Kanmani is an Indian Tamil-language soap opera directed by P. Selvam and produced by Home Movie Makers. It aired on Sun TV from 22 October 2018 to 28 November 2020. It starred Sanjeev and Leesha Eclairs.

The story follows Kannan (Sanjeev) who is in love with his niece Soundarya (Leesha Eclairs). After many misunderstandings and breakup with her boyfriend Akash (Jishnu Menon) and family rivalries, they become married and the family reconciles.

Plot

Soundarya returns from a work-study program in Russia to seek her parents' approval to marry Akash. She asks help from her uncle Kannan, who has secretly loved her since he was a child, but he misunderstands her and they become engaged. When Kannan realizes the truth, he prioritizes Soundarya's happiness and walks out on their wedding day, becoming ostracized by the family. Kannan later explains and arrangements are made for Soundarya and Akash's wedding.

Akash's mother arrives for the wedding and forbids Kannan from attending. Kannan pleads to be allowed to perform the murai maman (literally 'method uncle') seer tradition, but he is thrown out of the wedding hall. Soundarya convinces Kannan to return but Akash's mother threatens to drink poison. Akash leaves with his mother, stopping the wedding. The tensions cause Soundarya's father Dharmadurai to suffer a heart attack; while he undergoes surgery, Soundarya apologizes to the family. Avoiding Akash, Soundarya tries to overcome her depression by working as a marketing manager at a dairy, but Akash unexpectedly joins the same company.

To escape a thug's threats, elderly farmer Veeraiyan moves to the village with his two daughters. One of them, Muthuselvi, falls in love with Kannan while he helps the family. She is unable to reveal this and becomes unhappy with Kannan's efforts to arrange her marriage. Soundraya's brothers-in-law (i.e.: the husbands of her sisters) hate Muthuselvi and spread rumours that Muthuselvi is in a relationship with Kannan to ruin her reputation. Angered at this malice, Kannan declares that he will marry Muthuselvi, who is overjoyed until she realizes that Kannan could never abandon his love for Soundarya. Muthuselvi tries to further ruin her own reputation so that Kannan will leave her to be with Soundarya.

Kumaresan, one of Soundraya's brothers-in-law, impregnates one of the village concubines who extorts money from him to keep it a secret. Struggling to make the payments, Kumaresan steals the jewels that Kannan had bought for Muthuselvi wedding. The concubine's relative reveals the whole sordid affair while selling the jewels, leading Dharmadurai to confront Kumaresan. Dharmadurai's heart falters and Kumaresan keeps him from his heart medication, resulting in his death.

While the family mourns Dharmadurai, Krishnaveni convinces her husband Rajadurai to succeed as the family patriarch in place of Kannan. Rajadurai does so and announces that Kannan will marry Soundarya, while his daughter Valarmathi will marry Akash. Everyone is shocked but accepts the decisions.

Preparations begin for the weddings, and Valarmathi is dismayed that Akash isn't as considerate as Kannan. To prevent their children from being upstaged, Krishnaveni and Akash's mother plot to poison Kannan, but Akash's mother drinks the poison and is hospitalized. Kannan considers postponing his wedding but Akash insists he continue, as Soundarya has already had two cancelled weddings. Despite obstacles, both couples are married.

On the wedding night, Kannan and Soundarya are very happy with each other but Akash is preoccupied with his mother's condition and refuses to be intimate with Valarmathi. Valarmathi doesn't understand this and accuses him of neglecting her, and he slaps her. Valarmathi decides to get revenge by killing herself in the morning. Kannan and Akash find her before she can commit suicide. Despite numerous attempts at reconciliation, Valarmathi refuses to be anything but hostile and Akash chases her away.

Soundarya becomes pregnant but has a miscarriage and is declared infertile. Muthuselvi agrees to be a secret surrogate mother for her. Kannan learns of this and, to everyone's surprise, Soundarya becomes pregnant again. He tries to arrange for Muthuselvi to be married to his friend, but her pregnancy is revealed and everyone is convinced that Kannan had an affair.

Kumaresan and Krishnaveni are arrested for killing Dharmadhurai. Krishnaveni escapes from jail and plots with Valarmathi to kill Kannan but fail several times. Akash plots to win back Valarmathi by pretending to marry his friend to make her jealous. This works, and Valarmathi changes her mind about making an enemy of the family. Krishnaveni also repents and makes peace with the family.

Kaali, a distant family member who looks like Kannan, attempts to kill Kannan and replace him to steal his property. When Soundarya and Muthuselvi learn about him and his plans, they quarrel, and Kaali pushes Muthuselvi to the ground. Muthuselvi goes into labour and gives birth to a baby boy. The birth is such a beautiful event that it convinces Kaali to abandon his plans and rejoin the family. With everyone reconciled, the show ends.

Cast

Main
 Sanjeev Venkat as Kannan Viji's brother, Kaali
 Leesha Eclairs as Soundarya Kannan, Kannan's niece and later his wife
 Sambhavi Gurumoorthy as Muthuselvi Veeraiyan, Kannan's ex-fiancee

Recurring

 Jishnu Menon as Aakash, Soundaryas ex-boyfriend and Valarmathi husband
 Vindhuja Vikraman as Valarmathi (Episodes 1-112)
 Haripriya Vigneshkumar replaced Vindhuja as Valarmathi (Akash's wife) (Episodes 112-536)
 Poornima Bhagyaraj as Vijayalakshmi Dharmadurai  Viji (Kannan's elder sister)
 L. Raja as Dharmadurai (episodes 1–243)
 Priyaa Prince (episodes 1-112) as Suganya Kathiresan
Sowmya replaced Prince as Suganya Kathiresan: Dharmadurai's elder daughter (episodes 113-536)
 Bharani Elangovan as Saranya Kumaresan: Dharmadurai's second daughter
 Iraa Agarwal as Vanathy Rajadurai (episodes 1–112)
Janani Pradeep replaced Agarwal as Vanathy Rajadurai (episodes 113–536)
 "Soodhu Kavvum" Sivakumar as Rajadurai
 Jeevitha as Santhini: Akash's maternal aunt
 Premi Venkat as Krishnaveni Rajadurai
 Ayyappan as Kathiresan
 Suresh Krishna as Kumaresan
 Bhagya as Dharini: Kumaresan's mother
 Thilla as Kumarasan's father
 Bharathi Kannan as Kathiresan's father
 Abinavya as Sneha (episodes 400–536)
 Jeeva as Pandikumar
 Anjali Rao as Ammu: Kaali's love interest
 Anitha Nair as Neelaveni
 Rajashekhar as Veeraiyan (Muthu's father)
 Keerthika as Thanga Selvi Veeraiyan
 Babitha as Doctor
 T. R. Omana
 Tejas Gowda as Police Officer
 Shanthi Williams

Special appearances

Sandhya as Sandhya / Kanmani (Episodes 454–468)
 Amit Bhargav as Venu (episodes 455–467)
 Subalakshmi Rangan as Karthika (episodes 455–467)
 Rajavelu as Himself (episodes 455–467)

Casting

Actor Sanjeev who was the last seen in Zee Tamil's Yaaradi Nee Mohini was cast as Kannan.
  Poornima Bhagyaraj was cast as Vijayalakshmi, making her television series debut.
In February 2019, Shambhavi Gurumoorthy, who was known for Thamarai which was her debut with Neelima Rani, was cast as Muthuselvi.
Priya Prince was selected to the role of Suganya (Viji's daughter) who played an important role who was known for Tamil Kadavul Murugan
Anitha Nair entered the show as the main antagonist of Unknown.

References

External links
 Official Website

Sun TV original programming
2010s Tamil-language television series
2018 Tamil-language television series debuts
Tamil-language television shows

Kanmani (TV series)


Plymtree is a small village and civil parish about 3.5 miles south of the town of Cullompton in the county of Devon, England. The parish is surrounded, clockwise from the north, by the parishes of Broadhembury, Payhembury, Clyst Hydon and Cullompton. In 2001 it had a population of 605, compared to 359 in 1901. The village website provides up to date information about local events http://www.plymtree.org.uk/

The village has a public house called The Blacksmith Arms and a Church of England primary school (https://plymtree-primary.devon.sch.uk/devon/primary/plymtree) which is part of the Culm Valley Federation with Kentisbeare and Culmstock Schools. There is a small  community run village shop and post office, a village hall, playground and recreation field. The yearly country fayre is held on the August Bank Holiday which raises funds for the Village Hall and local Riding for the Disabled Group. It has a cricket club and tennis court.

Parish church
St John the Baptist's church is medieval; the tower and the south aisle are Perpendicular but the nave and chancel are older. The rood screen is a splendid example and exceptionally well preserved. It incorporates emblems which indicate that it was given by Isabel widow of Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon, who was beheaded in 1469. The wainscoting is painted with figures but they are not of high aesthetic value. There is a small alabaster relief of the Resurrection of Christ which is Flemish work of about 1600.
In the churchyard of St John the Baptist's church is a historic yew tree.

The first known English personification of Christmas was associated with merry-making, singing and drinking. A carol attributed to Richard Smart, Rector of Plymtree from 1435 to 1477, has 'Sir Christemas' announcing the news of Christ's birth and encouraging his listeners to drink: "Buvez bien par toute la compagnie, / Make good cheer and be right merry, / And sing with us now joyfully: Nowell, nowell."

Notable people
In 1832 Joseph Dornford was presented by his Oxford college to the rectory of Plymtree, and in 1847 he was collated by Henry Phillpotts a prebendary of Exeter Cathedral. He died at Plymtree on 18 January 1868, aged 74.

Historic estates
The parish of Plymtree contains various historic estates including:
Fordmore, anciently Ford's Moore, from before 1161 to 1702 the seat of the at Ford (later "Ford") family.
Plymtree Manor.
Woodbeer Court.

References

External links

Villages in Devon

Plymtree


San Pietro a Majella is a church in Naples, Italy. The term may also refer to the adjacent Naples music conservatory, which occupies the premises of the monastery that used to form a single complex with the church.

The church stands at the western end of Via dei Tribunali, one of the three parallel streets that define the grid of the historic center of Naples; the church is considered one of the most significant examples of Angevin architecture in Naples and was built at the wishes of Giovanni Pipino da Barletta, one of the knights of Charles II of Anjou and the one responsible for destroying the last Saracen colony on the southern peninsula, in Lucera.

