"Maggie May" is a song co-written by singer Rod Stewart and Martin Quittenton, and performed by Rod Stewart on his album Every Picture Tells a Story, released in 1971.

In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked the song number 130 on its list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.

In 2017, the 1971 release of "Maggie May" by Rod Stewart on Mercury Records was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Background
"Maggie May" expresses the ambivalence and contradictory emotions of a boy involved in a relationship with an older woman and was written from Stewart's own experience. In the January 2007 issue of Q magazine, Stewart recalled: "Maggie May was more or less a true story, about the first woman I had sex with, at the 1961 Beaulieu Jazz Festival." The woman's name was not "Maggie May"; Stewart has stated that the name was taken from "an old Liverpudlian song about a prostitute."

The song was recorded in just two takes in one session. Drummer Micky Waller often arrived at recording sessions with the expectation that a drum kit would be provided and, for "Maggie May", it was – except that no cymbals could be found. The cymbal crashes had to be overdubbed separately some days later.

The song was released as the B-side of the single "Reason to Believe", but soon radio stations began playing the B-side and "Maggie May" became the more popular side. The song was Stewart's first substantial hit as a solo performer and launched his solo career. It remains one of his best-known songs. A 1971 performance of the song on Top of the Pops saw the Faces joined onstage by DJ John Peel, who pretended to play the mandolin.   The mandolin player on the actual recording was Ray Jackson of Lindisfarne.

The album version of "Maggie May" incorporates a 30-second solo guitar intro, "Henry", composed by Martin Quittenton.

The original recording has appeared on almost all of Rod Stewart's compilations, and even appeared on the Ronnie Wood retrospective Ronnie Wood Anthology: The Essential Crossexion. A version by the Faces recorded for BBC Radio appeared on the four-disc box set Five Guys Walk into a Bar.... A live version recorded in 1993 by Stewart joined by Wood for a session of MTV Unplugged is included on the album Unplugged...and Seated.

Chart performance
In October 1971, the song went to number one on the UK Singles Chart (for five weeks), and simultaneously topped the charts in Australia (four weeks), Canada (one week), and the United States (five weeks). It was the No. 2 record for 1971 on both the US Billboard Hot 100 and UK singles charts.

The song re-entered the UK chart in December 1976, but only reached number 31.

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

All-time charts

Certifications

Personnel
 Rod Stewart – lead vocals
 Ronnie Wood – electric guitar, twelve-string guitar, bass guitar
 Martin Quittenton – acoustic guitar
 Micky Waller – drums, cymbals
 Ian McLagan – Hammond organ
 Ray Jackson – mandolin (listed on the album as "The mandolin was played by the mandolin player in Lindisfarne. The name slips my mind.")
 Pete Sears – celesta

See also
 Maggie May (folk song)

References

External links

1971 singles
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Cashbox number-one singles
Number-one singles in Australia
Rod Stewart songs
Song recordings produced by Rod Stewart
Songs written by Martin Quittenton
Songs written by Rod Stewart
The Pogues songs
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
1971 songs
Mercury Records singles
British folk rock songs
Sexuality and age in fiction

Maggie May


Boston Millennia Partners is a private investment firm that provides private equity financing to high growth companies in the healthcare and business services industries. The firm is based in Boston, Massachusetts and was formed in 1997 when the founding partners spun out of Boston Capital Ventures to create Boston Millennia Partners. The managers have organized nine separate investment partnerships. Boston Millennia Partners' investors include institutions, corporate pension programs, as well as non-profit foundations and high-net-worth family offices.

The managers have completed over 100 individual investments and 300 add-on acquisitions over twenty years. Investments include PAREXEL International (PRXL), GlycoFi (acquired by Merck), Ilex (ILXO, acquired by Genzyme), Bright Horizons (BFAM), Verio Inc. (VRIO, acquired by NTT), Odyssey Logistics, Arthrosurface, Athenix (acquired by Bayer CropScience), P&H Solutions (acquired by ACI Worldwide), Nexidia, Inc., MedAptus, Inc., and Hotjobs.com (HOTJ, acquired by Yahoo!).

References

External links
Boston Millennia Partners
Understanding Valuation: A Venture Investor's Perspective

Private equity firms
Companies based in Boston
Financial services companies established in 1982
1982 establishments in Massachusetts

Boston Millennia Partners


Sacred cow is an idiom. It is an expression or phrase that is used without the literal meaning of being about a cow or religion. When spoken or written it means a person or a belief that has been respected for a long time. It has become sacred and people are then afraid or unwilling to criticise or question it.

The idiom is based on the honor shown to cows in Hinduism. It is thought to have started in America in the early 20th century. Similar idioms are used in many other languages. Saying "holy cow!" when surprised may be another example.

An actual 'sacred cow' or 'sacred bull'  is a real animal that is treated with sincere respect in specific religions and their celebrations. They cannot eat the meat of cows because they are sacred.

In religion
In Hinduism, cows are thought to be sacred, or deeply respected. Cows are seen as a 'caregiver' or maternal figure. One Hindu goddess, Bhoomi (भूमि), is usually shown in the form of a cow. She represents the Earth. Most Hindus respect cows for their gentle nature, and cows also represent strength. Hindus who eat meat will avoid eating [cow meat].

There is a festival to thank cows for serving farmers for agriculture, This festival is called as "Mattupongal" which is one among the four days of the grand Indian festival called the Pongal which is completely focused on thanking each and every agricultural implement.

Celebration of cows

In the Hindu tradition, cows are honored, garlanded and given special feedings at festivals all over India. One is the annual Gopastami festival, dedicated to Krishna and cows.

The cow's nature is represented in Kamadhenu; the goddess who is the mother of all cows. In India, more than 3,000 institutions called Gaushalas care for old and infirm cows. According to animal husbandry statistics there are about 44,900,000 cows in India, the highest in the world. So while some old and infirm cows are treated in Gaushalas, the rest are generally abandoned at public places such as railway stations and bazaars.

Honoring the cow inspires in people the virtues of gentleness and connects them with nature. The cow gives milk and cream, yogurt and cheese, butter and ghee. The milk of a cow is believed to refine a person. The ghee (clarified butter) from the milk is used in ceremonies and in preparing religious food. Cow dung is used as fertilizer, as a fuel, and as a disinfectant in homes.

Quotes

Related pages
 Vegetarianism

References

Figures of speech
Hinduism

Sacred cow


James Grey Willie (November 1, 1814 – September 9, 1895) is one of the most well-remembered leaders of the Latter-day Saint handcart pioneers.

Biography
Willie was born at Murrell Green in Hampshire, England.  He emigrated to the United States in 1836 and joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in 1842.

He first came to Utah Territory in 1847 in Jedediah M. Grant's Mormon pioneer company. In 1852, he returned to England as a missionary for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). It was at the end of his time as a missionary that he became a leader in the movement of Latter-day Saints to Utah Territory.

He led the fourth handcart company which was one of the two that was stuck in present-day Wyoming in the late autumn of 1856 and had many members die.  He had previously been the presiding elder over the Latter-day Saints on the Thornton on its journey from Liverpool to Boston. Many of the people on this journey became part of his handcart company.

Later, he was one of the early settlers of Mendon, Utah Territory. He served at times as mayor and postmaster of the town. In 1863, Willie founded the first Sunday School in Mendon. He also served as a counselor in the bishopric and ran a co-operative store.

Willie has been fictionalized in many books, including In the Company of Angels by David Farland.

James G. Willie died on 09 Sept 1895.  The entire town of Mendon, Utah turned out for his funeral which was held on 13 Sept 1895.

References

1815 births
1895 deaths
19th-century Mormon missionaries
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Converts to Mormonism
English emigrants to the United States
English leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
English Mormon missionaries
Mayors of places in Utah
Mormon pioneers
People from Mendon, Utah
People from Hart District
Mormon missionaries in England

James G. Willie


Mạc Đăng Dung (chữ Hán; 莫登庸; 23 November 1483 – 22 August 1541), also known by his temple name Mạc Thái Tổ (), was an emperor of Vietnam and the founder of the Mạc dynasty. Previously a captain of the imperial guard (Praetorian Prefect equivalent) of one of the Lê dynasty emperors, he gradually rose to a position of great power. Mạc eventually deposed the last Lê monarch, executed Lê Chiêu Tông and Lê Cung Hoàng, and became a monarch himself.

From bodyguard to emperor

The Ming's ethnic Vietnamese collaborators included Mac Thuy, whose grandfather was Mạc Đĩnh Chi, who was a direct ancestor of Mạc Đăng Dung.

He was born Mạc Đăng Dung (莫登庸) on 23 November 1483 (Quý Mão in the sexagenary cycle) at the village of Cổ Trai, Nghi Dương district (modern Kiến Thụy, part of Haiphong city) as a fisherman's son.

Mạc Đăng Dung got his start as a bodyguard to the Lê Emperor Lê Uy Mục. Mạc Đăng Dung was a military man who rose through the ranks.

After a series of political crises that made both Lê Uy Mục and his successor Lê Tương Dực assassinated, Mạc Đăng Dung continued to gain power and rank in the military. With the enthronement of the young emperor Lê Chiêu Tông in 1516, a power struggle in the court, along with Trần Cao rebellion lead the country to the level of a civil war. From 1516 to 1520, the warlords of Nguyễn Hoàng Dụ and Trịnh Duy Sản, Nguyễn Kính and Trần Cao were fighting for power. Mạc Đăng Dung initially led the forces loyal to King Lê Chiêu Tông against the warlords, he eventually defeated the warlords and gained enough power to force Lê Chiêu Tông to abdicate in 1522 and illegally promote the Emperor Lê Cung Hoàng to the throne. Lê Chiêu Tông fled the court with the support of the warlord Trịnh Tuy to Thanh Hóa where he fought against Mạc Đăng Dung until being captured in 1526.

In 1527, Mạc Đăng Dung had both Lê Chiêu Tông and Lê Cung Hoàng killed. He then proclaimed himself the new emperor of the Mạc dynasty.

Emperor Minh Đức

Mạc Đăng Dung proclaimed himself the new emperor of Vietnam under the name Minh Đức. Using ruthless methods, he forced the Lê officials to recognize his dynasty and he murdered the members of the Lê family who still remained in the north including the deposed emperor Lê Cung Hoàng and his mother. Some government officials committed suicide rather than acknowledge Mạc Đăng Dung as emperor, others fled south and joined the resistance.

