William Douglas, 9th Earl of Angus (1533 – 1 July 1591, at Glenbervie) was a Scottish nobleman and zealous supporter of Mary, Queen of Scots.

Biography
Douglas was the eldest son of Sir Archibald Douglas of Glenbervie, Knt., by his spouse Agnes, daughter of William Keith, 3rd Earl Marischal, and upon the death of Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus without issue, William succeeded to that Earldom as heir-male, in 1588.

Sir Robert Douglas states that "Sir William Douglas of Glenbervie [as he was styled prior to his succession to the earldom] was a man of great honour and integrity, and a steady friend of Queen Mary. He accompanied her in her expedition to the north, and behaved with utmost fortitude and resolution at the fight of Corrichie anno 1562".

According to David Hume of Godscroft, Angus and Lord John Hamilton argued over precedence in the king's privy or outer chamber at Holyrood Palace. James VI came out of his bed chamber and made them reconcile. Meanwhile, Sir John Carmichael, Captain of the Guard, had made the palace secure, and Angus had to signal to his followers from a window that all was well.

The earldom was claimed by James VI, who brought a suit against Douglas, for reducing the charters connected with the title, but on 7 March 1589, a decision was given in favour of the latter.

He had two charters under The Great Seal of Scotland, from Queen Mary, of the lands and barony of Glenbervie, Kemnay, and several others.

Douglas died in July 1591, in his 59th year.

Family
The earl married Giles, daughter of Sir Robert Graham of Morphie, and had six sons and four daughters:
 William Douglas, 10th Earl of Angus, eldest son and heir,
 Archibald Douglas, Parson of Glenbervie (d. 1584).
 George Douglas (d. 1590), who attended James VI in Denmark.
 Sir Robert Douglas of Glenbervie, received from his father the lands of Glenbervie by charter dated 14 July 1592.
 Duncan Douglas, Parson of Glenbervie (d.1591)
 Gavin Douglas (d. bef 1 October 1616) who married Elizabeth Keith; ancestors of the family of Douglas of Bridgeford
 Sir John Douglas of Barras
 Francis Douglas (d.c. 1600)
 Henry Douglas of Tannachy (d. 5 October 1595) who married Janet Murray at sometime before 1580. Had issue Janet Douglas born 16 April 1580 Dunfermline Scotland.
 Margaret Douglas, married William Forbes of Monymusk
 Jean Douglas, married John Wishart of Balisycht
 Elizabeth Douglas, married Thomas Gordon of Cluny
 Sarah Douglas, married 1st Robert Strachan, 2nd George Auchinleck of Balmanno

Notes

References
 Fraser, Sir William, The Douglas Book (4 Vols). Edinburgh 1885

Further reading

Earls of Angus
1533 births
1591 deaths

William Douglas, 9th Earl of Angus


Salomão Barbosa Ferraz (18 February 1880 – 11 May 1969) was a Brazilian Roman Catholic priest and bishop whose career took him through membership of several Christian denominations from the Presbyterian Church to the Roman Catholic Church.

Biography
Ferraz was born in Jaú, Brazil on February 18, 1880. Originally a Presbyterian minister, Barbosa Ferraz was ordained an Anglican priest in 1917. He founded an ecumenical society, the "Order of Saint Andrew", in 1928, and was instrumental in organising a 'Free Catholic Congress' in 1936.

At the close of this event he established a "Free Catholic Church" and was elected as the church's first bishop. The Second World War halted his plans to be consecrated bishop by European Old Catholics, but Salomão Barbosa Ferraz was eventually consecrated by Carlos Duarte Costa following this bishop's excommunication by the Vatican in 1945. Barbosa Ferraz was also a member of Freemasonry.

Salomão Barbosa Ferraz in turn consecrated Manoel Ceia Laranjeira for the Free Catholic Church of Brazil in 1951, but sought reception into the Roman Catholic Church, which he achieved under Pope John XXIII, leaving Manoel Ceia Laranjeira at the head of the Free Catholic Church, then renamed the Independent Catholic Apostolic Church in Brazil.

In 1959, Ferraz was received into the Roman Catholic Church. His reception met with some resistance and confusion in Rome, where it had been assumed that he was widowed or chaste. He was eventually named titular bishop of Eleutherna in 1963 and took part in the Second Vatican Council. Bishop Ferraz died in 1969, leaving a wife and seven children.

Ferraz was a rare example of a legally accepted married bishop in the modern Roman Catholic history.

References

1880 births
1969 deaths
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Brazil
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
20th-century Presbyterian ministers
Converts from Presbyterianism
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Catholic Independent denominations
Bishops of the Free Catholic Church
Married Roman Catholic bishops
People from Jaú

Salomão Barbosa Ferraz


The 2006 Las Vegas Bowl was an NCAA-sanctioned Division I post-season college football bowl game between the Brigham Young University Cougars and the Oregon Ducks. The game was played on December 22, 2006, starting at 5 p.m. PST at 40,000-seat Sam Boyd Stadium in Whitney, Nevada, where the bowl has been played since 1992. It was televised on ESPN.

Starting in 2001, the Las Vegas Bowl featured a matchup of teams from the Mountain West Conference (MWC) and Pacific-10 Conference (Pac-10), with organizers having first choice of bowl-eligible teams from the MWC, and the fourth or fifth choice (alternating annually) of bowl-eligible teams from the Pac-10.

Game summary
Riding a 9-game winning streak entering the game, a veteran BYU squad led by seniors John Beck, Curtis Brown, Jonny Harline, and Justin Robinson dominated Oregon from the start.  Beck had 375 yards passing and accounted for 3 touchdowns, while  Brown ran for an additional 120 yards and 2 touchdowns.  Harline, an All-American tight end, earned MVP honors with 9 catches for 181 yards and a score.  Robinson had 2 interceptions and led a strong effort by the Cougar defense that held the Ducks to just 120 yards through the first three quarters of play.  Oregon had attempted to confuse BYU by alternating Dennis Dixon and Brady Leaf at quarterback, but it seemed to backfire, as the Ducks' offense never established any rhythm.  Oregon's only touchdown came on a 47-yard pass play in the fourth quarter, after the game's outcome had already been decided.  The victory was particularly satisfying for BYU, as Oregon head coach Mike Bellotti had made controversial comments prior to the game indicating that BYU (from the Mountain West conference) was not good enough to compete in the Pac-10.

Statistics

Additional notes
This was the Cougars' first bowl victory since defeating Kansas State in the 1997 Cotton Bowl Classic.
Oregon wore their black-black home uniform with a unique logo-less helmet.
The official attendance of 44,615 set a new stadium record and was the largest crowd ever attend a team sports event in the state of Nevada.

References

Las Vegas Bowl
Las Vegas Bowl
BYU Cougars football bowl games
Oregon Ducks football bowl games
Las

2006 Las Vegas Bowl


Connecticut field pumpkins are a type of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) first attested in the 16th century. They are one of the oldest varieties of pumpkin in existence and are known as an heirloom plant. One of the most popular Halloween pumpkins, Connecticut field pumpkins are commonly used for autumn decorations and jack-o'-lanterns; a strain of Connecticut field pumpkins have been described as "the original commercial jack-o'-lantern pumpkin". Due to the variety's appearance and growth process, it is considered to be well-suited for ornamental use. It also has culinary uses, particularly in canning, and was used for medicinal purposes by Native Americans in the United States prior to European contact.

Background
The Connecticut field pumpkin is of the species Cucurbita pepo, and is the most widely-grown member of the Cucurbita genus of gourds. The Cucurbita pepo group includes other pumpkins, winter squash, summer squash, acorns, and ornamental gourds. It is a fruit which is sensitive to frost. The pumpkin plant has unisexual flowers and vines and large leaves. The Connecticut field pumpkin is similar to winter squash, which was grown by Native Americans in the pre-Columbian era. The name "Connecticut field" references the area where the ancestral variety was found. The variety is colloquially known by various other names, such as Big Tom, Canner's Supreme, Eastern Field, Georgia Field, and Lake Shore. The Connecticut field pumpkin has been grown since before the American Revolutionary War.

History
Field pumpkins were seen as early as the middle of the 16th century by the French explorer Jacques Cartier. Thomas Dunlap produced a catalog in 1752 that advertised Connecticut field pumpkin seeds: a quart was offered for 37.5 US cents. In 1863 four distinct cultivars of this type of pumpkin were identified: Canada, Common Yellow, Connecticut field, and Long Yellow. The field pumpkin is typically traced back to the European colonization of the Americas. Because of its long use, it is considered to be an heirloom plant.

Native Americans in the United States used the pumpkins in food and the making of medicine. They dried and stored pumpkins for use in the winter and they used them to make bread and other foods. The Cherokee tribe ate the seeds to cure internal parasites and other native American tribes used pumpkin as a diuretic. American colonists soon learned the significance and they learned how to best grow it from the Native Americans.

Characteristics
The pumpkins have many shapes and sizes but they are commonly round. The Connecticut field pumpkin is  to  in size and it is round, and orange, with smooth, slightly ribbed skin.

The Howden pumpkin was developed by John Howden and it is a strain selected from Connecticut field pumpkins for improved production and uniformity of fruits: it is described as "the original commercial jack-o'-lantern pumpkin".

Cultivation and harvest
The Native Americans taught the colonists that they would get higher yields per acre if they planted potatoes or corn in the same field as the pumpkins. In 1906, the South Dakota State Horticultural Society recommended that six seeds be planted within hills of dirt approximately  apart. After the plants grew into seedlings, the horticultural society recommended that the seedlings be thinned to just two plants per hill. The 1917 Cyclopedia of American Agriculture recommended that the variety be planted in sandy loam soil without other crops. They advised farmers to use manure to fertilize and said that  of seeds were needed to plant . A good crop was considered to be two pumpkins per vine. One dangerous pest that can destroy the crop is the striped cucumber beetle.

The recommended time to harvest them is when there is no green visible on the pumpkin. Farmers are taught to leave a 3 4 inch stem on the pumpkin and to cut them with shears so that they do not break the stem. The Connecticut field pumpkin has a 110-day growing period from planting to harvest.

Uses

The Connecticut field pumpkin is considered to be the standard general-purpose Halloween pumpkin. It is the variety most often selected for carving jack-o'-lanterns, and is widely considered to be the most popular Halloween pumpkin. Unlike many pumpkin varieties, the Connecticut field pumpkin grows upright. This gives them flat rather than rounded bottoms, which some commentators believe improves their usability for carving and displaying jack-o'-lanterns.