San Pietro a Majella was built in the early 14th century in Gotico Angioiano style and was named for and dedicated to Pietro Angeleri da Morone, a hermit monk from Maiella (near Sulmona) who became Pope Celestine V in 1294. He was the founder of the Celestine monastic order, which occupied the church until 1799, when monasteries were suppressed by the Neapolitan Republic. After the restoration of the monarchy, the monastery was reopened, but in 1826 was converted to house the San Pietro a Maiella Conservatory, a function it preserves. The church underwent restoration in the 1930s and remains an open and active house of worship.

As was the case with much Angevin architecture in Naples, San Pietro a Majella underwent a Baroque make-over by the Spanish in the 17th century, but 20th-century restoration attempted to "undo" that and to restore the building to its original Gothic appearance.

Interior
The interior has three naves, separated by pillars supporting Gothic arches, with nine lateral chapels, plus four on each side of the chancel, and transept. The 14th century tomb of Giovanni Pipino da Barletta, architect of the church, is placed on the counter-façade. The tomb was designed by Giovanni Barrile, while the tombs of Petra family members are by the Neapolitan sculptor Lorenzo Vaccaro.

The main altar was completed in the seventeenth-century, built by Cosimo Fanzago, and Pietro and Bartolomeo Ghetti, is decorated with large vases and candlesticks in silver and preceded by a balustrade covered in polychrome marbles. It stands on it a fifteenth-century wooden crucifix, while behind there are frescoes of the 17th century and 16th century sculptures.

The ceiling of the nave, with drawers, and the transept feature paintings by Mattia Preti depicting Episodes from the life of St. Peter Celestine and Saint Catherine of Alexandria (1657–59).

The works on the nave, starting from the entrance, are:
Accompanied by Charles II of Anjou with the Cross, St Peter Celestine the hermit becomes Pope
St Peter Celestine in prayer at the Maiella church
Glory of St Peter Celestine in papal robes, accompanied by St. Benedict
St Peter Celestine in prayer at the Maiella church, suffering temptation
 The saint with the tiara in hand, in the act of making the great refusal

The works of the transept, from left to right, are:
 St Catherine defends her faith in dispute with the sophists
 Develops stigmata in prison and assisted by the angels
 Beheading of the saint in front of the tyrant Maxentius
 Mystic Marriage of St Catherine
 Lifeless body of the saint, strewn with roses, is taken to heaven by angels

Chapels
First chapel on left: There is a painting by Niccolo Rossi depicting Bishop San Biagio; chapel has Maiolica tiles with designs typical of Aragon.
Second chapel on left: This is the chapel of the Spinelli-Raetano family with two funerary monuments of the family of which the one on the left wall, is characterized by a bust of the Roman period depicting Trajan. The Assumption of the Virgin (1705) painted by Giacomo del Po.
Third chapel on left: Allows entry or exit, to Piazza Luigi Miraglia through port placed under the bell tower.
Fourth chapel on left: Houses three tombs, one of which appears to be the tomb of the philosopher, physician and scientist Leonardo Di Capua. The chapel is also characterized by decorations in marble and a Crucifixion by Domenico Viola.
Fifth chapel on left: The chapel is dedicated to the Colonna-Zagarolo family. Contains three paintings by Francesco De Mura: Preaching Santoronzo (altar ),Baptism of St. Horace (left wall) and Martyrdom of St. Horace (right wall).
Transept - left apse: Dedicated to the Petra family, the chapel houses in the two side walls the funerary monuments of Domenico and Vincenzo Petra, archbishop of Damascus, cardinal, and member of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, both works of Lorenzo Vaccaro. In addition to the tiled floor, where there are two tombstones, one of 1739 to Isabella Altemps the wife of the duke of Gallese, Nicholas Petra, the chapel is also characterized by a fresco depicting the Madonna del Soccorso.
Transept - Second to the left of the apse chapel (Chapel Pippin): The floor is majolica tiles and is marked by a monument of Paul Salbana and Giottesque frescoes depicting ''Stories of Mary Magdalene''. The author of the frescoes from Bologna was identified with the anonymous "Master John Barrile" active in Naples active in the Barrile Chapel of San Lorenzo Maggiore. The cycle of frescoes may have been made earlier than 1356, the year Giovanni Pepino, the buyer, died.

Transept on the right of the apse:  Contains works of Giovanni da Nola and Onofrio De Leo. Of the first there is an altar with a Deposition (painting) and a sculpture of St Sebastian. The second there are two paintings, San Cristoforo da Padua with the host (1643) and San Francesco di Paola in front of the Kings of Aragon breaking a coin from which radiates blood, and other paintings depicting the Madonna, San Domenico, John the Baptist and St Francis.

Transept right of the apse chapel (Lionella Chapel): It has a cycle of frescoes dating depicting Stories of St. Martin (1355-1360). The chapel also has sculptures in marble, representing two arms of which one of the family Lionella and the other, the family Petra (whose chapel is located inside the church, to the left of the apse), depicting a lion rampant holding a stone in one paw and a severed head in the other.
First chapel on right: There is the tomb of the family Stinga.
Second chapel on right: There is a painting of St Benedict takes leave from St Scholastica by Girolamo Cenatiempo.
Third chapel on right: The chapel was badly damaged during World War II and contains an altar and a painting of the Seven Holy Founders of the Servite Order (1892). Both come from the destroyed Church of St Thomas Aquinas.
Fourth chapel on right: (Chapel of St. Peter): On the front is a painting by Massimo Stanzione, the Madonna appearing to St Peter Celestine, while on the sides there are two paintings by Cenatiempo: on the right, Nativity of St Peter C., and left Death of St Peter Celestine (1711). Finally, in the vault and lunettes, also by Cenatiempo, are Apotheosis of St. Peter Celestine and allegorical figures.
Fifth chapel on right: There is a Marriage of St Catherine by Cenatiempo and a Dream of St Catherine by Nicola Malinconico.

Notes

Sources

De Lellis, De Minieri Riccio, Brevi notizie dell'archivio angioino, Naples 1872.
A. Venditti, Urbanistica e architettura angioina, in Storia di Napoli, Naples 1969.
O. Morisani, L'arte di Napoli nell'età angioina, in Storia di Napoli, Naples 1969.
Celano - Chiarini, Notizie del bello dell'antico e del curioso, Naples  1972.

14th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Pietro a Majella
Gothic architecture in Naples
Celestine Order

San Pietro a Majella


Earl of Catherlough was a title in the Peerage of Ireland.

It was created in 1763 for Robert Knight, 1st Baron Luxborough (1702–1772), Member of Parliament for Great Grimsby, Castle Rising and Milborne Port.

The 1st Earl was the only son of Robert Knight, Cashier of the South Sea Company, by his first wife. He was with his father on his flight to Brabant in February 1721. In 1727, following his return to England, he married Henrietta St John, daughter of Henry St John, 1st Viscount St John, by his 2nd wife Angelica Pelissary. Henrietta was thus half-sister of Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, the son of her father's 1st marriage. He entered parliament in 1734 as M.P. for Great Grimsby, and was at first identified with the Bolingbroke interest.  However, with Bolingbroke's return to France and the break-up of his marriage, he became less partisan. On 8 August 1745 he was created Baron Luxborough, of Shannon, in the peerage of Ireland. He gave support to Earl of Bute, Prime Minister between 1762-63. On 14 May 1763 was further raised in the Irish peerage by Bute's successor George Grenville, Prime Minister between 1763–65, being created Viscount Barrells and Earl of Catherlough. All his peerages became extinct on his death in 1772. He left his property to his eldest illegitimate son.

The family seat was at Barrells Hall, Warwickshire.

Earls of Catherlough (1763)
Robert Knight, 1st Earl of Catherlough (1702–1772)
Henry Knight, Viscount Barrells (1728–1762)

See also
 Marquess of Catherlough, created 1715, forfeit 1729
 Viscount Carlow, created 1776, extant

References

Extinct earldoms in the Peerage of Ireland
Noble titles created in 1763

Earl of Catherlough


Aer Lingus ( ; an anglicisation of the Irish  , meaning "air fleet") is the flag carrier of Ireland. Founded by the Irish Government, it was privatised between 2006 and 2015 and it is now a wholly owned subsidiary of International Airlines Group (IAG). The airline's head office is on the grounds of Dublin Airport in Cloghran, County Dublin.

Formed in 1936, Aer Lingus is a former member of the Oneworld airline alliance, which it left on 31 March 2007. After the takeover by IAG, it was expected that Aer Lingus would re-enter Oneworld, however, at a press briefing on 15 November 2017 the airline's then CEO Stephen Kavanagh stated that the airline has "no plans to join Oneworld". The airline has codeshares with Oneworld, Star Alliance and SkyTeam members, as well as interline agreements with Etihad Airways, JetBlue Airways and United Airlines. Aer Lingus has a hybrid business model of low-cost and traditional carriers, operating a mixed fare service on its European routes and full service, two-class flights on transatlantic routes.

Ryanair owned over 29% of Aer Lingus stock and the Irish state owned over 25% before being bought out by IAG in 2015. The state had previously held an 85% shareholding until the Government's decision to float the company on the Dublin and London stock exchanges on 2 October 2006. The principal group companies include Aer Lingus Limited, Aer Lingus Beachey Limited, Aer Lingus (Ireland) Limited and Dirnan Insurance Company Limited, all of which are wholly owned.

On 26 May 2015, after months of negotiations on a possible IAG takeover, the Irish government agreed to sell its 25% stake in the company. Ryanair retained a 30% stake in Aer Lingus which it agreed to sell to IAG on 10 July 2015 for €2.55 per share. In August 2015, Aer Lingus' shareholders officially accepted IAG's takeover offer. IAG subsequently assumed control of Aer Lingus on 2 September 2015.

History

Early years
Aer Lingus was founded on 15 April 1936, with a capital of £100,000. Its first chairman was Seán Ó hUadhaigh. Pending legislation for Government investment through a parent company, Aer Lingus was associated with Blackpool and West Coast Air Services which advanced the money for the first aircraft, and operated with Aer Lingus under the common title "Irish Sea Airways". Aer Lingus Teoranta was registered as an airline on 22 May 1936. The name Aer Lingus was proposed by Richard F O'Connor, who was County Cork Surveyor, as well as an aviation enthusiast.