Another rebellion was launched, this time under the leadership of Nguyễn Kim and his son-in-law Trịnh Kiểm. In 1533, Nguyễn Kim installed Lê Trang Tông, a son of Lê Chiêu Tông who were exiled to Laos, to restore the Lê throne. From Thanh Hóa, the restored Lê dynasty began its resistance against the Mạc. Appeals from the Trịnh and Nguyễn were made to the Chinese Ming court to send in an army to remove the usurper. However Mạc Đăng Dung, using submissive behavior and bribery, managed to obtain a temporary recognition of his rule from the Ming dynasty in 1528.

In 1529 Mạc Đăng Dung abdicated in favor of his son, Mạc Đăng Doanh.

Retirement and rule again

Mạc Đăng Dung lived on as a retired emperor while his son had to deal with the continuing revolt by the Trịnh and the Nguyễn. His son was not the equal of his father and as a result of several defeats, he lost control of the provinces south of the Red River. In 1533, the Nguyễn-Trịnh army conquered the Winter Palace and proclaimed Lê Trang Tông the rightful ruler of Vietnam.

Adding to the problems of military defeats, an official Chinese delegation determined that Mạc Đăng Dung's usurpation was not justified and so, in 1537 a very large army was dispatched to Vietnam under the pretense of restoring the Lê family to power. In the summer, with the Chinese invading the north, Dung's son Doanh died and so Dung resumed his former position as emperor.

The Ming Chinese threatened Mạc Đăng Dung with an invasion of 110,000 men ready to invade Vietnam from Guangxi in 1540. Mac succumbed and caved in to Chinese pressure and accepted the bitter demands the Chinese made, including crawling barefoot in front of the Chinese, giving up land to China, downgrading the status of his polity from a country to a chieftaincy and giving up official documents like tax registers to the Ming. The Chinese accepted him as ruler over a part of Vietnam while he claimed to accept Lê rule over the southern part of Vietnam. But the Nguyễn and the Trịnh refused to accept this division and so the war continued in the south.

Mạc Đăng Dung died in 1541 and de facto authority was transferred to his grandson Mạc Hiến Tông.

Despite the Chinese recognition and his rule over much of Vietnam, later Vietnamese historians question the legitimacy of his reign. The usurpation by Mạc Đăng Dung split the kingdom, with the Mạc dynasty reigning in the north, and the Lê dynasty continuing in the south, supported by the Trịnh lords and the Nguyễn lords.

References

Works cited
Coedes, G. (1962). The Making of South-east Asia. London: Cox & Wyman Ltd.
Dardess, John W. (2012). Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire. Rowman & Littlefield. . Retrieved 7 August 2013.

External links
Coins of Vietnam – with historical context
A glimpse of Vietnamese History – not completely reliable

Year of birth uncertain
1483 births
1541 deaths
Mạc dynasty emperors
Vietnamese retired emperors
People from Haiphong
16th-century Vietnamese monarchs
Vietnamese monarchs
Founding monarchs

Mạc Đăng Dung


Jessica Lucas (born September 24, 1985) is a Canadian actress. She is known for her roles in television, such as Edgemont, Melrose Place, Cult, and Gotham, and in the films The Covenant, Cloverfield and the 2013 Evil Dead. She also starred in the music video for Coldplay's 2014 single "True Love".

Life
Lucas was born and raised in Vancouver, British Columbia. Her father is Black Canadian, and her mother is European Canadian. She began acting at seven years old, and trained with the Children's Arts Theatre School in Toronto. She started her career appearing in stage productions, including local productions of Snow White & The Seven Dwarfs, Grease, Cinderella, Mousetrap and Music Medley.

In April 2017, Lucas announced her engagement to butcher Alex Jermasek.

Career
In 2001, she joined the Canadian teen drama television series Edgemont as recurring character Bekka Lawrence, later becoming a series regular on the show, which she remained through the end of the show's run in 2005. She was also a series regular on another Canadian television series, YTV's short-lived 2030 CE in 2002.

She guest starred in an episode of The L Word as Roxanne in 2004. She went on to appear as a series regular in the short-lived ABC teen drama series Life as We Know It as Sue; the series which ran for just one season. In 2006, she appeared in the film She's the Man and co-starred in The Covenant. She was cast in another ABC television pilot, Secrets of a Small Town, though it was not picked up to series.

In 2007, she joined the cast of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation playing the recurring character of Ronnie Lake. Despite appearing in four episodes, rumours were denied that she would be a permanent replacement for Sara Sidle. The character was written out of the series with no explanation. She also appeared in a made-for-television film Split Decision.

In 2008, she guest starred as Kimberly MacIntyre in four episodes of The CW's 90210. She also starred in a leading role as Lily in J. J. Abrams Cloverfield, which was a box office success and was well received by critics. She was cast as Lisa in the film Amusement in 2006; the film was set to be released theatrically by New Line Cinema, but after a negative reaction it was released instead straight-to-DVD in 2009. The same year, Lucas was announced to have signed on as Riley Richmond, one of the lead roles in another CW television series Melrose Place, a follow-up to the popular 1990s series of the same name.

Lucas was part of the main cast of the NBC sitcom Friends with Benefits, which aired during the summer of 2011 before being cancelled.  In 2011, she played Haley in Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son, where she showcased her singing talents as well as her acting skills.

In 2012, Lucas was cast as the lead character, Skye Yarrow, in the CW series Cult, which was filmed in the spring of 2012. In 2012, she was cast in a main role in the 2013 remake of the classic horror film The Evil Dead. In 2014, Lucas appeared in Pompeii directed by Paul W. S. Anderson.

From 2015 to 2019, she has had a regular role in Fox's Gotham as Tabitha Galavan. In 2019, Lucas played the starring role of Kate Jameson in the Canadian crime drama television series The Murders which aired on Citytv. In late 2020, she was cast in the regular role of Billie in the fourth season of the Fox medical drama television series The Resident.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Actresses from Vancouver
Black Canadian actresses
Canadian child actresses
Canadian expatriate actresses in the United States
Canadian film actresses
Canadian television actresses
21st-century Canadian actresses

Jessica Lucas


The Dunedin Town Hall, also known as the Dunedin Centre, is a municipal building in the city of Dunedin in New Zealand. It is located in the heart of the city extending from The Octagon, the central plaza, to Moray Place through a whole city block. It is the seat of the Dunedin City Council, providing its formal meeting chamber, as well as a large auditorium and a conference centre. The oldest part of the building has been called the only substantial Victorian town hall still in existence in New Zealand.

Name
The name is ambiguous. The structure was built in two major stages with a fifty-year gap between.  The first stage, built in the 19th century, is a block of offices. This was popularly called the "Dunedin Town Hall" even though it had no auditorium. The second stage, built in the early 20th century, had not one but two auditoriums; this whole new addition was then officially designated the "Dunedin Town Hall", and the pre-existing office block became the "Municipal Chambers". The term "Dunedin Town Hall" now came to be used in its official sense but also specifically for the main auditorium by itself and frequently too for the whole extended building. In the 1980s the official name for the second stage additions was changed to "The Dunedin Centre" but few people know exactly what that refers to. This article is about the whole building.

Construction history

First phase

Dunedin City was incorporated in 1865, the first so constituted in New Zealand. Following the population growth and wealth generated by the Otago gold rush, the city council decided it should build new and larger premises. The settlement's first wooden town offices were demolished in 1859, and no formal structure existed after that, partly because of indecision as to where it should be.  A decision was finally made in favour of the site of the city's first hospital. (This is commemorated by a plaque in Municipal Lane.) A design competition was held which was won in 1877 by Thomas Bedford Cameron, with a design submitted by R. A. Lawson placed second.

When costed Cameron's design proved to be more expensive than the £7,000 allowed for the project. The council, which had admired Lawson's impressive front elevation, employed him to re-work Cameron's design and also to supervise its construction.  In the event he was allowed to substitute his own design for Cameron's.

A contract was let to Mercer & Low for £15,230 – a considerable increase on the original budget. The foundation stone was laid on 23 May 1878 and the building was opened for business on 25 May 1880. By the time a clock had been installed the whole price was £20,000.

The structure was conceived as the first part of a larger complex which would eventually include an auditorium to seat 2,000 people. What was built in this first stage was a set of offices on the Octagon, with a council chamber and an observation tower, the latter intended as a lookout for the Fire Brigade.

This first building has three main storeys, the ground or basement constructed of Port Chalmers breccia with the floors above built of Oamaru limestone.  There was a central entrance at the first floor level – the piano nobile in architectural terms - reached by a double flight of steps from the street. Above it there is a high tower of five more levels incorporating a clock, bells and a mansard roof. The four corners of the building also have mansard roofs. The tower is 47 metres (165 feet) to the base of the flagpole and is very prominent in central Dunedin. The building's principal elevation still dominates the Octagon.

The inspiration of the design, or at least its main elevation, is Michelangelo's for the Palazzo Senatorio on the Piazza del Campidoglio in Rome, the seat of the Roman civic government. With its corner mansard roofs and proportionately much higher tower, Lawson's building also echoes the old civic halls of the Netherlands, and Flanders, the latter modern Belgium - for example, the Oudenaarde Town Hall. In this the design parallels George Gilbert Scott's for St Pancras Station in London which similarly mingles Italian and north European elements in an eclectic mix.

The Sydney Town Hall, started in 1868, is a comparable mixture and its main elevation is broadly similar. So is that of the Philadelphia City Hall, started in 1871, although that is far larger, more exuberant and apparently French, and was ultimately completed to a very different plan. While probably aware of these other near contemporaries it is clear Lawson arrived at his own composition whose combination of grandeur and restraint seems characteristic.

The side elevations were dressed to be seen, like the Octagon frontage, sharing its tiers of pedimented and then arched windows, Corinthian pilasters, cornice and balustrade. The rear elevation was left clearly unfinished with bricked-in apertures intended to give access to the auditorium when it was built.  A clock was ordered from Gillett & Bland of London, with its own peal of chimes, and was started on 2 December 1880. There was a fifty-year pause before a rearward extension was completed to a plan different from that which Lawson had envisaged.

Second phase

In 1913 the city council held a competition for the design of the Town Hall, which was won by Harry Mandeno (1879–1973) in 1914. The winning design projected two auditoria each in its own compartment: one smaller, running transversely across the site immediately behind the Municipal Chambers; the other, larger, extending from there to Moray Place, oriented on the same north/south axis as the whole site from the Octagon. The smaller auditorium, then called the Concert Hall, was to seat 600 people. The larger was to seat 3,000. Although Mandeno's name was on the winning design, it is likely it was the work of Roy Fraser (1895–1972), then too young to enter the competition independently.