The Connecticut field pumpkin also has culinary uses; it is one of the most popular pumpkin varieties for canning, alongside the Dickinson, Kentucky Field, and Golden Delicious pumpkins. The variety can be eaten fresh or canned, but is considered less palatable than culinary pumpkin varieties. The inside of the pumpkin is stringy and thick which makes it less desirable for eating.

The variety is also used by ranchers as feed for livestock. The pulp is rich in carotenoids and the seeds are a source of fatty acid. The flowers and the pulp are both edible. Because of its many uses, the variety is a common choice for home gardeners.

Economic importance
In the United States, all fifty states produce pumpkins. In 2020 and 2021, Illinois led the nation in pumpkin production with  devoted to pumpkin growing. In 2021 alone, Illinois produced 652 million pounds of pumpkins. States with 4,500 to  devoted to pumpkin growing include: in the west, California; midwestern states Indiana and Michigan; and southern states Texas and Virginia. Prices range from US$35 to US$250 per 1000 pounds. The growers mainly produce ornamental or jack-o'-lantern pumpkins. In addition to North America, pumpkins are grown in Africa, Europe, Asia and South America. Annual pumpkin production likely surpasses 20 million tonnes.

References

Squashes and pumpkins
Food plant cultivars
Halloween in the United States

Connecticut field pumpkin


The Lok Janshakti Party ( LJP,  "People's Manpower Party") was a state political party mainly based in the state of Bihar, India. The party was formed in 2000 when Ram Vilas Paswan split from Janata Dal. The party had a considerable following amongst Dalits in Bihar. The party is factioned into two parties Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) and Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party.

History

In 2000, late Ram Vilas Paswan formed the Lok Janshakti Party as its president. Along with Paswan his brother, Ram Chandra Paswan, Capt. Jai Narain Prasad Nishad and Ramesh Jigajinagi also joined the party.

LJP contested the polls in alliance with the Indian National Congress and the Rashtriya Janata Dal and won four Lok Sabha seats. Ram Vilas Paswan remained a Union Minister in Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers and Ministry of Steel.

In the 2005 Bihar assembly polls held in February the party contested in alliance with the Congress and against the RJD and won 29 assembly seats. However no alliance could secure majority and party refused to give support to any alliance to form the Government. There were rumours that certain party MLAs were ready to defect to JD(U) allowing the formation of an NDA Government. In a controversial episode, President's rule was imposed in the State and after a few months Bihar's state assembly was dissolved. Elections were again held in October month in which NDA came to power with a thumping majority with Nitish Kumar as the Chief Minister. Party had fielded its candidates in 203 seats of which party could win only 10 seats.

The party contested the 2009 Lok Sabha General elections in an alliance called fourth front which constituted the Rashtriya Janata Dal, Lok Janshakti Party and the Samajwadi Party. This move proved to be disastrous, since LJP couldn't win a single seat, and RJD were reduced to 4 seats in the Lok Sabha. After the election Laloo Prasad Yadav, admitted that it was a mistake to leave the UPA, and gave unconditional support to Manmohan Singh and the newly formed UPA government.

Jan Morcha the party founded by former Prime Minister Vishwanath Pratap Singh was merged with the LJP in March 2009. Jan Morcha president Ajeya Pratap Singh, son of Vishwanath Pratap Singh, was immediately appointed a senior LJP functionary.

On the more disastrous side LJP suffered a major jolt when, its entire Jharkhand Unit merged with the Congress before the 2009 elections citing that Paswan had ignored them. Paswan then announced the dissolution of party's Jharkhand Unit.

In 2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election, the party had contested in an alliance with Rashtriya Janata Dal. However party could secure only 6.75% votes winning only 3 seats which was 7 less than the previous elections in 2006.

In August 2011, there were claims made by the Speaker of the Bihar Legislative Assembly that the party had merged with JD(U) as 2 of the 3 MLAs of the party had joined JD(U). However the party had denied any such move.

On 27 February 2014, Lok Janshakti Party officially announced it re-entering the National Democratic Alliance led by Bharatiya Janata Party, after a gap of 12 years. It contested 7 Lok Sabha seats from Bihar in 2014 Indian general election.

LJP won 6 of the 7 seats it contested including Ram Vilas Paswan and his son Chirag Paswan. Ram Vilas Paswan resigned from his Rajya Sabha seat. He was also made Minister for Food and Civil Supplies in the NDA government that came to power on 26 May 2014.

In 2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election, the party contested in an alliance with BJP-led National Democratic Alliance. It contested 40 seats out of 243 in the assembly. It won only two seats, one less than the last election in 2010.

In 2017, Pashupati Paras brother of Ram Vilas was inducted into Nitish Kumar cabinet as Minister of Animal & Fish Resources after Janata Dal (United) joined BJP-led National Democratic Alliance.

2020 Bihar Assembly Elections
After the entry of Lok Janshakti Party in National Democratic Alliance in 2014, the NDA's principal parties in Bihar namely LJP, Bharatiya Janata Party and Rashtriya Lok Samta Party had contested against the JD(U) – Rashtriya Janata Dal-Indian National Congress Mahagathbandhan alliance in 2015 and further until 2020 Bihar Assembly Election. On the question of seat sharing for the 2020 Assembly elections, the LJP under the presidency of Chirag Paswan decided to quit NDA and fight on 143 Assembly seats alone. This turned out to be the single most important reason for the poor electoral performance of JD(U) led by Nitish Kumar. The Quint reported, if LJP would have formed a pre poll alliance with BJP, National Democratic Alliance would have won additional 38 seats.

The parliamentary committee of LJP however decided to support BJP in and outside the state with the number of seats they win in the state while contesting solely. The move as per party leadership was to oppose JD(U) while allying with the BJP. The way for the party was not though easy as it was to face a number of coalitions and political parties which were contesting the elections with their support bases.

Split in party

Background

The series of dramatic events came months after the Bihar Assembly elections in October–November last year, in the run-up to which Chirag Paswan had attacked the JD(U) and Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, and stepped out of the NDA, all along maintaining that he wanted to work with the BJP. The LJP had, however, fared poorly in the elections, with its lone MLA eventually crossing over to the JD(U).

Crisis & Split

The crisis started as a result of Pashupati Kumar Paras took 4 MPs the party along with him and named himself as the party president. Then Chirag Paswan expelled the five rebel MPs. However, Paswan said that LJP called a national executive meeting and removed the five rebel MPs from the party's primary membership.

The five MPs named Pashupati Kumar Paras (Hajipur), Mehboob Ali Qaisar (Khagaria), Chandan Singh (Nawada), Veena Devi (Vaishali) and Prince Raj (Samastipur) met Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla next day saying that they have elected Paras as LJP parliamentary party leader and Kaiser as deputy leader. Later that night, the Lok Sabha Secretariat issued a circular confirming Paras as leader of the LJP in the Lok Sabha.

In his first reaction after his uncle Pashupati Paras ousted him, Paswan likened the organization to a mother who should not be betrayed. In a tweet, he said he made efforts to keep the party founded by his father Ram Vilas Paswan and his family together but failed.

ECI froze the Lok Janshakti Party name & Symbol Bungalow and allotted Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) led by Chirag Paswan and Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party led by Pashupati Kumar Paras.

Aftermath

People are supreme in a democracy, Paswan said and thanked those who have kept faith in the party.
Paswan also shared a letter he had written to Paras, the youngest brother of his father, in March in which he had highlighted his uncle's unhappiness over a number of issues, including his elevation as the party president.

References

State political parties in Bihar
Political parties established in 2000
2000 establishments in Bihar
Political parties in India
Janata Parivar
Janata Dal

Lok Janshakti Party


Susanna Margarete of Anhalt-Dessau (Dessau, 23 August 1610 – Babenhausen, 13 October 1663), was by birth a member of the House of Ascania and princess of Anhalt-Dessau. After her marriage she became Countess of Hanau-Lichtenberg.

She was the eighth daughter of John George I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, but fifth-born daughter of his second wife Dorothea, daughter of John Casimir of Simmern.

Life
In 1641, at the age of thirty-one, Susanna Margarete was betrothed to John Ernest, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg-Schwarzenfels, the last male heir of the line of Hanau-Münzenberg; however, he died of smallpox shortly before the wedding was to take place in 1642.

In Buchsweiler on 16 February 1651, Susanna Margarete married John Philip of Hanau-Lichtenberg, younger brother of the ruling Count Frederick Casimir, husband of her older sister Sibylle Christine of Anhalt-Dessau.

Probably on account of the substantial age difference between the spouses (Susanna Margarete was sixteen years older than John Philip), the marriage was childless.

References

House of Ascania
House of Hanau
1610 births
1663 deaths
People from Dessau-Roßlau
Daughters of monarchs

Susanna Margarete of Anhalt-Dessau


Justin (; ; died 528) was a general of the Byzantine Empire, active early in the reign of Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) as commander of the Danubian limes in Moesia Secunda.

Justin is mentioned in 528 as "stratelates of Moesia". He probably held the title of dux Moesiae Secundae and the rank of magister militum. He joined forces with Baduarius, dux of Scythia Minor, in battle against a force of foreign invaders, who John Malalas identifies as "Huns", while Theophanes the Confessor identifies as Bulgars. Justin was killed in that battle and was succeeded in his post by Constantiolus.

References

Sources

528 deaths
Generals of Justinian I
Byzantines killed in battle
Year of birth unknown

Justin (Moesia)


Malayalam WordNet (പദശൃംഖല) is an online WordNet created for Malayalam Language. Malayalam WordNet has been developed by the Department of Computer Science, Cochin University Of Science And Technology.

History
The first WordNet to be created was the Princeton English WordNet. WordNet was created in the Cognitive Science Laboratory of Princeton University under the direction of professor G. A. Miller starting in 1985 . It was followed by EuroWordNet for European languages, based on Princeton WordNet. Hindi WordNet was the first Indian language WordNet to be created. It was developed by the Natural Language Processing group at the Center for Indian Language Technology. It was followed by IndoWordNet which was developed for 18 Indian Languages under the guidance of Dr. Pushpak Bhattacharya, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay. A WordNet for Malayalam language was developed as part of the IndoWordNet under the guidance of Dr. K.P. Soman and Dr. S. Rajendran at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore.

Features
Malayalam WordNet is a crowd sourced project. IndoWordNet is publicly browsable, but it is not available to edit. Malayalam WordNet allows users to add data to the WordNet in a controlled crowd sourcing manner. Either a set of experts or users itself could review the entries added by other members which helps in maintaining consistent data throughout.

