The North Atlantic Conference (NAC) is an athletic conference, affiliated with the NCAA's Division III, consisting primarily of small liberal arts colleges in the Northern New England states of Maine, Vermont as well as New York.

The conference was founded in 1996 when six colleges agreed to form the North Atlantic Women's Conference. It changed to its current name in the fall of 1999. It currently sponsors a total of 17 men's and women's sports played by teams of the 13 institutions therein.

The 17 different sports that are played in the NAC range from the fall season, throughout the winter, and to the spring season. These sports are played among both men's and women's teams.

In the fall season, there are six sports played. Among these are, men's and women's cross country, field hockey, men's golf, men's and women's soccer, women's tennis, and women's volleyball.

In the winter season there are two sports played, which are men's and women's basketball along with men's and women's swimming and diving.

In the spring time there are four sports both for men's and women's teams. The NAC has men's and women's lacrosse, baseball, softball, men's tennis, and men's and women's outdoor track & field.

History

Chronological timeline

 Fall 1996 - Bay Path, Lesley, Lasell, Wheelock, Maine Maritime Academy and Massachusetts College of Pharmacy explore the opportunity to join and form an athletic conference to give women student-athletes an opportunity to compete in a post-season tournament.
 Spring 1997 - The above named institutions work out the details to create an athletic conference to be known as the North Atlantic Women's Conference (NAWC). The steps for a constitution and set bylaws is drafted, championship hosting criteria are established and dates chosen for a spring softball championship.
 Fall 1997 - The first full academic year for the NAWC brings additional meetings to continue to make policy and procedures more formalized.  Championships are to be held in women's soccer, cross-country, basketball and softball.
 Spring 1998 - Basketball holds first NAWC Championship at Lasell College.
 Fall 1998 - Becker, Elms and Mount Ida Colleges are interviewed and accepted for membership starting Fall 1999.
 Spring 1999 - Basketball holds its first NAWC Championship at Maine Maritime Academy.
 Fall 1999 - North Atlantic Conference (NAC) begins first season of competition, new members include: Becker, Elms and Mount Ida Colleges.  There are 8 members of the NAC. Championships include both women and men.
 Spring 2000 - The North Atlantic Conference conducts women's and men's championships for basketball and softball.
 Fall 2000 - The North Atlantic Conference continues to expand postseason championship opportunities for its student-athletes.  Two new associate members are added for women's field hockey, Simmons College and Western New England College.
 Spring 2001 - The North Atlantic Conference begins preliminary discussions with potential new NAC members.
 Fall 2001 - The North Atlantic Conference continues to expand the post season championship opportunities for its student-athletes.  Five institutions apply and present to NAC members for admittance to the NAC for Fall 2002 academic year. Two institutions; Castleton State College (VT) and Johnson State College (VT) apply for full members status. Three Maine institutions are seeking associate membership for women's field hockey, Thomas, Husson and UMaine Farmington. The NAC approves its first major expansion in 2 years, bringing the NAC membership to 10 full members and 5 associate members.
 Spring 2002 - The 3 Maine institutions with associate membership status continue talks about joining the NAC as full members for the fall of 2003-2004.
 Fall 2002 - The NAC receives confirmation that it will be recognized as a non-voting member of the NCAA Division III.  Dr. Carol Matteson of Mount Ida College begins a two-year term at President of the NAC. The automatic qualifier opportunities for women's sports begin a two-year waiting period before being instituted.
 Fall 2002 - Three institutions, Thomas, Husson and UMaine Farmington apply and present for full member consideration in September 2002  for admittance to the NAC for the Fall 2003 academic year.  The NAC accepts the three associate members for full NAC membership in Fall 2003.  The NAC approves its second major expansion in 3 years, bringing the NAC membership to 13 full members and 2 associate members.
 Fall 2002 - The North Atlantic Conference continues to expand the post season championship opportunities for its student-athletes. Fall sports teams now compete with championships being expanded to include both full and associate members, increasing the championships sponsored to include: women's volleyball, soccer, field hockey and cross country and men's soccer and cross country.
 Spring 2003 - The NAC members meet at NCAA Convention to continue to chart the future course for the NAC. The members meet in Portsmouth, NH for membership meeting and to set the agenda for the President's Meeting in May.  The NAC conducts women's and men's basketball championships. For the second year in a row, the NAC sends a men's team, Lasell College, to the NCAA tournament as an at-large bid. The NAC holds a spring championship for softball. Elms College wins and receives an at-large bid to play in the NCAA softball championship.
 Spring 2003 - Presidents and Directors of Athletics meet for the first time in NAC history to discuss various issues on the future of the NAC.  Strategic planning, mission statement, travel and web development are discussed.
 Fall 2004 - Tournament Champions in Field Hockey, Men's and Women's Soccer, and Volleyball receive the conference's automatic qualifier to participate in the NCAA Tournament. Maine-Farmington, which claimed the 2004 NAC Field Hockey Championship, upends Keene State in the first round of the 2004 NCAA Division III Field Hockey Tournament, 3-2 in double overtime on November 10 being the first NAC school to advance past the first round of NCAA championship play.
 Winter 2005 - Elms ends a dominant three-year run by Lasell in the Men's Basketball Championship, upending the top-seeded Lasers 70-66. Maine Maritime earns its third NAC Women's Basketball Championship in seven years with a 65-56 win over intrastate rival UMaine-Farmington. Both victors receive the automatic qualifier to the NCAA Division III Tournament for the first time.
 Spring 2005 - Baseball and Men's Lacrosse both feature for the first time seven teams competing for the NAC Championship and begin the two-year waiting period for automatic qualification to the NACC Tournament. For Baseball, Elms and Husson along with associate member St. Joseph's (ME) compete for the first time in league play, with St. Joseph's taking the 2005 championship. Maine Maritime and Thomas fielded Men's Lacrosse for the first time ever, and were joined by associate members Daniel Webster and Emerson. Mount Ida continued its dominance in Men's Lacrosse, going undefeated for the second season in a row and taking the 2005 NAC Tournament. Maine-Farmington takes the 2005 NAC Softball Championship for the first time in dramatic fashion, winning four straight games, the final in extra innings over Elms.
 Spring 2005 - Julie Muller becomes the commissioner of the North Atlantic Conference on May 1, 2005. Inheriting the title from Mount Ida Athletic Director, Dr. Jacqueline Palmer, she becomes the first person to hold the sole title of commissioner for the 13-member NCAA Division III conference. The NAC begins an extensive evaluation of the conference and plans to initiate its first strategic planning process. Dr. Carol Matteson agrees to extend her term in office as President of the Presidents Council for an additional year.
 Spring 2006 - President Dave Wolk, Castleton, is elected to the position of Chair for the Presidents Council, taking over the post from President Carol Matteson of Mount Ida College.  St. Joseph's College of Maine earns an At Large Bid to the NCAA tournament in Baseball. NAC begins to explore adding football as an NAC championship sport.
 Fall 2006 - Mount Ida College and Lasell College begin final year of NAC competition as conference full members after withdrawing from the conference as full members. Both are accepted as Associate Members beginning Fall of 2007; Mount Ida for Men's Lacrosse and Lasell for Field Hockey. Western New England College participates in its final year as associate members in field hockey.
 Spring 2007 - Mount Ida College earns the first NAC automatic qualifier in Men's Lacrosse. During its last season of competition in NAC baseball,  St. Joseph's College earns the first automatic qualifier awarded the conference in that sport. Husson College represents the NAC as the automatic qualifier in Men's Golf. Green Mountain College and Lyndon State College present for full membership consideration during the NAC Annual Meeting in York Harbor, Maine. Both institutions are accepted, to begin competition in Fall of 2008.  St. Joseph's College of Maine is accepted as associate members for field hockey, beginning competition in fall of 2008. Presidents Council votes to begin NAC competition in football in the fall of 2009.
 Fall 2007 - Bay Path College, Becker College, Elms College, Lesley University and Wheelock College begin their final year of competition as full conference members after withdrawing from the NAC. Applications for associate membership in football are accepted and under consideration for competition to begin fall of 2009.
 Fall 2008 - Green Mountain College and Lyndon State College join the conference as full members.
 Fall 2011 - Colby–Sawyer College and New England College join the conference as full members.
 Spring 2012 - Castleton earns NAC's first women's lacrosse automatic qualifier awarded to the conference in that sport with an 18-11 Win over Morrisville State.
 Spring 2013 - The NAC Presidents Council affirmed its commitment to respect and inclusion by placing their support behind a project aimed at combatting homophobia on campuses and recognizing the benefit of diversity at each of its membership institutions.
 Fall 2014 - The 10 membership institutions of the NAC showed their commitment to promoting respect for all by developing a conference-wide You Can Play video project.
 Spring 2015 - The NAC continues to expand the post season championship opportunities for its student-athletes with the addition of women's outdoor track and field. The NAC received national recognition from the NCAA after being selected as the February recipient of the Division III Diversity Spotlight Initiative for its work on the You Can Play video project.
 Fall 2015 - The NAC SAAC commits to embracing the It's On Us campaign as a conference wide initiative.
 Spring 2016 - The North Atlantic Conference continues to expand the post season championship opportunities for its student-athletes with the addition of men's outdoor track and field.
 Summer 2016 - Marcella Zalot becomes the second ever full-time commissioner of the North Atlantic Conference on June 13, 2016.  Inheriting the title from Julie Muller, who served as the NAC's first full-time commissioner and retired on June 30, 2016.
 Summer 2016 - On June 9, 2016, Colby–Sawyer announced that it would leave the NAC following the 2017–18 school year to join the Great Northeast Athletic Conference (GNAC).}}
 Fall 2016 - Castleton University graduate Rachel Bombardier, the 2015-16 NAC Woman of the Year, was named one of 30 Top Honorees for the 2016 NCAA Woman of the Year Award. Bombardier becomes the first NAC woman to be selected in the final 30 student-athletes throughout the history of the award. UMaine Presque Isle competes as an associate member in the men's and women's NAC cross country championships and in the women's volleyball regular season and postseason.
 Spring 2017 – On May 4, 2017, Castleton announced that it would leave the NAC following the 2017–18 school year to join the Little East Conference (LEC).
 Summer 2017 – On June 13, 2017, Green Mountain announced that it would leave the NAC (and the NCAA) following the 2017–18 school year to join the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), which it would spend one season as an NAIA member before closing in 2019.
 Summer 2017 - On July 31, 2017, New England College announced that it would leave the NAC following the 2017–18 school year to join the New England Collegiate Conference (NECC).}}
 Winter 2017 - The NAC announced the additions of the University of Maine at Presque Isle and SUNY Canton as full members beginning in the fall of 2018. Both schools had been members of the American Collegiate Athletic Association.
 Fall 2018 – On November 30, 2018, the NAC announced that SUNY Delhi, already an associate member in six sports (men's golf, men's lacrosse, men's and women's tennis, and men's and women's track & field), would become a full member of the conference effective in the fall of 2019. At that time, five additional Delhi sports—men's and women's cross country, men's golf, men's and women's soccer, and women's volleyball—began NAC play. Three more sports—men's and women's basketball, plus softball—remained in the American Collegiate Athletic Association until starting NAC play in 2020–21.
 Fall 2019 – On August 20, 2019, the NAC announced that three schools—Cazenovia, SUNY Cobleskill, and SUNY Poly—would become full members in July 2020.
 Spring 2022 – On March 1, 2022, the NAC announced that SUNY Morrisville and Lesley College would join as full members in the 2023-24 season.