The First World War delayed progress, and in the early 1920s ratepayers voted against raising a loan to pay for the building. The city council's profits from its trading departments during the 1925-1926 New Zealand and South Seas International Exhibition enabled it to undertake the project and pay for it with cash. The plans were now modified explicitly by Mandeno's new partner Roy Fraser. Among other changes, the floor of the Concert Hall was lowered below that of the main auditorium and also below the first floor of the Municipal Chambers, thus placing a barrier between them. This impeded Lawson's intended entry from the Octagon to the spaces behind the Municipal Chambers, and generally made movement through the whole extended complex difficult. The foundation stone was laid on 3 March 1928 and the building was opened on 15 February 1930. The main auditorium was then, and remains, the largest in New Zealand.

The building was constructed of steel-reinforced concrete with Oamaru limestone cladding and was intended to harmonise with the Municipal Chambers which it physically adjoins. The initial design employed a revived Baroque style. The later re-working simplified this, making it more austere and more purely classical. The main auditorium has a pillared and pedimented facade to Moray Place accommodating its principal entrance. Corner stairwells on the Moray Place front and comparable "towers" at the southward end give the main auditorium's building compartment a basilica-like form. The Concert Hall's entrance facade is more detailed, and more closely matches Lawson's Municipal Chambers whose west elevation it joins, making a successful transition to the plainer side of the main auditorium. The narrow Harrop Street flanks that western boundary of the whole complex while the eastern one, originally designed to be chiefly unseen, is bounded by the pedestrian walkway of Municipal Lane.

The main auditorium has two galleries above the ground floor, the first arranged as a long-sided U, and an organ, installed at the back of the stage. Its ground floor foyer has an impressive barrel-vaulted, coffered ceiling. The Concert Hall, long called the Concert Chamber, had a proscenium and a single gallery. Neither auditorium had a fly tower or an orchestra pit because they were designed primarily for musical performances. The project cost £86,000, exclusive of the organ.

Later building history

In 1939, the interior of Lawson's building was remodelled. Lifts were installed and the exterior steps were removed and replaced with a balcony. Some time before 1955, two storeys were added to the southeast corner of the 1930 extension.  In 1963, the top of the Municipal Chambers' tower was removed and replaced with a truncated aluminium cap, known as "the meat safe" ostensibly for reasons of safety, but in fact as a prelude to demolishing the whole of Lawson's structure.  This was controversial but plans to demolish the building continued to be entertained into the 1980s.

Nevertheless, the then city architect Bill Hesson (1929–2007) conceived a plan to redevelop the whole complex. The Concert Chamber was substantially modified and its seating capacity reduced to become the Glenroy Auditorium by a design of Hesson's when it was made part of a conference centre, the "Dunedin Centre", in 1985-88. The main auditorium was refurbished, but not substantially changed, and a new entrance was added at the foot of the Moray Place facade in 1988-1990. This entrance was designed by Tim Heath.

In a notable reversal of earlier intentions, in part brought about through public protest, Lawson's building was now restored. Its tower and steps were replaced and its interiors thoroughly redecorated and retrofitted with modern servicing. This was done under the supervision of Hesson's successor as City Architect, Robert Tongue and was generally and critically well received. (It won the New Zealand Institute of Architects' National Award in 1991.) The building was re-opened on 16 November 1989.

The Metro Cinema was incorporated into the basement of the main auditorium in the mid 1990s.

Present plans for redevelopment

In the early 2000s a plan to enlarge the space available for conferences was developed. This envisaged building onto the western elevation across Harrop Street. After much public debate, this plan was abandoned in favour of making the additional provision by opening the compartment housing the Glenroy Auditorium internally into the adjacent Municipal Chambers. While further reducing the capacity of the Glenroy Auditorium this would also allow linear access through the whole extended complex from the Octagon to Moray Place at the level Lawson intended, the first floor of his Municipal Chambers. It thus mitigates the awkwardness introduced by placing the smaller compartment transversely across the site and the lower floor level of the smaller auditorium.

It is also proposed to remove Mr Heath's entrance on Moray Place and to replace it with a new glass-clad structure, set slightly apart from the building. The architect is Jeff Thompson. It is anticipated construction will start in 2010 and will cost NZ$45.4 million. The Town Hall will be closed to events for twelve months from May 2010.

Comparisons and contrasts

The Dunedin Town Hall represents a type of municipal building characteristic of the mid 19th and early 20th centuries. Such structures provided civic offices, a council chamber and a large auditorium in one building and often had a clocktower. Most had an organ in the large auditorium and often a smaller auditorium for chamber music. The Dunedin building had all of these features and although its smaller auditorium is much reduced, they all survive.

Parallel buildings in Sydney and Philadelphia have been mentioned. Those structures' principal elevations resemble Lawson's Octagon facade, but other characteristics are different. Philadelphia City Hall extends to enclose a courtyard, while Sydney's interior plan does not have the transverse compartment of Dunedin's old Concert Chamber. The long gap between the Dunedin building's two construction phases also produced a discernible disunity of styles.  While Lawson's Municipal Chambers might be described as Neo-Renaissance, Fraser's additions are better characterised as understated Neo-Baroque.

In New Zealand the Wellington Town Hall and Auckland Town Hall are comparable. The Wellington building, designed by Joshua Charlesworth and built between 1901 and 1904 in a Neo-Renaissance style, has lost its clocktower and portico.  The Auckland Town Hall, opened in 1911 and designed by the Melbourne firm JJ & EJ Clarke in a Renaissance Revival manner, is better preserved. Both are rather smaller than their Dunedin counterpart.

In Australia, apart from Sydney, the Adelaide Town Hall, built between 1863 and 1866 and designed by Edmund Wright and Edward Woods in a Neo-Renaissance style, is another parallel. Melbourne Town Hall is one too. Built on a corner site between 1870 and 1887 to a Second Empire design of Joseph Reed's, it was extended in 1900, but a fire in 1925 destroyed much of it, including the main auditorium. The Perth Town Hall in Western Australia is another representative of the type, designed by Richard Roach Jewell and built between 1860 and 1870 in a revived Gothic style. To a lesser extent so too is the Hobart Town Hall, which has no tower. It was designed by Henry Hunter in an Italian classical manner and built between 1864 and 1866.

In Britain the Leeds Town Hall and Manchester Town Hall are notable comparable examples, while the Sheffield Town Hall is perhaps rather less so. Leeds was designed by Cuthbert Brodrick in a Second Empire style and built between 1853 and 1858. Manchester was built between 1868 and 1877 to Alfred Waterhouse's Gothic Revival design. Sheffield is later, built between 1890 and 1897 in Jacobethan style, and was designed by E. W. Mountford.

Among these numerous parallels, the Dunedin Town Hall is distinguished by its completeness of the features which characterise the type and their survival; its relatively large scale, especially considering the size of the city it serves; the unusually long gap between its construction phases; and the aesthetic distinction of some of its features, notably Lawson's Octagon elevation. It also forms an excellent townscape with its neighbour across Harrop Street, St. Paul's Cathedral.

"Norma"

The Concert Hall's symphonic organ, affectionately dubbed "Norma", was built in 1919 by William Hill and Son of London, and contains 3,500 pipes. Originally considerably smaller, though still an impressive 23 tons in weight, the instrument toured England and was set up in halls and theatres as part of a travelling vaudeville show. The organ was enlarged and installed at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley in 1924, before being moved to Tunbridge Wells Opera House. From there, it was donated to Dunedin by Mr and Mrs A. S. Paterson at a cost to them of £16,000.

The organ has been extensively restored, and though care has been taken to ensure that the organ's sound has not been greatly altered, this restoration has included the upgrading of the console with the latest playing accessories.

References

Sources

"Building Improvements in the City" article in Otago Daily Times 6 February 1879 supplement p.a.
"Dunedin Town Hall Competition" article in Progress April 1914.
Herd, Joyce, and Griffiths, George J. (1980) Discovering Dunedin. Dunedin: John McIndoe.
Jackie Gillies + Associates, Dunedin Town Hall, Conservation Report, June 2008, commissioned by the Dunedin City Council.
Knight, Hardwicke and Wales, Niel (1988) Buildings of Dunedin. Dunedin: John McIndoe.
Ledgerwood, Norman (2008) The Heart of a City the Story of Dunedin's Octagon. Dunedin, NZ.
McFarlane, Shona (1970) Dunedin: Portrait of a City. Christchurch: Whitcombe and Tombs.
McGill, David, and Sheehan, Grant (1997) Landmarks: Notable Historic Buildings of New Zealand. Auckland: Godwit Publishing.
Trotter, Olive (1994) Dunedin's Crowning Glory, the Town Clock Tower. Dunedin, NZ.
 Unknown, Town Hall, Dunedin. Conditions of Competition, Dunedin City Council, Dunedin, 1913.

External links

 Jackie Gillies + Associates - Dunedin Town Hall project

Buildings and structures in Dunedin
City and town halls in New Zealand
Heritage New Zealand Category 1 historic places in Otago
Government buildings completed in 1880
Robert Lawson buildings
Tourist attractions in Dunedin
The Octagon, Dunedin
1880s architecture in New Zealand
Harry Mandeno buildings

Dunedin Town Hall


A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English is a dictionary of slang originally compiled by the noted lexicographer of the English language Eric Partridge. The first edition was published in 1937 and seven editions were eventually published by Partridge. An eighth edition was published in 1984, after Partridge's death, by editor Paul Beale; in 1990 Beale published an abridged version, Partridge's Concise Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English.

The dictionary was updated in 2005 by Tom Dalzell and Terry Victor as The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, and again in 2007 as The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, which has additional entries compared to the 2005 edition, but omits the extensive citations.

Original publication
Partridge published seven editions of his "hugely influential" slang dictionary before his death in 1979. The dictionary was "regarded as filling a lexicographical gap" in the English language because it contained entries on words that had long been omitted from other works, such as the Oxford English Dictionary. For the two editions published before the Second World War, obscenity laws prohibited full printing of vulgar words; Partridge therefore substituted asterisks for the vowels of words considered obscene.