It also has a JSON and XML interfaces which helps the programmers to interact with the WordNet. It would be highly useful for the researchers, language experts as well as application developers.

Team Members
Malayalam WordNet has been developed by the Department of Computer Science, Cochin University Of Science And Technology. The team is headed by Dr. Sumam Mary Idicula (Professor and Head, Department of Computer Science). The team also includes Drishya Gopinath and Varghese K. Aniyan

Relationships covered
It gives information about the meaning of the word, position in ontology, an example sentence for the synset and the following relationships:
 Synsets/ Synonyms
 Hyponymy and hypernymy
 Holonymy
 Meronymy
 Antonyms

Release
The alpha version of has been launched on Feb 1,2016. The final version is released on April, 2016.

References
 IndoWordnet - Dr. Pushpak Bhattacharya
 DRAVIDIAN WORDNET -Dr.S.Rajendran

External links

Lexical semantics
Malayalam language

Malayalam WordNet


The Double Concerto for Oboe, Harp and Chamber Orchestra is a musical composition by the Polish composer Witold Lutosławski. It was commissioned by the conductor Paul Sacher for the oboist Heinz Holliger and harpist Ursula Holliger, Heinz's wife.  The work was composed between 1979 and 1980 and was first performed by Heinz and Ursula Holliger and the Collegium Musicum Zürich under the direction of Sacher in Lucerne on August 24, 1980.  The piece is dedicated to Sacher.

Composition
In the score's programme note, Lutosławski wrote that the prospect of work with the Heinz and Ursula Holliger was "a great inspiration" while working on the concerto.  He added, "The music is multi-faceted and just when it seems to be saying one thing, it is saying something else at the same time – sometimes in contradiction. The titles of the movements [...] are only to be taken figuratively."  The work is scored for solo oboe and harp and a reduced orchestra consisting of only two percussionists and strings.  It has a duration of approximately 20 minutes and is cast in three movements:
Rapsodico
Dolente
Marciale e grotesco

Reception
Writing for the magazine Gramophone, the music critic Arnold Whittall opined, "The Double Concerto which Lutosawski composed for Heinz and Ursula Holliger is a fine example of his ability to use immediately accessible materials in imaginative and far from conventional ways, and there are few better instances of genuine comedy in 20th-century music than the concerto's finale, which perfectly complements the dirge-like atmosphere of the middle movement."

See also
List of compositions by Witold Lutosławski

References

Concertos by Witold Lutosławski
1980 compositions
Concertos for multiple instruments
Compositions for chamber orchestra
Music commissioned by Paul Sacher

Double Concerto (Lutosławski)


He Pūranga tēnei o te whārangi kōrero o te Hau Kāinga.

Some of these comments could be just as good or better on our general talk page.  Anyone who likes can copy to there; but Hau Kāinga is a good page to look at when thinking about these points.

"Te" in page names
Some readers may have noticed in my recent page history comment that I was wondering whether page names should include "Te".

Only one of our articles currently does (te reo Maori); but a great many of the links in Hau Kāinga are looking to create pages starting with "Te".

Here are some reasons AGAINST:
Browsing an alpha list of pages would be less easy
Where the main word is used after other words ("ngā" being the commonest, but some of you can think of others), editing would require much more work, eg  ngā [[te reo|reo]]  instead of  ngā [[reo]] .
Dictionaries and other encyclopedias don't.

Robin Patterson 03:12, 17 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I think you're probably right - it makes sense not to include "te". -- Vardion 02:28, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

Ka pai! Thanks for dropping by and adding to your already long list of contributions. You may notice I already excluded most of the "te" from the links. Robin Patterson 11:38, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

Coloured boxes
Robin here again. Can someone (preferably the person who composed or translated the heading) explain the meaning - and perhaps the envisaged long-term scope - of "Iwi Whānui" (so that some of us can get a better idea of whether it might be just as good underneath the much bigger box)? It looks a bit small since I moved the stuff that didn't relate to this Māori Wikipedia. 126.96.36.199 06:38, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC)

(Sorry about the slow response - I didn't notice this question...). I intended Iwi Whānui to mean "community", as in the Wikipedia community. Whether I've used the term in the proper context, I'm not entirely certain. The box was based on the equivalent one on the old English Wikipedia main page, which served much the same function as the new Community Portal page. -- Vardion 02:28, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

E pai ana, e hoa! I had worked out that you probably meant something like that (which means my translation sources must agree with yours). I'm considering moving it too, to go BELOW the specifically NZ material, so that the NZ columns have more room to display and expand. We have such a swag of material there, with scope for much more, and those specifically Maori subjects are what most of our serious visitors will have come to see - not the general Wikipedia links. I would be pleased if you decided to move it there, because you are far more used to tables than I am!

Now I hope you and less frequent visitors have a glance at most of the new additions and changes, with a harder look at some of them. Kind regards - Robin Patterson 11:38, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

New Meta page - List of articles all languages should have
Hi. I dont know if this is the right place to post this, but you may want to see our new Meta page: List of articles all languages should have. It is intended to give a boost to the smaller languages. Hope it helps. 184.108.40.206 20:27, 29 May 2004 (UTC)
Good place for that. Food for thought. Robin Patterson 06:10, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)
OK, had a look. Impressive list, which could be a handy checklist. But it's not finished yet, so we had better revisit the Meta page from time to time. The Latin WP has made a copy, which is in the process of being translated (with Simple English visible as links.) - Robin Patterson 08:40, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Contacting speakers; contributions from learners

Hi, has anyone contacted any of the grassroots organizations yet?  Just curious.  Though I imagine even a sort of "simple Maori" (i.e. Maori composed using available vocabulary) written by young learners would be useful.  18.104.22.168 17:02, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Yes, I have (as mentioned on the "Korero" page) communicated in one way or another with Maori TV, the Maori Language Commission, CommunityNet, and several tribal websites or  guestbooks. More approaches planned. Also mentioned it to all or most NZ members of the English Wikipedia. And as a new though old learner I've contributed about 95% of the articles. Ever hopeful of getting significant contributions from more than the current handful of contributors who know more than I do. Kia ora koe. Robin Patterson 22:40, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Removal of Māori-language content from the main page (and elsewhere)
I'm not prepared to allow it unless it is replaced in the same edit by better-quality Māori material. Robin Patterson 11:37, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Revert of node_ue's changes

Hi Robin, hi node_ue,

I have reverted the two changes by node_ue.
1) concerning the position of the English intro:
1.1) I firmly believe that it is up to the mi team to decide where to place this invitation for English-speaking people. Unfortunately the majority of ethnic Maoris do not speak their own language well. Besides Maori is official language in New Zealand, and we have to assume that a

Yes, that is certainly true, but this Wikipedia is for people who DO speak Maori, not just everyone of a Maori ethnic background.

great number of people from New Zealand with non-Maori background will just come around to have a look. From what I know, at least a bit of Maori is taught to everyone in NZ at school. So node_ue, you do not have to be the language police here. Just leave it up to true Kiwis to decide where to put this. So far I have not seen any complaints about the mi main page, apart from you, who are neither Maori nor Kiwi.

Why should being from Germany give you any more authority than me, if you're not Maori? And if being from New Zealand is such a big deal, why is Rocastelo a sysop, hailing from Galicia in Spain? And why do you presume so much authority, being in Hamburg?

1.2) While it might be arguable, whether or not the English invitation deserves the first line, I think that it is definitely out of place where node placed it. It is below a longer paragraph in English. I think a good place would be an info box in a right column. But I do not want to

I don't think it's arguable. I think it DEFINITELY doesn't belong on the first line. I just didn't want to remove it altogether because I knew Robin Patterson would have a fit.

interfere with that. Let us just leave that for the Maori team to decide. And node: you and I do not belong to this team. So just leave them in peace.

Please see Template:Stub which I recently improved. What are your contributions here? What are your qualifications? Is your Maori any better than mine? Are you Maori? Or are you a white guy who can't speak very much Maori at all, and who likes to think he's more qualified than others just because he's from Germany?? And if I have no business here, what business do you have here Heiko? Why don't you go work on the Low Saxon Wikipedia?

Also, I find your view of Wikipedia communities as exclusive and impenetrable laughable and at the same time very offensive. The whole point of Wikipedia is collaboration, not saying "Ha ha ha! You can't join!".

2) Concerning the Macron-edit:
2.1) node, your version has added two links, one to "Haere mai" and one to "Wikipedia". But these two pages do not exist so far. Of course a page about Wikipedia will eventually be written. But we

So what? That's what redlinks are for. So that people will make the pages there.

do not know whether the mi team will have a separate page "Haere mai", which (as far as I know) means welcome. So I think it would have been better in this case to wait until such a page exists before it is linked to.

Why wouldn't we have one here? Most other Wikipedias have one. I think that we, as a community striving to build a Maori-language Wikipedia, are desparately in need of a good welcome page in Maori that explains who we are, what we are all about, and how to edit Wikipedia. Redlinks are an invitation for the creation of such pages.

2.2) the macron-text was inside a comment, so it is not visible and it did not annoy anyone but the language police. For someone who was blocked for a week here, node, I think that this is not a good restart for you here.

Heiko, in case you didn't notice, the exact same text is reproduced in MediaWiki:Copyrightwarning and so the comment on each page has been rendered obsolete. Currently, it's a waste of space.

My proposition to node: before making any further changes in any article, you should propose your changes in a *friendly* way on the corresponding talk page. Otherwise I fear you are in danger of getting a much, much longer blocking here.

My proposition to you, Heiko: either join a community, or stay out, but don't sit on the fence telling people they can't come in when you aren't really even in yourself.

My proposition to Robin: write protect the main page. You have had trouble enough about it. Everyone would still be able to leave comments in the talk page.

MY* proposition to Robin: Revert Heiko Evermann's changes, or at least unprotect the page. mi.wiki is relatively low-traffic, explicit vandalism to the mainpage is generally fixed very quickly and doesn't happen very often at that. As a Wikipedia page, the whole point is for it to be editable by everyone. Sure, there may be some edit conflicts, but unless it degenerates into a full-scale edit war, protection is unreasonable.