Member schools

Current members
The NAC currently has fourteen full members, all but four are public schools.

Notes

Associate member
The NAC currently has one associate member, which is also a public school:

Notes

Former members
The NAC has twelve former full members, all but one were private schools:

Notes

Former associate members
The NAC had nine former associate members, all but two were private schools. This list includes only associate members that have completely departed the NAC. Current full members that had previously housed select sports in the NAC, such as SUNY Delhi, are not included.

Notes

Membership timeline

Sports

Championships

The NAC holds championships in the following sports:
Fall season: men's and women's cross country, field hockey, golf, men's and women's soccer, women's tennis, women's volleyball
Winter season: men's and women's basketball
Spring season: baseball, men's lacrosse, softball, men's tennis

References

External links

Articles which contain graphical timelines

North Atlantic Conference


Frederick Nicholas Coumbe (December 13, 1889 – March 21, 1978) was a pitcher who played in Major League Baseball from 1914 through 1921. Coumbe batted and threw left-handed. He was born in Antrim, Pennsylvania.

Biography
He was born on December 13, 1889, in Antrim, Pennsylvania.

Listed at , 152 lb., Coumbe reached the majors in 1914 with the Boston Red Sox, spending part of this season with them before moving to the Cleveland Naps / Indians (1914–19) and Cincinnati Reds (1920–21). His most productive season came in 1918 with the Indians, when he posted career-highs in wins (13), starts (17), strikeouts (41) and innings pitched (150). Coumbe saved himself from baseball anonymity as one of the few players to appear in the major leagues' last triple-header, played on October 2, 1920 between the Cincinnati Reds and Pittsburgh Pirates at Forbes Field. Cincinnati won the first two games, 13–4 and 7–3, and Pittsburgh won the third, 6–0. He saw action in right field in Game 1 and started at center field in Game 3. After his major league career ended with the Reds, he spent the next decade in the minor leagues, including three seasons with the Salt Lake City Bees.

In an eight-season career, Coumbe posted a 38–38 record with 212 strikeouts and a 2.80 ERA in  innings, including four shutouts and 30 complete games. A good hitting pitcher, he also was used as a pinch-hitter, collecting a .206 batting average (52-for-252) with one home run and 30 RBI.

Coumbe died on March 21, 1978, in Paradise, California at the age of 88.

References

External links

Baseball Library
Retrosheet
Baseball Records Registry, by Joseph J. Dittmar, McFarland, 1997

Boston Red Sox players
Cincinnati Reds players
Cleveland Indians players
Cleveland Naps players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball outfielders
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
1889 births
1978 deaths
St. Paul Saints (AA) players
San Francisco Seals (baseball) players
Salt Lake City Bees players
Hollywood Stars players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Mobile Bears players
Baltimore Orioles (International League) players
Elmira Colonels players
York White Roses players

Fritz Coumbe


Silent Wings Museum, "The Legacy of The World War II Glider Pilots," is a museum in Lubbock, Texas. The museum is housed in the former tower and terminal building of Lubbock's airport during the 1950s, and 1960s.

History
The museum is located on the site of World War II South Plains Army Air Field, where glider pilots were trained between 1942 and 1945, and after which time they were required also to command skills in powered flight. The giant "silent wing" gliders flew soldiers and supplies largely undetected behind enemy lines because they had no engine noise. The Lubbock site was initially chosen for the Army's glider school because of its dry climate, warm weather, mostly clear skies, and good will in the local community. The arid climate surroundings of the South Plains generally tend to create upward air currents and relatively few low-cloud formations, both of which are conditions deemed desirable in civilian gliding. The glider training area is now within the scope of the museum and of the nearby Lubbock Preston Smith International Airport.

In 1971, former pilots of the U.S. Army Air Force banded together to form the National World War II Glider Pilots Association, Inc. Their mission was to establish a forum for glider pilots to interact socially and to provide the framework for the preservation of the history of the U.S. glider program.

One of its first goals was to locate and restore a WACO CG-4A (See CG-4 Hadrian) glider for public display and viewing. Several former glider pilots living in the Dallas area learned of just such a glider sitting on top of a tire store in Fresno, California. After World War II, the giant, bulky aircraft had been purchased as military surplus, placed on top of the building, and subsequently used as advertising. In 1979, the glider was purchased, restored, and completed in time for the glider pilots' annual reunion in Dallas. After that reunion, plans were made and steps were taken to build a museum to house the CG-4A.

The first Silent Wings Museum opened to the public on November 10, 1984, in Terrell, east of Dallas. By 1997, the need for a more permanent museum home was realized. Responding to the need for a permanent glider home, the city of Lubbock, where a majority of the pilots had originally trained, offered to provide a new site for the museum. The pilots agreed to the new location, and the Terrell site closed in January 2001. The following October, the former South Plains Army Air Field site opened the new Silent Wings Museum with the restored CG-4A glider as the centerpiece of the exhibits.

Exhibits
The museum features in its theater a 15-minute program titled Silent Wings: The Story of the World War II Glider Program. Visitors then move on to the Timeline, Hangar and Combat Galleries. Photographs and artifacts include a fully restored WACO CG-4A glider, TG-4 trainer, airborne equipment, a small barracks rendition from the Lubbock Army Air Field, and a living exhibit: the British Horsa Glider restoration project.

Education and outreach
Silent Wings offers a variety of outreach programs and provides speakers who can tailor a program to fit a group's meeting. The Adams Research Library is located within the Silent Wings Museum. It is home to an extensive archive and book collection about the World War II military glider program. Research appointments can be scheduled.

Gallery

See also
American Wind Power Center
Lubbock Lake Landmark
Museum of Texas Tech University
National Ranching Heritage Center
Glider snatch pick-up

References

External links
Silent Wings Museum - official site

Photos of the Llano Estacado

Aerospace museums in Texas
Museums in Lubbock, Texas
Military and war museums in Texas
World War II museums in the United States
Military in Lubbock, Texas
Museums established in 2001
2001 establishments in Texas

Silent Wings Museum


William Beveridge (1637 – 5 March 1708) was an English writer and clergyman who served as Bishop of St Asaph from 1704 until his death.

Life
Son of the Rev. William Beveridge, B.D., he was born at Barrow, near Leicester, and baptised on 21 February 1637 at Barrow, Leicestershire, of which his grandfather, father, and elder brother John were successively vicars. He was first taught by his learned father and for two years was sent to Oakham School, Rutland, where William Cave was his school fellow.

On 24 May 1653 he was admitted a sizar in St John's College, Cambridge, with Bullingham as his tutor.
Dr. Anthony Tuckney was then head of the college, and took a special interest in young Beveridge. Beveridge specially devoted himself to the learned languages, including the oriental. In his twenty-first year he published a Latin treatise on the Excellency and Use of the Oriental Tongues, especially Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, and Samaritan, together with a Grammar of the Syriac Language, (1658; 2nd ed. 1664). In 1656, he proceeded H.A., and in 1660 M.A. On 3 January 1660-1 he was ordained deacon by Dr. Robert Sanderson, Bishop of Lincoln.

He was rector of Ealing, 1661–72, and of St. Peter's, Cornhill, London, 1672–1704, when he became bishop. On 22 December 1674 he was collated to the prebend of Chiswick in St. Paul's, London. In 1679 he proceeded D.D. On 3 November 1681 he was appointed Archdeacon of Colchester. On 27 November 1681 he preached a sermon on the Excellency and Usefulness of the Common Prayer. It rapidly went through four editions. In 1683 he preached another popular sermon on the anniversary of the Great Fire of London in 1666. On 5 November 1684 he was made prebendary of Canterbury in succession to Peter du Moulin. In 1687-8 he joined with Dr. Horneck and others in forming religious societies for 'reformation of manners.' In 1689 he became president of Sion College. He was installed bishop of St. Asaph on 16 July 1704.

He died in apartments in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey in London on 5 March 1708.

During his lifetime Beveridge refused to sit for his portrait, but following his death Benjamin Ferrers, a relative, painted one, now in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, from his corpse.

Works
In his day he was styled "the great reviver and restorer of primitive piety" because in his sermons and other writings he dwelt on the Church of the early centuries. His collected works (incomplete) are in the Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology in 12 volumes (Oxford, 1842–48). They contain six volumes of sermons, and in addition:
The Doctrine of the Church of England Consonant to Scripture, Reason, and the Fathers: A Complete System of Divinity (2 vols.);
 [https://books.google.com/books?id=mzWuhCgih08C Συνοδικόν, sive pandectae canonum ss. Apostolorum, et conciliorum ab ecclesia Graeca receptorum; nec non canonicarum ss. patrum epistolarum; nec non canonicarum SS. patrum epistolarum: una cum scholiis antiquorum singulis eorum annexis, et scriptis aliis huc spectantibus; ... Totum opus in duos tomos divisum Guilielmus Beveregius ... recensuit, prolegomenis munivit, & annotationibus auxit],. Codex canonum ecclesiæ primitivæ vindicatus ac illustratus, with the appendices, I. Prolegomena in  Συνοδικὸν, sive pandectas canonum; and II. Præfatio ad annotationes in canones apostolicos (2 vols.);
Private Thoughts on Religion, and Church Catechism Explained.

His Institutionum chronotogicarum libri duo, una cum totidem arithmetices chronologicæ libellis (London, 1669) was once an admired treatise on chronology. In it he also includes a full explanation of the Chinese remainder theorem for the case in which the moduli are relatively prime.  This was the first general proof of the ta-yen rule. It is also said by Francis Fauvel Gouraud that a discussion on Hebrew linguistics inspired Richard Grey to create his system of mnemotechniques which later evolved in to the Mnemonic major system.