The New York Times offered a "glowing" review of the 1937 first edition. Literary critic Edmund Wilson praised the dictionary, stating that the work "ought to be acquired by every reader who wants his library to have a sound lexicographical foundation". In 1985, John Gross of The New York Times called A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English "the nearest thing to a standard work in its field". In a 2002 review of the eighth edition, University College London Professor of English John Mullan argued that the "strength and weakness" of the dictionary was Partridge's "willingness to include his opinions [on word etymology] in what presented itself as a work of reference". However, Mullan also argued that by 2002 the dictionary entries were growing continually further out of date and out of touch with modern slang usages.

In 1972, an abridgement (by Jacqueline Simpson) of the 1961 edition was published by Penguin Reference Books as A Dictionary of Historical Slang.

Update following Partridge's death
Following the seventh published edition of A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English in 1969, Eric Partridge had collected new material for another edition until his 1979 death. Prior to his death, Partridge "designated a successor", librarian and former military intelligence officer Paul Beale (who had contributed military slang to Partridge's efforts since 1974), and the lexicographical work was continued. The Eighth edition of A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English was published by Macmillan as a single-volume work in 1984. Beale also published in 1990 a condensed version of the dictionary, titled Partridge's Concise Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English.

Twenty-first century update
In 2004, editors Tom Dalzell and Terry Victor published The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, a two-volume update of the dictionary. Dalzell and Victor were chosen by the publisher Routledge to update the Partridge dictionary; this edition is, however, completely new and unrelated to the previous versions. A concise edition was published in 2007. It has about 60,000 entries, and "contains every entry in New Partridge as well as several hundred new words that have come into the slang lexicon since 2005", but omits the extensive citations of the 2005 edition, thus coming bound in slightly over 700 pages of only one volume compared to over 4000 pages for the unabridged, two-volume edition.

References

External links
The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English

English dictionaries
Slang dictionaries
1937 non-fiction books


Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater is the fifth game for the Metal Gear series. It added many new gameplay features to the series. It marked the first game using camouflage in the environment. It is the prequel game for the timeline and the first game, which introduces Big Boss, Solid Snake's former commander, enemy and father.

Plot
In 1964, the CIA sends Big Boss, who was then called Naked Snake, to a secret Soviet airbase in Pakistan. He is sent to rescue Sokolov. Sokolov is a Soviet scientist who left the Soviet Union with his wife and daughter. The United Stated sent him back to the USSR because US wanted the USSR  to take nuclear missiles out of Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis. He is then forced to build a secret weapon called the Shagohod. This is a tank that can fire nuclear missiles in places that would otherwise be hard to do so. This building of this weapon is being overseen by Volgin. He is a Soviet officer who wants to destroy both the KGB and the Western world. Naked Snake almost completes his mission until his mentor, the Boss, betrays him. She does this by changing sides from the United States to the Soviet Union. After the mission fails, he is brought back to America.

One week later, he is sent back to the same Soviet base on a new mission, Operation Snake Eater. He must complete four tasks, rescue Sokolov, destroy the Shagohod, kill the Boss and the Cobra Unit, which is a team of supernatural soliders, and kill Volgin.

Metal Gear
Video games

Metal Gear Solid 3


Magnus Matningsdal (born 29 September 1951 in Hå) is a Norwegian judge.

He graduated as cand.jur. in 1976 and then took the dr.juris degree in 1986. He was a professor at the University of Bergen from 1987 to 1989, and assisting professor from 1989 to 1997. At the same time he was a judge in Jæren from 1989 and presiding judge in Gulating from 1996 to 1997. He is a Supreme Court Justice from 1997.

On 5 February 2008, the Standing Committee on Scrutiny and Constitutional Affairs of the Norwegian Parliament recommended that a commission be named to investigate and, if warranted, prosecute for impeachment three of the Norwegian Supreme Court Justices who presided over the cases of Fritz Moen, a victim of miscarriage of justice. The three were Matningsdal, Karin Maria Bruzelius and Eilert Stang Lund. However, when the case was treated by the Standing Committee on Justice three months later, it was closed.

References

1951 births
Living people
People from Hå
Supreme Court of Norway justices
Academic staff of the University of Bergen

Magnus Matningsdal


Tattle-Tape is a security system used in libraries to prevent theft of library materials. The tape consists of a magnetic metal strip embedded in a strip of thick, clear adhesive tape. This tape is usually affixed deep between the pages of a paperback book, or between the spine and binding for a hardcover book. When the magnetic strip in the tape is sensitized, an alarm will sound when the item passes through a special gate, typically near the exit. Thus, the items require desensitization by library staff before being given to the library patron to leave. When the book is returned, the tape is re-sensitized by library staff.

Tattle-Tape was designed by 3M and was first used at the Saint Paul Public Library in 1970.

See also
 Electronic article surveillance
 Metglas

References

3M brands
Crime prevention
Library equipment

Tattle-Tape


Takashi Yuasa (湯浅 卓, Yuasa Takashi, born on November 24, 1955 in Tokyo) is a Japanese lawyer (admitted in Washington D.C., but not in Japan) and television personality. He belongs to the Horipro (Hori Productions) talent agency.

Profile
He attended Shirogane Elementary School and Azabu Junior and Senior High School, in Tokyo, and graduated from the Department of Law at the University of Tokyo in 1979. He claims to have graduated with "the top results ever achieved" in his department. He received an LL.M. from UCLA Law School in 1984.

During the sale of the Rockefeller Center in New York City, he acted as a lawyer for the Rockefeller family (however, he was not the head of the legal team). As a result of his efforts, he says, Mitsubishi Estate paid approximately 1.5 times the amount it planned for the land, and he received a large sum in return (the precise amount was not revealed).

His hobbies include dance and opera, and is often asked to sing. He participates in opera together with the pianist Ayako Uehara, the Art critic Yuki Yamashita (Tokyo Research Institute for Cultural Properties) and the actress Misa Uehara.

Regular television appearances
 Hexagon II Quiz Parade!!|Quiz! Hexagon Konya wa quiz parade Quiz! Hexagon II (Quiz Hexagon! Tonight's a Quiz Parade! Quiz Hexagon II)
 Shimada kentei!! Kokuminteki senzai nōryoku test (The Shimada exam!! The National Potential Quotient Test)
 World records (Japanese TV program)|World records
 Cream Stew no tarirariraan (Cream Stew's Tallylallylaah)
 Do night
 Ichiban! Express (First Express!)
 Tokoro-san no gakko de wa oshiete kurenai sonna tokoro! (Tokoro's That Thing They Don't Teach You in School)

Other specials and guest appearances
 Asa made nama terebi "Gekiron! Honto ni NO to ieru ka!? Nihon" (Live TV Till Morning) - "Fierce Debate! Can Japan really say No!?"
 Nōnai esute IQ sappli (Brain Makeover IQ Supplement)
 Odaiba Akashiya jō (Akashiya Castle, Odaiba)
 Waratte iitomo
 All star kanshasai (All Star Thanksgiving Festival)
 Zen'in seikai atarimae quiz (The Quiz Everyone Ought To Get Right)
 Tamori no Japonica Logos (Tamori's Japonica Logos)
 Sanma no Manma (Sanma and Manma)
 Gokigen yō (How Do You Do)
 Gachinko shichōritsu battle (All-Out Ratings Battle)
 Cocorico million kazoku (Cocorico's Family of a Million)
 Sekai maru mie! Terebi tokusōbu (The World Uncovered! TV's Special Investigators)
 Takeshi/Itsumi no Heisei kyōiku iinkai (Takeshi and Itsumi's Board of Modern Education)

Books
 "Wall gai ban - sekai to nihon no yomikata - kongo jūnenkan naniga okiru ka" (Wall Street edition: Reading Japan and the world - What will happen in ten years' time?) - published by PHP Kenkyūjo
 "America ni ashita wa aru no ka" (Is there a tomorrow for America?) - published by PHP Kenkyūjo
 He has written many essays and commentaries for economics texts from the Nihon Keizai Shimbun and books related to the Nihon Keizai Shimbun.
 Computer Data Base Protection - The Impact of Japanese Legislative Developments on United States and Japanese Copyright Laws (in English)

1. 9 Fordham Int'l L. J. 191 (1985–1986)

References

External links
Profile by Horipro

1955 births
Living people
Azabu High School alumni
20th-century Japanese lawyers
Japanese television personalities
Lawyers from Tokyo
University of Tokyo alumni
UCLA School of Law alumni
21st-century Japanese lawyers

Takashi Yuasa


The Montana Air National Guard (MT ANG) is the aerial militia of the State of Montana, United States of America. Along with the Montana Army National Guard it is an element of the Montana National Guard.

As state militia units, the units in the Montana Air National Guard are not in the normal United States Air Force chain of command. They are under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Montana though the office of the Montana Adjutant General unless they are federalized by order of the President of the United States. The Montana Air National Guard is headquartered in Great Falls, and its commander is  Brigadier General Buel J. Dickson.

Overview
Under the "Total Force" concept, Montana Air National Guard units are considered to be Air Reserve Components (ARC) of the United States Air Force (USAF).   Montana ANG units are trained and equipped by the Air Force and are operationally gained by a Major Command of the USAF if federalized.  In addition, they are assigned to Air Expeditionary Forces and are subject to deployment tasking orders along with their active duty and Air Force Reserve counterparts in their assigned cycle deployment window.

Along with their federal obligations, Montana ANG elements are subject to activation by the Governor to provide protection of life and property, and preserve peace, order and public safety. State missions include disaster relief in times of earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and forest fires, search and rescue, protection of vital public services, and support to civil defense.

Components
The Montana Air National Guard consists of the following major unit:
 120th Airlift Wing
 Established 26 June 1947 (as: 186th Fighter Squadron); operates: C-130H Hercules
 Stationed at: Great Falls Air National Guard Base, Great Falls
 Gained by: Air Mobility Command

Support Unit Functions and Capabilities:
 219th RED HORSE Squadron
 The mission of the 219th RHS (Rapid Engineer Deployable Heavy Operational Repair Squadron) is to organize, train and equip its 120 personnel for its role as a highly mobile, rapidly deployable, self-sustaining heavy construction and repair unit capable of supporting airpower worldwide and especially in remote and austere operating environments.

History
On 24 May 1946, the United States Army Air Forces, in response to dramatic postwar military budget cuts imposed by President Harry S. Truman, allocated inactive unit designations to the National Guard Bureau for the formation of an Air Force National Guard. These unit designations were allotted and transferred to various State National Guard bureaus to provide them unit designations to re-establish them as Air National Guard units.