For examples of relatively large Wikipedias that don't have protected mainpages for the very reasons I gave above: Estonian, with over 10700 articles; Korean, with over 11700 articles; Ukrainian, with over 19100 articles... Compared to the less than 1000 articles on the Maori Wikipedia, don't you think that it's a bit unreasonable for us to have a protected mainpage? You may think these people never deal with revert wars or vandalism but in fact they do. They are just very committed to the spirit of Wikipedia. --Node ue

22.214.171.124 08:18, 24 July 2005 (UTC) Heiko Evermann

Node_ue since you're from Arizona you shouldn't be putting others down for being from where they come from. But since they are here they must be interested in the Maori language as well. Concerning  the protecting of the main page, it is interesting to note that you seem to be in the habit of deleting content from the Ladino wikipedia, to the extent that it could be considered vandalism. Auxilingua

Auxilingua, I notice you have a sort of ongoing campaign of slander against me at various Wikipedias. You seem to like to tell people that I have vandalised lad.wp. Well, I have not. And besides, you don't have much of a position there -- you're sysop why, because your buddy from ia.wp, Jay, made you one? Because of course, we all know you're from Turkey/Israel/Morocco. --Node ue 15:42, 28 Whiringa-ā-nuku 2006 (UTC)

Deprecated project
Kia ora. Please remove the link to sep11.wikipedia.org from your main page. It is no longer supposed to be linked to (check 95% of the other Wikipedias, including en:). Thank you. 11:30, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Ido language
Kia ora. Please add the Ido language (io) to the front of the page if you will. Thank you. mithridates

Redesign

Does any one agree that the main page needs a redesign? I would have a go at it, but I'm just any ordinary user (need admin access to edit the main page).

Heoi anō; nā Brian New Zealand 09:24, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

 I had a quick go  see here for my design, if no one objects to it by the 18 December, I'll put it live (since my last post I have been made an admin)

Heoi anō; nā Brian New Zealand 23:34, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

See my final proposed redesign HERE, Heoi anō; nā Brian  (talk) 19:01, 17 December 2005 (UTC)
I Retreat, as User:Robin Patterson pointed out, their are, a few bugs to work thru. I will work them out, and have a second final draft soon (might be after christmas/new year, as I am about to go on a hoilday) Please feel free to leave me comments HERE, My current design is located HERE. if you view the page, and see any errors, please let me know.
Heoi anō; nā Brian  (talk) 06:00, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Latin

Please add latin to the links on the front page. Thank you.

Logo
Please make a Maori version of the logo. 2006-02-05 17:12:08 220.127.116.11
See similar heading below. Robin Patterson 21:27, 20 Hui-tanguru 2006 (UTC)

"Pukapuka Taki Pātauranga" was a typo
I looked at  - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page_alternate_%28Classic_2004%29 - the en. Wiki main page as of 2004 and realised that that was the basis of our Hau Kāinga page. The headings equivalent to our 'Pukapuka Taki Pātauranga' and 'Iwi Whānui' were 'Encyclopedia' and 'Community.' I retranslated Community, since Iwi Whānui isnt quite right for that. Then I looked up 'Encyclopedia' in various M. dictionaries, and in the Ngata dictionary it is 'Pukapuka Taki Mātauranga'. So that explains where the mystery Pātauranga came from - a typo!!!  I retranslated that heading as Mātāpunenga (encyclopedia) in accordance with what we call ourselves. I also replaced the obscure (but in the dictionary) Kohuku meaning unfinished with the plainer and more comprehensible 'hei whakaoti' 'to be completed'.  Kahuroa 18:35, 14 Hui-tanguru 2006 (UTC)

Revamped main page
Great stuff! Now I wonder whether "Āwhina mai - whakamāoritia!" is the best starter. We seem to have lost the invitation for first-time visitors to browse and LEARN something. A recent version had the heading "Akona" followed by "Hei tauira, titiro koa ki ēnei whārangi papai: ..."; and the sitenotice mentioned the idea of learning too. Most visitors are unlikely to contribute directly but may turn into devotees and ambassadors if they like what they read. Robin Patterson 19:33, 19 Hui-tanguru 2006 (UTC)
Tēnā. Shifted stuff around - have to keep a rough balance (in the amount of content) between the two columns as well - how's that. Kahuroa 04:28, 20 Hui-tanguru 2006 (UTC)
Tino pai! I've just printed a copy (regrettably not in colour) and pinned it to the second-floor kitchenette noticeboard in Guardian Trust House, Poneke. Interesting to see that the printable version put only a single line of print to the right of the image then resumed at the bottom. Perfectly legible though. Ka kite, e hoa. Robin Patterson 19:11, 20 Hui-tanguru 2006 (UTC)

Floating logos/icons
Bother! The printed version has a more serious error: the logos for the sister projects float up to near the top of the page (p2) instead of sitting in their boxes. We need an image expert. BrianNZ?? (An alternative could be to put those on another page altogether.) Robin Patterson 21:27, 20 Hui-tanguru 2006 (UTC)
See what BrianNZ has to say - otherwise I've got a mate I could ask Kahuroa 22:56, 20 Hui-tanguru 2006 (UTC)
As soon as I'm at a printer (or as soon as my new ink arrives) , I'll have a look. (The the printable version link makes it look okay) Heoi anō; nā Brian  (talk) 23:42, 20 Hui-tanguru 2006 (UTC)
 it looks ok on my system. Text beside image ok, not broken up into different sections. No floating icons. The left column is a bit skinnier than the right one, but otherwise ok. Kahuroa 08:03, 21 Hui-tanguru 2006 (UTC)

I printed it and it looks okay for me. The only complaint is the left column is smaller than the right one. (No big deal, as the main page is not likey going to be highly printed) Heoi anō; nā Brian  (talk) 08:45, 21 Hui-tanguru 2006 (UTC)

Still crook, folks! When I click for the printable version now, the logos for Ngā pūtere kōpūtahi display floating at the top of the page, so I'm not even going to try printing again. Maybe it's time for Kahuroa's mate to come on board? Or User:Grutness, another image expert? Robin Patterson 21:18, 21 Hui-tanguru 2006 (UTC)
Robin: What Internet browzer are you using? 188.8.131.52 21:48, 21 Hui-tanguru 2006 (UTC)
IE; probably version 6; the main folders in C:\Program Files\Internet Explorer are dated July 2002. But we recently had parts of Office 2003 installed. Robin Patterson 23:18, 21 Hui-tanguru 2006 (UTC)
Ha, I just got an email from my mate, he's doing a big OE in Montreal so probably wouldn't want to get involved! Sorry. It's actually more likely to be a minor error in the table code than anything to do with images per se. Anyway I'll redo the whole page over the next week or so, testing it on my user page. Kahuroa 08:04, 22 Hui-tanguru 2006 (UTC)
Looks fine for me when its printed 188.8.131.52 20:21, 22 Hui-tanguru 2006 (UTC)

Thank you all for taking an interest. My display is back to how it should be but the actual print of the printable version still floats the dear little beggars to the top of their page. I may try "temporary" solution: Give that section its own page, with links from main (so that our initial presentation is closer to flawless) and portal. Robin Patterson 21:15, 22 Hui-tanguru 2006 (UTC)

Logo (moko)
The  Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia image at the top left of the page should be translated into Māori too. 2006-02-21 09:07:03 126.96.36.199

Kia ora! People have been giving some thought to that. Not top priority yet. See Wikipedia:Kōrero/2005c. Robin Patterson 21:27, 20 Hui-tanguru 2006 (UTC)
 Te Matatiki has a much better word for logo: waitohu. And the page could be called Waitohu o Wikipedia - funny without the 'o'.  BTW Any thought been given to the transliteration of Wikipedia, since there is no d in the M alphabet? The closest would be Wikipiria  - I note that Hawaiian has "Wikipikia' which is the closest you can get in Hawaiian Kahuroa 22:54, 20 Hui-tanguru 2006 (UTC) copied comment to logo page Heoi anō; nā Brian  (talk) 23:52, 20 Hui-tanguru 2006 (UTC)
Please see  Wikipedia:Kōrero/2005c,for a Korero, about our Waitohu. (page has been there for a while now  Last modified December 17, 2005) Heoi anō; nā Brian  (talk) 23:26, 20 Hui-tanguru 2006 (UTC)

More ideas for minor main page adjustments
Should I try them direct or would you folks like to see them tried elsewhere first? Robin Patterson 20:33, 19 Poutū-te-rangi 2006 (UTC)

Done a few little ones. I suppose I could list the bigger ones here for perusal. That will have to wait till lunchtime. Robin Patterson 22:34, 19 Poutū-te-rangi 2006 (UTC)

(Sorry, got tied up. And no PC at home just now.)

One important thing we need to do to improve the functionality and attractiveness of the main page is to to reduce the number of links in each section. There should be a limit as to how many there are. Too many is overkill. Kahuroa 00:25, 21 Poutū-te-rangi 2006 (UTC)
Well, maybe you should have removed those italicised links instead of just restoring their otherwise unexplained disorder (alphabetically). Cut away! Robin Patterson 01:31, 21 Poutū-te-rangi 2006 (UTC)

Most or all of the Wikipedia reo kē appear elsewhere on the page. I'd be quite happy to lose all of the ones that don't have the justification of a Maori translation. Robin Patterson 01:31, 21 Poutū-te-rangi 2006 (UTC)

I think we could do without the sister projects; some other page, OK, but I see no value in having them on our main page. Robin Patterson 01:31, 21 Poutū-te-rangi 2006 (UTC)
Please don't delete the sisters. Their value is in the colour and graphic elements they introduce. Removing them will return the main page to its bleak former state - a bland boring collection of links. Kahuroa 19:42, 21 Poutū-te-rangi 2006 (UTC)

I also have plans to remove 70% of the English content: everything starting from "There are at least ..." - that may please some of you! Most of what's virtually repeated on the Tomokanga hapori is unnecessary on the front page. Robin Patterson 01:31, 21 Poutū-te-rangi 2006 (UTC)
 Like your ideas re the main page - I just had to do a temporary reversion since the placement of the welcome line (in Maori) upset the format by introducing a line of colour above the heading. Once I fixed that I expanded the welcome line into a paragraph and moved some of the Maori content to the other column to keep it balanced and then tried to recreate your changes such as the removal of the extra English content (the inclusion of which wasn't my idea in the first place by the way). Many thanks!! Kahuroa 10:57, 23 Poutū-te-rangi 2006 (UTC)

Good recent reshuffle, Kahuroa. I had been thinking that the Tīmata pēnei was a little premature near the top left, inviting response "start what?" - so your moving it to the other column and renaming is great. I had a feeling there was scope for integrating that para and the following one, but only a fluent speaker could start on that sort of task! Robin Patterson 20:25, 23 Poutū-te-rangi 2006 (UTC)