References

External links

1637 births
1708 deaths
People educated at Oakham School
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Bishops of St Asaph
Chronologists
18th-century Welsh Anglican bishops
17th-century Anglican theologians
18th-century Anglican theologians
17th-century Welsh Anglican bishops
Canon law of the Church of England
Canon law jurists

William Beveridge (bishop)


271 North Avenue (also known as the Schiff Building, Pershing Square, the Kaufman or K Building) is a 13-story art-deco office tower located in the downtown section of New Rochelle in Westchester County, New York.

Overview
The brick, limestone and terra-cotta structure was designed by the architectural firm Schwartz & Gross and constructed by Harry Schiff & Sons. It was completed in 1930 at a cost of $1 million.

The building is built-up following the principles which guided early skyscraper design.

Overall, the building's use of massing  is derived from the sections used in all classic columnar orders, consisting of a base, shaft and capital.

The 3-story retail storefront space serves as the base, upon which are 10 stories, serving as the shaft, and, above this, is the cornice, representing the capital. The lower floors include commercial storefronts on the first story with a round-arched arcade on the second and third. The upper facade is designed with flat topped windows with minor detailing in the brick surrounds. In 1936 an additional floor was added to the building. The cornice is of terra cotta and includes medallions and dentils.

This was the tallest building in Westchester County when it was built in the 1920s. It was originally called the "Pershing Square Building", derived from its location on Pershing Square at the intersection of North Avenue and Huguenot Street. The building is located on the site of the former "Besley's Tavern", a Revolutionary War-era establishment where town meetings were held in 1773–1776. George Washington had once lodged at the tavern on a trip through New Rochelle.  The building was developed, built and owned by Harry Schiff & Son, prominent New York developers who erected and owned numerous buildings in New Rochelle and New York City. It was later renamed "Kaufman" by a later landlord, the owner of Kaufman Studios in Queens, New York.
Paul Terry established his animation company Terrytoons here in 1934. The firm created such well known characters as Mighty Mouse and Heckle & Jeckle, in the building until 1949 when it relocated to a nearby downtown location.
WVOX-AM 1460 maintained studios and offices here for decades.

References

External links
 Emporis.com - 271 North Avenue building details

Office buildings completed in 1930
Buildings and structures in New Rochelle, New York
Skyscrapers in New York (state)
Art Deco architecture in New York (state)
Skyscraper office buildings in New York (state)

271 North Avenue


The Japanese seahorse (in Japanese, kitano-umi-uma and sangotatsu) or lemur-tail seahorse (Hippocampus mohnikei) is a species of fish in the family Syngnathidae. The Japanese seahorse reaches a maximum length of 8.0 cm, is usually dark brown and has a relatively long tail, a ridgelike coronet and flattened spines. Many seahorse species look similar, so in addition to any distinguishing features, individual specimens are identified using a series of specific measurements and counts of anatomical features such as spines and tail rings.

H. mohnikei has a planktonic stage in the first six months of life, after which they settle, preferably in Zostera sea grass beds or estuaries, and begin to breed. They are ovoviviparous and the males carry the eggs in a brood pouch.  While several seahorse species are used in traditional Chinese medicine, H. mohnikei is not one of them.

Distribution and feeding
The mid-range of H. mohnikei distribution is around 28 N latitude. For many years the only confirmed distribution was around Japan. However, it was recently observed as far south as the Palk Bay coast of southeastern India. It has also recently been positively observed in Kampot, Cambodia. It is also suspected to be in the waters around China, Thailand and Vietnam.

They have a planktonic stage during the first six months of life, when they are between the lengths of 15.1–45.5 mm, in which they drift with other plankton in the water column. As they grow their food preferences shift from smaller items such as Oithona davisae and Penilia avirostris to larger food species. After the planktonic stage, they prefer to settle in Zostera sea grass beds and estuaries.

Identification
H. mohnikei reaches a maximum length of 8.0 cm and is usually dark brown all over, but may be mottled. The coronet of H. mohnikei has a low, ridge-like crest. Its spines are low and the body appears laterally flattened. It has double rounded cheek spines and double rounded spines below the eye. Its tail is long in proportion to its body. There is a slight enlargement of the 4th, 7th and sometimes the first trunk rings, as well as a slight enlargement of the 5th, 10th, 14th and sometimes 9th tail rings.

Many seahorse species look similar. If it is not immediately identifiable, specific measurements and counts are used to narrow the possibilities. Following is a table of measurements for H. mohnikei. (If there is a range, it is given in parentheses.)

Similar species to H. mohnikei include crowned seahorse (H. coronatus, which has 10 trunk rings, an extremely high coronet, and greatly expanded spines bordering a short dorsal fin), Shiho's seahorse (H. sindonis, which has 10 trunk rings, fewer tail rings, and a more prominent coronet), and Korean seahorse (H. haema, which has 10 trunk rings, fewer tail rings, a more prominent coronet, and greatly expanded spines bordering a short dorsal fin).

Growth and development
H. mohnikei have completely developed dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins even as juveniles of 6.0 mm long. Juveniles 6.0–26.4 mm total length also have a tiny caudal fin with just two rays. H. mohnikei reaches maturity at 55 mm and can reach a length of 80 mm. They start breeding in the season after birth, at six months to one year. H. mohnikei is ovoviviparous. The male carries the eggs in a brood pouch, which is found under the tail.

References

Japanese seahorse
Fish of Japan
Taxa named by Pieter Bleeker
Japanese seahorse
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Japanese seahorse


Kay Thompson (born Catherine Louise Fink; November 9, 1909 – July 2, 1998) was an American author, singer, vocal arranger, vocal coach, composer, musician, dancer, actress, and choreographer. She became famous for creating the Eloise children's books and for her role in the movie Funny Face.

Early life and family
Thompson was born Catherine Louise Fink in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1909, the second of the four children of Leo George Fink, a Jewish, Austrian-born pawnbroker and jeweler, and his American-born wife, Harriet Adelaide "Hattie" Tetrick, a Christian. Thompson's parents were married on November 29, 1905, in East St. Louis, St. Clair County, Illinois.

Thompson's siblings were Blanche Margaret Hurd, George "Bud" Fink, Jr., and Marian Antoinette Doenges.

Radio work
Thompson began her career in the 1930s as a singer and choral director for radio. Her first big break was as a regular singer on the Bing Crosby-Woodbury Show Bing Crosby Entertains (CBS, 1933–34). This led to a regular spot on The Fred Waring-Ford Dealers Show (NBC, 1934–35) and then, with conductor Lennie Hayton, she co-founded The Lucky Strike Hit Parade (CBS, 1935) where she met (and later married) trombonist Jack Jenney. Thompson and Her Rhythm Singers joined André Kostelanetz and His Orchestra for the hit series The Chesterfield Radio Program (CBS, 1936), followed by It's Chesterfield Time (CBS, 1937) for which Thompson and her large choir were teamed with Hal Kemp and His Orchestra.

For her motion picture debut, Thompson and her choir performed two songs in the Republic Pictures musical Manhattan Merry-Go-Round (1937). In 1939, she reunited with André Kostelanetz for Tune-Up Time (CBS), a show that was produced by radio legend William Spier (who later married Thompson in 1942). On an installment of Tune-Up Time in April 1939, 16-year-old Judy Garland was a guest. It was at this time that Thompson first met and worked with Garland, developing a close personal friendship and professional association that lasted the rest of Garland's life.

Hollywood

In 1943, Thompson signed an exclusive contract with MGM to become the studio's top vocal arranger, vocal coach, and choral director. She served as main vocal arranger for many of producer Arthur Freed's MGM musicals and as vocal coach to such stars as Judy Garland, Lena Horne, Frank Sinatra, and June Allyson. Some of the many MGM musicals Thompson was the vocal arranger for include Ziegfeld Follies (1945), The Harvey Girls (1946), Till the Clouds Roll By (1946), Good News (1947), and The Pirate (1948).

As a film actress, Thompson only played one major role: that of fashion editor Maggie Prescott in the musical Funny Face (1957) for Paramount Pictures. Reunited with producer and songwriter Roger Edens and director Stanley Donen, her colleagues from MGM, Thompson garnered critical praise for her stylish turn as an editor based on real-life Harper's Bazaar editor Diana Vreeland, opening the film with her splashy "Think Pink!" and performing duets with Astaire and Hepburn.

In a December 6, 2006, interview on Turner Classic Movies, Donen said that Funny Face was made at Paramount with a primarily MGM crew, including Donen, Edens and Thompson, because Paramount Pictures would not release Hepburn for any film except one made at Paramount. Thompson only acted in one additional feature film, 1970's Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon, because, according to its star Liza Minnelli, Thompson disliked the slow speed of movie production.

Night Club
Thompson left MGM in 1947 after working on The Pirate to create the night club act "Kay Thompson and the Williams Brothers", with the four Williams men as her backup singers and dancers. They made their debut in Las Vegas in 1947 and became an overnight sensation. Within a year, they were the highest paid nightclub act in the world, breaking records wherever they appeared. She wrote the songs, and Robert Alton did the original choreography for the act.

Eloise

Thompson, who lived at the Plaza Hotel in New York City, became most notable as the author of the Eloise series of children's books. The Eloise character was developed by the author based on her childhood imaginary friend and alter ego, with a voice in which Thompson spoke throughout her life, according to her biographer, filmmaker Sam Irvin. Thompson's goddaughter, Liza Minnelli, was often speculated as a possible model for Eloise.

The four books in the series, each illustrated by Hilary Knight, are Eloise (Simon & Schuster, 1955), Eloise in Paris (Simon & Schuster, 1957), Eloise at Christmastime (Random House, 1958) and Eloise in Moscow (Simon & Schuster, 1959). They follow the adventures of a precocious six-year-old girl who lives at The Plaza. All were bestsellers upon release and have been adapted into television projects. Thompson composed and performed a Top 40 hit song, "Eloise" (Cadence Records, 1956).

A fifth book, Eloise Takes a Bawth, was posthumously published by Simon & Schuster in 2002, culled from Thompson's original manuscripts once slated for 1964 publication by Harper & Row. However, by 1964 Thompson was burned out on Eloise; she blocked publication and took all but the first book out of print.