On 27 May 1936, five days after being registered as an airline, its first service began between Baldonnel Airfield in Clondalkin, Dublin and Bristol (Whitchurch) Airport, the United Kingdom, using a six-seater de Havilland DH.84 Dragon biplane (registration EI-ABI), named Iolar (Eagle).

Later that year, the airline acquired its second aircraft, a four-engined biplane de Havilland DH.86 Express named "Éire", with a capacity of 14 passengers. This aircraft provided the first air link between Dublin and London by extending the Bristol service to Croydon. At the same time, the DH.84 Dragon was used to inaugurate an Aer Lingus service on the Dublin-Liverpool route.

The airline was established as the national carrier under the Air Navigation and Transport Act (1936). In 1937, the Irish government created Aer Rianta (now called Dublin Airport Authority), a company to assume financial responsibility for the new airline and the entire country's civil aviation infrastructure. In April 1937, Aer Lingus became wholly owned by the Irish government via Aer Rianta.

The airline's first General Manager was Dr J.F. (Jeremiah known as 'Jerry') Dempsey, a chartered accountant, who joined the company on secondment from Kennedy Crowley & Co (predecessor to KPMG) as Company Secretary in 1936 (aged 30) and was appointed to the role of General Manager in 1937. He retired 30 years later in 1967 at the age of 60.

In 1938, a de Havilland DH.89 Dragon Rapide replaced Iolar, and the company purchased a second DH.86B. Two Lockheed 14s arrived in 1939, Aer Lingus' first all-metal aircraft.

In January 1940, a new airport opened in the Dublin suburb of Collinstown and Aer Lingus moved its operations there. It purchased a new DC-3 and inaugurated new services to Liverpool and an internal service to Shannon. The airline's services were curtailed during World War II with the sole route being to Liverpool or Barton Aerodrome Manchester depending on the fluctuating security situation.

Post-war expansion
On 9 November 1945, regular services were resumed with an inaugural flight to London. From this point Aer Lingus aircraft, initially mostly Douglas DC-3s, were painted in a silver and green livery. The airline introduced its first flight attendants.

In 1946, a new Anglo-Irish agreement gave Aer Lingus exclusive UK traffic rights from Ireland in exchange for a 40% holding by British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) and British European Airways (BEA). Because of Aer Lingus' growth the airline bought seven new Vickers Viking aircraft in 1947, however, these proved to be uneconomical and were soon sold.

In 1947, Aerlínte Éireann came into existence to operate transatlantic flights to New York City from Ireland. The airline ordered five new Lockheed L-749 Constellations, but a change of government and a financial crisis prevented the service from starting. John A Costello, the incoming Fine Gael Taoiseach (Prime Minister), was not a keen supporter of air travel and thought that flying the Atlantic was too grandiose a scheme for a small airline from a small country like Ireland.

During the late 1940s and early 1950s, Aer Lingus introduced routes to Brussels, Amsterdam via Manchester and to Rome. Because of the expanding route structure, the airline became one of the early purchasers of Vickers Viscount 700s in 1951, which were placed in service in April 1954. In 1952, the airline expanded its all-freight services and acquired a small fleet of Bristol 170 Freighters, which remained in service until 1957.

Prof. Patrick Lynch was appointed the chairman of Aer Lingus and Aer Rianta in 1954 and served in the position until 1975. In 1956, Aer Lingus introduced a new, green-top livery with a white lightning flash down the windows and the Irish flag displayed on the fin.

First transatlantic service

On 28 April 1958, Aerlínte Éireann operated its first transatlantic service from Shannon to New York. In 1960, Aerlínte Éireann was renamed Aer Lingus.

Aer Lingus bought seven Fokker F27 Friendships, which were delivered between November 1958 and May 1959. These were used in short-haul services to the UK, gradually replacing the Dakotas, until Aer Lingus replaced them in 1966 with secondhand Viscount 800s.

The airline entered the jet age on 14 December 1960 when it received three Boeing 720 for use on the New York route and the newest Aer Lingus destination Boston.

In 1963, Aer Lingus added Aviation Traders Carvairs to the fleet. These aircraft could transport five cars which were loaded into the fuselage through the nose of the aircraft. The Carvair proved to be uneconomical for the airline partly due to the rise of auto ferry services, and the aircraft were used for freight services until disposed of.

The Boeing 720s proved to be a success for the airline on the transatlantic routes. To supplement these, Aer Lingus took delivery of its first larger Boeing 707 in 1964, and the type continued to serve the airline until 1986.

Jet aircraft

Conversion of the European fleet to jet equipment began in 1965 when the BAC One-Eleven started services on continental Europe. The airline adopted a new livery in the same year, with a large green shamrock on the fin. In 1966, the remainder of the company's shares held by Aer Rianta were transferred to the Minister for Finance.

In 1966, the company added routes to Montreal and Chicago. In 1968, flights from Belfast, in Northern Ireland, to New York City started, however, it was soon suspended due to the beginning of the Troubles. Aer Lingus introduced Boeing 737s to its fleet in 1969 to cope with the high demand for flights between Dublin and London. Later, Aer Lingus extended the 737 flights to all of its European networks.

In 1967, after 30 years of service, General Manager Dr J.F. Dempsey signed the contract for the airline's first two Boeing 747 aircraft before he retired later that year.

1970s to 1990s

On 6 March 1971, Aer Lingus took delivery of the first of two Boeing 747s for use on the transatlantic routes. The company later purchased a third for its fleet but quickly offered it for lease because it was not initially profitable for the company to fly 747s across the Atlantic. In 1974, Aer Lingus unveiled a new livery which eliminated the word International and/or Irish from the fuselage titles. The livery included two colours of blue and one green, plus the white shamrock on the fin.

In 1977, Aer Lingus recruited its first female pilot, Gráinne Cronin – the airline was the second in Europe (after SAS) to introduce female pilots.

In September 1979, Aer Lingus became the first European airline other than Alitalia to be used by Pope John Paul II, when he flew aboard a specially modified Boeing 747 (EI-ASI or St. Patrick) from Rome to Dublin and later from Shannon to Boston. In the early 1980s, the 707s were phased out.

In 1984, the airline formed a fully owned subsidiary, Aer Lingus Commuter, so that Aer Lingus could fly to larger cities in Ireland and Britain whose flying time from Dublin did not require jet aircraft. These services employed five of the Belfast-built Short 360 after conducting a trial with the Short 330. Around this time Aer Lingus purchased a majority shareholding in the cargo airline Aer Turas, owner of some DC-8 freighter jets.

Between 1987 and 1989, new Boeing 737s arrived to replace the older ones, and six Fokker 50s were added to the Commuter fleet. During 1990, after the passage of the deregulation act for the airline industry in Ireland, Aer Lingus reconsidered its operational policies. It retired the BAC One-Elevens and replaced them with five new 737s. In 1991, four Saab 340Bs arrived at the commuter division to replace the Short 360 aircraft. By 1992, Aer Lingus's entire original 737-200 fleet had been replaced and it was now the first carrier in the world operating all three versions of the second-generation 737. These were the −300, −400 and −500 series, although the −300 did not stay long in Aer Lingus service.

In 1994, Aer Lingus started direct services between Dublin and the United States using the Airbus A330 and in May of that year, Aer Lingus operated the first A330-300 ETOPS service over the North Atlantic. This led to the phasing out of the Boeing 747 and the briefly operated Boeing 767-300ER. On 2 October 1995, the Boeing 747 service ceased operations after twenty-five years of service. By that time, over eight million people had travelled across the Atlantic in Aer Lingus Boeing 747s. The late 1990s saw Aer Lingus return to Belfast with service to New York via Shannon.  It also added Newark Liberty International Airport as a destination, but discontinued these flights in 2001.

The first Airbus short-haul aircraft arrived in 1998 in the form of the A321, initially to mainly operate the Dublin-Heathrow route. Six were delivered in 1998 and 1999 and three of these continue in service today. The first A320 was delivered in 2000, with three more added to the fleet by 2001.

2000s to 2010s
On 1 February 2001, Aer Lingus Commuter merged back into the mainline operation. The business was severely affected by the 9/11 attacks in the United States.  In response, the airline cut staff numbers and destinations and reduced its fleet.  As a result, it weathered the storm and returned to profit, largely through lowering the airline's cost base, updating the fleet with modern Airbus equipment and developing new routes to mainland European destinations. Aer Lingus had previously largely neglected mainland Europe in favour of US and British destinations.  It positioned itself as competition to the European no-frills airlines while offering intercontinental flights, phased-out Business class travel for short-haul flights, but retained cargo services on a small number of routes.

A large order for A320 aircraft saw deliveries commencing in 2004 and continuing to 2011. The delivery of these aircraft allowed the withdrawal of the Boeing 737.  On 29 October 2005, Aer Lingus withdrew its last two 737 aircraft from service, marking the end of Boeing aircraft at Aer Lingus, and the beginning of an all-Airbus fleet.

On 27 October 2005, Aer Lingus announced its first scheduled service to Asia from March 2006 as Dubai International Airport in the United Arab Emirates, where Chief Executive Dermot Mannion was based when at Emirates. Despite the Aer Lingus press release describing it as the first long-haul service outside the United States, there had in fact been a previous service to Montreal from 1966 to 1979. The great circle distance of  is comparable to the service to Chicago. At the same time, Mannion linked the funding of new long-haul aircraft to replace the A330 fleet with the privatisation of the airline. The Dubai service ceased in March 2008 as the airline sought to increase its market share in the newly liberalised transatlantic market.

On 6 June 2007, Aer Lingus strengthened its relationship with the European manufacturer by ordering six of the new A350-900 and six A330-300. These were used to expand long-haul operations as well as replace three older models. Deliveries of the A330 began in February 2009. In, 2011 Aer Lingus switched their remaining three A330 orders to A350-900s, with delivery no sooner than 2017. The A350 orders were subsequently assumed by IAG in 2015.

Flotation

In preparation for the commercial flotation of Aer Lingus on the Dublin stock market, the Irish government agreed to abolish the Shannon Stopover from the end of 2006 in stages.

The company began conditional (or "grey-market") share dealings on 27 September 2006 and was formally admitted to the Official Lists of the Irish Stock Exchange and London Stock Exchange on 2 October 2006. At the time of the flotation, the Irish government maintained a 28% shareholding, while employees held 15%. The stock IPO offer price was E2.20.