Should the tāone nui be a subsection of Aotearoa? Maybe replace at the bottom with a short "Whenua me tāone o te Ao"? Robin Patterson 20:25, 23 Poutū-te-rangi 2006 (UTC)
Sure - tho I'd prefer we called the new short section "Ao whānui" as a catch all for overseas stuff. Kahuroa 00:17, 24 Poutū-te-rangi 2006 (UTC)
Moved the towns without replacement, a few days ago. Problem with "Ao whānui" is that the other sections "belong" in it too, don't they? How about "Tāone nui o te Ao" (ie anything bigger than Akarana)? Robin Patterson 03:42, 10 Paenga-whāwhā 2006 (UTC)
Comment: We have a section Aotearoa. That is, NZ. I was suggesting another section Ao whānui = rest of world/wider world. Then you could have a subsection under that  Taone nui   Kahuroa 06:20, 10 Paenga-whāwhā 2006 (UTC)
But doesn't Ao whānui include the whole world, not just the rest of the world? And it includes tikanga and tāngata? Robin Patterson 20:20, 10 Paenga-whāwhā 2006 (UTC)
Not when it is contrasted with Aotearoa. You seem to have a different understanding of whānui. Ao whānui = the wide world. I like it, there's nothing wrong with it. Alternative is 'Whenua kē'. ("Whenua me taone...' is a bit anglified).Kahuroa 00:12, 11 Paenga-whāwhā 2006 (UTC)

That image that just went up is nice, well done! :) Heoi anō; nā Brian  (talk) 00:25, 9 Paenga-whāwhā 2006 (UTC)

For better column balance, how about moving "Akona: he whārangi papai hei tauira" to right-hand column? Robin Patterson 03:42, 10 Paenga-whāwhā 2006 (UTC)
Comment:Wouldn't that make it worse? The left-hand column has a little less in it than the right as it is. Or do you mean something else by balance? Kahuroa 05:58, 10 Paenga-whāwhā 2006 (UTC)
That's interesting - on my display in Cologne Blue skin the left-hand is longer: weta is in line with YahooNews. Maybe it's time I left that page alone and tried to add some more real content. Robin Patterson 20:20, 10 Paenga-whāwhā 2006 (UTC)

Naku i whakatakoto ētahi o ō whakaaro. Pai ake. Kia ora. Kahuroa 10:24, 18 Haratua 2006 (UTC)

Revisions
Dear Maori Wikipedians, I really enjoyed those revisions, they seemed to give it a more ethnic feel.  I particularly liked the english box, as I think that ought to be a lot more ecumenical than the straight Maori look the last one had.  Sure hope this place can get more sites.  Cheers! Sincerely, 126.96.36.199 05:38, 23 Haratua 2006 (UTC)

Quality
I think we need to apply some criteria to the pages used as examples etc, especially those cited as "whārangi papai".
Wikipedia style and encyclopedic content; references etc.
Grammar - especially no elementary mistakes like lack of 'ko' etc.
Will be gradually implementing this. Kahuroa 23:10, 4 Pipiri 2006 (UTC)

Ka pai. Several of the links in the whārangi papai are now so much poorer than the best of the recent additions that I would be pleased if you would either improve them or delete them from that list. Fifteen excellent pages would be better than 15 excellent plus six patchy. (Slightly different criteria should apply to the formerly-matching list in the Wikipedia:Tomokanga hapori, because of its different target audience, but your improvements would be most welcome for pages listed there too). Robin Patterson 03:55, 12 Pipiri 2006 (UTC)

Link to Macedonian Wiki

Kia ora! I  am an administrator from the Macedonian Wiki and I see that you have only some languages listed directly at the bottom of the page and I was wondering if you could put the Macedonian Wiki there as well (in case you don't have some special criteria for that). Should you decide to accept it, the code should look like this: [[:mk:|Māori name for the Macedonian language]]. The original name of the language in the latin alphabet is Makedonski. I don't know whether you will transliterate it into Māori from the English name or directly from the original. I leave that to you. All best and thanks a lot. Б. Јанкулоски
Kia ora anō koe - nāku nei i āpiti Kahuroa 19:20, 11 Pipiri 2006 (UTC)

More revamp?
(First para copied from what Kahuroa wrote elsewhere.)
I would like to reformat the page. To do it I need all the articles under 'Awa' or 'X' to be in the category 'Awa' or 'X' and for the Awa catpage or the 'X' catpage to have been created. It's daunting to have to do everything before you can start things. Kahuroa 19:29, 13 Pipiri 2006 (UTC)

Excellent idea. I thought we had a :category:awa but with very little in it. Maybe not. And several other subjects that would be ideal for such a revamp are definitely not categories yet. I'm happy to help in both aspects of that, but it needs a "mi-3" to decide what the names of the categories should be. Robin Patterson 20:34, 13 Pipiri 2006 (UTC)
OK - what about the titles of the subsections on the left side - like Ao Māori, Tikanga-ā-iwi, Pūtaiao - I did Maunga already or most of them - some of them may be cats already but the articles havent been tagged in some cases. Kahuroa 00:07, 14 Pipiri 2006 (UTC)
Great start; I'll see if I can get something usable before heading for home tonight. Robin Patterson 00:56, 14 Pipiri 2006 (UTC)

Nice

Have not viewed mi for a while. The mainpage looks Kai Pai! 126.96.36.199 03:13, 16 Pipiri 2006 (UTC)
It does indeed - good work Kahuroa et al! Grutness 05:09, 23 Pipiri 2006 (UTC)

Hau Kāinga/Pūranga


Sun Blade is a line of blade server computer systems sold by Sun Microsystems from 2006 onwards.

In June 2006, Sun announced the AMD Opteron-based Sun Blade 8000 modular blade server system. The Sun Blade 8000 chassis can hold up to 10 Sun Blade X8420 or X8440 modules.

In July 2007, Sun launched the Sun Blade 6000 Modular System.  This allowed up to 10 mixed UltraSPARC and x64 architecture blades.  The Sun Blade T6300 and T6320 modules run Solaris and use UltraSPARC T1 and UltraSPARC T2 processors respectively, while the Sun Blade X6220 and X6250 modules use AMD Opteron or Intel Xeon 5000-series processors respectively.

In November 2007, Sun announced the Sun Blade 6048 Modular System, supporting up to 48 UltraSPARC, AMD Opteron and/or Intel Xeon blades.

The X-series blades support Solaris, Oracle Linux, RHEL, SLES, Windows Server or VMware.

External links
Sun System Handbook
Sun System Handbook, v2.1
Sun blade servers

Blade
SPARC microprocessor products
Blade servers

Sun Blade


Robert Thorburn Ayton Innes FRSE FRAS (born 10 November 1861, died 13 March 1933) was a Scottish astronomer. He is best known for discovering Proxima Centauri in 1915, and many binary stars. He was also the first astronomer to have seen the Great January Comet of 1910, on 12 January. He was the founding director of a meteorological observatory in Johannesburg, which was later converted to an astronomical observatory and renamed to Union Observatory. He was the first Union Astronomer. Innes House, designed by Herbert Baker, built as his residence at the observatory, today houses the South African Institute of Electrical Engineers.

British astronomers
1861 births
1933 deaths

Robert Innes


Empty is a cult Australian "creative" magazine, concerned largely with printed design work, photography, illustration and film, created for the professional creative community.

The magazine is published by Sydney-based Design is Kinky studio, curators of the Semi-Permanent design festival, a fixture in design culture's global landscape, which occurs annually in Australia.

The magazine acts largely as a gallery of artwork, both domestic and international. It also features cultural commentary and interviews with artists, animators, other magazines, and so on. Notable interviewees have included Mark Andrews, head of story on The Incredibles (cover story, issue 2, late 2004), and Dan Houser of Rockstar Games (issue 3, early-2005).

Empty was launched in April 2004 and is published somewhat arbitrarily, but usually bimonthly.  It features little to no advertising.

The current editor is Andrew Johnstone, creator of Empty and the above-mentioned Design is Kinky and Semi-Permanent.

The magazine enjoys newsstand distribution, but at this time is distributed only within Australia.

Staff
Editor Andrew Johnstone
Art Direction Design is Kinky Studio

External links

Design is Kinky website

2004 establishments in Australia
Film magazines published in Australia
Cultural magazines
Design magazines
Magazines established in 2004

Empty (magazine)


Dressing commonly refers to the activity of putting on clothing. Dressing may also refer to:

Technique
 Dressing (medical), a medical covering for a wound, usually made of cloth
 Dressing (knot), the process of arranging a knot
 Dressing, the application of a profile onto a grinding wheel
 Dressing, a covering or enhanced construction method to improve an object's appearance:
 Ashlar, stone dressing(s)
 Brickwork dressings, using counter-coloured or complementary coloured bricks
 Stucco (also known as render or rendering):
Binder (material) and water applied in decorative fashion; it can also refer to interior
aggregates,
Plasterwork in relief
 Well dressing (decoration), a tradition practised in some parts of rural England
 Dressing, the preparation of an animal for consumption or sale, field dressing e.g.
 Dressed weight, refers to the weight of an animal after being partially butchered
 Ore dressing, mineral processing

Food
 Salad dressing, a type of sauce which is generally poured on a salad, or spread on the bread of a sandwich
 Stuffing, also called dressing, a mixture of various ingredients used to fill a cavity in another food item

Others
 Dressed particle, a bare particle together with some excitations of other quantum fields
 Ship dressing or dressing overall, stringing international maritime signal flags on a ship at special occasions
 "The Dressing", an episode of the Adult Swim animated television series, Aqua Teen Hunger Force

See also

 Covering (disambiguation)
 Dress (disambiguation)
 Dressing down
 Dressing Up (disambiguation)

Dressing


Gervase Phinn (born 27 December 1946, Rotherham, England) is an English author and educator. After a career as a teacher he became a schools inspector and, latterly, Visiting Professor of Education at the University of Teesside. He graduated from Leeds Trinity University in 1970 with a degree in Education.

He has published five volumes of memoir, collections of poetry and a number of books about education. He has a particular interest in children's literature and literacy.

He is married with four grown-up children.

Career
Phinn taught in a range of schools for fourteen years before becoming an education adviser and school inspector. He is now:
 a freelance lecturer, broadcaster and writer
 President of the School Library Association for 2006–2009
 a consultant for the Open University
 Honorary Fellow of York St John University
 Doctor of Letters of the University of Leicester
 Fellow and Visiting Professor of Education at The University of Teesside.