Lt. Col. Willard Sperry, a decorated combat pilot, began building the Montana Air National Guard at Gore Field, Great Falls. On 27 June 1947, the 186th Fighter Squadron was activated and federally recognized. Within two weeks, six F-51D Mustangs arrived. Its mission was the air defense of the state.  18 September 1947, however, is considered the Montana Air National Guard's official birth concurrent with the establishment of the United States Air Force as a separate branch of the United States military under the National Security Act.

On 1 July 1955 the 186th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 120th Fighter Group (Air Defense) was allotted by the National Guard Bureau, extended federal recognition and activated.

Today the Montana ANG performs an airlift mission, equipped with C-130 Hercules Transport Aircraft.

After the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, elements of every Air National Guard unit in Montana has been activated in support of the Global War on Terrorism. Flight crews, aircraft maintenance personnel, communications technicians, air controllers and air security personnel were engaged in Operation Noble Eagle air defense overflights of major United States cities.  Also, Montana ANG units have been deployed overseas as part of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq as well as other locations as directed.

Notable members of the Montana Air National Guard include the likes of champion bowler MSgt Thoroughman, ex-crew chief and Red Dick winner Ed Moyer, and "The Man" Monte Howse.

References

 Montana Air National Guard website
 Gross, Charles J (1996), The Air National Guard and the American Military Tradition, United States Dept. of Defense,

External links

 Montana National Guard
 Montana Air National Guard
 120th Fighter Wing

United States Air National Guard
Military in Montana

Montana Air National Guard


Edward Bury (22 October 1794 – 25 November 1858) was an English locomotive manufacturer. Born in Salford, Lancashire, he was the son of a timber merchant and was educated at Chester.

Career
By 1823 he was a partner in Gregson and Bury's steam sawmill at Toxteth Park, Liverpool, but in 1826 he set himself up as an iron-founder and engineer. His original premises were in Tabley Street near the Liverpool and Manchester Railway's workshops. He hoped to supply locomotives to that line, but opposition from the L&M Engineer, George Stephenson, thwarted this.

Clarence Foundry & Steam Engine Works
He moved his works to new premises in Love Lane, Liverpool, on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and near the Clarence Dock, hence the name 'Clarence Foundry and Steam Engine Works'. Around this time he recruited as his manager James Kennedy, who had gained locomotive building experience working for George Stephenson and Mather, Dixon and Company. The first locomotive built by Edward Bury and Company, Dreadnought, was intended to compete in the Rainhill Trials, but could not be finished in time. It was a 0-6-0 and did some ballasting work on the L&MR but is said to have been objected to because it was on six wheels. It was sold to the Bolton and Leigh Railway in 1831.

Bury's second locomotive Liverpool was on four wheels, and was tried on the Liverpool & Manchester but the objection this time was to the size of the wheels, 6 feet in diameter, described as "dangerous" by George Stephenson. The wheels were reduced to 4 feet 6 inches, but this engine also went to the Bolton & Leigh. Thereafter, Bury only succeeded in selling one engine, Liver, to the Liverpool & Manchester Railway.

Liverpool combined near-horizontal inside cylinders with a multitubular boiler and a round, dome-topped firebox, mounted on a simple wrought-iron bar-frame inside the wheels, rather than wooden outside frames and inside iron sub-frames. This was a well thought-out and advanced design, which lasted. Most subsequent Bury locomotives followed this same basic design, which was copied by other firms, in Europe and the U.S.A.

London & Birmingham Railway
In 1836 Bury became the Contractor for Locomotive Power on the new London & Birmingham Railway; the railway company would provide locomotives to Bury's specification, while he would maintain them in good repair and convey each passenger at a farthing per mile, and each ton of goods at one halfpenny per mile; the passenger trains to be limited to 12 carriages and the speed not to exceed 22.5 mph. This system never worked in practice and in July 1839 the contract was annulled, and Bury became the Manager of the Locomotive Department, paid in the normal way, with a profit-linked bonus. At first he adopted a firm policy of using only 4-wheeled engines. Of the original L&BR stock of 90 engines, Bury's firm built exactly half.

Birmingham and Gloucester Railway
In 1838 Bury was appointed as locomotive agent and advisor to the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway (B&GR). Bury immediately sourced two secondhand locomotives and the building of four Forrester singles.  Bury refused to supply locomotives for the steep Lickey Incline, though was contracted to design a stationary engine for the slope. The B&GR's engineer Captain Moorsom overrode Bury and purchased from Norris Locomotive Works of America not only bank engines for Lickey Incline but further locomotives for the railway as well.

Bury, Curtis and Kennedy

After taking into partnership his manager James Kennedy, together with Timothy Abraham Curtis and John Vernon, the firm was renamed Bury, Curtis and Kennedy in 1842.

London & North Western Railway
The L&BR became part of the London & North Western Railway in 1846; Bury continued as Locomotive Superintendent of the Southern Division of the L&NWR, but resigned with effect from March 1847.

Great Northern Railway
He became Locomotive Engineer on the new Great Northern Railway in February 1848 and created such a good impression that in June 1849 he was also appointed General Manager of the line. After a (possibly malicious) accusation that he had placed a small order for ironwork with a firm with which he was associated, he resigned from the G.N.R. in March 1850.

Bedford, Burys & Co
In 1852 he went into partnership in a Sheffield steelworks with Charles Cammell, and in 1855 he started another steelworks with his son, William Tarleton Bury, and John Bedford, as Bedford, Burys & Co, Regent Works, Sheffield. He had advised on the building of three railway towns, Swindon, Wolverton and Doncaster.

Honours
His engineering achievements were recognised when in 1844 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, a Member of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, and a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers.

Family
He married on 4 March 1830 Priscilla Susan Falkner (1799–1872), a botanist and illustrator and daughter of a wealthy Liverpool merchant. Between 1852 and 1860, Bury and his family lived at Hillsborough Hall. A plaque by the front door of the present-day building commemorates the family's residency.

Death
He retired to Croft Lodge, Ambleside, but became ill in 1858 and died on 25 November at Scarborough. He was buried in Dean Road cemetery, plot C 33-9, which is now unmarked by any monument.

In 1860 his widow published an account of her husband, Recollections of Edward Bury, Fellow of the Royal Society, Member of the institute of Civil Engineers, Member of the Smeatonian Society, Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, Fellow of the Royal Historic Society by his widow.

External links
 Cork Kent Museum Edward Bury, 1794 – 1858
 The City of Sheffield Edward Bury plaque at Hillsborough Hall (now library)

References

Notes

Footnotes

Sources

 Recollections of Edward Bury, by his Widow (Privately published, Windermere, 1859)

1794 births
1858 deaths
People of the Industrial Revolution
English inventors
British steam engine engineers
English railway mechanical engineers
British railway pioneers
Locomotive builders and designers
Fellows of the Royal Society
19th-century British engineers
19th-century English businesspeople
People from Salford
Engineers from Greater Manchester
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society

Edward Bury


Edmund Hauler (17 November 1859, in Buda – 1 April 1941, in Vienna) was an Austrian classical philologist born in Ofen to a Danube Swabian German family. His father, Johann Hauler (1829–1888) was also a classical philologist.

Life and works
In 1882 he earned his doctorate from the University of Vienna, and was awarded the sub auspiciis Imperatoris (under the auspices of the Emperor). In 1885 he continued his education at the University of Bonn with Hermann Usener (1834–1905) and Franz Bücheler (1837–1908), and from 1885 to 1887 undertook study trips to France, England, Switzerland and Italy. From 1890 to 1893 he was a high school teacher in Vienna, and afterwards lectured at the University of Vienna, where in 1899 he became a full professor.

In his studies, Hauler discovered a number of valuable literary fragments by classical authors. In 1886, he published Neue Bruchstücke zu Sallusts Historien as a result of his discovery of fragments containing the histories of Sallust. He also uncovered new fragments by the dramatist Menander and the poet Sotades.

In 1900 he deciphered and published the Verona Palimpsest, which includes fragmentary Latin versions of the Didascalia Apostolorum, Apostolic Church-Ordinance and Apostolic Tradition.

Beginning in 1897, he spent many years studying the Marcus Cornelius Fronto palimpsest, on which he authored over fifty articles. In 1899 he became editor of the magazines "Wiener Studien" and "Zeitschrift für die österreichischen Gymnasien". From 1925 until his death in 1941, Hauler was chairman of the Vienna "Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum" (CSEL).

Selected works
 Terentiana, quaestiones cum specimine lexici, 1882.
 Neue bruchstücke zu Sallusts historien, 1886 - New fragments by the historian Sallust.
 Die Orléaner palimpsestfragmente zu Sallusts historien - The Orléans palimpsest fragments of Sallust.
 Zur Geschichte des griechischen Mimus, 1893 - The history of Greek mimes.
 Eine lateinische Palimpsestübersetzung der Didascalia apostolorum, 1896 - Latin palimpsest translation of Didascalia Apostolorum.
 Terence's "Phormio" (edition by Edmund Hauler), 1898.
 Didascaliae apostolorum fragmenta ueronensia Latina : accedunt canonum qui dicuntur apostolorum et Aegyptiorum reliquies, 1900.
 M. Cornelii Frontonis Epistulae : schedis tam editis quam ineditis Edmundi Hauleri (part of the series Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana).

Notes and references

 This article is based on a translation of an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia, listed as  an entry from the Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950 and a biography @ NDB/ADB Deutsche Biographie.

1859 births
1941 deaths
19th-century Austrian people
20th-century Austrian people
19th-century philologists
20th-century philologists
Austrian philologists
Classical philologists
Academic staff of the University of Vienna
Danube-Swabian people
Austrian people of German descent
Austrian people of Hungarian descent
People from Buda
Writers from Vienna
Philologists from Austria-Hungary

Edmund Hauler


Edward Stanley Temple (September 20, 1927 – September 22, 2016) was a women's track and field pioneer and coach. Temple was Head Women's Track and Field Coach at Nashville's Tennessee State University for 44 years and was Head Coach of the U.S. Olympic Women's Track and Field Team twice, in 1960 and 1964, and Assistant Coach in 1980. He was also a member of the International Women's Track & Field Committee and a member of the U.S. Olympic Council.

During his coaching career at Tennessee State University, forty members of the famed Tigerbelle teams represented their countries in Olympic competition. Coach Temple led the team to 34 national titles, and 8 Tigerbelles have been inducted into the National Track and Field Hall of Fame, including Wilma Rudolph, Edith McGuire, Wyomia Tyus, and Chandra Cheeseborough, the current Women's Coach at TSU.