Recordings
As a singer, Thompson made very few records, starting with one side, "Take a Number from One to Ten", on a 1934 session by the Tom Coakley band. In 1935, she recorded four sides for Brunswick ("You Hit The Spot", "You Let Me Down," "Don't Mention Love To Me," and "Out of Sight, Out of Mind"), and another four sides for Victor.  The 4 Brunswick sides are excellent examples of mid-1930s sophisticated New York cabaret singing. She later recorded for Capitol, Columbia, Decca, and, most importantly, for MGM Records, which issued her only complete album of songs, in 1954. In February 1956, Thompson wrote and recorded the song "Eloise" at Cadence Records with an orchestra conducted by Archie Bleyer. The song debuted on March 10, 1956, and became a Top 40 hit, selling over 100,000 copies.

Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, Thompson mentored the solo career of the young Andy Williams. She helped land him a regular singing spot on NBC-TV's new late-night series, The Tonight Show, hosted by Steve Allen. She got her friend Archie Bleyer to add Williams to the roster of artists on his label Cadence Records where she wrote many of the songs he recorded, including the 1958 Top 20 hit "Promise Me, Love". In 1963, Thompson paired the Christmas song "Holiday Season"—a song she had written and first performed in 1945—with the 1942 Irving Berlin Christmas song Happy Holiday, and gave it to Williams to sing. This medley arrangement and recording became a very popular hit and has since been covered by many artists. Although it had been denied for decades, Williams admitted in his 2009 memoir, Moon River and Me (Viking Press), that he and Thompson had been secret lovers for several years, despite the age gap between them.

Thompson later recorded a spoken-word album for Signature Records, Let's Talk About Russia, which detailed her adventures in Moscow. Signature released a single of two songs by Thompson, "Dasvidanya" and "Moscow Cha Cha". She served as an adviser to Patti Page's 1957 television series, The Big Record.

Thompson kept busy with nightclub and television performances, as well as overseeing her successful "Eloise" franchise. She returned to live in New York in 1969. Immediately following the death of Judy Garland in 1969, Thompson appeared with goddaughter Liza Minnelli in Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon (1970). In 1974, Thompson directed a fashion show at the Palace of Versailles, featuring a performance by Minnelli and the collections of Halston, Bill Blass, Oscar de la Renta, and Anne Klein.

Death
Thompson eventually moved into Minnelli's Upper East Side penthouse. On July 2, 1998, she was found unconscious in bed and rushed to Lenox Hill Hospital, where she was officially pronounced dead, aged 88.

Personal life
Thompson was married twice:
 Jack Jenney, trombonist and bandleader, married 1937, divorced 1939
 William Spier, radio producer, married 1942, divorced 1947

After her second marriage failed, Thompson began a secret affair with Andy Williams (who was half her age) from 1947 to 1961. In December 1961 Williams married Claudine Longet.  Thompson moved to Rome and never remarried.

Legacy
The original soundtrack to Funny Face has been remastered and reissued as an expanded 60th anniversary edition, with eight alternate tracks, including four featuring Thompson. Most of her work for MGM has been preserved and released on Rhino/Turner Classic Movies original soundtrack series, including little-known contributions she did for films such as Meet the People (1944) and Abbott and Costello in Hollywood (1945). Her 1930s recordings are available on the CD "Kay Thompson: Queen of Swing Vocal & Her Rhythm Singers" (Baldwin Street Records), produced and annotated by Ted Ono. The rest of her recording career is compiled on the 3-CD box set "Think Pink! A Kay Thompson Party" (Sepia Records), produced and annotated by Thompson biographer Sam Irvin.
 In 2003 Thompson was posthumously inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame.
 Minnelli recreated Thompson's nightclub act for her 2009 Tony Award-winning Broadway event, Liza's at the Palace. A CD cast recording, a PBS television special, and a DVD followed. Liza's at the Palace opened at New York's Palace theater, an affectionate salute to Thompson, her godmother. Supported by a quartet of singer-dancers standing in for the original Williams Brothers, Minnelli performed songs (with the original vocal arrangements) from Thompson's act, including "Clap Yo' Hands" and "Hello, Hello".
 There is an exhaustively-researched list of all of Thompson's hundreds of credits for radio, TV, movies, stage, books, and music at the "Kayographies" tab at Kay Thompson Website. Featuring over 300 pages of endnotes, sidebars, letters, credits, etc., the website includes exclusive comprehensive extras about Thompson, which, due to space considerations, could not be included in Kay Thompson: From Funny Face to Eloise by Sam Irvin (published by Simon & Schuster).
 Thompson's sister Blanche Hurd was designated as her literary heir and was the commanding interest in the Eloise franchise beginning in 1998. After Hurd's death in 2002, the estate passed to Hurd's two children, Julie Hurd Szende and John Hurd.

Filmography
 I Dood It (night club patron) (uncredited) (1943)
 Lost in a Harem (singer) (uncredited) (1944)
 Broadway Rhythm (vocal arranger) (1944)
 Two Girls and a Sailor  (Vocal Arranger) (1944)
 Meet the People (Vocal Arranger) (1944)
 Meet Me in St. Louis (Vocal Arranger) (uncredited) (1944)
 Weekend at the Waldorf (Choral Arrangements)
 Thrill of a Romance (Hotel Guest) (Uncredited)
 Till the Clouds Roll By (vocal arranger/audience member) (uncredited) (1946)
 No Leave, No Love (vocal arranger/glamorous woman) (uncredited) (1946)
 The Kid from Brooklyn (1946)
 The Harvey Girls  (as Vocal Arranger) (1946)
 Ziegfeld Follies (Writer: A Great Lady Has an Interview) (1945)
 Good News ( Matron/Vocal Arranger) (1947)
 The Pirate  (as Vocal Arranger) (1948)
 Lady Possessed (As Nurse) (1952)
 Funny Face (1957) (as Maggie Prescot)
 Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon (1970) (as Gregory)

References

External links

 Kay Thompson  at St. Louis Walk of Fame

1909 births
1998 deaths
Actresses from St. Louis
American children's writers
American women composers
American film actresses
American stage actresses
Jewish American actresses
Jewish American writers
Jewish American artists
Jewish women artists
Writers from St. Louis
Writers from New York City
Apex Records artists
Musicians from St. Louis
Cadence Records artists
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American singers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American women singers
20th-century women composers

Kay Thompson


The Statute of Gloucester (6 Edw. 1) is a piece of legislation enacted in the Parliament of England during the reign of Edward I. The statute, proclaimed at Gloucester in August 1278, was crucial to the development of English law. The Statute of Gloucester and the ensuing legal hearings were a means by which Edward I tried to recover regal authority that had been alienated during the reign of his father, King Henry III (1207–1272), who had been made a virtual tool of the baronial party, led by Simon de Montfort. Edward I recognized the need for the legal "reform" and considered Parliament as a means of buying popular support by encouraging loyal subjects to petition the King against his own barons and ministers.

The statute is the origin of the common law doctrine of waste, which allows successors with future interests in a piece of property to prevent current tenants, who do not hold the land in fee simple, from making substantial changes to the property that would decrease its value.

The statute of 1278 provided for several important legal amendments, including a modification of novel disseisin, one of the most popular forms of action for the recovery of land which had been seized illegally. It challenged baronial rights through a revival of the system of general eyres (royal justices to go on tour throughout the land) and through a significant increase in the number of pleas of quo warranto (literally, "By what warrant?") to be heard by such eyres. In such proceedings, individual barons and franchise holders were expected either to show the King's judges proper legal title by which they possessed their rights to private jurisdictions or to lose such rights.

It is the first statute recorded in a Statute Roll.

Chapter 1
The 6 Edw 1 c 1 is sometimes referred to as the Franchise Act 1278.

The 6 Edw 1 c 1 was repealed, except from "And whereas before Time" to "recover Damages", by section 2 of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Civil Procedure Acts Repeal Act 1879.

See also
 Casu proviso

References

Footnotes

Works cited

External links
The Statute of Gloucester

Medieval English law
Acts of the Parliament of England
1278
1278 in England
1270s in law
Legal history of England
Edward I of England
Collection of The National Archives (United Kingdom)

Statute of Gloucester 1278


Salvatore Nistico (April 2, 1940 – March 3, 1991) was an American jazz tenor saxophonist.

Career
Associated for many years with Woody Herman's Herd, Nistico played in the group from 1962 to 1965, considered one of Herman's best bands, with Bill Chase, Jake Hanna, Nat Pierce, and Phil Wilson.

He started playing alto saxophone, switching to tenor in 1956, on a Buescher before switching to a Conn 10M tenor saxophone, and briefly played baritone saxophone. From 1959 to 1961, he played with the Jazz Brothers band (Chuck Mangione and Gap Mangione).

In 1965, he joined Count Basie but returned on many occasions to play with Herman. Around that time he was also a member of Dusko Goykovich's sextet with other musicians associated with the Herd, such as Carl Fontana, Nat Pierce, and Michael Moore. He also played with Nat Adderley, Don Ellis, Buddy Rich, and Stan Tracey.
Living in Europe in his latter years he worked with mostly European musicians as Joe Haider, Isla Eckinger, Billy Brooks, Fritz Pauer and recorded with the Larry Porter/ Allan Praskin Band and Three Generations Of Tenor saxophone with Johnny Griffin, Roman Schwaller, Paul Grabowsky, Roberto DiGioia, Thomas Stabenow, Joris Dudli and Mario Gonzi. The first live performance from January 1985 was released under the band's name on JHM Records Switzerland.

Nistico's solo work contrasts his big band work. His solo work is more oriented towards bebop, as heard on the Heavyweights recording on Riverside Records.