Bibliography
He has published many articles, chapters and books and edited a range of poetry and short story collections.

His academic texts include:
Young Readers and their Books, published by David Fulton* Touches of Beauty: Poetry in the Primary School and Reading Matters

He has published collections of his own plays, poems, picture books and short stories, including his anthologies of verse:
Classroom Creatures
It Takes One to Know One
The Day Our Teacher Went Batty
Family Phantoms

Books of stories for children:
What's the Matter, Royston Knapper?
Royston Knapper: The Return of the Rogue
Our Cat Cuddles (a picture book)

Dales series
Phinn is probably best known for his memoirs, many of which he has read as audiobooks:

The Other Side of the Dale (1998, Michael Joseph)
Over Hill and Dale (2000, Michael Joseph)
Head Over Heels in the Dales (2002, Michael Joseph)
Up and Down in the Dales (2004, Michael Joseph)
The Heart of the Dales (2007, Michael Joseph)

Associated books
A Wayne in a Manger

Others
All These Lonely People  (2009, Penguin Books)
Out of the Woods but Not Over the Hill (2010, Hodder & Stoughton)
The Little Village School (2011, Hodder & Stoughton)
Trouble at the Little Village School (2012, Hodder & Stoughton)
Secrets at the Little Village School (2016, Hodder & Stoughton)
Road to the Dales – The story of a Yorkshire Lad (2010, Penguin) – a memoir of his early childhood

Television and radio appearances
Esther (BBC1)
Midweek (BBC Radio 4)
You and Yours (BBC Radio 4)
Open House with Gloria Hunniford (ITV)
North East Tonight (Tyne Tees Television)
Today programme (BBC Radio 4)
Calendar (Yorkshire Television)
Breakfast Television (BBC1)
The Heaven and Earth Show (BBC 2)
The Des O'Connor Show (LWT)
Quote... Unquote (BBC Radio 4)
Look North (BBC 1)
The Big Toe Radio Show (BBC Radio 7)
Just One Chance (BBC 2)
Book at Bedtime (BBC Radio 4)
Book of the Week (BBC Radio 4)
A Good Read (BBC Radio 4)

Honours
In 2004 Gervase Phinn received "The Speaker of the Year Award" from the Association of Speakers' Clubs. Up and Down in the Dales, won the Customer Choice Award at the Spoken Book Awards.

In 2005 the highest academic award of Sheffield Hallam University, Doctor of the University (D.Univ.) was conferred upon him by the Chancellor, Professor Lord Winston. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts and an Honorary Fellow of the English Speaking Board.

References

External links

"Gervase Phinn", Penguin UK Authors

1946 births
Living people
20th-century English memoirists
21st-century English memoirists
21st-century English novelists
21st-century English male writers
Academics of Teesside University
People from Rotherham
Alumni of Sheffield Hallam University
Alumni of Leeds Trinity University
English male novelists
Alumni of the University of Leeds
English male non-fiction writers
Writers about Yorkshire

Gervase Phinn


Davis Floyd (1776 – December 13, 1834) was an Indiana Jeffersonian Republican politician who was convicted of aiding American Vice President Aaron Burr in the Burr conspiracy. Floyd was not convicted of treason however and returned to public life after several years working to redeem his reputation. He lost his wealth in the Panic of 1819 and died in obscurity in Florida 1834.

Biography

Early life

Davis Floyd was born in 1776 to Robert and Lillian Floyd in Virginia. In 1779, the family moved to Jefferson County, Kentucky. Floyd had three siblings, Elizabeth, Charles, and Mary Lee.

As a boy in Kentucky, Floyd came to befriend William Clark, younger brother of George Rogers Clark. The Floyd family became political allies of Clark. Floyd served briefly as 2nd Lieutenant of the Jefferson County militia. Floyd married his first wife Susanna Johnston Lewis in Jefferson County in 1794. Floyd had three children by Susannah, Gabriel Jones, Charles, and Elizabeth.  Susanna died about 1807.

Political career
In 1801 Floyd moved to Clarksville, Indiana. In the same year Floyd became Deputy Sheriff of Clark County and the Clark County Recorder. Floyd, along with his father, was appointed to the Clarksville Board of Trustees. Floyd ferried boats through the Falls of the Ohio rapids until 1808. Floyd was elected as a Clark County delegate to the territory's slavery convention in 1802, and the convention set in motion events that attempted to legalize slavery and indentured servitude in the Indiana Territory. Floyd became the Sheriff of Clark County in 1803 and served until 1806.

Floyd was elected to the Indiana Territorial Legislature in an 1805 special election; the legislature had been reduced to five members when the Michigan Territory was detached. Floyd was generally at odds with the rest of the legislature, he was the only anti-slavery representative during his term. By the end of his term he had become too involved in the Aaron Burr Conspiracy to run for re-election and was succeeded by James Beggs as Clark County's representative.

Involvement with Aaron Burr
In 1805, while a territorial legislator, Floyd became involved in the plot of Aaron Burr. Floyd and Burr had both become members of the board of directors of the Indiana Canal Company. The company, believed to have had something to do with the conspiracy, was to build a canal around the Falls of the Ohio on the Indiana side of the river. The company failed and the investors lost their money, which was believed to have been used to help finance Burr's plot. It was never proven that the money was stolen. The company had an initial investment of $120,000 and handled over one million dollars during its duration.

Floyd had also committed to Aaron Burr that he would raise a regiment of soldiers to support his cause of illegally invading Mexico. It is unknown if Floyd was aware of how the regiment was planned to be used. The regiment of 30 men and boats assembled on Silver Creek in Clark County and left from the Falls of the Ohio to sail downriver to Natchez, Louisiana. They expected to join army troops there but were betrayed by General James Wilkinson. They were unable to meet up with the rest of assembling regiments because President Thomas Jefferson, already aware of the plot, decided the men were guilty of treason and ordered them all arrested. Floyd fled Louisiana and returned to Indiana where he was captured.

In 1807, with Floyd in custody and the plot exposed, Davis along with Burr and his other conspirators, were charged with treason. The treason could not be proved against Burr and the treason charges were dropped against Floyd. He was however charged a $20 fine and imprisoned for 3 hours. Some believe that Floyd was unaware of Burr's larger plot but much of the public at the time considered him a "conscientious traitor".

Just days after his sentencing in the conspiracy with Burr, the Indiana Territorial Legislature elected him as Treasurer of the lower house. It was unknown to them at the time that Burr had been acquitted. After learning of those events, and President Thomas Jefferson's unhappiness with the outcome, the legislature decided to take action. On July 6, 1808, legislature passed resolutions condemning Burr's plot and stating that "Indiana had no sympathy for Burr." Gov. Thomas Posey revoked Floyd's military commission in the militia, probably at the request of President Jefferson.

After the conspiracy

On October 10, 1807, the anti-slavery elements of the territory assembled for a convention in Springville, the same site as the convention that started the territory's anti-slavery movement. Floyd served as secretary of the convention which issued a resolution to oppose the new laws passed by the pro-slavery legislature. Floyd left Clark County that year and moved into Harrison County.

After the death of his first wife, Davis remarried to Elizabeth Robards Davis March 20, 1809. She was the widow of Thomas Terry Davis, the judge of Davis's treason trial. He had one son, Robert, and a step daughter, Elizabeth, by his second wife.

When hostilities broke out with the Indians in 1811 Floyd was reinstated in the militia to the rank of lieutenant. After the 1809 Treaty of Fort Wayne, Floyd served with William Henry Harrison during Tecumseh's War and was present at the Battle of Tippecanoe. Floyd was part of a company of dragoons under the command of Major Parkes. Floyd was also instrumental in conducting negotiations to prevent the Delaware Tribe from joining the Shawnee's war.

After the war Floyd returned to public service serving as auditor of Indiana Territory in 1813. He was responsible for relocating the capital to Corydon from Vincennes. He sought out contractors to build the new capitol building and finally selected Dennis Pennington, a leading man in the Territorial Legislature. In 1814 he returned to the job of Indiana Territorial Treasurer until 1816. In 1815 he moved to Corydon, Indiana, along with the capital.

In 1816 Floyd was elected as a delegate to the Indiana Constitution Convention The same year he was also elected as Harrison County's representative to the first state legislature. On November 22, 1816, during his term as a legislator, Floyd proposed the official acceptance of the design the state seal. The seal was approved by the legislature. Floyd described the seal as A forest and a woodman felling a tree, a buffalo leaving the forest and fleeing through the plain to a distant forest, and sun in the west with the word Indiana  The seal itself had been in use already and was probably designed by William Henry Harrison.

The same year he remarried to Elizabeth Robards after the death of his first wife. That year Floyd's company was awarded contracts to build the state executive buildings in Corydon. He built a new home for himself in Corydon in 1817, the home was later occupied by Governor and later Senator William Hendricks.

On October 13, 1817, he was appointed by Jonathan Jennings as the first Judge of Floyd County, Indiana. He served as judge until 1823. It is believed by some that Floyd County was named for him, but omitted from the record because of his involvement with Aaron Burr. According to the Indiana State Library the county was named for John Floyd, an early settler in Floyd County. John Floyd was Davis Floyds' Uncle. However the original statute creating the county does not cite a source for the name.

Floyd participated in creating a masonic Grand Lodge in Coryon in 1817. He, along with most every notable man in the state, was a member of the Masonic fraternity.

Floyd built a home in Corydon, Indiana in 1817 and opened a general store in 1818, but in the Panic of 1819 Floyd lost most of his fortune, his store, and his home. His home was later bought by Governor William Hendricks and is now a part of the Corydon Capitol State Historic Site. He unsuccessfully tried to re-enter politics in 1822 but was defeated in the congressional election by the popular Jonathan Jennings. Floyd's life in Indiana is described as "shrewd and crafty" by the Indiana Historical Society.

Life in Florida

With his political career seemingly  at an end and his fortune gone, Floyd eventually accepted an appointment from Secretary of State John Quincy Adams to be a United States Commissioner and settle land disputes in newly acquired Florida Territory. He held his first session to settle disputes on August 4, 1823.

Floyd first settled in Alachua County in 1823 but had moved to Leon County by 1830. He served as mayor of St. Augustine, Florida in 1826 and as treasurer of the Florida Territorial Council from 1826 to 1828. In 1831 Floyd served as president of the Education Society, which sought to promote public education in Florida. The society was instrumental in establishing the Florida public school system.

