Ancient Greek
People from Croton-on-Hudson, New York
American socialist feminists
Communist women writers
American women non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers

Winifred Milius Lubell


Eagle Point Park is a  public park located in the northeast corner of the city of Dubuque, Iowa, United States. Eagle Point is mostly situated on a bluff that overlooks the Mississippi River and the Lock and Dam No. 11. The park is owned and operated by the city of Dubuque. It was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017. At the time of its nomination it contained 34 resources, which included 14 contributing buildings, seven contributing sites, five structures, five objects, two non-contributing buildings, and two non-contributing structures.

History
The Eagle Point site was selected by Charles Mulford Robinson, who wrote a report, "Report on the Improvement of the City of Dubuque, Iowa". A committee, led by Judge Oliver Perry Shiras, was formed and the property was acquired by the city in 1908. The park was opened in 1909. During the Great Depression, as part of the Works Progress Administration program the park was expanded and renovated. President Franklin D. Roosevelt viewed the park and said, "This is my idea of a worthwhile boondoggle". Architect Alfred Caldwell directed the building of many of the structures at the park, which made use of the limestone found in the area. These include the pavilions, the fish pond, the areas around the fish pond, and a bandshell for public concerts. A large statue of an eagle was placed near the entrance to the park. At one time the city offered regular bus service to and from the park, and a shelter was built for bus passengers. Today, that shelter is used as an information center.

The Riverwalk, situated along the edge of the bluff, has views of the Mississippi, the Lock and Dam, the city of Dubuque, and Grant County, Wisconsin. The park offers tennis courts, horseshoe pits, playground equipment, a band shell with free music concerts, and a small wading pool for young children. The park charges a one dollar admission fee for automobiles, and a five dollar fee for buses to enter the park. There is no fee for pedestrians. The park's season runs from May 1 to October 31. During the off season the park is closed to vehicle traffic, but people can park near Eagle Point's rear entrance and walk into the park.

Below the park was the site of the Eagle Point Bridge, which was torn down in the 1980s.

See also
Parks in Dubuque, Iowa

References

Protected areas established in 1909
1909 establishments in Iowa
Parks in Dubuque, Iowa
Protected areas on the Mississippi River
Works Progress Administration in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Dubuque, Iowa
Historic districts in Dubuque, Iowa
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa

Eagle Point Park (Dubuque, Iowa)


Christian Reus-Smit (born 8 August 1961) is Professor of International Relations (IR) at the University of Queensland, in Brisbane Australia. He is an internationally renowned scholar in the field of IR. Reus-Smit's research focuses on the institutional nature and evolution of international orders, and he has published on widely on issues of international relations theory, international law, multilateralism, human rights, American power, and most recently, cultural diversity and international order. He is long-time editor (with Nicholas Wheeler and Evelyn Goh) of the Cambridge Studies in International Relations book series, and was a Founding Editor with Duncan Snidal and Alexander Wendt of the leading journal International Theory. His publications have been awarded many prizes, including the Susan Strange Best Book Prize (2014), the BISA Best Article Prize (2002), and the Northedge Prize (1992).  In 2013-14 Professor Reus-Smit served as a Vice-President of the International Studies Association.

Career

Reus-Smit was educated in Australia and the United States, receiving his B.A. and M.A. from La Trobe University in Melbourne. His M.A. dissertation concerned Australian foreign and security policy under during the Malcolm Fraser (1975–83) era. After completing his M.A. in the mid-1980s, he taught at La Trobe University. During the early-1990s, Reus-Smit undertook his PhD at Cornell University, along with other emerging constructivist scholars such as Audie Klotz and Richard Price. His doctoral dissertation was co-chaired by Peter J. Katzenstein and Henry Shue, and was later published as The Moral Purpose of the State in 1999 by Princeton University Press.

Reus-Smit returned to teach in Australia in 1995 and held positions as Lecturer and Senior Lecturer at Monash University before taking up a position as Senior Fellow at the Australian National University (ANU) in 2001, and was promoted to Professor in 2004. Reus-Smit served as Head of the Department of International Relations at the ANU from 2001 until 2010, and as Deputy Director of the ANU Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies (RSPAS) from 2006 to 2008. In September 2010 Reus-Smit moved to Florence to take up the Chair in International Relations at the European University Institute, and in 2013 was appointed to a Chair in International Relations at the University of Queensland, Australia.  Reus-Smit is a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia.