Aer Lingus withdrew from the Oneworld airline alliance on 31 March 2007, instead, entering into bilateral agreements with airlines including British Airways, Virgin Atlantic, Delta Air Lines, KLM, and United Airlines. Aer Lingus explained the move stating the carrier was repositioning as a low-cost carrier, which did not fit with Oneworld's pitch to the premium international frequent flyer.

On 6 February 2007, however, the airline announced its intention to form a new alliance with JetBlue. This new alliance was to act as a weblink between the two airlines, enabling Aer Lingus customers to book JetBlue destinations from the Aer Lingus website. In 2008, it also announced an alliance with United Airlines for connecting services within the US.

With the flotation of Aer Lingus on the stock exchange, Aer Lingus had planned to expand its route network, but this was put on hold due to the economic situation.

First Ryanair takeover bid (2006)
On 5 October 2006, Ryanair launched a bid to buy Aer Lingus. Ryanair CEO Michael O'Leary said the move was a "unique opportunity" to form an Irish airline. The "new" airline would carry over 50 million passengers a year. Ryanair said it had bought a 16% stake in Aer Lingus and was offering €2.80 for the remaining shares, a premium over the €2.20 the shares were trading for. The firm was trading at €1.13bn but Ryanair's offer valued it at €1.48bn. On the same day Aer Lingus rejected Ryanair's takeover bid. On 5 October 2006, Ryanair confirmed it had raised its stake to 19.2%, and said it had no problem in the Irish Government keeping its 28.3%.  The Irish Times reported that the Government would possibly seek judgement from the courts, and referral to competition authorities in Dublin – although this would be automatic under European regulation, as the combined group would control 78% of the Dublin – London passenger air traffic.

On 29 November 2006, Ryanair confirmed it had taken its stake to 26.2%.

On 21 December 2006, Ryanair announced it was withdrawing its bid for Aer Lingus, with the intent of pursuing another bid soon after the European Commission finishes investigating the bid. The EC has been concerned that the takeover would reduce consumer choice and increase fares.

On 27 June 2007, the European Commission announced its decision to block the bid on competition grounds saying the two airlines controlled more than 80% of all European flights to and from Dublin Airport.

Cross border expansion
On 7 August 2007, the airline announced that it would establish its first base outside the Republic of Ireland at Belfast International Airport in Northern Ireland. Services from Belfast International commenced in December 2007. , the airline had three Airbus A320 aircraft based at the airport, serving eleven European destinations. Significantly, this move restored the Belfast International to London Heathrow Airport link and Aer Lingus cooperated with its codeshare partner British Airways on this route to connect with BA's network at Heathrow. To do so, the airline discontinued its Shannon-Heathrow service, a move that generated political controversy in the west of Ireland, particularly as the Shannon-London route was still profitable. The airline predicted that this move would add one million additional passengers annually. The Shannon to Heathrow service has since been reinstated.

After five years at Belfast International Airport, Aer Lingus announced on 19 July 2012 that it would be moving its operations to George Best Belfast City Airport. The airline transferred its Belfast – London Heathrow flights to there, and also announced the operation of a thrice-daily London Gatwick service (no longer operated), and on 31 March 2013, launched services to Faro and Málaga. Aer Lingus based 2 aircraft in Belfast City Airport for the Winter 2012–2013 season and a third aircraft arrived for the Summer 2013 season.

Open Skies
On 22 March 2007, as a result of the EU–US Open Skies Agreement, Aer Lingus announced three new long-haul services to the United States. From Autumn 2007, Aer Lingus commenced direct flights to Orlando, San Francisco and Washington, D.C.-Dulles, facilitated by the arrival of two new Airbus A330 aircraft in May 2007. The airline also serves Boston (Logan International Airport), Chicago (O'Hare International Airport), and New York (JFK Airport). Aer Lingus ended its Middle-Eastern Route to Dubai in March 2008 and ended its Los Angeles route in November 2008. The Washington and the San Francisco routes were discontinued . Services from Washington, D.C., resumed on 28 March 2010 when the airline began flights from Washington, D.C., to Madrid, Spain in a joint venture with United Airlines. The airline terminated this route on 30 October 2012. Services from San Francisco have since resumed on 2 April 2014. New Route: Dublin-Washington Aer Lingus has given details of its Summer 2015 schedule which includes the introduction of a new, four times weekly summer service from Dublin to Washington-Dulles starting May 2015.  The Dublin-Los Angeles route was reintroduced on 4 May 2016.
A Route from Dublin to Hartford was introduced on September 28, 2016
A Route from Dublin to Seattle was introduced on May 18, 2018
A Route from Dublin to Minneapolis was introduced on July 1, 2019

Effect of 2008 recession
After reporting losses of €22 million for the first half of the year, in October 2008, Aer Lingus announced a €74 million cost-saving plan. This plan included cutting up to 1,500 jobs, scaled back ground operations at the Cork airport, and outsourced all ground staff at the Dublin airport. This met with a largely negative response particularly from trade unions.

In December 2008, Aer Lingus announced that the Shannon – Heathrow service would resume from 29 March 2009 following new arrangements with the trade unions on staff costs and the Shannon Airport Authority on airport charges. However at the end of June 2009 the company had accumulated losses of €93 million and Chairman Colm Barrington confirmed this situation could not continue. In October 2009, newly appointed Chief Executive Christoph Mueller announced a radical cost-cutting plan that would lead to the loss of 676 jobs at the company and see pay and pension reductions for those being retained. The total plan aimed to achieve savings of €97 million between then and 2011. As a 6-week consultation process began, Mueller refused to rule out further cuts in the future.

Second Ryanair takeover bid (2008/2009)

On 1 December 2008, Ryanair launched a second takeover bid of Aer Lingus, making an all-cash offer of €748 million (£619mil; US$950mil). The €1.40 offer was a 28% premium on the average closing price of Aer Lingus stock during the 30 days to 28 November 28 (€1.09), but half what Ryanair had offered in 2006. Ryanair said, "Aer Lingus, as a small, stand-alone, regional airline has been marginalised and bypassed as most other EU flag carriers consolidate." The two airlines would operate separately and Ryanair claimed that it would double the Aer Lingus short-haul fleet from 33 to 66 and create 1,000 new jobs. The Aer Lingus Board rejected the offer and advised its shareholders to take no action. The offer was eventually rejected by a majority of the other shareholders. It was the second failed attempt by Michael O'Leary to take over the national flag carrier. Ryanair initially left the offer open to Aer Lingus until it withdrew the bid on 28 January 2009. The Irish Government slammed O'Leary's offer as "undervaluing the airline" and stated that a Ryanair takeover would have a "significant negative impact" on competition in the industry and on the Irish consumer. Ryanair repeatedly stated that another bid was unlikely, but it kept a stake in Aer Lingus, prompting an investigation by competition regulators in the UK.

In June 2009, Aer Lingus re-branded its Premier Class to the new Business Class.

Gatwick base

On 19 December 2008, Aer Lingus announced that it would open a base at Gatwick Airport. Four aircraft were based there beginning April 2009, serving eight destinations that included Dublin, Faro, Knock, Málaga, Munich, Nice, Vienna and Zürich. CEO Dermot Mannion also said the company expects to increase the number of aircraft based at Gatwick to eight within 12 months.

, the airline based an additional A320 aircraft at Gatwick, bringing the total number to five and making Gatwick its biggest base outside Ireland. This resulted in six new routes to Bucharest, Eindhoven, Lanzarote, Tenerife, Vilnius and Warsaw which commenced in late October 2009. The Gatwick to Nice route was suspended for the winter months.

On 8 January 2010, due to the weak demand in air travel, Aer Lingus announced that it was to reduce the number of aircraft based at Gatwick from five to three. The three remaining aircraft were to operate the carrier's services to Dublin, Knock and Málaga as well as a new route to Cork.

In January 2011, Aer Lingus announced a new daily service from Gatwick to Shannon starting at the end of March. The service has since been suspended.

The service to Málaga was suspended in January 2012 and the base closed in 2015.

The Gatwick to Cork route ended 27 October 2012. A new service from Gatwick to Belfast City Airport started on 28 October, operating three times per day, and follows the airline's move from Belfast-International Airport to Belfast City Airport. That service was suspended on 27 April 2016.

Appointment of Christoph Mueller as CEO
On 6 April 2009, CEO Dermot Mannion announced his resignation from the airline after four years as Chief Executive. He was replaced by German-born Christoph Müller (alternative spelling "Mueller"), former head of TUI Travel and Sabena, who joined Aer Lingus on 1 October 2009.

On 2 December 2009, Aer Lingus announced that talks with its unions had broken down. As a result, the board voted to reduce capacity, and with it associated jobs, as a response. According to Mueller, concessions offered by unions were of a short-term nature, and the airline was asked for high compensation in return. Aer Lingus did not identify the routes or jobs to be cut, but they would most likely "commence immediately and will be compulsory," according to Mueller.
 all employees' groups had passed votes on the acceptance of the 'Greenfield' cost-cutting plans which were expected to save €57M annually. Once implemented the second phase of cost-cutting was to commence which aimed to save €40M annually by reducing 'back office staff' numbers by up to 40% according to the CEO.

Mueller indicated that Aer Lingus intended to reposition itself again, moving away from head-to-head competition with Ryanair in the low-cost sector to a more hybrid model with a stronger emphasis on service. As part of this move, Aer Lingus entered talks to join an airline alliance again, having left Oneworld in 2007.

Aer Lingus announced on 15 June 2010 that it would suspend services from Shannon to Boston and New York (JFK) for 11 weeks beginning January 2011.

75th anniversary
Aer Lingus celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2011. On 26 March, the company presented its latest aircraft which has been painted in the 1960s livery and the crew was wearing a selection of historical uniforms.

Third Ryanair takeover bid (2012)
On 19 June 2012, Ryanair announced its intention to launch another bid to take over Aer Lingus, at €1.30 per share, for a total of €694 million. Ryanair expressed the hope that the competition authorities would not block this attempt, pointing to the recent takeovers of bmi and Brussels Airlines by International Airlines Group (IAG) (parent company of Iberia and British Airways) and Lufthansa, respectively.
On 20 June 2012, Aer Lingus issued a press release stating that having reviewed Ryanair's proposed offer, the company board rejected it and advised the company's shareholders not to take any action concerning it. The statement pointed out that any offer from Ryanair was unlikely to be capable of completion due to, firstly, the EU Commission's 2007 decision to block the airline's bid for Aer Lingus at the time, and, secondly, the UK Competition Commission's ongoing investigation of Ryanair's minority stake in Aer Lingus. Furthermore, the press release stated that the Aer Lingus board believed that Ryanair's offer undervalued Aer Lingus, considering the airline's profitability and balance sheet, including cash reserves over €1 billion ().