Temple is a member of nine different Halls of Fame, including the United States Olympic Hall of Fame, the National Track and Field Hall of Fame, the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame, and the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame. On August 28, 2015, a statue to memorialize Temple was unveiled along a greenway near the right field entrance to First Horizon Park, a Minor League Baseball stadium in Nashville. In 2014, Temple was honoured by becoming the first USA Track & Field Legend Coach.

Temple died on September 22, 2016, following an illness, two days after his 89th birthday.

References

External links

1927 births
2016 deaths
Sportspeople from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Tennessee State University faculty
American track and field coaches
Olympic coaches for the United States

Ed Temple


The Matthew Shepard Story is a 2002 made-for-television film directed by Roger Spottiswoode, based on the true story of Matthew Shepard, a 21-year-old gay youth who was murdered in 1998. The film scenario written by John Wierick and Jacob Krueger, it starred Shane Meier as Matthew and Stockard Channing as Judy Shepard and Sam Waterston as Dennis Shepard.

Producers were Alliance Atlantis Communications, with the assistance/participation of CTV and Cosmic Entertainment, with support from the Cdn. Film or Video Production Tax Credit (CPTC). The film premiered on NBC on March 16, 2002, the same day HBO aired another Shepard film entitled The Laramie Project. The Matthew Shepard Story was also shown on CTV, with language versions shown in many countries.

Plot
In 1998, a young gay man by the name of Matthew Shepard (Shane Meier) was robbed, viciously beaten and left tied to a fence to die. Although he's found by the police, rescued and hospitalized, he dies from his injuries. This film recounts the events after the conviction of the two men responsible for this hate-motivated murder.

Matthew's parents, though satisfied by the conviction, are finding the sentencing phase of the trial more difficult. The parents initially want to request the death penalty for their son's murderers, but the mother, Judy Shepard (Stockard Channing), starts to reconsider. As they struggle with their decision, they decide to reexamine the life of their son and rediscover his personality, his struggle to accept his homosexuality as a natural part of his being and above all, his generous humanity to others. All of this leads the parents to appeal to the court the way their son would have wanted, not out of vengeance but to represent best of what their son was and the tragedy of his loss.

Cast

Awards and nominations
The film went on to win several awards and nominations for others:
Awards
"Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role" for Shane Meier as Matthew Shepard at the 2003 Los Angeles Outfest
Emmy Award in 2002 for "Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie" for Stockard Channing for her role as Judy Shepard
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries at the 2003 Screen Actors Guild Awards for Stockard Channing.
Sam Waterston won a Gemini Award for "Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Supporting Role in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series".
The writers John Wierick and Jacob Krueger won the Paul Selvin Honorary Award given by Writers Guild of America
Nominations
Outstanding Television Movie at the 2003 GLAAD Media Awards
"Best Writing in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series" for writers Jacob Krueger and John Wierick at the 2003 Gemini Awards
"Best Performance by an Actress in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made for Television" for Stockard Channing at the 2003 Satellite Awards

Soundtrack
The film also contains soundtrack album with the following:
"Matthew Songs" – Written, performed and produced by Jim Huff
"El Burkan" – Written by Hossam Ramzy
"I Keep Holdin' On" – Written by T. Leonard and A. Lerman, performed by Fathead
"Lonesome World" – Written and performed by Paul Kass
"Good Vibration" – Written by Mladen Borosak and Tom Barlow, performed by Twigg
"Naked in the Water" – Written and performed by Michaela Foster Marsh
"Shine" – Written Rob Garnder, Kadru Gardner and Mike Thibeau, performed by Electrostatic
"I Want You to Fall" – Written and performed by Monica Schroeder
"Get You Some" – Written by Robert J. Walsh, Ron Chick, Dennis Winslow
"Edge of a Dream" – Written by Billy Livesay and David Graham, performed by Billy Livesay
"Who'll Hold On" – Written and performed by Adam Daniel
"American Triangle" – Written by Elton John and Bernie Taupin, performed by Elton John
"What Matters" – Written and performed by Randi Driscoll

See also
Anatomy of a Hate Crime
The Laramie Project
Cultural depictions of Matthew Shepard

References

External links

Works about Matthew Shepard
2002 television films
2002 films
2002 crime drama films
2002 LGBT-related films
2002 biographical drama films
American biographical drama films
American crime drama films
American LGBT-related television films
Biographical television films
Canadian biographical drama films
Canadian crime drama films
Canadian LGBT-related television films
Crime films based on actual events
Crime television films
American drama television films
English-language Canadian films
Films directed by Roger Spottiswoode
Films scored by Jeff Danna
Films scored by Mychael Danna
Films set in the 1990s
Films set in Wyoming
Gay-related films
Homophobia in fiction
LGBT-related drama films
Biographical films about LGBT people
Films about anti-LGBT sentiment
Canadian drama television films
2000s American films
2000s Canadian films
CTV Television Network original films

The Matthew Shepard Story


RonNell Andersen Jones is the Lee E. Teitelbaum endowed professor of law and Associate Dean of Faculty and Research at the S.J. Quinney College of Law at the University of Utah. She is also an Affiliated Fellow at Yale Law School's Information Society Project. Previously, Jones was a law professor and Associate Dean of Academic Affairs and Research at the J. Reuben Clark Law School at Brigham Young University, where she was twice named Professor of the Year. Jones has previously been a reporter employed by the Deseret News and she specializes in the study of the integration of the press, the law, and the courts.

Early life and career
Jones was born in Tremonton, Utah.  Jones has a bachelor's degree from Utah State University and earned her J.D. at the Ohio State University where she graduated first in her class, summa cum laude.  She has been a lecturer on media law at Ohio Wesleyan University and was a distinguished faculty fellow at the University of Arizona before joining the faculty of BYU.

Jones was a law clerk for Sandra Day O'Connor as well as for William A. Fletcher of the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals.

See also
 List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 8)

References

Sources
 Deseret News, Feb. 24, 2009
 BYU Law School bio
 University of Arizona listing

People from Ogden, Utah
American lawyers
American women journalists
Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
Brigham Young University faculty
Living people
Ohio Wesleyan University faculty
University of Arizona faculty
Utah State University alumni
American women lawyers
Ohio State University Moritz College of Law alumni
People from Tremonton, Utah
Year of birth missing (living people)

RonNell Andersen Jones


Ilkal sari is a traditional form of sari which is a common feminine wear in India. Ilkal sari takes its name from the town of Ilkal in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka state, India. Ilkal saris are woven using cotton warp on the body and art silk warp for border and art silk warp for pallu portion of the sari. In some cases instead of art silk, pure silk is also used.

History
Ilkal was an ancient weaving centre where the weaving seems to have started in the 8th century AD. The growth of these saris is attributed to the patronage provided by the local chieftains in and around the town of Bellary. The availability of local raw materials helped in the growth of this sari. About 20000 people in the town of Ilkal are engaged in sari-weaving.

Uniqueness

 The uniqueness of sari is joining of the body warp with pallu warp with a series of loops locally called as TOPE TENI technique.
 The weaver will gait only 6 yards, 8 yards, 9 yards warp due to above TOPE TENI technique. KONDI Technique is used for weft through inserting 3 shuttles (ಲಾಳಿ).
 Pallau portion-Design: "TOPE TENI SERAGU" Normally in tope teni seragu 3 solid portions would be in red colour, and in between 2 portions in white colour.
 Tope Teni seragu has been regarded as a state symbol and was greatly respected during festival occasions.
 Traditional Borders: (i) Chikki, (ii) Gomi, (iii) Jari and (iv) Gadidadi, and modern Gayathri are unique ones in Ilkal saris - width ranging from 2.5" to 4"
 Border Colour Uniqueness: Red usually or Maroon dominates.

Description

The peculiar characteristic of the sari is joining the body warp with the pallu warp which is locally called as TOPE TENI. This technique is used exclusively at Ilkal. If anyone requires Ilkal sari one must prepare a warp for every sari. Warp threads for body are prepared separately. Similarly pallu warp is prepared separately either with art silk or pure silk depending upon the quality required. Thirdly border portion of warp is prepared, like the pallu warp, either art silk or pure silk and the colour used for pallu and on border will be one and the same. In general, the length of the pallu will range 16" to 27". The pallu threads and body threads are joined in loop technique, a unique method locally called TOPE TENI.

Features
The distinctive feature of Ilkal saris is the use of a form of embroidery called Kasuti. The designs used in Kasuti reflect traditional patterns like palanquins, elephants and lotuses which are embroidered onto Ilkal saris. These saris are usually 9 yards in length and the pallu of the Ilkal sari (the part worn over the shoulder) carries designs of temple towers. This pallu is usually made of red silk with white patterns. The end region of the pallu is made up of patterns of different shapes like hanige (comb), koti kammli (fort ramparts), toputenne (jowar) and rampa (mountain range). The border of the sari is very broad (4 to 6 inches) and red or maroon in colour and is made of different designs with ochre patterns. The sari is either made of cotton, or a mixture of cotton and silk or in pure silk. The colors traditionally used are pomegranate red, brilliant peacock green and parrot green. The saris that are made for bridal wear are made of a particular colour called Giri Kumukum which is associated with the sindhoor worn by the wives of the priests in this region.

Types of Borders

The design woven in the length wise borders are mainly three
types:
 Gomi (more popularly known as Ilkal dadi)
 Paraspet (Sub-divided into chikki paras and dodd paras)
 Gaadi
 Jari

Main Body design

Stripes
Rectangles
Squares

Other Differences

With above broad parameters the Ilkal saris differ in matters of size, nature and quality of yarn used for different portion of sari as also colour combination and combinations of designs on the borders and main body of the sari. The beauty of Tope-teni seragu is further enhanced at times by weaving in its middle portion, yet another design known as 'Kyadgi'.

Production

Weaving of Ilkal saris is mostly an indoor activity. It is essentially a household enterprise involving active participation of female members. To weave one sari with the help of the handloom, it takes about 7 days. We can weave it with the help of the powerloom also.

Methods of Production

Ilkal traditional saris are produced mainly on pit looms with the combination of three types of different yarns namely Silk x Silk, Silk x Cotton, Art silk x Cotton. Along with the above said yarn combination totally four different traditional designs are produced - they are Chikki
Paras, Gomi, Jari and recently modified traditional design Gayathri.

These saris are produced in different lengths 6.00 yards, 8.00 yards, and 9.00 yards with solid as well as contrast borders.