Contribution to International Relations Theory

Reus-Smit's most significant contribution to the field is reflected in his answer to the question of the 'enigma of fundamental institutions,' laid out in 'The Moral Purpose of the State.' Here he analysed the different practices and norms of very different international societies, including ancient Greece, the Renaissance city-states and the modern states system. He argued that underpinning each is an assemblage of three elements that he refers to as 'constitutional structures.'

"Constitutional structures are coherent ensembles of intersubjective beliefs, principles and norms that perform two functions in ordering international societies: they define what constitutes a legitimate actor entitled to all the rights and privileges of statehood: and they define the basic parameters of rightful state action."

These three intersubjective, normative elements are:

 A hegemonic belief about the moral purpose of the state [centralised, autonomous political organisation]
 An organising principle of sovereignty
 A norm of pure procedural justice

This hegemonic belief about the moral purpose of the state is arguably the most important, because it provides the normative basis on which the other two develop. As Reus-Smit puts it: 'historically different international societies, in which different ideals of legitimate statehood prevailed, have developed different institutional orders, with multilateral diplomacy and contractual international law only emerging in a world where liberal states, and their principles of governance, have been ascendent'.

Other early work explored the relationship between critical international theory and constructivism. One of the key arguments he presented in an early  article he co-authored with Richard Price, "Dangerous liaisons? Critical international theory and constructivism", is that constructivism, in spite of its engagement with the mainstream 'on issues of interpretation and evidence, generalisations, alternative explanations and variation and comparability', remains compatible with critical international theory.

Since this early work Reus-Smit has published on a range of issues, most notably on the individual rights and the expansion of the modern international system, the nature and role of special responsibilities in world politics, international crises of legitimacy, the nature and limits of American power, and most recently, on the relationship between cultural diversity and international order.

Publications

Books
The Oxford Handbook of History and International Relations (Oxford University Press, 2023). Co-edited with Mlada Bukovansky, Edward Keene, and Maja Spanu.
Culture and Order in World Politics (Cambridge University Press, 2020). Co-edited with Andrew Phillips.
International Relations: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford University Press, 2020).
On Cultural Diversity: International Theory in a World of Difference (Cambridge University Press, 2018).
The Globalisation of International Society Co-edited with Tim Dunne (Oxford University Press, 2017).
Individual Rights and the Making of the International System (Cambridge University Press, 2013).
Special Responsibilities: Global Problems and American Power (Cambridge University Press, 2012). Co-authored with Mlada Bukovansky, Ian Clark, Robyn Eckersley, Richard Price, and Nicholas Wheeler.
The Oxford Handbook of International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008). Co-edited with Duncan Snidal.
International Crises of Legitimacy (Special Issue, International Politics, 2007). Co-edited with Ian Clark.
American Power and World Order (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004).
The Politics of International Law Editor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
Theories of International Relations Coauthored with Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Jacqui True, Matthew Patterson, and Richard Devetak (London: Palgrave, 2001, 2005, 2008 Editions).
The Moral Purpose of the State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
Between Sovereignty and Global Governance Coedited with Albert Paolini and Anthony Jarvis. (London: Macmillan, 1998).