On 27 February 2013, the European Commission blocked the third attempt by Ryanair to take over Aer Lingus, stating that the merger would have damaged consumers' choice and resulted in increased fares.

Virgin Atlantic wet-lease agreement

In December 2012, following the acquisition of British Midland International by British Airways, Virgin Atlantic was awarded slots to fly domestic routes in the UK from Heathrow Airport, ending the monopoly on these services that BA had held since its successful takeover. Aer Lingus supplied on a wet lease agreement four Airbus A320-214 aircraft (painted in Virgin's colours but under Irish registration) as well as crew for these services, which operated from London Heathrow to Aberdeen, Edinburgh and Manchester. Services began on 31 March 2013 to Manchester. This wet-lease agreement ended in September 2015, as Virgin Atlantic cancelled its domestic services.

Long-haul expansion
In July 2013, expansion into North America was announced launching in 2014; including a direct service from Dublin to San Francisco five times weekly and a daily service from Dublin to Toronto to be operated by Air Contractors with Boeing 757s on behalf of the airline. It was also announced that transatlantic services from Shannon to Boston and New York would operate daily all year round from January 2014 to Boston and from March 2014 to New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport; however, the airline would lease Boeing 757 aircraft from Air Contractors to operate these routes, rather than using its Airbus A330 aircraft as it had done before. In addition, Aer Lingus service to Washington Dulles airport resumed 1 May 2015, with four flights weekly, and flights to Los Angeles, Newark, Miami, Philadelphia, and Seattle all started between 2015 and 2018. Flights from Dublin to Minneapolis were briefly operated in 2019 and 2020 as well, though the route never returned following the COVID-19 pandemic.

On 24 March 2021, Aer Lingus announced the launch of new long-haul routes to New York JFK and Boston from Manchester Airport, using its A321LR airliners.

Change of CEO
On 18 July 2014, Aer Lingus said it had "been agreed" between the company and Mueller that he would step down as CEO and director in May 2015. Mueller left to join Malaysia Airlines as part of its restructuring exercise. On 16 February 2015 the company announced that the new CEO and director would be Stephen Kavanagh, beginning 1 March 2015. As of 1 January 2019, Sean Doyle became the new Aer Lingus CEO. As of 6 April 2021 Lynne Embleton became the new Aer Lingus CEO.

IAG takeover (2014/2015)
On 14 December 2014, International Airlines Group (IAG), owner of British Airways, Iberia and Vueling, launched a €1 billion takeover-bid (€2.30 per-share) for Aer Lingus Group plc. The Aer Lingus Board rejected the offer on 16 December 2014, with Aer Lingus commenting that the offer was, "preliminary, highly conditional and non-binding". It was further noted: "The board has reviewed the proposal and believes that it fundamentally undervalues Aer Lingus and its attractive prospects. Accordingly, the proposal was rejected".

On 9 January 2015, Aer Lingus rejected a second bid from IAG, proposing a €2.40 per-share takeover. On 24 January 2015, IAG launched a third bid for Aer Lingus, proposing a €2.55 per-share takeover offer, totalling close to €1.4 billion. On 27 January 2015, Aer Lingus's board announced that "the financial terms of IAG's third proposal for the airline are at a level it is willing to recommend", Aer Lingus said it noted, "IAG's intentions regarding the future of the company, in particular, that Aer Lingus would operate as a separate business with its own brand, management and operations".

On 26 May 2015, the Irish Government agreed to the sale of its 25% shareholding to IAG, with a takeover now dependent on Ryanair's position on the matter. On 10 July 2015, Ryanair voted to sell its nearly 30% stake in the airline. The takeover was later approved by the EU and US regulators subject to IAG giving up five slot pairs at London Gatwick Airport. On 2 September 2015, IAG assumed control of Aer Lingus. On 17 September 2015, following completion of the acquisition by IAG, the company's shares were withdrawn from the Irish Stock Exchange and the London Stock Exchange.

2020s

On 25 February 2020, Aer Lingus noted it had been advised by the Department of Foreign Affairs that travel restrictions were being placed on several Italian towns within Italy's Lombardy region as a result of an outbreak of COVID-19 there, however stated all flights would continue to operate, further advising all flights operated would continue to comply with guidelines locally from the HSE as well as from the WHO and EASA.

On 28 February, Aer Lingus had been informed that a passenger had travelled with COVID-19 on a service from Milan-Linate to Dublin and that it was cooperating fully with the HSE and Department for Foreign Affairs. Four Aer Lingus cabin crew were also placed into self-isolation from the flight in question. The following day, Aer Lingus announced flight suspensions to Northern Italy, subsequently extending this on 10 March to all services to Italy.

On 13 March, Donald Trump, the President of the United States, announced a European travel ban which initially exempted Ireland, however this was extended to cover Ireland the following day. Aer Lingus subsequently announced network-wide reductions which eventually saw its network of flights reduced by 95%,  the airlines plan for its biggest summer schedule within its history was scuppered as a result of what became a global pandemic. In a temporary measure, the airline confirmed it was cutting hours and salaries for all employees by 50%.

Later that month on 29 March, Aer Lingus flight EI9019 from Beijing, China touched down at Dublin Airport carrying vital PPE for Ireland's health service workers, it marked the start of hundreds of flights the carrier was expected to operate to/from China on request of the Government.

With just 5% of scheduled flights operating, it was announced on 1 May 2020 that Aer Lingus was seeking 900 job cuts. The airline subsequently entered into talks with trade unions about changes to work practices and proposed job cuts, Aer Lingus CEO Sean Doyle commented that it would take years for the aviation industry to recover. Aer Lingus later confirmed it was seeking further temporary pay cuts and changes to work practices in a cost saving exercise, advising that its 2021 schedule would be at least 20% lower than planned. Job cuts were confirmed later that month, those holding temporary contracts were made redundant and cabin crew based in Shannon were informed that they would be temporarily laid off as the airline was not operating services from there.

On 13 June, media reporting indicated broad acceptance of proposed measures based on a final draft document between Aer Lingus and Trade Unions, however the following day the union Fórsa representing over 1,400 Aer Lingus cabin crew advised of its intention to ballot members. The airline stated on 15 June, that if acceptance was not agreed by 6pm that evening, it would withdraw its offer and implement them unilaterally with a 70% cut to employees' wages excluding pilots. As the deadline passed the airline initiated the action to implement the changes angering Trade Unions representing the majority of Aer Lingus employees. On 17 June, the airline agreed to allow a ballot for up to two weeks for its pilots for changes to work practices and recovery of salaries.

In June 2021, the airline said it wanted to freeze workers' pay for five years while it is proposing sharp cuts in rates paid to new cabin and crew staff.

Corporate affairs

Ownership and structure
Aer Lingus was listed on the Irish and London Stock Exchanges, under ticker EIL1 on the Irish Stock Exchange and ticker AERL on the London Stock Exchange. However it was delisted on 17 September 2015 following its majority acquisition by IAG.  Shareholdings () are:

Aer Lingus Cargo
Aer Lingus Cargo is the airline's cargo division. It uses reserved areas of passenger aircraft cargo-holds. Aer Lingus Cargo is available on all routes to the US from Dublin and Shannon. Cargo services are also offered on most European routes and some routes to the UK, the division subsequently rebranded as IAG Cargo.

Aer Lingus Regional

Aer Lingus had a franchise agreement with Irish regional airline Stobart Air (formerly Aer Arann), under which Stobart Air operated several routes under the Aer Lingus Regional brand, livery and flight code. Stobart Air had not operated any flights under its own RE code since April 2012, and all its routes were transferred to Aer Lingus with flight numbers in the EI3XXX range. Stobart Air was placed into liquidation in June 2021; Aer Lingus and BA CityFlyer stepped in to operate the routes on a temporary basis.

Aer Lingus Regional flights have been operated by Emerald Airlines on a franchise basis since 17 March 2022.

Business trends
Following its acquisition by IAG on 18 August 2015, separate Annual Reports are no longer published for Aer Lingus, however some data are shown separately within the IAG Annual Report.  Key available trends for Aer Lingus over recent years are shown below (as at year ending 31 December):

Business model
Aer Lingus adopted a "small frills" strategic approach – a hybrid between a traditional legacy airline and a low-cost carrier. The difference lies in the services offered on short-haul and long-haul flights with meals offered free on the latter only.

The new strategy required considerable negotiation with the unions, and a consensus was reached that lower costs and a reinvention of the airline were necessary for its survival. The union concessions that arose from the negotiations were detrimental to the airline's image however; by 2003 the wage freeze had been lifted and there were 3,800 voluntary redundancies with no forced layoffs. These factors contributed to the airline's reported profits in 2002, 2003 and 2005, with only a small loss recorded in 2004.

Head office

The Aer Lingus head office is located on the grounds of Dublin Airport in Fingal, County Dublin. Dublin Airport Authority (DAA) renovated an existing building to create Aer Lingus's headquarters.

The HOB Site, the  former head office site includes the former head office building, the services annexe, the Iolar House, the Mock-Up Building, the ALSAA swimming pool, and various smaller structures and buildings. The Head Office Building housed the corporate head office of Aer Lingus and its subsidiaries, and many administrative functions, employees, and car parking spaces, were located in this building. The Iolar House and Mock-Up Building housed training facilities for Aer Lingus crew and office space. This former head office is proximate to the former Ryanair head office. Brian Lavery of The New York Times said in 2004 that the proximity, described by Lavery as "a few parking lots away," was "a symbol of just how close the competition is to home." In 2010, Aer Lingus announced that it surrendered the lease on its head office building to the Dublin Airport Authority and that it would move its employees to Hangar 6 and other buildings in the airline's property portfolio during the year of 2011. The airline said that its head office building, which was stated by the International Business Times to require refurbishing, was too large for the company's needs following the "Greenfield" cost reduction programme. On 8 November 2011 Aer Lingus signed the contract with the Dublin Airport Authority for the surrender of the leasehold interest in the HOB Site. Aer Lingus would pay €22.15 million and interest to the DAA, with €10.55 million being paid over ten years in annual payments, with each being equal size. The payments will involve a 5% interest rate per annum. The former HOB Site was redeveloped into Dublin Airport Central, with the Dublin Airport Authority planning to spend €10 million. The former head office became One, Dublin Airport Central.