He died in Florida on December 13, 1834. It was believed that his remains were returned to Corydon for burial although his burial location has never been located.

See also
Aaron Burr
Burr conspiracy
Charles Floyd

References

External links
Carnegie Center - Floyd exhibit

1776 births
1834 deaths
People from Virginia
American people of Welsh descent
Indiana Democratic-Republicans
Clarksville, Indiana
Floyd County, Indiana
People from Clarksville, Indiana
Politicians from Louisville, Kentucky
Mayors of places in Florida
Members of the Florida Territorial Legislature
Members of the Indiana Territorial Legislature
19th-century American politicians
Members of the Indiana House of Representatives
Indiana Territory officials
People from Indiana in the War of 1812
Delegates to the 1816 Indiana constitutional convention
People from Harrison County, Indiana

Davis Floyd


Alloy wheels are automobile wheels that are made of an aluminum alloy instead of steel. Most new cars have alloy wheels, either as standard equipment or as an option. Older buses and large trucks almost never have alloy wheels, but they have recently become an option on newer models. The first alloy wheels were made of magnesium alloys, but these are no longer made because the magnesium alloys were too weak and would eventually crack.

Auto parts

Alloy wheels


To the Nameless Dead is the saxt studio album bi the Erse black metal baund Primordial, released in 2007. It is an aa available in a limited edition as a digibook, featurin a different cover design, a 40 page booklet, an a bonus DVD. The album wis recordit at Foel Studio, Wales. Notable aboot the recordin o this album is that it wis recordit uisin aw analog equipment an uising maistly first or seicont takes for the final recordin, makin for a more raw an spontaneous soond.

To The Nameless Dead received virtually universal an owerwhelmin praise, risin tae such accolades as being named 2008's Metal Album o the Year bi Chronicles of Chaos (continuin an unprecedentit back tae back honoring for Primordial bi the webzine).

Trackleet
 Empire Falls (8:02)
 Gallow's Hymn (5:55)
 As Rome Burns (9:15)
 Failures Burden (6:37)
 Heathen Tribes (8:18)
 The Rising Tide (1:33)
 Traitor's Gate (6:49)
 No Nation On This Earth (8:13)

Bonus DVD tracks (recordit at the 2006 Rock Hard Festival):

  "The Golden Spiral"
  "The Gathering Wilderness"
  "Sons Of The Morrigan"
  "The Coffin Ships"
  "Song Of The Tomb"
  "Gods To The Godless"

Credits
 A.A. Nemtheanga – Vocals, masterin, mixin
 Ciáran MacUiliam – Guitars
 Michael O'Floinn – Guitars
 Pól MacAmlaigh – Bass
 Simon O'Laoghaire – Drums

2007 albums
Primordial albums

To the Nameless Dead


The Planck length () is an extremely small unit of length. It is calculated from three physical constants: the speed of light, the Planck  constant, and the gravitational constant. The length was established as a way to simplify many of the more fundamental equations — if you write down equations in Planck units, you can do away with many physical constants and not have to worry about dimensions. The Planck length does not have any precise physical significance, and it is a common misconception that it is the inherent pixel size of the universe.

It is about  or about 10−20 times the size of a proton. It is one of the Planck units, defined by Max Planck. It is an important length for quantum gravity because it may be approximately the size of the smallest black holes.

The speed of light is also one Planck length per Planck time.

Related pages
Planck time

References

Nuclear physics
Units of length

Planck length


A murdersuicide (or murder suicide) is a setting where a person first kills one or more people, and then commits suicide. This can happen in different ways. The person might kill a victim. then kill themselves. This is common in domestic murders.

People might also kill themselves after killing other people. Many school shootings are murder–suicides.

Different religious groups have also decided to die together: The Order of the Solar Temple has become known for a few of these events, in 1994 and 1995. Heaven's Gate was an UFO religion, which committed suicide together in 1997.

In the case of the  Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God their deaths in the 2000s were mass suicides, or a mass murder: Some of the victims had stab wounds, while others had been strangled. It was later decided it was a mass murder by the group's leaders after their predictions of the apocalypse failed to come about.

Murders
Suicide

Murder–suicide


Barbara Anita Meek (February 26, 1934 – October 3, 2015) was an American actress best known to television viewers for playing the character of Ellen Canby for two seasons on Archie Bunker's Place. Since 1968, Meek was an active member of the Trinity Repertory Company in Providence, Rhode Island, and appeared in more than 100 Trinity Rep stage productions.

Early life
She was born in Detroit, Michigan, to Juanita (née Coleman) and Harold Talmadge Meek, and is the maternal granddaughter of the Reverend Horatius "H.H." Coleman, pastor of the Greater Macedonia Baptist Church. She was a graduate of Northwestern High School, and as an undergraduate was asked to join Wayne State University's graduate theater program. Meek was a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority while attending college. In 1965, Meek toured with the United Services Organization, performing for wounded soldiers on Okinawa and other U.S. Army bases. In 1968, she joined the Trinity Repertory Company with her husband, Martin Molson (1928–1980), where they debuted together in Brother to Dragons.

Career at Trinity
Highlights of Meek's stage career at Trinity included leading roles in the August Wilson plays Fences and Ma Rainey's Black Bottom, James Purdy's Eustace Chisholm and the Works, Athol Fugard's Boesman and Lena, Peer Gynt, The Threepenny Opera, Tartuffe, The Visit, Fires in the Mirror, Adrian Hall and Robert Cumming's adaptation of A Christmas Carol (including the role of Ebenezer Scrooge), Terrence McNally's Master Class, Henry IV, Tennessee Williams' Suddenly Last Summer and, more recently, Lorraine Hansberry's Raisin in the Sun and Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest. Meek also appeared in the Broadway production of Wilson in the Promised Land.

In 2008, Meek appeared in Blithe Spirit at Trinity Rep, and Curt Columbus' adaptation of Antigone. She was in Camelot, The Crucible and Steel Magnolias during the 2010–2011 season, and Sparrow Grass in the 2011–2012 season.

Other stage performances
Meek played the role of Sadie in Having Our Say at Trinity Rep, a role she reprised for the play's European premiere at Vienna's English Theatre. In 1996, Meek appeared in the world premiere of A Lesson Before Dying by Romulus Linney at the Alabama Shakespeare Festival. Meek also performed at Hilberry Repertory Theatre, the Dallas Theater Center, the Cleveland Play House, The Repertory Theater of St. Louis, the Hampton Playhouse, The Eugene O'Neill Theater Center and the Brandeis University Theatre.

Television roles
Meek's other television roles included Adrian Hall's adaptations of Robert Penn Warren's Brother to Dragons, Edith Wharton's The House of Mirth, and Harriet Beecher Stowe's Life Among the Lowly, all broadcast on PBS; Melba, starring Melba Moore, on CBS; and Big Brother Jake, starring Jake Steinfeld, on The Family Channel. Meek was also featured in the Emmy Award-winning television movie See How She Runs with Joanne Woodward, and the television movie Jimmy B. and Andre, starring Susan Clark and Alex Karras.

Meek made guest appearances as Veronica Everestt on As the World Turns in both 1992 and 1997, Samantha Monroe on General Hospital in 1994 and 1999, and Verne Garrison on Guiding Light in both 1993 and 1999.

Honors
Ms. Meek received an Honorary Doctor of Arts Degree from the University of Rhode Island, and the 2004 Pell Award for Excellence in the Arts. She also received the Foundation for Repertory Theatre Award, the Wayne State University Arts Achievement Award in Theatre, and the Norton Prize for Sustained Excellence.

In 2006, she was awarded the Edward Bannister and Christiana Bannister History Makers Award from the Rhode Island Black Heritage Society.

Personal life and death
Meek died on October 3, 2015, of a heart attack.

References

External links

 Trinity Rep

American television actresses
1934 births
2015 deaths
Wayne State University alumni
Actresses from Detroit
American stage actresses
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
African-American actresses
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American people

Barbara Meek


The Hotesur case broke out in Argentina in 2014. Hotesur is a firm that administers the hotels in El Calafate that belong to Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and her family. Initially, it was suspected of not paying taxes, but the investigation headed by judge Claudio Bonadio led to suspicions about a possible case of money laundering, involving the businessman Lázaro Báez as well. As a result, the government attempted to force an impeachment of Bonadio.

Investigation
The case began with an investigation by Periodismo para todos, a TV program of investigative journalism led by Jorge Lanata, aired on November 9, 2014. Lanata revealed that Hotesur, a firm owned by the president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner to manage her hotels in Alto Calafate, had not paid taxes to the IGJ, nor filed the required financial statements for years. The program checked as well the registered headquarters of Hotesur, which appeared to be empty. Deputy Margarita Stolbizer made a formal denouncement to the judiciary the following day about the information revealed in the program. She also pointed out that Valle Mitre S.A., a firm owned by Lázaro Báez, rented more than 1,100 rooms per month at Alto Calafate, but such rooms stayed unoccupied. Báez has earned hundreds of millions with infrastructure contracts signed with the Kirchners, and is suspected of money laundering at The Route of the K-Money scandal. Stolbizer also accused Cristina Fernández of malfeasance in office.

Judge Claudio Bonadio ordered a search and seizure at the registered headquarters on November 20 and confirmed that the place was abandoned. Hotesur confirmed later that they had not filed statements, but did not mention the unoccupied rentals. Although Hotesur is not state-owned, their message was delivered by both media aligned with the government (such as Telam and Fútbol para todos) and the official Facebook and Twitter accounts of the presidency of the nation.

Actions against the denouncers
The main strategy of the government against the scandal was to start a big number of collateral scandals, expecting that the public interest in the original case would decrease, or that it would turn into a public perception of the whole political world as corrupt, instead of just the specific politicians involved in cases of corruption.

The Council of Magistracy of the Nation reduced Bonadio's wages by 30%, with the vote of the supporters of the government within the council. He was sanctioned because of delays in two old cases. Bonadio may be impeached if he gets three sanctions. The opposing votes considered that the Council had not ruled over the delays in three years and that the case against Bonadio had expired because of the statute of limitations.

The lawyer Santiago Mansilla accused Margarita Stolbizer of illicit enrichment, a few days after she denounced the case. The case was received by Judge Marcelo Martínez de Giorgi, and the prosecutor Ramiro González asked for her oath to the AFIP to decide if he should proceed with the case.