The main distinction in these saris is its attached temple type Pallav (locally called as TOPE TENI) by inter locking body warp and pallav warp using loop system and inserting weft by three shuttles using two different colours yarn by Kondi technique.

A weaver requires apart from himself two others for preparatory work.

See also
Bidriware
Byadagi chilli
Mysore Sandal Soap
Navalgund Durries

Notes

Culture of Karnataka
Saris
Geographical indications in Karnataka
Cotton industry in India

Ilkal sari


The ius promovendi, in Dutch higher education, is the right to supervise doctoral students. Its name is Latin, literally meaning "the right to promote". Accordingly, a doctoral student is called promovendus (literally, one who is to be promoted).

Traditionally, the right to promote has been given only to full professors (hoogleraren). Lower-ranked Dutch academics can act as the day-to-day supervisor of a doctoral student, but only professors with the ius promovendi may be listed as the official advisor ("promotor") at the doctoral defense of a student. In 2017, the Dutch parliament passed a law extending the ius promovendi to some associate professors.

In higher education in Germany, the same phrase has been used to describe the right of universities to offer doctoral programs and grant doctoral degrees. Originally, this was given only to traditional universities, but in the late 19th and early 20th centuries under the direction of Prussian education minister Friedrich Althoff, the ius promovendi was also extended to technical universities.

References

Academia in the Netherlands
Latin words and phrases
Higher education in Germany

Ius promovendi


Moab is a city in Grand County, in eastern Utah, United States. The population was 5,366 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat and largest city in Grand County. Moab attracts a large number of tourists every year. Many come to visit the nearby Arches and Canyonlands National Parks. The town is a popular base for mountain bikers who ride the large number of trails. It also attracts many off-roaders who come for the annual Easter Jeep Safari.

History

Early years

The Biblical name Moab refers to an area of land located on the eastern side of the Jordan River. Some historians believe the city in Utah came to use this name because of William Pierce, the first postmaster. He believed that the biblical Moab and this part of Utah were both "the far country". However, others believe the name has Paiute origins, referring to the word "moapa" meaning mosquito. Some of the area's early residents attempted to change the city's name because in the Christian Bible, Moabites are demeaned as being incestuous and idolatrous. One petition in 1890 had 59 signatures and requested a name change to Vina. Another effort attempted to change the name to Uvadalia. Both attempts failed.

During the period between 1829 and the early 1850s, the area around what is now Moab served as the Colorado River crossing along the Old Spanish Trail. Latter-day Saint settlers attempted to establish a trading post at the river crossing called "Elk Mountain Mission" in April 1855. The purpose was to trade with travellers attempting to cross the river. Forty men were called on this mission. There were repeated attacks by Native Americans, including one on September 23, 1855 in which James Hunt, companion to Peter Stubbs, was shot and killed. After this last attack, the fort was abandoned. A new round of settlers established a permanent settlement in 1878. Moab was incorporated as a town on December 20, 1902.

In 1883 the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad main line was built across eastern Utah. The rail line did not pass through Moab. Instead, it passed through the nearby towns of Thompson Springs and Cisco,  to the north. Later, other places to cross the Colorado were constructed, such as Lee's Ferry, Navajo Bridge and Boulder Dam. These changes shifted the trade routes away from Moab. Moab farmers and merchants had to adapt from trading with passing travelers to shipping their goods to distant markets. Soon Moab's origins as one of the few natural crossings of the Colorado River were forgotten. Nevertheless, the U.S. military deemed the bridge over the Colorado River at Moab important enough to place it under guard as late as World War II.

In 1943, a former Civilian Conservation Corps camp outside Moab was used to confine Japanese American internees labeled "troublemakers" by authorities in the War Relocation Authority. The Moab Isolation Center for "noncompliant" Japanese Americans was created in response to growing resistance to WRA policies within the camps. A December 1942 clash between guards and inmates known as the "Manzanar Riot," in which two were killed and ten injured, was the final push. On January 11, 1943, the sixteen men who had initiated the two-day protests were transferred to Moab from the town jails where they had been locked up (without charges or access to hearings) after the Riot. Having closed just fifteen months prior, all 18 military-style structures of the CCC camp were in good condition. The site was converted to its new use with minimal renovation. 150 military police guarded the camp, and director Raymond Best and head of security Francis Frederick presided over the administration. On February 18, thirteen transfers from Gila River, Arizona were brought to Moab, and six days later, ten more arrived from Manzanar. An additional fifteen Tule Lake inmates were transferred on April 2. Most of these new arrivals were removed from the general camp population because of their resisting internment policies. The Moab Isolation Center remained open until April 27, when most of its inmates were taken by bus to the larger and more secure Leupp Isolation Center. In 1994, the "Dalton Wells CCC Camp/Moab Relocation Center" was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Even though no historical marker exists on the site, an information plaque at the current site entrance and a photograph on display at the Dan O'Laurie Museum in Moab mention the former isolation center.

Later years

Moab's economy was originally based on agriculture, but gradually shifted to mining. Uranium and vanadium were discovered in the area in the 1910s and 1920s. Potash and manganese came next, and then oil and natural gas were discovered. In the 1950s Moab became the so-called "Uranium Capital of the World" after geologist Charles Steen found a rich deposit of uranium ore south of the city. This discovery came at about the same time as nuclear weapons and nuclear power in the United States began to be developed. With these later discoveries Moab became prosperous.

The city population grew nearly 500% over the next few years, bringing the population to near 6,000 people. The explosion in population caused much construction of houses and schools. Charles Steen donated a great deal of money and land to create new houses and churches in Moab.

With the winding down of the Cold War, Moab's uranium boom was over. The city's population drastically went down. By the early 1980s a number of homes stood empty and nearly all of the uranium mines had closed.

In 1949, Western movie director John Ford was persuaded to use the area for the movie Wagon Master.  Ford had been using the area in Monument Valley around Mexican Hat, Utah, south of Moab. This is where he filmed Stagecoach there 10 years earlier in 1939.  A local Moab rancher (George White) found Ford and persuaded him to come take a look at Moab. There have been numerous movies filmed in the area since then, using Arches National Park and Canyonlands National Park as backdrops.

Since the 1970s, tourism has played an increasing role in the local economy. Partly due to the John Ford movies, partly due to magazine articles, the area has become a favorite of photographers, rafters, hikers, rock climbers, and most recently mountain bikers. Moab is also an increasingly popular destination for four-wheelers as well as for BASE jumpers and those rigging highlining, who are allowed to practice their sport in the area.  About 16 miles south of Moab is the Hole N' The Rock, a 5,000 square foot 14 room home carved into a rock wall which National Geographic has ranked as one of the top 10 roadside attractions in the United States.  Moab's population swells temporarily in the spring and summer months with the arrival of numerous people employed seasonally in the outdoor recreation and tourism industries.

In recent years Moab has experienced a surge of second-home owners. The relatively mild winters and enjoyable summers have attracted many people to build such homes throughout the area. In a situation mirroring that of other resort towns in the American West, controversy has arisen over these new residents and their houses, which in many cases remain unoccupied for most of the year. Many Moab citizens are concerned that the town is seeing changes similar to those experienced in Vail and Aspen in neighboring Colorado. These include rapidly rising property values, an increase in the cost of living, and the effects felt by local low- and middle-income workers.

Sunset Magazines March 2009 issue listed Moab as one of the "20 best small towns in the West," a distinction corroborated by similar articles in other magazines.

Since 2011 Moab has hosted an LGBT Pride festival. The first festival included a march which drew more than 350 people. The second year's festival had over 600 in attendance.

Climate
Moab has an arid climate characterized by hot summers and chilly winters. Precipitation is evenly spread over the year (usually less than one inch per month). There are an average of 41 days with temperatures reaching , 109 days reaching , and 3.6 days per winter where the temperature remains at or below freezing. The highest temperature was  on July 7, 1989.  The lowest temperature was  on January 22, 1930.

Average annual precipitation in Moab is . There are an average of 55 days annually with measurable precipitation.  The wettest year was 1983 with  and the driest year was 1898 with . The most precipitation in one month was  in July 1918.  The most precipitation in 24 hours was  on July 23, 1983.

Average seasonal snowfall for 1981–2011 is . The most snow in a season was  during 1914–15, but the snowiest month is December 1915 at .

References

Cities in Utah
County seats in Utah
19th-century establishments in Utah
1878 establishments in the United States

Moab, Utah


The Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park, formerly known as The Buffalo Naval and Servicemen's Park, is a museum on the bank of the Buffalo River in Buffalo, New York.  It is home to several decommissioned US Naval vessels, including the Cleveland-class cruiser , the Fletcher-class destroyer , and the submarine .  All three are open to the public for tours.

History
In 1976, the Buffalo Urban Renewal Agency and the Buffalo Naval and Servicemen's Park requested the United States Department of the Navy supply a decommissioned naval vessel to construct a naval park.  The construction of the Buffalo Naval and Servicemen's Park (later named the Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park) started in 1977. The park was opened to the public on July 4, 1979. The Cleveland-class cruiser  and the Fletcher-class destroyer  were part of the original display. In 1988, the Gato-class submarine  was added. In 1989, Croaker underwent a refit.  The ships in the park remain property of the United States Navy, which inspects them annually.

The park has gone through a few major changes in recent years. In 2003, the ships were moved slightly to the foot of Pearl and Main streets.  The park now abuts Buffalo's Canalside and the historic Commercial Slip within it. New structures were added including a new museum, and the new Liberty Hound restaurant opened in the summer of 2012.

On December 16, 2017,  was commissioned at the park alongside its namesake .  The commissioning was the first time a United States Naval vessel was commissioned alongside its namesake.

Displays

Along with the ships, there are a variety of smaller vehicles, vessels, and aircraft are also on display at the park.  These include the Gyrodyne X-Ron 1 Rotorcycle one-man helicopter used by the US Marine Corps in the late fifties and early sixties, an Army M41 Walker Bulldog tank, a Marine Corps M-84 Armored personnel carrier, a UH-1 Huey flown in Vietnam, an Air Force F-101 Voodoo flown by the New York Air National Guard's 136th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station, a Nasty-class Fast Patrol Boat (PTF), the PTF-17 used by the Navy in Vietnam, a Navy FJ Fury (FJ-4) jet (equivalent to the Air Force's F-86 Sabre), and a USAAF P-39 Airacobra manufactured at Bell Aircraft in Buffalo which saw service in World War II. The sail and rudder of the submarine  are also on display here.