Employee relations
On 30 May 2014, Aer Lingus cabin crew staged a 24-hour strike resulting in the cancellation of around 200 flights and the disruption of travel plans by up to 200,000 people. The workers were seeking changes to their rosters, which the airline said that if implemented would mean the loss of 300 jobs in Ireland, which would have to be relocated to North America.

Sponsorships
On 30 April 2015, it was announced that Aer Lingus would become the official airline of the Irish Rugby Team. On the same day, it was announced that one aircraft was to be renamed "Green Spirit" and wear a special livery for the Irish Rugby Team. Another aircraft would also be painted in the same livery.

Destinations

As of January 2023, Aer Lingus flies to 93 destinations throughout Asia, Europe and North America; including destinations in Austria, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States.

In October 2022, it was announced that Aer Lingus operations between Belfast City and London Heathrow would transfer to Aer Lingus UK due to Brexit-related requirements that a European carrier could no longer fly domestic routes within the United Kingdom. These flights were operated by British Airways under wet-lease terms using the Aer Lingus UK flight numbers and callsigns.

Codeshare agreements
Aer Lingus has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:

 Air Canada
 Alaska Airlines
 American Airlines
 British Airways
 Iberia
 Loganair
 JetBlue
 United Airlines (ends 27 October 2023)
 Vueling

Fleet
Aer Lingus aircraft are named after Christian saints.

Current fleet

, Aer Lingus (excluding its subsidiaries Aer Lingus Regional and Aer Lingus UK) operates an all-Airbus fleet, composed of the following aircraft:

Fleet development
In January 2017, Aer Lingus announced its intention to finalise an order for eight A321LR twinjets to develop thinner transatlantic routes which cannot be operated profitably and fuel efficiently using A330s. As of November 2018, the airline has orders for fourteen A321LRs.

At the 2019 Paris Air Show, IAG agreed to purchase 14 Airbus A321XLR aircraft, 8 for delivery to Iberia and 6 to Aer Lingus, with options for a further 14 of the aircraft. The first aircraft will be delivered in 2023 and replace their Boeing 757-200s.
In April 2020, Aer Lingus terminated their contract with the Irish airline CityJet which operated 2 BAE Avro RJ85's on behalf of the airline. The aircraft were primarily used for the Dublin to London-City route.

Historical fleet

Livery
On 17 January 2019, Aer Lingus unveiled a new brand and livery. The refreshed brand includes a new typeface, refreshed shamrock and a new colour scheme. The new livery consists of a white fuselage and teal engines and tail. All aircraft were expected to receive the new livery by the end of 2021.

Services

In-flight services
From 2015 to 2016, Aer Lingus sold pre-packaged Tayto sandwiches on board some of their flights. In 2018, the company announced that it would offer a complimentary glass of wine or beer on transatlantic flights. That year the company also announced plans to offer free wifi to Smart Fare transatlantic economy customers. In 2019, Aer Lingus introduced AerSpace, its premium economy class.

Frequent-flyer programme
AerClub is Aer Lingus' frequent-flyer programme. It launched in November 2016, taking over from the airline's previous programme, Gold Circle. AerClub consists of four tiers: the entry-level Green, Silver, Platinum, and Concierge. The club uses Avios points as its member currency.

Accidents and incidents

Aer Lingus has a good safety record, with no crash fatalities in over 50 years.

It has had 12 incidents, including six accidents which left aircraft written-off (of which three were fatal) and one hijacking.

On 10 January 1952, a Douglas DC-3 (actually a civilianised ex-military Dakota) registered EI-AFL and named "St. Kevin" was en route from Northolt to Dublin. It flew into a mountain wave triggered by Snowdon and an area of extreme turbulence, then crashed in a peat bog near Llyn Gwynant in Snowdonia, killing all 20 passengers and 3 crew. It was the company's first fatal accident.
On 1 January 1953, a Douglas DC-3 registered EI-ACF and named "St Kieran" made a forced landing near the town of Spernall, England. Both engines failed after running out of fuel while en route from Dublin to Birmingham. All of the 25 passengers and crew survived. The aircraft was later written off.
On 22 June 1967, a Vickers Viscount registered EI-AOF on a pilot-training flight stalled and spun into the ground near Ashbourne, killing all three crew.
On 21 September 1967, Vickers Viscount EI-AKK flying from Dublin to Bristol scraped its wing on the runway and crashed on landing at the destination airport. All of the passengers and crew survived. The aircraft was later written off.
On 24 March 1968, a Vickers Viscount (registration: EI-AOM, named "St. Phelim") en route from Cork to London crashed near Tuskar Rock in the waters off the southeast coast of Ireland. All 57 passengers and 4 crew perished. The crash is generally known as the Tuskar Rock Air Disaster in Ireland. Part of the aircraft's elevator spring tab was found some distance from the rest of the wreckage, suggesting that it had become detached at an earlier stage. However, the accident report reached no definitive conclusion about the cause of the crash but did not exclude the possibility that another aircraft or airborne object was involved. Following persistent rumours that the aircraft's demise was linked with nearby British military exercises, a review of the case files by the Air Accident Investigation Unit took place in 1998. This review identified several maintenance and record-keeping failures and concluded that the original report failed to adequately examine alternative hypotheses not involving other aircraft. A subsequent investigation concluded that the accident happened following a structural failure of the port tailplane, and ruled out the possibility that another aircraft was involved.
On 2 May 1981, Aer Lingus Flight 164 from Dublin to London was hijacked and diverted to Le Touquet – Côte d'Opale Airport in France. While authorities negotiated with the hijacker by radio in the cockpit, French special forces entered the rear of the aircraft and overpowered him. None of the passengers or crew were injured during the hijacking. The official record shows the reason as One hijacker demanded to be taken to Iran. Plane stormed/hijacker arrested. Duration of the hijacking: less than 1 day. while various media reports indicated that the man, Laurence Downey (a former Trappist monk), demanded that the Pope release the third secret of Fátima.
On 31 January 1986, Aer Lingus Flight 328, a Short 360 registration EI-BEM on a flight from Dublin to East Midlands Airport, struck power lines and crashed short of the runway. There were no fatalities but two passengers were injured in the accident.
On 9 June 2005, Aer Lingus Flight 132, an Airbus A330 registration EI-ORD, nearly collided with US Airways Flight 1170 at Logan International Airport in Boston, after both flights were given nearly simultaneous clearances for takeoff on intersecting runways. The US Airways flight kept its nose down on the runway for an extended amount of time to go underneath the Aer Lingus flight and avoided a collision. There were no fatalities.

See also
Transport in Ireland
Aer Lingus UK

Notes

References

External links

Airlines of the Republic of Ireland
Airlines established in 1936
Companies formerly listed on Euronext Dublin
Companies based in Swords, Dublin
Irish brands
Former state-sponsored bodies of the Republic of Ireland
Former Oneworld members
Proposed Oneworld members
1936 establishments in Ireland
International Airlines Group
Dublin Airport
2015 mergers and acquisitions

Aer Lingus


Ibong Adarna, also known as The Adarna Bird, is an early 19th-century Filipino epic poem that centers around a magical bird of the same name. During the Spanish era, the longer form of the story's title was Korido at Buhay na Pinagdaanan ng Tatlong Prinsipeng Magkakapatid na anak ni Haring Fernando at ni Reyna Valeriana sa Kahariang Berbanya ("Corrido and Life Lived by the Three Princes, children of King Fernando and Queen Valeriana in the Kingdom of Berbania"). Some researchers suggest that the tale may have been influenced by similar European stories.

The narrative focuses on the lives of King Fernando, Queen Valeriana, and their three sons: Don Pedro, Diego, and Juan. Upon learning of their father's incurable illness, the three princes embark on a quest to find the legendary Adarna bird, whose healing powers can save their father. The prince who successfully brings back the bird will inherit the throne.

While the story is commonly attributed to the Tagalog poet José de la Cruz or "Huseng Sisiw," the actual authorship remains unproven. Contrary to popular belief perpetuated on online platforms such as Facebook and Wikipedia, Ibong Adarna was not brought to the Philippines by Miguel López de Legazpi, as was the case with other European stories. According to Eulogio Balan Rodriguez, Assistant Director of the National Library in 1893, the tale is of Pre-Spanish origin and represents indigenous Philippine literature. However, it does bear some influences from 19th-century European romances, which infuse it with a medieval chivalry atmosphere. It holds a comparable status, or possibly even parallels, with the world-renowned Arabian Nights' Entertainments, a book included in the reading materials of both public and private schools.

Ibong Adarna is included in the curriculum for Junior High School students and Grade 7 students in the Philippines.

Plot
King Fernando and Queen Valeriana of the Kingdom of Berbania have three sons: Don Pedro, Don Diego, and Don Juan. King Fernando falls ill after a dream in which he sees Don Juan being murdered. Desperate for a cure, he sends Don Pedro to find the Ibong Adarna, a magical bird known for its healing songs. Don Pedro embarks on a journey and eventually encounters the bird, but it sings seven songs that lull him to sleep, turning him into stone.

Next, Don Diego is sent on the same mission and suffers a similar fate. Three years later, Don Juan sets out on his quest and meets an old hermit who warns him about the bird's enchantments. The hermit provides him with a knife and dayap lemons to stay awake during the bird's songs. He also gives him a golden rope to capture the bird and a bucket of water to revive his petrified brothers.

Don Juan successfully captures the Ibong Adarna, restores his brothers, and heads back to the palace. However, Don Pedro and Don Diego grow envious and beat Don Juan, leaving him unconscious on the road. They deceive the king, claiming they don't know what happened to Don Juan but that the bird awaits its true captor. Don Juan eventually recovers and forgives his brothers.

As a punishment, Don Pedro and Don Diego are tasked with guarding the bird for three hours each day. Don Pedro plots revenge and convinces Don Diego to trick Don Juan into thinking the bird escaped under his watch. Don Juan sets off to find the bird before the king discovers its absence. When the truth is revealed, Don Pedro and Don Diego are banished but spared due to Don Juan's forgiveness.