Silvina Martínez, a witness in the case, has also been denounced of several crimes by deputy Andrea García.

The AFIP denounced the bank HSBC for 4040 secret illegal Swiss accounts, as part of the strategy to generate collateral scandals.

Reactions
The president accused Claudio Bonadio of a similar fault, claiming that he has a stake in a company that had not filed statements in due time either. Luis D'Elia proposed to place Bonadio's head on a pike, in front of the courthouse. Deputy Carlos Kunkel and the chief of cabinet Jorge Capitanich said that Bonadio was attempting a coup d'état; such conspiracy theories are usual in the Kirchnerite speech.

Luis María Cabral, president of a national judges association, supported Bonadio.

, head of the gastronomic union, announced that he would donate money to Bonadio to compensate for the reduction of 30% of his wages. He mentioned that there are employees in Alto Calafate that belong to his union, who may testify in the case if needed. He mentioned that the hotels were reported to be fully occupied even during the Patagonian crisis with volcanic ash.

References

Political scandals in Argentina
Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
Trials in Argentina
2014 in Argentina
2014 scandals

Hotesur case


In mathematics, Gaussian measure is a Borel measure on finite-dimensional Euclidean space Rn, closely related to the normal distribution in statistics. There is also a generalization to infinite-dimensional spaces. Gaussian measures are named after the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. One reason why Gaussian measures are so ubiquitous in probability theory is the central limit theorem. Loosely speaking, it states that if a random variable X is obtained by summing a large number N of independent random variables of order 1, then X is of order  and its law is approximately Gaussian.

Definitions
Let n ∈ N and let B0(Rn) denote the completion of the Borel σ-algebra on Rn. Let λn : B0(Rn) → [0, +∞] denote the usual n-dimensional Lebesgue measure. Then the standard Gaussian measure γn : B0(Rn) → [0, 1] is defined by

for any measurable set A ∈ B0(Rn). In terms of the Radon–Nikodym derivative,

More generally, the Gaussian measure with mean μ ∈ Rn and variance σ2 > 0 is given by

Gaussian measures with mean μ = 0 are known as centred Gaussian measures.

The Dirac measure δμ is the weak limit of  as σ → 0, and is considered to be a degenerate Gaussian measure; in contrast, Gaussian measures with finite, non-zero variance are called non-degenerate Gaussian measures.

Properties
The standard Gaussian measure γn on Rn
 is a Borel measure (in fact, as remarked above, it is defined on the completion of the Borel sigma algebra, which is a finer structure);
 is equivalent to Lebesgue measure: , where  stands for  absolute continuity of measures;
 is supported on all of Euclidean space: supp(γn) = Rn;
 is a probability measure (γn(Rn) = 1), and so it is locally finite;
 is strictly positive: every non-empty open set has positive measure;
 is inner regular: for all Borel sets A,  so Gaussian measure is a Radon measure;
 is not translation-invariant, but does satisfy the relation  where the derivative on the left-hand side is the Radon–Nikodym derivative, and (Th)∗(γn) is the push forward of standard Gaussian measure by the translation map Th : Rn → Rn, Th(x) = x + h;
 is the probability measure associated to a normal probability distribution:

Infinite-dimensional spaces
It can be shown that there is no analogue of Lebesgue measure on an infinite-dimensional vector space. Even so, it is possible to define Gaussian measures on infinite-dimensional spaces, the main example being the abstract Wiener space construction. A Borel measure γ on a separable Banach space E is said to be a non-degenerate (centered) Gaussian measure if, for every linear functional L ∈ E∗ except L = 0, the push-forward measure L∗(γ) is a non-degenerate (centered) Gaussian measure on R in the sense defined above.

For example, classical Wiener measure on the space of continuous paths is a Gaussian measure.

References

See also

  - a generalisation of Gaussian measure

Measures (measure theory)
Stochastic processes

Gaussian measure


Ekkehard Kallee (born 30 January 1922, Feuerbach - 11 December 2012, Tübingen) was a German university professor and doctor for nuclear medicine.

Life
Ekkehard Kallee attended from 1932 the Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium in Stuttgart, where he learned Latin and Ancient Greek but comparatively few natural sciences. During World War II he was from 1940 to 1945 a paramedic and subsequently held in custody in a French prisoner-of-war camp in Bad Niedernau for half a year. He studied medicine and graduated in 1950 at the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen and joined the student fraternity Tübinger Königsgesellschaft Roigel only at a very late stage. He wrote his doctoral thesis from 1947 to 1950 at Carl Martius and Adolf Butenandt about Experiments on the chemical synthesis of an organophosphate of citric acid (Versuche zur Darstellung eines Phosphorsäure-Esters der Citronensäure). The experiments themselves did not have positive results, but Ekkehard Kallee made very interesting observations, with which he could contradict the earlier conclusions of two chemists by acribic efforts.

He married the pedagogue and later social pedagogue Barbara Kallee, née Weigmann, in 1965 and had with her one son, Stephan Kallee. In his spare time he maintained two Suabian meadow orchards in Ammerbuch, and arranged regularly an annual hiking tour with his dental medicine students to these. As a consequence, his brandies and liquors, which were branded with the Latin slogan ex hortis manibusque Kallee (from Kallee's gardens and hands) became well known within the student community.

As a university professor and doctor for nuclear medicine, he was Head of the Radionuclide Laboratory of the University Hospital for Internal Medicine in Tübingen, until he became an emeritus in 1987. He was a Member of the European Thyroid Association, the German Association for Endocrinology and the German Association for Internal Medicine.

Education, research and public obligation
His scientific work – from the time of his doctorate until more than 20 years after becoming an emeritus – was based on the understanding of the reversibility of adsorption processes, as postulated by Irving Langmuir in his sorption isotherm. Ekkehard Kallee was the first to prove the existence of adsorption distribution levels with this.

By understanding the adsorption processes, he succeeded in detecting protein traces by paper electrophoresis of radioactive-iodine-marked insulin. This was, at that time, a breakthrough by several orders of magnitude for the analytical clinical chemistry. Eventually, it was the base for all later immunological detection procedures for various active ingredients.

He published already in 1954 two German articles about the detection method with 131I-marked insulin. By taking autoradiographs of capillary electrophoresis strips he could detect down to 10−9 gram 131I-marked insulin. He examined serums of humans, rats and guinea pigs and noted that these varied in their capability, to reduce the specific adsorption of veal insulin in filtration paper. Human serums were better suited for the specific insulin detection method than rat or guinea pig serums at the time, because they showed the characteristic 131I-marked insulin bands only, when non-radioactive carrier-insulin was added. In this field of research one half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was given to Rosalyn Sussman Yalow in 1977 for the development of radioimmunological methods for the detection of peptide hormones. She collaborated over 22 years in a scientific partnership with
Solomon Aaron Berson, who would have shared the Nobel Prize with her and Ekkeard Kallee, if he had survived until the prize giving ceremony.

Ekkehard Kallee determined from 1952 to 1959 the principles of the reversibility of protein adsorption together with his colleagues G. Seybold, J. Wollensak, W. Oppermann and H. Ott by conducting experiments on die adsorption of serum proteins. The research team's idea about the passive transport of protein-bound substances was triggered by the medical examination of patients with disorders caused by a lack of albumin.

One of Ekkehard Kallee's key research topics was the analbuminaemia, a rarely occurring genetic disorder, of which only 50 cases have been published worldwide. Ekkehard Kallee examined two Suebian siblings with analbuminaemia over a period of 38 years. These are globally the first two patients, for whom this illness has been diagnosed and published. The female analbuminaemia patient was treated with a substitution therapy mit human serum albumin. Laboratory analysis before and after the infusion of large amounts of albumin gave a hint about a mechanism, by which albumin-bound substances were transported passively in the blood within the circulatory system into the extracellular fluid volume and the other way round. She developed in the fourth decade of her life an extreme lipodystrophy. She had a juvenile osteoporosis, which could be normalised by the albumin substitution. She died at the age of 69 years from cancer. Her brother didn't ever get any albumin, although his serum contained only 60 µg/ml of an albumin-like protein. He suffered from an extreme osteoporosis and died at the age of 59 years from colorectal cancer. Although both patients had high cholesterol values and a high number of blood clotting factors, they did not have any disadvantages by that.

Generally, most of Ekkehard Kallee's research projects were based on the interaction with patients. This is particularly relevant for the diagnosis and therapy of thyroid illnesses as one of the first doctors of nuclear medicine in Germany. Long before the Chernobyl disaster he assessed the risks and benefits of iodine prophylaxis at nuclear power plant disasters. After the disaster, he examined food from the regions affected by the nuclear fallout and developed a method of decontaminating radioactively contaminated meat – especially reindeer and deer meat – by curing.

Family
Ekkehard Kallee was from an academic family in Württemberg: His father Albert Kallee was director of the  Landgericht Stuttgart and expert for employment law. His grandfather Richard Kallee was Lutheran parish priest in Feuerbach and as a local historian discovered 102 alamannic sandstone cists in Feuerbach and documented 760 archaeological finds. The Kalleestraße in Stuttgart-Feuerbach is named after him. His great-grandfather, General Eduard von Kallee was probably an illegitimate son of King William I of Württemberg and devoted himself after an unusually steep military and diplomatic career to literary, artistic and archaeological studies, during which discovered several Roman sites along the Limes Germanicus.

Publications
 Zur Natur der Azorubin-Bindung an Serumalbumin, Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie 290, 1952, pages 207-215.
 with Hans Hermann Bennhold: Comparative studies on the half-life of 131I-labeled alubumins and nonradioactive human serum albumin in a case of analbuminemia. Journal of Clinic Investigation 1959,
 Die reversible Bindung von Schilddrüsenhormonen und anionischen Farbstoffen an Proteine und ihre Bedeutung für Permeabilitätsvorgänge an den Zellgrenzen, Tübingen, Medical Faculty, Habilitation Thesis of 16 June 1961.
 with F. Lohss: Spurennachweis von Albumin durch Analyse von Antigen-Antikörperpraezipitaten., Clinica Chimica Acta 4, 1959, pages 127-133.
 with Uta Eistert and Richard Wahl: Inhibitory and Disruptive Effects of Some Antirheumatics on Antigen-Antibody Complexes. (PDF-Datei; 914 kB) Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 33, 2009, pages 711-714.

References

1922 births
2012 deaths
Physicians from Stuttgart
University of Tübingen alumni
Academic staff of the University of Tübingen
Albumin disorders
German nuclear medicine physicians

Ekkehard Kallee