Selected articles
'Polymorphic Justice and the Crisis of International Order', International Affairs, 99 (1), 2023.
'Going Global: A Future for Australian International Relations', Australian Journal of International Affairs, 75 (6), 2021.
'The End of Global Pluralism?', European Journal of International Relations, 27 (4), 2021.
'Cultural Diversity and International Order', International Organization, 71 (4), 2017.
'Theory, History, and Great Transformations', International Theory, 8 (3), 2016.
'International Law and the Mediation of Culture, Ethics and International Affairs, 28 (1), 2014.
'The Concept of Intervention', Review of International Studies, 39 (4), 2013.
'Beyond Metatheory?', European Journal of International Relations, 19 (3), 2013.
'International Relations, Irrelevant? Don't Blame Theory', Millennium, 40 (3), 2012.
'Human Rights in a Global Ecumene', International Affairs, 87 (5), 2011.
'Struggles for Individual Rights and the Expansion of the International System', International Organization, 65 (2), 207–242, 2011.
'Reuniting Ethics and Social Science in International Relations', Ethics and International Affairs, 37 (2), 395–414, 2008. With Duncan Snidal.
'International Crises of Legitimacy', International Politics, 44 (2/3), 2007.
'Liberal Hierarchy and the License to Use Force', Review of International Studies, 31 (December 2005).
'Imagining Society: Constructivism and the English School', British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 4 (3), 487–509, 2002.
'Human Rights and the Social Construction of Sovereignty', Review of International Studies, 27 (4), 1–20, 2001. (Awarded the BISA Prize.)
'The Strange Death of Liberal International Theory', European Journal of International Law, 12 (3), 573–593, 2001.
'The Constitutional Structure of International Society and the Nature of Fundamental Institutions', International Organization, 51 (4), 1997.

See also
United States-Australia relations

References

External links

Interview with Reus-Smit by Theory Talks

Living people
1961 births
Academic staff of the University of Queensland
Academic staff of the European University Institute
Cornell University alumni
International relations scholars
Constructivist international relations scholars
Academic staff of the Australian National University

Christian Reus-Smit


In cell biology, the centrosome is an organelle that is the main place where cell microtubules are organized. Also, it regulates the cell division cycle, the stages which lead up to one cell dividing in two.

The centrosome was discovered by Edouard Van Beneden in 1883, and was described and named in 1888 by Theodor Boveri.

The centrosome has apparently only evolved in animal cells. Fungi and plants use other structures to organize their microtubules. Although the centrosome has a key role in efficient mitosis in animal cells, it is not necessary.

A centrosome is composed of two centrioles at right angles to each another. They are surrounded by a shapeless mass of protein.

Roles of the centrosome
The centrosome is copied only once per cell cycle. Each daughter cell inherits one centrosome, containing two centrioles. The centrosome replicates during the interphase of the cell cycle. During the prophase of mitosis, the centrosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell. The mitotic spindle then forms between the two centrosomes. Upon division, each daughter cell receives one centrosome.

Centrosomes are not needed for the mitosis to happen. When the centrosomes are irradiated by a laser, mitosis proceeds with a normal spindle. In the absence of the centrosome, the microtubules of the spindle are focused to form a bipolar spindle. Many cells can completely undergo interphase without centrosomes. It also helps in cell division.

Although centrosomes are not needed for mitosis or the survival of the cell, they are needed for survival of the organism. Cells without centrosomes lack certain microtubules. With centrosomes the cell division is much more accurate and efficient. Some cell types arrest in the following cell cycle when centrosomes are absent, though this doesn't always happen.

References

Organelles

Centrosome


Constantin Lucaci (July 7, 1923 – July 20, 2014) was a Romanian contemporary sculptor, best known for his monumentalist sculptures and his kinetic fountains (or decorative moving metal fountains) most made from stainless steel , among which those from the Romanian cities of Reșița and Constanța are best known. He was born in Bocșa Română, today a part of Bocșa, Caraș-Severin County.

From 1993 up until his death Lucaci was a professor at The Sculpture Department of The Academy of Belle Arts, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.  His works, both "regular" and monumental are to be found in various Romanian museums as well as abroad.

Outside of Romania, Lucaci's kinetic sculpture Star is a part of the permanent exhibition "Fucina degli Angeli", Venice, Italy, exposed among works of artists such Marc Chagall, Max Ernst, Pablo Picasso and Mark Tobey.  Other works by Lucaci are to be found in personal collections from cities such as Antwerp, Copenhagen, Ferrara, Milan, Rome and Venice.

Lucaci was bestowed with numerous national and international prizes and awards.  He is a recipient of the Romanian Academy prize for his entire career (1990), of Herder Prize for his entire work (1984) and of Gold Medal at the International Biennale of Art dedicated to Dante - Ravenna (1999) for his monumental art.