Don Juan continues his journey with the Ibong Adarna and his brothers, finding refuge on Mt. Armenia. They come across a well, and while exploring it, Don Juan discovers two enchanted palaces. Inside, he rescues Princess Juana and Princess Leonora from a giant and a seven-headed serpent, respectively. However, his brothers betray him by letting go of the rope while he descends, causing him to fall to the bottom of the well.

Don Pedro marries Princess Juana, and Don Diego plans to marry Princess Leonora after a seven-year delay. Don Juan survives with the help of an enchanted ring and sets out to find his way back to the Kingdom. With the guidance of an eagle, he reaches the Kingdom of Reino de Los Cristales. There, he encounters a crystal lake where three princesses bathe. Don Juan steals a dress belonging to one of the princesses and falls in love with her. They flee the pursuing king but are separated when Don Juan leaves her to make preparations for their entry into the Berbanian Kingdom.

Back in the Berbanian Kingdom, Don Juan forgets his love for the princess from Reino de Los Cristales and becomes infatuated with Princess Leonora. However, when Doña Maria, the pilgrim princess, arrives, Don Juan realizes his mistake. Doña Maria uses her talisman to create a dance depicting their past experiences, reminding Don Juan of his betrayal. Don Juan returns Princess Leonora and the kingdom to Don Pedro and reunites with Doña Maria. They return to Reino de Los Cristales, where they are crowned as king and queen, bringing joy to the mourning kingdom.

The tale ends with Don Juan and Doña Maria's coronation, symbolizing their reunion and the restoration of happiness in Reino de Los Cristales.

Description

The Ibong Adarna is often described as the most colorful bird in Philippine folklore. It is also thought to share a resemblance to other legendary birds such as the Sarimanok and the phoenix.

Being one of the most colorful birds endemic in the Philippines, local birders associate the Philippine trogon (Harpactes ardens) to the mythical bird.

Analysis
According to professor Damiana Eugenio, the Ibong Adarna or The Adarna Bird epic reworks and combines themes from recognizable folktales of the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index, namely types ATU 551, "The Sons on a Quest for a Wonderful Remedy for their Father"; ATU 301, "The Three Stolen Princesses" (hero's descent into a lower world, pit or hole to rescue kidnapped princesses), and ATU 313, "The Magical Flight" (hero meets villain's daughter and falls in love with her; her father imposes tasks on the hero; hero and villain's daughter escape together at the end of the tale).

According to Dean Fansler, the romance is very popular in the archipelago, with at least five different language printings: Tagalog, Pampango, Visayan, Ilocano and Bicol. The differences between the literary versions led Fansler to believe in a folkloric origin for the tale.

Cultural significance

In other media
The story of Ibong Adarna is known all over the Philippines and has been told in different languages and media.

Films

1940s
Narcisa "Doña Sisang" de Leon of LVN Studios produced the first two Ibong Adarna films. The first one, made in 1941, starred Mila del Sol as Prinsesa Maria, Fred Cortes as Prinsipe Juan, Ester Magalona, Vicente Oliver, Deanna Prieto, Ben Rubio and Angeles Gayoso who voiced the Ibong Adarna. It had a magical sequence that showed the singing of the bird. That used a painstakingly hand-painted process called "Varicolor", where the bird was colorized in this otherwise black and white film. LVN was able to archive copies of the film which was shown again in theaters after the war in the late 40s and 50s.

1950s
Fifteen years later, in 1956, LVN produced a second version, this time under the full direction of an older Manuel Conde, and starred Nida Blanca, Nestor de Villa, Carlos Salazar, Cecilia Lopez, Nita Javier and Jose Vergara. The 1956 film was the first Filipino commercial film shot and shown in its entirety in Eastman Color.

1970s
Roda Film Productions produced two films, Ibong Adarna (1972) and its sequel Ang Hiwaga ng Ibong Adarna (1973) starring Dolphy as the lead Prince Adolfo and comedians Panchito Alba as Prince Alfonso, Babalu as Prince Albano and Rosanna Ortiz as the Ibong Adarna.

1990s
Tagalog Pictures, Inc. produced the film Si Prinsipe Abante at ang Lihim ng Ibong Adarna in 1990 starring comedian Rene Requiestas as the lead Prinsipe Abante (), Paquito Diaz as Prinsipe Atras (), Joaquin Fajardo as Prinsipe Urong-Sulong (synonymous to atras-abante; ) and Monica Herrera as Prinsesa Luningning/the Ibong Adarna.

In 1996, Star Cinema produced the film Ang TV Movie: The Adarna Adventure. Jolina Magdangal played the Ibong Adarna/Prinsesa Adarna. The cast included Nida Blanca as Lola Binyang, Tirso Cruz III as Prinsipe Diego, Dindo Arroyo as Prinsipe Pedro, Gio Alvarez as Prinsipe Juan and Gamaliel Viray as Hari ng Berbanya along with the kids and teens of Ang TV.

Adarna: The Mythical Bird which premiered on December 25, 1997, is the first Filipino full-length theatrical animated film. It stars Jolina Magdangal — who previously played the Ibong Adarna — as the voice of Princess Carmona along with other voice casts: Marvin Agustin, Martin Nievera and Regine Velasquez. Nievera and Velasquez sung the soundtrack "Touched by Your Love" and "Nagmamahal", "Believe It" was performed by Velasquez and "Halakhak" by The Youth.

2010s
A young man sets out on a dangerous quest for a magical bird with the power to heal any ailment in "Ibong Adarna: The Pinoy Adventure". The 2014 film starred Rocco Nacino as Prinsipe Sigasig, Joel Torre as	Sultan Mabait, Angel Aquino as Sultana Mabunyi, Leo Martinez as Datu Maimbot, Benjie Paras as Sipsipayo, Ronnie Lazaro as Dulangkaw, Patricia Fernandez as Diwata, Lilia Cuntapay as Bruha, Gary Lising as Nuno ng Lipi, Miss Intercontinental 2018 Karen Gallman as Adarna and Philip "Kohol" Supnet as Higante.

2020s

MALA (Movies Adapted from Literary Arts): Ibong Adarna
"MALA" (Movies Adapted from Literary Arts), an educational puppetry film series for children directed by actor Xian Lim and written by renowned ventriloquist Ronaldo "Ony" Carcamo, is part of the Cultural Center of the Philippines' "Sining Sigla", a season-long virtual outreach program of the CCP Office of the President Arsenio "Nick" Lizaso. Lim and Carcamo used muppets, visual effects and live action with music and poetry in the dialogue on their adaptation. MALA's production designers are shadowplay and puppet designer Aina Ramolete and production designer and art director Kaye Banaag. Joined by music composer Jem Florendo and sound designer Miguel Hernandez.

New 4K Digital Scan of Ibong Adarna (1941)
In time for the 100th year of Philippine cinema, Cinema One brought the film that was scanned in a high definition 4K resolution back via cable TV on June 30, 2019.

 Ibong Adarna was the opening full-length film of the 12th Cinema Rehiyon held on February 24–28, 2020, at Naga City, Camarines Sur.

Television
In 2013, GMA Network produced Adarna, a contemporary television series adaptation starring Kylie Padilla in the title role.

In the 50th episode of season 1 of GMA's drama fantasy anthology series Daig Kayo ng Lola Ko which aired on April 22, 2018, lola Goreng (Gloria Romero) narrated the story of the Ibong Adarna. The episode starred Kyline Alcantara as Ibong Adarna, Jeric Gonzales as Juan, Lucho Ayala as Pedro, Aaron Yanga as Diego and Rey 'PJ' Abellana as Fernando.

Theater

Ballet
Ballet Manila soloist Abigail Oliveiro took on the role of Ibong Adarna with Mark Sumaylo as Don Pedro, Romeo Peralta as Don Diego and Ballet Manila's Principal dancer Rudy de Dios as Don Juan.

It featured music by Diwa de Leon, with Gia Macuja Atchison as the voice of Ibong Adarna, and script by Angela Blardony Ureta.

Ballet Manila's CEO and Artistic Director Lisa Macuja-Elizalde described the show as "a modern ballet with neo-classical and classical styles that serve as the cornerstone of the dance vocabulary." It even featured the Alitaptap () Dance and the Monkey Dance.  It made its world premiere on August 26, 2017, at the Aliw Theater stage.

Musical

REP staged an English version of the epic which featured fun, child-friendly music, and bright and colorful costumes.

Art and literature

 Project Gutenberg also has a version of the epic in its library.

Books

National costume in beauty pageants
Miss Universe 2018 Catriona Gray's preliminary gown by Mak Tumang at the Miss Universe preliminary competition was called "Adarna: Blazing Siren." Her gown which was inspired by the Ibong Adarna and the Phoenix Mikimoto Crown was adorned with layers of embroidered gold feathers and thousands of hand-placed genuine Swarovski crystals in different shades of orange and topaz; she paired it with a nationalistic pair of dangling earrings she designed herself, Tessera Jewelry executed her vision with the Philippine sun and golden South sea pearls.

See also
 Florante at Laura
 Noli Me Tángere
 El filibusterismo

References

External links

Ibong Adarna
Fictional birds
Legendary birds
Filipino poems
Turin in fiction

Ibong Adarna


Hypsilophodon was a small, fast-running, plant-eating dinosaur. It lived 125 million years ago, was 2.3 metres long (7/8 feet), including tail, and weighed about the same as a man.

It was originally thought to be a young Iguanodon which could climb trees. Later it was realised to be a different species, and to be a running dinosaur, not adapted for climbing.

Palaeobiology
Like most small dinosaurs, Hypsilophodon was bipedal and ran on two legs. Its entire body was built for running; a light-weight, low, aerodynamic posture, long legs and stiff tail for balance. All this would have allowed it to travel remarkably fast for its size.

Hypsilophodon fed on low-growing vegetation, most likely preferring young shoots and roots in the manner of modern deer. The structure of its skull, with the teeth set far back into the jaw, strongly suggests that it had cheeks, an advanced feature that would have facilitated the chewing of food. There were twenty-eight to thirty ridged teeth in the animal's jaw which, due to their alternate arrangement, appear to have been self-sharpening.  As in almost all dinosaurs and certainly all the ornithischians, the teeth were continuously replaced.

The level of parental care in this dinosaur has not been defined, although a neatly-arranged nest has been found, suggesting that some care was taken before hatching. Fossils of large groups have been found, so it is likely that the animals moved in herds. For these reasons, the hypsilophodonts, particularly Hypsilophodon, have often been referred to as the "deer of the Mesozoic".