Discography

As leader or co-leader
 1961: Heavyweights (Milestone)
 1962: Comin' On Up (Milestone)
 1978: East of Isar, The Sal Nistico-Benny Bailey Quintet (Ego)
 1978: Neo/Nistico (Bee Hive)
 1981: Woody Herman Presents, Vol. 2: Four Others Al Cohn, Sal Nistico, Bill Perkins, Flip Phillips (Concord Jazz)
 1981: Live at Carmelo's 1981 (Fresh Sound)
 1985: Three Generations Of Tenorsaxophone, Johnny Griffin-Sal Nistico-Roman Schwaller (JHM Records Switzerland, JHM 3611, released 1997)
 1988: Empty Room (RED Distribution)
 1995: Sal Nistico Live (Culture Press)
 2001: Jazz Friends with Tullio De Piscopo (Amiata)
 2010: Swiss Radio Days, Vol. 21 with Tony Scott (TCB)

As sideman or guest
With Chet Baker
 1992: Live at Renaissance II (CD Baby)
 1994: Nightbird (CLA)
 1997: In a Soulful Mood (Music Club)
 2001: Round Midnight (Fruit Tree)

With Count Basie
2005: NEA Jazz Masters–Count Basie (Verve)

With Sammy Davis, Jr. & Count Basie
 1965: Our Shining Hour (Verve)

With Curtis Fuller
1978: Fire and Filigree (Bee Hive)

With Woody Herman
 1963: Woody Herman–1963 (Philips)
 1963: Encore Woody Herman–1963
 1964: Woody Herman–1964 (Philips)
 1965: The Swinging Herman Herd-Recorded Live (Philips)
 1965: Woody's Big Band Goodies (Philips)
 1969: Woody Herman – Light My Fire (Cadet)
 1992: World Class (Concord Jazz)
 1994: Live at Newport & At the Hollywood Bowl (Jazz Band)

With The Jazz Brothers (Chuck & Gap)
 1960: The Jazz Brothers (Riverside)
 1961: Hey Baby! (Riverside)
 1961: Spring Fever (Riverside)

With Helen Merrill
 1980: Casa Forte (Mercury)

With Pony Poindexter
 1962: Pony's Express (Epic)

With Larry Porter-Allan Praskin Quartet
 1994: Sonnet for Sal (Enja)

With Buddy Rich
 1974: Very Live at Buddy's Place (LRC)
 1974: Transition Buddy Rich & Lionel Hampton (Groove Merchant)
 1989: Tuff Dude (LRC)

With Sarah Vaughan
1984: The Mystery of Man (Kokopelli)
 Source

References

1938 births
1991 deaths
American jazz tenor saxophonists
American male saxophonists
Musicians from Syracuse, New York
Riverside Records artists
American people of Italian descent
20th-century American saxophonists
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians

Sal Nistico


Georgios Babiniotis (; born 6 January 1939) is a Greek linguist and philologist and former Minister of Education and Religious Affairs of Greece. He previously served as rector of Athens University. As a linguist, he is best known as the author of a Dictionary of Modern Greek (Λεξικό της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας), which was published in 1998.

Biography

He was born in Athens, in 1939. He graduated from the 9th Boys' Gymnasium of Athens and then he studied philology at the School of Philosophy of the University of Athens. In 1962 he earned his bachelor's degree from the University of Athens and he continued his studies in Greece and Germany. Before his 35th birthday, he became a full professor of linguistics at the Department of Philology of the School of Philosophy of the University of Athens. In 1991 he was elected president of the Philology Section of the Philosophy School and in 2000 he was elected rector of Athens University, a position he held until 2006.

He is also president of the Arsakeio-Tositseio Schools Educationalist Society (Φιλεκπαιδευτική Εταιρεία Αρσακείων-Τοσιτσείων Σχολείων), president of the management council of the Greek Civilization Foundation (Ίδρυμα Ελληνικού Πολιτισμού) and president of the Athens Linguistics Society (Γλωσσική Εταιρεία των Αθηνών). In 2009 he was assigned manager of the Council of Primary and Secondary Education (Συμβούλιο Πρωτοβάθμιας και Δευτεροβάθμιας Εκπαίδευσης) and he works on the changes of the examinations system in Greek secondary schools (Lyceums) that allow students to undertake tertiary education. He frequently writes articles for the daily newspaper To Vima and was also scientific advisor for the Greek public television stations. He manages the Lexicology Centre (Κέντρο Λεξικολογίας) which in 1998 published the Dictionary of Modern Greek (Λεξικό της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας), which has also come to be known as the "Babiniotis dictionary".

On 7 March 2012, he was appointed Minister of National Education and Religious Affairs in the coalition cabinet of Prime Minister Lucas Papademos, a post which he held until 17 May 2012.

See also
 Babiniotis dictionary court case

References

External links
Personal website
Biography in Greek from the National Book Centre.
Lexicology Centre

1939 births
Living people
Politicians from Athens
Linguists from Greece
Greek lexicographers
Greek philologists
Academic staff of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Heads of universities and colleges in Greece
Ministers of National Education and Religious Affairs of Greece

Georgios Babiniotis


Raymond James French, MBE (born 23 December 1939) is an English former rugby league and rugby union footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s. French played at international level in both codes. He won four caps for England in rugby union in 1961 as a lock forward, then moved to rugby league as a  and played for his home town club, St. Helens, before going on to play at Widnes.

After training as a school teacher, he taught at Cowley School in St. Helens, Lancashire, where his local counterparts included Brian Ashton who taught at Stonyhurst College.

French was a commentator on rugby league on both television and radio. He is well known for his range of colloquialisms. French is regularly heard on the Rugby League show Try Time each Thursday on BBC Radio Merseyside giving his views on the state of the game in his forthright way. He retired in 2019.

In 2010, French received the Mike Gregory Spirit of Rugby League Award to mark his contribution to the game.

Also President of the St Helens Past Players' Association, French was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2011 New Year Honours for services to rugby league.

Playing career

Championship final appearances
Ray French played left- in St. Helens' 35–12 victory over Halifax in the Championship Final during the 1965–66 season at Station Road, Swinton on Saturday 28 May 1966, in front of a crowd of 30,165.

Challenge Cup Final appearances
Ray French played left- in St. Helens' 21–2 victory over Wigan in the 1966 Challenge Cup Final during the 1965–66 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 21 May 1966, in front of a crowd of 98,536.

County Cup Final appearances
Ray French played right- in St. Helens' 25–9 victory over Swinton in the 1961 Lancashire Cup Final  at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 11 November 1961; played left- in the 15–4 victory over Leigh in the 1963 Lancashire Cup Final  at Station Road, Swinton on Saturday 26 October 1963, and played left- in the 12–4 victory over Swinton in the 1964 Lancashire Cup  Final atCentral Park, Wigan on Saturday 24 October 1964.

BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Final appearances
Ray French played left- in St. Helens' 0–4 defeat by Castleford in the 1965 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Final at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Tuesday 14 December 1965.

Ray French Award
In August 2019 the Rugby Football League ran a poll among fans on the Our League app to name a trophy for the man of the match award in the 1895 Cup Final. French was one of three names in the poll along with Willie Horne and Johnny Whiteley. French won the poll with over 60% of the votes cast and presented the award at the inaugural final on 24 August 2019 to Sheffield's Anthony Thackeray.

Award winners
2019 Anthony Thackeray - Sheffield Eagles
2020 Not awarded - no competition played due to the COVID-19 pandemic
2021 Craig Hall - Featherstone Rovers

References

External links
Statistics at en.espn.co.uk
Saints Heritage Society profile
Widnes RLFC Player Profile

1939 births
Living people
BBC sports presenters and reporters
British sports broadcasters
Dual-code rugby internationals
England international rugby union players
English rugby league commentators
English rugby league players
English rugby union players
Great Britain national rugby league team players
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Rugby league players from St Helens, Merseyside
Rugby league second-rows
Rugby union locks
Rugby union players from St Helens, Merseyside
Schoolteachers from Lancashire
St Helens R.F.C. players
Widnes Vikings players
Liverpool St Helens F.C. players

Ray French


The California Academy of Mathematics and Science (CAMS) is a public magnet high school in Carson, California, United States focusing on science and mathematics. Its California API scores are fourth-highest in the state.

Located on the campus of California State University, Dominguez Hills, CAMS shares many facilities with the university, including the gymnasium, the student union, the tennis courts, the pool, the library and a few of the parking lots. It is a National "No Child Left Behind" Blue Ribbon (2011) and California Distinguished school. The No Child Left Behind blue ribbon was only presented to 32 public schools nationwide. Newsweek states in its top 1200 High Schools in the USA, CAMS is in the top 4% taking number 281 in 2006.

In the December 2007, Newsweek released the results of a two-year study to determine the 100 best High Schools in the United States of America. Out of the 18,000+ schools reviewed, CAMS made it into the top 100 as number 21. As of August 24, 2016, CAMS moved up in ranking to the 100th best high school in the nation. In California CAMS is ranked 10th in the state.

According to U.S. News & World Report, as of November 2019 CAMS is rated as the 46th best high school in the nation, and the 5th best in California. It also ranks as the best magnet high school in California.

Unlike similar schools such as the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy and the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, CAMS is non-residential, drawing its students solely from most of Long Beach, portions of Los Angeles, and some cities of the South Bay region. Students are admitted only as freshmen. In 2016, the admissions process was changed and is now based solely on academic achievement in middle school. The prior interviewing and applications process was discontinued due to a legal settlement. In the past, applicants from different grade levels were allowed to apply and be accepted, but due to the strict, demanding curriculum at CAMS, the school felt incoming students from other grade levels would be unable to keep up, as they would be unaccustomed to such a curriculum.

General information
The California Academy of Mathematics and Science (CAMS) opened on the California State University at Dominguez Hills (CSUDH) campus in 1990, the product of partnerships among CSUDH, the California State University's Chancellor's Office, a consortium of eleven local school districts, and defense industries.  Long Beach Unified School District serves as the managing school district fiscal agent. Today, CAMS ranks in the top ten schools in California on the NCLB Academic Performance Index; its students score well above state and national averages on the math and verbal SATs. Average student daily attendance in 2003-04 was 98%. Attrition is less than 5% for all reasons, as opposed to a 50% drop-out rate in some local high schools, and 95% of CAMS students go on to four-year colleges and universities, including the most selective and prestigious in the nation. (Approximately 5% attend community colleges.)

Although CAMS winnows about 175 students from about a thousand of 9th grade applicants each year, CAMS does not rank its applicants for acceptance, but accepts students from each of its 75 feeder schools including predominately inner-city middle schools. Its mission is to "defy the odds" and prove that students, especially those from academically deprived environments, can excel in math and science, given a setting that features integrated curriculum, teamwork, and real world applications of learning. Faculty refer to CAMS as a "talent development program."

Class size is relatively large, between 30-40 students.  The school receives about $5,500 per student annually, placing CAMS is on par with the state average for high schools. (CAMS's base funding is $4,400 per student; private donations and special legislative funding make up the rest.)

Campus
Because CAMS is on the CSUDH campus, juniors and seniors may enroll in university courses (and some CAMS teachers teach at CSUDH). In the past, students were able to begin taking courses on CSUDH campus as early as their sophomore year.  CAMS students may graduate with as many as 20 college credits—an advantage for students applying to selective colleges and/or advancing to early college graduation, particularly with CSUDH summer classes through a Honda-sponsored program. Many of these students receive generous scholarship awards to help them afford higher education costs.