Lucaci died aged 91 on July 20, 2014.

Prizes and awards

 1953 - "Medal of Toil" - Romania
 1968 - "Cultural Merit" Order - Romania
 1974 - The Romanian Union of Plastic Artists' Prize for Monumental Art
 1982 - "Knight of the Italian Republic" Order of Merit
 1984 - Prize of the Romanian weekly magazine "Flacăra" for his Romanian series of kinetic fountains displayed in various Romanian cities
 1984 - "Herder" Prize of the University of Vienna for his entire work
 1990 - Prize of the Romanian Academy for his entire work
 1999 - Gold Medal at the International Biennale of Art dedicated to Dante - Ravenna
 2000 - "Freeman" of the city of Reșița
 2001 - Prize of "The Romanian Cultural Foundation"

Biography
1923 - born in Bocsa Romana, Banat, Romania
1929 - 1945  - During his childhood and youth the artist developed three major interests : the study of the surrounding world through Mathematics and Physics lessons, as well as music and modelling. Hew studied drawing and modelling with T. Botlich, an artist educated in the artistic milieu of Paris at the turn of the century and a former colleague of Meštrović for two decades.
1945 -  Attended the courses of the "Guguianu" Free Academy of Arts in Bucharest under  Camil Ressu, Al. Ciucurencu and C. Medrea.
1948 -  After his graduation of " Guguianu" Academy of Arts,  he entered "Nicolae Grigorescu" Fine Arts Institute .Début at the Official Salon held in Bucharest where he exhibited " The Builders". Since then, he has participated in every annual and biannual art exhibition.
1950 -  While a student, he displayed " The Swimmer" at the Official Salon in Bucharest, a sculpture piece  that drew the attention of G. Oprescu.
1953 -  Graduated " Nicolae Grigorescu" Fine Arts Institute.
- April 29 married Irina Tomescu.
- in April he participated to the Romanian Exhibition of Fine Arts held in Helsinki.
1954 -  Works of sculpture displayed in the Romanian Art Exhibition presented at the Biannual di Venezia.
1958 -  A participant in the Fine Arts Exhibition in Moscow.
1959 -  Stainless steel works exhibited in the Romanian Fine Arts Exhibition in Budapest.
1961 - Participated in the Romanian Art Exhibition initiated in Damascus, Cairo, Alexandria.
 He also took part  in the Exhibition of Sculptors' Drawings in Moscow
1963 -  Attended courses at the Fine Arts Academy  "Pietro Vanuci", Peruggia.
1966-  Scholarship in France where he studied French and European sculpture but was especially attracted by Egyptian sculpture made of granite and basalt.
 Began a serie of monumental works  made of stainless steel,  later grouped by the artist in   the serie "Space and Light".
1967  -   Stainless steel monumental works in the Open- air Exhibition of Sculpture of Middelheim Park, Antwerpen.
1968 -    Study trips to France, Belgium, Italy.
1972 -  An exhibition of sculpture housed by the "French Library" in Bucharest ( 10–20 May).
1975 -   Participated to the Romanian Art Exhibition of Contemporary Romanian Art in Belgrade, Damascus, Cairo and Alexandria.
Participant in the Romanian Art Exhibition "Plastik und Bulmen" in Berlin
 A guest artist of " Fucina degli Angeli" Venice, he created the " Star", a kinetic sculpture made of stainless steel and  glass, now part of the permanent display of " Fucina degli Angeli ", next to works by Mark Tobey, Picasso, Max Ernst, Chagall.
 Study trip to France
1976 -  Participated in  the International Congress of AIAP in Baghdad.
1977 -  September, invited to Havana as a participant i  the founding Congress of the Artists' Union.
" Fucina degli Angeli" album published in Venice with a special chapter on the work of Constantin Lucaci.
Participated in the Exhibition of  Romanian Fine Arts, Moscow.
1979 -  A participant in the Exhibition of Small Sculpture - Romanian Contemporary Art, Damascus.
Participated in the AIAP Congress held in  Stockholm.
1980 -  Invited by the French Government to be present at the opening of the "Brâncuși" Museum within the Georges Pompidou Centre, Beaoubourg, Paris.
Participated in the international conference on the " Improvement of  the  Environment" held in Manila, Philippines.
1984 - February–March, solo exhibition at The Italian Cultural  Institute in Bucharest.
Since 1988 -  A member of the international jury of the Biannual of Art dedicated to Dante, Ravenna.
Since 1993- A professor of the Fine Arts Academy, the Sculpture Department, Cluj.