The park is located in the Canalside district near the KeyBank Center and LECOM Harborcenter in downtown Buffalo.  Hours vary by season, but the park is closed from December to March.

References

External links

Official homepage of the Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park

Military and war museums in New York (state)
Maritime museums in New York (state)
Naval museums in the United States
Museums in Buffalo, New York
Geography of Buffalo, New York
Parks in Erie County, New York


Albert Azaryan (; 11 February 1929 – 5 September 2023) was a Soviet and Armenian artistic gymnast who competed internationally representing the Soviet Union. He was the 1956 and 1960 Olympic Champion on the still rings. Azaryan was the first gymnast to become an Olympic Champion in rings twice, a feat that Akinori Nakayama would also accomplish twelve years later and that no one else has matched since. He was the first person to do one of the rings most famous variations of the Iron Cross called the Azaryan Cross (not to be confused with the Azarian Roll to Cross), which incorporates a quarter turn to the side.

Early life
Azaryan was born on 11 February 1929 in Gharakilisa, Transcaucasian SFSR. His father died when he was 14. Azaryan had to leave school and work as an ironsmith to support his family. When he was 17, a group of elite Armenian gymnasts gave an exhibition in his town. Afterwards, some teenage boys (including Azaryan) went on the apparatus and tried to perform the skills they had just seen. The gymnasts were so impressed with Albert that he was invited to move to Yerevan to train with them. After three years, he became the Armenian champion on rings and earned a Master of Sport ranking.

Career

Azaryan competed at the USSR Championship in 1953. The judges were very strict and Azaryan felt nervous. When it was his turn, Azaryan pulled himself up on the rings and performed his own special technique. The judges did not give him an assessment at the time but he was invited to the next championship. It would later turn out that the judges had rated Azaryan's innovation as something "unprecedented." This technique Azaryan had performed would later become known as the "Azaryan Cross."

Azaryan became a member of the Soviet national men's gymnastics team and competed with them at the 1954 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. Alongside Azaryan on the team was friend and fellow Armenian Hrant Shahinyan. The Soviet team won gold in the team competition and Azaryan himself won the gold medal in rings. Azaryan joined the rest of the Soviet team at the 1955 European Men's Artistic Gymnastics Championships one year later. Azaryan became the European Champion in rings. He came behind stablemate Boris Shakhlin in most of the competitions, including coming second to Shakhlin on the high bars and individual all-around. He also had a three-way tie with Shakhlin and Helmut Bantz on the parallel bars, resulting in three gold medalists.

Azaryan competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics in every men's gymnastics competition. He came in seventh place in the individual all-around. Both Azaryan and the Soviet team won the gold medal in the team all-around. He also came in fifth in the parallel bars and eighth in the horizontal bar. When it came time for the still rings, Azaryan won the gold medal and became the Olympic Champion in rings. Two years later came the 1958 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. Azaryan and the Soviet team defended their World Championship on the team all-around and Azaryan himself defended his own World Championship on the rings, winning gold medals for both. He also won a silver medal on the horizontal bar.

In his final Olympic participation, Azaryan competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics. The Soviet team was unable to retain their Olympic title in the team all-around, coming in second to the Japanese team. Azaryan, however, won the Olympic gold medal in the still rings for a second time and made history as the first Olympian to become an Olympic Champion in the rings twice. This feat has only been matched once ever since, by Akinori Nakayama twelve years later. Azaryan retired from gymnastics shortly afterward.

Azaryan was the flag bearer for Armenia at the 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Summer Olympics and is the third and fourth Olympian to bear the flag of Armenia at the Summer Olympics. He also became the first flag bearer to bear the flag of Armenia twice. Azaryan was originally intended to also bear the Armenian flag at the 2012 Summer Olympics, but the decision was reversed due to his age. Azaryan served as President of the Armenian Gymnastics Federation from 1998 to 2021.

Personal life
Azaryan had two daughters and one son with his wife. Neither of his daughters followed in his footsteps, but his son, Eduard Azaryan, also became an international gymnast. Albert was the coach of Eduard throughout his career. Eduard was a 1980 Olympian, where he competed in every event and won a gold medal in the men's artistic team all-around.

Azaryan received congratulations from late Armenian Prime Minister Andranik Margaryan on his 70th birthday, former Armenian President Robert Kocharyan on his 75th birthday and former Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan on his 80th birthday. In honor of Azaryan, a stamp was printed of him, among other Armenian Olympic Champions, in Armenia in 2009.

An artistic gymnastics tournament, the Albert Azaryan Cup, is named after Azaryan and hosted in Yerevan, Armenia. Azaryan was voted the top Armenian athlete of the 20th century by journalists from the Armenian Sport Journalists Federation.

Albert Azaryan died on 5 September 2023, at the age of 94.

See also
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games
List of multiple Olympic medalists

References

External links

 Albert Azaryan at the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame

1929 births
2023 deaths
People from Vanadzor
Soviet Armenians
Soviet male artistic gymnasts
Armenian male artistic gymnasts
Olympic gymnasts for the Soviet Union
Gymnasts at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Gymnasts at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic silver medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic medalists in gymnastics
Honoured Masters of Sport of the USSR
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
Spartak (sports society) sportspeople
Ethnic Armenian sportspeople
European champions in gymnastics

Albert Azaryan


William Kirtley (1840 – 7 October 1919) was an English railway engineer, and was the Locomotive Superintendent of the London Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) in England from 1874 until the merger to form the South Eastern and Chatham Railway at the end of 1898.

Biography
William was born in  Warrington in 1840, the son of the locomotive engineer Thomas Kirtley (1810–1847). He was educated by his uncle Matthew Kirtley, Locomotive Superintendent of the Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway and later of the Midland Railway, following his father's premature death. He served as a pupil at Derby Works from 1854–1860, and from 1861 to 1864 he was Running foreman for the Midland Railway for the London District. In 1864 he was appointed  superintendent of Derby Works. In 1874 he was appointed Carriage and Wagon Superintendent on the LCDR following the death of William Martley, and served until the merger to form the South Eastern and Chatham Railway at the end of 1898, when he retired. He also served as consultant to the Hull and Barnsley Railway between 1883 and 1885, prior to the opening of the line.

London Chatham & Dover Railway Career
During his period at the LCDR Kirtley extended Longhedge Railway Works (Battersea) and once again used it for new locomotive construction. He also introduced a new livery, numbering scheme and locomotive classification scheme to the railway. The railway under Kirtley was also one of the pioneers in using continuous braking by means of Westinghouse air brakes.

Locomotives
According to D.L. Bradley, Kirtley's locomotives were "well designed, robustly constructed, easily maintained, and capable of high mileages between general repairs. For the period their coal, water and old consumption was moderate while all performed their daily tasks well." His classes included 0-4-4 suburban tanks of the A, A1, A2, R,  and R1 classes; Six coupled goods classes B, B1, and B2 classes; six coupled tanks of the T class; and 4-4-0 express passenger locomotives of the M, M1, M2 and M3 classes.

Whilst working as a consultant for the Hull and Barnsley Railway he also designed twelve six coupled tank locomotives and twenty tender locomotives to similar designs and ten 2-4-0s.

References

External links
 Biographical notes

1840 births
1919 deaths
English mechanical engineers
Locomotive builders and designers
English railway mechanical engineers
People from Warrington
South Eastern and Chatham Railway people

William Kirtley (railway engineer)


Ethelbert Callahan (17 December 1829 – 20 June 1918) was a prominent Illinois lawyer and politician.

Biography

Callahan was born in Licking County, Ohio.  As a boy, he determined to become a lawyer after watching an argument delivered by Thomas Ewing, but it would be a number of years before Callahan achieved his goal of becoming a lawyer.  In 1849, he relocated to Crawford County, Illinois, where he became a teacher. In 1853, he entered the world of political journalism as editor of the Wabash Sentinel.  A year later, he moved to Marshall, Illinois to edit the Telegraph, a paper that supported the Know Nothing movement.  He married Mary Barlow Jones on June 27, 1854.

Callahan was elected as a justice of the peace in 1857, and it was at this time that he began to read law.  He was admitted to the bar in 1859.  He opened his own law practice in Robinson, Illinois in 1861.  Over the next four decades, he built one of the most successful practices in southern Illinois.  Callahan played a role in organizing the Illinois State Bar Association in 1877, and served as its president in 1889.

Callahan was the first Republican to speak in Crawford County.  He was elected to four two-year terms in the Illinois House of Representatives on the Republican Ticket.

McKendree College awarded Callahan an honorary LL.D. in June 1898.

In 1883, Callahan gave a paper at the Illinois State Bar Association entitled "The Lawyers of the Bible."  The work was widely copied, and in January 1911, he was invited to deliver the paper as an address at the Indiana University School of Law.  This address was very well received and was therefore published the next year by Hollenbeck Press.

References

 Biography from The History of Southern Illinois
 PDF of The Lawyers of the Bible from www.classicapologetics.com

1829 births
1918 deaths
Illinois lawyers
Members of the Illinois House of Representatives
People from Licking County, Ohio
People from Robinson, Illinois
Editors of Illinois newspapers
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
19th-century American lawyers

Ethelbert Callahan


Gerry Altobello is a former city councillor in Toronto, Ontario, Canada who now works as a justice of the peace. He represented Scarborough Southwest.

Altobello first entered politics in 1985 when he was elected to the council of Scarborough to represent Ward 2, defeating more left-leaning candidate Barry Boyle. At 27, he was the youngest member on the council. He was re-elected with ease in 1988, but in 1991 he faced a fierce election battle against businessman Danny Lovatsis. Nevertheless, he was re-elected.

He opposed the amalgamation of Scarborough, Toronto, and four other municipalities in 1997, but after it occurred he ran for a seat on Toronto city council in Ward 13. The ward structure at the time was such that the two candidates who received the most votes were elected in each riding. He was elected along with Brian Ashton. Fellow Scarborough city councillor Fred Johnson came in third. He has chaired the Planning and Transportation Committee. A centrist, he was aligned with the Liberal Party.

On June 9, 2006, he was appointed a justice of the peace by the Attorney General of Ontario Michael Bryant, effective June 21, 2006. On June 14, 2006, he resigned as a councillor. As a justice of the peace, he presided over the trial of a homeowner accused of renting out the house for short-term tenants.

References

External links
Gerry Altobello at City of Toronto

Toronto city councillors
Living people
Canadian justices of the peace
1953 births

Gerry Altobello