The school oversees numerous internship and summer programs with business partners, matching students with professionals from an industry of the student's choice. Mentors from local industries help bridge the gap between the classroom and the "real world," inspiring students to think beyond high school. One mentor who is still in contact with students he mentored over the years said, "I am most tough on time management, which I think helped them be successful in their studies."

History
Created in 1990 by Dr. Kathleen Clark, CAMS was originally composed of the Southern Academic Complex (SAC) and was relatively small in comparison to now. About six years ago new buildings were constructed to help accommodate the students population. Now phase II is complete. The last building was finished midway through the 2007-2008 school year. Only CAMS seniors are currently granted access to CSUDH's newly completed student union during lunch hours. Dr. Clark retired at the end of the 2006-2007 school year after having been principal for as long as the graduating class of 2007 had been alive. Dr. Filer, previously vice-principal, became the new principal beginning with the 2007-2008 school year. Dr. Filer retired at the beginning of the 2013-2014 school year, and Mr. Brown became the principal.

CAMS also has a lot of social activities and clubs to participate in.  A few include Robotics, Test Code, Key Club, Society of Women Engineers, Filmmakers Club, Photography Club, Biomed Club, the Tennis team, etc.

Notable alumni
Jeremiah Abraham - Film and Television Producer, Founder & CEO of Tremendous Communications
Robert Butler III - Film director, producer and podcaster
Kun Gao - Entrepreneur, Founder and CEO of Crunchyroll
Johari Gardner - Music producer
Christina Hernández - NASA Systems Engineer
Leila Janah - Social Entrepreneur, Founder and CEO of Samasource
Chester Pitts - Seattle Seahawks left guard
Myles Williams - Engineer, founder and CEO of Prophets Only

Extracurricular activities
Students at CAMS enjoy a variety of extracurricular activities, including sports (volleyball, soccer, and tennis), Dance Team, Key Club, PI (Pacific Islander) Club, Chess Club, Math Club, M.E.Ch.A., Test Code (formerly Computer Science Club), Pinoy Club, Black Student Alliance (BSA), Gay-Straight Alliance (GSA), National Honor Society (NHS), Future Medical Professionals, Associated Student Body (ASB), Rocket Team, MATE Underwater ROV Competition (ROV) Team, National Society of Black Engineers (NSBE),  MESA (Mathematics, Engineering, Science Achievement), FIRST Robotics Competition (FRC) Team, VEX Robotics Team, Girls Build LA, Faith & Fellowship, and HOSA (Health Occupations Students of America).

FRC, Vex Robotics, ROV, NSBE, and Rocket Team allow students to apply what they have learned in math, science, and engineering to create a product worthy of competition. MESA and the Robotics Program (FRC, VEX, and ROV) are the largest organizations at CAMS whose main focus is math and science. For those interested in the medical field, students may also join HOSA, which has recently started in conjunction with the new Biotechnology pathway at CAMS. Students in the CAMS HOSA team may compete in multiple medical science categories such as medical terminology, medical math, biomedical debates, etc., at the State and National level. Since students are allowed membership in the VEX Robotics program beginning their sophomore year, most tend to join VEX Robotics that year. The Girls Build LA team at CAMS, which works to improve the community, has been awarded grant funding by the LA Promise Fund every year since 2017.

Athletics
California Academy of Math & Science beat Animo 2-1 in a CIF Southern Section Division VII semifinal on 3/3/2010 at Beckham Field at the Home Depot Center. After its third Delphic League Championship in a row under 4th-year Head Coach Jim Watwood (2010 LB Press Telegram Coach of the year) and reaching a semifinal last year, top seed CAMS (17-2-1) advanced to its first CIF final, where it faced No. 2 seed Sierra Vista. In the last seconds of the game, Sierra Vista scored on a controversial cross to tie the game 1-1. The Royals went on to lose in penalty kicks 5-4. It marked the first CIF final for CAMS soccer and the school's second CIF team title game. The CAMS girls tennis team won the school's first CIF team title in 2006.

Admissions
The school accepts residents from the following school districts:
 Compton Unified School District
 Hawthorne School District
 Inglewood Unified School District
 Lawndale Elementary School District
 Lennox School District
 Long Beach Unified School District
 Lynwood Unified School District
 Palos Verdes Peninsula Unified School District
 Torrance Unified School District
 Wiseburn School District
 Some areas of the Los Angeles Unified School District - The following middle school zones are eligible for application to CAMS:
Bethune
Carnegie
Caroldale
Carver
Clay
Curtiss
Dana
Dodson
Drew
Edison
Fleming
Gage
Gompers
Harte
Mann
Markham
Muir
Nimitz
Peary
South Gate
White
Wilmington

In addition, any private school student zoned to any of the school districts or LAUSD middle schools above is also eligible to apply to and attend CAMS.

College admissions

The Class of 2021 spans throughout California within the California State University and University of California system, although alumni especially committed to universities in Southern California. The most popular destinations within both systems are UC San Diego (23 alumni), UC Irvine (19 alumni), Long Beach State (17 alumni), Cal Poly SLO (7 alumni), and UC Berkeley (6 alumni). CAMS graduates are granted two years of free tuition at Long Beach City College, which has a dedicated Transfer Admission Guarantee resource center for transferring to the majority of UC and CSU Campuses. Admissions at private universities are sparse, but enrollments most recently occurred at Caltech, Stanford, and Yale. Below are admissions tables derived from the University of California and California State University for the Class of 2021:

References

External links

 CAMS Ranking (1999)
 CAMS Ranking 2007

High schools in Los Angeles County, California
Public high schools in California
Magnet schools in California
Carson, California
Science and technology in California
1990 establishments in California
Educational institutions established in 1990


Andrew Lynch (Mayor), 14th Mayor of Galway, died 25 March 1523.

Lynch was a member of The Tribes of Galway, and served the term 1498-1499. He is notable in that he attempted to connect the Corrib with Lough Atalia on the east of the town. The work was never completed and was afterwards referred to as 'Lynch's Folly.' He was the Mayor who oversaw the first recorded curfew in the town.

In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Galway was engaged in a trade war with Limerick. Merchants from the latter city were licensed by letters patent from Edward IV to arrest any inhabitants of Galway found in Limerick and have their good impounded until an owed by Andrew Lynch fitz Stephen was paid. This was dated 1477 yet the dispute seems to have continued long after. Andrew is stated in a contemporary document to have died while under arrest in Dublin in March 1523.

He married Eleanor Martin and had two known children, John Lynch fitz Andrew and Arthur Lynch fitz Andrew. Both would serve as Mayors, for the terms 1528-1529 and 1539-1540 respectively.

References
History of Galway, James Hardiman, Galway, 1820.
Old Galway, Maureen Donovan O'Sullivan, 1942.
Henry, William (2002). Role of Honour: The Mayors of Galway City 1485-2001. Galway: Galway City Council.
 Martyn, Adrian (2016). The Tribes of Galway: 1124-1642

Mayors of Galway
15th-century births
1523 deaths
Year of birth missing

People of the Tudor period
15th-century Irish politicians
16th-century Irish businesspeople

Andrew Lynch (mayor)


Edris Albert "Eddie" Hapgood (24 September 1908 – 20 April 1973) was an English footballer, who captained both Arsenal and England during the 1930s.

Playing career
Hapgood was born in Bristol and started his footballing career in the mid-1920s as an amateur playing in local football in the Bristol Downs Association Football League for St Phillip's Marsh Adult School Juniors (while employed as a milkman), before getting his big break at Kettering Town in the Southern League. He was signed by Herbert Chapman's Arsenal for £950 in 1927. Initially a thin and fragile player, Arsenal's trainer Tom Whittaker forced him to take up weight training, and abandon his vegetarianism, and Hapgood eventually became known for his physique and power. He supplemented his footballer's maximum wage by fashion modelling and advertising chocolate.

Hapgood made his Arsenal debut on 19 November 1927 against Birmingham City but was initially used as backup for left back Horace Cope; he did not become Arsenal's regular left back until early 1929, but after that he made the position his own, right up until the outbreak of World War II in 1939. He played in Arsenal's 2–1 victory over Sheffield Wednesday in the Charity Shield at Stamford Bridge in October 1930. Arsenal won the match 2–1.  He played 35 or more matches in every season in that period, earning a reputation as an elegant and unruffled defender; he even deputised as goalkeeper on two occasions when Frank Moss was injured. Hapgood went on to succeed Alex James as Arsenal captain, leading the side to the league title in 1937–38, whilst personally winning five League Championships and two FA Cups.

Hapgood also played for England 30 times, making his debut against Italy in Rome, on 13 May 1933, which finished in a 1–1 draw. Hapgood became England captain and wore the armband 21 times; his first match as captain was the infamous "Battle of Highbury" on 14 November 1934, against Italy, who were reigning World Champions at the time. England had not taken part in the World Cup, so the match was billed as the "true" World Championship match. The match was notoriously dirty, with many players sustaining injuries, including Hapgood himself with a broken nose; England beat the Italians (who were reduced to ten men for most of the match) 3–2.

Hapgood also captained England in another infamous match, against Germany in Berlin on 14 May 1938, where Hapgood and his players were made to give the Nazi salute before the match, under pressure from British diplomats. Hitler was not in attendance; England won the match 6–3.

The Second World War cut short Hapgood's playing career (he was only 30 when hostilities broke out). Hapgood served in the Royal Air Force during the war, whilst also playing for Arsenal and England in unofficial matches. In June 1940, he was one of five Arsenal players who guested for Southampton in a victory over Fulham at Craven Cottage. He also appeared as a guest player for West Ham United later in Second World War.
It was during the war that Hapgood fell out with the Arsenal management, after he was loaned out to Chelsea and eventually left the club under a dark cloud. He played 440 times in all for Arsenal, scoring two goals.

Post-playing career
In 1945, he wrote one of the first footballing autobiographies, entitled Football Ambassador, and after the war moved into management. He had stints in charge of Blackburn Rovers, and then Watford and Bath City. After that he left football completely; he fell on hard times and wrote back to his old club Arsenal asking for financial assistance (as he had never been given a testimonial match) but the club only sent him £30.  He spent his later years running a YMCA hostel in Harwell, Berkshire and Egdon Hall (hostel for UKAEA apprentices) in Lynch Lane Weymouth, Dorset.  He died in Leamington Spa, Warwickshire on Good Friday 1973 at the age of 64.