Works
 Works of  Constantin Lucaci are in the custody of many museums in Romania. Collections of art abroad : Antwerp, Copenhagen, Venice, Rome, Milan, Ferrara.

References

External links
 Constantin Lucaci a brief presentation of Constantin Lucaci's biography and work on the romania-on-line.net web site
 One of Lucaci's works, "Compoziție", Composition, one of Constatin Lucaci's steel sculptures at Museum of Art (Muzeul de Artă) din Târgu Jiu
 On Constatin Lucaci and other personalities of the Romanian culture on the www.funtrivia.com web site
 , "The moving stailess steel fountains of Constantin Lucaci"

1923 births
2014 deaths
People from Bocșa
Romanian educators
Romanian sculptors
Herder Prize recipients

Constantin Lucaci


John Michael Bishop (born February 22, 1936) is an American immunologist and microbiologist who shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Harold E. Varmus and was co-winner of 1984 Alfred P. Sloan Prize. He serves as an active faculty member at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), where he also served as chancellor from 1998 to 2009.

Education and early life
Bishop was born in York, Pennsylvania. He attended Gettysburg College as an undergraduate, where he was a brother of the Theta-Pi Zeta chapter of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. He later attended Harvard University Medical School, where he earned an MD in 1962.

Career
Bishop began his career working for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, a part of the National Institutes of Health.  He then spent a year working for the Heinrich Pette Institute in Hamburg, Germany before joining the faculty of the University of California, San Francisco in 1968. Bishop has remained on the school's faculty since 1968, and was chancellor of the university from 1998 to 2009. He is director of the Bishop Lab.

He became the eighth chancellor of UCSF in 1998. He oversaw one of UCSF's major transition and growth periods, including the expanding Mission Bay development and philanthropic support recruitment. During his tenure, he unveiled the first comprehensive, campus-wide, strategic plan to promote diversity and foster a supportive work environment. During this time, UCSF also adopted a new mission: advancing health worldwide™.

Research
Much of this work was conducted jointly with Harold Varmus in a notably long scientific partnership. Their best-known accomplishment was the identification of a cellular gene (c-src) that gave rise to the v-src oncogene of Rous Sarcoma Virus, a cancer-causing virus first isolated from a chicken sarcoma by Peyton Rous in 1910.  Their discovery triggered the identification of many other cellular proto-oncogenes—progenitors of viral oncogenes and targets for mutations that drive human cancers.

Awards and honors
Bishop is best known for his Nobel-winning work on retroviral oncogenes.  Working with Harold E. Varmus in the 1980s, he discovered the first human oncogene, c-Src.  Their findings allowed the understanding of how malignant tumors are formed from changes to the normal genes of a cell.  These changes can be produced by viruses, by radiation, or by exposure to some chemicals.

Bishop is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society.

Bishop is also a recipient of National Medal of Science in 2003. That same year, his book  "How to win the Nobel Prize: An Unexpected Life in Science" was published. He was elected Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2008.
In 2020, Bishop received from the UC Berkeley Academic Senate the Clark Kerr Award for distinguished leadership in higher education.

Archival collections
The University of California, San Francisco Archives and Special Collections houses a collection of J. Michael Bishop papers, including his laboratory research notebooks, writings, photographs, and other material.

References

External links

21st-century American biologists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
American immunologists
American microbiologists
American Nobel laureates
American virologists
Gettysburg College alumni
Harvard Medical School alumni
Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
National Medal of Science laureates
University of California, San Francisco faculty
1936 births
Living people
People from York, Pennsylvania
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Members of the National Academy of Medicine

J. Michael Bishop