Despite living in the Cretaceous, Hypsilophodon had a number of primitive, or basal, features. For example, there were five fingers on each 'hand' and four on each foot. Most dinosaurs had fewer digits by the Cretaceous period. Also, although it had a beak, Hypsilophodon still had pointed triangular teeth in the front of the jaw. Most herbivorous dinosaurs had, by this stage, lost the front teeth altogether (although there is some debate as to whether these teeth may have had a specialized function in Hypsilophodon).

The group Hypsilophodontidae remained the same from the Upper Jurassic to the end of the Cretaceous. It is possible that this was because the animals were almost perfectly adapted to their lifestyle, therefore selective pressure, it is assumed, was low.

Hypsilophodontidae
The family named after Hysilophodon has these genera:

Agilisaurus
Anabisetia
Atlascopcosaurus
Drinker
Fulgurotherium
Gasparinisaura
Gongbusaurus (= Eugongbusaurus)
Hexinlusaurus.
Hypsilophodon
Jeholosaurus
Leaellynasaura
Notohypsilophodon
Orodromeus
Othnielosaurus.
Koreanosaurus.
Parksosaurus
Qantassaurus
Thescelosaurus
Yandusaurus
Zephyrosaurus

References

Hypsilophodontidae

Hypsilophodon


New Low is a 2010 independent American romantic comedy film written, directed, produced, and edited by Adam Bowers, who also stars in the film along with Jayme Ratzer, Valerie Jones, and YouTube personality Toby Turner. It premiered January 23, 2010 at the Sundance Film Festival.

Plot
Wendell, a neurotic, aimless twentysomething, struggles to figure out which girl he really belongs with: Joanna, the best girl he's ever known, or Vicky, the worst. His friend Dave helps him sort through his thoughts as Wendell discovers not only whom he should be with but who he truly is under all that neurosis.

Reception
New Low has received mostly positive reception. Variety called the film "hilarious" and said it "smells like a cult hit."

The Orlando Sentinel rated it 3.5 out of 4 stars.

Independent Film Quarterly said, "Easily containing some of the best film writing and dialogue over the past few years, New Low looks and feels like a Woody Allen -penned script filtered through a Slacker-era Richard Linklater visual sensibility."

The A.V. Club commented, "Sharp, witty, frequently laugh-out-loud funny."

Release
On January 17, 2011, the film was released digitally through a partnership between the Sundance Institute and New Video. It is also being self-distributed internationally on DVD through the movie's website.

References

External links

2010 films
Films shot in Florida
American independent films
2010 romantic comedy-drama films
American romantic comedy-drama films
2010 independent films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

New Low


A cathode is a type of electrode through which electrons move. Electrodes are an electrical conductor (usually a metal) that is connected to something that is not a metal. Electric current is a flow of charges through a conductor. There are two theories; one theory is  conventional current flow and the other is actual current flow. The anode delivers conventional (or customary) current (which travels in the opposite direction as electrons) and the cathode receives that current. This means that electrons come out of the anode and electrons go into the cathode.

This lets an electric current go into an electrical device such as a battery or other electrical cell. It can also end in a vacuum, like in a cathode ray tube. In this case, the electrons may go into open space.

In other words, a cathode is a positive electrode on a battery and a negative electrode on an electrolytic cell. Electric current is perceived as flowing in the opposite direction that the electrons are flowing. So electrons go into the + (positive) terminal of a battery, but electric current goes out. Electrons go into the + (positive) terminal of an electrolytic cell, but electric current goes out.

An electrode through which electrons flows out of the device is termed a cathode because it is negatively charged. A cathode is a negative electrode on a battery and a negative electrode on an electrolytic cell.

Related pages
Photocathode
Cold cathode

References
How to Define Anode and Cathode

Electronic components

Cathode


Leroy & Stitch is an animated movie made by Walt Disney Television Animation. It is a spin-off movie of the 2002 animated movie Lilo & Stitch, the end of the television series Lilo & Stitch: The Series, and the end of Lilo's storyline in the entire Lilo & Stitch franchise, with Stitch leaving or getting separated from her in the later TV spin-off series Stitch! and Stitch & Ai. The movie premiered on the Disney Channel on June 23, 2006 and also aired on Toon Disney on June 26, 2006. It was released on DVD in the United States on June 27, 2006, a few days after the TV series finale.

The story
Lilo, Stitch, Jumba and Pleakley have finally caught all of Jumba's genetic experiments and found the one true place where each of them belongs. Stitch, Jumba and Pleakley are offered positions in the Galactic Alliance, turning them down so they can stay on Earth with Lilo. But Lilo realizes her alien friends have places where they belong, and it's finally time to say "aloha." Meanwhile, Gantu has left Earth and broken Doctor Jacques von Hamsterviel out of prison, who's planning to create and clone a new experiment named "Leroy," one that will allow him take over the galaxy.

Voice cast
 Chris Sanders as Stitch and Leroy
 Daveigh Chase as Lilo Pelekai
 Tia Carrere as Nani Pelekai
 David Ogden Stiers as Dr. Jumba Jookiba
 Kevin McDonald as Agent Pleakley
 Kevin Michael Richardson as Gantu
 Jeff Bennett as Dr. Hämsterviel, Fibber (Experiment 032), Slick (Experiment 020), Ace (Experiment 262), and Clyde (Experiment 150)
 Rob Paulsen as Reuben (Experiment 625), Squeak (Experiment 110), Remmy (Experiment 276)
 Zoe Caldwell as the Grand Councilwoman
 Ving Rhames as Cobra Bubbles (via telephone)
 Liliana Mumy as Mertle Edmonds
 Tara Strong as Angel (Experiment 624), The Alien girl from Pleakley's college, Belle (Experiment 248), Houdini (Experiment 604) (uncredited)
 Frank Welker as Sparky (Experiment 221), Mr. Stenchy (Experiment 254), Sprout (Experiment 509), Kixx (Experiment 601), Holio (Experiment 606) (uncredited)
 Tress MacNeille as Bonnie (Experiment 149), Gigi (Experiment 007), Topper (Experiment 025), Felix (Experiment 010), Melty (Experiment 228), Amnesio (Experiment 303), Richter (Experiment 513), Cannonball (Experiment 520) (uncredited)
 Nancy Cartwright as Shortstuff (Experiment 297), Phantasmo (Experiment 375)
 Bobcat Goldthwait as Nosy (Experiment 199)
 Will Sasso as Heckler (Experiment 322)
 Lili Ishida as Yuki
 Jillian Henry as Elena
 Kali Whitehurst as Teresa
 Jason Scott Lee as David Kawena

Other websites

 Official website

 Leroy & Stitch  at Keyframe - the Animation Resource
 Leroy and Stitch at Disney DVD and Video
 Clips & Trailers of Leroy & Stitch plus bonus episode

2006 movies
2006 animated movies
Disney animated movies
Disney direct-to-video movies
Lilo & Stitch
Sequel movies
2000s family movies

Leroy & Stitch


The Star is a 1952 American drama film directed by Stuart Heisler and starring Bette Davis, Sterling Hayden and Natalie Wood. The plot tells the story of an aging, washed-up actress who is desperate to restart her career. Even though the film was a critical and commercial failure, Bette Davis received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress.

Plot
Oscar-winning star Margaret "Maggie" Elliot (Bette Davis) is a poor actress struggling to accept her new, non-wealthy reality. She is in denial, and confident she somehow can re-launch her career to its earlier brilliance. After suffering another big disappointment while vainly striving to get one good role, she gets drunk, gets arrested for DUI, and spends a night in jail. She is bailed out by Jim Johannsen (Sterling Hayden), a younger former actor whom she had helped in the past. Jim, now comfortably settled as the owner of a boatyard, admits that he has loved her ever since those days, and helped by Margaret's daughter Gretchen (Natalie Wood), tries to help Margaret see that her days as a famous actress are already over. She reluctantly tries to work as a saleswoman in an upscale department store, but gossip from two customers wounds her pride and she runs out.  Her old agent manages to get her a screen test for a role in a film she'd always wanted to play. She takes a screen test for a supporting role, believing that if she plays that character as a sexy younger woman, rather than the middle-aged frump she is seen as by the studio, she might be able to win the more coveted lead role. It does not work.

At a Hollywood party thrown by her agent, she is offered a role in a new film about a fallen star who can't face the fact that it's all over. This new script is dedicated to washed-up actors and actresses who are obsessed by their former glory, by what they used to look like, what kind of an impression they'd make to stay on top, and how they behaved—demanding, bribing, power-hungry. It would be a story about those who can't look down and can't accept that their moment of glory is over and that the world has passed them by. Hearing the pitch delivered right to her face, and that she'd be the perfect actress to play the role, seems to have finally helped Margaret realize the cold truth about her future. She realizes that her film career is over, and she flees the party to the open arms of Jim and the love and acceptance of her daughter, from whom Margaret desperately tried to shield her failing career.

Cast

 Bette Davis as Margaret Elliot
 Sterling Hayden as Jim Johannsen
 Natalie Wood as Gretchen
 Warner Anderson as Harry Stone
 Minor Watson as Joe Morrison
 June Travis as Phyllis Stone
 Paul Frees as Richard Stanley
 Robert Warwick as R.J., aging actor at party
 Barbara Lawrence as herself
 Fay Baker as Margaret's sister
 Herb Vigran as Margaret's brother-in-law, Roy

Production

Katherine Albert and her husband Dale Eunson reportedly based the Margaret Elliott character on Joan Crawford, whose long friendship with the couple was ending as production began. Although it is sometimes said that she turned the role down, it never was offered to her. Bette Davis, who publicly disdained Crawford, thus eagerly took it.

Crawford retaliated after the Eunsons sent their daughter, starlet Joan Evans, Crawford's god-daughter, to the actress in the hope that Crawford would talk her out of marrying at age 17. Instead, Crawford arranged the wedding, held it in her house, and called the Eunsons afterward to tell them about it. "She set the whole thing up behind our backs", Albert complained. "She called the judge and the press. She didn't invite us to our own daughter's wedding."

See also

 1952 in film
 List of American films of 1952

References

External links

1952 films
1952 drama films
American drama films
American black-and-white films
1950s English-language films
Films scored by Victor Young
Films about actors
Films directed by Stuart Heisler
20th Century Fox films
1950s American films

The Star (1952 film)