Honours
Arsenal
 First Division Championship: 1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38
 FA Cup: 1929–30, 1935–36
 FA Charity Shield: 1930, 1931, 1933, 1934

Individual
 Football League 100 Legends

References

External links
The "Battle of Highbury"
BBC – Football, fascism and England's Nazi salute
Eddie Hapgood at the National Portrait Gallery

1908 births
1973 deaths
Footballers from Bristol
Kettering Town F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. players
Chelsea F.C. wartime guest players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. managers
England men's international footballers
England men's wartime international footballers
English football managers
English men's footballers
Watford F.C. managers
Bath City F.C. managers
Southampton F.C. wartime guest players
West Ham United F.C. wartime guest players
English Football League players
English Football League representative players
Men's association football defenders
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II

Eddie Hapgood


Military specialisms are the chosen or assigned trade or career specialties in the armed forces which demand from the individuals achievement of qualifications, and a degree of knowledge and skill in the tradecraft to perform tasks and assignments to an acceptable level of completeness or quality.

Overview
Commonly military occupations are specific to the Arm, Service or Branch of the armed forces because of the different requirements of the personnel to operate in different environments, using different technologies and working within different operational systems.

The general term of reference to service personnel in the land component of an armed forces is a soldier, that of the naval component a sailor, that of the naval infantry component a marine, and in the air component an airman, which are sometimes also the lowest military rank in these services.

See also
Military personnel
Military Occupational Specialty

References

External links

Military personnel

Military specialism


The Polish 39th Infantry Division was a reserve unit of the Polish Army, which took part in the Polish September Campaign. Commanded by General Bruno Olbrycht, it was part of the Prusy Army and was concentrated in the area of the Holy Cross Mountains.

The division was fully assembled on September 10, 1939. It was ordered to defend the Vistula River line between the towns of Dęblin and Kazimierz Dolny. Due to General Olbrycht's sickness, it was de facto commanded by Colonel Bronisław Duch. On September 14, the 39th, which had become part of the Lublin Army, withdrew towards Chełm. Five days later, it engaged the Wehrmacht in Krasnystaw, then fought the German 4th Light Division near Zamość. The division took part in the Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski and capitulated on September 26, 1939.

References

See also
 Polish army order of battle in 1939
 Polish contribution to World War II
 List of Polish divisions in World War II

39th
39th

39th Infantry Division (Poland)


The Seminary of Quebec (French: ) is a Catholic community of diocesan priests in Quebec City founded by Bishop François de Laval, the first bishop of New France in 1663.

History

The Séminaire de Québec is a society of diocesan priests founded on March 26, 1663, by Bishop François de Laval, first bishop of New France, in order to sustain the mission of the Church in North America. In 1665, he joined this community to that of the Seminary of Foreign Missions of Paris under the name of the Seminary of Foreign Missions of Quebec, from which is derived the acronym SME, still in use today.

The first role of the Séminaire de Québec was to prepare young men for ordination and ministry in parishes and missions as far away as Louisiana. The Seminary was thus founded together with the Major Seminary, where future priests received their training.

In 1668, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis XIV's top minister, initiated an attempt to impose French language and culture on local aboriginal people. Bishop de Laval therefore opened the Seminary to local aboriginal people as well as children of settlers with studious dispositions and a desire to enter the priesthood. This was the beginning of the Petit Séminaire de Québec (the Minor Seminary).

Until the English conquest in 1760, the Minor Seminary was a boarding school for students. Classes were held at the Jesuit College on the site of the present City Hall. When the Jesuits were suppressed after the conquest, the directors of the Seminary took over. The Minor Seminary became a full-fledged teaching institution, a college, open to all boys interested in studying. In 1852, the high quality of teaching was recognized in a royal charter from Queen Victoria, leading to the founding of Université Laval, the first Catholic French-language university in North America. Université Laval and the Minor Seminary no longer have any legal ties with the Quebec Seminary. The Seminary spun off Université Laval into its own corporation in 1970 and the same was done with the Minor Seminary in 1987.

The services of the Séminaire de Québec currently include the Major Seminary, a vocations centre, a new diocesan Minor Seminary, the Catholic centre at Université Laval, the training of priests and other pastoral leaders, parish service, and theology studies.

François de Laval's vision is at the root of the Séminaire de Québec's influence and success in education. His bequest of a large tract of lakes and forests northeast of the city known today as the Beaupré Seigneury, purchased from the Compagnie des 100 Associés (Compagnie de la Nouvelle-France), has funded the work of the institution ever since.

The Petit Séminaire

In the early 1930s the Petit Seminaire hosted the young Gerard Raymond whose cause for sainthood is underway. Since 1987, the Petit Séminaire de Québec has been a private Roman Catholic secondary school separated from the Séminaire de Québec. Many  French-Canadian clergy of the 18th and 19th century, as well as innumerable academics, went through the Petit Séminaire before higher education became widely accessible. Until 1970, the Superior of the Seminary was also the Rector of Université Laval, which was originally an offshoot of it.

Buildings

The historical site of the Séminaire de Québec in Old Quebec includes a vast number of buildings, some of which date back to the 17th century and are witnesses of the French occupation, while the others were constructed anywhere from the 18th to the 20th century. The ensemble is made up of two groups of buildings: the Vieux-Séminaire constructed under the model of 17th century French colleges, and the second group of buildings that have been added over the years to meet the needs of Laval University, the Grand Séminaire and the Petit Séminaire, whose most important buildings are the Camille-Roy Building and the Jean-Olivier-Briand Building. The Camille-Roy Building has several pinnacles on which continuously fly the flag of the coat of arms of founder of the Séminaire de Québec, Bishop François de Laval, and the Jean-Olivier-Briand Building houses the priests' residence and the Grand Séminaire.

The Seminary at 1 Rempart Street, Québec, was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1929. This location continues to operate as a centre for educating Roman Catholic priests  A section of the Vieux Séminaire has been the location for the Université's school of architecture since 1987. The Camille-Roy pavilion houses the restored Promotions Room which can be rented as a venue for various types of events.

See also
 List of Jesuit sites
 Moulin du Petit-Pré, a water-powered flour mill built for the seminary

References

Bibliography

PROVOST, Honorius, Le Séminaire de Québec : documents et biographies, Québec, Séminaire de Québec, 1964. 542 p. (Publications des archives du Séminaire de Québec; 2)
Cap-aux-Diamants, N° hors série (oct. 1993), Québec, Société historique de Québec, 1993. 70 p.

External links
 History of the Seminary of Quebec (SME)
 Act of foundation (in French)

Seminaries and theological colleges in Canada
Universities and colleges in Quebec
1663 establishments in the French colonial empire
Education in Quebec City
National Historic Sites in Quebec
French colonial architecture in Canada
Heritage buildings of Quebec
1660s establishments in Canada
1663 establishments in New France
Buildings and structures in Quebec City
Roman Catholic schools in Quebec
Religion in Quebec City

Séminaire de Québec


The subiculum (Latin for "support") is the most inferior component of the hippocampal formation. It lies between the entorhinal cortex and the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus proper.

The subicular complex comprises a set of related structures including (as well as subiculum proper) prosubiculum, presubiculum, postsubiculum and parasubiculum.

Name
The subiculum got its name from Karl Friedrich Burdach  in his three-volume work Vom Bau und Leben des Gehirns (Vol. 2, §199). He originally named it subiculum cornu ammonis and so associated it with the rest of the hippocampal subfields.

Structure
It receives input from CA1 and entorhinal cortical layer III pyramidal neurons and is the main output of the hippocampus.  The pyramidal neurons send projections to the nucleus accumbens, septal nuclei, prefrontal cortex, lateral hypothalamus, nucleus reuniens, mammillary nuclei, entorhinal cortex and amygdala.

The pyramidal neurons in the subiculum exhibit transitions between two modes of action potential output: bursting and single spiking. The transitions between these two modes is thought to be important for routing information out of the hippocampus.

Four component areas have been described: parasubiculum (adjacent to the parahippocampal gyrus), presubiculum, postsubiculum, and prosubiculum.

Parasubiculum
The parasubiculum contains grid cells, which are neurons responsive to movements in particular directions over particular distances.

Presubiculum
The presubiculum is part of the posterior cortex corresponding to Brodmann area 27, and forms part of the cortical input to the entorhinal-hippocampal spatial/memory system.

Postsubiculum
The dorsal part of the presubiculum is more commonly known as the postsubiculum and is of interest because it contains head direction cells, which are responsive to the facing direction of the head.

Prosubiculum
Prosubiculum is a term often used in reference to monkey anatomy but rarely in rodents, referring to a region located between the CA1 region of the hippocampus and the subiculum, and distinguished by higher cell density and smaller cell sizes.

Function
It is believed to play a role in some cases of human epilepsy.

It has also been implicated in working memory and drug addiction.

It has been suggested that the dorsal subiculum is involved in spatial relations, and the ventral subiculum regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Clinical significance

Potential role in Alzheimer's disease

Rat studies indicate that lesioning of the subiculum decreases the spread of amyloid-beta in rat models of Alzheimer's disease.  Alzheimer's disease pathology is thought to have prion-like properties. The disease tends to spread in characteristic sequence from the entorhinal cortex through the subiculum.

Additional images

References

External links
 Photo
 Photo

Hippocampus (brain)

Subiculum


Interpretations of the law in the Bible within the Seventh-day Adventist Church form a part of the broader debate regarding biblical law in Christianity. Adventists believe in a greater continuation of laws such as the law given to Moses in the present day than do most other Christians. In particular, they believe the 10 Commandments still apply to today, including the Sabbath in particular.

Official belief
One of the official 28 fundamental beliefs of the Adventist church states:
19. Law of God:
The great principles of God's law are embodied in the Ten Commandments and exemplified in the life of Christ. They express God's love, will, and purposes concerning human conduct and relationships and are binding upon all people in every age. These precepts are the basis of God's covenant with His people and the standard in God's judgment. Through the agency of the Holy Spirit they point out sin and awaken a sense of need for a Saviour. Salvation is all of grace and not of works, and its fruit is obedience to the Commandments. This obedience develops Christian character and results in a sense of well-being. It is evidence of our love for the Lord and our concern for our fellow human beings. The obedience of faith demonstrates the power of Christ to transform lives, and therefore strengthens Christian witness. (Ex. 20:1-17; Deut. 28:1-14; Ps. 19:7-14; 40:7, 8; Matt. 5:17-20; 22:36-40; John 14:15; 15:7-10; Rom. 8:3, 4; Eph. 2:8-10; Heb. 8:8-10; 1 John 2:3; 5:3; Rev. 12:17; 14:12.)

History
Adventists have traditionally taught that the Decalogue is part of the moral law of God which was not abrogated by the ministry and death of Jesus Christ. Therefore, the fourth commandment concerning the Sabbath is as applicable to Christian believers as the other nine. Adventists have often taught a distinction between "moral law" and "ceremonial law". The moral law continues into the New Testament era, but the ceremonial law was done away with by Jesus.

How the Mosaic law should be applied came up at the 1888 Minneapolis General Conference Session. A. T. Jones and E. J. Waggoner looked at the problem addressed by Paul in Galatians as not the ceremonial law, but rather the wrong use of the law (legalism). They were opposed by Uriah Smith and George Butler at the 1888 Conference. Smith in particular thought the Galatians issue had been settled by Ellen White already, yet in 1890 she claimed justification by faith is "the third angel's message in verity."

Some state that Ellen White interpreted  as saying that the ceremonial law was nailed to the cross. However, Ellen's White's statements clearly indicate that the only aspects of the law that were nailed to the cross were those things that specifically pointed forward to his sacrifice (e.g., animal sacrifices). These typical rituals were done away with when type met anti-type in the death of Christ. The other elements of the law of Moses that did not point specifically to Christ were not nailed to the cross. Scholars today typically understand the Greek word cheirographon which was nailed to the cross to be the record of sin.

At the 1952 Bible Conference, Edward Heppenstall's presentations on the Two Covenants became the normative interpretation on the topic in the denomination to the present day. Heppenstall emphasized the importance of the heart in obeying the Ten Commandments (a position earlier stated by Ellen G. White, but did not become normative until this point). Early Adventists had emphasized legalism (i.e. "obey and live") and during the early twentieth-century had wandered into a dispensationalist view of the covenants (Old Covenant belonged to the Old Testament). Heppenstall taught that the old and New Covenants are part of an everlasting covenant.

The 1957 publication Questions on Doctrine was a pivotal publication in Adventist history. One follow-up article was "The Law in Adventist Theology and Christian Experience" by Edward Heppenstall.

In 1981 disfellowshipped Australian Adventist Robert Brinsmead published Sabbatarianism Re-examined in which he criticised the Sabbath, arguing the Ten Commandments are not all inclusive.

Norm Young wrote in 1989 that "current Adventist exegesis conceives of the law as a total religious system and doesn't agree with the sharp distinction between moral and ceremonial law." Young has published numerous articles on biblical law in reputable Christian theology journals.

Adventists in accordance with the food laws of Leviticus 11, are encouraged to not eat "unclean" meat, including pork and shellfish, because the biblical distinction between clean and unclean animals existed prior to the Sinai covenant (see Gen. 6-9). Adventists oppose homosexuality, which they see as included in the commandment "You shall not commit adultery", not just as a part of the civil laws of the Old Testament.

See also

 Seventh-day Adventist theology
 The Pillars of Adventism
 Biblical law in Christianity
 Sabbath in Seventh-day Adventism

External links
 "The Law of God" (chapter 18) in
 Section "IV. Questions on the Law and Legalism" from Questions on Doctrine
 Law articles from the Biblical Research Institute
 SDANet AtIssue: Covenants
 Articles relating to "law" as cataloged in the Seventh-day Adventist Periodical Index (SDAPI)

References

Seventh-day Adventist theology
Biblical law

Biblical law in Seventh-day Adventism


Maria Corti (7 September 1915 – 22 February 2002) was an Italian philologist, literary critic, and novelist. Considered one of the leading literary scholars of post-World War II Italy, she was awarded numerous prizes including the Premio Campiello for the entire body of her work. Her works of fiction were informed by her literary scholarship but also had a distinctly autobiographical vein, particularly her Voci del nord-est (1986) and II canto delle sirene (1989). For most of her career she was based at the University of Pavia where she established the Fondo Manoscritti di Autori Moderni e Contemporanei, an extensive curated archive of material on modern Italian writers.

Life and career

Corti was born in Milan, the only child of Emilio and Celestina (née Goldoni) Corti. Her mother was a pianist who died when Corti was ten years old. After her mother's death, her father, an engineer frequently absent from Milan while working in southern Italy, placed her in a boarding school run by the Sisters of Saint Marcellina. She would remain there for the next five years. After leaving the boarding school she studied at a liceo in Milan, living largely on her own apart from summer holidays spent with her father in Apulia. She then attended the University of Milan where she would eventually complete two laurea degrees. The first was in literature in 1936 with a thesis on medieval Latin supervised by Benvenuto Terracini. The second was in philosophy with a thesis on African Spir supervised by Antonio Banfi.

Corti's early academic career coincided with Italian Fascism and was curtailed by laws which prohibited women from holding university or liceo teaching positions. From 1939 to 1950 she worked as a teacher in a ginnasio (secondary school for students from age 11 to 16) in Brescia, dedicated herself to private study and writing, and was active in anti-Fascist circles. From 1950 until 1962 she taught at the Alessandro Volta liceo in Como and then at the Cesare Beccaria liceo in Milan. She also held a part-time teaching post at the University of Pavia from 1955 which she combined with her teaching at the liceo in Milan. After her mentor Benvenuto Terracini had returned from exile in 1947, she renewed her research collaboration with him and formed close personal and intellectual ties with his other students—Cesare Segre, Gian Luigi Beccaria and Bice Mortara Garavelli. The ties would last a lifetime, and Corti (who never married) very often spoke of these scholars as her "family".

Her first major university post came in 1962 when she was appointed to the chair of Italian language history at the University of Lecce. That same year she published her first work of fiction, L'ora di tutti, an historical novel set in Otranto. She had written two other novels in 1947. The first of these, originally titled Il treno della pazienza and based on her experiences commuting by train between her teaching job in Brescia and her home in Milan, was published in a revised version in 1981 as Cantare al buio. The second, La leggenda di domani, was published posthumously in 2007 with an introduction by Cesare Segre. Set in Apulia, the novel tells the story of a young orphan girl from Milan who seeks refuge with a fisherman's family in Santa Maria di Leuca.

In 1964, Corti returned to the University of Pavia, where she was given a permanent appointment as a professor of Italian Language History. She remained at Pavia for the rest of her career where her scholarship, along with that of Cesare Segre, D'Arco Silvio Avalle, and Dante Isella, Corti's scholarship created the so-called "Pavia school" of philology and semiotics. At Pavia, she also established the Fondo Manoscritti di Autori Moderni e Contemporanei, an extensive curated archive of autograph manuscripts and other documents by 19th- and 20th-century Italian writers. She founded and edited the journal Autografo which published scholarly work based on material in the archive, as well as two other journals Alfabeta and Strumenti critici.

Corti continued working up until the time of her death. The manuscript of her last work, Scritti su Cavalcanti e Dante, was handed to her publisher in early February 2002. She died of respiratory failure in Milan two weeks later at the age of 86. Her funeral was held at the University of Pavia attended by her colleagues and students, Umberto Eco, and the presidents of the Accademia della Crusca and the Accademia dei Lincei. Following the funeral, she was buried in her maternal family tomb in Pellio Intelvi. Volume 44 of Autografo, dedicated entirely to Corti's life and work and including previously unpublished pages from her diary, was published later that year.

Principal works
Philology and literary criticism
 Studi sulla latinitià merovingia in testi agiografici minori (Principato, 1939)
 Studi sulla sintassi della lingua poetica avanti lo Stilnovo (Olschki 1953)
 Metodi e fantasmi (Feltrinelli, 1969), republished in 1997 in an expanded edition under the title Nuovi metodi e fantasmi
 I metodi attuali della critica in Italia, co-authored with Cesare Segre (ERI, 1970)
 Entro dipinta gabbia: Tutti gli scritti inediti, rari e editi 1809-1810 di Giacomo Leopardi, (Bompiani, 1972)
 Princìpi della comunicazione letteraria (Bompiani, 1976), published in English translation as An Introduction to Literary Semiotics (Indiana University Press, 1978)
 II viaggio testuale. Le ideologie e le strutture semiotiche (Einaudi, 1978)
 Beppe Fenoglio. Storia di un «continuum» narrativo (Liviana, 1978)
 Una lingua di tutti: Pratica, storia e grammatica della lingua italiana, co-authored with Emilio Manzotti and Flavia Ravazzoli (Le Monnier, 1979)
 Dante a un nuovo crocevia (Sansoni-Le lettere, 1981)
 La felicità mentale: Nuove prospettive per Cavalcanti e Dante (Einaudi, 1983)
 Per filo e per segno: Grammatica italiana per il biennio, co-authored with Claudia Caffi (Bompiani, 1989)
 Storia della lingua italiana e storia dei testi (Ricciardi, 1989)
 Percorsi dell'invenzione: Il linguaggio poetico e Dante (Einaudi, 1993)
 Ombre dal fondo (Einaudi, 1997)
 Un ponte tra latino e italiano (Interlinea, 2002)
 Scritti su Cavalcanti e Dante (Einaudi, 2003)

Fiction
 L'ora di tutti (Feltrinelli, 1962)
 II ballo dei sapienti (Mondadori, 1966)
 Cantare nel buio (Farfengo, 1981)
 Voci del nord-est: Taccuino americano (Bompiani, 1986)
 II canto delle sirene (Bompiani, 1989)
 Otranto allo specchio, (All'insegna del pesce d'oro, 1990)
 Catasto magico (Einaudi, 1999)
 Storie (Manni, 2000)
 Le pietre verbali (Einaudi, 2001)
 La leggenda di domani (Manni, 2007)

References

Further reading
Nesi, Cristina (1995). Dialogo in pubblico (book-length interview with Maria Corti). Rizzoli.
Guerra, Giorgia and Nesi, Cristina (eds.) (2000).  Maria Corti: Voci, canti e catasti. Interlinea.
Cremante, Renzo and Stella, Angelo (eds.) (2002). Maria Corti: Congedi primi e ultimi. Interlinea.
Scorrano,  Luigi (2002) Carte inquiete: Maria Corti, Biagia Marniti, Antonia Pozzi. Longo.
Dolfi, Anna (ed.) (2005). Testimonianze per Maria Corti. Bulzoni
Grignani, Maria Antonietta and Stella, Angelo (eds.) (2012). Maria Corti: Ancora dialogando. Interlinea.

1915 births
2002 deaths
Italian women novelists
20th-century Italian women writers
Italian philologists
Women philologists
Writers from Milan
20th-century Italian novelists
University of Milan alumni
Academic staff of the University of Pavia
Academic staff of the University of Salento
20th-century philologists

Maria Corti